albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The paper asks if auto-equilibrating market mechanisms will spontaneously equalise income growth rates and stabilise inequality. It concludes that the more likely scenario is continued unbalanced income growth. This, in turn, implies, on the economic side, consumption and savings flows which accumulate to changed stocks of indebtedness, financial fragility, and periodic macro-economic crises, and, on the social side, to increasing inequality of opportunity and political influence. Greater economic and socio-political instabilities are therefore the most likely consequence of increasing income inequality over time. Mais ces comparaisons posent implicitement que les niveaux actuels d’inegalite sont constants. Or, la distribution des revenus ne peut etre constante que si les revenus croissent au meme rythme a tous les centiles de la distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A drop in the region's relative productivity would make it harder to sustain growth and would require adjusting the level of activity (or employment) or the real exchange rate in order to regain competitiveness, to the detriment of equality, at least in the short run. Figure 1.14 shows how Latin America's relative productivity has evolved with respect to the United States since 1990 and confirms a negative trend that raises questions about the future: from 18% of the United States rate in 1990, the region's productivity has fallen to just 15% twenty years later. Productivity and structure move in tandem, changes in the production structure are tied to the evolution of productivity differentials between developing and developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For instance, table 3 shows that having a child aged under 6 is associated with a penalty of 18%, while in the case of older children the wage penalty is 9.9% (ols). If the periods before and after the economic shock are considered separately, the penalty seems to have been relatively stable over time in the case of mothers of older children (9%), decreasing however from 23.2% in 1995-1998 to 13.9% in 1999-2003 for mothers of younger children. For mothers of children aged under 6, the penalty is 30.5% in the tenth percentile, 23.6% in the twenty-fifth, 10.3% in the fiftieth, 12.5% in the seventy-fifth and 12.6% in the ninetieth, again offering supporting evidence for the sticky floor hypothesis in the informal sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Furthermore, human-induced forest fires are also common in the GMS during the dry period. Typical reasons behind these fires are land clearing, hunting, swidden agriculture, pest removal, promoting grass growth for cattle grazing burning stubble, honey collection and accidental burning. Among the indirect drivers, population growth, socio-economic progress and weak governance are the main causes of forest loss.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Yemeni government has implemented this gender auditing process in several government sectors at the national level and within four govemorates. Between 2006 and 2010, administrative leaders received training in gender analysis and mainstreaming in development planning, preparation, implementation and analysis of gender budgeting. Good quality gender-disaggregated data is required in all areas of public policy, along with a framework and structures for collecting data, linkages with a gender equality vision and strategy, and the capacity to undertake research and analysis within the government and outside (OECD, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The increased public social spending, the ongoing State-led investments in the development of the hydrocarbons sector, as well as the Government’s initiatives to diversify the economy through helping the manufacturing and construction sectors contributed to job creation and helped somewhat in boosting domestic demand and avoiding a rapid slowdown in economic growth. Gold production, accounting for nearly half of industrial production, was hindered due to a combination of difficult weather conditions and labour strikes at the Kumtor gold mine, the largest mining site in the country. Output of the manufacturing sector also fell, which led to a slowing of exports. On the positive side, remittance growth rebounded strongly, supported by the steady economic expansion of the Russian Federation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For instance, the quality of general education in Tunisia has been considered as relatively low compared to other middle income countries. This is shown by Tunisia’s PISA scores (Figure 4.3). While setting these objectives is a valuable first step the most demanding challenge will lie in implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As production is uneconomic, the government decided to phase out the subsidy by 2018. In 2011 EUR 2 billion of public funds were'saved'as the phase-out progressed. ( In November 2014, fuel subsidies in Indonesia were reduced by USD 9.6 billion from a budgeted USD 30 billion or 18% of public budget in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The document recognizes children's right to freely express their views in all matters affecting them and insists that these views be given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the children voicing them (Article 12). It further proclaims children's right to freedom of all forms of expression (Article 13). Children are entitled to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Article 14), to privacy and protection from unlawful attack or interference (Article 16) and to freedom of association and peaceful assembly (Article 15). The responsibility to secure these conditions lies mainly with parents and guardians, but States parties are obliged to assist and "in case of need provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The introduction of individuals’ education as an additional explanatory factor allows distinguishing two distinctive channels of family influence. First, an indirect effect going through the transmission of education across generations. Second, a residual or direct effect linked to everything else not related to education like the transmission of genetics, social norms, contacts and so forth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Such an approach represents good practice in budget formulation. At the same time, though, there is a perception from the health side that actual allocation decisions are still largely determined by less tangible factors such as interpersonal relationships and subjective rather than objective evaluations of these business plans. If they make a strong case this can lead to increases in conditional grants for health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In order to avoid such unintended consequences and to increase the potential of energy efficiency for reducing pressure on the environment, large scale energy efficiency measures should be implemented together with other policies that can more generally internalise environmental externalities of economic activities, such as removing or reducing fossil fuel subsidies, introducing an effective price on carbon, carbon trading scheme, and the like. On their own, then, energy efficiency measures must therefore be seen as - at best - a very imperfect substitute for demand reduction. Nevertheless, they are an indispensable element of any serious green growth strategy, since they can play a critical role in softening the impact of higher fuel prices (resulting from a carbon tax or some other price-based mechanism) on production and consumption. Moreover, programmes to help low-income households improve energy efficiency can also help mitigate the distributional consequences of many demand-reduction policies, as these can sometimes hit the poorest hardest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Land use forms a critical pillar of the plan which aims to introduce and seek approval for spatial plans in each of Metro Cebu’s 13 LGUs. At this stage, it is uncertain how many of Metro Cebu’s 13 LGUs have approved their respective spatial plan (Table 2.1). It is equally unclear the extent to which these local administrations will influence the development of their relevant comprehensive land use plans (CLUPs) based on the JICA roadmap land-use plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, the discussion remains focussed on the total effect, without decomposing the fertiliser and biofuel policies. The modified reference scenario assumes that biofuel mandates are binding in all countries apart from Brazil, and that the EU blending target of 7% will be met. In Brazil, the share of biofuels in total transport fuel use is projected to be 12%, which is significantly lower than the results presented above (32%).3 Compared with the non-modified reference scenario, the mandatory biofuel shares have a higher ad valorem equivalent subsidy (about 1.5 percentage points higher in each of the countries with biofuel mandates).34 This implies that abolishing the assumed biofuel policies should intensify the results described above on agricultural production and prices, and, as a result, income in all affected countries apart from Brazil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Available data on schools with access to computers and the Internet suggest that, while a number of developing countries have achieved 100 per cent access to computers in both primary and secondary schools, many other countries lag behind. Another SDG 4 target is to enhance the skills needed for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship. This will be measured by the proportion of young people and adults with a range of ICT skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Agencies and institutions work closely to develop and implement national strategies in many different areas or issues. On sustainable issues, the commitment to integrated action at the national level is shown in the establishment of the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Sustainable Development (IMCSD) in January 2008. There is usually a lead agency or ministry that oversees and implements policies in a particular area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Simultaneously, a stronger enforcement of the anti-littering regulation must be enforced to accompany pricing reforms and deter indiscriminate disposal and illegal dumping across the metro area. In Japan, Korea and Switzerland where a number of households are subject to the PAYT, significant positive impacts have been seen as waste generated has decreased. An OECD study indicates that PAYT reduces w'aste generation between 16% and 20% (OECD, 2014a). Likewise, volume charging for mixed waste also saw increases in rate of household composting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, it has committed to work towards a low-carbon economy. The Ministry of Environment has developed the Low-Emission Development Strategy (LEDS) to 2030 (Ministry of Environment, 2016) and a National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (GoM, 2014a, Decree No. The development of renewable energy and increased energy efficiency in the residential and industrial sectors, transport and agriculture are among Moldova’s priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This work has highlighted the differences between the types of risks faced and the respective role of government in addressing them. Namely, some level of fluctuations in output or price represent normal risks and should be managed by producers. On the other extreme, there are catastrophic risks from extreme, uncertain and infrequent events that create damage beyond the capacity of farmers or the market to cope.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This law will contain basic principles on implementation of EE measures in production, transmission, distribution and energy consumption, reducing the cost of production and service, reducing of energy consumption, higher efficiency, eco-design requirements, use of EE technologies, sustainability in terms of environmental impact as well as integrated approach to reduce primary energy consumption and environmental impact. The establishment of the Energy Efficiency Fund is seen as a necessary tool to increasing energy efficiency and stimulating rational energy use. The new Energy Law was adopted in 2011 and amended in 2011 and 2013. The timeframe of the strategy is until 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The dominant form is incremental, particularly in developing countries. The rise in incremental innovation in low-wage countries has contributed to increased exports of high-quality and sophisticated manufactured goods (Puga and Trefler 2010). Some sectors are characterized by rapid change and radical innovations, others by smaller, incremental changes. In high-tech sectors, research and development (R&D) plays a central role in innovation, whereas other sectors rely to a greater degree on the adoption of existing knowledge and technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2015, the consultancy Incentive supported by Dansk Bygningsarv A/S presented the results of a study commissioned by Realdania (www.realdania.dk) - a large non-profit organization focusing its financial assets on preservation of the built heritage and development of local communities in Denmark. The study clearly demonstrated that listed buildings - apart from the obvious values to their inhabitants and people living nearby or visiting the neighborhoods - also bring a considerable added-value to the housing market. For instance, single-family houses classified as preservation-worthy were on average sold for an 18% higher price per square meter. The added-value was even higher-30% - if only houses with the highest preservation values were included in the comparison. It was clearly demonstrated that a majority of tourists visited the town due to its cultural or built heritage, and that the economic impact of the visitors was considerable in term of job creation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Food production accounts for about 70 per cent of global water withdrawal (OECD 2005), but now that the world’s population is more than 50 per cent urban, cities are drawing increasing shares from rural areas in what is now often a zero-sum game. When water shortages occur, the city tends to be favoured over the countryside, putting food and industrial crop production at higher risk as urbanization focused on the world’s great coastal cities proceeds. The break-up of the Soviet Union, the advent of market-oriented economic transitions in China and Vietnam, and the shift in national economic policy in India toward more accommodation of international trade have added substantially to the transformation of Asia from agrarian to industrial and even post-industrial economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In respect of geographical coverage of the country and representativeness of Georgian biomes, critical gaps still exist, in particular in the Central Caucasus mountain range (the regions of Svaneti, Raja, Lechkhumi and Khevsureti). Protected areas appear isolated and no actions are taken for establishing an interconnected protected area network. Nevertheless, a plan and steps to set up a protected area network exist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Nevertheless, the age-standardised death rate in Costa Rica decreased from 556 per 100 000 inhabitants in 1990 to 462 per 100 000 inhabitants in 2010. Important for this development was an improved access to primary health care services during the 1980s and 1990s, allowing for quicker detection of diseases. Ischemic heart disease ranked highest with 10.2% of all YLL in 2010, which corresponds to a 40% increase from the levels in 1990 (Table 1.1) (IHME, 2011). However, the second and third causes of YLL due to premature mortality in 2010 were road injury and interpersonal violence, with 7.3% and 4.5% of all YLL respectively (59% and 142% higher than levels in 1990 respectively), pointing out an urgent need in the prevention of injuries and violence in the country . As measured by disability adjusted life years (DALY),3 it was estimated that the leading cause of burden of disease in Costa Rica in 2010 was ischemic heart disease, followed by major depressive disorder, lower back pain, road injury and asthma. These risk factors in combination with increasing life expectancy have driven up the prevalence and mortality of NCDs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In such cases, well-planned design of the tax instrument over a number of years can ensure that revenue increases substantially or at least remains stable over time - for example, by introducing a gradual increase in tax rates (a tax escalator) to compensate for gradually falling consumption as economic actors respond to the price signal created by the tax. This is particularly important in developing countries, where government budgets are limited and tend to be vulnerable to price shocks. In China, for example, differentiated grid prices for desulfurized electricity had a clearly defined objective of driving the desulfurization of coal generation (see Section 5.7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This may be related to the fact that dental care is not part of the publicly funded health care coverage (Chapter 2). Any inequalities in unmet care needs is likely to result in poorer health status of the total population and increase health inequalities. Based on the Gini coefficient, the commonly used indicator to examine income inequality, Latvia has the second highest income inequality after Lithuania in the European Union (European Union, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As will be seen below, this is largely caused by the high participation and weight of retirement benefits, but it is also due to the fact that the proportion of households dependent solely on transfers of that type is lower. On average, transfers cut households’ poverty level by 6.5 percentage points. The number of people living in poverty, however, is down by only 5 percentage points. This is because it is easier to reduce poverty in households comprising fewer members, since the most significant transfers —pensions and retirement benefits— generally target older persons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In practice, for a relatively small country such as Georgia, 90% of water pollution is likely to be caused by a few' dozen of the major polluters, which w'ill facilitate checks on compliance at source -though regular monitoring of water status will be needed, and the current monitoring and data collection systems will need to be reinforced. There is strong synergy between the tw'O processes: effective licensing requires information about all actual and potential uses of water w'ithin river basins. There is also the option of earmarking some or all of the proceeds of abstraction and pollution charges to the budgets of the new river basin management councils.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The value follows a declining trend to reach about 600 million Euros in 2010 and just above 500 million Euros in 2020 even though the carbon sink has increased. This means that under the assumed market conditions, the rate of decrease in the value is faster than the rate of increase in the sink. It can be noted here that the present value of the sink increases both with the increase of CO2 price and the decrease of market interest rate. With the former one, the present value still follows the declining path and the rate of decline increases over time, while with the latter the rate of decline decreases or the present value increase over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It also appears ineffective since it does not support a functional governance framework aimed at the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. The Law supports a PA system that is centered round State reserves (IUCN Category la), some of which are surrounded by IUCN Category IV/V PAs. They also exclude local resource users and hence cannot be strengthened through the introduction of economic incentives to sustainable natural resource use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Well-known methods include contingent valuation and choice experiments. A well-known method is hedonic pricing of property characteristics, i.e. wherethe impact of environmental quality attributes on prices of properties is distinguished from otherfactors that affect prices. Travel cost methods used to value recreation benefits of ecosystems are often also included in this category.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Superficially very different from the first three groups of product-based economic instruments, EPR schemes typically take the form of legislation imposing various obligations on producers, including rules requiring them to recover and recycle end-of-life products. Producers - either individually or collectively - may comply with these obligations by setting up arrangements to encourage a high rate of product return and recycling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Forest area in GMS countries decreased from more than 48 percent in 1990 to less than 46 percent in 2015. However, estimates on the extent of forest loss and change vary among countries. Overall in the study period, the GMS had a 5 percent decline in forest area, mainly due to forest loss of around 1.2 percent annually in Cambodia and Myanmar, but at the same time, Thailand and Viet Nam experienced forest gain due to forest plantation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Infant mortality is considered to be one of the greatest expressions of social injustice. Thus, the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in 1989 urged adhering states to take the necessary steps to reduce it progressively and as a guarantee of equal opportunities. This objective was further supported by a series of subsequent international conferences, in which specific goals of reduction, both in the level as well as in the differences between social sectors, were laid down. Among them: The World Summit for Children in 1990, the International Conference on Population and Development in 1994, the Millennium Summit in 2000 and the Special Session on Children in 2002.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Trebilcock and Rosenstock (2015), reviewing the benefits and drawbacks of PPPs for developing economies, find that relative to traditional procurement, PPPs are complex, they require governments to anticipate and plan for contingencies, and to monitor and enforce contracts over the long term. They argue that institutional capacity is a key determinant of PPP success. The price tag for carrying out PIDA between 2011 and 2040 is estimated at around USD 360 billion. This outlay is beyond the financing capacity of African governments or their donors. Attracting private sector financing is therefore essential for the realisation of the various infrastructure projects envisioned under the programme (NEPAD, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
M-PESA is an example of an initially not-for-profit inclusive innovation that reached commercial viability, as well as soft funding and government support, after several years of trial and error (Foster and Heeks, 2013). Drawing conclusions on the share of inclusive innovations that have successfully scaled up is arduous, since the main analysis to date is based on case studies. However, the fact that only a few of the cases (see Section 4.2.),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The debate is also a promising way of interacting with a broad audience. The downside is that the traditional representative organisations like the umbrella organisations do not always find it easy to mark their position in this melee of opinions and contributions. Since these organisations are vital for the implementation of the attainment targets, the government should offer them a clear position in the debate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)