albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In addition, Gini indices of earnings inequality for different population subgroups (from full-time employee, to the entire working age population, assigning zero income to the inactive and the unemployed) are highly correlated (Koske, Fournier and Wanner, 2012), although the reference population can make a difference in some countries, particularly those with a higher incidence of part-time workers.6 The information collected in PIAAC refers to gross (pre-tax) earnings. This can potentially bias the cross-country comparison of wage dispersion, to the extent that different countries differ in the degree of progressivity of their tax system. Fournier and Koske (2012) work with eight different household survey data, the largest of which (the EU-SILC) contains data on 21 EU member countries. Indeed, the use of pre-tax earnings has the advantage of capturing inequality in how the market rewards certain characteristics, before the mediating effect of the tax system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
B. Fulton, Presentation on MSE Tools, November 12,2008). More specifically, these flow charts are characterized as continuous loops with no identifiable beginning or end. This type of specification highlights the continual flow and evaluation of new information that can be used to modify management plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
They also introduce international price risk, even if that risk is lower than the price risk in a protected domestic market. In each case, the most effective way of dealing with these downsides is likely to be through non-trade instruments: targeted social payments to protect against losses, support to farmers in developing risk management tools, and broader investments in productivity to improve incomes and access, and ensure that households are better equipped to cope with adverse shocks. The optimal way of managing these risks is through joint commitments to desist from beggar-thy-neighbour trade restrictions, on both the export side and the import side.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Although UNODC shows a general decline in victimization related crimes (rape, robbery and burglary) across the world between 1995-2009, respondents in African countries experienced higher victimization rates than respondents in a sample of developed countries. A 2014 survey conducted by European Union Fundamental Rights Agency (AFR, 2014) suggested that more than half of women in the EU have experienced sexual harassment in their lifetime and every fifth woman has been sexually harassed in the preceding 12 months. More than half of women in EU have experienced sexual harassment in their lifetime. In Africa, burglary is the most prevalent form of crime followed by assault.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Invertir en juventud en America Latina y el Caribe: un imperativo de derechos e inclusion, Santiago. University of Notre Dame Press. Temporality and Biographies in the New Century, London, Sage. Jovenes, territorios culturales y nuevas sensibilidades, H. Cubides, M.C. Laverde and C. Valderrama (eds.),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They do not charge fees, and can be funded by any level of government (federal, state or municipal). Their length varies depending on the course (with a minimum of 160 hours). Professional qualification courses prepare individuals for the world of work and can be offered at any level of the educational system and do not necessarily require any other educational participation/attainment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
And shortcomings in the quality of care result in failures to diagnose and treat pregnancy-related complications. Following the 1994 genocide, it was among the poorest countries in the world, its health system lay in ruins and maternal mortality rates were well above the regional average. Yet, as shown in Figure 3.8, Rwanda has reduced the number of maternal deaths faster than most other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, from 1,400 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 310 in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Global business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce transactions exceeded US$15 trillion in 2013, while global business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce was estimated to be US$1.2 trillion in the sameyear. From 2012 to 2014.87 members notified anti-dumping measures on energy products or inputs (Espa. S.E. (2015) 'Energy subsidies from a trade and climate perspective'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The comparable figure is much lower (12%) for those living with a standard worker (i.e. mixed households) (second bar in Figure 4.14). Similar patterns are also found for non-standard workers in other low-earnings quintiles, that is, the chances of remaining in the second/third quintile (or falling below) are higher for those in NSW households than those in mixed households. This suggests that the income inequality impact of non-standard employment, if any, happens mainly through the increase in NSW households, not through the growth in mixed households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Strong links with surface water. The basis of the cooperation is the 1992 Agreement between the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan on the joint use and protection of transboundary waters. Issues of transboundary significance are discussed in the Kazakh-Russian joint commission, and monitoring data is shared in the intergovernmental working group on allocation of flow of the Bolshoy Uzen/Karaozen and Malyi Uzen/Saryozen. The land area requiring irrigation largely depends on the actual availability of river water (depending on the hydro-meteorological conditions), and ranges from some 1,960 ha in wet years to 45,980 ha in dry years. The transboundary Pre-Caspian aquifer (No. Three reservoirs in Kazakhstan are the Sarshyganak (46.85 x 106 m3), the Ajdarchansk (52.3 x 106 m3) and the Rybnyj Sakryl (97 x 106 m3) reservoirs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Collaboration on innovation, with any type of partner, is important in manufacturing as well as in services, notwithstanding some differences among countries. Industries such as chemicals, pharmaceuticals and information and communication technology (ICT) typically have higher levels of cooperation. In all countries except the United Kingdom, manufacturing firms co-operate more on innovation than service firms (OECD, 2009a, p. 57). In the majority of countries, collaboration with foreign partners is at least as important as domestic co-operation (Figure 2.8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This deficit is particularly acute in rural areas, where a large proportion of the inhabitants have to travel a long distance to reach a road or railway. Transport infrastructure and services play a critical role in reducing rural poverty, in addition to facilitating access to schools, medical clinics, hospitals, cultural and religious institutions, and other facilities. Thus, transport infrastructure and services in rural areas have a major impact on food prices and on food security.2 They also provide physical access to markets and employment while opening up previously closed markets to competition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In low-income economies, like Lao PDR and Pakistan, about two-thirds of employed women work in agriculture, but there is some shift from the agricultural to the service sector (ILO, 2012a). For example, in Cambodia, the number of women in agriculture decreased from 83% to 57% in 13 years (1998-2011) and increased from 13% to 26% in the services sector over the same period. At least 80% of women in East Asia [Japan, Korea, Hong Kong (China) and Macau (China)] are engaged in the services sector. On average this is 83% for women in OECD countries (OECD, 2012a). Within the services sector, retail trade and hospitality are most popular for women in OECD countries, followed by health and social work. A high proportion of men and women who work in the informal sector in developing countries tend to be self-employed (OECD, 2012a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Vertical budget allocations operate, while monitoring systems are part of the overall initiative’s framework. A guidance manual on child-friendly approaches for quality primary education has been made available to participating schools. In general, the MoE recommends that there must be a strong focus on capacity development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Furthermore, extractive developments can have numerous negative social impacts, including corruption, displacement, human rights violations, significant inflows of migrant workers, disruptions to traditional livelihoods, and increased social problems and crime. These can be further compounded by environmental impacts, ranging from lost access to livelihood resources, to resource damage and degradation, to contamination of land, air, and water. Even where the extractive sector has well-developed social and environmental assessment and management procedures, they are frequently not applied or are poorly enforced. In some cases, statutory land rights do not cover sub-surface resources or are revoked through an act of expropriation undera justification of eminent domain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Additionally the cost of evaluating these risks is too onerous for most financial asset buyers. Consequently there is a very small pool of private capital available to invest in this form of energy infrastructure asset. Such projects must generally be financed entirely with equity which is a challenge since the current venture capital and private equity markets are unsuited for high-capital project investing (Firelake Capital, 2012). This is defined as the risk that the system being installed does not work as specified. For existing electric utilities, this risk is mitigated by a hundred years of experience building power plants, and by performance guarantees issued by engineering and construction firms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Public investment was mainly directed toward physical, and in particular road, infrastructure (Aralicaand Redzepagic, 2012). The scientific community, dominated by established interests, adopted an “ivory tower” approach in its relations with society, this had both positive and negative effects on the evolution of the system (Svarc, 2006, p. 152). The positive effect, and an important achievement, was the preservation of the academic community and related institutions, competences, equipment and skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Measures are also needed to raise agricultural productivity. This will require the country to strengthen its capacity to assess the environmental impact of mining and hydroelectric projects. It is important that the largest contributions of growth stem from sectors that are relatively unskilled labour-intensive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For instance, thrombolysis for ischemic stroke is excluded, despite this running contrary to evidence on international best practice. In such cases hospitals would be left to cover the cost of medication from elsewhere in their budget. Some other procedures that might be expected to be systematically included, for example thoracic surgery and some neurological procedures, are also not included. In such examples there appears to be a gap between established national clinical guidelines, and the NHS tariff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
I am the first and only woman to ride a motorbike here. When a girl is married, she moves to the husband’s household, where it is customary for senior women to occupy the top position in a hierarchical family network, exercising authority and power over daughters-in-law, who are expected to bear the biggest burden in terms of workload within the household and be obedient. Decisions about the management of pregnancy and childbirth also usually come within the purview of the in-laws, especially mothers-in-law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It contains a range of contextual, capacity and student outcome information, including data such as student numbers, attendance rates, teaching and non-teaching staff numbers, average school performance in national assessments and school financial information. It contains a set of quality data that teachers, schools, parents and the wider community can use, along with other information, to help ensure that every child in every classroom receives a high-quality education. This is the first time that the broader Australian community has had access to this data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In many cases, it is better to procure the food locally but to target the distribution to those who are already priced out of the market. This should not affect prices when food-for-education programmes offer a greater variety of food as well as non-staple cereals such as wheat. In Bangladesh, for instance, biscuits provided on the school feeding programme opened a new market opportunity for local wheat growers. Around half of the food goes to Africa, but around one-third goes to countries in Asia and the Pacific.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This also covers 20 per cent of the global EEZs and 25 per cent of the world’s coral reefs (Burke et al. These figures contrast markedly with the small combined land mass of only half a million square kilometres. The nine Commonwealth Pacific small states (Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu)4 have the lion’s share of land resources (95%), coastline (72%), area accessible to inshore fisheries (70%) and coral reefs (60%) but only 40 per cent of the region’s EEZ.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The number of women for every 100 men in poorest households is used to assess women's greater risk of poverty. In addition, the proportion of female-only households among the poorest households assesses whether female-only households (households with no male adults) are over-represented among the poorest 20 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Land rights are therefore an important issue in Viet Nam. From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s farming was collectivised to prevent the reappearance of rural inequalities and class division, which had plagued Viet Nam since colonisation. Efforts were made to redistribute land from large land-owners and colonials to tenants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, without any international agreement that will lock in existing reforms, and continue the trend to lower levels of protection, there remains a risk that if price trends were to reverse, there could be a shift back tow'ards protectionism. Bouet and Laborde (2009) suggest that without an agreement, a shift towards protectionism by countries increasing tariffs to bound rates would be costly in both trade and welfare terms. These costs could be significantly mitigated through the signing of an agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This reflects the contribution that the UN expects road injury prevention to make towards a paradigm shift in favour of healthy lifestyles and sustainable urban development. The SDGs are universal in scope, and therefore apply to all UN Member States. The highly ambitious target for reductions in both road crash fatalities and injuries poses a significant challenge to all governments to reinvigorate their national road safety policies and plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
On average across OECD countries, the odds ratio of girls expecting to work in a science-related career increases by about 10% per one-unit increase in the index of enquiry-based teaching. By contrast, boys appear to benefit when their science teachers provide them with greater support. Providing more feedback to students in science lessons appears as the second most promising teaching approach, followed by adaptive teaching and teacher-directed practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the first step, existing processes would remain the same, but the underlying data is captured by mapping the hashes on a blockchain rather than a centralised database. This way, all established processes and procedures stay in place while the benefits of blockchain around transparency and immutability still create value. Through application programming interfaces (APIs), companies are empowered to have full insight into all of their transactions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Over the same period, the participation of the female citizen population in the total citizen workforce also rose (United Nations, 2008: 35). The share of women nationals in the labour force is higher in Dubai and Abu Dhabi than in the other Emirates.1 The increased participation of Emirati women in the labour force can be partially attributed to their improved educational opportunities and achievements. For nationals, education is free and compulsory until age 18.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For instance, this is often claimed to be the case for many European OECD countries (Parry and Small, 2005, Ley and Boccardo, 2010). For several OECD countries, excise taxation is considered exceeding the externalities related to petrol, but underpricing diesel (Egert, 2012). In addition, a large share of environmentally-related revenues comes from motor vehicle taxes (over 20% on average).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A recently published report about the future skill needs for 27 European countries presents medium-term forecasts for skills in the European economic bloc as a whole and in each individual country within the bloc for 2015 (CEDEFOP, 2008). Where forecasting models have been evaluated, results show that forecasts can provide useful indications on overall labour market trends, but at the level of specific occupations projections are often unreliable (Neugart and Schomann, 2002, Sexton, 2002, Barnow, 2002, Richardson and Tan, 2007). Many employers find it hard to predict their future requirement for recruits. Empirical evidence shows that students also find it hard to predict which kinds of jobs are going to be in demand in the future (Borghans, Grip, and Heijke, 1996). In these areas forecasts of demand are linked to relatively stable demographic trends, and the state is often the dominant employer. Even in these areas, increasingly, international migration complicates the relation between national training efforts and labour supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
New Zealand and Ireland are the only OECD countries where public pensions have flat and universal payments, without second-tier schemes. As a result, they have the most progressive pension system (Figure 5). Other countries with highly progressive pension systems are Canada, the United Kingdom, Israel, Korea and the Czech Republic. Low-income earners tend to die at a younger age than high-income earners (e.g. Waldrom, 2007, Christia, 2007, Marmot and Shipley, 1996). Pension income is in general taxed at lower rates than work-related income because: i) the personal income tax is progressive and gross replacement rates are generally below 100%, ii) pensioners are often exempt from certain types of social security contributions or pay them at a reduced rate. Still, in 15 out of the 34 countries, taxes and social security contributions enhance the progressivity of pensions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The findings show that students in Albania, Algeria, Canada, Denmark, the Dominican Republic, Georgia, Indonesia, Jordan, Kosovo, Lebanon, Mexico, Moldova, Peru, Portugal, Qatar, the Russian Federation (hereafter “Russia”), Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States experience EBST more frequently. All of these countries have an average on the index which is more than 0.25 of a standard deviation higher than the OECD average. In contrast, Austria, Beijing-Shanghai-Jiangsu-Guangdong (China) (hereafter “B-S-J-G [China]”), Finland, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Spain and Chinese Taipei are among the countries with limited reliance on EBST. In fact, in 27 countries EBST is more frequently experienced by students in disadvantaged schools (i.e. schools in the bottom 25% of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status [ESCS]) compared with students in the top quarter of ESCS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While climate change increases the risk of too much, too little and too polluted water, urban growth represents a threat for the sustainable use of the resource, and economic crises push towards new business models to do more with less. Global w'ater demand rose by more than double the rate of population growth in the last century (OECD, 2005). An important component of water demand in cities is domestic consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While the UN introduced the paradigm of ‘human security’ in the 1990s, the post 9/11-legislation has returned to the paradigm of national security, in the name of ‘homeland’ security. The paper explores the ramifications of this reorientation in view of new and emerging security and surveillance technologies. It argues that a culture of surveillance has emerged that contradicts the vision and values of the human security concept. Regarding the intersection of political and private security and surveillance technologies, the ubiquity and entanglement of surveillance technologies with everyday life goes far beyond the purpose of security. Therefore, the paper argues for a reorientation that is backed by moral and political theory, and a (new) social contract that is based on the concept of social freedom, deliberative democracy, and a human rights-oriented concept of justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this competitive labour market, employers seek to attract not just good employees but the very best. That helps explain why there can be a wide pay gap between those seen as being at the very top of their game and those just behind. Technology also tends to serve as a complement for high-skilled workers, making them potentially even more valuable - think of financial traders who can carry out transactions worth billions of dollars at the touch of a button. But there are limits to how much of the rise of the 1% can be explained by technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
National authorities have the power to allow private activities in areas under the jurisdiction of the coastal state, the International Seabed Authority can license activities in the area, but in international waters, private activities have much fewer controls. Common property regimes are even scarcer than on land given the mobile nature of many marine resources, which makes the exclusion of non-authorised users extremely difficult. Our sparse presence in the sea also makes it much more difficult, and costly, to exercise adequate law enforcement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
They, nevertheless, face administrative constraints and their R&D base is narrower than those of OECD countries. In terms of research quality, Malaysian universities underperform with regard to main competitors in Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong. The government has been concerned not only with FDI investment, the acceleration of technology commercialisation and boosting business spending on R&D, but also with the need to increase local innovation capabilities and it has concentrated its interventions on the elaboration of R&D tax incentives and the encouragement of strategic investment. Numerous schemes have been launched but so far the volume of grants channelled to university research has remained modest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)