albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For example, higher bargaining power, as proxied by larger age gap, positively affects the amount of time that husbands spend on market work and that wives spend on household work. It has no effect on time spent by husbands on household work or wives on market work. On the other hand, the education gap proxy seems to negatively affect the amount of time husbands spend on household and care work, positively affect both the wife's and husband's time spent on market work, and does not significantly affect the time spent by the wife on household work. This suggests that die household division of labour and in particular women's household and care work time may not be subject to negotiation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Difference between estimated reform-effect on the rich (a=6) and the poor (o=-4). The illustrative reform scenarios point to the heterogeneity of the effects of structural reforms on household incomes across the income distribution (Figure 21). The inequality implications from structural reforms depend on how inequality is measured, i.e. on the differential emphasis that different measures attribute to different portions of the income distribution. In turn, this choice partly reflects social preferences, that is, inequality aversion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In particular, a large literature documents the existence of a deep divide, within the formal sector, between jobs offering permanent contracts and those offering fixed-term contracts. The distinction is especially relevant from a job quality perspective since fixed-term jobs tend to be, on average, second best jobs characterised by lower earnings quality, higher labour market risk (due to both higher risk of joblessness and to lower unemployment benefit coverage) and lower quality of the working environment (OECD, 2014, Chapter 3). Furthermore, these forms of fixed-term employment are quite widespread in emerging economies, notably in Latin American countries and China.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Factors that increased the chances of moving down at least one decile were mostly related to household socioeconomic composition and included variables such as the number of children in the household, the presence of a disabled household member and participation in own-account agriculture (independent farmer without employees). However, belonging to an ethnic minority did not appear to be significantly correlated with relative income mobility. More than two-thirds of the employed working-age population in Viet Nam is self-employed. This heterogeneous group includes representatives from the most vulnerable categories, such as own-account workers and contributing family workers. General conclusions about the relative well-being of self-employed workers compared to wage employees are difficult to state with certainty. A recent study on Viet Nam found that self-employment can be better remunerated than wage work (Nordman, Nguyen and Roubaud, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Another measure of programme success is the extent to which voucher recipients have further contracted public research organisations for follow-up assignments paid through other means (Box 4). Around 22% of the Scottish partners are already working on a new project, while 33% are discussing future project opportunities (BIGGAR Economics, 2010). Nearly 50% of the Austrian partners have already embarked on a continuation of the collaboration started in the framework of the IS and ISplus programmes, and a further 17% plan to do so (KMU Forschung, 2015). Finally, almost 60% of the German participants indicated their willingness to have a follow-up project (BMWi, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Their report focused heavily on the tolling highway lanes rather than a scheme focused on limiting travel into the central business district in Chicago. The study found support for this concept among a range of stakeholder groups, although there are concerns about equity issues (MPC/Wilbur Smith Associates, 2010). In some cases, such as the schemes introduced in Norwegian cities, the primary objective was to raise revenues for infrastructure expansion rather than to control traffic congestion levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Abstract   This paper investigates the effect of governance on levels of water pollution for all industrial activities as well as by some specific industry category in a sample of OECD economies. Using an institutional ecological economic conceptual framework, the effects of several measures of governance are empirically examined. Our findings reveal that the rule of law, regulatory quality, control of corruption, government effectiveness and voice and accountability are negatively and statistically significantly correlated with water pollution across all industrial activities as well as specific industry groups. We conclude that governance matters for mitigating industrial water pollution. This novel paper adds to the existing literature on industrial water pollution by developing a modeling approach that empirically examines questions that have so far not been explored in institutional ecological economics and demonstrates the importance of the framework for addressing real life ecological problems that are common across the world. Policy implications are drawn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Increasingly, companies are applying innovative solutions, including through the IoT, cloud computing, miniaturization and 3D printing, which will enable more interoperability and flexible industrial processes and autonomous and intelligent manufacturing. The physical components of industrial production are being transformed by smart, digital networking into cyber-physical systems, allowing for the management of production processes in real-time across great distances and customized products. It could further enable the transition to a circular economy, or industrial economy in which end-of-life products are reused, remanufactured and recycled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In addition, the Ministry of Telecoms launched the Lebanese IGF initiative, in which OGERO is handling secretariat activities. This project is relevant to SDGs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 11. Ltd., created the project Security and Integrated Flood Network System, relevant to SDGs 9, 11, 13 and 17. Under the Smart Community initiative, the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission has developed a few key projects to foster challenges in fulfilling the objectives of Smart Nation, which include access to digital technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Amsterdam, own-source revenues are increasingly important. For example, national operational subsidies for public transport are declining, which is placing pressure on the city to both establish a more cost-effective transit system and cover operational costs in the interim. It bears noting that water boards are in a much better fiscal situation given that they can raise taxes to cover their programme needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In general, donor funding for MPAs is part of a wider portfolio of finance, and tends to support establishment costs, training, and other forms of capacity building. It also aims to put frameworks in place so that MPAs can become financially self-sufficient. Such support, however, is often short-term and can be vulnerable to changes in donor priorities (Carr-Dirick and Klug, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
But the average teacher salary is still only half that of an individual with a tertiary education, which might limit attractiveness of the teaching profession and hinder recruitment. Schools are evaluated through well-structured, evidence-driven external inspections. Expenditure in education is lower than the OECD average, despite increases in spending on tertiary education. The financial crisis has affected education funding, particularly for nonteaching staff in small schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There are opportunities to further raise ow n revenue, in particular tariffs and user charges. Attracting private investment should also be emphasised: FDI inflows have been lower in the Philippines than in other countries of the Southeast Asian region, in particular because of the strong restrictiveness imposed by the central government. Opportunities also lie in Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) which are currently encouraged at the subnational level through the PPP Centre of NEDA, however, the impact of such initiative is not yet visible in Cebu.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As seen throughout this chapter, the assignment of roles based on unequal power relationships and the unfair social organization of care have strong implications for gender inequality between men and women, between women of different socioeconomic groups and between territories (Bidegain Ponte, 2017). In particular, it underscores time-use surveys as a key instrument for generating data that would serve as inputs for public policies aiming to significantly improve the measures adopted to guarantee women's right and autonomy (ECLAC, 2017). These data also serve as inputs to calculate the economic value of unpaid work and show that through domestic and care work, women finance and sustain national economies and often subsidize limited social policies in this area (Bidegain Ponte.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Another obstacle to proper implementation of the WFD is the conflict between national authorities and the regions, as well as regulatory uncertainty due to the perception of continuous changes in the institutional framework. Indeed, when the river basin authorities became river district authorities, the central government acquired more power regarding river basin management while the distribution of power among the state and the regions had previously been more clearly defined. The district authority is now considered a source of conflict between the state and regions, instead of being a planning and co-ordinating authority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the Netherlands PHI also covers physiotherapists, contact lenses, and alternative care, as well as cost-sharing by basic health insurance on dental care. In Switzerland supplementary PHI covers dental care and alternative medicine, as well as additional costs in hospitals related to private or semiprivate accommodation or choice of doctor. In Canada, PHI provides coverage for pharmaceuticals for two-thirds of the population. In Israel, PHI covers 80.3% of the populationfor services that are not included in the basic benefit package, the most significant medical service covered by this private insurance (complementary and duplicate) is the choice of physician for surgical procedures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In contrast, given men’s stability in terms of employment rates, the impact of male employment at the household level was neutral overall (Annex 5.A3, Figure 5.A3.1). For instance, in the Nordic countries the total share of social transfers represents close to 20% of household income (25% in Sweden), while in Australia and the United States it constitutes 8% and 7%, respectively. The respective contributions of earnings and other income sources to overall inequality can be estimated (see OECD, 2011), and it is interesting to consider the extent to which the contributions of gender-specific income components can be estimated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A harmonised definition of urban areas as “functional economic units” would be useful in designing and implementing green growth strategies according to functionally integrated areas, rather than administrative entities. It w'ould also increase comparability of metropolitan areas, and therefore Metro Cebu can learn draw' positive lessons from best practices in other FUAs, thereby encouraging more effective coordination. Smart city solutions may also help to create more channels for governance linkages between LGUs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As a non-Annex I country, Montenegro has only general obligations such as reporting to UNFCCC. However, those general obligations should be fulfilled if the country is to be eligible for technical and economic assistance. The Second National Communication (SNC) has been adopted by the Government in March 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Green' energy RSD budgets include: energy efficiency, renewables, nuclear, hydrogen and fuel cells, other power and storage technologies, and other technology or research. While the United Kingdom remains a leader in marine energy innovations, its ranking declined in batteries, electric and hybrid vehicles, nuclear, methane, heating, solar, fuel injection and waste. However, the falls appear to be due to higher growth in patenting activity in emerging economies such as Korea, rather than a major decline in the UK.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Make the benefits from registration more visible and substantial. Original data extractions were needed since the available datasets (e.g. labour force statistics published by OECD and ILO) do not provide distinct information on the self-employed with and without employees. This disaggregation is highly relevant because gender differences are generally more marked for the class of business owners with paid employees (self-employed with employees or “employers”). Both unincorporated and incorporated female and male employers are included in Figure 22.1 when the information is available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Where MoEs or other government departments are involved, in-service teacher training on ESD tends to be undertaken on an ad hoc basis or through donor-funded projects. As such it remains somewhat peripheral to the core of teacher development. There is little evidence from any of the focus countries of systematic MoE-led teacher training on ESD, or relevant policies that would make such training broadly available or mandatory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In OECD countries, there is a trend to move away from compulsory towards elective courses which are open for students from different faculties and schools. This approach facilitates the formation of teams of students with different backgrounds and interests. Interdisciplinary team efforts allow individuals to concentrate on what they know and like best and at the same time become familiar with new knowledge that can be associated in a new way of solving a problem or creating a new product or service. To what extent these courses use creative teaching methods and are tailored to the needs of the undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate students is not clear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Costa Rica's private hydropower companies, resorts, domestic airlines and the national soccer teams were among the first participants. An online airiine-travel, carbon-offset calculator and payment system was also established. Combined, these programmes generate approximately US$2.4 million per year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For Israel as a whole, only about 20% of the Arab population age 15 and over has attained tertiary education compared to about 45% for the Jewish population (Figure 2.1). The younger age group of Arabs is increasingly better educated, but the gap between the Arab and Jewish population aged 25-34 remains stark (Figure 2.2). If strong measures are not taken to revise this trend and with the global shift towards a more knowledge-based economies, in 10-15 years Galilee’s labour force will see an influx of young workers who lack the appropriate skills that are needed in the economy. While educational outcomes of the Arab population are improving, they still lag behind those of the Jewish population even in the younger cohorts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
La mobilite est entravee par le sous-developpement du marche du logement locatif et il serait possible d’ameliorer l’efficacite des transports publics pour davantage encourager les deplacements domicile-travail. Broadly speaking, mismatches can be defined as imbalances between labour supply and demand across geographic regions, sectors, occupations and skills. In Hungary, the main mismatch is a large structural excess of low-skilled labour supply, resulting in a very low' employment rate among this group (Figure 2, Panel A, Fazekas and Scharle, 2012). In contrast, high-skilled labour is in somewhat tight supply in certain fields, such as medical professions, and more companies report skill shortages than the European Union (EU) average (European Commission, 2013a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This report presents the opinions of Michigan’s local government leaders regarding the direction in which the state is headed, as well as their evaluations of the job performance of Governor Rick Snyder, the Michigan Legislature, and 14 individual state agencies or offices. These findings are based on statewide surveys of local government leaders in the Spring 2014 wave and comparisons to previous Spring waves of the Michigan Public Policy Survey (MPPS).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Faculty and students are engaged in outreach activities. Some activities are also carried out in rural communities, bridging the gap between the university and the society. The higher education institutions have also contributed to developing co-operative strategies that respond to issues that are difficult to address through inter-governmental co-operative efforts. Major achievements include the development of co-operative initiatives that address needs in the region, such as Universiti Sains Malaysia’s efforts in sustainability and the AIDS Action and Research Group (AARG) which has become a national model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The countries with larger proportions of 10-year-olds in their populations are poorer than those with relatively smaller proportions of 10-year-olds. While they share the same chronological age, there is tremendous variation around the world in the ways they live their lives, with significant implications for both their own future and that of the planet. This section examines some of the key components of their lives, focusing in particular on the areas where clear patterns emerge. The situation is particularly acute in countries that have recently experienced significant upheavals such as war or natural disasters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
None of them has a management plan, on-site administration or infrastructure and equipment of their own. Natural resources (e.g. pistachio, liquorice) are extracted from some of them, but no quotas or sustainable management regimes for such activities exist. In accordance with the directions set out in this document, several projects and initiatives have been implemented or are being implemented at the moment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Finally, high rates of waste generation point to opportunities for increased recycling. In addition, the metro-region is also home to several coal-fired power plants (i.e. Crawford and Fisk) that are among the oldest operating in the US and thus exempt from federal regulations requiring the use of the best available pollution control technology (ELPC, 2010). Electricity consumption levels in Chicago-CMAP (10.35 MWh/capita) are similar to those of other interior North American city-regions, falling between Toronto (10.04 MWh/capita) and Denver (11.49 MWh/capita).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Background: Prevention of cardiovascular disease at population level has proven to be both possible and successful. The European Heart Health Charter (EHHC) outlines goals for successful cardiovascular (CV) prevention both in individuals and at a national level. The objective of this study was to explore key European health policymakers’ perceptions of their country’s proximity to the EHHC-targets and their views on obstacles to domestic CV health and on the actions needed to improve it.Design: Questionnaire, descriptive.Method: The questionnaire was distributed to health policy leaders (n = 116) within the Ministries of Health, public health institutes, cardiac societies and heart foundations in 32 European countries, assessing previous knowledge, goal fulfilment of the EHHC, perceived obstacles to CV health, actions deemed to be important to improve the CV situation, and measures to promote CV health.Results: The response rate was 68%. The general consensus was that the national CV situations were far f...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In El Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico self-employment income dropped, and wages and salaries increased, while in Uruguay the opposite occurred. In Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras and Uruguay, transfers accounted for over 50% of the increase in total income. In countries that saw their poverty reduced the most, such as Brazil, Chile, Ecuador and Panama, transfers accounted for about 20% of the increase in total income. It is not possible in every case to determine from available data exacdy which types of transfers resulted in income increases, because surveys taken around 1990 tended to capture aggregate data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The 1937 Fishing Ordinance regulates the use of fisheries, so that it is sustainable, fish stocks are not depleted, and the wider aquatic environment is protected against fishing-related externalities (e.g. pollution and the death of sea turtles). Fishing is overseen by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. In 2008, all fish cages in the Gulf of Eilat/Aqaba were dismantled and mariculture in the Red Sea ceased due to concern about impacts on the vulnerable reef complex, a major tourism attraction (Chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There can be internal and external pressure to expand or reduce the spectrum of stakeholders to be engaged. Promoters of stakeholder engagement sometimes try to avoid involving the “usual suspects”, which has become a term of denigration for actors with vast interests in water-related decisions (typically water service providers, farmers, etc.). Stakeholders should be involved because they are the relevant actors to the decision-making process in question.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The countries involved might be affected differently, and so they would be if the habitat of a given fish stock is largely or wholly displaced from one country’s EEZ to another’s. This could upset existing agreements on sharing fish stocks. First, one should begin with what might be expected, drawing on the Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), and past experience. The reproduction of the stock from one year to the next depends on how much of the stock is left after fishing in both countries’ zones, the stock remaining in Country B’s zone after fishing returning to Country A’s zone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Without these efforts, biodiversity will diminish, with serious consequences for the ecosystem services upon which all people depend. A value of zero indicates that all species have gone Extinct. This means they are increasingly threatened with extinction. Over the past 50 years, the conservation status of many taxonomic groups has been comprehensively assessed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, inequality measured by the Gini index is higher in high-income countries than in low-income countries. It is obvious that countries with greater improvement in trade facilitation are more likely to have lower poverty and higher per capita GDP. The relationship between the Gini index and the level of trade facilitation are less clear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These fish spawning grounds and migratory routes are not protected or managed sustainably, and infrastructure development projects, planned or existing hydropower plants, pollution of rivers or the coastal zone and extraction of sand and gravel are ongoing. These developments have damaging impacts on sturgeon populations. Two major types of logging can be distinguished - for fuelwood and for construction timber. Many rural households cannot afford to purchase alternative energy resources such as liquified gas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)