albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Eritrea went through a constitutional process from 1995 to 1997, which resulted in a text that provides for the rule of law, democratic institutions and human rights. The text was ratified by the National Assembly, but never implemented. The United Nations, the USA and the EU support the 1997 Constitution. They have called on Eritrea to “(i)mplement (it) fully and without further delay”. This recommendation is challenged here. Eritrea is multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-lingual. The 1997 Constitution creates a highly centralized Stalinist structure that experience teaches does not work in deeply diverse democracies. Eritrea requires a power sharing constitution, fabricated in a proper negotiated process. Implementing the 1997 Constitution would likely bring Eritrea’s two large nationalities into conflict with its eight smaller nationalities with high risk for violent civil strife that could spill over into neighbouring countries. This is concerning for geopolitics and would be devastating for human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Meeting water governance challenges calls for a mix of well-integrated policy measures. This can be difficult to achieve in a context of fragmented responsibilities among various public actors as decisions are made at different territorial levels (international, national, regional, municipal, basin, etc.). Greater policy coherence is called for, both horizontally and vertically, among different institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The likelihood that cases of partner or non-partner violence will result in a conviction is just 1 to 5 per cent in all studied countries, except for Poland, which had a 10 per cent conviction rate. In many jurisdictions, criminal justice professionals at the various stages of the criminal justice system act as gatekeepers, not allowing what they consider as weak cases to enter the next level. However, in some countries, this gatekeeper role might be restricted by laws or policies, for example, mandatory or pro-arrest prosecution policies in cases involving violence against women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
From the forest sector, data from Honduras show that it was 75% cheaper to produce and transport illegal wood than legal wood (Wells et al, 2007). One study estimated that illegal timber depresses global prices of timber by between 7% and 16%, costing US exporters at least USD 460 million a year (Seneca Creek Associates and Wood Resources International, 2004). Illegal harvesters are also able to free-ride on the efforts of those who are striving to manage a resource sustainably, for example, those fishing illegally from managed fisheries or in conservation areas, so increasing the costs for legitimate operators. Examples would be damage to equipment because of the use of poor-quality ODS counterfeit products, or the costs of remediation after the illegal dumping of waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This vulnerability is a function of both the magnitude of the outof-pocket expense in question and household spending capacity. The analysis of how these spending patterns are related to the various forms of financing is still relatively unexplored terrain. At any given moment, out-of-pocket health spending can plunge families into poverty, this reality is measured in the chapter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Optimal use of our Nordic strengths such as access to good quality water sources, highly developed fisheries sector and good national infrastructures should be taken into account in the prioritization of policys and measures. This adaptation is based on existing knowledge and on-going development processes (see e.g. EATiP at http://www.eatip.eu). However, before a large-scale use of new resources, progress in legislation, research and infrastructure is needed. Most potential new sources are by-products of agriculture and underutilized marine resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Studies carried out in developed countries have found that the care sector is distinguished from other sectors by certain specific characteristics: it is highly feminized, it offers limited access to social protection, its workforce has a high proportion of migrants, turnover is high, and pay is low. These factors together create conditions that foster precariousness, discrimination and inequality. Past research has covered related topics, including a comparative study of domestic employment (ECLAC, 2007, Valenzuela and Moras, 2009, Blofield, 2012) as well as research on employment and wages in the education sector (Navarro, 2002, Liang, 2003, Vaillant and Rossel, 2006, Cerrutti, 2008, Mizala and Nopo, 2011) and the health sector (Malvarez and Castrillon, 2005, Rico and Marco, 2006, Pautassi, 2006). However, veiy few studies have taken a comprehensive comparative look at paid care work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In return, this would increase the availability of uranium by an estimated factor of 30. The NEA report Forty Years of Uranium Resources Production and Demand in Perspective - The Red Book Retrospective (NEA, 2006) points out that by 2020 secondary sources are expected to be depleted and that more exploration is required. This point of view is largely shared by the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) Task Force on Security of Supply in its Analysis of the Nuclear Fuel Availability at EU Level from a Security of Supply Perspective (2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the past, they were often conducted primarily by external consultants with limited familiarity with the country they were working in and who did not necessarily have a full awareness of the feasibility of different interventions. Moreover, they may not have had an incentive to follow up to ensure a prioritised integration of these constraints. As a result, effective solutions and a prioritised ranking of constraints to assess the feasibility of addressing these within the national political economy were frequently absent. Loans can be flexible to specific project needs and can provide a larger volume of funding, but they are more complex and can also lead to a potentially unsustainable debt burden.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As a result, in contrast to many other immigrant-receiving countries, Finland’s early immigration was dominated - alongside family unification - by humanitarian migration. Since the mid-1990’s, migrants from Russia and Estonia have made up the largest foreign-born group in Finland and continue to do so, in 2016, they accounted for 20%, and 13%, of the foreign-born population, respectively. Since 1994, migrants from Somalia have represented a fairly stable 3% of the foreign-born population of Finland, while the number of migrants arriving from Iraq and Afghanistan has been increasing. As a result, in 2015, migrants from Iraq overtook those from Somalia as Finland’s third largest group, accounting for 4% of the foreign-born population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, their exclusion would make the attainment of sustainable development much more challenging and require special measures to improve energy efficiencies and reduce demand. The implementation of a highly ambitious package of policies directly addressing the energy-poverty nexus has the potential to ensure access to modern energy of an additional 1.9 billion of people. The policy package would have to combine financing (including microfinancing), to cover the upfront costs of enabling access to modern energy and the purchase of appliances, with a 50 per cent fuel subsidy in relation to market prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In addition, it is common sense that the disclosure of a group of compounds comprises all of the group’s elements, even if not specifically mentioned. Countries may confirm the novelty of those specific elements that were not expressly mentioned in the prior art group of compounds. Instead of the novelty standard, it would be the inventive step requirement that would act as the principal floodgate against selection patents. The essential issue to examine would be the question of whether the improved properties of the species (as compared to the prior art genus) are beyond what a skilled chemist may expect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is therefore crucial to the reduction of poverty and inequality, the strengthening of human capabilities and the realization of human rights, the enjoyment of which has long been enshrined in international human rights treaties (see Box 3.1). For example, realizing the right to health requires not only accessible and affordable health services but also the availability of food, water and sanitation, clothing and housing, access to quality education, and protection from risk and contingencies such as maternity, illness or work-related accidents through adequate social security. The CESCR has also clarified that the realization of these rights depends on the accessibility, affordability, acceptability and quality of related social services as well as on the adequacy of transfer payments such as pensions, family allowances or unemployment benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As a result it is not possible to investigate the issue of gender gap in VC financing using these databases. Finally, these datasets mainly focus on the US market, and cross-country evidence on the importance of the phenomenon cannot be assessed. Crunchbase, a popular online platform, connects venture capitalists with seed stage start-ups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This research tradition has arisen from a specific set of historical, disciplinary and institutional conditions. The very emergence of 'documentation' is predicated upon a set of long-term processes in which humans have developed the capacity to use symbols and store knowledge such that it can be exchanged and inter-generationally transmitted.Consisting of an impressive list of contributors, the four volumes discuss the history, development and current debates alive in the field, such as the biographical turn in social science, the theoretical underpinnings to using human documents in social research and the epistemological, substantive and practical concerns with the process of analyzing data from human documentary sources.Comprehensive, illuminating and dynamic, this collection will have appeal across all social science disciplines, especially sociology, social psychology, criminology, politics and international relations, management and business studies, human geography, media and communication studies
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Descriptive comparative statistics on the raw association between child poverty and these factors are reported and discussed in the following sections. Large families with children have often higher dependency ratios (the ratio between those in the non-working age groups and those in the working age group). While information on household composition should be read in combination with the labour force participation of household members, data on the number of children living in the households provide some information on vulnerability to poverty for children living in large families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In this paper, the authors analyse current spending priorities of the Peacebuilding Fund (PBF)-funded security sector reform (SSR) programmes. They conclude that these spending priorities do not appear to support traditional components of SSR and underfund programmes needed for the development of local public administration and civil society. This is observed despite the published commitments of UN PBF funding priorities to include the strengthening of national institutions in the context of support to the wider security and justice sectors.1 The underfunding of civil society and local administration has been shown to undermine PBF's goals for the type of liberal democratic reform upon which peace-building, conflict management and conflict prevention rests. Focusing on the importance of accountability, the authors build on the scholarship of the rule of law literature to explore wider concerns associated with limited support to local public institutions and civil society. Drawing on empirical research on ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In a context of high and volatile resource prices and increasingly evident resource constraints, a resource-intensive growth pattern translates to an economy with higher exposure to risk, especially for the most vulnerable in society. Resource efficiency is increasingly an economic risk management strategy on both economic and social fronts. There are also policy failures, such as fiscal policies and market prices that do not reflect the true cost of resources or the pollution that resource use generates, as well as over-emphasis on resource-intensive export-led growth. An analysis of the factors that have contributed to resource-intensive growth also shows that technological advances have not led to efficiency improvements and are highly unlikely to mitigate future environmental pressures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This chapter reviews the evolving consensus in international human rights law, first supporting the liberalization of criminal abortion laws to improve access to care and now supporting their repeal or decriminalization as a human rights imperative to protect the health, equality, and dignity of people. This consensus is based on human rights standards or the authoritative interpretations of U.N. and regional human rights treaties in general comments and recommendations, individual communications and inquiry reports of treaty monitoring bodies, and in the thematic reports of special rapporteurs and working groups of the U.N. and regional human rights systems. This chapter explores the reach and influence of human rights standards, especially how high courts in many countries reference these standards to hold governments accountable for the reform and repeal of criminal abortion laws.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Meanwhile it should be mentioned that studies of consequences of recreational forest management in the most of regions of our countiy are carried out occasionally and using different methods and components of forest biogeocenosis. Complex forest recreational potential estimation including assessment taking into consideration forest distribution into forest zones and areas is missing. Each of these groups associated with certain types and forms of activity but at the same time these groups don't have insuperable borders since the most of social demands are interrelated and interdependent. Medical-biological functions provide for wide development of active kinds of recreational activity and also for diversity of activities as necessary condition of efficiency of measures for relaxation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As of 2014, at least 78 countries around the world had laws in place regulating workplace sexual harassment, including most OECD countries (World Bank, 2014). In 2017, Japan plans to expand guidelines on measures that management should take to curb sexual harassment in the workplace. Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Israel, Korea, Lithuania, Portugal and the Netherlands have all conducted, or are in the process of conducting, some form of awareness-raising or have distributed guidelines to workplaces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The “Pathways to Work” scheme, which is available to all claimants of incapacity benefit and has the aim of helping claimants return to work, was introduced in 2004 by the previous government, under the Labour Party. This scheme established teams of personal advisers who focused solely on incapacity benefit recipients, as well as mandatory monthly work-focused meetings, a voluntary choices project that included Condition Management Programmes (cognitive education programmes to help clients manage their conditions in a working environment) and financial incentives. By 2008, the programme, which was provided by a mixture of private and voluntary providers (60%) and Jobcentre Plus (40%), covered all of England.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The river plays an important role for industry, cities and agriculture, but climate variability and change have created difficulties in forecasting the available water resources across the basin. Decision makers started to realize that part of the challenge in forecasting at a basin scale was due to problems with reconciling spatial and temporal scales for different types of climatic and hydrological information. When developing integrated climate and hydrological forecasting models for the Neman River Basin, there has been a strong emphasis on data and modelling harmonization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is worth noting, however, that few countries guarantee full health care services for their undocumented foreigners. In Greece, coverage for unemployed people has historically been time limited with benefits reducing for some health care services after 12 months of unemployment. This has raised concerns about the large number of long-term unemployed who may no longer have access to a range of health care services in the wake of the economic crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Such ordinances are valid for a ten-year period. Compared to land-use plans, management ordinances have the advantage that they can be prepared more quickly and cheaply, but they do not create a legal basis for development. Amsterdam’s land price policy is updated by the annual land prices Letter of Land and Development City of Amsterdam and the Land Pricing Guide. The letter outlines macroeconomic trends and their policy implications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Data are also available disaggregated by sex of the head of household and type of household in Latin America and the Caribbean, and by type of household in Europe. In contrast, poverty data compiled for this report cover only a small number of countries in Africa and Asia and none of the countries in Oceania. The revision of the international poverty line and corresponding estimated poverty data reflects new data on PPPs compiled in the 2005 round of the International Comparison Program.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While common factors help determine labour market participation for both women and men, women often face a far more restrictive range of such factors compared with men. Household and social norms in the subregion assume that women take the vast majority of responsibility for domestic work and caregiving and are sometimes restricted from labour market participation altogether if household income levels are sufficiently high. Labour market segmentation and economic decision-making norms restrict the range of possible jobs in which women can participate. Low incomes and high informality in segmented occupations and economic activity create significant gender gaps in participation in premium-level formal employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Sources: OECD tax-benefit models (www.oecd.org/els/social/workincentives). In setting benefit amounts, policymakers need to consider not only poverty thresholds and the income position of low-wage workers, but also the levels of other, higher-tier benefit payments. Where unemployment benefit levels depend on the duration of unemployment, separate lines are shown for each category. Ratios between minimum-income and unemployment benefits can be quite high for longer-term unemployed, notably in countries operating both unemployment insurance and assistance benefits (see Table 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In particular, the recent changes in the permit issuing system have created considerable confusion among regulated entities and regulators alike. Currently, water resource management legislation contains numerous contradictory provisions, a fact which adversely impacts the status and quality of the water bodies. The 1996 Law on Environmental Protection provides for the establishment of environmental quality (including water quality) norms. It considered groundwater as part of mineral resources, regulated all aspects of groundwater use, and contained certain provisions on groundwater protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The distribution is more symmetric in Romania: fewer than one in ten children are not deprived in any dimensions (7%) or all six (3%), while about as many are deprived in one or two dimensions (34%) as in four or five (30%). The distribution peaks at three dimensions (26%). Thus, the vast majority (93%) of preschool-age children in Romania are deprived in at least one dimension, while one-third (33%) are deprived in at least four.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The situation of children in single parent families differs strongly from those of children in two-parent families, they experienced a substantial loss of market income that is particularly sharp (-19%) for families with the lowest incomes (Figure 3, Panel B). This decline is primarily due to the reduced employment participation among single parents: 24% of children in a single-parent family had a parent working full time in 2014, compared with almost 40% in 2007. This increases opportunities for single parents to look for work and thus has a positive effect on market gains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Other parties approach the d.school weekly about possibilities to create similar educational programmes and the staff “has helped construct curricula, demonstrate classes or offer workshops in more than 30 countries". For example Schwartz, Lindgren and Lewis (2009, p. 57) argue that direct instruction “tends to focus students’ attention to the told-solution procedures, not problem situations, so students learn answers to a problem space they never come to understand”. With conventional approaches, students risk noticing only the eye-catching surface features of a problem and fail to recognise the structure beneath. As a result, they might not be prepared to transfer their knowledge and skills to new situations (Schwartz, Lindgren and Lewis, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Furthermore, the development of alternative water sources (such as desalination and reuse) consumes large quantities of energy, and water scarcity may force the closure of power plants that require fresh water for cooling. An objective gap can also occur between rural and urban areas, and upstream and downstream states. Such conflicting interests ineluctably undermine effective implementation of responsibilities at central government level in collective enforcement of water policies, especially when legislation is outdated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A recent study using firm-level, “microdata”1 for 21 countries showed that firms investing more in innovation per employee are also those with higher innovation sales and higher productivity levels (Box 2.2) (OECD 2009a, 2010b). This framework structurally models firms’ innovation investment decision, the innovation process and the role of innovation in the production of output. After correcting for the fact that not all firms are innovative, firms involved in collaboration spend 20% to 50% more on innovation than non-collaborating firms. Similarly, firms receiving public funding invest 40% to 70% more than those not receiving public funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A neutral option was consciously avoided. The instrument was piloted on samples in the United Kingdom and Germany similar to the target sample for the main study, using people in a variety of academic positions from fixed-term staff to deans and heads of departments. The types of institutions chosen were full universities in Germany and pre-1992 universities in the United Kingdom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)