albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Support should also be provided to the Arab academic colleges for education to help them to diversify their teaching portfolios. Investing in Arab education would improve education attainment levels and generate mid- to long-term benefits for the regional economy including increased tax revenues and job creation. The authorities should support the provision of colleges on the basis of the current and projected demand in order to provide the growth (or reduction) of services in locations where it is required. A region-wide assessment of current and planned capacity should be conducted against anticipated student numbers, identifying needs in terms of staff and infrastructure and taking into account related transport and student housing provision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It contains a core questionnaire, which collects household characteristics (location of residence, the sex, age, marital status, and education and employment of all household members, and receipt of social security or subsidised rice programme) and a consumption module questionnaire, which gathers households’ consumption information. Every three years a wider SUSENAS survey is undertaken to obtain additional information covering topics such as health, education and housing. The panel part of the survey is repeated on the same households, allowing the construction of a panel data set for certain periods (such as the period 2008-10, which has been extensively used in this study).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The assessment of needs based on quality indicators and the use of expected GDP growth and elasticity of infrastructure investment to growth are problematic. The emphasis on a “top-down” approach based on the use of global models is to the detriment of a “bottom-up” assessment of needs based on country-specific circumstances and specific long-term development strategies. The lack of a network perspective fails to take full account of the interdependencies between sectors and types of infrastructure. Total infrastructure includes, in addition to “core" infrastructure, primary energy supply (coal, oil and gas) and energy efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Table of Contents: Acknowledgments Introduction: The Area Studies Controversy, Mark Tessler, Jodi Nachtwey, Anne Banda 1. Politics in the Middle East: Opportunities and Limits in the Quest for Theory, Lisa Anderson 2. State-Society Relations: Algeria as a Case Study, John P. Entelis 3. Associational Life: Civil Society in Authoritarian Political Systems, Augustus Richard Norton 4. Explaining Women's Support for Political Islam: Contributions from Feminist Theory, Jodi Nachtwey and Mark Tessler 5. Influencing Public Policy: Banking and the Political Economy of Collective Action, Clement Henry 6. Toward a Theory of International Labor Migration: Evidence from Egypt, Magda Kandil 7. Religion and International Conflict: An Individual-Level Analysis, Mark Tessler and Jodi Nachtwey 8. The Arab-Israeli Conflict: Lessons about Diplomatic Initiatives and Negotiations, Laura Zittrain Eisenberg 9. Middle Eastern Alliances: From Neorealism to Political Economy, Laurie Brand 10. International Relations Theory: Contributions from Research in the Middle East, Baghat Korany Contributors Index
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For many years, perceptions of return migration were negative: it was for failures, the nostalgic or the retired (those who had lost a sense of ‘get up and go’). However, a broader, more accurate perspective now exists. Until quite recently, for governments at least, they were out of sight and out of mind, and their skills and experience had gone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Tajikistan participates in the Biosafety Clearing-House mechanism. The expected outcomes of this project include the development of a national strategy and corresponding action plan on biosafety, as well as further development of the biosafety legislative framework, through the development of related regulations, guidelines, instructions and procedures. The project activities also include the preparation of specific technical guidelines, training of decision-makers, scientists, administrative and technical staff, setting up and equipment of laboratories for risk assessment and monitoring, setting up and development mechanisms for monitoring and enforcement, strengthening of biosafety-related information exchange, and public awareness-raising and educational campaigns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In addition, fishing fleet capacity or fishing effort should be maintained at the levels authorized and applied in recent years. A total allowable catch (TAC) is set at 644 tonnes for 2018-2019, and each authorized vessel shall not exceed a maximum number of 180 fishing days per year. In addition, the status of the turbot stock must be regularly assessed and the level of current fishing mortality established in order to provide the GFCM with necessary elements for setting target reference points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Relying heavily on local communities for implementation, the programme gave payments to poor households based on the number of children aged 0-15 and elderly aged over 60. In order to receive payments, households had to ensure that children under 5 visited a health clinic six times a year, that any children aged 7-15 were enrolled in school with at least 80% attendance, and that the elderly visited a health clinic at least once a year. Local management committees monitored households’ compliance. The monitoring data show marked improvements in health and education in comparison to the control group, particularly for girls and for the poorest half of the treatment households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the same vein, policymakers should also consider gauging the "depth" of poverty and taking a dynamic view of poverty instead of a static one, based on snapshots. Those conversion factors refer to the average cost of living, rather than that faced by the poor. People with lower incomes tend to spend a larger share on food and, when living in remote rural areas, incur higher living expenses than others, because of transportation costs, for instance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The long-term, steady nature of infrastructure investments has been instrumental in endearing it to markets, making them the chosen class for institutional financial investors such as insurance companies, pension funds sovereign wealth funds and other foundations (Weber et al., First, estimated infrastructure investment gaps in each country (discussed above) are taken to imply a financing gap of a similar order of magnitude. Second, it is taken for granted that national public sectors in most countries are financially constrained with limited budgetary resources, face governance problems and run the risk of running into debt sustainability issues if they undertake infrastructure investments on the scale needed in the coming years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Access to banking services for women has increased over the years, even though this has favoured more urban women in more developed regions and socio-economic groups (Chavan, 2008). The Indian National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD) has various initiatives to promote the financial inclusion of women, for instance facilitating self-help groups (SHGs), which are mostly composed of women, to access credit from formal banking channels (NABARD, 2007). Similarly, many women face difficulties in accessing credit at sustainable interest rates. To alleviate this constraint, the government provides credit guarantees through the TRADE scheme, with a specific target for women-owned enterprises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). Authorship is usually collective, but principal author(s) are named. The papers are generally available only in their original language -English or French- with a summary in the other language.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This analysis serves as the basis for a number of policy recommendations. In relation to innovation, the most relevant recent document is the Concept of scientific and innovative development of the Kyrgyz Republic to 2022 (CSID 2022), approved on 8 February 2017, by resolution No.79. Other relevant laws relate to education, intellectual property, public-private partnerships, Free Economic Zones and the business environment, and is reviewed in detail in the previous chapter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Staying in good health by living a healthy lifestyle and preventing disease can lead to healthy ageing. There are various tools and methods to support healthy ageing, such as education regarding health care and continuous biosignal monitoring. Electronic health records and health information systems document and organize information on individual patients and die clinical population in general, which helps to determine the care required by older persons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Resource management, broadly defined and including housing renovation and repair, was estimated to account for two-thirds of the market in 2000, environmental protection, mainly wastewater treatment facilities and provision of waste services, accounted for the remaining third. Source: MOE (2003). The largest growth in employment and market value was expected in the energy sector and in the manufacturing sector for air pollution control equipment (Table 7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Ministers reaffirmed their commitment to implement the APEC environmental goods list, which lists goods on which APEC members will reduce tariffs by the end of 2015. In 2014, this included briefings by CITES, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). New Zealand briefed the CTE on the jointly organized Parties meeting held in Lima in December 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
But policies are also needed to address the gaps and take due account of investment priorities and local needs. This could make them better candidates for further investments in transport, logistics and digital infrastructure, boosting their competitiveness. Taobao villages are clusters of e-commerce activity developed to revitalize rural villages and bridge the rural-urban income gap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Also, the baseline study for the NBSAP was conducted by a consultant in whose terms of reference the consultation of documents relevant to other conventions was required. A group was to be set up, including all NFPs for the relevant conventions, who would validate all terms of reference and draft reports. In addition, the process was to be enhanced through the formal establishment of a consultation mechanism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, no information on progress in the implementation of the system is available. The designation of the nature park Sangvor was planned in 2009. According to the Fifth National Report to the CBD, plans for the establishment of new nature parks and expansion of existing ones were already at the stage of implementation in 2014. However, no information on the progress and feasibility' of these initiatives and their implementation is available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Under this assumption, real GDP would reach ETB 1.13 trillion at the end of the GTP II period and ETB 2.1 trillion by 2025/26. Under a fast-growth scenario, real GDP would approach ETB 2.3 trillion by 2025/26. As a result, the first and third scenarios (low and fast growth) are used in this chapter for the purposes of projecting key variables, including public expenditure, public revenue and social protection expenditure relative to GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Pay levels make it difficult to attract and retain skilled and highly qualified staff, as civil servants (i.e. urban planners) in key cities such as Almaty are paid USD 300 per month, compared to USD 600-800 in the private sector. Kazakhstan requires a clear competence management framework to ensure the skills, knowledge and behaviour that result in good performance at individual and organisational level. Competences should be linked to different elements of human resource management (HRM), in the recruitment and selection of staff, training and development, and succession or career planning. Several models are used in OECD countries, but Kazakhstan may wish to review the French model, known as Employment, Workforce and Competency Planning (Gestion previsionnelle des emplois, des effectifs et des competences or GPEEC), as it shows how recruitment methods may incorporate competences without abandoning the established principle of selection through competitive examination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The paper concerns the participatory political institutions for inclusive development in the BRICS. The relationship between economic growth and equity describes the concept of inclusive development. The concept of equitable (inclusive) growth strategy is based on the premise of the unity of governability, competitiveness and public policy through citizen participation. An important association of governability, competitiveness and fairness is participatory institutions. Four of them are crucial: strategic policy institutions, institutions of decentralization, institutions of "open government", and accountability institutions. The paper, based on the analysis of the BRICS, demonstrates that they create not only the environment for development, but also are the tools of participation, allowing carrying out public policy on the principles of a complex combination of problems, not a ranking of priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Operation Allied Force was a key juncture for the normative thesis and NATO’s intervention has been used as a springboard for broader international advocacy and a basis for the normative critique of existing international law. While the invasion of Iraq generated more international debate and public interest, the intervention in Kosovo arguably constituted a more important juncture in post-Cold War international relations. As David Armstrong and Theo Farrell note,  The Kosovo case illustrated, perhaps even more starkly than the Iraq case, the tension between law and legitimacy in the use of force. It also clearly demonstrated the tensions within international law — in the case between, on the one hand, the non-intervention and non-use of force norms and on the other, norms of human rights. Arguably, Kosovo also revealed the crusading militancy of liberalism.1
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They show that higher-income groups capture a disproportionate share of mortgage interest tax relief in all these countries. The effect is most regressive in the Netherlands and least regressive in Sweden. Individuals may benefit from “carried interest” arrangements when they have a relatively small equity stake in a business. If successful, rewards are taxed as capital gains, hence at a rate that is generally below their marginal personal income tax rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At the same time, highly unequal countries, like South Africa and Brazil, have relatively stable proportions of the population that believe incomes should be made more equal. The shift in preferences towards redistribution in the BRICS shown in Figure 4.12 is in line with similar findings for OECD countries (OECD, forthcoming). Only in a few OECD countries has no change been found since the late 1980s. Of course, the view that “incomes should be made more (or less) equal” says little about the preferred method for achieving such a change. How these attitudes towards inequality translate into concrete government policy, such as tax and transfer schemes or public service provision, is an important part of the social contract in every country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These added values of RCPP contributed to facilitate the programme’s approval. Instead of focusing on the performance of the delivered grants or their environmental outcome, success is measured based on the amount of funding allocated to partnerships with varying conservation goals. Such evaluation could be better done if the program's objectives were adjusted to go beyond funding amount to fulfilling measurable program-based resource conservation, eco-system, and farm-economic goals. The evolution of other conservation programmes suggests that adjustments could be undertaken as part of future farm bills to improve design or accommodate changing priorities in the conservation agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Including socio-economic indicators related to food security, robustness and diversification of livelihoods, access to quality housing, water and sanitation, savings, school attendance for children, etc. For example, international economists criticised evidence of the economic growth impact of South Africa’s system of social cash transfers at a conference organised by the government of South Africa’s Committee of Inquiry for Comprehensive Social Security held in Cape Town in 2000 (“Towards a Sustainable and Comprehensive Social Security System”). Specifically, the evidence that cash transfers had a greater impact on reducing liquidity constraints to labour market participation and strengthening risk management barriers to investment in job search contradicted the conventional wisdom that reducing the personal costs of unemployment would undermine incentives to work and create dependency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
What role, if any, should RFMOs and/or fisheries management systems have in fisheries subsidies issues? How to define subsistence, small-scale and artisanal fishing and what subsidies disciplines should apply to these sectors? How could an agreement on fisheries subsidies address the future development needs of developing and LDC members without undermining sustainability?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
At the post-secondary, as at the upper secondary level of education, the same need to respond to labour market requirements is central, and this forms a guiding theme of this report. For a definition and explanation see Box 1.4. Often, the post-secondary vocational sector is highly fragmented, with qualifications that may not be well understood within the country - and certainly not internationally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A national reporting system has recently been developed, which specifically monitors bed occupancy in clinically inappropriate wards, to diminish adveise effects. While nearly all cataract surgeries have for a long time been performed as day care, the use of day care has spread to many other procedures. For example, the share of tonsillectomy (the removal of tonsils) carried out as same-day surgery has increased from about 20% in 2005 to over 70% in 2015. Most of the over 100 registers are built around specific diagnoses and mainly contain medical and epidemiological information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Despite improved data collection and monitoring efforts, data on very young children (ages zero to three) remain hard to access (OECD, 2006). These gaps in knowledge about young children undermine policy making in the ECEC field, and have implications not only for international comparability but also for national issues, such as child protection (OECD, 2006). For example, financial tracking and monitoring can help inform planning, contribute to more efficient resource allocation and increase cost-effectiveness (Bennett, 2002). Monitoring practices and collection of data can provide feedback on what works and help identify areas of improvement. For example, in New Jersey, the introduction of a quality rating score allowed practitioners and management to improve their practices, and statistically significant effects were found on children’s literacy skills (Figure 5.1) (Frede et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At the present, the concept of good ocean governance is articulated by literature only. This chapter adopted eight elements of good governance as an analytical framework, namely, the rule of law, participatory, transparency, consensus based decision making, accountability, equity and inclusiveness, responsiveness and coherence. The chapter also provides evidence from international treaty practice to support each element of good ocean governance. In summary, the elements of good ocean governance are partially supported by international treaty practice but are not yet receiving universal acceptance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These often involve standards or regulations designed to take into account customer expectations, industry standards and national policy objectives, such as public health or national security. Ultimately, however, quality control measures should contribute to the competitiveness of enterprises, and eventually translate into sales and profits. National quality standard organizations also need to guarantee transparency, interoperability and inclusiveness of standards created by the private sector for digital goods and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A user satisfaction survey showed that 86% of export drivers and 28% of import drivers were satisfied with the infrastructure changes changes (OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 80). Afghanistan, Iran and India recently finalized the trilateral transport and transit pact that regulates infrastructure improvement in the seaport of Chabahar, located on Iran's South-Eastern coast. India had previously invested USD 135 million to build the Zaranj-Dilaram highway connecting the Kabul-Herat Highway to Chabahar port, providing land-locked Afghanistan with access to the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Much has been said and written about Margaret Thatcher in the last few weeks, what she stood for and her political legacy. Whatever one’s views there is no doubt her premiership reframed politics and the policy context of health services. I was teaching social policy at King’s College to undergraduate nursing students during her political heyday. Inevitably my course adopted a contemporary critique of health policy and my students honed their analytical skills in discussing the impact for nursing. So what did she do for nursing? Margaret Thatcher started the trend of inviting business leaders into the heart of policy development. Roy Griffiths a retired Director of Sainsbury’s was drafted in to review NHS management. In a remarkably short report he criticised consensus management as lacking accountability and noting famously that:
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While this exercise is useful on a general level for expressing environmental deterioration as a component of the national accounting system, it cannot yet put an economic value on biodiversity per se. They can be divided into regulatory (command-and-control) approaches, economic instruments, and voluntary and information approaches. Table 5.1 gives an overview of the three types while Figure 5.4 shows the total area under conservation and sustainable use in several of these programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Various alternatives to seek accreditation within the GCF could also be considered in this context. These actors serve to spearhead the dialogue and build awareness within the financial sector in Nordic countries as well as internationally. Taking also note of the recommendations from the Financial Stability Board (FSB) Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD),69 a Nordic study on the potential benefits and applicability of similar legislation in Nordic countries could help ensure that true and/or perceived barriers to engage the financial sector (including ECAs) on a well below 2-degree pathway of investment decision making are systematically removed. It strengthens mandatory carbon disclosure requirements for listed companies and introduced carbon reporting for institutional investors, defined as asset owners and investment managers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)