albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This refoim will allow many local communities to keep their hospital facility, but with many of them providing a different and smaller set of services, coordinated with closely located hospitals, or specialising in rehabilitation and nuising. In addition, since 2015 as part of the drive to improve efficiency and quality of services, NHIF has restricted contracts for obstetrics and surgery departments when yearly volumes have been below 300 births and 400 complex surgeries. Lithuania has put a lot of emphasis on expanding primary care, outpatient and day care services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Podlaskie has a substantial rural population, with one-third of total employment in agriculture. Manufacturing and commerce together constitute a similar proportion of total employment, again around one-third. Podlaskie has a relatively low level of employment in information and communication, hotels and restaurants, financial services, real estate, and professional business services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Companies are interested in ICT-for-development initiatives for both commercial and corporate, social responsibility reasons. In addition, they are often able to address the lack of hard and soft ICT infrastructure more efficiently than donors. They might also be more willing to scale-up their ICT infrastructure investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
By using Recentered Influence Function (RIF) regressions (Firpo et al., The first, which is referred to as the composition effect, is related to the overall changes in the distribution of observed characteristics of households (e.g. the proportion of households with a female worker), and the second is the wage structure effect, which captures the overall changes in the return to households with a female worker. By this setting, the wage structure effect also includes changes in the return to unobservable characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It should also address grid innovation technology directly (Meeus et al, 2011). The intermittency of wind speed, for instance, is assumed to stretch from multiple minutes to the variations on a timescale of several hours. Variability of wind power exists on the longer term as well and is driven by seasonal meteorological parameters and inter-annual variations of wind. Parameters such as wind direction and speed are season-dependent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Note that the budget for the Nordic Assessment covers only very basic needs. In addition, there is a need for a budget to cover much of the co-chairs' hours of work, and some meeting costs and DSA. The assessment will, as the budget is presented in this document, include large amounts of in-kind contributions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
According to the study, ten years of excellence in research policy in Swedish research funding has had serious negative consequences for gender equality in academia. It also appears that these initiatives have so far avoided an analysis of the measures they themselves have planned to initiate to improve gender equality. The European Commission focused attention on the gender-related ramifications of the excellence in research initiatives and the definition of scientific excellence as early as 200440 and established the expert group "Gender and Excellence", which studied research funding in 33 European countries in a gender perspective (EU 2008). There is good reason to raise the issue of quality criteria and excellence in research in the Nordic countries and at the joint Nordic level as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These gender differences can be explained partly by the greater prevalence of risk factors and disease incidence among men in Latvia. For example, cancer incidence is about 60% higher for men than women in Latvia while the gender gap is much lower at less than 10% in the United Kingdom, Denmark and Iceland (OECD, 2015a). The mortality rate from ischemic heart disease and stroke is three times higher than the OECD average (357 per 100 000 population compared with 117, and 200 per 100 000 population compared with 66, respectively in 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Ministry of Education and Sport is responsible for developing and implementing education policies, inspection procedures, and the allocation of funds related to pre-primary, basic compulsory and upper secondary institutions. The Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology, on the other hand, performs similar tasks for higher education and research. Post-secondary vocational education falls within the competence of the Ministry of Education and Sport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The most important factor of all may be an open, agile mindset and willingness to embrace change in a fast-moving economy - it is this open mindset which has seen a book provider become a major cloud services provider, a social media network become a major news outlet/distributor, and a search engine engage in everything from satellite imagery to translation services to self-driving cars. E-commerce can help economies open up to new markets abroad and the opportunities of the online economy, but some commentators have suggested it may also leave economies with shallow, or incomplete industrialization vulnerable to a flood of imports from abroad. Indeed, the role of consumers in driving the supply chain has also yet to be clearly understood in many countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The sites are historically and physically different. They also differ in size, receive various amounts of waste and host different numbers of people either working at the dumps or living in the surroundings. However these 50 sites all have at least one thing in common: the serious threat they pose to human health and the environment. They cannot be considered simply as a local problem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
All these sample members, including children, are continuing sample members and will be re-interviewed in 2010 and in subsequent waves. After the fieldwork, the NIDS sample weights were adjusted to reflect the age-sex-race and provincial distributions of the 2008 mid-year population estimates produced by Stats SA. Of these 78.6% were classified as African, 14.8% as Coloured, 1.6% as Asian/Indian and 5.1% as white. When weighted up to population totals this represents 48 442 116 individuals from 13 722 918 households with the respective racial percentages being 79.4%, 8.9%, 2.6% and 9.1%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Some political scientists maintain that Supreme Court justices are more likely than other appellate court judges to vote their ideological preferences. It is argued that Supreme Court justices may vote their preferences without constraint from precedent because of a lack of electoral or political accountability, absence of ambition for higher office, and status as a member of a court of last resort that controls its own docket. While this expla nation of attitudinal voting is widely accepted, it has never been tested. As a first test of the asserted institutional foundations of attitudinal voting, the voting of United States Courts of Appeals judges in tort diversity cases is examined. In such cases, appeals court judges benefit from all of the institutional features thought to advance attitudinal voting, except complete docket control. Despite these benefits, the votes of the appeals court judges appear to be highly constrained by law and precedent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Providing both parents with flexible work schedules and the possibility of short-term part-time work can also ease tensions between caregiving and work as children age (Chapter 4). Designed to be used around childbirth and when children are very young, employment-protected leave provides job security while allowing mothers to recuperate from childbirth and gives both parents time to care for young children. Paid leave gives families valuable income support at a time of increased stress on household budgets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Actions targeted to teachers can vary from feedback with no consequences, recognition of excellence, salary increases, the requirement to take in-service training to being unable to practice as a teacher. The consequences for initial teacher training institutions can include closure. The exception is the state of Texas, while all the other systems either use portfolios, observations of classroom practices or rely on the assessment of performance developed by school principals. The majority of the systems meet the proposals of Ingvarson and Chadboume (1994), in Jasman (2009) who suggest that besides the formative impact of assessment, this should be summative, criterion referenced and based on different sources of evidence (portfolios with teaching plans, student-learning assessments, analysis of responses, videos of lessons, etc.) The validity of the assessment will depend on the degree of authenticity of the tasks that are used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Bangladesh and Nepal stand out among the former because they have doubled productivity of both land and labour. In the case of mixed exporters, Benin has achieved a similar outcome. These developments show that generally speaking, the countries that have advanced the most in terms of the structural transformation and diversification of their economy have been those which succeeded in raising their agricultural productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The principles of good governance prescribe the notion of separation of powers and its institutionalization as a way of checking the excessive use of power, promoting accountability and protecting the interest of citizens (South African Government 2016). According to Bo Li, as cited in Dogara (2015), ‘tyrants will not be benevolent rulers simply because the constitution tells them to. In order to guard against violations of the letter and spirit of the constitution, there needs to be a set of institutional arrangement’. The executive, legislature and judiciary are key institutions that control the spheres of the government. These arms co-exist based on autonomy, separation of powers and checks and balances. Good governance can therefore, be assessed in relation to the performance and the extent of healthy interaction between the executive, legislature and judiciary (Dogara 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, youth need to recognize that part-time work in their field or entry-level jobs for which they may feel overqualified can be important steps on the pathway towards long-term career development and, as such, can arguably be considered decent work. Internships and apprenticeships, in particular, may only offer low-wage or part-time employment but can provide youth with valuable job experience as new entrants, as well as on-the-job training and skills development that will serve them well as they build their skill sets and careers. Young people who are not financially secure are pushed into temporary, seasonal and part-time work to meet their basic needs (ILO, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The centrepiece, and one of the keys to success, will be a high-profile lead initiative that pilots an integrated set of green building and sustainable settlement approaches in Eilat, as a model ‘green city’. The effect could be catalytic, transforming perceptions of the region, providing new skills and employment opportunities for existing residents and supporting local green business start-ups. It needs to be recognised that these training and employment opportunities will not be limited to green skills per se, but will likely be even more prevalent in traditional skills areas in construction, electricity, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition, originators may claim a risk premium to reflect possible failures in initial testing over time. Finally, the system may also provide an obligation by generic producers to pay compensation to the data originator for the benefit of early market entry (as compared to the amount of time needed in case of independent replication of clinical trials). Costs incurred to prepare the clinical test data file for the DRA may therefore differ from those costs incurred for the preparation of the patent application with the patent office.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This effect demonstrates that the size of the grant is sufficient to cause changes in labour market behaviour. Empirical studies of the effect of non-contributory healthcare - including evidence from the expansion of Mexico’s Seguro Popular - find either no relationship with, or only small effects on, the rate of informality (OECD, 2011). Similarly, cash transfer programmes have no adverse effects on labour market participation (DfID, 2011, Alzua et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Catch-up, whether in the historical sense, or through leapfrogging, requires the learning of modern technologies and accumulation of indigenous technological capabilities in innovation and technological know-how for production, as well as investment in physical assets (Odagiri et. Moreover, technological learning and innovation in the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China benefited greatly from reverse engineering, which allowed the build-up of capabilities in the creation of new products, and the advent of more stringent IPR protection represents an additional barrier to this course. The recent increase in attention to technological leapfrogging has been motivated in large part by the experience of the ICT sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Particular attention should be paid to reproductive behaviour leading to early fertility. It has been observed that children are highly likely to repeat the reproductive patterns of their parents, and in the poorest families these patterns involve early fertility and more children than the average for all households. It has been suggested that there is a vicious circle whereby poverty is linked to higher and earlier fertility and a heavy child-rearing burden for households that leads back to greater poverty (Carrasco, Martinez and Vial 1997, Paz and others, 2004, Rodriguez, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
No country of the region has identified women entrepreneurs as a specific target group. An explanatory factor may be that SME policies focused initially on industrial sectors, where women are largely absent. In the latter part of the decade, SME policies have been more generally applied to all sectors of economic activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The difference between the two states cannot be directly observed but can be inferred based on empirical evidence and some assumptions. It involves moving from the unit level to the group level, and identifying a treatment group and a control group (i.e. a valid counterfactual) that are statistically similar, on average, or at least follow the same trend, in the absence of the programme. With-without’ analyses implicitly assume that (i) the areas with and without the biodiversity policy are similar in terms of their expected outcomes in the absence of the biodiversity policy (i.e. similar in characteristics that affect outcomes, such as accessibility, suitability for agriculture, and proximity' to markets) and (ii) there are no spillover effects from the biodiversity policy to ‘unexposed’ areas. ' Before-after’ analyses assume that the outcome level (or its trend) before a policy is enacted would remain constant after the policy is enacted (Nagendra, 2008) and that there is no selection bias in targeting the policy (Miteva et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The regional and district structures of MoEFWA exercise forest management and control functions in public and private forests. In the past the DFSD sector employed some 1,400 staff, currently the number is close to 1,000 and is expected to decrease further (to some 616 employees) as a result of the currently planned institutional reform in the forestry sector. In addition, as a consequence of this transfer process, the LGUs and associations of forest and pasture users (institutionalized at local, regional and national levels) are gaining more responsibilities in forestry management within communal forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These programmes are meant to preserve employment and provide income support for workers with reduced hours as a result of temporarily low product demand, including during a general economic downturn. While these programmes lie outside of this chapter’s analysis of income support for jobless persons, Box 1.2 provides a short discussion of STW and its role during the 2008-09 recession. This type of programme is often referred to as a “last resort” programme since they tend to supplement any other type of income (from public or private sources) that an individual or household might have accumulated, received or be eligible for.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The challenge is to support the creation of a gender-responsive security system in a society where gender inequality, stereotypes and discrimination still exist. Reforms within a security system institution can spur social changes if accompanied by broader national reforms - such as national plans on violence against women or legislative reform on equal rights - education, and awareness-raising strategies. In turn, it is important for security system institutions to support social changes in parallel to institutional reform, through education reform or awareness-raising campaigns on gender issues at the national and community level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Gender stereotypes frequently are reflected in social institutions that discriminate against women across the region. For example, according to the SIGI, laws in Egypt Morocco, Tunisia and Yemen reveal setbacks or contribute to stagnancy of women’s physical integrity.13 While legislation and de facto access to resources are vital for women’s autonomy and empowerment, estimates from countries in the region show recent reversals in laws and de facto access to resources. In fact, the MENA region has been the lowest performing region in the OECD SIGI study, with major problems in freedom of movement, access to public space, family code, restricted physical integrity, restricted resources and assets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If green power is more expensive, how many jobs will be lost due to lower GDP? At the local level, it is key to understand how many jobs are associated with each specific project and how durable they are likely to be. Certain jobs will be in operation and maintenance (O&M), while others in the construction of the needed facilities. As a consequence, there will be both temporary and long-term jobs created in regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Early childhood development is a driving force for sustainable development in all societies,16 and through public investment in early care and education initiatives, a good start in life can benefit not only millions of children today, but also their communities and societies in the future. Specifically, participation in such preschool programmes decreases the likelihood of low educational performance at the age of 15.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Investment is generally defined as activities that result in the accumulation of capital (Box 1) that yields a stream of returns over time. Thus, planting trees is typically considered an investment because it takes more than a year to generate a return, but applying fertilizer to a maize crop is not considered an investment because it generates a return during the current crop cycle. However, many investments by farmers are not made primarily or exclusively through financial outlays but through time spent, for example in clearing or improving land or in constructing farm buildings or irrigation channels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This has involved setting new institutions such as basin agencies, giving WUAs managing capacity to administer both capital assets and water resources, and transferring the financial responsibility of running districts and collecting charges to the WUAs. Research has shown that between 1990 and 1996 government water subsidies and tariff deficit had gone down to 15% and 13% respectively, from 35% and 26%. By 1996, 372 WUAs had been formed to control water delivery to nearly 3 million ha. During this time water prices increased by 45-180% and government operation and maintenance (O&M) subsidies had been removed, but some researchers claim that O&M charges are too low (equivalent to 2-7% of the gross product), and that maintenance may be suboptimal in many cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In contrast, when electricity firms are controlled by investment funds, rather than forming part of transnational companies, there is less opportunity for operational synergies and knowledge transfers within the enterprise. If the presence of investment funds in the sector were to expand, it could produce a business model in which ownership of the assets (by the investment funds) is separated from their management ( in the hands of the electricity firms), in a system similar to that operated by some hotel groups. In that year, it purchased 38% of EDENOR, one of the leading energy distributors in Argentina. Later it increased its interests in this country with other transmission and generating companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
On the other hand, threats of price caps or phase-outs act as deterrents to investors. This holds, in particular for nuclear power, which as a supplier of baseload power for long periods of time is dependent on the predictability of its future revenue. It is not even necessary that the threat is realised, a positive probability suffices to have investors look elsewhere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As well as recommending a particular level for the total allowable catch to be set for each managed fishery, ICES specifies a lower level which should allow the stock of fish to expand and an upper level at which it would decline. The agreed TAC tends frequently to be in the upper end of this range. This is not always due to the difficulties of international negotiation, however. Much of the analysis is done by scientists from national research organisations working in joint teams under the auspices of ICES.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
A permit is not required in cases of wastewater discharge (Chapter 2). Food production impacts the water quality' with high loadings of nutrients and organic material, the mining industry with heavy metals and suspended material. Agreements are signed by industrial plants and local authorities, however, in view of the fact that no regulations exist for indirect discharges, which cause problems in public wastewater treatment and worsen water pollution, requirements are not placed there.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Among households in the lowest income quintile, only 16% have completed tertian' education - while among households in the highest income quintile 80% have done so. Lithuania does not monitor key populations with respect to participation and achievement in tertiary education. It has no policy targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The direct empowerment of mothers also has broader developmental impact on children and poor communities. Such institutional and design complexities are an initial fixed cost that can be recuperated over the long-term as the programmes lead to more structured systems of social protection. Indeed, governments in Asia that were hit by the crisis found it highly convenient to have CCT programmes in place that could provide minimum immediate relief to the poorest populations. They primarily address issues of chronic poverty, rather than the vulnerabilities created or exacerbated by sudden shocks in income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)