albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
A commission appointed by the governor and legislature in Massachusetts has called for reform of the state’s health policy in the next five years that would end payments for service, switching instead to a system that pays a fixed fee to cover a person’s care for a whole year.   The aim is that by working within a set budget, providers would have to better coordinate patients’ care, with the hope that quality would improve and costs fall. The new policy will require the creation of integrated care, from the family doctor to specialists and hospitals.  Massachusetts would be the first state to adopt such a “global payment” …
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Sweden, Ireland, Norway and Iceland, fewer than 5% of children in migrant families are deprived. In France and Italy the proportion is more than 20% (and in a further four countries more than 25%). It presents a remarkably consistent picture in which the same seven countries -Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, the Netherlands and Ireland — feature in the top third of the table no matter which at-risk category is chosen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The two Commissions grant each other observer status.__________________________________ The concept of twinning suggested by the Netherlands at the Second World Water Forum in 2000 in The Hague implies that river basin organizations located in different regions of the world have valuable experience to share, and that the exchange of such experience could contribute to their institutional strengthening, improvement of activities and increased efficiency. Ultimately, such exchange is an instrument contributing to the implementation of IWRM.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The results indicate that the largest 2006 VAT contributions amongst the foreign-born subpopulations were made by individuals from other ECOWAS countries (1.2%), followed by those originating in non-African countries (0.48%) and those from non-ECOWAS African countries (0.16%). International aid through the provision of grants (related to projects, programmes, HIPC and MDRI) as well as the liberalisation of trade were important for this achievement (Quartey et al., Yet, foreign aid may also be a burden on the government of Ghana as its overreliance on international financing has increased the country’s level of debt (Niyonkuru, 2016). Taxes on international trade were solely applied to individuals aged 18 and above.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Led by the Heads of ASEAN Power Utilities/Authorities (HAPUA). It is recognized as the authoritative electricity organization in South-East Asia, with the mandate to coordinate multilateral electricity trading by 2018. However, bilateral agreements have no yet been integrated into the regional power grid, which will require further efforts to harmonize policies and regulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For a full overview, please consult the respective references. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities (IPCC, 2014). Capacity may include infrastructure, institutions, human knowledge and skills, and collective attributes such as social relationships, leadership and management (UNISDR, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This paper engages with “researcher reflexivity” in terms of a set of discourse analytical imperatives which derive from the work of Pierre Bourdieu and as a set of epistemological implications which follow from my ethnographic-interventionist engagement with a specific field of (institutionalized) practice (broadly, child protection in Flanders). The focus of the paper is on a reflexive discourse analysis of two data events (qualitative interviews with a lone parent who had/has an adolescent in public care). My key claim is that a reflexive discourse analysis which succeeds in revealing the role of social class as an interpretative filter on data events and their histories, can result in a deepened research design which also sets a specific agenda for relevant social-theoretical understandings of Late Modernity (I engage with Bourdieu, Bernstein and Giddens).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Spain, this high-level consultative agency was created in 2009 and includes autonomous communities, local entities, river-basin authorities, and professional and economic unions related to water. These include, for example, the consultation of private actors (including citizens’ groups, water users “associations and civil society”) and financial transfers and incentives across levels of government (e.g. earmarked versus general-purpose grants for financing infrastructure). Other instruments they can consider are co-ordination agencies, contractual arrangements, (multi)sectoral conferences, performance indicators, regulations, shared databases, river basin organisations, regulation and performance indicators, and intermediate bodies. Box 3.4 provides some examples of the use of performance indicators in a number of OECD countries. Some OECD countries have chosen to use all the mechanisms listed above (e.g. France, Mexico), while others have adopted none, due to highly centralised water policy and limited involvement of sub-national actors (Korea, Israel). The STOWA (institute of Applied Scientific Research) is leading the drive toward standardisation of monitoring systems for water quality, water quantity and ecology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Les menages sont presents sur les marches essentiellement pour vendre le surplus de leur consommation personnelle, et ils sont moins influences par les signaux du marche que les producteurs commerciaux. Ce schema cadre avec celui que l’on observe plus generalement dans les economies emergentes. Les plus fortes hausses concernent le financement des services d’inspection (systemes phytosanitaire et veterinaire). Le financement de la recherche-developpement a egalement augmente, en particulier a la fin des annees 2000. Fluctuantes, les depenses d’infrastructures ont culmine entre 2001 et 2003, sous l’effet de grands chantiers d’amelioration des reseaux d’irrigation et de drainage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Per capita consumption in 2010 was 90 m3/person/year. The reduction to 2050 will occur in response to increasing water efficiency. It may result from the mixing of seawater with fresh water, as in estuaries, or may occur in brackish fossil aquifers. Thus, Israel is committed to a net supply of 35 million m3/year of potable water to Jordan (Chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Most important was the relaxation of restrictions on rice exports. The export quota was increased from less than one million tonnes in 1992 to 4.5 million by 1998. However, the right to export was limited, allocated to two central government established SOEs - Vinafood I (also known as the Northern Food Corporation) and Vinafood II (Southern Food Corporation) - and a number of provincial SOEs (Kirk and Nguyen, 2009).6 Internal barriers to trade in rice that had restricted the flow of rice from the south to the north were relaxed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Agricultural growth affects poverty and overall economic growth directly and indirectly through linkages with the non-agricultural sector, at the same time, reinforcing economic activity in rural areas has a significant impact on the disproportionately large number of poor living in those areas (see empirical studies on Ethiopia by Diao and Nin-Pratt, 2007, on Ghana by Breisinger et al., Nin-Pratt et al. ( The authors stress the mismatch between the old-fashioned, low productivity and high risk production patterns that are still prevalent in the region and the role of the agricultural sector as the main provider of employment, rural livelihoods, export revenues, and more generally national income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the results from this work it is acknowledged that there is a lack of definitions, statistics and coordination in this sector. Nature-based tourism ought to be measured from four main perspectives, consumer surveys (national and international), a supply survey and systematic on site visitor surveys. As a follow up to these recommendations, Etour has made a national inventory of nature-based tourism supply including approximately 2,000 companies which will be subject to further analyses in the coming years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
But to calculate how many individuals live below the poverty line, household incomes must be converted to equivalent individual incomes (including 'incomes' for children). It may not be true that 'two can live as cheaply as one', but the amount required to maintain a given standard of living does not rise in direct proportion to the number of people in the home. The cost of heating, or a television or an Internet connection, for example, does not double if there are four people rather than two.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Pressures include eutrophication, overfishing, pollution and changed hydrodynamic conditions. These are thought to have resulted in changes to the distribution of fish, vegetation and benthic fauna (Ojaveer et al., Regime shifts from an oligotrophic to eutrophic state, with resultant changes in dominant species have also been observed (Osterblom et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Development banks, on the other hand, have been increasingly called upon: for example, the EBRD in Eastern and Central Europe, where commercial lending for water has been drying up, has had a boom year in 2009. Areas where ODA can have a catalysing effect include reducing bottlenecks in the sector, supporting the financial planning process, ensuring access to services by the poor and supporting the development and use of risk-management mechanisms that can help attract private funding (and local private funding in particular). While revenues from the 3Ts can dose the financing gap for WSS, the role of repayable finance is only to bridge the financing gap, since it requires subsequent compensation in the form of interests or dividends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Apart from this finding the women rank their contributions primarily among the soft and non-material kinds like domestic duties and taking care of children. The largest group of men aged 25-64 mentions "job, income and paying bills" as do their female counterparts. Whereas it was assumed that the different age groups among women would rank "showing love and affection" significantly higher than men, it might come as a surprise that also the men (all age groups) perceive "showing love and affection" as an important contribution to the household.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is not the case today, however. Currently, only limited numbers of economic actors have access to usable big data. While technology could allow many other individuals or firms to generate data, doing so is not straightforward. This report provides analysis and practical advice for three types of institutions - those that promote trade and investments, build skills, and ensure quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Premature deaths from tobacco-related diseases also lead to productivity losses. Mental health disorders are a major impediment to the well-being of populations in developed and developing countries. People with these disorders are often subjected to social isolation, poor quality of life and increased mortality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These monitoring stations, operated by the relevant national or local environmental authority, typically produce data that require further processing to be converted into statistics on noise levels attributed to various causes and of specific origin. The resulting statistics, e.g., on noise levels and intensity, are produced for and are relevant to the specific local areas where the most problematic noise pollution conditions exist. They are not representative of the national territory. Statistics on noise levels in urban settlements are also relevant to Component 5: Human Settlements and Environmental Health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir questoes relacionadas a teoria da separacao dos poderes na contemporaneidade. A partir da topica, aborda a relacao da jurisdicao constitucional e da democracia, bem como a protecao constitucional das minorias, realizada pelo Poder Judiciario, mormente pelo controle de constitucionalidade e, ainda e por fim, o monopolio da ultima palavra exercido pelo Poder Judiciario.    Palavras-chave:  Separacao de poderes, controle de constitucionalidade, Poder Judiciario     Abstract:  This article aims to discuss issues related to the separation of powers in contemporary times. From the topical method, it addresses the relationship of constitutional jurisdiction and democracy and the constitutional protection of minorities by the judiciary, especially by judicial review, and also, and finally, “the monopoly of ultimate word” exercised by the judiciary.     Keywords:  Separation of powers, judicial review, Judiciary
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Social science research has denoted the role that exclusionary and divisive ideologies play in fortifying group boundaries and shaping inequality, including what is arguably its most extreme form—genocide. We know little, however, about where and why such ideologies emerge. This article analyzes 159 countries between 1955 and 2009 to assess the factors that influence the emergence and presence of exclusionary ideologies. Doing so informs broader social science conceptions of the role of culture and politics in the production of inequality and violence. I find that certain critical junctures, including independence and irregular regime change, are associated with the onset of exclusionary ideologies. Colonial histories and threats to political elites are also consequential. I conclude by discussing exclusionary ideologies relative to genocide as well as the general importance of cultural and political dynamics for future analyses of inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Currently, across the Philippines and in Cebu many efforts are being made such as the Cebu Unplugged Campaign of the Visayan Electric Company (VECO, 2015). This awareness drive does not only focus on teaching practical energy conservation measures but also touches on water conservation as well, which is a prudent policy complementarity approach. Areas that can be strengthened include provision of information on labelling of appliance’s energy efficiency to consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
All efforts should be made to include key gender issues in the report itself, as well as in its summary. Moreover, considering that the report is likely to serve as the basis for follow-up actions, this gender-specific analysis is instrumental in supporting efforts and tailored initiatives aimed at promoting victims' access to justice and effective remedies. This would include the establishment of special protection units and gender desks in police stations, etc., See Guidance Noleof ttaSecTeiaryGeneral' Reparations (or Conflict-related Sexual Violence, June 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Housing wealth can be considered as an “equalising” component of wealth, at least from a “pure” relative inequality approach, as even though its value increases with wealth, its share in portfolios tends to be smaller in rich households (Azpitarte, 2010). Data refer to households aged 50 and over in 2006-07 and are expressed in 2005 EUR million, PPP adjusted. Higher incomes, lower interest rates and demographic factors, such as the increase in the number of Greek households due to their smaller size and the inflow of immigrants, have all contributed to these developments (OECD, 2009). Rising house prices may have served to narrow the wealth distribution, given the heavy weight of housing assets in the total assets of the lower income households in Greece.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Competition for all non-domestic customers was introduced on 1 April 2008, under the Water Services etc. ( This affects all of the utility’s 130 000 non-domestic customers. There is considerable evidence of companies offering a variety of smart technologies and utilities willing to adopt them, but they have typically been held back by policy debates that have an aiguable relevance to water scarcity issues affecting parts of the United Kingdom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Norway is a prosperous country with a healthy economy and a very high standard of living. Norway provides a truly unique example of long-term budgetary planning through its successful management of oil assets by means of the Government Pension Fund – Global. This article examines the annual budget process which is an important factor in the health of Norway’s public finances. The cabinet has a central role in formulating the budget via the annual budget conferences. Parliament has a strong formal position, and the Ministry of Finance has a long tradition of providing objective and unbiased information to Parliament. The article also describes the high degree of managerial flexibility, the system of accountability for results, human resource management, financial management and reporting, the use of performance information, and the role of local and regional governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Political scientists have long debated the merits of multiparty presidentialism. The dominant view that has emerged over the past decade is that presidents can effectively build coalitions by sharing control over the executive’s vast resources with coalition partners in the legislature. This paper provides a more pessimistic account, focused on the problems of accountability created by powerful presidents working to build coalitions in fragmented legislatures. It argues that multiparty presidential systems foster legislatures dependent on patronage and clientelism, which are in fact too weak to check the executive. As a result, these systems are fertile ground for rent-seeking and corruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It concludes with a summary note on government institutions. The focus is on the processes of policy formulation and implementation, rather than on the content. Governance is not just about steering but about how to determine the way to generate consensus-based commitment to move in the desired direction (Kuhlmann, 2001). Innovation is seen as a strand of the National Development Plan (NDP) that is separate from individual sectors or branches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Tonga and Samoa have shown no interest in this and are unlikely to do so. Without that demand, less migration would occur. Continued migration has thus led to more interest in national self-sufficiency, through ethical codes of practice on recruitment and compensation for countries experiencing losses, yet political and practical realities confront ethical arguments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Eliminating health disparities is a Healthy People goal. Given the diverse and sometimes broad definitions of health disparities commonly used, a subcommittee convened by the Secretary's Advisory Committee for Healthy People 2020 proposed an operational definition for use in developing objectives and targets, determining resource allocation priorities, and assessing progress. Based on that subcommittee's work, we propose that health disparities are systematic, plausibly avoidable health differences adversely affecting socially disadvantaged groups, they may reflect social disadvantage, but causality need not be established. This definition, grounded in ethical and human rights principles, focuses on the subset of health differences reflecting social injustice, distinguishing health disparities from other health differences also warranting concerted attention, and from health differences in general. We explain the definition, its underlying concepts, the challenges it addresses, and the rationale for applying it to United States public health policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Tirpak et al (2010) recommend that, given the contextual nature of adaptation, adaptation financing should only be counted for projects that are directly linked to or emerge from climate vulnerability or impact assessments, a recipient country adaptation planning document, a climate risk screening or another study on climate risk. This is significant given budget support may become a more prominent funding approach to deliver climate-related ODA as support continues to move towards programmatic forms. One way to track any climate-specific elements of general budget support would be to request recipient governments to report their GBS spending ex-post, and classify how the funds were used according to specific sectors and themes. If such data could be provided, GBS could be incorporated into any ex-post analysis on climate finance flows to recipient countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
While in Serbia, output increased by about 60% from 2007 to 2015, Kosovo’s level of output has remained quite stable. Crops accounted for a greater share of total output value than livestock in 2012-14 in all but one of the assessed SEE economies (Figure 14.3). In the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, crops contributed the greatest share - making up almost three-quarters of the total output value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At the same time, the percentage of workers aged over 45 years employed in the care sector shot up by more than 50%, compared with a mere 15% increase in the rest of the w orking population (see figure III. In others, such as Uruguay, it was barely noticeable (see table III.3). This seems to have resulted in a conveigence of the age profile of these two subgroups between 2000 and 2010 (see figure III. In most countries, health woikers are, on average, older than those who work in education (see table A-3 in the statistical annex).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For this reasons, nuclear power plants pose more stringent requirements in term of the stability (voltage and frequency permissible variations) and availability of external power supply. For instance, nuclear power plants require redundant electrical connections with the existing grid, which makes for higher connection costs compared with a thermal plant of equivalent size. Attempting to work in “island mode”, i.e. a reactor producing its own electricity for cooling, is a difficult challenge in normal times and would be inappropriate and potentially dangerous in an emergency situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
If large portions of these customary lands are leased to private holders, it affects food security and all subsistence activities for those who have previously relied on these natural resources. The dispossessed then squat in urban areas close to the capital. Twenty-one per cent of the participants did unpaid voluntary work in a church or NGO. Only 30 per cent had regular wage employment, and the majority of these were men. Twenty-five per cent said they had a bank account, and 25 per cent said there was a bank near their home. These last considerations are very important logistically when deciding whether or not social protection interventions should be cash transfers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)