albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Measures to reduce fatalities and serious injuries among the elderly should also focus on creating conditions for safe walking, cycling and using public transport. Korea should adopt a strategic approach to speed management, including a comprehensive review of road functions and speed limits. Current urban speed limits in Korea, typically 60 km/h, are too high and compliance is poor. This is to the detriment of safety, particularly of vulnerable road users including elderly pedestrians.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The CRS includes bilateral donors' funds, these are outside of the scope of the CFU. Both datasets consider some of the same climate funds. For figures and tables in this chapter, which include both CRS and CFU data, we have therefore adjusted each dataset accordingly (removing funds shown as greyed out text in the table from the respective dataset) so that as little double-counting as possible appears in the figures. It is not possible to identify and thus remove the ASAP funds from either the CRS or the CFU data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Specific provisions can be included in legislation for the accreditation of other bodies’ activities and staff where they are consistent with the standards applied by the regulator. The assignment to a regulator of both industry development and regulatory functions, such as protecting health or the environment, can reduce the regulator’s effectiveness in one or both functions and can also fail to engender public confidence. Such conflicting functions can impair a regulators’ clear role and they do not contribute to effective performance. For these reasons, this combination should be avoided” (OECD, forthcoming).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article describes and critiques the judicial reasoning of Indonesia’s Supreme Court, through the lens of the Court’s reviews of subnational laws during 2011–17. The resulting picture is a negative one. Most of the Court’s decisions were critically flawed, with either very little or no reasoning, and inconsistencies with past decisions. Worse, the Court appears keen to avoid hearing important cases that raise difficult political issues, even though the law governing those issues is clear and easy to apply. These inadequacies are perpetuated by genuine uncertainty about the precise jurisdiction of the Court in judicial review cases. However, the Court has not sought to resolve this uncertainty. Indeed, these decisions appear to reflect a court paying little regard to judicial transparency and accountability, and unwilling or unable to act as an effective check on government power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If credit is intended to increase the value of women’s work time, it seems it is not access to loans but use of loans matters. Ensuring women’s control over loan-created assets by law can also be a critical policy objective (Garikipati, 2011). Access to credit for women for productive projects can also be improved by measures enabling collateralisation of loans with cash flow or equipment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Pre-school and kindergarten teachers must have a bachelor's degree. Every spring, thousands of high school graduates submit their applications to the Departments of Teacher Education in eight Finnish universities. Normally it's not enough to complete high school and pass a rigorous national Matriculation Examination, successful candidates must have the highest scores and excellent interpersonal skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Many developing countries remain net importers of food, and some increase their net imports of food. For instance, under Scenario 3 (IPSL/DSSAT), India’s domestic maize and wheat production decreases and its imports of these commodities increase by approximately 40% and 50%, respectively, compared to the Reference scenario. Sub-Saharan Africa remains a net food importer across all of the scenarios.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The NRC report claims that the gain in student outcomes as a result of NCLB is small and, given the ambitious program initiated by the U.S. government to improve significantly student outcomes by 2014, the system is set to fail. Test-based incentive programs, as designed and implemented in the programs that have been carefully studied, have not increased student achievement enough to bring the United States close to the levels of the highest achieving countries. When evaluated using relevant low-stakes tests, which are less likely to be inflated by the incentives themselves, the overall effects on achievement tend to be small and are effectively zero for a number of programs.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper analyzes the conflict between (1) the Right to respect for private and family life and (2) Freedom of thought, conscience and religion [articles 8 and 9 of European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)] in the case Dulgheriu v. The London Borough of Ealing. In the first section, we make a brief description of the case. In the second section, we show the arguments used by the Court to rule this situation. In the third section, we verify the compatibility of the U.K. Court of Appeal’s decision with the ethical and juridical precepts. In the end, we concluded that autonomy has a public sphere that has to be respected. For this, the deductive and investigative methods will be used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
How do we understand the environmental mechanisms that can explain how an emission impacts on the things about which we care? Therefore, the key challenge is to find an effective way to reduce complexity, while minimising distortion and uncertainty. In the late 1980s, this insight resulted in the development of an approach, known as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) inspired by earlier studies in the late 1960s described as Resource and Environmental Profile Analyses (REPA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, the increase in foreign exchange reserves witnessed in a number of countries, such as Bangladesh, is a more positive development as such economies are not as exposed to global financial flows, but instead have to maintain sufficient reserves to contend with real external sector shocks. The reserves of Bangladesh and Nepal increased to record levels recently, with those of Bangladesh climbing to more than $13 billion by early 2013 while those of Nepal crossed $5 billion in late 2012, largely on the back of remittance inflows. As was seen during the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis, asset market prices could fall drastically and exchange rates could depreciate substantially, leading to the risk of a banking sector crisis as well as drastic loss of wealth of domestic citizens who invested in such assets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Commercialisation and industrialisation cannot protect hundreds of different types of landraces. I think no country in the world can protect that process. ” Countries face a difficult choice in envisioning their agricultural future: “Do you want to be a subsistent, highly diverse country full of biodiversity, or do you want to be modem, industrialised, but still using useful genes?”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Furthermore, metadata should specify (i) whether the data relate to cases of occupational injury which have been reported (to an accident notification system or to an accident compensation scheme), compensated (by an accident insurance scheme) or identified in some other way (for example through a survey of households or establishments) and (ii) whether cases of occupational injury due to commuting accidents are included in the statistics. Metadata should also specify the worker coverage according to the economic activity (ISIC), institutional sectors and status in employment, information on occupations for which data on accidents at work are subject to confidentiality by national legislation, as well as procedures used to correct data for under-reporting (or over-reporting). Finally, information about any national specificity essential for the interpretation, i.e., description of the work insurance system for reporting accidents at work, discrepancies between national and international definitions (e.g., definition of local unit, commuting accidents, etc.) Because data quality issues may be present, it may be more relevant to analyse indicator trends rather than levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The trade growth slowed down in 2016 but has continued up until now. The region exports mainly minerals, mineral oils and products of their distillation, while its imported goods are mostly machinery and mechanical appliances. In Kazakhstan, for example, from 2015 to 2016 revenues from international transit rose 40% to USD 700 million. Similarly, Mongolia has a unique location between Russia and China such that almost 90% of freight between these two countries is carried by Ulaanbaatar Railways through Mongolian territory, in 2016, Ulaanbaatar Railways transported 2.3 million tonnes of transit cargo, which was around 15% more than in 2015 and which accounted for 25% of the country's overall transport revenues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Contributes also to reduce precautionary saving by providing households with better diversmed source of incomes Reduce private saving as workers have extra years to build retirement income. Saving is also expected to rise as productivity gains are realised, but by less than investment Contributes by raising private investment in the short run. The effect can fade in the medium term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Sexual violence during war varies in extent and takes distinct forms. In some conflicts, sexual violence is widespread, yet in other conflicts—including some cases of ethnic conflict—it is quite limited. In some conflicts, sexual violence takes the form of sexual slavery, in others, torture in detention. I document this variation, particularly its absence in some conflicts and on the part of some groups. In the conclusion, I explore the relationship between strategic choices on the part of armed group leadership, the norms of combatants, dynamics within small units, and the effectiveness of military discipline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Instead, education systems that contain a large proportion of selective schools lend to have greater variation in performance between schools (OECD 2010). However, it is reasonably safe to assume that in countries such as Serbia, which still lag behind in tertiary enrolment, the tertiary system might be under pressure to expand and absorb (increasing numbers) of candidates." Upward trends in tertiary enrolment would indicate the same (indicators AE.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, since issuance of a voter card is dependent on being a holder of a national identity card, having the two service points under one roof increases the chances that new ID holders will also take up voter cards. Moreover, as originally designed, most government offices do not have the open office plan that characterises most Huduma Centres. For example, acquisition of documents that previously took days or weeks in paper-based processing now takes only a few hours, most of which are spent in the queue, given high demand for such services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes of plastic debris per year enters the ocean, of which approximately 83% originates in only 20 countries with China, Indonesia and the Philippines topping the list of marine plastic polluters (Jambeck ef al. The impacts of plastic debris include entanglement of birds, turtles and marine mammals, as well as marine animals' ingestion of plastic fragments, resulting in blocking of the digestive system. The fact that plastics persist for very long periods and are largely insoluble has significant implications for human health (Roy eta/. 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Multi-sector inspections are carried out by GASI inspectors as GASI covers many sectors, such as food safety and agriculture, health, education and industrial safety'. Before carrying out an inspection, a directive is drafted indicating the membership of the inspection team and what they will do on site. Inspection manuals and checklists are in use by GASI inspectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Exporters of agricultural products also benefit from generally available export credits. Export taxes are levied on hazelnuts and animal skins, while a number of agricultural products are prohibited for exports (specified agricultural plants, tobacco seeds and seedlings, and angora goats) (WTO, 2012). Farm structure and rural development policies work to activate this process and, as such, have particular importance in the context of Turkey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As with many of the determinants of adolescent pregnancy, long-term solutions must be multidimensional and address underlying problems, such as gender inequality, negative attitudes of boys and men towards girls, norms that perpetuate violence and impunity, poverty that compels girls to engage in sex as a survival strategy, and inadequate protection of human rights. Narrowly focused interventions are not enough, and efforts centred on changing a girl’s behaviour fail to reflect the multidimensional nature of the challenge. Keeping girls on healthy, safe and affirming life trajectories requires comprehensive, strategic, and targeted investments in adolescents that address the multiple sources of their vulnerabilities, which vary by age, income group, place of residence and many other factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By focusing on a sample of youth aged 16 years at the beginning of the observation period, the analysis could only provide insights on periods of NEET status up to the age of 20. It would have been very interesting to look at how patterns of labour market entry of 20- or 25-year-olds differ from the ones observed for 16- to 20-year-olds, and at future periods of NEET status for those who left education early.21 An implication of the short observation period is moreover that the share of censored spells is higher than it would otherwise be. The sample size and the available information on personal and household characteristics in the EU-SILC data are rather limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Some of the specific issues and particular groups of women noted above (namely indigenous women, women affected by HIV and displaced women) are also addressed in more detail in section H below. Many women are almost completely dependent on their relationship with a man (be it a father, husband, uncle or son) to access land, making it difficult if not impossible for them to access, use and control land in their own right. It is especially important that laws, policies and programmes related to land and other productive resources should be sensitive to these issues, and ensure that women are able to access these resources regardless of their personal or marital status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Female entrepreneurs rely substantially less than men on external loans, but it is not clear if this is because women are less inclined to use external finance or because women experience discriminatory treatment in capital markets (or both). Female-owned firms also differ from male-owned firms in terms of innovation outcomes but the lower levels of product and process innovation in enterprises founded by women can be explained by the sector, investment levels and sizes of their firms, as well as by their founders’ entrepreneurial experience prior to starting up. Analysis of “gendered innovation” shows that removing gender biases can improve research and innovation and open up new market opportunities (European Commission, 2013). In basic research, failing to use appropriate samples of male and female cells, tissues, and animals yields faulty results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This option could lead to achieving the goal of a 40% reduction in energy intensity by 2030. The largest impact in energy intensity reduction will stem from efficiency improvements in the industrial and residential sectors. These products must be rapidly distributed on a large scale to achieve energy savings and reduce worldwide emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This separation of activities is maintained through norms of femininity and masculinity: women's fishing work is often conceptualized as "not fishing", as if this work were an extension of their traditional role of (unpaid) household labour (SPC 2007). The association of fishing from boats, especially on open seas, with maleness is supported by cultural practices and taboos around the world with respect to women in boats (Lambeth et al. The sex segregation of fishing is not merely the result of gender boundaries: in fishing communities fishing defines these boundaries (Yodanis 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Furthermore, parents are generally unaware of the extent of knowledge imparted to adolescents, and given no culturally sanctioned opportunity to fill in the gaps. Research in the Nyanza province of western Kenya, where adolescent reproductive health indicators are very poor, found increased sexual activity amongst adolescents who sleep in a different home to the household head. Shona adults in Zimbabwe reportedly believe that children are sexually inactive, disinterested and therefore ignorant about sexual issues, and that talking about sex will encourage experimentation - two lines of thinking that reinforce the taboo on talking about sex (Francis-Chizororo, 2010). The grandmothers and elderly women who guide girls through menarche and initiation in Malawi tend to use euphemisms rather than explicit language, resulting in girls being partially informed of dangers associated with sex but uncertain howto negotiate safe sex (Munthali, 2007). Similarly, boys are taught little about sexuality during initiation. Researchers suggest that the enduring popularity of these rituals presents opportunities to promote abstinence and condom use (ibid.),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. The paper was reviewed by the OECD Environmental Policy Committee and its Working Party on Environmental Information. It also benefited from the comments received from country delegates to the Working Party on Biodiversity, Water and Ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This section discusses sustainable conservation based on the ecosystem approach as a new paradigm for risk management in fisheries. A significant positive correlation was observed between the Aleutian Low Pressure Index (ALPI) and carrying capacity at the species level. Residual carrying capacity was significantly positively correlated with body size and negatively related to age at maturity in chum salmon (O. keta) as an example of a density-dependent effect (Kaeriyama, 2008). On the other hand, the biomass of wild chum salmon populations in the 1990s decreased to 50 per cent of 1930s levels, despite a significant increase in hatchery populations (Figure 3.4.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Therefore, food and nutrition security goals need to be addressed with comprehensive strategies, adapted to the regional circumstances. Each of these interlinkages poses challenges to the aspects of availability, access and utilization of food by the poor and will be discussed in relation to post 2015 MDG implications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This paper examines how each elements of “good governance infrastructure” may influence the “ease of doing business” for a sample of 41 African countries from 2005 to 2012. The empirical results from GMM and other estimation methods reveal government effectiveness, political stability, rule of law, regulatory quality, and absence of corruption are robust determinants for creating conducive business atmosphere, taking into account other factors such as human capital, physical infrastructure and the level of development of a country. Nevertheless, no evidence has been found for voice & accountability to significantly affect the ease of doing business. This implies a government that may enhance political stability, rule of law. Government effectiveness and low level of corruption is likely to create a more favorable business atmosphere despite offsetting deficiencies in voice and accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The lighter-coloured bars show where the results were not statistically significant. The wage penalty for care woikers in developed countries can also be seen in certain countries in the region for workers in a range of different circumstances. Education workers also suffer a monthly wage penalty that tends to disappear for hourly wages. By contrast, health sector woikers have a wage premium or advantage in most countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2006, the government established the Executive Committee of the Climate Change Commission (CECAC), which has greatly helped strengthen the co-ordination and monitoring of climate change policies.2 The CECAC is the designated national authority for the Kyoto Protocol flexibility mechanisms. It manages the Portuguese Carbon Fund and is responsible for international negotiations. The Portuguese Environment Agency assumes the role of UNFCCC co-focal point, is responsible for the annual GHG inventory report, and is the competent authority for the EU ETS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A statement was also made by Joseph Cobbinah on behalf of the major groups. Comments were made and questions were posed by the representatives of Malaysia and Fiji. Statements were also made by the representatives of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and the Montreal Process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
First, the food basket takes into consideration the habits prevailing in society. The way in which households assemble the calories they need varies from one country to another and, in higher-resource countries, households purchase more expensive calories. Non-food needs are not specified directly, but correspond to the spending ratio observed in households close to the poverty line. This ratio, known as the Orshansky ratio, tends to rise with income level, owing party to changes in relative prices (in developed countries non-tradable goods are more expensive) and partly changes in habits and tastes at higher levels of purchasing power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Geographical, environmental and economic factors also have a considerable impact, There is a diversity of situations across OECD federal and unitary states in terms of the institutional organisation of water policy. On the other hand, though some unitary states still retain significant water responsibilities at central government level, with highly centralised water policy making (Korea, Chile, Israel), most OECD unitary states (France, New Zealand, Greece, the Netherlands) have de facto delegated many responsibilities to lower levels of government. These models are not intended as normative in the sense that one would be better than the other, but they highlight different co-ordination challenges raised by a given institutional organisation of water policy even if - within a same “category” - the degree to which governance challenges have an impact on the performance of water policy may vary from one country to another. In addition to outlining the challenges to co-ordination, they could be enriched by adding other dimensions (e.g. capacity gaps, variety of tools in use, etc.),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)