albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In the same way, conscientious objectors’ organizations in Israel, for example, contribute to desecuritizing impacts by questioning the status quo of accepted male behaviour to serve the nation’s cause of survival. A comparison between associations of male and female victims across and within different case studies would be interesting to evaluate the impact of more fluid and inclusive gender identities on conflict. These organizations act to promote the formal protection or reparation for violation of women’s and LGBTs’ rights and further inclusion of women and LGBTs in the post-conflict society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The knowledge is used by the enterprise to modernise a product, production process or service. All projects must benefit the Dutch economy. No individual enterprise is entitled to receive more than one small voucher for a knowledge transfer project at any time and more than one large voucher per year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Few sociological and qualitative studies, however, have shed light on the relevance of gender norms in driving migration decisions. Diner (1983) is one of the first attempts to include discriminatory social norms into the possible explanations of women's international migration. Studying the Irish diaspora to the United States in the late nineteenth century, she finds that most of the migrants were women in search for better opportunities. Since the famine of those years made impossible for families to give dowry to each daughter, marriage was only possible for one daughter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade, arguably the most hotly debated in recent decades, has produced an impressive body of historical scholarship. The leading histories have focused on the evolution of the arguments and alliances that shape abortion debate today, rights-based prolife and pro-choice arguments, alliances between women's rights leaders and public health advocates, and the adoption of pro-choice positions by the Democratic Party and pro-life positions by the Republicans. This orientation is unquestionably a sensible one, rights-based arguments, in play before Roe, have come to dominate the debate after the decision. However, by emphasizing rights-based debate before the decision, the current scholarship has mostly missed a significant change in the rhetoric and coalitions on either side of the debate that was partly produced by Roe itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article brings classic constitutionalism to an analysis of delegated legislation in the European Union. To facilitate such a constitutional analysis, it starts with a comparative excursion introducing the judicial and political safeguards on executive legislation in American constitutionalism. In the European legal order, similar constitutional safeguards emerged in the last fifty years. First, the Court of Justice developed judicial safeguards in the form of a European non-delegation doctrine. Second, the European legislator has also insisted on political safeguards within delegated legislation. Under the Rome Treaty, ‘comitology’ was the defining characteristic of executive legislation. The Lisbon Treaty represents a revolutionary restructuring of the regulatory process. The (old) Community regime for delegated legislation is split into two halves. Article 290 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) henceforth governs delegations of legislative power, while Article 291 TFEU establishes the constitutional regime for delegations of executive power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Comparing country experiences seems to be of considerable interest to UNECE member states. With both national and regional aims in mind, this chapter aims to support countries' exploration of rigorous multidimensional poverty measures, and to encourage the creation of data sources that would permit the generation of a regional MPI based on comparable indicators of non-monetary poverty. In the case of monetary poverty, national income poverty measures are used for national poverty reduction policies, while cross-national studies are conducted that draw on comparable measures such as the PPP$3.10/day poverty measure to elucidate good practices that would be relevant to other UNECE countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Most public discussions turn around short-term physical interruptions of energy supplies due to isolated and non-predictable events such as political crises, commercial disputes, sabotage, meteorological events, technical accidents or inadequacy of power generation capacity. It is in this context that classic security of supply measures have been designed such as, for instance, the IEA emergency response system for oil supply disruptions, which has been used in cases as diverse as the first Iraq war or hurricane Katrina. They also require specific responses such as improved transparency, more effective regulation of increasingly volatile and complex commodity markets, better coordination between suppliers and consumers as well as improved informational infrastructures in terms of standardising, collecting and regularly publishing relevant data among all stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Issues regarding the conservation of genetic resources and strengthening national and extension programmes are causing major conflicts between the two (McCalla, 2007). The International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR) was established in 1980 by the CGIAR system and later merged into the International Food Policy Research Institute in 2004. The purpose of ISNAR was to strengthen NARS in individual countries by conducting joint research, training researchers and distributing new knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Governments play an important role in ensuring that the transition to low-carbon economies is equitable, sustainable and legitimate. The persistence of neoliberal thinking and policies, for example, tends to constrain important aspects of public spending and market regulation. These types of policy approaches are not conducive to bringing about a qualitative or transformative change toward more inclusive processes and equitable outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This quota was followed by a few universities such as Universiti Malaya and USM. Others particularly the newer universities have largely Bumiputera students. The 2002 policy of admitting students based on merit as measured by the results of STPM examinations and matriculation assessments raises important questions about the dual entry mode.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The government had to overcome strong opposition from the powerful Catholic Church but had unequivocal support from women’s groups. Over the last decade, therefore, health care reform, employment generation and women’s empowerment have become the focus for public policy in the more advanced Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand. Social protection systems in the first group of countries are virtually nonexistent, the main mechanism is the family unit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, the government has taken some measures to promote efforts by employers to foster good mental health, for instance a guideline on good mental health maintenance and promotion, and a plan to begin the implementation of the Revised Industrial Safety and Health Act in 2015 so that employers are obliged to undertake stress checks and interviews/coaching in order to prevent poor employee mental health. Given the harmful impact that untreated mild-to-moderate disorders can have on employee productivity, employers and insurers in Japan should follow other OECD countries and provide (a greater range) of preventative interventions and services for mild-to-moderate disorders, going beyond information sharing and employment raising. Elderly populations are at risk from disorders such as depression just as the working-age population are, and untreated mental disorders may harmfully impact upon the physical health of older individuals. Elderly populations may be less likely to seek help due to generational stigma, isolation, or poor availability of appropriate services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This reflects the need to reorient investments in the water supply sector by giving priority to the un-served cohort before investing in improving the level of service for those already with an acceptable level of basic services. Moreover, an apparent obstacle to improving water supply services in particular and sustainable development in general is the high population growth that seems to offset any progress made. As seen in figure 9, as of 2011, 92 per cent ofthe urban population had access to improved drinking water sources compared to only 73 per cent of the rural population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2012. Economic Policy Research Institute, Commissioned for DFID. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Strategies include the strengthening of primary health care and the inclusion of specific health care services for older persons, specialized assistance for outpatients, hospital patients and within the home, and pharmaceutical services. The basic principles of primary health care are the following: universal access to care and coverage based on needs, health equity, community participation in the formulation and implementation of health agendas and an intersectoral approach to health. Primary health care is usually the first contact older persons have with health services. It is the area in which short-term health problems are resolved and most chronic health problems are managed (PAHO, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Netherlands report compulsory cost-sharing in health care insurance and in Exceptional Medical Expenses Act under social security rather than under private out-of-pocket, resulting in an underestimation of the out-of-pocket share. Data refer to total health expenditure (= current health expenditure plus capital formation). The CCSS is financed through wage taxes and general taxation, as well as specific taxes such as taxes on alcohol, perfumes, luxury goods and products produced abroad, while the private sector is financed mainly through out-of-pocket payments but also through private insurance schemes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In two of the dominant Western democracies, the USA and the UK, 2016 was heavily marked by racial politics. Few people would deny that race was a dominant feature of the 2016 US presidential election. A white challenger to a black incumbent was itself unprecedented, but the background was provided by the black Lives Matter campaign protesting at the fatal neglect of black communities in the US and the lethal violence of their policing. Donald Trump emerged triumphant on the back of what some commentators referred to as a ‘whitelash’. This chapter challenges criminology’s response to these circunstances and traces the way racism operates within the discipline. It argues for a renewal of anti-racism in criminological scholarship, and for new critical tools to be developed that can undo the work of race.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At the same time, the body of secondary environmental legislation is quite complex, as many regulations have been designed to address very specific issues. Thus, along with some insufficiently regulated areas such as waste management, and slow implementation of some EU directives (e.g. the Water Framework Directive), there are overlaps and even contradictions between different decrees or ordinances. The MESP plans to reduce the number of environmental regulations and to simplify reporting requirements under many of them (e.g. through introducing electronic reporting). Conducting regulatory impact analysis for new draft legislation would also be useful with respect to making regulations internally coherent and reducing unnecessary regulatory burdens, in line with the overall government policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The situation would become even more complex when such matters as environment, economy, education or transport and communications were taken into account. The decision for this institutional shift was approved by the government and Parliament, and the new law will be in force as of 1 January 2013. The Ministry of Infrastructure remains in charge of housing and local planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Furthermore, even though new policies are being put in place, fuel poverty is projected by the Hills Review to be higher in 2016 than in 2009, even assuming benign fuel price developments. Well designed policies to tackle fuel poverty, in addition to helping low-income households, would contribute to improving health and well-being through more adequate heating of some homes, and to reducing carbon emissions. This box concentrates on immediate fuel poverty relief and home energy efficiency improvements. In the longer term, promoting cost-effectiveness of energy generation, through competition and innovation is also decisive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The increased use of the judicial system for resolution of social issues in Brazil has had repercussions on social policies and directly affects the administration of social issues. This is a trend that stands out in Brazilian democracy, in the context of the advance of neoliberal policies. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the debate about the treatment of policies in the courts and the social question in Brazil, highlighting the change in the role of the judiciary and the action of Social Work in socio-juridical issues. The relevance for Social Work is due to its contribution to the task of making justice more substantive. This work has ethical implications, because at the same time that it leans towards a defense of citizenship, from a perspective that promotes rights, it also serves to perfect social control mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One Institute, for example, found that about 12 % of its staff completed an on-line training facility that had been made available for everyone to help develop sustainability competencies. This may indicate a low level of interest among some staff or it may suggest that other methods of delivering professional development in this area are required. Without effective up-skilling of the trainers, students in some programmes may not be introduced to the latest sustainability skills technologies and practices due to gaps in the knowledge of their educators. They are less likely to have a dedicated human resource manager and it is harder to release staff for off-site training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
International efforts addressing graft issues have largely been centred on the human rights discourse. The UN Convention against Corruption has mandated member states to establish a legal regime founded upon addressing corruption as a violation of human rights. South Asian countries have largely founded their anti-corruption activities on penalisation of corrupt behaviour. The UNODC has been found to be an important help in the capacity building mechanism against corruption in this region. This research paper aims at chronicling the efforts of a few South Asian countries on lines of the UNCAC mandate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This could make the impact of common labour demand shocks on labour supply and participation vary across states. They however differ substantially on other features such as share of the population with felony conviction, housing conditions (measured by the share of crowded houses) or the relative costs of child care. On the other hand, high participation states (North Dakota, Iowa, Minnesota and DC) present very diverse positions on most indicators, but tend to have strong health outcomes and reported health indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This article considers the dilemma that constitutional judicial review presents to the most well-meaning of judges — that of navigating the narrow and difficult road between parliamentary supremacy and judicial oligarchy. It examines the Singapore Court of Appeal’s delineation of legal and extra-legal considerations in view of Ronald Dworkin’s theory of adjudication in determining the constitutionality of section 377A of the Penal Code in Lim Meng Suang v. Attorney General. It proposes an alternative natural law approach to constitutional judicial review based on Radbruch’s formula, which helps courts to avoid the pitfalls of judicial idiosyncrasies and usurpation of legislative mandate while staying true to constitutionalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This situation pertains to about 70 per cent of the municipalities of Vojvodina, which are using wells for public water supply, and about 50 per cent of the total population of the Autonomous Province. Arsenic removal from drinking water requires significant financial resources and specific units of water treatment, which are necessary to develop an appropriate plan to address this problem. According to data from the Institute of Public Health of Belgrade City in 2013, the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were controlled in 6,891 samples, of which 0.63 per cent did not meet physico-chemical parameters and 2.74 per cent did not meet microbiological parameters. Beogradvode” also controls water quality through analysis of an additional 8,000 or so samples per year, but results are not known since it has no obligation to submit them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It requires a sufficient number of nurses and other specifically trained LTC workers to meet the needs of dependent people. Compared to other OECD countries, there are relatively fewer nurses and other caring personnel providing formal long-term care for people at home or in LTC institutions, but this may be due partly to the fact that a large share of LTC services are also provided in hospitals (these hospital staff are not counted here). This was up from 2.7 LTC workers per 100 people 65 and over in 2009, but nonetheless remains below the number in Japan and the OECD average (around 6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This issue is also linked to Enforcement Risk, where investments in a developing country are liable to expropriation because the legal system is less robust and rights are less well established than in the developed world. Investors perceive Enforcement Risk to be severe for climate change investments. This illustrates a key point that it’s not sufficient to create a return for investors, the return must be attractive relative to all other investment opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Women’s rising levels of educational attainment - and the associated nanowing of the gender gap in education - are one of the main drivers of change, with major implications for gender equality, the formation and/or dissolution of partnerships and childbearing decisions (van Bavel, 2012). Educational attainment paid off for men both in the labour market (giving them access to higher salaries) and the marriage market (making them more attractive partners) (Becker, 1991). The traditional marriage pattern was also compatible with the gender imbalance in higher education in favour of men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Productive activities which involve formal market transactions and command a market price are measured by official statistics in systems of national accounts and constitute the bulk of what is measured as “economic activity” and “labour force participation” at the national and international levels. The informal and subsistence activities which make up the livelihood strategies of poor people in developing countries are inadequately included. Unpaid care work within the household economy is completely omitted (Razavi and Staab, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The unconditional quantile regressions are complemented by conditional quantile regressions (Koenker and Basset, 1978). While this technique has been widely used in empirical applications - in contrast to the unconditional quantile regression technique which is still fairly new - it does not allow drawing conclusions about the impact of a variable on overall earnings inequality but rather provides insights about the dispersion of earnings within different subgroups of the population. To complete the analysis, the unconditional quantile regression results are used to decompose cross-country differences in the level of earnings inequality into differences in population characteristics (e.g. education) and differences in the returns to these characteristics (e.g. returns to education). This decomposition helps to get a better understanding of cross-country differences in earnings inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The planning exercise starts with a “Map of Enforceable Conditionalities” in which several constraints to land use are taken into consideration from the veiy beginning. Among these enforceable constraints, the adjacent areas including the areas threatened by floods have to be taken into account. This legislation has led to a systematic consideration throughout the country of the flood risk areas and the protection of those areas from undesirable human occupation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
According to the latest household surveys available in Chile, El Salvador and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, 7 out of 100 older persons with health problems have not visited a health service due to access problems. The proportion of the older population who did not seek treatment for financial reasons ranges from 11% in Chile and 17% in El Salvador, to 48% in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, which has a clear effect on morbidity and disability profiles during old age. Similar results were obtained in the INTRA III study in Peru.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Among these indicators, only three - natural daylight in classrooms, quality of cleaning and its frequency, and separation of classrooms for primary school students - met the requirements. The other indicators - floor space per child, suitability of desks and chairs to a child's age and body, classroom microclimate, and indoor air quality - did not comply with the standards. For 38.8 per cent of all schools, the floor space per student is 2.8 times smaller than the required standard of 1.5 m2 per child, while for 22.2 per cent of the assessed schools the number of students per classroom exceeded the maximum allowed level. These items were too small or too narrow for the child’s age and body.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Meanwhile, job creation through greenfield FDI projects in the traditional fossil fuel energy sector has fallen dramatically in ASEAN, India and China. Consequently, the gap between job creation from FDI projects in the conventional energy sector and the renewable energy sector is narrowing. This trend is present in China and India as well, although biomass power-related FDI still created the largest number of jobs in China in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Externally acquired improvement in decision making and business processes. During the 1990s, a movement to establish greater credibility for this additional form of reporting gained popularity', using principles developed by Stewart (1997), Edvinsson (1997) and Sveilby. It introduces an important difference compared with accounting-based methods (which for example do not count human assets available to the firm as capital, because they are not owned by the business).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)