albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Also, information needs to be made more widely available on how the situation of women compares to that of men in their countries with regard to access to, use and impact of ICTs, in order to work towards a global equitable information society. These surveys help to gather data that show the differences between men and women, leading to a better understanding of gender roles, responsibilities and differences in control over resources in a particular context. Data on land access and use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This also helped the analysis to be done in the very short time available - from February 2011 to the Durban Climate Change Conference (COP 17) at the end of the year. Over 50 Ethiopian experts from the selected sectors generated data, which the external consultants calculated BAU emissions projections for sectors that were identified to be higher sources of emissions (Table 2) and came up with possible abatement measures in those sectors and their individual marginal abatement cost. Projections for 2025 demonstrated that the current pathway for economic development will increase GHG emissions by more than 150%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Lex Borghans (Department of Economics and ROA, Maastricht University, Email: lex.borghans@maastrichtuniversity.nl). We thank Linor Kiknadze and Edward Sung for valuable research assistance. We received helpful comments from Richard Boyle, Zidi Chen, Maryclare Griffin, Robert Lerman, Seong Hyeok Moon, Dan Moran, Maria Rosales, and Indra Wechsberg. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are those of the author(s).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition, their focus should be primarily on servicing investors and administrative burdens, and tasks related to servicing ministries should be minimised. One option would be to involve both the regional akimat and the Regional Chambers of Entrepreneurs in the governance of ISCs, to ensure that the voice of the local private sector is taken into account in ISC governance (as is the case for the Hamburg’s Business Development Corporation, see Box 1.13). Co-ordination between the national agency Kaznext Invest and oblast- level ISCs on investment promotion and facilitation is essential, and should be enhanced. This could be done by giving Kaznext Invest a reserved seat on the executive board of all ISCs in Kazakhstan or the use of shared staff and/or facilities, for instance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, the level of satisfaction with the education system and schools among the poorest 20% of the population in Korea has fallen to about 44% only. The share of private spending on educational institutions is higher than in the majority of G7 and OECD countries. High enrolment in private non-tertian' and tertiary educational institutions, combined with higher private spending for outside school classes, increase the share of household expenditures on education. At the tertiary level, private expenditures represent more than 70% of total expenditures (with most of these expenditures coming directly from households).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As stated in OECD (2009a), “goals that are set politically and are not matched by real revenue streams result in major financing gaps and unexecuted plans, with the consequence that the poor suffer most through absent or deficient services”. For example, Ethiopia has adopted a Universal Access Programme, which foresees improving access to improved drinking water sources from 22% in 2006 to 98% in 2012, but it is unclear how this policy would be financed. In some cases, donors share responsibility for lack of realism, for instance when they require the use of best available wastewater treatment technologies that may not be affordable if scaled up beyond the project level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In many common law jurisdictions, some or all instances of invasion of privacy constitute a privacy-specific wrong either at common law (including equity) or under statute. A remedy invariably available for such a wrong is compensation for loss. However, the plaintiff may instead seek to claim the profit the defendant has made from the invasion. This article examines when a plaintiff is, and should be, entitled to claim that profit, provided that invasion of privacy is actionable as such. After a brief overview of the relevant law in major common law jurisdictions, it will be investigated how invasion of privacy fits into a general concept of what is called ‘restitution for wrongs’. It will be argued that the right to privacy is a right against the whole world and as such forms a proper basis of awarding gain-based relief for the unauthorised use of that right.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
An individual DAP has a regular duration of six years while the DAP-legal person (issued to formal groups that have at least 70 percent of their members with a DAP) lasts for only one year. In August 2014, there were 5 073 215 active DAPs for private individuals, and 2 900 for legal entities. The incomes of PAA participants in the northeast of Brazil were three times greater than for non-participants (Sparovek, eta/., 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Older plumbers and electricians won’t always invest in upgrading their own sustainability skills. Oligopolised industries often seek to pass higher costs (including carbon prices) onto consumers rather than investing in new technologies, skills and plant. A price on carbon alone will be insufficient to get major infrastructure agencies to align planning and investment decisions with climate change mitigation measures. The evidence suggests that skill shortages are perennial problems when economies undergo major transformation and this can lead to bottlenecks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This paper evaluates a new form of public participation in environmental monitoring and regulation advanced through local “bucket brigades,” which allow community members to sample air emissions near industrial facilities. These brigades represent a new form of community environmental policing, in which residents participate in collecting, analyzing, and deploying environmental information, and more importantly, in an array of public policy dialogues. Use of this sampling technology has had marked effects on local residents’ perceptions and participation in emergency response and citizens’ right-to-know. However, when viewed through the lens of the more developed literature on community policing, the bucket brigades are currently limited in their ability to encourage “co-production” of environmental protection between citizens and the state. Means are examined to strengthen the bucket brigades and to more broadly support community participation in environmental regulation. © 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Part II will investigate the impact of different risk management strategies and policies on farm welfare and behaviour, as well as the interactions between farmer’s strategies and government programme. The risk environment analyzed in Part I is used to calibrate a stochastic model of a representative risk averse farmer in the UK and Australia confronting uncertain yield, output price and cost, and simulates farmer’s response to risk and government policies. The main focus of the stochastic simulation is to analyze the policy impact on the distribution of farm income, farm welfare and farm risk management behaviour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This essay analyses how Mexican presidents have interpreted the concepts of drug trafficking and national security and how these particular connotations have redefined national sovereignty and the specific role of the armed forces in protecting this sovereignty. A qualitative technique of discourse analysis is used to examine public speeches by Zedillo (1994–2000), Fox (2000–2006) and Calderon (2006–2012). The conclusions suggest that drug trafficking and US omnipresence are the two main issues that shaped Mexico's national security threats during this period, with qualitatively distinct trajectories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The plans count on local support for their implementation. Their challenges are passed on to the STI community (including universities, research groups and technological development centres), who through the same virtual platform propose different solutions that are creative and adaptable to low-cost technologies. Solutions are then selected in regional committees in which the communities with prioritised problems participate. This participatory and collaborative process fosters an atmosphere of trust, and ensures that implemented STI solutions have been accepted by all parties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Meanwhile, the focus on changes may hide important differences in the levels: the highest poverty rate for children in large families was observed in Bulgaria (62%), where there was virtually no change between 2008 and 2012 for any of the two sub-groups. Data for 2011 is used for Belgium and Ireland. Break in the series for Austria and the UK in 2012. Migrant households are defined as those with at least one adult born outside the EU.20 Countries with insufficient case numbers of children in migrant households are excluded from the analysis.21 In countries like Iceland and Greece, where the overall child poverty rates increased substantially during the Great Recession, poverty rates rose much faster for children in migrant households between 2008 and 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The post-crisis response and the exceptional measures taken by OECD countries—including prolonged low interest rates and unconventional monetary policy—distorted the development finance landscape. As international interest rates normalise and conditions in developing countries improve, capital that flowed to developing countries is returning back to developed countries. For instance, in 2015 private flows to developing countries at market prices dropped almost 60% compared to 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, barriers to accessing care mainly affect the lowest income group: 6.8% of people with low income reported unmet needs for medical care, compared with only 0.8% among the highest income group (Figure 9), with financial barriers being the most important reason for such unmet medical care needs. However, there are large geographical differences in waiting times for these procedures, with over a three-fold difference between regions with the longest and shortest waiting times. Out-of-pocket payments, which include direct payments, cost-sharing for services outside the benefit package, as well as informal payments, account for 29% of all health spending in Hungary, nearly twice as high as the EU average at 15% (Figure 10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Information retrievable from participations to start-up events and activity in the social networks (e.g. Twitter) or co-authorship of patents or academic research articles can be used to build plausible proxies of individuals’ networks. The exception is Start-Up Chile (SUC). In contrast to many government-led funds it is open to start-ups from other countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The forecast horizons of the individual planning periods always end with the second day, i.e. the optimisation period is reduced by three hours in each planning period. The values of the day-ahead scheduling are taken as starting points for the unit commitment and dispatch. The recourse decisions are determined as up- or down-regulation due to updated wind power and electricity demand forecasts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In a care strategy guided by equality, the State should ensure that access gaps are narrowed, build capacities to generate a broad supply of care and meet the care needs of large segments of the population in order to prevent vulnerabilities from growing. Moreover, beyond the direct provision of services, good care requires infrastructure, appropriate facilities and training for human resources with vaiying degrees of specialization that can become a new source of jobs. Among these are funding, coordinating and regulating a network of public, private and mixed providers of the services needed. Changes in the regulation of production and in labour organization are essential for putting men and women on an equal footing in the workplace and enabling them to combine productive activities w'ith care rights and obligations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The coastal ecosystems are among the most productive and dynamic ecosystems in the Nordic region, hosting some of the most rich and diverse habitats (McLean et al., Nordic coastal ecosystems encompass a variety of habitat types essential to marine life and human wellbeing. These ecosystems are highly threatened because of the increase in human population and anthropogenic pressures (UNEP, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In this chapter, I argue—in the wake of Michele Le Doeuff—against the valorization of subjection that has taken hold of modern theology. Analysing Graham Ward’s Christ and Culture, I contend that the recent penchant for an ethics of kenosis in religious thought leads ultimately—despite explicit protestations to the contrary—to a conception of subjectivity as constituted in servitude before Christ. However, this criticism is not—pace Ward—to apply secular, Enlightenment values to a distinct post-secular realm, rather, in the second half of the chapter, I enter into dialogue with Le Doeuff’s criticisms of Soren Kierkegaard, in order to suggest that co-existing with Kierkegaard’s misogyny towards his abandoned fiancee, there is also an adherence in his work to a Le Doeuffean ethics of friendship. Thus, I conclude, Christianity is not incompatible with modernity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Montenegro was the exception, with its share of livestock output being slightly greater than crop output. Since 2006-08, the composition of total output value has seen an increase in the share of crops in Albania and Kosovo, and an increase in the share of livestock in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. The composition is fairly stable in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Including vocational training or other mechanisms such as savings groups can contribute to these outcomes, as well by orienting girls around a vision for their future. In Latin America, comprehensive sexuality education is already widely available, but could be expanded to cover the prevention of non-communicable diseases as well as mental health concerns (Santhya and Jejeebhoy, 2015). Participation is a fundamental right that also stimulates the development of personality and individual capacities, and may help in overcoming discrimination and inequalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Mechanisms to support public-private partnerships (PPPs) and access to banking for local communities therefore need to be promoted. However, the country’s pace of economic activity moderated in 2014, reflecting modest growth in mining and persistent electricity and water supply problems. Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth is estimated to have weakened further in 2015 mainly due to subdued demand for mineral exports on account of the gloomy global economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
After falling in 2015-16 world trade of fish for human consumption will once again increase, at a rate of 1.5% p.a. Being the major producers, Asian countries are expected to continue to be the main exporters of fish for human consumption, with their share in world exports to increase from 50% in 2014-16 to 53% in 2026. During the same period, developed countries will reduce their share in world imports from 53% to 52%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The Human Rights committee further ruled that the Fisheries Management Act should be brought into line with the equality principle. A community quota clause has been established giving the municipality the right to buy vessels that are otherwise being sold to firms outside the community. Accordingly, this community right has seldom been used, because it does not include the vessels' quota.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Cancer was the second leading cause of death in Latvia in 2014 (Figure 2). Nearly 6 000 people died from cancer, corresponding to 19% of deaths among women and 24% among men, while deaths due to external causes accounted for more deaths among men than women (11% among men and 3% among women). Lung cancer continues to be the main cause of cancer death, reflecting the longterm consequences of high smoking rates (Section 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These working groups build on existing steering committees of different Biodiversity-related Conventions: the CITES committee, which constitutes the NBSAP thematic area working group on species conservation, and the Ramsar Convention’s Wetlands Steering Committee, which is also represented in the biodiversity steering committee. The CMS NFP informs the NBSAP process under the working group on inshore fisheries. Some challenges to ensuring the active engagement of committee and working group members have been encountered and include overburdened agendas, interdepartmental coordination, lack of funding (only project support), as well as lack of technical expertise or understanding. The BU includes representatives from key government ministries (such as the Ministries of Tourism, Agriculture, Fishing and Mining), academics, MEA NFPs (including the CBD, the Ramsar Convention, CITES and UNFCCC), national and international NGOs, private sector representatives and CSOs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Frequent removal of slurry from livestock housing has thus been suggested as a way of reducing methane emissions (Sommer et al., Anaerobic digestion of manure has large potential for reducing emissions and substituting fossil fuel with renewable methane, which can be used in heating and power generation and as a vehicle fuel. However, the unknown levels of methane leakage from digesters and gas storage raises doubts about the actual mitigation effect of this technology. All options for the reduction of methane emissions need to take into consideration the entire production system, to avoid leakage from one compartment to the next and increases in nitrous oxide emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
By unofficial assessment, these targets had not been reached as of the end of 2015 (chapter 13). This allow'ed the implementation of a number of activities, including rehabilitation of 49 hydraulic pumps for potable w'ater supply and wastewater disposal, installation of 3,369 water meters, restoration of eight water wells, and the organization of four training courses and workshops focused on awareness-raising among communities on issues related to water consumption. The Programme is being implemented slow'ly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Oil export revenues should help to increase government revenue and the current account surplus, even though oil prices remain low. Foreign investment is also expected to pick up strongly in the near term, especially in infrastructure projects, but the country’s medium-term growth is limited by significant domestic bottlenecks and restrictive business conditions. Inflation is likely to exceed the central bank’s single-digit target due to supply-side bottlenecks and pent-up consumption demand released by renewed access to global markets. Examples of such measures include reductions in the bank reserve ratio and the interbank rate, $200 million in deposits in the export promotion bank to support non-oil exports and a plan to develop a public debt market. The role of fiscal policy would be constrained by low oil prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This Letter to the Editor is in reference to the article by Murphy M, Ellsberg M and Contreras-Urbina M, “Nowhere to go: disclosure and help-seeking behaviors for survivors of violence against women and girls in South Sudan,” published on 12 February 2020. The authors have to be lauded to study this important topic in South Sudan where data are scarce and the problem is less understood. In such a context, actions by various actors to address sexual violence, a major public health concern and a serious international humanitarian law and human rights violation, must be well thought of to avoid causing more harm and compound the suffering of survivors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Other benefits from Internet access would include communication by health professionals via e-mail as well as the possibility of using electronic health records (EHR) if available. Once connected to the Internet, hospitals could consider offering Telehealth services to isolated patients. Some countries show more growth than others, with particularly strong growth in Kenya, Nepal and Viet Nam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A case comment dealing with the UK Supreme Court's decision in Fowler v Revenue and Customs Commissioners [2020] UKSC 22. The case concerns the effect on an income tax treaty of a domestic law provision deeming certain employed divers working in the UK to be treated for tax purposes as carrying on a trade. The central issue before the Supreme Court was whether the tax treaty provisions dealing with employment income or business profits applied. The comment deals with key reasons relied on by the Supreme Court in its decision that the deeming provision had no effect on interpretation and application of the tax treaty. Aspects considered include the relevance of Commentaries on the OECD Model Tax Convention, perceived double non-taxation, purposive interpretation, the relation between domestic law and income tax treaties as well as the effect of the court's decision on the collection of tax.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While schools should always give priority to individuals with “required” or "acceptable" qualifications, they may exceptionally (e.g. in a situation of teacher shortage) appoint an individual with “other” qualifications (Eurydice, 2015). While teachers are employed by the school boards, they are paid by the Flemish Government and their employment conditions, including pensions, are defined within the public service framework (Flemish Ministry of Education and Training, 2015). There are three stages in the contractual status of teachers: i) temporary appointment of definite duration, ii) temporary appointment of continuous duration (i.e. automatically renewed if the respective school is funded the associated teaching hours), and iii) permanent employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Party manifestos are seen as an important instrument for measuring levels of accountability at central government level. In order to establish whether manifestos contribute to local accountability, a content analysis is applied to party manifestos produced for the 1995 Welsh local elections. Evidence demonstrates that during this election campaign local parties in Wales chose to focus upon policies relating to the environment and local government reorganisation, with mainly strategic pledges on social policy areas. Despite the perception of low levels of party politicisation in Wales, the majority of local pledges were found to be detailed and specific. Thus party manifestos provide a sound basis for local political accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The OECD has developed a conceptual framework for monitoring progress towards green growth. While the set of indicators is still being refined, indicators pertinent to the energy sector are those that measure the carbon-productivity or intensity of energy production and consumption, energy intensity and efficiency, “clean” energy-related research and development and patents, as well as measures of energy related taxes and subsidies. More needs to be done to improve data quality, methodologies and definitions, and to link the data to economic information. It also requires appropriate information and indicators to support policy design and analysis, identify ineffective or no longer needed measures, and monitor progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)