albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The dollar cost for removing each kg of P was determined by SNC based on its history of delivering projects. Using earlier trading formulae (Batchelor, 1999, Draper, 1997), it was possible to calculate the amount of P controlled for a number of projects completed by SNC prior to the trading programme starting. Since the total cost for each of these projects was known, it was possible to derive an average cost of CAD 400 (2009 figures) for each kg of P. This figure is reviewed by South Nation Conservation annually, and is generally increased by yearly inflation figures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The most influential factors in the United Kingdom are, in this order, self-reported health, employment status, perceived freedom of choice and the state of the environment. Indicators of material living standards, such as income or wealth, have a much smaller effect, in line with other OECD countries. All else equal, doubling income increases average wellbeing by only 0.1 units, in a scale of life satisfaction ranging from 1 to 10. This compares to larger well-being losses associated to becoming unemployed, 0.45 points, or gains from perceived health, for which a one point improvement (for example, from good to very good health) yields a 0.5 points increase in life satisfaction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Furthermore, business and labour organisations are represented on the body as consulting members. The work of the decision-making body is supported by a permanent secretariat with a staff of 25-30. Beyond the preparation of the Spatial Development Concept, OROK also monitors spatial development across Austria. It has developed an online tool that provides a mapping function of a variety of important indicators at the municipal and regional level and releases a report on the state of spatial development every three years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Multilateral providers also increased their commitments by USD 1.9 billion to USD 22.7 billion. The EU Institutions and the World Bank remain the main contributors providing almost two-thirds of multilateral aid for trade. Main increases in 2015 were provided by the Arab Fund, the African Development Bank, EU Institutions and IFAD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
But even after accounting for the socioeconomic status and demographic background of students and schools and various other school characteristics, in the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Switzerland schools whose principals reported that teacher shortages hinder learning tend to show lower average performance (Table IV.1.12c). On average across OECD countries, almost half of the performance differences between schools are accounted for jointly by school resources and students' and schools' socioeconomic status and demographic profile (Table IV.1.8a).16 This suggests that much of the impact of socio-economic status on performance is mediated by the resources invested in schools. As shown in Figure 1V.1.11, even after accounting for per capita GDP, 30% of the variation in mathematics performance across OECD countries can be explained by the level of similarities in principals' report on school s' educational resources between socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Bhutan’s eleventh Five Year Plan (2013-2018), for example, establishes graduation by 2020 as a top priority, while Nepal’s Thirteenth Plan includes a target of graduation by 2022 (brought forward from 2030 in the Twelfth Plan in light of the IPoA graduation target). Bangladesh is focusing primarily on the HAI criterion, as it has already fulfilled the EVI criterion and remains far below the graduation threshold for GNI. Here, civil society has been active in discussing the prospects for and policies towards graduation, led by the Centre for Policy Dialogue, a local think tank. Myanmar, for example, has established a high-level committee on graduation headed by the Vice-President, and specific subcommittees for each of the graduation criteria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Fourth, small and medium-sized enterprises only rarely embark on collaborative programmes with higher education institutions. The Government of Malaysia is called upon to take steps to reduce or eliminate these obstacles. Increasing the incentives for collaborative research would be particularly helpful.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This trend stands in sharp contrast with the performance of objective indicators of inequality, especially of poverty in Chile, deviates from what has been said about the role that may be played by a president from sectors habitually excluded from power (in this case, by the country's first-ever female president) and is also inconsistent with the various efforts made in Chile to broaden the social safety net. The factors that may explain this include the targeted nature of social programmes implemented in Chile (even though that has changed considerably in recent years) and the population's low level of confidence in the country's institutions. The pension system was thoroughly overhauled in 2000, based on forums for social dialogue, the most important of which was the 1998 Forum for National Consensus Building (Foro de Concertacidn Nacional).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This involves optimizing processes and reducing defects to achieve better management and more efficient use of time and resources. This in turn can lead to greater customer satisfaction and an enlarged client base - domestically (for example, in public procurement) or internationally. For firms and developers in developing and transition economies, quality standards are relevant to building trust among potential foreign clients - a key parameter to win offshoring contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The next-most common (also one-dimensional) profiles were those corresponding to “deaths of live-born children” and “disposal of household waste”, with over 5 million people registering those types of deprivation in each case. The fourth-most common profile was a combination of two indicators: “sewerage system” and “deaths of live-born children”, with over 4 million people exhibiting that profile. This is followed by four different one-dimensional profiles: “school attendance”, “overcrowding”, “child labour” and “household assets”, with over 1.5% of the uiban population in Brazil exhibiting each of these profiles. None of the two-dimensional profiles that does not include the lack of a sewerage system were very common, and the same is true of all of the profiles corresponding to three or more indicators of deprivation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Others take a pragmatic view that the application of proceeds to popular local purposes can defuse opposition to the introduction of a new tax of this nature. The case for earmarking proceeds of the pollution tax to funding a new Environmental Fund in Georgia is made separately. However, such diffuse (“non-point source”) pollution is difficult to monitor and control directly, where it results from the activities of many farmers dispersed over a large area of the country (Nath, 1998).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is usually applied to the analysis of the entire energy sector, but may also be applied to detailed study of single sectors, such as the electricity and district heat sector. Using these as inputs, the TIMES model aims to supply energy services at minimum global cost, or more accurately, at minimum loss of surplus, by simultaneously making equipment, investment, operating, primary energy supply and energy trade decisions by region. The scope extends beyond energy-oriented issues, to the representation of environmental emissions - and perhaps materials - related to the energy system. It is a model ofthe world's energy, land and food systems that allows users to explore options for reducing global emissions by 2050, and to see the climatic consequences of these choices by 2100. It is a free web-based interactive system and incorporates an Excel spreadsheet with an online interface (tool.globalcalculator.org).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It im plies that there has been considerable reduction in inequality in the earlier period, although the average per capita consumption expenditure did not change in real terms between 1999-2000 and 2004-2005. The methodology used forthe estimation until 2004-2005 was anchored on a calorie norm of 2,400 K.Cal per day per person in rural areas and 2,100 K.Cal per day per person in urban areas. The poverty lines for rural and urban areas in each of the major states were determined as the MPCE required for deriving the required calorie norm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This could be more effective than the preferential feed-in tariffs for infant industries. To boost the development of wind energy, the region could stimulate its reindustrialisation by taking advantage of its component manufacturing base, as Chicago has done. While surface geothermal energy is already well-established in the Paris-IDF region, there is considerable underexploited potential in deep geothermal energy, but it will require major investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Latin American educational and social reality demands critical contributions on the ways of defining inclusion in educational processes. This article presents an exploratory analysis of conceptual perspectives that have persisted in academic research in educational inclusion in Latin America for the past ten years. From an approach of inclusion for social transformation, this article analyzes the conceptual development this research has undergone as a whole, discussing different conceptions around educational inclusion and exploring the possibilities of offering an educational perspective that will contribute to changes in the conditions that generate social exclusion. The methodology utilized is the analysis of qualitative content found in 35 research articles published between 2009 and 2019 in indexed journals from specialized databases. The results demonstrate that research on inclusive education is related to intercultural, participation and citizenship, integrated work, resources and pedagogical strategies, teachers’ education and teaching autonomy, and education quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since the early 1990s, international security organizations such as the United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and, more recently, the European Union (EU), have undertaken numerous military operations in order to protect human rights, to prevent civil wars or the collapse of states, to end domestic conflicts or to prevent their re-emergence. Prominent examples include international involvement in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan. Often these operations were paralleled with or followed by civilian efforts such as the provision of humanitarian aid or socioeconomic and political assistance in order to (re-)establish state structures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Appraisal-related training is also offered through school leader and supervisory officer associations as well as through web casts. Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom requires External Advisers to apply for annual reaccreditation to ensure they are informed about potential changes to the Performance Review and Staff Development Scheme and that they have the knowledge and competencies to provide helpful advice to governor reviewers. As very limited research, however, indicates, policy making in some contexts lacks attention towards the development of appraisal-related knowledge and competencies among evaluators and school leaders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The focus here is on the aspects of poverty that reflect situations of human rights violations, this builds upon the proposition that poverty is a denial of human rights." The lack of access to food prevents the poor from breaking free from hunger. Vulnerability to retrenchment without social protection subjects them to income insecurity. Discrimination experienced in social and political life deprives them of their dignity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, one of the core indicators that the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience use in their evaluations is the extent of integration of adaptation into national and sector planning (CIF, 2012), which is to be done via a qualitative assessment using a standardised scorecard. Further, evaluation of some programmes with broad aims (including, but not focused on adaptation) has focused on evaluating the outputs of specific pilot activities: this illustrates the difficulty in conducting broad-based evaluation of impacts of adaptation actions on a country’s overall climate resilience and vulnerability (UNDP, 2012). However, both Finland and France have done mid-term evaluations of their adaptation plans. France’s mid-term evaluation of its 2011-15 Adaptation Plan found that while 92% of planned actions had been initiated and 60% of them were proceeding according to plan, 35% of actions were now expected to only partially reach their initial objectives (MEDDE 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The connections between variables are called feedbacks and should be understood as the two-way connectors, either reinforcing (positive feedback) or dampening (negative feedback) system change. In practice, this could, for example, mean keeping things dynamically fluctuating within specified boundaries rather than at fixed levels. Encouraging learning has to do both with knowledge itself and its distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Specifically, the cost for a benefit of $2.50 a day for all older people aged 60 years or over ranges between 0.5 per cent and 2.7 per cent of GDP, the cost being higher for poorer countries, where $2.50 represents a larger proportion of average income. The risk of poverty among older persons has fallen, while poverty rates among young adults and families with children have risen. However, because the initial old-age poverty rates were very high, persons aged 75 years or over remain the group most likely to be poor. People aged 66 to 75 years in contrast, are now no more likely to be poor than the population as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Consequently, the in underestimation. Even in the developed world, the share of STEM in total bachelor’s degrees was below the world average in 2012, at 18.5 per cent in the European Union and 16.7 per cent in the United States. In Africa, it was just 7.2 per cent, and 14.4 per cent in Latin America.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To limit the negative externalities of unilateral policies on small, vulnerable economies (SVE), and in particular export taxes that may be difficult to ban in the short run, and to limit the use of such policies by large countries and generate income to help vulnerable importers to manage the price surge period, a system of “permits to tax' could be implemented. Free trade is necessary to achieve food security, but food security is also necessary to achieve support for free trade in the long run. Existing trade rules and disciplines offer little to ensure that trade remains conducive to food security under this new market environment, and they have to be adapted accordingly. Empirical analysis shows that different countries and regions suffered differently from the food price spike in 2007/08.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Actions will be implemented by the river basin committee, ANA, IGARN and AESA. The plan considers water allocation and operation of the reservoirs of the region as central issues. Governance is key to put these actions in place from improving knowledge on strategic issues to establishing negotiated processes for water allocation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It aims to create greater prosperity for the people of the region by promoting balanced, inclusive, sustainable, innovative and secure growth, and by accelerating regional economic integration. Capacity-building projects target specific policy areas, from enhancing small and medium enterprise competitiveness to facilitating the adoption of renewable energy technologies in the region. It is an independent intergovernmental organization within the ASEAN structure that represents the ASEAN member States' interests in the energy sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The burden of unpaid work which is culturally assigned to women hinders their access to the labour market and generation of their own income, and is worse in households with children under the age of five. The households in the lowest-income deciles have the highest number of dependents, who require a greater amount of time for care, and have the greatest need of income (ECLAC, 2016a). Moreover, women in poor households are unable to acquire goods and services on the market that could save them time on domestic and care work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article studies the forms of judicial protection of environmental living conditions through the human right to housing, in intense dialogue with the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, especially when considering the absence of an express rule that ensures the protection of the right to environment in the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. At the same time, the fundamental role of the European Court for the evolution of the matter is evidenced, considering that, through its jurisprudential effort, it strives to guarantee such right even if indirectly. The methodology used will be inductive, with a case law analysis by the European Court. Two possible paths of jurisprudential evolution are concluded: the first is the expansion of forms of environmental degradation considered relevant for the purpose of judicial protection, the second stems from a new perspective on the option of relocating victims.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is consensus based and suggests a wide range of activities by all parts of the forest sector, to be undertaken on a voluntary basis through ad hoc partnerships. In addition, forest workers often have lower than average wages, relatively low social prestige, and have to work in remote areas, in uncomfortable conditions. Meanwhile, the nature of forest work is changing, becoming more technical, with increasing mechanisation, and with a higher stress on communication: forest workers need more technical skills and forest district managers must often have advanced political or consensus forming skills, as they work not only with the forest owners, but also local authorities, other sectors and a wide range of different forest users and interested publics. Nevertheless, tropical deforestation, illegal logging and other unsustainable practices continue in many regions. However, many forest functions do not have recognised monetary value, and forest owners receive no income from them. This may lead to distortion of management choices, as owners give priority to those functions which bring income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Whether this is done is subject to decisions by the Minister of the Environment. In the next NBSAP Iceland will look into headline indicators, which are related to the Aichi targets. Currently there are no indicators connected with the targets.56 However, a number of indicators are followed on a national level with the aim of following-up progress in the area of sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The main issue remains that once on disability benefits or sick the likelihood to re-enter the labour force is limited. But it may also just reflect the fact that inactive people have lower income, hence live in more crowded houses or in cheaper areas far away from job centres. This could be interpreted as suggesting that decisions to enter or leave the labour force tend to be more permanent under these circumstances. No significant relations could be found with the other variables. The difference on the lagged coefficient would imply that a 10 percentage points increase in the share long-term unemployment could lead to a decline in participation 0.6 percentage point lower in the healthiest state than in the least healthy state. S + 5i(GDPls-GDPl-i,s) + 82(LTU,.5) + p (Xs)* (LTU,,S) +8,,s * Xs set of time unvarying structural indicators Results displayed in Table 2.3 show that long-term unemployment increases tend to lead to faster and stronger declines in participation where the share of disability recipients and the health of the population is w'eaker.22 On the other hand, higher educational attainment of the labour force tends to reduce this discouraged worker effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This paper examines the contributions that the international human rights community can make to the definition and framing of a practically effective global ethic, especially in light of ongoing concerns about social and economic justice, environmental issues, and systematic abuses of vulnerable populations. The principal argument is that the human rights movement in all of its dimensions (moral, legal, political) provides the pivotal foundation for a practicable global ethic now and for the foreseeable future. Evidence for the truth of this claim is discerned in the movement's contemporary efforts to intersect explicitly with other areas of international law and politics. Examples adduced include developments with respect to the rights of indigenous peoples, decision making about the environment, and transitional justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Scotland’s desire to strengthen the patient voice is grounded in a recently developed framework that empowers patients as equal partners in their care. Patient and public involvement is promoted through a commitment to transparency about the direction and performance of the NHS, and through a commitment to using feedback as a tool for improvement. For example, the results of a national survey on maternity care were used to identify areas where there was a need for improvement, and to inform future maternity policy. The Patients’ Rights (Scotland) Act 2011 sets out patient rights and principles for the delivery of health care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
International Criminal Law [ICL] contains a number of general principles, which form the foundations of and conditions for holding individuals criminally responsible for crimes under international law (genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression), and other crimes against the peace and security of mankind. Most general principles of ICL have been adequately implemented in the current (second) edition of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. This paper assesses the quality of and identifies the lacunae in the implementation of Kazakhstan’s Criminal Code, with a view to suggesting further improvements to this Code.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Chapter V explores two important areas of international cooperation: international financing for climate change adaptation and the development of improved systems of information and data sharing. Those uncertainties are compounded by the interaction of climate change with mega-trends related to demographic dynamics, urbanization, globalization and technological progress. In order to in some way address these conditions of uncertainty, the international research community has adopted a set of narratives which consider possible pathways for development. The estimation of plausible scenarios in the future are produced by different combinations of those mega-trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Countries that are clustered closer to the origin have large deficits in energy access, while the countries that are close to the top right corner, are performing relatively better in energy access. Hydropower contributed to 82 per cent of th is growth, followed by wind at 12 per cent, solid biofuels at 3.4 per cent and solar (both PV and thermal) at 2.9 per cent. This was due to the rapid increase in TFEC, which grew by about one and a half times in 2014 compared with the 1990 level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)