albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Moreover, certificates and labels like the Green Key, awarded to tourism enterprises that assert for instance that they use of organic food/ beverages and green household products (e.g. detergents), must rely on the respondent's honesty. It is always, therefore, a point to consider whether the people in charge are in fact replying truthfully. Lastly, it is possible that small and medium-sized enterprises may not be able to cope with the costs incurred by becoming more eco-friendly, despite governmental subsidies, which could mean that it is the large enterprises who reap the above-mentioned benefits while the smaller ones struggle to survive. Environmentally conscious transport companies may profit from mitigation, and in more general terms the providers of eco-labelled services may expect a growth in demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Also, the performance of an intervention might not be static over time, results measured after 1 year or after 20 years could differ significantly. These different timescales of results mean that effectiveness levels will vary depending on when effectiveness is assessed. Choosing an appropriate point in time for assessment can be particularly complicated for climate finance interventions aimed at long-term transformational impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Overall, Korean cities have been developed in a physically compact way, without adequate consideration of urban amenities, including walkability, public transport, socio-economic networks and environmental sustainability. The process of rapid urbanisation has tended to neglect the provision of green spaces in cities, while prioritising economic growth. Furthermore, a study of urban forms reveals different priorities across and within cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The author gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (FORTE). The largest increase in inequality was observed in Sweden, where the Gini coefficient increased by seven percentage points between 1995 and 2013, followed by Finland and Denmark, where the coefficient increased by four and three points respectively. By contrast, in Norway the Gini coefficient ended up only one point higher, after a temporary increase in the mid-2000s.4 However, the Nordic countries all started from low inequality levels, and remain among the most equal OECD countries measured by the Gini coefficient of disposable income (Figure 1, Panel A).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
They have to go to court and convince the judge to grant them a divorce by grounding their request on specific reasons. While many countries can be commended for their efforts and progress in this area, the provisions of their personal status law still contain a number of gaps and clauses, which may lead to discrimination against women. The father is the guardian of the children, even in case of divorce, while the mother can be granted custody of the children in case of divorce, to a specific age, after which custody is granted to the father.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
John Hobson makes the case that disciplinary history has been essential in uncovering the Eurocentric biases of international relations (IR) and, more recently, of international political economy (IPE). The revisionism that animates much recent research, he argues, makes it increasingly untenable to maintain traditional conceptions about the object of IR (a de-historicized, neutral state system, and an empty and formally egalitarian notion of sovereignty), the main concepts buttressing the theories of IR, or indeed the history that matters in explaining the world that IR is concerned with. The result, Hobson suggests, is a fundamental challenge to the identity of the discipline and therefore to its pedagogical apparatus.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Foremost amongst social policy interventions, state education has a singular and foundational role in the promotion of equality and human rights. This paper explores the way that such matters are addressed in the policy and law making programmes of the UK’s devolved administrations. It is argued that this is an appropriate locus of enquiry for the constitutional law establishing the devolved legislatures contains clauses empowering government to promote equality of opportunity, in the case of Wales and Northern Ireland, these are positive legal duties. Against the background of governments’ espousal of ‘mainstreaming’ equalities, analysis reveals that the respective administrations have made some advances in embedding the promotion of equality and human rights in the policy framework covering the schools curriculum, teacher training and inspections. Notwithstanding this, a number of issues and shortcomings are identified. Overall, the analysis reveals evidence of an ongoing ‘disconnect’ between the mainstreaming rhetoric and policy outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The paradigm shift from the more specific focus of the MDGs on child mortality, maternal health, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis recognises the immense significance of global health threats that have risen to prominence in the interim. Non-communicable diseases now account for 38 million deaths per year, of which 28 million are in low- to medium-income countries (WHO 2015a). Mental illness is expected to account for 15 per cent of the global burden of disease by 2020, with young people disproportionately affected (Biddle and Asare 2011). Consistent international data indicate that inactivity directly accounts for between 1 and 4 per cent of all healthcare costs (Davis et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A learning centre in the Yukon integrates services such as housing, health and social services with the early learning centre, and it offers a variety of language and cultural activities for the very young, while strongly involving parents. In another Yukon school we visited, and for students who become parents early in their lives, there is a teen parent centre in which student mothers receive prenatal and postnatal nutrition care, health screenings, parenting help, day care and help to find employment and to acquire a driver’s licence. Similarly, families living in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia have access to the Parenting Journey Programme, part of Stronger Families Nova Scotia, which aims to strengthen child welfare and early intervention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While less common, independent permanent gender commissions and independent permanent Human Rights commissions were used as oversight institutions in 20-30% of countries. In Canada, the House of Commons Standing Committee on the Status of Women, created in 2004, is mandated to oversee the status of Women Canada - the lead national mechanism at the federal level (see Box 3.7). This all-party Committee comprised of male and female members of Parliament and chaired by a member of the Official Opposition, focuses on analysing a range of issues of importance to women, scrutinising government decisions and policy advocacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Adaptation through sustainable intensification and agricultural diversification may have to be combined, therefore, with the creation of off-farm opportunities, both locally and through strengthened rural-urban linkages. Gender issues may need to be addressed -social norms often prevent women from pursuing off-farm activities. Social protection, education and active labour market policies are needed to mitigate many of the risks associated with diversification and migration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The SDGs themselves recognize the important role that ICTs can play for economic development. The presence of reliable infrastructure remains critical to creating the conditions for e-commerce to thrive, but despite the increasing availability of the Internet and widespread mobile coverage, around four billion people remain offline. Internet access costs, combined with network reliability and quality of service, continue to be a major issue in many developing countries and represent an important barrier to their ability to engage in e-commerce. Trade policy can play an important role here.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This resulted in significant increases in enrolments in primary schools and it must be noted that as a consequence, this escalated to secondary school level when the first cohort of FPE entered this level. Lesotho was then faced with problems of overcrowded lower classes (grades), high teacher-pupil ratios and lack of an adequate and qualified teaching labour force. Most importantly the country was faced with the challenge of education quality. The quality of education in the era of HIV/AIDS is also a concern because of high teacher attrition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This Index ranks the country below the majority of OECD countries and some of the BRIICS countries (Figure 5.9.A). This overall low score reflects the low appreciation of the quality of Brazil’s education by the Brazilian business community. It, however, considers that the availability of education and on-job training, above the average levels of the rest of the BRIICS and somewhat closer to the average OECD levels (Figure 5.9.B).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The wantok has often been described as a “safety net” for a country like the Solomon Islands, where there are no social service schemes. In the Solomon Islands, there are about 220 different languages spoken. Traditionally, the members of the wantok system look out for each other during hard times, for example, to pay school fees of their children and for other assistance in times of need.3 This “type of security has a certain edge over the social security of an impersonal bureaucracy”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Earmarked resources, wherever possible, can assist the transparency of road safety investment and its value. Revenue sources for road funds typically come from fuel taxes, vehicle registration and licensing fees, and road user charges for heavy vehicles. For example, in the New Zealand Road Safety to 2010 strategy, the road fund finances the national road safety enforcement programme, national road safety education, national publicity and awareness campaigns, national strategy management and coordination processes, national and local low-cost safety engineering measures, and general road network investments that contribute to improved road safety outcomes. User fees are usually collected on a cost-recovery basis and may represent a substantial proportion of a country’s total road safety investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Assuming the full effectiveness of C02 fertilization, climate change impacts on yields are reduced to a range of between -10 and -35 percent for maize, between +5 and -15 percent for wheat, between -5 and -20 percent for rice, and between 0 and -30 percent for soybean. If limits on access to nitrogen are explicitly considered, crops benefit less from C02 fertilization and negative climate impacts are amplified (Muller and Elliott, 2015). The most important impacts are on animal productivity, animal health and biodiversity, the quality and amount of feed supply, and the carrying capacity of pastures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Nevertheless, it is realistic to assume that the removal amount in the country is negligible compared with other four Nordic countries as Iceland’s forest harvesting and timber import are little. As pointed out in Section 2.4, these RMUs can be used to meet a country's commitment under the protocol of reducing emissions from the sectors or sources listed in Annex A, i.e. energy, industrial processes, solvent and other product use, agriculture and waste. Denmark has already issued its RMUs, while Finland, Sweden and Norway are planning to issue those in the near future.30 Indeed, Finland is expected to issue RMUs in the end of 2014 or early 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The extraordinary period of expanding private flows since the start of the new millennium may not be an indication of future trends, there are a number of reasons to believe that such flows were the result of temporary circumstances. Developing countries will face a much tougher global environment moving forward. The commodity super-cycle of the 2000s, which saw huge inward investment and windfalls for resource-exporting countries, is coming to an end as demand from the People's Republic of China (hereafter "China”) slows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Implementing such programmes via NGO’s may offer a political way out of this impasse. These rates fluctuate quite a bit and are much higher during periods of public recruitment rounds. Such a framework would set the base for linking various occupations to specific skills and can assist in identifying further training needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
They had limited authority within the river basin but were able to have some influence. River basin commissions included more than one state and were therefore more powerful than the states and municipalities, which generated tensions among water institutions (Tortajada, 2005). When the river basin commissions were established, Mexico’s economic policies focused on large-scale agricultural and industrial development projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Young women who are married are much more likely to be NEET than unmarried women of the same age (OECD, 2012a). As early marriage can act as a barrier to participation in education and employment, the Apni Beti Apna Dhan programme provides cash incentives to girls and their families that are conditional on the daughters remaining unmarried until age 18. Initial evaluation results suggest this programme helped parents increase their investment in their daughters’ human capital (Sinha and Young, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Private sector investments that target at-risk areas, due to the relatively low cost of land coupled by short-term gains to be made by business and local government officials, further binds informal settlers to this risky land given the new livelihood opportunities, maintaining or increasing disaster risk for these people. Actions beyond preparedness and response can be difficult to sell to local government due to the lack of quick and visible impacts, particularly in areas where officials do not tend to look beyond an election cycle. Lack of sufficient resources at local level compounds the problem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
If the regulatory goal is to reduce aggregate water use, the entitlement system will have a single market-clearing price that is equal to a tax that would achieve the same aggregate pumping. In this case, the marginal benefits of water are equalised across all traders, and a frictionless transferable entitlement scheme will by definition achieve the optimal allocation (e.g. Montgomery 1972, Sunding et al., The more binding the constraint on total water used, the larger the equilibrium entitlement price.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The implications of dependent agency are multifaceted. First, it may influence donors’ ability to achieve their objectives, while also reinforcing the status quo and undermining local solidarity. Second, it may shape democratization by challenging liberal citizenship and undermining transparency and accountability in decision-making. Despite these limitations, dependent agency also illustrates local people’s desire for participation and their nascent demands for the powerful to be held accountable. The work concludes by exploring how the concept of dependent agency may shape scholarship on African politics, international relations, and global health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Further in the next revision of the Nordic Ecolabel criteria for computers there are going to be considerations as to how and whether to incorporate requirements or restrictions to the use of rare metals, which is included in the European Commission's list. One of the large challenges with recycling of rare earth metals and other critical materials are that it is often not profitable as they are found in very small quantities and complex systems277 making it an even more important issue to target through legislation. Dematerialisation can be the integration of different function into one product such as the smart phone which now includes several functions such as a calendar, an alarm clock, a camera, and a music player to name a few. Or it could be the shift from a product to a service like from the external hard disk to online services such as Dropbox and Share files.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Dual degree programs in public health and law have blossomed in the United States and beyond. They are traditionally promoted on the premise that public health efforts often require legal authority to legitimize and implement their goals and objectives, and that participation of lawyers safeguards respect for individual rights, privacy, and autonomy against governmental intrusion in furtherance of public health objectives. Thus, lawyers who understand public health are far more valuable in promoting population health than traditional constitutional and administrative law practitioners without such understanding. On the public health side, epidemiologists and other practitioners trained in the law ensure that reliable data inform public policy. In the classroom, we have found that dual degree students enrich the educational experience in both fields, broadening understanding and creating conversations that transcend law or public health alone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In these markets, recyclers pay consumers a price for their used products that depend on the degree of recyclability (Calcott & Walls, 2000, 2005). In an economy where no value is allocated to waste, "final output producers as well as households do not take the value of waste generation for future recycling into account. Consequently, the opportunity costs of production and consumption are overestimated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In the 2009-11 period, EUR 22 million has been approved in the electricity sector and EUR 1 million in the gas sector (ERSE, 2010). Landscape integration (e.g. use of traditional building materials and local vegetation, underground cables) and birdlife protection (e.g. installation of anti-collision and anti-perching devices, installation of nesting platforms for white storks, compensation measures for the Bonelli’s eagle) make up for the majority of the approved environmental costs of the electric utilities. Electricity suppliers in the retail market must provide in the bill and/or via internet information on the fuel mix from which the electricity they provide is generated and related environmental impacts in terms of C02, S02 and NOx emissions per GWh and radioactive waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Women who work outside their homes need to procure a range of services, including child care, cooking or tailoring, that they would otherwise most likely carry out as non-paying tasks. This new demand for services results in job creation and economic opportunities for others. Meanwhile, female employment also leads to an increase in household purchasing power and broadens the available talent pool in the economy.228 Therefore, facilitating women’s formal entry in the economy as workers, consumers and investors raises potential economic outputs and wealth.229 A study covering 18 Arab countries found that GDP losses due to the gender gap amounted to 27 per cent.230 Moreover, resources in women’s hands entail a range of positive outcomes for human capital and capabilities within the household, and can be used for improving the health and education of their children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Malaysia, the bulk of foreign direct investment has in essence been more of the passive type and with little effect on the regional innovation potential of the economy. Higher education sector is a crucial area, not only because higher education institutions can increase the supply of skilled people, but also because they can drive national and regional growth. The corporatisation of public universities has been a first step to engage universities on the regional development path, but more is needed to ensure that the current focus on the world class status will not undermine regional and local engagement of universities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Offshore demersal finfish fishery: Exploratory fishing ceased on 31 December 2003. Australia has input controls (limited entry, and compliance requirements). Individual transferable quota came into effect from 1 May 2012. The revised harvest strategy introduces detailed catch limits and triggers for key commercial species and for species identified through the ecological risk assessment framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As always, the major challenge is to combine individual goals (people want to live in single family homes, and businesses prefer to choose where they will operate) with the broader public interest of managing development so that society collectively is better off. Infill mechanisms, such as BIMBY (build in my backyard) appear attractive, but are not common in the area, and are not so easy to manage. Such building projects easily lead to neighbourhood conflicts and legal challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Based on Facebook's 2013 sustainability report, Burrington (2015) shows that its data centres alone consumed as much energy as Burkina Faso and, as Section B.1(b) found, the Bitcoin network uses as much electricity as a country the size of Ireland. This is due to the extraordinary economies of scale and scope that exist in digital-intensive sectors. As pointed out above, Goldfarb and Trefler (2018a) explain how firms relying on digital technologies, and in particular Al, benefit from having access to large amounts of information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A number of examples have suggested that new treatment modalities are cost-effective. These disorders usually have less severe and debilitating symptoms than other (for example, psychotic) mental disorders, and this chapter deliberately excludes more severe cases of mental disorders, including the more severe cases of common disorders such as depression and anxiety. Severity of the disorder is determined by the number of and severity of symptoms, the degree of functional impairment, and the duration of symptoms. Mild-to-moderate disorders impede the health, daily functioning, and quality of life of affected individuals, and require appropriate diagnosis, treatment and care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Abstract : The Internet Civil Defense (ICD) System is designed to substantially enhance national preparedness and response to both terrorism and natural disasters. ICD is a national (and ultimately, international) system of information sharing, education and analysis via the Internet to connect the general public, emergency responders, local and national investigative authorities, and scientific experts and public health officials around the globe in real time for the common purpose of increasing public safety and security. Development of the ICD Business Plan and Financial Plan is the result of a three-way teaming partnership between DARPA, FEMA, and the American Red Cross (ARC), working together with the Global Health Net (GHNet) Team.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)