albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Both obstacles can be overcome by averaging the calculated effects using each of the two base years respectively (Kakwani. In this case, this form of decomposition is applied to 2002-2016, divided into two subperiods — 2002-2008 and 2008-2016. Average income growth accounted for an average of 71 % of the variation observed between 2002 and 2016, and even more in Argentina, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Chile, Colombia and Peru. In the other countries, the distribution effect accounted for over 30% of the poverty reduction, approaching 40% in the Plurinational State of Bolivia and 50% in Uruguay (see figure II.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Roughly 25% of the Baltic Sea’s nitrogen load originates from airborne sources (Chapter 2.3). Climate change may present a further challenge because precipitation is projected to increase, especially in the northern part of the Baltic Sea catchment area, which may, in combination with increasing winter temperatures, lead to increased winter runoff and leaching of nutrients. Furthermore, an increase in water temperatures will make benthic communities more vulnerable to eutrophication and hypoxia (Box 2.4). Policy responses to climate change, however, may limit the impacts of climate change. Thus, the net effect of climate change and climate policy for the Baltic Sea are not easily judged, especially as the relative abatement costs across different countries are also likely to change under these circumstances. There are no internationally common policy instruments designed with the particular purpose to reduce eutrophication in the Baltic Sea (Elofsson, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is thus a clear gradation in labourforce participation of women among different socio-religious groups. While the LFPRs of rural women varied between 35.6 and 49.6 per cent in rural areas, the variation was between 20.5 and 24.4 per cent in urban areas {Figure 6-4). The reduction in the labour force participation of women is thus largely in rural areas and is consistent with the reduction of employment opportunities in agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter aims to explore policy proposals to deal with one of the most complicated problems posed by the Internet, namely that of jurisdiction. While cybercrime is a phenomenon without borders, the effective prosecution of such a crime is seriously hampered by conflicts of territoriality and jurisdiction. These problems are exacerbated by the evolution of information technology, in particular cloud computing which creates ‘loss of location’ problems for collecting the electronic evidence indispensable for prosecuting crime. The Cloud Evidence Group—a Working Group established by decision of the Cybercrime Convention Committee (T-CY) of the Council of Europe—has proposed, within the limits of agreed legal principles of territoriality and jurisdiction, a series of measures which, together with proper implementation of the Convention, would enable fast and effective access to electronic evidence, while respecting human rights and the rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
From 2007 to 2008 public investment in housing and utilities increased by 1 percentage point to 3.3% of GDP, but by 2008, this had fallen back to 2.4% of GDP (Rosstat, 2010a). Comparing the Russian Federation with OECD countries, public social spending in the Russian Federation in 2007 was 12.6% of GDP, and almost 15% in 2009: about 4.5 percentage points below the OECD average (Figure 3.7). Countries are ranked by decreasing order of public social expenditure as a percentage of GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The concept of the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services hence needs to be explored and problematised, and an assessment of such values should relate the values to the relevant context as well as identifying persons and organisations that assigned the value. See Figure 12 for examples of different kinds of assessments of values. In relation to this, the insurance value (or resilience value), multifunctionality and contingency value of ecosystems are of interest. The “insurance value" refers to the ability of ecosystems and biodiversity to provide ecosystem services in times of change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It describes follow-up activities in the immediate aftermath of the adoption of SCR 1325, and highlights strategies and tactics used and the increasing concerted development of national action plans, focusing on the Liberia National Action Plan as an example. As peace support operations generally fail to include women, their perspectives are often marginalized, especially at the decision-making level. It is now a commonly recognized fact that during armed conflicts women become targets of systematic gendered and sexual aggression by different warring factions, with perpetrators ranging from regular armed forces to peacekeepers.9 Sexual torture, rape, sexual slavery, forced pregnancy,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report and comment on Northern Rock shareholders' challenge to basis of compensation in nationalisation considered in the High Court and Court of Appeal.Design/methodology/approach – The paper outlines the facts surrounding the case and comments on the decisions.Findings – The High Court, in a carefully reasoned judgement which reviewed relevant UK and European Court of Human Rights case law, rejected all the claimants' arguments for judicial review and the claimants appealed to the Court of Appeal.Originality/value – Both the High Court and the Court of Appeal judgment provide a rare glimpse of the legal process examining the “lender of last resort” function of a central bank – a key technique of macro‐economic policy, the very delicacy and subtlety of which appear to defy ready legal definition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Data for the periods 2010-12, 2012-14 and 2014-16 also include other innovation expenditures (training, market introduction, design, engineering, etc.). Source: Statistics Austria (2017), R&D statistics, littD://stalcubc.at/statistik.at/cxt/statcubc/isf/tablcVicw/tablc View.xhtml. The propensity to innovate has increased in the past ten years, but this has not resulted in significantly higher sales involving product innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Instead, the guidelines suggest that a risk assessment may be considered in adult men over 40 years old and in women over 50 years of age or post-menopausal women in specific circumstances, namely if the person requests it, if risk factors such as smoking, overweight, or hyperlipidaemia are present, if there is a family histoiy of premature CVD or of major risk factors such as hyperlipidaemia or if there are symptoms suggestive of CVD (Perk et al., Importantly, the guidelines recommend that risk is assessed on the basis of age, sex, smoking status, blood pressure and total cholesterol - rendering some of the elements offered in the Czech programme, such as the electrocardiogram, unnecessary. The Cochrane Collaboration, in a meta-analysis of 16 large randomised trials with long follow up periods, found that similar health checks no effect on mortality from all causes (risk ratio 0.99, 95% Cl 0.95 to 1.03), cancer (1.01, 95% Cl 0.92 to 1.12), or cardiovascular disease (1.03, 95% Cl 95% Cl 0.91 to 1.17) and did not prevent disease (Krogsboll et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While several studies have documented the state of services liberalisation in LDCs, few have actually explored their potential to expand services exports. Inevitably, the assumption has been that LDCs will remain marginal players in services trade because they lack the infrastructure and skills to make a dent in the rapidly growing segment of commercial services. This assumption, however, is not justified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This publication evolved from the Southeast Asian Economic Outlook. Beginning with the first release of the June 2016 Update, the Outlook has become a biannual publication, with the main report released in the fall and its update released the following spring. The Outlook project was officially launched in 2010 and each edition is regularly presented at the occasion of the ASEAN/East Asia Summit. It was included in the OECD’s Southeast Asia Regional Programme (SEARP) at the Steering Group Meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia in March 2015, with its role of providing a horizontal view of activities, identifying emerging trends in the region and providing a backbone for the different streams of the Programme confirmed at the 2015 MCM.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This criticism seems appropriate again today, given the number of “new city” projects which in many regions seem to emulate the modernist designs of Le Corbusier, i.e. “vertical" cities of skyscrapers and urban highways. Rather, lessons from several decades of policy practice and programme assistance should be reflected in the design of urban extensions and infill projects in existing cities and towns. In this respect, public authorities can learn from the experience of international development assistance and, more positively, carefully selected best practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The achievements in terms of expanded coverage have been remarkable. The programme now constitutes the single most important source of day care for children under the age of 4, running 84 per cent of day-care centres in the country and absorbing 56 per cent of total enrolment for that age group. However, there are concerns over the quality of services. The quality of jobs that have been created is also questionable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In other words, although characterized by sufficient consumption prospects for the future, risk-induced vulnerable households face the threat of poverty because of risk exposure. The VEP method does not model risk explicitly, but assumes that the observed inter-household distribution of consumption at a point in time represents the future distribution of consumption across states of nature for each household.13 It also overlooks the key role of the behavioral response to risk. To avoid these shortcomings, in section 4 we provided additional insights into the risk-induced sub-component of the VEP to infer the relative importance of the various components of vulnerability (non-stochastic, risk induced and shocks).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
No major changes in the respective mandates of Nordic DFIs are currently foreseen, with the exception of on-going discussions of potentially untying IFU finance from "Danish interest" in all investments. The Nordic DFIs increasingly recognize that many of their investments, i.e. beyond the explicit area of energy investments, also have the potential to contribute to adaptation, by strengthening climate resilience in partner countries in various manners, e.g. by helping to diversify and strengthen livelihoods, improve access to water, energy, information and/or finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The distribution between the three main infrastructure sectors is comparable with that of ODA. What is very different from the ODA disbursements is that OOF is mainly destined for UMICs (50.8%) and LMICs (44.6%), with LICs only receiving 2.8%. Official development partners in general financed between 6-7% of these infrastructure investments, which amounted to about USD 55 billion, with bilateral donors financing around 46% and multilaterals 54% of these amounts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Other sources include relatively limited amount of environmental compensation, national and international donations and revenue from tourism and sustainable forestry (Sections 5.1 and 5.2). This is true in many Latin American countries, although Brazil exhibits one of the highest levels of reliance on government budget outlays, which makes funding vulnerable to external factors and political negotiations (Bovarnick et al., Brazil should develop an integrated financial strategy to guarantee more efficient and effective use of resources for protected areas and for biodiversity policy more generally, and further explore alternative funding sources. These may include payments for ecosystem services (e.g. water supply and carbon sequestration), revenue from access fees to protected areas, branding and sale of merchandise, and part of the revenue from royalties, from financial compensation paid by hydropower plant and mine operators and from benefits generated from access to genetic resources (Chapter 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The second part describes the methodology employed for the report, including the framework for analysis and how PISA results are used in the analysis. Finally, the background of Korean education is summarised. Highlights on the education reform trajectory in Korea illustrate the shaping of the Korean education system. Today, Korea is among the top performers in terms of learning outcomes, ranking second in reading, fourth in mathematics and sixth in science according to the 2009 PISA assessment. Korea has also shown impressive improvements in the quality of its learning outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Purpose – Children differ in their cognitive ability while trying to interpret television advertisements and hence form different attitudes towards them. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of children's attitudes towards television advertisements on their resultant buying behaviour.Design/methodology/approach – The research has been based on exploratory and descriptive research design. Exploratory research includes a literature review and in‐depth interviews with child psychologists, advertisers and parents of young children. This was further carried forward by carrying out a survey of children in the age group five to 11 years, while they were in their class room. The filling up of the questionnaires was aided by the class teacher, which had response options in a pictorial manner.Findings – The demand for the advertised products is heavily influenced by the children's attitude towards advertisements. Further, the cognitive changes among the different age groups leads to the formation of v...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Two important partnerships have been forged to manage the Montego Bay Marine Park with an NGO of the same name, and the Blue and John Crow Mountains with the Jamaica Conservation Development Trust. The government has explored co-management arrangements for protected areas with other NGOs. The Forestry Department is partnering with several local forest management committees to manage forest reserves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Health Affairs 29 (4): 1-7. Productivity Measurement Issues in Services Industries: "Baumol's Disease" Has Been Cured. Securing our Future Health: Taking a Long-Term View. Principles of Good Practice for Decision Analytic Modeling in Health-Care Evaluation: Report of the ISPOR Task Force on Good Research Practices—Modeling Studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Time series data are also available for each of these. While the FD accounted for two-thirds of MOECAF spending (MMK 13.62 billion or USD 13.29 million), the share of FD funding going to NWCD was relatively low' at 8.5% (MMK 1.15 billion or USD 1.12 million). Overall, the MOECAF budget (MMK 21.46 billion or USD 20.93 million) accounted for just 0.18% of total union expenditures on line ministries and departments (MMK 12.13 billion or USD 11.8 billion).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Mexico’s Productive Territories programme, for example, designates technical teams in charge of designing development plans for specific poor mral areas, taking into account existing assets and local needs. The technical team also ensures that local communities access all federal support programmes for which they are eligible. This is the main objective of the Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development programme in India. The analysis of region’s potential is made by specialised agencies that receive governmental funds. Support for SMEs to integrate IP protection as part of their business models where such protection is appropriate can also support innovative SMEs. Several types of IP rights are particularly relevant for traditional sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is essential that implementation takes place before disasters strike, since prevention is the key to success. In terms of hard infrastructure, targeted investment in the drainage system should be considered in flood-prone neighbourhoods. The city’s drainage capacity (culverts, canals and conditioning lakes) is insufficient and unlikely to withstand disasters involving more than 100 millimetres of rainwater (City of Hai Phong, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The lack of a community of actors that are well-connected to one another makes the co-ordination of public policies in the region difficult. This approach is a research tool for the social and economic sciences, a lever of empowerment for local communities and non-governmental organisations and a tool to inform public policies. By mapping kinship, friendship, solidarity or business relationships constraints obscured by the complexity of social relationships are revealed. However, these second-order connections are crucial to understanding the autonomy of individuals in the network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Examples include the OECD, the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Bank, and other research institutions. A recent review of indicators to measure progress on inclusive green growth at the country level (Narlof, Kozluk and Lloyd, 2016) includes several indicators that are relevant to biodiversity mainstreaming (Table 5.3). The concept of biodiversity mainstreaming covers multiple dimensions (institutional, national and sectoral plans, policies, budgets), multiple sectors, and various actors (government, private sector, development co-operation). This could in theory lend itself to hundreds of possible indicators, adapted also to national circumstances and socioeconomic characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Investing in the collection of baseline data and providing measurable intermediate outcomes (e.g. port clearance time) and final outcomes to which AfT interventions have made a plausible contribution (e.g. trade volumes) would help to address concerns about attribution (Table 6.4). These improvements are important for economic growth and job creation, helping developing countries to move from reliance on aid to the use of trade to generate higher standards of living. It can aid in improving productivity by addressing many of the market, co-ordination and governance failures. Finally, and importantly, it can be used to leverage private sector funds. Whereas in the past there was a distinct lack of private sector involvement, viewing AfT as a catalyst for private sector investment is likely to grow in the future. There is now greater and much needed recognition and focus on the role of AfT in supporting industrial upgrading, boosting productivity and structural economic transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Aichi targets have been included in the national programmes and although they are challenging, Finland has some very good experiences in restoring natural habitats. Positive developments have taken place in the protection of species including migratory species and aquatic wildlife. Management plans have also been established for several game species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Therefore, the failure of States to adequately provide, fund, support and regulate care contradicts their human rights obligations, by creating and exacerbating inequalities and threatening women's rights enjoyment. On the one hand, these services can promote the autonomy, rights and capabilities of those who need care and support. This has been a longstanding demand of disability rights movements, for example.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Patient and public involvement has been at the heart of UK health policy for more than two decades. This commitment to putting patients at the heart of the British National Health Service (NHS) has become a central principle helping to ensure equity, patient safety and effectiveness in the health system. The recent Health and Social Care Act 2012 is the most significant reform of the NHS since its foundation in 1948. More radically, this legislation undermines the principle of patient and public involvement, public accountability and returns the power for prioritisation of health services to an unaccountable medical elite. This legislation marks a sea-change in the approach to patient and public involvement in the UK and signals a shift in the commitment of the UK government to patient-centred care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
With respect to the impact of AVs on personal vehicles, 54% of experts believe that AVs will increase overall vehicle use, namely by reducing travel and parking costs and by providing a mobility option to those who are too young or too old to drive. Of these, most (81%) indicated that such an increase should be limited, which could be most effectively accomplished by promoting car sharing and increasing vehicle usage costs. Thirty percent believe that AV use will decrease overall vehicle use due to the fact that autonomous cars will be more efficient at completing the tasks that drivers usually perform, as well as the fact that riders are likely to engage in more car-sharing in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
By the end of 2010, 194 GW of wind power capacity had been installed worldwide (figure II.6), of which 84 GW were in EU, 40 GW in the United States, 42 GW in China and 13 GW in India. In 2010, 35.7 GW of new capacity were installed, which was 6 per cent less capacity than in 2009. More than half of this new capacity was installed in China (16.5 GW) and India (2.1 GW), compared with 9.8 GW in EU and 5.1 GW in the United States (Eurobserver, 2011). For several decades, through its R&D, and its “Sunshine Programme” from 1994 to 2004, Japan refined the technology and successfully reduced the costs of a 3kW roof system from 6 million to 2 million yen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This chapter develops arguments about what statesmen expected from international law in the nineteenth century. Starting with an evaluation of an arms control agreement often decried as evidence of the failure of international law, the 1856 Black Sea Neutralization Treaty, institutions and sources of international law are set out. Next, the functions of international law are explored, developing arguments about the roles of law in diplomacy. Finally, the chapter describes enforcement of international law and the implications of enforcement through war. Nineteenth century expectations about international law provide rich insights into beliefs about the future of war, a largely unexplored avenue for interpreting pre-1914 diplomacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Using tax data, the income share of the top 10% richest households is often considerably higher as compared with household surveys. Differences in tax codes can thus lead to differences in the concept of income used in different countries, iv) The tax unit (joint versus individual filing) varies between countries. See OECD (2008), Growing Unequal?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In doing so, it situates adaptation along a continuum of broader development policies for transformation—critical components of which are efforts to address immediate needs (for example, poverty alleviation and disaster risk reduction and management) while reducing structural inequalities. The capacity for integrating these policies will be at the centre of the challenge of implementing the 2030 Agenda. However, it is important to understand that while these policies will contribute to sustainable development in general, they will at the same time help build the climate resilience of the particular countries and population groups that are most at risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)