albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Although a thriving social science literature in citizenship has emerged in the past two decades, to date there exists neither a sociology of rights nor a sociology of human rights. Theoretical obstacles include the association of rights with the philosophical discourse of normativity, the abstraction of universalism, and the individualism attributed to rights-bearers. Parallel historical obstacles dating from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948 include American exceptionalism and racism, cultural relativism, the institutional primacy of sovereignty, and the privileging of civil rights over socioeconomic rights. Except in the United States, today human rights discourse is the lingua franca of global struggles*, building a sociology of rights as a collective project is now imperative. This article unearths and reconstructs 60 years of political clashes, intellectual debates, and struggles for inclusion and recognition surrounding human rights and citizenship—much of which has been hidd...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Four regions stand out in terms of high climatic constraints, groundwater use, relatively lower availability of surface water, competition with other uses and externalities (but with differences in aquifer characteristics): the Mexican Region Laguna, Israel's Western Galilee, the US MPW region, and the Australian Murray-Darling Basin. A second group of regions in Japan, Korea, Denmark, France, Portugal, Spain and the Netherlands do not rank as high in many of these categories with relatively more available surface water, less arid current and projected climate, lower level of groundwater use and externalities (with the exception of Spain's Mancha Occidental). Lastly, the Italian Campania region and the NHPA, SHPA and MAA regions in the United States appear to be intermediate in these dimensions. Regions differ in aquifer characteristics, but there is no simple pattern. Israel's Western Galilee and Mexico's Region Laguna both stand out again in terms of their relative emphasis on supply-driven approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Second, their alignment across levels ensures coherence and allows children who transfer from ECEC settings to primary school to experience a less disruptive transition. Third, these factors are associated with a rise in the use of specific transitions practices, which are the intentional attempts to help ensure smoother transitions by creating support and familiarity (LoCasale-Crouch et al., In these three ways, they influence the quality of transitions and foster children’s development, well-being and learning outcomes (OECD, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They reduce global and national economic output, strain national governments and health systems, burden vulnerable households, put human rights at risk and seriously undermine development progress (UNDP 2013b, World Bank 2014). Lost productivity due to illness, disability or death from NCDs can impede macroeconomic growth and shift public budgets from other important health and development objectives (WHO 2010, Bloom et al. In contrast, deaths from communicable diseases during the same period fell by 27 per cent from around 16.1 million people in 1990 to 11.8 million in 2013, while deaths from various forms of injuries rose by 10 per cent from around 4.3 million people in 1990 to 4.8 million in 2013 (GBD 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
An important example is small-scale wood and charcoal use by rural households in developing nations worldwide. Over-harvesting forest resources means reduced availability of the biomass resource for fuel and other purposes. The impacts are described in the main report, and include emissions of greenhouse gases and a range of air pollutants, contamination of land, surface water, and groundwater, radioactive waste issues, deforestation and compounding impacts such as habitat loss, soil erosion, reduced water retention, and downstream impacts, and consequential social, economic, and human health impacts. The structure and responsibilities of government ministries/departments vary from country to country, but the agencies responsible for the following sectors are all “key actors”: Environment, Energy, Natural Resources (forestry, water, land, and mining), Agriculture, Rural Development, and energy using sectors (transportation, industry, housing, etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They concluded that the presence of a science park appeared to have had no effect on the rate of growth of high-technology industry in the surrounding city. Both high-tech employment and science parks tend to be associated with urban size: parks are demand-led and emerge in cities that are predisposed to receiving high-technology industry. Thus parks may have been successful due to the presence of demand for space from existing high-technology development, or have quietly failed due to the lack of demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Of this amount, oil products received $126 billion, natural gas $85 billion, fossil-fired electricity $95 billion and coal $6 billion. Fossil fuel consumption subsidies in countries with low levels of access to modern energy11 amounted to $71 billion, and subsidies in these countries for residential use of kerosene, electricity and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (sometimes labelled “fuels for the poor”) were less than $50 billion (International Energy Agency, 2010b). Thus, the problem of energy access is one mainly of distribution, not of absolute amounts of available resources. However, it is clear that there are a number of barriers to deployment and adoption of more efficient energy converters, as well as techno-economic limits to be considered. Solutions to overcoming the known barriers exist, but they require long-term commitment and a stable systemic approach by decision makers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Land allocations remain similar to their current form. In OECD countries, wheat continues to be produced predominantly in Europe and Australia, while maize is produced in North America and rice in Korea and Japan (Figure 7). The IMPACT model shows relatively modest effects on land expansion in comparison to other models included in the AgMIP project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Credit resources could be re-directed to support long-term investment and increasingly allocated to w'ell-specified innovation, environmental, and infrastructure projects. Consider a gradual downsizing of concessional loans for working capital to commercial producers. Enhance criteria for loan eligibility to better screen out borrowers that would have invested without support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Because of the lack of political will as well as multi-institutional involvement and inadequate financial resources for the establishment of basic transmission and distribution infrastructure in rural areas, resources were too scarce to allow for the complete implementation of the RGGVY scheme during the 10th Plan. Some state governments have been slow in awarding contracts owing to their lack of preparedness for implementing projects on a turnkey basis, others have been slow in acquiring land for the 33/11 kV sub-stations, others in providing authenticated lists of BPL households (in some states the number of BPL households turned out to be greater than foreseen), and still others in providing necessary forestry clearance. Sometimes, there was no monitoring because state-level committee meetings had not been convened.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Treaty of Lisbon – Fundamental Rights Charter – European Convention on Human Rights – Partial incorporation of Convention in Charter – Incorporation of Charter into EU law with Lisbon – Questions of loss of autonomy for the EU legal order – Gain in direct effect of Convention in EU member states
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Map ID: 10146e, Designer/Cartographer Linus Rispling, Data source, Statsministeriet (DK), Act on the Autonomy of Aland (FI), Lov om Bou-vet0ya, Peter I's 0y og Dronning Maud Land m.m. & Spitsbergen Treaty (NO), Published 25 June 2015. Region II: Greater North Sea with offshore activities related to the exploitation of oil and gas reserves, maritime traffic are very important, the coastal zone is used intensively for recreation, and it is surrounded by densely populated, highly industrialised countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
AbstractThis paper sought to determine the dominant concepts and approaches used by learners in dealing with selected geometry problems and establish the significance of using mind webs on the overall performance of learners. A descriptive research design, which utilised a mixed-methods approach, was adopted to elicit data from 74 high school learners. Permission to conduct the study was rendered by school principals and mathematics heads of the participating schools. Inferential statistics and content analysis were used to analyse data. The study established the learners’ widespread poor geometric concept formation, development and integration. Non-geometric and mathematically incorrect approaches were dominantly used to arrive at answers. The findings also showed that learners who presented their thinking processes on paper averagely performed better. The paper recommends ways to improve classroom practices arguing that an omission or poor development of one learning stage will heinously affect the prop...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, this rate of population growth has since slowed. Beyond this, it is also noted that since 2010, spatial planning has “lost its unitary institutional identity by having competencies for spatial planning, housing and nature management divided across three ministries” (Savini, 2013: 340). Gone are the days of large-scale national investments in such areas as housing, which were highly formative in shaping urban environments in decades past - particularly during periods of post war reconstruction and population growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, as interest and activities concerning adaptation remain concentrated in the environment ministry and agency, a key challenge is to secure support for measures in other sectors and at other levels of government. There is thus a need to extend and deepen political and administrative support for climate change adaptation at all levels of government, and to build on the stakeholder participation process. The NAS identifies potentially relevant actors, but timescales and responsibilities for actions remain unclear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Although studies consider different types of jobs, nearly all adopt a common language of “direct”, “indirect” and "induced” jobs. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) provides not only a clear and operational definition of these terms, but also elaborates appropriately on the slight but important variations in their interpretation across studies (IRENA, 2011). Precise definitions vary, but in general these are jobs related to core activities, such as manufacturing/fabrication, construction, site development, installation, and operation and maintenance (O&M).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It operates through an informal network governed by local ethics and norms. Exchange takes place without cash transaction. If the quality is poor, with inert dust particles and chaff, the lender cleans it before transaction. For example, little millet and Italian millet are exchanged, but not for paddy because paddy gives only just under 60 per cent of the edible part after threshing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is also almost impossible to isolate the influence of a specific research output on a given impact, which is generally the result of several factors and thus difficult to control for. As a result, any “causality” between research outputs and impacts cannot be easily demonstrated. Every research field and industry creates output and channels it to the end user in a specific way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
But Pillar Two of the R2P principle recognizes the role of the international community in preventing mass atrocities through exerting pressure on states to comply with their international obligations and by assisting states to build capacity via, for example, a UN or regional presence or development assistance (UNSG, 2009: paras. Early warning and assessment are also an important part of the preventive strategy advocated by the Secretary-General (UNSG, 2010). This is especially important, given that ethnic cleansing is one of the four atrocity crimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Some notable private initiatives exist, such as Eco and Sustainable Tourism Israel, a non-profit organisation established in 2006 to promote sustainability and ecotourism awareness and implementation. It is part of the international Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria (GSTC) initiative. The nature area, opened in 2004, has witnessed a sharp increase in the number of visitors, from 78 000 in 2004 to 240 000 in 2008. They have examined the impact of tourist demand, tourism development trends and management on birds, and how management policies can alleviate negative tourist-bird impacts and enhance real ecotourism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Acknowledgments Introduction: "The Power to Govern Men and Things" Part I. From Household Governance to Political Economy 1. Police as Patria Potestas 2. Blackstone's Police 3. Continental Police Science Part II. American Police Power 4. Policing the New Republic 5. Definition by Exclusion 6. Police Power and Commerce Power Part III. Police, Law, Criminal Law 7. The Forgotten Power and the Problem of Legitimation 8. The Law of Police: Internal and External Constraints 9. Lochner's Law and Substantive Due Process Conclusion: Toward a Critical Analysis of Police and Punishment Index
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This would bring down the cost imposed by uncertainty in trade, and help service suppliers better plan their economic activities. Such an ‘ecosystem,’ created to inform LDCs and small states with updated regulation and policy in partner countries, could also be used to create an ecosystem’ of service suppliers from LDCs and their trading partners to connect directly, exchange experiences, information, and technical know-how, and to benefit from knowledge and case studies on global best practices in their industry. An ‘ecosystem’ such as this could also help aggregate the voices of service suppliers in LDCs and small states, both in the organised and unorganised sector, irrespective of their size and scale of operation, and ensure a strong model of co-operation between the public and private sectors, enabling the voices of these suppliers to reach regulatory and policy-making public bodies, and ensuring a combined effort towards mainstreaming trade into development policy. Such a platform would also help countries reap the benefits of digital enlargement, and collaborate on developments and projects in their respective industries, creating an interconnected network of service suppliers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
By and large, these countries are rebounding strongly from recession and with population growth rates that remain more than double those of the OECD area, will represent the major growth markets that will drive world agriculture forward over the next and coming decades. A return to higher global economic growth over the projection period together with continuing population gains, are expected to increase demand and trade and underpin prices for all agricultural products over the medium term Growth and activity remains particularly dynamic in much of Asia and Latin America, with domestic demand, production and trade expansion in China, India and Brazil driving growth in their regions not only in the near term, but throughout the period covered by this Outlook. However, considerable uncertainties remain in the short term concerning the strength and pace of recovery in returning to a period of sustainable growth. The key macroeconomic and other assumptions underlying the Agricultural Outlook are summarised in Box 1.1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Between the mid-80s and the mid-90s, redistribution systems compensated nearly three quarters of the (sizable) increase in market-income inequality (column 7). The upwards trend in market-income inequality then continued after the mid-90s, but at a much slower pace. Market-income inequality has also been the main determinant of differences across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A large number of Commonwealth and Francophonie (CF) countries experience economic disadvantages in view of the interaction between small domestic markets in conjunction with unfavourable geographical location related to distance from global hubs of commerce, which result in high trade costs. These cost disadvantages must be considered within the context of low value-added shares available at entry-level stages of current GVC participation. Looking forward, two major developments likely to significantly influence future value chain participation include: (1) the emergence of mega-trading blocs, and (2) the rise of developing countries in world trade. In view of these trends, the fragmented nature of global economic governance and emerging production networks require careful deliberation by policymakers. This is so as to better align incentive structures for firms in view of public policy and developmental objectives and hence induce more inclusive future GVC participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For some reforms, these two impacts on measures of inequality may be offsetting each other (OECD 2013a, Chapter 2). In addition the estimates control for those real income transfers which are channelled via changes in terms-of-trade. For other reforms, however, wage and employment effects may reinforce each other, resulting in both stronger growth and smaller inequality. This could be the case of policy reforms aimed at easing the strictness of job protection on regular contracts as a way to tackle labour market duality (i.e. the existence of separate segments where comparable workers enjoy differential wage conditions and job protection).14 Results from the empirical analysis are reported in Table 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As new legislation has not yet been adopted, the 2001 mining code is in force without its 2010 amendments. The development of the National Policy for Integrated Management of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services is said to have been rushed, limiting opportunities for stakeholder engagement (ODI, 2010). In addition, there is evidence that the industrial lobby has been able to reduce both the evolution and ambition of environmental policies, in relation to establishing targets and translating them into practice. Nevertheless, there have been cases where courts have effectively been used for environmental protection (UNEP, 2013). For example, in a court case that involved logging on the territory of indigenous peoples, the court found that “the devastation of forests alters their relation with the environment and endangers their lives, since with the reduction or disappearance of the forest, the main source of animal protein is also reduced or extinguished”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In fact, open-ended contracts between the agency and the worker are the dominant contractual form of TWA employment in at least eight European countries (Table 2.1). For all these reasons, TWA employment is often very valuable to workers in terms of the opportunities offered to them and the possibility to gain experience, thereby representing a stepping stone into stable, regular employment (Jahn and Rosholm, 2012, Von Simson, 2012). As shown in Figure 2.8, except in English-speaking common-law countries as well as Denmark, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Switzerland and, among non-OECD economies, Latvia and the Russian Federation, all countries put some limitations to the use of TWA employment.39 Two clear patterns emerge from the comparison of Figures 2.7 and 2.8.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Includes estimates based on partial dal “Preliminary figures. Figure VI .3 shows the average percentage changes in the urban participation and employment rates in the first three quarters of the year compared to the same period of 2017. Higher growth in the employment than in the participation rate (points above the diagonal line) implies a drop in the unemployment rate, while a larger increase in the participation rate (below the diagonal) implies the opposite.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It is the reason why the International Labour Organization constitution tells us "Labour is not a commodity."' And we know that the quality of work defines in so many ways the quality of a society. So we must begin by helping the working poor step out of poverty and informality into quality livelihoods, self-employment or a formal job.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The dominant share of milk is produced by units of between 10 and 50 heads of cattle (Figure 3.6). Only 3% of the overall milk output comes from agricultural enterprises, and their total production has fallen since the late 1990s. This decrease concerned agricultural enterprises of all sizes, but the largest units with over 100 heads continue to dominate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Obesity and smoking clearly impair employment prospects, wages and labour productivity. Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes have negative impacts on employment prospects and wages, and diabetes, cancer and arthritis lower labour productivity. Alcohol use, cancer, high blood pressure and arthritis have mixed effects on employment and wages, and are not always linked with increased sickness absence (e.g. cardiovascular diseases and high blood pressure).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Pakistan confronts numerous domestic security challenges including jihadist extremism, Sunni-Shi'a sectarian violence, drug trafficking, illegal commodity smuggling, endemic corruption, and systemic problems with the provision of justice and law enforcement. While much has been written about US military assistance to the Government of Pakistan (GOP) and the ever-evolving political relations between the two countries, basic questions of highest policy significance related to Pakistan's internal security have never been fully studied or considered. This essay begins to address these empirical lacunae. It first provides a comprehensive examination of Pakistan's internal security environment and the effectiveness of the GOP's criminal justice structures in dealing with these challenges. The paper then goes on to assess the impact and utility of the current suite of US law enforcement assistance in helping to fortify Pakistan's domestic security environment. The study raises a number of difficult questions per...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The difference is more pronounced for pension-age than working-age women as a result of lower labour market participation of women, especially in the past (and thus less pension rights), and their longer life expectancy (OECD, 2008a). In-work poverty is especially pronounced in households with a sole worker and much less so for households with two or more workers. In most countries, the poverty incidence in households with children is higher than in childless ones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Point-in-time sampling is in effect what studies based on household panel surveys with annual interviews have done. In a recent study based on monthly data for Norway, Bhuller, Brinch, and Kdnigs (2014) test for different types of state dependence and find evidence for occurrence dependence in social assistance entries and for duration dependence both on and off benefits. However, most studies of SA receipt for other countries have SA receipt histories at the annual level and model binary sequences of receipt and non-receipt and they do not look at spells.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)