albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For Myanmar, the 2018 data are based on ADB (2019) and IMF (2019a) and refer to the interim period ending September 2018, and the dataset does not disaggregate consumption into public and private. Lao PDR has no demand-side data. Net tax equals taxes minus subsidies. Singapore and Thailand data are based on chain-linked volume measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
On the other hand, income support not based on current commodity production is much more effective at improving farm income with less spill-over effects. Policies that directly target non-commodity criteria such as landscape elements, environmental performance or traditional breeds of animals are also typically more effective at reaching these societal objectives, although concerns have been raised over the budgetary and transactions costs involved in some cases. Annual variations depend on movements in world prices, domestic prices and exchange rates as well as changes in production levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Residents of islander ancestry may or may not be distinguished in census data, and may not perceive themselves as ‘islanders’, so most calculations of islanders overseas are guesstimates. That is even more complicated, firstly, for Samoans, since Samoan migrants have also moved from American Samoa, and, secondly, in Australia, where an increasing amount of trans-Tasman movement of Pacific islanders from New Zealand has been of islanders with New Zealand citizenship (to the extent that the Australian government has occasionally expressed some concern about this ‘back door’ entry). Around 20 per cent of Australia’s Pacific-born population in 2008, for example, had come into the country as New Zealand citizens under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement (Bedford and Hugo 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
'Non-traditional' security problems like pandemic diseases, climate change and terrorism now pervade the global agenda. Many argue that sovereign state-based governance is no longer adequate, demanding and constructing new approaches to manage border-spanning threats. Drawing on critical literature in political science, political geography and political economy, this is the first book that systematically explains the outcomes of these efforts. It shows that transboundary security challenges are primarily governed not through supranational organisations, but by transforming state apparatuses and integrating them into multilevel, regional or global regulatory governance networks. The socio-political contestation shaping this process determines the form, content and operation of transnational security governance regimes. Using three in-depth case studies – environmental degradation, pandemic disease, and transnational crime – this innovative book integrates global governance and international security studies and identifies the political and normative implications of non-traditional security governance, providing insights for scholars and policymakers alike.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is part of a far-reaching new agreement between police, mental health trusts and paramedics. The Concordat has been signed by more than 20 national organisations in a bid to drive up standards of care for people experiencing crisis such as suicidal thoughts or significant anxiety. It aims to cut the numbers of people detained inappropriately in police cells by 50 per cent and drive out the variation in standards across the country. By 2007, suicide had fallen to the lowest rate in 150 years and there had been a marked fall in suicide in young men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Citizenship plays no role: Someone who was bom in Ghana but has a different nationality is not understood to be an immigrant, while someone who has a Ghanaian passport but was bom abroad is understood to be an immigrant whether or not he or she already had the nationality at birth. The index represents the proportion of a group, either native- or foreign-bom, that would need to move in order to create an equal distribution. The same index can be applied to occupational distributions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Increasingly global challenges and a greater share of ODA supporting national interests, e.g. research conducted in donor countries, necessitates further assessments on how the new knowledge gained from those activities benefit developing countries. Investments in STI are widely recognised as crucial means towards the development of a stronger economy and upgrading towards more sophisticated and environmentally sustainable economic activities. Investments in research and infrastructure for ICTs are resulting in an increasingly connected world, where information and “know-how” flow faster than ever before. These economies can benefit from peer learning to avoid mistakes previously made by other countries while setting their own development trajectories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These data discrepancies are important to understand since, in the absence of fully comparable data (especially as regards travel distances), the report estimates traffic impacts on the basis of other data sources, including aggregate travel distance data gathered from ride service odometer data. In 2015 and 2016, they have been the leading source of growth in non-auto (i.e. non-personal car) travel in the city. They have also added significantly to vehicular travel and mileage on city streets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Local governments are represented at the national level by the following associations: the Association of Polish Cities, the Union of Polish Metropolis, the Association of Polish Counties, the Union of Rural Municipalities and the Union of Small Towns. This includes local governments, residents, businesses, faith groups, non-profit organisations, industry/business associations and so on - that work together, take collaborative decisions and develop a common vision for their community’s future. It is often remarked that community-led local development in Poland, like in many Central and Eastern European countries, is underdeveloped.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The poverty overlap confirms that in Kidal there is a substantial proportion of children, who are deprived, but not poor. Moreover, nearly all the children who live in monetary poor households are also multidimensionally deprived suggesting that providing interventions, which are based only on income support might not be sufficient. In Sikasso the monetary poverty rate is significantly higher than the national average (86% and 52%, respectively). In this region only a small proportion of children is multidimensionally deprived (3%) but not poor, and a large proportion (49%) experiences both types of poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Data points outside the average circle indicate that the group or the country under scrutiny performs better than the OECD average. The data shown are simple deviations from the OECD average. Legislation (Primary Health Care Act) requires municipalities to have a health centre providing primary health services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Likewise it is now understood that ending poverty and achieving sustainable development is not possible without stabilising the climate (UN, 2015) and that progress on one agenda cannot be achieved without progress on the other. The World Bank Shockwaves Report (World Bank, 2016), for example, finds that climate change threatens the objective of poverty eradication. It also finds that the immediate emissions reductions policies required to combat climate change need not threaten short term progress on poverty reduction if they are well designed and if international support is available for poor countries. Neither ending poverty nor stabilising the climate can be achieved without progress on the other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The International Labour Organization (ILO) has stated that work is a source of personal dignity, family stability and peace in the community. The concept of decent work expresses the principle that people should have safe, worthwhile jobs that they may carry out in conditions of freedom and equity.19 Decent work is characterized by the safeguarding of labour rights and the presence of social protection and social dialogue. If a child turning six in )une is not admitted in the first year for being younger than the official age, he or she will begin school at age seven, with a cut-off of one year he or she would be considered to be lagging behind. Org/global/about-the-ilo/decent-work-ageiida/lang-eii/i 11dex.htm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Credit allocated to agriculture reached BRL 177 billion (USD 76 billion) in 2014, of which 13% (BRL 24 billion or USD 10 billion) was allocated to family agriculture. The remaining 87% was allocated to commercial agriculture. In recent years, rural credit investment programmes have been strengthened with the aim of expanding grain storage capacity, promoting technological innovation in rural properties and extending the use of agricultural machineries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This does work better for some types of land uses (i.e. transportation corridors and mining, which are well reflected) but some are less well captured (e.g. dams and impacts on freshwater). In certain areas the InVEST tools allow the user to highlight how ecosystems positively contribute to the economy via ecosystem services - all the models within InVEST have an optional economic valuation model although not all ecosystem services can be used here. As regards provisioning services, on the terrestrial side, timber and hydropower productions can be included in the models.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The situation in the poorest quintile was slightly unfavourable to women aged 15 and over on this particular indicator (see table 1.4). For example, table I.A1.4 of the statistical annex shows that, in 2013, Chile had the smal lest gap in secondary school completion rates between the top and bottom quintiles, with the poorest quintile's rate being 79% of the richest quintile's.30 Next came the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela and Argentina, with figures of 65% and 61 %, respectively. The countries with the biggest gaps between the top and bottom quintiles were Honduras and Guatemala.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Through testing with targeted audiences, the strategy found that the most positively received messages in the South African context related to economic values (biodiversity as a national asset), emotional values (biodiversity as our children’s legacy) and practical values (practical solutions) (SANBI, 2011). The main finding of Making the Case for Biodiversity strategy was that the current messaging was based too strongly in the traditional biodiversity sector language of ‘fear of loss’. Whilst this might portray the factual realities of the state and trends of biodiversity, it bred apathy in the target audiences, and therefore did not engender a need to address biodiversity loss. Based on the lessons from South Africa at least, messaging should instead focus on delivering a value proposition for biodiversity, although not necessarily a monetary value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A wide range of input subsidies on fertiliser, seeds, credit, etc., The number and budgetary cost of these measures have grown rapidly since the mid-2000s. The introduction of a targeted rice for the poor programme (RASKIN) in 1998 has allowed the government to steadily increase the minimum producer price of rice, but at the cost of increasing budgetary expenditure on RASKIN.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The local representative body, or maslikhat, is elected by the inhabitants of the oblasts or rayon (for a city of oblast value). It expresses the will of the citizens, determines measures to implement this will, and controls their implementation in accordance with legislation. Villages and small towns do not have maslikhats (Makhmutova, 2006, Bhuiyan, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Such a leadership system appears to provide a supportive framework for professional accountability in which teachers feel more accountable to one another for their performance, unlike the United States form of administrative accountability, in which teachers are made accountable to the principal and others in supervisory positions. This differs from the United States where, for example, a teacher can apply to train as a principal or school head, and then apply for a position in a school. In Singapore, young teachers are continuously assessed for their leadership potential and given opportunities to demonstrate and learn by, for example, serving on committees, then being promoted to head of department at a relatively young age. Some are transferred to the ministry for a period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Burned areas also increase risks of invasive plant species, proliferation of pyrophytic species, soil loss, and depleted seedbank and regeneration potential. Although the extent of open landscape affected by wildfires has declined in the past decade (Figure 5.1), the number of fires per year has recently shown a notable increase. This trend warrants further monitoring, especially in light of increasing temperatures and drier winters due to climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Introduction: Japan: Descending Asian Giant? Financial System Reform: Recovery or Retrogression? Political Earthquake in Japan Japan's ODA as Soft Power Japan in Global Governance: War and Peace Japan's Politics of Environment and Climate Change: From NIMBY to Global Networks National Security in Japan's Space Policy Japan's Regional Engagement: Network Diplomacy Can Japan Engage Northeast Asia? Overcoming Perceptual and Strategic Deficits Japan's Education System: Problems and Prospects in the Post-Industrial Age The Impact of Changing Age Structure on Demographic Dividends and Intergenerational Transfers in Japan Have Jobs and Hope Gone Forever in Japan? From Family and Firms to a New Social Network The Culture of Migration Politics in Japan
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abject poverty is the norm in Kibera, and people have limited access to basic social services. The land on which Kibera slum stands is owned by the government, 90 per cent of residents are tenants and only 10 per cent of residents are shack owners and many of these people own other shacks that they rent out. The average size of a shack in Kibera is less than 14 sq.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Similarly, the rapid increase in minimum wages in Indonesia during the 1990s, where the statutory minimum wage doubled in real terms between 1990 and 1996, had sizeable negative effects on manufacturing employment, reducing employment growth at plant level by an estimated 6% (Harrison and Scorse, 2010). But such large changes in minimum wages are the exception rather than the rule. Evidence, arising especially from Latin America, shows that increases in minimum wages raise rather than depress wages in the informal sector.13 In Brazil, this is known as the efeito faro 1 or “lighthouse effect”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Nonetheless, the behaviour of inflation in individual countries also will depend on the fiscal and monetary policies being implemented and private expenditure trends, among other factors. Up to September 2008, total inflation in the previous 22 months had risen in all countries, and, with one exception, the food price index had outpaced the overall index (see figure 1.8). In line with the drop in international prices since the middle of 2008, domestic inflation eased in the second part of the year in most countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
What we have set out to do?   To create a gender-just and secular society founded on the principles of equality, justice, and respect for rule of law, human rights, and democratic values, and to build a world where every woman, irrespective of her caste, class, religion, race, ethnicity, or any other factor, is able to live life to her fullest potential - free of fear, violence, and want.   By working at policy level interventions, aimed at creating a culture that is conducive to the promotion of women’s human rights, dignity & secularism, and proactively seeking justice and accountability for violations of women’s rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The programme has grown to 56 in 2007/08, 242 in 2008/09, 332 in 2009/10, and is projected to enrol 422 in 2010/11. The project involves students from all Israeli universities and colleges with children from disadvantaged socio-economic background in undertaking cultural and educational activities. Perach student mentors work in all sectors of Israeli society - Jewish, Arab, secular and religious.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is equally crucial to manage local communities' expectations of the mining industry and its ability to deliver socio-economic benefits beyond its core business. Participants in the Tenth Plenary Meeting of the Policy Dialogue highlighted the need for a compelling business case as an important prerequisite for mining companies to promote the shared use of their renewable energy infrastructure (OECD Development Centre, 2018). For instance, consideration is being given to transferring the wind farm at the Diavik mine in the Northwest Territories, Canada after its closure to a nearby local community. The Diavik mine, owned by Rio Tinto and Dominion Diamond Corporation, will also share the experience with local communities in developing and maintaining a wind farm in subarctic conditions (CANWEA, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is “growth that not only creates new economic opportunities, but also one that ensures equal access to the opportunities created for all segments of society, particularly for the poor" (Ali and Hwa Son, 2007). This implies a focus on the “outcomes" of growth. In the UNDP perspective, inclusive growth is seen as both an outcome and a process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This is often the case with the collection and preparation of waste materials for sale, or with sorting, flaking, washing and palletisation processes. As discussed above, these activities can be carried out by the informal sector, by commercial operators, or by publicly owned organisations. Brokers may intervene at any stage of the value chain from collection and containment at the point of production, through to the marketing of flake or pelletised outputs from recyclers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This work found that active spending is associated with higher growth, whereas more "passive" social spending is associated with lower growth. While the approach is different from the one followed here, it suggests that not all redistribution is necessarily equally good for growth. A further step in the empirical analysis is to look at the growth consequences of inequality in different parts of the income distribution (see also Voitchovsky, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
First, while the 2030 Agenda emphasizes the holistic and interdependent nature of the various elements of sustainable development, funding is increasingly compartmentalized, potentially impeding financing for (and thus discouraging) investments based on cross-cutting or holistic approaches. Second, increasing fragmentation has given rise to multiple potential funding sources for projects within certain areas. This may be an obstacle to locating an appropriate funding source, as each agency has its own particular criteria and priorities, as well as its own (often complex) application and monitoring procedures. These two aspects give rise to an unnecessary obstacle to funding and an excessive burden on the institutional capacities of LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The decomposition is carried out for different quantiles of the income distribution, so that the factors influencing child poverty can be compared across the income distribution. Recentered Influence Function (RIF)-regressions are used to decompose the role of differences in family characteristics and other labour market covariates and the differences in the way these latter are values in the labour market and protected by the net transfers. The approach is similar to an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, but the decomposition applies here on distributional measures instead of focusing on means (Fortin, Lemieux and Firpo, 201 l[i7])(see Box A2.3 for more technical details).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The programme also provided additional funding for primary care, through increasing GP contracts with nurses, and allowing a second nurse to be hired by GPs. An advisory telephone service connecting patients to a doctor at their GP surgery was also introduced from 2011. Additionally, some exemptions from co-payments were introduced for low-income groups, although these have since been repealed. It found that overall it had a favourable impact on efficiency of health care services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Increasingly, companies include a materiality matrix in their reports that displays on two axes the relevance of topics to the company and their relevance to stakeholders. The most relevant topics for both are discussed in more detail. The relevance for the company is, for example, addressed in relation to the direct financial impact of the topic, its relevance to the company’s business strategy, and its impact on the laws and regulations with which the company must comply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In the increasingly diverse and global world where young people and families struggle to find themselves optimal educational opportunities in schools, homes, and communities, researchers and practitioners have been hard-pressed to offer “evidence-based policy and decision-making” for accountability and efficacy of educational outcomes (e.g., National Institute for Educational Policy Research, 2012, Pascarella, Wolniak, Seifert, Cruce, & Blaich, 2005, Wandersman, Alia, Cook, Hsu, & Ramaswamy, 2016). In addition, the cultural landscape of our society has been constantly changing because of globalization and sociopolitical climates in the past decade or so. Much of the impetus for evidence-based practice and policy in education reflects our societal or governmental pressures, as well as the long tradition of objectivism in educational research (cf. Campbell, & Stanley, 1966), the preeminence of randomized controlled trials (RCT) in medicine, the age-old intuition, or the Divine truth (Bridges, Meyers, & Smith, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The result of this can be that employment opportunities for new-arrivals are limited. Given the role of employment in strengthening language learning, the resultant exclusion from the labour market can become a vicious cycle. Unemployed jobseekers registered with the PES office, and aged 30 years or over, are eligible to apply for a card granting the right to subsidised wages. Employers of a card holder will then receive a subsidy covering 30,40 or 50 % of payroll costs (up to a maximum of EUR 1 400 per month) while the card holder receives the salary stated in the relevant collective agreement. The percentage of payroll costs and the duration of the subsidy are determined on the basis of time in unemployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Emphasising non-climate-related policy benefits can be an effective way of building local support for measures such as congestion charges and land value capture tools (Ang and Marchal, 2013). Environmentally related taxation ensures market prices reflect some proportion of the environmental costs associated with economic activity. By adjusting relative prices, it helps shift producer and consumer behaviour towards more environmentally beneficial activities and products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Depending on the water risks faced, incremental risk reduction may be disproportionally costly. By identifying the level of acceptability and tolerability of water risks, a risk-based approach fosters targeted and proportional policy responses, and thus cost effectiveness. It also helps to clarify risk-sharing arrangements between public and private actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)