albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Evaluation instruments such as student ratings are very reliable outcome measures capturing the data they are set out to capture. Students’ ratings capture perceived instructor effectiveness - they are primarily a function of the instructor who teaches the course and not of the course that is taught (Marsh, 2007). Global student ratings - such as overall instructor rating, overall course rating, course materials - are especially suitable for summative evaluation purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Governments might also promote comparison labelling (to inform consumers on the relative efficiency of products) or endorsement labelling (e.g. “CFC-free”). Framework policies that give primacy to market signals and which open markets for competition are also demand-oriented in an important respect (but are not considered in this study in detail). Demand-oriented policies focus on the end stage of the innovation cycle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The company started a project for development of a WPP near Gori. This is the first attempt at introducing wind-power technology in Georgia. Although cooperation among ministries has improved since 2004, there is still not enough consideration given to the potential effects of energy sector development on other sectors of the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article is based on the United States National Report to the 2010 International Congress of Comparative Law on Legal History and Ethnology: Legal Culture and Legal Transplant. It traces the United States experience in acceptance of legal transplants at critical times in the evolution of its legal systems. It addresses the transplantation of English common law to the United States in the colonial and post-revolutionary war eras, noting the limited impact of the French civil code tradition. It next discusses development of the national market place, evolution of uniform state laws and in more recent times the transplantation of supranational norms via the Supremacy and Treaty clauses of the United States Constitution into the United States legal system. It then analyzes the matrimonial law of the community property regime of Texas and Louisiana within the political, social, human, philosophical and linguistic context of these States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Italy, low-skilled women are 44% less likely to be employed than the well-educated ones, in the United Kingdom and the United States there is a 30% gap, and in Finland and Norway a gap of around 20%. Only in France is the employment gap less than 10%. Raising female employment levels and increasing their earnings has reduced inequality across households (Cancian and Reed, 1999, Reed and Cancian, 2001, Pasqua, 2008, Del Boca and Pasqua, 2003), Birkelund and Mastekaasa, 2010), although there is some evidence that recent increases in female employment may have a smaller effect on reducing household inequality today than they have had in the past (Harkness et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Studies in Germany, for example, have explored the potential benefits of the expanded use of wood construction in homes and residential structures. Therefore, efforts to expand wood construction in the US have focused on increasing the use of wood in non-residential, commercial and government construction projects. The US National Climate Assessment released in May 2014 reported that US forest ecosystems, and the associated wood products industry, capture and store approximately 16% of annual US C02 emissions (Melillo et al., Established in 2000, LEED has certified about 15,000 buildings globally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Part-time work, prevalent in jobs mostly occupied by women, and linked to family obligations and care, may also play a role in horizontal segregation. Data for the Netherlands is in full-time equivalent. Data for Switzerland on secretarial positions also include technical positions. Despite some important variation between OECD countries (from less than 10% in Switzerland, to 30% in the United States (US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2011), to nearly 50% in Poland), women consistently occupy less than half of public service decisionmaking positions, on average accounting only for 28.6% of senior managers across OECD countries. Thus, on average, in OECD countries, 39.7% of middle managers are women, although there are important cross-country variations, with some countries (Estonia, Slovenia, Portugal and Poland) not only achieving gender parity but also having a majority of women in this occupational category.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Seizures of methaqualone in India registered a sharp decrease, from 3,205 kg in 2013 to 54 kg in 2014, the lowest in five years. Methaqualone is often trafficked by means of courier parcels to Australia, Canada, Ethiopia, South Africa, the United Kingdom and countries in South-East Asia. India and China are perceived as major sources of various new psychoactive substances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Biotechnology and synthetic biology have enormous potential for addressing the environment, climate crisis and loss of biodiversity through more advanced biofuels and “cleaner” agriculture—that is, agricultural processes with less input of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and/or a reduction of carbon dioxide through artificial leaf technology. Nuclear and isotopic techniques to track and quantify carbon, water and nutrient movement and dynamics are also used to increase agricultural productivity, resilience, and the sectors greenhouse gas emissions. In Sudan, the application of climate-smart agriculture has allowed hundreds of women, many of whom are refugees or internally displaced persons, to start small-scale farms and home gardens in extremely arid areas. In some areas, such as digital technologies, which are characterized by very low marginal costs and wide distribution through platforms and networks, performance, cost and applicability across sectors is improving at exponential rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This shows that the security of supply situation in OECD countries has unequivocally improved since the early 1970s. However, individual parameters such as import dependence and price volatility are consistently highlighted as issues of public concern, in particular in the regularly published Eurobarometer opinion polls. This suggests that nuclear is viewed more favourably if it is not pushed as an autonomous issue for its own sake but integrated into the context of broader policy objectives such as ensuring the security of energy supply or the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This includes incubator services to support entrepreneurial ideas and innovative companies. Together with the Ministry of Economic Development and Technology, SPIRIT operates an entrepreneurial skills programme to promote creativity, entrepreneurship and innovation among young people. This programme has been customised for use in various sectors including tourism. It is used in the context of the ILO toolkit on poverty reduction through tourism, which is oriented towards SMEs and local communities in rural areas and includes case studies, training sessions and best practices. The toolkit aims to assist developing countries to create a sustainable tourism industry and businesses based on decent employment (Box 25).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Australia to 2050: future challenges. The model breaks down total health expenditure into several subcomponents, corresponding to a combination of financing agents and functions. Depending on the nature of the subcomponents, CIHI employs various forecasting techniques, ranging from the use of provisional public budgets to pure extrapolation of past trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Poverty is concentrated as Arab and ultra-Orthodox Jews families tend to have large families. Public spending on children in Arab localities is estimated to be at least one-third lower than for children in Jewish municipalities and the average number of years in education is about two years lower for Arabs than for the population as a whole. The percentage of Arab families below the poverty line is 51.4% compared to 15% among the Jewish population. The percentage of children below the poverty line is 62.5% compared to 23.8% among the non-Arab population. The average gross income of Arab households amounted to approximately NIS 7 590 which is only 57% of that in the Jewish households. A high degree of non-employment contributes to low per capita income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Nepal, over the last decade, the share of women migrant workers has significantly increased. The National Population Census 2011 shows that about 13 per cent ofthe absentee population is composed of women. Due to prevailing patriarchal norms and values and skewed policy, female labour migration is traditionally stigmatized and associated with sex work or equated to trafficking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It attempts to minimise the risk that the target stock will be overfished and recruitment impaired. The second decision rule focuses on the maintenance of ecological relationships between predators and prey as set out in Article II (3b). It limits the effects of harvesting on krill-based predators by setting a target of 75% median escapement (Constable 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Between 1980 and 2008, precipitation of more than 77 mm was observed at least once per year during 50 per cent of the period. To date, any impact that climate change may have had generally on rainfall in Albania cannot be distinguished from natural variations. The number of days per year with wind speeds in excess of 15 m/s showed no discernible trend in the period 1971-1990, the latest period analysed in the 2016 Third National Communication on Climate Change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Poverty is now a predominantly rural phenomenon, and indigenous northerners experience particularly severe hardship. As previously mentioned, there has been a sharp drop in the number of rural hospitals since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Both indigenous and non-indigenous rural populations have poorer health and less access to health services than urban residents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
AbstractThis article examines the Chinese response to the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, first surveying Chinese interests in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. Many Chinese workers have been evacuated and projects postponed. For the first time, China has extended humanitarian aid to countries facing a public health emergency. China is under pressure to ‘do something’ but faces its own developmental challenges as well as problems of logistics. Chinese knowledge of Africa is still relatively weak and uninformed. Although China’s assistance dwarves that from the other BRICS, the Ebola crisis has revealed problems in Sino-African relations, not least the gap between rhetoric and reality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Take-up of the Solidarity Fund is likely to be driven by liquidity constraints which, as has been shown for Brazil, affect the duration on unemployment. In Brazil, about a third of benefit applications are handled by the network of local public employment offices (SINE) (Gonzalez, 2010). The main cash transfer programmes operating in emerging economies, excluding those targeting the elderly, were examined in detail in OECD (2010a). In 2011, Chile introduced a new conditional cash transfer programme which encompasses Chile Solidario and includes conditionalities related to health, education and women’s employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
If they have liberalised their electricity markets, these countries will most often be at the stage of the “single buyer model”. Because this model mostly relies on power purchasing agreements, supply and demand cannot be adjusted in real time. A small market size makes it also difficult to spread the costs of maintenance across consumers, potentially resulting in weaker infrastructure and higher losses in transmission. By contrast a regional approach, if supported by well-maintained infrastructure, can help achieve the scale necessary to develop a wholesale market which could reduce cost of generation and allow greater cost recovery (Foster and Briceno-Garmendia, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, this orientation remains theoretical, as long as water abstraction is not metered. The structure of water abstraction rights includes two elements that could contribute to water efficiency. First, the charge rate varies across availability zones in order to induce higher efficiency where water is scarce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The latter include once more the provision of adequate physical and regulatory infrastructures that will enable private market participants to work with the right incentives. The issue is too complex and too comprehensive for allowing such an approach. This study therefore does not at this point contain a set of detailed policy prescriptions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The day ends with a reception and an awards ceremony. The event gives students an opportunity to compete for awards exceeding USD 55 000 for their business ideas (cash plus in-kind services). A series of workshops help students prepare for the day of the event. Venture capital firms, angel investment groups, law firms, consulting firms, and industrial groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Many of these new variables were about 'child material deprivation' and covered 'basic needs', 'educational or leisure needs' and 'medical needs’. Many of the variables included in the 2009 special module have been used for the analysis of child material deprivation in this Report Card. The income data extracted from this survey refer to the fiscal year July 2008-June 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Governments need to devise institutional designs that ensure a science-based reality check of energy technology policies. A wide range of policy instruments are available, including economic instruments, regulatory measures and cooperation (table II.5). In-depth analysis needs to be included in the process of designing policy packages, while simplified prescriptions can be counter-productive. However, insights from past experience suggest broad guiding principles and performance targets which should guide the analysis (Griibler and others, forthcoming, Wilson and Griibler, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is followed by Japan, India and the Republic of Korea. In terms of diversification across markets, China is again the leader followed in this case by Japan, India, Thailand and Republic of Korea.' Many Asia-Pacific economies, especially least developed countries, remained overly dependent on the export of just a few commodities. For example, many Pacific island countries and territories export very limited numbers of products and to only a handful of markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This compares with the estimated annual EUR 55-60 billion of legally conducted fishing. There is currently no clear solution to IUU fishing in sight, but it has reached such a scale that it is thought that it can lead to the uncontained depletion of fish stocks. This does not bode well for the future given the precarious state of many of the w'orld’s fisheries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Land surveyors have a lot to do with property rights. This paper presents an inventory of international human rights law regarding property rights, relevant for land surveyors. It addresses the history and current status of international law and case law, and it reflects on the aspects that shape the human right to property as a controversial human right. The paper includes a consideration on related rights, such as the human right to housing and to food. The paper concludes that human rights form an important context for the land surveyor's profession and ends with describing interfaces between the human rights to property and the profession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The reader might thus believe that this is an absolute increase over the baseline, i.e. the situation where no policy of any kind would be enacted. When the emission constraint is imposed, power production by lignite power (the "dirtiest technolog/') decreases by 41% if no additional green quota is in place. When a green quota is introduced at 23% of total electricity, output from lignite power plants also decreases, but by only 31%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Finally, Section 2.4 gives some insight into the costs of integrating the NPP into the grid. It is composed of a generation park consisting of different production groups (hydroelectric, fossil, nuclear, solar, wind, etc.), One or several transmission system operators (TSOs) assure the efficient operation, stability and safety of the electrical system at regional and national levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In particular, collective bargaining strength in the private sector remains weak. Although the percentage of contracts that are negotiated through collective bargaining has risen since 2001, only 11% of all contracts were collectively bargained in 2011. Collective bargaining in Chile has significant levels of decentralisation and fragmentation, where negotiation occurs at the level of the firm, but in contrast to similar cases such as in japan for example, in Chile the co-ordination is particularly weak. Although the Labour Code recognises the rights of workers to organise, a number of restrictions were placed upon organizing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For instance, fiscal policies that are progressive and are able to strengthen accountability and transparency in collecting and using public resources may produce stronger effects on poverty and inequality. All of these policies contributed significantly to reducing inequality (UNCTAD, 2012, Boonperm, Haughton and Khandker, 2009). The Thailand Village and Urban Revolving Fund, which provided about USS22,500 to every village and urban community in Thailand as working capital for locally run rotating credit associations, started with about US$2.0 billion in 2001.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The five integrated actions are: i) financing, ii) training, iii) commercialisation, iv) management, v) innovation. This has enabled the SPYME to lay out an impressive array of programmes aimed at the five target groups of the business development strategy of Mexico (Table 5.2.) The three main business financing schemes are the national guarantee programmes, which provides through NAFINSA guarantees to banks that activate SME lines of credit, the SME productive project, which supports through subsidised loans the acquisition of new equipment by medium-sized firms, and the seed capital tool (i.e. capital semilla), which provides seed capital to new firms graduating from the national incubation programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
No one may be deprived of his or her possessions, except in the public interest and in the cases and under the conditions provided for by law, subject to fair compensation being paid in good time for their loss". The prohibition of discrimination "based on any ground such as sex, race, colour, ethnic or social origin, genetic features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion, membership of a national minority, property, birth, disability, age or sexual orientation" is stated in article 21. See also Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The implicationsfor policy design are then examined, engendering the central insight that all economic and social policy choices should have the twin objective of promoting equity and enhancing growth. The ramifications for policy implementation are also considered, with emphasis placed on the importance of appropriate governing institutions and stakeholder participation. This objective is particularly relevant in high-income countries and emerging market economies, where income inequality has reached levels unprecedented in the post-war period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Leaders and managers in organisations, who likely made time sacrifices to reach their current rank, often have difficulty accepting that work can be done in fewer hours. In some workplaces, “non-compliers” - those employees who opt to take flexible work hours and family leave - may actually be punished via denied promotions, reduced visibility to superiors, or exclusion from important projects. In-office “face time” remains an important metric of evaluating employees, even if it does not correspond with output (Elsbach and Cable, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, according to the Convention on the Protection of the Rhine (1999), decisions of ICPR shall be taken unanimously. Each delegation has one vote. The delegation of the European Community and delegations of Member States participate in the voting depending on whether the measures to be carried out fall within the competence of the Community or within the competence of the Member States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It also gives many examples. The chapter presents MPIs as a useful and popular complement to countries' national monetary poverty measures, as can be seen from the examples of countries that use national MPIs (and their associated dashboards) as official statistics. Step by step guidelines are provided on how to design and use a national MPI for policy. The chapter also introduces some internationally comparable MPIs, for example the one published by UNDP, and shows what value-added emerges from comparable MPIs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In reviewing the methodologies, it will also become apparent that the overarching condition guiding the selection of one approach over another is driven primarily by data availability. First, the deployment of broadband technology across business enterprises improves productivity by facilitating the adoption of more efficient business processes (e.g., marketing, inventory optimization, and streamlining of supply chains). Second, extensive deployment of broadband accelerates innovation by introducing new consumer applications and services (e.g., new forms of commerce and financial intermediation).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Its prospectus stated ‘If you are a Samoan residing overseas, investing in UTOS can be an ideal investment if you are looking at investing in Samoa, or simply to “connect back to your roots’” (Unit Trust of Samoa 2011: 7). However, at least in the first six months of operation, neither of these two groups had shown much sign of investing in UTOS. There is no indication that Tonga has offered similar kinds of investment vehicles or bonds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Sceptical developing countries torpedoed the meeting. The Ministerial Declaration acknowledged the unfairness of the past and promised to ‘place (the developing countries’) needs and interests at the heart of the work program’ for the new round. These assurances soothed the concerns of many developing countries. Ever hopeful, they signed up to a new round.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
An overview of the green paper of plastic waste by the EU commission as well as an outlook to made EU initiatives affecting plastic waste is also included. The second category B) contains legislation on waste management operations while category C) contains legislation on specific waste streams. The waste legislation and policy of the EU member countries shall apply as a priority order the following waste management hierarchy, 1) prevention, 2) preparation for reuse, 3) recycling, 4) recovery, and 5) disposal as the priority order in waste management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)