albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Third National Report or   i Biodiversity Conservation i  n Kyrgyz Republic. According to the new forest policy, the State is going to broadly involve local population in joint forest management. This process is aimed at mobilization of international efforts of Governments, producers, consumers and donors to combat illegal logging and corruption in the forestry sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In addition to having a detrimental impact on job creation in the formal sector, their usefulness, effectiveness and redistributive impact are questionable. The largest parafiscal is a 4% contribution, which is collected and managed by several private entities, the Cajas de Compensation Familiar (CCF). Since informal workers and the unemployed are not entitled to receive their services, they benefit the well-off most: the richest quintile receives 32% of the total, while the poorest receives only 2% (Moller, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Old trams and trolleybus lines are progressively disconnected because of the poor service and high operation and maintenance costs. In most cities, public transport relies on buses, and the light-rail transit (LRT) networks suffer from serious lack of rationalisation. Delegation of communal services to the private sector will work only if the national government helps city governments modernise communal infrastructure. However, city akimats need to be more pro-active in finding ways to refurbish urban infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
While the redevelopment of brownfield sites has been the mainstay of public agencies and private developers, this paper argues that in order to promote just redevelopment that encourages participation and targets weak market sites, a community-based approach to brownfield redevelopment should be encouraged. Furthermore, this paper maintains that community development corporations (CDCs) could be the ideal agents to spur community development and address environmental justice concerns through their increased involvement in brownfield redevelopment projects. In order to promote these positions, we first describe this new approach, which focuses on building the capacity of CDCs to meaningfully participate in brownfield redevelopment. We then offer four proposals designed to increase this capacity. We conclude with a discussion of how community-based brownfield redevelopment connects to larger issues of democratic decision-making, environmental justice, and urban revitalisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Agreements to do so can be reached at the bilateral, regional or multilateral levels. The pursuit of food self-sufficiency to mitigate international risks is a costly policy that undermines the function of the international trading system, making markets thinner, more volatile and therefore riskier than if countries were to adopt open trade policies. In the face of both international and domestic risks, such as that of a failed harvest, a country which uses trade barriers to promote self-sufficiency because of the fear of trade interruptions may find itself exposed to greater potential losses than if it had remained open to international trade. At the national level, some developing countries may be vulnerable to imported instability, notably if their consumption is centred around just one or two food staples, and if their imports are sourced from just one or two countries. These risks can be mitigated by promoting more diversified diets (something that happens naturally to a degree as incomes rise) and by diversifying trading partners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article aims to analyze the options and opportunities available to environmental governance, starting from a definition of the global environmental crisis. The article provides a detailed analysis of the three clusters under which the international relations theory has investigated the collective management of this environmental crisis as well as the effectiveness of current institutional answers. Finally, the article reexamines matters pertaining to trade and environment and to environmental security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To do so, it will identify the most salient gender issues in Malta, as well as shed light on the vulnerabilities generated by the complex interactions of gender with age, disability and migration status. In addition, it will stress the importance of including women and women’s rights activists in DRR initiatives and decision-making, identifying gaps and opportunities within existing political and social structures and presenting suggestions for gender mainstreaming in DRR in Malta. This analysis hopes to inspire DRR research and prevention work that is attuned to gender issues and at the same time, embraces an intersectional perspective, acknowledging that there cannot be resilience without gender equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The regression results are summarised in Figures 8 and 9, and Table 3. Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States. For the most part, the BMA technique used here confirms the conclusions drawn in OECD (2011a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It should be understood that minimum wage policies need to be designed to minimize any potential adverse impact. For instance, in China, minimum wage laws are regularly reviewed and revised at least once every two years to ensure that changes are not too drastic and do not have a significant short-term impact on overall economic growth. In Thailand, upon the announcement of the minimum wage hike in 2012, the government introduced several policy support measures to smoothen the adjustment phase for businesses, such as providing tax allowances and reducing employers’ social security contributions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Chapter four examines what Big Data is, looking at where ICT regulators, policy makers and other public authorities, have set or should set some boundaries. Chapter six provides an analysis of the economic influence of data and their impact on business models. Chapter seven reviews the principles of performance monitoring, examines the increasingly broad scope of broadband plans and discusses how the implementation of broadband plans and strategies can be monitored, while overall conclusions are drawn in Chapter eight.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Tax allowances (e.g. voluntary pension contributions, long-term savings to finance construction, dividends that have been taxed at the company level), deductions (e.g. mandatory and some voluntary health care contributions, mortgage interest payments for residential housing) and exemptions (e.g. 25% of wages under a threshold, most pension payouts) are so generous that less than 40% of the income of the top 1% is deemed taxable (Alvaredo and Londono, forthcoming). This percentage decreases further with income - for the top 0.01%, only 11% of their income is taxable. The law has hitherto stated that if an individual is not required to file a PIT return because gross income is lower than the filing threshold, then the withholding tax operates as a definitive tax.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Gyllensten et al (2014) estimated the direct financial impact of ADEs in Sweden. Assuming that at least half of these ADEs originate in primary and ambulatory care, this corresponded to USD10.5 million per 100 000 population in 2008, which equates to approximately 2.5% of Swedish health expenditure in 2008. Hospitalisation accounted for 54% of the direct cost of ADEs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In 1992, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) was established to support developing countries in the implementation of environmental conventions. Since 1991, the GEF has provided $13.5 billion in grants and leveraged $65 billion in co-financing for 3,900 projects in more than 165 developing countries. For 23 years, developed and developing countries alike have provided these funds to support activities related to biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, and chemicals and waste in the context of development projects and programs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It carries out on-site control and monitoring required for food security and consumer protection, and performs the necessary actions in cases of epizooties and other emergency situations under its competence. The FVS also cooperates with relevant authorities of other EU MS and third countries, and is authorised to perform controls to ensure compliance of exporters with provisions set out by relevant third countries. There are two institutions under the supervision of the MEPRD that are related to fisheries management - the State Environmental Service which is responsible for surveillance, control and enforcement of fishing activities and the Nature Conservation Agency which ensures implementation of a unified nature protection policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In addition, benefit values are highly location-specific (depending on the prevalence of water-related diseases or the condition of receiving water bodies, for example) and cannot be easily aggregated. Approximately 10% of the global burden of disease worldwide could be prevented with improvements to water, sanitation and hygiene and better water resource management worldwide. The burden of water-related diseases falls disproportionately on developing countries and particularly on children under five, with 30% of deaths of these children attributable to inadequate access to water and sanitation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article revisits the question of the “Ottoman caliphate,” the doctrine defining the Ottoman sultan as the universal sovereign and protector of Muslims throughout the world in addition to the territorial ruler of the Ottoman Empire itself. In existing scholarship, a wide gap divides those who describe this doctrine as a construct of modernity, with a history that goes back no farther than the late eighteenth century, and those who maintain a direct line of transmission from the earlier Abbasid caliphate to the Ottoman dynasty. This article proposes an “early modern alternative” to these two opposing narratives, which acknowledges a dynamic history of reinvention for the caliphate but locates its rebirth not in the period of colonial modernity but rather in the sweeping reconfiguration of space, time, and sovereignty ushered in by the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, the Orme (2001) and Wooldridge (2005) estimators can be applied to unbalanced panels if it assumed that sample dropout is ignorable - the unobservable determinants of attrition are not correlated with the unobservables determining SA receipt. The main arguments against balancing are that its enforcement may introduce potentially nonrepresentative samples (because a specific type of sample drop-out is being imposed by the researcher), reduce sample size, and coverage in calendar time. To derive most of their results, Cappellari and Jenkins (2008a) use an unbalanced panel in which the majority of the benefit histories begin in 1991 but some start in later years (the maximum sequence length is 15 years). However, they also examine the sensitivity of their findings by re-running their basic DREP model on (i) an unbalanced panel in which all individuals’ histories begin in 1991 and (ii) a balanced panel in which every individual contributes 15 years of data (which reduces sample size substantially). The state dependence is [also] similar” (2008: 54).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, only 1.3 per cent of children under five were threatened by acute malnutrition (WFP Food Security Update 2010, cited in World Bank, forthcoming). Fourteen per cent of children are stunted indicating chronic malnutrition (UNICEF and ISAE 2009). Table 4 summarizes health and nutrition indicators for the five Central Asian countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The perceived insinuation is that the child is not fully functional because he or she speaks his/her mother's tongue better than Swedish".' This can stem from traditional cultural or religious beliefs about health and well-being, different customary practices around health care, or living in distinct locations with unique health challenges. In order to achieve better equity in health outcomes, these different viewpoints must be taken into consideration in policy development and service delivery. Pikkarainen and Brodin, 2008, p. 30.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Can these benefits provide a new stream of revenue (public or private) to finance the costs of investing in and operating SWM for the management of flood and drought risks in the agriculture sector? What are the potential benefits of such extension for the broader community (e.g. when agriculture water can supply cities in cases of severe droughts, or agriculture land can provide a buffer to manage flood risks)? This may be appropriate in the Korean context, but may create difficulties in developing countries. The diffusion of SWM abroad should be combined with the construction, operation and maintenance of ICT facilities considering the unique economic and social situations of each country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Gross fixed capital formation increased rather solidly in line with the improving investment climate. Public consumption also stepped up, with a slightly higher share in GDP in 2012 relative to the past several years. Employment growth, however, decelerated from 2.4% in 2011 to 1.3% in 2012. Higher job creation in the formal sector remains a key challenge for inclusive growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In contrast, the population has increased by more than 20% in the regions of Mangystau, South Kazakhstan and the cities of Astana and Almaty during this period. In 2013, more than half of the population (9.4 million) lived in urban areas and an increasing trend towards urbanisation was observed (IAC, 2014). The most urbanised regions were Karaganda (79% of urban population), Pavlodar (70%), Aktobe (62%) and East Kazakhstan (59%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The increases over time across groups reflect improvements in the programme’s design and implementation as time goes on. The Role of‘Graduation’ in Social Protection Programs”, Research Report commissioned by the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), AusAid, Canberra. The Ford Foundation and Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) are working on ten pilots in Ethiopia, Ghana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Pakistan, Peru and Yemen to do just this.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This will probably happen in the context of sustainable cocoa, for example, within the next ten years (Cosbey 2015). Where the retailers in question control a large share of the market, these voluntary labels have mandatory characteristics (Arcuri 2013). While private retailers’ carbon-based labels have receded in popularity since a surge almost a decade ago (e.g. food miles labels have disappeared and retailers such as Walmart and Tesco have quietly backed off from their ambitious plans for comprehensive PCF labelling), there are still some private sector labels with major market influence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Countries may choose to apply reporting provisions differently, in a way that matches their capacities - applying the most ambitious guidelines in areas where they have sufficient capacity, reporting in a less complete way in other areas, and enhancing the completeness and transparency of their reporting over time. The enhanced transparency framework will rest on common MPGs (Art. The development of MPGs is to draw upon experience from existing transparency arrangements, to build on and enhance these arrangements, but also to eventually supersede the current measurement, reporting and verification system (Decision 1/CP.21 Paragraph 98). While the Cancun reporting arrangements continued to refer to previous reporting guidelines for national communications (NCs), the Paris Agreement text suggests MPGs will be standalone documents that can refer to new guidance documents being prepared as part of the enhanced transparency framework (e.g. accounting guidance) rather than previous guidance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The National Agency of Natural Resources has reported volumes of mining waste accumulated in heaps and tailing ponds (Table 7.5). The cost of remediation will be covered by profits from the sale of copper. There is no record of health-care waste generation, but according to the first EPR of Albania (2002) there were 51 hospitals in Albania producing about 7.3 tons of medical and other hospital waste per day in seven cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This article analyzes the transformation in the scholarship of legal ethics that has occurred in Canada over the last decade, and maps out an agenda for future research. The author attributes the recent growth of Canadian legal ethics as an academic discipline to a number of interacting factors: a response to external pressures, initiatives within the legal profession, changes in Canadian legal education, and the emergence of a new cadre of legal ethics scholars. This article chronicles the public history of legal ethics in Canada over the last decade and analyzes the first and second wave of scholarship in the area. It integrates these developments within broader changes in legal education that set the stage for the continued expansion of Canadian legal ethics in the twenty-first century. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The project has been able to provide evidence about where and when the greatest needs for water are experienced. Although the Kenyan water regulator had an existing mandate for regulating water supply in rural areas, it was not able to engage effectively, as it lacked concrete data about the situation. Now that more data are forthcoming, the water regulator is better able to manage resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The newest Additional Protocol to the European Charter of Local Self-Government on the right to participate in the affairs of a local authority can be understood as the proof of the absence or inadequacy of the existing measures for the right to participate in the affairs of the local authority. The informational technology, public information, applications based on open government, wider voice of citizens as statistically more reliable experts and a general approach for solving local problems, presented in this paper are some of the measures that can be used for the present and future era if there is a commitment of public institutions and the citizens to make a difference.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
About 26% of students are required to repeat and 14% are estimated to drop out in 7th grade, the highest rates across all levels of compulsory schooling (MEP, 2016). Improving retention in secondary' education is a top priority of the current government, which has designed a flagship initiative Yo Me Apunto (I'm in) to ensure that schools with the highest dropout rates receive additional support (Chapter 4). Among those 15-year-olds who are still in education, PISA 2015 shows that while socio-economically advantaged students tend to perform as well as their peers in many OECD countries, disadvantaged students are behind by the equivalent of around two years of schooling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
First, the time pedestrians are given to cross the street has been calculated not with their real needs in mind (especially for the elderly) but considering the needs of moving cars. Second, at many intersections, turning on red has been allowed (i.e. cars can turn into an intersecting street and go over a crosswalk when it is green for pedestrians). Both decisions can make crosswalks more dangerous for pedestrians, especially those who walk more slowly or have vision problems. Green time for pedestrians remained the same, but it was enough for the smaller distance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For example, ethanol is widely used as a gasoline extender and octane number enhancer, biodiesel is an alternative fuel derived from vegetable oils and animal fats. Standards are critical to evaluate the safety of alternative fuels. Ethanol fuel produces less greenhouse gas emissions than gasoline or diesel. "
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The problem of human trafficking continues to be one of the vilest human rights abuse and manifestation of social injustice around the world. A lot of antitrafficking efforts have been put in place. However, there is still a lot of emphasis on the criminal aspect of the problem. This has meant that human and practical aspects of the problem have not received sufficient attention, including assessing the problem, victims, and perpetrators in their environments. The ecological perspective helps practitioners, researchers, and policy makers to better understand the problem. This article uses the main concepts in this theory to frame the problem. Discussions are directed toward understanding the different aspects of the problem from an ecological perspective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The dominating plastic types used in the EU are polypropylene (PP), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE), common plastic types for packaging. The plastic demand per plastic type in the EU is presented in Figure 1. To some extent the product groups also match the waste flows that the products eventually will end up in, but this picture is not entirely true. There are separate collection systems for packaging, ELVs and WEEE in place, whereas the situation for consumer products, products for children, and for furniture is different.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Further, early agreement among Parties on the precise aim and scope of the Paris Agreement transparency framework's provisions on climate finance would facilitate upcoming work on developing the MPGs (e.g. whether the purpose as laid out in Article 13.6 is to provide clarity solely on “support provided and received”, and on the “aggregate financial support provided” or whether clarity is also needed financial support mobilised, which is an important part of the climate finance picture). However, such systems are currently still in the early stages of development in most developing countries. Both developed and developing countries face significant challenges in resolving the remaining gaps, particularly in reporting in a consistent and transparent way on private finance mobilised, and climate finance received.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Establish systematic collaboration with employer agencies and enterprises as effectiveness measures of mental health care systems. However, only around half of people with severe mental disorders are treated, and treatment rates are substantially lower for individuals with milder mental illnesses. This is an important shortcoming, because adequate or enhanced treatment can improve work outcomes. One critical aspect is the involvement of mental health specialists. If seeking treatment, people mostly seek help from general practitioners, only one in four are treated by a specialist. A more extensive use of specialist mental health care, as therapists or consultants to other health care providers, would improve health care outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)