albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Poverty and social exclusion are interlinked with inequality but cannot be reduced to inequalities of income alone (Sen, 1997). Poverty is a situation in which inequalities leave some people so far away from the social mainstream that the deprivations they experience push them below what are viewed as basic standards. In practice, poverty is often operationalized and measured in terms of income or consumption poverty. Poverty lines can be defined on the basis of absolute needs (e.g., the cost of a minimum food basket plus an allowance for basic non-food basic needs), or on relative social standards that prevail in a given society at a given time. One of the main sources of dissatisfaction with absolute poverty measures is that they ignore concerns about relative deprivation, shame, and social exclusion (Ravallion, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the event where some 120 representatives of over 40 international, regional and bilateral agencies gathered to review the cumulative risks which Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) face arising from the region’s vulnerability to natural disasters, as well as water, energy and food insecurity, and poverty. The Centre (formally known as the International Child Development Centre) helps to identify and research current and future areas of UNICEF’s work. Its prime objectives are to improve international understanding of issues relating to children’s rights and well-being and to help facilitate the full implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in all countries. For that reason, the Centre may produce publications that do not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The article discusses some questions about the humanization of companies and justifies its urgency and feasibility. It's understood that the humanized company is one that, focused on its employees and/or on the external environment, links other values besides maximizing the return for the stockholders. Continuing on this line are mentioned companies that, in the internal environment, promote an enhancement in quality of life and of work, concentrating on the construction of more democratic and just relationship, reducing inequality and racial, gender and belief prejudice, besides contributing to the development and growth of people. Focusing on the environment, the actions taken by these companies are directed towards the elimination of ecological unbalance, overcoming social injustice, community support and towards everything that is called corporate citizenship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Increased public/private collaboration can also contribute to investment risk-hedging and confidence-building in investors. Training and education, including data and information sharing, serves to increase capacity building among investors and lenders, especially in emerging economies. Evidence similarly suggests that EE stakeholders are looking for increased guidance from government before scaling-up private investment in energy efficiency. The study calls for the creation of an Energy Efficiency Action Network (EEFAN),4 an international platform to enable regular cooperation and information sharing between the public and private sectors. Financial instruments that guarantee EE projects address such risk perception.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This means that widening earnings inequality is driven by a widening gap in pay for full-time workers who work the whole year, rather than by a change in the composition of employment, i.e. more part-time workers. The former contributed to a decline in household income inequality while the latter tended to increase it slightly. Taken together, the overall effect was towards equalisation, countering the trend for income inequality to increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Local governments in developing countries are christened as proadaptation agents. However, global research effort has virtually ignored inherent adaptation policy implementation nuances in developing countries, ostensibly assuming that narratives from existing policy implementation literature could fill the void. Drawing on qualitative data from six LGs from Ghana, this paper examines the motivation, agenda setting processes and teething challenges constricting the implementation of decentralized climate change adaptation governance in Ghana. Though adherents of decentralization argue that local governments are more likely to conceive and implement proadaptation-related interventions, evidence from Ghana provides fascinating lessons. This paper shows that local governments’ ability to mainstream adaptation-related actions into local governance is constricted by taxonomy of local political economy issues and the “science-heaviness” of climate change. It concludes that local government are unlikely to be a fulcrum of adaptation governance as touted if reasonable efforts are not made at strengthening and broadening its resource basket.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
According to the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2015), e-commerce covers purchases and sales conducted over computer networks, using multiple formats and devices, including the web and electronic data interchange, using personal computers, laptops, tablets and mobile phones of varying levels of sophistication. E-commerce may involve physical goods as well as intangible (digital) products and services that can be delivered digitally (ibid.). Digital trade, a form of e-commerce, is defined as trade in purely digitised products that can be downloaded or streamed over the internet (UNCTAD, 2016). Forms can be business to business (B2B), business to consumer (B2C), consumer to consumer (C2C), business to government (B2G) and, to a certain extent, government to government (G2G).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As water is a local resource with strong territorial characteristics, the explanation for sub-national actor involvement lies mainly in theories related to local public goods, and the need for decentralised mechanisms to achieve optimal allocation. But in practice, the implementation of such an optimal water allocation scheme varies widely across countries and rarely involves a full delegation of responsibility to lower levels of government. Water management is generally a shared responsibility across levels of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The current surplus of housing should not disguise the fact that there is a chronic national affordable housing supply crisis. Aside from building public housing with decidedly mixed success, local governments have addressed the problem by means of mandatory affordable housing set-asides for new construction or the application of affordable housing fees to private developments during the land use entitlement process. However, measures meant to address the dearth of affordable housing have struggled in the courts, which have repeatedly pointed to three flaws in these programs: a lack of local authority, a lack of nexus between the proposed development and the need for affordable housing, and affordable housing requirements disproportionate to the need created by the development project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Gender Equity Research Grants of up to $10,000 support research investigating or addressing gender equity, with preference given to projects that advance Waterloo’s IMPACT 10x10x10 commitments or projects of demonstrated relevance to the University of Waterloo. Our focus on outreach to local communities and within our campus community is engaging key stakeholders of all genders in being equity champions. We are creating opportunities for education, advocacy and activism for all on our campus while moving the needle on gender equity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Uncertainty also behaves differently: in equilibrium, uncertainty with solutions is linearly related to the uncertainty in parameters. In non-equilibrium models, uncertainty on parameters leads to scenarios that diverge from each other, such that model outcomes in the far future are much more uncertain than those in the near future. It shows the trend in GDP, relative to baseline, of a policy-driven sustainability transition for two types of modelling approaches, equilibrium and non-equilibrium.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The developed Gulf economies and Syria were the latest to agree to the Convention, sometime between 2000 (Saudi Arabia) and 2009 (Qatar). They often commit to actions to increase women’s participation in the labour force and different sectors of the economy. As an example, policy statements in favour of the advancement of women in employment and entrepreneurship in Qatar's National Development Strategy 2011-16 are highlighted in Box 3.1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Many smaller countries, especially least developed countries, cannot address these issues by themselves- thus, regional cooperation is critical. In 2012, floods and storms were the most frequent types of disasters occurring in the region and had the highest human and economic impact, accounting for 54% of the death toll, 78% of people affected and 56% of all economic damages due to disasters. Pakistan suffered large-scale losses from floods for the third successive year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The uncertainties surrounding projections of energy savings, as well as the intangible nature of negawatts (energy not consumed), means EE projects do not lend themselves well to traditional loan financing. In equity financing, investors provide cash to project developers in exchange for a stake in their project. The most common example of equity financing is private equity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
: Most observers ascribe the recent stagnation in Europe and her falling back behind the US-economy to insufficient and delayed deregulation and privatization, excessive social expenditure, a lag in new technology, some observers mention restrictive economic policy as well. The stagnation, however, affects the large countries primarily, while the northern ones tend to grow as fast as the United States. This study argues that one important explanation for the current economic problems is a strong worldwide trend towards uncertainty. The competitive edge of Scandinavian economies results from the fact that they managed to compensate this trend by a well-designed combination of education policy, technology policy, distribution policy and social policy. The US-policy succeeded primarily with expansive monetary and fiscal policy. The large European countries, in contrast, aggravated social uncertainty even more by an unsystematic and uncoordinated policy, so that the citizens, heavily afraid of reforms, rejected them forcefully.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Nature Index provides statistics on degradation on national and county level, ranging from 1 to 0 (1 means that the indicator is in the reference state, whereas 0 indicates a seriously degraded state). The Ministry of Climate and Environment currently works on developing further the national parameters in "Environmental Status of Norway". Some initial discussions on relevant approaches for applying the 4- level model in Norway have taken place, and one method that has been proposed is to see if levels of degraded state (cf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The logistics of export markets require container size shipments of uniformly graded and sorted cashew nuts, which favours much larger scale. The challenge of efficient marketing and branding was initially addressed through business advisory services from TechnoServe and in the longer run with the development of AIA. For later industry entrants that fee was replaced by the firms’ financial support to the industry trade associations, AIA and AICAJU (see below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, other suggested actions (e.g. increased use of treated effluents and the introduction of genetic improvements to crops and farm animals) could erode biodiversity. Likewise, adaptation actions taken in relation to coastal zone defence, such as specific forms of coastal infrastructure and the use of sea protection and sand nourishment techniques, could negatively impact biodiversity. Such trade-offs and concerns should be reflected in the final National Adaptation Plan. Most poverty reduction efforts are targeted at urban populations and are not necessarily related to agriculture or to natural resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In response, the government initiated six major programmes for water quality restoration, including the establishment of wastewater treatment plans and the first-ever nationwide Comprehensive Measure for Clean Water Provision (ADB, 2014). The new ministry' expanded its capacities with increased financial support and functions transferred from the MoLIT (then called the Ministry of Construction and Transport) in 1994. Water-related legislations were developed in a piecemeal fashion: in 50 years, more than 25 acts were enacted and revised by different ministries according to transitions in water policy (Table 2.1). In 1961, the enactment of the River Act - last amended in 2016 - laid the foundations for water resources policy and governance by setting a national framework for river management (see details on the objectives and scope in Box 2.1.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The answer clearly depends on the scope of the quality, scarcity or flooding constraints they face. Cities centrally located in a water basin are more inclined to see the benefits of rural-urban linkages, even when implemented at a regional scale. Cities with a limited surface water supply that depend on groundwater or face salinisation and/or land subsidence risks have a direct interest in linking with other users of underlying aquifers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Their average scores in all three key subject areas in the 2006 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) fare relatively well compared with other OECD countries (Figure 1). The Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) and the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)2 confirm that Slovenian pupils compare favourably against their peers in the participating countries, with slightly higher achievement in science than in reading and mathematics. Trends in average science, mathematics and literacy scores of fourth and eighth-grade students have been rather favourable as well, with scores on TIMSS and PIRLS assessments, particularly in science and mathematics, improving substantially.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, such indicators have limitations that also need to be taken into account. In some cases, the number of actors may seem larger if the ministry is in charge of more than one area of competence. For instance, in Mexico, the situation appears less complicated, since only two ministries (SEMARNAT - Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, and the Ministry of Health) and two deconcentrated bodies of SEMARNAT (CONAGUA and PROFEPA) are in charge of water policy making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For these countries, it is therefore difficult to conclude whether or not these developments have created a greater need for redistribution. A less ambiguous answer seems possible for the slight majority of countries in Figure 2, where preferences for inequality reduction have either strengthened or remained about the same. For most of these countries (Australia, Czech Republic, Germany, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, and Sweden), both inequality trends and changes in preferences consistently point towards a greater demand for redistribution. As shown in the discussion below, however, country patterns of actual observed changes in redistribution policies are not as clear-cut.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In a competitive market where a single price defines the incentive for all participants to produce or to consume electricity in a symmetric fashion, the impacts of variable renewables on the level and volatility of price, would indeed only reflect the realities of a changing market. Consumers and distributors would need to decide how to cope with intermittent supply from renewables-only providers and those providers would have to consider whether the intermittent nature of their technologies was competitive against traditional power generation by dispatchable technologies such as nuclear, coal and gas. However, as has been pointed out above, variable renewables do not face the same incentives as other technologies. Such asymmetric treatment isolates variable renewables from the impacts they themselves inflict on the market price, which affects only technologies not benefiting from such feed-in tariffs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The ratio of total agro-food export value to agricultural GDP was 70-80% in the early 2010s, much higher than in China or Indonesia and equal to the ratio of total Viet Nam’s exports to total GDP. While Viet Nam has maintained growth rates higher than most other countries in the region, the gradual slowdown in more recent years is noticeable. Most likely, the rates would have declined still further in the last period had there not been the agricultural price boom that elevated many world prices by a factor of two. This might be taken as a warning signal that the earlier sources of the sector’s boom based on institutional reforms and expanding use of cheap resources have begun to be exhausted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
National responses to this shortage, to entice students into science and technology studies after compulsory education, will have particular benefits for climate change policies. Lifelong learning can also play an important role in providing older workers with the key foundation skills they may lack and contributing to improve environmental awareness, and thereby the resource efficiency and consumer habits, of the wider population. Apprenticeship training and other types of hands-on experience are seen as particularly valuable in increasing workers’ adaptability in changing labour markets, with countries operating dual systems of vocational education and training, such as Austria and Germany, particularly well-positioned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is designed to attract investment in technology firms, creating jobs and economic growth15. In the last three years, Tech City has attracted investment from global markets, including the United States, Europe and Asia, and from investors such as Rekoo, Facebook, Google, Twitter, Amazon, Cisco, Intel, Microsoft, Foursquare and Pinterest16. As a result, UK operators Openreach and Virgin Media have made announcements to invest in affordable, high-speed broadband infrastructure and services in the area1718.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Following the example of the Netherlands, Sweden could establish knowledge-centres for mixed schools in municipalities aimed to help change preferences and misconceptions of foreigners through tours of the local schools organised by municipalities. These tours would provide parents with the opportunity to discuss enrolment options, learn more about the schools in their area and help them make informed decisions for their children. For example, the ‘first-come-first-serve’ principle discriminates against newly arrived students because newly immigrated parents do not have the ability, as native parents do, to put their children on a school’s waiting list many years in advance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The benefits can further increase if the public-transport-oriented policies are combined with the car-deterrence policies. This combination of these policies would also prove successful for middle-size and smaller cities. The availability of public transport, as an alternative to car mobility, attracts motorists to give up their cars for urban transfers. This relation is the stronger the larger and more congestion-prone an urban area is, although this rule can also apply to main traffic corridors for mid-size and smaller cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
One of the goals of the Ministry is to prevent illness through promoting healthy, secure and nutritious food. The Ministry is responsible for formulating and monitoring all health policies, national programmes and national standards. National health agencies and health institutions at the local level have the role of implementing the health policies and programmes. In 2017, three staff worked on environmental health in the Ministry' and 18 worked in the Environmental Health Department at the National Centre for Public Health. Until 2013, one official in the Ministry was in charge of climate change and health but, since 2013, no action in this area has been taken.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In Uruguay, the University of the Republic supplied academic experience and lessons from a similar survey held in 2003, covering Montevideo and the metropolitan area. It was also in charge of training the interviewers who collected the module information. In any event, the method used to meet the requirement for installed information analysis capacity will vary from country to country, in Costa Rica and Ecuador, for example, national institutes of statistics have played an important role in preparing indicators and even, in Ecuador, as participants in inter-institutional analyses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The reduction of infant mortality has been slower in India, the Russian Federation and the United States. Significant differences are also evident in infant mortality rates among various racial groups in the United States, with African-American women more likely to give birth to high-risk, low birth-weight infants (NCHS, 2011). Data for 1970 are not available for Israel and South Africa. Other factors such as better nutrition, sanitation and housing also play a role, particularly in countries with developing economies. There are also notable differences in life expectancy between OECD countries with similar incomes per capita, such as Japan and Denmark.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Abstract Many recent analyses of the ASEAN Charter have tended to view the document very critically, judging the chances for implementation as low. In order to assess the potential of the Charter, this article argues, an analysis of the Charter needs to take its text seriously and look for the promises and the political consequences they entail. Taking textual representations of the Charter as its empirical basis, the article is based on a deconstructive reading of the legal text and focuses on some of the more controversial promises like democracy promotion, human rights and the role of the regional populations. The article takes into account the political struggles mirrored in the Charter and stresses conflict rather than consensus as a dominant mode of politics within ASEAN.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It addresses the crisis of the principle of legality in contemporary constitutionalism, especially because of the new criminal frameworks introduced by the legislature, which delegate to the interpreter the final conformation of prohibited conduct. The purpose of the research is to analyze the role of the Superior Court of Justice in the standardization of the interpretation of criminal types, with a view to offering the juridical person greater legal certainty in the application of Criminal Law. It is concluded that the Superior Court of Justice does not satisfactorily carry out the task of safeguarding the principle of legality in the national legal system, since there are many issues of high controversy in the organs of the Judiciary Branch of first and second instances still pending of better standardization, with serious repercussions to maximize the expansion of criminal law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)