albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Field measurements in the Sa'dah area showed significant differences in transmissivity (Table 1), which reflect the variations in the hydraulic permeability and thickness.2S Also the wide range of values for storativity reflects the variability of the confining pressure due to differences in lithology and thickness of both the aquifer and the overlying formations, particularly toward the south-eastern edge of the system. However, direct and indirect recharge has been reported in the southern Sa'dah-Najran area where average rainfall is 250-300 mm/yr. In Yemen, it is estimated that a total recharge (natural sources plus irrigation return) of 17.7 MCM/yr30 occurs in this escarpment zone, which is equivalent to 7.9 mm/yr.3' although lower (4.4 mm/yr,32 3.2 mm/yr33) values have been suggested.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This report assessed the state of the world's ecosystems and examined 24 essential ecosystem services in the context of "benefits people obtain from ecosystems." Practical measures such as PES, that may reverse this tendency, are therefore of great interest to the UNECE. As will be shown, this last has been one of the most common areas for PES schemes, partly because benefactors of water purification services are often easier to identify.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Meanwhile, greater mobility has increased the spread of infectious diseases across oceans and facilitated global pandemics such as influenza and SARS that threaten developed as well as developing countries. Now, we find ourselves in the midst of yet another transformation in biomedical science. The first decades of the current century may well be remembered for the advances occurring in genomics and in associated areas of science and technology. These advances promise new understandings of disease and more effective ways of tackling ill health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Involvement of more stakeholders only works when there is a strategic vision and a set of processes to harness their ideas and input. The key is knowing what to use, when, why and how. The degree of decentralisation in decision-making across systems and the greater complexity in the policy-making process have become key issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The most common approach to adaptation in developed countries has been to integrate it into all planning and budgeting processes, aiming to align adaptation duties with existing ministerial responsibilities. The NAP process intends to facilitate a similar approach in developing countries. Bilateral financial commitments for adaptation-related interventions by members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) averaged USD 9.3 billion per year between 2010 and 2012 (OECD, 2014). This support illustrates the mainstreamed nature of many adaptation interventions with general development objectives. Monitoring and evaluation are two separate but closely linked processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Figure 5 indicates high electricity consumption is due to its low cost. In Abu Dhabi, for example, the cost of electricity, measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh), was 1.4 cents for nationals and 4 cents for expatriates in 2006. During the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) meeting in Paris in November 2015, all member countries pledged to reduce emissions and make renewable energy a goal. This will move forward the renewable energy agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Soil samples showed extremely high HCH isomer concentrations, in the range of 1,290 mg/kg to 3,140 mg/kg. Soil contaminated by chromium and other wastes has been dumped near the former factory, and there were no barriers to prevent leaching of contaminants to the water table below. Separated from the Adriatic Sea by a road, the site contained about 20,000 tons of toxic wastes including lindane and chromium-rich residues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Total assets of KazAgro equalled USD 2.5 billion at the beginning of 2011, of which around 90% were concentrated in only three companies, FCC, KAF and ACC (Figure 2.2). Thus, of total wheat purchases carried out by the FCC between 1998 and 2011, three-quarters represented commercial purchases. Similarly, in addition to preferential lending, KAF and ACC run credit schemes based on commercial terms. These three companies are themselves large borrowers of commercial credit. Agro-Technical University had been in the past subordinated to Ministry of Agriculture, but is now subordinated to the Ministry of Education and Science. Most of these agencies represent diversified territorial networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As argued in previous chapters, the growth of inequality has dampened demand, circumscribing the expansion of high-quality jobs relative to labour supply. This has intensified competition for “good" jobs consistent with decent work. Section B provides an overview of the gender equality and growth literature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Digital inclusion also needs locally relevant content, and interfaces that feature text-to-speech and voice-recognition capabilities to enhance accessibility for people with specific needs, indigenous peoples and those with disabilities. Ensuring equal access to the information society is a moral imperative. In this way, we can close the gaps between the digital haves and have-nots, and help create an inclusive information society for all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Existing technologies can manage and analyse huge amounts of data collected through a diversity of methods and sensors including satellite imagery, VMS and other transmission systems, smartphones and videos. Such data infrastructures also offer great potential to operationalize information standards and achieve synergies among platforms at all scales. Accordingly, FAO is calling for a global partnership/alliance to forge a global data framework for blue growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
AbstractThis article deals with legislative definitions. It discusses the purpose and characteristics of legislative definitions which act, inter alia, as a mechanism for creating legal certainty with regard to ambiguous terms, and to prevent cumbrous draftsmanship of legislation. The importance of legislative definitions is that from them, usually, the incidence of law is inferred. Legislative definitions not only determine the legal meaning of a term, rather they coercively determine the sole way by which a term should be used in certain factual circumstances. By that, the law becomes the main source through which language is used as a mechanism for social control. In other words, legislative definitions, contrary to dictionaries' definitions, are authoritative. The article continues to elaborate on the relationship between definitions and the principles of the rule of law and separation of powers, and between definitions and statutory interpretation. Finally, the article focuses on several difficulties...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In short, ICT infrastructure and connectivity should not be seen as isolated developmental challenges, but should be integrated with human capacity development and the wider infrastructure landscape.1 The second element of the system illustrated in figure V.1 concerns enterprises and enterprise development. As described in earlier chapters, enterprises in developing countries vary enormously in scale, character and economic impact. They range from large-scale production and service businesses, tightly linked into global trading networks, to the micro-enterprises of the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
[The Roman  ius gentium  as transnational law] According to this research international law is a phenomenon much older than the Treaty of Westfalia. The 'international community' comes into existence whenever the actors of international relations accept to be limited by binding rules based on reciprocity. These conditions existed in several historical periods, in Antiquity and in the Middle Ages. In particular, the  ius Fetiale  and the  ius gentium  played the role of public international law when the Roman Republic became the ruling power of the Mediterranean area.  Ius gentium , which was at the same time public and private, can be termed a transnational law. It was also a special branch of civil law influenced by the Mediterranean " lex mercatoria ". Its rules and procedures were accessibile, with the permission of the  praetor , by both Romans and foreigners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The closer it is to 1, the greater the degree of income inequality, while the closer it is to zero, the less inequality there is (Hoffmann, 1998). Figueiredo and Laurini (2015) voice concern about the possibility of endogeneity being a factor when the usual Ravallion and Chen (1997) methodology is used to measure the effects of economic growth on poverty and inequality. According to these authors, this can arise as a result of two mechanisms: the simultaneous determination of poverty and growth, which could generate a correlation with the error component (endogeneity problems can be caused by unobserved factors that affect these two components simultaneously or by a financial development process that simultaneously affects poverty, growth and inequality), or the direct effect that a growth trend could have on the poverty measurement. With linear specifications, it is assumed that the effects of growth on poverty and inequality are constant and independent of the levels of growth and inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The conventional view is insufficient and potentially misleading because it decontextualizes poverty and obscures its origins and mechanisms of reproduction over time and across countries and regions. In minimally complex market economies, exclusion from local or international markets is normally not the cause but, rather, a consequence of poverty. In these economies, poverty tends to be created by the manner in which specific social groups are integrated into the dominant mode of social and economic reproduction.80 It is their modalities of economic and social integration that impose upon the poor highly exploitative labour regimes, including badly paid wage labour, precarious commodity production, insecure self-employment and, potentially, degrading forms of labour, such as child labour. In turn, these labour regimes are associated with low productivity, low incomes and precarious living standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A warmer climate will also expand the range of agricultural pests and enable them to survive the winter, thereby affecting spring crops. By die end of twenty-first century, rice production in Asia could decline by about 4 per cent. In North Asia, grain production could fall by 26 per cent and fodder production by 9 per cent. In South Asia, under the most conservative climate change scenario, net cereal production by the end of this century is projected to decline by between 4 and 10 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Finally, the chapter examines the efforts to date to promote the circular economy and the challenges that lie ahead. The first National Waste Management Plan (NWMP) (Landelijk Afualbeheer Plan, LAP), which covered the period 2003-09, set targets to be achieved by 2012. It was subsequently updated by the second NWMP of 2009, which covers the period from late 2009 to 2015 and sets targets for 2015 and 2021. These plans built on policies put in place in the 1990s to reduce landfilling and improve recycling and recovery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Addressing discrimination is complex, as it is not simply related to the aforementioned “taste discrimination” theory that is to be addressed explicitly in education (Becker, 1957). Much discrimination relates more to “statistical discrimination”, i.e. contexts where stereotypes inform decisions because the other party (as e.g. an employer) does not have information on individuals and so judges an individual’s potential performance based on perceived characteristics of a group (Phelps, 1972, Arrow, 1973). This is more difficult to address, particularly if a group has already been at a disadvantage in engaging in certain activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Key points from three of the four cases provided by Belgium, as well as one of the two cases from Armenia, are also referred to in the body of the report but condensed versions of those studies have not been included. Consideration was also given to ECE regional coverage in the UNESCO Final Report. One member State submitted in 2007 and again in 2015. Six member States submitted NIRs for the first time in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is much more difficult to achieve such an assessment for hazardous waste because the different risks posed by the wide range of hazard characteristics are not necessarily additive. The principles are listed below and are set out in detail in Appendices 1 and 2. In practice, most of these principles are, in effect, used in managing both waste types. For example, although public participation is not included in the nine IAEA principles, it is widely recognised as essential in developing disposal facilities for radioactive waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
River basin organisations are official organisations set up by political authorities or in response to stakeholders’ demands or legal requirements. As administrative and hydrologic perimeters do not coincide in most cases, a diversity of situations can be observed in terms of how many RBOs operate within a city’s perimeter (from one to more than three, see Figure 3.6). River basin organisations carry out different water-related tasks such as monitoring (85%), data collection (81%), as well as co-ordination, planning and stakeholder engagement (above 60%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The national water quality index showed 44% of urban monitoring sites recording poor or very poor quality in 2011 (Figure 1.16). This means water quality after conventional treatment is insufficient for public supply, requiring advanced treatment. The main problem affecting surface water quality is wastewater discharge, both treated effluent and domestic wastewater. The deterioration of water quality is usually related to increasing wastewater volumes, reflecting population growth and urbanisation, which were not matched by investment in wastewater collection and treatment systems (ANA, 2013, MMA, 2015a, also see Chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Land use planning may be the responsibility of one agency, while water supply the responsibility of another. The success of PES programmes depend on successfully coordinating the policies and efforts of relevant authorities. The first challenge is ensuring the coordination of policies and efforts of all the authorities directly involved in the PES programmes themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The range and depth of additional variables considered necessary for policy development will depend on the country context, the objectives of the survey and the heterogeneity of the population. Through consultations with stakeholders, survey managers should identify the additional variables that need to be included in the questionnaire in order for the objectives of the project to be met in that particular setting. The additional variables that are recommended for inclusion in surveys on violence against women are listed below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Suggestions on the paper from Antoine Dechezlepretre, Rob Youngman, Simon Buckle (all from the OECD Environment Directorate) and Hans Lundgren (OECD Development Co-operation Directorate) are also appreciated. The author would also like to thank delegates of the OECD Working Party on Biodiversity, Water and Ecosystems for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. The author is responsible for any remaining omissions or errors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The government stocks consist mainly of rice, wheat, and maize (OECD, 2009). The exact size of government state reserves is a state secret, which complicates any analysis of the impact of stockholding policies on prices and volatility. The current price support schemes are implemented in two forms: a “minimum purchasing price” programme and a “temporary stocking purchase” programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For example, technology platforms now support real-time reporting, rather than yearly reports, to present visual information overlaid with display data on other illicit enterprises. This analysis would produce concrete and timely metrics, and reveal nexuses among activity that may not have been evident in the past. The aggregation of mobile reporting is just scratching the surface of potential value of the data analytics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, Del Valle Suarez (2014) and OECD (2011, Chapter 2) show that the introduction of Seguro Popular in Mexico contributed positively to the country’s growth, by freeing women from their caring duties and bringing them into the labour force. Bolsa familia has lowered poverty and income inequality, without decreasing labour force participation (Soares et al., New results on the Child Support Grant in South Africa suggest that the programme has no adverse impacts on participation rates and formal employment, and may even contribute to reducing informality (Tondini, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
And the capabilities that matter most vary in different contexts and at different stages of the lifecycle. Security may be at the top of the list for a household in a conflict-affected country, while interesting work opportunities may be the top priority of an educated young person. Nor does rising above the low human development threshold ensure that people are protected from emerging and future threats to human development. Indeed, 900 million people live close to the threshold of multidimensional poverty and risk falling into poverty after even a minor setback in health, education or livelihood.79 The condition of being deprived is therefore dynamic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As a consequence SNPs are of great value to biomedical research and in developing pharmacy products. This being said, the decision whether a disclosed use shows a satisfactory degree of substantial and specific utility remains a delicate one. The application of these criteria to new uses of known products may follow a literal interpretation of the patent eligibility requirements, along the lines of United States patent law in this context,215 and without resorting to complex legal fictions as the EPC does.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
To be approved by MoT as an IP-Sugar, a company must obtain a recommendation from the Ministry of Industry, and provide details of the type and volume of sugar to be imported. To secure approval as an IT-Sugar, a company must procure at least 75% of their sugar requirement from domestic sugar cane farmers - in effect giving the ability to import final consumer product to sugar millers. Once appointed, an IT-Sugar is required to ensure that the farm gate price of sugar does not fall below a government-determined price that is set annually. Imports will only be allowed if domestic supply is considered insufficient to meet demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Thus, it paved the way for the creation of the RMV in 1995, also supported by federal transfers through the Gemeindeverkehrsftnanzierungsgesetz. It integrates regional and local transport under uniform and needs-based mles for the entire metropolitan area: one timetable, one price and one ticket. This includes important tasks such as tariff design, scheduling, allocation of transport services to carriers, the development of the network, the tendering of transport services, the assurance of quality and security standards, innovation (e-ticket, mobile ticket, touch&travel, R&D) as well as communication, information and marketing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Traditional international relations theory holds that states will join only those international institutions with which they generally intend to comply. Here we show when this claim might not hold. We construct a model of an authoritarian government’s decision to sign the UN Convention Against Torture (CAT). Authoritarian governments use the signing of this treaty – followed by the willful violation of its provisions – as a costly signal to domestic opposition groups of their willingness to employ repressive tactics to remain in power. In equilibrium, authoritarian governments that torture heavily are more likely to sign the treaty than those that torture less. We further predict that signatory regimes survive longer in office than non-signatories, and enjoy less domestic opposition – and we provide empirical support for these predictions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Experience from the first adjustment of the voluntary early retirement pension age starting in 2014 has been encouraging (Danish Ministry of Finance, 2017(44]) and has supported a significant increase in the employment rate among 55-64 year olds (Figure 19, Panel B). Measures have also been taken to encourage people in work to opt-out of the early retirement scheme, in the labour force below age 50, less than 10% will be entitled to early retirement when they reach the relevant age. Nevertheless, the senior employment rate remains below those of Norway and Sweden.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It is led by the Ministry of Construction of Viet Nam, which is also in charge of urban development in the country. Viet Nam Urban Forum (cont.) The VUF works as a network/platform for discussion between all these stakeholders, and is divided into seven member groups, as follows: multilateral donor organisations, bilateral donor organisations, government ministries and agencies, professional associations and academic institutions, cities, private sector corporations and NGOs. Currently, the VUF has 150 members and plans to expand to 200 by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
To build capacity and implement AfL in large scale, it would probably be wise to use the capacity these researchers represent and strengthen the dialogue between Norwegian researchers in the field of assessment and the DET. It is evident that there are challenges in how to transform the complex knowledge researchers possess into knowledge that teachers can use in developing their assessment literacy. Searches for articles were also conducted on the websites of Norwegian think tanks18 and publications specifically targeted at teachers and school leaders. In general, AfL was positively described in the majority of the articles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Dolphin tourism has been promoted amongst communities throughout the region, with active engagement of local people, providing some employment in the hospitality industry or as boat operators. Revenues collected by the Menai Bay Conservation Unit (Zanzibar) in dolphin tour boat operations in two of the villages adjacent to the Park at Kizimkazi Dimbani and Kizimkazi Mkunguni between July 2009 and March 2010 b totalled TShs 47 422 000 (-US$34 600) (Gautam 2010). In real terms, however, the benefits do not go to the local communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)