albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This chapter illustrates specific strategies for the implementation of the Rome Statute in Africa. It analyses in an exemplary way the implementation methods by South Africa and Mauritius. In this context, the case of Southern Africa Litigation Centre and others v. National Director of Public Prosecutions and others that invoked claims of universal jurisdiction is dealt with in depth. In addition, the author depicts other forms of incorporation of international criminal law legislation in countries such as Kenya, Senegal and Uganda. Furthermore, this contribution elucidates the strategy according to the “Windhoek Plan of Action on the ICC Ratification and Implementation in SADC” from 2001, where it was agreed on giving priority to the drafting of implementing legislation of the Rome Statute in order to cooperate effectively with the International Criminal Court and give effect to the principle of complementarity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Country examples: Australia, Scotland (Younq, 2005). May be easier to implement, allow for piloting and staqed development (Coles, 2006). First, the implementation of national qualifications frameworks is often associated with administrative difficulties, such as a proliferation of bodies dealing with quality assurance, standard setting and assessment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It defines adaptation as the outcome of reduced exposure and vulnerability to climate risk and increasing resilience to the potential adverse impacts of climate extremes. The objective of a monitoring and evaluation framework for adaptation is therefore to assess if countries over time are able to reduce the exposure and vulnerability of people and infrastructure to natural climate variability and anthropogenic climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York. This chapter explores the main objectives and challenges for monitoring and evaluating adaptation at the national level. Some of the challenges discussed equally apply to adaptation projects and programmes. The chapter also briefly reviews some theoretical approaches to monitoring and evaluating adaptation and compares these with the approaches currently being designed and implemented by countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Families with a woman head of household working outside the home are termed single-person households of economically active adults (Arriagada, 2007). Even though several countries in the region have progressed with social protection policies designed to meet this demand, the future scenario is complicated by the higher cost of providing older adults with social protection for an ever greater number of years as life expectancy increases and by greater diversity, particularly in the areas of health, care and recreation. It is therefore vital to take advantage of this window of opportunity opened by the demographic dividend to establish adequate protection provision in the coming decades (see box IV.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Presidents since Woodrow Wilson have lectured about the need for democracy promotion, but the historical record is clear: Regardless of party, the rhetoric has not been matched with deeds. President George W. Bush likewise articulated a Freedom Agenda of human liberty and democratic institutions. This essay elucidates the moral claims that Bush made in his Freedom Agenda. It considers whether his administration followed through with concrete action. The discussion concludes that the Freedom Agenda was an integral part of the Bush administration's foreign policy, and that it was funded and institutionalized by Congress in the Advance Democracy Act (2007) and National Security Presidential Directive 58 (NSPD-58) largely because of his presidential focus and leadership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Myanmar is one of the main destinations for trafficked preparations containing ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, and precursor chemicals seized in Myanmar mainly originated in nearby countries, primarily China, India and, to a lesser degree, Thailand. To circumvent national legislative controls on precursor chemicals, more non-scheduled precursor chemicals and/or pre-precursors are being used. In 2014, more than half of the crystalline methamphetamine in the country was synthesized using 2-bromopropiophenone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The “comparative quality” of common law and civil law has become an issue of policy, since La Porta, Lopes-de-Silanes, Shleifer and Vishny (LLSV) developed their “legal origins theory” (LOT) asserting that common law countries enjoy better governance and economic performance than civil law countries. Influencing the methodology of the “Doing Business” Reports of the World Bank and the country analyses of rating agencies, LOT affects the creditworthiness of transforming and developing countries and hence casts doubt on assistance to legal reforms in these countries from civil law sources. This introductory chapter proposes a map of the methodological issues that are raised in terms of theory and policy. Reviewing LOT’s methodology requires meeting LLSV in the interdisciplinary arena of political theory, sociology and economics, which they have chosen, while extending it to the disciplines of institutional economics, comparative law, legal history and philosophy of science, which they have neglected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, the present analysis offers in-depth findings that can shed light upon implementation strategies that might be of broad interest across the country and indeed, outside of Norway. Though based upon self-reports (interviews) and document analysis (selected by the government), this study nonetheless involved 98 participants from 56 interviews. It is a therefore a substantial body of data that can be used for future secondary' analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is the highest figure in TALIS, where the average is just 25.8% (OECD, 2014). Chilean teachers currently decide with full autonomy whether they want to participate in professional development, a practice that is less common among OECD countries (OECD, 2014). This figure is higher than in any other TALIS country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Social protection and agriculture can also be joined together in integrated programmes, such as Bangladesh's BRAC graduation model, which combines a package of one-time productive assets, cash or food support, savings, training, health care and social integration. Interventions can also be sequenced or layered, as households gradually improve their well-being, they can receive a broader menu of complementary agricultural interventions to assist farmers in expanding their agricultural production and income generation. Since linkages between agriculture and social protection occur at different levels (i.e. household and local community/regional economy), there are significant opportunities to exploit interactions among instruments, even when they are not delivered in the same locations or target the same beneficiaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
"Minimalist" judicial opinions have increasingly characterized the output of the Supreme Court, and a body of scholarship has developed defending judicial minimalism as a salutary means of constraining courts and improving their relationship with the political branches. Focusing on the initial years of the Roberts Court, I question the democratic value of judicial minimalism. In practice, judicial minimalism frequently does not represent greater deference to the political branches, and in some cases undermines the transparency democratic values demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Available data for Latvia suggest that underreporting of working hours is indeed significant. For instance, while LFS data show that less than 7% of workers (aged 15 and above) report working part-time (less than 30 hours), data provided by revenue authorities show that reported earnings are less than the full-time minimum-wage for 20.3% of employees (data from the State Revenue Service for February 2015). Macro-economic trends may have contributed to this decline, but a number of welcome policy initiatives have played a role as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Global investment in energy end-use technologies was more than double the supply-side investments, and reached an estimated $1.7 trillion in 2005, of which almost $1.2 trillion was for road vehicles (Griibler and others, forthcoming). Other private sector investments in energy technology include investment by angel investors, companies’ internal investments, debt instruments, project finance, mergers and acquisitions, and investments in publicly listed energy technology firms. Energy-related venture capital investments boomed in EU and North America in recent years, reaching $15.5 billion, or 10 per cent of all private investments in energy technology diffusion in 2008 (International Energy Agency, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Scholars studying Sino-Russian relations point at the informal division of labour between Russia and China in global governance. Russia remains active in international security governance, whereas China has increased the level of its participation in areas of economic, financial and environmental governance. These differences are ascribed to the different potential of both states as well as their related varied scope of interests in a well-functioning global governance system. However, this division of labour has evolved for the past couple of years. Beijing increased its engagement with international security governance, while Moscow lost some of its (already limited) interest in such areas as environmental or economic governance. This chapter aims at exploring this shift and its implications. Rather than analysing Sino-Russian relations in distinct areas of global governance, it proposes a different approach and identifies three patterns of interactions between the two countries: direct cooperation, parallel activities and contradictory/divergent activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In recent years, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states have been in-creasingly willing to ratify United Nations human rights instruments. This article examines the underlying rationales for these ratifications and the limited range and drivers of subsequent domestic reforms post ratification. Drawing on both a quantitative analysis of engagement with the UN treaty bodies and Charter-based mechanisms in over 120 UN reports and qualitative interviews with over sixty-five government officials, members of civil society, National Human Rights Institutions, lawyers, and judges from all six states, this article argues that in the GCC states, UN human rights treaty ratification results from a desire to increase standing in the international community. Treaty ratification has limited effects driven by international socialization and cautious leadership preferences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The studies also found that rural poverty would be cut much more than urban poverty in all cases, whether from reform at home or abroad, and whether or not it included non-farm goods. However, it cannot be guaranteed that every developing country would be better off unless there is a strong economic growth dividend from reform (not captured in the comparative static modelling used in the present study). Inequality within the rural or the urban household grouping would not alter much following full trade reform, suggesting that the predominant impact of trade reform would be to reduce urban-rural inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This paper examines whether the Court Jurisdiction and Proceedings Transfer Act has readied Canada to adopt the 2005 Hague Choice of Court Convention. Reviewing the Convention as well as previous and current law and cases on forum selection clauses in common law Canada, including the very recent Supreme Court decision in Douez v Facebook, yields two conclusions. First, there are existing interpretive challenges flowing from gaps in the CJPTA with respect to jurisdictional clauses that need to be addressed. Second, the principles governing forum selection clauses in Canada are largely consistent with those put forward in the Hague Convention and should not be perceived as obstacles to its adoption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In its general recommendation No. The Committee against Torture, which monitors the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, also regularly addresses issues of violence against women and girls. These include the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the Council of Europe and the European Court of Human Rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The State of Chihuahua has the highest incidence of VAW for this particular group, at 80%, followed by Estado de Mexico, at 78% (INEGI, 2015). One major factor behind underreporting is mistrust in the criminal justice system. It is inherently difficult to estimate rates of violence and rates of underreporting, but the National Survey of Victimization and Perceptions of Public Security (INEGI ENVIPE, 2015) offers a baseline. Fewer than 10% of all kidnappings, sexual harassment, sexual assaults, attempted rapes, and rapes8 were reported to authorities in 2014 (ibid.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The information gathered in these surveys indicates that the growth rates of the female labour supply are inversely related to the growth rates for the number of hours devoted to domestic labour, on average. The latter also exhibit patterns similar to those observed for economic growth. Economic openness, on the other hand, correlates positively with growth in the case of the lagged variable (1.8%), reflecting these economies' export orientation. The external crisis variable used for the first two quarters of 2003 in Argentina and Uruguay and from the second quarter of 2009 onward for all the countries had a negative effect equivalent to about 3% on GDP growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These estimates of the effect of poverty reduction on lone parents are, however, based on actual receipt. As these are low the overall effect on child poverty also tends to be low, although for those in receipt of maintenance they are important for the avoidance of poverty. In addition, those that receive maintenance are more likely to have been previously married, and these parents are therefore also more likely to have older children and be in employment. While maintenance may be important to the incomes of these women, those who are not in receipt of maintenance are even more likely to be poor. While behaviour and health differences also follow income gradients, Figure 2.9 illustrates the strong relationship between children’s development and income in the United Kingdom during middle childhood and shows that there are large gaps in outcomes by income. Many of these differences have already emerged by the time children enter school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The portion of sales revenue that comes to the CTHRC supports the ongoing maintenance, administration and updating of emerit programmes. Changes to retail pricing, the split in revenue share with our partners and a streamlined administration of the programme has positioned the programme to be self-sustainable in the medium term and further strategies (including increasing the reach of the programme) are constantly being evaluated. These figures remain fairly consistent from year-to-year, but record increases when the programme is utilised as part of a broader education or employment initiative. The programme has evolved to a point where it has a rich inventory of training and certification products, but its distribution, sales, reach and industry impact are relatively static. The seasonality, transient dynamic and sheer size of the sector have kept the cumulative industry penetration rate around 1%. However, recent industry consultations indicated that those who use emerit consider it an excellent resource, and non-users, based on perceptions of the programme, see the value it brings to the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In this study, productivity is measured by means of the number of sick days (per month or per year depending on countiy). This information is mainly available in health and retirement surveys focusing on senior people. In this study, early retirement refers to the situation when people retire before the national legal retirement age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Furthermore, companies involved in green initiatives are seen to gain in terms of competitiveness, while the anticipated financial benefits will help to boost the local economy and employment. The country's natural resources stand to benefit greatly, of course, which is a significant factor as they seem to be rather scarce in specific sectors. Leading healthier lives will also mean a rise in the life expectancy indicator, and thus a reduction in the cost of health care for the state. There is also no guarantee, since technology is changing at a remarkably fast pace nowadays, that new technological breakthroughs in a few years' time will not supersede today's solutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The fragility of economic growth and the ensuing social crisis in the region pointed to the need for a two-pronged strategy of inclusiveness and comprehensiveness as far as social protection systems were concerned. The new government made an election promise to start a ‘30 Baht’ universal health-care scheme, which it implemented on gaining power. In spite of concerns that public expenditure on health would become unsustainable, the scheme has proved to be a success both politically and fiscally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The strategy also proposes a National MEAs Coordination Committee (MEAs-NCC), with representation from all MEA working groups of all NFPs, including representatives from the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Development Planning and the NGOs. Bonafide members of this Committee are officers at the level of Directors in their respective institutions. The role of this committee includes overseeing the coordination of efforts by each MEA’s focal department and supporting institutions, mobilizing resources for implementation, and providing technical support to NFPs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Trends in the transport and energy sectors are of concern, particularly as the “motorisation rate” is among the highest in the OECD, and taking account of sales of fuel to nonresidents, Luxembourg’s economy is the most carbon-intensive in the OECD in per capita terms. The country’s wealth also generates pressures from household consumption and other economic activities. The 1999 National Plan for Sustainable Development, mostly implemented by the Ministry of the Environment, is to be replaced by a new plan for which a draft, approved by the government in 2009, has yet to be adopted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Norway, on the other hand, provides grants to immigrant organisations and other NGOs to strengthen the local participation of immigrants and help them find their place in social networks. Incentives can take several forms, but largely focus on fine-tuning the mix of tax and benefits in a way that favours activity over inactivity. One example, again from Norway, involves transitional into-work benefits that combine benefits and training with work for an initial length of time. As part of a broader activation strategy, the Netherlands have combined work and disability benefit programmes in an attempt to bring down barriers to retraining and employment. This is particularly true for low-educated women with several children in countries where public childcare is expensive, as childcare costs accumulate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
AbstractIn China, political control is centralized and economic management is decentralized. This gives rise to a serious principal–agent problem, in which the agents are often better informed than the principal. China also has a semi-marketized economy involving much state intervention. This intervention serves both a political and an economic function. It enables the Communist Party to remain in political command and generates formidable patronage resources. It also provides the policy instruments, including incentive structures for officialdom, to maintain a “developmental state.” The combination of economic decentralization and a semi-marketized economy creates a problem of weak accountability and a breeding ground for rent-seeking and corruption. For a quarter of a century China's leadership gave overwhelming priority to the objective of achieving rapid economic growth. This policy was viewed as providing political legitimacy and securing the best protection against social instability. It is argued t...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The second manual, entitled Handbook for Producing National Statistical Reports on Women and Men, was published by the United Nations, in 1997. This manual provided guidance in producing gender-focused analytical publications and integrated data analysis and data presentation for a series of subject-matter topics related to gender. After Beijing, a great deal of the work on gender statistics developed by global and regional agencies has focused on producing gender indicators, perhaps for two reasons. First, there has been a need to monitor, at the global and regional levels, countries’ progress in achieving gender equality goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It has been reported that wastewater and biosolids contain 10 times the energy needed for treatment. '5The biogas produced from anaerobic digestion has been used to generate energy on-site, as well as for combined heat and power (CHP) production. However, growing this industry using traditional energy-intensive technologies can pose a big risk to water and food security, and have a considerable negative effect on the environment. Direct solar energy-operated desalination is not an economically viable solution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
At the same time, if higher wages induce higher female labour force participation, the consequent time squeeze on human capacities production puts this group in the same regime as the liberal AIEs: exploitation. In this context, more gender equality threatens growth partly because of persistent inequalities in the gender distribution of social reproduction. Stronger supports for women doing paid work will weaken these causal links, but they must be accompanied by changes on the demand side to avoid merely shifting from an exploitation to a wage squeeze regime. A decline in commodity prices will induce depreciation of the exchange rate as global buyers need less of a country's currency to purchase its exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article conceptualizes the emergence and stabilization of blogging as a process of articulation, that is, the establishment of a non-necessary link between a group of internet users, websites, metaphors, and practices of content creation. Data for this study come from a mixed-methods research design. Drawing on an interdisciplinary framework that combines constructionist sociology of technology, communication and media research, and cultural studies, this article analyzes three important dynamics of articulation that shaped the rise of blogging from 1997 to 1999: the constitution of patterns of similarity between certain websites, the adoption of the term ‘weblog’ to identify this group of websites and their associated metaphors and content creation practices, and the coalescence of their creators into a self-defined community of users. This case affords significant opportunities for thinking about the contemporary appropriation of blogs and the dynamics of stabilization and use of new media.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)