albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Fuel efficient cars have enabled people to drive longer distances for the same amount of money (Figure 1). Of course, the amount of travel by car is in direct correlation with the increase of GDP and consequent private consumption expenditure10 as people have more money to spend on fuel than they had some years ago. Consumption and the environment - 2012 update Copenhagen, European Environmental Agency: 70.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Because of environmental concerns and area restrictions the growth rates are projected below recent trends, especially in Indonesia. The share of vegetable oil consumption used for biodiesel production is estimated to increase from 9% during the base to 15% in 2019, driven by binding mandates in many countries. During the Outlook period, annual growth in protein meal consumption is projected at 1% in OECD economies, compared with 3.1% in non-OECD economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For other aspects, biogeographical regions might be more appropriate to capture cross-border inter-connected issues relevant to biodiversity and ecosystem services. Biodiversity is nested in space and time, and understanding the nature of these relations is crucial to understanding policy needs. It should focus on the key issues that could determine the dynamics of the interactions between society and nature [the social-ecological system) over the next 40 years in accordance with the IPBES scoping report for the regional and subregional assessments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This book covers not only the political situation in Zimbabwe, but its international context and those areas of privation, exclusion and silence within the country that are beneath the everyday face of politics.   Written by either a Zimbabwean or an internationally acknowledged expert on aspects of Zimbabwe, all the authors agree that the silences in and surrounding the African state cannot continue. This volume utilizes the perspectives of diplomacy, health, law and literature written in both English and Shona, and of those deeply concerned with democratization in Zimbabwe and its surrounding region.  Zimbabwe and the Space of Silence will be of interest to students and scholars of African studies, African and Third World politics and international law.  This book was previously published as a special issue of The Round Table.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
First, there is a need to have indicators to monitor changes in the field of nature-based recreation in general (related to society wide or sector wide development), which are able to describe the general development and changes concerning nature-based recreation or recreational use of forests as a way of using forest resources. Second, there is a need to have indicators to monitor objectives achieved, impacts and changes caused by a special policy, an action program, a plan or a single action: direct or indirect impact or change, which is a result of administrative, legislative or financial actions, investments or other types of actions directed to recreational use of forest resources. All possible indicators explored from literature or identified by expert knowledge and experience were described by seven categories of information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Cycling Development Concept was based on preliminary analysis of crashes involving cyclists across the city. The analysis of road traffic crashes showed that crashes involving cyclists were strongly concentrated in the city centre and on the main radial roads, pointing to the locations where measures to improve road safety were needed. Thus, the first actions to improve cycling infrastructure involved central Riga and the main arteries. Within the scope of the concept, attention has been paid to improving existing infrastructure, e.g. reducing pavement borders, doing street cover repairs and improving traffic organisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
At the same time more stringent EPL for regular workers appears to be associated with higher unemployment, at least for certain categories of workers (e.g. Bassanini etal., The Drivers of Labour Earnings Inequality - An Analysis Based on Conditional and Unconditional Quantile Regressions”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. The Drivers of Labour Earnings Inequality - An Analysis Based on Conditional and Unconditional Quantile Regressions’, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. However, they may also increase inequality by lowering employment.26 The negative employment effects of unemployment benefits are supported both by existing empirical studies (e.g. Nunziata, 2002, Bassanini and Duval, 2006, Murtin etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Quality ECEC settings are responsive to the dynamic nature of children's lives. Such efforts will link improvements in the quality of ECEC to policy measures and enhance equity in access. Quality of Childcare and Pre-Primary Education: How do we measure it?' Data for Canada refer to adjusted net enrolment rate, one year before the official primary entry age, both sexes {per cent).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is because the issues addressed are simply so important for nations and cities that the solutions cannot be left for international organizations to identify. Adoption and implementation is, above all, a local political process requiring local political agreement and engagement. This is not an exercise in scientific discovery of a new disease or a new remedy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
AbstractThroughout the world, political mobilizations by refugees, irregularized migrants, and solidarity activists have emerged, demanding and enacting the right to move and to stay, struggling for citizenship and human rights, and protesting the violence and deadliness of contemporary border regimes. These struggles regularly traverse the local and constitute trans-border, trans-categorical, and in fact, social movements. This special issue inquires into their transformative possibilities and offers a collection of articles that explore political mobilizations in several countries and (border) regions, including Brazil, Mexico, the United States, Austria, Germany, Greece, Turkey and ‘the Mediterranean.’ This issue brings into dialog social movement literature, and especially the ‘contentious politics’ perspective, with migration struggles. It connects these to current debates underway within Critical Citizenship Studies and the Autonomy of Migration literatures around rights making, the constitution of ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This provides an opportunity for LDCs to leapfrog to energy efficient and ecologically friendly data centers. This is essential for driving government services and cloud computing applications in their countries. Many IXPs in the LDCs have been created with the assistance of development partners such as ITU and UNDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This is reflected in the unemployment rates of young adults aged 25-34, which tend to be about one-third higher than the overall unemployment rate (compared with a difference of 10% on OECD average). It is also reflected in the development of so-called “freeters” (see Box 1.1). The Survey on Human Resource Strategies and Work Awareness in the Population Decreasing Society reveals that companies with a positive attitude towards skills development are not much inclined to recruit freeters as regular workers, and are likely to set a relatively low upper limit on the age of freeters who can be recruited (Mitani, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Metro Cebu facilitating dialogue and collaboration among industries could serve as an opportunity for business leaders to discover synergistic possibilities and potential exchanges that could fuel the symbiotic networks. It is therefore important that Metro Cebu continues the support to industries through policies aimed at skill development, green procurements, environmental technology diffusion, innovation hubs, and economic incentives. Rather than being the result of a carefully planned process, the eco-park developed gradually through co-operation by a number of neighbouring industrial companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, it is also worth exploring the effects of additional actions that may shift future trends. In essence, these require additional reform and action by governments, producers and consumers beyond the levels observed in the past. Countries without observations represent those where undernourishment impacts less than 5% of the population, resulting in the model estimates of changes being insignificantly different from each other. Producers respond to these higher food prices and increase production. Meanwhile, consumers with higher incomes worldwide adjust their diets, creating more pronounced shifts in demand towards meat and dairy products. Worldwide consumption in 2024 from plant-based products is close to 141 bln kcal/day (0.7% greater than the baseline), while calories from consuming livestock products is 60 bln kcal/day (1.7% greater).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For large nuclear units, a line of generally 400 kV connects the step-up transformers to the first power substation. The second connection provides a supply to the NPP via the station transformer if the main connection is not available. The voltage of the second line varies between 110 kV to 400 kV, depending on the short circuit power required when switching from normal to auxiliary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Because of this, women risk losing their right to use the land in the event of divorce or their husband’s death. Infact,in some areas, widows are obliged to marry one of their deceased husband's brothers in order to maintain their land use rights (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit Gmbh, 2013). Countries must also put in place fair and effective land titling and registration systems that can facilitate the use of land as collateral. This can be a challenge in many developing countries, where land administration institutions often lack the personnel and resources necessary to reach women in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
About 375 practices participated in 2013-14, receiving average payments of AUS 23 900. The rural loading is paid in recognition of the difficulties of providing care, often with little professional support, in rural and remote areas. Approximately 1 700 practices received an average rural loading payment of AUS 12 300 in 2013-14.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This section examines food wastage occurring at the consumption end is examined, along with the underlying factors associated with different socioeconomic and agricultural development conditions. Recent estimations show that the weight of food wasted per capita by consumers in Europe and North America amounts to 95-115 kg/year, compared with the figure for sub-Saharan Africa and South and South-East Asia, which is only 6-11 kg/year (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012c). As much as 30 per cent of total harvested food does not reach the marketplace as a result of quality selection and cosmetic considerations (Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2013). Also, food production tends to exceed demand in developed countries as a precautionary measure, in order to ensure delivery of agreed quantities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Annual spending on energy-efficient buildings in Europe - including products and services - is forecast to grow from €41.4 billion ($56 billion) in 2014 to €80.8 billion ($109 billion) in 2023 (Navigant Research, 2014). Some European countries have established minimum consumption targets for wood use in new buildings, but these policies can be problematic, both for designers, who may feel compelled to use wood products in suboptimal situations, and for non-wood product manufacturers, who may perceive unfair procurement practices. Rather than identifying specific materials for special treatment, a more constructive approach would be to encourage policies based on life-cyde assessment, which is gradually becoming used more widely in the EU (UNECE, 2015). To overcome this, the European Commission will collaborate with stakeholders to develop a framework of core indicators, including their underlying methods, to be used in assessing the environmental performance of EU buildings throughout their life cycles (European Commission, 2014b). This moves away from a prescriptive basis for green building and toward a performance basis, with greater emphasis on the end use of systematic lifecycle assessment-based tools and information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The 2007-08 experience with the surge in international market cereal prices illustrated the unreliability of some of these trading relationships, as export restrictions by India and Pakistan contributed to higher prices for consumers in Bangladesh and Afghanistan (Dorosh, 2008). Liberalising agricultural trade within a regional agreement needs strong political will and countries have to be prepared to give up some autonomy in designing and implementing their domestic food policies. With governments committed to pursue interventionist policies to stabilise prices, regional trade flows are often sacrificed when they appear to stand in the way of national food security - despite the longer-term costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the wake of the amendments, the 2012 elections saw women win more than one-third of seats in both houses for the first time in Mexico’s history. In 2014, wider-ranging debate on electoral reform led to the revision of Article 41 of the Constitution, which now requires parties to enforce gender parity among their election nominees. The remaining 200 representatives are elected using the proportional representation system through closed party lists in five districts of 40 seats each.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By 1989,55% of immigrant students in Hauptschulen were in such classes, which were formally abolished in 1995 (Glenn and de Jong, 1996). An analysis of 108 primary school catchment areas in four districts showed that one out of five schools enrolled twice as many students with immigrant backgrounds than lived in the area. This is a consequence of parents circumventing official primary school assignment and schools offering ways, such as separate classes based on parent choice of religious or foreign language instruction, to attract native students and better teachers (Fincke and Lange, 2012, Open Society Justice Initiative, 2013). It maintained the Gymnasien, which selected 60% of their students, with an extra 10% reserved for siblings, leaving 30% selected by lottery (Basteck et al, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
One of the ways of doing this is to estimate the model in first difference using, for example, the system-GMM estimator. The OLS and within-group estimates are given only as a means of showing that the estimated value of the lagged dependent variable falls between the estimated values obtained using these two methods. This may be viewed as an indication that the bias generated by the presence of endogenous variables and unobservable fixed effects has been corrected for by using the system-GMM method.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Despite the great expansion of maritime zones of the coastal states, consequent to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, state practice indicates continued attempts at using concepts of historic waters and/or historic rights to assert jurisdiction. The Chinese claim to historic rights in its 1998 Law on the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf is a new addition to the whole picture. It is the People's Republic of China's clear intention that the historic claim applies to the water areas in the South China Sea wherever China could not establish its 200-nm exclusive economic zone. This article assesses China's historic claim in the context of international law, state practice, and judicial pronouncements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The public financing of efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation is likely to have played a role in catalysing this private sector participation by lowering risks linked to country participation, and improving country readiness in terms of the necessary institutional frameworks. Large institutional investors are also redirecting investments to align them with climate objectives, such as reducing emissions from deforestation. For example, the Norwegian Pension Fund has begun to divest shares in companies associated with unsustainable palm oil production, which can be viewed as an alignment of private financing with global climate change mitigation objectives. No comprehensive assessment is available to track climate finance from domestic budgets, and there is no agreed classification system for national climate budget tagging that permits international comparisons or aggregation. However, evidence from 11 countries indicates that domestic resources are a significant and, in some cases, even a dominant part of climate change expenditure (UNDP, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They assume that poor working conditions in source countries may be considered as a determinant of emigration. Therefore, when gender discrimination in the local labour market decreases, women's incentives to migrate decrease as well. They show that higher levels of discrimination in the workplace are correlated with higher levels of female emigration and lower levels of male emigration, suggesting a substitution effect between men and women within a given number of migrants. Gender norms may also affect male migration by defining their role in the public and private spheres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article draws on historical, comparative, and structural analyses of various processes described as democratization or democratic transitions. The opening sections address the meaning and general theories of democratization and the emergence of democratic transition studies. Structural aspects, different actors, the process of negotiations and roundtable talks and their impact on the rule of law and on the constitutional aspect of democratic transitions are discussed, and close links between democratization, the rule of law, and constitutionalism are analyzed in the following sections. Finally, problems of transitional justice and dealing with the authoritarian past are considered as an intrinsic part of democratic transitions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Article 24.1 of the UNDRIP is illustrative of such an autonomy. It states, "Indigenous peoples have the right to their traditional medicines and maintain their health practices, including the conservation of their vital medicinal plants, animals and minerals". The process has displaced them from their lands and alienated them from their natural resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The following sections explore the global landscape and international development interventions in more depth. Section 2.1 highlights data on gender equality and inequality. Section 2.2 explores the normative underpinnings that pledge protection of women’s rights and gender equality globally. Section 2.3 describes the major international development approaches to addressing these challenges in the past decade, from ‘women in development’ to ‘gender and development’ to ‘gender mainstreaming’, as set out in the Beijing Platform for Action. Section 2.4 highlights the post-2000 environment covering the MDGs, the emerging aid effectiveness frameworks and the politics of gender in international development. Nearly half of the world’s population, 3 billion people, lives in poverty, on less than $2.50 a day.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Children and youth in cities”, in ISSC/UNESCO, World Social Science Report 2013: Changing Global Environments, OECD Publishing and Unesco Publishing. Each author is responsible for the facts contained in his/her article and the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO, ISSC and do not commit either organisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Lifelong learning has come to be internationally recognized as a framework in the development of sustainable education. However, in spite of rhetoric and its endorsement in some nations’ policy documents, lifelong learning is not operationalized and Africa continues to be plagued by social maladies such as HIV/AIDS, capacity poverty, low quality education, global marginalization and ineffective governance. The article argues that post‐colonial Africa transited from concern with service delivery, went through structural adjustment policies to focusing on African renaissance. It indicates that some countries have embraced lifelong learning as policy framework but have not made sufficient efforts to translate that in their teaching and learning. It contents that lifelong learning in Africa can only be effective if African communities are encouraged to make concerted efforts to embrace principles such as deliberative democracy, multiculturalism, decentralization of decision‐making and helping to redirect the ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In turn, this leads to dead-weight efficiency losses for the local and national economy. As a result, governments may be better placed than markets to determine to best quantity to be provided. Spatial plans are a useful mechanism for managing environmental quality because they inherently capture where actions that affect the environment occur, and the parcels of land that experience the consequences of these actions. Where the spill over effects are externalities there can be additional reasons for relying on government to manage the level of environmental effects that have no market price.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
One-size-fits-all” often proved to be a straitjacket. Development and poverty reduction are path-dependent processes, and the effectiveness of certain policies or market-induced changes depends on previous events. The optimal sequence has to be country-specific, and in an uncertain world, a good deal of experimentation will be inevitable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It focuses mainly on the distribution of food and the food waste generated in all those intermediate steps of the production chain before reaching the final consumer. The methodology is quite transparent and can be confidently used by relevant stakeholders, provided the data exist and they are credible. Data on the number of enterprises in relevant economic sectors (NACE Rev.2) are widely available. If data quality improves, robustness of this indicator will also improve. Furthermore the scope is quite limited only to the distribution on food.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This chapter describes what fishery governance is and what it does as well as factors influencing governance effectiveness, including the economic context, scientific uncertainty and transactions costs. Options for strengthening fishery governance under conditions of climate change through the promotion of adaptability, flexibility and resilience are also discussed. The goal of fishery policy is to increase the resilience and adaptive capacity of the fishery, fishing industry, fishing communities and fishery governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It also invited all WTO members to consider extending to a graduated country, as appropriate, the existing special and differential treatment and exemptions available to LDCs for a period appropriate to the development situation. A better understanding of the process of the phasing out and eventual loss of support measures is still to be established. In this regard, the CDP also suggested that an expert group be convened to consider the phasing out of LDC support measures with a view to identifying those that could be maintained for a certain period and proposing specific phasing-out periods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)