albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
By IUCN category, these include IUCN lb (1), IUCN II (1), IUCN IV (10), and IUCN V (1), plus 21 sites where the IUCN category is not known. The only nationwide analysis of protected areas is presented in the draft fourth national report to the CBD. However even this rather comprehensive and full report provides controversial information on the number, area and status of protected areas. Based on the new laws on nature protection, each protected area needs to be designated by an individual law, which provides details of boundaries, conservation and use regime, functions, management, control and liability (for example the Law on the Una National Park, September 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, in Azerbaijan, where GDP growth has been spectacular (16.4% annual average growth between 2000 and 2008), the service has not significantly improved over the decade. In Georgia, despite an important average annual GDP growth (6.9%), continuity of service dramatically decreased (from 18 hours/day in average in 2000 to 11 hours/day in 2008). In Ukraine, which had similar GDP growth to Georgia over the decade, the share of the urban population with access to piped water decreased from 94% in 2004 to 80% in 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The guidelines aim to facilitate public investment in biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, by formulating biodiversity specific requirements that need to be taken into account by public agencies when applying for funding (BIOFIN, 2015). In addition, the Ministry of Economy and Finance developed a set of Standards for Public Investment Projects in Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services to further elaborate the process of public investment in biodiversity (MEF, 2015b, BIOFIN, 2015). It is expected that an increased focus of public expenditure on PIP Verde will contribute to developing an environmental know-how within MEF and, subsequently, foster biodiversity-friendly public investment. The first PIP Verde to meet the guidelines was approved in San Martin, with a budget of PEN 46.5 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Developing a primary care nurse role or care co-ordinator role can not only help manage the increasing demands for health care, but it is also an essential step to help reduce dependency on the hospital sector and increase care co-ordination and integration. The introduction of new roles for nurses or other allied health professionals will require an enabling legislative and regulatory framew ork, and often needs to overcome opposition from medical professionals. Care managers carry primary responsibility for ensuring the coordination of care for elderly individuals with complex needs, and are a first point of contact for such patients and their families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is probably better, therefore, to consider information at the sub-regional level. This is because the most food insecurity is usually found in specific provinces or states, and within these, in particular sub-regions or villages. Not all countries, however, collect sufficient or relevant data to be able to track food insecurity at the local level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Previous CCXG work (e.g. Ellis, Caruso and Ockenden, 2013) has highlighted that this is because (i) aggregation and attribution of financial flows to developing countries requires information on outflows from various multilateral climate funds and development banks, and (ii) reporting requirements do not require all the relevant information. Aggregation will also be difficult for information from other Parties providing support, some of whom may have their own tracking and reporting practices. Like for mitigation, external sources of information and analysis, beyond those provided by Parties under the enhanced transparency framework of the Paris Agreement, could inform the global stocktake.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As for career development, the SPC does little to further the creation of a specific framework, and personal relations seem still to facilitate career advancement. Government of Mexico (2003), Ley del Servicio Profesional de Carrera en la Administration Publica (Federal Law on the Professional Career Service in the Federal Public Administration), wvw.diputados.gob.mx/LevesBiblio/doc/260.doc. Standard on Equal Employment Opportunities and Non-discrimination is identified as standard NMX-R-025-SCFI-2015. Source: OECD (2012), "Human Resources Management: Countiy Profiles: Mexico”, Public Employment and Management Woricing Party, and UNDP (2012), "Gender Equality in Public Administration: Mexico Case Study”, United Nations Development Programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The use of financial instruments is a relatively new concept for biodiversity offsets but is regularly applied in other comparable environmental policy problems. In the mining sector, for example, financial security is generally required to provide a guaranteed level of funding for site rehabilitation at the conclusion of a firm’s operations, even if the company collapses (Burgin, 2008). An important consideration when using financial mechanisms to manage delivery risk is that they create time lags between when a regulator becomes aware that an offset has failed and the time of the biodiversity loss at the development site. Where issues of species persistence are present, using financial risk mitigation may need to be tempered as the time lags involved can increase the risk of unintended, irreversible biodiversity outcomes (e.g. species extinction) (Evans et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Collective violence (war, terrorism, violent political conflicts, genocide, repression, organized criminal activity, disappearances, torture, and a range of other abuses of human rights) killed at least 200 million persons directly or indirectly, and injured many more, during the 20th century (Krug, Dahlberg, Mercy, Zwi, & Lozano, 2002). Recent advances in the science of behaviour can help to explain why humans turn so quickly to collective violent actions in response to threat or opportunity, and why such actions are in a real sense “natural.” However, in the contemporary world the potential costs of relying on these nearly automatic responses are unacceptably high. This paper explores the roots of this violence from the perspective of the natural science of behaviour. Strategies for modifying collective violence should take into consideration motivational factors such as verbal processes and cultural perceptions, shifting motivating antecedents, etc. Rules, models, and structural conditions are also rel...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To travel undetected by state authorities and criminal predators, Central Americans pass as Mexican during their journey to the United States. This ‘passing’ underscores the ambiguities of social roles, such as nationality. Over time, these performances partially reconstruct imagined communities, blurring the boundaries between foreigners and citizens. However, international-relations scholarship tends to overlook how uncoordinated everyday practice complicates borders in a globalized world. By tracing the co-constitutive relationship between migration policing, national performances, and transnational routes, this article reveals the makeshift nature of the identities that underscore distinctions between citizens and foreigners. I argue for the continued inclusion of ethnography as a method for exploring the dynamic relationship between territory, state, and nation. Migrants complicate borders, but also suffer the very real, material consequences of both state and nonstate violence. My analysis of clandestine transnationalism therefore chronicles challenges to, and reconfigurations of, sovereignty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Strategic planning and a long-term vision are required to build the foundation for a flexible, scalable and adaptable electricity system. Emerging economies and developing countries have the opportunity to build up a modern electricity system that meets future requirements, but the pathway for these countries will be different from the one followed in the past. This is due to evolving technical, financial, political, social and environmental conditions that are yielding new opportunities and challenges to simply achieving access to reliable and affordable electricity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Such a plan should consider both the threat of flooding from inland, upstream areas that flow into Hai Phong, as well as coastal flooding caused by sea-level rise, erosion typhoons or storm surges. Wider co-ordination with surrounding provinces would be critical for such a plan to be effective. Cat Ba Archipelago Biosphere Reserve plays an important role in carbon sequestration and helps to reduce GHG from building up in the atmosphere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In some market segments the price differential between high quality and low quality products14 does not seem sufficient to justify small traders’ investment in becoming familiar with standards and certification and making use of national public-sector laboratory testing and certification services. The varying quality of many agricultural commodities often restricts commercial exchanges to strictly immediate contacts, because of the lack of trust as to the quality shipped and pushes intermediaries to inspect and re-pack consignments at each transfer stage. Furthermore, the perceived risk of low-quality agro-food products exacerbates the shortage of formal credit in the sector. An effective standards system would support the trade orientation of agricultural production by providing technical reference and supporting claims for value addition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Nature of Learning: Using Research to Inspire Practice, OECD Publishing. The concept of “formative assessment” emerged with recognition of the importance offeedback and application of navigational metaphors about staying on course through corrective steering. There is substantial evidence, reviewed here, on how feedback improves learning but most studies suffer from weak conceptualisation and neglect of longer-term impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
What counts is not so much the distinction between domestic and foreign sources but the absence of efficient market signals and the degree of politicisation. Distributional conflicts in the coal industry of the United Kingdom are as detrimental to the security of energy supply as Middle East turmoil. Energy security begins at home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, although the share for cataract surgeiy performed as ambulatory cases (79%) is slightly below the EU average, ambulatory tonsillectomy care (7%) is among the lowest in Europe. In particular, the setting of classifications and standards for accurate description of hospital services were, until recently, consistently met with opposition from medical doctors. Consequently, implementation of proposed reforms, including the introduction of case-based (DRG) payments, lags behind.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In one, they simply drop all observations with an unemployment spell spanning two consecutive interviews and, in the other, lagged receipt refers to whether the respondent was unemployed two years ago (rather than one year ago). It turns out that the basic model and the second variant provide similar estimates of the coefficient on lagged unemployment (Arulampalam, Booth, and Taylor 2000: Table 3) but the first variant, in which cases with spells overlapping interviews are dropped, leads to rather lower estimates of the coefficient on lagged unemployment (but it remains statistically significantly different from zero). Stewart (2007) also compares estimates of state dependence from a basic DREP model and one from which continuing spells are excluded and finds an even larger decline in the effects of lagged unemployment than Arulampalam, Booth, and Taylor: the estimated APE falls from 13 to 3.5 (Stewart 2007: 522).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Table 3 illustrates the size of the underreporting bias, by displaying the rates of hazardous drinkers before and after correction in 10 OECD countries. These estimates corroborate Canadian findings showing that the proportion of adults drinking above 40 grams of pure alcohol daily increases from 5% to 20% after correction in men and from 1% to 6% in women (Shield and Rehm, 2012). This permits to limit smearing data with other sources of bias.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Hulme and McKay, 2008). Secondly, contrary to the assumptions implicitly underlying monetary poverty counts, children are not sovereign consumers who can decide to spend their resources to cover their needs at subsistence level, consumption decisions are (most commonly) not made by children (White et al, 2003). This implies that even in households (just) above the poverty line children may actually be poor because the consumption decisions are not reflecting their specific needs (see also Gordon et al 2003, Minujin et al 2006, Minuji'n and Nandy 2012, White et al 2003, Waddington 2004, for similar arguments concerning children and monetary poverty).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Powerful social forces block the transition from authoritarianism to democracy. Economic, political and social stability has not yet been achieved. The corporatist political and social structures have not been transformed to allow the vast majority to enjoy the basic necessities that ensure a life of dignity. Institutional structures of government, such as an independent judiciary, must be developed and stabilized. The rule of law and the guarantees of due process have to be consolidated and become an accepted, basic requirement of social interaction. Creating a specific kind of deliberative democracy based on the epistemic value of democratic decision making and discussion is the only way forward. This justificatory theory is more likely to allow for equal participation and rational discourse among all segments of the population. Objective information on important societal issues is a necessary prerequisite for such participation. This requires an independent press that adequately performs its democratic...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Employment opportunities for women have increased in non-traditional agriculture (e.g. cut flower production) and in clothing and textile industries, as well as in electronics-oriented Export Processing Zones and services sectors. Many of these jobs are concentrated in export-oriented industries where electronic components are assembled, textiles processed, or garments and shoes produced (Nair et al., Paid employment can increase women’s autonomy and their economic and social status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Most of them also implement an extensive project at a high academic level, with personal instruction from members of the academic staff. In addition to the scholarship, the participating students also gain experience in the development of software systems or a product, learning the theoretical aspects of the system alongside the practical tools, and obtaining an understanding and level of knowledge that cannot be obtained from in class work. The programme creates a reservoir of capable students who are eligible for employment at the high-tech companies that exist in or relocating to the Galilee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The high burden of household expenditure on education and the cost of housing places in the Seoul region severe constraints on household budgets, which are important factors in deciding whether or not to have a child and at the same time heightens the risk of poverty (3.3). Korean society has undergone profound changes during the past decades. Most noteworthy is the increase in educational attainment across generations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Students were asked about how motivated they felt to perform well in school, their relationships with peers and teachers, their home life and how they spend their time outside of school. The results, mostly based on self-reports, complemented the standard PISA proficiency data by providing insight into teenage students’ hopes, aspirations and thoughts about their own lives. In fact, across almost the whole OECD, girls report significantly lower life satisfaction than boys.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
One way of minimising the reporting burden would be to report adaptation communications as part of existing reporting tools (e.g. NCs), and to maximise the overlap between what is included in these reports and information needed for efficient national adaptation planning and implementation. At a national level, these benefits could include communicating priorities in adaptation-related needs and actions, evaluating progress towards any national goals, and identifying where support for adaptation is needed. While international reporting of such information would require some resources, this is likely to be small compared to those needed to identify and collate the relevant information for national purposes. International reporting of a country’s adaptation response may also bring further benefits such as attracting international support for proposed adaptation actions or plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Thus, as an essential first step in capacity-building, it identifies the need to establish a more robust evidence base on the relationship between environmental change and migration. Third, it suggests changes to the legal and normative framework that, once in place, will provide the scaffolding for future policymaking, even if that policymaking need not take place in every country straight away. The challenges relating to establishing such a database would be significant, including the need to standardize definitions and develop internationally comparable indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, there is an evident lack of infrastructure and institutional support (centres, institutes, agencies and public administration bodies) for adequate protection and sustainable management of biological diversity. Institutions lack cooperation and networking. A framework for the implementation of environmental conventions is not functional. Since 1954 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, there have been 153 areas that belong to one of the protection levels, including protected landscapes, monuments of nature or protected habitats (e.g. forest seed components). However, the classification and registration of these areas are still not in line with the new legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This disruption is suffered by all populations, but the poor and particularly women, are most vulnerable to their negative effects. The marginal lands they tend to cultivate are likely to be worse hit by desertification and soil erosion. Collecting water and wood takes more time and requires walking longer distances, often in adverse or unsafe conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Therefore, Botswana is expected to record a fiscal deficit in FY 2015/16 for the first time in four years. Annual average inflation ended the year in 2015 much lower than in 2014, reflecting lower fuel prices and the government’s commitment to prudent monetary policy. Although rural-urban migration and natural population increase have played a role in urban population increase, the positive trend is mainly due to the reclassification of some villages to urban settlements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Mexico’s 1971 Agrarian Law granted women the same land rights as men, and consequently they were granted a voice and vote in domestic decision-making bodies. Available from www.fao.org/ gender/landrights/report/en/ (accessed 23 July 2013). In Zambia, the draft national land administration and management policy seeks to implement at least 30 per cent landownership for women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, IRENA estimates that about 80% of Ukraine’s renewable energy potential is in biomass where most biomass operations could be undertaken by agricultural companies. A commission establishes the level of green tariffs. The feed-in tariffs are paid both to new and existing renewable energy plants. The tariff system was revised in July 2015, reducing the level of tariff for solar (which had been among the highest in the world), establishing a fairer system of quarterly euro-indexation and restructuring the local component requirements (moving to a bonus, rather than a mandatory requirement which had been acting as a barrier to investment).3 The revised tariffs are listed in Table 3.3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Finally, at the top of the pyramid, regional and continental trading of cereal crops (mainly wheat and rice) is controlled by major traders, who are often close to those in power. Food security relies on the sound functioning of this "food sector", above all for the most destitute urban dwellers but also for rural people in times of crisis. This has underpinned the emergence of a coherent system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2015, the situation is most acute in Northern Africa and Western Asia, where the proportion of young people that is employed is only half of that of the entire working-age population. In 1991, close to half of the workers in the developing regions were living with their families on less than $1.25 per person per day. This rate has dropped to 11 per cent in 2015, corresponding to a two-thirds decline in the number of extremely poor workers, from 900 million in 1991 to 300 million in 2015. However, progress across regions has been uneven.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Annual revenues from water right fees increased from EUR 5 million in 2003 to nearly EUR 17 million in 2007, but decreased to about EUR 10 million in 2009 and in 2010 as the number of new users fell. Abstraction for public water supply has required a water right, but not the payment of a water right fee. However, current reform of the system envisages the introduction of a water right fee for public water supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For Kyoto Protocol Parties, GHG inventory reporting was linked to compliance, making review processes focused on recommendations for data to be consistent, transparent, complete, accurate and comparable, and sensitive to improving the quality of national inventory preparation systems. Parties may consider the implications of review as they craft reporting guidelines, as this might influence the type of information guidelines will request or require. Parties cannot report information they have not been able to track.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The no campaign argued that private participation in the water sector was necessary to drive efficiency and provide much-needed investment. By restricting the return on capital, the referendum limits opportunities for water utilities (public and private) to raise capital for investment in capital markets. The plans of a number of privately operated utilities to upgrade parts of Italy’s water network have been shelved. Some public utilities may be able to resort - in the short term - to taxation to repay loans, but this option is not available to private operators, including utilities jointly operated by the public and private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)