albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Building on the substantial comparative and sectorial policy knowledge base available within the OECD, the series will result in a biannual publication (first volume in 2014). It will develop a comparative outlook on education policy by providing: a) analysis of individual countries’ educational context, challenges and policies (education policy profiles) and of international trends and b) comparative insight on policies and reforms on selected topics. They are meant to draw attention to specific policies that are promising or showing positive results and may be relevant for other countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Ile-de-France, the CPER (2007-13) several core issues and actions integrate a green growth perspective, yet they do not constitute major initiatives. The emphasis on transportation in the investments planned under the CPER with a view to modernising public transport is certainly important (EUR 2.93 billion), but is far less ambitious than the actions undertaken under the Greater Paris Scheme, even if the latter are to be stretched out over a longer period. The organisation of economic agents in Ile-de-France results moreover in a system based on organisations that have a monopoly of representation vis-a-vis the public authorities: the chambers of commerce and industry (regional and departmental) on one hand and the employers’ unions on the other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This model can help guide pedagogical and assessment design, feedback and evaluation of MLMS learning for scalable technology-enhanced innovative pedagogies (TEPI) and serve as a framework to guide policy-makers, practitioners and researchers towards implementing TEPIs at scale. The rationale is often based on the expectation that learning through ICT will transform the learning process (Pelgrum and Law, 2003) to achieve 21st century outcomes such as collaboration, communication, creativity and critical thinking (Partnership for 21st Century Skills, 2009). However, principals indicating that ICT is very important for achieving pedagogical goals remain few in number, particularly so in economically developed countries with high computer/student ratios and levels of Internet access. E-Learning needs to be an integral part of a deep pedagogical transformation in order to bring about the 21st century outcomes often mentioned in policy documents (Law, 2008a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Heavy farm work coinciding with disease and reduced food availability are partly responsible for the difference in prevalence of malnutrition among rural and urban adults. Specific interventions aimed at diversifying what farmers produce and what food households have access to (e.g. through home gardens or raising small animals) can contribute to better nutrition. Some European governments have attempted to use agricultural policies to improve diets by reducing support for foods considered to be less healthy and investing more in other foods such as fruits and vegetables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Taking into account the adverse changes in forest habitats resulting from intensive and illegal forest exploitation in the past as well as changes in forest structures over recent years, the disappearance of animal and bird species which require larger undisturbed forest complexes is very likely to occur in the near future. For instance, there is much concern about the potential for maintaining the viable lynx population, the size of which still remains small (only 26 individuals in 2009). Some initial studies have been conducted on migrations of several bird species and sea turtles. Such a methodological gap could be an obstacle for the proper design of the desired ultimate spatial shape of the national ecological network constituted by interrelated, mutually complementary protected areas of different legal protective status, functions and management categories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Increased participation in health promotion activities and development of disease management programmes for chronic conditions have also been observed as strategies to reduce future treatment costs. Second, insurers have been more active in pushing for lower prices when contracting with individual providers, an outcome facilitated by the low level of vertical integration. The cost-containment measures adopted by Dutch health insurers do not seem to have had negative effects in terms of the quality of care provided.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Characterising the Income Poor and the Materially Deprived in European Countries." Income and Living Conditions in Europe, 133. Childhood Experiences, Educational Attainment and Adult Labor Market performance'ln K. Vleminckx & T. Smeeding (Eds.), Child Wellbeing, Child Poverty and Child Policy in Modern Nations: What Do We Know. Bristol: The Policy Press. D. Gordon, and E. Marlier.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The total length of submarine cable installed is 3 820 km, connecting Mersing, Kuching, Bintulu, Miri, Kota Kinabalu and Cherating. This project will support the increase of data traffic from Sabah and Sarawak, since the existing submarine cable system has stretched its full capacity and will reach its life span in a few more years. With the completion of SKR1M, the system will be able to provide a total capacity of up to 12 Tbps with current technology and can be upgraded to the latest technology in the future to provide more capacity. The system is designed to last for at least 25 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
An improved gender balance in senior management (Chapter 14) can thus have important “spillover” effects on female entrepreneurship. Women’s low labour force participation rates arguably limit opportunities to acquire the job skills or management experience necessary for starting a business, and only about 9% of adult women engage in early-stage entrepreneurial activity - less than half the rate of men (19%). Women entrepreneurs are a heterogeneous group, whose firm characteristics and needs vary according to location (urban versus rural) and education level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
So the degree to which a country values education seems to depend at least in part on the country's view of how knowledge and skills fit into the way it fills its national coffers. Placing a high value on education might thus be a prerequisite for building both a top-notch education system and a thriving economy. Again, this is just the direct economic benefit, imagine the social impact on large parts of populations that currently lack basic knowledge and skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For developing countries, many have indicated in biennial update reports, National Communications and/or their INDC what level of support is needed in order to implement their adaptation response. Country reporting on how much support has been received will therefore help in any national assessments of whether support levels meet the needs identified nationally, and if not, what adaptation actions/results are to be expected with the support that has been received. Collecting national-level information on adaptation support needed will help developing countries to identify and quantify what type of support is needed where, information that is also useful to developed countries and other providers of climate support. In contrast, reporting by non-Annex I countries on support received was not mandatory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Such efforts might be in collaboration with civil society organisations and/or government ministries. Prioritising external security threats, such as terrorism, can also lead to the exclusion of internal security threats such as high rates of domestic and sexual violence. Increased understanding of the importance of integrating gender into SSR initiatives and adequate prioritisation can be gained through practical gender training, relevant briefings, mentoring, employing personnel with gender expertise and other initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, in the South irrigation is managed mainly by large Boards which are highly interconnected with urban and industrial water supply agencies. This is essentially due to the fact that most important water structures (e.g. dams, aqueducts, pumping stations) are constructed for multi-sectorial water use and their management is frequently under the Boards’ competence. The 183 Group is a not-for-profit organisation established in 1995 by Members of Parliament, environmentalists, and representatives of regions, local governments, trade unions and company managers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This same observation has already been made in the case of social pensions and has also emerged clearly from a number of national health service systems.24 The issue is not exclusively one of public provision of insurance, but of missing insurance markets. Informal workers who cannot access social security systems unless they subsidise their employers by contributing as self-employed - something that very few of them do - have no option but a private health insurance that rarely caters to their needs. Social protection systems provide the means for societies to eliminate certain forms of social exclusion and to limit downward social mobility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Ofwat publishes the indicators annually in a public report. These simple performance scorecards have helped measure the efficiency of service provision and pressure the “worst in the class” (Kingdom and Jagannathan, 2001). Such tools need to be used with caution, however, as differences in performance can be due to a variety of factors aside from relative efficiency, such as differences in physical conditions, population density, nature of the terrain, age of the network, etc. For this reason, Ofwat has developed sophisticated econometric models to assess comparative efficiency of regulated companies while controlling for exogenous factors that can affect performance. In OECD countries, the regulatory regime in place can influence the selection of investment options, linked to the set of incentives that they introduce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As one of the most precious species of the Caucasus, historically chestnut has been felled but also the chestnus disease has become a concern. Such trees had to be removed to avoid spreading of the illness, which has resulted in shrinkage of the chestnut area and deteriorated health of the trees. The average growing stock per ha is 170 m3 and continues to be higher than the EU average of 150 m per ha.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Bosnia and Herzegovina does not have a clear model of information flow between different sectors, competences frequently overlap, and it is not clear who is responsible to whom, who takes data from whom and by which methodology or how data are delivered. They then dropped to 21,816.43 Gg CCh-eq. At its 113th meeting, held on 27 November 2014, the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina adopted the Decision on Amendments to the Decision establishing the Designated National Authority (DNA) for the implementation of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Projects, which, in addition to the existing activities of the DNA, has added development, receipt and approval/rejection of NAMAs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Moreover, moral hazard is more difficult to control when unemployment beneficiaries have the possibility of working in the informal sector whilst claiming benefits.21 As a result, the provision of public UI may be very costly in emerging economies. Indeed, employment-protection rules have often been considered a low-cost way of providing social insurance to workers in such economies (Heckman and Pages, 2004). Providing UI effectively requires, first of all, the sound management of insurance funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In addition, it is also important to consider the scale of income tax. In particular, marginal tax rates at the top of the income scale are an important element in overall progressivity, even though the top earners constitute a small segment of the population, because they often account fora large share of aggregate income and the total income tax yield. Yet marginal personal income tax rates at the top of the income scale in OECD countries fell from an average of 71 per cent in the late 1970s to around 57 percent in the late 2000s (chart 5.1). One reason for this was divergent patterns in the taxation of wealth (Piketty, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The EU is also a major destination for Bosnia and Herzegovina exports. There are few log exports, this is not due to any restriction (ban) on log exports, but priority is given to the local industry' for logs from public forests (with an objective of establishing locally added value through processing). Exports of pellets show a remarkable trend, growing to 150,000 tons in 2013, and putting pressure on pulpwood and firewood, including industry wastes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In order to contribute to this objective, the OECD Joint Network of Health and Budget Officials on the Fiscal Sustainability of Health Systems was established in 2011. This joint network aims to identify and disseminate good practices in managing healthcare budgets, alongside other policies that can ensure fiscal sustainability. It also aims to improve institutional dialogue, clarity of roles, and common objectives between officials from both health and finance ministries, and other relevant policymakers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Existing national registries of, for example, decentralised power plants (e.g. solar), or electric vehicle fleets, may well be mapped on a blockchain layer with the required information for global monitoring and reporting services. Primarily given the fast changing maturity of protocols and interfaces, the platform must maintain a high degree of flexibility by comprising clearly defined modules. In order to cater to the requirements best while balancing efforts and costs of operating the platform, the following initial design is proposed. Table 6 summarises the suggested technical aspects. Validators are the entities that initially create the network, for example the UNFCCC countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The long traditions of pedagogical theory provide a basis for defining certain approaches and their contribution to outcomes. The ability to describe teaching and its impacts accurately has advanced through large-scale studies of teaching, including video studies and international surveys (e.g. Vieluf et al., This is supported by a rich variety of other research which highlights the importance of both the social and emotional conditions created by interaction with teachers and peers, and the cognitive demand of tasks (National Research Council, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As discussed above, systems based on social insurance provide better user choice and responsiveness than public-integrated systems, but have more difficulty in containing costs. Co-payments would presumably need to be set at a fairly high level to contain demand, with potential adverse effects on equity. Administrative costs might rise, as they are usually higher in insurance-based systems than in public-integrated models, even if KELA has so far been able to contain them to a reasonable level of 3% of total expenditure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at in/o@copyright.com or the Centre francais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com. Such evidence has driven policy makers to design an early intervention and re-think their education spending patterns to gain “value for money”. At the same time, research emphasises that the benefits from early interventions are conditional on the level of “quality” of ECEC that children experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Such scenarios may constitute “extreme events”, with a low probability but severe consequences if the event happens. A more likely scenario is that a particular trading partner may block or impede trade temporarily, with implications for the prices that an importing country is obliged to pay. For example, India cut off rice exports to Bangladesh in 2007 in order to lower prices on its domestic market (Dorosh and Rashid, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It also creates new requirements for care. Some developed countries, including Denmark, Norway and Sweden, provide tax-financed long-term care services for the elderly, while both Japan (since 2000) and the Republic of Korea (2008) have introduced long-term care insurance following the example of Germany (1995). In Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam, for example, governments have supported non-governmental organizations in the recruitment and training of volunteer caregivers and the creation of self-help groups as a way to manage the rising share of older people who require assistance.230 In other countries, such as China and Singapore, legislation has been put in place to stipulate the obligation of adult children to provide care for their elderly parents by threat of jail or fines.231 In both cases, state commitment in terms of funding and service delivery is minimal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In practice, income definitions adopted by individual countries may be more limited in scope, as some elements of household income may not be collected or modelled (this is typically the case, for instance, with unpaid domestic services, with services provided household consumer durables, and by social transfers received in kind). The component elements of income can be aggregated in order to produce selected measures for particular analytical and policy purposes. Details of existing classification methodologies used for international comparison within the UNECE region are available from OECD (2011) and Eurostat (2015b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, there are concerns that the current framework for teacher professional development is not responding adequately to teachers' needs: there is little flexibility in the current provision, it is unclear whether adequate learning opportunities for teachers are available, and incentives to engage in professional development seem to be increasingly related to salary increases and career advancement. Finally, Kazakhstan shows a clear commitment to external accountability based around school evaluation with a regular cycle of external school evaluations (school attestation) and a formal certification process for teachers (teacher attestation). However, the review team formed the impression that there is an over-emphasis on the accountability function of both teacher evaluation and school evaluation, with less attention paid to genuine professional discussions about effective teaching. The “Standard Staffing of Public Educational Organizations and List of Teaching Positions and Equal-Status Employees” (Decree no.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
AbstractIn Somalia, the African Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) forces are engaged in a fierce counter-insurgency campaign against Al Shabab terrorists. Regional and international players such as Ethiopia and the USA support AMISOM. In northern Mali, French forces together with those of the Economic Community of West African States are involved in vicious battles with Islamists in the form of Ansar Dine, the Movement for Unity and Jihad and Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb. In northern Nigeria, security forces are engaged in bloody battles again the Islamist sect Boko Haram. In all three cases, success in a traditional realist sense is far from assured and traditional counter-terrorism measures are actually counter-productive since it refuses to acknowledge the underlying complexity giving rise to radical Islamist movements. Adopting a critical terrorism studies approach, with an emphasis on the emancipatory approach of the Aberystwyth School, this paper argues that traditional counter-terrorism would only ser...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Yet mothers in two-parent families who had more time to spend with their daughters did not always follow up on their sexual activities, whereas fathers did. The implication is of underlying material needs and of paternal reluctance to recognise their role in the decisions of adolescents. These cash transfers are often deployed to ensure children's schooling, improve health care and re-allocate productive resources within households (Adato & Bassett, 2009, Mokomane, 2013). It has been found, for example, that girls in households receiving non-contributory social pensions are more likely to attend school, succeed academically, and have better health and nutrition indicators than children in similar households that do not receive the pension (ISSA, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In most cases, data for 2009 are expected to be released later during 2011 or early in 2012. Relative to 2007, benefit receipts under public assistance programmes have slightly decreased for households in the first quintile. This may reflect an increase in the share of the population in the first quintile receiving benefits from other public sources, such as the UI programme, as well as the financing of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families through a Federal block grants to the states that are not adjusted for inflation nor changes in caseloads. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) included a temporary increase in EITC and expanded the credit for workers with three or more qualifying children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At the same time, a part of expenditures shown in the categories “incapacity related”, “housing” or “other social policy areas” (which includes social assistance) may provide income support to the elderly. Total social expenditure levels increased, but cash transfers for the non-elderly often did not. Hungary, Israel, Slovak Republic and Slovenia are not included in the graphs as mid-1980s data are not available for these countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Community Development Districts (CDDs) are multipurpose, independent special districts, which are empowered to finance and manage infrastructure services in Florida. Since their authorization through a state statute in 1980, the CDDs have grown across many counties in the state. This article presents exploratory research evaluating the role of CDDs in financing and managing infrastructure services. CDDs finance infrastructure through tax-free bonds, which are paid by property owners. The arrangement is beneficial for city/county governments since infrastructure is not financed through general obligation bonds. Managerially, however, CDDs pose accountability problems, since developers rather than residents control them during their initial stage of existence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Both face complex challenges, where long-standing problems must be confronted alongside emerging concerns. In particular, Peru is experiencing worsening rates of non-communicable diseases - alongside a persistently high rate of infectious disease. The health system, meanwhile, is simultaneously grappling with how to assure basic access - universal health coverage has still not been achieved, for instance - whilst prioritising efficiency and value for money, and improving quality of care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Many took the opportunity to increase public investments in green infrastructure particularly in public transport, low-carbon energy production, smart electricity grids, energy-efficient public buildings and water and sanitation infrastructure. A few countries have also invested in research and development (R&D) to support green innovation and raised taxes on environmentally harmful activities. Still, some stimulus measures have been environmentally counterproductive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)