albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
From the early 1990s, the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) emphasized social engineering policies such as nation building and neo-liberalist policies in their programming that were in line with South Africa's new political economy. Through a study of two South African drama series, Ifa LakwaMthethwa and Hlala Kwabafileyo, this article will demonstrate how these films drew from the neo-liberal policies and popular culture discourses germane to contemporary creolized cultural processes to construct ‘aspirational’ narratives (as defined by Vundla and McCarthy, producers of Generations and Gaz' Lam II respectively), that reflect changing economic patterns in post-apartheid African society. Furthermore, the article will demonstrate how these films highlight notions of contemporeinity brought about by the interplay between tradition and modernity, the international world system and the local, and the flow of metropolitan meaning through national culture right up to that of the most remote backwater...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Over the past three decades, scholarship in sociology, criminology, law, public policy, history, science and technology studies (STS), and other allied fields has addressed various areas of concern at the intersections of race and correctional supervision in the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
According to the company’s management, these supplies are supposed to cover processors’ seasonal deficits of raw meat and eliminate middlemen from the livestock supply chain to lower consumer prices (rather than to support prices for producers). Since the beginning of its operations in 2001, KAP’s total expenditures on purchases of livestock products have not exceeded USD 20 million, averaging around KZT 1.2 billion (USD 8 million) in 2009-11 (Figure 2.7). Thus, the activity of KAP as a state buyer of livestock products is limited and unlikely to have a significant impact on producer prices. In 2007, KAP made intervention purchases of meat, for which KZT 1 billion (USD 8 million) were allocated, and in 2008 it spent KZT 795 million (USD 7 million) on imports of milk powder to supply milk plants. This was undertaken to limit consumer prices during the exceptional increase in 2008 of world milk prices. It was introduced in 2008 in response to recent price volatility on world agricultural markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Under communism, Moscow was imagined as the capital of a multinational brotherhood of peoples and was used as the stage from which to project the image of the Soviet Union as the country which had discovered the cure for racism. Since the collapse of this multi-ethnic friendship, administrative and law enforcement officials have systematically used public discourse and the registration system to exclude and racialize dark-skinned non-Russians in Moscow and re-imagine the community as white and Slavic. The Soviet era's positive discrimination or affirmative action policies have been replaced by a system of racial profiling. The seeds of this official racism, which has exploded in the post-communist period, were embedded in the Soviet system's ostensibly raceless ideology which, although suppressing overt racist policies like the ones being committed on a daily basis in Moscow, simultaneously claimed that non-Russians (particularly those of the Caucasus and Central Asia) were the Union's chief beneficiaries...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Mexico’s BANOBRAS (National Bank of Works and Public Services)15 and Turkey’s IlBank (Bank of Provinces)16 are examples of development banks that provide financing to local governments for investment projects and that could be of inspiration to Kazakhstan. These banks finance public investment in infrastructure and public services that contribute to social development and competitiveness. Local authorities are accountable only to higher-level government bodies and do not serve at the will of citizens (Makhmutova, 2006). In 2013, SNGs’ expenditure accounted for 9.4% of GDP (17% average in OECD countries) and 46.3% of public expenditure (40% in OECD countries in 2014) (Table 3.8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It is scarcely less difficult or costly to train teachers, accountants or professionals with other lost skills. Yet much of this is qualitative and not measurable. In both Samoa and Tonga, science and mathematics teachers from secondary schools are the ones most often lost, partly through migration and partly from attrition, since sciences and mathematics teachers are most easily able to find better paid jobs within the public sector. In Tonga, the loss of industrial arts and technical and vocational education and training teachers is a particular problem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
And in spite of the absence of a competition law, investors do not appear to complain about having to compete against well-established domestic incumbents - a complaint heard in many other countries in the region, such as the Philippines (OECD, 2016). This is also attested by investor surveys and interviews conducted as part of this review where concerns were raised about weak public institutions and policy uncertainty. Cambodia is ranked 135th out of 190 countries in 2018 in the World Bank’s Doing Business indicators, slipping three notches from the previous edition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Zero-rated services also give an advantage to large companies to the detriment of local startups. As one report notes: "Ironically, if zero-rated services were available when large Internet companies were startups, it is unlikely they would have scaled to the size they are now. Users often cite reasons such as no need or lack of skills as the reason they do not use the Internet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Through this process, two groups were created: 1) a treatment group, comprised of those individuals living in regions where broadband was introduced during the 2010-11 period, and 2) a control group, comprised of those individuals living in regions that already had access to residential broadband services by the fourth quarter of 2009. Using this approach, and given that the treatment group and the control group are statistically equal at the baseline of the observed variables, a regression model that estimates the impact of treatment on individual income levels was built. Controls were included for the variables that at the individual level can affect income (age, gender, employment status and healthcare coverage, level of formal education, and role within the family).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This recognition is the starting point, the challenge for the next decade is to move towards a new combination of structures and institutions capable of generating increasing levels of productivity and equality, in the framework of development with sustainability in different dimensions. Section 1 describes the regional situation and the paths for advancing towards higher levels of productivity and equality. The economic, social and environmental aspects of the constraints and challenges that the region faces on that path are analysed in section 2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The various institutions of the criminal justice system need to work together in a coordinated manner to respond to violence against women. The criminal justice sector should also promote the involvement of all relevant government sectors, as well as relevant sectors of civil society to ensure a comprehensive response to victims of violence. For instance, support agencies could work with police and prosecutors to ensure support to victims during statement taking and providing information on the progress of the case. Specialized approaches to violence against women may include establishing special police and prosecutorial units and special courts or dedicated justice system personnel and dedicated court time, and adequately funding specialized training, as well as multidisciplinary approaches such as one-shop centres (which provide multisectoral case management for victims such as health, welfare, counselling and legal services in one location).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Evidence for agriculture-based economies demonstrates that non-farm sources of income account for about 20-30 per cent of total income for rural households, a significant portion of which could consist of remittances from household members who migrated to urban areas (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Food Programme and International Fund for Agricultural Development, 2012). Policies that facilitate the transfer of such remittances would then come to be considered highly necessary for stabilizing and increasing income levels of the most disadvantaged groups. How to cope with and adapt to the impact of higher temperatures on human health is a relevant issue in this regard. Increasingly, national heat wave plans are being implemented to deal with extreme heat, especially in countries where temperatures can reach unbearable levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As such, there is a need for a thorough qualitative, comprehensive, informant-based analysis with long-term policy implications that covers the Arab countries from a regional perspective. This study attempts to fill this gap, both by shedding light on the structural and contextual conditions that allow for the occurrence of child marriage in the region in times of ‘peace’ as well as in the context of humanitarian crises, and by exploring the consequences of child marriage for girls in both conflict and post-conflict settings. The study attempts to distinguish between, on the one hand, structural determinants of child marriage that have long been present in many Arab countries, such as embedded gender imbalances and institutionalized inequalities, and, on the other hand, contextual determinants of child marriage that result from situations of displacement, conflict, and instability compounded by extreme poverty. The overall aim is to strengthen the capacities of Arab policymakers and advocacy groups to prevent, protect from, and respond to child marriage as a form of Gender Based Violence (GBV)19 and as a human rights violation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Although gender-focused aid has been on the rise since the launch of the Millennium Development Goals, there is much room for improvement (OECD DAC, 2014). The total annual average amount of official development assistance (ODA) to support gender equality and women’s empowerment2 committed by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) donors in 2012 and 2013 was USD 25.9 billion, which was only around one-quarter of all sector-allocable aid, both of which are not mutually exclusive (OECD DAC, 2015). Gendered aid is heavily concentrated in education and health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The envisaged tax administration reform is therefore welcome, as are recent measures to avoid base erosion and profit shifting. However, reaping the benefits of such a reform will likely take time, and it is very uncertain how much extra revenue should be counted on. Therefore, additional taxes will be needed. Increasing recurrent taxes on immovable property and on environmental externalities, including greenhouse gas emissions, and scaling back reduced VAT rates and exemptions could potentially yield substantial revenues and would help to improve the quality of the environment and well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The COVID-19 pandemic has unleashed unprecedented and complex public policy issues. One that has emerged as a challenge for many countries globally is how to ensure the efficient and effective procurement of quality medical supplies. Existing corruption pressures on procurement—everything from undue influence to the outright bribery of public officials—has been amplified by the pandemic, and thus demands commensurate policy responses. We argue that transparency and accountability in procurement are essential to preventing the corruption risks that threaten the health and well-being of populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While differences between innovators and non-innovators are diminishing over time with regard to adoption and use of basic ICTs (such as broadband), they persist and even grow with respect to the use of more advanced ICTs (such as cloud computing). Evidence also shows that firms using data and analytics are more likely to innovate. Furthermore, ICT investments have relatively more profound effects on innovation in services, compared to manufacturing where investments in R&D are still more significant for innovation performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Typically combined with density bonuses. Can in principle be used to encourage any type of use. Evidence that this reduces the rate of new developments in a territory. In Amsterdam, the large number of commuters from surrounding areas to the city has led to traffic congestion and its attendant impacts such as air pollution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There are also specific provisions for exports of kiwifruit which give automatic export rights to the dominant exporter, whereas the others must obtain approval (except exports to Australia). The deposit cannot be made for less than 12 months but cannot be maintained for more than five years. Funds left on deposit for more than 12 months earn 3% per annum on amounts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The most common are political party quotas, legislative quotas and reserved seats. Political party quotas are usually voluntary, party-specific and put in place to increase the number of women party candidates or elected representatives, through setting a percentage of women. Legislative quotas are binding national policies that are enforced through legislation, requiring all political parties to include a certain number of women in their lists of candidates for elections. Another method is to reserve seats for women in parliament through a national policy, which ensures a certain number of female legislators.28 Since the Beijing World Conference, States have increasingly adopted quotas to boost women's participation, counter discrimination and accelerate the slow pace at which the number of women in politics is rising.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, improving students’ confidence in their abilities, knowledge and skills, and instilling in them the conviction that success is the result of hard work (not of innate and fixed traits) (Dweck, 2006) or the belief that academic success leads to professional success can help to reduce anxiety and foster motivation (Schunk and Pajares, 2009). When students feel they belong at school, they are also more motivated. The virtuous circle is complete, because students invest more of their time and effort in their schoolwork when they are motivated. The two behaviours that impact most on students’ academic performance relative to PISA are absenteeism and lack of punctuality. Students who skipped class or days of school in the two weeks prior to the PISA test in 2015 scored, on average, 45 points lower in science than students who did not skip classes or school (33 points lower after accounting for the socio-economic profile of students and schools). Students who reported that they arrived late for school in the two weeks before they sat the PISA test scored, on average, 27 points lower than students who reported they had been punctual (23 points lower after accounting for the socio-economic profile of students and schools).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) play an important role in the Kenyan economy. It is estimated that the sector employs about 7.5 million Kenyans or 80 per cent of the country’s total employees outside of agriculture and is also a key engine for job creation (Wanjohi 2014). Women-owned businesses account for nearly half (48 per cent) of all MSMEs, and contribute around 20 per cent to Kenya’s gross domestic product (IFC 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A recent Review of Higher Education Access (2012) highlights the need for co-operation between different stakeholders and outlines a roadmap to help increase the access of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students to university education. As in other OECD countries, the expansion of tertiary education implies providing a sufficiently wide offer of studies to address the skills needs of the labour market as well as the interests of the student population. It clarifies actors' responsibilities to achieve targets and provides funding to programmes related to student engagement, attainment and transition. The National Partnership Agreement on Skills Reform (2008, renewed in 2012) details national reforms, including a new entitlement to a subsidised training place for up to the first Certificate III qualification and income-contingent loans for Diploma and Advanced Diploma qualifications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Gasoline prices are in dollar per ton of oil equivalent (toe). Subsidies for biofuel production are calculated based on the idea that the price of ethanol and biodiesel per MJ should be the same as the price of gasoline per MJ, 6) Total production of by-products is added to sector livestock, 7) Finally several standard adjustments are included to balance the SAM. The difference between the production costs for ethanol and the gasoline prices are estimated at 4% for Brazil, 30% for both India and Indonesia, 40% for the United States and 50% for the EU. The production costs of biodiesel are almost 50% higher than fossil diesel prices in most countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In terms of the hungriest, 16.1 per cent are found to be ultra hungry in Bangladesh, with 15.9 per cent in rural areas and 17.1 per cent in urban areas. In Lao PDR, the share is 16.1 per cent, with 10.7 per cent in rural areas and 31.4 per cent in urban areas. In Timor-Leste, the figure is 25.0 per cent, with 25.0 per cent in rural areas and 25.2 per cent in urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Socio-Cultural Blueprint builds on the idea of multistakeholder and multi-sectoral engagement and calls for promotion and integration of Sustainable Consumption and Production Strategy and best practices into national and regional policies or as part of CSR activities (ASEAN, 2016b). The Political-Security7 Blueprint calls for strengthening collaboration with the private sector and other relevant stakeholders to instil CSR (ASEAN, 2016c). Notably, at the 24* ASEAN Labour Ministerial Meeting on 15 May 2016 in Vientiane, ASEAN labour ministers adopted the Guidelines for Corporate Social Responsibility on Labour to provide broad guidance to governments, enterprises, employers’ and workers’ organisations on raising awareness, proactively encouraging engagement, and promoting social dialogue and compliance with core labour standards (ASEAN, 2016d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In Africa, the situation is expected to be extremely tense, involving a variety of risks such as groundwater depletion, brakes on growth in certain sectors and the destruction of ecosystems. In 2003, the G8 summit in Evian adopted a global action plan for water.1 An international consensus on official development assistance has also taken shape within the framework of various multi-stakeholder meetings on effective aid hosted by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in Paris in 2005, Accra in 2008 and Busan in 2011.2 This consensus enshrines four principles of particular relevance to the water sector: ownership of development priorities by the beneficiary countries, a focus on results, development partnerships open to all, and transparency and mutual accountability. Forty per cent of this assistance was allocated to the poorest countries, with close to one-third of the resources going to Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is a clear trade-off between saving energy and system performance and their respective priorities vary according to time and circumstances. To solve this problem, it will be necessary to add another function to change the management policy in each condition. This technique effectively lowers CPU power, but the ratio of CPU power to the total system power is almost always less than 40% [ 17]. Unfortunately, other components such as memories and disk drives do not have a wide dynamic power range like CPUs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
One exception is a study on the likely effects of climate change on priority areas for species conservation. The study, jointly undertaken by CONABIO, INE and the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), finds that 69 species of terrestrial vertebrates are likely to lose their areas of distribution as a result of climate change in projected scenarios to 2030 and 2050 (Martinez-Meyer et al., Broader, more comprehensive studies of this kind would help identify how key pressures on biodiversity and forests may evolve, and would thus help in prioritising possible policy interventions for the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Therefore, for most migrants, moving to a city is a sound decision that is likely to benefit their well-being and strengthen their resilience to adversity. Migrants are often faced with legal, cultural and social barriers and obstacles to accessing formal housing, employment, education, health and other social services. These barriers may force them to live in conditions of exclusion, segregation and vulnerability. Migrant women, for instance, are more likely to work in low-paid, irregular, and potentially exploitive jobs, often in the informal sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Community development corporations play a central role in the provision of affordable housing and social services in the contemporary American welfare state. This organizational form, however, emerged in the distinctive, historical political-economic context of the Black Power Movement and America's Great Society. American cities are now very different places, transformed by immigration from spaces of Black–White separation to much more heterogeneous and diverse spaces. In this article, our central question is whether, and how, these vital service organizations are incorporating immigrants into their work. We find that the answer varies, and such variations indicate differential access, or “differential citizenship”—in the urban structure of the contemporary American welfare state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract We analyze the impact of corruption on bilateral trade, highlighting its dual role in terms of extortion and evasion. Corruption taxes trade, when corrupt customs officials in the importing country extort bribes from exporters (extortion effect), however, with high tariffs, corruption may be trade enhancing when corrupt officials allow exporters to evade tariff barriers (evasion effect). We derive and estimate a corruption-augmented gravity model, where the effect of corruption on trade flows is ambiguous and contingent on tariffs. Empirically, corruption taxes trade in the majority of cases, but in high-tariff environments (covering 5% to 14% of the observations) their marginal effect is trade enhancing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Specific health and safety measures were taken during the demolition of old buildings and excavation and disposal of contaminated soil to avoid hazardous exposure of the workers. Clean-up of these objects and territories was completed in 2011. These fees reflect the financial possibilities based on population and range from 4,500 lek (some €32.45) per household per year in Tirana and 1,000 lek (some €7.2) per household per year in other major cities to 300 lek (some €2.20) per household per year in smaller municipalities. The sum of waste fees paid by users of MSW collection services reached €7.5 million in 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)