albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
One social innovation, for example, consists of leasing rather than buying land from farmers for rural solar installations. This not only reduces project costs but also engages farmers as “partners in development”.55 The introduction of “solar double cropping” constitutes a simple technical innovation. This involves die installation of solar panels that are spaced out and placed at a height that permits the land underneath to be used for agricultural purposes.56 This technique is expected to lower irrigation needs by better retaining soil moisture and to reduce heat stress in crops and livestock.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
While there are several exceptions, in many countries the poverty rate tends to be inversely proportionate to the age of the person. Thus, in most countries, poverty among the 55 and over age group tends to be lower than the average (see figure 1.8). I 8 5 - list' ! Paraguay (2011) and Plurinational Stale of Bolivia (2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, misuse of pesticides and fertilisers may have implications for the crops of other farmers nearby. Through randomized control trials in five counties in Hebei and Anhui provinces, Burger et al. ( They observe significant heterogeneity in the quality of the programmes, suggesting that training and performance-based incentives for facilitators will be important for any broader roll-out of farmer field schools. Food safety risks have arisen numerous times over the past decade, such as when daces of carcinogenic drugs administered by farmers were found in turbot in Beijing and Shanghai (Gale and Buzby, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In doing so, it funds the early deployment of these technologies and allows these products and services and the businesses that produce them to become viable to larger markets. In particular, KfW in Germany offers programmes that provide particularly favourable refinancing schemes for municipal investment especially in structurally weak areas. These range from investments in infrastructure - including the development of industrial parks, road construction and sewerage networks - to investments in building refurbishment to improve energy efficiency and in the expansion of renewable energies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There are good examples of where donors and supporters are helping to build statistical capacity in recipient countries. For example, the Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) is working with the World Resource Institute (WRI) to provide technical assistance to establish impact monitoring and evaluation systems for adaptation programmes20 (GIZ, 2013). In Mexico, AFD is, beside its financial contributions to the national climate strategy (PECC - Programa Especial de Cambio Climatico), providing technical support to the implementation of the result-based national monitoring system of this cross-cutting policy (AFD 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It also introduced the principle of cost recovery and confirmed public ownership of coastal and internal waters and groundwater, which had been extended to groundwater by the Galli Law. It introduced river basin districts, required economic analysis of water management and confirmed the full cost recovery principle. As a result, different regulations on water protection and water services are now contained in one legislative document. However, the reform process was spread over time and, to date, the implementation of some its provisions is pending mainly because of difficulties in introducing and using the new model of governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The aggregate amount of carbon emissions from six ASEAN nations (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam) surpassed 1 300 million tonnes in 2010.7 Although the region's relative contribution to global C02 emissions remained modest (at around 4%), the amount of carbon emissions from these ASEAN countries grew by 5.5% per annum on average between 1990 and 2010, compared with an annual increase of 0.7% in OECD countries. In Southeast Asia nearly a third of the region's total population still earn less than USD 2 a day (ASEAN, 2009). It is in this context that "green growth" has attracted much attention from ASEAN policy makers as an alternative to traditional export-led growth strategy ("grow first, clean up later"). Should it continue, this conventional strategy could increase human costs due to greater congestion and pollution and further reduce resilience to external natural shocks, such as extreme weather events, which often hit the region badly. On the one hand, the developed countries, as well as those in transition, make specific emission limitation and reduction commitments (as inscribed in Annex B), with a view to reducing their overall emissions by at least 5% below 1990 levels in the commitment period from 2008 to 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Industrialisation provides distinct advantages in terms of value added and employment opportunities compared to the agricultural sector, especially for emerging and developing countries. However, industrialisation is by no means a homogeneous phenomenon and highly depends on country-specific effects (for example, quality of institutions, the regulatory framework or the set of policy measures), resource endowments and the economy's income level. While employment in formal manufacturing jobs has mainly decreased in industrialised countries, a relatively strong increase in manufacturing employment can be observed for some developing and emerging regions of the world, i.e. East Asia and the Pacific.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Chapter 5, “Conclusions”, was written by the project team. This is especially true for advanced industrial or post-industrial societies, where electricity provides the services essential for production, communication and exchange. Unsurprisingly, governments of OECD countries are thus concerned with understanding the factors influencing the security of energy and electricity supplies and seek to develop policy frameworks and strategies to enhance them. However, before proceeding towards the demonstration of the contribution of nuclear energy, the complex concept of “security of energy supply” must itself be defined and made amenable both to the formulation of concrete policy objectives and numerical verification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These OECD-average elasticities are then applied to the country-specific changes in harmonised unemployment and output gap that were observed between 2007 and 2009. The unweighted OECD-average spending prediction based on observed declines in the output gap is just over 1% of GDP higher than actual spending. This historically low responsiveness of social spending to falling output could be sizeable enough to have weakened the automatic stabilisation effect from social spending during the 2008-09 recession, but any such effect may have been offset by the large discretionary fiscal stimulus enacted by many governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Life expectancy among 20-24-year-olds was 54.4 years in 1990 and had risen to only 54.7 by 2010. In a comparable time period, life expectancy among 20-24-year-olds increased from 54.7 to 59.0 years in neighbouring Syria, which had not yet experienced violent conflict. During the invasion of 2003, public institutions, including health care facilities, were frequently looted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Factors such as technology, costs, digital literacy and, in particular, compelling content and applications that meet consumer preferences, will be key to this transition. Governments will be responsible for implementing adequate policies and regulations that allow and enable a broadband ecosystem to develop and take root as a means to support economic growth and social development. In doing so, governments must design ICT policies and regulation that accurately reflect the limits of market forces alone to deliver efficient outcomes that benefit consumers, as well as the way such limits may shift as the ICT sector evolves and matures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
By then, nearly one-third of the total primary energy supply was generated by the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant, located at the eastern border of the country. Closedown of this plant was completed in 2009 as part of the country’s accession agreement with the European Union. In order to reduce Lithuania's dependence on fossil fuel imports for energy production, plans call for the opening of a new nuclear reactor by 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
One of the contributing factors to this problem and a large hurdle for healthcare providers is vaccine spoilage, as many vaccines need to be stored at temperatures between 2 and 8 degrees Celsius. With over 200,000 vaccine refrigerators in use in the developing world alone, most of them in harsh and remote environments, keeping the cold chain up and running is a major challenge. Now, using loT technologies, Nexleaf's ColdTrace system monitors and records the refrigerator temperatures and send out SMS alert messages whenever there is a problem (i.e., when temperatures rise above a predetermined threshold). Nexleaf has developed a mobile-enabled temperature sensor device that uploads data to a cloud-based serve in near real-time via GPRS or SMS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In many countries the fiscal stance is shifting to tackle unprecedented deficits and rising debt-to-GDP ratios. Cuts in social spending are part of many fiscal consolidation plans, and pressure on social spending is set to increase further. Yet, little is currently known on who are the young most at risk of long-term poverty, what their main barriers to stable employment are, and how they can be helped in attaining financial independence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It has to be noted that high rates of mean income growth in the bottom decile have to be interpreted with great caution because they are likely to be influenced by the 'regression to the mean'3 and by the fact that small absolute changes from a very low base appear as large changes in relative terms. This shows variation in income growth patterns over the crisis, with relatively higher rates of income growth in the first years of the crisis. The analysis also illustrates that prior to the crisis, relative income growth in households with children was considerably higher in each income decile (see real income growth, 2006-2009 in Figure 1). The income growth was pro-poor in each time period considered, with much higher percentage growth before the crisis than during the crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Hohfeld is one of the best-known analytical philosophers to have written in the area of private law in western, common law legal systems in the twentieth century, but it is sometimes suggested that his scheme has had little impact on the law. One hundred years after his death, this article assesses the man and the impact of his work, noting a resurgence of interest in him amongst both commentators and courts. It suggests that there are two good reasons why his analytical philosophy is more relevant and useful today than ever - its potential to discipline and rationalise an increasingly insistent and ubiquitous rhetoric of rights, and the assistance it can provide in unpicking the complexity of the relationship between private law and the modern administrative state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Residential schools, on the other hand, contribute to the enhancement of the academic performance of students, including that of girls, by sparing them the burden of travelling long distances and performing domestic chores. One of the disadvantages of residential schools is the risk they pose of physical and sexual abuse: indigenous girls are often at risk of becoming pregnant and then dropping out of school and in some cases, expelled from school. Not only is the enrolment rate for indigenous children, especially for the girl child, very low, but there is a higher dropout rate among indigenous children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is in the process of preparing a partnership with Students in Free Enterprise (SIFE) chapters in Moroccan universities to strengthen its links within the university network, this will also help to generate more innovative projects from young educated women. The Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) funded the Casablanca incubator, UN Women supported the Rabat incubator and the National Human Development Initiative (INDH), a government initiative, provided the space to create the incubator in El Jadida. Funding has also been provided by AECID, MEPI, the Dutch Embassy (for the incubator in El Jadida), and the OCP Group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the time of writing, the government was finalising the establishment of an independent body with all of the recognised prerogatives of an ombuds office. Some 70% of those cases involve social security or pensions, and over the previous four years, 65% of cases have been resolved. The remaining 30% concern employees of the Ministiy of Finance who have been dismissed, passed over for promotion or arbitrarily transferred. Each equal opportunities unit meets periodically with the National Council for Women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Anthropometric measurements to assess growth and development, particularly in young children, are the most widely used indicators of nutritional status in a community. The indicator is measured separately for relevant major diseases, typically in cases per 100,000 people. The goals of sustainable development can only be achieved in the absence of a high prevalence of debilitating diseases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While inter-connection of urban clusters and their linkage to international transport networks is invariably crucial to national economic development, this review will focus more specifically on transport within urban areas, as opposed to inter-urban transport, given the urgent transport challenges observed especially within large urban areas in Viet Nam. Taking a balanced approach to transport development, this policy framework gives attention to transport needs in rural as well as urban areas, while also acknowledging the interdependence of rural and urban transport systems. The 2013 adjustment has given priority to the development of mass transit systems, initially in Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City, in order to decongest these cities and to improve safety.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
All six SEE economies operate subsidy schemes to encourage the use of renewables. Feed-in-tariffs (FITs) oblige the public energy supplier to pay an agreed tariff for the electricity generated from renewable energy sources which provides the generator with a guaranteed revenue stream and so reduces the risk profile of projects. The details of renewable subsidies vaiy by economy, for example the technologies that are covered, the tariff rate and the duration of the subsidy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This may suggest, for instance, that the increase in unemployment benefit caseloads could be comparatively mild if generosity were increased. Spending on active labour-market policies includes: PES, training, employment incentives, disabled, direct job creation, and start-up incentives. Spending is per ILO unemployed and defined in % of GDP per capita. Net replacement rates are for a prime-age worker (aged 40) with a “long” and uninterrupted employment record and are averages over 60 months, four different stylised family types (single and one-earner couples, with and without children) and two earnings levels (67% and 100% of average full-time wage).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In Sweden they are slightly narrower than in Denmark and similar to Estonia and Iceland, but considerably wider than in Finland and Norway. Nonetheless, this effect is about twice as high in Sweden as in Finland, the OECD country where composition affects results the least. A more favourable socio-economic background is also associated with higher levels of interest, motivation and self-confidence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As an illustration, households’ net worth in France is five times higher than GDP and it has grown over 7% on average per year and in real terms between 1997 and 2007, compared with a 1.7% average annual increase for GDP (Conseil des Prelevements Obligatoires, 2011). Taxing wealth at a rather low rate should thus generate large and rising tax revenues. Second, real estate accounts for a large share of household net worth (Fredriksen, 2011) and the tax can thus hardly be avoided.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Even then, some part of the initiative for change came from outside - notably from the World Bank in both supporting the establishment of temporary employment schemes and reducing the cost of remittances. Firstly, both countries have policies to upgrade skills (especially in health and education), develop new skills (such as financial literacy) and support new categories of skilled workers (such as nurse practitioners). Secondly, both countries have begun to think more widely about encouraging the return migration of some skilled workers (from basic bonding to the encouragement of the return of selected skilled workers on a temporary basis).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Studies have highlighted the entrepreneurial role that women play in value-added activities, especially in the informal sector, as well as their leadership role in community and participatory forest management. However, more work is needed to investigate issues such as women's access to forest rights and the impact on gender equity, as well as their empowerment in transitioning from the informal to the formal sector. Forests are integral to the water cycle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As a result, marine and coastal protected areas required significant oversight from MADS and the National Parks Authority. In 2011 a law provided the Autonomous Regional Corporations with jurisdiction over marine areas, which is an important step to the formal establishment of the subsystem. In addition, closer co-operation is required with other ministries with an interest in the marine environment, such as fisheries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
On the other hand, without adequate safeguards, dependence on large hydropow'er could also have negative social and environmental impacts. Based on existing information available to date, how'ever, it seems that the strategy may not be sufficiently comprehensive, focusing narrowly on climate change issues wdthout due attention being paid to biodiversity or sustainable natural resource use. Focusing too narrowly on climate change within these strategies can lead to a missed opportunity in setting out a comprehensive roadmap for environmentally sustainable economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Beyond this the ejido system of collective land ownership ensures that small farmers cannot be driven off their land. But small parcels of land also limit the ability of operators to move to more productive farming. The ejido system results in a semi-subsistence form of farm production, because it is hard to make land improvements, hard to obtain credit and hard to expand the enterprise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These policies are embedded within the larger school policies and societal contexts. This framework views education policy as embedded in a particular society and constrained by the wider institutional and cultural environment of a particular place and time. By setting rules for the school system and guiding the actions of local decision-makers, education policy makers aim to promote excellent, equitable and inclusive learning. Their success in achieving this ultimate goal depends on the policies they choose, and also on how particular policies interact with each other and with the wider environment in which they are applied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, the Revised Family Code (2001) of Ethiopia provides for partial community of property, as well as joint administration of marital property. Consent of both spouses is mandatory for the transfer of common property. The law also provides that, in the event of dissolution, common property will be divided equally between the spouses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Israel’s forests host several terrestrial endemic species, while they contain 5 million metric tonnes of carbon in living forest biomass. Available data suggest favourable or stable trends in pollution discharges to costal, inland lake and river ecosystems. This has resulted from the construction of new wastewater treatment plants, the development of effluent reservoirs, and effluent reuse in agriculture. Nonetheless, most rivers remain seriously depleted and polluted (Chapter 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For developed countries, stock and flow adaptation costs together are estimated to amount to USD 68 billion, of which USD 34 billion is needed for autonomous adaptation. For developing countries, adaptation costs were calculated at USD 156 billion, of which USD 68 billion is needed for autonomous adaptation in 2055. It calculates the effects of climate change on the economy by maximising the regional utility function in each period where consumption and savings/investments are endogenously chosen subject to income and the costs of climate change. Climate change costs include residual damages, mitigation and adaptation costs (de Bruin et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The land management actions included in these agreements may include the exclusion of livestock from an offset site, the erection of a fence, the planting of saplings and the control of pests and invasive species (NSW OEH, 2012). Delivery of biodiversity outcomes at these sites is therefore dependent upon the relationship between the completion of land management inputs and improvements in biodiversity condition. The bank instruments (i.e. offset supply agreements) used in the US Compensatory Wetlands Mitigation scheme contain pre-specified performance standards that, when met, trigger the release of credits for sale in the offset market. Performance standards are not uniform among all sites and may include such things as the survival rate of planted trees, the proportion of flora made up by native species and the number of exotic and weedy dominant species. Whilst these measures focus more on outputs than in the previous examples, they do not explicitly measure wetlands’ functional outcomes and, where poorly specified, may again lead to situations of regulatory compliance but offset failure (Ambrose, 2010, NRC, 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It has thus shown that equality can only be exercised when there is autonomy, i.e. when decisions, capabilities and personal development do not depend on others. Furthermore, feminism provides a critical view of the individualistic concept of autonomy, conceiving autonomy instead as relational (Mackenzie and Stoljar, 2000). First, equality of resources and equality of opportunities are not enough. To put it another way, a policy of equal opportunities needs to take account of the differences in starting conditions between men and women in terms of socialization, the history of male accumulation of power, the continuing sexual division of labour and discriminatory sociocultural patterns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)