albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Section 1 describes recent trends in the OECD fisheries and aquaculture sector. Section 2 introduces four policy issues that are relevant for fisheries governance in member countries while Section 3 provides an outlook and future policy challenges in the fisheries sector. Compared to most meat products, fish and fish products have higher income elasticity in most OECD countries. It is therefore expected that demand for fish and fish products might fall or be re-directed towards low priced species. For example, Danish fish exporters claim that the rather expensive cod products are gradually being replaced by lower priced substitutes like pangasius.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Contracts and management of public investment contracts are particularly vulnerable to fraud and corruption. This is due in large part to the large scale of these investments, which are followed by huge amounts of money and sometimes the difficulties associated with effective oversight of a large number of contracts. Disclosure of illegal payments often hinders public investment, leads to their failure or improper implementation. As a result, there are big losses incurred by the state budget. This paper examines 75 companies involved in the procurement process to identify the most common corrupt practices used by awarding entities at various stages of the proceedings. The paper also attempts to formulate recommendations concerning the economic policy of the state in the examined area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Knowledge spill-overs”, in particular, are considered critical in explaining the benefits of cities in modem service-oriented economies. However, they do have relatively strong connections to larger urban regions in the form of: good transport links, access to urban services and considerable market interactions, including supply chain linkages, wholesale and retail functions. While these regions have autonomous labour markets, which means that workers do not have ready access to urban jobs, local employers are connected to urban markets. This can provide greater levels of employment and higher wages than would otherwise be the case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In some countries, girls are not able to inherit property, while in others, women are required by law to obey their husbands, their voices stifled and their agency eroded. The recognition of families as a contradictory space for women and girls is at the heart of this Report. Therefore, the urgent challenge for policymakers, activists and people in all walks of life, is to transform families into a home for equality and justice, a place where women and girls can exercise voice and agency, and where they have economic security and physical safety. Meeting SDG 5, gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls, for example, demands the elimination of violence and an end to harmful practices, ensuring women have access to economic resources, including through equal inheritance rights and equality in family laws, and promoting shared responsibility for the provision of unpaid care and domestic work, which falls disproportionately on women's shoulders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
An efficient use of ICT can disseminate government information to a broader audience in a fast and convenient manner. At the initial stage of national e-Government development, an ideal point of entry for developing countries would be setting up a website for the national gender machinery. The website, as an official gateway to gender-related policies and programmes, would provide a ready access to online information ranging from the organizational structure of the national gender machinery to government statistics, publications, government services and programmes aimed for women’s empowerment. Through the use of technology, the interaction between the governments and women can be stimulated and become more effective. Basic forms of interactivity available through emails, downloadable forms, discussion forums and online polls not only provide an improved delivery of basic services, but also build up a basis for online participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Threats to social cohesion come from bad policy (insufficient attention to social rights or economic inclusion, for example) or from policy which is too unidimensional. Sometimes the single dimension is described as ‘too many’ rights for newcomers and insufficient attention to promoting common values, and sometimes the unidimensionality is described as ‘insufficient’ attention to diversity. In other words, the actual interventions prescribed vary, especially with respect to dealing with immigration and/or diversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This would seem to be in the case in the OECD area. Global relative decoupling has occurred spontaneously at a rate of 1-2% per annum, mainly due to the fact that markets for bulk infrastructures, buildings and other resource intensive economic activities have been saturated in the advanced nations. In order to make the just transition to a greener, more social inclusive global economy, absolute reductions in resource use will be required in industrialised economies, while developing economies will need to face the challenge of relative decoupling (making sure that resource consumption rates are lower than economic growth rates over the long term).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Requests to utilize larger portions or the full publication should be addressed to the Communication Unit at florence @ unicef.ore. The Centre helps to identify and research current and future areas of UNICEF’s work. Its prime objectives are to improve international understanding of issues relating to children’s rights and to help facilitate full implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in developing, middle-income and industrialized countries. The Office aims to set out a comprehensive framework for research and knowledge within the organization, in support of its global programmes and policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Clearly, this failure is not confined to plastics production and use, but is symptomatic of a more pervasive tendency, of pursuing economic growth whilst neglecting the impact on ecosystems and society (Turner and Fisher, 2008). Current economic models tend to measure economic success in terms of the rate of economic growth (e.g. GDP), with less attention paid to the extent to which consumption patterns and societal demands are sustainable in the longer term. This will influence, in turn, the direction on technological innovation, political decisions (e.g. trade agreements), product design, consumer demand, waste generation and treatment. Unfortunately, there has been a failure of the market economy to take into account environmental externalities, in this case the social, ecological and economic impacts of marine litter. The current ‘plastic economy’ has been characterised by a linear pattern of production and consumption, generating unprecedented volumes of waste, which ultimately is very inefficient economically (Figure 5.1, Defra 2011, WEF/EMF/ MCKINSEY 2016). Leakage of plastic to the ocean can occur at every stage in this process, and the response has been generally patchy and ineffective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In its General Comment no. Education must also be provided in a way that respects the strict limits on discipline reflected in article 28(2) and promotes non-violence in schools”, UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, CRC/ GC/2001/1, “General Comment No 1 (2001). Article 29(1): The Aims of Education”, #8.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Human capital: technical and commercial skills, technology adoption and diffusion and awareness among consumers, investors and decision makers. The global competitiveness scores have a wider scope at a national level but these factors are relevant when evaluating the readiness of a country to adopt renewable energy technologies (EU-GCC). The table below shows the global competitiveness scores for the GCC countries, the score is out of 7 and the higher the score, the more competitive the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Funding for US Agency for International Development (USAID) climate programmes increases by 70%, with significant new investments in mitigation and adaptation strategies that will build on USAID experience in this area. Developed countries also committed to a goal of mobilising USD 100 billion globally from public- and private-sector sources by 2020 for climate assistance, subject to meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation in recipient (developing) countries. Private production and consumption decisions are made without taking into account the full costs of GHG emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There are some exceptions, however, such as the highest quintile in Colombia and Guatemala, where the increase in transfers and other incomes easily outpaced labour-income growth, or the widespread fall in income in Uruguay, in which all sources participated to the same extent. For that reason, it is best to use them in a complementary way (see box 1.8). This chapter uses four of the best-known, which are described in detail below. It corresponds to the area between the Lorenz curve and the equi-distribution line.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
See Annex 3 for notes (www.oecd.org/edu/eag.htm). Education systems in OECD and most G20 countries now provide universal access to basic education, such that both pre-primary and upper secondary education are becoming universal in most countries (see also Indicator C2). The expansion of upper secondary education has been driven by both increasing demand and policy changes ranging from a more flexible curriculum and a reshaping of vocational studies, to efforts to expand access to education to the entire population. While the same changes have been made to tertiary education, participation rates at this higher level of education are significantly lower.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Informe final de investigacion',’ paper prepared for the project "Mejorando la participation femenina en el mercado laboural y el empoderamiento economico de las mujeres a traves de mejores politicas en America Latina',’ La Paz, Fundacion ARU, November. Los casos de Argentina y Chile’’ paper prepared for the Meeting of Experts on the Gender Impact of the Pension System in Chile, Santiago, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), 17-18 June. Informe de evaluacibn y reforma del Pacto de Toledo" Coleccion Seguridad Social, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The work of women and minors must be appropriate, particularly with respect to their age, condition or physical state and intellectual and moral development. Minors under 16 years of age and women may not perform tasks that are designated by law as unhealthy or dangerous. Causes of suspension of employment contracts without liability for the parties, include pre-natal and post-natal rest, leave periods, breaks and vacations, among others. The minimum wage is the pay that every worker is entitled receive to cover his/her normal needs and those of his/her family, in material, moral and cultural terms. Employers must insure the worker at their expense, for the benefit of the person who will receive compensation, provided that the amount of the insurance is not less than the compensation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Moreover, it is often (natural or man-made) disasters, rather than the careful assessment and management of risks ahead of time that prompts countries to worry about their level of protection against water risks. Strategies for managing risks should consider not only risk reduction, but also look for opportunities to avoid risk (by reducing vulnerability and exposure), transfer risk (through insurance schemes, for instance), and, in some cases, bear risks, when it is cost-effective to do so. The policy toolkit to manage water risks includes direct regulatory measure, market-based instruments and public financial support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
More diversity in computer science professions and greater priority for girls and marginalized groups in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education can help address these concerns. New technologies are also changing the development finance landscape, from greater financial inclusiveness due to fintech to the regulatory challenges posed by crypto-currencies. The ability of countries and enterprises to exploit new digital resources will become a key determinant of their competitiveness, but the jobs created will likely require different skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The data on weights and heights are collected either through health interview surveys, which ask persons to report their own height and weight, or through health examinations that record objective information on people’s height and weight. The latter method provides more reliable information and in general higher estimates of overweight/obesity than do self-reports. Japan leads a large group of countries (including more than half of the OECD countries) in which total life expectancy at birth currently exceeds 80 years. A second group, including the United States, China, Brazil and a number of central and eastern European countries, have a life expectancy of between 70 and 80 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Chinese judicial system has long been influenced by a populist legal ideology that prioritizes public accountability and political legitimacy over professional autonomy. In recent years, however, the Chinese legal profession has begun to mobilize collectively, albeit episodically, to challenge this populism. Drawing on legal documents, interviews, media reports, and online discussions, this paper provides a scholarly analysis of the Li Zhuang case in 2009−11, in which the fate of an individual criminal defence lawyer was linked with the main ideological conflict in China’s legal system and the highest-level political struggles in the Chinese state. It demonstrates that, although populism remains an intimidating force in China’s judicial practice, lawyers, scholars, and other legal professionals may be laying a foundation for collective solidarity to pursue professionalism through their mobilization against populism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Combined with investment in physical infrastructure (i.e. interconnectors) continued progress towards forming a regional market will increase the competitiveness of all SEE economies and of the region as a whole. Sustained political will to overcome barriers to market integration will be essential if the long-term benefits to competitiveness are to be captured for the citizens of the WB6 economies. Box 12.6 explains the factors that were important for the highly successful Nordic regional electricity market, and which could offer some valuable ideas for the SEE governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A poor student in Costa Rica has less than a one in ten chance of making it to university- an opportunity gap far greater than in most OECD countries. But key drivers of improvement in the most rapidly improving education systems - a concerted push to expand early years’ education, high professional expectations for teachers, leadership for improvement by schools, and strong information and evaluation systems that can guide reform - have not yet gained the needed impetus in Costa Rica. Its role in levelling the playing field for children from the most disadvantaged families is particularly critical.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, the criteria for grade I milk include: availability of own breeding stock of cows and heifers (over two years old, not less than 700 heads), the share of pedigree livestock thereof (100%), average number of dairy cows (not less than 500 heads), availability of a modem dairy complex with a fully developed infrastructure, availability of modem high-technology dairy equipment (on dairy premises), use of artificial insemination (100%), and availability of own fodder base. For example, requirements applied for grain in 2010 and 2011 included “compliance with scientifically established cultivation technologies”, such as maintenance of arable land under fallow, with the share of fallow not less than a minimum limit, and use of high-quality seeds with a detailed specification of quality. However, some specialists in Kazakhstan question the advantages of keeping land under fallow (Suleimenov, 2012). More broadly, the concept and the exact meaning of “scientifically established cultivation technologies” remains an issue of debate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These efforts are already being used to improve quality through the establishment of targets, benchmarking, public reporting and performance management. These structural reforms have the potential to make important long-term contributions to the health system’s productivity and efficiency. As countries emerge from the crisis, the future policy agenda must continue to look towards these structural changes to provide important lessons for the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Shared public bicycles, bicycle lanes and parking facilities are available in some areas of Bangkok, including at selected Bangkok Mass Transit System (BTS) stations. It is now available at 12 stations. There is a 23.5-km, dedicated cycling track around the airport perimeter as well as a l.6-km inner track and a cycling park called Sky Lane, which is located in the north-east corner of Bangkoks Suvarnabhumi Airport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The activities of these social enterprises cover a wide range of services, for example, a social enterprise for the elderly’s health care offers medical services through medical cooperatives in areas of higher proportion of the elder residents. Not only providing medical services for the elderly, the enterprise functions as a vehicle for collaboration between various local actors including local government, volunteer organisation and private companies. Partly funded by the Provincial support fund and subsidies from municipalities, the social enterprises are operating with their own incomes from membership fees and medical service provision. Though the balanced development is not new in the Korean policy agenda, the focus has diversified from solely economic and industrial development, which in fact enhanced the national income and living conditions across the country while widened the regional disparity, to include securing quality of life nationwide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As stated previously, all this calls for discussions and agreements on the definition of poverty and its dimensions, in the light of a more comprehensive notion of well-being. Whatever the conceptual and methodological approach used, one basic condition for a more thorough multidimensional measure is to increase the availability of data and to improve their quality. Indeed, in several countries the reductions noted between 2008 and 2012 have been sharper than those observed between 2002 and 2008. The most recent data available indicate that the poorest quintile (that is, the 20% lowest-income households) receive on average 5% of total income, with shares that vary between less than 4% (in the Dominican Republic, Honduras and Paraguay) and 10% (in Uruguay), while the share of total income in the richest quintile averages 47%, ranging from 35% (in Uruguay) to 55% (in Brazil) (see figure 1.16). These changes have occurred gradually and are scarcely perceptible in year-on-year variations, but they are evident in a comparison over longer periods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In co-ordination with beneficiaries of the Programme for Species at Risk (PROCER), the alliance partners invited other private sector organisations to become involved in efforts to implement the projects concerned. It is not clear to what extent such support has materialised. This can be undertaken through channels such as information on websites, training workshops and co-operation with state and municipal government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Individuals who have left the education system are harder to reach, and adult learning and training is generally much less available and less generously funded than formal education for young children and students. This chapter discusses inequality in outcomes in education, skills and labour market participation during adulthood, as well as the gaps between various groups of the population in participation informal and non-formal adult education and training. It also discusses policy interventions that can mitigate inequality in learning and labour market outcomes between adults from socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged backgrounds. First of all, learning should be focused on improving the employability of adults, through a combination of education and training and practical job training. Targeted support needs to be provided to adults with a low level of educational attainment and without basic literacy and numeracy skills. Particular attention should be paid to young adults who are not in employment or in education (NEETs), single mothers and women who have had to leave the labour market due to child care responsibilities, as well as the immigrant population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Moreover, gross fixed investment growth slowed sharply in 2012 due to softer domestic demand and the base effect of higher growth in 2010 and 2011. Civil war in neighbouring Syria led to an influx of refugees to Turkey. Moreover, political instability in other neighbouring countries in the Middle East is also having adverse impact on the Turkish economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The establishment and management of regional food security policies, an in-depth evaluation, and an understanding of the role and functioning of the informal economy are essential. As Meagher (1996) emphasises, some of those in the informal sector who are involved in the "parallel trade" are very powerful. Their power and control over the cereal trade in particular give them an influential role in food security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Latin America there is strong evidence of the conditions in which young people enter the labour market. Youth unemployment has traditionally been higher than in other age groups, and it is usually the first to rise in times of economic crisis and the last to fall in booms (Tokman, 1997, ECLAC, 2010). In other words, "the young are among those who bear the brunt of the recessionary and regressive effects of crises" (ECLAC, 2012a, p. 89). As a result, adolescents and youths are still overrepresented among the unemployed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While these programmes were not intended to directly target agricultural pollution of the Bay, indirectly they have had a number of beneficial impacts on water quality in the Bay. Most significantly has been the decline in soil erosion on cropland and pasture attributed to conservation compliance under the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) (OECD, 2011b). Also expenditure on the Environmental Quality and Incentive Program (EQIP) has been increased rapidly over recent years (Figure 1.4), with more than half the programme’s funding directed at water quality conservation and managing livestock manure (Shortle et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This type of programme has substantial direct and indirect gender effects, given the predisposition in many countries to prefer males when jobs are scarce. For example, 38.9 per cent of respondents to the World Values Survey agree that when jobs are scarce, men have more of a right to a job. This act establishes a legal job guarantee for one hundred days of employment every year to adult members of any rural household willing to do public work (mainly unskilled) at the statutory minimum wage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)