albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The aim of this chapter is to provide a clear theoretical basis for the ways in which assessment can support learning, to show how the different formulations of the notion of formative assessment proposed over the last 40 years can be encompassed within a broader over-arching framework, and to use that framework to understand research in related areas. Wiener noted that sometimes the effect of the “feedback loop” is to drive the system further in the direction it is already going, such as population growth with plentiful food and no predators or inflationary price/wage spirals in economics. Such feedback is called “positive feedback” because the effect of the feedback and the tendency of the system operate in the same direction. In other situations, the effect of the feedback is to oppose the tendency, restoring stability by returning the system to a steady state, as with population growth when food supply is limited or the familiar room thermostat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
What strategies will states pursue in managing their relations with more powerful neighbours? International Relations scholarship identifies a wide range of policy options open to “secondary states,” including soft balancing, bandwagoning and institutional binding. We provide a conceptual framework to distinguish between these similar and often conflated institutional strategies on the basis of two dimensions: threat perception and inclusiveness. We then apply this framework to the inter-American system. Analyzing original data on treaty action between 1946 and 2015, we find that secondary states’ adherence to multilateral agreements increases when the United States participates and when states do not perceive the hegemon to be a threat. These findings suggest that institutional binding captures the dynamics of inter-American cooperation more adequately than either soft balancing or bandwagoning: states balance against perceived threats but bind their friends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Stunting prevalence is high at around 50% in India, the Lao PDR and Papua New Guinea, while it is below 10% in Hong Kong, China, Singapore, Fiji and China (Figure 2.4.1, left panel). As for wasting, if there is no severe food shortage, the prevalence is usually below 5% even in poor countries, but it is much higher than this threshold in some countries such as India, Papua New Guinea, Bangladesh and Pakistan (Figure 2.4.1, right panel). In order to reduce under-5 mortality, countries need to not only implement effective preventive and curative interventions for newborns, children and their mothers during and after pregnancy, (see Indicator 3.6 “Infant and child health”) but also to promote optimal feeding practice (see Indicator 2.3 “Infant and young child feeding”). The prevalence of childhood overweight is increasing in most OECD countries (OECD, 2013c), as well as in low and middle income countries. It varies across the Asia/Pacific region (Figure 2.4.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The challenge that will arise from this distinction is the need to develop an appropriate and inexpensive indicator to measure water potability. A distinct proposed target by UNSAGAB is “increasing wastewater management and pollution prevention”. While no indicators have been proposed, they may probably reflect wastewater collection, treatment and reuse.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Second, qr is less sensitive than ols to outliers in the dependent variable since it minimizes the weighted sum of absolute deviations. Moreover, when the error terms are non-normal, qr also gives a more efficient estimator than least squares. Lastly, qr has a linear programming representation that makes estimation easy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The bank may establish an overdraft contract including these terms or include the overdraft in a more general service agreement. This type of credit can help to deal with temporary business shortfalls that the entrepreneur may face. It can be used to deal with any unforeseen events, such as a customer’s delayed payment, which leaves the entrepreneur unable to cover the salaries of the company’s employees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Such tentative scenarios are derived mechanically but are not inconsistent with country-specific reform experiences identified in Bouis et al. ( Empirical Evidence from a Panel of OECD countries”, OECD Economics Department Working Paper, No. Evidence from OECD Countries”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Breakdown of GHG emissions in Russia, 1990-2007. Unlike the business-as-usual approach seen in previous years, more aggressive policy measures were adopted. For example, the government’s anti-crisis plan included requirements for recipients of funds from the stimulus package to have an energy efficiency plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These schemes only covered 1% of the population in Ghana by 2002. These community-based units identify and categorise beneficiaries, including those who are exempt from payment (the core poor, those aged 70 and over, and retired contributors to the social security system). By 2008, some 12.5 million Ghanaians or 61% of the population were registered with the NHIS (ILO, 2010b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It all depends on the relationship of the entrepreneur with the supplier (the length of the business relation) and on the monthly volume of orders received by the supplier from the company. By reducing the number of suppliers, the contractor increases the volume ordered from each one and is thus in a better position to negotiate an extension of the payment period. A trade discount is a transaction in w hich a customer pays the supplier’s invoice in cash or in a short period of time (defined by the supplier, usually 10 days), instead of waiting for the deadline, in exchange for a small percentage discount (also defined by the supplier). This will allow you to financially strengthen your business, and w ill avoid long negotiations with your bank.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To limit global warming to 1.5°C means that emissions will need to peak as soon as possible, followed by rapid reductions. Global carbon emissions need to fall by a staggering 45 per cent by 2030 from 2010 levels and continue at a steep decline to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. Parties to the agreement are expected to prepare, communicate and maintain successive NDCs (including targets, policies and actions planned in response to climate change). As of that same date, 183 Parties (182 countries plus the European Union) had communicated their first NDCs to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat, and one Party had communicated its second NDC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The paradox of modern constitutionalism resides in having two imperatives, apparently irreconcilable, i.e. a governmental power generated from the ‘consent of the people’ and, in order to be sustained and effective, that power must be divided, constrained and exercised through distinctive institutional forms. This paradox reflects the dilemma arising from the dialectical interaction between constituent power and constitutional form. I will argue that constitutionalism, as a limited government, does not contradict with Arab and Islamic legal culture. While modern constitutionalism, as a normative order, requires the adherence to the rule of law and the protection of human rights, it is in the name of national, religious, historic or cultural particularities that modern constitutionalism is discredited, as being essentially ‘Western’, not appropriate for Arab-Islamic culture. This paper challenges this rejection and argues for the possibility, and the necessity thereof, of applying modern constitutionalism in contemporary Arab states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Moreover, female-owned enterprises register on average lower profits, labour productivity and innovation outcomes than male-owned firms - which to a great extent is explained by the sectoral, size and capital-intensity characteristics of their firms. It has also been observed that female entrepreneurs rely less on external finance, but it is unclear whether this is due to personal preferences, discriminatory treatment in capital markets (e.g. in cases where they are charged higher interest rates or asked for more guarantees), or a combination of both (OECD, 2012a). An additional barrier is their lack of previous experience in management positions, as well as lower engagement in entrepreneur associations or networks. These individuals often lack collateral assets to offer, have short or nonexistent credit histories and lack successful business track records, and therefore generally face more stringent conditions for accessing credit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Chapter 4 analyses the impact of Australia’s dual sector universities on transition from vocational to higher education. Chapter 5 highlights the college-university links in Scotland and their impact on participation in higher education, focusing on short cycle higher education. Chapter 7 provides an overview of the emerging “non-university higher education” system in Italy which is closely aligned with regional development goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It provides diverse labour market opportunities (from low to high skilled, students, the elderly, and migrant workers), contributes to social integration, provides economic development opportunities in both urban and rural areas, whilst access to infrastructure and attractions developed for tourism purposes can have a positive impact on locals’ quality of life. It requires a wide variety of types and levels of skill, ranging from low to high, and from technical to non-technical personal or social skills. Furthermore, many of these jobs are accessible from entry-level positions allowing for significant career progression.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The question of accountability in human rights can too easily be reduced to those of the measurement of behavior by a general standard and the execution of appropriate sanctions. The argument of this paper is that from the time of Thomas Jefferson to the present the application of standards is locked in a dialectic with the need for moral autonomy on the part of individuals and communities. The actor is not a transparent locus of behavior, and neither is the enforcer a neutral channel of universal justice. While the universality of human rights impels responsibility to general standards, the humanity of human rights requires attention to the concrete conditions of action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Companies have new ways of doing business, and digital platforms now provide services that used to be the bread-and-butter of retailers, travel agents, banks and trade and investment support institutions (TISIs). These changes are creating immense opportunities for many. At the same time, however, they pose risks to economic growth and inclusiveness where the business ecosystem is not set up to harness the power of new technological possibilities. In many places these institutions are either entirely public or are public-private non-profit service providers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
More than one-third of respondents in the Slovak Republic reported an activity limitation induced by health problems, compared with only 15% in Iceland and Sweden. On average, 17% of the population is obese in the OECD (Figure 5.7). The proportion of obese people varies from about one-third in the United States and Mexico, to around one-in-four in New Zealand, Chile, Australia and Canada, to less than 5% in a number of Asian countries including India, Indonesia, China, Japan and Korea. Rates of obesity have risen rapidly in recent decades, affecting all population groups to varying extents, with more educated and higher socio-economic status women displaying substantially lower rates, and mixed patterns being observed for men (Sassi, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It requires strengthening education, labour market, tax and social institutions with a greater emphasis on the implications of such reforms on youth skills and employability. A broad range of skills matters for employability and, more generally, success in society (Box 1.2). Education attainment but also socio-economic background and the use of skills at work influence young people's skills (Box 1.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Finnish companies are less likely to do so than those in countries more committed to radical innovation. Incentives for “radical” innovation development and adoption should be strengthened, not only through public funding programmes but also through stronger and more systemic (and inclusive) cross-sectoral collaboration and better aligned industry-science co-operation for research and innovation. In principle, aggregate figures place Finnish firms among the best performing of OECD countries in terms of co-operation (co-operating with others in innovation, all types of partners combined). A closer look shows that co-operation activity by SMEs seems to have suffered dramatically since the crisis and has not recovered to its 2008 levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While statements by the United Nations Security Council and the Secretary-General demonstrate that environmental degradation is accepted as a possible non-military threat to international peace and security, none of the relevant documentation proceeds to consider how the Security Council might respond to such new threats and sources of instability and conflict. This article examines and evaluates a number of options available to the Security Council should its members choose to address this agenda in more detail. It argues that the UN Charter, international humanitarian law and operational precedent provide an environmental mandate for the Security Council. Any authorization of force, however, is most likely to be confined to environmental war crimes. A more important environmental role for the Security Council lies in preventive diplomacy, conflict resolution and postconflict reconstruction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The objectives of the Resolution include: ensuring adequate food supply sources for immediate- and long-term national food security, meeting nutrition needs and putting an end to food shortage and hunger, improving food consumption structure and quality and stepping up intensive rice farming, and ensuring that rice producers earn higher profits. In addition, it includes a commitment to ensure farmers receive a profit from rice production of at least 30% above the cost of production (Tran and Dinh, 2014a). The government develops legislation and regulation, and ten-year Socio-Economic Development Strategy (SEDS) and the five-year Socio-Economic Development Plan (SEDP) to implement these directions. The latest ten-year SEDS for the period 2011-20 approved in January 2011 reinforces the overall objective of making Viet Nam a modern industrialised country by 2020. It has been developed to give effect to Resolution No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Relative child poverty rates in France and Spain, for example, begin at very similar levels (19.4% and 18.8%, respectively) but in France the rate is more than halved by government intervention whereas in Spain very little difference is made (see Figure 8a). Similarly, Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany and Italy all begin with relative child poverty rates of 16% to 18%, but after taxes and benefits the relative child poverty rate is brought down by half or more in Austria, the Czech Republic and Germany whereas in Italy there is almost no reduction at all. Its premise is that, in a society committed to providing special protection for children, the child poverty rate would be lower than the overall poverty rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Making indicators available by key dimensions of inequality is essential to map and monitor such disparities. Strengthening health information infrastructure requires steps to collect more information on outcomes and quality of care (notably in primary care), as well as on practice variations and health inequalities. Publishing data, providing performance feedback and rewarding high-quality care are key instruments to promote accountability, facilitate shared learning and push for quality improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Section 3 focuses on efficiency and sustainability, again making recommendations for strengthening these dimensions of performance. Since the end of the civil war in 1948, the military was abolished and stronger focus was given to investment in education, population health, and culture. At the same time, sustained and ambitious policies around environmental protection and biodiversity have led to major gains in conservation: Costa Rica has managed to substantially reverse deforestation, the only tropical country in the world to have done so.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These indicators are then cross multiplied and summed to estimate a given importer’s Pll. Given that our sample includes only 89 developing country exporters, including Mexico which became an OECD Member, including 33 LDCs (of 49), and the corresponding 10 importers, it is desirable to assess the degree to which these countries represent global population, poverty, and trade (for each importer). The importer’s share of imports represented implies the theoretical maximum Pll for that importer, because it is assumed that the share of income accruing to the poor in exporting developing countries was proportional to the imports (which may be considered optimistic).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Empirical research on the determinants of individual-level support for trade liberalization has focused almost entirely on the economic effects of trade. Yet, international relations scholarship has long recognized that commerce also has a variety of security implications. This paper explores if and when security considerations influence individual attitudes toward trade. In this study, we ask two questions: First, to what extent do expectations about the security implications of trade affect individual-level attitudes toward trade agreements? Second, does the introduction of security concerns into the discussion of trade agreements influence how heavily individuals weigh their economic costs and benefits? We employ an original experiment embedded in a conjoint survey to investigate the relative impact of a variety of economic and security considerations on respondents’ support for trade. Our findings suggest that security information matters and undermines the appeal of some, though not all, economic arguments for trade liberalization among our respondents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Access to the Internet, in particular, unlocks new development opportunities by opening up new communication channels, providing access to information and services, increasing productivity and fostering innovation. This new framework for international cooperation to promote sustainable development between 2015 and 2030 is composed of 17 new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 169 Targets, and some 230 indicators. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development also recognizes that "The spread of information and communication technology and global interconnectedness has great potential to accelerate human progress, to bridge the digital divide and to develop knowledge societies". First, it explicitly refers to least developed countries (LDCs) as the target group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The use of technology, manufacturing and production therefore have the potential to support upskilling, redeployment and productivity enhancement29. Mobile broadband - or using tablets, mobile phones and other portable devices to access the Internet - represents the fastest technological uptake in human history. Hotspots are being set up by individuals and technology companies are experimenting with drones, balloons and other innovations to extend access to and use of the Internet30. Technical and ICT-related skills across industries also need to be supplemented by broader, stronger collaborative and social skills -such as persuasion, emotional intelligence and the ability to learn and teach others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Abstract   Tensions in the South China Sea are typically analysed either from a power perspective, which emphasises the ambitions of a rising China and the potential for conflict, or from an international law perspective, which typically assesses the scope for resolution of competing claims under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the impact of the South China Sea arbitration. There have also been efforts to analyse the potential for creative legal solutions, including consideration of the Antarctic Treaty System as a potential model. This paper revisits the Antarctic analogy. Rather than view this from a law or politics perspective, the paper suggests that viewing Antarctic Treaty provisions as having been championed by a rising power whose interests were not closely supported by application of the existing legal regime yields rather different lessons and offers cautious grounds for optimism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Adaptation plans refer to more substantive planning documents which establish specific policies and measures to be taken. This division is reflected in the summary table below, which groups countries into four subcategories - those which have not published an adaptation strategy, those which have not published a strategy but have taken significant national action, those which have published a strategy but not a full adaptation plan, and those which have published both a strategy and a plan. The distinction between strategies and plans is somewhat subjective - countries’ adaptation planning documents vary widely in their coverage and concreteness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Purpose – Unhappiness has been recognized as one of the main factors that cause political unrest in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in recent years. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of governance matters on happiness in the MENA region while controlling for other relevant determinants. Design/methodology/approach – The paper applies panel random effects regression analyses by using data from 14 MENA countries over the period of 2009-2011. Findings – The empirical results show that higher level of political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness and rule of law significantly increase happiness in the region. Furthermore, the paper finds that voice and accountability, regulatory quality and control of corruption variables have positive relationship with happiness but are not significant. Originality/value – Most studies in this area cover developed countries. Since findings for developed countries might not be directly transferable to emerging econo...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
South Africa has one of the best sun regimes in the world. Yet it has one of the lowest penetrations of solar water heaters (SWH). Experience with non-grid electrification through solar heating systems (SHS) has taught a lesson that solar panels are subject to theft and vandalism. Information campaigns and community development programmes help reduce vandalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Consuming less is politically not a desirable solution. But I hope we will find the solution one way or another." Despite the impressive results in process and product efficiency and the increasing share of eco-labelled products on the market, the aggregate levels of emissions from product consumption are increasing, the amount of products per household and per person is growing and the overall size and speed of resource and waste flows in society are mounting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)