albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
More generally, these observations imply that the effect of regulations on fixed-term contracts cannot be seen in isolation, but it is conditional on the degree of stringency of EP for regular contracts. This has led many academics to suggest that it would be preferable to replace existing regular and temporary contracts with a unique permanent labour contract, with workers’ protections increasing with job tenure (e.g. Blanchard and Tirole, 2003, Dolado et al., However, some caution is required here insofar as temporary contracts often respond to specific temporary company needs and excessively restricting them might result in an overwhelming burden for employers, while not solving all inequality issues such as those concerning access to credit and housing, notably in the case of youth (see e.g. Lepage-Saucier et al., In particular, certain types of temporary-work-agency contracts - that is contractual relationships in which workers are hired by an agency and temporarily assigned for work into a user firm -provide workers with a degree of protection which is close to that of regular workers while, at the same time, offering enough flexibility to user firms as regards the performance of temporary tasks outside their main business activities (see Section 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Finally, it examines the first mile (international connectivity) and associated regulatory challenges facing LDCs in particular the landlocked and small island LDCs. Mobile penetration in terms of number of subscriptions was 33% in 2010 and reached 70% in 2017 (Figure 2.2, left). Although there was slower growth in recent years, this is partly due to disconnections from SIM card registration programs and less of a need for multiple accounts as the price of calling across networks have come down.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Public research organisations cover the government sector, the higher education sector and hospitals. While companies traditionally seek to retain their core capabilities (in technology and markets) and develop them internally to the greatest extent possible, open innovation may be a faster, less risky alternative to in-house development, particularly when the objective is to diversify in terms of technology and/or markets. Companies also increasingly use venturing to find external partners for commercialising innovations that are not used internally (divestment, spin-out, spin-off).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Informal peace committees are community-based responsive and supportive mechanisms that deal with social issues such as interpersonal conflicts, small-scale violence, poverty, hunger and social injustice. As human-service-oriented structures designed and created to represent the interests of local people, informal peace committees have an often unseen correlation with developmental social work in tackling social issues in their host communities in Zimbabwe. This article, therefore, argues that developmental social workers should become involved in these peace committees and identify the contributions they can make as a profession in order to enhance these successful initiatives
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Optional Protocol (OP) to the Convention adds two new dimensions to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) Committee’s mandate of monitoring treaty implementation: an individual complaint mechanism and an inquiry procedure. This chapter first presents the scope of the OP as result of a swift but controversial drafting process. Secondly, it gives an overview of the Committee’s activities in regard to the OP since its entry into force in the year 2000. The Committee’s jurisdiction was first shaped by finding a legally accurate voice. Over time, it has developed a victim-oriented treaty interpretation in particular in the fields of violence against women and reproductive rights. This has added to CEDAW’s international visibility, and, in a limited number of cases, made States Parties take measures to correct women’s rights violations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By using this sophisticated tool on her growing farm she has managed to lower the cost of labour, and expenditure on gas and fertilizer. Some of the software functions that she uses on a regular basis include keeping records of the crops planted on each plot, to help with preparation and planning for the next season, keeping account of costs, managing the large number of seasonal workers, reporting and analysing the profitability of each crop and managing machinery. Conversely, after just 12 months, the ICT system has also shown her that some of the crops that have been cultivated there for years are not economical at all, and she is now investigating more profitable options. As a result, she is now considering investing in precision agriculture, as a way of reducing risks and further improving farm management, giving her precise information about when and how to irrigate to the greatest effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Table C.1 gives regional information on the time and costs spent in procedural compliance for both exports and imports. A general trend is that the poorer the region, the higher is the time spent in compliance and cost of compliance at the border. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest cost and time spent in compliance of all regions covered in the table.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Canada, the increase in primary and disposable income is explained by two factors adding their effects to those of changes in family characteristics. First, the income earned by fathers in employment increased, which, as in France or the United Kingdom, indicates an improvement in the quality of their employees, In addition, the income of residential property owners increased relative to that of tenants, which contributed to an increase in the standard of living contrary to the trend observed in the United Kingdom. In Korea, the incomes of families with one and especially two children have all increased equally, contributing to the improvement in the standard of living of the 25th percentile of children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is a privilege to assume the Editor-in-Chief position of The Journal of Primary Prevention and to follow in the leadership of P. Britner, who has retired from his editorial responsibilities. Under his 5 years of leadership, JPP has grown tremendously: the journal has transitioned into the electronic age, been indexed, and increased its stature among prevention journals. Thank you, Brit, for your commitment to the journal and to prevention research! I feel honored to take on this role. My goal is to expand the focus and strategic direction of JPP to maintain its trajectory toward becoming a premier journal in prevention and public health. As in the past, the journal will also continue to publish on major causes of disparities, social determinants, schooland community-based programs, cross-cultural comparisons, community-based participatory research, factors contributing to social injustice, and both qualitative and quantitative studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper outlines the ways in which the United Kingdom manages civil litigation concerning sensitive national security material. These are: the common law of public interest immunity, the use of closed material procedure and special advocates, and the secret hearings of the Investigatory Powers Tribunal. With these existing alternatives in mind the paper analyses the background, the reasons for, and the controversies associated with the Justice and Security Act 2013, enacted in the wake of the UK Supreme Court’s 2011 ruling in Al Rawi v Security Service. The paper argues that, despite presenting a number of challenges, the Justice and Security Act is nothing like the threat to the rule of law that has been claimed by the legislation’s most vociferous critics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Yet when women want to be involved in peacebuilding, they often meet resistance from men and other women who believe women’s gender roles should not include public leadership. Men currently hold the seats in most peace talks due to their dominance in government and economic spheres.30 Women, on the other hand, are now making the case why it is important for them to be involved during all stages and activities of peacebuilding. The discussion of including and encouraging women as peacebuilders often faces the challenge of needing to “prove” that women make a difference when they are involved in peace processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In a green economy there may be economic growth if environmental limits considered to be of vital interest are adhered to. Developmental risks associated with its possible one dimensionality, one-size-fits-all reductionism, and new trade restrictions and conditionalities (Khor, 2011) are recognized and should be addressed through international negotiation during and beyond Rio+20. Market mechanisms typically are inadequate as exclusive facilitators in the provision of such goods, or fail through their role in the generation of externalities in terms of social and ecological costs. Unsustainable development may result from an inherent orientation within market forces and market actors towards short-term aspects (like revenues and profits) as opposed to future needs, reinforced by inherent growth impulses. In the absence of standards and regulations that safeguard the continued delivery of the functions of nature, economic growth ignores the constraints inherent in the notion of environmental space. In the field of trade regimes, it needs to be made clear where and how objectives and mechanisms agreed in the setting of Multilateral Environmental Agreements trump traditional notions laid down in current WTO regulations and practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The service sector has expanded and manufacturing has become tightly integrated into global value chains, changing the skill set needed in the labour market. However, public education has not kept pace. Streaming and early tracking hampers social mobility and human capital accumulation, vocational training has reacted slowly to the changing needs of the labour market, and there is little workplace training. Long term unemployment is high among low skilled workers, in part reflecting low labour mobility, and the crisis has pushed up youth unemployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Together, over 12TWe of renewable and about lOTWe of nuclear power plants would be installed, or five and half times more than the total installed capacity of all power plants in the world. The interesting feature is that half of all of these plants would be built in the now developing parts of the world and most of them as new capacity expansion and not as replacements of ageing power plants. First, there is a potential risk of lock-in in the traditional technologies if the needed new capacities are not built with the best technologies. In other words, there is a huge incentive for the capital to be attracted to the newest technologies and for there to be free access extended to those in the currently developing parts of the world (for further discussion, see chap. Second, there are real possibilities in developing countries of leapfrogging to the most advanced technologies, as the market is huge and would likely lead to large cost reductions and performance improvements (see also chap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In general, the level of benefits provided to singles also remained steady between 2007 and 2009, increasing slightly in Ireland, Korea, Luxembourg and the Czech Republic. This section attempts to provide a preliminary examination of this response. First, it examines trends in aggregate social spending compared with historical trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Danish e-health portal, is the official portal for the public Danish health care sen/ices and enables patients and health care professionals to find information and communicate. The country also publishes annual reports based on national clinical databases, and reports on regional variation in health outcomes. The Folkesundhedsprogram 1999-2008 (Public Health Programme 1999-2008) included a series of targets for the reduction of inequality in health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The brain’s objective is survival and it occurs at a time when the higher brain functions are suppressed. This means the victims will react with what might seem illogical or irrational behaviours.28 Some victims respond to the severe trauma of sexual violence through the psychological phenomenon of dissociation, which is sometimes described as “leaving one’s body,” while some others describe a state of “frozen fright” in which they become powerless and completely passive.29 Physical resistance is unlikely in victims who experience dissociation or frozen fright or among victims who were drinking or using drugs before being assaulted. To a rape victim, a threat of violence or death is immediate regardless of whether the rapist uses a deadly weapon. The fact that a victim ceased resistance to the assault for fear of greater harm or chose not to resist at all does not mean that the victim gave consent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Population in China, Japan and Korea by broad age group, 1950-2050 (cont.) In part this is because groups with traditionally low labour force participation, such as mothers, use part-time employment as a tool to reconcile work and family commitments (OECD, 2007). Workers in part-time employment often still face a penalty compared with full-time workers in terms of pay, job security, training, promotion and lifetime earnings, pension entitlements, or unemployment benefits and/or re-employment assistance in case of unemployment (OECD, 2010b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, in a recent regional review of the state of herpetofauna, 30.8 per cent of the 13 amphibian species and 13.9 per cent of the 101 reptile species of Morocco were reported to be Threatened, while two species were reported to be Regionally Extinct. As of December 2012, the Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) lists 34 alien species (table 9.2) and an additional four species of unspecified biostatus. Other literature sources indicate other IASs not listed in the GISD source, e.g. the silver-leaved nightshade (Solatium elaeagnifolium) which competes with various crops, resulting in losses within Morocco of up to 64 per cent in maize without treatment and 78 per cent in cotton, and in a 25 per cent loss of value in infested fields.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
But this lack of constraint may have the disadvantage of inducing the fund managers to adopt patrimonial asset management behaviour with adverse effects on the portfolio of its activities and disbursement schedules. Also, notwithstanding supervision safeguards, automatic replenishments not subject to performance criteria are far from encouraging management efficiency, with possible adverse consequences on the portfolio of supported activities and the level of operating overhead costs. The proposed creation of a new' innovation agency4 that would be responsible for the implementation of measures in support of SME entrepreneurship, capacity building and innovation is indeed a reasonable step towards improving policy effectiveness and impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The “precautionary motive” also suggests that they may be aware of the relatively low old-age benefits provided by the state and so consider buying a house to secure future retirement income. Public pension expenditure is taken as a proxy for pension generosity. It should be interpreted with caution, however, as high expenditure does not necessarily entail high pension benefits: people may actually receive relatively low benefits but have retired at an early age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Since receipt of both benefit types is conditional on passing a means test at the family level, individuals are categorised as SA recipients if benefit payments are recorded for any household member in that period. In this sense, the approach differs from the one used in Figure 1, where only the number of claimants is presented. Section 4 discusses the advantages and limitations of this approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The underlying measurement framework should be clearly specified. Note: Based on national circumstances, countries may also wish to collect data on activities by children which are outside the general production boundary, such as begging and stealing, and which may need to be considered in the context of the worst forms of child labour. All persons in the age group from 5 to 17 years, where age is measured as the number of completed years at the child's latest birthday (see glossary). It may be designed either as a stand-alone survey or as a module attached to another household-based survey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The total benefits from river rehabilitation for 14 rivers were calculated to be 5 billion shekels (USD 1.3 billion). The benefits varied greatly by river, from 39 million shekel for the Southern Jordan to 1.5 billion shekel for the Yarkon. As a result, rehabilitation plans have been initiated and implemented by the National River Administration, the Yarkon and Kishon Authorities, in cooperation with drainage authorities. In a sense, water governance enables water stakeholders to enlarge the space of viable solutions that may result in the adoption of less costly solutions (from a society-wide perspective) than would otherwise be the case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Yet, about 800 million people suffer from hunger and malnutrition. This “paradox” - which His Holiness Pope Francis I called “intolerable” when he addressed the delegates of the FAO Conference at the Vatican on 20 June 2013 - is caused by multiple factors. As of now, policies to confront hunger have been based principally on centrally led and short-term relief approaches, with a focus mainly on increasing food production through sectoral policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This chapter unpacks individualist and collectivist worldviews in social science scholarship to show that many scholars in the English-speaking international relations (IR) community look at the world through the prism of individualism, which usually renders unheard the international experiences and voices of people in the global South. The neglect in IR theories and discourse of experiences and voices of the invisible majority undercuts our ability to gain a comprehensive understanding of global life. Key collectivist features of Africa’s IR are critically examined in the chapter and their ontological origins traced. The suggestion is that taking these collectivist features seriously and incorporating them into the analytical toolkits of IR would better enable scholars to gain a broader and deeper understanding of international affairs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The new working time regulations came into force in the school year 2014/15. The 2014 Folkeskole reform in general has also affected expectations for teachers in terms of the organisation of their working time. The reform changed the length of the school day for students, provided for more lessons in Danish and mathematics, earlier foreign language learning, daily exercise and homework assistance while at school, and sought to promote greater collaboration between teachers and staff at school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On-site feeding, on the other hand, can be less expensive and may result in a stronger impact in terms of cognitive capacities of recipients, but their targeting performance may be poor (Bundy et al., Evidence from Cambodia (see Box 4) seems to indicate that on-site feeding supports school enrolment of the youngest children, while take home rations have a stronger impact on attendance. School Feeding in Cambodia1 Context: With 30 per cent of its population living below the poverty line, Cambodia is one of the poorest countries in south-east Asia. Education in the country is characterized by low quality and a weak system of infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The topics addressed are: (a) a long-term vision for the sector, (b) a strategic approach to regional cooperation, including principles for regional cooperation, benefits from regional cooperation, technology and sustainable energy, (c) strategic components and priorities, including investment measures for regional cooperation, capacity-building and knowledge sharing and policy support, and (d) strategy implementation and monitoring of the Energy Sector Coordinating Committee Work Plan 2016-2020 and the Strategy and Work Plan (2016-2020). Energy corridors outlined in the energy strategy include those within Central Asia, Central Asia-China, Central Asia-South Asia, Central Asia-Russian Federation, and Central Asia-European Union. Focusing on governance factors that shape the economic environment and mechanisms that deepen regional integration, the strategy is aimed at providing responses to existing regional energy and environmental concerns. In particular, it promotes cooperation for the introduction of renewable and alternative sources of energy, energy efficient technologies, and energy infrastructure security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Continuing provider development through in-service training is an important component of any health sector improvement plan, but traditional residential courses, which take clinicians away from their patients, can disrupt the provision of care and are an expensive method of maintainingan educated workforce. Under-resourced libraries, the high cost of medical journals relative to health budgets and health professionals' incomes, and poor infrastructure for disseminating current medical information and Department of Health directives limit the ability of health professionals to provide quality primary health care. Using smartphones and tablets, practitioners access a mobile health library comprising South African treatment guidelines, drug formularies, diagnostic tools and other evidence-based content, at the point of care. They download clinical and public health information to mobile devices using a mobile library portal developed by FHI 360.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Mines deciding to build a renewable energy plant, usually seek debt-financing to fund this infrastructure investment. The terms of the financing would depend on the mining company’s creditworthiness. Therefore, in order to obtain advantageous terms and bring down the interest rates, mines may choose to rely on their parent company’s assets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Approaches varied, but countries such as Cambodia and the Lao People's Democratic Republic combined grid extensions with broad solar home system distribution efforts to boost rural electrification. Other countries, such as India and Nepal, have demonstrated the potential for microgrids to offer higher quality and economically sustainable off-grid power. Public-private and public-civil society partnerships have also emerged, pioneering new models to incorporate the latest technologies and approaches to off-grid renewable power systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The image is of a large vessel operated by a hired skipper and crew, processing its catch on board and supplying the domestic and international markets according to a profit maximising objective. Under conventional policies, the harvest is valued more than the stock of resources. Industry representatives are much more likely to find it legitimate to combine other trades with that of ship owners, such as wholesaler or processor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
While there are potential negative environmental impacts of the railway, many mitigation measures have also been recommended, e.g . It has been recommended to include clauses that require contractors to give priority for local workers, both skilled and unskilled. The presence of these workforces will increase indirect opportunities, notably for women, e.g. to supply food and other consumables at worksites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)