albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This implies that transfer eligibility is not enough to ensure that the household can actually afford the transport cost to reach the nearest school and health centre. Some countries have taken important steps to improve the supply and quality of such services. Chile’s Solidario offers an interesting example of interventions on the supply side in allowing for coordination among health providers, social workers and the municipalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Many of the proposals made with a view to improving both surveys in general3 and multidimensional measurements of poverty0 would not necessarily incur greater costs and could bring significant benefits for poverty measurement and for public policymaking. The dimension of health, which is conspicuous by its absence from this index, is a salient example. The only indicator which is widely available in surveys is access to health insurance, and that fails to take account of effective use of services or health outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Women's Budget Group in the United Kingdom has generated research and analysis tracking inequalities between women and men in the implementation of the United Kingdom's austerity programme following the 2008 global economic crisis. The broad aim of the Initiative is to make decision-making processes on policies, budgets, taxes and debts more democratic, participatory and responsive to the needs and demands of marginalized women and their communities. Budget planners in priority sectors, as well as members of Parliament, are sensitized regarding the importance of gender-responsive resource allocation. In addition, TGSP Mtandao organizes local and regional courses on gender budgeting and macroeconomic policy for policy makers, practitioners and civil society activists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Much of the discussion in this section relies on Chapter 2.1 of the 2006 edition of the Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators report prepared by USDA (2006), authored by Noel Gollehon and William Quinby. The cost per hectare for groundwater varies also with the volume of groundwater used during the season. These variables give rise to substantial variation in both the cost per m3 and the cost per hectare in different regions of the United States. As noted by Gollehon and Quinby (2006), nearly half of the farms in the country, representing more than 13 million hectares, use some groundwater.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Organizational scholarship has increasingly focused its attention to how nonprofit, for-profit, and government agencies develop their unique organizational identity through their strategic communication efforts. As social media continues to become more prominent in communication campaigns due to the high levels of public usage and public involvement with organizations on social media sites, it is important to examine these social media messages as they relate to organizational identity. YouTube videos increasingly are being used by organizations to educate and inform just as much as they are to entertain. Through a content analysis of the most viewed videos on the top 100 official nonprofit YouTube channels, this study found that nonprofit organizations primarily use their YouTube videos to inform and educate viewers about their missions, programs, and services. While the videos also occasionally discuss the organizations' advocacy, volunteering, and fundraising efforts, nonprofit organizations were not l...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Based on this input, investors could make informed decisions on which projects to support. Depending on the focus country and its existing infrastructure in telecommunication as well as prevalent user preferences, there are a multitude of possibilities for designing the user platform and shaping user interactions. Investors could for example access the platform via mobile device applications, websites or could engage in investments via text messages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The reduction and rationalization of subsidies and incentives for energy supply and for energy efficiency is a complex and often controversial process. Approximately 85% of those people live in rural areas, mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The low level of electrification is due to a number of factors including poverty, a highly-dispersed rural population, a low degree of industrialization, a historically inefficient energy sector, and difficulties accessing capital to finance the development of modern energy sources (IEA, 2009). Biomass fuels such as firewood, charcoal, straw, agricultural residues, and animal dung supply 95% of all energy consumed in the Sub-Saharan African region (RISO, 2008). Most of these fuels are not traded commercially in the formal sector of the economy, rather they are gathered as needed by household members or, particularly in the case of charcoal, may be sold via the informal sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Complex reciprocal relationships between crime, law, and regime change are explored through a review of the literature. The first part of this article examines the stabilizing function of law for political regimes and the risks for regime stability associated with weakened rule of law and state crime. The literature on experiences from state socialist regimes prompts questions regarding the future of Western interventionist states, especially during periods of tightening government control. The second part examines crime and law during and after regime change. The focus is on (a) legal responses to past state crimes (or transitional justice), especially criminal trials, and effects of such responses, partly mediated by collective memories, on human rights and democracy records of new regimes and (b) societal crime rates after transitions to democracy and the role of law in response to rapid increases of crime in posttransition situations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Systematic problems and shortcomings of emissions markets, for example that CO2 emissions allowances have different prices depending on the region and the scheme, can only be solved by political alignment and integrated policies. However, in terms of increasing technological improvement of ETS, blockchain technology can offer tremendous value-added in the areas of global transparency, steering and immutable tracking. Transactions through a decentralised exchange of certificates could be settled almost instantly, without the interference of any third party. Contractual agreements could also be written and reviewed by a smart contract, automating current manual processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Mexico’s National Development Plan (PND 2013-2018) with regard to tourism aims to consolidate tourist destinations, create jobs, develop markets for SMEs, and generate new sources of income for the local populations by enhancing investments and financing for tourism, while also promoting sustainability (Gobiemo de la Republica, 2013a). The Plan puts emphasis on the importance of adopting a cross-disciplinary and programme-based approach to government actions, while at the same time considering tourism policy objectives. This is illustrated with tourism objectives being considered in the country’s National Infrastructure Plan 2013-18. The Plan focuses on balanced regional development, urban development and connectivity logistics (Gobiemo de la Republica, 2013b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The infrastructure concerned is old, over-designed in relation to current usage, inefficient in its use of energy, and expensive to maintain. The sewerage pipes are old and in poor condition (OECD EAP Task Force, 2009). This untreated municipal sewage is a major source of water pollution. On average, 70% of the urban population is served by collection systems but only 26% of wastewater is treated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Genuine change based on critical self-reflection will be required. That means changes in how we behave, not just superficial adjustments to existing processes, systems and formats (2009). Accordingly, the South African intergovernmental system is being reconfigured to foster alignment with the new national performance management system that is at the heart of the new government’s focus on improving service delivery that includes 12 outcome indicators (Box 3.2). This builds upon a series of legislative measures to stimulate intergovernmental co-operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The dependence of economies on various resources and the high level of societal inequality are well reflected in the economic indicators. For example, Gross National Income (GNI) per capita in 2015 ranged from US$1 070 to US$1 980 for Cambodia, Myanmar, Lao PDR and Viet Nam compared to over US$5 620 in Thailand. Out of this, only 13 percent is primary forest, 10 percent is planted forest and the remaining 77 percent is mostly degraded natural forest. Lao PDR had the highest forest area with 81 percent of the total land area of the country. In terms of actual forest area, Myanmar was highest with 29 million ha in 2015. There have been considerable changes in forest area of the GMS in the past 25 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Such measures include regular workshops, conferences and publications developed in close cooperation with the ministries responsible for transport and for the environment, and the Austrian Rail Company (OBB). Actions are carried out with a view to inform and sensitise stakeholders (tourism, transport, and environment) at national, regional and local levels, concerning sustainable forms of tourism mobility and successful initiatives and projects in this area. This conference was organised as a networking platform to give an overview of the needs and challenges of future tourism mobility. Discussions focussed around the importance of cooperation of the various actors in the fields of tourism, transport and the environment, in order to create mobility solutions to and within tourism destinations that are customer friendly, simple, affordable and sustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Up to 11 HPPs with projected installed capacity of around 417.5 MW are already under construction (table 7.3). Feasibility studies and permitting are largely completed on another 15 projects, and construction of these projects is expected to start in the coming years. In total, there are 68 ongoing HPP projects with total installed capacity of 2,500 MW and annual generation up to 8 TWh.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Moreover, regional averages mask inequality within regions. In Eastern and Middle Africa, for example, Eritrea and Djibouti have primary enrolment rates of 34% and 44%, respectively, compared with 98% in Burundi and Madagascar. Yet Figure 4.1 shows that, despite marked progress in Western, Eastern and Middle Africa and Southern Asia, gender gaps in primary school participation persist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Apart from these circumstances, there are regulatory and investment decisions made by governments which push electric power generation towards one technology or another. This is an exceptional case in the world (the global percentage of hydroelectric energy is 16%), which means that electricity production in the region has a small carbon footprint (measured by CO, emissions per kilowatt hour (KWh) produced), and reduces reliance on fossil fuel imports in many countries. Nonetheless, this supply structure means that the region’s electricity systems are highly dependent on rainfall regimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This contribution reviews Ran Hirschl’s book “Comparative Matters” to discuss the discipline of comparative constitutional law. It contrasts his social science approach, informed by comparative politics, with a more lawyerly approach he very much critiques. The latter considers law above all as a phenomenon distinguished by intersubjectivity and normativity, directed at the understanding of normative, validity claiming acts as well as the construction and maintenance of normative meaning. This approach stands in contrast to Hirschl’s approach, which derives from political economy and aims at social-scientific explanation. This contribution questions whether and how causal identification is possible in such complex phenomena as comparative constitutionalism. It also points out that the challenges confronting inner-European comparison are to be distinguished from those of the global comparative law at which Hirschl aims.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Ten per cent was included to demonstrate sensitivity and because it was consistent with the highest rate used in participating countries (including non-OECD countries for their own analyses. ( As noted in IEA/NEA (2010: p. 34), “In keeping with tradition, also this edition of the Projected Costs of Generating Electricity has worked both with a 5% and a 10% discount rate.” Although there has been a tradition of using discount rates of 5% and 10%, there has been some confusion regarding the determination of the discount rate. The key aspect here is the assumption that all risk is captured in the discount rates. For the purposes of this study, it means that when using the term “social resource cost”, we treat the investment in question as if there was no price risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
At present, the concept of good ocean governance is articulated in the literature only. This paper adopted eight elements of good governance as an analytical framework, namely, the rule of law, participatory, transparency, consensus-based decision making, accountability, equity and inclusiveness, responsiveness and coherence. These elements are partially supported by international treaty practice but have not yet received universal acceptance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Supreme Court held in United States v. Jones that prolonged GPS tracking infringes upon a Fourth Amendment interest, but left for another day whether that means that a warrant is required for all such surveillance activity. Building on Supreme Court precedent that directly addresses the problem of "standardless and unconstrained discretion," we propose that courts test the constitutionality of police action of this kind by examining the adequacy of procedural safeguards and actual police compliance therewith. Accordingly, in a range of settings involving new technologies, the state would need to craft reasonable safeguards against standardless discretion, and then comply with those safeguards in order for state action to be deemed constitutional.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Phosphorous and potassium, on the other hand, are mined products and production is often located close to natural reserves which are concentrated in few countries. Therefore, the market for nitrogen is assumed to approach perfect market conditions, whereas some degree of market imperfection could be imagined in phosphorous and potassium markets. As the degree of market imperfection is unknown, an ad-hoc sensitivity analyses is performed to see the impacts of the simulated policies on intermediate input use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Technology diffusion remains low and few indigenous firms are committed to innovation. Are there gaps in delivery where performance could be improved? For example, while the three Asian newly industrialised economies (NIEs) - Singapore, Korea and Taiwan - have reached GERD/GDP intensity ratios that are on par with G5 countries (USA, Japan, Germany, France and UK), the R&D spending intensity in Malaysia is significantly lower at 0.63% of the GDP in 2006, considerably below the OECD average. Business expenditure in R&D is also relatively modest (0.45%) and below most European countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In terms of institutional features, climate change will be analysed as a “global public good” (GPG). This is certainly the case with climate change, the “safe” boundaries of this space have been passed (Rockstrom and others, 2009). Similarly, pressures on environmental systems affect livelihoods at the sub-global level (UNEP, 2011a). The resulting unsustainability has distributional aspects, including infragenerational elements: poor groups and countries depend relatively more on the use of natural resources to secure livelihoods and development, moreover, there are gendered asymmetries in environmental burden bearing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This is a 6- to 15-month learning system that brings together clinicians, managers and other individuals within a service to seek improvement in a focused area. An issue for improvement is identified, key individuals with the capacity or accountability to bring about change are brought together, objectives and metrics are agreed, the plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycle of change is started, and repeated as new learning or opportunities emerge. Some examples of improvements include the reliable implementation of care processes that prevent Intensive Care Unit acquired infections. Initiatives to prevent ventilator acquired pneumonia and central venous catheter related infections have been widely implemented, with evidence of improvements in clinical outcomes across Scotland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Taking average income as the benchmark point, the analysis focuses on the lower-half of the income distribution, i.e. moving progressively from median to bottom incomes. This is consistent with a Rawlsian approach to social welfare, which puts relatively stronger weight on the lower end of the distribution. It investigates the extent to which structural policies have differential long-run impacts on GDP per capita and household incomes at different points of the distribution. Relying on this assessment, different countries may implement different policy reforms, depending on various factors such as societal preferences and aversion to inequality, but also short-term budgetary and or political constraints.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Aguero, Marks and Raykar (2011) document a significant motherhood wage penalty in a large sample of women from 21 developing countries. The gap is widest in Egypt and India, where approximately 60% of working-age women identify housework as their main activity, followed by Hirkey and TUnisia, where the figure is about 50% (the average for European OECD countries and the United States is only 12%).17 These data underline the profound disparities in the division of household responsibilities between men and women throughout the emerging world, but provide little information about the extent to which women’s participation in paid employment is constrained by their family responsibilities. By allowing a detailed breakdown of people’s time, this type of survey provides a more nuanced picture of gender roles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Complex activities are worth multiple NWAUs, while the more straightforward are worth fractions of an NWAU. Activity-based funded hospitals that treat patients who reside in rural locations receive an adjustment, which results in additional funding. As discussed in Chapter 2, one of the financial incentives for GPs under the Practice Incentives Programme is a Procedural General Practitioner Payment, which aims to encourage GPs in rural and remote areas to maintain local access to surgical, anaesthetic and obstetric services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Individual water utilities were still allowed to differentiate water charges depending on eligible costs, reasonable profit and quantity supplied. Between 2007 to 2010, prices increased slightly: the average charge for drinking water in households rose by 9% and the average price of wastewater services by 13%. The office, established in 2001, has jurisdiction over the electricity, natural gas, district heating and water networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
But the transformation, even with a carbon price, is unlikely to be smooth. There are many recognised barriers - structural, financial, institutional, informational and attitudinal - that will continue to impede the transition to a low carbon economy. For example, households and firms don’t always consider life cycle costs of technologies, equipment and appliances but more often purchase at lower costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This paper examines explanations for corruption and state capture in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to evaluate the importance of regional factors related to the transition from communism to liberal democracy and country-specific factors related to the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper shows that the overall level of state capture is best explained by regional factors, while the specific structure of corruption in Bosnia and Herzegovina is closely related to the way the war was fought and the peace treaty that brought it to an end. Reform efforts face steep and powerful opposition in the form of political and economic elites who have shifted from a focus on extracting wealth from the state to using state resources in order to maintain control and stymy political competition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Hence, what we think we know continues to rely heavily on the accuracy of the poverty estimates generated by the Bank. This has occurred in the midst of an expanding global economy, which has resulted, on average, in higher per capita incomes in both developed and developing countries (Sachs, 2008, United Nations, 2005a). In these countries, information on the depth, severity and duration of poverty may be limited, and available information may be unreliable. To address some of these data gaps, the research programme of the World Bank Poverty and Inequality Group has been engaged in improving current data as well as methods and tools for poverty and inequality analysis through, inter alia, producing new household-level data (notably through the Group’s Living Standards Measurement Study), monitoring poverty and inequality using household-level data, developing more reliable “poverty maps”, and rolling out computational tools such as ADePT and PovCalNet (see http://go.worldbank.org/NT2AlXUWP0).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
First, how effective are these measures at the implementation stage? Second, what capacity do they have over the medium and long term to change initial inequality and the balance between work and family? And, third, what are the social and policy determinants that drive variations between countries and policies? Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (eclac). Encuesta nacional sobre representaciones sociales del cuidado: Principales resultados”, Mujery Desarrollo series.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
When comparing the composition of the adjusted deprivation headcount of, for instance, Equatorial Guinea and Malawi, the deprivation in Equatorial Guinea is mainly driven by health and water deprivations, whereas in Malawi sanitation and housing play a far larger role compared to the other dimensions. Overall, sanitation and health are the main contributors to the total adjusted deprivation ratio of all children below the age of five, apart from Benin, Burkina Faso, Comoros, Congo, Congo DR, the Gambia, and Malawi where either nutrition or housing issues also dominate, and Rwanda where water deprivation has the highest contribution. The sanitation dimension contributes considerably to the adjusted headcount of Benin, Burkina Faso, Comoros, Congo, Lesotho, Malawi and Togo (more than 30% for the younger age-group). Education, information, and housing have the highest variation across the thirty countries of the sub-Saharan region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)