albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The vast majority of field engineers who sell, install and maintain SHS in Bangladesh have received a diploma in engineering from the Bangladesh Technical Education Board. These engineers, many of whom are women, also train less educated women on how to construct and repair component parts of solar PV systems, which creates a positive effect cascading down to less educated workers. To aid in this effort, the Government set up the financial institution IDCOL (Infrastructure Development Company Limited) in 1997, with financing from the World Bank. To ensure quality standards, these organizations are required to sell components approved by a technical standards committee, including experts from Government, the rural electrical agency and the technical university.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This trend is certainly associated with the reform that separated the leading sector institution (SAPTE) from the ministry, and upgraded it with autonomy and a quasi-ministerial level in the government. It would be worth exploring the potential of local resources to fund local VET projects and initiatives. Thus in 2009 salaries represent approx 46% of total central budget, and food - 27.3% (up from 22% in 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Jordan and Yemen, working-age men participated in the labour force at over five times the rate of working-age women. The largest difference between participation rates for men and women was in Iraq, at 58 percentage points. Bahrain, Kuwait and Qatar were the only countries to report female labour force participation rates higher than 30 per cent. The lowest male labour force participation rates were reported in Kuwait, Mauritania and Jordan, at 53, 53, and 51 per cent, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Often, climate policy is led by environment ministries, energy planning is led by energy ministries, national planning is led by planning ministries, and country finances are managed by finance ministries. However, it is important that these various agencies work together to address the multi-faceted and economy-wide nature of energy and environment issues. Collaboration will allow finance and planning personnel to better understand how energy, environment, and climate change can be addressed in national and sub-national planning processes and through fiscal (i.e. budgetary) and investment decision-making (UNEP, 2008). In Nepal, for example, decentralizing the delivery of energy services in rural areas dramatically increased efficiency and created local empowerment to plan, implement and monitor local energy programmes. This required dedicated support to build capacity of local organisations involved in the supply chain of energy service delivery (United Nations, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The chapter first introduces the issues and sets out the main findings, before examining policies in OECD countries that foster equal partnership in families and discussing how those policies differ in their approach and tools. Section 3 looks at how financial incentive structures embodied in tax/benefit systems may encourage both parents to work. Parental leave is a critical component of policies to reconcile work and family life and the main subject of the next section, which considers how reform in Germany has changed father’s and mother’s leave taking behaviour. Section 5 analyses the implications of a potential family working-time model. Such a scheme could foster gender equality, involve fathers more in child care and housework, and enable mothers to work full-time or longer part-time hours. The next section discusses the provision of early childhood education and care services and out-of-school-hours care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A comparison of the existing and future transparency framework is provided in Tables 3, 4 and 5. In addition, some reporting requirements are subject to technical review and recommendations, including explicit consequences for insufficient reporting, while others are not. The enhanced transparency framework also includes a mix of mandatory, encouraged, and optional reporting provisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A predefined reserve capacity for operating and standing reserves has always to be maintained. Furthermore, the possible contribution of every single power plant to the operating and standing reserves is described by further technical restrictions in the model. The energy loss during the charging and discharging process is combined to a cycle efficiency of the storage which is considered during the charging process. For each planning period covering the horizon of one short-term forecast, one optimisation problem is defined. Yet, the consideration of one single short-term forecast is not sufficient for a comprehensive analysis of the annual unit commitment and dispatch of an electricity system. The determination of the optimal unit commitment and dispatch for a longer and continuous period is required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Moreover, depending on the policy domain and audience, one (set of) indicators could be more pertinent: indicators reflecting neighbourhood conditions and access to services are relevant from an urban planning perspective whilst issues of financial strain, housing problems and income poverty are more closely linked to social (protection) policy. In sum, there are strong grounds on which to analyze the different domains of child poverty in conjunction with each other to get a comprehensive and diversified picture. This paper takes a microperspective to analyze the degree of overlap across indicators of both monetary and multidimensional child poverty, thereby combining the debates on child poverty and those on overlap of poverty. This requirement is fulfilled by the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Gulf states, such as Kuwait, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, migrants are the majority group (United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs, 2017b). About 40,000 out of470,000 primary school children in Costa Rica are immigrants, mainly from Nicaragua (IOM, 2018). Immigrants asa share of the total population fell in Cote d'Ivoire, from 12% in 2000 to 9% in 2017, which was still the highest in sub-Saharan Africa outside oil-rich and small states. More than half were from Burkina Faso in 2012 (Teye et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Yet the ITU Facts and Figures Report reveals that many LDCs are still unable to implement broad-based connectivity (ITU, 2016a, Chapter 5). While growth in the use of mobile phones has been strong in these countries, less than 20% of the population have mobile broadband subscriptions (ITU, 2016c). Fixed-line Internet access in the LDCs remains below 1%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The geothermal energy is sourced from outside the Cebu province and is supplied by the Tongonan Geothermal power plant, in Leyte through submarines cables. Thanks to that, geothermal accounts for 46.40% of power supply. Hydro power for Cebu is sourced from three facilities located in the western side of Cebu Island (0.50MW Mantavupan Hydroelectric Power Plant in Barili, 0.50 MW Basak 1 Hydroelectric Power Plant and 0.750 MW Matutinao Hydroelectric Power Plant in Badian).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Council of Higher Education and the Galilee Development Authority could create a forum to enhance regional collaboration and demand-led education provision in the region. Other important participants in this forum would be the Ministry of Minority Affairs and the Arab Affairs Desk with the Prime Minister’s Office. In addition, the region would benefit from sustained community development programmes that help build capacity in communities in responding to change and social, economic and environmental challenges (see Box 4.6.). The regional competitiveness approach argues that regional capacity can be nurtured and developed by identifying their competitive advantages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The number of individuals included in the survey was 18,857 in 2001 and 14,568 in 2006. The questionnaire consists of six modules providing information on demography, employment, income, education, health and housing. The multi-year dimension of the dataset enables production of a panel analysis evaluating the evolution of the main socio-economic conditions of beneficiary households compared to non-participants. Beneficiary households have a lower income per capita and are more likely to come from rural areas, where poverty is widespread.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
School attendance is at risk whenever household income is reduced, whether by famine, war, flood, accident, illness or the death of an adult in paid work. The household often resorts to paid, subsistence, or home-based child labour to survive. Household income is one of the main determinants of school attendance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article will attempt to ‘provincialize’ or ‘decentre’ critical theory by looking at the development of critical discourses from within the Islamic and Sikh religious traditions. Although important theological, philosophical and historical differences exist between the two communities, Islamic and Sikh narratives share a rejection of the subordination of the religious to the political and thus potentially challenge the Westphalian order. However, in the case of the Sikh Qaum, no clear distinction between ‘nation’ and ‘religion’ is possible given the strong attachment to a territorially defined ancestral homeland. This article suggests that both critical Islamic and Sikh discourses, particularly those emanating from the diaspora, are potentially compatible with the ‘discourse ethics’ of critical theory. This is, however, conditional on the recognition of the universality of their beliefs, a position incompatible with the ‘thin’ cosmopolitanism of critical theory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Critical realism is a philosophy of social science that analyses and aims to remedy current problems and gaps. Basic tenets of positivist and quantitative research tend to contradict those of qualitative and interpretive research, and critical realism proposes ways to resolve the contradictions. Vital themes in childhood research that are reviewed in this article include a comparison with feminist research, critical realism, being and thought, transitive and intransitive, theory/practice consistency, agency and structure, closed and open systems, micro and macro in the global/local nexus, four planar social being, facts and values, and transformative change through the four-stage MELD dialectic. Critical realism aims to understand the world in order to be able move from coercion towards creative liberating power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Increases in production costs, due to higher energy costs, have been noted above. There are other cost pressures as well, particularly related to resource use and increasing scarcity. The level and productivity of variable inputs, such as energy, and resource inputs, such as land and water, affect the speed and ability of the agricultural sector to respond to shocks. In regions where resource inputs such as land and water are limited/expensive, variable input application is key to supply response.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Building on the indicator frameworks of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, the SDGs and other multi-country data sources, this report presents a preliminary set of indicators that could be considered for further use to help monitor and evaluate biodiversity mainstreaming efforts in a more consistent manner. This includes indicators across the range of response indicators, namely inputs (e.g. finance), processes (e.g. establishment of inter-ministerial committees), outputs (e.g. national assessments and other studies), outcomes (e.g. new or more ambitious policies) and impacts (changes in the state of biodiversity and ecosystem services). Based on this work, as well as previous OECD efforts to assess mainstreaming in the context of green growth, climate change and development co-operation, there are five main areas of action needed by policy makers and decision makers to promote effective mainstreaming of biodiversity and development. This commitment should also be reflected in NBSAPs and national/sector development policies, supported by policy coherence across legislative and policy frameworks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
But between 2007 and 2012, these rates slowed to 2.5% per year for poverty, and 0.9% per year for indigence. In Ecuador, poverty was down by 3.1 percentage points (from 35.3% to 32.2%) and indigence by 0.9 percentage points (from 13.8% to 12.9%). In Brazil, poverty fell by 2.3 points (from 20.9% to 18.6%), and extreme poverty by 0.7 points (from 6.1% to 5.4%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There is an estimated shortfall of 96 000 bachelor degree completions and 10 000 postgraduate degree completions till 2020. While Melbourne has almost reached the 40% tertiary education attainment rate, Victoria will still need to improve performance. In terms of students from low SES backgrounds, the target of 20% is challenging because only 19.8% of Victoria’s population falls into this category, in comparison with the national average of 25%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
An alternative scenario held public expenditures to match the expected increase in GDP, plus additional costs associated with population aging. Any increase above that level would then be financed by co-payments. Under this scenario, the share of health care funded by copayment would increase from 5% in 2010 to 30% in 2015 and public health expenditure would rise a bit more slowly, to exceed 9.5% of GDP in 2015 (Besseling et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is found that these responses have strong implications, including on the ability of different policy instmments to reduce farming risk and increase farmers’ wellbeing. If there are risks that are somehow covered by government programs, the incentives to use other strategies (e.g. insurance or diversification) are then reduced. A good understanding of the net impact of government policies related to risk management in agriculture necessarily includes the analysis of interactions between different sources of risk, and different farmer strategies and government programs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Nevertheless, the risk of poverty is much lower when the father or mother has tertiary education. For example, about 8% of children are poor when the father has a higher education level, while more than 20% of children whose father has a lower secondary' school diploma are poor (Table 1). While poverty rates have been declining in Canada, immigrants face higher rates of poverty than their Canadian-born counterparts, and low income rates among recent immigrants in 2010 was 2.6 times higher than the Canadian-born population (Picot and Hou, 2014(6,). Addressing Indigenous child poverty is done through programmes delivered nationally and at the provincial level, as well as through targeted initiatives that include childcare programs, labour force development programs, and social transfers to indigenous communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The purpose is to strengthen the reliability of data, validity of the findings and recommendations, and to broaden and deepen our understanding of the processes through which program outcomes and impacts are achieved, and how these are affected by the context within which the program is implemented.” Having identified the impact of a given policy in meeting its intended objectives, information on the finance needed to achieve this would enable a cost-effectiveness analysis. Given that AES are the focus of significant investment around the world, with agri-environmental investment in many countries often equal to, or surpassing that of other conservation expenditure (Batary et al ., Other more commonly used approaches to evaluate effectiveness are non-attributioml, that is, not supportive of any causal claim but assessing the level of the indicators against other benchmarks (Coglianese, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In fact, the cognitive dissonance experienced by anomic individuals stems from participation in different social groups that impose different normative requirements (e.g., adolescents that have to respond simultaneously to the demands of their parents and those of their peer group) and, for that reason, they try to balance their networks and reduce dissonance, casting off old relations and creating new ones. This is different from egotistical suicide, which involves a simultaneous lack of regulation and networks (Bearman, 1991, Girola, 2005). For example, Merton (1987) considers the characteristics of relative deprivation that cause anomie, particularly the disjunction between the opportunities structure and cultural goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article examines the integration of ecocities research with a major criminological approach to the examination of crime and social control, social disorganization theory. Social disorganization theory draws attention to the relationship between community organization, formal and informal community social control and crime. That research has drawn inspiration from other disciplines. In the current analysis, we review ecocity theory and illustrate how ecocity's theoretical structure contributes to promoting the forms of community social organization that social disorganization theory has examined in relation to the distribution of crime in urban areas. This integration is useful to the extent that ecocity models have been implemented in real world conditions, and thus possess the potential to reduce crime through community reorganization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, even in the absence of formal and rigorous assessments of reform, evidence of positive developments or disappointment are still available. The cases of Israel, Alberta, Canada, New Mexico, United States and South Africa illustrate positive, mixed or disappointing results. While the shortage of water remains the key issue in the water sector, and the need to manage the reservoirs between dry and wet seasons and years is the top priority for those responsible for the water sector, authorities have been given enhanced tools to cope with the challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In a large majority of OECD countries, women were also more likely to report suffering from activity limitations due to health problems than men (Figure 4.2, Panel B). In 2012, Italian women were twice as likely to report limitations in daily activities when compared to men. Similar gender gaps were found in Sweden, Spain and the Netherlands. On the contrary, men were more likely than women to report activity limitations due to health problems in Australia, Korea, Japan and Ireland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Payments based on the use of variable inputs are found to be the most likely to provoke increased fishing effort, while payments based on fixed capital formation are most likely to encourage increased capacity levels. Payments based on fishers income are less likely to increase effort or capacity and may be more effective at improving the welfare of fishers. Payments to general services for the sector are least likely to increase effort or fishing capacity. The authors are grateful to Franck Jesus, Rachel Bae, and the whole TAD/NRP Fisheries team for helpful discussions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Beginning with an overview of historical commitments by AAPI populations to educational advocacy, this article analyzes the current US educational policy context of No Child Left Behind at the national and local level, and argues that both its rhetoric and system of ‘accountability’ have been crafted in ways that are completely unaccountable to AAPI communities. The article offers specific recommendations to address critical needs for youth, parent, and community development as well as for clearer AAPI leadership, representation, and activism in relation to education policy. Using specific examples to illustrate larger issues and contradictions, it also argues that educational policy analysis and development with greater AAPI accountability must be linked with the stories and struggles of real people, just as efforts to problem‐solve daily life issues of individuals, families, and communities must address larger structures and systems at the policy level in order to be effective and sustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Why do citizens acquiesce in regimes of which they obviously disapprove? We provide a model that exhibits a general mechanism underlying the survival of one-party dominant, authoritarian regimes. The "tragic brilliance" of one-party dominant systems is that the party employs a complex system of rewards and punishments that lead citizens to actively support the party. We study the long-standing hegemonic dominance in Mexican politics by the PRI. We model the PRI's credible threat to punish localities electing the opposition. We also explore our model's implications for the Mexican transition to democracy. Our empirical evidence at the municipal level supports the model. Our conclusions relate to the comparative literature on one party systems, elections, democratization and the political economy of Mexico.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Research analysing the material well-being and monetary poverty simultaneously has found strong, but far from complete, correlation between the two (e.g., Perry, 2002, Roelen and Notten, 2011, Roelen et al, 2011, Bradshaw et al., The identification of the monetary poor individuals and those who are deprived of the basic goods and services necessary for their survival and development can lead to better understanding of the situation people are faced with, and therefore to better targeted and more effective policy responses. Similarly, it has been recognised that it is necessary to make a distinction between household poverty and child poverty, acknowledging that children may experience poverty differently to adults and that people's needs differ depending on their age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Since the recent economic downturn may reduce top incomes, it need not result in an unambiguous further increase in overall inequality. Yet, groups who were already disadvantaged before the economic crisis are typically more likely to see their incomes deteriorate further (OECD, 2011c, Immervoll and Peichl, 2011). In addition, expenditure cuts implemented in countries that seek to reduce spending levels can significantly erode the redistributive capacity of government budgets. This paper asks if, and to what extent, government redistribution policies have slowed or accelerated the trend towards greater income disparities between people living in “non-elderly” households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Programme is operational in the following countries of the region: Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka. South Asia continued to be particularly vulnerable to the trafficking of opiates and heroin. In addition, widespread trafficking of cannabis, synthetic drugs and new psychoactive substances persisted in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Malta has one of the highest proportion of refugees and asylum seekers in Europe relative to its population (1.5% of population in June 2015) (UNHCR 2016, CIA 2016). Projected figures indicate a continued decline in 2015 (World Bank 2016a). In general, inflation in small states has been on a downward trajectory since the end of the commodity boom of 2011, in tandem with global inflation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)