albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In Armenia and Azerbaijan the system of VET qualifications has remained almost unchanged since Soviet times, and fails to meet international requirements for mutual recognition of qualifications. Georgia, by contrast, has a National Qualification Framework corresponding to the European Qualification Framework and provides for recognition of informal education certificates and diplomas, however, in 2008 specific procedures for implementing it had yet to be developed. In 2008 the sector’s share of the education budget ranged from 1% in Georgia to 4.4% in Armenia. Government financing covers mainly teachers’ salaries and students’ allowances, only from 2006 in Georgia and from 2008 in Armenia and Azerbaijan did the governments start investing in renovation of the infrastructure (buildings, equipment, etc) with support from donor organizations. All three countries have introduced per capita financing systems, but whereas in Georgia and Azerbaijan the government pays students’ tuition fees in state-run institutions, in Armenia students must pay the fees themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
That suggests the need for appropriate integration of medium-term strategies and sustainability objectives into the plans for all infrastructure projects. An excise tax on plastic bags is planned and w'ould indeed contribute to reduce waste and marine pollution. Introducing a deposit and collection scheme for water bottles would reduce plastic pollution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
According to Maria Brandstrom, a news presenter at SVT Nyheter Vasterbotten also responsible for gender equality at the workplace, the editors count women and men in the news on a daily basis.24 The reporters are also required to try to find women for interviews, both when working outside the office and when making telephone interviews. In the autumn of 2016 the newsroom also started counting women and men in web news using the web tool Prognosis. The share of women in television news was 49% in 2013, 2014 and 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
First, eco-innovation can help address domestic environmental challenges, they contribute to environment policy objectives. Second, eco-innovation can create new and sustainable jobs, after 2008, it has been considered a new engine for growth, as crystallised in the concept of green growth. The potential for growth is all the more important when markets for a particular innovation are global and growing. Relatively small countries, with limited domestic markets for eco-innovation, are targeting global markets and set out policies to grow their global market share.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Any form of coercion in population policies and programmes is unacceptable. Women and men have the right to choose the size and spacing of their families, and to the information and the means to do so." We have it in our power to lighten their burdens, remove obstacles in their path and permit them the full flowering of their potential as human beings." By placing the causes and effects of rapid population growth in the context of human development and social progress, governments and civil society from multiple political, cultural and scholarly viewpoints could join in support of the recommendations (Ashford, 2001). It emphasized the crucial links between sexual and reproductive health and rights with almost every other aspect of population and development: urbanization, migration, ageing, changing family structures and the rights of young people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Rather, they are Secretariat information papers intended to inform Member countries, as well as the UNFCCC audience. As OECD member countries, Korea, Mexico, Chile, and Israel are also members of the CCXG. Where this document refers to “countries” or “governments”, it is also intended to include “regional economic organisations”, if appropriate. The authors would like to acknowledge the helpful comments from their OECD/IEA colleagues Simon Buckle, Juan Casado Asensio, Jan Corfee-Morlot, Takayoshi Kato, Nicolina Lamhauge, Sara Moarif, Michael Mullan, Lola Vallejo as well as Jake Werksman (EC). The authors would like to thank the participants in the adaptation session of the March 2015 CCXG Global Forum for their insightful comments, specifically Emma Balman, Marianne Karlsen, Xolisa Ngwadla, Emily Park, Dawn Pierre-Nathaniel, Linda Siegele, Dina Spoerri and Marianne Tegman.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The subsequent modifications to TERM-H20 aimed to improve on this performance by separating irrigated and dry land activities and allowing for greater factor mobility between them (Glyn Wittwer 2012). With demand rising for both resources and increasing challenges from climate change, water scarcity can threaten the long-term viability of energy projects and hinder development”. At least two-thirds indicate that water is a substantive risk to business operations.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, labour market features (the high share of self-employment, high level of informality and persistent duality) lead to gaps in coverage for many workers and job seekers. Despite progress, many workers and their families do not have access to social supports: for example, social assistance take-up is in Korea well below the OECD average: the Basic Livelihood Security Programme covers around 13% of that population compared with an (unweighted) OECD average of around 30% (OECD, 2018(7]). Some efforts have been made also to customise Korea’s social assistance payment (Basic Livelihood Security Program) to claimants needs, as well as to improve the situation of the working poor. From September 2018 onwards, Korea has introduced a family allowance paid to families with children aged 0-5 years old, and which is loosely means-tested, with only households on incomes at or above the 90th percentile of the income distribution not eligible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Traditionally, states would not grant enforcement of criminal judgments from other states. As a result, there has been a large deficit in enforcement of monetary and other remedies for victims of criminal violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law. In recent decades, there has been some progress in national law and treaty law towards allowing or requiring transnational enforcement of victims’ remedies contained in foreign criminal judgments. This article examines the traditional law, modern progress concerning criminal remedies, and recent United Nations work in the area. Even with modern trends in the international law of criminal enforcement jurisdiction, it may turn out that civil judgments of restitution and reparation will be easier to obtain and enforce than criminal judgments in many, if not most, cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To answer or attempt to explain some of the questions posed in chapter 1, such as why some Catholics have united with some Muslims to oppose equal rights for women, why some groups of men and especially women keep emphasizing male-female differences rather than gender egalitarianism, and why women’s status, especially their sexuality, has become such a focus of attention especially in nationalist and ethnonationalist religious contexts, we concentrate in this chapter on three topics or issues to provide background and insight. The first topic is how the Catholic and Muslim religions recognize women. The second concerns the historical similarities and differences between Catholic and Muslim responses to modernity in different contexts. The third concerns the centrality of religion and spirituality to social change for women and women’s agency in redefining and transforming parameters of modernity and religion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On the other hand, the level of annual drain have followed a flat trend and remained below the level of annual increment that followed a gradual upward trend (Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute [NFLI] 2012). As a result, biomass and thus carbon have accumulated in forest at an increasing rate in Norway over last few decades. This increasing trend is expected to continue in the future as well and thus the atmospheric CO2 removal by forest biomass and soil is also expected to increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These include: whether the success of some currently funded microfinanced projects might be at risk from climate change, the extent to which existing microfinance funded activities already contribute to adaptation, and some of the limitations of microfinance in the context of adaptation. Pioneered by Mohammad Yunus who founded the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh in the 1970s, microfinance institutions today are spread all over the world (including in developed countries such as the United States) and count over 100 million of the world’s poor among their clients. This segment of the population has often not had access to traditional banks. Subsidised government lending schemes, meanwhile, which have tried to reach the poorest have often proved inefficient to overcome the screening, monitoring and enforcement problems that restrict the access of the poor to the formal financial sector (Hulme and Moore, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Bringing the prevalence of the problem to public notice is itself a step towards countering such abuse and empowering girls. It should be noted that sexual violence is also perpetrated against boys, to date, however, limited data are available on violence against boys or on the differential experience of girls and boys.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
AbstractThis article analyses economies of entitlement after violent conflicts and the challenges for post-conflict peacebuilding and democratic transition arising from them. Based on two case studies of post-genocide Rwanda and post-independence Namibia, the study shows that entitlement claims premised on heroism or victimhood are important phenomena after political violence that confront peacebuilding efforts with serious dilemmas. Examining the psychological roots of entitlement and their manifestations in the wake of political violence, this article argues that entitlements targeting only particular groups of victims or heroes challenge democratic principles such as equality and citizenship and, eventually, undermine peace and social justice. The contribution tries to enrich the peacebuilding debate by, first, considering feelings of entitlement as an element of post-conflict dynamics, second, introducing the ‘hero’ as important actor in post-conflict settings, and third, discussing some effects of th...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, it is difficult to say whether higher or lower rates of reporting indicate substantive change on the ground, greater awareness of what constitutes sexual harassment and/or willingness to report, which is both an individual and societal construct. The survey presents a counterintuitive result: there is a positive correlation between the prevalence of physical and/or sexual violence and European Gender Equality Index scores. Countries which score high in gender equality (like the Nordic countries) had higher levels of reported violence against women than countries which are ranked as less egalitarian.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The frameworks are aimed at improving comparability. Therefore they include definitions, guidance on reporting boundaries, and methods on how to measure each indicator. They also include guidance on the concept of comparability itself - e.g., that methods used to calculate data and underlying assumptions to prepare the information should be used in a consistent manner over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Without such assistance, some would be unlikely to continue. As such, policy decisions and projects also tend to follow donor preferences, including privatization. International organizations can be expected to continue to play important roles as third-party mediators in implementing these cross-border water management arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
But they also add substantially to the private sector’s compliance burdens compared to a broad, single-rate scheme. Moreover, the budgetary costs of such tax expenditures are less measurable and controllable than explicit outlays on low-income support programmes. In the absence of the political will to acknowledge the lifetime proportionality of indirect taxes, politicians are likely to remain opposed to further increasing the share of consumption taxation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The structure of the model enables a rich set of interactions and policy simulations on the grow'th impact of higher female economic participation and empowerment (Agenor, 2015). The model is calibrated for India based on existing studies on the various variables. It follows a similar model developed for Brazil (Agenor and Canuto 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Decision-making power related to river basin management is still centralised and largely top-down, and river basin councils lack the necessary legal, planning, capacity, regulatory and financing powers to carry out their functions. Regional water programmes designed as a follow-up to the 2030 Water Agenda are a step in the right direction, but they are, at present, more infrastructure-driven project portfolios than effective basin plans as implemented in other OECD and non-OECD countries. This would help achieve convergence of public policies across the three levels of government, co-responsibility in decision making, transparency and consensus across all actors working toward the common goal of protection and sustainable use of water resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2010, it earned USS 4.3 billion in Latin America from energy generation and USS 7.2 billion in the distribution segment. Outside the electricity business, Iberdrola would henceforth only invest in the gas sector to supply its own combined-cycle power plants. Nonetheless, it is currently one of the few electricity firms with an engineering subsidiary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The commune of Nantes is the 6th largest city in France, with a population of about 900 000, while the commune of Saint-Nazaire has a population of about 70 000. A period of intense economic decline in the 1980s sparked a common need for the two cities to collaborate more effectively.1 During this time local authorities worked to develop a common agenda for the Nantes Saint-Nazaire area in order to better compete for investment and residents against other French territories. To foster this culture of partnership, the Pole metropolitain was established, which, together with large scale private investment, has played a major role in reversing the area’s fortunes to make it an attractive place for residents and businesses (Figure 3.2). The Nantes FUA encompasses 108 communes while Saint-Nazaire’s is much smaller, with only 35 communes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As in other OECD countries, technology is expanding possibilities for life extension and quality, and spending is rising steadily, while an ageing population requires substantially more and different services. The main challenges are to promote prevention and cost-efficient behaviour by care providers, tackle the high spending on pharmaceuticals, strengthen the role of health insurers as purchasing agents and secure cost containment. Good-quality information and appropriate financing schemes would ensure stronger efficiency incentives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They can also be conducive to operational efficiency (Figure 18). Moreover, the recovery of initial investment costs can take time. In a partnership scenario, the roles and responsibilities of public and private actors need to be well defined. The private sector in these countries, usually drawn to more lucrative investments in other sectors, participates mostly through public-private partnerships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Although the number of beneficiaries has increased rapidly, Dibao reached only 3.9 and 6.7% respectively of the urban and rural populations in 2008.21 In both urban and rural areas the benefit level is low at around 10% of average household income and there are considerable targeting problems. However, the system’s fragmentation and poor coverage reduce its effectiveness (OECD, 2011c). The largest programme is the Public Distribution Scheme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Resilient infrastructure can save lives, prevent economic loss, and instill a sense of security within the growing communities around the world who live in urban areas. Sustainability requires ensuring the robustness of infrastructure to perform in the future and in response to the challenges it will face. The framework enables a holistic, 'system of systems' approach to address the core issues with building sustainable resilient infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While the analysis of interrelations between actors reveals the most frequent interactions, it also sheds light on the limited, or absence of, contact among certain categories of stakeholders. For instance, a very low proportion (16.7%) of regulators surveyed interacts frequently with civil society on water-related issues. Similarly, 20.7% of civil society organisations surveyed are in frequent contact with watershed institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In this article, I explore the smile as regulatory mechanism installed in the face to organise a subject's responses to neo-imperial/biopolitical capitalist governmentality. I begin by situating my reading with respect to Sara Ahmed's and Lauren Berlant's work on affective labour before turning to German philosopher Helmuth Plessner (1892-1985) in order to consider the smile as theory of sovereignty. I propose that these two meanings or deployments of the smile – as (1) act that demonstrates forced enslavement to capitalist culture and (2) as articulation of the sovereign self/state – converge in their joint purpose, which is the elimination of sociality and solidarity. My article thereby contributes to recent scholarship on the face, in particular its function in affective/service labour, which it supplements by drawing on Plessner's work: at stake is not only the worker's subjection to capital but also to a regime obsessed with securing borders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is also harder to prevent different—and more pluralistic—forms of expression that can inform those who would otherwise remain unaware of actual trends, including in inequalities, and how policies can affect them. However, the digital divide remains large, albeit narrowing, even in developing countries where mobile telephony is fulfilling many of the earlier functions of personal computers. Moreover, blogging and similar forms of media interaction are still strongly class-driven (Schradie 2012), even as race and ethnicity become less important as determinants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Abstract The National Council for the Social Studies Position Statement on Media Literacy argues that media literacy can facilitate participatory democracy if students' interest in media is harnessed. The statement conceives of media technology as neutral and under-conceptualizes socializing aspects of media technologies that foster atomized individualism. Narrowly grounded in New Media Literacies, Critical Media Studies, and Medium Theory scholarship, it offers a limited understanding of media as merely conduits for message transmission and concludes that media technology will create a more democratic society if students are encouraged to participate in it. The authors' pragmatist reconceptualization examines media not only as transmission but also as a space where common meanings are constructed. The authors offer a critical review that advances an alternative direction for media literacy in which learning for participatory democracy includes analyzing not only medium, messages, and content but also med...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In spite of these achievements, local authorities acknowledge that additional efforts are needed to reduce the level of pollutants that are still beyond the national standards such as ozone and particulate matter. The measures adopted to improve air quality have been diverse, from closing the most polluting factories to banning cars in the metropolitan area one day per week through the Hoy No Circula programme (“No driving today”). Mexico City’s government has introduced the Atmospheric Monitoring Network (Red de Monitoreo Atmosferico, SIMAT), which provides data for informed policy making and has led to the adoption of the Metropolitan Index of Air Quality, and the establishment of contingency and pre-contingency protocols.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Panel A uses measures of social expenditure on a range of social cash transfers -housing benefits, unemployment benefits, incapacity benefit, pension benefit, a range of family benefits - plus also a measure of the proportion of social spending directed to the poorest 10% of households. Panel B uses measures of social cash transfers payment rates, covering housing benefit, social assistance and child supplements, all measured as the average payment rate for a two-parent family as a percent of the average wage. In all cases, estimates are conditional on the pre-transfer child poverty rate (i.e. the pre-transfer relative child poverty rate is included in all models as an independent variable), to account for all other possible time-varying determinants of child poverty. Table 2 shows result based on within-country change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
At first glance, Chinese scholars’ academic freedom and freedom of expression seem very limited. It is difficult to imagine that an interesting debate on the question of political reform could take place in China or that the proposals which some engaged academics put forward in spite of everything could have an impact on public policy. My experience of Pekinese universities and the interviews I was able to hold with about twenty renowned academics involved in debate on this issue have encoura...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As defined by UNCTAD (2007), greenfield FDI is one of the three components of FDI. The other two components are mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and intercompany loans. Of the three types, greenfield investment, i.e. investment for new facilities and operations, is arguably of most importance to development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Academic tutoring: tutoring sessions focus on homework and study assignments, as well as prepared exercises and other learning activities to help students develop as competent learners. Tutoring in core subjects is provided by volunteers four nights a week in a safe, social learning environment. Tutoring volunteers are supervised by Pathways staff and come from a range of professional, educational and ethnic backgrounds, although most are university students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Moreover, the production of high quality and competitively priced goods could increase sales in foreign markets, thus improving the country's trade balance. Against this backdrop, the Arab Industrial Development and Mining Organization (AIDMO), supported by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), helped establish the Arab Accreditation Cooperation (ARAC) as a platform upon which Arab countries can build and develop their accreditation infrastructure. Based on the international recognition of the ARAC MLA, the testing, certification and inspection reports issued under an ARAC MLA signatory are recognised globally as well by all signatories to the ILAC and IAF agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Almost all water is used for plant transpiration. The extent of irrigation water saving is determined by the climatic conditions, in dryer regions the effectiveness of drip irrigation tends to be higher. This type of payment was the second largest direct payment after per tonne subsidies for livestock products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)