albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Results are averages over different earnings levels and family situations and account for taxes and for family-related benefits as of 2009.23 These replacement rates provide a summary indication of benefit generosity in the first full year of the recession and thus capture the impact of most measures taken to reinforce UBs early in the recession, but not of subsequent developments.24 Compensation for lost earnings is typically highest during the first year of an unemployment spell. On average across OECD countries, individuals receive more than half of what they earned prior to losing their jobs. In some countries, the level of support can decline markedly as the spell of unemployment extends into a second year (e.g. less than 10% of previous earnings in Luxembourg, Italy, Japan and Korea).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Many of our best minds are already focused on building sustainable cities, developing green technologies, redesigning systems and rethinking individual lifestyles. For the young, the challenges encapsulated in the Sustainable Development Goals are not just urgent, but often also personal and inspiring. Strengthening cognitive, emotional and social resilience and adaptability is perhaps the most significant challenge for modern education, as it affects virtually every part of the education system. It starts with the understanding that resilience is not a personality trait, but a process that can be learned and developed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, having a baby during the teenage years increases the risk of school drop-out, and makes it difficult to enter the labour market and subsequently make career progression. Therefore, the decline in teenage fertility has been accompanied by a decline in child poverty rates. The relationship is likely to work both ways: the decline in the adolescent birth rate reduces the risk of falling into poverty, while the reduced likelihood of living in a poor family reduces the likelihood of an early birth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The need for that understanding - that vision - has never been stronger. The result was published in 1994, in the Committee's General Comment No. The final breakthrough came when the UN Commission on Human Rights, actively supported by the then UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Mary Robinson, identified and recognised disability as a human rights concern in a series of resolutions adopted in 1998,2000 and 2002. As a logical consequence of this development, in 2001 the UN General Assembly accepted a proposal by the Government of Mexico for the elaboration of a UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The unsustainable extraction of marine resources is caused partly by illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Stocks of aquatic resources are difficult to measure in inland and marine waters, although certain estimation methodologies may be considered for this purpose. Aquaculture stocks can be estimated more frequently. Aquatic resources may be either cultivated or natural biological resources. Aquatic resources produced within aquaculture facilities (for breeding or for harvest) are considered cultivated biological resources. All other aquatic resources harvested as part of capture production processes are considered natural biological resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These skills describe what the OECD has called Teaming to learn’: the strategies, practices and motivations associated with high performance (OECD, 2010). The ‘three-layer model’ of selfregulated learning (Boekaerts, Pintrich, and Zeidner, 2000) is one framework which captures the different kinds of mind-sets, dispositions and skills which need to be developed in order for students to be able to learn productively on their own. The inner layer of cognitive regulation encompasses the practices a student needs to master to carry out information processing. The middle layer of metacognitive regulation describes the students’ knowledge and skills that allow them to make effective choices about what they study and how. The outer layer of motivational regulation represents the “self’, the learner’s own goals, needs and expectancies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On pourrait egalement rchausser la qualite de l'cnseigncmcnl en developpant la formation en cours d'emploi des enseignants et en renfonjant les mesures d'incitation qui recompensent leurs bons resultats. Le bilan des services publics est mitige dans les domaines de la sante et des transports. Les services de sante publique sont largement accessiblcs mais ils patissent dim finaneement insuffisant, et le nombre de places offcrtes pour la formation du personnel medical doit etre accru.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The minimalist approach of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) (“UNCLOS”), a 163 member multilateral treaty sometimes known as the ‘constitution of the oceans,’ and in relevant respects, reflective of customary international law of the sea, allows for strong anti-immigration territorial sovereignty arguments in contravention of its rescue provisions. Because of the perceived need to tighten border security, and the actions of some European States to close borders entirely, it is necessary to reassert the binding nature of these rescue provisions in their traditional construction, as defined by their historical origins, to prevent wrongful infringement of the customary law of the sea’s duty to rescue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Rapidly growing Asian economies are expected to account for the greatest share of additional consumption, while saturated levels of per capita food consumption and declining population growth rates result in much slower consumption growth from regions like North America and Europe. Substantial population growth in Africa will drive significant increases in total consumption, however per capita consumption growth in the region remains marginal. Consumption trends also tend toward processed and prepared foods, widening the spread between farm gate and retail prices of food items. Expansion of the livestock sector alters the demand for crops, resulting in a declining share of pure food crops, in favour of crops like coarse grains and oilseeds which are also used to feed livestock.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They have been variously combined in different frameworks, thus emphasising certain universal aspects of governance (Lockwood et al., It specifically addresses the issue of coherence and co-ordination of public action to achieve water policy outcomes, such as sustainability, efficiency, equity, rule of law, accountability and participation. It can therefore only provide a partial response to the ongoing water governance debates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Historically, the study of public administration starts with the endeavors to establish the effective and efficient administration. This followed by the notions of equity values in managing public administration that lead to the idea of the new public administration. Recent challenges such as privatization, multiculturalism, democratization, decentralization and various disasters that occur have produced the demands to pay attention the new look of public administration. This article discusses the history and contemporary issues of public admihistration in order to reformulate the scope of public administration study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The government’s 2020 Vision states that by 2020, everyone will live longer, healthier lives at home, or in a homely setting. It sets out as significant challenges Scotland’s public health record, changing demography and the economic environment. The document cites as a key challenge an anticipated 25% rise in the proportion of people aged 75 and over in Scotland in the next ten years. This rise is likely to be accompanied by more chronic disease, and growing numbers of older people with complex needs such as dementia. It estimates over the next 20 years, demography alone could increase expenditure on health and social care by over 70%. The 2020 Vision reiterates die ambition of integrated health and social care, and a focus on prevention and self-management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
To be able to make broad statements about the effectiveness of biodiversity mainstreaming, ideally one would need to start with a set of core indicators which are fairly easy and inexpensive to collect, and which are comparable across countries. A few other indicators may also merit further consideration. Selecting a core set of indicators (Step 6) is an important element of this, and aims should be made for these to be as consistent as possible across countries, so as to enable aggregation of data at regional and global levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It concluded that winter precipitation in Austria and in the Greater Alpine Region is likely to increase by between 8% and 13% by 2050, and that temperatures will increase throughout the year, by 1-2.5 °C in summer and by 1.6-2.2 °C in winter (AIT, 2013). Heat waves are expected to be an increasing problem, especially in urban areas. Climate change is also expected to lead to increases in natural hazards (ClimChAlp, 2008, Korck et al., This can be seen from the EM-DAT disaster database (CRED, 2013), which contains details of major disasters (more than 10 casualties or 100 people affected, or a declaration of a state of emergency).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Arguably this also goes beyond their purpose. However, (l)NDCs do provide an important indication of the long term strategic focus and priorities that the countries have. To understand actual investment needs and priorities, however, it is also vital to look beyond (l)NDCs and at specific sector plans and other activities taking place at the national or sectoral level, as well as business driven investments, which are taking place in parallel both locally and cross-border.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The GCF has explicitly recognised that “there is a strong need for capacity building” (GCF, 2013). In addition, multilateral and regional funds could facilitate achieving the aid effectiveness principles by providing greater donor co-ordination and reducing risks of fragmentation. National institutions help to identify climate finance needs and prioritise its allocation. The ability and capacity of recipient governments to set a clear vision and strategies for climate change within national plans, to develop policies and programmes to access and absorb international climate funds, and to channel and manage resources, are critical factors in determining the effectiveness of climate finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This chapter identifies Africa’s contribution to international human rights law by juxtaposing human rights treaties adopted under the auspices of the African Union (and its predecessor the Organization of African Unity) with treaties adopted at the global level, under the United Nations. Departing from numerous dichotomies contained in the International Bill of Rights, the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights embraces the principle of indivisibility, contains collective rights, and makes the right to development justiciable. Other African treaties dealing with the rights of children, refugees and in respect of the environment, provide for the regional articulation of the universal norms in corresponding UN treaties. Africa also steered advances in international humanitarian law, for example when the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) held that rape constitute genocide, and through the drafting and adoption of a treaty dealing with mercenarism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is the case for large groups in Denmark (Figure 21) (Danish Ministry' of Finance, 2017(20), 2018(21)). In many countries, pension contributions are deductible and tax-exempted on pay out, resulting in negative marginal effective tax rates. See source for details on the methodology and assumptions applied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As in the previous section, the approaches and tools presented address, in turn, the policy, regulatory, and economic dimensions of the enabling environment. Energy efficiency investments can generate significant economic dividends, including job creation, reduced exposure to energy supply volatility, reduced vulnerability to energy price fluctuations, and improved industrial and commercial competitiveness. The policy will also facilitate co-ordination among these groups, and increase investment opportunities for energy efficient technologies from both the domestic and international private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The median salaries of women remain lower than those of men, which may also reflect the philosophy of the male “breadwinner” model. There are also many important remaining gaps in domestic labour legislation, including workers’ protection, work areas and night work provisions. In addition, in most MENA countries, the employer has to cover the direct and indirect costs of maternity leave, w'hich may result in discriminatory attitudes for employing women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Policymakers might be interested in the answer to the following question: "What would be the impact of such sequential increases on aggregate GDP in absolute terms and in terms of elasticity values?" As expected, some sectors would have a huge impact on GDP in absolute value while the impact of others would be relatively small. In addition, GDP might be elastic in response to the growth of some sectors and inelastic in response to the growth of others. Figure 8 shows the productivity of each sector by evaluating each sector's impact on aggregate GDP based on an equal level of shock on all the sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The rationale for this focus is that the regulatory framework is foundational to successful mainstreaming, and regulation is the responsibility of government. In support of this, there have been several biodiversity mainstreaming interventions that have targeted the private sector, including production sectors such as agriculture, forestry and mining, which have resulted in significant biodiversity gains. Even these private sector mainstreaming interventions require strong support from the relevant government departments to be successful. Some of the key ingredients that have proven to be effective biodiversity mainstreaming strategies countrywide are assessed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It can facilitate cost-effective access to energy in rural and remote areas, improve energy security and decrease excessive reliance on fossil-fuel imports, and stimulate technology transfer and innovation across the clean energy value chain. Given the current strains on public finances, reform options must focus on ways of leveraging private investment at an unparalleled scale and pace. An important challenge is the need for coherent and consistent signals across different policy areas which traditionally do not take climate-related objectives into account.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It should be kept in mind, however, that the precise impact of each one of these characteristics strongly depends on the surrounding electricity systems, the composition of the generation mix, the carbon pricing regime, the form of renewables support and, in particular, the availability of flexible resources on the supply and the demand sides. Variable: the power output fluctuates with the availability of the resource. Uncertain: the amount of power produced cannot be predicted with precision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These have several advantages over capital-intensive technologies: They generate more jobs, have lower costs, can contribute to local enterprise development and capacity-building, provide more readily available maintenance and repair services, and can generate foreign exchange savings. Even more worrying is that the LDCs youth population (aged 15-24 years), which is becoming better educated and growing fast, is increasingly seeking job in rapidly growing urban centres. The main responsibility for creating these jobs rests largely with the LDCs themselves. Nevertheless, the international community can also play a role in helping to ease the constraints faced by these countries in creating sufficient jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
On forest cover, Fiji and Samoa have actively conserved forest area but threats to forest resources remain (PIFS, 2015a). On the other hand, forest cover is generally declining in PNG and Solomon Islands, linked to their extractive industries (mining, logging), which exact a heavy toll on forests. In Nauru, mined-out phosphate lands cover almost 90 per cent of the island with most of the island uninhabitable and barren (PIFS, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This would in part be motivated by the widespread use of such measures for reasons other than food security, including tax collection, environmental and health considerations and industry policy. Other participants connected the issue to the standstill in the agenda for agricultural trade reform. They questioned whether advanced rule-making on export restrictions would be possible given the fragile consensus in this agenda (e.g. on removal of export subsidies and increased transparency regarding domestic support) between the key players.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The concept of fairness has long been a point of contention in our common law of contract. Indeed, many academic commentators have argued for greater (substantive) fairness in contracts on the basis of the horizontal application of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) has maintained consistently that fairness per se is not a legitimate ground for striking down a contract as invalid. In the words of Cameron JA (as he then was), 'the Constitution and its value system [do not] confer on Judges a general jurisdiction to declare contracts invalid because of what they perceive as unjust, or power to decide that contractual terms cannot be enforced on the basis of imprecise notions of good faith'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The government body dealing with procurement may not feel accountable for the promotion of the domestic industry. The main focus is typically obtaining the best possible value for money when procuring goods and services. For the economy as a whole, however, encouraging the development of local software suppliers in the short term may increase the number of potential bidders competing for government tenders in the long term, thereby also enhancing the value for money in future procurements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Income Inequality has declined in many of the countries that experienced sustained economic growth, while increasing in countries with negative growth. In most countries whose per capita income/consumption grew during this period, growth was faster for the bottom 40 per cent of the population. Others have a more :omplex decision-making mechanism in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These steps, however, might be significantly different in different regions. Without a successful green technology transition, GHG emissions may increase substantially in the next decades. An obvious way to decrease the transport carbon footprint is to increase the price of energy through taxation, thereby encouraging road users to adopt more energy-efficient driving behaviour and/or to consider other transport modes. However, high fuel taxation can have important implications on mobility, if not complemented by measures promoting viable alternative transport options such as adequate public transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
People with access to savings accounts or simple informal savings technologies are more likely to increase consumption, productivity and income, and investment in preventive health, and to have reduced vulnerability to illness and other unexpected events (Dupas and Robinson, 2013, Ashraf et al, 2010). Increasing women’s control of resources, even small and temporary increases, in turn can increase bargaining pow'er in households (Duflo, 2012). Access to financial services through bank accounts (OECD 2012, World Bank, 2012) also helps protect assets. There is also a strong link between women’s financial inclusion and their performance as entrepreneurs in developing countries (OECD, 2012). Only about 25% of females above the age of 15 have an account in a formal financial institution compared to 42% of Indian men and 60% in the BRIICs on average (World Bank, 2013, Demirguc-Kunt etal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Does poverty bind developing countries to high levels of maternal death in childbirth? Or, as safe-motherhood advocates claim, do public health and social policy interventions have the potential to accelerate maternal mortality transitions? Globally, almost one in 200 live births leads to the death of the mother, making maternal mortality an issue of critical international import. This article presents an analysis of the determinants of national maternal mortality levels with a view to shedding light on these questions. A cross-national regression of 64 countries shows that wealth indicators explain only a portion of the variance in national maternal mortality levels. Other determinants, including women's educational levels and the proportion of deliveries attended by trained health personnel, are more clearly associated with national maternal mortality levels than are measures of wealth. The results offer grounds for optimism concerning the potential for global safe-motherhood efforts to induce maternal mortality transitions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It describes three main challenges highlighted by participating countries that are contributing to continued gaps in pedagogical continuity, along with a wealth of practical strategies for tackling them. Finally, it lists some pointers for policy development as food for thought for countries seeking to improve pedagogical continuity in transitions. The joint creation of pedagogical transition practices by staff at both levels can facilitate children’s adjustment to school and help them settle in.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In eight countries, inequality fell more during the second subperiod than the first. The Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay posted the largest reductions, of more than 3% per year. On the other hand, inequality increased in Costa Rica, Fbnama and Paraguay in the second subperiod, although only Costa Rica recorded an overall increase for the entire period. The mid-1990s marked the beginning of debate in the region on the juvenilization of poverty, an increasingly relevant concept given that children and adolescents are overrepresented among the poor, compared with other age groups. Those worst affected are usually caught in situations where insufficient household income combines with deprivation of the right to survival, shelter, education, health and nutrition, among others. In other words, they are denied the assets and opportunities to which all human beings are entitled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The explicit inclusion of climate action as one of the SDGs (Goal 13) is likely to promote this alignment. International financial flows will need to be complementary to domestic climate finance, which remains the most important source of funds. Development co-operation providers can assist this process by supporting partner countries to improve revenue capture and by strengthening accountability and transparency in their own systems to avoid any risk of double counting and to increase confidence in climate finance reporting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)