albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In the second half of the 2000s, Portugal streamlined and strengthened energy- and climate change-related goals and measures and began to make more extensive use of quantitative targets and indicators to track progress. It developed a comprehensive National Climate Change Programme (PNAC), a National Allocation Plan for Emission Allowances (PNALE) under the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) and the Portuguese Carbon Fund (FPC) to meet its national Kyoto Protocol commitment. Portugal also reinforced inter-institutional co-ordination and monitoring of climate change actions, including the establishment of the Climate Change Commission’s Executive Committee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It becomes difficult to create the sense of ownership and commitment to policy that these universal policies call for. The results expectation is not adjusted to the capabilities of the institutions of these countries. In the name of accelerating the effort, these countries are induced to expand their social services sector to a point where there is a great risk that they cannot meet the recurrent costs of sustaining any gains made (Therkildsen and Buhr, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Price vs. Non-Price Conservation Programs”, A Pioneer Institute White Paper, No. In 2010, this amounted to EUR 154 million, of which 140 were earmarked for flood prevention. Compare with EUR 1 300 million, secured to cover the costs of natural disasters. It reviews empirical evidence on the actual performance of economic policy instruments for the management of water resources. The interim report builds on over 30 case studies, in Europe and in selected non European countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Geopolitical “peace-building” relies increasingly on intersections of neoliberal economies of war, violent conflict, and corruption. This article addresses U.S.-led international (post)war aid and development through a spatial examination of Kabul, Afghanistan, examining international worker epistemologies of Afghanistan and “post” conflict aid and development to investigate the spaces of privilege and power associated with political influence, (in)security, and economic and spatial inequities (2006–2008). I draw on recent scholarship in critical feminism, geography, and development studies and the work of Giorgio Agamben regarding the sovereign body and state of exception to demonstrate the spatial disparities and resource inequalities between the “international community” defined as the (un)commonwealth and “local” Afghans. I examine the sovereign status of the (un)commonwealth who manage, assist, or financially profit from international aid and development economies through four interrelated themes: ec...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On the contrary, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan have much stricter norms for women's mobility, correspondingly, migration from these two countries is mostly male, with less than a fifth of women being in the migration flows. As a consequence of this situation, the salaries of female migrants are lower than those of males, as a result, women remit less in absolute amounts although the proportions of remittances from their earnings are the same. However, there is an important gendered consequence of the State's vision of labour migration, which is the lack of legal grounds for the labour migrant's family members to stay with him/her long term. The so-called 90/180 rule does not permit stays of more dian diree months unless die migrant possesses a patent (work permit), residence permit or other special documents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
One tends to believe that rural electrification is the outcome of the sole efforts of governments (central, local or regional) and/or of international development or funding agencies. But the involvement of rural communities in the process, particularly their participation in decision-making committees, has added value to the planning process and given the communities a sense of ownership of the process. Because of their intrinsic characteristics, rural community workers have invaluable knowledge of their region's consumption patterns, have authority to educate consumers in how to use electricity, can support the utilities in encouraging customers to connect and in training in the use of energy efficiency measures, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The challenge of adopting these models is more to do with integrating new types of instruction than overcoming technology barriers. Adoption also requires support from policy makers at a range of levels within education. In total, 50 organisations were full members - 30 joining in 2010 and another 20 since 2011.These individual projects were combined into six thematic consortia, each led by an additional “lead” organisation (Box 4.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They have a mixed trade-union, professional rules of conduct and scientific development role. There are also 70 specialty/sub-specialty boards. The Association has cited concerns that recent reform efforts to achieve greater standardisation of health-care practice may limit professional autonomy. Recently the Ministry of Health has established a Professions Council that has been given the authority to deal with curriculum and complaints/malpractice issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This raises growth opportunities at the national level, and creates space for raising public revenue that can be used for further development expenditure. However, with the lack of infrastructure availability, economic growth suffers and this has a negative impact on the possibility of raising public revenues. Therefore, while inadequate infrastructure leads to a vicious cycle of weak public services and disincentives for private sector investment for economic activities, improving infrastructure helps Governments to generate revenue by strengthening growth. In the short term, building infrastructure boosts aggregate demand through increased construction activity and the creation of employment In the long term, infrastructure investment can boost economic growth by increasing the supply capacity of an economy (World Bank, 2012).5 Infrastructure development and maintenance have several policy implications due to their nature and sustained financing needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The article deals with issues describing the nature of cross-cultural conflict. The source of conflict is social conflict. Modern society in cultural terms is a rather diverse phenomenon that leads to the emergence of hotbeds of tension and conflict. The most difficult point is the escalation of social conflict into intercultural conflict. Analysis of the historical development of intercultural conflict uncovers the powerful potential of its ability to reach different spheres of society other than the one in which it originally arose. It impacts several neighboring areas of social development. Intercultural conflict generates its energy from various situations: domestic policy, international relations, economics, and other fields.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For many gender equality advocates, macroeconomics is a new and unfamiliar policy arena. That said, macroeconomic policy is neither gender- nor class- nor race-neutral in its effects. To advance SDGs, macroeconomic policy must be conducted through an equity lens with much more attention to its distributional effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
From the TAC an allowance is made to provide for recreational fishing, customary Maori uses and other sources of fishing-related mortality. The remainder is available to the commercial sector as the annual Total Allowable Commercial Catch (TACC). For example, if a quota owner owns 10% of the quota for a stock, and the TACC is set at 200 tonnes, that quota owner receives 20 tonnes of ACE. The quota owner may choose to fish the ACE or trade it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This leads to inefficient resource management that ignores the environmental impact of the waste, and in addition provides a commodity which is an economic resource to be taken advantage of. Children, who are already exposed to contaminated environments, bear the burden of poor waste management: as they will have to deal with the waste in the future. 'This results in polluted and unsafe settings, often in dense, informal settlements in urban and peri-urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A joint report of the WHO and World Organization of Family Doctors (WHO and Wonca, 2008) stresses the importance of pre-service and/or in-service training of primary care workers on mental health as an essential prerequisite for mental health integration, and reducing the treatment gap for mental health. The inclusion of mental health training for such primary care level practitioners is common in many OECD countries (OECD, 2014a), and with the development of this new specialty Japan has the valuable opportunity to effectively integrate mental health training for Generalists from the beginning. Specifically, provision for mild-to-moderate disorders at the primary care level can be strengthened, appropriate primary care-specific prescribing and treatment guidelines and appropriate specialist referral options have been shown to be effective treatment approaches for mild-to-moderate disorders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This study examines whether the imposition of economic sanctions has relation to an increase in domestic terrorism, postulating that when sanctions impair the economic functioning of the target country, feelings of bitterness and despair are intensified among the poor who may then lash out by turning to domestic terrorism. A cross-sectional, time-series data analysis of 152 countries over the past three decades provides evidence that ceteris paribus, economic sanctions are positively associated with the incidence of domestic terror, this effect remains when reverse causality is taken into account. In order to clarify the role of poverty in this association, this study also introduces a two-step analysis in which sanctions are first considered a cause of poverty, and then predicted poverty levels are used to predict the occurrence of terrorism. This test for robustness confirms that economic sanctions do indeed lead to a rise in the rate of domestic terrorism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At federal level and in some provinces, a greater emphasis has been put on the expansion of childcare services since the mid-1990s to accompany the rapid increase in mothers’ labour force participation as well as to enhance the development of disadvantaged children and tackle poverty (Lefebvre and Merrigan, 2003(9]). Services for children are provided through full-day ECEC centres (including kindergartens), part-day preschools, home/family childcare, school-age and family resources programs of which the mix varies across provinces and is determined at the local level based on a planning process taking into account community needs and priorities. Services that seamlessly provide “care” and “learning” for children are also offered across Canada, with parenting support resources integrated into service provision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Since the onset of the conflict in 2011, the protracted crisis in Syria has resulted in grave consequences for the education system, for both human resources and infrastructure. By May 2018, more than 2 million children between the ages of 5 and 17 were out of school, while more than 180,000 education personnel, including teachers, have abandoned school sites and classrooms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
C02 emission would rise by 0.9% if the generation mix of the 450 Scenario15 is applied. These increases are disproportionately modest compared to the number of people benefiting (IEA, 2009b). These power outages are often from load-shedding, a frequent practice to compensate generation deficiencies by partly cutting off some load to users. Table 4 confirms that power outages are more frequent in non-OECD countries and damage economic outputs. The economic impact stresses that any investment to strengthen the electricity system and increase the amount of electricity for productive use enhances company incomes. Thus the affordability of electric services also increases and assures the financial viability of the service (AGEEC, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Financial institutions also tighten lending standards as perceived default risks escalate. In addition, massive inflows and sudden reversals of foreign capital, particularly in the form of short-term portfolio investments, add volatility to domestic financial markets. The volatility6 of daily stock market indices, a high-frequency variable that is very sensitive to changes in market sentiments, surged in 2008-2009 relative to the pre-crisis period (see figure A).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The existing staff is likely to accept the new mandate, but their organizational structure is based on country representation and it will be difficult to overcome internal boundaries and work towards a shared objective of energy connectivity across the Region. This assurance will require specific checks and balances in the governance of the organizations, their funding, selection of senior managers, location of offices, etc. Now governments are better informed about such organizational matters so it will not be difficult to design the autonomous organizations and negotiate with member countries to obtain their consent and support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The situation is exacerbated given that Goal 4 not only focuses on universal participation and completion of education at all levels, but emphasises quality education, which will require more concerted effort and resources to achieve. Despite national and regional efforts, improving the quality of education for the Commonwealth Pacific small states remains a major challenge (UNESCO, 2015). The IAEG-SDGs proposed 14 indicators to monitor this goal, of which two-and-a-half7 were Tier 1 indicators, related to Target 5.5 on womens partnership in decision-making and 5.b on the use of technology to promote the empowerment of women (see Appendix 2.1). As there are no Tier 1 indicators for the other major targets to end discrimination against women (5.1), eliminate violence against women (5.2), recognise unpaid care and domestic work (5.4), ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH - 5.6), equal rights to economic resources (5.a) and strengthening legislation to promote gender equality (5.c), it is not possible to provide an overall assessment on Goal 5 for the Commonwealth Pacific small states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They may also impose requirements on the executive institutions. Courts may take enforcement action, enforce administrative orders, and play a significant role in assessing sanctions (OECD, 2009). Some of the functions are specific to environmental management, others are applicable to any sector but still relevant to environmental goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Financial sector wage premia are the main focus of the analysis, given the strong evidence found in their support. The section quantifies financial sector wage premia in Europe and the distribution of rents to financial sector employees across different income groups in the overall population. It then simulates the influence of these rents on labour income inequality and examines issues of gender inequality in finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For a number of reasons, however, adaptation has received less attention than mitigation in the discussions centred around climate change and it is only recently that efforts directed towards adaptation are being incorporated in the global policy agenda. First, as adaptation is a public good, private provision will typically remain below socially desirable levels unless the public sector intervenes. Second, adaptation, is difficult to address as it requires actions along the economic, social and environmental dimensions of development, which depend on the specific context of each country. Finally, there are no clear metrics for assessing adaptation impacts, that is, unlike mitigation, for which there is a clearly defined metric (namely, tons of greenhouse gas emissions), assessing adaptation efforts requires a larger number of indicators closely related to wider development efforts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This would increase the overall sustainability of his business, as 60% of the electricity produced on the Faroe Island is Green energy. By 2030, Faroe Islands aims to achieve 100% Green energy production. Lakeside Excursions is situated in Vatnsoyrar, a small village in the middle of the Faro-ese island of Vagar. It is the only village in the archipelago that is not on the seacoast.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Poland also had one of the largest increases in enrolment in education at ages 3 and 4 between 2005 and 2013 among countries with available data, although it remains below the OECD average. About 52% of 3-year-olds and 66% of 4-year-olds are enrolled in education, compared to an OECD average of 74% and 88%, respectively. Among OECD countries, Poland had a higher ratio of children to teaching staff in pre-primary education: 16, compared to 14 on average in other OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is required to developed clear success criteria for such policies. It is typically subdivided into at least two sub issues. Strategic energy security is about reducing the dependency of imports of fossil fuels from what is commonly projected to be an ever decreasing group of producers, located in potentially unstable regions of the world.4 System energy security is about ensuring the constant availability of access to energy in real time, preventing power outages etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In this age of statutes and human rights the common law principle of legality has assumed a central importance. The principle holds that '[u]nless the Parliament makes unmistakably clear its intention to abrogate or suspend a fundamental freedom, the courts will not construe a statute as having that operation.'  This development has occurred throughout the common law world most relevantly in New Zealand and the United Kingdom where its re-emergence coincided with the enactment of statutory bill of rights. It is however the aim of this article to outline the nature and scope of the principle of legality in contemporary Australian law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
How do government policies and institutions affect stock market performance? As stock markets grow broader and deeper in African countries, the question becomes more critical. Government quality dynamics of corruption-control, government-effectiveness, political-stability or no violence, voice & accountability, regulation quality and rule of law are instrumented with income-levels, religious-dominations, press-freedom degrees and legal-origins to account for stock market performance dynamics of capitalization, value traded, turnover and number of listed companies. The results demonstrate a significant positive association between stock market performance measures and the quality of government institutions. These findings suggest countries with better developed government institutions would favor stock markets with higher market capitalization, better turnover ratios, higher value in shares traded and greater number of listed companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract This article aims to be a stock-taking exercise of the development of paradigms and foci of interest, in attempts to theorise the vast developments and far-reaching changes as well as the impact and effects of global communication in the world of today. Attention is firstly given to the current nature, impact and implications of global communication in the first decade of the 21st century, as well as to a shift in emphases in the (sub)discipline of international communication. A critical overview is then given of discourses on the free flow of information, modernisation theory, dependency theory, the structural theory of imperialism, world system theory, hegemony, political economy, critical theory, the public sphere, cultural studies, the information society and globalisation. Since many of these paradigms have been borrowed or taken over from media studies, international relations or other (sub)disciplines, attention is given specifically to their application in theorising international communi...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
But the crucial work of implementing ESD across everyday education practice is still ahead. School plans are seen to be the instruments for implementing the “whole-institution approach” in school operations, particularly in pre-primary, primary and secondary levels of education. As defined by the ECE ESD working group on school plans, “ESD school planning is a means to move beyond sustainability awareness-raising and to actively engage in a continuous cycle of planning, implementing and reviewing approaches to sustainability as part of every school’s operations” (UNECE, 2014ft). The working group identified a number of core dimensions for such plans, including school governance arrangements, curriculum, teaching and learning, facilities and operations, partnerships and cooperation—particularly with the surrounding community—and self-assessment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It has become quite evident that more effective global environmental governance will be needed to adequately address climate change. The devil lies in the details. A new environmental regime must be constructed with institutional capacities designed to respond to global-scale collective action problems in general and the specific challenges of climate change in particular. To begin to define exactly what those capacities would look like, we provide a diagnostic profile of the current environmental regime’s failure. We group the elements of institutional failure into three categories: (i) political economy considerations, (ii) negotiation roadblocks, and (iii) structural deficiencies with regards to ensuring adherence to shared commitments (i.e. lack of discipline on free riding). Ultimately, we propose a robust, yet lean, Global Environmental Organization (GEO) that would function with support from other international bodies, most notably the World Trade Organization (WTO).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As emphasised in the current environmental plan, local governments ultimately have primary responsibility for effective policy implementation. In the 9th FYP (1996-2000), the government for the first time articulated numerical targets for controlling some types of air and water pollution, as well as other environmental objectives (Chang and Wang, 2010). More stringent S02 and COD reduction targets were set out in the 10th FYP but were not achieved. In contrast marked progress was made during the 11th FYP which again set targets for reducing key pollutants as well as improving air and water quality and increasing energy and water efficiency (Table 2.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Studies in Family Planning, 29(2), 167-184. Cultural Practices:Toward an integration of culture and development. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 1995(67), 5-16. Growing Up An Orphan: Vulnerability of adolescent girls to HIV in Malawi. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 39(1), 128-139.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Social protection in poor countries”, Practice Paper, Social Protection Briefing Note Series No. Civil Society and the maintenance of peace and good order in Papua New Guinea”, paper presented at the Suva Symposium on Civil Society and Governance, The University of the South Pacific, Suva, October. Fiji Australia Association of Tasmania Services”, accessed from http://www.infoline.tas.gov.au/content/Fiji_Australia_Association_of_ Tasmania. Annual Report 2003 (Suva, FCOSS). Report on NGO Activity on Social Welfare in Fiji (Suva, FCOSS).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)