albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Costa Rica, on the other hand, reports around 1.5 nurses for every doctor. There are 3.1 nurses per 1 000 inhabitants, compared to 9.1 per 1 000 inhabitants on average among OECD countries (OECD, 2016b). Differences in the way a “nurse” is defined may partly explain this finding (for example, auxiliary nurses without a degree may not be counted in Costa Rica, but included in other health systems’ nursing headcount).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Certain UN organs continue to resist procedural limitations on their decisionmaking authority. Yet, paradoxically, failure to accord due process has compromised the strength of UN authority, as seen in relation to the targeted-sanctions regime and the Haiti cholera outbreak that began following the arrival of UN peacekeepers in 2010. This article questions current, formalistic approaches to due process in the UN setting—which rely on traditional sources of international law. As an alternative, it presents a value-based approach that takes into account instrumentalist, dignitarian, and public interest principles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Only in Korea and the Netherlands is a greater proportion of expenditure allocated to cancer and mental health, respectively. On average, CVD accounts for 17% of total hospital expenditure, ranging from 12% in Australia to 22% in Japan. The large percentage observed for Japan is somewhat surprising given the low CVD mortality and incidence rates observed in this country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Often, numbers are derived from other processes, e.g. costed low carbon development strategies, yet it is difficult to ascertain whether the numbers were derived from a detailed cost analysis or based on broader extrapolations. In general, the methodological challenges associated with the economic assessment of mitigation and adaptation seem to be widely underestimated. A robust estimation of finance needs requires deep understanding and analysis of the specific policy and market context, in particular on barriers to the implementation of climate compatible alternative technologies or processes, and the elaboration of corresponding and sound investment plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Since Herbert Wechsler's famous article, the topic of neutrality has played central stage in many debates about judicial review specifically and constitutional law generally. On closer inspection, however, it turns out that the heading of "neutrality" encompasses not one but four different debates. One is about principled adjudication, another is about decision according to rules, a third is about substantive neutrality, and the fourth is about the desirability (or not) of designing the institutions of judicial review without regard to likely substantive outcomes and without regard to the likely staffing of those institutions. This paper distinguishes these four conceptions of neutrality and analyzes each of them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article highlights, from comparative perspectives, some important features of Japanese rules of jurisdiction, which were put on statutory footing with effect from 1 April 2012. Comparison is made with the Brussels I-bis (Recast) and the law of common law countries including the US case law on Due Process. A particularly detailed comparison is made between the Japanese rule allowing discretionary dismissal and the forum non conveniens principle. The heads of jurisdiction chosen for analysis include general jurisdiction, the Japanese version of “doing business” jurisdiction, jurisdiction for disputes over consumer contracts, jurisdiction in matters relating to tort, jurisdiction based on the presence of the defendant's asset and jurisdiction over rights in rem in immovable property. Those heads are chosen because comparative analysis is particularly useful to shed light on their distinctive or innovative characters as well as to demonstrate a potential for cross-fertilisation with other legal systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
La inversion en infraestructura fisica, como, por ejemplo, el gasto en agua potable, saneamiento y centros de salud, puede reducir la carga de trabajo asistencial no remunerado de las mujeres. Estas dos formas de inversion tienen caracter de bienes de interes publico porque generan efectos secundarios positivos en la productividad economica. La financiacion de la igualdad de genera en estos ambitos se considera mas bien una inversion que produce unflujode ingre-sos en el futuro debido a los efectos beneficiosos para el crecimiento y el desarrollo.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Data sources include setting specific information structures, and disease-specific registers and data sources. Much of Portugal’s rich data infrastructure is thanks to the use of electronic patient records and unique patient identifiers. These records go towards creating the Portuguese Health Data Platform (PDS), which consists of a Patient Portal (Portal Do Utente, launched May 2012), a Professional Portal (Portal Do Professional, launched June 2012), an Institutional Portal (Portal Institutional, under testing) and an International Portal (Portal Intemacional.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They are designed to In Scotland, national quality registers and clinical audits have emerged as bottom-up, clinical-led processes in Scotland, often led by pioneering clinicians. In addition, Scotland participates in the UK-wide programme of national clinical audits run by the Healthcare Quality Improvement Programme (HQIP). Scotland Performs measures and reports on progress in achieving the outcomes in the National Performance Framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A coherent, aligned set of professional standards could better inform and support the quality of initial teacher education programmes. Such professional standards could better delineate teacher positions and progression through the new career structure. They could also mandate rigorous and developmental teacher evaluation procedures, relevant and high-quality' professional development, public awareness, and measures to ensure the sustainability of the teaching profession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In particular, each education entry has been assigned a degree type using a keyword search on the degree information reported by individuals, and a subject field following ISCED fields’ classification using a supervised machine learning technique that can be used for natural language processing. Past professional experiences have also been grouped into meaningful categories using keyword search on job titles (Annex A shows summary statistics of these variables). Instead, the dataset contains a large set of start-ups trying to raise capital - some of which succeeded and some of which failed (so far).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The IAPT training programme is a standardised model which trains individuals across one year, where time is split between one or two days per week in formal training, and three or four days per week in supervised service delivery, following an intensive introductory course. Trainees are paid throughout their training. Using this training model 1 500 new IAPT therapists have been trained since IAPT’s establishment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Housing, through backward linkages, can encourage construction industries to form, including basic industries such as cement and steel. Strategies to expand housing and construction employment should focus on reforming regulatory barriers and supporting education and training, particularly for women and youth. Housing is 55 per cent more expensive in urban Africa than in other developing countries’ urban areas (Dasgupta, Lall and Lozano-Gracia, 2014). The typical house price to income ratio globally ranges between 3:1 and 5:1, but often in Africa, even for public service employees whose average income is higher than the majority’s, the ratio goes above 10:1, which is far above the 4:1 threshold that development practitioners suggest signals a serious problem with housing supply (Bertaud, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The distribution of different tasks, duties and rights as well as expectations related to gender has changed. A consequence of these changes is that many women have had better possibilities to get an education and to participate in labor market activities (Poppel, M. 2010, Statistics Greenland 2014). Poppel, M. 2010). The figure below shows the changes in employment by trade and industries for a long timespan (1834-2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The positive impact of fertility decline is not limited to reducing household size, more important, it completely transforms the age structure of the population and provides countries, for a considerable period of time, with a large and growing potentially productive population combined with a shrinking economically dependent population. These advantages make households less vulnerable and provide women with more autonomy in reproductive decision-making, creating a virtuous circle linking demographic trends with socioeconomic progress. The situation is particularly worrying in the case of adolescent girls in Latin America.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While agricultural research and technological development can support increasing the productive capacity in developing countries and contribute to food security (Goal 2), access to technologies can promote women’s empowerment (Goal 5) and ensure youth and adults develop the right competencies required for employment and the jobs of the future (Goal 4). Investments in research and new technologies axe also central to making progress in areas such as health (Goal 3), energy (Goal 7), protecting the environment (Goal 14), build resilient infrastructure and foster innovation (Goal 9), and strive for inclusive and sustainable economic growth and consumption patterns (Goal 8 and 12). Most SDGs have specific STI-related targets, such as increase investments in research, facilitate capacity building and technology transfers to developing countries, and to promote policies that support entrepreneurship and innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The most potent fact about children who fall significandy behind their peers is that, by and large, they are the children of families at the bottom end of the socio-economic scale. Strategic Review of Health Inequalities in England post 2010. The European Union, for example, draws the poverty line at 60% of the median. Poverty, it is argued, should be measured by absolute rather than relative standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
PART I: FREEDOM OF INFORMATION IN THEORY Introduction What are the Objectives of FOI? Whitehall and Freedom of Information Assessing the Impact of FOI in Britain PART II: FREEDOM OF INFORMATION IN PRACTICE How FOI Works Has FOI Led to more Transparent Government? The Culture of Secrecy Has FOI Increased Government Accountability? Civil Service Neutrality Ministerial Accountability Effective Government and the Quality of Decision-making The Cabinet System of Government Has FOI Increased Public Understanding of Government Decision-making? Has FOI Led to Increased Trust in Government? Has FOI Led to Increased Participation in the Political Process? Has FOI Met its Objectives? Conclusion Appendices Appendix 1: How Does the UK FOI Perform against Legislation in Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand? Appendix 2: The Requester Appendix 3: Ladder of Openness and Participation Appendix 4: Methods Bibliography
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For other commodities, SCTs are below 15% of commodity receipts (and in some cases far below those levels). For milk and sugar, which in the past strongly depended on commodity specific support, SCTs decreased to around 10% of commodity receipts, compared to 40-45% in the mid-1990s, and 50-60% in the late 1980s. As emphasised throughout this report, the period since the late 2000s has been marked by historically high agricultural prices. The declining level of support, in particular market price support, as a result is not only the consequence of changes in the policy settings, but also of rising world prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Inspections are mainly conducted through interviews, analysis of internal documentation and results of staff self-evaluations. Self-reported surveys and self-reflection reports or journals are commonly used in self-evaluations, and video feedback is not often used. Teamwork and process quality are regularly monitored in peer reviews.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A woman with motor neurone disease is taking the government to the High Court to win the right to die when she chooses under the Human Rights Act.  Diane Pretty, who is 42, has had motor neurone disease since 1999 and can now do virtually nothing for herself. She wants to die with dignity at home …
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These concerns appear to apply in at least several such assessments. It was noted during the EPR review mission that there is a need for more taxonomists within the country, not only because of the gaps in knowledge on biodiversity issues but also because some existing data may need to be reexamined. The dearth of taxonomists is not only a national phenomenon but has been noted as a worldwide shortage, with significant negative implications for conservation efforts, according to 2006 data from the Global Taxonomy Initiative of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), it would appear that some systematic evaluation of taxonomic needs within Morocco has been conducted, but that this is not comprehensive and that, generally, taxonomy is not well addressed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In a context of family vulnerability and limited support in raising children, high fertility at a young age makes it difficult to enter the labour market, find employment and access social protection mechanisms. Education helps change reproductive behaviour and reduces the likelihood of adolescent motherhood. Although the main factors behind this decline relate to exposure to sexual relations, the use of contraception has had a rapidly increasing impact, partly due to growing contraceptive prevalence and partly due to the use of modem methods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Erosion of river banks is reported in several basins, sand extraction is also being carried out, and international standards are being called for in that area, while on the Kura River sedimentation is a problem, as it blocks water flow, especially during periods of low water levels in the river. Due to its extensive lowland areas, Azerbaijan is particularly exposed to risks from flooding. For instance, the Iori/Gabirri River dries up in summer in dry years as result of intensive water abstraction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Households in the middle need to be able to continue to improve their living standards and grow into a viable middle class. Top incomes must not rise so much and so fast that they alienate the rest of society. Inequalities between ethnic groups, the sexes, and segments of the labour market are exceedingly difficult to reduce without long-term investment and political will.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Poland has designated 5.6 million ha in SPAs and 3.8 million ha in SACs, the two categories cover almost 20% of the territory.20 Of this, LP forests account for 2.2 million ha in SPAs and 1.6 million ha in SACs, together representing 38% of the area administered by the LP. The 3.5 million ha of existing landscape parks and protected landscape areas coexist with the Natura 2000 network. Limited recreational activity is permitted in landscape parks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 2013, Nigeria had 69 professional judges or magistrates fora population of over 170 million, or 0.04 per 100,000 people, compared with 1.2 in Kenya and 4.3 in South Africa (UNODC Statistics, 2017). The UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has developed a resource guide on strengthening judicial integrity and capacity, It recommends a focus on practical training in legal education, including social skills, and developing accessible continued professional training forjudges. Legal training typically lasts three to five years, but becoming a judge does not always require a law degree, even in high income countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The shame and social stigma for men associated with the failure to live up to expectations of being a provider can be immense. It can lead to situations where they themselves and their partners go to extreme lengths to cover up the fact that the family relies on the income of the female partner and/or of the children (see for example Ekeoba, Makanjuolaand Nagarajan, 2016, Slegh, Barker, and Levtov. Displaced or refugee men, but also other men and boys in fragile and conflict-affected situations may also be forced to accepting dangerous and precarious working conditions, including commercial sex work, or be at risk of trafficking, in particular for exploitative labour practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Table 1 moreover presents a brief overview of how and whether the ecolabel requirements of the four product categories investigated cover the parameters suggested by JCR. It was merely the EU GPP and the EU and Nordic Ecolabelling for windows and floor coverings that included criteria on sustainable sourcing of materials. The criteria were quite product specific and including criteria on: renewable materials, recycled materials, certified forest and sustainable wood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Reading and science scores are also significantly above OECD average and have increased since PISA results in both 2000 and 2003. The impact of socio-economic status on mathematics scores has decreased compared to 2000, but is still slightly above the OECD average (Figure 1). Germany is one of only three OECD countries where both mathematics scores and equity indicators have improved since 2003. An above-average proportion of 25-64 year-olds completed vocational upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary level education (55.8% compared to the OECD average of 33.5%). Germany was an above-average performer in all areas examined in PISA 2012, including problem solving, and the share of low achievers in mathematics has decreased significantly (from 21.6% in 2003 to 17.7% in 2012, below the OECD average of 23%) (Figure 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Carbon trade - the amount of carbon emissions embodied in production of goods and services exported to and imported from foreign countries' -has grown steadily. Such relocation of carbon emissions across national borders, known as the "carbon footprint of nations",2 has become increasingly important in volume and complex in nature, as many ASEAN economies have emerged as key participants in global supply chains.3 The relocation of carbon emissions also may have been facilitated by the developed countries that have made mandatory commitments to reduce carbon emissions under the Kyoto Protocol. Such economic dynamism also manifests itself in the region's carbon dioxide (C02) emission trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The extent to which the subsidy stimulus from such agro-climatic programming leaves producers sufficient flexibility to respond to the changing market conditions is not certain. The most important are the so-called “diesel” and “fertiliser” payments that gradually replaced direct income support under ARIP applied in 2001-08. Despite the name, these payments are provided on the basis of land area, with rates significantly differentiated by group of crop (Table 5.1). “ Diesel” and “fertiliser” payments accounted for 45% of total payments based on area and animal numbers in Turkey in 2013-15 (OECD, 2016b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Paunov and Lavison (2014) provide a more extensive discussion, with further policy examples. Section 2 focuses on co-operation challenges. Section 3 reviews the different policy instruments supporting inclusive innovation initiatives. These factors may impose a “poverty penalty” (Mendoza, 2011) - i.e. a higher cost of supplying goods and services to the poor than to higher-income markets - leading to potentially higher prices for such markets, or even “missed markets" when businesses decide not to supply them at all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There are also general programmes. In 2007, 17 public universities implemented the following programmes (Ariff et al. A survey by the Ministry of Entrepreneurship and Cooperative Development (MECD) in 2004 showed that only 30 out of 2 275 graduate respondents had become entrepreneurs either by running a business on their own or as part of a team.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Effective implementation requires a host of “hard” and “soft” levers to ensure that gender equality strategies and policies are implemented by all ministries at all levels of government. There are some mechanisms for implementation within OECD countries. Audits or inspections, including by external institutions, are rare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is due to the fact that in Ghana food prices are predicted to increase much more than non-food prices whereas, in both Burkina and Cameroon, food prices decrease in comparison with non-food prices. In Cameroon, this difference between food/non-food price changes is such that hunger rates under the crisis are even slightly lower than those observed in the base-year. Children in Burkina Faso, already with the lowest school participation rates, are the most affected with a reduction of up to 0.8 percentage points in school participation and an increase of their involvement in work of nearly 1.2 points. In decomposing these results, the situation is even worse: the fall in school participation is entirely driven by a reduction in the “school/no work” alternative, while the rise in child work is the result of an increase in the “no school/work” alternative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
People grow frustrated when they perceive that opportunities to improve their own lives are inaccessible, and the resultant protests can also lead to social unrest. This has shown itself in the wave of demonstrations seen around the world in response to the economic and financial crises and austerity measures, and in the social and political protests in the Middle East and North Africa. The discontent has not necessarily been always related to the absolute level of inequality, but to a combination of rising expectations and limited opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It is worth noting that 2014 previously broke a temperature record, and it took place in the absence of a genuine El Nino event. This phenomenon, which warms the climate, occurs when higher than normal sea surface temperatures in the east of the tropical Pacific interact with atmospheric pressure systems. The year 1998-the hottest before the twentieth century-was marked by high temperatures coinciding with a high-intensity El Nino episode.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The monthly minimum income threshold value for each adult equivalent was EUR 189.52. For a family consisting of two adults and two children, the RSI would lift the monthly income to EUR 568 if the household’s own resources fell below that level. The two reforms reduced the weight of adults beyond the first one to 0.5 and the weight for each child to 0.3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties sets the rules of treaty interpretation in articles 31-33. Yet these rules are quite vague, and they leave a lot of room for judicial discretion. The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) has developed its own version of these rules of interpretation — a version that tracks the three traditional approaches to treaty interpretation: the textual approach, the subjective approach, and the teleological approach. Looking at the practice of the ECHR through the lens of these three traditional approaches highlights the logic of some of the court's interpretive choices, including its doctrine of deference: the Margin of Appreciation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)