albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These are more important in flexible labour markets that are characterised by relatively high levels of job creation and destruction. The design and scope of UI should seek to minimise potential moral-hazard effects and maximise its support to liquidity-constrained job losers. Given the difficulty of determining and monitoring continued benefit eligibility in the context of large informal sectors and a weak administrative capacity, it will be important to ensure that benefit schedules preserve good incentives for work in the formal sector. This suggests that, at least initially, benefits with relatively low replacement rates and short durations maybe most appropriate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At the time of writing there were only five qualified plumbers in Tonga, not only is it hard to get access to them but they have no time to be tutors in plumbing at the Tonga Institute of Science and Technology. Here too, migration and attrition are combined. In Samoa, 52 teachers left the service in three and a half years between 2000 and 2005, eroding the quality of curriculum delivery (Afamasaga 2006). Tonga was losing teachers at a similar rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
1. Introduction: Philosophy and Child Poverty 2. Social Justice for Children - A Capability Approach 2.1. The Currency of Justice 2.2. Selecting Functionings and Capabilities for Children 2.3. Sufficiency and Equality 2.4. Conclusions: Criticizing Injustices 3. The Injustice of Child Poverty 3.1. Concepts and Measures of Child Poverty 3.2. The Ill-Being and Ill-Becoming of Child Poverty: Physical and Mental Health 3.3. The Ill-Being and Ill-Becoming of Child Poverty: Social Inclusion and Education 3.4. The Subjective Experience of Child Poverty 3.5. Conclusions 4. Responsibilities for Children in Poverty 4.1. Attributing Responsibilities to Agents of Justice 4.2. Important Agents of Justice and their Responsibilities 4.3. The Family and the State 4.4. Conclusions 5. Advancing our Approach to Global Justice for Children 5.1 Conclusions 6. References
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Labour market policy settings also appear to influence how strongly participation rates are reduced by recessions. The estimation results indicate larger medium-run declines in participation in countries where employment protection regulation is relatively strict or the generosity of unemployment benefits drops off sharply with the duration of unemployment. For further details, see OECD (2010e).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The government may thus consider granting them regional significance in the near future. The data available is limited: population and employment data at the municipal level are available only for the last census years, and population data on FUAs only for 2009 and 1999. Any analysis using FUAs will thus clearly mention it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
About 270 species are native to Israel, but an additional 230 pass through every year. About 25% of the world’s migrating birds fly over Israel. A number of innovative initiatives have been taken to monitor and protect these birds’ migratory patterns and to promote public awareness and co-operation with other countries in this regard.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Overall supervision and some international relations on forestry issues at State level remain with MoFTER. The institutional framework in the forest sector is in general similar in both entities, with the main difference relating to the different administrative and territorial oiganization systems. Both entities suffer from a lack of capacity and capabilities in their forestry institutions, as well as inadequate coordination for international activities and obligations, and operations requiring the involvement of both entities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Globalization has come to be regarded, over the past two decades, as a major feature of contemporary life. From global environmental sustainability to the global financial crisis, the internet to global celebrities, global epidemics to global cultural events like the World Cup, and from global terrorism to questions of human rights, headlines and conversations are full of globe-talk. In the period since the first edition of this book appeared in 1998, global issues, institutions and events have continued to dominate discussion on the direction of social change, the prospects for economic development, human welfare and social justice, the fate of the planet, and the values on which social life should be based. The purpose of this new edition is not simply to recognize these continuities, but also to identify what has changed since 1998, and to explain why understandings of globalization remain so controversial and contested.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To protect spawning aggregations of fish, the area is protected from possible increase of fishing pressure, fishing effort on demersal stocks by vessels using towed nets, bottom and mid-water longlines,andbottom-setnetsmustbekeptatits20081evel. When the recommendation entered into force, relevant CPCs were asked to submit to the GFCM Secretariat the lists of authorized vessels fishing in the area at that time and were required to prohibit new vessels from fishing in the FRA so as not to increase the overall fishing effort. No studies of deep-sea ecosystems in the area were available at the time, but the presence of rare deep-water corals such as Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata was considered possible, given their recorded presence in similar areas in the western part of the Gulf of Lion (GFCM, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Finally, there is a need to address discriminatory laws, such as labour laws that limit the maximum amount of part-time work and family laws that limit decision-making power and/or the land rights of female family members. An example includes adequate parental and child-related benefits, such as parental leave that is fully funded by the Government14 and for which a component must be used by male parents. Another example is taxation frameworks that encourage mothers to work by reducing the net tax liability, such as taxing individual income rather than family income and tax-deductible childcare payments (Elborgh-Woytek and others, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
On average, men are more likely to be employed in the production of goods and construction, while women are considerably more likely to be employed in social and personal service sectors. Working women often hold lower-quality jobs, as indicated by lower pay, less job security and a greater risk of extremely low pay. Women are also often severely underrepresented in managerial positions (Figure 19.4), even if women in some emerging economies, like the Russian Federation and several Latin America countries, fair better in this regard than women in OECD countries, on average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The trend towards smaller families facilitates greater (public and parental) investment per child which, in Korea as in many other countries, is then spread equally among boys and girls (Behrman et al., At present, young Korean women are as well educated as their male peers (Chapter 4). Men spend little time helping women with household chores (Chapter 17) and married women are still expected to leave their jobs upon giving birth (Kim, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
According to WEF, ICT use (percentage of Internet users, fixed broadband, Internet bandwidth, and mobile broadband subscriptions) can be indicative, as ICT clearly has an influential role in innovation. In India and Indonesia, for example, only a third of the population are active Internet users, and very few have access to fixed broadband, limiting technology readiness (WEF, 2017). By contrast, access to mobile broadband subscriptions was found to be relatively equal across countries (except for India), suggesting that mobile phones can be an enabling tool for ICT use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Because individual teachers and schools are given a lot of freedom and resources to a larger extent follow needs, teachers are also made responsible to reach this goal. This responsibility is reinforced by peer pressure within schools. The special teacher is tasked with early identification and intervention, helped by a multi-professional care group consisting of the principal, the special teacher, the school nurse, the school psychologist, a social worker and the class teacher.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Groupings of dwellings whose owners co-operate to provide and maintain a common water supply. Drinking water standards do not allow any presence of E. coli. When a group scheme gets its water from the local authority (e.g. from a public main), it is called a public scheme. One that distributes water from its own intake or well is called a private group water scheme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Assuming sufficient water availability and locally adapted, well-tested varieties, the yields can be high enough that even with the cost of the inputs including the seed it is profitable to go to hybrids,” she discloses with confidence, referencing a colleague’s in-house research conducted on maize crops in Nepal. Farmers can then sell these surplus crops in the market and make a profit. “ Without a market-based approach to food security, it is difficult to sustain change and improve farmers’ circumstances.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The share of students who expected to pursue a career in teaching also increased in Chile, the Czech Republic, Estonia and the Slovak Republic, but by less than two percentage points. Turkey shows the largest drop - by 19 percentage points - followed by Jordan, Indonesia and Tunisia (with decreases of between 10 and 14 percentage points). The declines in Turkey, Jordan and Indonesia might be related to the large increases in secondary enrolment rates, and in the share of 15-year-olds represented in the PISA population (OECD, 2016, Table 1.6.1 mi).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Control variables for founders demographics are computed at the company level and take the form of dummy variables indicating whether, “at least one founder” belongs to age cohorts, holds a PhD, or other diplomas, has a major in natural sciences, other fields, and has past professional experience in different fields (e.g. finance). A linear probability model is a simple and straightforward choice in particular in the case when most of the independent variables are also binary (in which case the prediction is less likely to lie outside the [0,1] interval) and when fixed effects are included (in order to avoid the incidental parameter problem inherent to non-linear models). However, the results are robust to the use of non-linear regression model (probit see Annex C).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Abstract   We investigate the evolution of common law under overruling, a system of precedent change in which appellate courts replace existing legal rules with new ones. We use a legal realist model, in which judges change the law to reflect their own preferences or attitudes, but changing the law is costly to them. The model's predictions are consistent with the empirical evidence on the overruling behavior of the US Supreme Court and appellate courts. We find that overruling leads to unstable legal rules that rarely converge to efficiency. The selection of disputes for litigation does not change this conclusion. Our findings provide a rationale for the value of precedent, as well as for the general preference of appellate courts for distinguishing rather than overruling as a law-making strategy. Journal of Comparative Economics 35 (2) (2007) 309–328.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Outlined in Box 1, these principles are based on the expectation that effective national and international processes will enable effective outcomes. The Paris Declaration commitments were subsequently deepened by the Accra Agenda for Action endorsed in 2008 (see Annex A), which called on donors and partner countries to step up the implementation of the aid effectiveness principles. In particular, climate finance was outlined as a priority for effective international development, to “continue to support national climate change policy and planning as an integral part of developing countries’ overall national development plans, and ensure that - where appropriate - these measures are financed, delivered and monitored through developing countries’ systems in a transparent manner” (OECD, 2011b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In general, there are three forms of finance that can be used to develop projects: investment grants (subsidy), loans (debt), and equity. Mezzanine finance is a combination of debt and equity. ( In the rest of the document we adhere to these definitions, a practice also adopted by UNEP (2007) in their report on financing of renewable energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Such a foundation is essential to ensure that policy can be guided by a strong evidence base. For VET, knowledge of job prospects allows students to make informed choices about training programmes, and policy makers to see whether graduates are obtaining relevant work, clear information about learning outcomes helps employers to understand what qualified recruits have learnt. Better data and information can be provided either through one-off surveys of those leaving vocational programmes, or by tracking cohorts of individuals through vocational programmes into employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper examines the recent violence in Nigeria following April 2011 elections as well as the violent political, ethnic and religious conflicts and unrests to date from a legal perspective. It discusses the culture of impunity prevalent in Nigeria due to the non apprehension of culprits and the state’s lack of responsibility to victims involved in the violence. The paper outlines the state, position and gaps in Nigerian law with respect to the unrests and victims, criminal procedure, constitutional provisions for fundamental human rights and international law. The paper emphasises the need for adopting specific laws for hate crimes in Nigeria, criminalizing violations of fundamental human rights and urging the government to enact without delay these changes in consolidating pending laws to include these class of offences, statutory provisions for the status of victims and compensations for victims.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the state of Aguascalientes, for instance, three different mechanisms are found in three different municipalities: in the municipality of Aguascalientes, the Council (utilities’ board) is in charge of setting tariffs, in the municipality of Cosio, the state Congress does it, and in the municipality of Jesus Maria, the state executive is in charge of this task. The concept may be misleading because it suggests that there is an absolute level of “water needs”, while in reality those “water needs” vary with technical progress and the adoption of different policies. It is defined as “a cross-cutting programme to improve water management through the development of technical, administrative and financial capacities”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The first section explains why investing in skills matters not only in stimulating economic growth, but also in helping developing countries enter higher segments of the value chain. The second focuses on the phenomenon of skills mismatches and analyses the different reasons why they occur in developing countries. It shows how both skills shortages and surpluses have a negative impact on the economies of developing countries. The third section highlights how co-ordination failures affect the skills market and provides a series of policy recommendations to help developing countries address the skills challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, in 2013 Brazil exported around 24% of its total agricultural exports to China. The OECD-FAO Outlook (2015) suggests that these trends will continue over the next ten years. At a regional level, the Americas will strengthen their position as the dominant export region, both in value and volume terms, while Asia and Africa will increase their net imports in order to meet growing demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Better information is needed on chemicals produced and used in Colombia. Maximum use should be made of information on chemical hazards produced by international organisations and industry. Colombia could also consider adhering to the OECD Council Decisions on the Mutual Acceptance of Data. Colombia has taken a number of steps in this regard, but the measures need to be strengthened and made more coherent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
These initiatives offer important advances that could be shared and further scaled up through regional cooperation. This creates opportunities for using space technology, remote sensing and geographical information systems for assessing and monitoring impending hazards. Initially developed in the United Kingdom, this model couples climate scenarios, river basin hydrology and flood forecasting.22 The resulting analysis is particularly useful for hydrologic forecasting and thus also for flood early warnings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Affordability may be estimated by relating net cost - the difference between private costs and financial assistance - to a measure of households’ ability to pay. However, few countries have sufficiently detailed survey data to provide such information (Murakami and Blom, 2008, Usher and Medow, 2010). This affordability index can be calculated for 71 countries across regions and country income groups. The World Bank's Skills toward Employment and Productivity (STEP) surveys provide information for 11 low and middle income countries on whether any household member received a government scholarship during the past 12 months (the education level supported is not specified).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The use of crude extraction methods exposes the handlers and the environment to unnecessary harms. This is typically the situation in developing countries where the e-waste recycling sector is informal and lacks the standards and structures that a regulatory framework would provide. It will also determine the involvement of various players such as the private sector in setting up the necessary infrastructure. One or more agencies could be called upon to act on the issue of e-waste, depending on the regulatory structure in place in a particular country. For example, South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, among many other African countries, have distinct ministries/government departments with responsibility for the ICT sector and the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
By this definition, approximately 40 million of the EU's 250 million people are currently living in jobless households. But in 2008, a start was made towards monitoring child poverty. After consultations, a set of indicators specific to the lives of children was included as a special module in the 2009 round of the European Union Statistics on income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The geomorphology of the Georgian coast is influenced by the many rivers that rise or flow through the region. This biome occurs at between 150 and 600 m. The vegetation is characterized by halophytic and ephemeral species. One form of eroded deserts is found on Iori Plateau, where the rare endemic Tulipa eichleri can be found. The climate is subtropical with continental dry winters and hot summers. Snow is rare and snow cover is unstable. The bearded grass (Botriochloa ischaemum) ecosystems are the most spread on the steppe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 1992 it joined the consortium that was awarded the tender for the EDENOR distributor in Buenos Aires, in conjunction with Endesa. Lastly, in 2007, it sold all of its generating plants in Mexico to Gas Natural de Espana for USS 1.450 billion. Among transnationals with a presence in the region, EDF is probably the one that has concentrated its business most in Europe, with few prospects for aggressive international expansion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Marine and Coastal Protected Areas project, supported by the Global Environment Facility, will contribute to this goal. Federal protected areas cover nearly 60% of threatened flora and fauna species (Chapter 4). While Brazil needs to keep a tight focus on the Amazon biome, future efforts will need to concentrate on marine areas and the other terrestrial biomes, notably Cerrado and Caatinga, where protection through land-use zoning is low and the most future deforestation is expected (Soares-Filho et al., The ecosystem representation of conservation may appear more balanced once the set-aside areas, as required under the Forest Code, are implemented and monitored. It has also been driven by a desire to recognise traditional and local community rights. Since the mid-2000s, more than 500 000 km2 of federal and state-level protected areas have been created in the Amazon, including along the so-called "deforestation arc” (comprising the eastern and southern edges of the forests in the states of Rondonia, Mato Grosso and Para) and in areas expecting road infrastructure development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As in many OECD countries, the current financial crisis has had an impact on available funding and Portugal is trying to optimise the use of financial resources for education and training. From 2005 to 2011, expenditure per student increased by 5% in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (compared to the OECD average increase of 17%), while enrolment decreased by 3% (the OECD average decrease was also 3%). At tertiary level, expenditure per student decreased by 3% in 2011 (compared to the OECD average increase of 10%), while enrolment increased by 10% (compared to the OECD average increase of 15%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These estimates differ from density levels reported by SEDESOL/CONAPO/INEGI (2012), which are based on total surface area, urban and rural areas combined. This map is for illustrative purposes and is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory covered by this map. Most of this growth occurred between 1980 and 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Travellers from mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau together contributed about 6.5%. Other major disembarkation countries for Penang arrivals were Japan (5.2%), Taiwan (4.7%), Thailand (4.1) and the UK (3.8) (Ong Wooi Leng, 2010). According to the National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States these benefits include: creating jobs and businesses, increasing tax revenues, diversifying the local economy, creating opportunities for partnerships, attracting visitors interested in history and preservation, increasing historic attraction revenues, preserving local traditions and culture, generating local investment in historic resources, building community pride in heritage and increasing awareness of the site or area's significance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Following adoption of the relevant legislation, five new River Basin District Administrations (ARHs) were created in 2007 as the main bodies responsible for water resources planning and the development of River Basin Management Plans (PBHs). These Plans, yet to be finalised, will replace the River Basin Plans of 2000/01 and are expected to provide a better instrument for managing and protecting surface and groundwater resources. Important linkages are expected to be made with plans for the management of coastal areas. However, they have not been applied because of difficulties with the registration of water users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)