albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The article discusses principles that form part of evolutionary systems thinking in social sciences and humanities. It is argued that introducing the concept of self-organization relates agency and structures in a way that makes it possible to take up certain features of Critical Theory by which it can meet the demands for a critical social science. These principles are applied to the question of whether there is convergence or divergence in and by means of the Internet. It will be clarified that the Internet is basically a social system and that it is a subsystem of the larger and overarching system of the whole society. It will be shown how the Internet can be perceived as a possible trigger for societal developments bringing about fundamental change in the nature of society. Thus the article cuts across philosophical, system theoretical, social theoretical, sociology of technology, and information society theory considerations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The government aims to link sectorial policy objectives with procurement and the development of markets and technologies in more strategic ways. The scope for innovation procurement policy is wide, it encompasses both public procurement of innovation and pre-commercial procurement. The importance of the issue was further stressed in the “Demand and User Driven Innovation Policy” (2010-13) and in a government decision to encourage innovation in sustainable procurement (2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There is nothing either inherently ‘good’ or ‘bad’ about an import surge. Rising imports are not necessarily a negative thing for developing countries, as they add to food availability and to the reduction of hunger. It is often presumed that an import surge of a particular commodity disrupts local markets and pushes down prices, negatively affecting the livelihoods of people relying on the production of that commodity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The methodology for imputing multilateral flows estimates the share of multilateral ODA contributions by DAC members in a given year that are climate related. Imputed multilateral contributions are the product of a country’s multilateral contribution to an organisation multiplied by the share of climate-related projects financed by that organisation. Added to Rio marked bilateral flows, the imputed multilateral contributions represent “the provider perspective” of climate-related development finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the end, the infrastructure needed to support significant and sustainable tourism growth is sizeable and will take years to be in place. Private investment has an important role to play. The focus of the government on four "new Balis" (Box 2) is a positive step, even though sustainability remains an issue (see below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Poverty lines defined as a proportion of the mean or median are "strongly relative" in the words of Ravallion (2010), in the sense that the elasticity of the poverty line to mean income is unity. This property implies that a proportional increase in all incomes (or all levels of consumption) in an economy leaves the poverty measure unaltered (Ravallion and Chen, 2011). Indeed, their proposed poverty schedule has elasticity zero for mean incomes up to USD 1.95 a day and then elasticity rising from 0.5 at USD 1.95 a day up to an asymptotic value of unity. Indeed, when all incomes increase by a given proportion, the median increases by the same proportion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Furthermore, research institutes - in particular VTT, which could play an important role in more long-term and strategic R&D for the business sector - have been hit particularly hard by the combination of cuts in basic funding for public research institutes (PRIs), a hard reduction in funding from Nokia (which added to the cuts in funding to Tekes, which has lowered both the direct funding the institutes receive from Tekes and revenue from large companies who often used Tekes funding to procure projects). However, there has been a rapid contraction in the wake of the ongoing industrial restructuring, from 2.3% in 2013 to 2.12% in 2015. At the same time, Finland show's one of the low'est shares of government funding of BERD in the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
We also consider how Sweden’s well-developed primary care sector can contribute further to improvements in the quality and co-ordination of care for the Swedish population. The primary care sector sits alongside national public health programmes for health protection, health promotion and prevention, which are not discussed here. Long-term care for older people living at home, in care homes or nursing homes, and for those with disabilities or long-term mental health problems, is the responsibility of the 290 municipalities. Primary health care is generally the route of entry into health care for Swedish patients, and for signposting to services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The increased value that PES programmes bring to land, can motivate people to use force or corruption to gain control of it. This has the potential to increase insecurity of tenure and access to land by vulnerable groups. A key challenge to achieving fair outcomes is overcoming existing inevitable inequalities in the design process. While PES transactions are by definition voluntary, it does not necessarily mean that those volunteering have sufficient information and understanding to ensure they are not taken advantage of.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Indigenous peoples are often the victims of human rights violations at the hands of multinational corporations (MNCs). Since there are few avenues to ensure accountability for such violations, the US Alien Tort Claim Act (ATCA) has become one of the principal vehicles to ensure such liability. With varying degrees of success, ATCA has proven to be an attractive statute for ensuring accountability of MNCs. In recent years several cases have been lodged by indigenous peoples, including pioneering cases against corporations such as Texaco, Shell, Chevron and Rio Tinto. This article aims at analysing the prospects but also the limitations of such a national tort act to provide remedies for human rights violations to indigenous communities. In doing so the article provides a practical analysis on the strengths and weaknesses of using ATCA as a tool for human rights litigation against MNCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, there is a need to strengthen the capacity of Intendentes to prioritise and co-ordinate SEREMI activity and initiatives. It is entirely appropriate for line ministries to elaborate sectoral strategies and objectives, and for these to be regionally implemented by competent bodies. However, the current dual-reporting system for SEREMI - to ministries and Intendentes - may be generating inefficiencies and reducing programme effectiveness across the territory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
During this period, most of the arable lands were abandoned or left fallow. For this reason, in 2008, the Government of Mongolia launched the National Crop Rehabilitation Plan-Ill (2008 Government Resolution No. Cereals, including wheat, barley, oats, rye and buckwheat, are the most important crop, followed by potatoes and vegetables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Harnessing this technology to advance gender equality and women's empowerment is not only vital for women and girls, but critical throughout the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The link between technology and women's rights is clearly reflected in SDG 5 on gender equality and the empowerment of women, which includes a specific target on utilizing technology and ICTs to realize women's and girls' empowerment. However, realizing gender equality reaches far beyond any single, individual goal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These findings suggest that chronic diseases and behavioural risk factors can truly impair labour market outcomes, although the negative impacts might be overstated in some published studies. The OECD analyses confirm that obesity and smoking damage labour market outcomes but the effect of alcohol use is not always consistent (depending on drinking patterns and gender). Similarly, the effects of chronic diseases are mixed, in particular for hypertension.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Critical reflection is promoted by many progressive social work writers as a process for facilitating practitioners’ capacity to reflect upon their complicity in dominant power relations. However, the critical social work literature tends to focus attention on those who are disadvantaged, oppressed and excluded. Those who are privileged in relation to gender, class, race and sexuality etc are often ignored. Given that the flipside of oppression and social exclusion is privilege, the lack of critical reflection on the privileged side of social divisions allows members of dominant groups to reinforce their dominance. This article interrogates the concept of privilege and examines how it is internalised in the psyches of members of dominant groups. After exploring the potential to undo privilege from within, the article encourages social work educators to engage in critical reflections about privilege when teaching social work students about social injustice and oppression.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This review examines how advances in neuroscience are affecting civil law, criminal law, and law enforcement. Brain imaging techniques have already been used to detect brain injury, assess pain, and determine mental state and capacity for rational thought. There is also much excitement about using neuroimaging to detect lies and deception in legal and national security contexts. Despite claims of neuroimaging's revolutionary nature, numerous questions should be answered about their validity and reliability before they become widely adopted. Neuroscientists still do not fully understand the link between brain activity and behavior or memory formation. Important legal and ethical questions remain unresolved, particularly around the potential effect on juries and judges of colorful, but scientifically unproven, brain images. Finally, the very impetus behind the use of neuroscience in the legal system—to avoid the subjectivity and uncertainty of more traditional methods for assessing thought and behavior—may ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Pone de manifesto que, conforme a esas reglas, el concepto de familia deberia definirse teniendo en cuenta las condiciones actuales, de tal forma que proporcione protection eficaz a todos sus miembros y en cumpli-miento de otros principios fundamentales de derechos humanos. Tambien expone como han aplicado los organos encargados de vigilar el cumplimiento de los derechos humanos estas reglas de interpretacion con respecto a los problemas relacionados con las familias. A continuation, presenta una critica de dos politicas para la reduction de la pobreza orientadas a las familias que han recibido una gran atencion en los ODS: los programas detransferencias deefectivoy las politicas relativas a los cuidados no remunerados.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In essence, practitioners will have more latitude to make judgements about what type of information is required in order to proceed with a development. The environmental code requires that the state and the provinces adopt an area vision. These measures outline the environmental values or goals to be achieved. For municipalities, this is the regional plan, for the water boards, the Water Regulation, and for the provinces, an area regulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Job creation in 2013 in urban areas was a record high and the official urban unemployment rate remains low. Youth unemployment of the 15-24 age-group has been edging up in recent years, but was still relatively low at 9.7% in 2012 and the gap with total unemployment is below the OECD average. Vocational secondary graduates are presented with more job offers per capita than college graduates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Mandatory forms of quality assurance should be progressively introduced, for instance: peer-review activities, assessment of professional performance, and continuous medical education. Such mechanisms could be linked to the ending medical licences being awarded “for life” in favour of a system of licence renewal (as is typical in other countries). For example, medical school fees paid by students could be raised but then partially reimbursed for those who subsequently work in the NHI system or, similarly, a system of bonded scholarships could be established.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Particular focus was given to how "innovation" was articulated and communicated in the documents. The business case - the community supported fishery Oresundsfisk - was analysed from semi-structured interviews with the initiating NGO and one of the active fishers. Notes were taken during the interviews, and particular attention was given to potential and barriers for further development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In Mexico, the establishment of special economic zones in four lagging regions of the country’s south is under way, with the objective of bridging the gap with other regions in Mexico. Measures to attract foreign investments include fiscal incentives to firms investing and creating jobs in those areas, and investments in the local infrastructure and human capital. For example, to bridge the gap between the centre and the periphery, the government of Israel implemented a programme that provides grants to co-finance R&D expenses of large firms’ R&D centres that relocate in the periphery, for a period of two to three years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While large-scale projects can attract FDI, blended finance can also mobilize private domestic financing (for example, from pension funds and commercial banks), particularly for local development projects.4 It also has the potential to leverage diaspora direct investment in projects with transformational impact (UNCTAD, 2012b). It is also important that the share and terms of the concessional element appropriately reflect the level of development and vulnerability of the recipient country. The use of blended finance should therefore be restricted to projects that would not be undertaken in the absence of such financing, and should prioritize projects with clear benefits for economic and social development (UNCTAD, 2015d: chap. Blended finance projects may also contribute to institutional development, through technical assistance to local banks, pension funds, and national and local authorities for project financing, impact assessment and risk mitigation techniques, for example (UNDP and UNCDF, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At the same time, the geopolitical challenges to ocean governance are growing, not least the increasing multipolarity and fragmentation of power structures and the emergence of new state and non-state players. The signs are that ocean governance is expected to continue to evolve along mainly sectoral lines rather than through comprehensive approaches. Yet, there is a clear need for more integrated ocean management to address the interconnected nature of ecosystems, growing economic activity, mounting pressures on ocean resources and increasingly crowded ocean space. Innovation in governance, greater use of economic tools and a stronger scientific knowledge base are among key strategies to be pursued. The trends identified in Chapter 2, including, for example, the growing importance of emerging and developing countries, and shifts in the centre of economic gravity, suggest that humankind is progressing ever further towards a distinctly multipolar world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The market for cryptographic technologies is still relatively young and is continually evolving to address known challenges - new algorithms, consensus mechanisms, and methods for sharing data or validating transactions are likely to emerge as DLT matures. Significant challenges also arise regarding the lack of data transparency in current governing systems and the need to involve private and public institutions, as well as end consumers, in the infrastructure value chain. Transparent and clear processes can serve to gain the trust of investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The town market also overflows its official boundaries into neighbouring streets. On Friday and Saturday nights its surroundings are busy with intense economic activity. Carts and trucks convey the products purchased by Nigerien wholesalers to the Malanville market and the cargo is then shipped to destinations in the interior of Nigeria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the same time legislation is subject to regular changes and amendments. Currently, both the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and Republika Srpska (RS) are in the process of updating their forestry legislation. These reports have similar structures, which makes for easier comparison and an overall picture for the forestry sector in the country. The FBiH report includes key statistics on forestry in each canton, and a substantial proportion of the key forestry information, including statistics and regulations in FBiH, is available online at the Ministry website.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Such sites will often have some special biodiversity characteristics associated with the particular substrate, microclimate or growth conditions offered by such features. Overall, higher species diversity is associated with temperate broadleaved deciduous trees (particularly oaks), than for boreal deciduous trees (particularly high for aspen and willows, less so for birches), which again tend to have higher associated species diversity than pine or spruce (Figure 4.1). These patterns are also partly reflected in the forest composition (Figure 4.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In other words, what ECLAC has been calling "structural change" requires finding synergies, without delay, between productivity gains and the green economy at the local and global levels (ECLAC 2012b). This must include protecting critical ecosystems and environmental services that promote quality health, food security and other basic requirements for human security and for the wellbeing of people and communities. However, it faces mounting pressures derived from old patterns of production and territorial occupation, which have been magnified by the prevailing development model, despite specific strategies and policies that have helped to offset some processes of degradation and to implant systems and technologies to mitigate environmental impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A review of the literature reveals the lack of a single definition and the existence of widely varying approaches for deciding what paid jobs should be included in the care sector. This study on Latin America is based on the approach that defines paid care w ork as the provision of a service for dependent persons (children, the sick, older persons, persons with disabilities). By applying these criteria to household surveys in Latin America, care w orkers were identified as those in the health, education, social services and household services sectors in the following occupations: teachers and teaching assistants at the preschool education level, special education teachers, child carers, professional and registered nurses and nurses’ aides (both home- and institution-based), other care and personal service workers, companions, and domestic w’orkers. But this average masks some differences. In Uruguay, Brazil and Chile, paid care work accounts for more than 8% of all employment (9.2%, 8.5%and8.3%, respectively, in 2010). A large share of paid care work is domestic work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
An investigation into the contribution of each dimension to overall poverty shows how people are poor. Combined with information from the headcount ratio (how many people are poor) and the intensity of poverty (how poor they are), the high-resolution lens of MPI becomes a very valuable tool for policymaking. The results are presented in the Figure 1 below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The United States has been reluctant to agree to binding international human rights instruments ever since the very first meeting of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights in 1947. This article explores structural causes for that reluctance. Internal government papers show that US government officers worried that a human rights treaty might expand federal jurisdiction at the expense of the jurisdiction of the United States' constituent states and could provide an opening for judicial activism by the courts. These concerns made domestic political sensitivities more acute and raised principled questions about the desirability of pushing domestic reforms through international law-making. US representatives made repeated efforts to ensure that an international bill of rights was drafted as an aspirational declaration rather than a legally binding treaty. They also proposed clauses designed to delay or limit the domestic effects of any agreement, while reassuring the US Senate that domestic power balanc...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The difference between top and bottom quarters is negative and statistically significant in 27 out of 70 participating countries and economies. The difference is particularly large in Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Israel, Italy, Montenegro, Peru, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. The difference is non-significant in 32 countries and economies while the opposite is true in 11.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This has partly been due to insufficient application of the “normalised method” (MTN) and long transition periods in water sector reform when the Inter-Ministerial Committee for Economic Planning (CIPE) functioned as the regulator in areas where no management concession had been awarded. Despite increases, rate levels have remained low. While the average water supply rate in Italy is around EUR 0.90-0.95/m3 (with wide variations across the country), in many other OECD countries they are already between EUR 2 and 3/m3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The important side-effect of these changes was a reduction in the degree of tracking and stratification in the German school system and, by implication, a weakening of the impact that social background has on learning outcomes. Sometimes real opportunities are disguised as insoluble problems. This was the case in Scotland when the government, intending to initiate sweeping reforms to the curriculum, testing and leadership, started with an overhaul of teacher education, induction and pay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Growth in agriculture and services is strongly associated with poverty reduction, however, growth in industry does not have a significant effect on lowering poverty. A1 percent increase in GDP per capita led by agricultural growth lowers poverty by 0.67 percent. An analogous increase in services reduces poverty by 0.96 percent.30 This contrasts to impacts across other developing countries where the impact of agriculture is not significant while industry and services growth has strong poverty-reducing impacts. Hence, as will be discussed further below, agricultural trade policies, in both developed and developing countries, remain a key element conditioning the impact of globalization on the poor in Africa and elsewhere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)