albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
While we consider the variables related to the quality of both housing (dwelling) and the physical environment (safety, etc.) We excluded these variables from the construction of the deprivation index by studying the item-inter-correlations and the iterative changes in Cronbach’s alpha. While clearly important for children, these items do not technically scale on the same dimension as the others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Of the additional tax revenue collected since 2002 more than half came from direct taxes, a third from TVA, and the rest from other taxes. Overall, while tax reform still has a long way to go, these changes rendered the tax system a bit more equitable. In addition, countries benefiting from gains in terms of trade appropriated part of these windfall gains in the form of non-tax revenue (half a point of GDP on average, and by 3 to 4 points in the key commodity exporters (CEPAL, 2007). Detailed research shows that returns to education rose following wage liberalization, technological modernization and growing informalization (Mitra and Yemtsov, 2006) .
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
By contrast, in Israel the gap between the two waves is too large to enable any adjustment, and only the data available until 2011 were taken into account. Data from few countries (Chile, Hungary, Japan, Mexico and Switzerland) were not included in the time series analysis because of other break in data time series. For the other countries the data were included for the longest break-free period in the time series.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This paper contributes to the limited literature on open government initiatives at the subnational level in developing countries. It examines the motivations of actors in a local government authority to utilize the capabilities of various stakeholders to overcome constraints in cocreating an action plan for open government reforms. This empirical analysis utilized qualitative fieldwork conducted in Sekondiâ€ Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly, Ghana's third largest local government. The findings demonstrate that a confluence of citizen demand for openness, and willingness within the governance stakeholders, are motivating the pursuit of open government reforms. Viewed through an open innovation framework, we argue that achieving good governance through information transparency, public participation, and accountability reforms is hindered by the institutional environment. Ghana's subnational governments need national level commitment to provide the resources, mandate, and authority to become truly â€œopen.â€
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Secondly, reforms have been decidedly "pro-poor" in that the most regressive subsidies -those that benefit the poor the least - have been eliminated. Despite the increase in electricity generation, coal generation has remained constant at around 12 TWh since 2000 with much of the increase coming from gas, oil and an interconnector to Spain which has been in place since 2005 [IEA, 2014c) [IEA, 2014a). Building the four power plants of the Ouarzazate complex in particular will lower the cost of concentrated solar power worldwide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This can be explained by the fact that conscientious students have more positive study habits, put more effort into their studies and have better behaviour in the classroom than others, controlling for intelligence. Other personality traits such as Openness and Emotional Stability appear to have a stronger role at lower educational levels. For example, both require completing work on a schedule and involve intelligence to varying degrees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The vertical dashed lines correspond to the earnings decile points in each country. In Australia, for instance, a single person with full-time earnings at half the average wage would be located at the first earnings decile which would put her into the fourth decile of the income distribution. In the Czech Republic and the United States, fulltime earnings around the 10th earnings percentile put a single-person household in the second decile group of the household income distribution, while in Australia, Finland, Italy, Japan and the United Kingdom, full-time work at the same point in the earnings distribution secures a place above the lowest third of the overall income distribution. At the other end of the earnings spectrum, a single paid at the 80th earnings percentile is among the richest (in terms of net income) 20% of households in Australia, Austria, Germany, Japan and the United Kingdom. In the United States, however, someone with earnings among the highest 20% of full-time earners, and no other incomes, only makes it into the top 40% of the household income distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Attainment is higher in technical postsecondary education, and Canada has the highest attainment rate in tertiary education among OECD countries. Compared to the other countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills, adults (16-65 years-old) performed at the average in literacy and below the average in numeracy. Unemployment is below the OECD average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In most cases, these are embraced in reports or programmes that identify priority themes which are then translated into action. The Outlook identified a number of strategic goals aimed to achieve the objectives stated above. Most of the goals can be further refined for the global coastal and marine environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The disparities in industrial productivity between rich and poor nations remain stark. For instance, MVA per capita was only $114 in LDCs compared to $4,938 in Europe and Northern America, in 2018. With a relatively small amount of capital investment and a predominantly local resource base, small-scale industries generate a substantial amount of employment and self-employment. However, one of the biggest challenges those industries face is access to loans or lines of credit for everyday business activities. Adequate financing is crucial for those industries to grow, since it allows them to innovate, improve efficiency, expand to new markets and create new job opportunities. While 31.5 per cent of small-scale industries (manufacturing and services) worldwide benefit from loans or lines of credit, regional differences stand out.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The present and future characteristics of the society surrounding public administration are of particular interest to scholars and practitioners who think social change is important. An understanding of current conditions is a necessary starting point, but social change needs a goal, a purpose, a direction, without this, the question becomes "Change for what?" Three progressive models of an ideal society offer contrasting perspectives on political economy and the role of collective action. Herbert Marcuse would abandon the capitalist market, constructing a new society in which work is fulfilling, nations are at peace, and the environment is protected. Richard Rorty's thought falls within the liberal-capitalist tradition but includes progressive action to meliorate abuses caused by the market. Erik Olin Wright would move incrementally away from the market system and toward a form of socialism. Taken together, these models can help in conceptualizing potential change in the societal environment of public ad...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Grants to support access to homeownership consisted of one-off transfers to households for the purchase of a house whereas financial assistance to home-buyers consisted of subsidized mortgages, down-payment assistance or mortgage guarantees provided by the government. Grants were relatively important policy instruments in Chile and Luxemburg, which spend roughly 0.3% of GDP on these gi ants. Financial assistance is especially prominent in Norway (0.2% of GDP), in Australia (at least 0.7% of GDP) and in the United Kingdom (0.6% of GDP).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The care they receive should be specific and include the technical support needed to enable them to manage their dependency to the best of their ability and provide the necessaiy compensations to make up for the limitations they suffer or to which they may be exposed. The latter includes changing the physical environment, the social environment and the services provided for an ageing society and for overcoming the obstacles facing people with disabilities. The quality of care and prevention are essential for limiting the progression from situations of fragilization to frailty and for preventing this from becoming a prelude to dependency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter highlights contemporary deviations from Article 6 — the right to a fair trial — as illustrated by cases of extraordinary rendition. Subsequent to the previous UK Government’s attempts in August 2008 to extend the maximum permitted duration of detention without trial in the UK to 42 days, which was discussed in the previous chapter, it assesses allegations of the use of British overseas territories as secret prisons and recent reports by leading media that individuals have been rendered to such locations and held there illegally. This chapter will also contain an analysis of judicial decisions in cases relating to the right to a fair trial in order to assess how far the European Convention on Human Rights and the UK Human Rights Act 1998 prevent contemporary abuses of the ideals of the rule of law and essential civil liberties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For this purpose countries at high risk and with low capacity will need a ‘critical mass’ of trained manpower. These use satellite remote sensing, GIS, crowdsourcing and ICT applications. This was the case in the Uttarakhand flash floods in 2013, typhoon Haiyan in 2013, cyclones Phailin and Hudhud in 2014 and cyclone Pam and the Nepal earthquakes in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Violence against women is a worldwide public health and human rights concern with serious consequences for women's health and well-being. The following article summarizes existing knowledge on the prevalence and health outcomes of different forms of violence against women: intimate partner violence, intimate partner violence during pregnancy, sexual violence in conflict setting and in displacement, trafficking of women, child sexual abuse and first forced sex and female genital mutilation. The article ends with an outline of responses to violence against women, highlighting the difference health professional can make for women who experience violence in its multiple forms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Therefore, regional cooperation is critical for creating cross-border resiliency in energy infrastructure, going from "energy self-sufficiency" to "high interconnectedness". Table 4.1 presents an example, from transboundary power trade, of typical integration levels by key targets for energy cooperation. These common challenges present in the majority of member States include political, technical, regulatory and financial barriers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
One of the better-known examples is the interannual variation in egg mortality and fisheries landings of Baltic cod in the Baltic. Spawning success of cod in the central Baltic is hindered by hypoxic and anoxic water below the halocline (70-80 m) where salinity is high enough to provide buoyancy for cod eggs (Nissling and Vallin, 1996, Cardinale and Modin, 1999, Koster et al., In the Western Atlantic, hypoxia appears to contribute to low per capita productivity and slow recovery of cod stocks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Dutil etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Further, improving coordination and policy coherence between national and local governments is particularly important in this regard. Coordination across sectors for coherent programme/project implementation is also made easier at the local level, where there is closer interaction across sectors and among stakeholders. Vulnerabilities are usually more visible at the local level, where structural inequalities such as differences in social status and political power, among others, critically shape them. Giving voice and agency to those who are otherwise invisible to the process would serve to address vulnerabilities and inequalities at their source and create the conditions for building consensus and mobilizing collective actions towards resilient development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As a result, the contribution of out-of-pocket funding in Latvia is substantially higher than in most OECD health systems, at 38.5% of total national expenditure on health in 2013. The high co-payment for services is acknowledged by the Ministry of Health as stopping some 12-20% of Latvians from accessing health services. A recent survey found that 23.5% Latvians who forewent health care cited cost as the reason (Eurostat, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The tax rates are adjusted for country-specific average annual inflation rates over the period 2011-16. A low-rate (high-rate) taxpayer lias relatively low (high) income and wealth. Savings in private pensions are assumed not to give rise to reductions in means-tested public pensions, which can raise marginal taxes substantially.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For cardiovascular diseases, Latvia generally followed the same declining trend as OECD countries in the 2000s and has also experienced a slight increase in recent years as seen in OECD countries. With regards to cancer, the mortality rate has increased in Latvia since 2000, although death rates from all types of cancer among men and women have declined slowly in OECD countries during the same period. In Latvia, mortality rates from colorectal cancer, prostate cancer and cervical cancer have been increasing over the past decade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article asks: what is the significance of design history within higher education? It reviews the practice and purpose of design history, in the education of historically aware and critically engaged designers, as an emerging independent discipline, and in terms of what the subject has to offer allied fields such as history, sociology, cultural studies, history of technology, area studies and anthropology. It considers the development and current state of design history as it is taught in the UK and non-Anglophone Europe (including France, Italy, Scandinavia, Spain, Turkey and Greece), in the US, Australia and East Asia. The argument that follows is grounded in recent design historical scholarship, combined with the views of design historians working in the abovementioned countries, in order to provide both a contemporary perspective on current practice and suggestions about possible futures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Connected, autonomous, shared and electric mobility will be necessary in order to decarbonise urban passenger transport. The shared nature of this mobility will be essential to meeting urban mobility needs. Comprehensive policy portfolios will include strategic land-use policies integrated with multimodal transport planning, economic instruments, infrastructure/service measures, as well as regulatory measures that support connectivity. Successfully reducing the use of personal vehicles will ultimately depend on providing citizens with sufficiently attractive alternative mobility options.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The dynamic framework ages the individual through their lifecycle and allows for time spent with multiple health conditions. Recent cancer models project expenditures in constant 2008 dollars. The time horizon of the projections is usually twenty to twenty-five years w ith recent projections from 2011 to 2030. This differs from other models where future health status is incorporated as a model assumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In 2013, the most significant emitting category was mineral industries (mainly clinker production), which accounted for 44 per cent of the total industrial processes sector emissions. Data from 10 cement and lime producing companies are included in the projections. Other sources of CO2 emissions are lime production, soda ash use, glass production and brick production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A similar approach is used to compare overall emissions along different paths representative of different technologies. For instance, ethanol production in Brazil currently uses one unit of fossil energy to produce nine units of renewable energy. Ethanol therefore currently has a 10 per cent fossil fuel energy “content”, most of which corresponds to the diesel used to transport the sugar cane from the fields to the mill. If ethanol was used as a transportation fuel, that fossil content would be virtually eliminated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Income classification based on the World Bank (2012) income classification. This has tended to be the case in the majority of OECD countries, although the degree of protection and other forms of trade-distorting support has declined significantly over the past 25 years (Box 3.1). However, comparative advantages in food production are not irreversibly fixed. While heavily influenced by initial endowments of land, water, climate, topography, soils and the prevalence of pests and diseases, whether a country is a net food exporter or importer also depends on its past investments in agriculture-related physical and human capital, in institution-building and in technology improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Subsistence farmers may find themselves unable to share in the market-based growth for lack of skill and labour, which would suggest that aid interventions upgrading skills through better extension services, could greatly improve market participation and commercialisation by smallholders. Ngo (2006) confirms the importance of literacy and numeracy skills as pre-conditions for agricultural growth. Calculating the effect of educational attainment on rice productivity in Vietnam, the author finds that the returns to literacy and to holding upper secondary diplomas on rice yields are 38% and 31% respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In some countries these goods are (partially) provided by the state blurring the concept of the "market price" implicitly used in setting the monetary poverty line. It makes a big difference whether water, sanitation, health and education have to be paid by households "at competitive market prices" or at prevailing prices that may or may not be reduced by public subsidies. The application of Rowntree's definition may be relatively straightforward for "food, shelter and clothing" but much more difficult for "other necessities" such as water, sanitation, health and education for which markets may be missing or incomplete (see also Thorbecke, 2008, Bourguignon and Chakravarty, 2003, Tsui, 2002). Equivalence scales are widely - but not always - used and often disputed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Refugee students especially might have experienced and continue to experience difficult conditions and trauma which can lead them to be unable to make the most of learning opportunities. These students require specialised mental health support in order to avoid long-term suffering. Teachers are not mental health professionals and should not be expected to provide mental health counselling. The National Agency has directed many efforts to helping the student health staff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Thus far, data show that the exchange rate dynamics involving the Chinese yuan and the US dollar are more about the strength of the US dollar than the weakness of the Chinese yuan. The dip of the Chinese yuan from mid-2018 to end-2018 was milder than that of other Emerging Asian currencies, such as the Indian rupee or the Indonesian rupiah. There is scope to improve targeting of foreign capital towards underdeveloped sectors and towards sectors where domestic firms can participate more extensively. In order to pursue these objectives, foreign investment policy must be aligned with the local enterprise development framework. Six of the 12 countries have a dedicated smart city strategy, namely China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In addition, we met a woman on the national soccer team who told us that even the national team had to fight to have access to the fields primarily used by boys and men. The trip reaffirmed my belief that access to sports can be a life-changer for young people and, after this experience, I know more than ever to look at it through a gender equality lens. Today's youth have the power to bring about systemic change for generations to come as we work towards achieving gender equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, countries facing especially large government budget deficits or where an already high unemployment rate is projected to remain stable or decline are more likely to envisage beginning to trim back some of the increases in spending that were taken in response to the crisis. Many of the crisis measures are scheduled to expire, often at the end of 2010 or early in 2011. This is particularly common for expansions of unemployment benefit coverage or benefit generosity and measures to stimulate labour demand, including expansions of short-time work (STW) schemes. Public employment service (PES) staffing has increased significantly in a number of countries, with Japan increasing it by over one-third.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The importance of the traditional and transfer sector to material well-being is what makes the Arctic economy unique. Here we briefly examine the main characteristics and the unique structure of the Arctic economy, which provide the context for constructing a valid indicator of material well-being. The importance of each of these parts varies throughout the Arctic region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Korpi and Palme, 1998(25]) suggested the existence of a paradox in that benefits targeted at the poor achieve less redistribution than universal benefits, the main reason being that universal benefits receive wider popular support so that their payment rate can be set at a higher level than the targeted ones. Recent evidence suggests, however, that targeting is no longer necessarily associated with lower levels of redistribution (Kenworthy, 2011 [26]), (Marx, Salanauskaite and Verbist, 2013(27]), (Jacques and Noel, 2018(28])). Similarly, with short time series data from 2004 to 2011, (Diris, Vandenbroucke and Verbist, 2017ooj) found that increased pro-poorness leads often to lower poverty rates, but that the effect sizes are quite modest, and strongly dependent on how targeting is defined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Previous work suggested that that the link between inequality and growth is negative among poor countries, but positive or insignificant among rich countries (Barro, 2000). Studies that include both developing and developed countries may therefore capture an average effect, giving misleading results. However, the links between inequality and growth might vary depending on inequality in different parts of the income distribution (Voitchovsky, 2005). For example, many of the negative mechanisms (e.g. financial market imperfections, political instability) are associated with inequality at the bottom end of the distribution, most of the positive mechanisms (e.g. based on different savings propensities or on incentive considerations) are more likely to depend on the degree of inequality in the top of the income distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
African countries are pursuing a 'developmental integration' approach that prioritises market integration, cross-border infrastructure development and industrialisation to take advantage ofthese opportunities. Building and diversifying productive capacity is an overriding priority. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting greener, climate-resilient development is indispensable in attaining many of the SDG targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)