albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The reason is that benefits and taxes interact with each other in different ways across countries. The sequence used for the Gini comparisons of the different tax/benefit elements can make a significant difference for the results. For instance, when benefits are taxable, many benefit recipients with zero market incomes will have positive tax burdens which can make the tax appear regressive. Likewise, determining the redistributive power of benefits based on comparing market incomes and market incomes plus benefits can provide a misleading picture if benefit amounts depend largely on after-tax incomes (as is the case when benefits are comprehensively means-tested).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Adolescents who have strong attachment to adults in their community exhibit greater resilience and are less likely to engage in harmful behaviour. However adolescents, including young parents, are frequently denied the social status required to access formal and informal community networks so are reliant on adults to act on their behalf. If mechanisms for upholding high standards of care in these settings are weakened, adolescents will be more vulnerable to illness, violence and exploitation. Identifying areas of misalignment between culturally prescribed parenting practices followed in the region, and those embedded in parenting programmes imported from the global North. This will serve to enable a fuller understanding and strengthening of existing support to both carers and their adolescents, and to reduce the risk of resistance to potentially helpful resources, including programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The adoption of a law on rangeland is important, because rangeland accounts for more than 70 per cent of the total territory of the country' and because most land degradation occurs on rangeland. Such a law would enable sustainable management of rangeland. Besides, some of the recently adopted laws, especially the Law on Crop Production, are not effectively implemented due to the lack of subsidiary legislation to guide their implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There are examples of audits carried out to international standards, and being made available publicly, on some companies with significant foreign investment, such as major mining companies. However, these are the exception and the limited staff resources in the Ministry to assure quality, and the absence of sanctions for non-compliance, mean that audit practice is being driven by voluntary commitments or investor pressure, not by the legislation. Sectoral laws and media-specific legislation commonly include references to monitoring and inspection activities and the role of GASI. Various types of inspection are carried out, both planned and unplanned (e.g. in response to a citizen’s complaint), but also unannounced and preventative, or to provide recommendations or a baseline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Enabling parents to better support their child’s development, combined with more effective strategies for providing public assistance to children most at risk, will be central to improving outcomes for children and society as whole. Support parents to build an enriching home environment. Home visits and community-based services should be expanded and improved to provide parents of the most vulnerable children with more support. Public assistance should go beyond how to best nurture and take care of children and also guide parents on how to stimulate the development of early cognitive and socio-emotional skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Prospective studies, which compare early career aspirations with actual careers observed during follow-up surveys for the same individuals, confirm the importance of adolescent career aspirations for career choices more generally (Ashby and Schoon, 201 On?], In PISA 2015, teachers reported whether pursuing a career in the teaching profession was their goal after completing upper secondary school. On average across 14 countries that distributed the teacher questionnaire in 2015 and that have available data in both PISA 2015 and 2006, about 62% of 20-35 year-old teachers who teach 15-year-old students had chosen to become teachers by the end of secondary school (Figure 4.1 ).4 The data also highlight substantial variations across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To ensure that increased resources are not wasted but translate into better health outcomes, greater health system efficiency must be prioritised at the same time. Without removing this cap, or undertaking a health sector spending and efficiency review, it will be difficult to increase health system resources substantially over a short period of time. Many other OECD countries, such as France or the United Kingdom, engage in regular spending reviews that allow a more responsive approach to public service development, whilst controlling over spending.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It also recognizes and solicits the support of religious and cultural leaders to accept and implement measures designed to protect the rights of women and children (see also case study 4 on China and case study 6 on Rwanda). In Kenya, in the Ntutu case (2008), the High Court heard arguments by the sons of the deceased that Masai customary law of succession does not recognize the rights of daughters to inherit the estate oftheirfathers. However, in rendering its decision, the Court applied international human rights law, international covenants and treaties which had been ratified by Kenya, as well as previous case law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
1. Perspectives on Peace Operations and Human Rights 2. Peacekeeping and Conformity with Human Rights Law: How MINUSTAH Falls Short in Haiti 3. The 'Responsibility to Protect' by Peace Support Forces under International Human Rights Law 4. Implementation through Cooperation? Human Rights Officers and the Military in Kosovo, 1999-2002 5. Enforcing Human Rights: The Role of the UN Civilian Police in Kosovo 6. Rule of Law and Human Rights Protection through Criminal Law Reform: Model Codes for Post-conflict Criminal Justice 7. An Assessment of UN Efforts to Address Sexual Misconduct by Peacekeeping Personnel 8. Integration of Human Rights in Peace Operations: Is there a Model? 9. Human Rights Aspects of EU Crisis Management Operations: From Nuisance to Necessity 10. Peace Versus Justice: Creating Rights as well as Order out of Chaos 11. Peacekeeping, Observers and Human Rights: Challenges for the Future 12. Digest 13. Documentation
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Brock and Brighouse (2005) make a distinction between ‘weak’ and ‘strong’ cosmopolitanism, the former requiring ‘some extra national obligations’ (original emphasis), while in the latter, ‘there are no society-wide principles of distributive justice that are not also global principles’ (p.3). As the authors point out, few cosmopolitans would defend a position of total impartiality to all peoples in the world, and most would accept that it is quite appropriate for our primary attention and responsibility to be to those close to us - family, friends and those in our local area. The point is that there is not a choice between total parochialism and total impartiality, and that it is possible to maintain a balance between local, national and global responsibility and action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Still, governments face difficulties in reaching the poor, and especially poor children (Menchini et al. Social assistance schemes are not the priority of governments and as such receive only very limited funding. Due to different definitions of social protection measures by different institutions, it is difficult to reconcile the available information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Seven out of the top ten largest companies by capitalization in the world in Q3 2017 are digital companies with a strong digital component to their business2. Bl= Business Intelligence, Del = Deloitte, Focebook, E = Ericsson Mobility Report June 2018 ot: https://www.ericsson.com/ossets/locol/mobility-report/documents/2018/ericsson-mobility-report-june-2018.pdf GSMA = GSMA database. We need to redouble our efforts to bring the power of ICTs to all nations, all people and all segments of society. Investment in ICT infrastructure is an absolute priority, we can never take investments in infrastructure for granted, and need to do more to create environments conducive to investment in ICTs. “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
According to the latest PISA 2015 results, students’ socio-economic backgrounds have a varying degree of influence on their performance in science, reading and mathematics. In such countries as Austria, Chile, Belgium, France, Germany, Singapore and Switzerland, socio-economic backgrounds exercise a particularly strong influence on students’ performance, since students from disadvantaged backgrounds in these countries are very likely to not perform as well in PISA assessments as their peers from advantaged backgrounds. On the other hand, in Macao (China), Hong Kong (China), Japan, Finland, Estonia, Korea and Canada, the socio-economic background of students has a much weaker influence on their performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These foreign workers typically come from far afield (many from the Philippines, for instance). Various other forms of community support are provided, some directly by the Ministry of Welfare and Social Services, others by the health funds, which have certain obligations under NHI. Institutional care is supervised by the Ministry of Health and provided by a mix of government-run institutions and facilities run by the health funds. In particular, under the previous government the Ministry of Health proposed a reform that included putting both institutional and domestic long-term care under the responsibility of the health funds, and increased subsidies to households, for example through widening the provision of “in-kind” hours of domestic support. Making the health funds responsible for long-term care certainly has some potential benefits, for instance, it could enhance attention to preventive care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Furthermore, the capacity of domestic firms to absorb advanced technologies and management practices is weak. Innovation policy may have a useful role to play in strengthening the absorptive capacity of domestic firms, for instance by promoting training of Chilean workers in foreign firms and by strengthening links between public research institutions and private firms. Similarly, trade and investment policies need to be re-oriented towards strengthening links between foreign and domestic firms, particularly in the services sector. The example of resource-rich OECD countries, such as Australia and Norway, shows that services linked to natural resource extraction may have considerable growth potential in Chile. Promoting environmentally friendly policies may also contribute to the further diversification of the economy and sustainable long-term growth. For instance, protecting Chile’s exceptional biodiversity through appropriate market-based and regulatory instruments would boost Chile’s attractiveness as an eco-tourism destination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The practice in Mongolia is different. In this category is also reported manufacturing waste similar to MSW (waste from food and beverage production, textiles, leather, furs etc.), Therefore, this category of waste was excluded from estimation of MSW generation and was used for estimation of manufacturing waste generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In Malawi, for example, grandparents are often understood to be primary caregivers when biological parents have died or are absent owing to "affectionate and cordial relationships" with their grandchildren (Chirwa, 2002). When grandparents do not have the material means to assume this responsibility, they retain the name and status of caregivers but the practical tasks are assumed by the orphan's siblings, aunts and uncles (ibid). In southern and east Africa the likelihood of sole or large household responsibilities increases with age, particularly for adolescent girls (Dannerbeck & Muriuki, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the strategy, accounting and accountability interface in sustainability implementation in a large public tertiary education organisation in New Zealand. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses ethnography as an “engaging research” to help explain the real-life enactment of accounting and accountability in advancing/deterring sustainability initiatives. The study draws upon neo-institutional theoretical perspectives to help interpret the findings. Findings – Accounting and accountability are powerful conduits for strategy implementation. Successful sustainability strategy implementation requires the embedding of financial accountability within the implementation process. Practical implications – A strong ideological commitment from senior management is required to firmly embed sustainability in the tertiary organisation's belief systems, values and norms to get wider organisational acceptance and institutionalisation. Accounting needs to take a position of cent...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For general track students, the curriculum did not change in a fundamental way, while other changes affected them as much as they did other students. Propensity scores were estimated using logit regressions. Two kinds of propensity score matching were then employed: 1 -to-1 nearest neighbour matching and kernel matching.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, although in theory consumers have freedom of choice, macro factors, production culture, as well as social and physical infrastructure have a much higher influence on consumption patterns. Refusing to consume when not necessary and engaging in alternative means of satisfying needs are also important. Some approaches to mainstreaming lifestyles include taking unsustainable options out of the market (choice editing) or restricting advertisement practices. This requires tackling the complex arena of consumer behaviour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The partnership has all the characteristics of the first group, except that it is not institutionalised, and is looser and less structured. It has no independent structure, with staff or allocated resources. No particular body is established, rules for co-operation are not well developed, and competences are limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article outlines pillars of peace economics and peaceful economics policies. It first highlights Kenneth Boulding’s contribution to peace economics. In particular, substantial attention is paid to his conception of three systems that govern social life, namely the exchange system, the threat system, and the integrative system. Examples are produced to describe the differences between and among them. Second, in light of Boulding’s views, a workable definition of peace is proposed and associated suggestions for peaceful economic policy are made. Three aspects are underlined: The establishment of consensual democracies, the setting of a novel economic policy target—namely the ratio of public education expenditure to military expenditure—and the pursuit of stricter regulations on the international arms trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Feminist geography and political geography still represent two solitudes within the discipline. While increased traffic between these different parts of the discipline points to a degree of intellectual engagement, there remains a paucity of feminist thought in political geography. This article examines recent scholarship on feminist political geography, with a view to applying its insights to the struggles to protest and end political violence. The concept of feminist geopolitics is employed and recast, both as a bridging concept between feminist and political geography and as an analytical approach that has political valence in the context of the war in Iraq. Feminist geopolitics is revisited in this article, but remains a critical analytic in relation to body counts and other casualties in war zones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this article we probe the tension between governance and state-building. Governance stresses diversification, reflexive rationality, heterarchic interaction, negotiation and coordination, whereas state-building emphasizes centralization, procedural rationality, hierarchic order, control and regulation. Despite the conflict resulting from the differences between their respective essences, there is some blending between the two. On the one hand, the process of state-building is simultaneous with the process of the establishment of civil rights and democracy. On the other hand, a strong state is needed to provide the footstone for governance because of the risks associated with governance failure and the necessity of meta-governance. Such conflicts and blendings construct the tension and dialectic between governance and state building. With respect to the functioning of this dialectic, it is necessary to keep such tension rightly based on the rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Forest ecosystems, which cover 30 per cent of the earth's surface, provide vital habitats for millions of flora and fauna and serve as an important source of clean air and water, which are critical for our sustenance. Forests are carbon sinks and thus play a critical role in combating climate change. Despite their benefits, many of Africa’s ecosystems are under threat of serious degradation due primarily to anthropogenic causes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Discrepancies between the different sets of standards can hinder efforts to close the gender gap. Imported from French law, where the rules are incorporated into the civil code, the personal status code can be defined as the set of rules that relate directly or indirectly to the life of the family, including inheritance. Some countries prefer to use the term “family code” (qanun al-usra), but this is equivalent to the personal status code. Legislative change on family matters is needed to further women’s empowerment, both through full access to the economy and in their personal lives. These laws also define men’s roles, which have a major bearing on women’s autonomy. Under the Convention’s Article 16.1, States Parties “shall ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women: (a) the same right to enter into marriage, (b) the same right freely to choose a spouse and to enter into marriage only with their free and full consent, (c) the same rights and responsibilities during marriage and at its dissolution.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This can be explained by the fact that environmental protection and public spending on environment, including biodiversity, was traditionally viewed as a barrier, rather than opportunity for economic growth in Peru (MINAM, 2016b). Under the Law on the Creation of the Contingency Fund for Environmental Remediation (Law 30321, 2015), MINEM is authorised to make transfers to the National Fund of the Environment (FONAM) amounting to a maximum of PEN 30 million.13 Companies may also make contributions to the FONAM. For instance, the mining companies Buenaventura, Yanacocha, and Goldfields donated PEN 3 million to remediate the impacts from their activities in the Hualgayoc province (World Bank, 2016). The Contingency Fund for Environmental Remediation has a modest budget of PEN 50 million which is disproportionate to its ambitious mission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Unfortunately, data limitations do not allow for inclusion of other potentially relevant variables such as wealth proxies, presence of hired help, and access to care service facilities. Despite these achievements, the state goal of promoting gender equality continues to face many challenges, including the persistence of discrimination in the labour market and the declining labour force participation of women. A better understanding of gender relations within the household is crucial to die attainment of die Chinese development objective since women's lives are often structured around dieir responsibilities as mothers and wives. The fact that women do most of the unpaid work affects dieir well-being as well as their labour force participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Furthermore, the DIRMs supervise the activities of the Regional Operational Sea Search and Rescue Centres (CROSS). The marine fisheries and fish farming sector is now built around a national committee, 14 regional committees and 12 departmental and inter-departmental committees (the former local committees have been disbanded). The first professional elections following the adoption of the LMAP were held on 12 January 2012 (to elect the members of the departmental and regional committees).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Some regions have established a single point of contact for all higher education institutions in the region (for example Knowledge House in the North East of England). There is currently no collaborative mechanism to pool the expertise of universities and colleges in the Galilee. Creating a demand pull and channelling funds to enhance business-college linkage and applied research projects would contribute to strengthening the Galilean innovation system. In the Netherlands, the RAAK procedure has improved the regional innovation systems (see Box 3.13.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some of these interlinkages and synergies are fundamental to facets of building climate change resilience and reducing inequalities. The interlinkages between climate change and other dimensions of development are also well reflected in other Goals. If the frequency and intensity of climate hazards increase, it will be harder for countries to end poverty and hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, promote sustainable agriculture and ensure healthy lives (Goals 1-3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These programmes also reveal the need to extend education and health services to those sectors of society and geographical areas which are currently deprived of them, by revitalizing the public supply of some of those services and associating them with conditionalities and promoting cooperation and coordination among the public bodies involved. The correct functioning of conditional transfer programmes depends on each country’s achievements in terms of universalizing basic social services, and also on close collaboration between programme leaders and the education, health-care and nutrition sectors. It is not possible to cover all the areas of concern in this report, but the main ones will be examined below. Achieving the goals of conditional transfer programmes requires good coordination between the ministries responsible for the various social sectors, as well as close collaboration between central government and decentralized or local authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Both career-based and position-based public employment traditions are found among high-performing systems. Furthermore, this relationship is stronger across systems in which school-level achievement data are used for accountability practices - e.g. are posted publicly or are tracked over time by an administrative authority. This might suggest that when greater responsibility for teacher selection is devolved to schools, systems are better able to adapt to new circumstances and to growing expectations, and teachers are more committed to students' learning - provided that schools have the right incentives and are held accountable for their outcomes. However, the relationship could also reflect countries' decision to reduce school autonomy if student performance is in decline, or to grant greater autonomy to schools if performance is improving.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)