albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
At the same time, medical students themselves seemed to be disenchanted and bored with their education because they had to absorb vast amounts of information of which much was perceived to have little relevance to medical practice (Spaulding, 1969, cited in Barrows, 1996). Addressing many of the concerns of traditional instruction, PBL was designed to foster problem solving, critical thinking, collaboration and self-study skills as well as to increase the retention of facts and their recall in clinical situations (Barrows, 1983). The medical schools at the University of Limburg at Maastricht in the Netherlands, the University of Newcastle in Australia, and the University of New Mexico in the United States were among the first that adapted the McMaster model of problem-based learning in the 1970s and 1980s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In most countries, household income also includes an imputed rental value for owner-occupied dwellings. For Brazil, this study has used the indigence lines estimated by the Brazilian Geographical and Statistical Institute (IBGEI. For Colombia, the thresholds proposed by the Colombian Mission for the Linkage of Employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Part III presents education policy country snapshots for the 34 OECD member countries. In addition, education contributes to social cohesion, better health and enhanced participation in civic and democratic aspects of society. Ensuring that education and training are of high quality and that education systems are equitable can contribute to growth and progress (OECD, 2012a). Governments need to make sustained efforts to adapt and improve their education systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Nevertheless, given its economic structure, it may be useful to think of a particular city having an optimum size. The OECD report “Competitive Cities in the Global Economy” (OECD, 2006f) shows that the association between income and city size turns negative once a threshold is reached and diseconomies of scale become more important than agglomeration economies. In general, very small and very large cities tend to have lower economic growth rates than the average urban area in the OECD (Figure 23). Medium-sized cities are half the economic size (GDP) of large ones and less than one-third of those with more than 1.5 million people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, other countries, too, present a strong economic case for a more effective use of female labour supply. A no-change scenario: male and female participation rates remain at their 2010 levels over the whole period. Convergence in participation rates: the male participation rate remains constant at its 2010 level, while the female participation rate increases over the period to converge with male participation in 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Supreme Court's decision to invalidate a legislative enactment involves both the choice to strike as well as the choice whether to invalidate the statute on its face or as applied. Both choices implicate the possibility of counteraction by the legislature. In this paper, we evaluate the justices' choices to invalidate a state or federal enactment on its face or as applied using a Heckman probit technique, and find that the justices are responsive to both Congressional preferences over the substance of the challenged enactment, as well as the Court's ideological position relative to the two chambers of Congress. These findings suggest that the Court's exercise of judicial review is significantly influenced by Congress, both as to the choice to strike as well as to the method of constitutional enforcement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Highly skilled people are also more likely to volunteer, see themselves as actors rather than as objects of political processes, and are more likely to trust others. Fairness, integrity and inclusiveness in public policy thus all hinge on the skills of citizens. At a time when public budgets are tight and there is little room for further monetary and fiscal stimulus, investing in structural reforms to boost productivity, such as education and skills development, is key to future growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Organizations and governments have attempted to take stock of the various actors. In India, for example, the Government publishes a ‘Directory of institutions and resource persons in disaster management’, and in Indonesia, the Government publishes the ‘Profile and directory: disaster risk reduction organisations in Indonesia’.6 There are also directories at the international level, maintained, for example, at preventionweb.net." During or immediately after a disaster, for example, this could be within 12-48 hours, up to 72 hours, one week, two to three weeks, or four to six weeks.10 For the post-disaster phase, for ‘building back better’ the information flow could take place over many years.11 Again, however, there are considerable differences between developed and developing countries. The first priority action for the implementation of the Framework is “understanding disaster risk”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Furthermore, as highlighted in Figure 2, other parts of the rural community will also require government income support to ease the adjustment process. For all groups, policy measures that improve the quality of basic public services will also enhance rural living standards. Mirroring disparities in incomes, the divide between health services in urban and rural areas remains large. Supporting rural living standards will benefit from well-coordinated policy measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
There are many noncarbon reasons for Ethiopia to pursue greener paths of development: notably improving income from sustainable natural resource and biodiversity management, from cleaning up pollution, from recycling waste, and from export opportunities, e.g. exporting hydropower to neighbouring countries - yet different issues need to be analysed here. So the methodology, being narrowly focused on climate change, has missed these additional green growth opportunities. It could also have looked at resource efficiency - for example, identifying how waste energy and materials have been and can be used in a wide range of activities and enterprises suited to poor groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The United Nations University (UNU) Zero Emissions Forum (ZEF) constructed a wider-ranging concept to expand the one used in Europe and America. It covers reduction of energy and materials consumption, reuse of used products, recycling of materials, use of renewable energy and zero waste from factories. In addition, ZE is designed to create a recycling society, the concept involves not emitting polluting gases or sewage and waste from the community. Ricoh, the world’s largest maker of photocopiers, and many other international companies are now implementing environmental management systems based on the zero-emission concept.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The need to attract investment is without question. However, it is unclear how these plans will benefit the urban population living in informal settlements, below the poverty line and with minimal accessto urban services (Watson, 2014). In general, the countries with the highest GDP per capita are those with the largest proportion of their population living in cities (Satterth-waite and Mitlin, 2014, Figure 11.3). In low and middle-income countries, rapid urbanization is generally associated with rapid economic growth (IPCC, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, the Government has intensified its efforts to optimize the management of potable water resources and increase the funding of municipal infrastructure, both from state budgetary resources and international donor assistance (chapter 2). It services about 60 per cent of the total population. It operates under the supervision of the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure, which is in charge of the national policy designed to rehabilitate and extend the water sector infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Despite various problems faced by women in both India and Bangladesh, reservation of seats for women in local bodies increased women's visibility in public life and provided them with social legitimacy. Reservation of seats for women in local bodies has shown that women are increasingly playing an important role in social, economic, environmental, dispute resolution, legal and political areas. These in turn have an impact on democracy and development, which is the crux of this research study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Ghana School Feeding Programme, Programme Document 2007-2010, Accra: Government of Ghana. The Evolution of Social Protection Policy in Ghana's 'Fourth Republic': Contributory social insurance reform and limited social assistance for the 'extreme poor' under NPP and NDC governments, 2000-2014, CapeTown: Centre for Social Sience Research, University of CapeTown. Handbook on Poverty and Inequality, Washington DC: World Bank Publications. Pol ideas sociais, (Vol 15), Brasilia: Instituto de Pesquisa Economica Aplicada.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Then, between August and October 2016, an external review and pilot tests were conducted, and the methodologies were readjusted in February 2017 to better assist countries in collecting data for establishing an integrated global baseline for SDG 6—in time for an in-depth review during the 2018 High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development. First, it is important to identify the interlinkages, synergies and trade-offs among the various targets within SDG 6 as well as across all 17 SDGs. Then these interlinkages need to be compared with the institutional and budgetary structures across the national government to devise institutional reform that can enhance efficiency and effectiveness of the institutional architecture of the 17 SDGs. National targets and local SDG road maps can be developed for the effective mobilization of resources, based on national circumstances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Renewable energy development creates jobs primarily in sales, finance, operations and engineering, the latter being also critical for design and implementation. Medium and lower skilled workers are needed for the installation and maintenance of renewable energy technologies. The training of engineers is most effective if administered in connection with actors operating in the renewable energy sector, such as at the Energy Resources Center at the University of Illinois at Chicago (Schrock, 2009). In regards to wind turbine manufacturing, the existing efforts to inform and retool local manufacturers should also include skill upgrades of the manufacturing workforce as necessary for working for original equipment manufacturers of wind turbines. To this effect, the work done by the Chicago Manufacturing Center, Jane Addams Resource Corporation and the Chicago Manufacturing Renaissance Council is leading the way, but could improve if complemented with a stronger workforce training component (Schrock, 2009). At the development level, projects can involve those trained in electrical and mechanical engineering and computer science.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Over 2005-12, the fund surpluses financed activities worth PLN 230 million a year on average, and as much as PLN 400 million in 2012 (Table 4.8). It is not clear whether the allocation of such resources was based on cost-benefit analysis of proposed projects. In 2010, the finance minister proposed using the Forest Fund to reduce the central budget deficit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As shown in Within the design phase, the overall goal is to identify, describe and set guidelines for the planned blockchain solution and consortium. In the beginning, workshops should be conducted between crossfunctional stakeholders and specialists in order to discuss the most pressing issues, where blockchain can pose a valuable solution. The hypotheses developed within these workshops should then be tested and verified through extensive research, potentially including surveys of intended target groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Improving social dialogue and industrial relations in Chile can be important elements of a more equitable and inclusive growth. The labour reform (Proyecto de Modernization de Relaciones Laborales, Ministerio Secretarfa General de la Presidencia, 2014) currently in discussion in the Senate, aims at expanding the coverage and scope of collective bargaining by empowering trade unions and by bringing collective bargaining processes closer to other OECD countries, in particular European. The reform has a number of major provisions that change the bargaining conditions for collective agreements (Box 1.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The corporate tax rate is a graduated system from 18% to 30% and books are required. This particular provision is criticised for two reasons: i) it creates a system where micro- and small enterprises accept the practice of not keeping books, and ii) the progressively higher taxation rate for corporate enterprises is a disincentive for natural person enterprises to become incorporated. The unintended effect of these rules may be to actually discourage the growth of micro- and small enterprises by providing incentives for them to remain small, as mentioned in Chapter 2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In this context, it is crucial to have a clear picture of the forces driving inclusive approaches in water policy and projects to understand why stakeholder engagement is taking place and for what purpose. By 2050, the world’s population is projected to grow to around 9 billion people, with a major proportion living in urban areas. A total of 4 billion people will live in water-stressed areas, and water demand will increase by 55%, thus generating further competition among water users (especially domestic, hydropower and irrigation). The future gloomy picture for the water sector has triggered new emphasis on the role of stakeholder engagement across public, private and non-profit sectors, combined with structural and conjunctural drivers that have pushed stakeholder engagement to develop along different rationales.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
“Drugs” are a category of substances that influence human sensation, perception, mood, and behavior. A wide range of drugs are currently used for non-medicinal purposes. The ways in which their production, circulation, and use are controlled varies substantially: from the prohibition by international law of a range of substances including opiates and cocaine to the minimal control of caffeine. Sociological, anthropological, and historical studies of drugs have demonstrated that the positioning of a drug as legal or illegal is the result of social processes and have underlined the socio-legally constructed nature of modern understandings of drugs. The contemporary public debate on drug policy has been dominated by debates over prohibition versus legalization of drugs. These discussions are seen as closing off considerations of the social issues that are at the root of many of the harms attributed to drug use or policies.      Keywords:    deviance and social control,  drugs,  social policy
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Indeed, feed-in tariffs in photovoltaics induced negative private abatement costs, thus explaining the huge increase in solar energy installations (McKinsey, 2007). Subsidies are calculated by Egert (2011) as the lower and upper-bound feed-in tariffs in excess of the market prices multiplied by electricity production from a given energy source in 2009. The graph shows the midpoint where a range of tariffs exists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This hypothesis was formalized in the context of a Solow model by Bourguignon (1981) who showed that when savings are a convex function of income, there may exist multiple steady states characterized by different degrees of inequality. Another possibility, however, is that they end up eliminating most of the variation in the data, exacerbating measurement error biases and reflecting in practice only the short-run effects of inequality. But many of the theoretical effects of inequality on growth may take a significant amount of time to materialise (changes in education, or in political stability, for example).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Thus the process of economic development is normally unbalanced, with some firms and sectors gaining market shares at the expense of others, and new products and production processes replacing older ones in a process of “creative destruction” (Schumpeter, 1942/2003). In this process, the accumulation of capital and knowledge (including that acquired through learning by doing) tends to concentrate wealth and economic power even further. But irrespective of cross-country differences in the level of effective inequality, the increase in inequality over time has given rise to growing concerns in many countries about its social and economic repercussions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Scholars agree that international law works in part by empowering activists and have elaborated activist-focused theories particularly in the domains of environment and human rights. Some theories emphasize accountability—that law helps activists coerce, punish, and deter offenders. Others emphasize that law helps to foster dialogue that leads to the acceptance of norms, trust, and capacity to foster compliance. Possibly, law does both. We assess these views with a pair of survey experiments applied to 243 highly experienced NGO professionals who have firsthand experience in either environment or human rights. Activists believe that NGOs would be less effective at reducing emissions of greenhouse gases or violations of core human rights in the absence of international law. They see the chief value of law arising through accountability politics rather than by fostering dialogue or capacity. However, the two communities have different views about whether binding or nonbinding agreements work best in their d...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Employing cluster analysis, this article reconsiders a concept formulated by Francis G. Castles that stresses the existence of four families of nations, which markedly differ in respect of public policy‐making. For two policy fields — social and economic policy — the hypothesised families of nations can be shown to exist, and they are quite robust and stable over time. Cluster analysis also reveals different paths towards modernity. On the one hand, there are more state‐oriented versus more market‐oriented models of public policy‐making, on the other, there is a cleavage in public policy‐making between rich countries located at the centre and somewhat poorer countries located at the periphery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The world prices of fish and fishmeal in 2023 are therefore much stronger at 9.6% and 34% respectively compared to the baseline. The share of capture fisheries used for fishmeal will be slightly smaller in years of El Nino, owing to reduced anchoveta catches. In 2023, fishmeal obtained from by-products is expected reach 36% of total production in 2023, up from 28% in 2011-13.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
An overview of financial support provided would deliver information on trends in public climate finance provided by developed and “other” countries, and would also offer a partial picture of developed countries’ progress towards the USD 100 billion climate finance commitment. In order to be able to provide this overview, either information from individual Parties would need to be aggregated, or aggregate information on climate finance would be needed from elsewhere (e.g. organisations, financial institutions, UNFCCC bodies such as the SCF). Aggregating country-specific information would provide clarity if the information being aggregated were monitored and reported on a comparable basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
At national level, the government spent roughly USD 1.7 million per year over 2000-04 for improving irrigation and collector-drainage systems. During the same time periods, USD 28.6 per ha of irrigated land was charged as water supply fee, out of which farmers paid 60%. The total cost of modernisation will be USD 169 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The lack of monitoring mechanisms to evaluate the effect of gender equality initiatives was identified as a major barrier by over 30% of responding countries, and lack of gender analysis skills by almost 40% of respondents (see Figure 4.7). As such, building capacity in gender institutions and across the public sector in these areas appears to be critical to address the remaining equality gaps. These staff members are usually located in line ministries and agencies, and are mainly responsible for administering specific laws or regulations related to gender equality (64%), collecting data (64%), developing sectoral plans (64%), training (55%) and developing gender-sensitive personnel policies (50%). The gender unit serves as the focal point for ensuring that questions of gender equality and mainstreaming are brought to the executive table, and for supporting the executive in exercising its leadership on this issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It uses measures of social cash transfer payment rates, covering social assistance, child supplements, and housing benefits, all measured as the average payment rate as a percent of the average wage. In all cases, estimates are conditional on the pretransfer family poverty rate to account for all other possible time-varying determinants of family poverty. Overall, there are relatively strong associations between changes in social cash transfer payment rates and the post-transfer family poverty rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For this reason, efforts to ensure resilience at the project level should be embedded within a strategic approach to infrastructure network planning that accounts for the direct and indirect effects of climate change and climate variability. Given the context-specific nature of climate adaptation, the measures used to achieve this will vary widely. In some cases, no structural changes will be needed to achieve this: the climate-resilient fibre optic cable may be identical to the one that would have otherwise been installed. Ecosystem-based approaches using natural infrastructure to design adaptation measures are also key alternatives to be considered alongside structural adaptation measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Of the 15 major central banks in the Asia-Pacific region, 13 have explicit numerical targets for inflation and 5 have made exchange rate stability a policy objective. While financial stability is not an explicit objective for most central banks, it is clearly an issue of concern given its implications for the real economy. This was possible because, despite better-than-expected economic growth and the spurt in oil prices, inflation was benign and well within the target range of central banks in most countries. At the same time, exchange rates were stable, with major regional currencies gaining against the United States dollar as capital inflows to the region rebounded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It is much more relevant and constructive to try to outline the major characteristics, which can help us identify who are the indigenous peoples and communities of Africa. She received her undergraduate degree in medicine and postgraduate qualifications in Paediatrics and Child Health from the University of Nairobi. She has worked in various capacities in the Ministry of Health and in private health sector. Since 2004, Dr. Migiro has worked in the ministry's headquarters where she worked her way to become the Head of the Division of Child and Adolescent Health, where she has been involved in development of policies, strategies and guidelines in child survival and development. Since June 2012, Dr, Migiro has worked in the Department of Health Promotion involved in development of policies, strategies and guidelines of health promotion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)