albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
And the body of knowledge on adolescent development and participation - in terms of data and analysis, best practices and lessons learned, and understanding of disparities and bottlenecks - is steadily growing. As this report points out in Chapter 2, the number of adolescents is expected to increase, especially in poor countries. Many key development agents have already joined in a global consensus on the importance of investing in adolescence and youth. These stakeholders, at all levels, must now pull together to support young people in developing the skills and capacities they need to pull themselves out of poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Health-related and other relevant concepts and definitions employed in this Note are discussed below. Inequality implies disparities in status, opportunity or treatment, while inequity incorporates an assessment of fairness. This distinction is particularly important in health, where equality among individuals or groups does not necessarily mean achieving the same state of health. There are natural inequalities in health that may not be considered unfair.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This would imply making the most of the decentralisation of responsibilities and allowing river basin councils to use their decision-making powers on important issues. It would help co-ordinate and articulate river basin plans with national and state priorities and programmes to foster more coherent and effective decision making and information sharing. Although there are some optimistic signs at the sub-basin level with several COTAS, clean beach committees and river basin commissions attracting financial resources from governmental institutions to address local problems, the lack of binding basin plans and financial autonomy remain serious constraints to the relevance and efficiency of river basin authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article examines the extent to which Serbia has implemented relevant international standards on action against transnational organised crime contained in the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime 2000. The first part explores key obligations with particular reference to prohibition of substantive offences, intelligence-led law enforcement (special investigative techniques), confiscation of criminal proceeds, as well as international law enforcement cooperation. The second part of the article analyses how these obligations are implemented by Serbia in reality by examining legislative frameworks as well as law enforcement practices. The main conclusion is that, while Serbia has taken some steps to implement international standards with a view to enhancing individual and collective actions against transnational organised crime, effective law enforcement is hampered by issues such as corruption and a lack of expertise, experience and resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Two stocks were declared rebuilt in 2016. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquactilhire Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production, aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD. Fish stocks data were sourced from: the 4th Quarter 2016 Update of the FSSI and Non-FSSI Stock Status Table.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
A learning model presented in the appendix describes how a facility in Denmark is aiming to be Europe’s number one centre for testing, demonstrations and research into technology harvesting renewable energy offshore (the Lindoe Offshore Renewables Centre). Following the Lindoe example, leadership for any similar initiative would need to come from the business community with the support of local and State governments. Sustainable Schools NSW, for example, is a government-funded support programme to help schools integrate environmental learning and awareness into all aspects of their activities, supported by a wide range of web-based resources at www.sustainableschools.nsw.edu.au. This support reflects the principle that the education system should aim to ensure that school leavers are well equipped for emerging opportunities in the green economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While there is little doubt that improvements to the region’s public transport system could generate significant economic and environmental gains, the current system barely has enough funding to operate, let alone upgrade or expand. This poses a problem for the metro-region’s future attractiveness, as public transit access and ease of mobility have been cited as key factors in the region’s high rankings among world cities. The Regional Transport Authority (RTA), which serves six counties and 88% of the population in the metro-region, has applied most of its funding on operations (over USD 2 billion annually) rather than maintenance or capital investment.23 This is due in part to operating costs that have outpaced inflation, rising 4.5% annually (CMAP, 2010a). Approximately half of RTA's operating costs are financed by fares and other system-related revenues (e.g. advertising and concession), with the remainder supplied by an RTA sales tax applied, a real estate transfer tax in the City of Chicago, and state matching funds and contributions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These elements should be embedded in iterative learning systems that go beyond linear performance frameworks, which are limited to reporting on indicators focusing on sex-disaggregated data. This would help to move beyond the tendency to focus on numbers of women and men and targeting strategies to more responsive and transformative results. The practice of gender audits should also become a more standard feature throughout the organization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Green criminology has long proposed a political economy approach towards the study of environmental harm. This paper engages with that emerging scholarship by examining how land reclamation and organizational state deviance contributed to severe desertification from 1986 to 2005 in Minqin County, China. Specifically, the study examines how macro-level tax reforms in post-socialist China provided the motive, opportunities, and operationality of social control that enabled the under-enforcement of conservation regulations in the Minqin oasis. The findings demonstrate that organizational state deviance was structured in an interwoven web of fiscal obligations and patronage relationships generated by the incessant tax burden imposed on grassroots state actors and local farmers. The data comes from 110 in-depth interviews of local farmers and grassroots actors as well as 7237 pages of policy reports gathered from regional and local archives in northwestern China.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Those cases where it is possible to distinguish the different types of transfers show that this income category has many sources. In Chile, the increase in transfers came mainly from subsidies and pensions. In Ecuador, they came from remittances and grants known as Bono de Desarrollo Humano. It is assumed that these explain the growth under “other income”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Theorizing the social influence of racism and race has long been a concern of sociologists. Theories have addressed how racism, race and race inequality are organized and changed. Yet they have not addressed why racism and race are persistent despite social change. A social process theory of racism and race is proposed that analyzes their flexibility and persistence. It posits that racism is a social process where the meanings of race identities are traded across macro, meso, and micro levels of society. These trades legitimate social policies, are used to define a society as moral, and inform experiences. Black and white identities in light of the civil rights movement and its retrenchment, and the post-9/11 identity of Muslim Americans provide examples for applying the theory. I discuss the implications of the social process theory of racism and race for the future of race inequality in American society and sociological research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some countries have adapted these questions to their local context by including different circumstances, such as if she spends too much money, if she disobeys, if she is unfaithful, if she insults him, if she neglects household chores, if she shows disrespect for her in-laws and if she speaks about the need to protect herself against HIV/AIDS. The WHO Multi-country Survey on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence measured women’s attitudes towards domestic violence by asking them about the situations in which they believe that a man has a good reason to beat his wife, including situations in which she does not complete the housework, disobeys her husband or refuses to have sex with him. A second set of questions addressed the situations in which women believe that a woman has the right to refuse to have sex with her husband, including situations in which she does not want to, he is drunk, she is sick or he is mistreating her (Garcia-Moreno and others, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Before data collection and analysis can start, it is necessary to consider the question of which road safety indicators are considered relevant. Indicators can be used in policy making, for progress monitoring and for explaining developments, particularly in relation to the policy conducted. Good data are indispensable for this. When data are not good, erroneous decisions are possible. Improving road safety is a social issue, and society cannot afford to let dilettantes take erroneous decisions based on false data leading to unnecessary road casualties. In addition to their use in road safety policies, good data axe of extreme importance for research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Reduced pesticide use suggests that Bt crops would be generally beneficial to in-crop biodiversity in comparison with conventional crops that receive regular, broad-spectrum pesticide applications, although these benefits would be reduced if supplemental insecticide applications were required (GM Science Review Panel). At present, the production of transgenic and cloned animals is extremely inefficient, with high mortality during early embryonic development and success rates of only 1-3 percent. Of the transgenic animals born, the inserted genes may not function as expected, often resulting in anatomical, physiological and behavioural abnormalities (NRC, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
One of the most serious gaps in the implementation of relevant outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development is in the area of fisheries. Although countries agreed in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation to restore global fish stocks to sustainable levels by 2015, stocks continue to be fished at increasingly unsustainable levels. To address this problem, States should recommit to maintaining or restoring depleted fish stocks to sustainable levels, and should further commit to implementing science-based management plans for rebuilding stocks by 2015, including reducing or suspending fishing catch for all stocks being overfished or at risk of being overfished.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The three-step programme: i) encourages knowledge sharing to strengthen water environmental governance, ii) fosters water solution information platforms through workshops and dialogues, Hi) creates policy makers’ networks for the improvement of water environmental governance. The WEPA contributes to facilitate mutual understanding on water issues between 13 member countries, each appointing a focal point who discusses solutions for environmental management challenges. The current members are Cambodia, the People’s Republic of China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam. They also suggested the importance of maintaining an up-to-date database on existing water regulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This trend was disrupted by the agricultural price spikes of 2008, 2010 and, to a lesser extent, 2012 owing to a variety of factors, including major droughts, bioenergy policies and price increases for agricultural inputs. The OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2013 projects that prices for crops and livestock will remain at high levels for the next decade (OECD/FAO, 2013). The prices of grains are expected to remain near their 2013 levels, but the prices of oil seeds may increase towards 2020 owing to increased demand in the food and energy sectors. As a result of increasing demand for meat, the price of livestock will also be pushed upwards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Particularly in rural areas, gender issues need to be assessed in each specific geographic and cultural context, which vary widely both between and within countries. These relate particularly to women’s double burden of productive and “care” work, gender-based cropping and marketing patterns, and gender-specific patterns of employment and discrimination in rural labour markets. They are also central to understanding the critical constraints women face in engaging in productive work, notably in terms of time allocation and mobility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The theory of government failure was developed as a reaction against Pigovian welfare economics and the Cambridge approach to economic policy analysis generally, which ostensibly lacked a theory of governmental behaviour. We argue that the Cambridge tradition--as reflected in the writings of Henry Sidgwick, Alfred Marshall and A.C. Pigou--evidences a clear sense of the potential limitations and inefficiencies of the political process that were later developed, albeit in a more systematic fashion, in the government failure literature and at the same time bring out the ways in which the Cambridge and contemporary government failure approaches diverge, in spite of their strong similarities. Copyright The Authors 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Cambridge Political Economy Society. All rights reserved., Oxford University Press.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Within the database, the influence of quotas, tariff-rate quotas and other specific duties have been converted to ad valorem tariff equivalents. Data on export subsidies are obtained from country level notifications to the WTO and from the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund. The base year for this release is 2011 where 11 new regions have been added with an existing 20 updated. In particular, there is no information for the agricultural sector on non-tariff and behind the border barriers that could also have a significant impact on trade. These range from quarantine and product safety requirements, to other requirements such as labelling and barriers to trade created by differences in regulatory approaches (Box 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As of 1 January 2015, forests extend over an area of 8.653 million ha, corresponding to about 42 per cent of the country’s land area (table 10.1). This is mainly due to natural afforestation of former low-quality agricultural lands, and to planting on lands allocated to afforestation activities. The extent of forest land and other wooded land is about 1 ha per inhabitant, which is higher than the average of 0.4 ha per inhabitant in Central European countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Italy and Spain covered more ground overthe prior 20years, with much greater positive changes, to simply reach the high levels already established in Denmark and Finland. Countries are categorized as having strong caring spirits if their non-income HDI increase is greater than one half of one standard deviation above its predicted value and weak caring spirits if their non-income HDI change is greater than one half of one standard deviation below its predicted value. The typical pathway in these sorts of models is through net exports: higher wages are associated with a loss of international competitiveness and an increase in the relative affordability of imports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Non-contributory benefit schemes co-exist with contributory social insurance systems. Narrowly targeted social assistance benefits aimed at the poorest households have been introduced in all countries. In some countries, these benefits replaced the ‘old-style’ categorical benefits, privileges and subsidies, while in others they are created in addition to the existing categorical benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There are also concerns about the treatment of interconnections and the lack of regional coordination regarding supply adequacy. For regions well interconnected and with coupled electricity prices, the target model should include a common definition of capacity credits and the possibility to exchange these credits with a proper treatment of network constraints. This may reduce incentives to save energy or engage demand response actions during these hours, unless they can participate in the capacity market, which might not be possible for small players because of transaction costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Promoting diversity has become a prominent goal in language-in-education policy discourse in two broad contexts. On the one hand, language policies take on the challenge of maintaining and developing de facto linguistic and cultural diversity through language acquisition planning, on the other hand, they portray themselves as active agents of social change and aim to develop positive cross-cultural attitudes through language education. This paper discusses these two main aspects of language-ineducation policies. The discussion is focused on the Australian and the European policy discourses. These two contexts offer an interesting point of comparison as they represent Western democracies with a highly multicultural and multi-ethnic population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
But changes to social norms and the law are often incremental and hard fought. The amendments to the Criminal Law in India following recent rape cases5 do not criminalize marital rape,6 highlighting both the scope and limits of law as an agent of social change. In Mexico the primary reason women dropped out of the labour force was threats and violence by disapproving husbands.'
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There are also some signs of over-employment in the administration functions at the municipal level. One important factor that has contributed to this trend is the migration of students to private-subsidised schools, which is leaving too many extremely small public schools with high per-student costs. The other contributing factor is a demographic trend of falling school-age population that creates further pressures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
States with fairly large fisheries agencies include: Maine, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, Florida, Texas, California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii. These agencies generally deal with both freshwater and marine fisheries, and are funded from both State and Federal sources. It is assumed that the large bulk of their programs fall in the “general services" category of transfers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, in the SNA ancillary refers to basic, routine services to support production activities that are required by all enterprises. When they are provided in-house, they are called ancillary activities, e.g. cleaning premises, running the staff payroll or providing the information technology infrastructure for the enterprise, etc. Health care classes involve final consumption and include all cost components, e.g. e-medicine is expected to be included in the resources accounted for. E-medicine is the use, in the health system, of digital data - transmitted, stored and retrieved electronically - in support of health care, both at the local site and at a distance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Yet how is the process of prioritization among multiple demands manifested in government decision-making? Are there opportunities to exploit multiplier effects where one intervention can lead to multiple objectives for gender equality? At the same time, governments will need to have the capacity for flexibility and adaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the aftermath of September 11 foreign aid has returned to the center of U.S. foreign policy. Most policymakers have approached the problems of failed or weak states—limited legitimacy, political instability, and religious terrorism or fundamentalism—by saying they are simply the result of incomplete modernization. However, this is a very misleading way to understand the global resurgence of religion. A global struggle for authenticity and development is taking place, and learning how to take cultural and religious pluralism seriously has become one of the most important aspects of foreign policy in the twenty-first century. This article examines how U.S. foreign aid policy can do this by assisting faith-based organizations help the churches, mosques, and temples in developing countries become the kind of "communities of character" that can generate the social capital that contributes to social change and development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus, when the UK leaves the EU, the Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) licensing scheme and related FLEGT voluntary partnership agreements (VPAs) concluded between the EU and third countries will no longer apply in the UK. The objective of the system is to provide legality assurance of timber origin and to help decrease illicit timber trade (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment ofthe Russian Federation, 2017). Land use and forestry regulation for 2021-2030. Promoting renewable energy use - Council adopts its position.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The remaining 11 are under the control of municipal and private companies. The Rustavi landfill was developed according to EU standards with financing from the EBRD, SIDA and BP, and provides disposal capacity for 80,000 m3 in phase 1. Operation of the landfill started in 2011 and it currently receives 30,000 tons of municipal waste annually from the town of Rustaveli and the village of Gardabani, serving 150,000 people in total. The landfill management keeps detailed records on the operation (table 5.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
1. What's morality got to do with it? making the right distinctions Jean Bethke Elshtain 2. Unauthorized humanitarian intervention Mark Stein 3. Thinking constitutionally: the problem of deliberative democracy Stephen L. Elkin 4. Representing ignorance Russell Hardin 5. Dual citizenship and American democracy: patriotism, national attachment, and national identity Stanley A. Renshon 6. Policy implications of zero discounting: an exploration in politics and morality Tyler Cowen 7. Reflections on espionage Harvey Klehr 8. Mr. Pinocchio goes to Washington: lying in politics Robert Weissberg 9. A subject of distaste an object of judgment John Haldane 10. Against civic schooling James Bernard Murphy 11. Political morality as convention Norman Barry 12. Autonomy and empathy Michael Slote 13. God's image and egalitarian politics George P. Fletcher 14. Should political liberals be compassionate conservatives? philosophical foundations of the faith-based initiative John Tomasi.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Originally they were designed to inform mitigation policy, but some are now applied in the context of adaptation policy as well. This chapter reviews the modelling of climate impacts and adaptation in global IAMs, including both models with an economic focus and those with a science focus. Key advances in the representation of climate impacts in IAMs during the last decade include improved consideration of differences in impacts across regions, the development of nonmonetary reduced-form models and coupling global IAMs with regional and sectoral impact models to assess climate change together with other sustainability issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)