albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Since the beginning of the 21st century, commitment and efforts to curb corruption have become more serious and multiple anti-corruption initiatives at global, regional and national levels have been established. At international level, the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) has created an opportunity to develop a global language about corruption and a coherent implementation strategy, with the purpose of promoting and strengthening measures to prevent and combat corruption more efficiently and effectively, promoting, facilitating and supporting international cooperation and technical assistance in the prevention of and fight against corruption, including in asset recovery, and promoting integrity, accountability and proper management of public affairs and public property (African Institute of Corporate Citizenship 2008: 9)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, the OECD CRS dataset does not include all donor countries, it is limited to the assistance committed by OECD member states and thus exclude assistance from countries such as China. Numerous issues have been raised in terms of how projects are designated ("tagged") as supporting climate change adaptation and/or mitigation (Caravani, Nakhooda and Terpstra, 2014, Michaelowa and Michaelowa, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The doto from the XCBS is used in a number of FAO publications ond cssecioled dotoboses such os the Globol Informotion ond Eorly Worning System (GIEWS), Food outlook ond crop prospects ond food siluotion. Glossary ol Meteorology [online], Boston, USA. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advonce Climate Change Adaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For instance, when ten percent of the population or more live in such households, the 10lh percentile point is will be close to zero. This can be seen during periods of rapidly rising unemployment or withdrawal from the labour force, especially if job losses result in large numbers of workless households, as is indicated for Australia, Finland and United Kingdom during the mid-1990s recessions, and for Israel and Poland later on. When incomes at the bottom fall rapidly during and after recessions, incomes in the upper part of the distribution have often continued to rise at a reduced pace (Canada, Denmark and the United States for example). Where downturns do result in longer-lasting income losses for higher-income groups (as in Australia, Finland, Poland), the relative income decline tends to be significantly smaller than for low-income earners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The albedo effect for a few decades after harvesting will, however, be greater for clear-cut stands than for stands under continuous cover harvesting. Removal of logging residues (branches, tree tops without foliage) will have a less negative climate effect than removal of stumps. Fertilization (primarily with nitrogen) will yield faster biomass growth, thus increasing carbon stocks, but will also risk increasing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In February 2008, over 120 members of US civil society representing a range of domestic non-governmental organizations attended a United Nations hearing regarding the US government's compliance with the International Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Racial Discrimination. In this article, I analyze a distinct form of transnational activism that requires US racial justice activists to identify human rights standards and principles upon which to build their assertions of racial injustice, necessitating a fluency in the language of human rights and the ability to negotiate and lobby with members of a UN committee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These indicators can be expressed as productivity or intensity ratios, by relating emissions to measures of production or consumption, or as decoupling trends showing the two variables separately. The ratio between CO2 emissions from production and GDP is a widely used indicator. It brings together several aspects related to the environmental efficiency of production and is a prime indicator of relative decoupling between carbon from fossil fuel use as an input and domestic production. The CO2 intensity of production is also representative of other environmental issues, in particular emissions of greenhouse gases and to some extent air pollution, which are correlated with the carbon intensity of economic production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Sector ministries vary in the degree to which they operate funding agencies related to their mission, but the great majority run government laboratories or public research institutes to supply the research they need (and often also to provide them with other technical services). The planning process appears to be inclusive, individual organisations contribute and it is not wholly top-down. Unusually, Colciencias functions both as a ministry and as an agent that largely does the work of a combined innovation agency and research council. Like a government minister, its president answers directly to the President of the Republic, it has its own line in the national budget, and it co-ordinates innovation and research policy across the whole of the national government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Introducing Pragmatism to International Relations Harry Bauer and Elisabetta Brighi Part 1: Pragmatism and the Theory of International Relations 1. Ten Points to Ponder About Pragmatism: Some Critical Reflections on Knowledge Generation in the Social Sciences Friedrich Kratochwil 2. Pragmatism, Legal Realism and Constructivism Harry Gould and Nick Onuf Part 2: Pragmatism as Social Research in International Relations 3. A Neopragmatist Agenda for Social Research: Integrating Levinas, Gadamer and Mead Patrick Baert 4. Pragmatism, History and International Relations 5. 'Returning Practice To The Linguistic Turn: The Case of Diplomacy' Iver B. Neuman Part 3: Pragmatism and Norms in International Relations 6. Pragmatic Constructivism and the Study of International Institutions Peter Haas and Ernst Haas 7. Pragmatism and International Law Siegfried Schieder Part 4: Limitations and Conclusions 8. 'Pragmatism's Boundaries' Mathew Festenstein Conclusions: On the Obstacles and Promises of Pragmatism in International Relations Harry Bauer and Elisabetta Brighi
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
France: School principals in schools at ISCED level 1 are also often appraised as teachers. School principals in private schools are appraised by their employers. In addition, local inspection bodies (Irspecteur de Veducation nationale [IEN]) assess the compliance of school principals in private schools with national education goals and programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Series Editors' Foreword List of Contributors Form vs. Content-driven Arguments for Realism J.Saatsi Optimism About the Pessimistic Induction S.Roush Metaphysics Between the Sciences and Philosophies of Science A.Chakravartty Nominalism and Inductive Generalizations J.Pfeifer Models and Scientific Representations O.Bueno The Identical Rivals Response to Underdetermination G.Frost-Arnold & P.D.Magnus Scientific Representation and the Semiotics of Pictures L.Perini Philosophy of the Environmental Sciences J.Odenbaugh Value Judgments and the Estimation of Uncertainty in Climate Modeling J.Biddle & E.Winsberg Feminist Standpoint Empiricism: Rethinking the Terrain in Feminist Philosophy of Science K.Intemann Naturalism and the Enlightenment Ideal: Rethinking a Central Debate in the Philosophy of Social Science D.Steel New Approaches to the Division of Cognitive Labour M.Weisberg Index
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Factors for protecting biodiversity and creating more sustainable relationships with terrestrial ecosystems, however, are still not well understood. Moreover, the full extent to which the ongoing permanent loss of biodiversity will affect human welfare in the future cannot be entirely known. What is clear, however, is that diversity of species and biomes, or terrestrial landscapes, has been declining, and this trend has major implications for sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There seems to be a relative balance between solar PV and wind power, with solar thermal projects remaining scarce. Notable examples of large plants are Antofagasta's 115 MW wind power and CAP’s 100 MW solar PV projects in Chile, as well as Industrias Penoles’ 180 MW wind power plant in Mexico. Among smaller initiatives, the geographical distribution is more diverse, with Australia and Canada, as well as South Africa, emerging as potential hubs. At the same time, in developing countries, particularly in lower-income economies, despite the existence of some successful projects, the uptake of renewables by mines remains limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Through its two pillars, the programme seeks to equip young people with better tools for future employment (and thereby reduce the inactivity rate among this population group) and boost their potential for mobility and social inclusion. Eighty thousand young people took part in this programme in 2013. The goal for 2014 was to extend coverage to 120,000 recipients (Angulo and Gomez, 2014). And there has been a narrowing of gender gaps in access to secondary education (Parker, 2003, Parker and Behrman, 2008), in the transition from primary to secondary education (De Janvry and others, 2005) and lower dropout rates among adolescents (De la Torre Garcia, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Criminology has largely ignored the study of crimes against humanity even though the acts involved—genocide, murder, rape, torture, the appropriation or destruction of property and the displacement and enslavement of populations—are criminal under national and international law and more serious than most crimes commonly studied by criminologists. We examine why criminology has neglected these crimes, argue that criminological theorizing will benefit by attending to this substantive area and put forward a theory of crimes against humanity derived from and expanding on existing criminological theory both to offer a basis for new theoretical and empirical work and to illustrate how criminological theories might be modified to provide more powerful accounts of crime. The article draws on a case example of genocidal mass-murder: Jedwabne, Poland, July 1941.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Training health professionals on effective communication of complex information is therefore important. Such training includes methods to assist patients to problem solve and interpret their symptoms, and to increase health professionals’ awareness of the impact of patient self-management on health outcomes (Yank et al., Patient education programmes and counselling sessions are another fruitful way to support better patient self-management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper provides a reflective account of the different disciplinary approaches to studying illicit drug markets. The term ‘drug market’ is used widely in illicit drug research, and means different things to different researchers. An economist may have a very specific view of what is meant by a drug market, and that will differ from one held by an ethnographer. The paper endeavours to describe and explain five different disciplinary approaches to studying drug markets—ethnographic and qualitative approaches, economic approaches, behavioural and psychological research, population-based and survey research, criminology and law enforcement evaluation. Each discipline has strengths and limitations. I do not argue for the supremacy of one approach, but that we need to appreciate the different approaches and develop better multi-disciplinary models.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Viet Nam, the source of supply varies depending on the type of method used with an increasing number of private pharmacies and outlets opting for pills, three-month injectables and condoms. Their sales are expected to grow as the market liberalizes further, in line with the 2006-2015 national strategy on contraceptive commodity security developed with the support of UNFPA and other international agencies, which advocates for more involvement of non-governmental sectors and social marketing to encourage greater diversity in contraceptive supplies, at least for those who can afford it. Moreover, the Governments of Viet Nam and Indonesia have preferred to defer distribution of condoms for STIs and HIV prevention to international and local NGOs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This trend suggests that the demand for tertiary-educated individuals has kept up with the increasing supply from higher educational institutions in most OECD countries. This report finds that countries have been advancing at different rates in providing quality education and skills development opportunities to disadvantaged individuals. These inequalities result in veiy different life outcomes for adults.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The public relations literature on social media has focused primarily on how social media platforms can be leveraged to the advantage of organizations for relationship building and so-called dialogue with publics. Yet most research has positioned relationships in social media merely as opportunities for information exchange, perpetuating models of public relations grounded in systems theory that ignore power imbalances. Consequently, this article offers insights from postmodernist theories to first deconstruct existing research and then offer suggestions for future social media scholarship. The article argues that social media scholars have privileged dominant rational models of social engagement. Dissensus and disorder, according to Lyotard, may be as legitimate and more liberatory states of discourse for marginalized publics. Postmodern theories of language games and differential consciousness are also positioned as ways in which social media theory and practice may be advanced. The article thus complic...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article examines cultural aspects of sexuality and reviews the contributions of social science research to this field of knowledge. Two features are emphasized: (1) the social construction of sexuality, which produces immense cross-cultural diversity and (2) the extent to which societal preoccupations with sexuality are often about much more than sex itself, providing fertile data for social analysis. The article is organized into six substantive sections representing significant domains of scholarship in this area. These sections focus on premarital sex, marriage, extramarital sex, gender and sexuality, non-heterosexuality, and the global AIDS epidemic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The authors would like to thank Jan Corfee-Morlot, Sara Fyson, Raundi Halvorson-Quevedo, Nicolina Lamhauge and Suzanne Steensen from the Development Co-operation Directorate, and Jane Ellis and Randy Caruso from the Environment Directorate of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for their comments on earlier drafts and help in carrying out this work. The authors would also like to thank all interview respondents for their insights and time dedicated to this research, many of whom also provided valuable comments on earlier drafts of the paper. This report explores current understanding of what makes international climate finance effective - focusing on climate-related development finance. Its scope includes, but is not limited to, official development assistance (ODA). The research approach used is qualitative, and is based on a series of in-depth interviews.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This can ease communication across levels and facilitate common accessibility-oriented policy frameworks. To this end, it recognises the need to considerably decrease anthropogenic GHG emissions in a way that is complementary with the social sustainability goal, such as reduction of poverty. However, without ensuring access via alternative modes, these policies can generate negative social externalities, imposing burdens on vulnerable users while not significantly delivering greenhouse gas reductions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In common with the way clinical audits have traditionally developed in many countries, quality registers in Sweden focus predominantly on hospital and specialist care. Eight of the 73 quality registers also cover services provided in primary care: dementia, diabetes, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), palliative care, slow-healing wounds, asthma and Senior Alert (for reducing falls, malnutrition, pressure ulcers). However, in general, coverage of providers and data completeness in quality registers is considerably poorer in primary care than for the hospital sector. In part this is reportedly because staff find the add-on task of data collection and reporting for several quality registers burdensome, resulting in weak engagement by GPs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the United States, the limited reduction in inequality is due to the smaller size of transfers compared with the OECD average whereas in Portugal it is mainly due to their lower progressivity. The lack of, or incomplete, indexation of cash transfers has impinged negatively on their generosity. The examination of 10 countries suggests that incomplete indexation of benefits resulted in recipients losing ground in a majority of these countries (OECD, 2011 a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Policymakers are confronted with the challenge of delivering immediate responses to current risks and adaptation deficits while ensuring that short-term interventions are consistent with longer-term strategies for building resilience and sustainable development (see discussion in chap. While some problems require long-term horizons for analysis and planning, others must be addressed within the framework of the present. In the absence of a flexible and comprehensive plan which lays out the strategic objectives and their internal consistency with more immediate interventions, there is a tendency to focus on the middle ground, or on intermediate solutions, which, as time elapses, prove to be either insufficient for addressing extreme shocks or inefficient, should the shock not materialize. At the same time, policy action must aim for transformative solutions, which address the underlying structural inequalities that perpetuate the vulnerabilities of certain groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Nauru has a relatively higher participation rate at 71 per cent. Generally, pre-primary education is less resourced than other levels in the region (UNESCO, 2015). In terms of qualified teachers, Fiji, Samoa and Tonga generally recorded close to 100 per cent trained teachers, with relatively poor rates recorded for Kiribati (especially for high school) and Solomon Islands. Fiji, Nauru, Samoa and Tonga had met MDG 2 (achieve universal primary education) and are likely to track well towards achieving SDG 4. On the other hand, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Vanuatu recorded mixed progress on MDG 2, while Kiribati and PNG failed to achieve universal primary education. Yellow - mixed, Red - not achieved, Grey - insufficient information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This approach is used for Australia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Israel and the United States. Because the ranking of households differs between the baselines used for calculating redistributive effects of the different tax/ benefit components, it is, however, not a formal decomposition approach (i.e., the redistributive effect of benefits, social contributions and taxes does not precisely sum up to the overall redistributive effect shown in Figure 7.2). For similar reasons, indicator levels are also not strictly comparable across the three categories. Measuring redistribution achieved by individual parts of the tax-transfer system (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The United Nations deployed an array of humanitarian tools that coincided with this trend (the grant of temporary protection rather than permanent asylum, the creation of safe areas to reduce the likelihood of refugee flows or to encourage return, the authorization of military interventions in conflicts producing mass refugee flows, and cross-border delivery of assistance, sometimes with the use of the military, to at-risk populations) (Loescher, 2000: 54, Roberts, 1998: 375-376). First, policies aimed at preventing refugee flows coincided with the increasingly stringent nonentree policies of developed states noted above (Chimni, 1998). Second, there was greater willingness on the part of the international community to intervene in the internal affairs of sovereign states on humanitarian grounds, including where internal conflicts caused refugee flows. In what represented a significant extension of the international refugee regime beyond UNHCR, the Security Council in the post-Cold War period was prepared to be more assertive in characterizing refugee flows as a threat to regional and international security and thus a justification for action under Chapter VII of the UN Charter (Loescher, 2000: 54, Roberts, 1998: 383).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In such cases, the education system should place a stronger focus on curbing discriminatory social norms among youth, while broader awareness campaigns can help to foster change in employers’ views. They should be coupled with specific policies to foster change in hiring and management practices. A growing body of research shows that careful behavioural design can help employers overcome deep-seated (and often uncontious) gender biases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In France, for example, the Welcome City Lab established by the city of Paris offers support, access to finance and work space for innovative tourism business start-ups. In Israel, government supported regional tourism business incubators provide mentoring and access to expert advice to more than 600 rural tourism projects annually, along with professional training and financial support. In Slovenia, meanwhile, the agency for the Promotion of Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Development, Investment and Tourism (SPIRIT) provides locally available support to promote entrepreneurship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The chapter starts by identifying what we currently know about the overall benefits of investing in WSS (Section 5.1.). Second, we examine how such information can be used to support policymaking for identifying priority investments in WSS so as to allocate scarce financial resources to the areas that generate most benefits (Section 5.2). Finally, the chapter explores needs for additional research, at both the local and global levels in order to gather additional evidence for sound policymaking and investment in WSS (Section 5.3.). The review found that benefits have been measured at various scales, with no attempt at evaluating overall benefits except in the case of meeting the MDGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Their skills will be limited, their susceptibility to abuse high, their avenues for advancement uncertain—all of which will reverberate in the development deficits of their countries. The course towards marginalization and loss can be corrected—and measures put in place to prevent it from reoccurring. But countries and all the people involved in the life of a 10-year-old girl have to start acting now.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Resource efficiency can be achieved by increasing resource productivity (value added / resource use) or reducing resource intensity (resource use / value added). It is related to strategies like dematerialisation, such as fuel efficient cars. It will be clear that no production can be said to be sustainable if it is profligate in the use of resources, thus there is a direct link between resource efficiency and SCP, particularly sustainable production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)