albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
A second inverted-U-shaped effect is then superimposed on this monotonic first effect, whereby (starting from zero) a rise in the share of highly-educated individuals initially raises earnings inequality as the earnings of some workers now differ from that associated with a low education level, but eventually inequality declines as more and more individuals have higher education and heterogeneity in education attainment is reduced. The results suggest that, on average across countries, an upper-secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary degree is associated with an earnings premium of 700 USD per month (relative to a lower-secondary degree) and a tertiary degree is associated with a further premium of more than 1100 USD per month. The vertical axis shows the impact of the same change on the log earnings of the 90th quantile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These improvements should enhance the regional potential of the market by developing sales and storage spaces protected from bad weather as well as service, sanitation and roads that can adequately serve the intense weekly market attendance. One-third of women and one-quarter of men remarked that their activities were slowed by a lack of roads or because of the degraded state of existing axes. The Dendi region is located at a strategic crossroads of the Nigerien National Route (RN7) stretching from Niamey to the east of Niger, of the principal Kebbi road axis leading to Sokoto and the national interstate (RNIE2) that crosses Benin to the Gulf of Guinea. Despite this theoretically privileged position, the Dendi has an underdeveloped and rapidly deteriorating road system (Map 6.21.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the 2008/09 school year, 1 239 schools provided education leading to a school-leaving examination, 541 schools provided programmes leading to an apprenticeship certificate and 111 schools provided secondary education that does not require any certificate of completion. For the same school year, secondary school leavers were distributed as follows: 20% completed secondary general education, 54% completed technical education and 26% completed secondary education programmes not requiring a school-leaving examination. Special schools exist from pre-primary to secondary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In order to mobilise them, medication adherence needs to be placed on the national policy agenda, starting with adherence being routinely observed and continuing towards the development of adherence quality and performance indicators. Such indicators could help in improving health system efficiency through establishing and influencing the relationship between the spending on pharmaceuticals and the gains in health outcomes. Improving how patients take their medicines requires that health professionals are equipped with skills specific to delivering care in a person-centred instead of the disease-centred model, i.e. that the providers should seek and gain understating of patients’ individual needs, perspectives, and values, convey to patients the information they need to participate in their care, and build trust and understanding. Avoidable costs in U.S. healthcare: The $200 billion opportunity from using medicines more responsibly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Experiences from developed countries, for example in relation to automobile emission standards, show that clear long-term timelines with fixed tightening of performance standards can be an important driver of technological change. If future standards are set and announced several years in advance, industry has more time to innovate and invest. However, in order to be effective, long-term timelines and targets need to be robust to political changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In addition, traps and poison bait take their toll, as do hunters (who have trouble telling feral cats from true wildcats). Other protection measures will also be needed, such as a ban on the sale of leg-hold traps and maintaining a dense network of wooded corridors in open areas in order to promote the colonisation of new shrubbery. As a contribution to the “Countdown to 2010” initiative (“Halt the Loss of Biodiversity”), the 20 communes of Sicona-West have introduced 10 priority measures, including an action plan to save the wildcat and telemetric studies to record its movements. An information campaign (targeted particularly at hunters) about the ecological role of the wildcat could enhance its public image.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The report mentions the need for "green accounting". However, no actions are as yet mentioned that would directly relate to biodiversity. Especially important areas to focus on from an Icelandic perspective are the fishing sector and targeting ecosystem degradation. Presently most terrestrial ecosystems are somewhat degraded in Iceland mainly because of overgrazing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It can be difficult to manage the increased congestion generated by higher density development. Constrained uiban areas may also be less economically efficient. They may also generate environmentally undesirable commuting patterns (due to leapfrog development, for example). No single best solution or tool exists to manage urban growth without negative side-effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This pattern is driven mainly by the hours of domestic workers and, especially, education workers, because the number of hours for health sector workers is similar to that for other occupations. Second, multiple job-holding is less common among care workers as a whole than in other occupations, a pattern driven again by domestic workers. Last, there tends to be a wage penalty for domestic work, for education workers the pattern is not clear. There is a wage premium for health workers compared with peers in other sectors, probably because a high proportion of them work in the public sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Over the past 20 years, the CWSRFs have lent USD 63 billion for 20 711 projects in communities of all sizes (of which 96% went to wastewater treatment projects). They have lent USD 2.31 for every dollar the federal government had initially allocated. The DWSRFs have lent USD12.6 billion to 5 555 projects over 10 years. However, this might end up causing excessive leverage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The 2012 Australian Census of Women in Leadership shows found that the percentage of women on the boards of companies on the ASX 2002 is only 12.3 per cent (Australian Government 2012). Furthermore, the number of women holding senior manager positions within ASX 200 companies is only 9.7 per cent (Australian Government 2012). Women are better represented within the public sector and as of 2014 constitute 57.9 per cent of that workforce. Nonetheless, even within this sector the number of women decreases with higher seniority levels - only 33.2 per cent of women are in Senior Executive Service (SES) Band 3 positions compared to 41.6 per cent in SES Band 1 positions (DPMC [no date]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Typically, a soil survey produces data and maps by soil types, soil suitability for various purposes, hazard and degradation potential and, in some cases, maps of specific soil properties. Data and maps on soil typologies covering the national territory are produced primarily by scientific research institutions and by geological, geographical and, sometimes, agricultural authorities. Soil pollution statistics are included under Topic 1.3.4: Soil pollution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While pursuing Ethiopia’s primary growth aim of achieving middle-income status, a green growth strategy will need to better engage people who depend upon natural assets or who suffer from environmental hazards, developing opportunities to improve the wellbeing of specific groups of poor people through participating in green economic activity. Next steps in implementing the CRGE will need to put the regions, people (especially women, youth and marginalised groups) and business (in both the formal and informal economy) at the centre. On the one hand, it ensures that everyone can participate in the growth process, offering their information and opinions and taking part in decisionmaking, as well as in participating in growth activities themselves, benefit-sharing and monitoring green growth activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Under the baseline projections of the ITF International Freight Model, the growth in international freight volume is far from uniform, being significantly stronger along maritime routes and inland connections in Asia. The North Pacific corridor facilitated the highest volume of international freight flows in 2015, this was due mainly to the high volume of international trade from China to the United States. As Figure 9 shows, it is estimated that the volume of freight in the North Pacific corridor will increase significantly by 2050.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Not only were there recorded cases of willing female combatants (Coulter 2008), but women were also active in other arenas as well. Many became primary breadwinners as men were involved in the war effort, and they were also instrumental in organising for an end to the conflict. Although at first women were not part of any of the formal dialogue concerning peace and were excluded from the main peace negotiations of Abidjan in 1996 and Conakry in 1997, at least two female representatives were included in the peace talks held in Lome in 1999 and the resulting Peace Agreement mentions the importance of paying attention to women’s special needs in the post-conflict context (Ogunsanya 2007, Barnes 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As FAO also estimates, deforestation accounted for a loss of forest cover of approximately 13 million hectares per year between 2000 and 2005— a loss that could not be compensated by the 5.7 million hectares recovered during the same period from the natural expansion of forests and forest plantations. Local human activities that are being undertaken in and near forests—mostly unsustainable logging, conversion of forests to agricultural land, conversion of coastal mangrove forests for aquaculture, mining, infrastructure creation and the expansion of human settlements—as well as forest fires, further accelerate deforestation and degradation. Forest degradation lowers the capacity of forests to provide the community with the livelihood resources needed to withstand and recover from disasters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, the taxes are more onerous in LDCs where they account for a larger share of per capita income. Data for LDCs included in the GSMA study show that handset taxes range from 0 to 40% of the cost (see Box chart 4.1). The country has the second lowest taxes on handsets among the LDCs, which has an important impact on the price. By 2016, almost half of Cambodians had a smartphone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In this paper, I reflect upon and discuss findings from an empirical study that employed a postcolonial feminist approach to a multi-sited global ethnography of a sport for development and peace (SDP) initiative. Building on postcolonial feminist perspectives pertaining the importance of creating cross-border feminist solidarities anchored in struggles in the specificities of ‘the local’, in combination with recent work on research on transnational global activist research that explores issues of NGOization, I investigate two key methodological challenges and tensions that emerged in my research, including: (1) the politics and perils of translation in cross-cultural research, and (2) the technologies of aid evaluation and ethics of representation. I conclude by critically considering struggles of power, knowledge and social relations in local and transnational SDP, and discuss possibilities for mutual accountability and ethical responsibility in future SDP research, policy and practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For certain (non-biological) medical waste, a temporary storage facility should be developed. This would avoid dumping part of medical waste until the incinerator comes on stream and create a back-up facility in case when the incinerator is not able to receive this waste due to maintenance or repair. At the moment, statistics for industrial waste do not include all waste and do not reflect the real situation. An environmental audit of functioning enterprises as well as abandoned industrial sites is needed in order to identify all sources of industrial (non-hazardous) and hazardous waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Particular attention is often paid to sustainable, or efficient, water use. Because the agriculture sector demands significant amounts of fresh water, a number of policies in both developing and developed countries target the efficient use of irrigation water. A strong call to recognise the importance of improving the efficiency of water and soil use in a sustainable manner by the agricultural sector was made by G20 leaders and G20 Agricultural Vice Ministers in May and June 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Brazilian administrative reform was included in the 1988 Constitution, and it has promoted decentralized policies, including the municipalization of health and popular participation. The objective of this article is to understand how the implementation of these democratic changes were studied in the international literature. The scientific production on Brazilian public health administration was analyzed by studying social networks. The search was conducted in the Web of Science database, using administration terms, delimited by “Brazil” and “health,” and using BibExcel and Ucinet software. The network of publications in administration was cohesive, containing practices of deliberative democracy and social participation. By including the term “health,” more variations were found, particularly on the Brazilian Health Reform and on the decentralization of the National Health System, with a more critical and reflexive focus, albeit with a clear gap on social accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Interviews showed that this factor should be a higher priority for public policy. They are] just scraping by and it never ends somehow" (Interview 4, 2018). Assistance towards women in business is largely restricted to micro-finance" stated a gender co-ordi-nator of a West African ministry (Interview 33, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Huber’s (2010) research on school leadership development indicated a number of characteristics evident in CIEL. This is a key expectation for CIEL participants and is central to their individual inquiry initiatives. Second, is the intense exploration of case studies from the OECD/ILE “Inventory” of innovative learning environments (see OECD, 2013, Annex A) as a way to prompt new thinking and action based on experiences in other parts of the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Incentives to delay early marriage and curb teenage pregnancies are also critical to keeping adolescent girls in school. Policy should also ensure that women have the same chances as men to develop the skills they have acquired in school, the workplace and everyday life. A Systematic Review of the Evidence”, EPPI Centre, Social Science Research, Unit, Institute of Education, University of London, London, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08abaed915d3cfd0008e0/Birdthistle et al 2011.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Furthermore its labour market experience is different, as its traditionally high female employment has fallen in recent years. Nevertheless, in all three countries increasing female labour force participation is key to greater gender equality in the labour force as well as sustaining labour supply and economic growth (see projections in Chapter 5). Demographic change in China, Japan and Korea (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Similarly, driving can be more dangerous than cycling for some demographics (Feleke et al., Longitudinal or even experimental studies would be key to strengthen this observation, which is based on cross-sectional data alone. Nevertheless, this finding suggests that an overall decrease in fatalities is possible in cities planning for a modal shift towards cycling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Although specific training and one-on-one guidance was necessary for the initial transactions, the deals that followed were orchestrated by the local banks. The programme would probably not have been so successful without the indirect training of personnel and bankers. Such sustainable success was also found in the Eastern European implementation of the programme by the IFC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, all agree that scaled-up climate finance is needed, that both public and private sources can play a key role, and that the (self-) sustainability of a project and transparency is important. However, different communities may naturally place greater emphasis on different aspects of effectiveness. These differences in emphasis and priority could make distilling a common definition of climate finance effectiveness challenging, and whilst common and clear understanding is important, it is not clear that a single definition is necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For example, Decision 12/CP.2 stipulates that the Global Environment Facility is to submit annual reports to the Conference of the Parties that “should” include a financial report with information on the “financial resources required” for projects under implementation and approved. Thus, climate finance information is included by these entities in their annual reports to the COP. However, the COP has not (to date) provided specific guidance on what financial information to report, and how. While most COP requests for information to GEF are couched in quite tentative terms (e.g. Decision 1/CP.20 requests and encourages specific actions or reports from the GEF), others are stronger (e.g. Decision 8/CP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre frangais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com. Reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development are the OECD’s vehicle to mobilise higher education for economic, social and cultural development of cities and regions. The reviews analyse how the higher education system impacts local and regional development and help improve this impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Examples of grant finance include the ADB’s grant for Golovnaya hydropower plant (Tajikistan) and adaptation projects in forestry and agriculture sectors (Kyrgyzstan) mainly supported by Germany. The share of equity financing, which is small throughout the region, includes the European Investment Bank and KfW Entwicklungsbank in the Green for Growth Fund II (e.g. in Armenia, Ukraine and Geoigia), and a hydropower project supported by the ADB (in Armenia). For instance, the Clean Technology Fund has provided concessional loans to a range of projects in the EECCA countries for demonstration, deployment and transfer of low-carbon technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The project was put on hold. In 2012, the Government said they planned to scrap the entire programme, outraging the women of Ain El-Sira. " I got a phone call from the head of security at the Ministry of Social Affairs telling me that these women were protesting and were barricading the building," Hania smiles. "
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Telecommunications operators in Sudan have difficulties trying to expand their coverage into conflict-ridden areas. Drug trafficking, terrorism and illegal immigration affect Mauritania's national security. While in Yemen, there are ongoing conflicts in some regions between the government forces and local insurgents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
But droughts also affected 13 million people. Beyond the fatalities, many more people have been affected, since 1970 a person living in the Asia-Pacific region has been five times more likely to be affected by natural disasters than a person living outside the region. Between 1970 and 2016, Asia and the Pacific lost $1.3 trillion in assets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It is an overarching document broadly describing the content of kindergartens, often in terms of suggestions and recommendations rather than prescriptions. Monitoring service quality based on laws and regulations can thus be challenging. Assessment of actual practice against the steering documents entails subjective interpretation, and poor practice at the kindergarten level can rarely be considered a direct violation of the law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is not the intention here to provide a comprehensive review of the principle but just to highlight the most critical areas. A distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference is compatible with the principle of equality when (a) it has objective and reasonable justification, (b) it pursues a legitimate aim under human rights law,and (c) there is a reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim sought to be realized.48 Differences in treatment that comply with the criteria mentioned above are not discriminatory and do not infringe the principle of equality and non-discrimination. Thus, discrimination may arise not only from an explicit unequal treatment in the law but also from laws that at face value are neutral but in practice have a disproportionate impact on the enjoyment or exercise of rights on an equal footing.49 For example, a law stating that the surviving partner of a heterosexual relationship is entitled to a pension would indirectly discriminate against same-sex couples.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The objective of the Guide is to provide guidance to national statistical offices on selecting and applying methods for valuing own-use production work of services, and on compiling Household Satellite Accounts. The remaining element of unpaid household service work - the production of services for other households, or more simply volunteering - is considered to entail a number of different, and complex methodological challenges considered too great to be dealt with in this Guidance. Implementation of the Guide’s recommendations would improve international comparability of statistics on unpaid household service work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Using an interdisciplinary, cultural studies approach, this article explores Raphael Lemkin's often overlooked concept of cultural destruction in the case of the Armenian Genocide. Lemkin's thinking was significantly shaped by the Armenian Genocide, as seen here in his newly published autobiography and other documents in the collection of his papers held at the American Jewish Archives. The author considers the Ottoman government's vandalism and destruction of Armenian cultural monuments, the mass killing of Armenian intellectuals, torture using crucifixes, and forced conversion to Islam. In deepening the idea of culture and its relationship to genocide, the author draws upon several models in the social sciences and humanities. The conclusion assesses the long-term impact of cultural destruction on Armenians in the diaspora and the Republic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)