albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Studies using occupational class or education level instead of income as socio-economic indicator find qualitatively similar results, though differences in life expectancy are significantly smaller (Palosuo et al., The TEROKA project aims to develop a knowledge base and tools to promote the attainment of the objective of the Health 2015 public health programme for reducing health inequalities. An analysis of the recent hospital reform in Norway”, in: Andresen and Gronlie (eds.), “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Prescription rates appear to be higher where labour force participation is lower. There is also a possible relationship between drug use and disability. This may arise after the definition of disability was extended to include chronic conditions. Krueger (2017(47)) found that around one-fifth of the non-participating prime age males were also regularly taking opioid painkillers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In particular, FTA makes the distinction between "shared-ride" service and "exclusive ride" service. The former are services where open sharing of the ride occurs by design and passengers or drivers cannot limit who comes on board if there is capacity, conditioned on certain operational, safety or security considerations. Ride services which can be reserved for the exclusive use of individuals or private groups, either by the operator or the first passenger's refusal to permit additional passengers, are considered exdusive-ride services (FTA, 2017). Generally, exclusive ride services are not eligible for funding through Federal grant programmes (with some limited exceptions where the exclusive ride service is part of a specific programme supporting alternatives to public transport - like some job access programmes).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In addition to difficulties linked to implementation, there are other barriers to learning from M&E processes (Box 5.1). In the context of cross-sectoral mainstreaming, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 13th Conference of the Parties (COP13) Decision XIII/3 invites parties: “To enhance monitoring of the use of natural resources, such as land, soil and water in all sectors, including agriculture, forests, fisheries and aquaculture, and tourism, among others, and to improve data collection, management and public access to monitoring data” (CBD, 2016c: para g). Though it is difficult to determine whether more recent biodiversity mainstreaming efforts have been effective, indicators to monitor this are beginning to emerge. This chapter therefore examines the types of indicators that could be used to track progress on biodiversity mainstreaming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Thanks also to Haje Schutte, Head of the Financing for Sustainable Development Division, Development Co-operation Directorate, OECD, who supervised the publication of this paper. Special thanks also to Fernando Galindo-Rueda, Senior Economist, Working Party of National Experts on Science and Technology Indicators (NESTI) and the broader Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Directorate, OECD for their useful comments to help improve this paper. The authors would also like to thank Stacey Bradbury and Sara Casadevall Belles for their support with publication. Investments in the search for new knowledge and the development of new technologies and innovations are central to any economy for greater utilisation of resources and to strengthen its competitiveness vis-a-vis other economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They are highest in sub-Saharan Africa, where 88 per cent of children (202 million) of primary and lower secondary school age were not proficient in reading, and 84 per cent (193 million) were not proficient in mathematics in 2015. Central and Southern Asia was not faring significantly better. There, 81 per cent of children (241 million) were not proficient in reading, and 76 per cent (228 million) lacked basic mathematical skills. The next decade provides an important window of opportunity for policymakers to ensure that all children are proficient in basic literacy and numeracy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Arms control treaties are necessary to reduce the large stockpiles of the nuclear weapons that constitute one of the biggest dangers to the world. However, an impactful treaty hinges on effective inspection exercises to verify the participants' compliance to the treaty terms. Such procedures would require verification of the authenticity of a warhead undergoing dismantlement. Previously proposed solutions lacked the combination of isotopic sensitivity and information security. Here we present the experimental feasibility proof of a novel technique that uses neutron induced nuclear resonances and is sensitive to the combination of isotopics and geometry. The information is physically encrypted to prevent the leakage of sensitive information. Our approach can significantly increase the trustworthiness of future arms control treaties while expanding their scope to include the verified dismantlement of nuclear warheads themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Provides the first extensive and authoritative review of the literature in this field.   Part of THE OXFORD LIBRARY OF PSYCHOLOGY series.  The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Violence, Homicide, and War synthesizes the theoretical and empirical work of leading scholars in the evolutionary sciences to produce the first extensive and authoritative review of this literature. The handbook includes chapters on intimate partner violence, child abuse, sibling violence, suicide, adolescent bullying, sexual abuse, religious terrorism, animal cruelty, and several chapters addressing human and non-human intergroup aggression and war. This breadth of coverage is unique, and ensures that the handbook provides essential reading for students and researchers in the fields of psychology, anthropology, criminology, sociology, ethology, biology, and behavioral ecology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Considering the area’s restriction, it is proposed to construct a combined (block) WWTP with reinforced concrete structures. The treated wastewater will be discharged into different parts of the Dalarik River and also the Hrazdan River, increasing the river water resources and enabling the irrigation of larger agricultural areas. However, it is important to note that allowing different discharge points would generate additional costs, as it would require a system of pipes and valves. Alternatively, all flows could be discharged in the river in one single point.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is part of the general shift to outcome measures in the public sector. There is a greater emphasis on the use of student achievement data both to understand the balance between school, student and contextual data and to look at the school processes that appear to support improved achievements (Campbell and Levin, 2009). These make data on student learning outcomes available, providing a picture of the extent to which student learning objectives are being achieved, and they grant the opportunity to compare student learning outcomes across individual schools, regions of the country and over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Within the Africa region, the general trend is highly diverse, with notable progress between 2000 and 2012 recorded in Ghana (net increase of 38.6 per cent), Rwanda (26.9 per cent), Morocco (25.7 per cent) and the United Republic of Tanzania (22.5 per cent), slight stagnation in others, and severe declines in Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Cote d’Ivoire, Eritrea, Mali and Niger. Subregional differences are shown in figure 3.7, with North and Southern Africa having higher schooling rates than the other sub-regions, and Central Africa scoring significant lower for women - a dramatically low 2.5 years of schooling for girls and the widest gender gap (almost two years). This has been a critical factor in arriving at close to universal primary education enrolment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Water problems will also hinder the ability of countries to produce food. On the other hand, water plays a central role in OECD’s Green Growth Strategy because well-managed water systems can generate huge benefits for our health and our economy (see OECD, Water and Green Growth, forthcoming, 2012). In 2008, several recovery packages included investment in water infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Three strategic components need to be present domestically to ensure the Internet continues to operate in an LDC in the event of a disruption to international connectivity: a root name server57, the ccTLD name server and an IXP. If the ccTLD is not managed locally, money accrues to overseas registrars and web hosting companies. If there is no IXP, then data will be exchanged overseas, requiring costly Internet bandwidth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
During recent years, the United Nations (UN) peacekeeping system has exerted robust interventions in the domestic jurisdiction of target states for human rights purposes. The existing literature attributes the explanation mainly to the “new politics of protection” pursued by Western governments and thus validates the realist hypothesis. This article analyzes the Cote d'Ivoire and Haiti cases to demonstrate that not only government policies (the realist hypothesis) but also independent bureaucratic powers exerted by senior UN officials (the social constructivist thesis) have contributed to the emergence of interventionist policies at the UN. Moreover, “bottom-up” initiatives stemming from the virtue ethics of senior UN officials have played a much more decisive role in generating the interventionist turn than “top-down” institutional guidelines and doctrines, such as the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) principle. Instead of RtoP, UN officials draw upon broad legitimating principles of the UN, notably huma...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Hence, forest reserves and other non-harvested forest areas have particular values for biodiversity linked to old forests and forests under natural dynamics. Only large forest conservation areas, in the order of 100 km2 or more, will be able to accommodate such disturbance processes at realistic scales. In addition, retention of old trees, dead wood, deciduous trees, and buffer zones against mires and wetlands are important measures to maintain habitat qualities that benefit substantial parts of biodiversity in harvested forest landscapes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This is the case in Poland, where sanitary thinning has included both damaged trees and deadwood. Nevertheless, except in 2007,13 deadwood removal from sanitary thinning as a share of merchantable timber has been halved since 2000 and was down to 15% in 2012. Selection-cutting (as opposed to clear-cutting) is often thought to be more beneficial for biodiversity, though there is still a lack of knowledge about how forestry without clear-cuts affects biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The CP1A formally determines the aid allocations of the World Bank and influences the allocations of many other donors. It is time that this approach to aid allocation was challenged. By linking the volume of aid to a country to its CPIA, LDCs almost inevitably end up with smaller aid allocations than middle-income countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Second, the relative ratios presented in the bottom section of the table show the persistence of stark average income gaps by race over the course of the twentieth century'. Black can be further broken down into the groups African, Coloured and Asian/Indian. This is important context to the stubborn persistence of these differences over the post-Apartheid period too.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The role of private health insurance is negligible. Primary care is financed largely through capitation with adjustments for age and rural location, plus a smaller share of fee-for-service and performance-related payments for specific prioritised areas of care, in particular chronic diseases. Outpatient care is financed through case payment and fee-for-service for diagnostic tests, while inpatient care is largely financed through case-based payment (DRGs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They are directed by the prefect, who has a key role at the local level in planning civil emergency and crisis management within the relevant administrative boundaries, i.e. the district. The river basin council’s main responsibility is to organize and coordinate emergency plans and implement the measures defined. They are responsible for drafting the water resources use inventory, in quality and quantity, and producing periodical update reports for the river basin councils.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The impact on market access and the policy space available for developing countries to manage natural resources was also raised in the discussions. It showed that total world fisheries production continued to grow in recent years, with aquaculture increasing in importance and fisheries becoming one of the most traded food products. The 2014 SOFIA also underscored challenges stemming from illegal unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, which led to an increase in the number of species being overfished. Several delegations expressed concerns about over exploitation and the pace of fish stock depletion, and some raised the issue of fisheries subsidies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Ministry for Sustainable Development of the State of Morelos has designed a strategy for the integrated management of wastewater treatment and solid waste (Estrategia de Gestidn Integral de Residuos Solidos, GIRSEM) through which it put in place wastewater treatment policies. Over 133 000 additional people now benefit from sanitary sewerage services, which represents a sewerage system covering 96% of the state's total population (INEGI, 2015c). Currently there are 43 in working condition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It has been asserted in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child that children’s voices should have a place in society and that their views and opinions should be taken into account by policy makers and those others in authority.  This paper suggests that children need to be empowered and enabled to become active, participative, political agents within society.  Within certain countries – in this instance, those constituting Great Britain – Education for Citizenship is on the Governmental agenda.  In order for children to be educated for citizenship, it is argued that they are treated as citizens not in the future, but citizens in the present.  Additionally, to further enable younger members of society to partake in the role of citizen it is here suggested that the practice of Community of Philosophical Inquiry be utilised to promote the necessary skills for full participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Examples of initiatives to promote gender mainstreaming include the Programme on Gender Mainstreaming in Energy Access (ECOW-GEN) of the Economic Community of Western African States (ECOWAS) and the integration of gender equity and social inclusion objectives, indicators and targets into Nepal’s National Rural Renewable Energy Programme (ECREEE and NREL, 2015, ADB et al., However, effective design of gender-sensitive energy policies requires improving the availability of gender-disaggregated data on energy access and uses. In addition to greater financial support for energy planning, LDCs and other developing countries (ODCs) could also benefit from the development of planning tools appropriate for their national contexts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The extent to which this link is drawn is investigated below by considering the various bodies’ approaches to gender pay gaps, the informal sector, domestic workers, and unpaid work. However, their recommendations are frequently limited to proposing that measures be taken to address this issue, without being more specific as to the kind of remedies needed. Recent concluding observations repeatedly require States to take concrete measures to close the wage gap between men and women.27 However, the nature of such measures is rarely specified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Water for “essential uses” (e.g. drinking water, water for national security purposes) usually figures among the highest priority uses, as would be expected. Water for the environment is rarely among the highest priorities in times of scarcity and often figures among the lowest. There is clearly scope to broaden the application of abstraction charges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As a preliminary matter, the article considers different legal regimes pertaining to the power of the international criminal tribunals to punish conduct that tends to impede or frustrate the good administration of justice, from Nuremberg to the UN Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals. It further examines the actus reus and mens rea of the offence of giving false testimony under solemn declaration, pursuant to article 70(1)(a) of the Rome Statute. It separately evaluates whether materiality of the false testimony is a requisite legal element of this offence. In conclusion, the article observes that few offences are carried off with greater impunity in the international criminal proceedings, and cautions against establishing false testimony as norm through a deliberate non-enforcement of its prohibition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In part, low coverage reflects the high incidence of informality and self-employment. While workers in informal employment cannot be affiliated to social security, it is not always compulsory for the self-employed, and when it is, it tends to be difficult to enforce. The share of self-employed in total employment is around 40% in Indonesia and between 20 and 30% in most of the other emerging economies, well above the average OECD share of about 15% (see Annex 2.A2 in OECD, 2011b for details). Moreover, coverage of contributory programmes is concentrated among better-off workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The latter sector is essential to many households' livelihoods and acts as a safety net for the poorest rural dwellers. The dynamic rural economy is composed of specialist firms run by entrepreneurs with relatively high skill levels. These businesses tend to be small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that are larger in scope and scale than traditional household or microenterprises (World Bank, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It is worthy to note that due to lack of available data, it is impossible to address illegal and involuntary migration at a macro level, although it may represent a large share of South-South migration. If anything, our results would be downward biased in magnitude, but there is no reason to believe that the sign of the relationship should be opposite for illegal migrants. An alternative proxy of social institutions would be the CIRI Human Rights Dataset (Cingranelli and Richards, 2010), which covers outcomes of these institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The process of developing this vision should engage a broad range of stakeholders from national and subnational levels in setting objectives and developing innovative solutions. However, the measures implemented have further complicated the water governance system. Proposals were made in 2006 to replace river basin authorities with eight river basin districts to implement some of the main provisions of the WFD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Other countries may be carrying out gender mainstreaming activities without a specific strategy. Although many countries employ some form of gender mainstreaming, according to the OECD Survey on National Gender Frameworks, Public Policies and Leadership, only a few MENA countries (e.g. the Palestinian Authority) take active steps to systematically integrate gender equality considerations in the design, implementation and monitoring of policies, programmes and laws. Since then, Sweden has consolidated its gender mainstreaming strategy, which aims at achieving equal opportunities, rights and responsibilities for women and men, progressively into all policy areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Distribution of Child Poverty in the Developing World. Bristol: Centre for International Poverty Research. Childhood Experiences, Educational Attainment and Adult Labour Market Performance. Child Well-Being, Child Poverty and Child Policy in Modern Nations, 129-150. What Can Be Learned from Deprivation Indicators in Europe. Eurostat Methodologies and Working Paper.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The optimal capacity structure for the reference case and for all four scenarios considered is showed in Figure 4.15. This effect has been observed in all four scenarios analysed, and the effect becomes more and more significant with the renewable penetration level. For example, in the scenario represented in Figure 4.14 the introduction of 78 GW of wind power displaces, on the long run, about 19 GW of baseload nuclear capacity, i.e. about 40% of optimal capacity in the reference scenario. It is interesting to note that 78 GW of wind produces the same electricity as about 16.2 GW of dispatchable baseload.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Other systems have implemented programmes that target low-income families directly. In Australia, the Home Interaction Program for Parents and Youngsters has been implemented in over 100 disadvantaged communities around the country. It aims to support low-income parents and carers in their role of being their children's first teacher (OECD, 2012b). However, the prevalence of grade repetition varies widely between countries. For example, Japan, South Korea and Norway do not have grade repetition system and all students automatically progress to the next grade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Further analysis of similar initiatives might help governments learn from the experience of other countries. The private rental market also plays an increasingly important role in the provision of affordable housing, this is likely to continue as housing support shifts from social rental housing to housing allowances. Policies to support housing affordability through the private rental market are therefore becoming more prominent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This does not imply, however, that they do not co-operate on issues of mutual interest. The poverty studies carried out by Universiti Sains Malaysia in the 1980s were not only useful at the regional level, they were also useful for developing anti-poverty strategies at the national level. These studies were carried out by the Centre for Policy Research which Universiti Sains Malaysia established in the 1970s and which was funded jointly by national and local governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)