albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Progressive harmonisation of the regulatory framework provides a more favourable context for these co-operations. Several cross-border co-operations have been initiated by European Territorial Co-operation, such as the first Interreg I programme (1990-93), which has supported the emergence of cross-border structures, the so-called “Euroregions” in the old core of Europe (Benelux, France, Germany and other central areas of the European Union). Subsequent Interreg programmes have provided support to different forms and spatial scales of cross-border co-operation arrangements, and injected funding sources to kick-start cross-border partnerships (Box 2.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This report also underlines the difficulties to get accurate data (on water use and non-water costs) at the river basin level to conduct such an assessment. In this framework, the environmental costs are approximated by looking at the costs of measures w’hose primary aim is to protect the water environment (cost-based approach). Examples of ex ante assessment of economic costs associated with water use (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Participating apprentices should be older than 16 years, they normally spend four days each week in an enterprise to acquire work experience, and one day in an MITD training centre for theoretical and technological back-up. Apprentices undergo block release (two weeks’ duration), centre-based training at the start of the apprenticeship to enable them to develop the basic initial skills required for engaging effectively in the on-the-job training. Hie conditions of apprenticeship training are governed by a contract which is signed by the employer and the apprentice (or their responsible party).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The use of Islamic law as the material for criminal law reformation is one of the main charac-teristics of Pancasila law state which guarantees the freedom of religion. The existing applicable law should be consistent with the Indonesian society legal ideals, the values of Islamic law must be reflected in the national law as the materialization of legal ideals. Canings is one of the punishment types prescribed in the Qur’an and Sunnah. Article 2 of RKUHP contains material legality principle approves the existing law in the community/society or adat criminal law in order to respect the di-versities/ plurality law in Indonesia. Accordingly, the regulation of criminal act and criminal sanc-tion are mandated to the development of jurisprudence and regional regulation.   Keywords: Canings, criminal law reform, Islamic law
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Least developed countries in the region had a lower unemployment rate of 4.0 per cent, in upper middle-income economies, the rate was 4.8 per cent and in high income economies it was 4.6 per cent. Landlocked developing countries faired significantly worse with unemployment at 6.9 per cent. ( The North and Central Asian subregion had the highest youth unemployment rate at 14.7 per cent in 2013, however, that rate represents a steep drop from the high of22.9 percent in 1998. Over recent years, the region has continued to grow as a major tourist destination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Upon signing the contract, the entrepreneur may submit bills as they are issued, under the conditions specified by the agreement. The factor pays the agreed amount and ensures recovery of the debt at maturity. If this bill is payable on an agreed date, the entrepreneur will have to wait for this term to cash the funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Country representatives also emphasized the need to improve cross-sector collaboration at all levels in order to achieve more effective integration between forest policies and related policies, such as agriculture, energy, climate change, biodiversity and water. In addition, a number of representatives highlighted the importance of overcoming fragmentation by securing good coordination between different forest-related processes and funding mechanisms, in this context, several countries described the benefits for sustainable forest management of action taken at the national level in the context, for example, of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD)-plus programmes, the European Union Action Plan on Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade, and the Convention on Biological Diversity Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Representatives welcomed the forest-related elements of the proposed sustainable development goals and targets, and said that 2015 provided a unique opportunity to integrate forests into the post-2015 development agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Nepal has come a long way in the last 35 years,” says Yam Malla, Nepal country representative for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). He offers a pertinent comparison: by the same measure that Thailand’s airline industry is miles ahead of Nepal’s: Nepal’s community forestry far surpasses Thailand's. Many countries have tried to replicate Nepal’s model. Ideally, the government would have their forest resource area maintained at 40 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It also discusses possible national-and global-level benefits from identifying, collating and communicating adaptation information. Section 3 discusses what information would need to be gathered in order to obtain these benefits, and highlights how experience to date on reporting such information under the UNFCCC can be built on. Section 4 identifies options for the adaptation-related components of the global stocktake, and assesses their feasibility and resource implications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Many projects in Finland's priority sectors, such as water, energy, environment, ICT and innovation, forestry and fisheries, have also led to increased involvement of private sector partners in developing countries. The evaluation recommends integrating aid for trade into existing and new development policy strategies, and strengthening private sector involvement and multi-stakeholder participation in aid-for-trade planning and implementation. Recalling the findings of Aid for Trade in Action (OECD-WTO, 2013) the report highlights the need for trade to be mainstreamed into a country or region's development strategy, and for donors to align their strategies around recipient countries' existing trade priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There is a need for other types of rationing in addition to the limited rationing by means of the price mechanism. Waiting times, implicit prioritizing by service providers and governments’ explicit prioritizing are used as rationing mechanisms in the Nordic countries. Luigi Siciliani elaborates on the optimal balance between these instruments for rationing health care in his article.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These percentages have remained virtually unchanged since 1996. Most notably, in 2013, 62 per cent of the world population lived in countries that allowed abortion for economic and social reasons, compared with 36 per cent of countries that did so, indicating the inclusion of some countries with large population size (such as India) in this category. However, abortion laws and policies continue to be much more restrictive in countries in less developed regions than in countries in more developed regions on all grounds, except to save a woman’s life (figure III.7). For example, in 2013, Governments of 82 per cent of countries in more developed regions permitted abortion for economic and social reasons and 71 per cent allowed abortion on request. In contrast, only 20 per cent of Governments in less developed regions permitted abortion for economic and social reasons and only 16 per cent allowed it on request. Overall, in 2013, only 45 out of 147 Governments in less developed regions allowed abortion on five grounds or more.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Providing employers with a code of good practice can help them to navigate the existing legislation, which can often be complex, and reduce non-compliance. Lowering the burden of proof for plaintiffs and shifting it to employers can be a step in the right direction, but should be accompanied by measures to help complainants gather the necessary evidence to initiate the case and sustain the costs of the trial (OECD, 2008, Chapter 3). In the early 2000s, most European countries lowered the burden of proof for plaintiffs, who are now only required to provide evidence of differential treatment without having to prove that it was indeed due to discrimination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
She suggests that East Asian countries (the Republic of Korea, Singapore and Malaysia) and Taiwan Province of China could be seen as “perhaps the best examples of countries that have been able to bring economic and social development policies into significant alignment” (ibid., In this sense, there has been a return to early development theories which implicitly assumed the existence of strong developmental states capable of carrying out the suggested coordinated investment programmes. However, times have changed and the tasks that are contemplated for developmental states today are much more complicated than those conceived in the 1950s. However, policy space cannot be of much use unless there is a government capable of using it. Wade (1990) has documented the important role that states played in “governing the market” in the first-tier East Asian newly industrializing economies as they went about achieving catch-up growth and poverty reduction. In recent years, the role of governments has also been vindicated by the experience of Latin America, where government activism has proved crucial not only in reducing external dependence and promoting aggregate growth, but also in reducing poverty directly through various innovative social policies (see, for example, Cornia, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The mother's agency has some interesting and puzzling results. While higher agency is strongly associated with better health outcomes and exclusive breastfeeding, it has a negative association with the demand for dairy products and appropriate meal frequency. Maternal self-reported health status is positively related to both child health indicators, but has no association with the food inputs. Surprisingly, nutritional knowledge has mostly no effect on any of the inputs, except for a small and weakly significant association with the intake of dairy products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Vietnam, the World Bank and the Governments of Finland and Denmark provided seed money for a revolving fund for household sanitation investments. However, when the revolving funds are organised with external seed financing to provide initial working capital (at subsidised rates) and the support of an established MFI, such as in the example in Vietnam, they appear to be an effective way of leveraging private finance (household investment in on-site sanitation in that case). According to Mehta (2008), experience with this market segment is limited, and has not gone beyond a few pilot projects. A credit scheme was elaborated via six domestic microfinance institutions. It was foreseen that at least two households from a given area would be allowed to contract a loan for new water investments (either a USD 3 000 loan for a shallow borehole or a USD 1 000 loan for a rainwater harvesting tank).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Another reason for having fewer women than men in decision-making roles in Danish media companies, as Rikke Andreassen points out, is that many of those in leadership positions are recruited from the male-dominated Home Affairs section of the newsrooms. Many private and public companies including DR signed it voluntarily. The initiative meant that the companies should create a strategy for how to get more women into decision-making positions and how to establish gender-sensitive workplaces and gender inclusive recruitment structures (Andreassen 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Last but not least, Velvet private advisers are all female. Fursati offers its women customers topic-specific seminars to meet the needs of women in business. The objective is to support the development of entrepreneurship and develop investment skills while also giving women valuable opportunities to network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Service used to analyse more than 50,000 samples annually. However, since 2012, the situation has been gradually improving as the National Food Agency is strengthening its presence in the country with three regional laboratories. There has been an increase in the number of analyses performed since 2012 (figure 4.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Moreover, governments and river basin committees have different timing (governments may see river basin committees as instances that will slow down decision making) and different priorities (river basin committees may focus on issues which are less important for the governments and not always related to what is being discussed). According to a survey carried out across Brazilian states, the perceived degree of fragmentation is overall higher between states and municipalities than between federal and state levels. The most frequent bottlenecks to vertical co-ordination listed include the lack of staff and time, the limited awareness and public concern over water issues, silo approaches of ministries, the lack of leadership and political commitment, as well as the absence of strategic planning (Figure 2.9). Thus, solutions to droughts (in the Northeast) and water pollution (in large urban centres) require effective co-ordination of water resources, water supply and sanitation, among other sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The president of the republic appoints akims of oblasts and of the cities of Astana and Almaty, who are nominated by the prime minister. The power of the president over akims supersedes the power of the government, in the sense that their tenure continues at the president’s discretion. The president also has the power to dismiss akims.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For low wind penetration, the capacity credit can be approximated by the capacity factor, for larger wind injections, the capacity credit decreases with increasing wind power capacity, and this decrease goes faster for small regions. The consequent variations and disturbances on the grid voltage and frequency are experienced daily by power generators and electricity end users. Each TSO publishes, in a document called “Grid Code”, the performances that each generating unit must meet to be connected to the system. Also, generating plants should be able to ride through certain transient events in the transmission system without tripping, such as a sudden step change in the voltage, a typical requirement is a voltage step of ±6%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As of 2016,2G mobile telephony covered 88% of people living in the LDCs and it is estimated that penetration will be at 70 subscriptions per 100 persons by end 2017. Access to mobile networks and services have opened up new opportunities for development, in such areas as farming, health, and banking, and driven the development of new businesses and business models. One of the most well-known examples is M-Pesa, launched by Safaricom in 2007 in Kenya, and which today is available in DR Congo, Tanzania, Mozambique, and Lesotho.4 LDCs have also adopted other operator-led mobile money services such as Orange Money, MTN Mobile Money and Tigo Cash and in a few countries, there are bank-led mobile wallets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The task of managing the infrastructure is particularly hard as the capacity of the school board as w'ell as the ability to fundraise from the local community is often lower in rural areas, while many school buildings are in very poor condition as most of them were built between the 1950s and 1970s. The hundred primary schools with the lowest performance in the country, as measured by grade repetition and dropout levels, have less than 50 students and are mostly located in rural areas outside of the capital area (PEN, 2013). There are also indications that students from small primary schools are less likely to make the transition to secondary school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The issues taken up in its Programme of Action5 are fundamentally related to women's human rights, including gender equality, the family, reproductive health, birth control and family planning, women's health, as well as immigration and education of women. Importantly, the Programme of Action is explicitly grounded in human rights and proclaims that "advancing gender equality and equity and the empowerment of women, and the elimination of all kinds of violence against women, and ensuring women's ability to control their own fertility, are cornerstones of population and development-related programmes." The Conference was also important for its clear statement of reproductive rights, explaining that these "rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The architects and families developed a unit configuration that provided residents with the most essential 'half' of the housing unit, the remaining components were incrementally expanded and customized by the residents. After only one year, property values increased dramatically and residents reported the desire to stay and continue to improve their homes and strengthen their community. The mixed-income residential development incorporates urban agriculture into affordable housing practices. Via Verde brings together residents of varying income levels to engage in civic management in on-site community service programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This has been acknowledged by the committees in the attention paid to women’s reproductive health, abortion, contraception, early marriage and teenage pregnancy. Thus it is recognized that control over their own reproduction is centra I to women's ability to participate on equal terms in society. Thus the Reporting Guidelines on article 6, the right to life, require States to provide information on birth rates and pregnancy and childbirth-related deaths of women, as well as measures taken to help women prevent unwanted pregnancies and to ensure they do not have to undergo life threatening clandestine abortions (ICCPR 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The combination of clear and straightforward international provisions, together with longterm domestic legal frameworks that provide confidence that climate policies will be enforced, would also enhance the strength of the signal sent to the private sector and other investors that governments remain fully committed to achieving long-term transitions to low-carbon and climate-resilient economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Their estimates predict significant welfare gains after full trade liberalization for high-income and middle-income countries, with real income rising by 0.49 per cent and 0.51 per cent respectively by 2025, while developing countries' real incomes decline by 0.67 per cent. Using a simplified, but structurally similar model, Taylor and von Arnim (2006) show how heavily trade liberalization simulation results depend on assumptions. Allowing a bit more realism - unemployment, for example - makes clear that Africa will not gain, on balance, from trade liberalization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In practice, there remains a large gap between commitments and funds that have been pledged and disbursed by developed countries. The largest target sector for these flows in 2016 was renewable energy, with a share of 43.3 per cent ($295 billion), followed by energy efficiency with a share of 36.1 per cent ($246 billion), and sustainable transport with a share of 13.5 per cent ($96 billion). Climate finance flows to non-Annex 1 Parties (developing countries) are only a fraction of these total flows, as illustrated in figure 4.1. Total climate finance flows to developing countries, including mobilized private finance, increased by 13.4 per cent between 2015 and 2016, from $61.9 billion to $71.4 billion. Several initiatives that aim to provide an overview of available funds are under way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Without political support, the deployment of new domestic generation capacity might be limited before 2030. Further investigations are required to clarify the realistic and economically sustainable potential. The most important integration measures are local hydropower (including large-scale pumped storage) interconnectors to the hydropower-dominated Nordic electricity system and flexible thermal-based generators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It does not measure physical accessibility, for example distances from forest to population centres of a given minimum size. The quantitative measure of these indicators is described by a percentage of forested land. Nearly all FOREST EUROPE signatory states provide data on this aspect of the indicator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Many of the services are watershed related. The perhaps most important services the Heidmork ecosystem provides are drinking water and recreational services. The area is a key water supply area for the Great Reykjavik area, harboring the Gvendarbrunnar wells that supply drinking water to more than half of the Icelandic population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Unless reversed, the mega trends sketched above suggest migratory pressures should be expected to increase substantially moving forward. International migration is bringing benefits to both countries of origin and destination, including remittances, knowledge sharing and mitigation of labour shortages. It also comes with important costs to migrants themselves and the societies they live in, as migrants often face much less secure job situations, discrimination, and less than full access to health, education and other social services, while vast migration inflows has been a source of political and social tensions in many recipient countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The generic term in use is Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines (TCAM). As defined by WHO, “Traditional medicine” is an amorphous concept that comprises a range of long-standing and still-evolving practices based on diverse beliefs and theories. These services involve medical knowledge systems, developed over centuries within various societies before or during the development of modern medicine. “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The effect of differences in outcomes by income is not just a consequence of differences in parental education or ability. Coefficients on adverse outcomes reversed, such that higher scores equal more favourable outcomes. Indeed, some authors have gone as far as to suggest that the entire difference in outcomes between children in lone-parent families and those brought up by two parents can be explained by the associated loss of income rather than the absence of their father per se (Walker and Zhu, 2005). However, maternal employment, while raising the income levels of lone-parent households, may have some adverse effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
China and India both have manufacturers focusing on developing vehicles for this niche. Demand-side measures including land-use planning and management are integral to such interventions as BRT and are included, but not specifically delineated in this discussion. Perhaps Page I the most important type of public transit system will be BRT, due to its low cost and wide applicability, along with potentially excellent performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)