albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This analysis seeks to confirm, on the basis of the largest possible number of countries and observations, whether subjective well-being in Latin America is higher than would be expected on the basis of GDP per capita. It also examines the relationship between subjective wellbeing and indicators for the position and responsibilities of men and women in different stages of the life cycle (age, civil status and number of children), controlling for household monetary income and comparing the findings with other regions of the world. One of the most influential studies was conducted by Easterlin (1973, 1974), who observed that countries with the largest increments in GDP had stable levels of subjective well-being over time. These findings were corroborated by other research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article examines the role that local governance plays in creating an effective state and in building constructive state—society relations. Reconstruction efforts in fragile, post-conflict states have focused largely on central government, yet decentralized local authorities offer a number of positive features. Looking at the governance reconstruction experience in Iraq, the analysis explores the extent to which these positive features have characterized Iraqi sub-national government. The article draws lessons for governance reconstruction more generally, addressing decentralization choices, capacity-building, and political factors.Points for practitionersIn fragile, post-conflict states, good governance reconstruction agendas often aim too high. Targeting good enough governance solutions is more realistic. Decentralized local governance can be integral to such solutions, and offers several advantages to counter problems that central governments face: weak roots beyond the center, poor distribution of...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The technical work to select suitable indicators for the new targets was done by the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Millennium Development Goal Indicators. The framework will be used to report annually to the General Assembly and is expected to serve to monitor the MDGs in all official matters. It contains 21 targets and 60 indicators that have been renumbered sequentially according to the respective goals and targets.b In addition, several targets and indicators were eliminated and others reformulated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Giving priority to low- or no-regret interventions provides policymakers with the space required for responding to immediate needs without incurring the risk of maladaptation or of being faced with unintended consequences. The health sector provides a vast number of examples of low-regret actions, such as distributing mosquito nets, improving child nutrition, extending the coverage of health services, developing hygiene education campaigns, and improving water and sanitation facilities, among many others. Early warning systems constitute another example, as they grant authorities the flexibility to act pre-emptively and adjust civil security plans to the expected weather conditions, thereby reducing the number of lives at risk and/or the quantity of resources used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Accordingly, talking openly about this "lost dimension" of development means expanding the notion of citizenship to include recognition of the importance to society of domestic responsibilities and caregiving. Because care responsibilities have been confined almost exclusively to the private sphere, and therefore treated as a private matter, it has been very difficult to make caregiving a real object of law (Fraser, 1997). And since women invest so much more of their time than men in care activities, they ultimately suffer more "time poverty". Accordingly, the feminist literature and gender demands have turned a spotlight on another dimension of inequality: inequality of disposable time between men and women, which undoubtedly implies inequality in terms of the ability to develop resources and capacities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Tier 3 requires 365 kWh per household per year for households to meet most electrical needs for eight hours a day. With improved energy efficient appliances, such as light emitting diode (LED) technology, this demand is expected to drop further. For example, the cost of a standard package of 36skWh per year should not be more than 5 per cent of a household’s income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A “problemshed” approach is very wise under many circumstances, but specific incentives also need to be set at the federal level for outcome-oriented governance at basin and state level. This is very much the spirit of the National Pact for Water Managementsigned in 2011 between the ANA and state governments to converge towards integrated water resources management (see Chapter 3). In many instances water policy reforms are difficult to put into practice because little data and information are available, particularly on the economic, financial and institutional implications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Oslo Manual is the international source for the collection, reporting and use of data on innovation activities. While most previous efforts have aimed to measure innovation in the business sector, the 2018 edition of the Oslo Manual provides a general definition of innovation that is applicable to all sectors in the economy. The Oslo Manual defines an innovation as “a new or improved product or process (or combination thereof) that differs significantly from the unit's previous products or processes and that has been made available to potential users (product) or brought into use by the unit (process)” (OECD/Eurostat, 2018(9]). While the former implies innovations that change specific products, the latter implies changes to business processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These include social and cultural norms, gender stereotypes, lack of access to decision-making and unequal access to resources. Other problems arise from a lack of access to education or training, which significantly constrain business opportunities. Further obstacles for women entrepreneurs include limited access to finance and ICT and a lack of market information — as well as burdensome regulations and administrative procedures.'"
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Chinese growth has been relatively volatile around this trend, reflecting stop-go cycles of state response to inflation through aggregate credit management. The Indian economy broke from its average post-Independence annual rate of around 3 per cent growth to achieve annual rates of more than 5 per cent from the early 1980s. It is only in the four-year period before the global economic crisis starting late 2008 that the Indian economy grew at rates in excess of 8.5 per cent per annum, coming close to the Chinese average. The investment rate in China (investment as a share of GDP) has fluctuated between 35 and 45 per cent over the past 25 years, compared to 20 to 26 per cent in India (very recently increasing to 35 per cent).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The labour-intensive activities in the livelihood strategies of the poor include unpaid family labour, piece-rate work and own-account work in a myriad of informal small-scale trade, services and manufacturing enterprises (Whitehead, 2005, Chen and others, 2005). While these activities provide a living for a major proportion of the world’s working poor, they are rarely visible in official statistics. Long-standing inequalities in the gender distribution of resources have placed women at a disadvantage relative to men in their capability to participate in and benefit from broader processes of development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
What is lacking however, is support (both political and financial) from the Government as well as donors for such locally grounded initiatives as well as inclusion in broader peacemaking activities. Although Uganda released the ‘Uganda Action Plan on UN Security Council Resolutions 1325 and 1820 and the Goma Declaration’ in December 2008, such support is not yet apparent. Even before releasing the NAP, Uganda also had a quota system in place to ensure women’s political participation through the reservation of a seat in every district (30) for women candidates. As of July 2011, women constitute 34.9 per cent of the legislature (IPU 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
“The Purposeful Availment Trap” represents a very careful and powerful synthesis of years of studies on the theme of personal jurisdiction. In the essay we demonstrate how the Supreme Court’s current struggles on the theme of personal jurisdiction are the result of the purposeful availment “trap” that the Supreme Court has itself created. By interpreting its own interpretations, the Supreme Court got lost in dogma and dicta that make its opinions hard to reconcile with the fundamental principles of due process as articulated in International Shoe. This essay also highly benefits from a dialogue between the civil law and common law world, that we both respectively represent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The international mobility of research staff facilitates this global reach, as both professors and graduate students are generally highly mobile in their careers and can organise long-term visiting periods in other institutions. Multinationals are very strategic in their location decisions, particularly for tapping into a knowledge-intensive region elsewhere in the world. The same is not always true for many SMEs that lack the same capacity or benefit from a global partner search as a large multinational. This positive influence is evident to a lesser degree for cross-border traders, which could signify benefits to businesses of accessing diverse knowledge inputs at the cross-border level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In addition, bride price can also be a motivation for parents, a younger bride means a higher bride price for the family. In Uganda, the Pokot tribe, the majority of whom are of Kenyan origin, have settled at Amudat/Nakapiripit. This tribe is known to marry off girls at the age of 12 years upon the receipt of 12 heads of cattle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The present chapter focuses on the evolution of Canadian citizenship under the Conservative government (2006–2015), and makes three claims. First the Conservatives systematically resiled from the citizenship policies that typify a settler society, and this was congruent with parallel changes to Canadian immigration policy. Second, citizenship law furnished an ideal platform for staging the re-branding of Canada as Warrior Nation, a pet Conservative project. Third, the role played during the Fall 2015 federal election by one particular citizenship policy (the ban on face covering while swearing the citizenship oath) reveals a lingering, and perhaps chronic, ambiguity regarding Canadian citizenship in an era where forces of globalization and nationalist retrenchment impose competing pressures on state citizenship regimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Throughout the paper, more equity is to be interpreted as less inequality in income distribution and does not imply any judgement about the intrinsic value of a more equal distribution. In this paper, inequality is examined from a static perspective. While ultimately a comprehensive assessment would need covering inequality in life-cycle perspective as well as dynamic inequality, hence intra-generational mobility as well as inter-generational mobility, such analysis is beyond the scope of this study, not least reflecting major data limitations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Offering free entry to visitors, Ariel Sharon Park is an ecological masterpiece offering 360-degree views of Tel Aviv and central Israel. According to Section 32 of RA 9003, each Barangay should have a MRF for final sorting, segregation composting and recycling. Yet as at 2011, out of 349 barangays only 101 (29%) had operational MRFs. This is mainly due to lack of financial resources as well as inadequate capacities of barangays to plan and operate such facilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
’Z2 Research in the United States puts the returns on early childhood investments at 7 to 10 per cent a year. In many cases, they have led to great success. But school enrolment figures indicate that the pace of progress is in jeopardy. Since 2011, the global number of children who do not attend school has increased. Those excluded from learning opportunities often face multiple kinds of disadvantage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Rice cultivation is the most important source of agricultural emissions in Eastern and Southeast Asia (at 26 percent), while in Oceania the cultivation of organic soils is the source of 59 percent of agricultural emissions. The second main source is manure left on pastures in sub-Saharan Africa, Northern Africa and Western Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean, rice cultivation in Southern Asia, and synthetic fertilizers in countries in developed regions. See Annex table A.2 for details.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Teachers have the ability to influence each of these layers, and so designing pedagogy becomes a more complex - but potentially more rewarding - task. This is vitally important so that we can evaluate and appraise pedagogies from an authentic position, rather than trying to pretend that all pedagogies aim at the same goals. The above account also established that both discipline-centric and student-centric pedagogies are fundamental to achieving the purposes of education: the study of how expertise develops and of ‘cognitive load’ highlights that explicit teaching of knowledge and skills is a vital part of education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example if most of the costs fall on students - as in some forms of post-secondary training in some countries - then it is reasonable to expect that student choice will dominate the mix of provision. But in Tunisia, the cost of providing VET at upper secondary level mainly falls on the government rather than employers. One very constructive way for employers to make more of a contribution to training, and at the same time obtain many benefits for themselves, might be through the provision of workplace training and experience, which they already do quite successfully in the programmes under the ATFP, but that could be replicated in the rest of the system, in particular in the licences appliquees (professional bachelors) in universities. In this context, Box 4.10 provides some interesting examples of mechanisms to influence the mix of provision, drawing from the experience of OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The defining characteristics of urban settlements (demographic size, density and socio-economic diversity) render them particularlydynamicspaces. Economics of scale in production, large markets for labour and goods, and the ease of information flows in urban environments enhance productivity and innovation. As the primary spatial interface between citizens and government, cities can stimulate vibrant political engagement. Moreover, the density and diversity of cities can encourage the emergence of progressive values and institutions that promote social cohesion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It is difficult to identify and describe all the mechanisms for transferring research results to society. Studies have identified transfer mechanisms between businesses or between universities and businesses. The models are mainly empirical and often do not reveal the fiill impact on society. Given the lack of the needed categories of beneficiaries, transfer mechanisms and end users, it is difficult to define appropriate impact indicators for measuring specific research outputs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To assess whether these goals are being achieved. The World’s Women is produced by the United Nations every five years, as called for in the Beijing Platform for Action. Analyses are based mainly on statistics from international and national statistical agencies. The report covers several broad policy areas - population and families, health, education, work, power and decision-making, violence against women, environment and poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To what extent has UNDP learned from past evaluation findings to strengthen gender equality results at the programme and institutional levels? The aim is to redefine systems and institutions where inequalities were created and maintained. The strategy included programmatic and institutional guidance and a results framework, both of which are essential ingredients for strong gender mainstreaming. However, it was not endorsed by the Executive Board, making it a set of voluntary guidelines that weakened its potential impact and integration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This suggests that ecosystem and species coverage of the current system is satisfactory. Even if a high percentage of species and ecosystems is represented (i.e. occurs) within PAs, this does not ensure that they are effectively conserved there. Therefore, percentage estimates of ecosystem or species cover may convey a false sense of completeness of the PA system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As one account concluded: ‘Unfortunately the French health professionals participating in the caravans spent less than a month in Senegal, while their Senegalese counterparts come to Europe to stay for their whole professional life’ (Kane 2010: 12). A state role is still much needed, but as migration becomes more important such DIY self-help associations are pointing one way forward. Over a two-year period, 20 Ghanaians, the majority of whom were doctors, returned briefly to Ghana.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As a more peripheral region, this region faces some inherent limitations and despite investments in the road network, low capacity rural roads remain a challenge. A wide range of government actions at the central, regional and local levels support the non-agricultural rural economy. On the one hand, there are interventions that create an enabling environment to support businesses of all types, such as investments in transportation and digital infrastructure which facilitate access to markets and access to high-quality' services such as healthcare and education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For Korea, data are for 2002-04 for manufacturing and 2000-02 for services. While universities and government research institutes are considered a valuable source of knowledge for companies’ innovation activities, especially in more upstream research and exploration activities, they represent only a small share of collaborations on innovation. Firms in Finland report the largest share of collaboration with higher education or government institutions (15%) compared to only 2.4% in Japan (OECD, 2009a, p. 57).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Given these large changes, market-income inequality has been the main driver of inequality trends in disposable incomes.19 But redistribution policies had a substantial effect as well, especially since the mid-1990s. The difference between the Gini values for market incomes and disposable incomes is a measure of the overall redistributive (or equalising) effect of taxes and transfers (vertical distance between the dashed and the solid lines in Figure 7 and column 4 in Tables 4 and 5). On average across countries for which the necessary data are available, inequality increased both before and after taxes and transfers (Table 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In the harsh conditions of the mountains, natural ecosystems play an important role in ensuring an environment that can support life. While biological communities do not vary greatly in the Kyrgyz lowlands, the mountains support deserts, steppes, coniferous and deciduous forests, and alpine meadows, which can all be found within a few kilometres of each other. It is only such high levels of diversity that allow an environmental balance to be maintained effectively under the extreme mountain conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These are typically the drivers of integrated supply chains, comprising traders and retailers as well as multinational and transnational enterprises. As patterns of global trade have changed, these have subsequently been linked to qualitative changes in the governance structures associated with GVCs. With reference to Sub-Saharan Africa, Gibbon and Ponte (2005) argue that these shifts have resulted in the region ‘trading down rather than up in GVCs. This is through increasing producer specialisation within the lower value-added nodes of a given value chain, rather than facilitating movement up towards higher value-added nodes such as processing, retailing and marketing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, introducing an aggregator adds significant cost that is reflected in lower prices to the farmers. The aggregator has costs associated w ith identifying farmers, assembling products from diverse sources and verifying quality that can be significant. Further, unless there is a large enough quantity of output that is produced over multiple months, the marketing interval may not be long enough to justify setting up as an aggregator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Dahl (2010), for example, finds that teenage marriage leads to increased risk of poverty for young women in the fiiture. Several researchers have, however, suggested that the relationship may work in the opposite direction, with the falling rate of marriage resulting from the poor economic prospects of low-skilled men (Blau et al., Other studies have linked declining marriage rates to rising inequality (Gould and Paserman, 2003) while improving employment and earnings opportunities for women has further reduced the incentives for women to marry (Lundberg and Poliak, 2007). However there is very little evidence that marriage would lead to better outcomes if cohabiting couples were to marry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The various strengths and weaknesses identified with these different approaches are also summarised in the table, many of which also relate to how stakeholders are engaged. Overall, however, some combination of top-down and bottom-up governance approaches is likely to be more effective than single approaches (De Santo et al., Challenges in effectively engaging stakeholders remain, especially in times of, for example, budget constraints, as discussed in De Santo (2016). An example of how local communities are able to engage in the management of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is provided in Box 3.4. Currently placed under the governance of the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy, the French Marine Protected Areas Agency is to be integrated into the French Agency for Biodiversity as of 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Participation in CPD activities has long been required for doctors working in the United Kingdom, a condition of employment in the NHS and later a condition of participation in the royal collages (speciality schools) for physicians. In 2012 a system of five-yearly revalidation was introduced for physicians, and a system of revalidation is soon to be introduced for nurses. It publishes performance reviews and inspection reports on a website to provide public assurance of the quality and safety of health services. Its role is to provide independent assurance of the quality and safety of health services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)