albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
At either poverty line the African share of poverty is over 95 percent in both years. The coloured poverty share accounts for nearly all of the remaining poverty with 1 percent of poverty or less being attributed to the other two groups. In both periods, rural poverty rates are substantially higher than urban poverty rates (regardless of the poverty line chosen).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Systematic and ad hoc cross-border exchanges of scientific evidence for law enforcement purposes are increasing. This chapter investigates what we ‘need to know’ when law enforcement agencies from one country seek to utilise scientific evidence produced in another jurisdiction. Criminal courts potentially face additional challenges, above and beyond those presented by all scientific evidence, when complex chains of custody and attenuated communications confound domestic attempts at ensuring the safety and reliability of scientific evidence. This chapter assesses the adequacy of national and international safeguards to ensure the reliability of scientific evidence generated extraterritorially. Subsisting regulatory frameworks and quality assurance mechanisms are described, with a view to assessing whether a ‘country by country’ approach secures ‘all we need to know’ about the provenance and probative value of scientific evidence. Alternatively, does international evidence exchange demand more comprehensive institutional solutions to guarantee evidential reliability and trustworthiness for the purposes of criminal adjudication?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If nutrient and organic loading can be controlled and reduced, systems will recover from hypoxia. For example, a hypoxic event in 1976 that affected an area of about 1 000 km2 along the coast of New York and New Jersey displaced demersal Fishes and also blocked the migration of pelagic bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix). Northward migrating bluefish that encountered the hypoxic zone did not pass through or around it, but stayed to the south waiting for it to dissipate and then continued their migration north (Azarovitz etal., Hypoxia also alters spatial patterns of human use by influencing the spatial distribution of fisheries resources (Selberg etal., Most negative effects tend to occur locally, within the region of the water body in which oxygen concentrations are reduced, but much wider ranging consequences can be mediated through the indirect effects of altered distributions and abundances (Breitburg et al., The frequency and magnitude of fish kills have increased as nutrient-related hypoxia has worsened.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Economic growth is obviously critical to achieving food security objectives. The scenario also leads to lower imports of vegetable oil and higher exports of wheat, rice and coarse grain result in marginally lower international market prices. One scenario result illustrated in this case is that with weaker markets, domestic wheat prices fall to MSP levels, causing public stocks to build as additional wheat is procured to support prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Livestock production is also expected to be affected by heat stress and changes to feed and pasture resources. Rising temperatures can shorten the reproductive cycle of many pests, which will also increase their risk to agricultural plants. Because of the diverse peculiarities of the weather in the different parts of the national space, the transport system is relatively flexible, recognizing both the normal atmospheric conditions and local characteristics and manifestations of extreme meteorological phenomena diat directly or indirectly affect the functioning of the transport sector. For the period 2040-2070, cost reductions (2.4 per cent annually) are expected for winter maintenance of the road infrastructure as a consequence of the mitigation of weather conditions during the winter months.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For comparison purposes, the global warming potential of 1 million tonnes of N20 is equivalent to 265 million tonnes of carbon dioxide.) Reduction strategies could potentially hold emissions at 4.1 million tonnes in 2030 and cut them to 3.3 million tonnes by 2050. However, offsetting the projected increases in emissions under the business-as-usual scenario for the year 2030 would require the adoption of all five of the emission reduction strategies presented in Table 11, including behavioural changes such as reducing animal protein in diets, making the reduction estimates uncertain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The regression analysis shows that labour regulations have reduced female labour force participation and that recent reforms to liberalise them have mostly benefitted male employment (Daymard and Sorsa,2015). This can reflect the fact that the regulations remain rigid and affect negatively formal job creation (Dougherty, 2008). With sufficient reforms more flexible labour markets are likely to benefit job creation for women as well. In this context the proposed amendment to the Factories Bill in 2014 to relax female night work are welcome.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The national populations are growing slowly (with intercensal growth rates of 0.7 per cent and 0.4 per cent respectively) through fertility, with their respective birth rates being 24.8 and 26.5. Both countries have relatively high population density, with Samoa having 63 persons per square kilometre and Tonga 160 per square kilometre. Since Samoa is mountainous, very little potentially productive land in either country is unused.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
But as gross domestic product (GDP) rises, the growth in domestic cement demand is expected to remain strong and to rise to between 400 kg/cap and 460 kg/cap in 2050. Annual production could reach 646 Mt and 742 Mt by 2050, increasing production by between 3.8 and 4.4 times in 2050 compared to current levels. They refer to the core process excluding options for heat Page | 81 cascading and the process integration of material flows in individual plants on a site and for combined heat and power (CHP) systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
At the same time, well-off parents are often ready to pay more for child care (Camehl et al., In Germany (Hamburg), tire gross full-time child care fee charged to such a family is equal to 21.5% of the national average wage (blue bars). They are entitled to child care benefits/rebates (including fee reductions) equal to 7.2% of the national average wage (light grey bars), and a tax reduction equal to 3.2% of the national average wage (light blue bars).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Both Nepal and Yemen exhibit a sharp downward trend in export concentration even though the movement on the export diversification index is milder. It will be important to see whether these encouraging trends are maintained into the future, and to understand the dynamics of export diversification in these countries through more focused case studies. The current economic crisis has highlighted the importance of entertaining a broad range of export partners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
State-assisted return programmes (SARPs) have emerged as key components of diaspora mobilisation strategies in countries of origin. Especially in countries where the principle of jus sanguinis underpins citizenship regimes, these programmes have often been drawn from ostensibly national(istic) discourses in order to encourage the repatriation of (mostly highly skilled) citizens residing abroad. Drawing on interviews with public officials and migrants as well as content analysis of primary and secondary materials, this paper examines SARPs deployed by Israel and Germany. It argues that while the discourse and practice within which state programmes are embedded (re-)construct the nation in certain ways that are commensurate with perceived determinants of return, migrants have often rejected these formulations, underscoring instead a range of neglected personal and professional return-oriented risks. The paper's main contribution lies in better clarifying the links between highly skilled return migration pol...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Note that all anti-poverty programmes have conditions, even those characterized as 'unconditional'. Our focus is on behavioural conditions attached to anti-poverty programmes. The most commonly used conditions are those that incentivise physical asset creation (usually at the community level) or human capital accumulation in terms of education or health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Although efforts have been made to address these barriers, they are still far from being resolved. In a very broad way, programmes to address constraints faced by smallholders are: fertiliser subsidies, investments in agricultural infrastructure, particularly irrigation, the provision of various credit programmes with subsidised interest rate, advice and market information provided through extension services, the development of partnership between farmers and traders/processors and the creation of farmer organisations, and technology development and dissemination. Some of these programmes are described briefly below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A comprehensive review of the TWM Strategy is being carried out to ensure sustainable use of water resources and timely introduction of new initiatives to strengthen resilience and preparedness against uncertainties and challenges. More information available at The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (2008), Total Water Management in Hong Kong, available at: http://vvww.\vsd.eov.hk/filcmanai!cr/cii/sharc/Ddf/TWM.pdf and PUB (n.d), Singapore’s National Water Agency website, http:/Avww.pub.gov.sg/water/newater/Pages/default.aspx. ( Cities are not isolated and need to implement win-win approaches with surrounding areas to manage interdependences, they have to enhance the buy-in, trust and confidence by engaging stakeholders and to favour policy complementarities and avoid silos to reap the benefits of integrated urban water management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Lao PDR, Cambodia and Myanmar were major sources of illegal timber in the 1990s and 2000s, leading to significant forest depletion in these countries (Costenbader et al., Demand for furniture, timber for housing and other forest products continues to increase. Good governance with the presence of checks and balances will ensure better SFM.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Such mappings are good illustrations of how the values of ecosystem services are spread in a country or a region. Mappings like these have become more widely used. However, you need good data to produce good maps, and lack of good valuation data for ecosystem services still limits the use of mappings. Figure A illustrates Turner et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Many EECCA countries have already benefited from international climate funds that are either established as standalone funds or financed by bilateral and multilateral financiers. The GEF is also an operating entity for other multilateral environmental treaties such as the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention to Combat Desertification. All the EECCA countries have accessed climate-related development finance from the GEF No data on finance approved by the GCF is included in the analysis in this chapter (as the database used here covers the period 2013-14), while the GCF Board has approved two projects from the EECCA countries as of 1 July 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the context of biodiversity management, indicators should help to guide decision-making processes. Ideally, indicators should tell a story and help to communicate ideas. The fifteen Environmental Objectives include six objectives focusing on biodiversity of a certain nature type (freshwater, the marine environment, wetlands, forests, agricultural landscapes and mountains) and one objective that includes biodiversity as one of the main aspects (the built-up environment).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As a result, the Danish definition reduces measured market income inequality compared to the OECD definition. The Danish government definition of disposable income considers voluntary (tax deductible) pension contributions as current transfers paid by households, which thereby reduces disposable income. By contrast, the OECD considers voluntary pension contributions as savings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided. They ensure both that the environmental problems affecting disadvantaged groups and vulnerable communities are adequately addressed and that policy decisions, either on environmental issues or as affecting the environment, take into consideration the needs of those groups. In so doing, those provisions also serve as key instruments in ensuring that climate change adaptation and resilience-building strategies (as well as mitigation measures) promote equality. Yet, even in countries that have enacted such legislation, challenges to implementation remain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Through comprehensive contracts that specify the production process, they ensure other product characteristics (e.g. related to food safety, retailer specification, or exigencies of particular overseas markets) that enable these sectors to maintain existing markets or to penetrate new ones. Co-operatives in these sectors go further than just managing member’s market risks but through technology transfer and investment also address farmers’ production and financial risks. In other sectors, such as pipfruit, co-operatives co-exist with other companies which also offer primary producers contracts that address various risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It identifies opportunities and challenges for implementing SPP and provides guidance for governments in developing and implementing successful SPP programs. It saw reiteration in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation in 2002 and more recently, at the 19m Session of the Commission on Sustainable Development in 2011. It forms part of the 10 year Framework of Programmes suggested at the recently concluded Summit in Rio in June 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Therefore, most Governments have been involved directly or indirectly in supporting family planning programmes. Direct support entails the provision of family planning information, guidance and supplies through Government-run facilities or outlets such as hospitals, clinics, health posts and health centres and through Government fieldworkers. The proportion of Governments providing direct support has risen steadily since 1976 when less than two thirds of Governments (63 per cent) provided such support (table III.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Also both countries have long and vast traditions in using traditional firewood in energy production in small-sized dwellings. The recent increase can be explained in the growing use of forestry residues and wood pellets in energy production. The reason for this is mainly that the use of wood in energy production is very minor. According to Iceland Forest Service, in Iceland the vast majority of forest products consumed in Iceland are imported due to the country's very small forest resource.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
But people who see themselves as candidates for the professions, and are attracted to the working conditions enjoyed by professionals, might not find what they're looking for in schools that use bureaucratic management to direct teachers' work. Media campaigns to enhance the image of the profession by highlighting its importance for the nation, its sophistication and complexity, and the intellectual excitement it can generate, can also help. Countries that wish to broaden the range of teachers' backgrounds and experiences could concentrate on promoting the benefits of a teaching career to groups who are under-represented in the teaching force, such as men and people from minority backgrounds. This is intended to ensure that all schools have access to effective teachers and a balance of experienced and beginning teachers. The allocation of teachers to schools is decided by the local education authority, and the exact rules followed may differ.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The 13th FYP (2016-20) reiterates this commitment by including “improvement in ecological environment” as a central goal with dedicated targets and indicators. Brazil’s federal development plan, Plano Plurianual (2016-2019), includes “conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity” as one of the core programmes, detailing a number of objectives, sub-goals and initiatives. In Mexico, since 2007, the government has included mainstreaming of environmental concerns as a necessary strategy for achieving sustainable development. Both the 2007-12 NDP and the 2013-18 NDP refer to biodiversity under various action items, most notably in the section on green and inclusive growth (OECD, 2013b). However, no targets and indicators are specified. The current short-term plan, the Framework for Economic and Social Reforms (FESR) (2012-15), includes a short section on environmental protection more broadly, with a single reference to biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Deficit irrigation describes an irrigation strategy in which water application is reduced to an amount that is less than the amount required to meet full crop transpiration requirements. Because the resulting reduction in crop yield is often less than the reduction in applied water, this can be an efficient strategy for reducing consumptive water use in some situations. For example, supplying 50% of full crop water requirements may reduce yields by only 10% to 15% for some crops.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Electricity needs will further be affected by the consequences of energy-related policies, which may not be readily anticipated. This gives rise to a significant degree of endogeneity, in that policies need to respond to changes in demand which themselves arise in part from policies themselves. For example, policies to promote productive use will affect demand, while progress towards rural electrification may affect the rate of urbanization and rural settlement patterns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and Human Rights Law (HRL) are branches of international law which regulate protection of human dignity and integrity. Nevertheless, they have differences between them in their thresholds of application and their fulfilment of the international obligations assessed by State parties when they have ratified those international conventions. This essay focuses on their scopes of application viewed from the Indonesian context, perspective and legal analogy. Cases are used to uphold and to reach the relationship between them Indonesia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In fact, 50% of Romanian respondents (compared to 19% across EU countries) said that they felt they had to make the extra payment or gift before the care was received In contrast, 28% said they made the informal payment or gift after care was provided. Moreover, about one fifth of respondents in Romania (19%) said that they had been asked to go to a private consultation with the doctor in order to be treated in a public hospital. There have also been some unfavourable trends, including rising mortality rates for the most common causes of death (cardiovascular diseases and lung, breast and colorectal cancers), increasing numbers of new HIV/AIDS cases and falling immunisation rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Plan began to be rolled out in State secondary schools in 2011. As can be seen in the chart below, a large majority of people in the lower-income quintiles (and not only those of school age) potentially have access to a computer at home thanks to this programme. This outcome has led to international recognition for the CEIBAL Plan, which received the ICTs in Sustainable Development Award from the InternationalTelecommunication Union in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These shortages, estimated at about 2,700 GWh, about one quarter of winter electricity demand, impose economic losses estimated at over US$200 million per annum or 3 per cent of GDP. When the losses during transmission and distribution of electricity are considered, the deficit at the generation level amounts to about 3,100 GWh during winter, compared with a total winter supply requirement of 11,200 GWh, a gap of about 24 per cent. Without prompt action to remedy the causes of Tajikistan’s electricity crisis, and with growing demand, the shortages could increase to about 4,500 GWh by 2016 (over one third of winter electricity demand) or worse. Rehabilitation also offers an opportunity to increase the electricity generation per unit of water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Conventional approaches towards the impact of corruption on post-conflict stabilization suggest that corrupt practices impede a successful war to peace transition. When transparency and accountability are absent, the risk of corruption threatens to turn the state apparatus into a tool of enrichment for those in power and affect the “exit” from violence/insurgency towards demobilization and reintegration. However, corruption may have redeeming values by serving the function of a power-sharing arrangement between antagonistic parties, thereby, reinforcing peace. Radical anti-corruption programs in post-conflicts situations may bring adverse results such as a renewal of violence. Aimed to fill the void in research on corruption in post-conflict situations, the article inquires about the links between corruption, peacebuilding and violent non-state actors. By combining various disciplinary approaches, the article theorizes the outcomes of corruption in post-conflict situations and discusses them in the context of Kosovo and Chechnya.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, Africa’s urbanisation is taking place in a resource and climate-constrained world unknown to earlier urbanisation (Swilling, 2015, Currie et al., Ensuring that the ongoing wave of urbanisation is more sustainable than in the past is of strategic importance to Africa and to the world at large. It took Europe 110 years to move from 15% urban in 1800, to 40% in 1910.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This assumption clouds understanding if distinct results for each gap are derived from the same general stratification process, in which the overlaying of different hierarchical categories might play a central role. The result of such a superimposition of categories might be particularly important in the case of the intersections of class and ethnicity. Hence, ethnicity can be understood as a hierarchical space of symbolic distinctions, more than as a simple indicator of group heterogeneity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Although global factors may be difficult to address, countries could ease domestic constraints to private investment. In China, a priority is to address excess capacity in certain sectors, facilitate deleveraging and create a level playing field between State-owned enterprises and private firms. In India, a priority is to repair bank balance sheets, especially those of public sector banks. For all countries, in the medium term, increasing infrastructure investment and enhancing the business environment could stimulate private investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)