albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In Japan, video games are generally regulated by self-imposed control and voluntary ratings by third parties, rather than by law. There is no special statute tailored to regulate video game software. Some people criticize this absence of law as being too lenient when it comes to protecting children. There are few studies published in English that are written by Japanese legal scholars that review regulations intended to protect children in Japan. Using a comparative law approach, comparing Japanese law with U.S. law, this paper contends that there are several tools to control and regulate video games for the purpose of protecting children. The use of legal devices is simply one of several means to achieve this goal. Even if legal regulations are enacted, they may not be very effective. Moreover, they could even have negative impacts on the freedom of expression that is protected under the Constitution of Japan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, they might benefit singlemother families, families of unmarried couples and families composed of children and their grandmothers. Yet, depending on the formal requirements for registering, they might in practice exclude families of same-sex partners. There are very few programmes, such as the Tarjeta Uruguay Social (TUS), that recognize the vulnerability of trans people, giving them access to the cash transfer programme even when there are no children in the family.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Details of sourcing requirements are, however, in most cases kept confidential. At a broader scale, it can be observed that retailers are reacting to the proliferation of eco-labels for all types of products by developing their own ecological brands. This can reduce compliance costs and buyer confusion if buyers trust the brand to embody the desired product qualities. However, self-claims like “sustainably harvested” leave ample room for interpretation if not tied to a specific verifiable set of rules backing that claim. The companies also decide on the type of compliance verification (first, second or third party certification).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The following policy priorities were identified to improve the effectiveness of resource use in the Slovak school system. The schools have acquired relatively great autonomy: all of them now have an elected school board with relatively strong jurisdictions, they are protected from too strong a local control through the funding system (which limits the redistributing power of their founders), they take responsibility for human resource management, and they are also encouraged to adapt the national curriculum to their own specific educational context through school education programmes. At the same time the national Ministry maintains strong regulatory powers. The move towards extended local and institutional autonomy has been paralleled with the creation and strengthening of accountability frameworks. The emerging national system of standardised student achievement measurement and the State Schools Inspectorate are key elements of the latter. In addition, the Slovak Republic has an information system which allows the monitoring of many local and institutional level processes (such as student performance, funding and human resource management) and creates opportunities to assess the impact of national policies and development interventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The change for vocational school students minus the change for general, or mixed vocational-general, school students could be attributed mainly to the introduction of lower secondary schools. The point is: without the reform, 15-year-old students in vocational schools would not have had the opportunity to study in general programmes, however, students in other tracks had this opportunity despite the reform. Students from general tracks can serve as a control group, and the difference in a simulated score change for them and for the former vocational school students could be attributed to postponing vocational education by one year. This method compares outcome change in the group of interest (treatment group) with similar change in the control group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The interlinked and interdependent nature of human rights and the call to ‘leave no one behind’ require more holistic, integrated and people-centred approaches to water resource management and environmental policy-making, a challenge addressed through the concept of‘integrated water resources management’ (IWRM). When people are able to learn about and exercise their rights, and are empowered to participate in the decisions that affect them, they can help to ensure that those decisions respect their need for water security and a sustainable environment. It can also help identify legal obligations and standards to guide potential actions and responses to ensure that the human rights to water and sanitation are fulfilled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
At present, there are at least three major local clusters, all of which are located in special economic development zones in large cities in the north-eastern part of the country: Tianjin, Baoding and Shenyang. Each one houses a mix of domestic and foreign turbine manufacturers, component suppliers and technology services. Tianjin is also home to Winergy Drive Systems (owned by Siemens), a leading supplier of gear units and complete drive systems for wind turbines, located in Beichen Economic Development Area, which is adjacent to the Binhai Hi-Tech Area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The secretariat holds regular meetings alternately in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. The secretariat’s main tasks are described by regulations approved by the Commission covering, inter alia, preparation of the meetings of the Commission, administrative and organizational management, development of annual reports and some coordination functions. The secretariat coordinates the activities of working sub-groups set up by the Commission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authors. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights!®oecd.org. The paper outlines existing synergies between climate and development finance and proposes factors to improve coherence for sustainable development with a particular focus on the role of development co-operation providers in the post-2015 context The paper contributes to the discussion about how the international community can successfully deliver on the commitments to sustainable development and climate action made in 2015. An earlier version of the paper was drafted to foster the discussion on the role of development co-operation providers in relation to climate and sustainable development finance during the annual meeting of the ENVIRONET on 1-2 March, 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Within this process, agricultural extension and industiy expansion need to play a larger role in supporting modernisation and product development Harnessing new opportunities for creating non-farm employment will require improvements in the overall conditions for investment. A combination of institutional reform and investment in connective infrastructure are needed to create a business-friendly environment to foster rural entrepreneurship, and to attract foreign firms relocating from China. Furthermore, the government needs to continue its commitments to health, education and skills to ensure a healthy and capable rural woikfoice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This paper involves an attempt to provide a framework for developing a critical realist analysis. The aim is to provide a left social democratic criminology that involves the pursuit of evidence based policy. Realising this objective necessarily requires the linking of theory and practice as well as incorporating considerations of social class and human rights. The theoretical base involves moving beyond the hard version of social constructionism and developing an approach that links agency and structure in an attempt to develop causal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since its introduction in 2003, the PSAH has been adjusted several times to improve its cost-effectiveness: by targeting areas with high biodiversity benefits, areas with high risk of loss (to ensure additionality), and areas with low opportunity costs. Given that there were 1.8 million hectares enrolled in the programme, its conservation impact has been fairly low. This can be partly explained by the low weight given in the design of the programme to environmental criteria vis-a-vis social and administrative criteria (such as complementarities with other programmes) - environmental criteria represented 40% of the weight in 2006 and 29% in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Moreover, households with voluntary PHI are typically from the upper-middle or high-income strata. This reflects that premiums are based on ability-to-pay. Further, premiums have been steadily increasing over time and at a more rapid pace than inflation. Today, the average premium paid per insured is much higher than government health spending per capita and per non-insured.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While family policy can be used as a tool to enhance gender equality objectives, gender equality policy must be seen as an encompassing and multi-dimensional strategy that goes far beyond family issues and touches upon eveiy aspect of public life. As such, although some goals are fully pertinent for both women and men, such as equal share of unpaid work and family-friendly work policies, it would be important to ensure that the adopted policy maintains clearly defined goals related to women’s political and economic empowerment. Consider including gender-sensitive target indicators more widely across state and sectorial programs and strategic plans to facilitate the promotion of gender equality in all areas of life. Over time, consider developing an annual “whole-of-government” report on the implementation of the gender equality strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Bhorat and Lundall (2004) set out evidence of skill-biased technological change in South Africa, while a variety of studies (e g. Human Sciences Research Council, 2003, Clarke etal., Meanwhile, international tests indicate that South Africa has both a low average level and very high dispersion of educational attainment (OECD, 2008a, OECD, 2008b). Moreover, most students who enter the school system never make it to the matric, and most of those who pass do not go on to university.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The sample of countries is listed in Annex 3. It includes a representative set of countries from all continents, a number of landlocked countries, least developed countries (LDCs) and major emerging economies. The chief reason to expect a potentially disproportionate effect of some constraints in developing countries is the fact that constraints are likely to interact with each other, with some constraints increasing or inhibiting the effect of others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Convening a conference under the banner: Making Inclusion Happen, reminds us that the struggle for disabled people's rights to the minimum expectations of citizenship, access to education, work, housing, health care, civic connection remains urgent. Notwithstanding the hard fought for United Nations, human rights charters and national legislation around the world, declaring legal commitment to rid ourselves of discrimination on the grounds of disability, these landmark civil rights achievements will not in and of themselves rid us of exclusion. We can test this proposition simply by considering the caveats, conditions and exemptions in legislation such as Disability Discrimination Acts and international charters such as the recent United Nations Convention on the Rights of Disabled Persons and its Optional Protocol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since the system is, at a minimum, intended to support comparisons across countries and cultures, it will be important to identify domains that are common across locations, situations, and cultures. A cross-cultural analysis of existing, published research identified four domains of household food insecurity that are common across fifteen countries [41]: uncertainty and worry, inadequate quality, inadequate quantity, and social unacceptability. This study also found some additional commonality in subdomains, for instance, social unacceptability generally included unacceptability of means of acquiring food as well as eating foods that are socially unacceptable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For instance, the ITF's proposed benchmark makes it possible to combine information on the levels of access to services by different transport modes with data on income distribution of an urban population. This type of analysis sheds light on the link between income inequality and access to opportunities in urban areas. Similarly, this approach has potential for analysing links between transport accessibility and greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The WSR has been incorporated into the EEA Agreement, so it is followed also in Norway. The WSR specifies two procedures for transboundary shipments of waste: the notification procedure, wherein written consent from the competent authorities is required, and a lighter procedure, in which the shipments in question are accompanied by the so-called Annex VII document and the person arranging the shipment and the consignee have established a contract in accordance with Article 18 of the WSR. When green-listed waste is shipped between OECD and/or EU countries for recovery, the lighter procedure may be applied in most cases. The lightweight procedure is applicable also when waste listed in Annex III or IIIA is shipped for recovery to a non-OECD country that has made a reply to the Commission in respect of the WSR and has approved the lighter procedure for the waste type in question.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Over the coming decades, a changing climate, growing global population, increasing incomes, changes in food choices, rising food prices, and environmental stressors, such as increased water scarcity and land degradation, will have significant yet uncertain impacts on food security. There are different aspects having direct links to meeting food security at the global level, including globalization of markets. Growing per capita incomes in emerging economies such as Brazil, China, India and Russia imply additional pressure on global food production due to changing food habits. Increased food production has to come from the available and finite water and land resources that are declining in quality (Wani etal., For example, in India, the per capita water availability has declined from 5 177 m3 in 1951 to 1 820 m3 in 2001, with the population increasing from 361 million in 1951 to 1.02 billion in 2001. India’s population is expected to rise to 1.39 billion by 2025 and to 1.64 billion by 2050, with associated reductions in per capita water availability of 1 341 m3 by 2025 and 1 140 m3 by 2050.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Some models (e.g., MAGNET, ENV-Linkages) focus solely on agricultural land and allow the total supply of land to vary depending on returns to farming. Competition for land can take place at several levels - first among broad land cover types such as crops, pasture and forestry, followed by the competition for cropland among different crop sectors. Demand for land is typically derived from a production function, in which land enters as an independent input with a certain degree of substitutability with other input factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, since this particular category of AfT has traditionally accounted for no more than 3 per cent of total AfT disbursements to LDCs, it is rather surprising that the IPoA did not give due consideration to the other AfT categories, namely economic infrastructure and productive capacity building, that make up the bulk of AfT flows and that show the biggest impacts in practice. Perhaps an implicit reference is made to these areas of AfT in paragraph 62 when the IPoA states that development partners can support LDCs’ efforts to tackle supply-side capacity constraints, including through private sector development, with a view to boosting and diversifying LDC exports. On the whole, the case for AfT in building and enhancing the export competitiveness of LDCs is not made strongly enough, despite the controversy surrounding the initiative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Furthermore, as the data collection, analysis and diagnosis stages take into account ongoing plans, policies and programmes in the city, the resulting Actions for Resilience in Maputo will be more easily integrated into existing urban development strategies as opposed to an isolated resilience action plan that might not be joined with other initiatives in the city. This process will allow integration with the Ecosystem Based Adaptation Plan and the Metropolitan Transport Project, as well as relevant new policies, plans and agreements that are currently being developed at the municipal level. Commitment of a local government lead with a clear mandate and the necessary authorities is the first step to local-level DRR action. However, urban risk governance is a more complex than merely having the necessary legislation and institutions in place, it requires broad participation for effective implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In contrast to this overall lack of progress, it is worth noting that mean performance in science improved between 2006 and 2015 in Colombia, Israel, Macao (China), Portugal, Qatar and Romania. For some of these countries, this progress reflects a comparatively low starting point in the initial years. However, some countries and economies that scored at or above the average in 2006 also saw improvements over time, for example Macao (China).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is therefore best to see inequality indices as complementary to each other and analyze the findings together. While not so noticeable over short periods, a comparison with the early 2000s reveals a clear downtrend in inequality. This movement has been a hallmark of the development process in Latin America over the past 10 years. There was no worsening of distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The IDA was instrumental in establishing the International Disability Caucus, the network of global, regional and national organisations of persons with disabilities and allied NGOs, which became a key player in the negotiation of the UNCRPD. The IDA is now a major international player in support of the UNCRPD at international, national and regional levels. The IDA governing body is composed of the chairs of all its member organisations. It meets at least twice annually, usually in Geneva or New York. The IDA, with its unique composition as a network of the foremost international disability rights organisations, is the most authoritative representative voice of persons with disabilities and is acknowledged as such by the UN system both in New York and Geneva. The IDA is also committed to building the capacity of national DPOs with special attention to the global South, in order to support national efforts toward ratification, implementation and monitoring of the UNCRPD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Physical infrastructure must support the capacity of African countries to rehabilitate and develop rural and agricultural infrastructure through investments in: (a) marketing processing and storage facilities, (c) irrigation facilities, and (d) relevant modes of transportation. Investment in essential infrastructure and sen/ices for rural communities can provide considerable potential for rural job creation in farming, agro-processing and rural industry. Policies can also focus on identifying and promoting the use of simple technologies that can increase farm outputs and link farmers with agricultural research institutions and markets. For example, buyer-seller networks for agricultural produce can be organised through mobile phone networks, and such schemes have been introduced in some countries such as Bangladesh.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
People with disabilities are subjected to degrading procedures and confinement in institutions, often with high rates of abuse. They have highlighted the emotional and financial costs of caring and constructed a comprehensive policy agenda around greater recognition and material support for carers in terms of time, money and services.207 The rights and needs of care receivers, in contrast, have received relatively little attention in debates around care.208 The disability movement has forcefully exposed this bias. In fact, however, both constituencies share common histories, goals and interests. Both have struggled against oppression, inequality and discrimination. Both suffer from a lack of entitlements and social support systems that would protect them against impoverishment and exploitation.212 While each side has its specific concerns, there is a common agenda to be built around recognition and resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Young people moreover typically lack the financial cushion in the form of savings or benefit entitlements to cope with temporary spells of low income or unemployment. Periods out of employment or education can moreover have negative long-term consequences by giving rise to potentially ‘scarring’ effects, i.e. by permanently reducing a young person’s future employment and earnings potential. Since the beginning of the crisis, the share of highly-educated youth among NEETs has, however, risen in nearly all countries, sometimes substantially: over +7 percentage points in Greece, Mexico and the Slovak Republic, +6 percentage points in the Netherlands, Poland and the United Kingdom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, Ethiopia has much more to gain from international networking. The October 2012 workshop concluded that the OECD’s facilitation of this brief reflection was valuable, that similar OECD support to other countries would be welcomed, and that several such exercises would form a very good foundation for a network, forum or even alliance of several countries aiming for green growth in their own diverse ways. Drought Risk Reduction (DRR3) Project, Terminal Report submitted to ACORD Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. Biofuels - A Failure for Africa, A briefing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Moreover, in the Negev just 15% have more than 16 years of schooling compared to 21% in the rest of Israel. The Bedouins in the Negev have only 9 years of schooling on average. Delving deeper into the data reveals that not only the number of years of schooling are lower in the Negev, but the quality of the education is also lower.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Vice versa, top inequality is measured as 77 = yn/Y (for n>7). Income data refer to cash income - excluding imputed components such as home production and imputed rents. This includes earnings (broken down into those of the household head, of the spouse and of other household members), self-employment income, capital income (rents, dividends and interest). The figures for public transfers and household taxes are also included, which allow to distinguish “market” and “disposable” income (measured after taxes and transfers).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Ghana issued a debut Eurobond in late 2007 and was considering further market placements in late 2008. These were cancelled when Ghana’s market access was effectively closed as a result of the global crisis. With regard to privatization proceeds, the country experienced inward capital investments associated with divestitures in both 2007 and 2008. Given the increased risk aversion after the global financial crisis, further such revenues are not in near-term prospects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)