albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The mission of GS is to provide rural people with access to environment-friendly and pollution-free energy at affordable costs. Already, over 205,000 homes across Bangladesh have installed photovoltaic (PV) solar systems capable of powering lights and small-scale electronic appliances (so called solar home systems - SHS). Over 8,000 PV solar systems are being installed per month, and demand for the systems is increasing exponentially. The goal is to install 2 million such systems in homes by 2011 and 7.5 million by 2015, which would serve half of the total rural population of Bangladesh.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The mobilization of women in street demonstrations, informal gatherings and online were often characterized by an overarching framework of dignity, which transcended differences among religious and political positions. This feature has been adopted and incorporated into many of the gender-focused groups that have been formed since the uprisings, such as the Cairo-based Harakat Basma (imprint movement) (box 4.4). Previously, only a few well-known intellectuals such as Nawal al-Sa’dawi and Fatima Mernissi were prepared to tackle such issues, which most activists felt lay beyond the pale of social, religious and cultural acceptability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If the “assortative matching hypothesis” (according to which people marry a spouse with broadly the same level of education) is verified, the impact on the distribution of household income per capita is un-equalizing if the first women who enter the labour market are well educated, and equalizing if they belong to low-income strata. The relationship between the average years of education of the LF and wage and income inequality is concave. In addition, if the supply of skilled workers grows less rapidly than its demand, scarcity rents and income inequality rise. As the relative abundance of skilled workers grows, scarcity rents and the wage rate of skilled workers stabilize and then decline, and the “wage premium” (sw/ uw) and earnings inequality drop.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In spite of the very low entry rate, the absolute number of entries is thus nearly 50% higher than the number of benefit leavers, which explains the steady rise in the rate of SA receipt in Luxembourg observed in Figure 5. As summarized in Table 8, the shares of individuals who enter benefits from one year to the next is generally low varying from 0.6% on average in Luxembourg to 2.7% in Germany. This compares to very high persistence rates: Even for Latvia, where individuals leave benefit receipt the quickest, an exit rate of 42.7% implies that over 57% of recipients remain in benefits from one year to the next.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The PFI procurement process has often been slow and expensive for both the public and the private sector. This lias led to increasing costs and reduced value for money for the taxpayer. There has been insufficient transparency as to the future taxpayer liabilities created by PFI projects and on the returns made by investors. Inappropriate risks have been transferred to the private sector, resulting in a higher risk premium being charged to the public sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Country-specific variables are also included, however, so that individual effects can be detected. This effect remains and grows stronger over the medium term, since the lagged feminization variable for one period has an effect equivalent to 7.7% on the growth rate. This is considered to be a robust result given the stability of both the coefficient and the standard error in all three specifications. This provides a partial confirmation of the hypothesis that, in the presence of a pre-existing gap in labour force participation, women's entry into the workforce can help fuel growth or a recovery if an economy is in a recession or when its existing capacity is being underutilized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Following along these lines, Alkire and Foster (2007) argue that each dimension should be weighted on the basis of normative criteria (human rights, international conventions, national legislation, political consensus, etc.) Within that normative framework, equal or arbitrary weightings can be assigned (Decancq and Lugo, 2010). Following these authors, we chose to use equal weightings for each dimension (1/4) and equal weightings for the indicators included in each dimension (see table 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Samoa ratified the Salamanca Statement in 1994. The Samoan Government therefore strongly supports programmes for the inclusion of disabled children in schools. The government sponsors all trainees who wish to take up teaching as a career. The National University of Samoa's Faculty of Education offers three programmes for these trainees: general education, special needs education, and early childhood education. The aim is to ensure that equal opportunities are provided for all children to access a balanced education system, taught by well-qualified teachers. With Samoa's involvement in UNESCO activities and international conventions, the country now has a platform for action to push for these developments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the US, the majority of homes are built primarily of wood, and the current inventory of wood structures in the US is estimated to store 1.5 billion metric tonnes of carbon (equivalent to 5.4 billion metric tonnes of carbon dioxide). Maximizing the use of wood in multi-family housing, low-rise residential construction and remodelling in the US could result in a carbon storage benefit of about 21 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide annually, which is equivalent to taking 4.4 million automobiles off the road (Howe et al„ 2015). The ECO Platform is working to harmonize national EPD systems based on the ISO 14025 standard for environmental declarations and the EN 15804 standard for construction-sector EPDs. The first ECO Platform EPDs aligned to the harmonized procedures were issued in October 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Specifically, women founders tend to be less well equipped in terms of education and professional background, once controlling for the sector of start-up activity. In that sense, part of the gender gap can hence be attributed to a gender gap in education and fields of interest and careers (e.g. STEM). Policy to close the funding gender gap would need to address upstream factors related to education and training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These rights are provided for under international human rights law, including articles 2.3 (right to a remedy) and 26 (equality before the law) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The right to an effective remedy is relevant for the realization of all human rights, and is to be enjoyed on the basis of equality, without discrimination of any form such as on the basis of sex or gender. The Human Rights Committee, in its general comment No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Tufts of dried, un-milled paddy hang off of bamboo sticks running lengthwise across the walls. Below them are round earthen pots storing more grain. Each item is labelled — even the few gourds hanging in the corner. Every year, these seeds are planted and replenished by members of the seed bank to sustain the richness of their reserves, and the knowledge that has developed around them. Gardeners, farmers and researchers formed seed saver networks to conserve and exchange traditional seeds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This paper considers the impact of new media on freedom of expression and media freedom within the context of the European Convention on Human Rights and European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence. Through comparative analysis of US jurisprudence and scholarship, this paper deals with the following three issues. First, it explores the traditional purpose of the media, and how media freedom, as opposed to freedom of expression, has been subject to privileged protection, within an ECHR context at least. Secondly, it considers the emergence of new media, and how it can be differentiated from the traditional media. Finally, it analyses the philosophical justifications for freedom of expression, and how they enable a workable definition of the media based upon the concept of the media-as-a-constitutional-component.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Meeting that commitment will require rapid transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, and ocean power. Energy consumption is currently highest in developed countries, but the biggest consumers include large emerging economies, prominently China and India. Rapid increases in energy use are projected in other developing countries if poverty reduction strategies are successful, many of these countries are pursuing more sustainable energy supplies and end-uses (Leach 2015, Pearl-Martinez 2014, OECD 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
All of this needs to be linked to a more open and consultative approach to the development of policy, and to public services and their delivery (OECD, 2015a, 2016a). Rising education investment is vital to meet the needs of a fast-modernising economy, but, as described in the earlier part of this chapter, despite large spending increases, Costa Rica has not seen significant improvements in school completion and student learning. Other indicators where one might expect to see the benefits of education investment are not encouraging: productivity has barely increased, the labour market is fragmented by duality and a large informal subsector, skills shortages are apparent and inequality is grow'ing (OECD, 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Between 2013 and 2035, this investment would avert an estimated 147 million child deaths, 32 million stillborn deaths and 5 million maternal deaths. Yet more than 100 developing countries lack the civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems needed to generate accurate birth and death data. That figure includes 39 per cent of children in sub-Saharan Africa and 44 per cent of children in South Asia. In the absence of reliable data, estimates for child mortality in countries lacking CRVS systems are based on a sophisticated statistical model using survey responses, census information and other sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Despite some shortcomings, this achievement is impressive, both because of its scope and because Chinese electricity consumers pay their bills, unlike consumers in many other developing countries (IEA, 2002: 374). Another good example is Morocco, which has reached 97 per cent coverage over a comparable time span. Access to modern energy strongly influences and determines living standards (e.g. availability of lighting), access to water and sanitation, agricultural productivity (i.e. through irrigation), health (refrigeration for medicines and vaccines, and power for equipment), gender and education. Its centrality in promoting higher living standards and enhancing productive opportunities means that none of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) can be met without major improvements in the quality and quantity of energy services in developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Philosophy of social science, properly conceived, has something to offer practicing social scientists. Social scientists cannot help but have some philosophy of social science implicitly involved in their research, and to avoid blind alleys, it is best to be explicit and critically aware of what that philosophy is and its merits. Philosophy of the social sciences, in turn, cannot be done without close engagement with social research. The article outlines some developments in postpositivist philosophy of science and their implications for philosophy of social science. This general perspective is then applied to debates in the social sciences over the nature of causation, the place of mechanisms in social research and the legitimacy of purely macrosociological explanations, qualitative vs. quantitative research, observational vs. experimental evidence, and questions about individualism vs. holism in social explanation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many women members are dependent on their husbands due to their lack of knowledge and experience. Fear of sexual and physical violence, corruption, economic dependency and domestic responsibilities are other factors that prevent women members of local governments in both Bangladesh and India from participating effectively. Female Union Parishad members have been able to resolve family disputes and many have also participated in shalish, with some of them presiding over the sessions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In urban areas of the region, the proportion of the urban population with access to improved water sources was 97 per cent in 2011, a rate that increased steadily from 94 per cent in 1990, reflecting increased investments in water infrastructure. Several countries have actually registered a fall in access to safe drinking water in urban areas, for instance, the figure for Bangladesh declined from 87 per cent in 1990 to 85 per cent in 2011, and for Nepal from 96 per cent in 1990 to 91 per cent in 2011. This reflects persistent levels of inequality in access to, and growing pressures on, the existing infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Indeed, a review of today’s consumption and production patterns is critical for meeting current human needs while sustaining the life-supporting ecosystems (Visser, 2010) and protecting the a bility of ecosystems to ma intain/renew themselves perpetually (Martin and Schouten, 2014). To ensure that current consumption and production requirements do not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs (Brundtland, 1987), it is important to adopt strategies that meet current demands while protecting the resources required for future development (USD, WBCSD and Deloitte & Touche, 1992). Understanding of the SCP patterns plays a pivotal role in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, as the patterns connect the social economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development with a view to ensuring that the right balances and synergies are realized without jeopardizing the achievement of any of the other goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This article seeks to examine and explain the interaction between the substantive and procedural aspects of criminal law protection of human rights in the law of the European Convention of Human Rights. Noting certain theoretical and conceptual lacunae that arise in this context, the article suggests the most appropriate solution for the assessment of the substantive-procedural relationship from the perspective of legal theory and the European Court of Human Rights' case-law. It submits, in particular, that it is always necessary to examine both aspects-substantive and procedural-of the same right and that the procedural aspect should be given primacy both in terms of the order of examination and inferences to be drawn on the question of observance of human rights by states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In order to ensure a proper co-operation between the different levels of government in the management of water resources, the constitution of the Committees of Competent Authorities should be accelerated. This enhanced participation should take place through the appropriate institutions, including in the river basin authorities. The law should allow the inclusion of environmental and scarcity costs in water prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In most other countries gender pension gaps range from 10% to 40% and are close to 45% in Germany and the Netherlands. The pension gaps presented in Figure 13.4 only concern pensioners and thus reflect employment and lifestyle behaviours of past decades. Older generations of women often started a family earlier and generally spent less time in paid work than working women nowadays.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The NSC approach has been piloted in several countries including Botswana, Colombia, Ecuador, and Tunisia. Many of these tools were refined and modified in readiness for supporting the global monitoring of the urban SDGs. Other United Nations bodies have developed complimentary initiatives to support SDG 11 monitoring, one of the most recent being the United for Smart Sustainable Cities Initiative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
According to Figure 11 in turn, a rise of financial sector employment by 8% is linked with a rise of the Gini coefficient by 0.07 Gini points. This suggests that 54% of the overall negative relationship between finance and equality is accounted for by the raw contribution of financial sector employment.11 These calculations mix estimates for the finance and inequality relationship that are based on panel data for disposable income in the entire population from OECD countries with estimates for the role of financial sector employment which are from 2010, apply to labour earnings and use European countries only. With finance” is the Gini coefficient in the raw data. "
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Because hypoxia can make deeper, cooler waters unavailable in the summer, or overlaps with nursery habitat, the combined effects of temperature and oxygen can result in habitat compression or squeeze that affects both pelagic and demersal species (Coutant 1985, Niklitschek and Secor 2005, Pearce and Balcom, 2005). The location and seasonal persistence of hypoxia appears to be particularly damaging to anadromous and catadromous species that require use of, and transit through, both saline and freshwater portions of systems to complete life cycles (Breitburg etal., Large stretches of river estuaries such as the Mersey, Thames, Elbe, and Delaware have been described as devoid of fish prior to implementation of primary sewage treatment (Thiel etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
If higher oil prices require tighter monetary policy to meet the inflation target, real interest rates could exert a drag on consumption. In the wake of upcoming national elections in several countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Maldives and Pakistan), effective fiscal management is even more important. Despite progress, the subregion suffers from wide development gaps, especially in social indicators of education and health but also in infrastructure and energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It also identified households as areas of inequality: "While poverty affects households as a whole, because of the gender division of labour and responsibilities for household welfare, women bear a disproportionate burden, attempting to manage household consumption and production under conditions of increasing scarcity" (United Nations, 1995, paragraph 50). This idea contradicts the many social policies that consider households as benchmarks for homogeneity and harmony. This is partly related to the size and dependency ratio of these households, which tend to have specific family structures (Espejo, Filgueira and Rico, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Structural transformation therefore needs to be accompanied by careful macroeconomic and fiscal management in combination with effective redistributive policies. Growth strategies also need stronger linkages with employment-friendly policies. Employment growth has lagged behind economic growth in Viet Nam. Increase in labour productivity was instrumental in making work pay decent salaries, yet brought challenges in terms of new skills needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The movement along any one of the red arrows, representing design, action, impact and understanding, further away from the origin signifies some type of qualitative or quantitative increase in one of the four dimensions of the process. The SWITCH project built on the lessons derived from previous efforts to reuse treated wastewater for urban agriculture and city greening. One major barrier to the reuse of treated water, however, is the lack of a proper institutional setting and relevant legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These calls have been motivated by concerns that some forms of support may complicate sustainable fisheries resources management by promoting overcapacity and overfishing. This was motived by the view that often commercial fisheries are exploited, potentially exploited by more than one nation, either because fishermen from more than one country operate in the same area or because the fish migrate from one jurisdiction to another. As a result, fisheries subsidies may not have just an impact on trade, but an additional effect of hindering a trading partner’s ability to produce fish products if one country subsidises its fisheries to the extent that the resource is diminished.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Although NGO facilities provide free services, the slum dwellers did not prefer them for minor illnesses, as the service hours (most often from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m.) conflicted with their working hours and, more importantly, waiting times were too long. The study found a good number of women (55.17 per cent) having antenatal visits (1-3) during pregnancy, while the number of them opting for post-natal care was negligible (13.79 per cent). Of these sources, the utilization of city corporation services was the least common (10 per cent), while NGOs were the most popular source (24 per cent) and chemist shops were the second most popular. If they are not cured from these sources, then they are taken to hospitals or clinics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
According to one of the authors of the IPCC's special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, reaching this target is 'technically possible, [but] it's extremely improbable, absent a real sea change in the way we evaluate risk. We are nowhere near that' (Drew Shindell in Milman 2018, September 27). The fulfilment of its goals depends on creating a positive cycle of climate action that will raise ambition over time among state and non-state actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In order to encourage the establishments of FIE R&D centres as well as effectively implementing the above-mentioned circulars, on 22 March 2010, the Ministry of Finance (MOF), the General Administration of Customs (GAC) and the Ministry of Commerce (MOC) jointly issued circular Shangzifa [2010] No. Foreign researchers and key staff can choose between a 25% tax rate in 36 months or a 33% tax rate in 60 months. A number of limitations and conditions apply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In terms of regional shares in the OECD area, OECD Europe’s share of consumption is slightly higher than the region’s share of extraction, while the inverse if tme for the OECD America region. The OECD Asia-Oceania region’s share of consumption is the same as its share of extraction. Average income plays a particularly important role. Most of these countries experienced a strong upswing in material extraction starting the early 2000s, although China’s surge began much earlier. By the early 1990s China had overtaken the United States as the world’s largest extractor of material resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Targeted measures to address the needs of poor and vulnerable groups in commercialized health systems—such as fee waivers or subsidies—have been put in place but have often proven ineffective in reducing out-of-pocket expenditures.152 Current cutbacks in public health expenditure threaten to increase the financial burden on households. Women's OPPs have been found to be systematically higher than men's in a number of countries, including Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay and Peru, not only because of gender-specific health needs but also due to the greater prevalence of chronic illness and some mental health conditions among women. Decisions on what health conditions are included can be heavily gender-biased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)