albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The paper explores the relation between multiculturalism and egalitarianism of opportunities, focusing on claims by minorities resulting from migrations. After considering some convergences between multiculturalism and egalitarianism of opportunities, the paper addresses their possible tensions. Firstly, egalitarianism of opportunities could require public agencies to promote the overcoming of certain traditional beliefs, what can contrast with the aim of preserving cultural traditions. Secondly, the politics of identity could undermine the solidarity among people that is a precondition for those policies needed to promote equality of opportunities. The author claims that in so far as multiculturalism and egalitarianism of opportunities are incompatible, multiculturalism should be rejected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Analyses should not just be applied to new treatments but to existing ones as well, to encourage value for money across the system. Rather than just focussing on services for the uninsured, CENETEC’s remit should expand to cover the SS institutes as well. Expansion of CENETEC’s role will require increased investment, and modification of its legal status may also be necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This case-note analyses the international award recently published in the case of Philip Morris Asia Limited v. The Commonwealth of Australia. Engaging particularly with the application of the Arbitration Tribunal of the abuse of rights doctrine, the note addresses, in the light of this award, a series of questions that continue to perplex international investment lawyers. How should the concept of abuse of rights be defined? What is the status of the abuse of rights doctrine in international law? What is the relationship between the abuse of rights doctrine and the foreseeability test? What is the significance of the demonstration of bad faith on the part of an investor for the application of the abuse of rights doctrine?.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The review underscored the continued need for Aid for Trade efforts in these countries and placed significant emphasis on services as an area of focus for Aid for Trade. Addressing regulatory constraints, institutional and infrastructural reforms in LDCs and small states, will not only help the services sector enhance its competitiveness and efficiency, but will also create a solid economic foundation for other sectors of the economy. Therefore, AfT programmes aimed at enhancing the productivity, competitiveness and trade-capacity of the services sector would necessarily need to focus on skill development, via formal training, assessment, and certification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In Bolivia, urban income is more than double the level in rural areas, in Brazil, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama, urban income exceeds rural income by between 50% and 60%, in Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala and Mexico, average urban income is between 25% and 40% higher than in rural areas. The largest reduction occurred in Brazil, where the gap narrowed from 2.2 to 1.5 thanks to a much larger increase in rural incomes than urban ones, which also grew substantially. Mexico, Panama and Paraguay also report significant reductions in income disparities between areas, although partly reflecting a deterioration in real incomes in urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The chapter starts by describing the current strategic framework for regional and urban development strategies and key policy documents in national administration. It also investigates the gaps between the framework in place and urban development needs, the potential role and objectives of a national urban policy, as well as sectoral reforms that can address urban areas’ main challenges. In particular, the chapter highlights urban policies that can enhance competitiveness while addressing inequality, increase the availability of affordable housing, and improve land-use planning. National government support for housing production by non-governmental organisations has been greatly reduced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This has happened in Croatia, which has switched to a summer peaking system11 in recent years to respond to the growth in tourism and accompanying demand for air conditioning. While the six SEE economies typically have significant hydropower generation capacity, the increasing extremes of weather associated with climate change may render these electricity systems vulnerable in prolonged periods of very dry weather, especially as they are likely to coincide with heavy demand for air conditioning during the summer months. The second factor is the need to replace the large proportion of the generation capacity that is due to retire in the next ten years, while simultaneously building an energy system that allows the economies of the region to comply with their sustainability obligations under the Paris Agreement by investing in new clean energy technologies. No data available for Kosovo. One of their roles is to ensure a stable and predictable regulatory environment so that investors are confident that they will be subject to the consistent application of rules and regulations, including for example the licencing and permit granting procedures undertaken by regulators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
1. Private organisations and their contribution to problem-solving in the global arena Karsten Ronit and Volker Schneider 2. Representation of private organisations in the global diplomacy of economic policy-making Peter Willetts 3. Embedding global financial markets: securitisation and the emerging web of governance Philip G. Cerny 4. The good, the bad, or the ugly? Practices of global self-regulation among dyestuffs producers Karsten Ronit 5. The internet society and its struggle for recognition and influence Raymund Werle and Volker Leib 6. Why do community-based AIDS organisations coordinate at the global level? Patrick Kenis 7. The global social capital of human rights movements: a case study on Amnesty International Volker Schneider 8. The international women's movement as a private political actor between accommodation and change Bob Reinalda 9. The policy roles of private research institutes in global politics Diane Stone
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The issue of continuing spells of S A receipt has been little addressed by researchers fitting DREP models to SA histories. One reason for this is that, as discussed in Annex 4.B, data on SA benefit receipt are often measured in ‘benefit years’, which means that a measurement of spell durations is not possible. Cappellari and Jenkins (2008a: 58) account for the issue, pointing out that on average around two-thirds of the individuals observed to receive SA at an annual BHPS interview were also in receipt at the previous annual interview without any intervening months of non-receipt. They re-estimate their basic DREP model excluding individuals with continuing spells and report that the estimate of the coefficient on A. falls from above 1 to around 0.5 and the corresponding APE is less than one-third of the APE estimated when individuals with continuing spells are included.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This objective may be rendered incrementally more difficult to achieve the closer is the base period to 2011, the year in which the Istanbul summit took place. Given the depressing effects of the 2008-09 financial crisis on trade, the LDV IV Monitor has decided that a three-year average over the period 2005-08 be chosen as the baseline. To give due credit to the rapidly increasing share of LDCs’ exports in more recent years, this chapter uses the average over 2006-08.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
First, as long as the technology that is less expensive in the short run is subsidised, natural movements towards market equilibrium are suspended. Without subsidisation, renewable technologies with their high fixed costs would be the first victims of lower electricity prices due to their own low, short-term costs and investors would quickly hesitate to invest in them. Given the resulting impacts on system stability, investment conditions and consumer preferences, the resulting system costs may well be higher than in a system where dispatchable producers were unaffected from the price impacts of variable renewables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Hot-deck imputation uses data from countries with "similar" characteristics, such as GNI per capita and geographic location. Europe, the CIS and the Americas have much higher Internet usage rates overall than the African, Arab States and Asia/Pacific regions. In the case of developed countries, moreover, it is worth noting that higher bandwidth available to users, lower broadband access costs in relation to GNI p.c. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Although data are somewhat outdated due to lack of regular national monitoring in the country, Japan is in the best 4 countries for five-year survival estimate for cervical and breast cancer in the 2000s. With regards to colorectal cancer, Japan has attained five-year survival estimate over 65% for both men and women in the early 2000s, which is above the OECD average of 61.3% for men and 63.3% for women in the late 2000s. A striking feature of the Japanese hospital sector is the high in-hospital case fatality rates for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Although Japanese are less likely to die of ischemic heart disease compared to people in other OECD countries, they are more likely to die once admitted into hospital for AMI than patients in other OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Mitigation measures are needed to reduce costs and set the right incentives while managing the dual short-term/long-term temporality. There is no water governance without governance at large. Similarly, there can be no effective stakeholder engagement without proper incentives for bottom-up and inclusive policy making. A clear set of rules, platforms and vehicles for doing so is critical to move from reactive to proactive and systematic stakeholder engagement in the water sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Taxes and subsidies to stimulate green buildings and develop energy-saving technologies would also help to reduce GHG emissions. The combined impact of all these countermeasures is shown in Figure 5.6. As in other ASEAN countries, national economic planning hasthe greatest impact on activities that affect the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In a significant number of cases where an individual contacts their GP with a mental or emotional health concern, in particular a CMD, the problem is addressed directly by the GP. An individual seeking help from their GP, for example, may be given advice or prescribed medication directly by their GP. Similarly, a GP could refer a patient to an NHS counselling service or an IAPT service (see below) or place the patient on a waiting list for an NHS counselling service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The central government would need to keep a certain level of authority to monitor its development, to hold akimats to account for their handling of their delegated authority. The Ministry of the Civil Service that traditionally controls HRM in central and subnational levels of government would need to redefine its role and functions. Its role could be more strategic and less managerial, as seems to be the case so far, and as is typical of OECD countries such as Finland, Ireland, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In development policy, international organizations have shifted their focus to the importance of good governance and sound institutions. The theory behind this is that only with a high quality of government (QoG) can a country reap the benefits of economic growth and social development. We review the research behind this policy shift and offer a first benchmark statistical analysis. The first section contains a review of the conceptual discussion of what QoG means. Second, we present four salient approaches pertaining to the outcomes of QoG: the debates concerning QoG and democracy, economic growth, corruption, and the rule of law. The third section uses insights gained from these debates to focus on the policy outcomes of QoG—its effects on social well-being, public health, and environmental sustainability. We conclude by discussing possible pitfalls in future research on QoG and development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These disciplines could restrict policy space for trade, finance, technology and social and industrial development in exchange— hopefully—for greater flows of technology and finance consistent with the global community’s shared goal of eradicating poverty. The task of retooling global development has never been more urgent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In primaiy care, these focus mainly on the physical fabric of the building and availability of clinical equipment and emergency drugs, and there is a limited number of activity-related standards. Turkey has embarked on an ambitious programme to translate an extensive set of clinical guidelines written by the Finnish Medical Society. There are however difficulties of embedding a large number of guidelines at once, and in particular of changing practice through guidelines with little sense of local ownership or participation during development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Thus, the surveys do not make ft possible to construct exactly the concepts of primary income and total disposable income as defined in the SNA. Individuals receive income from a variety of sources and contribute them to the shared funds of their households, distributing well-being among their members, although not necessarily equitably. Also considered as part of primary income are private transfers between households, generally remittances sent by family members working in other geographical areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Dr Marc Deffrennes contributed Chapter 10 (The impact of energy innovation on economic performance and growth). Managerial oversight was provided by Dr Daniel Iracane, Deputy Director-General and Chief Nuclear Officer, Dr Jaejoo Ha and Dr Henri Paillere, the former and Acting Head of the NEA Division of Nuclear Technology Development and Economics, respectively. The NEA also received a large number of detailed comments from its member countries, including Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Poland, Russia, and Switzerland, as well as from WPNE delegates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Many of the issues relating to them have to do with the way inequality is generated and reproduced over time and the way inequality and economic development processes are connected. According to this, inequality should first increase with the beginnings of economic development as the economy moves from the rural sectors towards industrialization (transfer of labour from the less productive to the more productive sector). Later on, once the bulk of the labour force is working in the industrial sector, inequality should diminish.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Energy Policy 74 (2014) 465-474. Energy Policy 78 (2015) 273-280 Elsevier. The Better Business for Clean Energy" project, started in 2011 with the UNDP-European Union partnership, had an initial priority to demonstrate the potential of biomass. Over two years, the project helped to install modern biomass heating systems in 130 schools, health facilities and community centres in rural areas, and let over 37,000 people benefit directly from the improved heating in the buildings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The world needed to be mobilized and made aware of the existential threat posed to humankind by the accelerating change in the Earth's climate caused largely by human activity. Together with those with whom he worked closely, Ban Ki-moon resolved to elevate climate change to a leaders-level issue, to mobilize the world to confront it frontally and, in the process, to help achieve a truly global climate change agreement. The 178 countries which participated at the Summit also adopted the voluntary Agenda 21, which provided a blueprint for development that simultaneously supported environmental protection, economic growth and a better quality of life for all. This principle balanced the need for all Parties to the Convention to take responsibility for addressing climate change with the recognition that there were wide differences in the level of social and economic development between Parties, thus requiring leadership from developed countries given their historical responsibilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These costs depend, among other factors, on the availability of suitable applicants on the external labour market. With fewer qualified workers on the external labour market, the number of job applicants will be smaller and the matches will be worse on average (Mohrenweiser and Backes-Gellner, 2006). According to an employer survey, 85% of companies in Austria considered that the recruitment of trained workers who are not available on the labour market was one main reason for offering apprenticeships (Lassnigg and Steiner, 1997). For this company the pool of suitable job applicants will include former apprentices trained in landscape gardening, either within the company or in another company.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
All 11 162 municipalities in Viet Nam are classified as either “urban” municipalities (wards and townships) or “rural” municipalities (communes). By the end of 2015, 2 184 municipalities (1 581 w'ards and 603 townships) were classified as urban, which accounts for 20% of all municipalities. The current definition examines each municipality and gives urban or rural status individually, instead of looking at functional boundaries and connections among these municipalities. As a result, 63 FUAs are identified in Viet Nam which cover 7% of the national territory and host 41% (37.1 million people) of the population in 2013. Out of the 63 FUAs, 12 are classified as metropolitan areas (with a population of 500 000 or more).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
E-commerce transactions are understood to be digitally-ordered but may be delivered either digitally or physically. For example, nearly one-third (32 per cent) of Amazon’s net sales are international. The international streaming revenue of Netflix rose from US$ 4 million in 2010 to more than US$ 5 billion in 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article studies the origin of the control of the constitutionality of laws in France, particularly the project Sieyes presented to the National Convention on the 2 and 18 thermidor an III (20 July and 5 August 1795) which culminated in the idea of a constituent power and separation of powers. The authors tries to demonstrate that in the French tradition characterized by the refusal to use instruments to guarantee the integrity of the constitution and to limit the powers of the legislator, the project of Sieyes is an attempt to create a neutral power by the constitutional jury, a politico-judicial organ, responsible for controlling the constitutionality of laws, for proposing the change in the constitution, and for the exercise of an natural equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Ever since it was created, the ANA has been managed by top experts: of the 110 people initially hired, 78% hold a MSc or a PhD. More broadly, significant progress has been achieved in terms of technically and scientifically trained professionals. But representatives of state and basin institutions often misunderstand basic issues and their respective role related to water management, the importance of co-ordination and the needed linkages between plans and budgets. Monitoring, evaluation and experience sharing are the top capacity bottlenecks at state level with one-third of the states surveyed considering them as always or often a challenge (Figure 2.14).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The implementation of incentive structures through quality contracting and targeted reimbursement would further enhance performance. In Norway, the health care system is semi-decentralised, with municipalities responsible for the primary health care sector and the central government responsible for the specialised health care sector. Nevertheless, there are areas that can be strengthened given its recent health reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
ABSTRACTDespite the burgeoning literature on Russia’s renewed power politics, little attention has been paid to the fact that US reactions towards Russia’s military interventions were all but coherent. The USA has chosen weak measures in Georgia in 2008 (shaming) compared to its assertive response in Ukraine in 2014 (sanctions, hard deterrence). This article assesses the explanatory power of neorealist, liberal and constructivist theories for the variation in US reactions towards Russian interventions in Georgia and Ukraine. Our argument is that the constructivist perspective explains the cases best as it highlights the power and communality of normative assessments. The Ukraine crisis was perceived by the USA as a violation of core international norms, especially the non-use of force and the principle of territorial integrity. Relevant international norm carriers shared this assessment of the conflict. In contrast, the perception of the Georgian war centred on the issue of democracy promotion. While demo...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Higher participation in such programmes can help mitigate the adverse impacts of the crisis by increasing the employability, particularly of low-skilled workers who are relatively weakly attached to the labour market. Moreover, skill shortages may arise during the transformation of transition economies into more advanced economies (Rutkowski, 2007). In such economies, adult education programmes can be heavily employed to upgrade the skills of adults who have limited possibilities to access formal education institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Men are more likely to be in informal employment in all countries in North Africa and Eastern Europe and in more than two-thirds of countries in the Arab States and northern, southern and western Europe. In Iraq and Jordan, the proportion of men in informal employment is 20 percentage points more than the proportion of women. In Poland, Slovakia and the Russian Federation, the gap is between six and ten percentage points to the disadvantage of men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The European Union has long been an important driver for the integration of fnancial markets in Europe. The goal of this article is to map how the current and future legal infrastructure in respect of the investigation, prosecution and punishment of market abuse rules supports the central assumption of the EU legislature that, in order to offer a comprehensive package in the fight against market abuse, a level playing field throughout the EU is necessary. Although good progress has been made with the proposals for a new regulation and directive on market abuse, it is our opinion that these proposals still do not sufficiently take account of the fact that highly integrated financial markets also need highly integrated law enforcement structures and powers, regardless of the organizational statute of the national authorities involved (criminal or administrative).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)