albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For instance, in 2007, the General Directorate for Water (Direccion General de Aguas, DGA) and the Regional Environmental Commission (Comision Regional del Medio Ambiente, COREMA), rejected an environmental impact assessment of a plan by one mining company to extract additional groundwater from aquifers in the Pampa Colorada area in San Pedro de Atacama. The plan had generated considerable protests from indigenous communities over the potential impact on local wetlands (Larrain and Schaeffer, 2010). With copper prices at a historic high, it is reasonable to assume that mining activities in Antofagasta will continue to expand in the near future (Trading Economics, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The World Resources Institute defines SD-PAM broadly as policies and measures taken by a country in pursuit of its domestic policy objectives (e.g. energy security or provision of electricity), but which are shaped so as to take a lower emissions path to achieving those objectives (World Resources Institute, 2005). Unlike projects of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), developing countries will not need to demonstrate that an SD-PAM was undertaken for climate mitigation objectives. Also, the fact that an SD-PAM is not exclusively an “additional” emission reduction measure opens up a wider range of sources for support. In the energy sector, policies and measures that developing countries are likely to pledge as SD-PAM include those aimed at increasing EE and the use of domestic renewable energy sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Especially for agricultural-based countries, a group which includes most of sub-Saharan Africa, the World Bank (2008) has six basic recommendations for making smallholder farming more productive and sustainable: Improving the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of smallholder farming is the main pathway out of poverty in using agriculture for development. Other international development organisations also promote farm-specific policies that centre on productivity enhancement. For example, FAO (2014) is particularly focused on technology and innovation for small farms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This is the topic of models of technological diffusion in the spirit of Nelson and Phelps (1966), which suggest that education is the key ingredient for absorbing new technologies and adapting to change. These models stress the leading role of the stock of human capital in the adoption of new technologies and in the ability to deal with changing conditions. Empirical research shows that the strongest predictor of long-run economic growth is the cognitive skills of the population in such basic knowledge areas as mathematics, science and reading (Hanushek and Woessmann, 2008 and 2011 a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A substantial share of w'ater consumers experience difficulties paying for water supply services and sewage disposal. Moreover, 60% of the water pipes and half of the sewage collectors are in a dilapidated state, water quality indicators often do not meet human health and safety standards, and large quantities of water are lost to leakage in the networks (around 40% of total supply). In Tbilisi and Rustavi, the WSS systems have been privatised and are now privately owned by the Georgian Water & Power company.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A recent reform has further enabled parents of children bom after June 2016 to make even more flexible use of the job protection provision: With the employer’s consent, they can use 12 months of the 36 month employment-protection period any time between the child’s third and eighth birthday. But, beyond the provisions of parental leave (Elternzeit) and family care leave (Pflegezeit and Familienpflegezeit), employees in Germany are not legally entitled to resume full-time work once their reduced working hours have been approved by their employer (see Chapter 3 for an international comparison of legal provisions). On average, full-time working mothers in Germany put in nearly 42 hours per week, outstripped only by Swiss and Austrian mothers with about 44 hours per week (Figure 4.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Inter-agency and Expert Group will continue its technical work on reviewing and refining the indicators, as needed, and on further developing the methodologies for estimation, also as needed. See also the report of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal indicators (E/CN.3/2016/2/Rev. Implementation of the Millennium Development Goals agenda brought international attention and resources to bear on improving the methodologies and information systems that supported Millennium Development Goal monitoring and policy implementation. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015, while confirming that there have been significant improvements in country coverage of core human development indicators, also recognizes that large gaps remain in respect of ensuring the quality and timely availability of data, including data disaggregated by geographical region, ethnicity, disability and other socioeconomic attributes, which are critical to the understanding of inequalities and vulnerability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. This information is used by insurance providers to calculate potential damage and to formulate insurance coverage, premiums and estimated claims. The insurance company Munich Re, for example, has a database for natural catastrophes on material and human loss events worldwide (NatCatSERVICE).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
If the effect turns out to be insufficient, treatment is stepped up to a more complex, costly or taxing level. The aim is to ensure that all eligible patients have access to appropriate care, while reserving the most intensive treatments for those that have not to benefitted from lower intensity treatments. There is evidence to suggest that psychological treatments, especially cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), are effective treatments for mild-to-moderate depression and anxiety (Otte, 2011, Driessen and Hollon, 2010, NICE, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It had been argued in the past (Riba and Leyersdorff, 2001) that Catalonia’s innovation system lacked some of the essential features deemed characteristic of effective regional systems.19 This is why knowledge flows, as well as the market and non-market processes that facilitate such flows, were emphasised in the third Plan. However, Spanish level regulations limit Catalan academic institutions’ ability to develop their “third mission”. In response to real deficiencies and to such regulations, Catalonia has taken a number of institutional initiatives aimed at overcoming the resulting systemic weaknesses and limitations suffered by universities. In the course of the third Research Plan, the number of Catalan Research Centres grew from 12 in 2000 to 20 by 2005, and the number of ICREA researchers from 60 in 2001 to 135 in 2004.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The OECD has highlighted a number of policy actions to promote technology and innovation, while making sure that digital transformation benefits society. Effective policy actions will seize on opportunities and maximise benefits while addressing challenges and minimising costs. A recent OECD report provides a number of detailed policy actions available to governments in order to facilitate a digital transformation (OECD, 2019a). In this way, countries and their private and public research institutions can be supported in developing or building on blockchain solutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This can compensate potential negative externalities such as wage decreases arising from automation. Technological progress and innovations make global value chains and foreign markets much more accessible. According to the OECD (2018), developing and emerging countries, in particular, benefited from participation in global value chains through two channels. First, producing intermediate goods for foreign industries triggers the expansion of industries supplying the required goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Developing countries account for the bulk of global energy subsidies (Box 5.4). Energy costs were not a large enough share of total expenditures for companies to place a high priority on improving energy efficiency. When energy prices are artificially low, energy-efficiency investments are less profitable than they would be at true cost (Jaccard 2009). In economic value, Iran leads with $66 billion a year in energy subsidies, followed by Saudi Arabia with $35 billion, the Russian Federation with $34 billion and India with $21 billion. The next six - China, Egypt, Venezuela, Indonesia, the United Arab Emirates and Uzbekistan - have subsidies of more than $10 billion each a year. Consumers in non-OECD countries pay less than 50 percent of its true economic value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
An unresolved issue in American constitutional governance is the role of public officials in a Madisonian scheme of separated institutions sharing power. Proposed answers range from broad delegation with reliance on expertise and professionalism to minimal delegation with formal checks on official discretion. In between are various pragmatic or realist views that accept discretion as both necessary and inevitable and offer normative principles of administrative conduct to guard against official abuse of power. None of these answers, however, satisfies criteria of constitutional legitimacy. The authors argue that such criteria can be derived by combining insights from traditional, normative literatures of public administration and from positive political theory and political economics. If the role of public managers is defined as maintaining a credible commitment to performing their duties pursuant to a precept of managerial responsibility that incorporates accountability, judgment, balance, and rationalit...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Two widely used forms of stratification are grade repetition and early tracking. While the decision to retain a student al a given grade or to place a student in a less academically-oriented programme is made primarily on the basis of performance, research suggests that students' background characteristics can also play a role in the likelihood that students are sorted into different grades and programmes (Agasisti and Cordero, forthcoming: van de Werfhorsl and Mijs, 2010). Volume II provides a more in-depth examination of the association between student performance and school-level resources, learning environments and stratification policies and practices, and of how they reflect the level of equity in a system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
About 60% of the houses under construction in Addis Ababa have been completed. Of these houses, 173 662 (94.4%) had been transferred to the house seekers on a lottery basis as of June 2017. Within each housing programme, the subsidy differs according to the size of the house, in favour of smaller houses. Income forgone from land leasing accounts for the major share of the housing subsidy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A number of OECD countries apply no assets disregard, such that benefit eligibility is reduced one-for-one with the amount of liquid assets owned. This is generally the case in Austria, Estonia, France, Iceland, Israel, Norway, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Germany. A positive but relatively low asset disregard applies in other countries, including the Czech Republic, Denmark, most states in the United States under the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and a number of provinces in Canada, while assets disregards are generally higher in Australia, Ireland, Korea, Switzerland, Belgium and the Luxembourg. Finally, the value of assets owned are simply not taken into account in New Zealand, Poland (if deemed reasonable) and in about half the states in the United States under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Programme (SNAP).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A new precedent set by the Spanish Supreme Court (known as the Parot doctrine) changed the method of applying remissions of sentences for work done in detention, postponing the date of final release of numerous inmates by several years. Retroactive application of such precedent has been held a violation of article 5 and article 7 of the Convention by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). This paper provides some keys in that regard to understanding both the Parot doctrine and related ECtHR Judgments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Through the Tonga Education Sector Programme (TESP), for example, Tonga’s Ministry of Education, Women’s Affairs and Culture undertook its first ever approach to sector-wide strategic planning, resulting in a number of substantive changes to approaches and policies. These activities all reinforce the view that ESD is not something that one party subjects another to. Rather, it is a process of ongoing learning and iteration whereby all involved should grow and adapt as a result.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Available evidence from individual longitudinal data for the United States and Europe suggests that the NEET status can be very persistent, leading to a vicious circle whereby inactivity feeds into discouragement and that, in turn, to a further detachment from the labour market (Quintini and Manfredi, 2009). For instance, low skilled workers are much more likely to oscillate between the formal and the informal sector and between inactivity and unemployment than workers with higher skills (OECD, 2012a). Low skilled workers benefit also from lower social protection (e.g. unemployment benefits, sickness coverage, severance pay) than high skilled workers, as they are more likely to work informally (OECD, 2009, Scarpetta and Sonnet, 2012). Informal employment, although has receded during the past three years, remains significant in Chile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Belize is a regional leader in the use of bioenergy as a base load energy source. Many CARICOM member states, particularly those on the mainland and the larger island states, have good biomass potential. Waste-to-energy technologies are considered to be thermal power plants in that they raise steam to drive a turbine, which then drives an electrical generator. These types of plants can have characteristics that make it difficult for them to respond to variable changes in a utilities power curve - for example, if there are large numbers of intermittent power plants such as wind and solar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Yet, in many countries those systems are notoriously inflexible, portending serious challenges. This is among the reasons that the public sector has traditionally played a major role in education and training. Another cause for this role is concern for equality of opportunity, with government intervention aiming to ensure that low income households and SMEs can make the necessary investments in skills even if their access to finance is limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The most concerning situation is found in West Africa, with a gender gap of almost 50 per cent. Parity in secondary school enrolment is skewed against boys in Lesotho, Namibia, Cabo Verde, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Botswana and South Africa (UNECA et al, 2015). Any conclusions drawn from this data are therefore extremely tentative (UNESCO, 2014a:5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Because of conflict, the Tuareg and other Arab ethnic groups from northern Mali have faced massive displacement, and account for 60 per cent of the total ethnic make-up of Niger refugee camps. Moreover, the curriculum does not consider the realities of students' lives, and teachers also face poverty, hunger and psychosocial stress. Further, there is an insufficient number of female teachers and of teachers trained to teach students with disabilities and, currently, there is no system in place for the certification of teachers in refugee camps. According to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, the conflict in Mali has produced some 139,000 refugees, many of whom are Tuareg, who have been internally displaced and are living in communities or refugee camps in neighbouring Burkina Faso and other countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The public tender is the way for Brazilians and foreigners to access the public positions of the direct and indirect public administration. Federal Law 12,990 establishes the reserve of 20% of vacancies for blacks in federal public tenders. Through the deductive and bibliographic method, the study starts understanding affirmative actions, to later analyze the constitutionality decision of Law 12.990, and finally to verify if through its use it is affirming citizenship or falling into a reverse discrimination, this being the purpose of the study. It can be concluded that, even if there are opposing and favorable discussions, the quotas consist of a citizenship exercise, as regards the union of critical forces so that the rights are guaranteed and made feasible. However, it does not correct racial inequality, since part of the black population remains distant from opportunities to improve its social status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Owing to success of the first phase, UNU and Shimadzu agreed to continue the project, establishing the second phase in 1999. In continuation of the previous project, the same research group in each country was kept as partner and national implementation unit. The Philippines joined the project at the beginning of the second phase. The three components were closely linked together and implemented through collaboration of the UNU network on coastal issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Auctioning rights to existing operators or new ones have therefore made little sense at the time. The reference to recent historical activity in the allocation process ensures that the quotas are assigned to the active vessels. However, the original "gifting" is an often-debated point and is often mitigated by setting a time duration on the allocation. What will happen at the end of the set time period is often left open, and in most cases the existing allocations have simply been renewed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Respondents also referred to other barriers including lack of support for NFPs, lack of cooperation mechanisms and different convention NFPs being located in different government ministries or agencies. Table 3 below presents a summary of identified challenges, potential response options and links these to case studies presented in this sourcebook. Generally policy processes on higher political levels need to aim at identifying synergies and overlaps in order to help those sub-national entities to incorporate and implement all biodiversity related policy objectives on the ground. By ensuring internal collaboration synergies can be ensured in support of member countries/ NFPs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The study differentiated between jobs generated through capital spending in the form of grants allocated to unserved/underserved areas, and employment created as a result of network externalities caused by the deployment of such an infrastructure. According to the analysis, the investment of USD 6.390 billion38 will generate 37,283 direct jobs over the course of the stimulus programme (estimated to be four years). In addition, based on a Type I employment multiplier of 1.83, the bill could indirectly generate 31,046 jobs39.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
With population growth, rapid urbanization and changing consumption patterns, production of household waste in Morocco is increasing. This has made more difficult the collection, removal and disposal of household and similar waste. These wastes are often disposed of by wild or spontaneous discharges and dumping without any treatment or control, resulting in serious consequences for public health and the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In this paper, we explore the possible synergies between ecology and feminism, and the ways in which these two areas could be mutually reinforcing, and express our support for public policies, advocacy activities and positive action to propel the urgent changes that are required. Following our reflection on these issues, we outline an integrative approach to sustainability with a view to fostering a better understanding of the challenges that we face and the need for cross-cutting, systemic policies. Section III identifies some existing spaces for moving towards an integrative vision that encourages sustainable development through a change in values, development model and power relations, raising the profile of women’s work and outlining a integrative vision of sustainability. Lastly, section IV contains the conclusions of the study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Does new media promote accountability in nondemocratic countries, where offline media is often suppressed? We show that blog posts, which exposed corruption in Russian state-controlled companies, had a negative causal impact on their market returns. For identification, we exploit the precise timing of blog posts by looking at within-day results with company-day fixed effects. Furthermore, we show that the posts are ultimately associated with higher management turnover and less minority shareholder conflicts. Taken together, our results suggest that social media can discipline corruption even in a country with limited political competition and heavily censored traditional media.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All these objectives must be integrated for each river basin. Member states can implement it according to their own legislation, and are free to set their own targets for the share of water bodies which will be restored by 2015. Therefore, member states are requested to develop river basin management plans (RBMPs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Mongolians are increasingly abandoning the traditional nomadic way of life and moving into urban areas. From the historical predominance of nomadic and rural habitats, Mongolia is now overwhelmingly urban, with more than two thirds of its population living in cities and towns. Correspondingly, the area of land of cities, villages and other settlements, including lands under urban constructions and buildings, industrial and mining sites and urban common tenure land, has expanded from 523,600 ha in 1997 to 753,600 ha in 2016 (table 12.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As part of the 2014 Folkeskole reform there has been a new approach to the central supervision of municipalities, with a clear ambition to reduce bureaucracy and paperwork: municipal quality reports are now only required on a biannual basis and they should rely primarily on data that are available in the data warehouse. Based on these data, the central level monitors progress towards the reform goals and follows up in cases of underperformance. Central follow-up focuses more on support than on pressure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is particularly true for poor smallholders with limited or no access to credit and insurance. Greater exposure to risk, in the absence of well-functioning insurance markets, can lead to greater emphasis on low-risk/low-return subsistence crops, a lower likelihood of applying purchased inputs such as fertilizer and adopting new technologies, and reduced levels of investment (Antle and Crissman, 1990, Dercon and Christiaensen, 2011, Fafchamps, 1992, Feder, Just and Zilberman, 1985, Heltberg and Tarp, 2002, Kassie et al., See Box 7 for an explanation of RCPs and SSPs. Future food security trends will also be influenced by overall socio-economic conditions, which, in turn, have implications for the vulnerability of countries and populations around the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)