albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Abstract   The article offers an intellectual critique of Marxist political ecology as developed in western Europe between the 1970s and 2000s, focusing on the labour/ecology nexus. My critique is based on the intersection of two levels of analysis: (1) the historical evolution of labour environmentalism, focusing on what I will call the eco-modernist dilemma of labour, (2) the meaning of class politics in relation to the politics of the environment, with a special focus on the production/reproduction dialectic. Focusing on the work of four Marxist intellectuals whose ideas resonated with various social movements across the Left spectrum (labour, environmentalism, feminism and degrowth), the article shows how the current entrenchment of labour within the politics of eco-modernization hides a number of internal fractures and alternative visions of ecology that need to be spelled out in order to open the terrain for a rethinking of ecological politics in class terms today.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
We have now been through two decades since the onset of what has been deemed the ‘second liberation’ of Africa. In these two decades, interest in the study of constitutionalism has been gaining momentum and an increasing body of scholarly literature is being produced on constitutionalism and multi-party democracy in African states. Though an exhaustive treatment of this literature in a single paper is impossible, in this paper an attempt will be made to identify and highlight some of the major themes in the comparative constitutional law and democratization scholarship focused on Africa. Specifically, four themes will be identified and discussed. These are: i) autochthony and cultural contextualization of constitutionalism, ii) executive hegemony and imperial presidencies, iii) economic critiques and discontents with the liberal democratic model and iv) the effects and accommodation of ethnicity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
More needs to be done to exploit satellite images to monitor changes in land cover. Wetlands are highly valued habitats for biodiversity and their loss is of international significance. The area of other types of semi-natural agricultural habitats (farm woodland and fallow land) has increased or remained stable. Farmland has mainly been converted to use for forestry and urban development. Despite this overall trend, agriculture remains the major land use for many countries, representing over 40% of the land area in two-thirds of OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, the low number of species makes the Baltic Sea especially vulnerable, as the loss of one species may have a large effect on other parts of the ecosystem, as there may not be species to replace the niche of the lost species. For most areas it is considered in a "non-acceptable" state, Figure 27 (HELCOM, 2010). When looking at biodiversity indices only, some areas in the northern parts of the Baltic Sea reach acceptable status (HELCOM, 2010). This suggests that the Baltic Sea is one of the most threatened marine ecosystems worldwide (HELCOM 2007, 20136, SEPA 2009). It is thought that the relatively simple food webs and low biodiversity renders the Baltic vulnerable, since key functions may be supported by single species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, the objective is not to provide a picture that will be 100% accurate down to the very local level at this stage. Hence, rather than empirical in its roots it currently relies heavily on modelling, though there is potential for increased calibration and use of local empirical data over time. Given that the use is primarily to be for analysis at European scale, only selective tests to check whether the ECA is consistent with national data are foreseen for the moment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These and other similar standards could provide the basis for thresholds or alternatively could act as the final target for gradually more restrictive standards. Manufacturers, in turn, are required to deliver the parts needed for repairs within two months. This may eventually lead to waste of these of there was no use for them but this would be a small waste compared to the waste ifa shirt was disposed of because itmissed a button. Many brands already provide spare buttons with shirts, jackets etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The consultation process covered over 50 000 people spanning across village organisations, popular movements, NGOs, academics and scientists, government officials from various agencies, the private sector, the armed forces, politicians, media persons, etc. This was done through various means including public hearings, local consultations, field research, cultural events, rallies, exercises in educational institutions and formal workshops. The results of the exercise included 71 Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans at local, state, eco-regional and thematic levels along with a final technical report for the NBAP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Tying the receipt of transfers to mothers' childrearing performance reinforces the idea that children's well-being is a female responsibility and does nothing to encourage men's involvement in parenting. If, in practice, conditionalities have no or little bearing on child development, government budgets might be better used to invest in more and better schools and primary health care centres. Recent experiences in Brazil and Egypt, for example, show that the active involvement of women's rights advocates can be a catalyst for transformation. In both cases, cash transfers were explicitly designed with women's rights in mind, tackling the limitations of existing schemes (see also Box 3.3). Unlike Bolsa Familia (see Table 3.1), however, it supports women's economic empowerment head-on by training them to take up non-traditional jobs in the growing construction industry in the region. Drawing on an understanding of some of shortcomings of conventional conditional cash transfer programmes, the Ain-EI-Sira pilot aimed to contest traditional gender dynamics that emphasize women's roles as mothers and ignore their productive roles and agency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Independent women” are married to more educated or affluent men and they make their own decisions and are in control of the business whereas “hidden women” have responsibility without control and they deal with the “internal” environment while their husbands deal with all “external” issues. For “hidden women” business does not open networking opportunities. The results of the study by Blisson and Rana (2001) show that informal social networks are more important to immigrant women than formal business networks and that the Asian women viewed their gender, culture and lack of confidence as barriers to participate in formal networking activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As to private hospitals, they only receive a flat fee from the Social Security Institution for every patient they see and are free to charge patients additional costs, up to a ceiling fixed at 90% more than the public hospital price. This is dampened, however, by the fact that providers have little incentive to offer the full range of secondary care, particularly complex packages of care for patients with the greatest need, since the current set of reimbursement codes do not reflect case severity. Furthermore, there is little incentive for public hospitals to contain costs, since overspends due to unbudgeted activity may, in some cases, be compensated with funds from other public hospitals in surplus. Prices paid by the Social Security Institution, however, are well controlled and show no evidence of inflation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Also, as discussed in the preceding section, Kazakhstan has relatively high mortality rates from respiratory diseases such as COPD, and gastrointestinal diseases such as liver cirrhosis, for which recognised risk factors are tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption respectively (OECD, 2015). For example, among men aged 15 and over nearly 37% are daily smokers, a proportion far above the OECD average of 24%. Indeed, only three OECD countries report a higher proportion of daily smokers among men aged 15 years and over: Latvia 52%, Greece 43.7%, and Turkey 37.3% (Figure 1.12).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The review looks at issues that limit rural areas ’ productivity and reduce water availability such as: farm size, type of crops, subsidies to electricity, lack of financing and outdated modes of land and water management. The chapter ends with a discussion on water governance and the need to allow for more local regulation among other recommendations. Space matters for policy complementarities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The programme requires large companies to repay the grants offered if commercial revenues are generated as a direct result of the R&D project supported, at a rate of 3% of the grant value per year on successful projects (smaller firms at a rate of 1.5% a year). Relevant instruments to address these barriers include the following. The European Progress Microfinance Facility Programme implemented in Lithuania, for example, provided micro-loans to women entrepreneurs with favourable conditions for credit provision and repayment. Credit was provided within 1-2 business days for companies with less than 10 employees, no fees were applied on the provision of loans, and clients were able to defer the beginning of credit repayment up to 12 months. One-year tenor loans had to be repaid weekly with an annual interest rate of 15%. The government, generally through a state-owned enterprise or a government agency, acts as an equity investor, taking shares in the targeted business that provides it with some form of ownership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
But as absolute poverty began to recede into history, the idea of measuring relative poverty was struggling to be born. Today's comforts and conveniences," he argued, "are yesterdays luxuries and tomorrow's necessitiesThis proposal has yet to find full acceptance in the United States (see Box 10: The United States: redrawing the line). Townsend also pioneered the use of non-monetary indicators to measure poverty and deprivation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, there has been a strong focus under the National Action Plan for Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol on the creation of a GHG inventory and supporting the development of carbon market mechanisms - namely Joint Implementation (JI) projects and the development of an Emissions Trading Schemes (ETS). In April 2017, the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine presented a roadmap for the establishment of an ETS in the country7. A related draft law on Monitoring Reporting and Verification (MRV) was published in early 2018. As of October 2015, 276 JI projects had been registered in Ukraine, w'ith more than 500 million Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) issued.6 Ukraine was also the fourth largest Assigned Amount Unit (AAU)7 seller by volume, w'ith 47 million AAUs contracted between 2008 and 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To give them democratic legitimacy, there are general elections for water boards, and there are even some political parties specialising in this level of public authority. However, in administrative and financial terms, they are submitted to the rules and to the inspection of the provinces and the central government and heavily controlled by them. They are a level of government in the Dutch Constitution and enjoy specific taxation powers and a governance frameworic (functional democracies).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Objectives. I investigated whether the introduction of health and health care provisions in US state constitutions can make health systems more equitable and improve health outcomes by urging state policymakers and administrative agencies to uphold their human rights obligations at state level.Methods. I constructed a panel of infant mortality rates from 50 US states over the period 1929 through 2000 to examine their association with the timing and details of introducing a constitutional right to health and health care provisions.Results. The introduction of a stronger constitutional commitment that obligates state legislature to provide health care was associated with a subsequent reduction in the infant mortality rate of approximately 7.8%. The introduction of provisions explicitly targeting the poor was also associated with a reduction in the infant mortality rate of 6.5%. These health benefits are primarily evident in non-White populations.Conclusions. This empirical result supports Elizabeth Leonard’...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
No monitoring or supervision is planned after rehabilitation. Expertise in rehabilitating former landfills is still minimal, both at design offices and the companies that are active at the sites. Furthermore, regulations are lacking, as is an implementing decree. The construction of new controlled landfills is subject to environmental impact studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, fragmented estates, poor incentives and an underdeveloped market all affect the potential oiganization of this industry. After consultations with the public and experts it is now under consideration by the entities. As of the date of the second EPR mission there was still no final decision or agreement between the entities on the text (basically there is disagreement over the financial part ofthe action plan).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They examine programme implementation in a geographically limited area where territories have relatively similar historical trends, land use patterns, and potentially similar access to information and to infrastructure. Using data on land cover in 2007 and 2013, they estimate that the additional conservation represents between 12 and 14.7 percent of forest area enrolled in the programme in comparison to control areas. It can help evaluate programmes with imperfect compliance, voluntary enrolment, or universal coverage (Gertler et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In constructing authority to support activities at sea, resolving the tension between power and legitimation is of fundamental importance. Power of itself has rarely been a sustainable source of authority at sea and the search for ways to entrench authority by legitimation has been a constant theme of maritime international relations. In the post-Cold War re-ordering of global power relationships, international law as a component of authority has occasionally undergone radical evolution - or re-interpretation - in order to keep pace with new issues and to reflect international practice. The Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC), a similarly major component of international law which deals with 70 per cent of the earth's surface, both supports and subverts traditional sovereignty. This chapter presents an overview of how other chapters of the book are organised.Keywords: international law, LOSC, post-Cold War, territorial sea regime
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The backbone network also deliver traffic to and from Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), which is a network access point that helps facilitating local Internet traffic exchanges between operators and helps reduce the cost and latency of data traffic. There are hundreds of IXPs around the world and new IXPs are established every year. However, IXPs are still scarce in many parts of the world. In 2017, less half of LDCs had an IXP (ITU, 2018(13])- Developing a national backbone network is capital intensive and often financed by the private sector or through public-private partnerships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Schools are also expected to promote good mental health for students, and remain alert to mental health concerns, NICE Public Health recommendation 12 (NICE, 2008), for example, offers guidelines on social and emotional well-being in primary education, stating that “schools and local authorities should make sure teachers and other staff are trained to identify when children at school show signs of anxiety or social and emotional problems. They should be able to discuss the problems with parents and carers and develop a plan to deal with them, involving specialists where needed”. The Targeted Mental Health in Schools (TaMHS) initiative, which ran between 2008 and 2011, was backed with GBP 60 million of funding from the Department for Children, Schools and Families. The programme aimed to tackle emotional and mental health support delivery in schools for children aged 5 to 13, and was found to have had mixed results at the end of the three-year programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
None of these laws were drafted with integrated water management in mind. Hence, the case remains for consolidating the regulations into a coherent framework. This would provide greater clarity both for water managers and for various stakeholder groups (e.g. users, recreational interests, environmental associations). Unsurprisingly, water is of higher biological quality in the less developed Western and South Western river basins (Table 3.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For instance, in the high-level segment of C0P15, Chinese Premier Wen declined to participate in informal negotiations even though several other Heads of State were present114 This has at times caused extensive frustration with China as a partner. As a result, there is a strong perception that China's position remains largely unchanged. See also Vihma (2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The benefits of this are: reduced infrastructure costs, the potential for less car use for commuting if people live near where they w'ork and preserving land for agriculture and nature. To maintain support for the plan’s objectives, the two core communes may have to compensate these losing communes, w'hich of course reduces the benefits of the strategy. Moreover, the spatial strategy seems to assume that new employers will be w illing to settle for a higher cost and more complex to develop browmfield sites in Nantes or Saint-Nazaire over greenfield sites in a rural commune.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In other words, students were learning in 8 months what other students were taking a year to learn. These are therefore rather substantial increases in educational productivity, especially if they can be scaled across an entire national system. For example, finding that differentiated feedback has more impact on directing future student learning than on grades may show nothing more than that systems generally do more effectively those things they are designed to do than those things they are not designed to do.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The reform includes increased emphasis on zones that are more likely to impact aquifers (Ibid.). Groundwater is an important water source for California farmers, accounting for nearly 40% of irrigation withdrawals in average years (Maupin et at, 2014) and up to 60% in dry years. There are strong indications that groundwater overdraft is worsening: recent data show that the Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins collectively lost nearly 31 km3 of groundwater between October 2003 and March 2010, or about 4.8 km3 per year (Famiglietti et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Le rapport a aussi pour buts de synthetiser la recherche empirique pertinente sur 1’impact des tests standardises sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage et de retirer des lemons de la litterature sur les aspects des tests standardises qui sont plus efficaces dans l’amelioration des resultats des eleves. Des debats cles concemant les tests standardises sont identifies, notamment (entre autres): 1) selectionner l’objectif approprie pour le test, 2) evaluation des enseignants sur la base des resultats des tests standardises des eleves , 3) l'impact de la publication des resultats des tests standardises des eleves , et 4) minimisation du comportement strategique des enseignants et administrateurs dans la mise en place des tests standardises. Allison has a Master’s degree in Public Affairs from Sciences Po, Paris with a specialisation in Human Security. She also has research experience in the areas of microfinance, education in emergencies and economic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Furthermore, the additional 150,000 ha of planted forests could (but no earlier than in the period 2040-2050, for example) easily satisfy the total future domestic demand for timber, in particular for firewood. Some sources criticize die Programme for not formulating the objectives of the forestry policy in a clear manner, and for emphasizing the issues of protection, rehabilitation and sustainable use of forests without explaining the realistic strategies to achieve diese aims. Only some 30 per cent of required funds were available. Some sources claim that, despite the budgetary constraints, much has in fact been achieved, and refer to the revision of the Forest Code and the adoption of die Law on Hunting and the Hunting Sector, which became die legal basis for the development of numerous subsequent by-laws, currently under interministerial consultation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Where the solid line falls outside the OECD average, this implies better results than the OECD average with regard to the three policy goals shown. The series with asterisks have been inversed to take into account the relationship between these policy variables and the policy goal. The indicators are presented in standard deviation units. As part of its Going for Growth process, the OECD analyses the link between structural policies and GDP per capita and translates the results into concrete policy recommendations. At the same time, as illustrated above, most of the reforms recommended in Going for Growth also influence income inequality, which is another policy objective (see Table 4 for a summary of the empirical findings obtained in the present as well as in previous studies).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Taking into account initial levels (i.e. relative change), Denmark almost tripled the share of children living in jobless households although starting from a low base (3.3% in 2008) while Cyprus and Portugal almost double it reaching 7.2 and 9.2% respectively in 2012. 5This indicator is the share of children under 18 in households where no one works and is different from the low work intensity measure that is one of the official EU social exclusion indicators. Indeed, Germany and Turkey were the only countries where both youth unemployment (15-24) and prime-age unemployment (25-54) decreased between 2008 and 2013 (Chzhen and Richardson, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Concurrently, pollution from land-based sources including marine litter is threatening species and marine habitats and climate change compounds these effects, altering both the thermal and chemical characteristics of the ocean as well as its dynamics and nutrient availability (Bijma et al., Since the 1980s, for example, an estimated 20% of global mangroves have been lost and 19% of coral reefs have disappeared (UNDP, 2012). The welfare costs that this imposes on society are high - estimates suggest that the cumulative economic impact of poor ocean management practices is in the order of USD 200 billion per year (UNDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
There are considerable synergies between climate action and measures to reach other goals such as health (goal 3), clean energy (goal 7), sustainable cities and communities (goal 11), responsible consumption and production (goal 12) and oceans (goal 14) (IPCC 2018). For example, fulfilling goals on sustainable consumption and production will also work to help address climate change. Initially it was set up to discuss international financial issues, but its agenda has expanded to also include, for instance, climate change and energy policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)