albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, this need not be the case. The clear benchmarking of known technologies, as well as risk mitigation options, could translate into a set of expected stream cash flows that would reassure investors to move forward with investment decisions. Published in April 2009, the IEEFP was developed by the Efficiency Valuation Organization (EVO) as a reference document for local financial institutions wanting to put in place EE projects.39 After a brief summary of the main challenges and risks faced by local financial institutions, the Protocol presents a list of common EE technologies and their expected savings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Speed cameras work effectively in many locations and can be operated at fixed locations, often known speed related crash risk sites, or through mobile vehicle mounted cameras. Mobile speed cameras are intended to have a general impact upon speed offending across the network. Mobile speed cameras are most effective when they are operated in a non-overt manner utilising unmarked vehicles (Cameron, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In Latin America, the increase in numbers of secondary education graduates is recent, so that the rise in average education in the workforce has lagged behind gains in other regions. Regional averages exclude OECD countries in the region. Educational expansion that increases the supply of more educated workers at the same time as returns to education rise hints at large swings in demand for higher skills on the global labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
On the other hand, when the labour market is booming, wage growth in the informal sector could lag behind growth in the formal sector. In that case, informality might increase the gap between the formal and informal sectors, and hence overall inequality. Due to these two opposite trends, the contribution of informality to overall inequality is relatively small.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
American Economic Association, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. Exploring the relevance of location and the politics of voiced opinions in renewable energy siting controversies”, Energy Policy, Vol. This is especially true for advanced industrial or post-industrial societies, where electricity provides the services essential for production, communication and exchange. Unsurprisingly, governments of OECD countries are thus concerned with understanding the factors influencing the security of energy and electricity supplies and seek to develop policy frameworks and strategies to enhance them. While there is widespread agreement that the security of energy supply should be a concern for policy making, the issue has so far escaped meaningful quantification and, consequently, monetisation. Concerning the first point, quantification, the publication on which this chapter is based (NEA, 2010) has made a first important contribution by developing not only a meaningful indicator of the security of supply, but also combining it with a consistent set of data for OECD countries over 40 years (see Section 8.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Furthermore, if public procurement were to discriminate in favour of environmental sustainability (or pro-poor inclusion), in the absence of verification in Ethiopia to prove the sustainability of supplies to agreed standards, this might open the door to corruption. However, there are examples on which to build an inclusive green procurement programme: the Protection of Basic Services (PBS) programme supported by the World Bank positively discriminates in favour of the poor. But business and civil society involvement is needed to test new green solutions in Ethiopian field and livelihood conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Daniella Dam-de Jong’s International Law and Governance of Natural Resources in Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations appears in “Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law” series. The book aims to answer three key questions: (1) to what extent does international law provide rules to ensure that natural resource exploitation promotes sustainable development? (2) To what extent do those rules continue to apply in times of armed conflict? And (3) to what extent do the norms developed out of ad hoc mechanisms (such as through United Nations Security Council (UNSC) resolutions) for countries recovering from natural-resource-related armed conflicts contribute to improving natural resource governance in those countries? The analysis is set out in nine chapters, divided into an introduction (Chap. 1), three thematic parts comprising seven chapters, and a concluding chapter (Chap. 9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By and large, 4G networks are layering in on top of existing 3G connectivity in higher income, urban centres, while universal service in more remote, rural areas remains problematic. This may be problematic for the SDGs, as the highest incidences of poverty, hunger and inadequate health coverage are often found in the more remote and rural areas. Therefore, it is important to encourage demand driven private/public partnerships and economic and marketing strategies targeted at rural consumers in order to mitigate persistent access divides. Fresh investment models are needed to unlock the power of ICT connectivity that fuels growth in today's digital economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As attitudes and aspirations are formed early in life, such stereotypes have a critical role in shaping future academic and professional career choices, they may account in part for the low shares of women undertaking science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) studies, starting their own businesses, or holding leadership positions (Box 1). Stereotyping also often affects ethnic minority groups or immigrants, with individuals assigned the expected capacities or behaviours of the group they belong to. While in 2013 58% of students that graduated from a higher education institution with a bachelor’s degree were women (OECD, 2015d), women are less likely to choose scientific and technological fields of study: only 31% of bachelor’s degrees awarded in science and engineering in 2013 went to women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
More information is needed on what works in various settings. Some of this needs to be done in public engagement campaigns, some through incentive modification, some through group or individual counselling, and other approaches. There are a number of models of how to deliver good chronic care. The chronic care model has been promulgated by the World Health Organization and it combines many of the components of good chronic care into a single model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In making this observation, I certainly do not imply that all migrant women inevitably become single mothers, rather, I suggest there is a discernible pattern noticeable in both countries, but with distinctly different causes. There is therefore a greater likelihood of Ethiopian women forming relationships and having children. The Lebanese Government’s restrictions on MDWs’ rights to legally marry and have children has the unintended counter-effect of propelling these women and their children into irregular status and precarious single motherhood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Diabetes outcomes provide a rudimentary but useful lens by which to analyse the performance of a primary care system. Care co-ordination, continuity of care and well informed patients - the key functions of a primary care system - can make a substantial difference to the potential for hospital admissions related to diabetes. Korea’s poor outcomes in hospitalisations relative to its population prevalence for diabetes suggests shortfalls in the quality of care delivered for diabetes in Korea, and in particular, the quality of primary care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
AbstractThe dominant approach to constitutional law, and even more so to constitutional theory, has historically been judicial review-centred. Constitutional scholarship has often seemed ‘strong on positions and weak on analysis’, based on ‘foundationalist'/organic theories of judicial review, trying to justify or to reject the practice in toto and dictating its parameters. Behind such strong positions, and behind the search for ‘first-best principles’ of legitimacy, one can see a series of latent and intractable tensions, inherent in traditional constitutional theories of interpretation and adjudication: these tensions are the consequences of the unavoidably creative function of the judicial role. A pragmatic, second-best inquiry must probe the degree of such creativity, focusing on the questions of mode, limits, level of acceptability of law-making through the courts, and issues of institutional performance and systemic effects of adjudication. In light of all this, the paper will provide a taxonomy of ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At age 65 both women and men are entitled to the guaranteed pension if they have no other pension income and 40 years of residence in Sweden. The change was significant because benefits were individualized (i.e., not derived from family position) and the family ceased to be considered the primary economic unit (Stahlberg 2012:72). Fully funded defined contribution schemes provide individualized pensions that aim to be distribution-ally neutral. In these systems, derived benefits can be replaced by joint annuities, which incorporate a widow’s benefit in case of death.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the Kalix archipelago household fishing is one of the single most important factors for a high quality of life in the local communities (see chapter 6 in this report and Kvamstrom & Bostrom, 2018). This is in accordance with recent HELCOM assessments (HELCOM, 2017a). In Aland, there was agreement on observations of enormous increases in seals, particularly in the Baltic Sea - numbers reaching beyond those encountered in living memory. Furthermore, cormorant and swans (Cygnus olor and C. cygnus) have increased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Yet, for hundreds of millions of young people, these basic building blocks are not in place. Staying in school means both boys and girls are less likely to have sex. The longer a girl stays in school, the greater the chances that she uses modern contraception if she does have sex, and the lower dieir chances of giving birth as an adolescent (Greene et al., Most of these children are never expected to enrol, and in sub-Saharan Africa, most are girls. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Essentialist approaches differ in concluding whether women should be involved in leadership for either conflict or peacebuilding. While some essentialists glorify what they see as the qualities of women, others laud the essential qualities of men. These theories rarely lead to an embracing of the diversity among and between men and women. While not denying the biological differences between men and women, the field of sociology places much more emphasis on how the environment shapes men and women in the process of socialization. Human beings are not born as “men” or “women”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
: This paper questions the popularity of governance frameworks in explaining development failures and proposing new models of development for Pacific states. Such popularity is attributed to how problems are selected and framed (the doomsday scenario of demographic and environmental collapse, weakening of the state, and an upsurge in corruption) but also, and most importantly, to the recent hegemony of neo-liberal theory in political economy. Taking the MIRAB microstate of Tuvalu as a counterexample, each of those pillars of governance theory is seen to be lacking or to require a more nuanced form of understanding. A brief analysis of how the dominant Protestant church fits into traditional and modern systems of administration illustrates the complexity of local issues. The essay concludes with a discussion of how the neo-liberal governance orthodoxy lacks the critical insight into power and agency afforded by Foucault's concept of governmentality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These differences have a specific impact on women's and men's lives throughout all life stages and determine, for example, differences in health, education, work, family life or general well-being. Producing gender statistics entails disaggregating data by sex and other characteristics to reveal those differences or inequalities and collecting data on specific issues that affect one sex more than the other or relate to gender relations between women and men. Second, gender statistics should adequately reflect differences and inequalities in the situation of women and men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This paper assesses the extent to which solutions under Dutch civil law complement and augment the public policy objectives underlying the criminalization of corruption in international business transactions. To this end, it explores the contractual and non-contractual consequences of contracts tainted by corruption as well as the rules of private international law that come into play with regard to such “corrupt” contracts under Dutch law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The ultimate goal of such research is to better understand how to integrate cyclical and structural employment policies. The Reassessed OECD Jobs Strategy (OECD, 2006b) provides an extensive set of structural policy guidelines. However, the strategy largely lacks cyclical policy recommendations, aside from a general acknowledgement of the importance of having appropriate macroeconomic policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In 2015, both funding approaches contributed a similar share of total business enterprise R&D expenditure. Direct government funding contributed 6.0% and the tax incentive scheme (Research Premium) 6.4% (Figure 3.4). Among comparator countries, this dual approach to business funding from public sources is rather unusual.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
By limiting their access to opportunities, resources and power, discriminatory social institutions restrict women's capabilities to achieve their migration wishes. In particular, discrimination within the family and restricted civil liberties drive our findings. In particular, migration may either entrench gender inequality in social institutions or challenge them, according to the level of discriminatory social institutions in the host country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The final step is to apply valuation methods to quantify the economic benefits themselves, which can be done in monetary or non-monetary terms. The fifth step teases out how an asset (e.g., a forest, lake, river, trail, etc.) In this context intrinsic values are less relevant as they capture non-anthropocentric benefits, i.e., the value in and of itself that a forest exists, independent of any direct or indirect benefit it may provide humans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
With the objective of integrating nature and biodiversity into the city, 40% of the city is allocated to man-made lakes and wetlands. As for road and transportation infrastructure, 70% of the network is allocated to public transportation with the goal to minimise private transport use. The township has 20 precincts, with the business and commercial activities concentrated in the core islands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The value of illegally logged timber is estimated at 3 .2 million KM, of which only 82,772 KM were subject to law enforcement processing and charges. The reason for increasing illegal activities could be the economic crisis and non-efficient punishment practice in the previous period. Forest-based activities and forest-based and wood processing industries contribute significantly to socioeconomic well-being and are often the most important drivers for development in rural areas. Of this, 7.1 per cent is contributed by wood and cork products, 4.3 per cent by furniture and 3.3 per cent by paper and paper products. In terms of exports, Bosnia and Herzegovina is the biggest supplier to the EU-28 among non-EU Balkan countries (based on Eurostat).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The number of individuals who are economically inactive for family reasons relative to the number of children aged under 4 is high in Estonia (Figure 18). Women gradually start returning to work after their youngest child becomes eligible to start kindergarten at the age of 18 months (Figure 19), but this process has been slowed in the past because of a lack of places. The number of childcare places has recently been expanded to reduce capacity constraints (European Commission, 2016). Also, there are plans to allocate some parental leave to the father on a “use-it-or-lose-it” basis, and labour inspectors have been instructed to ensure that the principle of equal pay is being observed, both of which should encourage greater labour market participation among mothers of young children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Another focus is on education and training and the relationship to social cohesion. The impact of social circumstances on economic performance appears weaker than the effects of economic change on social conditions. Economic success seems to support some forms of cohesion (particularly social inclusion, equality and stability) provided it is broad-based enough to create a range of jobs relevant to the resident population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article draws on recent archaeological research on coastal Senegal to examine how the concept of “vernacular cosmopolitanism” can contribute to scholarship about the construction of cultural hybridity in West Africa during the Atlantic era. It argues that Senegambia between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries was a vibrant theater of international exchanges, and that archaeological examinations of these processes can both assist our understanding of regional history and enrich discussions about the African diaspora, diasporic identities, French imperialism, and Atlantic modernity. The study of material experiences can also raise critical questions about our conceptual categories and limits to our understanding of the Atlantic past.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
AbstractStatutes permeate society. Administrators administer and interpret statutes. Litigants can challenge administrators' actions. In deciding the challenge, courts must interpret the statute. In doing so, courts must decide how much weight to give the administrator's interpretation. Doctrines of deference govern the amount of weight that courts should assign to agencies' interpretations. I use a sample of 1014 United States Supreme Court judgments to show that a low-to-medium level of deference is most likely to promote desirable interpretations that uphold the legislature's purpose for a statute and allow the words of the statute to reflect contemporary society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In some cases, this reduction even leads shared taxis to be cheaper than current public transport. Finally, the work tests the impact of a change in the market structure regarding the dispatcher of shared mobility systems. Specifically, having three centralised dispatchers and no interaction between shared taxis and taxi-buses causes a 15% drop in the performance of shared mobility services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The chapter concludes with a set ofpointers for policy development. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. It focuses on how student assessment influences the learning experience of individual students and considers both summative assessment (assessment of learning) and formative assessment (assessment for learning) of students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This chapter articulates a public engagement methodology that carefully navigates the middle ground between idealist and cynical purposes, combining Warner’s understanding of publics with vernacular rhetoric and ethnography, leading to a coherent set of principles for more ecologically valid research, which we call “organic public engagement.” Working from the conclusions of the previous four chapters and research in quasi-ethnography and ethnographic approaches to science and technology studies, we develop six principles that guide organic public engagement. The chapter concludes with a description of how the methodology was deployed in a specific case, offering a concrete example for future research and practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They wall also be more collectively informed about the disparate data, and benefit from a forum where data analysis can be explored and shared. The platform could serve as a resource for research to inform public policy. The volume and granularity of trafficking details could be used to update routine engagements, providing the latest information for meetings with policy partners. Dynamic tools used by the platform can provide this information for reporting, analysis and presentations to influence policy related to trends, hotspots and changes in illicit trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
No effect on recycling behaviour could be seen from information and educational efforts. Among the demographic variables household size and education level had a significant increasing impact on the quantity of recyclables. The analysis also use socio-demographic attributes such as income, education, age, household size, marital status, gender, and storage space at home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Some incentives or sanctions around compliance with these guidelines, suitably adapted to local conditions, may be appropriate. This does not need to imply any loss of the continuous, personalised care rightly valued by Danish patients, other countries have moved from solo practices to small group practices of three or four clinicians without losing this ethos. At the same time, support will be needed to extend the quality, safety and peer-support gains of group practice to those GPs working in settings where group practice is less feasible, such as those working rurally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, most people in these countries still lack access to affordable internet connections and the LDCs face profound challenges to connectivity. Introducing policies to improve the enabling environment for trade and investment can help. This chapter looks at the policy aspects of digital connectivity In the LDCs and reviews examples of recent reforms that have enabled e-commerce to play an increasingly important role. It emphasises, nevertheless, that there is no "one-size-fits-air solution. Ultimately, users in the LDCs will guide markets and governments, demonstrating what they most urgently require in terms of digital connectivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
And in Iceland aluminium production is by far the predominant energy-intensive industry accounting for almost 80% of the energy consumption in the industry. These characteristics make aluminium an interesting case study. Around one-third of the production costs are cost of electricity.20 This means that most of the C02 emissions caused by aluminium production happens through generating the electricity used in aluminium production (indirect C02 emissions).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)