albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The aim of these plans, drawn up by the local employment offices, is to build a tailored package of training measures to ensure that migrants are directed to programmes that are appropriate to their specific skills, experience, and needs. In 2016, changes were introduced to reorganise the integration plan into sub-modules combining vocationally-oriented content with basic integration training at an early stage. In conjunction with basic integration studies (largely language and civic education), the new training modules may contain a diverse range of other activities, including on-the-job learning and work experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The introduction and confirmation of successive United Nations Charters and Conventions in the last half-century demonstrates the increasing acceptance of human rights as a basis for recasting development policies. Human rights have come to play a central part in discussions about economic and social development, and have been ratified by the great majority of governments in the world. This chapter traces events of recent decades in relation to the fundamental rights to social security, including social insurance, and an ‘adequate’ standard of living (Articles 22 and 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 9 and 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and 26 and 27 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child). The recent history of the OECD countries is given particular scrutiny.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
And the Association of Southeast Asian Nations has recently agreed to review its 8 percent energy reduction target so it can construct plans to better meet the target and monitor the region’s progress. But for industrial energy efficiency, much remains to be done. Even the AGECC has called only for a general energy-efficiency goal rather than one specifically for industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These costs were provided for coal and nuclear plants in all editions of Projected Costs in the 1980s, for natural gas (combined-cycle gas turbines - CCGT), coal and nuclear in all editions since 1992, and for onshore wind and ground-mounted solar PV in all editions since 2005. Also, for some newer technologies with relatively steep learning curves, state-of-the-art technology today may have improved by 2010-2015. ( Compare this discussion with those in the 2010 and 2015 editions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe has also provided support to such initiatives, in particular the Sava River cooperation. The ENVSEC Initiative, a joint effort of UNDP, UNEP, OSCE, UNECE and the Regional Environmental Center for CEE (with the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation as an associate member) develops and implements transboundary water cooperation projects. Cooperation on transboundary waters in Africa is supported through the Africa Action Plan, agreed by G8 leaders in 2002. In many subregions, including EECCA, the establishment of joint bodies and strengthening transboundary water cooperation are considered to be among the important tasks of the EU Water Initiative, a partnership initiated by the EU at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, throughout this period, the share of labour in total value added has followed a downward trend in most regions of the world (Chapter 3). The growth in inequality in a number of countries has compounded the effect of the crisis, worsening the social climate (ILO, 2010a). They have disrupted labour relations and led to calls for changes in labour market institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Few local governments established metal hospitals, and most local governments instead called on private hospitals to provide services. The Mental Hygiene Law was passed in 1950, which dictated that confinement of individuals with mental ill-health should be in psychiatric hospitals (Tatara and Okamoto, 2009). Involuntary admission was included, and could be made by administrative order, or by the proxy consent of a legally responsible person (Asai, 1999).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Concerning the effects on sick leave, the analysis carried out on Australia, Germany, Mexico and the United States suggests that obesity and smoking increase sickness absence, but with exceptions for male overweight in the United States and for smoking in Australia and Germany (see Table 4 in Annex C). Concerning the impact on wages, OECD analyses based on Australian and US data show that when significant differences are found, the general pattern among these shows a negative effect of CVD and diabetes on wages (particularly clear for diabetes) (see Table 3 in Annex C). Regarding the effect of chronic diseases on sick leave, the analyses were only feasible in Australia, Mexico and United States. Overall, results show that chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer and arthritis increase sick days, while this is unclear for CVD and HBP in the three countries studied (see Table 4 in Annex C). For instance, US women who smoke are 1.7 times more likely to exit prematurely from the labour force compared to non-smoking women, and similar findings are found for men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Scholars of international relations have devoted remarkably little attention to the issue of why and when states enter international organizations (IOs). We argue that states have particular reason to enter IOs during the process of democratization. In the midst of a democratic transition, state leaders have difficulty making a credible commitment to sustain reforms, since they can benefit from rolling back liberalization. Gaining membership in an IO can enhance the credibility of leaders' commitments to democratic reforms. However, not all IOs are equally useful in this regard. We distinguish between IOs that cover standards in areas such as human rights and environmental protection, those that regulate economic activity, and those that are forums for addressing broad political problems. We argue that democratizing states have greater reason to join standards-based and economic IOs than political organizations. The results of a set of statistical tests support this argument.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter completes the sketch of the social theory that backgrounds the discussion of both personal and political freedom. Social theorists typically think of agency as the catalyst for social change. This work not only follows that tradition but also qualifies philosophical concerns about personal autonomy by arguing that autonomy is collectively exercised through social discourse sparked by the underdetermination of social norms (among other social factors). The result of this discourse is social change (though this discourse is only one source of this change), and also social conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It investigates the extent to which the incorporation of a risk perspective in public administration has changed over time, and how this has affected strategies and plans, policies and institutional arrangements in different areas. It illustrates mechanisms and tools that exist today in public administration at different levels to identify and manage risk in different SDG areas, how countries are using them, and challenges they face in this regard. Lastly, it presents some of the recent trends in terms of institutionalization of risk management in government, including institutional setups that countries have put in place to identify, assess and manage risk in a more holistic way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Expenditure during the second phase (excluding disbursements under the FAP) reached USD 115 million. Revenue for the same period was estimated at BRL 530 million, for a financial gap of BRL 270 million (Funbio, 2012). Uma modelagem financeira para as Unidades de Conseruagao do Arpa, MMA (2015), Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. About 40% of protected areas are Private Natural Heritage Reserves, which however cover less than 1% of the total area under SNUC. Municipal protected areas are often within cities and hence significantly smaller in size. Federal protected areas are roughly balanced with respect to strict protection and sustainable use areas, while subnational governments have primarily established sustainable use areas (Figure 5.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The key governance bodies of this systemic response are governments rather than the private sector. Policy initially was a response to comply with international standards for marine safety and pollution prevention, but it has matured into a strategic vision for how the maritime system can provide multiple green development opportunities. The sector accounts for more than 10 per cent of Mauritian GDP, and its constituent subsectors—of which tourism and hospitality are the most important—span a range of sectors, including fishing, transport, agriculture and services (figure 6.4). The maritime sector provides many jobs and is an important driver of inclusive development. They cover aspects such as design specifications for oil tankers and carriage of cargoes, including dangerous goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For the international movement of fish, once an operator has been verified (mostly by the importing nation’s food safety regulators) and approved to HACCP standards, that operator can export to the international market. Box 6.3 illustrates how a number of important markets have implemented traceability systems in recent years to help ensure food safety. What at present seems to be missing and where further work may be required is to have one “integrated traceability” system in place for all the various standards and requirements, including sustainability verification and legality checks. That would lower the costs for operators along the fisheries value chain and could contribute to the advancement of global trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
With the focus of these goals to leave no one behind, addressing environmental concerns must consider inequality and exclusion between men and women—the social dimensions of sustainable development. The socially constructed differences between men and women are an important dimension of inequality and exclusion and must be tackled to achieve the SDGs. More than 60 percent of undernourished or chronically hungry people in the world live in the Asia-Pacific region. In rural and urban areas, seasonal variability, which pushes up the price of staples, forces households to spend more of their income on food.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are strong reasons to believe that the willingness of entrepreneurs to invest in new productive capacity does not depend primarily on net profits at a given point in time, but on their expectations regarding future demand for the goods and services they can produce with additional capacity. This is of particular importance when considering the overall effect of an increase in corporate taxes. Provided that higher tax revenues are used for additional government expenditures, companies’ expectations of a growth in demand will improve.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Waste plastics may instead be stored or burned openly. In Europe, plastics were one of the last materials to be added to the materials collection portfolios of local authorities because of their low' value and high transport costs. It is likely that they w'ould not be collected in higher income countries if regulation was not in place to drive the process. However, it is mainly distribution film and EPS rather than food and beverage containers. Collection of these materials is likely to be more profitable because the material is often more consistent, free from contamination, and arises in larger quantities (Villanueva and Eder, 2014|14]). The flow' charts in Figure 4.2 and Figure 4.3 illustrate the supply chain for post-consumer and post-industrial w'aste respectively, highlighting the differences between how the tw o categories of material are collected, contained, transported and treated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Invited to write “a manifesto for [my] own theological position”, I begin with science and human rights as excellent examples of universalist aspirations of modernity. Modern individualism is important too, as particular existential loves shape each life. Science, morality, and personal loves are interwoven in theologies, as creative constructions. The sciences are important, as we need not only individual authenticity but also accountability. My position presented here is science-inspired naturalistic theism. It is not “religious naturalism”, given the categorical difference between facts and values. It is not “natural theology”, as inductive approaches do not reach that far. It comes closer to a “theology of nature”, but it does not assume the epistemic claims involved. I consider theologies to be important expressive constructions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Each year, the study was undertaken through the monthly inclusion of a set of questions in the Scottish Opinion Survey, the consumer omnibus survey operated by TNS. This methodology ensured that a representative sample of around 1,000 members of the Scottish adult population (aged 16 years and over) was interviewed each month. While some questions were inserted into the survey every month, others were asked every second or third month, on a rotating basis. The survey was completed in 2013 and will be replaced by Scotland's Nature and People Survey [SPANS], which is likely to use a similar methodology and set of questions and indicators [Measuring Participation 2013). An indicator framework was developed as a basis for defining the scope of the project, reporting of headline findings, and to aid project management Thirty quantitative indicators are covered by the report, which are distributed between the seven themes. Cited 15th August 2013].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The food and beverage producing subsector, for example, highly depends on agricultural supply and thus exhibits a strong backward linkage to the primary sector in terms of employment (green bar). In emerging and transition countries, in particular, the expansion of this manufacturing subsector may thus not only absorb jobs but also generate jobs in the agricultural sector through an intersectoral link. Within the motor vehicle industry, the labour force is predominantly engaged in direct production (blue bar) while the output created from this subsector also creates employment in other supplier industries (yellow bar).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Countries that wish to implement their own geoportal can take advantage of open-source options (Box IV-6). These provide a single platform for accessing location-based information, using archived and up-to-date infrastructure, socioeconomic, meteorological, disaster and satellite-derived data. Responding to an ESCAP survey, national authorities and agencies said that Geo-DRM portals are essential tools for taking advantage of satellite imagery received from national, regional and international providers. For this reason, the Geo-DRMs have been positioned within the appropriate national authorities. During these tasks, ESCAP has also linked up with ministries and agencies working in similar fields and coordinated with on-going national efforts through existing United Nations and interagency initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These are new structures and it will be essential to ensure that effective dialogue between central and provincial public health agencies, hospitals and hospital unions occurs, to ensure that local health needs are met. However, there is at present no systematic adverse event reporting in place, which could be an area for future consideration. The focus so far has been on structural and organisational components of hospitals, broadening the programme towards clinical outcomes of health-care services seems advisable to make the model more useful for formative functions such as quality improvement initiatives within hospitals. Development of a reporting and learning system should be led by the Department of Health Care Quality and Accreditation and the Public Hospital Institute. Strengthening the involvement of all stakeholders in the standard setting process and increased transparency on the process of evaluation and scoring would also help to further increase the acceptability and impact of the programme. It is troubling that at present strong disagreements exist between the profession (Turkish Medical Association, Nurses Association, Midwives Association), and the government on mutual roles and responsibilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, even though the methodology and structure allows CDPs to reflect each monotown’s specific priorities, the same target indicators were imposed from the national monotown programme. According to BISAM Central Asia (2012), they often do not reflect the specifics of each monotown, and are sometimes overly optimistic and unachievable (especially as regards SME indicators). Employment and population forecasts in CDPs tend to be optimistic as compared to actual figures. For instance, Stepnogorsk CDP’s forecast (made in 2014) overestimated employment in 2015 by almost 2000 (or 5%).47 Over-optimistic forecasts may signal that monotow'ns’ akimats do not adequately reflect population decline or stagnation in urban and economic planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Mongolia is the eighteenth largest country and the second largest landlocked country in the world. Northern Mongolia is covered by forest and mountain ranges, while desert, desert steppe and steppe areas cover the south. The western region is dominated by the Altai and Khangai Mountains and the east is covered by vast plains and wild heaths. In 2015, these six categories of land accounted for 73.5 per cent, 0.5 per cent, 0.3 per cent, 16.1 per cent, 9.2 per cent, and 0.4 per cent of the total land area, respectively (figure 12.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The government has used energy revenues to save for the future, invest in human capital, and diversify the structure of production. Living standards followed the macroeconomic pattern - after a significant decline in the first decade of independence, incomes improved and the share of those living below the subsistence income level fell considerably. The agricultural sector went into profound debt crisis in the second half of the 1990s and considerable resources were withdrawn from production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The hash value does not contain any information that could lead to the content of the underlying contracts. The public blockchain will stay in operation, regardless of any development of participating stakeholders. Hence, it is possible to retrieve the hash values years after archiving the contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The European Commission and various U.S. technology companies have recently adopted a Code of Conduct on hate speech to deal, among other things, with two crises facing Europe: intolerance of refugees and growing terror attacks. While the goals of helping refugees and preventing terrorism are laudable, often moments of crisis result in overreaching by governments. Civil society groups have criticized the Code as endangering freedom of expression. As the key enforcers of the Code, U.S. companies are in the middle of this debate. This Essay seeks to examine how they should handle requests to remove Internet content in light of contemporary business and human rights frameworks, which have been endorsed by the U.S. Government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If well designed, such targeting can, in turn, create the necessary fiscal space, and possibly the political support, that is needed to ensure adequate support for individuals and families who need it most. More fundamentally, however, the highly asymmetric nature of the GR, and its consequences, across Europe have highlighted the incompleteness of redistribution in the EU, where social policy is formulated nationally, and without a mechanism for ensuring that spending patterns account for differences in poverty and unemployment risks across countries. There are major political barriers to moving social policy responsibilities from nation states to the European level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Similarly, there is no policy framework in place to support energy efficiency. Revising the Investment Law is an opportunity to include incentives for green investment, in line with efforts by other ASEAN countries Viet Nam, Malaysia and Thailand. Viet Nam's investment policy includes incentives1 for investment in environmentally friendly areas such as renewable energy, afforestation and recycling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It also means taking into account the culture and psychology behind risk, and creating partnerships for building resilience (Box IV-7). Disaster information collected at the local level (e.g. Deslnventar) is likely to be more complete for specific disaster - since it will include small magnitude and high-frequency events (Box IV-8). But it only covers those disasters that are entered into the system. Learning from the Deslnventar experience, the Government of Indonesia has been working with UNDP to create Disaster Data and Information of Indonesia - a comprehensive disaster loss database that will guide the development of a national DRR plan and can be used to monitor the impact of disasters on poverty at the community level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Thus the government's role is dual. On the one hand, it must act as a facilitator by providing the necessary infrastructure for tourists, promoting attractions and encouraging tourist arrivals. On the other hand, government’s role is to enforce laws of the land and these may, in some cases, be in conflict with its role as a promoter of tourism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Therefore no studies on the time-slot allocation problem consider both multi-time-slot bonding and asynchronous time-slot phase without adjustment of fiber length. In this section, we show simulation setup and results. Using the shortest path based on Dijkstra’s algorithm with its metric being hop count, we performed routing of the traffic from node to node.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Even among the higher income economies of this group, where female wages are no longer so central to export competitiveness, the combined threat of import leakages and capital outflows when wages rise is conducive to a profit-led growth regime. In smaller SIEO economies, these effects are more dominant. However, the extensive investments in education and health, both public and private, that are associated with developmental welfare states and the East Asian model weight these economies towards a more wage-led, altruistic growth regime in their emphasis on long-term investments in human capacities. We can see this result reflected in Figure 2-1C, where the extent of investments in human capacities put the Republic of Korea and Singapore in the strong caring spirits category.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
More incentive based licensing systems are, as we see it, necessary for getting this environmentally beneficiary method in use. It is a strong consensus that the world population will continue to grow and that agricultural and marine crop will be utilized more thoroughly for direct human nutrition. Finding totally new feed resources is a necessity if aquaculture continues to grow. Microorganisms are among the most promising alternatives for viable use in the northern latitudes and focus should be directed towards supporting this development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)