albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
As for coastal zones, the measures to reduce nutrient flows would be most effective in the Pacific Ocean. For the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the opportunities to reduce nutrient losses from agriculture are limited due to the projected rapid growth in production (Figure 5.17). Phosphorus emissions to the Indian Ocean would even increase in the Nutrient Recycling and Reduction scenario.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The ways in which the tourists value different aspects of the surroundings are also influenced by experiences made during the visit. To the extent that information, interpretation and education do not have a sufficient influence on peoples' actual behaviour, co-creation initiatives are proposed as a more efficient way of transferring responsibility to visitors (Campos, Mendes, Valle, and Scott, 2015, Prebensen, Vitterso, and Dahl, 2013). Co-creation implies that the tourists participate in the design, production and consumption of an experience, even collaborating in the creation of new products and services (Binkhorst and Dekker, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The longer the unemployment spell lasts, the more individual productivity will be affected, and the lower the level of initial qualification, the longer the scarring effects are likely to last. If skills are not put to use they will degenerate fast after leaving school, and the experience of being unemployed may reduce the incentive to search for work, all leading to reduced long-term employment prospects (OECD, 2012). Across the OECD in 2013, 40% of young people were employed on non-standard contracts, mostly on temporary contracts. Among all temporary workers, close to half were under the age of 30.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Mainly dependent on commodities export (minerals, coffee and other raw' materials), Colombian gross domestic product (GDP) grew 3.9% per year between 2003 and 2008, and 2.7% per year between 2008 and 2013 (OECD, 2015c). Colombian GDP per capita was USD PPP 12 750 in 2013, up from USD PPP 6 611 per capita in 2000 (standardised to 2015 prices in each case). The gap in GDP per capita between Colombia and OECD economies has started to narrow, although remains large (Figure 1.3). Even though poverty in the country as a whole is decreasing, large disparities between different regions persist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A new newsletter (INDICARE) has been launched for a wide spectrum of users. It compiles the main news, reports and events related to indicators and sustainable development at national and international levels. Various platforms for presenting environmental information contribute to the transparency and efficiency of processes of communication and access to information by the public. Since then, it has made progress in ensuring that the public is able to exercise the rights set out in the Convention’s three “pillars”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Furthermore, composite indices are mostly based on household level data. This, however, is problematic when analysing the well-being of children or other specific groups, as the needs of people differ depending on their age and as the intra-household resource distribution is not always equal. As agreed by the states represented at the UN World Summit for Social Development in Copenhagen, "Absolute poverty is a condition characterised by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information, it depends not only on income but also on access to social services" (United Nations, 1995, Chapter II, 19).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, despite this wide range of sources of financing, agribusiness financing represents a very small percentage of the total supply of credit, for example only 5% on average in West Africa (USAID, 2011). This is clearly highlighted in the case study on Zambia. The difficulty of verifying titles and property rights in rural areas raises issues in providing collateral, but in some parts of Africa financial institutions increasingly accept “warrants”28.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Put simply, if there are too many policy priorities or lack of incentives, the risk is diffusion or inconsistency in implementation. The use of mass media could be used in combination with outreach to local communities. These require consistent action and capacity enhancement on the part of all key stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Any group of poor individuals harmed by a trade policy of another country should therefore have the right to bring a case before the WTO. There should exist an office (‘Defender of the Right to Trade’), potentially located within UNCTAD, that would have the right to bring suit against any country seen as violating the right to trade as defined above. They have recognised that opening up their markets to these countries would have little impact on their own economies (indeed, to the extent that trade restrictions are distortionary, benefiting producers at the expense of consumers, overall welfare would probably increase), but could be of enormous benefit to the least-developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Public interest communications sheds light on how leaders and groups can optimize their social change efforts through strategic and science-based communication that serves the public good. This article examines how insights from the social psychological fields of social influence and intergroup relations can inform public interest communications, drawing on the Elaboration Likelihood Model, the Context-Comparison Model, majority and minority influence processes, and Social Identity Theory. Overall, these social psychological insights could be applied to advance both the research agendas and the practice of the growing discipline of public interest communications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The financial and economic crisis impacted many countries by increasing their fiscal deficits, limiting their policy space and their capacity to respond to future shocks. In particular, the crisis also spurred the sovereign debt crisis in Europe, to which policymakers have responded by implementing austerity measures. This has not only decreased growth rates in Europe but has affected other economies through reduced trade and aid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Developing policy proposals on collective ministerial responsibility could serve the public interest, so that it is possible to work across institutional lines to develop the best possible policy. To promote sustainable and inclusive urban development, Kazakhstan needs to improve the efficiency of data collection at the city level and provide reliable quantitative analysis of urban issues. This leaves SNGs with few internal financial resources and a lack of incentives to develop their own tax base. The most important taxes go to the central government’s budget and are distributed to regional governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The risk of contamination of water supplies will also increase in response to reduced dilution of upstream pollution and potential increases in water-related disease outbreaks, harmful algal blooms and other health effects. Wastewater reuse will increasingly be a cost-effective alternative of conventional water supply. Soil shrinking due to reduced soil water content may induce cracking of water mains and sewer pipes, making them vulnerable to infiltration and exfiltration of water and wastewater. The combined effects of warmer temperatures, increased pollutant concentrations, longer retention times, and sedimentation of solids may lead to increasing corrosion of sewers, shorter asset lifetimes, increased risk of drinking water pollution, and higher maintenance costs (IPCC, 2014b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Albert Venn Dicey, the great British constitutional scholar of the 19th century, is best known in the field of administrative law for his denial of even the possibility of administrative law in common-law countries. This article puts Dicey’s famous denial in a context that establishes the relevance of his constitutional scholarship for contemporary administrative law. Examples are drawn from the United Kingdom and the United States to support this position.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Given the accelerated adoption of electric mobility and an increased demand of consumers for a seamless journey among transportation elements, the interoperability of infrastructure systems must be increased. Blockchains denote protocols that govern distributed ledgers, therefore, the term is commonly used interchangeably. The transformative potential of blockchain technology lies in its built-in and decentralised trust. A new Game Changer for the Media Industry?” Traditionally, in order to process transactions between two unknown parties, a central authority would be entrusted with the process and would oversee the correct enforcement of transactions (e.g. banks in payment clearing and settlement systems).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Eco-innovation faces barriers similar to those facing general innovation, including weak science-industry links, skill gaps, regulatory obstacles, high patenting costs and a complex system of economic and fiscal incentives. However, environmental labelling is costly and sustainable products account for a negligible share of government purchases (MMA, 2015). The 2015 Biodiversity Framework Law is expected to facilitate innovation and industrial activity based on the fair use of genetic assets and traditional knowledge (Section 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The ministry is now planning to become more involved through the EU funded "Implementation of Clinical Practice Guidelines in the care covered by public health insurance" project which has started in late 2013. Most Czech guidelines are still disease and A system of internal auditing of quality and the system of monitoring of patient safety is made mandatory by law but it remains relatively unenforced. It is not clear to what extend such audit results In real improvement processes at patient care level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Additional benefits of cooperation include increased efficiency in the preparation of national reports, cost and resource savings, and reduced duplication of work between NFPs as well as a better awareness of each other’s roles. Another potential benefit of enhancing cooperation and collaboration among NFPs is that it could help raise the priority of biodiversity-related activities within the UN Development Assistance Frameworks (UNDAFs). This includes formal coordination mechanisms such as Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEA) coordination units and National Biodiversity (Steering) Committees (NBC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Transforming the Developmental Welfare State in EastAsia. Transition to Below Replacement Fertility and Policy Response in Taiwan. The Japanese Journal of Population, t, no. 2012."The Impact of Daycare Programmes on Child Health, Nutrition and Development in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At a pedestrian crossing with pedestrian traffic light, 2, At a pedestrian crossing without pedestrian traffic light, 3. At a pavement/footpath, 4. Near to a pavement/footpath (including bus/taxi stops), 5. At a road w here there is no clear distinction between pavement and road way (apartments etc.),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The life expectancy of Latvian women at age 65 reached 18.9 yeais in 2015 (up from 16.8 in 2000), whereas the life expectancy at 65 for men reached 14.2 years (up from 12.3 in 2000). However, not all of these years gained are lived in good health At age 65, Latvian men and women can expect to live four years of their remaining years free of disability, which corresponds to less than 30% of their remaining years. If the health and functional status of the Latvian population does not improve as they grow older, population ageing will inevitably put additional pressures on health and long-term care systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Its objective is to generate teachers’ reflection of their own practice and encourage teachers to review the GTF. The self-evaluation proposes 12 areas (3 areas per GTF domain), each related to a specific criterion in the GTF, on which the teacher rates his or her performance in four possible levels: Unsatisfactory, Basic, Competent, Outstanding. There are no open-ended questions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Where more adults move into work, the risk of moving into poverty decreases in Belgium, while increasing in Denmark, Iceland and Luxembourg. Meanwhile, remaining in a jobless household is associated with a higher risk of entering poverty in Cyprus, Estonia and Hungary, and with a lower risk in Belgium. Finally, children in households that are no longer jobless by time t+1, i.e. where at least one adult finds work, are significantly more likely to enter poverty in Estonia and Hungary. Using a moving poverty line produces qualitatively similar findings (estimates available from the authors on request).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It then provides an overview of OECD’s framew'ork for financing water resources management and uses this as a basis to analyse existing financing arrangements for water management in the Netherlands and identify opportunities to improve financial sustainability. Assessing total water management costs is not a trivial task because of the many different parties involved in water management (see Chapter 1), which have specific functions, responsibilities, budgets and ways of financing their expenses. This includes EUR 1 292 million of costs for w'astewater treatment by the regional water authorities and EUR 1 360 of costs for collection and discharge of rainwater and wastewater by municipalities. It also includes EUR 1 370 of expenditure by drinking water companies (which in part consists of costs related to the purification of poor quality w'ater).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A multiplicity of legal and political arrangements regulate the European Union's external borders. With borders representing the intersection between national and international law and politics, the EU also acquired some legal competences in this realm. The resulting triple set of rules coincides with the growing disaggregation of the classical functions of borders. This state of affairs generates legal and procedural uncertainties and results in a growing ambiguity and lack of transparency, in terms of competences and accountability. Due to the EU's concerns with transnational terrorism, and the growing securitization of migration, the EU's borders with the states of the Middle East and North Africa are particularly relevant in this regard, with the resulting uncertainties touching upon fundamental rights. This article discusses the conceptual starting point of the growing institutional, legal, and political complexity at the EU's southern borders, together with relevant aspects and developments, thus al...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
After enacting the revised Environmental Protection Law, the Chinese government issued a series of regulations and policies such as “The Suggestions on Accelerating the Construction of Ecological Civilization” and the “Integrated Reform Plan for Promoting Ecological Civilization”. These clearly sketched the blueprints for constructing ecological civilization. It laid down that it is necessary to firmly eslablishand earnestly implement the concept of seeking innovative, coordinated, green, open and inclusive development and to adhere to the principles of developing the country and bringing benefit for all in an environmentally-friendly way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Esteban and Dinar (2012) analyse agricultural water management options and find that collective responses always lead to higher welfare results for farmers and society. Indeed, self-regulation and management by user groups have been effective ways to conserve groundwater (FAO, 2011, Koundouri, 2004). Stephenson (1996) reported how the Upper Republican Nebraska River District helped control groundwater coming from the High Plains Aquifer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Themes, Challenges and Overcoming Barriers C.Hunter.- PART I: DEVELOPING MODULES AND ASSESSMENT.- Socio-legal Studies Module: the Bristol Experience M.McDermont, B.Morgan & D.Cowan.- Applied Research Methods and Law Reform: the Leeds Experience P.Vincent-Jones& S.Blandy.- Innovations in Assessment: Family Law at Sheffield P.Russell.- PART II: SOCIO-LEGAL STUDIES IN THE FOUNDATION SUBJECTS.- Property Law and Equity R.Auchmuty.- Contract Law L.Mulcahy & S.Wheeler.- Tort Law K.Devine.- Public Law S.Halliday.- Criminal Law M.Weait.- EU Law C.O'Brien.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In light of such constraints as a limited supply of agricultural land and the declining potential for agriculture to employ a growing rural population, it has often been argued that farming and the agrarian economy alone will not be able to provide a way out of poverty for a significant proportion of the rural poor (IFAD, 2010, Brooks, Cervantes-Godoy and Jonasson, 2009). This represents the central tenet of the OECD’s “New Rural Paradigm” (2006), as outlined in Table 1.2. The New Rural Paradigm, endorsed in 2006 by OECD member countries, proposed a conceptual framework that positioned rural policy as an investment strategy to promote competitiveness in rural territories. This represented a radical change from the typical subsidy programmes of the past aimed at specific sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Many countries rely on the revenues from pollution charges to fund environmental policy, regulation and enforcement. In principle the tax should cover all the major sources of water pollution in Georgia - municipal water and sewerage utilities, landfills and other sources of solid waste, mines, industrial processes, hotels, individual farmers and irrigation concerns, etc. Large identifiable polluters such as water utilities, large industrial companies and mines are obvious starting points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The device also requires breath samples to be provided at random intervals to ensure that the driver has not consumed alcohol. Such devices have proven to be highly effective (Terer K., and R.Brown, 2014). Points can also be allocated in conjunction with a court disqualification where the court chooses to disqualify a person for less than six months. Demerit points remain active on a licence record for a period of two years from the date of the offence. If 100 or more demerit points are accumulated within any two year period, a licence will be suspended for a period of three months. The suspension period begins as soon as the demerit suspension notice is served on the driver by the Transport Agency or the Police.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
South African women formed a Parliamentary Women's Group (PWG) soon after the 1994 elections. The name itself is significant: opposition parties did not want the body to be called a caucus, as their male colleagues would see this as 'selling out' party interests. According to Xingwana, this played an important role in the early days as women sought to navigate new corridors of power. However the PWG soon broke up into women's caucuses within parties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Countries must therefore establish their own definition depending on their analytical needs, the objectives of the survey and the national context. Some countries have developed a classification of localities based not only on population size but also on the socioeconomic structure of the population in the localities and contiguous areas. Locality may coincide with a cluster in cluster sampling designs. Owing to the great variation among countries, questions aimed at measuring ethnicity, religion and language must be developed at the country level. The most recent census of the population may be useful as a starting point for developing these questions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This relative increase in the younger portion of the working-age population (15-64 years) was generated during the late stages of the demographic transition when fertility rates began to fall. This transition produces a youth bulge from which a “boom” generation emerges, that is, a generation that is larger than that which precedes and follows it Over time this generation works its way through a given country’s age structure (Bloom, Canning and Sevilla, 2003). In Pakistan there will be a boom generation reaching working age in the next few years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Green growth has been recognised as a key policy, as it can address economic growth, social inclusion and environmental sustainability at the same time. Especially, fostering green growth in cities is critical because cities play disproportionately large roles in the economic and environmental performance of countries (OECD, 2013) (Box 3.1). To do this it must catalyse investment and innovation which will underpin sustained growth and give rise to new economic opportunities” (OECD, 2011). The Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) defines green growth as “a development approach that seeks to deliver economic growth that is both environmentally sustainable and socially inclusive” (GGGI, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The remaining countries had limited pension systems and their old-age poverty rates were very similar to those of the total population. Universal minimum old age pensions: Impact on poverty and fiscal cost in 18 Latin American countries. The World Bank: Policy Research Working Paper No. The poverty threshold used was 50 per cent of the national median equivalised income. *
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
By the end of 2016,32 LDCs had commercially deployed 4G/LTE networks. Though coverage is mainly limited to urban areas in most LDCs, it is growing rapidly. Some such as Rwanda and Senegal have established targets, with Rwanda aiming for 95% coverage by 2018 and Senegal looking to have 90% of the population covered by 2025. A number of LDCs including Bhutan, Cambodia, Comoros, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Vanuatu have allocated the band for LTE. The model allows for fast deployment of broadband network and helps LDCs leverage the national backbone for extending access to the Internet to underserved areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Donor countries are contributing to the LDCF on a voluntary basis (further information is available from http://www.gefweb.org/ interior.aspx?id=194&ekmensel=c580fa7b_48_62_btnlink). Its work is focused in two areas: support to decentralized public investments and support to private investments through microfinancing. Within this context, the UNCDF approach is to support the LDCs in piloting small-scale investments that can be replicated on a larger scale with the assistance of other development partners who can bring additional financial support (further information is available from http://www.uncdf.org/english/about_uncdf/ least_developed_countries.php).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The OECD’s expertise is at the Alliance’s disposal for the purpose of advancing better policies for better lives. Primary drafting and research was done by Valerie Frey, with contributions from Chris Clarke and Apolline Jaoui. Paolo Falco, Claire Keane, Maxime Ladaique and Sebastien Martin (of the OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs) provided valuable input for several statistical indicators and colleagues in the OECD Development Centre (Gaelle Ferrant, Keiko Nowacka and Annelise Thim) offered useful feedback on an earlier draft. This report draws on previous work conducted by the ELS and partnering directorates, particularly Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now (OECD, 2012) and its follow-up country reports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)