albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In the three decades since the emergence of feminist scholarship in International Relations (IR), feminist research has significantly advanced and challenged the discipline. Feminist scholars, deve...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Each section states the economic principle, reviews international good practice and discusses the situation in Brazil. Drawing from international experiences, it concludes with sketching some policy recommendations. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. A first observation is that regardless of the constitutional setting (federal or unitary), in the most advanced systems, water abstraction charges are commonly managed at sub-national levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2011 it acquired the distributors DELSUR in El Salvador and ENSA in Panama from AEI of the United States, making it the second-largest distributor in both countries. These subsidiaries increased EPM’s customer base by 1.6 million, and produced USS 1,597 million in revenue in 2011. At the present time, in addition to dominating the transmission markets in Colombia (81 %) and Peru (82%), it has a large stake in Plurinational State of Bolivia (34%) and in Brazil (16%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
With unchanged policies, redistribution systems can be expected to remain less effective at cushioning growing income disparities at higher income levels, which have become a more powerful driver of inequality trends in some countries. Income changes are measured relative to the income the household would have had if the 2005 tax-benefit system was a fully wage-indexed version of the 1995 system. Families are assumed not to receive unemployment benefits that depend on previous employment histories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Given that incomes tend to be lower in rural locations compared to urban areas, and many rural households simply cannot afford ICTs, shared access is a cost-effective means of providing rural connectivity. The establishment of community access points is also related to Target 4 on connecting public locations that can be used for shared access, such as libraries and post offices, and likewise to Target 10, which sets the goal of ensuring that more than half the world's inhabitants have access to ICTs within their reach. About half of the world's inhabitants live in rural areas, and one way of getting ICTs to them is through community access. It does not, however, address exclusively developing countries, since even developed nations still face some of the challenges of bringing ICTs to rural areas, particularly in terms of Internet and broadband access.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There is a growing shift in the economy from easily reproduced goods and services to more unique experiences, especially those based on local or traditional foods. Tourism can also play a major role in developing food exports, both by creating demand abroad and by stimulating tourism expenditure on food at home. Rural tourism can foster employment across various occupational domains and create demand for different skills profiles, including the lower and highly skilled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Social scientists are increasingly interested in innovative organizational forms made possible with new media, known as epistemic communities, knowledge networks, or communities of practice, depending on the discipline. Some organizational forms can be difficult to study qualitatively because human, social, cultural, or symbolic capital is transmitted over significant distances with technologies that do not carry the full range of human expression that an ethnographer or participant observer hopes to experience. Whereas qualitative methods render rich description of human interaction, they can be unwieldy for studying complex formal and informal organizations that operate over great distances and through new media. Whereas social network analysis renders an overarching sketch of interaction, it will fail to capture detail on incommensurate yet meaningful relationships. Using social network analysis to justify case selection for ethnography, I propose `network ethnography' as a synergistic research design ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Renewed effort is needed from the international community to convey the message to the governments in the region that social cash transfers are a powerful tool in protecting vulnerable families and their children, and are worth investing in. Advocacy needs to be supported with strong evidence. Background paper prepared for the World Bank, mimeo. Lessons from the Past and Policies for a Sustainable Future, Social and Economic Policy Working Paper, UNICEF, New York.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The further development of these advanced applications needs a high bandwidth, low delay, stable and safe network to support data flows. The optical transmission network is an efficient information expressway and a stable data tunnel. This project lays the foundation for information communication in China and plays a key role in information technology, which enhances the ability of information communication and meets the information development needs of China. This project is relevant to SDGs 3, 8 and 9.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Each lab is able to utilise the training, research, forecasting and other activities provided by the cluster. Lab members actively participate and utilise the research, seminars and e-learning resources available. They thereby influence the action planning and strategic priorities of the cluster as a whole. Each lab tailors the model and project to suit their specific needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Table 2 lists the 33 deprivation indicators (both child-specific and household-specific) that are available from the 2009 EU-SILC database ordered in domains. The table also gives the proportion of the whole sample (across all countries) missing each item and Cronbach’s alpha for the scale of each (sub) domain. From the table it can be seen that the scalability of the items poor in some domains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As such, the government has introduced a series of instruments to facilitate the renovation of residential buildings Most of these instruments are provided through the state fund KredEx in the form of a renovation loan and a reconstruction grant. The renovation loan is a long-term and has a low interest rate and is offered to apartment associations, building associations or any community of more than three apartments built before 1993. Within a project of Bulgarian Ministry of Regional Development and Public Works and UNDP, launched in 2007, fifty multi-family buildings were renovated to demonstrate the benefits of home energy efficiency improvements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In extreme cases, some native-born Swedish parents register their children for school soon after they are bom, resulting in long waiting lists that stretch years into the future (Bohlmark, Holmlund and Lindahl, 2015(21]). From lack of language skills to reduced social and professional networks of new arrivals, migrant parents face difficult challenges in utilising school-choice to their child’s benefit (Bohlmark, Holmlund and Lindahl, 2015[2ij). However, immigrant parents may make well-infomied choices of choosing a school in a segregated area because of its location or the presence of a large immigrant community which can help their children to feel a sense of belonging but can further segregation (Lund, 2015(37]). Segregation can also be intensified through the actions of both school actors and results in self-sorting of students who would like to be in schools with peers similar to themselves (Erixon Arreman, 2014(38], Holm, 2013(39]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There exist a number of social network systems between urban and rural areas and the outer islands in PICs. In Kiribati, for example, a mutually beneficial social network system exists between urban South Tarawa and the outer islands. In return, the relatives on South Tarawa receive produce from their outer island relatives (ILO, 2006b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Internationally, globalization has been paradoxically translated into colonization, economic rationalist development, nationalism, and closure born of a fear of the implications of globalization and global markets for the least powerful countries, regions, and interest groups. Social problems in terms of the economic rationalist approach are increasingly individualized and citizenship models emphasize the responsibility of individuals and families. Many current human service and social policy models in Australia (as elsewhere) are nonsystemic (psychological, medical, education, crime prevention, and economic). The paper reflects on an experience of undertaking a study of the life chances of citizens in a remote region of Australia. This is a paper about doing systemic thinking and practice in Alice Springs (Mpwartwe, or caterpillar dreaming) as a social policy researcher attempting to use and advocating a participatory action research approach to social policy development based on a multisite, multimethod research design of perceived, expressed, and normative needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Furthermore, government officials account in some cases for a relatively small proportion of climate change actors. In Kenya, for example, it is estimated that non-state institutions account for over 70% of climate change actors (IIED, 2013a). Unless monitoring and evaluation become valued sources of information, such barriers are likely to persist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Inadequate dietary intake weakens the immune system and increases susceptibility to disease, infectious disease, in turn, increases nutrient requirements and further weakens the immune system. There are three underlying causes of this vicious cycle: (i) lack of availability or access to food (food insecurity), (ii) poor health mediated by poor water and sanitation and inadequate health services, and (iii), for children, poor maternal and child-care practices, including inadequate breastfeeding and nutritious complementary feeding and, for adults, poor food choices. Of course, deeper forces of social and economic underdevelopment and inequality often underpin these problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It could be argued, therefore, that the QOF indicators as they stand present GPs with a perverse incentive to not increase screening or depression diagnoses, as this would increase the follow-up and the severity assessments and screening required to meet the QOF targets. In 2013/2014, there are two indicators for depression - the percentage of adult patients with a new diagnosis of depression that have had a biopsychosocial assessment by the point of diagnosis (DEP001) and the percentage of patients with depression reviewed patients between 10-35 days after initial diagnosis (DEP002). For a list of the 2013/2014 indicators, see (BMA, 2014). Payment by Results (PbR) has been used since 2004 as a key provider payment mechanism in secondary care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The mean scores of 18 of the 21 risk management strategies rose significantly over the 12-year period (Figure 11). This suggests that farmers now consider that virtually all ways for managing risks are more important. In only one instance did the mean score decline and this was for the strategy “keeping debt low”. It is noteworthy that the largest increases in the importance scores were found for marketing and diversification, strategies that farmers use less widely than output and financial risk management. However, the growing appreciation of the importance of certain risk management strategies has not been coupled with actual (or a proportionate) increase in the use of these strategies by farmers. The approach of keeping debt low fell from third in importance in 1992 to ninth in 2004, and fewer farmers were using debt (63% versus 85%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Even relatively simple gender-based divisions of labour can affect how they experience the environment. If only men fish in the open sea and only women fish in coastal mangroves, they will inevitably have different sets of environmental knowledge and experiences. Or if most men drive to work in a car while most women use public transportation, they will seethe environment and changes in it from different vantage points. Further, because of the social construction of gender roles, they may have different - usually unequal - capacities and approaches with respect to environmental interpretation and change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The project therefore had direct relevance to the water resource protection component of the NWRS2. The Department of Water Affairs appointed a set of consultants to develop a first draft of the revised strategy. Key individuals based at different institutions are well known to each other and maintain strong connections through consistent working relationships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Investments in infrastructure, research and education are key components of services provided to the agricultural sector in Brazil, Russia and South Africa. In Ukraine, the largest part of general services spending relates to public stockholding (Figure 2.11 and Table III.3b). The trend in the TSE can be more clearly evaluated over time and compared across countries when expressed as a share of total Gross Domestic Product, GDP (% TSE).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
RUSI Journal, August 2000 "A useful, even exhilarating account of many subplots and sideshows to the histrionics at the apex of the international security system that largely defined post-1945 history." Cryptologia "Anyone interested in intelligence, propaganda, special operations and security in Asia"s Cold War will find this comprehensive account thought provoking." RUSI Journal,August 2000 "a useful, even exhilarating account" " a welcome contribution to the field of intelligence studies... a useful volume for Cold War scholars of Asia that reflects new archival discoveries and raises interesting questions for further research" - Intelligence and National Security
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Policies that encourage local entrepreneurialism, urban regeneration and the efficient overall management of immigration from outside the EU are seen to be critical to southern Italian society. Anthropological fieldwork in Naples and its region, suggests that this requirement is not met in today’s scenario, which is marred by stereotype and bad governance. Pardo shows that ordinary Neapolitans’ entrepreneurialism is both strong and frustrated on the one hand by normative complication and distorted policies, particularly regarding access to credit and therefore capital and, on the other hand, by the double standards applied by a local governance that panders to the selective interests—via small but vociferous lobbies—of their constituency. In democracy, rulers’ recognition—in policy and legislation—of the structural value of grassroots culture and actions qualifies both participation and representation. As these two fundamentals remain unfulfilled in this ethnography, the gap between governance and citizenship appears to have become unbridgeable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Given that the Ministry of Education sets in law learning objectives and competencies to be attained by students and that this is externally assessed, there is no need also to regulate the input of textbooks in the learning process. This should go alongside procedures for the Ministry to accredit textbooks as valid options for schools to choose from. Where the market in the Slovak Republic for a potential textbook is too small to be financially viable, teachers and students could be provided with downloadable on-line materials. Teachers should be encouraged to share self-created teaching materials, especially if there are insufficient funds for the Ministry of Education to commission such materials from experts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the case of consumer protection mechanisms, the regional benchmark is undoubtedly Mexico's National Commission for the Protection and Defence of Users of Financial Services (CONDUSEF). These services include the extension and supply of specialized inputs, the telecommunications network, along with infrastructure associated with product distribution and storage, and information systems. In this field, the rural areas of the countries analysed display pronounced gaps, despite the wide coverage of telecommunications in Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic and El Salvador. This has been achieved through a combination of instruments, both first and second tier, and the operation of guarantee fund arrangements and various specialized trusts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Eurofound (2017) finds that wage differentials between sectors partly reflect the human capital of those who choose a particular sector in most countries, but only to a quite limited extent in Sweden. In Finland wage differentials within sectors even narrowed overtime, contributing to overall declining wage inequality between 2005 and 2014. For the Nordics, a number of studies point to weaker effects of Chinese trade on employment and no or limited impacts on wages, which may be attributed to the influence of coordinated bargaining and high labour market mobility (Ashournia et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Global Justice Reader is a first-of-its kind collection that brings together key foundational and contemporary writings on this important topic in moral and political philosophy. Brings together key foundational and contemporary writings on this important topic in moral and political philosophy. Offers a brief introduction followed by important readings on subjects ranging from sovereignty, human rights, and nationalism to global poverty, terrorism, and international environmental justice. Presents the writings of key figures in the field, including Thomas Hobbes, Immanuel Kant, John Rawls, Thomas Pogge, Peter Singer, and many others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The agreement is a mix of binding commitments and "best endeavours” language, and reaffirms and reinforces provisions of transparency and uniform application. While there is significant potential for developing and least-developed (LDC) countries to benefit from increased trade in food and agricultural products, actual outcomes on trade facilitation and the time frame in which they will occur will depend on the schedules of commitments adopted. These indicators express the diversity of support measures applied in different countries and are comparable across countries and time, with different indicators focusing on different dimensions of support policies. While the Producer Support Estimate as a percentage of gross farm receipts (%PSE) is the OECD’s key indicator to measure policy efforts to support agricultural producers, a range of other indicators allows looking at other dimensions of support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Capabilities can be thought of as the prerequisites for adults to engage in production that provides a secure and adequate livelihood, typically measured with education and health variables. Livelihoods refers to measures such as wages, employment, access to credit, ownership of productive assets. The third domain—agency (or empowerment)—can be understood as the ability of individuals and the groups to which they belong to shape their environment. Thus gender equality in this domain would imply that women are equally agentic as men.3 Women’s share of trade union membership, and of managerial and leadership positions in cooperatives, businesses and governing bodies, are useful indicators in this domain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
First, because, as explained above, it may provide a much too low standard of living in a country relative to what is considered freedom from poverty in that country. Second, because it may only identify the very poorest, which are not the sole object of anti-poverty policy in countries with substantially higher poverty as measured by national criteria, and with substantially greater potential for the mobilisation of domestic resources through redistribution. That is not to say that a policy maker would not want to know the effect of social policies on the dollar-a-day poverty headcount, but they may not be willing to judge the success or failure of social policy on that count alone. However such a solution is impractical, because it requires the definition, calculation and estimation of poverty depending on the group of countries studied. Moreover, if poverty has an inherent relative component, the necessity of using a common absolute poverty line is not borne out by either practice or theory. The preference for absolute, rather than relative lines to compare poverty between developing countries is often justified by the lexicographic relationship embodied in the "hierarchy of capabilities" described by Atkinson and Bourguignon (2001) and World Bank (1990).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The strategy also suggests that the National MEAs Coordination Committee should identify and list potential funding avenues, and could explore the potential for private-public sector partnerships for financing MEAs implementation. For instance, GEF approved a joint proposal involving Lesotho and South Africa, in 2002, which resulted in the Maloti Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation and Development project. Report for Department of Environment, Lesotho.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Nigeria’s severe shortage of energy prompted the government to establish the University of Lagos National Centre for Energy Efficiency and Conservation in 2008, which is responsible for R&D in energy-efficiency and -conservation options and technologies. Following the 2010 enactment of the Russian Federation’s energy-efficiency legislation, the country has intensified efforts to create an R&D capacity in energy efficiency. The Russian Federation recognizes the role of a growing number of organizations engaged in research on improving energy efficiency, such as the Centre for Energy Efficiency, the Sustainable Energy Development Centre and the Institute of Energy Strategy. Standards for industrial equipment and system optimization can make it easier for firms to trade off capital and energy costs, but they can also impose limits on product choice and undesirable costs for adopters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The volume increment per hectare for coniferous forests is 1.14 m3/ha and for broadleaf forests, 0.98 m3/ha, and the annual increment is, on average, 1.036 billion m3. As of 2016,79.5 per cent of the total forest land is classified under protected forest and 20.5 per cent under utilization forest zone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Entre 2007 et 2012, le niveau de vie median des menages a peu progresse, voire a recule dans plusieurs pays. La principale raison en est la montee du chomage, alors que le revenu median des menages a affiche une croissance globalement stable. One reason is that growth dividends may not be shared fairly among individuals and social groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This chapter investigates to what extent cross-national differences in political support can be explained by the quality of government. The quality of government perspective implies that the executive ought to be bound by its own rules: impartiality and rule of law. The chapter formulates and tests hypotheses about the effects of governmental impartiality, rule of law, bureaucratic professionalism, and corruption on citizens’ political support using data from the ESS 2012. Of these indicators, it is the impartiality of policy implementation by the national bureaucracy that stands out as a consistently significant, robust, and strong predictor of political support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)