albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
African Union and African Mineral Development Centre. Women Involvement in the utilization of non-timber forest products. Society for Advancement of Sciences, Journal of Biological and Chemical Research, 31(1), 73-80. Women's role in conservation of high mountain ecosystems and capacity building in Central Tien Shan in climate change condition (personal communication).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Allowances and deductions for the payment of union dues and affiliation to cooperatives and authorized savings accounts, also in the case of the payment of compulsory social security contributions and disciplinary sanctions imposed under the duly approved employment regulations. The employer can contract insurance against risks for workplace accidents and occupational diseases of its workers. The employer is the party that owes the worker or his/her beneficiaries the benefits established by law. The regulation must contain a series of normative provisions including indications to avoid professional risks and instructions for providing first aid in the event of accident.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Different technologies have different costs, as well as different emission coefficients. Under the assumption of a fixed level of output, different technologies are then associated with percentage reductions in emissions. Thus one obtains step functions which fall towards the right, as emissions reductions are plotted from 100 to zero.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Like other RSE countries it had its own list of work-ready workers. Mr Apple has fourteen orchards (the largest produces 350,000 cartons each year), three packhouses (which pack 2.5 million cartons of apples each year) and one coolstore. During the harvest season its workforce reaches over 1,500, with seasonal workers from many countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Thus, the same equivalence scale is applied for children living with two parents or with a single parent, while their cost varies greatly depending on the family living arrangement (Henman et al., In addition, some parents share their lives between different households (in case of divorce or family re-composition) which has an impact on the shared income within the household. The poverty rate can then vary greatly depending on the assumptions regarding effective income sharing between different households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Increasingly, governments in high income nations, such as the United States and regional blocs such as the European Union, set market-entry standards that determine the green content of supply chains, particularly for the agricultural and resource sectors, which account for the bulk of Africa's exports. Their power comes from their capacity to threaten non-compliant multinational firms with reputational damage. An alternative strategy by civil society has been to engage big firms in a collective attempt to raise standards and certify best practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This kind of market structure is typical of pre-liberalisation energy sectors in most countries, including the six SEE economies. For example, OECD member countries’ experience of energy market liberalisation is that markets for electricity that are co-ordinated and integrated across borders into regional markets, deliver consumer benefits, including more competitive prices and greater supply security (IEA, 2005). More recently, it has become clear that regional integration of electricity markets is required to achieve least-cost emissions reductions (IEA, 2014a). The potential gains from balancing resources, if they are shared effectively among the economies, include increased technical possibilities for balancing capacity provision, lower overall balancing costs, and alignment of the costs of balancing service provision with the costs of making them available (ECS, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This study is an excellent example of a methodology for modeling gender effects of indirect taxation. With regard to direct income taxes, the gender impact depends on the effect of joint or individual filing-Joint filing may lead to higher marginal tax rates on women’s income, even though they earn less than men, thus discouraging their labour force participation. Examining tax codes with a gender equity lens, then, can provide the foundation for tax code reforms that are gender equalizing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Blockchain technology provides a digital layer that helps to tackle these core requirements. New sources of capital can be leveraged by developing efficient blockchain-based investment platforms to finance projects globally. By employing an appropriate blockchain set-up, overall transaction costs could be reduced and the par ticipation of small-scale investors such as small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and individual consumers could be made feasible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Students' perspectives of student health centers as a resource for sexual violence were examined. A qualitative, descriptive research design was used. Data were collected from 37 female undergraduate students in March 2016. Four focus groups were conducted and analyzed using thematic analysis techniques. Three themes emerged: (a) supports and barriers to using student health centers for sexual violence, (b) student health centers' responsibility to educate students about sexual violence, and (c) student health centers' responsibility to use campus-wide, comprehensive sexual violence efforts. Participants provided several recommendations to assist student health centers with addressing sexual violence. To maximize utility as an on-campus sexual violence resource, student health centers should foster a climate that is supportive of students' use of the facility and tailor their efforts to address students' needs. Student health center recommendations and suggestions for future research are provided.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This analysis should be regularly updated to identify emerging opportunities for and challenges to processes of empowerment for pro-poor growth. Where capacity is weak, it is important not to overload state institutions, so this analysis should help donors to focus interventions where they are most likely to achieve results. It helps donors to identify which actors to work with and develop strategies to shift unequal power dynamics and foster inclusion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
New ways of international lawmaking have been largely attributed to the changing nature of international relations, with new actors actively participating in domains traditionally reserved for States. The issue of judges as lawmakers is especially relevant in the international criminal justice domain, where new institutions are being set up. One of the well-covered matters in academic literature has been the prosecution of rape and sexual violence as an example of judicial activism and as a result of the complex relationships between States, international organizations and ngos, as well as the epistemic community of legal professionals. However, trying heads of State for international crimes has been a relatively recent phenomenon. Among a number of trials held worldwide, the trial of the former Liberian President Charles Taylor deserves special attention, not only because it is a finished trial, but also because Taylor was tried for such crimes as rape and sexual violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although the detailed way in which measures are applied will differ between catchments, the approach to designing the solutions will be similar to make the process more transparent to stakeholders. While the main focus is on diffuse source water pollution from agriculture, the programme will also consider biodiversity, air quality, soil quality and greenhouse gas emission tradeoffs. The measures to tackle diffuse pollution of water will particularly have to take account of the requirement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions whilst maintaining food security for the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Two groups of threats to biodiversity appear to be particularly significant in Morocco at the present time, these being (i) changes in the quality and quantity of water resources, and (ii) habitat loss, change and degradation. Species exploitation of various forms is also a relevant factor of concern for particular species and/or groups. Drought is becoming a matter of fact, particularly in light of climate change, although this does not necessarily imply a constant trend of lesser rainfall but, rather, more variability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Some hints on how to optimise expenditure are offered in PISA 2009 results. For example, PISA shows that higher teachers’ salaries are more associated with better student performance than smaller class sizes. Teachers’ salaries are related to class size in that if spending levels are similar, school systems often make trade-offs between smaller classes and higher salaries for teachers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper explores some of the responsibilities and challenges that face social work educators who teach critical practice to social work students. It is suggested that using critical reflection may enhance social work educators' capacity to prepare practitioners to work towards progressive social change and social justice, despite current social trends, such as globalisation, which potentially marginalise critical practice. This paper provides a reflective account of my experiences of teaching critical reflection to undergraduate social work students, drawing on critical postmodern theoretical underpinnings. Related pedagogies will be discussed which outline experiential reflective learning. It is ultimately contended that critical reflection is an important part of social work education and practice that is committed to enhancing citizenship, human rights, social justice and social change ideals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For producers, a normal strategy to circumvent uncertainty is to diversify production to encompass different commodities whose prices are not correlated. Of course, while diversification can help reduce risk, it can also reduce advantages related to increasing returns, and might lead to investment in less risky but less profitable crops. But in general, risk averse producers are likely to produce less than under more certain situations [Holt and Aradhyula (1990)]. This may be particularly true if the costs of investments required for production are high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Section two examines market-based reforms to encourage energy and water conservation as well as how pollution pricing can be used more effectively. The complementary role of stronger standards and better enforcement are discussed in section three while section four concludes. Progress was especially notable during the 11th FYP period (2006-10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The European Union will remain the main cheese exporter, but its growth rate is slower than New Zealand’s, the United States’ and Australia’s. The United States is the largest exporter of SMP, while India is expected to increase its exports considerably over the next decade. The main destinations for dairy products are developing countries, especially in Asia and Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Additionally, Costa Rican students are more likely than their peers in OECD countries to arrive late, skip a lesson or miss a full day of school according to self-reported data in PISA. About 39% of 15-year-old students reported having missed at least one full day of school in the two weeks prior to the PISA test, compared to just 20% in OECD countries. About 38% of students in Costa Rica are in schools where principals consider that the shortage of educational materials (e.g. textbooks, IT equipment, library' or laboratory' material) hinders a lot student learning in their school, which is one of the largest proportions among PISA participating countries (see Figure 4.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, new OECD evidence suggests that unions compress the distribution of labour earnings. To the extent that administrative extensions have a similar effect, their overall impact on income inequality is ambiguous, reflecting offsetting effects on employment and the dispersion of labour earnings. Shifting the tax mix away from such taxes and towards recurrent taxes on immovable property (the least distortive) and consumption taxes should thus raise living standards (Johansson et al., However, there is likely to be a trade-off with the income distribution objective since personal income taxes are progressive while real estate and consumption taxes are at best neutral in a lifetime perspective and in most cases tend to be regressive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It provides an overview on how they currently operate and provides suggestions on how they could be improved to support attainment of water policy objectives. The discussion extends to an analysis of how they could be combined with other policy instruments (regulation, or information-based ones) and policies (e.g. energy efficiency, food security, urban development, etc.) Tariffs for water services, in particular water supply and sanitation, are not covered by this report, except in so far as abstraction and pollution charges are likely to be reflected in water bills for final users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Instead, there should be a greater focus on energy efficiency, so as to reduce total energy consumption, the cost of the fuel import bill, and the capacity and cost of the additional investment in renewable energy required to displace the remaining fossil fuel consumption. Lower-risk commercially viable and proven technologies and measures, such as replacing refrigeration and cooling with newer and more efficient equipment and maximising solar PV, should be preferred. In addition, governments should incorporate the SDGs and NDCs into planning and budget processes, undertake green procurement and energy efficiency retrofits, and install solar PV on government buildings using the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Another 25 per cent said that they would like to stay in the Russian Federation and live there permanently, while 21 per cent said that they would like to live in the Russian Federation for several years and then return home permanently (Tyuryukanova, 2011, p. 155). Among them, females from Uzbekistan more often wanted to "come and go" (66 per cent) and were the least willing to apply for Russian citizenship (70 per cent of them did not have such plans) (Tyuryukanova, 2011, pp. Contrary to these findings, another survey of Central Asian female migrants in the Russian Federation showed that 70 per cent of them had firm plans to return home (Agadjanian and others, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There were 3 823 individuals involved in the industrial fishing sector, in contrast with 71 880 in the small-scale fishery. Employees in processing plants accounted for an additional 56 652 individuals in 2007. The implementation of Maximum Catch Limits (MCL) led to a more efficient use of the resource, favouring higher capacity vessels in the industrial fleet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It is argued that this has not been the only cause, however, as inequality has also been falling in countries that are semi-industrialized or heavily dependent on remittances. They suggest that a situation could be occurring in which sectoral composition, heavily influenced as it is by natural-resource-centred economies, is generating greater relative demand for low-skilled workers, thereby narrowing the gap in returns on education. Rather than a sign of development being reconciled with equality, this would be a warning that the combination of stagnating productivity and the region's specialization pattern are sending out signals that discourage educational progression and capability development. While this evidence is not yet conclusive and the debate is still open, it is necessary to consider this possible scenario and assess the potential implications of this interpretation of the region's recent decline in inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The other is to link the national highways along the Asian Highway routes across Turkey-lran (Islamic Republic of)-Pakistan-lndia-Bangladesh-Myanmar to develop a TIPI-BM Road Corridor. The ITI-DKD-Y and TIPI-BM corridors are integral parts of AH and TAR projects, and can be interlinked at various locations longitudinally covering the whole of South Asia. Both corridors will have connecting sublinks to the major ports of Chittagong, Kolkata, Mumbai, Karachi, Gwadar, Chabahar and Bandar Abbas, and will connect with other corridors under development including the INSTC, CPEC and BCIM.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Pharmacist’s Society of Latvia is the largest health professional association and more than one-third of pharmacists are its members. The Latvian Medical Association (LMA) is an umbrella organisation for 109 associations representing different medical specialties. The Latvian Nurses Association (LNA) has about half of professional nurses as its members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Examples include concentrations of surgical instrument firms in Sialkot (Pakistan), ceramic tiles in Santa Catarina (Brazil), metal working in Kumasi (Ghana), and wine in Cape Town (South Africa). In Turkey, Gaziantep has undertaken heritage resto-and rehabilitation to revitalize the tourism industry. Dubai is investing in higher education in engineering and information technology. In Tennessee, US, the city of Chattanooga incorporates endogenous development in its multi-faceted economic development-driven city plan prepared in response to loss of manufacturing jobs in the 1980s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
About half (47%) of students are in schools whose principal reported in PISA that pressure on the school to meet high academic standards came from only a few' parents, a larger proportion than on average across OECD countries (33%) (OECD, 2013). Parents and the local community are those who stand to gain the most from improving their school and there is strong evidence that parental engagement in particular can help to raise outcomes (OECD, 2012). Each Costa Rican school has a board which includes representatives from parents and the local community, but their main role is to administer the national funds for infrastructure and organise festivities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Producer organizations can help build farmers' skills, provide information and knowledge, help them tackle legal issues, certification and registration, and give them some voice in national and sometimes international fora. Governments can support producer organizations by providing enabling conditions and a supporting policy and legal framework as well as economic incentives (FAO, 2012). Among the better-known producer organizations is the Indian Dairy Cooperatives Network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Only recently have commercial property owners started to recognise that the lower energy and operating costs and better rentals of energy efficiency buildings translate to increased capital value. As different building owners (such as public, private, investors, commercial, and institutional) have diverging interests in energy efficiency, different approaches are required to develop incentives and build awareness. Programmes like Netherland's EnergieSprong that focus on transforming the building value chain as a system, work with all the decision makers in the system. Many building retrofit programmes undervalue the multiple benefits of energy efficiency initiatives. Health benefits in terms of reduced hospital visits, doctor's visits, prescription costs, and reduced sick days, can exceed the energy cost reduction significantly in some cases by 400%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article explores manifestations of corruption among local officeholders and royal judges who exercised authority on the king's behalf. It explores the complex and often contradictory perceptions of official malpractice among these men. The king in particular understood the danger of his representatives sullying the crown's reputation. Yet, the measures taken to combat corruption were mostly ineffective and often proved to be empty rhetoric. The discussion shows how new notions of public service and accountability clashed with older forms of social and political organization founded on lordship and hierarchy. It also suggests that it was in addressing and finally tackling corruption that the origins of a “civil service” may be found.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Intelligent water supply, intelligent parking, intelligent lighting and other services provided by the intelligent system have been applied in Shenzhen, Nanjing, Hangzhou and other cities in China, improved the city management, reduced the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, improved the city's liveability level, and promoted the cultivation and development of new enterprises. Specifically, it works on the transposition from published oneM2M standards, which include 18 technical specifications and six technical reports into ITU-T SG20. Those oneM2M standards have been widely used in loT and vertical areas, e.g. the Smart Cities Project in Busan, Republic of Korea. This work remarkably contributes to the convergence of global loT standards and the alignment of work, as one of the ITU-T strategic objectives is cooperation and collaboration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The governance approach based on the disaster management cycle and represented by a specialized disaster risk management sector may have reached its limit, while at the same time a new governance paradigm has yet to emerge. However, the governance arrangements required to manage emergencies effectively are not necessarily appropriate to address development challenges related to urban development and environmental management. Put simply, while the fire services at the local level may be completely capable of rescuing flood victims from their roofs or earthquake victims from collapsed structures, these capabilities and the underlying institutional and legislative arrangements have little connection with those required to address issues of land use or water management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The instruments covered are: i) science and technology parks, ii) systemic initiatives: clusters, networks, competitiveness poles and competence centres, iii) innovation advisory services for existing SMEs, iv) support to innovative start-ups, v) innovation vouchers, vi) schemes for talent attraction and retention, and Vii) funding for research infrastructure. The description of each instrument addresses its definition, rationale, objective, and the specificities for use at regional level. The description also highlights the adaptation of the instrument over time, including changes in policy concepts or evolving context conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
About 70% of them have reported at least one trade policy targeting women's economic empowerment. Overall, in four years, almost half of the WTO membership has implemented trade policies in support of women (at least one). It simply provides examples of trade policies as reported by WTO members themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Responses to the open questions also indicated that research capacity was a crucial limiting factor. As with stratified medicine, most respondents did not distinguish between basic research and translational or implementation work, though two did comment on the need for more translation of research findings into practice. More pressing, it seems, was a sense that developments in genomic science and practice remain concentrated in major urban centres, with two respondents commenting on the difficulties of extending the scientific capacity for infectious disease control from key centres to the rest of the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)