albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
A question of considerable policy relevance is to what extent changes can be attributed to direct policy action or to other factors that are not amenable to influence by policy makers. Since tax burdens and benefit entitlements depend on incomes and population characteristics, a given tax-benefit system can become more or less effective at reducing inequalities, even if policy rules remain unchanged. For instance, when unemployment goes up, measured redistribution is likely to increase even with constant benefit amounts per job seeker, simply because more people claim unemployment benefits. Similarly, a progressive income tax will redistribute more if taxable incomes become more dispersed (or very little if everybody earns about the same).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Tonga Development Bank has expressed regular concern over the lack of investment in agriculture. Tonga has a reasonably sound basic infrastructure and well-developed social services. As in Samoa, construction and infrastructure projects funded by donor grants and soft loans, and by remittances, are sources of economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This working paper should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). In particular, the contents of this publication can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. This paper examines the effects of benefit and tax reforms on the distribution of incomes of non-elderly individuals in Europe and in the United States both before and after the GR. We aim to place recent policy responses in context of both the broader trends in redistribution patterns observed since the 1980s, and the immediate crisis-related challenges, including a much greater need for government support, and large and rapidly growing government debt. Analysis of historical household income data confirms the common finding that redistribution reduces income inequalities by much less in the US than in much of Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Most other markets will still benefit from 4G networks, already available in 208 territories, according to the GSMA. Verizon had already trialled 5G residential applications in eleven markets in 201720. Ooredoo considers that 5G innovation will help "deliver superior mobile data experiences for our customers. Viewpoint 3 emphasizes the importance of 5G, while Viewpoint 4 describes development of 5G in Saudi Arabia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Phosphorus discharges are projected to increase more rapidly than those of nitrogen and silicon (Figure 5.9, Panel B), leading to deterioration in the natural balance of coastal marine ecosystems. Another driver exacerbating this trend is the rapid growth in the number of dams worldwide. Dams cause sediment with silicon to settle down in the reservoir and lower the sediment loading in rivers downstream, thereby reducing the level of silicon. This imbalance increases the risk of harmful algal blooms. As these are not included in the model calculations, the projected nutrient discharges to rivers and the sea may be underestimated. This section measures the number of people without access to improved water sources and to basic sanitation, as reported by the Joint Monitoring Programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article treats conflict prevention and conflict transformation as foreign policy tools that are available to international actors alongside classical security-based foreign policy measures. It investigates the conflict resolution role of the EU on the Cyprus conflict in the context of EU accession negotiations. For this purpose, the article: (a) depicts the changes in the roles the EU has played on the island within the context of the accession negotiations, (b) illustrates the nature of structural prevention measures that the EU has taken, and (c) describes the consequences of the EU involvement on UN-led negotiation efforts. The results suggest that the EU has treated the enlargement process as a structural prevention mechanism to change the incentive systems of the conflicting parties – neglecting the conflict-transformation aspects of foreign policymaking. Thus far, this has produced inefficient policies and resulted in the EU bringing an aged conflict into its own jurisdiction. Vision-building, ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Angola’s oil-fuelled reconstruction since the end of the civil war in 2002 is a world away from the mainstream liberal peacebuilding approach that Western donors have promoted and run since the end of cold war. The Angolan case is a pivotal example of what can be termed ‘ illiberal peacebuilding ’, a process of post-war reconstruction managed by local elites in defiance of liberal peace precepts on civil liberties, the rule of law, the expansion of economic freedoms and poverty alleviation, with a view to constructing a hegemonic order and an elite stranglehold over the political economy. Making sense of the Angolan case is a starting point for a broader comparative look at other cases of illiberal peacebuilding such as Rwanda, Lebanon and Sri Lanka.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By providing these entrepreneurs with customised professional consulting services, they can develop “incubator-ready” proposals for consideration by the PICTI technical and evaluation review panels. The pre-incubation period can take from one to three months. With support from the International Youth Foundation/USAID, PICTI launched the Palestine Network of Mentors with more than 50 mentors who are available to mentor incubating enteiprises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Bangladesh, India and Pakistan more than 60% of the workforce occupy jobs in the informal sector. This not only results in a vicious circle of poverty, but also represents the loss of a potential tax base that could be used to finance social protection and other pro-poverty measures. Indeed, measures to enhance the productivity of workers and formalize the labour market are essential for ensuring that these countries capitalize on their demographic dividend.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The topics include air and water pollution, environmental problems caused by mining and the processing of salt, air pollution, pollution created by the processing of raw hydrocarbons, chemistry and environmental protection, chemical (hydrogen) bonds and their use for natural objects, the use of hydrogen as a clean fuel and raw material for the chemicals industry, and protection of the environment from contamination caused by the processing of raw hydrocarbons and the use of refined petroleum products. Students are introduced to the principles of rational use and conservation of natural resources and effective environmental management. They study the interaction between nature and society and acquire understanding of the social, environmental, economic and political aspects of contemporary issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Reflection that goes beyond a parity focus will be necessary if the organization is to arrive at a more complete picture of the power relationships and gender dynamics at play. The data from the annual global staff surveys consistently show that there are gaps between men’s and women’s experiences with respect to empowerment, professional growth, openness, fairness/ respect, work-life balance and office management. Gender parity is generally reported at the aggregate level at both the regional and headquarters levels, which may obscure a more differentiated picture of the situation in individual country offices and units. Although UNDP has a historically close and often collaborative relationship with UN-Women that has matured as UN-Women has reorganized its organizational footprint globally, there is room for further clarification of partnership arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While this outcome represents a major challenge for employment policy, particularly in the context of increasing pressures for fiscal consolidation, it is better than might have been expected given how sharply output fell (see Section 2). Comparing unemployment rate trajectories during this and previous recessions0. For certain countries, these may differ from the harmonised unemployment data used in Figure 1.2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, they principally serve those from the low and lower-middle income strata that make up the majority of the population. In contrast, private facilities are oriented more towards the smaller subset of upper-middle income and high income households. Mostly financed through voluntary private health insurance, the private sector takes a significant share of overall health spending.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A scatterplot between growth of exports and GDP for small states shows that the trade-growth relationship has indeed weakened in the post-crisis period (Figure 3.3). Mirroring the trade slowdown, greenfield FDI into these countries has been consistently declining since 2013 (Figure 3.4). Trade restrictive measures also reached a post-crisis high in 2016 (Vickers, 2017). Small states need an enabling trading environment that supports their integration into the global trading system. Under trade, the three targets are to promote the multilateral trading system under the WTO, double the LDCs’ share of global exports by 2020 and realise timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free (DFQF) market access for LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A fundamental concern of social science scholarship on borders is the need to understand their dynamics, geopolitics, and impacts as social processes. This study aims to understand the politics of ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As a result, the overall share of generics in pharmaceutical use in France remained around one third in 2015, despite a substitution rate close to 80% within authorised classes of drugs (Panel B). Adopting a broader list of drugs for which generics may substitute and, more generally, allowing greater use of generics, would be helpful (Cour des comptes, 2014c). Indeed, the authorities plan a limited expansion of the list of dings that generics may substitute (ministere des Affaires sociales, de la Sante et des Droits des femmes, 2015). Share in the reimbursed pharmaceutical market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This study explores the determinants of corruption, utilizing the Hausman and Taylor's technique to estimate a random effects model that incorporates both the effects of corruption determinants that vary over time and those that are time-invariant, and using a larger panel dataset and a comprehensive set of corruption determinants.    The first interesting result is that perception of strong support for rule of law is strongly correlated with reduced corruption, suggesting that a better quality of law enforcement reduces corruption. Rich countries have lower corruption, and the perception of free expression and accountability strongly decreases corruption, indicating that providing greater opportunities for citizens to participate in selecting their government, more freedom of expression, and free media are effective ways of curbing corruption. Conversely, natural resource abundance, country population size, country's dominant religious tradition, ethnic fractionalization, and political stability are unimportant determinants of corruption, while previous research has suggested they are important.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Girl Guides in the Central African Republic. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.0rg/wiki/File:6irl_6uides_in_the_Central_African_Republic.jpg. All accessed 11 Dec. 2016. Non-formal learning and learning for skills development also help learners obtain knowledge that is not typically found in national curricula, which usually focus solely on subject areas such as mathematics, science and the language of instruction (although academic subjects may still be included to facilitate basic education in the non-formal learning sector).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Samoan economy is thus gradually ‘catching up’ with that of Tonga. External accounts were characterised by large trade deficits throughout the 1990s, large net private transfer flows and a generally negative current account balance. The two years of negative growth reflected the impact of the global financial crisis and a consequent fall in remittances, a decline in tourism receipts, static exports (especially the decline of squash) and the impact of the 2009 tsunami in northern Tonga.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There is also a Unified System of Legislative Processes Administration: a software and process system connecting all government institutions and bodies, the official database of all legislation in Slovakia (JASPI), the legislative system and website of the Parliament, and “digital government” functions. The new system requires all draft laws and regulations (except international treaties) to be prepared using “legislative editor” software that assures consistency and coherence. Draft laws are now published on a legislative web portal (https://lt.justice.gou.sk) that allows institutions and the public to comment on the bills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Portugal, patient experience indicators are among those used to contract primary' health care. While most OECD health care systems have at least few surveys to collect PREMs, it is often not done in a standardised way (as seen in Korea and Australia) and it is often collected infrequently (in Japan, for example, PREMs are collected once every three years). In a system where PROM data are publicly reported, they can be used to help patients make better-informed choices. Ideally, PROM data should be fed back to clinicians to help them improve the care and outcomes of patients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The recent move to revitalize social democracy in the UK under the New Labour government, explored by Giddens as 'the Third Way', embraces many of Etzioni's ideas on communitarianism. The principles that emerge from these political philosophies, such as the involvement of local communities in policy consultations and implementation, have largely been welcomed as a reflection of the aim of revitalizing civic society in the context of a range of social policies. It is argued, however, that for children, contrary to this general trend, many of these policies represent attempts to increase the social control of children. Their effect has been to restrict children's agency and their rights, rather than to increase their participation as citizens, and thus,in spite of the requirements of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, children continue to be marginalized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Agency for Standardization and Metrology accredits organizations that can issue ISO certificates, with two ISO 14001 certification bodies having been accredited. The National Chamber of Commerce and Industry reported that three companies had been certified MNS ISO 14001 so far, including a distillery and a food company. The Ministry of Environment and Tourism suggested about 10 certificates had been issued in total.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Of internal migrants, 23% reported that employees of citizen service centres (Tsentri obslujivania naselenia) and medical personnel, for instance, took advantage of their lack of local registration to ask for a bribe. Internal migration data is tracked by the Agency for Statistics, using information supplied by the Migration Policy Committee and the Public Service Centres that collect registration records. Unreliable figures for registered migrants pose problems in calculating the real number of people living in a given place. Official statistics do not always reflect the number of people for whom public services are needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The increased interconnectedness of the world has resulted in the growing significance of relations between nations. This has caused universities to infuse the curriculum with international content. The absence of appropriate pedagogies is not likely to foster social and personal transformation to equip students with the necessary knowledge and motivation to respond to complex global issues concerning human rights and social justice. A social transformation model of internationalisation suggests that there is a need to reform the legal curriculum to foster individual and social transformation. Highlighting the centrality of critical reflection, dialogue and experiential learning and drawing on the literature of transformative learning and internationalisation, this article discusses how educators of human rights legal education can utilise the process of internationalisation to foster personal and social transformation. The suggestions outlined in this article are equally of significance to all legal educ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Data for the period 2002-04 refer to the year 2003. Sources: Austrian Federal Ministry for Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management, Facts and Figures 2006 and Austrian Water, Facts and Figures. Data include water use for fish farming. Average 1990-92 = average 1993-95, Average 2002-04: data for irrigation are used because data for agricultural water use are not available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This paper presents preliminary ventures on questions of ‘quasi-constitutionality’ and broader constitutionalism as organic concepts. The author examines the historical-political constitutional framing of New Zealand to demonstrate that the grounding of the dynamic, generative, activity of constitutional reflection is political. This notion is discussed with regard to the Treaty of Waitangi, with a particular focus on the intriguing challenges that the Treaty poses for intrepreting ‘quasi-constitutionality’. The author concludes by acknowledging that there are conceptual problems that arise when ‘quasi-constitutionality’ is related to an instrument such as the Treaty. Nevertheless, there must be an historical turn in the approach towards uncodified constitutional norms and towards the constitutional significance of certain enactments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Given frequent changes in estimates, regular reporting would be needed. Particularly important given the potential range of NDCs, including non-GHG objectives. Not required for developing countries, and challenging to produce. Important for all major emitters for any future collective assessment, and especially for countries with BAU targets. Often out-of-date for developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Furthermore, the monitoring and planning of the school network is limited. There are quite a number of very small schools with small classes which do not offer a rich learning experience to students. This situation arises because there has not been a review of the school network to assess the need for some re-organisation of local educational supply and no major school transportation strategies have been developed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Improving access of smallholder farmers to risk management tools such as index-based insurance, is another means of protecting their livelihoods from climate and weather-related shocks. It is estimated that global forests sequestered an average of about 4 billion tons of carbon per year during the period 1990-2007, which amounts to 60 per cent of fossil emissions during this period (Pan et al., In addition to their crucial role in regulating the earth’s climate, forests also provide essential ecosystem services, including water regulation and retention, soil stabilization and habitat for biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There are however important linkages between the two industries, as described below. For monitoring fisheries management at the national level, more specific indicators are needed. Specific assessment data on internationally managed stocks are available from regional fisheries management organisations and from ICES. At a global level, some information on the state of fish stocks is available from the biennial FAO report on The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Based on the most recent data (i.e., 2013), the proportion of medium-tech and high-tech industry value added in total value added is on average only 0.1 per cent for all African countries with data. This is extremely low, compared with approximately 0.5 per cent for developed countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States. These figures have remained the same since 2010, and for six countries the ratio is zero.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Although these factors differ per country, state, region and even programme, high-quality, well-implemented ECE curricula provide developmentally appropriate support and cognitive challenges that can lead to positive child outcomes (Frede, 1998). A common framework can help ensure an even level of quality across different forms of provision and for different groups of children, while allowing for adaptation to local needs and circumstances. A clear view and articulation of goals, whether in the health, nutrition or education field, can help foster programmes that will promote the well-being of young children and respond adequately to children’s needs (OECD, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The latter are imposed on wastewater emissions by industrial and other large w ater users w'ho discharge into public sewers and who pay the utility according to the volume and strength of pollutants present in their w'astew'ater. Environmental Management in Practice, Routledge, London and New York. Environmental Management in Practice, Routledge, London and New York.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, for a land-based permit system, the aggregate pumping resulting after transfers will be subject to uncertainty. This may be acceptable if the expected variation in marginal externality is much larger than the expected variation in water application rates (Young, 2014). However, there is still a need to monitor and enforce limits on irrigated area for such systems to succeed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This allows a rough and ready calculation of the surplus costs associated with two different levels of variable renewables both in absolute values and in euros per MWh.4 One finding from this comparison is that the results differ from country to country. This is due both to the different costs for renewables (both in terms of plant-level costs and grid costs) and the different structures of existing energy systems in OECD countries. Substituting a MWh produced by a high-variable cost gas plant overall produces a smaller economic loss than substituting a MWh produced by a low variable cost nuclear plant. It was said above that grid-level system costs constitute the monetisable portion of the external effects of different power generation technologies mediated by the electricity grid. Total system costs would also include thus external effects that would be difficult to monetise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Systematic health planning and needs assessments do not figure in the purchasing decision of the National Health Insurance Fund Administration (NHIFA). In addition, systematic performance measurements are also lacking, with accountability measures being restricted to audits that chiefly focus on legal and financial aspects of the operations of providers (Gaal et al., The authorities should allow the NHIFA to engage in selective contracting to avoid oversupply while building commensurate capacities in the NHIFA to enable it to perform the new tasks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)