albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Germany’s RIA procedures call for identification and assessment of a series of impacts, including impacts on gender equality. To combat the lack of adequate technical expertise on GIA (a challenge for governments in many contexts) Sweden deploys “flying experts” who are seconded temporarily by various ministries and departments to aid w ith GIAs (Horsburgh, 2011). There is no legal requirement for an equality impact assessment, but the obligation of “due regard” necessitates attention to the potential impact on equality of policies and practices. In this case, the Equality and Human Rights Commission assumes responsibility for assessing compliance with the equality duties (Ibid). In other settings, including Japan, Hungary, New Zealand and Canada, GIA are expected to be included in broader social impact assessments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Despite these gains, Mexico's female labour force participation rate remains among the lowest in the OECD, the gender gap in workforce participation is high, and Mexican women generally have lower-quality jobs than their male counterparts. The challenges common to the development process hit women particularly hard: female workers are much more likely than male workers to hold informal jobs, and many women live in poverty. Public opinion polls reveal that society's expectations and attitudes towards women are changing, as younger Mexicans take a more egalitarian view towards women's roles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In emerging and developing economies, most of the infrastructure required to meet development goals is still to be built, particularly in urban settings (Corfee-Morlotet al., Historically, the challenge of rising energy demand and transport needs has mostly been met with fossil fuels. City infrastructure mainly revolves around the use of private cars. While some investments in carbon-efficient fossil-fuel infrastructure is still needed to support economic development in the coming decades, there is an urgent need to reallocate and significantly scale up capital to low-carbon, more energy efficient alternatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In 2014, an average of 77% of 3-year-olds were enrolled in either early childhood educational development programmes or pre-primary education across EU22 countries (compared to the OECD average of 71%). Between 2005 and 2014, enrolment of 3-year-olds in pre-primary education rose from 69% to 76%, and enrolment of 4-year-olds rose from 84% to 89%, on average among countries with data for both years. In Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom, at least 95% of 4-year-olds are enrolled in pre-primary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some of these perspectives may be mutually compatible (e.g. where adaptation and climate resilient benefits are closely aligned with national development and poverty reduction goals). However, in other instances there may be trade-offs, for example, between maximising global public benefits (e.g. GHG emission reductions) versus interventions with both global and local public benefits. The different perspectives and common ground shared by these communities are highlighted in Figure 2 below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, growth strengthened in the tertiary (services) sector, at 6.9% (up from 3.6% in 2014). The current account deficit (including grants) improved to 3.6% of GDP (from 5.7% in 2014) due to lower oil prices and more volume exports of gold, improving the terms of trade to 15.2% (from 5.3% in 2014). The current account deficit is expected to be entirely funded by foreign direct investment (FDI) in gold and telecommunications and by foreign loans. But the current account (including grants) deficit is expected to widen to 4.1% of GDP in 2016 and 5.2% in 2017 due to lower gold production and poorer terms of trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In particular, there are no clear, measurable targets to reduce gaps in performance across students and schools from different backgrounds nor are there reliable means to monitor progress. Clearer targets and more effective monitoring would be helpful in sustaining momentum across policy cycles and ensure resources are targeted towards those most in need. The new curriculum marks a profound break with previous approaches to teaching and learning. It requires a transformation in pedagogical strategies away from teacher-led, rote-memorisation methods of instruction towards student-focused, competence-based approaches, w'hich encourage students to engage in their owrn learning, think critically, and apply what they know to solve real-world problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, it is still higher than some EU countries and there is a striking disparity in the rate for men and women (Figure 9). In this respect, it is noteworthy that there are no population-based or systematic cancer screening programmes in Greece, so preventive screening uptake is low, making timely treatment problematic. In addition, the current primary care system is not geared towards health promoting or prevention activities, with great variations in doctors' training and awareness of early detection methods. On the positive side, a new set of diagnostic tests, many used for screening, have recently been added to the list of reimbursable examinations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Career prospects are also affected in the long-run since they heavily depend on soft and hard skills learned in childhood or adolescence. How family poverty affect child outcome? Two main channels play a role (Figure 1, (Duncan and Magnuson, 2013(3]))- Having low income first limits households’ ability to purchase or produce important “inputs” for healthy child development, such as good quality housing, healthy food, or good quality care and education services for children below school-age (Box 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
An increase in volume of shipments is sure to stretch customs authorities around the world, especially the ones with outdated infrastructure. Time delays at the border would not just hurt e-commerce firms, whose business models revolve around fast deliveries, but also impact flows of traditional goods, as customs' resources would be thinly spread. For instance, the US Drug Enforcement Administration has warned that illicit drugs enter the United States on a large scale through online sales delivered by postal services (DEA, 2016). The most ambitious initiative is from Alibaba, which has plans to create a network of digital free trade zones, which would enable MSMEs to sell goods across borders with zero import duties and speedy customs clearance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, in order to definitively assess multi-level co-ordination for smart city implementation, further follow-up is required. It requires each city to develop its own locally-tailored vision. The national government has set aside USD 7.5 billion for the Smart Cities Mission, which comes under the purview of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. While many instances of national government support to smart city development involves prescribing areas where money should be allocated, India’s Smart Cities Mission required every city that took part in the challenge to develop a vision, thereby allowing cities to play to their strengths.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the South African schooling system, grades 1 through 7 constitute primary schooling (ISCED level 1), grades 8 and 9 constitute lower secondary (ISCED level 2), grades 10 to 12 constitute upper secondary (ISCED level 3) with a national school-leaving examination at the end of grade 12. Then, with regard to the post-schooling levels, a diploma or certificate without complete schooling would be at ISCED level 4 (post-secondary, non-tertiary) and diploma with grade 12 or degree would be at ISCED level 5 and, in a few cases, ISCED level 6. Once again we have substantial changes in the distribution of the population of household heads.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In other words, over the past two decades a megacity has been added every two years. Fifteen of 21 megacities are located in developing countries. Most losses were in Latin America and Africa, while there was some recovery in North America, Europe and parts of Asia. Biodiversity in the tropics is declining most dramatically, which is seen to be associated with high depletion rates of primary forests and transformation of forest into agriculture land and pasture (WWF 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For the San, language has become an added barrier to learning. Further, many families consider the costs to be incurred in obtaining a birth certificates extremely high. There are also issues associated with learning in a foreign language and culture, the absence of successful San students who can serve as role models, and the lack of availability of formal education and real economic opportunity in the areas where San are living.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Primary care includes a large range of curative as well as preventive and health promotion activities. The distinction between PHC and other outpatient services (e.g. consultative and diagnostic) is not clear-cut. This results in various terms being used for the same service (Oxford Policy Management, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Norway’s government - through the Norwegian International Climate and Forest Initiative - has pledged approximately 10% of its annual development co-operation budget, or more than USD 500 million, to REDD+. According to Jonathan Lash, co-author of an independent strategic evaluation of the Norwegian REDD+ initiative: “If Norway had not made this commitment, progress on REDD+ would likely be moving at the same slow pace as other components of the international climate negotiations, and fewer of the technical and conceptual challenges would be resolved” (Lash and Dyer, 2014). These are most notably the UN-REDD programme, co-hosted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations Environment Programme, the United Nations Development Programme and the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As concerns the Land Tax, it is based on the land fertility scores that date back to 1986-1990. As for the Single Land Tax, the land valuation is based on the cadastre value of land established in 2003 and which is also outdated. Current proposals to reform land taxation include as a starting point a revaluation of agricultural land to reflect its quality and market value more appropriately. To this end, it is proposed to withdraw the land tax from the Single Land Tax, so that individual farmers would become explicitly eligible for payment of Land Tax at rates aligned with agricultural enterprises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Finally, in some countries the regulatory setting at national level defines the basic principles for the determination of tariff structures and levels, including the number of blocks, while leaving some degree of flexibility at local level so that local, technical and social conditions can be taken into consideration. This is, for instance, the case in Portugal (see Box 2.1). Italy is another example where general rules for pricing WSS are set but diversity in their application is significant. The fundamental difference with the Portuguese case is that tariff articulation is not regulated and supervised by a national regulator, but by local regulators at “Ambit” level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, the EU argued that the non-reciprocal terms of the Cotonou Agreement made it World Trade Organization (WTO) incompatible and, in order to maintain access to the EU market, ACP countries had to sign subregional interim or comprehensive economic partnership agreements (EPAs) in 2007. These are free trade agreements and provide for reciprocity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, increased time does not guarantee women’s ability to pursue economic opportunities but also depends on social and gender norms and existing paid work opportunities. Thus, even if women have more time to dedicate to paid work, it may not be social acceptable for them to pursue employment opportunities outside the home or there may not be sufficient opportunities in the labour market. The project aimed to promote rural women’s economic empowerment, through increased income, assets and employment opportunities, and their social empowerment, w'hich involved addressing women’s time constraints and improving opportunities for rural w'omen to pursue both “personal and community development” (ADB, 2015). Women’s groups and cooperatives were instrumental in the design and implementation of the project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are a range of water management authorities at regional and local levels, notably in Albania and Kosovo. All ministries of agriculture except those in Bosnia and Herzegovina provide some form of support to farmers to purchase individual irrigation machinery and equipment, such as water pumps, (drip) irrigation pipes and sprinklers. However, this support is rather limited, sometimes only enough to install an irrigation system on about a hectare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This paper argues that, properly analysed, the common law and the European Convention on Human Rights (‘ECHR’) march hand in hand with the provisions of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (‘MCA 2005’) so as to impose a set of requirements on litigation friends acting for the subject of applications of proceedings before the Court of Protection (‘P’) which are very different to those currently understood by practitioners and the judiciary.   The authors examine critically current practice and procedures and provide a set of proposals for reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By leasing, parts of the annual quota allocation are transferred to other operators. Leasing allows for flexibility in order to lease in extra quota at the end of the year, but can also be used in itself as a distinct business strategy. Through the leasing relation the paymentto the actual fishers are driven downwards, giving rise to criticism and feudal metaphors such as sea-lords, quota kings and quota tenants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Gender stereotypes, for instance, often render it much harder for women to engage in a research career in STEM. The challenge is amplified if favouritism towards one group leads to less support to outsiders (Goldberg, 1982, Cain, 1986, Feld, Salamanca and Hamermesh, 2016). Instruments to address discrimination and stereotypes include the following.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As a result, Korea now has the second highest number of hospital beds per population after Japan (OECD, 2015a). This huge expansion in hospital capacity has been accompanied by a strong rise in hospital admissions as well as in the average length of stay in hospital. This contrasts with the experience in other countries like Italy and France where the number of hospital beds and hospitalisation rates have been reduced significantly. Even though progress has been achieved in recent years in reducing these potentially avoidable admissions, further efforts are needed to fill the gaps in the management of these conditions outside hospital to avoid unnecessary and costly hospital use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Another issue is distribution of producer benefits among producers. Even if we can be assured that producers as a whole would benefit, those who do not adopt the new technology will not gain and may even be made worse off if the adoption by others leads to price reductions. The introduction of international trade is a str aightforward elaboration of the simple model, from which we can obtain measures of welfare impacts for different spatial or market aggregates. It becomes slightly more complicated when we allow in the same model for technological spillovers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Accordingly, reports should use a gender-sensitive approach throughout, including in the recommendations. Gender-sensitive report writing does not simply refer to the choice of language or disaggregated data, but also relates to the report's content, structure and focus. This chapter will build on the guidance provided in the previous chapters and present aspects to consider when drafting a gender-sensitive report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In each of these locations, the Pathways programme is delivered by a local non-profit agency with credibility and a history of working with the community1. Pathways to Education website, https://www.pathwavstoeducation.ca. The benefits of investing in early childhood education and care are seen in the performance of 15-year-olds in the PISA (OECD, 2014c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It would be preferable to increase the add-on payments for difficult cases to progressively eliminate these disparities, as DRG payments could allow only a partial reduction of the heterogeneity of patients across establishments (Milcent, 2016a, Veran, 2016). They may also give incentives to optimise the reporting of activity and overstate the difficulties of each patient. In France, DRG groups capture less than half of patients’ heterogeneity (Milcent, 2016b), and up-coding (i.e. deliberately overstating the case-mix) appears significant, as in the United States (Milcent, 2016a and 2016b, Dafny, 2005). Moreover, as in primary care, the payment structure provides little incentive for prevention and co-ordination between care providers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Air concentrations of a number of other pollutants identified by the international community as the most harmful to human health and the environment - fine particulates (PM25 and PM]0), volatile organic compounds (except benzo(a)pyrene), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) - are not measured in Uzbekistan. Measurements of PM25 and PM|0 were started in 2009 in Karakalpakstan under a pilot project managed by Uzhydromet and the Ministry' of Health. United Nations Development Programme, 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Both sustainability and inclusiveness have been key features of the project, which has protected 2,728 hectares of degraded forest, and is now restoring and sustainably managing them. The Humbo forest had largely been destroyed by the late 1960s. Following two years of consultation, planning and negotiations, a farmer-managed natural resource regeneration approach was used to restore the degraded natural forests, with village-level cooperatives subsequently managing the restored forests. The project got recognition and was the first project in Ethiopia (also in Africa) to receive temporary certified emission reductions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Where there is public transport, it may not always operate in a regular or reliable fashion. Disadvantaged students may also have more responsibilities than advantaged students, such as the need to look after younger siblings and other family members and to undertake paid work before or after school. However, these improvements were largely among advantaged rather than disadvantaged students (OECD, 2016b). Argentina, Kazakhstan and Malaysia were not included in this figure, as coverage is too small to ensure comparability (see Annex A4 of OECD, 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Over the seven years 1984-90 the fertiliser subsidy averaged almost IDR 650 billion (USD 440 million) per annum. Because of this, the programme was phased out over the 1990s by both gradually increasing MRPs and removing fertilisers from the scheme. As a result, the budgetary cost of fertiliser subsidies reduced to an average of IDR 350 billion (USD 160 million) during 1990-97 - averaging 17% of budgetary expenditure supporting agriculture production (Figure 2.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The tension between these statements—one about principles and the other about instruments—was exploited by the mainstream in a four-stage process. First, the mainstream admitted that equity is good in itself. Second, it restricted the concept of equity to equality of opportunity only. Third, it “operationalized” the relationship between growth and distribution through detailed measurements of the impact of equity on growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
They are given by the marginal revenue product of labour curves in the two sectors, which are in turn conditional on technology and product market prices for firms in these sectors. Although technology is not expected to change materially in the short run, product market conditions and prices may well do so. Both may give short-run shocks to the system. Although overtime pay may also have been made into law in some developing countries, its enforcement has usually been a problem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Needed: Agreed delineation of transboundary groundwaters (presently under consideration), and development of monitoring programmes. Nitrate pollution (below quality standards) from municipal wastewater and agriculture,also pesticides pollution. Groundwater dependent terrestrial ecosystems criteria for hydrogeological characterization are to be defined. No transboundary impact Deceased intensity of significant pressures is expected till 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
According to the Court, the interpretation of these concepts in the future would be important to define the constitutionality of laws or executive actions related to the right to raise a family. See also UN CESCR 1999, para. See Ex parte Chairperson of the Constitutional Assembly: In re Certification of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 1996 (4) SA 744 (CC), 1996 (10) BCLR 1253 (CC), para. Rahim Dawood & others v Minister of Home Affairs & others 2000 (3) SA 936 para 34-37.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Investments in intercity rail routes can also help improve mobility outside of major urban centres. Rapidly motorising countries run the risk of unmanageable oil-related balance-of-payments issues and, in some places, costs associated with subsidising fuels. The IEA is a partner alongside the FIA Foundation, the International Transport Forum, and UNEP in the Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI) (www.elobalfueleconomv.org).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Similar results have been found by epidemiological and primary-care studies in different countries (e.g. Kessler et al., Treatment rates increase with age. Data from the national surveys of Australia, the United States and Switzerland show that treatment is most prevalent in the age groups 45 and over, and particularly low among those under age 35. Eurobarometer data confirm this pattern, showing a continuous increase of treatment rates across age groups (Figure 3.4). The average of the 21 OECD countries is 9% for younger people (15-24 years), 14% for adults (25-54 years), and 17% for seniors (55-64 years). Source: OECD calculations based on national health surveys for disorder prevalence, and Eurobarometer 2005 for treatment rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)