albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Moreover, community mental health centres may involve both general mental health services as well as specialised mental health services. In Norway, for example, the municipal mental health services comprise both primary health care and social services, provided by psychiatric nurses, GPs, psychologists and other professionals. Additionally, these primary mental health services work together with specialised service units.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Nearly half of the participants accessed through e-lea WTO's online platform. In 2017, 11,491 participants from 146 countries enrolled for e-learning courses, with Africa providing 34 per cent of participants, followed by Asia and the Pacific with 31 per cent, Latin America with 23 per cent, Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia with 6 per cent, the Caribbean with 4 per cent and the Arab and Middle East region with 2 per cent. Some 61 per cent of participants undertook the online course in English, 21 per cent in Spanish and 18 per cent in French. Technical assistance was strengthened for countries seeking to join the WTO (see page 39 and Figure 5 above), with government officials invited to participate in approximately 140 technical assistance events.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In FBiH, adraft watermanagement strategy is in the final stage of preparation and has the potential to act as a comprehensive, detailed and suitable basis for management of sustainable water resources in line with the EU WFD. However, it will be necessary to adopt and harmonize a laigc number of by-laws. The Framework Plan defines the criteria, conditions and obstacles for further development of the water infrastructure and management of the entire water sector, covering the planning period 2007 - 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Although land laws are the starting point, related legislation should also be considered. Family and marriage laws, inheritance provisions and housing law are all important legal areas that play a supporting role in ensuring equitable treatment of men and women in control over land. In many countries, tradition is stronger than law when it comes to land issues. Opposition from land reform authorities, peasant unions, village authorities and male household heads can frustrate land reform efforts to extend legal land rights to both single and married women. Legal rights are difficult to enforce if they are not seen as legitimate, thus recognizing customary land rights and working with community leaders is essential to ensure that women's rights are protected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Between 2010 and 2015 there was no variation in the share of women employees in central government in OECD countries, which xemained stable at about 52-53% (OECD, 2011, OECD 2017a). The share of women in professional positions in the civil service of 26 countries grew a little to 54.7% in 2015 from the 2010 level of 54.1% in 19 countries (OECD, 2011, OECD 2017a). However, women remain under-represented in the middle and senior tiers of management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Direct jobs are relatively easy to measure and their absolute number unequivocally correlate to the rate of growth of renewable technologies. All studies we contemplate consider direct renewable energy job impacts. Some others note that indirect effects can be expected, or explicitly estimate these effects via a simple multiplier.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Deforestation is a very real concern for the populations in the countries in this area since it may severely limit the ability to find fuel for cooking. Proper management of resources and subsidised efficient cookstove programmes are necessary. Such cost-competitiveness efforts can also produce opportunities for the creation of jobs and business opportunities in addition to meeting energy goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, compared with the international average, twice as many primary teachers in Mexico participate in formal induction programmes if they have access to them. Even for the teachers who do have access, very few participate in mentoring. In most countries, primary teachers receive peer support from elsewhere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some of this difference may reflect the “true" higher rate of robberies in the Russian Federation, but differences in reporting practices will also have an unquamifiablc impact. For this reason, most comparative analyses of crime across countries focus on trends rather than on crime rates. For example, if a victim of a punch to the face dies, some countries will record the offence committed as manslaughter and others as intentional homicide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
When energy efficiency and renewable energy potentials are considered in parallel, total global energy demand could be reduced by 25 per cent by 2030. These reductions would in part be achieved through the increased implementation of electrification technologies, increased deployment of modern, more efficient cookstoves (which increase conversion efficiency two to threefold), and an accelerated transition to solar and wind power, which are more efficient than technologies requiring thermal conversion. A growing number of countries have established renewable energy and energy efficiency targets and support policies. However, a systematic linking of the two has yet to occur in most cases, and sometimes they are even placed in competition with one another. Policymakers are also using regulations and fiscal incentives to advance the two in combination, most notably in the building sector.9 Additionally, organizations focusing on sustainable development are strategically using renewables along with energy efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The resulting 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which includes 17 new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), was adopted by more than 150 states at the UN Sustainable Development Summit in 2015 in New York. As such, the SDGs provide an unprecedented opportunity for the mainstreaming and integration of sound chemicals and waste management into a broad and ambitious new sustainable development agenda of high political relevance and global commitment. This could involve facilitating the establishment of, or strengthening, existing national regulatory structures and other mechanisms, as well as enhancing information exchange for the implementation of the SDGs in the MEAs that deal with chemicals and waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Thus legal differentiations (or discriminations) between men and women that are linked to private life - such as accessing institutions, using property, getting a job, providing incentives to work, building credit and going to court - can serve as a strong detriment to women’s participation in the public sphere. Countries are encouraged to consider developing principles and rules w'ith regard to polygamy, as well as effective institutions to protect the rights of all concerned parties, particularly women and children. Additional safeguards are needed to protect women from arbitrary divorce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter analyses the individual status of cohabiting under European law. It begins with an analysis of the legal protection of a cohabitant’s right to family life under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights and the relevant case law of the European Court of Human Rights. Furthermore, the chapter elaborates on the individual status of cohabiting in European Union law, emphasising the cohabitants’ legal status with respect to the freedom of movement of workers and their family members. Finally, the chapter attempts to assess the contribution of cohabitants to the development of European law and to provide an answer to the question of whether the process of European integrations has governed and/or influenced the individual status of cohabitants and, if so, to determine the extent of such an influence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Sierra Leone was engulfed in a destructive civil war between 1991 and 2002. The civil war was partly caused by the non-accountability of the government, endemic corruption, misrule and the mismanagement of the country’s resources. Efforts have been made by the country, with the help of the international community, to embrace a democratic dispensation. To demonstrate its commitment to the democratization agenda, Sierra Leone passed the Right to Access Information (RAI) Act in 2013. The Act guarantees access to government information and also imposes a penalty on failure to make information available. However, Sierra Leone’s state institutions are still weak due to mismanagement and lack of transparency and accountability. Freedom of expression and access to information are cornerstones of modern democracies. Public information/records are a means of power that governments and other political institutions use to exercise control over citizens, but are also a means of citizens’ empowerment. Through access to...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is significant since it can take more than five years to develop, permit and construct a new renewable energy plant. Even where policies survive attempts at legislative intervention, agency and/or court rulings can significantly alter a policy’s applicability and implementation. Table 2 (adapted from Szabo et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The need for an overall innovation strategy, for priority setting and for policy coordination is thus critical in strengthening innovation systems whether at the national, local or sector levels. From a policy perspective, the innovation system approach has a number of important strengths. Policy dynamics, moreover, are generated by the interaction of policies with the behavioural norms and attitudes of actors that they seek to condition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The practice of citizen review has developed as one method for improving the accountability of law enforcement officers to the general public and to their respective criminal justice organizations. However, little information is available regarding officers’ general perceptions of the citizen review process, as well as the perceptions of those officers who have actually been subject to formal review. This study provides analysis of data collected via a survey of commissioned officers in a large metropolitan police department in the Pacific Northwest. Their attitudes and perceptions of their professional and civilian oversight board, the Offices of Professional Accountability (OPA), were measured, and this study found that police officers with a deeper understating of the OPA system were more willing to report misconduct. Also, police officers who possess higher satisfaction attitudes toward the OPA were more likely to report grievances to it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To end cultures of impunity, comprehensive reporting systems need to be created to document abuses of women’s rights and support female and civilian survivors of the war in seeking justice (Chapter 3). Following on the suggestions made in the previous section, this needs to include special training for law enforcement agencies, which play an important role in enforcing women’s rights at the community level (Chapters 3 and 13). Promoting public debates and media literacy about SCRs 1325 and 1820 (and subsequent resolutions) and about national responses to these important programmes in post-conflict societies is an essential step in raising awareness about and advocating for participatory roles of women. In post-conflict reconstruction, particularly girls and women should be publicly recognized and encouraged (and, most importantly, not discouraged!) This recommendation can be advanced by offering women opportunities to debate and analyse the language of SCRs such as 1325 in order to relate them to the specific conflicts in which they are caught (Chapter 11).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
What the stylized model to be developed below does is to focus on the cmcial role which human capital accumulation plays in the process.9 Needless to say, financial capital is important, and some models in the endogenous inequality literature have indeed focused on that, where imperfect capital markets result in some (the rich) being able to borrow funds to invest in worthwhile projects and receive handsome returns on them, and others (the poor) not (Matsuyama, 2000). The distribution of financial assets is, of course, an important consideration that could have serious implications for the course and character of development. At the level of an individual, human capital accumulation (principally education, but also health) raises his or her productivity and, hence, income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These examples illustrate how participation and inclusion of children in developing transition activities and education can be further advanced to really place children’s needs at the centre of the debate. Despite important efforts by jurisdictions in providing information to parents through special publications, brochures and parental meetings, further work is needed. The belief that transitions are straightforward and organic hinders parental involvement in transition activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Pedagogical innovations require deep changes in teachers’ practices and roles in which they are co-designers. Innovations in teaching and learning are not so much assimilated as adopted progressively and creatively by teachers who know how to use their own experiences as “anchors” for implementation and innovation. Networks are critical in this process, emphasising the transformation of culture and practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Rather, they underscore the breadth of the challenges that the region faces in keeping emancipation paths from diverging on the basis of gender, class and nationality and thus from contributing to the current trends towards social inequality within and between countries. At that age, 100% of the adolescents in the highest strata in the first group are still in the educational system. The same is true for some 90% of the adolescents in the low strata.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Section one describes the characteristics of the area, including major features of the local economy, its population and its land uses. This is follow'ed by a discussion of the major actors involved in the governance of land use at the commune and intercommunal (metropolitan), departement and regional scales. The third section discusses the major land use plans and how they have evolved over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The FCP-group is itself a CET aggregate of Cattle and Raw Milk (both Pasture), ‘Sugarcane and Beet’ (SUG), and the group of ‘Cereal, Oilseed and Protein crops’ (COP). Here, the elasticity of transformation is o2. Finally, the transformation of land within the upper nest, the COP-group, is modeled with an elasticity o3. In this way the degree of substitutability of types of land can be varied between the nests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The reporting boundary to be followed for climate change and greenhouse gas emission disclosure is set parallel to the entities as reported on in the consolidated financial statements. The Framework does not specify any calculation rules, but recognizes various accounting schemes, like the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, ISO14064-1, and many other global and national schemes and guidance. The Sustainability Disclosure Framework is new and will provide accounting standards for each of the 89 SICS industries (Sustainable Industry Classification System). Each standard will be divided into management disclosures and performance disclosures for both impact and innovation opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Low-income countries typically lack adequate basic manufacturing capacity, infrastructure and human capital, as well as the international trading capacity needed to develop such dynamic export activities. These countries do, however, have some capacity to compete in world markets for primary goods and would need to consider industrial strategies for diversifying exports so as to include processing natural resource-based products and other light manufactures. Even so, building up new comparative advantages through promotion of backward linkages will be crucial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
British surveys do not ask respondents to distinguish the benefits (because of the difficulty of doing so) and even official statistics stopped classifying unemployed recipients by the type of unemployment benefit received. Cappellari and Jenkins’s (2008a, 2014) analysis therefore has to examine SA receipt defined in terms of receipt of either benefit in order to derive a consistent longitudinal series. Similarly, Hansen and Lofstrom’s (2011) analysis of the dynamics of SA receipt in Sweden includes receipt of some unemployment benefits in the definition of SA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
See Table Al in Annex 1 for the list of survey items included in each dimension. The new method informed the construction of the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) (Alkire & Santos, 2010) as well as the Inequality Adjusted Human Development Index (Alkire & Foster, 2010) used in the 2010 Human Development Report (UNDP, 2010). The Alkire-Foster methodology has also been applied to multiple national studies of multidimensional poverty in the developing world (Alkire & Seth, 2013, Salazar, Diaz, & Pinzon, 2013). Since the broader list of material deprivation indicators was only available in 2009, the trend analysis had to rely on the more limited set of indicators that are collected in every wave of the EU-SILC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
To reduce P, the point sources must buy P credits from nonpoint sources of pollution. Since P is contributed throughout the watershed, and P concentrations exceed provincial standards throughout the watershed, MOE allows the TPM programme to remove P anywhere in the watershed. Therefore, a treatment plant discharging P in the lower reaches of the watershed can pay for reduced P in the upper reaches of the watershed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This implies that the level of tax for a litre of diesel should be higher than that for a litre of gasoline, to reflect relative environmental costs. Diesel vehicles also tend to travel further per litre of fuel than gasoline vehicles, as they are often more fuel efficient. This means that social costs such as congestion, noise, accidents and infrastructure wear are also higher on a per litre basis for diesel than gasoline. In the energy sector, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that the sources of around 80% of possible cumulative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 2035 under an energy scenario consistent with international climate goals are already in place or under construction, leaving little room for additional polluting facilities (IEA, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Estimates of the size of the benefits of marine ecosystem services suggest that these are considerable (for a review of a selection of such studies see Annex 1 .A2), but much work remains to be done. Hence, as noted above, while many aspects of ecosystem services are taken into account here, the quantitative focus of this report is on ocean-based industries. To compare an industry’s contribution to the economy across countries, the share of total GVA is preferred to the share of GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This translates into a situation whereby the more accountability-oriented elements of the framework are receiving greater attention than processes for improvement, which leads to more limited local engagement in self-assessment activities, incipient practices of evidence-informed inquiry, and assessment and evaluation results not used to their potential. While there have been considerable national efforts to stimulate an evaluation culture by strengthening assessment and evaluation activities, as well as providing competency-building learning opportunities in some cases, the Review Team assesses that there are still limited evaluation and assessment competencies throughout the education system. There is great variation in the capacity for municipalities to develop and effectively use quality assurance systems. There is little information nationally regarding the qualifications of municipal education staff, but it seems a clear challenge for smaller municipalities to recruit staff with specific expertise in education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Women entrepreneurs who registered through the programme report improvements in their business operations, costs of credit, and work security. One risk of the programme is that it might create incentives to under-report real revenues (in order to benefit from the special MEI status) and reduce the attractiveness of other legal forms of business (limited-liability companies and corporations) that are generally more conducive to enterprise growth. Complementary measures are needed to enable higher growth in female-owned enterprises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Measurement issues with this TFP measure have been identified (Alston and Pardey, 2014), suggesting caution in drawing strong conclusions based on these data. This is despite recent increases in the land-to-labour ratio with rising emigration to urban areas: the number of rural-urban migrants totalled 270 million by 2013 and the land-to-labour ratio rose by 50% between 1990 and 2010 according to some estimates (Fuglie, 2012). The policy reforms that can contribute in this regard are now discussed in turn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Yet for most of the working young in Africa this link is broken. The concern with employment stems primarily from a concern for the material well-being of young people. The assumption behind calling for jobs for Africa’s youth is that jobs are good and allow young people to make a living, provide for their family and build a stable foundation for professional growth. Yet a closer look at most types of youth employment, and employment in Africa in general, reveals that only a very few jobs meet these assumptions. Working poverty, vulnerable employment and underemployment abound among Africa’s youth and across all occupations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A related challenge lies in the recruitment of unqualified teachers by private establishments, an issue which is dealt with by regular institutional inspections. Currently the Mauritius Institute of Training and Development (MITD) is working with a network of around 150 enterprises on this project, and more than 1,000 apprentices are enrolled every year to follow courses under the scheme - representing 30 per cent of total pre-employment training. The figure shows that apprenticeship training contributes to enhancing the employability of young people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Participation rates for the unemployed and those who are out of the labour force are significantly lower than those who are employed (Figure 5.3). Workers in small and medium-sized enterprises in Hungary, Poland, Portugal and Spain are particularly under-represented in continuing training (OECD, 2005). On average among the 22 OECD countries in PIAAC 2012 (Figure 5.3), only 30% of adults aged 25-65 at Level 1 and below in literacy had participated in some form of adult education and training in the previous 12 months, compared to 51% among the rest of the population. Although over 40% of adults with a low level of literacy proficiency in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands reported participation in adult education, the figures are still below that of the overall population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)