albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These governments placed greater emphasis on growth and on State intervention in the economy. For a discussion of some of the features of this period of economic recovery in the region and in the changes in course plotted by these governments, see Machines and Hopenhayn (2005) and Lustig (2009). The rise in feminization was, in most cases, coupled with reductions in labour intensity (number of hours per week), which indicates that underemployment continues to be the main option for women who wish to work. A slowdown in the increase of this segment of the labour supply may therefore be signalling a substitution of activities in the home that help to support an economic recovery, although the increasing presence of women (relative to their non-entry) is a positive development that plays an important role in economic growth and in their personal situations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2015, WHO included direct-acting antivirals in its Model List of Essential Medicines18 and, in 2016, launched the first global strategy on hepatitis.19 Despite the high burden of hepatitis C among PWID, treatment has occurred at very low levels, which is related to the substantial barriers that exist for PWID in accessing care.20 These include lack of awareness, stigma and discrimination, limited access to hepatitis C testing and treatment and the cost of the medications. International Journal ofDrug Policy, vol. Some examples where action has been taken include Australia, which, since March 2016, has offered universal access to hepatitis C treatment and has identified prisoners and PW1D as priority populations for the expansion of coverage of treatment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
-The year is an example of ambiguity: even if ENSO+ is statistically associated with droughts in India, this is not systematic. ( The exceedance probability of the February 23 flood peak reached 4%, equivalent to a one in 25-year flood (Bowers, 2001). -All Punjabi districts affected, reported as the most severe (Government of Punjab, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Tokyo, Japan, has used a model that combines privatisation of transport service and joint development. Brazil and Colombia have had significant successes with the use of betterment levies, or contribucion de valorizacion (Walters, 2012). London has successfully used a package of value capture mechanisms to raise 25% of the necessary funding for the London Crossrail project (Box 2.11).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In particular, it is important to build socio-cultural and political support for women's participation within security system institutions amongst the general public and within particular institutions such as the police and the armed forces. This can be done through education, training and awareness-raising as well as promoting women role models. Increasing the balance of women and men at all levels of an institution increases operational effectiveness and ensures diversity of opinions and approaches, however, male and female personnel with gender expertise are still necessary to ensure the full integration of gender issues. Preventing and adequately responding to these violations will improve the work environment, increase public trust and enhance the accessibility and delivery of security and justice services. Gender-responsive codes of conduct, sexual harassment policies and/or policies on sexual exploitation and abuse are essential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A major gender-responsive budgeting program was undertaken by the Asia Foundation 2004-2008 in partnership with several NGOs, involving six provinces and 15 districts. As a result of 2008 budgetary analysis by Mexico’s Budgeting for Gender Equity initiative, the Secretariat of National Defense built nearly 900 childcare facilities and accommodation for women in the Army and Air Force Centre for Studies (Fernos, 2010b, p. 20). In 2012, gender budgeting was piloted with regional governments (see Box 4.19) (Indraswari, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper investigates the potential for deliberation as a means for public participation in shaping public policy. The paper begins with a summary of deliberative democracy and other concepts that recently have motivated an interest for online deliberation. Next, the paper describes a case study in which 133 public participants deliberated over a regional transportation improvement decision. The deliberation occurred entirely over the internet and lasted for 31 days. The participants wrote hundreds of posts (comments) and made thousands of post-ratings (statements of agreement or disagreement). The posts and three questionnaires are analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively to assess the nature of the deliberation and the participants’ perception of their experience. A negative binomial regression is used to examine which participant characteristics are associated with writing more posts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Information and the insights provided to us by computational models or ML models can help us plan the development of national infrastructure better, as well as enable us to make plans to prevent disasters during natural or man-made crisis events. Besides this, several technologies, tools, and products exist to enable the conversion of raw data or data from models into actionable information for use in regular maintenance and repair, as well as during times of crisis. Integrated command and control systems can be used to implement this thinking on an operational level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To date, it has been difficult to raise the prestige of doctors that specialise in general practice - both amongst the medical profession and in terms of how they are perceived by consumers. Indeed, the number of doctors trained in “family medicine” (broadly equivalent to “general practice”) and working in clinics was only 2%. With such low numbers of generalist doctors and a high proportion of specialists working in the community, a major hurdle in establishing generalist primary health care services is the fragmentation of the delivery system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is therefore a useful complement for the earlier analysis of household income data which necessarily mixes the effects of policy and “other” changes. The advantage of the simulation is that it can hold “everything else” constant (unemployment levels, market-income inequality, household composition, etc.), For instance, it can show whether families at the bottom, middle and top of the income distribution are now better or worse off than they would have been with unchanged policies. This way of comparing the net effect of redistribution systems between different periods permits pin-pointing “gainers” and “losers” of policy reforms. The approach is an extension of OECD (2008b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This could also involve setting rewards for results. This increases chances of public funding being allocated to projects with positive returns on investments and long-term impact. For instance, under the Productive Territories Programme in Mexico, local development plans identify, support and implement economically relevant business opportunities for disadvantaged groups. The success of the programme has however been limited, in that many projects did not start or, where they did, they remained unprofitable because of shortcomings in the entrepreneurial skills of those involved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The point is that there are new and significant markets for exports that will provide powerful economic benefits for those economies that manage to capture portions of the market. They are best taken as rough indicators of the magnitude of opportunity. Even economically similar countries will have widely different comparative advantages, and Commonwealth member countries are extremely varied in terms of size, geography, history and level of economic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For example, in France the authorities identified the third National Plan on Health and Environment as a key plan to be targeted for mainstreaming equitable access concerns (see Box 4). The results of the self-assessment should inform thegeneral design of targets. The development of the Action Plan would provide more specific proposals for targets and target dates to be set under the Protocol. Moreover, given that the target-setting process is an official process that covers equitable access (in accordance with article 5.1 of the Protocol), it could constitute a natural avenue for presenting and discussing the draft Action Plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This would increase resource requirements for reporting, but would allow Parties and the international community to undertake a variety of assessments and analyses. Disaggregated reporting by Parties (and potentially also by other organisations) on a consistent and comparable basis to the UNFCCC would facilitate transparency, and could also help to fill current reporting gaps, such as reporting on mobilised climate finance. Transparency of climate finance information would be further facilitated if it is communicated in the form of a searchable database or worksheet (e.g. an Excel spreadsheet - as Annex I countries do when communicating annual emissions inventory data) rather than as tables within reports in PDF format as at present. These could include encouraging voluntary reporting (e.g. in Annex I national communications and biennial reports) of items that will become mandatory under the Paiis Agreement (such as developed country reporting on mobilised climate finance).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The process of norm evolution and development in international law has been highly debated in recent international law and international relations scholarship. However, the debate focuses primarily on states or non-state actors as the agents responsible for shaping international law. In contrast, the role of the judiciary is often neglected in the debate.1 It is an open secret, though, that courts are not merely Montesquieu’s bouche de la loi, impartial arbiters, who apply and interpret exogenous norms. Armin von Bogdandy and Ingo Venzke have already pointed out that decisions for concrete cases can hardly be derived from abstract legal concepts by the mere exercise of logical deduction.2 Instead, the application of legal provisions often involves the development of the applied norm itself. This not only applies in the domestic setting, but is also valid in the international arena.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At the time of the internship, Anna Gromada was completing her master's degree in International Development at the Institut d'fctudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po). The paper is part of the work undertaken by the OECD Review of Policies to Improve the Effectiveness of Resource Use in Schools (School Resources Review) and includes revisions in light of the discussion of an earlier version [EDU/EDPC/SR(20l4)3l at the first meeting of the Group of National Experts on School Resources (14-15 May 2014). The Review provides analysis and policy advice to help governments and schools achieve effectiveness and efficiency objectives in education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These include executive secretariats, councils, social ministries and others (ECLAC, 2016a), which form part of the construction of a long-term strategy and represent a stable component of the region's social institutions. This not only means formal articulation, so that care programmes can be officially included in social protection systems, but also the possible redesign of instruments to guarantee gender mainstreaming. For example, cash transfer programmes may involve conditionalities that reinforce the unequal division of productive and reproductive work (ECLAC, 2013b), especially if there are no incentives for care to be provided jointly by men and women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To illustrate this approach, tentative estimates were provided for measures applied in the w'heat market in 1998. The total cost reduction generated by the 30 selected export competition measures covered in the analysis (including some direct export subsidies and some output payments) varied between USD 10 000 and USD 556.50 million per programme. The per unit cost reduction for the average of all exports was between zero and USD 1 145 per tonne.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Declaration outlines the following five fundamental principles for making aid more effective. During the Busan 4th High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness (2011) climate finance in the context of development co-operation was outlined as a priority for effective international development. In particular, to “Continue to support national climate change policy and planning as an integral part of developing countries’ overall national development plans, and ensure that -where appropriate - these measures are financed, delivered and monitored through developing countries’ systems in a transparent manner”18.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
R&D expenditure as a share of total agriculture output. Since 2005, the MoPW has given a recognition award to the best performing WUA and WUAF. This has not only created an incentive for farmers groups to do a better job in their O&M of the tertiary systems, but it has shown that there are certain characteristics that inherently make some associations more successful than others (World Bank, 2012). The other four social protection programmes are jamfeesmas social health insurance, BKM/BSM poor student scholarship, BOS school operational support fund and PKH conditional cash transfer for households. The term “tariff surcharge” is a misnomer in the sense that the base to which the rates of the tariff surcharge applied was not the tariff, but the border value of the imports subject to the tariff surcharge, for example, in the case of live animals (other than pure bred) in 1985, the tariff was 30% and the tariff surcharge was 15%, giving a total rate of import duty of 45% of the border value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Annex Table 1.A2.3 of OECD (2010b) provides comparable estimates for earlier recessions. The jobs gap in 2009 Q4 is somewhat smaller for the OECD area that that at the trough of the 1979-1982 “double-dip” recession, but larger than those for all other recessions since 1970. The working-age population shrank in Austria, Germany and Japan, reducing the jobs gap estimates in these countries relative to that implied by the changes in the unemployment and participation rates. Ireland appears to have experienced a shift from net in-migration to net out-migration with the foreign-bom, working-age population declining between 2008 and 2009 (OECD, 2010d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Section 2.3 provides for an institutional mapping of key public actors at national and subnational level in water policy design, regulation and implementation to illustrate the policy gap. The governance issues related to management of water resources and services, and the policy responses adopted, are discussed in Sections 3 and 4. The main governance challenges lie in the need to integrate different sectoral and territorial institutions in water strategic planning and design at central government level, and to co-ordinate activities across diverse subnational actors and between levels of government. This level of institutional fragmentation at central government level is similar to that in many other OECD countries.8 Since 1999, the Ministry of the Environment, Land and Sea (MATTM) has been responsible for water policy and co-ordinating river basin authorities. It is in charge of planning, priority-setting, and establishing overall frameworks for water resources management and water services provision (quality, continuity, access and tariffs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Education that occurs in conjunction with other interventions to improve access to diverse, nutritious foods can be particularly effective, as noted in the discussion of food assistance programmes above. The ultimate goal is a change in behaviour so that individuals choose more nutritious diets and healthier lifestyles. Impacts are heightened when the interventions are culturally sensitive, easily accessible and based on local products (Shi and Zhang, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These measures are to be discussed with relevant member states having a direct management interest in the areas before being submitted to the EU Commission as Joint Recommendations in accordance with the new basic regulation under the Common Fisheries Policy. In the trials all catches of cod were counted against the quota and monitored by CCTV. The experience from the trials will assist Denmark in implementing the landing obligation under the refoimed Common Fisheries Policy and should result in a more sustainable fishery while simplify existing regulations. The strategic plan will contain a target for the increase in the production of fish and shellfish and for the increase in the export of feed, feed ingredients and technology for the aquaculture sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Gender discrimination in employment and pay should be outlawed. While women have increasingly taken on paid employment outside the home, their responsibility for household work has changed very little. Consequently, women generally work much longer hours than men. There is a need for much greater support for the care of children and the aged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The space for doing this can be increased by introducing measures to control and regulate international capital flows as well as the operations of the domestic financial sector. Countries like Chile and Malaysia have managed to follow this course for a certain period of time with some degree of success. The right mix of these policies can be applied deliberately so as to promote investment in specific industries at specific times, and especially in sectors with the greatest potential for upgrading skills, reaping economies of scale and raising productivity growth, thereby increasing the rates of return on investment. A depreciated real exchange rate lowers labour costs and enhances the competitiveness of labour-intensive exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Policies that overcome the core barriers would enhance the availability of and access to good-quality education, offer skill development programmes, including women's entrepreneurship, and provide a conducive infrastructure and safe public transport to work, especially in rural areas. For example, in Bhutan, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, electrification and improved access to water increased women’s time available for market work (World Bank, 2011). Policies should also ensure equal decision-making, including access to finance and such productive assets as land and capital, and improve the flow of information on the job market. A quota for women in wage employment could also be introduced, at least in sectors where women do not traditionally participate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
espanolLa relevancia del CEDH. Examen de la Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo desde la perspectiva del Convenio, en relacion con los derechos sustantivos del Convenio reconocidos en los articulos 10 y 11 del mismo: derechos de libertad de expresion, reunion y manifestacion pacificas. Limitaciones y restricciones permitidas: justificacion de la necesidad. Diferencias entre violencia y resistencia. Examen de proporcionalidad a las condenas por sedicion impuestas. Derechos de libertad de expresion en el espacio parlamentario. EnglishThe relevance of the European Convention of Human Rights. Review of the Sentence of the Supreme Court from the perspective of the Convention, concerning the material rights of the Convention, established at the articles 10 and 11, rights to freedom of expression, assembly and pacific demonstrations. Allowed limitations and restrictions: justification of the necessity. Differences between violence and resistance. Test of proportionality to the convictions of sedition. Right to freedom of expression at the parliamentary space.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On the whole, the policy objectives are too broad to have a specific impact on urban health. It proposed to adopt an urban health sector strategy with the help of the Local Government Division of the Ministry of Local Government in order to ensure primary health, family planning and reproductive health services for the urban poor. In addition, it also proposed to undertake steps to revise and update the laws related to food safety and emphasized proper hospital waste management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This has been due to bad experiences with early investments and the uncertainty associated with investing in transport infrastructure assets. Assessing the risks requires significant resources and only specialised investment funds may carry the expertise needed. Investment in transport infrastructure by institutional investors is growing, but slowly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Note: Values may not add up to 24 hours due to the overlapping nature of some activities. It also limits women’s mobility and the time they can allocate to training and upgrading their skills. However, men’s and women's roles in agricultural production are socially constructed and evolving, and vary widely between local contexts, reflecting cultural and other differences between and within countries. While the lines between men's and women’s roles is thus generally blurred, and a full analysis taking these factors into account is beyond the scope of this Report, some general gender-specific patterns can be found across many LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This entry focuses on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR), which, in the words of a non-European observer, is “one of the most ambitious examples of the gradual formation, shaping and … implementation of language education policies” (Byrnes, 2007, p. 641). The CEFR was designed by the Council of Europe (CoE), a pan-European organization that promotes human rights, mutual understanding, parliamentary democracy, and the rule of law. It advocates linguistic rights and language learning as a way of enhancing mutual understanding, and plurilingualism—an individual's ability to use more than one language—is a key concept in CoE language policy (see CoE, 2008).      Keywords:    language policy,  language teaching,  assessment,  multilingualism
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
No doubt much work is needed to strengthen legislation to promote gender equality. Therefore, it is clear that Commonwealth Pacific small states will need to overcome significant challenges to achieve Goal 5. The IAEG-SDGs proposed 11 indicators to monitor this goal, of which four were Tier 1 indicators (see Appendix 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Thus there is a clear trade-off between reducing risk for domestic farmers and increasing risk faced by fanners and consumers in the rest of the world. Additional farm incomes and less variability of returns can lead farmers to make larger investments, raising output potential in the future. While relevant, such investment effects tend to be smaller than the more direct relative price or risk related effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Some 340 monitoring points have been established, to cover run-offs entering the Caspian Sea (310 industries, wastewater treatment plants, rivers), while 31 entities and installations (e.g. platforms) function at sea. More than 4,000 water and benthic samples are analyzed each year. They were further reinforced by Decree No. According to CCEMA data, tables 7.4 (a) and (b), the situation on the Absheron peninsula is improving.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)