albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Although initially this idea was not realized, it was reported in the national edition of the Nihon Keizai Shimbum (Japan Economic News) and was discussed across the nation (Kobayashi, 2008b). Following that effort, Shimokawa continued to consider ways of adding social and economic value to the volume of C02 captured by the forest, and the four towns of Ashoro, Shimokawa, Takinoue and Bihoro established the Association for the Promotion of Carbon Capture by Forest Biomass. The purpose of this Association was to stimulate the local community through the exploitation of C02 capture, to enhance the potential of the locally available resource of forest biomass and to construct systems for effective C02 reduction by switching from fossil fuels (Shimokawa Town Office, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Information asymmetries: Commercial banks deliver the bulk of loans to the most profitable and largest borrowers but have limited transactions with agribusiness SMEs due to poor information on their creditworthiness. Agribusiness companies lack financial education and knowledge about bank instruments. High transaction costs: Reaching agribusiness SMEs in remote areas and processing their loan applications is costly for banks considering the low returns expected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
On the other hand, the International Energy Agency (IEA), in its Medium-term oil market report for 2009-2012, released in July 2008, suggests that the industry will be capable of producing 96 million barrels per day by 2013, but expresses considerable doubt about its capacity to raise production much above that level because of declining output at existing fields, a disappointing record of new oilfield discovery, and concerns about the adequacy of future investment. Still, without a radical shift in energy strategy, it will be difficult for these sources to fill the gap created by the diminished availability of petroleum. This shift provides the opportunity to meet both climate and energy security goals in advanced countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The models assume that, after labour market entry at the age of 20, a woman with two children aged 2 and 4 interrupts her career for up to ten years between 30 and 40 years old, then resumes full-time employment up to the national retirement age. The indicator illustrated is the ratio between the pension entitlement of that woman and the pension entitlement of a woman with two children who works a full career without interruption - which is the baseline in the figure. The pension entitlements are forward-looking and assume that the pension rules of the year 2014 will apply throughout the worker’s career until she reaches the standard pension age in her country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
ABSTRACTDiasporas have played important roles in democratization in their homelands. But how does diaspora mobilization occur when the country of settlement has a small and isolated ethnic community, the host and homeland governments have weak relations, and the conflict is invisible in the geographies of power? Using case study research, I analyse how solidarity groups in the Netherlands facilitated the emergence and growth of diaspora mobilization for democracy in the Philippines during the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos. My findings show that in cases where exiles and migrants lack pre-existing economic, political and social ties in the host society, solidarity groups can affect the political opportunity structure in the host country, permitting the promotion of certain claims and demands in the public sphere. Furthermore, diaspora mobilization can develop within the formal organizations or associational networks of solidarity groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this same year, more than half (57%) of special basic education schools were private-subsidised while 43% were public schools. There were only three private non-subsidised schools offering this modality of education (Ministry of Education, 2016). Close to two-thirds (65.8%) of students in special education basic schools attend private-subsidised schools, 34% attend municipal schools, and only 0.1% attend private non-subsidised schools (Ministry of Education, 2016). As shown in Figure 3.4, enrolment in special basic education increased significantly during the last decade, particularly in the private-subsidised sector, where it went from 15 790 students in 2004 to 26 249 students in 2015, a 66% increase (compared to a 11% increase in public schools) (Ministry of Education, 2016). Only 2.2% correspond to students with visual or hearing impairments. The proportion of students with autism is twice as large in private-subsidised schools (5.0%) as in municipal schools (2.6%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
By doing this for all treated farmers and taking the average of these differences, the average causal effect of the AES on participating farmers (i.e. the average effect of treatment on the treated - ATT) can be estimated (OECD, 2012). Stated otherwise, matching assumes that similarity in the observed characteristics translates into similarity in unobservable characteristics, correlated with the outcome and the biodiversity policy assignment, or that such unobservables are negligible sources of bias (Miteva, 2012). There may also be unobservables, as mentioned earlier, such as motivation or environmental awareness that may influence e.g., a farmer’s decision to participate in an AES.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A policy question was posed in 2001 to Canadian publics: should Canada proceed with clinical trials on xenotransplantation and if so, under what conditions? As part of its development of policy and regulations on this medical technology, Health Canada and the Canadian Public Health Association implemented a public consultation process that included a public opinion survey and deliberative citizen fora modeled along the citizens' jury. This study focuses on the citizen fora and describes an assessment of effectiveness based on an evaluation framework developed on the basis of concepts from constructive technology assessment and deliberative democracy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Similarly, language development starts at the middle level, increases to the high level at around ages 1-2, slightly decreases towards age 4, and will continue to decrease towards the middle and low levels from then on. Numeracy starts with the low level, increases rapidly from ages 1-3, gradually decreases but will be maintained at the high level from age 4 (Figure 5.1 and OECD, 2015b). Children who are already falling behind in the first few years of their childhood face greater obstacles to catch up and succeed at school and beyond (Naudeau et al., Participation in early childhood education is crucial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some underage women migrants also migrated to escape early marriage. The present study shows that migrant women’s transnational subjectivities are also in a complex process of emancipation, whereby the exposure (for the first time - alone) to a challenging and new reality has helped them overcome entrenched fears and taboos, such as freedom of mobility and segregation during menstruation. Financial independence has often resulted in a means for bargaining for their right to basic assets (e.g.. land) and to play a greater role in the management ofthe household and -at times-also in their communities. The voices of Nepalese migrant women bear witness to the complex layers of emancipation and oppression that should not be simplified but rather further investigated and understood as a set of lived contradictions at several levels. Everyone Is Leaving - Who Will Sow Ourfields? The Effects of Migration from Khotang District to the Gulf and Malaysia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, skilled workers also send remittances, and the fragmentary evidence indicates that their remittances are sustained at levels above those of unskilled workers and continue for a long time, with decay not occurring until after 20 years (see section 6.4). This indicates that the economic costs of skilled migration are not as great as has been feared and are probably outweighed by the benefits, even if training is in the public sector and remittances are private (although it is impossible to accurately cost the health disadvantages of high levels of emigration). Although there are well-known general deficits in both the health sector and the education sector, little is otherwise known of the impact of migration on labour shortages in other critical areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Eviction can take place only under certain very exceptional circumstances and under strict criteria imposed by international law. States have to take certain measures to comply with international standards, such as adopt and implement special measures to protect women from evictions, for instance by conferring titles to land and housing to women. States have to assess the differentiated impact of evictions on women so that the specific impact on them is addressed appropriately.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The full set of model assumptions can be found in Pareliussen (2013). Assuming childcare costs of £4 per child per hour worked. Measures include increasing the refund rate for childcare, reducing the taper rate for those who receive childcare support and/or introducing a dedicated disregard for second earners in couples.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The number of speed cameras installed each year is decided by the Ministry of Transport and based on available financial resources. By the end of 2018 the ministry expects to have installed 100 fixed cameras across Latvia. There are plans to install even more speed cameras in the coming years and to also use average speed cameras. The selection of camera location is the responsibility of the CSDD, with input from Latvian State Police, LSR and municipal administrations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Net Neutrality, the idea that the Internet should be provided to all without discrimination based on content or applications, has been an important policy issue in the last few years. A lack of net neutrality could negatively impact libraries, intellectual freedom, cultural diversity, and the right to privacy. This paper looks at the issues that underline the net neutrality debate and describes how they are shaped by the different actors that are concerned with the future of the Internet. Technological issues, such as traffic shaping by Internet Service Providers, and legal issues in the context of Canada’s Telecommunications Act, are also addressed. Finally, the paper reviews the recent CRTC policy on Internet Traffic Management Practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This indicates that while native-bom individuals on average received more than they contributed, the opposite holds for foreign-bom individuals. More precisely, contributions made by native-bom individuals cover roughly 70-80% of final expenditures made in their favour, while most foreign-bom contributions more than cover their respective expenditures (118 -159%). The net fiscal contribution is higher for the foreign-born (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In 2000, the German Government passed a law prohibiting physical punishment in the family. A pre–post research design allows for an examination of its effects. The results of nationwide representative surveys on the experiences, perceptions, legal knowledge and attitudes of adolescents and parents are discussed. The recent surveys reveal a signiﬁcant decrease in the prevalence of corporal punishments and a high acceptance of the legal prohibition. In particular, awareness of the legal limits of parental physical sanctions has increased signiﬁcantly. For these reasons, the prohibition of corporal punishment can be said to have had an impact on the reduction of family violence against children in Germany. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, companies will need to be educated thoroughly on processes, penalties, compliance cycles and other underlying concepts and procedures of the platform. This is especially important since the trading platform must have a legally binding character. This shift is highly transformational and requires significant investments in terms of time, education and resources. In order to facilitate this change for both regulators and participating companies, a gradual adoption model is proposed in the following figure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Scott Keller argues in an important forthcoming article that the common law recognized forms of qualified immunity. This reply suggests that Keller’s authorities comprise a body of administrative law, rather than a body of qualified immunity law. Many of the doctrines Keller identifies operate much the way Chief Justice Marshall’s account of judicial review operated in Marbury v. Madison. Marshall acknowledged that matters lawfully assigned to the discretion of the executive branch were beyond the scope of judicial review. But where an official’s lawful discretion ended, and legal boundaries were transgressed, the common law was available (indeed obliged according to Marshall) to supply a remedy. In much of what Keller points to, common law courts were acknowledging that executive officials enjoyed zones of lawful discretion. But the common law did not confer immunity when those boundaries were transgressed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In other words, maximising the minimum outcome (von Neumann, 1928). The principle is to take the worst-case scenario for any given instrument and choose the instrument that has the highest value for cost-effectiveness indicator in its worst-case scenario. This criterion is very conservative, representing high uncertainty aversion, and has the advantage of choosing a single instrument across all scenarios. They can be used to prioritise policies and investments for adaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A particular concern are rapidly rising rates of obesity, bringing in their wake potentially devastating and costly diseases such as diabetes. In addition, a large proportion of the population continue to be informally employed, where social safety nets are less well developed. To meet this challenging constellation of circumstances, Mexico needs a health system that is responsive to people’s changing needs, capable of offering continuous, personalised care, proactive and preventive in orientation as well as being cost-effective and sustainable. Sizeable investment in the publicly funded part of the health system has not always translated into better health outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Data on wages are usually collected through employment and income surveys, more rarely in health surveys. Monthly or hourly individual’s wage is generally used in this study. Productivity is difficult to measure, it can be approximated by the rate of absenteeism from work or the number of sickness absences, the amount of disability benefits3 received, and the rate of presenteeism4.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Biodiversity is a core component of the "Environmental sustainability and resilience" section. Various other sections in the NDP including sections on tourism, agriculture, mining, land-use planning and climate change among others mention the need to keep biodiversity concerns in sight. While the plan contains no indicators, one of the key objectives under “environment” is to develop a set of indicators for natural resources accompanied by publication of annual reports to inform policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Although tax-benefit rules are not, in general, explicitly gender-specific, certain aspects of tax-benefit systems may be more relevant to either men or women, so exacerbating the unequal distribution of paid work and earnings. In many couple families, for example, the man is the main earner with his female partner frequently earning considerably less (Chapter 2 and OECD, 2015c, for the latest data on earnings broken down by gender). Figure 3.3 compares, on one hand, the net transfers to government of a dual-earner couple with two children where both partners earn 67% of the average wage with, on the other hand, the net transfers of a single-earner couple with two children and the same household earnings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Western Australia has removed compulsory testing but retains referral by doctors, as well as referral by family or friends, to the licencing authority to withdraw licences on the basis of evidence, including eyesight checks. In Korea, car drivers from 70 years onwards are subject to a driving ability test every five years. Currently, no regulation is in place for commercial car drivers in Korea, however mandatory driving ability tests for bus drivers are being discussed. In Korea many professional drivers are self-employed and as such are not subject to corporate legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. World Mental Health: Problems and Priorities in Low-lncome Countries. New York: Oxford University Press. An Anthropological Approach to the Evaluation of Preschool Children Exposed to Pesticides in Mexico". Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In this article we use Foucault’s conception of games of truth to investigate how truth in public policy is rhetorically constructed through the notion of “transparency.” Data was collected from various public sources regarding a medal target policy promoted by Sport and Recreation New Zealand (Sparc) for the national team at the 2006 Commonwealth Games. By analyzing the multifarious rhetoric surrounding the medal target policy, we show that the notion of transparency, although ostensibly appealing and helpful as a mechanism to justify goals, exposes inherent contradictions that were counter to Sparc’s goals. The discussion encourages scholars and practitioners to conceive of policy as ongoing contests over truth. We suggest that practitioners might benefit from considering the problematic implications of promoting “transparent” public policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Within these, pressures and impacts are different, and the corresponding management responses need to be tailored accordingly. Similarly, the Oder has six Working Areas, each containing many water bodies. Nineteen of the twenty-seven EU member States recently provided GIS-mappcd information of their groundwater bodies.’
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This book set out to solve a puzzle: how is it possible that despite its long-standing defence of human rights and civil liberties and despite being now a co-legislator, the EP has proved unable (or unwilling) to change the direction of internal security policies? The end of the transitional period in 2005 raised high expectations regarding the potential for transforming the AFSJ into a more democratic and, especially, less security-oriented policy field. However, the efforts to widen the debate and underline the need for a better balance between security and liberty seemed to pay lip service to its past battles in the AFSJ but, generally they did not translate into tangible rights and protections. As a consequence, the legislative outcomes of these last few years have not fulfilled the expectations raised by the EP’s empowerment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Often, the assumption underlying these stratification policies is that students' talents will develop best when students reinforce each other's interest in learning, and create an environment that is more conducive to effective teaching. Vertical stratification refers to the ways in which students progress through school as they become older. Even though the student population is differentiated into grade levels in practically all schools that participate in PISA, in some countries, all 15-year-old students attend the same grade level, while in other systems they are dispersed throughout various grade levels as a result of policies governing Ihe age of entrance into the school system and/or grade repetition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The balance between individual interests and common goods needs to be recalibrated in an age of terrorism. Public health agencies should have a robust infrastructure to conduct essential public health services at a level of performance that matches evolving threats to the health of the public. This includes a well-trained workforce, electronic information, surveillance, and laboratory capacity. This paper explains modern efforts at public health law reform: a Model Public Health Statute and the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (MSEHPA), which has been enacted wholly or in part by nineteen states and the District of Columbia. Next, the paper shows why existing public health laws provide a weak foundation for public health practice. Finally, the paper offers a systematic defense of MSEHPA, which has galvanized the public debate around the appropriate balance between public goods and individual rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
AIDS has a uniquely political history. Its early association with stigmatised homosexual behaviour and more liberating gay identity activism set the precedent for highly effective mobilisation. The results were unparalleled in global health. AIDS was briefly treated as high politics and attracted increased funds to achieve the ambitious goal of universal access to HIV prevention and treatment. If AIDS is to maintain its visibility and contribution to global solidarity, human rights and dignity, its politics must evolve to reflect the profound geo-political, economic and social transformations currently underway. ‘Thinking politically about HIV’, an initiative of UNAIDS and the International AIDS Society, was convened in recognition of the need to better understand these politics and consider how the political sciences can further engage. This paper, and the edited volume it introduces, provides some insights into the Thinking Politically discussions as well as the wider scholarship on the challenges facin...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus, it is possible to build in some aspects of flexibility into fishery management frameworks. Again, as part of that fishery management system, fishermen and other stakeholders have had to agree that in season adaptive measures are beneficial and necessary. The swifter and more on target the management action to recover the more likely there can be biological response to management efforts. Actions to recover fisheries can be taken but the range of alternatives is more likely limited and costs likely to be higher (Shertzer and Prager, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Many young women are lost in the transition from secondary education to tertiary education or the labour market, and girls and women are underrepresented in potentially lucrative fields such as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Nearly 60% of working w'omen are trapped in informal jobs without social protection - a rate that has changed little over the past decade. Poverty rates are especially pronounced for rural and indigenous w'omen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The sectors subject to the greatest number of inspections were forest, land and wildlife, followed by lower numbers of inspections on subsoil, EIA and waste, then explosives and minerals. In common with all government entities, GASI must respond to complaints within 14 working days. However, the Law on State Supervision and Inspection imposes a shorter timeframe of five w orking days for initiation of an inspection when it receives a complaint, backed up by evidence, that GASI considers fulfils the requirements, GASI normally responds favourably but no data was provided to support that assertion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)