albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In this way, a more exact picture of the developments is formed and the search for explanations is more focused. A past decrease in crashes is no guarantee that crashes will decrease in the future. Only if there is a better understanding of the reasons for the decrease will it be possible to formulate expectations about future developments. There are indicators for (unsafe) traffic behaviour (e.g. speeding, driving while intoxicated), the safety quality of vehicles (e.g. NCAP stars), the safety of roads (e.g. International Road Assessment Program [IRAP] stars) and the quality of the trauma system (e.g. arrival times of ambulances). Analysts can consider to what extent the execution of policies has influenced the SPIs and to what extent a change in SPI has led to a change in the number of casualties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Imagine the interruption of the activity of a steel producer due to a blackout. If blackouts happened regularly, the steel producer will have a backup system whose cost is passed on through the price mechanism. If no other issues were involved, this would be the solution. In other words, the security of supply risk would be “internalised” and there would be no need for policy action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is perhaps difficult to believe it now, but around the time that New Political Economy came into being in the early 1990s, Christopher Layne (1993) wrote a paper for International Security entit...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This was the first international instrument to specifically address this issue. It recognizes that violence against women constitutes a violation of the rights and fundamental freedoms of women and a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women. The Declaration calls on States to condemn violence against women and work towards its eradication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Well-defined, ambitious objectives were established and efforts made to provide the means to achieve them. Ireland’s regulatory framework was upgraded and brought into closer conformity with EU requirements. The 2003 Protection of the Environment Act strengthened regulation of activities most harmful to the environment and extended the scope of licensing to meet EU requirements for integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Some funds may be directed to the national Treasury and allocated through the national budget, while others might be directed to other actors. For example, in 2011, a third of international climate finance flows to Indonesia were disbursed by the national government, another third by state-owned enterprises, and the final third via private, non-governmental, sub-national governments or other actors (CPI and Ministry of Finance, 2014). Financial flows received outside the national government, for example to NGOs, are often not systematically tracked.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Thus the absolute C02 abatement cost of RES was around EUR 74/t C02 in 2009, more than six times the carbon price in the EU ETS. The EEG surcharge accounted for 9.6% of the electricity price in 2010. By increasing electricity prices feed-in tariffs encourage energy savings and thus emission abatement in Germany.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The case studies cover a wide spectrum of commodities-from oil in Nigeria to sorghum in Mali. They also analyse different impacts: from Zambia’s dependence on copper exports to the strong linkages between unskilled wages and the price of rice in Bangladesh. The analysis demonstrates how different commodities have affected national economiesthrough multiple avenues, and the policy responses that have aimed at strengthening resilience to global commodity price shocks, while at the same time leveraging commodity sectors' contribution to development, poverty reduction and food security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At the other end of the scale, four Nordic countries and Switzerland all have comparatively low labour income inequality because wage dispersion is narrow and employment rates are high. Cash transfers tend to be universal and are thus less redistributive. Income inequality for this group is considerably below the OECD average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
With the same overall budget, which we assume to be financed by foreign aid and to be equal to 1 per cent of GDP, food subsidies have on average smaller effects, as they do not specifically target the poor or children. Broadly, the latter policy has a significant impact in Burkina Faso (only in terms of reducing the monetary poverty effect, by 2 percentage points) and, to a larger extent, in Ghana where it reduces child monetary poverty by up to more 2 points and hunger rates by more than 1 point. This policy is also very effective in reducing hunger among children in Burkina Faso and, particularly, Cameroon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In early 2009 South Africa announced a feed-in tariff for grid-connected renewable energy. Rural electrification does not generate local jobs - except those jobs created for the implementation of the electrification schemes. This was confirmed by the Socio-Economic Surveys undertaken by the DoE. Rural economic development needs more than just household electrification. Constraints on the availability of energy and its affordability affect economic development, especially in rural areas. Modern energy services promote economic development by enhancing the productivity of labour and capital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, those costs are mainly borne by the nuclear power plant developer and only impose limited additional costs on the electricity system as a whole. Section 2.3 will then analyse the special conditions that nuclear power plants impose on the electrical system at the level of the transmission. These include the higher requirements concerning grid stability and security, the specific requirements on grid layout due to the large size of a nuclear unit, as well as the interaction between the overall generation system and nuclear plants due to the latter’s operational characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A safety net programme cannot operate in isolation and it is important to look at the complex graduation processes involved. For example, another study into the PSNP (IFPRI 2008) found that households with access to both the PSNP and packages of agricultural support were more likely to be food-secure, to borrow for productive purposes, use improved agricultural technologies, and invest in their own non-farm business activities. Gilligan et al, (2008), The Impact of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme and its Linkages, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, Harvey, P. (2007), Cash Based Responses in Emergencies, Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This is clearly important when resources are scare but it is also worth looking at how training can service employers operating at the “lower end” of the labour market. This means providing greater opportunities for modular and part-time training, which balances competing demands on individuals for work and family. Modular training involves self-contained units that can be stacked against each other to complete a qualification. Part-time training involves mixing the use of evening training as well as the block release of apprenticeships for the off-the-job training portion of their framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The law and economics of space policy has recently become an important research area. In this paper I contribute to the literature on legal frameworks for outer space activities, and specifically space settlement. Article II of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty forbids the extension of state territorial jurisdiction to outer space. Barring revision of this fundamental tenet of international space law, rules for human conduct in space must come from somewhere other than states. I propose privately owned and operated communities (proprietary communities) as a model for space settlement and residence. I survey the mechanisms that make such communities likely to supply good governance. I also explore a model lease for such proprietary communities: the ORBIS lease, drawn up by famed scholar of proprietary communities Spencer MacCallum. I conclude by discussing why the voluntarist model would be expected to outperform other models, as well as implications for state policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, household composition may be endogenous to the receipt of a social grant as argued by Ardington et al (2009). The authors use panel data for the KwaZulu-Natal region and find that the negative impact on labour supply disappears when the impact on non-resident household members is taken into account. The analysis is novel because of the data used, the long period examined and in particular the population group that is analysed.48 The impact of the OAP on labour market outcomes of young and prime-age adults is identified by comparing black adults (20-45 years old) in households with eldest members just above the age-eligibility threshold for receiving the OAP with those in households with eldest members just below the age threshold and hence not likely to be receiving the OAP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Moreover, women suppliers have a unique understanding of the women’s market and experience selling to other women, which can benefit corporations in the near term. Building and maintaining a community of diverse suppliers increases IBM’s opportunity to hear new ideas, apply different approaches,and gain access to additional solutions that respond to customer needs. Such collaboration helps IBM deliver innovation, quality products, and world-class service to a growing global marketplace. This is particularly true in the women’s market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To date, the Clean Development Mechanism has overwhelmingly benefited the EMEs, and particularly China, rather than LDCs. This is partly because, given their rapid industrialisation, the EMEs have many more opportunities for mitigation, and partly because they are better placed to meet the governance standards for mitigation to be verified and certified. The sector most adversely affected by climate change is agriculture. Hence, one aspect of adaptation is to reduce the exposure of agriculture to climate change: the other is to reduce the exposure of LDC economies to agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Brazil went from being the lowest performing country in 2000 to being one of the 3 fastest improving countries over the past decade, although in comparison to other countries levels continue to be low. This is despite the fact that more students from less privileged backgrounds have been included in the education system and the aptitude tests. Slightly over 20% of the poor household whose household head had less than primary education exited poverty between 2003 and 2011, compared to 50% of households whose head had completed primary education (Fruttero et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It is important for the organization to reflect on how to leverage its added value to enable interventions that promote deeper structural changes. The Bangladesh ADR noted that UNDP can play a much more strategic role in advocacy for this deeper structural change, even in challenging contexts. One reason for this is the lack of a uniform results framework at the corporate level (such as the GRES or Gender@Work framework) to provide guidance on how to capture such results. Another challenge is lack of a common understanding of what constitutes gender-transformative or gender-responsive results. Annual results-based management reporting has encouraged provision of system-wide data focused on numbers of men and women in projects and programmes. Yet numbers simply reconfirm a gender-targeting approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Al, E-waste Recycling in Latin America: Overview, Challenges and Potential, at p. 2. Available at www.eJectronjcs_takebaj:k,corrij/wp-cpnXen_t/upJpad_s/Facts_and_Fgu/es (Accessed on July 29,2011). This date is generally viewed as an internationally mandated analogue switch-off date, at least along national borders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The other national markets are too small to develop a national rating scale. The credibility of rating agencies has been negatively affected by the financial crisis, however, as many criticised those agencies for not having adequately appraised the risks of sophisticated securities, such as mortgage-backed securities, and thereby contributing to the financial bubble. The most credit-worthy providers would tap into loans from government (Municipal Development Fund Office or the Development Bank of the Philippines) and private financial institutions with their resources derived from cost-recovering tariffs. The less credit-worthy providers would rely on concessional debt and grants from the government and financing from NGOs. In some countries, the report noted that “these ratings compare favourably to the ratings accorded by GCR to various large entities operating across other key sectors (within the same countries as those of the participating water utilities)”. However, the assessment noted that these ratings were lower than what would be expected given their quasi-monopoly situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
But reported cases of lowering water tables, ecosystem damages, saline intrusion, stream depletion, and land subsidence observed in some of the most important OECD agricultural regions provide evidence of highly damaging external effects that call for policy responses. Lack of information on groundwater resources is bound to lead to an inability to identify and adequately treat groundwater problems. Information collection is costly and needs to respond to a demand, but insufficient investment in groundwater information and data will prevent effective management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Exceptions involve countries where both domestic and foreign private investors are totally or partially excluded from electricity generation - including from renewable energy sources. This applies for both domestic and foreign investment. In addition to the mainstream restrictions on freedom of entry and establishment highlighted by the OECD FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index and the World Bank Investing Across Borders (IAB) Report, governments may put in place other discriminations regarding access to the full range of support policies that promote clean energy investment (see Chapter 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The seminal contribution by Arrow (1963) underlined how the pervasive market failures in health care markets lead unfettered competitive forces to lower rather than raise welfare. Nonetheless, several OECD countries have recently strengthened competition by introducing regulated choice mostly among providers and to a lesser extent among insurers. These reforms are based on the presumption that competition coupled with a good regulatory setting will improve health care service quality while limiting the adverse effects of unfettered market forces, most notably cream skimming, selective coverage, and unequal access to services. Recent evidence, mostly covering the United Kingdom and the United States, shows that competition among hospitals, if accompanied by strong and effective regulation, can lower expenditure and/or enhances quality of care (Gaynor etal., An early evaluation of the reforms initiated in Sweden in 2007 with the goal of increasing choice of primary care doctors indicate that they have improved access to health care (Anel et al., For a panel of OECD countries, de la Maisonneuve et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Focuses on the application of call center technology in the effective administration of the rule of law in the Canadian justice system. Evaluation of the criticisms of notable Canadian legal expert John Willis on the McRuer Commission Report regarding the central issues of administrative law, Assessment on the issues and problems affecting the governance, public administration, and administrative law, Significance of the logic and notions of the call center as an allegory to governance and accountability in the modern state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Logistics Performance Index and its indicators. Thirty-one Commonwealth members are ranked constantly in both the 2014 and 2016 LPI scores. Cyprus retained the same overall score for both reporting periods. Speeding up trade: benefits and chaBenges of Implementing the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This person runs the school development process locally, both when it comes to content and organisation. Resource persons can be administrators, school leaders, teachers, university employees or from other agencies. The school owner can hire the resource person at a higher percentage of a full-time equivalent, and for municipalities the resource person(s) can also serve more than one municipality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Despite the high diversity' of ecosystems, much of the country is virtually lifeless due to the extreme climatic and environmental conditions. Most of the country has had little or no human intervention on natural ecosystems, and only 7 per cent of the country’s territory is composed of man-made ecosystems. Natural ecosystems include various forest types (e.g. coniferous and broad-leafed), a w ide range of grassland communities (meadows and steppes), deserts, water bodies (lakes and rivers) and wetlands (swamps and lakeshores).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Measures that enhance the predictability and the speed of movement of goods are critical factors that shape the sourcing decisions of companies. The impact is strongest when the value-added originates in medium-low tech industries, such as mining and quarrying or basic metals sectors, or in high and medium-high tech industries, such as transport equipment, chemicals and electrical and optical equipment, and is destined to high and medium-high tech industries. The authors are also grateful to the national experts of covered countries for fact-checking the data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This paper examines why despite increasing corruption since the 1980s, China’s development has  advanced so rapidly. The author argues that a strong developmental state, the prevalence of “developmental  corruption” over “predatory corruption” and a temporary and relative acceptance of leading  local cadres’ corrupt practices by the Chinese leadership contributed to a high level of economic  development.   The development model of purely quantitative growth has meanwhile been replaced by one in favor  of more sustainable development. However, social groups benefitting from corrupt practices or having  invested heavily in social relationships are opposing such a step. Therefore, the central political  leadership resorts to a combination of fighting at the same time both political corruption and political  opposition of individuals and organizations against its new development policies and anti-corruption  drive. Thus, combating corruption is also a mechanism to enforce the new reform and development  program.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The PES has also introduced several types of job-search or action plans, with targets for the number of plans to be implemented, including the Employment Realization Plan for those in receipt of benefits for involuntary unemployment, the Comprehensive Support Plan targeted at middle-aged and older workers and the Challenge Plan for young jobseekers. However, participation in these measures is usually voluntary, even for participants with El entitlement, and rates of participation in these plans, relative to the size of their potential target groups, are low. Even motivated and “job-ready” jobseekers tend to benefit from meeting a counsellor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This effect also helped to lower poverty levels in a majority of the region’s countries (with the exceptions being the Dominican Republic, Honduras and Panama). It was the main factor underlying the reduction in poverty observed in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador and Uruguay. Indigents live in households where there are more children, are less educated and have a higher unemployment rate than persons living in wealthier households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Indeed, as women’s representation in politics increases, so too does the risk of becoming victims of violence, as women’s presence challenges the (male-dominated) status quo of power in politics. In 2013, Mexico registered 18.9 intentional homicides per 100 000 people (World Bank DataBank, 2016). European OECD countries such as Germany, Italy and Spain each registered less than one intentional homicide per 100 000 people in their most recent year of data collection (ibid.). Mexico also has more homicides than Canada (1.4 homicides per 100 000 people) and the United States (3.8), as well as Latin American countries such as Peru (6.7 homicides per 100 000 people), Chile (3.1), and Costa Rica (8.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Public diplomacy, or foreign policy rhetoric, is an increasingly important dimension of international relations. As modern media extend their global reach, they bring national foreign policy actions out of the diplomatic closet into full public view. Public relations experts market foreign policy as they do other products and services. Foreign policy marketing uses rhetoric strategically to legitimize national actions, mobilize support from allies, and counter the propaganda efforts of opponents. McEvoy-Levy's work contributes to the growing literature of such modern international communication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
India’s National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) links a national level social security programme with local governments to successfully scale up employment-intensive infrastructure creation and maintenance as a mechanism for social protection and employment generation (See also Section 3.4 of this report). Since 2005, NEGRA’s has benefited forty-five million households who have contributed in excess of 2 billion days of labour (World Bank, 2010). National poverty alleviation programmes such as these have held a dual-purpose in labour intensive approaches for both temporary crisis relief and long-term poverty reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The "five creative habits of mind" rubric was used as an observation tool for the classroom dynamics, while the OECD rubric was used to prepare, review and identify possible gaps in pedagogical activities. The team in Thailand did more or less the same. In the first year of implementation, teachers were only exposed to the "five habits of mind" rubric during the professional development, but then used both in the field, in the second year, they used both rubrics during the professional development and in the field.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In order to increase domestic consumption, information campaigns were carried out. The fleet has been reduced over time to become more profitable. It also had the responsibility for the implementation of the rules of the Common Fisheries Policy and of national measures for the conservation and management of fish stocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)