albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Despite the environment of fiscal austerity, the new Government is also committed to providing finance to assist developing countries manage climate change, including £1.5 billion as its share of fast-start financing of US$30 billion in 2010-2012 promised in the Copenhagen Accord. The United Kingdom’s total commitment to international climate-change finance over the spending review period is £2.9 billion. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office’s three strategic priorities include promoting sustainable growth. Policies rely heavily on tradable quota markets, a form of quantity-based instrument (such as the Renewables Obligation (RO)), although there are also primarily price-based instruments (such as the Climate-Change Levy (CCL)).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Animal geographies has emerged over the last 15 years as a lively and provocative area of current human/non-human geographical research and scholarship. Yet, while the ‘animal turn’ has arguably impacted widely across a range of social sciences and the humanities, for ‘human’ geography it offers what is potentially a far more fundamental and profound reconfiguration of the discipline’s traditional ontological and epistemological reach, not least given the challenge that the ‘animal’ brings to the exclusivity of geography’s adjectival humanism. This article is the first of three reports on animal geographies. It sets out the development of the subdiscipline, from the mid-1990s onwards, and charts the emergence of what has become a distinctive and innovative field with increasing interdisciplinary connections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They enjoy a greater range and higher quality of shops, leisure facilities, schools, hospitals, and other services. But it has also created greater demand for the services that energy provides, e.g. heating and cooling, lighting, transportation. Increased service demand need not have led to a rise in actual energy use, provided that, among other factors, improvements in energy efficiency kept pace. However, this was not the case. In fact, since 1990 the rate of improvement in energy efficiency has been about half of what it was in the two previous decades (IEA, 2009a). Improved energy efficiency is often the most economic and readily available means to do that.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The purpose is to provide a uniform identification of forests with high social values regardless of landownership to support the national forest policy. Knowledge of such social values will also provide important information for community planning, schools, health promotion, tourism and forestry. The identification is based on local knowledge, existing data and field visits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In general, countries' urban populations are defined as the residents whose main source of income is not from agriculture or forestry (Satterthwaite, 2010). Urban population projections often do not include high- and low-variant estimations, which are typical of world population projections published by the United Nations (Satterthwaite, 2007, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2012). Moreover, the traditional urban/rural dichotomy has become increasingly inadequate for distinguishing between urban and rural settlements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Climate change governance is in a state of enormous flux. New and more dynamic forms of governing are appearing around the international climate regime centred on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). They appear to be emerging spontaneously from the bottom up, producing a more dispersed pattern of governing, which Nobel Laureate Elinor Ostrom famously described as 'polycentric'. This book brings together contributions from some of the world's foremost experts to provide the first systematic test of the ability of polycentric thinking to explain and enhance societal attempts to govern climate change. It is ideal for researchers in public policy, international relations, environmental science, environmental management, politics, law and public administration. It will also be useful on advanced courses in climate policy and governance, and for practitioners seeking incisive summaries of developments in particular sub-areas and sectors. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The petrol subsidy in Indi was removed in June 2010, producing annual savings of $1 billion, diesel was deregulated in October 2014, producing annual savings of $10 billion. For example, government savings realized from the removal of fossil fuel subsidies could be redirected towards sustainable infrastructure, which would support improvements in energy access and efficiency, and contribute to further development of renewable energy. However, the evidence so far does not point uniformly in this direction. In fact, global investment in renewable energy rebounded in 2014 to $270 billion, a 17 percent increase from that of 2013.“
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is due to the fact that students from high income groups can finance their own studies, while the performance standard of those from low-income groups usually does not enable them to qualify for this benefit. Thus, given their basically meritocratic nature, and despite the political will to channel them towards the most vulnerable social groups, transfers of this type are regressive because they are mainly granted to middle-income groups (see figure II. Furthermore, they have little weight in households’ per capita income, since they average only about 7% of that income for the recipient households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The youth as entrants to the labour market are traditionally amongst the worst hit by recessions. But youth unemployment started to increase before the recession, suggesting a more structural problem. It is also worth noting that the proportion of men in all NEETs in England has increased from around 40% in the early 2000s to 48% in mid-2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The next section provides an overview of the related theoretical and empirical literature on the links between GVCs and inequality. The aim here is to give context and identify testable hypotheses on the direction of the effects so as to set the stage for the subsequent empirical investigation. Section 3 begins with a description of the data and discusses the calculations needed to identify both GVC participation and wage inequality. Sections 4 and 5 are concerned with the evolution of wage inequality and GVC participation respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Information on the composition, capabilities and size of the software and IT services production sector is of value. Such information can serve as a basis for assessing the economic impact of the sector and when considering new public procurement of software and IT services. This web-based tool is designed to gather and analyse both quantitative and qualitative information on the IT industry and to identify relevant market and industry trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
And there is a growing recognition that the provider payment mechanism is a crucial area for future experimentation. Where to focus additional resources remains au area with a dearth of evidence at the macro level in many countries. There is little persuasive evidence on the macro benefits of primary care spending, and - with a few exceptions - the micro evidence is small scale and inconclusive, although there are indications of promising policy options for future experimentation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
From a public health perspective, it seems more appropriate to have a government agency issue the compulsory licenses, as this will save time and resources and involve experts who are familiar with public health issues (such as, for instance, a body in the Ministry of Health, or the competition authority in cases of anticompetitive behaviour). For example, a member could not just impose a compulsory license on essential medicines as such, but would have to justify each license in the set. For instance, a member may provide in its legislation that the lack of affordable medicines on the domestic market justifies the grant of a compulsory license.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador in harmony with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights establishes that the social communication system must ensure the exercise of the rights to communication, information and freedom of expression. This protection framework generates positions in companies and social sectors, but rarely have the voices of journalists and employees been heard to identify how communication rights are fulfilled. The purpose of the research is to learn about rights and freedoms related to communication. The methodology is qualitative, through semi-structured interviews 11 communicators working in audiovisual and digital media of Ecuador are approached, between June 29 and July 15, 2019. The hypothesis is: restrictions occur that are overcome in a creative way. Solutions have often been found on platforms and digital media. It remains as a line to explore the informative spaces through the Internet as part of a new communication ecosystem of Ecuador.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many countries also lack this capacity (Castro et al., The challenge is that such indicators require estimation of the total amount of travel with each transport mode within the city boundaries. Responsibility for this type of mobility data has traditionally been outside the remit of local government road safety teams, making it harder for road safety professionals to gain access.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Nevertheless, the use of indices as a form of multidimensional poverty measurement is heavily debated,25 because aggregating various dimensions of poverty into one index involves a risk of losing valuable information on the multidimensionality of poverty. As Bourguignon and Chakravarty (2003) have pointed out, aggregating various attributes into a single index essentially implies reducing multidimensional poverty into a one-dimensional concept. They underline that a multidimensional approach to poverty ought to define poverty as a shortfall from a threshold on each dimension of an individual's well-being. To focus on the multidimensionality of poverty, they suggest establishing a poverty line for each dimension and to consider that a person is poor if he/she falls below at least one of these various lines (Bourguignon, Chakravarty, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the United States, the highest rates of adolescent pregnancy tend to be in states where abstinence-only education predominates. The lowest rates occur in states where information about sexuality and contraception is provided in a non-judgmental manner (Szalavitz, 2013). One is that even in the face of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, governments have been slow to implement comprehensive sexuality education, and even slower to reach the most vulnerable young people (Haberland and Rogow, 2013). Research shows that programmes that tend to have the greatest impact on adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections are those that emphasize critical thinking about gender and power in relationships (Haberland and Rogow, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Paiking policy is run by each municipality. The State Commission for Urban Development and Housing involves the Ministries of Urban Development, Government, Environment, Water and Works, and Communications. These ministries can ask for opinions from other relevant authorities for evaluating different components of the urban impact assessment (e.g. mobility-related authorities for impacts on road access and vehicle traffic flows) but they are not obliged to do so, or to take this opinion into account in their final decision on granting the construction permit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They did not call it adaptive teaching but in both teachers “skilfully ‘assess and instruct’ moment by moment” (McGhee Hassrick et al., In a similar vein, Yeh (2017) also suggested that achievement gaps can be closed through what he calls “rapid performance feedback”: an individualised and structured model of instruction, in which each student is presented with tasks that are challenging but not too difficult, so that they have a high likelihood of receiving positive performance feedback on a daily basis. Interestingly, there are schools around the world that already teach micro-adaptively (e.g. OECD, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As will be discussed in more detail later, the direct impact of exports on poverty can be additional to their poverty-reducing effect, depending on the type of exports, via their overall growth-enhancing impact. The evidence at aggregate level lends definite support to the proposition that exports play a special role in poverty reduction (see figure 26). The graph indicates that poverty ratios decline when per capita real exports increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 2014, the System was extended to include a dedicated web portal. This cadastre provides public access to the processes of issuing and reissuing of licences, licence revocation, transfer, pledge and surrender for the entire or a part of the licensed area, as well as to maintaining a register of licences. One of the main objectives of this tool is to prevent licences from overlapping other licences or protected areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Recently, nongovernmental entities such as social enterprises and community-based actors have been active and playing larger roles in the rural development policies. This framework takes into account the demographic challenges in OECD rural regions and it envisages rural areas as key engines for national prosperity. Delivering improved well-being for rural dwellers (across economic, social and environmental dimensions). Understanding the growth dynamics of low-density economies (distance to markets, role of the tradable sector, and absolute advantages).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Intimate partner violence affects women of all ages and ethnicities, regardless of their socioeconomic status and educational level, in all countries. According to the latest available data from 106 countries, 18 per cent of ever-partnered women and girls 15 to 49 years old experienced physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner in the 12 months prior to the survey. On average, the prevalence of FGM has declined by one quarter since around 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Turkmenistan, as of 2014, had not reported any renewable energy consumption. Niue closely followed, with a share of 22.6 per cent, which was mostly derived from solar. Fiji boosted its modern biomass power, while solar and wind arc beginning to take hold among many of the subregion’s other small island developing States. Modern solid biofuels accounted for the bulk of the subregion’s modern renewable energy consumption, while hydro was also significant. Meanwhile, solar and wind claimed small but growing shares. However, the country has made significant renewable energy capacity additions during this reporting period, particularly with regard to wind and solar, and is accelerating those efforts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, if a private firm cannot fully capitalise on their discoveries, either in terms of turning the knowledge into a profit-making product or in terms of protecting competitors from benefitting from the discovery, then there is less incentive for it to invest in R&D. The uncertainty in R&D generating results can also be a hairier for private actors to invest in research, e.g. relating to basic research. In terms of ICTs development, there is less incentive to invest in broadband development in rural areas, simply because of the high costs in connecting villages over larger distance with low population density. In these cases, governments need to step in with regulation, legislation, or direct or indirect financing, e.g. through tax incentives, subsidies or directly funding projects. The fluctuations are due to the volatility of non-concessional finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Critical to successful tax reform is the need to have more effective coordination among relevant agencies, such as departments within ministries of finance, foreign investment promotion agencies and local governments. Greater use of information technology in tax administration also matters, especially its capacity to help increase tax compliance through risk-based auditing and third-party information sharing. However, excluding Japan, growth slowed from 6.2% in 2014 to 5.7% in 2015, mainly due to declining merchandise exports as a result of an economic growth moderation in China and tepid global demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Members agreed to have a Secretariat in Tokyo. Participants are Canada, China, Japan, Korea, Russian Federation, United States, and Chinese Taipei. Members of the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organization (SPRFMO) are Australia, Belize, Chile, China, Cook Islands, Cuba, European Union, Denmark in respect of the Faroe Islands, Korea, New Zealand, Russian Federation, Chinese Taipei and Vanuatu. This organisation is meant to fill the gap that existed in the international conservation and management of non-highly migratory fisheries and protection of biodiversity in the marine environment in high seas areas of the South Pacific Ocean The main species covered by this RFMO are pelagic fisheries for Jack mackerel and bottom fisheries for species like Orange roughy. The first SPRFMO meeting was held from 28 January to 1 February 2013 in Auckland, New Zealand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The first consists of generalising unbundled contributory instruments, in particular if they have limited risk pooling. Limiting the amount of risk pooling brings entitlements into line with contributions, which helps limit adverse incentives for informality. The second is to subsidise the contributions of certain categories of workers to contribution-based social insurance, and the third universal entitlement to a subset of public services and assistance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This paper explores the characteristics of local drugs markets through the examination of a single London borough case study. The picture that emerges in a borough not known for having a ‘drugs problem’ is of an entrenched, thriving and widespread drugs economy. Crucially, it is embedded within the local communities. Most worryingly, crack cocaine is being dealt in 15 out of 16 wards, with the front-line dealing predominantly carried out by youths as young as 15. Indeed, there are signs that the market has reached saturation point, while law enforcement merely scratches the surface. These findings reinforce the view that studies of organised crime must be sensitive to the local impacts of global markets, and that public policy debates about the responses to illegal drugs markets must be renewed and refreshed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The employment of older workers was about as cyclical as overall employment in past recessions, so it is a notable departure from historical patterns that employment has increased for this group this time. This novel development may reflect, at least in part, labour supply responses in some countries to sometimes large losses in retirement savings consequent to the financial crisis (Coile and Levine, 2009, Gustman et al., Employment losses were also above-average for medium-skilled workers and men, groups whose employment had previously been about as cyclical as overall employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In particular, inequality and poverty decline when such rents are added to the standard notion of (equivalised) disposable monetary income (Koutsambelas and Tsakolglou, 2008). This reflects the fact that imputed rents tend to be more equally distributed than disposable income, especially among some low-income groups, such as the elderly, households headed by pensioners, and the poorly educated. For a description of the measures see Box 2.1. Data refer to total population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A single factor is defined for all genders and age groups since aggregate APC data are not available by gender and age. Weighted percentile rank is calculated for each individual in the original distribution. If two or more individuals have the same amount of alcohol, they are attributed the same percentile rank. Once the correction is applied, individuals are assigned a new corrected status of hazardous drinking, and new CIs are computed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Based on 2011 data, generation is above average in the Capital area at 460 kg/cap/y, and in the coastal region influenced by tourism at 480 kg/cap/y, although excluding the impact of tourists the average is 420 kg/cap/y. The remaining inland region shows under-average waste generation, at only 223 kg/cap/y. The reason for such a high variation in per capita waste generation at county level could be because the impact of the non-permanent tourist population is not considered in the calculation of this indicator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
An important driver is the EU Neighbourhood Policy, under which Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia signed agreements committing themselves to bring new environmental laws closer to EU legislation and to cooperate with neighbouring countries regarding transboundary water management. It refers to, among others, development of water basin management plans, introduced since 2005, and to an intersectoral advisory body. In Georgia, water resources are managed according to principles of territorial administration (regional units) and river basin-based management is not applied. A new water law — as a basis for reforming the 1997 water resources management system — is being drafted and will include principles of basin management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The impact of political ecology testifies that agrarian-related issues, such as the political  economy of food production, are by no means alien to political geography. But agrarian issues  do not occupy a prominent place in the sub-discipline, nor do studies of agrarian geographies  rank high amongst contributions to Political Geography. There are some serious indications,  not least in 2008, that all of this might have to change. I use three cases in what follows to  suggest that emerging ‘agrarian political geographies’ alert us to the value of expanding  political geographers’ field of vision into the countryside and onto the (broadly construed)  political dimensions, dynamics, and impacts of contemporary agrarian struggle and change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Researchers have puzzled over the finding that countries that ratify UN human rights treaties such as the Convention Against Torture are more likely to abuse human rights than non-ratifiers over time. This article presents evidence that the changing standard of accountability – the set of expectations that monitoring agencies use to hold states responsible for repressive actions – conceals real improvements to the level of respect for human rights in data derived from monitoring reports. Using a novel dataset that accounts for systematic changes to human rights reports, it is demonstrated that the ratification of human rights treaties is associated with higher levels of respect for human rights. This positive relationship is robust to a variety of measurement strategies and model specifications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)