albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Whatever the reason for the lack of a relationship between spending per student and learning outcomes, at least in the countries and economies with larger education budgets, excellence in education requires more than money. How resources are allocated is just as important as the amount of resources available to be allocated. One finding from PISA is that high-performing systems tend to prioritise higher salaries for teachers, especially in high-income countries (Figure IV.1.10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Many recent studies of “regime politics” argue that judicial review is ultimately used to promote the interests of the dominant governing regime. I explore this claim by evaluating whether the invalidation of federal laws by the US Supreme Court fits the empirical expectations of the regime politics approach. I find that the Court frequently invalidates statutes when (1) the ideology of the Court diverges from that of the sitting elected branches (suggesting that the Court does not fear sanctions or nonimplementation), and (2) the ideology of the sitting elected branches converges with that of the elected branches that enacted the statute (suggesting that the Court is defying the sitting elected branches). My findings suggest that the Court does not primarily use judicial review to promote the interests of the dominant governing regime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The available space should be used efficiently and excessive programming avoided. The authorities concerned assess whether the intended development meets a regional, inter-local demand for industrial sites, offices, residential buildings, retail developments or other urban amenities that has not been met elsewhere. Besides a quantitative assessment (number of hectares or number of homes), there must also be qualitative demand (e.g. an industrial site where a heavier environmental burden is permitted or a specific type of living environment) at a regional scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Otherwise, there is a strong risk that benefits become locked-in and that path-dependencies develop which are hard to reverse. In Viet Nam, for example, this has acted as a barrier to the implementation of some environmental taxes, and has influenced tax rate-setting as well, as described in box 5.2. However, as long as environmental taxes are accompanied by a range of well-designed and targeted compensation measures for poor and vulnerable people, the negative impacts can at least be reduced, if not avoided.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Case managers offered support with goal setting, progress monitoring, confidence-building, motivation, and other forms of assistance. Individuals could access FFWS by being referred by their general practitioner or other health service providers, or through self-referral. In most pilots, mental health conditions were the most commonly reported condition and many clients had more than one health condition. The average length of time people stayed with the service was four months.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For example, the critical mass was estimated to be 3 000 residents in Luxemburg and 5 000-6 000 inhabitants in Estonia (per the recommendations that an administrative reform expert committee put forward in November 2015), but 10 000-20 000 residents in Norway (per the 2014 ad hoc expert committee appointed by the government), and 20 000 residents in Finland during the PARAS reform (only for primary' healthcare and related services - compared with 50 000 residents for vocational education, for example). In the case of Finland, the methodology used to identify an optimal threshold was criticised and the legislation was changed in 2011 to include more diverse criteria. Linguistic and/or cultural particularities may also be taken into account (e.g. in Estonia, Finland, Greece, Iceland, etc.). For example, in the United States, a wide variety of “special districts” (as opposed to general purpose local governments) provide a single public service (or a set of related public services) to the residents of a determined area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The migration literature has typically overlooked gender dynamics, assuming that most women migrate only for family reunification reasons as wives, mothers or daughters of male migrants (Zlotnik, 2003). However, the increasing magnitude of international migration in the recent decades led to a growing focus on women as independent migrants (Grieco and Boyd, 1998, Cerrutti and Massey, 2001, Erulkar et al., Looking at the non-economic determinants of female migration, previous studies differentiate three broad categories of factors: individual factors including age, marital status, role and position in the family, educational status and employment experience, family factors including size, structure, status, and societal factors including the community norms and cultural values that determine whether a woman can migrate or not and if she can, how and with whom she can do it (Grieco and Boyd, 1998). Few exceptions have looked at gender inequality as a driver of female migration, with a particular focus on discrimination in the workplace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
One of the Conventions' strengths is the vast and committed scientific community supporting policy-making. This should remain to be at the core of the Convention and should also be the core when it comes to a focus on cities. As discussed above, air quality in cities is very much dependent on air pollution originating from regional and (inter)national sources, but cities also contribute highly to air pollution outside the cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Overall, OECD (2006) and European Commission (2009) estimate that changes in demography alone will boost public health-care spending in Poland by 0.9% of GDP between 2005 and 2050 and by 1.3% between 2007 and 2060, respectively. The impact of demography on long-term care spending is estimated at 1.9% and 0.7% of GDP, respectively. As for the impact of income gains, an average annual increase of 1.5% in GDP per capita over 40 years would result in a rise in health-care spending of only 0.4% (0.9%) of GDP based on an income elasticity of 1.1 (1.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This experience provides a number of lessons. Donors need to understand how interest groups will react to, and seek to influence, programmes they support in order to be able to design interventions which have a realistic prospect of shifting the balance of power in favour of poor people. Again donors are not starting from scratch. There are many effective tools already available that are suitable for a range of aid modalities, from simple stakeholder analyses to more complex approaches for identifying drivers of change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As climate change can have impacts at local, national and global scales, it is useful to have indicators in place to monitor the results of actions across all of these different scales. For instance, indicators such as the number of climate vulnerability assessments conducted may be important for monitoring the efficiency of delivering project-level outputs. However, it may be difficult to interpret in the absence of indicators at greater scale, such as the overall number of people vulnerable in a country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This example shows how women's customary rights over common lands allow them to retain exclusive use for fish processing. The SSF Guidelines recognize the importance of supporting such traditional practices, while also calling on States and development partners (Para 7.4) to support traditional associations of fishers and fishworkers. All over the world, poor men and women from fishing communities rely on common property resources, including inland water bodies, for fishing and food gathering.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It discusses options for raising the efficiency of the sector and its quality, its responsiveness to the needs of the labour market, and its significance as a pathway which should be transparent and permeable to the education continuum for a growing number of youngsters and adults in Kyrgyzstan, ensuring lifelong professional and personal development. Hardship affects large numbers of families, and many children must work to earn their living: in markets, washing cars and so on. This leads to disruption of schooling, and poor attendance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Due to the intergovernmental nature of the nexus assessments under the Water Convention, official data originating from national authorities are used as much as possible. Countries tend to trust their official data and nexus assessments are reviewed by the Governments, hence transparency about the sources used is necessary. Using databases with an official source (e.g. FAO, OECD, World Bank, ECE) can save time, turning the request for data into a request for validation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Improved STI capabilities will also continue to be needed if higher value addition in agriculture and food systems through local processing of agricultural produce into food products that command higher prices and provide higher incomes - which many developing countries are striving to achieve - are to be realized. First, there is a need to enhance productive capacities that could in turn increase yield and reduce the environmental and other impacts of agricultural expansion. Second, there is a drastic and immediate need to raise the living standards of people working in agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, not all Pacific small states saw increased growth. Solomon Islands saw GDP growth decline from 3 per cent in 2013 to 1.5 per cent in 2014 (World Bank 2016a). This is largely because of the effects of Cyclone Ita, which damaged infrastructure, ruined crops, disrupted the logging industry and closed production at the Gold Ridge gold mine (Batten et al. The case of Solomon Islands demonstrates the environmental risks faced by Pacific small states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Over the last decade states passed hundreds of immigration bills covering a range of policy areas. This article considers the recent state legislative surge against scholarly treatments of immigration federalism, and identifies the symbolic politics in state lawmaking. The analysis combines a historical treatment of key court decisions that delineated boundaries of state and federal immigration roles with a legislative analysis of over 2200 immigration bills passed between 2006 and 2013, to identify the numerous ways in which national immigration policy shapes state measures. It argues that recent laws must be considered against symbolic federalism which privileges state sovereignty and justifies social policy devolution by advancing frames of intergovernmental conflict, state-level policy pragmatism, and federal ineffectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Specifically, this exception is made for India and Brazil. The purpose of including regional initiatives from these regions is to identify how promising initiatives and best practices can be shared and learned from across countries facing similar economic, environmental and social challenges. Of these, 15 global, 32 regional and 11 national initiatives have been included in the analysis. A list of these initiatives can be found in Appendix B. The initiatives chosen for analysis share a common focus on agriculture and climate change, and the interaction between these areas. Thus, initiatives have been excluded from analysis if their scope and objectives are not focused on agriculture and climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
On the other hand, when savings plans are based on the expectation of incomes that depend on a rise in investment but in actual fact investment falls, aggregate income will be lower than what was expected by households when they originally made their savings plans. Hence the planned rise in overall household savings may not materialize, since the total income is lower than what was expected at the time when the savings plans were made. Moreover, firms’ savings (i.e. retained profits) are likely to fall. The ex post identity of savings and investments holds, but the mechanism to trigger the equalization is the unexpected fall in real income that neutralized the planned increase in savings. It assumes that after an increase in the household savings rate, companies will invest more than before, despite a fall in consumption, which is the inevitable counterpart to higher savings. In the orthodox model, the economy is exclusively driven by autonomous consumer decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A concrete plan to implement the agenda will help prioritize the work of ITU and its membership and help realize the vision of an interconnected world. The World Conference was attended by over 6,500 participants, including 2,800 government representatives from 187 Governments. The Sendai Framework underscores the importance of enhancing the access of States to environmentally sound technology, supported by financing from a variety of international sources on concessional and preferential terms as mutually agreed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Around 64% of water and sanitation networks need complete repair or replacement. Insufficient metering, which does not charge for actual consumption, and low tariffs discourage utility companies from making the substantial investments required to renew and modernise the networks. The two main sources of air pollution are industrial and energy plants and individual motor vehicles. Although concentrations of particulate matter were lower in 2011 than in other upper-middle income countries, they are expected to rise quickly in large cities, given the rapidly increasing motorisation rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As noted above, some LDCs have more subscriptions than people, yet not everyone has a subscription due to multiple SIM cards and lapsed subscriptions. Household surveys have been carried out in all but four of the LDCs between 2012 and 2016. Based on the latest available surveys, the proportion of households with a mobile phone is 71% in the LDCs, a slightly higher proportion than subscription penetration. Six LDCs have reached the threshold towards universality with the proportion of households with a mobile exceeding at least 90% (Table 3.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Many African countries have made either slow progress in this regard or experienced stagnating neonatal mortality rates. The situation is worse for the large rural populations of Africa that have poor access to and utilization of maternal and newborn health services. Health problems from dangerous alcohol use arise in the form of acute and chronic conditions, and adverse social consequences are common when they are associated with alcohol consumption (World Health Organization, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The State Institute for Nature Protection (SINP) has produced a new red list for flora. Red lists of freshwater crustaceans, algae, sea grass, terrestrial and freshw'ater gastropods and a red book of corals are being compiled. The first red data book was published in 2003 and the second edition is due for publication online in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Extreme poverty, by the World Bank standard of USD 1.25 per day at purchasing power parity, had virtually disappeared. The share of the population living below the subsistence income level fell from its 2001 peak (59% in rural areas and 36% in urban areas) to 8.8% in rural areas and 2.4% in urban areas in 2011. The pattern of a sharp increase in poverty in the 1990s followed by a rapid decline after 2001 is clear, even though the two poverty lines differ. A wide rural-urban poverty gap opened up in 2001.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It highlights, in particular, that the impact of the compression effect depends heavily on the time frame under consideration. In the short run, when the structure of electricity systems is fixed, especially high variable cost producers such as gas will decrease market share as a result of lower average prices. In the long run, however, when new investments must be considered, reduced load factors mean that investors have a tendency to turn away from capital-intensive high-fixed cost, low-carbon technologies such as nuclear.12 Eventually there will a trade-off between lower load factors and higher carbon prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They complement the recent drive in public policy to expand child care services and parental leave reform. The signatory stakeholders and the employers’ association (BDA) followed up the charter in 2015 with the “Neue Vereinbarkeit Memorandum” (New Reconciliation Memorandum) on ways to balance work and family life. Its guidelines appeal to employers to offer “flexitime” arrangements as part of the “Arbeitgeberattraktivitat 2020” attractive workplace branding exercise and to promote vollzeitnah, the reduced full-time working-hours model (generally accepted to be around 28-30 hours). They also emphasise that equal sharing involves fathers as much as mothers and call for the provision of affordable high-quality child care. It shares information and best practices among family-friendly companies and other stakeholders, and holds competitions and events to raise awareness of family-friendly workplace issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
One is that strict “jointness” between agricultural commodity output and NCOs is rare. For example, environmental benefits may accord with agricultural production at low levels of intensity , but typically have an inverse relationship at higher levels of intensity. Furthermore, practical experience during World War II and after showed that there is little jointness between public support to agriculture in normal times and food security in times of crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
All participating corporations, hence the public and private organisations that purchase or receive allocated certificates, could join the network via an application. Accordingly, these actors engaging the platform would not validate certificate transactions. Once all regulatory, compliance and administrative requirements are set, tokens representing quotas of emissions could be created on the blockchain and held by the responsible regulatory authority of each participating country. Covered organisations in the private and public sector could then be registered and (digitally) on-boarded to the platform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The assessment could also support the implementation of national legislation at national and subnational levels. Outcomes of the Nordic Assessment should be presented as outlined in a communication strategy with detailed information including easy-to-understand infographics, maps and geographical information systems' outcomes. Examples of available information are listed in Annex 2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Improvements in human capital influence the acquisition and assimilation of information, and the learning, mastery and implementation of technology. Human capital also has an impact on farmers' ability to adapt technology to a particular situation and to changing needs (Schultz, 1972, Zepeda, 2001). Even in the absence of innovation, farm productivity may be enhanced by investments in education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Similar activity by the Lord’s Resistance Army has been identified where it operates in Uganda, South Sudan and areas of the DRC. Extremist groups like these work to control ports of entry across porous borders in bucolic areas of Africa, which further contributes to the convergence of illicit trade that directly finances national security threats to the region and the rest of the world. Further information sharing and new technology can offer deeper insight into the impact of current policies for deterring illicit trade. They could also help craft policy that casts a broader net in the areas where illicit trade intersects with other criminal activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Widowhood can bring economic hardship and vulnerability for women. The conditions for entitlements also relate to more specific pension rules - for instance, how many years of contributions are required (the so-called ‘vesting period’), the income or asset threshold for means-tested benefits, and whether benefits are right-based or depend on resources available and waiting lists. The conditions of entitlement define who can get a benefit and how coverage is ultimately distributed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the same time, reductions in household energy consumption would be expected at around 1 013 kWh per year, equivalent to a reduction in the electricity bill of EUR 70 per year. Also, reductions in water supply uncertainty might provide opportunities for setting up industries and economic activities supporting rural and urban development. Demand reduction may also allow either the deferral and/or downsizing ofplanned facilities or network expansion to meet unmet demand (see Box 4.8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Northern Europe and Southeast and East Asia are regions with a summer aridity index of 5 or more, but the summer aridity index has a distribution of 5 to 11 in Northern Europe and of 9 to 108 in Southeast and East Asia. The ways that weeds flourish vary. In Southeast and East Asia, in contrast, weeding must be done frequently every year. Moreover, on the continent of Europe, glaciers have reduced the topography, creating flat landforms, destroying fertile ground and lowering its crop productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, these solutions impose further environmental pressures. Intensification of farming activities has reduced water quality in river basin areas, while expanding production outside Java has encouraged further deforestation (Section 3.4). Competition for water use has intensified due to growing demand by households and industries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It also reviews how greenhouse gas emissions and removals from the agriculture sectors contribute to climate change. The implication is that the agriculture sectors need to both adapt to climate change by building resilience and contribute to climate change mitigation. As well as providing a better understanding of potential changes in precipitation, the report uses improvements in modelling and data collection to make better medium-term projections. Accordingly, the cascading impacts of climate change can now be attributed along chains of evidence from physical climate through to intermediate systems and then to people (Kirtman et al., Several studies document the biophysical impacts of the expected changes specifically on agroecosystems (Box 5)- The impacts range from yield reductions and increased yield variability to displacement of crops and the loss of agrobiodiversity and ecosystem services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For a discussion of policy design and reform, see OECD (2002), Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: A Positive Reform Agenda and OECD (2008a), Agricultural Policy Design: A Synthesis. Various proposals have been made in the context of current WTO negotiations to correct the current imbalance of import and export rules to imports, including the binding and elimination of export taxes, and prohibition of export restrictions. The purpose of the ASEAN Food Security Reserve, as stated in the original agreement, is to provide for a supply of rice in emergency situations when a member country, having suffered a natural or man-induced calamity, is unable to cope with such state or condition through either its national reserve stocks or normal international trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol. Competition for Water Resources: Experiences and Management Approaches in the U.S. and Europe, Elsevier Publishing, Amsterdam. Agriculture and Groundwater: Feeding Billions from the Ground Up”, Presentation at the Global Forum for Food and Agriculture (GFFA), Berlin, January 20,2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)