albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
About 39.9 per cent of the women workers were employed as skilled agricultural and fisheries workers in 2011-2012 as against 28.1 per cent of men workers (Table 9-1). Though 8.3 per cent of men workers in 2011-2012 were legislators, senior officials and managers, only 3.8 per cent of the women workers were in that category. The place of work of about 34.9 per cent of women workers in 2011-2012, as against 11.4 per cent of men, was own dwelling or adjacent areas (Table 10-1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The requirement to demonstrate labour market relevance is thus one of several quality criteria examined during the accreditation process conducted by Norwegian Agency for Quality Assurance in Education (NOKUT) at the institution level and by accredited institutions at the programme level. In addition, the regulations state clearly that institutional accreditation conducted by NOKUT must include one representative from “social or working life”, which ensures that the perspective of social partners is captured during the accreditation process (Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research, 2017b). The RSAs were created in 2011 by the Norwegian government to facilitate a more structured and binding collaboration between higher education and the world of work and strengthen the labour market relevance of degree programmes and continuing education and share information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Government health services principally serve those from the low and middle-income strata, whereas private facilities mainly serve the smaller subset of wealthier households and take up a significant share of overall health spending. Indeed, South Africa relies more on voluntary private health insurance financially than any other country in the world. Yet experience from both OECD and non-OECD countries shows that voluntary private health insurance rarely provides adequate coverage for the poor and those most prone to serious illness, and often has high administrative costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, a country that has introduced mobile number portability, permitted infrastructure sharing for mobile operators, allowed foreign investment in operators that own spectrum, legally promoted a competitive environment and required interconnection prices to be made public would have penetration levels 2.3 per cent higher than a country without these measures in place, all other things being equal. Moreover, all the accompanying coefficients to these variables are different from zero, as certified by the F test27 results. While the overall explanatory power of the model (r-squared) is moderate (36.1%), it nevertheless provides evidence of the importance of regulation on ICT services uptake.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 10 of the 14 countries in the study there is a monthly wage penalty for care workers in education compared with similar workers outside the care sector (see table III.9). However, this penalty disappears in most countries (except Chile, Nicaragua, Paraguay and Peru) when it refers to hourly wages. In 10 of the 14 countries in the study, there is a monthly wage premium for care workers in the health sector that holds in almost all of those countries for hourly wages (except Chile, where the coefficient was no longer significant). This finding is probably linked to the fact that a larger proportion of these workers are employed in the public sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Again, even when universities are owned and operated by the national government, it is important to have budgetary provision for institutions’ regional engagement. This not only provides the needed financial support, but also orientates the institution’s activities. Currently, the criteria for staff recruitment and promotion in Penang higher education institutions do not sufficiently encourage activities related to local engagement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A fundamental thesis is that while there are some instruments that can be beneficial irrespective of the time horizon, there are nevertheless difficult trade-offs between short and long-term priorities, and a strategic framework needs to acknowledge those trade-offs. Smallholders may be efficient in the technical or allocative sense, but they often struggle to be competitive, either because of their lack of endowments, or because they confront missing or under-developed markets. Insufficient farm size may also be an issue, although other assets, such as farm management skills may also be lacking.2 The competitiveness of smallholders may also be undermined by external factors, such as subsidised exports arriving on internal markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This introduction to the special issue in honor of Professor Yoram Barzel provides an overview of his scholarship and a summary of the contributions to this special issue. Each contribution advances or elaborates upon major themes in Barzel's theoretical and applied work on property rights, transaction costs, and political economy. The contributions fall into three categories: an examination of the foundations and implications of the â€˜Barzelianâ€™ method for social scientific analysis, Barzel's economics of property rights and transaction costs to historical case studies, and advances to Barzel's theory of the state, which includes an analysis of the origins of democracy and the rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Typically, each district has one larger disposal site, which serves the district administrative centre, and a number of smaller/rural dumpsites serving one or more villages. Based on the dumpsite inventory done in the Development Region South and local research, there are approximately 20 to 25 rural dumpsites operating by the decision of local authorities and, in addition, more than 100 illegal dumpsites per district. In most cases, the licensing procedure is formal and the majority of approved dumpsites do not, to a large extent, follow the requirements for construction, environmental protection and human health. For comparison, if the plant is operated at full capacity (three shifts) this corresponds to the annual MSW generation of Chisinau.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It outlines information on climate-related development finance and sectors w'here such finance is directed, as well as policies directly or indirectly relating to mobilisation of finance for climate actions. This amount covers both finance for adaptation and mitigation, while excluding overlapping finance for both mitigation and adaptation. It accounts for 7.1% of the total climate-related development finance committed globally in 2013 and 2014 (i.e. USD 47.3 billion per year on two-year average). More specifically, climate-related development finance committed to mitigation in the EECCA is 8.3% of that for all the recipients globally, while adaptation finance accounts for 3.5% of the global total.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The share of individual facing different employment barriers is lower than or broadly in line with the six-country average for most of the indicators. In particular, the recent strengthening of the labour market in Estonia led to relatively few individuals in the target population being affected by “scarce job opportunities” or “no past work experience”. An exception is the share of individuals facing health limitations, which is significantly higher in Estonia (43%) than in other countries (the six country average is 32%). “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The correlation between the progressivity index based on tax schedules (for single taxpayers and under the assumption of a similar distribution of income across countries) and the Kakwani progressivity index based on household surveys is 0.58, significant at 5%. Due to the various tax reliefs for low-income earners with children, the US personal income tax is much more progressive for families with children than for single tax payers. The Slovak Republic replaced the progressive personal income tax system by a flat rate system in 2004.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A key driver of demand for urban nature recreation is user preferences for site attributes. For example, mountain bikers may tend to prefer (and are willing to pay for) artificially designed and engineered trails while hikers may prefer a "wilder" trail (Table 1 identifies some common attributes that provide welfare for different recreation users). Note also that the availability of nearby substitutes sites can affect the value of a given site.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The APIDT advocated an increase of industrial R&D, supported by greater public resources via matching grants and soft loans, to reorient part of the activities of existing research laboratories and institutes toward industry-oriented and market-driven research (EPU, 1990). The plan aimed to promote cluster approaches where small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) could build upon their relationships with the MNEs they supply to enhance their capability (called “cluster-based industrial development” strategy). The Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) can be seen as a key initiative in that regard: w'orld-class infrastructure is made available on a specific territory to attract the E&E leaders. The foundation acts as a broker, identifying both the needs and the relevant experts, and assists the commercial arrangement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, these arrangements pose distributional dilemmas (transfers from single individuals to married couples) and tend to reinforce traditional family patterns and gender roles. Other arrangements, such as contribution credits that compensate for the impact that time dedicated to take care of children or elderly members of the family can have on women’s pension entitlements, are a positive measure but may not overcome all gender gaps in pension benefits on their own. Policies need to includes package of measures to address inequalities from their origins (i.e., reducing gender gaps in the labour market, promoting a more equal distribution of care work in the family and avoiding gender-blind policies) as well as to compensate for gender gaps in old age protection when they emerge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While not specific to agriculture, firms responding to the OECD Business Survey on Stale Influence on Competition in International Markets suggest that some state trading enterprises have been able to exploit a number of advantages of state ownership, influencing market outcomes (predominately through limiting sales). The countries with more state trading enterprises were China (25), India (14), and Colombia (14). In a recent survey of members on export competition, the WTO only had 36 responses to questions on export credits (including the European Union counted as one) (WTO, 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In that case the outcome is similar to capacity markets discussed later. In any case, such option products require well-functioning energy markets, in particular, that electricity prices can be high enough during scarcity conditions. This may be the case for products to solve network congestion (counter trading), products to ramp-up or ramp-down capacity to follow demand and renewable output variations, or products for voltage control during certain hours. Some countries such as Spain are considering the creation of new short-term, flexible products markets, using existing electronic market platforms as the tertiary reserves market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition to the high levels of misuse of prescription opioids reported by many countries in Asia and Africa,112 there is growing evidence of the non-medical use of tramadol in some countries in Africa and the Near and Middle East. These have been corroborated in recent years by seizures of considerable amounts of tramadol in North, West and Central Africa and in the Near and Middle East.118 Between 2012 and 2014, the Islamic Republic of Iran, countries in the Near and Middle East and many countries in Africa reported to UNODC that seizures had been made of large amounts of tramadol that was being trafficked into those countries. Countries in the Middle East reported seizures of 310 kg in 2012, a quantity that increased to over 22 tons in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, the loT and Blockchain may simplify verification and certification procedures, and real-time translation and online platforms facilitate communication in different languages. Innovations in cross-border payment systems have had their largest impact in developing countries and for MSMEs. Hence, the potential of new technologies to facilitate trade for MSMEs and developing countries disproportionately can be large.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Data for Turkey is for 2006 rather than 2010. Data for the Netherlands is for 2005 rather than 2010. The Nordic countries, Estonia and Slovenia, where the share of women in general government is 20 percentage points higher than their share in total employment (OECD 2012a), display the largest difference. Estonia experienced the largest rise in female employment over the period 2001-2010, women accounted for three-quarters of general government employment in 2010, more than any other OECD member country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Though CAES requires a suitable geological location, it is possible to construct the air storage and both CAES plants mentioned here use a solution-mined salt cavern as air storage location. In addition to the utility scale CAES systems, a small scale adiabatic 2 MW, 500 MWh storage plant was commissioned in Gaines, Texas in late 2012 (General Compression, 2014). A demonstration plant operating on the adiabatic CAES principle is scheduled for completion in 2016 (RWE Power AG, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Eight countries participated in the first wave of data collection, which took place in 2011: Bolivia, Colombia, Ghana, Laos, Sri Lanka, Ukraine, Vietnam, and the Yunnan province of China. The second wave, which look place in 2012-13, involved five countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kenya and Macedonia. The STEP Survey asked respondents to report on their use of such skills in daily life and at work (if they work).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Given its tourism-oriented economy, the city has also set up a mobile app, which informs both tourists and locals of what to do in Phuket. To illustrate this trend, outdoor concentrations of fine particulate matter (PMJS), which is hazardous to health, is commonly used as a proxy measure of pollution. Practically all urban residents in the region are exposed to ambient air pollution exceeding the WHO guidelines on the concentration of fine particulate ambient air pollution (i.e., 10 PM2.5 pg/m3). Only 0.2% of urban residents in Emerging Asia live in areas with pollution concentrations at or below this level (Figure 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care, OECD Health Policy Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1787/9789264097759-8-en. Monitoring and Improving Quality in Long-term Care, OECD Health Policy Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264194564-en. The Quality of Life, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For instance, the African Agricultural Technology Foundation established a partnership with CIMMYT (the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, BASF and NGOs to provide herbicide technology to Kenyan farmers. Because climate is a critical factor in applying agricultural technology in the field, NARS play a very important role in this process. The mechanism for distributing scientific knowledge and technology from the CGIAR system and Centers to farmers through NARS has been successful.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Measurement campaigns are also carried out to evaluate concentrations of heavy metals and hazardous substances. Managing environmental air monitoring networks is the responsibility of the Regional Development Co-ordination Committees (CCDRs) in co-operation with the Portuguese Environment Agency (APA). Since 2004, installations subject to industrial permitting are required to carry out self-monitoring of air emissions and report to the CCDRs and to the APA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While decentralization seems to provide a way to strengthen the quality of public education, the existing literature on the subject matter is far from being specific in pointing out the concrete way in which this has to be done. Regardless of the aforementioned hypothesis, this present paper states that three basic requirements are to be ensured in the process of decentralizing this function of the State. They are the accountability of those in charge, the control over costs by these same authorities and their real capacity to decide on the structure of expenditures to be made. In this context, this paper proposes the implementation of school districts in Chile, which are to be funded by unconditional grants from the central government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Panel A compares Sweden to Hirkey: in Turkey all bottom-sensitive income standards grew much faster than the average, whereas top-sensitive income standards grew more slowly, implying a marked decline in inequality. In Sweden, the opposite occurred, implying a sharp increase in inequality. A similar picture emerges from the comparison between Germany, where inequality increased, and Italy, where it decreased (Figure 2, Panel B).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, given that foreign-born women are more often outside the labour market, and therefore ineligible to parental leave, and given that when they find employment they tend to be concentrated in lower paying jobs, the incentive to remain at home engendered by the allowance is likely to play more forcefully upon their choices. And, though the benefits of day care, such as language and social learning, tend to be particularly pronounced for children from disadvantaged or immigrant families, the children of foreign-born women are more likely to be cared for at home for longer spells. Worryingly, this is particularly marked among those children whose parents come from refugee-sending countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Informal recyclers in developing countries do manage to make a living simply from the revenues from selling the recovered materials.39 But with increasing resource scarcity and rising prices, situations also arise in which people can make a living by removing recyclables from the 'formal' systems in developed countries, or where it becomes in the interest of large national manufacturing companies in developing countries to 'compete' with both the city and the informal sector in offering MSWM sen/ices, in order to secure access to raw materials (see Box 5.1). A private collector can have higher profits by only focusing on densely populated regions where recoverable waste quantities can be collected within a small area, leading to regional 'cherry-picking'. In such cases, only the non-profitable regions are left to be serviced by public authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Transparent and complete reporting, combined with subsequent third-party consideration, helps to increase trust and confidence in the information reported. The current reporting component of this UNFCCC framework lays out which countries are to report what information, in which format and with what frequency. This framework is delivering mixed results: according to UNFCCC reviews, information on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and trends is generally being reported in a transparent and complete manner by Annex I countries. The expert review teams also indicate that information on the provision of “means of implementation” (MOI), i.e. climate support via climate finance, technology or capacity building, by Annex II countries is usually “mostly transparent” and “mostly complete”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Vulnerable groups are those with a higher probability of falling into poverty in any given year. Internationally comparable numbers in this report are based on two regional data harmonisation efforts known as SEDLAC and LABLAC, joint efforts of the World Bank and CEDLAS at the National University of La Plata in Argentina. Unless otherwise noted, indicators for LAC are calculated using data from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay (LAC-17). Although the analysis does not include the racial/ethnic dimension, it is another relevant consideration for discrimination and inequality in LAC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Clearly, a good representation of technology switching is important when projecting adaptation to climate change. Nonetheless, the major technologies are specified in the model in a crop- and region-specific manner. No other land use types are incorporated into the model, limiting its ability to fully account for land use changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The governance advice that is offered to Africa usually identifies a list of ‘good governance’ goals like stable property rights, a rule of law, low corruption and government accountability as preconditions for development. These goals are difficult to implement not only because they are expensive public goods but in addition their enforcement is typically at variance with powerful interests in the political settlements of developing countries. The historical evidence and much institutional theory suggests that during their social transformations successful developing countries had a different set of ‘developmental’ or ‘growth-enhancing’ governance capabilities that enabled their states to support critical property rights transformations and assist firms in acquiring and learning to use new technology. The institutions and policies they used differed because their political and institutional starting points were different. There are therefore no blueprints for Africa or anywhere else, but certainly the go...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the case of assessment for qualification and certification in upper secondary education, certificates convey information in particular to higher education institutions and the labour market. As such, certification fulfils an important social function (Remesal, 2011). The extent to which certificates and individual grades are valued by stakeholders varies, and in some cases, the reputation of the attended school has a significant signalling value. Schools may be especially concerned about their signalling ability if the national education system holds schools accountable on the basis of their students’ performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Mexico, gender gaps have been found to exist both in wages and in employer-provided benefits (De la Cruz Toledo, 2016). The gap in monthly earnings reflects both gender differences in hourly wages and in hours worked. When looking at the hourly gender w'age gap, however, Mexico performs better: the hourly wage gap of full-time workers is 6.0%, compared to 14.1% on average the OECD (OECD estimates of labour force surveys).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)