albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
According to this law, the main objectives of trade policy were to integrate Kazakhstan into the world trading system while protecting domestic producers. Among the CIS arrangements the most active involved the Union of Five (Belarus, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation and Tajikistan), which in October 2000 became the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC). Kazakhstan also joined the Economic Cooperation Organisation in 1992, and signed several proposals on Central Asian trade organisations, although none had a significant impact on trade policy. In July 2010, a common customs code, customs rules and common external tariff came into effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Climate change-induced weather variations, coupled with deforestation, require greater distance to be travelled to collect food and water from safe sources, thus diverting time that would otherwise be used for income-generating activities, community activities or simply for leisure. Women and girls who travel farther from home to find food and water are also at risk of sexual harassment. In households that reduce non-food expenditures in response to rising food costs, young and adolescent girls are likely to be pulled out of school, while available funds are likely to be redirected to educate boys. Policies in the region must address the three dimensions of food security—availability, accessibility and utilization, while also acknowledging the gendered aspects of these dimensions, which impact the health and nutritional status of children and women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
According to the IEA/NEA 2010 Projected Cost study, load factors in OECD countries vary between 22% (Italy) and 41% (United States) for wind and between 10% (Netherlands) and 25% (France) for solar photovoltaic (PV). Assuming an entirely realistic average load factor for wind-power turbines of 25%, this means that the share of wind on windy days is four-fold its average figure. This means, for instance, that the Danish system can only be balanced by being closely integrated with the Nordpool electricity market with its ideal balancing conditions due to the almost exclusive reliance on hydropower by Norway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The aim is to improve reproductive and maternal and child health, end the epidemics of HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and neglected tropical diseases, reduce non-communicable and environmental diseases, achieve universal health coverage, and ensure universal access to safe, affordable and effective medicines and vaccines. Towards that end, world leaders committed to support research and development, increase health financing, and strengthen the capacity of all countries to reduce and manage health risks. Almost all maternal deaths occur in low-resource settings and can be prevented, including by expanding access to appropriate sexual and reproductive health services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The resulting higher fishmeal and fish oil price reduces world aquaculture production by 0.66% in 2023 and capture, again because of the fishing quotas, can only replace 8% of the losses. The overall reduction in supply of fish leads to a 2% higher world price of fish in 2023. However, the impact is much stronger if the results of the agricultural scenario presented in the Box 4.2 “Structural changes in the feed market” are combined to the reduction in fishery recycling activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Despite their fundamental importance in the effective prosecution of international crimes, inter-state judicial cooperation regimes have long been overlooked. However, two new initiatives have recently emerged. The first is the International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on Crimes Against Humanity (Draft Articles), which aims to create a global convention on prevention, punishment and inter-State cooperation with respect to crimes against humanity. The second initiative, the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty for core crimes (MLA Treaty), is wider in scope. It encompasses genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity and seeks the conclusion of a multilateral cooperation treaty to enable the effective provision of mutual legal assistance and extradition of suspects in relation to these crimes. The aim of this article is to critically assess the merits and shortcomings of these two initiatives in the effort to enhance inter-state cooperation in the prosecution of international crimes and their abilities to remedy current problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The teaching workforce of Lithuania, although trained to a bachelor degree level, displays numeracy skills lower than those of other tertiary graduates, and lower than the average level of teachers in OECD member countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills (Figure 3.5). Competitive scores used in higher education admissions, which are based upon matura examination scores, show that the minimum score required for entry teacher education programmes is consistently much lower than that required for the most popular and selective field, medicine (Table 3.6). The principal provider of teacher training programmes, the nation’s pedagogical university, has received a limited institutional approval from the nation’s higher education quality assurance body, and debates are underway about the way in which programmes and institutions can best perform initial teacher education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Hence governments need to adapt their vision and objectives of their regulatory regimes. In doing so, they can avoid and remove all barriers to the introduction of innovative ICT-based products and solutions across a wide range of sectors. London, United Kingdom, and Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Chulalongkorn University.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
My objective is to try and understand everybody's perspective and offer solutions that are least conflicting or confrontational. My father-in-law has come to respect this, and now consults me not only on family feuds but also on community issues. This is the biggest learning from my migration experience."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The health sector should be regarded as particularly important, since there are obvious unfulfilled needs in a crucial area, and some short-term return policies have obvious potential. Given the massive and increasing significance of migration throughout the PICs, the value of remittances (in economic and social terms) and the skill deficits in small states, it is now urgent that migration be more effectively absorbed into development policy formation and implementation. The study was greatly assisted by a large number of people in and outside government offices and the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2013". Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. Tracking Climate Finance: What and How?"
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Donors’ encouragement of collective action without considering the capacity of the state to respond can result in policy failure (Good Practice Note 8. Working with social movements, Unsworth and Moore, 2010). Their actions create new centres of power and challenge previously closed spaces of decision making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This co-ordination ensures that economic growth is promoted through the region’s municipal development agendas and with respect to environmental preservation and social cohesion across the territory. This requires that certain federal criteria be met, which do not often coincide with local government criteria. Moreover, federal government support is conditioned on the availability of public resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
About USD 17 bln was provided in 2014 though the amount was significantly reduced in 2015 as part of the subsidy reform. Fossil-fuel subsidies in Belarus steadily increased since 2010, reaching USD 1.6 bln and were approaching the level of subsidies in Azerbaijan in 2014 (USD 1.7 bln). Energy subsidies in Georgia and Moldova were much smaller but increased over the review' period to the levels of USD 228 and 182 mln, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article examines how everyday theories of masculinity and vernacular discourses of "masculinities in crisis" play crucial roles in misrecognizing, racializing, moralistically-depoliticizing, and class-displacing emergent social forces in the Middle East. Public discourses and hegemonic theories of male trouble render illegible the social realities of twenty-first-century multipolar geopolitics and the changing shapes of racialism, humanitarianism, nationalism, security governance, and social movement. In order to help generate new kinds of critical research on Middle East masculinities, this article creates a larger map of discourses and methods, drawing upon studies of coloniality and gender in and from the global South. This mapping puts masculinity studies into dialogue with critiques of liberalism and security governance and with work in postcolonial queer theory, public health studies, and feminist international relations theory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At the same time, price volatility has also become a major policy issue since the recent price spikes. Recent work in this area (OECD, 2011) has demonstrated that to focus policy on a single source of risk is not an efficient risk management approach. Rather than pursuing the reduction of farming risk or the stabilisation of farmers’ income, policies should focus on assisting farmers to manage risk. Risk management policies are more efficient if they are restricted to catastrophic risks for which markets tools are likely to fail. However, a risk layering approach would contribute to more effective policies as risks have different characteristics that require differentiated responses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It was not concluded a bilateral agreement between Norway and the Faeroe Islands for 2012 and 2013. The overall Norwegian fish quotas are allocated to different vessel groups, and the quotas are then distributed between the vessels holding the necessary licences (offshore fleet) or annual permits (coastal fleet) to participate in the groups. Each vessel is regulated with Individual Vessel Quotas (lVQs) set at a level where the vessel is guaranteed its quota, or at a level which implies moderate competition betw een vessels in the group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The Penang Government could be a catalyst in the birth of a cultural and creative hub. Creative sector is a key economic driver globally, in several major economies, the value of the cultural industries ranges between 3% and 6% of the total economy. Rich cultural traditions, ample recreational and entertainment facilities provide enhanced pull factors. Equally, Penang’s linguistic diversity and its population’s facility with languages such as English, Mandarin, Tamil and Malaya are important capacities useful in the regional positioning of Penang.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
If the perpetrator is a descendant or the spouse of the victim, the penalty is two years in prison and a 2 000 dinars fine. Article 53 of the UAE's penal code allows the imposition of “chastisement by a husband to his wife and the chastisement of minor children” so long as the assault does not exceed the limits prescribed by sharia. In such cases, the court may request compensation for the woman, at the discretion of the judge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Contents: Introduction 1. Public Enforcement of Law A. Mitchell Polinsky and Steven Shavell 2. Private Enforcement of Law Reza Rajabiun 3. Criminal Law and Regulation Anthony Ogus 4. Criminal Law and Torts Antony Dnes 5. Criminal Procedure Thomas Miceli 6. Plea-Bargaining and Prosecution Oren Gazal and Limor Riza 7. Political Economy of Criminal Procedure Vikramaditya S. Khanna and Keith N. Hylton 8. The Economics of Capital Punishment Joanna M. Shepherd 9. Corporate Crime Christopher Snyder and Wally Mullin 10. Organized Crime Vimal Kumar and Stergios Skaperdas 11. Corruption Roger Bowles 12. Tax Evasion and Avoidance Luigi Franzoni 13. Environmental Crimes Michael Faure 14. Cyber Crime Mark Cohen 15. Terrorism Nuno Garoupa, Jonathan Klick and Francesco Parisi 16. Behavioral Criminal Law and Economics Richard McAdams and Thomas S. Ulen
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Total health spending was 6.8% of GOP in 2015, of which nearly half is financed out-of-pocket on a fee-for-service basis. The government spent 7.1% of its total budget on health in 2015, the lowest share in the EU. Moreover, the difference in life expectancy at birth between men (79.9 years) and women (83.7 years) is lower than in most other EU countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, in Iceland, all increases were from a much smaller base. It is important to have the same countries in the model for every wave in order to be able to compare changes in the estimates across the waves of the survey. Italy had to be excluded because there is no data in the SaMip dataset for it from 2011 onwards. As before, the anchored poverty definition is used here: the dependent variable is whether the child under 18 lives in a household with equivalent disposable income below 60% of national median estimated in 2008 and then uprated for inflation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Indeed, promotion activities are performed by a mix of agencies, including the Foreign Investment Agency in the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI), Viet-TVade in the Ministry of TVade and Industry, the International Co-operation Department in MARD, and the promotion departments of provinces. Several constraints undermine private investment in the sector (Box 2). Such regulations intend to guarantee equal access to land among the rural population, but they limit land consolidation and hinder long-term investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Second, it discusses opportunities and challenges to make collaboration more effective and fruitful. Third, it offers a set of insights on concrete steps that could help build a stronger, more integrated megaregion. Western Scandinavia brings together the Norwegian capital and the second- and third-largest Swedish cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This study examined the dynamics of irregular migration and coping strategies of irregular migrants among irregular returnees in Nigeria. The aim was to understand the patterns of irregular migration, coping strategies of irregular migrants, and condition of homeland among irregular returnees. The study adopted the non-experimental research design and used qualitative tools to capture important nuances, impressions and anecdotes from thirty-eight (38) respondents in Lagos State. Data were gathered by In-depth Interviews (IDIs) and analyzed through manual content analysis. Results indicate that economic factors tend to influence irregular migration, especially among those who go by land, while a number of migrants in irregular situation adopt different strategies such as changing their real names and engaging in underground jobs in destination places to cope. Furthermore, many irregular returnees were unable to acquire useful skills or raise capital during their stay, this made efforts towards self-improvement and contribution to homeland development difficult.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In most countries, especially developing countries, there is a large gap in the availability of information and communication technologies (ICTs) between urban and rural locations, and Target 1 is important for ensuring that rural areas are not excluded from the information society. Because of their isolation, rural areas arguably stand to derive even more benefit from connectivity, since ICTs can deliver health, education and other services that might be less widely available there. The second underpins the first, in that one of the most practical methods of providing ICTs in rural areas in many developing countries is through shared access.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Incorrect data will still stay incorrect after putting it on the blockchain (“garbage in, garbage out”). The use of blockchain does not change the correctness of data. Data quality and validity checks that are written on the blockchain are key factors for consideration, as information that has been introduced to the blockchain cannot be reversed, but only corrected by adding a new block (Bauerle, 2018). Many blockchains are currently not projected to handle high throughput, fast processing speeds, or the large number of participants that may be required for a given application.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This could be done using market-based instruments like carbon taxes or emission trading schemes. These can provide a dynamic incentive for innovation, technological change and driving private finance towards low-carbon, climate-resilient investments. These can also generate revenues to ease tight government budgets and potentially provide new sources of public funds. For example, if the Copenhagen Accord pledges and actions for Annex I countries were to be implemented as a carbon tax or a cap-and-trade scheme with fully auctioned permits, in 2020 the fiscal revenues would amount to more than USD 250 billion, i.e 0.6% of their GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This chapter examines two dimensions of EU efforts regarding peacekeeping and peacebuilding. The first dimension is to highlight the EU role within EU bloc that was formerly called the EC. This dimension explores what are the imperatives of European ambition to resolve the inter-bloc disputes, conflicts and rivalries. This study entails that EU has been working hard for conflict resolution within the bloc, including Franco-German rivalry and ethno-national disparities of Northern Ireland. Second, this chapter underlines the role of EU in other European crises such as Yugoslav crises that turned the EC towards peacemaking during early and mid-1990s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This does not mean that the manufacturing of innovative products should be limited to Almaty City and Astana. Indeed, while OECD countries cities benefit from high-value scientific and technological innovation activity, the fruits of this work are often produced elsewhere. It is important not to neglect the innovation potential of Almaty City.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The underlying rationale for the strategies during this period was to achieve cohesion with Europe. The strategies took account of the national context, and recognised critical weaknesses of the innovation system. However, the institutional capacity to build up the evidence base for strategy development was weak at the time. Policies were developed top-down, involving little stakeholder consultation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
If popular constitutionalists are right about their sweeping court-skepticism, that would cast the entire European project of “integration through law” under the shadow of a hermeneutics of suspicion. But must popular constitutionalists reject judicial review wholesale? Is a rapprochement between legal and popular constitutionalism possible? Is there an argument to the effect that judicial review — even when exercised by courts “beyond” the democratic state — improves democratic legitimacy overall — and would such an argument be plausible in the European context? Drawing on the European experience, this paper therefore explores conditions of the possibility of such a rapprochement. It argues that judicial review, suitably understood, along the lines of a weak-remedies- or deliberative-experimentalist approach, can be part of an overall regime of deliberative democracy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
With prices now lower (albeit still above average levels over the past ten years), the emphasis has shifted to the chronic lack of smallholder development, with strong support for “smart” subsidies for seed and fertiliser. Of course, income growth (and the related objectives of poverty reduction and improved food security) is not the only objective in developing countries. Policies to improve incomes therefore need to be seen in the light of their impact on other objectives, such as sustainable resource use and improved gender equality. Furthermore, it is helpful to make a distinction between policies that can raise incomes in the short term, when economic structures are essentially fixed, and those that can facilitate a transition to economic structures that are capable of generating fundamentally higher incomes in the longer term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These developments have enabled the industry to respond well to a wide range of changing consumer preferences, while maintaining relatively low prices. But there are also concerns about their growing market power, about price transmission, transparency and what is a “fair” distribution of profits across the food chain. Both public food safety standards and private quality standards have been raised in response to consumer demands, but these imply higher compliance costs and some farmers, particularly in developing countries, may have difficulty in meeting the more stringent standards. In some cases there remains considerable scope for improving productivity through more widespread adoption of available technologies. Progress can also be made to make better use of what is produced - as much as one-third of food “disappearance” has been estimated as “waste”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The gaps between males and females differ considerably by race, the highest gap between males and females was for African American students, with almost 12.5% more females graduating. The next largest gap was among Alaska Native students, with almost 11% more Alaska Native females graduating than males. Alaska Native males had the lowest graduation rate - 47.7% - of any ethnic/gender group (Brian Laurent, personal communication, 3rd November 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Merseytravel, the local transport authority responsible for co-ordinating public transport in the Liverpool City Region, used accessibility analysis to estimate the impact of the more distant location, and to identify where new bus services would be needed. The assessment showed that providing the bus services required to maintain accessibility levels similar to those before relocation would mean a costly investment. When faced with the potential transport cost of the relocation, the health authority decided it would be cheaper to redevelop the hospital on the city centre site. Without conducting accessibility-based analysis, health authorities will often choose to build a new hospital on cheaper land far from a city centre so to make better use of the health budget.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Thus, programmes like the Teacher Salary Boost (Ldrarldnelyftet) could ameliorate the current teacher shortage in Sweden, but they also raise some concerns about equity among teachers. The programme aims to increase wages for up to 60 000 teachers per year, selected by the municipality or independent school provider based on a certain number of requirements. Additionally, Statskontoret found that the Teacher Salary Boost is linked to an imbalance in motivation, some principals reported that motivation increased among the teachers who received pay increases while it decreased among those who did not get pay raises. One reason could be that the financial contributions could create a perceived injustice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)