albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Calculation of the latter will require use of a hydrological model and will therefore need to be done outside the CGE model. Given the differing characteristics of water supplied from surface and ground sources, and in the absence of a more elaborate model of conjunctive use, it is appealing to treat these two sources of water as imperfect substitutes in the irrigation production function, as proposed by Sue-Wing and Lanzi (2014). The common interest shared by this community is the quantity (and sometimes quality) of water resource.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Purpose – Cases of corruption, embezzlement, theft and fraud, abuse of discretion, favoritism, nepotism, clientelism, and abuse of power in governments have led to a growing demand from society to access public information. In response to this demand, governments have been forced to be more transparent in the conduct of their activities. The information transparency index (TI) may be conditioned by economic and political characteristics of local governments affecting the information provided. What factors influenced the index of municipal transparency? Literature about transparency is largely based on the explanations of the agency theory and the legitimacy theory. Based on the postulates of both theories, the purpose of this paper is twofold. First, study the index transparency in Spanish municipalities, and, second, determine the main features that are affecting the index of transparency. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from Transparency International Spain ranking and from official so...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Bali WTO minsters adopted a decision that recognised that the organisation is yet to deliver on the trade-related components of the 2005 Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration, but agreed on the importance of pursuing progress in this area. Members will meet twice each year to study the latest information and to discuss the latest developments on market access, domestic support and export subsidies for cotton, particularly from LDCs. A change in US policy, at the bilateral level, would therefore go a long way in addressing LDCs’ grievances over cotton. The USA has been under pressure to reform its Farm Bill since 2002 when the WTO ruled in favour of Brazil that US cotton subsidies were excessive and unfair.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Mozambique, for example, has included nine climate change questions in its household survey. The questions examine if households have suffered food, asset or income losses due to climate change, what their sources of information are on disaster and weather risks, approaches households have taken to minimise the impact from such shocks, and sources of support when they have suffered from climate change. Mozambique started data collection in 2014 and the initial results are expected to be available in December 2015 (INE, n.a.). In such cases, existing mechanisms may be used to ensure that the data are grounded in national development objectives and contribute to the overall statistical plan, rather than respond to specific adaptation initiatives. Discrete project-level monitoring and evaluation can result in a concentration of domestic monitoring and evaluation capacity within non-state institutions (e.g. bilateral development agencies or other providers of support) that make up the majority of climate change actors in many developing countries (Bird, 2011, IIED, 2013a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
By communicating their intention to link up environmental and social issues, policymakers can thus enhance the feasibility of implementing environmental taxation. In many such cases, the cost of direct regulation would simply be prohibitive (Mirlees et al., Typically, environmental taxes will create a dynamic incentive for environmental improvement. Responses are not always predictable, however, and if elasticity of demand is lower than predicted, specifically if people do not respond to an increase in price by changing their behaviour, environmental effectiveness may be compromised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Early career advice and support during medical school and after graduation was found to encourage young doctors to take up shortage specialties in the United Kingdom (Mahoney et al, 2004). According to a review of practices in OECD countries, giving students experience of primary care practice and appointing primary-care role models to academic positions influence students’ choices towards a career in primary care (Simoens and Hurst, 2006). In 2007, there was a twelve-fold difference in the per capita utilisation of day care, and three-fold difference in acute inpatient care across micro-regions. Sizable gaps remain even after controlling for differences in health care needs (HealthMonitor, 2010). Informal payments are a legacy issue that is deeply rooted in the Hungarian health care system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
With global CO2 emissions currently amounting to roughly 50 billion tonnes of CC>2-equivalents, this amounts to a cost per tonne of carbon of about USD 660. Such policy changes, in essence achieving the ambitious objectives of the Paris Agreement of keeping global mean temperatures from rising significantly above 1.5°C, would thus generate benefits of only USD 12 trillion, or roughly 10% of global GDP. Think of Group A consisting of coal miners with a high tolerance for climate change and Group B consisting of fishermen in a small island country very sensitive to climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Compared to “command and control” measures, pricing pollution provides greater incentive for innovation as it rewards for continual improvements (OECD, 201 lh). In addition, while feed-in tariffs could have had a positive impact on innovation during the creation of the RES market, this effect may decline as technologies become profitable under the current scheme. Incentives included in the system (i.e. the degression rates which encourage efficient gains) may not be sufficient to foster innovation. A broad R&D support is thus needed to develop breakthrough technologies which require basic research with long-term and uncertain payoffs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
More could be done to take account of the conservation and sustainable use of marine ecosystems as sectoral policies and programmes are being prepared. Among these measures are marine protected areas (MPAs). Sweden has extended the marine areas under protection, including within the EU Natura 2000 network and the Baltic Sea protected areas system. Currently, 6.3% of territorial waters and exclusive economic zones are protected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Article 100 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea requires parties to “cooperate” against maritime piracy, but how this cooperation is to be achieved is undefined. Enforcement is a public good—creating uncompensated benefits for others, thus suffering from free rider problems. The analysis in this article explains why more pirates captured are released than prosecuted, why the United Nations and the International Maritime Organization are seeking to reduce enforcement costs, why some in the shipping industry want to apply the 1988 Convention Against Terrorism at Sea, and why still others want to move prosecution of pirates from national courts to an international court.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
High rates of economic growth and increasing incomes during the first decade of the 2000s help to explain the reduction in labour force participation of the population aged 65 and above (see also Chapter 2). The same is suggested by the pattern of unemployment across age groups. The ratio of the youth unemployment rate to the adult unemployment rate was close to two for both foreign-bom and Ghanaian-born workers in 2000, but had become far less favourable in 2010 for young Ghanaian-bom workers than for foreign-bom workers (3.0 and 2.0, respectively, Table 3.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The polarized debate amongst states, scholars, and practitioners over the right to development is underlined by salient paradoxes and contradictions. The rhetoric of the right to development has been deployed both as a language of resistance to oppose a hegemonic global economic system and as a language of power to assert national sovereignty and legitimize statist political and economic agendas. Apart from bedeviling the elaboration and implementation of the right to development, the insular political and ideological jockeying that has characterized the discourse raises pertinent questions about the normative objectivity of the international human rights movement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Local governments can apply for national subsidies that can be used to promote local investment to reduce emissions and improve energy efficiency and independence. Examples of funded municipal activities include removing disincentives for individuals to reduce emissions, such as eliminating free parking, and subsidising the cost of retrofitting filling stations to add a pump to supply renewable biofuels (Corfee-Morlot et al., Such system should be developed and tailored to green growth/sustainable development/climate change objectives in the Philippines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As the national preoccupation with terrorism gives way to an unfolding, and likely enduring, economic crisis in the U.S. and globally, social research should focus more attention toward class-based social movements, which have largely been neglected within sociology and social movement scholarship over the last few decades. Class analysis and labor organizing have historically been central to the social movement activities of anarchists. Anarchist social movements are relatively understudied, despite indicators of their resurgence in the last decade. Today, however, anarchist politics have diversified to address a variety of social issues. This study contributes to neglected areas of social movement research by examining the ways in which social class directly and indirectly informs the politics of a contemporary anarchist collective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Guatemala, a study showed that children who had received nutritional supplements before reaching the age of 3 earned hourly wages as adults that were 46 per cent higher (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012b). The international community can provide assistance to developing countries in designing such plans in a cost-effective time-bound manner so as to realize the right to food, as well as stimulate rural development, agricultural production and poverty alleviation. Support should also be offered to help integrate the social protection floor plan within the national agricultural strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They stmggle to reconcile work and family life because of constraints like access to affordable, good-quality child care facilities and flexible working-time arrangements. How partners share unpaid w'ork is also influenced by factors closely related to the family such as its size, partners’ levels of educational attainment, their relative earnings (potential), and the ways in which they are able to organise their paid working hours. If men do more unpaid housework and parenting work, they free up more time for their partners in the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The ubiquity of mobile phones and affordable communications contributes to the empowerment of previously marginalized and poor people through an increase in people-to-people connectivity and facilitated exchange of knowledge. However, even though more people around the world are now online thanks to the rapid uptake in mobile-broadband technology, large disparities in terms of ICT access and use continue to exist in the Asia-Pacific region, with least developed countries still lagging far behind their developing neighbours in terms of access and use. This figure is a little below the global average of 95.8 (Fig 6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Sustainable Development Goals call for a “substantial increase” of international scholarships. However, the links between international student mobility and sustainable development remain unclear. By examining the perceived outcomes of a closed higher education scholarship program, this study explores the ways that alumni perceive their contributions to the development of their home countries of Ghana and Nigeria. Findings indicate that scholarship alumni from Ghana and Nigeria value and advocate for education as a mechanism for social change and view both formal and informal education as significant mechanisms for development. Specifically, Ghanaian and Nigerian alumni noted two discrete ways that education leads to social change: (1) university teaching and (2) citizenship, voter, and human rights education. This research aims to contribute to literature about the influence of scholarship program alumni on their home countries and to contribute to understanding of international higher education’s role in the sustainable development agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Women reported 32% of Danish news stories, but female and male reporters do not report equally on all news topics. Women reported only 15% of the news stories on politics or the economy and female reporters were also more likely than male reporters to use female news subjects and put a woman in the central focus of a story. However, the majority of male and female reporters used male news sources and only 13% of news stories had a woman in the central focus in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Humanity is radically and pervasively interdependent. Catholic social teaching uses solidarity as the lens through which to critically examine our interdependence. Solidarity is multifaceted, at once a feeling, an attitude, and a duty, with each of these building to culminate in the virtue. How is solidarity a virtue? What are the habits and practices by which it is cultivated? To whom does it apply? And what, if any, are corresponding vices? This article proposes that solidarity is both an individual virtue and a social virtue. By offering an examination of the anatomy of this social virtue, this article will propose the scope and boundaries of solidarity, corresponding sets of vices for this virtue, and the cultivation of this virtue by communities through practicing respect for human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is indicated by the percentage Producer Support Estimate (%PSE) which, on average for the OECD area, fluctuated between 18% and 19% over the 2011-13 period (Figure 1.2). In value terms, the PSE in 2013 totalled USD 258 billion or EUR 194 billion. Most of the decline took place since the mid-1990s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Viet Nam, the higher the number of high-ranked social contacts, the easier it is to borrow or obtain credit. Well-connected households have a greater chance of accessing relevant information on loans and obtaining a guarantor (Dinh Quoc, Dufhues and Buchenrieder, 2012). Kinship and family ties also play an important role in fostering business activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It then looks at the ways in which education policies can influence these factors to improve the educational opportunities for migrant students. Part two looks at system-level policies to allocate resources in order to support migrant education strategies. Finally, part three deals with school-level policies that seek to shape school and classroom environments as well as school-home relationships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In particular, participants underlined the need to engage stakeholders through fisheries co-management processes and to develop synergies between SSF and other related sectors, such as tourism and recreational fisheries. As such, the need to develop indicators to measure the economic and social impact of SSF both in quantitative and qualitative terms was highlighted, including the impact of SSF on coastal communities and the interaction between SSF and other marine industries (transportation, tourism, oil and gas, etc.). The need for a characterization of SSF was also discussed and was highlighted in the context of improving SSF data collection. Participants also called for a study on social protection programmes for small-scale fishers, recognizing the importance of these programmes in supporting management measures. In addition, best practice guidelines for the enforcement of SSF co-management schemes in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea should be produced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This process enabled the simple comparison of immigrant students relative to their native peers across the ten indicators. Figure 1.1 below provides a graphic overview of the relative performance of the two groups of students and more importantly, highlights the areas where gaps between the two groups are most significant. The mean values for immigrant students are converted as the relative values of 10.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A representative list of GRIs, open to global co-operation and of interest to new partners will be created. A report from the Group on the co-ordination of GRIs is expected. A progress report was presented in 2015.15 Among such infrastructures, ocean and sea floor observatories, including oceanography fleets of research vessels and polar research facilities (both for the Arctic and Antarctic) were specifically mentioned as examples in the broad categories of research infrastructures of global relevance. Following on from the publication of the “Report on road mapping of large infrastructures” (2008) and the “Report on establishing large international research infrastructures: Issues and options” (2010), the OECD Global Science Forum (GSF) published a “Report on International Distributed Research Infrastructures (IDRIS)” in 2013.16 This report can serve as a reference document that may be used when new initiatives to share infrastructure are being prepared. It identifies challenges, options and solutions when it comes to setting up new initiatives in which distributed infrastructures have to be integrated for better research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The problem is worse among indigenous and Afro-descendent children: just 80% complete this cycle (ECLAC, 2008a). This is because when access to primary education is widespread, the investment needed to promote enrolment among disadvantaged groups (the extremely poor, inhabitants of rural areas, indigenous and Afro-descendent groups) is substantial and should focus not only on increasing the supply of education but also on ensuring the conditions for effective access to these services. This often involves action in multiple sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On the other hand, if support mechanisms are not readjusted in light of drops in production costs, the system can experience a sudden surge in investment, leading to increased costs to public budgets. In 2011 PV cost reductions thus generated overdeployment in countries which subsequently readjusted or cut their tariffs (e.g. United Kingdom, Spain, Germany), leading to increased uncertainty for investors. Frequent and prior consultations with the private sector as well as transparent decision-making and intelligent, adaptive FiT degression rates, are therefore crucial both to minimizing the costs of incentives on public budgets and to reducing policy uncertainty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A direct link is evident, as well, between spatial decongestion and decompression of time use, precisely because urban congestion leads to longer travel times, among other things. It is important, therefore, that policies be designed to build on the synergies that could be achieved by managing the various dimensions of well-being. These factors have an impact for varying lengths of time and with varying degrees of intensity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Reductions in government spending discussed above have led to the downsizing of public sectors and the privatization of public services and enterprises. This has reduced the relative contribution of government institutions and agencies to formal employment: during the 1990s, government employment either declined faster or grew more slowly than private employment in most countries.39 The reduction in the share of public sector employment has been particularly noticeable in the transition economies of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. As Chapter 2 has shown, public employment is an important source of good quality jobs for women and this downsizing is likely to disproportionately impact on women's employment outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, this meant that potato growers with senior water entitlements could not send their produce to the processing plant, since it was cut off from water. To address this issue, while retaining the priority allocation principle, the preferred option made it possible for the senior licensees to temporarily assign seniority to some junior licensees. Among the options considered was importing bulk water from Turkey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The hassle of upgrading technology or modifying established operations was considered to offset the potential cost savings. But it is important to distinguish between relative and absolute savings. For example, a Colombian coffee producer was spending more than $3 million a year on energy - only 1.4 percent of production costs but clearly a substantial absolute sum - and potential cost savings were large relative to the profit margin. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Nearly 70 per cent of the clients come from so-called ‘backward castes’. Almost half of the clients are street vendors or day labourers with the rest made up of small enterprises, including tailoring, rope making and small dairy activities. At the end of the financial year 2011-2012, the total advances of the Bank stood at INR 264 million (US$4.95 million) while total deposits amounted to more than INR 400 million (US$7.5 million). It offers innovative products such as daily, weekly and monthly savings products, mostly tiny amounts, as well as credit facilities with daily, weekly or monthly repayment facilities. The Mann Deshi model revolves around the daily collection of small deposits through a network of agents who go door-to-door to meet clients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Women currently aged over 50 who have had full careers (less than ten years outside work and full-time education) are no less likely to provide daily informal care than women who have had interrupted careers. As a result, while female labour force participation rates are expected to increase in the future, this may not be enough to reduce gender inequalities in the provision of informal care — unless they are accompanied by broader shifts in perceptions of gender roles (Chapter 14). Effective social protection and infrastructure for LTC and better support for caregivers are therefore likely to remain important parts of policies against gender inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They were first identified and defined by the ESCAP Sustainable Business Network (ESBN) Task Force on Banking and Finance.55 These principles are constituent components of the SRB model (Figure 6). They establish strong ethical guidelines so that business practices meet globally accepted standards for the valuing and pricing of products, sen/ices and assets, engaging with stakeholders, and assessing and managing risks. Each principle is defined, and its role in the SRB Model for a Sustainable Future explained.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Difficulty in combining studies with work is self-reported to be a main reason behind this. The general requirement for admission to the ULV programme is a passing grade in Swedish as a Second Language level 3. From 2019, the University of Gothenburg will introduce a compulsory language placement test in order to better evaluate the students’ Swedish language skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)