albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The mandate of the BU is to mainstream biodiversity issues into all sectors, facilitate coordination of institutions, provide a platform for discussion for all stakeholders and as a result, to design and implement activities to respond to the challenges faced by Mozambique in this area. It meets at least quarterly but members can request extraordinary meetings if necessary. The BU provides technical advice to MICOA and CONDES (National Council for Sustainable Development). It also identifies opportunities for alignment and synergies with the work of other relevant groups such as the Inter-institutional Group on Climate Change, the Green Economy Group and the Biodiversity-related Conventions (Termos de referenda da Unidade de Biodiversidade draft, 09/04/13).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Groundwater pumping can result in desiccation of natural reserves, as seen in the Netherlands, and contribute to the drying up of wetlands, as seen in southern Europe, with significant loss for water quality filtering (Hellegers et al., In Mexico and western United States, it has resulted in significant land collapses (Foster, 2008, Sneed et al., Intensive pumping in coastal aquifers, or aquifers connected to saline water bodies, is a significant source of salinization of groundwater, affecting the crop choice for agriculture and ecosystems, in particular in the wetlands, rivers, ponds, springs and streams to which it is connected (Schoengold and Zilberman, 2007, Fuentes, 2011, UNECE, 2011, Amores et al., Farmers using groundwater beyond recharge may lose a source of future income (an option value, e.g. Howitt et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Because choosing the percentage to use is discretionary, it is standard practice to estimate relative poverty based on a range of values: typically, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% of median income. But for most of the countries of the region, the relative poverty lines determined using this methodology are lower than the absolute poverty lines. Therefore, the standard methodology for estimating relative poverty cannot be followed across the board in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Research Handbook on Environment and Investment Law (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. C. R. (2011). Process and Production Methods (PPMs) in WTO Law: Interfacing Trade and Social Goals" Cambridge University Press. T. (August 2015). ' While it is difficult to consider the entirety of these effects, it is possible to identify some broad patterns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Additionally, support will be given for biodiversity protection and restoration of rivers. The main expense is the implementation of the annual data collection programme, including investments in better harmonisation of data collection through regional co-operation and the development of innovative data collection methods. The programme mainly supports the development, purchase and installation of technology used for surveillance, data management and product traceability as well as modernisation and purchase of control vessels and devices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The top performers are Slovakia, Poland and Norway, all recording relative changes above 10%. Figure 9 below shows the number of years lost in terms of median income for households with children due to the crisis. It shows that in 2012 the median income for households with children in Greece was back to the 1997 level, equal to a 14-year loss.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This special issue revisits key themes in the social science literature on transnationalism and mobility before addressing specific issues associated with return, circular, and onward migration arising from this special issue. We frame our discussion around the interconnected temporal, spatial, social, and legal dimensions explored by our contributors: the relationship between migration, generation, and stage in the life cycle, the implications of changing responsibilities to kin in the home and host countries, the notion of returning ‘home’ or to the ‘homeland’, and the relationship between citizenship, documentation, and (national) identification. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Agricultural productivity growth was associated with reductions in the prevalence of child malnutrition in most countries, including India, during the period of rapid adoption of Green Revolution technologies and up until the early 1990s. Since 1992, however, agricultural growth has not been associated with improved nutrition among children in many Indian states (Headey, 2011). These include economic inequality, gender inequality. However, the phenomenon remains largely unexplained and additional research is needed (Deaton and Dr&ze, 2009, Headey, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
New Public Management also addresses increased demands for accountability and efficiency in education systems that are triggered by decentralisation reforms. As stated in the Eurydice Network’s comprehensive publication National Testing of Pupils in Europe, “In the last two decades, national testing has been increasingly introduced as a natural accompaniment to growing school autonomy, which has resulted in a need to systematise the monitoring of education systems, and in efforts to improve the quality of education” (2009: 21). In Europe, decentralisation reforms of the 1990s gave schools more autonomy, likewise increasing the need for results-based management (Eurydice Network, 2009). For example, in Latvia and Poland national-level measurement tools were implemented following reforms to increase school and teacher autonomy (Eurydice Network, 2009: 19).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Those same forces also contributed to a massive increase in services trade, though from a much smaller base, as global sourcing of and foreign investment in services have both surged. Furthermore, while both low- and middle-income countries have made substantial progress in dismantling their trade barriers over the past two decades, this has not appeared to unleash sustained export growth in all of them (World Bank, 2007). Such heterogeneity of outcomes is the main underlying reason why there is no consensus in the literature about the quantitative impact of trade liberalisation on economic growth (see Box 1). Trade, growth and poverty reduction: where do we stand?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the United States, the Small Business Act calls for the participation of small business to be maximised with a goal of awarding them no less than 23% of federal contracts annually. The act further calls for no less than 5% of these contracts to be given to small businesses that are owned by women. Similarly, in Korea there is a requirement for 5% of public procurement of products and services in the country to be directed to female entrepreneurs. Although it is not directly related to public procurement, to complete these efforts, some countries also focus on the supply side to support women-owned businesses through low-interest loan programmes, technical assistance, coaching and facilitating access to credit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some Parties mention the possibility to use other inputs, “as technical basis [is] strengthened at the national and international level” (Independent Association for Latin America and the Caribbean, or AILAC) (ibid). Of the eleven submissions received, only Japan’s explicitly mentions that it would be “helpful to make use of the outcome generated through the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework for adaptation planning processes and actions, which each Party has engaged in”(ibid). Although there is no commonly agreed definition of what might constitute “adaptation efforts”, these could refer to the development and implementation of specific adaptation responses, or the resources invested in these development and implementation processes, as opposed to the results or outcomes achieved by adaptation responses. The monitoring component of national systems for adaptation monitoring and evaluation can provide information regarding the progress made with regards to i) the development and implementation of adaptation policies (monitoring processes) as well as ii) the financial or human resources allocated to developing and implementing these (monitoring inputs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
More redistributive tax-transfer systems also tend to be more effective as a backstop to widening earnings gaps. As shown in Table 1, redistribution in the United States offset only 9% of the increase in the market-income Gini between the early 1980s and the mid-2000s, while the ratio was about 24% in the United Kingdom and as much as 50% in West Germany and Sweden. The United States, as well as Anglo-Saxon and Southern EU countries continue to face the most daunting budgetary challenges, while public finances in Continental, Nordic and Eastern EU countries -while also strained - are in better shape. Redistribution strategies based on government transfers alone are unlikely to be either effective or financially sustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Abstract   This article analyzes the effect of corruption on the use of nonmonetary sanctions such as imprisonment. It is a well-known result in the law enforcement literature that in the absence of corruption, social welfare maximization requires that nonmonetary sanctions should be imposed infrequently. We show that, in the presence of corruption, it is optimal to use (or at least threaten to use) nonmonetary sanctions more often. In addition, optimal nonmonetary penalties will usually be higher in a corrupt environment. Corruption transforms the socially costly nonmonetary sanction into a monetary bribe. Although corruption thus reduces deterrence, nonmonetary sanctions are still useful, because they allow officials to extract higher bribes, thus restoring some deterrence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This improved achievement had positive flow-on effects to students’ enrolment and attendance rates (Graham and Berman, 2013). Children are assessed when they start school, and these results are shared with parents. Parents are asked to undertake learning activities with their child every day. After six months, the child’s assessment results are again shared with parents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, following the Sichuan earthquake in China in 2008, the depletion of funds for school buildings reportedly led to compromised design standards and regulatory codes (Pei, 2007, Lewis, 2011). While many older buildings survived the earthquake relatively unscathed, over 7,000 more recently built classrooms collapsed, resulting in high mortality, one local school reported the death of 900 children in the earthquake (Lewis, 2011). For example, Japan and Eritrea or Grenada and Haiti are pairs of countries with similar relative levels of disaster risk (AAL as a proportion of exposed assets).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Our results confirm the relevance of mothers education, which is significant in all four estimations (although the average effect of one additional year of schooling seems to be small). We take this as an indication of the progress Jordan has made during the past few decades in improving girl’s access to primary and secondary education. Urban residence and residence outside the Badia region do not have a significant effect in any of our estimations. Residence in the Central region, which includes the capital Amman, has a positive impact on infant mortality in estimation (I), which covers the period from 1971 to 2007, but this effect does not carry over to estimation (II), covering only the last 10 years before the survey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This proportion increased by 5 percentage points between 2006 and 2012, but it had no noticeable effect on market and disposable income. This lack of effect may be related to the decline of maternal employment mainly for mothers with low-income jobs whose remuneration only marginally impacts the overall standard of living of poor families. Unlike data for other countries, the Korean data do not facilitate the identification of changes in job quality - measured by industry and occupation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
An increasing number of countries, including those of the European Union, formulate targets for reducing serious injuries. First, an absolute number is easier to communicate and will be clear to everyone: 1 000 road deaths less per year. A target expressed in terms of ratio is more difficult to explain (Box 4.3). For example, deaths per kilometre travelled may drop while the overall number of road deaths increases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Andreassen also states that there has been a five percentage point decline in the proportion of female news subjects in news stories on politics in the two last GMMPs even though women have climbed up to top-level political positions.7 An example of this is Helle Thorning Schmidt, Denmark's first female prime minister who was elected in 2011. In the current government nine out of 22 ministers are women (40.9%, Statsministeriet 2016). This focus is reinforced by both female and male reporters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
With the substantial changes the main management focus shifted from ecological protection to the economic performance. In that way, the Fisheries Management Act of 1990 introduced several new features. The alternative effort-based option was terminated and the new ITQ-system also included vessels from 6-10 tons, which had hitherto been excluded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This could imply that there is either limited awareness among the potential beneficiaries about this option or that this scheme provides few additional incentives to farmers as compared to the standard Income Equalisation Regime. It would be useful to explore the reasons for the lack of uptake of the New Start-up Grants, which could be related to overly strict criteria for access by potential beneficiaries or to the levels of the grants. As noted, this facility provides partial compensation for the restoration of “non-insurable” infrastructure, pasture and plantings. The rationale for this support is that insurance for such damage is not available to farmers on the commercial insurance market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Among the different individual factors considered (market prices of coal, gas and C02, change in electricity demand, electricity import/exports, investments in new conventional plants and phase-out of nuclear units in Germany, availability factors of nuclear and hydro plants), the deployment of variable renewable energy has been the largest individual contributor to the price drop: -24% in Germany and -35% in Sweden. However, because of the intrinsic complexity of such analysis, most of the studies focus only on one or two components of system costs and, to the knowledge of the authors, a complete and comprehensive analysis of the system effects has yet to be performed. Also, many studies analyse and describe the impacts of large VRE penetration on the system, but do not explicitly calculate the system costs. The only attempt in this respect has been performed by the NEA publication (2012) in which the system costs of different conventional power plants have been compared with those of VREs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The proliferation of large biorepositories and the staggering advances in our ability to analyse large numbers of human genomes relatively quickly and cost-effectively have been important drivers in the move towards personalised medicine. However, our advances in the development of these tools have outstripped our performance in addressing the issues of ethics and consent surrounding health policy and governance of such repositories, the implications of proliferation of genomic information for the individual and its potential for misuse. Public consultation is urgently needed in the development of ethical guidelines for these emergent issues, however, effective strategies for facilitating community engagement and informed debate have been lacking. Public consultation through deliberative democracy is bringing an essential new dimension to public engagement in the genomic medicine era.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, the consequence of this behaviour is that grazing land can be effectively destroyed and all famers lose their livelihood. In periods of long term drought, such as Chihuahua is currently experiencing, this trap becomes most obvious. Carrying capacities that are already under stress drop rapidly, but there is no reduction in stocking rates, because it is individually irrational for each ejido member to do so.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, Eichhorst et al. While maternity' benefits have long been common across the OECD, paid father-specific leave is a more recent development. Paid father-specific leave did not exist in OECD countries in the 1970s, with only Spain, Luxembourg and Belgium providing any kind of paid entitlement for fathers - one day, two days, and three days, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Such a move towards inclusive policymaking had not been witnessed before, especially considering the country's recent history of conflict. So far, multiple stakeholders had jointly validated 10 policy focus areas, along with three overarching interventions. In 2017, the young professionals, the mayors' association, the interest groups of urban poor and other vulnerable population groups validated the major findings from the feasibility stage of the national urban policy development process for Liberia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Resolution 1888 (2009) focuses on strengthening leadership, expertise and other institutional capacities within the United Nations and in Member States to help put an end to conflict-related sexual violence. In response to resolution 1888 (2009), the Secretary-General appointed a Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict. Resolution i960 (2010) also calls for the establishment of monitoring, analysis and reporting arrangements specific to conflict-related sexual violence. Resolution 2106 (2013) calls on all Member States and United Nations entities to do more to implement previous mandates, and affirms the centrality of gender equality and women's political, social and economic empowerment to prevent sexual violence in armed conflict and post-conflict situations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Municipalities thus often formulate structure plans to show the consistency of land-use policy in the municipality . Land-use planning falls mostly into the jurisdiction of local governments since it is place-based by definition and context-specific (OECD, 2017, forthcoming). Monotowns and cities of oblast significance, for example, face very different problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Research and innovation are a small part of the CONPES agenda.) Apparently, many people sit on committees in both governance systems, this reduces the scope for the emergence of contradictor policies. While the sector ministries are involved in the National Commission of Competitiveness and Innovation, they also maintain separate, individual strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Abstract International Relations ( ir ) scholars and students are often presented with four (sometimes five) ‘great debates’ that characterise the ‘state of the discipline’. However, Robert Cox’s 1981 article in Millennium simplified the discussion into two binaries: problem-solving theory vs critical theory. While this configuration has been influential, it has inhibited the reflexivity, complexity, as well as the multidisciplinary nature of the discipline. This paper moves beyond this problematic simplification to construct a ‘third way’, which borrows from both rationalist and critical approaches to craft a somewhat distinct niche in ir theory. It calls for the dual goal of deconstruction and reconstruction. With this approach I seek to show the mutually constitutive synergies between knowledge/theory and practice, and to expatiate on the argument that theory is indeed always for someone and for some purpose, whether such normative underpinnings are latent or manifest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It also involves the presence of much better conditions than before for implementing the proposed policy framework. Since the ultimate goal is to create decent employment in sufficient numbers for all, the development of a dynamic private sector that can meet that goal will be greatly facilitated by the availability of a better educated and more adaptable labour force. The recent increase in LDCs' tertiary enrolment is certainly to be welcomed, but a significant part of that increase has occurred in private institutions with much higher user fees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This measure was motivated mainly to meet the need for peak capacity during periods of drought, when the capacity of hydro would be reduced by 40-50% and by the perceived failure of the energy-only market to deliver enough capacity. However, to handle a network constraint, there may be a lack of competition to provide these as only a few power plants are typically located in the right place. Regulators should therefore keep in mind that targeted contracting can be subject to lobbying or gaming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Indigenous representation and participation in decision-making with regards to health policies, planning and evaluation at the national level and their right to participate in decision-making in local health facility management are critical to improving indigenous access to health services. Indigenous peoples seems to fall behind in all major health indicators employed by the existing mainstream health policies and programmes even when the state has made significant progress in economic growth and social development. Irrespective of the HDI of the country and growth rate, indigenous peoples have a lower rate of life expectancy, higher infant and child mortality, poorer maternal health outcomes and lower levels of access to health services provided by the government, including development of and access to information on indigenous health and health services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While equality laws operate to enable access to information, these laws have limited power over the overriding impact of market forces and copyright laws that focus on restricting access to information. Technology now creates opportunities for everyone in the world, regardless of their abilities or disabilities, to be able to access the written word - yet the print disabled are denied reading equality, and have their access to information limited by laws protecting the mainstream use and consumption of information. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the World Intellectual Property Organization's Marrakesh Treaty have swept in a new legal paradigm. This book contributes to disability rights scholarship, and builds on ideas of digital equality and rights to access in its analysis of domestic disability anti-discrimination, civil rights, human rights, constitutional rights, copyright and other equality measures that promote and hinder reading equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Land Cover Classification System, available from www.fao.org /docrep/003/x0596e/x0596e00 .htm (accessed 4 August 2017). System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012— Central Framework, available from http://unstats.un.org /unsd/envaccounting/seeaRev /SEEA_CF_Final_en.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis, Washington, D.C., Island Press, available from www .millenniumassessment.org /documents/document.356.aspx.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)