albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) is a landmark in American social policy that is disrupting America’s “liberal tradition.” It is successfully expanding access and compelling insurers to change their business models to serve more socially-useful purposes, cost control enjoyed initial success but confronts barriers rooted in America’s resilient political economy. The ACA is disrupting long-standing patterns of American politics, introducing new developmental paths that unsettle or, in certain respects, offset the familiar patterns of selectivity, deference to private markets, and “drift” that tend to produce government inaction as economic insecurity increases. New policy arrangements for financing and delivering medical care is ushering in a new politics of US health care that are resetting the terms of future debate, the ACA is also challenging familiar approaches to studying politics including analyses of framing, policy effects and political development, and American political thought.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Chapter 4 focuses on aspects related to integrating gender considerations into the policy- and service delivery processes. Finally, Chapter 7 considers compliance of domestic legislation with international standards protecting women’s physical integrity and access to justice and family law, and highlights policy actions undertaken by governments to address the remaining gaps in these areas. The World Development Indicators are from http://databank.workbank.org. The indicators of average “Infant mortality rates per 1 000 live births” and “Life expectancy at birth” are unweighted. They consist of an average across several MENA countries for which data were available during the years of 1970 and 2011. These countries include: Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Arab Republic, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the Yemen Republic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the case of Jordan, publishing draft laws on the Prime Minister’s Official website is very recent and is part of Jordan’s action plan as member of the Open Government Partnership (OECD, 2013b). To ensure that policy makers are aware of the interests of all women, it is important that decision making relies not only on a limited set of civil society groups, as the ability of such groups to accurately represent the views of all women is difficult to measure. This may require developing alternative participatory mechanisms (e.g. women-only focus group discussions, meetings with women’s NGOs, meetings in communal locations for women at appropriate times when they are able to attend, e-consultation, advisory groups) and broadening the information campaign, so that it also engages a female audience effectively through a “multi-channel” system combining different tools to reach out to stakeholders. In OECD countries, Belgium, Finland, France, Israel, Korea, Mexico, Norway, the Slovak Republic, Spain and Sweden report always conducting such analyses for their central budgets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is an intended synergy between the ecolabels and the mandatory policy instruments, the Ecodesign Directive, where the latter sets minimum environmental requirements and the ecolabels represent the top performers. The product groups included are: imaging equipment, computers, windows and floor coverings. The four product groups have been selected to represent best cases of integration of resource efficiency criteria in the four instruments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This indicates that Fiji’s performance on Goal 2 is likely to be mixed by 2030. However, if not addressed, stunting levels are expected to increase from a low to moderate level by 2050, and Fiji will not meet Goal 2 by then. Similarly, while Vanuatu is expected to meet Target 2.1 on undernourishment (Table 2.2), stunting is expected to rise from a medium to high level by 2030 and on to a very high level by 2050 (Figure 2.4) if steps are not taken now to address the increasing trend.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Regular reporting on progress for children cross-nationally is the first step to achieving change for all children, highlighting as it does the relative successes and failures across the globe. Given limited time and public resources, countries will need to select the most effective ways to invest in parts of the SDG framework to maximize returns across the board. A good reason for focusing on children in the SDG framework is that supporting progress for children is one promising way to meeting the long-term, multiple ambitions of the SDG agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Pressures on water resources are exerted by overexploitation as well as by degradation of environmental quality. Water quality is affected by water abstraction, by pollution loads from human activities (agriculture, industry, households) and by climate and weather. Water use efficiency is key in matching supply and demand. Reducing losses, using more efficient technologies and recycling are all part of the solution, but it is essential to apply the user-pays principle to all types of users and take an integrated approach to the management of freshwater resources by river basin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, people's daily lives are subject to numerous restrictions on this freedom. Time is, therefore, a resource that is limited throughout life. The more time people spend at work, the less they have for other activities, such as family responsibilities and rest. Reductions in working hours —one of the most common demands from workers' movements for much of the twentieth century— have been made with a view to safeguarding workers' physical and mental health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The odds of starting prenatal care early are also higher among women who are in a living-in arrangements than unmarried mothers. Formally married women, however, are no different from unmarried women as far as the timing of prenatal care is concerned. Rural women are less likely to comply with the recommended timing of prenatal care visits compared with urban women. Reduced odds of early initiation of prenatal care are likewise noted among higher order births compared with first births.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
But once it is analysed through the prism of security of energy supply, public attitudes are more encouraging. Having shown that nuclear can make a positive contribution to the security of energy supply, the object of this chapter was to identify the issues and indicators of how consumers assess their own views of security of supply. However, in the case of import dependency, for example, opinions are sometimes more difficult to perceive if only one indicator is used, even if it is simple, such as the import ratio.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There is also scope to raise electricity and water prices, which could be done alongside offsetting measures to protect poorer households. Poor implementation has stymied the effectiveness of pollution pricing as a tool for supporting environmental objectives in China. Therefore, reforms are needed to strengthen the existing pollution levy system. Careful attention also needs to be paid to implementation details of pilot C02 emissions trading schemes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Decommissioning and withdrawal from the fleet consists in the scrapping of the vessel, to the exclusion of any other procedure. The premium is paid as compensation for scrapping the vessel and for abandoning the related permits and, as the case may be, quota allowances. In 2012 and 2013, EUR 0.7 million and EUR 0.3 million were disbursed respectively for these two categories (fish trade and fishing). The tonnage and propulsion power of the vessels are deducted from the capacity allocation limits for France at European level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It has also an important water retention and flood protection function, and is regularly flooded in spring/summer during the snow melting period. The Danube River is also used for navigation purposes, while on the Morava and Dyjc rivers only recreational boating is allowed from June to December. The most important economic uses of the area are forestry (timber production), agriculture and tourism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Several recent studies have found a positive, statistically significant correlation between ratification of human rights treaties and respect for human rights. Some commentators have interpreted these results as evidence of the causal effect of international human rights law on human rights outcomes. We revisit this debate and present evidence that for two treaties — the Convention on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women and the Convention Against Torture — these results disappear once time trends are taken into account. Our evidence suggests that recent improvements in human rights are attributable to long running trends that pre-date the emergence of the relevant treaty regimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Leaving aside the issue of stabilization measures to be adopted to overcome the current crisis (beginning 2008), which development policies should be adopted in an increasingly open economy, in which, as the literature reviewed in section 4 suggests, economic integration may increase instability and raise the probability of crises and generate adverse distributional effects? Specific measures will have to reflect the different size, economic specialization, level of development and institutions of the countries considered. Yet, the common aim of the suggested measures is to avoid crises, promote growth and reduce inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Analysis did not reveal any statistically significant gender differences among migrants from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan with regard to these attitudes. Interestingly, the differences between ethnic identification and attitudes of Kyrgyz migrants on one hand and migrants from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan on the other are reflected in the factual behaviour of family formation. According to data from the Russian census, the share of mixed couples among ethnic Kyrgyz is about one fifth, whereas the figure among ethnic Tajiks and Uzbeks is more than half (Soroko, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In order to strengthen Metrolinx’s role in regional co-ordination, access to additional revenue sources could be considered. Metrolinx is required to come up with an Investment Strategy by 2013 to fund the balance of the Regional Transportation Plan, various additional revenue sources could be considered as part of the development of this investment strategy. The coverage of urban public transport operating costs by fare box revenues varies greatly in OECD countries (Figure 2.4). The definition of cost categories is not uniform across countries, which makes comparisons risky, but in the majority of operations, cost-coverage levels vary between one-third and two-thirds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Second, they suggest that a non-negligible share of inactive workers that is either receiving benefits that are conditional to inactivity, or is too sick, too addicted, too uneducated to work or disconnected from the labour market or even just "too poor" to access available jobs, will not easily join the labour force despite the tight labour market. Several measures of regional dispersion applied to OECD data on participation by states and counties show an increase over past three decades, especially for men. For instance, the gap in participation between the bottom 10% counties and the top 10% has increased by about 3 percentage points on average since 1990, the gap in participation between the bottom 5 states and the top 5 has increased by about 2 percentage points on average and by 3 percentage points for males.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Incentives have been introduced to encourage admission of patients directly to mental health care facilities, in an effort to reduce this delay. Prefectures develop Regional Medical Care Plans including for mental health for the region, provide guidance and supervise health care providers. Prefectures also have a central role in the administration of the Mental Health and Welfare Law, and are responsible for locating the two designated psychiatrists required to sign off on an involuntary admission, and are responsible for locating a hospital place for these involuntary admissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Western international community is based on liberal political values and norms. Liberal human rights — individual freedoms, civil liberties, and political rights — are at the centre of its political culture. They are the ‘constitutive values that define legitimate statehood and rightful state action’ in the domestic as well as in the international realm (Reus-Smit 1997: 558). In the domestic realm, the liberal principles of social and political order — social pluralism, the rule of law, democratic political participation and representation, private property, and a market-based economy — are derived from, and justified by, these liberal human rights. Only a state that bases its domestic political system on these principles and reliably follows these values and norms in its domestic politics is regarded as fully legitimate by the Western international community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Then, a Bayesian Model Averaging method is employed to select the empirical model which best identifies the determinants of the concentration of different pollutants. For each pollutant, the influence of economic sector composition, population density and factors related to internal urban composition and road transport are tested. The study does not consider factors of pollution that occur outside urban areas, such as inter-city transport or activities in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As shown in subchapter 2.1, these industries use more biofuels and electricity than their European competitors. First, using C02 intensity involves debatable assumptions about the C02 content in electricity. The European Commission uses an average C02 content across the EU which is much smaller than the marginal and actual C02 content. Thereby, they underestimate the risk of carbon leakage in industries using electricity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This paper reports on the use of the Index for Inclusion in five socioeconomically different primary school contexts in Indonesia. The research was designed and developed through Australian and Indonesian teachers and teacher educators collaborative efforts over a year. The work took place during the post‐Suharto reform period and focuses on the field of Civics education. The research examines what the ethic of inclusion means to teachers participating in political and educational democratization as they attempt to embrace and develop citizenship classroom practices that feature respect for difference. The theoretical interest is in both citizenship theory and inclusion, showing how the civic cultures of school and nation intersect, and the implications of that intersection for inclusion theory and cross‐cultural theorizing of inclusion more broadly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Second, segregation leads to later discrimination in opportunities to use educational accomplishments to participate in the world of work, both because of divides in networks of relationships built up in the school community and the extension of these to families and because of differentiation in symbolic recognition and prestige gaps depending on where a person was educated. Residential segregation means that the different socioeconomic groups in a city or metropolis live separately, with little or no sharing of residential space. At the extreme, each residential space within a city23 presents complete socioeconomic homogeneity and is completely differentiated from the spaces where the other socioeconomic groups live.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A combination of capacity markets, long-term supply contracts and carbon taxes would provide a market-based framework to ensure that nuclear energy and other dispatchable low-carbon technologies remain economically sustainable. At the current stage of technological development, low-carbon electricity systems will inevitably be based on high shares of variable renewables and nuclear energy. Hence it is recommended that flexibility resources should be developed based on a systems approach where full costs and interdependencies are recognised. This will require increasing the load-following abilities of dispatchable low-carbon back-up including nuclear, expanding storage, rendering demand more responsive and increasing international interconnections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Through co-operation with the State of Sonora and the federal government of Mexico, the Ford Motor company has been able to ensure a skilled workforce, including technicians and engineers. The Instituto Technologico de Hermosillo is located directly adjacent to the Ford Motor facilities in Hermosillo. One particularly valuable model is that in the aerospace industry, which has locations in industrial parks in Hermosillo/Ciudad Obregon, Guaymas and Nogales in the state of Sonora. This model (see Box 1.6) is particularly notable because it provides a hierarchy of training related to the skill needs identified by the aerospace companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Safe transport therefore is integral to the well-being of the woman fishworker. Women in the traditional small-scale fisheries sector also have to deal with work-related health problems. In the discussion on capacity development in Chapter 10 of this handbook, Case study 28 describes how in Brazil, the Articulagao Nacional das Pescadoras (ANP - “National Articulation of Fisherwomen”) has prioritized campaigning and advocacy on issues related to the occupational diseases of shellfish collectors, working closely with State officials and researchers to improve the quality of treatment services. Children often internalize this violence, and might play it out in their own lives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Third, public grants to research programmes should be extended to priority sectors other than the E&E and biotech industry. In Penang, collaborative research programmes should draw together the Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Universiti Malaysia Perlis and other regional higher education institutions. Collaborative programmes taking advantage of complementarities between Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Universiti Teknologi MARA (engineering) and Universiti Teknologi Petronas could tap the interdisciplinary innovation potential of the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, not all countries are comfortable with this information system being developed and centrally situated in another country. After 1991, hydrological monitoring drastically decreased. For example, on the Chu and its tributaries, the number of hydrological monitoring stations has decreased by more than two thirds since the 1970s. Similarly, of some 100 hydrological monitoring stations on Kyrgyz territory within the Syr Darya Basin in 1980, currently 28 are operational.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Three in ten Swedish teachers have never received feedback, even though there is a positive association between mentoring, peer observation and coaching, and teachers’ sense of self-efficacy and job satisfaction in Sweden. Those teachers who do get feedback, get it mostly from the principal, but the principals tend to spend most of their working time on administrative tasks, leaving insufficient room for pedagogical leadership (OECD, 2014d). Most municipalities distribute more than 80% of resources to primary schools based on the number of pupils and 87% of municipalities distribute less than 12% of the total primary school appropriations to pupils based on socio-economic factors (SNAE, 2009). This share has stayed constant since the 1990s, while immigration and rising income inequalities has led to higher shares of students with disadvantaged backgrounds (Holmlund et al., Only 74% of Swedish teachers report that their school provides extra assistance to students in need, the second lowest percentage in the OECD behind Mexico (OECD, 2014d). Despite a recent easing of procedures to provide support, decisions are often taken at the principals’ level without sufficient analysis and oversight of what happens in classrooms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For males, we estimate an hourly earnings premium of 10.3 percent and an employment premium of 11.9 percentage points. In spite of spending more time at school than the latter, the former also end up spending a higher percentage of time in paid employment. Les Ministres Europeens en charge de l’EFP, les partenaires sociaux europeens et la Commission Europeenne ont approuve en 2010 le Communique de Bruges qui decrit la vision d’ensemble pour LEFT dans le cadre de la strategic Europe 2020. Dans cette optique, les competences professionnelles sont considerees comme aussi importantes que les competences academiques.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Visions of Social Control (1985) Stanley Cohen provided a typology of scholarly works on the punitive turn: “uneven progress,” “good intentions-disastrous consequences,” and “discipline and mystification.” This Essay applies these categories to recent punishment and society scholarship, finding a clear preference for the third category, arguing that current works do not merely point to systemic evils—they impute bad intent to individuals in the system. Against this current, I identify two works—James Forman’s Locking Up Our Own (2017) and Heather Schoenfeld’s Building the Prison State (2016)—and show the strengths of analyses that take individual actors on their own terms. Finally, relying on the recent example of the Ban the Box initiative—a well-intended but failed policy—I argue that flexibility in viewing actors’ motivations, rather than relegating them to the role of cogs in a system fraught by inherent flaws, is important not only for scholarly accuracy but for policy and strategic reasons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Cross leases are a uniquely New Zealand form of land tenure, the implications of which are not widely understood by either the legal profession or by members of the general public. This note critically examines a recent High Court decision released in February 2020 concerning problems concerning a “staged” cross lease development. It suggests that the judgment in AAL Holdings Ltd v Dai is not only incorrect in its reasoning, but also sets a bad precedent for resolving future cross lease disputes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Most were established in the 1980s and 1990s and have small enrolments and modest physical facilities, 60% of whom own their premises. Students’ ethnic pattern reflects the national private sector picture with majority (60%) being Chinese, followed by Malays, Indians and others. The majority of students are from Penang followed by other northern states of Kedah, Perlis and Perak.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Comments on Working Papers are welcome, and may be sent to the Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@occd.org. In the programme, nurses visit young mothers from the first or second trimester of the mother’s pregnancy until the second birthday of her first child.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Ensure that one school system is responsible for the education of all children in their region. Transform existing special education resources - special schools or classes - into resources to assist the mainstream system. Provide pre-service and in-service training to teachers so that they can respond to diversity in the classroom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)