albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Responding to these changes demands a deeper reform in the development cooperation system. The perceived need for additional and more assured funding has led to a search for innovative sources of development financing to complement traditional ODA66 (see box 3). Adjustment to payments imbalances should be equitably shared between deficit and surplus countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The online training programme designed by the CPEIP is a good opportunity to make this happen. In addition, if multigrade schools continue as a strategy in rural areas, it would be beneficial to include multigrade methodologies in the curriculum of both initial teacher education and teacher professional development. Rural micro-centres should be monitored more closely and supported to make sure that they focus sufficiently on pedagogical innovation and less on administrative issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article presents the contribution that critical discourse analysis (CDA) can make to critical policy studies through comparison with two other approaches which also advocate a ‘discursive turn’ in policy studies and that have been discussed in the journal: cultural political economy (CPE), and poststructuralist discourse analysis (PDA). I suggest that there are significant differences between CDA, CPE and PDA in their view of the discursive turn, and that a version of CDA which integrates argumentation theory and analysis with CDA can add significantly to the contributions that CPE and PDA might make to policy analysis. In the Conclusion, I address a suspicion that using argumentation analysis entails a commitment to Habermasian/Rawlsian ‘deliberative democracy,’ suggesting that argumentation analysis is also not only consistent with but also necessary for Gramscian approaches to political and policy analysis, including CPE and PDA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
What is important in this case is not so much the security of the single shipment but rather the security of the system in which both producers and consumers have a stake. In these cases, it can be argued that countries should strive for a certain degree of energy self-sufficiency, in addition to establishing the conditions for the market to resume its role. More recently, the interruptions in Russian gas supplies that repeatedly struck Europe since 2006 encouraged an orientation towards alternative suppliers, a different vector of delivery (substituting pipeline gas by LNG) and domestic resources such as renewable energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
An exceptional case, however, is provided by the United States practice of targeting poor households, where such diversity is extensively taken into account. Ignoring household-specific diversities constitutes a fatal methodological flaw if poverty lines and gaps are to be used. Public transfers of goods and services are usually excluded. This produces a significant gap when it comes to health and education services, particularly in developing economies, where the role of public provision is usually substantial. In the absence of such information, one can only speculate over actual outcomes with respect to these key basic needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Roughly 40% of people found fit for work appeal the decision and around 38% of those people who appeal have the decision overturned. Overall, 15% of fit for work decisions are overturned on appeal. The second Independent Review of the WCA (Harrington, 2011) found that improvements had been made, but also that more needs to be done.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
But in the case of non-poor households not contributing to health insurance programmes, policy challenges differ. While some public subsidy is required to make them join a health protection programme, full subsidisation should be avoided, because it could reduce the incentives to join the contributory programme. In China, given that there is no contributory programme in the rural areas, the problem is not to render it incentive compatible, but more to ensure fiscal sustainability in the long run, as the scope and depth of coverage of the programme progress. Besides, the geographical segmentation between programmes may also constitute an obstacle to labour mobility between rural and urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In the case of renewable power plants, the produced energy is provided for local consumers for a usage fee, which is in return proportionally distributed among the investors as return on investment. Utility tokens could be used for future services that will be provided by the project initiator, for example receiving verified renewable energy from a wind power station. Essentially, a cryptocurrency value based on the underlying commodity (e.g. power) is created and exchanged among the investors and consumers. This concept also enables investors to sell their tokens on the market at any given time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Prior to granting the building license, the municipality must set up a general plan (designating residential, commercial and industrial areas) and a detailed plan (defining the type of building). These public institutions were expected to make up for any construction shortfalls by private competitors and eventually were aimed at competing on the open market. The specific tenure of municipally owned housing was intended to play an important role in achieving the goals of housing policy after the war, namely to raise the average housing standard, to equalise the distribution of housing consumption, to restrict wealth transfers to private property owners and to counter housing segregation. While in the 1970s and 1980s, public construction was responsible for more than 75% of new rental dwellings, its importance has declined somewhat but still remains at around one half. The rent level they aim to set is used to cover direct costs, but they are not managed on a strict non-profit-making objective as they provide a return for the capital invested by the municipalities (the share of the initial municipal equity capital, though, has declined significantly over time since many MHCs were created in the 1960s and have grown since then).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Ulugbek National University as well as the Andijan, Bukhara, Karakalpakstan, Samarkand and Termez Universities train bachelors on Ecology and Nature Use curriculum. The Tashkent Economic University trains bachelors on Environmental Economist curriculum. There appear to be no curricula on important subjects such as environmental management, environmental law and environmental monitoring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
An individual small farm has a relatively small amount of surplus production that can be sold after household consumption is met, and it is usually hard to develop a relationship with a broker, distributor or processor that allows the residual production to be sold. The typical fallback option is to rely on direct marketing either through a farm stand or through a farmers' market. Commercial food distribution channels cannot easily deal with individual small farms due to: high fixed costs of contracting for a small volume of product, potential problems with the farmer meeting required quality standards and intermittent supply from a single farm. While a large-scale farm may be able to contract directly with a processor or distributor, small-scale farms require an intermediary who can aggregate small amounts from multiple producers to obtain a large enough amount of uniform quality to be attractive to the processor or distributor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This would ensure that both parents have broadly similar financial incentives to work. This would reduce the role played by family background on youth’s education and career choices. It would also ensure that students take informed decisions which are aligned with their interests, preferences, merit, and real labour market needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In this exploratory paper, we examine community capacity building over ten-years via an online e-government sponsored forum. Using social network analytics, we postulate that as communities evolve over time, the pattern of communication becomes denser and less centralized. We also postulate that there are clear patterns of assortativity where similar actors engage in communication with each other over time. Results show that there are mixed results in terms of growth in density and centralization values. Using sliding windows analysis, we observe a clear pattern of networks losing their disassortative character in the early years followed by disassortative networks in the later years. These network-level results add further insights to government-level metrics of communitybuilding success such as unique visitors per month or webpage hits. The research also suggests network analytics as an empirical avenue for achieving richer understanding of social processes involved in the very nature of community building.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nonetheless, meat-to-feed price margins are expected to improve compared to those experienced when feed costs reached their peak. After accounting for general price inflation, real meat prices will average higher than in the previous decade, although they trend marginally down from their current highs. Milk and dairy product prices increased strongly in 2013 due to reduced production in major countries from increasing feed costs. In the near term, prices of all dairy products are expected to decline sharply as production in the major dairy exporting countries expands in to the current high prices and feed costs decrease.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Warsaw municipality, for example, could compensate Kampinos National Park for providing free access to Warsaw residents. A comprehensive national survey of adults revealed that forest recreation is highly valued in Poland, suggesting that there may be a willingness to pay (Bartczak et al., On the other hand, there is often opposition when proposals are made to start charging for an “acquired right” such as free access to national parks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Decisions about whether, when or how often to become pregnant must be made free from any form of discrimination, coercion or violence. Reproductive health and reproductive rights are specific aims under one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, and integral to realizing all the goals. People have more information about their reproductive rights and choices, along with a greater capacity to demand their rights. Each set feces national policy concerns about population trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The expected high level of monetary expansion is likely to pin the inflation rate in Egypt at the 10 per cent mark for 2016. Yemen is set to suffer from hyperinflation as a result of its severe balance-of-payments situation and monetary factors. The currency of Kuwait, which is pegged to a basket of currencies, including the euro, also remained weak against the dollar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is projected that four countries will experience slow urbanisation, increasing less than 2 percentage points in urbanisation levels between 2010 and 2030: Djibouti, Mauritius (which will continue to experience negative urbanisation), Swaziland and Zimbabwe. While African urbanisation patterns are diverse, up to now few may be deemed sustainable economically, socially or environmentally, as confirmed by the AEO 2016 experts’ survey (Figure 6.1S). Without productive jobs in rural areas, most economies have seen labour move from agriculture into urban, low-skilled and informal service activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It harms the US growth potential (via a lower labour input from those that are supposed to be the most productive), fuels poverty and inequality and potentially harms individual well-being. In particular, inactivity does not only mean foregone revenues but also poorer health, and lower social engagement and even reduced marriage prospects for men.2 Lower prime-age adult labour force participation also means that an increasing number of children are growing in poverty, with higher risks of developing health issues later on, higher risks of school failure and ultimately lower employment and income prospects (OECD, 2016a). Artificial intelligence, automation and the take-up of robots are expected to trigger further job dislocations (see for instance Amtz et al, (2016) for an estimate of the share of jobs threatened by automation) and may push more workers out of labour force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This issue however is far from being settled in the literature. See Arnold et al. ( See inter alia, Ruiz and Trannoy (2008), for a microsimulation study on the short-term (that is immediate) distributional effects of consumption taxes in France. The paper runs against the prior that consumption taxes are strongly regressive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, this was primarily because, until relatively recently, liberalization of the capital account was limited, and India was not an attractive destination for finance capital until 2004. In the past four years, changes occurred on both these fronts, and the Indian economy experienced a surge in capital inflows that exerted upward pressure on the exchange rate and reduced macroeconomic flexibility. It is in this context of much greater global economic integration than even a decade earlier (with the value of all current account transactions amounting to more than 110 per cent of GDP in 2007—2008) that India is now experiencing the unfortunate collateral damage of the global financial crisis and economic slowdown. These have already affected output and employment quite substantially.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It aims to assist donors and partner countries to apply lessons from development cooperation to the management of climate finance, focusing on supporting the development of national capacities and country systems in order to effectively allocate, manage and track domestic and international climate finance in partner countries. Under this voluntary partnership, 27 countries and institutions, including the OECD and UNDP, are working together to promote coherence and collaboration. Safeguards introduced to ensure specific standards are met for international climate finance can also influence the effectiveness of this finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The development of new technological options that promote low carbon intensity, as well as the economic costs of mitigation processes, will certainly be significant in areas such as energy, transportation and forest conservation, which will modify the current patterns of economic development (Galindo, 2009). Although these actions can have marginal mitigation effects at the global scale, they are important for ensuring environmentally sustainable development in the region. Building a culture of risk prevention and developing a large-scale climate change adaptation strategy are essential steps. Of its 550 million people, 77% live in cities of more than 2,000 inhabitants, a rate that approaches 90% in the Southern Cone and is forecast to rise across the region to 85% by 2030. Cities with more than 20,000 inhabitants alone are home to two thirds of the region's population, the highest rate in the world (ECLAC, 2012d). The system of cities in Latin America is highly varied in terms of size and conformation, but in general, the countries tend to have several megalopolises alongside strong urbanization and growing importance for medium-sized cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For example, the application process by the Solomon Islands to GEF took more than two years (Maclellan, 2011). Different modalities of climate finance access have been used over the years (Box 5). Newer funds are increasingly using direct access or enhanced direct access. Executing body is at national or international level. These entities can be at the national, regional or multilateral level, and can also include non-governmental actors (e.g. as in the case of the Senegalese NIE) (AF, 2011b). The Bangladeshi Climate Change Resilience Fund (BCCRF), funded by international donors, has a management committee comprising representatives government departments (with limited donor input) which decides on funding priorities (Khan, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Fishery management systems that have already implemented most if not all of the best practices are the most capable to produce positive results from climate adaptation measures. Fishery management systems that lack some elements can still benefit from management actions although the options are more limited and the condition of the ecosystem may limit responses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As ever, the OECD stands ready to contribute to these efforts to design and implement better skills policies for better jobs and better lives. This inter-ministerial project team funded the project work, worked closely with the OECD team and was responsible for organising workshops with stakeholders. Members of the inter-ministerial project team included: Ann Kristin Nilsen, Joakim Bakke, Lars Nerdrum and Lene Guthu from the Ministry of Education and Research, Lene Rathe, Agnes Marie Simensen and Thomas Saheim from the Ministry of Labour, Yngve Schroder Tufteland from the Ministry of Trade and Industry, Kari Mette Lullau from the Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation and Tonje Lauritzen from the Ministry of Finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The DC current generated by the solar panel is stored in the battery and then converted to AC using an inverter. The bottom one labeled EMBOXO also plays the role of a load balancer and cluster manager because the load of these two modules is less than 1% of the CPU usage when handling 10 000 requests per second. The aggregation of the functions into one server reduces the number of machines and the total power consumption of the system. An embedded Linux platform with Intel Atom Z530P/Z510P was selected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Like the black church and the black press, the role of black institutions of higher learning also goes beyond the civil rights movements and extends to the Pan-African struggle. In much the same way as the black church and the black press, the existent scholarship has yet to catch up with the evidence. As with the cases of the black church and the black press, the original proceedings of the major Pan-African Congresses demonstrate that the scope and mission of black institutions of higher education transcend the bounds of continental U.S.A. This chapter analyzes the role of black institutions of higher learning in the Pan-African movement through (1) the role of the Historically Black Colleges and Universities, (2) the creation of institutions of higher learning in Africa by major proponents of Pan-Africanism, and (3) the rise of discipline-specific organizations designed to pursue the Pan-African ideal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These are: the investment necessary to build domestic capital stock (physical capital, human capital, and so forth), which economists refer to as capital accumulation, structural change (or structural transformation), and building the capabilities of the domestic enterprise sector. The policy framework proposed here is intended to contribute to thinking about how this might be done, given the specific conditions of a typical LDC. The main novelty in the framework is that it explicitly links employment creation with the three processes through which productive capacities develop.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Recent studies26 have shown that all countries in South Asia would derive huge economic benefits from transport connectivity improvements, irrespective of their size. The bulk of trade takes place through maritime corridors rather than inland corridors because of poorly developed road and rail connectivity, requiring multiple trans-shipments and explaining the high cost of bilateral trade within the subregion. A number of inland cross-border transport corridor development projects have already been proposed to remedy this situation. India, Myanmar and Thailand have been developing a trilateral highway (the IMT Highway) that links the key trade centres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The emphasis is on understanding how increasing gender equality in the labour market will affect larger processes of growth and what kinds of limits the structure of social reproduction places on the potential for development and growth. Nous relions en-suite ces regimes a des groupes de pays organises en fonction de leur structure economique et leur niveau de developpement et evaluons les consequences macroeconomiques d'un recul des inegalites entre les sexes sur le marche du travail. La reproduction sociale est definie en termes de temps et d’argent necessaires pour produire, maintenirde la main-d’ceuvre,et investir dans celle-ci.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In general it is possible to obtain data on quoted international prices, but there may be opaqueness in terms of the prices that are agreed privately between buyers and sellers, and in terms of other determinants of domestic prices, such the levels of private and public stocks. Following the 2007-08 price spike, an Agricultural Market Information Service (AMIS) was created by the G20 in order to improve market transparency, by providing a common pool of information on prices, production, trade, utilisation and stocks for major crops (wheat, maize, rice, soybeans) as well as on the policies that affect prices. This system is progressively improving information on the markets for key food staples and the policies that govern those markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Recent debates on changes in Dutch land-use policy have led some academics to conclude that active land policy has reached its limits (Boelens, 2010, Buitelaar, 2010, Munoz-Gielen, 2010, van der Krabben, 2011). One reason is financial: it requires long-term, front-end investment by government bodies (mainly municipalities) on the expectation that they will be able to recoup the costs by selling building plots. But the downturn of the property market since 2008 has resulted in building plots being sold much more slowly and for less than forecast. In some cases, this has resulted in municipalities suffering huge losses that will never be recovered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The experience of Oportunidades suggests that as CT programmes grow in emerging economies, more resources will be invested in means-tests and hence these are more likely to capture the real welfare situation of the household. First, different thresholds for entry into and exit out of the programme could be established. Second, a gradual benefit withdrawal with additional earned income could be introduced and enforced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This paper views the UN Office on Drugs and Crime's (UNODC) efforts to facilitate the implementation of the UN Convention of Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) through the lens of Michel Foucault's notion of disciplinary power. Viewing its endeavours in this way brings into focus the unequal power relations generated on the underside of the binding treaty law. In particular, the paper focuses on the way state recipients of technical and financial assistance for the purposes of UNTOC implementation are disciplined through processes of development programming. The paper considers how, given the non-binding nature of its micro-norms, disciplinary power effects are resistant to challenge particularly when disciplinary processes are seen as part of a collective security initiative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)