albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Secondly, the evaluation of the loan is generally done by the management board of the MGS, which should know the repayment capacity of its member. This lowers the information asymmetries and transaction costs for the bank conceding the loan. Thirdly, the public sector can intervene through counter-guarantees beyond the capital of the mutual society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
First, approaches and tools will have to evolve. The revision of the draft SDRIF, now underway, could offer an opportunity to move in this direction, taking as its example the strategic document for Greater London, a much more concise regional planning document based on economic, ecological and social objectives that the various local authorities must respect and achieve. Next comes the question of the proper scale of governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Since it does not receive general budget funding, INFONAVIT does not require periodic appropriations from federal ministries or Congress. While subject to some oversight by the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit INFONAVIT has considerable flexibility in setting its own priorities. For the first 30 years of its existence, virtually the only source of funding for these operations was the funds in housing accounts. Thus, historically it has had no obligation to pay competitive returns on housing accounts to obtain its funds or to maintain the confidence of those supplying funds, for, unlike depositors in a mortgage banks, the holders of housing accounts have no right to withdraw their funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
With competing interests and stringent resources, it would be extremely difficult for them to justify allocating resources to tasks that are vaguely mandated. Currently, national green growth policies and strategies are neither legally founded nor mainstreamed into sectoral legal frameworks such as the Law on Urban Development. An important option would be to clearly state in a legally binding document that subnational governments are responsible for fostering green growth within their administrative areas. Providing clearer mandates and specific actions for subnational governments will actively steer them toward allocating their manpower and budget to green growth actions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Language policy implementation is a complex, multilayered process. Understanding this process can be achieved by identifying the agents, layers, and processes of language planning and policy activities, analyzing the layers independently, and examining the relations among the layers. Considering these dimensions, this article explicates how U.S. special education policy functions as de facto language policy for deaf students. Turning to implementation in local contexts, data from a larger multi-sited, qualitative case study of a Texas school district is presented to show how individuals act as policy-implementing agents and how their beliefs about language and education policy influences the policy discourses they take up and the degree to which they open up multilingual, multimodal ideological and implementational spaces within deaf education policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Having analysed the factual background and procedural development of the ICSID case Pacifi c Rim v. El Salvador, this article suggests an argumentative approach that is alternative to the one adopted by the arbitrators in the final award and based on domestic constitutional law arguments. This approach, inspired by the practice of transnational human rights litigation, aims to provide a tool for introducing human rights into the investor-state adjudication system, and to favour the (functional) ‘constitutionalisation of international law’ (CIL). Under this approach, international arbitrators, when applying domestic law, would apply not only the relevant provisions of ordinary law, but the domestic constitutional system as a whole, taking into account its specific axiological hierarchy. The article finally explores the broader impact that this approach could have on CIL, engaging with this task through the lenses of the theory of societal constitutionalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Evidence on access and utilization of healthcare is however richer in the case of CCTs (see Lagarde et al., Conditions attached to CCTs force poor people to use health services with regularity, such as in the case of Bolsa Familia in Brazil or Familia in Accion in Colombia. While conditions imposed on the receipt of a transfer will have an effect, making people aware of the need to regularly use health services is also of outstanding importance. However, evidence collected by Fiszbein and Schady (2009) shows that only some preventive services, including regular check-ups for children, are more likely to be affected by CCTs compared to others (e.g. immunization).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This study analyses the effect of fragility in destination markets on firm export behavior and the role of firm size in mediating adverse outcomes. The analysis is conducted using firm transaction data on Kenyan exports to Africa over the period 2004–2013. The analysis reveals that fragility negatively affects a firm's decision to enter a given destination market, reducing Kenya's bilateral trade flows to African countries. Larger firms are more resilient to destination shocks in fragility and are less likely to exit. These results are robust to alternative measures of destination fragility, and the exclusion of bordering countries and the East African Community partner states. Our analysis reveals that the effect of business fragility (regulatory quality, government effectiveness, and control of corruption) dominates that of political fragility (voice and accountability, rule of law, and political stability), although both effects are negative and significant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Designating 3.8 million ha for rice production exclusively is unlikely to be the best policy approach in a country exporting large quantities of rice. If the main objective is food security, there are more effective means of achieving it. Indeed, diversification to achieve lower risk is a measure that adds to food security and is a separate (and commendable) objective of the government. The restrictions on crop choice work against diversification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
abstract As a form of social control, the law may proscribe and facilitate homosexuality in respect of identity formation. This focus provides a brief legal case history review to demonstrate that legal victories facilitate identity politics for homosexuals. It is argued that not only the question of ‘freedom’, but also the development and refinement of citizenship claims become paramount for the queer subject in the post-apartheid project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
High-quality vocational education pathways can also improve graduation rates1. If large numbers of students fail to complete a programme, or the programme does not lead to further learning opportunities, including in academic programmes, it is not a high-quality' programme. Similarly, programmes that do not position students to succeed in the labour market cannot be regarded as high quality (OECD, 2014a). The strongest vocational systems offer a wide range of opportunities for students to move between vocational and more academic programmes, and vice versa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It has affected not just economies with a history of relatively high inequality, but also countries where traditionally there was less inequality, like Denmark, Germany and Sweden. In recent decades, the economic rise of countries like China, Brazil and India has reshaped the global economy. Among its most striking effects has been the sharp fall in the number of people living in absolute - or dollar-a-day - poverty and the emergence of a new middle class. But poverty hasn’t gone away.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The right to participate and benefit from culture is a human right, its scope is defined in the international arena through the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights that in article 15 establishes various cultural rights such as: the right to participate in cultural life, enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications, right of authors to benefit from the protection of moral and material interests that correspond due to scientific, literary or artistic productions, freedom in scientific research and creative activities. For this reason, the Convention on the protection and promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions of October 20, 2005 is important among international instruments that promote and protect cultural rights. There are no human rights without freedom of expression, to protect this freedom its key to guarantee the diversity of cultural expressions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
But contribution credits have become particularly important after the introduction of defined contribution systems that strengthen the link between contributions and benefits. Anna D’Addio estimates what would happen if these credits did not exist in a number of OECD and EU countries and finds that mothers’ replacement rates would decrease by 3 to 7 percentage points on average with between 3 and 15 years of career interruption (D’Addio 2012:90). Positive effects, especially for women in the lowest income groups, have also been found in estimations for Chile (Fajnzylber20i3).Anotherstudy,focused onthe United States, finds that contribution credits and minimum benefits favour women in the poorest social strata while divorce benefits are mostly oriented to women in the highest income groups (Herd 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Two Nordic countries (Finland and Sweden) would move up four and seven places respectively, while two post-communist countries (Croatia and Hungary) would fall four and seven places respectively. These differences are likely to reflect migration policy in these countries: Finland and Sweden accept migrants whose children score below the national average. In turn, PISA divides children into three categories: 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, the pension insurance rate cannot be lowered, c) Unemployment insurance funds can be used to help enterprises with financial difficulties to stabilise job posts, d) Enterprises with financial difficulties are encouraged to provide on-the-job training for their employees, e) Economic compensation problems of enterprises with financial difficulties should be solved appropriately. According to one estimate, if the first three measures were fulfilled, enterprises’ economic burdens would be reduced by more than CNY 100 billion, and more than 10 million job posts would be stabilised. The Chinese government has taken many measures to help these groups, including employment services and training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, criteria for awarding the labels may differ greatly. According to some estimates, the value of the global market for environmental goods and services, including renewable energy technologies and low carbon activities,36 was about USD 1.6 trillion in 2007-08. Japan accounted for 6.3% of this global market, the third largest share after the US and China (Innovas Solutions, 2009). In response, the Eco-Mark Office strengthened its inspection activities. Alternative fuels, carbon finance and building technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In contrast, in several Continental and Eastern EU countries, higher public spending on transfers was a more important driver of the initial deterioration of public finances than the decline of all sources of revenue combined. In subsequent years, revenues in both the United States and Europe have recovered, while benefit spending has remained markedly higher than before the GR. This can be seen in panel (b), which shows the scatter plot shifting horizontally to the right in 2010 and 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The location was selected because of the competitive labour cost, skills and physical infrastructure. The layout and design of buildings draw from the latest standards developed in the industry, such as those established by the US Customs authority after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, to ensure security of trade, and safety at work, after the fire disasters in Bangladesh textile factories in April 2013. A one-stop government service has been introduced to cut red tape and improve the business environment. The China Civil Engineering Corporation, a leading construction company is building the park as a turnkey "design and build" project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Green technologies should be treated as infant industries, with appropriate support, including public sector investments in infrastructure, subsidies and access to credit (Ocampo, 201 lb). Policies should also be designed to encourage interaction and knowledge-sharing among domestic and international firms, research institutes, universities, policymakers and other actors. Other policy suggestions based on a green systemic approach could encompass innovative sources of equity-linked financing and long-horizon green country funds. The G-NIS approach emphasizes that policymakers do indeed need to make choices on how to best support innovation, and suggests a framework for government decisionmaking and investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Imports of non-edible fishery' products were valued at USD 14.4 billion, an increase of USD 115.1 billion compared with 2011. Fresh and frozen exports were almost 1.361 million tonnes valued at USD 4.6 billion, an increase of 6 033 tonnes 13.3 million pounds and an increase of USD 41.0 million compared with 2011. In terms of individual items, fresh and frozen exports consisted principally of 207 700 tonnes of groundfish valued at USD 351.4 million, 132 766 tonnes of salmon valued at USD 567.4 million, 158 168 tonnes of surimi valued at USD 414.3 million and 48 716 tonnes of lobsters valued at USD 509.0 million. Canned items were 60 736 tonnes valued at USD 294.4 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
A cross-sectional analysis reveals that mortality is 20% lower where density doubles. This is likely due to lower vehicle speed and greater use of public transport, but further investigation is needed. The Safer City Streets database and network could support such research. Answering this question requires looking beyond strict numbers of casualties and crashes to consider wider economic, health and well-being issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They facilitate student learning of the content through presentation of the content in clear and meaningful w'ays and through the integration of technology. Candidates in advanced programmes for teachers demonstrate an in-depth understanding of the content of their field and of the theories related to pedagogy and learning. In Australia, the national ICT Competency Framework has been proposed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Of this, collection accounted for 44% and recycling and landfill for 25% each. It was promoted by the International Labour Organization (ILO) as a job creation strategy In the 1990s. The city of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania organizes waste collection via more than 55 micro-, small and communlty-basefl enterprises that tender for micro-zones, some with less than 500 households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Annual expenditure per student on basic education is also below the OECD average. In 2013 per student expenditure for basic education in Lithuania, USD 9 675 (PPP), was approximately half that of OECD (USD 18 457) and EU-22 (USD 18 755) averages (OECD, 2016b). These differences in expenditure were mainly due to the comparatively low salaries of Lithuanian teachers and school administrators (Shew'bridge et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Figure 1 illustrates where the activities are located. Not surprisingly, there are many projects in South-East Asia, which is particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events, and Africa and South America, where many regions experience water scarcity. A complete list is outlined in Annex 1. The categorisation is based on the OECD DAC adaptation marker (OECD, 2010). The adaptation marker was introduced by the DAC to help identify funding flows related to adaptation to climate change in the Creditor Reporting System (OECD, 2010). The adaptation marker also gives an indicative, although not exhaustive, list of activities that can be considered relevant for adaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The demand for these goods and services can therefore be rather elastic or even shift, and accordingly the demand curve for skilled labour may also shift. Moreover, the presence of a strong workforce of skilled workers may also attract international demand for reasons of reputation, industrial clustering and agglomeration effects, the ripples of which may spread across the globe. In short, increased supplies of skilled workers, thanks to education, may actually create their own demands for these workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Suppliers have few obvious incentives to target poor customers (or Base of the Pyramid (BOP) markets), which are usually considered to be riskier and more challenging. In report published in 2009, the International Finance Corporation identified a number of challenges for expanding coverage of safe-water technologies, including the lack of awareness about water-quality issues, the lack of sustainable financing and the need to understand the target population behavioural attitudes. The Safe Water Systems incorporate three elements: (i) point-of-use water treatment by consumers with a locally manufactured dilute sodium hypochlorite solution, (ii) safe storage of treated water in containers designed to prevent recontamination and (iii) behavioural change techniques, including social marketing, community mobilisation, motivational interviewing, communication and education to improve water and food handling, sanitation and hygiene practices in the home and in the community. Along the way, program delivery shifted almost entirely from governments and NGOs to a single social-marketing organisation, Population Services International.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Income redistribution schemes alone (via taxes and subsidies) will not be enough to reduce poverty and ensure greater equality. Policies that enhance productivity and create productive and decent employment will also be necessary, as well as other complementary policies.85 In other words, however dynamic economic growth may be, the benefits will not be automatically or equally shared by all contributors.86 In order to achieve improvements in quality of life and reduce poverty and inequalities, economies must generate access to abundant, decent and productive jobs, as well ensuring non-discriminatory access to these opportunities. We will discuss how international openness through trade, tradefacilitation and investment hasa direct effect on the creation of economic opportunities. However, the impact of international openness depends on certain pre-requisites, including: the existence of an appropriate regulatory environment, institutions, infrastructure, and transparent social dialogue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The first approach involves determining how much of the change in the poverty rate is due to income variation and how much to changes in income distribution. The second approach weighs the different sources of household income, focusing on labour market factors that affect labour income changes. This breakdown reveals whether the change in income that pushed the poverty rate in a given direction is part of a general trend for all income groups or had a more specific effect on the poor. The results of this analysis, based on data from household surveys, are presented in such a way that the effect of both components entirely explains the poverty rate variation in a given period (see box 1.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Responsibility for balancing urban and green areas at the regional level is left to the provincial authorities. To this end, the central government has abolished the national landscape policy and reduced the number of nature management regimes. The government also strengthened the cohesion between the various modes of transport and between spatial development and mobility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The problem with a high workload seems to be more extensive among first-line managers and academics belonging to support functions. This is also a problem that the companies' occupational health services have identified. The companies highlight the importance of a change in corporate norms and values and their attempts to raise awareness about the importance of balance. Management training is in progress. Other companies still refer to the area in terms of health-related activities organised by corporate committees. This is also a prioritised subject in the Finnish TSM standard.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Although this was a major step forward, other measures, such as the establishment of the Nigerian Extractive Industry and Transparency Initiative, were not sufficient for addressing the fundamental sources of missing oil revenues in the country. Furthermore, at the international level, ongoing legal proceedings involving former ministers of petroleum resources and the Governor of the Delta State during the 2010-2015 period, as well as court investigations of cases of bribery by multinational companies, provide further evidence of insufficient regulations at natbnal and international levels for preventing oil-related corruption and embezzlement. However, its trickle-down effect in terms of socioeconomic development was limited and uneven. As such, it failed to be the right catalyst for fostering intersectoral linkages for sustainable economic diversification and industrialization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2012, water released from the dam caused floods that led to 10 deaths, submergence of 10 000 homes and 10 000 ha of damaged farmlands. Nigeria has proposed to build the Dasin Hausa Dam to control floods that occur due to water released from Lake Lagdo. Since releases from the dam began in 1984, average low flows recorded are about 60 m3/s, an increase of over 300%. Changes in the floodplain have affected flood-recession cultivation of sorghum (yearly floods and clayey soils have made the land highly suitable for sorghum cultivation).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Cotton is the only crop for which the %SCT was at a relatively high level in 2009-11 (13%). This reflects the significant rise in domestic prices during this period which resulted from a considerable fall in local supply. Cotton production fell every year in 2008-10, and in 2010 was almost at half the 2007 level, although in 2011 production picked up.21 The domestic market deficit was exacerbated by the hike of cotton prices on external markets in 2010-11. In 2009-11, the SCTs varied across the livestock group from 29% for eggs, to 0.1% for sheep meat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, take-up appears to be reasonably large. In 2009, on average every month about 760 000 individuals were dismissed from a formal job in the private sector without just cause, while on average every month about 600 000 entered into the SD system, suggesting that take-up among eligible unemployed persons may be close to 80%. A further shortcoming is that the employment history of unemployed individuals is limited to the last job only.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Establish a national long-term strategic vision that addresses infrastmcture service needs. Manage the integrity and cormption threats at all stages of the process, from project conception to delivery. Establish clear criteria to guide the choice of delivery mode (public-private partnerships vs. direct public provision, etc.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)