albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Monitoring and evaluation in the six economies is performed by the education authorities with little involvement by the agricultural sector. Exact figures on expenditures for the agricultural education system in the economies are largely missing. Rural infrastructure would benefit from better co-ordination between the agriculture and infrastructure authorities, irrigation policy from better co-ordination between the agriculture and water authorities, and the agricultural education system from closer co-operation between the agriculture and education authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of ITF or OECD member countries. The work for this report was carried out in the context of the Decarbonising Transport Initiative of the International Transport Forum. The author thanks the participants of the ITF Decarbonising Passenger Transport Workshop, as well as Wei-Shiuen NG, Jari Kauppila, and Michael Kloth for their comments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The analysis focuses on the duration of non-employment spells of employees in the private sector who lose their job as a result of dismissal or firm closure. The PME provides rich information on the unemployed, including on the nature of their last job. This allows one to determine whether individuals are eligible for FGTS and the number of monthly payments of SD (e.g. 0, 3, 4 or 5) by using information on whether the person had a work card (carteira de trabalho) and the number of months spent in the last job. One drawback of the data is that they do not provide information on actual take-up of either SD or FGTS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This was discovered during the ZNWL’s recent local government conference, where it was established that about 90 per cent ofthe women that won local government elections [were] first-time politicians. The ZNWL is ofthe view that the newly elected women leaders should be trained in the following areas: local government systems and mechanisms, gender and gender mainstreaming, transparency, accountability and good governance, effective service delivery in the ward, understanding democracy and community participation, and decision-making skills, bargaining power and networking skills, advocacy, problem-solving skills and building alliances. These are some ofthe topics suggested by the newly elected women councillors themselves. Most of these are highly experienced women, who still have the potential to be active in politics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper represents the study results of machine learning methods application for the analysis of judgment open data. The study is dedicated to develop empirical ways to identify the relationships and the structure of administrative law enforcement process based on semi-structured data analysis and give recommendations for improving the administrative regulation. The results of the research can be us ed for legislative, analytical and law enforcement activities in the field of governmental regulation. In the course of data analysis, the models based on decision trees and other machine learning methods is developed. In addition, the models for extracting information from semi-structured texts of court decisions is developed. Moreover, a predictive model of appeal outcome is developed. The effectiveness of the established methods are demonstrated in the recommendation cases for improving the current legislation by the example of administrative law for reducing the burden on public administration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Collaboration is the watchwordfor developmental continuity, and is explored here for a range of actors involved in child development, including children themselves, their parents, ECEC and primary school staff, and community services. The chapter draivs on a survey of OECD countries and partner countries to outline key trends across jurisdictions, as well as similarities and differences. It describes five main challenges highlighted by participating countries that are hindering developmental continuity, along with a wealth of practical strategies for tackling them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Constitution gives municipalities primary responsibility for water supply and sanitation along with various levels of capacity and resources. This division of responsibility results in heterogeneity across the territory. Under the subsidiarity principle, they also directly provide services if requested by municipalities, and they can formulate their own state-level planning for water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In its 2008 World Development Report, the World Bank identifies approximately 170 million rural people in agriculture-dependent economies (mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa) falling below a USD 1.08 a day income threshold in 2002 (measured in 1993 purchasing power parity dollars). A much larger number of rural poor - 583 million in 2002 - live in transforming economies, a large proportion of them in China and India. The majority of the rural poor in Latin America live in urbanised countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Due to external shocks, the country has suffered increasing deficits -primarily as a consequence of a sharp increase in the price of energy. The increasing deficits have been financed via borrowing resulting in a steep increase in the debt stock since 2009 and a breach of the fiscal ceiling set by the government at 60% of GDP. Since May 2012, the authorities have taken measures as part of their programme to stabilise the economy and address Jordan’s economic vulnerabilities (International Monetary Fund, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Similarly, housing cash transfers targeted on low-income groups may be reflected in higher rents, in which case they benefit the (higher-income) owners.34 Consumption taxes will be paid by consumers in the case of strong competition. However, the degree of competition could differ for different goods and services. As an example, recent cuts in French consumption taxes on restaurants have not been fully passed on to consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The forest sector already displays many green characteristics. However, the sector should become more “green”, indeed take the lead in certain respects. The Rovaniemi Action Plan for the Forest Sector in a Green Economy suggests a wide range of activities by all parts of the forest sector, to be undertaken on a voluntary basis through ad hoc partnerships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This essay places transnational environmental law in an epistemological context. Starting from the general concept of ‘transnational law’ and the specific environmental dimension of ‘international administrative law’, four case histories are presented to illustrate the integrant approach of transnational environmental law. The cases – all arising in the 1970s – deal with transboundary problems of aircraft noise, ocean dumping, river pollution, and marine protected areas. In addition to traditional aspects of public international law in the environmental field, they typically interface with questions of administrative law, private international law, criminal law, and human rights law. The essay advocates a new focus on mechanisms for participation by civil society in the operation and implementation of transnational environmental law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The bank also encourages borrowers to become savers (another microfinance tool) and the local capital is used to fund new loans, as with traditional commercial banks, around 90% of loans are now funded by interest income and deposits. However, within these limitations, there are some large-scale studies based on comparisons of treatment and control groups in three Asian countries (Bangladesh, India and Thailand), where microcredit is well established. However, in a similar study, Murdoch (1998) failed to find any positive impact of microcredit on poverty reduction or any form of female employment, including self-employment and entrepreneurship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Germany, women make up the bulk of workers in marginal employment like minijobs and midijobs - flexitime casual jobs which provide limited levels of social security, income and career options. Evidence from the United Kingdom (Connolly and Gregory, 2010) and Austria shows that part-time work is often poorly paid (at hourly rates) compared to the equivalent full-time employment. And in many European countries part-time employees are significantly more exposed than full-time workers to the risk of poverty, particularly women and those who have no choice but part-time work (Horemans and Marx, 2013). Indeed, the shorter the weekly working hours are, the greater the risk of poverty is.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While the multinational corporations hire some technical personnel to work on design, testing and product developments, the supply of R&D engineers and technicians is too small for them to expand their R&D in Penang. Although the overall stock of human capital has increased in terms of outputs from tertiary institutions, there are deficiencies. Local graduates’ wait period for a job has increased and their wages have stagnated, suggesting that tertiary and secondary graduates’ skills do not match those required by employers. The contrast between the wage premiums of local graduates and those from abroad is significant and suggests a mismatch between local education programmes and labour market requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Awareness and understanding of the achievements and challenges in implementation of the Platform for Action are important if gender equality is to be achieved. Gender equality is, in turn, important because it is fundamental to all persons — women, men, girls and boys — fully and freely exercising their fundamental human rights and freedoms, to their living lives with dignity, agency and voice, and for the “development” and preservation of inclusive, equitable, democratic and peaceful societies. While noting exceptions, a general trend is evident with a positive correlation between “human development” and gender equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The persistence of high inflation in the face of the significant growth slowdown points to serious supply bottlenecks and sticky inflationary expectations. Increases in the administered price of fuel (mid-September: diesel and LPG) as a part of a reduction of subsidies also contributed to the increase in inflation. Persistent non-food manufactured products inflation, despite the growth slowdown, has emerged as a major concern. Depreciation of the rupee raised the price of imported products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Similar to conflicting interests that may stem from harmful subsidies in water-related sectors, high tariffs can have a stagnating effect. For instance, tariffs charged to water-operating systems are usually higher than those charged to the industry. The optimal use of electricity tariffs by utilities depends greatly on the conversion and use of new, more energy efficient technologies. Currently, some large enterprises benefit from privileged access to aquifers, and they can obtain rights to drill wells or to exploit water surfaces without control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They can also contribute to engage further dialogue between non-governmental organisation (NGOs), academics, and citizens and local governments and service providers on water-related issues. This can help gain greater citizen buy-in, a shared understanding of the issues at hand and more informed inputs to the decision making. Selected examples include water users’ associations (WUAs), the Highlands Water Forum, the National Water Council and customer satisfaction surveys.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is why governments need policies for pro-poor growth and to reach sub-groups that growth does not otherwise reach. Furthermore, since the incidence of poverty is country-specific, any pro-poor policy, including trade policy, must first identify who the poor are, where they live, how they earn their livelihoods, and what constrains them from participating in growth. The challenge for an aid agency providing Aid for Trade is to ensure that trade expands and generates pro-poor growth, which is the key objective of the Aid for Trade Initiative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Evidence from South Asia suggests that even when women own land, the plots they are allocated are often smaller and less fertile than those belonging to men (Rao 2011). Inheritance laws can have a direct impact on land ownership. By determining who will have access to land, or whether land being used by individuals will legally continue to be used by them, inheritance laws (and procedures for implementing these laws) may either stabilize families or produce conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
There are approximately 448 of these subdivisions in Chihuahua, which house 78% of the population of Chihuahua according to the Instituto de Vivienda del Estado de Chihuahua (IVI, 2011). The monofunctional nature of these housing developments and their location in outlying areas has not lent itself to a transit-supportive environment. It is estimated that in the first semester of 2010, 19.2% of the homes in the State of Chihuahua were not lived in or completely abandoned (Table 4.1). Rates in the major cities were even higher in Ciudad Juarez (23.8%) (IVI, 2011). There is not a parallel for such a market in OECD metro-regions. Ironically, the meteoric rise of the housing stock in Ciudad Juarez from 2000 to 2007 was also associated with the abandonment of several houses throughout the metropolitan region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It situates parent-adolescent relationships within the broader dynamics of care, family and community life, and socio-cultural transformation. Forms of family and parenting support include cash transfers and services such as parenting education programmes, family mediation, resource centres or community networks. However, transferability of these lessons to lower-and middle-income countries requires investigation (see, for example, Gardner, Montgomery, & Knerr, 2015, Ward et al., Little is known about parenting adolescents who may themselves be parents or carry out parenting roles. Even less is understood about the conditions that constrain or help adolescent and parent well-being, and the respective priorities and needs of each generation within the 'parenting' relationship. These issues deserve scrutiny when considering the viability and possible design of policies and provision towards supporting parents in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As mentioned above, the lack of reliable data on drug abuse in the region may be the reason why the reported prevalence is so low. The abuse of “yaba” (methamphetamine) and codeine-based preparations continues to be widespread in Bangladesh, and is still increasing. Among street children, the abuse of glue and solvents by sniffing is common.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The measure of duration is the At in years derived from logistic functions fitted to the data. Core” regions are typically within the OECD, “rim” regions are typically Asian countries, “periphery” regions are typically Africa or LatinAmerican countries. See Wilson (2012) and Bento (2013) for details and data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The present work reassesses the impact of good governance and democracy on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in oil-abundant countries. To this end, we estimate the effect of host countries' institutions on greenfield FDI, using a gravity equation for a dataset that covers 182 countries during 2003-2012. Our findings confirm that compliance to rule of law, lack of corruption, political stability and democracy could boost new FDI links through the extensive margin. Our results could not rule out the "oil curse", meaning that oil producers attract fewer new greenfield projects than similar countries without oil. Unlike other studies, we show that the impact of institutions is not necessarily undermined by the presence of natural resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The article discusses the issue of the fundamentals of justice. Despite the dominant narratives about the conventional nature of this category, it is claimed that the fundamental of justice is the inherent human dignity. Justice finds its his real and substantial foundation in the dignity of the human person. Therefore, the inherent (innate), non-transferable, inalienable dignity, which is associated with the essence of man, is the foundation of justice and its requirements requiring to “give to each what he deserves” ( suum cuique tribuere ), to give “to each his own” or his due, which means the natural human rights, the most rudimentary of which is the right to life and the right to personal development. The assertion of those basic human rights is not a matter of any convention, agreements, contracts or the will of the legislator, or any political games, but a matter of justice, natural justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Negotiations between MMA and IPEA seek to broaden the scope of the analysis to include specifically the biodiversity theme, both at state and federal levels. In the future, IPEA intends to transform this study into a permanent research line, yearly updating the data on environmental expenditures. To this end, the classification of environmental expenditures under IPEA’s methodology will be applied, which will involve the analysis of items directly and indirectly related to biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In order to carry out this calculation, the indigence line is multiplied by a factor that varies between urban and rural areas. For poverty estimates for up to 2006, a factor of 2 was used for urban areas and a factor of 1.75 for rural areas.3 The factors applied since 2007 vary depending on the difference between price trends for foodstuffs and for other goods and services. For estimates calculated up to December 2006, the same rate of variation was applied to both lines. Since 2007, the indigence line has been adjusted to reflect changes in CPI for foodstuffs, while the part of the poverty line corresponding to expenditure on non-food goods has been adjusted to reflect changes in the non-food CPI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Considering the OECD area as a whole, there was a four-quarter lag between the time when the OECD unemployment rate began to rise and the time when the relative incidence of long-term unemployment (i.e. the share of all unemployed that have been jobless for a year or longer) began to rise. However, this lag varied considerably from country to country and is probably affected by both national labour market institutions and practices, and the nature of the recessionary shock. Figure 1.8 provides information on how the incidence of long-term unemployment changed between the 4th quarters of 2007 and 2010 for the working-age population and groups defined by gender, age and educational level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
International co-operation should be actively sought for the development of such programmes. These infrastructures have to be strengthened in Peru, in the former with the possible participation of the private sector, and in the latter by giving more means to institutions and ensuring better access to SMEs. Such an approach has important consequences for the efficiency of governance arrangements. Institutional and regulatory frameworks should be revisited in the light of innovation policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The women, peace and security agenda should also be given some teeth through the establishment of a mechanism whereby member states can be held accountable if they fail to implement resolution 1325 and related resolutions. Some forms—such as "honour killings" and female genital mutilation (FGM)—affect young women particularly. The so-called honour killings or femicide affect young women at higher rates than older women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Efforts coordinated by the Directorate of Nature Management62 are underway to prepare input for the Ministry of the Environment on opportunities and challenges/gaps related to reporting on Aichi Targets at the global level and SEBI/EEA at the European level. As part of its mandate, the commission looks at ways of estimating or calculating values of ecosystem services as part of Norway's national wealth, including and pros and cons related to incorporating biodiversity values into national accounting systems. Some are in place on pollution and water use, and some under development on waste and energy. There is also measurement of environmental efforts and harmful subsidies (i.e. on policies and instruments].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The international governance framework for industrial energy efficiency consists of soft legislation and nonbinding rules, norms and action plans to coordinate strategies, policies and programmes. International agreements on specific actions and global coordination of domestic policies should benefit countries in two ways - providing domestic initiatives with the stability that comes with international legitimacy, and enabling countries to learn from each others successes and failures in designing institutions and implementing practices (Sugiyama and Ohshita 2006). Reducing the risks of climate change (a product of perhaps the worst market failure ever) is the purest example of a public good - greenhouse gas emissions from any one country affect the atmosphere in the same way as those from any other (Stern 2006). Markets also fail to supply information to evaluate energy-saving opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Skadar/Shkoder Lake Commission has been established under the Agreement, and commenced work in 2009. A Joint Secretariat is based in Shkodra, Albania, and four Working Groups (Planning and Legal, Monitoring and Research, Communication/Outreach and Sustainable Tourism, and Water Management) provide support. Harmonization of management approaches and instruments is an imperative in the long term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
On the whole, the less developed regions of the world still have young populations, a situation that is unlikely to change much before 2020, when ageing will become a more significant factor. Some of the larger emerging economies, however, are likely to be converging with OECD population-ageing profiles by mid-century. Projections for 2050 indicate that the share of those over 65 is heading for around 25% in the People’s Republic of China (hereafter “China”) and 23% in Brazil and the Russian Federation, closely follow'ed by Argentina, Colombia and Indonesia with 18-19% (UN, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Although the relative cost of individual policies in achieving reductions depends on parameter values and the emissions target, in a numerical application to the US electricity sector, Fischer and Newell state that the ranking (by decreasing efficiencies) is roughly as follows: 1) emissions price, 2) emissions performance standards, 3) fossil power tax, 4) renewables share requirement, 5) renewables subsidy, and 6) R&D subsidy. The presence of knowledge spillovers means that separate policy instruments are necessary to optimally correct the climate externality and the externalities for both learning and R&D. In fact, we find that an optimal portfolio of policies can achieve emissions reductions at a significantly lower cost than any single policy, although the emissions reductions continue to be attributed primarily with the emissions price. The model has two periods. There is a knowledge stock, which increases in period 2 as a function of both R&D expenditures and output of RE technologies in period 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)