albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
An intriguing aspect of South Africa's Roman-Dutch jurisdictional rules is that a foreign defendant can be arrested for the purpose of assuming jurisdiction over him in a claim sounding in money. This rule, unknown to the common law, also exists in other Southern African countries and has been criticised. The rule was abolished by a recent decision of the South African Supreme Court of Appeal. The court also accepted mere presence within the jurisdiction as a basis of jurisdiction in international matters and suggested the defendant could contest whether South Africa was the forum conveniens. The former rule was unknown to Roman-Dutch law. The existence of the latter was disputed. But both are well entrenched in the common law. This paper examines the judgment and argues that it is a manifestation of a gradual movement of convergence between Roman-Dutch law and the common law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus, the successful use of public procurement as a strategic tool to promote local software industry development requires all relevant parts of government to agree on a strategy that is in line with broader development plans. A second step may be to map existing opportunities and barriers to leveraging public procurement for ICT sector development. This may involve the identification of public service delivery projects suited to involving local software suppliers. The characteristics of such projects will depend on the capabilities of the local software industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While rice fills the stomach, a rice-dominated diet provides only low to zero amounts of protein, amino acids and essential micronutrients, which can be found, for example, in pulses, fruits, nuts, tubers, vegetables, fish, meat and edible insects. The dependency on rice leads to insufficient intake of nutrient-rich foods, which in turn leads to a significant'nutrition gap'. Dietary diversity is low when there is high consumption of cereals, mainly rice, but relatively low intakes of vegetables, fruits and pulses which are known to be rich in micronutrients and fibre.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Where there is no identified father there may be no birth certificate or other form of registration (which is a precursor to education), primary health care and forms of assistance such as food or cash transfers. In the research for Who Cares?, Even where there is community identification of the most needy, orphaned children of ‘unmarried’ mothers can be subject to discriminatory treatment. Swaziland has the highest prevalence rate of HIV in the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Up to December 2006, the same factor was applied to both lines. Since 2007, however, the indigence line has been adjusted to reflect changes in the food CPI, whereas the part of the poverty line that corresponds to non-food spending is adjusted by the relevant CPI. Since 2007, therefore, the differential between the indigence and poverty lines has ceased to be constant. In line with usual ECLAC practice, the data have been corrected to account for non-response to some income-related questions by wage earners, the self-employed and retirees, and to mitigate probable underreporting biases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Considering the period since the early 1990s, only three countries in the group (Benin, Central African Republic and Mali) have managed to double labour productivity. Major factors impeding significant improvements in agricultural labour productivity have been the low level of rural human capital, the slow accumulation thereof in many of these countries and the low level of conventional inputs (apart from land and labour) to agricultural production. Low levels of education and literacy, and poor health, also limit technical efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Non-linearities in regional growth: A non-parametric approach. Investment needs to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals: Understanding the billions and trillions. A Global Initiative for the United Nations. National infrastructure planning: A holistic approach to policy development in developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For businesses, certifications can increase credibility, and thus demand, while labels encourage consumers to pay premiums. Society as a whole profits from certifications because of growing competition between companies on social or environmental grounds, better insights into production and value chains, higher import standards, and, ultimately, changes in consumer norms leading to growing pressure on supply chains. These advantages call for the widespread use of labels in tourism, including in particular carbon labels, which can inform consumers on low-energy/carbon choices. For instance, the EU energy label is relevant for purchases of white appliances and other products, such as light bulbs, refrigerators, freezers, washing machines, tumble dryers, dishwashers, ovens, air conditioners, water heaters, and TVs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Under the high-fertility projection (in which fertility rates descend from todays levels, but not as rapidly as in other projections), the worlds youth population would exceed 3.5 billion by the end of the century. The need for social resilience is likely to grow, and today’s young will need in their own adulthood to be the main agents of tomorrow’s resilience. Their resilience depends in part on whether they are healthy and educated, whether they have options and opportunities in life, and whether they are fully engaged citizens whose rights are upheld. If girls and young women continue to face gender discrimination, early marriage and barriers to sexual and reproductive health and rights, resilience to rapid social and environmental change will be further undermined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The denominator corresponds to the total size of the population defined as above the statutory pensionable age or aged 65 or above (for further details, see ILO 2014, Concepts and Definitions for table B.9). In Africa, contributors represent a small share of the working-age population and pensioners are only a minority of older adults. In sub-Saharan Africa only 5.8 per cent of the working-age population and 16.9 per cent of older adults are covered. In Latin America, pension coverage is somewhat higher but still far from complete, with pensioners representing 56.1 per cent of the population above the retirement age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It also includes innovative initiatives, such as the “Learning Factories” as part of the Industria 4.0 strategy, which involves a set of physical “labs” where learners can develop relevant skills (e.g. digital and technical skills relevant to specific sectors) and apply these skills in a real business context. As previously noted for higher education, several stakeholders noted that the lack of dedicated pedagogical and academic supports for adults may be limiting participation in (and completion) of programmes. Direct costs are low for adults who want to participate in programmes at the secondary level and below, as these are mostly free of charge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Recognising that different climate interventions will involve a range of objectives, the selected indicators are categorised as being oriented towards mobilisation of resources, climate-specific results, and broader development benefits.14 The section then concludes by highlighting some key issues, their implications, and emerging options and tools for assessing the results of climate interventions. For example, the effectiveness of an intervention designed to improve the climate-resilience of infrastructure so that it can withstand a 1-in-100-year event may only be able to be determined after a significant time lag. There may also be a significant time lag between interventions such as capacity building, training, education, and the their effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The project involved 15 primary clinics and 239 patients. After patients transmitted self-measured biometric information to the monitoring system through the gateway in a smartphone application, tlie doctors reviewed die data and gave feedback directly to each person. Between the beginning of the project and diree months subsequently, for the test group, HbAlc levels decreased by 0.64 percentage point on average, from 7.98 to 7.35 percentage points, while for die control group die fall was 0.36 percentage points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Beyond policy development and coordination, there is a lack of understanding on what alignment with the "well below two-degree" target actually means in different sectors - where to invest and where NOT to invest (to avoid lock-in). It is important to notethat this challenge is equally relevant for developed and developing countries, and should be addressed as an integral part of the international process of NDC refinement and ratcheting up. The private sector has been encouraged to set "science-based targets" to help create this alignment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Although well recognised and widely disseminated, there are no requirements or incentives for clinicians or patients to follow them in practice, as discussed in Chapter 1. Nor are there any monitoring mechanisms in place to indicate the extent to clinicians routinely measure and treat blood pressure levels, blood sugar and cholesterol levels or other clinical parameters in patients at high risk of cardiovascular events. Nevertheless, rates of cardiovascular mortality and rates of admission to hospital for diabetes remain some of the highest in the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The use of fertilizers is rapidly growing in parts of the world where only limited use has occurred in the past. In the absence of careful management, there is a risk that such growth will increase run-off of the nutrients that fertilizers contain. In the case of pesticides, the issues are analogous to those of industrial development. Excess inputs of nutrients from both agriculture and sewage provide the conditions in which harmful algal blooms can occur.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
They believed cutting down trees was a crime. Trees were to be grown and sustained,” says Dil Bahadur Khatri, a forestry and ecosystem services specialist at ForestAction Nepal, a research-focused civil society organisation. That is the reason why plantations up north have not been harvested to their full potential, he observes in his spacious Kathmandu office. But, has the government also set any barriers on logging? “ In cutting frees, there is no governmental barrier, because the government has given the resource to communities to manage and use,” he says with confidence, revealing either a true or trained obliviousness. “ Have you ever seen the government intervene in felling trees in community forests?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose”. Brown lie 1998, p. 633. The principle of good faith is contained in article 26 VCLT. The second and third paragraphs of article 31 stress the importance of the systematic method of interpretation by clarifying the concept of‘context’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Ending the marital rape exemption in criminal law is a demand for legal equality and autonomy for women, rights that are enshrined in international human rights law. Drawing on international human rights law as a source of authority for challenging the marital rape exception in criminal law allows feminist and other social justice organizations, within their specific national and local contexts, to seek greater state action and accountability toward ending this form of violence against women and this violation of women’s human rights. In this reply, we challenge the arguments in the symposium that oppose or caution against criminalizing sexual violence in intimate relationships as a necessary legal strategy, and that refute our view that ending the marital rape exemption is required by international human rights law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Building on this reform, Kazakhstan may consider, in the long term, the election of akimats at all levels (including those of Astana and Almaty) through the maslikhats, rather than appointment by the central government. A reform of this kind would increase the responsiveness of local governments to their citizens through democratic institutions, since members of the maslikhat are publicly elected. The aim would be to reinforce the weak local authorities and councils. This would be comparable to the Netherlands, where mayors are indirectly elected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A special case, due to its intrinsic importance as well as due to the particular challenges that it poses, is constituted by power generation, which is discussed in the section below. For instance, dispatchable capacity needs to be adequate at all time in order to ensure that sufficient active power is available in the system to meet demand, otherwise the frequency of the system would deviate from the desired 50Hz or 60Hz.21 Lack of sufficient active power capacity may also lead to “brownouts”, which is a reduction of the system voltage. This usually only occurs in regions with weak or isolated grids, where the lack of active power leads to reduced frequency, which in turn may lead to reduced generator voltages. To keep the voltage of an electric system at appropriate levels, sufficient generation of so-called reactive power is also necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The preliminary product of this initiative, The OECD Framework for Inclusive Growth, was released in 2014. It provides the policy framework to measure well-being based on multidimensional living standards, not just Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Policy makers must also consider distributional impacts and potential outcomes with respect to all dimensions of inclusiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Subsequent calculations are based on these pre-aggregated averages. To the extent possible, non-ad valorem duties are converted into ad valorem equivalents. This equates to an ad valorem tariff of 18% using the International Sugar Association average daily price for 2010. Despite this, the average applied CEPT rate for agriculture, including alcoholic beverage and spirits, is below 2%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In New South Wales, Australia, the baseline scenario is defined by the minimum legislative standard for land management required of landowners under different pieces of state legislation. Biodiversity offsets may only include conservation actions that go beyond the legislated minimum requirement5 (DECCW, 2009). In the Swedish offsets programme, conservation measures required by law or otherwise listed in public management plans for protected areas are normally not counted as additional for biodiversity offsets (ICF GHK and BIO Intelligence Service, 2013). Under German Impact Mitigation Regulations, Environmental Compensation for Land-Use Change in Forested Areas Program in Mexico and Biobanking in New South Wales, publicly funded restoration projects are unable to subsequently become offsets (ICF GHK and BIO Intelligence Service, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Pork production is projected to increase by 17 Mt, by 2023, 15% higher compared to the base period. China continues to dominate the market and is expected to produce almost half of the additional pork. This increases the extent to which the supply response is conditioned by feed prices that remain relatively high through the outlook period compared to historic norms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For example, it has been argued that, the success of the Singaporean Skills Development Model is closely related to its co-ordination mechanisms. An Economic Development Board (EDB) works as a link between economic development and skills formation, it exercises responsibilities in both areas, and is able to co-ordinate efforts across different institutions (Singapore Ministry of Manpower, 2014, Kuruvilla and Chua, 2000). Co-ordination bodies for the VET system can be found in many countries around the world (see Box 5.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There is also scope for taking advantage of the region's forests and cultural traditions to develop tourism, and there is much to learn from neighbouring Nordic countries in this regard. Its population growth is 3 percent per year. Agriculture including forestry represents 24.3 percent of GDP, while tourism accounts for 8 percent. The United Republic of Tanzania has experienced rapid economic growth rates of 6 to 7 percent per year over the last decade, and poverty incidence declined from 60 percent in 2007 to 47 percent in 2016, although population growth has prevented the absolute number of poor from falling. Mineral reserves are starting to be exploited, including natural gas. Forests cover 52 percent of the land area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Who should decide the disputed meaning of laws and regulations in American democracy: legislatures, courts, or executive branch agencies? Chevron deference is a long-standing Supreme Court standard that federal agencies with expertise in a specific area must be given deference if federal law is unclear. Auer deference adds that federal agencies should have that power when they interpret their own regulations. These doctrines have been questioned in recent years as violations of the separation of powers. Kisor provides guidance on who defines the meaning of regulations and the balance of power between federal agencies and courts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Uruguay and Chile are also evaluating or implementing a reform of unemployment insurance aimed at maintaining income levels or establishing a basic replacement level for informal workers. There is an additional argument in favour: they collectivize the care of young children and the time required for iL thereby contributing to the redistribution of that burden between genders and social strata. The fact that policies for reconciling paid and unpaid work are now on the agenda reflects recognition of the need to approach the issue of unpaid work and care from a rights and equality perspective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This encompasses continued state ownership of entities in the energy and transport sectors as well as acting as a catalyst towards the broader development of the economy. The private sector is, however, expected to play an active and integral role in the economy. Moreover, affirmative action policies such as the Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE), which obliges companies to comply with a broad range of quotas (ownership, management positions, general staff, etc.) By end-2008 total population was estimated to have increased to over 48 million, including some 4 million immigrants mainly from other African countries (Statistics South Africa, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Education for all: prospects and challenges of mobile schools, mobile education, and e-learning for the nomadic pastoralists in Kenya. London: Minority Rights Group International Available at http://minorityrights.org/ wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-150-Batwa-Pygmies-of-the-Great-Lakes-Region.pdf. State of the World's Minorities 2008: Events of 2007, Ishbel Matheson, ed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Chinese speakers highlighted the need for closer and moie consistent international guidance, rules and codes of conduct on legality, due diligence and forest certification, particularly stressing the challenges to SMEs in following the latest international developments Australian, European and North American delegates indicated that the importing and retailing industries are willing to work with Chinese and other overseas producers to ensure their conformance with the new regulations. After a series of amendments in 2008, the Act now requires that import declarations accompany certain plants and plant products, including a wide range of wood and forest products (USDA, 2012). Under the amendments, businesses are required to exercise increased due diligence in sourcing and selling wood and wood products (Beveridge and Diamond, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This was highlighted in the first case study, in which the well-established institutional framework for water management in the Netherlands was highly conducive to the successful introduction of effluent charges. In contrast, the different management traditions in Denmark, France and Germany complicated the use of similar economic instruments in those countries (Andersen, 2001). Experience with water-trading initiatives suggests that successful trading regimes tend to be built on preexisting institutions and are integrated into traditional regulatory regimes. This may entail tradable permits being combined with other policy instruments (taxes, charges, environmental quality objectives, etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is mainly thanks to increased productivity resulting from reduced travel time and costs, access to reliable electricity, and broadband connectivity that allows individuals and businesses to plug into the digital global economy (MGI, 2016). While the provision of transport is potentially crucial for development, its impact depends on a variety of factors. Setting priorities, especially when resources are scarce, should rely on a detailed analysis of how transport policies can produce growth-inducing effects and reduce social costs (Bielenberg et al, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The programmes put an emphasis on the need for improved competitiveness in the fisheries and aquaculture sectors in the country'. The goal is to establish a procedure for regular updating of regulations in order to assure efficient conservation of available resources. A small number of new web-based services are available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Special measures, including quotas, are necessary to achieve equality between women and men by addressing structural disadvantage faced by women. But greater numbers of women representatives are not sufficient to advance gender equality in society. Broader participation of women and autonomous women’s organizations are critical to the achievement of policy that advances substantive equality between women and men. Undemocratic practices at local levels such as patronage and corruption prevent transparency and accountability and reduce women’s effective participation (ibid, para.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Its responsibilities include the economic regulation of the water supply, sanitation and solid waste management, as well as national regulation of drinking water. In Chile, the powerful regulatory agency Superintendencia de Seruicios Sanitarios,5 is in charge of setting water tariffs and sanitation services, granting concessions, monitoring quality of service delivery including sewage treatment, as well as establishing norms and standards. Economic regulation is carried out through several complementary tools and actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In some cases, the linkage between groundwater recharge and geophysical conditions could be complicated by land use change. For example, in the West African semiarid belt, clearing savannah for cropland modified soil properties and infiltration capacities, which substantially increased groundwater recharge (Leblanc et al. While surface water rights are often predetermined and access involves engagement with other institutions, groundwater can in many cases be accessed by simply drilling a well - something under direct control of the farmer. Both of these factors have contributed to rapid growth in groundwater withdrawals in many regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)