albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These measures might encourage members of Group B to move into the formal sector of the economy if this is the reason why members of this group are reporting very low earnings to the survey. However, it is debatable whether this is relevant to Group B: one third are self-employed and so will not be affected by this, and even for those who are employed its relevance is doubtful given that they report earnings of less than a third of the minimum wage prevailing during the reference period. Measures to reduce informal working have recently been introduced in Estonia. A national register of employees was introduced in 2014, which has been estimated to have increased formal employment by 9,000 and tax revenues by €5.1 million in its first few months.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Currently, protecting private intellectual property rights by enforcing exclusive use and deployment by its owner is the main approach. With technology funds, it should be possible to establish international innovation networks within different areas of technology. The overall strategy could also include global awards for the formulation of technical solutions to well-defined problems, and public purchase at appropriate prices of private technology for deployment in the public domain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In a majority of countries today, there are no legal barriers to prevent women from getting a job or pursuing a trade or profession in the same way as men, from owning and inheriting land and housing in their own name, from receiving a pension or from having access to a wide range of services, including education and health care. Rather, they are wired into the ways in which economic, social and political structures work. To achieve substantive equality, so that women can enjoy their rights in practice, it is not enough to do away with direct discrimination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
According to Aure and Grimsrud, the latter might be instrumental in maintaining or even recreating traditional gender roles since some newcomers (most often the women of the family) might need to work less in order for the families to have more time together. " Such messages may be disagreeable to women and men who want a more equal everyday life" (Aure and Grimsrud 2013:191, own translation). At the same time, globalisation and the internationalised market have created an increased competition from abroad which have put pressure on a number of the traditional industries of the peripheral areas. Furthermore, Danish jobs are increasingly centralised, and with this the demand for mobility among the residents of the peripheral areas have increased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Arable land rarely provides a suitable habitat for many species, but crop selection may still be a significant differentiator for species found in farmland areas. A common farmland species like the skylark is widespread on arable fields, but requires a low and dense vegetation such as wheat or barley crops during the breeding season, whereas maize and soy beans do not provide adequate nest cover and grow too tall early in the breeding season. Species of grass grown for hay or seeds may provide a satisfying habitat for several species of birds, but as the grass is harvested rather early during the breeding season of birds, nests and nestlings may be lost during the harvest. The population levels of the skylark is significantly affected by the available food resources which again are governed by the amount of pesticides applied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article analyses concept of constitutionalism through three paradigms: i) philosophical constitutionalism as study of different concepts of constitution, ii) so called value constitutionalism, encompassing three main constitutional values (rule of law, democracy and human rights) and iii) interpretative (methodological) constitutionalism as theory on interpretation of constitution. Each one of these three paradigms of constitution may be separate theory of constitution. Such concept is completely new theory on constitutionalism not only in Lithuanian, but also in comparative constitutional law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While there are variations among countries in protecting women’s rights, the overall trend in the region reveals that discrimination and violence against women are not diminishing, which is often supported by references to religion and cultural background. This trend is due to many factors, including legal barriers, lack of law enforcement, economic and social crises of the countries and the rise in radical religious movements, which call for reversal in achievements in women rights, particularly in the family domain. In particular, countries that experienced political changes and revolutions in the past years have been witnessing a rise in religious discourse and backward trends, which tend to threaten women’s rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The reader is referred to Table 1.9 of Revenue Statistics, 1965-2015 (OECD, 2017). All governments raise revenue from a mix of taxes, fees and a variety of non-tax sources of income. The OECD identities six categories of taxation: i) Taxes on personal income, ii) Social security contributions, iii) Corporate income taxes, iv) Consumption taxes, v) Property taxes, and vi) other taxes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These instances show that it is possible to fulfil commitments to children - but only if all children receive due attention and investment and if the privilege of some is not allowed to obscure the disadvantages of others. Accordingly, the final chapter of this report identifies broad policy actions that should be included in any strategy to reach excluded children and foster equity in urban settings riven by disparity. Every year, the world’s urban population increases by approximately 60 million people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Similarly, in the English offset pilot programme, the measurement approach is based on habitat area but, additional provisions are made for hedgerow habitats. Generally vegetation types that are greater than 70% cleared or that are listed as either an endangered ecological community or a critically endangered ecological community cannot be developed. To determine the “site value” score, vegetation condition is assessed from ten habitat ecological attributes and is adjusted against benchmark values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Vulnerable employment consists of the sum of own-account workers and contributing family workers, and these workers are less likely to have formal work arrangements (ILO, 2016, Sparreboom and Albee, 2011). Nevertheless, non-vulnerable employment such as wage employment may also fall short of decent work if, for example, an important part of wage employment is casual, informal or of limited duration, or if labour standards are not enforced. Immigrants are vulnerable to such situations, and are often concentrated in low-skill wage work. In other words, although trends in vulnerable employment are important to assess labour markets, consideration needs to be given to additional indicators to understand the position of immigrants, such as occupational indicators which will be discussed in later sections. As the South African population census data of 2011 do not differentiate between employers and own-account workers, this section distinguishes between wage and salaried workers on the one hand, and other categories of workers on the other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The complexity of the concept, and need for education, as well as product development, are being addressed by several projects and initiatives, and partly funded by the European Union. However, as also stressed by Yli-Viikari, it is important to apply a holistic approach towards Green Care, improving the conditions for enterprises is important, but the public sector, as well as the so called third-sector i.e. the civic society, will continue to have an important role to play. In the Middle Ages, the town of Trondheim, Norway, was the end destination of the most important pilgrim route of Northern Europe. The sacred remains of the Norwegian king Olav II Haraldsson attracted pilgrims from both continental Europe and northern regions to the Cathedral of Nidaros, today still one of the main landmarks of Trondheim (Rumanggy).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This article provides an assessment of the redistributive effect of the main taxes and cash transfers, based on various OECD data sources, a set of policy indicators and a literature review. Using cluster analysis, it also identifies empirically four groups of countries with tax and transfer systems that share broadly similarfeatures. This article is a revised version of one of the background papers for the OECD’s project on Income distribution and growth-enhancing policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Most primary schools are very small. Some two-thirds of primary schools have just 90 students or less, and of these around half are single-teacher schools (unidocentes) for up to 30 students. Together, these small schools enrol around 18% of all primary school children (PEN, 2013). By law, classrooms can accommodate between 20 and 35 students, although multigrade classrooms can have 15 students and single-teacher schools can operate with as little as just one student. The average primary class has 14 students, much less than the OECD average of 21 (PEN, 2013, OECD, 2016a). With 27 students on average, class sizes in secondary schools are almost double those of primary schools and above the OECD average of 23.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was adopted in order to curb the menace of tobacco collectively. Tobacco in any form is hazardous to health, importantly it is a legal commodity which poses a threat to “Right to Life” of individuals. The article analyses the threats posed by tobacco to human life. FCTC is the only treaty ratified by world community in the field of health. The main body of the convention is analysed and possible recommendations are made for the better implementation. The human rights aspects of tobacco control are also put forward. This article emphasises on the fact that the human rights forum might be helpful in curtailing the threat posed by tobacco to human life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Without exception, all independent Pacific island states, including Samoa and Tonga, have continued to be interested in, and have exerted some pressure on Australia and New Zealand for, more opportunities for their working-age populations to access temporary employment in the two countries. Primarily, that demand is simply for opportunities that will guarantee reasonable incomes and thus benefit households in rural areas of the home states. Samoa particularly has stressed the need for some enhancement of skills that might contribute to developing the labour force within Samoa, but that is more difficult to achieve.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Includes co-financing of digitalisation projects as well as access to soft loans and other kinds of financing. This mean is mostly relevant for "early adopters" and "followers". Includes courses and practical training in use of new technology. Includes access to case stories, benchmarking tools, seminars, etc. This mean is mainly relevant for "followers".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Fisheries inspectors, receive up-to-date information on PC and smartphones and target the control based on the resulting risk assessment. Denmark has also conducted trials for catch quota registration using CCTV cameras to deter misreporting. Growth and development of the sector had been primarily limited by restrictions on nitrogen discharge levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Whereas the production of ethanol reached over 97 billion litres in 2012, that of biodiesel was roughly 26 billion litres. Ethanol production is led by the United States (45 bn litres) and Brazil (24 bn litres), with China, the European Union, Canada and India also producing significant quantities.6 Biodiesel production is strongly concentrated in the European Union (11 bn litres in 2012), while the United States, Argentina and Brazil also produced more than 2 bn litres each. Biodiesel is today produced mainly from virgin vegetable oils, but can be made from any lipid source, such as used cooking oil and tallow.7 Feedstock quantities used for the production of biofuels are significant: 11% of global coarse grains produced, 13% of vegetable oils and 16% of sugar cane were used in the production of biofuels in 2012 (OECD-FAO, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Equity funds formed as partnerships of public and private institutions could become important sources of finance and providers of organisational capacity and expertise in support of the financing of infrastructure projects including sustainable energy infrastructure projects. Green investment banks may also seek to create investment funds. Australia’s national green investment bank, Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC), is developing an unlisted sustainable energy fund in partnership with Colonial First State Global Asset Management that would attract institutional investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The project has an initial budget of $5.8 million and is expected to reach some 13,200 direct beneficiaries. It is expected that open source software will quickly become attractive for the majority of the region’s young ICT trainees as it has deep roots in community and collaborative work groups. These courses are entirely needs driven. The pan-African IT-learning and trainer network, ict@in-novation (box IV.5), is an example of such a regional capacity development network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, other groups show an opposite trend. During the same period, catches of pelagic fish increased from 32,046 tons in 2005 to 58,687 tons in 2012 (+83%) (table 8.6). The construction of hydropower plants and accumulation pools has significantly modified river flows, with negative impacts on the whole series of habitats and living communities that belong to them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In response, companies have introduced new designs featuring longer-lasting fuel cell technology. For best coverage such stations should be located on high vantage points. In New Orleans, they could be placed on high-rise buildings.44 But this may not always be possible, particularly in rural areas, or in urban settings affected by floods or earthquakes. In such cases, ground-based systems can be supplemented with airborne antennae.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In contrast, several of the countries that have made most progress in reducing extreme poverty nationwide are also those that have made this a priority in rural areas. For example, Brazil, Chile and Costa Rica, which have already met the first MDG target or are very close to doing so, display progress rates in rural areas that are a similar or superior to those in urban zones. This result suggests that prioritizing progress among the country’s most backward groups can be a viable strategy when combined with pursuit of a general improvement in living standards (see figure 1.13).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, in practice, urban design stops when the general plan is delivered, because it takes place outside the budget planning process and land use. Since urban design projects are not subject to careful economic analysis, they can hardly be integrated into budgeting and economic planning cycles. Ideally, the general plan decisions should be further developed during the phase of detailed district general plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As countries urbanize, they gain in wealth, and as such, work and educational opportunities for women tend to increase, leading to later marriages, and fewer children. The positive urban dynamics behind the demographic transition to smaller families is complex, and have been studied intensively,24 but as a general rule, higher rates of urbanization along with growth in GDP lead to lower fertility rates around the world. This has created a demographic momentum characterized by a relatively young population with children under age 15 accounting for 28 per cent of the population, and youth aged 15 to 24 accounting for a further 17 per cent.25 The significant increase in proportion of persons aged 15 to 24 is referred to as the youth bulge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This shift in public discourse in many countries consecrated the role of private investment as the main driver of economic growth, technological progress and human development and further encouraged a reduced role for government focusing on rule-setting and promoting good governance.16 The alleged inferior efficiency of government justified the downsizing of asset-based public policy through extensive privatization of public income-generating assets17 as well as the downsizing of income-based public policy induced by declining tax revenue. Lower total government revenue went hand in hand with lower expenditure and/or higher public debt (figure 2). These policies coincided with the growing concentration of income-generating assets in private hands,18 weaker redistribution, rising income inequality and unsustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Rising levels of crime and growing inequality have in part played a key role in rise of gated communities in major African cities such as Johannesburg, Lagos and Nairobi. If one doesn't aim carefully, the river, which is flanked by weeping willows and navigated by ducks, swallows all the balls launched its way. During heavy rains the river overflows, inundating their makeshift aluminium and brick homes with sewage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Thus, productivity tends to be higher in urban areas, and agglomeration reinforces the comparative advantage of cities. In addition to such advantages, urban residents have, on average, better access to education and health care - as well as to other basic services such as safe drinking water, basic sanitation, transportation and communication -than rural populations. For instance, in developing countries, 73 per cent of urban dwellers, and only 33 per cent of the rural population, had access to basic sanitation facilities in 2004 (WHO and UNICEF, 2006). Salaries and returns to assets are often higher in urban areas because of higher productivity, as well as better infrastructure and services. According to the World Bank, 75 per cent of those living in extreme income poverty resided in rural areas in 2002, despite the fact that only about 52 per cent of the world population were living in such areas (Ravallion, Chen and Sangraula, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Sexual citizenship and sexual rights scholarship have made important contributions to broadening citizenship and more fully accommodating rights related to sexuality. However, this scholarship has concentrated primarily on the sexuality and intimacy-related needs of younger people and those who are not cognitively impaired. Consequently, it has inadvertently served to marginalize persons living with dementia who reside in long-term residential care settings. We argue that supporting sexual rights for persons with dementia requires a particular human rights ontology for citizenship—one that recognizes that corporeality is a fundamental source of self-expression, interdependence, and reciprocal engagement. This is an ontology that underpins our model of relational citizenship and that grounds our articulation of an ethic of embodied relational sexuality. In our view, this ethic offers important direction for the development of policy, legislation, and clinical guidelines to support sexual rights for persons...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The city determines a ground lease for 75 years (as it was in the 19th century), or 50 years (the system as it is now) or eternally (as of 2016). Upon land (re)development, the city sets an annual ground lease (set for given timeframe), or determines a lump-sum payment-at-once (as is the discounted sum of annual ground lease over the given timeframe, with a possible discount). After those 75 or 50 years, the city sets a new ground lease according to the then-applicable ground lease system rules. In doing so, it is able to capture the increase in land value and use it to further public investments that benefit residents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Therefore, servers consume more than half their full power even when they are idling [13]. In our case, however, a hypervisor cannot host many VMs effectively due to its limited resources. For example, it takes 20 s for the low-power server we used to boot a new VM, which is 5 times longer than waking up a new physical server. Therefore, we managed the system in units of physical servers, not VMs. This phrase indicates an ideal feature of energy-efficient servers, namely, power consumption is proportional to the load or CPU usage. Since this feature is not available in existing servers as aforementioned, it is often emulated roughly in a server cluster by turning off excess servers depending on the load of the cluster.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Section 3.1 discusses the need for welfare economics and describes how economists think about, and measure, economic value in order to improve human wellbeing and reach sustainable development. Section 3.2 provides another way of using economics to measure values generated by the market. Importantly, these are different types of values, but both may be relevant for decision-makers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Increasing risks of floods in urban areas are strongly linked to the increasing pressure of urbanisation, sometimes in areas considered at serious risk of flooding. Expansion of urban areas in OECD countries is potentially creating new zones of risk exposure, sometimes in areas that were considered hundred years ago as natural floodplains (for example, in the area of the city of Lyon in France, cf. Still, there are several examples of flood water storage on farmland in OECD countries (see Erdlenbruch et al., For example, in the United Kingdom (Box 3.4), Beckingham Marshes is a 900 ha area that has had a storage function of flood waters for more than half a century which regulates the flow of the River Trent, near the town of Gainsborough.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As a result TGC price can fluctuate over time. However, as administrative costs for TGCs can be higher than for FiTs, actors may require capacity building before engaging in such markets. Economic performance will also depend on other parameters, including how close the technology comes to competing with fossil fuel technologies and its stage of market development. Studies by the IEA show that, “differences in impact and cost-effectiveness among the various economic support systems tend to be smaller than the differences among countries that have the same system” (IEA, 2011a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Such an approach can be used for rebuilding but it lacks information on the optimal time horizon or time path. Because static models exclude information on the transition, and the reasons behind the need for rebuilding, they will be inadequate for addressing the rebuilding of fisheries (Clark, 2006a). How parameters affect the static equilibrium (e.g. Table 1) can be quite different from how they impact the dynamics of a time path. And, while constant parameters may be acceptable for determining an initial equilibrium target (e.g. MEY), the dynamic specification may need to consider endogenous effects such as how costs vary with stock size or effort or how fish prices may change with harvest levels or fish size.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)