albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Special thanks go to Thomas Chalaux and Clara Garcia for statistical support and Nadine Dufour and Mercedes Burgos for editorial assistance. The scale of the ongoing transition is highlighted by government plans to grant urban residential status to 100 million rural migrants by 2020. This structural adjustment process can deliver substantial opportunities for the rural economy and China as a whole, but entails major challenges calling for continued reform efforts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
There has also been considerable progress in providing access to pre-primary education. The net attendance rate for children aged 5 reached 98% in 2012 while it stood at 89% for children aged 4. However, enrolment in early childhood education (age 3 and below) is low and associated with ability to pay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Box 5.2 provides an example on how this has been done in Western Australia to inform allocation planning for a groundwater system (see the section on “Managing the risk of shortage” for further discussion on using economic instruments and a risk-based approach to allocation). In terms of monitoring the compliance of objectives, the central government is responsible for the national waters and the provinces are responsible for the regional waters. For example, for some aquifers, a high risk to groundwater-dependent ecosystems can be reduced to a medium level if the risk is managed through appropriate buffer zones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This increase contributed to the continued rise in national income and improved the current account balance. In 2011, GDP increased by 1.8% in the face of continued uncertain global conditions. During 2012, conditions improved again and GDP growth is expected to return to its long-term trend of about 3% during 2013 and beyond (ABS, 2012a). Employment growth was strongest in the early stages of the recovery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
During this process, it is also important to ensure that there are adequate analytical skills at the different levels to make good use of the data. Building a culture of evidence in which a few key indicators are tracked with benchmarks for improvement and goals established will go a long way toward reinforcing government priorities. The selection of indicators, of course, must be preceded by the establishment of a consensus about policy priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The price incentive for households to cover the cost of waste collection and treatment is consequently low. There is clearly scope for price increases, considering in particular that the average level of the waste bill for households seems to be less than 1% of average income (GHK, 2006). The TGR is applied annually and differentiated depending on the type of treatment (waste deposited in landfills, managed by specific waste flow systems, or sent to the integrated centres for the recovery and disposal of hazardous waste, CIRVER, and incinerated or co-incinerated).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The services and platforms of tech giants are embedded in the lives of billions of people. Concern at tech giants’ negative human rights impacts is growing and society’s trust in them is being corroded. Jeopardising tech giants’ social license to operate, this also carries significant business and investment risks. This paper maps relevant international human rights standards which pertain to tech giants' wide-ranging impacts on human rights. Besides workforce and other supply chain issues, major impacts are those linked to: the gathering, use and commercialisation of personal data, freedom of expression, facilitating the spread of hate speech, misinformation, political extremism, terrorism, electoral manipulation and the suppression of democratic dissent, the impacts of content moderation and encryption, discrimination and other human rights abuses resulting from algorithmic bias, and impacts on at-risk groups including children and human rights defenders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Among transition economies, the pattern varied, with positive protection in Kazakhstan and Russia (NPCs of 1.08 and 1.11 respectively) but dis-protection in Ukraine (with an NPC of 0.96) reflecting the country’s use of export taxes. South Africa provided minimal protection (an NPC of 1.01), while the rates were higher in Israel and Turkey (1.11 and 1.19 respectively). In Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine the overall average masks a tendency to provide positive protection to import-competing sectors, but dis-protection for exportables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It may miss those in informal employment, who are usually not covered. Since income coverage generally includes, for those in paid employment: total earnings and, in some cases, social security contributions, it would be important to obtain information on earnings components only for purposes of constructing the indicator. Administrative records may not be available disaggregated by key relevant variables, thus preventing the calculation of the pay gap for specific subpopulation groups. Should hourly data on earnings not be available, another variant of earnings data may be used, such as monthly earnings, weekly earnings, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The composition of these groupings, specified in tables A, B and C, is intended to reflect basic economic country conditions. Several countries (in particular the economies in transition) have characteristics that could place them in more than one category, however, for purposes of analysis, the groupings have been made mutually exclusive. Within each broad category, some subgroups are defined based either on geographical location or on ad hoc criteria, such as the subgroup of “major developed economies”, which is based on the membership of the Group of Seven.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Section 2.2 then presents the core of the new empirical evidence on the links between income inequality and economic growth. Section 2.3 explores one of the main transmission mechanisms between inequality and growth: the human capital channel. Section 2.4 draws concluding remarks. Theoretical work has provided mechanisms supporting both possibilities, and the large empirical literature attempting to discriminate between these mechanisms has been largely inconclusive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
If the industry is shielded by a high weight-to-value ratio and import tariffs, the industry is deemed at low risk of carbon leakage, because the industry is far from the tipping point. Being far from the tipping point means that C02 prices need to be high to spur international competition. We evaluate the investment rate of the industries at risk of carbon leakage to find out whether it is a long-term or short-term risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Along these lines, it is worth noting that significantly more funds are dedicated to agricultural mitigation than to adaptation, although in the case of Africa, for instance, adaptation is just as important, if not more important. However, in section 2.4, the SWOT analysis is complemented with specific examples of some initiatives, which have incorporated various best practices. Note that no initiative contains all of the elements contained in the table, the table is an aggregation of SWOTs across various initiatives. The elements are not listed in any specific order, meaning that those written at the top of the list are not necessarily found more often than those below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Ils representaient egalement un plus faible pourcentage des importations totales : 9 % en 2008-10 contre 13 % en 1995-97. La croissance annuelle a ete extremement volatile sous l’effet des fortes fluctuations de la production cerealiere. La production de ble a oscille entre 9 millions de tonnes (en 2000/01) et 23 millions de tonnes (en 2011/12).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Some members of the consortium are also able to provide small funding for projects with specific activities or focus which can be accessed by several of the members. Therefore, the consortium also successfully supported the government with resource mobilisation, such as project proposal development under GEF-5. In particular as the Ramsar Convention’s NFP is also the acting Director of the regional park, the joint designation also provides an opportunity to enhance collaboration between the NFPs of the two conventions on financial resource mobilisation and utilisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Despite the reductions recorded over the decade, levels of severe deprivation in access to drinking water are still high in a number of countries, especially in the Andean region: in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, 31.4% of children were severely deprived of access to drinking water in 2009 and, in Peru, 18.6% of children were severely deprived in 2011. Those who were not attending school at the time of measurement and had not completed secondary education but had attended school at some time are considered to be moderately deprived. Education is one of the child poverty dimensions with the lowest percentage of moderately or severely deprived children and adolescents.12 In 2011, 5.2% of the region's under-18-year-olds suffered moderate or severe deprivation of their right to education (they had never attended school or had dropped out), although only 0.8% suffered severe deprivation. From this it may be surmised that virtually all children have access to formal basic education (see table 11.6). Only two countries (Nicaragua and Guatemala) recorded levels of severe deprivation at or above 4% when last measured (see figure II.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Inasmuch as stabilization policies and market reforms came with visible social costs, compensatory social policies (including emergency employment programmes, social investment funds and other targeted poverty reduction programmes) were introduced in the 1990s, often with heavy support from the international community. This reflected the recognition by the Washington Consensus that markets would not immediately resolve the severest equity and poverty problems. However, by and large, the focus remained on aggregate growth, to be achieved primarily by relying on markets. Moreover, in most instances, the elimination of subsidies, introduction of user fees and privatization of services did not prove to be particularly successful in either reducing costs or enhancing the coverage of social service delivery. By the end of the 1990s, these disappointing outcomes had led to a rethinking of development goals and strategy. The focus shifted once again back to defining poverty reduction as an explicit goal, rather than as an implicit or indirect one.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The best solution is for pregnant women and those with young children not to be sent to prison and instead to use bail, non-custodial sentences, conditional release or suspended sentences. The integration of gender issues and increased employment of women can potentially improve intelligence gathering, reduce human rights violations and strengthen public trust. Clients play a key role in shaping PMSC behaviour, especially if fulfilment of contractual obligations is monitored through regular audits and other quality control procedures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The past 30 years have seen the development of ‘New Commonwealth’ forms of judicial review. These models of review are characterized by an emphasis on institutional dialogue over either legislative or judicial supremacy. Thus, instead of giving courts a strike down power, dialogic review grants courts the power to declare legislation ‘incompatible’ with human rights norms while leaving the fi nal say on the legislation with the legislature. This article explores the potential for controversy when such a non-binding mechanism is employed in the arena of the criminal law. In particular, it focuses on the Northern Irish case of R v McR and the Australian case of Momcilovic v the Queen. These cases demonstrate the diffi culties associated with the operation of dialogic review in the criminal law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Social network research constitutes one of the most rapidly expanding academic areas and is emerging as an increasingly popular paradigm for social psychological inquiry. A social network perspective emphasizes the importance of social ties among actors in shaping individual behavior, and at the same time, focuses on the processes by which networks emerge out of, and mold, social interaction. Here we discuss basic principles and key theories associated with a network framework, and describe and illustrate elementary concepts, such as “weak ties” and centrality. We review applications in such areas as friendship, aggression, health, social support, social influence, small groups, close relationships, and the growing field of Internet network ties. We end with a call for greater attention to the “dark side” of network connections, a focus on the dynamic mechanisms by which networks influence microlevel behavior, and increased integration of network scholarship with core social psychology theories and constructs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The legal literature to date has paid scant attention to the criminal liability of military officers for torturous interrogation methods. Now, however, this issue has become more topical due to recent US/UK military interventions in both Afghanistan and Iraq. In particular, numerous members of the Iraqi and Afghani regimes, political and military, have been arrested for alleged implication in international crimes, including terrorism. This article discusses the criminal law ramifications of interrogation methods, relying on the recent case law of the ICTY and of the ECHR, as well as significant judgments of the Israeli Supreme Court on this subject. I emphasize the tension between the international rule of law and the defense of necessity as such tension relates to conflicting  jus cogens  norms which arise during military interventions. I propose legal strategies that may be effectively applied to these controversial situations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On the tax side, the total tax-to-GDP ratio stands above the OECD average (37% and 35%, respectively, in 2008) while the progressivity of household taxes is close to the OECD average. However, the progressivity of the personal income tax and social security contributions is steeper at the lower end than at the upper end of the income distribution. Total cash transfers to households, at almost 16% of GDP in 2007, are higher than in most OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Government contracting is often characterised as a private function of government. Largely because any effect on the rights and obligations of parties to the contract derive from contractual, or private law, obligations, there have been limited avenues for judicial review based on public law norms. However, this article considers several recent High Court cases that have renewed focus on the representative accountability of government decision making, at least at the Commonwealth level, and reduced the emphasis on characterising the interests of those affected by such decisions. The result may subject government contracting to greater judicial scrutiny in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Concessional loans are available from Ziraat Bank and agricultural credit cooperatives. Ziraat Bank, for example, disburses investment loans to individual producers and producer groups for organic agriculture, application of Good Agricultural Practices, cattle farming, aquaculture, irrigation, and mechanisation. Investment loans are also offered for acquisition of a broad range of existing agricultural businesses. “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Farmers play a central role in developing and adopting innovation and will do so in response to related benefits. First and foremost, governments need to ensure a market and regulatory environment that is conducive to the development, distribution and application of appropriate methods and technologies. This environment also needs to enable private and public investors to make choices on which issues to focus in a world which is characterised by uncertainties. The availability of relevant information and undistorted market signals for decision makers, foresight activities, and networks involving all relevant stakeholders are therefore of key importance (Lopes, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This paper provides a brief overview of recent UNCTAD research on the nexus between international investment treaties and sustainable development. After sketching the historic evolution and current trends in IIA treaty practice, it explores the linkages between IIAs and three areas of public policy-making that have been at the centre of UNCTAD's research and policy analysis with respect to IIAs and sustainable development. These include 1) combating climate change, 2) integrating investment and industrial policy, and 3) promoting responsible corporate behaviour. The paper concludes on the need for more inter-State cooperation to address the various challenges facing the IIA regime today and to enhance its sustainability dimension. In this context, UNCTAD’s recently released Investment Policy Framework for Sustainable Development (IPFSD) can provide helpful guidance for the formulation of a new generation of more sustainable investment policy-making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, there was one element adding to the challenges of the travelers, they had to make the journey over the sea. Almost five centuries after the ban of the pilgrimages, the idea of revitalizing the eastern parts of the pilgrimage routes was put forward by a group of people in the archipelago of Aboland. Following the examples from other routes in Scandinavia, the intention is to make use of the ancient pilgrimage routes in today's tourism development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Farmers are able to divert deliveries to spot markets because membership in a sheep/beef meat processing co-operative does not imply high penalty risks for non-delivery. Such behaviour is possible because the meat industry is characterised by structural overcapacity and there is high competition among processors for primary supplies. Processors confronted with non-delivery choose not to make recourse to enforcement procedures considering that this would weaken their capacity to attract suppliers in the future. Other processors benefit from non-enforcement of contracts by their competitors because this provides an opportunity to attract additional supplies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These structural impediments exacerbate risk and vulnerability related to food, energy and commodity price increases, as well as to economic instability and slowdown. The need to focus on removing structural barriers to allow domestic demand to contribute more effectively to development is heightened further by the expectation that the export channel to the developed world will be less important for an extended period. However, declines in poverty in the region have been accompanied by greater levels of inequality (see figure 1.19), with the population-weighted mean Gini coefficient for the entire region increasing from 33.5% in the 1990s to 37.5% in the latest available year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The red dotted lines signify three sea-level scenarios used in the analysis. The green line signifies a possible adaptation pathway as the forecasts on sea-level rising change. Note that the recently revised forecast of sea-level rise (three feet) (Gillis, 2016) is within the likely range of 0.9 metres which is used in this analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
We call upon the private sector to engage in responsible business practices, such as those promoted by the United Nations Global Compact. The Forum brought together 2,700 business leaders, investors, academics, government officials, environmentalists and grassroots activists. At the Forum, 200 voluntary private sector commitments to the Rio+20 process were made covering areas ranging from low- or no-carbon footprints to re-forestation, business plans for subsistence farmers and renewal of clean, fresh water sources.4 After the Rio+20, these commitments had surged to over 700 out of which some 181 were from business.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The falsification of medicinal products represents a significant public health threat and has rapidly turned into a global criminal phenomenon. Pharmaceutical crimes are considered an emerging category of transnational organised crime and have progressively become cyber-enabled crimes. The international community has called for a stronger and more effective response, but the international legal framework has long remained substantially inadequate at both European and international levels. Against this background, 1 January 2016 marked a significant milestone in the fight against falsified medicines with the entry into force of the Council of Europe MEDICRIME Convention. The Convention is the first binding European criminal law instrument to oblige States Parties to criminalise the falsification of medical products and similar offences posing serious threats to public health. It represents a landmark tool which will pave the way for harmonised criminal legislation and enhanced international cooperation in ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Spell durations are generally relatively short in Latvia, Norway and Sweden but much longer in Luxembourg and the Netherlands (Table 9, panel A). The average duration of a benefit spell in the sample varies from below 4 months in Norway to over 30 months, i.e., 2Vi years, in Luxembourg. Median durations indicate that shortterm benefit receipt is the norm in Latvia, Norway, and Sweden, where 50% of all spells are of duration 2-3 months or shorter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The information reported by Israeli school principals as presented refers to the time before implementation of the new system and relates mainly to informal appraisal processes at a local level. It was established in 1990 to: 1) provide elements of the Education and Library Boards’ training programmes which can most effectively be undertaken on a regional basis, 2) undertake responsibility for the longterm management training of principals and senior staff of schools, and 3) provide training for school governors and for Education and Library Boards’ staff and its members. The arrangements for professional support are envisaged to transfer to the new Education and Skills Authority from 2013 onwards (Department of Education, Northern Ireland (forthcoming). Congruence between principal evaluation and performance standards”, International Journal of Leadership in Education, Vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Similar programmes have been developed before, such as the Green Corps programme (which ended in 2009), but often they have focussed on a small part of the green economy and have never been developed in conjunction with a city-wide carbon emissions reduction programme in order to create a double dividend. A good example of a successful approach is the Two Cities initiative (see learning model in Annex), which has successfully developed Saint Paul and Minneapolis into a leading clean tech region in the US. Its first piece of work could be to develop the recommendations 1 a) and b) in this chapter as a starting point and over the medium term a pan-Sydney collectively owned sustainability strategy. Importantly, the Sustainability Forum should bring together a wide range of key stakeholders including representatives of Local and State Government, employers, training providers, TAFE, HE and the trade unions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)