albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The European Youth Guarantee Framework also goes in this direction (see Chapter 5). A number of factors contribute to the efficiency of second-chance schemes which help youth return to education and potentially integrate into the mainstream education system (European Commission, 2013). Programmes using flexible structures that are not schools and appealing activities such as music or sports, applying innovative curricula and pedagogic approaches, and providing specialised support (e.g. psychological and financial support), counselling and career guidance have been most effective in this respect. Some countries (e.g. European countries) have introduced second-chance schemes (Chapter S), but the impact of many of these programmes on youth skills and transitions into the labour market still need to be carefully evaluated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
One goal is to help them independently manage their resources through free, weekly financial literacy training at integration centres. Vulnerable groups, including children, women and persons with special needs, are prioritized for personalized assistance (IOM, 2018). The Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority, in a programme called Dina pengor och din ekonomi ('your money, your finances') provides a film, a brochure and other resources for teachers working with migrants on personal finance. Modules cover Swedish economic terms and the Swedish banking and payment system, and clarify rights and obligations in the financial marketplace in plain language (OECD, 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In other southern European countries, Portugal and Spain, poverty reduction for NSW households was also modest. Figures represent the difference between the poverty rate for disposable income and for market income in percentage points. For Korea market income refers to after tax before public social and government tranfers and is not comparable with the other countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Finally, it recommends further steps to improve the high fragmentation and low co-ordination within the sector. The objective is to provide the Government with an indication of the areas in which possible reform endeavour may be launched. The chapter also contributes to building comparative evidence and analysis by the OECD of international experiences and good practices among OECD countries in designing and implementing equivalent reforms. It firmly draws from the 2012 OECD Recommendations on Regulatory Policy and Governance presented in Box 2.1 (OECD, 2012a) and, in particular, Principle 10 which stresses the imperative for policy co-ordination and regulatory coherence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This form of tax is implemented in Sydney, Hong Kong, and in Pittsburgh, Harrisburg and many other cities in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States along with cities in Denmark and Finland (Box 4.3). A disadvantage of the tax could be the transaction costs of valuing urban land values independently from built structures (OECD, 2010a). In theory, by dropping the relative tax penalty for land development, owners are less likely to view selling-price appreciation as their primary asset, and unproductive speculation is reduced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Migration as an Adaptation Strategy and its Gendered Implications: A Case Study from the Upper Indus Basin.” Special issue on "Gender and Sustainable Development in Mountains: Innovative Transformations,Tenacious Resistances. "Mountain Research and Development 34, no. No Easy Exit: Migration Bans Affecting Women from Nepal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the Netherlands, the national associations of mental health care professionals have developed national (multidisciplinary) guidelines for the treatment of several mental illnesses. Evaluation is carried out according to positive or negative performance rating according to aspects of services. While mental disorders comprise a large burden of disease they are generally undertreated, partly because people with mental disorders are not adequately identified resulting in a large treatment gap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The label ‘poor governance’ throws together real evils such as corruption and rent-seeking with a new group of alleged evils which are actually good for development, including a role for the state in the economy and support for domestic capital. Successful development policies of Europe in the late nineteenth century and the Asian Tigers and Brazil in the second half of the twentieth century are now labelled as ‘poor governance.’ This is what Ha-Joon Chang described as ‘kicking away the ladder’ by which rich countries climbed to development, so that today’s poor countries cannot follow. Mozambique is cited as an example of how the good governance rhetoric has been misused to retard development and poverty reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
With the existing regulatory framework, power plant developers do not have incentives to consider electricity transmission costs in their investment decision and hence locate generators close to primary energy sources. In this context, plant location incentives would improve system planning and allow for a total-cost optimal site selection. This could be obtained with geographical differentiated tariffs or competitive tenders for targeted geographical locations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In other words, the details of institutional design are at least as important as the overall choice of policy instrument. This wide range is not limited to gasoline retail prices, but is typical of most energy markets. Fifteen countries (mainly oil producers) had “very high subsidies”, with retail prices ranging from 1 to 51 cents per litre, which was below the world crude oil price of $81 per barrel at the time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Francophone immigration is prioritized within Canadian immigration policy, with community organizations receiving government funding to support the integration of French-speaking immigrants. These organizations serve as intermediaries between governmental social policies and individual immigrants, brokering immigrants' occupational possibilities by offering specific services and emphasizing some occupations over others. As part of a critical ethnography, government documents were critically reviewed and in-depth interviews were conducted with six representatives from governmental and community organizations operating within the London, Ontario Francophone minority community. Findings highlight how characteristics of neoliberal governance shape the provision of government services through third party service providers, including community-based non-profit organizations. These organizations currently face neoliberal pressures of decentralization, decreased funding, and increased accountability. Findings spe...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In his ‘Perpetual Peace’, Kant indicts the natural law tradition (Grotius, Pufendorf, Vattel) as ‘miserable comforters’ whose principles and doctrines ‘cannot have the slightest legal force’. The indictment emerges from Kant’s critique of natural law in both its empirical and rationalist variants as unable to uphold a really ‘binding’ notion of cosmopolitan legality. Since the early 1990s a new literature has emerged in the International Relations field that speaks about the effectiveness and legitimacy of international law as a form of supranational ‘governance’. This article argues that that literature raises precisely the same problems that Kant detected in early modern natural law. Like the latter, this literature is best seen as an attempt to appropriate the voice of international legality to a fully instrumentalist discipline dedicated to serving the interests of power. KEY W ORDS ♦ governance ♦ international law ♦ International Relations theory ♦ Kant ♦ natural law
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This means that information currently communicated by countries to the UNFCCC does not represent a complete picture of climate finance mobilised or received. Existing reviews only encompass climate finance provided by Annex II countries. Thus, information on climate finance provided by other developed countries is not reviewed, and neither is information on climate finance mobilised. Information on climate finance, whether provided, mobilised or received, is not currently included in the scope of multilateral assessment or facilitative sharing of views (though finance provided and mobilised will be included “multilateral consideration” under the Paris Agreement). Recent reviews of the second biennial reports (BRs) from Annex I countries indicate that almost half of the 24 Annex II BR2s reviewed provided complete information on climate support. This is a significant improvement from BR1, where information from only four of these countries’ was assessed as complete.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Reducing the regulatory burden and streamlining permits and other administrative procedures can be a relatively inexpensive way to promote the development of brownfield areas. City governments, with the support of oblast and central governments, can promote the redevelopment of brow nfields in a number of ways, beginning with a “fast-track” type of streamlined and simplified permitting system for projects on brownfield land, as a minimal intervention approach. However, it is necessary to manage the redevelopment of former industrial zones, because concerns over environmental conditions may emerge. An expedited and simplified review was implemented in Germany due to concerns over urban sprawl in the 1990s. A number of initiatives were instituted to promote a higher intensity of land use, including a simplified set of planning rules for infill development as part of the Research for the Reduction of Land Consumption and for Sustainable Land Management (REFINA) initiative, which began in the mid-2000s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It implies the need for land use zoning that regulates the types of activities that can be accommodated on a given piece of land, as well as the amount of space and building surface devoted to these activities. Land use planning is essentially a responsibility of public authorities. To be effective, land-use planning relies on settlement land information systems that register varied and overlapping tenure rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Source: OECD Health Statistics 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health-data-en . Most OECD countries have now implemented universal health coverage for their population. Only a few countries reported in 2012 that a significant share of their population were still uninsured: Greece, Mexico and the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The overall objective is neither to rank countries nor to determine an optimal model of governance, but rather to identify categories of countries facing similar challenges in order to facilitate peer review dialogues and to learn from experiences within the LAC region when seeking appropriate policy responses. In the 13 countries surveyed, respondents from central administrations (most often from water directorates) were asked to rank a series of water governance challenges from 1 (not important) to 3 (very important), according to a set of indicators attempting to illustrate each of the multi-level governance gaps. Though several elements contribute to the seven broad governance challenges previously described, one proxy indicator per gap was selected to facilitate the analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, it assumes that this date has no effect on female (male) migration. Then, the exogeneity of female (male) migration flows per capita is rejected by the Wu-Hausman test at the 5% level.13 Finally, the validity (i.e. Cov(CEDAW, Eq) = 0) and the relevance (i.e. Cov(CEDAW, SIGI) * 0) of this instrument are tested. This instrument is significantly correlated with the endogenous variable, as indicated by the first step of the IV estimations (Table 2). Moreover, simple estimation of the SIGI including additional controls and instruments result in a relatively high partial R. Finally, the paper checks that instrumental regressions are not null with F-statistic higher than 0.10, suggested by the rule of thumb (Stock and Yogo, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Cities of similar size and similar geographical locations (Riga, Tallinn and Vilnius) can also vary substantively in terms of emission levels (figure 2.41 )v. The main sources of energy generation for electricity and heating purposes may explain these differences. These are mainly the capitals of the EU member States, while the capitals of the countries with economies in transition do face challenges in combatting the high concentration of these two pollutants (figure 2.42.). As for the C03 emissions, the values are also at city level and not for urban transportation only. Therefore, further measures to limit the concentration of particulate matter would need to be applied throughout the sectors where solid and liquid fuels are combusted, in particular in the energy, industry and transport sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
While data for household food losses are relatively reliable, coverage of other areas of the supply chain remains insufficient (Bagherzadeh, Inamura and Jeong, 2014). Case study evidence from Japan and the United Kingdom suggests that the reduction of food losses and waste has been a major policy objective in these two countries for a number of years. In both countries, food waste within the food industry has been reduced, yet while household food waste declined by 15% in the United Kingdom, no change in consumer food waste could be identified for Japan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
To that end, it references the OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Public Life to provide further guidance on how Kazakhstan can ensure inclusive, sustainable gender-sensitive policies. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. These tools include integrating evidence-based assessments of gender impacts and considerations into various dimensions of public governance as, for example, public procurement, public consultation and service delivery management and at early stages of all phases of the policy cycle. Also included is the integration of the gender perspective in all phases of the budget cycle (see Box 1.1 in Chapter 1). As mentioned in the previous chapters of this review, while these targeted actions are important to address identified gender gaps, it is one of the many tools that must be used simultaneously to achieve gender equality. This is also the case in the recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Over 70 percent of the population live in rural areas with farming, livestock, fisheries, aquaculture and other natural resource sectors accounting for over 60 percent of employment in the country, about 36 percent of gross domestic product, and about 30 percent of exports by value. The Global Climate Risk Index ranks the country as Number 2 out of 178 countries in terms of vulnerability to climate change. Long-term studies have also shown that the country is vulnerable to increased risks from climate change, and climate change is increasing the impact of other shorter cycle natural hazards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Indeed, existing gaps in labour market outcomes of prime age and older workers continue to be influenced by education and career decisions that they made 20 to 40 years ago, when societal norms and career expectations were different. Further policy action is needed - immediately - to ensure that girls’ and young women’s gains translate into gender equality throughout the life cycle. Gender gaps often emerge around the time of parenthood, when more traditional gender norms around work and life take hold in families. Even if socioeconomic outcomes have changed slowly on the ground, countries have made good progress in some policy areas in the past half-decade, particularly in paternity and parental leave, reducing the gender wage gap, addressing violence against women and promoting women in leadership. Over half of OECD countries now offer paid paternity leave for at least a few days around childbirth, and more and more are reserving a parental leave period that only fathers can use (Chapter 16).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The programme is delivered through 12 medical specialist colleges under funding agreements with the federal government. The colleges then provide funding to health care settings that have successfully applied to support these placements. More than 50% of training posts have an element of training in regional and rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Ensure that governance arrangements help mobilise water finance and allocate financial resources in an efficient, transparent and timely manner. Ensure that sound water management regulatory frameworks are effectively implemented and enforced in pursuit of the public interest. Promote the adoption and implementation of innovative water governance practices across responsible authorities, levels of government and relevant stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Dacha” is the term for seasonal or year-round second homes of urban dwellers, typically located in city exurbs. Lands used for defense purposes, lands of forest and water funds, protected natural areas, lands with natural objects that have special ecological, scientific, historic, and cultural value, health and recreation localities, as well as public-access lands in the centres of population. When farms went bankrupt during the second half of the 1990s, farmers, mechanics and others in the rural economy received land or equipment in lieu of wages. Gray (2000) and Petrick et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Criminology and International Relations (IR) share a relatively wide vocabulary: political violence, crime, security, deterrence, war on terror, risk, human rights and freedom. Particularly in the case of the ‘war on terror’, similar concerns and conceptual tools have increasingly surfaced on both sides. Nonetheless, one debate—namely Carl Schmitt's theory of the exception and its uptake in IR—has travelled less well. This article argues that there is value in engaging with the IR debates on the exception. From the perspective of IR, the exception makes possible different insights about the dialectics between law and crime by unpacking the constitutive role of the politics of fear, the importance of the ‘international’ and the transformed relationship to the future. It also exposes the deteriorating effects of the ‘war on terror’ on justice, democracy and social transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such integrated curriculum is believed to contribute to high-quality ECE and improved social behaviour (Table 1.2) (Bennett, 2004, Siraj-Blatchford, 2010). As an example, Sweden is considered to have high-quality ECE in part because its curriculum contents place the same value on social and cognitive learning (Sheridan et al., In some countries, the implementation of a mixed model curriculum has been found to be less effective than pure “academic” or “comprehensive” approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These trends are likely to be due to a combination of EU controls on total allowable catches (TACs) and of effort. Discussion with the fishing industry is on-going on the work needed to implement CFP reform, especially the introduction of discard bans, particularly for pelagic fisheries which is coming into effect in January 2015. We are working closely with the industry to make all parties aware of the changes and address problems so that the transition is as smooth as possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Developing countries are encouraged to consider this approach as an important means to address abuse of dominance in the pharmaceutical area. Abuse of dominance is always regarded as having an adverse effect on competition in the relevant market. This is often referred to as “anti-competitive conduct”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The pace of the price increase will take account of the agricultural sector’s capacity to further increase its already high water use efficiency. The 2006 Farmers’ Agreement commits the agricultural sector to an increase in the price of water to recover the costs of production by 2015. However, the most distorting forms of support (based on commodity output and variable input use) still dominate (96% of PSE in 2006-08). Budgetary expenditure on agri-environmental measures (USD 9 million in 2008)19 is just over 2% of total agricultural budgetary expenditure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The present political context, however, could call into question much of what has been achieved. The prolonged absence of support from technical and financial partners has negative consequences for the country and risks endangering the progress that has been made, particularly in social dimensions. Renewed engagement by these participants is largely dependent on a political solution to political tensions, which would make it possible to avoid an even more serious deterioration in the socio-economic situation. The whole international community is worried by the persistent tensions in the country, which also carry risks for the entire sub-region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Adriatic Sea Partnership (2006-2009) under the lead of the REC addresses all States bordering the Adriatic Sea. Another transboundary project addresses the protection and sustainable use of the Dinaric karst aquifer system which is shared by four countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Montenegro). Much of Albania’s economic activity is dependent on the utilization of water resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Although inequality in health and educational outcomes across countries remains large, the past two decades have seen a shift towards convergence, as poorer countries have continued to make notable progress in improving their levels of human development. However, this good news is tempered by the persistence of large inequalities in health and education within and across both social groups and regions within countries. Spatial disparities may not have increased in all countries but they have remained high, as have inequalities in education and health. However, as with economic inequalities, trends are far from universal. Disparities in length of life reflect inequalities in health risks and in access to health services, life expectancy is also a marker of a country’s economic and political situation, including its level of stability and human security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Pennycook, Matthew and Matthew Whittaker, 2012: "Low Pay Britain 2012", Resolution Foundation, September 2012. Schmitt, John, 2012: "Low wage lessons", Centre for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR), January 2012. With the use of decile ratios, the level of wage inequality within a country (i.e., the disparity between the highest earners and lowest earnings) can be assessed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Technical and political challenges, particularly linked to ensuring wide stakeholder acceptance and equitable market access by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), continue to delay the issuance of the first licences. Indonesia is expected to deliver the first FLEGT-licensed timber to the EU in early 2016, followed by Ghana later in the same year. A five-year ITTO project was launched in March 2014 with EU financial support to establish the FLEGT Independent Market Monitoring (IMM) mechanism with the aim of regularly assessing the market influence of the FLEGT process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)