albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
As voice-centric business models reach saturation, migration towards broadband services and applications targeting local needs will be necessary to maintain continued revenue generation and growth. Section 3.3 highlights recent trends in the ICT sector, particularly regarding the shifts towards ex post, competition-based regulatory policies and targeted ex ante regulations. Section 3.4 examines the need for greater cross-sectoral cooperation and coordination among governments in order to achieve large-scale objectives, including promoting global e-environment policies and addressing transnational cyber security concerns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As long as employee income is treated the same way within the same country across all years under observation, it does not matter whether it is net or gross because we look at relative per cent changes in employee income between two consecutive years. We excluded the Czech Republic, Lithuania and Poland from multivariate analysis of poverty transitions due to inconsistencies in the treatment of employee income. Relative changes in equivalent employee income within 5 per cent are coded as "no change'/ while decreases (increases) in employee income in excess of 5 per cent are coded as decreases (increases) in non-zero employee income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Expect for the cod and herring stock in the North Sea, redfish, blue whiting and sandeel, the state of the most important commercial fish stocks in Norway’s EEZ is good. The total value of the production of these species was NOK 16.9 billion in 2008 and NOK 21.5 billion in 2009. Farming of other marine species is modest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In some sense, the ideas underlying the loT are not new - for example, technologies such as radio-frequency identification (RFID) have long been used by businesses for tracking items. For all the amazing qualities of the film, it fails to provide a convincing vision of today's technology. And it fails in a particular way: when our hero Deckard falls for "Rachael", he already knows that Rachael is a highly intelligent organic robot, so sophisticated that she can hardly be distinguished from a human.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
On October 15, 2015, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights delivered its judgment in the case of  Perincek v. Switzerland . The judgment contested a criminal provision applied in Switzerland against a Turkish politician who had publicly denied a historical fact of the Armenian genocide. Notwithstanding variations in reasoning, the outcome in the Grand Chamber is similar to the previous decision of the Chamber on this case in 2013. The Swiss criminal provision applied in the context of the denial of the Armenian genocide was again found irreconcilable with freedom of expression under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Countries pointed out that given the small number of officials working on climate finance in national ministries, just one staff member working on tracking and monitoring would be a large proportion of their human resources. Developed countries have committed to provide financial support to cover the full cost incurred by developing countries in complying with reporting duties towards the UNFCCC16. For example, as part of national Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Reviews (CPEIRs), a group of international organisations and research institutes are collaborating to assist countries in tracking climate finance across national budgets. It was widely recognised that tracking flows to a certain level of granularity is also a pre-condition for monitoring outcomes and outputs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Why have most social protection interventions been focused and implemented in rural areas? One reason for this is the dominant perception that poverty and vulnerability are more widespread and felt more deeply in rural areas. Another reason relates to the assumption that, due to the vibrancy of labour markets in urban areas as compared to rural areas, a substantial part of the urban population has access to income security and social protection through employment. "
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Formative assessment is deep learning and needs to be constantly revisited as we learn how to develop efficacy around this very multifaceted set of strategies. Changing teachers' language from praise to affirmation and feedback is an ongoing goal for many. Students in our system need support as their mind-set changes from performance evaluation to assessment for and as learning. ”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Doi Moi aimed to transition from a centrally-planned economy to a socialist-oriented market economy, encouraging private sector development and foreign investments. The extent to which recent successes have been translated into improved well-being is questioned as well as the ways in which this rapid growth has affected social cohesion. A cohesive society can be described as a society that strives for social integration and builds up the necessary social capital to create a common sense of belonging, and one where prospects exist for upward social mobility. Persistent and deepening inequalities among certain groups of the population (e.g. 60% of ethnic minorities are poor, accounting for nearly half of the total poor) raise concerns on the prospects of achieving sustained and inclusive growth. The coverage gaps in social protection (e.g. 67% of people in the middle class do not have social insurance) and the weak redistributive effect of the current fiscal policies may expose many middle-class households to the risk of falling back into poverty. Last but not least, innovation and technological progress are generating new skills needs which place education and training policies under tremendous pressure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Unsubstantiated cases" are those where insufficient evidence is available to determine whether or not a crime occurred. An overestimation of the scale of false allegations by prosecutors feeds into a culture of scepticism, which in turn leads to poor communication and loss of confidence between the victim and the criminal justice system. Furthermore, in only a very small number of cases was it considered that there was sufficient evidence and that it was in the public interest to prosecute a person suspected of making a false allegation of rape or domestic violence.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The last three countries together practically constitute the whole forest carbon sink in the Nordic region. This is unsurprising since these three countries have more than 99% of forests in the region. The biomass and soil carbon sinks in these three countries together have increased between 1990 and 2010 and are also projected to increase until 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Today, three sets of challenges - water-related risks, ageing infrastructures and trends in institutional reforms - are calling this model into question. The chapter review's these challenges sequentially and outlines a framework for organising policy responses. It proposes criteria cities can use to compare their water management policies and practices w'ith those of other cities. Similarly, the OECD (2013b) defines water security as the management of four water risks: scarcity, floods, pollution and freshwater ecosystem resilience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Scholarship on social policy has recently emphasised the importance of gradual processes of institutional change. However, conceptual work on the identification of processes such as drift, conversion and layering has not produced clear empirical indicators that distinguish these processes from one another, posing major problems for empirical research. We argue that, in order to improve the validity of its empirical findings, scholarship on gradual change should - and can - pay more attention to issues of measurement and detection. We then contribute to this goal by clearly articulating observable indicators for several mechanisms of gradual institutional change and validating them against extant empirical work on political economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The surveys include a range of questions on issues such as school finance, strategic management, professional development and collaboration with communities. Each round of surveys also picks up particularly timely and relevant topics. For example, the 2010 survey in primary schools focused on the introduction of National Standards and the 2009 survey in secondary schools had a focus on the National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA). These reports gather evaluative evidence on specific education issues and serve to inform policy and practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
760-V “On Amendments to Some Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Encouragement of Energy-Saving Activities” (16 March 2007). Joint Implementation 01) is one of the Kyoto Mechanisms, together with Emission Trading and the Clean Development Mechanism. Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol allows a country with an emission level commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex I Party) to earn emission reduction units (ERUs - equivalents of one tonne of C02) from a project reducing emissions in another Annex I Party.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There is now considerable experience with issues related to the establishment of public-private partnerships in biomedical research and health innovation, and efficiency and effectiveness lessons can be learned from existing partnerships concerned with Alzheimer’s disease. Professional management of partnerships is a prerequisite for the efficient use of limited resources and the generation of value out of collaborative efforts. In order to leverage the full spectmm of advantages of public-private partnerships in Alzheimer’s disease, the issues and needs, ideologies, and objectives of each individual stakeholder need to be addressed upfront.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
New energy technologies are attractive for their ability to perform a particular task or deliver a new or improved energy service. This is often circumscribed by a specific set of needs in a particular context: a market “niche.” End-users in such niches are generally less sensitive to the effective price of the energy service provided or have a higher willingness to pay for its performance advantages (Fouquet, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, they often create dual systems, where the bottom is covered by social assistance and the top by contribution-based social security, private insurance, or self-insurance. In response to the missing-middle challenge, a number of instruments have been put in place. This chapter divides them into three strategies: unbundled contributory instruments with limited risk pooling, subsidised access to contributory social security systems, and universal entitlements. However, financing them can be challenging if they are to afford a reasonable level of coverage. The need for a source of finance that can ensure the long-term sustainability of funding and accommodate the counter-cyclical nature of expenditure is a particularly difficult challenge, which shifting wealth can help an increasing number of countries meet (Chapter 9). But they need to be part of a holistic agenda which should consider the mutual relationships between the functioning of labour markets and social protection: the work incentives created by social protection and how social protection can be adapted to informal workers, including those who have the capacity and willingness to pay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For both boys and girls, there have been longer-term increases in a sense of distrust. About one in six students felt that most people in their neighbourhood would try to take advantage of them if they had the chance, and the percentage of students who felt distrust towards others increased between 2002 and 2014. Regardless of grade, boys consistently reported lower levels of friend support than girls and lower levels of involvement in community activities and groups, and they were less likely to say they were involved in volunteer work or arts groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Unlike other SDG targets which are to be achieved by the year 2030, the targets under this goal, with the exception of Target 15.3 (combating desertification) and Target 15.4 (conserving mountain ecosystems), are to be met within a much shorter time frame, that is, by 2020, underlining the urgency with which action is needed. Goal 7 of Agenda 2063 on environmentally sustainable and climate resilient economies and communities identifies the following areas for priority action by African governments, biodiversity conservation and sustainable natural resource management, achieving water security, and climate resilience and natural disasters preparedness. Building on the Africa Sustainable Development Report 2017, this chapter assesses Africa’s progress on Goal 15 relative to other regions, by describing key baselines and trends (where data is available). International transfer of genetic resources should lead to fair reward and equity in sharing of benefits arising therefrom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As children grow, the connection with their parents also evolves. The relationship between parents and their 15-year-old children often reflects the greater autonomy and desire for independence that come with adolescence. Activities that parents and their young children once shared, such as reading together or helping with homework, often give way to adolescent children exploring their own interests by themselves and to more mature interactions with their parents, involving discussion and negotiation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Data for soil degradation types and extent, as well as nutrient content, are usually produced from scientific research and monitoring programmes. They can also come from estimation and modelling by research institutions and agricultural authorities. Soil characteristics are measured through a series of inventory processes, known collectively as a soil survey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Similarly in Austria and Germany, linguistic barriers to social wellbeing were greatest among first-generation immigrant students. Immigrant-native differences in socio-economic background explain almost one fourth of the observed gaps in academic performance (compared to one fifth in the OECD area). After accounting for students’ socio-economic status, the immigrant-native gap in the percentage of students attaining baseline academic proficiency between native and immigrant students dropped from 27 to 20 pexcentage points. On average across OECD countries this percentage decreased from 18 to 14 percentage points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Food insecurity is a serious public health problem associated with poor cognitive and emotional development in children and with depression and poor health in adults. Despite sizable continued investments in federal food assistance, food insecurity still affects 11.1% of US households--almost the same rate as in 1995, when annual measurement began. As a fresh approach to solving the problem of food insecurity, we suggest adoption of a human rights framework. This approach could actively engage those affected and would ensure that food security monitoring would be compared to benchmarks in national action plans. We describe key elements of a right-to-food approach, review challenges to implementing it, and suggest actions to foster its adoption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In various states and territories in Australia, Belgium (French Community), in various provinces and territories in Canada, Chile (Performance Appraisal) and New Zealand, for example, it is at the discretion of school leaders and evaluators to select instruments and tools to gather information depending on the chosen appraisal aspects and criteria and/or individually defined performance objectives. The instruments and sources of information used to gather evidence about a school leader’s performance may also differ between leadership positions, school principals and deputy school principals. While the costs and efforts required need to be weighed with the benefits of using multiple sources of information, it is essential to gather a feasible amount of accurate, valid, reliable and useful information (Glasman and Glasman, 2010). Such meetings between appraiser and appraisee may simply rely on a checklist that examines whether an appraisal aspect has been demonstrated (Lashway, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Given its importance and in order to adequately reflect the specific conditions as well as its complex hydrology, the Inventory dedicates five chapters to this river system. The shared tributaries of the Euphrates River (Chap.2l and the major shared tributaries of the Tigris River (Chap. 4J are covered in more detail in two separate chapters in order to highlight the role of these rivers and draw attention to local water issues and transboundary impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Amnesty International's (AI) recent report "Crimes of Hate, Conspiracy of Silence" examines the torture and ill-treatment of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people. The report documents widespread human rights abuses, ranging from loss of dignity to assault, rape, and murder. The report also reveals that both the state and society continue to sanction these human rights abuses through formal mechanisms, such as discriminatory laws, and through informal mechanisms, including stigma and prejudice. The disinterest or active hostility of the criminal justice system has allowed many of these abuses to be conducted with impunity.l This disturbing picture of abuses that goes against human decency should rouse health professionals-as well as citizens everywhere-to action. Health professionals should be particularly alarmed that health-care workers are implicated in these violations not
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such incentives are likely to be stronger, the higher are mandated savings and the weaker the confidence in the system. The general reading of this literature is that UI increases the duration of unemployment. First, most studies find a positive and significant elasticity of the duration of unemployment with respect to the level or the maximum duration of benefits. However, individual account systems have sometimes been criticised as they may lead to excessive turnover due to their tendency to create incentives to induce one’s own dismissal to gain access to one’s saving account.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The long-term view of what has happened to agriculture in those regions during the last fifty years is summarised by Hazell’s (2013, p. 6) description that “the overwhelming story is one of more small farms, shrinking farm sizes and increased income diversification”. Despite growth, sometimes quite rapid growth, in national per capita incomes, there is little sign yet of a shift to the patterns of farm consolidation that occurred during the economic transformation of most of today’s industrialised countries. Rather, relatively few workers are leaving their farms for the cities and instead are diversifying into non-farm activity from a small farm base. This declining trend, however, is an average, and particular countries - typically, of higher incomes - have seen an increase in farm sizes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, it does not secure a cost-effective distribution of abatement efforts across industries and companies, and it does not motivate them to go beyond their voluntary commitments. In particular, the target-setting process should be made more transparent. It should take into account the information advantage of the business sector (e.g. on emission abatement costs) and the incentive for businesses to slow down progress towards targets to avoid stricter targets in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In many cases, they have deterred small family farmer participation in school-feeding programmes despite their capacity to respond to the demand. In addition, legislation for producer organizations often requires bureaucratic procedures and complex accountability mechanisms. This may result in producer organizations being unable to obtain formal status and cannot carry out certain financial transactions. To address these challenges, governments can implement policies that favour small family farmers in public procurement processes. Both the PAA and the PNAE have limits to their purchases from individual or farmer groups, although PNAE sets higher limits as scale is needed to supply schools. The programme expanded rapidly from US$50.2 million for 41 500 family farmers in 2003 to US$410.3 million for 185 500 farmers in 2012 (Del Grossi and Marques, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The study demonstrated why focusing exclusively on the cross-sectional picture of child poverty incidence may paint a misleading picture of economic disadvantage among children. However, Bradbury et al did not analyse predictors of child poverty transitions except for recording lower poverty exit rates and higher entry rates for children in lone parent families. Yet identifying the key determinants of poverty transitions helps target policies more effectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In a globalising world, the challenge of threats of violent conflict is being fundamentally transformed. Complex interdependence is leading to a ‘new security dilemma’ in which non-state actors are increasingly localised and resistant to outside intervention, challenged more by socio-economic modernisation than by traditional forms of interstate conflict. As a result, there is a growing shift to a policing model, involving: prioritisation of socio-economic development in a more open world economy, civilianisation of the state, a shift towards a law enforcement approach to the control of violent conflict and aggressive behaviour, a greater emphasis on international diplomacy, global governance and peacekeeping, the rise of ‘civilian states’ in foreign policy, and the emergence of greater global awareness and governmentality. Together, such trends are leading to an uneven but growing civilianisation of security itself, ‘from warriors to police’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Health insurance coverage increased from 37% in 2004 to 83% in April 2017. Nevertheless, 17% of the population still does not have any fonn of health insurance, demonstrating that distance that remains before fully achieving UHC in Peru.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Penang was the site of the European and Chinese capital in the rubber and tin trade. Revenue farm networks of Penang, i.e. opium trade links, stretched as far as Saigon, Hong Kong and China. At the apogee of the British period, Penang had become a regional educational hub for Islamic, English and Chinese education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Tourism in all the Nordic countries is dominated by what is often associated with nature-based tourism. To a greater extent than its Nordic counterparts, tourism in Denmark is characterized by both urban and coastal tourism. These forms of tourisms nevertheless include many aspects of nature-based tourism, such as fishing, mountain biking and swimming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)