albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The level of delivery risk mitigation offered by replacement ratios is contingent upon the correlation between the biodiversity outcomes at offset sites. In reality, biodiversity outcomes are often closely correlated, so it is difficult to eliminate delivery risk using replacement ratios. Creating offsets using different ecological restoration techniques or dispersing offset sites across space may contribute relatively more to delivery risk mitigation (Moilanen et al., The party liable for the delivery risk purchases insurance, or a similar product, against the possibility that the offset site fails to deliver the required biodiversity outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Nonetheless, export data by commodity and partner country yield some notable findings. As can be gleaned from Figure 1.12, exports of certain goods to China from Thailand and Viet Nam exhibit somewhat comparable trends over the year through April-May 2019. Commodity nomenclatures are not necessarily the same across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Increasing the benefits of voluntary schemes would be an incentive for informal workers to participate in social insurance schemes. The middle class in Viet Nam is a heterogeneous group characterised by significant variation in income and instability. Income mobility within the middle class is high with both winners and losers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While there may not necessarily be a right or wrong way to allocate these various responsibilities, effectively mainstreaming biodiversity across different policies and programmes requires strong collaboration across these. An exercise undertaken by India illustrates the number of different ministries that are, to some degree, involved in the implementation of the NBAP across each of the National Biodiversity Targets (NBTs) (Table 2.2) (MoEFCC, 2014a). Additionally, India’s Addendum to the NBAP (2014) specifies indicators for the 12 NBTs and delineates the government agency responsible for monitoring each indicator. The agencies were identified on the basis of their mandate, expertise and geographical coverage and include national-, state- and local-level bodies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Org/en/About/Factsheets/Sheecs/20l6/08/01/l6/l 1/Debt-Relief-Under-the-Heavily-Indebted-Poor-Countries-Initiative. Over the past two decades, the growth of world gross product (WGP) on the basis of the exchange-rate-based approach has been below that based on PPP weights. This is because developing countries, in the aggregate, have seen significantly higher economic growth than the rest of the world in the 1990s and 2000s and the share in WGP of these countries is larger under PPP measurements than under market exchange rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This paper examines how local action to reduce poverty and broader transformational change in the mountainous regions of Nepal has been informed by children's perspectives. In 2000, research was carried out with children to evaluate a local organisation's community development programme. The author revisited researchers, managers and former child club members in 2008 in order to explore how children's participation in rights-based evaluation had translated into outcomes. With conflict and a changing understanding of rights within Nepal forming the backdrop, political and structural dimensions had to be considered to understand the changing lives of boys and girls. Children's perspectives in turn need to inform rights‐based policies and programmes to improve wellbeing and address social injustice. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Pole Metropolitain Nantes Saint-Nazaire also has its own budget which consists of contributions from intercommunalites which is calculated by taking into account the weight of population in the cluster and its tax wealth. However, its situation is not due to exceptional circumstances. What separates the metropole from similar areas is its level of development, and not the particular character of the local mi leu.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Existing evidence shows that female students are less likely than males to study disciplines with higher labour market returns (e.g. STEM subjects), as discussed above (OECD, 2014b, 2015a). Special efforts should be made to get girls more interested in mathematics and science and boys more interested in reading. Gender bias in curricula should be removed (e.g. by phasing out gender stereotypes from textbooks, promoting female role models, and using learning materials that appeal to girls). Awareness should be raised on the likely consequences of choosing different fields of study for careers and earnings (OECD, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2011, it remained above the OECD average for 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary or tertiary education, but below the OECD average for those without upper secondary education. The share of 15-29 year-olds without upper secondary education and neither employed nor in education or training (36.5%) is more than double the OECD average (15.8%). Improving youth outcomes requires policies to address skills needs and support transitions into the labour market, such as creating stronger links to the labour market for youth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The government’s investment in the system is considerable, in terms of both infrastructure development and various types of subsidies to promote the purchase of electric vehicles and renewable electricity generation. The challenge is to further mobilise the private sector, electric utilities and R&D institutions. The Electric Mobility Plan and C02-based vehicle taxes, while commendable, are examples of this underlying thinking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In other contexts, school principals carry responsibility for appraising their deputy school leaders (e.g. various states and territories in Australia, including Victoria, various provinces and territories in Canada, Chile [Performance Appraisal], and Israel [ISCED level 1 and partially ISCED level 2]). On the one hand, evaluators from local education authorities often bring in-depth knowledge of the particular circumstances of a certain school and a school leader’s work, something particularly important considering the role of context for successful school leadership. Thanks to evaluators’ insights into local contexts, scope for the local implementation of appraisal also constitutes an opportunity to create trust, commitment and ownership. As the professional organisation for school principals in New Zealand pointed out the quality of school leader appraisal in New Zealand differs greatly depending on the capacity of the responsible school board of trustees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is highly unlikely that SDG target 9.c will be achieved within the bmeframe of 2020. In pracbce, it is virtually impossible to experience the Internet effecbvely via a 2G connecbon. Only 76% of the world's populabon lives within access of a 3G signal, and only 43% of people have access to a 4G connecbon. Thus, the majority of the connected world remains under-connected, most of them in developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The purpose of this project is to establish a closer cooperation between different Governmental agencies in the work against illegal, unregistered and unreported fishing. These ministries, in addition to the Higher Prosecuting Authority, are represented in the projects steering committee. The project is a network of professional analysts from the Directorate of Fisheries, Norwegian Coast Guard, Police, the Taxation Department, the Custom department and the Norwegian Coastal Administration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The Czech Republic cancelled plans to temporarily increase duration and replacement rates for some unemployed because of pressure on public finances. Poland continued with a reform to improve the effectiveness of activation by increasing benefit levels in the first three months of receipt (a change in early 2009 reduced duration from 18 to 12 months). Since mid-2009, income support specifically targeted at workers receiving training was introduced or extended in several countries (Australia, Japan, Turkey and the United States).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The incidence of NSW is 40% among younger workers (versus 30% for prime-age), and it is over 50% in Australia, the Netherlands, southern Europe and Poland. This mostly involves younger workers on temporary contracts. On average in the OECD, 43% of temporary workers are aged 15 to 29, and this share is over 60% in Austria, Germany and Switzerland, suggesting that these jobs are often entry ports for young workers (figures not shown). The incidence of non-standard employment is highest among workers with a lower level of education (around 44%) and lowest among the higher educated (Figure 4.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Only a few studies have estimated the overall benefits from WSS investments at the level of a given country on the economy as a whole (using economic indicators such as percentage of GDP). Taking a comprehensive view of benefits is important as certain economic sectors can benefit from combined actions at different steps of the WSS value chain. For example, the agricultural or the tourism sectors can benefit from investment in both up-stream and down-stream activities of the value chain. In a first phase, the ESI carried out comprehensive assessment of the impact of poor sanitation on the economies of five South East Asian countries (see Box 5.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Cities have started to work towards adopting appropriate regulatory frameworks to accompany the development of these services. The aim is to allow these services to deliver efficiency gains along with consumer and other benefits while mitigating their potential negative impact (Deighton-Smith, 2018). Considering such options can serve an accessibility agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This is not the case for Rwanda and Zambia. While Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Nepal and Tanzania do not set nationality requirements for employees, in Madagascar, Mali, Rwanda, Senegal, Uganda and Zambia, these types of requirements are in place. Similarly, since the adoption of 2010 legislation regulating telecommunications in Guinea Bissau, there are no restrictions on market access or national treatment for foreign suppliers (WTO, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The rapid recovery of world prices compared to other linking variables exacerbates the fall in factor prices and revenues and delays economic recovery in economies presenting high external trade deficit. In contrast, economies that have recorded a trade surplus in recent years benefit from the increasing world prices through faster recovery. The magnitude of the fall in real production prices depends not only on the fall in export prices, but also on initial export intensities. Ghana experiences the largest decline in producer prices because of these reasons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
During the crisis of 2009, the region's countries built up experience with labour-market policy instruments that limit the impact of labour demand on employment. As stated previously, promoting the labour-market integration of young people is a key challenge. Productive development policies would boost productive job creation, especially through the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises, and would help reduce the wide productivity gaps that prevail in the region. To achieve this, governments would have to promote the development of innovation processes and the take-up of new technologies, especially in relation to information and communication technologies (ICTs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Likewise, insurance companies’ direct allocations to infrastructure projects remain in the billions of dollars, compared with total industry assets of around USD 19.3 trillion. That said, institutional investor interest in the clean energy sector is starting to develop, and they are slowly starting to be attracted to climate change and resource efficiency-related financial products, which can help finance projects with a positive environmental impact while remaining appealing from a financial return perspective. Some of the world’s leading pension funds and insurance companies have already made significant investments and future commitments to clean energy projects. There are multiple barriers to infrastructure investing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Many health care systems share the Swedish goal of empowering patients to exercise informed choice, and there is evidence that geographical monopolies can stifle innovation and that competition in primary care drives quality. An empirical analysis of the relationship between the quality of GP practices in England and the degree of competition they face shows that practices located close to other practices provide a higher quality of care than practices that lack competitors (Pike, 2010). Moreover, recent research shows that patients are more likely to choose practices which earned more quality points under the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) pay-for-performance scheme, a necessary condition for greater competition to improve quality is that patients’ choice of practice is influenced by practice quality (Santos et al., The competition and privatisation reforms can be designed to promote care continuity and co-ordination, including through appropriate payment mechanisms, and these principles should be embedded in the regulation of how these policies are implemented in practice. Strategies for progress towards these goals are discussed below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Government spending on health care and utilisation rates are very low. Because of the low coverage of public health care programmes, health care expenditure is mostly privately financed, with out-of-pocket payments accounting for the bulk of it. In 2009, the government introduced the requirement to spend 5 and 10% of central and local government budgets, respectively, on health care (excluding wages and salaries).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The SDGs not only include a greater number of development goals than the MDGs, but are also global in focus, including advanced economies for the first time. This paper draws attention to the main challenges the 2030 Agenda presents for rich countries, by highlighting a set of critical child specific indicators, evaluating countries' progress towards meeting the Goals, and highlighting gaps in existing data. The paper will inform UNICEFs Report Card 14, Building the Future: Children and the Sustainable Development Goals in Rich Countries. Zlata Bruckauf and Emilia Toczydlowska are consultants in Social and Economic Policy at the UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti. Yekaterina Chzhen is a Social and Economic Policy Specialist at the UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The first-digit categories identify the purpose of health care, or the various potential needs of a consumer of health care. The list reflects the aggregates used by most countries to develop a comparative spending profile. Memorandum items are included, to be measured when relevant at national level, such as where countries have an interest in tracking continued prevention and public health categories according to SHA 1.0.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Projected total forest area declines to 2020 by nearly 200 000 km2 in both the OECD countries and the BRIICS, and then expands to 2050 to reach a greater extent than in 2010, mainly on abandoned agricultural land. In the RoW, decline in forest area is projected to continue until 2030 with a total loss of around 1 million km2 due to expansion of agriculture. After that, forest area expands, but does not regain the 2010 level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In the remainder of this introductory section, the important economic differences and similarities of the two countries are briefly outlined. Conversely, those who have been more sceptical of the impact of global economic integration on inequality have tended to look at patterns of inequality within these countries (Comia 2003, Milanovic 2004, Reddy 2003, etc.) The final section draws some conclusions and considers the prospects for poverty reduction in both countries in the context of the still unfolding global financial crisis and economic slowdown.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article offers a two-line strategic approach to tackle the housing crisis in Spain from a human rights perspective. First, it advocates changes to the mortgage repossession procedure based on the principles of proportionality and reasonableness of the right to private and family life. And second, it operationalises the meaning of the general prohibition of retrogressive measures on economic, social and cultural rights by looking at five policy measures adopted in recent years. These measures and their consequences show that social austerity is incompatible with states' obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the right to housing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As structural transformation brings workers from the lower-inequality lower-productivity agricultural hinterland to the urban manufacturing sector, aggregate inequality first increases with development before eventually falling.17 The extent to which this will prove to be case in the large converging countries remains an open question. Even when growth remains modest, countries with adequate financial and administrative capacity can reduce poverty through redistribution. Public action is also important as a tool against non-income forms of deprivation through the provision of key public goods, such as health care, education, water, sanitation, and other services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Following the dispositions of the Belem do Para Convention, spousal rape has been included in national legislation. Similarly, to improve the access of victims to legal support, Justice Centres for Women have been established across the country (OECD 2017a, 2017b). Despite these efforts to strengthen legal and legislative frameworks, culture and inertia discriminatory attitudes complicate the implementation of these laws: for example, 16% of women agree that domestic violence is justified under certain conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Although K. made a series of visits and phone calls to local police regarding these threats they did little to intervene. In fact, after one incident, the police assisted her in withdrawing her complaint when she returned to the police station accompanied by her husband. Shortly thereafter her husband did in fact shoot and kill their children and himself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper argues that, because Science and Technology Studies (STS) lost contact with political philosophy, its defense of public participation in policy-making involving technical claims is normatively unsatisfactory. Current penchants for political under-laboring and normative individualism are critiqued, and the connections between STS and theorists of deliberative democracy are explored. A conservative normativity is proposed, and STS positions on public participation are discussed in relation to current questions about individual and group rights in a liberal democracy. The result is avenues to normatively defend public participation, by analogy with identity politics and Habermas, while also theorizing its limits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As regards the age ofthe children, 28% of women in the formal sector and 32% in the informal sector have children aged under 5, and 21% of formal and 29% of informal women have children aged between 6 and 14. This is evidence for a key factor driving labour market segmentation, which is explored in Casal (2011). When the husband’s education is taken, it transpires that significantly more informal-sector women than formal-sector women married husbands with a low level of education, with significantly more formal-sector women marrying highly educated men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This note provides a forecast on how the fish and world trade regimes will look like five years after the implementation of SDGs in 2035. Three main trends are likely to affect the supply and demand of fish and fish products. In the trade realm, these trends point to a selective and incremental incorporation of marine live and fish conservation measures in the multilateral trading system, and regional trade agreements in particular.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This is even more important in light of climate change, which may require the establishment of adjusted regional and international building standards for infrastructure and hence the close collaboration across disciplines, such as technical engineering and scientific research. Given the long-term investment nature of infrastructure projects, they require stable and multi-layer governance structures - generally involving local, regional, national and international levels - and long-term financing. Private investment appears to be of growing importance, but potential governance problems such as infrastructure monopolies need to be considered. At the same time, the need for multiple actors, multiple-layered governance structures, and multi-disciplinary approaches may represent key barriers to infrastructure development in less-developed regions. For the most part, however, these effects are found to be rather small. Global average producer prices for crops would increase by less than 0.3% in 2050, and only in South Africa, where infrastructure-related costs for agricultural products are comparatively high (GTAP, 2013), could the increase exceed 1%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has also collected data on telecommunications services for the ICT Regulatory Tracker (Chapter 5), including information on regulatory authorities, regulatory regimes, and level of competition (ITU, 2017). According to the ICT Regulatory Tracker, by 2015 the majority of the EIF countries had established an independent regulatory authority for telecommunication or ICT, eight have yet to establish one. Since 2012, the government has introduced a new international gateway license to foster competition (Schumann and Kende, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
New knowledge and tools are available to assist in reducing uncertainties for the development of policy responses. Equity should be considered with regards to who the costs and benefits of policy reform fall upon and the needs of future generations. Policy coherence is required to ensure initiatives taken by different policy sectors (e.g. agriculture, urban planning, and climate) do not have negative impacts on water quality and freshwater ecosystems, or increase the cost of water quality management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
More than 2 billion people live in countries experiencing high water stress. The agriculture sector is by far the largest user of freshwater, accounting for nearly 70 per cent of global water withdrawals. Saving just a fraction of this would significantly alleviate water stress in other sectors, particularly in arid countries where agriculture can consume as much as 90 per cent of available water resources. It would also strengthen economic development instead of constraining growth. Agricultural water savings can come in many forms, such as increasing productivity of food crops (more crop per drop), improving water management practices and technologies, implementing sustainable agricultural practices, growing fewer water-intensive crops in water-scarce regions, reducing food loss and waste, and importing food grown from water-rich countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)