albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The progressive development of the international agenda on business and human rights generated the necessary conditions to establish an open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group by the United Nations Human Rights Council, whose task is the development of a legally binding instrument to regulate the activities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises in international human rights law. The progress of the round of negotiations between the different stakeholders allowed the publication of the Zero Draft of the treaty on business and human rights in July 2018 and the Revised Draft of the treaty in July 2019. This article makes a critical analysis of the advances and challenges of the treaty process and the key elements of the future instrument. It also reflects on the relevance of this instrument in contemporary international law.   Received : 24 June 2019  Accepted : 02 November 2019  Published online : 20 diciembre 2019
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
New developments in space technology (satellites, space communications, GPS systems) are also promising as a means of amassing more accurate and timelier information on markets. A brief overview on the current and potential use of space technology is provided in Box 2.1. The FAO Global Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS) monitors the world food supply/demand and price situation and provides early warnings of impending food crises in individual countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Stable employment brings benefits for society—enabling the workforce to retain experience, knowledge and productivity, thus enhancing economic performance.69 Full employment also contributes to social cohesion, particularly by improving the well-being of girls. Increased employment of women helps change perceptions of the ‘value’ of girls and encourages investment in their education and health. It also helps reduce poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These include developments in artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotics, nanotechnology and 3D-printing. According to 2016 estimates by the World Economic Forum, about 35% of the skills demanded for jobs across industries will change by 2020.121 To remain competitive and adjust, countries will need strategies for skilling and upskilling so that they can create and maintain needed talent. Firms have incentives to invest in skills that make them more competitive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In many developed countries, one of the most prominent political priorities in agricultural policy making is support for farm incomes. The traditional response W'as to provide that support through price policy for agricultural commodities or output-based payments, keeping domestic prices above the level prevailing on international markets. As discussed above, the OECD has engaged in all sorts of analysis showing how such policies distort markets, create trade problems, waste resources and reduce economic welfare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
An effective caucus relies on strong links with national women’s groups, CSOs and research institutes and universities. The Council continues the work of the post-Beijing Interagency Council and the White House Office for Women’s Initiatives and Outreach. It aims to provide “a co-ordinated federal response to the challenges confronted by women and girls” and to ensure “that all Cabinet and Cabinet-level agencies consider how their policies and programs respond to women and girls’ needs and impact them.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For instance, Portland’s open rules towards food vending have allowed local food truck entrepreneurs to occupy vacant spaces and create vibrant uses out of them—it has been a boon for local businesses and has encouraged tourism to the area (Southworth, 2014). Temporary land uses encourage experimentation. Across the United States, local skateboarders have taken over vacant lands—often unused public land underneath bridges—to build illegal skateparks (e.g., Burnside Park, Portland, Washington Street Park, San Diego).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The transformation of the farm structure reversed the roles of the large-scale and small-scale production. Agricultural enterprises, producing almost two-thirds of total agricultural output in 1990 accounted for less than one-third in 2011, while the shares of individual farms and household plots reversed accordingly. Households officially accounted for only 0.33% of utilised agricultural land in 2011. In the north and the north east large-scale farms dominate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The suicide rate has stayed fairly constant amongst women over the last 20 years (around 5 suicides per 100 000 population), with both men and women seeing a slight rise in suicide mortality since 2008, which could be related to the economic crisis (see Figure 2, from ONS Suicide Data, 2011). There are some specific groups in England that are known to be at above average risk from suicide. Helping people back into employment is a key priority for this Government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The low share of non-R&D innovation expenditure results in an average level of innovation intensity, compared to the EU28, despite the high level of R&D expenditure in the Austrian business sector. In 2014-16, 22.7% of all firms reported new-to-market product innovations. This share has increased only slightly in the past ten years and at a much lower rate than the share of firms engaged in process, organisational or marketing innovations. In 2016, 12.6% of total sales originated from product innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A UPPO consists of 35 cows, an animal enclosure, organic fertiliser processing tool, simple compost house, fermentation tank and three wheeler vehicles. Each UPPO is capable of producing 135 tonnes of organic fertiliser per year from livestock manure. As at the end of 2009,1 345 UPPOs had been distributed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At the same time, however, transport networks need to be developed in ways which minimize unacceptable adverse impacts. To date the rapid urbanization of Asian cities has, for the most part, resulted in cities that are heavily congested, are poor in urban amenity, suffer high levels of air pollution, emit substantial amounts of C02, inefficiently use scarce land resources, and present unequal access to opportunities for their residents. In the case of road congestion, the degraded amenity particularly affects and decreases the use of other, lower polluting road users, namely public transport, cycling and walking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
More generally, women are more likely to be marginal workers and thus bear disproportionately the costs of regulation in unemployment. Montag (2013) finds that India’s stringent labour laws reduce female participation in urban areas, but have no impact on men, or on wages of either gender. Furthermore, regulations may also have led to more women working in agriculture, and in informal sector as self-employed (Montag, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Continuing momentum and funding for the final phase-out is crucial to maintaining this unprecedented international success story. However, depletion of fish stocks below sustainable-yield levels is also a major driver of ecological and evolutionary harm to marine ecosystems. The percentage of overfished stocks that remain within safe biological limits has been falling over time. As a result of this 40-year deterioration in the condition of global fisheries, fish stocks are now below the level at which they can produce maximum sustainable yields.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Latreille (2007) finds that conciliation in the UK employment tribunal increases both the probability that an employer makes a settlement offer and the likelihood that an employee accepts the offer, possibly by helping parties to tone down their expectations about the outcomes of a tribunal ruling. A key question when examining the efficiency of pre-trial conciliation is whether cases resolved in conciliation are those that would have been settled out-of-court anyway. Almost uniformly high settlement rates across OECD economies, along with a lack of correlation between the existence of pre-trial mediation and conciliation rates, suggest that formal conciliation may play only a minor role in promoting settlement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In 1997, Thailand began to devolve essential public service functions to a local level. However, the implementation process has been slow, especially in the public health domain. Public concerns with local government ineffectiveness and corruption have prompted the Ministry of Public Health to launch a pilot decentralization program whereby a small number of local communities across Thailand were chosen to receive the budget and management authority over basic health services. To evaluate the outcome of health decentralization in these pilot communities, this paper argues that the conventional health outcome measures (e.g. infant mortality rate, fertility rate, and average life expectancy) are inadequate for understanding the dynamics of community learning and development. To address this inadequacy, the community empowerment concept is used to analyze the social and political aspects of public health decentralization. Qualitative techniques, including participant observation, focus group interviews, and ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Area or weather index based insurance provides indemnities that are not calculated through an estimation of individual loses, they use the estimated average production loss in the location of the farm, or an index of local rainfall or temperature. Index insurance has the advantage of reducing information asymmetries because indemnities are triggered by indexes that are out of the control of the farmer and this can reduce the administration costs. Despite its simplicity and great potential there are only few cases of widespread programmes, in particular the area-yield index National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) in India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Rationalisation of tariffs and stricter compliant mechanisms mean that the end users are now more exposed to the true cost of power. As electricity distributors have used innovative technologies to crack down on theft, electricity demand in Delhi has grown much more slowly in the last 5 years (i.e. post reforms) than in the pre-2003 state-of-affairs, despite a much stronger economic growth in Delhi post-2003. This is equivalent to nearly 50% of India’s total power-sector emissions in 2007 (520 Mt of CO2) and about 6% of Europe’s total emissions in 2006. Clearly, power-sector reforms will have a significant developmental impact in India by improving the access and reliability of the electricity system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Men and women incur the time cost also of accessing water and fuel supply or medical services, of working or looking for work, and so on, as they perform their multiple roles. Balancing the burdens of work and household responsibilities can leave many, especially women, stressed, overworked and disenfranchised. Analysis of TUD can help support the attainment of many of the SDGs and enable governments to address them strategically and systematically.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Countries who are most successful in activating their skills potential share a number of features. They provide high-quality lifelong learning opportunities, both in and outside school and die workplace. They develop education and training programmes that are relevant to students and flexible, both in content and in how they are delivered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In this regard, enthusiasm about start-ups and microenterprises and small and mediumsized enterprises is understandable, yet it often appears to be overstated, in particular in the light of the low survival rates of such enterprises. Whether and how the potential opportunities offered by global value chains (GVCs) can help to stimulate the entrepreneurship needed to drive structural transformation is a critical developmental question for LDCs. However, there has been surprisingly little research to validate the supposed advantages of GVCs in stimulating local entrepreneurship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On the other hand, Dominica's pre-existing conditions limited its options and fell far short of meeting the total costs of Hurricane Erika, even though those costs have probably been underestimated. This is despite both countries being eligible for overseas development assistance (ODA).16 as well as having similar eligibility criteria for grants from IFIs (see Table 5). From a bilateral perspective, one of the reasons could be that Vanuatu has a much closer political relationship with its major bilateral donor, Australia, than the relationship between Dominica and Japan, its major bilateral donor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In particular, adequate information generation and sharing among relevant actors as well as scattering and fragmentation of the generated primary water and environmental data are important bottlenecks across ministries, agencies and levels of government involved in water policy. In addition, substantive problems with data inhibit integrated water policies in several ways (including jargon, a mix of terminologies, unclear definitions, overlapping meanings of terms related to water, etc.). In New Zealand, the lack of common information and a common national frame of reference has historically been the largest hurdle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Migrants can place great burdens in countries where existing resources are often limited, poorly managed and overexploited. But unsustainable use of water and land resources will not help to meet these targets. Climate change is focusing minds on sustainability and the fact that the natural resources of future generations are being consumed to satisfy the economic demands of today. The findings confirm that water insecurity acts as a major constraint to global economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Administrative data usually concern foreign citizens who are bom abroad. The remaining chapters, on the other hand, are mostly based on the census data which allow for a comprehensive analysis of international immigrants and their characteristics. According to population census data, while the native-born population increased from 60.6 million to 65.9 million, the foreign-bom population increased from 263 000 to 2.5 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In most of the EAC countries, judicial officers handle cases of sexual and gender-based violence according to laws relevant to the acts specifically charged. A number of relevant cases have been identified and appear in the annex to this paper. Kenya makes mention of ‘forced marriage’ in the definitive part of Protection against Domestic Violence Act under section 4 but it does not create an offence of ‘forced marriage.’
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Gender inequalities are often altered, for better or worse, during post-disaster social reconstruction. Originally launched in its 2013 pilot phase as a gender-environment index, the EGI project is being transformed into an umbrella gender-environment knowledge platform. Having developed a methodology and toolkit for almost 50 high-priority gender and water indicators, WWAP plans to pilot test the project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This chapter discusses the context, main issues and policy options adopted across OECD countries to promote equity and quality in education and raise student outcomes. Policies that combine equity and quality refer to those focused on ensuring that personal or social circumstances do not hinder achieving educational potential (fairness) and that all individuals reach at least a basic minimum level of skills (inclusion). They comprise investing in early childhood education and care (ECEC), tackling system-level policies that may hinder equity (such as grade repetition, unsupported school choice or early tracking) and supporting students from disadvantaged backgrounds. The reforms vary across countries, as they are influenced by context, traditions, institutional settings and specific national or regional challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Ethanol (2207.10) and methanol (2905.11) fail the single use test as these are common chemicals in many synthetic hydrocarbon reactions, in addition to being “green fuels”. Biodiesel is exclusively used for transportation or energy production but is an ex-out 3®(3824.90 ex) as it is categorized under the large subheading of “products, preparations and residual products of the chemical or allied industries”. Solar cells also form part of a large subheading (8541.40), which includes semiconductor devices and light-emitting diodes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
By 2008, installed capacity had grown nine times over the 1998 level of 15 million km . The IEA projects China's solar heat use to grow another 450% by 2035 in the New Policies Scenario. Solar water heating now covers over 3% of residential water heating demand in China and so absolute growth will be significant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Additionally, LADOT has piloted a mobile payment application for its transit services and there are plans to expand Go LA to include reservation and payment capabilities in Summer 2016. Infrastructure as a Service more transparently reflects the costs to build, maintain and operate public infrastructure by charging fees for this service. With a solid data baseline, this approach can also support tiered fees to ensure there is equity in access to the public right-of-way. Infrastructure as a Service can help shift behaviour by incentivising shared mobility, promoting staggered commute times and other active transportation alternatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This essay provides a critical account of Wal-Mart's rhetoric of environmental stewardship. By situating this discourse within a new political economy of production and governance that Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri have termed empire, I argue that environmental communication scholars should limit the rush to deploy ideological criticism when explaining the corporation's rhetorical motives. Instead, I advocate reading Wal-Mart's rhetoric as a problem of historical conjunctures, a critical move that seeks to highlight, not only the structural interests of capital, but also the centrality of social antagonism. In the case of Wal-Mart, this means accounting for the increased significance of demand to economic production, changes in the composition of sovereignty, and the transgressive function of environmentalism at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These are divided into enabling environment activities (policy and administrative management, environmental education/training, and environmental research) and sectoral activities (health, water and sanitation, agriculture, forestry', fishing, flood prevention/control, and disaster prevention and preparedness). Based on this classification, the project and programme documents analysed for this study were categorised as follows: i) Climate risk reduction, ii) Policy and administrative management for climate change, Hi) Education, training and awareness on climate change, iv) Climate scenario and impact research, and v) Co-ordination on climate change measures and activities across relevant actors. Table 5 provides a description of the categories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Exposure to storms is defined as when in a given country/year storms have produced at least one of the following effects: i) deaths of ten or more people, ii) 100 or more people affected/ injured/homeless, iii) declaration by the country of a state of emergency or an appeal for international assistance. There are 51 low- and middle-income countries that meet these criteria. For a complete list, see Toble A2.2. There are 78 low- and middle-income countries that meet these criteria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Governance aspects must also be understood in order to fully grasp the myriad of uncertainties, difficulties and opportunities that arise in managing water, energy and land resources, in making efforts to protect the environment, and eventually in the course of implementing solutions. The TBNA methodology has incorporated this kind of thinking from its inception and was thus developed as a two-track approach, with the two tracks being fully complementary. In addition, the fourth step explores the salient characteristics of an institutional framework by considering four variables of the governance system, namely: extent, coherence, robustness, and flexibility. The focus of the analysis is on policy coherence, as well as on identifying overlaps, gaps and complementarities of responsibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Meanwhile, the area encompassing the former USSR accounts for one of die world's largest migration systems, widi a migrant stock of up to 8-10 million people in the Russian Federation (Chudinovskikh and Denisenko, 2014) as the main destination country and Central Asian States2 as the principal countries of origin, which are highly reliant on remittances. The first papers addressing women's experience of migration in diat country - mostly the forced migration of Russian-speakers - emerged in the 1990s (Kosmarskaya, 1997, 1999, Pilkington, 1998, Britvina and Kiblitskaya, 2004), while more recently researchers have studied economic migration in this area. Notably, diere are rare papers in which male migration was considered from the gender perspective (Reeves, 2013). Overall, knowledge in die field of gender and migration in the former Soviet Union in general and from Central Asia to the Russian Federation in particular is fragmentary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Multinational, or transnational, corporations (hereafter 'TNC') have a longstanding, and uneasy, relationship with both society and the environment. Private law, and in particular the law of torts or civil liability, has often been used as a weapon by litigants to address environmental or personal concerns in respect of corporate acts. As national and international environmental and human rights regimes become more sophisticated, however, it is worth revisiting whether an integrated approach, built around a concept of 'social environmental justice' is useful or relevant in regulating the conduct of TNCs in this respect. In this paper, we argue that in spite of its limitations, the private international law of torts, is a useful tool for meeting regulatory challenges relating to TNCs and the environment, and that the approach that has been generally followed in the case law bears witness indeed to such an integrated approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Substitution of oil in the transport sector with gas, biomass or electricity, will also reduce demand across the globe as alternative fuel markets emerge. Undiversified oil exporters will be impacted adversely. Oil-importing nations may reap the short-term benefit of lower prices from trade imbalances brought on by decreasing demand from industrialised countries, but will eventually face a new equilibrium as production constricts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Only 7% of individuals with university-educated parents have only a primary education, compared with 42% of those whose parents’ highest level of education was lower secondary. At the same time, the probability of relative upward mobility towards tertiary education has stagnated for people born post-1975 at 15%. At the same time, school effects are driven by the selection of better students into schools, which is partly a parental choice, partly a school choice and partly the result of tracking or other institutional policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)