albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
There is much more variation at the bottom of the proficiency distribution, however. An average of 41% of low-educated adults reported having no experience at all with ICTs, or failed the ICT core test. This share ranges from more than 70% in Korea, Poland and the Slovak Republic, and around 60% in Chile, Israel, Singapore, Slovenia and Turkey, to 48% in Greece, and below 20% in a large number of countries, including New Zealand, Norway and Sweden. These three domains are key information-processing competencies that are relevant to adults in many social contexts and work situations. They are necessary for full integration and participation in the labour market, education and training, and social and civic life. This information includes participation in activities that use the competencies assessed in the three domains, such as the frequency of reading different kinds of material or using different types of information and communications technology (ICT).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Furthermore, the turnover rate in both hotels is lower than the industry average. The employee, meanwhile, gains higher levels of skills and develops pride in their work. These examples show how training can play a significant role in generating value for the guest in an industry where a relatively low-skill, low-wage workforce is employed. Globally, around 80% of the tourism workforce is located in SMEs (ILO, 2010c). Almost half of people employed in hotels and restaurants (47.5%) in OECD countries for which data is available work in enterprises employing fewer than 10 people (compared with 31.2% in the economy as a whole), with almost three quarters (72.6%) working in enterprises employing fewer than 50 people (compared with 50.9% in the overall economy).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Respondents also occasionally listed commercial interests among the drivers of stratified medicine. Only in Finland and Israel did this appear to be a prominent concern, however, while one Chinese respondent anticipated rather different benefits in the form of a move towards introducing elements of a market economy into healthcare. Thus, while respondents were able to cite occasional examples of successful stratification of medical interventions - haematological cancers in Finland and lung cancer in Luxembourg, for instance - these were predominantly local examples, both geographically and in terms of being confined to a few, quite specific conditions, while the general view among respondents was that it was still too early to look for significant improvements in healthcare attributable to stratified medicine.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The damage is more acute across the largest rice-producing provinces (Sumatra and Java) where more than half of the smaller water systems are damaged (World Bank, 2012). It is also in greater need of repair at the local government level. The provision of central government funding for rehabilitation work reduces the incentive for provincial and district governments and WUAs to carry out the operations and maintenance activities that they are responsible for.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Human Resources for Health Series, No. Avances y omisiones”, paper presented at the expert meeting “Family-oriented policies, social protection and inclusion”, Santiago, Chile, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), 28-29 June. South Korean political and social economy of care in a context of institutional rigidities”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The conservation hypothesis finds less supporting empirical evidence, in 28 per cent to 29 per cent of the studies. Finally, the hypothesis of no causality between energy and economic growth is indicated by just 13 per cent to 22 per cent of the studies under review. The former concentrates on developing countries, and this report presents the results of the latter solely for these countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition, society’s views on minimum levels typically rise as living standards increase, and updating needs to take account of this too. Revising the universal health-care basket clearly involves trade-offs. Conversely, keeping the basket very close to the technological frontier may imply prohibitively high costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The report focuses on both challenges and opportunities for the industry, and outlines relevant measures and future policy. In recent years, focus has been on environmental interactions, reduction of fish diseases and development of new species for farming. Marketing research on aquaculture species and food quality control will be important in the years ahead. Farming of marine species is developing, though a great effort still has to be put in to scientific and developing activities to establish a commercial industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
With no right to compensation, her household income falls significantly and she becomes dependent on her family or social welfare, where it is available. For fear of repudiation, women often dare not oppose a spouse hostile to any of their actions, including employment. Khul ’ is a procedure of unilateral cessation of marriage on the initiative of the wife, who does not have to prove the fault of her husband.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Education was identified as a standalone goal (SDG4). Epistemic communities have documented a number of links between education and other SDG areas, and policy makers have long recognized many of them. Based on an exhaustive content analysis of 40 global reports, this paper examines how well such links are represented in flagship publications of the United Nations system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Children who start strong will be more likely to obtain better outcomes when they grow older. This is particularly true for children from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds, because they have often fewer opportunities to develop these abilities in their home-learning environments (OECD, 2017(4]). Despite these general trends, significant differences exist across OECD countries in the quality of ECEC services provided to young children, in the types of ECEC services available and in the usual number of hours per week that each child is enrolled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The foundation's extensive range of activities includes not only targeted advice on technologies and markets, and a wide range of information and further training measures, but the implementation and knowledge transfer and development projects. Transfer of Transfer (ToT)" is the product of years of work by the Steinbeis Foundation in the field of technology transfer. The result of this project is a technology transfer system adapted to the recipient country and which forges the necessary links between industry, research and government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Markets are never neutral and need constant nurturing, regulation and supervision by democratic States. At a further remove, it should be recognized that poverty is not transient in the ESCWA region, but deeply rooted in the economic and social structure of the countries in this region. The elimination of poverty requires structural social and economic reforms in order to eradicate the inequalities responsible for the reproduction of poverty amid pockets of wealth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For example, objectives have been defined to capture biodiversity in its entirety, as is the case for the International Finance Corporation (IFC) performance standards, for types of habitats such as forest conservation in the People’s Republic of China (hereafter “China”), for ecosystem services as is reflected in Alberta’s Wetland Policy in Canada, and for specific subsets of biodiversity including Queensland’s Net Gain in Koala Habitat policy in Australia (Table 2.1). Whatever the objective is, offset programmes should specify these clearly to help guide the design of a programme, facilitate measurement of progress toward its delivery, and to allow stakeholders to form clear and reasonable expectations about a programme’s deliverables. Even where NNL objectives are not explicitly stated, programmes often specify objectives relating to the preservation of existing levels of biodiversity which are, in effect, variations on the same concept.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The rest of the water is being withdrawn for industrial and domestic use. This is the case in particular for Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, which are dependent on water flowing in from neighbouring countries,6 as well as for Pakistan (63 per cent, 2008), Tajikistan (52.6 per cent, 2006), the Islamic Republic of Iran (50.9 per cent, 2004) and Kyrgyzstan (41.45 per cent, 2006). ( Withdrawal of more than 20 per cent of total internal renewable water resources represents substantial pressure on those resources, FAO considers any amount in excess of 40 per cent to be "critical”. Worldwide meat consumption averaged 8.3 kg per capita in 1983.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
But recent demographic trends, including falling birth rates and increasing urbanisation, coupled with concerns over the quality of small schools, raise questions about the viability of many rural schools. The urgent need to direct more resources to the most disadvantaged schools faces obstacles as a result (see Chapter 4). However, these reforms have not been embedded in a system-wide strategy to raise student learning achievement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Lop Buri (renewable energy innovation), Lampang (creative ceramics) and Ang Thong (drum-making). One of the emerging ideas from the Tourism Authority of Thailand is to link the creative economy to “Thai-ness”, which includes Thai experience, way of life and culture. This link between the way of life of a country or region and creativity is an interesting example of how intangible resources can be used creatively to develop new tourism products. Research indicates that creative tourists in Thailand are generally female (59%), aged between 25 and 34 (57%) with a degree or postgraduate education (75%) and with relatively high incomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In this context, it is proposed to align positions and it is suggested that a special expert or another level of expertise be provided. In terms of forest protection, special significance is given to the implementation of preventive measures. The main change refers to jurisdictions that were assigned under the Law to the Forest Agency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 2015, the manufacturing value added per capita was 406 in North Africa versus 165 in the rest of Africa. However, the 2015 figures reflect an improvement of 14.6 per cent for Africa (excluding North Africa) and a slight increase of 0.5 per cent for North Africa, compared with the situation in 2010. Between 2010 and 2013, manufacturing employment as a proportion of total employment stagnated at 5.4 per cent in Africa (excluding North Africa).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Policy concerns are usually taken into account. These publications are intended for a larger audience: not only statisticians but also research and policy specialists in the topic or topics covered. Data disseminated in this type of product is presented in small summary tables and charts and discussed in the accompanying text.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some firms might be more sensitive to some types of barriers than to others. One is commonly known as the rebound effect. An example is the driver who replaces a car with a more fuel-efficient model, only to take advantage of its cheaper running costs to drive further and more often. Rebound effects have long been neglected, but their consequences could be profound.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Based upon a brief and selective survey of the literature on local economic development (led), this paper analyses four theoretical aspects that distinguish “local” economic development theories from their “national” counterparts. These are: location factors, local public goods, active participation by a variety of private agents, and the multidisciplinary approach of led theories. This analysis could be used to design an academic discipline of led, which seldom exists in developing countries, and shed light on the objectives and roles of agents involved in ongoing decentralization and led processes in those countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The only notable exception is South Africa, where the gap grows sizably upon comparing men and women within the same occupational category, with respect to a comparison across all occupations within a given sector. Another, more technical way, to express the idea is to say that in those occupations the relationship between pay and working hours is not linear but convex. The data may over-estimate the gap if men under-report being house-workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Cold smoked and salt cured fish is out of this derogation because of the danger of listeria. Freezing of foodstuffs in retail sector is somehow grey area in legislation, but Evira guidance allows it to charity purpose. In EU there is legislation only how the quick-frozen products have to be manufactured, no legislation of storing by freezing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It provides a glimpse of the health care resources available to, and used by the various health care agencies. Conversely, there is international agreement on the inclusion criteria and classification of types of expenditures in the form of the System of Health Accounts (SHA) developed by the organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). In northern Norway, the per capita expenditures are 25-30 per cent higher than the national average, whereas in northern Sweden and Finland the difference is less than 10 per cent. Greenland reports a lower level of per capita health expenditure than Denmark, the only instance where expenditures in the north are lower than in the south.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Court of Final Appeal’s decision in Congo v FG Hemisphere has significant human rights implications beyond the borders of Hong Kong. Current and former heads of state wanted for crimes against humanity or grand corruption can rest assured that the Hong Kong court will not strip them of immunity from prosecution like the House of Lords did in the case concerning General Augusto Pinochet. Former leaders need only worry that the immunity has not been waived by the new rulers. Stolen state assets are also safe in Hong Kong, subject only to waiver of immunity and United Nations Security Council sanctions which China has allowed Hong Kong to implement and enforce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The gender gap in entrepreneurial activities has changed very little in most countries since 2012. They also tend to earn less. Evidence suggests a slight narrowing in the gap between the proportion of self-employed men and women with employees. The evidence on self-employment earnings is too sparse to draw conclusions about whether the gap is closing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The SEE economies should also continue to press forward with regulations and measures to consolidate farmland, especially in Kosovo and Albania. The SEE economies can allocate water more efficiently, for example, by using water markets and appropriate regulations (Box 14.2). They should continue to put in place and enforce environmental requirements for receiving state support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Classifying the other countries by their inequality levels is somewhat more arbitrary, because the rankings vary widely according to the indicator used. Colombia, Guatemala and Honduras can also be identified as countries in which the distribution tended to deteriorate in the period under study (see figure 1.28). Although the region remains exceedingly unequal, these figures set a significant precedent regarding the feasibility of improving the distribution of resources in Latin America. Around 1990, the simple average of Gini indices in the region’s countries amounted to 0.532, whereas the average of around 2007, calculated on a comparable basis in terms of countries and geographic areas analysed, was 0.515.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Cutting back such tax expenditures is likely to be beneficial both for long-term GDP per capita, allowing a reduction in marginal tax rates, and for a more equitable distribution of income. Lowering tax expenditures would also reduce the complexity of the tax system, and thus tax compliance and collection costs. Tax relief - such as reduced taxation for capital gains from the sale of a principal or secondary residence - often distorts resource allocation without boosting aggregate savings and growth, and benefits mainly high-income groups. Specific tax relief may also provide tax avoidance instruments for top-income earners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In recent years, moreover, Chicago’s labour force has actually been shrinking in absolute terms. For instance, from May 2010 to May 2011, the civilian labour force decreased from 4.87 million to 4.82 million workers, a reduction of 0.8% (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011). This performance contrasts sharply with the 1990s, when employment growth in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region was stronger and closer to the average growth rate of metro-regions. Between 2002 and 2007, the goods-producing sector was shedding jobs even during the years of growth that preceded the crisis, and the services sector, which is usually more resilient to both cyclical and structural changes, also under-performed the nation and even lost jobs in some key sub-sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Although Alibaba's commerce revenue is mostly domestic (92 per cent in 2016-17), it is notable for being a large e-commerce firm based in a developing economy with considerable scope to grow its cross-border activities. They also facilitate searches for products, help verifying quality and reputation, and help to match consumer preferences to products. New technologies can thereby reduce trade costs by reducing transportation and storage costs, but also by reducing time to transport, as well as the uncertainty of delivery times due to better logistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This currently affects between 7-8 million cars being sent every year to the scrap-yard in the EU. The world has seen global increases in population, average incomes (and consumption rates), urbanisation (and infrastructure investment) and huge growth in production activities. In many countries these trends have contributed immensely to economic development, creating jobs, increasing the material standard of living of many people, enabling investment in public infrastructure and reducing poverty levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The new Act is very much in the spirit of the Aarhus Convention. However, there is a further need to reinforce public participation, in particular at the scoping and screening stages. The screening mechanism should be simplified and clarified, for example by detailing the selection criteria and establishing thresholds, criteria or triggers. Changes are also needed to allow better access to the results of the assessment, not only “essential parts of the decisions”. The Act regulated procedures for SEA of sectoral policies and plans, such as those concerning energy, transport, agriculture, forest management and industry, as well as regional development and land use planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The urban population constituted 77.3 per cent. Over the period from the beginning of 2005 to the beginning of 2014, the urban population had increased by 4.4 per cent (from 6,965,365 to 7,274,775). The greatest population increase was in the capital city, Minsk, with 177,209 people, or 10 per cent, having been added in the last decade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The additional rural migrants exert tremendous pressure on the already scarce urban utility services and other amenities of urban life, resulting in a lack of access to basic services relating to primary health and public health services, such as water, sanitation, waste disposal and food safety. In Bangladesh, only 72 per cent of the urban population has access to the water supply (Bangladesh 2005b). No urban area except Dhaka (the capital city) has a conventional sewerage system and only 20 per cent of the population of Dhaka is served by the sewerage network, only 50 per cent of the solid waste generated in urban areas in Bangladesh is collected daily, leaving the remaining waste scattered on the streets and causing environmental pollution (Asian Development Bank 2008). As they do not have the resources to make alternative arrangements to meet their basic needs, they are almost excluded from access to public health services, including pure water, sanitation, food safety and waste disposal. In urban areas, the poor mostly live in a damp, crowded and unhygienic environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Swedish Government is investing EUR 500 million during 2011-14 to improve health and social care for the most fragile elderly, including for strengthening incentives to councils and municipalities for achieving pre-specified goals in preventive, dementia and palliative care, better use of medication and better care co-ordination. However, Swedish data show that primary care costs per year of age increase minimally into older ages compared with inpatient costs, which may indicate under-provision for primary care relative to secondary care. An appropriate balance of resources between ambulatory care and inpatient care is important for ensuring that the primary care sector is able to manage and co-ordinate the complex care needs of people with chronic conditions and co-morbidities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These plans are prepared in co-operation between different institutions, ensuring better communications and clarity of roles and responsibilities, iuiuuisisemimsteerium.ee/29960. Estonia adopted the requirements of the EU Directive 2007/60/EC on the assessment and management of the flood risk in November 2009. Various projects with a transboundary component include: BaltAdapt, iuiviu.baltadapt.eu, BaltClim, www.bef-de.org/unsere-themen-en/ projects/baltclim, BaltCICA, iuiuw.baltcica.org.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Similarly, for solar projects this risk is mitigated by data from existing installations, and, where there is little data, occasionally by insurance. Currently this performance data is closely held by project developers as a barrier to competition, increasing returns to incumbents but slowing adoption by other market participants. Deployment of low-carbon infrastructure would be greatly accelerated if there were standard methods to measure and report the characteristics of systems and their components. They are looking for investments which provide steady, low correlation, long-term, and preferably inflation adjusted income streams. They are therefore likely to invest in established and mature technologies. However, much clean energy technology remains at the pre-commercial stage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These changes in initial teacher education and professional development for experienced teachers are part of a move to professionalise teaching in Denmark. While 72.9% of lower secondary teachers in Denmark reported having participated in courses or workshops over the past 12 months (TALIS average: 70.9%), they spent fewer days on average on such activities than teachers in other countries. On average across TALIS countries, teachers spent 8.5 days on courses and workshops.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)