albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Geographical information systems (GIS) utilization has exploded in criminal justice over the last decade, but there is scant mention of pedagogical models published in the Journal of Criminal Justice Education, with a content analysis revealing just one GIS-based article published since 2001. This work proposes a GIS-based pedagogical model to move the discussion beyond crime mapping to applying, integrating, and enhancing learning across the criminal justice curriculum. Four pertinent data sources from New York City are integrated to provide an example framework for studying NYPD stop and frisk policy in upper level undergraduate-level criminal justice courses. Using ArcGIS specifically, the model incorporates sociology, criminological theory, corrections, diversity/multiculturalism, research methods, statistics, policing, and policy knowledge to coalesce prior student learning, while enhancing spatial thinking and analytical skills relative to an important social policy. Example maps, assignments, and a...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, a central road safety organisation with adequate human, technical and financial resources is essential (Bliss and Breen, 2009). As a result, traffic safety emerged as a highly important social issue. In June 1970, the Government of Japan, responded by enacting the Traffic Safety Policies Act (Act No.l 10 of 1970), with the aim of promoting traffic safety measures nationwide in a total and systematic manner. Under this act, the government has been working together with local governments and relevant private organisations to vigorously implement traffic safety measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Some of the relevant issues are considered in the brief case study of the UK waste policy presented in the next section. Large amounts of heavy metals, pesticides, hydrocarbons, and organic chloride compounds were being discharged, causing deterioration of water quality, sediment pollution and the loss of indigenous species. The problem was serious enough to jeopardise the use of water resources for human activities. Though supervised by the provinces, the water boards have a high degree of operational and financial independence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Is in-depth training on specific gender issues - such as interviewing victims of sexual violence or recruiting women from minority groups - being provided to necessary personnel? • Do they include female stakeholders such as women's organisations? • If not, how could they be engaged to support gender initiatives? •
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
With increased public and private investment in ICT skills, young people can help their communities and countries leapfrog into higher value-added industries. To generate inclusive growth and achieve SDG 1, initiatives that work in practice need to be scaled up. The iHub in Nairobi, Kenya, for example, employs young entrepreneurs to invent ICT solutions to local problems, such as to expand access to health care and education, and better link marginalized groups to these critical services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Since 2006, schools and teachers are also required to develop individual student plans as a tool to systematically monitor and improve students’ learning outcomes. Teachers have to establish a learning plan for each of their students, describing the student’s current performance level and specifying areas on which the student, parents and the teacher will focus on over the coming months. Student learning plans need to be shared with parents at least once a year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The first is probabilistic risk modelling to estimate average annual loss and the second is based on potential climate scenarios. The estimate is a weighted average of the expected loss from every disaster event, given its probability of occurrence - the average annual loss (AAL). An AAL calculation involves three components: hazard modelling, exposure and vulnerabilities, and risk estimations. It uses both historical experiences and modelled predictions to give a comprehensive picture of what can be expected. Policymakers can use this for DRR financing budgets, designing risk reduction schemes and carrying out cost-benefit analysis for specific intervention proposals. Government of Nepal/Ministry of Home Affairs (accessed 21 May 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the Unites States the existence of statutes that allow to declare forfeiture of the property used in certain prohibited ways in civil proceedings without the general safeguards of criminal law is an extended legal practice. This parallel law enforcement system, however, has raised several constitutional discussions. One of these debates concerns the compatibility of the parallel system with the double jeopardy clause: does the double jeopardy clause bar the government from bringing a civil forfeiture proceeding against a defendant that has previously been convicted in a criminal court for the same offence? The aim of the present article is studying the evolution of the case law of the Supreme Court of the United States on the constitutionality of parallel civil forfeiture proceedings and criminal prosecutions under the double jeopardy clause, analysing the current state of the jurisprudence and its possible further developments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
China is promoting the use of telemedicine for medical institutions as a core element of the health-care system reform. Among enacted policies thus far, the National Health and Family Planning Commission has responsibility for establishing the basic principles and guidelines related to telemedicine. The 2009 Notice on Multiple Tasks of Doctors allows doctors in medical institutions to freely perform remote medical services in addition to their hours of consultation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Instead of choosing among many specifications, BMA estimates are obtained as a weighted average of the estimates from each of the possible models in the model space with weights proportional to the marginal likelihood of the dependent variable in each model. The resulting average model has better predictive accuracy than single models (Hoeting et al., Once the explanatory variables are identified via BMA, an ordinary least squares estimation7 with robust standard errors is used. The next section presents the data used to implement the estimation strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Bilforer 65+ (Driver 65+) refresher course system was introduced in the Norwegian Road and Traffic Plan 1998-2007, and was implemented in the 2006 National Plan of Action for Traffic Safety on the Road. Courses are open for all Norwegians from 60 years on and are run by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration in collaboration with authorised driving schools. A course invitation is sent to all drivers aged 65 or more holding a licence and is repeated for those reaching 70.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Overall poverty among the older population is one-and-a-half times higher than among the population as a whole. The lack of old age income security means that many must work even at a very old age - a phenomenon particularly frequent in the countryside. Recent longterm projections by the Consejo Nacional de Poblacion (CONAPO) indicate that the population aged 65 or over will more than double during the next 20 years, from 7 million in 2010 to around 16 million in 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Schools are required to engage in self-evaluation and reflect its results in the school annual report. Organising bodies also inspect their respective schools but typically concentrate on compliance with financial regulations. A range of tools are used to monitor performance of the education system. The monitoring system includes a range of statistics on education based on snap-shot data collected from schools on a standardised format.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Code also allows for special conditions of employment for workers employed by contractors on labour intensive projects, including the use of task-based payment systems, and the setting of payments for tasks based on consideration of the local going rate for unskilled labour. It limits the duration of employment under these special conditions and provides PWP workers with an entitlement to training. The Code of Good Practice therefore establishes a PWP employment framework based on a concept of PWPs as a mechanism for providing unemployed people with a combination of work experience and training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Israeli human rights law is strongly linked to a variety of historical and political circumstances. Israel is considered to be a ‘mixed jurisdiction’, with common law roots incorporating aspects of civil law as well as deference to religious legal systems in some dimensions. This diversity is evident also in the constitutional protection of human rights. Israel lacks a comprehensive formal constitution, and yet some institutions and rights are enshrined in statutory instruments that enjoy a higher status in the legal hierarchy. Otherwise, much of the constitutional law is judge-made, primarily by the Israeli Supreme Court in its capacity as High Court of Justice. In 1992, the Israeli parliamentary assembly (the Knesset) adopted two substantive laws of a fundamentally constitutional character, significantly enhancing the scope of judicial review of legislation on some human rights bases. This development is widely known as Israel’s ‘constitutional revolution’, as explained in more detail below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many project managers have been burnt more than once investing huge amounts of time and money trying to align projects - only to be rejected. The rejection rate of these projects is over 86%. Independent consultants in India have pointed out the inappropriateness of using CDM for projects which make economic sense - and for which intervention should be targeted upfront, not at the end of the project. Having been disappointed at least once by the length and the uncertainties of the process, these stakeholders tend to shy away from the entire process. The analysis shows that Annex I countries wish to tap EE improvement potentials in emerging economies - as IEA and IPCC analysis underline they should.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To test this hypothesis, the influence of the average age of mothers at birth of children was also tested in another version of the models, without conclusive results. For this reason, only results including adolescent birth frequency are present here. These two variables are expected to reduce child poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The evaluation of a pilot in India among about 10 000 employees of 11 garment factories (the majority of whom were women) indicated that after the programme women were 39% less likely to report needing help using an ATM, had a better grasp of bank terminology, and were 44% more likely to report saving some of their income for personal needs. Most male employees already knew how to withdraw money and were already saving, so their behaviour was less impacted than that of women. Findings also suggest positive results in terms of women’s empowerment, as women were also 23% more likely to say that they decided how to allocate their salaries and were twice as likely to report discussing household spending decisions with family members (Ghuliani and Goldenberg, 2015). A random group of clients of India’s largest women’s bank, SEWA Bank, were invited to attend a programme including business counselling and basic financial literacy training (Field et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Rearrangement of student learning time, next to reduction of class size and increase of teachers’ salaries, has emerged as one of the key ideas for reallocation of newly available resources in countries with a decreasing number of students. Since it is argued that “the most valuable resource in the educational process is no doubt student learning time” (OECD, 2004: 240), optimising this resource has been presented as one of the key measures in improving student achievement (Carroll, 1989, Scheerens and Bosker, 1997, Marzano, 2003). While students acquire skills and knowledge in many different ways, this paper will concentrate primarily on the time students spend learning in regular school lessons and also consider their participation in summer and after-school programmes and extracurricular activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Japan, the Top Runner programme sets efficiency standards for cars (and trucks) according to that achieved by the most efficient vehicle in each category. China, soon to become the largest car market in the world, has been applying stringent fuel economy standards since 2005, and a new car-tax regime which penalizes large cars since 2006. In India, the absence of mandatory vehicle fuel efficiency standards suggests that the fuel efficiency of vehicles may lag behind that of other countries34 (IEA, 2007b). The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has introduced a voluntary energy labelling scheme as a first step to enforcing mandatory fuel economy standards for cars, two-wheelers and heavy commercial vehicles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Not only does the level of social spending matter, but also the way in which it is targeted more or less specifically at the poorest populations. Therefore, both the level of social expenditure per capita and the share of social spending directed at the poorest 10% of households share negative associations with the relative child poverty rate, and this relation applies to all specifications. This suggests that relative child poverty is lower when social spending per head is higher, and also that, at given expenditure levels, child poverty is lower when the poorest fraction of the population receives a higher proportion of social spending.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Incentives Initial work to identify negative incentives and options for positive incentives may need to be funded primarily from core biodiversity/environmental budgets, as the required action is motivated primarily by biodiversity/environmental concerns. Assessments of reform options for negative incentives, and development of action plans for reform may attract resources from other government departments, especially where a need for reform has been identified for financial, economic or social reasons - finance ministries and sectoral ministries (e.g. agriculture, fisheries, energy) may contribute to this process. The development of positive incentives will deliver benefits for both the land management sector and for beneficiaries of ecosystem services (e.g. water companies, communities, property interests and the public at large). There may be opportunities for funding from beneficiaries through PES schemes (e.g. water sector, insurers, carbon, biodiversity, property interests), from a range of government departments (e.g. agriculture, forestry, water resources, energy) and from development agencies (because of the importance of natural capital and ecosystem services for development).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In Croatia, Greece and Romania it is 1 in 3 children in the bottom 10th percentile. In Switzerland, at least 15% of children from the poorest families live in households which cannot afford regular leisure activity for their children. The proportion of children at the bottom end of the income distribution living in households unable to afford items understood to be necessary or desirable for an 'acceptable' standard of living increased between 2009 and 2013 in most cases analysed here.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is intended to collect drainage water from the irrigated lands of the Lebap, Mary and Akhal Provinces, and partly from Dashoguz and Balkan Provinces, and direct it to the Karashor depression in northern Turkmenistan where Lake Altyn Asyr was created. The northern system is to collect drainage water from Dashoguz and, partly, the Khorezm oasis of Uzbekistan, while the southern system is to collect drainage from Akhal, Mary and Lebap Provinces. The total length of the Trans-Turkmen Collector is 720 km.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Ministry of National Economy (MNE) is the lead co-ordinator, overseeing physical and economic development, and the cities of regional importance must also develop local programmes. The city PTDs can be approved by the maslikhats only one month after the approval of the oblast PTD. In 2012, small towns and monotowns also acquired the opportunity to develop their “Comprehensive Development Plan” (KoMWieKCHbiu man pa3eumua/CDP). The CDP has not yet been integrated into the national economic planning system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, in three countries (Cyprus, Luxembourg and Spain), transitions from no employee income at all to at least some employee income are positively associated with falling into poverty. Although these effects are not very precisely estimated (p<0.05) and there are very few households with zero employee income at time / who are not poor and are still at risk of entering poverty (seeTable 7 pages 24 and 25), this suggests that moving into employment, everything else being equal, does not always protect from poverty. Compared to the risk in households where the same number of adults work in both years, children in households where fewer adults work at t+1 are more likely to move into poverty in Belgium, Bulgaria, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Spain and the UK.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, statisticians have recognized that improvement is also needed in the area of statistics on men. ( Hedman, Perucci and Sundstrom, 1996). Specific issues related to men’s lives, such as harmful levels of drinking and smoking, greater risk of accidents or injuries and access to paid paternity leave, have increasingly been taken into account and covered by gender statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, an evaluation of the Canadian Work Sharing Programme shows that about half of the jobs that were initially maintained by the programme were lost soon after its termination (HRDC, 2004). The next sub-section attempts to do so for the operation of STW schemes during the 2008-09 recession. The analysis makes use of quarterly data for the period 2003 Q1 to 2009 Q3 for 19 countries and four industries (manufacturing, construction, distribution and business services). The agricultural and non-market sectors are excluded from the analysis.56 Of the 19 countries included in the analysis, 11 countries operated a short-time work scheme during the entire period, five countries introduced a new scheme during the crisis period and three countries never had a short-time work scheme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Healthy forests are vital for the people living in and depending on these important biological areas. For this reason, it is paramount to the success of REDD+ that a broad range of stakeholders - including civil society, indigenous groups and other forest-dependent communities, government, academia and the private sector - are included in all processes of REDD+ planning and implementation.* In the meantime, several tropical forest countries have initiated serious REDD+ efforts and development co-operation providers - including Germany, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States - are committed to supporting and piloting REDD+ around the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
All forms of migration (labour, student, forced etc.) Regulations that enable family reunification are needed, based on human rights, equality and nondiscrimination, so that migrant women can live family lives of their choosing. Gender-responsive implementation of commitments will require recognizing the multiple roles women have in public and family life, the diversity of families in which women live, and the full range of women's rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
On this front, many of the region's countries have made real efforts to conserve their natural wealth by establishing protected areas, especially under the Convention on Biological Diversity. Important regional efforts and experiences in this regard include the creation of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor, in which Mexico and seven Central American countries participate, the expansion of the Serranfa del Chiribiquete natural park in Colombia and that country's policy of conservation in the Amazon region, as well as the tropical rainforest conservation programme in Brazil, which has spurred a strong expansion in protected areas in the region and has become the driving force in reducing deforestation in the Amazon region. One example was the domestication of plants of tremendous economic value that were grown in species-rich areas inhabited by sophisticated ancient civilizations. This process was key in the development of agriculture and gave rise to hubs of origin of major crops such as maize, yucca, potatoes, peanuts, beans, squash, tomatoes, cacao, quinoa and others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For some groups, such as youths not in employment, education or training (NEETs), inactive spouses and early retirees, there may be scope to better identify individuals in the group (e.g. by matching public datasets) for a targeted offer of services. Increased integration of PES services with those of other public actors such as health, childcare, or social services and education institutions, can enhance the service offer. Policies outside the direct remit of employment and related services - such as employment protection or tax legislation - also need to be addressed, although this chapter does not analyse them. Prior to the recent crisis, this led to significant increases in labour force participation rates and relatively low unemployment rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These studies reinforce the general argument that migrations around the world from rural areas to the big cities are part of a two-stage process. Its political institutions, business relationships, social networks and transactions are all footholds intended to give new village arrivals a purchase, however fragile, on the edge of the large society, and to give them a place to push themselves, and their children, further into the centre, into acceptability, into connectedness. While many still live in slums, they have clearly been receding as a proportion of the urban population over the last two decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These can take the form of targeted financial, social or academic supports, which can improve outcomes. First, EU funding may decrease in the future, as the EU reconsiders its priorities in a context of increased demands, from migration to security and defence. In addition, the EU budget will be reduced by the United Kingdom’s departure (European Commission, 2017[8]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
First, due to the technology’s highly influential and disruptive nature in any business model, related stakeholders must be educated and included in a transparent governance approach. Second, in order to ease friction and pave the way for sustainable blockchain development, a number of regulatory issues need to be addressed. Third, a multi-stakeholder collaboration and active co-innovation approach is needed to design feasible pathways for adoption, especially given that blockchain is still a developing technology. Looking into the future, blockchain could also be leveraged as a regulatory tool for monitoring global standards and laws relating to sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)