albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Some argue, pointing to the success of East Asia, that government should select or target particular activities or firms. Others point to government failures, and argue that government interventions are meant to improve markets without favouring specific activities (Lall and Teubal, 1998), such as by setting standards and letting the private sector make the decision on how best to meet those standards. Yet, while standards are an important tool, they are unlikely, as discussed above, to be sufficient to spur innovation of green technologies to the extent necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Any proposals for legislative amendment would likely be encompassed within broader reforms to the resource management system in 2013. Under the Local Government Act 2002, local governments are responsible for a range of functions that may be affected by climate change. Regional Coundls are at various Regional policy statements, water plans, water consents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This situation is highly disempowering and only a fraction of women come forward to report sexual abuse and domestic violence, especially if it happens within the family. The framework identifies the most critical entry points for eliminating gender-based discrimination at various stages of life, provides instruments for policy-makers to address the underlying structural inequities and helps identify laws that need to be enacted or strengthened. In Dhaka, Bangladesh, two incidents in 2013 - in May the collapse of a factory building and a fire in another one month later, which left more than 1,100 people dead and over 2,500 injured - showed that the right to decent working conditions is violated with impunity. Protection of the right to health (including sexual and reproductive health care) is almost non-existent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Constraints to an individual’s ability to access food can include economic growth that is inadequate or insufficiently broad-based (leading to a lack of job opportunities or lack of incentives to become a productive participant in the economy), negative impacts of national economic policies, inadequate training and/or job skills, lack of credit or other means to exchange assets or income streams, food losses associated with ineffective and inefficient harvesting, storage, processing and handling, and political decisions favouring one group over another. This new concept includes securing access by vulnerable people to available supplies, calling attention to the balance between the demand and supply sides of the food security equation. Cassava, potato, yam and sweet potato, as well as starchy fruit (plantain) are among the major food crops in Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
I Are there factors beyond their control (such as accusations of witchcraft) that undermine these efforts, and what forms of provision and protection can be sustained in such situations? Are parents able to conduct or facilitate rites of passage and other rituals at appropriate times in an adolescent's life? Explaining the High Incidence of Child labour in Sub-Saharan Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Tobacco settlement money can be allocated to nonprofit organizations or government agencies. Both have advantages and disadvantages. Nonprofit organizations may have relatively (a) more efficiency/flexibility, but less accountability, (b) narrower focus, but less experience, (c) more ability to advocate, but more obligations, (d) more independence from tobacco industry influence, but less funding, and, (e) more public trust, but less visibility. The present case study of the Partnership for a Healthy Mississippi focuses on six interconnected areas: education (school and community), raising awareness, advocacy, service, enforcement, and research. In 1999 and 2000, tobacco use declined in Mississippi, even compared to neighboring states. This unique partnership's multifaceted approach to social change probably facilitated this decline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As a consequence, child labour was reduced by 27 per cent on average (Sparrow, 2006). The effect becomes stronger as children grow older, since the incidence of child labour is higher among adolescents, and because the size of the scholarship increases with age. However, the work by Hoddinott et al. ( The authors find that participation in the public works component of the programme contributes to a reduction in the average number of hours worked in agriculture for 6-16 year-old boys and for 11-16 year-old girls with a parallel reduction in domestic hours worked for younger boys (6-10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Career guidance should provide a full picture of the various pathways in the education system, covering notably the vocational education option. Guidance in vocational education and training has an important role to play in supporting individuals to identify how they can best use the skills they have developed through their course of education and training in order to build fulfilling careers. Career guidance in universities can support effective transitions to the workplace by involving employers (including through career fairs and employer workshops) to provide work-related learning opportunities, and can help to ensure that graduates' skills are well used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper provides a timely comparative analysis of recent Canadian and European Union (EU) copyright cases regarding the nature and scope of communication rights, as applied to the issue of copyright liability for hyperlinking. It links these evolving practices with the pertinent international law, in particular with the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), together known as the WIPO Internet Treaties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The second component is the Environmental Planning and Management Information System (SIPGA), which covers policy responses. However, further efforts are needed to fully integrate the various elements and to ensure the quality and coverage of the component parts. At the national level, the Institute for Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (IDEAM) is in charge of coordinating the efforts of the various actors involved in its implementation (which include other research institutes, the National Parks Authority and ANLA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Migration through the Mediterranean has to be considered nowadays no more as an emergency. The first urgency is always to save lives at sea, and the Italian Mare Nostrum Operation has been a good example, not followed by EU choices. At the moment border surveillance and the fight against trafficking and smuggling of migrants seem to be the priorities in EU policy and action. The EU Dublin System is now facing a huge crisis and the new models, in particular the Statement agreed with Turkey, do not convince from a legal point of view, mainly because refugees deserve a special attention, based on the non-refoulement principle. The time has come to exit the logic of emergency and formulate a lasting policy to manage migrations, implementing Lisbon Treaty and CFR principles based on solidarity and respect of human rights, as well as on true cooperation among States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This coordination is needed to ensure that the components of the PES programmes, for example, financing, contracting, and monitoring, are all effectively working together. Because PES programmes often involve more than one level of government, for example national, regional and local, as well as more than one authority within each level, for example ministries and departments of environment finance and planning, ensuring this coordination can be challenging. This coordination is needed to ensure that PES objectives are not compromised by contradictory policies or efforts. An example of the effects of a failure to achieve this coordinated support can be seen in a PES programme in one South-East Asian country which paid villagers to guard endangered hornbill nests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Work Programme gives providers more freedom to personalise support than previous welfare-to-work schemes, allowing more innovative approaches. Furthermore, helping customers with lower job prospects results in additional payments, mitigating incentives for cream-skimming. To ensure the Work Programme is efficiently addressing its objectives, the government has commissioned an independent evaluation by the IES (Institute for Employment Studies).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It implies not just creation of new jobs, but also the transformation of jobs, skills and firms (Martinez-Fernandez et al, 2010). To illustrate the richness of local initiatives this section discusses key policy concerns and examples across the region that better show how Asian economies are moving towards a greener future. Fostering new categories of green sector enterprises (i.e. waste reclamation, eco-tourism). Many Asian countries have developed green growth strategies or forward-looking climate-related plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Unclear definition of property rights for both public and private holders has historically exacerbated problems of unplanned and unauthorised land use, including forest clearing. The recently established Rural Environmental Cadastre (CAR) system is an important step towards addressing environmental aspects of regularisation of rural holdings (Section 4). There is no federal legal requirement for strategic environmental assessment of territorial plans and other development programmes, although some states have made it mandatory and ecological-economic zoning covers more than 70% of the territory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
(2001). Whatever Happened to American Decline? International Relations and the New United States Hegemony. New Political Economy: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 311-340.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Last year, CFUGs in Kabhre sold just over 4 million worth of forest products, making each household a hundred rupees richer (incomparable with the 25,000 estimated potential mentioned earlier from the pine plantations alone). But last year’s figures prove to be a much lower half billion, equivalent to 31,000 per CFUG.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The figure cannot indicate when both native and immigrant students perform poorly without a gap between them. In the case of access to national programmes and completion rate in upper secondary education, there is no distintion between first-generation immigrants and second-generation immigrants due to data limitations. Figure 1.1 indicates that completion of upper secondary education is the most challenging level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Positive rights which require the state to take action are often criticized because they give rise to the justiciability problem. Courts, rather than democratic legislatures, decide upon the scope and content of the rights. This article argues that this democratic objection against positive rights is misguided. Judicial review and deference admit of degrees. Hence, it is possible to arrive at a balanced account of judicial review which avoids the problems of both too much and of too little control. The conflict between the competences of the legislature and the courts can be solved by means of a balancing exercise, the details of which are spelled out here. The model of judicial review in balance is further explained using a case analysis which concerns the right to a dignified subsistence minimum. The article provides a sensitive and flexible solution to the problem of how courts should enforce social and socio-economic rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Especially important in this regard was Decree No. Viet Nam signalled its commitment to trade liberalisation by entering into a large number of bilateral and regional trade agreements and partnerships. Increased funding was provided to the Viet Nam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (VBARD) to support the opening of commercial credit to farmers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It builds on the nine years of basic education (six years of primary school and three years of junior secondary school). Students entering senior secondary school can attend either a more academically oriented school or vocational school. This applies in both the Islamic and non-Islamic systems. Formal senior secondary education comprises general education (sekolah menengah atas, or SMA), vocational education (sekolah menengah kejuruan, or SMK), Islamic senior secondary schools (madrasah aliyah, or MA) and Islamic vocational education (madrasah aliyah kejuruan, or MAK). This chapter concentrates largely on the provision of academic senior secondary education, while Chapter 5 considers the vocational side. Work is under way to develop community colleges and alternative routes to further and higher education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Cambio climdtico y biodiversidad: Los seis mensajes centrales de los Pueblos Indigenas en Rio+20, 2012, and Aportes de los Pueblos Indigenas al borrador cero de Rio+20, 2012. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1. Paragraph 10, World Conference on Indigenous Peoples, 2014. Women (CEDAW Committee) through General Recommendation No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, Figure 5 also show's dramatic differences in United States income growth rates in the 1940s, and since 1980. Evidently, there can be quite long periods of unbalanced grow'th. In the 1940s, bottom end incomes grew' much more strongly than those at the top end and American income inequality lessened dramatically - but the last thirty years have been dominated by the opposite dynamic. Real income is expressed at 2011 US Dollars. Tax units are families (see source for details).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Part-time work is less common in the health subsector and very prevalent among education and, especially, domestic woikers. In these two groups there are marked differences between men and women in terms of number of hours w'orked. In all cases, men (especially male domestic workers) tend to woik less on a part-time basis (see figure 111.25).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Analyses of how health system priorities should be set in resource-poor settings are routine in the health ethics and policy analysis literature. Less attention is devoted to asking why some settings are resource-poor and others not. Asking this question must be considered a central task of global health research. Comparison of the relatively meager resources devoted to improving the health of the poor with the sums routinely mobilized for other purposes serves as a basis for ethical reflection and a route into necessary questioning of power imbalances in the world economy. The 2008 financial crisis and related developments underscore the urgency of such questioning, and the value of research and advocacy collaborations (for example, between the human rights and public health research and practice communities) focused specifically on the destructive consequences of the global marketplace for health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In fact, a well-run system requires adequate primary, secondary and tertiary reserves (the different reserve levels refer to the different time frames at which operators need to inject or withdraw load into or from the system in order to balance electricity demand at all times). In addition, good control strategies are required. For electricity this means constant frequency and voltage controls and for natural gas constant pressure and flow-rate control. While not very glamorous, equally vital are well designed maintenance strategies, encompassing preventive, predictive and corrective interventions, including the scheduling and coordination of planned outages. While indeed the adequacy and competent management of power transport systems are essential for ensuring the security of power supplies, they should, in principle, not be an issue for policy making. Remaining interruptions would then be due to bad luck, incompetence or extreme weather events, none of which is very responsive to policy changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Not all countries can assume that such favourable developments in their export revenues will last much longer. While net food exporting countries are likely to continue to benefit from a favourable external environment, a prolonged global economic slowdown could well have less favourable outcomes for exporters of energy commodities and base metals, many of which are in Africa and Central and West Asia, and where recent distributional changes have already been less favourable than those in many Latin American countries. However, most of their activities have focused on simple labour-intensive activities, and they have been unable to ignite or sustain a dynamic process of industrial deepening.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As jobs are being destroyed in manufacturing and parts of services sectors, employment in both low- and high-skilled occupations has increased. Studies on robotization show that the risk of job loss is high for routine and manual jobs (i.e., those jobs that have a high share of repetitive tasks that can be easily replicated by a machine or software). The STI Forum and related United Nations expert group meetings have also discussed the impacts of automation technologies on labour markets and employment since early 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Different elements of society contribute to the collective endeavour through some shared sense of purpose, mutual support or simply agreed norms and rules of behaviour. This helps to limit selfish practices, conflict and instability, and generally improves the durability of economic relationships. Therefore, the capacities of local institutions that control, limit and discourage crime are important.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Wage dispersion is to some extent induced by structural trends in demand for labour, for instance linked to the falling share of industry, which provides many intermediate jobs. Low educational attainments also contribute to trapping an increasing share of the population in low-paid jobs. Hence, raising workforce skills will be necessary to reduce inequality, as discussed in the last section of this chapter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, there are differences in the degree of this association across countries, as revealed by more disaggregated evidence for the period since the early 1990s. It also shows that many emeiging market economies, especially in Latin America and Eastern Europe, received sizeable capital inflows but saw little increase in private investment. This has been the case even in countries with current-account deficits, such as Brazil, India, South Africa and Turkey, whose currencies should have depreciated in order to compensate for relatively high inflation and move towards a balanced current account (TDRs 2008 and 2011). By contrast, emerging economies in Asia, as w'ell as Chile, which successfully used systematic intervention and capital controls to prevent real exchange rate appreciation for a sustained period of time, saw private investment grow rapidly and employment and wage opportunities in their manufacturing sectors expand (TDR 2003, see also Akyiiz, 2011). Once the financial inflows dry up or reverse, the host country’s currency sharply depreciates and the currency mismatches in balance sheets tend to result in increased debt servicing difficulties and default (TDR 2008, chap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The impacts of global environmental change have precipitated numerous approaches that connect the health of ecosystems, non-human organisms and humans. However, the proliferation of approaches can lead to confusion due to overlaps in terminology, ideas and foci. Recognising the need for clarity, this paper provides a guide to seven field developments in environmental public health research and practice: occupational and environmental health, political ecology of health, environmental justice, ecohealth, One Health, ecological public health, and planetary health. Field developments are defined in terms of their uniqueness from one another, are historically situated, and core texts or journals are highlighted. The paper ends by discussing some of the intersecting features across field developments, and considers opportunities created through such convergence. This field guide will be useful for those seeking to build a next generation of integrative research, policy, education and action that is equipped to respond to current health and sustainability challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nor does it automatically lead to women's empowerment or protect them from economic dependence. To guarantee women's right to an adequate standard of living, employment policies aimed at the generation and regulation of decent work have to be accompanied by social protection and social services that provide income security and enable people to live their lives in dignity. The SPF proposes a nationally defined set of minimum guarantees, including basic income security for children, working-age adults, older people and people with disabilities, as well as basic social services for all.4 This initiative holds significant promise for women, who are over-represented among those excluded from existing social protection schemes. On the one hand, informal networks rely heavily on women's unpaid care and domestic work. On the other hand, women's own needs for support are rarely adequately acknowledged and addressed due to prevailing social norms and gender power relations. Examples abound of gender gaps in access to state-run social protection schemes and gender-biased delivery of social services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Herd or flock sizes remain typically small, averaging only two for cattle, four for buffalo and pigs, and 17 and 30 respectively for poultry layers and broilers. Of the almost 3 million holdings registered in 1993 as possessing livestock, less than 200 000 (6.6%) were recorded as predominantly livestock holdings. A Livestock Federation, present down to the district level, represents business interests and is responsible for monitoring production and prices and discussing sectoral issues with the government. Over the past two decades, the production of both freshwater and marine fish has steadily increased, being multiplied respectively by 14 and 4 (Figure 9.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Inner Areas National Strategy was launched in 2014 to cope with service delivery and development issues in such areas. The whole process for the local development projects is a bottom up approach that relies heavily on the active participation of local actors, while combining a top-down approach in for example the selection of areas and offering guidance. After a long process of analysis, negotiation and debate among local and national stakeholders, the Programme Framework Agreement (Accordo di Programma Quadro) is materialised as a contract among the municipal association, regional and central governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Figures Tables Notes on the Contributors Introduction: The Politics of Social Change in France P.A.Hall PART ONE Capitalism, Coordination, and Economic Change: The French Political Economy since 1985 P.D.Culpepper New Patterns of Industrial Relations and Political Action since the 1980s M.Lallement The Transformation of Corporate Governance in France M.Goyer PART TWO The Long Good Bye to Bismarck? Changes in the French Welfare State B.Palier Different Nation, Same Nationhood: The Challenges of Immigrant Policy V.Guiraudon Social Generations, Life Changes and Welfare Regime Sustainability L.Chauvel PART THREE The Government of the European Union and a Changing France A.Smith The Ongoing March of Decentralization within the Post Jacobin State P.Le Gales PART FOUR The French Party System and the Crisis of Representation G.Grunberg Convergence, Fragmentation and Majority-Cycling in French Opinion R.Balme
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)