albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Without these investments, one billion people will still be without access to energy by 2030 (IEA, 201 Id), principally in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Yet by the time of the Rio+20 Summit in 2012, the energy access funding commitments received by the UN Secretary-General were only equivalent to around 3% of the nearly USD 1 trillion in cumulative investment needs (IEA, 2012a). Sustaining growth in emerging markets will also require even more substantial investment in energy infrastructure. By 2050, emerging economies are expected to account for nearly 40% of total global GDP, leading to a considerable expansion in energy demand (OECD, 2012b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These organisations may be public institutions or private companies acting on behalf of the state. In addition, from the perspective of the bank, this type of credit is covered in case of default by the borrower. Your business is eligible if the entrepreneur lives in an IDB member country. The loan period varies from 9 to 18 months. The maximum funding covers up to 100% of the transaction amount (under a Murabaha contract) for export operations valued at less than, or equal to, USD 3 million. Maximum funding covers up to 80% of the transaction amount for export operations w'orth more than USD 3 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Even in 2009, the growth in social assistance caseloads was substantially lower than the growth in the number of potential workers in jobless households not receiving unemployment benefits in several of these countries, including the Czech Republic and the United States (as regards Temporary Assistance for Needy Families). This pattern may reflect particularly stringent eligibility criteria for households to become eligible for SA. In contrast, the growth of social assistance caseloads in Estonia, Hungary, Italy, Portugal and Spain, as well as the number of Food Stamps recipients in the United States, actually exceeded the growth in the number of working-age persons in jobless households not receiving unemployment benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The PNE portal allows sophisticated comparisons of quality of care indicators and is highly customizable, making the selection of specific parameters possible for benchmarking. The system is, however, only accessible to registered users through reserved credentials. The results of the PNE have been variously reported by the media, in terms of comparison of hospital performance within and between the regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As a working paper, it reflects on the interplay between the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the Human Rights Act (HRA) as human rights laws protecting human rights in the UK.  It is centred on the premise that the interplay is one of a relationship between international law and domestic law, specifically the implementation of international law via a domestic statute
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
We assume that the cost starts a US$ .21 per KWh, which is the value used in the US-EIA study, and then declines at a decreasing rate over time to reach US$ .13 per KWh in 2025. We use the cost curve for “Conventional Coal” from the US-EIA study for both natural gas and oil costs. The cost of “Conventional Coal” is used as the indicator cost for all coal production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The European Court of Human Rights and the English Supreme Court have expanded the scope of the positive obligation to protect the right to life under art 2 of the Convention. A question of particular concern for public authorities is the extent to which negligent conduct may fall within art 2. Strasbourg principles relating to standing for victims, as well heads of damage (just satisfaction), are more generous than the Fatal Accidents Act 1976 in the UK. The art 2 obligation also mandates consideration of matters which would not be regarded as justiciable under the English common law. This article provides a critique of recent developments in the case law under art 2, both at Strasbourg and in the English Supreme Court, and draws out the consequent challenges for coherence in English law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter addresses the subject of the legal limitations which international law places on the imposition of international economic/financial sanctions, with particular reference to sanctions with counter-proliferation aims. It argues that there are at least three sources of international legal obligations which impose limits on the application of coercive international economic/financial sanctions: (1) the general international principle of noncoercion, (2) the law of countermeasures, and (3) human rights law. The totality of these obligations limiting the lawfulness of both unilateral and multilateral coercive sanctions purposed in counter-proliferation leaves a vanishingly small window for the lawful application of such sanctions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Between the Social and the Spatial - Exploring Multiple Dimensions of Poverty and Social Exclusion, Ashgate. Poverty in Europe and the USA, Exchanging Official Measurement Methods”, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance Working Paper 2007/005. Monitoring Absolute and Relative Poverty, ‘Not Enough’ Is Not the Same as ‘Much Less’”, Review of Income and Wealth, 57(2), 247-269. Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain, The Policy Press, Bristol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
By participating in leisure activities in the host country with native populations, immigrants can learn about local customs and culture and interact with native peers on a par (Ito et al., This, in turn, can improve the way immigrants relate to native individuals and create positive social bonds. Participation in sports has a dual cultural function: it allows immigrants to maintain their own culture and interact with the local one (Allen et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Operational integration and scheduling should facilitate transfer with minimum time wasted between modes. Such intermodal transfer facilities ensure easy transfer between urban transport modes, including active modes such as walking and cycling. Such intermodal transit stations need to be accessible via walkways, cycle paths and parking facilities for bicycles available nearby.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Beyond education and health services, both key aspects of the SIEO development model, the service sector is relatively small. Social insurance was limited forthe most part to industrial workers, financed by employer and employee contributions and operated at arms length from the government, all of which contributed to a highly privatized,familial model of social welfare provision reliant on continuing growth successes (Kwon 2005, Peng 2011, Pierson 2004). According to Chang, the contributions that these and other economic policies made to social cohesion, political stability and industrial peace created the circumstances for long-term investment and growth and should be credited with their positive social welfare effects in the same manner as more direct programmes. However, the Asian Financial Crisis (AFC) in 1997-98 complicates this equivalence, as increases in unemployment and economic insecurity rendered the presumption of full employment and high growth inadequate for social protection. A number of social policy reforms that extended protections were introduced, particularly in the Republic of Korea, but many of these were in the pipeline pre-AFC and/or phased out after economic growth returned (Kwon 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The teaching profession in Kazakhstan suffers from low status and prestige. In many OECD countries, teachers report feeling undervalued and there are similar concerns about the image and status of teaching (OECD, 2005). There is an inequitable distribution of teachers among schools, with highly effective teachers being less likely to work in disadvantaged schools, but more likely to work in schools for gifted students where additional school resources and support are available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Our re-reinterpretation of Stuxnet to connect the dot between geopolitics and technology tell a different story with a secondary set of lessons. We believe Stuxnet deserves a broader legal and political analysis for the purposes of critical thinking about how cyberspace is used to achieve international security objectives from legal and political angles. In particular, we seek to address a gap in the literature, asking whether the worm was authorized under article 41 of the UN charter as a sanctions enforcement tool through an interpretation of UNSC resolutions and related documents of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). If such authorization exists (and we believe it might), Stuxnet would qualify as a lawful action under international law, targeting Iran’s nuclear equipment and software pursuant to international sanctions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Colan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. But the same forces have also made the world more volatile, more complex and more uncertain. The rolling processes of automation and hollowing out jobs, particularly for routine tasks, have radically altered the nature of work and life. For those with the right knowledge, skills and character qualities, this has been liberating and exciting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Currently, doctor assistants, who are trained in emergency and outpatient care for diagnosis and prescribing, play a role between doctors and nurses, filling the resource gap particularly in rural areas. Data refer to all nurses who are licensed to practice. Austria reports only nurses employed in hospital. The number of primary care physicians, however, is low at 0.7 per 1 000 population, compared to 1.0 OECD average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It suggests a three-level institutional structure which comprises: i) a programming entity, ii) an implementation unit and iii) a technical support unit. The chapter also suggests a possible division of responsibilities across these three entities, and describes the minimum operating regulations required to adequately manage the programme. Simple expenditure programmes (e.g. financing research or education, purchasing simple equipment or standard services) may be managed directly by assigning additional responsibilities to existing government institutions at different levels, using their regular staff and routine budget processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The most extensive areas under irrigated paddy are in Indonesia, followed by Viet Nam, the Philippines and Thailand. The largest area under upland paddy is also in Indonesia, and significant amounts of land are planted in flood-prone areas in Cambodia, Myanmar and Viet Nam. While the per capita demand is expected to decrease in the future, total demand for paddy in Southeast Asia is expected to increase to more than 160 megatonnes per year by 2020 due to population growth (Mutert and Fairhurst, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Under-reporting is one of the main causes of failure to solve social problems, which obstruct national development in third-world countries. A one-stop online reporting system can facilitate minimizing the extent of under-reporting, which is yet to be developed for general people of third-world countries. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a generic online reporting system where one can submit report anonymously, even without registration. Our system aims at propagating the reports to the respective authorities such as law enforcement agencies, anti-corruption commission, city corporation, policy makers, human rights commissions, etc., after a reviewing process. The system will also publish the reports without disclosing identities of the reporters to disseminate the information among public and to collect the public opinions about the reports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The researchers in question have developed an analytic approach called "adaptive social protection", which aims to combine the agendas of social protection, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation (both from the conceptual standpoint and in practical terms). Based on the combination of those three elements, interventions would become more efficient thanks to an improvement in the living conditions of the poor, the underlying causes of vulnerability would be counteracted, and, lastly, the capacity of individuals to adapt to the consequences of climate change would be enhanced (Bene and others, 2014). Siddiqi proposes a social protection intervention based on means of subsistence for climate change adaptation, in other words reducing vulnerability by constructing assets that are resilient to climate-based disasters. It is therefore proposed to adapt instruments that have been used in policies to diversify means of subsistence, construction and resilience of assets, and promote labour mobility in zones that are economically depressed as a result of disasters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Before introducing capacity mechanisms, governments should consider their impact on incentives and define common rules on a market-wide basis. They are quite heavy-handed administrative interventions which may ultimately lead to re-regulating many parameters of electricity markets. Their introduction can be motivated by a lack of trust in energy-only markets or poorly designed electricity markets. However, capacity markets involve very technical discussions, still ongoing, about the incentives and their expected effects. Price restrictions or regulatory opportunism: governments anticipate that they will not let electricity prices go high enough during periods of scarcity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For coal with CCS, it is important to investigate the suitability of different methods of capture (oxy-fuelling, pre-combustion and post-combustion C02 capture) for Indian coal, which suffers from high ash content. Therefore, pre-combustion capture would require the adaptation of IGCC technology to Indian coal quality or instead the use of imported coal, but would offer additional benefits such as higher efficiency. However, its use is starting from a very low level of installed capacity and a much more ambitious approach is needed for both PV and CSP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Effectiveness of the BAN-PHC is evaluated via actual deployments in Bangladesh. The result analysis shows improvements of the health conditions of examinees. For further acceptance in public health, we discuss machine-to-machine (M2M) enabled scalability to allow automatic and qualified health services. We then discuss issues that we have learned from BAN-PHC work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Developments over the last decade in legislation and professional guidance on confidentiality and medical research in the UK are reviewed. Despite the General Medical Council's guidance, and recent changes to the common law on confidentiality in England and Wales, confusion remains about what is lawful and professionally acceptable in the handling of identifiable data. The GMC has contributed to this confusion. Professional bodies should jointly produce new guidance. The Health and Social Care Act 2001 is a temporary legislative solution. Public consensus is required on an acceptable balance between the citizen's right to privacy and the responsibility of society--to which all citizens belong--to protect the public health. The Government should survey public opinion, inform NHS patients better, initiate wide public debate, and legislate to protect both citizens' rights and medical research that is demonstrably in the public interest. Registration of cancer and communicable diseases should become statutory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Health insurers had insufficient incentives because of the still prevailing substantial ex post compensations and a lack of adequate instruments because of remaining government regulation of prices, supply and entry in various sectors. These problems were further compounded by a lack of an adequate system of product classification (DBCs) and a lack of reliable and publicly available quality information (performance indicators) due to insufficient patient level data and an inadequate information infrastructure (OECD 2010b, Klazinga etal., The latter is explicitly formulated as keeping public health care expenditure within an annual growth rate of 3 lA per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Employing international relations theory's concept of the new medievalism, this article applies a model of informal governance to the study of post-apartheid South Africa, arguing that what appear to be ungoverned spaces, criminality or corruption may in fact represent the development of informal governance. Employing a political-economy approach, it analyses the rise and decline of the modern state by reference to the relative efficiency of actors in the formal and informal systems. After an initial upsurge of neo-medievalism following the end of apartheid, the South African state has enjoyed recent success reasserting its sovereignty, although this may yet prove temporary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Transport is another sector where GHG emission reduction can be made quickly. More fuel-efficient, environmentally friendly cars would lower GHG emissions. Such cars are more likely to be made and bought if taxes and subsidies encourage the production and purchase of green cars. The ministry works with the key on development planning agency, the National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) on climate issues. It is tasked to expand research and adaptation capabilities for climate change and to promote public awareness on climate change. Within the next five years, Thailand will focus on the alternative energy technology industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Nigeria is a signatory to the treaty of Rome of 1998 setting up the International Criminal Court (ICC) of which the United States of America (US) is not. However the US has signed a bilateral agreement with a number of countries including Nigeria waiving the immunity of its citizens from the jurisdiction of the ICC. This paper examines this waiver within the context of Nigeria's Constitutional Law and International Law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Figure 3.4 shows the poverty gap relative to the absolute poverty (accounting for regional prices) threshold for the years 1994, 2000 and 2007. In 2007, the median poverty gap, as measured at the 50th percentile of individuals in absolute poverty, was 27% of the poverty threshold compared with gaps of 31% in 2000 and 37% in 1994 (the median poverty gap was largest in 1996, Denisova, 2011). Thus, not only has the incidence of absolute poverty declined, it also has become less pronounced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Hydropower production is common in the upper part of the basin, and cascades of dams form big reservoirs.87 Many small dams arc used for irrigation purposes and fish-breeding. In Turkey, seven dams and one regulator are under operation on the Ergenc River and its tributaries, serving irrigation, flood control and some drinking water supply purposes (15% of drinking water of Edime and Kirldareli cities is supplied from two reservoirs, Suloglu and Armagan). There arc also 53 small dams located on several tributaries used for irrigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The latest round of interventions focuses on mitigating climate change. The objective is to manage forests in order to protect and enhance carbon stocks as a means of offsetting emissions produced in industrialized settings. The many schemes that have emerged, associated variously with the United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD process), the Clean Development Mechanism, the Verified Carbon Standard or unaccredited private deals, all re-value forests as a source of a carbon commodity to be exchanged in emerging markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Canal companies were among the first enterprises to be organized in the corporate form and to require large amounts of capital. This paper examines the stockholder review committee of a 19th century corporation, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company (C&O), and discusses how the C&O used this corporate governance structure to monitor and improve financial management and operations. A major strength was the concern and dedication of the stockholders to the company, while a major weakness was the political control exerted by the State of Maryland. The paper provides an historical perspective on corporate governance in the 19th century. This research contributes to the literature by providing detailed workings and practices of a stockholder review committee. The paper documents corporate governance efforts in archival sources that provide an early example of accountability required in a corporate charter and the manner in which the stockholders carried out this responsibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In another example, Denmark expanded the scope of its system to encompass non-refillable mineral water bottles (Pro Europe,(n.d.)142|). It is thought that there are over 20 million informal sector recyclers globally (IIED, 2016t43]) and that the indirect services they provide to municipalities in the form of waste collection and recycling are considerable. Indeed, there is some evidence that higher income countries have slightly lower recycling rates due to informal sector workers being displaced by formal waste management systems (UNEP, 2014(27]). Low' value plastics will either be ignored or discarded. Anecdotally it is understood that, in this context, “demateralisation” of plastics packaging (i.e. designing packaging that uses less material, for cost-saving and/or environmental reasons) can actually dis-incentivise informal collection. In countries where the informal sector plays a key role in collecting waste plastics, the development of formal waste management systems that do not integrate well with the existing informal sector can create a risk of lower recycling rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Statement by Franz Horl, Chairman of the Association of Austrian Cableways, http://portal.u,feo.at/ wk/dok_detail_file.u)k?angid=l&docid=198502l&conid=667225 (April 2013). For instance, under category A, “Importance”, the user is asked to select the number of sectors affected by the measure (Indicator 1), estimate the monetary value of economic damage the measure could prevent (Indicator 2) and assess whether there is a potential for averting damage that is irreversible or cannot be quantified (Indicator 3). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change developed 40 scenarios based on four broad storylines (Al, A2, Bl, B2) to model possible developments in the 21st century. Al assumes “very rapid economic growth, global population that peaks mid-century and declines thereafter, and rapid introduction of new and more efficient technologies. Major underlying themes are economic and cultural convergence and capacity-building, with a substantial reduction in regional differences in per capita income”. A1B further assumes that technological change in the energy system will be balanced across all sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Samoan domestic currency strengthened against the United States dollar and the Australian dollar but weakened against the New Zealand dollar in 2012. The level of international reserves was sufficient to cover 5.3 months of imports in September 2012. At the end of June 2012, Solomon Islands’ foreign reserves were equivalent to 10 months of import cover.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)