albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The Organization also suggests that the preparation of nursing trainers, service staff and other caregivers should be made a priority in community outreach in the area of elder health. Integrating providers of home-based care and other kinds of community-based caregivers who work with older persons into training processes would help to safeguard service quality and avoid risks (PAHO, 2012). As discussed in the chapter on this subject, this is a particularly urgent matter in the case of domestic service. Some countries, such as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Costa Rica, Pern and Uruguay, have begun to bring the rights of domestic workers either partially or fully into line with those of other woikers and are setting up effective systems for enforcing labour laws and regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This remarkable achievement materialised through supply augmentation and infrastructure development financed by the central budget. To cope with future challenges driven by rapid ageing of the population, a changing climate, and fiscal consolidation, the Korean model would benefit from a transition towards a system that places more attention on water demand management, enhances water use efficiency and allocates existing water resources where they create the most value for the Korean society. Korea’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased 31 000 times between 1953 and 2014 (from KRW 47.7 billion to KRW 1 485 trillion in 2014), at an annual growth of 7.3% over the period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This type of issue was overcome in Ceara because all water charges were formulated as “tariffs” paid to a public company (Company for Water Resources Management of Ceara, COGERH) that operates all water resources systems (Box 2.7). This approach can inspire other solutions nationwide, without requiring legal reforms. However, revenues are shared among several organisations, including federal entities, state governments and municipalities affected by reservoirs, and those funds are generally not earmarked for the water sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Yet the process to privatise and, by extension, uibanise ejidal land is cumbersome, requiring: i) the measurement and allocation of parcels to each ejidatario, ii) the conversion of parcel rights into private property rights, requiring the approval of a majority of the ejidatarios-, iii) confirmation that nobody with a legal right of preference (e.g. family member of an ejidatario) objects to the transfer or wishes to purchase the land, and iv) sale of land. Given the extent of ejido land in Mexico, the complexities of its urbanisation process represent a significant obstacle to legal and well-planned private development, encouraging circumvention of the law, these complexities have also made the process vulnerable to corruption. This has permitted the appropriation of land by real estate developers and the illegal construction of housing in land that may not be suitable for construction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Proper railway benchmarking requires a set of key performance indicators (KPIs) based on data that are much more advanced than what is currently available in Central Asian countries. Given the capital-intensive nature of this industry, with high fixed maintenance and depreciation of costs, efficient asset utilisation is indeed essential. As depicted in Figure 35, Central Asian countries have an average track utilisation level (here measured by the ratio between train-km and the length of the network) comparable to other sparsely populated countries such as Australia. In Kazakhstan it is even relatively high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These reports were submitted in 2011. Currently, Romania is working on an evaluation of the implementation of the EU nature directives, which is due to be completed by 2013. These drainage pipes capture used water which then flows into waterways, impacting upon the fish and damaging the habitats, thus resulting in damage to the PA. Added to the big game attraction is the availability of wild birds and migratory and game species, such as geese, woodcocks, ducks and quail, which are plentiful in the Danube delta region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This paper contains three main arguments. First, tropical forests have become objects of climate and environmental governance under the REDD+ mechanism in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change that combines legal, market and scientific rationalities with measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) technologies in a neoliberal green governmentality regime. Second, the current structures and institutions of governance are contradictory and international environmental law provides inadequate means for regulating and protecting forests. Third, these deficiencies point to the need for imaginative alternative forms of governance to prevent further deforestation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Cyprus and Malta joined the EU on 1 May 2004. The economies of both countries had improved over the previous year, as private consumption and net exports improved. The global credit crunch compounded an already slowing global economy, marked by falling commodity prices and slowing demand for oil. With the exception of those in Africa, Commonwealth small states across the regions registered lower average growth rates for 2005-09 (Figure 1.4). Recovery from the crisis for small states, which make up 60 per cent of the Commonwealth's membership, took longer in comparison with larger, more resilient and better-resourced states. Economic structure and global exposure have also been critical in determining the level and degree of the crisis in small states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The second section focuses on variations within countries and across time, and explores how changes in student-teacher ratios, class size, teacher compensation, and school autonomy for selecting teachers are related to performance trends across all PISA-participating countries and economies. The last section focuses on variations within countries, and explores how teachers' qualifications and experience, teacher turnover, and support for teachers' professional learning are related to school-level outcomes. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
ABSTRACTThe incorporation of human rights in health policy and programmes is known to strengthen responses to health problems and help address disparities created or exacerbated by illness yet this remains underexplored in relation to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Aiming to understand existing synergies and how they might be further strengthened, we assessed the extent to which human rights are considered in global NCD policies and strategies and the degree of attention given to NCDs by select United Nations human rights mechanisms. Across global NCD policies and strategies, rhetorical assertions regarding human rights appear more often than actionable statements, thus limiting their implementation and impact. Although no human rights treaty explicitly mentions NCDs, some human rights monitoring mechanisms have been paying increasing attention to NCDs. This provides important avenues for promoting the incorporation of human rights norms and standards into NCD responses as well as for accountability. L...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Despite several attempts since the 1970s, Libya has seen little economic diversification away from hydrocarbons, only partly achieved in a few sub-sectors in the petrochemical industry. Since hydrocarbons are finite resources, Libyan policy makers should anticipate their depletion by developing a more sustainable and inclusive economic model. The diversification imperative is even more obvious in the current conflict-affected situation as resource dependency fuels social and political risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In 2007, services accounted for 52.8% of total GDP, industry for 29.4% and agriculture for 17.8% (World Bank, 2008). The large share of services in total GDP is remarkably high compared to most other developing economies. Over 2007-2011 the economy is expected to grow at an average of 8.5% (World Bank, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Infrastructure designed to deal with periods of water scarcity (reservoirs) and investments in flood management have a public good nature and tend to be under provided by private markets. This leaves a significant role for government (Shaw, 2005, Grafton, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
To put the 35% in perspective, it should be noted that the total population of these top ten recipients is close to 30% of the total population of developing countries. The top ten recipients of trade-related OOF comprise four countries in Asia, two in Europe, two in the Americas and two in Africa (Figure 11.10). All top ten OOF recipients are MICs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Above all, there is a need to change the mindset of men and also of women, encouraging them to demand equal rights. For example, children with disabilities are discriminated against when they seek admission to schools (Thongkuay, 2009). Workers with disabilities, despite being qualified, face difficulties in getting jobs. The stigma attached to persons with disabilities and the risk of being ridiculed discourages them from participating in normal activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Measures were also taken to strengthen teaching by posting more experienced teachers in the early grades. This is now used as a diagnostic tool to identify learning difficulties and students needing remedial education. The number of out-ofschool children fell from 3.2 million in 1999 to 33,000 in 2008. From 2000 to 2006, drop-out rates fell from 26 to 17 per cent. When the reforms were first introduced, grade-specific enrolment rates followed a similar pattern to those in many other countries in the region - high initial enrolment followed by drop-out in subsequent grades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Figure 2 shows the trends in health care expenditure growth during three different recessionary phases. In each of the phases, the health expenditure was set equal to one at the point in time just prior to the start of the recession (peak year). Expenditure growth during the recession of mid-70s showed little sign of abating after the start of the recession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The main concern of this article is all about e-government concept. Electronic government is at the forefront of government effort to provide information and services to citizens, business, government employees, other governmental units, and third sector organizations. It was expected to improve state capacity by making up for deficiencies in bureaucratic analyses, promoting unbiased treatment in bureaucracy’s dealing with public, ensuring accountability, injecting speed into governmental operations, generating necessary and accurate data, curtailing corruption through proper record keeping.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This suggests that one-third of the total global food production is wasted each year, costing the global economy over USD 900 billion3. The fate of food waste in landfill is ultimately its bioconversion to biogas, a combustible mixture of methane and CO2 and small amounts of hydrogen. In modern engineered landfill sites this biogas can be captured and used for district heating or electricity generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Developed countries commit to economy-wide emission targets for 2020 while developing countries commit to mitigation actions. In the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation, developed countries also commit to provide funding for developing countries to help with mitigation and adaptation. As the Accord was “noted” rather than agreed to, there are no binding commitments. Nevertheless, the Accord makes clear the broad lines of a future agreement. Developed countries will commit to emission reduction targets, and developing countries, especially the larger more advanced ones, must take ambitious mitigation actions commensurate with their capability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Ces inegalites sont le principal facteur d’inegalite du revenu marchand des menages, la composition de la famille, l’emploi independant et la repartition des revenus du capital jouant un moindre role. La repartition du revenu disponible des menages dans tous les pays de l’OCDE est moins importante que l incgalite du revenu marchand des menages en raison de l’effet redistributif de l’impot et des systemes de transfert, mais cette redistribution est tres variable selon les pays. Ce document dresse une cartographie des inegalites de revenu dans tous les pays de 1‘OCDE en distinguant les differentes composantes de revenus et en les synthetisant sous forme de figures en diamant rendant compte des resultats obtenus.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Other renewable resources have yet to hold measurable shares in the subregion although some countries are already implementing projects to develop wind, solar, modern biomass and geothermal energy. Georgia similarly stands out because of its high level of hydro use, which contributed to the country’s 31.9 per cent share in total final energy consumption, of which 19.1 per cent was modern renewables. The share of renewable energy in Armenia was 6 per cent, with hydro being the main source of renewable energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Nevertheless, they intend to increase the number of at-sea inspections. Inspections on landings are facilitated by the fact that all fish landed in Norway have to be sold by or with the approval of one of six publicly recognised first-hand sales organisations. For herring and similar fish, there is only one agency, with a statutory monopoly, following the merger of some smaller agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
But other theoretical and experimental work favours a more myopic behaviour among actors in such settings (e.g. Rubio and Casino, 2003, Gardner et al. Water is defined as brackish if TDS is above 1000 mg/L and defined as saline if over 10 OOOmg/L (Margat and van der Gun, 2013). In Fitch, E.J., and R. A. Engberg, (eds.),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It has also successfully transposed most of the EU environmental directives into key national laws. This chapter examines Slovenia’s environmental governance, including horizontal and vertical co-ordination, as well as the coherence of the design and implementation of environmental and land use policies. Also analysed are the drivers of improved compliance with environmental requirements and the effectiveness of environmental permitting, enforcement and liability systems. Progress in promoting environmental democracy (through open access to information, improved public participation, education and access to justice) is discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Citizenship deprivation of foreign terrorist fighters by the United Kingdom is increasing. This is of debatable legality under international law on five separate grounds. First, the UK is arguably wrong in claiming that an extraterritorial deprivation is outside the jurisdiction of the ECHR. Second, UK law may be unlawfully arbitrary and discriminatory. Third, UK law arguably contravenes the Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness 1961. Fourth, the UK may be violating its customary international legal obligation to readmit nationals. Fifth, UK practice may breach its conventional extradite or prosecute obligations. Overall, there are arguments of considerable strength that can be made in opposition to UK law and practice in the area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The paper then identifies possible changes needed to the UNFCCC reporting framework in the post-2020 period, to ensure the provision of information adequate for the purposes of understanding and tracking progress towards both nationally determined contributions (NDCs) at the country-level, and collective climate-related efforts for mitigation, adaptation and climate support. Transparency and completeness have tended to improve where reporting has benefitted from regular feedback through review processes (e.g. review of inventories and National Communications from Annex I countries), and where there is a regular reporting system in place in the country (and underlying measurement or monitoring system). In general, reporting (particularly of emissions inventories) has been improving over time, as countries have gained experience and increased their reporting systems and capacities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In a matter of a couple of decades, family size shrank. This occurred before most people had access to modern methods of contraception, and long before the term “reproductive rights" was used by policymakers and advocates everywhere. A dramatic shift in how countries approached these issues began after the Second World War and was officially marked 50 years ago at the United Nations International Conference on Human Rights, in Tehran.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By contrast, the sectors with the largest productivity gains during the 2000s experienced a substantial decline in employment (chart 4.6B). Computers and electronic products, information, and manufacturing (excluding computers and electronic products), accounted for a sizeable share of overall productivity growth, but employment fell, with a loss of more than 6.6 million jobs, about 60 per cent of which occurred before the onset of the Great Recession of2008 ,20 Moreover, most of the sectors with the largest employment growth were among those with the lowest productivity growth, notably services (chart 4.6B). This has a direct impact on income distribution, as the compensation of top executives often takes the form of stock options whose market price can rise if the company’s share value goes up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
When young people start maturing, they need those around them with power and influence to treat them appropriately. Age of consent laws bar adolescents under 18 from getting access to needed reproductive health services and information (Coram, 20l4d). Furthermore, young people themselves do not always take advantage of the opportunities for civic participation afforded to them by societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The development of gender statistics should be specified within the legal framework of official statistical systems (United Nations, 2006). Of crucial importance to improving the availability of gender statistics is the specification of formal requirements for sex- disaggregation and the incorporation of a gender perspective within the national statistical legislation that regulates the production and dissemination of official statistics. In order to expand the range of information available for gender analysis, requirements need to be established not only for statistics already officially collected by the national statistical office, but also for other sources of data, particularly administrative data being collected and disseminated by other Government agencies and by organizations in the public and private sectors (United Nations, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Such initiatives serve multiple goals. First, employers determine to a large extent the learning contents of the course with respect to their immediate and future skills requirements and train future workers to use and engage in problem-solving with new technologies. Second, by making the course available to students worldwide, employers enlarge their pool of potential recruits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
When the Soviet Union disappeared, so did much of aca-      demic political science's interest in nuclear arms control. This      is unfortunate. First, the risk of nuclear war has not gone      away and may be increasing because of nuclear proliferation.      Second, U.S.-Soviet cooperation on arms control was in      many ways unexpected, and it remains a useful laboratory for      testing international relations theory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Currently, it operates as a subsidiary unit within the Ministry of Health and is limited in its ability to contract with external bodies. It cannot, for example, outsource work to research institutes or easily collaborate internationally. Re-establishing CENETEC as an independent arm’s-length body (Organismo Publico De centra lizado, OPD) would solve this issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, the Kenyan MRV+ framework is aligned with the National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation System that aims to improve management for development results (Republic of Kenya, 2012a). Similarly, in Nepal, all national projects and programmes are subject to standard progress reporting that informs the allocation of the national budget (IIED, 2013c). The nature of the monitoring and evaluation frameworks is also influenced by data availability. It is, therefore, common practice to do an initial survey to identify the information that is already collected on a regular basis (e.g. household surveys and standard financial reporting), information that will be collected in the future, and sources of information that could be adjusted to also capture relevant climate change information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Recent research indicates that less than 3% of all active agricultural holdings obtain income from sources other than agricultural production (an increase from 2.5% in 2006). There are approximately 1.1 million economic entities in rural areas that are not associated with agricultural activity (REGON). On the one hand, there are many successful examples of rural businesses in Poland and, as will be discussed, a wide range of supports are available for both new and established businesses (see Box 2.7 for examples of rural entrepreneurship in eastern Poland).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Values of merchandise exports and imports taken from UNCTADstat (accessed December 2013). Note: Energy exports and imports comprise oil (HS 2709), gas (HS 2711), coal (HS 2701) and electricity (HS 2716). Values for total merchandise exports and imports of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 2011 have been estimated by UNCTAD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Are natural resources a "curse" or a "blessing" The empirical evidence suggests that either outcome is possible. This paper surveys a variety of hypotheses and supporting evidence for why some countries benefit and others lose from the presence of natural resources. These include that a resource bonanza induces appreciation of the real exchange rate, deindustrialization, and bad growth prospects, and that these adverse effects are more severe in volatile countries with bad institutions and lack of rule of law, corruption, presidential democracies, and underdeveloped financial systems. Another hypothesis is that a resource boom reinforces rent grabbing and civil conflict especially if institutions are bad, induces corruption especially in nondemocratic countries, and keeps in place bad policies. Finally, resource rich developing economies seem unable to successfully convert their depleting exhaustible resources into other productive assets. The survey also offers some welfare-based fiscal rules for harnessing resource windfalls in developed and developing economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)