albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
By granting a payment extension to a client, the entrepreneur, in effect, finances the latter’s cash needs. The situation is reversed in the case of a delay granted by a supplier, w'hich finances the entrepreneur’s cash needs. It can therefore limit, at times dramatically, the funding level later requested from the banker. At the same time, asking one’s suppliers for a extension is not easy either.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Civil wars in Somalia, Sudan, and South Sudan were largely fuelled by drought (Breisinger et al., Other conflicts have been partially attributed to drought and climate change (Gleick, 2014, Kelley et al., Conflicts arose in rural areas, often moving to urban areas then lifted into tensions with governmental authorities, due to insufficient responses. The implications range from temporary political crises to outright civil or international wars.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
With the advent of the smart grid, it will be possible to do the same thing on a much larger scale. Depending on the application, it can be acceptable to delay consumption for a shorter or longer time period. An example that is often used is the refrigerator which operates with a duty cycle to cool down (e.g. l/3rd cool down period, 2/3rd warming period).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Similarly, interventions designed to meet multiple aims (e.g. increased forest sequestration, increased biodiversity, improved local livelihoods - which may be achieved by agro-forestry or mixed plantations) may not maximise results for an individual aim (e.g. increased sequestration by forests — which may be achieved by monoculture plantations). Cost-effectiveness (efficiency) is often identified quantitatively: that is, results compared to inputs. On the other hand, value for money can consider additional information, such as the broader development impacts of an intervention or the role the intervention is likely to play in developing or proving a new technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The true advantage of a burgeoning field such as global health lies, above all, in its tremendous versatility. This unique trait permits widespread interdisciplinary and cross-curricular interaction in the study of public health, connecting perspectives in economics, public policy, human rights, geopolitics, biological sciences and anthropology, to name just a few. In Volume 3, Issue I of The Journal of Global Health, we have chosen to spotlight a topic that, in its ubiquity and simplicity, manages to span each of these various disciplines with tremendous implications for public health: food.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Its expected further growth makes it the greatest challenge to Portugal’s energy efficiency and climate change policies. During the review period, air passenger transport experienced the fastest growth. Road transport is the dominant transport mode: cars account for about 85% of passenger travel and heavy good vehicles for 95% of freight haulage, above the respective EU averages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, the ability of many SIDS to attract viable large-scale processing sector businesses is often limited by location and by operating and transport costs. The potential for renewable energy use in these approaches should be linked to Strategy 2. Opportunities may lie in both domestic and export markets, as well as in accessing entirely new markets or working to improve marketing and value addition in existing markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Ciguatera fish poisoning (or ciguatera) is an illness caused by eating fish that contain toxins produced by a marine microalgae called Gambierdiscus toxicus. Cholera is the only bacterial disease exclusively attributable to water pollution. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diarrhoea accounts for most of the water-related disease burden worldwide. It is mainly caused by cholera, typhoid fever, shigella, EHEC (Escherichia Coli) and Hepatitis A. (u>uiui.u)ho.int/gho/phe/u>ater_sanitation/burden_text/en/index.html).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The National Pact for Water Management is a good and timely tool for achieving this goal (Chapter 3). Those inconsistencies result from the fact that the ANA is responsible for those criteria in the main channel of a river of the federal domain, but the states are responsible for the criteria in the tributaries of that same river if those tributaries are in the state dominion. Changing these prerogatives would require constitutional change, political negotiations and trade-offs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Work-based learning in vocational education and training - project plan. The Dynamics of Employment Growth: new evidence from 18 countries. Short-term labour market outlook and key challenges in G20 countries. Addressing employment, labour market and social protection challenges in G20 countries: key measures since 2010. State of the Nation Report 2013. Better Skills, Best Tourism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Given the resource and capacity constraints of the formal sector, there is a need for strengthening and building informal social protection system and practices. A greater coordination of the formal social protection programmes of government together with programmes run by civil society organizations is needed. There is a need for integration of social policy, social planning and social development for achieving cost effectiveness and a sustainable social protection system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article compares the practice of great power federalism in terms of global/local economic policy and relations in a context of expanding regional influence and transcontinental reach. The authors contrast China's recent decentralization experience with that of the FRG and the United States with respect to management of productive ventures, regulation of the economy, trade and commerce, fiscal relations, monetary policy and labor mobility. The three great-power states manage their complex and far-reaching economies through systems of multi-level governance that exhibit elements of convergence at the same time as each is headed in a defining direction. German federalism is making room for supranational involvement, US federalism emphasizes new managerialism at all levels of government and China's post Mao de facto federalism is launching provincial and sub-provincial governments on a booming economic trajectory. China's recent performance is particularly impressive given the size of its population and ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The new government programme confirms the need to make better use of innovation in the context of grand societal and ecological challenges, and to improve subsequent framework conditions for investing in relevant research. An important instrument in this regard is the Austrian Climate and Energy Fund (KLIEN). The KLIEN was - among other things - designed to increase R&D in sustainable energy technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
All this does, however, emphasise that there is widespread interest in the acquisition of both skills and opportunities for skilled migration, so that more permanent and, hopefully, more skilled migration (and hence superior wages as in KANI) is the preferred goal for many. Island states are all too well aware that many islanders take up and remain in unskilled employment for their whole overseas working lives (Bedford et al. Pacific island governments have invariably preferred permanent migration opportunities for migrants and their families and the more long-term flow of remittances that ensues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A G-NIS approach emphasizes incentives and industrial policies geared towards creating market demand throughout the innovation cycle (such as feed-in tariffs, low-interest loans and public procurement), which are not generally necessary for an NIS (Stamm and others, 2009). Because of the enhanced uncertainty associated with green technologies, policymakers might need to emphasize greater risk-sharing between the private and public sectors so as to stimulate private sector investment. In addition, the G-NIS takes account of environmental and other externalities, and incorporates technological, industrial and environmental policies within one framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Most of this supports investments and a large part of it is targeted to assist smallholders. The share of support based on input use is also important in Australia, where interest concessions linked to drought, extension services and disease control measures predominate. In Mexico, support to the cost of price hedging and support to on-farm productive investments have become important in recent years. In Israel, both support to variable inputs and investments are important and are often related to the use of water in agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Finally, the SUSENAS panel consumption data were used to estimate a food demand system to be used for simulating food insecurity' risks. To our knowledge, this is the first estimated demand system available for Indonesia. First, section 3.1 looks at Indonesia’s evolving food security status in a regional context, while section 3.2 provides more details of food production and consumption within the country for a benchmark year, 2010. Two main sources of data are used:1 the production balance sheets and the food security indicators of FAO (2013) and the SUSENAS data base.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Benefit size has been shown to be the main driver of the redistributive effect of transfers and the tax-benefit system as a whole. Table 7 shows average benefit payments received by households headed by younger and prime-age individuals (15-54) as a percentage of the payments received by all “working-age households” (15-64). Benefit rates for the 15-54 year-olds are lower than for the 54-64 year-olds in all countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While the e-learning programme is being rolled out nationwide, it has so far only been implemented in 16% of all schools and vocational institutions. Because of its staggered implementation, regional discrepancies in coverage exist, even among neighbouring regions - for example, while the capital Astana had 58% coverage in 2013, the surrounding Akmola region was last in the nation at only 6% (NCESE, 2014). By 2012-13, 50% schools were equipped with modern physics laboratories, 40% had biology laboratories, and 30% had chemistry laboratories (IAC, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
An example is the new biotech fund. The MAGNET programme encourages pre-competitive R&D in collaboration between industry and academic sector and usually gets a budget in the range of EUR 37 million. It usually receives about EUR 37 million for funding the public part in establishing new companies in privatised incubators. Technological incubators provide a framework for nascent companies to develop their new ideas and form new business ventures in order to attract private investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Women from households not having small children are more likely to be in the labour force than those from households with smal I children (Table 6-3). The decline in the LFPRs of women due to the existence of small children in the household is the largest in the case of women aged 25-34 if the age of the youngest child is three years or below (Table 6-4).The difference in participation rates of women in that age group between those from households not having small children up to the age of three and households with such children was as high as 10.1 percentage points in 2011-2012 as against 10.5 in 2004-2005 and 5.9 in 1999-2000. It was 4.4 percentage points in 2011-2012 as against 4.7 per cent in 2004-2005 and 3.0 per cent in 1999-2000. In the case of men, the increase in LFPRs got further increased to 3.2 percentage points in 2011-2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article reviews David Strauss's recent book, The Living Constitution. The thesis of Strauss's book is that constitutional law is a kind of common law, based largely on judicial precedent and commonsense judgments about what works and what is fair. In defending this claim, Strauss argues that central constitutional prohibitions of discrimination and protections of free speech have a common-law basis and that the originalist should consequently reject them. The review disputes this contention. It examines Strauss's account of the common law and argues that it cannot support our First Amendment protections of subversive advocacy, as Strauss says it does. The review then offers an alternative account of the common law based on the “classical” common-law theory associated with Coke and Hale. The latter account does support our protections of subversive advocacy but is much less appealing to those distrustful of ambitious and large-scale judicial action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These limited resources are also seemingly associated with a distribution mechanism which takes account of the type of school, its size and socio-economic context. Technical and agrarian schools receive more resources to take into account greater maintenance and more specific costs. As opposed to other schools, they receive funds for teaching materials, school trips, ICT equipment, and student boarding costs (e.g. meals at dormitories).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The list of human rights violations in article 5 of the Declaration that States are required to address in order to facilitate development include "all forms of racism and racial discrimination" but, interestingly, not sexism or sex discrimination. Development as a Human Right: Legal, Political and Economic Dimensions, 2nd ed. [ Ihe views of European States, noting that the right to development is the primary responsibility of States, but also highlighting Ihe possibility of using a child- and gender-righls focus in a new human rights engagement in development cooperation (para.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Latin America can, in time, free itself of much of the corruption that now penetrates its public and corporate spheres. Given the breaking of impunity for politicians and executives in Brazil and elsewhere, a growing intolerance of corrupt dealings by the publics of Latin America, and a greater vigilance of civil society and the media, cleansing those thoroughly corrupt countries of the practice of corruption is much more likely than in decades past. The mostly positive examples of Uruguay, Chile, and Costa Rica provide promise. The innovations proposed in this chapter could also help.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, when compared to other Latin American countries participating in SERCE, a smaller share of school principals in primary education are women (52.5%, SERCE average: 62.5%). In private urban schools, only 38.8% of primary school principals are women, the lowest proportion for Latin American countries participating in the survey (Murillo, 2012, Weinstein and Munoz, 2012a, Weinstein and Munoz, 2014). In public schools, school principals are subject to the Teacher’s Statute.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The market value of Clean Development Mechanism transactions had reached $6.5 billion in 2008, but dropped thereafter by about 60 per cent as a result of the financial crisis and uncertainty about the future climate policy regime. Looking ahead to 2012, renewable energy projects are estimated to make up 61 per cent of the total number of CDM projects, accounting for 35 per cent of certified emissions reductions (CERs), with industrial gas and methane projects accounting for just under half of the remainder of CERs. If fully implemented, CDM projects contracted during the period 2002-2008 would require $106 billion worth of low-carbon investment, primarily in “clean" energy (Kossoy and Ambrosi, 2010). In 2008, the World Bank also established the Climate Investment Funds which represent a collaborative effort among the multilateral development banks to address climate finance gaps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As the main sufferers from continued climatic deterioration, LDCs have a natural authority in trying to broker an agreement between the main remitters. It may not be worth jeopardising this role by insisting on a compensation agenda which is unlikely to be realised. However, even here there are severe limits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
After the 1994 GLOF claimed 22 lives, the government of Bhutan sought to establish an early warning system to give downstream inhabitants time to evacuate. The majority of the sensors were only accessible via a nine-day trip on a pack animal. Here, the mayor first placed phone calls to municipal employees to get information about the disaster.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This chapter illustrates some of the initiatives that ITU participated in and launched that are of relevance to this category. The most debated issues were public-private partnerships as models for implementing broadband networks, the application of lessons from Moore's law in order to promote broadband and achieve the SDGs, key factors to make rural communication projects successful and sustainable, evolving International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) systems, standards, technologies and architecture supporting mobile broadband, the ITU Geographic Information System-based transmission maps as a useful tool for identifying the missing links, and improving broadband connectivity. This new Agenda will constitute the new global shared vision, goals and targets to be achieved by 2020, in collaboration with all stakeholders across the ICT ecosystem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This is sometimes referred to as an ‘impure public good’38. These concepts are explored further in Box 5.1. An interesting issue is when the extraction of value from materials within the waste becomes a profitable activity in its own right, so that the question arises as to ‘who owns municipal solid waste?’
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Some of these efforts were undertaken through the National Water Commission (CONAGUA)’s Technical Council. The council is an inter-ministerial body in charge of approving and evaluating the commission’s programmes, projects, budget and operations, as well as co-ordinating water policies and defining common strategies across multiple ministries and agencies (SEMARNAT, SEDESOL, Secretary of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food [SAGARPA.], Treasury, Energy, CONAFOR, and IMTA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These are bearing fruit in the health sector, where maternity infrastructure will be integrated into all new health facilities at the district or rural level. It is an entry point for ensuring that public expenditure is gender-responsive and benefits women and men equally. Out of 36 countries that reported on the indicator, 12 have systems in place to track and make public allocations on gender equality (UNDP-OECD, 2014). Four additional countries have a tracking system but allocations are not made public.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Once again, these observations offer evidence in favour of our central hypotheses, since there are significant differences between the predicted means of mothers and non-mothers in the informal sector, and the unexplained wage gap component is significantly higher in the informal segment. In general, we cannot reject the traditional hypothesis of labour market segmentation and a wage premium for formal-sector women workers. Our central finding is that women working in the informal sector are the ones who suffer a motherhood wage penalty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some environmental subjects are integrated in courses on natural sciences and on health and healthy lifestyle. Manuals were developed on Biodiversity, Man and Earth, Man and Air, and on Water as Source of Life for use by pupils of levels 5 to 9 as supplementary learning materials. In 2005, a methodological guidance on Environmental Education in Primary School was developed. In 2009, a manual on Man and Nature was published for teachers of levels 5 to 9. The SCNP published several manuals on environmental topics for preschool educational institutions and schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The national government could achieve greater clarification and co-ordination in investment decisions for urban mobility by more clearly delineating responsibility for urban transport, housing and land use. One option would be for the central government to consider providing funding and infrastructure and enforcing regulations, while oblast-level governments were responsible for the planning, design, operation and control of inter-regional transport systems. Cities of oblast significance could focus on intraconnectivity, traffic control, public security and maintenance of the local road network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The wind power sector offers a good example of China’s rapid creation of local capacities. In 2010, investments in commercial diffusion amounted to between $1 trillion and $5 trillion, substantially more than the $150 billion-$180 billion invested in market formation and the $50 billion for RD&D. RD&D and Government-driven market formation investments focused on power and fuel supply, whereas the majority of private sector diffusion investments were for end-use and efficiency. The R&D intensity of the energy supply industry was comparable with that of the textile industry, but much lower than that of manufacturing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, it would be less transparent/more difficult to verify. For example, the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report included detailed region-specific discussions on vulnerabilities and adaptive capacity (see IPCC 2014, although significant uncertainties remain for some regions). Such information could be used to feed into a global stocktake at relatively low resource requirements. Expanding analysis to look at more national and region-specific information would increase the resource implications (and may reduce the political acceptability of results).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The experience of the Canary Islands also suggests that regulated third party access to transport infrastructures, with regulated tolls, may also facilitate trades at the local level. At present, regulated third party access is only ensured for publicly-owned infrastructure. The binding nature of the restrictions came to the fore during the last drought period, 2005-06, when the government brokered the transfer of water rights across river basins, but had to issue specific enabling legislation in order to do so.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This shows that the present value of net losses are an order of magnitude higher when taking into account the effect of deforestation on the full range of forest ecosystem services. Hence, investments in the forestry sector could potentially also be beneficial from the perspective of poverty alleviation. In that sense, this report provides further rationale for efforts to accelerate the implementation ofthe REDD+ National Strategy and Action Plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Macroeconomic management in these outperforming economies and in economies with relatively free capital movements will also be complicated by the recent liquidity injections in developed economies. These liquidity injections have already intensified capital flows and domestic currency volatility in some economies of the region. In general, the potential effects of volatile short-term capital flows warrant close surveillance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Socio-cultural variables are also included: caste (as defined in the NSSO survey) and religion. Some explanatory variables could present simultaneity issues. First, the type and level of education can be determined simultaneously by participation in the labour force, especially at the graduate level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)