albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Abstract: Using data from studies of the Armenian-American and Jewish-American diasporic involvement in conflicts over Nagorno-Karabakh and the West Bank and Gaza, a hypothesis can be developed about the role diasporas play as a distinct third level between interstate and domestic peacemaking in these regions. There are several possible factors that could determine the nature and direction of diasporic involvement in homeland conflicts. By examining the phenomenon of diasporic activism in the homeland state, the host state, and at the international level, further research directions for those interested in integrating the study of ethnic conflict and national identity more completely into the study of international relations become apparent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In particular, small measured differences may not be statistically significant, meaning that the sample is too small and the outcome too variable to give us confidence that the measured differences reflect true differences in the populations. Thus, caution should be exercised when interpreting the results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As the most prominent example, the EU ETS showed a steady decline in GHG emissions until 2016, though also registered a rise in emissions in 2017 for the first time in seven years. Although challenges around certificate trading markets still exist, the EU ETS is the only emissions trading system globally that has proven its feasibility and works to achieve the ambitious climate objectives set out by the European Union. An indicator for this success is the carbon price in the EU ETS, which has reached a 10-year high. Other prominent examples of emissions trading systems include the Western Climate Initiative (WCI) and the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), both in the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While addressing practice variation and inequalities in health is often regarded as a key pillar of a strategy to improve quality of care, important gaps in information limit understanding the extent of the problem, informing policy development and resource allocation, and assessing impacts of strategies over time. Israel, for example, is not capable of stratify ing health outcomes and quality of care by key dimensions of inequality. In the Quality Indicators in Community Healthcare (QICH) in particular, disaggregated data by district population group and geography are lacking (OECD, 2012a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
AbstractWhen feminism informs and shapes social scientific thinking, it often yields strongly applied perspectives. The business of engaging in the application, however, presents challenges to both feminist practice and the academic disciplines. These issues are further complicated when they are played out in an interdisciplinary setting. I offer a personal reflection on the highly ambiguous situation in a part of what has been called the ‘diaspora’ of social sciences practiced not within any particular ‘home’ discipline, but in a particular sub-field or inter-discipline such as urban studies, criminology or—in this case—population health. The emphasis in this discussion is on the mutual influences of the academic and the applied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Workers have incentives too, as such investment improves their job and revenue prospects. Yet for a number of reasons those incentives are unlikely to lead to optimal outcomes - neither for firms nor for workers, and definitely not for a country as a whole. This is of particular concern at a time of pressure on education and training systems, when the ability to adjust skills can determine a country's economic future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The need for investment in skills in order to realise the town’s vision was also recognised, particularly in the area of customer service. A particular emphasis has been placed on informal skills development to raise the aspirations of service personnel so that they project a better image of the town and at the same time become more committed to Blackpool, their employers and their own personal career prospects. A good example is the Welcome to Blackpool initiative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The corresponding indicator of changes in material deprivation is constructed the same way. The absolute difference in the poverty (material deprivation) change between children in each of these sub-groups and the rest of the child population is then calculated. This helps investigate the extent to which the most economically vulnerable children may have been affected disproportionately.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Distributional effects may also occur between countries associated with changes in patterns of trade in fossil fuel. Brazil has introduced programmes to expand the supply of safe and reliable energy to the poorest segments of society, including those living in remote rural areas. Pereira, Vasconcelos Freitas and da Silva (2011) show that rural electrification in Brazil leads to a significant reduction of the energy poverty level and a consequent improvement in energy equity. Similar conclusions have been reached for Bangladesh, (Barnes, Khandker and Samad, 2011) where 58% of rural households are energy poor, versus 45% that are income poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Each manufacturing subsector also changes products and production processes, with the increasing applications of capital and technology. The kind of informal service activities that emerge at this stage reduce rather than enhance growth. But when mature deindustrialization sets in at higher levels of per capita income, the kind of services that emerge—logistics, business services and information technology services—are much more dynamic and can take over and complement the growth-enhancing role of manufacturing. There is also a social aspect (OECD and Eurostat 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Moreover, strategic goals were based on careful diagnosis of underlying problems and their causes, including the need for household energy and food and the impact of deforestation on erosion and flooding. The approach to reforestation was adapted over time, taking account of lessons learned and adopting a more scientific approach to seedling selection and maintenance. The reforestation programme also coincided with a period of very rapid economic growth and societal transformation. Its population is growing at 1.2 percent per year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Travel time can exceed 25% of working hours as long as it does not exceed the travel time in the previous job. Although these provisions are important, labour mobility remains lower in Portugal than it could be. In 2013, 21.5% of contracts in Portugal were temporary, compared to 11.8% for OECD countries on average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
If the policy is well implemented, this can pay economic, social and environmental dividends in the long run. If it is not, then it actually represents a setback from the perspective of both trade and the environment, more is spent to get a lesser environmental result. It is important, then, to use trade-distorting tools of green industrial policy judiciously, and as part of a suite of other less distorting tools aimed at achieving the same effect.17 Trade-distorting tools include local-content requirements, tariff protection and export-linked subsidies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This article deals with accountability in EU new member states (the EU-10). First, the different meanings of the concept of accountability are reviewed. Second, accountability in the EU-10 is analysed in terms of three theoretical perspectives (accountability deficits, overloads and traps). Then the specificity of the accountability regime in the EU-10 is discussed as well as its possible explanations. It is argued that the accountability regime in the EU-10 is characterized by discrepancy between the formal existence of many accountability mechanisms and their actual performance (‘sleeping accountability’). This might be explained by the context in which accountability mechanisms are embedded (the high level of corruption, clientelism, low level of trust), frequent changes in political representation and public administration and the lack of knowledgeable and impartial accountees. The article concludes with implications for empirical comparative research and theory-building.Points for practitionersAccoun...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Designing products to function as biological nutrients requires a detailed assessment of the material chemistry and its toxicity to potentially exposed organisms throughout its life-cycle. In general, they function as nutrients in natural systems and may be designed to degrade rapidly and completely in the aquatic environment or to become soil amendments. Products that have been designed as products of consumption include cleaning products, personal care products and fabrics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
These areas can be turned into poles of clean and sustainable growth, linking cost savings with employment creation, income-generation and investment opportunities. In so doing, in addition to relaunching growth (that was brought to a halt by the economic crisis), these areas can address key issues involved in the energy, climate, food and water crises, and make substantial contributions towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Flowever, the significance and difficulty of the choices that policymakers face cannot be exaggerated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The case of ATPs and supervisors is unusual as their appointments depended traditionally on the growth of the education system. Currently the education system is stable and the number of students has fallen in some states. Those teachers and school directors that are not needed are provided with other tasks. In some cases, school directors may become ATPs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While a subset of the costs of morbidity such as loss of working capacity or the cost of hospitalisation can be reliably measured on the basis of available data, other notions such as disability-adjusted life years (DALY) or the value of a life year lost (VOLY), a composite of the economic cost of morbidity and of mortality, are more fragile. There is also the risk of doubly penalising people exposed to social costs, e.g. air pollution, by treating their subsequent deaths as less valuable, as a DALY method yields a lower value on reductions in mortality risk for older populations with lower quality of life. These are ongoing issues where current economic research on costs of morbidity still needs to converge on a widely accepted metric for morbidity that would be comparable to the VSL established for measuring the social costs of increased mortality risk in the context of full cost accounting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
South Asia is home to one of the world’s biggest concentrations of poverty. The subregion’s 1.7 billion people live with limited internal connectivity that remains fragmented and poorly organized. Without upgrading its internal connectivity, the subregion will be unable to capitalize on its potential to be a land bridge connecting Europe with the East, as well as serving as an economic gateway to and through the Central, South-West and South-East Asian countries situated at its boundaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Canadian data include only Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia and Yukon. The extent of a later start in education is much smaller, and participation levels throughout schooling remain higher. However, retention at senior secondary schooling in New' Zealand drops when students reach age 16, falling below the participation rate for Canadian Indigenous students at age 17 (Figure 5.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These charges can be modified by the parliament (Acteon, 2010). However, the availability of good, accessible data and information on water varies across Brazilian states, preventing effective decision making in terms of who gets water, where and when and who pays for what (OECD, 2015b). This causes some issues with the enforcement of different water quality regulations and abstraction rules within the same interstate basin where two or more water management bodies are in charge of different sections of a river, the difference in terms of rates across federal and state domains and the consequences on water quantity and quality management where charges are not applied, even within the same state, the difference in the levels of expertise, capacity, and knowledge across agencies, with consequences on the ability to set and effectively implement charges. At the moment, plans do not set clear priorities or criteria that define available water resources and drive allocation decisions for hydropower development, irrigation extension and domestic and industrial use, amongst others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In meetings with the review' team, students emphasised its importance - suggesting that the role of upper secondary “is to prepare for matura.” Students allocate their time and attention to the subjects in which they will take matura examination. Families frequently invest in private tutoring to prepare students for matura examinations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The emergence of e-commerce platforms and services in particular has made commercial procedures much easier than before. Transport and payment procedures have also become easier as trade-support services are increasingly integrated into these platforms, which are often accessible from anywhere in the world. However, much of the cross-border e-commerce potential remains untapped.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The results need to be treated with caution, however. The railways business is not a simple one and the comparison of different cases is not straightforward. Railways come in all shapes and sizes: vertically integrated, vertically separated, public and private, passenger- or freight-dominated or mixed, supported by subsidies or fully self-reliant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Finally, the sudden termination of contracts when the export volume is reached reduces the prestige of Viet Nam enterprises with their partners. All these factors mean that the current system keeps Viet Nam in the vicious cycle of supplying low-quality rice, and the market expects this from Viet Nam. Major partners were the Soviet Union and centrally-planned economies of central and eastern Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
All electronic medicine prescriptions have been logged into a central registry (Prescription Information System) since 2012, which is now compulsoiy. A pilot study in 32 cities looks at the extent to which PIS data can be used to audit physician prescribing and giving them feedback on their prescribing patterns vis-a-vis peers, it covers five acute and five chronic disease, and the pilot is being evaluated in conjunction with WHO, for example on the volumes of antibiotics prescribed. Several financial incentive schemes exist: the Quality Premium (worth GBP 270m) is directed to Clinical Commissioning Groups and the Better Care Fund (worth GBP 3.8bn) is directed to Clinical Commissioning Groups and Local Authorities, in hospital care, the Commissioning for Quality and Innovation (CQUIN) Fund is worth GBP 1.75bn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The following sections analyse progress made in four key policy areas underpinning the transition to green growth. Section 4 discusses Japan’s use of environmentally related taxes, other market-based instruments and subsidies to create market signals that could encourage more environmentally friendly decisions. Section 5 presents the evolution of public and private expenditure to control and abate pollution. Section 6 presents the trends on environment- and climate-related innovation activity through patent counts, and assesses the role of public policy in determining such trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The existing potential of low-cost demand response for large users running capital intensive factories or industrial facilities must be assessed and the pace of development of smart grids remains uncertain. Large balancing areas and geographic diversity of wind resources can help to optimise the balancing costs. Improving the design of electricity markets is another important lever to control these costs. In several US markets and in Australia, sub-hourly energy markets are integrated and co-optimised with ancillary services markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In reaction to the sharp deterioration of fiscal positions and a sovereign debt crisis in the majority of EU member states, EU leaders have been strengthening the EU economic governance framework, in particular for the eurozone member states. This has been reflected mainly through a reinforcement of the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) within the so-called six-pack and through the recent adoption of the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union (TSCG).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Planning for the right balance between all these sources of revenues calls for strategic financial planning, so as to evaluate the potential for mobilising financing from each source of revenues as well as reducing costs. For example, some financial information is available for central government and external donors spending, but information on subnational and local government expenditures is seldom aggregated at a national level. In addition, because funding for sanitation and hygiene is often spread over several different institutions, budget data are less available for sanitation and hygiene than for drinking water. Data on private sector investments (ranging from large private operators, informal providers, households or remittances) is notoriously difficult to collect, although they potentially represent an important source of funding for the sector. Furthermore, selecting cheaper and more locally appropriate investment options or adapting service levels can generate substantial savings and support the definition of more realistic investment programs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This study also revealed that the majority of respondents did not think that immigrant workers in a regular or documented situation and national workers should be treated equally. Undocumented immigrants may also face high wage penalties, one study found that undocumented immigrant workers from CLM were paid at least 50% less than the minimum wage (Paitoonpong et al., Such perceptions are more prevalent in urban areas, despite the fact that immigrants are more likely to be employed in 3D jobs which are shunned by most Thais (Sunpuwan and Niyomsilpa, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
One widely used indicator is women’s life expectancy relative to men’s, a crude summary of gender differences in overall health status. Women generally live longer than men, a matter of genetic make-up and less unhealthy lifestyles. They exclude much of the informal work that makes up labour force activity in poorer countries and should therefore be treated with caution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Reviewing 20 years of HTA studies in the United Kingdom, Raftery and Powell (2013) claim that more than half of them indicate that new technologies are no better than traditional ones. However, in the short term, HTA is likely to add to health management and administration costs. Indeed, de la Maisonneuve etal. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Despite a 92% enrolment rate in education up to age 14, Brazilian youths still underpcrform their peers from other countries significantly in terms of competencies (Figure 16). This suggests that the bottleneck is no longer access but quality. The quality of public secondary schools tends to be lower than that of private schools, resulting in easier access to high-quality public tertiary education for graduates from private secondary schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A survey of species sold in bushmeat markets in West and Central Africa, specifically the Cross-Sanaga rivers region in Cameroon and Nigeria, was used to “detect wildlife patterns” in the region (FA et al. Market groups were identified by the species sold, and mapped according to the distribution of threatened species in that area. Eight geographically distinct market groups were identified with most being sold in proximity to two national parks, Korup National Park in Cameroon and Cross River in Nigeria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The ECCC are bound by their mandate to comply fully with domestic and international standards of the rule of law. This entails that, even though the ECCC must engage with a setting in which torture was rife, they must not admit into evidence any statements established to have been made as a result of torture. The case law of the ECCC has been mindful of this principle. In this chapter, the relevant case law of the ECCC will be presented and assessed. It will be shown that the case law of the ECCC is in line with the international discussion, but that some questions remain open to further discussion, in the ECCC as in international law more generally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The total budget required for the plan’s implementation amounts to 4.115 million somoni. The state budget has to provide 33 per cent of this amount, while the remaining 67 per cent (2.761 million somoni) is supposed to come from donors. Trophy hunting (which is always a controversial issue if carried out in protected areas of high legal protective status) is planned not exclusively in the "limited commercial use" zone, or in the Muzkul nature preserve managed by forestry authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A crossover between infiltrated sewage and drinking water might occur, subsequently contaminating drinking water by sewage water. About 90 per cent of industrial wastewater is not treated properly. Non-organic matter and compounds are typical for thne chemical industry, fertilizer producers, and the galvanization and metal industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As seen in previous sections, multilateral and bilateral grants and loans as well as the State Oil Fund are used for investment, while coverage of operating costs depends to a large extent on the State budget. These tariffs were introduced after the establishment of the national water company by Presidential Decree No. As seen in Chapter 5, mineral waters are chaiged at a rate of six manat per m3 for industries. In view of the economic situation of the population, low tariffs were set for households and the system relied on heavy cross-subsidies from industry to domestic users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, the extent of communication and co-operation between the school and community is often dependent on the motivation of principals or the community itself. At the central and district levels, consideration should be given to how ESD may be fostered through working with school management committees, boards of trustees, or other joint planning groups. Children and young adults in many SIDS have excellent opportunities for such experiences, ranging from informal to very well-structured.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Rothstein and Uslaner (2005) add that even if political conditions were to support universal programs, the public might not trust the institutions to provide services fairly and there would be considerable risk of implementation failure if there is more or less widespread corruption. In a similar vein, Alesina and Glaeser (2006) argue that a generous welfare system cannot work well where management problems or cheating (such as tax evasion and social security claim abuse) are common. There is an obvious need to design a strategy that can be phased in gradually, this calls for prioritizing some sectors even if many urgent reforms are needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)