albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
A study finds that the lowest unemployment rates amongst graduates in 2008 were in the fields of health and welfare, engineering, manufacturing and construction, science, mathematics and computing (HEGESCO, 2009). Farcnik and Domadenik (2009) find that graduates in health, computing, engineering, manufacturing and construction fields have the highest likelihood of getting employed in the six months following their graduation. The number of science and technology graduates per 1 000 inhabitants aged 20-29 is significantly lower in Slovenia than the EU average (10.7 compared to 13.9, in 2008) and there are few signs of this gap closing (IMAD, 2010). Arts, humanities and social sciences graduates make up the majority of tertiary graduates. Although some incentives, such as greater availability of scholarships and grants for students going into these fields, have been introduced, the impact has been limited so far. Considering that a greater share of engineering and science graduates is associated not only with a greater innovative and technology absorption capacity of the economy but also with human capital spillovers and economy-wide productivity gains, boosting the number of graduates from these fields is a priority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, in Italy the opposite was the case: more than one management authority was assigned for a single district. While the former Law 1989/183 was coherent with respect to the river basin approach, the design of the new districts introduced unnecessary complications to an already functioning framework. For example, the Northern Apennines is now managed by five different authorities and the Eastern Alps by four (Table 4.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This has helped to decouple emissions from GDP growth in many countries and led to growing investment in low-carbon technologies. A strong response with decisive and coordinated policies could strengthen the recovery, with a more predictable policy environment boosting investment and research. Both will be needed to meet the challenge of climate change. Worries about the effect on the poor can be dealt with within such reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Lakes, rivers and marine waters are probably of good or very good ecological status. Habitat degradation is not regarded as a major issue in Greenland. However, climate driven changes in physical properties might alter the biological balance and regional biodiversity. For instance, northward retreatment of the sea ice edge has been linked to an increase in the distribution of kelp beds and increase in the seasonal productivity of seaweeds along the Greenland West coast (Krause-Jensen et al., Wild species, and to some degree pollution and invasive species, may threaten the present good status. In addition, copepod droppings constitute a food resource for bottom-living animals as they sink to the seafloor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
To save on initial construction costs, developers build new housing where land is cheaper (often the periphery of cities), rather than where there is demand. There are no special requirements in terms of location directly impacting the costs and comfort of living. The owners of social housing continue to bear considerable costs related to the poor quality of construction and unsafe and inadequate location.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Furthermore, of the 1.2 billion who lifted themselves out of extreme poverty, 1.1 billion were from Asia and the Pacific. Countries of the population living in extreme poverty such as Pakistan (from 64.7 per cent to 12.7 per cent), Cambodia (from 44.5 per cent to 10.1 per cent), Azerbaijan (from 25 per cent to only 0.3 per cent) and Thailand (from 11.6 per cent to only 0.3 per cent), have all reported significant decreases in the percentage of their populations living in extreme poverty. Although international poverty lines exist, there are no agreed international standards on how to measure poverty at the national level. As poverty measurement is essentially about wealth distribution, the more disaggregated are the data available about individuals and small groups within a population, the greater will be the value of the information that can be derived from analyses of poverty. Such measurements and policy measures are of relevance in Asia and the Pacific, especially in view of the steadily falling overall poverty rates now occurring despite the existence of persistent pockets of poverty. Indeed, to that end those Indian states already having statistical capability conduct state-level censuses on those living below the poverty line.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The principal driver of this “regressive” effect was a lack of regular GMI adjustments. The same is true in the United States: the beneficial effect of some of the “Bush-era” tax cuts on higher-income earners was mainly felt at incomes above the range shown in the graph. The main message from the graph is one of highly progressive redistribution changes in the United States, and flat or regressive changes in most European countries. The only exception is France, where low-earning families with children (but, unlike in the United States, not those with zero earnings) benefited substantially from an “employment-friendly” reform of the GMI benefit, which, among other things, incentivised low-income families to combine work with benefit receipt by reducing benefit withdrawal rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These, in turn, have provided a strong incentive for girls to invest in their studies and increase their attainment level. And full-time workers with upper secondary levels of attainment earn 19% more, on average, than those who did not go that far (OECD, 2016(5]). These penalties may be reduced in absolute terms if men will continue to have better returns than women given their level of education (OECD, 2016[5]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Finally, tax incentives would make Germany more attractive as a location for research as most of other OECD countries already provide this support (Ernst and Spengel, 2011). Thus, consideration should be given to complementing the direct support with tax incentives. The features of the tax incentives - including the level, the form (e.g. tax deferrals, tax allowances or tax credits), the base (e.g. level or increment of R&D expenditures) and the coverage (e.g. total or partial with targeted support) - should be carefully determined in function of Germany’s specific needs.12 Only a very small percentage of green technology patents between 2000 and 2007 draw on environmental or energy R&D (OECD, 201 If).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The background to these findings is that various mechanisms are at work that determine the way in which agricultural policy measures affect farmers’ decisions and hence on production and trade. Typical examples are the impacts of policy-induced changes in output or input prices. When a policy raises the price of an agricultural product, it is profitable for the farmer to produce more of it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These sites are not legally protected but recognized internationally as a valuable legacy to be passed on to future generations. There are many types of cultural and historical values that are being protected through the World Heritage Convention. One Swedish example is Bjorko Island and Hovgarden, consisting of two sites with historical and cultural heritage from the 9th and 10th centuries. These archaeological sites located close to Stockholm are heritage from the advanced trading networks of the Viking-Age in Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The ratio between the equally distributed income and the mean income yields Atkinson’s (1970) and Kolm’s (1969) measure of inequality. If equally distributed income is close to mean income, little can be gained by redistributing income equally (low aversion to inequality). Conversely, if equally distributed income is much smaller than mean income, larger welfare gains can be reaped from a more equal distribution. Hence adopting a social welfare function allows considering various normative options on distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Gray (2000) raised these problems, although he placed more emphasis on universal harassment by the police and other officials. Since the beginning of the 2000s, such highway harassment appears to have declined, exposing the poor quality of unpaved and poorly maintained rural toads as the longer-term problem. A combination of inadequate capacity and preferential access for favoured users means that independent farmers and grain-traders spend too much time searching for space in elevators and on railway wagons, and incur additional costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Norway, the share of immigrants among recipients with spell lengths in the top decile is about twice as high than among those with spell lengths in the bottom decile. Similarly the share of recipients living in the household with an immigrant in Sweden is more than twice as high among recipients with long spells than among those with short spells. The gap for the Netherlands is smaller but still sizeable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The teacher explains how a <school science> idea can be applied to a number of different phenomena (e.g. the movement of objects, substances with similar properties). Students are allowed to design their own experiments. There is a class debate about investigations. The teacher clearly explains the relevance of <broad science> concepts to our lives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The region of North America, Latin America and the Caribbean has a number of interregional treaties and bodies that impact older people’s human rights. This chapter explores the human rights instruments adopted in the framework of the Organization of American States, a regional organization comprised of all states of the region, as they apply to older persons. Moreover, it extensively covers the interpretation of the regional bodies that have jurisdiction to apply those human rights treaties and discusses the case law and practice applicable to the protection of human rights of older persons. In addition, this chapter includes the relevant discussions regarding the current negotiations on the adoption of an Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter looks at the impacts of policy measures such as water pricing and appliance labelling. It examines the determinants of water-saving behaviour and investment in water-saving appliances and whether having to pay for water according to volume actually reduces consumption. The role of respondent’s environmental “norms” is also analysed, suggesting that measures informing households of the environmental implications of excessive water consumption could have a significant complementary part to play.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The shipping industry carries approximately 90% of global trade, and the tourism industry, of which marine and coastal tourism is a major part, represents 5% of global GDP. More than 500 million people are engaged in ocean-related livelihoods (UNDP-GEF, 2012). These services include the regulation of atmospheric and marine carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, the provision of oxygen, the hydrothermal convection cycle, the hydrological cycle and coastal protection. Oceans, for example, have absorbed one-third of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide (Bijma et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
A key part of this is the establishment of quality childcare centres and preschool services (Sojo, 2011). Another consideration must be the different degrees of dependence caused by fortuitous events that cause disability (which may be genetic or the result of an accident or act of violence, among others) or by the ageing process. Degrees of dependence are also affected by unequal socioeconomic conditions, since deficits in nutrition, health and many other areas throughout life translate sooner or later into heavier dependency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The papers are generally available only in their original language - English or French - with a summary in the other. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Mild and moderate mental health problems constitute the greatest number of cases, and such disorders have been on the rise over the past several decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Minister for Rural Development Jairam Ramesh, speech outside of parliament on 7 March 2013, reported by The Hindu newspaper, 8 March 2013, see www.thehindu.com. From a speech made by Rwandan Prime Minister Bernard Makuza (2008), at the International Social Security Association (ISSA) Regional Social Security Forum for Africa, 18-20 November, Kigali (ISSA, 2008). For example, the World Bank has estimated that an increase of four percentage points in Mexico’s poverty rate from 2008 to 2010 can be attributed to the global financial crisis (Habib et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Hence, the Penang clusters have not achieved R&D intensities comparable to Korea and Taiwan. In the last decades, Penang’s output share to the nation’s agriculture fell from less than 4% in 1975 to less than 2% by 2006. Since the 1970s, the region has been seen as an industrial centre for the country with dynamic economy and free trade zones (FTZ) that encouraged foreign investment in export-oriented activities. The first FTZ was established in Bayan Lepas in 1971.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Asian LDCs overtook the productMty level first of the African and then of the island LDCs (Chart 2.4A). To the extent that rural population growth outpaces the rate of expansion of the agricultural area, area per worker (A/L) declines, adding to the challenge of raising average labour productivity (Y/L) by means of increasing average yield (Y/A) in order to reduce poverty and improve the well-being of the rural population. Still, since the 1980s, agricultural yields in LDCs have lagged behind the strong growth in ODCs, but they have gained some ground with respect to developed countries, especially since 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The increasing threat of severe climate change, as well as the widening of gaps between socioeconomic groups and frequent social unrests1'5 are pressuring businesses to change normative management practices and operations towards development that is both inclusive and sustainable. Stakeholders are the various internal and external individuals or groups who have an interest in a business because they are concerned about how its policies and operations affect them. These may include governments, local communities, civil society organizations (CSOs), non-governmental organizations, employees, consumers and suppliers.11 Because SRBs promote inclusiveness and sustainability, this approach creates a higher level of shared value amongst shareholders and stakeholders. Such an approach also aligns with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development or the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Pilots allow a safe, time-bound, space for experimentation and ensure that ex-post evaluation occurs before the initiative is prolonged, adapted or terminated. Perhaps one of the most compelling reasons, however, that these initiatives are run as pilots is that they allow public authorities to enter into contractual agreements with service providers without going through typical procurement processes. This is due to the limited budget involved which in most instances is below the threshold for formal bid processes and due to the temporary nature of the partnerships. In some instances, however (the RIDE partnership in Boston), the pilot is run through a bid-based procurement process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The concepts of “skill" and "competence” are used interchangeably in this report. The sum of all skills available to the economy at a given point in time forms the human capital of a country. People need skills to help them succeed in the labour market, contribute to better social outcomes, and build more cohesive and tolerant societies. Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives: A Strategic Approach to Skills Policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It provides an overview of public satisfaction with the education system and schools, and then assesses the level of private and public expenditure on education and discusses issues around access to upper secondary education and tertiary education. Using the results from the 2012 OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and other data sources, this chapter also presents indicators on the performance of Korean students to international standardised tests on mathematics, science and reading as well as indicators of equity in learning outcomes and on the transition from school to work in Korea. Since the 1950s education and skills development strategies have played a key role in the economic development of the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Cependant, le plan du gouvemement consistant a transferer l’achat de soins de longue duree aux assureurs est voue a Fechec en Fabsence de mesures suppiementaires faisant supporter a ces demiers les risques financiers correspondants. Ce document de travail se rapporte a l’Etude economique des Pays-Bas de 2012 (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/Pavs-Bas). All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
At the same time, the implementation of the R2P principle needs to take heed of past lessons and controversies in refugee protection. In particular, it must be recognized that prevention and intervention cannot always address the root causes of displacement and conflict. While preventive strategies which genuinely seek to tackle the root causes of conflict should be pursued, asylum must be preserved as a form of protection for persons fleeing mass atrocities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In India, the decline began in the 1930s, with a fall from 1.02 females to males at birth to 0.92 females to males in 2003. However, in other countries there was progress toward gender equality in terms of sex ratios. For instance, Brazil experienced progress starting from the 1870s, and Turkey started to close the gap in gender ratios from 1930 onwards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It assesses the current innovation strategy, including priorities and budget, and it reviews the existing policy mix for innovation, comparing it with those of peer countries, including the Dominican Republic and Uruguay. The chapter concludes by identifying some areas of improvement as an introduction to Chapter 3 which focuses on the evaluation of the implementation of innovation policy in Panama.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Focusing on the value added of learning opportunities is also important. This way, it is progress towards gains in skills that is rewarded, for instance, rather than the final level attained by learners, which may reflect their pre-programme abilities. This is calculated primarily based on student activity that results in passing examinations. Annual negotiations between providers and the Ministry of Education set budgets and targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In fact, most of the rise in wheat and rice consumption in Africa was met by increased imports.97 In Cameroon for example, since the 1970s external rice purchases and the development of rice production have been influenced by changes in prices and customs regulations. The rice market grew from 15,000 tons to 60,000 tons between 1975 and 1980. Since then the progression in imports can be explained by the economic crisis coupled with growing urbanization - two factors which have had a significant impact on eating habits and farming in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD, its Development Centre or of their member countries. It is instrumented in reducing poverty and increasing the resilience of the population. The Government of Ethiopia (GoE) has published a new set of policy frameworks for social protection that envisage the expansion of social protection to cover a greater proportion of Ethiopians against a broader range of risks, and that call for social protection to be increasingly financed from domestic sources rather than by donors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The example of Mexico outlines how different satellite accounts can overlap in the phenomena that they are attempting to measure. For instance, the provision of help or care to other households may be captured in both household satellite and health satellite accounts. Recognising these linkages helps avoid duplication and achieve results that are consistent across satellite accounts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Today, biometric technology, which uses physical or behavioural characteristics, could be considered as a reliable individual secure authentication method that helps to determine the identity of an authentic user especially in e-commerce technology. Along with a variety of modalities of biometrics, fingerprints are well-known to be the oldest method used in law enforcement with a verified performance. This paper continues this tradition by using an extending Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). For this work, which is part of a larger body of research, 306 Saudi participants were involved in a large scale experiment, consisting of men and women between the ages of 18 and 55. The experiment included the development of a fingerprint authentication system to examine the differences in male and females and their acceptance of biometric authentication systems within online environments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The role of digital platforms in lowering trade costs, for instance, can only go so far in markets where uncompetitive transport services result in exorbitant transport costs. Efficient services markets, therefore, are a necessary pre-condition to reaping the benefits of digital technologies. This may overburden customs and lead to delays at the border (see Box C.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This implies a need for a shared vision and strategy for women’s empowerment and gender equality, w'hich should be supported by an effective institutional framew ork with clear roles and responsibilities and specific mechanisms to embed gender considerations in all policies, programmes and budgets in a systematic and evidence-based manner. Most countries in the MENA region have reported developing a gender equality vision and strategy. Yet, these documents do not uniformly integrate international standards nor they are supported by effective implementation capacities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The sociological debate on the nature of Solidarity, and its legacy for social mobilization in today's Poland, are assessed through secondary research as well as primary research on Polish social movements in 1995–2001. The three classic interpretations of Solidarity (class, democracy and nation) are discussed, and two conclusions are reached to overcome the ‘class versus intellectuals’ dispute. First, against cultural and political interpretations, a class interpretation is appropriate although not exclusive and not in a classic Marxist sense. Second, a fourth element, subjectivity, needs to be added to understand the rare combination of egalitarianism and individualism in Solidarity. The class and the subjective elements derive from the double nature of Polish society: industrial and ‘vocationally’ (not factually) totalitarian. The implication is that social mobilization in Poland can be expected primarily in labour activism and marginal cultural movements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)