albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Telecommunication revenues in 2016 represented on average 3 per cent of GDP in Africa and the Arab States, compared to 2 per cent in Asia and the Pacific and the Americas (excluding the United States and Canada), and less than 2 per cent in the CIS and Europe. Global retail telecommunication revenues declined by 5 per cent during the period, as mobile-cellular penetration crossed the 100 per cent mark in 2016. In parallel, the number of fulltime equivalent employees working for telecommunication operators declined by 6 per cent globally between 2014 and 2016. Fixed-mobile convergence, multi-play services and the race to deliver on the promise of smart societies, are gaining in importance in mature markets, where subscriptions and revenue growth are stalling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It then uses this to identify measures to reduce vulnerability of its agricultural systems (GoB, 2010). In addition, information on good practices and lessons learned relating to assessing climate impacts and vulnerability has been developed by UNFCCC (e.g. UNFCCC, 2009). Information on impacts and vulnerability was included in many countries’ INDCs, but often in quite a summarised manner, e.g. outlining the key environmental vulnerabilities of a country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Scenario analysis can be used for risk hedging through identification of “robust” technology portfolios. In this context, a careful balancing of technology-neutral policies (for example, carbon taxes) and technology-banded ones (for example, feed-in tariffs), as well as short- and long-term policy targets, should be considered (Sanden and Azar, 2005). New technologies may not need subsidies if they exhibit high performance despite much higher costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A number of reforestation and tree-planting campaigns have been launched. Planting rates during the period 1981-1990 (4th, 5th and 6th Plans) reached 40 000 ha per year and rose to 160 000 ha per year in 2006 during the 9,h Plan. As a result of the plantation programme, timber and pulpwood are mainly produced from plantations of fast-growing tree species and a limited area of teak, mainly planted by the Forest Industry Organization (FIO) (Emmanoch 2015). Delux (2015) suggested that the Forestry Administration designated 96 000 ha for plantation development, of which 14 000 ha have been planted to date.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The effect is much higher in urban areas where the share of household employment is only 14% and the share of agriculture is very low relatively to other sectors. While back in 1987 being married had an insignificant impact on participation, in 2012 this effect was negative and close to 8pp. In urban areas this effect doubled between 1987 and 2012 and is continuously much higher relatively to rural areas. To avoid endogeneity, shares are constructed based on male shares of sectoral employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The new Universal Credit will provide low-paid workers who receive the benefit with access to a Work Coach who will support them in moving into work or finding a job that makes better use of their skills or has better career prospects. But employed individuals not receiving Universal Credit benefits could also benefit from personalised career guidance services in order to facilitate their transition into a second chance occupation with better employment prospects. Higher-skilled workers could be referred to approved recruitment agencies w'hich have expertise in employing higher-skilled people. In Belgium, for instance, the Flemish careers advice vouchers (loopbaancheques) entitle all employees and self-employed to eight hours of subsidised careers advice every six years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Get the answers with the OECD's Compare Your Income tool: http://www.oecd.org/statistics/compare-your-income.htm. But wealth has both a positive and a negative aspect. As well as assets, like our savings, we may also have liabilities, such as loans and mortgages. Combine these assets and liabilities and we come up with a picture of people’s net wealth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is likely to have disproportionate impacts on women as the primary caregivers. Data from time-use surveys is essential for capturing the amount of time women and men spend in different activities, yet reliable time-use information is lacking for many countries around the world. There is a need for more regular time-use surveys, with data disaggregated by sex, income level, geographical location and other relevant categories such as race and ethnicity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In a modern constitutional and democratic rule of law a series of fundamental rights are recognized to all people to live a full and dignified life. Human rights recognized in both domestic law and international are very diverse and their observance and implementation leads to the strengthening and consolidation of the state itself, especially the right of access to information and freedom of expression, it with their respective limitations this exercise is that by not infringe rights of third parties, such as the human right to privacy and protection of personal data regardless of whether it is a public servant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For a more comprehensive understanding of gender equality issues, the root causes of gender inequalities need to be examined: that is, socially constructed roles and responsibilities that have resulted in centuries of domination by "masculinist" attitudes and perceptions, definitions of problems, and setting of norms and values (thereby defining deviations from the norms). However, in all of the assessed environmental areas, there are very limited environment-related gender-disaggregated data that can show direct links between gender inequality and environmental changes. Gender-disaggregated data, where available, are often fragmented at the level of a country or group of countries, making it almost impossible to aggregate and compare some issues among different regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While the importance of corruption as a possible impediment to foreign investment in an international context is now well realized, it is not clear to what extent corruption affects, either directly through bribe-taking or indirectly through inadequate quality of public services, the level of economic activity by domestic entrepreneurs. Using a large survey from Uganda, the authors show that domestic and foreign entrepreneurs, government officials, and households are unanimous in highlighting the pervasiveness and importance of corruption. Efforts to establish institutions to deal with corrupt practices have not been matched by public education on the proper procedures. The fact that such lack of knowledge on procedures to report corruption increases households' risk of being subject to bribery and significantly reduces the quality of public service delivery leads the authors to conclude that improved accountability will be important to reduce the incidence of corruption and improve delivery of public services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, if a given policy reform has a positive income effect which is stronger for poor households compared with the average, this implies that this policy reform is associated with a reduction in income inequality. The focus on bottom-sensitive income standards implies that this paper emphasises the impact of structural reforms on household incomes in the lower-half of the distribution. The analysis focuses on policies and institutions that in the past have been found to boost output growth either directly, or, for most of them, indirectly, that is via, labour productivity (e.g. multi-factor productivity, both at the aggregate level and at the industry-level) and labour utilisation (e.g. participation and unemployment, both at the aggregate level and for population sub-groups). It covers the broad areas of tax policies, labour market and welfare policies and product market regulation (Box 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The tort of misfeasance in public office was designed to target "the deliberate and dishonest abuse of power". Public officers are not liable merely because a bona fide administrative act is later found to be unlawful. However, there is a misfeasance in public office if a person suffers loss or damage as a result of administrative action known to be unlawful by those persons taking it, and those persons knew or were recklessly indifferent that the claimant would suffer loss. A deliberate and vindictive act by a public official, targeted at the plaintiff, is not necessary. This paper is based on the House of Lords decision in Three Rivers District Council v. Governor and Company of The Bank of England which is a definitive statement of the law as it stands in England.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Dr Keevy noted that this was also not perfect and pointed out that increasingly, in both the European and global context, both time-based and outcomes-based approaches are being challenged. He called for a commitment to find the most appropriate methodologies to move forward. He also mentioned that South Africa is probably one of the only countries in the world in which the unions rather than government run the schools. He commended the work of SAQA in comparing qualifications across South Africa, and the core values on which its thinking is based.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is also a universal human development indicator. When broken down by geographic (such as rural/ urban zones) or social or economic criteria, it also provides tangible evidence of inequities. Description: The indicator monitors progress in accessibility and affordability of modern energy services including electricity. Electricity and other modern energy services are an essential component of providing basic social services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This region is also referred to as the Gary-Chicago-Milwaukee (GCM) corridor. It is increasingly regarded by civic, business and political leaders as comprising a common economic area. The Metropolitan Statistical Area comprises the central county or counties containing the core, plus adjacent outlying counties having a high degree of social and economic integration with the central county or counties as measured through commuting” (Office of Management and Budget, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Also, the merit-based Zois scholarship amounts are determined based on, among other factors, the distance between the city of studies and permanent residence. The adjustment, however, is somewhat minor. Defined on the basis of students’ country of residence or the country where students received their prior education depending on data availability. Based on data from Eurostat covering the European Union, the European Economic Area and EU candidate countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
ABSTRACTOver the past two decades, a number of states in the Global North have introduced laws aimed at holding corporations criminally liable. While there is an important literature examining these legal regimes there is a paucity of comparative work interrogating the different political struggles and processes leading to corporate criminal liability (CCL) legislation. This paper addresses this lacuna by comparing and contrasting the development of CCL in Canada and Finland. By scrutinizing the law reform processes in each jurisdiction, the paper documents how CCL emerged under different conjunctures in each country, yet were shaped similarly by hegemonic beliefs in the non-criminal status of corporation, the importance of advancing private enterprise and established jurisprudence. Of particular note are the ways in which dominant notions of legal individualism and the universal legal subject constrained legislative efforts to hold corporations criminally to account therein preventing corporate misconduc...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On the other hand, there is some evidence of the benefits of certain informal justice mechanisms, such as “womens courts”, which are often more accessible to women survivors of violence than the official court system, both in terms of their geographical location, and in relation to the language and manner in which court proceedings are conducted. An interesting example of integration of customary law into the formal justice system is the Criminal Law (Compensation) Act 1991 of Papua New Guinea, which allows survivors of crimes, including sexual violence and domestic violence, to claim compensation from the perpetrator. Claiming compensation for wrongdoing is a common feature of customary law in Papua New Guinea, and the enactment of legislation on compensation was intended to reduce the occurrence of “payback” crimes. In the United States, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996) created a Family Violence Option, which permits survivors of domestic violence to be exempted from certain employment restrictions related to receiving public assistance payments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They can be private or owned by' local authorities themselves, but even when collection is done by municipal companies they' are required to have a contract with the local authority for the specified job. Bigger settlements sometimes contract more than one company, such as in Tirana where six companies are currently appointed. These companies usually operate all the w'aste management activities in the given settlement from collection to disposal. Separate companies operate (new') sanitary' landfills, but are not involved in the collection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Unemployment rates are higher, particularly among Arab women (22.7% compared with the national average of 13.1%). The enrolments of the Galilee colleges remain largely Jewish, ranging from 65% to 70% at Gordon College of Education and Western Galilee College to more than 90% at ORT Braude. The low enrolment rates of Arabs can be attributed to the limited supply of relevant places, poor geographical accessibility to higher education, poor preparation at the primary and secondary education level due to underinvestment in Arab schools, insufficient language skills and lower rates of return to education for Arab population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For instance, the environmental goods and services (EGS) sector is estimated to be worth over USD 600 billion world wide and is projected to rise to just under USD 800 billion by 2015, with very positive impacts on employment (Selwyn and Leverett, 2006). Value added is mainly due to rent, interest and profit, however, implying that GDP data hugely overstate the benefits of this investment for the regions concerned, which depend mostly on wages. The impact on labour markets will depend on the job multipliers associated with the activities located in a given region. For instance, the stricter environmental regulation needed to encourage the use of renewable energy will probably act as a “job killer" in places specialised in conventional energy production, reducing the number of jobs in this sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It recommends that preparers of climate change-related disclosures provide such disclosures in their mainstream (public) annual financial filings. Some companies with a threshold of over $1 billion of annual revenue should consider disclosing such information in other reports when information is not deemed material and not included in financial filings. Furthermore, organizations should provide key metrics used to measure and manage climate-related risks and opportunities, and should consider including metrics on climate-related risks associated with water, energy, land use and waste management, where relevant and applicable. Metrics should be provided for historical periods to allow trend analysis. In addition, where not apparent, organizations should provide a description of the methodology used to calculate or estimate climate-related metrics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For this group, policy has concentrated on improving access to employment of older workers by strengthening equal opportunities legislation and increasing access to part-time work. They fare relatively better than other groups in both scenarios. As a number of authors have noted, family behaviour, both in terms of family formation and work, has diverged by socio-economic-status over recent decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In approaches focusing on sub-sectors, performance is most often measured on the basis of outputs {e.g. number of consultations and surgical procedures). Treatment may, however, be provided by different sub-sectors and this could lead to biased cross-country comparisons.11 Moreover, outcome measures at the sub-sector level are seldom available because health gains are often the result of a mix of out-patient care, in-patient care and pharmaceuticals, whose respective impact is impossible to disentangle. A sub-sector approach would also not take into account the co-ordination of care within the health system (e.g. between long-term and in-patient care) which has been identified as a key element affecting effectiveness (Hofmarcher etal., In addition, data on subsector inputs are sparse.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The benefit of Povcal is that given the mean welfare measure and several points on the Lorenz curve for any dataset, Povcal will estimate the parameters of the entire Lorenz curve, which in turn permits poverty simulations based on any poverty line the analyst chooses (expressed as monthly per capita figures in international PPP dollars.) Povcal is most widely known for allowing national poverty and distributional data to be made comparable at the international level through the use of international absolute poverty lines, such as the dollar-a-day (USD 1.25, PPP) and two-dollar-a-day international standards. However, nothing prevents Povcal from being used to evaluate and simulate poverty at other poverty lines, including relative ones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Changes in existing processes can only be considered R&D if new methods are applied to improve current processes. While always being closely linked to the System of National Accounts (SNA), the 2008 revision of the SNA adopted the Frascati definitions and derived data to change the treatment of R&D from being intermediate consumption to investments. This change had implications on the calculation of GDP as R&D would be considered production. The re-classification resulted in an increase in GDP by on average 2.2 percentage points in OECD countries. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In such cases, technical and vocational education and training institutions may have to take difficult decisions within a context of uncertainty - and it would be inadvisable to postpone such decisions. On-the-job adult learning or informal learning outside the workplace is especially relevant for SMEs, which are less likely to participate in formal training courses. It has not proven easy to replicate successful apprenticeship systems, such as those in German-speaking countries, in countries that lack the relevant historical and institutional arrangements. Current technological change entails the additional difficulty of identifying the appropriate companies to work with.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Training courses for “associate nurses”, which was a less advanced qualification compared to registered nurses, were terminated in 2007. This, along with the rapid expansion of training for registered nurses, does suggest a need to enhance the supply of “lower end” nursing skills. Indeed, this has been recognised by the authorities, for instance in the Planning Committee’s wide ranging recommendations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Resolution 2220 (2015) also encourages Member States to strengthen the collection of sex-disaggregated data to better understand the impact of small arms and light weapons on women. As part of the Review, a Global Study was launched on 14 October 2015. In the foreword, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, Executive Director of UN-Women, notes that the resolution was "one of the crowning achievements of the global women's movement and one of the most inspired decisions of the United Nations Security Council". It also notes that international courts and tribunals are dealing with sexual violence in more sophisticated ways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It has yet to be decided if indicators that identify co-benefits such as health improvements, reduced local air pollution, increased enterprise creation and poverty reduction are to be included (GCF, 2013). For example, Article 3.3 of the Convention indicates that “policies and measures to deal with climate change should be cost-effective” (UNFCCC, 1992). More recently, decision 1/CP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Women are slightly more likely to be food insecure than men in every region of the world (Figure 22) (FAO/IFAD/UNICEF/WFP/ WHO, 2017). At the same time, obesity has nearly tripled worldwide since 1975. In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults (older than 18 years) were overweight and more than one-third of these (over 650 million) were obese (WHO, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The framework defines an overall picture of cross-curricular priorities across all levels of education, whereas the curriculum specifies detailed content of instruction for each grade. Table 5.2 provides an overview of these frameworks available in each country, covering primary and lower secondary education (Annex 5A for more details).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Overall, actions for better managing ecosystems include improved soil management and agro-biodiversity, as well as relying on agricultural science and traditional knowledge and improving farmers' capacity to invest, access new technology and payments for ecosystem service provision (Munang etal. As such, EbA promotes agricultural systems, which are more ecologically and socially sustainable (Vignola et al., At the landscape level, practices include ensuring tree cover or natural vegetation in key hydrological hotspots and enhancing the structural complexity of the agricultural landscapes through diverse cropping systems, or inclusion of natural vegetation and on-farm tree cover to promote pest regulation (Vignola etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, they serve to ensure that group-specific interests are represented and advanced in public policy and other decision-making arenas. For example, women's voice is important in decisions over public spending priorities to ensure adequate provision of services, infrastructure and social security to guarantee their physical integrity and reproductive rights. The provision of better services for women enhances their power and agency within their intimate relations by reducing their dependence on other household members and giving them a stronger 'fall-back' position in case of conflicts or relationship breakdown. Women in decision-making positions must be able to articulate and act on issues that concern different groups of women, especially those who are disadvantaged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, the 1993-94 survey for Cambodia had a detailed consumption recall list of some 450 items (Gibson 2005, 137). Therefore, it should not be assumed that a non-monetary approach is more data-demanding". And while monetary poverty and employment questions are time consuming to collect, other indicators may be significantly faster. A second legitimate query is whether the MPI takes longer to compute.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Black boxes were initially mounted to reduce dispute over crashes, but they have proved useful to encourage safer driving of commercial vehicles. By 2012, more than 2 million cars, mainly in business fleets, were equipped with this device. Currently car insurance companies reduce insurance premiums by 3% to 5% when black boxes are installed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)