albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
There is evidence that, on average, workers benefit from a dynamic labour market, brought about by flexibility-enhancing, but duality-reducing, reforms. This occurs because in the process workers have greater opportunities to find jobs that better match their skills and needs and can more easily progress in their career and pay. In particular, certain workers are likely to lose their jobs as a consequence of these reforms, thereby experiencing significant income losses. This suggests that for equity and political-economy reasons, governments should consider addressing these individual losses by coupling EPL reforms with adequate unemployment benefits, properly enforced job-search requirements and effective re-employment services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
My appreciation to the IEA Implementing Agreements for their contributions on technology-specific data, and specifically Gouri Bhuyan (OES IA), Adam Brown (Bioenergy IA), Ana Estanqueiro (Wind IA), Bernard McNelis (PVPS IA), Niels Nielsen (Hydropower IA) and Mary-Rose Valladeres (Hydrogen IA). Many thanks also to Christophe Dossarps (UNDP Consultant), Martina Otto (UNEP) and Anjali Shanker (IED) for their comments and review of this paper. While many of the challenges faced by these countries are similar, the means of addressing them varied in their application and effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
During the court proceedings, the originator company pursued four additional infringement suits, alleging the generic product fell within the scope of several different forms and new uses of paroxetine hydrochloride. In case the active ingredient is new and patented in addition to the composition, third parties would not be in a position to legally use the active ingredient without authorization from the patent holder, or through a compulsory license. These considerations do not apply to the treatment of new uses of known products (see above): as opposed to the case of derivatives, new uses concern the identical substance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
But we were always aware of how many other people were suffering, so that meant not just that I have enough to feed myself, but that I can live a life of purpose.” The culture has changed,” she says. “ Women can work and take care of themselves and don’t need to rely on their husbands.” Contraception is available in practically every corner shop. “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The success of the reform will depend on the way it is implemented. Initial results suggest there is a chance that the reform may achieve at least some of its aims: it has more than halved the number of new disability benefit claims. Most of those people no longer entitled to disability benefit are engaged in the new resource process. However, until today only a small minority of those people have found a job and of those who did, most are in subsidised employment. It is too early to tell whether a sufficiently large number of people will eventually be reintegrated into the labour market in a sustainable manner. Evaluation der Fruherfassung und der Integrationsmassnalunen in der Invalidenversicherung” [Rehabilitation Before Pension.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The fragmentation of education governance makes it difficult for subsystems to share resources and also hinders the smooth shift of resources from one subsystem to the other when needed. Under such a governance structure, holistic "whole-system” change is difficult to implement. Ambiguity in education leadership together with accountability for education results not well targeted prevents any major reform in Uruguay’s education system. Only small and incremental change is feasible under the current governance arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The proposal is similar to a system that is in place in Estonia, with minimum social contributions calculated in relation to the full-time minimum wage, regardless of actual hours worked. While this approach would close off one channel of underreporting, it would also make genuine part-time work much more expensive. The share of part-time workers in Latvia is already low in international comparison and this new tax would risk pricing certain labour force groups out of employment, including low-productivity workers, and those with a strong preference for part-time work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
On the other hand, poor vetting of private local partners, inadequate enforcement of environmental safeguards and insufficient accountability on the part of development finance end-users can lead to a lack of tangible positive environmental impacts, if not actually produce negative outcomes (Oxfam, 2015). Box 2.7 highlights one type instrument used in financial intermediation i.e. credit lines. Challenge funds’ financial contribution to a project is usually small compared to the overall size of the project, but sufficient to improve its risk profile and financial viability (Irwin and Porteous, 2005). Challenge funds typically require the grantee to match a portion of the funds disbursed, so as to ensure ownership and commitment to success.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Subsidies do not always provide the right incentive to conserve water. Other economic schemes acting on land, encompassing trading, or supporting conservation practices can be effective at a local scale if the above-listed solutions are not implementable. These may be supported via research and development, information campaigns, advisory services or extension, or by altering other support programs in their direction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The second most frequently indicated benefit was enhanced implementation of the conventions (59%). All other main benefit-options listed were ticked by approximately 50% of survey respondents (Graph 12), except for cost and/or resource savings, which was ticked by 40% of survey respondents. Online] Available from: http://biodiversity-l.iisd. Specific fields, where integration has been beneficial according to survey respondents, include: protected areas management, setting national targets or indicators, engaging stakeholders, discussing the Nagoya Protocol (NP), and reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) schemes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Consequently, forest management practices, in particular logging (both authorized and illegal), concentrate on the most accessible areas, directly adjacent to existing regular transport roads. In 2009, as much as 80.6 per cent (840,908.8 ha) of forest surface area harbouring some 77.2 per cent (estimated at 584,771 ha) of the total timber stock was classified as productive forests, while the remaining 19.4 per cent (201,881.2 ha) with 22.8 per cent (estimated at 172,490 ha) of the timber volume was classified as non-productive forests. However, forest productivity is estimated to be much lower than in some other European countries, partly due to different forest degradation factors and human pressures on forest ecosystems. Moreover, the more accessible forest stands have been significantly degraded through overharvesting and overgrazing, which has changed the forest age structure and species composition, and reduced the forest underwood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Abstract This paper is a critique of the final report of the South African Human Rights Commission, Faultlines, on its inquiry into racism in the media. The critique builds on earlier comments by the author which fundamentally question the assumptions made by the SAHRC's independent researchers regarding discourse analysis, content analysis, as well as cultural and media studies. The paper also offers some educational strategies to deal with the real problems still facing the media in the post‐apartheid era. It calls for a participatory research agenda between academics and the media industry in resolving pressing issues of social concern.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Different combinations give almost an infinite number of permutations, There are myriad combinations, with no right or wrong answer. Each local situation requires a tailor-made solution. Using performance-based contracting, capping fees, building up funds for maintenance and replacement and tightening policy obligations are all good practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In 2017, the government further systemized its risk assessment work through the National Disaster Risk and Vulnerability Atlas, which will shape the second National Development Plan. Private utilities are often at the forefront when it comes to risk assessment and taking measures to protect their services. Government is also made up of a myriad of sectors and departments, interests, powers and knowledge bases that need to be well understood to be effectively deployed in the process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This creates a microeconomy and enables a market within the platform. This way, processes can be triggered automatically without interference of an observing intermediary, making the overall process more efficient. For example, fines could be automatically imposed if emissions certificates do not cover emitted GHG for the compliance cycle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article describes a cultural basis for student academic disengagement and resistance in two high schools in Manus province in Papua New Guinea. Based on a year of ethnographic research conducted in 1994-95, the article examines how a critical mass of students responded to rising national educational credentialism and unemployment by drawing on elements of their "traditional" egalitarian village identity to make moral judgments about appropriate selves and futures. These students referred to specific Western behavioral and linguistic styles, aspirations, and academic practices as acting "extra" and ostracized those classmates that exhibited them. The findings suggest a cross-cultural phenomenon: a perception of school success and associated behaviors as the internalization of a Western ideology of individualism accompanied by a concern that resultant status differences will imperil solidarity within the local community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Learning aims to enhance stakeholders’ understanding of the country’s climate change risks and vulnerabilities that in turn can help to identify approaches that are effective in reducing those risks. Accountability aims to ensure that resources allocated for adaptation are effective in achieving set objectives. For example, the quality and usability of climate projections is uneven due to resource constraints and data limitations (OECD, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Such standards may cover the content and duration of training, the assessment of training outcomes and the competences of those who supervise trainees (see Box 3.1 for an example from Denmark). A clear legal framework can be an important support for work-based learning - the lack of insurance against industrial accidents sometimes inhibits companies from taking on trainees. Box 3.1 includes elements of the legal framework for workplace training in the Community of Madrid, Spain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The process of achieving more sustainable urban transportation systems designed with the principle of accessibility at their core is dependent on the participation of all stakeholders in cities, the authorities, the private sector and the citizens, along the lines of principles of democracy. A successful process will depend on effective governance of land use and transportation, where new housing and commercial planning will entail simultaneous transportation systems design, careful neighborhood design, strategic infrastructure investments, and fair, efficient and stable funding. The accessibility, in turn, is influenced by the availability of an efficient and effective transport system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The G20 is an evolving international institution. Aided by both advances in information technology and support from home governments, a number of knowledge actors and networks seek to influence global economic governance with policy analysis and advice. This article assesses the international G20 think tank network called Think20 and the policy advocacy of private research institutes (such the Lowy Institute in Australia and the Centre for International Governance and Innovation in Canada) which are in the orbit of the G20 policy community. Think20 assists the global economic governance processes of the G20 by developing ‘coordinative discourses’ for policy development and implementation.Points for practitionersIdeas matter but ideas that imply major policy reform and innovation need to be made to matter if they are to direct government action. Networks provide one mechanism to broadcast and disseminate ‘communicative discourses’ to many different publics – local as well as global – and the infrastructure...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Ce type de tests n’a pas d’implications pour le parcours scolaire des eleves. Ces memes tests peuvent toutefois avoir des consequences pour les enseignants et les ecoles. Le rapport offre une typologie de ^utilisation des tests standardises sans consequences pour les eleves y compris les raisons pour l’augmentation de leur utilisation dans les pays de l'OCDE et ses differents objectifs. Dans ce cadre, le rapport analyse la fa^on dont les tests standardises sans consequences pour les eleves sont consus, implementes et utilises dans les pays de l’OCDE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Conflict has been a salient aspect of the human experience for ages. It has existed globally between nations, locally among various cultural groups, in dyadic relationships, and within individuals. Efforts to resolve, rise above, and transform conflict have been met with a myriad of challenges. These challenges are comprised of systemic, cultural, and individual variables that must be addressed in order to realize progress. The authors believe that transformation of conflict on an individual level creates a foundation for effectively dealing with systemic and cultural issues that evidence conflict and, in so doing, create opportunities for the development of a global culture of sustainable peace. From this perspective, peace is more than the absence of war, it involves freedom, justice, conflict resolution, nonviolence, community building, and democratization of authority (Olusakin, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Therefore, the same set of economic opportunities and available policy responses that exist at the national indicator level will not be suitable at the local level. This is where proxies and other future data collection exercises will need to fill important gaps. The first step was to make an assessment of the relevance of the national OECD Green Growth Indicator framework and the relevance of the individual variables in describing Schonefelder Kreuz’s transition to a low-carbon economy. However, it is important to attempt to identify and test which areas will work and to investigate what data is available with which to assess the current situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Expectation of graduating from university increases as the size of residence area increases. On average across OECD countries, 31% of students whose school is in a rural area or a village with fewer than 3 000 people, 42% of students in schools located in towns with up to 100 000 people, and 50% of students in cities with over 100 000 people expect to complete a university education. The difference in expectations between urban and rural students was particularly large (over 40 percentage points) in Hungary and Uirkey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The forest sector (forestry, wood and paper products) contributes 1.8 per cent to the gross value added of the national economy, but only 5 per cent of forests have recreational use as a main management goal. Recent reports by UNEP, The Green Economy (2011) and The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, (2010) emphasize that natural capital, such as forests and the ecosystem services they provide, offer important benefits and could be considered a significant component of national economies. Romania should seek ways to benefit further from its natural wealth and invest in the maintenance of forest ecosystem services and the development of recreation and tourism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Using the high range IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario, they project a decrease in landed fish value of 21 percent, a total annual loss of US$311 million compared to values for 2000, and a loss in fisheries-related jobs of almost 50 percent, with Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Togo suffering the most severe impacts. Using an optimistic scenario of low population growth and high income growth, and the mean results from four climate change scenarios, it plotted mean projected price increases by 2050, compared to 2010 levels, of 87 percent for maize, 31 percent for rice and 44 percent for wheat (Nelson et al., While trade can help in adaptation to climate change and to shifting international patterns of production, ultimately global markets will only be accessible to those countries and segments of population that have sufficient purchasing power. This makes inclusive economic growth an essential precondition for stable food security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In its judgment of 3 February 2003, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) declared the application submitted by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) for revision of its 1996 judgment concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, inadmissible.1 The Court found that the request for revision was not based on the ‘discovery’ of a ‘fact’ and, therefore, one of the conditions of Article 61 of the Statute of the Court was not satisfied. This commentary will appraise the decision by examining the formal and substantive criteria for revision, a rather neglected and underused process.2
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The impact of unemployment compensation systems is identified by means of a difference-in-differences approach that exploits the fact that eligibility to SP and UI depends on tenure in the previous job and is restricted to foxmal-sector job losers (see Box 2.3 for details). The results are summarised in Figure 2.6, while the full results are reported in Hijzen (2011). This can be seen in Figure 2.6 by comparing the difference in the job-finding rate due to income support for workers with 24 to 48 months of tenure in their last job with those with more than 48 months of tenure in their last job. While formal-sector job losers with 24 to 48 months in the previous job and those with over 48 months are all eligible for five months of UI, the job-finding rate is significantly lower for formal-sector job losers in the latter group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Unfortunately, data on the number of hours subsidised or FTE employees are not available for the majority countries considered here. However, the size of such spill over effects cannot be isolated with the current data. Increased employment stability among permanent worker may come at the expense of lower job stability among temporary workers when STW schemes shift the burden of adjustment from insiders to outsiders. When concentrating exclusively on manufacturing, there is weak evidence that short-time work has increased the employment response to output shocks of temporary workers during the crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For example, average annual precipitation varies considerably between the west (2 500 mm) and the east (500 mm). Figure 5.1 shows the considerable variation from year to year in the extent of flooding, with particularly severe floods having occurred in 2002 and 2005. There is no clear trend over the period shown.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Regionally, there seems to be less information available about aquifers (compared to surface waters), in terms of quantity and quality. This is particularly true for karst systems, widespread in the Balkans, for which the delineation of the aquifers boundaries is an additional challenge. At the same time, some positive examples of transboundary cooperation should be highlighted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It then provides a review of the valuation literature on marine protected areas, drawing on studies from around the world. It concludes with a brief overview on how cost-benefit analysis can be used to inform MPA decision making. This infonnation allows decision makers to evaluate the net economic benefits to society from investing in an MPA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The French grid operator RTE publishes on its Internet site the electricity consumption data for France with a time resolution of 30 minutes. Residual duration curves have been calculated for two variable generation technologies, wind and solar, and for a generic dispatchable technology. Residual load curves have been obtained with a Monte Carlo process taking into account the loads variability of wind and solar production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
But achieving substantive equality in health also requires improvements in the quality of services as well as broader attitudinal and institutional change to address stereotyping, stigma and violence head-on. The section therefore goes on to examines how the delivery of health care can be transformed to enable all women and girls' to have access to services, to address their specific health needs and to give them greater voice in the health system. Each of these mechanisms has different implications for access to health services, for equity and for protection from the financial consequences of illness. In many countries, those living in poverty incur higher OPPs than other groups of the population because they are more often affected by sickness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If a country reports this information, as South Korea did, the expert team does not seek further clarification (for example on how flows are classified as “climate related” or “general”, or the difference between financial instruments listed as “grand aid” and “donation”). This is largely due to the remit of technical analysis and the role of the expert team. This could make it difficult to a) encourage Parties to report this information, b) clarify information reported so it is more understandable to other Parties and stakeholders, and , c) provide the reporting Party with feedback on how reporting could be made more transparent. Parties that do report on support received could perhaps also voluntarily indicate whether they would like this information to be reviewed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Foreign students, largely from Indonesia, China and Thailand, and others from India, Korea, Mongolia, Nigeria, Taiwan, Japan and the Middles East, numbered 452 and 650 in 2007 and 2008 respectively. It was conceived as a strong contribution to the growth of the Penang and northern Peninsular Malaysia region. The university currently offers a wide range of programmes at undergraduate and graduate levels, which include certificate, diploma and degree programmes, non-graduating and off-campus study programmes. The last, started in 1971, was the first distance learning tertiary-level programme in the country, providing adult learners second chance opportunities for higher education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Economic policy in the modern world can be treated as an outcome of interaction of multiple territorial centers of public authority: nation-states, subnational and supranational jurisdictions. In the last decades economics has increased its attention to the factors which influence the distribution of power among jurisdictions. The paper surveys two main research areas in this literature: economics of conflicts and theory of endogenous decentralization. It discusses the basic models of both approaches and their modifications applied in the literature as well as factors of conflict formation and bargaining over devolution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)