albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
If a child has problems, parents should speak to the child. There are only a few parents who do that - too few of them " (Ramphele, 2002:73). Of potential significance to both generations are the shifts in responsibilities at home or in the family that function as informal rites of passage, including increasing domestic responsibility, deeper and more meaningful communication with parent figures and inclusion in household decision-making (Bray, 2009).To date, these relationships remain poorly documented, particularly outside South Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is when the company cannot deduct these expenses in full in the year incurred or does not want to carry them forward indefinitely for period when the stream of revenue would allow tax deduction of their own. The government does not have preferential access information relative to private agents. In this regard, the government is concerned with two main issues: A) how can it reliably distinguish between firms in order to maximize the return on public investments?,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, system costs are lower if there is a good match between VRE production and demand or if distributed resources are closer to the main load centres. Similarly, systems with a large amount of flexible resources and storage capacity experience much lower system costs than more inflexible systems. Also, numerical analyses and empirical experience show that all components of system costs, and in particular utilisation costs, increase substantially with the share of VREs in electricity generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In TUrkey, Saudi Arabia and, until the 2012 reform, Mexico, TWA employment is even illegal, in the sense that the tripartite relationship - characterised by an employment contract between the worker and the agency and a commercial contract between the agency and the user firm that places the worker under the direct supervision of the user firm - is not recognised by the law and the user firm is considered, in terms of all legal implications, the employer of the worker. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient, in this case, is 0.79. Among other emerging economies, regulations are also particularly restrictive in Brazil, where the maximum duration of assignments is limited to three months, except with special government permission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There are, however, implementation gaps to be addressed. The stringency of environmental requirements varies substantially across jurisdictions, reflecting local priorities and capacity constraints. This raises concerns about potential “environmental dumping", in which highly polluting industries would establish facilities in states that lack the capacity to set and enforce environmental regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Moreover, the treatment of children aged 3-8 at risk of obesity will be trialled in 2017-18. The overweight and obesity rate is self-reported in some countries. However, accidents at work have decreased steadily (Panel C), albeit at a slower rate than in other European countries (Premier Ministre, 2011). Progress has been heterogeneous across firms, and the frequency of accidents remains high in many SMEs (Panel D).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They are often concentrated in sectors in which they had previous work experience but are highly competitive and less profitable. Most women-run ventures are in fields that are not related to science, technology engineering and mathematics (STEM) (Marlow and Me Adam, 2012). They are therefore not well represented in sectors with high value added potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It also assesses the feasibility of Ethiopia becoming self-reliant in social protection spending by 2025/26. Furthermore, it serves as an example for other countries that currently rely on donor support for social protection as they look to transition away from donor financing and serves as a case study for the nexus between humanitarian relief and developmental programmes. It was written under the supervision of Alexandre Kolev, head of the Social Cohesion Unit of the OECD Development Centre, with the guidance of Mario Pezzini, Director of the OECD Development Centre and Special Advisor to the OECD Secretary-General on Development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Every person bom in the Greater Lebanon territory and who did not acquire a foreign nationality, upon birth, by affiliation. Every person born in the Greater Lebanon territory of unknown parents or parents of unknown nationality" (Article 1).5 A woman may transmit her nationality to her children in the event of the death of her husband, or if the child has an unknown or stateless father. Her role in this case is limited to making it possible for her husband to obtain Tunisian nationality in accordance with naturalisation laws without being subjected to the five-year residency requirement under Article 20 of the National Code. In contrast, Yemeni women are required to separate from their husband and return to Yemen. Article 14 dictates that in order to recover her original Yemeni nationality, a woman must terminate her marriage or at least reside in Yemen. This represents a discriminatory practice towards Yemeni women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This was followed by regulations instituting subsidies for the rational use of energy and the promotion of renewable energies, but there has been no noticeable impact on national emissions. It estimated the potential reductions at between 3 and 16 million tonnes equivalent of C02 over the period 2008-12, through action on transportation (from 0.350 to 13 million t. eq. C02),6 use of biofuels (1.185 million t. eq. C02), industry (except electricity production, 1.125 million t. eq. C02) and buildings (0.419 million t. eq. In 2006, these measures were incorporated into the first Action Plan for Reducing C02 Emissions, which was adopted by the government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is owing to the fact that information on breastfeeding is available only for children who are born within the five-year interval before the survey, and the logit model forces us to drop all observations that are not fully at risk—in this case, all children less than five years of age and alive at the time of the survey. For control purposes, we also run a separate estimation for under-five mortality (excluding breastfeeding as a determinant). The results broadly confirm this view and are reported in the annex.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
According to Brookings (2011), there are approximately 6 200 recycling and reuse sector jobs in the region as of 2010, a 73% jump from 2003. Another 1 500 workers are involved in the manufacture of recycled content products, and some 16 000 jobs exist in the waste management and treatment sector, although the latter figure may be misleading as it also includes jobs related to wastewater treatment. Net job growth is limited, however, because most jobs are likely filled by currently unemployed workers or training programme graduates (CWIC-CJC, 2010). However, an analysis prepared for the Chicago Department of the Environment estimated that a 5% improvement in the local recycling rate would yield direct employment gains of 230 jobs and a comparable amount of indirect job gains (Schrock and Sundquist, 2009). The public and private sectors will need to co-ordinate efforts to address the skill mismatch problem at all skill levels. First, addressing skill shortages in the green sector requires an understanding of the larger, systemic challenges to workforce development in the metro-region, where evidence of a significant skill mismatch stymies regional economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Source: OECD Development Centre, based on IEA (2015a), World Energy Outlook 2015, IEA (2015b), World Energy Outlook 2015: Special Report on Southeast Asia. By definition, TPES is equal to Total Primary Energy Demand (TPED), and includes power generation, other energy sector and total final energy consumption (IEA, 2015a). China will continue to account for the largest share of the energy demand in Emerging Asia, even though its share of the region’s TPES decreases from 69% in 2013 to 57% in 2040 owing to the strong growth in energy demand from ASEAN and India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Statistics Norway participates in work on SEEA experimental accounts on ecosystem services. Indicators are chosen from a variety of species groups for each ecosystem, and they are used to measure deviation from a reference state, which is intended to represent ecological sustainability. All indicators and the overall Nature Index have values between 1 [for the reference state] and 0 [very poor state).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The objective is to reduce landfilled quantities which are supposed to be documented, but clear evidence of the effect on prevention does not exist. There are a number of regulatory approaches also in this regard, as well as requirements in terms of acceptance criteria and price setting for C&D waste at the disposal facilities that also indirectly require the builders to sort and prepare for recycling as well as to recycle building and construction materials on site. The Municipality of Oslo implemented the mandatory identification of hazardous substances and a waste plan for demolition projects in the middle of the 1990's and the national environment agency in Norway implemented similar demands in 2008 for any building of 100 m2 or more (Norconsult, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In essence, this means that an outside actor, the government, the regulator or the system operator, needs to step in to ensure that such external costs are not overproduced and are correctly internalised. Economic theory has devised a number of corresponding instruments, including standards and technical regulations, pollution taxes, new markets such as emissions trading, better information and research, as well as an overall strengthening of the legal system. Overcoming the knowledge gap is also part of moving towards sustainable electricity systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Also, international benchmarks of student performance provided by international student surveys such as PISA and TIMSS have been influential in driving policy development at the system level. In addition, NCESE (whose services, as of 2015, were integrated in IAC) also conducts surveys to assess societal views of education which include the collection of views and perspectives from principals, teachers, parents, students and potential employers. By contrast, there is no framework to evaluate the work of rayons’ and oblasts’ Departments of Education even if the monitoring of their work can be followed on the basis of student learning outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Due to rapidly evolving digital technologies and new business opportunities, the digital economy is growing rapidly, but unevenly. Viewpoint 1 describes how access to broadband infrastructure can be extended to create an inclusive Information Society. At the same time, strong inequalities between countries persist in terms of speed of access (Figure 2), as well as differences in how connectivity is used (Viewpoint 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Alongside these, both the EU and the United States have sought unilateral trade remedies to alleged dumping and subsidisation by foreign suppliers. An EC procedure was for example started in June 2008 on the initiative of the European Biodiesel Board, resulting in the imposition (under Commission Regulation in 2009) of a provisional anti-dumping duty on imports of biodiesel originating in the United States. Such duties levied by the EC have gone unchallenged to date.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Waste management strategies need to give adequate consideration to MHM (SSWM 2016, House etal. International policy mechanisms are driven by data. Without gender-disaggregated data it is impossible to fully measure progress towardssustainable development goals, or to make effective analytical assessments of the comparative situations of women and men in different communities or parts of the world (UN-DESA and UNW-DPC 2009). The Gender and Water Alliance has identified gender-disaggregated data collection as a key component of a "minimum agenda" for making a difference in water management (GWA 2006b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Building effective data collection and processing systems is not easy, many governments in the world face the challenging task of improving the quality of their data systems. In fact, sufficient good quality data provides the basis for sound performance measurement, monitoring and evaluation activities that help to understand the kinds of initiatives required, ensure that the current initiatives are on track and generate the desired impact. While gaps still persist across policy sectors, the trend is to increase the availability of data to enable sound assessment of the impacts of policies and laws on men and women. Line ministries in charge of specific policy areas most often determine data needs with gender institutions and statistical offices playing an important role in the process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The use of an IV-probit model is preferred, both because it solves the problem of the high occurrence of zeros, and because it is coherent with the Heckman results. Tables 2 and 3 present the estimated effect of SIGI in both origin and destination countries on female migration flows. The OLS estimates are provided in Table 2 column (1), Table 2 columns (2) and (3) report the estimates using the two-step Heckman approach and Table 3 those using instrumental variable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It identifies policies that can ally vulnerabilities considering the institutional setting of health care systems, such as the public-private mix and the main sources of revenues, and the need to balance economic sustainability with the adequacy of services. Health care systems are a central component of modem welfare states and greatly contribute to social welfare and personal well-being. It is widely recognised that health care systems will continue to face adverse secular trends in the coming years due to aging, price and technology developments, which in the long run may undermine their capacity to deliver the services the population expects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
At present the SCCs experience a lack of facilities, high cost of transportation, and low local demand. So far the SCCs have been dealing mainly with fruit and vegetable produce. In the fall season, SCCs purchase fruits and vegetables from producers into stabilisation funds, and sell them during the winter and spring season when prices increase. The Ministry of Agriculture estimates off-season needs for each of the products by region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The fiscal consolidation stance is expected to meet the conditions of the reviews in 2016 as well. Ghana will hold its national election in late 2016, peaceful and credible elections will be key for policy continuity and for solidifying the country’s democratic dividend, especially after the closely contested 2012 elections and the judicial adjudication of the presidential elections. The urbanisation rate is projected to increase to 72% by 2035.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
More broadly, Vienna consistently ranks among the top three cities in the world on quality-of-life indices. And Austria possesses globally recognised cultural attractions and esteemed educational institutions in music and the arts. Government funding of business R&D in Austria is significantly above the OECD average, as a share of GDP, and is notably higher than in almost all comparator countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, the viability of existing global governance in managing value chains has not been given due consideration to date. Given the very real forces of convergence and divergence in operation within the global economy, there are concerns that the ascendency of GVCs might actually accentuate these processes (Keane and Basnett 2015). Almost half of global merchandise exports and about 40 per cent of world GDP are now attributable to developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It brings together both large-scale agribusinesses and smallholder farmers (MDA, 2011). The programme introduced a mandatory content of 2% (B2) biofuel added to fossil diesel in 2008 and set a 5% (B5) goal for 2013, though in reality this was reached in 2010. Brazil became the world’s third largest producer and consumer of biodiesel in 2014, and towards the end of the year a new mandatory content of 7% (B7) was established (Presidencia da Republica, 2014). The consumption in that year reached 3.4 billion litres (bln L) (ANP, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
To qualify for the tax breaks, the company has to satisfy a certain critical in terms of the number of jobs the investment will create and the international competitiveness of its output. The investment incentives includes grants (covering between 10% and 24% of the cost of investment in land development, investment in building and machinery and equipment), employment grant programme and grants for employing highly qualified new immigrants and returning residents. Additional direct pubic infrastructure investment is required to redress the infrastructure inequities that have developed over past five decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Values around 1.5 indicate very egalitarian societies, while values around 3 indicate very high inequality. The coefficients for developing countries tend to be between 2 and 3 (Alvaredo and Piketty, 2014). A.B. Atkinson and T. Piketty (eds.). A note on the relationship between top income shares and the Gini coefficient, Economic Letters. T. Piketty and E. Saez. "
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Respondents suggested that the occurrence of harm ranges from 2-35% of patients, 0.1-10% of patient encounters, and 1-20% of the general population over time in developed countries. In LMICs the occurrence was assessed to be equally varied but higher, approaching 25% of the population and 40% of patients. Some studies suggest that the occurrence of harm - especially from diagnostic errors may be vastly underestimated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The reports have also addressed public-private partnerships, support for small and medium-sized enterprises, integrating green innovation in national innovation strategies, and establishing eco-innovation clusters to foster cooperation among government, business and academics. Besides action on the supply and demand sides, improved governance mechanisms and broad stakeholder engagement will be needed to facilitate systemic innovation. More generally, adopting a systemic approach bringing together policy domains that are often kept separate, such as economic (including innovation) policy, environmental and social policies, will also be important.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Amici wish to ensure that the Court is informed that, contrary to the suggestion of the Brief Amici Curiae submitted by the Governments of the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, 2 under English common law and the Brussels Regime, there is nothing extraordinary or extravagant in the extraterritorial scope of the Alien Tort Statute (“ATS”), 28 U.S.C. § 1350. Nor does extraterritorial application violate any norms of international law. In fact, English courts may assume jurisdiction over international law violations committed overseas in circumstances that mirror the assumption of jurisdiction of U.S. courts in ATS cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A content analysis of U.S. newspaper editorials (N = 158) examined framing of U.S. Supreme Court rulings on affirmative action at the University of Michigan. Results showed that remedial action and no preferential treatment, frames dominating affirmative action discourse in news media from the 1960s through the mid-1990s, were overshadowed in 2003 newspaper editorials by diversity, a frame asserting that a mix of racially and ethnically different people serves to strengthen organizations and society. The Newsroom Diversity Index (the ratio of the proportion of minorities professionally employed by the newspaper to the proportion of minorities living in its market) was positively associated with choosing the diversity frame and negatively associated with choosing the no preferential treatment frame.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Flood risk management is guided by EU Directive 2007/60/EC on the assessment and management of flood risks. The directive was transposed into national law with the 2011 Flood Directive. To facilitate implementation, a working group brings together all entities at national and Land level that work on flood protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These projects are designed to regulate the flow of the river and its tributaries for irrigation and flood protection purposes. Turkey proposed the construction of a joint dam on the Orontes River in Syria to generate power and provide irrigation water to both countries. Five years later, in December 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is in crucially short supply for SMEs in developing countries. On average, 38% of small businesses in low income countries rate access to finance as a major constraint on their operations, compared with only 14% of small businesses in high income countries.37 In other estimates, of the 360 million to 440 million formal and informal micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in developing countries about half are unserved or underserved by the formal finance sector,38 especially by banks that dominate the sector today. This signals a relatively significant demand by SMEs and a financing gap. About 20% of MSMEs in developing countries use cash-on-delivery services as a means of payment for their e-commerce transactions, whereas in developed economies the use of cash payments is negligible.41 As for bank lending, although access to it is difficult for SMEs, those that manage to obtain finance do so mostly through banks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Inadequate mainstreaming of the available, constrained financial resources and human capacity is evident. Foremost in this problem is the failure to adequately value biodiversity in decision-making, and this is exacerbated by shortcomings in knowledge of biodiversity' and the lack of commitment and capacity to manage ongoing threats. As biodiversity' conservation is a true cross-cutting issue, one of the major obstacles is mainstreaming it into the array of economic sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Faculty of Law of the University of Helsinki is committed to diversity in approaches to studying various legal systems in the context of comparative law. The annual conference on the Development of Russian Law was launched in 2008 by the initiative of the Faculty to further develop knowledge and critical thinking about Russian law during its period of transition and modernization. The conference takes place every year and it brings together legal practitioners and scholars from Russia, Finland and other countries to discuss pressing matters of Russian law, legal reforms and legal practice. In previous years, the conference’s themes included discussions of legal reforms, the justice system, the Russian legal profession, human rights, and civil and business law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Various private companies, including Coca Cola, Orange and Zain, participated in the programme. The initial interest by the private sector suggests that water efficiency is a potential area for green investment in Jordan. To help fund these projects, the government has allocated 16.5% of the 2011-13 Executive Development Program funds for the water and wastewater sector, more than any other sector (MoPIC, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)