albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In contrast, between 2000 and 2004, foreign investments in developing countries stagnated and those in the OECD declined following the bursting of the dotcom bubble (Figure 1). Yet, between 2004 and 2006, FDI to developing economies rose faster than the total, following the introduction of legal changes allowing majority ownership by foreign investors, liberalization of profit remittances and gradual elimination of clauses on minimum domestic content, minimum export requirements, exclusion of strategic sectors and indigenization of management (UNCTAD, 2007, table 1.8). This leads to the conclusion that FDI reduces income inequality in Iow-wage, labour-abundant countries by accelerating capital accumulation, raising the demand for unskilled workers and offering higher wages than those prevailing in the informal or domestic formal sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This implied the formation of an identity/self-definition using the language of the Flemish standards. This demonstrates how the professional competences become effective agents shaping the programme's future. Importantly, the paper argues that the transformation of the list of competences and the accompanying processes of identity formation indicate that the competences actually start to function as standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Groups branded as “terrorists” around the world use violence to express their deep resentment against perceived economic, political and cultural domination. Men who engage in violence against women communicate to women that they should keep in their place below men. Women who engage in child abuse communicate that they have power over children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This package, while covering a much smaller range of issues than the original Doha agenda, has given renewed impetus to negotiations on the remaining Doha issues, among them Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA), agriculture and services. In addition, Ministers have instructed the TVade Negotiations Committee “to prepare within the next 12 months, a clearly defined work programme on the remaining Doha Agenda issues.” Other decisions, notably on trade facilitation could impact significantly on trade in food and agricultural products. This decision, part of the original proposal put forward by the G33 group of countries, attracted wide support from developed and developing countries. Outcome of the Bali WTO ministerial (cont.) This issue proved to be one of the most intractable with countries across the full spectrum of development struggling to define modalities which would allow the policy space sought by some countries while ensuring that the pre-existing provisions of Annex 2 of the URAA would not be diluted in a way that would render them totally ineffective, or otherwise distort trade or impinge negatively on the food security of other countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2020, Laos successfully contained the spread of COVID-19, with very few cases and no deaths  The key elements of the COVID-19 response reflect not only public health advice but also the core values of the political culture promoted by the ruling Lao People's Revolutionary Party  These include unity, solidarity, struggle, respect for science, guidance by a strong center, and the extension of the state into everyday life in the form of designated roles, committees, and organizations  These significantly shaped the social fabric drawn on in the COVID-19 response  This success, then, can be read as a reaping of some of the benefits of this political culture  More ominously, the global pandemic exacerbated Lao PDR's public debt crisis  Born of years of government backing of megaprojects such as hydropower, this debt is the dark harvest of the LPRP's reign
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Paper presented at the Conference on the Practice of Social Reporting for Business, ISEA, 19 January, Commonwealth Conference Centre, London. It pushes companies to assess their business conduct by using these three pillars to frame a number of factors that affect both shareholders and stakeholders in both the short and long-term. The ESG framework is particularly useful when companies aim to establish strong governance structure to monitor and evaluate their business conduct. Capitalism as if the World Matters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Therefore, the authors emphasise (p. 18) that “pollution control is one of the most basic ways of increasing water supply”. In contrast, they find that, at the time of their writing (1998), most international data sets “simply assumed that once water is withdrawn it is lost to further use”. This clearly leads to an understatement of water availability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These indicators include, for example, the ability to register people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other psychoses and a range of screenings (BMI, alcohol consumption, blood glucose) for patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other psychoses. There is also a QOF indicator for “The percentage of patients on the register who have a comprehensive care plan documented in the records agreed between individuals, their family and/or carers as appropriate” (BMA (2014). For a full list of QoF indicators 2013/14 see BMA, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Improving child welfare is the top priority, and the calls to action provide a comprehensive roadmap that aims to eliminate the gaps in outcomes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians. There is variation across provinces and territories but in Alberta for example, 9% of children are Indigenous, while 69% of children in care are Indigenous. Improving housing, closing gaps in education quality and increasing completion rates, as well as addressing health and social service provisions needs of indigenous people is essential to addressing some of the material deprivation issues of indigenous children and communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
At the moment, the damage it causes to the environment is not really reflected in the price paid for water. The government supports the use of charges levied on abstractors to address unsustainable abstraction,10 and the Agency is piloting reverse auctions as a mechanism to claw back abstraction rights. It is also removing real and perceived barriers to trading, and will identify catchments with potential for increased trading to test a reformed abstraction regime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Some LDCs have recognized their ccTLD as an essential resource and understand the important link between domain names and domestic web hosting. This needs to be appreciated by other LDCs. There are various resources for LDCs to master the skills for managing their ccTLD and free open source software is available for ccTLD operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Each nation has distinctive R&D characteristics, which are a reflection of the heterogeneity of structures and the concentration of R&D by region, institution, sector and even project (UIS, 2010). The heterogeneity of the R&D landscape is reflected in the supporting institutional frameworks and directly influences the coastal and marine research landscape. They suggest that not only is R&D in many developing countries highly constrained by funding, but also, that resource allocation procedures are sensitive to personal or political affiliations or entitlements. This is often not balanced out by considerations of efficiency, effectiveness, relevance, utility, or excellence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In recent years, significant improvements in the assessment methodologies have been made in an effort mostly co-ordinated by the UNEP/ SETAC initiative (de Haes, 2002, UNEP, 2003, Jolliet et al., The EU Joint Research Centre has also made an important input in the determination of effective practice in impact assessment, which has resulted in the adoption of 14 default impact categories for the EU footprinting initiative (Product Environmental Footprint (PEF)/ Organisational Environmental Footprint (OEF), European Commission, 2013a, European Commission, 2013b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
As a component of this work, the OECD, UNESCO and ISOC have partnered to study the relationship between the Internet, development and cultivation of local content. This report demonstrates the significant relationship between the social objective of fostering the development of local content on the one hand, and the quantity and quality of available Internet infrastructure in a country on the other hand. Furthermore, it shows how prices and capacity influence both access and use of the available contents, and how ICT availability and dissemination can increase accountability, participation, and harness development. The extension of Internet access and thus local content to all parts of the population requires mutually reinforcing policy areas, such as investment, technology, education, and competition to create enabling environments for key inter-related sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The adaptive cycle is nested in time and space. The adaptive cycle can contribute to the analysis and assessment of complex social ecological systems, innovation, adaptation, and transformation which is an on-going requirement of resilient systems (Gunderson and Holling 2002, Folke 2006}. The chapter may be structured using a classification of biogeographical regions and/or land uses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The victory by the Sri Lankan government over the LTTE in 2009 apparently ended over 25 years of civil war. However, the ramifications of the government's counter-insurgency go far beyond Sri Lanka's domestic politics. The military campaign against the LTTE poses a significant challenge to many of the liberal norms that inform contemporary models of international peace-building—the so-called ‘liberal peace’. This article suggests that Sri Lanka's attempts to justify a shift from peaceful conflict resolution to counter-insurgency relied on three main factors: the flawed nature of the peace process, which highlighted wider concerns about the mechanisms and principles of international peace processes, the increased influence of ‘Rising Powers’, particularly China, in global governance mechanisms, and their impact on international norms related to conflict management, and the use by the government of a discourse of counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency to limit international censure. The article concludes ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Beyond the QOF, the country' collects several patient experience measures with general practice. About 2.4 million patients registered with a GP practice are surveyed twice a year around access, making appointments, quality of care, satisfaction with opening hours and experience with out-of-hours National Health Service (NHS) services. England has other rich data sources on the quality of mental health care, prevention measures, or around the use of hospital care by GPs, all of which are published at the GP practice level (OECD, 2016a). Denmark and Israel also took steps to better measure quality and outcomes in primary care, although recent events in Denmark illustrate that unexpected obstacles can derail progress in this area (see Case Study 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Shortages of skilled workers have been one of the drivers of rising unit labour costs in 2013 (Eesti Pank, 2014b). The number of vacant jobs for highly skilled workers and for skilled non-manual workers has risen well above pre-crisis levels whereas it has fallen for unskilled and manual jobs (Figure 2.1). The number of vacancies is relatively large in the ICT industry, a sector in which Estonia has developed a strong comparative advantage. Nonetheless, in international comparison, unskilled workers have relatively low unemployment rates (Table 2.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Poland, a number of government-funded programmes are focused on strengthening the capacity of business-support institutions to provide innovation and R&D-related services to SMEs. These partners focus on building links between R&D institutes, SMEs, and people who can be encouraged to start businesses to commercialise their knowledge, and systems that connect incubators, technology transfer offices, and technology parks. Further detail on specific programme measures is provided in Box 3.6 at the end of this chapter. Financial assistance is offered to cover the costs of consultancy services to develop a development strategy for the innovation centre, consultancy and promotion resulting from the centre’s strategy (e.g. databases, coaching, matching partners, estimating costs of the implementation of a given project for production by client entrepreneurs, the assessment of the market value of the R&D results), implementing expansion or modernisation of existing technical infrastructure, and promotional activities resulting from the centre’s strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Some Thoughts on Toilets, Transgenders, and the LGBT Community", Social Science Research Network, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. From State to Market: A Survey of Emperical Studies on Privatization, Journal of Economic Literature, 39(2), 321-389. Anthropogenic Emissions of Methane in the United States, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 11 (5), 20018-20022. Effect of Endocrine Disruptor Pesticides: A Review, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(6), 2265-2303.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Two of the most remarkable human rights cases decided by the European Court of Justice (ECJ or Court) in the past year concern the right to collective action. Both Laval and Viking involved conflicts between trade union action, forming part of the right to freedom of association, a right protected in the Charter of Fundamental Rights, and the exercise of two of the fundamental freedoms set out in the EC Treaty, namely the right to provide services and the right to establishment. Although the Court adopted the same general reasoning in both cases in order to deal with the conflict at issue, each case had individual features worthy of note and will be presented separately (Sections 2 and 3). Section 4 provides reflections that are common to both decisions and their significance for the protection of fundamental rights in the European Union.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
About 75% of the population purchase supplementary insurance offered by the health funds, and about 40% hold policies offered by insurance companies (a sizeable minority hold both types of policy). In broad terms the system receives favourable reviews by experts. For instance, the OECD’s review of the quality of Israeli health care (OECD, 2012) praised several aspects of the system and a biennial survey (run by the Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute) reveals consistently high levels of satisfaction with health services, with only narrow gaps between members of each fund (Brammli-Greenburg et al., Indeed, the resources devoted to health care in Israel are now relatively low compared with most OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is critical to reducing the national import bill and enhancing the international competitiveness of the economy’s export industries. This is probably a common problem shared by small developing countries that are dependent on imported petroleum. Indeed, it is arguable that even those that are endowed with petroleum would be wise to diversify their sources of energy, because their endowments of this non-renewable resource are limited and they have to share the responsibility of reducing the discharge of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Supplying organically grown food to the tourist industry will be yet another way of greening that industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Regional and global programmes only attracted 1.5% of total trade-related OOF commitments in 2015. Other low income countries saw their support double to USD 2.0 billion. The share of commitments to the low income countries as a whole reached 35.8% of total aid-for-trade flows in 2015, compared to 28.9% in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The integration of variable renewable energies requires new and appropriate regulatory and operational frameworks to properly move towards more efficient and reliable low-carbon electricity systems. While their name implies a focus on the long run availability of power generating capacity, their true role could be much larger. Capacity markets could actually play a key role in integrating different flexibility services - including short-term demand curtailment, storage, access to interconnections, and, of course, capacity itself - in a single framework, where decisions are made at the margin according to the variable costs of different options over different time frames.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Country offices should prepare gender plans that identify gaps and needs in technical support, capacity-building, joint action and advocacy, and collective monitoring that facilitate stronger gender programming. This process should be supported, monitored and reported upon annually by the respective regional bureaux to the GSIC. However, to ensure more even attention to all countries and because country offices are expected to prepare gender plans, it is suggested that regional bureaux take specific measures to support the preparation of these multi-year, country-specific gender plans and monitor and report on their formulation and implementation to the GSIC. This process will provide an opportunity for offices to assess their needs and gaps at the country level and to articulate expectations for support from the regional service centres in promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article interrogates a number of assumptions underpinning the recent focus on employability and social mobility within legal education and the legal profession – in particular the capacity of legal work experience to support these policy objectives. It draws on research evidence to argue that a narrow focus upon the individual acquisition of skills and attributes fails to capture the fuller complexity of legal employability as a negotiated, situated process. It shows how the structuring properties of the field reduce the capacity of employability initiatives to disrupt the patterns of social and cultural reproduction that frame access to the legal profession. In this context, the potential of curriculum intervention to enhance employability is inhibited by the structural constraints upon the possible selves that law students are able to imagine. It suggests that students’ opportunities are not only shaped by their past, but are also constrained by their possible futures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The OECD work published in OECD Reviews of Health Care Quality: Korea - Raising Standards (2012b) recommended that policy makers seek out desirable models of what uniquely Korean approaches to primary health care services should look like and support them. This section builds on the broad approach outlined in the earlier report by providing some potential paths to scale up primary care in Korea. Given Korean interest in the US health system, it is surprising that there has been limited interest in moving towards a model of integrated care, where an organisation receives a capitated payment from the National Health Insurance to manage all of the care of the patients. This type of reform provides incentives for big hospitals to restructure their service delivery model to include stronger primary care. This would require comparatively simple changes to payment methods, or at least experimentation to allow some big hospitals to receive a capitated payment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Good work is recognized by co-workers, peers and others and provides a sense of accomplishment, self-respect and social identity. People have historically defined and named themselves by their occupation: Miller in English or Hurudza (master farmer) in Shona. Healthier workers have longer and more productive working lives and can explore more options at home and abroad. Better educated and trained workers can do more diverse work —and to a higher standard—and be more creative and innovative. Workers who can participate more fully in their communities will be able to negotiate at work for better conditions and higher labour standards, which in turn will make industries more efficient and competitive. Volunteers benefit from their work, either because they value altruism or through the personal enrichment they gain from community involvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
On average, 37 percent of the food produced by participating farmers was purchased by the programme. In some countries, the tendency has been to avoid targeting the same households with social protection and agricultural input subsidy programmes on the grounds of equity, in others, the focus has been on potential synergies among the different programmes. Whether or not the objective is to allow programme overlap, an important challenge in implementing multiple programmes is the identification of target households (see also Box 23). It is targeted at populations living in extreme poverty and implemented by means of the construction of cisterns, collective water supply systems and small dams.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Indeed, Tunisia’s employers have frequently complained about their very limited capacity to help shaping the content programmes (Chelbi and Ficatier, 2010). While sporadically employers work with the ministries in charge of VET, there are no systematic consultation mechanisms. For example, some sectoral branches are quite active in the skills system (electricity and electronics, tourism, construction, agriculture and fishery) but elsew'here engagement is w'eak (UTICA, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Many of them pursue innovative approaches, thus driving technological progress. The forthcoming Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport (BER) will be a core infrastructural element, highly relevant far beyond the capital region. Innovative design means BER meets Brandenburg’s Energy Strategy aiming at a climate-friendly, economically advantageous, reliable and socially acceptable energy supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue". The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Evidence shows a positive relationship between being out of the labour force and having back problems (Odds Ratio (OR): 3.59 with 95% confidence interval [2.98-4.33]) and arthritis (OR: 3.06 [2.98-4.33]) in Australia (Schofield et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Differing from other attempts to assess vulnerability to climate change, our assessment only considers the expected impact of climate change on physical variables.2 These variables are of course likely to have socio-economic consequences, but they are not socio-economic variables. The rationale behind such an index is two-fold. Second, this physical index does not involve an assessment of the expected impact of climate change on variables such as health and agriculture, which unavoidably is highly uncertain and debatable. The physical index can simply be seen as an intermediary step to assess the link between climate change and these economic variables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)