albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In contrast, finance channelled through the national budgetary processes is non-earmarked, and therefore its allocation is less transparent than finance disbursed through extra-budgetary channels14. According to recipient countries and supporters, applying a budget code to track climate related expenditures across all sectors can help to increase transparency and accountability of finance, but the majority of countries do not yet have a tracking system in place. One example is the establishment of a climate fund portal to operate within the budgetary system, as an experimental mechanism to manage climate finance inflows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The first EEN was founded in Switzerland in 1987 and transferred to Germany in 2002. In EENs, 10 to 15 regionally based companies from different sectors share their experiences in efficiency activities in moderated meetings. Results from 70 networks in Switzerland and 20 in Germany show that the efficiency improvements of participating companies are accelerated by 100% compared to the autonomous progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article analyses the development of access to justice for environmental organisations in Dutch law. It consists of two parts. The first part focuses on the rise of environmental organisations' right of access to the courts, and considers case law and legislation relating to the General Administrative Law Act and environmental permitting. It also discusses possibilities for environmental organisations to bring proceedings before the civil courts. The second part addresses the dismantling of the right of access to the courts. Recent developments in the legislation and case law are discussed as well as possible future changes in this respect. The article concludes with some final remarks concerning the present situation in the Netherlands in relation to the Aarhus Convention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The years following the creation of the Task Force saw a decrease in deaths caused by road accidents by 29.4% between 2000 and 2003. The Task Force was not only interministerial (with representatives from different ministries and agencies) but also intergovernmental (as it was composed of local officials from Seoul, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejeon, Gangwon Province and South Chungcheong Province). It is reasonable to assume that co-ordination at the highest level of the government was instrumental in integrating scattered measures and sending a powerful message throughout the society, leading to major improvements in road safety. The improvement of child safety has been one of the most important successes in the past two decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As a result, official records such as the national census do not encompass the different ethnic groups, including indigenous peoples, in the country or their languages (International Labour Organization and African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, 2009a, p. vi). In this regard, indigenous peoples have a desire to learn the majority language so that they can fully participate in public life, access higher education, influence political decisions and embrace economic opportunities (ibid.). While indigenous peoples possess their own education systems grounded in particular cultural contexts which have enabled them to survive for millenniums, they have also advocated for greater recognition and inclusion of those systems which incorporate their perspectives, cultures, beliefs, values and languages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, while SEP has served as a mechanism to provide disadvantaged students with additional school resources and services, there is heterogeneity in the quality of these services. There is no clear policy to guide schools and school providers on effective ways to improve learning of the most vulnerable students or to meet the needs that are most prevalent among this population. And, in fact, schools receiving the SEP are not required to necessarily invest the extra funds in programmes or initiatives that target directly the learning needs of vulnerable children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Secondly, they suggest that developing countries depend on international scientific assistance, which has its own frequently changing investment agenda. There are also large disparities in key socio-economic indicators that can influence R&D potential such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which varies from US$ 592 000 million for South Africa to less than US$ 1 000 million for Comoros. According to the World Bank (The World Bank, undated) R&D expenditure (per cent of GDP) is defined as the current and capital expenditures (both public and private) on creative work undertaken systematically to increase knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture, and society, and the use of knowledge for new applications. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The countries with above and below average cuts in health care expenditure growth are listed in the table below. For example, for general mortality, a 1% increase in unemployment in countries with high cuts in health expenditure is associated with a 0.18% fall in mortality. The results show whether the relationship between unemployment and a given health outcome is different in countries with modest health expenditure cuts, compared to those with high cuts. All outcome variables reported in Table were D1 were estimated using this model, but only in six cases were results found to be statistically significant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Sections 3 to 6 consider, in turn, the measurement of the Connect 2020 Goals concerned with growth, inclusiveness and sustainability of the ICT sector, as well as the monitoring of qualitative targets for innovation and partnership. The proportion of the global population covered by mobile-cellular networks is now over 95 per cent (ITU, 2015a), while the number of mobile-cellular subscriptions has quintupled since WSIS (although this is partly attributable to multiple subscriptions). The growth in fixed-broadband subscriptions illustrated in Chart 1.1 has been more sluggish than that of mobile broadband, with the number of fixed-telephone subscriptions worldwide having fallen over the past decade owing partly to fixed-mobile substitution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To be run on electricity, over 90% of which is produced through non-polluting hydroelectric means, it will hugely reduce both the carbon intensity of bulk transport compared to trucks, and local air pollution. And the railway will be inclusive - offering transport and market access to growing numbers of people, with potential to grow trade in natural resource products, and to create business opportunities for many Ethiopian companies and employment opportunities for both skilled and unskilled workers in rural and urban areas. Finally, the railway sector has demonstrated wider linkages, upstream and downstream of its construction, and ‘horizontally’ across sectors and locations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For others, such as the low-skilled, it may become increasingly difficult to escape poverty. Understanding how changes in family structure, particularly among those at risk of low income, might evolve over the next 20 years is therefore of considerable importance for policy makers. It starts by reviewing the current state of low-income families, looking at their evolution over recent decades and at the factors that have driven these changes. The next section then looks at the influence that the policy environment has had on low-income families across countries, examining the role of taxes and transfers, institutions, and policies towards families with children on poverty outcomes. Three specific issues are addressed in the following section: how the persistence of poverty, the experience of young people, and migration influence social cohesion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
They arc also subject to an ecological relationship and affected by the interplay among the immediate environment, the community and society. Individuals may not automatically bounce back from what appears to be a transitory shock (hysteresis). For instance, a setback in early childhood can have serious ramifications throughout the rest of a person’s life, including the chances of holding onto a job, the uncertainties associated with growing older and the transmission of vulnerabilities to the next generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article examines the implications of recent theorizations of media, space and time for international relations. The development of assemblage and complexity theory pushes us to think about space and time as always multiple and social outcomes as produced through the intersection of this multiplicity of space–times. This undermines the limited understanding of space associated with mainstream international relations theory and neoclassical geopolitics. Empirically, this paper examines two games, Model United Nations and Statecraft, which can be understood as virtual spaces of mediation co-productive of the assemblage of international relations. Ethnographic evidence of these games’ unfolding indicates that while they are coded to inculcate the limited vision of space associated with mainstream IR theory and neoclassical geopolitics, other spatialities are emergent. The article concludes by arguing for a greater appreciation of playfulness as a mode of being in the geopolitical world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is less variation in distribution of electricity, with lower access in the North West but little difference between rural and urban areas (Table 1.4). Although there are differences in gender equality for men and women in Viet Nam, these are generally not very significant and do not appear for every dimension of inclusiveness. Education and health outcomes are relatively equally distributed along gender. According to VHLSS, women in Viet Nam tend to earn substantially less than men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This category also includes liabilities for such direct transfers as a result of transfer of risks from energy producers or consumers to governments. In other words, the value of this support equals the deviations from the national benchmarks of the respective corporate profit tax, property' and land tax, royalties, fees on infrastructure use for producers, and reduced rates and exemptions with respect to VAT, excise and other possible taxes on energy sold to consumers. These have been singled out because of the obvious cost of such measures for the budget.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
According to Amazon executive Brittan Lad, The last mile on average makes up nearly 30% of transport costs. It is not yet entirely clear, how economically viable these technologies are, and major issues of financial and regulatory responsibilities need solutions. The last mile is usually a speed bottleneck because the final link between the major hubs and end users such as SMEs is disproportionately expensive and technologically complex to solve, and yet the most valuable. For SMEs in remote areas, the last mile problem can equally be a ‘first mile’ issue when they function as suppliers to the hubs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Monitoring prices is critical for developing policies that aim to make ICT services affordable for all citizens. Least developed countries (LDCs) saw a 20 per cent drop in mobile-cellular prices, the strongest decrease in five years. The price drop is linked to the growing availability of prepaid packages that bundle SMS and local calls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Even where old enough to vote, young people tend to be less well integrated than older groups into electoral and political processes as reflected partly in their lower voter turnout. The correlation is not proof of causality, but it does suggest to some researchers that societies must make greater efforts to increase opportunities for education, jobs, livelihoods and political engagement for their youth. This tendency, if not counterbalanced by hope for a better future, can sometimes lead young people to become involved in violence (Urdal, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the same time promoting more competition in the refinery sector would help ensure that costs associated with the transition to cleaner fuels are minimised. The leading role played by cities such as Beijing shows how stronger emissions and fuel standards can limit motor vehicle pollution. Nationwide implementation of leading China standards, and over time higher standards still, should be a high priority for the central government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The first aspiration is for "a prosperous Africa, based on inclusive growth and sustainable development" and seeks a context in which "the environment and ecosystems are healthy and preserved, and with climate resilient economies and communities". Under the mandate of the AU and endorsed by African Heads of State, the initiative is set to achieve at least 10 gigawatts (GW) of new renewable energy generation capacity by 2020 and to realize African potential to generate at least 300 GW by 2030. It also recognizes the critical importance of energy access for enhanced well-being, economic development and the fulfilment of, particularly, Sustainable Development Goal 7 on energy access.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The case is different for a country such as the United Kingdom, where back-up will be provided by relatively high-cost gas turbines. In general, balancing costs increase more than proportionally with the level of penetration of variable energy sources. This reflects the fact that overall system variability is lower at low penetration levels and the system has relatively more low-cost dispatchable capacity available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article explores the different approaches to study of conflict resolution from a variety of interdisciplinary perspectives. It argues that CR research is sophisticated and nuanced, addressing both state-level and group-level motivations behind political violence. The article argues that there are two distinct strands within CR scholarship: one that deals with “conflict transformation,” the other which deals with “conflict settlement.” Although these two strands are sometimes seen as offering conflicting interpretations of conflict, we are argue that they are essentially complementary and have much to offer theoretically and practically to policymakers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many government ministries, departments and agencies “put various barriers that make the whole local commercialisation a tangle of bureaucratic nightmares,” says Gilmour over the phone from Brisbane. Legally speaking, communities have no obligation to seek permission from the DFO for what has already been approved in their operational plans, but reality is often different. A 2012 paper co-authored by Khatri on barriers to earning income from community forests tallied 24 visits to the district office that members of one CFUG in the southern district of Kapilvastu had to make to harvest a season’s trees, including NPR 8000 in technical assistance fees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This is an important aspect of it, necessary for advocating for better rights and working conditions. On the other hand, scholarly research on migration and development has also focused on the agency of migrants, mostly through the glorification of the role of remittances for development. The policy field is populated by simplistic storylines (e.g., 'women remit more’, ‘women are agents of development’) that have very little to do with women's realities, aspirations and struggles in the Global South. While de-contextualizing and de-personalizing their experi-ences,such headlines also silence the global structural inequalities that are foregrounded by human rights-focused literature in the name of‘development’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Their objective is to engage representatives from local authorities and administrations, academics, associations and scientists to develop a consensual programme of actions to restore rivers, aquifers and their ecosystems. Established on a 10- to 15-year period, river contracts stem from a summary of the challenges facing the targeted watershed and the future areas of work (e.g. surface and groundwater quality, water-related risks, nature conservation, tourism, solid waste management, etc.). A river committee is created for each contract to support the implementation of their respective action plan. After a running period, river contracts are evaluated and can be the subject of renegotiations and updates. In addition to sub-basin management plans (SAGE - Schema d'amenagement et de gestion des eaux), these contracts are a useful tool to align and implement the objectives established by the river basin management plans (SDAGE - Schema directeur d'amenagement et de gestion des eaux).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Linking Institutional Context and Public Opinion”, Springer VS, Wiesbaden. Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care, OECD Health Policy Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264097759-en. Childcare Costs, Tax-Benefit Policies and Work Incentives”, Chapter 4 of Benefits and Wages: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, http ://dx.doi .org/10.178 7/bcn wages-2007-cn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, there is a motherhood wage penalty in the case of informal workers, the predicted natural log of the hourly wage is 1.15 pesos for non-mothers and 0.98 pesos for mothers. The positive wage gap of 0.16 in favour of nonmothers is significant, and almost the entire difference (75%) is significantly unexplained or associated with possible discrimination. Thus, these findings bear out the original hypothesis of a motherhood wage penalty in the informal sector, and most of this penalty is attributable to discrimination or unobserved factors.17 It is also worth noting that this 0.16 differential in the informal sector is at the upper end of the distribution of the motherhood wage penalty estimates reported above.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Also, few are the critical distinctions between barriers to financing mitigation, adaptation or cross-cutting projects. Hence, successfully addressing the barriers to climate-related investments will likely also mobilize more finance for broader sustainable development activities. The following analysis highlights how these barriers translate into risks, how they could be broken and what solutions are needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The range of activities undertaken by multilateral peace operations has significantly increased over the last 20 years, an important aspect of this is the detention of individuals. However, for a long time, it remained unclear what rules and laws apply to detentions in peacekeeping operations. Only recently have rule of law principles emerged within the United Nations (UN) and among implementing states. Hirschmann’s chapter demonstrates how accountability dynamics contributed to a growing rule of law for detentions. It shows how standard setting, monitoring and sanctioning by regional organizations, non-governmental organizations and international courts contributed to core rule of law elements, namely the UN Secretary-General’s Bulletin on the Observance of International Humanitarian Law, specific provisions for the operation in Kosovo and the Copenhagen Process on the handling of detainees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some of the SCP policy opportunities that can lead to a reduction in poverty are discussed further in Part B of the publication. In addition, few people think of what will happen to the products they are currently using when they don't need them anymore - how they can be reused, recycled, or taken care of safely as waste. When assessing the sustainability performance of a product it is essential to use a life-cycle perspective and consider all impacts associated with that product from “cradle to grave”, including consumption of natural resources as well as emission of pollutants. This means to consider not only the environmental and socio-econommic impacts of the product itself during its use phase, such as the energy consumption of a lap-top computer, but also the resource consumption and pollution associated with all stages of production as well as end-of-life management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The full specification of scenarios is described in Annex 3.A1.2 and a background on extreme events used to design the scenario SD is provided in Annex 3.A 1.3. Results are presented below as relative differences in production, international trade and prices between the different simulations and the baseline with no shock. First, the selected hotspot regions are defined based on selected river basins, so they may not be exactly fit the previously defined hotspots. Second, the shocks are proxy water stresses rather than realistic water shocks, as per IMPACT 3.1 version, which does not include a full integration of hydrogeological systems with agriculture (see Annex 3.A1.2).11 Third, each of the exogenous shock parameter was set up to stress the system in, but it may not reflect actual shocks. Fourth, because hydro climatic shocks are generally not independent, the scenario proposed do not account for water-related events that could happen in other regions of the world. Fifth, the two climate scenarios present two possible projections among other possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Migrants represent a further at risk group with foreign-bom cases accounting for more than half of newly reported HIV cases in 2015. Approximately three-quarters of reported TB cases in 2015 were in individuals bom outside of Malta, far higher than the EU/EEA average of 30% of reported cases originating from outside the region (ECDC. However, there are large disparities across income groups, with 86% of people in the highest income group reporting to be in good health, compared to only 55% of people in the lowest income group in 2015. In 2014, one in four adults reported being obese (compared to the EU average of 16%), a steady increase from 23% in 2008, Rising obesity rates are partly attributable to a change in dietary patterns, with traditional Mediterranean diets being replaced by consumption of foods high in sugar, salt and saturated fats. There are substantial differences in obesity rates between girls (26%) and boys (34%). The high rates in children foreshadow continuing high rates in the future as they enter adulthood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The accumulation of sanctions is possible: natural or legal persons can be punished both for an administrative offence by the administrative authority and for a criminal offence by the courts. Slovakia’s criminal code includes one of the world’s most stringent penalties for water- and waste-related offences: imprisonment for up to eight years. However, such penalties are seldom applied in practice. If a fine was the only penalty imposed and the offender paid the fine, the offender is considered as not convicted. When a fine is imposed, the courts usually provide for an alternative prison sentence to ensure that the criminal act is still punished if the fine is not paid on time, a system of conversion of prison sentences into fines also exists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Labour income is the compensation obtained for work as a wage-earning or independent worker. Transfers may come from the State, from civil society organizations or from other households. The total income from each source may rise or fall depending on the number of recipients of income from that source in each household and on the average amount they each receive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)