albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In addition, lack of domestic financing meant that the systems reached mainly the wealthiest rural population. Further, local firms did not engage in indigenous research or significant adaptation. It represents vibrant solar markets, with 150,000 units having been sold in 2004 and close to 300,000 in 2009 (REN21,2010). Yet, despite this relative commercial success, the industry has been plagued by quality problems (Jacobson and Kammen, 2007), owing to a lack of domestic expertise and capabilities as well as a weak regulatory framework. However, the development of the industry was hampered by the above-mentioned lack of domestic expertise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Both these options are limited in the short term, and in the longer term depend on investments in the expansion of productive capacities. Wages do not increase much in such economies, so domestic demand does not grow and employment creation is limited. Informal activities may persist and even expand in situations of relatively rapid economic growth. Industrial upgrading is thus crucial for these economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As these models are based on projected unit cost per cost category, their respective projected cost risk and pair-wise projected covariances of cost categories among generating technologies these models can only be used for short- to medium-term, forward-looking analysis. Given their probabilistic nature, they can be used for short-term or (at most) medium-term, forward-looking analysis only. They use historical information in a semi-heuristic way to generate probabilities and tolerance margins of power systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Feminist Security Studies (FSS) is quickly becoming a recognized area of research. Recent articles in Security Studies (Sjoberg 2009) and International Security (Hudson et al. 2008/9) specifically address the contributions of FSS to the field of security studies, a network of scholars working in FSS is regularly represented at the Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, and the terminology has been used in many recent publications (e.g. Hansen 2009, Shepherd 2010, Sjoberg and Martin 2010, Wibben 2009, 2011). Given the proliferation of feminist security scholarship, which is based on a variety of feminisms, feminist scholars should begin to debate the content and scope of their research. Not only is there now enough material to do so, but there also are some real differences in feminist scholarship—and these differences matter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Forum also helps identify gaps in pan-European research capacity as well as strategic needs associated with research infrastructures. Moreover, the Forum issues periodic recommendations on the management of research infrastructures and related human resources. Finally, ESFRI members are tasked with communicating the significance and importance of research infrastructures to a wider public.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Abstract   The 1988 Federal Constitution highlighted management councils as resources vital to the sedimentation of decentralization and participation principles in public policies' systems. According to the participatory ideal, it is necessary to balance the relationships between citizens and governments. From democracy and public administration paradigms perspective, this means to promote deliberative and societal forms. Starting from these considerations, it was searched, in this article, to understand the role of councils in the development of two principles of societal administration: the political-institutional reinvention and participative-deliberative democracy. After observing twelve councils in Lavras, MG, it was concluded that these are consistent sources of political and institutional innovation. However, its efficacy is limited regarding the sedimentation of the local deliberative democracy. Deficits of information, the social non-association, the fragile connection between representatives and represented and the government opportunism work for this.   Key words:  Public administration, Management councils, Societal administration, Deliberative democracy, Public deliberation
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In comparison, the Nordic countries, Belgium, France and the Netherlands are less generous in terms of cash support but provide considerable benefits in kind, particularly for childcare. They argue that promoting benefits in kind may have a more substantive redistributive effect than cash benefits. Research has shown that policy can have a strong effect on incentivising low-income women to work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The programme provides work-oriented guidance (four-month workshops) and training in various fields, in order to boost workforce insertion of low-income young people who are not in education or employment. It also offers job placement services, apprenticeships and support for the development of productive enterprises, while encouraging recipients to complete their studies (Repetto and Potenza DalMasetto, 2012). The Dominican Republic launched its Youth Job Programme (created in 2003) with the aim of improving the employability of low-income young people aged 16 to 29 who are in vulnerable situations, through theoretical courses and practical job training that are then combined with an apprenticeship in a company.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As of 2008, the United States government still funds 57 per cent of all basic research and approximately half of all applied research conducted in the country. The business sector invested mostly in applied research and 90 per cent of all product development activities.71 The specialization of actorsaswell as complementarities involved is further demonstrated through some examples. The United States spent an estimated $54 billions on basic research, $ 66.4 billion on applied research and $187.3 billion on development in 2006. In proportional terms, these are 18.7 per cent, 21.3 per cent and 60.0 per cent respectively of total R&D spending.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
When in force, it will help in coordinating responses to oil spills in the Caspian Sea. Implementation of the Programme is supported by GEF under the supervision of the relevant Steering Committee. The total summary budget for the period 2008-2011 was USS 47.343 million, of which US$ 32 million was provided by the Caspian Sea States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In part this is because measures of poverty rely on income or consumption data collected at the household level, rather than at the individual level. This makes it difficult to differentiate poverty rates within households, and hence to understand gender differences in the incidence, severity and impact of poverty. Using this measure, the study found that women are more likely to live in poverty in 41 out of 75 countries with data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Facilitating factors leading to the adoption of the reform Water pollution had been slowly mounting as a concern for the general public in the European Union. In 1988 the Council of Ministers of Environment requested the European Commission to work on a directive to tackle the issue in a holistic way. This began with the Nitrates and Waste Water Treatment Directives. In 1995, Council of Ministers of Environment and the European Parliament’s environmental committee requested the EU Commission to proceed with a more global approach to water policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Recently, criminologists have advocated understanding Bcrime as pollution^ to argued for market based crime control policy initiatives that mirror pollution control policy initiatives. That argument assumes that pollution control policies are effective social control mechanisms. This article explores definitional, conceptual, methodolog- ical, theoretical, and policy concerns which arise from the Bcrime as pollution^ concept. While the Bcrime as pollution^ position has sparked interesting policy discussions in criminology, we suggest that viewing crime as pollution is inconsistent with the scientific definitions and measurement of pollution. Moreover, environmental market based social control responses have generated significant environmental justice con- cerns the crime as pollution model overlooks and hence is likely to replicate. Rather
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Bearing in mind that the results are illustrative of a specific wage level, single part-timers pay more in taxes than they receive in benefits - in Slovenia, the fall in disposable income brings singles below the poverty line. In some countries, including Ireland, New Zealand and Japan, couples without children pay less in taxes than they receive in benefits, but in most countries the opposite is the case, and in some countries (Austria, Italy, Sweden and Switzerland), disposable income falls below the poverty line. In most countries, single parents who have two children and work part-time receive more in benefits than they pay in taxes, and in many of these countries the resulting increase in disposable income brings the household above the poverty line.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
They note that changes in ocean chemistry may be more important than changes in temperature for the performance and survival of many organisms. Furthermore, climatic impacts on one or a few “leverage species" may result in sweeping community-level changes. In turn, synergistic effects between climate and other anthropogenic variables, particularly fishing pressure, will likely exacerbate climate-induced changes. Indeed, in the short term, it is often effective management of fish stocks that is needed, to return the populations to relative health in the short term (Kell et al., A diversity of healthy stocks may then provide a greater buffer against the impacts of climate change on fish recruitment success and other direct and indirect impacts (Hilborn et al., Variation in natural resource systems are expected to occur with increased frequency and increased intensity of shocks, such as bleaching events and hurricanes, and the degradation and loss of resilience of coral reefs e.g. associated with ocean acidification (Hughes et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The length of the existence of parental leave rights in a country has an additional effect on its prevalence. In general, for each indicator to be comparable across time and countries, it is crucial that countries use similar concepts and methods in their calculation. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO :12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312301:NO ILO, 1981: The Workers with Family Responsibilities Recommendation, 1981 (No. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO :12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312503:NO ILO, 2000: Maternity Protection Recommendation, 2000 (No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Thus, the attempts by exporters and importers to offset the impacts of a price increase on themselves may be self-defeating. If all countries follow this type of policy, the stabilising impact on domestic prices is, on average, eliminated, although countries that insulate more than others may experience reductions in price volatility, while those who insulate less may experience increases in price volatility. Anderson and Nelgen (2012) compare the variability of domestic prices relative to border prices for various developing country regions and for high-income countries for the periods 1955-84 and 1985-2004 (that is, before and following the major economic policy reforms that began for many countries in the mid-1980s).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Where local production of a patented drug promises to be cheaper than importation (at least in the medium term), thus enhancing the population’s access to that drug, it would seem inappropriate to consider the different treatment of imports and locally produced drugs as “discrimination” within the meaning of TRIPS Article 27.1. But the United States later withdrew the complaint, agreeing with Brazil on bilateral consultations in case the Brazilian Government intends to invoke the local working ground against a United States patent holder.390 Thus, countries that are decided to introduce a local working requirement need to be aware of the risk of facing WTO dispute settlement proceedings for alleged infringement of Article 27.1, TRIPS Agreement, despite the fact that a number of solid arguments seem to support the legality of such a requirement for public health purposes. This definition does not apply to measures taken to promote access to life-saving medicines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Approximately 30 million Mexicans currently live in settlements with less than 2 500 inhabitants. Rural communities are often excluded and have limited financial or human resources to meet the water requirements of rural Mexicans. In rural zones, alternative ways for service provision are required as the imbalance of wealth presents problems for the economic sustainability of water projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Agriculture production risks may also have different types of economic effects on producers, market chain actors, consumers of the concerned products, and even other consumers if they impact the price of other commodities. These impacts will often be less extreme the further from the maximum risk location (hotspot) and the longer after a shock (if there is a shock), but different types of impacts may also disturb this ripple-like effect. A first tier of impacts, mainly agriculture production-related, encompasses direct effects in the targeted (hotspot) regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It establishes as norms the ‘strengthening of co-operative action' and ’promoting and enhancing access', and builds on the 'Technology Mechanism' already established under the Kyoto Protocol in 2010. It regrettably, however, provides little detail as to how these norms must, should or will be pursued in practice. These may take many forms - pollution controls that also result in GHG mitigation, land use regulations, clean infrastructure investment targets, or policies aimed at fostering of innovations or new industries. B. (2015). ' State and trends of carbon pricing 2015'Washington. A. (January 21.2016). '
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These findings are consistent with those of Gregg and Vittori (2009) who examined the mobility in labour earnings of individuals aged 20-64 in Denmark, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK, also using ECHP data. Longer-term earnings inequality reduction was greatest in Denmark followed by Italy. Germany was the least mobile, with Spain and the UK in between. Riener (2012) investigated the extent to which declines in inequality are directly related to the frequency and magnitude of relative income variations, using ECHP data for 13 European countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Beyond this general tendency, climate change is likely to have impacts of a different nature on the water cycle in different regions of the world. Notably, available climate projections indicate likely increases in mean precipitations at high latitudes as well as at mid-latitude wet areas, and decreases in summer precipitation in mid-latitude and sub-tropical dry areas (IPCC, 2013). In regions with rain-dominated catchments, enhanced flow' seasonality was concluded by various studies, implying higher peak flows and decreased low flow's and extended dry periods (IPCC, 2007a, EEA, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Alvarez, I. (2013). Increasing the Gender Gap: The Impacts of the Bioeconomy and Markets in Environmental Services on Women, Global Forest Coalition, Asuncion, Paraguay and Amsterdam. The plights of African resources patenting through the lenses of the World Trade Organisation: an assessment of South Africa's rooibos tea's labyrinth journey, African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 23, 11 (5), 41-47. Understanding the motivations: The first step toward influencing China's unsustainable wildlife consumption, TRAFFIC East Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Similar disparities were found in Egypt and other developing countries in these and other indicators of maternal and child health (Montgomery, 2009). Thus, although there is an urban health advantage, health disparities are larger in urban than in rural areas, and the burden of disease bome by the urban poor is similar to that borne by rural populations. For example, poor households may lack the information or the agency needed to seek health care. In addition, poor city dwellers often live in close proximity to health services yet lack access to basic sanitation or safe drinking water, thereby facing a higher risk of contracting communicable diseases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Foggin, 2010, p. 7). In the United States, small businesses that became suppliers to large corporations saw their average revenue grow by 250 per cent and their average number of employees grow by more than 150 per cent (NWBC, 2015). To date, over 1,300 Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) from across the globe have signed statements of support for the Women’s Empowerment Principles (WEPs), signaling their support for and commitment to gender equality and women’s empowerment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The challenge was to redraw a new line dividing German Togoland into two separate territories. In 1919, the ‘Milner-Simon agreement’ between the English and the French attributed 60% of German Togoland to France and 40% to Britain. The provisional line mainly followed natural features. According to Raunet (2016), when the Milner-Simon line cut communities in two, villages could decide whether they wanted to be under British or French rule and had six months to relocate on either side of the line.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It underpins private sector and human development by enabling the movement of people, goods and services. It provides access to local, regional and global markets, as well as health, education, water, energy and communications services. It provides an overview of the financing for development agenda, highlighting the critical role of official development assistance (ODA) in the least developed countries (LDCs), as well as its catalytic role in higher-income developing countries. An analysis of total 2002-15 aggregate aid-for-trade disbursements of around USD 300 billion follows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In response to the US Supreme Court's holding in Penry v. Lynaugh, the Texas Legislature modified the State's 44capital sentencing statute. An additional question was added to the special issues framework that was designed explicitly to focus jurors' attention on mitigating circumstances as mandated by the Court. In order to measure the impact of the decision, data were examined from 192 death penalty trials from the two-year periods prior to and after the revisions were implemented. The results of this study indicate that the legislative reform had little influence on the sentencing of capital defendants. The level of future dangerousness posed by defendants remains the primary determinant of decisions made by juries after the legislative reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Second is the emergence of temporary, part-time, casual home-based jobs, alongside the decline of the welfare state in developing countries.19 Privatization and restructuring have in many places—notably Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia—led to layoffs that have affected women relatively more than men. Thus, like their peers elsewhere, young women in Arab countries must toil disproportionately to find meaningful, fulfilling and properly remunerated employment, especially in their first jobs after university. Women are working mainly in the public sector. In Jordan, for example, 82 percent of women's positions are in the public sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The category receiving the lowest monthly income is domestic service workers —95% of whom are women (ECLAC, 2013b)— whose income is slightly lower than that of unskilled self-employed workers. The monthly income of own-account workers is relatively similar to that of public sector workers. Although it is not possible to monitor the working life and the trend in labour income of each member of the active labour force on the basis of household surveys, an analysis of labour income levels in different age cohorts gives a good indication. As shown in figure I.8.B, and as may be expected, labour income (wages, income from independent work or employers' earnings) increases as workers gain more experience. Nonetheless, labour income levels are clearly the highest among workers aged 50-54 years, and then decline gradually, by 4.7% on average for those aged 55-59 years and by 13.7% among workers aged 60-64 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The inability to form psychological profiles of individual members across a variety of extremist groups, as well as the recognition in extremism and terrorism research indicates that no adequate personality profile exists. This requires an analysis of other factors that influence the radicalisation process. By drawing on social identity theory, this paper offers a psycho-social explanation for how people define themselves in relation to their social group, as well as how the intra-group relationships can lead to extreme behaviour and resistance to counter efforts. These groups promote a salient social identity that becomes intrinsic to the self to the extent that members would risk their wellbeing, or that of others, to enhance or maintain their group’s cause.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Support is also becoming more tied to certain conditions, as well as decoupled from production and input use. Producers, if they want to receive support, are now more often obliged to contribute to improvements, for example, in the environment, rural amenities, or better treatment of animals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Chapter 2 describes the methodology used for the quantitative analysis, with a brief description of the modelling tools, and a brief explanation of the modelling scenarios. Chapter 3 introduces the baseline projection of economic activity and environmental pressure, while Chapter 4 presents the main results from the modelling analysis. These risks could affect agriculture production, markets, trade and food security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Finding one's place within changing labour markets, the two Norwegian researchers address some of the issues of their previous research, these are also outlined in this report. Their research addresses issues of gender, education and a changing labour market and work life and how these issues impact young adults as regards their choice of education and mobility patterns. The men of Northern Norway are, however, mainly employed within building and construction. Aure particularly emphasises that despite the lack of a highly educated labour force, it may be difficult to find acceptance in the local communities of Norway. Munkejord (2006) also focuses on Norwegians from other parts of the country choosing to reside in Northern Norway and seeks to form an understanding of their motivations behind moving and in particular their motivations behind settling in the peripheral areas as opposed to in the larger cities in the southern part of Norway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The 2010 biodiversity target, to “significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss”, agreed by parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 2002, has not been met. However, only 28% of land is covered by binding local land use plans and many individual construction permits are issued on a case-by-case basis (OECD, 2011). To prevent encroachment on protected areas, including national parks, protected area administrations carry the burden of proof: they must show that development would have detrimental environmental effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)