albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Social work practice remains concerned about the widespread human rights abuses and the exclusion of children’s voices during statutory intervention. As stipulated by The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1994), confirmed by The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1999) and the Children’s Act (Section 10, 38 of 2005), it is of paramount importance that the child, which includes the adolescent, must experience freedom of expression as well as the right to be heard during statutory proceedings. However, it is argued that despite the national and international focus on the importance of child participation, the question remains if children do understand and receive the opportunity to participate in practise. This article reflects on adolescents’ understanding and experiences of their right to participate during statutory intervention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This essay considers the contemporary militarization of U.S. civilian psychology in the context of World War II and Cold War efforts to target the psychic and emotional life of civilians as a battlefield component of `total war.' Selectively tracing the entangled histories of academic social science, the mass media, military technologies, and U.S. government agencies, I suggest that the post-World War II emergence of the U.S. national security state is founded in part on the calculated promotion of civilian insecurity and terror. The militarization of civilian psychology — that is, the psychological re-organization of civil society for the production of violence — becomes historically visible as an administrative imperative of U.S. government. This visibility, I argue, is important in interrogating and intervening in the complex politics and cultures of terrorism today.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The first pathway goes through the impact on labour earnings inequality - from the dark blue to light blue shaded boxes. Earnings inequality in this framework is assessed in terms of both wage dispersion among workers and individual earnings dispersion among the whole working-age population, which takes into account under-employment and inactivity. The second pathway is the transmission of labour earnings inequalities to household income inequalities - the move from the light blue to the unshaded boxes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These measures led to a high share of the generics market, in terms of value and volume. Latvia has begun to strengthen its health infonnation infrastructure in recent years with the introduction of an eHealth system and eHealth portal started in 2016. The availability and use of health information should increase further in the years ahead.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Recognising that the unequal distribution of unpaid work is a key barrier to gender equality overall, many OECD governments are promoting fathers’ parental leave-taking and care for young children, as well as a range of public awareness campaigns challenging gender stereotypes and norms. Long hours at home spent cooking, cleaning and caring for family limits the amount of time individuals can spend in paid work. Women have a disproportionate share of responsibility for caregiving, which can prevent them from entering full-time jobs, remaining in the labour market, and advancing their careers, earnings and pension entitlements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Studies have been carried out in the region that show deficiencies in pension and retirement benefit coverage that have a larger impact on women, who receive roughly 20% less than men, on average (Marco, 2016, CEPAL, 2016a). In recent years, time has become the subject of study as a measure of well-being: the problem of poverty has been analysed from various unconventional perspectives and a vicious circle involving poverty and time spent on unpaid work has been revealed (Vaca-Trigo, 2015, CEPAL, 2016a). Hence, in order to achieve sustainable development, it is important to consider this dimension when designing public policies. As shown in figure IV.11, poor women receiving transfers in both countries spend more hours per week on unpaid domestic and care work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Main concerns relate to the impacts of human activities on biodiversity. Pressures can be physical (habitat alteration and fragmentation through changes in land use and cover), chemical (toxic contamination, acidification, oil spills, other pollution) or biological (alteration of population dynamics and species structure through the release of exotic species or the commercial use of wildlife resources). Primaiy drivers are land use changes for conversion from natural state to agriculture and infrastructure, unsustainable use of natural resources, invasive alien species, climate change and pollution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Indeed, recent estimates suggest that if the entrepreneurship gender gap were eliminated, global GDP could rise by as much as 2%, or USD 1.5 trillion (Blomquist et al., Against that background, government institutions and policies should seek to ensure that men and women enjoy equal opportunity to set up and run businesses (Chapter 25).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Here, we show that these countries are vulnerable to climate change, using a physical vulnerability index that is independent of policies. The idea of an assessment of physical vulnerability is consistent with common vulnerability frameworks, as explained in Guillaumont and Simonet (2011a), and also with the SREX (2012) conceptual framework, but it involves making a systematic distinction between what is and what is not independent of a country’s policy to be more accurate with the development challenges. This section relies on a new index of physical vulnerability to climate change, as presented by Guillaumont and Simonet (2011a), that has already been applied to differentiate African countries from other developing countries (Guillaumont and Simonet 201 lb). The index qualifies the vulnerability of the LDCs and underlines the heterogeneity of the vulnerability among them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Chapter 3 notes that management is needed to tackle externalities and points out that multiple policy options can help address these issues, acknowledging that specific responses will need to be tailored to hydrogeological and environmental conditions. Chapter 4 provides an overview of management approaches in OECD countries that vary widely, with weak evidence of a constraint-response correspondence. Only four of the 20 responding OECD countries (Austria, Czech Republic, Slovenia and the Netherlands - national and regional) and five of the 20 regions (the Jeju volcanic island region in Korea and the four Spanish regions) report conducting regular evaluations of groundwater management. As part of the EU Water Framework Directive, EU member countries are required to provide reports on the state of implementation and the qualitative and quantitative status of groundwater management bodies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Introduction - In the name of the law Law's first strike - The degradation of international law? Postmodern just wars: Kosovo, Afghanistan and the new world order Enduring right The terrors of freedom: the sovereignty of states and the freedom to fear The ground of rights - Cuba and the axis of evil Al Qa'ida: terrorists or irregulars? International refugee law: excluding the Palestinians Islamic feminism, possibilities and limitations The balancing act: counter-terrorism and civil liberties in British ant-terrorism law Ground zero's prospects - Locating ground zero: caught between the narratives of crime and war September 11 and American policy in the Middle East Palestine/Israel: conflict at the crossroads Jirga: power and traditional conflict resolution in Afghanistan Islamic law and the English press.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In order to distinguish between age and cohort effects, we use the IALS, ALL and PIAAC data to create synthetic cohorts. We thank our discussant John Martin and conference participants for their helpful comments. However, in these countries educational attainment, a crucial variable in our analysis, is unreliable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The targeted learners are young apprentices and students in the Swiss vocational sector in schools mainly in the industrial and commercial fields. It is supporting the spread of innovative practice and change across a self-elected, bottom-up community of practice of schools. It has lead Partner Schools, Pathfinder Schools and then a larger group of less active Network Schools across the country (mainly England), all supporting and learning from each other. Several are directly led and organised by the national ministry of education but in others the ministry has more of a support role or else the initiative is not happening at the national level or it is being led from elsewhere altogether, such as by foundations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some European countries have schemes allowing naloxone to be taken home by the drug user (EMCDDA, 2017(48)). A few countries have drug consumption rooms, where death from overdose is much less likely. Almost all countries have needle and syringe programmes, which can prevent the spread of infectious diseases, which can be very expensive to treat (such as hepatitis C).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Moreover, those who suffer from chronic illnesses are also entitled to their disease-specific medicines free of charge, without means-testing. Since 2008 these can be collected from any phaimacy, including those in the private sector, resulting in improved access. In all other cases, patients must purchase pharmaceuticals out of pocket, except during hospitalisation and for the first three days following discharge (MISSOC, 2016). Furthermore, the President's Malta Community Chest Fund (a philanthropic foundation) has extended its role in financing drugs that are not yet included in the benefits package. In addition, the second national cancer plan published in 2017 outlines a government pledge to include more cancer medications on the Government's Formulary list in the coming yeais. In 2015, such direct payments, as a share of total health expenditure, totalled 29%, significantly higher than the EU average of 15% (Figure 11).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Thanks to globalisation, Viet Nam can offer lower wages and close proximity to Chinese maikets to attract industrial and service firms from China. Globalisation also offers new opportunities in tourism, especially agio and eco-tourism, in which Viet Nam has a natural advantage. However, with 47% of the population still involved in agriculture, increasing agricultural productivity is a vital component of rural development. Diversification into higher value crops and developing the food processing industry can build on the strong agricultural base in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There has not been any revision since 2008, but MoEF aims to strike a balance between the mitigation and adaptation components in the next climate change strategy. It ensures the integration of GHG emissions reduction policies into other sectoral policies. In addition, it coordinates both the national inventory system for estimating GHG emissions and removals and the implementation of the flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol. It further participates in the approval processes of JI projects and emissions trading activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
While costs began to dip below the $5 mark in the 1970s, it was not until around 1990 that costs of $l/m3 began to be observed. It is the largest and most comprehensive inventory of empirical data on desalination plants available. The costs of these very small plants vary widely and their impact on the incurred cost of desalination is not nearly as great as those of larger plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Technical standards are not harmonised, industry associations advocating clean energy are weak and there is consumer scepticism about the benefits of clean energy technologies. There is also little information on the effectiveness of various incentives and tax mechanisms. Access to funding from multilateral banks or financial institutions is weak. Project sponsors lack experience in preparing loan and funding requests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The development of recycling systems for irrigation is particularly promising in that it does not increase water withdrawals. Rainwater harvesting can also provide simple solutions. Israel is using treated wastewater to recharge groundwater and for irrigation (OECD, 2012c), and has developed water harvesting in individual households to combat water scarcity (Ronen et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Because of differences in living standards, and therefore in capacity to pay, some countries will be expected to shoulder larger shares of the total costs of providing global public goods, which may reduce their incentive to cooperate in providing them. Hence, with respect to establishing multilateral agreements, the pattern of burden sharing will be as important as the extent of the benefits to be conferred by the public goods. I am grateful to my staff at the Development Policy and Analysis Division for their research and work going into those studies. They are not responsible for any remaining errors and the views expressed in this paper do not necessarily coincide with theirs neither with those of the United Nations. The trends are starkly unambiguous when China is not included (Bourguignon and Morrison, 2002, Milanovic, 2005 and World Bank, 2006). The number of megacities increased from 10 in 1992 to 21 in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These land uses are declining and consequently, low bushes and trees are quickly spreading across these areas in the absence of grazing animals which would normally help contain such growth. This affects the accessibility of the land for tourism. Thus, the landscapes are changing and the Puys mountains may become somewhat less accessible for tourists as a result.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In Latin America, instances in which private participation in infrastructure (PPI) occur have public finance accounting for a third of total project funding (Fay et al., In Asia, private investment dominates in the telecommunications sector and also has a significant presence in the energy sector, but its participation is very small in transport and virtually non-existent in water and sanitation (ADB, 2017). Thus, while private sector involvement in infrastructure investment may increase with greater supply of “bankable” projects, any rapid recovery of overall infrastructure investment in the future will critically depend on governments’ capacities to cam' out their leadership roles in planning and executing new infrastructure projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As noted, the tracking indicator adopted for the target is the proportion of the population within range of a mobile signal. To this could be added an affordability indicator relevant for LDCs such as the price of a mobile broadband subscription as a percentage of income. It could be argued that if LDCs have reached appropriate thresholds for these two supply side indicators—100% mobile broadband coverage and prices less than 5% of per capita income—then they have created the necessary preconditions for Internet use and achieved the target.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the 1980s, for example, the CCSS contracted co-operatives in order to provide health care services in areas where there was a shortage (Saenz et al., As of 2016, four co-operatives and two non-cooperatives (the ASEMECO association and the University of Iberoamerica) provided health care services to 15% of the Costa Rican population on the basis of primary' level contracts (as earlier described). In case of need for specialised care, these providers should refer the patients to the secondary and tertiary level within the public health care network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These include criteria on parameters such as target countries, activity type, and project size. For example, in terms of eligible activities, the Indonesian government has identified a number of primary and secondary priorities in both mitigation and adaptation for expenditure under the Indonesian Climate Change Trust Fund (ICCTF, 2012). In terms of project size, some funds limit the total flows to a specific activity - for example, the PPC.R can provide USD 3-15 million to individual projects (CIF, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In Uganda only 6% of rural health facilities and 16% of all health facilities are connected to grid energy (UN Women, UNDP and UNEP 2015). Socially constructed gender roles, identities and underlying power dynamics affect whether (and how) women and men access and use energy and participate in decisions and investments. Surveys have repeatedly shown that women and men express different energy needs and priorities and perceive different risks in regard to energy choices (as discussed below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This inquiry contributes to the literature on the development of "nonprofit marketing thought" by describing how the field's early period established a legacy effect on nonprofit marketing scholarship to the present day. This qualitative work uses a wide variety of sources from a protracted historical period in order to more fully inform a perspective on the relevant issues that have influenced the development of nonprofit marketing scholarship. The investigation suggests that, although the debate on whether or not marketing is a science was nominally resolved years ago, the origins of marketing scholarships as an applied business discipline remain influential. The effects on this influence is a body of research that is fragmented, conflicted, sometimes invalid, and has produced few general theories indicative of a social science. Recommendations are offered for improving the quality of nonprofit marketing scholarship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The suicide rate for men under the age of 35 has fallen in recent years following a consistent rise over the last three decades of the 20th century. However, it remains a leading cause of death in males aged under 35. Data from the Office of National Statistics suggests that since the 1999 government White Paper, “Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation" (Department of Health, 1999), which set a target of cutting the suicide mortality rate by 20% by 2010, the prevalence of suicide amongst men aged 15 to 44 in England has dropped by 21%, from 20.2 to 15.9 suicides per 100 000 population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the Baltic countries (Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia) and Finland, education was found to be negatively associated with alcohol abuse in men, but positively associated with heavy drinking, but not HED, in women (Helasoja et al., In the Czech Republic, men, single persons and people with low education were found to be at higher risk of hazardous alcohol drinking (Dzurova et al., Conversely, the literature shows an opposite pattern for women, with the higher educated more likely to be hazardous drinkers. In Austria, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, women with higher education were more likely to be hazardous drinkers (Bloomfield et al., This trend in women is confirmed in Germany, France Switzerland, and Norway, whereas in the Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, and Sweden, less educated women were more likely to be hazardous drinkers (Kuntsche etal,, 2006). In a meta-analysis of 33 countries, part of the GENACIS” project, men and women with greater education were found to be more likely to consume alcohol than their counterparts with less education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Drivers of Labour Earnings Inequality - An Analysis Based on Conditional and Unconditional Quantile Regressions”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. Draw lessons from the planned pilot phase for the design of the minimum income scheme. Increase the accountability of local governments for the allocation of social spending through a more rigorous auditing system and by enhancing transparency with regard to the use of the grants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Hence, federal revenues from irrigation districts were smaller then the costs of operating and maintaining the Central Valley Project. The United States Congress passed the Reclamation Reform Act of 1982, which required the price of irrigation water in all new contracts to fully cover operation and maintenance costs (GAO, 1991). In addition, a 1986 statutory requirement empowered the Secretary of Interior to adjust water prices if the rates were considered too low to allow full recovery of the appropriate share of the project’s capital repayment obligation by 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the case of remote sites, cable routing is frequently required to cross rivers and dams, which has to be taken into account in the planning. In this context, a lot of new technology was invented by engineers. The project is a first in applying a communication project to water conservation, thereby filling a gap in terms of the acceptance of long-distance communication projects in water conservation. The story of this project can easily be copied and used by other countries or communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Often the impact is even larger compared to traditional indicators of quality of employment.51 Employment-related relationships and work motivation are important for several reasons. From the point of view of the individual worker, they not only directly affect health and well-being, but are also key factors for achieving high levels of sustainability of work. Workers who have sufficient job autonomy can influence organizational decisions and are not subject to excessive work intensity will show higher levels of motivation and engagement and be less likely to leave the labour market prematurely. The social support from co-workers and superiors also has a huge impact on the well-being of workers and is at the same time an important factor to cope with difficult work situations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Until very recently, the distribution tariffs were set according to the cost-plus principle, allowing owners a profit margin of 3% on top of their costs. This encourages them to maximise revenues rather than to invest or reduce losses. The “cost-plus” rate-setting method reduces the incentive for utilities to invest in efficiency improvement. This in turn disrupts the market balance and reduces national competitiveness. This will set tariffs at a share of the asset base.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This association is unsurprising given the purpose and content of initiation rites described above, however it points to the relative weakness of parental influence on adolescent choices where formal systems exist to mark young people's passage into an adult world from the age of 10 or 12 years. Early sexual experience and high rates of pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and forced sex in the region suggest this lack of communication has a harmful impact on adolescent well-being (Juma et al., It is also experienced as frustrating and disempowering by adolescents themselves (Thorpe, 2005). Criticising the young for their 'immoral ways' through rose-tinted spectacles on one's own youth is neither a new phenomenon nor particular to this region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)