albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Abstract Recent history has been marked by the rise of post-conflict intervention as a component of military and foreign policy, as a form of humanitarianism and as a challenge to Westphalian notions of state sovereignty. The terms of debate, the history of the discipline and the evolution of scholarship and practice remain relatively under-examined, particularly in the post-9/11 period in which post-conflict recovery came to be construed as an extension of conflict and as a domain concerned principally with the national security of predominantly Western countries. The subsequent politicisation of post-conflict recovery and entry of post-conflict assistance into the political economy of conflict have fundamentally changed policy making and practice. The authors argue that research into post-conflict recovery, which must become increasingly rigorous and theoretically grounded, should detach itself from the myriad political agendas which have sought to impose themselves upon war-torn countries. The de-polit...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Similarly, Brazil’s national development bank (BNDES) has played a key role in financing renewable energy.30 By contrast, in Chile and the Republic of Korea, capital markets are the main sources of finance. India lies somewhere in the middle, as not only bank lending but also access to capital markets play an important role in infrastructure financing (Walsh et al., This is especially the case where clean energy is concerned, as projects tend to be upfront capital-intensive with low operating costs thereafter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Collected from school registers, school surveys or censuses for data on enrolment by age or level of education, population censuses or estimates for school age population. Data obtained: May and June 2013. Collected from school registers, school surveys or censuses, population censuses or estimates for school age population. Data obtained: 12 July 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Central government has direct influence over oblasts and cities of republican significance. They have limited scope to regulate urban issues affecting their jurisdictions. Local administrative decisions on issues such as land use planning and management, environmental protection, local economic development and zoning normally need to be approved by upper levels of government, which are not always fully aware of the needs of the cities, settlements and villages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, it is less clear that the mailbox obligation under Article 70.8 of the TRIPS Agreement would also apply to those LDCs that, on 1 January 1995, did provide for pharmaceutical patent protection but later chose to suspend it. The prior user right is an exception to the rights conferred by a patent that is widely recognized in OECD country legislation,1 and it may be deemed consistent with the requirements of the TRIPS provision on patent exceptions under Article 30 (see Section 3.1, below).102 In domestic laws, prior use exceptions are usually provided without any right to remuneration for the patent holder. However, the prior use exception is limited to cases where the use of the respective substance occurred prior to the filing of the (mailbox) patent application.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These initiatives need to be encouraged, carefully monitored, and expanded where successful. Fiona Stewart is a principal administrator in the Financial Affairs Division of the OECD’s Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs. The views expressed are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not reflect those of their organisations or the governments of OECD Member countries. The authors are solely responsible for any errors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Metropolitan-wide planning raises questions about the appropriate scale to tackle land-use issues, the democratic legitimacy of decisions that take place outside of formal governmental institutions, and the ability to secure stable forms of funding and achieve long-term goals. Experiences from other jurisdictions demonstrate some potential strategies for Prague to pursue. Following this, strategies to manage inter-jurisdictional land-use conflicts are discussed along with the potential of rural-urban partnerships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There is considerable diversity in strategies for primary care-based treatment of mild-to-moderate disorders between OECD countries, and strategic approaches differ based on the organisation of the mental health system and primary care provision, as well as in many instances following the idiosyncrasies of individual primary care practices (Glied et al., Treating mild-to-moderate mental disorders in primary care is less costly for health systems than treatment by specialists, or by most specialist services (WHO and Wonca, 2008). With sufficient increase in coverage, depression treatments in primary care were found to be an effective use of health resources, even in resource-poor settings (Chisholm et al., As well as bringing economic benefits through helping return to work and improved productivity (OECD, 2012), more effective treatment of mental disorders in primary care can contribute to fewer inappropriate referrals to more expensive specialist care services (NICE, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Nevertheless, although the new coal plant may be retrofit-able with carbon capture and storage at a later date if this technology becomes proven and cost-effective (assuming an effective future pricing regime for carbon emissions), there are significant technological and policy risks in going down this path. Policy makers can begin to address this dilemma by separating the potential risk of lock-in to coal generation plant per se, from the risk of lock-in to unsustainable industrial structures in the wider economy. The risk of creating stranded assets in the energy sector (discussed in the next section) may be dwarfed by the risk of creating stranded assets in the wider economy. Using cheap electricity to grow energy-intensive industry at the expense of more value-added economic activities may be unwise given the eventual need to internalise the cost of environmental impacts including carbon emissions, and the costs of industrial re-structuring this would imply in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For instance, combined education and health expenditures remain at below 5 per cent of GDP in such countries as Cambodia, Bangladesh and Pakistan (table 1.7). Governments could increase expenditure efficiency and ensure equal access to basic public services. Without such efforts, additional spending may not translate into better development outcomes. For instance, compared with regional peers at the frontier of expenditure efficiency, Pakistan could decrease its public expenditures by some 33 per cent in education and 17 per cent in health to produce the same level of education and health outcomes (figure 1.14, ESCAR 2017a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For example, paddy rice, if it is irrigated, can yield a maximum of 5.5 tons per hectares in the sampled fields, but without irrigation the yield rarely goes above 4 tons per hectares. A recently released report by IFPRI (Svendsen, Ewing, and Msangi 2009) finds that irrigated yields in Africa are typically 1.5 to 3 times of those of rainfed yields. It should be noted that water footprint measurements do not necessarily relate to the opportunity cost of water, which can lead to blatant misinterpretations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Good corporate governance makes for good business for all. Good corporate governance helps reduce the risks that smaller firms may face as well. At the other end of the spectrum, cases of corporate malfeasance in state-owned enterprises illustrate that regardless of size or ownership, good corporate governance is critical.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This source of funding is actually a number of different sources, with funds flowing from various donors through the World Bank and other agents, to countries that take action to reduce emissions from their forestry sectors. The Fund currently has US$10 billion in committed funding available. In an innovative arrangement, financing is available not only to states (and public bodies such as environment or development ministries, development banks), but also to the private sector.13 Also worth noting is the intention to roughly balance investment between mitigation and adaptation, with at least half of the latter funds going to those countries most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change: least developed countries (LDCs), small island states and African states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The disaggregation of fiscal policies into its components provides a good opportunity to examine the impact of each instrument on inequality. This follows the approach of Salotti and Trecroci (2015) and Cevik and Correa-Caro (2015). The model is run on 145 data points. The dependent variable is the Gini coefficient, as provided by the SWIID Database Version 5.The explanatory variables are as indicated in equations 1 and 2 below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, the potential causal nature of the link between education and health is still subject to a certain degree of scrutiny, and these data should be interpreted with caution as the conditions through which education and health are correlated are not yet fully understood. Therefore, mothers need high-quality, affordable ECEC so that they can return to work with confidence that their children are well cared for, and achieve a better work balance. However, during the past decade there have been signs of convergence among OECD countries, and the concept of services for children under the age of 3 is progressively broadening to include educational, gender equality, social integration, and family support objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Most of the Aydar Arnasay Lakes System is planned to be integrated into the Nuraiau-Kyzylkum biosphere reserve (project UNDP/GEF/Govcrnmcni of the Republic of Uzbekistan). An Action Plan for maintaining the stability of ecological conditions and the effective use of the Aydar Ama-say lakes System for Uzbekistan in 2008-2015 was developed and approved by the Government of Uzbekistan. An Information Centre was created within the framework of the UNDP/ GEF/Govcrnmcnt of Uzbekistan project “Creation of Nuratau Kyzykkum Biosphere reserve as a model of preservation of biodiversity of Uzbekistan”. With the commissioning of the Kambara-ta dam and reservoir for hydropower generation,27 setting one up upstream becomes necessary. The catchment area of the Kara Darya is 30,100 km2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It represents around 80 per cent of total employment in LDCs and is therefore very important for these countries (International Labour Office, 2011). Table 14 provides a detailed summary of vulnerable employment and working-poor dynamics in the LDCs for the period 2000-2018. Each of these indicators has improved since 2000, but from a relatively weak base, especially in African and Asian LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
No subsequent plan took a similar perspective. ( The author of that section of the plan also later migrated.) However, it has long been suggested that, in Samoa for example, as people leave the agricultural labour force to emigrate, both total and per capita crop production decline and domestic and export agricultural production falls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
No showstoppers exist that prevent the enablers from being put in place. However, in some areas gaps and/or barriers exist which are discussed in this part of the report. More and more LNG terminals are building re-export capabilities for truck filling or loading small ships such as LNG bunker supply vessels. This can prevent cost-effective solutions from being developed in a short timeframe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
AbstractThe International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) was established by the UN Security Council to prosecute high-profile organizers of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, including those responsible for systematic sexual violence against Rwandan women. Focusing on tribunal cases involving mass rape, I examine how global justice for Rwandan women is produced through the politics of translation and negotiation. Through in-depth interviews and ethnographic fieldwork, I investigate how unspeakable suffering is articulated through witness testimony, translated into the language of international law, and mediated through the tribunal bureaucracy. I examine encounters between international tribunal workers and Rwandan witnesses, specifically how ICTR staff investigate sexual violence, gather witness statements, and render individuals’ stories fit for public appearance at the tribunal. I also explore the conditions under which witnesses tell their stories in ICTR courtrooms. I argue that international justice at...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The reforms vary across countries, as they are influenced by context, traditions, institutional settings and specific national and regional challenges. These policies all aim to improve the quality of schools and instruction and have been grouped according to the different policy options and their scope. A majority of 15-year-olds across OECD countries find that their classrooms are conducive to learning, but there are challenges across schools in some countries, including lack of student motivation, lack of relevant curriculum, difficulties in attracting and retaining qualified staff, lack of teacher collaboration and lack of professionalisation of school leadership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The medical school will have potential to improve human capital and innovation outcomes in the region. However, it will be important that the medical school, which is located in the middle of a Jewish community, will help improve health outcomes of the diverse populations in the Galilee using the region as a laboratory for its teaching, research and service (see Chapter 4 for recommendations). It works to lobby government entities, promote collaboration with counterparts in the world and improve accessibility of the public to new research results and inventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For better results of an assessment process, scenarios should explore different ramifications and extensions of critical uncertainties and interaction of factors within specific themes. In this regard, scenario analysis can be effective in supporting strategies for resource-use management and conservation. Scenario analysis goes beyond simple contingency planning, sensitivity analysis and computer simulations by presenting comprehensive exploration of alternative futures. One benefit of scenario planning is that by expanding the range of future outcomes considered in strategic decision-making, managers avoid the risk of “putting all their eggs in one basket’’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Western Australia has achieved a 30% reduction in the rate of fatalities and a 20% reduction in the number of people killed and seriously injured at the half way point of the Towards Zero strategy. While this in encouraging, further work is being conducted as WA seeks to increase its rate of improvement to match and catch up to the performance of leading jurisdictions in Australia and overseas. A further Government review of road safety governance and management was conducted to ensure that the administration and management of road safety in Western Australia is optimal to help achieve better performance and implementation with a focus on management by results and accountability for performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The patterns detected were different for each country, as were those for domestic tasks and caring for others. A higher education level meant less time on domestic tasks in Uruguay and Peru, but in Mexico and Colombia, those with an intermediate education level spent more time on such tasks than those in the low education group, while those with the highest level spent the least time on such tasks. The time devoted to caring for others increased in line with education level in Mexico and Colombia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
From this analysis, the level of ODA targeting climate change adaptation and/or mitigation as a principal objective was USD 15.2 billion in 2013-2014 (60% of the total), representing 18% of bilateral ODA, reflecting projects that primarily focus on climate change and representing what can be considered a “lower bound” of climate-related ODA (Figure 4). For the remaining 40% (USD 10.4 billion), climate change considerations are a significant objective, indicating the mainstreaming of climate objectives into development co-operation portfolios. Based on 2013-2014 figures, the majority of climate-related development finance targets mitigation (75%, including projects that target both mitigation and adaptation), while adaptation lags behind with 37% of the resources. Meanwhile, 12% of climate- related development finance is flowing to projects that target both adaptation and mitigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Particularly in countries where poverty declined by most, this has been the result of an increase in average income per employed person, rather than a rise in the employment rate or household activity rate. Significant distributive improvements were observed in nine countries between 2002 and 2007, which has reduced the average level of inequality in the region. Although income remains highly concentrated, these figures set an important precedent regarding the feasibility of improving the distribution of resources in Latin America. Only in Uruguay does the share of this group surpass 20%, in the other countries with a high share in the first quintile, such as Argentina, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Mexico, it is between 17% and 18% (see figure 1.24 and table I.A-2 in the appendix).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In this sense, they can have effects on the advancement of gender equality outcomes for better or for worse. In recognition of the key role of these government levers in advancing gender equality goals, this chapter maps out country approaches and initiatives to mainstream gender in the budget, regulatory and procurement cycles. The number of OECD countries that have introduced gender budgeting increased from 12 in 2016 to 17 in 2018. Nine of the 17 OECD countries that have introduced gender budgeting also publish information alongside the annual budget to help inform budget oversight. Some of the challenges in implementing an effective gender budgeting approach include the differing levels of importance given to gender equality by successive governments, fiscal constraints or broader challenges related to implementing new public financial management procedures in government. Although many countries have put in place guidelines or checklists, there are generally no criteria or accountability mechanisms to ensure the quality and rigour of gender analysis in regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This however, may be difficult in practice. Experience with the Performance Assessment Framework in Mozambique (discussed in Box 1.3) demonstrates that despite a formal agreement by the government and the supporting development agencies to use the assessment framework jointly agreed upon, the co-ordinated approach has been challenged by the prevalence of stand-alone projects and programmes. With the arrival of climate change-related funding, different actors have also tried to position themselves as being best placed to access the additional climate funds (IIED, 2013b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The “Camboriu payments for watershed service” was created in 2013 to remediate the large water losses for municipal water supply and the high sediment loading, which were being experienced in the watershed (Practice No. Outcomes expected by 2030 include the conservation of around 3 900 ha conserved/protected and the restoration of 300 ha, which will improve the quality of the water in the watershed and consequently the municipal water supply. In the Pipiripau watershed (Brazil) (Practice No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In other words, individuals who join the sample late or drop out early for age-related reasons are excluded. Any non-censored spell is represented in only one inflow and one outflow sample, but is included in several separate stock samples depending on the spell’s duration. A long spell will be included in many more stock samples than a shorter spell, which is equivalent to saying that each stock sample includes a disproportionately large number of long spells.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In all those countries, except South Africa, women in the 1990s were 40 to 50% less likely than men to be enrolled in tertiary education. To the extent that higher educational attainments take time to translate into higher labour market participation, we might expect the labour market integration of women to accelerate in these countries in the coming years. However, gender-biased social norms regarding the role of women in society and in the labour market constitute a major obstacle to progress and can be very persistent (see Box 4.1 for an analysis based on the World Values Survey). As social norms of this kind tend to be acquired at a young age, policy action should intervene early in people’s lives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Women’s economic empowerment, GENDERNET. From other sources we know that micro-finance groups have generated critical awareness, giving members the capacity to aspire, leading to both economic and social empowerment (see below: “Critical awareness”). International development co-operation is only one of many elements contributing to such a process, but donors can help in eight domains - constructed for thinking and planning - as identified in Table 1.1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Institutions of teacher education do not organise specific entrance examinations. However, in the Governmental agreement for 2014-19, the introduction of non-binding examinations to enter initial teacher education is envisaged (Flemish Ministry of Education and Training, 2015). According to data from the OECD’s Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), in 2013, 12.0% of Flemish lower secondary teachers and 6.0% of primary teachers had a university (master’s) degree (ISCED 5A) or higher, by far the lowest figures among the TALIS participating countries (against TALIS averages of 90.9% and 79.6%, respectively).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Note that in column [c] the statistical significance of the estimated coefficient of A/«[/>o.„.,] Thus, a 1.0% increase in per capita income results in a decrease of 0.68% in the percentage of poor individuals. An increase of 1.0% in the inequality index leads to growth of 0.78% in poverty levels. It is worth remarking that the estimated elasticity values agree with the theoretical elasticity introduced in section III.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Addressing gender issues is indispensable for achieving inclusive industrial development. It can be expected that developing countries will most likely increase their emission levels along the path of structural transformation, as industrialisation triggers the emergence of emission-intensive industries. This leads to a global imbalance in terms of emissions, as high-income countries assert that the effectiveness of emissions stabilisation policy critically depends on the commitment of developing countries to such policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)