albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Eradication of corruption in Indonesia is still the main agenda of the government in building good governance. One method to expose corruption is to use a whistleblower role that can help find the criminal mode of corruption. Whistleblower mechanism is divided into three main dimensions: Human, Structure and Process. But in practice whistleblower reporters in corruption cases in Indonesia have not received maximum legal protection. In Indonesia the normative regulation governing pursuant to Law No.13 of 2006 concerning Witness and Victim Protection as well as Supreme Court Circular Letter (SEMA) No.4 Year 2011 on Treatment of Criminal Reporting and Witness of Actors Cooperation The results show that from three dimensions of whistleblower system still does not yet have binding legislation. Whistleblower reporters only accept lightening relief. Specific whistleblower legislation is urgent. In legislation, at least, it should be in accordance with Whistleblower's protection  .
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Only 1% are deprived in nutrition on its own, 1% are deprived in nutrition and child development but not in housing, and 3% are deprived in child development without being deprived in any of the other two. The biggest differences were observed for "computer" and "internet" in the information dimension (see Table A2 in Annex 1). Figure 5 decomposes the deprivation rate for nutrition, child development and housing (separately) into the proportions of children deprived in this dimension alone and the proportions deprived in this dimension as well as in two, three or more dimensions simultaneously.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The strong presence of financial sector workers among top earners documented in Section 2 may not be undesirable if their very high earnings can be explained by very high productivity. One concern, however, is that the very high incomes not only reflect productivity but also rents accruing to financial sector employees. Financial institutions which benefit from highly valuable public support, especially government guarantees, or barriers to entry can create economic rents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Honduras’ murder rate, the highest recorded in the world at 90 per 100,000 people per year, was often cited in the news media as a leading reason for die exodus of unaccompanied minors from that country to the United States in mid-2014 (Patton et al., In a positive development that demonstrates that the right investments can save lives, such deaths “among adolescents have declined significandy since 2000,” accoiding to the World Health Organization. “ This decline is particularly noticeable in the regions where maternal mortality rates are highest. The Southeast Asia, Eastern Mediterranean and African regions have seen declines of 57 per cent, 50 per cent and 37 per cent, respectively.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Indicators of performance are mainly limited to grade repetition and student dropout, and school supervisors do not systematically evaluate school quality (see Policy Issue 3.2). A school census-based assessment would provide a stronger basis to identify where additional teachers should be allocated, focus incentives to attract high quality teachers, and target training to staff who face particularly challenging classrooms. These are critical measures to raise student learning and tackle dropout (see Chapter 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This would match decision making to capacity and accountability lines, and result in less unimplemented decisions. This way forward does not imply deflating the role of the national and state water resources councils or overlooking the role of basin commissions. In a democracy, roles and jurisdictions should be assigned in a very clear way, and holding deliberative powers is not the only way of having effective influence on the decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, women’s labour market participation and employment still remains significantly lower than men’s. In the OECD area, the gender gap in employment tended to converge in the 1990s, thanks to higher employment growth rates for women compared to men, and to remain constant in the period from 2000 to 2007. In the early years of the recent economic crisis, in most OECD countries gender gaps in employment shrank, mostly due to heavy job losses in male-dominated sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In: Ocampo JA, Jomo KS and Sarbuland K, eds. Policy Matters: Economic and Social Policies to Sustain Equitable Development. Hyderabad, London and Penang, Orient Longmans, Zed Books and Third World Network: 305-333. My family eats this money too: Pension sharing and self-respect among Zulu grandmothers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In total, around 45% of total EU emissions are covered by the EU ETS (EC, 2013). Installations are required to measure direct emissions each year, and provide emissions reports verified by an accredited verifier. In addition, the EU Directive on financial reporting was amended in 2014 to require large public interest entities with more than 500 employees to also report on non-financial information (EC, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It examines how competition for water resources is growing due to shifting demand, climate change, and changing societal preferences. The chapter also discusses how these pressures increase the value of well-designed allocation regimes that perform well across a range of conditions (averages as well as extremes) and can adapt to changing conditions at least cost. They trace their roots to previous decades or even centuries and have usually evolved in a piecemeal fashion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Lessons from these past trends are helpful to formulate future policies helping improving opportunities for displaced workers. On average each year, one-fifth of jobs are created and/or destroyed and one third of workers are hired or separate from employers (OECD, 2018). This is part of the normal reallocation of resources to their most productive uses in response to shocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Implemented initially in 200 districts across the country, the act was notified to another 200 districts in 2008 and it now operates in all of rural India accounting for a total expenditure equivalent to 0.3 of the national GNR NREGA is now the world’s biggest “right to work” programme and providing work opportunities for some 45 million poor rural households. In the wake of the global economic crisis, the number of days of work to which beneficiaries are entitled was increased from 100 to 200. By this token, NREGA contributed to buffer the effects of slower economic growth on the poorest households, in particular for those workers returning to rural areas after they lost their jobs in the cities. The scheme had an influence in providing “livelihood security” for large numbers of people and in ensuring that minimum wages are actually paid for unskilled, casual agricultural work - by far the primary source of earnings for poor households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The ethical aspects of biobanks and forensic DNA databases are often treated as separate issues. As a reflection of this, public participation, or the involvement of citizens in genetic databases, has been approached differently in the fields of forensics and medicine. This paper aims to cross the boundaries between medicine and forensics by exploring the flows between the ethical issues presented in the two domains and the subsequent conceptualisation of public trust and legitimisation. We propose to introduce the concept of ‘solidarity’, traditionally applied only to medical and research biobanks, into a consideration of public engagement in medicine and forensics. Inclusion of a solidarity-based framework, in both medical biobanks and forensic DNA databases, raises new questions that should be included in the ethical debate, in relation to both health services/medical research and activities associated with the criminal justice system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In learning about their rights and active citizenship, girls can bring fresh perspectives to family and school issues, and even to the development of their communities (UNICEF, 2011). School speaking or debate clubs, community forums with space reserved for girls to voice their ideas, and youth parliaments that include younger age cohorts are among the options. Processes to foster participation need to be carefully managed, however, since many end up dominated by adults, and even among young adolescents, girls are already likely to be more reticent than boys. One essential protection from these risks is as simple as a birth certificate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The concept of a “social protection floor” has been in use in recent years to mean a set of basic social rights, services and facilities that global citizens should enjoy. The report of the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization states: “a minimum level of social protection for individuals and families needs to be accepted and undisputed as part of the socio-economic floor of the global economy”. A “social protection floor” could consist of two main elements - services (access to water and sanitation, health and education) and social transfers, in cash or in kind that help to realize respective human rights (ILO, 2010/11: 17).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The past decade was the first in two centuries with increasing C02 emissions intensities, owing to a “coal revival,” in contrast with the rapid conversion to natural gas in the 1990s. In 2012, the global share of coal reached an estimated 29 percent, which, in relative terms, was higher than and, in absolute terms, about twice as large as the time of the first oil crisis in 1973. In the 2000s, China alone added more coal power capacity each year than the total installed capacity in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (International Energy Agency, 2010, p. 202). Most recently, global C02, emissions have grown at a slower pace, namely 1.4 percent in 2011 and 1.1 percent in 2012 and thus decisively below the 2.9 percent average since 2000. The recent short-term trend was driven mainly by absolute decreases of emissions in the EU and the United States as well as a below-trend increase in China, which was primarily due to the lingering economic effects of the global financial crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Under this proposal, UBN indicators would be able to account for access to goods provided through public investment, while income indicators would measure private consumption. This method attempted to determine the extent of deprivation in each dimension in order to establish gaps, as is the case with the poverty line. Nevertheless, for the time being, the significance of asymmetries within households (not all household members are affected in the same way by lack of resources or are able to function with the same degree of freedom) will not be taken into account owing to methodological difficulties and problems with data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This concept is the most comprehensive as it also takes into account in-kind transfers, such as education and health care spending. Data issues are discussed in Box 1 and different income inequality measures are discussed in Annex 1. Among the OECD countries, earnings inequality for full-time employees is highest in Chile, the United States and Portugal, while Switzerland, Belgium and Denmark are the most equal countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Available from www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-residents-to-generate-own-water-bills-using-mobile-app-soon/ story-qqmpK06SYZtgzidhyh MwfJ.html. Working paper presented at the International Workshop on Market Based Instruments and International Trade, Amsterdam, 19 March. Available from http: / / rprogress.org / publications /1998 / BTA_1998.pdf. A Climate for Recovery: The Colour of Stimulus Goes Green. Available from http: / / globaldashboard.org / wp-content /uploads / 2009 / HSBC_Green_New_ Deal.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These multiple constraints contribute to low agricultural productivity (Chapter 2 of this Report) as well as limiting the dynamic potential of female ventures in rural areas, and thus risk inhibiting the long-term growth and diversification potential of rural economies. Women have land ownership rights in all these countries, and in only one (Democratic Republic of the Congo) is this affected by their marital status. However, formal discrimination persists in inheritance rights in a number of countries: Women have inheritance rights as daughters or surviving spouses in 16 cases, but not in seven others (Bangladesh, Nepal, Senegal, Sudan, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania and Yemen), and in one other (Lesotho) daughters do not have equal rights with sons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is attributed to efforts made to reduce subjectivity in the earlier use of a multiplicative factor by directly consulting the concerned ministries/departments to confirm the contribution of schemes implemented by them towards biodiversity conservation, as well as to the significant difference in rupee-USD conversion rate in 2014. Most of the subsidies benefit the rich more than the poor, however. For example, the poorest 20% reap only about a tenth of electricity subsidies and even less of transport fuel subsidies. Replacing indirect subsidies - artificially low prices for energy' and water - with cash transfers would help the poor, encourage efficient use of energy and water, and help to promote more socially inclusive green growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Compared to other Nordic countries, health expenditure was the second highest after Denmar k. Of total net expenditure on health and medical care services in Swedish county councils and regions in 2010 (202 billion SEK), specialist psychiatric care accounted for 8%, pharmaceuticals excluded (SALAR, 201 la). In terms of total health expenditure, the share of private insurance is marginal, accounting for merely 0.1% in 2000, which increased only to 0.3% in 2010 (OECD, 2012b). It typically provides supplementary coverage (mainly coverage for elective surgery) to the public health system. In 2010, 382 000 people had supplementary voluntary insurance, compared to approximately 103 000 people in 2000 (Anell et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Ensuring equal opportunities for all immigrant students - regardless of which school they attend - is of critical importance. The second section, on funding strategy, presents approaches to managing inequities through targeted funding to disadvantaged areas, schools or particular student groups after careful consideration of educational priorities. Finally, the third section underlines the importance of monitoring and evaluation in ensuring the quality of migrant education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This contrasts with the debate of the early 1990s, when the rise in the average wage of the newly industrializing economies (NIEs) relative to that of the United States was used to allay fears about the effect of trade on income inequality. This may be partly due to a declining growth in labour supply and restrictions on geographical labour mobility (TDR 2010, chap. Moreover, the new labour contract law, which came into effect in 2008, stipulates minimum wage requirements and allows a strengthening of the bargaining power of employees.9 Finally, labour compensation has also increased because of rapidly rising labour productivity. According to Banister and Cook (2011), labour productivity in China's industrial sector (including manufacturing, as well as construction, mining and utilities) increased at an average annual rate of about 10 per cent betw een 1991 and 2008. The reason for this rapid productivity growth is a combination of sizeable and growing capital investment and improved education and skill levels of Chinese workers, along with the use of advanced technologies by transnational corporations (TNCs) engaged in international production sharing, as discussed below .
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article takes as critical point of departure the currently individualized nature of mainstream social psychology. It is argued that by using the concept of ideology, social psychology may be transformed into a more societal social psychology and thereby a discipline more relevant to individual, society and social life. Based on the interplay between language usage and ideology, moreover, a methodology for assessing ideological changes in society by identifying shifts in language usage in the public discourse (newspapers) is presented. Research conducted by this methodology, including comparative studies of how the globalized neoliberalism with its strong individualism merges with local ideologies in various societies around the world is then reviewed. Finally, analyses of a society’s ideological reactions upon terrorism, is presented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Yet a considerable proportion of youth in Latin America are neither working nor engaged in education nor training (NEET). These activities can help “NEETs" develop skills that will pay off later by making them more employable or opening up better opportunities for career advancement. The NEET rate is a good measure of the youth educational and labour market reality, reflecting both the risk of unemployment and inactivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This scheme, under which duly registered families are paid a subsidy to receive, under appropriate standards, older adults who need care, has been implemented in the Famflia Acolhedora (Foster Family) programme in Brazil19 and the Care Network for Comprehensive Care of Older Persons, Solidarity Families component, in Costa Rica. In some cases, these are considered as respite services for caregivers and include training schemes to bring them into the formal sector. They may include subsidies for the hiring of personal assistants, cash transfers to unpaid caregivers, or temporary access to care centres outside the home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The OECD is grateful to all stakeholders who took part in the event and all those who provided information on relevant country experience. Their experiences and insights have provided valuable inputs into this report. Within the OECD the authors would like to thank Deborah Roseveare, Tanja Bastianic, Simon Field, Nicolas Jonas, Malgorzata Kuczera, Anthony Mann and Pauline Musset for their valuable feedback on drafts of this report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In particular, prices on domestic markets are strongly dependent on trade policies pursued in the countries concerned. In fact, there is effectively no way that stockholding policies in any country can permanently override the domestic market price effects of its government’s trade policy unless the country concerned is either extremely large relative to the world market or has an unlimited budget and storage capacities. Chapter 4 found that on closer inspection the track record of the national stock policies analysed was far less convincing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Nowadays, any activity that may change the conditions in the cave requires official permission. They form part of the Transboundary Biosphere Reserve and the Ag-gtclek (Hungary) and Slovensky kras (Slovakia) National Parks. Both are included in the World Heritage List, and are part of the Natura 2000 network. There is good cooperation in terms of cultural programmes, tourism and sport, public events and publications. An Agreement on cooperation between the State Nature Conservancy of Slovakia and the Ag-gtelck National Park Directorate in Hungary (2001) is followed up through annual implementation protocols.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Australian state of Victoria funds a programme, specifically targeted at boys, called “Boys, Blokes, Books & Bytes” that promotes learning styles that are appealing to boys, and involves adult men as positive role models and reading partners. The programme is based on peer learning, as teachers leam from and with each other with the support of a tutor. Once fully developed, the programme will be offered to teachers from pre-school to upper secondary' school. New York City’s Young Men’s Initiative includes reading and math classes for young black and Latino men who are not yet ready to take the General Education Development (high school equivalency) test.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Several NGOs claimed the construction required separate permitting, as well as public participation and assessment procedures, under the EIA Directive and the UNECE Aarhus and Espoo conventions, arguing that the work should legally be considered a new project. However, obligations under the EIA Directive took effect at the time of accession, on 1 May 2004. Given that the project was initiated, authorised and partly built prior to accession, the EIA Directive is not applicable. Nevertheless, the Slovak authorities informed the Commission that they had voluntarily initiated a new EIA procedure for units 3 and 4 before issuing the permits for commissioning and operations. Source: UNECE, 2010. However, the current SEA legislation contains a number of shortcomings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Fisheries Research Agency, (IFOP), is responsible for conducting basic research. Additionally, institutions such as the police and the Navy may inspect and control the enforcement of fisheries and aquaculture regulations in their relevant jurisdictions. The main tools used in the management and conservation of fishing resources include prohibiting fishing for specific species in defined areas, temporary or permanent prohibition of capture of species protected by agreements to which Chile is a party, annual catch quota per species in specific areas, declaration of marine parks to ensure the conservation and diversity of marine species, allowable percentages of species landed as bycatch, minimum extraction sizes or weights per species in a determined area and restrictions on dimensions and characteristics of fishing gears and nets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
A robustness check however indicates that the distributions of spell durations vary little over the observation periods. In particular, the shares of spells with durations of at least six, twelve, and 24 months among spells starting in a given month are surprisingly stable over time (not shown). The only exception to this is Latvia, where the proportion of spells with longer durations surges along with the rise in benefit receipt rates in 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In response to this regional disparity, the government has undertaken the South-North Water Diversion Project, a pipeline transporting water from the Yangzi River to the north of the country. While this might add water resources for agricultural use in the north, it should be complemented by broader policies designed to promote water efficiency. Such policies are particularly important given imminent challenges to water availability such as the development of China’s water-intensive shale gas industry and the prospect of increased aridity in the north of the country from further climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Yet, commitments to promote the cohesion of families cannot be seen in isolation from two critical elements oftheSDGs:the realization of human rights of all, and the achievement of gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls (2030 Agenda, preamble).9 In fact under the SDGs, States explicitly commit to ensuring universal access to family planning (SDG 3.7) and the promotion of shared responsibility within the family (SDG 5.4). The impact of diseases is felt particularly in African countries. See, e.g., Mokomane 2012 and UNDG Western and Central Africa 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)