albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
As many as 110 of all 148 assessed vascular plant species (over 74 per cent) w'ere classified in 2011 as regionally threatened in Mongolia: 16 species as CR, 39 species as EN and 55 species as VU. The conservation status of 48 fish species (from among 64 native species) was assessed: 11 fish species w'ere considered in 2006 as regionally threatened in Mongolia, including one species, Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) categorized as CR, 6 species were considered as EN: Gobi loach (Barbatula dgebuadzei), Dzungarian dace (Leuciscus dzungaricus), pidschian (Coregonus pidschian), Amur grayling (Thymallus grubei), Hbvsgol grayling (Thymallus nigrescens) and taimen (Hucho taimen), and a further 4 species as VU. Of the 24 native reptile and amphibian species assessed, 2 reptile species: Gobi naked-toad gecko (Cyrtopodion elongatum) and adder (Vipera ursini), and 4 amphibian species: Chinese brown frog (Rana chensinensis), Japanese treefrog (Hyla japonica), Siberian salamander (Salamandrella keyserlingii) and Pewzow'’s toad (Bufo pewzowi) were classified in 2006 as regionally threatened, and categorized as VU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In this regard, the gender objectives of e-Government should address the collection and analysis of baseline data on the ground. Particularly, the use of e-Government requires the user to attain a certain level of ICT capacity, which encompasses a set of computer and technical skills, as well as basic literacy and numeracy. In addition to the capacity of women as an individual from the demand side of e-Government, it is also critical to strengthen the supply side capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Numerous studies have illustrated the impact of licensing policies on a number of variables such as the quality of services provided, wages, employment, prices, and geographic or job mobility, all of which provide mixed results. In this paper, the link with job mobility is the focus of the analysis. One main factor that has been attributed to this decline is the prevalence of regulatory barriers, notably occupational licensing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The authors do find, though, that introduction of P4P programmes has brought some other important system benefits, amongst them clarification of the goals of providers, improved purchasing processes, better measurement of provider activity and performance, and more informed dialogue between purchasers and providers. In the English QOF, one of the most established P4P programmes which is voluntarily applied to GPs working for the NHS, a number of studies show high initial improvements in process indicators after introduction with little change since. Furthermore, little impact on health system performance beyond the immediate GP-provided care was seen, for instance lower hospital admission rates - which might be anticipated with improved primary care management - or an impact on mortality, could not be observed (Eijkenaar et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Legal clarity is important to understand and measure because of its connection to the rule of law. We provide the first systematic examination of the clarity of Supreme Court opinions and discover five important results. First, certain justices systematically craft clearer opinions than others. Justices Scalia and Breyer write the clearest opinions while Justice Ginsburg consistently writes the most complex opinions. Second, ideology does not predict clarity. Third, all justices write clearer dissents than majority opinions, while minimum winning coalitions produce the clearest majority opinions. Fourth, justices across the board write clearer opinions in criminal procedure cases than in any other issue area. Finally, opinions that formally alter Court precedent render less clear law, potentially leading to a cycle of legal ambiguity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This work builds on the work and expertise of the OECD Public Governance Committee and its policy communities (such as the Public Employment and Management Network and the Working Party of Senior Budget Officials), including the 2014 report Women, Government and Policy-Making in OECD Countries: Fostering Diversity for Inclusive Growth, and the Global OECD Roundtables on Better Governance for Gender Equality. The 2015 Recommendation complements and deepens the relevant provisions of the 2013 OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Education, Employment and Entrepreneurship. Both of these Council Recommendations w'ere developed as critical aspects of the OECD Gender Initiative. In addition, movements around the world such as #metoo, Time’s Up, the Weinstein Effect and #BalanceTonPorc increasingly demand accountability for the persistent gender inequality in public and private spheres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The central government took over the financing of schools, which no longer have independent budgets, as well as certain responsibilities that were traditionally devoted to school directors, such as hiring and firing teachers. To manage these new responsibilities, a new administrative layer, the Klebelsberg Institute, was created, with a network of around 200 local branches. Further increases of about 10% per year are envisaged for the three coming years. In exchange, teachers' low working time is to be increased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Energy efficiency resulting in reduced energy demand can assist with all of these. In the 2011 IEA publication Saving Electricity in a Hurry the benefits of emergency energy efficiency measures to energy security are measured by the absolute electricity demand reduction. That study indicated energy savings ranging from 0.5% (France) to 40% (Juneau, Alaska). These savings helped countries avoid blackouts and other costly results of power shortfalls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The projected rise in aquaculture is also expected to exert increasing pressure on biodiversity. A fundamental prerequisite for effective fisheries management is reliable comprehensive data on fish stocks, which are lacking in many countries. Australia is a notable exception, and its data collection, together with fisheries management plans, has achieved near 100% sustainable stocks at national level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Also, Young (2005) warns that excessive involvement of stakeholders with political interests but lack of technical knowledge can undermine the role of specialists from relevant occupational sectors. Raffe, Gallacher and Toman (2007) argue that one of the factors behind the success of the Scottish framework is that it was supported by all institutional sectors of learning, while other country examples, such as New Zealand and South Africa, show that the disengagement of some institutional sectors can cause difficulties. In the Mexican context, the effective implementation of a vocational qualifications framework would require support from all subsystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The problems carried by the ultracellerity of criminal trials. Specially in cases of less importance to the criminal justice system. A critical analysis is made of speediness, mainly because it wouldn’t be compatible with the epistemological function of jurisdiction. It is argued that the right to the proof, to the presumption of innocence, to be heard and, to defence and the right to due process could be affected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Key reforms include an Organizational Performance Indicators Framework, Medium-Term Expenditure Framework, Bottom-Up Budgeting, Performance-Informed Budgeting, and Two-tier Budgeting approaches. In contrast to the national-level, the link is weak between the local health budget and strategic plans and targets in the MTPDP as well as the Department of Health (DOH) national health objectives in the budget formulation process for health at the local government unit (LGU) level. There are several reasons for this. One is that each of the more than 1 700 provinces, cities and municipalities has fiscal autonomy, and yet most are highly dependent on their formula-driven internal revenue shares from the national government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While the thematic indicators are optional, countries need to provide reasons for opting out of reporting on them. Disparity indices for target 4.S depend on the quality of the underlying indicators, resulting in a multi-tier classification, a status shared by 4.1.1 (Table 7.1). Subcomponents b) and c) of indicator 4.1.1 have been raised to tier II.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There are various ways in which this could be achieved, e.g. the commitments could be included in the core agreement, in an annex to the agreement, in separate INF documents, or in a separate COP decision. Listing the commitments in an annex to the 2015 agreement or a set of COP decisions, rather than as part of the core agreement itself, could make them easier to subsequently modify. The commitments included in the 2015 agreement could only be the first round of a longer-term process of setting mitigation commitments, with a view to achieving the long-term 2 °C global goal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Given this, governments generally apply a range of policy responses to help tackle issues of food insecurity within their countries. However, within the set of policies used, policy makers in Southeast Asia and across the globe often turn to agriculture and, to a lesser extent, fisheries, as a central pillar in their policy mix. The two sectors’ primacy in policy responses to tackle food insecurity stems from their links to both food availability through production and its accessibility through incomes and prices. Agricultural and food markets more generally have a dual role in providing income for poor producers and supplying food to consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Less complex but strategic interventions may also make a difference. These could include the provision of conditional cash transfers to girls to enable them to remain in school. But many of the measures to date have been primarily about changing the behaviour of the girl, failing to address underlying determinants and drivers, including gender inequality, poverty, sexual violence and coercion, child marriage, social pressures, exclusion from educational and job opportunities and negative attitudes and stereotypes about adolescent girls, as well as neglecting to take into account the role of boys and men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Based on data from the EU-SILC survey, unmet need for medical care due to cost, distance and other reasons in Denmark is relatively low, with only 1.3% of the population reporting such unmet needs compared to the EU average of 3.2% (Figure 13). Coverage decisions for new pharmaceuticals are relatively quick, taking between one and two months in Denmark. Residents have the right to seek treatment anywhere in the country if their home region does not provide a service delivered elsewhere (in these cases, the home region needs to cover the expenses of treatment). This includes a project to collect and store genetic information from 100 000 people and a funding pool to enable precision medicine research. Patients with high annual outpatient medicine expenses (over DKK 3 04S or EUR 400) and those with low personal assets (below DKK 77 S00 or EUR 10 400) receive 85% reimbursement for all drugs (Commonwealth Fund, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Re-export of raw materials exempted from export tax is prohibited. After the establishment of the common market for oil and petroleum products, EAEU member states will have to give up their regulation of internal prices for petroleum products (which remain in effect in Belarus and Kazakhstan) and unify export taxes for oil and petroleum products outside the EAEU (or even cancel them). The Russian Federation does not levy export tax on oil and petroleum products supplied to Belarus, but Belarus levies an export tax when selling refined petroleum products made from Russian raw materials to countries outside the EAEU. The Russian Federation thus insisted on the harmonisation of Belarus’ export taxes on energy with its own.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The article addresses the issue of murder preparation, its essence and legitimacy of penalisa-tion. Such behaviour in the criminal law system under the government’s subsequent codifications has remained unpunished. The change in this respect occurred along with the amendment to the Penal Code of 13th June 2019. The adopted modification of the principles of criminal liability on the “foreground of the foreground” of murder raises numerous doubts and controversies. The sub-ject of the study is an attempt to justify the introduced change and answer the question of how the applicable legal status was motivated over the space of almost a century and whether the legislator reasonably departed from the traditional model of impunity for homicide preparation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Models have been developed and made available online for pedestrian crossings, bus stops, pavements and traffic calming measures. Tried and tested design solutions are integrated in a template for Tendering Pedestrian Accessibility and Safety Construction. For instance, crossings are divided into categories such as "uneven crossings", "crossings with traffic lights" and "pedestrian crossings". For each type of crossing, specific accessibility standards and requirements were developed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In Asia, JICA and the ADB are building capacity for enhancing cross-border transport and trade across the Great Mekong sub-region corridor. The programme builds on progress already made through the Cross Border Transport Facilitation Agreement. By laying the ground for faster, easier, cheaper, compliant, and more inclusive cross-border transport and trade, it is expected to make a significant contribution to the ASEAN Economic Community ({OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise2017, Public sector case story 124).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Problems also arise from imperfectly controlled incineration, which can produce harmful substances, especially where plastics are involved. There is evidence that, in addition to the long-known hazardous substances, some substances (often called endocrine disruptors) that do not reach the levels of toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation in the accepted definitions of hazardous substances, can disrupt the endocrine systems of humans and animals, with adverse effects on their reproductive success, metabolism and behaviour. The use of the best practicable means to limit the creation of waste, discharges and emissions can help control these problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For Germany, the EU commitment is 18% of final energy consumption from RES by 2020 (from 5.8% in 2005). The government fixed a 35% target for electricity consumption by 2020 (50% by 2030 and 80% by 2050) and a 30% target for final energy consumption by 2030 (60% by 2050). Trying to over-achieve the targets fixed by EU commitments is inefficient if it requires reducing emissions in those sectors that are already covered by the EU ETS on top of the abatement induced by the ETS allowance price (OECD, 201 lb). As emissions are capped under the scheme, such a policy would not have any impact on total GHG emissions at the EU level, as lower German emissions create room under the cap for higher emissions elsewhere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Purpose – Little empirical research exists regarding how local law enforcement has responded to cybercrime. This paper aims to understand: the law enforcement agencies that line officers believe should be primarily responsible for investigating cybercrime cases, their perceptions about their agency's current ability to respond to these offenses, and their beliefs regarding the best ways to improve the social response to cybercrime.Design/methodology/approach – The authors surveyed patrol officers in the Charlotte‐Mecklenburg and Savannah‐Chatham Metropolitan police departments.Findings – The authors found that officers do not believe that local law enforcement should be primarily responsible for handling cybercrime cases and they have little information on how upper management is addressing cybercrime. Officers indicated that the best strategies to deal with cybercrime were greater care taken by citizens online and improvements to the legal system.Research limitations/implications – Local law enforcement ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, other Protected Areas still lack management plans. Limited interviews tend to indicate that management of State forests and national parks is being planned and implemented appropriately. However, sustainable management of State forests cannot be verified until an inventory and monitoring program is in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), e-commerce is ‘the sale or purchase of goods or services over computer networks by methods designed for the purpose of receiving or placing orders'. This encompasses ‘orders made over the web. To be excluded are orders made by telephone calls, facsimile or manually typed e-mail’. It may involve sales and purchases made on companies’ product websites, whereas online platforms enable interactions that must be conducted online and that involve multiple participants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Pressures remain high in the Cerrado, however: it lost 0.4% of its total forest area in 2008-09 (IBAMA, 2015). Overall, total forest area has declined by about 5% since 2000. The number of official terrestrial protected areas (unidades de conseruagao) increased from 919 in 2000 to 1 940 in early 2015, or from 9% to 17.2% of the territory (MMA, 2015b).18 Brazil achieved the Aichi target - protecting at least 17% of terrestrial and inland water areas by 2020, under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity - in 2010, well ahead of time. The coverage of protected areas varies across biomes, ranging from nearly 27% in the Amazon to 2.7% in the Pampa biome, and only 1.5% of marine areas are protected (Figure 1.14).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
During the past decade, about 30% of capture fisheries originated from inland waterways. Apparent per capita fish consumption grew from 6.0 kg/p in 2005 to 9.9 kg/p in 2014. This growth is also a result of massive campaigns within the country to promote fish consumption. Significant regional variations exist, with higher consumption in the Amazonia state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This has both increased the cost-competitiveness of off-grid technologies and broadened the range of technologies available to satisfy different energy needs (table 3.1). Increasingly, larger SHSs are also being used by community facilities, such as schools and rural health centres in unelectrified rural areas (Bhatia and Angelou, 2015). However, policies have also played a critical role, particularly through awareness-raising, quality-assurance programmes, grants and soft loans, and tariffs and tax reductions (Scott and Miller, 2016, Africa Progress Panel, 2017).15 While by no means transformational, household ownership of basic energy systems can provide meaningful savings and welfare improvements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This figure represents 1.92% of all aid for trade disbursed in the period (US$342.3 billion). A further US$8.3 billion was disbursed in non-concessional financing, mainly to middle income countries. In terms of geographical distribution, Asia was the largest recipient, followed by Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In his recent book, Ian Hurd argues that international law is pervasive and foundational in international affairs and that the international rule of law is hegemonic over states. While the book is provocative and compelling, it fails to convince on two core points. First, Hurd does not offer a real alternative to international relations realism. Indeed, the book could unwittingly reinforce the realist stance that international law is simply power politics in disguise. Second, the book offers a problematic conception of international rule of law. What Hurd describes is at best a rule  by  law, or perhaps more appropriately qualified as a  travesty  of the rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The largest differences in the composition of fuels are seen in the Paper, pulp and print and the Non-ferrous metals (mostly aluminium in the Nordic region) industries. In the former, 59% of the energy is from biofuels in the Nordic countries compared to only 38% in the EU. In the latter, almost all of the energy use is from electricity in the Nordic countries, whereas industries in the EU also use a significant share of fossil fuels. As mentioned in Chapter 1, a higher carbon price will increase the opportunity cost of using biofuels, which will increase the price of biofuels all else equal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As a result, the growth of early stage industries ultimately reaches its peak, as the main source of the industries' growth derives from cost competitiveness. Consequently, as incomes increase, capital- and technology-intensive industries, which play a pivotal role for long-term employment growth, must be established to avoid the so-called middle-income trap where countries are not able to compete with low-wage industries in low-income countries or high-technology industries in high-income countries (UNIDO, 2017a). However, demand for goods from these industries hinges on a higher level of disposable household income, which in turn depends on labour market participation and the availability of better pay jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Abstract   This paper critically examines some of the main challenges associated with facilitating ‘good governance’ in small-scale diamond-mining communities, focusing on the experience of Sierra Leone. Two recent governance initiatives in the country's diamond sector are reviewed: the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) for rough diamonds and the Diamond Area Community Development Fund (DACDF). The analysis considers some of the broader lessons that have emerged, as Sierra Leone currently attempts to launch a third governance initiative—the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). It is argued that the introduction of complex monitoring processes represents a significant challenge for a country that is emerging from a long period of conflict and isolation, is suffering from serious shortages in human capacity, and where good governance, accountability and transparency will undoubtedly take considerable time to develop.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The thrust of these policies relies on capping vehicle growth. Buyers must have successfully bid for a certificate of entitlement (COE) before they can buy a new car. As the COE is valid only for ten years, this requirement lowers the average age of cars on the road and also C02 emission as older cars pollute more and are less energy efficient. The COE may be extended for another five years on payment of an additional fee but the vehicle must pass annual road worthiness tests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Indonesia’s solar FIT is a ceiling price and is de facto lower owing to competitive bidding. In contrast, India has been able to increase the installed capacity of renewable energy significantly, even with the feed-in tariffs being only slightly above the average LCOE of wind and solar. Thailand’s Adder scheme provided the highest price premium in the sample, and contributed to significant deployment, with 475 MW of new solar power capacity being installed in 2014, according to IRENA (2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Policy Research Working Paper Series 1862, The World Bank. Economic Inquiry 44/2), 296(310. Cross-national picture of European poverty measured by regional, national and European standards”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)