albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In its 17th electoral term, the Bundestag set up 22 Permanent Committees, including the Committee on Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth. It shares its opinion on all bills, motions, reports, resolutions and European Union issues that concern families, senior citizens, women and youth. It focuses on support for children and families, measures to help parents balance their work and family lives, promoting equal treatment of men and women, helping senior citizens to lead independent lives and involving youth in communities. Advisory and consultative councils, particularly widespread in Latin America, also are useful in maintaining relationships between national gender institutions and civil society actors and women’s organisations, such councils can exert “soft” pressure on governments to help hold them accountable for gender equality commitments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Europe, relatively weak labou Germany is the preferred destination economic conditions of migrants, as it received close to 1.1 million migrants and refugees in 2015, more than one per cent of its population.101 This in part can be attributed to Germany's initial welcoming approach and more favourable economic situation. Besides, Germany has an established quota system for the distribution of asylum seekers among its federal states, based on their tax income and population density. Few countries such as Sweden and Austria have taken a large number of refugees relative to their population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Meanwhile, more suburban locales have much lower parking rates (e.g. Buikslotermeerplein at EUR 1.3 per hour). These tariffs encourage visitors to the centre to take transit or bike without penalising residents. Out of total revenues of EUR 5 billion, more than 50% is derived from the national transfers to the local government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Recycling alone is a single measure and cannot fulfil the overall goal of achieving sufficient services in a society while minimizing levels of environmental impact from material/resources consumption. Moreover, as a first priority, alternatives emphasizing reduction are preferable to either recycling or resource circulation. The Japanese Junkan Shakai plan, launched at national and local community levels, stresses community-based recovery, repair by craftsmen, use of eco-bags and mottainai (meaning “waste not” in Japanese), embodying a simple life decoupled from material affluence and emphasizing spirituality. The experience gained in establishing an international standard for the concept and application of product-based CF, or business-site-based GHG accounting, may contribute to monitoring and evaluation of progress and the comparison of the extent of resource circulation and related sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The system includes 3 biosphere reserves, 13 national parks (table 9.3), 14 nature parks, 5 Ramsar sites, 1 World Heritage site, 2 geoparks, and many nature reserves, strict reserves, nature monuments and Natura 2000 sites. Without a management plan, the PA administrators have to comply with the laws for PAs in general. The benefit of the management plan is to make the regulations clearer and more specific. There w'as previously a proposal to establish a National Protected Areas Agency with dedicated staff, but this body was not set up due to the financial crisis in Romania.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Environmental ministries may be interested, but may be marginalized within government. Some analysts suggest that in such situations an important role for development agencies can be to support analytical work that links environmental issues with key national priorities such as economic growth and poverty reduction (Ahmed and Triana, 2008 and other references in Slunge and Cesar, 2009). Such studies could examine, for example, the cost of environmental degradation, cost of climate change adaptation, or the potential for local economic activity as a result of new energy supply options.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Third, broadband leads to a more efficient functional deployment of enterprises by maximizing their reach to labour pools, access to raw materials, and consumers, (e.g., outsourcing of services, virtual call centres.) The review of the research indicates that there are multiple approaches to estimate the economic impact of broadband, ranging from highly sophisticated econometric techniques to qualitative micro-level case studies. Not all approaches are suitable to all situations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Gangnam regains its role as a centre of through-movement only at the global city-wide level. At this global scale, all the main artery' streets in Seoul are clearly picked up by high choice values - this includes Jongro, Sejongro and Dongdaemun (the latter famous for its market). These streets are also well-served by public transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In addition, PROFEPA and CONABIO have formulated an agreement to launch an offset-like programme (the Programme for Environmental Restoration and Compensation) that aims to compensate for regulation violations and accidents through the planned restoration or recovery of ecosystems and natural resources on site, or, if that is not possible, avoiding or mitigating damage elsewhere. More specifically, Article 2.306 of the code stipulates that when in-situ reparation of environmental deterioration is impossible, it will instead be subject to indemnification. Once the indemnification is determined, the amount is transferred to the Biodiversity Restoration and Preservation Fund (Fondo para la Restauracion y Preservation de la Biodiversidad), managed by CONAFOR.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In Latin America, the emergence of a series of civil society initiatives aimed at citizen engagement for social accountability and democratization in local governance has been a novelty since the 2000s. One of these initiatives is the Latin American Network for Fair, Democratic and Sustainable Cities and Territories, which congregates over 70 initiatives in 10 countries. This article describes and analyzes the nature of civil society initiatives, their repertoires of actions, and their incidence in processes of transparency and accountability, citizen participation, public policies, and local governance. The research was conducted between 2012 and 2016, including a questionnaire with 23 initiatives in 8 countries, interviews, participant observation, and document analysis. The results show the emergence of cross-sectional and systemic accountability, counting on collaboration and co-production of information and control between citizens and government agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Given that assessment, as well as the significant administrative and legal difficulties involved in implementing a mandatory regime,9 the final recommendation in the Staff Working Document was to apply the environmental footprints on a voluntary basis. It is therefore unlikely - but of course still possible - that a mandatory regime would be the recommended option at the end of the pilot phase. That is, labels may gain enough market penetration to become de facto mandatory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Looking forward, the development of storage technologies and the development of international interconnections are foreseen to further facilitate the integration of wind and solar power. In these situations, balancing the power system during periods of low load will necessitate further adaptations to maintain the physical parameters of the network. An ongoing IEA work within the Grid Integration of Variable Renewables project (GIVAR) analyses these options in more detail. Hence, it will be necessary in the next 20 years to keep some conventional power plants online to provide ancillary services and ramp-up capabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While spatial plans can condition the choices that firms and households make by determining where roads will be constructed and by indicating what land is open for development and what land is not, these are coarse tools for shaping economic growth. Overly rigid spatial plans can limit prosperity, while overly flexible plans lose the ability to manage the built environment and achieve environmental protection goals. The logic of constructing a Pole metropolitain is that the correct spatial unit for planning is an urban core or cores that lead economic growth in a surrounding more rural hinterland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Working with client governments, the GIF tries to structure infrastructure projects in ways that will attract private capital. Private or public sector entities operating on a commercial basis are tasked with implementing the projects. The partnership focuses on trade enabling projects that facilitate or enhance interconnectivity and trade, including freight rail networks, seaports and inland terminals, airports and toll roads (World Bank, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The programmes were effective in the non-Western and more traditionally oriented countries, which included Iran, Puerto Rico, and Hong Kong, indicating promise for cross-cultural transferability (Gardner, Montgomery & Knerr, 2015).The authors remark that part of the explanation for transferability in these countries (with some local cultural adjustments) may rest in cross-cultural similarity in parenting principles, at least with young children. However, this observation may not apply to many communities in the east and southern African region where respect and obedience are strong, and play with young children is seen in many contexts as inappropriate for adults (LeVine et al., Nonetheless the results are promising - at least for parents of young children. This review has illustrated large differences in environment (including personal expectations and those of others) and experience between early and late adolescence, as well as by gender, birth-order, neighbourhood and socio-economic status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The implication is that the evaluation and assessment framework does not have clear reference goals for equity and inclusiveness against which progress can be monitored. Not surprisingly, evaluation and assessment places little emphasis on equity issues. Also, no measures of equity in the education system have been developed so progress towards reducing inequities can be monitored.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For lower middle-income countries, potential economic gains from ensuring that all 15-year-olds attain at least the PISA baseline level of proficiency in reading, mathematics and science are estimated at 13 times their current GDP, on average, 28% higher GDP over the next 80 years. For upper middle-income countries, which generally show better learning outcomes, the gains would average 16% higher GDP over the same period. In other words, the gains from tackling low performance not only dwarf any conceivable cost of improvement - but also improve people’s well-being and stimulate economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The most important species landed into foreign ports were Atlantic mackerel, Atlantic herring which together accounted for 30.5% of the value of landings to foreign ports. Common shrimp, blue whiting and blue mussels w'ere the most valuable species landed into domestic ports in 2016 and combined accounted for 65.1% of these landings. Prices of most other species also increased, with only prices for turbot, halibut, anglerfish, and ling decreased compared to 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Further, current reporting on climate finance is only mandatory for a subset of developed countries (Annex II) and a subset of climate finance (provided, but not mobilised). For example, the Common Tabular Format (CTF) reporting tables, agreed at COP 18 in 2012 and updated at COP 21 in 2015 (decision 9/CP.21), clarify the temporal scope of information to be provided in developed countries’ biennial reports, include specific line items on individual climate funds such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF), and acknowledge that some climate finance contributions can respond to both mitigation and adaptation. The UNFCCC’s Standing Committee on Finance also produces a biennial assessment of climate finance flows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However when they are able to do this, the results from energy efficiency actions reduce unprofitable energy sales and improve demand management pay back investments for both consumers and the utilities. A detailed appraisal of the range of multiple benefits from utility efficiency programmes is included in Chapter 6 of IEA2014a Energy delivery impacts of energy efficiency29. Governments can decide to reallocate subsidies to targeted social measures. Domestic hard coal producer support of EUR 5 billion was 0.3% of GDP in 1999.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the 1990s and the 2000s, Thailand and India both applied a lower tax rate on unleaded fuels, rather than increasing taxes on leaded fuels, to (successfully) phase out leaded fuel (Cottrell et al., In Viet Nam, environmental tax revenues increased between 2000-2015 and in China, too, revenues increased between 2000-2014, and further changes are planned which are expected to perpetuate this trend. In Thailand, new measures to reduce GHG emissions in the transport sector were introduced in 2015, including a new system of vehicle registration taxes based on carbon dioxide emissions, expected to raise THB 10 billion, as well as a new system of transport fuel taxation based on carbon emissions and other measures to deal with waste, water pollution and transport.125 The World Bank's Partnership for Market Readiness programme reflects a broad interest in the region for carbon pricing schemes of one sort or another.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
International conventions guide signatories to emphasise women’s equality' and promote a vision of inclusive governance for women in both rural and urban areas. Many countries aim to advance gender equality through national reform agendas that adopt new laws and institutional arrangements aimed to increase women’s access to justice and protection of their physical integrity. Civil society organisations in the region are active in promoting awareness of women’s rights and advocating for greater gender equality. These efforts need further strengthening to be sustainable, to have a genuine impact on eliminating discriminatory provisions embedded in many laws across the region, and to build institutions capable of protecting women’s rights and granting equal access to justice. This chapter assesses the legal, policy and institutional frameworks guiding some of the key areas of family relations and private life in the MENA region, which ultimately impact women’s ability to fully participate in economic and public life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There may also be an opportunity to use tangible assets that are needed, or are already owned (such as property, plant or machinery), to fund purchasing or leasing using asset finance. If the company’s primary need is to enlarge its workforce, asset finance is more difficult, furthermore, in order to make either tangible assets or its workforce productive, a company may need to make accompanying intangible investments (such as marketing, training, software coding and/or IP protection). However, irrespective of the funding method, it is common to find that IP and intangible assets form part of the foundation for the planned expansion, by virtue of underpinning the processes or methods that need to be scaled up, being embedded within the products and services themselves, or providing a protected environment in which they can be sold without infringing other companies (or being infringed).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The countries of the former USSR, Latin America and Western Europe have also closed the gender gap in education over the last 50 years. Moreover, since the 1990s there has been a trend for women’s outcomes in education to surpass those of men, and in some countries women achieve higher levels of education than men. This is the case in parts of Western Europe (e.g. England, Sweden) and its Offshoots (e.g. Australia, United States). Among the developing economies, Kenya and India made substantial progress in catching up with developed countries in terms of gender equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Through this comprehensive perspective, these examples offer strategies that are pertinent to other marine economies throughout the world, including Pomorskie. Thus, there are increasing calls for the greening of economies. A green economy can be defined as an economy that fosters economic growth and development while ensuring natural assets continue to provide the resources and environmental services on which well-being relies. This entails catalysing investment and innovation, ensuring that natural assets can deliver their full economic potential in a sustainable way, including the provision of critical services - clean air and water, and the resilient biodiversity needed to support food production and human health (OECD, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
An integrated approach has important implications. It means that progress towards SDG 6 can enable and drive progress in most other SDGs, equally, the success of SDG 6 will also depend on most other SDGs meeting their targets. Water is central to achieving this vision and ambition. It is essential for society’s health and well-being, ending hunger, achieving food security and improving nutrition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The first is to enable individuals to live in dignity by ensuring that their basic needs (in terms of food, health, housing and income) are met. The second objective is to foster an inclusive society by helping Canadians join the middle class through measures to promote the development of the skills of vulnerable populations (such as young people or indigenous populations), access to quality employment and the development of early childcare services. The third objective is to support the middle class by protecting Canadians from falling into poverty and by supporting income security and resilience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, the process of developing INDCs meant that, unlike in Copenhagen, leaders came to the table with a much better understanding of what their country was capable of accomplishing and to what they could commit. He established a target of $10 billion per year for the initial capitalization of the GCF and used his Climate Summit and the G20 Summit meeting in Brisbane to make a personal appeal to key leaders to contribute to the GCF. It was only through the leadership and advocacy of the Secretary-General that this target was met, and eventually surpassed, when Parties convened for COP 20 in Lima, Peru, at the end of 2014. In addition, and perhaps most importantly, Lima saw the launch of the Lima-Paris Action Agenda (LPAA)—a joint initiative of the Peruvian and French COP presidencies (COP 21/CMP 11 was to be hosted in December 2015 in Paris, France), the Office of the UN Secretary-General and the UNFCCC Secretariat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Thirty of them indicated having a national e-commerce (or other digital-related) strategy. According to respondents, the main e-commerce issues faced were difficulties with payments, business-to-business (B2B) transactions and business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions. They also indicated facing issues in accessing and using internet services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Where the %TSE has experienced a decline this is partly due to high GDP growth rates, and where it has risen in spite of high GDP growth this reflects a stronger intervention. Moreover a low average level of overall support can hide an extremely uneven distribution of support across commodities. This can lead to severe misallocation of resources. These two dimensions of support can be illustrated using the PSE indicators, where the support level is shown by the %PSE and the support composition is characterised by the share of the most production and trade distorting forms in the total PSE. The latter is represented by the sum of PSE transfers based on output (market price support and payments based on output) and payments based on variable input use with no constraints attached.2 Figure 2.13 juxtaposes these two dimensions of the PSE and shows for OECD countries the evolution over time, highlighting two periods, from 1986-88 to 1997-99, and then to the most recent years 2008-10. The %PSE fell in roughly equal steps in both periods: from 37% to 30% in the first period and down to 20% in the second.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Claiming local group or community ownership over traditional knowledge can help support communities in lagging regions to engage in innovation activities. In the area of healthcare, for example, traditional medicines - such as Ayurveda, which is native to the Indian subcontinent - can act as inputs for local groups to patent and develop innovations. Research institutions and companies can provide needed research capabilities to effectively turn products with economic potential into IP-protected products that generate economic returns for local groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This Convention helps Belarus to prepare programmes and action plans to minimize the negative impact of obsolete pesticides, PCB-containing equipment and other POPs on human health and the environment. No inventory of mercury, mercury compounds and products containing mercury was carried out in sectors such as healthcare (which uses equipment containing mercury) and energy (which uses relays with a mercury switch as well as luminescent lamps containing mercury). The Fifth National Report of 2014 on implementation of obligations deriving from the Convention requirements encompasses activity and events of the period following the year 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It consists of a five-point scale showing different levels of effectiveness, both positive and negative, moving towards transformation. The team also used the Gender@Work framework to categorize the type and areas of work to which UNDP contributed over the evaluation time period.13 The evaluation team categorized results from the database created, consisting of ADR and country visit outcomes. The team experimented with this approach to establish meaningful aggregate-level trends of UNDP’s contributions to GEWE results. Together with the other data sources, this helped provide broad-based illustrations of UNDP’s contributions to GEWE and its role in the change process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The best they can do is to approximate these costs by relying on impact studies and by partially accounting for the difference in costs depending on the uses, the location, and the time of the year. First, part of the water abstracted is returned to the environment. If the water that is returned is of the same quality, and if it is returned where it was pumped, then it is not abstracted water that should be charged but rather water that has been used (and not returned to the environment in the catchment).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This discrepancy in funding is worth investigating—that is to say, why is water management more appealing to donors/ investors than other adaptation activities? The initial indication is that water-related management often includes a technical component, one that can be commercially viable for entrepreneurs and corporate interests. Furthermore, activities within the water sector are easily identifiable as “climate change adaptation” activities, whereas projects that enhance climate change resilience in land use and the energy sector are likely counted as mitigation activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)