albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Still, on average, about one in three girls 15 to 19 years old in those countries have been subjected to FGM, compared to nearly one in two in 2000. There, a girl's risk of marrying in childhood has decreased by over 40 per cent since 2000. Increasingly, the global burden of child marriage is shifting from Southern Asia to sub-Saharan Africa, where levels of child marriage have declined at a more modest rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In particular, it investigates which specific actions of civil society organizations operating in a conflict situation contribute to the securitizing, desecuritizing or holding of the conflict and to the violation, reparation or protection of human rights. It is also a key dynamic at the intersection between understanding and halting conflict, defining and securing human rights in conflict situations and explaining the role of civil society in the context of war. Gender, therefore, is a productive analytical lens to build theoretical and empirical bridges between the three pillars of this endeavour: conflict, human rights and civil society. Firstly, a definition of gender is provided and the relation between gender, securitization (Diez and Pia, 2008), ethnic conflict, human rights and civil society is explored.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, LDCs have relatively weak local innovation systems, reflecting their structural vulnerabilities (UNCTAD, 2014b). Despite overall improvements in secondary and tertiary enrolment ratios, skilled workers with science, technology, engineering and mathematics backgrounds remain scarce, women being particularly underrepresented (UNCTAD, 2011b). Relative to 2014, LDCs’ combined electricity generation needs to be scaled up by a factor of between 3.4 and 6.8 to be adequate for productive use, and by a factor of 13.5 to meet modern energy needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Civil procedure rules (CPRs) in the English jurisdiction were introduced to restrain the adversarial and expensive litigation activities of the legal profession. Judges use case management to fix timetables for preaction meetings, disclosure, and trial dates. Under CPR both the judiciary and the parties have a duty to consider ADR alternatives such as mediation. Costs sanctions were implemented to keep in check unreasonable litigation practices and prevent the parties and their lawyers from creating delay and unwarranted expense. Evidence exists that construction parties are beginning to utilize mediation tactically both in the settlement phases activated by CPR and during the mediation process itself and some lawyers are reported to adopt an adversarial approach in mediation. This paper examines case law from the English jurisdiction on the application of the principle of “unreasonable behavior” in litigation to analyze how effective the specialist Technology and Construction Courts (TCCs) are in counter...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For a detailed historical analysis of the risk that poorly designed income support schemes can cause unemployment rates to ratchet up from one recession to the next, see Chapter 4 in OECD (2003a). Past recessions have shown that both macro and labour market policies are required to offset persistence effects that would otherwise convert some portion of a cyclical increase in unemployment into higher structural unemployment. Hysteresis effects following a cyclical upsurge of unemployment during a recession appear to be closely associated with increases in long-term unemployment (Ball, 2009, Guichard and Rusticelli, 2010). At the individual level, the progressive loss of human capital, health and morale associated with extended periods of joblessness can reduce the attractiveness of these workers to potential employers. At the aggregate level, the unemployment rate associated with a stable rate of inflation (the so-called NAIRU) tends to rise with the size of the pool of the long-term unemployed, since their relative disconnection from the labour market means that they have little impact in restraining inflationary wage pressures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
To ensure health sector governance and accountability for results, it is important for countries to institutionalize the process of tracking and reporting aggregate resource flows into the health sector. This should take the form of total health expenditures as well as reproductive, maternal. Performance-based reporting that links inputs to key results (outputs and impacts) should be encouraged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Other countries see this stage of care framed in a more family-oriented or social development setting, with accordingly different requirements in terms of worker training. In countries of the region for which data are available, it is evident that the level of staff training in this area is very mixed and in many cases most staff are not trained (see figure below). Training and professionalization are urgently needed in this area, in order to increase staff retention and reduce turnover.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
An informed and well-functioning group has the potential to create a shared understanding and build trust - both fundamentally important for collective action. However, involving a wide range of actors means striking a balance between openness, accountability and mandates for decision-making. It should assess how the value of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services influences indirect drivers, and how the integration of such values into national and local development planning and accounting may help address Aichi Biodiversity Target 2, which links to Chapter 2 and 6.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Of these, themes 4-6 are most relevant to the social aspects of forestry (See Section 2 for details of those indicators of most relevance.) ( The aim of the Strategy is "to conserve biodiversity for the health, enjoyment and well-being of the people of Scotland now and in the future." It provides a foundation for Scotland's contribution to the UK's obligations under the international Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), as well as the Scottish Government's commitment to sustainable development, and the statutory duty on public bodies in Scotland to conserve biodiversity under the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004. They are grouped under three of the seven themes in the SFS: Community development, Access and health, and Environmental quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The findings and recommendations of this working paper reflect a broad consensus amongst participants at the joint OECD and EPA workshop on Inclusive Green Growth held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 23-24 October 2012. They also draw on the information kindly provided by individuals interviewed separately in the same week. A list of participants attended the workshop and stakeholders interviewed by authors can be found in Annex 1 of the document.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For natural gas, the Baseline and the BLUE Map Scenarios show quite similar natural gas infrastructure needs, of maximum gas use by 2050 of 180 bcm in total and 100 bcm in power generation. About 30 bcm would be delivered from existing fields, 50 bcm from new fields and 100 bcm from LNG imports. This would imply an almost tenfold increase of LNG imports between 2008 and 2050, or six new, very large 10 Mt/year LNG regasification facilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The enterprise is organized into 14 departments and has some 4,500 employees (2,500 permanent). The Department of Forestry and Hunting provides general oversight, while the Forestry Police conduct field inspections to ensure compliance with laws, regulations, and forest and game management plans. The State Inspectorate for Forestry and Hunting inspects and supervises the nearly 1 million hectares of forests and forest land in both State and private hands, including forest management within the national parks. This includes the 176 State forest management plans and 250 game management areas administered by concessionaires for the use, cultivation, and protection of wildlife.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
When stating levels of concern for a number of environmental issues, including overfishing, coastal flooding and ocean acidification, the term 'pollution', particularly water and oil pollution, was mentioned frequently. Marine debris-related terms, such as 'litter', ‘rubbish’ and ‘beach cleanliness' were also reported, but much less frequently (Figure 9.1). Such surveys are helpful for catching the public mood, but some caution is warranted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Examples include the recent 700 MW wind project of the AES Corporation as well as Dow ChemicaTs investment in solar PV, among others. Their origins stem from variations in the financial capacity and strength, as well as the business objectives, of wind project developers. We are not going to discuss these specific financing models, but present the classification developed by Harper et al. ( And veiy often it is the solar and wind energy companies, which have themselves reached the utility stage, that become active investors in their respective sub-sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Indicators within Dimensions 2 and 3 should be examined together. There is also a strong relationship to indicator lcl ("Pay gap between groups"). However, it is important to document the statistical concepts and methodologies that are behind the wage data, in order to clearly identify the degree of comparability that is possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This means that policy needs to address the adequacy of benefit supports to supplement earnings from work (Whiteford and Adema, 2007). Until 1999, child benefits were universal and financed from the federal budget, since then benefits are income-tested with eligibility depending on per capita household income being less than the regional subsistence level. Public spending on child benefits has declined between 2000 and 2006 (Table 3.3), and the share of households with children receiving child benefits decreased from 88% in 1999 to 66% in 2004 because of a decline in poverty among households with children during that period. Spending on child and parental benefits doubled from 2006 to 2008, with the introduction of “family capital payments” (see below) further underlining the increased importance of families on the Russian policy agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the absence of the above, some of the data can also be obtained from the administrative data on child care. The existence of national legislation that supports external child care or even gives the right for child care to parents should be documented. Breakdowns of the indicator by component groups such as sex, industries, occupational group, and status in employment should be added.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Estimates by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation show somewhat different leading causes of DALYs for Colombia in 2010, where the leading cause of DALYs is interpersonal violence, followed by ischemic heart disease, major depressive disorder, HIV/AIDS, lower back pain and road injuries (IHME, 2014). The prevalence of overweight (Body Mass Index >25 kg/m") was 35% in Colombian women aged 16-64, compared to 34.1% in men (2010). More Colombian women are obese (Body Mass Index >30 kg/m2) than the OECD average (20.1% vs. 17.9%) (OECD, 2015a). Colombian men, however, are healthier than average on this measure (11.5% vs. 17.4% OECD average).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Introduction. Thom Brooks, Political Philosophy: Current Controversies I. Global Justice 1. Gillian Brock, "Approaching Global Justice: Should We Be Cosmopolitans or Statists?" 2. Cara Nine, "Territorial Rights: An Undisclosed Premise in Theories of Global Justice" II. Rights 1. Rowan Cruft, "Human Rights as Individualistically Justified: A Defence " 2. Sonu Bedi, "Anti-Perfectionism and the Right to Privacy" III. Feminism 1. Lina Papadaki, "What is Wrong about Objectification?" 2. Scott Anderson, "Objectification: A 21st Century Reassessment" IV. Climate Change 1. Alexa Zellentin, "How to Do Climate Justice" 2. Thom Brooks, "Why Save the Planet?"
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The resources of tugai could be differentiated into woody, bushy/shrubs and grass/herbs areas. During the period preceding the country’s independence, the tugai lands were ploughed up and turned into agricultural cotton fields. The area occupied by forests and woody vegetation on irrigated land totals some 2,900 ha.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This implies that the impacts of fertiliser and chemical use are strongly differentiated by the type of agricultural system and by region (Helfand et al., Given the abundance of rainfall and water resources, the importance of irrigation in Brazil is small, with only around 2% of agricultural land equipped with irrigation. This share, nevertheless, has tended to increase since 1990, with agriculture currently making almost 60% of annual freshwater withdrawals. Brazil ranks fifth worldwide in terms of overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, although total emissions have fallen sharply as a result of reduced deforestation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Consequently, the fora in which energy issues are identified and potential solutions proposed are likely to have an inadvertent male bias (UNIDO and UN Women 2013). In addition to the leadership gap, the share of women in the workforce in the energy sector is generally quite low. Reflecting gendered social norms, women and children perform a large share of the unpaid work required to collect biomass fuels, with differences according to regions and types of fuel. Depending on region, season and availability, average biomass collection time in Africa is estimated at four to ten hours per week (World LP Gas Association 2014, Matinga 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
See Mogues, ef a/., 2012. Public expenditures on agriculture, education and roads contribute strongly to agricultural growth across regions, although to different degrees, and, within agriculture, the impact of research expenditures on productivity is stronger than non-research expenditures (Fan and Saurkar, 2006). Investment in research, often associated with extension, is consistently found to be the most important source of productivity growth in agriculture (Fischer, Byerlee and Edmeades, 2009). In Rwanda, for example, 1 dollar of additional government expenditures on agricultural research increases agricultural GDP by 3 dollars, but the effects were larger for staples such as maize, cassava, pulses and poultry than for export crops (Diao eta/., 2010). In India, expenditures aimed at improving productivity in livestock had greater returns and were more effective in mitigating poverty than general public investment in agriculture (Dastagiri, 2010). Because R&D drives technical change and productivity growth in agriculture, it raises farm incomes and reduces prices for consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
I-II ■ IUCN cat. It provides additional detail about the extent of protected areas, and which management objectives are pursued within and across countries. It does not, however, answer important and policy-relevant questions such as the extent to which protected areas are protecting national or global biodiversity or whether protected areas are effectively managed or enforced. There is not only a lot of variation in the extent of protected areas (relative to country size), but management objectives can also vary considerably between countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It is also leading to the adoption of a multiplicity of electronic devices, prompting consumers to buy a new phone, a new computer, a new program which will become obsolete by the time we can figure out how to install it. A newer, better, and more expensive version will already be on the market, lessening the value and the appeal of versions released just prior.6 The statistics on mobile broadband penetration in 2011 demonstrate a growth in uptake globally.7 The same upward trend in Internet penetration in households by level of development attests to the steady adoption of these new technologies by both the developed and developing countries in 2011. A practical definition of e-waste is 'any electrically powered appliance that fails to satisfy the current owner for its originally intended purpose'. In February 2010, UNEP released a report titled, "Recycling - from E-Waste to Resources" in which it called for the urgent need to prepare developing countries for the surge in e-waste.10 It used data from 11 representative developing countries to estimate current and future e-waste generation, which includes old and dilapidated desk and laptop computers, printers, mobile phones, pagers, digital photo and music devices, refrigerators, toys, and televisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Large hydropower plants are excluded from this support mechanism. A simplified licensing procedure and favourable tariffs apply to microgeneration capacity from renewables at household level, provided that a solar thermal collector is also installed. The overall support framework provides sufficient stability for investors (EC, 2009b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Walking accessibility should be improved, with especial consideration for accessibility for persons with disabilities. Transport strategy will need to be further developed and, if streets become narrower, the currently successful public transport system will need to be extended and improved. Green spaces should be multi-functional: accessible to citizens, protection from noise, purification of air, and help in lowering extremely high temperatures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The New Zealand Government commenced its water reform process in mid-2009. This process is aimed at addressing the risks to the economy and the environment posed by poor management of our freshwater resource and capitalising on opportunities for economic growth that this resource provides. Reform addressing the management of freshwater takes place within broader reforms to the Resource Management Act 1991.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Water supply and sewerage in major cities, such as Dushanbe, Khujand, Nurek and Rogun, and in Faizabad District, are organized under the auspices of die corresponding local authorities, however, they are advised and supported on technical questions by KMK. In early 2014, Barki Tojik was withdrawn from the Ministry of Energy and Water Resources as part of the efforts to separate policy development functions from operational activities (chapter 11). It also issues permits for special water use, which cover both water abstraction and wastewater discharge (chapter 2), upon coordination with various authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This setup can also allow for the evaluation to pick up the effects of differential exposure to treatment: that is, the effect of receiving a programme for more or less time. Studies that do exist have more commonly been applied in the energy and w'ater domains (Ferraro and Hanuauer 2014). Box 2.1 summarises an example of an RCT study applied in the context of biodiversity, to evaluate a forest PES programme19. Vianna and Feamside (2014) use an RCT in Brazil to evaluate the effect of decentralised forest management on number of trees damaged per harvested tree and on carbon stocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Based on data from urban informal entrepreneurs in West Africa in the early 2000s, they estimate the share of constrained gazelles among young people to be 27% compared to 49% among adults. Assuming similar distributions elsewhere, support programmes must strive to identify these 27% of young entrepreneurs with potential and help them overcome the many barriers they face in terms of access to finance, risks and skills. Where firms and young entrepreneurs are not chosen carefully, based on their skill, drive and business plans, providing credit can be wasteful and harmful.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This can mean dependence on male breadwinners, abandoned opportunities for paid work, and exhaustion that extracts a physical and mental toll. Barriers are larger in some places than others, and harder to resolve in some situations than others. Regardless, the universal character of reproductive rights, the international commitments to them, and the interrelationships between fertility and development mean that remaining barriers must fall, especially if we are to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Public policies, services and budgets need to be aligned so that every person and couple can realize their reproductive rights, including the right to plan their families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Loose or generous definitions of risk can lead to a large proportion of sites being eligible for classification as a protection offset where, on balance, it may be difficult to justify them as contributing additional biodiversity protection. In Brazil, simplifying assumptions in the policy design process means that all natural habitats are classified as at risk so all natural habitat sites are eligible for use as protection offsets. The policy design has raised questions about the additionality of offsets in Brazil and consequently how scarce offsets finance may be better targeted (eftec et al., Biodiversity offsets should provide conservation benefits over a time period which is commensurate with the duration of biodiversity loss.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In most other countries, though, shares are similar, while in Denmark and Poland, top-performing girls are significantly more likely than their male peers to set their sights on a science career. Twice as many boys, on average, expect to work as engineers, scientists or architects. When it comes to a career in ICT, for example, the gap widens to 4.8% of boys and only 0.4% of girls (Figure 7.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article suggests that corruption in the Kenyan government is largely an institutional problem, rather than a cultural one. It attributes such corruption to the predominance of arbitrary power, especially in the statutory (as opposed to constitutional) order. The statutory order grants executive, legislative, and judicial actors broad powers without establishing effective procedural mechanisms to circumscribe their exercise. In the absence of effective regulation, law often aids the abuse of power and corruption. Although the new constitution establishes principles and mechanisms that may enhance government accountability, the statutory order must be aligned with the values and principles of this new constitution if abuse of power and corruption are to be curbed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Seoul is indisputably the most affluent and the most autonomous subnational government in Korea, with a financial independence rate (calculated as the percentage of local own resources over total budget) of 75%, which is by far the highest rate among subnational governments in Korea. The bars do not equal 100% due to a number of possible reasons: when there was no response, when the government voluntarily eliminated some responses to protect individuals’ privacy, and when the Census automatically eliminates records if the number of responses collected in the investigation area is less than five (to eliminate outliers). It ranks first among Korean TL3 regions in terms of road length (5 022 m/km2 compared with a national average of 0.28 m/km2), the number of train stations (320, including 257 subway stations), railway length (701 m/km2) and subway line length (532.7 m/km2, far above second-ranked Busan with 122.9 m/km2 and third-ranked Daegu with 57.5 m/km2) in 2010 (KOTI, 2016, Kostat, 2016a). The combined modal share of public transport and non-motorised modes is almost 77% (see Figure 3.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)