albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In 1971, for example, “large parts of the shipbuilding and metal products industries were amalgamated into RSV [the Rijn-Schelde-Verolme shipyard], which received handsome subsidies to develop new lines of production (and slowly close down the old ones” (van Zanden, 1998, p. 47). During the second half of the 1970s and the early 1980s the costs -and lower than expected benefits - of these old-style “defensive” industrial policies became apparent: for example, the RSV went bankrupt in 1983. As a result, the Netherlands, like other industrialised countries, shifted from supporting and restructuring ailing industries towards a more “future-oriented” policy in which technology and related instruments were assigned a key role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Millions of children live with a disability that makes them more likely to be marginalized or miss out on education. In crisis-affected areas, slavery is much more rampant, as children are given guns instead of toys and girls are sometimes sold for less than a pack of cigarettes. Unfortunately, 37 million children living in crisis-affected countries are out of primary or lower-secondary school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For instance, they often make their decisions based on speech patterns and non-verbal gestures during the pitch, lowering the willingness of investors to fund female entrepreneurs seeking capital (Balachandra et al., Furthermore, Brooks et al. ( Finally, there seems to be some degree of homophily: male investors express less interest in female entrepreneurs compared to observably similar male entrepreneurs. In contrast, female investors express more interest in female entrepreneurs (Ewens, forthcomings). The main limitations of commonly used datasets are: 1) that they do not contain information on firms seeking but not receiving VC and 2) that they do not include details on the companies and their founders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends including self-rated health as a standard component of health surveys, phrasing the question as “How is your health in general?” The indicator shown in Figure 4.2 Panel A is based on data drawn from the OECD Heath Database referring to the following question: “How is your health in general?” The indicator shown in Figure 4.2 Panel B refers to the following question: “Do you have any problems that prevent you from doing any of the things that people of your age normally do?”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Furthermore, policymakers can adopt guidelines for regulating platforms and providers of internet certification, and for defining who is responsible for their quality ratings. One example is banning computer-generated reviews or reviews by users who have not purchased the product or service. Indeed, it can remove some of the freedom that is inherent in entrepreneurship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As a result, average price of electricity sold covers only a portion of the average production costs. The total under-recovery of costs, which was estimated to be INR 431 billion (USD 10 billion) in 2008 (MoF, 2008b), discourages private investment in the Indian power sector (Mathy and Guivarch, 2009). Since August 2006, four of the regional grids have been integrated: the Northern, Eastern, Western and North Eastern grids (the NEWNE grid). Only the southern grid still operates independently, covering the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry and Lakshadweep.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Abstract While The National Association of Evangelicals is to be commended for signing a declaration against torture, the document does not address the issue of terrorism as justifying America's new terrorist interrogation tactics. If protecting America above all is the highest moral purpose, then many unjust means can be employed to serve that “higher” end, before long the rights of Americans, particularly of comrades in military service, rank higher than the rights of those who are, or may be, threatening us. Now is the time for institutions such as churches, colleges, and seminaries to teach just governance as the foundation of human rights protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Those who have been brought up in poor homes, do not have access to financial resources, and whose parents themselves have had little experience of working and limited networks, find it increasingly difficult to enter or succeed in the labour market. As few young people qualify for out-of-work benefits, government may have limited ability to coerce the young to move into work. There is some suggestion that job-creation policies, such as the Young Persons Guarantee in the United Kingdom, which has now been dismantled, may ease transitions to work and government-supported schemes, which provide transitional jobs for those identified as most at risk, could play a greater role in future policies. Their incomes have been boosted as they both increasingly receive private pensions and income from employment, although those in receipt of just a state pension have seen some decline in their relative income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
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(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Despite this challenge to place all the funds destined to compensation, the land area compensated in most of the years since the programme’s inception in 2005 has been greater than the total area approved for land-use change. This can be attributed to the equivalence ratio greater than 1:1 used during the calculation of compensation fees, so for each hectare approved for change in use of land, resources to restore and reforest an average of three hectares are available through the fund (SEMARNAT, 2013a). However, further efforts are required to increase the allocation of available compensation funds in order to achieve the desired compensation levels that the programme was designed to reach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This would alleviate the problem of electricity theft and enable online smart decisions by both the end user and the utility company to adjust their respective loads. The programme meets a considerable number of objectives of the WSIS Action Lines and SDGs in terms of economic growth, employment, quality education, lifelong learning opportunities, etc. The Situational Center is intended to be an "indicator board", i.e. an indicator of "health" and an instrument for the management of technological and administrative processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Another option would be to allow private practitioners to use the public clinic’s facilities at low (or no) cost from where they can bill the NHI for the patients that they see. This would still offer Korea’s substantial number of solo practitioners the opportunity to reduce overhead and administrative costs for of maintaining an independent practice. Unlike these countries, Korea does not have a large number of doctors trained as general practitioners, a strong professional identity for general practitioners, and high pay rates for general practitioners relative to specialists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Between 2012 and 2017 the incidence did not vary significantly from one group to another, so the gaps remained constant. In 2017 the incidence among couple households without children was around 3.7%, while it was 5.4% among single-person households. The highest incidence of extreme poverty was found in single-parent households (12%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The meeting was hosted by HiNT and DN with main financial support from the Nordic Council of Ministers. Balancing the use and conservation of these dimensions involves quite different challenges in the Nordic countries compared with North-West Russia. However, a common desire is to strike a balance and implement conservation and sustainability policies of different kinds. A considerable proportion of the World’s biodiversity is connected to intact forest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, this chapter focuses on the role of government and public policy. While this process undoubtedly has strong merits, it is also known for its inherent conservatism and is unsuitable for selecting among areas of science. For this reason, more explicit prioritisation exercises to guide the selection of research areas have been put in place in many OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In this latter scenario, wholesale electricity prices are below 20 euros per MWh more than 50% of the time. Results are reported in Figure 7.10 for the 12 scenarios considered. As expected, both nuclear and renewable energy allows for a significant reduction of carbon emissions. Compared with the 359 million tonnes of C02 emitted in the scenario with 15% renewables and no nuclear, emissions are reduced to as low as 41 million tonnes in the scenario featuring the highest shares of nuclear and renewables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Moreover, a 1% increase in the share of agriculture in value added is associated with an increase of 0.11% in SO2 concentration. In contrast to other pollutants, the degree of fragmentation of an urban area does not appear to affect SO2 concentration. This might be due to the fact that SO2 is mainly produced by energy generation processes rather than by road transportation. In particular, this study presents evidence that urban fragmentation is correlated with higher concentrations of NO2 and PM10, when controlling for economic factors and climate conditions. Moreover, the results suggest that densely populated urban areas are associated with higher SO2 concentrations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Casual and other forms of wage labour - increasingly supplied by labour contractors - are often effectively excluded from labour legislation. Many economists and ministries of finance are unwilling to promote the formalisation of such informal employment - which is often insecure and exploitative -because they fear this will undermine job creation. The result is that the worst forms of wage labour are not avenues out of poverty, but simply survival options. At best, they can help a household escape poverty, but only when combined with other economic activities in a “portfolio”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, self-employment rates tend to be high in countries where the public sector is small, taxation levels are high, product market regulation (PMR) is tight3 and the rule of law is weakly enforced (OECD, 1999, Schuetze, 2000, Torrini, 2005). Temporary employment tends to be higher in countries with stricter employment protection legislation for regular workers (OECD, 2014, Chen et al., One explanation put forward is that the employment protection of permanent jobs has a minor impact on total employment, but leads to a stronger substitution of temporary jobs for permanent jobs (Cahuc et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Women with only compulsory schooling have a very high probability of having very low earnings at the age of 45 and even among those that work, earnings are very low. Second, while getting some education beyond secondary school seems to pay off for men, completing a non-professional university degree does not make any significant difference. There is evidence of a somewhat greater return at this margin for women both in terms of employment and in terms of annual earnings. Some of these differences in labor market outcomes are likely to stem from the fact that men and women, within these education categories, are not in the same educational fields and hence, face different labor markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By contrast, the dominant company would be the only one marketing the tablet version of Losec. See Linklaters, “EU Court upholds ‘novel’ approach to abuse of dominance in pivotal pharma appeal”, online publication, 1 July 2010 (available at http://www.linklaters.com/Publications/201007013/Pages/Index.aspx). Box 9 briefly explains the EU’s approach to examining market dominance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
At the same time, however, it can foster innovation by creating a more secure environment. Regulation may also be necessary to prevent new technologies from disappearing because consumers lose trust in them. To avoid a situation where the lack of regulations and standards leaves people and companies unprotected and exposed, regulators often have to intervene, taking a calculated risk that they may be overregulating.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It also reproduces inequalities in people's capacity to exercise citizenship and in access to social networks and the full exercise of rights. But, most importantly, education is an end in itself and should be valued in its own right for its quality and for the enjoyment learning can bring. However, differences between countries remain sharp: the average number of years of education in the adult population ranges from 11.7 in Argentina to 5 in Guatemala.8 The information available for the Caribbean countries indicates that they tend to be in an intermediate situation relative to Latin America where average years of education are concerned. The adult population averages 8.0 years of education in Belize, 8.5 in Grenada, 9.2 and 9.3 in Trinidad andTobago, respectively, and 9.6 in Guyana, the highest value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The misuse of cocaine in East and South-East Asia remains limited, as evidenced by a relatively low level of seizures compared with other regions. The latest data point towards a further decline in the amount of cocaine seized within the region. In Hong Kong, China, the quantity of cocaine seized dropped by more than half, from more than 700 kg in 2012 to less than 300 kg in 2014. Similarly, reported seizures in Japan and Macao, China, declined by more than 90 per cent, down to 2 kg and 3 kg respectively in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These events signal the need for responses by all stakeholders which address their concerns. For the most part, solutions addressing these issues are not new, but add greater clarity for appropriate policy responses. These include greater priority for productivity growth and improving resilience to shocks, implementing appropriate policies to address volatility and to mitigate its consequences. Finally, the international community needs responsible forums in which enhanced policy development and international coordination can work to address the policy challenge of securing the sustainable growth in the global food system which will be needed to feed the world in the years to come.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The share of total consumption and fixed investment in GDP in Asia and the Pacific has been mostly unchanged since the crisis began, or even lower in open economies, such as Azerbaijan, Brunei Darussalam, Turkmenistan and Taiwan Province of China. Implementation of policies to support domestic demand can be accelerated, including through enhancing the agricultural and services sectors, strengthening small businesses, providing stronger social safety nets to reduce precautionary savings, and upgrading public infrastructure. Some analysts argue that the booming years of 2006-2007 were largely fuelled by imbalanced growth in developed economies, thus generally viewed as exceptional and unsustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Today, a number of blockchain-based services relevant to both mitigation and adaptation have advanced to prototyping and piloting phases. Start-ups and corporate projects are continuing to advance the technology and validate market models. Consortia partnerships and development activities show great potential to scale blockchain networks among immediate stakeholders and beneficiaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In this paper we try to explain why some elements of the learning of social science deserve to find their place in the system of contemporary education of technicians. We show that contemporary society - as the result of social and technological processes - is markedly changing, so that social scientists speak about software modernity, the society of education, the information age, but also about the risk society. One of the problems in this society is the problem of fragmentation, which is among others manifested in the field of education and science. This paper tries to indicate what demands this situation puts on basic educational functions - ie. the functions of qualification, information, innovation, humanising, integration, and democratization - and how from this perspective the question of learning of social sciences of technicians should be considered in the current system of education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such policies have also enabled the city to define projects in a much more stringent manner than the regular development process would allow. The city has, for instance, developed high-quality public spaces and amenities as it readies plots for development. Of course, many developments in the city remain private sector led, active land-use policies are only used in some cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For Zimbabwe, the denatured ethanol standard (D4806) was adopted to check the quality of ethanol being used for mandatory blending. The denatured ethanol standard is referenced in the Statutory Instrument 17 of 2013. Zimbabwe produces biofuels mainly for energy security, reduction of fuel import bills and environmental protection. The country is currently facing acute foreign exchange shortages and the use of biofuels assists in reducing the fuel import bill. The Tennessee law, for example, directs the adoption of ASTM International standards for engine fuels which has resulted in a remarkable improvement in the uniformity of fuels supplied in the state, with 97 % compliance on all fuels analysed. Peru also referred to the ASTM International standard D6751 in the Supreme Decree DS 021-2007-EM, Regulation for Biofuels Commercialization, because a suitable national standard did not exist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Under the former, South-South trade is viewed, unrealistically, as an alternative to North-South trade that would enable the South to reduce its dependence on the technology-dominated markets of the North. Under the outward-oriented development paradigm, South-South trade integration is seen as complementary to North-South trade as Southern markets, with their high growth potential, may offer attractive export opportunities (Otsubo, 1998). Economic Growth and Distribution: On the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, lid ward Elgar, 2006. In Defence of Globalisation, Oxford University Press, New York.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Types of employment contract: indefinite duration, fixed duration, apprentice. Occupations: legislators, senior officials and managers, professionals, technicians and associate professionals, clerks, service workers, shop and market sales workers, skilled agricultural and fishery workers, craft and related trades workers, plant and machine operators and assemblers, elementary occupations, armed forces. Employees in the firm for Estonia and level of wage bargaining for Germany and Luxembourg have country-specific categories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Further ‘no person shall subject a child to female circumcision, early marriage or other cultural rites, customs or traditional practices that are likely to negatively affect the child’s life, health, social welfare, dignity or physical or psychological development.’ Trafficking in persons is committed when a person aims to exploit by coercion, fraud, deception, abuse of power, or bribery. In Rwanda, the laws on CEFM comprehensively protects the rights of the child. Rwanda has ratified almost all international conventions relating to the promotion and protection of child rights including the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and its additional protocols, the Convention on the protection of children and cooperation in respect of inter country adoption, as well as the African Charter of the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Spending on pharmaceuticals per capita in Finland was EUR 377 in 2015, a lower level than in most other EU countries. To contain cost, Finland has also used price freezes and cuts. In 2009, reference pricing was introduced and reimbursement since then is based on the reference price, that is, the price of the cheapest substitutable product plus a small premium. Coverage decisions are reviewed based on the reassessment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The halving of the time period required for a generic product to become a reference product to three months after the expiration of the patent is also likely to boost competition. Mandating the substitution of prescribed drugs by the lowest-priced bioequivalent and substitutable products and allowing monthly price changes has been largely successful in Sweden (Moi'se and Docteur, 2007). Another policy to encourage the use of generics is to require physicians to prescribe the international non-proprietary name for an active substance, rather than the brand name.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
During the course of the 2013/14 marketing season, international prices of most crops remained under downward pressure, largely in response to positive supply situations. During the first half of 2013, the United States, European Union, New Zealand and Australia - all major players in global dairy markets - produced less milk than in 2012, further contributing to the price recovery. This expansion has been the main factor allowing markets to meet the increasing demand for fish and fish products. Despite these gains, prices for fish and fishery products have been volatile as they are influenced by inelastic supply due to catch quotas for captured fish and volatile conditions in the aquaculture sector stemming from disease outbreaks and fluctuation in feed costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As recently as 2002, only around 30% of Korea children aged between 0 to 6 years old used child care or preschool facilities. Between 2002 and 2012, ECEC participation rates among the 0-to-6s grew at an average rate of 3.5 percentage points per year, with the proportion using child care or preschool more than doubling over the same period. Although growth has slow'ed slightly in the past couple of years, more than 66% of children under age 6 were enrolled in some form of child care or preschool service in 2014. In large part, it has been driven by the scale of public financial assistance for parents using centre-based child care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition 30% of these stocks are outside safe biological limits, meaning they have a high risk of depletion. Many European fisheries today depend on young (and smaller) fish, which are caught before they can reproduce. Global aquaculture production more than quadrupled between 1990 and 2011. In 2011, it accounted for about 40% of global fish production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The support element implied by the biofuel mandate increases with larger differences in the production costs between biofuels and fossil fuels. Hence, lower crude oil prices imply larger support. At the same time, the incentive for providing subsidies for the production and use of fertilisers declines with lower energy prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)