albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Efforts to address global governance deficits approach the problem at a strategic or tactical level. Strategic efforts would reshape the politics or institutions of global order, tactical efforts focus on the processes of governance, either seeking to utilize informal networks for improved outcomes, or to formalize the processes themselves for greater accountability. This paper considers the last approach and the claims that “global administrative law” could remedy at least some accountability deficits at the global level. Recent challenges to the UN Security Council in the area of targeted financial sanctions are discussed, before sketching out what global administrative law might offer the governance challenges posed in the areas of energy, public health, and finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The wages of health care professionals are low by international comparison. In 2009, as multiples of the average wage, the wages of GPs (1.4), specialists (1.6) and hospital nurses (0.8) were among the lowest in the OECD. The share of physicians aged over 55 was around 40% in 2009, well above the OECD average of around 30% (Figure 4.8). The OECD aggregate is an unweighted average of data for 27 OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Case management is the main mechanism for integration in many programmes targeting vulnerable youth. For instance, a key feature of the Canadian “BladeRunners” programme is a unique system of 24-hour support, seven days per week, from assigned “BladeRunners coordinators.” The co-ordinators take youth to work sites, check to confirm satisfaction with the work site, refer clients to social service providers, assist with housing and transportation, and counsel the clients about future training and job opportunities (Travkina, 2012). Studies illustrate positive results of the programme especially in terms of improvements in motivation and self-esteem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article reviews critical responses to the Los Angeles School of Urbanism that have appeared in the urban studies literature since 1986. Common categories of complaint include the accusation that L.A. scholarship lacked sufficient evidence to support its claims and that the language and rhetoric of the School were hyperbolic. Some criticism was also decidedly personal and discipline-specific in tone. Constructive engagement with the L.A. School was evident in the growing corpus of empirical and theoretical comparative urban research. In particular, recent research work of the "New Chicago School" reveals several concordances with the L.A. School.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The results suggest that it would be wrong to propose the same policy options to all countries, as the sensitivity of the poverty rate depends on its initial level and the degree of inequality. This being so, we can conclude that the high inequality and tow initial development level of most Brazilian states are impediments to alleviating poverty by improving incomes. The same is true of the interaction between the inequality variable and its initial level. Thus, the effect of the change in inequality on poverty reduction is smaller when the initial development level is low or when the initial inequality level is high. In other words, a decline in income inequality may be less effective at decreasing poverty in regions that suffer from a low initial development level, high initial inequality or both.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Thus the establishment of the GSM is now an essential aspect of the organisation and management of smuggling networks. More generally speaking, the emerging transport network links the national urban networks to each other, together they promote the renewed regionalisation of international migration flows, which is itself supported by the development of new information technology. In this context, the capitals of Niamey, Ouagadougou, Bamako and Dakar are an East to West and West to East route of high traffic, incorporated in the global networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This section simulates the impacts of this cereal price intervention policy on farmers represented in the simulation model. Since the representative farm in the UK produces wheat, barley and oilseed, the simulations set the same level of intervention price for wheat and barley. The price intervention reduces the price risk of cereals and increases their expected returns, and thus has an impact on the farmer’s crop diversification strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The local education council advises the municipal government and its education department on regional matters of education policy - such as the consolidation of the school network. In the Alytus region, for example, the review team met with representatives of a local education council that brings together more than 80 members representing teachers, parents and students of all general education institutions, though councils are more often comprised of approximately 15 members. Nearly all schools delivering the primary and lower secondary curriculum are subordinate to municipalities, the main public school founder.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The ITQ model was later expanded to the coastal shrimp fishery in 1997. The ITQ system has facilitated a concentration of the shrimp fisheries on fewer operators and improved the profitability in accordance with the political objectives. The maximum ownership limit on shrimp in offshore fisheries is 33.33% and two companies are close to the limit, while in coastal shrimp fisheries the limit is 15%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The longer walking and bicycle trips on roads without any dedicated facilities for theses modes increase the risk of getting involved in a fatal crash. The current relocation policies increase the vulnerability of the current vulnerable road users. The land use policies must ensure that especially the poor households, who cannot afford any form of motorized travel, are located close to employment opportunities resulting in short travel distances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The main change is the suppression of general area payments and a reallocation of payments to support certain agricultural practices. Another important shift is the replacement of general headage payments to ruminants by an area payment to pastures with milk and beef production. The reform of the system of direct payments will also result in some redistribution of subsidies from livestock and dairy production to the arable sector, resulting in some redistribution from mountain and hilly regions to lowlands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In general, more students are choosing to study overseas and many of them are choosing to study in countries within the region rather than in traditional destination countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. All regions of the world have been sending more students overseas for tertiary study, but the most significant growth has been in the Asian and Pacific region. In 2011, more than half of all international students came from countries in the region (see figure A). Available from http://74.220.213.127/rihcd/programmes/aims/ (accessed 7 May 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The properties of fish faeces influenced by the quality of feed can be a risk for water purification in RAS systems (Hjeltnes et al. Threats have to be taken seriously. In worst case changes in the ecosystem food chains can be irreversible. Risks connected to genetic manipulations of either feed organisms or fed animals are a common concern for many consumers and scientists. Fears of human health risks with by-products of animal husbandry cannot be brushed aside. Last but not least of the ethical worries is the net effect of aquaculture on the global protein supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Tourism pressures must also be factored in, particularly as this is a priority sector for investment in the country. Morocco’s Tourism Strategy has set a target of 20 million visitors per year, with a projected corresponding increase in tourism infrastructure, to upgrade capacity by 200,000 new beds. For the 87 species identified as meeting these criteria, key threats (as listed and described on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) are indicated in table 9.5. For example, in the case of Moroccan amphibians, the most pervasive threats have been found to be habitat loss (related mainly to changing agricultural practices and groundwater extraction) and degradation, affecting 100 per cent of threatened species and 69 per cent of all species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, irrigation water prices in the federal Central Valley Project in California include cost recovery charges (financial policy goal) and an environmental restoration charge (environmental policy goal). Water prices in California’s State Water Project include charges for repaying all construction costs, with interest (financial policy goal), thus ensuring that decisions regarding water use and allocation reflect the full cost of developing and delivering the state’s limited water supply (economic policy goal). Most irrigation occurs in the arid western states, where rainfall is insufficient for producing most crops (USDA, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
First, it describes the main trends within educational evaluation, with particular emphasis on the expansion and diversification of evaluation and assessment procedures. Second, it reviews the contextual factors shaping the development of evaluation and assessment in school systems. More specific trends within student assessment, teacher appraisal, school evaluation, school leader appraisal and system evaluation are analysed in the respective chapter. In the last two decades, most countries have introduced a wide range of measures intended to improve evaluation and assessment at all levels from the student to the school system itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
We capture these divisions in the model by positing gender-segregated labour markets and women’s association with paid care work. Both women and men contribute to the financial and time costs of providing care, however, just to varying degrees. In our model, investment is of two types: what we term physical investment undertaken by capitalists and human capacities investment undertaken by individuals and households.3 Funds for both types of investment are drawn from national income, which is split between capitalists (profit share) and workers (wage share). Because industries and occupations tend to be highly segregated by sex, we further disaggregate the wage share into the female and male wage shares.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The participating departments include Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Citizenship and Immigration Canada, Department of Justice Canada. Department of Canadian Heritage, Public Health Agency of Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Statistics Canada and Status of Women Canada. Violence prevention is also integrated into the activities of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Correctional Service Canada, Department of National Defence, Health Canada, Employment and Skills Development Canada, Public Safety Canada and Service Canada.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Results show that Principle 3 on policy coherence was one of the lowest scoring Principles against all four assessment criteria, while Principle 5 on data and information was one of the highest. Good/strong, 5. Full alignment, Implementation: 1. Poor, 3, Moderate, 4. Good/strong, 5. Full implementation, On-ground results: 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The existence of this set of regulations is crucial to overcoming the risks that contributory and non-contributory social protection policies seek to resolve. Indeed, in a region marked by persistent structures of inequality, it is essential to focus more attention on incorporating employment discrimination measures to boost the labour force participation of women, indigenous peoples and other vulnerable groups (ECLAC, 2010a). As Bertranou and Saravia (2009) point out, own-account work is particularly complex to conceptualize and measure. Some argue that own-account workers are fulfilling a personal desire for entrepreneurship and believe that many own-account workers engage in informal employment of their own volition (IDB, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The current demographic decline makes these inherited inefficiencies even more visible. The number of births dropped from 80 000 in 1990 to 55 000 in 2012 and this has led to a continuous decline of the school-age population (Educational Policy Institute, 2015). The number of students decreased by 21% between 2005 and 2012, with the largest decrease in the secondary vocational sector (27%) but substantial decrease also occurred at the level of basic schools and general secondary schools (nearly 20%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Given this small average size, unsurprisingly family farms together only hold about 24% of all land and produce about 38% of the total value of agricultural production. While commercial large-scale farms dominate export-oriented agricultural production, family farms accounts for 70% of the food consumed domestically (FAO, 2014). Land ownership is a constitutional right in Brazil, where traditional private property, indigenous customary tenancy and unchallenged possession of land are recognised by the government. The four most important pieces of legislation concerning land rights in Brazil are the 1964 Land Statute, which regulates land tenure and specifies how the land reform programme is to be organised, a law from 1966 that establishes land reform based on the former legislation, the 1981 Law of Occupation that recognises squatter rights and finally the 2002 Civil Code, which organises family, inheritance, possession and property rights. These laws have helped to develop a relatively well-functioning land market system. These policies are part of the umbrella of the Zero Hunger programme created in 2003 and subsequently of the Extreme Poverty Plan of 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Compared to other monitoring areas (staff quality and child development), service quality is relatively frequently monitored for accountability purposes with sanctions or rewards attached to the results (this is done by 17 jurisdictions). In Norway, for example, settings that do not meet the regulatory minimum quality standards can lose funding or have to reimburse at least some of the public funding received. Monitoring the level of quality is also conducted for accountability reasons without any rewards or sanctions in 9 out of 24 jurisdictions. In Finland, France and Mexico, no sanctions or rewards are imposed based on monitoring results, while in England and Scotland (United Kingdom), for instance, they are.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In France, Hungary, Slovenia and Spain the majority of spells last over half a year, and in France, Hungary and Luxembourg, over one-third of all NEET spells even last longer than 12 months. Spell durations are shortest in Austria, where nearly 80% of individuals with a NEET spell are out of employment, education or training for a maximum of 3 months. A point worth keeping in mind when considering these spell durations is that the reported numbers are likely to be underestimates of actual NEET spell durations. Part of the spells observed in the data are still ongoing at the end of the observation period (i.e., they are right-censored) and thus not included in the calculations with their (unobserved) full length.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Natural disasters like landslides and mudflows are perceived as common problems in certain areas of the Caucasus. The Islamic Republic of Iran has also been developing a national plan for tackling climate change. Yet, in general, little has so far been done to better understand the potential impacts of climate change on the subregion. The technical cooperation established under various projects should evolve in a more long-term, sustainable framework for cooperation to be able to tackle the variety and complexity of problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Lower life expectancy and the disproportionate disease burden exist because of inadequate education, disproportionate poverty, discrimination in the delivery of health services, and cultural differences. These are broad quality of life issues rooted in economic adversity and poor social conditions. Further research and action, driven by indigenous peoples themselves is required at the international and national levels but most importantly at the local levels as well. Indigenous peoples' approaches to health are often rooted in a healthy balance of four elements or aspects of wellness: physical, emotional, mental and spiritual.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Validity of this variable for SILC, then, depends on how accurately people report their separate principal and interest payments.) In Australia, Canada, Chile, Mexico, and the United States, respondents are asked for their current or usual mortgage payment. These payments can be - but are not necessarily - inclusive of principal and interest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A special legislation aimed at ratifying the Convention against Torture and criminalizing act of torture in domestic law, eventually fails to meet even the minimum standards laid down in international law. This is the saga of Prevention of Torture Bill, 2010 which was passed by Lok Sabha off lately. The present note attempts to summarize and critically evaluate the three most important aspects of the Bill which requires proper debate, i.e. first the definition of torture, secondly the punishment for torture and lastly cognizance of torture. It is argued by the authors that though the intention of legislature is to define torture and to provide for its punishment, the bill in the present form fails to establish a strong and credible legal framework for the prevention of torture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
‘Amateur’ anthropology and ethnography are utopian categories proposed by anthropologists seeking to critique a perceived culture of ‘professionalism’ within the discipline (Grimshaw & Hart, 1993). Yet they have arguably been practised extensively by local intellectuals oblivious to such debates. In rural Europe, this has often involved ‘pastoral’ conservation of ‘local history’, ‘traditions’ and ‘folk customs’, in the context of identity politics. Recent manifestations, however, have enabled the disciplining of cultural practices of indigenous populations by local entrepreneurs for use in heritage tourism. Building on Foucault's concept of a ‘disciplinary programme’, this paper analyses projects from a French Mediterranean village that have ‘borrowed’ discursive forms from French ethnology and historiography to convert local heritages into disciplined archives and booklets, predominantly for use in tourism. It then analyses their approximation to the discipline of anthropology, assesses their problematic...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are several possible explanations for the diversity in fast broadband access on the municipal level. Some areas, such as Utsjoki (98% access to 30 Mbts broadband) in the north, and Valtimo and Rautavaara in the eastern part of Finland, that have deliberately championed fast broadband access, have attained their goals through participation in the national broadband strategy and the state aid that was associated with it. Moreover, given that the Finnish municipal system is constructed around strong, rather autonomous municipalities, another explanatory factor for the high percentage of fast broadband access relates specifically to individual municipal attractiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In least developed countries (LDCs), 85 per cent of households lack Internet access.7 The gender gap in Internet use has not narrowed globally between 2013 and 2017, and has, in fact, widened noticeably in Africa and in LDCs. Broadband connectivity in developing countries, when available, tends to be relatively slow and expensive, limiting the ability of businesses and people to use it productively. For example, research has recently found that machine learning algorithms acquire biases from text data reflected in day-to-day culture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Support to energy generation and supply also increased by more than USD 1 billion to USD 15.9 billion. The communications sector, however, continued its downward trend with a further decrease of 28% to USD 560 million. Most of this decline is due to reductions in support to the communication and energy sectors, which dropped respectively by 25.6% and 3%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Such studies highlight the potential of'smart card' data analysis in providing operators with maximum value for their infrastructure investments. It appears that the growing mobility needs of the elderly and people with disabilities, combined with diminishing public finances requires investment prioritisation in areas that could provide the greatest benefits to users. The factors, and their interactions, affecting transport accessibility for individuals, as well potential policy/activity outcomes (abandon, reschedule, relocate and replace) are summarised in Figure 3.10. Participation in global supply chains is essential for attracting foreign investment and enterprises as well as human capital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The recognition of the existence of various forms of families and the slow blurring of gender-defined roles should encourage policymakers to design and implement unpaid care policies that benefit equally all families within a country. The recognition of this role requires the adoption of public policies to support and protect families in a manner that is compatible with international human rights standards. Agenda 2030 for sustainable development provides an opportunity to rethink the ways in which public policies with impact on the family relate to human rights obligations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is an average of the squares of its five sub-indices (equation 10). It ranges from 0, indicating very low levels of discrimination, to 1, indicating very high levels of discrimination. Three-years average (2009-11). Three-years average (2009-11). Three-years average (2009-11). Three-years average (2009-11).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Globalization is originally an economic phenomenon with strong social and legal impacts. Important social and legal literature with emphasis on Brazilian constitutional and public law points to the neoliberal character of globalization, violating the Social Rule of Law, fundamental social rights and material equality, and against national sovereignty. This article agrees with the negative impacts of globalization, but points out that this view is partially insufficient in the field of constitutional law for two main reasons: a) disregards the impact of globalization on the field of comparative constitutional law and b) criticizes liberalism in an exacerbated manner, which is a central element of contemporary constitutionalism. Thus, the work reflects on comparative constitutional law and its construction from globalization, developing the theme of criticism of contemporary and liberal constitutionalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Useful public procurement training areas include preparing and submitting tenders, understanding contract terms and conditions, and learning how to work with government officials. This training can help women as they grow their businesses, expand beyond their borders as exporters, and interact with foreign governments, corporations and agencies. However, the economically most advantageous award criteria may not be appropriate where this invites corruption or increases complexity.) The course teaches how to set up procedures and targeted assistance that facilitates women-owned businesses to access opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)