albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
If an inactive partner or partner with limited paid working hours in a low-income household enters work or increases their working hours, the household may lose its entitlement to certain benefits in part or in full. Second earners in low-income households may not therefore have much financial incentive to increase their working hours, although that would depend on the rate at which benefits are withdrawn. For example, in Finland and the Netherlands, w'here in-work benefit entitlements are based on an individual’s income, secondary earners in the lowest income decile have financial incentives to work part-time. Other in-work benefits are contingent on working at least a certain amount of hours, which gives women incentive to w'ork more than short part-time hours - at least 38 hours in ever}' fortnight in Ireland, for example. When in-work benefits are applied to household earnings, and earnings assessments therefore include the partner’s income, they afford little or no incentive to the partners of full-time earners to enter the labour market or increase their hours if they work part-time. For example, in the United States, the earned income tax credit (EITC) is assessed on family income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This historical case study focuses on the origins, educational goals, and school reform activities of the City-Wide Citizens’ Committee on Harlem (CWCCH), a political action group in Harlem in the 1940s. An interracial and interfaith civil rights organization with a broad reform agenda, CWCCH used democracy’s rhetoric as a vehicle for social change through an extensive public awareness campaign coupled with savvy organizing, ample organizational resources, and powerful political connections in both the White and African American communities. The article situates school reform work in Harlem during the 1940s in light of a larger citywide civil rights agenda and interracial activism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One of the key measures has been the Cyclone Preparedness Programme (CPP), which was introduced in 1972 as a joint programme of the Government of Bangladesh and the Bangladesh Red Crescent Society. Through a network of over local 50,000 volunteers, the CPP ensures rapid dissemination of official Bangladesh Meteorological Department cyclone warning signals to the communities. Once the community has been warned, the project also assists in sheltering, rescuing and providing immediate medical attention. As such, the CPP is a good example of a large-scale 'last-mile' project in early warning, which achieves results through community mobilization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There have been deficiencies in the allocation and use of those resources and, despite the considerable achievements in the coverage of social spending, there have been no advances in the quality of benefits. These together represent four of the five percentage points of GDP by which overall social spending has risen. In particular, the region has developed and extended transfer programmes designed to fight poverty, although their magnitude is not yet sufficient to cover all needs (see section II.D). This reflects the lack of macroeconomic policies that make it possible to deploy policies to offset social risks in times of crisis, as highlighted in the Social Panorama of Latin America 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Yet, mobile learning can take place not only across contexts but also across lifespans - at any age -and for broad-ranging purposes (Figure 6.1). In low-and middle-income contexts1 LmL4SD is gaining traction as a mechanism to help people of diverse ages acquire skills that may eventually lead to employment, the creation of new business ventures, and/or improved business practices. Mobile learning is uniquely placed to facilitate skills development opportunities for people in low- and middle-income contexts because this learning process can help facilitate more flexible, cost-effective, and relevant learning and development experiences. ( Then, it will explore reasons why there is an increasing need to explore mobile learning as an emergent lifelong skills development medium in low- and middle-income contexts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
One option, already part of the plans to implement the reform, is to give preference to staff of municipal education administration departments or corporations when recruiting the personnel for Local Education Services. Another option, possibly as a transition arrangement, would be to allow some municipalities, especially those with greater capacity and educational performance, to remain as school providers. In any event, it is very important that the establishment of the new Local Education Services does not involve an unnecessary growth in employment. For that, duplications should be avoided at all costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Further, policies that improve roads, rules and signals for bicyclists, pedestrians and other alternative road users in urban areas not only help improve safety but also, by incentivizing the uptake of these means of transportation, yield health and climate benefits as air pollution is curbed and physical activity is promoted. The potential for such co-benefits has important implications for designing and implementing adaptation and development policies and needs to be properly assessed. It should therefore be mentioned that while policies with potential co-benefits offer cost-effectiveness advantages, which may encourage policymakers to implement them, they are not in all cases easy to devise. In this regard, an integrated approach can both take advantage of and encourage the development of policies that provide co-benefits for resilience to climate hazards and sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The “Impluvium d’Evian" Ramsar Site provides an important habitat for invertebrates, in particular for two butterfly species, the Large Heath Butterfly and the Cranberry Fritillary, whose populations are in decline everywhere else in the region. Different species of orchids, such as the Fen Orchid, can be found. The latter is also threatened by the increase in abundance of invasive species such as the Japanese Knotweed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Finally, although one of the former President of the organisation had to step down due to corruption allegations in 2001, the organisation has received the all-clear from the National Audit Office (Contraloria General) in recent years. At the national level, a number of institutions have been set up which have successfully blended concessionary and commercial financing in the water sector. For example, FINDETER was set up in Colombia to attract commercial bank financing into local infrastructure by lowering the cost of these loans to municipal borrowers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
If policy instruments or technical assessment lag behind the increasing pressure on the resource, then benefits will be reduced as a result of high uncertainty over the resource, concerns of security of access to water, or economic inefficiency. Thus the challenge is not to implement the most sophisticated and complete set of risk management measures everywhere but to match the level of risk management (in terms of sophistication) to the level of water risks and circumstances of each country. As economic growth proceeds and incomes rise, households and governments increasingly have access to the financial resources needed to reduce losses from water risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
At the same time, the urban labour market expanded considerably due to increasing rural-to-urban migration, and exceeded 300 million people in 2008, when the global financial crisis occurred. Figure 3.3 presents the annual rate of wage growth since 2002 and its acceleration in recent years, in both real and nominal terms. This evolution has been accompanied frequently by labour shortages. According to the NBS (2009), the total number of migrants increased to 150.97 million during the first half of 2009, with 2.6% growth in the second quarter compared to the first quarter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Mexico has virtually no students that can be considered highest-performing readers (OECD countries average 0.8%, G20 countries average 0.8%, countries with similar GDP per capita average 0.2%). By contrast, the corresponding figures for Australia, Canada, Finland, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore or Shanghai-China range from 1.6% to 2.9%. ( See Table 1.2.1 in PISA 2009 Results). They can Find information in such texts, demonstrate detailed understanding and infer which information is relevant to the task.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The key items of the strategy are summarized in Chapter 1.1. The main proposals of the Winter Package related to the heating and cooling sectors are described in Chapter 1.2. Heating and cooling sector needs to contribute to EU's greenhouse gas emission reduction goal and meet its commitment under the climate agreement reached at the COP21 climate conference in Paris.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The following sections shed light on four sets of issues that need to be addressed and inform on the key messages and recommendations of the report. Several institutions, agencies and bodies are involved in water management at federal, state, municipal and basin levels. While some progress has been achieved in better managing interdependencies across stakeholders and creating an overarching framework for water resources management, much remains to be done to overcome the scattered regulatory framework for water services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These include older women, women living in remote areas, as well as women and men from ethnic minority and migrant communities. Membership is voluntary and, in most cases, CBHI schemes are run on a nonprofit and participatory basis. In the United Republic of Tanzania, for example, it took social and community-based insurance schemes a decade to enrol only 17 per cent of the population.179 In Ghana, where community-based plans were absorbed into the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) from 2003 onwards, almost two thirds of the population remained without coverage in 2011.' Mutuelles de Sante were piloted in three districts in 1999 and later extended to other districts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This component of LEAP falls under the second type, income transfers combined with asset accumulation. Other programmes within this type aim at strengthening individual or communal assets. They include permanent public works and guaranteed employment programmes, such as Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) and India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Under certain circumstances, the xenon effect on core reactivity is so substantial that the reactor cannot be restarted for a certain time after shutdown. Also, if control rods are used for power variations, they can deform the axial power distribution and thus create an axial imbalance in 135Xe distribution. Management of these axial power imbalances and oscillations is an additional challenge for operations in load following mode, especially in the case of large power variations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In 2014, the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation instituted a criminal prosecution of a number of Ukrainian nationals of charges of genocide of “a national group of Russian-speaking persons” in eastern Ukraine. It appears that here, in addition to instituting prosecutions in the absence of jurisdiction with respect to such alleged acts committed on the territory of Ukraine, Russia also abused the notion of genocide in that it included within the range of groups protected by the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, and by its own Criminal Code, a group that is not covered by the definition of genocide. It is submitted that both factors void the entire prosecution exercise, and make it a manifestation of “hybrid law enforcement”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Investment in solar power surpassed those made in wind in the country. The Philippines and Pakistan experienced a decrease of about 50 per cent in new investment in renewable energy in 2016, as compared to 2015.6S In Thailand, investment in solar power increased slightly, helping the country keep a top spot in terms of investment among developing countries in the region (Frankfurt School/FS-UNEP Collaborating Centre, 2017). Although renewables still hold a relatively small share of installed capacity, the dominant role of renewables in new capacity additions is evident. Despite the recent decline in investment figures, felling capital costs resulting from more capacity being installed per dollar spent resulted in a record high installation in 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The authorities should promote the monitoring of shortages and give the education system enough flexibility to adapt curricula and class sizes quickly. This could be facilitated by setting up a national information service beyond the tourism sector that provides up-to-date labour market infonnation for all involved parties including students and teachers (OECD/ADB, 2015). Such a system can take the form of a website providing trends in demand and supply by occupation, industry' and district, complemented with skills shortages and surpluses. Information on occupation remuneration and requirements in terms of qualifications and experience could also contribute to increase the flexibility of the system. For example, ministries of education and labour in Peru provide data on the cost and employment outcomes at all higher-education institutions (McCarthy and Musset, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Target-setting was generally a top-down process, though there were regular information exchanges. A two-tier contract system was established between the central government and provincial governments and between provincial governments and companies. These collaborative efforts must be extended to small and medium-size enterprises, which often have the most potential for improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Strong political will is required to push through BRT plans, often at an initial political cost, but localities generally are very happy about them once they are in operation. These include better bus tracking and dispatching (GPS-based), smart-card fare systems with integration with other travel modes, such as metros and non-BRT buses, and real-time schedule information that allow passengers to see when the next bus will arrive. Synchronisation of traffic lights to reduce bus waiting times at red signals is also in use in some systems. Such technologies have helped BRT to provide highly efficient transport in the places that have applied them fully.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This includes areas such as research and development and the provision and sharing of data. Furthermore, the industry can play an important role in consumer information, making the food industry a key partner for governments. Farmers will need to adapt to an environment that changes in numerous aspects related to climatic, economic and political conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Indeed, many of the scientific and technological advances in the pipeline are expected to have a transformational impact. Particularly striking are the potential innovation benefits to be reaped from combining different ocean technologies, constructing multi-purpose ocean platforms, co-locating ocean-based activities from different sectors, and seeking synergies from collaboration among different ocean industries. To this end, initiatives are proposed to create international forums that would bring together, for example, maritime clusters, or innovation laboratories and centres of ocean excellence, to foster multi-sectoral and multi-functional innovation in the ocean domain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Centralisation may thus imply negative reputational and motivational effects for some provinces. Betts (1995) therefore recommends the setting of minimum centralised standards combined with the option for provinces to set further higher standards. This way a race to the bottom is prohibited by a predetermined threshold while incentives to enhance standards are still given.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
That said, tariff hikes and changes are generally underpinned by strong political will. A commitment to transparency and effective communication campaigns to engage end-users to explain the reasons, nature and impacts of the programmed changes is an additional success factor. In LDC contexts, the need to make adequate provision for safety nets and lifeline tariffs is a critical consideration that should help maintain and extend gains in universal access, while also supporting the financial viability of infrastructure investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Social spending, however, did not decline as a proportion of the budget in most countries, as the political pressure to sustain civil service jobs and wages, which account for the bulk of social expenditures, was considerable. In addition, user fees introduced to cover the costs of complementary inputs—for example, books and medicines—were viewed as serving not only to reduce the fiscal burden, but also to improve the efficiency and quality of social service delivery. Although the remnants of the old policy provided limited job guarantees for that proportion of (generally urban) workers employed in government services or large modern enterprises, the policy adjustments left most of the rural and urban poor with hardly any form of social protection. New, targeted social programmes were therefore introduced to protect the poor from the unfavourable macroeconomic environment. The new programmes included social emergency and social investment funds that received financial support from the multilateral banks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The result has been a pronounced postponement of first births and a higher rise in childlessness than in most European countries (Burh and Huinink, 2015). However, patterns differ between the eastern and western German Lander. In the east, the increase in women’s education did not considerably affect completed fertility which remained stable across generations up to those bom in the 1960s, while in the western Lander, the lack of support for the work-family balance contributed to falling birth rates across all generations. In particular, women who engage in a full-time career in Germany are much more likely to remain childless than in France, while mothers are much more likely to work part-time and for particularly short hours (20 or less per week).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is recognised that there are many ways to depict well-being. The OECD’s work in this area is specifically structured to facilitate comparative analysis between regions. Eighty per cent of the territory is composed of natural and agricultural areas, 23% of the territory of the Nantes Saint-Nazaire metropole is covered by wetlands and approximately 2 800 km of rivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Without the controller, fluctuations in wind power outputs caused stability issues, resulting in the occasional need for turning off the wind turbines, thereby increasing fuel consumption. In combination with PowerStore grid stabilisation system, the MGC600 was able to manage the hybrid energy system, delivering a 29% increase in energy yield, by maximising renewable energy penetration (ABB, 2018). The 7 MW project has an estimated payback period of 4.3 years. Similarly, the success of the solar PV plant at Cronimet’s Thabazimbi mine in South Africa, with its payback period of less than four years, is attributed, aside from financial factors, to the use of a programmable logic control (PLC) system that helps achieve the solar penetration ratio of 60% (Boyse et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Remittances even reduce the need for migration. However, they should not be considered a substitute for public investments or official development assistance, but should be seen as private income that can complement public sources for funding development. The rate of growth of migration to major destinations has declined in recent years because of economic recession in destinations, and the restructuring of migration controls, with migration becoming more selective towards those with skills. Even with continued migration, however, an imbalance is expected to occur because of the dynamics of settlement migration. If that were so, without other sources of income, the future of the economies of remittance-dependent Pacific countries would be uncertain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Following Spain, Japan will preside over the International Transport Forum and its annual summit in 2012. The 2012 summit on "Seamless Transport: Making Connections" will take place on 2-4 May 2012 in Leipzig, Germany. Our first duty as those responsible for this sector is to respond to this challenge in an appropriate manner. The panel sessions and discussions at the 2011 summit again provided ample proof of this. The range of issues which the Forum has been working on since its creation, and on which it has given interesting recommendations, reflect the challenges faced by transport in relation to society's demands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
According to the Global Competitiveness Report, Israel is ranked second worldwide (after the United States) for availability of venture capital. In 2008, Israeli high-tech companies raised USD 2.08 billion in venture investments according to the Israel Venture Association. Business and industry funded 7.3% of the Israeli higher education R&D in 2007 compared to the OECD average of 6.5% (see Figures 3.1. The total spending by ministries on science and engineering R&D declined from EUR 29 million in 2003 to EUR 17 million in 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The paper begin with a reprise of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), and the logic behind them. I describe briefly how they have cascaded beyond the realms of governments and businesses, into the legal profession and even into the world of football (or soccer to Americans). Then I elaborate on two important issues raised elsewhere in the book. The first is the criticism by Rodriguez as well as others that the UNGPs don’t do enough to ensure what they call “the empowered participation of civil society.” The second is the role and forms of international law that would reinforce and build on the UNGPs rather than positioning the two in opposition and thereby threatening to repeat past failures yet again.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The cow herd is expected to increase slowly and milk production is expected to continue trending with domestic demand increasing slowly and keeping pace with population and income growth. Milk yields are also expected to increase slowly during the projection period and remain at low levels reflecting the pasture-based production system. Production will basically track demand minimising the role of international markets for this sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In addition to this programme, the BEE, in collaboration with Alliance to Save Energy and the IFC, has developed guidelines to facilitate municipal EE projects. By aggregating similar requests, the scheme reduced associated transaction costs for investors while building the profile size of the projects. The focus was on appropriate technologies for process improvement, energy efficiency, pollution abatement, low-cost automation, introduction of management information systems, and above all, creation of an Pa8e I 39 improved working environment. In a similar vein, SIDBI appointed the National Productivity Council to work on reducing heat losses from locally fabricated furnaces in more than 1 000 aluminium, brass, and steel utensil manufacturing units in Jagadhari (Haryana).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)