albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Development of new competencies needs to be facilitated through new models of learning structured around principles of innovation, relevance to a specific situation and social and community engagement. Learning has to happen also on the side of stakeholders of the Ameridian communities, including policymakers, development agencies and commercial entities. Resulting emigration or immigration demands total or partial restructuring of occupations and ways of production. For example, loss of soil fertility in some areas could cause an influx of labour from these areas to others, potentially with sensitive ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
At the very core of the ‘fragmentation’ discourse, human rights law is often depicted as the self-contained regime par excellence, benefitting from somewhat specific rules and principles, which often derogate from general international law. However controversial and debatable, this stance may be at least partially founded with reference to the issue of treaty interpretation. The rule provided under Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is often stretched and applied in a more flexible way by human rights instances charged with the interpretation and application of human rights treaties, such as the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights. In the recent Nait-Liman case, nevertheless, the latter seems to have embraced a different and more restrictive attitude towards interpretation, downplaying the concerns surrounding the effet utile of the provision under Article 6 of yhe European Convention on Human Rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At present, access to health care services appears to be broadly equitable across regions, although limited reporting by regions and municipalities on inequalities inhibits deeper understanding and analysis. The increasing centralisation of specialist hospital services could exacerbate small inequalities in the current geographical distribution of physicians across Denmark. Municipalities will need to ensure that elderly patients are not disadvantaged potential problems in access caused by the closure of smaller local hospitals. Incentives to recruit health professionals from local communities where needs are the highest might have better payoffs on retention in underserved areas in the longer term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, first responders may be provided with subscriptions to terrestrial trunked radio networks, which are not connected with public networks and can accommodate sudden high-volume use. Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance,2013. In a simpler form, understanding what is going on around you, how this can change and what factors may influence that change (Endsley, 1995).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Freedom of expression is a definitional challenge because it is not easily definable. While “freedom” is the central issue, “expression” is relevant to what deserves protection. Free expression as a human right is not fully understood without its theoretical and conceptual framework. Given that freedom of expression is not absolute, free expression is balanced with its conflicting interests. Electronic media and internet law issues highlight the pervasive impact of new communication technologies on freedom of expression. This article identifies and examines various key legal issues, whether content or process related. While using an international and comparative law perspective, the entry notes American experience with freedom of expression as a possible point of reference for the world of the global twenty-first century.      Keywords:    censorship,  defamation,  first amendment,  freedom of information,  human rights,  journalist's privilege,  net neutrality,  prior restraint
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Evidence from improvements and successes that have been achieved for Indigenous students clearly point to strategies that are deliberate in intent, open and flexible in approach, vigilant in monitoring progress, and sustained in effort over time. Building effective relationships relies on mutual trust and respect. Schools that have achieved sustained improvements for Indigenous students recognise the key role of Indigenous parents, leaders and other community members and have actively built relationships with these important people in their students’ lives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Recent years have witnessed changes in the discourses and practices of urban policing towards 'quality-of-life offences' and the presence of unwanted groups (beggars, drug-users) in city centres. The authors argue that the change towards a more 'law-and-order' style of law enforcement, often referred to as Zero Tolerance Policing, has to be examined not solely as a means of crime prevention but also in the context of interurban competition. Thus, it constitutes a moment of the urban political economy, often referred to as urban entrepreneurialism : especially for old industrial cities, safe and clean city centres are regarded as a necessary asset for competition and image promotion. These arguments are developed by discussion of two empirical studies: Glasgow, Scotland, and Essen, in the Ruhr region in Germany.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In order to get anywhere near the ambitious GHG emission reduction targets, there needs to be a decoupling of economic growth and, in particular, energy consumption. There is intense political and policy debate surrounding the potential of the low carbon economy, with views ranging from those that argue that the competitiveness of major industries will be destroyed, to those that argue that the low carbon economy will be the next driver of economic prosperity for the national economy. Major drivers for change include globalisation, the growing complexity of global supply chains, growth and consolidation of finance and business services in central locations, de-industrialisation and restructuring of manufacturing, growth and decentralisation of retail and community services, massive growth in information and communications technologies and associated e-business. These forces, underpinned by policies such as trade liberalisation, resulted in major structural industry change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Often through word of mouth, farmers share farming practices, experiences with different inputs, preparation of different crops for consumption, and so on. Women especially rely on these fami liar channels, because their time and mobility constraints often limit their exposure to new information providers. The Women of Uganda Network relies on the strength of locally developed information channels to increase the audience for its services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Abstract   In recent years, the reinforcement of security policies alongside the expansion of information systems for law enforcement and crime prevention entailed growing restrictions to personal data protection principles and procedural rights in the European Union. This paper seeks to elucidate this trend, while matching it with an EU institutional discourse based on balancing and proportionality. Indeed, EU institutions regularly present security measures and fundamental rights as somewhat symmetric values to be easily conciliated through balancing and proportionality. Considering the raising of the protection of personal data to the status of a fundamental right by the Charter of Fundamental Rights, its effect on a possible rebalancing of the values at stake is discussed. Yet, we conclude, for the time being, the potential for just and democratic solutions provided by the ideas of balancing and proportionality does not appear to be properly used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Interpretation and Application of the European Convention of Human Rights: Legal and Practical Implications, offers an analysis of important legal issues pertaining not only to the ECHR itself but also to the effect that it has on and also receives from other areas of international law
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
I briefly review the process of community organization, education, and advocacy activities that ended the harmful military practices in the island-municipality of Vieques, Puerto Rico, while drawing attention to the intersection of human rights and social justice in the context of local and global implications. The Viequense experience was one of building an organization based on people's experiences and strengths, educating people to increase individual and collective efficacy and power, and advocating for policy change with an assertive cohesive action. Public health practitioners must continue supporting community-led interventions in the restoration of the island's environment and other resources vital for people's health and well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Income taxes, on the other hand, usually do not affect social-security-contribution liabilities. In the results reported here, the redistributive effect of social security contributions is therefore assessed against before-tax incomes, while the redistribution achieved by income taxes is determined relative to before-tax incomes minus social contributions. Following the definitions spelled out in Box 1, “social contribution” include only that part that is formally paid by households while employer contributions and payroll taxes are not considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Even though Figures 4.2 and 4.3 take a cross-sectional perspective and consider women of different ages only in a given year, the implication is that once women in Germany work part-time they do not resume full-time employment. Indeed, they appear to be stuck in a “part-time trap”. Inactivity is widespread, particularly among older women, suggesting that once they are out of employment it is difficult to return to work. Figure 4.3 shows a correspondingly wide gender gap in working hours across all ages in the overall working-age population (right-hand panel).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The central co-ordination body is responsible for developing the strategy and the government-wide policies, for monitoring progress, promoting the benefits, and providing guidance and support to line ministries and agencies for policy implementation. Indeed, about 30% of countries responding to the OECD Survey on National Gender Institutions, Public Policies and Leadership identified lack of funding among the top barriers for advancing gender equality reforms. The OECD countries’ experience shows that mandates derived from constitutions or enshrined in law afford national mechanisms a greater sense of political legitimacy and stability, accompanied by a sufficient resource base, than mandates originating from a governmental decree. Having both the statutory authority to propose policy and the proximity to the executive or central administrative structures increases the influence of national gender institutions. Finland’s national gender institution is an instructive example.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In summer, the trader collects about 2 tonnes of milk per day from households and 400-500 litres of milk per day from his own farm. He delivers the milk to the local processing plant every day, his contract with the plant is for milk delivery only. To store milk, he has two cooling tanks that hold 2 000 and 800 litres respectively. All equipment and vehicles were bought at his own expense because he does not want to rely on banks or government leasing programmes. The processing plant gives loans at a zero interest rate and offers cooling tanks for free, but the interviewee prefers to have his own cooling tanks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
To the extent the gap is attributable to observable skills differences, closing it would require a holistic approach, including through policies to tackle gender gap in the education system and labour market. In addition, more general policy levers associated with social policy (i.e. parental leave) can have positive implications for female entrepreneurship. These can include gender bias on the investors’ side, unintended effects of policies but also personal traits and preferences that cannot be accounted for with available data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
With its much higher albedo, the sea ice reflects the light and hence limits the warming effect. By forming a "protective" layer, it also limits heat exchanges between the atmosphere and ocean. When it melts, however, those exchanges increase and the surface albedo diminishes, resulting in a local temperature increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
So, what looked to be an overall improvement in the population’s economic well-being actually benefited a much smaller group than the broad figures seem to suggest. In the United States in 2010, the largest group, about 41%, was made up of executives in non-financial businesses, like Apple and Walmart. Around 18% were employees - and not necessarily executives - in banks and finance houses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The existence of a contractual element in the begining of the responsibility of the producer in the present century suggests a necessary reference to the contractual law of XIX C. Unlike the XVIII C. in which, is extremely difficult to reach a total knowledge of common law, due scarc number of judicial issues and the almost nonexistent importance of the judicial precedent, in XIX C. is atended to a deep change due to the economic expansion. This phenomenon determined a parallel increase of the judicial issues, great part of which had like foundation the bad quality of the sold product. This period, characterized by the movement in the economic operations that the industrial development, becomes the context ad hoc for the diffusion and the consolidation of the principle of privity of contract that in the systems of written right comes to correspond at the beginning of ‘relativity contractual’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Once this is done, an assessment tool should be identified (alternatively, an existing assessment tool like PISA or the national education tests issued for the first time in 2010 could be adapted or the education standards used for that purpose) to be administered as part of the Hauptschule school-leaving exam, and to those entering the transition system without a school-leaving certificate. Such firm evidence about basic skills gaps will help to identify the right support measures. The Lander should also design and implement a programme to train teachers in part-time VET schools to teach such programmes, and incorporate an adolescent literacy programme or module as a key component in the transition system. The final Chamber exam is the most important component, passing this exam allows the students to obtain their formal VET qualification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For the past three decades, Zimbabwe has instituted strategies which were meant to improve public service delivery in the country. The problem is that not much has been done to evaluate the performance of public institutions in implementation of the reforms. The study evaluates Ministry of Education, Sport and Culture (MESAC) in implementing Public Finance Management (PFM) reforms. The following four United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) principles of good governance are under the spotlight of this study, consensus orientation, efficiency and effectiveness, responsiveness, and accountability and transparency. The main instruments for data collection were semi-structured questionnaires and interviews. The study established that reform implementation in the Ministry is constrained by resource scarcity, brain drain and low motivation levels of employees. The study recommended, among other things equating private and public sector working conditions to attract and retain competent PFM reformers in the Ministry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, with natural resources being transferred to the private sector and considered as commodities subject to profit maximization, policy options for governments to ensure universal and equitable access, or to restrict their unsustainable exploitation, marketization and consumption became more limited. The associated privatization of economic rents further came at the cost of regular revenue deriving from public assets (b). Consequently, governments increasingly rely on income-based public policies to fund their current and capital expenditures (f and g) through borrowing (c) or, as wealth taxes and environmental taxes are inexistent or insignificant in most countries, by levying taxes on private income and consumption (d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
With its 6 000 inhabited islands, proximity to the very open economies of Singapore and Malaysia, and a corruption-prone customs service, smuggling has been an ever-present feature of Indonesian commercial life. While accurate estimates are by definition not available, a widely adopted rule of thumb in the business community is that tariffs in excess of 15-20% will attract illegal trade (Basri and Hill, 2008). The arrangement yielded substantial profits to the BPPC at the expense of users and farmers, as its government-sanctioned market power allowed it to maximise the spread between the purchase price to clove farmers and the selling price to consumers (WTO, 1998).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Solidarity takes the form of taxes and social security contributions that fund progressive benefits and transfers (ECLAC, 2006 and 2007a, pp. Solidarity also has an intergenerational component (ECLAC, 2011). And the principle of co-responsibility calls fora new gender contract based on the understanding that a more equitable distribution of roles and resources between men and women (both within families and in society as a whole) is essential for achieving a fair solution for the region’s care needs (ECLAC, 2010b). Intergenerational solidarity in meeting care needs allows for mutually beneficial exchanges by making it possible to share rights, responsibilities and risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Defense economics is now an established part of economics. This article reviews its achievements as represented by papers published in the research journal Defense and Peace Economics. The range of topics in the journal is reviewed, especially since 2000, and major gaps in coverage are identified. A changing research agenda reflects new developments such as terrorism and international peacekeeping. Gaps remain such as the need for good quality case studies of conflict (e.g., Iraq) and of major weapons projects (e.g., F-22 Raptor). Some challenges are outlined, namely, the choices resulting from the defense economics problem, the U.K.'s nuclear weapons policy, project case studies (e.g., Eurofighter Typhoon), military outsourcing, and data problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The decision whether to include an institutional infrastructure should be clearly explained in the documentation. It includes measures related to "entry strategies” (such as assisting new farmers within the context of land reforms). Transfers provided directly to individual farmers within those programmes should be in PSE. It also includes measures related to "exit strategies” and diversification strategies outside agriculture used in some developed countries, such as certain programmes in the European Union.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Very few countries have succeeded in reaching advanced-country status in the last 25 years.1 The inability of many developing countries to make the leap to advanced-country status is known as the “middle-income trap”.2 This is because the economic model that enables low per capita income countries to become richer no longer applies when they need to move to the high-income level (Kharas, 2010). On the one hand, most middle-income countries face growing competition from low-wage countries in respect of low-tech standardised products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is a fundamental step to then move to more systematic public reporting and to appropriately link payment to outcomes, quality and high-value care. It can consist of various data sources such as mortality statistics, specific clinical registries (such as a cancer or diabetes registry), administrative databases, electronic health records (EHRs) and surveys conducted on specific patient groups or households. Depending on the quality and comprehensiveness of the data infrastructure, such data sources can serve as a tool not only to assess volumes of care and inputs within the health care sector, but also to monitor quality in the provision of care (OECD, 2013a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In United States Southwest, yields decrease by 30% for crops (maize, wheat and potatoes), 20% for cattle and dairy, 15% for vegetables and 10% for fruits for the year 2021. In Northeast China, drought simulations decrease average yields of field crop (maize, wheat, rice, potatoes, cotton) by 30% and vegetables by 15% in 2030. In Northwest India, a 30% crop yield (sugar cane, wheat, rice, potatoes) decrease, and a 10% subtropical fruit yield decrease are simulated in 2030 to reflect a drought. These figures are based on yield decreases observed in the IMPACT model simulations under various climate change assumptions (Ignaciuk and Mason-D'Croz, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
We can’t go on like this. The price we get for the fish doesn’t even cover our outlays.” But taxpayers in OECD countries also pay six billion dollars a year in financial transfers to the fishing industry, and worldwide the figure could be three times that. We say “could” because it’s hard to get precise figures on subsidies. Next, we’ll examine the economic and other impacts on the fishing industry, and the political difficulties in reforming them. But first, we’ll look at why subsidies attract so much attention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The budget for evaluation activities also increased and was secured by law. In real terms, INEP’s annual budget more than quadrupled in a decade - growing from USD 104 million in 2000 to USD 460 million in 2011. Further pursuing these reforms is essential to ensure that all students acquire basic skills and effectively move on to upper secondary education. The greatest challenge ahead is to improve teaching practices, which is also the most promising lever of student learning. Developing a common understanding of good teaching should be the first step to formulate an ambitious policy for their professionalisation, and address concerns over their poor preparation, recruitment and support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The decrease of run-off is predicted for two major rivers of eastern Georgia, the Iori/Gabirri and Ala-zani/Ganyh, with potential impact on irrigated agriculture and drinking water supply. Groundwater recharge is also influenced by reduced surface water flow. The influence of reduced run-off, as well as decreased quality of both surface water and groundwater in the Kura basin, is assessed as very negative. In the western part of the country, the impact of reduced groundwater recharge is predicted to be very negative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Information on student learning outcomes is collected from international surveys, national monitoring sample surveys (Peridodiek Peilings Onderzoek, PPON and Jaarlijks Peilingsonderzoek van het Onderwijsniveau, JPON), the longitudinal Cohort Survey School Careers (Cohort Onderzoek Onderwijsloopbanen, COOL), the standardised test results reported by schools (e.g. results from the LVS or the Cito school leavers test) and the results from the secondary school-leaving examinations. This student performance data is complemented by a wide range of demographic, administrative and contextual data collected by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture directly from schools. System evaluation also makes use of BRON register data, based on the unique student number.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)