albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This is because such indicators usually form a core part of purchasing and provider payment systems so in cases where collection is not mandated, implicit incentives encourage data reporting. Clinicians and patients play a crucial role in the development and uptake of measures and this should be reflected in clinician training and payment systems. The quality and outcomes of mental health care will continue to lag behind other disease areas until adequate information systems are put in place to track pertinent indicators and purchasers and providers are given appropriate incentives to improve performance in this area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In particular, information systems across the SP and the SS institutes remain incompatible and a national patient register or census (a minimum requirement to enable interoperability and closer working) does not exist. Health care in Mexico is less well-resourced than in other OECD countries. Currently, Mexico spends 6.2% (2013) of GDP on health, somewhat less than the OECD average of 8.9%, equating to USD PPP 1 048 per capita per year (OECD average USD PPP 3 453 in 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The picture highlights a higher average of the ex-ante stochastic component in the case of the trading sectors compared with non-traded ones, especially in the most recent rounds, net of the usual jump between VLSS and VHLSS. Again, if we are willing to assume it is the upper bound of a proper measure of the trade-induced risk component, the plain conclusion is that, not only is risk increasing over time in Viet Nam under Doi Moi, but that its relevance (in terms of net contribution to the variance of household consumption) is proportionally higher the higher the trade exposure of the sector the household is involved in. If that were the case, it would be a very relevant issue for policymaking anyway since it would also imply a revision of the assumed trade benefits for the welfare of Vietnamese households working in the most exposed trading sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Much of the literature on affirmative action is normative. Further, in scholarship that takes an empirical approach to examine this topic, the object of inquiry is typically the ramifications of such provisions – most notably the extent to which they foster social transformation. Yet, we know surprisingly little about the antecedents of affirmative action. This work examines what variables systematically predict affirmative action. We focus on the policy feedback literature and compensatory justice frameworks to examine the effects of democracy, modernisation and globalisation on affirmative action programmes. Time-series cross-sectional analyses of data for hundreds of groups from all over the globe for the period 1985–2003 confirm our hypotheses. This is the first work to examine affirmative action programmes in a large-N framework of such scale. We find that such programmes systematically correlate with democracy, modernisation and globalisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Several tools exist to create and work with computational models. Proprietary tools like MATLAB66 as well as free tools like Scilab67 are used by hundreds of thousands of researchers, academics and engineers around the world to build complex computational models to design everything ranging from space crafts to smart power grids. Computational models can also be built using almost any programming languages although declarative programming paradigms such as those offered by languages like Modelica68 are typically best suited for this.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Increases in health insurance coverage then stagnated, but picked up again after 2008, reaching 94.7% of the population in 2014 (see Figure 1.7 in Chapter 1) -thus practically achieving universal health coverage (UHC). Together, these expansions allowed the uninsured population to shrink from 12.4% of the population in 2008 to 5.3% in 2014 (Table 2.1). Moreover, the coverage of SEM with respect to the salaried economically-active population was around 72%, while it was 80% among non-salaried economically-active population. Table 2.2 shows the insurance coverage of the population by income quintile, socio-demographic characteristics, by sex and detailed occupation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Only three springs are located in the middle reach of the Vardar, while the remaining ones are in the western part. Worthy of note is Rashche spring north of Skopje with an average capacity of 4,7001/s, as well as the nearby Nerezi and Lepenec wells with 1,4001/s. The main geothermal zone is in the area of Vokovo-Skopje- Katlanovo, Kumanovo, Isti Banja- Kocani-Stip, Strumica, Smokvica- Negorci- Gevgelija and Kosovrasti- Debar- Baniste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Viet Nam the family is the basic institution and often includes members of the extended family. There is a strong sense of collective responsibility and mutual obligation and family ties remain the principal source of security and support in times of crisis (Figure 1.18). Source: Gallup World Poll 2010. A study on mothers of young children in Viet Nam (Young Lives 2002) found that poor households rely more on informal networks, such as family, friends and neighbours, than on formal networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
About 90% of health funds’ income for providing NHI services comes from government (Figure 2.9), about half of which comes from an earmarked component of national insurance contributions (often referred to as the “health tax”), the rest from general taxation. Almost all of the government-to-fund transfer is through a capitation payment based on the age and sex profile of each fund’s client base and a “remoteness” variable (which was added in 2010 and is discussed further below). In contrast, transfers between the funds and the providers are based on health services provided (or approximations thereof). Hence, in principle, one of the key strengths of the system is that the health funds have incentives to ensure the efficient provision of services and to engage in preventive measures - a healthy client base means fewer costs through the reimbursement system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In Bangladesh it is generally accepted that men will lead the important ministries, so the women appointed to these posts must be experienced, knowledgeable, competent and capable to avoid negative perceptions among the people about the quality of women's participation. Further, these women have impacted on the social implications of policies with respect to health services, child care, poverty alleviation, dowry problems, violence against women and girls, and community development. Moreover, when planning for city development the women take into consideration the physical environment of communities and the quality of life, without excluding the art and culture of the various communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Black and African households have the highest proportion of financially vulnerable households (38.2 percent), followed by Hispanics (31.1 percent), other ethnicities which include Asians, native Hawaiian, Alaska native (30.6 percent), and white non-Hispanics (25 percent). The level of financial vulnerability decreased for all ethnicities from 2007 to 2016 except for households that belong to the other category (Figure 4.4). Households where the household head has a college degree are less financially vulnerable as compared to households where the education level of the household head is lower (Figure 4.5). Moreover, female headed households are more financially vulnerable as compared to male headed households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These changes are even harder in contexts characterised by low geographical mobility of workers, rigid labour market regulations, or high levels of skills mismatch. In countries such as Poland, Hungary, Korea, Latvia, the Slovak Republic, Chile and Spain, more than 80% of SMEs can be considered non-innovative, and in most OECD countries shares are above 60% (Figure 5). Those firms may be a drag on productivity, and frequently experience problems surviving in a globalised world where technological changes (namely, changes brought about by digitalisation) are constant and rapid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Other skills that are gaining increasing importance are those that are most inherently human in nature, and thus difficult for robots and machines to emulate - variously termed soft skills, transversal or transferable skills, and behavioural, interpersonal and socio-emotional skills. So, too, are competencies and attitudes such as creativity, intuition, imagination, curiosity, risk-taking, open-mindedness, logical thinking, problem-solving, decision-making, the ability to engage in contact and interact with others (empathy and emotional intelligence), communication, persuasbn and negotiation skills, networking and teamwork, and the capacity to adapt and learn new abilities. Education and training policies at all levels should aim to strengthen such abilities, skills and attitudes among current and future workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The OECD and EU28 (i.e. European Union) aggregates refer to the unweighted averages of those countries that have minimum wage policy and are included in the chart. When taking up a job, a significant portion of these new earnings can be "taxed away” through reductions in benefit entitlements combined with imposition of income taxes. These participation tax rates, which are calculated by the OECD for many countries, are significantly below the OECD average in Portugal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
International negotiations as an instrument in conflict resolution are difficult to to grasp, both in theory and practice. Yet it is important to get to grips with this process, as negotiations between states and in international organizations are the lifeblood of the international body politic. The Charter of the United Nations, for obvious reasons, ranks negotiation as the foremost instrument in the peaceful settlement of inter-state conflicts. Scholars of international relations are still searching for methodologies and theories to explain outcomes of negotiations by the processes that produce them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In others, the effectiveness of legal prohibition is hampered by poor enforcement or by low levels of awareness of this legislation among school staff and pupils. The Right of the Child to Protection from Corporal Punishment and Other Cruel or Degrading Forms of Punishment”, #13. India’s National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) reports that a study of emotional experiences in classrooms, based on a survey of 1100 children, revealed that those who were frequently scolded saw their learning abilities compromised. It has been linked to slow development of social skills, depression, anxiety, aggressive behaviour and a lack of empathy or caring for others.52 It also contributes to the perpetuation of violence in schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Funding “followed the student”, providing a significant incentive for school systems to expand enrolment. Similarly, states were required to share resources across municipalities so that all state and municipal schools could reach the per student spending threshold. As a result of this investment, Brazil’s math scores on the Programme for International Student Assessment rose 52 points between 2000 and 2009, the third-largest leap on record. Previous Human Development Reports have shown that human poverty is multidimensional.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article explores the history and impact of affirmative action in Nepal's civil service and political parties. Affirmative action was part of a broader social inclusion agenda introduced after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement was signed in 2006. Affirmative action will always have associated costs and trying to minimize these requires concerted effort and leadership. Affirmative action is difficult to do well in a country like Nepal because it challenges centuries of discrimination that is reinforced daily and involves confronting clientelistic practices and social norms of entitlement. Quotas alone will be insufficient in such a context. This article argues that affirmative action can have wider good governance outcomes by improving accountability and meritocracy if it is combined with other initiatives aside from quotas. Some of the positive governance gains achieved through affirmative action warrant a bigger investment from development partners in this area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In a few LDCs, arm's-length or other non-equity forms of foreign direct investment engagement, such as subcontracting, have been facilitated by the prior existence of a potential domestic supply chain. However, the readiness of entrepreneurs in LDCs to become original equipment manufacturers or original design players in the textiles industry is incipient and currently confined mainly to relatively unsophisticated sectors. Weaknesses in infrastructure and trade facilitation also hinder the competitiveness of LDCs and tend to favour larger firms and those that are already part of supplier networks, as do volume and flexibility requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In contrast, environmental sustainability and climate change resilience receive much less attention, despite their centrality to both economic and human development. Many of the SDGs cannot be addressed without addressing environmental and climate change issues. National governments must give greater attention within their NUPs to environmental sustainability and climate-change resilience issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Many families survive due to the borrowing of cash or in-kind supports from their relatives, friends or neighbours. Household and community relations and networking act as “safety nets” and as “shock absorbers” and help reduce the vulnerability of the poor. Social capital, wantok and kerekere systems greatly assist in this regard.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, there are challenges. As elsewhere, technological advances in pharmaceuticals and treatments bring both opportunities but also demands on resources while population aging is adding pressure on the system. Policymakers in Israel are also facing particularly significant difficulties in ensuring an adequate supply of health care professionals and in dealing with socio-economic divides in health outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In 1990, 93 percent of the world’s poor lived in LICs. In 2007-2008,75 per cent of the world’s poor—approximately 1.3 billion—lived in middle-income countries (MICs), while about 25 per cent of the world’s poor, approximately 370 million, lived in the 39 LICs, largely in sub-Saharan Africa. Besides China and India, the share of global poverty accounted for by other MICs has risen from 7 to 22 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, it steers the regional Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment, and the Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) on those issues. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry also steers the regional Centres and SYKE on issues concerning management of water resources, including, for example, water service, dam safety, flood risk management, management and restoration of waters, and regulation of river systems. Finland’s 15 Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment implement water protection and management measures and supervise the enforcement of legislation in their respective areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Although International Relations and Middle East Studies share an interest in several aspects of Middle East politics, interdisciplinary research remains surprisingly scarce. This article asks why, despite repeated calls since the inception of these fields, this interdisciplinary gap has never been bridged. It supplements conventional approaches which emphasize a simple intellectual history, with elements of a political economy of the organization and production of knowledge, arguing that while intellectual convergence may be a necessary condition for interdisciplinarity, only a shift in epistemic grounds within which fields understand their scholarship can bring this about, and that this in turn requires a shift in the way knowledge is organized and produced. First, the article provides a genealogy of calls for interdisciplinary scholarship. Second, it locates interdisciplinary relations in the universalist organization of knowledge within which they emerged and which still (re)produce inter- and intra-d...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
More than 60% of the total surface area of the country' is covered by agricultural land, most of which is managed intensively and intersected by a dense netw ork of ditches (around 300 000 kilometres), streams and lakes (Oenemaetal., Recent figures from Statistics Netherlands (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, CBS) indicate that the Netherlands is the world’s second largest exporter of agricultural products, following the United States. In 2012, the total value of Dutch agricultural exports was EUR 75.4 billion. The Dutch agri-food industry contributes EUR 52.5 billion of added value to Dutch GDP, accounting for some 20% of the country’s total export value (CBS et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This paper examines whether governance matters for the economic growth of developing countries, empirically captured within the institutional economics theoretical framework using the panel data estimation procedure. In doing so, it tests the effect of several dimensions of governance on the growth of 84 low and middle-income economies using regression specifications common in the growth literature. The empirical results show that political stability and government effectiveness is significantly positively correlated with growth. Voice and accountability and corruption are statistically significantly negatively correlated with growth. The regulatory quality and rule of law dimensions of governance are negatively but statistically insignificantly correlated with growth. The findings of this study imply that the dynamics of the current modern economy makes it necessary for developing countries to act now and within their own country, improve the dimensions of governance and establish good governance practic...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Advocates have high expectations that (economic) assessments and valuations of ESs can influence policies aimed at averting the degradation of ESs and biodiversity loss (Heal et al., This module looks at how valuation studies are being used to inform policymaking. Comparing alternative policies, programmes and projects. How do alternatives differ in terms of ES gains and losses? Identifying livelihood, development and investment opportunities. What new or improved economic opportunities can be developed based on the conservation and sustainable use of ESs?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This chapter turns to questions of contemporary politics as part of considering the relation between “politics” and “governing,” in the book’s concluding exploration of how we can assess recent pervasive styles of governing populations. Written against the backdrop of electoral political events in 2016–2017, it pursues this question by first revisiting themes of mobile privatization and democratization made visible in earlier chapters, and then by describing the apparently effective cascading through communicative abundance of a political economy rationality of wealth inequality. In its analysis of these final instances of rhetoric, the chapter demonstrates again the disparate ways in which “communication” repays attention if we are to grasp the circumstances within which populations live, what they are able to do, and what is done to them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The political economy literature is replete with the theory underlying these factors (see Rodrik 1996 for a survey). There is also a well-developed body of empirical analysis focusing on economy-wide structural reform, agricultural reform, trade liberalisation, airline deregulation, tax reform, to name but a few. In contrast, relatively little work has been done in relation to the fisheries sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
If all regressors are identical, the results are identical to those obtained by running separate OLS, which would yield consistent but less efficient estimators. Thus, the husband's and wife's shares must sum to 1. Furthermore, the respondent's labour force participation may directly affect the amount of time spent in housework for reasons unrelated to bargaining power. Education can affect a person's outside or fallback options. More specifically, a wife's education level relative to her husband's (so-called education gap) may determine her relative bargaining strength in the household. However, the effect is likely to be non-linear in that as the gap increases (with the husband being more educated), so does the relative bargaining power of the husband.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
That since the girl consistently had sexual intercourse with the Appellant, the relationship continued for quite a long time to the extent that age became a non-issue. The judge faulted the prosecution for not going to lengths to prove that the Appellant had not taken the necessary due diligence to find out that the complainant was below the age of 18 years. The judge also stated that the appellant should not be condemned for the voluntary acts of the complainant as she was enjoying the sex relationship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These recommendations have stimulated concrete actions to improve the sustainability of high seas fisheries. The resumed Review Conference, to be held in 2016, may provide another excellent opportunity for States parties and States non-parties to cooperate in improving the governance of high seas fisheries, by reviewing and assessing the adequacy of the provisions of the Agreement, and, if necessary, proposing means of strengthening the substance and methods of implementation of those provisions. It has played a central role in norm- and policy-setting in the field of oceans and the law of the sea, including sustainable fisheries. In 1991, for example, it established a global moratorium on the use of large-scale pelagic drift-net fishing on the high seas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Posttraumatic stress symptoms were experienced by 27% of the women trafficked for sex work and by 7% of the women trafficked for other kinds of work (Tsutsumi et al. In Europe, at IOM's Counter Trafficking Unit in Kosovo, the most common reactions observed by a clinical psychologist working for several years were acute stress reactions with numbness and detachment, posttraumatic stress disorder with continuing flash backs of the traumatic events and nightmares, dissociation and self harm but also symptoms of depression (Tudorache 2004). But they also argue that increased training is central to achieve this. This was obvious in a European study reporting that 28% of trafficking victims encountered a health care professional while still in captivity (World Childhood Foundation 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This trend may reflect in part the effects of technological change and globalisation, which have raised demand for highly educated workers and changed the nature of skills needed in the workplace (Riddell, 2001). Canada currently leads the OECD with the highest proportion of adults aged 25-64 that have completed tertiary education at 49%, compared to 30% for the OECD average (OECD, 2011a). This share rises to 56% for the cohort of 25-34 year-olds, exceeded only by Korea. However, this ranking reflects a remarkably high community college attainment rate, at 24%, Canada boasts the highest share of adults with a college (tertiary-type 5B) education, versus the OECD average of 10% (Figure 2.2, Panel A).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)