albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
How robust is coordinated decentralization in socio-economic governance, especially in wage bargaining, when national economies are torn between internationalization on the one hand and decentralization or increased internal diversity on the other? How should the national state influence the behaviour of trade unions and employers’ organizations? What constitutes an effective public policy towards industrial relations? Are there any general design principles for such policies? These are the questions that we seek to answer in this article, mainly using the Dutch consultation economy as our example.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Unfortunately, three ASEAN countries - Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar- are not explicitly modelled, but are nevertheless included in a regional aggregate with other countries which precludes calculations of caloric statistics for each of these but allow an estimation of the PoU, number of undernourished and the depth of undernourishment by applying the regional result to the countries. The evolution of the PoU is then projected to 2024 using results from the OECD-FAO AGLINK-COSIMO model (see Tallard, Liapis and Pilgrim, 2016, Annex 2.A1). For the region in total, the number of undernourished individuals is projected to fall by almost 13 million relative to 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A high population concentration in the low-elevation coastal zone (defined as less than 10 meters elevation) increases a country’s vulnerability to sea-level rise and other coastal hazards such as storm surges. Violation of bathing quality standards poses health risks for the population as well economic risks to the tourism sector. The indicator also provides information on the effectiveness of environmental regulation, especially with regard to wastewater and marine pollution caused by ships. Stocks that are “Overexploited”, “Depleted” and “Recovering” are outside their maximum biological productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There is a consensus that environmental law is complex and that integration is legitimate. But living in a small, highly developed and densely populated country leads to pressures on the environment and conflicting interests, which will not be solved by integration of legislation alone. In that framework, shifting tasks and responsibilities to other authorities requires specific mechanisms to ensure accountability. To that effect, the Environmental Planning Act aims at efficiency (fewer rules, more opportunities for economic development and “better regulation”), protection supporting the positive development of integrated water management, and integration in line with economic development keeping a balance between long-term environmental goals and short-term economic interests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article argues that contending ideas about autonomy lie behind current discourses of human rights, claims to nation-state and cultural autonomy, and democracy promotion. Globalizing processes are bringing these contested understandings of autonomy, and their often silent framing within assumptions about sovereignty, into a new prominence. Locating itself within agonistic views of autonomy and politics, the article argues that it is necessary to pay closer attention to the perspectives that feminist and postcolonial analyses bring to understanding how autonomy, community, culture, and nation are co-constructed within imaginaries, such as liberal multiculturalism, that are no longer adequate to current demands for justice. To succeed, this renewed attention needs to locate itself within an effort to rethink academic community and the research protocols and collaborative practices this community permits and legitimizes. Este articulo sostiene que las ideas contendientes sobre la autonomia yacen detras d...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Would they make teaching and learning more effective, more relevant, and more enjoyable? The Catalyst Initiative is an education grant programme initiated and supported by Hewlett Packard’s (HP) Sustainability and Social Innovation team. Many education systems increasingly recognise the importance of developing students’ skills and understanding for tomorrow’s innovation societies. Catalyst projects explore how innovative pedagogic models supported by technology might help develop student skills and understanding within science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) subjects. Moreover, the HP Catalyst Initiative is an excellent example of how partners from the industry can help to foster innovation in education. This chapter will discuss some innovative examples of successful technology-supported teaching and learning interventions, based on the OECD/CERI work on the HP Catalyst Initiative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In rural areas, however, there appear to be three unique factors rather than two. Nutrition and health, both measured at the individual level, load together on the first factor (0.80 and 0.78, respectively). As in urban areas, water and sanitation are loaded together, but now in combination with information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, there is a poor record of civil society participation and partnership in the implementation of plans and strategies that exist to support cultural and heritage preservation. For cities, culture appears as an economic asset, a social good and a productive and dynamic process that undergoes continuous change.*" Many cities around the world contain a historical core with various forms of cultural and natural heritage that have resisted forces of urbanization and modernization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This is a step forward in transparency and steering. The new model can be expected to improve basic conditions for teaching and research, such as the ratio of professors to students. However, its impact on research excellence may be less than expected, as research funding is not linked to any indicator of research output.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Political processes are frequently delayed when the attention of governments shifts towards a more pressing topic or if a government changes. That is, relying on fossil fuel capacity can be extremely profitable under one framework or they can be financially disastrous in another. Thinking in terms of real options, investors would wait until the policy framework is clarified, before committing to a make a final investment decision. But indefinitely delaying decisions carries the risk of tightening supply conditions and deterioration of security of supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The challenge for countries in the South is to ensure equity in access to health and education services and basic quality standards to prevent a dual-track service industry that provides low-quality public services (or none at all) to the poor and higher quality private services to the rich. Poor people have no alternatives to a public system, while wealthier people can pay for private services. Such dynamics entrench inequalities, reduce social integration and undermine sustainable human development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Also, a special regulation forbids new commercial salmonid aquaculture sites within designated national salmon fjords. The aim is to stimulate the municipal authorities to draft and update local development plans. In addition, municipal authorities were given powers to levy a property tax on farming facilities in seawater from 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Inclusion of recycled fibres is perhaps most relevant for rapidly discarded fast fashion and least relevant for textiles whose active lifetime is determined by technical durability e.g. bed-linen, towels, basic underwear etc. Otherwise there is a risk that companies could produce pre-consumer waste on purpose just to be able to declare use of this in recycled content. A solution might be to include a separate ecodesign criterion for maximum waste level in production processes of textile products. There would also be a need for control of hazardous content in recycled content.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This is particularly the case for ICT enterprises, where the need for technicians could be filled through these schools. Linking to government objectives and recognizing the role of technical and vocational education training (TVET) institutions in developing skills, ITC and the Gambia's National Accreditation and Quality Assurance Authority launched in February 2017 the Skills for Youth Employment (SKYE) Fund with two goals. The second is to provide entrepreneurship support for those that pursue self-employment opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Relative poverty rates after taxes and transfers (threshold of 50% of the median income). In addition, buying a house is generally seen as a low risk investment compared to other types of assets (Koutsampelas and Tsakolglou, 2008). Home ownership may also be seen as buffer against social risks, addressing shortcomings in the Greek welfare system (Hoekstra, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, a culture of conservation is deeply rooted in Palau’s society, and the efficient use of the resources available is therefore of high importance. One of the actions taken to enhance the efficient use of resources was to increase collaboration between different projects through the opportunities provided by the creation of an informal partnership, Palau's Conservation Consortium, as detailed in (Case study 3, pg. Resource sharing (both human and financial) can facilitate reduction of project implementation costs while information sharing among members reduces duplication of work and ensures similar projects can be implemented coherently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, information on the extent of the problem, its future projections, and the contribution of fanners to water challenges likely vary significantly from India to China and the United States. Large companies operating in the United States may also be more proactive than in the two other countries due to their capacity to provide flexible responses. Just like companies harvesting lettuce in California are able to change location three times a year to respond to climatic conditions, they may also be able to adapt to changing water supply and climatic conditions. In particular, governments should address exogenous risks by increasing the probability of response by farmers (0). This can be done, for instance, by providing more and better information on the cost of inaction and supporting effective response, but it may also involve regulatory instruments that will ensure that fanners take actions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, public opinion, social forces and political pressures have ensured that policy attention and resources disproportionately favour the latter. Once the relevant subsets of full costs receive appropriate attention from the public, the media and policy makers, the different manners to proceed towards internalisation can be better understood. Price- and market-based measures such as taxes, prices, subsidies, the allocation of property rights and market creation. Norms, standards and regulations, which are the default measure of policy making. When the lives of millions of people are at stake, governments have an obligation to put into place incentive structures that reduce transaction costs and enable new allocations that allow for large welfare improvements so as to address key issues such as air pollution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Every immigrant group grapples with issues of separation, belonging, and identity. The diaspora can be for some a place of refuge, for others a hostile environment, and yet for others a welcome albeit temporary abode. Responses and coping strategies may be determined by the political culture and immigration policies of the host country, political and economic conditions in the homeland, and the social class and cultural values of the immigrant. The literature on immigration tends to distinguish among the French, German, and American models of immigration, integration, and citizenship.1 Democratic polities have different democratic arrangements, and the U.S. model is said to recognize ethnic, religious, cultural, and sexual communities as playing roles in political life—even though the downside of the model has been the existence of ghettoes, inner-city slums, de facto discrimination, and public debates about integration and bilingual education.2
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Between 2000 and 2010, the total support of the RES Act amounted to EUR 61.7 billion, far exceeding prior government expectations and increasing sharply over the past few' years. In 2010, feed-in tariffs amounted to around EUR 13.2 billion (0.5% of GDP). This is notably due to the strong development of photovoltaics, boosted by generous feed-in tariffs and a sharp decline in costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The comparison of GDP per capita elasticities across a allows for assessing the distributional effects of GDP per capita growth. Severe under-representation of top-income household in surveys could account in part the low elasticity even at the level of average household, if this group has benefited from a growing share of total income, as has been documented in several countries (Atkinson et al., In fact, it is now consensually established that household surveys tend to be representative of the 99% of the income distribution but fail to capture the top 1%. In addition, such underreporting pattern has been growing over time (Burkhauser et al., It is assumed that GDP per capita drives long-run levels of household incomes across the distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
By comparing the relative importance in 2030 GHG emissions of these countries, the abatement share of this solution is higher for Poland (2.5%) and lower for Ukraine (0.6%). As there are no cost figures for the target countries of this study, this has been estimated as the closest proxy value for that. In addition, PPP adjustment was made by using IMF's data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In 1980, just before the debt crisis and in contrast with the experience of the rest of Latin America, almost all Costa Ricans had formal jobs and high-quality social services. To explain this double social and market incorporation, the present article calls into question the role of land distribution, high-quality public institutions and democracy. Instead of these, it focuses on the State-building process whereby a small emerging elite of business owners and urban professionals, drawing on and adapting international ideas, used public policy to deal with social conflict and expand their own economic opportunities. Looking beyond Costa Rica, this analysis is particularly germane at a time of growing emphasis on the political economy of public policy and the still inadequate attention paid to the elites involved in designing it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The SINP hosts a website devoted to Natura 2000 w'ith an interactive map and an explanation of the consultation process concerning the establishment of the national Natura 2000 ecological network (http ://www'.natura2000.hr/Home .aspx). Some species are currently monitored: large carnivores and some bird species. A regionally dispersed team is needed to be able to monitor all Natura 2000 species and habitats at national level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The aim of the article is to analyze the processes of anti-democratization as a violation of the idea of the rule of law in the context of changes and directions of criminal policy and criminal justice system, on the example of Polish legislation. Activity of the legislator in the field of criminal law was confronted with the liberal-democratic philosophy of criminal law, which searches for the justification for punitive repression in a social consensus, fair procedures for reaching an agreement, and democratic mechanisms, while maintaining the ideals of social and axiological pluralism. These are the limits of the recognition of criminal law as just. Anti-democratization means that limits are exceeded, which constitutes a precedent and a challenge for the contemporary philosophy of criminal law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The results with respect to skill intensity suggest that firms with relatively high levels of average skill intensity tend to smooth employment more than other firms. This is likely to reflect the possibility that more skilled workers possess higher levels of firm-specific human capital. The role of export status was also considered but did not yield any conclusive results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
To incentivise the construction of green buildings, building owners are provided Real Property tax (RPT) rebates, instalment payment of permit fees, Green Building Tax Credits and higher Floor Area Ration (FAR), all of which are dependent on the BERDE Certification of the buildings. In addition, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation adjudged Mandaue City in 2015 as a low carbon model town for its programmes promoting low-caibon technologies that were well aligned to reduce growing energy consumption as well as caibon emissions. Additionally, post occupancy evaluation of building is important as well since the feedback helps to design better infrastructure and behaviour solutions responsive to stakeholders’ needs and environmental sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In Iceland, Ireland, Israel and Spain, young men are more likely than young women to be NEET, although the gap is small. Factors affecting NEET rates include high participation of youth in the informal sector, negative experiences at school as well as social and behavioural problems. In OECD countries, girls entering the labour market have comparable and often higher education levels than boys.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It has more recently expanded to trade finance. Financial documents present within the blockchain are reviewed in real time and the contract execution is decentralized, decreasing the time it takes to initiate shipment and monitor the delivery of goods. The first blockchain technology introduced into trade finance, between Irish cooperative Ornua and Seychelles Trading Company, reduced the usual transaction time of seven to 10 days to less than four hours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This paper analyzes recent policy initiatives designed to stimulate innovative entrepreneurship in Hong Kong. I construct a conceptual framework informed by the theory of market failure and posit five key obstacles to innovative entrepreneurship in order to examine Hong Kong's efforts through public policy to strengthen innovative entrepreneurship and to offer broad policy prescriptions. Aligning the initiatives undertaken in Hong Kong with the barriers that inform the conceptual framework contributes to scholarship in the area of innovative entrepreneurship, lays the foundation for future research to match policy measures with outcomes in Hong Kong, and aids cross-cultural research to determine whether aspects of the framing are specific or generalizeable. Copyright © 2011 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since then, this field has become an area of research excellence in Costa Rica. The creation of the University of Costa Rica (UCR) in 1940, the country's first public university, created new momentum for S&T-related capacity building promoted by the government through both increased public investment and institution building. Following the 1948 Civil War and the abolition of the army in 1949, the government increased budgetary resources for science, technology and innovation (STI) infrastructure, education, and the formation of human capital. These agencies were often funded through extra-budgetary sources such as trust funds or excise taxes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There has been some reported success in reducing global poverty levels. The number of people living on less than $ 1.25 a day in developing countries is said to have declined from 1.94 billion to 1.20 billion between 1981 and 2010 (figure 1.1). In addition, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty dropped from 52 to 21 per cent over the period 1981-2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Part 1 Sources and influences: the Roman republic the Principate the Dominate the Dark Ages the rebirth of civil law humanism and the age of reason codification an historical overview of modern civil law. Part 2 Private law: the law of persons and the family family property and succession the law of property the law of obligations the law of actions. Part 3 Public law: the concept and functions of the state the law of civil procedure criminal justice administrative justice the legal profession. Conclusion - the future of civil law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Policy efforts to boost production are unlikely to succeed without adequate attention to improvements in these areas. This can bring substantial long-term gains to agricultural producers through the establishment of more favourable price formation conditions and, ultimately, higher agricultural incomes. The benefits would also accrue to other agents of the supply chain, including food consumers for whom more competitive food chains would provide higher quality products. Improvements in hard and soft infrastructure beyond the farm gate largely depend on the provision of adequate general services and properly functioning market institutions, areas where public support could be most appropriately directed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Furthermore, despite being threatened by climate change, agriculture also contributes to it. Without seeking to be exhaustive, it considers four broad sub-dimensions which are critical to an agricultural sector that facilitate economic growth and well-being across the population. Agricultural policy: Do agricultural policies and instruments provide incentives for farmers to meet market demand for agricultural products efficiently?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As with the earlier industrialisation process, other circumstances w ere also supportive of growth in the mobile telephone business. The fragmented historical structure of Finnish telecommunications meant there was local strength in network interconnection issues, which are fundamental to mobile systems which initially functioned as access networks to the existing wired infrastructure. The state was part of the Nordic consortium that developed the second-generation Nordic Mobile Telephone standard, upon whose system architecture the third-generation GSM system was built. Nokia was therefore well placed to ride the wave of expansion as the technological shift to the third generation transformed the mobile phone into a mass-market product.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Collision between vehicles driving straight in the opposite direction, 10. Collision between a vehicle driving straight and a vehicle making a U-turn, 11. Collision between a vehicle driving straight and a vehicle entering from non-public road ways (car park, pedestrian way), 12. Collision between vehicles during parking, 13. Collision between vehicles with other reasons, 14.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
But regions remain restricted by the loss of the “general competence clause” and the principle that no government can exert oversight over other governments where it lacks clear jurisdiction. Both France and Austria have established regular conferences that provide such structure, but at different scales and for different topics. France’s Territorial Conferences for Public Action focus on dialogue between regions and local authorities and are open to a range of thematic areas whereas the Austrian Conference on Spatial Planning assembles representatives from all levels of government and is specifically targeted to address spatial planning issues. They were established (mandated) as part of the MAPTAM law (2014) and are intended to strengthen dialogue between local authorities (including EPCI) and the region and to co-ordinate responsibilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)