albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Among other things, these technologies can serve to increase access to employment, improve educational processes, expand the scope of health services, increase the efficiency and effectiveness of State provision, provide the voiceless with greater options for the exercise of citizenship and improve human security in socially disadvantaged environments. Brazil <2008 and 2013). Chile (2009 and 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Nonetheless, heavy traffic is the major cause of repeated exceedances of standards for NOx and tropospheric ozone in the capital city of Luxembourg (Chapter 2). Around 3.5% of the national population under 15 years lives in proximity to a major road, the highest proportion (together with Belgium) in the EU15. These children are at high risk from air pollution, noise and traffic accidents (Dalbokova et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Petroleum accounts for 100 per cent of Tuvalu’s energy supply (Figure 9.1) and 10 per cent of GDP (SPC 2016). Petroleum replaced biomass as its major energy source in the 1990s. Fuel is imported into Tuvalu via Fiji by Pacific Energy, which owns all storage and distribution facilities. This fuel is mainly used for electricity generation (41%) and transport (40%) (Figure 9.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
About 22% of rivers in the South (8% in the North) are classified as poor or bad quality (Figure 4.3). Groundwater quality shows significant regional differences. For example, in the regions/provinces of Trento, Bolzano, Liguria, Lazio and Marche, between 75% and 93% are classes 1 to 3, in Abruzzo and Umbria, 43% and 32% respectively are class 4 (poor).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Human rights NGOs were the vanguard of the struggle for democratisation in Nigeria, but they had to forge alliances with labour unions and other groups to galvanise this process effectively. This paper explores the alliances between labour unions and NGOs in the struggle against military dictatorship in Nigeria to analyse how horizontal relationships have fared in exchanges within civil society. It argues that the exigencies of sustained political struggle throw up conflicts over issues of participation, accountability, and egalitarianism that in turn promote social capital within civil society by mitigating hierarchically structured and asymmetrical patterns of exchange among its members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These findings, paired with the scale and relative cost-effectiveness of CTs, suggest that they have the potential to decrease IPV at the margin across large populations of vulnerable groups. Transfers appear to reduce physical and/or sexual IPV more consistently than emotional abuse or controlling behaviours. This finding is an apparent contradiction since several of the pathways focus on emotional states which would suggest impacts on emotional and psychological IPV before trickling down to physical and sexual IPV.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Finally, price support is found to have an extremely poor transfer efficiency - that is a relatively small proportion of the price increase it generates is actually captured by farmers. Instead, it goes to input suppliers, is captured by processors and distributors or ends up capitalised in land values, benefitting land owners who are often not themselves farmers. A major aspect of any commodity price spike is a fast and sudden erosion of confidence in the workings of the market, both national and international, with the result that unco-ordinated operations, by private and public agents alike, for individual protection leaves all worse off.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Equally important, internationally comparable indicators are needed to track the growth and impact of these emerging ICT trends. In addition to people, organizations and information resources, it will connect objects equipped with digital information sensing, processing, and communication capabilities. This ubiquitous infrastructure will generate abundant data that can be used to achieve efficiency gains in the production and distribution of goods and services, and improve human life in innovative ways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
If we close the gaps, we fulfil a moral obligation to uphold human rights, and we will all reap the benefits of a more equal world. It will be more just, stable, prosperous and sustainable—one that we will want to leave to future generations. Among these are measures to realize reproductive rights and gender equality, with a particular and urgent emphasis on reaching people ranked among the poorest 40 per cent—the furthest behind. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development offers a foundation to guide progress, as do other core international commitments, such as the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, which guides the work of UNFPA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Additional measures like the decile ratio (share of the 90th percentile/share of the 10th percentile) and the coefficient of variation are also popular ways of measuring dispersion in the distribution. Analysing the entire distribution has a number of advantages and allows the analyst to identify whether changes in inequality are due to changes in the welfare of individuals at the top or the bottom of the income distribution. Additionally, looking at the entire distribution makes it easier to relate growth, inequality and poverty to each other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Coordination with the 290 municipalities responsible for elderly care and social services is also organised differently across the country, with varying results. Denmark and Norway have embarked on substantial reforms to target intrinsically similar problems. In Sweden, earlier and recent public investigations suggest that regions should keep broadly similar functions and responsibilities as is, but organised in a smaller number of administrations with larger geographical responsibility. More radical reforms, such as changing responsibilities for care to other administrative levels in order to integrate municipal primary care seivices with GP services or nationalise specialist services, which has been done in neighbouring countries, have not been subject to the same scrutiny, although for a few diagnoses selected hospitals serve the entire country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The assumed parameters do not aim to provide accurate or realistic projections, especially in the United States Southwest, but they are meant to implement water supply constraint shocks that could affect irrigated agriculture in the three regions. In other words, the scenarios provide a means to gauge the resistance of the irrigation sector to water stress (providing a “water stress test” like the other scenarios). This translates into simulating the gradual transition to a maximum of 46%, 40% and 33%, basin efficiency by 2050 in the Southwest United States, Northeast China and Northw est India, respectively. The shocks are intended to provide a pessimistic illustration of the possible impacts of agriculture water risks in the three regions, rather than an accurate projection of observed trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is essential for determining the need for extending, adjusting or ceasing a policy. Effective policy monitoring and evaluation requires well thought out indicators. Monitoring and evaluating should not just be thought of as an after-thought, it is a critical step in the policy cycle that allows for learning and improvement. Guidance is provided, to assist in developing a set of well thought out indicators, for monitoring and evaluating SCP policy. Policymakers need to make sure that SCP policy interventions are well targeted and yield the desired outcomes. Monitoring and evaluation provides this important information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) also adopted the Paris Agreement, through which United Nations Member States committed to limiting global warming, which implies a critical role for national governments in climate-change adaptation and mitigation in urban settlements, which are most responsible for and most vulnerable to climate change. Lastly, in October 2016, the Third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III) adopted the New Urban Agenda (NUA), advocating for proactive policies to leverage the dynamics of urbanisation as instruments of sustainable development. Well-designed national policy frameworks can help countries and cities achieve economic growth, environmental sustainability and social inclusion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In this essay, Kate Cairns considers the implications of assessing garden pedagogies, arguing that a rhetoric of effects assumes an essentialist conception of the child-as-educational-output and bolsters a neoliberal vision of social change rooted in personal transformation. Drawing from ethnographic research with youth gardens in Toronto, Ontario, and Camden, New Jersey, she highlights contextualized experiences of learning and labor that exceed the boundaries of an effects framework. Cairns argues that garden pedagogies must be understood in relation to specific dynamics of racial, economic, and ecological injustice. The essay closes with reflections on how feminist theories of social reproduction might reimagine pedagogies of the garden in a way that attends to young people's participation in life's work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Extending the works of scholars who have elucidated writing as the quintessential site for social transformation, the aim of this paper is to locate the myriad possibilities of actualizing Donna Haraway’s concept of cyborg writing. I contend that cyborg writing functions as a discursive mechanism by which to disrupt positivist ideals of Cartesian duality, objectivity, and rationality. These ideals inform the very alchemy of masculine privilege that emerge from having a society that is structured along androcentric values. Situating the scholarship of Joanna Brewis, I illuminate how cyborg writing can be effectively pursued in the field of organization studies. I conclude with a discussion of the implications of cyborg writing, and with the identification of a couple of trajectories that scholars can pursue in future studies that endeavor to actualize the feminist project of gender egalitarianism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Each bulb, it was revealed, contained an average 4 mg of the poisonous substance — compared to 500 mg in a traditional thermometer — threatening health and environment when cracked open. To date, the government has assessed — but not implemented — options to safely collect and dispose of spent CFLs. So YES dimmed its efforts down to its final flicker in early 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
One positive consequence is that these fish provide a food source for birds on those lakes where there was no fish before. A number of wetlands will be given the status of protected areas on both sides of Armenian-Georgian border. In Armenia, the Programme component “Establishment of Protected Areas in the Armenian Javakheti Region” is aimed at establishing a National Park and integrating it into the local context, as well as promoting related transboundary cooperation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article provides comprehensive insights into the study of the Ghana legal system as an academic discipline in the law faculties in Ghana. It urges the view that the study of the Ghana legal system, as an academic discipline, should be transsystemic. Transsystemic pedagogy consists in the introduction of ideas, structures and principles which may be drawn from different legal traditions such as civil law, common law, religion-based law, African law and socialist law traditions to influence the study of law. Transsystemia involves teaching law ‘across,’ ‘through,’ and ‘beyond’ disciplinary fixations associated with a particular legal system. It is a mode of scholarship that defies biased allegiance to one legal tradition in order to foster cross-cultural dialogue among legal traditions. It involves a study of law that re-directs focus from one concerned with ‘pure’ legal system to a discourse that is grounded on multiple legal traditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the case of JICA's Financing Scheme for Energy Savings Projects in India, for example, a loan to the Small Industries and Development Bank of India (SIDBI) supports micro, small and mediumsized enterprises’ (MSMEs) investments in environmental improvements and energy efficiency. One example is the Swedish Leadership for Sustainable Development platform, through which Sida, the Swedish development co-operation agency, facilitates a network of 26 Swedish companies that meet regularly in Sweden to discuss opportunities to promote 'global leadership’ in addressing sustainability issues. The focus of private sector approaches has been, unsurprisingly, mostly in upper middle income countries and in sectors where there is a clear business case and potential for returns, i.e. renewable energy and to a smaller extent energy efficiency. The analysis of climate related development finance in 2013 in this paper shows that the majority of development co-operation support went to projects in middle income countries and was deployed toward climate change mitigation (around 80%), supporting activities in the energy sector such as the development of renewable energy projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This chapter discusses the thought and works of Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832). Since the late 1960s Bentham scholarship has been driven by the appearance of volumes in the new authoritative edition of The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, prepared by the Bentham Project under the supervision of University College London’s Bentham Committee. The thirty-third volume in the edition, entitled Preparatory Principles, was published in December 2016. Bentham was the pre-eminent representative of the Enlightenment. He was the founder of the doctrine of classical utilitarianism, which remains one of the main strands in liberal moral philosophy, he set the parameters for the modern discipline of jurisprudence by distinguishing law as it is from law as it ought to be, his commentary on the French Declaration of Rights of 1789 constitutes a devastating attack on the philosophy of natural rights, and hence on that of human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nearly all OECD countries that use capitation adjust for risk factors (including age, gender and health status) to ensure that the health care needs of specific groups (such as the elderly) are properly addressed. Capitation is usually combined with fee-for-service, to encourage particular activities. Costa Rica starts from a good base here, since it already has a blended payment system in primary care, and a rich understanding of local health and social care contexts through the family record held within EDUS. Ideally, payments to clinicians should reflect value, as far as possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Drawing on the sub-set of AfT data within the CRS, the OECD data show that - for all donors and for all developing countries - flows classified under TRA (the final and barely visible column on the right) are negligible compared with the other three categories, particularly those destined for ‘building productive capacity’ or ‘economic infrastructure’. As shown in Table 13.1, the negligible share of measured TRA in relation to total AfT flows is present across all major country classifications, irrespective of the year chosen in the CRS database. For 2009, TRA flows do not equal more than 0.38 per cent of the value of total AfT flows when countries are disaggregated by geographic area, income group or status as an SVE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Indeed, eight countries showed sharper declines in the inequality indices in the second subperiod than in the first. Of these, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay had the most significant reductions, of around 4% per year in the case of the Gini coefficient. This group also included Brazil, Ecuador and Mexico, which along with the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela saw a slight increase in their inequality coefficients in 2012 (see annex table I-A3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Todas estas circunstancias comprometen su derecho a recibir una pension en los sistemas de pensiones que vinculan las prestaciones con el trabajo remunerado, las contribuciones y los ingresos. En el presente informe se examinan los desafiosy las restricciones a los que se enfrentan los sistemas de pensiones para alcanzar la equidad de genero y las alternativas de politicas que ayudarian a superar estos retos. La proteccion economica de la mujer en las etapas avanzadas de la vida depende actualmente de diversos factores interrelacionados, como las normas del sistema de pensiones, las condi-ciones del mercado laboral y los acuerdos familiares del pasado y el presente, entre otros.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
On average across the countries for which data are available, 5.5% of workers earned at or below the minimum wage in 2010, the latest year for which comparable data are available. At 14.2%, Latvia’s share was more than twice as high, and also higher than in any other of the European countries shown in Figure 3.8. As a result, changes in minimum-wage provisions can be expected to have a strong impact on the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Because of them, communities that have done a good job are also penalised," bemoans Lok Bahadur Kunwar, secretary of the Fagarkhola CFUG in Chaubas. In spite of this lack of evidence, towards the end of 2010, the MoFSC proposed a bill of amendments lo the 1993 Forest Act, to recover some of the authority it had vested in communities. It required that communities ‘share’ the responsibility of implementing their operational plans with forest officials and split all external sales of forest products with the government. Many groups, including ForestAction and FECOFUN, lobbied against these changes, but with the dissolution of Nepal’s parliament in 2012, the bill was put on hold. The price of timber in that period spiked from NPR 1200 to 5000 per cubic feet, noted ForestAction’s Khatri. “ People with a conservative mindset like Deepak Bohara will say that they have done a lot for conservation — but this is an illusion.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As people without public health care coverage have to finance their health care services through private insurance or out-of-pocket payments they are especially sensitive to a drop in personal income. This is especially true for low income people who may forego or postpone health care services because too expensive. Devaux and de Looper (2012), comparing equity of access to health care services in 19 OECD countries, find that in countries with higher public expenditure the frequency of doctor visits are more equally distributed among people of different incomes. Also, Devaux and de Looper (2012) show that inequality in specialist (dental) visit is increasing in the share of out-pocket payment as percentage of total expenditure on specialist (dental) care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The new teacher standards (see Recommendation 3.1.1) should guide the revision of the definitivat exam to ensure that it assesses the competencies teachers need in the classroom. Romania might also consider adding more practice-oriented, open-ended questions to the exam so that it is a better measure of teachers’ competencies. In the future, Romania could reduce the weight of the exam in favour of a more authentic measure of teacher competencies, such as a performance-based inspection of new' teachers in the classroom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The impact of environmental risk factors on infant and early childhood health, nutritional status and mortality in West Africa. The impact of socio-economic inequalities on early childhood survival: Results from the Demographic and Health Surveys. How well do health programmes reach the poor? Social inequality in infant mortality: What explains variation across low and middle income countries? Social Science and Medicine, vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Renewable energy capacity, per source (megawatt) Quantitative indicators 4. Achieving this objective can be a challenge in a region where energy infrastructure -particularly electricity transmission and distribution networks - is sparse (e.g. in rural areas), or degraded due to, among others, underinvestment. Consumers and businesses in the SEE economies sometimes go without electricity due to issues with both quality of supply and affordability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To take just one example, ongoing work is focusing on the environmental footprint of global food waste. Early results suggest that the carbon footprint of food produced but not consumed is 3.3 billion tonnes C02 eq/a, representing around 9% of total global GHG emissions.14 Were such emissions generated by a country, that country would be the world’s third-largest GHG emitter, behind only the US and China. Extending that to waste and resource management in a broader sense would significantly increase the potential, to 15 to 20% or perhaps even more, if waste prevention was also included. As shown in Figure 1, most of the sites are in Africa, Asia and Latin America/Caribbean, with two in Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Participants were concerned about the strong negative impact of seals on fishing and fisheries. Research at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences highlights the different kinds of impacts seals have on fisheries, including damage to harvest and equipment, along with hidden damage through scaring off or removing fish without leaving traces. Impacts at ecosystem level include the impact of seals on fish populations and dispersal of parasites in fish (Lunneryd & Konigson, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Source: National Institutional Strategy for Climate Change. Although most of SAIs do not yet have the capacity and expertise to audit climate finance, it is within their mandate to audit public climate finance. In this respect, GIZ is providing support to SAIs in developing countries to strengthen their mandates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Even where long-term savings outweigh initial investments, end users may fail to choose energy-efficient options because of financial constraints. Projects and programmes aimed at facilitating financial support therefore play a key role in removing barriers to EE investment, in particular in developing countries.51 Energy savings resulting from EE investment by end users reduce the need for new investment in energy supply capacity. Whereas most supply-side investments would be made by a small group of actors, mainly large energy producers and distributors, the additional investment in end-use sectors will have to be made by a large number of small investors. The IEA therefore emphasizes that shifting investment from the supply side to the end user requires viable financing frameworks (IEA, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)