albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In other words, the individual longitudinal data can be equated with the representative homogeneous cohort data. These categories (2 x 2 x 5 x 6) yielded 120 synthetic cohorts. Thus, the parameters were set to take into account the trade-off between homogeneity and representativeness. A change in the sex of the people concerned is extremely rare, but changes in race or colour are more common, since this variable is defined by the respondents, who may change their mind as to their race or colour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article will examine how child protection procedures and practices can promote the rights of children to have their voices heard effectively within the child protection system in England and Wales. New domestic legal requirements concerning the extent and nature of the participation of young people in child protection decision-making processes are presented and analysed. The status of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and the effects of the Human Rights Act 1998 for all agencies involved in child protection work are discussed. Suggestions for regulation and monitoring of policies and practices that can empower children to participate more fully in child protection processes that comply with the UNCRC and the Human Rights Act are presented. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Over the past several decades, there has been important progress in access to many technologies, particularly in information and communications technology (ICT). Nonetheless, two years after the adoption of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, access remains uneven within and between countries, with the greatest growth in technology investments occurring mainly in developed regions and some developing countries. However, the conventional view that technology is developed in the North and simply transferred to the South is misleading.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Insurance for disasters may become gradually less cost-intensive given the transparency and access to better data. Especially in the fields of urban mobility services and power grids, many emerging start-ups and other players have proposed suitable use cases. Blockchain technology supports this development as it enables micro-interactions between a large group of participants in an efficient and secure way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Such inequalities result, at least in part, from the fragmentation of the Finnish health care system, where small municipalities are facing difficulties to provide adequate health care services. Although public satisfaction is an important objective of health policy, it is subjective and is only weakly correlated with objective indicators of health status (OECD, 2010b). A survey carried out in 2009 for the European Commission showed that 94% of respondents described the overall quality of healthcare in Finland as good, a proportion surpassed only in Austria and Belgium. The probability of a GP or specialist visit is inequitable if the index is significantly different from zero.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
ABSTRACTThis article uses critical discourse analysis in order to discuss the equity and social justice implications of an envisaged education reform agenda in Cyprus, as articulated by two consultation reports commissioned by the World Bank. The reports highlight, inter alia, the imperative to improve teaching and enhance accountability regimes with regard to students’ learning. Selected extracts from these documents are analyzed in order to highlight the absence of a social justice discourse in the rhetoric of educational reforms, despite the alleged centrality of a social justice discourse in official policy. The reports fail to include issues of social justice and learner diversity in discussing the necessity to strengthen the existing teacher policy framework and to mobilize structural educational reforms. This omission is indicative of the neoliberal imperatives that drive the envisaged education policy reforms as well as the low priority attributed to issues of equity and learner diversity, with pa...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The exception is Trinidad and Tobago, the primary producer and exporter of petroleum products in the Caribbean, which converted most of its generation capacity to natural gas during the 1990s. This programme provides Venezuelan oil and oil products at preferential financing terms to 17 member states across the Caribbean and Central America (PetroCaribe 2015). Commonwealth and CARICOM member states that are signed up to this agreement include Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, and Suriname.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This section extends the discussion of the relevance of formal and informal education and knowledge in human development in the Arctic. We provide an assessment of human capital and knowledge production in the Arctic as it pertains to human development and well-being of Arctic societies. It most generally refers to formal and tacit knowledge and skills, which can be deployed to general economic returns. Human capital incorporates three components: general skills (literacy), specific skills (related to particulate technologies and operations), and technical and scientific knowledge (mastery of specific bodies of knowledge at advanced levels). There is a broad agreement in the literature that human capital is closely related to both individual and aggregated labor outcomes: higher individual wages and enhanced employability on one hand and greater productivity and accelerated technological progress on the other (De la Fuente and Ciccone, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This newly available data source makes it possible to examine some of the key questions asked above related to immigration policies and the skills of migrants which have not been fully addressed until now because of data limitations. Most importantly, this survey allows drawing comparisons across countries which differ in terms of immigration and integration policies, migration history and labour market conditions. The chapter addresses some important questions and raises others that could open new domains of research to guide policy. Section 8.2 provides a description of the Survey of Adult Skills and presents the basic characteristics of migrants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
AbstractAustralia has remained insulated from mega terrorist attacks, but post-September 11 its involvement in the war on terror in Afghanistan, Iraq and against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has brought terrorism into its backyard. In the wake of these emerging threats, particularly home-grown terrorism (HGT), successive governments have introduced changes in the counter-terrorism (CT) laws, and expanded the Criminal Code Act 1995 (Commonwealth-Cth) at the recommendations of the Council of Australian Governments (COAG). Former prime minister Tony Abbott and his successor Malcolm Turnbull have introduced a series of significant policy measures to curb terrorism in and from Australia. These measures have also stirred up a debate among experts and civil society members, who consider them as being detrimental to civil liberties. The article undertakes a critical review of the evolution of CT laws and measures in Australia since September 11, to understand the criticism of the legislative changes...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Whether Israel’s enforcement of its naval blockade against the Mavi Marmara on 31 May 2010 was in conformity with international humanitarian law has been recently considered by four quasi-judicial bodies. This chapter compares and contrasts the four reports produced by these quasi-judicial bodies and identifies significant discrepancies between them as to the interpretation and application of international humanitarian law (the law of naval blockade). In the light of this, this chapter then locates the role of quasi-judicial bodies within the broader context of international adjudication, specifically, and although recognising the clear benefits of quasi-judicial bodies in a world order where judicial bodies proper are often unable to exercise their jurisdiction, this chapter flags up some of the potential problems that this new type of adjudication yields for international law generally and international dispute resolution in particular.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This exposure comes from natural background radiation, which is everywhere on earth although it varies greatly with geography and altitude. In addition to dose from natural background radiation, humans are also increasingly exposed to human-made ionising radiation, mainly coming from medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Radiation dose from radioactivity released from power generation during normal operations is roughly two orders of magnitude less than radiation dose from natural background and medical procedures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, the Hidrosonico is a water stream gauge that uses a sonar range sensor to measure the distance to water surface level. The module sends the readings on a regular basis to recipients (via SMS or email) or to a cloud application. One example of a working prototype drone has been developed to help monitor wildlife in remote and mountainous areas in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The state also can support families in other ways including cash transfers in the form of child (and even older person) support grants, tax exemptions and social insurance programmes for health, disability and pensions especially among low-income households. Its effect on women's share of household work and the extent of their labour market participation is likely to be mediated or overruled by the influence of institutional processes, cultural practices and social expectations. For example, unless gender inequalities in the labour markets such as gender wage gaps and discrimination in hiring and promotion are addressed by effective affirmative action and anti-discrimination employment policies, women's bargaining position to negotiate a more equal share in household work is likely to remain weak. The state can also take steps to help redistribute the care work within households in terms of increasing the visibility of the unpaid work contributions of women and men to the country's economic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The human face is one of the most important biometric modalities for automatic authentication. Three-dimensional face recognition exploits facial surface information. In comparison to illumination based 2D face recognition, it has good robustness and high fake resistance, so that it can be used in high security areas. Nevertheless, as in other common biometric systems, potential risks of identity theft, cross matching and exposure of privacy information threaten the security of the authentication system as well as the user’s privacy. As a crucial supplementary of biometrics, the template protection technique can prevent security leakages and protect privacy. In this chapter, we show security leakages in common biometric systems and give a detailed introduction on template protection techniques. Then the latest results of template protection techniques in 3D face recognition systems are presented. The recognition performances as well as the security gains are analyzed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Currently, such floristic nature reserves are completely lacking in the protected area network, while several species of flora inscribed in the Red Book probably also occur beyond the borders of existing protected areas. The only obstacle is that such small state nature reserves, to protect the best preserved habitats and most viable populations of these species of "special concern", cannot be designed, delineated and established prior to updating nature inventories and information on their occurrence and spatial distribution of their habitats. In particular, it explicitly prohibits any economic or other use of plants and animals included in the Red Book, and also assigns the management of the protected area system to the national environmental authority. The Law also regulates issues related to the establishment of protected areas of international importance, resulting from international agreements to which Tajikistan is a Party or bilateral agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
AbstractThe present paper attempts to explore residents’ perceptions of malpractices such as corruption, nepotism and favoritism and maladministration in the allocation of public housing, in an estate meant for people of low-socio-economic standing in the province of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches and used a case study and a mini survey designs respectively, with the qualitative approach being the dominant approach while the quantitative was less dominant. The qualitative sample included 22 beneficiaries of RDP houses, one social worker, one RDP housing administrator (who were purposively selected by the principle researcher) and 50 respondents for the mini survey. Findings indicate that most participants were not happy as they felt that allocation of houses was fraught with various aspects of malpractices such as bribery to facilitate fast allocation, nepotism and favoritism and allocating those who least deserved the allocation.The researchers...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, particular vulnerabilities in WASH systems may be expressed when health systems in a politically unstable country falter during a rainy season. Even within a given context, there are many ways that DRR can respond to the complex interplay among risks, which also points to the necessity of adaptive management. While complex systems are challenging to address, much less understand, the application of a nuanced understanding of systemic risk to local to national DRR strategies provides for expanded opportunities to achieve the goals set forth in the Sendai Framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The current national standard sets limits on sulphur content at 150 ppm and 350 ppm for gasoline and diesel respectively, although again some cities such as Beijing have successfully implemented higher standards (Ma et al., This is well above leading international benchmarks and what is needed to maximise the benefit of lower motor vehicle emission standards. Producing cleaner fuels requires the dominant domestic refineries to invest in costly new facilities. The practice of keeping gasoline and diesel retail prices below cost has hindered the feasibility of passing on the higher cost of cleaner fuels to consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Abstract   Comprehensively identifying and appraising health care facilities where care is delivered is important to health care reform, both in the United States and internationally. Currently, few sources exist which can provide canonical identification of health care facilities. Furthermore, quantifying facility-specific services and infrastructure in a standard manner ranges from insufficient to nonexistent. A health facility registry (FR) provides a central authority to store, manage, and share health facility identification, services, and resources data with a wide range of stakeholders. Such universal collection and standardization of these data may support care coordination, public health responsiveness, quality improvement, health services research, health service planning, and health policy development. This chapter introduces the concept of a FR and provides scenarios in which stakeholders would benefit from facility data. This chapter further discusses unique identifiers, data collection, and the metadata necessary for establishing and maintaining an FR.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In so doing, they are not only increasing the chances of their success, but they are also paving the way for a new generation of women to enter the legislative process (Karam 1998, p.125). The study concluded that: ‘In Norwegian politics, there is unquestionably a mandate of difference attached to women politicians’ (Skjeie 1998, pp.183-189). Great progress has been made but we are not there yet.' The pillars of ‘good governance’ are now generally agreed to include: the responsibility of the government (that is, the executive and its administration) to manage, the role of the judiciary, statutory bodies, the media and civil society to provide checks and balances, and the role of the private sector, working in a conducive macroeconomic environment, to create wealth and jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These activities include infrastructure and housing: basic services (education, health, sanitation, communication): technical services, repair and maintenance, as well as most transportation services, insurance services, property and commercial brokerage: personal, social and community services: public administration, and security and defence. Since these activities do not generally face international competition, the policy space for influencing outcomes in these sectors is larger than in tradables, and accordingly they offer much greater possibilities for increasing the employment intensity of growth. The share of food in the total consumption of an individual will normally decrease as income increases, leaving more space for non-food goods and services. Health and education become particularly more important as incomes grow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This chapter presents the main findings from the survey. Respondents were also requested to signal any recent or ongoing reforms of allocation regimes. In countries where there are a number of different approaches to water allocation (for example, different allocation regimes for surface or groundwater, or variations in allocation from one province/state/river basin to another) several examples from each country could be provided.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The same holds, a fortiori, for water bodies in nature protection areas that need to achieve “high status”. Good and high status rivers typically record less than 1.8 and 0.9 mg N/l, respectively. Statutory Instrument 272/2009 (Surface Water Regulations). Ireland’s aquifers are predominantly bedrock aquifers. They have fissure permeability only, where water flow is through fissures or fractures and not through pore spaces in the rock itself, and hence lack the pollution filtering function typical of the sand aquifers that prevail in most OECD countries. Ireland is under the threat of being referred back to the ECJ.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In contrast, the population of the developed regions is expected to increase slightly, from 1.23 billion to 1.28 billion (United Nations, Department of Economics and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2009). The continued rapid increase in the population of developing countries highlights the importance of having appropriate policies designed to promote the sustained economic growth and structural transformation of their economies so as to ensure durable poverty reduction. Although the income-based (per capita) conventional poverty measure is sensitive to population growth, careful analysis does not provide any support for the Malthusian claim that poverty can be attributed to population growth in excess of output growth, especially food production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In this article we argue that efforts in Indonesia to improve access to justice for the disadvantaged would greatly benefit from a pragmatic approach that takes local circumstances of custom, values and social relations into account at least as much as legal reform and bureaucratic transparency. We maintain that in post-Suharto Indonesia ‘justice’ can be conceptualised as the inverse of injustice and is manifested in terms of sovereign interests. Ideal justice, such as associated with rule of law implementing programs, assumes a functioning of government and judiciary that might bring about such results. Building on our own research as well as on the articles in this special issue we argue that engaging with the role and meaning of justice should involve solid ethnography of justice-seekers' life-worlds, understanding of the strategies and institutions that provide justice, and paying attention to the networks and interactions that connect actors in an ever moving field.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Repayment of these liabilities decreases the resources future generations have available for consumption and investment. Exports from developing countries and from LDCs constitute a major source of external financing for sustainable development of those countries. For developed country importers, the indicator is one measure of the relative importance of North-South trade, whereas for developing country importers it is a measure of South-South trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The central and provincial governments are responsible for personnel and financial management of schools. Although overall funding has increased in the past decade, data suggests that primary and secondary education are underfunded compared to other OECD countries. Tertiary institutions have more autonomy than schools to address their needs, but central authorities oversee funding and student entrance exams for tertiary institutions. Improvements have been made, but both quality and equity remain a challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Also, blended finance carries some inherent risks, for instance by fostering the practice, proven to be ineffective, of tying aid-funded procurement to companies in the donor country. Their motivations are different from those of traditional donors and their operating mechanisms and modalities may be largely unfamiliar to most development practitioners. The emergence of an increasingly innovative finance agenda will oblige donors to deepen their understanding of private sector involvement in development. It may be important, for example, to explore the distinctions between activities designed to ultimately promote and benefit the local private sector, on the one hand, and those that seek to harness private sector resources for projects (or businesses) that have development-oriented goals, on the other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Community involvement in ECEC is important not only for providing expanded services and referrals where necessary, but also as a space for partnership and the participation of parents. Several formal and informal mechanisms are used to foster full participatory and managerial engagement. Some of the challenges to active engagement of parents include cultural, attitudinal and linguistic barriers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Ensuring all lower secondary schools have the strategies and capacity to support student motivation and improvement. However, from the analysis of the OECD-Norway Steering Group, it appears to be operating too much on the basis of shortterm, weakly connected projects to fix specific problems rather than with an overall strategy for systemic change. Valuable recent initiatives need to be related to one another more strategically. These include new programmes related to principal training and support, whole school improvement, the development of assessments, and improvements in school environments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)