albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In this sense, retrospective reimbursement could support broader portability of services in Mexico by facilitating compensatory payments between purchasers when users are treated outside the geographical area covered by their insurer (as currently the case in countries like Sweden). Significant savings have already been realised through consolidated purchasing of pharmaceuticals. The Comision Coordinadora para la Negociacion de Precios de Medicamentos y otros Insumos para la Salud (CCNPMIS, the Coordinating Commission for the Negotiation of Prices of Pharmaceuticals and other Health Inputs) has helped standardise the prices paid for patented or single-source drugs by SP and the SS institutes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These shortages are particularly pronounced in schools attended by disadvantaged students. Since 2010, the MEP has invested significantly in upgrading schools' infrastructure and rolling out access to new technologies through the internationally-recognised Educational Technology programme (Programa de Informatica Educativa, PRONIE). But this programme has only reached 55% of public primary and lower secondary schools and roughly 80% of students (MEP, 2016) and limited attention has been given to the widespread and acute shortage of textbooks and other important learning materials. Teachers can no longer require children to repeat the first grade of primary school, while students have more opportunities to retake exams and only have to repeat the subjects failed rather than the entire year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The technical and commercial losses in the sector have come down substantially. The collection rates have increased from 20 per cent in 2003 to 95 per cent in 2008. As a result, 80-90 per cent of the energy consumed in Georgia’s residential sector is used for space heating. In general, buildings in Georgia consume about 40-45 per cent of all energy for heating purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Since a large part of GDP in the Arctic comprises returns to fixed capital and resource rents that can be taken out of the region as income to owners situated elsewhere, it is hard to know what part of GDP is available for consumption and investments and, in turn, what the impact is on material well-being. An unequal distribution implies unequal opportunities for personal development and well-being, and using GDP per capita as a measure of welfare means ignoring information on distribution of income and hence inequality. This is clearly an important drawback in the construction of indicators designed to help track human development and well-being in the Arctic. While GDP per capita may be high, it does not reflect well the actual size of income remaining in the Arctic, nor does it show how that income is distributed. Income is often highly unequally distributed, with personal income being considerably lower in smaller, more remote and marginalized communities compared with urban centres or larger local communities with more availability of employment and economic opportunities. National inflation indices are based on an average consumption basket that is regarded as representative for the entire population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The second part discusses new determinants that have the potential to shape future trade flows such as digital infrastructure or data regulation. The third section concludes with a careful assessment of what this means for the future of trade patterns across developed and developing countries. Traditionally, trade flows have been shaped by differences across countries in terms of labour and capital endowments, relative productivity differences, geography, infrastructure or institutional factors. New technologies have the potential to turn around such established trade patterns as robots affect the available labour supply or as the digitalization of trade renders geography and infrastructure less, or potentially more, relevant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This Article analyzes the risk of relativization of fundamental rights to due process and privacy by the Project of Laws 215/2015, 1.547/2015 and 1.589/2015, which aim to amend the Law 12.965/2014. It presents the complexity of the information society and its risks to the right to privacy. Then, it defends the unconstitutionality of these Projects, which would allow the breach of confidentiality of data, in virtual environment, by police authority or by the Public Prosecution Service, without the judicial authorization. Finally, it grounds philosophically the privacy right and rule of law in the natural law theory of John Finnis.  Keywords: Information Society. Right to privacy. Rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 2012, 32 per cent of Members of Parliament were female, compared with 13 per cent in 1984. In the early twenty-first century women have held each of the country7s key constitutional positions: prime minister, governor-general, speaker of the House of Representatives, attorney-general and chief justice. It will further examine the contribution, status and role of women after a period of extensive social and political change in New Zealand, and how this has translated into women's voting and representation, women's role in conflict and co-operation, participation and protest, equal access to power, institutional culture and feminism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Over the last fifty years, diversification as an approach for buttressing Dominica's production and services sector has been emphasised. In 1834, some charitable funds were used for the education of the liberated slaves, the goal being to afford them elementary education, as well as training for native teachers (Honychurch, 1995). The Mico Charity was non-denominational but did much work in Catholic islands like Dominica.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The survey is administered in lower secondary schools (ISCED 2) and, as an option, is administered in primary (ISCED 1) and upper secondary (ISCED 3) schools. The survey is also optionally administered in PISA sampled schools, forming a TALIS-PISA link. Therefore, this TALIS 2018 conceptual framework builds on the previous two cycles in 2008 and 2013 and underpins the survey’s focus on effective instructional and institutional conditions that enhance student learning, while describing how these vary both within and across countries, and over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Waste management services are organized only in urban areas. Due to the fact that approximately 25 per cent of the population live in urban areas (excluding the municipalities of Chisinau and Balti), the number of beneficiaries of the service is quite low. The frequency of household waste collection is daily, and waste collection routes are usually well defined. These are, in the majority of cases, small, uncontrolled and operating without an environmental permit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Each vessel is regulated with Individual Vessel Quotas (IVQs) set at a level where the vessel is guaranteed its quota, or at a level which implies moderate competition between vessels. Guaranteed IVQs mainly regulate vessels holding a licence or an annual permit while quotas that involve competition mainly regulate smaller coastal vessels. Tables in the Annex provide additional details.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
One way of preserving this integrity would be to require abstractors/polluters who use this “safety valve” to make the necessary abstraction/emission reductions in later years. This reassessment can be very important when “qualitatively new” instruments are added to the existing mix, such as when a quantity based instrument (e.g. a quota-based trading system) is combined with price-based instruments (e.g. taxes and subsidies). It is also important to regularly review the effectiveness and efficiency of the instrument mix that is in place - to ensure that the programme performance anticipated ex ante has indeed been realised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Minsk City adopted a more advanced set-up, dividing the responsibilities for waste collection and waste disposal. Waste sorting and disposal is performed by the Unitary Enterprise “Ekores”. While in 2005 only about 35 per cent of the urban population received regular waste collection services, 99 per cent of the urban population was serviced in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The Supreme Court's judgment in Doogan is a judicial review of a decision by Greater Glasgow Health Board regarding the scope of the conscience-based exemption in section 4(1) of the Abortion Act 1967. The case progressed through the Outer and Inner Houses of the Court of Session in Edinburgh before final judgment was delivered in the Supreme Court by Baroness Hale on December 17 2014. The Supreme Court eschewed consideration of the human rights dimension of the case (which had featured in the Outer House decision) and approached its judgment as 'a pure question of statutory construction'. This commentary engages with the judgment on its own terms, assessing it as an exercise in statutory interpretation, and leaves it to others who may wish to do so to comment on the human rights aspects of the case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Even for low-cost improved stoves, which are affordable for all except for the poorest households, affordability still serves as a brake on faster market development. The time burden on women and children may not be a sufficient disincentive for men who have a greater voice in major purchasing decisions.76 Households that purchase fuel tend to rely on biomass fuel collection in parallel. This form of device 'stacking' makes it harder to see positive health or environmental outcomes. Decades of policy experimentation around the world has shown that private finance will not be able to address the infrastructural needs of the large segments of underserved population that live in poor and remote rural areas or in poor urban communities and refugee camps. At the same time, by involving service users in planning and management and by establishing mechanisms for monitoring (Target 6.b), the capacity of the state, responsiveness to citizens and legitimacy can be built even in contexts where such capacity has been eroded through protracted crises and conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This research moves from the reality of media life of area in Madiun of East Java which experiencing changes in line with social politics situation of Indonesia.   Media is a commodity that can be exchanged,   it is exploit all the potential and various social forces that exist.   This study aims to know and analyze the stuctutation of regional mass media, the weekly magazine of Kridha Rakyat in Madiun, East Java.   The theory used is the political economy approach that is the structuration according to Vincent Mosco.   The method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection technique through interview, observation, ethnography and content analysis.   The results show that the media perform the process of production and reproduction of power structures by media rulers (owner) by utilizing media agents and social relationship with other structure outside media.   The media produces a series of power-reinforcing powers that ultimately reinforce the media's position.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Each item was assessed for its reliability and the presence or absence of peer review, robustness of sampling strategy and methodology recorded on an excel spreadsheet. The grey literature search yielded approximately 30 further reports and working papers. Approximately one third of the total sources consulted are cited in this review given their direct relevance to the topics covered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is true in the Nordic countries, which were among the first to make the change in the 1970s. One of the most recent reforms was undertaken in Poland, where early tracking was postponed one year, until the age of 15. The reform raised students' performance substantially, particularly for those students who would have been assigned into vocational tracks, without undermining the performance of top achievers (Wisniewski, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Substandard working conditions are the main issue, underscoring the central role that decent and productive employment plays in helping people escape poverty. The situation remains particularly alarming in sub-Saharan Africa, where the share of working poor stood at 38 per cent in 2018. In least developed and landlocked developing countries, at least one quarter of workers live in extreme poverty despite having a job.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Statistics on the magnitude of their stocks through time are required to assist in the sustainable management of these resources. Stocks of non-renewable energy resources are defined as the amount of known deposits of mineral energy resources. They include fossil fuels (e.g., natural gas, crude oil and natural gas liquids, oil shale, natural bitumen and extra heavy oil, coal and lignite), peat, uranium and thorium ores.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Women in politics are sometimes portrayed as being morally loose, they face sexual harassment and other threats. Young unmarried women are especially susceptible to such threats. Some women who aspire to go into politics may face violence from their own parties and opposition candidates. In some cases, women often must hire their own security, this adds to the costs of campaigning. Beyond that, it raises the importance of girls’ education. It has been a psychological torture to tolerate such humiliation.'
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In rivers with sewage treatment, the opposite occurs -low ammonium and higher concentrations of nitrate (<= 5mg/l). A general trend towards an increase in nutrient concentrations was observed after larger settlements. Measured phosphate concentrations up to 2 mg/1 in rivers are beyond good and evil and are once more a sign of lacking wastewater treatment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The field of ethics is vast and our discussion of ethical perspectives relevant to poverty reduction is, out of necessity, superficial. Detailed studies focusing on specific ethical perspectives are required to capture their far-reaching implications. Our intention was to demonstrate the relevance of ethics to programme design and scope, but further work is needed to extract the lessons policy designers can gain from these perspectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In particular, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001) and the Minamata Convention on Mercury (2013) provide agreed international frameworks to address some of the heavy metals and hazardous substances. In many States, however, a great deal of capacity-building is still required in order to implement these frameworks. The agricultural revolution of the last part of the twentieth century brought with it problems for the ocean in the form of enhanced run-off of both agricultural nutrients and pesticides.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Each of these is considered in turn. In the late twentieth century this type of intervention was frowned on in mainstream policy circles, although industrial policy remained in use in many of the more successful developing countries, such as China. Recently, however, there has been a revival of interest in industrial policies, with more analysts arguing for their usefulness and desirability (e.g. Lin and Monga, 2010, Lin, 2011, OECD, 2013). There is greater recognition that several developing countries have improved their capacity to design and implement industrial policies (te Velde et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Number of sectoral plans and strategies incorporating and implementing the values of biodiversity implementation strategies. By 2020, 10 new tools produced and 15 knowledge resources demonstrating the value of biodiversity developed and disseminated. Rate of loss of natural forests and water surface area due to land-use conversion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 2000-2009 280 projects specifically addressed disability, targeting people with both mental and physical disabilities. The main activities included capacity building, policy development, CBR, promotion of human rights, de-institutionalisation, social inclusion and improving the collection of data. It has worked with local and national associations in many countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The premise of the campaign is to pull evidence-based medicine out of scientific journals and into the public domain. The overarching objective is to reduce unnecessary care and harm, while at the same time reducing costs to the health care system. Encouraging continuous medical education (CME) and continuous professional development (CPD) and changing scope of practice (for nurses, for example) are two ways to maximise the contribution of health professionals in delivering high-quality care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Seasonal precipitation patterns show no consistent patterns in variation. The intensity of precipitation is measured by the number of days with more than 10 mm precipitation. On this basis, the northern part of the coastal zone has more rainy days than elsewhere - 49 days per year with precipitation of more than 10 mm. Between 1951 and 1978, precipitation of more than 77 mm was observed at least once per year during 75 per cent of the period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In 2006, around 11 000 individuals - equivalent of 10% of the population of Grade 12 students -were enrolled in pre-university colleges or courses such courses, the vast majority were aged under 25 (OECD, 2009). The only open access higher education institution is the Open University. In 2006/07 this percentage was 11%, compared with only 7% in 1995/96.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Growth in mobile-cellular networks and services, particularly over the last decade and a half, has allowed many people to join the information society. Access to ICTs can be an important enabler of broader development objectives, for instance, through the field known as “e-government” services. Other forms of technological change have also been monitored, if succinctly, in the current series of reports, including those addressing climate change and disaster risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This definition excludes actors with a non-profit focus, such as private foundations. Includes activities to create an adequate enabling environment for private sector growth, such as promoting a conducive policy environment, addressing market imperfections (e.g. through value chain development) as well as direct firm-level interventions (e.g. capacity building, access to finance and markets). Such partnerships could involve companies from the partner country, donor country or elsewhere. This term refers to private sector collaboration and partnerships, as well as private sector development activities in partner countries where the private sector is actively involved in the project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition to President Banda of Malawi in Commonwealth Africa, President Monique Ohsan-Bellepeau of Mauritius was also serving as Head of State (Commonwealth Secretariat 2012). She assumed the presidency after he died of heart attack in 2012, becoming the first female president in Malawi’s history. This was relatively short lived (two years, from 2012 to 2014). These range from arguments that women are ‘unsuited’ to decisionmaking and are their own worst enemies to the gender roles that define what women and men do, effectively excluding women from decision-making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The sector is very fragmented, as local PES centres contract out training to more than 1 000 private institutions and for a smaller part to the (public) Tiirr Istvan Institute. Although some tools have long been in place to evaluate the efficiency of the main labour activation policies (in the form of annual monitoring by the National Employment Office and occasional reports by independent researchers), little is known about the efficiency of individual training providers. Anecdotal evidence suggests uneven quality and even some cases of corruption, and a high drop-out rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Institution as an interdisciplinary concept which is used in a vast range of social sciences has a great importance with its impact on social conflict and power distribution in economics literature nowadays. That the human behaviors are designed by institutions is becoming a well-accepted idea day by day, therefore it is the same to accept the functions of institutions in economics and social process, its power on determining the losers and winners of society through public policy. Several theories are constructed for understanding the relations between institutions and development level. Daron Acemoglu is one of the economists who have important contributions to the institutional theory. Aim of this study is to draw a frame of Acemoglu’s contributions to political economy of development and institutional economics’ theory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Moreover, to the extent that private market research companies collect such information, the analysis and data sets published are often too expensive for many developing country institutions. Information collected by industry associations can thus be a valuable input into the policy formulation related to the development of national software systems. Some associations are already gathering various data from their members, while others have yet to start.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
From the 1990s onwards, population issues also started to play an increasing role in the country’s development plans and projects (Al-Qutob, 1994). In 1993, Jordan’s cabinet approved the National Birth Spacing Program and in 1996, government agencies were requested to implement the National Population Strategy, which included, among other areas, maternal and child health, family planning and birth spacing (National Population Commission, 2000). In the five-year development plan for 1993—1997, the staffing of primary health-care centres with nurses and midwives was one of the key strategies for raising the quality of health care, directly benefiting maternal as well as child health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Its mandate is two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply and to advise member countries on sound energy policy. This paper reflects the views of the IEA Secretariat and may not necessarily reflect the views of the individual IEA member countries. The study also draws on contributions of Franziska Mueller-Langer, Jens Giersdorf and Anastasios Perimenis of the German Biomass Research Centre (DBFZ), who provided parts of the sustainability chapter and four country profiles commissioned by the Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In conclusion, at the moment, demand and supply information which cover geographically identical units is available only from state-owned areas as described in chapter 3.3.2. However, some regional indicators are provided for decision making. For example, "Regional council of Lapland" provides statistics about tourism in Lapland (Tourism facts in Lapland - Statistical review 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the context of human rights law, there have been several changes of interpretation of the particular rights. One of such examples is right to privacy which has been extended from the human beings to the legal persons. Even though this shift of interpretation happened some time ago, it has been criticised that this change is not properly reflected in the European Competition Law, as regards the inspections in particular. This contribution will clarify these issues and it will try to seek the answer to the question whether there is a need for change of the European Competition law in order for it to be compatible with the right to privacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)