albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The importance of the analysis of different poverty approaches and their degree of overlap or mismatch in terms of outcomes has been acknowledged and emphasized by many scholars (see e.g. Klasen, 2000, Laderchi, 1997, Neubourg de, Roelen and Gassmann, 2009, Sahn and Stifel, 2003). Within the wider EU context, a number of studies have been undertaken to assess the degree of overlap or mismatch (e.g. Bradshaw and Finch, 2003, Coromaldi and Zoli, 2007, Dekkers, 2003, Richardson et al., No such studies, however, have been undertaken with a special focus on child poverty. Some financial poverty analyses might focus only on the overlap between the income poverty and financial strain domain labelling individuals with 'overlapping deprivations' as 'consistent-poor' (Forster, 2005, Nolan and Whelan, 2009), possibly serving as a proxy for chronic poverty patterns in the absence of panel data (Clark and Hulme, 2005, Hulme and McKay, 2008). Mismatch patterns could help to provide insight into the size of specific measurement errors or to gauge the differences between objective and subjective indicators of deprivation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This tendency, as Hirschman recognized, is particularly acute in developing countries. While individual projects associated with softer infrastructure are often smaller compared to harder projects such as in energy or transport, the difficulties of excluding some users and their nonrival nature means they are likely to be provided at less than full cost to users. Therefore, they have usually relied on significant and continuous public sector financing. Moreover, while recognizing the potential long-term benefits of these types of infrastructure spending in terms of productivity, innovation and employment creation, it can be difficult to measure these benefits in the short term, making them vulnerable to political expediencies and budgetary pressures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The objective of patent law is the promotion of technical and practical solutions, rather than the monopolization of theoretical knowledge, and therefore an invention has to be capable of industrial application. Again, the TRIPS Agreement provides no definition of this term. According to the traditional concept used in European countries, an invention is capable of industrial application if it may be manufactured or used in any commercial activity, including agriculture.206 In other words, developments not leading to an industrial product or lacking technical effect cannot be patented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Debt service ratio is for the non-finandal private sector. Banking supervision has been strengthened in China and India, including through more rigorous assessment of bank asset quality. Countries are also addressing non-performing loans and other distressed assets, including through increased provisioning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
An interesting illustration of an approach that utilizes multiple sources of finance is the EmPower Partnership Programme being implemented in India (described in Sharan in this Review). These enterprises can and probably should lead investments, raise finance, maintain and operate RET equipment. They are also responsible for a large share of the employment potential of RET investments in rural areas. For instance, UNEP’s African Rural Energy Enterprise Development Initiative (AREED), supported by the United Nations Foundation, works with African NGOs and development organizations, helping them to identify potential energy projects and providing entrepreneurs with business support services (business start-up support, planning, management structuring and financial planning).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Women ministers mainly hold social and cultural portfolios (55%), followed by economic (23%), political (14%) and environmental (4%) portfolios. Female quotas or parity for elected legislative positions has been enacted into law in 14 Latin American countries.34 So far, 11 countries have implemented such laws, and Uruguay will do so in 2014, Mexico in 2015 and El Salvador in 2018. The proportion of women in legislatures has risen in almost all the countries over the past decade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Such inequality poses a tough challenge for social cohesion by excluding many from ordinary social life, reducing trust and the sense of belonging felt by different groups, and by restricting the prospects for advancement through social mobility. Fiscal policy, employment with social protection, and civic participation can all contribute to better social cohesion across the entire income distribution. Each part of the distribution contributes to social cohesion and development in a different way. Disadvantaged households at the bottom need to maintain adequate economic proximity to median living standards so as not to threaten social cohesion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The strategy spotlights investments to enhance trade and connectivity throughout the region and mobilise private sector finance to improve access to infrastructure services and promote women's participation and empowerment. Australia intends to give less priority to financing for infrastructure building, focusing more on providing technical assistance for project preparation and regulatory reform (Australia, 2015). Particular emphasis is placed on construction and rehabilitation of infrastructure in conflict and disaster-affected countries, such as Afghanistan, Pakistan and Haiti, to foster stability and fuel economic recovery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The University of Waterloo has been recognized as the most innovative university in Canada for more than two decades and it makes sense to direct our innovative spirit toward the challenge of encouraging girls and women to enter and ultimately thrive in STEM fields. The European Parliament is forecasting about seven million new STEM jobs by 2025 in Europe alone and so we believe it is critical to empower those who identify as girls and women to enter these rewarding careers not only for their personal development, but also for the betterment of society. We have hosted STEM outreach experiences for more than 25 years through our Engineering Science Quest (ESQ) camps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Both in politics and in academia, a heated polemic is being waged about the extent to which traditional norms of civil rights and international humanitarian law have become obsolete and counterproductive in the face of new realities engendered by modern terrorism. Less noted is the considerable degree of overlapping consensus, which the polemic tends to obscure. By approaching the important areas of disagreement from this basis of shared assumptions, constructive progress could be made toward achieving reform of national and international law to make both more responsive to new challenges without undermining the civilizing mission of the rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As the living standards of a much larger population converge with those of OECD countries, the demand for energy, food and natural resources will increase, as will the associated environmental impacts. Unless environmental management and resource efficiency are substantially improved, the natural capital base for economic activity will continue to degrade, with increasing resource scarcity leading to potentially serious adverse consequences for human health, ecosystems and the economy. It is valued using constant 2010 purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The crypto tokens (coins) in circulation on each platform can be used as a currency to engage other market platforms as well. For example, in the case of a P2P power-trading platform and a separate reward system for end-consumer behaviour, a user that receives tokens for riding a bike to work instead of using a car could use the awarded credit to buy renewable power produced by a neighbour in the local community. Their level of complexity and the resources needed for implementation vary significantly from case to case. Four use cases are presented in section 3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Firm size is an important factor for innovation, and differences among countries are less pronounced among large firms with 250 employees or more. Industries that may be regarded as less innovative, primarily because of their low R&D intensity, such as printing and paper products or textiles and clothing, frequently have as much propensity to innovate as those in communication or financial services, which are often regarded as the leading innovation industries (ABS, 2006a, Statistics New Zealand, 2007, OECD, 2010a). Sub-national innovation data from Australia have shown, for example, that less than 10% of firms account for 80% of innovation expenditure and innovation sales (Smith and O’Brien, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This is important as close to half of rural schools have three teachers or less, meaning that there are few opportunities to do collaborative work and engage in peer learning. These resources and initiatives are important steps for providing the conditions for reducing educational inequality between rural and urban areas as they encourage school enrolment and attendance, minimise the deterrent effect of distance as a barrier for school attendance and attempt to improve learning conditions by compensating for the difficulty of recruiting high-quality teachers and facilitating teacher learning and collaboration. There is no national strategy or clear vision on rural education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Thus, load following with the BWRs is preferably done using the recirculation pumps, which has a very limited impact on the power distribution in the core. The introduction of grey rods thus reduces the local thermal flux and power by 25%, compared with a value of 50% for black rods. A similar statement was made for German NPPs (Ludwig et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The sector is highly concentrated and consumers would gain from more competition and choice. The Office of Fair Hading has called for improving the certification process for new products, which currently hampers innovation and market entry, and for a single body being given the responsibility for monitoring the quality of insulation installations (OFT, 2012). The government should implement these recommendations without delay. A shortage of well-trained workers in insulation techniques is an additional potential bottleneck. The government is contributing to building up skills by offering up to 1000 “Green Deal” apprenticeships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This work is an introductory chapter for a forthcoming book on Understanding International Criminal Law to be published by Aspen Publishers as part of Aspen's Essentials series. This chapter presents a succinct definition of international criminal law (ICL), situating it within the fields of public international law, transnational law, international human rights, and international humanitarian law. Additional chapters in the text will address the history of ICL, the sources of ICL, the major international crimes and defenses, and ICL reasoning and rhetoric. Publication is expected in 2007 for adoption in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Depicting a new foundational infrastructure layer for the currently implemented carbon certificate systems (e.g. EU ETS), a far more flexible and deeply entrenched certification and trading service can be established across all markets. Quota rules and certificate circulation can be controlled by the rules defined in smart contracts, which enforce certificate-related transactions in an automated fashion. On the other hand, climate-mitigating investments (e.g. forests and wetlands) could be sources of carbon credits, which could be monetised by creating, tracking and trading newly generated credits using blockchain technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2016 Daragh Murray published his book Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Armed Groups (Hart 2016). By way of distinction from many other contributions on this widely discussed topic, Murray tries to provide the reader with a complete overview of the legal framework that enables armed groups to acquire international legal status, and preferably outside the framework of armed conflict. He walks the reader through the path of international legal personality, leading towards the acknowledgement of armed groups as addressees of the law. Murray's attempt is courageous, interesting and innovative, but it has its shortcomings. These include his reliance on international criminal law as a source for defining armed groups, and his insistence on stepping outside international humanitarian law. Nonetheless, his contribution is essential for those who wish to include even more armed groups on the international plane.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Unhealthy lifestyles also remain an important driver of cross-country variation in CVD and diabetes outcomes. Nevertheless, there remains considerable variation in smoking patterns across OECD countries, and the potential is there to make even further gains in some countries. More comprehensive policies and stricter enforcement can deliver better outcomes. The percentage of people who are either overweight or obese has continued to climb over the last ten years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Thanks to tube well irrigation, crops in Northwest India are less vulnerable to drought than other regions, ensuring them the lowest inter-annual production variability (Kawashima, 2012). However, the actual pace of groundwater depletion threatens the sustainability of this system. If Punjab had no access to irrigation, the maximum attainable yield for wheat w'ould fall by half compared to the current local yield, and by more than two thirds for rice (Bruinsma, 2003). A collapse of the groundwater irrigation system would be all the more dramatic in Northwest India since rainfed crops are particularly exposed to climate change in this region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It describes major policy instruments based on an OECD country survey and case studies, and draws upon the recent literature. This chapter suggests six main policy strategies: 1) developing a long-term vision, 2) developing indicators to measure how effectively policies are working, 3) promoting health for all ages, 4) increasing older people’s engagement in the labour market and in social activities, 5) providing affordable housing in accessible environments, 6) redesigning urban areas to increase attractiveness and well-being. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Table 2 gives an overview of early childhood mortality rates in Jordan by time interval prior to the survey. While under-five mortality has declined steadily over the three five-year periods prior to the survey, from 26 to 21 per 1,000 live births, this was mainly owing to similar declines in infant mortality. Child mortality, in contrast, has not moved much over time, hovering around 2 or 3 per 1,000 live births. In turn, the decline in infant mortality seems to have been driven mostly by the decrease in post-neonatal mortality, whereas neonatal mortality rates have not followed a clear time trend.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Children deprived in child labour alone represent 2%, while 16% are highly deprived, having an additional 3 or more. In this age group 48% of children experience two or three deprivations at a time. More than 7% are relatively highly deprived encountering either five or six deprivations, but at the other end of the distribution are 12% of children not experiencing any deprivation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, military conscription develops vocational skills in engineering and trades for the Jewish population. Legislative changes which occurred in 2002 and 2003 made eligibility for unemployment benefits stricter, particularly during vocational training. The result was a reduction in the scope of training for the unemployed, less participation in vocational training and shorter length of coursers (OECD, 2010a.) Policy maintains clear distinction between the university and college sectors, for example the state funding formulae differ. For both sectors student fees are regulated, uniform and fairly modest. The first universities were established in the 1920s, and the last was set up in the 1970s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Besides, skills and social outcomes are both influenced by schooling, which in turn can be affected by skills and expected social outcomes. For instance, the number of years spent in education may be influence by the level of unemployment. For these reasons, a possible strategy to correctly identify the distinct effect of skills on various social outcomes is to measure them early in life and to control for the level of schooling reached.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
See Rebecca Freeman, “Labour productivity indicators: comparison of two OECD databases - productivity differentials and the Balassa-Samuelson effect", OECD Statistics Directorate, July 2008. The ratio must be equal to one under the assumption of a competitive labour market, which implies that workers are paid the value of their marginal product and that firms hire up to the point where the marginal value product of labour equals the wage. This measure has some biases coming from various sources and data noise, yet even after considering sector differences in, for instance hours worked and the skill level of workers as well as alternative measures of sector output constructed from household survey data, a puzzlingly large gap remains. See Douglas Gollin, David Lagakos and Michael E. Waugh, “The agricultural productivity gap”, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This is because of the need to address leakages and losses from water delivery systems on and off-farm, and also that in most cases no contingency has been made for capital investment for system renewal given that typically publicly owned irrigation systems have only charged farmers for O&M costs and not capital renewal costs. In addition, there are the financial costs for controlling nonpoint pollution from agriculture, and flood control costs, such as on-farm drainage. The transfer of financial control and investment management requires water user groups to seek private-public partnerships to raise capital and develop skills in long term asset management for renewal of irrigation infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Irregularities in the administration of such government help can deter many investors. More generally, known irregularities in the price governance of electricity, or energy can discourage capital providers from investing in energy efficiency projects. A sudden change in the price of electricity while the project is being implemented would affect its expected return on investments. The financial risk is also characterised by a risk of default in the counterparty. The price volatility of energy (e.g. oil or electricity) could be addressed through insurance mechanisms. Technical failures could be addressed through adequate contract exclusion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The programme dates back to the 1990s and is one of the few types of direct support that has been in place since the early period of independence. The programme covers a wide range of crops, including cereals and pulses, soybeans, sunflower, other oilseeds, potatoes, perennial grasses, annual grasses, sugar beet, cotton, fruits and grapes. Costs of producing or purchasing seeds 40% of costs are compensated per tonne of seeds, provided based on the rates set per tonne.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Visitors were surveyed and counted at all types of woodland, rather than concentrating on our main sites. The All Forests Monitoring system has been adopted in Wales and Scotland, with surveying starting in 2004. The Scotland All Forests survey covered five Forest Districts in each round, to give complete coverage by the end of 3 years in 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
But the flatness of these countries’ income standard curves relative to that of Sweden and Hirkey indicates smaller changes in income dispersion. For example, the contrasting developments in inequality between Sweden and Hirkey and between Italy and Germany were driven by growth differences in both the upper and lower halves of the income distribution, that is, for both top and bottom sensitive income standards compared with the average. In the case of Belgium and the United States (Figure 2, Panel C), the broad divergence in inequality - a decline in the former country and a rise in the latter - was mainly driven by differential developments within the lower-half of the income distribution. The data show cumulative growth rates and refer to the period 1995-2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In a larger programme of system restructure and redesign, these innovative schools are able to provide evidence about the impacts on student learning and well-being of innovative approaches they have been trialling, thereby supporting the whole system to move forward. There is a need to ensure that innovation is captured somewhere, particularly as old structures and processes are replaced and new networks, relationships and connections are created. Through an on-going and expanded Innovation Community of Practice, individual site leaders and their communities are able to use their experience and influence to work collaboratively to shape those future directions and ensure that the new department has innovation as a predominant aspect of its work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It begins by reviewing the constellation of urban planning and management documents at the municipal and regional levels and their impact on coherent urban development. This is followed by an analysis of four policy areas with significant implications for national urban programming: land use, housing, transport and the environment. The General Law contains the principles, attributes, responsibilities, rights, sanctions and other statutes governing the institutions, individuals or professionals involved in urban planning, urbanisation and construction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This presents an opportunity for African cities to pursue a different development model from the more recent western development trajectory, characterized as it is by car-oriented development. Per capita GDP is in parentheses. In Africa such diseconomies may be setting in prematurely given the speed of urbanization, poor planning, weak institutions to guide urban growth and low incomes of many cities and urban residents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In parallel, country-wide collections of the most important wild relatives of crop plants are being made, irrespective of any immediate danger they may face. This is necessary for an adequate representation of these species in the seedbank (MoEP, 2008, 2010a). The largest and most active are at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv University.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Paris Agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 2015 was a big step forward on global collective action on curbing C02 emissions. The important feature of the Paris Agreement to prevent carbon leakage is that countries commit to stricter policies, thereby contributing to convergence in policy strictness. It remains to be seen, however, whether countries will live up to their commitments and implement the necessary measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)