albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This orientation to improvement should be carried across each sector of its education system. Lithuanian policy makers should therefore focus on raising demand for care in rural communities - where participation in ECEC is low and social and educational disadvantage are pronounced. The quality of education and care appears to follow international standards, but monitoring and assurance of quality are inadequate and require improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper discusses various innovation rationales for the centra! In addition to formal decision making, various structural factors that may have an effect on those decisions are analysed and the ways the different stakeholders can influence curriculum innovations discussed. The paper combines various OECD and UNESCO data with a focus on public lower-secondary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Also, nuclear power plants are likely to be the largest generating units in the electrical system, and thus increase the amount of spinning reserves needed to ensure grid stability. Their high load may also require upgrading the grid connection to at least 300 kV, and up to 400 kV for a new European pressurised reactor (EPR). Finally, the necessity of locating nuclear plants close to water sources for cooling purposes may require additional investments in the extension of the existing grid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In contrast, the assumption of import price recovery in 2010 exacerbates the impact of the global economic crisis in Ghana, which has the highest import penetration rate. The recovery in import and export prices in 2010 is beneficial to economic growth in Cameroon because of its initial trade surplus. Hence factor prices follow their non-crisis trends as early as 2010 in this country, although at lower levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, there is evidence that most of the Natura 2000 forest habitats are not in good condition. The bulk of this will have to come from the central budget, the national environmental fund and EU sources. But new mechanisms should also be examined, such as wider use of access charges and the development of payment for ecosystem services (PES), which until now has not received much attention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A larger share of part-timers among women may mean that female eamings are distributed more unequally than men’s. At the same time, there is little empirical evidence on changes in female earnings inequality over time. Since changes in annual eamings depend on both eamings and hours worked, this section discusses differences and similarities in trends for both of these factors for men and women. On average, the Gini coefficient (where 0 represents perfect equality and 1 perfect inequality) was two percentage points higher among women in the late 2000s. Germany showed the largest gender difference, with women’s Gini being almost 8 points higher than men’s, followed by Mexico and Spain. On the other hand, in Belgium, the Czech Republic and the United States there was no sizeable difference in eamings inequality between men and women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the student level, many countries, such as Estonia, New Zealand or the United States, have introduced grants and financial support for students. High performing countries build on their institutions and take into account the different governance levels, their dynamics and resources to drive improvement across the system and schools (OECD, 2010). To achieve higher education performance, governance strategies and funding need to be aligned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The use of gender statistics can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the gender dimensions of poverty, which in turn can significantly change priorities in policy and programme interventions (Klugman, 2002). Gender statistics can address multiple dimensions of poverty and inequality, including gender-based asset inequality, intrahousehold allocation of resources, time poverty or vulnerability to external shocks. Understanding the gendered nature of poverty will significantly improve both the equity and efficiency of poverty reduction strategies (Klugman, 2002). Gender statistics have an important role in developing and monitoring policies on the reduction of violence against women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Working towards both would begin to correct the generational welfare imbalance that is already substantial in a number of countries and seems to be appearing in others (Rossel, 2013a). In all of the countries of the region, at the end of the demographic dividend the dependency ratio between adolescents and youths in secondary school and the working-age population (20 to 64) will be approximately 35% lower than in 2005 (ECLAC/UNFPA, 2012). It should be emphasized that this is an opportunity, not a sure thing, and that whether this actually happens depends on how countries take advantage of this potential for expanding tax revenue or earmarking investments for young people. Failure to take advantage of such an opportunity would, in the medium term, change it from a dividend into a liability (the so-called demographic "burden" as the population ages in a context in which young people enter the labour market in low-productivity conditions).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Areas such as the links between drugs, terrorism and insurgency clearly touch upon sensitive intelligence, and there are legitimate concerns about compromising sources, collection and operations. But if we want to effectively address drug challenges we need to strengthen international cooperation and information-sharing to the extent possible, to close the gaps and ensure that joint action is targeted, effective and timely. A dotted line represents approximately the line of control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. Disputed boundaries (China/India) are represented by cross-hatch owing to the difficulty of showing sufficient detail.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A decline in risk perception of changes in producer boards could be due to deregulation of the industry, whereas the introduction of the Resource Management Act (RMA) may have been behind farmers’ increasing perception of risks associated with changes in local laws and regulations. The tightness of the labour market, particularly in the South Island, and the problems this has created for both the recruitment and retention of labour is suggested as a reason for the higher score for risks associated with problems with hired labour and contractors in 2004. Recent research in progress by Shadbolt et al (2010) on dairy farmers introduces additional dimensions to risk analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
When the provision of services involves the same network there may be “joint” costs, “common” costs, or netwoik benefits. This is despite the fact that there may be some relevant differences in circumstances between particular customers that will not be closely reflected in the resulting charges. When considering issues of practicability, it is important to recognise that the availability of information is likely to evolve over time. This means that Ofwat retains the possibility of changing the way costs are assessed depending upon available information. Failing to do so raises equity issues, as future generations will have to foot the bill, either through decayed infrastructure or increased public debt. Typically, all things being equal, industry or municipalities should have an incentive to develop in regions where water is abundant and competition between water users is minimal, and they should cover the costs of a reliable access to water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This paper explores the origins of the anomalous development of substantive due process in the Indian Supreme Court in the area of personal liberty and preventive detention cases, given that the framers of the Indian Constitution deliberately chose to omit a due process clause to preclude substantive due process jurisrpudence. It proceeds to examine the important role of judicial "borrowing" in this process, in which justices relied on foreign precedent and legal scholarship, as well as international legal norms, to help overcome constitutional constraints. The paper analyzes personal liberty and preventive detention cases in order to gain a better understanding of the processes by which judges employ borrowing to advance "universalist" (versus particularist) legal norms, and then seeks to generalize from the Indian case by proposing a theoretical approach for understanding how judicial borrowing can be understood as a dynamic process that changes over time in new developing constitutional systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Most of the support went to general services for the fisheries sector such as management resources and infrastructure. The plan aims to further promote fish farming for aquaculture production and to restore depleted fish stocks. The Vision proposes practical measures in response to the shrinkage of these areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Indonesia has a tradition of corruption among local officials who harass and collect bribes from firms. This paper examines whether corruption is affected by local democratization and by the party composition of local assemblies. Democratization occurred in 1999 and decentralization in 2001. We have firm-level data for 2001 and 2004. The 2001 data benchmark corruption at the time of decentralization. We find that corruption declines between 2001 and 2004 overall, but much less so in districts with more secular party as opposed to Islamic party representatives in district assemblies. For a larger sample of districts, correspondingly, we find that corruption in 2004 is more in districts which voted more in favor of secular party representatives in the first elections in 1999. We argue that the effects seem to be causal, over above any effects of changing religiosity and economic circumstances across districts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
According to ITU estimates, the number of mobile-cellular subscriptions is almost equal to the number of people on Earth (7.0 billion in 2014). Of those with mobile subscriptions, nearly 60 per cent (4.1 billion) are situated in the Asia-Pacific region. As the market reaches saturation levels, however, the annual growth rate of mobile-cellular subscriptions in the region has slowed to single-digit rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As a result, average changes over wide areas can be relatively well understood, while there is greater uncertainty about the specific impacts at the local level, particularly in countries with diverse ecosystems or topography (e.g. Nepal and Mozambique). Regional climate models and statistical techniques have been developed that can downscale climate projections to provide a higher resolution (Ranger, Muir-Wood and Priya, 2009). However, applying such techniques requires technical capacity not available in all developing countries. Given the uncertainties inherent in climate projection, national adaptation policies and planning processes can benefit from periodic reviews and assessments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Its aim is to shift generation of energy from conventional fuels, such as oil and coal, to renewable fuels. A proportion of the revenues under the initiative is earmarked for sustainable energy projects in developing countries. It is currently implementing the project on climate-neutral energy supply for rural areas in India, and a CDM project for local electrification/replacement of fuel generators in villages and small towns in Burkina Faso. Development and deployment of renewables constitute the lion’s share of registered CDM projects (60 per cent as at 1 July 200913). It includes a sizeable number of registered and validated projects involving fuel switching and the deployment of RETs, some of which concern rural communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The difference between this indicator and the initial poverty rate is the distribution effect Both effects can also be calculated by exchanging the initial and end periods. Both obstacles can be overcome by averaging the calculated effects using each of the two base years respectively (Kakwani.i997>, which is the procedure used to perform the calculations in this chapter. Journal of Development Economics, vol. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1992. For this analysis, and in the absence of longitudinal surveys that would serve to identify changes in the income sources of the same households, the variations between 2012 and 2017 are studied for the same proportion of households (those whose per capita income at the start of the period was below the poverty line). Thus, if poor households represented 20% of the total in 2012, for 2017 the poorest 20% of households by income are selected, regardless of whether the households in that range are living in poverty or not.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The park is the implementation of an integrative model that locates a quality residential community alongside a park of advanced industry and an educational centre, all within a short distance of each other. The “Zur Lavon” educational centre, located in the park, provides a varied programme of training courses for industry. Much in demand is the industrial entrepreneurship course for Arab and Jewish populations, a collaborative initiative between the Industrial Parks and the Executive Education Centre of the Tel Aviv University. In 2006 the Zur Lavon Industrial High School opened alongside the Lavon Industrial Park.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The program makes it possible for students in the Faroe Islands and Greenland to stay at home part of the time while studying law at Aalborg University (inter alia through transmission of lectures). The goal has so far been to establish the first semester of the Bachelor of Law degree in Greenland and the Faroe Islands in the autumn of 2014. While the program ensures that young people stay in their local area during substantial parts of their education, the education also focuses on offering electives related to the judicial systems in the North Atlantic, especially Faroese law and Greenlandic law. Graduate students have the opportunity to write their thesis focusing on legal principles from the two areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In recent years, information privacy has emerged as one of the central issues of our times. Today, we have hundreds of laws pertaining to privacy - the common law torts, criminal law, evidentiary privileges, constitutional law, at least twenty federal statutes, and numerous statutes in each of the fifty states. To understand the law of information privacy more completely, it is necessary to look to its origins and growth. This article provides a brief overview of the history of the development of information privacy law. In particular, it explores the way that the law has emerged in response to changes in technology that have increased the collection, dissemination, and use of personal information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Its highly qualified collaborators and leaders have largely potentiated this role. This high profile is based on a very rigorous process of recruitment and a very constructive and independent attitude towards all states. The ANA has been, and should keep being, the meeting point of two tendencies. On the one hand, a “centralisation” tendency in the sense that it is part of its role to build a “national platform” of data and knowledge, a role which no other organisation can perform that way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is therefore difficult to determine what constitutes success for an organization that must address multiple stakeholders' concerns. While the role of DMOs in destination marketing has received much attention from researchers, the role of DMOs with respect to the policy and strategy dimensions of destination management has been paid less attention to. Collaboration between destinations has been less researched.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
These numbers are nearly identical to those presented in Table 9 for a later and longer time period. The presented findings for the Netherlands by contrast differ from those reported by Snel et al. For the 1999 inflow cohort, they calculate a median spell duration of 23 months (p. 184, Table 6), which is more than double the 9 months reported in Table 9 of this document for the country as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It was as high as 26% in Spain and 28% in Greece. Unemployment rates increased in 2013, as well in some other member countries of the European Union: Belgium, Finland France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands all saw the portion of unemployed amongst the active labour force rising. While the unemployment rate in the United States has fallen to around 6%, it is still high by historical standards. Long-term unemployment remains very high and the young are the most severely hit by subdued economic growth in many parts of the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The low overlap between low pay and poverty has implications for anti-poverty policies, in particular it suggests that policies which influence wage rates, such as minimum wages, may have only a small impact on poverty. Instead, among the working poor underemployment is a major issue, with most of the working poor employed for too few hours to escape poverty. Lone parents are particularly likely to be among the working poor, with the incidence of in-work poverty twice as high as for single childless adults.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
But again there are disparities: some countries have made great advances, but many others with fewer resources are lagging behind, and often struggle to maintain their current early warning systems. The main obstacles to early warning saving more lives are usually related to gaps in (1) ensuring fast and reliable dissemination of warnings to all concerned, and (2) building the knowledge and capacity of communities to act appropriately. But many countries still have gaps in communication and response capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Starting from RPSNP IV (2016-20), the GoE has contributed to the financing of the programme through the federal budget. The World Bank pledged USD 600 million while the GoE was to be the next largest provider of funds, contributing USD 500 million, and other bilateral and multilateral institutions pledged to finance the balance. The GoE provided ETB 300 million in 2015-16 and its contribution increased to ETB 1.5 billion in 2016/17. It should be noted that the majority of donor support for the RPSNP is in the form of loans whose repayment will be borne by Ethiopian taxpayers in the future. The average contribution of all regions between 2012/13 and 2016/17 was ETB 8.1 million. Amhara region made the largest contribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The prevention and control of epidemics through public health care programmes requires a high degree of coordination among different authorities and the prompt mobilisation of physical and financial resources. Most countries have legislation to avoid the spread of epidemics consisting of two parts: the identification of a health problem, and the actions taken to control it (Smith et al., Losses due to epidemics cannot be insured as they are not characterised by definite and calculable losses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Since rustication of the Convention, no plan of action for strategies to implement it has been developed, as required by the Beijing Platform of Action. Nor has Solomon Islands submitted a report to the CEDAW Committee’ (Corrin 2008: 169-194). The constitution also provided women with rights to equal opportunities in political, economic and social activities, employment, education and health care as well as the right to represent the Solomons in international organisations (Corrin 2008). Women are underrepresented in other high-ranking positions as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Commonwealth's guiding principles and values in the 1991 Harare Declaration, reaffirmed in the 2011 Perth Commonwealth Heads of Governments Meeting (CHOGM), emphasised improving gender equality and women's empowerment in the Commonwealth, and called on Heads to demonstrate commitment by entrenching measures to advance women's political participation and leadership at all levels of decision-making. The proposed 'target of no less than 30 per cent of women in decision-making in the political, public and private sectors by 2005' (Commonwealth Secretariat 1996) is attracting increasing support from member countries. Actions to realise this global target, especially the equitable representation of women in the political arena, are constantly evolving.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As the first initiative to address auto fuel economy specifically in the region, this project is a part of the Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI). Road freight is projected to grow 37% to 2020, mainly in non-OECD countries. ( From 2014, weight class based regulations (fuel consumption per 1000 tonne.km) costing USD 8 billion will provide USD 50 billion in cost savings over vehicle life. ( Why do Top Runner Energy Efficiency Standard Regulations Result in Large Positive and Negative Costs? -
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Bullying is a persistent, damaging feature of neoliberal workplaces, despite the increased use of third-party interventions (TPIs). The purpose of this paper is to investigate how TPIs relate to individualisation of the employment contract, whether TPIs deflect attention away from bullying and the impact for targets.,Data were gathered from focus groups and interviews with members and officials of three large UK trade unions.,TPIs individualise bullying allegations and such interventions are further characterised by impotence, injustice and lack of impartiality, serving to deflect bullying claims and exacerbate targets’ suffering.,Recommendations are made to improve the efficacy of interventions.,This paper increases the limited research into the efficacy of TPIs and makes a significant contribution to debates on neoliberal individualism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
See also references in this chapter to rehabilitation and supported employment. This sub-section discusses these subsidies, as well as giants paid to individuals who start a business on a self-employed basis. Subsidies amount to JPY 150 000 to JPY 600 000 per half year, and may last for up to 1 to 2 years depending on the target group. Table 5.3 shows that the use of this type of subsidies decreased between FY 2003 and FY 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In Canada, children in single-parent families at the bottom of the income distribution experienced a decline in market income (largely driven by a decline in the proportion of children with a working parent), but the disposable income of the first 25th percentile remained stable, suggesting that cash benefits played a significant role in offsetting the erosion of market income (OECD, 2018[34]). However, the rise in these children's standard of living was lower than that observed for children in more affluent single-parent families, who also experienced an erosion of market incomes but whose disposable income rose relatively more. In Denmark, the standard of living for children in single-parent families has risen, particularly for those in wealthier families. Changes in family characteristics have contributed relatively little to this evolution, while the disposable income of families with a given number of children have increased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)