albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This chapter proceeds in three steps. I first briefly outline the principal theories that justify secession. Next, I analyze the evolution of secession in international law and in international practice, as a corollary of the right of all peoples to self-determination. Finally, in the last Section, I turn to the relationship between secession and constitutionalism and ask whether the constitutionalization of the right to secede can, in particular context, be regarded as a constructive response to secessionist challenges and what its implications are for constitutional law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The important aspect is that the mode cannot be perceived as inferior compared to car, since in that case the downward move would not be achieved or it would be negligible only. A research10 about Australian, European and North American cities on congestion relief from high quality public transport suggests that it is valued at an average of $0.45 (Aus$2008) per marginal public transport-vehicle km of travel, if both travel time and vehicle operating costs are considered. The relief can span however from $0,044 to $ 1.51 with higher values for urban areas or rather urban traffic corridors with greater degrees of traffic congestion. Furthermore, the combined benefits of rail and bus transport significantly exceed total public transport subsidies. Overall, if these passengers were not transported by public transportation systems they would have contributed an additional delay of almost 865 million hours or about a 15 per cent increase in the total delay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
More than 60 per cent of Ulaanbaatar’s population lives in periurban informal settlements, known as ger districts, which lack access to modem infrastructure such as piped water, sanitation, paved roads and public transportation. Unplanned expansion of the capital city and rapid migration from rural areas have brought many challenges, including unemployment, traffic congestion, air pollution, soil pollution and the extension of the ger districts. Agricultural land area dropped dramatically by 14.590 million ha from 2002 to 2003, as many areas were transformed into special protected areas. Note: Total area: 156.41 million ha. Whereas the term more commonly used in Mongolia is pastureland, this land should more accurately be described as rangeland because it grows primarily native vegetation and serves as a habitat for wildlife, including many grazers, predators and critically endangered birds, in addition to being used for nomadic livestock herding and haymaking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The elimination of child labour is fundamental to promoting better employment prospects for youth. Children need time and energy to participate fully in relevant and good quality education to become skilled youth able to meet the demands of the labour market or become successful entrepren have higher incomes as youth and adults through inc: or employees. The share of wage employment increases with education and is much higher among university educated youth and adults than among those with no or little education. Everything else being equal, not working in farming has a stronger influence on the likelihood of being wage employed than having tertiary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Rainfall in dryland areas is characterized by an erratic and non-uniform distribution that results in frequent dry spells during the monsoon. A direct relationship exists between consumptive evapotranspiration (ET) water use and crop growth/yield. Rockstrom, Hatibu and Oweis (2007) explained that if all the green water captured in the root zone is utilized fully by the crop, yields of 3 tonnes per hectare are achievable in rain-fed agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Other combinations of distance-to-coast and elevation may be used as definition of coastal zones. Another approach is to measure the population living in river delta areas, which are important areas at the land-ocean interface. The indicator quantifies an important driver of coastal ecosystem pressure, and it also quantifies an important component of vulnerability to sea-level rise and other coastal hazards. Among the most important pressures are habitat conversion, land cover change, pollutant loads, and introduction of invasive species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The application of clear licensing criteria should underpin this in practice. Creation of academic departments ofprimary care in Mexican medical schools to undertake research in primary care, develop clinical guidelines specific to primary' care, as well as teach the speciality, would support this. Development of the information infrastructure underlying primary care will also be critical, so that a richer picture of the effectiveness, safety and patient centredness of primary care can be built. Candidate indicators would be around prevention and management of chronic diseases, elderly care, child health and mental health care, as well as patient experience. Linked to this, Mexico should consider the introduction of a system to allow all patients to register formally with a named primary care specialist, as happens in the SS institutes and in many other OECD health systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In its judgment of 13 February 2019 in the case of Tomanovic et.al. v. the European Union et.al., the English High Court of Justice dismissed several claims based on human rights violations by EULEX Kosovo. Although the High Court’s dismissal was ultimately based on the lacking incorporation of the Treaty provisions on the Common Foreign and Security Policy into domestic law, the judgment contains extensive obiter dicta discussing key Union law matters. In this Insight I summarize, contextualize and reflect critically upon the High Court’s reasoning. In particular, I focus on the extent of the Court of Justice’s jurisdiction over – and the application of the Foto-Frost principle to – the CFSP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The inference is that poverty may have a different social significance in countries of similar income levels and that richer countries may have greater scope for engaging in a national debate about what poverty is and who should be classified as poor. Setting a poverty threshold is therefore a technical exercise of an extremely political nature, which can serve an increasingly important social cohesion goal, as countries’ average living standards improve and grow. Locally weighted regression lines approximate the economic gradients of both sets of poverty lines, above USD 1.25/day.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
But feasibility is often limited due to considerations of political, financial and capacity, and this complicates the implementation of central government decisions at the sub-national level. In Greece, Israel and Italy, the absence of monitoring and evaluation of water policy outcomes were considered important obstacles to water policy implementation at the territorial level. In Israel, the outcome of national water policies is not always quantified in a timely manner, due to difficulties in obtaining the relevant data from the IWA database. A complete reorganisation of the database is needed to provide clear results from policy changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Budgetary support to the fisheries industry totalled RMB 129 billion (USD 19.4 billion) during the 2010-15, a record amount and a 154% increase from the previous five-year plan period. The diesel fuel subsidy was put in place after a sharp price rise in 2006. The subsidy was distributed according to the power of the fishing vessel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
At its 10th meeting, on 15 May, the Forum considered agenda item 4 jointly with items 3, 5, 6, 7 (Multi-stakeholder dialogue) and 9. For its consideration of the item, the Forum had before it the report of the Secretary-General on the means of implementation for sustainable forest management and forest law enforcement and governance at all levels (E/CN. At its 2nd meeting, on 5 May, the Forum heard an introductory statement by the Director of the Forum secretariat. The Forum considered agenda item 5, jointly with item 3 (Forests: progress, challenges and the way forward for the international arrangement on forests), item 4 (Means of implementation for sustainable forest management and forest law enforcement and governance at all levels), item 6 (Regional and subregional inputs), item 8 (High-level segment) and item 9 (Forum Trust Fund), at its 2nd and 3rd meetings, on 4 May 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In practical terms, these measures include investing in the capacity to understand contextual risk, and building feedback, evidence and reflexive and dynamic analysis into programming to allow for the early detection and management of risks. For example, Australia combines the partial use of country systems where capacity is assessed as being low, with investments to improve public financial management. Other donors have devised specialised instruments to balance the multiple requirements to use and strengthen local systems with managing fiduciary risk (Box 7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The MoEP is currently promoting mapping and the preparation of detailed plans for rivers, in accordance with their specific ecological systems’ requirements. Expenditure is expected to increase to some USD 1 billion/year between 2011 and 2020, in order to finance the upgrade of all wastewater treatment facilities to at least tertiary level as well as the construction of new and expanded wastewater treatment facilities. These reported costs are approximations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For example, the Republic of Korea suspended production in the Kaesung Industrial Zone in February 2016 to protest nuclear testing by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. On the outlook for the future, the economy is likely to experience a slowdown in 2016, mainly due to China’s lower demand for minerals. Growth performance was, nonetheless, weaker than expected amid the economic slowdown in China which constrained business investment and exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These include feasibility and viability after the project funding period. Based on the grading, the LAG will prioritise, select and provide partial funding for projects. The reasons, it was assumed, included lack of time and organization among fishers. In order to overcome these barriers, the LAG representative responsible for the ESSF together with the County Administrative Board made a comprehensive SWOT analysis to map potentials and constraints for the development of coastal fisheries in Oresund.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In Australia and India, both biofuels are subject to the same import tariff rates. It focuses on two key elements. The first section discusses the economic model used for the analysis, highlighting in particular the elements of the model most relevant for modelling the analysed stages in the supply chain, i.e. the markets for fertilisers, agricultural products and biofuels, as well as the representation of fertiliser and biofuel supply policies. The second section outlines the reference and various counterfactual scenarios calculated, presents some of the key assumptions and discusses the way the implications of fertiliser and biofuel policies for markets and agricultural incomes are assessed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The present contribution is devoted to analyzing recent developments in selected aspects of European Union civil service law. Such analysis will help us to assess the soundness of the prevailing approach to judicial review of legislative acts and to judicial control over individual acts affecting the rights of European Union civil service workers. Case law on the equality principle is scrutinized, with the suggestion being made that, at times, such case-law shows an excessive deference towards the European Union legislator, or that, at least, more precise reasoning could be needed in this field. A review of case-law concerning the rights and duties of temporary staff workers is also carried out, and reveals the need to strengthen the scrutiny exercised by the European Courts, and above all by the Civil Service Tribunal, in cases of alleged discriminatory dismissal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In London, such cameras are now being used to enforce 20 mph (30 km/h) zones. So drivers have not just been scared into compliance, they have been persuaded to do so. That, no doubt, helps to explain the general improvement in compliance which extends far beyond the well-publicised sites of speed cameras.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For instance, the European Progress Microfinance Facility Programme implemented in Lithuania addresses the barriers women micro-entrepreneurs face in accessing financial services. This is particularly the case of inclusive innovation policies that foster entrepreneurship among disadvantaged or underrepresented groups, such as Competitive Start Fund for Female Entrepreneurs in Ireland, as well as those that promote the development of innovative solutions for regional challenges, such as the Prototypes of Social Innovation programme in Chile. Some of these new activities may serve the needs of more disadvantaged or excluded groups, or geographical areas that were previously underserved, thus improving the well-being of these populations (OECD, 2015f).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The top four development banks in terms of clean-energy financing over 2007-2011 were: KfW (USD 98.3 billion), Chinese Development Bank (USD 45.1 billion), European Investment Bank (USD 41.9 billion) and BNDES (USD 34.7 billion). Together they contributed 81.8% of the USD 268.8 billion. In Chile pension funds played an important role in equity financing of privatised electricity companies in the 1990s, Walsh et al., As of July 2007, government short-term securities represented nearly 40% of total assets of the pension funds in Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Cape Verde and Madagascar, Irving and Manroth, 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Apart from gaps relating to management effectiveness, there is also inadequate understanding of ecosystem services derived from these protected areas, this aspect is of particular importance given that one of the stated goals of the protected area network is valorization of biodiversity. It is also of relevance given the close links between conservation and socioeconomic concerns in the country, as discussed further below. It was noted, however, that authorities face challenges in assimilating and keeping up with the rapid stream of management concepts that constantly emerge in this field (e.g. ecosystem services, adaptation, and resilience-building), particularly given limited (and in many cases, overstretched) human resources - this points to several opportunities for improved, mutually supportive policy-academic partnerships. There are also information/assessment needs relating to conservation designations that fall outside the national park system. For example, the most recent assessment data concerning Important Bird Areas (IBAs) dates back to 2001. Human population in Morocco is presently calculated at approximately 32 million, and this figure is projected to increase to around 41 million by 2050.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In countries where national qualifications frameworks have been used to reduce unnecessary overlaps, their success has been partial (Coles, 2006). Arguably, NQFs including competence-based qualifications and national standards for occupations could increase clarity about the competences, skills and qualifications in demand on the labour market (Coles, 2006). This section provides an account of these. Choices regarding each dimension depend on the national context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Legal empowerment of the poor and its relation to pro-poor growth). These in turn contribute to further processes of empowerment, for example through access to better-quality services and legal changes to social and political status which shape patterns of growth that are inclusive and equitable. Donors can support various collective actions, including advocacy for legislative change, trades unions (Good Practice Note 5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It serves as a resource and forum for agencies, aiming to achieve a comprehensive federal government approach to policy on women and girls. The Council members are the heads of every federal agency and major White House office, reinforcing the statement of former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright that in “our government, responsibility for the advancement of women is not the job of any one agency, it’s the job of all of them.” After analysing each federal agency’s focus on women, the Council works to ensure that each agency is directly improving the economic status of women, as well as developing and evaluating policies that establish a balance between work and family. The Council has also focused on finding new ways to prevent violence against women through co-operation with the Vice President and the Justice Department’s Office of Violence Against Women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
An international body charged with identifying appropriate actions, co-ordinating responses and monitoring implementation of an information system would facilitate more transparent and consistent information, disseminated on a timely and coordinated basis. Country requests to the two organisations for capacity building in the development of in-house outlook and market analysis capabilities using the AGLINK-COSIMO model have increased recently in response to the volatile market situation. Co-operation agreements are under development with Brazil and China, and India has expressed an interest in greater collaboration in the areas of agricultural outlook and food security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They might yield major GHG reductions, but at the cost of considerable social upheaval, as well as removing what can be the ecologically optimal use of rangelands. Indeed, this proposal faces so many cultural constraints that it is probably the clearest example of the need to conduct environmental and social impact assessments (ESIAs) of all the CRGE proposals, to ensure they are both ‘doubly green’ and inclusive. The methodology is certainly credible with its roots in IPCC-led assessments, and potentially rewarding with its tendrils in new international climate finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Supreme Court of Canada's decision in the Multani case on a Sikh child's wearing of a kirpan in a Quebec public school offers us an opportunity to reflect on the situation of children of various religions and belief systems in our society. Children who wear kirpans or hijabs represent a vision of cultural diversity in which these children can maintain their beliefs while fully participating in all aspects of public education. Far from being simply passive receptors of the state's decisions, children actively participate in the definition of the constitutional and educational framework in which they live. Both inside the classroom and in physical education classes, children, parents, teachers, administrators and judges must debate the significance of hybridity, diversity and multiculturalism in a contemporary liberal state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
More than 90 per cent of roads are dirt tracks, while paved and gravel roads account for less than 10 per cent. In 2009, the road network included only 2,680 km of paved roads, 2,100 km of gravel roads and an additional 1,730 km of improved earth roads. In 2013 and 2014, 2,656 km of paved roads were built and the length of paved roads increased to 5,300 km.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In this context, the main challenges are to reorganise the system to improve efficiency incentives, to reduce further the dependence on institutional care, and to better target patients as the rapid uptake in the cash benefits system has exposed screening problems. As they face no financial risk on care purchase (Box 4), purchasing agencies are not inclined to bargain with care providers on price and quality. In the home care sector, this has led prices to stay very close to the regulated maximum tariff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
On the other hand, lower discrimination in the destination country attracts female immigration. While the levels of SIGI in origin and destination countries have no significant impact on the extent of female migration flows, they exhibit negative and significant coefficients in the selection equation. These results suggest that gender inequality in social institutions only affects the probability to migrate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, traffic fatalities increased by 59% in 1988, the year of the Seoul Olympics. It was also the year with the largest increase in the ownership of passenger vehicles and considered an impetus for economic progress.7 Similarly large fluctuations coincide with the 1997 financial crisis that affected Korea and many other East Asian countries. In the run-up of the crisis, the traffic fatality growth rate increased by 22% in 1996, followed by a 9% decline in the growth rate in 1997.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Malawi and Mozambique both adopted land redistribution policies favouring the landless and de facto occupants, while Niger’s 1986 rural code provides for mechanisms to resolve land tenure conflicts. Decentralization was achieved through land boards in Uganda, rural councils in Senegal, land commissions in Niger and land committees in Lesotho (UNECA, 2005: 129-166). Wider access to land through land reform and/or more secure rights (whether individual or collective, proprietary or not) creates better incentives for agricultural investment and is therefore likely to result in increased employment in agriculture. The mix of measures to be enacted naturally needs to be adapted to local conditions, the local institutional setting and local traditions. Nevertheless, since the mid-2000s several LDCs have been entering into lease or sale agreements involving large patches of land for commercial agriculture development by foreign investors (so-called “land grab” operations), without fully privatizing land markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Overcoming these obstacles could help to boost new investments moving into the NCER. The role of the northern region as a hub for Malaysia’s electrical and electronics sector is expected to get stronger with the establishment of a micro-electronics centre of excellence. To raise the capability of local E&E producers, the NCER initiative will support more advanced activities such as silicon, automation and materials design.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, Kimball et al. ( The choice of instruments and sources of information also depends on the type of appraisal aspects and criteria that an appraisal scheme focuses on (e.g. traits, compliance, competences and outcomes). While in most countries appraisal is based on the interaction between evaluators and school leaders, e.g. through interviews, meetings and school visits, a few countries complement the information gathered this way with further, more outcomes-oriented data, such as leadership portfolios, stakeholder surveys and information on student achievement. Depending on the policy framework for appraisal and the overall allocation of responsibilities, evaluators and school leaders themselves hold greater or lesser autonomy in determining the tools to collect information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)