albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Nepal highlights the existence of a “strong poverty-environment-health and vulnerability nexus” in relation to the fact that half of its population lives in rural mountainous areas, w'here poverty, ethnic diversity and vulnerability' are disproportionately higher than in the lowlands. Ethiopia highlights that the exploitation of natural resources brings only a short-term relief to poverty, while in the long term it is fraught with negative consequences for the environment, including biodiversity loss. Non-governmental stakeholders included non-governmental organisations, the private sector, indigenous and local communities, and academia (SCBD, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The discussion centres around three principles which, when applied to the policy process, can prove helpful in facilitating adaptation and development, with particular benefits to disadvantaged groups. The underlying uncertainty of climate change, the locality in which its effects materialize, and the interconnected nature of various sectors require a policymaking system that is (1) coherent2 and integrated, (2) participatory and (3) flexible. The present Survey has noted, more broadly, that building consistency across the economic, social and environmental dimensions of development policy is a core challenge that building climate resilience and achieving sustainable development will have to confront. Further, application of a better understanding of risks and priorities achieved through the engagement of local communities improves both policy design and implementation as well as development outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The principal step consists of preparatory reading and Swedish classes (26 weeks) as well as interning at a school. Students either participate in SFI or “Yrkessvenska”, which is a course in vocational Swedish (Arbetsfdrmedlingen,(n.d.)[i52i). A customised pathway to certification is also offered based on the opinion of the Swedish Council for Higher Education ([Universitets- och hogskoleradet) and the National Agency for Education {Skolverket).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In comparison with 1990, the threat factor to all major animal species groups has increased, putting several species close to extinction in the country. Unfortunately, data are very fragmentary, e.g. for plant groups, only data on trends for lichens are currently available. Interestingly, the total number of species for lichens as well as for mammals seems to increase between 2005 and 2010, whereas for all other species groups (amphibians, reptiles, fish, invertebrates, birds, vascular plants and mushrooms) they remain constant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Examples of those indirect benefits are the reduced costs of other productive inputs (such as agricultural commodities) and transport services faced by industrial producers. Another example is the reduced costs of consumer products (whether agricultural or industrial) bought by households. The value of better information, improved planning, or more effective processes for negotiating and enforcing water policies is generally difficult to quantify. Most of the springs and flows were captured for water supply for drainage and agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Will technology in fact help to overcome the formal/informal and rich/poor dualisms facing African cities—or to deepen them? African cities are well positioned to avoid the mistakes and negative externalities dampening growth and social development in cities in the Americas and Asia. The new African city can be smarter and more efficient, avoiding the costly retrofitting required in many of the world’s more recently established cities. African countries tend to have very low carbon footprints, with many countries emitting less than 1 ton per capita.18 Under the right policies, carbon emissions will not have the same relationship with economic growth as seen in the Americas and Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Troms County recommended the Energy Lab Dyrpy as a pilot project in the 2001 county council “Action Plan for Climate and Energy in Troms”. The energy lab is intended to strengthen the RE industry's innovation capability in small-scale production, energy efficiency, energy management and energy conservation. As in the rest of the country, the county has specialised in large-scale hydro-electric power, prompted by the excellent water resources and a national policy that supports rural development through the availability of energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Its main activities are organised in forest districts and its primary objective is to manage its forests on a self-financing basis. The forest districts have integrated nature protection in their management practices since the inter-war period. As a result, populations of many protected forest mammals have increased, and Polish forests host more game animals than those in most other EU countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These concerns abour wafting times led to the adoption of a Health Care Guaiantee legislation in 2005 that wovided guidelines on the maximum waiting times for a range of primary care and specialised care services In 2011. Substantial progress was achieved over the past decade in reducing mortality rates for people admitted to hospital for these life-threatening conditions, with the 30-day mortality rate now the lowest among EU countries with available data for ischaemic stroke (Figure 9). This reflects the streamlining of emergency care processes and the provision of better treatments, notably a greater use of thrombolysis for ischaemic strokes. Due to early diagnosis and effective treatments, people in Finland diagnosed with various types of cancer, such as breast, cervical, colon and rectal cancer, have higher survival rates than in most EU countries: (OECD, 2017), and overall mortality from cancer is among the lowest in the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The data collected through these subnational centres will be linked to the national system on mass transport information, TAGO (Transport Advice on GOing anywhere), to promote smart mobility at the national level. The centres will be grouped together and jointly operated by subnational entities to reduce costs. The first joint BIS centre is scheduled to be launched in 2017 through a partnership of 15 jurisdictions in Gangwon-do.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The CEDAW adopted in 1979 was a landmark legal instrument of international human rights laws ensuring the added protection of women. The Convention on the Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriage adopted in 1962 plays an extremely important role because it codifies into international law provisions addressing forced marriage (within East Africa, Rwanda is the only State to have ratified the convention). The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990) is considered the regional extension of the CRC and plays an important role within the CEFM discourse as it codifies specific rights of a child. The following provisions have been selected as they relate directly to the issues discussed in the paper in regards to manifestations and hidden challenges. Seen as one of the most important articles in the convention, in relation to CEFM is Article 21 which grants protection against harmful social and cultural practices. Two major initiatives in the fight to end CEFM were launched in Africa and amongst the Commonwealth member countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In China, India, Indonesia, Morocco, the Russian Federation, Tunisia and TUrkey, however, such measures have not been introduced yet (WBL Database, 2016). Evidence from OECD countries and a number of emerging economies shows that girls typically have lower levels of financial literacy than boys (Atkinson and Messy, 2012). They are also typically less confident in their financial knowledge and skills (OECD, 2013b). In light of this gap, a number of countries, including developing and emerging economies, have developed financial education programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the future, more renewable sources may facilitate further electrification if barriers to their widespread use are overcome. South Africa's energy sector, electrification efforts and remaining challenges are described below. Since the first free election in 1994, all South African policies - including those of electricity provision - contain an element of change. The objective is to eradicate historical inequalities based on ethnicity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Lower water content of the soil and earlier appearance of drought conditions. More evenly distributed river flow will be beneficial for hydropower production. Increased flow in winter will improve water quality of rivers and benefits fish farm management. However, lower flows in the spring may deteriorate water quality and have a negative impact on aquatic habitats. Increase in water temperature result in an earlier and longer eutrophication period, impacting on water quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This handbook aims to reduce the impacts of natural disasters on local coastal tourism communities. The handbook's approach builds on UNEP's Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at the Local Level (APELL) process, designed to create public awareness of hazards and to ensure that communities and emergency services are adequately trained and prepared to respond.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Separate waste collection in Italy comes under the responsibility of local authorities, provinces, while national laws set quantitative targets to be achieved over time. Overall, just a few provinces have reached the thresholds set by the latest law (Legislative Decree 152/2006) and some territorial differentiation has been detected. The aim of this paper is twofold: to verify the effectiveness of Legislative Decree 152/2006 in promoting higher levels of separate collection and to test whether institutional quality (considering the following indicators: voice and accountability, regulatory quality, rule of law and corruption) affects provinces’ efficiency in the separate collection process. For this purpose, we implement the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). Results suggest that the effectiveness of Legislative Decree 152/2006 has been affected by provinces’ institutional quality. In particular, the presence of institutional constraints did not allow the most virtuous provinces to achieve the targets se...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A discussion of the rebound effect in energy efficiency is needed that incorporates not just the expected energy savings from energy efficiency but also the wider socioeconomic outcomes. Policy measures are needed to overcome the market and behavioural failures that lead to less investment in energy efficiency than is optimal. It is important to overcome critical challenges that involve complex synergies and trade-offs among the different aspects of energy efficiency policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, developing policy measures will be necessary to ensure that inclusive development is being pursued. Since NAFTA, the state of Morelos lost its absolute advantage of proximity to major markets and is now struggling to keep its position. The case study of Nissan is detailed below for illustrating the complexity and implications of accessibility and connectivity policies in relation to Morelos and regional economic growth. Together with other auto plants established in the state of Mexico and Puebla, the Nissan plant was built in the Cl VAC industrial park and operated from there until the 1980s with a relatively high degree of national integration in the supply of inputs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The dispersal inertia may blur the response mechanisms and indeed the understanding of causality. An awareness of such reservations is beneficial for further work on biodiversity indicators. Ranging from single species indicators to complex and intricate indices for habitats, ecosystem or even nations and regions, indicators and indices have been defined and established in order to fulfil a huge range of tasks within environmental planning and management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Children from disadvantaged family backgrounds that are at risk of receiving less attention than others during their early childhood years can benefit particularly strongly from ECE enrolment. For this reason, ECE also improves the equality of opportunities and strengthens social mobility. A lack of funding is one of the reasons for low enrolment rates, although federal funding is available to support the current expenditures of operating childcare centres and building pre-schools has been one element of the infrastructure programme PAC2. In addition, the federal Prolnfancia programme provides financial support for the costs of building and equipping childcare centres. It has so far funded over 2000 centres and provided resources to equip several hundred more (Evans and Kosec, 2012). Federal support for ECE should be continued and expanded to reach the ambitious objective of the new National Education Plan (PNE) of achieving universal enrolment of 3 and 4-year-olds by 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This arises from the nature of dairy operations themselves, which deal with a perishable product, supplied day and year-round and with significant seasonal variation, and whose production is costly to adjust. Risk management is essential for Fonterra also because of the enormous global outreach and variability of its products in terms of value-added and differentiation. The co-operative sells over 600 dairy commodity and speciality ingredients products to 140 countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The UN Secretary General's climate change summit in September 2019 will provide an indication of whether the facilitative dialogue has provided countries with inputs to raise the ambition of their climate actions. The world is not on track to meeting the Paris Agreement's temperature goal of 2°C and even less so for the 1.5°C goal (UNEP 2018a, IPCC 2018). As for meeting the aspirational goal of keeping temperature rise below 1.5C, as small-island states have pushed for, this would require transformation of energy, transport and food sectors on an unprecedented scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Another driver has been the search for lowering cost of energy use in fishing and includes hull and gear design and in particular motor technology and the installation of effective fuel meters. The basic point is that when a market exists or can be created/developed (e.g. fish oil supplements) innovation and products will follow'. The introduction of a discard ban in the European Union, starting in 2014, will lead to the landing of fish without a ready consumer market. Alternative uses and markets - e.g. ensilage, fodder - will need to be developed to bring the raw material to good use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The rationale is the need to identify and exploit emerging opportunities and to consolidate research efforts in order to create a critical mass of activities. Several related trade-offs are apparent: the desire to specialise versus the desire to diversify, a concern with harnessing high-technology sectors versus a concern with meeting the innovation needs of established industries, adopting a science-driven versus a market or society-driven approach, and a focus upon meeting short-term needs versus a focus upon long-term opportunities. Many formal prioritisation processes tend not to meet the often unrealistic expectations of their sponsors owing to system inertia and the medium-term commitment of most resources to existing lines of work. Countries have taken very different approaches to priority setting (Box 7.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
One and a half decades later, PISA 2015 results show that Lithuania ranks among the countries with high school autonomy in the curriculum development (Table 3.2). While MoES sets general policy framework and standards, school teachers and principals are largely responsible for the curriculum design and implementation. They broadly regulate the implementation of education curricula in order to ensure consistency, availability and quality of education across the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela, Chile and Paraguay, after rising between 1990 and 2000, wages dropped as a share of GDP in the past decade. Income inequality declined in all the region's countries except Costa Rica between 2002 and 2009, while only in Argentina, Brazil and Costa Rica did the wage share of total GDP increase (see figure II.3).3 Distributive improvements at the household level have not, broadly speaking, been reflected in a more egalitarian share-out between capital and labour. If the measurement does not include taxes on production and products net of subsidies, it is said to be a factor cost measurement. Taking the average for all the countries covered, the earnings share is 10 points higher than if wages alone are considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Norway raised this issue during the twelfth United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in Salvador, Brazil in 2010. The report is to be finalised early 2011. Furthermore, as OECD has pointed out several times, Norway would like to focus on the link between flags of convenience and tax havens in order to achieve greater transparency relating to ownership and control of fishing vessels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Spending by contributory social insurance arrangements is projected to reach ETB 6.0 billion by 2025/26. Under a business-as-usual approach for social protection spending, net social protection spending (including humanitarian relief) under the low and high GDP growth scenarios is expected to be ETB 39.1 billion and ETB 53.0 billion respectively, by 2025/26 (Figure 3.5). Under the high social protection spending scenario, annual net social protection spending would reach ETB 48.1 billion (low GDP growth) and ETB 64.5 billion (high GDP growth) by 2025/26. Excluding humanitarian relief, net social protection spending would increase to ETB 14.6 billion and ETB 21.6 billion by 2025/26 under the low and high GDP growth scenarios respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Soviet Kazakhstan, rich in natural resources, cities mainly served as the base for the mining of natural resources. None of the Soviet cities was planned to be economically self-sufficient. Each city or town was directly dependent on another city or town, often located in the territory of the other Soviet Republic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Flexitime arrangements are also good for greater female labour force participation, as they make it possible to parent well while engaging in paid work. Firms w'ith family-friendly practices have been found to have better overall management practices (ibid.) Large organisations are more likely to offer FWTAs than small or medium-sized organisations, as it can be costlier for smaller business to rearrange tasks among workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Torture is a global public health problem with far-reaching impacts on both survivors and society. This article focuses on the definition of torture, its epidemiology, its effect on the psyche, body, family, and community, and on its prevention. The discussion includes the mechanisms of international law in place to monitor for human rights abuses. Ultimately, prevention of torture will require health professionals to research and document the problem and to advocate for an end to human rights abuses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Yet, faced with economic crisis and austerity, the temptation is growing for governments to turn away from universalism towards targeted benefits. Access is also, for the most part, means tested, specifically targeting poor and vulnerable households. But exceptions exist: in Argentina, for example, a Universal Child Allowance was introduced in 2009 to make family benefits available to those who were not already covered though family allowances in the contributory system. In a number of cases, they have been found to promote women's economic activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There needs to be greater gender equality in both paid and unpaid work participation, while workplace practices will have to become more efficient to meet the demand for formal and informal labour. A no-change scenario: the gap between male and female labour force participation rate remains at the levels observed in 2010. Gender gaps reduced by 50%: the male participation rate remains constant at its 2010 level and the gap between male and female labour force participation rates is halved by 2030. Convergence in participation rates: the male participation rate remains constant at its 2010 level, while the gender gap in labour force participation levels disappears by 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These gains must be made in a context in which men’s wellbeing at a minimum is stable, and ideally, in which men also experience improvements in well-being. Thus, for the purposes of meeting SDG 5 and other SDG targets, full employment is needed, the definition of which will differ, depending on a country’s structure of production.'’ To be effective, these will need to be accompanied by appropriate and creative macroeconomic policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Evidence suggests emergent literacy should focus on improving vocabulary and listening skills, building knowledge of the alphabetic code, and introduce printing (NIEER, 2006). The OECD has shown that children whose parents often read to them show markedly higher scores in PISA 2009 than students whose parents read with them infrequently or not at all (OECD, 2011). Research also shows that children quickly establish a stable approach to developing emergent literacy skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Inequality in income after taxes and transfers, as measured by the Gini index, was about 25% lower than for income before taxes and transfers on average in the OECD area in the late 2000s. For the same period, poverty measured after taxes and transfers was 55% lower than before taxes and transfers for the OECD average. The authors would like to thank Peter Hoeller who co-ordinated the project, and also Bert Brys, Oliver Denk, Romain Duval, J0rgen Elmeskov, Michael Forster, Kaja Fredriksen, Isabell Koske, Stephen Matthews and Jean-Luc Schneider for their useful comments and suggestions and Susan Gascard for excellent editorial support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A pilot of this programme in 2010 supported nine projects. The extent of the benefit depends on the score obtained in the university selection test (PSU). It includes at the minimum the payment of 100% of tuition fees if the student is above a given cut-off score. But it can also include a monthly stipend (if above a higher cut-off score) and a semester studying abroad (if above an even higher cut-off score). There are indications that, as a result of this initiative, the average PSU score of students entering teacher education has increased in 2011. A further initiative is the “Choose to Teach” (Elige Educar) campaign which seeks to promote teaching through a variety of actions, including the monitoring of the social status of teaching, scholarships for individuals with experience outside education who would like to join teaching, and interventions in schools to provide information about teaching and raise awareness among school agents of the importance of teaching as a profession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)