albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The observatory, by collecting and sharing data with all the LGUs in one location, will function as a platform which eliminates silos in urban and metropolitan management and makes it easier to address common issues such as transport, flood risks, air and pollution and waste management. The Bandung Command Centre in Bandung, Indonesia, can be a good model (Box 4.7). Currently, a lot of data is missing that is needed to assess the environmental status and performance of the region (e.g., there is no recent air quality data available, while increasing commuting trips and motorisation suggests air pollution may become more severe in the near future). In addition, where data is available, it is often only at the scale of local authorities, or at the broader scale of the Johor State, which is insufficient for any accurate analysis of the policy needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, to avoid too few data points per category, it was necessary to group selected forest types into broader units, mainly representing older forests with various main dominating tree species, rich forest types (based on ground vegetation criteria), and coastal forest. For these broader units it was possible to collate data on tree biomass from the forest inventory and use this as a basis for calculating carbon stocks and changes in these stocks between two successive inventory cycles. A brief summary of the results is given in chapter 6.2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Other OECD countries also saw big rises, including the United Kingdom and Australia. As well as looking at the top 1% of earners, they argue, we should also look at an even smaller segment - the top 0.1% of earners (1 in 1,000), and even the top 0.01% of earners (1 in 10,000). As the Nobel laureate Paul Krugman has noted, data from the U.S. Congressional Budget Office shows that between 1979 and 2005, the after-tax income of Americans in the middle of the income distribution rose by 21%, among the 0.1% it was up 400%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In the last decade, and particularly since 2010, the number of discharges per capita has tended to decrease, and is now in line with the OECD average mentioned previously. For example, rural dwellers represent 43% of the population but only 32% of hospital attendances. In the absence of additional information, it not possible to determine whether or not this difference signals disparities in access for rural populations, and if so, whether the drivers are geographic, cultural or infrastructural. No data appear to be collected on access to care from the patient perspective, which would aid in understanding the nature of (and remedies for) barriers to access. Overall, it is not possible to determine with the available data whether patient income or socio-economic characteristics play a role in reaching the hospital gates or being admitted. Uneven access probably also stems from the inability of facilities across regions to provide the same services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The demand for secure energy supply underpins economic activity whether it is a factory in Germany or a farming operation in Kenya. It is needed to grow crops just as much as it is needed to underpin the mobile phone network through which farmers can connect to their markets. Energy is an essential input to the production of food and the provision of water, it can eliminate the need for hours spent collecting fuel wood to make more time available for education and entrepreneurial activity, it offers mobility that makes trade possible. Energy fuels the movement of manufactured goods, people, services and ideas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Consequently, tax reforms must be evaluated bearing in mind how those resources are used. Reduction in inequality over the past decade has mainly been the result of a better distribution of labour income, with a much lesser redistributive role being played by the State. During the first decade of the twenty-first century, a series of studies were carried out on the impact of fiscal policy on Central American, Andean and other South American countries.1 The results showed that value added tax (vat) had a modest redistributive, although regressive, effect, and that personal income tax was highly progressive, but had a very moderate redistributive effect, particularly when compared to the redistributive capacity of public social spending. It was thus concluded that fiscal policy overall was not playing a strong role in redistribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
We do refer to trade for specific targets for which it is especially relevant. The same applies to SDG 16, and in particular target 16.6 that refers to “effective, transparent and accountable institutions at all levels”. From the literature, it is clear that this is a critical factor which will affect the realization of most of the targets under SDG 14.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Data was only available from Benishangul Gumuz, which spent an average of ETB 0.1 million between 2010/11 and 2016/17 on this instrument. This was the second-largest focus area in expenditure terms between 2012/13 and 2015/16. Spending grew by 6% per year on average in real terms over this period. Moreover, social sectors such as health and education are not well equipped to accommodate children with disabilities and other vulnerable groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It can thus remain isolated from policy and decision-making in other areas, even in disaster management. As a result, there is often limited contact between forecasters and disaster managers, and various sectors of the economy make limited use of the existing warning and risk information. Asia-Pacific countries have therefore developed regional cooperation mechanisms, notably for tsunamis and tropical cyclones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, five different ramping rates were considered: 1%, 3%, 5%, 10% and the aforementioned ideal case with an infinite ramping rate. Results are shown in Figure 3.12. The economical incidence of the ramping rate is marginal: doubling the ramping rate from 5% to 10% would lead to a 2.5% increase in the load flexibility value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It presents indicators for women’s participation in economic and production activity and analyses the characteristics of women's employment. It also includes an analysis of female and male time use in paid and unpaid activities, an issue connected to the sexual division of labour and the reinforcement of traditional gender roles, something that affects the real potential for women to enter and remain in paid employment. Accordingly, the third and fourth sections examine, respectively, women’s participation in jobs with higher average pay (executive positions) and women's empowerment and economic autonomy (female entrepreneurs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Indeed, allocating water risks between residential, agricultural, industrial and environmental uses raises a significant political economy question. Taking a broader view on interconnected and sometimes conflicting policy objectives, such as tensions between food security (and the willingness to secure domestic production) and water productivity (and the allocation of water to activities which add more value), trade-off choices can be improved. This requires a coherent approach between water policies (as described above) and other (sectoral, environmental) policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These subsidies motivate operators to report higher waste amounts and longer distances, to obtain additional funds. These analyses show varying results, but were prepared by different methods and at different times. The first two analyses, for 2004 and 2007, were prepared by analysing municipal waste at the container stand and combining it with an estimation of ash generation in ger areas. These characterize generated municipal waste at the district level. Composition of waste generated by individual households was studied by Delgermaa and Matsumoto in 2016 on a sample of 18 households for two w'eeks. Sampling was done directly in the household, and this is the reason for the high share of food waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
On the other hand, the large-scale penetration of distributed and intermittent renewable generation might present a challenge to nuclear. Widespread commercialisation of small-scale nuclear technology might be able to take on this challenge successfully. Stirling observes that the HHI does not properly reflect the diversity property balance as it gives a higher weight to producers with high market shares (Stirling, 1998).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Accountability mechanisms are touted as a path to “good governance.” But are accountability mechanisms a sure route to achieving the objectives of “good governance”? Limited case studies have offered inconsistent evidence (Blair, 2000, Charlick, 2001, Devas & Grant, 2003). But empirical evidence of the relationships among principles of good governance—high citizen participation, low levels of corruption, high-quality service delivery—and accountability mechanisms is lacking. We examine the effectiveness of accountability mechanisms in Liberia and find relationships between measures of county level fiscal accountability and measures of good governance do not always produce expected results, making fiscal accountability mechanisms no guarantee for achieving goals of good governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The extent to which labour income contributes to the financing older persons’ consumption depends on the demographic characteristics, labour market conditions and level of economic development of each country. Key direct factors include labour force participation rate, labour productivity, statutory retirement age and the coverage and adequacy of pension systems. This and all subsequent figures in this section show box plots of the distribution of the proportion of consumption financed by various sources for two groups of countries (developed and developing countries) and for three age groups (55 to 64 years, 65 to 69 years and 70 years or over).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Current labour market conditions are widening the income gap between full-time employees and an increasing share of the workforce on part-time, insecure and often low-paid jobs. This comes in a context where income inequality, measured by the Gini coefficient of disposable income, was already high and rising before the recession. Although inequality fell in 2010-11, as the fall in real incomes was larger at the top of the income distribution than at the bottom, absolute poverty increased (Cribb et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Those who carry out building confirmation and inspection in the private institutions are required to have the qualification equivalent to building officials. In 2014, approximately 4 500 people, including public building officials and private inspectors, were engaged. Private institutions accounted for 86% of building confirmations (in 2014) and 80% of final inspections (in 2013). The final inspection rate increased from the 40% in 1998 to about 90% in 2013. The new system also allowed public building officials to focus on conducting other important tasks such as auditing building officials and remedying non-conforming buildings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Part of that assessment would be whether students who undertake a cooperative type work experience are likely to undertake further training when in employment, thus potentially overcoming the problem in Mexico that the country has one of the lowest rates of participation of 25-to-64 year-olds in job-related training among OECD countries. The government pays nearly two-thirds of the £65.5k annual budget for a KTP project. This means that companies pay an average of £21k annually and get £65.5k worth of services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This is the case for mobile Internet in the Zambia where mobile operators offer a variety of data bundles catering to every income level. Except for small-scale agriculture households, there are monthly bundles that cost around the same amount that different types of households spend on communications, differentiated by the volume of data they include (Figure 4.4). They range from a one-hour plan featuring 5 MB of usage to weekly bundles offering unlimited access to popular social media and OTT applications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Many SCP problems are of a global nature due to the increasingly global nature of production and consumption and product life cycles, however the main institutions are generally set up for dealing with national or sub-national issues. The experience in cross-agency collaboration, especially horizontal collaboration, is often quite limited. In the case of incomplete scientific knowledge they have to rely on precaution to avoid undesired consequences, which is not always easy to argue due to a lack of tradition in precautionary policy approaches. The program is a regulatory approach administered by the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and does not provide any economic incentives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Creating markets, such as emissions trading systems, by defining tradable products and allocating property rights, which allow private actors to engage in achieving efficient outcomes over parameters that previously had impossibly high transaction costs. Climate policy is a case in point. Efforts to reduce GHG emissions are impacted by an unacknowledged struggle about who should possess the use rights over the earth’s atmosphere. While historical use rights were on the side of carbon emitters, current policy prescriptions somewhat breezily assume on the basis of a “polluter pays principle”, whose real-world application is often more difficult than the casual observer might assume, that current use rights belong to the general public. There is nothing fundamentally wrong with this. The problem is only that the hidden distributional issue, which is of considerable magnitude measured in billions of dollars, is defining the strategies of the different actors and blocks any overall progress towards meaningful GHG emissions reductions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Hence, deflating by a food and clothing price index rather than the aggregate CPI provides a better indication of the welfare change for those workers. That is, inequality between unskilled wage-earners and the much wealthier owners of capital (human or physical) within developing countries would decrease with full trade reform. Anderson, Valenzuela and van der Mensbrugghe (2010) go a step further by explicitly assessing reform impacts on poverty even though the Linkage model has only one single representative household per country. They do so using the elasticities approach, which involves taking the estimated impact on real household income and applying an estimated income to poverty elasticity to estimate the impacts on the poverty headcount index for each country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As for surplus countries, there would be somewhat more cases of trade-offs than complementarities, although the latter group would include some of the larger countries (e.g. Germany, Japan and Korea). Highlights of this work includes the 2011 report “How's Life?” ( For a revision of the limitations of GDP to gauge material living standards and well-being see also Chapter 6 of the 2006 edition of Going for Growth on “Alternative Measures of Well-Being” (OECD, 2006b). Some measures that extend GDP numbers to non-market production, and thereby may come closer to indicators of well-being, have also been explored the 2011 edition of Going for Growth (Annex 1 of OECD, 2011e).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These regressive outcomes, and the proliferation of right-wing dictatorships across the so-called “Third World”, were in sharp contrast with the achievements of the rich countries under the post-war Keynesian-social democratic consensus, and the economic successes of the countries following the Soviet and Chinese models. This study expressed a growing scepticism with the Bank’s earlier strategy of supporting “big push” growth projects, while expecting market processes to reduce poverty and inequality spontaneously (see McKinley, 2009, pp. Redistribution with Growth triggered a review of the World Bank’s emphasis on capital-intensive development and maximization of the investible surplus, as these seem to lead to income and wealth concentration and unable to generate sufficient employment. It was thought that the Bank’s new priorities should be towards promotion of labour-intensive industries and provision of education and infrastructure for the poor, especially in small-scale agriculture (now deemed to be at least as productive as large-scale production), and through transfer of land and other assets to the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Furthermore, national GHG emission projections show total emissions increasing by 4 to 8% by 2020 (excluding LULUCF) due to increased emissions from energy production, industrial activities and transport (APA, 2010). Energy transformation and transport were the major sources of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, followed by the industrial sector (Figure 5.2). Energy industries were also responsible for about half the emissions of sulphur oxides (SOx) and 18% of those of nitrogen oxides (NCy on average during the same period. Transport remains the major source of NOx emissions (Table 3.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is also supporting national governments to organize similar national and sub-national meetings. Local governments, and their local partners, are imparting skills to enable effective use of tools such as the Disaster Resilience Scorecard for cities. They are also providing a simple methodology that can support development of DRR plans from the Scorecard's outputs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In particular, women in unregistered customary law unions, including polygamous unions, often have no legal entitlements, as do those cohabiting without formal or customary marriage. This translates into substantial competitive disadvantages for female-headed households, for example, in accessing and using market information and extension services, applying for credit, and complying with importing countries’ product standards, particularly in relation to sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures (UNCTAD 2011, UNCTAD 2014). Malawi exemplifies both the resilience and the complexity of such practices. Formally, when a husband dies, the property is inherited by his wife and children. Actual practices, however, are varied and more complex. In some districts, besides the surviving wife, property can be inherited only by male children, based on an assumption that any land held by girls would be lost to outsiders after their marriage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
La reproduccion social se incorpora a este modelo tratando el factor trabajo como un medio de produccion que, a su vez, tambien es producido. Este proceso de reproduccion corre principalmente a cargo de las mujeres (pero tambien de los hombres) a traves del trabajo tanto remunerado como no remunerado. Uno de los objetivos clave es diferenciar las sociedades que prestan mas o mejores cuidados de aquellas que prestan menos cuidados. En terminos de crecimiento, la autora distingue entre lo que denomina economias con una alta o baja propension a la prestacion de cuidados, identificando para ello la relacion entre los salarios, la inversion en las personas y el crecimiento economico.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The indicator includes regular paid and unpaid extra hours and work done at home. It excludes the travelling time between home and workplace and the main meal break. Employed persons with non-response should be dropped from the calculation (see glossary). Employed persons (age 15+): Employment is defined according to the resolution of the 19th ICLS in 2013 (see glossary).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Prepared using the same methodology as was applied for Latin America, the estimates allow multidimensional child poverty in Caribbean countries to be compared with the rest of the region. This had not been possible hitherto using monetary poverty statistics, which are constructed under different methods. There was a marked difference between the continental countries (Belize, Guyana and Suriname) and the island countries (Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, Jamaica, Santa Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Two proxy measures of access to basic health-care services are used to calculate the degree of inaccessibility: a service use-related indicator and a staff-related indicator. The service use-related indicator is the percentage of live births not attended by a qualified health professional. The staff-related indicator measures the shortfall in the minimum number of health professionals. Higher values of this indicator indicate a greater deficit. The data available on these two indicators for countries in the Asia-Pacific region are summarized in table 5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Likewise in Lao PDR, the government has emphasised the need to focus more on inclusive and sustainable growth in implementing the Eighth National Socio-Economic Development Plan (NSEDP) 2016-2020 (RTM, 2015a). Development partners have also encouraged the integration of CSR in business models in the Vientiane Declaration on Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation (20lb-25) as a result of dialogue with the government, calling for stronger partnerships between the private sector and the government in the development process (RTM, 2015b). They highlighted the importance of socially and environmentally responsible FDI, underlining that the social, environmental and economic price of ‘growing first and cleaning up later’ is too costly (RTM, 2015c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In both countries, UNFPA funds most supplies and GFAMT and USAID support social marketing of condoms among groups considered at risk (UNFPA, 2008, USAID, 2008a). In Myanmar, despite economic sanctions, support has been provided on humanitarian grounds, with DFID and UNFPA as the primary source of generic commodities (condoms, pills, injectables and IUDs) for the public sector, and bilateral donors and foundations investing in social marketing and outreach work of NGOs (UNFPA 2002, PSI 2010). Still, foreign aid remains insufficient to cover the total unmet need for contraception and for STI /HIV prevention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some steps have been made to this direction. For example the Best to Industries Programme at the Computer Sciences Department of the Tel Hai Academic College provides an example of systematic collaboration with the local high-tech industry that improves students’ learning outcomes, strengthens the links between higher education and industry and helps attract and build high-tech industry to the northern-most part of the country. This type of initiatives should be expanded to other higher education institutions and disciplines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Criminal cases against domestic violence in India frequently result in unlawful “compromises” where litigants breach legal procedure and negotiate out-of-court settlements. Using ethnographic and interview data, this Article analyzes how legal cases become extralegal settlements. I argue that India’s legal environment engenders an “aspirational-strategic” legal consciousness among survivors, who simultaneously believe they deserve what the law promises while distrusting legal procedure and law enforcement personnel. Their bifurcated vision of the law leads them to negotiate illicit settlements. These findings indicate that expansions in legal rights can have contradictory effects on rule of law. Depending on the political economy of the legal institutional environment, citizens may respond to rights by simultaneously adopting new norms while ignoring legal rules and procedure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)