albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Great strides have been made towards the goals in the past decade, particularly for those children currently still in the first decade of life. Immunization against major childhood diseases has risen in all regions. Primary education has seen a strong boost in enrolment and attendance, which in turn has served to narrow the gender divide as girls steadily gain greater access to basic schooling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Ethiopia has been enacting various pieces of legislation, since recently, to regulate some aspects of the digital environment. The Cybercrime Proclamation of 2016 (Computer Crime Proclamation No.958/2016) is the most recent addition to the legal regime that criminalizes a range of cybercrimes. It has also introduced a number of novel evidentiary and procedural rules that will assist in the investigation and prosecution of cybercrimes. The law has, however, attracted criticisms from various corners mainly owing to some of its human rights unfriendly provisions. This piece provides brief comments on the cybercrime legislation and highlights some of the challenges that lie ahead in the course of implementing the law.   Key terms   Cybercrime, computer crime, the right to privacy, illegal online content, procedural justice, Ethiopia
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
From 2009 to 2012, the Ugandan government attempted to pass legislation mandating the death penalty as punishment for “homosexuality.” Typically, the wholesale execution of a group of people is considered to be genocide, but sexual orientation is not a protected group as specified in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, which was signed into law immediately following World War II. Increased violence against “homosexuals” and the murder of an outspoken gay activist in Uganda indicate a growing public hatred of gays and lesbians, which mirrors events from genocides. In this paper we review events in Uganda and relate them to other genocidal incidents to determine whether the treatment of gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals constitutes genocide, based on findings from social science research, if not legally. Recommendations are made regarding the current definition of genocide used by the international community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Housing and transportation programmes are also in place so that rural students have access to schooling despite living in remote areas. There is also a monetary incentive to attract teachers and school leaders to remote areas. Furthermore, the creation and operation of rural micro-centres represents an opportunity to share best practices and challenges rural teachers face.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Each canton is responsible for the management of the forest resources within its administrative boundaries. It operates under the Law on Inspection. At the cantonal level, the cantonal forest offices control and oversee the activities of the cantonal forest management companies and provide advice and support to private forest owners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They should be read in connection with other indicators, in particular with indicators on the sustainable use of biodiversity as a resource (e.g. forest resources, fish resources) and on habitat alteration. It should further be complemented with information on the density of population and economic activities. The number of species known or assessed does not always accurately reflect the number of species in existence, and the definitions that should follow IUCN standards are applied with varying degrees of rigour in countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Overall, sound and systematic implementation of patient engagement strategies and health literacy programmes could reduce aggregate harm by up to 15% - a very good return on investment. Given the problem of medication safety and ADEs in this setting it was surprising to see interventions aimed at better medication dispensing and management rank comparatively low across the choices provided in the survey. Some useful studies highlight the value of an inter-professional approach to medication safety.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Regulatory asynchronicity and zero tolerance will impact on trade like any other technical barriers. Low-level pricing policies (LLP) and regulatory synchronicity deserve strong attention. One study found that if bilateral trade disruptions caused by LLP created a 5-10 per cent reduction of soybean imports into China, there would be an 8-15 per cent increase in price. She noted that it will be a long time before farmers realise their objectives unless all countries adopt agricultural biotechnology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The next-largest quantities reported were of NPS, the largest seizures of plant-based NPS being of khat, followed by kratom. The largest seizures of synthetic NPS reported were of ketamine, followed by synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones. The largest quantities of ATS seized were of methamphetamine, followed by amphetamine and “ecstasy”. Overall, plant-based NPS seizures declined after 2010, owing to a decrease in the amount of khat seized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
An evident generalisation of this proposal would be for the target group to be defined as LDCs. Since SWFs are becoming major vehicles for saving by EMEs, it is important to establish some link between them and the finance of investment in the poorest countries. It would be politically advantageous to link these two desired portfolio shifts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC. Chile: del pais urbano al pais metropolitano, Serie GEOlibros N° 12 Coleccion EURE-Libros, Instituto de Geografia e Instituto de Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. America Latina, sociedade e meio ambiente, CLACSO Livros, Departamento de Geografia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brasil, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Preguntas Frecuentes: Instrumentos de Planificacion” (Frequently Asked Questions: Planning Instruments), SEREMI de Planificacion y Coordinacion Region de Santiago, Santiago, Chile, ivuw.serplacsantiago.cl/ faq/inst_planificacion.php, accessed 14 September 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The second is socially inclusive industrial development and society, offering equal opportunities and an equitable distribution of benefits. And the third is environmental sustainability, decoupling the prosperity generated by industrial activities from excessive natural resource use and negative environmental impact. This three-dimensional structure feeds through to the policy recommendations for dealing with the many trade-offs that countries face in sustaining economic growth, promoting social inclusiveness and moving towards greener economic transformations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These types of historical differences have had lasting impacts on everything from the settlement patterns in these territories to the structure of agriculture and the socio-economic characteristics of the population. There were attempts for inter-regional integration during the interwar period (1918-39), however, these were short-lived (Hathaway and Hathaway, 1997). Post-World War II, the Polish border shifted west and efforts were made to integrate these new areas. In general, one can characterise the first half of the 20th centuiy as one of shifting empires, borders and, in general, tumult.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The latter are particularly important. While nuclear power has some system costs of its own, it remains the only major dispatchable low-carbon source of electricity other than hydropower which is in limited supply. Carbon prices will thus be an increasingly important tool to differentiate between low-carbon and high-carbon dispatchable technologies. The present study provides a contribution to the debate, which is still ongoing. Further research is necessary and will undoubtedly refine both methodologies and empirical results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This has historically been the case in countries such as Japan where these resources have been particularly costly, leading to stricter standards and economic incentives to improve efficiency of use. Such conditions support further reductions in resource intensity as the economies of successful countries tend to move towards higher value-added activities. Although it will be essential for policy makers to carry with them their key stakeholders when implementing change, lobbying positions of firms are not always in the economic interests of the country as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This compares to the situation in the previous survey where 16 OECD countries had mentioned this in their NCs. The scale of activity in this area becomes even more apparent when additional sources of information are considered. According to this analysis, of the 16 countries which have not yet published an adaptation strategy 8 are currently developing strategies (including 3 who did not identify any adaptation policies in their NCs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Maps could be updated over the air, and C-ITS could enable dynamic ISA systems in which the speed limits were adjusted according to the prevailing conditions, just as they currently are in Smart Motorway management. So dynamic speed management could be extended to all roads, without any need for the expensive installation of variable message signs. The communications technology for this could be based on existing mobile phone networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Once identified, gaps could be addressed either through an effective community nurse outreach scheme, or through appropriate training for care providers in long-term care settings. However, despite more frequent GP visits, low income patients still have worse health outcomes. Given the high access to GP services, this is likely to be due to lifestyle factors, treatment adherence, delays in diagnosis and referral. Considering that low-income groups are less likely to see a specialist in Denmark (see above), there may be disparities in referrals and treatment from GPs that warrants further examination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
After a review of the literature on the role of ideas, interests, and institutions in public policy analysis, the chapter illustrates the explanatory framework. The latter builds on historical and discursive institutionalism, pointing to the role of ideas, discourse, and institutions. The chapter presents the core ideas and arguments in favor of decentralization, which are mainly associated with New Public Management (NPM) and theories of fiscal federalism, as well as those supporting (re)centralization. These ideas and arguments constitute the substantive content of discourse over the territorial organization of health systems. The institutional factors the book considers are the formal institutional setting and the system of intergovernmental relations. Finally, the chapter illustrates the working hypotheses, the research design and the methods, as well as the sources of empirical material.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To allow for improvements in these areas, budgetary funds were allocated and progress has been made, for example within the investment programme on construction and equipment of veterinary laboratories. However, the needs to develop modern phytosanitary and veterinary systems that would support Kazakhstan’s development into a competitive agricultural producer and exporter remain considerable. The aim was to improve living conditions in rural areas by optimising rural settlements and developing economic activities. Investments were to be made primarily in construction and renovation of the rural infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This report presents the input papers prepared for the roundtable meeting by international road safety leaders, the summary of discussions and key messages and recommendations to the attention of Korean stakeholders. It was also less than that for Sweden and the UK, which have already achieved the lowest rates of fatalities per head of population. The reduction in road fatalities in recent years has been greatest for vehicle occupants, now overtaken by pedestrian fatalities as the largest category of people killed annually.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The value of biofuels is determined based on both the cost of feedstocks and the cost of other production factors. In consequence, only monetary values are used within the MAGNET model, while physical volumes are used only in the calculation of the required value data. The IEA data describe the production and trade of biofuels per country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
First of all they need prices for their services which allow them to: pay decent wages, recruit keen and competent workers, invest in modem techniques, training and oiganisation, and last, but not least, to earn a decent profit that makes the business worthwhile. The recent crisis is threatening for forestry contractors, because it has already led to a dramatic decline in work volume and due to competition to a dramatic downfall in prices for services. This again has resulted in laying off skilled workers and contractors not being able to continue investment. Loss of capital in contracting enterprises results in a severe regression in enterprise development. If everyone in the world were to consume resources at this rate there would not be enough to go around. Clearly we can't go on at this rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Regardless of these particular perspectives, scholars agree on the importance of technological change in historical energy transitions and on future scenarios of energy system transformation (Grubler, 1998, Nakicenovic et al., These challenges of a future sustainable energy transition will require substantive innovation and technological change across all regions, particularly in developing countries. The overriding question for developing countries is how to move from this historical pattern to an integrated, concurrent approach dictated by the sheer magnitude of numbers as well as energy access and climate stabilization objectives (Metz et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It then focuses on the impact and the role of regions in the newly created Top-Sector Policy. The analysis also considers innovation in broader terms, examining additional domestic and European policies. The strength of the Dutch economy comes from the combined contribution of a variety of Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) and regions. Therefore maximising growth in all regions is critical for overall performance. The effects of the recent global financial crisis revealed a differentiated impact among Dutch regions, with some displaying more vulnerability than others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In cases where surpluses were generated, such as in the EU and United States, export subsidies were granted, which depressed international prices. As a result, these price support programmes with their accompanying stock creation started out as domestic measures, but eventually spilled over to international markets through the creation of trade barriers and their impact on world prices. The effects, however, can be similar to those of price support programmes as both programmes share the same objectives of stabilising prices and influencing the levels of prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It hosts the biomolecular centre of excellence of the University of Milan (CISI), research units of the Multimedia institute, a private industrial group, three institutes of the national research Council and an incubator. It provides advanced technological platforms for biotech companies. The park is closely linked to the University of Milan and is an incubator for start-ups and spin-offs, offering know-how, facilities and services and links with Assobiotech. Regional cattle breeder association and some agro-food business organisations are located in PTP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Another relevant indicator is the services reform index of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which is used to measure progress in policy reform in the services sector. That index reflects the average of three subindices, namely banking, non-banking and infrastructure reforms. For the other two WTO entrants, Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, although at higher levels than Tajikistan, the index shows a more stable trend, and thus suggests slow progress over the past decade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This reform would require co-ordination between the Ministry' of Interior Affairs and the Ministry for Information and Communication, and the adoption of new' legislation. Since internal moves are not recorded formally there, information from the National Health Service Central Register (NHSCR) and GP Patient Registers are used as a proxy for estimates of the population of England and Wales. This data is considered to be a good proxy for internal migration, since w'hen they move, most patients will eventually register w'ith a new GP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It is also responsible at the technical level for hunting and forest management. Forest operations and management are handled in a decentralised manner under the Ministry of Agriculture, Viticulture and Rural Development. Since 1999, this Ministry has also been responsible for co-ordinating overall water policy (management and protection of water as a resource, cleanup of waters and watercourses, management of sewage sludge, drinking water supply, water pricing, fishing, and floods).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article responds to a conspicuous blind spot in scholarship and commentary on language education policy in the United States.   This oversight obtains as much in theoretical terms as in errant readings of the historical record of language education policy and practice.   To illuminate this blind spot, I structure the article in four parts.   I begin by reviewing the resource debate over language education policy.   Second, I contribute to that debate by way of the classical Marxist theory of imperialism and elaborate its social, ideological and linguistic dynamics.   Third, I explore this theoretical position by contrasting two key moments in the history of U.S. second language policy and practice.   Finally, I maintain that despite the focus on historical contexts, this analysis implicates a fundamental re-orientation of contemporary language education policy scholarship and advocacy if either is to contribute in deed to a more multilingual and just society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In EU-SILC, countries are instructed to include a tenant's payment to a landlord (as well as any housing benefits paid directly to the owner or through the household). Note that housing allowances are included both in the numerator (rental costs) and in the denominator (income) in EU-SILC. When reporting rent, households report the total amount that is being paid to the landlord, including the transfer of a housing allowance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As discussed below, Ghana and Nigeria, for instance, have adopted National Strategic Frameworks and Plans for HIV/AIDS, which are being implemented. In fact, Cote d’Ivoire has established a Ministry of AIDS tasked with the mandate of strengthening care, prevention and community response to the epidemic.19 Resources have also been mobilized at each country level for HIV prevention, care and support programmes. In addition, public-private partnerships have been fostered and strengthened between governments, the private sector, faith-based groups, people living with HIV/AIDS and civil society organizations across the countries in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A recent assessment by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shows these consequences to include unprecedented increases in sea levels, biodiversity loss, and a higher frequency of extreme weather events such as floods and droughts (IPCC, 2014). The assessment also indicates that emissions from fossil-fuel combustion, cement production, and flaring account for the majority of all anthropogenic emissions of CO2 (Figure 1), a gas responsible for about two-thirds of all anthropogenic GHG emissions in 2010. This makes the use of fossil fuels a leading contributor to global warming and its effects on the natural environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This paper summarizes the methodology of the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project, and related analytical issues. The WGI cover over 200 countries and territories, measuring six dimensions of governance starting in 1996: Voice and Accountability, Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption. The aggregate indicators are based on several hundred individual underlying variables, taken from a wide variety of existing data sources. The data reflect the views on governance of survey respondents and public, private, and NGO sector experts worldwide. The WGI also explicitly report margins of error accompanying each country estimate. These reflect the inherent difficulties in measuring governance using any kind of data. Even after taking these margins of error into account, the WGI permit meaningful cross-country and over-time comparisons. The aggregate indicators, together with the disaggregated underlying source data, are available at www.govindicators.org.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In any case, relatively inefficient flooding techniques are still widespread in international comparison (OECD, 2010a). In the short term, subsidies for irrigation modernisation could be conditioned on reductions in the amount of water designated in concessions, to ensure water savings resulting from the modernisation can be made available to environmental or other economic use. The abundant use of irrigation water for crops characterised by low value added and the resulting low productivity of irrigated water is somewhat more marked in those river basins in which water scarcity is less of an issue. However, some of the basins facing the severest scarcity also exhibit substantial water consumption to irrigate low-productivity crops.10 In the river basins of Segura, Ebro, Jitcar, and Guadalquivir more than a third of irrigated water generates a net operating surplus worth less than 20 cents per cubic meter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Chile, Mexico, Turkey and the United States (until 2014), health insurance coverage is voluntary at least for a part of the population. In Chile, employees in the formal sector must enrol in a health insurance plan and pay 7% of their monthly income or pension for coverage. They can choose to enrol with the public insurance fund, called Fonasa, which covers around 76% of the population or with one of the thirteen private health insurance funds (Isapres). Seven private funds are competing in an open market, while others are associated with public enterprises and their employees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
About 30% of 25-34 year-olds attain upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education, compared to the OECD average of 44%, while 58% of 25-34 year-olds have at least an upper secondary degree in 2012, compared to the OECD average of 82% (Figure 2). Portugal has 41% of enrolments in upper-secondaiy VET in 2012, compared to the OECD average of 44%. These programmes target those who wish to pursue a vocational qualification as well as those who have dropped out - or are at risk of dropping out.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)