albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Countries such as Algeria and Tunisia have been successful in increasing the participation of women as lawyers and judges.40 In Tunisia, employment as a lawyer is regarded as a socially acceptable and laudable employment choice for educated women. Law schools are largely populated with women and, over the last decade, the participation of women in the Supreme Court of Tunisia (or the Cour de cassation that is divided into several civil and criminal chambers) has been increasing steadily. For example, in 2004, women made up approximately 30% of the Supreme Court justices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The analysis presented in this section therefore calculates receipt rates of SA, HB and FB as the share of individuals living in households that receive benefits as a share of all youth. On average, slightly above 7% of all youth aged 16-29 years receive UB. Receipt rates are particularly low on the American continent except for Canada (Chile, Mexico, United States) and in some Southern and Eastern European countries (Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Greece, Portugal), all of which have receipt rates of below 3%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Treaty bodies are used in different parts of international law: international arms control, international environmental law and international human rights. What they have in common is that they are established by treaties but they are neither formal international organisations nor international courts. They may exercise different kinds of functions, including law-making, supervision and dispute settlement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Boarding schools did not take into consideration indigenous cultures, indigenous physiology or psychology. Education in Russian and extended stays far away from family resulted in the gradual replacement of the mother tongue with Russian, created a generation gap, had a negative effect on family cohesion and led to psychological deprivation. Withdrawal from family and social networks and the disruption of cultural transmission mechanisms resulted in the loss of the mother tongue, traditional skills and indigenous healing practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
One step in this direction has been the Hitachi Metal Recycling Complex, which will apply leading technology to the recovery of various metals such as gold, silver, copper, tin, zinc, bismuth, nickel and indium. Further, they have provided input and collaborated with other industry players in the value chain (like those in the IT industry) to address the above challenges.4 Through these activities and public reporting of their progress by way of annual sustainability reports, they are making inroads towards addressing their key material issues. To get a better understanding of the impacts related to the industry, Domtar conducted a life cycle assessment on fibre management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This number increased to slightly over 40% in 2010.41 In Algeria, 38% of magistrates are female. Similarly, Egypt and Jordan have undertaken strategies to increase their number of female judges (see Chapter 4). Given that there is officially no requirement for gender-sensitivity training, some police officers may lack sensitivity and understanding when dealing with women who are abused. In some MENA countries, initiatives to support reform of the police and security sector are provided mostly on an ad hoc basis with the support of donors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In effect, regulation simulated the desired effects of competition. Prompted by recent market and technology developments, government policy-makers face even greater calls to ensure access to digital infrastructures -particularly fixed and mobile access networks. Broadband networks and Internet services are increasingly viewed as non-optional utilities (or "rights") whose availability and performance impact every aspect of the economy and societal development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
That means that they have established an overarching energy policy that spans the various policy areas, and have proceeded to implement a proportion of the policies and strategies. Individual scores range from 1.5 to 3 (Figure 12.7). The variation reflects the reality that several economies have made insufficient progress in two key aspects which are basic requirements for all the economies. The first is transposing a legislative framework that is fully aligned with the Third Energy Package.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In this article I review several recent books to consider how anthropologists have approached questions of cosmology, history, and social transformation in Amazonia. Several of these engage a now well-established tradition in presenting indigenous ontologies as radical alternatives to Western concepts of agency and history. In contrast to the discontinuities described in the “New History” of Amazonia, anthropologists tend to approach social transformation as the extension of an enduring symbolic economy of alterity. I argue that the “New Amazonian Ethnography” would benefit from an openness to understanding radical social change beyond questions of continuity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The second part homes in on the issue of care, starting with the conceptual and policy view of care as a right, the position regarding paid care work, social expenditure patterns (especially, household spending on care services), the situation of persons with disabilities and their care needs, recent policies that the countries are implementing, and, finally, the challenges that lie ahead. Both of these continued to fall in the region and have reached 30-year lows. Most —but not all— of the countries of the region saw poverty decline during the most recent period. The rise in income among the poor has come primarily from higher wage income, in keeping with the trend over the past few years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, collective work between Universiti Sains Malaysia, the Malaysian Institute for Accounts, and the Malaysian Accountancy Research and Education Foundation provides detailed reports on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which can be a reliable basis for designing and offering training programmes. Collaboration with Universiti Sumatara Utara and Prince Songkla University, Thailand, facilitates the exchange of expertise in regional development in the context of the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT), which aids the exchange of ideas, experience and skills transfer. There are also examples of collaboration in relation to training programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Countries are ranked, from left to right, in increasing order of the share of poor people living in households with no workers. Data for Switzerland refer to households without children. Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries, Figure 5.9, OECD Publishing, Paris http://dx.doi.org/10.I787/4222I0017310.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Some of this waste seeps through the porous limestone of the island into the aquifers. The discharge of airborne pollutants into the atmosphere eventually returns as acid rain to damage housing, and can cause respiratory problems for people in the areas where bauxite processing takes place. There is also an annual loss of millions of tons of topsoil from erosion that ends up causing siltation of the inshore, with severe consequences for the reefs and aquatic life that they support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
James Reason from the United Kingdom wrote an influential book “Human Error” (Reason, 1990). The model developed by Reason, sometimes referred to as the “Swiss Cheese Model”, has been adapted to road safety (Wegman and Aarts, 2005). His “slices of cheese” have different hiatuses, or holes in the cheese.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Based on the Asia Barometer Survey of 2003, 2004, and 2006, government performance, citizen empowerment, and citizen satisfaction with self-expression values are associated with public trust in government in Japan and South Korea. This study finds, first, that government performance on the economy, controlling political corruption, the quality of public services, crime, and attention to citizen input are significantly associated with broad public trust in government in both Japan and South Korea. Likewise, citizens’ satisfaction with their right to gather and demonstrate and to criticize the government is closely connected to trust in central and local governments in Japan. In South Korea, citizens’ satisfaction with their right to gather and demonstrate is intimately linked to trust in local government. Implications for government leadership to enhance performance, transparency, citizen participation, and public trust in government are analyzed and elaborated upon in this insightful study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
No clear guidelines on youth triage had been drafted, nor were there referral guidelines. The interviews with providers suggested that the services might not be acceptable to young people because few of the providers believed in the importance of supplying services to youth regardless of marital status, although they were more likely to supply the services in any case to young men than to young women, indicating possible inequities.84 This gender bias was reflected in the experiences of the anonymous patients. The providers spent much more time with the young man and answered his questions, while the young woman reported that she felt insulted by their treatment.85 Privacy was breached in many clinics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For details, see paragraphs 1-9 and 61-106 of the judgment. At that time, generic manufacturers in order to market their products in the EU needed an originator reference product. After the withdrawal of regulatory approval for the capsule version of Losec, generic manufacturers would no longer be able to market their generic copies of these capsules. Parallel importers of Losec capsules would equally be barred from marketing those.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This is despite a growing interest in the subject over recent years among researchers and policy makers, especially in the areas of sustainable development, health, safety and access. Another related field of research is architectural theory (Larsson, 2006), this will be explored in greater detail below. An educational space designed only for girls or women would differ from that designed for boys or men, and space would therefore be utilised differently. There are many examples of sex-segregated educational institutions that are designed to meet the supposed different gender needs of students (Boxes 1 and 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, increases in standardisation reduce global inequality since these increase the productivity (reduce the mistake rate) of the poor countries proportionally more. The impact of the proliferation of GVCs on world inequality therefore depends on changes in complexity and in standardisation. They show that a transition from autarky, where supply chains are purely local, to complete goods market integration, where supply chains are both local and global, leads all workers in developing countries to move into earlier stages of production (their definition of downgrading) and all workers in developed countries to move into later stages (upgrading).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The youth unit provides several programmes and services that are available in the Galilee region, including science days and lectures, enrichment courses, visits to the Technion and summer workshops. The unit on fostering excellence conducts a summer campus, promotes mathematics education in the schools and conducts a Pre-Atidim programme. There are special programmes for example to orthodox Jews and outstanding Arab youth from northern Israel (NAM).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While all state legislations allow for trading only a few have experienced any trade. Temporary trades have taken place in Queensland and Western Australia, but most have occurred in New South Wales, endowed with large alluvial aquifers, a large number of license, and significant water scarcity constraints (Casey and Nelson, 2012). Trading occurs via individual arrangements between entitlement holders. Irrigated land buyout is found in Korea and three of the four regions in the United States (NHPA, SHPA, and MPW regions).12 In Australia's Murray-Darling Basin, third parties are allowed to purchase entitlements in areas where total allocation exceeds what is deemed as a sustainable limit. In the Slovak Republic, land owners must pay charges to use agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes, and these charges are higher for irrigated land. In some countries, cities have bought irrigated lands to ensure groundwater quality (OECD, 2015b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The management premium is set at 12 EUR/MWh for 2012 and steps down gradually to 7 EUR/MWh in 2015, where it was scheduled to will remain. However, a reform of the premium is ongoing, as some stakeholders perceive it as being too high. One the one hand, exposing wind energy sellers to a balancing mechanism would reflect the costs and value associated with wind volatility and unpredictability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
ABSTRACTThe discipline of psychology has been poorly represented in critical realist texts to date. This is despite Bhaskar’s use of psychoanalytical concepts to underpin his concept of the dialectic. By comparison, other aspects of social science, such as sociology and economics, have a well-established body of critical realist texts. The original approach to psychoanalysis was analogous to the critical realist ontological-axiological chain. It moved from an ontological problem (what is) to an axiological solution (talking cure). Freud’s eagerness to reframe psychoanalysis within a scientistic, objective framework was perhaps due in part to the difficulties that he faced as European Jew in the fin-de-siecle. The application of the critical realist explanatory critique can contribute to our understanding of how and why the fragmentation of Freud’s legacies emerged. Critical realists should avoid the assumption that psychoanalysis is a unitary body of knowledge, as such, they should consider its various le...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The provisions form a general social security policy, but farmers can benefit if they satisfy income and other criteria for such assistance. For example, the Working for Families package offers various tax credits, childcare and accommodation payments to families with children who are below a certain income level. These institutions are designed for sharing risks, specifically, or as part of a broader rationale and include insurance, futures and options markets, co-operation, forward contracting, vertical integration, and other arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This is the ultimate goal of sophisticated private sector management for sustainability. Corporate and government strategies that help to restore natural capital can help to enhance livelihoods and earn the respect and support of local communities. Community support can also be achieved through a focus on this, as described in a previous section of this chapter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In addition to the use of substantive criminal law to enable the prosecution of immigration-related offences, a key strand of the criminalisation of migration is the emphasis on the exclusion of migrants from the legal safeguards applicable in the jurisdiction once they have entered the territory and the strong priority for the EU and its Member States of the removal of irregular migrants from their territory. Exclusion and removal have far-reaching negative human rights and rule of law implications for migrants, especially in cases where the latter are considered to be high-risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Here, too, the donor community will need to ensure that the statistical support it requires as part of their assistance programmes is congruent with the national statistical system. African countries have much to learn from each other - about both what has worked and what has not. The previous chapters offered many successful and innovative examples of initiatives from other regions and from across the African continent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Of the 203 Australian Government-funded Indigenous-specific primary health care organisations that provided data in 2013-14, around one-third (33%) were located in very remote areas, almost one-quarter (22%) were in outer regional areas and 21% were in inner regional areas. A smaller proportion were in remote areas (13%) and major cities (11%) (AIHW, 2015a). Of Australia’s 746 public acute hospitals, only 71 are in remote areas and 83 in very remote areas, where full hospital services are not viable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, their coverage increases with age. In contrast, coverage is relatively constant across age groups in mandatory or quasi-mandatory private pension plans, as Australia and the Netherlands illustrate. Among the poorest income groups, however, voluntary scheme coverage is quite low - around 15% - except in the United States where it reaches 29%. By contrast, the mandatory/quasi-mandatory systems of Australia and the Netherlands plateau out much earlier - after the 2nd or 3rd deciles - and coverage of the poorest income groups exceeds 65%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Also where this leads to better funding of higher-education institutions, the rise in tuition fees should take place in a context where the governance of these institutions is conducive to transparent and accountable management of funds. The introduction of thresholds is important also to avoid that higher property taxation feed through higher tenant’s rents for poor individuals. For instance, electricity and water taxes are particularly regressive, while car registration duties and petrol taxes may even be progressive. In this case, the effect is not on income distribution but on inequality in consumption. In the case of Indonesia, World Bank (2012) analysis shows that in 2009 40% of the gasoline subsidies went to the richest 10% and less than 1% to the bottom 10%. See also G20 Green Growth Strategy for an extensive and well-documented discussion on the regressivity of fossil fuels subsidies (IEA, OPEC, OECD and World Bank, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Employee attributions and emotional reactions to unethical behavior of top leaders in an organization recently involved in a highly publicized ethics scandal were examined. Participants (n = 76) from a large southern California government agency completed an ethical climate assessment. Secondary data analysis was performed on the written commentary to an open-ended question seeking employees’ perceptions of the ethical climate. Employees attributed the organization’s poor ethical leadership to a number of causes, including: lack of moral reasoning, breaches of trust, hypocrisy, and poor ethical behavior role modeling. Emotional reactions to corruption included cynicism, optimism, pessimism, paranoia and fear, and were targeted at top leaders, organizational practices (i.e., the old boy network, nepotism, and cronyism) and ethics interventions. Implications for leadership training and other organizational ethics interventions are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In order to avoid diverging interpretations and minimise the risk of ambiguity several questions have been reviewed, while various definitions of terms and references to the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement articles were added as to provide explanatory support to the questions. The 2014 TFIs average for OECD countries is more or less the same whether calculated with the full sample of 33 countries or with the initial 25 countries only. Exceptions, such as in the case of documents, are described below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Innovation-led growth has contributed substantially to improving income and well-being across all groups in society. Their objective is to provide all segments of society with equal opportunities to successfully participate in and benefit from innovation. While most of these policies can be broadly classified by inclusiveness type (Box 3), in some cases they simultaneously address social, industrial and/or territorial inclusiveness challenges. For example, Ireland’s Competitive Start Fund for Female Entrepreneurs aims to promote the integration of an underrepresented group -women- in entrepreneurship activities (“social inclusiveness”) and to address critical financial barriers faced by start-ups (“industrial inclusiveness”).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2016, this increased to 7,500 km. The remaining, less intensively used, routes (36,500 km) can predictably contribute to land degradation at least as much as national roads. Along the proposed two-lane Trans-Mongolian Highway, an average corridor width of 788 metres (equivalent to 225 lanes) is affected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Moreover, with reference to the source database, the OECD Secretariat is better able to identify and explain discrepancies between this indicator, national data or other sources. The WDPA is updated continuously, which means that updates to the indicator can be done more regularly (e.g. annually). The method allows the data on protected areas to be summarised in a harmonised and more detailed way than is currently available, without requiring any additional reporting by countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A monolithic approach of gathering data simply on ‘food waste’ is not particularly helpful. However, the limited data suggest that food losses are much higher at the immediate post-harvest stages in developing countries. For affluent economies, post-consumer food waste accounts for the greatest overall losses (Parfitt et al., It has been estimated that the amount of food wasted per year in UK households is 25% (by weight) of that purchased, which is only the food wasted in the home. Of this in the UK, bread is the largest contributor to food waste, 32% of all bread purchased is dumped5. The further along the supply chain from the point of harvest at which a food product is wasted, the greater the carbon intensity of the wastage since the harvesting, transportation and processing accumulates additional GHGs along the supply chain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
There are also examples at the national level. The Dutch Sustainable Growth Coalition, for example, unites the eighth largest big multinationals in shaping, sharing and stimulating sustainable business models. The changing role of business in society is also reflected in the increased participation by businesses in the discussions in various forums of the United Nations such as UN Global Compact, the development of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, as well as at international conferences such as the Rio+20 conference, which confirmed the importance of corporate sustainability reporting. When moving towards green growth requires a joint public private approach then there should also be more convergence between public and private measurement and reporting to follow the progress made to achieve the goals of green growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Back in 2012, the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) estimated the size of the broader 'Internet economy' would reach USD 4.2 trillion by 2016, equivalent to 5.3% of total GDP for G-20 economies alone (an increase in share from 4.1% of total GDP in 2010). While these estimates vary, they are all large - and growing. Internet user penetration is projected to reach 17.5% in LDCs in 2017, up from 15.6% in 2016, according to ITU esbmates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)