albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Values or the welfare impact of landscape changes are therefore to a large extent driven by accessibility and proximity to people. As not all landscape changes affect ecosystem services to a degree that warrants a closer appraisal, we suggest a step-wise method starting with a screening phase to determine the most important ESs that are affected, followed by a more detailed appraisal and, where possible, monetary valuation of welfare changes for those ecosystem services that have been found most important. The step-wise method we suggest is inspired by the review in NCM (2015), and more specifically based on Atkins and Metroeconomica (2013) and Vista Analyse (2016a). In our case, we limit the use of the method to impacts on landscape experiences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Following a typical banking model may not be sufficient to cater to the financial and non-financial needs of unbanked women. Savings and credit products need to be fine-tuned to cater to the various lifecycle needs of women, such as children’s education, a daughter’s marriage or long-term saving for old age and medical emergencies. While savings and credit products remain the most important pillars for a women-owned/ managed SACO, other services such as financial literacy awareness programmes, insurance services or pension products can also be delivered through the same co-operative banking channel, if regulatory institutions permit such product offering. Although the grass-roots women owners and senior managers of the SACO need to be mentored and trained in the initial years, it is necessary to let them lead and choose the path for the organisation once they have matured in their leadership roles. As their sense of ownership increases, the women become more involved in runningthese enterprises. Grass-roots women are more aware of the key challenges that plague poor women clients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Based on the new Basic Plan, a new farm income support payment was launched for rice farmers as a single year pilot programme in 2010. The payments are designed to bridge the gap between the actual average producer price and a reference level of nation-wide production cost. In this counter-cyclical scheme the reference producer price is set as the national average producer price of the past three years. This pilot programme is expected to continue in 2011, extending this new income support payments for upland crops such as wheat, barley and soybean.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
One possibility would be to extend the claim period, another would be to provide a “workseeker’s allowance” once benefits have expired. Given that the maximum claim period is 238 days and many claimants will receive benefits for a shorter time, this implies that significantly less than 442 000 people were in receipt of unemployment benefits at any given time.) This figure is in stark contrast to the number of unemployed, which currently stands at 4 125 000 according to the strict (narrow, official) definition or 5 642 000 according to the expanded (broad) definition (Stats SA, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Abstract   Because of globalization and liberalization of the world-economy policy reforms, emerging economies have been gained popularity in academic research, especially the economics and finance areas. Indeed, India is next to China in Asian emerging markets. As of economic-policy reforms implemented in 1991, a number of sectors are being developed and restructured via mergers and acquisitions (M&As) particularly the banking sector. In this paper, we discuss India's economic-policy and financial reforms, M&As market during 2006–2010, and other policy-related aspects. In this setting, we investigate the Axis Bank–Enam Securities investment banking merger occurred in 2010. To do so, we perform ex-ante analysis by using the event study method, and offer lawful proposals to the ex-post for financial development, economic growth, and banking sector as well. We then draw fruitful conclusions through triangular linkage between the select case, post-deregulation guidelines and the current investment banking trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, it is difficult to accurately calculate innovation expenditures since these types of costs are not specified in firms’ financial accounts. Moreover, countries do not collect systematic information on the sources of funding for innovation expenditures. The DAC statistical system on development activities is also not designed to capture innovation expenditures. While many development activities can include innovative approaches, including the use of innovative financing mechanisms, it does not necessarily mean that the activities supports innovation, but rather represent innovation in the delivery of development assistance.3 It is also difficult to determine the outcomes from capacity-building exercises, in particular whether the training leads to innovation in products, processes or methods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This is largely driven by investments in renewable energy projects in developing countries by bilateral DFIs and private sector operations of the development banks, but also by a significant number of technical assistance programmes targeting energy efficiency and renewable energy, such as training and capacity building for utilities, support for the development of clean technologies, and feasibility or demonstration projects for small scale renewables and energy efficiency technologies. The second largest share of private sector engagement went to green banking efforts and multi-sector projects (e.g. urban development). With respect to the banking sector, almost all development partners’ efforts included the development of green credit lines to support the uptake of renewable energy and energy efficiency in developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The idea was to use government procurement to nudge the private sector to move towards environmentally-friendly goods and services. Greening was defined as measures that conserve water and energy, reduce solid waste, improve vehicle management and encourage the purchase of environmentally-sensitive products and services (GoJ 2001). Its focus was on community-based environmental management systems for coastal resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
These organisms can be found living in subterranean water-filled karst cavities and in water bodies in above-ground caves. This life comprises many ancient species of crustaceans, such as Microcharon, Microcerberus, Stygctsellus and the archiannelid, Troglochaetus. To strengthen the data and information management system for biodiversity conservation, Romania participated in the UNDP/GEF project entitled Support to Alignment of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) with the CBD and Development of a Clearing House Mechanism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This is carried out in view' of the objective in the Tenth Development Plan to adopt irrigation policies based on agricultural basins and on agricultural parcels (MOD, 2014). This development is linked to the approximation process with EU regulations, w'hich includes agri-environmental measures as part of Common Agricultural Policy. Beyond agri-environmental measures, Turkey has developed other environmental regulations as part of the approximation process, such as Nitrate Directive, Water Framework Directive (Chapter 3). Several activities to combat soil erosion, such as soil erosion control, afforestation, land rehabilitation, establishment of energy forests, and artificial regeneration are included in the 2013-17 Action Plan “Combating soil erosion” (MOFWA, 2012). This programme is implemented in 30 provinces, and has grown with time, with a budget of TRY 35 million (USD 18.4 million) for 9 195 farmers for a total field area of 33 172 ha in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Representing around 10 per cent of catches, tropical longliners target mainly yellowfin and bigeye, while southern longline fishers target albacore. However, the emergence of modern technology, particularly fish aggregating devices (FADs),13 is continually improving cost-effectiveness. Other fishing methods have not seen similar growth or have declined (ISSF 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Instead, both categories of SEN students of compulsory school age have grown over the last 10 years at a rate that should set alarm bells ringing. In 2013, 6% of Year 1-9 students were in special schools and 5% were attending mainstream schools (see also Chapter 2). The Ministry of Education needs to be more proactive in ensuring that assessment for SEN categorisation and hence funding is carried out using consistent criteria and is not motivated by other considerations such as obtaining increased funding or little motivation to include certain students groups in mainstream education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
2200A (XXI), UN General Assembly Official Records (GAOR), 21st Sess., A/6316 (1966), 999 UN Treaty Series (UNTS) 171, 173 (entered into force Mar. 23, 1976), International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Dec. 16, 1966, art. A/6316 (1966), 993 UNTS 3, 5 (entered into force Jan. 3, 1976).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The major reason found for these limited impacts was that export subsidisation for these products implied in the base line projections was relatively small due to projected increases in w'orld market prices and policy reforms, in particular in the European Union.24 For dairy products, however, the effects were found to be much larger: 9% in the final year for skim milk powder, 15% for whole milk powder and as much as 26% for butter. At the same time, it was found that domestic prices in the countries eliminating export subsidies declined significantly, even for crops. For example, the European Union’s domestic price for coarse grains decreased by 14% in the final year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Patent system system integration has altered the balance between the interests of patent holders and society. Two turning points in this process are examined: the 1883 Paris Convention, and the1978 launch of the Patent Cooperation Treaty and the European Patent Convention. The article shows how these treaties evolved and how further integration occurred after their implementation, following unforeseen/unintended paths stemming partly from technological change. Overall, global patent system integration has increased the territorial reach of patents, curtailed national restrictions on their use, enhanced rights of patent applicants/holders, and broadened patentability definitions. Corporations, the dominant patent holders, are the principal beneficiaries of these changes. Patents have become powerful, sometimes hegemonic tools for corporations to control technology, people, and markets on a global scale. A case study shows how Monsanto used its European patents on GM soybeans to make Argentina change its patent laws, to the perceived detriment of Argentine farmers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, the report explores the literature on direct teaching behaviours that may help foster student learning in more traditional teaching settings. Despite the promising evidence linking problem-based learning and effective teaching in higher education to certain aspects ofskills for innovation, more work is needed in this area. There is strong potential for further research to provide additional important insights into the development of skills for innovation. It forms part of the CERI Innovation Strategy for Education and Skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Instead, the cost of gasoline subsidies was transferred to PT Pertamina, which had to account for $1 billion in costs in 2015 alone to cover the difference between market prices and subsidized prices. This financial burden threatened the liquidity of the state-owned company. To counteract this, an Energy Security Fund was set up in 2016 to stabilise fuel prices, subsidising them when global fuel prices are higher than domestic prices and using additional revenue to fill the fund while global prices are low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Protection and Rational Use of the Forest of the Green Zones. General Requirements”, and Industry-Specific Construction Code 3-84/Gosgrazhdanstroy “The Scope, Development Procedures, Coordination, and Approval of Construction Documentation for the Green Belts of Cities”. There are gaps in the legislation to ensure better protection and rational use of cities’ green zones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Public guardians are appointed by the state to meet the needs of incapacitated citizens when no other willing or responsible surrogate decision maker exists. These public administrators, who live the decisional life of another citizen, need meaningful controls and accountability because of the great private and public authority that is entrusted to them. A review of program documents, interviews with public guardians and their program supervisors, and participant observations revealed complex roles for the public guardian: service monitor, service broker, client advocate, surrogate decision maker, and relationship architect. Because of the multiplicity of roles and few controls on their actions, public guardians' accountability should first be drawn from mechanical mechanisms (for instance, thorough audits and sanctions for infractions), but a second and necessary control is the principles of public administration, which are grounded in normative values and democratic governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Attainment of sustainable cities in many ways relate to effective planning, development and enforcement of inclusive policies, strong economic actions and strategies, environmental protection plans, sustainable investments which accommodate the needs of all people regardless of their age, gender, social or economic status. Data, information and knowledge are essential in responding to fundamental questions. Some of these are: Which are the drivers and actors of city growth?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The FDI regime has been liberalised, but Indonesia still remains more restrictive towards FDI than most OECD countries. In fact, agriculture has become more restrictive towards FDI over the last few years with upper limits to foreign equity for food crops decreasing from 95% in 2007 to 49% in 2010. For example, the Horticulture Law enacted in 2010 lowered the upper limit of foreign ownership in horticulture business to 30% and businesses must comply within four years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This report suggests that blockchain technologies and their underlying concepts have the potential to deliver sustainable infrastructure by unlocking opportunity along the infrastructure value chain. Instead, these functions are accomplished by decentralising the network in which data is stored and by providing a validation mechanism through which all participants in the network have an immutable single “source of truth”. The so-called “smart contracts” which are enabled by blockchain technology allow for the automated execution of a transaction when one or more preconditions are met, thus providing a potential for significant efficiency gains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Prices can also be regulated through interventions in the physical market by government agencies and companies. Upgrading rice value chains and strengthening the function of key actors including input suppliers, producers, processors, traders, wholesaler and importers, is therefore paramount for building access for poor farmers to profitable urban markets and realising the potential contribution of the rice sector to transformative economic growth. The study of the rice network (Chapter 4) shows that women occupy peripheral positions in the value chain, which limit their ability to grow their profits or influence prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some poor countries would be likely to suffer particularly severely. This chapter demonstrates how avoiding these economic, social and environmental costs will require effective policies to shift economies onto low-carbon and climate-resilient growth paths. The Environmental Outlook Baseline scenario envisages that without more ambitious policies than those in force today, GHG emissions will increase by more than 50% by 2050, primarily driven by a projected 70% growth in CO2 emissions from energy use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The chapter provides insights into the overall cost of water resources management, across junctions and institutions, examines the various sources of financing, and summarises key studies on projectedfuture costs. Based on the OECD’s framework for financing water resources management, it also identifies opportunities to improve financial sustainability. Particular attention is paid to the application of the “beneficiary pays” and “polluter pays ” principles, as well as incentives for cost efficiency and the fair allocation of costs across water users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The descriptors are fundamental for defining such reference states and further to elaborate threshold values between the levels in the model based on ecological attributes. Extreme conditions may contribute to lower resilience in ecosystems of the north, thus requiring more attention. The degradation history of Iceland after human arrival illustrates how new pressures brought by people on fragile ecosystems can have catastrophic impacts (Arnalds 1987). The removal of trees and introduction of grazing animals triggered degradation processes that lead to loss of birch woodlands (Aradottir & Arnalds 2001) and vegetation cover (Thorsteinsson etai.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The success story of Korean economic development is intimately linked with the so-called developmental state, and education policy, as part of centrally orchestrated industrial policy, played a critical role in the country's rapid industrialisation, which allowed for high employment rates, relatively modest social inequality and remarkable social mobility. However, the Korean success story has started to show ‘cracks’ – with labour market dualisation, rising inequality and ‘over-education’. While acknowledging the importance of the East Asian financial crisis as external shock for the Korean political economy, we suggest more fundamental problems in the socio-economic and socio-political underpinnings of the developmental state and its education and skills formation system for understanding how Korea's economic and education miracle turned into ‘education inflation’, skills mismatch and social polarisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Opening for trade, the domestic economy may have a positive effect on workers' wages and firms' profits through two channels. Second, the increasing demand for existing product varieties leads to a massification of products. However, increased global participation may come at a cost and may limit future economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, systematic, credible and independent empirical evidence on gender-differentiated impacts remains limited. The traditional gender division of labour within households, especially in rural areas, typically entails women being overburdened with household and unpaid work, including fetching water, gathering firewood, and food preparation (Lele, 1986). In Cambodia women spend 30 per cent more time than men on housework and six times more in Guinea (Duflo, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As already noted, social protection systems, including safety nets, as well as broader social protection policies and programmes, are designed to protect the most vulnerable against short-term economic and food price shocks, thereby enhancing their coping capacity. At the same time, they can also contribute to long-term resilience, by strengthening the ability of small-scale farmers to manage risks and adapt. Evidence has shown that climate change reduces investment incentives in agriculture and the ability to adopt better adaptation strategies, with negative effects on food production. As observed in Ethiopia’s Nile Basin, which has been affected by changes in temperatures and rainfall over the past 20 years, farmers experiencing financial constraints were less likely to introduce recommended adaptation methods, while those who could afford to adapt undertook soil conservation, used different crop varieties and irrigated their farms (Deressa and others, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The decline occurred in both rural and urban areas: the rural poverty rate fell from 94 to 26 per cent and the urban poverty rate fell from 45 to less than 2 per cent during this period. They have been able to capitalize effectively on the opportunities offered by strong growth to significantly reduce extreme poverty. Indeed, the big three success stories—China, Indonesia and Viet Nam—together account for an absolute drop in the numbers of the extreme poor of 718 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Feminist Press, 2007), p. 212. It began to be understood as primarily an "add-on" to existing development policies.16 Specifically, this approach failed to factor women's reproductive and informal-sector work into its analyses. It also treated women as a homogenized category, missing the impact of intersectional discrimination as a result of class and race.17 In short, this liberal feminist model failed to have a transformative effect on the lives of women.18 Gender neutrality ignored gendered structural inequalities which had, and indeed continue to have, negative effects on women. The women and development approach further argued that the failure to integrate women as economic actors in their societies contributed to sustaining existing international structures of inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Public housing redevelopment in the United States is virtually synonymous with the HOPE VI program, through which the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development has transformed over 250 housing projects into mixed-income communities. However, the overall the extent of public housing redevelopment has far exceeded the original mandate of HOPE VI due to the expansion of Demolition/Disposition activities facilitated by the program. The permissiveness of such activities has resulted in the replacement of housing projects with luxury condominiums, shopping and convention centers, and other land uses unrelated to affordable housing. In the process, over 210,000 housing units guaranteed to be affordable to low-income households have been removed from the country’s public housing inventory. This article investigates the foundations, the overall scope, and the characteristics of Demolition/Disposition activities beyond the purview of HOPE VI, and discusses their implications for the uncertain future of public housing in the U.S.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Air emissions generated by tourists may also be estimated to measure the environmental impacts of tourism. Reported statistics worldwide have shown this protocol to be very effective in phasing out the use of these substances. Examples of ODSs include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and methyl bromide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre fra ng a is d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com. Mobilising clean energy investment will also help to reduce local air pollution, improving health and well-being, and it can create opportunities for developed and developing countries alike.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)