albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The interpersonal redistribution of resources is often brought about by compulsory participation or by public financing of social benefits. For example, a health insurance programme that requires all covered workers to make contributions to the benefit plan regardless of their health status. The redistributive nature of a social programme is most evident when support is provided for free or at sharply reduced prices, e.g. subsidised food programmes or free medical aid, but also the provision of income support under minimum living standard schemes in China, Japan or Korea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Of the remainder, some 62 percent of finance from dedicated climate funds has been targeted at Latin America and the Caribbean, reflecting the significant opportunities seen for reducing emissions in the forest sector in that region. Adaptation funding has concentrated on sub-Saharan Africa, the region likely to be most impacted by climate change, with 54 percent of approved dedicated climate finance for the period 2010-14. Bilateral donors have also allocated almost half of their adaptation-tagged finance to sub-Saharan Africa. That focus is most pronounced for the forestry sector, where 57 percent of bilateral and 75 percent of dedicated multilateral finance supports policy and administrative management, in particular for REDD+ readiness, which assists governments in developing national REDD+ plans and strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Not only is biodiversity mainstreaming a process in its own right, but it should always attempt to align and integrate with sector based processes. Fully integrating biodiversity objectives into the actual operating procedures of organisations mitigates loss of key staff or champions. Subsequent policy revisions will then have protocols for retaining biodiversity objectives, once direct support from the biodiversity sector has ceased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Likewise, having a father with basic or no education is associated with a 34% drop in wages. However, there are considerable regional differences (Figure 1.3, Panel B). While the correlation with the direct effect is poor, the indirect effect due to transmission of education across generations is highly correlated with inequality (74%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Together, this totalled nearly USD 29 billion on average per year in 2011-12. The more recently established and OECD-hosted Research Collaborative for Tracking Private Climate Finance has also been instrumental in co-ordinating emerging findings on methodologies to estimate mobilised private climate finance, collaborating across the DAC, MDBs, DFIs, countries and expert organisations. Building on the work of the Research Collaborative, most recently a group of 19 bilateral climate finance provider countries developed a common understanding of the scope of mobilised climate finance and a common methodology for tracking and reporting towards the USD 100 billion a year goal (TWG, 2015), This report also benefits from the collaboration with Climate Policy Initiative, which brings its own knowledge on the overall landscape of global climate finance flows. Furthermore ongoing developments in, and discussions about, climate finance definitions and measurement approaches mean that this report can only present preliminary estimates of progress towards the USD 100 billion a year goal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Graduation rates refer to the estimated percentage of an age cohort that will complete tertiary education, based on current patterns of graduation (the age cohorts of 25-26 for tertiary type-A and 23-26 for tertiary type-B programmes). Entry rates are the estimated percentage of an age cohort that will enter tertiary education for the first time (19-year-olds in Slovenia). Completion rates correspond to the proportion of new entrants who graduate with at least one degree at the level entered into.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the absence of the crisis, this trend would most probably have continued. Country averages, though, mask within-country disparities.10 Eventually, the impact of the crisis depends on the extent to which it affects average consumption and the respective income distribution (Ravallion 2009). Of those, 35 per cent are poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Labour union day-care centres (very few). Estudio comparative de la “economfa del cuidado" en Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico y Uruguay, Red Internacional de Genero y Comercio - Capitulo Latinoamericano, 2007, and E. Vegas and L. Santibanez, The Promise of Early Childhood Development in Latin America and the Caribbean, Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2010. Among them are Uruguay (National Care System) and Costa Rica (Care Network and strengthening the CEN-CINAI programme) (Sauma, 2012). Both countries have made progress in building care systems with service networks expanding out-of-home care coverage for children aged 0 to 3 years (Rico, 2011). Among other goals, this will help increase the space available for that age group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
All of these sources of water pollution make treatment costs higher and have implications for public health and natural ecosystems. According Alkins-Koo et al. ( Only 23 per cent of the population is served by a central sewage treatment system and these are located in the main urban centres of Port-of-Spain, San Fernando and Arima (EMA, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Hoffmann (2005), De Lima, Barreto and Marinho (2003) and Menezes and Pinto (2005). These findings can then be used to compare inequality and income elasticities of poverty and extreme poverty in different periods of the economic history of Brazil. In the second section, a brief overview is presented of the literature on the impact that economic growth, on the one hand, and income inequality, on the other, have on poverty. This is followed by a description of the database, models and econometric methodology that have been used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The statements in this paper are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies or the views of UNICEF and of their own respective affiliations. The case for a child focus in poverty and development debates can be made on moral, rights and efficiency based grounds. It is now widely recognized that children have different basic needs from adults and are harder hit, both in the short- and long-term, when their basic needs are not met.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These diffuse sources cannot be precisely located due to the large area of contamination and are spread diffusely in space and time. The situation of the diffuse pollution sources is unknown and not analyzed. It is commonly thought that there are no problems with nitrate pollution, especially not from agricultural production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This will place additional strains on a variety of material and energy resources and the global environment. A growing population with higher average income requires more food, more industrial products, more energy and more water for domestic purposes. Dire predictions regarding the exhaustion of non-renewable resources have failed to materialise. A complex interaction between population and economic (e.g. commodity prices, economic shocks) dynamics, public policies, technological change, and consumer behaviour drive the demand and supply of natural resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It is also important to note that because ride-sourcing companies are currently more flexibly regulated than public transport and taxis in many markets, they are able to trial new services and business models — including some that have become quite popular, like commercial ridesharing. One reason for this is that ride service operators understandably want to preserve commercially sensitive and privacy-eroding data - especially in light of the obligations that some public authorities have to make public data they hold. Ride service companies have faced calls for detailed data release that they have sometimes accepted. At least one company, Uber, has created an on-line tool, Movement, allowing registered users to access some of the data Uber collects. One exception to the general rule of limited data sharing by ride services is New York City, where the city's Taxi and Limousine Commission (TLC) compels ride services to provide detailed data analogous to the data that taxis and other traditional ride services must provide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There are indications that the precursors were obtained locally, from domestic distribution channels, after they had been legally imported. In February 2015, 133 kg of ephedrine were seized at the international airport near Lagos. The consignment had been sent as cargo and had been destined for Mozambique and South Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While Israel has made efforts to increase domestic medical graduates, younger doctors are choosing to specialise and work in a hospital. To ensure primary care facilities have the workforce they need, the government should encourage younger doctors to work in primary care, including through providing the opportunity to undertake their clinical training in primary care settings. Israel should complement these efforts with making sure that the skills of older medical workforce remain current.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Jobless couples where neither partner works (inactive or unemployed) are excluded. Data for both partners not available in the public use version of SLID for Canada. In 11.3% of couples both partners woik full-time (40+ hours, dark blue bars) and in 5.8% of couples the male partner works 30-39 hours and the female partner vvoiks 1-29 hours (dotted bars).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This new paradigm must taiget the circumstances, conditions, norms, values and structural forces that perpetuate adolescent pregnancies on the one hand and that isolate and marginalize pregnant girls on the other. Girls need both access to sexual and reproductive health services and information and to be unburdened from the economic and social pressures that too often translate into a pregnancy and the poverty, poor health and unrealized human potential that come with it. Also builds skills, raises girls' status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In all but the rarest circumstance, buyers in PES programmes will have the upper hand in the transaction, possessing more knowledge, experience and resources than the rural service providers. Such an environment is ripe for communities and landowners to unknowingly enter agreements that are, intentionally or not, structured in the buyers'favour. Any inequality in design is magnified by the fact that if contract disputes should arise, landowners would be unlikely to match the litigation resources available to the buyer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Instead they cover a range of geographies and types of intervention, from climate risk reduction in Ethiopia to financing of a field station in a Costa Rican national park. The objective, expressed in Austria’s Fifth National Communication to the UNFCCC, is to use development assistance to target the root causes of vulnerability to the effects of climate change. These efforts focus on poverty alleviation, conflict prevention and improving the management of natural resources. This mainstreaming process is intended to ensure that non-adaptation-related funding nonetheless contributes to reductions in vulnerability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Canada has earned a reputation as a nation with a high rate of criminal prosecutions of people with HIV who fail to disclose their HIV positive status to sexual partners. On 5 October the Canadian Supreme Court announced new appeals judgments that will continue to allow the criminalisation of non-disclosure of HIV status.   A coalition of HIV and AIDS advocacy groups in Canada quickly condemned the Supreme Court’s judgments as “unjust,” a “major step backwards for public health and human rights,” and “a cold endorsement of AIDS-phobia.”1  Canada has no specific law requiring someone who has tested positive for HIV to reveal their condition to sexual partners. However, prosecution lawyers have successfully used …
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Several modelling studies have indicated that the positive climate effects of CO2 uptake in boreal forest biomass will most likely be exceeded by the negative effects of lower albedo of forests relative to non-forested (especially snow-covered) fields, tundra etc (e.g., Betts 2000, Bala et al. Local cooling as a consequence of deforestation in higher latitudes has also been documented by observations (Lee et al. In an estimate of the climate effect of expanding deciduous forests in arctic regions, Swann et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The programme “Water and Climate: Contributions for a Sustainable Development” was promoted by Petrobras as part of the company’s increasing attention to climate change and social responsibility. This is an important feature of many Brazilian rivers, which imposes limitations to other uses because it requires reasonable depths of water throughout the year. The construction of dams raises additional difficulties that can be overcome in many cases by costly transposition infrastructure. This way of reaching the hinterlands is important for the economic development of Brazil, also because it is increasingly recognised as energy efficient, environmentally friendly and low cost.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
See Table 3 for details of changes in overall average age of first marriage (SMAM) in the region, and in percentage of married girls under 18.) While these rates, along with the figures indicated below, may not be always consistent or exact, they do nevertheless give a fair indication of the persistence of this problem and its overall prevalence. Moreover, examining data on women aged between 20 and 49 years, researchers found that 43.7 per cent of women in this age group in Yemen (in 2013), 23.5 per cent of women in this age group in Syria (in 2009), and 18.5 per cent of women in this age group in Morocco (in 2011) were married before the age of eighteen.52 Furthermore, the PAPFAM research found that age differences and educational disparities between spouses in marriages involving minors were associated with divorce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To bolster their contribution, aligning negotiation strategies, with a view to promoting much needed global policy coherence should enable the achievement of the oceans and marine specific Agenda 2030 objectives. The international community has been urged to take actions to “conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development,” and we shall respond. However, the continuation of benefits from fisheries depends on their sustainability, which is being challenged by factors such as overfishing, IUU fishing, destructive fishing practices and ecosystem degradation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Although there has been progress in recent years on laws increasing women's land ownership, women are still particularly disadvantaged by displacement (Davis and Fisk 2014). Biofuel production can diminish food security through land use change or rising food prices. Active evaluation and monitoring for gender, social, and environmental impacts are just as important for sustainable and gender-just renewable energy as in the case of conventional energy. Nevertheless, positive examples point towards the possibilities of a gender-balanced and gender-responsive renewable energy sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Identify indicators of performances and outcomes of mental health care. Identify at which levels (national/regional, local or individual) data are available in the nine European countries. Develop a strategy for the collection of information about performance and outcome indicators of quality of mental health care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This illustrates that the progress in reaching the MDGs has been uneven for the LDCs. Moreover, even in countries where good progress has been made toward the MDGs, there are often glaring disparities between rural and urban areas, between the rich and the poor, between women and men, and between girls and boys. These include reducing hunger, ensuring that girls and boys reach the last grade in primary education, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, and providing basic sanitation. The performance among the individual countries does not vary much, with most countries requiring renewed efforts to achieve the majority of the MDG targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, a number of specific regulatory measures can be implemented in order to improve the functioning of both designs. However, since electricity is a non-storable good with inelastic demand, energy-only markets can lead to large price swings at moments of high (or low) production of renewable energy. For instance, the European Energy Exchange Market (EEX) in 2009 saw spot prices that reached the ceiling of EUR 3 000 per MWh imposed by the operators as well as several instances of negative spot prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Violence against children is a human rights challenge. According to the UN Sustainable Development Goal 16.2, all violence against children should be eliminated. This paper discusses how violence against children can be defined and which forms it takes. Parental violence in the form of physical discipline is highly prevalent, particularly in low-income countries. This violence causes suffering, has serious health consequences and reduces human capital. This article estimates that 311 million children are subjected to severe forms of physical punishment, equivalent to 17.5 per cent of all children worldwide. In contrast to other forms of violence (e.g. civil wars and terrorism), ‘every day’ violence against children receives little attention in development research, despite the high prevalence rates and resulting adverse consequences for societal development. This special issue presents evidence from promising parenting interventions for violence reduction in low-income settings in Kenya, Liberia and Uganda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are challenges, among others, related to managing the beneficiaries’ database, and monitoring and assessing the compliance with conservation commitments. For instance, ecosystems considerations do not feature in the current programmes implemented by Colombia’s ANSPE,19 while in the Philippines National Anti-Poverty Program 2011-2016 (NAPC, 2010), ecosystems are only briefly mentioned in relation to the reform and management of fisheries and aquatic resources. Across a selection of countries reviewed, NSDSs and green growth strategies tend to mainstream biodiversity priorities in a relatively more formalised and advanced manner than PRSPs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It is the share of economic subsectors (out of the 35 subsectors) that have production linkages with at least S0.02 per United States dollar of output from or to manufacturing activities. See Annex 3 for the definition and calculation of the indicator. This suggests that the manufacturing sector is not well-integrated with the rest of the economy and hence not well-diversified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As most individuals do not live alone, their incomes are pooled wholly or in part to satisfy a household’s needs. Household rather than individual income is, therefore, a natural starting point to analyse adequacy. However, even though poor living standards rarely affect some members of a household and not others, it can be useful to home in from the household to the individual level (Atkinson et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Gaps are estimated only for students with nonmissing information on whether they speak the language of assessment at home, on their age at arrival and a non-missing score on the PISA index on economic, social and cultural Status (ESCS) index. Countries and economies with a non-adjusted gap that is statistically significant from the Swedish one are marked with an asterisk before the country/economy name. Countries and economies with an adjusted gap that is statistically significant from the Swedish one are marked with an asterisk after the country/economy name.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Introduction: The finding that there is a social gradient in health has prompted considerable interest in public health circles. Recent influential works describing health inequities and their causes do not always argue cogently for a policy framework that would drive the most appropriate solutions differentially across the social gradient This paper aims to develop a practice heuristic for proportionate universalism. Methods: Through a review the proposed heuristic integrates evidence from welfare state and policy research, the literature on universal and targeted policy frameworks, and a multi-level governance approach that adopts the principle of subsidiarity. Results: The proposed heuristic provides a more-grained analysis of different policy approaches, integral for operationalizing the concept of proportionate universalism. Conclusion: The proposed framework would allow governments at all levels, social policy developers and bureaucrats, public health professionals and activists to consider the appropriateness of distinctive policy objectives across distinctive population needs within universal welfare state principles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If schools strive to foster learner engagement and formative assessment, for instance, but seek to do so while ignoring individual differences or the importance of emotions for effective learning, then the overall impact will be diminished. Who the learners are in any school may be a given of geographical proximity, but the profile of learners may also be innovated, for example, inviting parents or other family members in to become students or when learners are brought together from a distance, sometimes from around the world, using communication technologies. Who the educators are may be a source of innovation as different experts, adults, family or community members, and students themselves, work with the teachers, or as teachers join forces across schools and even over large distances to share a class or project. Many approaches may be taken to innovating content, even within existing curriculum guidelines, such as emphasising 21st century competences including social learning, making connections through inter-disciplinary approaches, or giving emphasis to specific areas like language learning or sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
International aid has influenced and, in part, shaped the artistic sector in Africa's Great Lakes region (DRC, Rwanda, Burundi) since the s, a period marked by numerous conflicts and mass violence. Due to NGOs' programmatic foci, artists performing for social change are increasingly compelled to focus on reconciliation and conflict resolution, generating political awareness and bringing about social change, healing and peacemaking. Through a comparative analysis of European and local productions on the genocide this article asks, how and why does an 'NGO-style theatre' develop a specific audience in the region? How have themes such as mass violence, inter-ethnic conflict and social cohesion become the main concerns of the territory's theatre? How do performances made and/or sponsored by NGOs challenge not only theatre's form, its social stakes and functions, but also the conception of its audience and the relationships between actors and spectators?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)