albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Collaboration over domestic work (for girls) or maintaining the home (for boys) is a vehicle through which parents ascribe value to adolescents, model appropriate behaviour and include them in social reproduction in ways that are consistent with the aspirations of parenting captured in the WHO's five dimensions. Adolescents are proud of their participation in the running of the family and prioritise their "right to help in the home" as well as engage in family activities (Bray, 2012,Thorpe, 2005). For reasons we go on to explain, the pressures and motivations around work influence the notion of 'good parenting' in this region, differing from those commonly expected or assessed using standard measures. Poverty plus additional vulnerability due to HIV, including orphanhood and family dispersal, lies behind adolescent engagement in commercial sex work (Nyambedha, 2007), while transactional sex in the community is commonplace across poor neighbourhoods (Juma et al., 2013).Young people's reliance on these informal and often exploitative relationships increases where lone mothers, or small families, cannot meet material needs or connect adolescents to genuine alternative routes towards upward social mobility (Ngugi et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The registrations were restricted to 1) physical features and indicators of the supply of goods related to the recreational use of the forest (i.e. hiking trails, camping facilities, fireplaces and other recreational facilities) and 2) the effects of the recreational use (i.e. littering or vandalism on trees) (Jensen etai 2008, Johannsen etai. The indicators included are presented in Table 1. Based on the experiences gathered during the trial inventory some features of the sampling scheme were changed in the subsequent permanent sampling scheme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Patent data is a unique source of information as it can contribute to assess innovation and the technological performance across countries. Data on firms’ innovation activities are collected through innovation surveys. These surveys can capture firms’ motives, obstacles and types of innovation in which they are engaged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Co-location of software skills and enterprises can spur innovation and cross-fertilization between enterprises and the developer community. Facilitating the creation of informal networks can also facilitate transfers of tacit knowledge among software producers and users. When designing a national software strategy, Governments should take into account the tendency among software enterprises and developers to cluster into certain locations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For their part, patents are an indicator of invention rather than innovation since not all patents are commercialised, and some types of technology are not patentable. The number and citation impact of scientific publications, or bibliometrics, is another output indicator which also has well-known limitations. This will require linking existing data sources and making better use of internationally comparable data at the firm, individual and organisation level. It will require the collection of additional material, as well as better understanding of currently unmeasured factors in the innovation process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It should be noted that as the demand for more processed food increases i.e. ready-made meals food waste will in general be shifted from households to the food production industry. A generally accepted methodology should be laid down first and followed by the developers of this indicator in order to increase confidence in its use. Data on the production of food products (in kg) exist in Eurostat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In terms of forest age structure, the recent Multi-Purpose National Forest Inventory has shown that the major part of the Mongolian boreal forest is overmature, with 74.07 per cent of forest stands classified as mature or overmature, 14.16 per cent classified as submature, 11.29 per cent classified as middle aged and 0.48 per cent classified as young. As for the saxaul forest, 34.95 per cent is overmature, 51.82 per cent is mature, 11.55 per cent is reaching maturity, 1.28 per cent is middle aged and 0.4 per cent is young. Consequently, forests are not only less productive but also more prone to fires and pest attacks and are less resilient to climate change. The result is forest degradation and, ultimately, deforestation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Incomes obtained from rented properties are also included. Similarly, allowances related to the family and children, housing allowances, regular inter-household cash transfers received, interests, dividends, profit from capital investments in unincorporated business, and income received by people aged under 16 - all are incorporated into income. The income is net of interest paid on mortgage, regular taxes on wealth owned, regular inter-household cash transfers paid, and tax on income and social insurance contributions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A decreasing block system is used to charge for surface water abstraction, whose charges are lower than for groundwater. Starting in mid-2008, water supply and sanitation service providers are obliged to include abstraction charges in the retail tariffs dependent on the actual use and the type of user. The provincial licence fees for water are related to the cost of administering the licensing programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Women may also, in such circumstances, elect to bow out of social reproduction by putting off or avoiding childrearing. Such a result is evidence of the low road case. Looking to the results of Figure 2-1C, however, we see a number of countries in this group (France, Germany, Italy and Spain) characterized as having strong caring spirits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These factors are considered malleable. Indicators are descriptive, and should provide information about the unit of interest (e.g. the system) in terms of central tendency (e.g. mean or median), the precision of the estimate (e.g. the standard error) and the variability (e.g. the standard deviation) of the value of the indicator within the unit of interest. However, descriptive information about ECEC systems, pedagogical and professional practices, and learning and well-being environments becomes even more useful when data from one system can be compared with data from other systems, or over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The increasing work intensity of women was also associated with lower income inequality in some - but not all - countries. On the other hand, the rising share of households with women in high-skilled occupations generally increased income inequality, but the effect was more modest. Taken together, the overall effect of changes in the labour market for women was therefore to make the income distribution more equal by reducing the Gini by 2 points, especially when not only compositional but also related wage structure effects are taken into account.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It compels political parties to ensure gender parity when they nominate candidates in federal and local congressional elections and that they alternate male and female names on their lists of candidates. The move was a critical improvement on the previous constitutional requirement that at least 40% of deputies in the Assembly should be of the same sex (OECD, 2017b). However, between 2013 and 2016, no further countries joined the 10 that reported practicing legislative quotas, although France did embrace them in 2013 at the subnational level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This downward trend is very similar to that followed by industrial tariffs, and reflects the unilateral undertakings by Indonesia described above. The high tariff rates applied to alcoholic beverages and spirits contribute significantly to the overall agricultural average. Excluding alcoholic beverages and spirits results in an average MFN agricultural tariff of 5.3% in 2010, below the average MFN tariff for industrial products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The country’s largest mining companies, including state-owned CODELCO (the world’s largest single producer of copper), apply internationally certified systems or their own systems of corporate environmental management. Large mining companies have engaged in voluntary Clean Production Agreements (Acuerdos de Produccion Limpia, APLs), which cover mine closure, efficient use of energy and water, sewage and waste management, and acid water drainage. Particulate emissions need to be further reduced and water use efficiency increased in the sector. Mining competes with agriculture and human consumption for increasingly scarce water resources. Many abandoned tailing dams in Chile are in deficient/unsatisfactory condition, and much mining wastewater from large companies remains untreated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The education system delivers more equitable outcomes than the systems of most other OECD countries, as indicated by a smaller impact of pupils’ socioeconomic background and area of residence (rural versus urban) on PISA scores (white shaded area). This is also reflected in relatively high inter-generational social mobility: the impact of parental earnings on the earnings of their offspring is relatively small. However, intra-generational mobility is relatively low: both the probability of remaining poor once fallen into poverty (indicator on poverty mobility) and the probability of staying in a given income quintile (indicator on income mobility) are high compared with other OECD countries. This does not seem to be driven by difficulties in re-entering the labour market after a spell of unemployment, as the share of long-term unemployed (defined here as those who are unemployed for more than one year) is somewhat lower than in other countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A common response to integrating adaption into climate change planning in many countries has been to invest in hard infrastructure (e.g. seawalls and dams) (Munroe et al., This can have negative impacts on biodiversity, resulting in changes in species composition, abundance and diversity, and the functioning of ecosystems (Airoldi et al., Safeguards can be an effective risk management policy - they ensure that environmental and social issues are evaluated in decision making, reduce the risks, and provide a mechanism for consultation and disclosure of information (Moss et al., Potential risks to biodiversity of REDD+ activities include: i) the conversion of natural forests to plantations or other uses with lower biodiversity value, ii) the displacement of deforestation and forest degradation to areas of lower carbon value and high biodiversity value, iii) increased pressure on non-forest ecosystems with high biodiversity value, and iv) afforestation of non-forested areas of high biodiversity value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The analysis suggests that an improvement in child health significantly lowers the age for starting school, increases the grade reached, and decreases grade repetition at the early stage of schooling. Using the 1993 PSLSD data, the authors find a reduction in working hours of members of working age when another member of the household reaches pensionable age. The reduction is greater when the older person is a woman.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The World Health Organization reported that the practice was linked to increased complications in childbirth and maternal deaths as well as a range of other health problems (Feldman-Jacobs and Ryniak, 2006). Among the better known programmes is the Community Empowerment Programme implemented by Tostan, which originated in Senegal and has expanded to several other countries. Tostan mobilizes community and religious leaders to help change attitudes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2004, the public enterprise “Oskemen-Vodokanal” was transferred to trust management for 25 years to Almaty company IR-Group, LLP. During the tendering process, the rules of transfer of water supply facilities for lease and trust management were violated. Government expectations about enhance d efficiency and reliability of Ust-Kamenogorsk water supply and sewerage networks were disappointed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Other countries support 16 Days of Action from 25 November until 10 December, but campaigns can occur at any time of the year. In 1999, White Ribbon Day was officially adopted by the United Nations as its International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women. Today, the White Ribbon Campaign is the largest effort in the world (involving over 55 countries) that encourages men to condemn violence against women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Moreover, since the studied period of 2010-2013 covers the economic crisis and the ensuing spell of slow and uneven recovery, when median incomes stagnated or fell in many countries, fixing the poverty line in a pre-crisis survey year (2008) allows for a more consistent comparison of living conditions over time. Thus we keep the goal posts fixed rather than moving them around. Analysis of the longitudinal EU-SILC 2008-2011 includes all countries of the EU-27 except Germany, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, Romania and Sweden plus Iceland and Norway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
To begin with, these incentives to private actors may turn out to have larger and more prolonged fiscal costs than anticipated, which would adversely affect public finances in any case. But more importantly, in reality, fiscal space and borrowing limits are not fixed, as revenues can be increased through various means and credit from the Central Bank can also play a role. This is important because public investment has the power to crowd in private investment, raising productivity, incomes and taxes. The successful historical experiences described in section B followed just such a trajectory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Sierra Leone, the level rose from 10 percent in 2012 to 16percent in 2013 (IPU, 2015, UN Women, 2015). More women than men vote in Botswana, Cabo Verde, Lesotho, South Africa and Senegal, although overall rates for men seem to be about 5 per cent higher in all countries surveyed by Afrobarometer (Tripp, 2013). The increased presence of women in politics is contributing towards addressing deeply historical inequalities in the political systems of the Continent. Women's political participation and representation in governance have long been taken as key indicators of the general level of democracy in a country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Empirical analyses of domestic legal traditions in the social science literature demonstrate that common law states have better economic freedoms, stronger investor protection, more developed capital markets, and better property rights protection than states with civil law, Islamic law, or mixed legal traditions. This article expands upon the literature by examining the relationship between domestic legal traditions and human rights practices. The primary hypothesis is that common law states have better human rights practices on average than civil law, Islamic law, or mixed law states because the procedural features of common law such as the adversarial trial system, the reliance on oral argumentation, and stare decisis result in greater judicial independence and protection of individual rights in these legal systems. We also examine how the quality of a state’s legal system influences repression focusing on colonial legacy, judicial independence, and the rule of law. A global cross-national analysis of s...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The reason is that species confined to small habitat patches tend to have small populations and therefore run a higher risk of going extinct. However, habitat reduction and fragmentation are two different processes that are difficult to separate. Fragmentation effects would be apparent if the abundance of involved species decrease faster than the decrease in habitat abundance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A petition against this proposal gathered 200 000 signatures. Critics felt the move would threaten the LP’s self-financing and the availability of funds supporting non-productive forest functions. Introduced in 1991 by the Forestry Tax Act, the property tax on forests was designed in a way similar to the property tax on farmland, introduced in 1984.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Focusing on measuring what matters can help drive the achievement of results and monitor performance against the desired goals for gender equality. Gender indicators can aid in prioritising gender equality and making the case that gender issues should be taken seriously. They can enable better planning and actions by providing information to adjust programmes and activities for better impacts and by measuring gender mainstreaming within organisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Only through the identification by cluster actors themselves and associated studies can more clear recommendations be addressed by the cluster members themselves or through public policy efforts. At the same time the 0resund Medicon Valley Academy (MVA) was created to coordinate, network and promote local research and business in the human life sciences in the region in order to improve knowledge exchange and innovation between the private and public sector and to make the region attractive to foreign stakeholders. In recent years the MVA has shifted its focus from academia towards business and today Medicon Valley is recognised as one of the most attractive bioregions in the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In CRED (2015), total economic losses are defined as the estimated cost of damage to property (housing and infrastructure), crops and livestock. However, because of the distribution of risks and level of development, the greater economic losses relative to national income are observed in countries at lower levels of income. Current agricultural practices are a major contributor to environmental degradation through greenhouse gas emissions and poor management of land and water resources. At the same time, agriculture is highly sensitive to climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In 2014, nearly half of all African countries had reportedly achieved gender parity in primary' school enrolment (UNECA, 2015: para. Many countries have made huge strides towards gender parity in primary school education by legislating free and equal access to primary' education, implementing policies such as free school uniforms and meals to encourage girls’ attendance, and engaging in community initiatives around awareness-raising and mobilization. As a result, the gender gap in primary education has almost been closed in sub-Saharan Africa (figure 3.8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Do new media promote accountability in non-democratic countries, where offline media are often suppressed? We show that blog posts, which exposed corruption in Russian state-controlled companies, had a negative causal impact on their market returns. For identification, we exploit the precise timing of blog posts by looking at within-day results with company-day fixed effects. Furthermore, we show that the posts are ultimately associated with higher management turnover and less minority shareholder conflicts. Taken together, our results suggest that social media can discipline corruption even in a country with limited political competition and heavily censored traditional media.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The integrated customs area forms part of the EurAsEC and is managed by the regulatory bodies of the EurAsEC. The decisions of the CU Commission were legally binding and effective in domestic law without the need for adoption of a special legislation. Among the principal areas under the competency of the CU are the classification of goods for foreign economic activity, import tariffs (changes in import customs duty rates, setting import tariff exemptions and tariff quotas, the system of tariff preferences, etc.), In the area of non-tariff regulation, the CU co-ordinates export and import licensing, develops common technical regulations, sanitary and phytosanitary regulations, and standards and conformity assessment systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The section “Policy implementation gaps”, seeks to further develop the policy issues that are associated with the globalisation process in the harvesting sector. This follows from the fact that fleet measurement (length, tonnage, type of vessel, fishing gear used) can vary substantially and small vessels are often not registered. In addition, on a global scale, fleet statistics have been collected by the FAO but have not been updated for some time. Hence, in the following, careful interpretation of figures is required. Tables 2.1 and 2.2 provide an overview of the number and distribution of the world’s fleets and fishers. Asia accounts for upwards of 85% of all craft.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For example, LEDS can provide information to better assess global climate change impacts and actions and how mitigation actions are expected to impact emission trajectories. Another important purpose of a LEDS could be to highlight gaps and identify priority actions for funding to the international community. The Rio Summit under Agenda 21, for example, introduced the concept of National Sustainable Development Strategies (NSDS), and suggested that all countries ‘should’ develop one. These strategies aim to build upon and harmonise the various sectoral economic, social and environmental policies and plans that are operating in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, the project has not resulted in the establishment of the Emerald Network in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The conversion of habitat (change in purpose) is recognized as one of the major drivers of biological diversity loss. For example, construction of infrastructure, roads, quarries, water reservoirs and irrigation systems affect habitats by their fragmentation, alteration and irreversible loss, which directly affects the populations of certain species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Hence, recommendations for improving the sustainability and efficiency of SIS are considered together in Section 3.3. If these are indicators are arranged in a scatter plot, for all countries in LAC and the OECD, Peru lies above the regression line in both 1995 and 2013. This suggests that Peru is relatively efficient at converting health expenditure into longer life expectancy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
What steps is the government taking to reduce barriers to entry for renewable energy providers? If so, how does the government ensure that it can accommodate an increase in renewable-energy based electricity generation? In some countries, however, access to long-term finance is constrained by shallow and illiquid financial markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There are also different funds available for the secondary level which take into consideration postal code areas and neighbourhoods with low income households, social welfare and non-western backgrounds. As some schools discriminate against disadvantaged students because they feel that they are a financial burden (Gauri and Vawda, 2004[65]), this funding eliminates the motivation for such inequitable practices. Through this policy, disadvantaged students have become more attractive to schools (OECD, 2017[66]) - Research shows that schools with a high proportion of weighted students have had an increase in resources such as the number of teachers per student, assistant teachers, and administrators (Ladd and Fiske, 2011(67]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)