albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
One finding is that shorthand proxy groupings that are frequently used in the policy debate in fact contain several different sub-groups, each of whom face significantly different sets of employment challenges. For example, the clustering reveals two different groups of economically inactive mothers with young children with very different levels of education, skills and work experience and different levels of household income. Similarly, the analysis reveals three groups of individuals with health difficulties, who differ in terms of their age, work experience and benefit entitlements. The statistical clustering also identified two groups of youth with labour market difficulties who differ in terms of their employment record and the job opportunities likely to be available to them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
While there are several hundred inter-communal structures, most of them are small and rarely embrace a large population. Moreover the responsibilities of those structures are still poorly defined and their creation has tended to generate higher public spending, and thus higher taxes. Vertical coordination through the State-Region Planning Contracts (CPER) has had more success.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This type of financing is commonly used by large businesses, w hich can issue bonds on marketplaces in order to raise large sums of money. Eligible for this funding are start-ups with an innovative project in the fields of engineering sciences, life sciences and new ICTs. The fund can invest between 10% and 35% of the company’s equity, up to a maximum of MAD 4 million, by buying a stake in the equity and quasi-equity of the company.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Thus, the decision to proceed with a project should be based solely on the merits of the project (as assessed using a cost-benefit or cost-effectiveness analysis) and not the delivery mode in itself. If a project meets the standards set by the social return target or other economic criteria, it should, at that point, be subject to an analysis of the merits of alternative delivery modes. Processes that bypass this sequence are more likely to generate poor choices both in terms of projects and delivery modes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article explores the international politics regarding Muammar Muhammad Gaddafi's regime and the civil war in Libya in a context of liberalization and democratization of the Arab Spring. The study presents the varying positions taken by the five permanent member states of the UN Security Council, and their levels of adherence to the spirit of Responsible to Protect (R2P). The analysis explores the content of Resolutions 1970 and 1973, and statements made by external parties before, during, and after those resolutions were enacted. It is argued that although R2P has been proclaimed to be a core principle for human security, the Libyan crisis shows much discrepancy and confusion by the international community regarding how that principle should be applied to enduring dictatorial regimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Largely inspired by Max Weber’s instrumental vision of social science, the modern political science likes to see itself as an enterprise where researchers choose freely among different methods for the only sake of advancement of knowledge. Adam Przeworski, for example, a name in comparative politics and in democratization studies, calls his methodology eclectic and opportunistic. This presentation challenges the understanding of modern political science as an eclectic and opportunistic methodological enterprise. My conclusions are based on the analysis of the writings of a few authors in the discipline, including Przeworski. I will show that despite the full academic freedom to choose among different research techniques and methods of interpretation, most scholars prefer to stick with limited number of similar instruments. I will investigate the reason(s) why these authors, including Przeworski himself, do not answer the call for eclectics and opportunism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The average annual 9.5% increase in aid-for-trade commitments has contributed to reversing the trend-which started in early 1980-of a declining share of ODA devoted to promoting economic growth. In 2015, the share of aid for trade in-sector allocable aid stood at 33.3%. Most of the increase was centred in the area of transport and storage, which rose by USD 3.0 billion, compared to 2014, and has almost tripled in volume since the 2002-05 average baseline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Thus, to best benefit from tenders, governments should first clearly identify the objective behind the tender based on due diligence and needs assessments. Bid design should also minimise opportunities for bid rigging (see question 3.9). Prime mover technology must have been in use for at least 12 months with 80% technical availability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These gender roles are firmly engrained in the local culture and institutions. While it was implicitly assumed in the past that the household head would compensate family members for their labour with the income gained from oil palm production, in reality, female household members were often not being compensated for their work. In many cases, this led to intra-household struggles and to women withdrawing their labour from loose fruit collection and focusing instead on vegetable production, which allowed them to earn, and keep, an income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Committee can, like the regional committees, issue licences endorsed by the government for certain fisheries. The regional and local* sea fishery committees, for their part, provide the industry with technical assistance and information and are actively involved in drawing up measures taken at the national level regarding regional committees (issuing of licences) and social initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In particular, the significant drop in the number of students enrolled in short vocational programmes causes shortages of certain occupations. This number dropped by over 50% (from about 2 000 students to about 1 000) between 2007 and 2009. Middle vocational programmes also saw large declines in enrolment from over 18 000 students in 2007 to around 12 000 students in 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Child Development Index: Holding Governments to Account for Children's Wellbeing. London: Save the children UK. Commodities and Capabilities, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. The Idea of Justice, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Children's Experience of Multidimensional Deprivation: Relationship with household monetary poverty, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 56, 43-56. Poverty in the United Kingdom: A survey of household resources and standards of living.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Since more redistributive tax-transfer systems tend to be more effective as a backstop to widening earnings gaps, redistribution in the US was also less effective at offsetting the substantial increase in the market-income inequality in the 2-3 decades leading up to the GR. Focussing on more recent policy changes, we then calculate income gains and losses that can be attributed to reforms shortly before and after the GR at different points in the earnings spectrum. The results show that a combination of discretionary and automatic policy changes in the US have significantly narrowed the pre-GR gap between the equalising capacities of US and European redistribution measures, and between their abilities to cushion the effects of economic shocks on household income. We argue, however, that this is unlikely to signify any longer-term convergence, and that Europe/US comparisons need to go beyond the common focus on differences in redistribution levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This paper explores the emerging concept of place-based economic policy. It reviews recent literature on place-based economics policy, especially regional competitiveness policy, and explores the adoption and diffusion of this concept by economic development practitioners and social science researchers. It attempts to answer the question: Are place-based economic policy and the underlying conceptual foundations lasting innovations, or are they fads which economic development practitioners and social scientists will adopt until another fad emerges? The conclusion is that economic development practitioners and social scientists do tend to respond to fads. To ensure that regional economic development policy is not dominated by fads, social scientists must get out in front of economic development practitioners far enough to thoroughly develop and test regional competitiveness and other place-based economic theories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It represents a wider grouping of stakeholders, including agricultural, industrial, urban and environmental organisations with interests in water management. The aim is to conduct a collaborative governance process led by stakeholders, to recommend reform of New Zealand’s fresh water management. The Forum leads a consensus process to identify shared outcomes and goals for fresh water, as well as relevant policies to achieve them. Co-ordinating strategic planning of water policy: OECD examples (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is expected that fossil fuels will continue to play an important role in the medium to long term. The efficiencies of a number of regions are shown in the figure below, which highlights that the energy efficiencies are generally lower in most non-OECD countries than in OECD countries. Possible explanations for lower efficiencies include outdated generation technologies. The necessary capital for state-of-the-art technologies such as combined cycle gas turbines is not always available and the equipment requires regular maintenance in order to maintain design efficiencies. Figure 9 highlights the importance of renewable energies in the future generation mix in all regions. The upfront costs of renewable energies are usually higher compared to fossil fuel generation technologies but the operation cost is close to zero for some renewable technologies such as solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In parallel, river basin councils were to remain the main institutions under federal authority for water management at the river basin level and users’ concerns and opinions were to be taken into account through the councils’ general assemblies. Respectively led by the federal government and CONAGUA, these two strategic documents are implemented over the same period of time (6 years), and both feature objectives regarding sustainable management of water resources at the river basin level. Objective 2 (Chapter 4, Section 4.1 of the National Development Plan) focuses on integrated and sustainable management of water resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, Albania and Romania stand out with half of the housing lacking piped water. As in the case of water supply, sewerage services are most problematic in Albania, Romania and the EECCA countries. The data indicate that a limited share of the housing has a bath or shower—Uzbekistan (13.3 per cent), Bosnia and Herzegovina (22 per cent), Kyrgyzstan (24 per cent) and the Republic of Moldova and Turkmenistan (30 per cent).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Teachers began to classify pupils into three groups - safe cases, suitable for treatment, and hopeless cases - and subsequently focused primarily on the middle group, seeing that this group had the most potential for improvement. In this same case, it was found that weaker pupils received less attention. Status and growth models refer to how outcomes are measured and they each create different objectives and incentives for schools. Status models measure the percent of students who achieve certain levels of proficiency and require schools to raise performance to meet the proficient level (Krieg, 2008, Neal and Schanzenbach, 2010 cited in Figlio and Loeb, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This intersection carries large flows of bus, pedestrian, and motor traffic. The Ring Road, which is a major arterial road, and Aurobindo Marg forms the AIIMS grade-separated interchange. Traffic data collection allowed the study of road user behaviour earlier when the AIIMS junction was an at-grade, signalized intersection and presently when the site is a grade separated interchange with no traffic signal control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The main - and most contentious - item related to the redefinition of the respective roles of trade unions and work councils in companies. In the previous labour code, work councils could be established but only in companies where no trade union was present, and they had collective bargaining rights.19 The new Labour Code establishes a division of competences between trade union and work councils, with trade unions being in charge of collective bargaining matters and w'ork councils responsible for all employees’ information and consultation activities. In addition, work councils can be created in companies where trade unions are active, unless more than one third of the employees belong to the trade union (against 50% before the March 2017 negotiations at the Tripartite Council). After the March 2017 negotiations, trade unions are automatically allocated one seat in the work council, which should avoid complete side-lining of trade unions from information of and consultation with employees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These include marginal abatement cost curve analysis, options analysis, impact assessments, cost-benefit analysis, and multi-criteria analysis. However, information and data constraints can limit their application. In particular, limited evidence and knowledge to provide good appraisals and identify market failures and barriers as well as inherent uncertainties in appraising climate adaptation projects are cited as key barriers to identifying effective projects ex-ante. Such methodologies can help to direct allocation of future climate finance to projects and programmes with the highest overall results (for example, the UK’s DFID/DECC Greenhouse Gas Appraisal Guidance and the World Bank Source Book).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Since 2007, more than half of the world’s population has been living in urban areas and the figure is estimated to exceed 70 per cent by 2050. This is a hallmark of the transformation of humans’ economic base and social structure, inasmuch as, previously, populations lived and worked primarily in rural areas. By concentrating people, investment and resources (a process known as agglomeration), cities heighten the possibilities for economic development, innovation and social interaction. More specifically, cities also make it possible to lower unit costs so as to provide public services such as water and sanitation, health care, education, electricity, emergency services and public recreational areas (Polese, 2009, Satterthwaite, 2010). Along these lines, cities also face challenges that threaten their efforts to achieve sustainability, for example, through improvement of access to, and efficiency in the use of, public services, as well as reduction of their ecological footprint and financial fragility, and the building of resilience against the adverse impact of natural hazards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Evans and Meade (2006) note that traders in countries like New Zealand are exposed to market power arising from scale economies and co-ordination/consolidation issues in international shipping, given that much of the nation’s agricultural output is destined for time-sensitive overseas markets. The figure below shows that during the 20-year period studied, variations in the exchange rates typically counterbalanced variations in world prices, with the exception of only four years. They concluded that by offsetting global market swings, exchange rate fluctuations have reduced the overall volatility of prices received by New Zealand producers and that policies to stabilise the exchange rate would harm, not help, these sectors. However, exchange rate movements were not found to be stabilising for beef, wool, seafood and forestry products, implying that the exchange rate has indeed been a source of volatility in these sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The centre, located at the University Hospital of Dakar, also provides a methadone maintenance programme, drug dependence treatment services, outreach programmes and programmes for the treatment of HIV infection and hepatitis infection for drug users. Cabo Verde is piloting a “one-stop shop” for drug abusers, a centre offering multiple drug abuse treatment services in a vulnerable neighbourhood in the capital city of Praia, promoting the implementation of a community-based treatment approach. In Kenya, after an opioid substitution treatment facility (known locally as a medically assisted therapy clinic) was opened in Nairobi in December 2014, a second facility was opened in Malindi in February 2015 and two others were opened in Mombasa in September 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These differences in needs come as a result of intrinsic and extrinsic inequalities and trends in societal roles for each demographic, whether in regards to men and women or in regards to different minorities or regional populations. In 2010/11, the National Report on the Progress of Jordanian Women in Justice and Participation was launched. Several CSOs participated in delivering a Jordanian women’s manifesto, which included several topics to encourage women’s legal and political rights in the media and economic spheres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Specifically, it tries to answer questions such as: How does the educational composition of the workforce influence the distribution of labour earnings? Does the sector composition of employment matter for the distribution of labour earnings? Do the share of fixed-term work contracts and the share of self-employment play a role in shaping the distribution of labour earnings?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Section 6 then shows the results obtained from the econometric work and Section 7 concludes by providing a brief discussion of the key policy implications of the findings. In parallel, income inequality has risen in a large number of OECD countries and some emerging economies (OECD, 2011a, OECD, 2014) and become, once again, a hotly debated policy concern (OECD, 2008, OECD, 201 la, OECD 2013b). Economic analysis can help identify some of the potential sources of inequality—including international trade— as well as establish links between inequality and other measures of economic performance such as, for example, economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The programme is targeted on poor households with children aged 5-16, as well as on the elderly, persons with disabilities, pregnant or lactating women, altogether it covers about 5.8 million children, two-thirds of whom are aged under 15 years. In addition, it has contributed to a reduction in the prevalence of low height-for-age and increased muscle mass among beneficiary children (World Bank, 2009b). The same results are reported by two different studies using experimental data. According to Shamah et al (2007), the rate of anaemia has decreased three times more compared to the control group due to nutrition based on the enriched milk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Table 4.3 provides a few estimates of the scope of the problem, specifically in agriculture regions.7 Other countries, like Mexico, have experienced unauthorised use, eased in particular by the use of falsified well and concession registration, and which could represent up to 50% of total concession authorisations in the Valley of Mexico (OECD, 2013b). In Spain, efforts to complete an inventory and the registration of all wells in the 1990s at an estimated total cost of EUR 66 million led only to partial results in 2001 (Fornes et al., Some of the river basin management plans, like that of Guadalquivir, explicitly expressed the goal of combatting illegal abstraction, but have not been able thus far to address the problem completely, in part because of the complexities of enforcement and the low impact of fines and legal consequences (ECA, 2014, EEA, 2013). There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Sustainable and equitable agricultural development”, Futures, Vol. Cunningham, K. (2009), “Rural and urban linkages: Operation Flood’s role in India’s dairy development”, IFPRI Discussion Paper, No. The number increased to 246 million in 2004-06, but higher agricultural production and stronger economic progress resulted in a reduction of about 33 million undernourished people to an estimated 213 million by 2010-12.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Many if not most of these small scale entrepreneurs are poor with few options and likely no access to alternative livelihoods. They are unlikely to have knowledge of environmentally improved technologies, nor the means to adopt these technologies. The suppliers that do exist may lack access to the latest technologies and expertise, and may lack access to business capital. Often the policy drivers required to create demand for their products and services are not in place, and high levels of poverty and low levels of economic activity severely restrict the potential market demand. Barriers often exist to the adoption of innovative financing mechanisms such as the Energy Service Company (ESCO) model. In many of the countries where notable improvements in public sector capacity have been attained, private sector demand for competent public services and better governance has been a major stimulus to change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Afghanistan, for every mile the journey to school is reduced, girls’ enrolment increases by 19 percentage points, compared to 13 among boys (Burde and Linden, 2012). Data from 40 low- and middle-income countries show that up to 10% of adolescent girls reported incidents of forced sexual intercourse or other sexual acts at school in the previous year (UNICEF, 2014). In South Africa, 8% of girls in secondary school reported that they had been sexually assaulted or raped at school in the previous year (Burton and Leoschut, 2013). Formal and informal laws, social norms and practices reinforce the social expectation that women and girls should handle household chores (Ferrant et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The initiative, building on the experience of the Rhouda Centre and Enterprise Qatar, will study barriers to entrepreneurship, introduce a business plan competition and encourage internships in domestic, regional and international enterprises” (p. 151). Also, gender-sensitized legislation will be developed to encourage more women to take active roles in society, and a thorough review of gender equity in public sector employment will serve as a first step in removing existing social and cultural barriers”(p.l76). For example, Yemen’s Strategic Vision 2025 sets a target to increase women’s labour force participation rate to 50% by 2025.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nevertheless, these households are also affected by higher energy tariffs as they will have to pay higher prices for alternative energy sources, such as gas bottles, kerosene and possibly even firewood. Many reports have been produced recently on the impact of the food and fuel price crisis and the subsequent global economic crisis on poverty and child well-being. However, so far there is little evidence on the impact of the recent crises on child well-being and vulnerability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)