albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Flowever, the governmental social housing projects under the 2006 Housing Law targeted a set of very specific social groups, namely “state employees, officials, government staff, government officers, and workers in economic zones, industrial, productive and high tech areas” (2006 Housing Law, article 53). Projects that have impacted urban areas for instance included housing support for such categories as “meritorious people”, social housing for students, housing for workers in industrial zones, and housing for officials. In fact, the scheme meant supporting some privileged groups and leaving out large segments of the urban poor such as the unemployed, low paid workers, privately or informally employed people, thereby illustrating a segmented and unco-ordinated approach to social housing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Tw'O major benefits can be reaped from this. Firstly, LGU’s in Metro Cebu could use land value capture tools to raise revenue from the direct and indirect benefits generated by the BRT to finance urban transport expansion. Land value capture enables the mobilisation for the benefit of the community the land value increments generated by the actions of others besides the landowner (Smolka, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, the majority of Indigenous people do not speak or understand their Indigenous language. Moreover, this proportion has increased over time: from 72% in 2006, to 79% in 2011. And not surprisingly, knowledge of Indigenous languages is even more limited among children and young people: only 4.5% of school-age children speak and understand their Indigenous language (Ibanez et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It complements telecommunication infrastructure belonging to existing operators in the region and provides open and non-discriminatory access to providers of wholesale and last-mile services. As such, the investment is helping to lower the investment barrier for next-generation access-network (NGA) services and eliminate the digital divide in areas currently without access to basic broadband services. The underlying idea of capturing the data and transmitting it over a wireless channel makes use of a specific wireless technique known as cooperative communications, which is low-overhead and can be implemented using low-cost radio sets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Trade tends to raise incomes and welfare in all countries independent of where their comparative advantages lie. Moreover, many determinants of trade patterns are outside the reach of policy (e.g. geography) or the outcome of region-specific preferences (e.g. towards privacy). Hence, even if regulation can influence comparative advantage, it is not optimal to strive for a comparative advantage in a particular sector but rather to take comparative advantage as given and create an environment where this advantage can thrive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Similarly, in urban areas, an average of one third of the region's workers are covered for retirement or other pensions, which, when broken down by country, ranges from double that figure to half (see table II.l). This shows how much contributory social protection coverage varies, posing different challenges for different countries and economic sectors. Lack of a contract is closely associated with poor-quality employment and informal work, comprising the majority of workers without social protection, and is concentrated among the poorest sector of the population, which is the customary target population for non-contributory social protection programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
During the 2005 Mumbai floods the poorest households were the most vulnerable. Though the losses may not appear large in absolute terms, the average loss incurred by households roughly equalled the average households savings. The 1982-1984 drought in Zimbabwe increased the probability of child stunting and delayed the school enrolment of children by an average of 3.7 months, which worsened their performance at school up to 16 years after the disaster. For example, considerable degradation of the ecosystem could threaten the livelihoods of the rural communities that depend directly on natural resources: access to marine biodiversity, nontimber forest products and small-scale or subsistence crop and stock farming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As a rule of thumb, we considered a difference to be substantial if it was greater or equal to 5% and statistical significant at the 10% level. This allowed the establishment of a list of pertinent interaction terms to be included in the original statistical models. The selection of interaction terms was carried out separately for urban and rural households, and for sub-populations excluding either the self-employed or the non-self-employed workers. For example lack of wage data for the self-employed (proxied by consumption) that make half of the female labour force is a limiting factor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Editorial Note recalls that in the case of Hungary, from the perspective of constitutional law it is important to draw the attention of the reader to two distinct periods in the development of Hungarian constitutionalism: the period from the beginning of the post-communist constitutional reforms up to 2010, and the subsequent change of direction that was marked by the preparation and adoption of the new Fundamental Law in 2011. Whilst the report on Hungary focuses on the latter period, it should not be forgotten that in the aftermath of the post-communist constitutional reforms (until about 2010), the Hungarian constitutional system was widely acclaimed in Europe for the particularly extensive safeguards for the rule of law and human dignity established by the Constitutional Court.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Regular in-class observation by experts coupled with real-time feedback has proven a useful tool in the PERA programme of the US state of Illinois. The Ministry of Education could also support municipalities in applying benchmarking mechanisms such as the “Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale” developed in the United States. For Argentina: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (World Education Indicators Programme).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is because no common framework was developed to measure gender results as such, despite the fact that the GES contains examples of gender-explicit indicators and highlights the objective of UNDP contributions to gender-responsive results. The evaluation was also limited by the lack of UNDP’s systematic collection of sex-disaggregated data and specific indicators for GEWE that are collected in the same way over time. This made it problematic to obtain a picture of overarching trends across all UNDP country offices, from which sampling and validation could take place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The maximum eligible income is set just above the average wage in Ireland for single-income households and at 80% of the average wage in the United States and in New South Wales, Australia. Canada, France, Japan, New Zealand, Portugal and England can also be considered relatively targeted systems even though the size of the social rental sector is still relatively large in France and England (sources: QuASH, Scanlon et al, 2014, http://www.housingpathways.nsw.gov.au/). Shortfalls in supply of social rental housing in many countries mean that not all eligible households actually access the services and waiting lists are maintained.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In a cap-and-trade system, a cap is set on company emissions (such that the overall level of emissions is reduced) and permits (allowances) up to that cap are granted or auctioned to companies. Then, permits can be traded. The first cap-and-trade system was implemented successfully in the US in the early 1990s to curb emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2) responsible for acid rain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
International management is a discipline that has yet to develop ethnographic sensitivity to the links between macro-level changes in the political economy and organizational structures and micro-level meanings and everyday life. Hassard et al. (this issue) argue that by using ethnography to study formation of middle managers' communal experiences, international management could attune to the new organizational ideology and its actualization in the everyday life of local actors in multinational corporations. In this response to Hassard et al., I note that middle managers represent a distinct occupational group that has been affected profoundly by the restructuring and delayering initiatives in corporate organizations and that their anxieties and uncertainties, shared as they may be across countries, are arguably different from the experiences of other occupational groups. Additionally, ethnographic method has traditionally studied local cultures and sites, and even the recent calls for `global ethnography...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In fact, this would simply reflect that the production of the same service takes place in another institutional sector instead of the household sector. Some countries have started to value these activities through a Household Satellite Account, which provides important information on the economy and society. However, there is currently no general agreement on the methodological choices in resolving the measurement challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In the OECD and the EMEs the climate is generally not as hot as in LDCs and so it is not set to deteriorate as much. Further, their economies are not as exposed to changes in climate because they are less dependent upon rain-fed agriculture. While they therefore have less need for adaptation, both the OECD and the EMEs urgently need to curb their emissions. Hence for them mitigation, rather than adaptation, should be the priority. However, within the terms of this dispute the overwhelming interest of LDCs is in getting both the OECD and the EMEs to do as much mitigation as possible, rather than to extract as much money as possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is the budget holder, controlling the activity on its own account. Concessional finance to or through these entities were not included in this analysis as it would be difficult to determine the “STI-proportion” of the total finance received by these entities. The most prominent keywords used in the description of the activities identified in stages 1 and 2 were identified using Natural Language Processing algorithms. Common English words such as “the”, “is”, and “are” were removed from the analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is frequently asked whether income or consumption poverty measures should be included in a national MPI, instead of reporting them separately. To date, it seems preferable to report monetary poverty separately, although Armenia and Mexico (only) combine them. Moreover, the relative weight of income can be adjusted (if there are two separate measures the weight of each may be implicitly equal).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The intuitive reaction by a public avid to understand a traumatic accident is frequently that “the true extent of damages is hidden”. Transparency about the extent of the full costs of all energy chains must be the primary strategy to address such dissymmetries. Such transparency requires a dedicated effort from all stakeholders in the energy sector, and it is the objective of this publication to contribute to this task. Policymakers have the difficult task of balancing both aspects, the legitimate emotional reaction in the moment and the need for a longer-term structure of an energy-system constituting the best available option to minimise accidents and hardships in a 360° perspective. Dispassionate reflection with an aim to improve general welfare suggests that the large number of casualties caused by air pollution demand at least as much attention as the rare accident.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Enrolment in ECEC in Portugal is above the OECD average in 2012: 78% of 3-year-olds and 92% of 4-year-olds are enrolled at pre-primary level (compared to the OECD average of 70% for 3-year-olds and 82% for 4-year-olds), and enrolment is practically universal between ages 5 and 14. Education is compulsory from ages 6 to 18 in Portugal (two years more than the OECD average), with comprehensive schooling (the same curriculum for all students) until age 15. National data shows an increase of 33% in the inclusion in regular schools of students with special education needs (SEN) (2010/11). In PISA 2012, about 34.3% of 15-year-olds in Portugal had repeated at least one grade, compared to the OECD average of 12%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Empowerment is a standard but ambiguous element of development rhetoric and so, through the socially complex and contested terrain of South Africa, this paper explores its potential to contribute to inclusive development. Investigating microlevel engagements with the national strategy of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) in the South African wine industry highlights the limitations, but also potential, of this single-domain approach. However, latent paternalism, entrenched interests, and a ‘dislocated blackness’ maintain a complex racial politics that shapes both power relations and the opportunities for transformation within the industry. Nonetheless, while B-BBEE may not, in reality, be broad-based its manifestations are contributing to challenging racist structures and normalising changing attitudes. This paper concludes that, to be transformative, empowerment needs to be reembedded within South Africa as a multiscalar, multidimensional dialogue and, while recognising the continuation of structural constraints, positions the local as the critical scale at which to initiate broader social change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As non-state actors, PMSCs are not embraced by traditional state-dominated doctrines of international law. However, international law has itself failed to keep pace with the evolution of states and state-based actors, to which strong Westphalian notions of sovereignty are no longer applicable. It is argued that these structural inadequacies stand in the way of international regulation of PMSCs, rather than defects in international human rights and humanitarian law per se. By analyzing understandings of legal responsibility, where such structural issues come to the fore, it is argued that, rather than attempting to resolve the essentially ideological dispute about the inherent functions of a state, regulatory regimes should focus on the positive obligations of states and PMSCs, and the interactions between them. Applying the results of this analysis, current and proposed regulatory regimes are evaluated and their shortcomings revealed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Tarasuk, V. and G. Beaton, Women's dietary intakes in the context of household food insecurity. Journal of Nutrition, 1999.129: p. 672-679. Bernal, J., E. Frongillo, and J. Rivera, Food insecurity reported by children, but not by mothers, is associated with lower quality of diet and shifts in foods consumed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They are very well documented for all countries and years and available by age, gender14, and in some countries, by educational attainment (Sen 1998, Mackenbach et al. Also, there are large and persistent inequalities in longevity within countries that tend to be correlated with the socio-economic background of individuals. Furthermore, the socio-economic determinants of inequality in longevity, such as the education gradient of mortality, are very different across OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A great deal of its strength comes from the strong support and influence on decision making that it exercises as a result of the non-partisan, highly participative and technical nature of its activities. Antofagasta’s Creo Antofagasta could reproduce these characteristics, since it already enjoys support from a wide variety of actors (private and public) that are willing to contribute knowledge and funds. Furthermore, Creo Antofagasta’s wide support can be a good source of resources beyond those necessary for day-to-day activities, and allow it to emulate the RPA’s funding scheme centred on an independently managed endowment that provides 80% of the funds required for its operations. The rest of the financing would be generated by grants and fees-for-service (Regional Plan Association, n.d.). It transformed into the urban institute for the Ile-de-France Region when the latter took over the functions of the former in 1976, and in 1982 IAU-IdF became an associated body of the Regional Council. Although focused on the territory of the Ile-de-France Region, the IAU-IdF also conducts studies in co-operation with other European metropolises on topics that include economic competitiveness, planning, public transport and airports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Promoting such a system, from generation to delivery to the end users, requires long-term investment in large-scale projects, it also involves risks and uncertainty and therefore requires detailed planning (Markard, 2011). But its provision dramatically increases both economic productivity and quality of life. In rural areas, access to affordable energy can boost farm productivity because of its uses in pumping water for irrigation, mechanization, agricultural processing and post-harvest storage. Developing a domestic eneigy industry has multiple benefits, because of jobs created in system maintenance and repairs, billing and administration, and power plant operation and distribution, in addition to backward linkages and new domestic markets (UNCTAD, 2017). Positive feedback effects are created as energy provision supports transportation and information and communication technologies (ICTs), which in turn assist in eneigy generation and distribution. The design of transportation systems shapes social transformations, and how populations and businesses settle and interact (NCE, 2014, Atack et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
On average, a 1% drop in GDP corresponded with a 1.38% drop in health expenditure (Figure 1). However, health care expenditure fell by more than that in countries such as Greece and Ireland and less in countries such as Iceland, Slovenia and Hungary. A further predictor of cuts was the rate of health care expenditure growth prior to the crisis. Countries with higher rates of growth before the crisis tended to have bigger falls in health spending after the crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These two scenarios can be further differentiated between those where either the State or the market tends to be the prime mover when it comes to poverty eradication, as illustrated in figure 3.1 below. It creates solutions that are meant to apply universally regardless of context. Rule of law, human rights and the perception of the individual as an autonomous actor with capacity to determine his or her own destiny are among the more obvious manifestations of this type of rationality. As Giddens (1990) argues, it is “disembedded” from place and time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Preferential loans can be used to buy machinery and equipment to reduce post-harvest losses including dryers, machines used for the cultivation and harvest of rice, coffee tea and sugarcane, and machines used for aquatic production and cold storage. The machines have to be new, legally standard and have a local content value of at least 60%. The loans could be up to 100% of the cost. The state subsidises 100% of the interest rates for these loans in the first two years and 50% from the third year onwards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Differences between full-time employees and all other categories are statistically significant. Such people are numerous among employees, whether part-time or full-time, but much less so among the unemployed, the self-employed, and the underemployed (those working part-time despite wanting full-time work). People who work part-time but want full-time work are considered to be underemployed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
High-voltage power lines are a major source of mortality among birds (particularly predatory birds), killing more vultures than hunting or trapping activities. Night lighting has been shown to have significant impacts on populations of night-flying insects. Furthermore, roads are a major source of mortality for various species, including hedgehogs, snakes and birds, particularly during migration seasons. In 2008, the preparation of national forest inventory was launched, no inventory of other plants has ever been prepared in Kyrgyzstan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These also contain the means by which Parties seek to achieve the targets presented in the NDCs, including relevant policies, frameworks, initiatives, and other political levers applied to achieve the goals within the stated timeframe. Any action taken that would lead to reduced emissions (e.g. reducing fertilizer use) or increased carbon reservoirs (e.g. planting of trees), would have to be identified and incorporated in the system for transparency of action, i.e. the reporting and accounting setup defined in the PA (cf. In that sense, the PA facilitates transparency on mitigation ambitions of domestic agricultural initiatives. In all these mechanisms, the basic concept is two or more parties cooperating on transfer of mitigation outcomes, finance or technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It provided tariff coverage for all commodities and established both normal and preferential tariffs. Preferential rates (50% of the normal tariff) were applied to exported/imported goods to/from countries that signed bilateral trade agreements with Viet Nam. While the private sector was granted the ability to engage directly in international trade, in order to obtain an import or export licence, enterprises were required to have a foreign contract and a shipping license, sufficient working capital, and trade experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Moreover, the institutions themselves need to establish an appropriate method for tracking graduates as a way of informing curriculum - and understanding more comprehensively how education meets the needs of society and the economy. The Victorian Government could take the lead in setting up a national database to track the progress of students. No system-wide data is publicly available on the extent to which academics or students in Victorian tertiary education institutions are engaged with industry and the public sector through their normal teaching and learning and related research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Possible to conduct robust decompositions by income sources. Can be turned into a normative measure by imposing a coefficient to weigh individuals in different part of the distribution differently. Allows the analysis of inequality among population subgroups. Replication invariance (or population principle): a replication of the population (i.e. adding to the population under consideration n times the same individuals) does not change the inequality index.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Data from this case study indicate that half of the municipalities were struggling with implementation of AfL, despite all the work and effort to ensure success. Governance actors and school leaders require training and support in the acquisition of research knowledge to develop greater competency in this area and enable them to facilitate change. They need knowledge about the content of the change process, about w'hat w'orks and what are the theoretical assumptions underlying the new teaching paradigm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)