albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The maternal-newborn bottleneck analysis tool developed by the Every Newborn steering group was then used in a series of national workshops between July and September 2013 in eight of the selected countries - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Democratic Republic of the Congo, India, Kenya, Nigeria, Pakistan and Uganda. More than 500 individuals participated in these workshops, which were run by each country’s health ministry with support from different facilitating partners. In addition, regional workshops were held in Senegal and Nepal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Changes in the volume of soil resources and other aspects of accounting for soil resources are included conceptually in the FDES but the development of the necessary statistics is subject to further research. For more information, see SEEA-CF, paras. Biological resources are renewable resources capable of regeneration through natural (non-managed or managed) processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
First, assuming the radio wave range of cell phones is 4 km, SAp = 50.3. This report also states that 35% of the interviewees own two or more phones, while 31 % share their phones with other people. Thus, we set the average ownership Pown = 1. We set PShare = 44% from the largest market share in the GSM A report [10].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While end-user tariffs were significantly increased in the past couple of years, targeted subsidies to support poor households have risen as well. At the same time, the capacity of energy companies to build their capital reserves and to invest in upgrading the efficiency of generation and distribution assets remains low. During an energy crisis, the government typically intervenes to take control over the power sector, which in turn reduces longer-term investor confidence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The actions of governments and all stakeholders aim to reduce existing and emerging socio-economic and gender inequalities, promoting affordable access to ICTs and digital content, ensuring that e-services can be adequately provided to all people through affordable and public access to ICTs. Regarding the health system, by monitoring the spread of diseases, creating related databanks and storing good practices, governments and stakeholders may assist decision makers in health planning, human resources needs assessment, medicines procurement and infrastructure construction, thereby facilitating targets 3.8 and 3.d, relating to the achievement of universal health coverage and strengthening of the capacities of all countries to manage health risks. This category creates structures for communication and collaboration to enable coordination, strengthening actions among governments, international organizations, NGOs, the private sector and civil society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The government has now launched a programme to ensure that by 2015, 20% of all new buildings will meet new higher efficiency standards. In 2005, the government introduced an energy efficiency labelling system for air-conditioners and refrigerators which has since been broadened to cover a larger range of goods and modified to incorporate some mandatory standards. More recently the government banned the sale of 100-watt or greater incandescent light bulbs (NDRC, 2012). The two leading schemes in China are the Three Star system developed by the MHRUD and the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design system, which originated in the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These weaknesses can depress the growth performance of the farmed fish (Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety 2009). Even legal or administrative limits have been set for main nutrient contents of the feeds. Organic fecal wastes from plant-based feeds are a concern as well. Expanding use of recirculation systems in aquaculture set new qualifications for feeds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Where necessary, TIPOs can provide training to national companies to raise quality to the level needed for promotion via their own platforms. Such an environment is crucial to promoting trust in new technologies and signalling to SMEs the technologies in which they should invest. This is happening at an unprecedented pace and is not about to be reversed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Even though the total quantity and average quality of freshwater resources are high in Iceland and Norway, water supply can be locally critical. Lakes and rivers offer diverse habitats and many aquatic plant and animal species are particularly adapted to live in certain types of rivers or lake beds, at definite depths or in particular light conditions. The cold winters and ice are special features of Nordic lakes and rivers that impinge on aquatic life that may be drastically affected by climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Following a limited deployment of utility scale solar in Indonesia, with only a handful of the more than 70 planned locations actually completing the tender process, the pace is now expected to pick up after the government introduced a new decree on solar FITs in July 2016 (Susanto, 2016). The deployment of renewables could further be facilitated by establishing a central co-ordinating authority for renewable energy projects. In Malaysia, foreign ownership is limited to 49% for a company to be eligible for the FIT system, while projects in the Philippines can only have 40% foreign equity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
What if depression, in the Americas at least, could be traced to histories of colonialism, genocide, slavery, exclusion, and everyday segregation and isolation that haunt all of our lives, rather than to biochemical imbalances? This article seeks alternatives to the medical model found in most depression memoirs by considering how the epistemological and methodological struggles faced by a scholar of the African diaspora confronted by the absent archive of slavery are relevant to discussions of political depression. Combining scholarly investigation and personal memoir, Saidiya Hartman’s Lose Your Mother exemplifies feminism’s affective turn not only by bringing personal narrative into scholarship, but by seeking reparation for the past in the affective dynamics of cultural memory rather than in legal reform or state recognition. Stubbornly refusing to find solace in an African past before slavery, though, Hartman provides a model of emotional reparation in which feelings of loss and alienation persist. H...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In fact, consumer behaviour studies have shown that people like using Wi-Fi and prefer it to mobile data in some cases. Usually, however, the volume of traffic offloaded onto public Wi-Fi is low even in developed markets. China is exceptional in terms of Wi-Fi usage - public Wi-Fi data traffic far exceeds that of mobile network data, but investment in LTE is reversing this trend (see Figure 1.6). In addition, SpaceX, LeoSatand others have plans to investa total of around USD 13 billion to USD 18 billion in new LEO constellations designed to provide global broadband connectivity11.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Introduction identifies a tradition of critical scholarship in International Relations (IR) according to which truth and knowledge are to be seen as social and political phenomena which play a key role in constituting international realities. There has already been extensive reflection on epistemic matters in IR, and many theorists now believe it is time to move on. However, wider societal concerns about truth, the interventions of Critical Realists, and the relative neglect of the work of early Critical Theorists suggest that there is much more to be said on this topic and about the ways it has been tackled in the discipline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All life forms that have evolved alongside us are the bricks of the walls that sustain our common home: if you remove too many bricks, the walls collapse. And a collapsed ecological balance will jeopardize the achievement of all the SDGs. As the UN Special Rapporteur John Knox recently pointed out in his powerful report on biodiversity and human rights85, the loss and degradation of biodiversity and ecosystems undermines sustainable development and human rights, including the rights to life, health and an adequate standard of living, which is the exact promise of the SDGs. Yet its services which we use every day for free are dangerously taken for granted. To date, our development model has been based on destroying nature, rather than nurturing its resources. It is now time we focus on the solutions which we know exist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As a result, we initially observe increasing returns on growth (see Roeller and Waverman, 2001, Shiu and Lam, 2008). While Roeller and Waverman (2001) associate "critical mass" with near universal voice telephony penetration, we are starting to identify this phenomenon for broadband as well. Research points to the fact that in order to achieve an important level of economic impact, broadband needs to reach high levels of penetration. For example, Koutroumpis (2009) found that for OECD countries the contribution of broadband to OECD economic growth increased with penetration (see Figure 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, given the early stage of some international institutions and arrangements, the extent to which this potential will be realised is uncertain. If this option is taken forward, text in the 2015 Agreement could encourage use of existing institutions, arrangements and guidance. Text in the 2015 agreement could also indicate that a review of the effectiveness of these institutions, arrangements and guidance will be carried out in [x] years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Moreover, the studies do not examine the relationship between openness and vulnerability to poverty. This is because they generally overlook the possible impact of the opening process on households' exposure to risk as well the role of trade openness as one of the possible channels of risk. Vulnerability to poverty fell in Viet Nam during the Doi Moi period, together with an increased share of its stochastic (risk) determinant. The share of the vulnerable population in the relatively more trade-exposed sectors fell more slowly than in non-traded sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A few more estimates are available for developing countries. The cost estimates presented in Table 3 are relatively high in comparison to most of the estimates in the literature. Furthermore, making a direct comparison between these different estimates is difficult because the effectiveness of measures varies across the studies. Although it is impossible to compare these estimates due to different approaches, and to different regional aggregations, and because the low number of available studies does not allow for thorough analysis, some general observations can be made. One observation is that adaption costs will be high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Figure 1 shows the differences between the Reference and Alternative SSP scenarios in terms of their assumptions about population and GDP per capita. In both of these scenarios, populations remain constant or even decrease compared with 2010 in many high-income OECD countries. Globally, this is more than offset by the population growth in non-OECD countries, such that the total population is projected to reach 10 billion people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The proposals that feature the best conditions for the government as much as for the client SMEs are then picked and funded. It reduces crowding-out effects towards private business development service (BDS) providers if the programme is managed by private intermediaries, which is the most frequent case. It is gauged to guarantee a deeper geographical outreach at lower costs than if the government had to deliver programmes in peripheral regions of the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Unpublished paper presented at Higher Education and Dynamic Asia Workshop, Asian Development Bank, Manila, June 2010. In 1997, NHEFC approved 12 000 applications and 2008 approvals increased to 97 000. The availability of study loans has increased enrolment in the private higher education sector (which charges higher fees), now at 50% of the total student enrolment in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Human security is an emergent pattern for understanding global weaknesses. Its proponents challenge the traditional notion of national security by arguing that the appropriate person responsible for security should be the individual rather than the state. South Africa, 21 years into the transition from apartheid to democracy, has failed to effect a change in the system of criminal justice which is immediately capable of responding to the challenges of crime. This chapter seeks to assess the law enforcement component and postulate how it should be sensitised towards crime against citizens and against violations of human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Here we will draw on the insights presented in previous chapters, put these into a wider context, and identify key knowledge gaps as well as possible policy implications. Biomass is a larger carbon sink than soils and dead wood. In boreal and temperate forests, carbon stocks in soils represent 60%-85% of total forest carbon stocks (Prentice et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) seeks to regulate the transfer of conventional arms on the principle that arms exporters and importers have a responsibility to ensure that weapons are not used in violations of international law. India wants the ATT to be limited to illicit trade. It believes that the United Nations has various mechanisms to deal with human rights violations and that this issue should not be linked to arms trade. Indian citizens have spoken against gun vio-lence. Whether it is against the guns that killed Jessica Lall in Delhi or people in the conflict zones of Manipur, Kashmir or the Maoist-affected regions, Indians are fighting against the menace of the gun culture. The ATT is a just cause and India needs to support it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Plastics are by far the most prevalent debris item recorded, contributing an estimated 60 to 80 per cent of all marine debris. Some pieces are large—they can be measured in metres and can cause problems such as entanglement. However, plastic microparticles (up to 5 millimetres in size) and even smaller nanoparticles (up to one millionth of a millimetre) are of increasing concern.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The analysis was ultimately aimed at achieving insight into the (policy) ways of stimulating the use of LNG as clean shipping fuel." Access to capital is not as easy as it was in the pre-Lehmann times. Consequently, tax incentives are not an instrument to promote using LNG as ship fuel. The additional investment for the LNG equipment needs to be financed from the price differential of LNG and other low sulphur fuels based on market prices. Cases where product specific aspects have not been understood by authorities, such as flammability, dispersion etc., A similar situation was seen with authorities who did not accept ships as safe, even though they had been certified according to IMO's International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and Class Rules.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To ensure the quality of ECEC, staff should have a pre-service education level comparable to that of primary teachers, in order to be similarly prepared, and should also have an equivalent professional status (ILO, 2013). This is not always the case, however. In Ireland, for example, preschool teachers are required to have at least one year of post-secondary non-tertiary level training, while primary teachers receive separate training at university level. Studies suggest that this difference in status is reflected during the transition process into the first year of primary school: teachers of the first year of primary do not feel that preschool teachers are properly preparing children for the transition (INTO, 2008, O’Kane and Hayes, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The OECD average is the simple unweighted average across countries. Source: Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) 2015. Survey evidence suggests that over one third of American adults want to participate, whereas the unweighted OECD average is about one quarter (OECD, 2017(44]). Barriers to participation include caregiving responsibilities and the pressure of work, which are cited in about the same frequency as in other counties. On the other hand, the expense of adult education creating a barrier to participation was cited more frequently in the United States than the OECD on average, 24% and 15% of respondents, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Between 2005-10,122 815 ha of land was drained at a cost of IDR 1 million (USD 110) per ha. Between 2005-09 it built 32 farmer markets, 61 agribusiness sub-terminals and 74 cattle markets. It developed processing facilities for horticulture product (116), plantation products (40), livestock feed (78), milk (27) and meat (88), and established 300 units of artificial insemination (MoA, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This paper engages sociological research on the political economy of the environment to decipher the contradictions and crisis tendencies associated with coastal restoration, using a case study of southern Louisiana. The paper explores the antinomies or contradictions of risk reduction measures (e.g., coastal restoration) in an extractive economy dominated by oil and gas production. Drawing on long-term ethnographic field observations and content analysis of planning documents and government reports, the paper highlights the socially constructed dimensions of risk ‘reduction’ and hurricane ‘protection’, the political–economic dynamics of climate change risk, and the challenges of risk governance. My basic finding is that the coastal restoration process is intensifying rather than alleviating risks associated with coastal erosion and climate change-driven sea level rise. As I point out, coastal restoration takes place on an aggressively contested institutional and ecological landscape in which newly emerge...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, the Brazilian government recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the International Trade Centre (ITC) to provide technical assistance to African countries on trade facilitation initiatives. As a result, two workshops were held, in Angola and Mozambique, with a focus on the implementation of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement. The workshops achieved good results as they allowed for an exchange of experiences among the Brazilian, Angolan and the Mozambican governments with the technical support of the ITC. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This incorporates both public and private expenditures. The total costs of adaptation in agriculture is based on 1) the costs of R&D, including costs of extension, and 2) physical capital expenditures both in terms of climate change and in terms of future evolutions in population and corresponding food requirements (McCarl, 2007). The "business as usual" scenario assumes no climate change. Two climate change scenarios assume: i) no mitigation (SRES A1) or ii) some mitigation (SRES B1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This is a reflection of changing perceptions on human-environment interactions, and deeper appreciation of the significance and complexities of the human dimension in biodiversity conservation (Cinner and David 2011, Rocliffe and others, 2014). Conceptually, some conservation initiatives have woven together the realities of societal processes, particularly demographic dynamics, people’s livelihoods and cultural value systems, with ideas on and estimations of the economic of environmental resources together with their habitats (Sultan 2012,Turpie and Wilson 2011). This understanding is used to influence policy and practice in the management of resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Promotion of good governance and democracy is a central element of the EU's external policy towards third countries. The choice of the instruments for democracy promotion by the EU is an under-researched topic. Factors for the choice of a certain instrument can be located in the third country (existence of a civil society), in the EU and in the relationship between both (trade relations, neighbourhood). Analysing the determinants of the EU's usage of EIDHR (European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights) allocations, Partnership Agreements and sanctions, we find that the usage of each instrument is determined by different factors, indicating that there is no single process underlying instrumental choice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On the one hand, the development external economies should be made a priority at a high level. Second, greater levels of trust and mutuality ought to be cultivated among firms in ‘clusters". There is, however, room for improvement. Field studies indicated widespread discomfort with some of the requirements imposed by the Ministry of the Economy for SME Fund support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As such, the targets in place to monitor the progress made in these areas cover the following: resilient and upgraded infrastructure, inclusive and sustainable industrialization, financial support for small-scale enterprises, enhanced scientific research, development of domestic technology, and increased access to information and communications technology. First issues concerning reliable infrastructure with respect to the movement of passengers and freight will be discussed, with a focus on port container traffic and passenger movement by air. Next, issues pertaining to progress in research will be addressed by examining changes in countries' expenditure on research with respect to GDP and the nuber of researchers per capita over time in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Meanwhile, data from both provinces showed that all jobs in the households are informal. Workers in formal employment receive significantly better wages than those in informal employment and male workers are better off than their female counterparts who are more likely to involve in informal jobs. As more workers leave this sector to find better-paying careers in industry and services, moves can be made to intensify agricultural production, with rising demand for engineers, engineering geologists, planners and managers specialising in these fields. Addressing these changes will require the development of a range of higher level skills associated with leadership, technical expertise, problem solving, management and sustainability. An increase in traffic might also call for more skilled merchant mariners and port co-ordinators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A significant issue is that many large farmers (and the Union of Farmers) complain of the lack of skilled labour, including mechanics.1 If mechanical maintenance can be done by a family member, then this is not a problem. The fact that this farm got involved in livestock production - they currently keep some cattle, pigs and horses - is to some extent due to the need to keep reliable workers busy throughout the year. The joint venture with two farms highlighted the issue, each farm dominates employment in its village, but has experienced different labour problems. In one village alcoholism is a serious problem, while in the other workers are generally more productive but there is a tradition of cover-ups amongst workers. Poorly funded local administration led the large joint venture farm to become involved in social investment. When pipes broke in one of their villages, the company organised and paid for repairs, they also provide some funds to the local school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)