albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
With funding of AUD 12.9 billion, the “Water for the Future’" programme has targeted improving water use efficiency, securing water supplies and improving river health. A key aim of the programme has been to improve environmental flows in the basin. This is being achieved through a combination of voluntary buybacks of water entitlements (primarily from irrigators) and investment in irrigation efficiency upgrades, with a percentage of the “saved” water being held by the Commonwealth Environmental Water Holder and used for environmental purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Guatemala's forestry policy explicitly requires the government to promote certification as a mechanism to help the country's forestry products penetrate the international market. In 1989, it launched SmartWood, the first global programme of forestry certification and the first to harness market forces for forestry conservation. There are three types of certification: natural forest management, stewardship chain, and guidelines applied in the plantations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Singapore’s exchange rate-based monetary policy tightened, with the pace of appreciation increasing to restrain imported inflation. At the same time, macroprudential measures were augmented to cool down an increase in property prices, which amounted to more than 50% between 2009 and 2012. Viet Nam also maintained a generally tight monetary stance, but some of the earlier stabilization measures were relaxed, with the refinance and discount rates falling to 10% and 8% respectively by July 2012, from 15% and 13% at the end of 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The country’s Green Belt includes 11 Protected Areas: a strict natural reserve (Ezerani), three national parks (Pelister, Mavrovo, and Galicica), three natural lakes which are proclaimed as natural monuments (Ohrid, Prespa, and Dojran), and four other natural monuments (Vevcani Springs, Smolare Waterfall, Kolesino Waterfall, and Majdan). The Law applies to all forests and forest land, regardless of ownership and purpose. This primary strategic goal has given rise to sectoral targets, one of which is the establishment of efficient environmental protection measures. Together with the international agreements acquired from the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by means of succession, these constitute part of the national legislation and align the country’s framework for biodiversity conservation with that of the international community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the past, they were not often known for being very dynamic or innovative. This chapter argues that such institutions need to fully embrace change and become ‘cautious revolutionaries' to remain relevant. Such a development would not necessarily benefit either SMEs or inclusiveness, as weaker economic players are most likely to suffer from market failures and malfunctions that non-profit service providers can address, but private sector players are free to ignore.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Sheikh and Bagley (2017[42]) underline the role of relationships among actors in creating shared understandings, which then function as filters through which the relevance and meaning of new policies are interpreted or translated. For example, the vision that a teacher education institution has of teachers’ knowledge will influence the way in which the institution incorporates professional standards into its programme. This vision is reflected in discourses embedded in institutional artefacts, such as the programme, curriculum or course descriptions, which will impact on how staff receives and interprets the discourse of standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This work illustrates populism’s role in defending transgressing state-owned companies, based on the case of Petroleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) and its relationship with the Venezuelan state during the self-titled era of ‘21st-century socialism.’ To this end, a descriptive research design and systematization of data was performed on some socio-environmental transgressions by this company between 2010 and 2020. The results point to the continued use of inflammatory rhetoric, represented by anti-elitism, defense of popular sovereignty, and the consideration of homogeneous and virtuous citizenship. These findings suggest that populism can be used as a particular discursive behavior meant to defend the legitimacy of transgressing, subservient-to-power companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The decisions of individuals and households have aggregate consequences for urban sprawl, congestion and air pollution, among other things. Tourism entails large-scale, short-term human mobility, often towards metropolitan areas. Tourism has significant economic impacts, generating 1 in 11 jobs worldwide and accounting for 7 per cent of exports globally.18 The tourism industry attracts large numbers of migrant workers in hospitality and related services. Available from http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/ pdf/10.18111/9789284418145, and UNWTO, “International tourist arrivals up 4% reach a record 1.2 billion in 2015”, 18 January 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
International relations theory took shape in the 1950s in reaction to the behavioral social science movement, emphasizing the limits of rationality in a context of high uncertainty, weak rules, and the possibility of lethal conflict. Yet the same discipline rapidly developed “rational choice” models applied to foreign policy decision making or nuclear strategy. This paper argues that this transformation took place almost seamlessly around the concept of “decision.” Initially associated with an antirationalist or “decisionist” approach to politics, the sovereign decision became the epitome of political rationality when it was redescribed as “rational choice,” thus easing the cultural acceptance of political realism in the postwar years. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Technology transfer to developing countries has been  identified as essential to mitigate greenhouse gas  emissions and adapt to climate change. However,  existing analyses underplay the influence of wider  normative principles in shaping institutions for technology  transfer in global climate governance. This  article uses discourse analysis to explore the ideas and  assumptions underlying technology transfer institutions  both within and outside the United Nations  Framework Convention on Climate Change  (UNFCCC). This discourse analysis identifies four key  periods in the development of technology transfer  institutions in global climate governance. In the first  three periods, technology transfer institutions embody  discourses ranging from green governmentality to  deregulatory ecological modernization. In the fourth  period, the post-Copenhagen Technology Mechanism  embodies a broader discursive landscape that parallels  a more fundamental contest over the extent to  which redistributive claims are allowed to shape institutions  of global climate governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These constructs are based on the participating countries’ educational priorities and goals. In one sense, indicators are descriptive. However, descriptive information about the state of education systems and teaching and learning environments is useful only w'hen the data for any one system can be compared with data for other systems and over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There are already growing pressures on transport systems in urban centres, as well as difficulties in reaching many rural and outer island communities. In addition, climate change poses a significant risk to the sustainability of urban centres, particularly in the low-lying atoll nations (Kiribati, Tuvalu) that face an existential risk due to sea level rise (see Chapter 8). Moreover, climate change is expected to increase the frequency and severity of natural disasters, which is a major risk to the sustainability of the highly vulnerable cities and communities in the Commonwealth Pacific small states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For lakes and reservoirs an overall assessment is given to each water body. A five plus one grade system applies to the freshwater system and a four plus one system to coastal areas, with a lower grade indicating lower levels of pollution. For marine areas a separate four plus one grading system is used to assess water quality with grade I the most pristine, grade IV the most polluted and water meeting grade II standard deemed appropriate for bathing. Coastal water quality along the three main seas monitored varies considerably.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The impacts of such assessments on students vary. In cases where students are provided with effective support for their learning, the results can be positive. However, if having a learning difficulty means students are withdrawn from regular classroom instruction and face lower expectations, a less demanding curriculum and lower-quality teachers, this can have a very negative impact on them. This is particularly the case when linguistic differences or the effects of trauma, such as witnessing violence, are interpreted as lack of ability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the past 150 years, and particularly since the 1960s, fertility rates have fallen in almost every country. From a past situation where all countries of the world had fertility rates of five or more children per woman, today a majority of countries with populations of 1 million or more have fertility rates of 2.5 or lower. By the early 1930s, fertility in many countries had dropped to about replacement level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The second option is to predict a macro-variable gender differences using only individual-levels factors xt to estimate equation 2 for each country separately. It allows for country-specific variation in the gender happiness gap, considered as a societal effect that could vary according to the country and its definition of gender roles. It assumes the gender happiness gap being related to sociological construction rather than a biological effect associated with sex differences that would have involved a similar difference across countries. In particular, the collection of information on gender-based discrimination in social institutions is recent, and as such the SIGI is only available in one wave, thus limiting our empirical study to a cross-country analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, the available information is too scant to allow measurements of this type for a sufficient number of countries in the region. This risk decreases, however, when using an aggregation scheme in which the presence of one deprivation is not sufficient for identifying a person as poor. Furthermore, some of the indicators included here serve as a proxy, albeit an imperfect one, for health and employment dimensions, which were not measured in the two indices analysed in the foregoing sections and which are relevant aspects of well-being. In the first case, the presence of at least one young person in the household who was neither in education or paid employment was taken as a threshold of deprivation because, with the alternative options (half or all), the more young people in the household, the less feasible it would be to classify a household as deprived.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management is the line ministry, a ministry with specific responsibility for strategy, planning and priority setting for water resources. This includes irrigation water for agriculture, wastewater treatment, cooling water for industry and the water quality of the main water bodies. The Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment is the line ministry responsible for water services (i.e. water supply for households and industry) and sewage.3 A closer look at their prerogatives shows that such ministries embrace a wide diversity of areas, including transport, public works, water management, housing, spatial planning and the environment. This may in fact be equivalent to having six different ministerial departments or agencies, with a silo approach not only between but also within ministries if co-ordination tools are not set-up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Between 30-70% of the country is normally flooded each year. The huge sediment loads brought by three Himalayan rivers, coupled with a negligible flow gradient add to drainage congestion problems and exacerbate the extent of flooding. Frequent flooding is already the main cause of losses of livelihoods and assets in Bangladesh.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It has the advantage that, assuming that the dollar a day absolute line is an adequate measure of survival, we do not rely on information from other countries to set a given country's poverty line. This cannot be said of proposals to define global poverty schedules since, in practice, because the parameters of hybrid lines such as Ravallion and Chen's (2011) are set to fit the observed official poverty lines, they depend on the behaviour of governments in setting the poverty line. Calibrating international poverty lines to data on national poverty lines does provide important clues, not easily available in another way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Some banks mention loans for more high-tech projects, the Jordan Ahli Bank financed architecture, civil engineering, technology and web design projects. The Housing Bank for Trade and Finance in Jordan states that it provided 79 loans with an average size of JOD 80 000 (EUR 82 000) to women-led businesses in Jordan, Syrian Arab Republic, the Palestinian Authority, Bahrain and Algeria. In Jordan, the Capital Bank of Jordan (CBJ) reports having issued loans for 5 projects, each valued at approximately JOD 200 000 (EUR 205 000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Looking at the economy of the U nited States from 1948 to 1985, he concluded that infrastructure investments led to productivity increases, finding that a 10 percent rise in infrastructure stock over time was associated with a 4 per cent increase in productivity. The study even showed that the converse also held: declining infrastructure investment from 1970 to 1985 was responsible for declining output per capita over the same period in the United States. These findings triggered a spurt of empirical research examining the contribution of infrastructure to growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There are instances of evaluators lacking credibility as they do not have specific training for their function and also concerns about the processes to select evaluators. There is a wide range of quality assurance activities developed locally within classrooms and schools, which tends not to be documented. A consequence is that the existing knowledge and information on evaluation and assessment may get lost and there is little systemic learning over time. As indicated earlier, the Review Team considers that there is no sufficient articulation of ways for the national education agenda to generate improvements in classroom practice through the assessment and evaluation procedures which are closer to the place of learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Recently decentralized governments often struggle to And resources necessary to fulfil their responsibilities.63 Planning in transitional countries is diverse, reflecting the divergent paths of economy and politics chosen. In most cases, economic and physical planning are separated institutionally, making the kinds of integrated planning discussed in this chapter difficult to achieve. Levels of income inequality are staggering.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The vector, c, is the food calorific coefficient vector, and eb and ef are the produced biomass energy and consumed fossil energy coefficients, respectively. The remaining vectors are shown in Table 4.2.1 (see also Sato et al., Forests are not considered in this mathematical analysis because, although forests provide biomass energy, the forest industry in Furano is stagnant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A viable package of alternatives to current policies could include the following elements: more open markets in renewable fuels, feedstocks, and food-feed commodities, efforts to ensure that production occurs where it is most socially and environmentally sustainable , increased scientific research on second generation biofuels and other pathways to reduce carbon emissions and to contribute to both energy and food security globally, and actions to improve efficiency of energy use, and thereby reduce demand and limit stress on finite resources, including those needed for food and feed production. This has resulted in a relatively constant level of support to the farm sector, while its composition made it less production and trade distorting. The degree of market distortion is particularly reduced if the direct payments are made with no requirement to produce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The future of regional demand also depends largely on whether South Asia realizes its full potential, for which regional economic cooperation and integration could critically complement domestic efforts. These risks are increased trade protectionism and heightened economic policy uncertainty in developed economies. While the baseline projections did take into account these developments to some extent, a sharper-than-expected increase in the degree of protectionism and uncertainty is possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This chapter explores the general position of victims in criminal trials in Germany, a traditional inquisitorial system, and Australia, a mostly adversarial system. The analysis takes into account how criminal justice is currently understood in each system. It subsequently explores whether the introduction of victims’ participatory rights in the two states can be seen as a break from the traditional understanding of criminal justice as a conflict between state and defendant and a move towards a victim-focused process model. This includes analysis of the legislature’s motives behind the introduction of victim-related participatory rights, where available, as well as the reactions this kind of law reform has caused within the legal profession, political institutions and in scholarship. In light of the findings for Germany and Australia, the question is subsequently pondered whether future law reforms in the area of procedural rights for victims are likely to yield the envisioned results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Expectations reveal that this phenomenon will continue over the next few years. Such a situation will create a substantial pressure on the labour market. Its implications require the Arab region to carry out intensive efforts in terms of job creation. Across the region and according to most recent estimates, out of a total of 202.7 million people belonging to the working age, only 101 million are recorded as being active in the labour market.2 More than three quarters of the labour force are men (78 million), and only one quarter are women (23 million).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Mobile-government (m-Government) services adoption is being advanced as an alternative solution for addressing challenges faced by electronic-government (e-Government) adoption in marginalised communities. However, factors of m-Government need to be understood if it is to be adopted by marginalised communities. There are suggestions that many contextual factors affect to the adoption of m-Government services. In this study, factors of m-Government in Oniipa, a marginalised rural community in Namibia are researched. Results show that security, technology trust, ICT supporting infrastructure, usage experience, costs, awareness, skills for accessing m-Government, language literacy, training, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, social influence, perceived empathy and compatibility are critical factors of m-Government services adoption. The study findings shall be used to propel m-Government adoption in a Fusion Grid project that aims to address infrastructural challenges faced by marginal communities when adopting e-Government. Similarly, policy makers can draw lessons on m-Government adoption from this study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This meant that urban and regional development issues were not given adequate consideration in the political agenda and in citizens’ perception. This would require increasing the authority of local authorities at the oblast, rayon and even town levels, which could coordinate investment to cities to promote growth. Kazakhstan needs to diversify the mechanisms for horizontal co-ordination (i.e. ministerial posts for cross-cutting issues, and rotations of government managers) at the central level for urban policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The OECD Working Party on Environmental Performance reviewed and approved the Assessment and Recommendations at its meeting on 17 June 2015. It is endowed with large areas of fertile soil, huge water and forest resources, and mineral, oil and natural gas reserves. Natural assets have always been a mainstay of its economic development and have a strong social component. Brazilians are proud of their country’s natural wealth, and their environmental awareness has increased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Even for PET collection and recycling, there are some important facilities. Whereas only about 1 per cent of total household and similar waste was separately collected in 2004, this increased to 2 per cent in 2007 and reached 3.7 per cent in 2009. There is potential for further growth because not all installed capacity is fully utilized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Average length of stay (ALOS) in hospital is often used as an indicator of efficiency in delivering hospital services because, all other factors being constant, a shorter stay will reduce the cost per discharge and allow the treatment of a greater number of patients for given inputs. Patients admitted for life-threatening conditions, such as acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) and cerebrovascular diseases (stroke), also tend to stay much longer in hospital than in other countries.1 For instance, patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) spend on average 13 days in hospital, which is 6 days more than the G7 and OECD average. The difference is even greater for patients admitted for cerebrovascular diseases (stroke), with these patients in Korea staying on average more than 60 days, while in most other G7 countries, they are hospitalised for about 10-15 days only.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, the relationship between the rate of change of unemployment rate and the rate of change in broadband penetration is significant and with the expected negative sign. According to the model results, a change of 10 per cent in broadband penetration could reduce the unemployment rate by 0.06 percentage points. Brazilian unemployment in 2009 was 7.7 per cent and that by 2010 it would fall to 7.4 per cent66, which would imply a reduction of 3.89 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The contributions that the state makes on their behalf are financed through general taxation but amount to only a quarter of all SHI funds. Moreover, variation across income quintiles was much smaller than in most other countries. In 2017, benefits include inpatient and outpatient care, prescription pharmaceuticals, rehabilitation, home nursing care and personal care, basic dental care, medical aids and devices, vaccinations and screenings, maternity care and spa treatment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Drawing on the OECD New Rural Paradigm, the chapter proposes a holistic territorial approach as an alternative framework for tackling this issue. A territorial approach to FSN policy is also needed to facilitate co-ordination among different sectoral policies and levels of government. This can help make the FSN policy framework broader and more flexible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)