albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma programme, an internationally recognised pre‐university curriculum, is currently offered by approximately 1500 schools in 120 countries. This article will analyse various dimensions of peace education in the IB Diploma programme, with particular reference to its peace and conflict studies course. This course has been a success in qualitative terms but has not managed to draw in large numbers of students. Ian Harris’ typology of peace education will be used to demonstrate how elements of peace education have found their way into the Diploma programme in other ways as well. It is argued that the IB Diploma programme’s commitment to peace education is mostly achieved through international education, but that the four other types of peace education (human rights education, development education, environmental education and conflict resolution education) are also available. By way of conclusion this article suggests how the peace education embedded in the Diploma pr...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Health-related quality of life scores were significantly lower for respondents with ADEs compared with other respondents. Consequently, productivity loss due to long term sickness and disability increased for people who had suffered ADEs compared to other respondents. If the patients are of working age, the worsened health caused by harm may prevent them from participating in the workforce resulting in lost productive life years. Beyond the negative impact on self-esteem and personal economic loss from reduced income, the flow on effects include higher support and care needs, increased welfare dependency and loss of taxation revenue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Food insecurity is more often the result of limited access to food. As explained by A. Sen (1981), “starvation is a matter of some people not having enough food to eat, and not a matter of there being not enough food to eat”. Thus, investments in food production systems need to be complemented by programmes designed to increase the incomes of the poor, as well as social protection and safety nets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
All these regulations are more prevalent at the regional than the national level. Indeed, five of the responding countries report that such regulations operate at the regional rather than national level (Australia, Denmark, Japan, Netherlands and the United States), which points to potential sub-national specificities in requirements. Well spacing can provide guarantees against well interference and stream depletion if implemented with sufficient knowledge of the situations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The shift cannot be left to individual actors, it requires government support through a broad package of policy tools. This chapter explores the role of government in supporting the transition towards sustainable lifestyles, considers what is required for encouraging sustainable behaviour and details policy options such as choice editing, advertising, promoting sustainable products and increasing product information. While the industrialised countries have plateaued in their population growth, established at high levels of consumption, emerging economies, starting from a low consumption base, are on the rise, both in terms of numbers and in aspiration to join the ranks of consumerism being broadcast across western TV channels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Rapists are also motivated by character traits common to many criminals. One study on women raped or sexually assaulted during 2002 found that 67 per cent of the women identified the perpetrator as a non-stranger.25 Another study found that 8 out of 10 victims know the people who raped them.26 Most victims do not incur physical injuries from sexual assaults. Many of the unwanted and forced acts that take place during a sexual assault do not result in visible nongenital injuries. When humans are threatened, they respond, initially at least, instinctively and rcflexively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is collected by water agencies within each hydrographic basin. The charge builds on a characterisation of water resources as regards availability: Category 1 and Category 2 resources are those situated respectively inside and outside Water Apportionment Areas (ZREs in French, for Zones de Repartition des Eaux), which are zones characterised by a chronic w'ater deficit. The spatial distinction between Category 1 and Category 2 resources reflects the higher opportunity cost in ZREs where there is a serious imbalance between water demand and water availability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Having been conceived, tested and refined in Dhaka, the IRRC approach was found to be robustly suited to the realities of low and middle-income cities. Under this project, ESCAP and Waste Concern, in partnership with national and local governments, community groups and technical teams, promoted the IRRC model in 17 cities, ultimately establishing facilities and pursuing associated activities in seven of them (Figure 4). The centre is a small-scale facility that can receive different types of waste, including organic and inorganic waste, and then transform it all into resources, such as compost, biogas and other fuels and clean recyclable material.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The mobile habitat is no longer a marker of nomad identity. On the other hand, a fixed dwelling made of durable materials (e.g., "banco" or adobe homes of unfired bricks made from a mixture of sand and straw) is not necessarily synonymous with sedentarism. It combines several types of dwellings used alternatively over the year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Efforts in this area have already been started by Norway, and 17 ACT teams are now in place in Norway, two of which are Flexible Assertive Community Treatment (F-ACTs) teams. Indeed, an evaluation report on the impact of the implementation of ACT teams in Norway is expected in 2014, and should provide a valuable insight into strengths and weaknesses of this important service. This amounts to around 138 involuntary admitted persons per 100 000 adult inhabitants, and about 198 involuntary admissions per 100 000 adult inhabitants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
European policies put more emphasis on water quality and ecosystems, the reduction of encroachments on rivers and the environment, and inclusive water governance. The Dutch tradition of engineered responses to risk is generally at odds with this policy direction. The Netherlands has displayed a relatively low level of ambition vis-a-vis the WFD, claiming that most of its waters are artificial systems and that restoration could only be limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Salmon remains the second largest import category, valued at USD 1.6 billion in 2007. The major fresh and frozen commodities were salmon (327.4 million pounds valued at USD 467.1 million), surimi (310.6 million pounds valued at USD 289.9 million), and lobsters (60.7 million pounds valued at USD 390.9 million). The United States recognizes that, without sustainable fisheries, there can be no long-term, commercially viable trade in seafood. Therefore, the concepts of conservation and sustainability are at the core of US trade policy. Additionally, the United States takes the position that tariffs and quantitative restrictions on trade are, for the most part, ineffective substitutes for good management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This means that gains from co-operation have to be seen by all participants as being larger than any losses that result from giving up independent action. Second in importance is the ability of potential partners to trust that their counter-parties can be trusted to follow through on commitments and fully implement the partnership. Typically these agreements are difficult to enforce if a participant shirks their responsibility, so a lack of trust can make an agreement improbable even if the potential benefits are significant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Each and every person working in the preschool should promote respect for the intrinsic value of each person as well as respect for the environment. This means that kindergartens (barnehager) in Norway should base their activities on ethical values rooted in Christianity1 and humanism - which are assumed to be widely held by the Norwegian population. The Christian and humanist values upon which the plan is based include empathy, forgiveness, a belief in human worth, equality, common responsibility, honesty and fairness. Kindergartens in Norway should also promote human dignity, equality, intellectual freedom, tolerance, health, sustainable development and respect for the environment. The Te Whariki curriculum of New Zealand emphasises the critical role of socially and culturally mediated learning and of reciprocal and responsive relationships for children with people, places and things.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Statutory health insurance and health providers use the ONDAM as a target for spending and savings objectives. The monitoring of objectives has steadily improved as recommended by the OECD (2011a), and effective spending growth has been close to the ONDAM since 2009 (Box 2, Figure 6, Panel A). Overall, the fiscal framework appears sound (OECD, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article examines the mass media’s role in shaping education policy debates in light of pluralist theory and Bourdieu’s social fields theory. We content analyzed the coverage of New Jersey education policy debates during 1985, when the governor moved to consolidate his power in the education field. We used quantitative framing and conflict analysis and found that the media presented educational policy debates in ways that advantaged political and economic elites and portrayed the governor as being above the political fray. On the whole, our findings conform more to Bourdieu’s social fields theory than to pluralist theory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter will try to demonstrate that there is a tendency towards convergence between the approach taken by the European Court of Human Rights in matters of jurisdiction and responsibility and general international law. The analysis will show that in its decisions in Jaloud and Chiragov, the Court is moving towards a judicial integration in the sense of a reasoned difference between responsibility in human rights and general international law. Although in future judgments the ECtHR will have to offer even more consistent legal reasoning to maintain this trend, it is evident that the ECHR is not a self-contained regime but contributes to greater judicial integration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Ever since reunification, Germany’s role in, and contribution to, EU and international security has been a source of debate both within and outside Germany. The spate of international conflicts in the 1990s, especially within European borders, sparked off a lively debate on whether a reunited, and therefore stronger, Germany should shoulder more of the burden in international conflict resolution. Traditionally, the main obstacle to a more militarily oriented German foreign and security policy has been deep-seated anti-militarist sentiments combined with pacifist inclinations within Germany. While the country has eventually responded with deeper engagement in these matters, it has done so inconsistently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Societies will have to adjust to increasing proportions of older persons in their population. In this regard, in developed countries, concerns about rising costs of health care (partially related to ageing) and viability of pension systems are already at the centre of policy debates. In many developing countries, population ageing is occurring in an accelerated fashion and life expectancy has risen considerably.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Work strengthens its link with human development if it goes beyond individual benefits to contribute to shared social objectives, such as poverty reduction, sharing prosperity, social cohesion, culture and civilization. The approach became popular in Latin America in the 1990s when the region was facing an economic crisis and high unemployment rates. People looking for alternative sources of income began to cluster into groups, co-operatives and associations to establish economic ventures that would benefit the community (Nobrega 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
While it is not a question of undertaking a convergence analysis, this study starts off with a dynamic autoregression model in order to shed light on its implications in an econometric panel model and then, starting from there, other lagged variables are incorporated in order to provide an explanation within the framework of the model to be used in this study. In the first, the macro variables include lagged GDP growth, investment as a percentage of GDP and the expansion of human capital as measured by the mean level of educational attainment of the economically active population (EAP). Labour-market variables include the growth of the labour supply (in hours) and the average wage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Moreover, they stipulate the need for the requisite parental consent, both of which contravene the right to equality under the Constitution. Also the provisions of Ss. This is discriminatory and contravenes the anti-discrimination provisions of the Constitution. She also raised the ground that the provisions of S. 17 of the Marriage Act allow a child of 15 years of age to get married, if her father, mother, guardian or court consents, yet all human beings are equal so to let another person decide on behalf of another contravenes the right to equality and dignity of a person and is discriminatory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Many other countries in the region, however, lag behind on this issue. According to target 8.5 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, countries are expected to “achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value” by 2030. They receive 100 per cent of their salaries if they have over three years of service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Dependence on external donor resources to drive implementation was also noted as a major hurdle. Involvement of all national stakeholders from the conceptualisation stage provided national ownership, direct linkages to development and a focus on livelihoods and poverty eradication through targeted and practical sector-based, on-the-ground interventions. The study highlighted that - given the limits to national capacity - the green economy-enabling institutional framework should be concentrated in a single sector linked to other building blocks and sectors, and mainstreamed throughout the economy. It was also deemed necessary to determine sectoral indicators of greenness for monitoring, evaluating and reporting purposes, to create a feedback loop for policy adjustments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Published projections of the potential impact of the PPACA were for the year 2016 (Ebiner, C. et al., It does not inform about how quickly the new equilibrium would be reached, although some researchers have made a deduction about the dynamics. The model is not intended to generate long-term projections of health expenditures and therefore is not comprehensive of the set of drivers of public health spending growth. The model also does not include the impact of broader macroeconomic effects such as firm births and deaths, changes in firm size, and changes in worker’s employment statuses, either due to business cycles effects or to policy reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This is mainly due to the exhaustion of temporary UB and the assumed ineligibility for social assistance and housing benefits, which will be analysed separately below. Similar drops can be observed in other countries when unemployment enters a third (e.g. Netherlands, Switzerland) or fourth year (e.g. Sweden, Iceland). The average net replacement rate averaged over the first two years of an unemployment spell is displayed for 2007 and 2009. While the generosity of UB remained fairly steady between 2007 and 2009 in most countries, it increased significantly in some of them, especially in the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Distributive Effects of Cash Versus In-Kind Family Transfers for Young Children”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. How Time-flexible Work Policies Can Reduce Stress, Improve Health, and Save Money”, Stress and Health, Vol. Eine Bilanz der Regierung Merkel 2005-2009, VS Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Arctic regions of the United States (Alaska) and Canada (Northern Canada) have the highest levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on earth. The toxic health-threatening substances are transported over long distances by rivers, oceans and air currents from warmer parts of the world to the colder polar regions. They also accumulate in the fatty tissue of seals and whales which traditionally play a key role in Arctic indigenous peoples' diet and can be passed directly to infants through maternal breast milk, causing disruption of the hormone and immune systems and affecting postnatal growth. Disease patterns among American Indians and Alaska Natives are strongly associated with the adverse consequences of poverty, limited access to health services, and cultural dislocation. Inadequate education, high rates of unemployment, discrimination, and cultural differences all contribute to unhealthy lifestyles and disparities in access to health care for many indigenous peoples.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article argues that specific characteristics of the domestic legal institutions of Islamic law states shape these states' choices of peaceful resolution methods in territorial disputes. After providing original data on the characteristics of Islamic legal structures, I systematically compare pertinent rules of international dispute resolution methods and Islamic law. I demonstrate empirically that not all Islamic law states view international settlement venues in the same way. Secular legal features, such as constitutional mentions of education, supreme court, or peaceful settlement of disputes have the power to attract these states to the most formal international venues—arbitration and adjudication. On the other hand, Islamic law states whose legal system is infused with Islamic religious precepts are attracted to less-formalized venues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Minimum wages are non-binding in Viet Nam, yet the proportion of workers whose wage level is close to the minimum wage varies across firms and groups of workers. Minimum wage to mean wage ratios were lowest for workers in the state sector and highest for youth and low-educated workers. Higher minimum wage to mean wage ratios are associated with high levels of non-compliance, but only in the non-state sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A delicate balance has to be maintained and this is where voluntary initiatives such as the Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GTSC) certification scheme play a critical role: there is no confrontation since the industry has voluntarily agreed to follow norms which will not only meet but frequently exceed the requirements of the law. The recommendations are based on a list of 12 principles for sustainable tourism development. Typically the Sustainable Tourism Criteria established by the j Global Sustainable Tourism Council extend to measurable indicators I and an appraisal and certification scheme which is rapaidly gaining j acceptance by the accommodation sector. Laws pertaining to land use, access, waster disposal, I pollution control, minimum wages and the like exist in almost all | countries: occasionally, these are relaxed for the tourism indistury in some developing countries in an effort to attract foreign tourists and i investments in the industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Agriculture products, with low income elasticities, and non-agricultural products, which have higher income elasticities, are also impacted differently. This applies primarily to manufactured goods in WCA. In contrast, the decrease in export opportunities leads to increasing supply on domestic markets and a lowering of domestic prices for exportable goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Bandung City, 44% of total revenue in 2016 is expected to come in the form of transfers from the national government. A common problem w'ith such automatic transfers is the way they are calculated. The General Allocation Fund is partly allocated based on the registered population in the local governments and does not take into account unregistered population, which is high in the City of Bandung.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Such plankton species produce toxins that are ingested by shellfish, among other species, especially filter-feeders such as oysters and mussels. In addition to affecting the marine life that ingests them, the toxins poison humans who eat infected shellfish. The forms of poisoning include paralytic shellfish poisoning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The reverse is not necessarily true: programmes that do not account for existing gender discrimination will continue to perpetuate it. The debate is no longer about adding in special policies and programmes for women or having separate women’s ministries or agencies, but rather, ensuring that all policies and programmes are aimed at achieving equal outcomes for men and women. Realizing gender equality and women’s empowerment is not an inadvertent outcome, but a key design feature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
La pauvrete en zone urbaine a augmente. Ces tendances ont empeche le marche du travail de jouer son role positif en termes de reduction de la pauvrete. Les prestations d'aide sociale (essentiellement F allocation pour enfant a charge et les pensions d'invalidity et de vieillesse) n'ont qu’une incidence marginale sur les inegalites et la pauvrete.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, it is apparent that shifting wealth has changed the distributional challenges facing the global economy today. The next section looks beyond Gini coefficients and other scalar inequality measures to understand how the distributional challenges to social cohesion differ across each part of the entire income distribution. Box 4.1 discusses in some detail how inequality changes are related to differences in the growth of living standards between different parts of the distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Mezzanine debt financing is thus riskier than traditional debt-financing but also more rewarding, it is associated with a higher yield. As such, it is more flexible than equity financing. This type of financing can be particularly useful for midsized enterprises that cannot access high yield markets due to high minimum size requirements. However, issues of uncertainties around collaterals and problems identifying exit strategies still apply to mezzanine financing used for EE projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Among executives knowledgeable about blockchain technology, 18% already participate in a consortium, 45% are likely to join one, and 14% are considering forming one. Industry consortia are focusing on developing solutions to their business issues with the help of blockchain technology, whereas technology consortia are focusing on developing use case agnostic blockchain technologies, and are mostly formed by blockchain technology providers. These technology providers drive innovation for consensus algorithms, transaction efficiency, and interoperability across different blockchain platforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)