albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Nonetheless, where information is available, I have drawn upon traditional knowledge from more mainstream sectors of society. People have adapted to climate change in the past. The emergence of agriculture and many fundamental attributes of human societies were driven by the episodes of climate change in the Holocene. However, none of these periods of climate change were as rapid as those as we are now experiencing and it is doubtful if they have much to teach us about the problems that we face today. The numerous reports that have been disseminated by advocacy organizations are largely anecdotal and present opinions rather than verifiable facts and analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Paris Agreement does not specify whether this aspect of the global stocktake will address the three components individually or collectively. Further, the diversity of these responses means that “translating” different countries’ progress in adaptation into a single unit would be difficult. Indeed, a review of principles for indicator development, selection, and use in climate change adaptation monitoring and evaluation highlighted that “There are no universal metrics or indicators for adaptation” (Climate-Eval, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It covers topics such as general company information (products/services, certification, etc.), The IT Industry Barometer can help to monitor and evaluate the sector as well as provide statistical information for research and economic planning purposes. The IT Industry Barometer has already been applied by software associations in some developing and transition economies, such as El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. As the agency responsible for ICT sector measurement within the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development, UNCTAD intends to explore this possibility with relevant stakeholders in the coming year. In order to facilitate new start-up firms in this industry as well as the upgrading and growth of software SMEs, Governments can seek to ensure a competitive general business environment, promote upgrading through quality certification, improve access to finance and establish software or technology parks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The delay between development and construction can last up to five years for large-scale utility renewable projects (Kalamova, Kaminker and Johnstone, 2011). For small-scale projects, transaction costs related to approval processes can be high both in relative and in absolute terms. For example, in 2008, the average waiting time needed to develop small scale PV projects in EU countries could reach 50 weeks, 50% of which was often due to waiting for the permit (IEA, 201 la).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
At present, the dam releases water for hydropower generation during the winter months. The weighted average tariff in 2006 w'as USD 0.006/kWh, which w'as increased to USD 0.015/kWh by 2008. According to Barki Tojik, these tariff levels are unable to cover the operational cost of the power-generating sources (USD 0.030/kWh). In 2010, the government increased the tariff to a weighted average of USD 0.024/kWh.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
We describe an art museum installation that employed tangible interface, peripheral interface, and ambient display modalities to engage with news content regarding politically charged topics. News content was sourced via Google News, and used as driver for both a kinetic sculpture and a screen-faced tangible interaction console. Tangible tokens represented several keywords such as "human rights" and "torture," in the context of a 2006 project engaging the U.S. "War on Terror." We describe our implementation and experiences from two gallery deployments, and reflect on the piece's engagement with sensitive material after a decade's passage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
1. Introduction 2. The Constitution: Its Theory and Interpretation 3. The Monarchy 4. Cabinet Government 5. The House of Commons 6. The House of Lords 7. The Civil Service 8. Ministerial Responsibility 9. Government and the Judiciary 10. Administrative Law 11. Civil Liberties 12. The Electoral System 13. The Demise of Local Government 14. The Police 15. The United Kingdom as a Territorial State 16. Britain, Commonwealth and the End of Empire 17. Britain and Europe 18. Conclusion
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This also contributes to self-selection of female workers in the low-paid public sector rather than the better paid part of the informal sector (Chapter 1). Federal Law stipulates that parents should not pay more than 20% of the cost of childcare (this is 10% for parents with at least three children, and care is free for handicapped children), and sets rules on compensation towards parental fees (20% for the first child, 50% for the second and 70% for the third). Many regions aim to provide free childcare to low-income families. However, the system is under some pressure as regions which are responsible for its financing are struggling to meet the cost, including for parental fee support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This study is primarily aimed at testing the theory of good governance in the group of eight developing Islamic countries. Using a panel data regression model, we examined the data to determine the relationship between political economy and economic development of eight countries, for the period 2005 to 2014. The results show a significant positive correlation between the rule of law, corruption control with economic growth and stock market turnover rate proxy. The examination through an artificial neural network resulted in a higher determination coefficient and less average standard error. This, in turn, reveals that the fitting power and efficiency of this method is higher than the panel data regression model. Furthermore, the findings of this study suggest that the application of good governance theory calls for more inquiry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nevertheless, the Government has made w aste management one of its priorities. Since Azerbaijan acceded to the Basel Convention23 in 2001, the legislative framework was widened from a single act to several legislative norms. Actions needed to improve the waste management situation were included in the Comprehensive Action Plan for Improving the Environmental Situation (CAPIES) in Azerbaijan for 2006-2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This means that the line between DRR and CCA, if indeed such a line ever existed, is no longer possible to discern. Climate change is by no means the only source of disaster risk. As the foregoing parts of this GAR have emphasized, risks arise from a range of other natural, environmental, biological and technological hazards and drivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For instance, Amazon has offered the Fulfilment by Amazon service to producers that want to sell their products online. Using this service, Thailand's Lanna Clothes Design has increased its online business by 70% after just 10 months, the number of employees has increased from 5 to 20, most of them women from rural Chiang Mai or the neighbouring province. This experience has also had positive externalities in the local community: based on her own e-commerce success, the owner plans to help local designers grow their businesses, at the same time, twice a year her company donates clothing and food to a nearby orphanage with 600 children {OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Private sector case story 88). The programme strengthened e-commerce know-how, reviewed the current state of cyber legislation, and discussed ways to achieve regional integration and the harmonization of regional e-commerce legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Aquaculture production was 350 000 tonnes with a value over NTS 40 billion (348 000 tonnes and NTS37.5 billion in 2012.) Export value expanded by 74% during 2009 and 2012, but decreased by 10% in 2013. At the same year, value of import was USD 1 182 million. Over the last ten years, import has increased by 137% since 2003.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Empirical evidence point towards career guidance services - in school and outside - having a formative influence on young people’s understanding of themselves and the world of work, and can often improve educational, social and economic outcomes. As young people stay in education and training longer and as the labour market becomes more complex, the case for career guidance grows. But what makes for effective provision?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In general, the frequency of spring floods may increase. Groundwater levels may increase in wintertime and decline in summer time, and groundwater quality in small groundwater bodies may be negatively affected. However, in some cases — thanks to the activities of, for example, river basin commissions — climate change has been taken into consideration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Domestic value-added in manufacturing exports is also low in those countries. This process would also lift the productivity of the agriculture sector where the vast majority of the poor live and work. In the countries with special needs, production linkages within and across services are still rather weak, compared to those in other developing economies, partly reflecting the slow labour productivity growth of their services sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Thirty years after the Europe of bits and pieces of the Maastricht Treaty, the EU legal system has evolved beyond fragmentation to accommodate institutionally structured forms of differentiation. This paper explores several types of new differentiation regimes and argues that they can coexist together without necessarily challenging the unity of the EU legal system. It analyses how the legal system has progressively been adapting to new integration pathways by internalising differentiation and reabsorbing the fragmentation of the Maastricht’s construction. Through the analysis of the Court’s jurisprudence and two case-studies in the areas of economic governance and defence it shows how different strands of differentiation can be blended together in ‘coherent’ differentiated regimes. The paper also considers future differentiation pathways after Brexit and emerging concerns as regards legitimacy and democratic accountability of a differentiated Union.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The main contributing gas is CO2, followed by CH4 and N2O. The CO2 emission trend reflects fuel consumption and therefore show's a decrease in the period 1990-2000. However, with the reviving economy, CO2 emissions grew constantly until 2006. From that point, there was a period of stabilization until 2009 when there w'as a slight drop in emissions, mainly related to the economic crisis and the consequent decline in transportation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Populations of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) are abundant and stable in the Helgeland area, but substantial amounts of bycatch are causing some concern (Bjorge etai, 2013). Harbor seals are classified as least concern (LC, Kalas etai, 2010) and are regulated through the harvesting quota. The population of otters (Enhydra lutris) along the coast of mid and north Norway has been decreasing overthe last 25 years. They are now classified as vulnerable (VU) on the Norwegian red list (Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre at http://www.biodiversity.no/).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Low taxing power of local governments leads to a high dependence on transfers from central government. Lower accountability of sub-national government potentially jeopardises the sustainability of education expenditure in Korea. Moreover, regional disparities weaken the sub-national tax base and lead to increase in transfers for lagging regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Many scientists say that emissions must peak within the decade, given that climate change and its adverse effects are driven by the cumulative build-up of greenhouse gases that remain in the atmosphere for many years, and, in the case of C02, for centuries. The challenge now is to scale up ambition and to immediately accelerate the transformation towards low-emission, climate-resilient sustainable development that supports the health and well-being of all people and of our planet. As the Secretary-General has often stated, we cannot achieve the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals without reducing the risks of climate change. To make lasting progress in eliminating poverty, reducing hunger and achieving all the other SDGs, we must radically decarbonize our economies to protect the Earth's climate and ecosystems that are essential to our survival.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Today, the richest 10 per cent of the population in the OECD area earn 9.5 times the income of the poorest 10 per cent, in the 1980s this ratio stood at 7:1 and has been rising continuously ever since. However, the rise in overall income inequality is not (only) about surging top income shares: often, incomes at the bottom grew much slower during the prosperous years and fell during downturns, putting relative (and in some countries, absolute) income poverty on the radar of policy concerns. This paper explores whether such developments may have an impact on economic performance. Drawing on harmonised data covering the OECD countries over the past 30 years, the econometric analysis suggests that income inequality has a negative and statistically significant impact on subsequent growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
They are safe spaces for discussion of highly personal forms of violence and the unique perspectives of women that are often not discussed in mixed-sex forums (Chapter 2). Because of alarming trends in gender inequalities in education and training, which affect girls and women in a post-conflict society, the problem of unequal access to education needs to be urgently addressed (Chapters 3 and 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The most significant trend is the declining share of total employment that is based on hunting and fishing. This is important in many ways, not least because hunting is an activity that is considered an inseparable part of Greenlandic culture (Caulfield 1997, Lynge 1992, Petersen 2003) and an activity closely connected to the male gender role in the traditional Greenlandic household. In the old Greenland society the hunter was the "bread winner" in the families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Target 2.2 commits to end all forms of malnutrition. When children under 2 years of age are stunted, the impact lasts a lifetime, with inhibited educational outcomes and loss to future productivity and income. Insufficient nutrition, even for shorter periods, can cause slower cognitive, motor and language development among children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Hygiene interventions act by reducing contamination of hands, food, and water, and seem to be highly effective: a systematic review of the effect of hand washing with soap has shown that this simple measure is associated with a reduction of 43% in diarrheal disease (Curtis and Cairncross, 2003). However, the effectiveness of such interventions particularly depends on sustained behaviour change (van der Knapp, 2006, Waddington, 2009). Prioritising should therefore be based on local conditions and evidence from implementation rather than from pooled data (WHO, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Strategic innovation investment will be taken forward centrally, including support for nationally significant research, demonstration and testing centres. Many low carbon infrastructure projects will cross local enterprise partnership boundaries, for example, grid infrastructure, ports infrastructure (for renewable energy manufacture and deployment) and Carbon Capture and Storage. Where this is the case, particularly where there are large infrastructure issues, these will be best taken forward nationally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
An additional day in the time taken to export and import is associated with 0.22 and 0.25 percentage point increases in the Gini index, respectively. This chapter attempts to examine the effect of trade facilitation on poverty, GDP, exports and income inequality in low- and middle-income countries. Trade facilitation is measured by the number of documents and the number of days needed for exports and imports. The findings show that improvement in trade facilitation is positively correlated with exports and per capita GDP, and negatively correlated with poverty and inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
I distinguish between two ways of understanding the effect of a decision as a precedent in the common law, which I refer to as the individual rule approach and the holistic approach. I consider the different versions of the common law that they would be expected to give rise to, which approach is more closely reflected in the practices of the common law, and why the holistic approach is preferable as a method for finding and developing the law in adjudication. I explain why under the holistic approach the common law contains principles as well as rules, and I consider the two approaches in the light of the requirement of the rule of law, and I show how the holistic approach explains a version of the policy/principle distinction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One of the contributing factors to poverty for working-age women in some countries is the increasing proportion of non-partnered women with children (UNDESA, 2015). Hie international poverty line for extreme poverty is US$1.90 a day 2011 PPP and the ‘median’ poverty line is US$3.10 a day 2011 PPP. Over 25% of children living in rural areas live in extreme poverty, compared to just over 9% of children in urban areas (UNICEF/World Bank, 2016). Poverty is by no means limited to developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Some Member States have already created platforms to share best practices and information between all LNG stakeholders. It is found that harmonization of the latter is difficult to achieve due to the fact that each Member State has transposed their own interpretation and implementation of the directive in their legislation. For non-Seveso LNG establishments and activities, EU-wide harmonization of the risk assessment approach seems feasible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
International migration has moved to the top of the international security agenda, due in part to concerns that migration flows provide conduits for the spread of international terrorism. Although such concerns are not entirely unfounded, they must be placed within the broader context of the range of impacts—both positive and negative—that international migration flows have on states' core national security interests. Migration flows affect at least three dimensions of national security: state capacity and autonomy, the balance of power, and the nature of violent conflict. Overall, migration management presents a far greater security challenge to weak and failing states than to advanced postindustrial states. States that are able to formulate and implement migration policies that harness the power of international migration will be more secure, rather than less secure, in the new globalized security environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although data is available for a few countries, it needs to be re-packaged to allow for disaggregation by relevant variables. Local materials provide efficient ways for energy conservation and protection from disasters. In developing economies between 7 and 10% of the labour force are involved in residential construction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In meeting multi-faceted sustainability challenges, governments are, for example, increasingly using open data and big data analytics to improve accuracy in forecasting citizens’ demand for public utilities or to screen for irregularities in public procurement. Predictive analysis is also used to identify issues before problematic scenarios develop, and sentiment analysis is deployed in engaging citizens in public consultation and decision-making processes, notably through e-participation. As this collective global effort, led by the United Nations, gains momentum towards greater acceptance, and the institutional linkages among the economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainable development are strengthened, there is a need for awareness of the importance of e-government that is for and with the people, in achieving higher standards of living for future generations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The division between peace and war has become increasingly blurred in factual terms in recent decades. Similarly, the law has progressed in a manner that has not necessarily been consistent. The author reviews how the laws covering the use of force in both peace and war have developed separately under the respective headings of the laws of war (also known as the law of armed conflict or international humanitarian law) and human rights law. The increasing overlap between these two bodies of public international law has led to tensions particularly in relation to the conduct of hostilities. The author suggests a way forward to ensure the applicability of the highest standards of protection whilst still enabling military operations to be carried out efficiently within a legal framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Between 2007 and 2013, the Czech authorities observed an increasing prevalence of high-risk methamphetamine abuse, including by injection. In 2014, an increase in amphetamine abuse was reported by Germany while stable or decreasing trends in amphetamine abuse were reported by Cyprus, Finland, Portugal and the United Kingdom. It is estimated that some 1.8 million Western and Central European young adults between 15 and 34 years of age have used “ecstasy” in the past year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Eighteen is the minimum legal age for marriage for women without parental consent in 158 countries (UNFPA, 2012). However, in 146 countries, state or customary law allows girls younger than 18 to marry with the consent of parents or other authorities, in 52 countries, girls under age 15 can marry with parental consent. A recent UNICEF paper reported, for example, that in India, where 47 per cent of girls are married before 18, only 11 people were convicted of perpetuating children marriage in 2010, despite a law forbidding it (UNICEF, 201 la). Such interventions seek to equip girls with knowledge and skills in areas relevant to their lives, including sexual and reproductive health, nutrition, and their rights under the law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To maximise the potential of Health Boards as local planners, purchasers and providers the centre may have to step back in and play a more supportive - and prescriptive - role. With the introduction of the Integrated Medium Tenn Plans Wales has taken a step in the right direction, but more work is needed to get the balance between local freedom, innovation and sensitivity to population needs, and core standards that should be centrally driven, right. Similarly, the introduction of an Escalation and Integration Framework in 2014 seems to be an appropriate development. More can be done to set, and publicise, core minimum expectations of all local Health Boards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the case of the public sector, this theory holds that adoption of an innovation among government departments and agencies may grow slowly and gradually in the beginning. The adoption will then have a period of rapid growth that will taper off and become stable and eventually decline (Rogers, 1995). The Bass model, however, suggests other representations (Robert-Ribes and Wing, 2004). This is because innovations are seen to be communicated across space and through time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)