albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In Cyprus, the preparation of ESD school plans have been officially incorporated in primary education and are currently being piloted in pre-primary education. At a later stage, they will be introduced in secondary education (Cyprus, 2014 informal report). The Cyprus Ministry of Education and Culture, through the Cyprus Pedagogical Institute, has written the Guide for implementing EE/ESD in school to support the design and implementation of school plans and to support teachers as they use include the EE/ESD curriculum in the framework of the school plan. In 2013, Finland suggested that approximately 40 per cent of schools have an SD plan in place, with another 11 per cent planning to do so.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The central government is also developing a portfolio of standardised projects to be promoted in regions with limited use of their share of STI royalty funds. This measure aims at enhancing the capacities of regional authorities in project design and ensuring that proposals meet the programme requirements. In particular, the programme establishes that the conditions of everyday work are clear to the applicants, including the challenges that might have to be faced, so as to ensure that jobs are offered to the candidates that best fit the job requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The excess intake of calories is another major global public-health concern, as overweight and obesity cause more than 2.8 million deaths per year among adults. On the demand side, population growth, rapid urbanization and consequent changes in consumption patterns will require additional food. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that food production will have to increase 70 per cent globally to feed an additional 2.3 billion people by 2050. At the same time, food demand has been shifting towards more resource-intensive agricultural products, such as livestock and dairy products, thereby exerting additional pressure on land, water and biodiversity resources. Many of the current agricultural practices have relied on cheap energy and abundant water and land, and are a leading source of greenhouse gas emissions (The Hague Conference, 2010). These practices are now proving unsustainable for the environment and health, due to contamination of air, land and water sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Research and development (R&D) are inherently dependent on public investment as they are capital intensive with long-time horizons and uncertain outcomes. Although private investment is typically prevalent in more applied R&D, which becomes an important driver of innovation, this is not yet the case in Kazakhstan. There is, therefore, a challenge to create incentives for private investments in R&D. Benefits could also be reaped from a systematic effort to adapt technologies developed elsewhere to local conditions, complemented by targeted R&D activities that address needs specific to Kazakhstan. An extension system is just beginning to develop in Kazakhstan. Well-coordinated education, R&D, and extension systems can contribute to strong productivity growth and the widespread adoption of sustainable farming practices. There is an additional rationale in Kazakhstan for a strong extension system in that, as a result of the transition period, several key commodity sectors in Kazakhstan are dominated today by either household producers or recent individual farmers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Further, the government programme 2015-19 includes for the first time a numerical target of 5% for innovative public procurement. This target is a strong encouragement to conduct innovation procurement. Innovation procurement takes part of the government’s strategic projects (bio-economy, clean-technologies, digitalisation, health) and embeds them into several national sector strategies and programmes (e.g. ICT 2015, Innovative Cities, intelligent transport, clean-tech strategy, etc.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Pogge considers that global-level failures to meet negative duties make it urgent to recognize the multiple and interconnected levels of poverty eradication. In particular, national solutions to poverty may be futile in the face of grave global inequalities, such inequalities, Pogge argues, stem from global institutional arrangements that impose unjust and avoidable burdens. Rex Martin and David A, Reidy, eds. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The protection afforded by EPL does not necessarily overlap with formal employment. Minimum wages as shares of national poverty lines are 2009 minimum wages expressed in 2005 PPP USD and compared to national poverty lines collected by Ravallion et al. ( Poverty lines are adjusted using the country-specific CPI and may not correspond to actual poverty lines in force at the time of writing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Slum dwellers in these countries often lack improved water sources, improved sanitation facilities, durable housing, sufficient living area or a combination of these four characteristics that now define ‘slums’. Improving the lives of the urban poor will therefore require large, multisectoral investments. Based on the experience of successful countries, a number of factors have been identified as prerequisites for meeting the slum reduction target at the national level: appropriate policies, access to basic services, security of land tenure, and harmonization of the definition of slums and methods for monitoring and evaluating them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Of the 54 such positions in OECD legislatures, women hold only 10 - a share of just 18.5% and only slightly above the worldwide average of 17.9% on 1st January 2016. The Netherlands is the only OECD country with women presiding in both upper and lower houses. Compared to 2010, when there were 8 female presiding officers out of 54, only two extra appointments have been made in the OECD (IPU, 2016). Numbers of female ministers, however, vary significantly from one year to another.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In particular, we have to make sure that people are capable of being in employment and earning wages that keep them and their families out of poverty.”**'* In Australia, for example, an independent report to die Fair Pay Commission proposes that “an increase to the minimum wage is one method of increasing family income and reducing child poverty.”*** Similarly, a 2007 study in Japan also proposes that “to improve the economic well-being of households with young children the first task is to ensure a minimum wage that maintains a reasonable living standard.”***' In the United Kingdom, the 2010 report of the National Equity Panel argues that “the minimum wage is a powerful tool in reducing labour market inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Using data collected from a survey experiment, we examine whether information about the nature of the interactions between the Supreme Court and Congress influences respondents’ assessments of the Court. We find that political sophistication is key to understanding how individuals incorporate the separation of powers context into their evaluations of the Court. Political sophisticates give the Court its highest assessments when told that the Court and Congress are often in disagreement, and that Congress is most responsible for this disagreement. Assessments of the Court are significantly lower, however, when sophisticates believe that high levels of disagreement between the Court and Congress are due to the Court’s actions and when these respondents believe that the Court and Congress agree a high proportion of the time. These results suggest that for political sophisticates, the Court’s institutional standing is related to the balance it strikes between deference to Congress and judicial independence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The private company R0KT owns the third wind farm located at Vestmanna. This wind farm consists of three wind turbines from 2003 with a total capacity of 2 MW. Eight of them (at Vestmanna, Ei5i and Strond) are located in the northern electricity grid, and two of them (at Botnur) are located in the southern electricity grid. The total capacity of the hydropower plants is 40 MW.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This paper presents the transition from the Liberal Classical State to the Contemporary State, sketches a brief history of that process and describes the concept of law and procedure in each one of these states, highlighting the liberal rationalist paradigm and neoconstitutionalism. Then it analyzes the principle of judicial control, discussing its history and current design in the light of the effectiveness of adjudication and the needs of the Contemporary State. It concludes by presenting the findings of these reflections on the principle of due process, stressing the need for action appropriate to the concrete case for an effective protection of substantive rights.Key words: constitution, access to justice, fundamental rights, contemporary State, civil procedure, constitutional principles of procedure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Yet, for policy-analysis purposes, looking at redistribution indicators alone is arguably not sufficient, as the perceived need for redistribution is unlikely to remain constant over time. This can be because inequalities before redistribution have changed, or because social attitudes towards inequality have become more or less egalitarian. For instance, with unchanged social attitudes towards inequality, a less equal distribution of market incomes would make a given extent of redistribution less costly in social-welfare terms, and more redistribution would be desirable in this case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Teachers Forum at 17CCEM called for a renewed focus on teacher professionalism within the broader context of the impact of the global recession and the potential changes in the migration patterns of teachers. In 2006, the Secretariat commissioned SAQA to conduct an eight country pilot study. The Commonwealth has benefitted from the professional expertise of SAQA, which is responding to national, regional and international needs in the area of professional qualifications and accreditation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition, such a selection provides a framework that enables consensus-building in this specific area. This rationale reflects the context of financial reports, for which different users share common needs. As discussed during the thirty-third session of the Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts, materiality has taken on a new dimension in the context of Goals-related reporting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Unless they focus on epidemiological debates, most thematic issues of social-science journals concentrate on research results, describing methods only as a means to an end. Nevertheless, the burgeoning field of research with children in the context of international rights-based programming has placed a new spotlight on epidemiological questions. What exactly (and what age) is a child when seen as the subject rather than object of research? How does this affect both methodology and method? Does the special social status of childhood imply new approaches and techniques, different ethical considerations, a novel role for researchers? Who should be a child researcher? What, indeed, are the human rights of children?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Mass development of algae can occur in hot summer periods, which causes elevated oxygen demand and affects water quality, especially in reservoirs. Due to erosion during flood periods, the level of turbidity of rivers becomes too high. There is no public information available on water quality for human consumption and there has not been positive evolution regarding the monitoring of water for human consumption, such as expansion to uncovered areas, an increase in the number of measured parameters and increased frequency of measurement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They can thus be an important policy lever to create a more inclusive society (Brys et al., However, Poland's tax system is one of the least redistributive in the OECD. One of the characteristics of the Polish tax system is the high SSCs that both employers and employees have to pay and the comparatively low personal income taxes (PIT) (Figure 3.1). Because SSCs are levied at proportional rates, the average tax wedge - or total tax burden on labour income including both SSCs and PIT - is relatively flat, meaning that it does not vary much along the income distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Inequalities that result from disparities in education, exclusion of poor groups due to ethnicity or similar grounds, or limited access to credit and services are hard for the poorest to overcome. On the other hand, removing market restrictions may compress labour returns to schooling that ultimately would help reduce inequality. Most LDCs experienced positive growth in per capita GDP. The rate of reduction of poverty and hunger, however, has not been commensurate widi economic growth. One reason for this is the rising inequality in income that most of these countries have experienced over the years (Table 3.6). There are various types of shocks, both idiosyncratic and covariate, that affect the lives of the poorest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Others, such as Pakistan, are only just developing policies. Sri Lanka and Bangladesh already have policies, but these appear to have little impact on the ground. Quite a few countries have policies that amount to integration, but not inclusion as defined here and in Article 24, for example Malaysia and Singapore.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Most scholarship on Supreme Court decision making assumes that justices’ ideological preferences exhibit a uniform impact on their choices across a variety of situations. I develop a theoretical framework positing the importance of case-level context in shaping the magnitude of ideological voting on the Court. I hypothesize how issue-related factors influence this magnitude. I test the hypotheses using a multilevel modeling framework on data from the 1953-2004 terms. The results provide support for several of the hypotheses, issue salience, issue attention, the authority for the decision (statutory interpretation versus constitutionality of federal or state laws), intercourt conflict, the presence of a lower court dissent, and mandatory versus discretionary jurisdiction all significantly influence ideological voting. Overall, the article adds significant qualifications to extant theories of judicial decision making by showing how ideological voting on the Court is shaped by the varying situations that con...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The results also confirm that the greatest inequality is within the African population and lowest within the White population. The table holds a useful caution. The actual magnitudes of the inequality measures that come from household sample surveys are much low'erthan the census estimates presented in the previous section of this paper and it is inequality measures such as these expenditure based estimates that are used in order to compare South African inequality in the post 2000 period to other countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Its 13 members include 9 governmental officials from the ministries of planning, finance, health, regional administration and environment and four representatives of the private sector, universities and other local bodies, such as the Union of Water Development Services. The council sets policies for the water sector and ratifies PWA plans and reports. The role of the Palestinian National Water Authority is to plan and oversee implementation of these policies through legislation, laws and management systems to ensure sustainable water use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Each utility generates revenues via user pay that reflect the costs of managing the infrastmcture in the region. Drinking water supply, sewerage and management of solid waste represent the majority of both operating and capital budgets, and are financed through utility fees. Property taxes account for a small portion of the regional budget, and support the Regional Parks system, as well as other services including Air Quality Management and Regional Planning activities. The Metro Vancouver Housing Corporation is financed almost entirely through rents paid by tenants. The budget represents a CAD 427 annual cost to the average regional household. While the fiscal mandate of LGUs was broadened by the Local Government Code 1991 to include revenue assignments, devolvement of expenditure responsibilities, intergovernmental transfers, and subnational debt/credit financing (Department of Finance, 2015), fiscal decentralisation has been limited in practice and authority and resources remain highly centralised: the proportion of total tax revenue collected by LGUs in the Philippines remains low at around 5.2% in 2013, and has not evolved since 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In this section we offer an independent view of progress to date, informed by our assessment of CRGE documentation, interviews with local and international stakeholders, and the October 2012 workshop. We focus on the Green Economy Strategy, the first of two strategic components of the CRGE. We believe that the CRGE has been a highly strategic exercise that could now be in a position to benefit from expanding its perspectives, and ensuring good alignment with the Climate Resilience Strategy, the second component of the CRGE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It also examines how biodiversity and forestry objectives have been mainstreamed into other key policy areas, such as agriculture and tourism, and provides recommendations for a more co-ordinated, coherent and strategic policy framework. It is home to 10-12% of the world’s biodiversity, and is one of 17 “mega-diverse” countries. Mexico has been ranked in the top five on a number of biodiversity indicators, including reptiles, mammals, amphibians and flora.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A mechanism to provide for informed public debate about the acceptable level of flood risk could be established. It could serve multiple purposes, including raising public aw'areness of flood risk, solidifying the willingness to pay for current and future flood protection to achieve high levels of safety in recognition of the associated costs, and reinforcing the social contract to commit to a safe Netherlands today and in the future that can secure steady financial flows for flood protection. Recognise that the pace of implementation of flood protection measures determines the de facto level of safety at any point in time. The programme of measures to improve defence structures that do not meet the standards and the timeline for implementation should be determined in light of what is considered by society as an acceptable level of risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This section addresses the challenges and needs of persons with disabilities by providing the international normative frameworks pertaining to inclusive cities and human settlements and examines available national policies and best practices. The experience of persons with disabilities in urban and rural settings is also analysed in order to identify targeted actions to achieve Goal 11 in both settings. The resilience aspect is discussed in the section on hazards, shocks and disasters (targets 1.5 and 11.5 and Goal 13).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Implementation will be difficult, because of the proliferation of new, uncoordinated planning mechanisms and the prescriptive approach of Grenelle, which runs counter to the current trend toward greater flexibility in planning (planning by ordonnance). In the Paris-IDF region, such coordination is bound to be complicated due to its position as a global metropolis viewed by the government as strategic, the many players involved in its governance, the fragmentation of fields of intervention, and the diffuse and often opaque nature of the decision-making process. This is all the more true when one attempts to describe “the system of green growth governance in Ile-de-France,” as “green growth” is not currently the explicit object of governance. The region is characterised by a surfeit of administrations - the famous institutional millefeuille comprising nearly 1 300 communes - which frustrates horizontal and vertical coordination among public players. Consequently, it is difficult to strike a consensus on a coherent and shared vision of the region. This fragmentation of local authorities is a handicap for green growth, which requires coordinated spatial approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The gender gap is wider within indigenous populations in all countries with respect to the amount of time spent on unpaid work. Indigenous women may spend up to eight hours more per week on unpaid work than non-lndigenous women, as is the case in Mexico. This underscores the importance of considering the strict sexual division of labour in indigenous households, the need for care policies and basic infrastructure to support indigenous families, particularly those living in rural areas, and the barriers to women's economic autonomy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The ILO Skills for Trade and Economy Diversification tool is being used to identify how skills can boost productivity and competitiveness in the sector. The project focuses particularly on the skills needed for the success of small and medium sized tourism enterprises and is partnering with provincial government departments of tourism and labour, employers, workers and education and training institutions. Based on identified skills gaps and needs, the project is preparing a skills strategy which recognises the need to upgrade skills in SMEs and improve marketing and planning business capabilities, with capacity develop implications for relevant technical vocational education and training institutions and local government stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This is similar to the level in 2000-01. Expressed as a percentage of GDP, the %TSE provides an indication of the cost that support to the agricultural sector places on the overall economy. Its value depends on the degree to which the agricultural sector is supported in a country, the size of this sector and its importance relative to the overall economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Its overall aim was to “conserve, restore and sustainably use the biological diversity of Turkmenistan for present and future generations”. The Plan was not formally approved by the President or Government, which reduced its overall policy impact. However, based on Turkmenistan’s 2009 Fourth Report on implementation of CBD, and ongoing legislative and institutional development processes, it would appear that most of the activities towards these objectives are still in progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
But the real strength of the CDM was the flow of actual North-South investment it enabled, which was an order of magnitude greater than the flow of CDM revenues. Used in combination with other policies, it can be a tool to help develop domestic capacity to produce such goods. All that said, the question remains what practical steps can be taken to effect the mutual supportiveness that both regimes desire.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Spark Programme (1986-2015) was the first plan implemented to revitalise the Chinese rural economy through science and technology. It provided technology training to farmers, so as to change their traditional production methods for more technologically advanced ones. The Envoy System has also been implemented in China since 2002 to promote innovation in rural areas by sending qualified science and technology specialists to those areas to provide farmers with S&T services, including demonstrations, training and advice. More recently, S&T envoys’ tasks switched from agricultural technology services to helping farmers set up as S&T entrepreneurs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)