albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The benefits are significant for disadvantaged pupils (e.g. Blau and Currie, 2006). According to PISA, native-born children of immigrants who attended pre-primary school are a full year ahead of their peers who stayed at home, in terms of reading skills. Recognising this, the provision of cost-effective and quality childhood education and care has been on the government's agenda in many OECD countries (Box 3.2). These efforts can be continued. Only a few OECD countries, notably New Zealand, Norway and Sweden have established such an integrated ECEC system under one lead ministry which provides continuous development for pre-school children. The integration of care and education under the Ministry of Education influenced the style of curriculum that was developed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Tonga and Tongans requested migration opportunities in New Caledonia, and elsewhere, in huge numbers (Connell 1983a: 39), while Samoans travelled more or less discretely, but illegally, to work as short-term guest workers in New Zealand (Macpherson 1981), with outcomes very similar to present-day schemes, for which they may have been something of a model. Either requests for international employment were denied or they lasted only a short term, but the demand in both Samoa and Tonga was indicative of both national and household support for migration. This would allow Pacific islanders to work temporarily overseas and return home after a period of less than a year. See section 4.5 in Chapter 4 for a full description of the New Zealand RSE scheme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This chapter focuses on inclusive growth. The negative effect of income inequality on PISA scores is more closely reviewed by decomposing the total sample into two groups in order to see the degree of sensitivity of public provision of education services. Additionally, regional disparities will be explained under the frame of fiscal decentralisation. The empirical relationship between fiscal decentralisation and education expenditure/performance points out that education may be a more highly prioritised sector through the budget process in region/municipalities governments. This section constructs a stylised model to capture how decentralisation affects education outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article proposes a social scientific methodology for the investigation of the regulation of the risks (and benefits) of pharmaceuticals in an international comparative context. To do this, it examines the philosophical presuppositions that are necessary for the production of social scientific knowledge, the relationships between epistemology, concept formation and empirical research design, and the generation of hypotheses and selection of research methods, by reference to the ontological status of the research object. It is concluded that objectivist realism provides a philosophically coherent framework for empirical social scientific research on the regulation of technological risks, which can be useful to citizenship and public health without being instrumentally technocratic, whereas relativism is philosophically self-defeating and can only be useful in spite of itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A broader founding legislation for the PMU, once under consideration, seems to have been taken off the table until further notice. A founding legislation or other government tools to clarify the roles of the regulatory body so that the purpose of the regulator and the objectives of the regulatory' scheme are clear to the regulator’s staff, regulated entities and citizens. Clear co-ordination mechanisms with other bodies (non-government and other levels of government) where this will assist in meeting their common objectives to reduce overlap and regulatory burden.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Current priorities include health promotion and prevention, environmental health and the impact of migration. Tobacco and alcohol taxes are used to fund the national institute that tackles alcoholism and drug dependency, as well as funding CONAPAM (see above). The national strategy against non-communicable disease and obesity defines several targets, including a 12% reduction the prevalence of smoking, a 15% reduction in salt intake and a 2% reduction in childhood obesity levels before 2021.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The maximum storage capacity of the major dams and reservoirs (>144 BCM) on the Euphrates exceeds the natural annual flow volume of the river (30 BCM) by four to five times. Its water infrastructure projects and programmes, particularly GAP, have greatly impacted water resources throughout the basin, modifying the natural flow regime of the Euphrates and affecting other riparians' water use patterns. It is the farthest upstream of a series of Turkish dams on the Euphrates, serving the dual purpose of hydropower generation and flow regulation.25 The Karakaya Dam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Third, oil prices do have an impact on food prices, but the nature of that relationship has probably changed over recent years with the emergence of biofuels. Still, the extent to which biofuels impact food price remains a subject of discord amongst researchers. Finally, macroeconomic data is critical to an agricultural market outlook exercise, given their contribution to commodity prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Licensing thus soon proved to be insufficient, particularly given the ambitions of the Chinese wind energy programme, which aimed largely at the commissioning of large-scale wind farms employing megawatt turbines (1.5 MW and higher). The focus shifted away from licensing to the commissioning of "original constructions” delivered by international design and consulting firms. This has had two advantages: first, the cost of design tends to be substantially lower than licensing fees (one third, according to one Chinese expert), second, in general, once the design firm has delivered the blueprint, the Chinese client owns the intellectual property rights to the design.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Finally, although declining in recent years, the cost of printers, materials and scans is still relatively high, especially for deployment in micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). Information, once added to a blockchain, is time-stamped and cannot be easily modified, making it easy to track attempted changes, and transactions are recorded, shared and verified on a peer-to-peer basis by anyone with the appropriate permissions. Blockchain is only one type of distributed ledger technology. However, the term “blockchain” is now commonly used to refer more generally to distributed ledger technology and to the phenomenon surrounding it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For Europe, data on the nationally designated sites in the WDPA are sourced from the Common Database on Designated Areas (CDDA) maintained by the EEA.2 As an example, Figure 3 illustrates the PAs recorded in the WDPA for Iceland. Consequently, calculating indicators from the database is not trivial. The UN published country-level indicators (produced by UNEP-WCMC from the WDPA) for monitoring progress towards the (superannuated) Millennium Development Goals3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It provides the framework for a holistic assessment and can be applied to any kind of system or value chain. It means trying to address the underlying causes of an identified problem rather than just trying to alleviate its immediate symptoms. It addresses some widely held misunderstandings, in particular the misconception that there is a conflict between SCP and poverty alleviation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The share of children whose fathers took up parental leave benefit rose steadily, from 20.8% in 2008 to 34.2% in 2014 (Figure 3.6). And while there is no fully comparable data available for the years before the 2007 reform, data do show that, in 2006, only 3.5% of fathers received the child-raising allowance (Destatis, 2012). They received only a partial parental allowance (Teilelterngeld), while each month that they worked counted towards the benefit as if they had not worked at all and taken full benefit (see Example 1 in Table 3.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, none of these variables is sufficient to clearly identify aid activities with an STI focus, which are cross-sectoral in nature. The CRS also includes description fields, in which the reporting entity can enter project summaries or descriptions of the main objectives of the activity. These fields are free text fields without much restrictions on structure, and can assist in the validation process of the data, e.g. to ensure accuracy of coding. These fields are also aimed to support studies where the topic of interest cannot be separately identified through other classificatory variables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Taking these national initiatives as a foundation, Scotland’s quality improvement efforts are primarily driven from the bottom-up and characterised by local-learning collaboratives, small cycles of innovation and testing, and communities of practice. At the same time, Scotland is pursuing the integration of health, social and other care for individuals with complex needs. To help inform its quality improvement efforts, a key priority will be for Scotland to make better use of its information systems to allow a clearer understanding of whether quality initiatives have improved population health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The case-fatality rate for people admitted for heart attack in Denmark is now among the lowest in those EU countries reporting these data (Figure 11). It is also low for stroke admissions. Due partly to earlier diagnosis but also better treatments, Danish women diagnosed with breast or cervical cancers have among the highest chances of five-year survival in the EU (OECD. Denmark offers as a primary screening modality the human papillomavirus test for the early identification of cervical cancer (IARC, 2017). Denmark's overall cancer mortality rate is the fourth highest in the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The treatments are based on the indigenous concept of health, which sees the therapist as a spiritual mediator who stimulates the healing forces of the sick person rather than trying to cure the disease through a cocktail of synthetic drugs. Keur Massar's traditional healers have succeeded in developing treatments for HIV/AIDS that have the benefits of being non-toxic, of addressing secondary infections such as tuberculosis, and of being formulated with natural plant components that do not require the support of rich nations in orderto be synthesized. Where modern medicine is analytic and attacks the problem with a single molecule, traditional medicine attacks it on several fronts. This prevents the development of resistance to the combined action of all these plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples enshrines the collective as well as individual rights of indigenous peoples, stating that “[ijndigenous peoples have the right to the lands, territories and resources which they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired," and directing States to give legal recognition to these territories (UNDRIP, 2008). If fisheries resources are to be sustained, fisheries activities must be conducted in a responsible manner. Traditional fishing practices may be more harmoniously aligned with environmental sustainability, but the current reality is that the small-scale fisheries subsector itself in many parts of the world is being forced to move towards unsustainable practices. Sustainable resource management is therefore an issue of critical concern for the small-scale fisheries sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For instance, the Alliance for Affordable Internet - a broad coalition with more than 80 member organizations from civil society, and the public and private sectors5- has proposed the affordability target of "1 for 2": 1GB of data for no more than 2 per cent of income (Alliance for Affordable Internet, 2017). The two benchmarks are considered given that there are a number of countries that have not yet achieved the 5 per cent target set for 2015 for broadband services, and therefore they are benchmarked against this goalpost. On the other hand, those countries having achieved the 5 per cent target are benchmarked based on their progress towards achieving the 2025 target of 2 per cent of GNI p.c. It will include the presentation of the end 2017 mobile-cellular basket and country rankings, and show some regional differences in the affordability of mobile-cellular prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Intelligent water supply, intelligent parking, intelligent lighting and other services provided by the intelligent system have been applied in Shenzhen, Nanjing, Hangzhou and other cities in China, improved the city management, reduced the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, improved the city's liveability level, and promoted the cultivation and development of new enterprises. Relevant to SDGs 9 and 11, the project focuses on the loT industrial standards-related work, which include Requirements, Terminology, Architecture, Protocols, Security Solutions, Ontology, Interworking and Bindings, etc. Specifically, it works on the transposition from published oneM2M standards, which include 18 technical specifications and six technical reports into ITU-T SG20.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A related draft Threat Abatement Plan (TAP) has been developed to provide a national framework for the co-ordinated implementation of measures to prevent and mitigate the impacts of marine debris. It will guide Australia’s efforts in international forums to build and strengthen collaboration to identify the origins of, and effective responses to, marine debris on a regional and international level. It should be finalised in early 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The global gender gap in Internet use, meanwhile, keeps growing. On average, it is much greater in Sub-Saharan Africa than in the rest of the world. Ensuring the participation of girls and women in basic digital skills training and online education is fundamental. Incorporating the gender dimension into national digital strategies can help in tackling the digital gender gap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Financial market reforms, domestic banking supervision and macro-prudential regulations designed to reduce financial fragility are not covered in country-specific Going for Growth priorities as this in an area where collective rather than isolated action is needed (see Box 1.1 in Going for Groioth 2011). A growing body of research highlights that rapid increases in domestic credit have can have predictive power over subsequent crisis (Gourinchas and Obstfled, 2012, Jorda, Schularick and Taylor, 2011, Schularick and Taylor, 2012, Borio and Lowe, 2002). In looking at the implications for the current account, the section considers the impact of structural reforms on both public and private investment and saving rates, and hence including the effect occurring through a change in the fiscal balance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
To address this challenge, the MITD organised a number of training sessions with supervisors who were working in relevant industries, to provide them with the necessary skills to coach apprentices. During their training process, a logbook was introduced to assist in the monitoring of on-the-job training. To contain this problem, apprentices are paid a higher stipend in the second year of apprenticeship to encourage them to complete their training programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Population Division systematically monitoring population policies, including those related to reproductive health, since 1974. Reproductive Health Policies 2017: Data Booklet (ST/ESA/ SER.A/396). Specifically, target 3.7 calls for ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes by 2030. Likewise, target 5.6 calls for ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The section opens with a discussion of how digital technologies affect international trade costs. This is followed by an assessment of how digital technologies change the nature of what is traded, how we trade and who trades what. Finally, the potential impact of important trends in technological development is quantified and long-term projections on international trade are made, using the WTO Global Trade Model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
So, instead, it’s useful to think in terms of disposable income (or income after taxes and transfers), which gives a much clearer sense of how much money people actually have available to them to spend on rent, food, clothes and so on. It also includes direct benefits, or transfers, received from the state, such as child benefits. Some measures of disposable income also include non-cash benefits from the state, such as education or healthcare - an important benefit for many families. Without taxes and transfers, inequality would be even higher than it currently is (see Section 3.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is a substantial increase in volume and value when compared to 2015. Between 2011 and 2015 the volume of German fisheries landings fell by 4.7% per year whilst the value increased by 2.2% per year over the same period. The majority of landings were landed to ports outside of Germany in 2016, 63.7% by volume, but accounted for only 44.4% of the total value of landings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In addition to the National Reform Programme for 2008-11 (to implement the Lisbon Strategy), the government has set out the Strategy for Increasing the Innovativeness of the Economy in the Years 2007-13. The main vehicle for implementing this Strategy is the OP IE, which is part of the National Cohesion Strategy (as outlined in Chapter 2). The OP HC also supports human capital projects to foster innovation (promoting pro-innovation attitudes, building capacity of clusters and innovation support entities, providing innovation-related information). This is to be achieved by the implementation of 19 strategic areas falling under five axes: i) human resources for the modern economy, ii) research for the economy, iii) intellectual property for innovation, iv) capital for innovation, and u) infrastructure for innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Rates among male family migrants, though, fell in the two most recent cohorts. This development contrasts with that exhibited by labour migrants, where male and female employment dropped in all four cohorts. The noteworthy increase among female family migrants, albeit from a comparatively low level, might have been a consequence of their improving educational attainment, but might also reflect that female family migrants increasingly enter the labour market to offset falling employment among their male spouses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This exercise was realized on the basis of a measure of insufficient income. For its part, Chile has a lower poverty incidence but a very similar level of poverty intensity to that observed in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica and Uruguay. As regards the area of residence, the values of MO are higher in rural areas of Guatemala, Nicaragua and Peru, while in terms of ethnicity, the highest values for MO are found among the indigenous population of Guatemala, Paraguay and Peru.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
At the current stage, a basic waste management infrastructure for recycling is being developed. In addition, a waste paper processing plant, Sumgait Carton, developed by Azersun in 2009 is able to produce up to 50,000 tons of paper annually. Similarly, the country has capacity for processing waste glass and scrap metal, which creates a solid base for the introduction of nationwide recycling programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Consequently, one of the strategic objectives of the NBSAP is the expansion and improvement of the information base on the biodiversity of Ethiopia. This is reiterated in the Fifth National Report, which sets a target that by 2017 the “national biodiversity database is strengthened, information dissemination strategy is devised and the Clearing House Mechanism is updated”. The challenges to the collection and dissemination of national-level information include lack of infrastructure, lack of skilled manpower and a low' level of co-ordination across different scientific fields.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Moreover, the virtuous circle of manufacturing consumption, as part of the demand side, exposes the driving forces behind the diversification and massification of manufacturing demand. The interplay between demand and supply forces shapes the process of structural transformation and thus has a significant impact on the economy's development. Newly created demand, global technology spillover effects and access to an established global production network play a pivotal role for the manufacturing sector's expansion. Additionally, opening up for trade fosters FDI inflows to bring much needed capital and know-how to developing countries, driving down the relative price of manufactured products through increased competition and new product varieties which re-triggers the virtuous circle of manufacturing consumption. A majorsource for employment in the countries is low-tech and labour-intensive industries related to basic human needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As for other infrastructure projects, the multiplier effects of energy investments in LDCs are expected to be particularly pronounced, at least during the initial phase, owing to the labour requirements for the construction of power plants (especially large hydroelectric dams), and transmission and distribution networks. Energy-related infrastructure could thus play a prominent role in a “big push” strategy for LDCs. In the average LDC, less than 11 per cent of people in rural areas have access to electricity, compared with 59 per cent in urban areas. Since populations in most LDCs are predominantly rural, this means that 82 per cent of those currently without access to electricity in LDCs live in rural areas (chapter 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Chile’s schools should recruit highly qualified graduates, offer continuing professional development and ensure career advancement, as w'ell as attractive working conditions and salaries (Schleicher, 2011). These issues have included the important role of school leadership, the initial preparation and professional development of teachers, and opportunities for improvement through teacher evaluation and assessment. The 2004 OECD review of Chilean education, and other OECD work on the quality of teacher education and teaching practice in Chile carried out since then have studied teacher evaluation, teacher careers and, more recently, the effective use of school resources in Chile. Both the 2004 review and recent OECD work have found that Chile has taken significant action and made significant progress in reforming the education system (OECD 2004, Santiago et al., The OECD recognises that Chile’s teacher workforce, as in other countries, is highly differentiated. This means that teachers have different roles and different pay according to where they teach and the demands placed on them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)