albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
AbstractThis article aims to analyze the role of American trade unionism during the Brazilian dictatorship examining the activities of American Institute for Free Labor Development (AIFLD). It will pay particular attention to the political repression and anti-labor policy conducted by the dictator Emilio Garrastazu Medici (1969–74). The examination of the U.S. labor policy in Brazil during the heydays of the cold war in Latin America is an interesting case study of the contradictions and paradoxes of the AFL-CIO and American international relations during that period, as well as a stimulating example of transnational trade union and international solidarity relations during this period. The paper investigates how AIFLD reacted to human rights violations perpetrated by the Medici regime, highlighting the fine line between American international labor solidarity and foreign intervention during the cold war period. As a final point, the paper analyzes the workers’ resistance to the dictatorial regime, as wel...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Move from unified and technocratic policies, standards and norms of urban design to more flexible and locally based practices. Urban policies are designed with a top-down approach that is not appropriate for balancing public and private development interests in the economic realities of the market. There is a disjuncture between urban planning and development, because citizens and main local market players are excluded from formulating policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Pressures on fish resources include fishing, coastal development and pollution loads from land-based sources, maritime transport, and maritime dumping. Many valuable fish stocks are fully exploited or overexploited. Natural variability and climate change have significant implications for the productivity and management of capture fisheries and aquaculture development. This implies strengthening international co-operation and setting and enforcing limits on total catches, which may include managing both the types of fishing methods employed and the areas in which and/or times during which fishing may occur.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Based on the estimates by Hanushek and Woessmann (2012), then, inequality might knock 0.12 percentage points off average annual growth in such countries (and 0.06 percent in Italy and Spain). The in-depth analysis by Arnold et al (2011) concludes that increasing average schooling by one year would raise long run per capita GDP by around 8%. Based on the changes in years of schooling computed in the previous paragraph, then, higher inequality would be associated with GDP per capita being around 1.5% lower in Portugal or Turkey, and 0.4% lower in Italy or Spain, in the long run.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The plan is carried out by the National Water Committee under the authority of the Minister for Environment. Policies to reduce the impact on water resources of agricultural contamination are also carried out in collaboration with agencies dependent on the Ministry of Environment (ONEMA, water agencies, deconcentrated services of the ministry of environment, etc.) In addition, the New Start for Fresh Water policy is jointly led by the Ministry for the Environment and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, which enables these two departments to co-ordinate the interface between water and agricultural policies at the central government level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A recent study by de Carvalho Filho (2008) on Brazil uses a triple differences-in-differences approach and exploits a major reform of Preuidencia Rural that took place in 1992 and introduced a simultaneous change in age eligibility, an increase in the amount of the benefit and expanded eligibility to non-heads of households. The study presents evidence of reduced employment rates and total hours of work associated with the generous transfer to rural labourers. Given that the programme is not means-tested but instead universal for workers in rural areas, the negative impact of Preuidencia Rural on labour supply reflects a pure income effect associated with a fairly generous transfer amounting to 36% of average wages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This aims to prevent direct entry of livestock waste into streams, thereby reducing environmental pollution. Agricultural enterprises started disposing of manure jointly at four large-scale plants equipped with specialized technologies and facilities in 2007 with the intention to build stable infrastructure for manure processing and to efficiently manage livestock waste in areas with high-density livestock farms, including pigs. These facilities started to produce solid or liquefied fertilisers, partly motivated by the Korean government’s decision to ban the ocean-dumping of livestock excretion in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Adult participation in lifelong learning strongly depends on educational attainment and age. Despite a slight increase in recent years, the participation of older workers in adult programmes is modest, inhibiting their employment prospects (OECD, 2009b). Adults with low educational attainment (individuals whose highest attained degree is primary or below) show considerably less interest in adult learning activities, the difference between highly educated individuals and individuals with low educational attainment in adult education participation is the highest in the EU (IMAD, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Given the evidence that many students in Costa Rica start school w ith weak foundation skills, especially basic reading skills, the country might also consider bringing forward the primary assessment to an earlier grade, or adding an additional assessment in the early years of primary school. Gaining a better understanding of where and how' students are starting to fall behind would enable the development of more effective supports to teachers and schools. Recognising the importance of consolidating basic skills in the early grades for later learning, many OECD countries have introduced a national assessment in the second (e.g. France, Italy), third (e.g. Germany, Sweden), or fourth grade (e.g. Chile, Korea) of primary school (OECD, 2013). One essential improvement at any grade in Costa Rica is better information on the equity of outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It contributes to the study of educational inequality by evaluating how the way in which educational inequality is both conceptualized and measured influences country rankings. Such choices, in turn, have implications for the policy conclusions that are drawn from international comparisons. These values have increasingly been incorporated into a global consensus, now that they form an explicit Sustainable Development Goal (United Nations, 2014), a World Bank (2015) goal and part of the most recent International Monetary Fund (IMF) narrative (IMF, 2017, Clements et al., The same values have also been central to the aims of recent protest movements such as Occupy Wall Street and Los Indignados.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article is an introduction to a special issue on ethnography, diversity and urban space. It places the ‘diversity turn’ within studies of migration and multiculture historically and discusses the implications of concepts such as ‘diversity’ and more recently ‘super-diversity’ for scholarship, policy and identity politics. It argues that diversity is a helpful concept for studies of migration and multiculture because it avoids the essentialism and bias towards ethnic affiliation often characterising studies within the multiculturalism framework, while being more grounded locally than studies within the transnationalism framework. It examines the methodological implications of increasing diversity and complexity on ethnographic studies and the definition of the ‘field’. It makes the point that increasing urban diversity poses a challenge to ethnographic ideals of ‘immersion’ and wholeness. Finally, it introduces the individual articles in the special issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These impacts are typically experienced at a sector or industry level. Measuring the extent of positive or negative consequences at these levels is important when planning adjustment policies or mitigation interventions. Opportunities to promote gender-sensitive trade policies are often untapped or poorly understood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Figure 4.13 presents the share of non-standard workers as the main or secondary income earner, with a breakdown by household type (number of adults and children).17 On average across the countiies, just under 50% of all non-standard workers are the main earners (right panel). The shares are higher for Korea and Greece (over 62%), but lower for Japan, Luxembourg and Switzerland (35%, 38% and 39%). It is striking that almost half of these workers (47%) have dependent children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Analyse national priorities and identify entry points. National monitoring systems are subject to continuous review and data collection cycles (e.g. five-year household surveys) that are closely linked with the review and elaboration of five-year National Development Plans and sector strategies. Timelines and targets need to be mapped out in order to inform and influence national monitoring systems at a strategic point in the review and planning cycle. Identify key institutions and establish cross-sectoral working groups. Delineate the national, sector and subnational monitoring systems in place and the institutions charged with co-ordinating their application and those responsible for data collection. As noted above, the national statistics office, working in close collaboration with the ministry of planning, is typically responsible for the monitoring system, sector ministries are responsible for collecting data over time for a cluster of thematic indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The premium placed on collateral, credit history, business experience and the business strategy of prospective borrowers forms an obstacle to accessing finance. This presents a supply-side problem in terms of suitable products available to women. To capitalize on the preliminary results of this survey, further research in this area could be undertaken. Women frequently have a low level of financial literacy and are generally ill-equipped with the skills and knowledge required to successfully approach banks for funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It could also gradually introduce measures and incentives to secure the continuity and permanence of the environmental services and attributes achieved through the compensation actions, such as enrolling the compensated lands into existing payment for ecosystem services schemes operated by CONAFOR and other entities. This ratio has fluctuated over the years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Based on existing studies of the responsiveness of job search to benefit duration, these authors concluded that the extension of the maximum UI entitlement period accounts for 10-15% of the total increase in average unemployment duration since July 2008 which translates into a 0.7 percentage point rise in unemployment (as compared with an overall increase of 5.5 percentage points). Fujita (2010) obtains a significantly larger estimated effect (1.7 percentage points), but Kroft and Notowidigdo (2011) and Schmieder et al. ( While there is great uncertainty concerning the size of the impact of the UI benefit extensions, these studies suggest that it has played a role in lengthening unemployment spells, but is not the whole story.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Southern Med Review, 4(2), 69. Time series analysis of the relationship between unemployment and mortality: a survey of econometric critiques and replications of Brenner’s studies. Does the economy affect teenage substance use? Reichman, N. E. (2013). Business cycles, hypertension and cardiovascular disease: Evidence from the Icelandic economic collapse.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The French legal system has gradually incorporated the international law in its domestic law, with some exceptions due to the remnants of its legal nationalism. However, the introduction of judicial review of the domestic laws in force by the Constitutional Council, it has caused imbalance in this relationship. The present work object is to ascertain the relationship between the control of conventionality and the priority question of constitutionality, in order to check is the connection is confrontational  or even if there is a confusion between their skills. We'll use dialectical method. The literature review will be the primary source.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Right-wing populism has become a major feature of the politics of many Western countries, and poses particular challenges for social work. This paper explores the contradictory relationships of both social work and right-wing populism to Enlightenment Modernity. Each embraces some elements of modernity but retreats from others. This analysis suggests that apparent commonalities—rejection of globalisation, empowerment rhetoric and opposition to neo-liberalism—are more apparent than real. On this basis, the paper argues that attempts by social work either to dialogue with or to accommodate the right-wing populist agenda are both futile and dangerous. Rather, it is important for social work not only to take a strong stand against neo-liberalism, but to also to articulate significant alternatives to the right-wing populist dystopia, and engage in principled activism, based on the values of social justice and human rights, and to work towards the realisation of such alternatives at community level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These workers are known as home-based workers and are either self-employed or receiving wages on a piece-rate basis for the amount of work done. In addition, those self-employed in the informal sector are informal. Among regular wage/salaried workers, those without any social security benefits provided by their employers are also informal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Emerging ocean-based industries and activities are characterised by the key role played by cutting-edge science and technology in their operations. They include: offshore w'ind, tidal and wave energy, offshore extraction of oil and gas in deep-sea and other extreme locations, seabed mining for metals and minerals, marine aquaculture, marine biotechnology, ocean monitoring, control and surveillance. Looking further to the future, there are fledgling or, as yet, “unborn” industries which could potentially join this category. Examples are carbon capture and storage (CCS) and the management of ocean scale protected areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
To make things worse, they often face unpredictable waiting times. The government of the Federal District has recognised the many challenges posed by CETRAM and the need for a strategy to improve them. In turn, private parties pay a financial compensation to the Federal District government. In the State of Mexico, the concept of CETRAM is less developed, and no institutional framework or overall strategy exists for co-ordination with private operators or between governmental agencies for modernisation of transfer centres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
People aged 65 and over are expected to make up about 30.1% of the population in metropolitan areas, 30.2% of the population in inland areas, and 26.8% of the population in coastal areas, in 2045 (Productivity Commission, 2005). With older people often experiencing multiple chronic conditions, this suggests the need for health care will grow. Some of this need will be in areas with insufficient services to meet the demand for health care associated with ageing. This is compounded by a maldistribution in the health workforce. The country has dealt with this situation with a heavy reliance on overseas-trained doctors, and government policy has directed them to areas of need.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The divide between hard law and soft law approaches to global regulation of corporations in relation to human rights is partly based on empirical assumptions. Taking a step back, we assess the claims concerning the current state of global regulation and political feasibility of hard law approaches. Moving beyond the usual suspects, we map 98 existing standards that regulate corporations and find a great variation in how different sectors treat human rights and accountability issues. Turning to the explanation of the current jungle of global business and human rights regulation, we contrast and test dominant and competing expressive theories with a consequentialist commitment curve, in which corporations and states seek to minimize human rights commitments. We find support for all approaches to regulatory reform, but argue that greater attention should be given to the consequentialist insights, and how political economy can be leveraged to strengthen regulatory outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These shorter terms action plans provide opportunity to adjust and refine interventions from the results of monitoring and review of performance. Some examples from different jurisdictions are shown in the boxes below. Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications, Stockholm, May 2009. Realistically we understand that it is not practical to achieve zero serious injuries on our roads by the year 2020, but we do not accept any death or serious injury as inevitable.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Students typically enter this level between age 14 and age 16, and these programmes usually end 12 or 13 years after the beginning of primary school. Programmes classified at this level may be referred to as secondary school (stage two or upper grades), senior secondary school or (senior) high school. Lower and upper secondary education includes second-chance programmes, literacy programmes, adult education and continuing education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The effectiveness of various development policies and investments will be a major concern in the coming years as countries and development agencies work towards the 17 SDGs. This review of time-use research shows that any assessment of that effectiveness can be enriched by documenting and analyzing how those policies and programmes lead to shifts in people's time allocation. Cost-effectiveness measures of programmes and investments are incomplete when they ignore the required time inputs of users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Indeed, despite a slowing of the trend towards greater market-income disparities, income inequality after adding benefits and taxes has increased at faster rate since the mid-90s than it had in the decade before. Benefits have a much stronger impact on inequality than social contributions or taxes, despite the bigger aggregate size of direct taxes and, hence, their bigger average impact on household incomes. In general, changes on the benefit side can therefore be expected to be a more significant driver of the extent of overall redistribution and inequality. On average across 29 OECD countries, cash support for working-age individuals and their families has grown in real terms but has accounted for a declining share of total social spending (the share fell from 27% in 1985 to 25% in 1995 and 21% in 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), three-quarters of households without access to drinking water on their premises task women and girls with the primary responsibility to collect it (UNICEF, 2016). Although water collection routines vary in different parts of the world in terms of frequency, a study of time and water poverty in 25 Sub-Saharan African countries estimated that women spend at least 16 million hours a day collecting drinking water, while men spend 6 million hours, and children 4 million hours on the task (WHO/UNICEF, 2012). On average, “women devote one to three hours more a day to housework than men, two to ten times the amount of time a day to care (for children, elderly, and sick), and one to four hours less a day on market activities.” ( World Bank, 2012, p. 80).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This study explores the ethical attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions of a sampling of political science students in Taiwan. It investigates their intentions toward observing ethics in the area of digital rights, on topics such as the freedom of expression, freedom of association, equal access to information, confidentiality, security, and protection of intellectual property while using computers. Based on preliminary studies, a questionnaire was designed and distributed to 660 political science and public administration students throughout colleges in Taiwan. Data collected from 440 valid samples have been analyzed using structural equation modeling to test the three sets of hypotheses made by the researchers in the framework of the theory of planned behavior. Findings show attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control of the respondents all have positive impacts on the personal observation of information ethics. In this regard, altruism, the secondary group, and the sense of security have gr...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All the accompanying coefficients to these variables are different from zero, as certified by the F-test results. Overall the model's explanatory power (r-squared) is strong (53.0%). Significant at the 1% level. Estimation based on robust standard errors. It further provides an understanding on how these changes will affect national ICT policy and regulatory frameworks and identifies measures policy makers and regulators can take to be prepared to respond efficiently to the new challenges raised by the digital economy. Chapter three looks at ways to accommodate broadband spectrum expansion through new modes of sharing and innovations in licensing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
During this time period, the foundations of good physical and mental wellbeing are being laid (Halfon et al, 2010]. Consequently, it is important to nurture positive life-experiences from birth -and even earlier during pregnancy (Marmot, Allen, Goldblatt, et al., Due attention should be given to inequality and its negative impact on the long-term health of children. Unequal access to education influences negatively their physical and mental health, and their possibilities for higher income and good employment at an older age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Through demand response, load shifting and integration of storage applications, smart grids might change the load curve and reestablish a continuous demand for longer periods of time. This way, a minimum demand over a sufficiently high number of hours could be achieved, resulting in a role for (nuclear) baseload even in systems with a strong penetration of renewable energy sources. A more decentralised electricity system based on local energy sources could allow under certain conditions, such as the local matching of demand and supply, for shorter electricity transport distances and thus reduce electricity transmission losses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While it is an important concept, it has not been used widely by the treaty bodies. For example, although as we have seen much emphasis is placed on the importance of equal pay for work of equal value for women and men, it is rarely made explicit that women’s pay should be increased to that of men. In recent decades, there has been strong opposition to such restrictions on the grounds that they breach the equality principle. However, this has led to two quite contradictory responses. The CEDAW Committee has encouraged Austria to ensure ‘levelling up' measures are included in its anti-discrimination legislation, CEDAW Committee, Austria, op.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)