albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Procedures for recruitment, obtaining consent and assent, and protecting child privacy would need to be developed, vetted, and established. Depending on the laws in each country, a procedure would be needed to establish responsibility for reporting and disclosure of child maltreatment, how to respond, and who should respond. Other research in countries should be done to determine any differences by gender, what is the appropriate recall period, how do children understand time in relation to events, and what prompts can help children situate experiences accurately within time. Another issue is what gradations in frequency will children report most accurately (e.g., never, once or twice, many vs. never, sometimes, often) and how to grade severity of experiences, if warranted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
By adopting such IT systems, involved parties can profit from certainty of which contract version is valid, and can review the conditions at any given time. In the following, a blockchain-based multi-party contract management system is introduced, which spans the whole contracting lifecycle. As illustrated in Figure 8, all relevant parties, including the client, prime contractor and all sub-contractors align and agree on the latest conditions to be determined in the contract. The main challenge here is to balance the need for proof, which involves transparency and the need for data privacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
On average, developing countries in Asia and the Pacific collect 3.6 per cent of GDP from CIT, which is more than the OECD average of 2.9 per cent of GDP. However, average PIT collection in the region is merely 2 per cent of GDP, compared with 8.8 per cent in OECD countries. However, in an increasingly integrated world where capital has greater mobility, there is growing pressure on the tax due to tax competition113 and the risk that CIT burden could be shifted to labour (Harberger, 2006). The United States 2017 tax reform is a latest initiative in this direction. However, past experience also shows that PIT only performs if it is well-designed and well-administered and has sufficient coverage (Bird and Zolt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The results are unclear for urban traffic. Discouraging the ownership of motorbikes may lead to a reduction in the number of vehicles, but could also worsen traffic congestion if more cars are used as a result rather than alternative modes of transportation (Phang, 2014). This issue may be particularly relevant in low- and middle-income economies, where motorbikes and scooters are popular modes of transportation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They consist of a solidarity benefit paid for by society as a whole, as they are usually funded from general, consumer or income taxes (ECLAC 2010a, p. 108, Uthoff, 2006, p. 29). Furthermore, they are pay-as-you go (PAYG) pensions, that is to say, they are funded from taxes on the current generation of people. Countries with social pensions include Argentina, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Panama, Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay (Barrientos and Hinojosa-Valencia, 2009, Bertranou, Solorio and van Ginneken, 2002, ECLAC, 2010a, p. 165). Social pensions can be either universal (as with the Plurinational State of Bolivia's Dignity Income) or targeted in line with criteria such as income or specific categories (for example, pensions for war veterans or victims of human rights violations, as in Argentina and Chile).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This may be related to low payment rates and/ or the Zakat system covering only a part of the poor population. In Azerbaijan, targeted social assistance was introduced in 2006 which the number of families receiving assistance tripling over the 2007-14 period to almost 145 000, but with the slump in oil prices and oil revenue the number of families receiving support fell to just below 100 000. In China, the number of social assistance recipients in 2015 amount to about 67 million (18 million in urban areas and 49 million in rural areas), and payment schedules seem to affect financial incentives to work for recipients, as in so many OECD countries (OECD, 2017, forthcoming).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Wastewater treatment plants are required, by regulation, to discharge 0 kg of phosphorus (P) for new or expanded wastewater treatment plants. The amount of phosphorus removed is calculated using mathematical formulae, and dischargers must remove 4 kg of phosphorus for every 1 kg discharged into watercourses. The use of a trading programme improves water quality compared with traditional wastewater treatment since other pollutants are removed by the nonpoint pollution control methods, and not just phosphorus.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Finland had to fight long and hard against the Soviet Union to preserve that independence through the Second World War. For a nation with a population of less than four million, the cost of the war was devastating: 90 000 dead, 60 000 permanently injured and 50 000 children orphaned (Sahlberg, 2011). Additionally, as part of the 1944 peace treaty with the Soviet Union, Finland was forced to cede 12% of its land, requiring the relocation of 450 000 Finnish citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Unemployment rate of youth (15-24) divided by unemployment rate of prime-age adults (25-54). Youth unemployment as a ratio to adult unemployment has also risen much faster in New Zealand since around the turn of the millennium than in Australia and in the OECD on average (Figure 2.1, Panel B). Employment rates of youth, conversely, are high compared to the OECD average, though lower than in Australia (Figure 2.1, Panel A).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Average gas-fired generation efficiencies in the region improved from 37% in 1990 to 49% in 2014, the highest globally. Electricity transmission and distribution losses declined from 8.2% in 1990 to 7.2% in 2014 (8.9% globally), the least among all world regions, while natural gas transmission and distribution losses fell from 1.2% to 0.6%. The reasons for this outcome include strong support mechanisms. In addition, the increased application of more flexible market-based support mechanisms such as auctions, the overall decrease of installation costs, and increased awareness of the feasibility of renewable energy projects across most of the region all contributed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, the effect of GDP at origin is two thirds of that found when multilateral resistance to migration is not accounted. Thus the basic gravity framework is augmented by adding gender inequality in social institutions using the SIGI. Having access to education in the country of origin enhances the likelihood of migration (Gonzalez-Ferrer et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Working to narrow institutional mandates no longer makes sense. ' Climate resilience' can be compromised where geopolitical risks are not taken into account in insecure and fragile states. Similarly, disaster preparedness is of little use if it is not directly connected to other initiatives covering a range of shocks. Further, resilience in one sector e.g. food and nutrition security, can be undermined by a lack of similar investment in other sectors, such as clean water. Donors can play a leading role in setting the record straight on this, by breaking down barriers between existing programming silos, in turn leading to a more helpful and harmonised engagement in resilience from those actors dependent on donor resources (i.e. realising the expectations of the resilience agenda).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
To meet these risks, the Nordic Assessment should find a focus and a manner of communicating results that are easy to access and of Nordic importance, such as interests related to: common resource use, similar governance structures, and shared cultural and behavioural aspects. The Nordic Assessment could also form a citizen panel or user group to validate results, which contribute to transparency, and effective use of the material. The true and actual costs of the assessment, as presented in the project plan, go substantially beyond the presented budget, which is only based on possible funds from the Nordic Council of Ministers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
According to UN trade data (UN Comtrade Database, 2018), Kazakhstan's total export grew 1.7 times and total import grew 1.8 times, while trade with China grew 2 times for export and more than 4 times for import. For Kyrgyzstan the corresponding numbers are nearly 4 times for total import and 2 times for total export, while the import from China grew 10 times. In Mongolia the total import increased 3 times and the total export 4 times, and with only China 5 and 8 times, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
People are often simply unable to find a job in the formal part of the economy due, for example, to a shortage of employment opportunities, or a low level of formal education. Such workers have generally no other choice than to seek a job within the informal economy since they cannot afford to be unemployed. High taxes, bureaucratic procedures and corruption can make formal employment complicated and expensive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The 28 December 2006 execution of Qiu Xinghua after his trial for killing eleven persons and injuring two highlights the need for insanity law reform in China. This editorial chronicles matters suggestive of Qiu Xinghua having suffered symptomatology of a serious psychiatric illness around the time of his commission of the homicides. Although as of 1 January 2007, China has put in place review processes in relation to capital convictions as a result of pressures from human rights campaigns, there is an urgent need for lawyers and mental health experts internationally to lobby China to reform its criminal law in relation to the responsibility of persons with serious mental illnesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The economic crisis has halted a iong-term gradual decline in both inequality and poverty and the number of poor households is rising, with children and youths being particularly affected. Unemployment is one of the principal reasons why household incomes declined. The tax and benefit system alleviates both inequality and poverty significantly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Pursuant to Council resolution 12/19, the Independent Expert on the question of human rights and extreme poverty presented a report containing her recommendations for improving the draft guidelines. She added that "[t]hese measures should include enhancing the capacity of individuals, community-based organizations, social movements and other non-governmental organizations that give visibility to those in extreme poverty" and emphasized the role of institutional arrangements and mechanisms for effective popular participation (A/HRC/15/41, para. In this respect, incorporating the entitlement to participation in domestic legal orders becomes crucial in order to create a firm legal basis for people to assess their participation in all stages of development, to address the culpability for development harms36 and to seek compensation for lost entitlements, including social exclusion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Thus, the KazAgro system not just transfers budgetary funds to end beneficiaries, but also generates additional resources for the implementation of agricultural programmes. As a result, there is a substantial difference between the annual financing from the republican budget into the KazAgro system and the outward flow from this system to the final recipients of support. These flows underlie a number of nation-wide investment programmes financing cross-sectoral and territorial development activities, such as Business Roadmap 2020 and Development 0/Regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The financial services and insurance sector is also potentially at risk as a result of increased pay-outs for damage to insured assets and changes in the performance of investments. It found that increases in mean temperature would lead to decreasing snow reliability. The most sensitive country is Germany, with Austria the second most sensitive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Abstract The news media is an essential player in the policy making process. Social work students learning how to scrutinize, and influence, the complex world of social policy can benefit from an educational model that incorporates the media. This article first examines the theoretical framework for understanding the media's role in public policy formation. This framework is then used to construct a classroom exercise for analyzing the public discourse using basic content analysis of media texts. A case example drawn from a study of welfare reform and the media is described. By exploring how social problems are translated into public conversations, students can enrich their knowledge of social problem formation, and learn more effective rhetorical techniques and strategies for influencing the public debate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This levy is earmarked for employment measures for people with disabilities. Finally, financing of social assistance is mixed, with municipalities financing themselves 25% of the cost of benefits while the remaining 75% come from central government. There is, however, little use of social assistance budgets for labour market policy or “activation” purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As the selected ICC case law here previously discussed illustrates, there is a continuing failure to acknowledge and prosecute the recruitment of children (persons under age 18) and/or their use for active participation in hostilities by armed groups or forces (State or non-State) that perpetrate mass atrocities and/or genocide as the ‘genocidal forcible transfer of children’. Rather, such recruitment and/or use when involving under 15s is classified exclusively in terms of war crimes for the first time under international criminal treaty law (the Rome Statute). The latter war crimes are regarded by some as a novel category of international crime though, as previously discussed here, this category of war crimes was already reflected in customary international law. For instance, Schabas states “…the Rome Statute does recognize some new crimes that were probably not covered by the earlier instruments, such as the recruitment of child soldiers …”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Phishing Activity Trends Report, 4th Quarter 2016. Three other LDCs situated nearby (Eritrea, Somalia and Yemen) have so far not been able to exploit the close proximity of undersea submarine cable networks, as has Djibouti, but could try to enter into negotiations. The benefits would include saving on the cost of international circuits outside East Africa, improving quality from lower latency and packet loss, regional data sovereignty, and better cyber security coordination. The initiative calls for each IXP to initially connect by fiber to at least two other IXPs and eventually all to create a mesh network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Mexico, as the country with the second-largest female-male gap in NEET rates, has also one of the highest rates of single parenthood among NEETs (unfortunately, no data on family status are available for Turkey). However, a comparable relation cannot be drawn for Chile, where the gender gap in NEET rates is high even though rates of single parenthood among NEETs are relatively low. Similarly, Iceland, as the country with one of the highest share of single parents among NEETs, even displays slightly lower NEET rates for women than for men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Alcohol abuse is a cause of presenteeism. The after-effects of heavy drinking include inability to concentrate at work, deterioration in job performance and relationships with colleagues, higher safety risks and reduced overall output. These in turn can lead to disputes, grievances, loss of working time and reduced productivity (ILO, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, global economic uncertainties persist following what is sometimes referred to as the Great Recession43 Low growth and higher unemployment is profoundly affecting many economies (e.g. USA, UK and Southern Europe). The Great Recession is likely to alter the way in which academics and policy makers think about how best to deliver economic growth in the years ahead. This has led leading economists and experts to explore to what extent economic growth alone should be seen as the ultimate goal, and whether other measures of success, such as happiness and environmental sustainability, should be incorporated as part of a wider more sophisticated measure of economic and social progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As the IASB’s due process sustains, the national standard-setters play a key role in the development of IFRS. There is still much to learn, however, about their lobbying practices, which arguments they use and when they do it. This chapter focuses on the accounting of share-based payments that were under-regulated before IFRS 2. To analyze lobbying behavior of this relevant group of stakeholders, we conduct a content analysis of the 27 comment letters addressing the documents issued by the G4+1 and the IASB that preceded IFRS 2. Consistent with institutional theory, our analysis of lobbying activity by national standard-setters shows that participation increased at the end of the process, and they supported the IASB’s final proposals although they were not as much supportive at the beginning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At the same time, dropping out or repeating a grade can lead to premature withdrawal from school and lower employability of school leavers, causing a loss for educational systems in terms of social and financial resources, such as students’ learning, school buildings’ usage and teachers' work time (UNESCO International Bureau of Education, 1970(3]). Grade repetition, the practice of retaining students in the same grade, is used to give struggling students more time to master grade-appropriate content before moving on to the next grade (and prevent them from dropping out). Even if research finds that grade repetition can be ineffective in enhancing the achievement of low performers in the short run (OECD, 2016(4]), early retention may lead to better outcomes than late retention and retained students may catch up after several years (Fruehwirth, Navarro and Takahashi, 2016(si).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Introduction: Manipulating Democracy: A Reappraisal (Wayne Le Cheminant and John M. Parrish) Part One: Democratic Theory 1. Manipulation and Democratic Theory (James Fishkin) 2. Manipulation: As Old As Democracy Itself (and Sometimes Dangerous) (Terence Ball) 3. When Rhetoric Turns Manipulative: Disentangling Persuasion and Manipulation (Nathaniel Klemp) Part Two: Political Psychology 4. Changing Brains: Lessons from the Living Wage Campaign (George Lakoff) 5. Emotional Manipulation of Political Identity (Rose McDermott) 6. Mimesis, Persuasion, and Manipulation in Plato's Republic (Christina Tarnopolsky) Part Three: Mass Media 7. "News You Can't Use": Politics and Democracy in the New Media Environment (Richard Fox and Amy Gangl) 8. The Betrayal of Democracy: The Purpose of Public Opinion Survey Research and Its Misuse by Presidents (Lawrence Jacobs) 9. The Political Economy of Mass Media: Implications for Informed Citizenship (Shanto Iyengar and Kyu Hahn) 10. Exploiting the Clueless: Heresthetic, Overload, and Rational Ignorance (Andrew Sabl)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In other words, while specialized and self-contained arrangements for disaster risk governance may be appropriate for emergency and disaster management, other aspects of disaster risk management are heavily dependent on the overall quality of governance to achieve its objectives (UNDP, 2014a, Lavell and Maskrey, 2014). Today’s governance failures may ripple through time and affect future generations, this is the case with the 2008 financial crisis, which resulted from decades of failure to effectively govern increasingly interdependent financial markets and mechanisms (Turnbull and Pirson, 2011). Capacities for disaster risk management cannot be strengthened autonomously without reference to broader governance constraints such as low levels of voice and accountability, underresourced local governments, dysfunctional judicial systems, social conflict and economic crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A recent study commissioned by the UK government estimated that ineffective management was costing UK businesses over GBP 19 billion per year, while in 2012 nearly three-quarters of organisations in England reported a deficit of management and leadership skills. Box 5.1 gives two examples of management training. These schools have many features in common with the professional examinations in other countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Its effect on the quality of Lw is related to the values transmitted through education within households and to the health care carried out there. Domestic labour also influences the number of hours of wage labour available, as it releases this from care responsibilities. Reproduction is caught between a given wage and people’s needs and wants. “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This study addresses a key knowledge-gap by exploring the role of electoral politics in shaping public policy on the arts. Analysis of the prioritisation and use of language in party manifestos in state-wide and regional elections in the UK reveals that over recent decades there has been a sharp increase in the attention parties give to arts policy as they compete for the political centre-ground. It also shows how the framing of arts policy has broadened from an initial concern with social policy objectives to emphasise economic benefits and boosting international standing. However, parties have generally failed to advance comprehensive arts strategies raising accountability issues in relation to future government policy. Against the backdrop of a global trend of state restructuring, the analysis reveals how devolution is leading to the territorialisation of policy – as framing is contingent on ‘regional’ party politics, including nation-building by civic nationalist parties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, attending hospitals and clinics are provided with KRW 1 000 per registration for persons aged 65 and over and KRW 5 000 per registration for persons aged under 65. Funding for the scheme is split between National Government (50%), Provincial Government (15%), and the Gwang Myeong Municipality (35%). The programme has been running since 2009 and will be expanding to three other Korean cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, continued growth in industrial production means that, even with this help, discharges and emissions will increase the inputs of heavy metals and other hazardous substances into the ocean. The only way to avoid this result is for innovations in cleaner production methods and means of reducing discharges and emissions to keep pace with the growth in production. This is particularly the case in areas of rapid industrial growth. International legal frameworks have emerged for addressing some of the problems caused by heavy metals and hazardous substances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
If this is not provided, the state is supposed to pay an unemployment allowance (of half the wage rate) to the beneficiary. At least a third of the beneficiaries of the scheme must be women. In practice, women have accounted for around half of total beneficiaries. Facilities - such as creches for children, drinking water and shade for rest - are supposed to be provided. The cost of projects, excluding wages for beneficiaries, cannot be more than 40 percent of total costs. Contractors and use of labour-displacing machinery are prohibited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)