albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
As a result of this intensive exchange, special delivery companies have emerged, with trucks shuttling back and forth between the Russian Federation and Kyrgyzstan. Moreover, less than 2 per cent of migrants did not have conversations with people staying in Kyrgyzstan in die mondi preceding die survey, and almost half talked daily widi people in their home country. In terms of parcels and such communication, female and male Kyrgyz migrants do not differ. However, male migrants more often say that they remain involved in the sociopolitical reality of Kyrgyzstan as well as the daily life of their home village or city (figure 22 and 23).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Purpose – This paper aims to investigate public sector reform (PSR) initiatives in Kazakhstan, and how such reform efforts have helped the government to be more responsive to the needs and demands of the citizens.Design/methodology/approach – The paper examined four key PSR initiatives: decentralization, Civil Service reform, e‐governance, and civil society in improving governance in post‐Soviet Kazakhstan.Findings – In light of Kazakhstan government's efforts to reform the public sector, the study finds that substantial progress has been made in improving its service delivery systems and enhancing good governance.Research limitations/implications – The study is an investigation of four out of several PSR initiatives aimed at improving good governance.Originality/value – The study provides insights into how aspects of PSR can be fundamentally useful in promoting good governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Commission has recently stressed the importance of education and health literacy in improving health outcomes over a lifetime, with particular focus on adolescents and youth. Resolutions on particular population groups, such as migrants, adolescents and youth, older persons, or urban and rural residents, have recognized the health care needs of those groups and related implications for health systems. Resolutions have also drawn attention to the negative effects of the emigration of highly-skilled workers on development in countries of origin, often in the health-related sectors, and called for ethical recruitment of health-care workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper offers a new framework for thinking about the relationship between the common law of property and the rule of law. The standard way of framing this relationship is within the terms of the form/substance debate within the literature on the rule of law: Does the rule of law include only formal and procedural aspects or does it also encompass and support substantive rights such as private property rights and civil liberties? By focusing on the nature of common-law reasoning, I wish to question the form/substance dichotomy that frames this debate and to show that the formal aspects of the rule of law are in fact principles widely adopted within the practice of common-law reasoning and as such play a large role in shaping the substantive content of common-law property rights. Understanding this has implications beyond the relationship between property law and the rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, algae blooms will increase with the rise in water temperature. Entered into force on 24 July 2009, the Emergency Law requires the establishment of risk assessments and crisis management plans in case of storms and floods at least once every two years. The first Emergency Risk Assessment was compiled in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The government provides 50% of the premiums for all risks determined by the Cabinet. The risks covered by TARSIM are transferred to local and foreign reassurance companies through contracts, while the rest is covered through excess of loss reassurance by the Treasury (MOFAL, direct communication). Total premiums produced in the TARSIM rose from TRY 69 million (USD 49 million) to TRY 966 million (USD 355 million) between 2007 and 2015 - an almost six-fold increase if these amounts are expressed in real terms. Nearly 72% of total premiums were for crop insurance and nearly 21% for cattle, w'ith the remaining 7% coming from sheep and goats, greenhouses, aquaculture, apiculture and poultry policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Moreover, for some of the countries within the sample, the average number of yearly consultations with stakeholders appears to have reduced, while for others it increased considerably. There also appears to be a wider variation as regards the provision of adequate and timely information on trade-related regulatory changes across countries. Public comments appear to be widely taken into account when drafting new trade-related legislation, although in many of the cases this process is not explained within the relevant legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is analyzing the legal status of human rights treaties in the Brazilian legal system, in view of the changes introduced by the Amendment to the Constitution n. 45/04, known as the Judiciary Reform. Such amendment brought the possibility of the human rights treaties being likened to constitutional amendments and therefore have constitutional legal status. However, he remained silent with regard to approved treated before its enactment. However, the Supreme Court gave supra-legal status to that treaty. Must be examined to what extent this constitutional change brought greater protection of human rights, therefore it closely examines the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, adopted in the form of paragraph 3 of article 5 of the Federal Constitution of 1988.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Where opt out is possible and easy the government should not manage the risk - because it could create moral hazard (i.e. increase the incentives that individuals have to take risks). However, this clearly has ethical and equity implications, particularly when ability to pay is a factor behind the failure to contribute (e.g. provide no assistance to those without insurance). In practice where physical excludability is possible (e.g. deny access to a clean water source), societies will need to make judgements about whether the poor should be protected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Capacity can also be shared between the two levels of government. For example, lessons learnt from innovative water policy approaches piloted at the sub-national level are sometimes transferred to the central level, peer-to-peer capacity exchange between levels of government may also result in knowledge transfer. The local level should have the resources to manage water responsibilities, but in reality this level may lack the organisational, technical, procedural, networking or infrastructure capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In a security of energy supply perspective, nuclear energy seems thus well-positioned to reduce import dependency and to stabilise cost as well as to contribute to the diversification of electricity generation technologies in a manner that overall improves the security of energy supply. The following chapter will explore the extent to which the preceding considerations can be quantified in the context of appropriate security of supply indicators. London, United Kingdom, www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_intemet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Regarding the group "Mainly UMICs" Angola and Equatorial Guinea have been included in this group since they are currently graduating from the LDC category. Another source of data on climate finance flows is the Biennial Reports submitted by developed country Parties to the UNFCCC3. The Paris Agreement provides the latest guidance to countries and multilateral development banks on climate finance and the need for financial flows to developing countries to support climate action. Decision 1/CP.21 which accompanies the Paris Agreement recommits developed countries to mobilising USD 100 billion/yea- by 2020 from public and private sources to support climate action in developing countries, with a new higher target to be agreed by 2025.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Moreover, with the BR1CS now accounting for about 28% of world GDP (at PPP rates), a slowdown in growth has larger effects on the global economy and OECD countries than in the past. In OECD countries, direct trade relations with non-OECD countries have grown substantially in importance over the past two decades. Financial conditions have tightened significantly in some emerging economies, and financial linkages with OECD countries could increase the impact of a decelerating growth in the emerging economies. Similarly, as the links in the banking sectors of several developed and emerging economies have grown stronger since the financial crisis, tightening financial conditions in some emerging economies may also influence income growth of OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This discussion paper deals with a well-known question in modern day international law: Can Western corporations be held accountable before civil courts in Western States for breaches of human rights taking place in States which lack effective protection of human rights and labour rights? It looks at the problem from a strictly European perspective and in this context deals with three questions. The first deals with the problem of classifying breaches of human rights which take place within a labour relation. The second focuses on the role the ECHR may play in establishing civil liability in European courts. How does international law in general and the Convention in particular affect international private law jurisdiction and applicable law in cases of transnational social liability? The third and final question concerns the recent adoption of the Rome II Regulation on the law applicable to non-contractual liability and its effect on transnational corporate liability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Most tourists visit the Arctic Islands in the summer months with 40-50% visiting in June to August. In Greenland, more than 20% of the total annual tourism is in August alone. For Iceland, tourists do not outnumber the population but are close to matching them in numbers with around 240,000 arriving foreign tourists in both July and August compared to the population of 334,000 inhabitants. It has not been possible to obtain data on the level of energy consumption or the C02 emissions from the commercial enterprises arranging activities for tourists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Rolling out modem technology that can better integrate localities into wider economic networks and expand the job finding and education opportunities for rural residents. Better broadband coverage can also provide access to healthcare and education in the most remote locations. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has allocated $2 billion in 2018 to use in competitive bidding auctions to expand access to nearly 1 million homes, which should minimise the risk of the infrastructure investment having little impact. Municipal networks have also been created in some cities, often using existing infrastructure to cut costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The modern definitions of “political economy” and “literature” emerged around the same time in eighteenth-century Britain, although both concepts were centuries in the making. One important work that anticipates both, for example, is Thomas More’s Utopia, which employs a series of literary techniques to stage debates about the role of wealth in the commonwealth. Some two hundred and fifty years later, the chief architect of modern political economy Adam Smith also developed his ideas about political economy in and through his study of literature and rhetoric. Beginning with a brief consideration of Smith’s own intellectual development, this chapter then exmaines the intersection between “literature” and “political economy” from Utopia to Mandeville’s Fable of the Bees in relation to three overlapping rubrics: the nation, language, and the body.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While, legally, every child is guaranteed an education, many children are denied the opportunity because of defects of the education system and the poor socioeconomic status of the country, as well as lack of parental understanding. The pastoralist way of life prevents children from being educated within the country's formal education system, and the increasing marginalization of indigenous pastoralist children has been the result of the gulf between them and the children in the rest of the population who attend primary school (International Research on Working Children, 2007). Moreover, within indigenous pastoralist communities, there are many families whose members can neither read nor write. However, many who are nomadic follow seasonal migration patterns, travelling hundreds of kilometres into neighbouring countries, particularly Benin, Ghana and Togo.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These rules may soon be relaxed. The government provided extensive financial and other support to help develop a flagship “innovation university” that would be a world leader in research and teaching (with a special interdisciplinary emphasis), strengthen innovation and boost economic competitiveness (Tienari et al., It appeals that one of the institutions' rectors first proposed the merger idea in 2005, and all three were eventually in favour. The "innovation university" message allowed the merger to receive wide support from the business community, and also proved very successful in national and international media.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The anthropology of human reproduction is a dynamic field of research, generating new methods, types of data, and hypotheses on biological, political economic, and sociocultural factors that mediate human reproduction. Current research incorporates perspectives from archeological, biological, sociocultural, and linguistic anthropology to explore: (1) the dynamic effects of interactions among culture, class, race, and ethnicity on reproduction and reproductive health, (2) cross-cultural patterns of women's and men's experiences with assisted reproductive technologies, and (3) struggles for reproductive rights and reproductive justice within the contexts of global health programs and human rights legislation. Cross-cultural studies of sexuality and reproduction are casting new light on the evolution of sexual norms and behavior, social organization, and family structures. Long underexplored, researchers are focusing increasing attention on male physiology, sexuality, and cultural concepts of paternity as they affect human reproductive activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The new procedures have eliminated some administrative steps, shortened the time needed for final decisions to be taken, and put in place arrangements that could lead to more effective enforcement. Co-ordination of permit approval and assessment when the operation of an industrial facility requires various permits (e.g. for construction or urban development) is aimed at preventing duplication of work and contradictory decisions. It also provides for joint inspections by relevant authorities. Dedicated tools, such as online license and permit catalogues, have been introduced to facilitate licensing procedures. The catalogues provide comprehensive information regarding licenses and permits and enable a search to be made for detailed procedural requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2010, Korea announced a plan to introduce tyre fuel efficiency standards and labelling. Korea should ensure that these standards and labelling systems are based on international test procedures for measuring rolling resistance. Korea should also speed up planned policies to promote proper tyre inflation levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, the initiative has proved so successful that since early 2012, Car Free Days have been held every Sunday in all five of Jakarta's municipalities. Vehicles were required to possess paper based permits to enter the 32 km2 zone, with exceptions made for public transport, public taxis, emergency, diplomatic and military vehicles. However, difficulties in enforcement meant that as much as 35 per cent of vehicles entering the zone were unauthorized, with only 2 per cent caught and fined by police. To address these enforcement issues, and coupled with improvements to public transport services, the city developed an enforcement system based on automated number plate recognition cameras positioned at each of the 104 road entrances to the restricted zone. The system automatically identifies vehicle registration numbers that have not paid for an annual, weekly or daily pass and subsequently sends out violation notices. By comparison a single ticket on the Tehran BRT ranges from 1,500-2,500 rial (S$0.10 to 0.20).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In contrast, several countries experienced an increase in the number of benefit recipients that outpaced the growth in unemployment (Czech Republic, Hungary, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, TUrkey, United Kingdom, United States). In some cases, this may have been the result of measures designed specifically to increase benefit coverage or eligibility (e.g. United States, Korea) or to extend benefit duration or generosity (e.g. TUrkey, United States). It is possible that some people could receive both Ul and UA in a single year and so be counted twice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
There is a trend towards regionalization of waste management services, which is providing opportunities for private sector involvement. However, development of the necessary infrastructure lags behind expectations, mainly due to insufficient sources of local financing and dependence on funding by foreign donors. Large amounts of industrial waste are generated by the mining industry and utilization of industrial waste as a source of material or energy is increasing. Recently completed radioactive waste storage was licensed for full-scale operation, which is a precondition for the safe management of radioactive waste currently stored in old storage facilities and at the place of generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In terms of the challenge, building energy consumption accounts for well over half (63%) of the metro region’s greenhouse gas emissions and imposes comparatively high costs on energy consumers (CNT, 2009b). Buildings in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region tend to use far more energy than even comparable buildings in the Midwest, in part due to their age and lack of insulation. While energy efficiency is unlikely to contribute much to emissions reduction if it is not accompanied by a high carbon price, it is still a necessary element of any policy to address climate change (OECD, 2013).20 In terms of the opportunity, retrofitting of existing buildings to increase their energy-efficiency involves a relatively high demand for low and semi-skilled labour and strengthens the local cluster in professional energy services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the aftermath of the events of September 11, 2001, the virtually instantaneous hegemony of a metaphysics of antiterrorism has radically reconfigured the politics of race, immigration, and citizenship in the United States. In the extended historical moment beginning with the United States' proclamation of a planetary “War on Terrorism” and encompassing our (global) political present, the US sociopolitical order has been racked by several interlocking crises—convulsively careening between heightened demands on citizenship and the erosion of civil liberties, imperial ambition and nativist parochialism, extravagant domestic law enforcement and global lawlessness. In relation to the parallel but contradictory hegemonic projects of “American” national identity and attachment, on the one hand, and the expansion or refortification of US empire, on the other, the cumulative crisis-as-opportunity for US nationalism that has ensued is replete with unpredictable dilemmas and unresolved possibilities for both citiz...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Prior to the Commonwealth's first major statute, the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901, Britain's colonies experimented with a range of statutory restrictions on population movement. When these came to affect the interests of Chinese-born residents of the colonies, the Chinese struck back. As in British Columbia and California, the Chinese of Victoria and New South Wales deployed law in asserting rights of movement and residence. When the Supreme Courts of those colonies ruled in their favour, the self-governing colonials turned their minds to ever tighter restrictions through statutory reform. In this way, the White Australia Policy of the twentieth century might be considered the perverse product of Chinese litigation in colonial courts. In this article I argue that the Victorian and New South Wales immigration cases of 1888 demand greater respect than has been afforded them in the historiography and the legal literature of immigration policy and practice in Australia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, professionals may well have greater flexibility than machine operators as they seek to match work with family commitments. The same patterns can be seen in France, but it does not appear to affect fertility outcomes to the same extent. The provision of child care and out-of-school care services - for longer hours and without interruption - seem to make fertility behaviour more responsive to working hours within occupations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Estonia, Ireland and Spain had the largest increases in unemployment (ranging from 10 to 15 percentage points) and the latter two have yet to see any labour market recovery, raising concerns that the currently very high unemployment rates could persist a long time.6 Although not as hard hit, the unemployment rates in Greece, Iceland, the Slovak Republic and the United States rose by more than 5 percentage points during the “Great Recession”, but have begun to ease in recent quarters except in the case of Greece. By contrast, a number of countries experienced only small increases in unemployment. Germany, in particular, saw a rise of only one-half a percentage point before unemployment resumed a declining trend that was evident before the recession, while five other countries saw increases of less than 1.5 percentage points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Such unobservable factors (or not controlled for) seem to play an important role in equalising the distribution of household income and are likely to be captured by the unexplained wage structure effect. Changes in women’s wages accentuated the equalising impact of women on household income inequality. The combined effect resulted in lowering income inequality by about 2 Gini points. Overall, it shows that the increased participation of women in the labour market over the past 20 to 25 years up to the economic crisis has tended to make the distribution of household earnings and income more equal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)