albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
To pursue their studies, many educated young women are choosing to delay marriage until after graduation. Even in the oil-rich countries known for their conservative gender norms, the rise in the share of young, unmarried women is apparent, the average age of women’s marriage in Qatar and United Arab Emirates is 25, but 20 in Saudi Arabia (annex 2 table A.10). The general trend towards delayed marriage is also closely related to the economic crisis and the high levels of unemployment, particularly unemployment among young men because men tend to bear the financial burden of marriage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If all those reforms happened in a particularly rigid state - as it is likely to be the case, it is highly probable that employment will still suffer from this former rigidity. It will then introduce a negative bias in the evaluation. A positive value means a pro-worker state’s legislation (often tied to institutional rigidity) and a negative value means pro-employer legislation (more liberal). Conversely to labor reform’s index we do not have this index for every states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This book introduces social scientists to the difference that critical realism can make to theorising and methodological problems within the contemporary social sciences. The chapters, which cover such topics as cultural studies, feminism, globalization, heterodox economics, education policy, the self, and the 'underclass' debate, are arranged in four sections dealing with some of the major topics in contemporary social science: ethics, the consequences of the 'linguistic turn', methodology and globalization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Interventions in developing Asia are thus shown to be somewhat effective in providing insulation against world market volatility. Asian rice producing and consuming countries have a long history of using border measures to successfully stabilise domestic prices (Timmer, 2010). In contrast, interventions in Africa were such as to possibly even destabilise domestic markets (Jayne and Tschirley, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These officials review the four-year plan for each county' to consider projects with an impact on the environment (biodiversity, pollution, water), and investments in PAs. The environment commissioners also review management plans. The National Institute for Research and Development in Environmental Protection is the scientific body that controls the use of sturgeon, to ensure its good conservation status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Indeed, most critics of early mitigation efforts, including those challenging the science of climate change, tend to defer all policy needs to support to R&D efforts. They argue that if the science confirms the necessity of mitigating climate change, the necessary carbon-lean technologies will be made available (Lomborg, 2001). One is climate change, due to the negative externality of GHG emissions: the other is underinvestment of private firms in R&D activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Consequently, strong system governance and leadership plays a key role. A set of quality indicators have been developed to compare OECD countries in a number of areas including health promotion, prevention and primary care, cancer care, patient safety and responsiveness and patient experiences. Acknowledging the dearth of appropriate international quality indicators for mental health, the HCQI project has also developed indicators for mental health care and the evolution of this process is described in the following section.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Reported research findings may show apparent bias, depending on the source of funding for the study, as has been suggested for industry-funded research on BPA (EEA 2013). However, it has been argued that guidelines based on more traditional toxicity testing, using exposure to relatively high contaminant concentrations of a single substance, are not appropriate to pick up more subtle changes that can affect a large proportion of the population, with mixtures of plastic-related compounds (Talsness et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Schizophrenia costs were approximately GBP 6.7 billion in England in 2004-05. For more details on IAPT, see section 4.1. The vast majority of mental health care and other health services, with the exception of fixed co-payments on prescriptions, is received free at the point of use and paid for by either the NHS or Local Authorities. The independent English health charity The King’s Fund has estimated the direct costs of mental illness across the population in England at GBP 22.5 billion a year (McCrone et al., Evidence shows that approximately 30% of people living with a long-term physical health condition also have co-morbid mental health problems (Cimpean and Drake 2011). International studies suggest that co-morbid mental health problems increase the cost of care for long-term conditions by at least 45% (OECD, 2014) and go uncounted in the estimation of the NHS mental health spending.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Rwanda now has some of the most progressive laws in Africa to empower women and protect them from violence. Laws and policies alone are insufficient to eradicate discrimination, but they can be important first steps. They often lack easy access to public transportation, government offices and other public spaces such as hospitals, making it more difficult to participate in economic, social and political life—or to seek assistance when faced with threats to their physical well-being. Particularly vulnerable among people with disabilities are those in poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This work is legally assigned to the State Ministry for Sustainable Development, together with verifying the consistency of Local Ecological Zoning Programmes that are reviewed by the State Ministry and its federal counterpart (Ministry for the Environment and Natural Resources, SEMARNAT). However, the responsibility for licences or binding permits is that of the issuing of authority that controls such a programme, i.e. the state government for regional programmes and municipalities for municipal programmes. At this level of spatial planning, growing areas or territorial reserves to be used in the future are defined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Concluding Observations Jordan Fifth Periodic Report." Concluding Observations Bahamas Combined First thru Fifth Periodic Report." In her report she makes it clear that: 'When a woman is unable to access adequate housing and land mainly because she is a woman, she is not only affected in terms of her immediate material needs, she is also relegated to a subordinate and dependent position within society because of her gender. Ensuring that women have access to and control over, vital resources such as housing and land is essential to challenging and changing gender power structures and patterns of gender inequality which continue to oppress, exclude and relegate women to the margins. The treaties on the face of it take a fairly formal equality view of this issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The evidence, however, is less reliable than the corresponding evidence for smoking. However, healthcare and productivity costs associated with specific dietary patterns, and specific foods, are disputable, due to the unclear relationships between diet and future health outcomes. The cost-effectiveness of interventions designed for changing health behaviours is largely unknown.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Smart metering systems, i.e. systems which provide information on the energy consumption and its cost in real time and allow the introduction of peakload pricing, could contribute to reducing peaks in demand. Overall, while ensuring the adequate development of infrastructures, Germany should ensure that the most efficient technologies are used on the electricity network. In 2009, less than 40% of the investment in grid extension initially planned materialized. According to the Federal Network Agency, the reasons behind these delays relate to public opposition at the local level (e.g. with respect to overhead power lines), fractured responsibilities for site approval and in some cases changing procedures. To address inter alia the lack of public acceptance, discussion platforms bringing together the main stakeholders involved in grid expansion were established in February 2011 to generate an active follow up and engagement of the different stakeholders. In addition, the “Grid Development Act” of 2009 facilitates the planning and authorisation process for 24 strategic grid expansion projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Medium: Common guidance could specify the type of information to be reported, but not how, definitions and terms may vary by country and would need to be explained. Low: Other than general categories, it would be difficult to specify the information a country should reporte, would vary in order to understand country-specific contexts. This would require a much closer alignment between reporting on finance received and reporting on finance provided, including coverage of funds (e.g. types of flows and instruments) and their status (committed vs. disbursed). The provider would report these as a bilateral flow, but if the receiving country reports this information, it may do so as coming from the multilateral institution (status unclear in BRs and BURs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It focuses on how well these levers are working and where new policy responses may be required. Evidence from formal evaluations, recent OECD reviews on related topics, as well as evidence gathered as part of the OECD review team's interviews and workshops with key stakeholders are used to ascertain the effectiveness of current policy approaches and to identify where gaps exist. The chapter also provides international examples that Norway may wish to consider when thinking about ways to better support the labour market relevance of its higher education system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The number of heroin seizures and the quantities seized at the border with Mexico have also risen sharply, from 846 kg seized in 295 incidents in 2009 to 2,196 kg seized in 580 incidents in 2013. The increased smuggling of Mexican and Colombian heroin into the United States through the Mexican border has led to a change in heroin trafficking patterns, as western states in the United States are becoming major transit areas for the drug. In Mexico, opium poppy eradication efforts have continued. According to UNODC, Mexico eradicated 14,662 hectares of opium poppy cultivation in 2013, a decrease of 7 per cent since 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
About 10 ha are required for cooling towers, if the unit uses indirect or dry cooling. The same 10 ha surface is required if storage buildings for spent fuel and waste are foreseen on the layout. Finally, an area of about 10 ha is required in the vicinity of the power plant for an outdoor substation. Thus, a nuclear installation of one or two units requires a minimal area of 50-80 ha, depending on cooling method and needs for interim waste storage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It includes policy reports, which are officially declassified by an OECD committee, and occasionally working papers, which are meant to share early knowledge and elicit feedback. This document is a working paper. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The fact that the language used in Section 3(d) of the Patents Act speaks of “exclusions”, which indirectly evokes Article 30 of the TRIPS Agreement, is inconsequential for the reason that all compounds that are not inventions, or not novel, are automatically “excluded” from patentability by definition. The efficacy criterion is used as an element of the invention or novelty test. Under TRIPS, members are free to define these terms according to their policy preferences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper examines the compatibility of democratization and corruption in Ghana. It uses institutional explanations of unitarism and presidentialism as independent variables to explicate why the adoption of democratic government has not addressed the problem of corruption and the consequent inefficiencies in public sector management. While unitarism draws attention to how the supremacy of national institutions and centralization of power make corruption in public management a fact of life in Ghana, presidentialism explains how the supremacy of the presidency undermines legislative oversight functions. The paper concludes that steps should be taken to divest the presidency of some of its powers, and politicians must also promote best practices in the bureaucracy and local government administration in order to address corruption and inefficiency in public sector management.           Key words: Unitarism, presidentialism, institutions, decentralization, corruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Target 14.a refers to scientific knowledge and transfer of technology. Lastly, target I4.c refers to the implementation of international law as reflected in UNCLOS. Many of these are adaptations of pre-existing targets that figured in other pieces of international legislation, such as the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (for example, target 14.4 on sustainable fisheries) or the Aichi Targets (for example, target 14.5 on protection of marine and coastal areas).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The recent issuance of new licenses that address earlier differences among GSM license terms, while authorising the introduction of broadband wireless services, can boost the level of competition. The Government could consider unifying licenses to make them technology and service neutral to encourage service providers to develop innovative services and leverage advanced technologies. The license award process should be transparent and competitive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In addition, research is increasingly concerned with analysing the work-life balance, barriers to improving this balance and the characteristics of companies implementing measures to balance work and family life, and with demonstrating the benefits of family-friendly policies at company level (Wakisaka, 2007, Atsumi, 2007, and Kodama etal., In 2005, a law was passed obliging companies with more than 300 workers to set up action plans to promote their work-life balance and an accreditation system was introduced to encourage companies to implement childcare-leave schemes (OECD, 2008a, and Takeishi, 2007). Other measures concern reducing working hours for parents with young children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Further effort should be focused on addressing inequalities in access to health care services - between regions, as well as between cities and rural areas - taking into account the country’s geography and low population density in health care delivery planning. Networks of facilities at all levels should be reorganised in a manner compatible with and supportive of the new service delivery models, and aligned with population trends and access patterns. For this exercise, a starting point could be the service delivery master plans developed in recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Policy is an important feature of public and private organizations. Within the field of health as a policy arena, public health has emerged in which policy is vital to decision making and the deployment of resources. Public health practitioners and students need to be able to analyze public health policy, yet many feel daunted by the subject's complexity. This article discusses three approaches that simplify policy analysis: Bacchi's "What's the problem?" approach examines the way that policy represents problems. Colebatch's governmentality approach provides a way of analyzing the implementation of policy. Bridgman and Davis's policy cycle allows for an appraisal of public policy development. Each approach provides an analytical framework from which to rigorously study policy. Practitioners and students of public health gain much in engaging with the politicized nature of policy, and a simple approach to policy analysis can greatly assist one's understanding and involvement in policy work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The longer the time period before normal consumption patterns resume, the more likely it is that health will be affected. Economic downturns also vary in type of industries affected which, in turn, leads to widespread heterogeneity across time and countries in the population groups most affected by recessions. Furthermore, economic downturns may be geographic, particularly if affected industries operate within certain regions of a country. Importantly, economic downturns do not affect all individuals equally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the context of the UK's transport appraisal this focuses particularly on the agglomerations of economic activity. Much of the agglomeration benefit arises from effectively bringing larger numbers of people and businesses closer together. In high-value service sectors like finance, this includes creating an environment where excellent accessibility for short trips is the essential feature, opening opportunities for frequent face-to-face contact and serendipitous meetings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, the differential narrows if the analysis looks only at secondary school teachers. These data therefore do not include bonuses or other allowances to which not all teachers are entitled. Lastly, salaries are converted into US dollars (USD) on the basis of purchasing power parties (PPPs) which equalise the purchasing power of each country's currency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Making-work-pay policies have two main goals: raising employment and limiting in-work poverty. Empirical evidence tends to show that the positive effects on headcount employment outweigh the costs associated with reduced incentives to work more hours (Immervoll and Pearson, 2009). Evaluations have mainly concerned periods of buoyant labour demand, which raises the question of how effective these policies are in an economic downturn, when wages need to adjust downwards if additional jobs are to be forthcoming. Even so, an EITC can still be effective as a tool to reduce in-work poverty in times of crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A major mechanism for conservation of biological diversity is through the designation and appropriate management of a network of protected areas. These are positioning the country well for the process of accession to the EU. The instruments most pertinent for the conservation of biodiversity and protection of natural heritage are the Law on Nature Protection, the Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, and the National Strategy for Sustainable Development. The Law on Nature Protection, (No.67/2004, 14/2006, 84/2007, 35/2010, and 47/2011) transposes the EU Birds Directive and Habitat Directive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Another contributing factor is that there are societal pressures not to expose private matters, with norms encouraging silence and subordination. Considering that the victims are young persons who depend upon their parents, they may not be capable of suing on their own. They will require the support and cooperation of their parents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Likewise, women gain financial independence and increased decision-making power when they emigrate (Peleah, 2007). Specifically, social remittance exchanges occur when migrants return to live in or visit their communities of origin, when non-migrants visit migrants abroad, or through the exchange of e-mails, blog posts and telephone calls (Levitt, 1998). In this way, migrants carry new ideas, practices and narratives which influence the social institutions and norms of their origin countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Analysing the EU’s System of Government on the basis of the treaties establishing the Community and the Union leads to identifying five basic government functions, which are distributed in a complex system of checks and balances between the EU institutions and between the latter and member states’ institutions. Those five functions may be characterised as legislative function, which evolved over time from rule making to law making, the executive function which consists in implementing common policies, the supervisory function, consisting of judicial review and of oversight of member state’s compliance with their treaty obligations, the function of direction, consisting of policy guidance and programming, and an organic function consisting in institutional development. The new wording of the relevant treaty clauses by the Lisbon treaty clarifies the nature and distribution of these five functions and thus enable us to understand how separation of powers is organised in the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Over-exploitation of some water resources and changes in the hydromorphology of water systems have also damaged aquatic ecosystems. Setting and enforcing minimum ecological water flow rates in rivers and restoration of morphology of river channels and banks and flow regimes to a more natural state are increasingly a part of environmental planning in some OECD countries, stimulated in the European Union by the European Water Framework Directive (Box 5.9). It is expected that these effects will be aggravated by climate change and increased water temperatures (Mooij et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It then applies this approach at a global level, using data from the literature, to identify future water risk hotspot countries for agricidture production. The evidence points to the People's Republic of China, India and the United States as the leading agricultural producing countries most likely to be impacted. Specific water risks within these countries, in the identified key agriculture production regions of Northeast China, Northwest India and Southwest United States, are reviewed. The use ofsuch data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2011, the number of infant deaths estimated in the region was 2.36 million, which represents about 46 per cent of the total number of infant deaths worldwide. As mortality among older children has declined, neonatal mortality has increased as a proportion of all under-5 deaths. In terms of neonatal mortality, six countries have rates above 25 deaths per 1,000 live births, namely Afghanistan (36.2), Pakistan (35.6), India (32.3), Myanmar (29.9), Nepal (27.0) and Bangladesh (26.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The subsidy also allows for some payment flexibility to avoid evictions in the face of temporary income loss: a tenant who is late with up to three months of payments can pay them later without losing the subsidy. If the tenant does not pay for more than three months, the subsidy is withdrawn. While a rent guarantee is provided through a savings deposit made by the tenant, the end of the subsidy does result in the termination of contract.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)