albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This chapter explores the theoretical critiques that environmental politics attracted since the 1990s onward. Among them, building upon political ecology critique, post-environmentalist theory gained a prominent role and claimed that green diplomacy, business, and large NGOs determined a de-politicization of environmental issues in the pursuit of establishing a widespread consensus on the mainstream strategies for global environmental governance. The origins and development of post-environmentalism are described in the chapter, with particular attention devoted to the differences between the realist perspective of US scholars (most notably Michel Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus, authors of the pamphlet “The Death of Environmentalism”) and the European scholars, advancing a constructivist interpretation of the end of environmentalism under the name of post-ecologism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The idea of biodiversity mainstreaming originates from the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), of which 196 countries are Parties. Unemployment and inequality are high, with over 40% of the working age population in long-term unemployment. Life expectancy is two-thirds the OECD average (OECD, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These policy initiatives are not equally relevant in all parts of the world and additional analysis will be necessary to tailor policy packages that best meet the specific needs of each country. Data for Argentina should be interpreted with caution due to the state of emergency in the national statistical system declared by the government of Argentina on 7 January 2016 (www.boletino/icial.gob.ar/pd//linfeQR/QIFISld)nVmpOWXMrdTVReEh2Zl,U0dz09). The Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), published by the OECD Development Centre, is a multi-dimensional index that combines quantitative and qualitative data to capture both de jure and de facto gender discrimination in social institutions, through information on laws, attitudes and practices (for additional information, see ivunu.genderindex.org). The average rate of change in OECD countries would be even lower if one did not include the fast-changing Latin American countries that are also OECD members (Chile and Mexico).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It could introduce drastic changes, such as splitting up some councils. The commission radically reformed the structure and functions of local governments. For this purpose, it relied on a set of “principles” enshrined in the Government Economic Statement (1987) and sent to local authorities for information and consultation. The previous 200 local authorities were replaced by 12 regional councils and 75 city and district councils (currently 11 regions and 67 city and district councils).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Crude oil prices have a major influence on the fuel price for the consumer, indeed in the United States, crude oil constitutes 69% of the price of a gallon of regular gasoline (where refining only costs 9%, distribution and marketing 8%, and taxes 14%).7 Gas prices are more complex, since there exist three regional gas markets (North America, Europe and Asia) with strong historical relations due to the pipeline infrastructure on these continents. At the same time, a new type of gas transportation is rapidly accelerating: liquefied natural gas (LNG), which can be shipped over long distances albeit only with specially equipped tankers since it requires constant cooling at minus 162°C. Usually, the long-term price of gas is indexed to oil product prices, and consequently follows its volatility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Typically, species diversity is low, and a portion of the ecosystems are isolated ecological islands, ecosystems that are not in a direct connection to other similar environments. This causes these ecosystems to be highly vulnerable to disturbance, often unique, and plausibly non-restorable. Additionally, summers are short and characterized by relatively low average temperatures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Thus far, the most common certification in Guatemala and throughout Central America is stewardship chain certification, which includes monitoring and certification of the process of transforming the timber from the felling of a tree in the forest through to the preparation of the final product sold to consumers on the retail or wholesale markets. By 2007, the Rainforest Alliance had certified practices applied in 478,000 ha of the RBM, representing 60% of the multiple-use zone and 23% of the total area of the reserve. Nonetheless, the information obtained by consulting studies done previously in Peten by other institutions, and comparing them with data obtained in the interviews held during the technical visit, revealed that transport and fuel expenses weigh most heavily on the chain's production costs and significantly impair its competitiveness. This situation and the long distances that separate the forests from the industries, in many cases exceeding 100 km, significantly raise the cost of wood in the form of logs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Most SWFs have a mandate to preserve and transfer wealth to future generations. Therefore, green investments make sense to them from an asset-liability perspective, since the risks associated with climate change can be seen as a potential liability to nation States (Bolton, Guesnerie and Samama, 2010). These include traditional forms of risk-sharing, such as public-private partnerships, as well as more innovative mechanisms, such as equity-linked financing, rural funds and national green long-horizon funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The imperative to reduce poverty and achieve the MDGs certainly provides a compelling enough policy argument in favour of energy investments. However, the political attractiveness and full development potential of these investments require the utilization of energy for income-generating activities. This requires identifying and building upon “pockets of opportunity”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, the cash transfer programme, PROSPERA, formerly known as Oportunidades or Progresa, encourages disadvantaged families to send their children to school and to medical check-ups. It covers around 6.5 million Mexican families, and has helped to increase enrolment rates for secondary school, reduce the incidence of anaemia among children, and cut poverty rates in rural areas. Along with this, additional efforts need to be continued to improve the quality of education opportunities provided for all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The strategy is process-oriented, not only describing activities but also defining a set of ideas, guidelines and action plans to raise the resources required, and linking the strategy with the overall concept of sustainable development. The strategy aims to sustain and scale up existing successful initiatives to increase funding and enhance the productivity of biodiversity resources and ecosystems services. It aims at establishing appropriate and coherent mobilisation, and proper use of financial resources based on national biodiversity priorities and needs. The strategy was developed in a consultative manner, and in response to CBD Decision X/3 on ‘developing a strategy for financial resource mobilisation’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Aggregate calculations: Weighted averages using population (WPP2012) as weight. Missing data are not imputed. Aggregate calculations: Weighted averages using population (WPP2012) as weight. Missing data are not imputed. Aggregate calculations: Weighted averages using population (WPP2012) as weight. Missing data are not imputed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In particular, the Asian crisis and El Nino were two major factors behind the contraction of production during 1997-99. Overall, between 1990 and 2009, Gross Agricultural Output increased in volume terms by 97%, of which crop production by 97% and livestock production by 89%, compared with a population growth of 29% over the same period indicating a significant increase in production per capita. In the 1990s, overall TFP growth was weak, reflecting a fall in public spending in the sector that was not replaced by private investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Out of the identified 150 NUPs, 43 (29 per cent) are in Asia and the Pacific region, followed by 38 (26 per cent) in Africa, 32 (21 per cent) in Europe and North America, 19 (13 per cent) in Latin America and the Caribbean and 17 (11 per cent) in the Arab States region (Figure 2.1). There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the "Cyprus issue".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For decades, home studies has been developed across a wide range of disciplines, including ethnography and anthropology, human and cultural geography, history, and social research in architecture and design. Transnational migrations also found their own specific niche in this multidisciplinary research area. Still, in migration studies of home numerous localized but isolated case studies predominate. This book by sociologist Paolo Boccagni is a long-awaited first attempt at generalizing, systematizing, and conceptualizing more deeply existing scholarship on the migrationhome nexus.     DOI:  10.25285/2078-1938-2017-9-3-160-163
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
According to FRA 2010, the area of forests and OWL in Turkmenistan (according to the FAO definition) is 4,127,000 ha. As the areas of OWL were shown as “0”, this means that there was no such category in the national forest classification and all areas of Forest and OWL were included in the category of Forest. This confirms that part of the area classified as Forest may actually be OWL, according to the FRA definitions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Overall, much greater attention is being paid to these methods also in academic circles, and the number of impact evaluation studies covering all fields continues to rise (Sabet and Brown, 2018). Government policy-makers and practitioners interested in ensuring that actions and finance invested is achieving real impact on the ground could therefore also enable academics to undertake such rigorous studies if relevant data is collected. Fostering stronger collaboration in the science-policy interface (i.e. betw'een academia and government) may also help to move from an ad-hoc emergence of biodiversity-relevant impact evaluation and cost-effectiveness analysis studies, to a more strategic one. A Farm-Level Evaluation from Costa Rica, Land Economics, 88 (2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The perception of risk level has generally increased, i.e. farmers tend to estimate the same risks as more important than previously. New Zealand farmers distinguish risks that generate threats and those that generate opportunities, with the dividing line between the two likely being the ability of the farmer to manage the risk. As this ability may change in the long run, their perception of risk as an opportunity or threat may also change with time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Chile, Iceland and Slovenia continue to employ the largest percentage of women in central government, at more than 60%, while Japan employs the smallest share (16%). Data for the Netherlands is in full-time equivalent. Japan and Spain are for full-time employees only. Even among the best achievers in terms of gender equality progress, strong segmentation in educational and occupational choices remains: for example, in Norway in 2009, half of working women were employed in seven occupations, while men were employed in 14 occupations (OECD, 2012a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Dotted lines indicate 95 per cent confidence intervals for market and net Gini coefficients. Global market and net/disposable inequality indices are computed as population-weighted averages of within-country Gini indices as defined in the SWIID database. See figure 1 for an illustration of the difference between market and disposable/ net income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Although recognized in international law for decades, the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications has received little attention from the human rights and scientific communities ( 1 – 5 ). In 2012, Farida Shaheed, a Special Rapporteur (SR) for the United Nations (UN), presented a report to the UN Human Rights Council (HRC) on the meaning and application of the right ( 6 ). The next step is for the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) to adopt an official statement on the meaning and application of the right that provides clear guidance on the steps governments must take for implementation. The CESCR has been reluctant because of the complexity of issues and the need to know more about government practice. To address such knowledge gaps, the scientific and human rights communities need to provide input.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This effectively breaks the time-honoured link between civic rights and nationality. The political inclusion mandate is taken one step further with voter education and awareness campaigns. In Colombia, the government guarantees basic services - water supply, sanitation, electricity, waste collection, telephone and gas - to all, including slum-dwellers. These technological innovations have resulted in new urban landscapes that would have seemed too futuristic and only remotely possible nearly 20 years ago, during the Habitat II conference.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the process of preparing the 2014 Folkeskole reform, stakeholders acknowledged that better learning outcomes for all students should be possible without using more of society’s resources on compulsory education. The present evidence does not indicate any reduction in student achievement since the introduction of the reform, but the full impact of the changes will need to be monitored over the years to come. The impression of the OECD review team is, however, that the Danish school system has been able to implement a reform with clear and high ambitions for improved student performance without a major increase in overall spending.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
First was the food and fuel price crisis which seemed to have abated in 2009, but resumed in late 2010. The global economic and financial crisis, which affected households through incomes, employment and remittances, is presumably over as indicated by positive growth rates and recovering remittances. Finally, natural disasters and internal conflicts further threaten fragile economies. The multi-dimensionality of the crises and the volatile economic environment challenge vulnerable households’ ability to cope and maintain their living standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Real incomes subsequently grew strongly until 2000 but then fell back so that they stagnated in real terms over the period as a whole. With the exception of the Netherlands and the United States, income levels at the 10lh percentile (the bottom decile) in all other countries are now lower than they were at the beginning of the available data series. One explanation could be that employment gains have coincided with an increase in the number of low-paid workers and part-time workers (as has also happened in the Netherlands).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
An even higher default rate is expected for 2011 and beyond because of the revolution. The Fonds National de Promotion de lArtisanat et des Petits Metiers [National Fund for the Promotion of Crafts and Small Enterprises! The Banqne de Financement des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises (BFPME) [Small and Medium Enterprise Financing Bank] provides loans for larger ventures (between TND 100 000 and TND 5 million). Indeed, according to a OECD and IDRC (2012) study on New Entrepreneurs and High Growth Enterprises in the Middle East and North Africa, low enterprise activity rates in the region are in part due to the low levels of participation of women in the formal economic sphere, as both employees and business leaders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Metals, minerals, wood, water, glass energy, etc. Over the years, largely due to climate change discussions, there has been increasing understanding of the impact of transport and mobility on society and the environment. The production of motor vehicles is resource intensive, their use requires constant GHG-emitting fuels and the construction of roads, and at the end of life the scrapping of cars takes up space, requires energy and may release harmful substances with potential impacts on human health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, the number of poor people living in Chennai compared with Bengaluru is greater, they constitute 18.53 per cent of the city economy, as compared with 15 per cent in Bengaluru. The smaller number in Chennai could be the result of underreporting, a variable over which the researcher has no direct control. Based on discussions with the Tamil Nadu Directorate of Economics and Statistics a possible explanation for this is that in Chennai, most of the manufacturing that contributes to the city’s GDP is beyond the city corporation boundaries, while in Bengaluru, the high contributors to the city’s GDP, the IT industries, are located very within the city boundaries. This could be partly due to the fact that the government of Tamil Nadu is quite generous as far as worker salaries are concerned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The region, with k,500 people, is relatively isolated, it has little government presence and receives little assistance from external institutions. In 2000, community leaders established the Kahua Association (KA). The organization has been helping communities learn more about external market forces and appreciate the risks they face, while helping them enter into partnerships with development agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There is, however, concern that the benefits of technology may not be available to all. However, innovation is not limited to new breakthroughs: most innovation involves incremental improvements and adaptations of existing technologies, processes and organizational structures. China and India, in particular, have become global leaders in some sustainable technologies, such as solar and wind technology, and electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, in part because they were able to improve existing technologies and production processes. Some LDCs have also begun to develop domestic technological capacities and successfully build new industries, such as the solar photovoltaic industry in Bangladesh. This technology makes transactions possible without an intermediary and thus has the potential to reduce service costs and increase financial inclusion. However, it is important to note that blockchain services are still in early stages and a number of issues, including data and privacy protection, regulatory oversight, and the overall contribution to sustainable development need further discussion, especially at the international level due to their cross-border nature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The world as a whole gained 23.7 years of life expectancy since the early 1950s (table 1), reaching a level of 70.5 years in the years from 2010 to 2015. During this same period, the less developed regions gained 27.2 years of life expectancy, double the gain in the more developed regions, due in substantial part to large reductions in child mortality, which in the developed regions had already occurred by 1950. Latin America and the Caribbean had the highest level of life expectancy among large developing regions throughout this period, rising from 51.2 years in 1950-1955 to 74.5 years in 2010-2015 (table 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Furthermore, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has a vast potential for renewable energy sources (RES), which is largely untapped with the exception of large-scale hydropower. While the region is expected to see a steady rise in hydropower and rapid expansion of other renewables, the International Energy Agency (IEA) still projects the share of fossil fuels in the total primary energy supply (TPES) to increase to 78% by 2040. The target is to increase the share of renewables (including large-scale hydropower but not traditional uses of biomass) in the TPES to 23% by 2025. In emerging Asia as a whole, coal and gas are expected to prevail as the dominant source of energy towards 2040. However, the projected growth in energy demand provides great opportunities for emerging Asia to exploit its largely untapped potential of renewable energy sources. Although energy efficiency measures could help to slow the growth of fossil fuel consumption, large-scale investment in renewable energy development would still be needed to make a significant difference.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In terms of social domain, the OECD has arguably the largest scope the different datasets as it has developed a methodology, which facilitates the comprehensive accounting of fiscal measures that affect social protection. See Adema et al. ( Indicators on Social Spending, 1980-2012, and a Manual to the OECD Social Expenditure Database (SOCX)”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Prosperity Outcomes include measures of academic performance, educational attainment, attitudes towards school and learning, and health and well-being. Foundations for Success, cumulative development and institutional selection. The Foundations for Success are described below, while a description of the other processes and the effects associated with each of the processes along the Educational Prosperity pathway are available in Annex 5.A1. For example, from age 2 to age 5, children's development is affected by parents' engagement with the child and intra-family relations, as well as by the quality of care at home and in early childhood centres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
An atmosphere of ineffectiveness regarding the ability of police to address crime problems in general and street-level drug problems in particular prevailed in the 1980s. Law enforcement tactics in the 1980s were typically reactive, unfocused and generally failed to disrupt street-level drug market activity. Development of focused proactive policing strategies during the 1990s, such as problem-oriented policing and partnerships with third parties, led to a renewed faith in the capacity of the police to efficaciously deal with street-level drug problems.The objectives of this review is to utilize meta-analytic procedures to assess the relative effectiveness of police-led drug law enforcement interventions. Specifically, The authors examined the relative effectiveness of a number of policing approaches, including problem-oriented policing, community-wide policing, and hotspots policing compared to the standard, reactive mode of drug law enforcement that dominated police practice until the 1990s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the last few decades, the prevalence of obesity has expanded rapidly and now constitutes a grave public health concern across the developed world. Obesity is negatively associated with, among other factors, education and healthcare quality, which are factors that governments can and do influence through welfare policies. This study investigated to what extent the change in the prevalence of obesity is lower in more generous welfare states. Based on pooled time series cross-section regressions for 15 developed countries over 25 years, we found that the more generous are transfer payments, health policy and education policy, the lower is the increase of obesity prevalence. These findings have important implications for public policy formation and the public health and welfare state literatures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)