albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Many of these are located in the United Kingdom. Similarly, a large share of Australia's support to STI comes in the form of scholarships to citizens from developing countries to pursue undergraduate or postgraduate studies at universities and other institutions in Australia. While these resources are ODA-eligible, it can be debatable whether scholarships for higher education or research conducted in donor countries contributes to raising domestic STI capacity in developing countries. The sum of the two charts will exceed total support to STI because of activities contributing to both science/innovation and technology. Core research refers to research activities classified according to one of the nine research sector codes in the CRS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In D.C. v. Heller, the question before the Court is whether the District's prohibition of further registration of handguns, its ban on the carrying of concealed guns, and its mandate that guns kept in homes remain unloaded and either locked or disassembled violate citizens' rights that are guaranteed by the Second Amendment. Mark Tushnet writes that the Supreme Court's upcoming decision dramatizes the tension between public policy and the Constitution. David Hemenway discusses gun violence in the United States and the likely effects of the Supreme Court case D.C. v. Heller. He is a professor of health policy at the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To some extent such low expenditures are linked to strong economic growth, but the low spending levels also raise concerns on the adequacy of supports. Investment in children, whether or not by means of conditional cash transfers, and associated health and early and primary education services is key. Greater investment in active labour market programmes would provide informal workers and the poor and vulnerable population with greater access to employment guarantee schemes or skill development and training. The increase in average income in Asia has increased the scope for increasing public revenues, whereas the administrative capacity to effectively introduce and operate a contributory' system of social support which provides opportunities to give large groups of the populations access to forms of social protection that are tied to employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Candidate clinical outcomes might for example be readmission rates, prevalence of complication from surgeries or mortality rate from percutaneous coronary intervention. A last option would be to extend the coverage of hospitals costs paid under the DPC component such as clinical tests and diagnostics that are performed in outpatient departments (particularly when patients are admitted later). At the same time, Japanese authorities might want to take advantage of the fee schedule to introduce stronger financial incentives to drive improvement in quality of acute care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Vehicle to person: other (passenger in a bus, person walking inside a bus terminal etc.), Collision between vehicles driving straight in the same direction in the same lane, 7. Collision between vehicles driving straight in the same direction in different lanes, 8. Collision between vehicles driving at a crossroad, 9. Collision between vehicles driving straight in the opposite direction, 10.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The South African government supports the principle that basic services should be available and affordable to all. For this reason, to ensure that the poor benefit directly from electrification, they are allocated a 20-amps connection free of charge. Furthermore, there is a 50 kWh free monthly allocation implemented by the municipalities insofar as this is possible for the municipalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The transportation sector, "other energy” category and buildings account for 14 per cent, 9.6 per cent, and 6.4 per cent, respectively. Emissions from the agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) category represent 24 per cent of global GHG emissions, some in the form of methane and nitrous oxide. In addition, clearance of forests for agricultural expansion or mining projects releases C02 to the atmosphere, thus also contributing to climate change. For example, heatwaves, floods, hurricanes and rising sea levels and sea temperatures destroy crops or reduce crop yields and fish production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A basic descriptive analysis of data involves the calculation of simple measures of composition and the distribution of variables by sex, and for each sex, that facilitate straightforward gender-focused comparisons between different groups of population. Depending upon the type of data, these measures may be proportions, rates, ratios or averages, for example. Furthermore, when necessary, such as in the case of sample surveys, measures of association between variables can be used to decide whether the differences observed for women and men are statistically significant or not. Percentages, ratios, rates or averages are the basis for the calculation of gender indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Atlas method).7 Prices are expressed as a percentage of GNI p.c. The methodological details of the ITU price baskets can be found in Annex 1. International benchmarks The affordability of ICT services has traditionally been measured as a ratio of two elements: the price of the service and the economic welfare of the customer. Because the underlying costs of providing ICT services tend to decrease with time (e.g. newer mobile networks are more cost-efficient for data services), there is a rational expectation that ICT prices will go down.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
People need opportunity and political leadership to recognise and name the discrimination and privation they face so they can break the perpetuation of internalised and external discrimination. This means people representing themselves in ways that do not demean them, or simply re-produce societal discriminations against them. The label “the poor” is a case in point.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For which there are many good answers. To register as a legal entity, CFUGs have to formulate a constitution and operational plan that specifies how the community will protect their forests, utilise and sell its products, and punish violators. Once approved by the District Forest Office (DFO), CFUGs have full sovereignty — short of land ownership — over the forests handed over to them. But the government continues to impose explicit and implicit restrictions to the commercial sale of timber from community forests, recently even venturing to reclaim their relinquished rights. The volume of timber that a user group is allowed to harvest every year — known as the annual allowable cut — is determined by forest growth estimates, which are already conservatively defined. The DFO then sets how much of that annual production can be cut — sometimes 75 per cent of healthy stands, and less for frailer forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Okun (1975) argued that pursuing equality could reduce economic efficiency. This suggests that more equal distribution of incomes could reduce incentives to work and invest. This argument also points out that efforts to redistribute incomes through minimum wages, taxation and other public policies can be costly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As a result, 51 species of invertebrates, of which 12 species are listed in the category Extinct (EX) and 39 species in the category CR have been included. Having said this, in comparison with the first edition of the Red Data Book, which included a total of 157 animal species and subspecies, there is a significant increase in threatened species. However, this is mainly due to changed methodology and the enlarged scope of taxonomic assessment. Birds remain the best studied, being regularly monitored by the Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Given the severity of the current economic downturn, a temporary reduction in the contributory history required to qualify for unemployment insurance would help prevent some youth from disconnecting from the labour market. Alternatively, the Greek government could extend the allowance paid to long-term unemployed youth without work experience to include the short-term unemployed and 16-19-year olds. If this were to occur, it should be matched by stricter job-search requirements backed by the threat of moderate benefit sanctions in order to avoid benefit dependency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Farmers and insurance companies have asymmetric information that can also increase the price of insurance: farmers who take greater risks tend to demand more insurance (adverse selections), and farmers tend to be less proactive in managing their risks once they are insured (moral hazard). Ad hoc disaster assistance and other support measures from the government also reduce insurance demand. Multi-peril crop insurance provides indemnities after individual yield or production losses due to any peril in a list. This is the most widely available type of insurance across countries, and it is the one proposed for cattle and rice in the pilot projects in Indonesia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Blockchain technology can address these challenges by creating new ways of raising capital, providing transparency through an immutable record of transactions, and establishing new inclusive market mechanisms. It is likely that many technologies, operating in concert, will be needed to tackle the complexity of the problem at hand. Investment and innovation in energy storage, renewable energy generation, materials, transportation services, agricultural sciences, and digital technologies are some of the areas that are vital to the low-carbon transition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This trend is also seen, although not as clearly, in the next-richest group, whereas, in the poorest group of countries, the unemployment rales for the poor and the non-poor are quite similar. The percentage of people without proper access to drinking water is below 2% in the low-poverty countries, hovers around 12% in the countries with somewhat high and somewhat low poverty rates, and stands at 24% in those that have high poverty rates. These differences are not necessarily as stark, however, when the comparison is limited to low-income households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article reviews the impact of globalization on democracy in Africa. It sees globalization, which has largely taken the shape of neoliberalism, as leading to the development of a minimalist conception of democracy in African countries. Further, this article contends that administrative law norms, which are increasingly embraced in Constitutions and judicial decisions world over, can be useful instruments for deepening democracy in Africa. That is, the establishment and implementation of elaborate regimes of administrative law (containing principles, procedures, and remedies that circumscribe the exercise of both public and private power) can contribute to the realization of democratic governance in African countries. This article then demonstrates how administrative law can subject the exercise of power to the rule of law, contribute to the realization of social and economic rights, enhance public participation in governance, and contribute to the democratization of the exercise of power within legislatures and judiciaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, the AA Utility bond rate, used by the EIA as a proxy for utility-sector borrowing costs, increases significantly through 2015. A similar pattern arises in the metals producer price index, which is used by EIA as a proxy for the underlying cost of construction commodities. Those two factors level off in later years but they clearly drive the trends in projected costs for the initial years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The technology for using coal to produce electricity is very well developed, and its relatively low cost has made it especially attractive to developing nations like China and India as a source of electric power. According to the United States Department of Energy, global coal use will rise by 65 per cent between 2005 and 2030, an increase greater than for any other major source of energy. However, when used in a conventional manner, coal releases more CO into the atmosphere per unit of energy produced than the other two fossil fuels, so an increase in coal use of this magnitude will result in a significant worldwide increase in C02 emissions, undermining global efforts to slow the rate of climate change. Because nuclear energy releases no C02 emissions, some energy experts see it as an attractive alternative to fossil fuels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Building on the New Area Wide Model, we develop a 4-region macroeconomic model of the euro area and the world economy. The model (EAGLE, Euro Area and Global Economy model) is microfounded and designed for conducting quantitative policy analysis of macroeconomic interdependence across regions belonging to the euro area and between euro area regions and the world economy. Simulation analysis shows the transmission mechanism of region-specific or common shocks, originating in the euro area and abroad.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Hence, at least initially, they need technologies that are appropriate to their conditions. In other words, a substantial number of LDC firms and farms can learn and acquire technologies (such as capital equipment, organizational know-how and types of inputs used) from other developing countries, rather than from advanced economies, or can develop and use home-grown technologies. They are generally more labour-intensive, as they are developed in countries that also have surplus labour. They are also more geared towards meeting the basic needs of the large swathes of the population who cannot afford luxury goods and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Local government contracts for the purchase of goods may provide opportunities to leverage government purchasing power to obtain concessions from suppliers. Some municipalities use responsible bidder provisions to require that all contractors comply with anti-corruption, labour, employment, anti-discrimination and environmental laws. Tenders can include incentives for hiring unemployed and disadvantaged workers who have been trained at TAFE Institutes in specific occupations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Fuelled by the Arab Spring, the question of how the rise of internet-mediated communication affects authoritarian regimes has received unprecedented attention within the discipline of communications. However, in this debate, scholars have not yet turned to the concept of literacy and addressed the role of citizens’ knowledge about political media in any greater depth. This is surprising since the concept of literacy as ‘emancipatory knowledge’, in Sonia Livingstone’s words, has a ‘long and proud history’ of being linked with processes of enlightenment, political empowerment and democratization. The present study contributes to filling this gap by suggesting four highly consequential facets of critical news literacy in contemporary Russia, a high-profile hybrid regime. The conceptual development is grounded in western literature and 20 in-depth interviews with young, urban and educated Russians.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They have also contributed to providing supportive and welfare services for poor, older persons and training for those providing care to such people, and assisted in establishing older persons' associations. In Mongolia, the Mongolian Association for Elderly People has partnered with the Government in collecting data on older persons as well as in training trainers to benefit older persons. In Cambodia, HelpAge International has participated in establishing associations of older persons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Though we do not deal with how care is delivered - public or private, family or market, women or men - on the demand side, we do so in the next section on the supply side. Still, it is likely that the institutional structure of care delivery is a determinant of the relationship between human capacities investment and growth, with public investment in care more closely associated with strong caring spirit regimes. The reason is that, relative to individualistic societies, societies with strong caring spirits tend to spend more of their care finances and time in ways that enhance the ability of household or community members to take advantage of future economic opportunities through, for instance, education or job training for the disabled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
From 1996 onward, prices began to increase in Germany, owing to rapidly expanding demand both domestically and for exports to emerging economies and later owing to higher commodity prices. Further, China mandated domestically produced components and, along with India, instituted domestic technology certification programmes. As in the case of Europe, wind power plants were not necessarily built in the most suitably windy locations: the local policy environment was a much more important factor. For example, in India in 2004, 57 per cent of wind power capacity was installed in Tamil Nadu which only has 7 per cent of the wind resources (Global Wind Energy Council, World Institute of Sustainable Development and Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturing Association, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
More specific planning efforts in the biodiversity field - be they in the format of a new BSAP or another appropriate format - will flow from the general priorities identified by that plan. This is a significant policy gap, which calls for concerted planning efforts. At the same time, the expiry of the old plans offers an opportunity to look back at both plans and their implementation and to identify lessons learned and areas for improvement. They appealed inadequate to address the pressures and threats that affect biodiversity in Turkmenistan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Pour chacun de ces instruments, le document presente les differentes approches nationales, analyse les problematiques communes auxquelles les pays doivent faire face, et formule des recommandations d’action visant a soutenir l’elaboration et la mise en ceuvre des politiques publiques. Developing effective mechanisms for skill recognition becomes increasingly important, as workers need to learn throughout their careers in the light technological progress, new forms of work (e.g. Uber) develop potentially useful occupational skills and migration flows create a pool of workers with skills that often remain unrecognised. It may yield one of the following three benefits, speeding the path to formal qualification: access to an education or training programme, reduced programme duration, qualification without a training programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A more detailed study would have to consider national and subnational differences in production possibilities for the various technologies. Note that, as argued above, the fact that the GFIT examined here has different tariffs for the various technologies is an incentive for countries to focus on the energy sources that have the highest technical potential, irrespective of their cost relative to other technologies. Therefore, using technical potentials to divide the investment in renewables among the various technologies makes sense relative other alternatives such as considering the actual choices made by countries currently, in the absence of external support for renewable energy sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This exercise brings along a threefold contribution. First, it highlights the gender differences in migration determinants. This paper provides evidence that differentials in discriminatory social institutions between origin and destination countries only influence female migration. Indeed, high discrimination in social institutions in the home communities restricts female emigration and low discrimination in the destination countries attracts female immigration, while they have no significant effect on men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Forest management, followed by afforestation, are the major options in OECD countries, Eastern Europe and Asia. At US$100, the restoration of organic soils has the greatest potential. Also, the potential of grazing land management and the restoration of degraded lands increases at higher carbon prices (Smith et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Using data from the Integrated Living Conditions Surveys of 2013 and 2014, this report also assesses the overlap between child multidimensional and monetary poverty, as measured by the national poverty line. Almost one in three children are both poor and deprived: 28 per cent of children are deprived (in two or more dimensions) and live in monetary-poor households. These children are the most vulnerable, and should be prioritized by social policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In using the Aarhus Convention as a reference, this article examines the tension between two developments of environmental governance in the last decades: (i) the strengthening of participatory rig ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The UK Green Investment Bank is considering the creation of a fund that would invest in multiple projects. The fund is designed to appeal to institutional investors that may seek exposure to assets such as offshore wind but would be unlikely to risk investing in a single project (Shankleman, 2014). For example, the Asian Development Bank acted as a cornerstone investor in the Philippine Investment Alliance for Infrastructure (PINAI), an unlisted fund dedicated to investing in infrastructure assets in the Philippines, which subsequently attracted outside investors including APG, a Dutch pension fund asset manager.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, care must be taken that school self-evaluation is not designed and interpreted as a mere routine bureaucratic obligation. For that reason, self-evaluation must be organised so that it is comparable between school units and so that it can be validated and supplemented by external evaluation. This would facilitate using the self-evaluation results as a basis for establishing greater accountability for schools and their managers, so that ultimately schools may be granted more autonomy and may assume greater management responsibilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Social protection to smooth income flows is also required. What happens to men is also important if we are to avoid backlash and resistance to changes in the gender distribution of resources and power. The narrowing of gender gaps in employment has occurred in the context of falling employment rates for men, heightening gender conflict (Seguino 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Both of these sets of implications are examined below. Certainly if the ambition of the NDCs is ramped up to match the scale of action needed as per the Agreement's 2-degree objective it implies a transformation of the global economy not paralleled since the industrial revolution. This in turn implies a massive increase in investment, trade and new technological development in fields such as energy, transportation, construction, waste management and agriculture. In the area of energy, the International Energy Agency (IEA) has built scenarios for global energy demand and investment assuming the global community is successful in its ambitions to limit anthropogenic climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)