albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Not so long ago, most people had large families: five children, on average. Where once there was one global fertility rate, today there are many, with differences wider than at any point in human history. Where they are not, people are not able to realize their potential, and fertility rates tend to be higher or lower than what most people really want.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While a substantial decline in the share of manufacturing employment in total employment has been observed in developed countries, developing countries as a whole have witnessed a persistent increase in their share since 1970 (Figure 3.6). Most advanced countries experience deindustrialisation as part of a normal pattern of structural transformation while the manufacturing sector provides more opportunities for employment generation in developing countries (UNIDO, 2017a). For instance, manufacturing industries related to the production of basic necessities, like food and beverages and textiles, usually have a higher development potential at an early stage of industrial development for three reasons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For this indicator, it is recommended to use a measure based on the perception of the respondent. Nevertheless, it might be useful to complement this approach by using disaggregations by the highest level of education (ISCED) and occupation (ISCO). Participation in formal education might also be useful context information, depending on the specificities of the national education system. Dutch: Working more is learning more.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
But some groups are still underrepresented, such as small farmers and indigenous communities. There is also scope to increase the participation of irrigation districts and units, doing so would significantly contribute to the sustainability of catchments and the balance of aquifers. However, incentives to attend their meetings are weak since these are mainly consultative bodies whose decisions are not binding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Continued litter production - with decomposition rates being constant - can lead to continued accumulation of soil carbon and woody debris. Decomposition rates may even decline as the forest ages (cf Wardle et al. A handful of eddy covariance studies, including some of old-growth forests (Table 5.3], consistently show net carbon accumulation of the studied old-growth forest ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Additional information on specific country data and on the methodology used for calculations is reported in Appendix 4.A. Table 4.6 provides the final results on a country-by-country basis. The values used in our model lie in that range, with the exception of those for the United Kingdom, above USD 7/MWh at 10% penetration level and double at 30% penetration (Redpoint, 2008). This probably reflects the challenge of balancing wind in small isolated electricity market. No studies have reported balancing costs for solar technology: thus, this study works with balancing costs that are similar to those calculated for wind power. This is not unreasonable: ramping rates tend to be smoother with solar energy, while forecast accuracy is lower (Barth, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Mexican sector regulations allow the construction of plants (under any technology) to export electricity, and currently there are several thermal plants set up for this purpose. The generator can store this virtual energy in its ‘“bank”* for a 12-month period. This makes wind power the only segment of the Mexican electricity industry that is clearly dominated by transnational private investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
What is more, out-of-pocket payments represent 3.8% of final household consumption, compared to the EU average of 2.3%, the seventh highest among Member States. Out-of-pocket payments include co-payments for a wide range of NHS services,including primary care visits. In Portugal, 5.4% of people from low-income households reported going without a medical examination when needed for financial reasons in 2015 (above the EU average of 4.1%) (Figure 13) and significantly higher than the rate for the highest income group (0.4%), although WHO estimates show modest levels of catastrophic expenditures from private spending on health in Portugal (Barros & Borges, 2017, forthcoming).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
National communications (submitted every four years for Annex I countries, and less regularly for most non-Annex I countries) have also provided broad sets of adaptation-related information. More than three-quarters of submitted INDCs have an adaptation component, but their contents vary greatly in terms of their scope, aims, content, clarity, timeline, link with existing policies including mitigation actions, and “measurability”. The table illustrates the overlap between information requests for NCs and for adaptation communications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For some of the larger ASEAN members (Indonesia and Thailand), the rate of undernourishment is projected to drop below the 5% threshold that the FAO uses to delineate food-insecure countries. Fisheries sector production, capture fisheries and aquaculture included, will play a particularly important role in food security in the ASEAN region over the medium term. Fish products already form an important part of the regional diet and represent an important source of income for many.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is true that many of the issues related to gender are cultural, qualitative and sociological in nature, nevertheless, their impact can be seen and observed spatially, and can to some degree be measured quantitatively. To be able to identify the problems associated with gender bias, it is essential to develop comprehensive statistics. Gender auditing can be defined as the process by which gender mainstreaming is achieved, which involves establishing indicators and standards, and checking outputs, policies and priorities (Greed, 2003a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some of them participate intensively in the developing of the national assessments. A wider group used to participate in the conferences after the national assessments, however, in recent years, the scope of participants has been narrowed down to keep focus and increase effectiveness. Unfortunately, one side effect is that the Ministry has lost an opportunity to create common understanding and ownership and build capacity among a broader range of stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The SSF Guidelines therefore state that the identification and application of the term "small-scale" should be carried out at the regional, subregional or national level, taking into account local contexts. In particular, such an exercise should be carried out in a participatory fashion to ensure that all voices, including those of marginalized groups, are heard (FAO, 2015a, section 2.4). Definitions vary between countries in the GFCM area of application. Small-scale fisheries are generally characterized by a large number of boats of low tonnage (between 1 and 4 tonnes), which are highly diversified and use low-impact fishing gear to target a wide variety of species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
These associations have no direct administrative capacity, but exist as voluntary organisations with legal standing with specific powers delegated to the organisation by the controlling communes. Mergers (or amalgamations) of communes are very rare in France, and this institutional mechanism in effect takes their place. They construct their own planning documents (plan local d'urbanisme, PLU or Zone d’Amenagement Concertee “Concerted Planning Area”).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The importance of SMEs will remain critical in the required transformation (from climate and SDG perspectives) and is further accelerated by various aspects of technology disruption, including distributed technology solutions, smart IT, microfinance, etc. In addition, more systematic tracking and learning of adaptation relevant investments by Nordic finance institutions and Nordic DFIs is needed. Nordic actors should contribute to continued standard development (building e.g. on the Green Bond Principles as well as pioneering work by Cicero on "shades of green" (e.g. Cicero, 2016)). Extensive experience by various Nordic actors in carbon markets, including a 15-year track record in carbon finance by NEFCO, can serve to ensure that lessons learned from the CDM regime are optimally made use of in developing further the green bond market. While the existence of Nordic financing institutions is a definite value-added forthe Nordic region and its global outreach, the early international experiences with Green Investment Banks as well as corresponding experiences within the World Bank Group could serve Nordics to assess additional advantages/disadvantages of deeper and/or more formal Nordic collaboration/merger between existing Nordic finance institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
ABSTRACTE-government has been an emerging trend in recent decades, inviting interest from policy makers, bureaucrats, citizens, and public administration researchers. The purpose of this article is to track and analyze inception and evolution of e-government systems in Russia and China. Authors utilized the UN e-government survey to compare various dimensions of e-government over eleven years. The findings indicate that although both countries achieved high levels of e-government development, marked by a high level of availability and integration of e-government services, both Russia and China came short of reaching e-democracy, the highest level of e-government, which inherently promotes e-participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Disadvantaged children have the greatest benefit from attending high-quality ECEC, and interventions targeted at them will have the highest returns. Therefore, the OECD programme of work over the period 2017-2020 includes a series of projects to address this issue. After accounting for student socio-economic status, the difference is still statistically significant in half of the 57 countries with available data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some OECD countries, such as Canada and the United States, have traditionally restricted regulations on land use, prohibiting mixed land use to avoid the negative externalities of differences in land use. Such zoning still makes sense in many places, although land-use regulations should be better co-ordinated to increase access on foot to local services and jobs. Deregulating zoning and introducing form-based zoning can be a way to revive urban centres, as can establishing mixed-use zones that allow both business and residential uses. This helps to reduce travel time to jobs and services, and to improve access on foot or by public transit for older people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Consider the example of monetary policy. Women remain under-represented in leadership and decision-making positions of central banks. In 2015, they held governor or equivalent positions in just a handful of countries.’ More importantly, the democratic accountability of central banks is extremely limited. Economic information on government priorities, as reflected in budget processes, is often not available or is presented in a form that is not useful for evaluating policy choices. And macroeconomic decision-making bodies rarely invite meaningful participation by civil society, including women's rights organizations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Patrols are groupings of six or seven boys (and later girls) within a scout troop. Eugenio Lemos, musician and leader of Permaculture Timor-Leste, the organization behind the permaculture-agroecology movement, participated in Pramuka and thereby gained valuable experience in both music and agriculture (Wigglesworth 2016). His founding of the PermaScouts was an attempt to combine Permaculture with some of the excitement for scouting among young people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, collective management (e.g. pooling systems in Japan) can also work, as it gives the whole community an economic stake in the system’s effectiveness. Output-based market mechanisms offer good results when the fishing industry is geographically concentrated, with few landing sites. Daily, weekly or monthly vessel catch limits (e.g. in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Germany and France) can also be used, but offer less flexibility. Trade flows are generally easier to monitor than catches, making ITQs more practical in export-oriented fisheries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The Zeita Dam near the Lebanese-Syrian border is partly supplied with water diverted from the main stream of the Orontes in Lebanon through the left-bank Zeita Canal. Both this canal and the right-bank Jawsiyeh Canal are also used for direct irrigation of downstream Syrian lands. The two canals are located between the Hermel and Al Omeiry monitoring stations. Diversions through these canals may partly explain the decrease in long-term average annual discharge (approx.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, the measures taken towards more equitable wealth distribution must not disincentivise the rich from taking up their productive activities, nor create any other perverse effects on local or global growth. International institutions must abandon the post-WWII logic of paternalistic humanitarianism. For a more peaceful world, development issues must be studied through the lens of the egalitarian distribution of wealth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The lack of fairness in asylum responsibility sharing within the EU has been a persistent problem demanding an urgent solution. This article seeks to inform the on-going debate on European solidarity instruments from a constitutional law perspective by taking the principle of solidarity and fair sharing of responsibility pursuant to Article 80 TFEU as its reference point. The article sees this principle as an important mechanism in both the enhancement of fairness in responsibility sharing and the protection of refugees. It argues that the combined reading of Article 80 TFEU and the Charter of Fundamental Rights provides a strong reason to doubt the constitutionality of the Dublin III Regulation, and any decision reforming the asylum regime should take this view into account. Despite its limited enforceability, Article 80 TFEU can play an important role as an interpretation tool, in particular in the assessment of the legality of solidarity instruments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The state benefits from a central position in the country and is accessible by various modes of transportation. As such, it presents numerous opportunities for short duration, one or two-day trips from Mexico City, whether organised by business organisations or families looking for recreational time in a greener environment. While access to the region may not be a primary issue, connectivity and accessibility within the region remains a major challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
An institutional reform is needed to more effectively manage protected areas and biodiversity, including natural resources. Within SAEPF, this could be a “Biodiversity Department” and in the event that the status of SAEPF is upgraded to that of a ministry', this might be the “State Agency for Biodiversity Management” within the Ministry of Environment. Exceptions can be made for those forest areas that have nationally strategic value and importance for other economic sectors (e.g. mining).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The progressive tariff reduction under the Early Harvest Programme commenced on 1 November 2004, with elimination completed by 31 October 2007 for India and ASEAN-6, and by 31 October 2010 for the new ASEAN member states. The initial tariff reduction covers 111 tariff lines (eight agricultural tariff lines) at the HS six-digit level. Under the Normal "Brack, tariffs imposed by Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand and India on goods originating from these parties will be eliminated by 2016. The TIG also provides for different tariff rates for special products, i.e. crude and refined palm oil, coffee, black tea and pepper, covered under this Agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This simply represents the countries in question and is not necessarily indicative of the resource use across the region. Per-capita DMC in Africa is very low at 3.7 tonnes and energy use is only 33 GJ/capita which reflects a low material standard of living. Per-capita material use has been stagnant since the 1980's which shows that the material standard of living could not keep up with population growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
By contrast, in poorer countries the attainment rate is much lower and women are strongly disadvantaged. A similar picture could be shown for an older cohort of men and women (between the ages of 45 and 54). Countries are grouped by the World Bank Income Classification system. While it may reflect the positive effect of greater investment in education on countries’ economic growth, it may also be related to the fact that richer countries invest more in human capital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Overall, the relative impact of land-use change and management on MSA loss is projected to decrease. While expansion of food crop production and live-stock farming is projected to cause about half of the further MSA loss in the RoW between 2010 and 2030, it is not projected to be a major driver of further loss in the OECD countries or the BRIICS. Instead of agricultural land expansion, land abandonment is projected to occur in several regions, allowing considerable area for ecosystem recovery and regeneration to take place. These areas will however bear the effects of “former land use” for several decades after land abandonment. Together these are referred to as forestry (but not deforestation, as that is included under land-use change).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In 2009, the decline in FDI inflows were relatively highest in Eastern Europe (-51%) and Sub-Saharan Africa (-39%). The decline was 33% in Latin America and the Caribbean, 27% in Developing Asia and 25% in the Middle East and North Africa. Information compiled by Kekic (2009). Note: (e) Estimations. This report estimates that total foreign capital flows to Cameroon would be 86 billion CFA francs lower in 2009 than in 2008, an amount equal to 0.8% of GDP. In contrast, it was other capital flows (private sector bank and non-bank loans) that led to the collapse of total flows, which declined by 52% in 2009 with respect to 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While subsidies for low-carbon technologies in order to internalise the externality of climate change can be justified from an economic point of view, doing so in a manner that is not attaining reduction objectives at least cost constitutes a waste of social resources. The fact that subsidies for VRE are attributed on the basis of a large political and societal consensus does not invalidate the fact that this is a highly inefficient, at times even counter-productive, manner from an economic point of view. Even democratically legitimated policies can be economically costly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Implementation of the law fairly is the pillar of Islamic teachings. Discrimination law enforcement based on the implementation of the social status or family ties is an injustice. Justice is the mandate of each individual. Al-Quran is the source of Islamic law that must be followed by every Muslim in establishing a law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, the development of price at first sale, the level of the fuel costs, and the evolution of interest rates are likely to continue to be other important factors for profitability. The new agency will have a broad mandate to work with issues linked to the management of the waters, fisheries, environmental issues and marine spatial planning. Landings abroad, mainly in Denmark, were dominant, representing 60% of total landings in volume.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Neither Danish nor Norwegian legislation has explicit references to European Rules on Community Sanctions and Measures (ERCSM), No. 31 or European Probation Rules (EPR), No. 6, on consent and co-operation. Attention is drawn to similarities and differences between Denmark and Norway in relation to legal regulations and practices concerning consent and co-operation. The analyses focus upon community supervision by the Probation Service and include the main forms of community sanctions in both countries. It is found that in spite of legal differences between the countries, their practices have a lot in common. The scope of discretionary power that is entrusted to the Probation Service regarding judgement of the offender’s suitability for community sanctions is debated, and the relationship between the rules on consent and cooperation in the ERCSM and EPR and the European Convention on Human Rights on the presumption of innocence and the prohibition of forced labour is questioned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such results are consistent with those found by an evaluation of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India, which shows that the registration of a household member in the programme reduces the likelihood of child labour for boys by 13.4 per cent and for girls by 8.2 per cent (Uppal, 2009). Islam and Choe (2009) show that even though micro credit programmes in Bangladesh are successful in alleviating poverty they do have a negative effect on school enrolment and child labour. Microcredit increases the probability of child labour for girls by 7.9 per cent to 13.7 per cent depending on the specification adopted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Green economic policies are not immune to corrupt practices. While corruption can undermine the implementation of a 'green agenda', green policies can themselves also be instrumented for corrupt purposes. Reflecting on the small but growing literature on the ‘green resource curse’, this chapter confirms that increased financing for green initiatives threatens to replicate problems in the extractive industries. The struggles of indigenous communities suggest that the antidote to a green resource curse in Kenya does not simply rely on supporting improved governance and the rule of law but depends too on locally rooted movements for environmental justice. Keywords: Kenya, green resource curse, corruption, illegal forest trade, environmental justice, indigenous peoples
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Recently, the reform consolidated the five main social security funds into a unified social security system, the General Health Insurance Scheme (GHIS - Genel Saghk Sigortasi), which now covers the majority of the population for services provided by a mix of public and private sector facilities (Tatar et al., The Social Security Institution (SSI - Sosyal Giivenlik Kurumu) has become the single-purchaser of health care services. It is funded by contributions from employers and employees, and by government contributions, which finance coverage for low-income people (former Green Card holders) and civil servants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These are: recognising the adaptation efforts of developing country Parties, enhancing the implementation of “adaptation action” taking into account adaptation communications, review the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation and support, review the overall progress in achieving the global adaptation goal. This section explores how the global stocktake could fulfil these aims. It could therefore be done without creating any additional reporting burden for developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)