albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For the Asia Pacific LDCs, these groupings often promote the priorities of the related countries. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARQ, for instance, has agreed on a number of measures favouring its LDC members. And the South Summits have furthered South-South cooperation with special attention paid to the LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
During the downturn, many small states' exports to the developed world were adversely affected by a lower demand for their goods and services caused by falling incomes and worsening expectations. As times became tougher in developed countries, many migrants lost their jobs and this translated into lower volumes of remittances per head. While aid budgets were already offtrack, and many countries contributed less than 0.7 per cent of GNI, the target agreed in the Monterrey Consensus, the financial global crisis exacerbated the problem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Each paper benefits from an anonymous external peer review process before being published in this series. It provides an in-depth analysis of trends in labour outcomes of women in India based on unit level datasets of employment-unemployment surveys undertaken in 1999-2000,2004-2005 and 2011-2012. The paper brings out the gender differentials that exist in the employment status of women and men despite the existence of legal and policy framework for the empowerment of women in the country. Le document met en evidence les differences entre les sexes en ce qui concerne I'emploi, et ce en depit de I'existence d’un cadre juridique et politique favorisant I’autonomisation des femmes dans le pays.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Together with the 2010 Public Health Regulations (Effluent Quality Standards), the goal is to achieve considerable environmental improvement of rivers within five to ten years. Drinking water is routinely checked for chemical (including heavy metals), physical and radiological quality. Pollution is not high with respect to international guidelines9 except in Haifa Bay and at some other locations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Similarly, for countries where children enter school at age 5 (e.g. Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom), pre-school expenditure data were adjusted by adding up the expenditure corresponding to 5-year-old children enrolled in primary school. For spending on childcare: OECD Social Expenditure Database (uiuiui.oecd.org/els/social/expenditure). Cross-national variation in participation rates of very young children is much larger than for 3- to 5-year-olds. Participation rates were less than 10% in Chile, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Mexico, Poland and the Slovak Republic, but 50% or above in Denmark, Iceland and Sweden as well as the Netherlands, where participation was mostly part-time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The issue of teacher shortages and hiring of teachers without a finished diploma is also prevalent in Austria. Both countries have adopted a number of policies and practices to provide language training in classrooms. The country is balancing school choice policies and similar increases in immigration, with a 40% increase in foreign-born individuals since 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Firstly, warm water cannot hold as much oxygen as cold water, so as the oceans warm up, oxygen levels drop. Secondly, warmer water has lower density, making it more difficult for the oxygen-rich water near the surface to sink and circulate. Consequently, deep oceans face a particularly great risk of oxygen depletion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
They are also encouraged to work towards ensuring effective enforcement of the legal framework in order to ensure equality and non-discrimination among all citizens, notably in view of changing social attitudes, and to challenge discriminatory social norms and practices. Under these laws, which are based to varying degrees on religion, women do not share the same rights as men to pursue a profession, engage in travel or head a family. This affects economic outcomes and the application of egalitarian employment and entrepreneurship provisions. Discussions at the national and international levels testily to the fact that the personal status laws influence social values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Shortly after, on 22 September 2009, he hosted a Summit on Climate Change to promote leader-level engagement in the final push towards a global agreement in Copenhagen. The Summit, presided over by Danish Prime Minister Lars Lokke Rasmussen, attracted what was then the largest-ever number of Heads of State and Government to gather and focus specifically on climate change. While negotiations made little progress throughout the fall, the unprecedented engagement of global leaders, the private sector and civil society on the issue, the unequivocal urgency of the issue according to science, and the election of Barack Obama as United States President led many to think that an ambitious outcome to COP 15 was assured. While this was beginning to change, world leaders still lacked confidence about what or how their country could contribute to climate change mitigation.81 In addition, deep mistrust prevailed between developed and developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Some of the brands are also designing products for ease of recycling, through avoiding fibre and material blends or design for ease of separation of different materials. These require not only designing of products from which materials can be recovered for the next generation, but also systems to collect post-consumer products. All the brands we spoke to have committed to moving more deeply into circular thinking in the future. For many the starting point has been to use readily accessible and consistent quality recycled fibres such as recycled PET or pre-consumer cotton waste from factories. Design for recycling may eventually lead to take-back systems, which once in place, can act as a catalyst for spreading closed-loop thinking to other products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Recent efforts to enhance primary care capacity through the development of multidisciplinary primary care units that complement the activities by traditional ambulatory care physicians working in solo practices can play a positive role in addressing these challenges. Public spending on health and long-term care is expected to increase considerably over the coming decades while, at the same time, ageing will reduce the share of the population of working-age needed to finance this public spending. The reform set a limit on nominal public health spending growth of 4.5% in 2012 and was gradually reduced to 3.6% in 2016, aiming to bring it in line with projected annual average GDP growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The government attempted to stabilise prices by imposing sweeping controls on food trade and marketing, selling off its food stocks and providing BULOG with a favourable exchange rate at which to import large quantities of rice to meet the domestic shortfall. From mid-1997 to mid-1998, the government managed to keep domestic food prices at 50-60% of import parity levels. However, capital flight led to a shortage of foreign exchange and the depreciation of the rupiah, greatly increasing the fiscal costs of importation. Further, the difference between domestic and international prices led to large-scale smuggling of rice and other food goods out of the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Its calculation assumes that there is no mortality. The total fertility rate is expressed as children per woman, and can be disaggregated into various age-specific fertility rates. In many countries, lower fertility has improved the ability of families and governments to make a better use of scarce resources, combat poverty, protect and repair the environment, and set the conditions for sustainable development. On the other hand, countries experiencing below-replacement fertility levels (below 2.1 children per woman) could face rapid population ageing and, eventually, decreasing population size.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
See IG, Advisory Opinion on the Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania (1949-1950) of 18 July 1950 (IG Reports 1950,p. Moreover, an international instrument has to be interpreted and applied within the framework of the entire legal system prevailing at the time of the interpretation. Advisory Opinion on the 'Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa), notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970)', (ICJ Reports 1971, p. 16, para. See, e.g., the case of Tyrer v. the United Kingdom, Application No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By 2080, in Africa, an increase from 5 to 8 per cent in arid and semi-arid land is projected under a range of climate scenarios. While identifying particularly vulnerable groups globally and at country level remains challenging, it is particularly important for policymaking directed towards building climate resilience. People living in low-lying coastal areas, drylands, and mountainous and remote areas and population groups whose livelihoods rely on forest products are particularly at risk. Yet, basic information on population size, socioeconomic characteristics and risk factors which could help identify those groups remains in the form of very rough approximations. Some of those groups are difficult to reach owing to their geographical location, but the lack of basic information is also associated with an insufficiency in the resources for producing statistics at the level of disaggregation required to identify specific population groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, those without formal qualifications increasingly fall through the cracks and face difficulties in finding work. However, low-skilled women continue to have relatively low employment rates and to take most of the responsibility for childcare. For low-skilled women the high costs of formal childcare are prohibitive and many choose not to work or to work short hours when informal care is available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Scientific assessment is not necessarily an objective activity, but is one that also involves framing subjects with political implications. It must be scientifically sound but at the same time politically acceptable (Agrawala, 1998). Even when the academic/scientific community is directed towards one solution, politics deals with people in a local context who often possess diverse values and different attitudes towards the scientific community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Furthermore Jewish values define the dominant culture of most of the higher education institutions in the Galilee (Government of Israel, 2009). The development of the Nazareth Academic Institution (NAI) in the heart of the majority Arab city of Nazareth is an especially important development (see Box 2.1.). Given the large Arab population in the Galilee, these are critical issues that must be addressed in an examination of the role of colleges and universities in the future of this region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Throughout this week, electricity prices are relatively high, with a clear day-night pattern. Night prices of around 50 EUR/MWh are close to the marginal cost of coal fired power plants, while the higher prices during day times of around 90-100 EUR/MWh are close to the marginal cost of natural gas fired power plants. Total consumption (red dashed line), however, is more constant over the week, because electricity consumption for heating and pumping (pumped storage) increases at night, when electricity prices are low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This analysis only includes national-level documents that target the main climate change impacts (the composition of sectors will depend on specific country contexts). Some countries have published sub-national adaptation strategies or plans concerning specific sectors or geographic regions, which can contribute to preparations for climate change but have not been included in this analysis. In addition to this, it shows there is widespread discussion of adaptation options and of policies synergistic with adaptation - 31 countries cover adaptation options in their NCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
According to our estimates, if broadband penetration were to grow by 20 per cent, the impact on the rate of change of unemployment would be a further 0.138. Thus we would expect such a deployment of broadband to result in a reduction of unemployment from the original 3.89 per cent to 4.03 per cent. This data base was constructed by compiling data for each of Chile's regions (except for the metropolitan areas due to the lack of quarterly data) from 2001 until the fourth quarter of 2009. In addition, an alternative model was proposed aimed to study possible effects of human capital and specialization on the level of employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
One strategy India can continue to pursue is to exploit its vast thorium resources, along with developing the required fast breeder and heavy water reactor technologies. This would facilitate self-sufficiency over the entire nuclear chain. Relying on imported uranium to fuel light water reactors (LWR) can be an alternative strategy for India's nuclear future, which does not require the development of the more complex nuclear technology chain as needed for thorium. The use of uranium would initially require imported reactors, later to be replaced by Indian designed reactors. Given the size of the Indian market, it is worthwhile to develop an Indian equipment industry for solar-PV and CSP, and for T&D equipment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A recent paper (Garcia Perez et al., Not only is this not captured in the data shown in this section but this is also a concern in terms of human capital loss, as those migrating are more likely to be better educated (know foreign languages, etc.). Indeed economic uncertainty following the crisis as well as job insecurity seem to have had an impact on family planning by discouraging the creation of new family units, therefore lowering fertility rates. The global economic recession seems to have brought a trend reversal to the previous pattern of rising fertility rates (Figure 22).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There is no clear legal and regulatory framework mandating and governing the use of blockchain, although such a framework is needed. Additionally, even though blockchain is deemed very secure, evolving technology also means that cyberattacks evolve. These could pose a threat and reduce trust in the system. Consumers need to be educated on the technology, its benefits, its limitations and its usage to increase the demand for blockchain in the market. Existing skills are inadequate, and the generally limited operational capacity of relevant institutions could make it impossible to meet consumer demand, hampering blockchain adoption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Remittances may increase substantially as a source of development finance in the future (see chapter 10). At present, however, even if important to many low-income countries in macroeconomic terms, transaction costs for migrant workers and families to wire money to relatives back home remain high and incentives and mechanisms to channel resources to developmental investments tend to be weak in most countries. A more complex issue (because of its political ramifications) is arriving at a proper international framework to guide the international mobility of labour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Contribute to economic, environmental and social progress with a view to achieving sustainable development. Respect the internationalK ivcounised human rights of those affected by their activities. Encourage local capacity-building through close co-operation with the local community, including business interests, as well as developing the enterprise’s activities in domestic and foreign markets, consistent with the need for sound commercial practice. Encourage human capital formation, in particular by creating employment opportunities and facilitating training opportunities for employees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Policy preferences reflect differential environmental conditions. Because people do not have a sense of sharing their destiny with others outside their own community, they tend to become disappointed when government is not giving them everything they ask for because it must share scarce resources with people in other communities. This has proved to be a serious challenge in trying to effectively implement participatory or “bottom-up” budgeting aimed at empowering the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Primary health care is defined as essential health care made accessible at a cost the country and community can afford, with methods that are practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable. Accessibility of health services, going beyond just physical access, and including economic, social and cultural accessibility and acceptability, is of fundamental significance to reflect on health system progress, equity and sustainable development. Good management of immunization programmes is essential to the reduction of morbidity and mortality from major childhood infectious diseases, and is integral to the achievement of sustainable development. It is usually calculated for women married or in union of reproductive age, but sometimes for other base population, such as all women of reproductive age at risk of pregnancy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This has, fortunately, not prevented some LDCs from addressing trade-related adjustments in their own DTIS: Samoa, for example, mentions adjustment arising in the private sector to improve competitiveness as a result of dramatic tariff reforms, and the Solomon Islands refers to the adjustment costs arising from tax reforms. Although some donors may seek to focus on other areas of AfT, recipients should ensure that TRA is fully integrated into national development strategies, funding agreements and the legal texts of trading arrangements, for example, by crafting the terms of reference or other templates provided to consultants in the preparation of such documents to clearly specify that TRA needs should be addressed conceptually, qualitatively and quantitatively. More importantly, however, aid recipients should seek to influence the AfT debate by referring to best-practice case studies and current innovative approaches to supporting TRA, beginning with a concerted effort to highlight positive case studies in previous support programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While still covering only the central part of Mexico City, ECOBICI is the fourth-largest public bike-sharing system in the world, after Hangzhou, London and Paris (Government of Mexico City, 2015).15 While installing bike stations, the Ministry of Environment of the Federal District has significantly expanded road infrastructure dedicated to bike use.16 It must be noted though that a large percentage of ECOBICI trips are made on roads that do not have bicycle infrastructure. In addition, better connections between bicycle lanes will be needed if this type of infrastructure is to develop into a useful network for bicycle users (Figure 3.2, right-hand panel). There are a growing number of bicycle parking facilities throughout the city, including in underground, Metrobus and trolley bus (zero-emission corridor) stations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For a more accurate prediction, other factors should also be taken into account, such as resource use and distribution in the society, availability and affordability of public and private goods and services, legislation and legislative accountability, as well as societal behaviours, beliefs and traditions, among others. Deprivations measure the individual deprivation status in each of the various sectors considered as crucial for individuals' survival and development. Deprivations can stem from the lack of financial means (i.e., monetary poverty), but they can also be the result of unavailability of basic goods in the market, the lack of service provision, or societal beliefs, customs and behaviour, among other reasons. Especially regarding children some differences between deprivation and monetary poverty are expected, as children need goods and services that are more likely to be subject to missing or incomplete markets (e.g. health care, school or nutritional needs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A correlation is a statistical measure which indicates the extent to which two variables fluctuate together. The two variables analysed here are the average labour market outcomes of native-born workers in a given year and education and experience group on the one hand, and the share of foreign-bom workers in that group on the other hand. It should be noted, however, that that a positive or negative correlation does not mean that a change in one of the two variables is the cause of the change in the other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The Danish administration system underwent significant changes over time adapting to internal and external challenges such as administrative reforms and EU policy decisions. These challenges led to changes in the Danish administrative structures, which aimed to enhance efficiency, performance but also deliberation and steering by dialogue with the citizen. The administrative changes followed also international trends within the public administration such as New Public Management but also collaborative governance. They have been characterized both by centralization and decentralization, often combining top-down hierarchy steering with network governance characteristics. The most recent administrative reform that has been introduced in 2007 decreased the number of Municipalities and countries, increasing formally the level of centralization but also transferred competences from the regional to the local strengthening the role of the municipalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper suggests that privative clauses in the enabling statutes (Education Acts) governing provincially appointed special education appeal tribunals (SET) are unconstitutional under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. It is suggested that ‘final and binding’ SET decisions about children's designation as special needs and their educational placement infringe upon the Charter rights of both parent and exceptional child. The standard for judicial review of SET decisions, given a privative clause, is whether the decision is ‘patently unreasonable’ while ‘correctness’, according to case law, is the appropriate standard when finally determining fundamental rights. Parents of exceptional children in practice have recourse to the courts regarding only procedural rather than substantive issues regarding SET decisions due to the high deference the courts afford any administrat ive tribunal protected by a privative clause. The very high judicial review standard of ‘patently unreasonable’ rather than ‘co...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
And as much as learning-to-learn skills are important, we always learn by learning something. They do not reflect the actual population of countries or sampled groups. Perhaps surprisingly, data use and research literacy is a relatively weak area of the teacher knowledge base as measured in this assessment. Part of that work consisted of an in-depth study of some 40 learning environments that have taken the innovation journey (OECD, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)