albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This consideration is all the more compelling currently since fiscal consolidation has become urgent for many OECD countries. However, there may be a stronger case for retaining reductions of employer contributions which are targeted on low-wage workers since they may have important long-run benefits by permanently raising employment rates of some groups on the margin of the labour force (Phelps, 1994). While stock subsidies may be relatively easy to implement and relatively effective in supporting employment in the short-run, at least as compared with the employment effects of other forms of fiscal stimulus, the associated employment gains come at a significant cost in lost tax revenues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Diaspora groups are potential key players in the relation between homeland and host states and can quite tangibly affect political developments in both, as well as have an impact on various aspects of global governance (Hagel and Peretz, 2005). Theoretically this chapter focuses on the relationship between diaspora politics, transnational activism, and democratic legitimacy. Empirically, the chapter discusses the specific case of transnational activism among young Muslims in Europe. Examining the democratic credentials of diaspora groups, we explore how discourses on globalization, terror, and multicultural policies have affected the extent to which some of these groups turn to radical Islam or search for more moderate alternatives, but also how these groups are internally constituted in terms of legitimacy and accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Agreements and arrangements vary in terms of geographic coverage — covering all waters shared by contracting parties or only specific basins — as well as in terms of scope. Examples include the joint commissions that have been set up between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary, Croatia and Montenegro, Serbia and Romania, Serbia and Hungary and Romania and Hungary. The Lake Ohrid Watershed Committee was established in 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is most visible in Coumon d’Auvergne, which has grown from an agricultural village to become the second largest city in the departement. The “city in the countryside” feature has had a major influence on the Eastern side of the Limagne plain, but also on the hills after the collapse of wine-production. This has led to a need for new infrastructure alongside these main channels in order to service new developments. In turn, this opens up the area for development and leads to further urbanisation, including in areas that are costly for the municipality to provide services to and that impose environmental costs (e.g. the cost of expanding infrastructure and the costs of commuting).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Colegio de Mexico, September-December2015|online] http:/Avww.scielo.org.mx/scie lo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S018B-72l02015000300691&lng=es&nrm=iso&ting-es. The countries of the region that have developed economic valuation exercises for unpaid domestic work and incorporated them into satellite accounts have built valuable partnerships between statistical offices and central banks in their capacity as data producers, and mechanisms for the advancement of women, as principal users of the information. Using an interinstitutional approach, they have evaluated how to make calculations, what information sources to use and how to disseminate data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These receive anyone who wishes to be examined and obtain information on health risk factors and personal advice on leading a healthier lifestyle. Data from the authorities suggest that these have been widely used (with over 2 million contacts in 2009 and 2010). An additional 190 centres have been opened for children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Recommendations to reduce fishing activity were intended to restore reproductive biomass, particularly that of the white anglerfish. The main species fished were black scabbard fish and deep-water sharks. In the case of the black scabbardfish, a species targeted in the continental longline fisheries, the ICES found the abundance indicators for the period 1996-2009 to be relatively stable. Procedures for granting licences have also been adjusted, as appropriate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
An integrated approach that focuses on interventions in health, nutrition, water and sanitation, protection, and learning during the first years of children's lives can set a firm foundation for their entire lifetime. Given this commitment, they need consistently updated data on who is poor and how they are poor in order to monitor progress, identify gaps and guide policies and programmes - all in the interest of making sure that vulnerable children are not left behind. Multidimensional child poverty measures give a fuller picture of how children experience poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Another concern is lignite mining, which requires groundwater abstractions to lower the water table in the mining areas. Large storage tanks of chemicals and fuels are also potential accidental risk spots in the area. Manufacturing industries are responsible for a part of the emission of organic substances and nutrients (especially the chemical, pulp and paper, and food industries).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Most teams develop training programmes that were closely connected to teachers' professional reality and useful to enhance their ability to foster creativity and critical thinking in the classroom. However, training programmes implemented by teams differed with regard to their format, their intensity and frequency, their approach to teachers' learning and their activities. However, the format of training programmes differed greatly between teams.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Such chemicals are second only to medical drugs as a cause of poisoning (MMA, 2010). A study revealed that 36% of food samples in 2011 and 29% in 2012 contained unauthorised pesticides and/or exceeded allowable amounts of pesticides (ANVISA, 2013). The latest national agricultural census showed less than 2% of farms producing organically in 2006, 82% of which were family farms that might have used chemicals if they had had access to them (IBGE, 2012b). In 2014, about 7 200 registered establishments produced certified organic products (MMA, 2015a), or about 0.1% of total farms and less than 1% of agricultural land area (Figure 4.11).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Meanwhile, the livestock population had increased by 2.7 times, from 22.741 million head in 1987 to 61.549 million head in 2016 (figure 12.2). Consequently, the density of livestock had increased from 18 head per hundred ha in 1987 to 54 head per hundred ha in 2016. This puts increasing pressure on the rangeland. In Mongolia, herds have free access to rangeland, which makes the overgrazing situation even worse. An assessment by the Agency for Land Administration and Management, Geodesy and Cartography (ALAMGaC) indicates that the earn ing capacity of rangeland was exceeded by more than 30 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Improved cooking stoves have been identified as having potential social benefits (improved health), environmental benefits (lower firewood use and emission reductions), and economic benefits (lower inputs requirements, such as fuel wood). Good evidence of this is now needed to warrant a very widespread roll-out. Efforts are being made to secure project accreditation under the Clean Development Mechanism and the Gold Standard Foundation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Malaysia's ranking has improved its rankings in the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Index, the World Bank's Doing Business and the United Nations' e-Government. This project is thus relevant to advancing SDGs 1, 8, 9 and 11. Mauritius is keeping ICT as its economic and social forefront for development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Challenges of peripherality are common in predominantly rural OECD regions (Box 2.1), but the example of NORA is certainly one of the most extreme cases of geographic peripherality. The magnitude of this problem, of course, differs from country to country. For example, it is a greater issue in Finland than in the Netherlands, and a bigger challenge for Scotland than England, even though they are both part of the United Kingdom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, the fishing fleet does not pay a special road and infrastructure tax on its fuel, in common with other off-road users. Revenue from this tax is not higher than necessary to fund road development and maintenance. Accordingly, exemption from it should not be considered as an indirect subsidy. A carbon tax is levied on all fossil fuels used for combustion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Workers in the informal sector are more difficult to provide for. Some have done so through public health services targeted to the poor. This is neither desirable nor efficient, generally resulting in a health care system in which poor people receive inferior quality services, often in public facilities, while the nonpoor get better health care services from the private sector. Health services targeted to the poor generally remain underfunded partly because the more powerful people who are not poor have no stake in making the system better.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the post-conflict period, there may also be pressure to return to traditional gender roles. Gender-based violence, including sexual violence, is often used as a war strategy and remains a key security threat in the post-conflict context. Responding to these past violations of human rights, SSR processes should support positive changes that might be occurring, while seeking to address high levels of post-conflict gender-based violence (Valasek 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is imperative that providers are held accountable for providing quality services. Ensuring multi-disciplinary teams are available and equipped to deliver PHC packages is valuable, but ultimately the quality of the care they deliver is paramount. Ensuring quality improves at facility level is a hands-on process requiring continuous attention and significant investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Rigorous and continuous methods to assess and anticipate skill needs are also needed, together with methods for quality assurance and the monitoring of training providers. The share of women on board of listed companies in Chile is among the lowest in the OECD (Figure 12, Panel B). The major obstacle Chilean women face to participate more fully is the traditional gender roles towards work and care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Since 2005, there have been no significant changes in the industrial sector. Water pollution from industrial production is probably significant, but data about water pollution from industries are not available. Due to ongoing irrigation sector reform, an increase in water demand for irrigation can be expected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Further, from 2000 to 2050 Asia’s urban population is predicted to increase by nearly 2 billion people (IHT 2008). Cities are voracious consumers of water and environmental resources such as timber and mined construction materials that are often extracted from river basin regions at levels many times greater than those appropriated for rural uses. Much of the destruction of the upstream ecologies, even when located in a different country, is the result of the growth of cities and their unrelenting demand for natural resources and hydropower, supplied by very large dams that have system-wide impacts. A good number of these cities -Dhaka, Mumbai, Kolkata, Rangoon, Phnom Penh, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta, Manila, Hong Kong and, to a lesser extent or indirectly, Bangkok and Shanghai - are port cities created in colonial times, that have since become the principal city regions of their respective countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Overseas Tongans, and no doubt in the same way Samoans, are extremely well connected electronically with each other and with kin in Tonga (Morton 1998, 1999, Nishitani 2011), which ensures that any ‘digital divide’ is being crossed easily. The development of financial literacy and telephone banking will enhance this transition, emphasise that Tonga and Samoa are transnational economies and societies, and probably attach new meanings to migration and remittances. Migration in the mobile phone, internet (and guest worker) age may well change in unpredictable ways. Within the Pacific, regional migration opportunities exist, but primarily for skilled workers, thus Suva (Fiji) has become more of a cosmopolitan urban centre, with the migration of other Pacific islanders into tertiary institutions, international agencies and to a lesser extent the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
So any additional infrastructure investment in electricity in Africa can be expected to have significant effects on growth, private economic activity and conditions of life. In the third five-year plan (1972-1976), there were comprehensive programmes to develop airports, seaports, highways, railways and telecommunications (Ro, 2002). Such coordinated infrastructure expansion continued through the subsequent decades, particularly in the 1990s to deal with the emerging extreme infrastructure congestion. This set out the framework conditions for private sector investment in infrastructure provision (World Bank, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Previous OECD work has shown that access to a job is a major factor limiting the risk of poverty, but being employed per se is often not sufficient to escape poverty. While the poverty rate among jobless households is more than double the rate observed among working households, there are also significant in-work poverty risks in many countries. Indeed, 7% of individuals living in households with at least one worker are poor in the OECD, and the working poor comprise more than 60% of all the poor individuals of working age (OECD, 2008a). To address this issue, a conventional poverty threshold is used with 50% of the median equivalised household disposable income.21 The analysis presents the proportion of households falling below the poverty line, for various household work types (Figure 4.18).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
An outpatient is not formally admitted to a facility (physician’s private office, hospital outpatient centre or ambulatory care centre) and does not stay overnight. The NHIFA is obliged to contract with providers that are approved through the capacity regulation process of the government. Family doctors are mostly private entrepreneurs and contract with local governments to serve the local population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The perception of higher risk in investing in women’s entrepreneurialism and cultural bias among loan officers are two reasons cited by local banks as they attempt to target lending programmes for these businesses. Women business owners also tend to make more conservative investments to minimise risk (IFC 201 la). Furthermore, broader consumer research shows that women value personal relationships with individual service providers, women want to be treated as individuals while men want to feel like they are part of an important group (Melnyk et al. Rather, seamless adaptation of product and service enhancements to benefit women will also benefit men and result in an improved customer experience across all segments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In other words, significant numbers of adults do not possess the most basic information-processing skills considered necessary to succeed in today's world. In addition, there are also adults who lack confidence in their ability to use computers. Of the adults undertaking the problem-solving assessment, most are only capable of using familiar applications to solve problems that involve few steps and explicit criteria, such as sorting e-mails into pre-existing folders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The view on collection of MSW from a territorial perspective (table 8.2) shows that the majority of MSW is generated and collected in Chisinau - more than two thirds of all MSW collected in the Republic of Moldova. Thus, the increase in collected MSW can be related to the increase in GDP per capita (PPP based) in the capital, but in other parts of the Republic of Moldova the increase in collected MSW was higher than the national average and, therefore, improvement of collection services may be the reason for the reported increase in MSW. The results indicate a high proportion of biodegradable waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Further, bilateral donors and multilateral financial institutions committed to support more than 660 projects in these countries in those two years. Although the Paris Agreement has stressed the importance of balancing financial resources between adaptation and mitigation (UNFCCC, 2015), the imbalance is a tendency observed globally. However, the imbalance is more pronounced in the EECCA countries where mitigation accounts for 81% of funds, adaptation for 11% and both together for 8%, the global average is 63% for mitigation, 25% for adaptation and 12% for both.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In June 2014, it was the first country to submit its forest reference emission level for payments under REDD+ as required by the 2013 Warsaw Framework. A national REDD+ strategy has been under discussion since 2010. The moratorium involves a group of large companies that have voluntary agreed to stop using soya beans grown on Amazonian forestland that has been illegally cleared since 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Across OECD member countries, including the ones of similar scale to Lithuania, it is a sound practice for ministries to have - in-house or externally - an analytical staff who can use this evidence to inform policy, and who can knowledgeably “broker” education research. For example, in the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research a professional staff of nine analysts focuses on providing policy-informing data analysis and research, and in “translating” external research findings to local needs. Their work supports the development of legislation, regulations, strategic plans, and the design of programmes, and the evaluation of existing programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The shares of threatened species are 12% for mammals, 8% for birds and 11% for vascular plants. Among the 34 OECD countries, Poland ranks seventh best for mammals, third best for birds and fourteenth best for vascular plants (OECD, 2013). These ecosystems require particular attention to preserve habitats of sensitive species. In particular, the 1997 National Forest Policy provides for i) increasing forest resources, ii) improving their state and providing comprehensive protection, and iii) promoting multifunctional forest management according to criteria formulated by the Helsinki process.4 The National Forest Policy (NFP) sets key forest policy objectives, some with quantitative targets and timetables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In all, there are 57 endemic taxa (species and subspecies) and 171 sub-endemic taxa (with their territory mostly in Romania). Areas selected under these criteria must harbour exceptional botanical wealth, the protection of which is important for the global conservation of plant diversity. Among vertebrates, 191 species of fish (9 endangered species) have been identified, 20 species of amphibians (9 endangered species), 30 species of reptiles (6 endangered species), 364 species of birds (including 312 migratory species) and 102 species of mammals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Family incomes consists of spousal earnings, stipends by religious schools (around NIS 1 400 per month, of which about half is paid by the state), income support by the Ministry of Religious Affairs (NIS 1 200 per month), child allowances and transfers from the Diaspora. Compared with Jewish men, Arab men are more likely to work in construction, agriculture, commerce and traditional manufacturing (Habib et al., Arab workers, particularly Arab men, are less likely to be employed in their chosen occupations, sometimes accepting jobs for which they are over-qualified because they cannot find employment at the appropriate level. ( Abu-Bader and Gottlieb, 2008, Yakoobi et al, 2009, OECD, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Purchases for some commodities, such as grains, are a product of the minimum price policies of the government (discussed further below). For other commodities, reserves are accumulated on an ad hoc basis, usually during times of falling prices. While data on the size of government reserves are not publicly available, they are estimated to be significant for some commodities (Zhou, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It reviews the framework for testing, assessing and managing the risks associated with chemicals, and for disseminating the related information. This includes provisions for chemical accident prevention, preparedness and response. The chapter also examines Colombia’s progress in managing specific chemicals, such as ozone-depleting substances, persistent organic pollutants and mercury, and reviews its participation in international co-operation in chemicals management. This fact underlines the importance of establishing a robust policy framework that ensures chemicals’ safe use throughout their life cycle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
One of the tasks of fisheries management and economic policy in general is to encourage the expansion of such rents (Anderson, Arnason and Libecap, 2010). If the rent is completely removed by taxation, there are no more incentives to expand it. This means that the rebuilding of fish stocks is not in the interest of the fishers and must be implemented by command-and-control measures. Rather, the fisheries resource rent tax should be set at a rate where its marginal excess burden is no higher than for other taxes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Citizenship is a core concept in public administration research. This article examines how the concept was employed in twenty-nine research articles published in Public Administration Review since 2009. It finds two difficulties. The first is a tendency to omit an explicit definition of the concept, contrary to good practice. The second is a tendency to adopt an implied definition of citizenship that encompasses all of the general population. The paper considers possible justifications for current practice. Research would be improved by using the concept less frequently, defining it explicitly, adopting a definition that is closer to ordinary usage, and attending more carefully to the ways in which attitudes and behavior are influenced by a person's status within a jurisdiction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this regard, it should be kept in mind that land use planning policies aiming at rather compact cities are those, which would enable and result in a high-occupancy public transport service®. In this context, establishment of effective and efficient urban transport system requires that the necessary infrastructure, including for the various public transport modes, be built so that it is reasonably resistant to the effects of extreme weather events caused by climate change. Resilient means that negative consequences of an extreme weather event can be easily restored. Compartmentalizing is about making compartments so that an infrastructure failure can be limited to a certain area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)