albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
An alternative policy approach is to allocate resources directly to students' families, including through conditional transfer programmes that offer financial incentives to disadvantaged or marginalised families to encourage their children to enrol in and attend school. Brazil, Mexico and Peru have introduced such programmes. Mexico's Oportunidades (now rebranded as Prospers) and Programa de Becas de Media Superior are examples of cash-transfers programmes to poor families aimed to raise enrolment rates in secondary education, especially among girls (OECD, 2013a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Land use plans can direct the land market. Sectoral plans in transport, housing, utilities, and other sectors can be tied to the goals and milestones of comprehensive or strategic spatial plans. Metropolitan planning is vital to coordinated natural resource and infrastructure decision-making, but often run into power games, political resistance is strong in many countries municipal officials resist ceding authority to regional counterparts whilst national officials resist creating strong contenders so as to maintain political bases. Line service delivery agencies are not likely to follow national or urban plans that conflict with their own agency plans, or that are the product of decision p which they had no involvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
With the rise of China and it displacing Japan as Australia's major trading partner, successive Australian governments have displayed a policy conundrum: where China is regarded with ambivalence, Japan is treated as Australia's best friend in Asia with enhanced defence and diplomatic ties. This paper examines the question of how the policy conundrum has arisen in terms of issues concerning trade and human rights and Sino–Japan relations, arguing that the inconsistency in approach is fundamentally ontological rather than one of international security. Through an analysis of respective governments’ positions over the past twenty years, this paper contends that the conundrum of Australian governments’ policy in relation to China comes from deep-seated Eurocentric versions of history that locates the West over and above the rest. In performativity, this policy is two-fold: it prioritises ‘diplomatic trade’ with China over human rights, and it asserts ‘value diplomacy’ in Sino–Japan relations. Japan is depicte...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A school board is established by the school’s organising body allowing parents, students, educational staff, and the public to participate in the administration of the school. School principals are appointed by the organising body and can only be dismissed on the grounds stipulated by the 2005 Education Act. The groups which are typically involved include the Association of Regions, the Association of Towns and Municipalities, teachers’ professional associations (teacher unions and disciplinary associations), employers’ representatives, associations of school principals, experts in education and the association of non-governmental organisations in education (parents’ organisations are involved only in exceptional cases). The Education Act specifies situations in which the opinion of stakeholder groups is required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Both of these dedicated climate funds offer relatively small grants - of around US$5 million - to partner countries for capacity building and readiness activities. The Forest Investment Programme has approved on average US$61.6 million annually between 2010and 2014, making it one of the most significant sources of finance for forests. The fund offers bridging finance between early policy and capacity building support and efforts to demonstrate successful programmes that will lead to verified emission reductions on the ground.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Moreover, increasing its focus on current income stream may help better target support for low-income households. Changes in FPS are being implemented, and should be effective already in 2016. Under the new system only actual incomes will be considered, people will be still asked to enter a register, as in the current FPS, and these records will be matched with administrative records of income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Specifically, women are expected to fare better in the formal sector, where legal and customary protections may allow them to earn higher wages and sustain them during motherhood. Finally, bo decomposition is complemented by a non-parametric alternative decomposition developed by Nopo (2008). This allows for a better explanation of motherhood wage differentials, since it also shows how much of the gap calculated is accounted for by the outcomes of mothers and non-mothers outside the common support. The glass ceiling hypothesis concerns the discrimination that women and minorities in more educated groups often face in trying to move up the hierarchy of an organization, especially when they have more children, by comparison with men and with childless women. The quantile regression (qr) results vary substantively across the conditional wage distribution, the poorest 10% of the informal women sample are the ones who suffer the largest motherhood wage penalties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Aging infrastructure and a lack of government management capacity are leading to insufficient and inconsistent water deliveries, sometimes stalling industrial activity. Both public and private actors have begun to recognize that solving global water challenges is not a solitary endeavour. This process has resulted in notable water savings and pollution reduction, mitigating environmental and social impacts and often reducing water and related costs (i.e., energy, chemicals) to the business. An industrial facility’s exposure to risk thus depends on the ability of public water policy and management to deliver water services, to address water-related risks over the long term, to create effective allocation regimes, and to develop and enforce water quality regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The publication and an interactive map of Natura 2000 in Bosnia and Herzegovina was also developed, offering an overview and detailed information on the species and habitats from the Habitats Directive present in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The project also aimed at strengthening the national capacities for the identification of habitats and species that exist in Bosnia and Herzegovina that are protected by EU legislation. It w'as a pilot project aimed at strengthening training and methodology development tools at the national level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Indeed, in previous studies, cross-sectional inequality has been shown to be related to low intergenerational inequality. Moreover, welfare policies, by targeting disadvantaged family situations - either due to permanent factors or to temporary loss of income (e.g. loss of employment) - reduce cross-sectional inequality, thereby potentially helping to mitigate intergenerational persistence. At the same time, ill-designed taxation and social policies would also perpetuate welfare dependency, with potentially negative effects on social mobility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It details the important trade measures currently affecting imports and exports of agro-food products, including price based instruments (e.g. tariffs and other import duties, and export taxes), quantitative restrictions (e.g. import quotas and export bans) and regulatory requirements (e.g. licensing and quarantine arrangements). Multilateral, regional and bilateral trade relations are also discussed. An important objective is to keep domestic retail prices of essential, strategic commodities relatively stable in order to alleviate poverty and avoid antagonising the urban population. For import-competing products, such as rice and soybeans, this objective is usually sought through a combination of policy measures, in particular low tariffs and quantitative restrictions on imports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the Arctic, key issues include the improved coordination of fisheries under national and international jurisdiction, the response of the fisheries sector to ecosystems shifts, and improving precautionary and ecosystem approaches. However, what we will explore is the development of the regime in the Antarctic and the somewhat unique policy instruments it has produced to deal with ecosystem and precautionary approaches. This paper asks the question: despite the different ecological and political differences, can some of the innovative approaches in the Antarctic be used in reforming Arctic management?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
En el regimen de restric-ciones de tiempo, los salarios mas altos que reciben las mujeres inciden positivamente en el crecimiento, pero su mayor participacion en el mercado laboral impone restricciones de tiempo y reduce la produccion de capacidades humanas. En el regimen mutuo, el aumento de los salarios de las mujeres tambien es positivo para el crecimientoy la mayor participacion en el mercado laboral incrementa la produccion de capacidades humanas, asi, el crecimiento y la reproduccion social se refuerzan entre si. En el regimen denominado de «explotacion», la elevacion de los salarios de las mujeres provoca una reduccion del crecimiento, su mayor participacion en el mercado laboral restringe el tiempo disponibley disminuye la produccion de capacidades humanas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The steep increase in the minimum wage might have an adverse impact on human capital acquisition by further compressing wage bands and thereby returns to education (see Box 1). Nevertheless, the impact of minimum wage increases on human capital and schooling tends to be much longer-lasting than the employment effects as they set back human capital formation and employment prospects even later in life. First, a higher minimum wage might meet the reservation wages of some students and induce them to drop out.*
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Resulting total allowable catch reductions add to the socioeconomic concerns in the region. In 2015, the Danish fishing fleet comprised 2 273 vessels with 67 889 gross tonnes (GT) in total capacity'. Although the number of companies fell between 2012 and 2015, the turnover and production increased, suggesting a consolidation of the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Nevertheless, the Chilean authorities recognise that the renewal of water supply and sanitation infrastructure is a major challenge. As a result, water loss from supply systems (due to leaks and unmetered uses) exceeds in many cases the 15% benchmark established by the water regulator. Recovering fully the capital and running costs of water services should allow for necessary investments in water infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The advancement of theory and research on macrosocial determinants of health has been identified as a promising path for future social epidemiology. In this commentary, we outline how macrosocial epidemiology can advance in two critical ways: (1) engaging scientific realism, and (2) incorporating social conflict. The first describes how scientific realism can be effectively applied within macrosocial epidemiology to identify the specific contexts in which social mechanisms are triggered, which in turn, generate health outcomes. Engaging scientific realism fosters a deeper understanding on how and why macrosocial factors, processes, and institutions are causally linked to population health. The second makes the case to incorporate a social conflict paradigm into macrosocial epidemiology. Thinking in terms of social conflict allows us to view social structures as inequality-generating mechanisms, and re-orients our public health efforts toward social change, including for example, taking action on unequal political, economic, and cultural relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
See Chapter 2 of OECD (2011b) and also Koske et al. ( See OECD (2011b) and Koske et al. ( Fournier and Koske (2012) focus on the effects of structural policies on earnings dispersion by means of quantile regressions based on wages. Chapter 2 of OECD (2011b) also focuses on the effects of structural policies on earnings dispersion by looking at various earnings deciles ratios (d9/dl, d5/dl and d9/d5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Women farmers are central in producing food for their families and in sustaining the ecologies that enable this, but must often do so under increasingly constrained conditions. These perspectives distract attention from and thus support the continuation of unsustainable consumption and production patterns and inequities that are actually far more significant in producing environmental problems than are sheer numbers of people. They are underpinned by alternative visions and values that emphasize not just profit and growth, but the importance of sustainability, gender equality, inclusivity and social justice. Typically, they involve different combinations of public, private and civil society institutions and require strong state action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The System of Social Protection in Health also sought to inject new resources into the health system, and improve resource transfers between federal government and the states. Indeed, public investment in the health system rose from 2.4% to 3.3% GDP between 2003 and 2013. Having operated as a pilot programme between 2001 and 2003, and following reforms to the legal framework underpinning Mexico’s health system, Seguro Popular (SP), was fully launched in January 2004. Some important high-cost interventions remain excluded from the SP package, as discussed in Chapter 3. The significant increase in SP affiliation also represents a significant increase in total population coverage, and an important step towards universal health coverage (UHC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Reasons for this are given below (Nurse 2001: 6). Understanding the benefits and contribution from hosting annual festivals or events to the tourism economy can help in strategic tourism planning that is sensitive to island life and culture. Box 2.3 refers to a niche tourism product categorised under ‘cultural tourism’ called creative tourism, where value-added is generated and evident along the supply chain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
As shown above, their levels of farm support are rising, and there has also been a tendency to resort to more distorting policy measures. As a result, the centre of gravity in global farm support is shifting from the OECD area to the emerging economies, and possibly also to less developed countries. In addition, some of the emerging economies are large and have sizeable agricultural sectors. This means that substantial sums of money are transferred to agriculture in some of the emerging economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, even with this consultation, the Disi conveyance project is expected to increase water supply to residents of Amman, with potential consequences on behaviour and water consumption practices. It is therefore important to assess customers’ opinions and expectations about the Disi project in order to anticipate - and curtail - any changes in water consumption patterns that can undermine the potential benefits of the project. In the Amman management contract, there were no public awareness campaigns before the private partner was brought on board, and there was little participation of civil society throughout the contract (Suleiman et al., The private contractor argued that it did not have an obligation to divulge information to the public other than issuing invoices and providing information about changes to the water rationing programme (Suleiman et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For the children of age 5 to 17 years, the total is 0.39 when using the same threshold, varying between 0.11 in Gabon to 0.62 in Ethiopia (see Annex 5). The highest multidimensional deprivation levels are found at the centre of the continent (Chad, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Niger, and Central African Republic, ranging between 0.64 and 0.48), followed by a stretch of countries with high levels of deprivation in the East (Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya, ranging from 0.49 to 0.37), and Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Guinea and Togo in West Africa (0.40 - 0.35). The largest contributions come from Ethiopia (20%), Nigeria (17%) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (13%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Teachers with multidisciplinary backgrounds are meant to “immerse [students] in a system of innovative thinking, with specific goals for solving practical problems”. The courses may build on input from any part of Stanford University, including themes such as “fostering democracy, aiding individuals with threatening medical profiles, or paving the way for the next great start-ups". Instead of only trying to solve ready-defined problems, students are meant to creatively identity “what needs fixing and how to go about it" with the help of direct observation and interviews. After identifying a problem worth of working on, students imagine possibilities through “ideation" and then select a solution for prototyping and testing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As a result, it is not surprising that some shared vehicle drivers, for instance, report that the biggest obstacle to driving an EV in the network is a lack of rapid charging stations in areas of high mobility demand (e.g. downtown centres or airport queues). The need for time-consuming charging, often multiple times per day, for example, reduces drivers' availability for offering rides and earning fares. Drivers report that range anxiety can lead them to decide to cancel trips.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Childhood by its nature, and by its very vulnerability, demands of a civilized society that children should be the first to be protected rather than the last to be considered. This principle of‘first call’ for children holds good for governments and nations as well as for the families who bear die primary responsibility for protection. And because children have only one opportunity to grow and to develop normally, the commitment to protection must be upheld in good times and in bad.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Thomas Nagel's conservative position of the political conception for world politics and his insightful ‘Minimum Humanitarian Morality’ (MHM) view on global justice are laudable. He admits that the path from anarchy to justice must go through injustice. But Nagel does not clearly identify the conditions under which we put up with global injustice. This paper reviews the conception of MHM through the lens of the institutional political economy. In my view, to recognize the degree of structural failure (weakness in governance) as well as the degree of transition failure (elite bargain or personalization of power being interlocked) in each state can give us a hint on how to conceptualize and apply Nagel's MHM. We also argue that the scope and degree of humanitarian aid may vary in accordance with the options to global justice open to each state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Culture exerts a fundamental effect on employees and their use of technologies. We examine the influence of culture (and other factors) on computer self-efficacy (CSE). CSE, or employees' judgments about their capabilities to use a specific software system, is important given its relationship with work performance. By drawing a sample from two different countries, we show that culture affects CSE indirectly through employees' preferences for individualism and task interdependence. Furthermore, individualism, task interdependence and software personal innovativeness relate positively, whereas task ambiguity and software complexity associate negatively with CSE. Finally, we discuss several implications for human resource management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
And as soon as she goes through puberty, she may be expected to begin bearing children. Her genitals may be forcibly mutilated as a rite of passage. Without an education or autonomy, she may spend the rest of her life in poverty. Laws and social norms seek to control her budding sexuality and prevent her from learning about her body and her rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, the free choice reform with a free establishment right for providers has tended to concentrate physicians in urban areas. The number of patients in Sweden reporting they have had to seek hospital emergency care because a primary care physician was not available is considerably higher than in most other EU countries (van den Berg et aL, 2016). Also, after-hour accessibility to primary care is often limited and unnecessary hospital emergency department visits for minor problems is a common complaint among both patients and health care professionals (Commonwealth Fund, 2016). However, the number of specialist nurses and other advance practice nurses remains low, and the number of new nurses graduating with specialty training and an advanced degree has fallen since 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Inequalities in access to sexual and reproductive health services are enormous in the poorest countries and severely affect disadvantaged young people. They will be the frontline in the race for the innovation needed to transform the relationship between development and the environment. Yet, their contribution will only materialize if we invest now in adolescents’ health, education and their potential for innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, for the Kyoto reporting, the areas under each sub-category or activity are accumulated from the base year and onward, and do not leave the LULUCF class. On the other hand, for the UNFCCC reporting, a converted land is usually reported under the land-use class it was converted to (Swedish EPA 2012). The implication of this is that in the Kyoto reporting the deforested land still remains under the forest class and thus the net emissions from this class accounts for the emissions due to deforestation, while in the UNFCCC reporting such emissions are not accounted for under forests (see table below). This is because deforestation is quite rare in the Nordic countries in recent decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These results are partial, and it is recommended to extend farm-level risk analysis to other farm types and larger samples. Other forms of diversification, in addition to the output diversification, could be analysed, such as spreading production across locations and diversifying trade across overseas markets. There are inevitable trade-offs between specialisation to reduce costs and diversification to reduce income variability. The choice of a particular strategy will depend on individual farm business features and farmer risk preferences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These challenges include issues of ownership, economic leakage (from the local economy and through imports), local employment, benefit distribution, social and environmental impacts and dependency. These problems can only be effectively addressed at the destination level with the active participation of the local communities. It summarises by stating that "The effective development, execution and management of a successful pro-poor tourism strategy reaches far beyond local communities”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The global financial crisis and children in EEFSU: a roadmap to analyze its potential impact. Mimeo, University of Florence. Transition, structural divergence and performance: Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union over 2000-2007. External shocks, policy changes, and income distribution: Latin America during the last decade. Conference in honour of Frances Stewart, Department of International Development, Oxford, 17-18 September 2009, available from http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/pdf/pdf-stewart/cornia%20and%20martorano.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)