albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Although the 2003 Iraq invasion was not wholly framed as a ‘humanitarian intervention’, the rhetoric of bringing liberation, democratization and human rights to the Iraqi people was widely advanced by the coalition and supporters as a legitimating reason for war. This article assesses the role played by press photography in legitimizing or challenging this crucial framing during the invasion across a range of UK national newspapers. Privileging visual content in research design, the study presents selected results from a comprehensive content and framing analysis of press photography during the invasion period (March–April 2003), specifically examining the prominence and treatment of photographs in the humanitarian-related visual coverage, along with the accompanying words used to define, support or detract from the events depicted. While finding that the rationale of humanitarianism generally played well for the coalition during this study period, this article explores the problematic nature of the narra...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This ratio has proven roughly constant for most technologies - although it differs significantly from one technology to another. However, the fact that the progress ratio is usually constant means that technology learning occurs more quickly from market experiences when technologies are new than when they are mature. This is why new techniques, although more costly at the outset, may become cost-effective over time if they benefit from sufficient dissemination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The researchers were testing whether the selection of respondents with victimization experiences could be completed as effectively with a shorter version of the questionnaire, thereby reducing the time required to complete an interview, response burden, and cost. When the lifetime prevalence rates obtained by the two methods were compared, the shorter (French) version was found to have obtained lower overall prevalence rates (Killias, Simonin and de Puy, 2005). In addition to the draft survey instrument, experts should also be provided with information regarding the objectives of the study, the resources allocated to the study and the methodology of the project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The European Commission publishes this annual benchmarking reports including information about the mandate of regulators in Europe. In some other world regions such information might be at hand less readily. The indicator may to some extent denote a safeguard for guaranteeing the availability of sufficient network investments. Indirectly, this may favourably affect the investment climate for nuclear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These measures can be decomposed to reflect the contribution of sub-group poverty levels (e.g. by ethnicity, geographic area) to the overall poverty rate. They can also be broken down to show the relative contribution of each dimension to the poverty rate within sub-groups or within the overall poverty rate. The Alkire-Foster methodology has also been applied to multiple national studies of multidimensional poverty. It recognizes that poverty and deprivation may affect children differently to adults. However, MODA differs from both the Bristol approach and the existing applications of the Alkire-Foster method, such as the MPI, as it distinguishes between the needs of children of different ages: early childhood, middle childhood and adolescence. It acknowledges that different dimensions may be relevant for children at various stages of their life cycle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For some countries and habitats these can directly be used for defining levels of degradation in the EU 4-level model. Finland and partly Estonia have used this approach and have implemented it in management, but this is now abandoned for Finland (see below and chapter 6.2). Remaining countries have not done so, but Norway and Iceland seem to have systems that can be adopted or transformed into the 4-level model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This is particularly important in countries that cannot employ monetary policy for that purpose. Unemployment benefit replacement rates and duration, as u/ell as social assistance benefits, should be set at levels that do not excessively discourage job search and, especially where they are relatively generous, be made conditional on strictly enforced work-availability criteria as part of well-designed “activation” policies, moderate benefit sanctions should be part of an activation strategy. Employment services should offer unemployed workers in-depth interviews and, job-search assistance, and participation in active labour market programmes should be compulsory after a certain length of joblessness. Per/ormance of employment services should be rewarded on the basis of job placement rates and stability in jobs of re-employed workers, active labour market programmes should be regularly assessed to ensure that inefficient programmes are terminated, and that the mix of programmes is adjusted to suit the needs of jobseekers and the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
To accompany the development of its Low Carbon Development Strategy, the Government of Guyana in 2011 established a new Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment (MoNRE). Similarly, recognising needs of its own, the Government of Tonga recently established a new Ministry of Training, Employment, Youth and Sport (MoTEYS), affirming a commitment to training and employment in the country. There is also a growing recognition of the need to revisit the existing structure of line ministries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
When located in the arable fields, the nest may be destroyed by vehiclesand other agricultural equipment used in the cultivation ofthefields. Ifthe nest is located in permanent habitats such as field edges and road sides etc. To some extent, both elements are controlled by the chosen agricultural scheme: Organic farming or intensive farming. In organic farming, no pesticides are applied and thus there is no control of the availability and production of non-crop plants and invertebrates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Accession, ratification, and signature are used to signify States’ ratification status to international human rights and humanitarian instruments. The term accession is used when a State accepts the opportunity to become part of a treaty that lias been negotiated and signed by other member States. Signature of a treaty expresses the State’s willingness to be part of the treaty-making process, prior to establishing consent to be bound by the treaty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In this paper, ontology-based Tantra Social Information Management Framework is proposed to manage information about a complex system such as society in a unified manner. The objective of Tantra Framework is to usher in good governance and social change by playing a prominent role in E-Governance. Tantra Framework enables four different viewpoints of social information: (1) collection of entities, (2) hierarchy of macrostates and microstates, (3) multi-modal social network and (4) social system with macrolevel properties and propensities. An entropy construct is crafted as an instrument for validation of Tantra Framework that can work with each of these viewpoints. With its generic nature and power of detailing, Tantra Framework can become a harbinger of next-generation information systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Technology Transfer Offices should be strengthened and organised at an arms length from the university in order to be managed as a quasi market service reporting to the university but independent from it. Incentives for higher education institutions should be strengthened to increase their capacity to act as technology transfer “agents” to bring non-local knowledge to the region and to create community partnerships. Incentives for higher education institutions and their staff to engage in local and regional development should be developed. The government should seek to encourage greater collaboration between higher education institutions through joint investments in R&D facilities and incentive programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These services remain a constraint for many SMEs, because the banks that dominate them often have stringent requirements, cumbersome processes and high service fees. Globally, over half of trade finance requests by SMEs are rejected, compared with just 7% for multinational companies, for example. These include supply chain finance and solutions based on information and communications technology (ICT).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This prompted new legislation in 2016 that now makes access to health care a right for all Greek citizens and provides comprehensive coverage not only to them but also to irregular migrants and refugees (see also Box 3). Previously, the different occupation-based SHI funds had their own contribution rates and benefits packages, resulting in fragmented and unequal access to services. Today, the public benefits package is relatively broad and dental services have been added under the legislation establishing the new primary care system. In 2015 alone, the state and non-governmental organisations dealt with approximately 870 000 new arrivals, providing shelter, food and required medical assistance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Courses of this kind aim to address the need to rapidly develop a general understanding of emerging issues where there is limited capacity. Introduction level and general courses are then superseded by more specialised technical courses and /or integration into vocational and masters training courses. Multi-stage courses combine on-the-job-learning and assignments with one or more intensive training sessions, often involving exposure to projects or other real-life management situations that provide the experience participants need to build their own capabilities. Participants then complete assignments and projects based on their workplace (or volunteer) experience (Coley and others, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, once total social spending and working-age unemployment were accounted for, the effects of the minimum income protection indicator were no longer statistically significant. Social spending was associated with lower risks of child poverty at the start of the crisis only, when many European countries implemented fiscal stimulus packages, while unemployment had large effects on both poverty and deprivation throughout the entire period 2008-2012. This suggests that social safety nets and social spending did not shield children from the effects of labour market turbulence during the Great Recession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Hence in 1995, global water use would have been 6% higher, and irrigation water depletion would have been 11% higher, if not for international trade (de Fraiture et al., The authors caution against inferring that trade will be helpful in mitigating global water scarcity, however, given that water savings cannot always be re-allocated to beneficial uses, and that political and economic considerations might have greater influence than water scarcity in determining national trading strategies. In their analysis of data describing water availability and international trade for 146 countries, the authors find that observed trading patterns are not consistent with those predicted by the virtual water metaphor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The initiative includes more than 8,000 corporate participants, of which 55% are SMEs. It is collaborating with UN entities such as the International Trade Centre (ITC) and the UN Industrial Organization (UNIDO) to bring SMEs into the sustainability fold. Our Women’s Empowerment Principles (WEPs) offer guidance on women in the workplace, marketplace and community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Examples include, at an individual level, “integration stakeholders” that will develop systems for responding to feedback in a way that is accessible, manageable for staff, and capable of being transferred across settings. At a national level, citizens’ panels will create opportunities for people to engage in national policy debate. Notably, a leadership coalition of health and social care service users, carers and leaders in the NHS, local authorities and the third sector will guide the development of the framework and will be chaired by a member of the public. The framework will continue to be developed until the end of 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A large part of the gain in life expectancy has been after age 65, so Estonian women at 65 have another 20 years to live and men more than 15 years (2015). Mortality from cancer is the second leading cause of death (accounting for 22% of women and 27% of men). External causes come third for both and account for the death of about 10% of men. During the same period, however, mortality from cancer did not fall and remains well above the EU average. Despite policies to combat smoking (see Section 5.1), lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer mortality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These suggest that community services may be struggling to provide adequate care. This chapter explores the extent to which current arrangements are aligned with this ambition and what more needs to be done, particularly in terms of quality monitoring and improvement, to achieve it. The chapter argues that work should start now to professionalise and define a speciality of primary care, based upon a clear, consensual vision of how the speciality will be different in knowledge, skills, roles and responsibilities from current community generalists. Strengthening of the information infrastructure, possible reforms to payment systems, and close attention to primary care specialists’ role in co-ordinating care will also be needed. Section 2.4 describes the challenges, including a super-ageing society that primary care would be expected to address and Section 2.5 considers the extent to which current arrangements are well placed to meet these challenges. Sections 2.6 and 2.7 describe the steps that Japan should take to develop a distinct and specialist primary care workforce and embed quality monitoring and improvement from the start.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The education factor is seen to represent a greater contribution to total poverty in Uruguay (49.9%) and in Costa Rica (37.6%). The contribution of school attendance among children and adolescents is much lower. There do not appear to be substantial differences in the contribution of income to total poverty based on the poverty rate of the countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Iftotal inputs exceed total outputs, the aquifer will recharge. Reductions in streamflow may lead to impacts on both instream habitat and to downstream or transboundary conflict over shared surface water allocations. If agricultural producers increase the efficiency of their irrigation systems while keeping pumping the same, recharge I3 will decrease, and once again there will be a reduction in outputs, storage, or a combination of the two.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The estimated correlation is 0.51. See OECD Employment Outlook 2014, notably Annex 3.A1. The need to tailor these models to the self-employed is recognised in the research literature and some progress has been made. For example, rather than autonomy, negotiation power is suggested to be a better indicator of job resources for this group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Universiti Sains Malaysia has a structure dedicated to start-up support with facilities for on-campus business incubation. The involvement of key actors, such as the school of computer science in the design and organisation of incubation facilities suggests that the university leadership collaborates, co-ordinates and integrates faculty-internal entrepreneurship support in the US M’s support infrastructure and thus ensure cross-faculty collaboration. Two key issues for further development call for closer links between entrepreneurship education efforts and start-up support, and closer co-operation and referral between internal and external business start-up support organisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Secondly, land tenure arrangements and the urbanisation of agricultural or collectively-owned land (ejido) have left a complex legacy for modern-day housing and urban development. Thirdly, Mexico has managed to address, to a large extent and with remarkable speed, the country’s quantitative housing gap and transition to more permanent housing for an increasing share of the population. Such a rapid expansion of the housing stock has been seen in only a few OECD countries. Fourthly, while public policy in other OECD countries has also tended, to varying extents, to favour home ownership in recent decades, Mexico, along with Italy and Spain, is unusual in focusing its social housing policies on home ownership. Finally, Mexico is now beginning to transition out of a long period in which housing policy has been set by an implementing body (INFONAVIT), housing and urban policy is now in the hands of an explicit policy-making body, SEDATU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There is a correlation between economic growth and mobile revenue growth in markets where prepaid is dominant - more than four in every five mobile subscriptions in the developing world were prepaid in 2016. However, between 2014 and 2016, the global increase in data revenues (USD 70.2 billion) was lower than the loss recorded in voice revenues (USD 114.6 billion). In fact, Asia and the Pacific and the United States/Canada were the only two regions in which the increase in mobile data revenues during the period was greater than the loss in voice revenues. Overall, the relative importance of data revenues over mobile revenues is correlated with a country's Internet penetration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Of the Arctic States, Russia did not join the second commitment period and Canada had already withdrawn from the Kyoto Protocol in 2011 while the United States had never been a party to it. The formulation does not however make it clear what kind of a legal outcome the parties actually committed themselves to. The goal of this negotiation process is nevertheless to set binding emission reductions after 2020 for all parties - even industrialising countries and the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Infrastructure — building the roads, ports, and telecommunications that link domestic and global markets. Productive capacity — investing in industries and sectors so countries can diversify exports and build on comparative advantages. And adjustment assistance — helping with the costs associated with tariff reductions, preference erosion, or declining terms of trade” (WTO AfT).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Confronted with the demands of a knowledge society, this is a challenge for the development of the education sector (Jensen, 2012). For example, the government cannot simply order courses from consultants and have teachers or school leaders passively absorb this knowledge and change their practice in accordance with the governments’ intention. As with education more generally, in professional development the learner is a creative individual who engages in the learning processes in ways we cannot foresee (Lillejord, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Information on land-based and sea-based litter sources, however, does not give much guidance on how to "Plug the Marine Litter Tap". These sources have to be broken down to a more detailed level. Usually it is necessary to identify the different activities or sectors that generate waste and assess the risk for littering, whether intentional or accidental.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Training certificates signed by government officials provide formal recognition of participation, and the support of principals and supplementary resource materials (teachers’ guides), as well as follow-up school support visits by SEP staff, enhance motivation to do the work well. This approach is consistent with many of the recognised best practices in teacher professional development more generally (see for example Garet et al. However, as a CSO, the SEP works with teachers from outside the MoE system, and this limits the potential impact of the work. While CSOs may be able to align much of what they do with MoE systems, MoEs themselves have much more scope to align and support ESD training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This has led to a financial squeeze on power generators and forced them to offset losses incurred from power generation by expanding activity in profitable non-core businesses including component manufacturing. Electricity prices to end-users also often deviate from the nationally-determined benchmark, with provincial and local governments at times employing preferential pricing to support industrial objectives (Chen, 2011). Prices also vary geographically depending on the level of affluence, with lower prices offered in poorer regions. Electricity prices are hence used as both a redistributive tool as well as an instrument for industrial policy. However, as environmental protection sometimes lags in the poorer parts of the country, luring businesses to these areas through cheaper energy is likely to be particularly environmentally harmful.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For instance, in New Zealand’s Waikato region, measures are in place to phase out the exceedance of allocable flows by ceasing new allocations, encouraging voluntary reduction, and promoting augmentation of water supplies. In Australia, a range of programmes have been initiated to recover water entitlements in regions where water abstractions are in excess of the sustainable diversion limit. Responses are summarised in Figure 3.7.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Consumers and institutions need to be given the right incentives as well as opportunities in order to change behaviours in the long-run. For instance, a start-up from the U.K. introduced a platform rewarding human activity by foot. By walking, a cryptocurrency is transferred to the user, who can use the credit on a decentralised exchange of merchants offering their services ranging from graphic designers, local food retailers, to NGOs receiving donations (Sweatco.in, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It would reduce poverty by 5 percentage points in Ecuador and Paraguay and by at least 0.6% in Brazil. If the transfer were to be targeted at everyone aged 65 and over, the measure could cost up to an additional 3% of GDP (ECLAC, 2010b, pp. United Nations publication, Sales No. United Nations publication, Sales No. In 10 of the region’s 18 countries, this percentage is around 5% or under in households living in a situation of extreme poverty or high vulnerability to extreme poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The great promise of American law is Equal Protection: everyone is equal before the law. Colorado's Ethnic Intimidation statute runs contrary to this promise, by creating preferred classes of victims. Proposed "hate crimes" laws would make the problem even worse. Different groups should not be contending for special status in our criminal law. Identity politics strikes at the heart of the American motto of e pluribus unum, and encourages people to think of themselves as members of particular groups -- rather than as, most of all, Americans first. Laws based on identity politics lead to skewed prioritization of law enforcement resources, and impinge on values of free speech, which includes the freedom to hold and express the most odious ideas. Until Colorado's statute is repealed, it should be improved by stronger penalties for the creation of hoaxes. Language: en
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)