albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Trade facilitation also was reflected as a priority in regional trade agreements by a growing number of respondents: 55% compared to 32% in 2015. The 2017 aid-for-trade monitoring exercise further highlights that a majority of developing countries (46 out of the 64 replies from developing countries) have a broad conception of trade facilitation that extends also to transport facilitation. The responses to the 2017 aid-for-trade monitoring exercise outline a range of activities being undertaken by developing countries and LDCs, including with support from development partners, to improve trade connectivity by addressing trade facilitation issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Countries with lower emigration rates but high absolute numbers of emigrants include Nepal, the Philippines and Sri Lanka (IOM, 2017). Mexico to the United States is the largest corridor in absolute terms, with 12.7 million migrants in 2017 (Figure 3.2). In some cases, social media offers innovative and alternative data sources (Zagheni et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Women human rights defenders are subject to the same types of risks as other human rights defenders, but as women they are also targeted for or exposed to gender-specific threats and gender-specific violence.31 The reasons for this are multifaceted and complex, and depend on the specific context in which the individual woman is working. Often, the work of women human rights defenders is seen as challenging traditional notions of family and gender roles in society, which can lead to hostility by the general population and the authorities. They are therefore stigmatized and ostracized by community leaders, faith-based groups, families and communities that consider them to be threatening religion, honour or culture through their work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The application is checked for compliance with various sorts of criteria which are specified nationally, such as the building regulations, the land-use plan, urban design standards, and noise nuisance standards. Additional criteria can be stipulated by both municipalities and provinces, such as demolition, felling trees. The application is tested against the criteria, and if it fails to meet one or more of them, it must be rejected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Section 6.2 on “The Economic Potential of Small Modular Reactors in Integrated Electricity Systems” is based on a study by Dr. Sara Boarin, Professor Marco Ricotti and Professor Marco Mancini of Politecnico Milano for the WPNE. Finally, Chapter 7 on “Modelling the System-wide Interaction of Nuclear Power and Renewables: A Case Study of Germany" was contributed to the work of the WPNE by Dr. Rudiger Barth, Dr. Heike Brand, Dr. Jurgen Apfelbeck and Professor Alfred VoiS, Institute for Energy Economics and the Rational Use of Energy, University of Stuttgart. The members of the WPNE as well as the participants in the workshops and the roundtable are acknowledged in Annex 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Policy makers therefore need to carefully consider their own particular economic structures when considering the distributional effects of their policies. However, in general, all policies including direct regulation will have some distributional impact which can often be regressive. For example, Sutherland (2006) argues that appliance energy efficiency standards usually affect market choices by removing the low-end and less energy-efficient units from the market. Comparatively wealthy consumers apparently purchase about the same appliances as they would in the absence of energy efficiency standards, and hence suffer minimal losses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Convention makes no further reference to specific initiatives or actions to be taken, in accordance with its framework nature (UN, 1992). The action, and hence initiatives to ensure the fulfilment of the objectives of the Convention has always been the discrete responsibility of the Parties to the Convention, individually or in cooperation. This distinction between domestic or cooperative action is further illustrated by the Kyoto Protocol, where the Protocol promotes cooperative action in the form of technology transfer and flexible mechanisms. However, the Protocol is mostly sector-neutral in that it leaves the Party or Parties with the choice of where to act and how.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It provides a blueprint for land-use management and decision-making that addresses Alberta’s growth pressures. Indeed, what uses are permitted on land - or more precisely, how they are done - clearly impact adjacent watersheds. Implementation of the Land-use Framework is a key vehicle for implementing Alberta’s “cumulative effects” management system at the regional scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Following recent FAO recognition that what were thought separate Atlantic and Pacific stocks of Thunnus thynnus are actually distinct species, this article examines the considerable variation in how tunas are named and classified in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and other fisheries treaties. Two consequences related to the superimposition of the UN Fish Stocks Agreement on this variation are highlighted. The author concludes that, until FAO names gain wider use, it is the Latin scientific names rather than the common names in the “authentic” vernacular treaty texts on which reliance should be placed for legal purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Sami people in Scandinavia, as the Inuit in Greenland, have a long history of suffering discrimination and racism. A large proportion of Norwegian Sami peoples experience discrimination based on their background.14 There are also similar findings among the Sami youth in the Nordic countries.144 Furthermore, the results demonstrate that discrimination is associated with inferior self-perceived health and psychological distress,14' which is supported by several other studies across multiple population groups in a wide range of cultural and national contexts,146 including indigenous communities in the circumpolar north.147 These findings suggest that perceived discrimination is an important emerging risk factor leading to negative health outcomes. There is no unified system of health monitoring of indigenous peoples, although some general trends show significantly lower than average health outcomes compared the majority Russian population. According to the 2002 Census the average life expectancy of Russian indigenous peoples was 15 years below the Russian average.148 Among the Sami in Russia, smoking and alcohol use are very common.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
First, the share of developing countries in global exports crossed 30 per cent in 2000 and reached 40 per cent in 2010, which reflects a significant growth from the average level of 25 per cent during the 1970s and 1980s - the period that was the focus of the earlier trade-inequality debate.8 Second, the growth of developing countries’ exports of manufactures has been concentrated in only a few countries, especially China. China’s per capita income and wages are considerably lower than in those economies which accounted for the bulk of manufactured exports from developing to developed countries in the 1970s and 1980s, such as the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China, as well as other countries that had experienced rapid economic catch-up after the Second World War, such as Japan and Germany. Even though data that allow precise cross-country comparisons are available only forthe period since 1975, a comparison of the wage levels in manufacturing of countries experiencing rapid economic catch-up relative to United States levels broadly shows that there are still substantial wage differences between some of the main developing-country exporters of manufactures and their developed-country partners (chart 4.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For governments, these include integrating mitigation and adaptation policies in tourism planning, considering tourism in national climate vulnerability assessments, promoting collaboration between national and local governments and the private sector to communicate the benefits of adapting to a low-carbon economy, considering poverty reduction as a tourism development goal, and combining REDD actions with small-scale, high-value nature-based tourism in forest communities to provide alternative sources of income. The OECD works closely with governments to help them to identify and implement least-cost policies to reduce GHG emissions in order to limit climate change, as well as to integrate adaptation to climate change into all relevant sectors and policy areas (OECD, 2007). As OECD countries are the major international donors, OECD has a critical role in tracking climate finance, and in examining how public finance can be scaled-up and best targeted to help leverage private financial flows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Why do people engage in citizen science projects? The aim of this contribution is to explore the social mechanisms that push nonexperts (i.e., citizens) to invest energy, time, and (sometimes) money in collaborative initiatives on the ground of scientific research. Some relevant examples from the domain of community-based rain measuring are scrutinized, merging the views of a water scientist and a social scientist. After briefly discussing the limits of outdated approaches to science-technology-society issues, social identity theory and new media mechanisms are analyzed as key variables to understand what is new in today's science coming across citizenship. A discussion on the importance of accounting for the uncertainty inherent with the observations coming from crowdsourcing initiatives, possibly the most challenging side effect of what we call Citizen Science 2.0, closes the paper.    For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In fact, four times as many men as women died in road traffic accidents in 2014. Although a series of tobacco control policies contributed to a reduction in smoking rates among adolescents and adults in Latvia over the past decade, the smoking rates among adults nonetheless remain higher than in most other EU countries, particularly among men and people with lower levels of education. Spending on prevention represents only 2% of current health spending in Latvia compared to the EU average of 3%. Investment in public health and prevention in Latvia is also heavily reliant on funding from the EU and the international community more broadly. For example, thrombolysis for ischaemic stroke is excluded from the benefit package, tunning against clinical evidence on international best practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The network construction mode and experience can be easily replicated to large-scale network construction. The project paved the way for the large-scale construction of the FTTx network in India and provided great experiences for other countries to replicate. The project will achieve an installed capacity of 14 000 cabinets, which can support the global net-work topology, improve service capability, enhance core competitiveness and satisfy significant business development needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This variation reflects the government’s efforts to stabilise domestic prices and to balance the interests of producers and consumers in the context of price volatility on international markets. The total value of transfers arising from support to agriculture was equivalent to 2.2% of GDP in 2011-13. A summary of the current key policy objectives for the sector is followed by a description of agricultural policy developments since reunification in 1976.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Current membership includes seven LDCs.2 The GSTP recognizes the special needs of the participating LDCs, including, among other things, the need to extend concrete preferential treatment measures and concessions. In the past, only a limited number of offers of nonreciprocal trade concessions were extended to LDCs under the GSTP.3 In 2004, at the eleventh session of UNCTAD (UNCTAD XI) held in Sao Paulo, Brazil, GSTP participants agreed to convene a third round of negotiations to improve preferential tariffs and expand trade ties among signatory developing countries. In addition to the seven LDCs that participate in the GSTP (identified in italics), Burkina Faso, Burundi, Haiti, Madagascar, Mauritania, Rwanda and Uganda have applied for accession to the GSTP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In contrast to PM|0 and NO?, Therefore, denser urban areas may produce higher residential SO? Finally, the results suggest that high-income urban areas experience lower concentrations of PM 10 and SO?. This may result from tighter environmental regulations or higher public expenditure to improve air quality in high income areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, there are concerns that people who have long been accustomed to driving might stick to their old habits. In particular, pull factors alone are often not enough because the door-to-door convenience that only private vehicles can offer may be too attractive unless the disadvantages of driving are felt more acutely. Another factor of complexity stems from the fact that Suwon is part of the functional urban area of Seoul (according to the OECD methodology), which requires collaboration across administrative boundaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These are increasingly being used to recover regulatory costs from the regulated parties. The classical example is water licensing fees - when the fee is set to pay only for the administrative cost of issuing a license to abstract water. Other examples include the pollution control tax in Spain (to pay for enforcement by river basin agencies) or the research charge in South Africa. They are based on the user-pays and polluter-pays principles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Patients with severe chronic conditions may require visits to specialist third-level services. In this case, transport costs may be prohibitive. While this may be changing - partly as a result of the NPPH - most of the high-tech medical centres are concentrated in the European part of the Russian Federation (more precisely in Moscow and Saint-Petersburg).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While governments and CSOs have promoted SRB practices despite a scarcity of capacity and resources,28 many firms have embarked on SRB practices under the guidance of the international community. By aligning corporate strategies and practices with the SDGs, companies can realize opportunities that can generate both financial returns and social and environmental values. The SDGs cover a wide range of fields, including the reduction of poverty and hunger, the achievement of universal education and gender equality, the fostering of global partnerships and the promotion of inclusive and sustainable economic development and growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, this offer is very uneven depending on the environment in which children live. Responsibilities in this area are shared between the federal and provincial governments, with other players also involved in the field. For instance, recreation and social services are in the jurisdiction of provinces, but the federal government provides guidelines, recommendations, funding allocations, and programs that relate to leisure. The federal government also establishes formal mechanisms for cooperation between the federal and provincial jurisdiction in matters relating to sport, fitness, and recreation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This development allows meeting not only domestic demand but newly created foreign demand as well. Labour-intensive industries, like food and beverages, textiles and wearing apparel, often exhibit fast growth and account for a major share of manufacturing value added and employment in an early stage of development. As resource intensive industries, such as coke and refined petroleum, paper and basic and fabricated metal-based industries, emerge in a middle-income stage, manufacturing value added in the economy tends to increase further.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In this context, the review's recommendations regarding additional funding should mainly be seen as recommending a shift towards more effective, impact-oriented funding and should not necessarily be interpreted as a call for a general funding increase. However, this does not preclude increases in certain areas nor increases in spending for R&D and innovation over time, in line with the Austrian federal government’s R&D intensity target (currently 3.76% over the long term) if considered beneficial. Opportunities also exist to develop a number of virtuous circles in the system. For example, improving universities’ production of excellent research, and their commercialisation capacities, could help to grow the currently weak venture capital sector (because venture capital activity typically follows growth in investable projects), and also help attract and retain human capital. The potential and excellence of Austria’s research community has been impeded - among other factors - by a lack of competitive funding of basic research relative to many leading innovators (e.g. the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Proportionately more unintended births were borne by mothers who were teenagers, not married, highly educated, urban and Metro Manila residents. Moreover, unintended births were more prevalent among first-order births than among subsequent births. Validating the results of previous studies, unintended births both mistimed and unwanted, are associated with delayed prenatal care in bivariate analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This will entail the more systematic implementation of the law stipulating procedures to undertake the diagnostic and the development of more detailed standardised protocols for diagnosis and treatment. In addition, to boost the provision of services for children with permanent disabilities and to improve the quality of education for these students, authorities should make sure that mainstream schools have the resources as well as incentives in place to serve these students. Chile could consider introducing monetary incentives to those mainstream schools that enrol and retain students with permanent disabilities and make sure they are not penalised in the accountability system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For every 1 percent increase in the proportion of seizure-free epilepsy-treated patients, there was a 0.43 percent reduction in the number of patients with at least one epilepsy-related emergency hospitalization. The cost savings were found to mainly be due to reductions in emergency admissions and outpatient visits, rather than to lower costs for patients treated in hospital or to reductions in elective admissions. In contrast, they found little evidence of savings arising in other specialities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These are comprehensive and contemporary in their thinking and approaches, and align the country with international agreements and the EU approximation process. They set the country on the right path towards sustainable development. The challenge facing the Government now is to complete the high-priority strategic actions set forth and, in partnership with public enterprises, public institutions, the private sector, and the public, to apply the products of those actions in day-to-day administration. Its overall goal is to increase the contribution of the forestry sector to the national economy and rural development through sustainable forest management, reliance on renewable resources, protection of the local and global environment, and the delivery of products and services for improving the quality of life of all citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In several of them, the rates turn out to be much lower once older working-age people are excluded (Czech Republic, Finland, Poland, Switzerland). These ratios reflect the generosity of disability and early-retirement payments relative to unemployment and family benefits, as well as the incidence of unemployment and inactivity among different age groups. Importantly, and despite reform attempts to reduce benefit dependency among older workers, ratios of benefits received by younger relative to older working-age groups have declined since the mid-90s in most countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Colombia has achieved financial protection against excessive health care costs for almost all citizens, as well as an equal basket of services for those in and out of formal employment. Insurance coverage has risen rapidly from 23.5% of the population in 1993 to 96.6% in 2014, with individual’s out-of-pocket spending on health care falling from 52% in 1993 to 14.4% of total national spend on health in 2013, one of the lowest figures in the region. Per capita allocation of funds for health care is equal for those in contributory and publicly-subsidised insurance schemes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Last but not least, the author expresses gratitude to Tracey Burns, who has supported the work and provided various comments and input throughout the different phases of this paper. In particular, it investigates what aligning teacher education programmes to standards really mean, and what conception of educational sciences is reflected in the standards and the curriculum. Analyses suggest that alignment, as an explicit, direct and consistent correspondence, is difficult to achieve, in part due to different conceptualisations of professional knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The global rate of youth unemployment was estimated at 13 per cent in 2017 and was expected to remain steady during 2018 (ILO, 2018b). In real terms, this means that nearly 67 million young people between the ages of 15 and 24 report that they are actively searching for work but are unable to find a job. A deep concern is that world unemployment rates did not decline after the global downturn, as economies began to recover, the rate of unemployment among young people remained at or near 13 per cent (see figure 3.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As in other parts of the United Kingdom, participation by Scottish primary care physicians is voluntary. For those who choose to participate, the QOF measures achievement against a range of evidence-based quality indicators, with points and payments awarded according to the level of achievement. Public scrutiny provides an additional incentive, with the performance of individual practices published on a website.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Overall, the changes to the forest code reduced by 58% the total forest area to be restored (to about 210 000 km2), affecting mainly the Amazon, Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes (Soares-Filho et al., Registration in the CAR is mandatory for all rural properties and holdings, including information about the RL and APP in each area, by May 2016. The rural properties that do not comply with the land set-aside obligations will be required to join a state-level environmental regularisation programme. As required by the Brazilian Central Bank, CAR registration will be a condition to access rural credits, from both public and private banks, as from October 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For employed mothers with a high level of educational attainment, this is 72.2% - a difference of just under 8 percentage points. Being unmarried also significantly increases the likelihood of an employed mother working full-time, although the size of the association here is only small. On average, holding all else constant, the probability of working full-time rather than part-time is only about 2 percentage points higher for unmarried mothers than for married mothers. Age has less of an effect - there is no significant difference in the probability of full-time employment across age groups, at least after controlling for other factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)