albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The latter may include cross-cutting services such as vulnerability analysis and mapping (VAM), procurement or logistics, which inform and support the implementation of instruments. Similarly, food reserves supply locally procured food to support safety-net programmes. Initiatives such as Purchase for Progress (P4P), when integrated into social protection strategies, a: reinforce safety-net systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In this way, cities may more effectively deliver on national-level environmental and economic objectives - whether or not they are identified as “green growth”- than national-level policies. Ultimately, the key metric here concerns not employment growth in the green sector but the aggregate employment impact of moving to a low-carbon economy. As an indicator, this must be seen as second-best, but a feasible second-best. Increasing the supply and demand of regionally produced green goods and services, which we define as those that reduce negative environmental externalities, the impact on natural resources and the pressure on ecosystem services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These conditions involve frequent and regular travel as well as fragmentation of the social group and the herd. The duration and distance of the travel vary based on the composition of the herds, the shepherds, etc. Nomadic societies use animal husbandry techniques that have been adapted to climatic vagaries to increase the size of the herd.3 Accordingly, animal husbandry contributes to the development of abandoned and isolated areas by ensuring a human presence in areas with significant security issues3 (Map 6.1). These include certain groups of Wodaabe-Fula, Azawagh-Touareg, Mahamid Arabs of the Diffa region, Kreda-Tubu of Bahr El Gazel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This paper focuses on the applicability of general international law principles and instruments to European Union (EU) peace missions (also known as crisis management operations). First, the paper shall address the legal framework applicable to EU peace missions, including general principles and instruments of international human rights and humanitarian law. Subsequently, the focus will shift to difficulties which arise in this regard, before providing some concluding remarks. Evidently, in view of the nature of peace missions, the most relevant general principles and instruments applicable are those pertaining to international human rights and international humanitarian law. Although not discussed here, general principles applying to internally displaced persons (IDPs) are also relevant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article presents a critique of prevailing left-of-center journalism and academic scholarship on the revelation of torture of Iraqi prisoners of war by United States military personnel at Abu Ghraib in the spring of 2004. We argue that the resulting discourse suffers from a certain critical bankruptcy in its failure to think about the nature of imprisonment as such. This failure is an effect of two procedures: (1) a narrowing of the field of inquiry that relies on the metonymic reduction of imprisonment through and as the practices of torture, and (2) a reification of the prison that both relies upon and displaces the racialization of imprisonment as an institution of black spatial containment and social control. In response, we call for a renewed understanding of and appreciation for the singularity of racial slavery and its afterlife in future research on carceral formations in and beyond the US.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The average net efficiency of gas-fired power generation was 41.9%. A major part of the capacity (16 GW) has been added over the last two decades, closely linked to the development of gas production and infrastructure (Platts, 2010). Gas plants are located close to the gas production areas on the east coast, in Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat and Maharashtra on the west coast, where the LNG import terminals are located, as well as in Assam in the northeast. Almost one third of the Indian gas-fired capacity is located in Gujarat. Early development of the gas infrastructure in this state favoured the uptake gas use in power generation, especially for captive plants in industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Households have different numbers of children at potentially different stages of schooling. Many poor households also engage in strenuous manual labour which requires the expenditure of more energy than is generated by the diets on the basis of which the average poverty line is constructed. Health expenses are increasingly coming to be recognized as a common cause of families’ falling into poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Fertility in the other education groups is assumed to drop to 1.5 children per woman, at the rate historically observed in Brazil. In the four countries, fertility among women with a university education is currently below the replacement level: 1.5 children per woman in Colombia, 1.6 children in Peru and 1.9 children in the Plurinational State of Bolivia. In general, the findings based on the two methodologies are similar in predicting a sharp decline in fertility in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A critical look at recent social policy reform in Europe from a gender and family perspective”. The concept of care and the dialectic of critique”, Journal of Aging Studies, vol. Revue franchise de socio-economie, No. Adapting to women 'snew roles, Cambridge, Polity Press. Gosta Esping-Andersen and others, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Una mirada a la atencion domiciliaria”, Mujer y Desarrollo series, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, there are notable cross-country differences in the current level of earnings inequality. Since all OECD economies face the same global environment and have essentially benefited from the same technological advances, globalisation and skill-biased technological change should have led to broadly similar shifts in labour demand. Even though countries have differed with respect to supply shifts, a relative supply-demand shift story is unlikely to fully account for the marked crosscountry differences in both the level and the evolution of labour earnings inequality. This hints at a possible role for differences in policy and institutional settings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As it will appear, part of the literature points to how women's desire of moving away from the peripheral areas, to some degree, is combined with the women's wish to gain access to more opportunities as well as a bigger sense of freedom [or less social control). Forsberg defines gender contracts as unwritten rules and norms that regulate the relations between men and women, and that contribute to the creation and maintenance of gendered structures of opportunities in these areas. In her work, Forsberg has additionally used the term escalator regions [rulletrapperegioner) to describe the Swedish regions close to the cities, which, in opposition to the peripheral areas, are dominated by what she calls contemporary gender contracts meaning a less traditional gender division and a less traditional perception of the opportunities and freedom of choice for men and women. Forsberg has later, together with Stenbacka, taken the notion of gender contracts even further.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A future HSR corridor was considered an effective way to relieve the pressure on fast-growing Oslo and to make it possible to commute between Oslo and Gothenburg. Modem rail was also expected to help significantly reduce emissions, compared to air, road and tmck transport. The project generated unprecedented momentum and enthusiasm. It had a significant impact on the HSR debate, especially in Norway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
If job-search is costly for workers, unprejudiced employers (who hire women) may take advantage of the fact that female workers find it harder to be employed in a market with (even only few) prejudiced employers, and offer them lower wages (Black, 1995). Gender gaps may also persist in the absence of strong negative priors if male employers are better at judging the talents of male employees than of female ones (Aigner and Cain, 1977). Education is a costly investment and employers’ underestimation of women’s talents reduces its value for women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, the Business Sophistication Modelling (BSM) applied by FinScope (2006) in South Africa classifies private businesses into seven levels of “sophistication”. Firms classified as “BSM1" make no use of ICTs, while the classification criteria for BSM2 firms include among others ownership of a mobile phone. Furthermore, there is evidence that ICT use can help strengthen social and human capital through the enhancement of skills, increased self-confidence, participation of women, empowerment and security against income loss. For growth-oriented enterprises equipped with personal computers (PCs), together with their effective use, ICTs can also strengthen internal information systems and facilitate the participation in international value chains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The German survey’s corresponding figures are, respectively, 22% and 34%. External equity capital (Box 28.1) can be instrumental in financing certain types of innovation, but women entrepreneurs’ lower access to these sources can affect their innovation capacity. A growing body of research demonstrates the critical role that social networks play in the funding and success of high-growth ventures (Stuart and Sorenson, 2010). Accordingly, when female entrepreneurs seek capital from other women they are more likely to be successful (Becker-Blease and Sohl, 2007), while the venture and angel capital industries are still male-dominated (Box 28.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Tracking progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals requires the collection, processing, analysis and dissemination of data and statistics at the subnational, national, and regional levels, including those derived from official statistical systems and from new and innovative data sources. Many national statistical systems face serious challenges in this regard. As a result, accurate and timely information about certain aspects of people's lives are unknown, and many development challenges are still poorly understood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In general, a commune corresponds to a municipality, a city, town or village, the term is used for all basic units of local government that have direct administrative capacity regardless of their size. Communes are governed by a directly elected city council that is chaired by a mayor. The mayor is both the chief executive of the commune and also an agent of the central government, with respect to certain pow'ers (e.g. civil registry, elections organisation).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Consequently, three of the five targeted regions for fertiliser and seed inputs have been reporting huge surpluses (e.g. Mbeya region alone had an officially recorded 2,000 tons surplus of rice6), such that at any one time government godowns (with a carrying capacity of about 250,000 tons) are always full, compelling the government to lift food export bans, which have prevailed since independence. The government announced in Parliament that it intends to promote cereals as a tradable good without export restrictions. In paddy, individual farmers have achieved yields up to 8 tons per hectare, compared with the commercial farm’s yield of between 4 and 5 tons per hectare.7 This indicates that, given the right package of support, smallholder farmers can achieve the desired results. Japan, China and Korea investments in irrigated agriculture in East Africa (Dakawa, Tanzania), Uganda (north of Lake Kioga) and Kenya (Mwea irrigation schemes) Private-public partnership (PPP) approach to uplift technology uptake through contract farming with smallholder farmers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The transmission of tangible assets requires the creation of a digital twin, a digital representation or simulation of a physical object, which enables digital surveillance of the object (Deloitte, 2018a). Blockchain basics for government”, Deloitte (2017). Using other consensus mechanisms than PoW, as described in section 1.2, energy consumption can be significantly reduced. In addition, any comparison would need to consider the degree of energy efficiency in traditional centralised systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Liability risks are risks to high carbon emitters if they are made to compensate in the future for emissions produced today or to companies that have failed to adapt to physical risks that threaten to disrupt their supply chain. Transition risks are risks arising from changes in policy and regulation as a result of the transition to a greener economy that could affect the profitability of carbon-intensive industries (Carney, 2015). Reducing resource use and measuring environmental performance is an opportunity to streamline operations, increase efficiency and competitiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In Sweden, gender analysis revealed that youth centres were used 70% by boys and 30% by girls. This led to re-modelling activities and use of buildings (Boman, 2013). Although there is general agreement that gender mainstreaming efforts are most successful w'hen they form part of an integrated approach to gender equality, this is frequently not the case. Many countries responding to the OECD survey acknowledged lack of co-ordination as one of the key challenges in gender mainstreaming (see Figure 4.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Their results suggest that OLS estimates of skills premia in terms of both wages and employment outcomes may well provide a lower-bound estimate of the true returns to skills. But they report radically different pictures as regards the relative importance of the returns to problem-solving in technology-rich environments which 1 will refer to in shorthand as “ICT-literacy skills”. Lane and Conlon (2016), on the other hand, estimate larger returns to ICT-literacy skills and the impact of schooling on these skills is less marked than it is for literacy and numeracy1 .
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They describe practices, personal resources, competencies and knowledge that form the basis of successful school leadership. Practices entail five dimensions: i) constructing and implementing a shared strategic vision, ii) developing professional competencies, iii) leading processes of teaching and learning, iv) managing the school climate and the participation of the school community, and v) developing and managing the school. Personal resources comprise three areas: i) ethical values, ii) behavioural and technical competencies, and iii) professional knowledge (Ministry of Education, 2015a). In 2006, the Ministry of Education developed an evaluation framework for a system of self-improvement in schools that has now been discontinued (Sistema de Aseguramiento de Calidad de la Gestion Escolar, SACGE) (Santiago et al., In 2014, the Ministry of Education published newly developed Indicative Performance Standards for Schools and School Providers (Estandares Indicativos de Desempeno para Establecimientos Educacionales y sus Sostenedores).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Service delivery itself must meet human rights standards, and barriers to use must be acknowledged as human rights violations. Family planning is especially important to women and their health and well-being, and it is also of great interest and value to men. The sexual and reproductive health field has an opportunity to encourage men’s fuller engagement in family planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Capital spending is often characterised as a longterm investment in the economy and recurrent spending as short-term consumption. Information on the composition of recurrent spending by economic classification - public-sector salaries, transfers and government goods and services, for example - was not available for this study but would be invaluable for better understanding the effectiveness of public spending. Social protection programmes such as health-fee waivers, emergency school feeding and humanitarian relief are typically classified as recurrent spending.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, targeted public investment can leverage or "crowd in” private investment by lowering production costs,further stimulating aggregate demand and employment growth. Because public investment can raise economy-wide productivity (Ranis and Stewart 2007, Roy and Heuty 2009, Bose, ef al. First, it creates fiscal space in the long run by stimulating income growth, thereby expanding the tax base.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Non-cognitive ability, test scores, and teacher quality: Evidence from 9th Grade teachers in North Carolina”, NBER Working Paper No. Evidence from an admission reform”, IFAU Working Paper Series 2014:15, Institutet for Arbetsmarknads- och Utbildningspolitisk Utvdrdering, IFAU (Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy), Uppsala, http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/redir.pf?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifau.se%2FUpload%2Fpdf %2Fse%2F2014%2Fwp2014-15-Do-changes-in-student-quality-ajfect-teacher-mobility.pd/,h=repec:hhs: ifauwp:2014_015. Municipal Payroll Data, Kommunernes og regionernes Londatakontor (Pay Data Department of the Municipalities and Regions], www.krl.dk (accessed 24 February 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
If a procedure can be accelerated for an additional cost, the fastest legal procedure is chosen. It is assumed that neither the exporter nor the importer wastes time and that each commits to completing each remaining procedure without delay. Procedures that can be completed in parallel are measured as simultaneous.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Load variation, from minimum demand to maximum demand, is normally met with cycling plants, such as natural gas and coal, which have lower capital cost but higher variable costs (mainly fuel). Peaking plants (generally oil-fuelled) are used to provide for peak load and are therefore operated for only a few hundred hours per year. The two Kirchhoff laws describe the flow of electric current through an integrated system and indicate that electricity will take the way of least resistance rather than the geographically shortest route.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The problem is especially acute for landlocked countries such as Malawi, Rwanda and Uganda, where transport costs can make up 50-75 per cent of the retail price of goods. For instance, shipping a car from China to Tanzania on the Indian Ocean coast costs US$ 4,000, but getting it from there to nearby Uganda can cost another US$ 5,000 (The Economist, 2013a). It is also what happens at the border.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The policy relevance of the virtual water metaphor will be greater where scarcity values (opportunity costs) are substantial. Using the virtual water metaphor in this context has enhanced the discussion of the relationship between water resources and food security. However, the policy relevance of virtual water is limited in some situations, and the policy recommendations that arise in discussions of virtual water often are not consistent with maximizing the value of limited resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While preventing these diseases through social and public health interventions must be a major focus, it is inevitable that more people will suffer from these types of health problems. Compounding the challenge is the fact that they often occur in combination, adding to clinical complexity. These health problems are most effectively and efficiently detected and managed in primary and ambulatory care (see Box 1.1 for a definition). This setting is now the most common place for people to receive health care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Encouraging signs can be seen, however, in the Hjarnkoll anti-stigma initiative, as a study found that improvements have been measured between 2009 and 2011 (for example, opinions have improved vis-a-vis the public view of having a person with a mental illness as a neighbour, and one for every two people initially expressing disfavour have changed their opinion). The number of psychiatric beds (per 100 000 population) has been cut in half during the past two decades, decreasing from 0.95 in 1995 to 0.48 in 2010. Increased funding for outpatient services can assist in explaining this decline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Issuing an infringement notice or prosecuting an impaired driver should not be regarded as punishing the citizen but protecting the community. It is important for police officers to understand the risks associated with speeding - the impact of low end speeding and the obvious risks of high end speeding - so they can actively enforce speed limits. Understanding when and where crash risk is occurring allows officers to target areas of greatest risk and maximise impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Independent assessments and reviews of terms and projects, and bestowing contracts based on quality and expertise rather than lowest cost, can go a long way. Significantly, these arrangements rest on distinctive individual circumstances, with some projects easier to finance and implement, and less politically and socially challenging, than others. It has transformed the physical mobility needs of numerous SMEs to interact with their customers. It offers new ways for businesses to connect across the supply chain, from the manner in which they communicate and interact to the strategies they deploy to move goods and services around the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Available from www.escr-net.org/usr_doc/Primer_WESCR_English_revl .pdf (accessed 27 November 2013). Today, women represent 70 per cent of the 1.2 billion people living in poverty worldwide. A positive aspect of this is that these responsibilities provide women with an opportunity to make decisions regarding the running of the household and the cultivation of land which they would not normally have.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It suggests that improvements in the teaching of literacy and numeracy in schools and in programmes for adults with poor literacy and numeracy skills and limited familiarity with information and communication technologies may provide considerable economic returns for both individuals and society. Previous chapters of this report have examined the level and distribution of these skills among countries and different groups in the population as well as the relationship between proficiency and factors that are thought to help develop and maintain skills proficiency. This chapter examines the relationships between proficiency and the following aspects of individual and social well-being: participation in the labour market, employment, earnings, health, participation in associative or volunteer activities, and the sense of influence on the political process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The production, refinement, transportation and storage of oil are also sources of methane emissions, as is incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. No combustion process is perfectly efficient, so when fossil fuels are used to generate electricity, heat or power vehicles, they all contribute as sources of methane emissions. Many developing countries have large untapped fossil fuel resources that they intend to use to develop their respective economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The main parameters are here the magnitude of investments (size of schemes, etc.) Conversely, Norway and Iceland are the countries least committed to the agenda. It appears that the countries have different focus. Includes cooperation that has longterm perspectives focusing on developing new technologies or applying new research or technology in concrete areas. “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)