albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In 2003, 1 511 domestic students and 378 international students commenced medical courses. By 2012, the number had grown to 3 035 domestic and 651 international students. This trend is also reflected in graduating students. A combined 1 425 students completed medical courses in 2002, and the number doubled to 2 964 in 2011 (Health Workforce Australia, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The current annual production capacity of wind turbines manufactured in India is about 3 000 MW to 3 500 MW, including turbines for the domestic as well as for export markets (GWEC, 2009). Major wind turbine manufacturers in India are Suzlon, Enercon, RRB Energy and Vestas, together they account for more than 85% of the new capacity added in India between 2009 and 2010 (WPI, 2010). Indigenously produced wind turbines and turbine blades have been exported to the United States, Europe, Australia, China and Brazil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This paper analyzes how the apparently merely technical introduction of reversed qualified majority voting for the excessive deficit procedure included in the Six Pack and the Fiscal Compact shifts not only the institutional balance between the European Commission and the Member States but also the relationship between liberalization and social regulation in the EU. In bringing together institutional analysis and a political economy perspective, the paper shows how the strengthening of the Commission's discretionary decision-making authority in a context of intergovernmental power imbalances between debtor and creditor states extends the asymmetry between market-making and market-correction to the area of political decision-making. In consequence, economic and social policies are subordinated to the primacy of austerity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Reading judgment and case law is a typical exercise within common law scholarship. Yet, although the interpretation of judgment forms a central mode of legal science in the common law tradition, a theoretical account of the authority that attaches to the aesthetic of judgment within this tradition remains more marginal. This article argues that the authority of judgment can be assessed less productively through an attention to its outcomes, reasons and rationalisations than through the technological problems of jurisdiction and with what one can call its 'procedural forms'. While the jurisdiction of federal courts to issue 'interim control orders' against persons for the purpose of preventing a terrorist act in Australia was affirmed in the High Court case of Thomas v Mowbray, one question remaining from this case is how the procedure of 'control' itself might shape the legal authority of adjudication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Similarly, obesity is twice as prevalent among people with the lowest level of education. A higher prevalence of risk factors among disadvantaged groups contributes greatly to disparities in health status and life expectancy. Regulation, supervision, planning and quality monitoring are the role of the national government, while service delivery falls under the responsibility of the regions and municipalities. The regions are responsible for defining and running health services, municipalities are responsible for disease prevention, health promotion, rehabilitation, home care and long-term care (see Section 5.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Typically, a GP will refer a patient to a secondary mental health service if they consider the patient’s problems to be too complex, or too serious, to be handled by themselves and counselling services alone. The QOF for GPs is being used by NICE and the NHS to define other primary care objectives for mental health and to try to influence and shape the outcomes and quality of care through this pay for performance scheme. Of the QOF indicators used by GPs in 2013/14, 10 were in the mental health domain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Following Poland’s change of regime in 1989, the country enacted Europe’s most restrictive legislation on reproductive rights and steadily tightened this regime ever since. Later, a liberal Polish government was presented with the choice between liberalizing abortion law or Catholic Church support for the referendum to join the European Union. This article discusses the genesis and background of Polish law on reproductive rights in the context of public health as well as its enforcement, its near-irreconcilable conflicts with international human rights law and established precedent. It examines the economics of abortion and analyses the interests of politicians, the clergy and health care professionals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Among the many current comparative law debates now taking place, a few stand out. Some of these have been referred to already as sub-themes of the Theme Comparative Law. Alongside these, there are two others that occupy most comparative lawyers. One relates to the question, ‘What is the field of study for comparative law?’ Comparative lawyers stand on either side of the private law/public law divide, though the dividing line is itself becoming slightly blurred. The second debate, which is related to the convergence debate, is on how to regard the creation of ius commune novum and the common law of human rights. This sub-theme looks at these two debates. Both are handled through our customary two Variations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) and academia could contribute, be it only to reflect the interests of the “unheard voices” (such as the environment). An independent review, commissioned by and reporting to ministers, could help shed better light on relative and absolute efficiency, accountability and oversight for the full breadth of water services. This includes ensuring that those who generate liabilities with regards to water management also bear the costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Such vulnerability is highlighted by the experiences of past LDC graduates: while they have sustained their development trajectories without major disruptions since graduation, there are indications of persistent vulnerability, including rising debt levels, limited economic diversification, volatile official development assistance (ODA) flows, and in most cases moderate or high levels of poverty. Such strategies should thus focus on the need for structural transformation, both before and after graduation, and apply different instruments and planning techniques to address the macroeconomic and sectoral challenges of development. The international dimension of such an exercise can be addressed by the diagnostic trade integration studies produced under the aegis of the Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The aim of the study was to answer the question whether there are universal norms of customary international law governing the immunity of international organisations and their property and address the obstacles to the development of the UN Convention governing the immunity of international organisations. Through comparative legal analysis, the Author proves that state immunities result from international and national laws. In the case of immunities derived from international law, there are no universal standards defining the scope of the jurisdiction immunity of a state and its property. Jurisdictional immunity of international organisations has as its only source international law (many states also regulate the issue in their domestic law). The study showed that international regulations move in contradictory directions: as regards the states, there is a move away from absolute immunity, while for international organisations the expansion of the catalogue of authorized immunity and its scope is observed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Unfortunately, we cannot estimate this model because it requires at least two instrumental variables that were not available in our survey. Additionally, given the characteristics of the eph survey, it is not possible to identify patterns of delayed childbirth because there is no information about the age of the oldest child in the case of women with children aged over 14. The best approximation is to consider the same set of wage regressions but look at different female age cohorts.15 When this is done, the findings suggest that younger cohorts of mothers are likely to experience a higher wage penalty than older mothers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Bauman's work can be understood as a critical theory, but its east European context needs to be established alongside the west European sensibilities of the Frankfurt School. The question of Soviet modernity and the status of the Polish experience of which Bauman was part need to be placed alongside the more famous critique of the Holocaust, which can be more readily aligned with Horkheimer and Adorno's views in Dialectic of Enlightenment. To this end, some of Bauman's essays and arguments on the Soviet and Polish experience are reviewed in order to begin to fill out this other dimension of Bauman's critique of modernity and totalitarianism. Both Bauman's views on eastern Europe, and my survey of them, are offered as hints for those that follow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, air pollution monitoring per se is not clearly mentioned in MOT’s mandate, the mandate only includes establishing vehicle standards and energy efficiency labels. This also creates some confusion about which actual policies can be decided by MOT. Department of Transport (DOT) under MOT is not in charge of urban transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The North Island is hotter while the South Island is colder. The east coast of both islands is dryer and prone to droughts with the west coast having more abundant rainfall and a higher occurrence of floods. Compared to neighbouring Australia, where climatic risks are dominated by droughts that affect large territories, New Zealand is exposed to more diverse and localised climatic risks that are less systemic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Social network perspectives acknowledge the influence of disciplinary cultures on academics’ teaching beliefs and practices with implications for academic developers. The contribution of academic developers in 18 scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) projects situated in the sciences are explored by drawing on data from a two-year national project in Australia within a case study research design. The application of a social network lens illuminated the contribution of eight academic developers as weak ties who infused SoTL knowledge within teams. Two heuristic cases of academic developers who also linked across networks are presented. Implications of social network perspective are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Both analytical and numerically-derived methods are currently in use in implemented regulations to determine stream response to groundwater pumping. Where detailed numerical groundwater models are available, these have been used to determine the impact of pumping on stream depletion. Elsewhere, analytical and graphical methods based on solutions of the groundwater flow problem applied to the case of surface water-groundwater interaction are applied (as shown in Box 3.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Employment reforms, legislation to combat violence against women and equality and non-discrimination laws are examples of concrete results facilitated through the w'ork of national gender institutions (Johan, 2010). In the MENA region, for example, the gender institutions in Egypt lobbied Parliament to change nationality laws, pension laws, the tax exemption law1, the alimony fund law and family law. In Jordan, the legal age of marriage was raised through legal reforms supported by the national gender institutions (Ibid.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The number of insolvencies and related job losses has also been much smaller than in previous recessions. Real wages refers to compensation of employees divided by hours worked, and deflated by consumer prices. While the number of full time jobs is well below pre-crisis levels and has been broadly flat over the past two years, in line with GDP, the number of temporary and part-time jobs has increased (Figure 1.4, Panel A). Involuntary part-time work has risen sharply to 1.4 million in mid-2012 and, as a share of total employment, was close to the EU15 average in 2011 (Figure 1.4, Panel B).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Assuring interoperability would require the architects and developers of the blockchain layer to be knowledgeable of related database technologies and commonly used data structures. Critical security and privacy requirements of each key stakeholder, e.g. energy and transport regulators, digital infrastructure regulators, financial institutions, would have to be considered in the design as well. It would be very important to maintain the decentralisation when adding external systems, so that all the APIs need to be decentralised as well, creating multiple entry-points to the system and therefore not centralising it by just having one possibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In some jurisdictions, regulators impose price caps to mitigate market power during peak hours. In markets which are not sufficiently competitive, it is argued that binding price caps are the cause - not the consequence - of under-investments (L6autier, 2012). In that case, removing price restrictions would not necessarily yield adequate generation capacity but would only increase monopoly profits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, surveys for other LDCs suggest Lao PDR is an exception with differences in Internet use between genders quite pronounced (Figure 5.3, right). This is most likely because those countries with the greatest gender gap also have the greatest education gap in gender (so men have better/higher education). More efforts need to be devoted to eliminate this gender digital divide and ensure the universality aspect of SDG target 9C is achieved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Thus, despite the emergence of a new paradigm, the role of the industrial sector is still important. A strong focus on human capital development and scaling up of technology adoption can transform uncertainty into opportunities. Additional skills are necessary to exploit the advantages of new technologies. Not only well-trained workers, but the country's general infrastructure play a crucial role in the optimal adoption of such technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
First, that the impediments to Slovenia’s innovation performance and long-term economic growth exist primarily in structural relationships within and between firms/industries and public sector sources of scientific and technical knowledge. This includes the continuation of programmes to fund the transfer of young researchers to firms which generally seems to work well. Further consider providing incentives for personnel to transfer from research organisations to industry and improving support for the hiring of greater numbers of holders of higher academic degrees by industry. Facilitate more mobility of key personnel between universities, PROs and industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This comparative study of ten nations in Southeast Asia demonstrates how terrorist groups in the region finance their activities and how governments combat terrorism financing. It demonstrates that area countries converge on norm acceptance measured as the spread of the international norms and practices and their transformation into national law. Norm acceptance, however, does not cause adherence and application of norms. Differences in scope, pace, and success of implementation and effectiveness of new rules between countries are related to the preferences and calculations of policymakers, the institutional capacity of political systems to produce policy changes, administrative and law enforcement capacities, and characteristics of the financial systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, in the absence of an active forum in which to discuss them, such issues will remain lacunae in the global economic architecture. Finding a way to progress the Doha Round, or ways to work around the slow progress in that setting, would allow room to advance in areas that would strengthen the mutual supportiveness between the trade and environmental regimes. Ideally, however, there would be consensus within the Commonwealth on the broad outlines of a trade agenda that complements and supports the Agreement, while delivering positive trade and investment outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Patients can choose any GP but as there is no gatekeeping system they can also choose to visit any medical specialist directly. There are low outpatient contacts per person (58 in 2015) and weak primary care governance (e.g lack of state inspection, supportive primary care policies). There is also relative underdevelopment of the primary care workforce with low income levels relative to specialists. More positively, the primary care system has been judged to be relatively effective and efficient in regard to coordination and comprehensiveness of care (Ktingos et aL, 2015, Kringosetal,2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Increasingly there is a competition for access to valuable waste streams (Sox 5.7). Until recently, relatively low and unstable prices for secondary raw materials have meant that in developed countries, the costs of separate collection of recyclable materials are only partly covered by the revenues derived from selling the materials. The cost is justified when compared to alternative means of treatment or disposal, or in meeting recycling targets set by policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Where informal settlements were established on vacant land, people were able to build their own homes. Overcrowding and unsanitary conditions facilitate the transmission of disease - including pneumonia and diarrhoea, the two leading killers of children younger than 5 worldwide. Outbreaks of measles, tuberculosis and other vaccine-preventable diseases are also more frequent in these areas, where population density is high and immunization levels are low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There are many answers to this question. The incidence and pattern of rural poverty are highly sensitive to the measurement approach taken. Re-estimating the incidence of poverty on the basis of two other specifications of the poverty line yielded different results. Second, a notional basket of items that would correspond to the poverty threshold based on local perceptions was composed through participatory interactions with village folk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Less than 2% of municipalities monitor air quality (ISS, 2014). At a national level, average exposure to air pollution from PM2 5 is relatively low in Brazil compared to most OECD countries (Annex l. B), but this average hides wide differences across urban and rural areas. This difference may partly be linked to the distinct smog composition in Brazilian urban areas, which is related to the reliance on ethanol in road transport10 (IEMA, 2014, MCTI, 2010), however, it may also be explained by the fact that fewer data points are available for CO, S02 and N02.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This is because at the time of the review there are very few operators who can deal adequately with hazardous waste. These official landfills are simply dumpsite areas where the municipal services (or contractors) pile up or simply deposit waste. In addition, another 28 spontaneous landfills are reported in villages where there are no waste management services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In addition, standard errors are clustered at the state and year level to account for the possibility that observations within states and across years are not independent. The idea being that theoretically the NLC should not have an impact on intra-state job flows since the NLC does not offer added advantages for nurses to move within a given state. Another sensitivity test involved analysing the impact of the NLC from treated to control states, with the idea being that a nurse in a Compact state should, in theory, not be compelled to relocate to a non-Compact state once the NLC is introduced in his or her resident state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Logistics Performance Index surveys, conducted by the World Bank in partnership with public and private institutions engaged in international logistics. Clearly, massive investments will be required in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia to approach anything like the coverage already achieved in advanced economies, and the challenge is made even greater by the large absolute populations in both regions. However, figure 4.7 indicates that, despite the significant recent expansion in such connections, there are still gaps in most developing regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
But a closer look reveals that some countries are in fact achieving much more — and some much less - than their income levels would predict. Estonia, Hungary and Poland, for example, have roughly equivalent per capita incomes but widely varying rates of child deprivation (see Figure 2a). Portugal and the Czech Republic both have per capita incomes of about PPP $25,000, but Portugal’s child deprivation level is three times higher (see Figure 2b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As a result the Hungarian Government launched a programme in 2003, the so called Improvement of the Vds&rhelyi Plan (IVP), which aims to increase the discharge capacity of the flood bed together with ecological revitalisation of the floodplain area through reservoirs that can receive flood water. The IVP in addition to its main objective to increase flood safety along the Tisza River, also aims to develop landscape management in the area of the reservoirs, as well as encourage regional, rural and infrastructure development, which may result in social and environmental benefits in the Tisza River Basin. In the frame of the IVP the government provides support for establishment of wetland ecofarming, and extensive pasturage in the area of the flood bed and reservoirs, as well as providing other agri-environmental support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In connection with this process, the curriculum document for Year 0 (the pre-school class) was also changed, setting explicit goals for students. This aims to further strengthen the development of crucial skills in Year 0 and improving their readiness for benefiting from the instruction in subjects from Year 1. To further this intention, concrete guidance for evaluation in relation to all learning goals (including specific examples) were made available to teachers together with the Common Objectives at a web portal (urn, ui.emu.dk), which is to function as a "knowledge portal”, providing guidance and inspiration for working with the Common Objectives. The portal also offers suggestions for concrete teaching modules and activities. These tools are intended to support a shared understanding of goal-oriented instruction and assessment, thus helping teachers to work with the Common Objectives in a more qualified way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In fast-changing markets, some of today’s successful gazelles may no longer be around tomorrow. Vocational education and training providers could identify the most successful national players in new technologies and find ways to involve them in their training and education offering. Moreover, roles and responsibilities for quality assurance in the digital era are less well defined than for physical goods. Standards today tend to be developed and maintained by private sector companies, trade associations, consortia or alliances, sidestepping traditional quality infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)