albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Finally, water boundaries cut across places in terms of cities (i.e. when concerning more municipalities in a metropolitan area) or hinterland (i.e. the surrounding environment, rural areas and watersheds, which sustain the major bulk of water demand from cities and where the actual sources of water are often located). Particular emphasis is put on the most prominent governance mechanisms that can foster effectiveness, efficiency and inclusiveness of urban water governance building on the OECD Principles on Water Governance (OECD, 2015c). They relate to vertical and horizontal coordination across policies, dedicated metropolitan arrangements and rural-urban partnerships (co-ordination across places), and stakeholder engagement (co-ordination across people).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The targets are designed to be integrated and indivisible and to balance the social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. The 2030 Agenda further seeks to realize the human rights of all, and to achieve gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls. Unlike the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is an ambitious agenda that is indivisible and supposed to be implemented universally by all countries in a collaborative partnership. The theme of each HLPF, and a subset of goals to be reviewed, is agreed in advance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Populations of school-age children have shrunk in many OECD countries, while in others, enrolments in urban schools have swelled alongside internal migration to cities. Both situations have raised concerns about the quality and cost of small schools, particularly in rural areas. Rather than identifying an "optimal size", empirical studies indicate that the effect of school size varies across student groups and levels of education. In general, secondary school students tend to benefit more from larger schools than primary school pupils, and low-income and minority students appear to perform belter in smaller schools (Howley and Howley, 2004). Some studies also find evidence of diminishing returns to scale, suggesting that student performance improves up to a certain school size (which tends to be smaller in primary education than in secondary education) and declines thereafter. Many countries offset the higher cost of maintaining small schools by providing them with additional funding or promoting consolidation programmes to reduce the fiscal burden of a fragmented school network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Another clear tendency is that in the main destination countries, most female migrant household workers are mothers. During the second half of the decade a number of countries launched systematic efforts to enhance social programmes, especially those aimed at fighting poverty. This was a first turning point in social spending patterns. However, the pick-up in social spending (to a certain degree, in counterpoint to economic trends) has been primarily due to policies that were implemented over time to deal with external shocks: (i) rising food and fuel prices in 2008 and spiralling export commodity prices starting in 2003, (ii) the global financial crisis, the worst of which ran from late 2008 to the end of 2009, and (iii) more recently, international uncertainty and slower economic growth worldwide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Indonesia, after the elections in 1999 that ended another phase in the transition from military rule, the new government extended unemployment benefits to both formal and informal sector workers. This was in response to the very high levels of unemployment triggered by the Asian financial crisis, which affected mostly informal sector workers. In 2012, the Philippines Parliament passed a law allowing contraception and promoting family planning to help manage the problem of very large families, especially among the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Design and construction of new green buildings calls for medium-to-high skilled labour and can enhance the metro-region’s green architecture and construction services sector. Green roofs and permeable services can expand landscaping and road working job opportunities and increase the city’s attractiveness in part by reducing vulnerabilities to potential climate change impacts. These activities would go far in reinforcing the Chicago Tri-State metro-region’s reputation as a global leader in green buildings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, 60% and 51% of bilateral aid that targeted gender equality went to the education and health sectors respectively in 2009-10 (OECD DAC, 2013). Meanwhile, donor investment in women’s economic empowerment has remained unchanged since 2007. Therefore, sufficient funds should be provided by developing and developed countries alike to promote inclusive rural development that values women’s empowerment and gender equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Nonetheless, there remains a crucial gap. To address this gap, the National Computer Board has implemented the Cyber Caravan project in line with WSIS Action Lines and geared towards the achievement of the SDGs. The project aims at building an all-inclusive information society to improve digital literacy and to provide democratized access. It is relevant to SDGs 1, 4, 5, 9 and 10.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While it has undergone some of the bleaching processes that separate refined from raw sugar in more technologically advanced sugar industries, it still contains a relatively high level of impurities, mainly molasses, in comparison with internationally traded raw sugar. As a result most firms in the food and beverage sectors cannot use plantation white sugar as an input. Their needs are met partly by imports of refined sugar, and partly by imports of raw sugar that are then refined domestically (Fane and Warr, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is therefore essential to increase fact-based knowledge and training of relevant decision makers, in order to realise the technology’s potential. First, the principles of blockchain technology and its relevance for enabling sustainable infrastructure are briefly discussed. Second, the case for the use of blockchain technology in sustainable infrastructure is made, including a selection of blockchain technology’s possible applications that may effectively facilitate climate mitigation and adaption measures. Third, a series of original case studies is introduced, drawing on the most important impactful opportunities to address the previously identified obstacles to sustainable infrastructure investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Section 1 (b) - Non-racialism and non-sexism, and to Section 9. Commissioners nominated by the public, interviewed by Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court, representatives of the Human Rights Commission. Commission on Gender Equality, Public Protector. The report aimed at explaining the lack of women's representation at senior levels within the IEC. The study found several organisational practices that hindered women's involvement at higher levels of management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It includes an international questionnaire on migrant policies, reviews previous OECD work and academic literature regarding migrant education, and explores statistical data from PISA and other sources. Reviews are being conducted in Austria, Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. Each participating country has prepared a Country Background Report based on common OECD guidelines. The results of both the analytical work and country policy reviews will feed into the final report of the Review of Migrant Education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Especially important in areas prone to disasters are improvements in transport and logistics infrastructure and decentralized food storage facilities. Measures can include realigning roads away from unstable slopes, protecting and raising riverbanks in flood-prone areas, stockpiling food in strategic locations for quick deployment, and ensuring the availability of a range of transport options for emergency food distribution. Measures are needed to enable people to have access to health-promoting foods and to nutrition education that recognizes food pattern and preferences. People have a right to make informed choices about the food that is available to them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
With the implementation of the new laws on student assessment (Chapter 1), the College for Examinations will also oversee the quality of end-of-primary tests administered by schools. The responsibilities of schools and school boards include regular formative and summative assessment of students, performance evaluations of individual teachers, and school-internal quality care. In addition to the three traditional actors (the Ministry, the Inspectorate and the schools) a range of intermediate organisations have an increasing influence on evaluation and assessment in the country. The Primary and Secondary Education Councils play a key role in the collection and dissemination of data on the performance of individual schools, thereby strengthening both horizontal and vertical accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The other is sudden network congestion as governments, emergency responders, and citizens all start using their handsets.38 To reduce the probability of service outages, countries should frequently stress test their networks and where necessary take steps to ‘harden’ the weaker components. Based on information from around 90 countries, the mean rate of packet loss globally is 1.68 per cent and the mean latency globally is 107.31 milliseconds. In the Asia-Pacific region performance on these indicators varies greatly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In particular, experience from both OECD and non-OECD countries shows that voluntary PHI schemes rarely provide adequate coverage for the poor and those most prone to serious illness, and often have high administrative costs (OECD, 2004, Kumar et al., Note that the few countries with a mandatory private health insurance set-up (such as the Netherlands and Switzerland) are highly regulated, with risk equalisation measures in place and limited scope to differentiate plans between individuals on the basis of their health risks. Various policy options have been discussed, with different stakeholders contributing to an intense debate around the design and establishment of National Health Insurance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Moreover, the plan does not only cover the Canadian military, it also targets Canadian NGOs and recommends they adopt codes of conduct in their work to address issues of sexual exploitation and abuse in humanitarian crises. One of the central tenets of 1325 is the inclusion of women at all decision-making levels including parliament and the judiciary. In many post-conflict countries, high numbers of women are reported in political positions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A somewhat lower pace of expansion has been observed over the last decade. This is also the conclusion of the OECD/FAO Agricultural Outlook to 2020 (OECD/FAO, 2011). A converging GDP per capita and a growing population will both increase the demand for food, especially animal products. Moreover, policies that stimulate the use of biofuels also increase the demand for agricultural production and land area (Chapter 4). Given the limited supply of land, this means that in the short run deforestation will continue, although at slower rates than in past decades. Hydropower plants, biofuel plantations, solar and wind “farms”, for example, require significant quantities of land, and sometimes even require relocation of existing activities and local communities (Bazilian et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There are exceptions to this rule, for example KCATA's use of the agency's unionised bus drivers for the Bridj pilot described in the previous section. They are also an important motivator for early action as they provide a tangible reason to act. But going forward, it is not clear that cost savings are either a sufficient motivation or even a major motivation for seeking better synergies between ride services and public transport - at least where there is a desire to improve mobility and access outcomes for as broad a group as possible. Under this framing of the question, the potential for ride services and other innovative mobility options to draw away riders from specific routes does not necessarily imply that overall ridership would drop. In fact, if core services are improved and the convenience of using public transport as part of a trip chain increases, then overall ridership may even increase. In the broader picture, adding a more convenient mobility choice into the mix may improve overall access and mobility outcomes even as it reduces the need to own a car.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the area of constitutional law in Greece, where at least since 1975 there has been a well functioning democracy, the ideal of ‘modernisation’ must mean adherence to the substantive principles of legality and the rule of law as political ideals. Even though the Simitis government showed some concern for improvement in these areas, the constitutional amendment of 2001 did not attempt to tackle longstanding problems such as civil service corruption, irregularities in public procurement, the independence of the judiciary and the like. The amendment was motivated, it seems, by a more majoritarian ‘communitarian’ legal philosophy seeking to strengthen political majorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The political, social, and cultural development of what has become known as ‘post-feminism’ has redefined female citizenship within a network of contradictory discursive technologies that, Angela McRobbie has argued, encourage young women to relinquish a traditional feminist critique in order to count as ‘sophisticated’, knowing citizens. Concurrent with this phenomenon is an unprecedented growth in female-centred drama that Amanda Lotz argues, has become a key industrial product of the post-network era. In this paper, I argue that the heroines of female-centred dramas in the post-feminist era – from Ally McBeal to more recent series – stage the silencing of feminist discourses in their positioning as knowing, ‘sophisticated’ citizens. In turn, this creates a crisis in feminist media scholarship, which has traditionally investigated the TV heroine for her particular feminisms. For the discourses that have shaped the discipline of feminist media criticism – philosophies of feminine identity – are foreclose...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article explores the origins of local governance in postcolonial contexts. Focusing on migrant communities in the Indonesian island of Java and the networks of elite political and economic relations that emerged under colonial rule, I develop a theory of social exclusion and competition that specifies the conditions under which trading minorities will forge cooperative relations with local political elites in the absence of well-functioning property rights institutions. These informal relationships under colonial rule affect contemporary economic governance. To clarify the importance of social exclusion rather than other factors that may differentiate colonial districts with large Chinese populations, I exploit variation in the settlement patterns of Chinese and Arab trading minorities in Java, which played comparable roles in the island’s colonial economy but faced different degrees of social exclusion. These findings contribute to recent work on colonialism and development, ethnicity and informal i...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Last but not least, warm thanks go to Jenny Gell for formatting assistance and to the IEA Publications Unit for their support, in particular Cheryl Haines for editing, Robert Youngblood for coordinating, and Angela Gosmann for design. However Page | 5 energy efficiency programmes are often evaluated only on the basis of the energy savings they deliver. As a result, the full value of energy efficiency improvements in both national and global economies may be significantly underestimated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Migration and remittances ought to be considered more than merely as a ‘source of mobilisation of finance’ but as an instrument of development. These are also avenues for knowledge transfer and generation of new and innovative ideas. Sobhan (2010), for example, has argued for ‘collective action’ to empower communities of migrants so that these are transformed from vulnerable individuals to a more empowered corporate entity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
We observe a profound gap between the two types of poverty in several regions, notably in the cities of Yaounde and Douala, where the caloric poverty rate among children is respectively 18.86% and 24.57%, while the corresponding levels of monetary poverty are just 5.4% and 6.3%. Cameroon’s two most northerly regions (the North and Far North regions) are far and away the regions which experience the greatest levels of caloric poverty. Nearly 3 in 5 children living in these two regions are in a state of caloric poverty. The total of the first group is equal to 62% of the second.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Such concern is addressed by the use of the Market Basket Measure (MBM), which sets many low-income thresholds reflecting the estimated cost of a specific set of goods and services that represent a basic standard of living in a specific area. This indicator is available for 49 different communities across Canada and is more sensitive to differences in the cost of living. Moreover, when MBM thresholds are applied to infer national low-income rates, these are low'er that the estimates obtained from applying a "floating” relative income approach. In 2015, 12.2% (4.2 millions) of people w'ere categorised in low-income when the MBM is applied, against 14.2% (4.6 millions) w'ith the conventional relative poverty measure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This may require a fundamental adjustment in how the role of energy efficiency policy is viewed generally. The view of energy efficiency needs to evolve so that it not seen as a policy approach solely driven by energy ministries to manage society's energy usage, but also as a complementary policy approach to achieving policy goals of other ministries, requiring collaboration across government departments. It will be necessary to communicate the broader rationale for energy efficiency policy sufficiently to encourage this view.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Property tax is concentrated in the largest cities, such as Almaty, Shymkent and Astana, and, as typical in emerging economies, property tax is more important in metropolitan areas than in secondary cities. Kazakhstan may also adopt a system where akimats in urban areas can charge a land tax - where land has a higher market value - and rural akimats a property tax. Alternatively, like Brazil and South Africa, Kazakhstan could explore moving to a capital value system where tax is levied on both land and improvements and away from rental systems and site-value systems (McCluskey and Franzsen, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Importantly, bike sharing allows the BRT to attract passengers from a wider radius, making affordable mobility available to more residents. With bike docks at every station, the system also allows passengers who would ordinarily only travel one or two stops on the BRT to instead take a bike, saving the user money and alleviating BRT crowding. Reflecting the lack of alternative transport options, vehicles registered in Lahore increased sharply from 95 vehicles per 1,000 people in 2001 to 238 vehicles in 2008, resulting in an estimated 8 million motorized trips on a usual weekday.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In order to improve the nutritional status of children in Central Asia, social cash transfers may not be sufficient. They relieve immediate cash constraints in very poor households, but they do not address some of the underlying problems such as unbalanced diet patterns, insufficient intake of micronutrients or access to agricultural inputs. Other measures, such as targeted food programmes, complement the cash transfer schemes. The targeting performance of existing social cash transfers needs to be improved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Netherlands has the lowest incidence rates in terms of monetary poverty, financial strain and housing problems but slightly higher proportions of children experiencing neighbourhood problems or difficult access to basic services than other countries. Deprivation patterns in Germany and France are also mixed with their ranking vis-a-vis other countries being very dependent on the domain under consideration. Financial strain is the most prevalent problem in all countries with incidence rates ranging from 22 per cent in the Netherlands to 41 per cent in France and the UK.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This is especially so in a world characterized by new and often more precarious forms of work, escalating violence and mounting environmental crises. Many people are deprived of a sense of security that they will be able to retain tomorrow the gains they have made today. Many are deprived of voice and opportunities to participate in the collective valuation of policies and priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Within the Indian sub-continent, there are considerable differences in the extent to which women are represented in the teaching profession. The paper explores these variations, and in particular, focuses on the states of Kerala and Rajasthan, which are at opposite ends of the spectrum on this parameter. Section 2 looks at the policy framework which impacts female teacher recruitment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The first category consists of 13 developed countries with old-age poverty rates lower than the OECD overall average (below 10 per cent) among older persons. These countries include The Netherlands (1.7 per cent). The Czech Republic (3.6 per cent), Canada (4.9 per cent), France (5.3 per cent), Poland (7.7 per cent), Norway (8.0 per cent) and Italy (8.9 per cent). In the majority of these countries, the poverty rate for older people is lower than or the same as the poverty rate for the whole population (figure 5.7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It makes a series of recommendations for policymakers in terms of both strategic considerations and policy design. Whether for business or poor households, the authors look at how compensation can deliver win-win outcomes and protect those affected while fostering a transition towards a greener, more energy efficient economy while ensuring that compensation is time-limited and subject to regular review. Given that environmental taxation is a cross-cutting issue, this chapter recommends the involvement of key government ministries and agencies in the policy process to facilitate interministerial consensus and the involvement of industry stakeholders to highlight potential benefits for business and garner industry support during the policy process. Implementing tax escalators or linking tax rates to inflation or gross domestic product (GDP) growth can help maintain the incentive effects of environmental taxes over time, while implementing such taxes over a long time horizon signals to investors that a policy is stable and predictable, and may thus encourage investment in low-carbon, energy-efficient and pollution-reducing technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)