albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Tax policy has an influence on the level of employment in an economy, as w'ell as on other choices made by participants in the labour market. For example, labour taxation determines the difference between the total labour costs faced by employers and the real consumption wages received by employees, thus affecting labour demand and labour supply decisions. This may contribute to a reduction of the labour force by diminishing incentives to either work, or to w'ork in the formal sector. Furthermore, tax policy can affect retirement decisions, the number of hours worked, decisions relating to employee training and career choice (including whether to be an employee or self-employed) (OECD, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Thus nature protection in LP forests will increasingly have to rely on funding other than profit on timber sales. The Forest Act allows central budget funding of nature protection in LP forests. This included funding not only of nature protection but also of many other tasks (e.g. drawing up afforestation plans on private land, inventorying forest condition).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
If governments prioritized the prohibition of harmful fisheries subsidies, could the US$18 billion freed up annually be dedicated to finance a Blue Fund destined to implement other SDG 14 targets? In other words, could Target 14,6 become a means to implement the Ocean SDG? Taking advantage of resources that would be freed up through the elimination of harmful subsidies, the Blue Fund could help rescue our ocean at no cost to taxpayers, transforming subsidies that are harmful into socially and environmentally beneficial ones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The present study explores police violence during the riots in London and Gezi Park protests in Istanbul. This study puts forth that the rise of social injustice in the  UK  and the erosion of plural democracy in Turkey clarify the paradox of state intervention because the two states prioritized rapid repression of uprising without consolidating public trust and social justice in the society. This comparative study reveals that the liberal and non-religious elements of the capitalist ruling system in the  UK  contain similar fractions of state repression when compared to the authoritarian and religious elements of the capitalist ruling system in Turkey. The authors conclude that police violence endures the social control of dissident communities while it maintains the sustainability of different capitalist ruling systems in the periods of social unrest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In essence, it is proposed that blockchain technology can create a more flexible emissions certificate market by virtue of increasing transparency and the efficiency of current trading processes. In the similar context of contracting and settlement of agreements across the re/insurance value chain, first tests have shown efficiency gains of up to 30% (B3i, 2018). Seen from a technology perspective, there are multiple ways to conceptualise the model and set up a corresponding digital infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Just prior to the global recession, the top 0.1% accounted for some 8% of total pre-tax incomes in the United States, some 4-5% in Canada, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland, and close to 3% in Australia, New Zealand, and France (Chapter 9). They include a more global market for talent and a growing use of performance-related pay which particularly benefitted top executives and finance professionals, as well as changes in pay norms. Behavioural responses to reductions in marginal tax rates played a significant part in these developments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The estimated total budget for Nepal is US$ 60 million. I ask this question in an interview with four USAID professionals at the busy canteen in their Kathmandu office. “ No,” says economic specialist Anita Mahat-Rana, but USAID addresses biodiversity conservation in its other portfolios. Tahalia Barrett, deputy director of the Social Environmental Economic Growth Development office, follows up: "To the extent that this is a priority for the government we try to comply, and we are just not clear on whether this, as you mentioned, is a priority for the government.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This basket, valued also at local prices, was calculated as 2,315 yuan, through use of this local poverty line, the conclusion was reached that 59.6 per cent of the households were in poverty. The spread was enormous: for every 1 household that was classified as being poor using the official poverty line, there were nearly 18 households that would have been deemed poor using a poverty line based on local perceptions of basic needs valued at local prices. For the reference year of research, the incidence rate, based on the local list, turned out to be 40.2 percent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, Financing Energy Efficiency (Taylor et al., However there is little treatment of how the risks perceived to be associated with energy efficiency projects affect investment decisions, nor why current mechanisms fail to address risk perception in project selection. We hope this report contributes to unravelling the riddle of unrealised EE potential by raising the question: does only money matter, or are there other factors affecting apparent shortfall in EE investments?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
High prison rates can, for example, result in long-term economic problems if they lead to income inequality and more concentrated poverty, particularly if prison rates are highest for vulnerable groups, such as the young, the poor, the poorly educated or minorities. However, prison rates in the region vary substantially, for example, they are 17 times higher in Georgia (544 per 100,000) than in India (31 per 100,000). However, the rates of response to this survey have been as low as 25 per cent in Asia and the Pacific, and the crime rates reported can vary substantially. For example, the rate of robbery in India is typically 60 times lower than that reported by the Russian Federation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In parallel, consecutive dry days (CDD) are projected to increase by between 15-21 days, exacerbating the hydrological stress.21 Coupled with a projected increase in cooling demand and associated electricity demand (as a result of reduced precipitation), a potential reduction in hydroelectric power plants is envisaged. The shortening of the winter season is expected to reduce hydro potential even further. Despite the potential of hydroelectricity to alleviate energy security in the country, there are unintended ecological and agricultural consequences of utilizing these resources. Additionally, there are 30.8 MW of installed capacity, with the potential to double this figure to reach 60.3 MW, including river and non-river sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This period covers the rise of the second wave of feminism in New Zealand in the 1970s and 1980s, the transformation of women's political activism from outside to inside the political process and institutions, the decline of feminist activism during the height of neo-liberalism in the 1990s, and finally the emergence of women in political leadership roles in the 2000 to 2008 period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This has translated into a narrowing of the divide between countries with different levels of structural heterogeneity as regards the fear of unemployment. To this end, a regression covering the whole Latinobarometro sample from 1996 to 2006 was carried out. The analysis made it possible to establish that people with less education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, the university’s transformation plan as the first APEX university is entitled “Transforming Higher Education for a Sustainable Tomorrow” reflecting the leadership commitment to sustainability. One of the key targets has been to establish a strong functional and institutional link between universities and communities locally, regionally and internationally. The university has also engaged in disseminating knowledge to the local community via training seminars and conferences. For instance, River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC) and the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia jointly organised trainings in compliance with national guidelines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Weak absorptive capacities of individuals and firms performing non-innovative activities and/or located in lagging areas frequently hinder such diffusion. Regions within OECD countries are classified on two territorial levels reflecting the administrative organisation of countries. The OECD large (TL2) regions represent the first administrative tier of subnational government, for example, the Ontario Province in Canada.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, young people who leave school at the minimum leaving age without a qualification are likely to spend a long time out of work during their working life. In fact, in most countries over half of low-qualified unemployed 25-34 year-olds are in long-term unemployment (OECD, 2009). Basic skills of VET graduates were evaluated as “strong” by only 38% of employers, 58% of employers assessed basic skills as “medium” and the remaining 4.3% of employers assessed graduates proficiency in basic skills as “weak”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is known as infill development. However, while infill development is allowed in Chilean cities, private-sector developers, which account for 80% of urban investment, tend to find greater returns on investment in undeveloped land outside urban cores. One important tool is to increase the flexibility of zoning, in part through conditional planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
With the increasing use of video recording in social research methodological questions about multimodal transcription are more timely than ever before. How do researchers transcribe gesture, for instance, or gaze, and how can they show to readers of their transcripts how such modes operate in social interaction alongside speech? Should researchers bother transcribing these modes of communication at all? How do they define a ‘good’ transcript? In this paper we begin to develop a social semiotic framework to account for transcripts as artefacts, treating them as empirical material through which transcription as a social, meaning making practice can be reconstructed. We look at some multimodal transcripts produced in conversation analysis, discourse analysis, social semiotics and micro‐ethnography, drawing attention to the meaning‐making principles applied by the transcribers. We argue that there are significant representational differences between multimodal transcripts, reflecting differences in the profes...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For further analysis of mainstreaming of development finance into climate action at the global level, see OECD (2015b.) This contrasts w ith the average of all recipient countries around the world where a significantly larger share of climate finance is delivered bilaterally (51.0%) than multilaterally (37.5%). Nevertheless, most ODA-recipient EECCA countries are either low'er middle-income countries (USD 1 046-4 125 GNI per capita) or upper middle income countries (USD 4 126-12 745 GNI per capita). In such countries, loans from multilateral sources tend to play a greater role in financing climate and broader development activities than in least developed countries that often rely more on grants. The practice of loans from public sources also aims to avoid market distortion and crowding out of private-sector financing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Similarly, only a small proportion of ODA specifically addresses women’s needs and interests. Yet considerable data gaps persist. Of Agenda 2030’s 53 gender-related SDG indicators, only 32 can draw on available data, which limits understanding of key areas such as unpaid care work or women’s access to productive resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This study examines whether subject-specific teacher certification and academic degrees are related to teacher quality. The research design exploits contemporaneous, within-student comparisons made possible by a unique feature of the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88). Specifically, NELS:88 contains subject-specific outcomes for eighth-grade students in two subjects as well as data on their teachers for those subjects. The analysis of these data indicates that assignment to a subject-certified teacher is associated with higher test scores. However, these gains appear to be concentrated in social studies and mathematics. Furthermore, the authors also find that subject-certified teachers are not more effective at promoting the intellectual engagement of their students but are more likely to have negative opinions of a given student's performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Adhering Governments have committed to promote them among multinational enterprises operating in or from their territories. The instrument’s distinctive implementation mechanisms include the operations of national contact points (NCP), which are government offices charged with promoting the Guidelines and handling enquiries in the national context. Adhering countries comprise all OECD countries, and 10 non-OECD countries (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, Latvia, Lithuania, Morocco, Peru, Romania and Tunisia).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Only half of wheat exports are delivered as grain, the rest as wheat flour. Being a landlocked country, Kazakhstan exports wheat to its closest neighbours (Figure 3.2). Kazakhstan is the main supplier of wheat to Central Asia and provides almost all wheat imported by Uzbekistan, TVirkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, and nearly 50% of Afghanistan’s imports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This mainly reflects the severity and length of the crisis in these countries. Among the family types considered in Panel B, individuals in a couple relationship are the least likely to live in a no earner-household not in receipt of unemployment benefits. This reflects the role of dual-earner couples in stabilising household income when unemployment rises during a recession. Indeed, the sustained growth of women’s labour-force participation over recent decades and its rising resilience during economic downturns has reinforced many families’ abilities to cushion earnings losses (OECD, 20011b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While the HS can capture most renewables, the ubiquitous nature of some goods and their component parts means that the dual use problem will remain over and above what could be sorted out by introducing greater specificity in the HS tariff codes. As for GHG-efficient goods or goods produced in a GHG-efficient way, there are simply no HS codes to match. Moreover, climate or energy efficiency include fast evolving technologies, hence the identification of such goods in a closed list is a moving target. The inclusion of goods derived from GHG-efficient process and production methods (PPMs) is especially problematic as it may dramatically increase the scope for protectionist measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
We are not aware of any statistics on the length of different standards of forest trails or paths. The latest survey was carried out in 2011 (Vralstad etai. Odden (2008) has presented and discussed the development of Norwegian Friluftsliv in his PhD-work, based on all the SSB-surveys from 1970 to 2004. But no specific social indicators are identified in the forest monitoring system that can document conditions or change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Spending increases have been almost entirely consumed by increases in the number and salary of CCSS employees, without clear evidence of benefit to patients. Costa Rica should consider expenditure ceilings and spending reviews in the short term to control spending. In the longer term, better use of performance data and innovative payments systems will be needed, as well as a shift away from employment-linked contributions as the main source of health system revenue. Prospects for improvement are bleak -informal employment is increasing in Costa Rica, contrary to many Latin American economies, and now' accounts for almost half of all employment (Figure 1.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Interest rates, while still too high in some places, are dropping on average 2.3 percent a year. The microfinance industry has placed a lot of emphasis on improving efficiency in order to bring down these costs, so that poor clients are not paying unnecessarily high rates. New technology also offers to help reduce costs, so we expect rates to continue dropping as institutions become increasingly efficient at delivering services to poor people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Toxic substances include toxic pesticides (e.g., pesticides that have teratogenic, carcinogenic, tumorigenic and/or mutagenic effects), and toxic industrial chemicals (e.g., lead, arsenic, mercury and nickel, among others). Toxic substance-related diseases and health problems include, but are not limited to, chronic illnesses of the respiratory system (such as pneumonia, upper and lower respiratory diseases, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases), cancer, infertility, and congenital anomalies or malformations. Exposure to toxic substances is usually the result of poor environmental management in the chemical industry, energy production, mining, agriculture and waste management, and stakeholders’ lack of information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The State of the Worlds Children: Children with Disabilities. Ending Preventable Child Deaths from Pneumonia and Diarrhoea by 2025: The Integrated Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD). Each product of such a birth is considered a live birth. These calculations are, strictly speaking, not rates (that is, the number of deaths divided by the number of population at risk during a certain period of time) but a probability of death derived from a life table and expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Homicide rates in the region have diverged markedly in recent years, with sharp increases in certain countries —such as Honduras, El Salvador, Peru and Mexico— and decreases in others, such as Nicaragua, Jamaica and Colombia (see figure 11). The available statistics show that a very high percentage of women aged 15-49 suffer or have suffered at some time physical violence at the hands of an intimate partner, ranging from 33% in Colombia to 14% in Haiti. The most common forms of punishment used by both parents with their children include verbal reprimands, but physical punishments, including smacking, are used against a high percentage of children, showing that physical violence towards children is an everyday reality in the region. Conversely, with lower levels of violence, citizens become more inclined to use the city in constructive and sustainable ways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Disaster risk reduction and resilience must be systematically embedded into agricultural development plans and investments - particularly in countries facing recurrent disasters and where agriculture is a critical source of livelihoods, food security and nutrition if no one is to be left behind. Strategies for achieving resilient agriculture include: boosting agricultural productivity with stress-tolerant varieties, adjusting planting dates, expanding water harvesting, storage, and conservation, and insurance and social protection schemes for farmers. Many ofthe same measures that will make communities and households more resilient to disasters can also act as stepping stones out of poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Abstract   The mass media, which include both “traditional” and “new” media channels, offer opportunities for clinicians and researchers to complement their primary work with public education and stigma reduction. Doing so effectively requires an understanding of how those media operate and what they value. National and international media-based education and public policy programs provide insights into the potential of this approach to reduce stigma and improve public health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Inflation, especially if unanticipated, has often unwanted distributional effects, as it reduces real income of fixed income earners and shifts wealth away from creditors to debtors. Very high and accelerating inflation rates may be caused by excessive financing of public debts through seignorage and can be sign of unsustainable public finances. Total debt consists of external debt (debt held by non-residents) and internal debt (held by residents). For countries where external debt is a major concern, the indicator can alternatively or additionally be defined as total external debt (private and public) divided by GNI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article examines the conceptual interconnectedness of the federal mandatory immigration detention regime and mandatory minimum sentencing in Western Australia, two procedural and political responses to populist concerns regarding ‘waves of boat people’ and ‘waves of crime’. Through a comparative analysis, the ‘mandatory’ character of these ostensibly separate and distinct practices is shown to limit judicial discretion and oversight of government action. Mandatory practices privilege goals of deterrence, incapacitation and retribution and depict these as promoting the best interests of national safety and security. These practices are also markedly similar in the sense that they are at odds with the principle of due process, unfairly tipping the balance away from individual freedoms and towards the interests of the state, offending aspirational notions of judicial function, the rule of law and natural justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Indeed in the United States and in Europe, the average probability for male founded companies to receive any funding is equal to 65%. However, in the United States the gender gap is slightly less pronounced: female founded companies are 62% likely to get funding while in Europe they are less than 60%. Both male and female founded companies in Asia have a lower probability to get funding (around 56%) and the difference between both types is not significant. In Europe this figure is similar, but the gap is not significant in Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There, a water supply company pays for the maintenance of environmental services, and an intermediary institution has been established to facilitate the payments made per hectare of area protected. In Lombok, a similar payment is financed through a nominal fee charged to water users, and an intermediary stakeholder institution mediates the payments that support agro-forestry and forest protection. Cambodia presents an excellent example with itsSeima Biodiversity Conservation Area project. Launched in 2002, this biodiversity conservation project pays local people for conserving bird-nests to address increasing threats to endangered species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)