albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In Ilong Kong the government owned MTR funds metro construction through joint development of land for offices, retail and housing around new stations (Case Study 2). These models are clearly applicable to other rapidly developing cities, on condition that governments can provide the regulatory stability needed for the relatively long time horizon required for returns to be realised. The Crossrail project is being partly funded through a Business Rate Supplement (BRS), and this has financed £3.5 billion worth of Greater London Authority (GLA) borrowing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The UN Fish Stocks Agreement is also incorporated as a schedule to the Act. Implementing the EPBC Act allows assessment of the environmental performance of fisheries and promotes ecological sustainability. The EPBC Act has the following implications. The review' assessed the operation of the EPBC Act and the extent to which its objectives have been achieved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Further stimulus was provided by the Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz), enacted in 2000 and amended later. It grants renewable energy project developers privileged access to the nearest grid connection point, which minimizes the risk of unforeseen grid costs for the investor. The investment certainty based upon the feed-in-tariff is complemented by low-interest loans and grants from the state-owned KfW bank. We inserted a marker for each policy tool implemented, which is considered to support investment in physical capital directly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Gini coefficient for the African population has risen most sharply. Chapter 2 finds that poverty levels have decreased only slightly over the period under review. Further impeding poverty reduction is the fact that labour force participation rates increased faster than the share of employed in the working-age population, with a consequent increase in unemployment rates across all deciles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These may be based on age, sex or income level, or groups of risks based on people’s environment, such as the roadway, home, workplace or residential area. Thus, selected individuals or groups of individuals exposed to similar risks are targeted by preventive programmes to help them to avoid these risks or to detect specific conditions at an early stage. Although some risks are related to specific health conditions, the same or similar types of risks may lead to various health conditions, thus overlaps may exist in the coverage of programmes, depending on their structure at the national level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Access to early learning and pre-primary enrolment has grown in the past decade, but still 159 million children - over half of all three to six year olds - are missing out. It a place to learn and engage with civic development, to improve economic inclusion, social cohesion and environmental sustainability. It fosters disillusion and discontent, giving children the impression that there is no alternative to violence, often confronted with the choice to become a member of a gang or to never leave home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Nevertheless, widespread gender segregation continues to confine women to the lowest paid segments of the labour market. Gender inequalities with regard to earned income, wealth, time use and social security, documented in detail in Chapters 2 and 3, clearly indicate that something is terribly wrong: why are 'equal opportunities' not translating into equal outcomes? In some contexts patriarchal structures and practices constrain women's ability to seek paid work, or even health care, and to participate in social and political life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It presents the key opportunities for new firm formation in three higher education institutions in Penang as well as available start-up support. The chapter highlights international good practice and concludes with key overarching issues in promoting graduate entrepreneurship in Malaysia. Appropriate training and hands-on support in business start-up and early development play a key role in turning knowledge advantages into viable business ventures (OECD, 2010a, 2010b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This section outlines recommendation for concrete joint Nordic action and suggests a number of key stakeholders for leading and/or having a major role in taking the immediate next steps in 2017-2018. This will help ensure that e.g. any instruments and approaches for de-risking and improving the bankability of climate investments will truly mobilize private sector finance and expertise. It will also help ensure that e.g. any (l)NDC support effectively contributes to enabling environment improvements and the financing of priority climate compatible action in emerging and developing countries, without duplicating efforts by other international actors. This entails continued Nordic support for fossil-fuel subsidy reform and carbon pricing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As w'ith the poverty rate, this behaviour of distribution during a cycle episode differs from the pattern most frequently seen in similar situations in prior decades, when distribution usually worsened (often significantly) and recovery took several years. According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 2011), the Gini coefficient for OECD countries went from 0.29 in the mid-1980s to 0.316 in the late 2000s —an increase of nearly 10%. It rose significantly in 17 of the 22 countries with long-term series available. Figure II.5 shows growth in real income, ranked by household income percentile, the percentage increase in income is inversely proportional to income level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Each of the municipalities visited had their own ideas for the development of offerings for their teachers, even if many were quite aware of the government’s goals for the specialisation of teachers by the year 2020 and were encouraging and/or incentivising school leaders to develop these competencies among their school staff. Additional earmarked funding from the central government provides one source of support for teacher development and a tool for the central level to steer professional development (see above). However, stakeholders in schools and municipalities raised concerns that they lack support for the release of teachers in order for them to participate in learning opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At the same time, the revenue base shrank, causing total government revenue to fall in nominal terms by around 7%. Although health spending as a share of total government expenditure remained reasonably steady during this time, public debt increased rapidly - more than doubling as a share of GDP - to cope with the fall in government revenues. This included changes to user charge policy and public sector eligibility aiming to both raise revenues and reduce unnecessary demand for services. There were also renewed calls to implement the new universal health system (see Box 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Building on the substantial comparative and sectorial policy knowledge base available within the OECD, the series will result in a biennial publication (first volume in 2014). They are meant to draw attention to specific policies that are promising or showing positive results and may be relevant for other countries. Editorial support was provided by Lynda Hawe and Susan Copeland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Other shortcomings identified were weak legal security, and insufficient staff and financial resources. The white-tailed eagle, the corncrake and the endemic marble trout have benefited from targeted measures. Of the large carnivores, a brown bear protection plan helps to safeguard this species’ favourable conservation status. Slovenia, jointly with Croatia, has initiated a plan for the wolf, while efforts to protect the lynx are still at the discussion stage. Many other species are in need of targeted measures in addition to habitat protection. The cormorant is being managed because its abundance is causing a depletion of fish stocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Aid interventions aiming at upgrading skills could contribute to agricultural modernisation and improve the market participation of smallholders. Agricultural exports of these countries could more than double if political stability or the quality of infrastructure were brought to the level observed in the richest developing countries. This is because poor countries lag far behind better off developing countries in this respect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Seaweeds such as laver, sea mustard, and kelp, account for around 70% of total aquaculture production (Panel A). Major export destinations were Japan, People's Republic of China (hereafter “China”), Thailand, and the United States. Traditional markets such as Japan and China weakened, but this was more than compensated by increases to newer maikets such as the United States, and the European Union. Government Financial Transfers to general services dropped by 42% (Panel C).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Such policy strategies involve changes to how the roles of purchaser, provider and oversight are currently organised, how' the purchasing of goods and services and provider reimbursement occur, and how' the health system information infrastructure is set up. Some of these policy alternatives are identified in the light of international experiences in the OECD and elsewhere, and their feasibility assessed specifically in the Colombian context. Section 2.3 presents issues around qualify of health care provision, whilst Section 2.4 deals w-ith heightened concerns in Colombia about the health system’s financial sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There is no mechanism regarding decontamination of orphan sites, however, and no financial means exists for the government to take such action. Environmental authorities have made an inventory of publicly owned sites contaminated by pesticides, but no remediation has yet taken place due to a lack of funding (Chapter 5). Law 491 of 1999 requires projects requiring licences (i.e. the largest ones, with the highest environmental risks) to take out insurance covering environmental damage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Information reported directly by patients offers insights that cannot be identified through other means. It empowers patients to play a greater role in decisions about their health care (Fujisawa and Klazinga, 2016). There is great promise in translating these metrics into actions that can improve patients’ experience and their clinical outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Abstract   World leaders are beginning to look beyond temporary fixes to the challenge of securing the Internet. One possible solution may be an international arms control treaty for cyberspace. The 1997 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) provides national security planners with a useful model. CWC has been ratified by 98% of the world’s governments, and encompasses 95% of the world’s population. It compels signatories not to produce or to use chemical weapons (CW), and they must destroy existing CW stockpiles. As a means and method of war, CW have now almost completely lost their legitimacy. This article examines the aspects of CWC that could help to contain conflict in cyberspace. It also explores the characteristics of cyber warfare that seem to defy traditional threat mitigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The strengthening of animal and plant health and inspection systems is another area that can also underpin the longer term development of domestic and international markets for the Brazilian agricultural sector. While short term benefits accrue to farmers from price support and credit programmes, in the longer run sector-wide investments can have a higher pay-off to farmers. Although Brazil provides comparatively low support to farmers, there may be opportunities to gradually transfer additional resources to public investment in the light of the expected improvements in agricultural productivity and the associated profitability of the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was the first human rights treaty to be adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations. By a unanimous resolution on 9 December 1948, the Assembly approved the text that had been negotiated over the previous 2 years, opening the Convention for signature. On the same day, it also adopted a companion resolution mandating the creation of an international criminal court, giving effect to the reference to such an institution in Article 6 of the Convention itself. But within a few years, international criminal law had gone into virtual hibernation from which it was not to emerge for more than four decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As shown in the meta-analysis by Alston et al. ( In particular, measures of agricultural inputs (especially capital), outputs, and productivity, are very much transformed from the raw material used to make them. Studies of the returns to agricultural R&D, involve significant further transformation of data on research investments and productivity that already had embodied in them a great deal of judgment, much of which may not be apparent to the user but can have important implications for findings from studies that use them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The government is taking this challenge seriously and has introduced a number of key policies to raise the status and quality of teachers. The most significant of these policies is the Law on Teachers and Lecturers (Law No. The Law on Teachers and Lecturers requires all teachers to hold an academic bachelor’s degree and to successfully achieve certification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Data for 2012 show that some 54% of the country’s electricity exports went to Hong Kong, China, while 46% of its imports came from Hong Kong, China. Viet Nam and Macau, China are the two other major export destinations of China’s electricity. China also supplies electricity in smaller quantities to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia and Myanmar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Neither youth-oriented programmes nor those targeting adult women are likely to address the unique circumstances of married girls or the needs of girls at risk of child marriage, unless they do so in a planned and deliberate manner. But unless laws are enforced and communities support these laws, they will have little impact. Timing is key, these interventions, especially schooling and asset-building for girls, must be directed at young adolescents (10 to 14 years old)—before or around the time of puberty—in order to counter pressures on girls for marriage and childbearing for social and economic security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Most fishing is carried out by obsolete fleets and very often directed at fish stocks that are already heavily exploited. Further increasing aquaculture production could contribute to supplying seafood and fish at lower costs to the population, thereby reducing pressure on natural fishery resources. However, its potentially negative impact on aquatic ecosystems should be taken into account. Efforts are being made to develop new approaches and techniques, including run-of-river projects in suitable conditions, as development of dams for large hydro can have an adverse impact on river ecosystems and local communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This creates serious environmental and health risks given the inadequate wastewater and solid waste management system. Inadequate maintenance, and the possibility of accidental releases of unmonitored toxic chemicals and waste from industrial and port areas, require upgrading of the city’s storm drainage systems. Other “hard” infrastructure elements include eco-based adaptation measures such as retention ponds, creation of public open spaces or zoning restrictions in flood-prone corridors, early warning systems for floods, business continuity plans (BCPs), and disaster insurance and funds. Green infrastructure in particular includes adaptive solutions that allow “making space for water”, a concept now widely adopted in flood-prone countries like the Netherlands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There are various explanations for this surprisingly large difference, including hydrological measurement errors, and large-scale abstraction between Mosul and Kut for flood control or other purposes. Based on the available discharge data, mean water yield of the Tigris River appears to exceed Euphrates water yield. No trend can be observed at Mosul, while at Kut the records show a significant negative trend. It should be noted, however, that the data record at Kut exhibits more data gaps and missing values than the discharge record at Mosul, which may bias the trend analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Further, the review suggests that many poverty reduction strategies would benefit from "a more explicit link between goals and targets and the policies needed to achieve them” (IMF and World Bank, 2005,11). In an attempt to overcome this challenge, the Australian Government has proposed that the risks to essential services (e.g. energy and water supply) are clearly identified and that corresponding responsibilities are allocated to persons or organisations best placed to address the risks (Australian Government, 2013). This type of approach can provide a good basis for subsequently evaluating if the identified risks were the right ones and if they were adequately addressed by those in charge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In total, more than 400 hypoxic dead zones have been identified, and their frequency has approximately doubled each decade since the 1960s (Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008, Robertson and Vitousek, 2009). This trend may continue with the occurrence, frequency, duration and extent of oxygen depletion and harmful algal blooms in coastal zones projected to increase as rivers discharge growing amounts of nutrients into the sea (OECD, 2012a). Waterbodies contaminated with pathogens are responsible for the spread of many contagious water-borne diseases (Chapra, 1997), such as cholera, giardiasis and other intestinal infections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These are the AfT initiative, which, as discussed below, has delivered tangible development outcomes in a number of countries, and regionalism, which could offer enhanced market access opportunities, especially to landlocked countries, if pursued strategically and with greater policy zeal. The AfT initiative was launched at the Hong Kong Ministerial Conference of December 2005 with the stated objective of helping developing countries build the trade capacity and infrastructure needed to benefit from trade opening. The IPoA explicitly refers to AfT in paragraph 66(2)(e) when it calls on development partners to devote a larger share of AfT resources to ‘implement effective trade-related technical assistance and capacity-building’ in LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In 1993, the FAO blamed subsidies for most of the $54 billion shortfall between the fishing industry’s estimated revenues and costs. In 1998, the World Bank published the first major estimate of subsidies at global level, arriving at a figure of $14 to 20 billion. Other international organisations such as APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation) also started to discuss the issue. The inclusion of fisheries subsidies in the WTO’s Doha Round of trade talks in 2001 thrust the issue to the forefront of the international fisheries policy agenda. At its Fourth Ministerial Conference in 2001, the WTO undertook to “clarify and improve WTO disciplines on fisheries subsidies, taking into account the importance of this sector to developing countries”. These commitments were reinforced by the WTO Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration in 2005 (WTO, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Similarly, Korea, Mexico, Portugal and the United States underperform in the treatment of infectious diseases. In practice, however, except for the preliminary data on amenable mortality recently developed at the OECD, comparable cross-country data on outcomes by disease are seldom available.12 Measuring inputs and costs per disease also faces obstacles (Heijink and Renaud, 2009) as the lack of information on ambulatory care practices and pharmaceutical consumption makes it difficult to fully document a care episode. Deriving cross-country efficiency estimates at the disease level, except for a few specific illnesses, is thus currently not possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It measures the level of sustainable production from capture fisheries, an important element of food security. The indicator may be disaggregated by management category of the protected areas. It could be calculated separately for different marine ecological regions, if appropriate classification systems are available. Protected marine areas are essential for maintaining marine ecosystem diversity, in conjunction with management of human impacts on the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
To mitigate the spread of COVID-19, governments throughout the world have introduced emergency measures that constrain individual freedoms, social and economic rights and global solidarity. These regulatory measures have closed schools, workplaces and transit systems, cancelled public gatherings, introduced mandatory home confinement and deployed large-scale electronic surveillance. In doing so, human rights obligations are rarely addressed, despite how significantly they are impacted by the pandemic response. The norms and principles of human rights should guide government responses to COVID-19, with these rights strengthening the public health response to COVID-19.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As a recent report on the California Public Utilities Commission’s Long Term Energy Efficiency Strategic Plan notes: “High road economic development consists of a market environment that favours business strategies built on quality of work and innovation, resulting from investments in a workforce that is both highly skilled and rewarded for those skills. Such workforce investments, in turn, encourage the development of a stable and professionalised workforce with the capacity to adapt to new technologies and practices. Although it helped to insulate over 915,000 homes in 2009, it had to be suspended in early 2010 after four deaths of workers by electrocution, house fires caused by improperly installed insulation and widespread quality and worker training problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Children below the relative poverty line in Japan, Latvia, Bulgaria, Denmark, Spain and Romania are seen to be at average income levels that are below the poverty line by 30% or more. Figure 7 also throws up some surprises. Sweden and Denmark are rightly proud of their traditionally low rates of child poverty, but both find themselves in the bottom half of the league table when judged by the depth of relative poverty into which poor children are allowed to fall. The relative ‘poverty gap’ for children is greater in Denmark than in Sweden, greater in Sweden than in the United Kingdom, greater in the United Kingdom than in France, and greater in France than in Finland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)