albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These efforts will help establish practical policies to prevent ecological and economic overfishing. This result has significant implications for those assessing fisheries management measures and developing alternative measures to adapt to climate changes. Based on the results of the IFRAME analysis, alternative measures of fisheries management need to be used to reduce the fishing effort (fishing capacity) in order to decrease the level of fishing mortality by 25%. These measures could include a reduction in the TAC in order to decrease the number of fishing days when vessels are operated, a revision of licensing limits to reduce the number of fishing boats, and limiting the number of fishing days per trip.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As in the other regions, the depletion of underground reserves and degradation of their quality due to anthropogenic impact are typical. In order to better protect current and potential sources of drinking water in the country, the status of “area of national environmental importance” has been given to eleven zones of fresh groundwater formation. As a result of anthropogenic factors, the groundwater quality continues to deteriorate in some regions of the country, such as the Republic of Karakalpakstan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Effective measures include agricultural research, technology transfer, and extension and advisory sendees. Food insecurity is a consequence of poverty, except in emergency situations where physical supplies break down. Tariff protection for staple foods, which is sometimes suggested as a means to improve food security, may expand domestic output and hence raise the availability of food, but it does not help poor consumers to gain access to the food they need.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
By comparison, North Africa showed a value twice as high, at 11.2 per cent in 2010 (see table 6.3). It is to be noted that, unlike North Africa, manufacturing employment regressed in the rest of the continent between 2000 and 2013. Given that it is at a very early stage of its industrial development process, it is timely for Africa to critically examine its capacity to promote sustainable industries and sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Christiansen, Lauridsen and Bech elaborate on an important part of this question in this issue by asking ’’Ageing populations: More care or just later care?”. Cremer, Pestieau and Ponthiere take the issue further with their survey of the economics of long-term care for the elderly. In particular, the growing occurrence of obesity is a concern both because of its negative health effects and its potential effects on the demand for health care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Procedural environmental rights have been found to be an effective way of securing environmental protection, but they are often discussed as a single, uniform standard and are associated with similar effects on environmental decision-making. This view needs reconsideration. Comparing the procedural environmental rights guaranteed in Europe by the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the Aarhus Convention (AC), this article argues that these rights differ considerably in objective, content and scope. Taking note of these differences helps to concretize the doctrine of procedural environmental rights and supports more realistic conclusions about the contribution of procedural environmental rights to environmental governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It comprises a large majority of the share capital (initial capital and capital increases), reserves (undistributed profits) and the net operating result for the year, as well as investment subsidies. Equity refers to the savings of the entrepreneur and other total personal assets. These may be savings accumulated over time or profits from a former business.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is a well-established link between ageing and declining health, and this is exacerbated in areas of socio-economic deprivation. Being physically active can alleviate many of the major health problems for older people, yet participation in this demographic category remains low. The present study is part of a larger programme of research concerned with a major national public health intervention, the Free Swimming Initiative. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to address local implementation of the national policy imperative in Wales and explored the views of non-users (n=20) and community leisure providers (n=7). The research was based in Abertillery – a traditional mining town in the South Wales Valleys with higher than average levels of social deprivation. Findings revealed a series of weaknesses in the delivery of this public policy intervention. They are (i) a lack of partnership infrastructure, (ii) insufficient participant involvement, (iii) evidence gap, and (iv) disjointed multiple aims.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Furthermore, with the economic recovery and in the absence of additional policy actions, emissions have increased. According to current estimates, while remaining below their 2008 level, C02 emissions in Germany rose in 2010. In addition, the package of measures defined in the Integrated Energy and Climate Programme and in the Energy Concept may not be sufficient to reach the targets.3 Finally, the recent decision of an accelerated phase-out of nuclear pow'er will add in a constraint on GHG abatement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The demand for non-agricultural use of water is calculated at the world region level and down-scaled to grid-cell level using the spatial distribution of people and GDP as a measure of human activity. Together with demands for irrigation per grid-cell (see below), the run-off is then corrected for the total withdrawals in the cell. The resulting run-off is passed on to the next downstream cell and so on until the entire water basin is covered. The gap is filled by irrigation, using surface water and groundwater available in the same or neighbouring grid cells.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Most small business entrepreneurs are men, but there is an increasing share of women among new entrepreneurs. In Sweden, as in many other countries, mostly highly educated women from both the public and private sectors have left their jobs to start micro firms in recent years (Abbasian and Bildt, 2009). According to the report of the Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth (Tillvaxtverket, 2009), in 2008, around 25% of the entrepreneurs in Sweden were women and 32% of the new businesses were started by women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They also need to increase the effective demand for education and address the barriers faced by the poorest households (by improving its quality, and by providing cash transfers, school meals and scholarships). The Chronic Poverty Advisory Network is committed to providing policy guidance on all such issues. Upper MICs have the resources to invest in the chronically poor - and many now have political regimes that are determined to do so.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, it can reduce upward social mobility between generations and, in turn, adversely affect the equality of opportunities and influence the allocation of resources, such as talent or human capital, to the detriment of the economic performance of a country as a whole (e.g. OECD, 2008, Stiglitz, 2012). Recent OECD research suggests that efficiency costs of inequality can indeed be quite high (OECD, 2015b). It is relatively uncontroversial that such efficiency-decreasing inequality should be countered since this can improve income distribution, contribute to social cohesion and increase the overall size of the economic pie at the same time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The provision of surgery within humanitarian crises is complex, requiring coordination and cooperation among all stakeholders. During the 2011 Humanitarian Action Summit best practice guidelines were proposed to provide greater accountability and standardization in surgical humanitarian relief efforts. Surgical humanitarian relief planning should occur early and include team selection and preparation, appropriate disaster-specific anticipatory planning, needs assessment, and an awareness of local resources and limitations of cross-cultural project management. Accurate medical record keeping and timely follow-up is important for a transient surgical population. Integration with local health systems is essential and will help facilitate longer term surgical health system strengthening.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Cities were defined territorially in terms of metropolitan areas, for which official criteria were used together with academic studies and other inputs. The territorial definition used is identical for the two censuses, meaning that there is intercensal comparability, at least on the MIAD scale. This finding may be surprising, given the increasing prominence of the issue on the public agenda (although the region's specialized literature does not treat it as so much of an oddity), besides which it can be questioned methodologically, owing to the shifting proportions of the groups involved in the analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, fish prices remained above 2013 levels for most species and products, in particular for farmed species. The FAO Fish Price Index (base 2002-04 = 100) indicates that prices are at record heights reaching a peak in March 2014 (at 164, with aquaculture species at 168). All these factors will contribute to high fish prices in the near future followed by a decline in the remaining years of this decade and an increase in the 2020s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It also looks at the challenges that remain for building integrated, more egalitarian care systems and links these challenges with the broader social protection and social security systems. A recent survey of opinion leaders found that it is families —and. In this regard, they pledged to carry forward initiatives to recognize and attribute value to unpaid care work, broaden the coverage of services, undertake legal and social security reforms and produce official data on time use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Yearly data are represented by Q1 for all OECD countries except Australia and New Zealand, for which May and Q2, respectively, are used. Share of youth aged 20 to 24 not in education and without an ISCED 3 educational attainment, 2004 and 2009. Employed as a percentage of total population in the age group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Public hospital-based physicians are salaried employees. Despite the commitment to the Health System being legally enforced, policy concerns have been raised over regional differences in population health status, and access and quality of health services (OASI, 2016). This calls for an effective performance management of hospitals, clinics and professionals at regional level (OECD 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
On a scale of 1 (very low) to 5 (very high), “High innovation” corresponded to scores of 4 and 5. The indicators presented below capture innovation as a significant change in key practices. On average, more than two-thirds of tertiary graduates (69%) across all sectors perceived their workplace to be highly innovative for at least one type of innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
See the methodology chapter for information on the Competitiveness Outlook assessment and scoring process. As Contracting Parties to the Energy Community, all the SEE economies are required to adopt and implement electricity and gas legislation which complies with the EU Third Energy Package requirements. This is a substantial undertaking, particularly given the relatively small size of the economies (and governments) and widespread concerns over institutional capacity. Overall the gas supply infrastructure is poor over large areas of SEE and the provision of gas to consumers is patchy at best. Although Albania, Kosovo and Montenegro have no gas sectors at present, they have ambitions to create them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@occd.org.___________________________ The focus is on enquiry-based science teaching, teacher-directed instruction, adaptive teaching and teacher feedback. The outcomes of interest include students’ science performance, and students’ dispositions and attitudes towards science. This approach could help close the gender gap between girls and boys when it comes to attitudes towards science and to the decision to pursue a career in STEM-related fields. The results also show that teacher-directed instruction is a reliable strategy that is positively associated with students’ science outcomes regardless of school climate and resources. Adaptive teaching is positively correlated with science performance in the majority of countries, particularly in countries known for the use of personalised learning approaches, while teacher feedback is weakly but positively associated with science performance once students’ achievement in mathematics and reading is accounted for.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This can be brought from farmers or traders, with a maximum price set by MOF. These goods and services were divided into two lists: one for which the state determined fixed prices and one subject to framed (floor or ceiling) prices. Fixed prices were set for electricity, postal fees, domestic telephone, water, natural resource, land rent and residential premises owned by the government. Framed prices for agricultural-related commodities included: maximum prices for selling rice in major domestic markets, for transporting food from the south to the north and to mountainous areas, for transporting fertiliser from the north to the south, for importing urea (fertiliser) in foreign currencies, and minimum prices for buying paddy from farmers and for exporting rice in foreign currencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Almost all conditional cash transfer programmes (with the exception of South Africa) require some time commitment by participants, necessitating a reorganization of household time patterns with potential impacts on time to engage in paid labour. Because of gendered norms, it is primarily women who perform the unpaid tasks of fulfilling conditions required to access programme payments, and thus such programmes may actually reduce women’s relative access to income or gender equality, even as children's status improves. This result is indicative of more gender egalitarianism and movement towards a high road strategy of social reproduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, in 2011 the WHO-based report on ‘Women’s Lives and Family Relationships’8 reported that 60 per cent of women had been subjected to physical and/or sexual violence by husbands/partners in their lifetime, and for 90 per cent of these women the violence was severe. More than 1 in 4 women over the age of 15 years experienced physical violence by non-partners, 1 in 3 women experienced sexual abuse when they were under the age of 15 years and 2 in 5 women were forced into first sex. The study showed that acts of sexual violence caused injuries for many women (including loss of consciousness for 50%). One in 5 of those injured suffered permanent disability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 2015, the dam generated 3.6 TWh (Wikipedia, 2016y). The top of the dam forms the bridge to cross the Colorado River. There are two lanes (on Route 93) for automobile traffic across the top of the dam. In 1922, the Reclamation Service presented a report for construction of a dam on the Colorado River to control floods and generate electricity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The breakdown by region shows that Grand Casablanca produces approximately 37 per cent of manufacturing waste. The chemical and parachemical and leather and textile industries produce 40 per cent and 33 per cent of the manufacturing waste respectively. Very few data are available on manufacturing waste and its treatment. It is often still stored in public landfills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For instance, in the EUR (European Utilities Requirements), the nuclear industry and utilities defined specifications in terms of flexibility for nuclear reactors (Pouret, and Nuttall, 2009). But governments can also play a role in promoting specifications that reinforce future system flexibility, in consultation with technical bodies. Renewable plants should be equipped with devices to control their output in real time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Israel Defence Forces (IDF) have traditionally been a supplier of highly skilled engineers to the R&D labour force, e.g. in electro-optics, radio-frequency engineering, computer science, information technology, cryptography, applied mathematics, industrial management, human resources, system integration and project management. In 2008, the US Patent and Trademark Office issued 1 496 patents to Israeli inventors, corresponding to 208 patents per million inhabitants. By comparison, OECD countries patent at a rate of 43 per million inhabitants per year (this does not include patents issued in Europe and Japan to Israeli inventors).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Many small schools are located within a distance of less than one kilometre of each other (PEN, 2013). Although geography and the transportation network need to be taken into account, this suggests considerable scope to foster mergers of nearby schools to the benefit of quality, without putting students' access at risk. This should be the preferred option where feasible, unless the school could be restructured to expand access to preschool and secondary education. In Canada and Portugal (see Box 3.4), transporting students to bigger schools is preferred to ensure quality, and small schools are limited to remote areas with low enrolment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The process design must include the dissemination of material to relevant policy and decision-makers. In order to address a wide range of audiences, there is a diverse range of publications for each assessment: publication types include policy briefs, larger policy documents, summaries of assessment reports, and full technical reports. The promotion of findings is carried out on a regular basis to ensure that the messages reach the concerned authorities, inform regional water management and development agendas, and are taken up in salient intergovernmental processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These concerns have subsequently heightened with the social tensions, unrest and food riots that have broken out in several countries. Unfortunately, the food crisis is still far from over as prices have been rising once again since 2009 (Johnston and Bargawi, 2010). The poor remain especially vulnerable, as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has warned repeatedly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A survey conducted in Benin states that "the modern private sector cannot exist without the informal sector which, for some modern businesses, is their best customer" (Igue, 2008). The "informal" sector is not an economic sector in the usual sense of a set of "branches" of economic activity. It concerns all branches of the economy, including agriculture, finance, trade and health. It is a "parallel economy" but not separate, because its relations with the modern economy are many and complex.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, recent work has questioned the traditional view and argued that duality can also be present in the informal sector itself (Pages and Stampini, 2007, Fields, 2008). Given that worker mobility is usually correlated with wage differences between sectors, the size of the wage gap itself is also an indicator of labour market segmentation. Gong and van Soest (2002) show that in urban Mexico wage differentials increase with educational level, especially in the formal sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By strictly separating sensitive data from the hashing value, a low entrance barrier is secured, no contract contents are publicly visible and it enables scalability. The additional levels of integrity in this potential setup are an added value in themselves for stakeholders. In this case, systematic rules are defined by the participants and can be implemented as smart contracts on the blockchain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Many of these are the result of EU legislation. The following section describes each major plan in turn including its major objectives and tools to realise them and monitor progress over time. This includes the national, provincial and municipal structural visions along with other collaborative spatial plans such as the joint regional plans of North Holland, Utrecht, Flevoland (Gebiedsagenda) and the economic agenda for the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area. Following this, Amsterdam’s land-use plans are discussed, which give the greatest level of detail for specific kinds of land uses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Men benefit because they have lost the negative attitude that they once had and can form more equitable relationship with women, their willingness to do more housework and help raise the children is one form of progress. I am a doctor and we have improved a lot in maternal health in our country. It was also thought that we need to improve reproductive rights and so we made progress by broadening birth control regulations and legalizing emergency contraception, commonly known as the morning-after pill. And today, Chilean women have more control over their own bodies, which is tremendously important.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Furthermore, the size of wind energy turbines requires them to be produced closer to installation sites, which provides opportunities for manufacturers in regions near wind-energy installations, such as the Chicago-area 21-county region. However, the low price of coal-generated electricity in the US (Figure 2.1) will likely continue to exert pressure on wind technologies to become more cost-effective. A national price signal that internalises the environmental externalities associated with fossil fuels, such as a cap-and-trade programme or a carbon tax, could make renewable energy sources significantly more cost-competitive with fossil fuel sources, depending on the baseline price.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Adolescent boys in Kenya who live away from home (in boarding houses) were found to be more likely to have had sex than those living with both parents, but the same was not true for girls (Kiragu & Zabin, 1993). In rural north-west Tanzania, single parents tended to undertake little monitoring whereas in two-parent families one parent was likely to be present when the other was away (Wamoyi et al., Single mothers prioritised working long hours to provide the basic needs for their family, meaning there was little time to follow up on what their children were doing and they were too exhausted for conversation (ibid).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Lechner and Wunsch (2013), using an unusually rich data set, find that a wide range of control variables, which are not often available for this type of study, affect impact estimates. She also warns that estimated positive impacts for short-term training within firms may partly reflect the selection of participants by firms. The Turning category in the OECD/EC Labour Market Programme Database can include longer-term job-search training, work experience with some training elements, classroom training, training within firms, and pre-apprenticeship programmes and special support for young apprentices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)