albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Table 1 presents the list of national surveys used and the number of waves available for each country. The use of different national surveys for several years may be a source of data heterogeneity across countries and over time, although all the variables are constructed in order to get the highest level of comparability across countries. International comparisons in alcohol consumption need to rely on a common measure of alcohol level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Interestingly, this was reported to still be the case in instances where national climate change policy papers exist i.e. NAMAs or NAPAs6, suggesting that centralised consideration of climate change priorities are more important than standalone climate change plans, although the latter can be a first step in formulating national priorities. Some countries, such as Kenya and Indonesia, have already stalled to integrate strategic priorities on climate change into their medium-term national development plans. It was further explained that taking a bottom-up approach towards the formulation of national climate change strategies allows for sector specific planning and financing needs to be taken into account. There is a range of examples on how this is being done on a country-by-country basis. The experience of respondents from recipient countries’ reflected that the national context in which climate change priorities are considered can vary greatly across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Healthy ecosystems also produce multiple benefits for communities that rely on them. Goal 15 focuses on preserving and sustainably using the Earth's terrestrial species and ecosystems. The proportion of land area covered by forest decreased from 31.6 per cent in 1990 to 30.8 per cent in 2010 and 30.6 per cent in 2015. Corals, amphibians and cycads are in serious decline due to distinct and worsening threats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
So far, social dimensions of climate change have been more clearly linked to the concept of adaptation to climate change rather than to mitigating its effects.77 Adaptation is considered most effective when it “offer|s) development benefits in the relatively near term, as well as reductions in vulnerability over the longer term. At the more progressive and eco-social end of the spectrum are approaches that address power relations and institutions to varying degrees. What have been referred to as embedded liberalism and alter-globalization are alternative pathways to the predominant market-liberal approach80 (chapter 4). Embedded liberalism focuses on strengthening institutions and rebuilding states’ regulatory capacity to correct social and environmental injustice from within the system, for example, via progressive taxation, comprehensive social policy and business regulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Since the 1980s, a narrow range of fiscal, monetary, and exchange rate policy tools, and a limited role for the state were the essential components of the tool kit. Macroeconomic objectives were narrower than in previous eras and typical goals included fiscal discipline, inflation targeting, and market liberalization. The lessons ofthe last three decades have taught us, however, that the state has a key role to play in facilitating a development strategy that promotes greater equality with attention to sustainability goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Such workers may be excluded from benefit receipt by law (e.g., the self-employed in most countries, including the so-called “falsely” self-employed) or de facto because they are less likely to meet contribution requirements or satisfy other relevant eligibility criteria (e.g., temporary or part-time workers).16 The summary of policy trends in the next section examines whether policies have adapted to these changes (e.g., by making it easier for nonstandard workers to qualify for benefits). Because the above analysis identified benefits as the main drivers of changes in redistribution, the summary table focuses on the benefit side. In an attempt to highlight the distributional consequences of policy changes, benefit provisions that were made less generous are shown in blue, while grey shaded cells indicate changes that tend to result in higher entitlements.17 Policy changes for the earlier period of the mid-1980s to mid-1990s and the later period of the mid-1990s to mid-2000s are identified separately.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A failure by the Court to maintain a dynamic and evolutive approach would indeed risk rendering it a bar to reform or improvement. While the Court had previously examined several complaints about the position of transsexuals in the UK without finding the State in violation of its obligations, in this case the Court found it was necessary to look at the situation “in the light of present-day conditions” in order to determine "what is now the appropriate interpretation and application of the Convention" (para 75).See also see E.B.v. Yet, the European Court tends to use this'evolutive'approach when it perceives a convergence of standards among member States. Thus, a still controversial family-related issue is same-sex marriage. The European Court has refused to recognize the denial of same-sex marriage as being in violation of the Convention (art. States enjoy a wid e margin of a ppreciation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Moreover, the notion that gender is binary—man and woman—restricts every person’s freedom, regardless of their gender identity, to enjoy fully and equally the privileges guaranteed by international human rights norms. Cutting off the development of an individual’s full potential as a human being, whether man, woman or transgender, is also a rights violation. Men, Gender and Development, Zedbooks, 2002.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, Norwegian aquaculture is governed by a number of regulations, which set out rules regarding licence requirements, fish health and fish welfare as well as technological standards for fish farms. Its principal tasks are regulation, guidance, inspection, monitoring of resources and control. The Institute of Marine Research advises the Ministry and carries out central tasks in the investigation and monitoring of fish stocks and marine mammals, the marine and coastal environment and work on aquaculture and sea ranching. The total first-hand value decreased from NOK 14.2 billion in 2012 to NOK 12.5 billion in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In the case of reducing risks from seismic hazards in urban areas, for example, it may not be feasible to engaged in demolition and reconstruction, but there are affordable forms of retrofitting. Just as important, all new projects should be disaster resistant not only in their structural components, but also in their impacts on society, livelihoods and the environment. This can be offset to a certain extent by international aid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The public sector has an important role to play here, to improve knowledge and build capacity. It comprises five flagship projects in three categories: Nordic Green, Nordic Food and Welfare and Nordic Gender Effect, each based on different Nordic core competencies. Such as the Prime Ministers' Globalisation Initiative (Top-level Research Initiative on Climate, Energy and Environment), Prime Ministers Program Nordic Region Leading in Green Growth, Prime Ministers Program on 5ustainable Nordic Welfare, as well as current key themes within Nordic cooperation including among other New Nordic Climate Solutions and Nordic Bioeconomy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As such, countries are especially interested in learning more about their own teaching workforce and making comparisons with other countries in order to develop more effective policies to improve teaching and learning. The first section focuses on teacher characteristics and provides a profile of lower secondary teachers (with selected information provided for primary and upper secondary teachers). Analyses in this section focus on demographic characteristics such as the age and gender of teachers, their employment status, their formal education and their previous work experience. This chapter also looks at these characteristics in relation to how teachers are distributed across a system, in rural or urban areas or in schools deemed to be in more or less challenging environments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Well-designed working time regulations that promote flexibility and facilitate part-time work can be equally valuable. A well-structured system of parental leave can have positive effects on women’s labour force participation and employment. It should be publicly funded and not place excessive costs on employers, to avoid adverse effects on their willingness to hire mothers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Apart from state-level variation, schools also adjust overall models to their circumstances. But the principal difference is between segregation or inclusion of newly arrived immigrants in regular classes (Ahrenholz et al., In the case of unaccompanied minors, Saarland has special language classes for unaccompanied minors (Tangermann, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There are several examples of highly fragmented contexts (Canada, France, Mexico) where the multiple actors and layers usually perceived as obstacles to policy coherence have been compensated by the adoption of sound co-ordination mechanisms (see below) that reduced, to a more or less important degree, the impact of sectoral fragmentation. In federal states with important geographical and hydrological disparities (Australia, Canada, the United States), or strong regional characteristics (Belgium), local and regional authorities are the main actors in water-resources management and service delivery. In most cases (EU countries), sub-national governments play a significant role in the design and implementation of water policies, together with the central government, while in some countries (Chile, Israel, Japan, Korea), they are mostly “implementers” of central government policies, with low involvement in the “design” stage. In addition, there are very few significant river basin scale organisations and the institutional mapping and governance challenges vary greatly from one state to another.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Data on ethnicity should not be derived from information on country of citizenship or country of birth. The classification of ethnic groups also requires the inclusion of the finest levels of ethnic groups, self-perceived groups, regional and local groups, as well as groups that are not usually considered to be ethnic groups, such as religious groups and those based on nationality. Pre-coding or pre-classification of ethnic groups in closed-ended survey questions may result in a loss of detailed information on the diversity of a population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The state of a country’s technology and pollution controls is an important determinant of PM concentrations. The estimates cited are urban population weighted PM1(j levels in residential areas of cities with more than 100 000 residents. The estimates represent the average annual exposure level of the average urban resident to outdoor particulate matter. There are significant data gaps for MSW management in Brazil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Even a small reduction in these risks could have a real impact on investment levels in infrastructure, particularly in developing countries. Tools such as IoT sensors could provide inputs into more accurate financial and credit risk modelling, using real-time data on asset performance. More accurate revenue and cost forecasting using Al tools that can process large amounts of data could also provide further cost savings. First, capacity bottlenecks on sub-national levels restrict the investment opportunities of governments, leading to a financing deficit in infrastructure projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
ABSTRACT Fifty years after the Browndecision, and in the context of persistent racial and economic segregation and inequality in schooling, it is still important to examine Brown's legacy. In this focus on school choice, the rhetoric and the ways in which the legacy of Brownhas been emphatically invoked in charter school and voucher debates is studied. Four ways in which Brownis currently raised in school choice debates are identified. Through an examination of these four narratives, the ways in which the school choice debate provides a current, active space for the rethinking of the civil rights movement and its symbols, goals, and legacies are examined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These boundaries, together, serve to keep the planet within a so-called "safe operating space" for humanity. Influential scientific analyses suggest that the world has entered the Anthropocene, a new epoch in which human activities have become the dominant driver of many earth system processes including the climate, biogeochemical cycles, ecosystems and biodiversity. Potentially catastrophic thresholds are in prospect, it is argued, providing a new urgency and authority to arguments that growth and development pathways must reconnect with the biosphere's capacity to sustain them (Folke and others, 2011). But the concept is also critiqued, with some actors interpreting it as anti-growth and development, while others suggest that "planetary boundaries' thinking privileges universal global environmental concerns over diverse local ones, justifying top-down interventions that protect the environment at the expense of people and their livelihoods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the case of spending public funds, one also needs to look at the wider societal costs and benefits of any investment project. In many cases, waste management investments are competing with investments in health, education or other infrastructure, so weighing the relative benefits to society becomes crucial. The economic analysis is analysing costs and benefits, where possible attaching a monetary value to different positive and negative environmental, economic, social and health impacts of the investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The planned phased introduction of Universal Credit is helpful in mitigating these risks, and should be combined with sound contingency plans and transparent information for users (Finn and Tarr, 2012). Recent research examining a large number of ALMP programmes in a large sample of OECD and non-OECD countries suggests that job search assistance combined with sanctions for non-compliance with programme requirements and subsidised employment in the private sector can be effective in increasing participants’ employment prospects. Public sector employment programmes are generally less effective, although the United Kingdom’s Future Jobs Fund, a largely public and voluntary sector employment programme, shows a positive impact on unsubsidised employment (DWP, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The rise of the discipline of the law of nations is accompanied by a “moralizing” of the notion of cosmopolitanism. The works of Hugo Grotius, Samuel Pufendorf, and Emer de Vattel, labeled by Kant as the sorry comforters of international law, show a progressive positivism as the basis defining the relations between states and peoples. This trend of thought contributed significantly to the doom of a perspective of international relations concerned primarily with the inviolable rights of the individual understood as a citizen of the world. The contribution of Christian Wolff to the discipline is contemplated in this chapter as an ambiguous positioning between a legal cosmopolitanism and a realistic stance of colonizing intentions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Pedagogies need to be understood holistically rather than broken down into unconnected practices and techniques - hence the focus on combinations, clusters of pedagogical approaches and networks. Looking beyond the effectiveness of specific teaching methods, there is need to understand the power of these when combined (and done expertly - see connoisseurship below). A school with an overarching pedagogical design has made a collective decision about how to combine several pedagogies to meet multiple educational goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In non-OECD countries demand growth is expected for all dairy products with WMP and butter consumption growing the strongest (both by 38%), followed by cheese (33%) to 2019. World exports of dairy products are anticipated to recover and grow mainly for cheese and WMP (both at 14%). Milk producers and the dairy industry will increasingly need to take a more proactive role to adapt to changing input markets, demand conditions, price fluctuations and increased pressure to assure quality, safety and traceability of their products. Environmental constraints and climate change related issues, and policy, will pose further challenges for the sector in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The authors draw on data from a national random digit dial (RDD) telephone sample of 1,549 adult Americans conducted between October 15, 2001, and March 2, 2002, to explore the impact of a need for security on support for national security policies in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. They examine support for protective government policies among individuals who vary in their ability to feel secure in the aftermath of terrorism, exploring the interaction between perceived threat and felt security. Most Americans reported a sense of security after the 9/11 attacks. But a sense of insecurity among a minority of Americans coupled with a perceived threat of future terrorism increased support for both domestic and international security policy—the curtailment of domestic civil liberties, tougher visa checks, and support for the war in Afghanistan. The authors' findings underscore the diverse ways in which individuals react politically to a common external threat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is indicated by the profile of the elasticity across the income distribution, which falls from 0.80 for high income to 0.75 around the average and 0.60 for low-income households. This finding is in line with the broad conclusions from previous empirical studies on inequality and in particular OECD (2011b), documenting widespread increases in inequality in OECD countries between the mid-1980s and the late 2000s. It is assumed that GDP per capita drives long-run levels of household incomes across the distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In fact, the results of the two year EU-wide project point to unclear regulatory frameworks and a persistent lack of trust among industry actors as the two main barriers to cooperation. This should not be misunderstood as a call for more regulation. Instead, it is a call for better, more balanced and overall more sensible regulatory frameworks on national and international levels. The most important areas to address in cross-sectoral regulatory collaboration are common market definitions, common standards, a balanced approach to data flows in smart energy networks and ensuring their cybersecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These unstocked forest areas are areas that have been deforested due to various disturbances, such as forestry and/or nonforestry operations, overgrazing, overexploitation for fuelwood and timber, repeated fires and attacks by insects and diseases (figure 13.1). These areas are expected to be regenerated. Non-forest areas (0.54 million ha) include areas within forest land, which include high mountain sub-alpine tundra vegetation, mountain slopes, rocky areas, meadows and tree nurseries. However, due to its small population (3.12 million people) and vast territory, and thus its low population density (2 inhabitants/km2, one of the lowest in the world), Mongolia is not designated a "low forest cover" country on the basis of its ratio of forested area per capita, which is 4.09 ha/capita (the global ratio is 0.54 ha/capita).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It includes provisions on professional development for teachers in numeracy and literacy, guiding materials for good practices and school-based programmes for class management. To increase student motivation and reduce the differences in motivation between boys and girls and between students from different social backgrounds, the action plan introduces more practical and varied instruction methods in lower secondary education, as well as a new subject with a practical approach, the Working Life Course (Arbeidslivsfagef). This reform builds on the Knowledge Promotion Reform (2006), a major curricular reform of the whole system (see Spotlight 1). The Programme for Basic Competence in Working Life (2006) targets adults who lack basic skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Al can be used to increase efficiency in the production of goods and services and to aid innovation by generating new ideas. Forthcoming research on Al is likely to focus on making Al systems more robust and maximizing their societal benefits while mitigating adverse effects, which could include increased inequality and unemployment. In time, it could lead to a shift towards more digital and localized supply chains and lower energy use, resource demands and related CO, emissions over the product life cycle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The TRM approach also provides the option of modifying the 4 per cent basic royalty rate for high income countries in case the originator’s price is considered excessive in those countries, or does not properly reflect the therapeutic value of the invention (UNDP/WHO Guidelines, p. 85). Members have to make available in their domestic legislation means to appeal the decisions taken by the initial granting authority (Article 31 (i), TRIPS Agreement). Such appeals may be filed with a court or an administrative authority distinct from and higher than the initial granting authority. In addition to appeals relating to the authorization of a compulsory license, a court or a distinct higher authority shall also review any decision concerning the remuneration of the patent holder (Article 31 (j), TRIPS Agreement). As the issue of compulsory licensing is closely related to non-IP issues such as public health, it might even be more appropriate, from a public policy point of view, to have a general court review the initial authority’s decisions on grant and remuneration. In addition, the review authority must not be subject to control by the authority that initially granted the license and decided on the compensation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Access is not just about infrastructure. It is also about ensuring that digital communication channels, content and delivery are relevant to and understandable for less literate users. These funds help to channel public financial resources to business activities that have potential development impact but still lack commercial viability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Only 10% of travel between Aix and Marseille is with public transport. Private cars account for 90% of trips within the metropolitan area, close to the level observed in large US metropolitan areas such as Los Angeles and Denver. Road traffic increased by 10% between 1997 and 2009 and the roadways leading to the main urban cores of the metropolitan area are increasingly congested.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The agreement was significant as it took a holistic view of early childhood as a process that begins in utero and continues to formal schooling. Most provinces focused their efforts on information and parenting resources, while scant amounts were targeted to early learning and care programs. Provinces and territories were to meet broad principles in their spending and agreed to enhance accessibility, quality, inclusion and parental choice. Unlike past agreements for child care, funding was not targeted to low-income families, and the concept of accountability was introduced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)