albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In other words, there are no major differences in average income between households headed by men and women, at least compared to the wide income disparity among households headed by a person of the same sex. Here it can be shown that inequality in households headed by men is clearly greater than in families headed by women, except in a few countries where the differences are negligible. In keeping with this, male-headed households contribute most to total inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Regulatory restrictions, notably in the number of competitors, further limit competition. Lifting entry barriers and reducing government influence over PT Telkom Indonesia could encourage new entrants and greater innovation. The Ministry of Tourism dedicated 30% of its 2016 budget to digital promotion with an objective of reaching 50% (Tempo, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The federal and state universities are also active in applied research in the agrarian sciences, especially those linked to the agricultural sciences. The collaboration of Embrapa w ith other developed countries benefited from a pioneer mechanism, the LABEX (Virtual Laboratories Program), which is being implemented by a growing number of OECD countries. This mechanism could also facilitate participation in global or regional agricultural research networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Such preferential treatment of men and maleness finds its expression in “sexist” behaviour and patriarchal systems and structures of power. Sexism can be seen in the exclusion of women from leadership roles in business, governmental, cultural and religious institutions. It is also the attitude that allows women’s bodies to be physically abused, raped or used as tools of advertisement. Women in every culture experience sexism, although in vastly different ways and to different degrees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This instrument establishes land-use planning and zoning principles to promote development that simultaneously protects and conserves the environment. By July 2012, SEMARNAT had supported the development of 85 ELUPs at different geographic scales, of which 43 were decreed in the last six years. Further efforts are needed to ensure that the regions with the highest development potential for tourism, industry, agriculture, aquaculture and fisheries are covered by ELUPs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
But, again, the effect of the minimum wage on employment is not reflected in this wage inequality analysis, since the unemployed are not included in the sample. Enforcement seems to decrease wage inequality among the working population, but its effects on income inequality are not clear, because the impact of contracts on demand for labour is not captured by the model. The coverage of the three main types of social insurance is included in the equation, but their impacts seem to differ.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At the beginning of the twentieth century, Europe was a major source of migration, with people moving to the Americas, Australasia, and Central Asia. Another considerable migration flow was from Southern China into Southeast Asia. Today's Europe is mostly a destination for migrants from Africa, Asia, and the Americas, as well as a locus for major internal migration flows, while migration to North America originates mostly in Latin America and Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Deforestation accounts for 35 per cent of carbon emissions in developing countries and 65 per cent in least developed countries. According to estimates of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), on average, 13 million hectares of forest were lost each year between 2000 and 2005- Over the same period, 5-7 million hectares were added to forest area annually, resulting in a rate of net forest loss of 7.3 million hectares per year, a slowdown from the rate of deforestation experienced between 1990 and 2000. But unless the energy challenge is addressed, as we argue in this chapter, we will experience neither the required mitigation in developing countries nor the catchup growth needed to allow the transformative change in the economies of developing countries so crucial to their climate and development success.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Similarly, enhancing national and sub-national institutions and enabling environments can help improve the ability of countries and organisations to allocate and absorb climate finance in an effective manner. Further, designing interventions and assessing results during the monitoring and evaluating (M&E) stage can help improve the effectiveness with which climate finance is allocated. Some organisations focus on institutional and process-oriented issues such as delivery (e.g. Bird et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In Switzerland and the United Kingdom, reduced progressivity has cut the (already low) redistributive effect of income tax approximately in half. The redistributive effect is the difference between the Gini coefficients before and after the respective tax or benefit. “ Size" is the average ratio of the respective tax (or negative benefit) over pre-tax/benefit income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Respondents from all groups interviewed are committed to involving the private sector as an effective practice for climate finance. Donor agencies in particular are actively seeking ways to work with the private sector to mobilise investments. For example, donor agencies are partnering with private sector financing institutions to demonstrate the commercial viability of climate-smart technologies, and mobilising investments via innovative financial instruments, such as loan guarantees. In recipient countries, donors have participated in domestic pooling mechanisms to blend public with private finance, and are disbursing commercial loans, equity and finance for tax incentives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For the proponents of such approaches, markets fail to price natural assets and ecosystem services, which are ultimately factors of production much like capital and labour. The result is that this natural capital is overexploited relative to what is socially or economically optimal. In this context, where negative externalities render market outcomes socially inefficient, market interventions, such as taxing carbon or legislating so that forest management rights are given to local communities, are aimed at properly pricing natural assets and defining property rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It achieved this result by diversifying the energy mix, and in particular the electricity mix, as well as by reducing the overall share of fossil fuels imported from outside the OECD area. Consistent with the mandate of the Ad hoc Expert Group on Nuclear Energy and Security of Supply “to identify a relevant quantitative approach to measuring the contribution of nuclear energy to security of supply”, the study then presents a broad range of indicators and models that quantitatively assess a country’s level of security of energy supply. It subsequently develops a specific composite indicator that allows the measurement of the level of security of energy supply as well as the contribution of nuclear energy over the past 40 years, for those OECD countries for which a consistent data set was available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
According to the composition of waste in Georgia (table 5.1) the share of recyclables is nearly 20 per cent but achieving higher yield at the sorting plant would require the introduction of separate collection in the serviced area. Also, the sorting plant currently operates on one shift and increasing the throughput would require additional financing for the second and third shifts, which the municipal budget cannot provide now. The sale of recyclables is low, due to the undeveloped market and lack of incentives for recycling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Karsenti, Raby and Villeneuve (2008)32 show that, in universities that have removed ICT lessons, the lack of teaching concerning the pedagogical integration of ICT has a negative impact on uses of ICT by student teachers in their classrooms. These standards - based on the standards proposed by the governmental institution ENLACES - concern instrumental, pedagogical, ethical and legal aspects as well as questions of professional development. They constitute the basis of the “ICT Competence Framework for the Teacher Education and Profession” implemented in 2007 by the Chilean Ministry of Education and ENLACES. The competence framework aims to support the creation and the implementation of an ICT curriculum in initial teacher education. It has been integrated into initial teacher education since 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Electricity grids in the Pacific will need to be strongly interconnected, flexible enough to accommodate this change, and resilient enough to withstand climate impacts, as well as cope with potential demand growth from growing populations and growing electric vehicle use. Commonwealth Pacific small states are more dependent on the fossil fuels used in cars, trucks and boats than for generating electricity, and more cost-effective displacement of fossil fuel can occur through energy efficiency. However, the attention and funding of development partners is not always directed accordingly to these areas. Moreover, although this is improving, consumers generally lack awareness on how they can reduce their energy consumption or be more energy efficient. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) estimates that deploying renewables worldwide on the scale necessary to limit global temperature rise below 2 degrees would require current investment to double by 2020, and triple by 2030 to around US$900 billion annually (IRENA 2016b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is because MDB information also includes climate finance provided and mobilised to some Annex I countries (e.g. “EU11”,8 Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Turkey). In addition, MDB information focuses on the climate component of a larger project (which means that the total costs of mitigation projects are often counted, whereas only incremental costs are counted for adaptation projects). Further, the MDB data do not quantify how much of the mobilised climate finance should be attributed to developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Strong cooperation with the private sector to understand employers needs and create opportunities for young people in the form of apprenticeships and internships are crucial. These young people represent a great opportunity, but also enormous challenges to which African countries must rise. Africa’s strong economic growth of the last decade has translated into jobs but not enough of them, particularly not for young labour market entrants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Some of the policy options proposed for this area may be equally relevant to Danish parents of less advantaged socio-economic backgrounds. This section is not concerned with the many other immigrant parents who understand the Danish education system and who, with their children, are successfully integrating into Danish life and its education system. In Denmark, parental involvement is particularly important because school only lasts for half a day and a significant responsibility for support with homework and choice of educational pathways is placed with parents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Around 64% of monitored lakes in pastoral landscapes are classed eutrophic or worse (Ballantinc and Davies-Colley, 2009, Land and Water Forum, 2010, Verburg et al., Similarly groundwater quality has been deteriorating, with one third of sites monitored between 1995 and 2008 showed increasing trends in nitrate levels (Daughney and Randall, 2009). Eutrophication can be defined simply as the increase in the rate of production and accumulation of organic carbon in excess of what an ecosystem is normally capable of processing. This can also reduce light penetration and lead to a loss of submerged aquatic vegetation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
So called 'zero-rating' refers to services that make certain content or applications available at no, or no additional, cost to the customer, and data volumes used to access the specified site or application do not contribute towards the customer's data usage. A user of a service provider offering Wikipedia Zero, for example, has unlimited, no-cost access to everything in the online encyclopaedia. Facebook's Free Basics provides clients of certain mobile-network providers free access to a limited number of websites and applications. While the three largest carriers in Kenya offered at least one zero-rated service, zero-rating was only proposed by one operator in Nigeria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In addition, since 2011, work has been underway to develop local Integrated Resource Frameworks for health and community care, which enable local systems to quantify resource use across health and social care across populations (rather than organisations) and realign resources accordingly. The aim is to realign resources to deliver better value, and better patient-centred, care. There is clear innovation in its use of digital infrastructure to train health professionals so that they are equipped with the skills consistent with the needs of the NHS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, the Court ordered Mexico to comply with a broad set of remedial measures, including building a national memorial, conducting renewed investigations and providing reparations of over $200,000 each to the families in the suit. According to the mandate, an isolated private killing is a domestic crime and does not give rise to State responsibility. However, where there is a pattern of killings and the State's response (with respect to either prevention or accountability) is inadequate, the responsibility of the State is engaged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Introduction: Risk and Philosophy Tim Lewens 1. Risk and Ethics: Three Approaches Sven Ove Hansson 2. Towards a Non-Consequentialist Approach to Acceptable Risks Carl Cranor 3. What is the Value of Preventing a Fatality? Jonathan Wolff 4. On Multi-Attribute Risk Analysis Martin Peterson 5. Great Expectations Adam Morton 6. Common Sense Precaution and Varieties of the Precautionary Principle Per Sandin 7. Acting Under Risk D.H. Mellor 8. Towards a Political Philosophy of Risk: Experts and Publics in Deliberative Democracy Martin Kusch 9. Moral Heuristics and Risk Cass Sunstein 10. Risk and Terrorism Alan Ryan 11. Risk, Harm, Interests, and Rights Stephen Perry Index
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The REC mechanism supports the renewable purchase obligation (RPO) for various obligated entities, including power distribution companies, in 27 states and 7 union territories in India (ERIA, 2015). After the REC process is completed with buy bids and sell bids on power exchanges, the trading price and volume is determined by the market. The REC market has, however, remained sluggish with low prices and many unsold certificates owing to an overall low demand for RECs caused by the lack of compliance of RPO by the obligated entities (Mediratta, 2015). In order to correct for the market imbalance, the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) should enhance the compliance of RPO.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is a reasonable period for consumer technology, but far shorter than that typically required for government investment programmes and products. To make realistic use of these tools, governments should therefore focus primarily on maintaining the infrastructure — ensuring, for example, that commercial telecommunications networks can cope with disruptive events and handle high usage spikes. For developing countries in particular this is generally an expensive prospect so governments should carefully consider which aspects of the technology they can afford or sustain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This can result from the physical impossibility to divide the available water resources or because the water temperature (for cooling water) or salinity (for agriculture) is too high. Category 1 takes precedence over all others. It includes freshwater use for safety and the prevention of irreversible damage (e.g. ensuring the stability of flood defence structures, settling and subsidence of peat bogs and moorland, nature dependent on soil conditions). Category 2 includes drinking water supply and power supply. Category 3 includes small-scale, high-quality uses, such as temporary spraying of capital-intensive crops and process water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While many, not all, actions to reduce emissions may be costly today, their benefits will only accrue several decades from now. If the discount rate is zero, a benefit of USD 1 billion in 2050 would justify an equivalent investment in emissions reductions today of USD 1 billion. However, if the discount rate is 5% per year, today only an investment of USD 200 million would be justifiable. It would fall to USD 43 million at an, admittedly very high, discount rate of 10%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Brazil, the upward trend in feminization was similar to the trend in Uruguay, but was even sharper and was in step with GDP growth up to 2008. A closer scrutiny of these two variables reveals opposite trends, however, especially in the closing years of the period under consideration. This may point to the presence of a countercyclical trend, which would have to be verified on the basis of a longer period of observation. The average estimated working day for women corresponds to part-time work, which fits in with the high rate of underemployment recorded for the female population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In this paper, we want to provide new insights into why it differs. Country variation in the skills of less-educated adults: One possible reason why less-educated workers may fare better in some countries than in others is that the skills of the group vary across countries (Heisig and Solga, 2015, OECD, 2013, Park and Kyei, 2011). In particular, we would expect less-educated adults to achieve somewhat better labour market attainment in countries where they have higher levels of skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The figure also recognises that a skill ecosystem must be led by market opportunities and must be founded on the individual abilities of the labour force, all within a wider policy environment. These features are well recognised in the international literature on skills development in the green economy. This separation means that employers can be constrained (at least in the short-run) by skill gaps in the labour force, while potential workers can waste time and financial resources by investing in education that is out-of-date or produces skills for which there is no employer demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The first was that too few vehicles were deployed and the second was that the trial area was too large. Together, this meant that wait times were unacceptably long and the service never gained commercial traction (HSL, 2016). The dispatching algorithm and the app itself were seen as innovative and valuable and the IT-company behind both is still involved in other ride-service initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
South Asian LDCs may offer location advantages at least comparable to those offered by the CMLV countries, while others, such as India, may have comparable location advantages to the ASEAN four (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand). Another configuration could be a closer regional integration in which South Asian countries try to develop forward and backward linkages across the region within (and across) existing industries. It might be noted further that the establishment of regional supply chains within a well-established industry may make it easier to develop additional supply chains in other industries because it would likely involve lower initial costs to establish service links than would be the case for new industries while producing opportunities for static and dynamic economies of scale (in transport and logistics) for other industries (once these links are established).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
More sustainable alternatives should be available and easily accessible, as well as suitable infrastructure to make it easier to practice sustainable behaviour. Even well-intended people cannot live sustainably if there are no sustainable products and alternatives available. These could include peer pressure, putting more taxes on unsustainable options and funding more sustainable practices. For example by providing input to policy design, in expressing what is meaningful to them and what they care about in real life and in society, in understanding the advantages and disadvantages of certain behavioural patterns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
As a result, women are highly under-represented in most security system institutions. In order to achieve equitable representation of men and women, measures need to be implemented to increase the recruitment, retention and advancement of women and other under-represented groups. Full participation also entails consulting with men and women on security and justice issues and involving both men and women in effective civil society oversight.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Subsistence agriculture forms the backbone of the household economy, more than half the employed population depends on agriculture as the source of livelihoods. Agriculture is the main occupation of 63 percent of men and 66 percent of women. However, it is mostly a subsistence activity. According to the 2015 census, fewer than 3 percent of households focus mainly on sales of agricultural goods, suggesting that the commercial agricultural sector is extremely small.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Adherence to the "rule of law" entails a strong commitment to consistency - a belief that throughout a jurisdiction and across time judges should treat like cases alike. For over a century, the U.S. judiciary's pursuit of this aim has relied principally upon print law reports. With unsettling rapidity, digital technology has dislodged that system, in practical fact, if not yet in the way lawyers and judges talk and think about case law. This article explores gains one might hope for from a "judicial consistency" system liberated from the constraints of print, likely affects on concepts of precedent, as well as challenges and forces of resistance standing in the way of change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This firm was purchased for over USS 2 billion in 2006 by a consortium of Canadian investment funds led by Brookfield Asset Management (BAM). In addition, 20% of its capital is applied in more cyclical activities, such as residential real estate or privately owned firms. Actis is a private capital enterprise that invests in emerging- market infrastructure projects or in those that capture the growing purchasing power of the new middle classes. It has US$ 4.6 billion in its portfolio, invested in 65 firms. Only 9% of its assets are in energy, and 5% in Latin America. The monies it manages mainly come from pension funds, investment funds, and sovereign wealth funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Several of the objectives emphasize the importance of urban proximate environments for outdoor recreation opportunities. In 2012 the Swedish Environmental Agency proposed 22 indicators to monitor the national societal shift towards the decided objectives (Brolinson and Palm 2012). Hence, during 2013 the Swedish Environmental Agency will develop indicators to monitor outdoor recreation in the environmental objectives which are to be harmonized with the objectives in the Swedish outdoor recreation policy (see below). This included methods for environmental monitoring of green area quality in urban - and urban proximate areas, particularly with regard to their impact on biodiversity and human perception (experience).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)