albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In Myanmar, Ooredoo of Qatar is a mobile group with a presence in a dozen countries while the state-owned incumbent Myanma Posts & Telecommunications (MPT) has a strategic partnership with Japan's second largest mobile operator KDDI.155 In Bangladesh Telenor is joined by Robi, owned by Malaysia's Axiata, a mobile group that operates across nine Asian nations. Other operators include Banglalink owned by Dutch headquartered mobile group GTH and Teletalk, a state-owned operator. Other factors driving rapid growth were low fixed broadband penetration and strong fiber backbones, coverage obligations and tower sharing also drove investment in Myanmar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Until the mid-1990s, it was common that all developments of more than half a hectare took place on land w'hich was provided, and serviced, by the municipality. The municipality would acquire the land in advance at less than development value, prepare and service it, and divide it into serviced building plots. By selling land lease contracts on those plots, the municipality covered its costs and developers (including schools and housing associations) bore the infrastructure costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A related question is whether individuals who leave SA remain self-sufficient, or whether they tend to repeatedly ‘cycle’ into and out of benefits over longer periods of time. Such questions on the micro-dynamics of benefit receipt cannot be answered by looking at aggregate data. This section therefore extends the analysis of the dynamics of SA benefit receipt by taking a spell-based perspective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, divorce or separation may be a reaction to financial hardship or unemployment (Lampard, 1994, Blekesaune, 2008), single parenthood may be a rational response to poor male economic opportunities (Blau et al., Those factors, examined below, are marriage and cohabitation, divorce and separation, and single parenthood. In the United States and more recently the United Kingdom there has been growing interest in whether policies that influence marriage rates could help to reduce poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This implies implementing appropriate pollution control policies, technological progress, energy savings and environmentally sustainable transport policies. Progress can also be assessed against the health costs induced by degraded air quality and against domestic objectives and international commitments regarding air emissions and quality. Fine particulates (PM10) can be carried deep into the lungs where they can cause inflammation and worsen the condition of people with heart and lung diseases. Ozone (O3) is a photochemical oxidant, which causes serious health problems and damage to ecosystems, agricultural crops and materials. Human exposure to high 03 concentrations can give rise to respiratory problems and decreases in lung functions. Ground-level 03 is a ‘secondary’ pollutant: it forms when precursor gases (nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, methane) come into contact in the presence of sunlight.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Specific deterrence is the actual experience of being sanctioned for the speeding behaviour. This may be an immediate sanction in the form of being stopped by a police officer and issued an infringement notice, or receiving an infringement later if detected by a speed camera. Research suggests that complex behaviours are not deterred by highly visible enforcement, but through the actual experience of detection. Other complex behaviours include unsafe overtaking or lane changes, which are driver behaviours that are momentary and involve complicated thought processes and may be performed during a journey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This chapter explores ways in which the EECCA countries and their partners can first assess the countries ’ readiness to access climate finance, and then identify possible areas for improvement. Based on the review of existing climate finance readiness programmes implemented by several development co-operation partners, this chapter outlines key questions to assess the EECCA countries' climate finance readiness. These questions fall into the following four categories: (a) planning targets, strategies and policies, (b) building institutional capacities, (c) developing programmes and projects, and (d) implementing, monitoring, evaluating and learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Welfare, the Family and Reproductive Behaviour: Research Perspectives, National Research Council, R. Moffitt (ed.), Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.I787/9789264044197-en. Jobs for Youth, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264096127-en. School-to-Work Transitions in the United States and Europe, OECD Employment Working Paper Number 90, OECD, Paris.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Some of the problems lie in the ‘informal status’ of certain urban settings, and their consequent exclusion from ‘official’ statistics, whereas other problems result from the sampling frames used in household surveys for the more well-established monitoring exercises such as the WHO-UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (WHO/UNICEF, 2017a). The UN-Habitat Urban Inequities Survey (UIS) (UN-Habitat, 2006) is one such survey method that is designed to highlight these inequities in service provision. Figure 6.1 clearly indicates the impact of a water-focused UIS in the urban centre of a small town in Uganda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The homicide rate is one of the world’s highest: 21 murders per 100 000 inhabitants per year, compared to the OECD average of 2.2 (OECD, 2013c). The Better Life Index is an interactive web-based tool created to engage people in the debate on well-being and, through this process, leam what matters most to them. The tool makes it possible to compare well-being across countries according to the importance that each participant attaches to a number of topics (community, education, environment, civic engagement, health, housing, income, jobs, life satisfaction, safety and work-life balance).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Land dispossession has also wide implications for drug production and trade and Chinese border stability and has fueled a growing antagonism from communities in Myanmar (Holliday, 2012). Fully transparent and inclusive consultations can reduce tensions and conflicts but also transaction costs and create trust among stakeholders. Experience suggests that chances for success are enhanced if: i) the specific groups likely to be affected by the project are involved in a meaningful way with adequate representation and consultation, including on issues of project design, ii) the selection of project areas builds on participatory land use planning at the local level, and iii) there is continuous dialogue and monitoring to ensure that agreements are enforced (FAO, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
He found that moderate drinking decreases the likelihood of emergency visits and hospitalizations (women, not men). Specific health conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, different types of cancers and cardiovascular diseases are usually considered as being (partly) caused by past eating and physical activity habits. Likewise, obesity is caused by inappropriate dietary habits in combination with insufficient physical activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Nonetheless, the capture sector will remain dominant for a number of species and vital for domestic and international food security. World production of fishmeal is expected to eventually return to the 5 Mt level by the end of the outlook period and world fish oil production should hover around 1 Mt. In both cases, the share of production of fishmeal and fish oil obtained from whole fish is expected to fall compared to the previous decade. All aquaculture production is assumed to be destined to human consumption. The average annual growth rate will be lower in the second half of the outlook period, due to more competitive meat prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Due to its large economic size, Japan's re-rating (an increase of 120% in AMI compared to Ml), had proportionally the largest effect on re-rating the industrialized countries group as a whole, which had a group AMI 57% higher than Ml in 2010. This is evident from the decrease in AMI relative to Ml for the developed group, and the increase in AMI —«A*iaPacittcDeveloping relative to Ml for the ifooipi'ot/GDPj industrialized countries. As we saw above, when a developed country develops a large primary resources for export sector, e.g. Australia and New Zealand, then its AMI will similarly decline relative to Ml.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Under such circumstances, higher labour standards and risk-mitigation schemes could be both efficient (inducing an economy towards a “high productivity, high wage equilibrium”) and equitable (enabling vulnerable workers to better deal with labour market risks). As a result, employment has become increasingly precarious (Rodgers and Rodgers, 1989, Standing, 2011). Part-time employment, self-employment, fixed-term work, temporary work and other non-standard forms of employment have grown.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Water circulation in the hydrological cycle of evaporation, transpiration and precipitation is mainly driven by various climatic and land management factors (Falkenmark, 1997). Rockstrom, Gordon and Folke (1999) reported that about 35 percent of annual precipitation (110 305 km3) returns to the ocean as surface runoff (38 230 km3) while the remaining 65 percent is converted into water vapour flow. Moreover, major terrestrial biomes -forest, woodlands, wetlands, grasslands and croplands -consume approximately 98 percent of global green water flow and generate essential ecosystem services (Rockstrom, Gordon and Folke, 1999, Rockstrom and Gordon, 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These plans represent a voluntary initiative for reduction in energy use and development of RES. These plans include the evaluation of specific local problems and potential (including developing a local cadastre of emissions), development of local priority pathways in CO2 reduction and a set of concrete measures, and envisage active engagement of the public and other stakeholders. These initiatives are seen to provide good examples for Belarus's other cities. It defines relations and processes in the development of engineering systems, transport infrastructure systems, site improvement, recreational facilities and infrastructure for physically handicapped persons, along with specific requirements for the formation of the living environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The average rural Dibao line was CNY 82.3, and the average monthly rural Dibao benefit level was CNY 50.4 in 2008, having increased by 17.6% and 29.9% respectively from previous year. In 2008, the total expenditure on rural Dibao was CNY 22.23 billion (113.5% more than in 2007). In 2001, the number of rural Dibao beneficiaries is missing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The earlier the privation and the longer its duration, the greater the potential impact on the child. The difference between the two is illustrated in the diagram below. The household with the lowest income in the street lives at number 1, the second poorest household lives at number 2, and so on up to the richest household in number 15. In the example given here, this comes to $60,000. In this example, the median income is $40,000 (the income of house No. Imagine, for example, that the two richest people in the street, living in houses Nos.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There is also scope to foster stronger co-operation between schools to share resources, break professional and social isolation, reduce administrative burdens, and exchange good practices. The introduction of a national assessment for all schools could provide valuable information on the quality of learning in small schools vis-a-vis larger primary schools (see Policy Issue 3.3). This would enable the MEP to understand whether these institutions provide good outcomes for students and value for money in a context of limited resources, and help convince students and parents that travelling further away might enhance their education and life prospects. In 2005, there were 7 400 primary schools with 416 500 students, including 1 570 schools which had fewer than 10 students and 1 300 which had between 10 and 20 students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, UNICEF data for Lao PDR show that there is significant jump in Internet use among those aged 15-24 once upper secondary education is attainted (Figure 5.3, left). The Lao PDR data also show that as educational attainment grows, the gap between female and male Internet use narrows. For example, once an upper secondary education is reached the difference in the proportion of Internet user between men and women drops to 1.1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For each of the ecological topics (i.e. water, energy, global warming, ozone-depleting substances, and waste) the manual explicitly handles scoping and measurement. However, scoping here refers to the companies that should or should not apply the manual, instead of internal scoping for measurement. The measurement sections provide broad descriptions, like ‘water use should be metered’, or ‘water use should be reported according to volume’, instead of clear measurement methods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Inventories can provide the starting point to characterize and disseminate the socioeconomic importance of fisheries in terms of people's participation, economic investments (vessels size and numbers), and returns (landings in volumes and currency). Inventories can also be used to characterize fisheries in terms of their potential impacts on biodiversity (e.g. by itemizing bycatch species). In aquaculture, inventories of farming installations’ can provide policy-makers with the knowledge to enable effective planning and management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It can be concluded that the inertia in the response processes following changes in a given habitat and at a given site may distort the picture of species of plants and invertebrates expected to be present at the site or in the habitat. With an increase in field size, the actual amount of non-arable, small-scale habitats such as field edges, hedges and wild corners of the fields will decrease. Together with other small-scale farmland habitats, field edges, hedges and field corners that are left without regular cultivation make up a network of small, natural habitats that have profound effect for the occurrence and distribution of biodiversity in the farmland landscape.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This initiative is implemented under the OP IE Sub-measure 6.2.1 Support for network of investor and exporter service centres. They co-operate in developing and financing some projects to co-ordinate research and the implementation of projects of special importance to the national economy. The ARP supports investment and advisory projects connected with the creation of science and technology parks, industrial parks and technology incubators. The Polish Patents Office carries out activities to create more awareness of the importance of intellectual property protection (IPR) issues and facilitates the patenting process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
National and European regulations (EC/850/ 2004) prohibit the production, marketing and use of substances covered by the Convention. Since 2001, the limit values for emissions of dioxins, furans and PAHs have been exceeded several times. A bio-monitoring network has been in place around major industrial sites since 1995. For dioxins, furans and PCBs: i) the sanitary action threshold applicable to washed vegetables for human consumption (beyond which consumption is not recommended) has not been exceeded since 2003, while ii) the sanitary prevention threshold has been exceeded each year at Schifflange and on several occasions at Esch/Alzette.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Vaccination is one of public health's greatest achievements, responsible for saving billions of lives. Yet, 20% of children worldwide are not fully protected, leading to 1·5 million child deaths annually from vaccine-preventable diseases. Millions more people have severe disabling illnesses, cancers, and disabilities stemming from underimmunisation. Reasons for falling vaccination rates globally include low public trust in vaccines, constraints on affordability or access, and insufficient governmental vaccine investments. Consequently, an emerging crisis in vaccine hesitancy ranges from hyperlocal to national and worldwide. Outbreaks often originate in small, insular communities with low immunisation rates. Local outbreaks can spread rapidly, however, transcending borders. Following an assessment of underlying determinants of low vaccination rates, we offer an action based on scientific evidence, ethics, and human rights that spans multiple governments, organisations, disciplines, and sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As such, any international reporting of this information could focus on providing guidance on information that a) is useful to a broader set of countries and stakeholders (e.g. understanding priority areas, funding sources, any impacts), b) communicates more complete information on climate finance flows than can be gathered only from finance providers, and c) can be communicated in a consistent way by all countries with relative ease. There are also areas where, to enhance clarity, countries would need to provide information specific to their circumstances and domestic systems. Countries may have different views on what they consider to be finance received for implementing climate action (e.g. grants and loans or grants only), and it is unlikely that all countries will be able to report figures on an annual basis immediately, based on current BURs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The estimated 11-million population of Cairo, a megacity, is projected to grow at an annual rate of at least two per cent until at least 2020. Whatever the political and religious overtones of these upheavals, at their root lay the failure of political leaders to cater adequately for the needs of their large, young and mostly urban-based populations. Hie imperative for new governments will remain the provision of responsive urban governance and affordable housing alternatives for large numbers of hitherto marginalized urban youth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The document provides a number of illustrative key performance indicators and encourages companies to disclose key material performance indicators, both general and sectoral, as well as key company-specific performance indicators. Appropriate narratives explaining such indicators are a practical addition to non-financial statements. It facilitates further consolidation of different initiatives in the area of Goals-related reporting by companies, as it provides a comprehensive compilation of business disclosures aligned with Goals-related targets and indicators, and analyses potential disclosure gaps. The report is the outcome of broad consultations, including through a multi-stakeholder advisory committee established by the Global Reporting Initiative and the United Nations Global Compact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
How to reform these policies is therefore perhaps less pressing than in the past. However, growing attention may now need to be paid to policy regimes that more or less automatically re-introduce price supports or equivalent measures if market prices decline again. Two outstanding examples are government support for biofuels and all forms of export restrictions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This is a concern, as the tourism industry is highly dynamic and responsive to changing trends and markets. Tourism is the sum or final product of many highly co-ordinated products and services which include transport, accommodation and restaurants. Most of those products and services are not purchased at the destination, even though they are all consumed there, so there is a need for effective flows of information and highly co-ordinated action across a complex network that comprises producers, suppliers, purchasers and consumers to ensure that the ‘unseen’ product or service meets expectations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This chapter addresses the value of preventing trauma, reducing its impact, and advancing human rights through social policy. We begin by discussing a rationale for extending a trauma-informed and human rights perspective to social policy. Secondly, we establish why it is important for individuals in the helping professions to apply a trauma-informed and human rights lens to policy analysis and to engage in policy advocacy. Thirdly, we review a framework for trauma-informed and human rights-based policy analysis and provide an illustration applying the framework to fair wage policy. We conclude by detailing the link between policy analysis and advocacy, articulating how members of the helping professions can advocate for trauma and human rights-informed policy change at local, state, federal, and international levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Gas and electricity cannot be seen but they can be metered and supply can be turned off, which makes it possible to trade them like other commodities. Furthermore, there are physical markets that require delivery and off-take of gas and electricity, and financial markets that exchange derivatives linked to the physical market.48 Trading energy derivatives brings in additional funds from investors for operations and long-term investment in the energy sector. More recently, carbon emission has been commoditized so it is becoming a policy instrument for lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and when large investors participate in carbon emission trade, there will be new capital for implementing zero-carbon energy capacity. Once liquefied, trucks or ships with cryogenic or insulated tanks can transport it to places not connected by pipelines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In recent years, design approaches to policymaking have gained popularity among policymakers.  However, a critical reflection on their added value and on how contemporary ‘design-thinking’  approaches relates to the classical idea of public administration as a design science, is still lacking.  This introductory paper reflects upon the use of design approaches in public administration. We  delve into the more traditional ideas of design as launched by Simon and policy design, but also  into the present-day design wave, stemming from traditional design sciences. Based upon this we  distinguish between three ideal-type approaches of design currently characterising the discipline:  design as optimisation, design as exploration and design as co-creation. More rigorous empirical  analyses of applications of these approaches is necessary to further develop public administration  as a design science. We reflect upon the question of how a more designerly way of thinking can  help to improve public administration and public policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Following this brief introduction, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process on climate change, and the role of agriculture within this, is discussed. Finally, the focus region of this report, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), is presented. This included searching for academic, peer-reviewed literature, as well as recent reports by international organizations, such as the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and research organizations, such as the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)