albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, a number of development co-operation providers are combining private sector engagement for development with efforts to promote their own private sector in developing countries. For instance, Whitley (2013) estimates that all public flows from Japan for private sector engagement in development countries support either directly or indirectly Japanese technologies, expertise or firms. For the United States and Germany, this number is estimated at 49% and 19%, respectively, while in the case of the United Kingdom, no evidence of tied support could be identified. While this may be effective in delivering environmental benefits at a project level, such as fuel savings or reduced emissions, it could have implications for the efficiency of the project (e.g. in terms of promoting the most affordable clean technologies in partner countries, rather than those from the donor country).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For example, they can be aimed at building international connections to facilitate exporting, or connecting with potential clients or suppliers. While face-to-face interactions are always the most effective, the creation of online entrepreneurial networks can be an effective complementary initiative (OECD/EU, 2016). To support SMEs in finding and recruiting highly skilled human capital able to manage and implement in-house innovation processes, the H2020 SME Innovation Associate programme, implemented in EU member states and other Horizon 2020 associated countries, provides grants to SMEs to cover the costs of employing a foreign post-doctoral researcher for up to one year (including salary and travel expenses).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
ABSTRACT In the global era, with the retrenchment of welfare states, people have to turn to their community, a major component of civil society, for support. In this paper, a fluid concept of community is proposed in response to the fragmentation and diversity caused by globalization in the local community. It is argued that to bridge different interests in the community, settlement houses, as a third sector organization in the community, is an effective community-building mechanism. This paper provides a brief history of the success of the settlement house in building solidarity and generating social capital in the local community. The author identifies implications for the role of the social work profession in revitalizing the settlement house as a community-building approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The result indicates that the Gini coefficient of income inequality rose to 0.453 in 2003 and dropped slightly to 0.443 in 2005 when controlling for cost of living differences. The World Bank report (2009) also indicated that the spatial cost of living makes a difference in measuring income inequality. Adjusting for the spatial cost of living drops the Gini index from 0.453 to 0.411 in 2005. Many studies have found that increasing inequality may be detrimental to economic growth (Persson and Tabellini, 1994, Alesina and Rodrik, 1994, Clarke, 1995, Sabot et al., It is also difficult to explain the coexistence of big income distribution gaps and fast economic growth in the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The criminal justice system is the network of government and private agencies intended to manage accused and convicted criminals. The criminal justice system is comprised of multiple interrelated pillars, consisting of academia, law enforcement, forensic services, the judiciary, and corrections. These pillars are fashioned to support the ideals of legal justice. Legal justice is the result of forging the rights of individuals with the government’s corresponding duty to ensure and protect those rights – referred to as due process. These constitutional entitlements cannot be given and protected without the abiding commitments of those professionals working in the criminal justice system. Consequently, such professionals must submit themselves to the ethical principles of the criminal justice system and evidence persistent integrity in their character. This is accomplished with the help of a worthy code of professional ethics that signals competence, reliability, accountability, and overall trustworthiness – when properly administered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Demogr Res (Special Collection), vol. The current status and the development of indigenous minorities of the North, Siberia and Far East of the Russian Federation). Moscow: Sovet Federatsii Federalnogo Sobraniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Russian Federation Council). Indigenous peoples' participatory health research, planning and management. Geneva: World Health Organization and Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Diane Elson’s (1998) compelling conceptual framework captured the multiple dimensions of social reproduction, examining the flows of resources (goods, services, labour and money) between the domestic (household), private (commercial) and public (state) sectors. These resource flows are mediated by gendered norms and values that regulate the sectors’ functions and their interrelationships with other sectors. Resource outflows could include unpaid domestic, subsistence, caring and voluntary community labour, while replenishing resource inflows could include health care, childcare, welfare provisioning and family and community support networks. A negative balance between outflow and inflow is damaging for the health and well-being of individuals, households and communities (at varied rates and levels in different contexts). My approach in this paper is to use the concepts of‘care diamonds’and‘depletion’to analyse the reconfigurations of care relationships post-migration in the experiences of Ethiopian MDWs in Lebanon and Ethiopian refugees in Australia. Designed as a multi-sited ethnographic (Marcus 1995) study in Australia, Lebanon and Ethiopia, the field research was completed in 2016-2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). Comments on Working Papers are welcomed, and may be sent to the Economics Department, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Table 4.2 sets out the main features of these policy mechanisms. The subsections thereafter consider the rationale for and modus operandi of each instrument. They can foster innovative activities within firms: firms benefit because procurement can help them recuperate the sunk costs of large and sometimes risky investments over a predetermined period of time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Ministiy of Economy and Finance carried out a feasibility study in 2002, which applied to the 1997/98 budgets and identified key elements for introducing the gender dimension into budgeting. Examples of the inclusion of gender concerns in budgeting procedures (cont.) The government gradually introduced a gender dimension into ministerial department budgets, starting with five pilot departments in 2005 (finance, education, health, agriculture and planning), which was expanded to 21 departments in 2009). Since 2005, the Ministiy of Finance publishes an annual Report on the Gender Budget as part of the report accompanying the finance law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The CEDAW was ratified in 1981. In 2012, the Council of Government and the Council of Ministers adopted a project of law relative to the adherence of Morocco to the optional protocol of the CEDAW. In 2011, the Tunisian interim government lifted its reservations on the CEDAW. Despite requests from civil society, the Tunisian government has not yet notified the United Nations concerning the lifting of its reservations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It must be coordinated with the other policy areas highlighted in this Report, in particular employment, social protection and social services. It must support, rather than undermine, efforts to redress women's socio-economic disadvantage through employment policies, social protections and social services. This involves considering a broader set of goals and indicators—for example, considering potential trade-offs between maintaining very low rates of inflation and employment outcomes. It also requires ensuring that sufficient resources are available to support the realization of human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2008 vehement debates about the freedom of expression divided Indonesia, after the government resubmitted a bill for Anti-Pornography to Parliament. The various sides employed all kinds of arguments and perspectives, the main ones being religious versus human rights and pluralism. The main problem of the new law is its vague and very broad definition of pornography, which could threaten women’s rights, cultural expression and press freedom. In the context of democratization in Indonesia post Soeharto, freedom of expression has been progressively promoted, particularly by the adoption of a Constitutional guarantee for freedom of expression. Nevertheless, the constitutionality of freedom of expression still needs to be comprehensively re-explored in order to advance human rights and democracy development.  Key words: Anti-Pornography, Freedom of Expression, Human Rights
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Informal jobs might also provide more autonomy and flexibility in the case of self-employed but also for women with children working at home. On the one hand, the higher the quality of the benefits provided by the non-contributory programme relative to those provided by the contributory programmes, the higher is the increase in incentives for informality. On the other hand, the higher the share of incentives not directly associated with social protection, the lower the impact of extension is likely to be. This is probably due to the fact that Seguro Popular (Box 2.6) is one of the largest non-contributory programmes implemented up to now and its implementation has raised a lively debate (see e.g. Levy, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The article investigates right to effective remedy in the practice of European Court of Human Rights and national courts of Ukraine. The attention is paid to absence in the state of certain discretion which comes down to possibility of selection of remedy for performance of their obligation. Attention is paid to comparison of provisions of legal acts of Ukraine, which determine material and legal remedies of civil rights with Article 13 of Convention and practice of European court. Practice of application by national courts of Ukraine of unnamed remedies of protection of subjective rights and legally protected interests has been researched.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Combinations of deprivations are highlighted at this stage and estimations are made on the proportion of children suffering from one or multiple deprivations at the same time. The headcount ratio (H) refers to the percentage of children who are multidimensionally deprived. The average intensity (A) is the number of deprivations experience by the deprived as a percentage of all possible deprivations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Seventh, individual delays and individual notice periods are normally deducted in the computation of the score for additional delays in the case of collective dismissals, when the latter do not add up to individual delays but run simultaneously or substitute for individual notice periods. Applying rigorously this principle resulted in a number of significant revisions (notably in Sweden, where the score fell from 6 to 1). Finally, and perhaps more important, the revised scores take much more systematically into account national or branch collective agreements and, where relevant, court rulings. This is due to the fact that, from a quantitative point of view, they can be easily measured. The seminal work of Lazear (1990) used severance pay and notice periods at ten years of job tenure. However, the tenure profile of severance pay and notice periods also matters, with progressive profiles typically considered as providing better incentives for workers’ investments in their job and having a less negative impact on firm experimentation and hiring (e.g. Blanchard and Tirole, 2003, Pries and Rogerson, 2005, Andres et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Since youth foyers are expensive to build and operate, they are likely to remain tightly targeted at a small number of youth who are committed to participating in a specific educational programme, and who lack housing. Another option to offer second-chance educational programmes for youth is to use existing education and training structures. This is done in Sweden through the Folk High Schools, which mainly serve adults with previous work experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Also data on technical-professional programmes include teachers in programmes at the tertiary level (a minor proportion of programmes supervised by CETP). “ Incomplete” means that the teachers attended, or were attending at the time the Census took place, a tertiary programme but had not completed it. As shown in Figure 5.2, in Uruguay, the percentage of certified teachers according to reports from principals of schools attended by 15-year-olds is 57% against an OECD average of 87%. As shown in Table 5.5, analysis of PISA data reveals that the lack of teacher qualifications is more serious in public schools, technical-professional programmes, outside Montevideo and in very unfavourable to medium schools (compared to favourable and very favourable schools).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On the other hand, the self-reported data from the Municipal National Information System (SINIM) administered by the government agency in charge of regional development (SUBDERE) indicates a total debt of CLP 79 570 million. School Choice International - Exploring Public-Private Partnerships, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. La Agenda Pendiente en Educacion [The Pending Agenda in Education], Universidad de Chile and UNICEF, Santiago, w w w. uchile.cl/documentos/ elaqua_75179_1 .pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Contributions from private sector operators were found to be negligible, with local capital markets contributing next to nothing to the WSS sector in Sub-Saharan Africa and little prospect for doing more. The report estimated that the price tag for reaching the MDGs for both water and sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa would reach USD 22.6 billion per year, or 3.5% of these countries GDP. For improved water alone, it would be USD 17 billion a year (roughly 2.7% of SSA’s GDP).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, they also tend not to spend a lot of money locally, since they are present for only short periods of time. Presently, agricultural land use is relatively undiversified in suburban areas. However, there are two phenomena to note. The first is that urban sprawl is occurring in stages. The first suburban ring is ageing and becoming less attractive, while the second suburban ring (to the East) is growing. The purchasing power gradient is moving further away from the centre.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, the higher ratio might also be attributed to economic difficulty, which forces women to return to work despite inconvenient conditions. In many cases it is sufficient (and eases interpretation) to compare the employment rate of men with children under compulsory school age to the employment rate of men under compulsory school age without constructing a ratio of the two rates. These employment rates should also be compared to the employment rate of mothers who do not have children under the compulsory school age and the employment rate of fathers who do not have children under compulsory school age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The loss of revenue from employee contributions was such that the government issued loans to the health insurance funds (including an extra loan to the largest fund. Crucially, the state-insured covered directly by these state contributions make up nearly two thirds of the total population covered by SHI. However, the state contributions on their behalf make up only about 20-25% of total SHI revenues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This new legislation strongly supports work-based learning as schools are now encouraged to establish partnerships with companies for providing practical training in accordance to their needs. According to CEDEFOP (European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training), the new school-company partnerships may gradually change the nature of initial VET, “transforming the traditional school-based supply-driven system to a demand-driven work-based learning system” (CEDEFOP, 2015). A recent amendment to the School Act is also linking the state funding of VET schools to the labour market relevance of their programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This share is even higher for youth, at 60.9% (OECD, 2014h). This high level of labour market segmentation raises significant equity issues as workers on these contracts face a higher degree of job insecurity than employees on regular contracts. Greater convergence in contract types is thus recommended, either by making permanent contracts more flexible or by making temporary contracts more stringent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Many countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union even experienced deindustrialization during 1990s, with the share of manufacturing falling, they also experienced increases in poverty during that period. Thus, there is a clear association between success in structural transformation and success in poverty reduction. Thus, a growing economy has to have larger shares of non-agriculture sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, the development of basic ICT infrastructure requires significant capital investments, far beyond those that can be mobilised through ODA. These investments are long-term investments and mainly financed by the government, by private or public telecommunication operators or jointly through Private Public Partnerships (PPPs). Furthermore, one feature that distinguishes the telecommunication and ICT sector from other infrastructure sectors is the high-paced technological evolution, which require a constant and sustained flow of investments. ( Similarly, as countries’ economies develop, finance to R&D grows (Figure 2.1) and a larger share is financed by businesses (Figure 2.2). For R&D, market failure relate to the production and dissemination of knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The estimations suggest that a permanent increase of 10 percentage points in the share of long-term unemployment in total unemployment results in a decline in participation of 0.6 percentage point in the specification without persistence effects and up to the double in the specification with lagged participation. Applied to the profile of long-term unemployment, long-term unemployment increases over the past decade could explain between 1.6 and 2.3 percentage points of the decline in participation. With the share of long-term unemployed in unemployment still above its pre-crisis level this suggests some possible future recovery in participation, albeit at a slow pace. Moreover, given the different regional situations, the recovery is likely to be very uneven across the United States. The evolution of educational attainment does not seem to play a role, although this may reflect two conflicting forces, with longer enrolment reducing labour force participation of the younger cohort w'hile higher achievement increases participation later on.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The Action Plan identifies seven priority areas: i) food security, ii) water sufficiency, iii) ecological and environmental stability, iv) human security, v) climate-smart industries and services, vi) sustainable energy, and vii) knowledge and capacity development. For each priority area, a results chain has been developed that outlines the ultimate, intermediate and immediate outcomes as well as activities, outputs and complementary indicators. Although the Action Plan includes long-term objectives, it is specified these are not fixed and can be adjusted if the circumstances change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A positive relationship between the socio-economic profile of schools and the quantity or quality of resources means that advantaged schools benefit from more or better resources. A negative relationship implies that more or better resources are devoted to disadvantaged schools. No relationship between the two implies that schools attended by disadvantaged students are as likely to have access to better or more resources as schools attended by advantaged students (Figure 3.5). According to school principals' reports, in 31 countries/economies, students in advantaged schools have access to better educational material resources than their peers in disadvantaged schools, while in 36 countries/economies, students in advantaged schools have greater access to education staff than do disadvantaged students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Access to the Internet in any form (narrowband or broadband, fixed or wireless) is extremely low for rural households in developing countries, while in developed countries, rural households appear to enjoy comparable access to their urban counterparts, albeit with slight variations in type of access and (usually) a small lag in levels of penetration. Access to the Internet using mobile networks appears to be a growing trend. In fact, there are indications that rural residents are now adopting mobile Internet, because fixed-line connection tends to be unavailable in rural areas. Broadband wireless networks are also growing in developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Poverty is elevated among indigenous peoples. While deforestation rates decreased by half (to -0.29% per year) from 2000 to 2010, Mexico recorded, on average, annual net loss of 155 000 ha of forest over 2005-10 (FAO, 2010). Land-use practices, it is estimated, have reduced soil fertility on 17% of the territory, slash and burn agriculture persists and salinisation affects up to 8 000 km2 of land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC. Strategic grain reserves - Guidelines for their establishment, management and operation”, FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin, Rome. Org/docrep/w4979e/w4979e00.htm#Contents. Price Volatility in Food and Agricultural Market: Policy Responses”, Background Policy Report for the G20 Summit in Paris in November 2011, Rome.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As of the 21st century, Koreans are struggling to achieve an advanced society. Material abundance may be a prerequisite for advanced society, but what is more important and essential is transparent and just society implementation in which an equal opportunity is given to all members of society and fair competition is ensured by fair rules. Unfortunately, in the Korean society, almost in all the layers of it, corruption and injustice/ immorality are still rampant.  I believe that such a phenomenon comes from the weak sense of the rule of law in Korean society compared with the other developed countries. Therefore, this paper considers the structure of consciousness of Koreans, which makes such things possible and makes it harder to eradicate, centered on Confucianism which emphasizes humanism or paternalism rather than the rule of law, and the mindset/ consciousness of Korean shamanism which does not actively try to fight against evil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)