albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This trend also holds in the United States, where the gender gap in employment is particularly high among 25-64 year-olds with below upper secondary education. For this age group, the employment rate is 67% for men and 40% for women, a difference of 27 percentage points, compared to the average difference of 20 percentage points across OECD countries. The gender gap in employment in the United States shrinks to 13 percentage points for adults with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education and to 9 percentage points for adults with tertiary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These conventional plants run less frequently and produce less energy, which changes their economics and therefore tend to favour less capital-intensive technologies, such as open-cycle gas turbines, instead of combined-cycle gas turbines. These situations of minimum residual load do not necessarily occur during periods of low demand and they have implications for all markets, including the day-ahead market, intra-day or balancing and ancillary services markets. Little consideration has been given to these situations of low load, as it is usually sufficient to shut down plants during a few days or at night time when they are not needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To encourage the use of natural gas, its consumption has been exempt from taxation. Partial or total exemptions also apply to other fuels, including those used for electricity generation, for powering boats (including fishing boats), in agriculture, in facilities participating in negotiated energy-saving agreements (Section 4.1) and in the EU ETS, as well as biofuels (Section 5.2). A lower value added tax (VAT) rate applies, among others, to heating oil and household consumption of natural gas and electricity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The declining trend in total public-private partnership investment could suggest a lack of capacity and supportive policies to develop best practices in this regard and foster an enabling environment for private sector involvement. This can be particularly challenging for investment projects that include or focus on the last mile. The accompanying risks must be taken into account in the contract specifications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Disputes over water are often related more to the social, economic and institutional context than they are to the technical factors governing the availability of water resources. In many countries, enforcement of legislation is weak and judicial systems are inadequate. This is detrimental to sustainable water use and service provision in many ways. It reduces economic growth, undermines performance and effectiveness, discourages investments in the water sector and frustrates stakeholder participation in the decision-making process. In most OECD countries, decision-making power over water has been delegated to lower levels of government. Bottom-up, demand-driven approaches that combine the experience, knowledge and understanding of various local actors need an overall framework for managing mutual dependencies and creating synergy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This decentralisation hindered patient mobility between regions because of complicated bureaucratic procedures and resulted in many cases of abuse and corruption due to an underdeveloped system of control (European Commission, 2010). The National Health Fund (NFZ) was created in 2003 through the merger of the Sickness Funds. Hungary, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom tend to share similar characteristics (OECD, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Monitoring and evaluation is an integral component of such programmes. Enrolment in one of the schools surveyed rose by 26 per cent in one month following the introduction of free school meals. Often these two methods are used side-by-side on the same project, but they can also be used separately. In principle, take-home rations can have a larger impact on households' expenditures and therefore potentially work better in terms of targeting (Bundy et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Countries that are encouraging renewable energy penetration in their grid are also innovating in storage and grid management. Moreover, as the penetration of intermittent renewable energy in the supply mix rises, innovation in storage and grid management increases. However, other findings indicate that this is conditioned by other factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Only 17 per cent of reported rape cases reached the court and just 4 per cent ended in a conviction for rape. The report notes that these statistics are typical of rape case attrition rates in many other countries. In response, the Government of South Africa has invested in a network of one-stop shops which have significantly increased conviction rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Warming has been the most intense and trends in the winter months. Greater increase in winter than in summer. Temperature increase in Finland is expected to be about 1.5 times higher than the global average temperature rise. Increase in annual precipitation of 10% to 25% in the period 2070-99, as compared to 1971 -2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Spanning a vast, multicontinental area - from Asia to Africa, and including the Middle East and Australia - the Indian Ocean Region represents a diverse and historical network of cultures, economies, and environments. It has been described as the "heart of the Third World" and, in precolonial times, "a crucible for a first global economy." Today, it is a crucible for global survival.In this collection, Timothy Doyle and Melissa Risely bring together an international group of environmentalists, political scientists, and international relations scholars largely from the region to address key issues vital to determining the human and environmental security of the region. Addressing topics that include agri-food production systems, the geopolitics of water resources along the Mekong River basin, oil production, transportation, waste disposal, and climate change, the contributors highlight the importance of regional collaboration and offer policy and management strategies for cooperative, multinational problem solving.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Focusing solely on direct mobilization may lead to overestimating the role of project-level climate finance and, in worst case, neglecting the importance of finance directed to capacity building, budgetary support (e.g. feed-in tariff scheme for renewables) and overall work to strengthen enabling environment (OECD, 2015). While to date only few studies have assessed the mobilizing effects of public policies and support for policy development, and these mainly direct and project-based mobilization, preliminary findings from WRI23 highlight the importance of overall policy frameworks and stability as key enablers of climate compatible investments. According to GCF (2015) a key challenge for mobilization is the missing link between climate projects and "initiatives that strengthen underlying policy, regulatory, or enabling environment".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Grynberg and Rochester conclude that This raises the key policy question of whether the current negotiations at the WTO on enhanced fisheries subsidies disciplines constitutes a 'second best' approach to fisheries management.' Countries with preferential access that do not have an adequate domestic fleet represent a captive market for these companies. A greater challenge relates to large developing countries— especially China—targeting fisheries in SVEs and other developing country EEZs and in the high seas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
While the MDGs started from ground zero, creating a baseline for global hunger and poverty targets, the sustainable development goals (SDGs) will hit the ground running, propelled by over a decade of lessons learned. Given this experience, the coming years offer unprecedented potential for human development. Nutrition has captured global attention and has remained a featured agenda item for most development partners. A number of international initiatives, multi-stakeholder processes and commitments add fuel to the fire, ANNA LARTEY is Director of the Nutrition Division in the Economic and Social Development Department at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Water use efficiency in agriculture is also being improved through replacing earthen irrigation channels with concrete linings to reduce losses and upgrading flood irrigation systems (e.g. levelling of fields, neutron probes for soil moisture measurement, and scheduling of irrigation to plant needs). Groundwater use for irrigation above recharge rates in some regions is also undermining the economic viability of farming in affected areas. However, information on the trends in pollution from irrigated land is patchy. This has been associated with both human alterations of the hydrological characteristics of watersheds and land-use policies that have encouraged urbanisation in areas at risk to flooding events, and also increasingly the trend toward greater climatic variability leading to higher financial costs both through loss of production and damage to farm infrastructure, and also costs for the wider economy in terms of damage to property and in some cases loss of life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Rapid and well-informed interventions need more local co-ordination and better knowledge of needs, placing Local Education Services in a good position to play a key role in the management of education infrastructure. In the context of the new legal framework that does not allow private-subsidised schools to charge co-payments or to obtain profits from the school operation, there is a need to provide access to the financing mechanism suggested above in similar terms for both public and private providers. Incorporating private schools in the infrastructure cadastre established by the Ministry of Education appears to be a first logical step. Addressing this will require affecting not only teachers with fixed-term contracts but also those with open-ended employment contracts, including through the use of early retirement schemes, which are already in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Chapter 4 will discuss the changing policy attitudes facing nuclear energy once it is discussed in a security of supply perspective. The reason is that the issue depends on subjective value-judgements, which may vary across market actors, citizens and countries. Markets thus cannot develop the verifiable parameters over which private buyers and sellers could negotiate satisfactory outcomes at sufficiently low cost. This informational complexity -even though it is due to very different reasons - is something energy supply security has in common with certain types of environmental externalities such as greenhouse gas emissions, the other great example of a market failure in the energy field.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Such spending is comprehensively recorded in Nordic countries, but in some other (often federal) countries it may not be fully captured by the OECD social expenditure data. Traditionally, ECEC in West Germany began with kindergarten from the age of 3 upwards (OECD, 2015f, and Box 3.3). With the expansion of ECEC, child care enrolment rates among the under 3s climbed from low levels in 2006 (13.6% vs. the 28.1% OECD average) to make up considerable ground on the OECD by 2013 - 29.3% versus 32.9%. The latest data for the first quarter of 2015 show a further rise, to 32.5%, in German enrolment rates (Destatis, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It should be noted that the CNRH, in which this ministry is represented, has a Technical Chamber on Science and Technology (Figure 2.4) where research priorities are discussed and established. However, the national level is still very strong and holds broad powers to pass legislation applicable nationwide, including exclusive powers on waters and energy. It also holds fiscal powers to provide resources to the lower levels through specific and targeted programmes. The basin unit creates links of “causality” and “factual solidarity” as water users’ behaviours in the basin propagate downstream and affect other uses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Legal limitations on water pricing which impede prices from reflecting scarcity and environmental considerations should be eliminated. Methods will have to be developed to determine valuations for the environmental impact of water abstractions. It is important to improve transparency in water charging, so as to provide information of the different costs involved in the calculation of tariffs, including environmental and scarcity costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Developing countries will benefit more from open innovation by bridging the digital divide, which can help facilitate collaborative research, information-sharing and global partnerships. R&D or technology must therefore be accompanied by the tapping into knowledge of other institutions such as universities, research centres and firms including competitors. This open approach to innovation must be supported by science, technology and innovation policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This difference is found to be widest for upper middle-income and high income countries. ( Women are more likely to be employed in positions that reflect traditional gender roles - in what have been labelled the "5Cs jobs": caring, cashiering, cleaning, catering and clerical work. As reflected in figure 4, in 2013, low and middle-income countries have a concentration of contributing family workers, with the percentage being higher among females. However, in contrast to contributing family workers, a greater proportion ofemployed malesareown account workers compared with females, except for those in low income countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is notably the case when the income tax schedule is convex or when capital market imperfections make the cost of refinancing after a negative shock both higher and convex (Froot et al., Risk mitigation relates to costly activities that reduce the impact of risks for the farm. One usually makes a distinction between self-insurance, which consists in reducing the loss of a given risk when it occurs, and self-protection, which consists in reducing the probability of the risk (Ehrlich and Becker, 1976).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, for purposes of this paper, the individual/sector/national/international typology has been chosen as an effective organizational tool, that can be of particular use to policy makers looking to identify and analyze the multiplicity and variety of benefits. The complex interrelationships between effects at different levels of the economy have been explored to some degree in this paper, but would merit a more in-depth treatment in the future. Although they have ramifications at a wider level, it is useful for policymakers to consider these issues in terms of their impact on the livelihood of individual citizens. This report discusses three individual-level benefits: health and wellbeing, poverty alleviation (energy affordability and access), and increased disposable income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While there is no agreed definition of innovative financing for development, existing initiatives can be broadly classified as those aiming to raise new funds for development ("innovative sourcing") and those which optimise the use of traditional funding sources (“innovative spending"). Innovative financing for development initiatives have so far mobilised only part of the shortfall they aim to eliminate. However, their potential is still to be exploited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The bias towards Western medicine and intervention can be offensive or inappropriate for practitioners of traditional medicine. Finding health staff that speak and understand indigenous languages is difficult, and poor communication between providers and clients at all levels compromises access to quality care. Thus, because state health systems neither incorporate the indigenous concept of health nor work in harmony with traditional health systems, indigenous communities are marginalized, and health disparities between indigenous and non-indigenous populations persist. Yet, there are few efforts that address HIV/AIDS among indigenous peoples. Traditional treatments for HIV are widespread in indigenous communities, however, and, if recognized and supported, they are promising practices for combating the illness among all populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The lack of funds has also complicated the introduction of cleaner vehicle technologies. While the entity would ideally have substituted a higher percentage of buses run on compressed natural gas (CNG), only 72 of the fleet of 1 360 buses have this kind of engine. Expansion towards the suburban areas in the State of Mexico has become increasingly necessary, and transport services need to provide a denser network, with alternative itineraries for corridors that are close to or above capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In this study, we investigate the role of public governance in mediating the effect of culture on terrorist financing (TF). Although culture has a significant impact on terrorism financing, the government can use the control of corruption (COC)and the rule of law (ROL) as useful tools in mitigating or eliminating this impact. We examine whether the COC and ROL can mediate the effect of culture on terrorist financing across 78 countries. We use Basel Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Index as a proxy for the risk terrorist financing, Hofstede?s cultural dimensions for culture measuring and COC and ROL as indicators for public governance. The results reveal a complete mediation for COC and ROL to the impact of culture on terrorism financing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. The vertical dashed lines indicate the 25th, the median and the 75th percentiles of the underlying distribution of inequality. These comprise the combination of technical skills, business management skills and personal skills required for starting up and operating in business and self-employment. They include, for example, opportunity recognition, team building, negotiation, strategy development, communication, decision making, risk management, financial planning, marketing and the ability to motivate and mentor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, abstraction charge rates are higher for domestic users while volumes abstracted for drinking w'ater supply are much lower than volumes abstracted for irrigation purposes. The pressure exerted on the resource can also be assessed through the difference between the volumes of water that are abstracted and the volumes that are returned to the environment. For example, it is estimated that around 90% of the volume used for cooling thermal and nuclear power plants is returned to the w'atercourse, w'hile irrigation returns a small portion of its abstracted volume to the environment. The latter explains why rates for cooling purposes are quite low compared to other uses, but does not explain why rates for irrigation are low'er than rates applied to drinking water supply, know'ing that almost all volumes used by households are returned to the environment after treatment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Self-appraisal may take the form of a self-reflection journal or the compilation of a longer-term leadership portfolio. When compiling a portfolio, school leaders typically collect evidence to demonstrate progress towards pre-defined objectives. Evidence may include, among others, parent newsletters, staff meeting notes, photographs of classroom activities and records of dropout rates (Pashiardis and Brauckman, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
China's development assistance to Africa has attracted varied criticisms from academics, Western governments and international donor organisations. The main criticisms have been directed at the lack of good governance conditions on its development assistance to African governments and its dealings with countries under sanction or isolation from the international community, owing to poor governance, human rights abuses and/or corruption. Using the case of Zimbabwe in the current period, the impact of China's development assistance on its prospects for sustainable development is assessed. Since 2000 Zimbabwe has experienced a crisis of governance leading to socio-economic and political decline. This crisis has arguably been exacerbated by China's varied assistance to the Robert Mugabe regime, as well as China's protection of the regime in the United Nations Security Council. It is argued that without encouraging good governance, and managing this relationship for the benefit of Zimbabwe, Harare will not see...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These measures are believed to have helped reduce threats to the conservation of vaquitas and to have begun decreasing the total level of fishing in the area, with conservation benefits for other marine species.16 Table 5.3 gives a breakdown of the subsidies in the PACE for the vaquita. Green certification has been established for products including coffee, 10% of all coffee producers in Mexico are in the certified coffee market, a higher percentage than in other countries. Taxes on timber and other natural resource extraction, for example, can help provide correct price signals, induce more sustainable production and consumption patterns, and mobilise revenue. The initiative planned to target 17 natural reserves in six regions, including the northern deserts, tropical Caribbean beaches and eastern jungles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A recent study on 32 Mexican cities (World Bank, 2016c) measured the ease of Doing Business based on four criteria: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, registering property and enforcing contracts,51 showed substantial differences across cities, with at least one of them performing better than high-income OECD members. The conclusion for Kazakhstan is that an assessment of subnational differences in the business climate would provide a clearer understanding of the differences across regions and cities to incentivise business and investment, and place government in a better position to design and implement policy. The fifth wave of the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS), provides insight into the variations of the perception of firms on the business environment across the country. For instance, insufficient education in the workforce is more often reported as the main obstacle to doing business in medium-size cities than in Almaty City or Astana (Table 1.8 above).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Nonetheless, the relevant coordination mechanisms are only explicitly provided for in Honduras, through the executing agency of the Presidential Commissioner for Financial Inclusion, and in Mexico, through the National Council for Financial Inclusion, which is the only such mechanism actually operating. In this respect, the clear definition responsibilities and goals of the National Strategy for Financial Inclusion in Honduras is noteworthy. In Mexico, a second round of the National Survey of Financial Inclusion has already been implemented, which reports on the progress achieved between 2011 and 2015 and, in principle, should represent a key input for the adjustments needed to implement the National Financial Inclusion Policy. This is complicated by the risks and opportunities arising from the use of technological platforms to offer innovative financial services through new distribution channels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)