albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The growing capacity of large national agricultural systems in Brazil, China, India and South Africa, for instance, has generated South-South cooperation aimed at benefiting countries with limited resources, by allowing them to adopt or adapt the technologies of the countries with large agriculture systems, which are typically less capital-intensive and have less intellectual property rights protection. Many of the current agricultural practices have relied on cheap energy and abundant water and land, and are a leading source of greenhouse gas emissions. These practices are now proving unsustainable for the environment and health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the last 20 years, the Oak Ridges Moraine in Toronto's metropolitan region has changed from a scarcely mentioned landscape feature into an environmental icon for residents and environmentalists and a conservation object for the provincial government. In efforts to save the Moraine from urban sprawl, the concepts of bioregion and bioregionalism have been invoked to create a suburban/exurban defence of non-human nature and to promote an ethic of place. We identify three dominant currents of bioregionalism: ecocentrism (a concern for the intrinsic value of non-human nature), scientific managerialism (focused on the setting aside of natural areas), and socio-environmental considerations (centring on environmental justice). We note that invocations of ecocentrism and science are NIMBYist or shallow, and references to environmental justice issues are absent. We conclude that a concept of bioregional citizenship that sees beyond a physically defined bioregion recognises the emotional ties people feel beyond t...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In contrast, the medium-term outlook predicts that the absolute number of undernourished people in Africa will remain relatively stable, whereas in India, falls in undernourishment are expected to occur, but at a later point. While incomes are increasing across the ASEAN region, so too are populations. With a rapidly-growing population, the absolute number of undernourished people in the Philippines, for example, actually rises, even though the undernourished share of the total population falls (Figure 2.14). Such differences mean that food security will remain a concern for a number of countries in ASEAN over the medium term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Evidence of escalating tribal conflict following the overthrow of the old regime, coupled with the fact that many of the refugees who fled were sub-Saharan refugees who face possible detention and forced repatriation if they are returned to Libya, means that repatriation for many refugees from the conflict may not be possible - at least in the short to medium term. In fact, in the case of sub-Saharan refugees, resettlement may be the only viable long-term option. But this will depend on the willingness of countries in Europe and elsewhere to resettle sub-Saharan refugees in larger numbers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For example, a divorce may affect her housing. If a couple has children, the mother will in principle be able to live with them in the home for the time of the custody. Under Tunisia’s personal status code, the father grants the residence of the custodial mother.68 If the woman has no children or is not the custodian, however, she may have to return to her parents’ home if she does not have sufficient financial means to pay for her own housing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They reach the same conclusions as in the text that there has been a transition from net agricultural exporters to net agricultural importers. Valdes and Foster (2012) in their analysis restrict the definition of food to staple foods only. A regression of agricultural growth on the growth in food imports shows a negative relationship, but one that is very weak, with an R2 value of only 0.01 (Matthews, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
On the other hand, they embrace the idea that subnational authorities should have the freedom to take initiatives on matters that are important to their constituencies. They comment that the various subnational authorities have “overlapping jurisdictions and loosely defined spheres of competence” and that, even where there is a clear division of responsibilities, “they are not always respected” (Wienen and Mosler-Tomstrom, 2016: 41). This potential for overlapping responsibilities stems from the fact that there is no formal hierarchy among subnational authorities—“in theory', no single authority can impose its will on any other” (Wienen and Mosler-Tomstrom, 2016: 41). Local governments have resources that they are free to use. Tax revenues and the local governments’ own resources from other sources must represent a decisive share of these resources. This means that local governments must not depend on the central government for the majority of their resources (see below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Claims that consumer-orientated and media-saturated cultures have given rise to `a new narcissism' have been repeatedly asserted within social and cultural criticism for the past 40 years. Within cultural studies there has been a recent proliferation of accounts of the rise of narcissism in analyses of consumer culture, celebrity culture and new media. Returning to key influential accounts of `cultural narcissism' that emerged in social criticism and popular media in the 1970s, this article interrogates the claim that narcissism is the pathology of our time. Focusing on the sexual and racial politics of narcissism, it demonstrates how narcissism acquired its meaning and force as a critical term through its stigmatizing attribution to specific sexual and social groups. The central argument is that the contentious cultural and political history of narcissism needs to be acknowledged within contemporary theoretical accounts of `cultural narcissism' and `media narcissism'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
With regard to the National Programme for Waste Prevention and Comprehensive Management, overall stakeholder feedback has been positive. This comprehensive waste management programme is the first of its kind in Mexico. It has created heightened expectations and strong, focused work on the side of local authorities and some recycling sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The papers are generally available only in their original language (English or French) with a short summary available in the other. It draws on multiple sources including the innovation studies discipline, neoclassical Human Capital theory, institutionalist labour market studies and the work organisation discipline. Extensive use is also made of official survey data to describe and quantify the diversity of skills and occupations involved in specific types of innovation activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In contrast, pistachio is distributed at lower elevations and on more arid sites (Rachkovskaya et al., White saxaul occurs in stands that meet the criteria to be classified as forest by FAO. Black saxaul (Haloxylon aphytlum) forms stands on alluvial plains in the desert regions, which partly qualify as forest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Data categories for the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia are 1-3 ha and 3-5 ha. This differs from countries with distinctly dualistic agriculture, where many smallholders use a small proportion of natural resources and large farms use a greater share of the land, such as in Brazil, where over 50% of the land is used by farms larger than 500 ha, or the European Union, where over 50% of the land is used by farms of over 100 ha (Eurostat, 2016, IGBE, 2006). The vast majority of farms in the six SEE economies remain small, family owned and highly fragmented. However, agricultural co-operatives do not play a major role in these economies, following a history of mandated collective farming under communism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Agricultural use of surface water declined by over 90% in the same period, largely because the irrigated area was halved following the privatisation of some irrigation projects. Other factors included lack of investment in irrigation infrastructure and relatively high water prices (Chapter 6). The process was launched in 2003, when responsibility for water management was moved from the Ministry of Agriculture to the MoE. Then the introduction of the Water Act in 2004 harmonised Slovak water legislation with the EU Water Framework Directive and introduced the river basin approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This figure drops to 38% for the at-risk population and to 23% for those who are not at risk of poverty. The opposite is true for the age group of 50 years and over, which accounts for about 12% for the poor population but 27% of the members of the population group that is not at risk of poverty. This percentage diminishes as income levels rise to the point where only 14% of the group classified as “not at risk” have not completed this level of education. The largest category in the group of non-indigent poor and those at risk of becoming poor is made up of those who have completed primary school but have not completed their secondary education (about 45% in each of these groups).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Policing is a prominent but understudied part of American politics. This article asks: Why did some, but not all, American states adopt a state police force in the early twentieth century? The state police force—a statewide policing agency with general jurisdiction over crimes throughout a state—was a prized progressive policy reform for decades. Yet many states declined to adopt the innovation. That puzzle becomes even more interesting given that all forty-eight states adopted the closely related innovation of a state highway patrol during the same period. This article applies diffusion theory to explain the origins of a familiar feature of American policing. Using a multimethod research design, I found that labor-capital struggles and regional pressures for diffusion were most important in shaping the adoption of state police forces. By contrast, adoptions of highway patrols appear to have been influenced by factors such as urbanization and fiscal capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Vanuatu’s economy is projected to grow further by 3.2% in 2013 driven largely by construction and infrastructure development and the tourism sector. As the United States economy gradually recovers and unemployment falls, remittances to Tonga are expected to improve. This combined with construction and infrastructure projects along with the tourism sector could help Tonga’s economy to grow by 0.5% in 2013. Diversification of these economies will always remain a challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In December 2007, the Thai Trade Competition Commission found that Abbott’s withdrawal of drug registration applications did not constitute a violation of the Thai Trade Competition Act. According to Thai health officials, the grant of the compulsory license on Efavirenz has resulted in important price decreases for the patented medicine, from 58 baht/month (price of the patented drug before the compulsory license was granted) to 24 baht/month (price of the patented drug after the compulsory license was granted). The compulsory license also enabled the introduction of a generic version of Efavirenz, at only 7.5 baht/month.421 The patent holders receive a remuneration of 0.5 per cent of the total sales value of the generic copies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Similarly, Aymara students score 12 points less in reading, 4 points less in mathematics and 13 points less in science than non-Indigenous students (see Figure 3.2). This difference holds for all income quintiles (see Table 3.2). This is consistent with the urban-rural gap in mathematics results from SIMCE (Figure 3.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
When using surveys and/or questionnaires, evaluators forming an ultimate judgement of a school leader’s performance need to bear issues of fairness and objectivity, validity and reliability in mind, especially where appraisal may lead to summative consequences. Different stakeholders may hold different expectations of their school leaders depending on their interests, levels of experience and involvement in the school’s affairs (Ginsberg and Thompson, 1992, Davis and Hensley, 1999). Not all decisions a school leader makes may be viewed equally favourable by all stakeholders (Reeves, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For instance, in Canada, the federal government has issued no recent water goals or indicators towards which all ministries can work, and integrated water policy is facing obstacles. This may create tensions between ministries with conflicting interests at sub-national level and calls for a customisation of water policy at the territorial level. For example in Mexico, the programmes of the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) seek to respond to increasing water demand from the different users, especially those that have fewer water resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It examines the balance between the leadership, management and administrative functions of school directors and argues for greater local decision-making and accountability. This would involve the development of leadership within the teaching profession, among directors, ATPs and school supervisors and a greater clarity about the role of school directors and other leaders and higher expectations of their contribution to improving teaching and the performance of schools. Without further delay, a national framework for school leadership which sets out the criteria for effective leadership and establishes performance standards is needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The mandate will allow an effective approach to building the necessary relationships and generating buy-in from treaty-level stakeholders, national organisations and regulators, technology partners, and research contractors. The proposed working group, consisting of practitioners with blockchain technology and process expertise, would have to be established and sufficiently mandated to develop an initial architecture and operating model of the platform. Engaging the private sector and supporting startups in developing technology for the suggested global platform would contribute to innovation and increase awareness of technology’s role of enabling the low-carbon transition. Existing frameworks employed by organisations or related institutions for similar requirements may be adapted and implemented, which can greatly increase speed and reduce costs and the risk of failure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Is it not right that our responsibility should be restricted to those closest to us, our family and friends or perhaps to our village, city or nation? These questions are central to discussions of ethics more broadly, but have come to the fore with the increasing prominence of debates around the concept of ‘citizenship’ in recent years. Citizenship has become a focal point for a variety of reasons, including the increasingly diverse nature of many formerly homogeneous societies through migration, debates over the granting of official residents’ rights to undocumented workers, as well as disillusionment with the conventional political processes and institutions and the consequent decline in voter turnout in some countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Any declining trends in these statistics regarding gas and coal may well improve the prospects for nuclear. Notable oil price volatility tends to be negatively correlated with macroeconomic growth. In a carbon-constrained world, the price of carbon is increasingly important for participants in energy markets and society at large.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It starts w'ith a section on urban and regional development through w'hich metropolitan governance, mobility, spatial planning and environmental policies are reviewed. The next section examines rural policies focusing on the agricultural sector and non-fanning opportunities. The chapter then reviews infrastructure policies designed to enhance accessibility and connectivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The scale and ambition has grown and the scope of the patient safety work in Scotland now extends to primaiy care, mental health and maternal and child health. The Patient Safety Programme initiatives were designed in recognition of common adverse events, such as sepsis and mental health-related harm. The programme includes performance measurement at both a local and national level. Most results from the safety work are reported locally, and national data are not published in a systematic manner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
During the first two years of contributions to a pension fund manager (AFP), workers benefiting from this subsidy receive a matching amount from the State for funding their individual pension account (Robles, 2011).26 Available assessments show that the subsidy, while underutilized, is having positive impacts (Vargas, 2014). This is reflected, for example, in social investment statistics, which reveal a substantial investment deficit in youth (ECLAC, 2014). The old and emerging models in this sphere are outlined in tables IV.l and IV.2, identifying the roles played by the areas bearing core responsibility for protection. The State was to ensure an ever-increasing supply, but it was not its responsibility to ensure completion of this cycle, let alone tertiary education. Clear signs of the changing role of the State came when completion of middle school or, in many cases, high school was made mandatory, a set of policies was deployed to keep adolescents and young people in the education system, and aid after graduation was introduced. The development of youth job and first job programmes provides clear evidence of a new role of the State in this sphere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Essentially, this share of the population can be thought of as not enjoying the benefits of the post-war economic growth boom, which over the period 1947-65 saw average real GDP growth exceed 4% on an annualised basis, according to statistics available from the U.S. Department of Commerce's Bureau of Economic Analysis. The same data also shows that personal consumption expenditure over this period increased roughly 3.7% annually and durable goods consumption increased 5.2% annually over the period, so clearly some part of the population enjoyed benefits of the post-war economic expansion. It is clear from the stability of relative poverty figures over this period however that this expansion did nothing to bring the poorest fifth of the population closer to the living standard enjoyed by the middle of the income distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In this article the authors examine the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Arizona v. Gant and argue that the high court correctly clarified the law regarding what police may do when conducting a search incident to the arrest of someone in a vehicle. In the following article, friend and colleague Martin O’Connor argues the Supreme Court (and this article) are wrong and that the decision will negatively impact police investigation of criminal activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Donor agencies have shown an interest in ICT for development since the 1990s (Heeks, 2009). Recently, it has become a more strategic priority for them because ICT offers more innovative, cheaper and affordable ways of delivering development services. The 2017 OECD-WTO monitoring exercise found that ICT is prioritised in the development strategy of two-thirds of the donors, followed by e-government and e-commerce (58% and 50% respectively). Donors report that this area is attracting either significant or some growth of demand (44% for each). Although e-commerce and other digital strategies feature in two-thirds of the country and regional dialogues, less than half of the donors operate special initiatives covering these areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This feeds back into the vicious circle of inequality. It segments early stimulation, with some children having access to infant day care centres and early, preschool and differential education while others do not. And, as societies age, it hangs like a sword of Damocles over the availability of care and protection for older persons because not all have the same access to social security services, pensions, health-care insurance and adequate family networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Establishing the conditions for effective intergroup peacemaking is a formidable task in severe ethnic conflicts. Conflict resolution practitioners argue that a critical first step is developing preconditions which convince competing groups that there are opponents to whom it is worth talking, that it is possible to create structural changes conducive to a stable peace, and that an agreement is possible which can meet each side's basic concerns and needs. This article compares six theories of practice of ethnic conflict resolution: community relations, principled negotiation, human needs, psychoanalytically rooted identity, intercultural miscommunications and conflict transformation, examining how each understands ethnic conflict, the goals it articulates, the effects of good practice on participants in interventions, the mechanisms by which the project achieves its impact, and the dynamics of transfer affecting the course of a wider conflict. It is argued that clearer articulation of these assumptions wi...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
New laws and rulebooks are filling major legal, regulatory, and policy gaps, e.g. the Law on Nature Protection, the Law on Forests, and the Law on Hunting. In contrast, land use is about 37 per cent forest, 48 per cent agriculture, and 15 per cent other (water, urban development, transportation corridors, and other uses) (Figure 9.2). Land cover project of the EU European Environment Agency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Once assembled there, the items are exported to high-end markets. The firms belong in the formal sector, not the workers. In Tunisia, during the country's fastest growth period, over 54 per cent of the labour force consisted of informal workers who were subcontracted by large export-oriented formal enterprises.9 Amongst these informal workers, females are predominant, being preferred over males for a number of reasons: willingness to work for lower wages, lower propensity to organize compared with male workers, and higher degrees of pliancy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Failte Ireland has also funded a Human Resource Development Strategy, Management Development Programme and a regionally focused capability building programme for SMEs. For example, the Scottish government’s Fresh Talent Policy - a managed migration policy to attract returning Scots and overseas skilled labour -has addressed skills shortages in tourism and hospitality, notably in larger cities with high labour turnover rates. Here, eastern European labour has been used to fill significant skill gaps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The figure below presents the results of a decomposition analysis by income source, separating the different components that contribute positively or negatively to inequality. It examines the relative contributions of gender-specific income components to income inequality using a decomposition by income source (following Lerman and Yitzhaki, 1985). The Gini coefficient for total income, G, can be represented as G = Ylk=i Gk = X Sk GkRk where Sk is the share of source k in total income, Gk is the Gini coefficient corresponding to the distribution of income from source k, and Rkis the correlation of income from source k with the distribution of total income. The relative contribution of source k to total income inequality can then be calculated as Ck = sHG.kRi< This approach relies on the assumption that flat-rate distributed benefits make a neutral or “zero” contribution to inequality, and thus do not account for a decreasing marginal benefit for transfers along the income distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)