albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This paper introduces the special Ulster issue of the Journal. It argues that Ulster offers enough similarities with other jurisdictions in the British Isles to enable comparison, and enough distinctive features to make such comparison interesting. The papers in the issue are briefly commented upon. This paper goes on to identify a number of topics not dealt with in this issue where comparative research may be fruitful. These include: conditional release from prison, trends in crime reporting and clear-up rates, the problems of maintaining civil rights at times of civil conflict, and the role of private security services in law enforcement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The analyses based on the other countries’ cases attempt to examine whether local governments tend to pay little attention to education expenditure and education performance or not. The average government size of the other countries is approximately 46% of GDP (Figure 6.3). But Korean education expenditure is relatively high compared with other welfare-related expenditure and has been the most rapidly expanding spending item. The average ratio of public education expenditure to GDP in OECD member countries and partner economies ranges between 3-7% of GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Over past decades, almost all OECD countries have seen significant increases in educational attainment, especially among the young and among women. The size and the characteristics of this group vary across countries, and it is important to analyse these elements to better understand the composition of a country’s population. It is also important to consider how a country’s geographic location or proximity to other countries affects the demographics of the country’s foreign-born population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The power of numbers in gender dynamics: illustrations from community forestry groups, T he Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(1), 1-20. Does Women's Proportional Strength Affect their Participation? Rule making in community forestry institutions: The difference women make. Ecological Economics, 68(8-9), 2296-2308.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Additionally, extensive desk research for this study was carried out by the International Transport Forum. This will have an impact on the nature of public transport. The convergence of public transport and ride services in particular provides an opportunity to deliver better mobility outcomes for a broader share of the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the ETP 2010 Baseline Scenario for India (IEA, 2010a), between 2007 and 2050 GDP will increase eightfold, primary energy use quadruple and C02 emissions increase almost fivefold. India's proportion of total global C02 emissions is projected to double from 5% to 11%. The power sector plays an especially important role as electricity demand is projected to rise fivefold.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For each of these seven dimensions, they identified the thresholds of severe deprivation, i.e. "those circumstances that are likely to have serious adverse consequences for the health, well-being and development of children" (Gordon et al, 2003: 31). Absolute child poverty was then measured as the condition of children suffering from two or more different types of severe deprivations. They found that over a third (37%) of children in the developing world lived in absolute poverty and over half (56%) suffered from at least one form of severe deprivation, using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys. Their work became part of the UNICEF Global Study on Child Poverty and Disparities. Using internationally recognized children's rights to inform the construction of child deprivation dimensions and counting the number of children suffering from several deprivations to produce the deprivation headcount rate became known as the Bristol method.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Allegro – Trademark protection – Freedom of speech vs. intellectual property – Polish Constitution – European Convention on Human Rights – Balancing of competing values – Constitutionally permissible limits on freedom of expression – Comparison with case-law of United States Supreme Court – ‘Categorical’ approach vs. ‘balancing’ approach
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some of the most important types of capital for agriculture are not necessarily tangible. Governments invest extensively in agricultural research and development (R&D), which generates intellectual capital - a crucial input for raising the long-run productivity of agriculture. Both governments and individuals invest in education, which raises the productivity of the beneficiaries and generates long-term returns through human capacity development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Israel: A central policy framework for the appraisal of school principals in Israel was implemented in 2010-11 under the New Horizon reform programme. This framework applies to all schools at ISCED level 1 and partially to schools at ISCED level 2 except ultra-orthodox religious schools. Italy: Italy has been developing a central policy framework for the mandatory periodic appraisal of school principals of public schools that appraises school principals every three years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Colombian Constitutional Court (Court) ordered the Colombian government to seek the restitution of a set of 122 golden objects of the Quimbaya people in a judgment issued on October 19, 2017 (Judgment). The Judgment addressed significant issues of international law relating to unilateral acts, treaty interpretation, cultural property (particularly that of indigenous peoples), and the settlement of disputes involving claims for restitution of cultural property through diplomacy and mediation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the case of adaptation, development co-operation efforts to engage the private sector could include, removing information asymmetries and providing good practices for adaptation and resilience, developing customized approaches such as risk-assessment strategies and cost-benefit analyses as well as capacity development for business multipliers to disseminate approved approaches to individual sectors. In all cases, providing green and inclusive business models and financial instruments that incorporate environmental and financial objectives equally (e.g. impact investment) is key (OECD, 2015d). In the case of climate change, alignment with nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and national adaptation plans (NAPs) is critical.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The project provides a secure and reliable medium to departments to access government applications and websites for delivery of government-to-government, government-to-business and government-to-citizen services. The project is developed in partnership with Deity, the Government of India Electronics and IT Department, and the Government of Chhattisgarh, and is relevant to SDGs 8 and 9. The programme aims to provide access to areas that are underserved because, due to economic calculations, they have not been considered feasible so have not received enough attention from telecommunication and network service providers. The BTS programme plays a role in growing the demand for this region to become commercially visible and making the quality of services equivalent to that in big cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
If it does, the urban growth boundary will be able to accommodate 11 300 additional dwellings without expanding. Refill rates are highest in the central city and lowest in suburban residential neighbourhoods. Most residential refill is multi-family housing, often as part of transit-oriented development (TOD).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
After the attacks on September 11, 2001, there was a significant redeployment of law enforcement in the United States, especially in New York City, which included: greater public displays of weapons, increased suspicion, surveillance, registration, detention and deportation of Arab and Muslim immigrants, the prevention of bias crimes against those same people, training for first response to future disasters, and greater investigation co-operation between municipal and federal agencies. This article explores aspects of these changes through the security-civil liberties debate, but goes beyond this dichotomy to include less explicit aspects of antiterrorist policing like dealing with trauma and popular myths of the hero. The process is described from three perspectives, each situated in a different paradigm of social analysis and practice: the rational-Enlightenment paradigm, the power paradigm, and the psycho-cultural paradigm. Some behaviors can be accurately described from a one of these points of view, ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The severity of the situation requires immediate action and a fundamental transformation of our relationship with the Earth to halt biodiversity loss and protect ecosystems for the benefit of all. According to the Red List Index, which tracks data on more than 20,000 species of mammals, birds, amphibians, corals and cycads, the risk of species extinction has worsened by about 10 per cent over the last 25 years. The Index declined from 0.82 in 1993 to 0.74 in 2018. Further, the latest report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services noted that biodiversity is declining faster than at any other time in human history.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
All this chimes well with the 2030 Development Agenda, constructed around a series of ambitious goals and targets, which together add up to a massive infrastructure programme on a global scale, the Addis Ababa Action Agenda agreed at the Third United Nations Conference on Financing for Development in 2015, has reinforced this ambition. The World Bank has acknowledged this in its call to scale up efforts “from billions to trillions” to meet the 2030 Agenda and proffered a new framework to meet this challenge involving an enhanced role for the private sector through public-private partnerships, blending and de-risking techniques. This has focused the infrastructure debate on the “bankability” of projects (discussed in section D).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The values for the OECD are calculated as unweighted averages across ail OECD countries for which data are available. While many OECD countries saw a marked rise in inequality over the past decade, it remained broadly unchanged or even declined in others (Figure 2).3 In about half of the countries that experienced an increase in labour earnings inequality between the mid-1990s and the mid-2000s, it was driven by rising inequality in the upper half of the earnings distribution. In the remaining countries, the increase in inequality was more broad-based, affecting all parts of the earnings distribution. Only in Germany was rising inequality due to increasing inequality at the bottom half of the earnings distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The countries are all relatively close to the line, indicating that the model explains most of the variation in growth rates across countries. In fact, adding cognitive skills to a basic model that just includes initial income and years of schooling increases the share of cross-country variation in economic growth explained by the model from about one-quarter to about three-quarters. The quantity of schooling is statistically significantly related to economic growth in a specification that neglects educational quality, but the association between years of schooling and growth turns insignificant and is reduced to close to zero once cognitive skills are included in the model. In other words, added years of schooling do not affect growth unless they yield greater achievement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some of these increases may be attributable to the intensification of case finding efforts in the National Cancer Registry, the ageing of the population and improved diagnostics (i.e. introduction of new medical equipment, knowledge and increased diagnostic tests). The national breast cancer programme provides free mammography for women between 50 and 69 years of age every two years, the response rate was low, only 42.4% in 2016. A programme for early detection of colorectal cancer for people aged 50 to 69 began in 2013 on a pilot basis in one district, there are plans to expand it nationally. According to EHIS data, more than 90% of people in Cyprus aged 50-74 have never been screened for colorectal cancer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For instance, in 1999-2000, 71 per cent of children in age group 15-19 had not completed a secondary education, and 4 out of 5 households did not have access to public-health facilities. Household consumption data for India reveal that 62 per cent of the population do not have an intake of 2100 calories per day! Using the international poverty lines employed by the Asian Development Bank in the recent revised estimates of poverty based on PPPs for 2005, headcount poverty is estimated to be in the range of 54.8-65.3 per cent using a $1.35 poverty line, and at 60 per cent using a $1.25 line without a distinction between rural and urban (Himanshu, 2008, p. 42).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Though the share of food and agricultural products in global trade is small and declining, agricultural trade continues to play an important role for both overall economic development and food security in many developing and emerging economies. Moreover, in multilateral trade negotiations, tensions over agriculture have time and again caused particular difficulties and retarded progress in other sectors. The Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) concluded in the Uruguay Round w'as a milestone in multilateral efforts to create operationally effective disciplines governing agricultural trade. It established firm rules and clearly specified quantitative reduction commitments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the case of unemployment insurance (UI), for example, the condition that one must not formally work to be eligible for benefits provides potentially strong incentives to simultaneously receive benefits and work in the informal sector. This may be important, for example, in the case of Brazil. Moreover, workers who can choose between formal and informal work, and who do not perceive the potential benefits of social insurance as outweighing their costs in terms of contributions, may in effect opt out of mandatory social insurance programmes by taking up informal work. Not only can this be detrimental to workers’ well being in the longer term, but by reducing the number of contributors to social protection systems, it also has potentially deleterious consequences for economic growth and risk pooling. However, the extension of health coverage in Mexico through the establishment of a new non-contributory system, Seguro Popular, suggests that this does not necessarily have to be the case in practice. There appears to be essentially no relationship between the gradual geographical roll-out of Seguro Popular and the incidence of informal work, except perhaps for those workers with the highest propensity of moving between informal and formal work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This narrative review paper briefly and anecdotally discusses the current reality and future requirements across nations to invest in public health prevention strategies to ensure global health. Many novel public health campaigns have been underway and much of the research literature to date have explored a myriad of modalities to promote global health in the context of human and health security. We propose that a back-to-basics approach may benefit states and health policy. In light of the long emergency that is financial austerity for many nation-states with regional conflict displacing millions, prevention may be the best option for public health institutions to maximize best medical outcomes for populations. Comment is also made about disease prevention and the exploding noncommunicable disease wave hitting both the developed and developing world. This review paper makes the case for prevention of disease and emphasizes the benefits of vaccination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Parents’ views on the possibilities for networking and communication among parents are assessed in less than half of the countries (6 out of 15), as are their opinions on the daily schedules and planning of activities for their children. Parents are also not very often asked about the materials settings have (6 out of 15), nor about the relevance of the setting’s ECEC curriculum for home learning: only a quarter of the countries review this. Bergen’s monitoring practice shows how a large Norwegian municipality tackles its legal responsibilities for monitoring ECEC services, and how the monitoring practice fits into the broader frame of quality development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, the dichotomy between traditional knowledge and scientific knowledge is reported as a cause for underdevelopment. Participatory research and farmer-back-to-farmer models of technology transfer (Amanor et al., Similarly, disciplines such as ethnobiology have sought to build bridges between indigenous knowledge and modern science.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Remain on track while crossing this rocky terrain - a considerable period of time will be needed for all the reforms to take hold. This includes remuneration systems that separate compensation for teaching and research. Incentives provided with project and programme funding need to be aligned with the goals and processes of university reform. Whether these are returning expatriates or researchers without a Slovenian background, whether doctoral students or end-of-career professors, all should be welcome in principle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, in Malawian society, a child has more than two parents: 'The siblings of the biological parents are classified as "senior" and "junior" parents according to their order of birth. The "senior" and "junior" fathers are the elder and younger brothers of the father, respectively. The "senior" and "junior" mothers are the elder and younger sisters of the mother.' ( Individuals are connected to all these relatives through a broad network of blood relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The size of rental markets varies across countries from less than 10% in the Eastern European countries, Iceland, and Spain to nearly 40% in Germany. Another reason may be that the rental market is relatively small and the share of households living in reduced-rent or rent-free dwellings is significant, as in Poland and the Czech Republic. Examples are Reifner et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Through a case content analysis of over 450 court cases, this study examines whether the courts have systematically favored cost containment over access to health-care services across different types of court cases. We found that across all cases, the courts were more likely to rule for managed care defendants than individual plaintiffs. We also found that courts are actively considering policy objectives in their decisions and these policy issues are correlated with case outcomes. In particular, the courts were significantly more likely to rule for the plaintiff when justice/fairness issues controlled in the case outcome, but far more likely to rule for the defendant when cost/economic efficiency issues controlled. Our results suggest that while courts appear to be considering policy trade-offs, they have refrained from an active policymaking role by refusing to second-guess public policy favoring cost containment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This section presents a list of international documents relevant to the international human rights litigation in U.S. courts. The book examines the difficult jurisprudential issues raised by the Alien Tort Statute (ATS), placing the statute in the constitutional framework of federalism and separation of powers. It introduces the factors that determine who can sue and who can be sued in an ATS case and then addresses the standards by which the courts determine what violations fall within the reach of the statute.  Keywords: Alien Tort Statute (ATS), international human rights litigation
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To some writers and commentators, fully fledged organised cybercrime is currently emerging. Law enforcement spokesmen and Internet security firms have even made comparisons between the structure of cybercriminal enterprises and organisations like La Cosa Nostra. But, in reality, conventional criminal labels applied to cybercrime are themselves often poorly understood by those who employ them. The purpose of this research note is to apply scholarly rigor to the question of whether profit-driven cybercrime can fit underneath formal definitions of organised crime and mafias. It proceeds in three sections: the first section outlines academic definitions of organised crime, mafias and cybercrime, the second section assesses whether online cybercriminal trading forums, perhaps the most visible and documented examples of cybercriminal organisation, might constitute mafias as some contend, the third section briefly discusses some other less documented examples of ‘organised’ cybercrime and assesses the broader po...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nevertheless, variable renewable producers benefit from a tolerance for deviation of 20%, while conventional producers are accorded only 5%. However, in this case renewable producers receive a regulated premium over and above the hourly electricity price, the premium payment representing the presumed positive externality stemming from the use of the renewable technology. In some cases, the remuneration for renewable producers has also seen floors and caps put in place to mitigate the uncertainty resulting from variable electricity prices (such as in Spain, Royal Decree 661/2007, NREL, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The decision usually is between conserving (moving on with the current plan) or pivoting (further modify MVP plan to respond to market and user demands). This is usually done as a parallel solution to traditional systems and transactions, in order to fully gauge blockchain potential. From this point on, the pilot programme moves to the operation phase and is managed according to the pre-defined plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The quality of employment for a person with more than one job ideally takes important characteristics of the secondary job(s) into account. Quality of employment is a multidimensional concept. Employment is characterised by many different facets, or dimensions, which relate to human needs in various ways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In addition, they have an important place in the food web and play a valuable role in carbon cycling by locking away carbon dioxide and nitrogen, which is eventually deposited on the ocean bottom, thereby slowing the impact of global warming. The ecosystem services provided by the marine environment are attributable to its vast size and to a large extent to its complex ecosystems and biodiversity. It is therefore most important to preserve the marine environment and its bioresources. Marine biotechnology can play an important role in reaching these goals. Biosensors are devices composed of a biological sensing component linked to a signalling component which can reveal the presence of an element, molecule or organism of interest. They can detect changes in analytical or biological parameters and may be useful for detecting quickly the presence of invasive species that can disrupt marine ecosystems and the habitats of marine or terrestrial organisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The costs of services may vaiy by location for at least three reasons (Tomalty and Skaburskis, 1997). First, the distance of each development from major facilities makes a difference. A development far away from an existing water treatment plant, for example, may require an additional pumping station. To be efficient, development charges would be higher in these locations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)