albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The packages are regularly reviewed through consultation with the industry sector ensuring that the courses remain both relevant and effective. In 2009, the National Standardization Projects for Child Care Teacher Qualification and Training were implemented, resulting in the provision of Standard Teacher Training Subject List and Field Practicum Guidelines, and the Standard In-service Training Curriculum. The implementation of these, which will be enforced by law, is expected to occur in 2013. Due to the changes in the living environments of children and in the ways of child rearing by parents, the expectations for the role and quality of nursery centres increased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Early investment is acknowledged to have high social rates of return and help prevent more costly interventions later in life (OECD, 2009 and 201 lc, Heckman and Masterov, 2007, Heckman et al., The family environment plays a key role in a range of child outcomes and it is important that public services should seek to account for “market failures” (e.g. parents under-investing in their children). Investing early in children helps contain inequality between rich and poor with positive short and long-term consequences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Climate change has been associated with the increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events. It has resulted in increased global temperatures, rising sea levels, increased storms and precipitation, droughts, floods, tropical cyclones, hurricanes, tornadoes and other climatic disruptions in many places around the world. As the occurrence and intensity of natural extreme events and disasters have increased globally, countries have faced greater social and economic impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Existing management plans are often based on sound scientific information and analysis, yet tend to lack management tools and practical applicability, resulting in a generally low level of implementation. In 2012, half the management plans of Amazonian federal and state protected areas were being applied very little, if at all, according to the TCU (2013). Other studies pointed to even lower levels of implementation (Semeia, 2012b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The obligation to pay for municipally-managed wastewater treatment is also perceived as an unnecessary additional burden. For example, the EP fee for the households which are not connected to their sewerage system is only 10% of the water tariff, which provides no financial incentive for them to connect to the piped sewerage system. As a result, cities have tended to postpone the costly and unpopular sewerage construction process which also comes with street closure. Very little progress has been made towards universal connection of individual houses to sewerage systems (GGGI, 2016b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A constellation of local and national organisations is influencing policy and programming within the ECOWAS-UEMOA-CILSS framework and the African Union, complementing their role as implementation agencies of region-wide projects that support women's economic empowerment and resilience. With a triple focus on the most vulnerable individuals, organised groups and collective institutions and systems, resilience is an essential means to achieve the multiple challenges of empowerment. At the same time, given the centrality of women in West African societies, empowerment is also an evident way to build the resilience of the region's populations in the face of different shocks and stresses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Kraev considers two different scenarios. The first assumes that the trade balance remains unchanged, but the level of demand is variable (implying the possibility of underemployment of resources). With trade liberalization, imports increase, and domestic demand decreases to satisfy the external balance constraint, resulting in Losses in the order of 10 per cent of GDP (Kraev 2005: 14, Table 3) for SSA. The second scenario holds GDP constant, but allows the trade balance to vary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Commonwealth functions in contemporary international relations as a ‘mini’ version of multilateralism, encompassing issues of geopolitics, the global economy, climate change, and human rights a...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They differ from the usual ones employed by trade modellers of developing country policies in that they are based on direct domestic-to-border price comparisons rather than (as with the GTAP dataset) on applied rates of import tariffs and other key border measures. A first attempt to exploit that new database was recently undertaken to assess the relative impacts on national, regional and global poverty as well as inequality of agricultural and non-agricultural trade policies at home and abroad. This chapter summarizes some of the working papers that have emerged from that research project (see www.worldbank.org/ agdistortions).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In terms of policies, the change of focus from women to gender stemmed from a recognition that isolating women’s concerns from mainstream development policies and strategies limits the impact of such policies and strategies whereas paying more attention to the roles and responsibilities of both women and men and their interrelationships can make policies and strategies more effective. Gender statistics are about everybody, women and men. The production of gender statistics has the role of informing the public and the media, raising consciousness, encouraging public debate and promoting change in society. The dissemination of gender statistics to a large audience is crucial in reducing both gender stereotypes and the misrepresentation of the roles of women and men and their contribution to society and in promoting a new gender balance in the distribution of roles within the family, at the workplace and in positions of decision-making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Writing before the events of 9/11 tilted the balance perhaps irretrievably back to national security, former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan claimed in his Millennium Report that the concept of human security had ‘become an increasingly important element in international law and international relations, increasingly providing a conceptual framework for international action’ (Annan 2000b: 6). As Annan noted, however, considerable controversy and ambiguity surround the concept.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Onshore wind projects, for example, will enjoy a smaller spread over LIBOR11 than offshore projects and solar PV a smaller spread than solar thermal. Before the financial crisis, renewable energy project debt was reported to be at a premium of approximately 200-300 basis points (Chadboume and Parke, 2009) above a public financial indicator, such as LIBOR. For instance, large public subsidies for all energy forms distort investment cost decisions. The World Bank and International Energy Agency estimate global annual subsidies for fossil fuels to be still veiy significant ranging between US$100-200 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
See Causa et al. ( As stated above, this results from the low coverage of top incomes in household surveys along with the large increases in their income shares over the last three decades compared with the rest of the OECD for which data are available. This confirms findings from the earlier paper (Causa et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Among female labour migrants, only 9% said they were beginners, 24% intermediate, and 67% advanced or native-level speakers. Women who arrived as international students reported still better command of the host language. Of male family migrants, 79% claimed to have advanced or native level — a much higher proportion than any of the three groups of migrant women. Better educated migrants generally find it easier to acquire a high standard of proficiency in the host county’s language, to navigate the host country’s institutions and access its job market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Therefore, this study focuses more broadly on how different types of protection measures can lead to the expression or restriction of economic values and, most importantly, how management of these resources can influence which economic values are generated. However, National parks may be established in areas considered outstanding in landscape, flora orfauna, or having special historic significance. Protection of areas with high natural and/or cultural values can be done in different ways depending on the chosen strategy and focus of the protection. Different restrictions and regulations are applied at different sites, which might result in various trade-offs regarding what types of value that is generated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Although homicide is a rare crime, especially when compared to other crimes against the person and property, research has shown that homicide is typically associated with many other milder types of crimes (UNODC, 2011). In most OECD countries, homicides are low (below 2.5 homicides per 100 000 population).22 They are, however, more than twice as high in the United States, Estonia and Chile, and even higher in Mexico and Brazil. Men make up the majority of all victims of intentional homicides (except in Korea and Slovenia, where homicide rates are slightly higher for women than for men). Against this overall pattern, there are significant differences in the sex distribution of homicide victims.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The first aspect concerns the adaptation of the demand curve. As discussed earlier, smart grids have the capabilities to provide flexible load curves, through demand response, demand shifting and integration of storage. The key question here also relates to the potential, and to which extent this potential might be used in a geographic wide setting. At this moment, smart grids projects are in a piloting phase, so the full potential of demand response and demand shifting is not yet clear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It can be designed in a cost neutral way, so as not to increase the total tax burden. This would allow the costs of natural resources and emissions to be increased dramatically, by up to 5%-10% of GDP. As overall production costs would remain stable, the likelihood of opposition from businesses should be substantially reduced, and business leaders could focus on process innovation. It could potentially also have positive distributional effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Groundwater quality can also be affected by contamination of saline water intrusions. A total of EUR 1.6 million was devoted to water from EU Structural Funds received in 2000-06. In particular, capacity building of regional environmental administration has received support from Structural Funds, especially in the South (e.g. a task force of 150 experts to support regional environmental authorities and ARPAs). The number of central government authorities involved in water policy making is a useful indicator of the level of institutional fragmentation, although it has limitations and needs to be appraised in a dynamic way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Regulatory risks increase when the legal system changes too frequently. For example, many banks providing loans to the sector after the 2008 laws called for the immediate terminasuspendedtion of all “in house” companies, as the duration of contracts was the sole guarantee on which financing plans had been based. During the last ten years, the ongoing legal changes have made long-term planning close to impossible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
At the same time, a hydrogeological plan for soil protection and hydrogeological risk (called “Piano di assetto idrogeologico", PAI) is also required. It has a different scope and separate approval procedures. Water must be metered before it can be charged for volumetrically. Metering is often required for permit holders, although limited evidence concerning actual implementation and control at the farm level could be identified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The findings of this research reveal that online public service for women should go beyond merely providing an access to the existing national e-Government services, and design and implement targeted online services for women based on adequate assessment of needs. Findings of this research confirm that the gender objectives should include gender mainstreaming within the national e-Government framework, with an aim to bring about a more gender-friendly public administration approach. In addition, it is important to consider the potential of women’s online participation to transform the offline reality, using the e-Govemment as an important vehicle. The crucial elements of the application of ICT for gender equality in governance in this regard is to reinvent the public sector by transforming its internal and external way of handling activities, as well as its interrelationships with women and other actors in the society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Typical examples include the assessment of third party impacts, environmental impact assessments or existing users foregoing use (for instance, in situations where the catchment is closed). An inventory of available water resources is produced and existing water uses and demands are identified. Water resources assessment methods have been developed for the whole Spanish territory, as well as simulation water resources models that take into account: conventional and non-conventional water resources, environmental flows, water demands, hydraulic infrastructure, water use priorities and exploitation rules in order to establish water allocations and reserves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is important to note that the process of jointly narrowing uncertainty and disagreement may be far more useful to conflict resolution than arriving at a shared understanding of reality. This technique is especially helpful when disputes in the extractive sector are due to perceptions of environmental damage, health risks, and lost livelihoods. A third party assessment that maps and catalogues differences in expectations, and reviews compliance with promises and obligations, can help to clear up misunderstandings, uncover shortcomings and increase the realism of expectations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
International reserves held by emerging and other developing countries totalled more than $7 trillion at the end of 2011, after adding another $1 trillion in a single year (United Nations, 2012). These buffers indeed have helped many developing countries (but more so for some than others) to steer with some resilience through the 2008-2009 global crisis. At the same time, however, the reserve accumulation by developing countries has been part and parcel of the problem of the global imbalances and helped finance widening deficits in the developed world, the United States in particular.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Such information is critical for knowing whether the school system is delivering good performance and for providing feedback for improvement. A comprehensive system of evaluation is a requirement not only for the development of improvement strategies al all levels (teacher, school, administration) but also for measuring the success in achieving the goals of reform and for establishing a regime of accountability. Evaluations and assessments are requirements for an equitable regime of accountability, efficient management, effective decentralisation, and for devolution of autonomy to individual schools (OECD, 2011 a). Without such information, it is difficult to monitor the performance of schools and students and measure the achievement of learning objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It should be noted that gender inequality can also be used to denote a situation where men are disadvantaged vis-a-vis women (as nowadays can be observed in some countries in the case of certain measures of educational attainment or of health status), however, as this is historically almost never the direction in which the inequality runs, the bulk of this chapter looks at how gaps disadvantageous to women have been closed over the past century. This is also to address an imbalance in the rest of the book by which almost all the other chapters either are focused on men or provide no data on indicators disaggregated by gender. Others include the Gender Empowerment Index by the UNDP, the Social Institutions and Gender Index by the OECD, the Global Gender Gap Index by the World Economic Forum and the Women’s Economic Opportunity Index produced by the Economist Intelligence Unit. The UN uses a correction of five years because there is some evidence to show that at a biological level women have a greater life expectancy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Over the past five years, hospital spending accounted for half of the growth in overall health spending in the Korean health system (see Figure 5.8). In comparison, across the group of 17 OECD countries for which data was available, hospitals accounted for 35% of the growth in health spending over the same period. This strong growth in hospitals spending reflects the structure of health services and operation of payments in Korea. Hospitals in Korea are generally classified into major “tertiary hospitals”, larger “general hospitals” and comparatively smaller “hospitals”. As can be seen in Table 5.1 below, increases in the number of “hospitals” and “general hospitals” have been accounting for most of the new institutions over the past half decade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This section examines price and yield risk as recorded in micro data from the individual farms and uses coefficients of variation and correlations as statistical indicators of this risk or variability.2 Which is more relevant for farmers: the price risk from markets or the yield risk due to weather? The data show that the observed average wheat yield variability is higher at the farm level than at the aggregate level for all countries. Since the yield risk tends to be location specific, a favourable yield in one location is offset by an unfavourable yield in another location within the aggregated level, leading to the difference of average yield variability between the farm and aggregated levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Figure above shows some of the metropolitan areas with the highest values of the sprawl index. Several metropolitan areas of Japan, Las Palmas and Zaragoza (Spain) and Tallin (Estonia) show values higher than 10%. However, these metropolitan areas had relatively lower levels of built-up area per person in 2000, compared to metropolitan areas in the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Common sources of data include household and living standard surveys, sectoral statistics, labour force reviews and so on. Experience to date, however, has shown that data collection processes often differ and there is a lack of alignment between global monitoring needs and national reporting capacities (Paris21, 2013). The approach used by the UK for the 2012 national assessment of flood risk was to score datasets against a number of criteria to determine their statistical quality and relative strengths and weaknesses (see Box 2.1). However, such scorecard assessments can be difficult to do in practice if there is no central data repository or if there is limited co-ordination between data producers and users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Water permits cannot be dissociated from environmental licensing and it is necessary to integrate the dimensions of quality and quantity. Furthermore, conservation and enhancement of water ecosystems is the only guarantee of having water for all necessary uses in the long term. The merging of water and environment administrations should not discard these important dimensions of water management, especially in water-scarce regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Survey on Access and Usage of Information and Communication Technology by Households and Individuals in Zambia. Similarly in Malawi, use of the Internet rises sharply in line with educational attainment (Figure 5.2, right). Significantly, the national average for Internet use in both countries is only exceeded once users have at least an upper secondary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While the NWMPs and the 2013 Strategy for Innovative and Efficient Economy address the need to improve materials productivity, as yet few concrete actions have been proposed to improve performance in this area. A major impediment to effective waste management policy is poor-quality and incomplete data. Due to its relatively large mining and industrial sectors, Poland is a relatively materials-intensive country, both in per capita and GDP terms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In 2010, this district revoked groundwater-pumping entitlements with an estimated value in excess of USD 3 million for several groundwater users who had attempted to increase their water use illegally by bypassing their well flow meters (McCook Gazette 2010). Flat pricing over time does not affect long term incentives (Civita et al., This type of scheme may also affect the response to pricing, e.g. a two-layer block-rate tariff with a very low price up to a certain quantity, and very high above it may have similar effects to that of a water quota, as observed in Mexico (de Richter, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The clash between religious or cultural autonomy and gender equality is a pervasive problem for constitutional law, one that arises in connection with claims of immunity from gender equality provisions on the grounds of cultural or religious freedom. I will describe how the resulting conflict has been addressed in international law and in the decisions of various constitutional courts and propose a theoretical basis for structuring the hierarchy of values to resolve this issue in a constitutional framework of human rights. The religious paradigm was replaced by secularism, communitarianism by individualism and status by contract.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Each forest management unit was created by a decree of the Government of Republika Srpska. Forest management units (corresponding to areas) are formed for the purpose of rational management of forests and forestland. They are formed according to natural, habitat, ecological, biological, geographical, economic and other conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The figure shows that, although both farm and non-farm activities actually increased their consumption levels over time, people involved in non-farm activities are on average characterized by higher consumption levels than farmers (the highest consumption is registered by households involved in non-traded non farm), followed by export industries and import-competing manufacturing (and, more recently, by export crops). Conversely, households involved in rice production (actually the vast majority of sampled ones, see Table A.2) show, on average, the lowest level of real per capita consumption. This is consistent with the fact that incidence of poverty is lower in nonfarm sectors than in farm sectors (with the exception of farm main-exports and non-traded crops) and fell sharply in households engaged in non-traded farm activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Portugal, almost one in four students (24.9%) were below proficiency Level 2 in mathematics in PISA 2012, and the proportion of top performers (Level 5 or above) remains below average (OECD, 2013a). They have remained stable in mathematics since 2003 and have slightly decreased in science since 2006. However, a substantial widening of the gender gap has been witnessed in students’ mean reading performance: a 25 score point difference between boys and girls in 2000 grew to 39 score points in 2012, as girls pulled even further ahead of boys (OECD, 2013a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)