albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This also reflects the pre-recession context of relatively strong labour demand, in which employers often advertise vacancies through multiple channels. This may be partly due to the relatively late introduction of online vacancy registration and display, but it seems to also indicate that employer clients appreciate personal counselling. For example, employers may seek advice about employment subsidies available, or the conditions that would need to be offered in a job vacancy to have a good chance of a successful hire. Related to lifetime employment practices, vacancy notifications in Japan do not usually give a detailed description of the work: workers are often more interested in the reputation and long-term prospects of the company, and on this topic experienced counsellors can provide advice that is not posted on internet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This provision did not deprive women of their electoral right to contest the elections from general constituencies as independent or political party candidates. Despite this, women hold just 19.7 per cent of the seats in the current parliament, of which 13.37 per cent are reserved seats and 6.33 per cent are held by directly elected women members (Women in National Parliaments 2013). Only 11.76 per cent of cabinet ministers are women (National Web Portal of Bangladesh).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They focus on the income inequality and regional disparities of fiscal decentralisation in industrialised countries. However, they do not explore the relationship between education expenditure and education performance. The main contribution of the paper is to address the effect of fiscal decentralisation on the net enrolment rate at the primary level, repetition rates and international test scores (PISA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This information will be useful in providing technical advice based on realistic analyses”. Request international and regional organizations, specialized agencies and institutions, as well as development partners, to support, in a coordinated manner, the implementation of the present Declaration. I, Resolutions Adopted by the Conference (United Nations publication. E.93.I.8 and corrigendum), resolution 1, annex I. b Ibid., I, resolution 2, annex. The present plan of action is guided by General Assembly resolution 67/215 on promotion of new and renewable sources of energy, in which the Assembly declared 2014-2024 as the United Nations Decade of Sustainable Energy for All, and the principles contained in the Ministerial Declaration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Pass rates and exam results at large would also allow prospective teacher students to assess the quality of the programme where they intend to enroll. Institutions, that turn out not to prepare students effectively for the exam on a prolonged basis, should face sanctions that could ultimately result in a withdrawal of their accreditation. Evidence shows that young teachers find their first experiences in school often overwhelming (Veenman, 1984, Britton et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In particular, provinces with lower utilisation rates have a higher expenditure per patient day and visit. This negative association is suggestive of under-utilised capacity in some provinces, and is consistent with evidence elsewhere (see Adam et al 2008 for further discussion on patient caseload and cost curves). They both show a negative association between expenditure per person (uninsured) and utilisation rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The on-boarding efforts in the depicted process and architecture are rather minimal compared to the set-up of current solutions. They might also need to be knowledgeable about their specific requirements regarding data protection if they decide to host their nodes using third party providers. As many companies already use various systems to draft contracts and share versions with each other, it is most feasible to integrate existing DMS with an underlying blockchain layer through suitable APIs. The user interface needs to be intuitive and easy-to-use, as a wide range of users from business to legal departments of infrastructure project initiators, contractors and sub-contractors will need to use the system in order to review, accept or modify contractual agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To monitor the progress, the MOLIT will provide quarterly reviews on the performance indicators set by each regions, and then the results will be reflected in the next year’s implementation plan. For example, the concept of Happy Living Zones has been derived from the need for regional perspectives to support self-sustaining development of rural areas. Although Korea’s public finances are fiscally sound, it is a priority to pursue fiscal efficiency to prepare projected long-term fiscal challenges (OECD, 2018[i2j).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The analysis is based on existing literature, legal analysis and findings from the 2014 OECD Survey on Gender Equality in Public Life, which involved interviews with parliamentarians, judges and legal experts. To address barriers to women’s advancement, the chapter identifies a set of good practices and policy avenues that can support governments in improving the gender balance in senior positions in public life. The chapter concludes with policy recommendations on breaking the glass ceiling in public life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In sum, accessibility-oriented decision-making frameworks need to be flexible and adaptable to the different realities found across territories, allowing for analysis, interpretation and identification of solutions that are customised for diverse existing conditions. It is essential to move away from exclusively regional accessibility analysis - which generally focuses on the maximum distance reachable via the fastest mode - and also consider neighbourhood accessibility needs. Silva and Larsson (2018) argue that focusing on regional accessibility can result in local accessibility effects being disregarded and often leads to accessibility losses at the neighbourhood scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, not all policy formulation has a primary health purpose, nor does its implementation usually have the immediate purpose of improving health. Excluded are all services whose primary purpose is linked to the collection, treatment and remediation of environmental risks. Included within the health boundary are environmental health components that are part of specific health regulations (under HC.7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the 1950s, the children of nomadic hunters and reindeer herders received education for several months a year in large settlements, a decade later, this was replaced by a system of boarding schools, which became mandatory for both nomadic and settled populations in the North and were financed by the state. Education was delivered in Russian by non-indigenous teachers. Indigenous languages were taught only as a separate subject in elementary grades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In around 2008, the income of the 90th (i.e. richest) centile of households was three times higher than the income of the 10th (i.e. poorest) centile of households in several Eastern European and Nordic countries (Figure 5.4). But this ratio stood above 6 for Chile, Israel,6 Mexico and Hirkey. Also, cross-country differences in the share of top income earners (99th centile) in total income are very wide, ranging from 4.5% for Sweden to 18.1% for the United States (Box 5.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Its energy intensity is also significantly higher than other countries in the Energy Community. This in part reflects its large industrial base, but is also due to the prevalence of outdated and inefficient production technologies as well as the existence of shadow economy (about 40% of GDP in 2016, as reported by the Ministry of Social Policy). Historically, low energy prices, especially for natural gas, have allowed for the development of inefficient technologies and production processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Proper treatment - At the Right Place and Right Time (Summary in English), Report No. Changes in the State Budget for 1998], Proposition No. Om psykiske lidelser og tjenestetilbudene” [Openness and Comprehensiveness: Mental Disorders and Service Provision], Sosial- og helsedepartementet, White Paper No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This seeks to integrate community-based disaster risk management projects into good city governance. It has helped city officials re-engage with urban communities and provided training on disaster risk management — bridging the gap between high-level officials and local communities. An Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation workshop on PPPs and disaster resilience in 2010 pointed out that the private sector has much to offer in terms of resources and expertise and essential services. Community members contributed money and labour as well as their knowledge and expertise on which projects would be most effective.51 The exercise resulted in the construction of emergency evacuation routes, elevated roads and more bridges. A local NGO Yayasan Pikul in 2005 started working with rural farmers on a community-based disaster risk management initiative in Sikka district.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Analysis of such data shows that in-work poor owe their status not only to labour market conditions - for example, unemployment, unstable jobs or low wages - but also to household circumstances. For example, lone parents (where women represent a majority) or sole earners with children are more vulnerable. However, in general, women in European countries have a comparable or lower risk of in-work poverty than men, even if women are more likely to occupy unstable and lower paid jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Since 2000, worldwide public investment in RE R&D it has steadily risen to close to USD 2 billion as of 2008 (IEA, 2010). “ Technology Development” refers to the demonstration and pre-commercial stage of the technology’s life cycle and is generally financed by venture capital (VC) investments. Once commercial viability has been established, they often seek to recover their investment either through a sale to established companies in the sector or through the public equity markets (Ghosh and Nanda 2010). While the R&D risk lands on the shoulders of the competitors, they have freedom in the way they approach innovation and the competition process is sometimes easier than applying for public grants (contracting, reporting, control). Newell and Wilson (2005) focus on inducement prizes in the US targeted at the middle stages of the technological change process: applied research, development, and demonstration and present considerable evidence that technology prizes have a role to play in the portfolio of inducement mechanisms available to spur climate change-related technological advances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Available from http://www.un.org/ga/ econcrisissummit/docs/FinalReport_CoE.pdf. This makes certain policy options that were used in the past by successful industrializers unavailable or permissible only in a reduced group of countries. Such effects have been seen in some developed economies’ agricultural subsidies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article describes and explores what is meant by the term social justice. Emphasis is given to social justice issues that pertain directly or indirectly to the study of crime and justice. To accomplish this, general definitions of social justice are described, and the origins of the term social justice are briefly discussed. Next, a series of topics related to the study and practice of social justice are presented and explored in turn. These topics include, though are not limited to, peacemaking criminology, restorative justice, victim advocacy, environmental justice, and prison abolition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
With the release of the second and most important report of the UN Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea (COI) in June 2016, high-ranking Eritrean government officials and key state institutions, such as the Office of the State President, are now formally accused of committing a broad category of crimes against humanity, such as: enslavement, imprisonment, enforced disappearance, torture, persecution, rape, murder and other inhumane acts. In keeping with the objectives of the present consultation, this paper provides some reflections on the prospects and challenges of accountability for gross human rights violations in Eritrea in light of the relevance and applicability of the principle of complementarity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
China has pushed ahead with large infrastructure projects while providing tax breaks and other relief measures for firms and consumers, which resulted in a wider fiscal deficit of about 3 per cent of GDP in 2016. With a view to supporting the building of "a moderately prosperous sodety in all respects", the budget emphasized spending on education, science and technology, health care, poverty alleviation, social security and employment (China, 2016). Although the country's general government debt is relatively low, there are concerns about local government debt and contingent liabilities, which are being addressed with a revised fiscal law. The overall fiscal stance is expected to remain expansionary in the near term to stabilize the economy and to invest in social and infrastructure sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This Decision was based on the petition from the Association of Municipalities and Cities in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina to request the Constitutional Court to decide whether the Law on Forests is harmonized with the European Charter of Local Self-Governance to protect the right of local self-governance. According to the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Federation is responsible for land use policy on the level of the Federation, while the cantons are responsible for policy on the protection of the environment and use of natural resources. Since such alignments were not realized within the set time limit, the Law on Forests was proclaimed invalid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In other countries, including Germany, Hungary, Italy and Spain, NSW tends to decrease wages in almost all deciles of the distribution, but the difference decreases monotonically with the upper deciles. In Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom, the earnings gap is more pronounced in the bottom 20% to 40% of the distribution rather than the bottom 10%. Portugal is an exception in that the wage penalty is fairly small at the bottom of the distribution and more substantial in the upper middle part. On the other hand, in Australia the earnings gap at the bottom of the distribution is smaller, while there is a significant wage premium of 20% to NSW at the top.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It also reviews financing for green growth and how the country faces climate change-related challenges. To do this it must catalyse investment and innovation which will underpin sustained growth and give rise to new economic opportunities (OECD 2011). Investment for green growth includes, among other things, investment in infrastructure such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, water purification and distribution systems, transport and housing, the preservation of natural resources and waste management (OECD 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They then transmitted these new norms to their home community and non-migrant women used them to create new versions of womanhood. Women who migrate tend to model their behaviour on women in destination countries, which proved to have positive effects on reducing violence against women in Moldova for example, as women tolerate it less from their partners (Peleah, 2007). Migration can challenge traditional gender roles when the absence of one spouse leaves the other one with both greater decision-making power and burden of responsibility and labour (Jolly and Reeves, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Following a temporary interruption in the immediate aftermath of the crisis, the incomes of the richest 1 per cent of the world's population have started to grow again at a rate considerably faster than those of the rest of the population. The world is seeing increasing temperatures, rising sea levels, melting glaciers and the loss of biodiversity." In recent years, these trends have triggered environmental stress and disasters such as floods, cyclones and droughts with devastating effects on the livelihoods and security of people around the world and taking a particularly high toll on women and girls in developing countries (see Chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The sample is restricted to adults aged at least 25 years, to exclude individuals still in education. Over time, the impact of parental background appears to have has changed significantly, but in different ways in different countries. In France, Denmark and the Netherlands this conclusion holds only for wages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In addition, not all countries report on official financial flows that do not qualify as official development assistance under existing ODA-eligibility criteria, such as non-concessional loans and equity investments. Recently-updated OECD guidance for applying the Rio Markers to climate change adaptation activities (OECD, 2016), along with work on definitions being undertaken by bilateral and multilateral development finance providers, will hopefully improve the consistency of international reporting. Though several countries provide such support (Buchner et al., Some countries have started reporting their official development assistance to the OECD DAC voluntarily, such as Turkey (which also receives ODA), Saudi Arabia, the UAE and the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.17 Currently, such reporting is sometimes still done at an aggregate level, making it difficult to identify climate-relevant flows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
An American political geographer and noted specialist in the electoral geography of the post-Soviet states explores the extent to which underlying social, political, and economic conditions in North African countries experiencing regime change prompted by mass political unrest (Egypt, Tunisia) resemble those prevailing in the five Central Asian states. The author compares the countries' rankings on a number of relevant indicators (e.g., Human Development Index, Corruption Perceptions Index, Freedom House indices of political rights and civil liberties) before undertaking a more qualitative assessment of human rights, institutional control, and external support for current Central Asian regimes. Although Uzbekistan, the most populous state with the most repressive regime in the region, is a focus of attention, the same abuses and challenges are evident, albeit in varying degrees, in other vulnerable post-Soviet countries of Central Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Countries that highly urbanized, such as Gabon (88.1 per cent urban), Libya (79.3 per cent urban). Equatorial Guinea (70.6 per cent urban), Botswana (67.2 per cent urban), South Africa (64.8 per cent urban) and Seychelles (55.4 per cent urban), have high GDP per capita. African countries are beginning to promote cities and urbanization for socio-economic development by prioritizing urban planning and development. This is expected to enhance economic diversification at the local levels, leading to employment and wealth creation, increased opportunities for knowledge and skills transfer and innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Svalbard have experienced an increase in tourism levels as well, though at a lower level than Iceland, with a growth ranging from 15% to 45% since 2012. As the duration of the visits have not increased, the increased spending is caused by a higher daily spending by the tourists. Tourism may create short and long-term profits and jobs for a region leading to economic growth, provided it is managed sustainably.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Hazardous wastes are also defined internationally elsewhere (e.g. Basel Convention and in European Union legislation), but in slightly differently ways to the OECD. Some examples of hazardous waste streams are wastes from the generation and use of biocides, wood preserving chemicals, organic solvents, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Some examples of hazardous constituents in waste are metal carbonyls, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, inorganic cyanides, acidic solutions or acids in solid form and asbestos.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
What are the political consequences of international migration on the migrant's country of origin? To help understand this question, this review article first examines data and measurement issues that have hampered empirical analysis. It then lays out an analytical framework outlining four channels through which migration's political consequences play out: the prospective, absence, diaspora, and return channels. The article next delineates the variables that attenuate or amplify these effects and argues that unobservable characteristics, in particular who leaves and why, have an important influence on the type and intensity of political effects. Subsequently, the article examines some key political consequences of international migration: its political economy consequences, its impact on conflict, and its institutional effects, focusing on political institutions as well as nationalism and citizenship. The penultimate section points out the importance of temporality in understanding the political effects o...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, the typical compounded efficiency of the energy chain from crude oil at the well to useful transport services is about 2 per cent only (assuming single occupancy of a passenger car with five seats). While in this case, the efficiency of transforming primary to final energy is as high as 93 per cent (including transport, refining and distribution), the efficiency of transforming final to useful energy efficiency is only about 10 per cent (that is, the result of 20 per cent engine efficiency and 50 per cent efficiency of drivetrain and car). Full occupancy of the car would increase the compounded efficiency from 2 to 10 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Speeds are enforced with automatic enforcement (video-based time over distance cameras in the more recent schemes). The use of the hard shoulder for through traffic at times of high congestion is a common feature. The aim of ISA is to discourage or even prevent speeding, by informing drivers about the speed limit for a road, warning them about excess speed and in the most sophisticated systems preventing speeding by use of an electronic speed limiter. The fundamental distinction in ISA is between advisory (warning) systems, which typically beep at the driver when speeding over a certain threshold is detected, and intervening systems, which typically limit speed at, or just over, the speed limit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The ES approach is based more on the preferences of the people affected by such landscape impacts, and their experienced welfare loss, rather than on the opinions of experts. This people-based approach is also well aligned with the intention behind the European Landscape Convention (see below). In this chapter, we first briefly recapitulate some of the key concepts and the categories of ESs that are the most closely associated with landscape changes from NCM (2015). We then outline a simple step-wise approach to using an ES approach to assess and value landscape impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)