albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Therefore, it is advisable to view them as complementary to each other (see box 1.3). Two countries, El Salvador and Honduras, diverged from the rest, with only some indicators showing improved distribution. In Guatemala and Paraguay (urban data), the indicators showed virtually no change. Only three countries showed signs of having experienced setbacks in distribution: Argentina (urban area), Costa Rica and Ecuador (urban area).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Abstract   When it comes to international economic sanctions, the most frequent goal is regime change and democratization. Yet, past experiences suggest that such sanctions are often ineffective, moreover, quite paradoxically, targeted regimes tend to respond with policies that amplify the sanctions' harmful effects. This paper offers a political-economy model which provides an explanation for these observations. An autocratic regime lowers the supply of public goods to reduce private-sector productivity and hence the resources of potential challengers. As a result, sanctions-induced challenges become less likely, thereby buying the regime time to find exile opportunities. If these opportunities turn out to be of low quality, the regime prefers to hold out — and the sanctions fail.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Overdraft is especially severe in the southern parts of the Central Valley, where groundwater levels have reached more than 33 meters below previous historic lows (CDWR, 2014). Overdraft has resulted in saltwater intrusion and other water quality impacts, significant land subsidence, lost water storage, and increased energy costs, among other adverse impacts. In response to worsening groundwater conditions, the state recently passed the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act of 2014 (SGMA). The act provides a framework for local authorities to manage groundwater supplies but allows for state intervention if necessary to protect groundwater resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Secondly, teaching to the test emphasises rote memorisation and a more passive approach to learning as teachers spend more time developing test-taking strategies rather than cultivating students’ problem-solving skills (Kellaghan etal., By involving teachers in standardised test development and implementation and training teachers on how to effectively use and analyse test results, there can be less risk of teaching to the test. However, incentives attached to test results must be carefully constructed to avoid motivating strategic behaviour such as teaching to the test, the research is mixed as to how to effectively promote positive behaviours as a result of incentives while reducing negative behaviours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A substantial part of this area (15 million ha) remains fallow during the rabi (post-rainy) season, primarily due to limited soil moisture availability in the topsoil layer for crop establishment (Subbarao eta!., Paddy fallow is the land used to grow paddy in the kharif season but is left uncropped during the following rabi season. Since paddy is grown on some of the most productive lands in this region, there is scope for increasing the cropping intensity by introducing a second crop during the rabi season using appropriate technologies. In South Asia, there are approximately 15 million ha of paddy fallow, which is nearly 30 percent of the paddy growing area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The fatal maltreatment of people that are detained against their will, such as political prisoners and suspected terrorists, can occur in unstable countries. The death of such detainees is often controversial and debated in the media, legal tribunals, and communities. Therefore, there is a need for nonpartisan information about the cause of death of prisoners due to the implications that the data may have about a conclusion that human rights were abused. Autopsies are the only scientific way to prove the cause of death of detainees and to ascertain the truth behind how injuries may have occurred. On this basis, all forensic pathologists ought to be able to interpret the basic injury patterns commonly encountered in torture. The injuries are similar to those found in child abuse, but also include trauma from suspension and "homicide by heart attack" during interrogation. This paper will review the postmortem findings in cases of torture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this article, I critically examine Peru’s Law to Protect Minors from situations of Begging. I consider the way in which a language of children’s rights is ironically invoked to justify the physical removal and criminalization of children working in public spaces by appeals to very specific understandings of childhood, parenting, and space. Despite the law’s formal emphasis on protection, I suggest it is more concerned with social control and containment than children’s actual well-being. As such, it fails to reflect the basic principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child to which Peru has committed. However, because the crc is subject to multiple interpretations, it also serves as a potential resource to counter repressive legislation such as the Begging Bill. The article is based on 14 months of field work in Peru and over 100 interviews with policy makers, government officials, educators, and street children themselves, among others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They typically have very concentrated economic structures, rely heavily on primary production for income and jobs, and face daunting challenges to integrate global markets. While LDCs’ share of world exports has increased over the past decade, it has barely crossed the 1 per cent level - a stark testimony to their state of marginalisation in world trade. Moreover, LDCs export to just a few countries, and are consequently vulnerable to external shocks. African LDCs have led the pack, with real gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaging 10.3 per cent in Ethiopia, 8.2 per cent in Rwanda and 7.2 per cent in Chad over the period 2008-10.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Uruguay has the lowest level of inequality in the region. For a full classification of global inequality levels, see World Bank, 2014. With respect to discrepancies in quality, there are three main causes: the stability of teachers in schools, the type of relationship between teaching staff and central administration, and the mechanism used to assign students to schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For fuel, the fishing sector is not required to pay a road levy that vehicles solely using the road system must but has been required to pay a carbon tax since 2010 (approximately ISK 1 188 (USD 10) per tonne of C02 in 2016). Figure 4.26 depicts FSE trends over time in Iceland. In the 2015-16 fishing year (beginning 1 September) the way the tax was levied changed. It is now paid when catches are landed, instead of being prepaid against allocated quota.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The chapter goes on to examine inequalities in access to good education and explores how to make the education system more inclusive to provide opportunities at all stages to all, and flexible enough to adapt in the face of ongoing structural change. Workplace-based vocational training and lifelong learning will be key to that end. Innovation can become an engine of growth provided more weight is attached to quality and application in university research evaluation and world-class researchers are attracted and retained by greater research autonomy, merit-based promotion and stronger protection of intellectual property rights. Spending on education, in particular at the lower levels, where the social returns are higher, needs to increase alongside vocational education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Equality of coefficients for men and women rejected at the 5% level. Equality of coefficients for men and women rejected at the 10% level. The causes of intimate partner violence and sexual violence are best investigated through the use of longitudinal studies of victims. These studies track people over time to document their experiences of such violence and how these experiences relate to other factors at various stages of their life. Unfortunately, few such studies exist, as the measurement of social and cultural conditions that could be thought of as risk factors (i.e. the status of women, gender norms) pose serious challenges, especially across countries and different cultures. Poverty and the associated stress are key contributors to intimate partner violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Furthermore, the sustainability of water and energy systems (Goals 6 and 7) and the safety and resilience of infrastructure, cities and human settlements (Goals 9 and 11) will be challenged by climate hazards. Similarly, if climate hazards continue to undermine the ability of countries to achieve sustained growth and development, full employment and decent work will be harder to achieve (Goal 8). With their references to universality, many other targets within the framework of the Goals provide the basis for reducing inequality in its multiple dimensions, encompassing access to key basic services such as health, education, water and sanitation, and energy (Goals 3, 4, 6 and 7), gender (Goal 5) and inclusive economic growth (Goal 8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In line with G20 commitments, Germany should eliminate the support measures to fossil fuels and if needed replace them by environment-neutral measures. Within the fuel consumption tax stmcture, tax rates vary according to fuels, users and purposes, suggesting taxation is not systematically related to the level of negative externalities. For instance, tax rates are reduced for heating fuels and are quasi null for coal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
More than a dozen adaptation components have dedicated sections that mention adaptation but provide no specific action plans or timeframes for implementation. Typically, overarching objectives state the importance of undertaking actions to protect the most vulnerable populations or sectors (e.g. agriculture, water supply and biodiversity) and enhancing in-country institutional arrangements to implement such actions. Sri Lanka’s INDC explicitly links its national goal to a global adaptation goal by enhancing local climate change adaptation (Sri Lanka, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
At least for the time being, the international community must rely on national courts to prosecute modern-day pirates. The first wave of domestic piracy prosecutions suggests, however, that domestic courts have yet to achieve the necessary consistency and expertise in resolving key questions of international law in these cases. This article evaluates how courts trying modern-day pirates have addressed common questions of international law regarding the exercise of universal jurisdiction, the elements of the crime of piracy, and the principle of nullum crimen sine lege. In doing so, it evaluates five decisions issued in 2010 by courts in Kenya, the Netherlands, the Seychelles and the United States, and it proposes some clear answers to these recurrent questions of international law in domestic piracy prosecutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For the composition of developing country groups, see table 5.3. They refer to personal income tax at both central and local government levels. Whenever data for those periods are not available, the first five-year period after 1975 and the most recent five years were used (for details, see Piketty, Saez and Stantcheva, 2011, appendix C).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The authors multiply estimates of crop water requirements by the amounts of crop and livestock products traded internationally to obtain estimates of “virtual water flows” between countries. The results largely reflect the underlying trade statistics. Major food exporting countries such as Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Thailand, and the United States are considered to be large exporters of virtual water, while major food importing countries such as China, Egypt, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the United Kingdom are considered to be large importers of virtual water. There is nothing inherently good or bad about importing or exporting virtual water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Yet, governance of innovative activity is not provided by government alone. Actors from the research and the business sectors, as well as other stakeholders, play an important role in many aspects of STI governance. For example, a society’s accumulated “social capital” can make an important contribution to innovation by reducing transaction costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Over the past approximately 40 years, however, there has also been increasing interest in the role it can play in supporting learning, often called “formative assessment” or “assessment for learning”. This chapter presents a brief overview of how the concept of formative assessment has developed in recent years, in particular, how the central idea has expanded from an original focus on feedback to a wider perspective on classroom practice. It presents evidence on the impact of formative assessment on learning and discusses definitional issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
We will henceforth referto estimates based on only these emissions as "restrictive". In many cases, the C02 may be transported with the gas to a downstream processing facility and separated and released there (i. When these fields are included, total emissions in the reporting countries rise to 48.7 Mt in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The preconditions for the activities in the Norwegian Food Bank is that donated food shall not be packed or repacked or relabelled, making other regulations less relevant for the operation of the Food Bank. As the food will not be distributed and sold under new labels as "frozen food", the spesific regulations about freezing of food (EU regulation on freezing of food) will be irrelevant. All food labelled with "use by date" must be frozen before this date has passed, keeping all original informations on the product. Products labelled with "best before date" have no limit on the date for freezing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Men and boys often feel emotionally distant from others, and the emotions ‘allowed’ for men to show publicly often have negative connotations, for example anger. Engaging w ith men in transformative ways also has indirect benefits in terms of women’s empowerment and participation, because it is often men who oppose these changes. One of the challenges in this respect is to shift discourses away from ‘zero-sum game’ understandings of increased gender equality towards highlighting the benefits this has for all persons. However, these are not the only areas of life where masculinities play a key role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Discussions regarding avoided deforestation or forest conservation have regained a momentum the last years, and has been formalised under “REDD”, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in Developing Countries upon the initiative of amongst others Papa New Guinea and Costa Rica30. The agenda item on “Reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries and approaches to stimulate action” was first introduced into the COP (Conference of the Parties of the Convention) agenda at its eleventh session in Montreal (December 2005). This proposal resulted in a COP decision at the Bali meeting where the COP adopted a decision encouraging tropical forest countries to undertake demonstration activities and providing “indicative guidance” for such projects in order for understanding the challenges ahead. The primary focus of the demonstration activities was the development of national emission baselines, based on historic emissions, against which reductions can be measured.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
If it is high, then public policies designed to combat poverty based on economic growth will be more effective since, in this type of situation, boosting income will have a proportionally greater effect in terms of poverty reduction. On the other hand, if the coefficient of elasticity is low, the most appropriate poverty reduction strategies will be those that combine economic growth with some type of income redistribution (Marinho and Araujo, 2010). Their results indicate that, if the income level were to rise by 1 % in countries with low levels of inequality, the poverty rate would fall by 4.3%, whereas, in countries with high levels of inequality, the same increase in mean income would lead to a 0.6% drop in the poverty rate. They thus conclude that, in this latter case, growth has no more than a weak impact on poverty levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Implementation was often given insufficient attention. Today, the planning process is viewed to be more important, with significant consideration given to data collection, monitoring and evaluation, policy networks, decision-making procedures, as well as other procedural and interim products. Critics have objected that the outcomes of the statute have not been as profound as intended.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
After 20 years, the Consortium now tracks 80% of the graduates from Italian institutions and the results (published and accessible online at www.almalaurea.it) are returned to higher education institutions to help them further develop and fine-tune their provision of programmes. Since September 2012 in the United Kingdom, would-be students have had access to information on the universities they are considering. For the first time, students can get additional help choosing a university as they can access detailed sets of information and make comparisons between institutions using Key Information Sets (KIS) published on the Unistats site.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The European Commission Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) champions channelling climate finance through a range of traditional and innovative modalities, such as budget support and sectoral support. Further, the Commission is experimenting with the use of off-budget national climate funds (NCFs) (GCCA, 2012). In some cases, providers and supporters are creating intermediary funds, designated to be replaced by domestically owned funds with time, or handed over to a domestic management authority once operational. In other cases, national funds have been created with the specific function of channelling sectoral climate finance, for example, the Indonesian Climate Change Trust Fund and the Indonesian forest fund for REDD+ (CFA and PWC, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Children of Austerity: Impact of the Great Recession on Child Poverty in Rich Countries, Oxford University Press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797968.003.0012. The Geography of Intergenerational I5! Uk/28401/l/Helping Patents to Parent report.pdf (accessed on 07 August 2018). Org/p/hdl/improv/1608.html (accessed on 11 April 2018). Org/file:///C:/Users/thevenon o/Downloads/4448-157-5923-l-10-20180213.pdf. Handbook of labor Economics, 4A, https://economics.ubc.ca/files/2013/05/pdf paper nicole-fortin-decomposition-methods.pdf (accessed on 10 April 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Imports of vegetable oils are much less concentrated, with the European Union, China and India leading the charts. Brazil will remain the largest exporter, supported by a falling currency, with Thailand in second place. Australia is projected to become a growing sugar exporting country, contingent on the projected investments in its sugarcane area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Therefore the LWE nexus is effectively roughly the same as the food-water-energy nexus as discussed in the literature, with a different label and with a more explicit acknowledgement that other sectors than agriculture, not least energy production, also rely on scarce land resources. These links also make it clear that there are three specific economic sectors that are central to the analysis: agriculture, water production and energy production. But an essential part of the assessment in this report is to go beyond a partial investigation of direct impacts on these sectors. The report aims to highlight the sectoral linkages and indirect effects that the nexus bottlenecks have on the rest of the economy, and how bottlenecks in a certain region affect other regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A universal approach such as that just mentioned would in fact have the advantage of eliminating undercoverage error of the targeting approach and the provide a higher individual transfer for younger children. Hpgskolen i Akershus, Akershus University College, Akershus. The Impact of Macroeconomic Policies on Poverty and Income Distribution: Macro-Micro Evaluation Techniques and Tools, Palgrave Macmillan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
To date, forward-looking information on country programmable aid is requested by the OECD-DAC, but is only available for a subset of donors, one to three years in advance, and the climate-relevant portion of this is not always tagged. This means that available, quantitative forward-looking information on climate finance provides only an incomplete picture of likely climate finance flows. Individual reporting on climate finance mobilised at the multilateral or bilateral level is challenging for several reasons, including the risk of double counting. Collective reporting of climate finance mobilised bilaterally and/or of climate finance mobilised multilaterally would ensure consistency and avoid double counting - as long as there is consistency in the individual underlying data and definitions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It is particularly noteworthy that the SME Masterplan is still the reference framework in the Eleventh Malaysia Plan focus area "‘Growing dynamic SMEs” (EPU, 2015a). The National SME Development Council has spearheaded other actions, such as the change of the definition of SMEs, the centralisation of training programmes,25 the launch of additional schemes and the monitoring of the implementation of the SME Masterplan (Hashim, 2015). Table 5.8 shows that all the possible challenge areas of SMEs are covered by at least one dedicated support scheme. The institutional setting for the co-ordination of this vast array of instruments also seems well in place with the National SME Development Council and SME Corporation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Uber fares were capped at the cost of the train ride (EUR 16.80), approximately 30% lower than the un-capped average Uber fare on the same route. Using in-app geofencing and a promotion code, riders requested UberX service from within 20 metres of designated Night Rider stops to any location within one of three geographic zones. Qualifying rides received a AUD 10 discount covered half by the ACT Government and half by Uber.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In particular, the two main policy tools are: i) statutory minimum wages, and ii) reductions of social security contributions paid by employers for low-pay/low-skilled workers, and sometimes young workers. The balance of this international empirical evidence suggests that minimum wages that are too high can have a negative impact on youth employment and on enrolment in education. This also serves to truncate wage distribution, and transforms the minimum wage into a reference wage for a large portion of the workforce. While a very large share of the workforce is paid at the minimum wage (SMIC) in France (15% versus an OECD average of about 5%), the share of workers aged under 25 on the SMIC is more than double that of their elders (35% versus 13% of workers aged 25 or more) (Groupe d’experts sur le SMIC, 2009). Ultimately, the over-representation of youth in France among minimum-wage employees is less pronounced than in the other OECD countries with a statutory minimum wage. For example, in Canada more than 60% of all minimum-wage workers are aged under 25 (OECD, 2008c) compared with only 17% in France.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)