albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The Strategy emerged from negotiations at the Environment for Europe Fifth Ministerial Conference in Kiev 2003 (UNECE, 2005), in acknowledgment that changing knowledge, perspectives and behaviours would require sustained exposure over time to formal, non-formal and informal ESD. Strengthen cooperation on ESD at all levels within the ECE region. Findings of the second reporting cycle, presented in a second evaluation report (ECE/CEP/AC. In addition to establishing the committee, ECE member States agreed in 2005 that the Strategy should be accompanied by an indicator system to support reporting by member States. Development of the indicators was undertaken by a 10-member Expert Group on Indicators for ESD. The resulting guidance document, Learning from each other: the UNECE Strategy for Education for Sustainable Development (UNECE, 20096), has provided the context, rationale and interpretation notes to assist governments and other stakeholders through the reporting process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These differences are is closely, but not exclusively, related to differences in countries’ share of smaller firms. Wireless broadband subscriptions in the OECD area increased over twofold in just four years: by June 2014, more than three out of four individuals in the OECD area had a mobile wireless broadband subscription. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, subscriptions grew from 14 million in 2010 to 117 million in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, the Productive Territories programme in Mexico, which critically relies on experts to implement business plans, suffers from shortage of staff in regions. The Kiut programme also proved difficult to implement because of the wide range of skills required to field workers (as they were requested to act simultaneously as mentors, community workers and loan agents). Such experts have a good knowledge of local conditions that might hinder adequate deployment of programmes and of how to address them, and are likely to be more committed to the objectives of the programme. The ICT solutions may include online databases maintained by central or regional bodies to register experts and online platforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Among some ethnic minority groups, particularly those that are patrilineal, traditions persist whereby women either do not inherit or inherit smaller shares than male siblings, while widows are excluded from inheriting the land of their deceased husband in favour of his parents, sons or other male relatives (UNDP, 2014). Women and men in Viet Nam have equal ownership rights, including access to land. The 2003 Land Law grants individuals long-term leaseholds through land-use right certificates (LUCs) and de jure provision for joint titling of certificates. However, the law is not retrospective and applies only to certificates issued after 2003 (UNDP, 2010), a fact that has hampered implementation of this guarantee. Moreover, there is some evidence that the process of converting pre-2003 land titles is cumbersome, effectively dissuading people from registering joint certificates (World Bank, 2008). Since the law was amended, 90% of newly issued land-use right certificates carry the name of both husband and wife.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Lastly, cash transfers in disaster situations can serve as a basis from which the affected families can start to implement productive ventures, or some other type of project, that will enable them to grow their productive and financial asset base in the long run (Bene and others, 2014). The transfers require the beneficiary families' to fulfill certain conditions (related essentially to health and education), with a view to strengthening future human capital and supplying short-term monetary income. In addition, households in situations of poverty or indigence in which there are no young children (which generally are not CCT-beneficiaries) would be excluded from the special transfers that could be made through such programmes. Consequently, Fernandez, Jadotte and Jahnsen (2011) advocate the need to relax the eligibility criteria in emergency situations, with a view to averting a deterioration in the living conditions of those family units which forces them to sell their productive assets, with a consequent decapitalization and future reduction in autonomous incomes generated through that channel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Such correlations are, of course, an indication that further research is required on the importance of labour in the manufacturing and operating costs of renewables. As shown in this table, most of the positions (46% of the occupations identified) require an apprenticeship, generally available through craft unions, 31% of the positions require graduation from high school, and 23% require some form of college degree, and 7% require an engineering degree. While not comparable to the operation of NPPs (it would be comparable to a module fabrication factory for a small modular reactor (SMR), however there is little publicly available information on the organisation of an SMR factory, see EPI, 2010: p. 28), the number of engineers required to produce wind turbines is far below the number required to produce and operate nuclear reactors, although it is similar to the number of engineers required to operate a waste management facility (NEA, forthcoming: p. 79).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The net wage gap, which controls for observable differences, sits at 6.9% (18.4%-11.5%). More often than men, women tend to leave their jobs or fail to move up the pay scale, a phenomenon known as the “the leaky pipeline” or the “glass ceiling”. As a result, the share of women in managerial or direction positions, at 33% in Switzerland, does not match their 45% share of the labour force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Results from a country survey sent to the 34 OECD member countries, which elicited 20 usable responses, show wide variations. Groundwater policies are founded on different legal systems, focus is on demand-side and/or supply-side, and direct and indirect approaches to regulatory, economic or collective management are used. Some OECD regions facing relatively high groundwater stress use a comprehensive range of groundwater management instruments (economic, regulatory, direct, indirect, etc.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In addition to being eco-friendly, the products may be more effective than existing chemical products. The most attractive approach involves integration of all components in a global business model. In the integrated marine biorefinery, biofuel is one product but more valuable feed, food and other materials are also produced (Figure 2.3), and indeed may have to be produced to make the refinery financially viable. As in petrochemical refineries, profit margins on bulk production fuels are likely to be low, and higher revenues from high-value, low-volume materials make biorefining more attractive. Microalgal biomass cultivated for its lipid content for conversion to biodiesel offers several possibilities for obtaining additional commercial materials such as fermentation to obtain ethanol (low conversion rates) and biogas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Satisfying Brazil’s financing needs as the economy develops will require increased private sector participation in the long-tenn credit market and well beyond distributing BNDES loans. Given the dominant role of BNDES in long-tenn lending, not least due to its privileged access to state funding, a more level playing field is required to attract private lenders. Increased participation of private providers will ease credit constraints and improve allocation of credit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This was consolidated into 350 options that were then prioritised. Does the option pass an initial assessment of relevance and feasibility to be implemented in the local context? Does the option make a positive contribution to reaching the targets of the Growth and Transformation Plan (Ethiopia’s national development plan)?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Accidents in some specific energy chains may also cause extensive and long-term impacts on the natural environment and ecosystems, as well as wider impacts on the security of energy supply and the national economy. However, when weighted with the expected frequency of occurrence, the risk associated with severe accidents in the energy chain is relatively low. The EU NewExt study shows that overall the degree of internalisation of damage8 ranges between 50% and 80% in OECD countries, depending on the technology considered. In non-OECD countries, the degree of internalisation of accident costs is considerably lower, lying in a range of 20% to 50% (see Table 6.2 for details).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The indicator should also be analysed together with indicators of Subdimension 3c: Balancing work and non-working life. Work in the evening may be in relation with the employment rate of the country. Work in the evening is more frequent, e.g., in hotels and restaurants, transportation and storage, and health and social work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In principle, the selection and design of policy instruments should take account of such interactions, as these may conflict with as well as reinforce each other. To begin with, an expansion of the range of objectives of innovation policy and of the bundles of instruments deployed has made for an increasingly complex policy landscape. This widening of the “frame” of innovation policy has led to new rationales for policy intervention and has opened up a larger toolbox of policy instruments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Chinese healthcare reform has attracted increasing academic attention in recent years, but the literature about the health care transformation in China is often statistical in nature or policy analysis within the disciplines of public health, social policy and health economy. There is relatively limited long-term, fieldwork-based research to provide a rich, nuanced understanding of people’s experience of the healthcare reform or facilitate the exploration of the complexity, messiness and contradictions associated with the changing health sector. This book fills this lacuna by undertaking an ethnographic analysis of people’s moral experiences during the healthcare reform over the past decades. This book situates health care change among the overall changes in Chinese society, analysing the links between experience, subjectivity and governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Exports of wood, wood products and wood manufactures amount to 1,887 billion KM, accounting for 21 percent of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s total export value (2015). The net positive balance of all these sectors amounts to 3.7 per cent of GDP. Cantonal forest management companies employed 4,126 workers, and the Forestry Administration employed 501 workers. Most employees (2,034 workers or 44 per cent) have secondary education. The 1,753 employees (38 per cent) who hold lower qualifications are employed mainly in production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The paper investigates empirically how governance institutions mediate the link between financial development and inequality. To this aim, we assemble a dataset of 48 developed and developing countries for the period 1996-2014. Results, obtained by means of instrumental variables dynamic panel data models, reveal that financial development is pro-inequality, however, the strength of the relationship is attenuated in contexts with stricter control of corruption, better regulatory quality, political stability and rule of law. Institutional domains less directly related to the market economy – political voice and accountability and government effectiveness – do not play any mediating role.Keywords: Financial development, Income inequality, Governance institutions.JEL: G00, G28, O15, O16,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The debate over multiculturalism in liberal societies has focussed on the relationship between cultural membership, individual identity, and individual rights and freedoms. But the discourse of cultural recognition, both indigenous and polyethnic, should also be examined for the ways in which it is deployed by states to further their domestic and foreign policy agendas. Analysis of the discourse around multiculturalism and biculturalism in Australia and New Zealand shows that diversity has been promoted to niche market national industries in a global market, and to reinforce neoliberal economic policies, through encouraging voluntary association, and the devolution of service provision from the state to civil society organizations. Cultural rights are promoted as alternatives to substantial economic redistribution, and to the transfer of ownership to indigenous groups of natural resources. Finally, traditional cultural values of community, belonging and solidarity supply values absent from neoliberal disc...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The primary drivers of that assault are habitat loss from unsustainable agriculture, deforestation, unsustainable harvest and trade, climate change and alien invasive species. But even against such an ominous backdrop are numerous examples of species recovery following conservation interventions, including in small island developing States such as Fiji, Mauritius and the Seychelles. Accelerated action is needed to safeguard critically endangered species and mainstream extinction risk reduction across agriculture, industry, trade and other sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As age increases, these percentages consistently fall. Although the levels vary according to country group, the former stay in the education system longer and the latter begin to leave school earlier. In lower-income sectors, inactivity rates decline with age but plateau after age 20 or 21. This stands in contrast to what happens among their high-income peers, where labour-market participation increases and reaches relatively high levels towards the end of youth. As a result, in the higher-income sectors the participation rates for men and women converge. This pattern is not confirmed in low-income sectors, where gender inequalities (due to a number of constraints and the lack of support for care) operate as a barrier to the integration of women in the productive world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The estimates included in the "Integrated Forest Account" supported by case studies undertaken in various of the country's municipalities, show that over 95% of operations involving forestry products in Guatemala take place outside the jurisdiction of the relevant national authorities. Public institutions concerned directly with the forestry sector include the National Forests Institute (INAB), the National Council for Protected Areas (CONAP) and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, all of which collaborate with other ministries and both national and local institutions. Between 1998 and December 2009, incentives amounting to more than US$ 100 million were given, and a total of 88,503 ha of forestry plantation were established in the country (INAB, 2010). Thanks to the PINFOR programme, there are currently over 100,000 ha operating under these conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In recent legislation, fines for violations are often expressed in terms of damage caused, or in multiples of the minimum monthly wage, in which case rates vary according to who the violator is, from individuals to officials to entities, and the multiplier is higher for more serious offences. The legal review in 2012 led to a step change in the value of fines, for example, under the 1995 Law on Water, the administrative sanction for non-compliance was a fine of up to 200,000 tugriks, whereas the 2012 Law on Water includes stricter sanctions for non-compliance ranging from monetary fines of up to 7,020,000 tugriks to revocation of water use permits. In the case of a water use permit for industrial purposes, excess use of the resource now leads to increased fees of up to 50 per cent at the relevant tariff as a penalty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, less attention was paid to other fundamental causes of food insecurity, or to nutrition. This focus led to the use of short term policies, rather than policies that would likely be better at addressing food security issues in the long term. In general, this involved "ramping up” the use of existing instruments (mostly market interventions), rather than the introduction of new measures or changes in the direction of policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Then, the methodology adopted to perform the research is summarized. Following the description of the methodology, the primary findings from the surveys are summarized. This is done by first presenting the findings from the household surveys, responding to the various hypotheses raised, and then disclosing the regressions, which summarize the determinants of the contribution of the urban poor to the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Taking the logarithm of GDP per capita can often capture this relationship well. The ratio of female to male members of parliament is the one exception and is characterised by a linear relationship with GDP per capita. Although we still live in a world where women are, on average, disadvantaged relative to men, the situation seems to have improved in the second half of the 20th century, especially from the 1980s onwards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Acidic water from the copper mine (at Bolnisi) is the main source of pollution. Considering the seasonality of Georgian rivers, these resources can be distributed only by building hydropower plants (HPPs) with regulating water reservoirs (table 4.1). The non-consumptive use of water for this sector has been increasing, from 20.6 billion m3 in 2011 to 26.5 billion m3 in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Furthermore, the violation of certain human rights, such as the right to information, participation, association, freedom from violence, and education, prevents women from accessing land and other productive resources. These rights are guaranteed in various international human rights instruments, as detailed below. As underscored by various international human rights bodies and mechanisms, States have the obligation to respect (refrain from interfering with the enjoyment of the right), protect (prevent others from interfering with the enjoyment of the right) and fulfil (adopt appropriate measures towards the full realization of the right) human rights related to access, use and control over land and other productive resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, in some countries, managing MPAs is changing from management development to implementation. Examples include Canada (Guenette and Alder, 2007), Scotland (Staed and McGlashan, 2006) and the Philippines (Fernandez, 2006). Currently MPAs make up about 8 per cent of the area of South-East Asian coral reefs (Burke, Selig and Spalding, 2002). However, the success rate of MPAs in South-East Asia is low: an estimated 14 per cent of the 332 MPAs in South-East Asia are effectively managed and only about 10 to 38 per cent of MPAs in the Philippines are effectively or partially effectively managed (Pomeroy and others, 2007a, Gjertsen, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Austria (for those in work), as well as Australia, Germany, Italy, Japan and the United Kingdom appear to have been successful at preventing losses for low-income lone parents. Net transfers declined, however in the Czech Republic (where across-the-board cuts in family benefits affected families at all earnings levels), as well as in Finland (where real-term reductions in family benefits and the Lone Parent Supplement combined with faster withdrawal of housing benefits had a strong impact on low-income lone parents) and the United States/Michigan (where benefit entitlements for low-income lone parents declined strongly in real terms). Net transfers also declined in France for most working lone parents (a somewhat more generous housing benefit was withdrawn more rapidly while the introduction of the prime pour I'emploi and reductions in income-tax rates were often not enough to offset the new or increased social-security taxes CRDS and CSG).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Community based organizations could be engaged in these measures, some of which could even be turned into remunerative activities. For long term food security, the governments may consider providing support for the participation of small scale food producers in a new green food revolution that gives high priority to revitalizing small scale food production based on ecologically viable systems. In fact, the next stages in agricultural development will need to involve conserving natural resources, recycling carbon, and ensuring that soils retain vital nutrients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These challenges are due to public support for the new regime (among policy beneficiaries and operators) and the relative autonomy of the State (Pierson, 2000). Attempts to scale back the welfare State can face rejection. But retrenchment can be accepted on certain terms and under certain strategies followed by political actors (blame avoidance, responsibility-shifting) (Fridberg, 2012, Del Pino, 2007, Campillo, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As a result, many people of pension age are barely able to meet their needs unless they continue to work. In essence, it concerns the movement of individuals or groups of people in sodal position, such as income classes, employment status or career structure, and measures the real extent to which equality exists in a sodety. Sodal mobility can be upward or downward and either intra-generational (occurring within a generation) or inter-generational (occurring between generations). "
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Nationalistic discourse is often associated with the flag waving of popular culture, political views of extremist right-wing parties or the routine rhetoric of `us' versus `them', pervading social life in general. However, nationalistic discourse is to be found even in academic writings by the professional elite of lawyers, who readily resort to ideological topoi of national identity and culture to support legal argument. Reporting from a comprehensive study on Danish academic and public debate on European human rights law, this article explores how the legal community of Denmark reacts emotionally and ideologically to legal integration in Europe. It is argued that the somewhat heated debate reflects points of instability within the social class of Danish jurists, who are engaged in a hegemonic struggle to construct or sustain positions of power within a national legal system under radical change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
UNHCR was established under Article 22 of the United Nations Charter as a subsidiary organ by the General Assembly. UNHCR practice with respect to returnees goes much further than mere protection. The General Assembly has mandated the High Commissioner to work with non-refugees under the umbrella of his 'good offices' and even to work in-country with internally displaced persons. Before looking at the various sources of law applicable to situations of acute crisis, one other aspect of UNHCR's in-country work needs to be noted. The traditional view of the work of UNHCR is protecting people across a border. Situations of acute crisis have an additional international legal framework to the one specific to refugees. International human rights law applies at all times to anyone within the jurisdiction of the State, subject only to legitimate derogations properly declared.  Keywords: acute crisis, International human rights law, UNHCR, united nations charter
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)