albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Conversely, the percentage of adolescents who were overweight or obese in 2013-14 was just under the EU average (17% compared with 18%), but it has increased by more than 50% since 2001. On a more positive note, a higher percentage of adolescents and adults in Croatia report doing regular physical activity (Figure 5). Health inequalities have been addressed in several national health policy documents, but few specific measures have been implemented so far. The CHIF contracts with health care providers for the provision of services and plays a key role in defining which health services are covered by the publicly financed system. It also oversees performance standards and price-setting for services, is responsible for the payment of sick leave compensation, maternity benefits and other allowances, and is the main provider of complementary Voluntary Health Insurance (VHI) covering user charges (termed 'supplemental insurance’ in Croatia).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These put specific emphasis on measures to be executed during the pre-election period, election period and post-election period. The pre-election period will include measures relating to registration, nomination of candidates and parties, and voter outreach. The election period will cover planning for election day, polling place management, voter information, while the post-election period will include election assessment, recommendations for regulatory framework and strategic and action plans.’
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Society as a whole also bears some of the costs of labour turnover, as displaced workers are often eligible to unemployment or social assistance payments, job-search assistance and active labour market programmes (see also Chapters 3 and 4). Even when these workers are not eligible for government-funded programmes, their greater financial distress could bring about other social problems, including greater crime rates (e.g. Raphael and Winter-Ebmer, 2001, Machin and Meghir, 2004, Bignon et al., Nevertheless, by restricting labour turnover, EPL also constrains firms’ ability to respond quickly to changes in technology or consumer demand and efficiently reallocate labour resources. Recent research on the labour market impact of employment protection has found that overly strict regulations can reduce job flows, have a negative impact on employment of outsiders, encourage labour market duality and hinder productivity and economic growth (e.g. Martin and Scarpetta, 2012, OECD, 2004,2007a, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Alternatively, assessing government budgets may be sufficient to provide an estimate of the total amount of ODA to be spent on STI-related government priorities, but the timing and lack of detail of these estimates may create challenges relating to the accuracy when compared to official ODA and other development finance. Budget estimates are also unlikely to adequately determine the financial resources spent on supporting STI development in individual countries, information that will be important for the monitoring of the SDG. A key conclusion of the paper is the need for better alignment of definitions across the STI and development communities so each can satisfy its need for data-driven policy analysis without creating potential conflicts of interpretation. In response to the need to address other important cross-cutting policy areas, such as gender and environment, the Working Party on Development Finance Statistics have over the past decade agreed to the creation of dedicated markers, which facilitates monitoring and comparison of activities that addresses a certain policy area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Many Arab countries, including Bahrain, Jordan and Saudi Arabia, have recently taken action to protect migrant domestic workers with new laws, regulations and policies. These provisions laid the groundwork for improving domestic workers’ access to a minimum wage, labour dispute settlements mechanisms, social security and health insurance.225 However, with the ongoing constellation of factors that severely limit female migrant workers’ empowerment and human rights, further efforts are still needed to safeguard the rights and ensure adequate protection to this vulnerable group of women. Microfinance alone is not sufficient to promote female entrepreneurship, which entails growing an enterprise over time, and eventually employing other individuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In order to overcome capital market barriers, the CEFC will invest in firms and projects utilising energy efficiency and low emissions technologies as well as manufacturing businesses that focus on producing the inputs required. It is intended that the CEFC will act as a catalyst to private investment that is currently not available for clean energy technologies. The new entity aims at providing low-cost financing for clean energy and efficiency projects (including large-scale rooftop solar plants or commercial building retrofits or even high-voltage lines). The bank will be funded by a surcharge on residential and commercial electricity bills, which was previously paid into the state's Clean Energy Fund, amounting to USD 30 million a year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Much can be done in terms of integrating gender into the design and implementation of programmes that promote income security across the life cycle, including cash transfers, public works programmes and pensions. To provide long-term solutions, however, these efforts must be part of a broader package, including policies that enable women to access decent work—which remains the main source of income for most working-age adults and their families. International Labour Organization (ILO) Recommendation No. They participate less in the labour market, earn lower wages and enjoy less access to credit and other assets than men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
At the same time, the costs of collection have been lowered. The appropriate mix of taxes will vary from country to country depending on resource endowments, administrative capacity and the structure ofthe economy. However, all countries should be able to review the existing tax structure and tax base and identify reforms that would increase public resources. In order to manage the economic consequences of this resource boom, the Government has been considering the establishment of a Papua New Guinea Sovereign Wealth Fund (PNG SWF).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Tracking Low Incomes Using General Means”, International Economic Review, Vol. The Drivers of Labour Earnings Inequality - An Analysis based on Conditional and Unconditional Quantile Regressions”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. The Distribution of Labour Income”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
1. Introduction: interpreting the violent state Austin Sarat and Jennifer Culbert Part I. On the Forms of State Killing: 2. The innocuousness of state lethality in an age of national security Robin Wagner-Pacifici 3. Oedipal sovereignty Jeremy Arnold 4. Consecrating violence Mateo Taussig-Rubbo 5. Due process and lethal confinement Colin Dayan 6. From time to torture: the hellish future of the criminal sentence Thomas L. Dumm 7. The child in the broom closet: states of killing and letting die Elizabeth Povinelli 8. Canadian state lethality towards indigenous peoples Mark Antaki and Coel Kirkby Part II. Investigating the Discourses of Death: 9. Death in the first person Peter Brooks 10. Open secrets or, the postscript of capital punishment Ravit Reichman 11. Ethical exception: capital punishment in the figure of sovereignty Adam Thurschwell 12. No mercy Adam Sitze.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the rise of democratic governments across Latin America, the neoliberal law-and-order perspective has been the most influential model of security in the region. This approach is based on the opposition between state and illegal agents, as if they were two different sets of actors. Influenced by this model, Mexican president Vicente Fox launched an extensive anti-piracy programme to eradicate retail of counterfeit. Based on ethnographic material gathered in the San Juan de Dios market in Guadalajara, I discuss on the exchanges between piracy sellers and police officers. My argument is that law enforcement programmes have not affected the political economy of corruption, they overlook the net of ambiguous loyalties where state and illegal actors are entrenched. The anthropology of the state provides the rationale for a critique on neoliberal security policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Basically, e-Governance is generally understood as the use of Information and Communication Technology ICT at all levels of the Government in order to provide services to the citizens, interaction with business enterprises and communication and exchange of information between different agencies of the Government in a speedy, convenient, efficient, and transparent manner. It makes government process more accountable, responsive and transparent. On the other hand, Good governance means participation, transparency and accountability in administration. E-Governance and Good Governance are interrelated issue in the process of Public Administration. This study aims to explore the overall view of e-Governance, Good Governance and their relationship. In order to clarify of this study, It has taken Divisional Comptroller of Accounts office at Charadigirpar, Sylhet, Bangladesh as the study field. Data has been collected from the officials and services recipients as well as different e-governance related articles, research findings etc. help us to prepare this paper.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, the impact of the RED on global second-generation biofuel production is less certain than in the RFS since mandatory quota are not defined. These criteria could generally favour the production of second-generation biofuels if the general framework in those countries allows for production and overall biofuel demand grows. However, the biofuel sector's dependency on state support measures shows strong regional differences, depending on production costs and fossil fuel prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, for transboundary river basins, activities in the different riparian countries need to be further coordinated and harmonized in River Basin Management Plan(s), in particular for basins shared by EU and non-EU countries. The Programme is based on the national programmes of measures, which arc to be made operational by December 2012. In the EU, the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (Council Directive 91/271/EEC) requires collection and treatment (basically biological) of wastewater from agglomerations and sets the time frame for compliance. Many countries that acceded to the EU in 2004 and 2007 enlargements — in this subregion, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Romania — were granted transitional periods to comply with the Directive’s requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The University of Troms0 has over 9 000 students and some 2 500 employees. Since Troms County has only 1% of its surface area classed as cultivable land, agriculture is a relatively minor part of land use. It is mainly located around the coast and was traditionally combined with fishing to form a key part of rural livelihoods. Troms County is at the northern limits of agricultural production possibilities, but the Gulf Stream enables some seasonal farming around the coasts and fjords, while the Sami people also carry out traditional reindeer herding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, the 1991 liberalisation of the electricity market, the creation of Nord Pool in 2001, and the European Union rules have reduced the possibility to differentiate energy prices at the local level, and levelled out transmission charges across the country. So what had been a major driver to produce hydro power in rural areas - attracting energy intensive firms - cannot be replicated by RE sectors, and their role within rural economy is still unclear. This is evident in wind energy (Aspen, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Families often fill the gaps when social protection systems or healthcare for older persons and those with disabilities are inadequate, including where austerity measures have cut back services and welfare. Since care is almost always seen as primarily women's work, the burden is borne disproportionately by female family members. And to be effective, public support in the form of legislation and public policies needs to be based on the reality of how families are structured and constituted rather than on an 'ideal' of how families should be.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Ministerial and Expert Meeting of the NEPAD-OECD Africa Investment Initiative. Retrieved from Mondaq: www.mondaq.com/x/170430/Antitrust+Competition/Turkish+Competition+A uthoritv+Published+A+Competition+Report+On+Eleven+Sectors+Industries +In+Turkey. The World Bank, Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, World Bank. Bio-fuels Policy and Legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A diverse group of women through the Liberian Women's Initiative prevailed upon warlords and political leaders in concerted actions all over Liberia, as well as in Nigeria and Ghana during the peace negotiation processes (African Women and Peace Support Group, 2004). Through the Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace under the banner of the Women in Peacebuilding Network, which I coordinated, Liberian women mobilized aggressively for peace between 2000 and 2003, using advocacy, mass protests and sit-ins as well as the presentation of petitions to the former Liberian President Charles Taylor and other international actors. Our activism combined with international action on war crimes and military action resulted in the signing of the peace agreement, officially ending the war. While these causes are diverse, social, political and economic inequality plays a significant role together with state collapse, economic decline, and historical patterns of conflict and battles for control of natural resources (DFID, 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Calls to ground the study of international relations in everyday life have found increasing salience among critical approaches to the field. Feminists, poststructuralists and historical materialists have all sought to address problems in international relations theory by breaking down conceptual divisions between the domestic and international, between the local and the global, or between the private and the public. Everyday life is not a new concern among sociologists or philosophers and a variety of approaches to it, ranging from positivist descriptions of daily routines to speculative accounts of the lifeworld, have been posited and explored in these disciplines. However, for International Relations (IR), and particularly for International Political Economy (IPE), everyday life remains largely under-or untheorized, with damaging consequences for the concept’s contribution to critique.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Section 5 concludes by summarizing the findings. However, the intensity of fertiliser differs widely across countries (FAOSTAT, 2013). At 30% of global use of fertiliser nutrients (NPK only), China is the largest user of fertilisers - and with close to 300kg and more than 100kg, it also has the highest use of N and P fertilisers per hectare of cropland, respectively (based on FAOSTAT data on fertiliser use and cropland).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Initially, the means-test was applied to the household income, but because of low take-up rates in the early years of operation of the programme, this was altered to only include the income of the care giver and his/her spouse. In 2008, the means-test was amended and was set at ten times the value of the grant. In addition, the means-test is doubled for married couples with two earners, making it more generous and hence more likely to pass it for poor households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Persons with disabilities account for some 12% of the population of Latin America and the Caribbean (see chapter V). For example, the "care crisis” comes at a point in history when paid wage work and unpaid domestic work are being rearranged while the rigid gender distribution of household work and gender segmentation of the labour market remain unchanged. The resulting asynchronies show that the traditional balance of care no longer works. It also brings up the need to challenge the activity-passivity dichotomy in the relationship between provider and subject.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This paper argues that sport is not about conflict but competition, not about violence but controlled aggression, neither is it amoral and value-free but is itself a moral enterprise. The paper provides an analysis of the internal values and the internal logic of sport, which combine to ‘make peace’ via their isomorphism with political liberalism, especially the liberal idea of the ‘contract to contest’, and its emphasis on equality, respect, mutuality and other ‘human rights’ values. It is not only just sport's popularity, but also this peacemaking capacity of sport, which informs its peacekeeping potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They are unable to determine, however, whether the effect of equity on the distribution of growth stems from the boost given to earnings by the relatively low wages paid to women (whose entry into the workforce may lower average wages and, hence, reduce what is known as the “efficiency wage"). Whether or not increases in women workers' productivity will actually translate into unbiased wage increases will depend on structural aspects of the economy and its institutions which may reduce or heighten women's wage bargaining power. Employment gaps, in the presence of lower wages for women, can reduce growth because the opportunity for using cheaper labour as a competitive advantage is lost (Seguino, 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some of the chemical applications to control weeds and pests on the plantations have run off from rain into the rivers and transferred to the inshore, especially the main harbour in Kingston. In other cases, chemicals have soaked through the soil into underground aquifers. This is particularly true of the acidic waste from the processing of bauxite ore, which is deposited in lakes of red mud.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In contrast, the share of the less progressive, and possibly regressive, social security contributions (SSC) has increased by more than two percentage points, from 8.1 percent of GDP in 1985 to 10.6 percent in 2005.16 Overall, these revenue trends do not point clearly at either more or less redistribution through direct taxes in most countries. A closer inspection of annual revenue statistics since the mid-1980s (not reported here) indicates that PIT revenues are significantly more volatile over the period than SSC. Several countries recorded level changes that persist over longer periods of time (Denmark, France, Portugal, Spain) or notable upwards (Canada and, Iceland, Italy up to early 1990s) or downwards trends (Canada since early 1990s, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand up to early 2000s, Poland, Slovak Republic, Sweden). But in several others, total PIT payments have fluctuated without a clear trend in either direction (Australia, Austria, Norway, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States). With the exception of the Netherlands17, changes in total SSC paid by households are smoother and more persistent than for PIT.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For instance, the lack of gender-specific goals in most areas of developmental plans makes progress on gender equality difficult to gauge. Yet, little attention is given to gender mainstreaming in the design and implementation of mainstream sectorial policies as well as in the development of sector-specific guidelines and development of gender-disaggregated data (please also refer to Chapter 4). It would be important to maintain a clear separation between the objectives of family and gender policies in the new concept of family and gender policy, to ensure that the role of women is not confined to the family domain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Used longitudinally, the HoNOS scales should be able to measure patient outcomes over time. In 2002, the Department of Health found that 61 trusts were using HoNOS in their services, with 5 having implemented the use of HoNOS across the whole service, most recent reports suggest that 21% of Mental Health Minimum Data Set records include HoNOS reporting (The Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2011). The HoNOS tool has also formed the basis of the Mental Health Cluster Tool, which is to be the assessment mechanism for Payment by Results (PbR) in mental health (see section 5.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper describes the methodology used to build the WJP Rule of Law Index – a new quantitative assessment tool designed to offer a comprehensive picture of the extent to which countries adhere to the rule of law in practice. The WJP Rule of Law Index provides new data on nine dimensions of the rule of law − limited government powers, absence of corruption, order and security, fundamental rights, open government, regulatory enforcement, access to civil justice, effective criminal justice, and informal justice − and is compiled from original surveys of the general public and local legal experts. The paper also presents estimates for an initial group of 66 countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A. aegypti appears to thrive in artificial habits created by discarded tyres, cans, plastic containers and other temporary reservoirs, and advice has been issued to minimise these potential breeding sites*. The rapid spread of Zika in South America and the Caribbean in 2015 and 2016 may have been exacerbated by a lack of effective waste collection and management. The American Administration asked Congress, on 6 Feb 2016, for more than US$ 1.8 billion in emergency funding for use both domestically and internationally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Abstract   This article examines the ways in which various Russian NGOs, involved in litigation at the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), have worked to advocate for improved domestic implementation of rulings made by the Court. The paper traces these advocacy activities in four key problem areas for Russia's implementation of the Convention: (1) domestic judges' knowledge and citation of the European Convention or ECtHR case law, (2) the execution of domestic court judgments by Russian state bureaucratic bodies, (3) extrajudicial disappearances and killings in anti-terrorist military operations in the North Caucasus, and (4) torture or inhumane treatment in police detention. The author finds that the impact Russian NGOs can have upon domestic implementation depends greatly upon the professional cultures and incentives of the actors involved as well as whether or not prevention of violations is compatible with other high-level Russian government agendas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Given their potential consumers’ income and numbers, standard innovators may have better opportunities than inclusive innovators to attain production scale and product standardisation (since agriculture plays a lesser role and local specificities have less impact on products not typically required by the poor). Inclusive innovators, on the other hand, may face cost-based challenges, which ICT-based services (among others) can help address. This is because economies of scale for expanding ICT-based services are often very low. Kubzansky, Cooper and Barbari (2011) surveyed 439 inclusive businesses and found that only 37% were commercially viable and had the potential to achieve scale. Only 13% were operating at scale, with operating volatile margins between 10% and 15%. Similarly, a detailed assessment of mobile healthcare applications shows substantial differences in scale (Figure 1.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)