albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In an integrated world, this difference prevents the regional economy from managing at its own pace the gradual transfer of the active population from agricultural activities to modern-type activities, faced with the import of goods from advanced countries. The sudden appearance on the world market of emerging economies draining the entire investment capacity of the advanced economies may mean that Africa remains limited to exporting primary products (agricultural and mined), postponing industrialisation consistent with the growth of its population. This growth is penalising the consumption and saving potential of households, limiting the ability of the regional market to support a change in production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Climate change impacts agriculture in many ways, with changes in temperature, precipitation and climatic variability affecting the timing and length of growing seasons and yields and thereby exacerbating land degradation and contributing to water scarcity (Agrawala and Fankhauser, eds., As a proxy, the remotely sensed NDVI, which has been shown to be related to biophysical variables that control vegetation productivity and land/ atmosphere fluxes, is also used to estimate vegetation change (Bai and others, 2008). For instance, it is estimated that, in Southern Africa, yields could fall by up to 50 per cent between 2000 and 2020 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007b), and that, by 2080, 600 million additional people could be at risk of hunger as a direct consequence of climate change (United Nations Development Programme, 2007, overview, p. 9). They also impact land-surface albedo so as to engender adverse weather patterns (University of East Anglia, Overseas Development Group, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Accordingly, there is a need for meaningful curricula, intercultural and bilingual education and initiatives for involving the families of excluded children and young people (UNESCO, 2000) in view of the enormous weight of the family environment in determining the relationship between family members and education. The social and economic returns from investing in early childhood education are vital (UNESCO, 2010a). The focus on early childhood education in recent years led to the World Conference on Early Childhood Care and Education held in Moscow in 2010, providing a comprehensive approach to the developmental needs of children in this stage of life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Several international initiatives on standards regarding the Internet of Things (loT) are taking steps in this direction. Since 2013, the Indo-German Working Group on Quality Infrastructure has met annually on technical issues arising in bilateral trade. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and ISO established a Joint Technical Committee (JTC1) on Information Technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This new support system for school improvement seeks to build the capacity of schools and school providers for self-improvement and to make better use of PEI and PME. To this end, it also seeks to establish PME as a tool that is more independent of the SEP and related accountability requirements. Another positive development is that thanks to targeted funding programmes in the form of the SEP and the programme of school integration (PIE), schools have additional resources to hire learning support staff that support teachers in their work and provide support for students within schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Greenpoint was hit in the late 1950s by a major oil spill of an estimated 17-30 million gallons, predominantly from facilities owned by what is now' Exxon Mobil. Decades of environmental activism by long-term residents and collaboration with more recent, and often wealthier, in-movers, have led to a cleanup process that does not automatically or exclusively lead to the “parks, cafes, and a riverwalk” model of a green city - but instead makes room for continued industrial use and blue-collar work. The core feature of a “just green enough” strategy aims at the existing working-class population and industrial land users, not just new development. Activists in Greenpoint want to achieve the cleanup of Newtow n Creek while maintaining its industrial base, a strategy designed to put a stop to speculative development attracted to a neighbourhood experiencing environmental improvements. Initiatives ranged from the recent declaration of Newtown Creek as a Superfund site, to historical battles against a waste incinerator and a new power plant, to other interventions such as the construction of a local nature trail (Newtown Creek Nature Walk).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the Netherlands and Luxembourg, by contrast, median spell durations tend to be very long (9 and 15 months, respectively) but benefit leavers are unlikely to return to benefits. In Norway and Sweden, a very small minority (2% and 4%) of recipients stay on benefits for extended periods of time of more than 24 months. In Luxembourg, the majority of spells also last shorter than 2 years, but longer spell durations beyond 2 years are much more common here (38%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Section 3 then goes on to consider the discrepancy between mothers ’ desire for children and their childlessness, which is much higher in Germany than in France. Again policy is a critical determinant, though Germany’s more traditional perceptions of gender roles also have a part to play. Section 4 stresses how couples ’ levels of educational attainment, earnings and length of working hours affect fertility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Portugal aims to develop industrial activities linked to the renewable technology sector and to become a net exporter of such technologies, especially wind and solar power. An industrial cluster linked to wind power has been developed, with a budget of EUR 1 750 million, involving the creation of approximately 1 700 direct and 4 500 indirect jobs (IEA, 2009a). The principal instrument for promoting renewable electricity in Portugal is the so-called “special regime production” (PRE), whereby renewable-based power benefits from a feed-in tariff, i.e. an above-market price at which electricity is sold to the grid. The tariffs are based on a complex formula that takes account of the technology, environmental aspects and the inflation rate.25 They include minimum and maximum levels, according to the variations of the load on the grid, and are guaranteed for a fixed period (typically 15 years) and up to a certain production threshold (IEA, 2009a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For women, the gap in health-care system participation is smaller than for pension systems. A closer look at the socioeconomic distribution of affiliation highlights social protection inequality among non-wage-earners. There are huge differences between the first income quintile and the fifth income quintile in terms of affiliation to both pension and health systems (see table IV.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Then, Renewable Funding purchases them and transmits the proceeds to individual property owners on demand, who then pay for the cost of the system minus the rebate granted by the state under CSI. The owner services the debt via a surcharge (First Special Tax) on its properly. Interest on the loan is attractive because Berkeley can secure longterm (20 years) low-interest debt through these dedicated bonds. The tax stays with the property even if the owner sells, although the owner would have to leave the solar panels. The First Special Tax, like other property taxes, will be secured by a lien on the property, which ranks senior to the first mortgage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Although legal research has traditionally occupied a marginal place in the teaching curricula of Latin American law schools, there is a recent and growing trend aimed to reverse this phenomenon. In the context of these new developments, I propose the discussion of a series of topics that should be taken into account in order to include empirical legal research (ELR) into the teaching agendas of undergraduate and postgraduate programmes of law faculties. I propose here that ELR is a form of legal education, which responds to a particular conception of law, and is aimed at satisfying certain purposes of the teaching of law. More concretely, I propose to discuss here that an agenda of education and promotion of legal research that incorporates ELR must, in turn, promote different ways of understanding the law, diverse modes of approaching law to other social science disciplines and plural view on research methods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Teacher collaboration is widespread among primary teachers in the six countries. Two-thirds or more of teachers report engaging in joint teaching and collaborative learning, and almost all teachers across the six countries report exchanging teaching materials with colleagues and attending team conferences. This chapter builds on that foundation by further analysing specific teacher- and teaching-related topics. The first part discusses the appraisal and feedback that primary teachers receive and the induction activities, mentoring and professional development in which they participate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Reducing these for final consumption and for production purposes will make imported goods cheaper, more plentiful, and more varied. This too would increase the number of products traded across the region and thus increase competition. As it becomes easier to move money across borders, total financial flows will increase. This could lead to increases in foreign investment from within the region and from outside.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
La extension de las politicas sociales de igualdad de genero en tiempos de austeridad (Espana, 1999-2007)”, draft research report [online] http://www.ucm.es/centros/ cont/descargas/documento3359.pdf. Journal of European Social Policy, vol. Politico y Sociedad, vol. Lessons from Scandinavia”, Political Science Quarterly, vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Pursuing a melioristic turn in rhetorical scholarship, this essay considers public sphere scholarship as a mode of critical engagement. Addressing the generative work of Jurgen Habermas, John Dewey, and G. Thomas Goodnight, I discuss how each theorist, in different ways, develops projects that resonate with the spirit of critical theory by recognizing the mutually informative relationship of theory and practice and by seeking emancipatory alternatives to the established order. I then explicate how rhetorical scholars have deployed counterpublic theory to produce critical analyses of the dynamics of multiple publics, inclusion–exclusion, and equality–inequality. Looking forward to future scholarship, I issue a methodological call for fieldwork as a complement to textual analysis as well as explorations of locally and transnationally situated publics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The pace of urbanisation is quite regular, but is proceeding even slower than was expected by the current SCoT. Despite aspirations to increase density within the city, suburbanisation and peri-urbanisation continue apace and appear difficult to stop (Box 2.8). At the same time, even if the core of the city provides building opportunities on the old industrial land, the process of reconversion is difficult to handle because of the cost of remediating soil pollution and the possibility of archaeological constraints. But, in Clermont-Ferrand, as in other urban places, there seems to be a clear preference by many households for this type for dispersed development, and not the more compact approach favoured by planners and city officials. As has been discussed, this imposes a number of costs and externalities including the environmental costs of commuting and fiscal costs borne by the municipality when expanding and servicing infrastructure to peri-urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Social protection often provides marginalized groups with their first contact with the State and their first awareness of their status and rights as citizens, fostering social cohesion and inclusion. Basic social security for all would contribute to the achievement of all the Millennium Development Goals. Experimentation with social protection measures has also provided important lessons for developing both long term social protection strategies and responses to crises and their aftermath.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
During winter, the irrigation canals and the riverbed were frozen and could not handle the larger volumes of w ater releases. This caused flooding and the need to divert water to the Arnasay depression further to the w'est of the river and away from the Aral Sea. The lake formed by such water releases was called Aydarkul. This has aggravated the ecological situation in the lower reaches of Syr Darya Basin (Schmidt-Soltau, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
After centuries of “Eurocentric” linguistic ideology, the South African government has formulated African language development and multilingualism as one priority in the education system. While only English, and decreasingly Afrikaans, are the only “established” languages of instruction at tertiary level, most universities in the country have revised their language policies in order to show commitment to South Africa’s evident multilingualism. This article provides a critical analysis of particular language and identity politics in one of the leading tertiary institutions of the country. The theoretical framework is based on a critical sociolinguistic approach that draws attention to polarizing identity politics in relation to language policy, planning and implementation. Methodologically grounded in ethnography, the article has a two-fold perspective. First, it analyses particular language policy rhetoric at the University on focus and argues that its essentialist approach to Africanisation trigg...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nevertheless, small businesses account for less than 2% of banks’ lending portfolios, compared to an average of 12% to 15% in some more developed countries. Government, women's business organisations and banks are working together to create an environment that will nurture the development of women-led businesses. The National Bank of Abu Dhabi plays a leading role in this effort.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The developers of the tool are currently working on factoring in work/jobs, most probably via reduced health risks and implications for the reduction of lost days at work. The capacity of ecosystem to regulation of pollution is captured. Hence, direct pollution inputs show as far as they have detrimental impacts on this capacity. One does however have to feed the appropriate data into the tool - the tool does not generate data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Stanislawa Golinowska is an economist at the Center for Social and Economic Research in Warsaw and Institute of Public Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Jagiellonian University in Cracow. Patrizio Sicari is research assistant in the OECD Economics Department. The authors are thankful to Andrew Dean, Robert Ford, Peter Jarrett, Isabelle Joumard, Andrzej Kwiecinski, Gaetan Lafortune, Yuki Murakami, Valerie Paris, Artur Radziwill and Polish government officials for their valuable comments on previous drafts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is not only strongly affected by the impacts of climate change but is also a significant contributor to GHG emissions that fuel global warming. In this context it is important to note that reducing the GHG footprint of food production is a necessary condition for achieving SDG 12, which calls for ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns. Climate-smart crop management practices can have a strong impact on both agricultural GHG emissions and the resilience of the sector to climate variability. Fertilizer use and livestock production are the two main sources of GHG emissions from agriculture. In this regard, improved fertilizer management (such as timed-release fertilizers and fertilizers with nitrification inhibitors), conservation tillage, rotational grazing and altered feed composition can help reduce GHG emissions. For instance, integrated soil fertility management can increase crop productivity while reducing GHG emissions from the use of nitrogen fertilizer (Roobroeck et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In some regions, agriculture remains an important economic factor, especially in the south east, which is also where some of the river basins most affected by water scarcity are located (see further below). The decline in 2005 and 2006 can to some extent be attributed to a marked decline in precipitation, which reduced water supply to irrigated agriculture, reflecting the priority water legislation assigns to urban water consumption (see below). A consensus has emerged that the scope for expanding water supply through new large-scale hydraulic projects has ended. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This study illustrates how, despite the diversity of women environmental defenders and their movements around the world, there are near-universal patterns of violence threatening their survival. Violence against women environmental defenders, often perpetrated by government-backed corporations, remains overlooked. Research on this issue importantly contributes to discussions about environmental justice because women defenders make up a large proportion of those at the frontlines of ecological distribution conflicts. Through comparative political ecology, this research analyzes cases from the Environmental Justice Atlas, an online open-access inventory of environmental distribution conflicts, in which one or more women were assassinated while fighting a diverse array of extractive and polluting projects. Although the stories showcase a breadth of places, conflicts, social-class backgrounds, and other circumstances between women defenders, most cases featured multinational large-scale extractive companies supported by governments violently targeting women defenders with impunity.   Keywords : Violence, murder, women environmental defenders, EJAtlas, comparative political ecology
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 2003, the International Conflict Resolution Centre at the University of Melbourne, Australia, produced a primary school teaching manual for UNESCO Vietnam. The finished manual included lesson plans and materials for a five year, 50 lesson peace education course. The manual is one of the first examples of a systematic core national curriculum in peace education worldwide. Development of the Teaching Manual posed a number of challenges including differences in language, culture, government and education system. To meet these challenges, a participatory action research approach was central in the project's development and curriculum design. This case study is offered as a model for effective cross-cultural curriculum development of peace education materials. In particular, the use of games and reflective materials and the use of UNESCO's peace keys are outlined as innovative outcomes of the project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The timing of these two amendments is currently not known. The Food and Drug Administration, under the Department of Health and Human Services, has the primary authority and responsibility under the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act for the safety, wholesomeness and proper labelling of the seafood supply in the United States. The US Department of Commerce, through NMFS, operates a fee-for-service Federal Seafood Inspection Programme (described in the Agricultural Marketing Act as amended), which provides inspection and certification services to requesting parties also with regard to food safety, wholesomeness, and proper labelling with additional effort on food quality concerns. Both agencies have the authority to provide export certification of US seafood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The main findings confirm that labour mobility has an important role in narrowing the rural-urban income gap, not only in theory but also in practice. Although the empirical efforts are still preliminary and are not sufficient to prove this conclusion, they lay out a new direction for further research on the subject. Moreover, as more people have shifted from unemployment and underemployment to full employment through mobility between regions and sectors, mainly benefiting rural workers and their families, the income gap between rural and urban areas has tended to narrow. Since the rural-urban gap contributes the major part of overall inequality, the narrowed gap will in turn reduce the country’s overall income inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In a region that witnesses the fast emergence and integration of its markets, food balance sheets seem an inadequate tool to supplement the need for information about consumption and trade flows necessary to frame food security strategies. Similar to the progress in price monitoring, there is a need for synthetic and hierarchical information systems to provide data on household food consumption and nutritional intake. The exercise was conducted for maize but could be applied to other crops.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While the UK NEA is most likely to inform policy implementation at the national level, the InVEST tool has proved useful at the local level - although it might probably have to be adapted to be used in the Nordic context in an optimal way - it could also make sense to integrate the InVest tool further with the specific policy context in the Nordics and in particular impact assessment procedures (EIA and SEA). It is based on broad state of the art scientific evidence which it tries to combine in the best possible way. It was possible to put the results of the assessment in formats that made them understandable and appealing both to policy-makers and the wider public - thus generating quite some attention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Consequently, disbursements in one year cannot be directly compared to commitments in the same year, as disbursements relate to commitments originally recorded in different years. This is why Rio markers are applied to commitments. Rio marker data on a disbursement basis are also available, but it is important to note that this does not mean the policy objectives of projects under implementation would have been re-assessed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For this reason, a range of indicators are selected that capture gender inequality at different stages of the life cycle. Lastly, the chapter focuses on the indicators that have been shown to matter for the overall development of the societies (e.g. World Bank, 2011). For this reason, not all key issues that affect women’s well-being and are included in contemporary gender inequality indices could be covered. It was not possible, for instance, to include measures such as income or access to high-paying jobs, which are crucial factors for the economic standing of women (Kabeer, 1999).6 What is lost in comparability with present-day indices, however, is made up for in the long-term perspective.7 Despite constraints in data availability, there are theoretical and methodological criteria behind the choice of the gender equality variables employed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Conditional cash transfer schemes for alleviating human poverty: Relevance for India. Malaysia’s new economic model: An assessment of its strategies for inclusive growth. Paper presented at the Asian regional workshop on Social Inclusiveness in Asia’s Emerging Middle Income Countries, in Jakarta, organized by the Asian Development Bank, the International Labour Organization Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, and the International Poverty Reduction Center in China, 13 September.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)