albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The SDGs on education differ from the previous Millennium Development Goals (2000-15) in that they establish a universal agenda, setting targets and indicators for all countries and shift the emphasis from access to education to quality of education and learning outcomes. This is a major and much-needed change, since differences in quality between education systems are so great that traditional measures (such as the number of years of schooling or qualifications obtained) are only loosely related to the actual level of skills that students acquire. The need to monitor actual learning outcomes highlights the prominent role of international surveys, notably the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the Survey of Adult Skills, a product of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). Since universal access was achieved decades ago in those countries, the period from 2005 to 2013 was one of relative stability in student enrolment rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The need for more sustainable development pathways is therefore crucial. While perhaps the most traditional approach to addressing biodiversity loss has been to establish protected areas, it is increasingly clear that there is a need to scale up other approaches that are able to mainstream biodiversity considerations across all sectors of the economy, so as to address the drivers of biodiversity loss and ensure sustainable use (OECD, 2012, 2013). Some refer more explicitly to processes, whereas others refer to both processes and outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Because the individual commune, or group of communes, is ultimately charged with developing the actual land use legislation that governs changes in land uses, it has to find a way to balance conflicting signals from higher levels of government with the pressures from the local populace to maintain or change the use of particular parcels of land. Typically, rural communes do not have staff with strong competences in land use planning, which makes this an even greater challenge. While consultants can be hired to provide planning support this can also be problematic, because while the consultant may understand the approach of the higher level in spatial planning, they may lack a strong understanding of the local milieu and offer advice that is controversial locally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
To facilitate good matching and enhance sectoral mobility, a somewhat longer duration of unemployment benefits and an upscaled Public Employment Service would be of value, as well as greater focus on reintegration in the public works programme and more efficient and developed lifelong learning. Besides skills mismatches, important geographic mismatches are illustrated by high and persistent regional disparities in the unemployment rate. Mobility is hampered by the underdevelopment of the rental housing market, while there is room to enhance the efficiency of public transport to further support commuting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Many of these regulations concern environmental regulations. Investors can live with strict emission limits or safety standards, as long as they are stable and predictable. A case in point are the regulations governing greenhouse gas emissions under the Kyoto Protocol or the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS), which have the potential to massively affect the relative competitiveness of different fuels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Population growth correlates closely with the number of square metres of new housing space, both at the regional level and in the 38 cities of regional significance (see Figure 1.19). However, some smaller towns, where population is stagnating or falling, are nevertheless seeing significant housing stock growth. In the city of Shu (Karaganda oblast), where population is stagnating, the housing stock has increased by 2.7% every year since 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Many countries were already in the process of introducing ICT in hospitals and health centres. However, as mentioned, there is no agreed international definition for the description, and therefore measurement, of 'health facilities'. The closest established indicator is the number of hospital beds per 10 000 population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is for public authorities to adapt these operational enabiers to their respective circumstances. When implemented, these enabiers result in better outcomes for patterns of land use, inequality reduction, and improvements in urban form, increasing compactness and walkability. Together, these seven enabiers are “how" in this process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the summer of 2015, the first WPP in Georgia will start to function. The plant will be built near Gori and will be implemented by the Georgian Energy Development Fund (GEDF). Its capacity will be about 20 MW and investment value is between US$30 million and US$35 million. However, it only briefly mentions the need to promote improvements in the efficiency of energy generation, transmission, dispatching, distribution, import, export and consumption, as well as natural gas delivery, import, export, transportation, distribution and consumption. In 2008, the Government approved the regulation for construction of renewable energy sources in Georgia, “Renewable Energy 2008”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Over the course of each day, week and year, a teacher has to make thousands of decisions. To make these choices effectively teachers may draw on what is sometimes called pedagogical content knowledge. Then there are choices about how to initiate, organise and maintain momentum in periods of learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Measures have been adopted to ensure that all pupils leave lower secondary school with adequate basic skills, provide inclusive and meaningful education for all and encourage local governments and schools to set their own targets consistent with the national targets. Within this framework, the Norwegian Ministry of Education is looking for more targeted approaches to strengthen the quality of lower secondary education. These focus on the need to adapt teaching and learning to student motivation in specific adolescent ages, of ensuring suitable school environments that cater to their needs, and of supporting effective transitions from one level to the next.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Constitutional principles of the Public Administration, expressed in the caput of Article 37 of the Federal Constitution, are basic foundations that guide the management of res publica in Brazil. The study of the applicability of these principles is fundamental, since they need to be assimilated by the leaders of the democratic state under the rule of law in order to fulfill what is set forth in the constitutional charter. The legislator wanted to print legality, impersonality, moral%
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They also analyse which aspects of teacher quality are directly related to the quality of instruction and howthis in turn is related to students' learning. The analyses show positive relations between teachers' pedagogical competence and student outcomes both in primary and lower secondary school, while teachers' formal education seems to be more important in the higher grades. The article also discusses how the findings can be related to teachers' professional development. Another important finding is how teachers' self efficacy and motivation are important for students' learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The circular economy represents a life cycle approach to maximise value creation in each link of the system. The overarching goals are to enhance the restorative capacity of natural resources, improve the reuse aid recycling of products and raw materials, phase out waste and hazardous substances, and transition towards renewable and sustainable energy supplies. In recent years, the Netherlands has begun laying the groundwork towards a circular economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Among the environmental problems caused by the extractive industries are ground and surface water contamination, deforestation with the consequent loss of plant coverage, soil erosion and destabilization, and sedimentation of waterways, which alters the natural functioning of watersheds (UNEP, 2010). In addition, there is the risk of accidents, such as oil spills and breaches in tailings ponds. Mercury and arsenic contamination have been one consequence of gold mining and affect sensitive areas such as the Amazon basin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Disasters typically magnify existing patterns of inequality, including gender inequality. Violence against women and girls can occur, for example, because scarce resources result in lack of street lighting at night in areas where women are obliged to collect fuel or water from remote and isolated areas. Women run more slowly than men, for instance, and face greater difficulties in climbing rescue points such as trees and posts. They often cannot swim and may be prohibited from leaving their homes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Lost (in) Dimensions: Consolidating progress in multidimensional poverty research', Working Paper 2014-04, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. Step-by-Step Guidelines to the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA)', Working Paper 2012-10, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. Cross-country MODA Study: Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) - Technical note', Working Paper 2012-05, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The country teams led the country analyses, interacted with the local policy committees and wrote their respective country reports. At the end of that month the regional team provided the methodology and held an intensive training workshop in Accra for the local teams. A visit to each country followed in August. In the following months the regional and country teams carried out the analyses and presented the preliminary results of the study during November and December at the WCARO Social Policy Network Meeting in Dakar, the ODI-UNICEF conference on “The global economic crisis - Including children in the policy response” in London, and the AERC conference on “Rethinking African Economic Policy in Light of the Global Economic and Financial Crisis” in Nairobi.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The country studies in chapter III confirmed that such associations play an active role in the national software system. In the UNCTAD-WITSA Survey, associations were asked to identify the main barriers for the growth and development of the software and IT services industry in their respective countries. The factor mentioned by the largest number of respondents was limited access to venture capital, followed by shortages of qualified people and a lack of government procurement (table V.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
La protection economique des femmes en age avance, depend aujourd'hui de plusieurs facteurs lies,y compris des regies des systemes de retraite, des conditions du marche du travail et des dispositions fa-miliales prises a divers moments. Cet article se penche sur les regies des systemes de retraite et leur interaction avec d’autres conditions sociales et du marche du travail au cours de la vie d’une femme, pour reproduire ou attenuer les inegalites entre les sexes au moment de la vieillesse. Une rubrique separee est consacree aux systemes de retraite sans cotisation, a leur evolution dans le monde et au potentiel qu'ils ont de resoudre les lacunes existantes en matiere d’acces a la protection au moment de la vieillesse, independamment du sexe et du niveau de revenu.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Ogallala has been the source of substantial, large-scale irrigation development, beginning in the 1950s, when affordable technology became available for extracting groundwater and applying it to large fields of cotton, corn, winter wheat, and sorghum (Warren et al., The number of wells on the Texas High Plains increased from 48,000 in 1958 to 101,000 in 2000, as farmers increased their production of irrigated crops (Colaizzi et al., The Ogallala is largely a fossil aquifer with a very slow rate of natural recharge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In charge of public budget planning and allocation for different sectors. It takes the leading role in co-ordinating with donors and other relevant agencies and NGOs in preparing, appraising and negotiating ODA and FDI projects and programmes in Vietnam's ARD Sector. It also contains the SPS Office. Ensures the legality of policies developed by other MARD departments before issuing. Steers and guides on organisation and professional processes of administrative and specialised inspections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Among companies, the propensity to work with universities is actually lower in Penang than the national average (16%) (see Table 3.5.). The Innovation Office is managing the intellectual part of the innovation platform with the aim to facilitate commercialisation. There is also a Research Creativity and Management Office (RCMO) which is involved in research processes and grants management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Official population data for large cities are unreliable and underestimate the real number of the urban population in large cities, because many internal and external migrants live in big cities without being officially registered (Box 1.3). This discrepancy between official demographic statistics, on the one hand, and social and demographic trends on the other, could present issues for the effective provision of public services. Since budget transfers are based on official population numbers, some large cities whose population has been underestimated may not receive enough funding for public services and to cope with the growing burden on urban infrastructure. According to the Law “On Migration”, internal migrants must register al their new place of residence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Promoting dense and proximate development patterns, diversifying land use and integrating investment in public transport and private urban development could usefully be explored. Higher residential densities can increase the cost-effectiveness of public transport by providing greater demand. Stockholm County has a few areas of high density (over 5 000 persons per square kilometre) as well as widely dispersed urban areas of low and medium density (Figure 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Wider involvement of the research community should be promoted to broaden analytical capacity. In some cases, such as during the elaboration of the Po River Basin District Plan, discussions have resulted in the setting up of permanent panels on specific themes such as agriculture, industry, energy, research and innovation, tourism, fishing and biodiversity. The consultation process has also been combined with SEA procedures, which requires basin authorities to make the river basin plans available for public consultations for a period of 60 days. Delays in developing river basin plans have shortened the consultation period and events have focused on one-way presentation of draft plans, which has not allowed in-depth discussion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
What mechanisms exist for co-ordinating activities of multiple national ministries operating at the urban level? Which national policies encourage co-operation/networking among cities and reduce the incentives for them to engage in unproductive forms of competition? Are there any national policy barriers to inter-municipal co-ordination?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In some cases, entire watersheds are given a designation of connectivity, but in others, a combined spatial and temporal definition is used. For example, the Nebraska Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has implemented the “10/50 rule" (Nebraska DNR, 2007) which defines separate zones, and therefore potential regulations, for wells based on whether or not groundwater pumping over a 50-year period will include at least a 10% contribution from an adjacent stream. In some cases, Nebraska has also applied a 28/40 rule.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The company Eurocopter approached CONALEP to include a specific module on helicopters. First, it could be improved by having more teaching in English, thus increasing opportunities for placements in multinational companies. Second, co-ordination of efforts between the Secretaries of Economy and Education at state level to decide strategy and funding would also improve effectiveness. In Queretaro, for example, currently there is no collaboration on sets of skills needed between the Secretaries of Economy and Education at state level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
If land owners are not willing to transfer the land and leave it, the investor does not have the right to lease the land and cany out its investment.” It should be noted that although the government discourages slash and bum cultivation, i.e. shifting cultivation, such a system can be sustainable and deliver environmental goods in areas where demographic pressure is relatively low. An approach tailored to the characteristics of each geographical area should thus be taken.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Additional obstacles may prevent women and girls' participation and their ability or disposition to meet and be interviewed. This may include organizing interviews according to special schedules that facilitate the participation of women and girls, arranging alternative childcare, considering the possibility of conducting interviews remotely through secure communication methods, or receiving written testimonies, when relevant. Outreach initiatives should also be gender sensitive to ensure that women and girls are made aware of them, in a timely manner, and of the possibility of their attending and that facilities will be provided to enable them to give their testimony. As a result, their testimonies often focus primarily on the experience of their male relatives and/ or children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper focuses on how national and subnational governments can align subnational financial flows to transition towards low-carbon, resilient and inclusive cities. The paper is a contribution from the OECD Champion Mayors for Inclusive Growth initiative and to the OECD Programme on Subnational Finance and Investment. It was drafted by Dorothee Allain - Dupre, Isabelle Chatty, Marissa Plouin, and Sena Segbedzi.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These linkages have multifaceted positive impacts on individuals, families and communities. The potential for the co-development of urban and rural communities exists but requires partnerships between the migrants and the local authorities of both communities as well as support from national governments. It assists to shift the focus away from why people move to how they work, live and shape their habitats. Cities across the development spectrum have growing mobile and diverse populations to manage. In developed countries, one of the main sources of population diversity is international migration while, in less-developed countries, it is most likely internal migration1 and, to a lesser extent, growing international South-South migration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Norway and Slovenia also provide cancer care at comprehensive cancer centres and also at specialised institutions that provide treatment for specific cancers. Other countries, such as Canada, Chile, England, France, Hungary, Israel, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Singapore and Turkey have institutions that specialise in certain treatments, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy or surgery. Given the varied organisational structures, the number of institutions providing cancer care differs widely across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This meant that LDCs were subsidizing users abroad to surf to content in their own nation. Though not many, it still included sizeable Diasporas, researchers, tourists and others. Another factor that has held back core Internet infrastructure in LDCs has been the phenomenal spread of mobile communications. The rapid take-up of wireless technologies initially diverted attention from the Internet because most cellphone use was voice calls, text messaging or mobile money.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Defective or complex description of competencies can augment the lack of confidence into certificates and induce ineffective signalling (Cedefop, 2010). Even though stakeholders have similar interests towards the signalling function of certificates, certain aspects need differentiation for employers and further education institutions. On the labour market, certificates may bring about earning advantages for students who successfully passed upper secondary graduation tests, as their diplomas confirm that students master a specific set of skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Unemployment triggered by contractionary monetary policy has been found to lead to disproportionate layoffs among blacks in the United States relative to whites, and differentially affects women in some developing countries as well as in the United States (Rodgers 2008, Braunstein and Heintz 2008, Seguino and Heintz 2012). Rather, the question is what the appropriate target should be. A common argument from inflation targeting adherents is that in order to prevent the harmful effects of inflation on long-rung growth, inflation should be in the low single digits. Research on the relationship between inflation and growth shows, however, that much higher levels of inflation are consistent with growth. A subsequent paper co-authored by Bruno and Easterly (1998) yielded empirical evidence that growth rates only declined when inflation exceeded 40 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is dependent on the sociodemographic characteristics of the poor, such as their age, education, occupation, migrant status, social group (whether SC/ST or not),7 gender and salary status. Specifically, it is assumed that the higher their education, the more skilled their occupation, the younger their age, the more they contribute to the city economy. Also, the salaried contribute more to the city economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This makes the sector a perfect candidate for public sector investment rather than private sector profitability. Governments can adopt a range of measures, including subsidies, to ensure that water and sanitation services remain affordable and meet the needs of marginalized groups. A fixed amount of water can be made available to all households at no charge, coupled with a stepped tariff for additional quantities (as in South Africa), bearing in mind that this could still underserve poorer households, which tend to be larger in size and may share a water connection. Alternatively, subsidies can be targeted to specific groups, based either on household income (as in Chile) or geographical location (Colombia).57 Another possibility is to cross-subsidize different public services. Many of these alternatives are financed by households themselves rather than by governments. It is thus necessary to regulate and subsidize their water sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Fiscal incentives should be announced and guaranteed for a couple of years in advance. They could theoretically be financed through a surcharge on energy consumption, which adjusts automatically to the amount of support paid. These measures are likely to increase stability and reduce regulatory risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The chapter suggests a number of policy recommendations to improve the governance of school resource use. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The central level governs at a distance and sets central conditions and guidelines within which municipalities and schools exercise their autonomy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)