albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
At the micro level they can focus capacity development on project stakeholders. With governments they can support its capacity to respond more effectively to citizens’ demands. At the country level they can support the development of a broad knowledge base on voice and accountability, empowerment and pro-poor growth, including a strong endogenous capacity for diagnosis, policy choices, monitoring and evaluation of highly context-specific issues and processes. For example, regarding legal empowerment, donors can support the demand side through awareness-raising campaigns and the provision of grassroots legal services, but major change will only occur when governments are willing to improve the supply side of justice delivery services and their institutional response to rights violations. Donor support for capacity building in state institutions thus often includes support for Ombudsmen and one-window-service offices, as well as the creation of consumer groups (Good Practice Note 6.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Bureau of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole has considered an advance, unedited version of the technical abstract for presentation to delegates attending the third session of the Preparatory Committee on an international legally binding instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. The full text of the first World Ocean Assessment, including the summary, is available from www.un.org/depts/los/rp. The patterns of marine biodiversity are shaped by variations in the depth and nature of the seabed, by variations in temperature, salinity, nutrients and currents of the water column, and by the latitudinal and seasonal variations in sunlight. The size and complexity of the ocean means that patterns in global biodiversity are largely unquantified and their natural drivers not fully understood. It also reveals likely future trends and indicates management options likely to be more sustainable. Uncertainties, however, remain and surprises will be encountered (chap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
A proposed goal of ensuring healthy lives includes an indicator for ensuring universal sexual and reproductive health and rights. Depending on the opportunities and choices they have during this period in life, they can enter adulthood as empowered and active citizens, or be neglected, voiceless and entrenched in poverty. The impact can reverberate throughout her life and carry over to the next generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They introduced the concept of the “bottom of the pyramid” (BoP), further developed in Prahalad (2005). The International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the World Resources Institute (Hammond et al., They estimated that in 2002, the 4 billion people living in poverty constituted a USD 5 trillion global consumer market, of which the 5 economies of China, Colombia, India, Indonesia and South Africa represented USD 3.2 trillion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Furthermore, a higher share of students in Chile, compared to the OECD average, did not reach the baseline level of proficiency that is required to engage with science according to PISA test measures. Chile was also one of the countries participating in PISA 2015 where the socio-economic background of students most influenced performance. Socio-economic status explained 17% of the variance of Chilean students’ science performance on PISA 2015, which was higher than the OECD average of 13%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Thus, it is understandable that the dollar-a-day poverty-line approach has become the dominant one. However, it has significant weaknesses and there are several types of problems connected with its use that need to be reviewed. Depending on how the constitution of the basket is determined and what is included, the poverty line can be pushed down to what many might feel is too low a threshold, or raised to what others might question as being an overly generous one.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is imperative that discussions concerning universal, affordable access to the Internet and to connecting devices remain front and centre, even as attention is focused on new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of things, robotics and blockchain. Spaces to foster and ideate innovations need to be matched with equal policy vigour, particularly in enforcement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This could potentially cover the provision and mobilisation of support, as well as indicative information on support to be provided (Article 13.11). This section provides an overview of how climate finance information has been reviewed or considered to date, and how this could be strengthened in future. The focus of these reviews is whether countries report mandatory information in a complete and transparent manner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Following the arguments provided in detail elsewhere (de Neubourg and Plavgo, 2012), this paper and its companion background paper to the UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre Report Card 10 (Bradshaw et al, 2012) discuss monetary poverty and deprivation as related but conceptually distinct. The main arguments for this separate treatment relate to the fact that traditional monetary poverty measures and deprivation measures tell two different stories. While money-metric indicators of poverty give an indication of the Financial means of the household to satisfy its needs, deprivation indicators provide information on the degree to which some of these needs are actually met. The latter is the result of a mixture of variables including the income and resources available to the households, spending decisions by the households, the availability of (public) goods and services and the state of the economy in general. Mixing deprivation indicators with monetary poverty data in a single index leads to a loss of dimensions rather than further insights gained from adding dimensions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Chile the figure is 85% for Peruvian women, and it is as high as 87% for Colombian women working in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. This is significant, first, because it means that these women are financially responsible for their children and, second, because it is palpable evidence of the relative nature of the autonomy that leads women to decide to migrate alone, leaving their children behind in their countiy of origin (Martinez Pizarro, 2006). The problem lies in the lack of protection and the discrimination that these women face at work -making them even more vulnerable, especially if they are undocumented. In most cases there is a combination of factors, including residency status (documented or undocumented), countiy of origin, ethnicity, length of residence in the destination country, language proficiency and education level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In its place, new policies were introduced that relied less on spontaneous market forces and more on State regulation, both for production development and for economic growth and social welfare. Macroeconomic stability was gradually established, albeit in a context of trade and financial shocks, both endogenous and exogenous. Also in the 1990s, the international community established a policy framework for development that sought to protect the rights of various social groups by enforcing corresponding State obligations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Debt rescheduling has been necessary for many of the MATEP loans. Managing the loan portfolio under conditions of poor credit quality was more expensive than anticipated and the project did not provide sufficient resources to allow constant contact with borrowers, including unannounced on-site visits, periodic financial reviews, verification of sales orders, and efficient legal action for delinquent loans. Although the situation seems to be improving slowly, interest rates remain relatively high, repayment periods are short, and banks often take months to reach a decision on whether to grant a loan, which is a major issue for agricultural producers. The constraints are now well understood by partner governments and the donor community, but the actions undertaken to address them are confronted with several challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Yet, the job characteristics valued by women and men have repeatedly been shown to differ.12 In particular, higher levels of job satisfaction expressed by women may reflect job characteristics that are normally unmeasured by standard employment and earnings statistics. On the other hand, women are more likely than men to identify the flexibility of work schedule, social relations at work and the significance of the task as the most important aspects of a job (Bender et al., These differences in job preferences may result from womens’ desire to integrate work and family life (Garey, 1999).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The GEF has announced new climate finance commitments of US$3 billion from across its focal areas, with at least US$300 million being dedicated to coastal and marine issues over the next four years. Another US$250 million will flow through the GEF's Sustainable Forest Management/REDD+ Incentive Mechanism, which will mobilize US$750 million in grants from other focal areas to tackle the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, while supporting the role of forests in national and local sustainable development plans. Some US$45 million will address the key global drivers of deforestation by expanding the supply of sustainably managed commodities, while more than US$116 million will help to improve food security, strengthen resilience and enhance carbon sequestration in sub-Saharan Africa (Box 26). The US$116 million programme seeks to safeguard ecosystem services by promoting the integrated management of natural resources through projects in 12 countries. The projects will help smallholders to become more resilient to climate change by improving soil health and access to drought-tolerant crop varieties, adjusting planting periods and cropping portfolios, and enhancing on-farm agrobiodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Abortion-related mortality, however, is thought to be higher than the global average of 13 per cent, reaching 19 per cent of all maternal deaths in the region (UNFPA, 2006 p. 1-2,11). Cambodia, Indonesia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic and Myanmar have the highest number of abortion-related deaths, while Malaysia, Thailand and Viet Nam have the lowest (see figure 1). Abortion rates are still high, with Viet Nam and Indonesia having among the highest figures in the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They refer to hourly wages for Denmark, Greece, Iceland, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain. They refer to 2013 for Sweden, 2012 for India and South Africa, and 2011 for Israel. Instead of 2010, data refer to 2011 for Brazil, Chile and Costa Rica. Instead of 2005 they refer to 2006 for Chile, Estonia, France, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and Turkey, and 2007 for Colombia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These effects can be broken down into four components: women’s employment rates, women’s work intensity, the share of females in skilled jobs, and the overall returns to female employment (wage effect). The figure shows that if the proportion of households with a working female had remained the same as in the mid-1980s, household income inequality would have increased, on average across the OECD countries, by an additional 0.8 point, i.e. an increase in the Gini from 28.2 to 31.6 instead of 30.8. The equalising impact of rising female employment was larger in countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom, where the share of working-age households with female workers increased greatly: this contributed to lowering inequality by 2.5 or more Gini points in these countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Overall, structural fiscal balances were little changed between 1994 and 2004, with a mixed picture across countries. The revised Jobs Strategy reiterated the basic recommendations of the original strategy as regards macroeconomic policy, i.e. that it should aim at price stability and sound public finances so as to keep interest rates low and encourage investment and labour productivity, with potential beneficial effects on employment. Macroeconomic policy is also to be used to help stabilise the economy in order to reduce the risk that transitory increases in unemployment due to adverse shocks become persistent and to ensure that the benefits of structural reforms are brought forward.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Ecological concepts are applied to manage the interactions between agroecosystem components such as plants, crops, livestock, soils, climate, and humans. For example, the Promotion of Smart Agriculture Towards Climate Change initiative has as its objective to support the transition towards agroecology in West Africa to reinforce the resilience of vulnerable populations. The initiative aims at the adoption of practices by 25 million households by 2025.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, and despite the existence of a legal framework to promote gender equality and the higher average educational level of females, gender gaps in labour market outcomes are sizeable. In particular, female participation and employment rates are lower than for males. They suffer more from unemployment and those employed receive lower wages (Figure 1.16). The working age population is defined as those aged above 12 in urban areas and above 10 in rural areas and is expressed as a share of total population. The participation rate is defined as the share of the labour force to the working age population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This section also presents new data on how private foundations support STI activities, and showcases additional initiatives from the private sector to support countries’ efforts to further expand ICT access, use and digital skills. The last section of the paper provides policy recommendations and highlight areas of further work. Investments in STI are a fundamental pillar of any economy in its path to development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This might also signal risk factors related to lifestyle that could be more prevalent for men: alcohol and tobacco consumption are each indeed high in OECD comparison, while fruit and vegetable consumption is low (OECD, 201 la). It is important to note, as shown by OECD (2010a), that there is no trade-off between improving health outcomes on average and reducing inequalities in health status, which reinforces the justification for aiming at reducing such dispersion. Grimm (2011) even provides evidence that, controlling for the overall level of life expectancy, health inequality negatively affects economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Fish that are dependent on oxygen will grow more slowly, decrease in size and reproduce less. Larger fish such as tuna, swordfish and shark, which are dependent on a large amount of oxygen, will be driven to more oxygen-rich surface waters, as will a large proportion of their prey. This will lead to increased food competition. Creatures living in or on the seabed will also need to seek out shallower waters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In general, however, methodologies for result-based financing were reported to be newly developed or under development in developing countries, but also across donor agencies. Providers and supporters are also in the process of establishing their own expertise, through systems to monitoring results to identify project impact and to measure benefits and trade-offs among different dimensions (e.g. environmental, social, economic, financial). For example, AFD, within its “climate and development action plan for 2012-2016”, has established a systematic procedure to assess the carbon footprint of projects it finances in developing countries and the GHG impact is taken into account in AFD's decision making process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It can also shift power relations between women and men, including at household level, and can improve women’s well-being, negotiating power and overall status. The industry plays a vital role in earning foreign exchange. The share of garments in total merchandise exports rose from a mere 6% in 1995 to 76% in 2005, earning USD 2.2 billion. The impact on income from this sector goes far beyond the workers employed in this sector and it is estimated that at least one million people benefit through direct and indirect employment and income, including remittances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The third sector, traditionally considered in the Italian welfare state as a residual actor of social policies, has increasingly engaged itself in various types of partnerships and collaborative planning processes with the local authority in recent years. In the rhetoric of welfare reform, third sector organizations play an important role, for they contribute to regenerating local democracy, stimulating communities, and fighting social exclusion. The article examines 12 local area plans, which have been realized in eight regions of Italy since 2000, by relying on empirical data and interviews. The article concludes that the so-called co-governance of local welfare can produce very different levels of democratization and improvement of social programs. In some areas, it may be that valorizing the third sector can effectively renew social policies, while in others the exact reverse may happen. The article offers an analysis of the main factors that influenced this result.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract This essay develops a critique of modern constructivist approaches to norms in international relations theory. It distinguishes between a behaviourist and a societal perspective on norms. The former explains compliance with norms and/or norm diffusion via the logic of appropriateness and the logic of arguing, respectively, the latter understands divergence in normative meaning via the logic of contestedness. Using Habermas's approach to facts and norms as a framework, the article discusses the possibilities of legitimate governance based on core constitutional norms such as democracy, the rule of law and fundamental and human rights and their role in contexts beyond the modern nation‐state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The difference between these two approaches is whether to examine STI-related development finance from a donor or recipient angle. The donor angle will include core funding to multilateral agencies (also referred to as “multilateral ODA”), while the recipient angle will include the outflows from multilateral agencies (see Figure 3.2). Bilateral ODA consists of ODA-eligible projects and programmes to countries and territories on the DAC List of ODA Recipients. This is illustrated in this figure as the provision of mobile broadband (left side) in which the signal goes directly from a radio tower to a smartphone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Adding to the existing literature on the history of forestry policy and reform in Papua New Guinea (PNG), this paper focuses on the Malaysian Rimbunan Hijau Group (RH) – the largest actor in PNG's forest industry. Rimbunan Hijau's dominant presence since the 1980s has been accompanied by allegations of illegality, corruption and human rights abuses. This paper outlines RH's initial involvement in PNG's forestry sector and discusses some of the more controversial aspects of its engagement with concession acquisition processes and public policy, as well as its responses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Beyond the standard support rate, one-third of additional support is provided for frost risks, except for those relating to flowering period of fruits grown in open-air. Insurance is also available for livestock in the events of disease, natural disaster, or accident. Livestock policies cover cattle, sheep and goats, poultry, apiculture and aquaculture. Following the launch of TARSiM, agricultural insurance has expanded and is currently offered for crop growing, greenhouse production, aquaculture, apiculture, cattle, poultry and sheep and goats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The resulting statistics are usually produced using national and subnational data. They include descriptive epidemiological data that can usually be updated yearly. The WHO is making remarkable progress in developing methodologies needed to estimate the attributable fraction78 and burden of disease attributable to the environment.79 It has also formulated comprehensive indicators and indexes such as DALY (disability-adjusted life year),80 which is a summary measure of population health problems combining morbidity and premature death associated with different factors related to the modifiable environment.81 However, caution must be exercised when producing these types of environmental health statistics because health and environmental problems are multifaceted and complex.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Let us shift the focus away from mutilation to education," the Secretary-General said at a special event in February 2016 marking the 2030 commitment. " Let us make a world where FGM stands for Focus on Girls’ Minds. To fast-track progress, in March 2016, UNFPA and UNICEF launched the Global Programme to Accelerate Action to End Child Marriage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Several studies, including one among couples in Thailand, have demonstrated an association between current life stressors and the risk of experiencing and/or perpetrating IPV (Hoffman et al. There is also emerging evidence that childhood abuse or other adversities may potentiate the impact of recent stressors on risk of IPV perpetration, a hypothesis known as the “stress sensitization theory.” Among 34,653 US adults, for example, the risk of perpetrating IPV among men with high current life stress was 10.1 percentage points greater among men with histories of high versus low childhood adversity scores (Roberts et al 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, already incurred costs can be particularly relevant if a bulk supply agreement is being changed or terminated. This is because investment decisions, potentially involving significant cost commitments, may have been taken based on the existing agreement. If a service is provided using a network, it may be difficult to distinguish between the costs associated with providing an individual customer with a service, and the costs of other services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They set up an intervention model in three stages. Primary intervention involves district and school wide reforms aimed at providing high quality instruction in a school climate that encourages regular attendance and other positive behaviour. This they suggest can be done through equipping teachers to provide high quality instruction and ensuring a relevant curriculum that keeps students engaged. They also suggest a culture of personalized and orderly learning environment and a strong connection with the family. This corresponds to several of the preventive and pre-emptive measures we have seen targeting pre-primary and primary school level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Another example is the storage and recovery approach (S&R) in groundwater conservation employed by the city of Tucson, Arizona, which serves the twofold purpose of storing water underground for future use while replenishing the already pumped groundwater (see Box 4.7). This approach also signals a remarkable capacity to adjust to community demands. Cities and industrial companies have paid farmers to encourage practices, such as paddy rice flooding, that help recover the aquifer. The city of Ono in Fukui Prefecture, Japan, which received the Japan Water Grand Prize in 2012, was one of the early adopters of groundwater recharge through paddy-field storage in the late 1970s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)