albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
To this end, we used so called aligning parameters. For manufacturing industries, for instance, we used revenue as a means to compare the extent of our subset to the activity of each industry on the national level. To limit the amount of work, and to focus on the methodological development, accounts were only compiled for one year, 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The ISO also updated the Committee on its technical specification about requirements and guidelines for the quantification and communication of greenhouse gas footprints. China, the European Union. Mexico, New Zealand, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei and the United States - shared experiences on their domestic efforts to promote legally harvested timber and combat illegal logging.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Even among the group of countries that started at much lower levels some remain at a serious disadvantage while others have built up momentum and have been able to race ahead. Affluent communities and urban areas have pulled ahead of rural ones. There remain persistent disparities between women and men, and between a number of social and ethnic groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This transfer will lead to a substantial increase in water scarcity in terms of the amount of water available for irrigation compared to water demand for irrigation, as the projected decline in irrigation water use for China and some countries in the Middle East and North Africa shows. Water quality impairments can lead to increased competition among water users for the shrinking supplies of unpolluted water. Pollutants can include both human-induced pollution such as salinisation, microbiological contamination, eutrophication and excess nutrients, acidification, metal pollutants, toxic wastes, saltwater contamination, thermal pollution, and increases in total suspended solids, as well as natural pollutants such as arsenic and fluoride. Poor water quality increasingly constrains agricultural and economic development in densely populated regions that experience water scarcity and are plagued by poor wastewater treatment, particularly in densely populated Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Abstract   This study presents evidence about relations between national culture and social institutions. We operationalize culture with data on cultural dimensions for some 50 nations adopted from cross-cultural psychology and generate testable hypotheses about three basic social norms of governance: the rule of law, corruption, and democratic accountability. These norms correlate systematically and strongly with national scores on cultural dimensions and also differ across cultural regions of the world. Using a linguistic variable on pronoun drop as an instrument for cultural emphases on autonomy versus embeddedness points to a significant influence of culture on governance. Using cultural profiles of a previous generation as an instrument indicates relative stability of cultural orientations and of their correlates. The results suggest a framework for understanding the relations between fundamental institutions.  Journal of Comparative Economics   35  (4) (2007) 659–688.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Labour resource utilisation is measured as total employment as a share of total population, based on national labour force and household surveys. Labour productivity is measured as GDP per person employed, including estimated informal employment. Brazil, India, Indonesia and China (age group 15 years and over).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
History is the foundation of Machiavelli’s political thought. Dismissing the celebratory traditions of humanist historiography and never fully sharing humanism’s idealization of antiquity, Machiavelli sought in history the causes of political failure. He acknowledged the fragmentary and fleeting character of historical knowledge and exposed fashionable philosophies of history (cyclical recurrence, unchanging human passions, celestial influences, laws of nature, fortune) as seductive fictions purveying false consolations for history’s adversities and afflictions. Machiavelli proposed instead a critical history focused on how social conflicts shape power and its abuses. His analysis of ancient Roman and more recent Florentine conflicts turns on a crucial distinction between conflicts contained within institutional frameworks and public law and those fought with instruments of private power (political patronage, wealth, and factions) that undermine public authority. Useful history, Machiavelli insists, must ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is evident from relative grades of boys and girls which were rather stable for the cohorts studied. The average boy ranked about 43 in the GPA percentile distribution while the average girl ranked about 54 or 55. From Figure 5, which shows the fraction of boys in the five quintile groups as well as among those that do not complete compulsory school, it is very clear that boys are over represented in the lower quintiles, while girls are strongly over represented in the top quin-tiles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Rule of law is the supreme manifestation of human civilization and culture and is a new ‘lingua franca’ of global moral thought. It is an eternal value of constitutionalism and inherent attribute of democracy and good governance. The term ‘Rule of law’ is derived from the French phrase ‘la principe de legalite’ which means the ‘principal of legality’. It refers to ‘a government based on principles of law and not of men’. In other words, the concept of ‘la Principe de legalite’ is opposed to arbitrary powers
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are those of the author(s). Comments on Working Papers are welcome, and may be sent to the Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Since 2015, this large influx of new arrivals with multiple disadvantages has put a well-developed integration system under great pressure and highlighted a number of challenges for education policy given current institutional frameworks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Act empowers the NTEF to administer and implement the NGIS. The NTEF elaborates rules for the selection, assessment and approval of projects that would reduce emissions and would be reimbursed by the NGIS. The NTEF is authorized to operate widi the proceeds of the sale of AAUs, as a result of which the NGIS was established.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This section presents a list of treaties that occur in this book titled Collective Responsibility and Accountability under International Law. The book is concerned with a concept of collective responsibility and its treatment under international law, which involves the liability of individuals for the acts of others. It also examines the fluctuant relationship between collective responsibility and international law, and seeks to establish its current standing within the regime. The examination of collective responsibility in the sphere of international criminal law focuses on specific liability models, whereby an individual may be held criminally responsible for the acts of others.Keywords: collective responsibility, international criminal law, international law
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Using the global discourse of human rights as a basis, the purpose of this article is to analyse how education for citizenship and human rights has been implemented in Spain in recent years. In addition, discourse analysis and the theory of social movements have been used to study the mobilisation that arose against this instruction, showing how the neoconservative Catholic sectors of Spanish society encouraged Catholics to engage in conscientious objection and civil disobedience in order to gradually achieve the removal of Education for Citizenship and Human Rights from Spanish curricula.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper explores the intersections of gender equality politics with liberal and neoliberal reform projects in universities. Ongoing struggles over governance of higher education provide the context to assess the challenges and opportunities gender equality advocates find in both academic capitalism and globalizing liberal modernity. Focusing on how diversity management and gender mainstreaming enter higher education systems, we use the claims raised about accountability and excellence in universities to highlight how seeking gender equality reforms neither simply co-opts feminist concerns to neoliberal projects, as Cassandra warns, nor supports an idealized form of global humanism, as Pollyanna hopes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Homes in the United Kingdom tend to be less energy efficient than in Germany, the Netherlands and Nordic countries. This results partly from the high proportion of houses relative to flats -houses account for 86% of the fuel poverty gap - and the age of the housing stock -properties built before 1945 represent over a third of the housing stock and account for two thirds of the fuel poverty gap (Hills, 2012). In addition, energy efficiency standards appeared as late as 1995 in UK building regulations, compared to the late 1950s or early 1960s in Scandinavian countries (Laustsen, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The main question is whether trade rules and non-trade rules should be combined in the WTO in a different way than they are at present. The search for an answer would benefit tremendously from an analysis of the horizontal relationship among existing WTO agreements from the trade and environment perspective. The latter link involves competition and investment issues, and the WTO rules are still in the making in these areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Most OECD countries now use a curriculum in early childhood services, especially as children grow older, that is to say, that some structuring and orientation of children’s experience towards educational aims is generally accepted. Currently, there is little pedagogical direction for younger children, although many neurological developments take place prior to age of three or four (OECD, 2006). Curricula are influenced by many factors, including society’s values, content standards, research findings, community expectations, and culture and language.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, following the 2011 nuclear disaster in Fukushima the Chinese government promptly halted construction of new reactors and ordered a safety review of existing facilities. The results of the audit showed that the 16 operating reactors were basically sound but that some plants need better flood and earthquake protection, while others had no severe accident mitigation plans available on site. Overall, 16 areas for improvement were flagged, including dealing with radioactive leakages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These low levels also apply to the lowest income quintile, where reported unmet need stood at 0.1% compared to 4.1% in the EU (2015). For example the minimum share of costs covered is 90% for urgent interventions and intensive therapy, 80% for specialist surgery, orthodontics and other aids, and 70% for pharmaceuticals on the ‘positive list covered by the HIIS. Children and students up to the age of 26 as well as vulnerable groups are exempted from all co-payments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Raw materials for dyestuffs and paints are still being researched. Only insignificant volumes of wood are used for producing tableware, dishes and folkloric musical instruments, and there is no accounting of these volumes. Medical raw materials are mainly roots of specific plants and different herbs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Employers and graduates are often not well-informed about what VET programmes offer. Weaknesses in governance, fragmentation and lack of co-ordination add to the problem. These include the development of high quality options at the upper secondary level, and the merger of colleges techniques [technical schools] with general colleges [academic schools], stronger career guidance mechanisms, based on solid data, and smoother transition arrangements between vocational and academic programmes, as well as mechanisms to better engage employers, more co-ordination across ministries with responsibilities for VET, and the introduction of mandatory' work-based learning in post-secondary VET. First, the objectives of entrepreneurship training need to be clarified and agreed upon between all stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As they steadily cut fares, TNCs are erasing these longstanding financial disincentives for traveling by motor vehicle in Manhattan. The report suggests that if TNC growth continues at the current pace (and it finds there is no sign of it levelling off), the necessity of some type of road pricing will become more and more evident. These function are much like ride-sourcing services except that they match multiple, unrelated individuals or parties to share the same vehicle over the course of the same ride.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Using three country groups makes graphs more easily interpretable, however, most affected countries can further be distinguished as those early affected and those under market pressure. The trends of these two groups however are not always homogenous over the time period observed, we therefore included in the annex the patterns for the 4 country categories. In general, a light blue background denotes a rank in the top third of the table, mid blue indicates the middle third, while dark blue the bottom third.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article explores ideas of citizenship in Latin America, arguing that this very western idea plays a key role in configuring and embedding the Occidental project in empirical reality and in academic theorizing. Drawing inspiration from ‘coloniality of power’ scholarship, it explores the way in which citizenship is conventionally configured and goes on to demonstrate the role of citizenship in the task of epistemological colonization in the case of Argentina. I discuss processes of coloniality/modernity, including the Conquest of the Desert, and assimilation initiatives during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including the more recent phase of multiculturalism. I conclude by outlining a strategy for decolonial citizenship and advocate a shift in emphasis from (liberal) rights to dignity, and from (Occidental) universality to diversality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In real terms, public spending on education grew at an annual rate of 10% between 2004 and 2013. Public spending on early childhood and pre-primary education had the greatest increase during this period (average annual growth rate of 12%), followed by secondary education (9.7%), primary education (8.5%) and tertiary education (8.5%) (INEEd, 2015). The vast majority of public resources are executed by public institutions (about 68% of total expenditure) while the remainder (about 8%) are executed by private institutions (CAIFs and tax waivers associated to private provision of education services).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Overall, this suggests it takes some time to successfully complete the transition from school to work. Transition rates are calculated as the ratio between flow of people moving that transitioned from Condition 1 (school) to Condition 2 between time 0 and time 1, over the total stock of people in the population in Condition 1 in time 0 (i.e. in school: only in school and in school and working). The transitions are year to year (from year t to year t+1). This analysis is limited to urban populations owing to data limitations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This exclusion can have adverse implications for the protection of women in these societies as well as impede long-term resolution of the conflicts. During the 1990s at least 10 Commonwealth countries were engaged in full-scale conflict - including Mozambique, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Uganda - with peace agreements reached in most by the early years of the twenty-first century. Women played instrumental roles in many of the efforts to bring these conflicts to an end. Yet, in a large number of countries women’s substantial efforts were not recognised in formal negotiations and their perspectives and insights were not included in the final peace agreements or in post-conflict reconciliation efforts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the same time the number of teachers also dropped, although at a lower rate (14%), as well as the number of classrooms (8%) and schools (7%) (Educational Policy Institute, 2015). By 2025 the number of children aged 15-19 is expected to be more than 20% higher in 59 out of 72 districts. There are, however, significant differences in population projections between regions and districts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The proliferation of legal and normative standards regulating women’s rights in conflict has been accompanied by concerns about their efficacy. The article examines the activities of the CEDAW Committee and the UN Security Council and considers how synergies might be advanced. The article finds that, while the Security Council has unique authority over UN system activities, sanctions and peacekeeping, the CEDAW Committee – as a human rights treaty monitoring body – possesses the more effective system of state accountability and the more robust commitment to women’s equality and rights. The article proposes measures for the optimum interaction between both institutions in order to maximise overall accountability for women’s rights in conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Development is today done through different projects supported by a variety of financing institutions. Revenue collected as membership fees from the participating companies goes fully towards marketing activities. Accordingly, Innovation Norway has been an important partner for Destination Rpros at the national level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
All justice and government institutions should have clear mandates to implement and enforce laws in a gender-sensitive manner. Specialised legal services can also help women from all societal groups to better protect their rights. These services can include provisions for free legal aid and paralegals, information sessions on legal processes and community awareness campaigns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The main substantive findings of the book are summarised below. The book illustrates two basic but very different methods of measuring innovation in education, along with their advantages and disadvantages. It identifies the breadth of relevant data that can be incorporated within such measures, and makes visible the type of information that new data collections based on the two broad measurement approaches would yield.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To date the health-care system, centred on four health funds, is widely acknowledged as providing a basket of universal services, with good quality primary and secondary care, while also accommodating demand for private health care. However, there are challenges and tensions in the system. Currently the authorities are having to rapidly expand the number of places in medical schools and nurse training because large cohorts of health-care professionals are heading for retirement. More broadly, there are concerns that the core notion of a universal basket 0/services is being eroded by co-payments and the increasing demand for the additional services and options provided by private insurance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Taken together with the increase in farm and non-farm production activities, social protection strengthens livelihoods rather than fostering dependency. Public works programmes can provide important infrastructure and community assets and, when designed and implemented properly, contribute directly to the local economy. Cash transfers increase the purchasing power of the poor, who demand goods and services largely produced in the local economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Sweden, the government engaged fully in the promotion of the Vision Zero road safety concept, which was introduced as early as 1972 by the Swedish Parliament. Two examples illustrate this point, as emphasised by research from the Korea Transport Institute (KOTI, 2013): the creation of an interministerial task force for safety under the prime minister and the reduction of child fatalities. Upon presidential instruction, the Task Force was set up under the Office for Government Policy Co-ordination and formulated a key document entitled “Comprehensive Safety Management Policies (100 Tasks)”, which took stock of safety management activities scattered across 13 ministries and 70 laws at that point.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Drop-out also fell by 3.2 per centage points more than in schools that were not part of the programme. Drop-out rates during the programme have been much lower than the national average, over 90 per cent of BRAC school graduates move into the formal system (Nath, 2009). These disadvantages were reflected in the limited impact of school fee abolition on enrolment. On one estimate, only one in six Kenyan disabled children were attending school after the abolition of fees (Mulama, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Pre-eminent government departments (e.g. interior, economics and finance) often fail to appreciate that the ministries of energy, education, health, transport, or public works have major impacts on urban areas. Expertise in this sense requires a broad-ranging institutional view on the way the public sector as a whole affects urban processes, well beyond housing and basic services, to the framing of the economy and society. This implies that, to start with, a national authority must have the capacity to take stock of all of these impacts at the urban level as well as the authority to play a coordinating function across ministries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
An initial review and mapping of the SDG Indicators Global Database shows the availability of data necessary for global monitoring of the gender-specific indicators at a mere 26 per cent.' Data across time are even more limited: Only 17 per cent of the gender data needed to monitor change are currently available.2 This means that for many gender-specific indicators, country-level data are largely not available and, when they are, it is only for one point in time and so progress cannot be assessed. It argues for further gender mainstreaming throughout the framework—a point taken up with specific examples in Chapter 3, where existing evidence is used to bring to light the gender dimensions of all 17 goals. This chapter also argues for advancing data disaggregation to identify and monitor progress for groups that face multiple inequalities and deprivations—a theme that is further explored through in-depth case studies in Chapter 4.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Independent panel review of the Doing Business Report. Available at: http:// pubdocs.worldbank.oig/en/237121516384849082/ doing-business-review-panel-report-June-2013 .pdf. Growth and distributive effects of public infrastructure investments in China. In: Cockbum J, Dissou Y, Duclos J-Y andTib-erti L. Infrastructure and Economic Growth in Asia. Cham: 87-116.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)