albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
A move in this direction by Chile would require strong political support and clear consensus. Housing, urban policy and municipal infrastructure were the responsibility of the Ministry of Infrastructure, which needed to co-ordinate with the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration, responsible for public administration matters, including supervision over self-government units (municipalities/gminns), counties (powiats) and self-government regions (voivodships). In addition, housing, urban policy and municipal infrastructure, as essential elements in urban planning, simultaneously needed to be co-ordinated with national level spatial and regional policy programming housed in the Ministry of Regional Development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Earnings levels are also lower in terms of annual and hourly wages but, for part-timers, once other demographic and job characteristics are taken into account, the differences in hourly wages tend to disappear. On the other hand, compared with permanent workers, temporary workers face substantial wage penalties, earnings instability and slower wage growth. But the household constellation matters: low-income and poverty risks are five and ten times higher respectively if NSW is the main source of earnings rather than if NSW live with a standard worker.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Which conditions foster accountability for health policy implementation in Spain’s 17 regional governments? We analyze five conditions: private management of health services, political salience of health policies, governments’ left ideological position, strong presence of non-statewide parties, and minority governments. We use fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to identify how necessary and/or sufficient these conditions are (alone or in combination) to foster accountability. We find that there is no single recipe to ‘cook’ accountability. Three conditions appear to be ‘quasi-necessary’ but must be combined with others to foster accountability, thus defining three routes to accountability. The implications of the findings are discussed in light of current debates on the effects of decentralization, left-right ideologies, and privatization, on accountability for public policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These challenges would have to be addressed with substantial financial investments in market infrastructure. The central procurement of cereals may also crowd out private sector or state government initiatives that might be better tailored to local needs (Gulati et al., Chand, R. and P.S. Birthal (2011), “Food Grain Stock Requirement during 12th Five-Year Plan”, NCAP Working Paper, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
School location (urban or rural area) and the socio-economic background of students make a difference in student performance. There are also concerns about strong social selectivity in the school system, including misplacement of some students in special schools. In addition, the poor educational outcomes of the Roma minority remain a major policy challenge. Reform initiatives include the development of new mechanisms of school financing (per capita funding scheme), the definition of student learning objectives in National Education Programmes, further school autonomy with the development of School Education Programmes, the introduction of standardised national assessments, the creation of a career system for teachers and the introduction of a dual system within vocational secondary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This raises two issues for urban water governance: i) re-scaling metropolitan governance may (positively or negatively) affect water governance frameworks, and ii) strategies for metropolitan governance reform may offer interesting models for application in the urban water sector. Evidence from selected OECD metropolitan areas is provided in Table 3.7. The largest functional area, often referred to as the Southeast Region, extends to the Gyeongnam province and Ulsan Metropolitan City. At 6.6 million people, it covers the four largest Dutch cities (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht), a large number of medium-sized cities, as well as small towns and villages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Enrollment in primary education in developing regions reached 90 percent in 2010, up from 82 percent in 1999.13 In 2013, net enrollment among girls in primary education reached nearly 83 percent in the region, against a world average of 88.3 percent. The ratio of female-to-male primary enrollment in the region was 96 percent in 2013, against 98.3 percent worldwide.14 Literacy rates among adults and youth are rising, and gender gaps are narrowing. In some countries, particularly those in the GCC, young women's participation in education is rapidly outpacing men's.16 Qatar and the United Arab Emirates have the highest female-to-male university enrollment ratios in the world. Even among extremely conservative families, young women's educational achievement is often encouraged and prized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Most of these fall under the category' of 10-24 m length vessel. Around 84% (78 stocks) were classified as not overfished, while 16 stocks were classified as overfished or subject to overfishing. The remaining stocks were classified as uncertain. The number of stocks assessed in any given year is determined based on the importance of that stock to the current or past economic conditions of the fishery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This investment has been framed within specific state programmes. It has provided the basis for other local initiatives aiming to improve the cleanliness of residential and public territories and restore the natural environment. Rural settlements form groups interlinked with each other and with urban settlements - centres of administrative rayons - through administrative, economic and sociocultural ties and transport networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Rural youth often face similar problems. In addition, they are put at a special disadvantage by government programmes that target only urban youth and jobs. Adapting schooling and skills trainings in rural areas to rural needs would be an important step in supporting rural youth. Today the region counts almost 300 million people, 122 cities exceeding 100 000 inhabitants and an urbanisation rate of 40%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
National data on GHG emissions, provided by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI), are not directly comparable to data provided by the International Energy Agency (IEA), owing to different accounting and estimation methods: IEA data include positive emissions from LULUCF but exclude carbon sequestration. In Brazil, GHG emissions from LULUCF are higher than removals, resulting in positive net GHG emissions in the LULUCF sector. Brazil’s commitment to reduce GHG emissions was set in Law 12.187/2009, which establishes the National Climate Change Policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article examines the implications of widowhood practices for the enjoyment of women's fundamental rights and freedoms in Nigeria. The article discusses the effects of socio-cultural and legal structures of Nigeria for gender equality. It argues that the plural legal system in the country, which encourages the application of statutory law side by side with customary law, can potentially undermine women's fundamental rights. The article then discusses specific human rights of women, particularly the rights to dignity and non-discrimination that are threatened by widowhood practices. In conclusion, it is argued that since Nigeria has ratified international and regional human rights instruments such as the Convention on Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Protocol to the African Charter on the Rights of Women (African Women's Protocol), it is obligated to take appropriate steps and measures to eradicate harmful cultural practices that may violate women's rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In July 2009, the Harper government imposed a visa requirement on all Mexicans traveling to Canada. The Canadian government legitimized its decision by alluding to the rising number of requests for refugee status from Mexico. This article examines the official rhetoric used by Con­ servative politicians to rationalize this requirement and immigration and refugee law reform. I argue that the imposition of the visa intended to stop refugee claimants from Mexico also serves to criminalize them using official rhetoric and prejudicial language. That discourse im ­ plies the bilateral denial of the human rights crisis created by narco­violence and corruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The information supply sub-system gives the motorists information on congestion, travel times, traffic regulations, and parking space. Finally, the operation management subsystem operates traffic control system within a prefecture, provides supervisors at the traffic control centre with the information on the traffic situation and on the condition of other subsystems, and exchanges information with the information collecting subsystems in other prefectures. Within its ITS policy, other initiatives were developed in line with the UTMS to promote further use of technology and aggregate services for motorists that they can access from a single on-board unit (OBU).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Public enforcement regime in China has long been blamed for its under-deterrence of securities crimes. We collect data on public enforcement outcomes from the documents disclosed by listed firms, and find that the outputs of law enforcement have increased significantly since 2011, thanks to the efforts made by the China Securities Regulatory Commission's 38 regional offices. However, because of lacking reliable private enforcement regime and the limited monetary penalties, general enforcement of securities law is still regarded as weak. In addition, there exists a salient pattern of selective enforcement. Private-owned listed firms suffer from disproportionately high enforcement intensity, both in terms of the number and severity of sanctions, from the regulators, whereas state-owned, particularly central-government-controlled firms enjoy the most favorably treatment, though the gap being reduced in recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
So far, though, little progress has been made both in terms of providing financing on preferable terms and in enhancing green market access opportunities for LDCs. The pillars of this approach are: sustainable production and consumption, the greening of businesses and markets, sustainable infrastructure, green tax and budget reforms, and investment in natural capital (see ESCAP 2008). Similarly, the LDCs can use the flexibilities provided in the TRIPs Agreement to facilitate the adoption of environmentally sound technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
First, food demand in this part of the world had already grown rapidly for some time, and not suddenly in 2007. Second, in the cereals sector, where the price spikes were particularly pronounced, India and China are almost self-sufficient. Moreover, the imports of meat during that period remained somewhat constant with the exception of China.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The national forest inventory (Riksskogs-taxeringen, RIS)12 presents an overall image of the status of forests in Sweden. The level of dead-wood, presence of old trees or old-growth stands, or forests influenced by drainage, are parameters that could be used to identify restoration needs on a national level. For freshwater habitats, a national strategy for the restoration of streams and rivers was published in 2007.13 For protected areas, a national monitoring scheme has been developed that could be used for identifying restoration needs. Restoration needs are also often covered by the site's management plans, but there is no national summary of these data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The 2000s saw continued strong production growth in South America and Southeast Asia, continuing trends from the 1990s. Similarly, other regions in Asia (excluding Western Asia) also experienced strong growth. In per capita terms, both South America and Southeast Asia also saw an acceleration in agricultural production volumes in the 2000s compared with past decadal growth rates. For Africa, while overall production growth was strong, in per capita terms growth was significantly lower than in other developing regions due to higher population growth rates than those seen in other regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
With broadband wireless networks and powerful new phones, consumers now have access anytime, anywhere, to increasingly sophisticated online applications and services. For example, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP5) has played a key role in ensuring international standards for LTE. For Internet access, transport protocols, voice and video compression, home networking, and myriad other aspects of information and communications technology, hundreds of ITU standards allow systems to work - locally and globally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, women tend to spend income differently to men, and it is also now almost conventional wisdom that children do better when their mothers control a larger share of household resources, even if much of this evidence comes from development economics (Lundberg and Poliak, 1996). Supporting women’s paid work, bargaining models would say, would provide them more discretion over where and how family resources are spent. Given that young women’s levels of educational attainment now match or outpace men’s in most OECD countries and that increasingly, men and women partner with someone with a similar socioeconomic status, losses may be substantial if women stay at home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For residential buildings, these norms are 48-96 kWh/m2/year or 38-44 kWh/m /year if heat recovery ventilation is used. The norm in both cases depends on the number of floors. Energy efficient practice over the period 2007-2014 has resulted in 9 per cent of the national housing stock, or 1.6 million m , having been built to the thermal energy standard of less than 90 kWh/nr.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Coastal cities and human settlements often increase pressure on the environment. Indeed, pollution in oceans is often caused by pollution from cities. At the same time, achieving SDG 14 also reinforces sustainable urban planning and resilient settlements, given that urban development often occurs along coasts due to economic advantages and opportunities presented by coastal areas. The inter-linkages between SDG 11 on one hand and SDG 14 on the other are clear through the need to conserve our biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Similar to the pattern observed for the children in the first age group, the children in Sikasso (and Koulikoro - in this case) experience monetary poverty relatively more often than multidimensional deprivation. Capturing the regional differences, Sikasso, Mopti and Segou have the highest levels of combined deprivation and monetary poverty. Koulikoro and Tombouctou still have a large proportion of vulnerable children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The scientific community, AIDS activists, and the Libyan government would do well to recognize that the political and diplomatic import of the case of the Benghazi Six involves a great deal more than the lives of five Bulgarian nurses and a Palestinian physician. At stake are some of the most profound political issues of our time: terrorism, nuclear proliferation, the freedom of movement of health-care workers and scientists, and the Biological Weapons Convention. Although human rights advocates rightly decry the physical torture these individuals have been subjected to, and their death sentences, it is critical to recognize that the unfortunate Benghazi Six—Bulgarian nurses Snezhana Dimitrova, Nasya Nenova, Valentina Siropulo, Valya Chervenyashka, and Kristiyana Valtcheva, and Palestinian physician Ahmed Ashraf Al Hadjudi—are pawns in a far larger game.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Public consultations are not a stand-alone exercise, but an integral part of evidence-based policy making, cost-benefit analysis or data analysis. To do so, additional investment is needed to develop inclusive policy making tools, to ensure that men and women in different life circumstances can participate. People face socio-economic, cultural and geographical barriers or barriers of another external nature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, as there is no national policy on the sustainable use of natural resources, this programme does not integrate other biological resources use, e.g. forest products, hunting, medicinal plants. There are few exceptions from the moratorium, namely fishing for a scientific purposes and reproduction and amateur fishing. Also in 2008 the Law on Banning of Catch, Transportation, Purchase, Trade and Export of Highly Precious and Endemic Fish Species that are inhabited in the Lakes Issyk Kul and Son Kul was adopted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Using natural resources and taxes to develop infrastructure for private car use takes funding away from other projects such as the development of social infrastructure, neighbourhood parks and alternatives to fossil fuels. The 'E's are an easily communicable theoretical framework which can guide the governments approach to “catalyse” change in attitudes and behaviours of people and communities. Behavioural change takes time, governments must be aware of this, and dedicate sufficient resources and sustained effort while following the four E's to Enable, Encourage, Engage and Exemplify.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
ABSTRACT E-governance is premised on the notion that information technology can be used to reconfigure relations among various government departments as well as between governments and other stakeholders such as the private sector and civil society. This study uses social construction of technology (SCOT) and institutional theory as the lenses through which to deconstruct the process involved in using information technology to enhance transparency and accountability of an urban local government in India. It highlights how diverse stakeholders, by tapping into existing notions of good governance, articulated the project as resolving the need for timely, accurate, and structured information for decision-making. This problem definition led to the recognition that fundamental to transforming how the urban local government works was a reform in its financial management systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Environmental Services Project funded by the World Bank foresees the establishment of a database and maps on forest ecosystems and development of the national forestry' inventory', which is expected to be completed in 2018. Along the coastline of the country', there are many ecosystems of significance in the Mediterranean region such as lagoons, wetlands, sand dunes, river deltas, and hydrophilic and hygrophilic forests. The project has four components and will end in December 2019. Within component 2: Planning and Provision of IPARD-like Grants to Improve Land Management, a new national forestry inventory, registration of forests and pastures and quality control for registration were initiated in 2016 and are expected to be finalized in 2018. Once this project output is finalized, it will give a much clearer overview of the state of forests in Albania. Most of Albanian territory is rough mountain relief of an average altitude of 700 m, 60 per cent (244,000 ha) of pasture is composed of alpine and subalpine pastures and meadows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Design work on the strategy commenced in October 2011 and five pilot networks representing 55 schools (feura) were established. The strategy went live in October 2012 with 57 networks established involving 373 schools (feura) (approximately 15% of New Zealand schools [feura]), with an average of 6 to 7 schools per network. There is a particular focus on priority groups traditionally under-served by the system - Maori, Pasifika, those from lower socioeconomic groups, and those with special education needs - along with their families (whanau), teachers, school and community leaders. As some of the distinctive features, Learning and Change Networks put an explicit and prominent focus on an applied theory of making professional learning communities and networks work so as to achieve outcomes that individual schools and teachers cannot readily do by themselves and on a sophisticated set of leadership and management arrangements that puts the onus on action and change on the networks and their members, while embedding these in regional and national structures of support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Sub-Saharan Africa, they can be particularly useful to assist countries with limited project preparation capacities to develop projects that can only attract repayable finance if they are combined with innovative approaches to financing, such as blending grants and loans or using guarantees to reduce the risk perception. Grant finance channelled through these facilities has usually been focused on the first step of project preparation, without necessarily providing support for upstream institutional reforms or downstream implementation activities. These facilities are also seen by some as a channel for helping IFIs prepare projects, which should be one of their core activities and therefore amounts to an implicit subsidy for those IFIs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The table is not comprehensive and is intended to be illustrative. The type of data needed for these vary, with some requiring a simple binary response (e.g. has a national assessment of subsidies harmful to biodiversity been undertaken - yes/no), others requiring some kind of qualitative response (e.g. how has biodiversity been integrated into other national strategies - such as high, medium or low), and others requiring quantitative data. Roe (2010), OECD this document.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The local elasticity of demand for essential services, such as energy and transportation will determine the extent to which green growth policies drive up the cost of these services and, ultimately, price some consumers out of the market. Human capital can also shape the type and sustainability of green policies. While agglomeration policies are valuable in encouraging economic growth, policies cannot depend on agglomeration alone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As long as adequate framework conditions are provided, in particular low financing costs and stable electricity prices, nuclear energy is well-placed to contribute to the security of energy supply and the smooth working of electricity systems with adequate capacity margins in OECD countries. From this discussion can be drawn a number of broad policy conclusions. As far as the temporal dimension is concerned, one can distinguish periods reaching from a few seconds (for technical failures), a few days (for policy responses to supply interruption), to several years (the time to implement new policies) up to 100 years (the lifetime of certain energy structures). The list of security of supply risks presented above quite naturally reflects this distinction between a short-run and a long-run aspect of the security of energy supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Niue women traditionally catch fish in near-shore ecosystems and are responsible for harvesting marine products. Traditional taboos have restricted them from participating in every sector of fishing activity, especially fishing from boats, women, especially if menstruating, have been believed to bring bad luck if they touch fishing gear or cross over fishing lines. These taboos are slowly disappearing, and women in Niue increasingly fish from small boats with their husbands or friends (Tuara 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)