albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Federal R&D spending as a share of GDP rose to 1.9% by 1964, but then was gradually scaled back as the Apollo project came to an end. In 2009, the National Academy of Science released a study, A New Biology for the 21s' Century, which called for stronger integration of new advances in fundamental biological sciences into federal science agencies to address pressing societal needs, especially for food, environment, energy and health. The National Research Council Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources (an operational arm of the National Academies) also periodically releases studies on aspects of the federal agricultural research enterprise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Because economic conditions during these two periods were quite different, the policy space available in each period for pursuing development goals, including the MDGs, was defined differently. The first period was a time of increased policy space that represented an opportunity for economic policies to become enablers for achieving development goals. During the second period, policy space was more constrained and the effects of the crisis on the achievement of the MDGs were more or less drastic depending on the policy responses at the time. The discussion points to the importance of keeping in mind the potential macroeconomic trade-offs of any financing efforts to bridge such spending gaps within a coherent and comprehensive policy framework (see section on the challenges of bridging spending gaps).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Eletrobras is a federally-owned holding Page | 22 comPanV f°r electricity assets, controlling a large part of electric power generation and transmission systems mainly through six subsidiary companies, as well as some distribution capacity in the Amazon area. The Empresa de Pesquisa Energetica (EPE, or Energy Research Company) is responsible for the development of integrated long-term planning of Brazil's power sector, thus supporting MME's national energy policy and long-term planning. By 2007, 55.35 million out of a total 56.34 million permanent residences were connected to electric energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Equal contribution of men and women from the planning to the implementation of peacebuilding programmes is a precondition for enhancing the impact of local and international interventions and making the consolidation of peace increasingly just and sustainable (Chapters 2,10 and 11). Commitments to gender equality are thus an essential requirement for peacebuilding activities. However, while one or two programmes dedicated to the inclusion of women or women’s organizations may show symbolic goodwill, they do not substitute for a truly participatory process that capitalizes on the contributions of women peacemakers and responds to and advances women’s specific needs and experiences (Chapters 2 and 11). Individual requirements of specific groups must be analysed, understood and considered, particularly of those groups which are marginalized in peacebuilding processes and thus prevented from fully determining their own fate and making positive contributions to their society’s future. Being one of these groups, women have been marginalized and are now in need of proactive inclusion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As an example, the substitution of fossil fuels by renewables and the corresponding global market for renewable power equipment offer opportunities, but also risks, for national or regional trade balances. In the case of the European Union (EU), for instance, there is a trade deficit with China in solar components, China being the largest producer of solar panels with 65% of the global production, 90% of exports of which 80% serve the EU market. Counting the trade benefit coming from export of solar equipment to non-EU countries, such as Japan and the United States, the resulting trade deficit for the EU has been EUR 21 billion in 2010, falling to 9 billion in 2012. Unlike trade in solar components, the EU has a sustained trade surplus in components for wind power, amounting to EUR 2.5 billion in 2012. One could therefore look more closely for one country where renewable energy innovation policy was particularly strong.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
An invaluable, unique and necessary moral achievement, it is voluntary. Many (sometimes a majority of) health workers move freely without recruitment, as they do in Samoa and Tonga, and the code can never be a panacea (partly because it excludes the private sector), it is a ‘soft law’ that needs to be monitored carefully. Implicit in the code is that all countries should train adequate numbers of health workers for their own nations - a task that poses enormous problems for many.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Youth can start an apprenticeship either if they have already left school, or while still at school in Years 11 or 12. The 2009 CO AG’s National Indigenous Reform Agreement (revised in 2011) aims to halve the gap in Year 12 attainment rates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous youth between 2008 (when die gap stood at 40%) and 2020, this target is considered “on track” (Australian Government, 2015). In 2009, only about 60% of all 20-24 year-olds with a disability or with a long term healdi condition (such as asthma or a mental healdi condition) had attained Year 12, compared to almost 80% of all youth in good health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the same year, Uzbekistan toughened the Criminal Code and the Administrative Responsibility Code to make the use of grants difficult. Whatever motivated these measures, they rather complicated NGO operations. To remedy the situation, Uzbekistan adopted the 2007 Law on Guarantees for Non-governmental Organization Activities. The Law envisages providing NGOs with state grants and subsidies under certain conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Markets can help coordinate to some extent, but no market has ever been devised that could efficiently coordinate the evolution of the global energy system towards achievement of global policy objectives. Energy and economic planning units typically provide in-depth assessments of government plans and targets. While, in theory, energy plans would be based on their independent assessments, in practice, energy planning units are not always independent and assessments are either tweaked to support political decisions or sidelined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition, the government applied a policy to cushion the transmission of high world prices for food security reasons. For example, in 2008 it released dry milk from state reserves to restrain increases in prices of dairy foods. Since mid-2010, the simplification of trade within the Customs Union facilitated cheaper imports of dry milk from Belarus, which has likely put a significant competitive pressure on domestic milk prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is a mechanism, for example, to keep trainers up to speed with the skill demands of employers in their locality. To take full advantage of such successes, there need to be mechanisms for scaling them up to the state level. At a minimum, this includes a carefully designed communications strategy for identifying successes and bringing them to the attention of influential stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The additional energy is sold to the national power grid, at a profit to the builders. This allows them to further reduce the costs of the desalinated water-product (thereby further increasing their score). Third, builders who choose to rely on the national power grid rather than building their own natural gas system are required to pay half of the construction costs of such a power system to the government. Thus, they save only half the construction cost of a power plant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Exceptionally buoyant external conditions for LDC exports — in the form of the global commodity boom, strong external demand and ample external financing - did result in higher GDP growth in the 2000s. That, in turn, led to some increased investment, including, and in some cases mainly, by foreign firms. The investment ratio of LDCs (i.e., gross fixed capital formation as a share of GDP) rose from 18.5 per cent to 21.8 per cent between 2000-2001 and 2010-20112 — the highest level in over 40 years. First, the increase in the LDCs’ investment ratio still falls short of the level typically required for developing countries to sustain high growth rates over long periods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This project reduces the emerging market entry-level terminal price, allowing more people to connect to mobile broadband through terminals and developed digital services, greatly enriching people's lives. With the increase of the number of mobile broadband users and digital services, the utilization of the network has been improved, the income of the operators is increased, and the development of the whole industry is promoted. The alliance helps guide the mobile communication department to reduce the tariffs on mobile terminals and to support the development of the communication industry, it has a positive support for both the economy and the surrounding industries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Section 3 (“Climate Change: The state of policy today”) describes how a prudent response to climate change involves a two-pronged approach: ambitious mitigation policies2 to reduce further climate change, as well as timely adaptation3 policies to limit damage by climate change impacts that are inevitable. Mitigation and adaptation policies are essential, and they are complementary. Most countries have begun to respond through actions at the international, national and local levels, drawing on a mix of policy instruments that include carbon pricing, other energy-efficiency policies, information-based approaches and innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Revenue can be politically earmarked, meaning that the Government explicitly states the use of the revenue, even though the revenue actually flows into the general budget and announced spending is made from that general budget. Although tight (or legal) earmarking of environmental tax revenue is prevalent in both developed and developing countries, the economic rationale for doing so is weak as it can excessively constrain the effective management of public finances (Jones, 2011). Tight earmarking is also undesirable because environmental tax revenue and necessary expenditures in a given area may not match up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Initiatives involving the added social and economic value of forest sinks provide a new method of evaluating the environmental value of forests socially and economically. The “positive incentive” system will accord social and economic value to tropical forest carbon sinks by offering an economic incentive to developing countries. The investment return comes in the form of credits for the reduced GHG emissions through this reduction control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article examines the multi‐faceted contributions of disability studies including the work of artists and scholars inspired by The Unruly Salon, a disability arts, culture and scholarship series held at Green College, the University of British Columbia January–March 2008 to substantive citizenship and cultural politics. The article examines various tropes of normalcy through the new epistemological and methodological lenses and resources posed by disability studies projects. It shows how social, structural, cultural and material barriers construct some as ‘disabled’ and others as non‐disabled and puts forward ways to connect social models and human rights’ frameworks with a cultural politics of situated disability narratives that have the power to perform back to such normalizing regimes through disability arts, culture and scholarship. In so doing, the article demonstrates how disability cultural politics and scholarship lay claim to specific transformative counter‐publics. Scholars in disability stu...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The initiative engaging the manufacturer, Grameen Bank, National Building Research Organization and vulnerable families encourages the use of local sustainable building materials, quality durable construction and livelihood considerations such as including shop fronts in the houses. The initiative required a high degree of informal collaborative learning and training. Learning occurs at both the level of the community, as well as within the company, where lessons of Mexican success are explored to be translated across other regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This is a common feature of many resource-rich developing countries. For instance, while some natural resources might be more useful when converted into other forms of capital, considering the cost this may entail in terms of additional greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions suggests that some natural capital may have to be stranded. However, stranding could have far-reaching consequences for CDDCs that are dependent on the stranded resource, as they would lose an important source of revenue from no longer being able to exploit that resource.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
See Action Aid Nigeria, Mapping Civil Society’s Involvement in HIV/AIDS Programmes in Nigeria (Abuja: ActionAid, 2001). See, generally, E. Ahanihu, Closing Ranks: An Account of Nigeria’s Response to HIV/ AIDS, 1986-2003 (Ibadan: Spectrum Books, 2005), ActionAid Nigeria, Mapping Civil Society’s Involvement in HIV/AIDS Programmes in Nigeria, National Action Committee on AIDS, National HIV/AIDS Behavior Change Communication Strategy (2004-2008) (Abuja: National Action Committee on AIDS, 2004). Ahanihu, Closing Ranks, p. 250.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Teacher quality has also been developed through strong initial teacher education to a master's level with practical experience. The transfer of early childhood education and care services from the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health to the Ministry of Education and Culture (2013) represents a major shift in perspective. Education and Research 2011-2016: A development plan aims to increase participation of students with immigrant background in preparatory education to improve their opportunity to finish upper secondary education, Curriculum reform is being developed from pre-primary through upper secondary education, to be implemented from 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Migration from public transport translates to increased mileage even if the trips are shared. Nonetheless, the correlation the report observes with the rise of ride services and a decline in public transport ridership may not necessarily be a causal one as there are other potential explanatory factors. These other confounding factors include the drop in gas prices since 2013, which has a well-documented statistical relationship with transit ridership and an increase in the prevalence of public transport delays in the city over this period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In Korea, there is no systematic procedure to evaluate the impact of safety measures. As an example, it would be very useful to evaluate the impact of black box fitment in vehicles in order to assess whether this should be expanded. Preliminary research found the installation of black boxes by a Korean taxi fleet had achieved a 15% reduction in fatalities, although another review suggested that black box fitment did not secure a change in behaviour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Watershed Management of the Northern Range in Trinidad and Tobago. Forestry Division, Ministry of Public Utilities and the Environment, GoTT. Paper presented at a regional dialogue hosted by the Natural Resources Management Unit of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States at St. Lucia on February, 25-27 2002.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Information on land take by urban and and other artificial land development in Europe is given as a complement. Their interpretation should consider the levels of economic development and the structure of countries’ economies and patterns of trade. Geographic factors and population density also play a role. Internationally harmonised data on conversions from one type of land use to another are not yet available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Groundwater levels have dropped (from the 1960s until 2000) -5-10 m regionally, >15 m locally. Severe reduction m ^^tural'background'grcHjneKvater quality ^/an'issue, ^1998 u°nt!l itWfthe'ie^d^f'dat^avaHabfot-^idSpread but moderate N and pathogens pollution due to Abstraction of groundwater exerts pressure, local and moderate increased pumping lifts, reduced borehole yields and baseflow, as well as degradation of ecosystems. Widespread and severe naturally occurring As at 10-200 pg/l, widespread but moderate N0S at up to 200 mg/l and pesticides at up to 0.1 pg/l. Some87% of the aquifer area is cropland, -5% urban/industrial area. Population -189100 (density 47 inhabitants/km').
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Policy decision-making in Malaysia has long used an approach based on intuition, ideology, or conventional wisdom. But as Malaysian society matures within an increasingly complex policy environment, a move toward an evidence-based approach to public policy-making is called for. This paper discusses the experience of the National Higher Education Research Institute (IPPTN) in its attempts at linking research to higher education policy formulation. The main aim is to understand the perspectives of the IPPTN researchers regarding the use and impact of higher education research on policy-making, and the challenges they experienced. The findings provide insights into the future of evidence-based higher education policy-making in Malaysia and the IPPTN's capacity and capability for evidence-based policy research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Between 1997 and 2004, the percentage of younger smokers was fairly stable, but then started to decline among males and, more recently, among females as well. The gender gap in smoking varies enormously between countries. In 2010, smoking rates were, on average, over 90% higher among males than females. In the United Kingdom, though, the gap between males and females was only 5%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They are also changing the business ecosystem that surrounds firms. Online platforms have become the place where buyers connect to sellers and increasingly provide other market-relevant information. Contracts are established online and payments are made online, too. In order to take advantage of new opportunities, firms have to deal with and often adopt new technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the other four countries, differences on the divorce procedure remain. Moreover, none of the countries offers equality in guardianship and head-of-household provisions or in the financial arrangements that apply to childcare in the case of divorce. They often join the informal sector, especially if they lack prior work experience, and may have to accept low-paid, strenuous work with no social protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Communications between the administrations of existing State reserves and municipalities take place in an ad hoc manner, without formal arrangements. According to this assessment, priority areas for improvement of capacity are management, monitoring and information systems, international cooperation, coordination between State agencies, scientific and technical capacity, and staff training. Capacity development needs at the subnational (provincial) level were particularly emphasized. It was noted that the Department of Protection of Flora and Fauna has very few staff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Without minimum levels of security, protection from violence and mechanisms to hold public and private actors to account for abuses, poor people will lack the confidence to participate in politics and decision making (Pearce J., McGee, R. and Wheeler, J., forthcoming). In areas where there are failures of state authority and/or abuses by state security forces, security and justice are often delivered by non-state actors (e.g. community groups, traditional authorities," militias) with varying levels of legitimacy and accountability. The first step is therefore to undertake an analysis of who delivers justice and security, how and with what outcomes. Instead, donors need to encourage local debate and discuss with local elites how international principles can be reconciled with local practices and values, reflect their own interests and respond to people’s needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These issues derive from similarities between the results from all or most of the regions. It is important to emphasize that the results is based on an economic analysis. If the projection of this fast implementation of the green technologies should become reality it is important for the countries to develop needed incentive schemes, tax schemes, legislation etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The measure, which follows a recommendation in the 2010 Survey * should help the recruitment and retention of better teachers as, after many years of wage freezes, teachers' wages had become very low vis-a-vis other occupations at the same qualification level. Preschool will be made compulsory for children over three years-old in 2015 (94% are already attending), which is a positive step given that enrolment generally enhances education outcomes of children with poor backgrounds. A so-called Sure Start programme aims to support young children in disadvantaged areas by providing pedagogic and social support in dedicated centres and promoting parental involvement. To reduce school dropout, Bridge programmes were launched in 2013 to help pupils performing poorly in elementary education to acquire basic skills and a partial vocational qualification, and an after-school support programme (TANODA) was launched.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Close to 40 countries8* have since submitted national reports, providing information on progress towards Aichi target 20, outlining the flow of resources for biodiversity from developed to developing countries, financial resources available for biodiversity, steps taken to implement the strategy for resource mobilisation and the role of specific initiatives including those relating to technical cooperation, and innovative financial mechanisms. The trends in national and international biodiversity financing and progress in mobilisation of resources during the 2on-2020 strategic programme will be a key indicator to achieving the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, as expressed in decision XI/6, CBD COPu. The programme has strengthened the implementation of the Convention through supporting CMS conservation initiatives for a number of migratory taxa, with a strong focus on implementation in developing countries8*.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Fourth, in most countries, men have more influence in political decision-making processes because they are overrepresented in public office. This is therefore an arena where there is much to be gained in terms of gender equality. This is so as to evaluate the gender differences independent of a country’s level of development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the end, teachers, like other professionals, have a genuine interest in safeguarding the standards and reputation of their profession. Even the most urgent efforts to translate a government-established curriculum into classroom practice typically drag out over a decade, because it takes so much time to communicate the goals and methods through the different layers of the system, and to build them into teacher-education programmes. When what and how students learn changes so rapidly, this slow implementation process leads to a widening gap between what students need to learn, and what and how teachers teach. Subject-matter content will be less and less the core and more and more the context of good teaching.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)