albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Moreover, women who attain office do not always advocate for reform and women’s rights. These organisations traditionally have been the sole domain of men, and have served as a primary venue for informal discussion, networking and decision-making. The challenges encountered by women as a result of their exclusion from these circles, as well as the initiatives to create women-only diwans in Kuwait, are described in GonzSles, 2014, p. 133.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some scholars argued that the act is more inclusive than current programmes, and eligible households will be more aware of their entitlements. This will make the PDS system more effective, because exclusion errors and leakages are better addressed (Dreze, 2013). Others stated that a further increase in procurement levels may aggravate the procurement challenges currently experienced, relating to infrastructure, stocking, transport, leakages and governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Non-standard workers in the lowest earnings quintile seem to fare better in the household income distribution in Japan, Ireland and Australia, where slightly under one-quarter of these workers remain at the bottom quintile when all income sources from other household members were pooled. Interestingly, low-eamings, non-standard workers in those three countries seem to get more financial support from their household members or have received noticeable non-labour incomes, as about half of non-standard workers in the bottom earnings quintile in these countries found themselves in the upper three quintiles of the household income. On the other hand, low-eamings, non-standard workers in Estonia, Luxembourg and Greece face a higher risk of low income, as more than 40% of them remain in the lowest quintile of household income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Most (80%) of the strictly protected area is forest. The area of strictly protected forest increased slightly between 2005 and 2012, from 52 000 ha to 57 000 ha. Poland’s 1481 nature reserves include 174 established since 2000. The total land area in nature reserves increased from 150 000 ha in 2000 to 166 000 ha in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A longer historical perspective would provide insights to help researchers and policy-makers better understand the drivers of these gender inequalities so as to achieve the goal of gender equality in these regions. The size of the gender gap may differ significantly between different social groups, and therefore indicators at a less aggregate level could provide further understanding of the drivers of gender inequality. A good starting point would be censuses and/or micro data where detailed information on various aspects related to the well-being of women can be found.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Furthermore, some educational content, such as training literature, might contribute to improving the quality of life of the residents. In this way, a web-based information service is valuable, and computational resources to provide it are needed. That is why we focus on preparing a low-power server cluster at the local AP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Beyond the support for R&D, a wide array ofpublic policies needs to be mobilised covering areas as diverse as education and training, competition and trade, and industrial and regional development. These policy areas utilise a mix of instruments, including regulation and direct funding. The coherence and effectiveness of this mix and of overall governance arrangements are major concerns for innovation policy makers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Many who become pregnant resort to unsafe abortion, a leading cause of maternal death and injury. Adolescent girls, the disabled, and ethnic and sexual minorities may be especially at risk. Recent research indicates that at least one in five refugees or displaced women in complex humanitarian settings have experienced sexual violence, though it is often unreported (Vu and others, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
And it foresees more comprehensive services for pregnant women and mothers on Medicaid and all women on Medicare. Two main avenues for extending coverage—the expansion of employer-based insurance and of Medicaid—have in the past disadvantaged women, especially unmarried, poor and ethnic minority women, and are likely to do so in the future. This has important gender implications given that women— especially women of colour and immigrant women—are over-represented in low-wage occupations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
What activities are IT/software associations involved in? ( Note: Based on responses from 38 associations. For example, whereas none of the associations in developed economies identified software piracy as a barrier, this factor was highlighted by almost half of those in Latin America and the Caribbean. Venture capital was the top rated barrier in all regions except in Asia and the Pacific, where access to skills was the most often mentioned barrier.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
International legal positivists emphasized treaties as international agreements grounded in the state’s authority to establish and to enforce law based on its capacity as a sovereign power. The unfair treaties that Japan signed between 1858 and 1869 offered Japan the opportunity to develop an expertise in treaty law—especially in order to maintain its territorial integrity and to assert sovereignty over its territory. As the Japanese government successfully argued in the 1870s, Japan may have granted judicial jurisdiction to foreign consuls, but it retained legislative jurisdiction, and foreigners in Japanese territory were bound to obey the laws of Japan. An analysis of the foreign residents’ claims to rights to travel and to hunt in Japan demonstrates that a command of international law was key to Japanese control of Japanese territory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, skills and expertise, especially at the local level, as well as clear responsibilities and monitoring and control systems, are still lacking. As a result, there is a risk that the programmes will not be implemented adequately, or that they will be only partially implemented. Urban areas have an average waste generation of 0.76 kg/cap./day.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Data refer to average length of stay for curative (acute) care (resulting in an underestimation). Source: OECD Health Statistics (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health-data-en. Compared to the hospital sector, a significant deficit of information exists on the patterns of care and outcomes in primary care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The challenge is that these benefits have not always been well evaluated or considered, and countries vary in their drives for comfort and wellbeing in buildings. The independent Energiesprong market development teams aggregate mass demand for high quality retrofits (and new built houses) in a market and, in parallel, create the right financing and regulatory conditions. With this structure in place, solution providers can go into a quick and transformative innovation process to deliver against this new standard.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Both Africa and Asia each accounted for nearly 30% of the mobilized amounts, followed by America (21%) and Europe (15%). One key finding from available data, supported also by experiences from the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM),21 is that 90% of private climate finance originates from the same country in which it is spent (which is true for 75% of all climate finance) (Buchner etal. The decision by OECD DAC members to expand the scope of statistical monitoring through a new framework, provisionally entitled as Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD) can support also the tracking of private climate finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The vast literature of cross-country growth regressions tends to find a significant positive association between quantitative measures of schooling and economic growth (see Topel, 1999, Temple, 2001, Krueger and Lindahl, 2001, Sianesi and Van Reenen, 2003 for extensive reviews of the literature). To give an idea of the robustness of this association, an extensive empirical analysis by Sala-i-Martin et al. ( It implicitly assumes that a year of schooling delivers the same increase in knowledge and skills regardless of the education system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
By serving as positive role models to other women and mobilising male champions to support the cause of women, they have gradually improved the status of women to promote policies and funding of developmental projects that are beneficial for communities. In this way, these women encourage more women to participate in the political process. The Union Parishad is headed by a chair, and consists of a further nine general members plus three reserved seats for women (Khan and Ara 2006). The women are voted in by direct election, and are able to contest the general seats and that of the chair. A total of 475 women were elected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Although it is an administrative unit, residents of constituent villages share a sense of identity. Cotton is usually listed among industrial crops but its seeds are also processed for edible oil. The discrepancy with CSO data may be due to the fact that a significant amount of rubber plantations is not registered at the national level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
ABSTRACTThis article examines how Mayan intermediaries make meaning of their roles in accompanying Mayan women survivors of gross violations of human rights as they search for truth, justice, and reparation in post-genocide Guatemala. Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, the authors analyzed in-depth interviews with six intermediaries who worked with survivors in the context of a seven year feminist participatory and action research project. The findings reveal that healing from the legacies of armed conflict as well as from historical racialized gendered oppression are at the core of Mayan intermediaries’ work with the Mayan women survivors with whom they established an intersubjective relationship, contributing to each other’s healing. The importance of economic justice for survivors’ healing and the scant and circumscribed talk about sexual violence—the grievance central to the work with most of the survivors—emerge as important findings of this study and require future exploration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The book describes the rationale and implications of the lEA's BLUE Map Scenario, which explores the energy policy and technology options needed to achieve a 50% reduction in global energy-related C02 emissions by 2050. The analysis indicated that achieving such reductions would require maximum implementation of energy efficiency worldwide and a virtually decarbonised power sector (Figure ES.l). The decarbonisation of the power sector, in particular, poses a major challenge. The goal was to refine the ETP2008 scenarios and to assess their viability in greater detail.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Other factors important for inclusion may be teaching in local languages, or ensuring that schools are safe and have separate sanitary facilities for girls. Incentives to sustain girls’ education include conditional and unconditional cash transfers to poor families and school feeding programmes. In Bangladesh, for example, some evidence indicates that the growth of the garment industry is keeping significantly higher numbers of girls in school, given employers’ requirements for basic literacy and numeracy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These subsidies, however, have not always lead to the intended results because of difficulties with accurately identifying the target population, potential abuse of the subsidy, and large errors of either exclusion or inclusion of the target population. Therefore, as cities grow and their roadways cannot be expanded anymore, the volume of urban traffic needs to be managed within the given roadway capacity. Any surpassing of that capacity leads to traffic congestion - the most apparent transport externality. Furthermore, the extra fuel burned causes unnecessary release of carbon dioxide, hence adding to the overall bill issued by congestion that societies have to pay in the end.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In 2006, the number of procedures brought by the European Commission against Ireland for infringing EU environmental directives was among the highest in the EU. Particular problems have involved the application of environmental impact assessments (EIAs) for projects in sensitive areas. The use of economic instruments has not been extended in the water sector, which relies on state budget transfers for investment and operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The youth unemployment rate stood at 19.1% in Indonesia and 17% in the Philippines, substantially higher than the average unemployment rate. At the same time, as many as one in four youth were neither in education nor employment in Indonesia and the Philippines, with the share much higher among young women in the case of Indonesia. According to an ILO report,13 public social security expenditure, including health expenditure, as a percentage of GDP was 8.4% for the world on average and 5.3% for Asia and the Pacific. Thailand established a universal health-care scheme in 2002, and introduced pensions for the informal sector in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The Fedchenko Glacier has already lost over 30 per cent of its original size. For the short w inter periods, the glacier is unable to restore the lost water reserves that are indispensable for efficient operation of large HPPs located in the country. Volatility of water flow's as a result of climate change is likely to significantly impact upon the country’s hydropower-based energy' system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the project-based component, students interview business owners and business managers and report back to the class in form of a written paper and an oral presentation. Unpublished data (from 1995 to 2009) provided by Student Affairs and Development Division, Universiti Sains Malaysia specifically Student Personality Development Section, and Centre for Curriculum Programme. Since 1995, 190 firms were started, of which 100 in the period 2005-09 (IPTTN (National Higher Education Research Institute) 2010). Universiti Sains Malaysia’s “3-track promotion exercise” based on research, teaching and community engagement or industry collaboration provides a promising tool for rewarding and incentivising community engagement and entrepreneurship support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, in the United Arab Emirates, the Cabinet handbook requires consultation w'ith stakeholders at all stages of policy development. Such mechanisms as public notification, broad circulation of proposals for comments or posting proposals on the Internet are rare in MENA countries. Design consultation activities geared towards and attended only by specific groups (e.g. women or men only, female or male immigrants only, female or male elderly persons only) - Often: Morocco, Palestinian Authority, In some cases - Egypt, Bahrain, Kuwait, Yemen, No, not foreseen - Jordan, Lebanon, Tunisia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Alternative results are presented for a more ambitious scenario in which the proportion of renewable sources increases from 20 percent in 2010 to 50 per cent in 2025. The REN 21 study examines the potential for renewable energy sources for electricity generation, heat and cooling, and transport fuels. The corresponding figures, at the regional level, are given below in Figure 6/ In the basic version of the model, each country within a region is assumed to adopt the same mix, as determined by the regional potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Science funding is provided only for fixed items such as salaries and social contributions. Thus, Government funding does not cover R&D, for which other sources of funding must be accessed. Research is mainly carried out at NAS institutes. Around two thirds of this funding went to the NAS in 2009, directly from the Ministry of Finance under a separate budget line.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As a result, any concept of mismatch based on individual skills offers only a partial view of the match between a w'orker and his or her job. Qualifications reflect several different skills, including both information-processing and job-specific competences, and could complement narrower, though more precise, skills measures. In addition, skills use depends, at least partly, on the effort that workers decide to put into their jobs, making it difficult to define precise skills requirements, qualification requirements are easier to define.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While there have been laudable moves by NGOs and the private sector on environmental issues, real progress is not likely until and unless there is government leadership and political commitment. However, for Viet Nam, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia, this recognition has yet to be translated into a set of coherent and integrated policies and programmes. There is a chronic need for clearly articulated strategies at both the country and ASEAN levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The use of forward contract at zero transaction cost increases the certainty equivalent income by 1.3% and 2.2% in Australia and UK, respectively. As the forward contract covers more price risks, the producer adopts a riskier crop diversification strategy as indicated by the lower diversification index both in Australia and UK (third graph in Figure 2.4). The crowding out effect is stronger in the UK so that the farmer completely specializes in wheat production and hedges 60% of its production at zero transaction cost.4 Yet the income coefficient of variation is reduced by 15% in this case (Figure 2.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Much of the problem lies in the undemocratic nature of the state itself. This leads to favouritism, nepotism, biased allocation of resources, distorted priorities, and sifting of local initiative and innovation. No one political framework is required to meet these conditions, instead the conditions can be developed and preserved under a wide variety of governance paradigms. It is also important to recognize that inclusion will not always lead to easy consensus, participation may highlight conflict, rather than resolve it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This activity generally requires the deployment of scientific observers on board vessels, or involving fishers in data collection. The former is costly and prone to biases, while the latter presents confidentiality and privacy issues. Automated systems based on image recognition offer potential but are unlikely to see widespread application soon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This may have been one of the reasons why the resulting strategies lacked clear focus, priorities and selectivity, and some of them were not implemented. All this indicated significant weaknesses related to policy governance. Ambitious, sometimes unrealistic objectives and a lack of prioritisation met with a scarcity of resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
No source of international law has generated more controversy and animosity between the doctrine that the general principles of law. This debate has lines of discussion ranging from the purely semantic of the term ‘general principles of law’ to practical areas relating to the role, importance and application of such principles in the context of international relations as well as its role as an independent source or subsidiary of International Law. Currently, the progressive development of the discipline seems to be more closely linked to general principles of law and general principles of Jus Gentium itself. This paper shows that, without them, teleology and axiological and ethical foundations of law would be misleading. Ultimately, the general principles of law and international law are the supreme guidelines to ensure that the legal system does its maximum, ie provide security and legal certainty to an international community increasingly chaotic, complex and plaintiff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Indeed, the later industrialization began, the more conscious those efforts appear to have become, given the larger investment push that was usually required to achieve catch-up (TDR 2003, 2016). For example, structural change in Britain betw een 1760 and 1860 was not simply the fortuitous product of technological breakthroughs and entrepreneurial endeavour, but rather the intertwining of a series of industrial, agricultural and demographic changes. The private capital behind these changes was often on a relatively small scale but more significant investments were needed in physical and social infrastructure to ensure the required linkages across the newdy emerging activities and to support businesses, workers and society buffeted by these changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As HIV infected they are more likely to be infected with other STI's, specifically syphilis and hepatitis B (Silverman et al. The debt bondage the women end up in makes them take risks such as serving more clients and having longer working days in order to repay their debt faster. During this stage the women in the study had extremely limited access to health care information, services and medical care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Similarly, improvement in the business environment is necessary to optimize returns from planned infrastructure investment, including a proposed submarine cable to provide high-speed Internet access. Cyclone Pam devastated parts of the country in March 2015, severely damaging housing, infrastructure, agriculture and tourism facilities. Overall, the damage and losses to the economy are estimated to have exceeded 60% of GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The purpose of this paper is to understand whether circumstantial factors in Turkey create a unique approach to human resource management (HRM) determining its place on the convergence and divergence continuum.,Turkish HRM literature, based on 39 journal articles published between the years 1998 and 2018, are analyzed through an institutional theory lens using content analysis.,The ambiguity of the convergence and divergence issue in Turkey may be argued as HRM is still not considered as a primary management function in Turkey. There appear to be only a small number of original studies that preserve cultural values as well as follow new trends within the discipline.,This study broadens the understanding of the developmental trajectories of HRM by examining the context, history and advancement of HRM in Turkey as an example of developing economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Particularly vulnerable to inequitable access are older and disabled people, economically disadvantaged individuals, women, young adults and those who live in remote and rural communities. The main focus was on why transport planning is failing to provide adequate transport services to large parts of the population. Discussants were Robert Cervero, Director of the Transportation Center at University of California, Berkeley, USA, Chantal Duchene, ChD Mobilite Transport, France, Angela Glover Blackwell, CEO of Policylink, USA, David Lewis, Senior Vice President of FIDR Corporation, Canada, and Professor Geetam Tiwari, Chair of the Indian Institute of Technology. It ensures access to basic needs such as education, health services, shopping, social interactions and working.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, discrepancies in public investment in infrastructure in Arab and Jewish communities are barriers to employment and educational opportunities for the Arab population. This manifests itself in limited investment in industrial and /or commercial business parks and the lack of regular public transportation. There is also evidence of large class sizes for Arab children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)