albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The cantonal forest offices prepare forest management plans for all private forest owners. The importance of the forestry sector is not sufficiently recognized by the actors in forest policy and the public in general (i.e. the draft forestry' programme). This is reflected in the frequent discussions concerning competence between the various administrative and political levels (municipality, canton, Federation), especially with regard to the ownership, control and management of forest resources. The consequences are numerous and negative, from uncontrolled change of use of forestland and illegal activities through lack of intersectoral coordination to the neglect of private forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Value chains and business models -and associated revenue opportunities and incentives - have changed, and the impact on the supply of and the access to creative works is uncertain. This is not to say that the revenues of content creators, the content industry or others need be negatively affected. If the overall pie of revenues increases, original creators potentially stand to benefit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Since renewable generation disposes of the lowest marginal costs and generation follows demand, it replaces other baseload generation at times of high output. Consequently, the average load factor of baseload plants will decrease, which decreases income if they cannot compensate for this tendency with higher prices at times of low output. If income decreases, investments in new generation facilities will be postponed or cancelled. Therefore, the average load factor of baseload plants (= electricity generation/maximum possible generation) may be an important indicator for future investments. Thirdly, procedures, time and cost to obtain construction permits, inspections and network connections give an impression of the ability to realise new investments. Up to now, in network planning reserves are usually determined on the basis of deterministic “n-1” and “n-2” requirements, which require network operators to transport the power along a different route in case a contingency occurs (even when certain network components are not available due to planned outages, i.e. “n-2”).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The suggested approach by type of city is almost applicable to all types of cities, however, some key messages that each type of city should keep in mind as relatively high importance compared to other types are as follow: Type III cities (young cities, ageing slowly) need to bear in mind that such strategies will build the community’s understanding of the needs of older people in the long run, as well as of the demands of ageing societies that it will have to confront. Those strategies can provide instructive opportunities for learning to adjust to such changes. For Type II cities (young cities, ageing rapidly) whose generational balance is changing, such str ategies will become a key to a successful navigation to demographic change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In all industrialized countries, the rate of energy development has overtaken the rate of development of the other sectors. Economists estimate that global warming relates to issues of a strategic nature, so the "green" economy and investments in new technologies and approaches to mitigate climate change should receive full support. The effects of energy deficits on telecommunication facilities in rural and remote areas diminish the reliability of those facilities and the accessibility of ICT services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This is the case with health and education services, particularly in those areas heavily dependent on intangible investments (such as in R&D and skills), which may not require large sunk costs but do require ongoing investments to maintain and improve the services provided. However, externalities persist, and other market failures complicate their delivery. This is particularly the case where infrastructure provision is closely linked to networks. These characteristics are found mainly in the energy, water, public transport and telecommunications sectors, although variations exist within sectors, across countries and over time.2 These are, moreover, the sectors that have traditionally been seen as having a more direct impact on economic growth and structural transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Consequently, cities should support the business services development, including finance and information technology, and their linkages to industry. This requires both targeted and integrated urban economic policies. Governments attempting to select a location for industrial development should, for this reason, consider natural location-based characteristics as well as the powerful forces of infrastructure and agglomeration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For example, girls report being less frequently exposed to student-oriented instruction in mathematics class than boys do. Conversely, disadvantaged students, who are from the bottom quarter of the socioeconomic distribution in their countries, report more frequent exposure to these strategies than advantaged students do. Teachers might have reasons for teaching specific classes in the ways they do, and other factors, such as student motivation or disruptive behaviour, might be at play too.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A few MFIs in Latin America and India have ventured into this critical but challenging area. For example, the Peruvian microfinance institution Mibanco is offering its customers a line of credit entitled “urban upgrade”, to offer loans to communities who plan to upgrade water, electricity and road infrastructure in their neighbourhoods. These are individual loans for each community member but the funds are paid out directly to the project provider, contractor, or network installer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is not a common practice, however, particularly in rural areas. With a limited inheritance, women can end up without sufficient assets or resources to support themselves. For example, if a wife has no personal assets, she may find herself destitute and deprived of the marital home unless she has minor children in her care. This altered control over assets within families and increased parental investments in daughters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Total LGU spending increased from an average of 1.6% of GDP during 1985-91 to about 3% in the late 2000s, against 16.6% of GDP in the OECD area in 2015 (OECD, 2015b). While the central governments still undertake major “hard” public infrastructure investment (e.g. major roads, ports, airports), LGUs nonetheless have substantial expenditure responsibilities, for instance in the environment sector (e.g. solid waste disposal, water supply systems, seawalls and dikes, drainage and sewerage, flood control) (Department of Finance, 2015). However, LGUs have very limited ambitions for funding infrastructure development (OECD, 2015). In Metro Cebu, total expenditures reached around PHP 8.7 billion in 2014 (83.7% of total revenues), most of expenditures went for general public services (54% of total expenditures), follow'ed by social services (22.7%) and economic services (16.7%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Nevertheless, these estimates provide an up-to-date aggregate picture of climate finance in relation to the UNFCCC goal based on a transparent accounting framework. We hope that this new information about the volume of mobilised climate finance will be helpful in the context of the international climate negotiations leading up to COP21 in Paris at the end of 2015. Part I outlines the accounting framework for measuring and aggregating climate finance estimates. Part II describes progress towards the USD 100 billion a year by 2020 goal, looking both at estimates of public and private climate finance mobilised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This is despite (or because of) its attendant market deregulation, attrition of the public realm, and the increasingly crowded and competitive scramble for an advantageous spot in the emerging international division of labour. It has largely followed a supply-side approach, one that overlooks the fact that individuals are already integrated into the global economy, but on exclusionary terms that stem from prevailing rules, norms and policies. The global policy narrative on women’s economic empowerment, which seems to focus largely on their inclusion in markets, is an example of this limited perspective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The theme of “ungoverned areas” is connected to that of the so-called new threats, which, as defined by the late 1980s, cover such diverse subjects as terrorism, drug trafficking, illegal migration, organized crime, and handling of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) or of nuclear arsenals. Similarly, this approach touches upon discussions on failed states, weak states, and effective governance. The purpose of this chapter is to understand the nature of the “zones of low governability” once they have taken on relevance in discussions of international security and have had particular impact on the foreign policy of the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is a positive move as a well-designed funding formula can, under certain conditions, be the most efficient, equitable, stable and transparent method of funding schools. The scheme under piloting in 2014 has considerable scope for improvement. For instance, the envisaged new funding scheme provides no room for local governments to adjust the allocations to local needs and excludes some types of schools (e.g. gifted, small-class schools). Despite the fact that the formula is overly complex, it might not capture with enough accuracy class size, which greatly varies in Kazakhstan and strongly influences the costs of provision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In parallel, Hungary reformed its subsidy system, today, the subsidy is targeted towards areas that face very high costs of service. Municipalities can apply for central subsidies if the costs (before subsidy) faced by the residents exceed a certain threshold. In 2010, the threshold was HUF 321/m* (EUR 1.2/m*) for bulk water bought, HUF 485/m* (EUR 1.8/m*) for total residential water supply costs and HUF 985/m* (EUR 3.6/m*) for combined residential water supply and sanitation costs. Subsidy claims are resolved by an inter-ministerial committee, led by the Ministry of Rural Development, which allocates the total available budget appropriation taking into account criteria such as the residential water consumed during the previous year, the expected changes in water consumption, the effective and predicted costs of service and whether the claims of concerned municipalities are supported by the board of representatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In addition, flexibility between tertian,' and vocational education is limited, as is inter-disciplinarity in higher education programmes. Doctoral education often has little structure and is poorly funded. Participation in work-based education and training is rather low, as are higher education completion rates. Innovation and entrepreneurship education is primarily limited to business administration curricula, but interdisciplinary and extra-curricular courses are increasingly offered within Higher Education institutional entrepreneurship strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Researchers, journalists and activists have an important job to do by challenging these frameworks so that currently “unthinkable” courses of public and private action capable of addressing chronic poverty can be openly debated. So for example, it may be “unthinkable” for policy makers in a particular countiy to provide a social protection “floor” for consumption because this is held to generate dependency and to be unaffordable. The evidence from countries in the South shows that neither of these are true (Chapters 6 and 7). Politics - and the ways in which institutions work - are usually at the heart of the problem of chronic poverty. Yet because the chronically poor rarely organise themselves to put pressure on politicians or the political system, there is often little political motivation for change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wgl/WGlAR5_Chapterl3_FINAL.pdf. Plant photosynthesis is unable to compensate for such a huge C02 overload, resulting in a considerable increase in C02 levels in the atmosphere and a heightened greenhouse effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The article addresses both the question of which are the obligations of the States that have been ratified by the American Convention on Human Rights and have granted jurisdiction to the Inter American Court, as well as the general objective of identifying the elements of each obligation. The results are obtained through the development of a basic, deductive and descriptive research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Available at: http:// fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/62680.pdf Theodore, Karl (2000). The University of the West Indies (UWI), St Augustine. Available at: http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Commision_on_ Macroeconomic_and_Health_01_01.pdf Theodore, Karl and Althea D La Foucade (2001). ' The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Social Safety Nets: What Can the Caribbean Expect?' Available at: http://129.3.20.41/eps/hew/papers/0110/0110003.pdf Thomas, Andy (2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Like phytoplankton, these all provide food for higher trophic levels and, in the case of the juvenile stages, will develop into those higher levels (chap. Plankton of all kinds show an enormous range of biodiversity. A single litre of seawater can contain representatives of all major branches of the tree of life: archaea, bacteria and all major kingdoms of eukaryotes (chap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
At the same time, structural transformation is critical to economically sustainable growth and rising incomes. Together, structural transformation and rising incomes provide the means of overcoming one of the key constraints to development of the electricity sector — the inadequacy of demand. Rising household incomes increase domestic demand, and structural transformation leads to expanding demand for productive uses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The programme is being implemented with the support of the Inter American Development Bank, WWF and the Fundacion Gonzalo Rio Arronte, and is also focusing on establishing and protecting eflow reserves for the environment and reducing the vulnerability of river basins to climate change. During that time, up until the 1970s, water rights allocation was essentially done on a “first come, first served basis” and it was shaped around strong social concepts of equity. The water licenses granted by the country were allocated based on the pre-20th century economy, and did not foresee the huge demands the new economy would stake.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For example, some INDCs include detailed information on adaptation projects or programmes to be implemented, their timeframes, and the general aims and goals of adaptation. Other INDCs are unclear about whether actions mentioned are new or part of broader development actions, what the aims of these individual actions are, whether they are being implemented, and how progress towards them can be identified. A few countries include adaptation undertakings in an annex or an “other information” section, rather than a dedicated section on adaptation contributions. More than a dozen INDCs with adaptation components have dedicated sections that mention adaptation but provide no specific action plans or timeframes for implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As of 31 January 2013 for FY 2012-13. For further details on investment by sector, refer to Chapter 1. Source: Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development, Directorate of Investment and Company Registration. As for livestock and fisheries, investment may have targeted mainly poultry and both freshwater and marine fisheries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
From a standpoint of economic efficiency, there are no objections to the advancement of such social policy objectives as long as they are pursued in a market-compatible way, for instance through lumpsum transfers in the form of energy vouchers rather than through wholesale price reductions. Theoretically, a marginal increase in the security of supply - a reduction of the risk that consumers will experience physical interruptions of energy flows or extreme price volatility - should be equated to the marginal cost of achieving this increase. Only with theoretically unlimited willingness to pay could all security of supply risks be avoided, for instance, by installing systematic storage and back-up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This can be done in a qualitative manner, for example by discussing what burden shifting could occur from a certain design change or from the introduction of a new public policy. In contrast, life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a mainly quantitative methodology for compiling, analysing and generating life-cycle information. Inventory Analysis, where a model of the life-cycle is made and data on environmental emissions and resource consumption from the different processes across the life-cycle are collected or calculated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Throughout the Arab region, women tend to be seen as the principal home-makers (i.e. assuming reproductive functions), while men are considered to be the primary breadwinners (i.e. assuming productive functions). Surveys on women’s time use confirm that women spend far more time doing household chores and caring for children. It is particularly high in the GCC countries, reaching 6.7 in Qatar (UNESCO Institute for Statistics Data Centre, ‘Gross enrolment ratio, tertiary, gender parity index' indicator, httn://data.uis.unesco.org/l.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan all have advanced social protection systems. Social protection in these countries was at the heart of their development strategy during the period of post-war reconstruction and the high growth phase from the early 1960s to the late 1980s. Universal employment with retirement benefits, especially contributory pensions, universal education and universal health coverage were the three pillars of social protection in East Asia over the last three quarters of a century.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Artificial intelligence now includes capabilities in image recognition, problem solving and logical reasoning that sometimes exceed those of humans. Artificial intelligence, particularly in combinatbn with robotics, also has the potential to transform productbn processes and business, especially in manufacturing. So too does 3D printing, which can allow faster and cheaper low-volume production of oomplex products and components, and rapid iterative prototyping of new manufactured products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The CICC has been an important driver of policy development on climate and has engaged the main ministries in this area. In 2005, for example, SEMARNAT’s General Directorate of Environmental Information and Statistics established a National System of Environmental Indicators (SNIA) covering terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystems, among others. It comprises a set of 49 indicators of environmental performance plus three key headline indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Drawing on data from 35 advanced economies, it shows what the relative child poverty rate would be if governments did not intervene with taxes and transfers (light blue bar). It then compares this with the actual relative child poverty rate after all taxes are deducted and benefits paid (blue bar).The difference may be seen as one measure of the efforts and effectiveness of different governments in reducing relative child poverty. But some of the children and young people most at risk of poverty do not live in households, they live in institutions, in children's homes, in temporary accommodations, in hostels or hospitals, in prisons, in houses for refugees or asylum seekers, in mobile homes, or on the streets. It is also possible that some of the most at-risk children may be not represented in household surveys because they live in remote areas or in families and communities whose presence may be illegal and unregistered. Open Society Foundations, Budapest. A century later, and from a different ideological perspective, Karl Marx found himself in agreement, "Our needs and enjoyments spring from society, we measure them, therefore by society and not by the objects of their satisfaction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In particular, the analytical solution by Glover and Balmer (1954), while being one of the simplest, has been widely applied in a policy context (e.g. Jenkins, 1968, Nebraska DNR, 2007). This equation allows to derive the stream depletion caused by a specific well after a defined pumping period at a constant rate of impacts based on pumping rates, distance from the stream, aquifer coefficients (storage, transmissivity) and a complementary error function (see Annex 3.A for details). The equation can be modified to account for seasonal pumping. Similarly, other more sophisticated versions are available for surface-water groundwater interactions such as partially penetrating wells or streambed clogging (e.g. Hunt, 1999, Hunt, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the seven countries with significant drops in poverty levels, labour income accounted for at least three quarters of the variation in total per capita income. Transfers (public and private, including pensions and retirement benefits) and other income (capital income, imputed rent, and others) also helped bring the poverty rate down, albeit to a lesser degree. The discrepancy is due basically to the fact that the price deflator used by the Institute to adjust the indigence line —which reflects the variation in the prices of the specific products that make up the basic consumption basket— rose less than the deflator used by ECLAC, which reflects changes in food inflation and is therefore composed differently. The discrepancy is due to minor methodological differences related to the calculation of aggregate income and the value of the lines used. Changes in demographic factors, labour markets, the overall economic climate and institutional responses to poverty, along with falling poverty rates, could have gradually reshaped the profile of persons living in need. For analytical purposes, the poor population is divided into two groups: the indigent and the non-indigent poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In this way, eight planning periods for the modelling of one day and 2 920 planning periods for the modelling of one year are required. The finally realised operation of the single power plants and storages results from the combination of unit commitment decisions from the day-ahead planning period with a forecasting horizon of 36 hours and the successive planning periods with the shorter planning horizon. Stochastic programming enables, in addition to a point forecast, the consideration of the possible distribution of the wind and load forecast error. The forecast error distribution is depicted by scenario trees with discrete error levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)