albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
De Vries and Muller-Salo begin with an interpretation of my view on the need for adequate secular reasons in supporting coercion in politics—specifically, in law-making and establishing public policies. Most laws and public policies are coercive. A public policy, for instance, may be established by a governmental or quasi-governmental institution such as a public university, and it may be enforced using sanctions that include fines and possible imprisonment. Even temporary policies established by agencies of government as opposed to legislative bodies may have the authority to impose serious penalties for non-compliance. Muller-Salo and De Vries consider various problems my approach raises and conclude by offering a principle weaker than my principle of secular rationale but aimed at making a similar contribution to formulating an ethics of citizenship—a set of standards applicable both to individual citizens and to government officials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this context, productive use is not merely additional to domestic use, but often complementary, as it helps smooth the time profile of electricity consumption: while the peak period for domestic use is the evening (for lighting and entertainment), productive use occurs primarily during the day. Accordingly, the expansion of productive uses of energy may also be conducive to supporting the penetration of variable renewable technologies, especially in the case of solar energy. In line with box 6.1, tackling supply-side constraints within a context of strong demand growth and investment dynamism is thus a key factor in successful development strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
New nonconventional and asymmetric security threats posed a great challenge to all national or collective security systems. Among them is question of energy security. Growing energy consumption on one side and lacking resources for energy production leads more and more into energy dependence. Energy is vital for normal economic production and consequently well-being of nations and has enormous consequences on many other fields of national security like food security, environmental security and sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, differences in definitions, sources and methods could blur international comparisons. In addition, data for many of these indicators are still lacking for a third or more OECD countries. As an illustration, data on survival rates for selected cancers are available for the same year for, at best, 11 countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Peruvian case shows that, when agricultural programmes aim to reach the poor, the targets of these interventions could overlap with social protection programme targets (Ministerio de Desarrollo e Inclusion Social, Gobiemo del Peru, 2012). The synergies created by the targeting system in Peru allow for implementation of a more cost-effective targeting strategy and also for improved monitoring of the coverage of social protection and agricultural programmes (Cirillo, Gyorgi and Soares, 2014). The options range from stand-alone, sector-specific, social protection or agricultural programmes, to integrated interventions that combine social protection and agriculture, to sectoral interventions that are aligned to maximize complementarities. In certain circumstances, categorical targeting can be cost-effective for selecting programme beneficiaries based on easily observable characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Policy action can play a crucial role by helping women access collateral and build solid credit-records, by closing gender gaps in financial literacy and business skills, and by strengthening anti-discrimination legislation. Moreover, in most countries analysed there exist laws or customary, traditional or religious practices that prevent women from having the same access to land, non-land assets or financial services as men (SIGI Database). This problem is often exacerbated by family codes and social norms granting more control over family assets to men, and inheritance law that favours men over women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Early assessments concluded that school choice increased inequalities, benefiting independent-school students only. More recent studies tend to argue that it spurred competition and improved results slightly across the school system. The overall effect on results from students’ socio-economic backgrounds has not changed (Holmlund et al., Bohlmark and Lindahl (2015) find that more private schools within municipalities are associated with reduced overall education expenditure, while other studies reach the opposite conclusion (Antelius, 2007). Only 5% of Swedish teachers report that their profession is valued in society, as against 60% in Finland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This chapter presents the historical development, issues, reasons, and consequences of the migration crisis in Slovenia and opens the discussion about what crime prevention education geared toward sustainable development is supposed to achieve and how academic teachers can help students in developing skills that might be needed in order to support a sustainable future in accordance with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4—ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all for the 2016–2030 period. It stresses the importance of education for achieving sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and nonviolence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity, as well as contributions to sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Quality reports should be based on data available from a national data warehouse (more on this below) and refer to a number of indicators such as the number of teachers with teaching competencies in the subjects they teach, results regarding academic performance and wellbeing in relation to the indicators set in the 2014 Folkeskole reform, average marks correlated for socio-economic background, transition rates to upper secondary education and inclusion rates for students with special educational needs. For monitoring purposes, the quality reports can, however, disclose information whether the municipality or individual schools meet their performance targets and how performance develops over time. The six municipalities visited by the OECD review team all reported having procedures in place to ensure the quality control of their schools. This typically involves annual meetings with school leaders to discuss student results, based on national and municipal assessments and surveys of students and/or school staff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, drought and heat-resistant seeds can help increase farm productivity in drought-prone regions. Seed varieties that are tolerant to heat and dry spells have been developed for a range of major food crops, including maize, rice and wheat. Other seed varieties have been developed that can improve the resilience of crops affected by flooding, including intrusion by saline water, which could become more frequent with climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Successful completion of upper secondary programmes is vital to address equity issues (see Indicator A9 in Education at a Glance 2017 [OECD, 2017(1]]), but graduation rates still vary widely among OECD countries (see Indicator B3). Developing and strengthening both general and vocational education (see Definitions section at the end of this indicator) at upper secondary level can make education more inclusive and appealing to individuals with different preferences and inclinations. In addition, VET programmes are often chosen by students who found it difficult to progress through earlier levels of education and are thus more at risk of not completing upper secondary education (OECD, 2017(h).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Similarly, staff members from Universiti Sains Malaysia and other higher education institutions work on advisory capacity in many committees at the regional level. It provides training in technical and engineering skills in particular. Graduates from PSDC are directly engaged by the companies that need the skills developed by the centre. While the contribution of BJIM, USAINS Holdings Sdn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A comprehensive regulatory framework defines the parameters within which the university can function. Incorporated universities would operate as independent, efficient, transparent and financially able entities. In the Malaysian context, public universities which have been corporatized 4 are incorporated entities expected to adopt management systems similar to those of the corporate sector while at the same time accepting the fact that the government will retain explicit control’ (Morshidi, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The government tries to reduce the number of fatal road traffic accidents by awareness-raising campaigns in public places and a national day of road safety. The vaccination coverage rate against DTP3, measles and Hepatitis B for infants stood at 99% in 2015, while vaccination coverage for influenza among people above 65 years stood at only 41%, but this is comparable to rates in neighbouring countries. However, there seems to be room for improvement regarding care of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), as the 30-day case fatality rate is above the average. The DSP enables patients and professionals to access all relevant medical data It is currently in a pilot phase involving patients with multimorbidity and chronic diseases before being extended to all insured people (see also Box 3 below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The final section takes account of the staying power of Africa’s rural economy. The share of urban residents has increased from 14% in 1950 to 40% today. By the mid-2030s, 50% of Africans are expected to become urban dwellers (Figure 6.1).' Urbanisation is likely to continue and level off at about 56% around 2050.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These projected impacts appear large over such a short time frame, but do point to factors which may aggravate yield fluctuations and thereby influence food security levels (Shetty et al. This Outlook assumes that current legislation will remain in place, and it is appropriate to outline what influence they may have in affecting outcomes over the next decade. This policy set is diverse and pervasive, and following the experience of growth following the National Food Security Mission of 2007-08, the policy environment potentially stimulates both the demand and supply sides in certain sectors, particularly for food grains. Three important policy considerations concern i) market support prices, especially for rice and wheat, ii) input programmes, especially for fertiliser and iii) the new National Food Security Act of 2013. The Outlook assumes no change in India’s trade policy. Figure 2.15 below provides the projection for MSPs in USD, relative to the international reference prices projected in this Outlook.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the Wallonia region, the Environment administration (ex-DGRNE) and the Agriculture administration (ex-DGA) were merged into a single directorate (DG03). This necessarily implies more synergies between environment and agricultural policies. An equivalent step was taken in Spain, when in 2008 the ex-Ministry of Environment (which had authority over water policy) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, merged to form the current Ministry of Environment, Rural and Maritime Affairs. Rural development plans integrate policies related to this field, including water, agriculture and other areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Broadly, the income share of the four poorest deciles averages less than 15% of total income. Average income received by the wealthiest 20% of the population is 19.3 times more than for the poorest quintile (see figure 1.6). In the countries with less inequality (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Uruguay), the four poorest deciles receive some 20% of total income. The wealthiest decile receives approximately 25%, average income for the wealthiest quintile does not exceed 10 times that for the poorest quintile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Consumer education with respect to sustainability issues and the content of different certification schemes is key to supporting price premia. The public sector can play a role by providing public information on stock status and other sustainability issues in fisheries and aquaculture. Certification should help consumers to make informed choices and producers to respond to consumer demands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
While there have been many achievements since then, several pledges remain unfulfilled, Africa Renewal's Zipporah Musau spoke to the Executive Director of UN Women, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, on Africa's accomplishments and remaining challenges. Again, we have only two female presidents in Africa’s 54 countries. But there is still room to do more.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Budget Policy Department within the MNE is responsible for managing the inter-budget relationship between the national budget and the oblast budgets. It decides on the general transfers (non-earmarked) from national to regional budgets to satisfy the needs of the region. General transfers are decided through a formula that projects revenues and expenses. The level of expenditure is largely calculated on the basis of the previous year’s data, with adjustment for inflation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In many common law jurisdictions, some or all instances of invasion of privacy constitute a privacy-specific wrong either at common law (including equity) or under statute. A remedy invariably available for such a wrong is compensation for loss. However, the plaintiff may instead seek to claim the profit the defendant has made from the invasion. This article examines when a plaintiff is, and should be, entitled to claim that profit, provided that invasion of privacy is actionable as such. After a brief overview of the relevant law in major common law jurisdictions, the article investigates how invasion of privacy fits into a general concept of what is called ‘restitution for wrongs’. It will be argued that the right to privacy is a right against the whole world and as such forms a proper basis of awarding gain-based relief for the unauthorized use of that right.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Part-time work to help pay for food may be an indication of serious food insecurity for a young child, but an indication of appropriate transitioning into adult responsibilities toward the end of childhood. Is it the experience itself, or the meaning it holds for a specific child in a specific situation that, conceptually, we wish to capture as child food insecurity? In the United States, children's economic and social dependence on parents generally extends at least until age 18 years and in many instances through age 22 or 23 with the completion of college.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
To predict economic success and failure, academics and policymakers alike are interested in the differences in institutional structures across natural resource-based economies. This paper uses a political economy framework to examine the effect of institutional variables on per capita Gross-Domestic-Product in resource-rich economies. After controlling for institutions, natural resource rents cease to have a negative impact on long-term growth. Institutions in resource-based economies foster economic growth when voice and accountability are in place, broad-based rule of law is enforced with secure property rights, and control of corruption, and when government effectiveness, regulatory quality, and political stability are positively perceived.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Benefit levels are often too low to provide women with financial independence or a greater say in household decision-making. Evaluations of Ghana's Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) programme, for example, found that, in spite of transfers being directed to women, decisionmaking remained with husbands, brothers and sons.50 In this case, the low level of benefits was compounded by irregular and inconsistent payments. The risk of stigmatization is greatest where gender inequalities intersect with other axes of disadvantage such as class, ethnicity, disability, location or race.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Hydropower for electricity generation and biofuels for industrial and transport uses are the main renewable sources. As a result, biofuels accounted for 17% of fuels used in road transport in 2012, by far the highest share in the world and well above the OECD average of 4% (IEA, 2014a, also see Annex l. Other renewables play a minor but growing role. Brazil imports a significant share of its petroleum supply, but exploitation of pre-salt reserves discovered in 2006 could triple oil production (IEA, 2013).4 Other fossil fuels and nuclear energy play minor roles (Figure 1.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article analyses the making of the European  Charter of Fundamental Rights as an example  of European treaty-making. Using a structural  constructivist approach, the article examines the  treaty negotiation process as both a long-term and  short-term process. In terms of a short-term process,  the analysis highlights the efforts made at  establishing a new framework of bargaining in the  form of a Convention. In respect to the charter in  the longue duree, the article emphasizes two preexisting  social and political structures: the already  existing field of human rights and the established  practices of EU treaty negotiation. The article  generally argues that these pre-existing structures  and practices had considerable impact on both the  proceedings and the outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Subsequently, basic education may become popularized, so that even an unskilled worker may have to have some basic education. Similarly, it might have required someone to acquire only a basic education by today’s standards to be a skilled worker in the early phases of development, but subsequently it would require a person to receive a lot more education—often tertiary—in order to qualify as a skilled worker. First, earlier literature on development (Lewis, 1954, Sen, 1966) stressed the importance of rural surplus labour, meaning labour that produces a zero or close-to-zero agricultural marginal product.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Vulnerability refers to the propensity of exposed elements such as human beings, their livelihoods, and assets to suffer adverse effects when impacted by hazard events (IPCC, 2012). These include the lack of a single common metric, the long timeframes over which the effects of adaptation measures may be felt, or the degree of uncertainty inherent to our understanding of the climate system, particularly when projecting localised climate impacts (Bours et al., Mindful of those challenges, the UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice states “it is essential that adaptation be designed as a continuous and flexible process and subjected to periodic review” (SBSTA, 2010). The specificities of national-level monitoring and evaluation systems lie in its potentially broader scope in terms of the sectors, climate hazards, geographic area and adaptation measures considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This article analyzes the influence of the media on the central Norwegian immigration administration. Through behind-the-scenes ethnographic methods, it explores how key bureaucratic values such as impartiality, neutrality and loyalty are challenged and modified by the impact of the news media. A key question is to what extent this process of mediatization overlaps with a more general trend of politicization of the civil service. The article first documents that media pressure generates comprehensive strategies aimed at servicing the press, but also different types of information control and internal steering. Second, it describes how media management has become an important concern within public administration, which identifies strongly with the bureaucratic system and its values, and protects and defends it in the media. The article introduces the term ‘administrative loyalty’ to describe these practices and standards that go beyond the imperative to loyally serve the media-related needs of political superiors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The International Criminal Court (ICC) is now operational. What is the meaning of this innovation in global governance? Most concretely, the ICC will mean prosecution and jail time for some individuals who commit war crimes, crimes against humanity, or genocide, as defined in international law. In a larger sense, though, what role will this institution play in bringing to bear the rule of law in the context of war? The answer depends not just on the details and limitations of the first few cases that will be heard by the new court, but on the long-term institutionalization of this supranational institution with the power to punish some of the world’s most abhorrent crimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper provides a contextualised and critical policy analysis of the Rudd government's national schooling agenda in Australia. The specific focus is on the introduction of national literacy and numeracy testing and the recent creation by the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority of the website ‘My School’, which lists the results of these tests for all Australian schools, including school performance against averages and against the performance of 60 other socio-economically ‘like-schools’ across the nation. It is argued that we are seeing the emergence of a national system of schooling (including national curriculum) as part of the reconstitution of the nation in the face of globalization and related economisation of education policy. This is the case despite Australia's federal political structure with the States holding the ostensible Constitutional responsibility for schooling. The analysis locates these and associated developments (a national schooling policy ensemble) within ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Here, the risks are associated with access to services, whereas, for undesired events, the risk is two-fold: the event itself and the ability to deal with it. It would therefore be unwise to target only the poor as a way of keeping costs down. Nor can there be any certainty about how much the needed care will cost or how great the other associated costs will be. A compulsory financing mechanism should therefore be used, and young people should be included in order to differentiate risk levels, as is done in the case of health insurance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Between 2004 and 2015 the number of teachers increased in the 3 largest sectors and most notably in the private-subsidised sector (rise of 74.8%), followed by the municipal sector (growth of 17.4%) and the private non-subsidised sector (rise of 9.4%) (see Figure 5.1). Data exclude provision by JUNJ1, Integra Foundation and private providers with no official recognition. Data include classroom teachers, staff with technical-pedagogical duties, staff in senior management, school directors, teachers with other duties at the school, teachers with other duties outside the school (work for respective education provider on service commission), heads of technical-pedagogical units, general inspectors and counsellors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)