albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
We examine judge bias in Olympic figure skating as an exploratory analysis of a leading constructivist approach to identity using quantitative methods more closely associated with non-constructivist social science. While constructivism is a major theoretical orientation in international relations, large-n quantitative studies of the approach are uncommon in large measure due to the principal argument of constructivists: that interests should be treated endogenously. If interests and identities are mutually constituted, thenitwouldseemtobeimpossibletodistinguishtheireffects,creatingaproblemofobservationalequivalence.Someconstructivist theorists nevertheless suggest that under certain conditions material interests can be thought of as causes of collective identity, meaning that it is in principle possible to isolate the influence of identity.We build on this “bounded” version of constructivism by identifyinganarenaofinternationalrelationsinwhichtheobservableeffectoftheidentitiesconstitutedbyinteractionsamongstates can be analyzed independent of those states’ national security concerns. We study whether collective identities constituted by the internationalsystemduringtheColdWarsystematicallyinfluencedjudgebiasinOlympicfigureskating,examiningwhetherjudges’ evaluations of skaters systematically vary according to whether their respective states viewed one another as “friends,” “rivals,” or “enemies.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The previous chapter suggests that friendship has become a powerful emblem of interpersonal democratisation during late modernity. ‘Friendship’, as an idea and set of practices, is used to navigate both intimate and casual ties in the framework of increasingly diverse channels of communication. Social network sites have further reconfigured the apparent flexibility, informality and conviviality of friendship through the public display of personal connections. The type of social media engagement articulated on social network sites promotes a new form of friendship administration (Ellison et al. 2011b). This chapter explores the ways people are managing their personal connections online within personalised networked publics by investigating the ways in which sites are used by participants to present the self. It considers the techniques available to users for managing the public display of the personal and to navigate the uncertain and often risky boundaries between ‘personal’ and ‘public’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Markets closer to the new road have seen their status grow and their activities diversified (grouping, warehousing and transporting), while other have lost out. Urban horticulture and livestock production (especially poultry) have increased considerably in recent decades. Urban agriculture is a flourishing economic activity that benefits from proximity to markets, it is characterised by very small plots, a high degree of specialisation, high use of inputs (labour, fertiliser and equipment) and market-oriented production (no regional supply and very low auto-consumption).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Similarly, the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty has shown the extent to which unpaid caring work can impinge on the education of girls, whether because they simply have less time for studying or because they are actually taken out of school to undertake unpaid care work, particularly where mothers are disabled or deceased (UN General Assembly 2013, para.40). This can be seen in relation to key rights such as access to water and sanitation, and the right to food. This is particularly well demonstrated by the Special Rapporteur on water who explains:'When households share sanitation facilities, women and girls may be required by social norms concerning privacy to avoid using the facilities except during hours of darkness, when their personal safety may beat increased risk’(ibid., Various UN-appointed human rights experts have noted the links between the global financial crisis, austerity and growing poverty facing women that is impacting on women’s access to employment and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Little theoretical attention has been paid to the question of what obligations corporations and other business enterprises have to the four billion people living at the base of the global economic pyramid. This article makes several theoretical contributions to this topic. First, it is argued that corporations are properly understood as agents of global justice. Second, the legitimacy of global governance institutions and the legitimacy of corporations and other business enterprises are distinguished. Third, it is argued that a deliberative democracy model of corporate legitimacy defended by theorists of political CSR is unsatisfactory. Fourth, it is argued that a Rawlsian theoretical framework fails to provide a satisfactory account of the obligations of corporations regarding global justice. Finally, an ethical conception of CSR grounded in an appropriately modest set of duties tied to corporate relationships is then defended. This position is cosmopolitan in scope and grounded in overlapping arguments for human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For developing countries, it is based on the evolution of absolute poverty (i.e. the proportion of population living on less than $1 a day). For developed countries, poverty is measured as relative income poverty (i.e. with the threshold set as a percentage of the median income in each countty in each of the years considered). Only a few OECD countries have “official” measures of poverty that rely on “absolute" standards, typically in the form of the cost of a basket of goods and services required to assure minimum living conditions and indexed for price changes over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Overall, strengthening competition in the health care sector, if accompanied by appropriate regulation, has the potential of increasing the sector’s resilience to shocks by lowering spending pressures. Effective regulation seems to be paramount as market forces - if unchecked - are likely to result in overprovision of health care services, especially in periods of economic bonanzas, and reduction in coverage and services - at least for some part of the population - during recessions. Regulated competition can also better align health care service characteristics with patient preferences, allows for the setting and enforcing quality-of-care standards, promotes access to care (with, for instance, means-tested subsidised insurance premiums) and strengthens incentives to achieve efficiency gains. Well-regulated systems can yield cost savings and help ensure an adequate level of care, but getting the regulatory setting right has proved to be challenging.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
France suffers from a high rate of premature male deaths from accidents and unhealthy habits such as smoking and alcohol consumption, which are the most common causes of avoidable mortality. Regional disparities also remain substantial: the difference in life expectancy between those living in the areas with the highest and lowest unemployment rates has increased by half a year since the mid-2000s (Panel D). Estimated values for some countries. Differences in access to health- care services across regions and neighbourhoods, high out-of-pocket expenditures for some households, heterogeneous medical practices, notably among hospitals, and the low focus on prevention all play a role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Pockets of evidence from the region suggest that parent anxiety and inter-generational discord relating to discipline can increase as the age gap widens. For example, grandparent foster-carers of children orphaned by HIV in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa reported a feeling of disharmony in relationships with their grandchildren and problems relating to discipline (Nyasani, Sterberg & Smith, 2009). In South Africa, one reason why adolescents worry about the replacing of a biological parent is that parents are valued for their unconditional commitment to provide for their children (regardless of actual ability to do so). Relatedly, parents are also valued for their role in introducing children to their ancestors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
On 13 December 2006, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and an associated Optional Protocol. The formulation of the CRPD has been hailed as a great landmark in the struggle to reframe the needs and concerns of persons with disability in terms of human rights. The CRPD is regarded as having finally empowered the world's largest minority to claim their rights, and to participate in international and national affairs on an equal basis with others who have achieved specific treaty recognition and protection. This essay interrogates the intellectual antecedents of the CRPD and its continuity and discontinuity with 25 years of international law and its struggles with disability and human rights. It then explores the text of the CRPD, critically examining its potential contribution to the realisation of the rights of persons with disability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The 2008 Basic Policy for the Promotion of Procurement of Eco-Friendly Goods and Services represents the framework for green procurement at the national government level. It defines evaluation criteria for 246 categories of products and services, up from 152 in 2002, including for materials and equipment used in public works construction. In 2007, Japan extended the green purchasing requirements also to the procurement of services. Nonetheless, many-local authorities have voluntarily implemented similar measures and subscribed the Green Purchasing Network's guidelines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This increase coincided with the lowest income groups making income gains that led to a reduction in relative poverty (Figure 3.3). Spending on income-tested housing and utility supports to families with incomes below subsistence level amounted to only 0.2% of GDP (a fraction of all spending on housing supports, see above), while spending on support to the unemployed was even lower in 2008, although such support went up in 2009 (Chapter 2). The limited spending on family benefits and the poor working-age population more generally is reflected in relatively higher poverty rates among children and young people (Social pensions and social pension supplements that can also be paid to, for example, the disabled are discussed in Chapter 4). Comprehensive data on other social assistance supports to the working-age population across the regions are not available, but available evidence suggests that such spending is not high either.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In New Zealand and the United States, the number of lone-parent benefits payments has at times appeared to exceed the number of single mothers in the country as reported in surveys (OECD, 2003, Chapter 4). Tokoro (2003) added: “It is very important to note that this benefit is only available to lone mothers, not lone fathers”. Under a revision of the Act on Child Rearing Allowances which came into effect from 1 August 2010, this benefit is now also provided to single fathers: but the research literature cited in this chapter refers to single mothers. Although this allowance is called the Child Rearing Allowance in official statistical publications and by some experts, it is called “child-care allowances” in Nitta et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Reservations are a well-established tool which allows States to restrict their obligations under international law while participating in the creation of international treaty law. In addition to general rules regulating reservations, international treaties may limit the use of reservations. This is particularly relevant for international human rights treaties. This text introduces the reader to the role reservations can play in the context of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Les taux d'activite des femmes sont non seulement inferieurs a ceux des hommes (moinsde la moitie), mais ils ont egalement diminue en 2011-2012. Age, marital status, presence of children, socio-religious status, area of residence, level of education and relative affluence of households are some of the determinants of labour force participation of women and men in India. There has never been a steady state for women's employment, peak employment comes later in life, so any possible gains in increased wages are short-lived.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The study does not include factor endowment effects due to its short time horizon. These elements are determined by simulations using the CGE model and are then used as inputs for the micro module. The 2008-2011 sub-period includes the years where the effects of the crisis are actually simulated. The year 2010 is presented as the year of gradual recovery. We include 2011 in the analysis to foresee the extent to which this recovery will be reinforced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Delivering on SDG 14 requires teamwork and a spirit of partnership among diverse stakeholders from many nations and sectors. The oceans cover almost three quarters of the Earth’s surface, storing one third of all the carbon emissions stemming from human activity. They are part of the solution, and we must make them a key focus of our efforts to cope with and mitigate climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Moreover, these transfers have beneficial, although small, effects on children’s school and labour participation rates. Furthermore, beside the cash transfer policy, the subsidy for school canteens has a relatively low cost but carries fairly considerable benefits in response to the crisis, especially in alleviating caloric poverty, while the other two policies are quite ineffective, regardless of which dimension of poverty is considered. English translation by Nathan Weatherdon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This reduces the likelihood of taking advantage of these services due to higher costs and longer travel times. Difficult terrains, distance from export markets and growth centres, and other geographical and socio-political reasons may underlie a particular region’s remote location. The disruption of roads, markets, food crops, and other institutions resulting from conflicts can have an immediate and long-term impact on poverty and hunger. Thus, peace, economic growth, and the creation of an equitable society are important cornerstones of an effective poverty and hunger reduction strategy. In most countries, the location of a household is important in determining its likelihood of experiencing poverty and hunger.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It naturally follows from this assumption that the market rather than the state should address such economic problems of development as industrial growth, international competitiveness and employment creation. Unquestioned belief in the neoclassical theory also leads to the assumption that capital mobility and the relentless advance of “globalization” is good for the world economy and all individual economies. Although these policies offer the possibility of rapid growth by attracting foreign capital, this can be achieved only if domestic policies conform to the interests of the (financial) markets—otherwise capital will be driven elsewhere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For more information, refer to www.unep-wcmc.org, www.carbon-biodiversity. For more information, refer to www.carbon-biodiversity.net/interactive/carboncalculatornotes. This is a customised ArcGIS 9.3.1 toolbox and provides GIS users with a series of raster analysis tools to help identify, map and understand the spatial relationship between ecosystem carbon stocks, other ecosystem services, biodiversity, land-use and pressures on natural resources. The resolution of the analysis can be defined by the user.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These disasters may arise as a result of human intent, negligence or error, or faulty or failed technological applications. This subcomponent groups information on the occurrence and impact of such disasters on human lives, habitats, the environment, and on disaster preparedness for such types of disasters. Policymakers, analysts and civil society require statistics on technological disasters to understand who is ultimately responsible and what the immediate and potential impact may be, and to assess and mitigate future risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In this study a simulation model was built in the proprietary software (STELLA) of the environmental and livelihood outcomes that might be expected from the development of oil palm estates in Indonesian Borneo. The model was then used to answer “what if” questions and its use greatly enriched the local debate on the pros and cons of the planned establishment of industrial scale estates. However, our overall impression is that such tools are not widely employed in practice and are still mainly used by researchers. These tools are a valuable resource in harnessing traditional knowledge to modern knowledge and innovation systems and deserve to be much more widely used in natural resource management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The use of public stocks as a mechanism for providing either systemically higher than market prices to producers or below market prices to consumers opens a wider range of issues, in terms of both the effectiveness of price policies in addressing domestic objectives and their external implications for domestic markets. Policies that stabilise prices around market levels need not have such effects, but there remain questions about the domestic effectiveness of public stockholding as a component of even “price neutral” buffer stock schemes, as well as the implications of such schemes for international markets. A recent World Bank review of national and regional experiences concluded that while public stocks could contribute to addressing short-term emergency needs they have not been an effective instrument to stabilise prices (World Bank, 2012c). Similarly, the international organisations’ 2011 report to the G20 rejected the use of buffer stocks to stabilise prices as costly and ineffective, although it did see a role for small-scale food security emergency reserves to assist the most vulnerable (FAO, OECD et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Iskandar Malaysia’s Green Economy Guidelines (GEG) manuals are another promising tool for facilitating green growth in the private sector. The manuals cover a wide range of green actions, such as procurement, operations and supply chain management (Box 2.2). The iron and steel industiy further reduced SO* and other emissions in response to more stringent local pollution monitoring and controls and increasing pressure from the public. The pollution reduction through energy conservation accounted for 33% of the total reduction, the second-largest contribution after the energy’ supply shift (phasing out coal power plants).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The APA is requested to identify sources of input for the global stocktake. Examples include information on the state of adaptation efforts, support, experiences and priorities from submitted adaptation communications, the mobilisation and provision of support, the latest reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and relevant reports of the subsidiary bodies (paragraph 99, Decision 1/CP.21). Specific work items include: exploring ways to monitor and evaluate support provided and received for adaptation (in 2017), convening a meeting to exchange views on national adaptation goals and indicators, and the possible relation of such indicators with those for sustainable development and for disaster risk reduction in the context of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (AC, 2016b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Cambodia’s “Strategic Program for Climate Resilience” includes an action on strengthening institutional capacity for planning and implementing climate actions (CIF, 2011). In addition, 20 of the 28 EU member countries had developed a national adaptation strategy by April 2015 (EU, 2015). Indeed, Burkina Faso, one of the two countries to have submitted a NAP to date (via the UNFCCC’s NAP central), indicates that the process of developing a NAP was “long and costly” (CNPP, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, a more positive development in the medium-term is likely to arise from the ongoing effort to rebalance the Chinese economy towards being more consumption-led, in line with the government’s efforts to reduce hardcore poverty, income inequality and regional disparities. This rebalancing may produce a net positive impact on other countries in the region by creating new sources of demand in the Chinese economy. In addition, governments will have to take action to ensure specifically that the jobs and incomes of the poorest and most vulnerable sections of society are protected during this difficult period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There is a general, international, and multifaceted trend that is shaping the global narrative towards openness as a default setting. The open data movement has been both influencing and influenced by the concepts of Open Government, Open Access, and Open Source, by Freedom of Information laws, and by the regulatory initiatives aiming at fostering the re-use of Public Sector Information. The general aim is promoting information availability, as free of restraints as reasonably possible, to reach a multiplicity of different goals. Transparency, efficiency, accountability, economic growth, and democratic participation are amongst the core values upheld, from an instrumental perspective, by the striving towards openness. This chapter highlights a number of international initiatives that revolve around open data, and that have been instrumental in framing the concept as understood nowadays.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Additional methods such as self- and peer-assessment and assessment by students and parents are also being encouraged. However, most schools have quality systems, which include annual development discussion and appraisals. The inspector gives every teacher a mark, based on educational and administrative criteria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Gender equality is key to ensuring that no one is left behind, and is intrinsic to the success of each and every SDG. In Rwanda, some 3,500 women farmers are now connected through mobile technology to information, markets and finance. How can we ensure that women and girls acquire the right ICT and STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) skills to compete on a par with boys and men in the 21st Century economy, enjoy greater choice and access better-educated, better-paid jobs?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is due to water conservation measures, water loss reduction and enhanced awareness among consumers. In the case of domestic water consumption, customer-targeted water conservation campaigns, systematic monitoring and increased price of water can help reduce the amount of water individually consumed. For instance, a combination of these measures has been successfully employed in Copenhagen, whose inhabitants have consumed a fairly low amount of water compared to other cities of the sample since the 1990s. Copenhagen has completed water-saving campaigns like “Max 100” to raise awareness of citizens on daily water consumption. Likewise, the Calgary’s “30-in-30” Plan aims to reduce per capita water demand in the next 30 years (Box 2.2). On the other hand, domestic water consumption per capita has increased in Belo Horizonte, Mexico City, Kitakyushu, Queretaro, Hong Kong, China, and Lisbon among surveyed cities (Figure 2.10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)