albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
AbstractIn establishing the ASEAN Economic Community, ASEAN political elites emphasised their commitment to the rule of law. The definition of the rule of law adopted in the ASEAN Charter mirrored UN reforms that recognised the rule of law as interlinked with democracy and human rights. This commitment raises questions, given the various tactics employed by the grouping’s authoritarian and post-authoritarian regimes to silence dissent. This article critically assesses this apparent shift in regional governance. It first maps the inclusion of rule of law rhetoric in agreements since ASEAN’s foundation, and then examines the form and implementation of dispute settlement mechanisms. It finds that dispute settlement mechanisms have consistently retained the scope for protracted political and bureaucratic negotiation between disputing parties, and “opt out” clauses that enable their contingent application. These findings undermine claims regarding the development of a “rules-based community”, and indicate the ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus, proficiency in skills may have an indirect role in building trust in others through its effects on social inequality or on the geographical and social sorting of people according to the opportunities and outcomes related to key information-processing skills. In other words, a highly skilled person may be more likely to trust another highly skilled person, but not necessarily a low-skilled person, and vice-versa. When this happens, intra-community trust is high, but inter-community trust is low (Desjardins, 2008, OECD 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Second, ECEC contributes to reducing social inequality, reducing child poverty, and promoting inter-generational mobility as children from disadvantaged families receive much less cognitive and emotional stimulation. Third, the provision of affordable, quality childcare services has allowed most OECD countries to maintain or increase female labour participation (OECD, 2006). In contrast, the PISA survey of school principals, which are at the high school level in Japan, reported a high level of school autonomy with regards to instructional policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While the number of Internet users axe rapidly increasing across the world, high costs for devices and ICT services and concerns about the quality of networks and services remain key barriers for many people to enter the digital world. Many countries have in recent years awarded new spectrum licences and opened up competition in the telecommunication industry, resulting in lower prices for consumers. Several countries have also set up Universal Service Funds (USF), financed through mandatory contributions from telecommunication operators, and aimed to bring ICT infrastructure to remote areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Some of this is through exciting formal developments such as massive or distributed computing, tech start-ups to solve new problems, Big Data or the sharing of data, but no less important is the contribution of individual efforts to solve everyday problems or crowd-sourced efforts to find solutions - the ability of the Internet to connect individuals and to connect researchers. These connections and connectivity can exist on several levels. National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) have established high-capacity backbone networks in many countries, enabling academic collaboration and testing high-speed networking technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the ‘Justice Cascade’, Kathryn Sikkink argues that “foreign prosecutions and international tribunals can be cost-effective alternatives to military intervention.” Yet, the successes of the Special Court for Sierra Leone—in prosecuting former Liberian President Charles Taylor and in imposing accountability on the leaders of all armed groups regardless of political alignment—were dependent on a commitment by Western powers and international and regional organizations to a military victory against the rebels in Sierra Leone and coercive regime change in Liberia. The lesson that should be drawn from this case—which parallels that of other international tribunals set up during ongoing violence—is that the prospects for international criminal justice during civil wars are dependent on the political strategies adopted by outsiders to address the conflict and that taking criminal accountability seriously requires an interventionist rather than a consent-based approach to conflict resolution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this paper we illustrate the main features of the Institutional Quality Index (IQI) first presented in Nifo and Vecchione (2014) for 2004 and then extended for the whole period 2004-2008. IQI allows to measure institutional quality in Italian provinces, confirming the North-South divide even under this peculiar perspective. The construction of IQI starts from elementary indexes which are grouped into five dimensions, called: i) Voice and accountability, ii) Government effectiveness, iii) Regulatory quality, iv) Rule of law, v) Control and corruption. Afterwards, normalization, attribution of weights and aggregation of sub-indexes lead to a single-value indicator for institutional quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Guaranteeing sexual and reproductive health and rights is key to ensuring that all people are equal and free to make decisions in all spheres of life, without discrimination based on gender, without sexual violence or coercion, and with the assurance of privacy. His report, Framework of Actions for the follow-up to the Programme of Action of the ICPD, was subsequently recognized by the General Assembly, at a special session in 2014, which called upon countries to fulfil the commitments made in Cairo and address widening inequalities and emerging challenges, as outlined in the ICPD Framework of Actions. The review points to significant progress in some areas, for some people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper discusses corporate governance issues from a compliance viewpoint. It makes a distinction between legal and ethical compliance mechanisms and shows that the former has clearly proven to be inadequate as it lacks the moral firepower to restore confidence and the ability to build trust. The concepts of freedom of indifference and freedom for excellence provide a theoretical basis for explaining why legal compliance mechanisms are insufficient in dealing with fraudulent practices and may not be addressing the real and fundamental issues that inspire ethical behavior. The tendency to overemphasize legal compliance mechanisms may result in an attempt to substitute accountability for responsibility and may also result in an attempt to legislate morality which consequently leads to legal absolutism. The current environment of failures of corporate responsibility are not only failures of legal compliance, but more fundamentally failures to do the right (ethical) thing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This will provide incentives for domestic food production, for local provision of basic services and for engaging in import-substituting activities. It is, however, important not to confuse the means with the ends, and not to forget that poverty reduction and a higher standard of living for the population are the immediate and also the ultimate goals of economic policymaking for the LDCs. In short, all policy choices involve tradeoffs, and policymakers must be aware of them and carefully weigh the benefits and costs in implementing each policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
There is a great deal of variation in the design of such measures in the choice of the payment base, which may be area, livestock numbers, farm income or receipts, as well as to whether these parameters correspond to current or base (historic) levels. In addition there are different conditions attached to the granting of payments. Farmers may or may not be obliged to actually produce agricultural commodities in order to become recipients of payments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Other substances have been judged harmful and hence have been placed under strict control. This is the case for narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances controlled under the international drug control conventions. Irrespective of the level of control, regulation and societal approval or disapproval, one factor common to all psychoactive substances, referred to in this chapter as “drugs” for the sake of brevity, is their propensity to lead to drug use disorders following use, whether frequent or occasional. Drug use disorders are associated with significant levels of disease (morbidity) and disability, constitute a burden on national resources, and cause immeasurable human suffering.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article explores links that middle-class African American women drew between efforts to repeal the Eighteenth Amendment and the emergence of black Democrats in the 1928 American presidential election. Because of their longstanding interest in civil rights and temperance, middle-class black Republican women were uniquely positioned to make connections between phenomena that historians have typically analyzed separately, the repeal movement and the early stages of the voting realignment. They argued that Democratic success in repealing the Eighteenth Amendment would set a precedent for eliminating the Reconstruction Amendments. They also identified black opposition to prohibition as threatening to racial uplift ideology, a class-based antiracist strategy that, among other proscriptions, demanded abstention from liquor. Black Republican women’s decision to invoke this declining ideology and blend it with their constitutional observation undercut not only the broad appeal of their constitutional argument, but also their claims to represent African Americans in party politics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For each tool, the potential role of development co-operation providers in supporting partner countries is discussed. The composition of the tools used will be most effective if they reflect domestic circumstances and capacities. If repeated, such assessments can also demonstrate how risks and vulnerabilities are changing over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For example, the introduction of coastal and marine protection charges is being considered. The proposed levy for the protection of the coastal environment would be imposed on owners or operators of coastal facilities which damage this environment. The proposed marine charge would be paid by marine installations that have adverse effects on sediment transport along the shore.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This in turn requires an analysis to identify gaps in innovation and technology readiness. The Global Competitiveness Index developed by the World Economic Forum (WEF) includes a sub-pillar on innovation encompassing capacity for innovation, quality of scientific research institutions, company spending on R&D, university-industry collaboration on R&D, government procurement of technology products, availability of scientists and engineers and Patent Cooperation Treaty patents (WEF, 2017). Comparing this sub-pillar with those on technology readiness and particularly ICT use, an appreciation ot a suggestive relationship can be distinguished.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article recounts the story about how these four individuals intentionally cut off the government's primary experts on the Geneva Conventions, the Torture Convention, and customary international law from the decision making process. In doing so, they presented a one-sided and distorted view of U.S. obligations under international law that led to a widespread government policy and practice of torture. It also reveals how a trio of important Supreme Court precedents disrupted these plans, and ultimately swung the balance back in favor of compliance with international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For the self-employed, these figures amounted to GHC 8.0 for native-bom workers and GHC 6.6 for the foreign-bom. In total, the gap between the average income tax per capita paid by a native- and foreign-bom worker amounted to GHC 29.2 (GHC 111.2 and 140.4, respectively). Of these 18.5%, 13.5% go to SSNIT (of which 2.5% are remitted to the National Health Insurance Authority), while the remaining 5% are allocated towards the mandatory Second Tier Occupational Scheme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These studies often rely on community- or household-level data using probit or tobit models to estimate the frequency of recycling as a function of different policy instruments and household attributes (e.g. income level, value of time, education, and number of persons in the household, age, renting or ownership). Most studies that are presented here are from the 1990s and the 2000s. The field experiment covered several voluntary recycling programs (treatments) which differ when it comes to convenience factors such as sorting requirements, frequency and location of recyclable collection as well as the amount of recycling information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Unmitigated climate change may reverse established development gains and jeopardize development prospects for future generations, especially for those at the lower ends of the distributions of assets and income. These challenges are most effectively, equitably and efficiently addressed in a context of wider policy coherence including intra- and intergenerational fairness—in the perspective of sustainable development. In short, climate change is an issue for international cooperation, and for national and local development strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Its role is not limited to policy, however. It has a number of other bodies under its tutelage, such as the Communications Regulation Commission (Comision de Regulacion de Comunicaciones, CRC) and the National Spectrum Agency (Agenda Nacional del Espectro, ANE), as well as pow'ers over key areas, such as spectrum assignment or enforcement of regulation, that go beyond setting policy objectives and measuring progress (OECD, 2014a, forthcoming). Its portfolio of policies and instruments mobilised to achieve these objectives is quite broad, in recognition of the systemic nature of the task it faces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
When it first encountered the Genocide Convention in its 1951 Advisory Opinion, the International Court of Justice recognized that the treaty reflected the ‘most elementary principles of morality’. Its provisions were to be read broadly, in light of the Convention's transcendent object and purpose. This expansive approach stands in contrast with the narrow interpretation of Article IX in the recent Judgment in Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) case. This article is a commentary on the retroactive obligation to punish genocide under the Convention with regard to acts occurring prior to its entry into force for that state. It concludes that the Court's narrow interpretation of its jurisdiction ratione temporis raises wider questions for its contemporary jurisprudence, namely, whether it will interpret human rights treaties enshrining fundamental values any differently than other international instruments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Corruption is considered a major threat to the legitimacy of the Party (NORAD, 2011). According to the Corruption Perception Index (Transparency International, 2013), Viet Nam ranks 116 out of 177 countries, behind Mongolia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia, and scores 31 on a scale from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean). The government has been working to improve the country's anti-corruption legal framework since 2005 (Freedom House, 2010) and the PAPI 2013 survey also shows that, compared to 2011, citizens perceive improvements in the fight against in most provinces. Social network support is understood as the capacity of individuals to count on relatives or friends for help when in need. Family ties and traditional authority patterns are strongly embedded in social networks (Dalton et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Input-output analysis has proven to be highly reliable tool to estimate the counter-cyclical impact of broadband construction programmes. Econometric analysis, while limited by data availability, has been proven effective in identifying the spill-over effects of broadband on the rest of the economy. These results have been confirmed by micro-economic research that has concluded outlining the impact of broadband in fostering efficiencies and value added opportunities at the firm level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
School principals in Denmark are less active as pedagogical leaders than on average across OECD countries. There has been progress in recent years to foster a culture of evaluation and assessment, and a national framework is being developed, guided by national objectives for student achievement. Schools and municipalities need further support to build their capacity to analyse and use data for improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Understanding the complex interactions between opportunities, endowments, and market outcomes underlying distributional change is necessary to the establishment of a development strategy that takes into full account the specific needs and characteristics of a country. Education can help by addressing inequality of both outcomes and opportunities - raising the minimum level of education can offset inequality-increasing pressures originating from the structural changes that shifting wealth has brought with it. Preferences for redistribution as a means of reducing inequality differ from country to country and change over time - understanding how is an additional challenge/or policy makers trying to build social cohesion. Inequality can hamper further growth, breed social resentment, and generate political instability by fuelling populist and protectionist sentiments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Other European countries, such as France, are moving forward in that direction (Box 9). It was pursuing higher productivity and economic efficiency through higher volumes and decided to stop any form of cross-subsidisation between lines. A strong reduction of SNCF single-wagon activity was decided as it was in heavy deficit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Under this Programme, homeowners received grants of up to US$6,000, deducted from their loans, for incorporating energy efficient measures into their homes, such as east-west orientation, white roofs, radiant barrier insulation under roofs, tinted windows, shading, ceiling fans, energy efficient lighting, and solar or instantaneous hot water systems. Following the adoption of the programme by the Palau Housing Authority, every new housing loan in Palau is eligible for the grant. The programme was later revised to include existing houses and for loans for solar PV.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In terms of figures, under the definition of deprivation of ECLAC (2013), there is practically no deprivation in Chile (what is more, the proportion of uninsured people is spread more or less evenly across the different socioeconomic groups). When a cut-off based on contribution-based insurance is used, the levels of deprivation are similar in the two countries. However, owing to the opacity of health insurance markets, this is not necessarily the case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Bunker systems or refuse chutes in apartment blocks are being continuously phased out, because their operation is considered unhygienic and labour demanding. Waste collected in Tbilisi is first transported to a transfer station located at the base of the Tbilisi waste collection company. This is making waste collection more efficient and provides effective transport of waste to the Tbilisi landfill.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Palm oil is one of the main target sectors in Sumatra and Kalimantan, while food estates are developed in Sulawesi and Papua. It is envisaged that these growth centres will benefit from an improved investment climate, including the easing of regulations and licensing, fiscal and non-fiscal incentives, and infrastructure development. The law requires that all land rights be registered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Only Australian and EU wheat prices showed evidence of co-integration with world reference prices, over 2005-10. See Rapsomanikis (2009). See Dawe (2008). In 1986, the government of Egypt underwent structural adjustment reforms which included the liberalisation of domestic prices, exchange rates and interest rates, and removal of import and export restrictions. For additional information see Raspsomanikis et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This increase was at the expense of the three metropolitan regions of Jerusalem, Tel-Aviv and Haifa, whose share in the student population went down from 87.2% in 1990 to 60.7% in 2006. " Five out of the six universities that have undergraduates are in the three metropolitan regions, and their reduced share in the student population is the result of the slowdown in the growth of universities and the diversion of undergraduates to colleges." ( Whereas in 1991 only 10.7% among Arab secondary school graduates completed two years of study in academic institutions, their percentage went up to 18.8% in 2002.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Their population has doubled, economic development has proceeded rapidly in some countries but lagged in others, income disparities have increased, demand for water has grown rapidly in response to the heavy development of coastal areas, urbanisation has accelerated and agriculture (which alone accounts for more than 70% of total water consumption) has expanded even more. These trends have increased pressure on both surface and groundwater resources, leading to environmental degradation, increased pollution and other sustainability challenges. The region faces equally great institutional challenges, particularly the difficulty of balancing a tradition of low, fixed prices with massive infrastructure investment needs, and the perennial difficulty of balancing competing demands from residential, industrial and agricultural users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A remote village or remote hamlet will be considered Page | 70 electrified if at least 10% of the households are provided with lighting facility. Under the RVE programme, the electrification process entails choosing the most adequate energy technologies through the identification of locally available energy resources. However, in the case where these solutions are proven unfeasible, and if the only means for electrification is through use of isolated lighting systems (such as solar PV), these should be taken up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There are several sites dedicated to construction waste in Tbilisi, however, there are no specific data on asbestos storage. Exposure of the population to radon is a cause of lung cancer and there is an enhanced effect with tobacco smoke. Actions to reduce radon risks, such as ventilation, are not developed and construction rules do not take into account the presence of radon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These are best thought of as the means to achieve the outcomes sought by the SDGs in the central dial. Further, our focus will be on the role of governments and ICTs affecting these remaining thirteen 13 SDGs over time. As we shall see, these form key preconditions for sustainable development, and ICTs have a critical role to play here.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)