albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Also, the data for onshore and offshore wind technologies are not available for Finland and the Republic of Korea, values for wind onshore were replaced by the OECD median case and values for the wind offshore by those of Germany. For coherence with the analysis presented in Section 4.3, the load factors of wind onshore power plants in France have been obtained from the most recent data published by the French grid operator (RTE, 2011). For dispatchable power plants, data in Parsons (2011) have thus been used, taking an n* of the kind plant and median case assumptions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Across the OECD, countries spend 0.02% to 0.4% of GDP on PES and administration and another 0.1% to 1.7% of GDP on other ALMPs. Ideally, evaluations cover various aspects of the implementation of new policies and programmes and help to understand what effects the policies and programmes had, for whom and why. Performance management and programme evaluations allow the continuous improvement of policies and programmes, or the termination of unsuccessful ones, demonstrate accountability and justify government expenditure on PES and ALMPs. This also requires a strategic view, giving due weight to qualitative outcomes and broader and longer-term considerations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This hollowing out of middle-income occupations may be due to automation (i.e. related to technological advances). The greater use of computers in the workplace may have wiped out the jobs of moderately skilled workers and pushed them into lower-paying jobs in services that computers cannot perform (Autor and Dorn, 2012). However, it may also be related to the offshoring of manufacturing activities and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For example, in the area of biomass energy there are significant interactions between the energy, agriculture, and forestry sectors: decreased reliance of conventional biomass fuels can reduce pressure on forest resources, increased reliance on liquid biofuels can increase pressure on agricultural resources with implications for agricultural land use, rural livelihoods, and food security. Development efforts in many of the poorest countries will fail, even if they are supported with substantially increased funding, if the development of sustainable capacity is not given greater and more careful attention” (OECD, 2006). Capacity development is the process whereby people, organisations, and society as a whole unleash, strengthen, create, adapt, and maintain capacity over time (OECD, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Africa's SEZs are underperforming, however, against those in Asia and Latin America. While they have made major improvements in infrastructure, supply chain access and human capital compared with the surrounding environment, these improvements are often not at the level needed to out-compete other countries for investment (Farole, 2011). Farole’s review of SEZs in Africa has many findings, in particular that “Location and market size matter. Zones with proximate access to large consumer markets, suppliers and labor tend to be more successful” (2011, p. 4). This highlights the importance of components of agglomeration economies and spatial considerations for industrial success.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Thus while the primacy of Lagos grew in relation to the secondary city, it did not rise as much as in Togo with respect to the domestic urban network. Instead, there was a discernible increase in the population within existing urban centres. Nigeria is more illustrative of a multipolar situation. These examples shed light on the different stages of urbanisation in the region. The growth rate peaked in 1981 (2%) before starting to decline. There was a short acceleration in growth at the beginning of the 2000s (the annual average growth rates for the 1990s and 2000s are similar).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Keep the number of proposed new indicators realistic, as the national statistics office will raise justified concerns related to the costs of data collection, the feasibility of regular data collection and how the data will be used for reporting. The adoption and application of poverty-environment indicators can take five to ten years, owing to the cyclic planning and monitoring process. National development policies and plans and sector strategies are normally subject to five-year review and formulation cycles, and national monitoring systems are linked to these.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
But challenges related to the evaluation of water policies at central and sub-national level are also crucial to approach the accountability gap. Inadequate monitoring, reporting, sharing and dissemination of water policy performance also prevent policy coherence at horizontal and vertical levels. Periodic assessment of progress toward established policy goals is vital for understanding whether the applied efforts are effective and for adjusting policy where necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It enables an increased scale of financial transactions for pre-existing users, draws previously unserved customers, and speeds up the time it takes to get funding and conduct transactions. About 9% of MSMEs surveyed in developing countries by ITC depend on mobile payments for their cross-border e-commerce transactions, compared with a negligible share in developed countries.46 In Africa, 22% of MSME respondents reported using mobile money to complete such transactions.47 M-Pesa, a mobile payment application (Box 2), is now playing a major role in a number of developing countries for transactions in the payment of salaries and bills, retail distribution and transport. Money transfer services such as WorldRemit and TransferWise can also match people who want to make small foreign exchange transactions in one country with their counterparts in another country, drastically reducing the cost of transfers. These can be immensely important for SMEs in many developing countries. The ledger is shared among members of a network or supply chain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Although dispersion was high between 1995 and 2015, it declined slightly or convergence occurred between 2000 and 2010-2011. Thereafter, the process stalled, and dispersion actually increased. This could be associated with burgeoning demand for commodities (products that are usually produced in less developed territories or regions), which fuelled growth rates above the national average in several cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The development of energy markets in South and South-V\fest Asia, through the creation of regional energy grids and cross-country pipelines across the subregion as a part of the proposed Asian energy highway, could assist the subregion in promoting energy access and security. Diversification of the energy mix and an increase in the share of renewable energy, such as solar and hydroelectric power, is essential to enhance the subregion’s energy security, to reduce the impact of price shocks due to fluctuations in international crude oil prices and to mitigate the environmental impact of energy use. This, in turn, creates more and better jobs in addition to building productive capacity, particularly in the subregion's least developed countries. Regional cooperation can play a pivotal role in crafting solutions to shared vulnerabilities and helping ensure food and energy security, as well as reducing the subregion’s vulnerability to natural disasters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For example, among European countries, the proportion of mothers in fulltime work varies from 8% in the Netherlands to 77% in Slovenia. In addition to country-specific factors, such as public child care support (Box 4.3), there are also individual and family-specific reasons why women choose to work full- or part-time. Changes in labour markets have been powerful factors in growing female labour force participation in OECD countries, particularly the development of the services sector and the expansion of part-time work, which have enabled a greater proportion of women to work and keep working after they start to have children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The correlation is even stronger in nuclear countries and this trend seems to be confirmed by the fact that public information on nuclear energy increases awareness of the benefits of nuclear energy. It is up to the nuclear sector itself to make these points convincingly. As a source of power that produces electricity domestically with stable costs and no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, nuclear energy is, in principle, well-placed to make a positive contribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Adopted on 18 December 1979, it is the leading modern instrument on women's equal rights.6 It has thus been described as the definitive international legal instrument requiring respect for and observance of the human rights of women.7 It entered into force as an international treaty on 3 September 1981, after the twentieth country had ratified it in accordance with the Convention’s article 27. It, therefore, examines the praxis in selected domestic jurisdictions. As will be seen, tremendous success has been recorded in some countries in the domestication (i.e. bringing into domestic use) of the Convention’s provisions. The chapter also identifies normative customs and practices in Nigeria and other jurisdictions which, if modified or even completely abrogated, would lead to the maximisation of the potential of the individual and collective potentialities of women as enunciated in the Convention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This new approach is based on the triangulation of survey data with recorded aggregated per capita consumption data by modelling the upshifted distribution of alcohol consumption. The methodology is described in Annex 3. The initial distribution of self-reported alcohol consumption is shifted to the right after correction, reflecting the fact that people consume more than they declare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Unemployed youth and the low-skilled, ageing workers, national and international migrants are some of the key groups that would need to be analysed as demographic change settles and the need for new skills or the transformation of skills gains clarity'. The failure to provide this group with the appropriate skills, or support the upgrading of their existing ones, represents a loss of potential talent across a generation and could lead to greater barriers for modernisation of a skilled workforce. This section discusses key challenges of demographic change, migration and mobility of workers in Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Nutrition-sensitive interventions ond programmes: how can they help to accelerate progress in improving moternol and child nutrition? The lancet, 382(9891): 536-551. Household dietary diversity ond Food expendilures ore closely linked in rural Bonglodesh, increasing Ihe risk of molnulrilion due lo Ihe financial crisis. Association of household rice expenditure with child nutritional status indicates o role for macroeconomic food policy in comboling malnutrition. The Journal of Nutrition, 133(5): 1320-1325. Higher household expenditure on onimal-scurce ond nongroin foods lowers Ihe risk of stunting omong children 0-59 months old in Indonesio: implications of rising food prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In this research, the first aim was analyze the basic values of the strategic plans prepared by the Provincial Directorates of National Education for 2015-2019. Content analysis was used in the research from qualitative research methods. The Provincial National Education Directorate of the period constitutes strategic plans of  2015-2019 prepared by eighty one provincial education directorate. The core value statements in the strategic plans prepared by the Provincial Directorates of National Education which constitute the working universe are coded. Direct values are supported from the strategic plans.Provincial National Education Directorates give importance to  ten values that take the most place in the strategic plans of  are, transparency and accountability, justice, openness to innovation, trustworthiness, commitment to moral values, participation, scientificness, respect, impartiality and respect for human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The levels of coverage are considerably higher among education and health workers because a larger percentage of them work in the public sector. These dramatic differences in social protection coverage between the various care-worker subgroups are seen in all countries (see figure 111.22). However, the improvement for care workers is attributable almost exclusively to the better coverage available for education and health workers, since a much smaller degree of improvement was seen for domestic workers (see figure 111.23).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are many personal and social issues that are rarely discussed in public and hence are difficult to study. Recently, however, the huge uptake of blogs, forums, and social network sites has created spaces in which previously private topics are publicly discussed, giving a new opportunity for researchers investigating such topics. This article describes a range of simple techniques to access personal information relevant to social research questions and illustrates them with small case studies. It also discusses ethical considerations, concluding that the default position is almost the reverse of that for traditional social science research: the text authors should not be asked for consent nor informed of the participation of their texts. Normally, however, steps should be taken to ensure that text authors are anonymous in academic publications even when their texts and identities are already public.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For PCs, TVs and refrigerators, on average, a linear increase was found. Mobile phone waste, however, demonstrated an exponential growth. It exposes the widening gap between companies that make good on their promises to clean up, and those that don't. The guide provides advice on policies and practices to reduce their impact on the climate, produce greener products, and make their operations more sustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Consideration must be given to whether separate implementation strategies are necessary for the policy to be effective for each relevant group. Although employed to various degrees in a majority of OECD countries (including Finland, Switzerland, Sweden, New Zealand, Turkey, the United Kingdom and Korea), GIAs have yet to become routine steps in public policy making. Examples of cases with highest proven record of GIA implementation include Catalonia, where GIA is fully legislated (203 GIAs performed in 2012) and Sweden, where GIAs have not been regulated and are being carried out with different methodologies and at all levels (Boman, 2013), Ongoing challenges related to methodological concerns, lack of expertise to conduct such assessments, and the absence of precise guidelines remain (Ibid). Within the private sector, however, comparable gender analyses have a long history of providing information to corporations related to purchasing practices and service preferences of men and women consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It provides data on the structure, finances and performance of education systems in the 35 OECD countries and a number of partner countries. These 22 countries are: Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. While tertiary graduate earnings are higher than for people with lower levels of qualifications, on average tertiary-educated men earn more than tertiary-educated women, and tertiary-educated men tend to have higher employment rates than women with the same level of education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On average, a teacher student is expected to graduate with teaching competencies in three main subjects, but it is possible to graduate with just two main subjects. The 2012 reform of initial teacher education also made special needs education and Danish as a second language obligatory for all teacher students. Entry into teacher education used to be strictly based on marks obtained in upper secondary education, but the dropout rates of students entering this programme used to be very high (as much as 41% in 2005 according to data from the Ministry of Higher Education and Science and Statistics Denmark) and needed to be reduced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They are: the Decree on Quality Living Environments, the Environment Decree, the Business Environment and the Construction Environment Decrees (Table 2.11). Each contains important details on the mechanics of how the act will be implemented in practice. The discussion that follows is based on the Environment and Planning Act only, since the orders are not yet finalised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Mild deficits are expected in the next two years, with the government aiming to maintain the growth rate, although the potential removal of its trade privileges could lower revenue realisation. With Lao PDR’s deficit ratio remaining at around 5% in 2018 (World Bank, 2019) and its debt ratio becoming a concern, the country imposed spending restrictions (e.g. limits to the allowances of government officials and vehicle purchases) to narrow the gap in 2019 and 2020. Similarly, Myanmar moved to raise tax collection and rein in spending in the near term to deal with persistently wide budget shortfalls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In Moldova, women report having fewer opportunities to migrate because they have fewer resources available than men (IOM, 2005). It may also be less acceptable for women to move about and travel alone (Jolly and Reeves, 2005). An analysis of the OECD Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) illustrates that discrimination in the country of origin can be an incentive for women to migrate, but only up to a certain threshold, at which point it becomes an obstacle for migration and emigration of women diminishes (Ferrant and Tuccio, 2015). The emigration of highly-educated women affects negatively infant mortality, under-5 mortality and secondary school enrolment rates in countries of origin (Dumont et al., Women’s levels of education are an important factor for growth, as it is correlated with investments in children’s education. Africa’s high female emigration rate may thus have serious implications for its human development and economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Several states have established groundwater management districts and limit the development of new wells, in an effort to slow the rate of depletion in a largely agricultural region that depends on irrigation. Some states also require farmers to measure and report the volume of water they withdraw from the aquifer each year, thus generating helpful data for state agencies, while also increasing farm-level awareness of the rate of aquifer depletion in the region. Several states and the federal government have embraced the concept of water marketing, and public agencies have implemented services to facilitate water sales and leases in recent years. In theory the market price of water reflects current supply and demand conditions, thus motivating farmers and other water users to consider the opportunity cost of water when choosing how much to purchase and apply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This author’s research revealed that only two legal practitioners in Sierra Leone have written about Sierra Leone and New York Convention. Here, this author discusses the public international law requirements for a treaty to enter into force and apply to a State party. In particular, the paper discusses the rules on treaty ratification as the definitive step to conclusively demonstrate a State’s consent to be bound by a treaty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While stunting, underweight and wasting are the most common outcome indicators among children under 5 years old. Anaemia and vitamin A deficiency are those indicators assessing the health status of both women and children. There is a clear relationship between malnutrition, low dietary diversity and limited diversity in agricultural production (see Figure 1.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Educational attainment in Chile has considerably improved in recent years. Lower secondary education is now virtually universal and there has been progress in retaining students in upper secondary education even if about 20% of a cohort does not reach the final year of upper secondary education. Student learning outcomes in Chile are considerably below the OECD average but there has been considerable progress in the last decade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Chile’s last urban development policy was enacted in 1979, amended in 1985 and then repealed in 2000. These five thematic sub-commissions cover: urban planning, institutionalism, patrimony/ heritage, social cohesion, and sustainability. The inter-ministerial roundtable consists of representatives from the ministries of Public Works, National Assets Environment, Agriculture, Interior, Social Development, Defence, Finance, Economy and Energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Troisiemement, le role, actif ou non, joue par la main d’ceuvre d’une entreprise dans la promotion de l’innovation est determine par les pratiques suivies en matiere d’organisation du travail. Enfin, les systemes de formation de la main d’ceuvre des pays developpes presentent un tableau contraste, en particulier s’agissant de l’enseignement professionnel. Les differences qui en decoulent en termes de quantite et de qualite des competences de la main d’ceuvre constituent un facteur determinant pour l’innovation telle qu’on peut 1’observer et certains aspects cles de la performance economique.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Indicators can go beyond simple data and illustrate trends or cause-and-effect relationships between different phenomena. Indicators are useful for describing baseline and current conditions (e.g. the amount or magnitude of something) and the performance of a system. They can provide the common language for describing a particular system that is needed for effective and clear communication among interested parties (McCool and Stankey, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
An MTA that covers the entire commuting area can co-ordinate among jurisdictions at all territorial levels and reduce negative consequences of urban sprawl. Fatal crashes between road users remain a common occurrence on city streets, whilst they have almost been eliminated in rail or air transport. A growing number of local governments are embracing Vision Zero: a vision of no one being killed or seriously injured in urban traffic to rectify this. In support of such ambitious targets, this report investigates key road safety questions in the context of selected cities in Europe and beyond.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)