albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In urban areas housing is a key livelihoods asset. Government action can destroy people’s homes and consequently those livelihoods which are dependent on home-based informal enterprises or on homes being close to sources of work. In some countries federations of urban savings and self-help groups have formed to defend and promote their members’ rights to shelter and claim citizens’ entitlements (Satterthwaite, 2008). Donor support for networks such as Shack Dwellers International and the Asian Coalition for Housing Rights has proven to be effective (Good Practice Note 3. Empowerment through local citizenship). It can also allow families to save and accumulate reserves which increase their resilience and allow them to better manage sudden needs, household crises and external shocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The household disposable income distribution is fairly narrow in the Nordic countries, some Eastern European countries as well as Austria and Belgium. The Gini index is somewhat higher in a number of continental European countries and higher still in the English-speaking countries as well as Japan, Korea, Italy and Portugal. Income inequality is highest in the poorer OECD countries (Chile, Mexico and Turkey).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The associated environmental pressure could potentially have heavy impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem function and services. A trawling-ban that was initiated for navigational safety reasons alone, resulted in unexpected benefits for seafloor fauna, vegetation and fish stocks. The construction of a fixed link across the Sound (bridge and tunnel) exemplifies another benchmark for its precautionary approach to both local and regional environmental concerns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Explorative attempts at quantification are frequently the first step in generating the societal discussion processes that lead with time to more widely accepted systems for cost accounting (one need but think of accounting for C02 emissions) and subsequently to better forms of internalisation. A good conceptual understanding is the essential condition for any attempt at quantification. This is why the following discussion of the different items of the system cost matrix distinguishes clearly between “grid-level system costs”, which are the subset of system costs which can be usefully quantified in the context of this study, and “total system costs” which include external effects, where quantification and monetisation in the present context would not add any value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Hirkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, TUrkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. However, the gap varies considerably across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Selecting sites of special conservation interest outside protected areas would bring added value. In Kolkheti National Park, part of a Ramsar site was allocated for construction of the Kulevi terminal, and part of Kazbegi Protected Areas was allocated for construction of a hydroelectric power plant. The country’s drive for economic development, in particular the country's hydroelectricity generation and regional development strategies, are preventing progress towards the development of the network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They also have high rates of illiteracy: in 2010, 34.5% of indigenous women were illiterate (SEP, 2015). However, these rates have been improving across cohorts: by 2015, only 1.2% of women aged 15 to 29 were illiterate (INMUJERES data provided to OECD). Mexico also underperforms in reading: Mexico’s average score is 72 points below the OECD average. The percentage of low achievers among boys and girls in Mexico is also twice as high as the average percentage in the OECD across subjects, but the figures may mask even greater differences, many disadvantaged 15-year-olds leave school and are thus not captured by these statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2004, Sudan won a third term on the Human Rights Commission at the very moment its government was carrying out a genocide in Darfur. The juxtaposition exposed the abysmal job the global governance system has done of living up to its responsibilities under the Genocide Convention (1948), which requires states both to prevent genocide and punish perpetrators (Convention on Genocide, 1948). Despite continuing failures, however, over the past two decades, the duty to punish has begun to be fulfilled. The establishment of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, the International Criminal Court, and other post-conflict and transitional justice processes have given institutional power to a new norm of international criminal accountability, which has spread across the globe, rapidly albeit unevenly, in what Kathryn Sikkink has called a ‘justice cascade’ (Sikkink 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Adopted in March 2007 by a group of human rights experts convened by the International Commission of Jurists and the I nternational Service for H u ma n Rights on beha If of a coa I i-tion of human rights organizations. From these developments, it is evident that States have a positive duty to prevent, protect and punish cases of violence even when the harm takes place within the family. In its General Recommendation No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
E-democracy relates electronic delivery of the processes of democratic representation to practices of communication, consultation, and participation in public decision-making. The evaluation of e-democracy initiatives has not developed as quickly as public debate about the potential impacts. We review criteria for the political evaluation of e-consultations, technical evaluation considerations, and social research methods that have been used to analyze e-consultation outcomes. We argue that socio-technical evaluation needs to encompass a range of qualitative and quantitative methods if interdependencies between the political, technical and social conditions for success are to be better understood. We briefly compare field experiment and case-study methodologies as a basis for evaluating e-consultation as a policy instrument intended to enhance public participation in policy making. We suggest that case study approaches are more suitable given the lack of previous research, the need for policy-makers to understand the contexts that underpin successful e-consultation, and the needs for further innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Two calculations were then carried out. First, for illustrative purposes, the differences in income were analysed without including control variables: this is often termed the “unadjusted gap”. For monthly income, the coefficient of the binaiy variable which distinguishes care workers from non-care woikers, without adjusting for characteristics, is negative and significant for all countries, except Honduras. Care woikers earn, onaverage, between 13.8% (Peru) and 89.6% (Costa Rica) less than other woikers. When controlling for the individual characteristics of workers, the gap narrows considerably in all countries and is no longer significant in the case of Nicaragua.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Comprehensive education until the end of lower secondary education allows temporary grouping of students by ability in core subjects such as mathematics or language. The proportion of students enrolled in privately managed schools is above the OECD average. While this can widen inequities, policies to promote more balanced distribution are in place to ensure that students with low socio-economic status have opportunities to attend their preferred school. Grade repetition is also largely used: about one out of three students (35%) have repeated a grade at least once by age 15.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Other strategies for minimising the ecological damage from geothermal waste water include reinjection and closed-loop cycles (Mock et al., There are both offshore and shoreline devices currently being tested, but in any case the land use is either minimal or negligible (EC, 2008). Installation would also require little land, and any construction-related impacts would be temporary and reversible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article analyses the case of Hinton v Donaldson (1773) in which the judges of the Scottish Court of Session refused to follow their English brethren in recognizing an author's right of property outside the Statute of Anne (1710). The decision must be understood against the background of distinct notions of common law and equity in Scots law, drawn from the Natural law tradition of the European jus commune. At the same time the decision reveals developing strands of Enlightenment thought and concepts of the judicial role in relation to legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This allow's the president of a company, in partnership with a venture capital fund, to transfer his/her business, or more generally to prepare his/her succession, by selling his/her business in several stages (double trigger LBO). This may be cash funds (in cash) or in kind funds (machine, building, patent). In exchange for their capital, external investors receive shares of the company.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Help identify areas of research for regional development. Create mechanisms to systematically monitor and evaluate the activities in this area, to share good practice within their institution and benchmark this experience with other organisations and localities. Known popularly also as “Pearl of the Orient”, Penang is an international tourist destination famous for its many historic and scenic attractions and its diverse cultures. Growth and development based on foreign direct investments and E&E manufacturing has made Penang one of Malaysia’s most successful states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This may entail greater support to partner countries for administrative functions rather than for the implementation of particular activities or surveys (Bedi et al., Support for capacity building initiatives can help to ensure that data users are in a good position to infer policy implications based on documented risks and impacts. At the individual level, capacity building support can promote learning, critical thinking, team building and action planning. At the organisational and system levels, it can contribute to an environment that is open to self-reflection and learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Executive Office of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan plays an important role in the definition of education strategies and in the development of key initiatives while the Ministry of Education and Science concentrates on the design of policies to implement education strategies. Regions (oblasts) and districts (rayons) are responsible for the delivery of education services in schools. Primary and secondary education is compulsory in Kazakhstan and students are entitled to attend a public school free of charge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is primarily due to the greater monetary poverty impacts already noted and the fact that food prices are predicted to increase much more than non-food prices in Ghana. Among older children (11-14 years old), only Burkina Faso is significantly affected with enrolment drops of about 0.5 percentage points and slightly greater increases in child labour activities. This result is observed in all 3 countries, with the largest reduction in consultation rates (roughly 1 percentage point) predicted for Burkina Faso.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Maintaining the current high share of coal-fired power generation also in the future would cause drastic increases in India's C02 emissions. The Indian projections of the GDP level in 2050 are more than twice as high as the IEA projections. For the 2030-50 period, the difference in projected growth rates increases to 2.5 percentage points (5.8% for CEA and about 3.3% for IEA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, formal education is not the only factor that plays a role in the process of human capital accumulation, so is learning-by-doing and on-the-job training. The latter is an efficient and economical way to meet industries' demand for skills and is usually provided to employees after completing their formal education in schools. Reducing unemployment does not only improve household income, it also has substantial effects on the successful implementation of technological upgrading within firms. Productivity depends on the ability of workers to implement and work with new technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The improved Sri Lankan biomass cookstove, called Anagi ("success"), has achieved profitability and scalability in this way -reaching net sales of 6 million cookstoves and improving the lives of customers (GVEP, 2009). Even with such substantial increases in LPG use, the total world oil product demand would increase by only 0.9% of the projected global oil demand in 2030. Further oil demand from the additional 1.2 billion people using LPG is roughly equivalent to only 5% of oil demand in the United States today.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Most water withdrawals are in the agriculture sector. Therefore, water shortages and scarcity can seriously affect agriculture and food production, particularly in vulnerable developing countries, where the demand for food is increasing and undernutrition is endemic. World hunger is rising again now, following a prolonged period of decline, as more people suffer food insecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In all of their work, pedagogues focus on the importance of play and children’s and young people’s comprehensive development, which includes their intellectual, social, emotional, neuromuscular, ethical, moral and aesthetic development (BUPL, 2016). These specialist teachers focus on social processes in schools and constitute a central resource in areas related to behaviour, psychology and wellbeing. They can support individual students in and outside of classrooms and work together with teachers in the classroom to help offer differentiated teaching according to students’ needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Of mammals, four species are extinct at the national level and five species are critically endangered (lynx, leopard, striped hyena, red deer and wild goat). Of the two species of tur - West Caucasian tur {Capra caucasica) and East Caucasian tur (Capra cylindricomis) - the West Caucasian tur has the smallest population size and is found in only a few areas of Georgia. Among ungulates, the rarest species is the wild goat (Capra aegagrus), found only in Tusheti Protected Areas with an estimated population size of 210.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
But in many cases, the requirements for faculty are primarily to teach, advise, publish and administer - not to be involved in knowledge dissemination to industry and the outside world. The situation could be improved with the establishment of clear rules of the game that provide appropriate stimulus to this sort of collaboration, along with a concerted effort to shift the culture to value such work. Some progress appears to have been made with the amendment to the Science and Technology law in 2009 to prioritize university-industry linkages (chapter 1, article 5) as a means of developing the Mexican innovation system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In total, 294 respondents completed the online questionnaire. Among them were the main target groups of ENERGISE (i.e. DSOs, TSOs and telecommunications providers), but also researchers and other industry stakeholders such as equipment manufacturers. Figure 5 shows that the main target groups cover almost all EU Member States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
ABSTRACTThis paper is a review of scholarship found in the pages of The Pacific Review over the last 30 years. It does so in three ways: (1) it highlights issues in the theory and practice of the international relations, strategic studies, political culture and political economy of the Asia Pacific region. (2) It looks at change in the region over time by an analysis of the shifting fortunes of the major regional powers, namely Japan, China and Indonesia and the challenges they, and China in particular, post to US regional hegemony. (3) It looks at regional process reflected in the fate and fortunes of the regional integrative project in the key policy domains of trade, finance and the environment. The paper concludes with a reflection on the strains on the regional political and economic orders by the rise in nationalist politics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is therefore argued that good governance is a precondition for poverty reduction by ensuring sustained growth. Additionally, “pro-poor” good governance reforms are supposed to enhance the scale and efficiency of service delivery to people living in poverty. The stabilization of property rights, the rule of law and the significant reduction of corruption—that is, the achievement of good governance goals—require fiscal capabilities not available in most developing countries. As structural and fiscal constraints prevent significant improvements in governance capabilities, market failures are likely to remain significant, and are unlikely to be significantly reduced by governance reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For women, it is very important that the definition covers the full range of the work they do along the fish value chain, including in pre-harvest, harvest and postharvest. Local differences have to be articulated, and common interests need to be carried forward when defining policy and programme priorities. Given the dynamic and rapidly changing nature of the sector, it is important to subject the definition to periodic review. This is likely to be a cyclical, interactive and iterative process involving rounds of consultation and debate (Jentoft, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Table 2 shows a decline in the proportion of currently married women aged less than 25 years between 1997 and 2002. As a result, age-specific fertility might have declined significantly in these first two reproductive-age groups (15-19 and 20-24 years). A cursory look reveals a significant reduction in the marital fertility rate across all the age groups, with the age group 20-24 years contributing the largest decline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These and other changes are required to the function of MARD if it is going to serve a more market-based agricultural sector. Certain functions such as international co-operation, policy analysis, sectoral monitoring and standard setting will need to be done at a much higher level, while others such as undertaking commercial activities and certain licensing practices will need to be reduced. Moving forward the government will have to ensure a level playing field if it expects the private sector to participate fully in the development of the agricultural sector. Consequently, many farmers are failing to obtain the benefits from acting collaboratively to secure better inputs and outputs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While many VC-backed start-ups may fail, 42% of US public companies founded between 1974 and 2013 are VC-backed, and they accounted for 85% of R&D expenditures in 2014 (Gomall and Strebulaev, 2015[2oi)- Many recent tech giants such as Amazon, Facebook, Google, Dropbox, Instagram, Snapchat, Spotify, Uber, WhatsApp and Alibaba were initially VC-backed. For example, in the European Union the proportion of women in self-employment is under 10% compared with 17.5% for men. Similarly on average in the OECD, over 2012-16 some 5% of women declared themselves as working towards opening a business, while the share was 7.4% for men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
An additional solidarity complement is also always awarded automatically to those receiving the social pension benefit. One way to reduce the overlap and improve targeting would be to consider a cap on accumulated social benefits, which would also improve the monitoring of total benefits received by households, including those provided by local governments. The authorities should examine the cumulative effect of these programmes and rationalise them as needed to strengthen the social safety net.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 2014, 196 kg of ATS were seized, more than twice the amount of 2013 (85 kg) and almost five times that of 2012 (41 kg). The number of ATS seizures and the quantities seized have been rising steadily. In 2014, 42 ATS seizures were reported, the highest number in five years. In 2014, the Narcotics Control Bureau of India reported the dismantling of five illicit manufacturing facilities, from which about 155 kg of amphetamines and 162 kg of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine were seized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Cheap crude oil prices after the Second World War meant that the blending of ethanol into regular gasoline was not commercially viable. However, in November 1975 in response to the first crude oil crisis, the Brazilian government created the National Alcohol Program, “Proalcool”. This programme enacted the obligatory blending of anhydrous ethanol with gasoline (hereafter referred as gasohol) for fuels used by ordinary cars, which enabled the sugarcane based ethanol industry to increase its producing capacities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At the national level, macroprudential policies can prevent the financial system from becoming dangerously fragile. Ideally, a gender analysis of national budgets should also examine fiscal policy at the aggregate level: total spending, total revenues and deficit financing. The Ministry of Finance has developed a budget tracking system to measure the gender responsiveness of public spending and donor aid along five indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In response to three Supreme Court rulings in the early 1990s, numerous court-ordered desegregation plans have been terminated. Using a unique dataset and an event study research design, this paper explores the impact of these terminations. The results suggest that termination produces a moderate increase in racial segregation. Outside of the south, dismissal also increases the rate at which black students drop out of school and attend private school. In the south, in contrast, there is no change in the school attendance patterns of blacks. Finally, evidence is presented that whites re-enter dismissed districts in large numbers in the south. (JEL H75, I21, I28, J15, K10)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Besides, interventions cannot be seen as independent events, as potential disbenefits may emerge from investing in one area without commensurate investment in the other. For example, inadequate water quality at the point of consumption may undermine the benefits from water supply improvement (Fewtrell, 2005), and sanitation facilities without hygiene promotion may end up not being used (Tremolet et al., However, a few studies show that multiple interventions do not necessarily bolster the impact on health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, strong centralisation of education financing does not seem to be sustainable anymore. This is on account of two significant changes to Korea’s economic and policy environments. The first is a practical and macroeconomic challenge, vulnerable to the fiscal environment due to low' economic growth. The second is an academic and systematic challenge, which might be the fiscal leakage through transfer-oriented financing structures in education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)