albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Good/strong, 5. In order of importance from the assessment, these were: policy coherence (Principle 3), financing (Principle 6), managing trade-offs across users, rural and urban areas, and generations (Principle 11), and integrity and transparency (Principle 9). To strengthen a comprehensive approach to water management, some Principles can be considered simultaneously (e.g. Principles 2, 3, 5, 9 and 11) in order to develop a clearer and broader understanding of the problems and the solutions. The paper concludes that the Principles are a good example of how the complexity of w'ater problems demands holistic approaches and actions, including considerations of territorial, temporal and intergenerational continuity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Jamaica, with a very active environmental advocacy community, a great number of community-based groups are raising awareness and mobilising communities in conservation activities. Universities are also involved in outreach work and quasi-formal continuing education work. In the Pacific, intergovernmental and civil society organisations similarly tend to be very involved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Moreover, some data is national in scope, while other data is sectoral or related to specific activities. Where data is disaggregated within countries, the different parameters used hinder data aggregation across countries. Hence, presenting total finance needs - either national, by sector or mitigation/ adaptation specific - is not possible based on the information available in the (l)NDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, more recently it has channelled labour towards manufacturing activities and urban areas, but preserved highly differentiated wages and pay structures that permit firms and public entities to realize large savings and investments. This campaign, launched in 1999 is targeting the east-central-west divide. The movement of “constructing a socialist new countiyside”, formally initiated in 2005, aims at bridging the urban-rural gap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is related to several specific aspects of pension system rules, including the nature of derived benefits, the rules regarding joint annuities and the existence and characteristics of contribution credits for care-related reasons. They have various underlying logics (for instance, some are based on the idea of economic dependence, others more clearly reward family members for their unpaid care work, while others are mainly concerned with basic poverty protection), but they are similar in that they all address the impact that the distribution of family roles, including paid and unpaid work in the family, can have on women’s future pension entitlements. The first relates to the changes that have been taking place over the past decades in both women’s lifecourses as well as pension system rules.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter examines the objectives and practice of the Rwandan national courts, as understood inside the institution. Grounded empirical research is used to examine how Rwandan judges and lawyers have interpreted the work of the national courts. These legal practitioners argued that the national courts have contributed to the transitional period through improving legal education standards, drawing specific attention to substantial domestic legal reforms in 2004. The chapter argues that the national courts’ focus on legal reform in the post-2004 period provides these legal actors with a means of navigating the tensions between international criminal law and international human rights law raised by the practical and political constraints on the courts’ work. In addition, it allows the judges’ and lawyers’ a means of asserting their current capacity to receive cases transferred from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They may also deter students who are risk-averse and/or are from a disadvantaged background from participating in higher education in the first place, as they may face financing difficulties later in their studies. The pattern of enrolments in the first grade of undergraduate professional and university education by regions reveals that most students attend higher education institutions in the regions of their residence. For instance, the greatest share of the students of the University of Ljubljana comes from the central region of Slovenia (Osrednjeslovenska regija), where Ljubljana is located.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In this article I argue that disabled people in the United Kingdom have been tipped into an abyss of counterfeit citizenship. They have been smeared as ‘false mendicants’ – an old trick well documented in the historical archives of ableism. Neoliberalism has used this repertoire of invalidation – its noxious taint of cunning and fraud – as the ‘moral justification’ for welfare reform and for the pillory and notoriety into which the entire disabled community has been placed. Austerity – through the neoliberal politics of resentment – has made disabled people its scapegoat. I argue that a historical precedent for the contemporary demonisation of disabled people as counterfeit citizens can be found in the early modern period in the mythology of the ‘sturdy beggar’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Interventions to encourage compliance with smoking control policies often rely on intermediaries for implementation, and the culture of the intermediary group might affect policy implementation. The authors present an ethnography of security staff involved in enforcing restrictive smoking policies in a large hospital in Canada. They find strong norms associated with control, mutuality, and deference to authority. Common sense interpretation rather than strict enforcement of rules prevails. To be enforced effectively, smoking policy would have to compete with other duties and elevate the security staff's perceived status in the eyes of visitors, staff, and patients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This would entail the introduction of a licensing regime for surface water abstraction - a measure recommended in the latest Environmental Performance Review of Georgia by the UNECE and included in the new (2014) draft Georgian legislation shortly to come before Parliament. Abstraction charges signal the real resource cost3 of the water. Abstraction charges are also a source of financial cost recover}', enabling funds to be raised either for water resources management and other environmental improvements, or for general public expenditure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Internet regulation has evolved from self-regulation to the criminalization of conduct to state control of information available, accessed and submitted. Criticism has been leveled at the different forms of state control and the methods employed to enforce state control. After the terrorist attack on the USA on 11 September 2001, governments justify Internet state control as a law enforcement and national security tool against the abuse and misuse of the Internet for the commission of serious crimes, such as phishing, child pornography, terrorism and copyright infringement. Some Internet users and civil rights groups perceive state control as an abomination which results in an unjustifiable infringement of civil rights. Since countries worldwide are focusing attention on the control of information on the Internet, the debate in respect of state control and the consequences of state control is relevant on a global level as it impacts on all Internet-connected countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Governments should provide the necessary backup facilities to meet the demand created. In keeping with the Declaration of Alma Ata, all countries should reduce mortality and morbidity and seek to make primary health care, including reproductive health care, available universally by the end of the current decade. Countries should aim to achieve by 2005 a life expectancy at birth greater than 70 years and by 2015 a life expectancy at birth greater than 75 years. Countries with the highest levels of mortality should aim to achieve by 2005 a life expectancy at birth greater than 65 years and by 2015 a life expectancy at birth greater than 70 years. Efforts to ensure a longer and healthier life for all should emphasize the reduction of morbidity and mortality differentials between males and females as well as among geographical regions, social classes and indigenous and ethnic groups. The role of women as primary custodians of family health should be recognized and supported.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, they can contribute to research in the area, exchanges of good practices among countries, and promotion of cooperative activities at regional and international levels. At the initial stage, a partnership with international organizations may provide an impetus for greater financial support and knowledge transfer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As a result, in Asia and the Pacific, regional warning mechanisms have been set up, especially for tsunamis and tropical cyclones, with linkages to global networks, and there is a general trend towards strengthened regional and South-South cooperation. Combined with the construction of shelters and other structural measures this has made a major difference (Box III-l). As part of the overall national strategy on disaster risk reduction, there has been a strong focus on strengthening the early warning system down to the local level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Finally, better connectivity, across the subregion and beyond, can help leverage the subregion’s strategic location at the crossroads of Asia and the Pacific to re-emerge as the hub of East-V\fest trade that it once was. Growth was driven by buoyant domestic demand backed by supportive policies. Fourth quarter growth was particularly strong in several economies in the subregion. Strong economic growth over the past two decades has resulted in a growing middle class.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The largest declines have occurred in grasslands and arid lands in North America and in farmed lands in Europe, whereas widespread forest specialists show fluctuating but stable trends. Actual protection levels and related trends are more difficult to evaluate, as protected areas change over time: new areas are designated, boundaries are revised and some sites may be destroyed or changed by pressures from economic development or natural processes. Environmental performance depends both on the designation of the area and on management effectiveness. Farmland bird populations declined over 1991-2004, but the decrease was less pronounced than over the 1980s, and for some countries populations have been rising since the late 1990s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
One of the emerging problems with representation and treatment of minorities and indigenous groups in education in the transitional economies of the Central Asian states is the dichotomy between the emancipatory logic of egalitarianism (the continuation of the Enlightenment) and the rhetoric of nation building through a process of ethno-nationalism. How does one build a democratic, empowering and culturally pluralistic post-Soviet society, which is already characterised by a dominance of one ethnicity and the resulting marginalisation of other ethnicities and minorities, a growing social differentiation, income inequality, and inequitable access to education, exploitation and poverty? This is the question that can be asked of any nation in Central Asia. This article explores the directions in educational research dealing with the political, cultural, and educational developments in Central Asia, new citizenship and language policies and inter-ethnic tensions and conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The public health effect of economic crises and alternative policy responses in Europe: an empirical analysis, Lancet 374:315-23 Sullivan D, von Wachter T. 2009. Job displacement and mortality: an analysis using administrative data. Do not go breaking your heart: Do economic upturns really increase heart attack mortality?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The influx of migrants to Europe was spurred by the demand created as the education levels of native-born women in the countries of southern Europe rose. And the presence, arrival and return of women performing care and domestic work raises several issues. This is evident in specific sectors, such as domestic sendee, which have been internationalized as a result. There is general agreement that this situation is the reason for the increased presence of women in international migration flows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Indeed, relative price changes currently favour green sources of energy. Physical stranding might also occur where events such as a drought or a flood make exploitation of a natural resource impossible or too costly. Should stranding affect CDDCs development prospects, Article 2 of the Paris Agreement allows those countries to be considered differently, in line with the principles of equity and countries’ common but differentiated responsibilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In 2014, the educational attainment rate of the region was 73%, approximately 10 percentage points smaller than the national average. However, the educational attainment rate of the region is about 7 percentage points higher than the average rural TL2 region’s rate. Another area of comparative weakness is environmental quality: The level of air pollution was in 2014 about 21.7 in pg/m3, positioning Gangwong in the bottom in terms of environmental quality performance across OECD TL2 regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The State Services Commission (SSC) also plays an ongoing role in terms of advising policy for, and direction of, the state sector. It holds responsibility for evaluating and reporting on the quality of education provided in early childhood services, kura and schools. The Education Act gives ERO’s Chief Review Officer the right to initiate reviews, investigate, report and publish findings on the provision of education in New Zealand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As a result a keyword search of project descriptions has been used. The limitation of this approach is the lack of consistency and gaps in reporting on the project descriptions in the CRS, which means some activities that engage the private sector may not be identified using a word search and are therefore not included in the analysis. Work is under way to improve the way private sector instruments are categorised and tracked within the system, so tracking such efforts in the future will be easier. As a result the analysis of development finance statistics does not align strictly with the description of private sector engagement (PSE) used in Chapter 2, which considers private sector development a subset of PSE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Program Staff and Supervisor Level certifications require educators to have a two-year diploma in ECEC. A Common Skills Working group has been established to identify what should be included in initial ECEC staff education programmes. Stakeholders are invited to comment on the identified skills and knowledge areas for ECEC staff. After receiving the comments, the plan will be revised. The goal of this initiative is to strengthen the workforce knowledge and improve quality ECEC delivery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Up to several hours are achievable. However, electrical energy is notoriously difficult to store and currently still suffers from very high costs. Nevertheless, a number of different technologies are available to provide storage in the grid. Electrical energy can be directly stored without conversion to another carrier in electrical double layer capacitors (EDLC) or superconducting magnetic energy storage systems (SMES).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
One critical issue is whether certain land-use (e.g. infrastructure) projects require provincial approval (in addition to, or instead of, municipal approval), and if so, which procedure should be followed. Traditional authorities actively oppose the bill because provincial and local development plans often pay no attention to the interests of traditional rural communities. They do not involve local tribal leaders in development projects, economic activities and even environmental conservation efforts in their area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Food security is mentioned only once, although protecting people in the rural sector is acknowledged (for example the need to protect households against crop failure) but these connections (in formal documentation at least) are implicit rather than explicit. The focus is on social transfers, community-based insurance and school feeding programmes. Some operations do make transfers to food insecure people, though the links to food security are not made explicitly in programming operations are at a different level, for example tl improve the fiscal, legal and institutional frameworks and coherent design of comprehensive social protection programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This is, however, only an expert estimate based on the number of vehicles delivering waste to disposal sites, so the reliability of these data is low. Estimates for MSW generation for the country as a whole are shown in table 8.1. The strong increase in MSW generation in recent years is most likely due to improved monitoring of vehicles delivering waste to the Balakhani disposal site than to an actual rise in MSW. However, there are agents who buy waste paper, plastic and metals from individuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In the paper industry, the global economic crisis has hit hard, production in Europe and North America has decreased 17% in 2008, with prices continuing to fall. According to the World Bank, projections reflect the rapid deterioration in financial and economic condition and the increasingly negative interaction between weakening economies and fragile financial system that have come to the fore since late 2008 for virtually every country in the world. First and foremost are economic factors as well as: currency rate movements, green building programs, public procurement policies, social responsibility, environmental consciousness, climate change, deforestation and afforestation, alternative demands on forests and, and alternative building materials. These negative perceptions include: that the GHG balances of biofuels are not good, that they require endless subsidies, that land and w'ater resources constrain bioenergy to marginal levels, that biofuels increase food prices and are not good for farmers and that other alternatives (solar, efficiency, hydrogen) are better and really sustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This approach is recommended when a sufficiently wide and well organised rental market exists. The application of the rental equivalence approach would have implied a smoother evolution of housing income given the stability of rental prices. Applying the same rate of return over a prolonged period of time is problematic. In the current low-interest rate context for instance, a 4% annual rate of return may be unrealistically high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The total area (mainland and sea) under permanent protection in Croatia steadily increased over the period 2009-2012 (table 8.4 and map 8.1). By the end of 2012, there were 431 nature sites protected in nine categories (table 8.5). The national protected areas feature internationally recognized protected areas including five Ramsar sites (Cma Mlaka, Lonjsko polje and Mokro polje, Kopacki rit, Neretva River Delta and Vransko Lake), two biosphere reserves (Mura-Drava-Danube Regional Park, and Kopacki Rit Nature Park), and a World Heritage site (Plitvice Lakes National Park).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The aim of this study is to share interdisciplinary reflections on collective health conducted in the Collective Health discipline at the undergraduate level of a higher education institution in Rio Grande do Sul. This is a descriptive, exploratory and qualitative research, with forty and five students from the Collective Health discipline as participants. Data collection occurred through the performance of a concept map activity, being analyzed with approximations of Bardin's Content Analysis (2016). It was found that students understand the importance of collective health in their training contexts, inferring about important aspects identified in mental maps. The articulations between collective health and secondary themes stimulated the construction of effective and constructive problematizations about the theme with emphasis on interdisciplinary practices. Thus, the study enabled the exchange of information and comprehensive reflection on public health and the interdisciplinary performance of students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Closing the Coverage Gap: The Role of Social Pensions and Other Retirement Income Transfers, World Bank, Washington DC., Paper to be presented at the 6th IZA/World Bank Conference on Employment and Development, June 2011, Mexico City, www.iza.org/conference_files/worldb2011/ribas_r6802.pdf. Journal of Public Economics, Vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is evidenced in the ‘Women, Business and the Law 2016’ report (World Bank, 2015), which finds that 90% of the 173 economies surveyed had at least one law impeding women's economic opportunities. In economies with legal differentiations, survey respondents at fi rms owned or managed by women report paying more bribes. This suggests that a lack of legal parity creates additional business costs for women. This inequality begins with inheritance rights. According to the report’s data, in 33 out of 173 countries sons and daughters do not have equal rights to inherit assets from their parents, 18 of those countries are in the MENA region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, the state of local infrastructure is often quite bad in the State of Kebbi. The road that links Kamba to Gaya shows the low level of interest accorded to certain strategic road sections from a perspective of external exchange. Although plans to completely reconstruct the road were announced since the 2000s, there has been no tangible sign of rehabilitation. This road is, however, a primary route for long-distance trade in this part of the border region. An improvement of connections with neighbouring countries would grow Kamba's population base towards Kandi in Benin, which would be accessible in fewer than two hours, and towards the agglomeration of Niamey, which would be accessible in less than 3 hours and 30 minutes without a wait at the border (OECD/SWAC, 2019b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Finally, given the problems people with criminal records face in finding employment, the authorities should consider removing barriers to expunging criminal records of those who have undergone treatment successfully. Tax Policy in the Age of Automation”, Harvard Law & Policy Review, Vol. Evidence on the Role of Urban Governance from Five OECD Countries”, OECD Regional Development Working Papers, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The findings of this study highlight the opportunities for partnership to aid implementation success. These centres, which bring together service providers in one place, have the potential to address some of the challenges faced by the education system in terms of dealing with mental ill health. First, despite increased investment in school-based mental health support, available services often lack the capacity to deliver effective and comprehensive responses students’ mental health concerns (see Section 3.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They act as individuals and inject capital into companies that often represent a niche or an innovative profession. They represent an effective way of funding an enterprise and offer the benefit of the expertise of an experienced sponsor. They generally focus on innovative and creative projects with a relatively high expected rate of return.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)