albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
As a category, Developmental States (DS) in the world political economy express a distinctive set of ideological practices that give them specific incentives to host sporting mega-events. Asian DSs, or ‘late(r) developers’, in particular offer interesting case studies by which to explore the symbolic value such states attach to hosting Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, and other major sporting events. This paper examines five Asian examples (Tokyo Olympic Games 1964, Seoul Olympic Games 1988, Beijing Olympic Games 2008, Kuala Lumpur Commonwealth Games 1998, and Delhi Commonwealth Games 2010) from the past half century which, despite their variations, illustrate the role of mega-event hosting among DSs and, specifically, the effect these events are intended to have in signalling conceptions of modernity and legitimacy to the international community and world society on behalf of their host cities/countries. Despite thenearly ubiquitous claims to economic growth and development, which accompany the bidding...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The union movement in Chile was persecuted during the military dictatorship and never regained its influence after the return to democracy in 1990: unionisation levels are currently below 10% (Solimano, 2011). It is recognition of that fact that is behind the current attempts to establish a working collective bargaining process in China and tripartite committees for social dialogue in Korea. Moreover, the mounting body of evidence from labour institutions has generally toned down the view (based on perfectly competitive labour market models) that labour regulations were the source of many woes, from informality to rigidity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Available from https://www.zawva.com/ar/storv/ij i A'1 lj«Ji 13 qL jjijL. jjUo, -ZAWYA20140822070302/ (accessed 30 March 2015). To mitigate these losses, AOAD identified several measures that need to be implemented, among which are the development of storage and transport infrastructure, such as refrigerated warehouses, silos and refrigerated transport means, and the improvement of marketing services and information systems. An example of the last is the establishment of the “Egyptian Food Bank” in 2006 aimed at ending hunger by 2020 by limiting food waste and distributing saved food to the needy. It is logical and fruitful to think of the marriage between natural resources (land and water) that are available in some countries, such as Mauritania, Sudan and the Syrian Arab Republic, and the economic capacity of the GCC countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Their responsibilities and rights include forest restoration, timber and firewood harvesting and issuing concessions for such, collection of NTFPs and the grazing of animals for rural family needs. They establish villages’ forest and pasture commissions which decide on delimiting the boundaries, appointing the users and defining uses, and implementing the protection and improvement plans of communal forests. These are grouped under a regional federation and represented at the national level by the National Association of Communal Forest and Pastures (NACFP), all these bottom-up initiatives institutionalize communal forestry, represent the interests of local stakeholders and have a countervailing role in dealings with the governmental structures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Platforms rewarding, penalising or automating specific behaviours could be developed based on blockchain technology and, because of the required standardisation, would be highly interoperable. In conjunction with today’s discussions on restricting combustion engine vehicles in urban city centres, or implementing special tolls, the integration of sensor data (e.g. pollution measurement stations, virtual toll area screening, etc.) Each municipality could design an appropriate traffic control system and implement it as a real-time application on the blockchain layer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Over the past few months, the fundamental right to privacy has started to clash with the fundamental right to health in manners never previously contemplated in Brazilian legal system. The covid-19 pandemic forced public administrators to seek effective and nimble solutions to the public health crisis. The technology for monitoring and tracking personal data has proven to be the most effective solution to achieve this goal. This article, through the study of comparative law and existing monitoring and tracking techniques, aims to propose a method of action that helps government officials to contain the spread of covid-19, without forgetting the relevance of the right to privacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Additionally, their stocks are difficult to define accurately, except for biomass. Even so, it would make sense to measure only those resources with slow replenishment rates (such as wood). Thus, stocks of renewable energy resources are not included in the FDES. However, the consumption of renewable energy resources can be measured in terms of energy produced (e.g., hydroelectric power, solar energy generation and wind energy production) and is included in the FDES under Topic 2.2.2: Production, trade and consumption of energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As elsewhere in Central Asia, the rapid population growth in cities (especially large and medium-size) since 2001 has led to a shortage of affordable housing for low-income residents, incoming migrants and even middle-class households. It shows the percentage of people replying “satisfied” to the question: “In the city or area where you live, are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the availability of good, affordable housing?” Initial Assessment, Chapter 2, http://dx.doi.org/10.l787/9789264246768-en.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Such spatially explicit data may become available through the new multisource forest inventories including remote sensing data. These feedbacks should be taken into account but will lead to great complexity if local realism is to be maintained. The weighing of costs and benefits associated with these often conflicting climate effects is essentially a normative issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A lack of general skills, in particular literacy and numeracy, can be an issue for employability in the longer term as it makes it more difficult to retrain to adapt to changing labour market needs. Delaying the tracking of students would contribute to tackle this lack of general skills. Tracking into general, vocational secondary and vocational training schools (the latter giving the most emphasis to practical skills and regrouping a quarter of students, Figure 12) currently takes place at age 14, as against 15-16 in most OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This project is financed by the Sava River District Water Agency' with €2 million and implemented by the Institute for Water Management in Bijeljina. Identification of impacts and vulnerability models could be very useful to inform future strategies and management plans, as a way of directing or managing changes in the landscape so that forestry activities will be in line with landscape management. Various non-wood forest products (NWFPs) are extensively used by the local population and private companies who hire local people in the rural areas to collect mushrooms, medicinal plants, berries, etc. There are no clear statistics on the collection of NWFPs. Private owners do not have the right to execute clear logging without a special permit that is very' difficult to obtain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The form and nature of the incentive to be introduced is the subject of instrument choice, which is discussed in the next section. These instruments aim to affect incentives and interests directly. Sometimes, as with emissions trading schemes, these instruments also require new institutions. These instruments impose penalties on actors who fail to meet the standards, and therefore also affect incentives, though less directly than market-based instruments. They also normally require new institutions to administer and enforce the regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Abstract International discussion of Somali piracy is now largely conducted in the language of law enforcement, not war or terrorism. The aim of this paper is to explain in a brief and practical way to non-lawyers the relevant legal categories and controversies surrounding Somali piracy and to suggest why the response to piracy has remained in the law enforcement ‘box’. It does this by considering piracy through the lens of four legal ‘paradigms’: the law of armed conflict, the international law of piracy, the law of terrorism (including terrorist financing), and the law applicable to transnational organised crime. The contention will be that the law enforcement paradigm is not only legally justifiable but also highly pragmatic and that the other categories may hold fewer benefits than observers might assume.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Legal changes that allow the use of movable assets as collateral and of leasing and factoring, creation of credit bureaux, and fiscal incentives that encourage group lending and more timely bankruptcy procedures would all contribute to increasing the supply of conventional bank credits to the poor, thereby creating an inclusive financial system. First of all, employment opportunities, despite their expansion, may not be sufficient to employ all those who are willing to work. Support for the unemployed therefore proves to be important.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This composition can provide dividends in the form of a more entrepreneurial business culture and by empowering young women. As fertility rates decrease women can break away from their traditionally ascribed roles and join the labour force. Such an increase in female labour participation would also play itself out in terms of human development and enhanced domestic demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Extra-judicial unilateral repudiation by the husband is no longer allowed. Besides, both husband and wife can get a judicial divorce without fault against compensation: “If the husband grants his wife the right to file for divorce, then she can enjoy this right by submitting to the court a request in accordance with provisions 79 and 80. The court ensures the share of assets agreed on between the spouses and tries to reconcile them in accordance with the provisions of Articles 81 and 82. If reconciliation fails, the court grants permission to the wife to proceed with divorce, when ruling the entitlement of the wife and children when/as necessary in accordance with provisions 84 and 85. In addition, Article 39 of the same law stipulates: “The registrar accepts the divorce and records it, if there is consent by both parties. The court will declare the divorce: (1) at the request of the husband, (2) at the request of the wife on the basis of the damage which was done to her, and (3) at the request of the wife on the basis of khuFu According to these provisions, although the legislation in Djibouti retains differences between spouses in seeking a divorce, it enables the wife to do so in a full capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Both the United Nations and the World Health Organisation have made serious efforts to address violence against women as a public health and a human rights issue worldwide. Drawing on international scholarship primarily from Western industrialized countries, this chapter critically discusses perspectives on women’s experiences of partner violence (PV) as both victims and perpetrators. It emphasizes that partner violence is a dynamic, complex, and multidimensional phenomenon. Researching it needs the examination of its interactional and situational aspects. Integrating attention to the violent dynamics of partner violence with elements of the “violence against women” framework would allow global research to recognize and give voice to women’s diverse experiences of partner violence, help reveal its intrinsic, interactional nature, and, as a result, promote a transformational change for crime prevention at the international and domestic level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many migrants return to their places of origin after years of residence abroad. In some cases, returning migrants aremotivated by a desire to live closer to family members who can care for them in old age or to seek affordable institutional care. Some studies suggest that migrants from some Central and Eastern European countries who had returned to their country of origin within 10 years of emigrating represented between 6 and 8 per cent of the adult population of those countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Through these integrated services, national policies and programmes can achieve a greater coherence to the gender empowerment principle, with an increased potential to streamline the gender impact of such policies. In addition, improved coordination and monitoring may lead to greater organizational changes across the government and further in the society, aligning organizational setup with new capacities and integrating the operations and infrastructure. The website is interconnected with the national e-Government portal which includes key participatory features such as online petition, citizen proposal and information disclosure request. In the application of e-Government initiatives for women, such a multi-stakeholder approach is essential to coordinate the communication gap between gender and ICT ministries alongside their respective policies. On one hand, in emerging level countries, the role of political leadership is critical to make a head start.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Even though water use and nutrient pollution are increasing at much faster pace outside the OECD area, particularly in the BRIICS, diffuse sources of pollution, seasonal or local water shortage and floods remain an issue in most OECD countries, as is financing to replace ageing infrastructure and meet increasingly stringent environmental and health standards. The problem will be greatest in non-OECD countries that, as a group, are expected to have much larger rates of population growth. This is particularly so in large developing countries, such as India, where the rate of increase in incomes is also expected to exceed the OECD average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In addition to central gender institutions, good practices from OECD member countries highlight the critical role played by the central government. Cabinet offices and ministries of finance verify and ensure that line ministries and agencies undertake gender impact assessments in designing their policies, initiatives and budgets. Identification of gender focal points (i.e. permanent staff members dealing with gender issues) across the government at all levels who are responsible for administering laws or regulations related to gender equality, collecting data, developing sectorial plans, developing gender-sensitive personnel policies and training staff on these policies would facilitate the realisation of national gender equality objectives. These co-ordination mechanisms should also provide for engaging with non-governmental stakeholders and citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Chile the question about the certification of teachers was adapted as "authorised or enabled by the Ministry of Education". The timing of the PISA data collection can have an impact on principals' responses to this question. For example, if most teachers in a country or economy had participated in professional development programmes during summer holidays and the PISA data collection was conducted before the summer break in this country/economy, the reported proportion would be an underestimate of the reality. The index of equity in resource allocation (staff) is the percentage of the variation on the index of shortage of educational staff explained by the school PISA index of economic, social and cultural status of the school multiplied by a negative or positive sign, depending on the sign of the relationship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Examples include severe and widespread drought or outbreaks of a highly contagious and damaging disease. The third category is marketable risk, which falls between normal and catastrophic risks. Normal price fluctuations and hail damage are examples of this type of risk. Farmers can deal with these intermediaiy risks through market instruments such as insurance, futures markets or co-operative arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Likewise for the transport sector, grid problems are reflected in mean time between failures (MTBF). In order to calculate the blackout probability for a huge number of different situations, probabilities have been attached to input factors in two ways, either deterministic or probabilistic. In a first step, a low, base or high value can be chosen for each input parameter. By using a special macro, one variable is changed at a time in a deterministic sense. This results in a Tornado diagram that ranks the results of the preceding singlefactor sensitivity analysis. In a next step, using the Excel-based Palisades @RISK programme, a Monte Carlo value is drawn ffom a triangular distribution with low, base and high values having a 10%, 50% and 90% probability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the new technological landscape, there is a need for generic, core or fundamental skills, such as literacy, numeracy and basb academic skills, together with basic financial and entrepreneurial skills and, increasingly, basic digital and even coding skills. Indeed, the predominance of digital technologies in the Fourth Industrial Revolutbn makes mastering digital skills ever more relevant (see UNCTAD, 2017a). Access to the Internet is also an important influence, providing an enabling environment for innovatbn (see box 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As a main rule ordinary food businesses may not supply food to food businesses in the group retail with wholesale or to wholesale food businesses. However, it has been accepted that retail food business operators may supply to a food bank. The Danish food bank collects and redistributes food from both wholesale and retail and delivers to charity organizations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Consumption and production patterns that are more sustainable than is currently the case would result in a reduction in adverse environmental impacts and contribute towards poverty eradication without undermining the basis of human development through opportunities such as creation of new markets, green and decent jobs, and more efficient management of natural resources. Over the past several decades, economic development has enabled millions of people to get out of poverty. However, corresponding increases in the consumption of resources have led to an increase in pollution and waste, which has harmed the environment and eroded ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The Energy Action Plan for its implementation of was updated in June 2007. The primary objective of the Strategy is restructuring of energy sector based on market economy principles and developing a modem energy policy. The main goals of the Law are the reduction of transmission and distribution losses, enhanced enforcement of the energy provisions of the Building Code (2002), greater use of solar power for water heating, improved use of decentralized heating and hot water systems, and the promotion of public transport. This law stipulates that the designing and construction of buildings should meet necessary technical parameters for conservation, saving and efficient use of energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, much will depend on implementation, and stimulating effective co-operation will require DRG payments and the recent specific small-hospital payment scheme to be modified. Additional independent econometric research using hospital-level data would also help identify best practices and potential efficiency gains. The retail price indices (national definition) include reimbursements by the statutory insurance schemes. Drees (2016), Les depenses de sante en 2015 - Resultats des comptes de la sant&, Comite economique des produits de sante (2015), Rapport d'activite du CEPS 2015. However, the financing of expensive treatments has not prevented the sustained increase in volume of use (Panel B).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, the widespread gender gap in STEM disciplines can be particularly relevant for innovative entrepreneurship.5 Moreover, experienced entrepreneurs are more likely to succeed in their next ventures than first-time entrepreneurs (Gompers et al., Additional mechanisms that can contribute to the observed differences in funding may include gender differences in network formation, or other innate differences between women and men (i.e. risk preferences, aptitude for negotiation etc.). While it is impossible to control for all innate abilities and individual preferences, the analyses presented in this section make it possible to disentangle some important mechanisms - including propensity to hold a STEM degree and past professional experience - that may drive gender gap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Depending on their priorities and availability of resources, rather than estimate the total amount of waste generation, countries may prefer to focus on certain waste types that are important to them. Such types of waste may be selected either because they are recyclable or reusable and thus constitute a resource (e.g., paper, glass or metal waste), or because their volume or hazard level creates a specific problem for treatment and disposal. An important aspect of data collection on waste (by type of waste) is food waste. Approximately one-third of food produced globally is lost or wasted.65 This represents a large portion of the environmental costs of agriculture production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The first section reviews the main trends regarding child income poverty, and it also it reports on changes in the standard of living of children from low-income families from the pre-crisis period in 2007 to 2014 (section 2). The third section describes the material deprivations of the families where children live, whether or not they are income poor. Several groups of children are identified according to whether or not they are deprived in one or several dimensions. The analysis of material deprivation profiles of children enables identifying what policies are needed to complement financial assistance, such as improving access to basic resources for nutrition, clothing, education, housing and promoting access to leisure activities for all children. The fourth section examines the situation in Canada relative to other OECD countries with respect to indicators reflecting different dimensions of child well-being. Finally, the last section describes the context of family support and suggests policy directions that can contribute to a national strategy to combat child poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For cocaine seizures, the most significant countries of departure for shipments to Europe in 2014 were, in descending order of volume seized, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Argentina. For individual cocaine seizure cases reported in Europe in 2014, the list of countries of departure in the greatest number of cases was headed by Brazil, followed by Colombia and Argentina. Trafficked drugs enter Argentina through the country’s northern provinces, which are vulnerable due to their remote areas and geographical proximity to the Plurinational State of Bolivia and, to a lesser extent, Peru.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)