albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
High levels of stunting in a country are associated with poor socioeconomic conditions and increased risk of frequent and early exposure to adverse conditions such as illness and/or inappropriate feeding practices (WHO, 2014f). Wasting or thinness (low weight-for-height) indicates in most cases a recent and severe weight loss, which is often associated with inadequate food intake and/or a severe disease. Recurrent events of wasting can increase the risk of stunting, and stunting increases the risk of overweight and obesity later in life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While LGBT people are generally protected by a number of basic human rights, such as the right to privacy, freedom of expression and association, and the right not to be discriminated against, LGBT...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The subject of this paper is the foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow in Macedonia and its impact upon the economic growth and development of the country. Its basic purpose is to analyse the interconnection of FDI with a number of economic, political and institutional variables in Macedonia. We decided to apply Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) on FDI impact upon the Macedonian economy. The FDI indicator is calculated as a function of certain fundamental economic variables (GDP growth rate, labor productivity rate, openness to trade, current account balance) as well as of Worldwide Governance Indicators (control of corruption, government effectiveness, political stability, regulatory quality and rule of law). Results obtained by the econometric model should provide relevant conclusions on the impact of the up-to-date FDI inflow upon the growth and development of the Macedonian economy. JEL Classification: F21
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Global water demand will increase dramatically even if agricultural production practices become more water-efficient (OECD, 2012). This increase will be driven mainly by growing demand for electricity generation and manufacturing in emerging markets such as Brazil, China and India (Figure 12.11). Groundwater depletion is projected to become a severe challenge for agriculture and urban water supplies, and though water supply should improve overall, it appears likely that more than 240 million people will not have access to drinking water by 2050 (OECD, 2012). This does not bode well for disaster risk reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Long-term unemployed or recipients of unemployment benefit for more than 6 months, are exempt, subject to an income test. As mentioned earlier, this tax appears to be, in principle, progressive, though for a group of people with assets but low income, it may be regressive in terms of income. These are positive moves towards a more equitable distribution of the tax burden.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Masanet and Walker (2013) investigate in detail the opportunities for reducing steam requirements - which has the great advantage of also reducing energy requirements (since energy is required to convert water to steam) - in the major steam-using sectors of the manufacturing economy: chemicals, paper, petroleum refining and food production. They find ample opportunities for harvesting ‘low-hanging fruit" and significantly reducing energy and water usage in these sectors through more efficient use of steam in manufacturing. The approach to demand analysis in the case of industrial use is often through mathematical programming of the industrial operation (Griffin 2006). Such studies may or may not report the implied price elasticity of demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is obtained from regressions of log wage on age, highest level of education, years of experience in the firm and their square, employees in the firm, geographical location of the firm, type of financial control, level of wage bargaining, type of employment contract, number of overtime hours paid, occupation, and gender and their interactions with gender. See the text for the technical details. The coverage of sectors is not exactly the same for all countries, and the sample size varies considerably across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The university’s broad portfolio of activities are connected under the healthy campus programme. The mobile unit of the Centre for Education, Training and Research on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (CETREE) has introduced the issues of renewable energy and energy efficiency to 25 million school children in Malaysia and has carried out programmes to 150 000 members of public via community centres. Small scale recycling projects have brought tangible improvements in village communities. The current programmes are often small in scale and fragmented among higher education institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In many OECD countries, performance indicators are used to measure the quantity (and sometimes quality) of services provided by agencies (OECD, 2010a). In some respects, that is their purpose: to raise performance levels. However, agencies may focus on achieving specific targets and give too little attention to overall improvements. Unfortunately, many performance indicators focus on aspects of performance that are measurable quantitatively but do not cover many (sometimes more essential) intangible effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The area affected by tidal floods and karst floods is less extensive (approximately 70 500 ha). Although flood prevention measures were implemented in 1990s and 2000s, the 2007 EU Directive on the evaluation and management of flood risks (2007/60/EC) was a new impetus for reinforcement of flood protection measures. Most provisions of the Directive were transposed into national legislation in 2010, and EUR 185 million was set aside under the 2007-13 OPDETI for measures to control flood plains and build flood protection infrastructure for urban areas. However, implementation details are still to be developed, including preliminary flood risk assessments, preparation of flood hazard and risk targets, and measures to reduce flood risks in urban and economically significant areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Most studies of national systems, irrespective of the method used, have implicitly assumed spatial spillovers away—in their meta-analysis, Alston et al. ( Studies that did not allow for spillovers probably have suffered from a type of specification bias. One element of the attribution problem, then, is in identifying the specifics of the dynamic structure linking research spending, knowledge stocks, and productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Given the variation of these characteristics among the CSN and the differences in their level of development, the quality and type of infrastructure needs vary significantly in least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States. For example, some countries need to close significant infrastructure gaps with a particular view to lowering trade costs and thereby strengthening value chains. This is particularly relevant to least developed countries (OECD and WTO, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Even though growth in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region picked up just before the crisis, exceeding the average for all US metro regions in 2006-07, the subsequent shock of the crisis hit Chicago very hard indeed. The Chicago Tri-State metro-region’s GDP represented 3.4% of the US economy in 2008 - just above its share of the national population (3.1%) - reflecting the fact that productivity and GDP per capita tend, all other things being equal, to be higher in urban areas than elsewhere.12 Over 2001-2008, however, Chicago’s contribution to aggregate US GDP growth amounted to less than 1.5% (Figure 1.8). For the same period, the Tri-State metro-region ranked lllh among the 29 US metro regions in terms of its contribution to aggregate US growth, although it ranks third in terms of both population and size of the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In particular, lower rates at the top will widen the net income distribution, unless the reform is accompanied by measures that broaden the tax base to an extent that prevents average tax payments for rich families from falling. Without accounting for any tax-base changes, lower top income-tax rates exacerbate the widening gap between incomes at the bottom and the top of the distribution. Reductions in top rates were steepest in Japan (from 70 to 37 percent), Italy (65 to 43), United Kingdom (60 to 40), and France (65 to 48).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The goals of the intervention were often new to teachers, as well as rubrics as a pedagogical tool and some of the related practices. Usually, teams that implemented a unique session on creativity and critical thinking were implementing a signature pedagogy for which teachers would be accompanied (see Chapter 3 for a more detailed discussion of signature pedagogies). However, training was most valuable when it consisted of several sessions held at regular intervals and continued to include a focus on the creativity, critical thinking and the project materials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
With particular respect to settlements and agricultural land in the country’s northern lowlands, floods occurred more often in recent years (almost annually) and caused serious damage. However, the majority of these dams were badly designed and are now, for safety reasons, operating at half capacity, limiting their usefulness in flood prevention. Despite the fact that illegal gravel abstraction decreased from 20 per cent in 2000 to less than 5 per cent in 2011, its impact still affect river beds and infrastructure today.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It illustrates how the submission dates of national communications have become more harmonised over time as countries have gained experience with reporting, particularly developed countries. It also highlights the limited experience with regular reporting in many developing countries, the majority of which have yet to submit their first biennial update report or third national communication. Over a decade elapsed between the first and second national communications in many developing countries. The transition to a biennial reporting cycle therefore represents a substantial step-up for such countries and significant capacity building efforts will be needed before and after 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Firstly, negative migration flows are also computed. These declining stocks are due to the fact that migrants may die, return to their home or even move to third countries. However, Beine et al. ( Secondly, the UN database includes information only on legal migrants, leaving aside refugees, displaced people and illegal migrants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Federal Budget Law 2013 comprises detailed regulations on outcome-oriented administration including the consideration of the objective of effective equality of women and men. In the future, equality aspects will explicitly be a factor throughout the management cycle of administrative action, from planning to implementation to evaluation. In a subsequent step, these federal authorities have to define concrete measures (outputs) and indicators in order to realise and monitor the respective gender equality outcome. Furthermore, § 41 of the Federal Budget Law 2013 and the Regulation on the presentation of information on outcome orientation in the Annual Federal Budget Statement and the Explanatory Budget Documents regulate the details of gender budgeting application regarding outcomes, outputs and indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This would go along with several other benefits, such as greater availability of funds for HEIs from private sources and encouraging students to make better informed decisions regarding what to study. The low share of private resources allocated to higher education in Slovenia and relatively high private returns suggest that there is room for introducing cost-sharing in funding higher education without undermining access and equity (Figure 11). Increasing the share of private expenditure on tertiary education would clearly reduce the duration of studies beyond what is necessary (Brunello and Winter-Ebmer, 2003). For instance, a repeat student can take the exam up to six times to stay in the study programme at the University of Ljubljana.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Australia stands out as the only country where a small part-time wage premium is found for female workers. While the wages of temporary workers increase with age and skill level, they grow more slowly than those of standard workers. As a result, the wage differences between temporary and standard workers tend to widen with age or skill. This implies that years of labour market experience may not be valued in the same way for temporary workers as for standard workers. Having a higher education level does not eliminate the wage disadvantage faced by temporary workers. In most countries, those with a university degree are still at a considerable wage disadvantage compared with peers in standard work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Main concerns relate to the impacts of human activities on fish stocks and habitats in the marine and fresh waters, and to their consequences for biodiversity and for the supply of marine protein (fish) for human consumption and other uses. The trend towards increased global fish catch has been achieved partly through exploitation of new and/or less valuable species and partly through aquaculture. Though global fish catch seems to have stabilised recently, Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing is widespread and hinders the achievement of sustainable fishery management objectives. Within the framework of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing, international efforts are being made to address the issue of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Decrease in land productivity limits local residents' income sources and leads to poverty and increased migration to urban areas. Wind erosion has negative impacts on human health and causes damage to transport facilities. There are 145 settlements in the Gobi and steppe region that are experiencing sand burial and shifts. Compared with 1960, the number of days with dust and sand storm events has multiplied by 3-4 times, with 61-127 days of such events in the Gobi region and the Great Lakes Depression.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Programmes that require only finite periods of land management usually secure land management finance using a wasting endowment or trust fund (see below for a discussion of contingent payments) (DSE, 2012). Funds from the sale of biodiversity credits are then paid into the publicly managed BioBanking Trust Fund to establish the principal sum necessary to generate enough interest to cover the future land management costs. Any additional proceeds from the sale of credits are paid to the landowner as a lump sum. The landowner receives annual management payments from the Trust Fund to implement the management actions. In the US Compensatory Wetlands Mitigation scheme, the bank instrument - a broad agreement between the bank owners and regulators - is used to specify how an endowment fund will finance the bank over time (Treweek et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
To safeguard women’s rights, traditional leaders and decision makers should receive training about women’s rights and their responsibilities to uphold these rights. In Kenya, for example, local traditional authorities have been made aware ofthe contributions women make to their communities. In one community, elders in 01 Posimoru drafted a new local constitution (known as a "katiba”) that protects women’s property rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, reviewing each in isolation hides the proportion of households lacking access to both improved sanitation and clean fuel, as well as obscures the number of households that are deprived in additional areas. In the Lao People's Democratic Republic, for example, 16 per cent of all households lack access to two opportunities, almost half lack access to three or four opportunities, while one quarter are deprived in five or six. Overall, in half of the countries, at least five per cent of households are severely deprived, lacking access to five or six opportunities. Levels of multiple deprivation are lower among households in North and Central Asian countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There is high variability across the Basin in terms of supply and demand for these different types of rights, so they follow regional and local trading rules under the Basin Plan and the Basin States’ water sharing plans. In this way, the market operated both to maximize the market value of irrigated production, and to ration scarce water between competing uses without the need for government intervention. Reliability" refers to the average frequency (based on historical records and forecast future water availability) with which water allocated under a water access entitlement can be supplied in full.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For the rest of the deprivations, no substantial differences linked to the level of multidimensional poverty were found. As can be seen, the contributions of the different deprivations to the adjusted headcount ratio remained fairly stable in both periods under review. The most marked change was the drop of 20 percentage points in the contribution of income-based deprivation to total poverty in Argentina between 2005 and 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The adjustment equals unity - and hence disappears - when individual / experiences the benchmark outcomes Xk*. The aggregation problem has been at the core of social choice theory. Average income is often used as a welfare measure, but does not give priority to the worst-off. A broader class of aggregate social welfare functions has been proposed to reflect distributional concerns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Revenues from water abstraction charges have remained stable in real terms at a level of around MXN 8 billion per year. Agricultural users are exempted from water abstraction rights for water quantities within their licensed quotas and the charge rate for quantities above their licensed quota is only between 0.7% and 8% of the general charge rate (depending on the availability zone), in 2011, revenues from agricultural users represented MXN 8 million or 0.1% of all water abstraction revenues. Water utilities pay preferential rates, at 2% to 10% of the general rate, and most of the proceeds are returned to them through the PRODDER programme.16 As a result, industrial users represent close to 70% of water abstraction revenues, which increases to 90% if the PRODDER reimbursements are considered. For example, water users can deduct the cost of buying and installing metering equipment from their water abstraction payments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In many developing countries, a significant number of poor families face poverty, hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition, which intensify with adverse biophysical growing conditions and poor socio-economic infrastructure (Wani, etal., Crop production, which is vital to global food security, is already being affected by climate change, more so in impoverished communities. It has been predicted that over the next decades, billions of people, especially those living in developing countries, will face water and food shortages, and greater risks to health and life because of climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
According to Mongolia’s Fourth National Report to the UNCCD in 2010, the implementation of the first National Action Plan to Combat Desertification did not meet the expected results, due to limited financial sources, limited sources of knowledge and technology, weak coordination among the relevant sectors and limited capacity. The current National Action Programme to Combat Desertification (2010 Government Resolution No. The functions of DLDD-NEAN include to: (i) address issues relating to desertification and dust and sandstorms, (ii) cooperate in addressing other relevant forest issues that contribute to the prevention of desertification and land degradation, and (iii) contribute to sustainable forest management and sustainable land management. Mongolia actively participated in all meetings, and hosted the DLDD-NEAN meetings twice in Ulaanbaatar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, gendered institutions including family and divorce laws, and social norms and practices may counteract the ability to bargain based on one's earnings. The choice of these proxies is based on evidence provided in a number of studies including China that an advantage in education has a large impact on the bargaining power of a spouse (Koolwal, 2005, Orrefice and Bercea, 2007, Carlsson and others, 2009). This is because a person's education indicates one's level of knowledge, therefore, someone who is less educated tends to defer decisions to a person with more knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Les taux d’emploi feminins reagissent aux variations de taux d’imposition, aux politiques de conges, mais l’offre de services d’accueil pour les enfants de moins de trois ans semble etre le facteur cle du developpement de la participation des femmes au marche du travail. Les differentes mesures politiques interagissent et leurs effets se renforcent mutuellement. En particulier, la couverture des services d’accueil de la petite enfance ont un effet plus important sur la participation des femmes au marche du travail dans les pays offrant une plus grande protection de l’emploi.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Study Group on Hospital Hygiene of the Italian Society of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health (GISIO-SItI) and the Local Health Authority of Foggia, Apulia, Italy, after the National Convention "Safe water in healthcare facilities" held in Vieste-Pugnochiuso on 27-28 May 2016, present the "Vieste Charter", drawn up in collaboration with experts from the National Institute of Health and the Ministry of Health. This paper considers the risk factors that may affect the water safety in healthcare facilities and reports the current regulatory frameworks governing the management of installations and the quality of the water. The Authors promote a careful analysis of the risks that characterize the health facilities, for the control of which specific actions are recommended in various areas, including water safety plans, approval of treatments, healthcare facilities responsibility, installation and maintenance of facilities, multidisciplinary approach, education and research, regional and national coordination, communication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Independent monitoring mechanisms, such as gender equality or human rights commissions, can provide independent recourse to complaints related to gender-based discrimination and oversee the implementation of the gender equality commitments of the government. Parliaments and parliamentary committees can help provide checks on various government entities and also contribute to the longevity and sustainability of gender equality reform during periods of change in the political environment. Many mechanisms both at the central and at the local levels are already established and Kazakhstan must be applauded for these accomplishments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Who gets to learn mathematics, and the nature of the mathematics that is learned, have an impact on education systems, social cohesion and productivity. Education systems that fail to provide the same opportunities to all students can end up reinforcing, rather than beginning to dismantle, social inequalities. When education is no longer a pathway to individual fulfilment and social mobility, talent is wasted and feelings of injustice grow. Failing disadvantaged youth at school can also pave the way for a wide range of social problems later on, including poverty, poor health and crime (Schoenfeld, 2002, OECD, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)