albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Through IMTA, some of the food, nutrients and by-products considered “lost” from the fed component are recaptured and converted into harvestable and healthy seafood of commercial value, while biomitigation takes place (partial removal of nutrients and C02, and supplying of oxygen). In this way, some of the externalities of fed monoculture are internalized, hence increasing the overall sustainability, profitability and resilience of aquaculture farms. A major rethinking is needed regarding the definition of an “aquaculture farm" (reinterpreting the notion of site-lease areas) and regarding how it works within an ecosystem, in the context of a broader framework of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This article critiques the impact of the European Convention on Human Rights, as interpreted in the jurisprudence of the Strasbourg Court, on the criminal trial jury. It argues that thus far the Convention has had a limited effect on jury trial, and that the Court tends to proceed with undue caution when confronted with issues affecting the key attributes of this mode of trial. It further argues that this caution may be influenced by non-legal considerations which should have no place in human rights adjudication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Indeed, this proposal faces so many cultural constraints that it is probably the clearest example of the need to conduct environmental and social impact assessments (ESIAs) of all the CRGE proposals, to ensure they are both ‘doubly green’ and inclusive. The CRGE’s current focus on tackling GHG emissions has a strong rationale given the potential international climate finance that Ethiopia could attract by harvesting many low-hanging fruits by mitigating the country’s emissions. However, it will be essential to attach better environmental criteria to these activities to avoid unwanted environmental impacts, such as from constructing large hydropower plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They are then dispersed around the country and, as they are undocumented, their vulnerability increases. This phenomenon has two main consequences: ‘First, scarce skills remain untapped, curtailing a positive impact of the flow. Second, exploitative employment practices thrive, creating a negative effect of migration on jobseekers in the host country’ (Kiwanuka and Monson, 2009: 51).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At present, much of such care is often provided by relatives and neighbours. Among the elderly and disabled in need of care, 80% received social (non-medical) care, of which 25% received care by public organisations, and almost 70% received informal social care by non-professionals (e.g. relatives and neighbours). In 60% of the cases, care is provided at home, and in almost all cases, additional support is provided by others in the community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Property tax systems in many OECD countries favour single-family homes over multi-occupancy dwellings (thus stimulating urban sprawl) or owner-occupied housing over rental accommodation (thus reducing labour mobility). Such tax arrangements coexist w'ith national and city-level policies intended to curb urban sprawl and improve labour market efficiency. National housing strategies tend to stimulate the housing supply, via direct spending to support new housing construction or facilitate access to home ownership, regulatory tools (e.g. to require municipalities to build social housing as in France) or tax incentives (e.g. deductible interest on mortgage in the United States), for example.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This figure accounts for 22 per cent of inbound mobile students worldwide. The inbound mobility rates8 were 1.6,1.3 and 0.1 percent in the UNESCO subregions of Central Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, and South and West Asia respectively in 2013. Some countries have a relatively large share of graduates at ISCED level 5, such as China (48 per cent), the Lao People's Democratic Republic (55 per cent) and Viet Nam (48 per cent). In other economies, students are more likely to attain a tertiary degree at ISCED levels 6 and 7, such as Macao, China (91 percent), Mongolia (97 percent) and the Philippines (87 per cent). Less than 2 per cent in the region are graduates at ISCED level 8.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Municipalities located in conservation areas have long claimed some form of compensation for the loss of tax revenue. In 2014 it was decided to abolish property tax relief on protective forests.33 This will translate into an additional PLN 60 million transferred to municipal budgets from 2015 (The Voice of the Forest, 2014). It is also less harmful for economic growth (Johansson et al., Taxes on land values (or a proxy) do not depress or distort wealth creation and are easy to assess, cheap to collect and hard to avoid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Agricultural production for processed and formally marketed food is highly concentrated. A secure institutional framework is critical to keep transaction costs low, lower barriers to entry, and provide certainty on the ties between farmers and agri-businesses (Sautier et al., Housing is a major source of wealth creation and savings, with investments accounting for 6 per cent of GDP, and for each house built, five jobs can be created (World Bank, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The brakes are put on efforts to support people in empowering themselves politically or economically, unless these are complemented by helping people develop “power within” that allows them to claim recognition as fully human, and as entitled to the same rights and respect as any other humans. In the slums of Mumbai, poor people’s federations claimed, refined and defined certain ways of doing things in the spaces they already controlled, for example by doing their own surveys of their living conditions. They then used these to show donors and city officials and that their way of doing things worked (Appadurai, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Ideally, therefore, the decoupling measure should focus on resource use per unit of consumption rather than per unit of recorded production in an economy. Such measures are unavailable on an economy- or sector-wide basis, however. Fourth, although these data limitations apply to all economies, in Africa data are particularly inconsistent (Jerven, 2013), so measuring the progress of decoupling is harder still. The production and cleaning processes in the iron and steel, textiles, leather, pulp and paper, and chemical sectors, among others, pose a severe threat to human health and water resources in several African countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Also addressed in this report are the (Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions ((l)NDCs) by UNECE member States to address climate change mitigation challenges (case study 20), as well as case studies from Poland and the Ukraine on the recovery of coal seam methane (case study 21). There is evidence in the UNECE region of challenges in heating service affordability, reliability of aging systems and future resilience needs. Truly transforming the energy system will require a creative shift in policy and regulation to unleash innovation, investment, and improved energy productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This constitutes another warning sign, because it has a negative impact on the development of capacities among new generations, which is not promising considering the greater productivity demands and the demographic shift towards societies with higher dependency rates due population ageing. Generally speaking, investment, innovation and technological development have been geared towards this traditional structure, and the bias has been supported by relative prices, spending structures, subsidies, fiscal provision of infrastructure and access to financing, among other elements. This pattern has driven the expansion of the agricultural frontier, escalated the extraction of mineral, forest and fishery resources, and heightened pollutant emissions, with negative environmental externalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is my statement to the Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law and the Subcommittee on Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties of the Committee on the Judiciary of the United States House of Representatives, April 1, 2008, regarding proposals to expand the September 11 Victim Compensation Fund of 2001. The September 11 Victim Compensation Fund of 2001 (VCF) was a uniquely successful short-term administrative program to compensate victims of the September 11 terrorist attacks while limiting litigation against innocent third parties who had also been victimized by the attacks. Unfortunately, The James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2007 (H.R. 3543) in its current form fails to protect innocent third parties from unfair litigation, does not have the advantages that made the VCF successful, and magnifies the disadvantages and fairness problems of the VCF.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Governments have a key role as platform and broker, as stimulator, incentiviser and enabler, and they can focus resources, set a facilitative policy climate and use accountability and reporting to encourage new practices. Governments can support the shift in paradigm by setting ambitious goals that foster innovation, providing opportunities for autonomy, choice and competition, empowering agents of change, encouraging risk-taking, and rewarding and giving exposure to success. The good news is that our knowledge about what works in education has improved vastly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
De nombreuses personnes sont sans abris : les statistiques sont certes difficiles a comparer, mais la plupart des pays de l’OCDE signalent que 1 a 8 personnes sur mille sont privees d’un acces regulier au logement. En outre, de nombreux menages sont mal loges : 15 % des menages a bas revenus vivent dans des logements trop exigus et 14 % n’ont pas acces a des toilettes interieures avec chasse d’eau. La criminality de voisinage et la pollution sont egalement problematiques pour de nombreux menages dans les pays de l’OCDE. Ce document a pour but d’engager des travaux en vue de reunir des donnees et des connaissances sur les politiques du logement a I’echelle de la zone OCDE et de determiner dans quelle mesure les pays de l’OCDE utilisent les politiques du logement pour poursuivre des objectifs d’ordre social.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The motivation for these changes was to avoid the closure of one-quarter of Denmark’s 13 000 farms that had been forecast to take place within five years. The new taxes are expected to generate extra revenue of DKK 150 million (around EUR 20 million) compared to the previous taxes. One of the objectives is to provide subsidised advice in the implementation of IPM.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Table 5.3 shows the variations in the poverty headcount ratios for the whole population and the older population (persons aged 65 years or over) using the aforementioned definition across 34 OECD countries. On average, older persons show higher poverty incidence (15.1 per cent) than the total population (11.1 per cent). Also, the incidence of poverty among older persons is higher in the developing countries of OECD (26.2 per cent) than in the developed countries of OECD (13.2 per cent).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This means that it is not currently possible to quantify total needs by developing countries for adaptation finance or other support. For example, it can be difficult to disentangle “adaptation” from development funding, whether a specific activity could help increase adaptation or not depends on site-specific characteristics, and whether the activity should “count” as adaptation will be influenced by the intent of the project. This complicates an assessment of public climate finance for adaptation. Assessing mobilised climate finance for adaptation is also complicated given the complex financing structures of several adaptation activities and the long time delays between providing support for an adaptation project (particularly in the form of technology assistance or capacity building) and climate finance mobilisation (see e.g. CPI and OECD, 2015 for a more detailed discussion).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
K? & # & # & # & & & Flexibility of conventional plants (ramp-up/down, startup/shutdown, reserve capabilities, etc.) Modelling results (Figure 18) for the United Kingdom with a very high share of renewables (80%) and a wind-heavy portfolio shows many hours of excess VRE output (negative residual load). The hourly variation in residual load could exceed 10 GW/hour and can reach 40GW/hour during windy hours (about half of the system peak load), should wind benefit from priority dispatch run at available output.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They are relatively common in low and middle-income country contexts (as well as some high income countries) where their lower operational cost makes them an attractive option for municipalities. With respect to plastics recycling, these systems can be associated with lower recycling rates as householders are required to carry materials separately to the location. In the UK for instance, the recycling of plastics increased considerably as authorities began to collect them from directly from households rather than from communal bins. These schemes have declined over the last few decades, but there has been a recent renewed interest in this approach. For example, the Scottish Government recently announced plans to implement a deposit return scheme for containers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Korea has a child allowance for home-care that was introduced for households with children under 6 who do not use childcare facilities or kindergartens (Chapter l, Box 1.2). Myanmar enacted its social security law in 2012, but the all relevant provisions have not yet been implemented. However, in eight countries such payments are responsibility of the employers subject to regulations in national labour codes rather than social protection legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It begins with an examination of governance arrangements. It then charts the historical evolution of science, technology and innovation policy in Colombia and of attempts to influence the structure of production (in the longer term). The chapter then reviews a range of innovation policy tasks that appear pressing in light of the specific challenges faced by Colombia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This sets aside a very small fraction of the budget of government laboratories or institutes to transfer research results to the business sector via joint R&D projects with small companies. The programme is widely imitated (for example in the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom) and like its imitators abroad is evaluated positively. Given the policy focus on streamlining government laboratories and ensuring that they are societally relevant, Finland should consider setting up such a programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
KEYWORDS Local governance, status, discrimination, women ABSTRACT Women's right to freedom from discrimination is the constitutionally entrenched fundamental right… and is repeatedly guaranteed in a series of legislation in Bangladesh. Bangladesh also assumes affirmative obligations to respect and ensure this right through ratifying over a dozen international human rights instruments. Despite that fact, discrimination persists in a pervasive form to deny women's equal rights in legislative offices…, and women are unjustifiably deprived of their lawful rights and privileges….Legal initiatives and women's activism across nations have forced to significant modifications in policies of political parties and laws to redress women's meagre status in governance. Drawing upon this insight, this note recommends the reconceptualisation of laws and the selection criterion of political parties in Bangladesh to mitigate women's disadvantaged positions in local government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Sweden compares well with other OECD countries on diabetes hospital admission in adults with a reported age-sex standardised rate of 116.9 (see Figure 2.3). Some regional variations are inevitable and unavoidable, reflecting differences in, for example, risk factors, disease prevalence and case-mix. Although most indicators have improved over time, the data show the potential for improvements in primary care, including through reducing unwarranted regional variations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Cautious revolutionaries value and embrace data and technology and are open to new partnerships. They take risks, as the digital transformation is too recent for empirical studies to identify clearly what works and what does not. But being a cautious revolutionary also implies the need for prudence in the face of risks and novelty, because a main role of TISIs is to instil and maintain trust in markets while new technologies are being adopted. Harnessing technology can no longer be a sideline, and resources have to be channelled into taking advantage of the digital transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Pathways may be via waterways, the atmosphere or direct into the ocean (e.g. from shoreline littering). There are very significant regional differences in the degree to which waste is subject to collection and management, either as wastewater or solid waste. The quantities that reach the sea, on a global scale, are unknown.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
:  This paper uses the impact agenda in the UK to realign debate about the relationship between schools, universities and (human) geography. It positions this debate in systemic tendencies within UK higher education. It argues that, whilst impact can be seen as a further instance of neoliberalism, emphasising the gap between accountability and accounting allows an identification with communicative and reflexive knowledge and, more broadly, critical praxis. The paper draws on a year-long research-based collaboration with school teachers and their students involving performance work and the development of decision-making curriculum materials. It argues that working in these ways with schools can provide the basis for public engagement partnerships between schools and universities and a means to constitute diverse research publics. In these ways, it is argued, a wider sense of impact can be reappropriated, to reclaim the critical subject and to constitute academic value
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Their main responsibilities are secondary schools, public health services, social welfare, culture, architecture and construction, and public safety and most multi-municipality infrastructure.26 However, because of their limited finances, the role of powiats in social and economic development policy is limited. There are ongoing debates in Poland about the efficacy of the county level of government, particularly in areas surrounding municipalities with county status (Sakowicz, 2017). In terms of subventions from other levels of government, small rural gminas benefit from grants that take into account more limited tax capacity and needs related to the community’s socio-economic characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Successive governments in Ghana have supported civil society over the years and protected their right of expression. It also provided support to allow partnerships between civil society and electoral management bodies, in a bid to foster collaboration between the two, and further engaged the media on their role in the electoral process and supported presidential and parliamentary debates. Finally, the programme provided domestic and national oversight during the elections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The concept of citizenship has traditionally been defined with reference to Marshall’s distinction between three types of citizenship rights: negative, political, and positive rights. Negative rights include civil rights such as religious freedom, privacy, while political rights focus on the right to participate in politics through election and freedom of association, positive rights include those rights that are necessary in order to have a minimum standard of living, that is, welfare rights including access to education, health care, minimum income (Marshall 1950/1973). Citizenship consequently means enjoying these rights that the territorial state and its institutions set out to protect for its members and, in the case of positive rights, to guarantee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The results are based on a number of simplifying assumptions described in section 4.2.1 and should interpreted in that light. In this case, the TIMES model was specified with focus on technology choices in the absence of distortions from taxes and regulation. The results will point to trends in the relative cost of different technologies and how a green transition can be achieved in the least costly manner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
When controlling for incidence levels by means of the odds ratio, findings show that children that are financially strained are considerably more ‘susceptible’ to facing housing problems with odds ratios ranging between 3.06 and 4.53 for respectively the Netherlands and France. A significant association can also be observed between financial strain and neighbourhood problems as well as difficulties of access to basic services. Although odds ratios are lower, they do point towards the general ‘contagiousness’ of financial strain with an increased chance of being deprived in any other domain when financially strained. Deprivation with respect to housing can also be considered ‘contagious’, especially vis-a-vis neighbourhood problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is highest in Nordic countries. Lower public spending on childcare in southern European countries is typical, as informal care is predominantly provided for young children and mainstream pre-school participation begins at the age of three. Public spending on childcare per child is also lower in countries where the private provision of day care is predominant, such as the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Yet, there is an overall perception that reforms introduced so far are not at par with changes taking place in the international arena. Issues of conditionality and mutual accountability remain a major challenge. South-South cooperation in financing for development now accounts for 10 per cent of global aid flows and will probably increase its relative share in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These problems may be causal or exacerbating factors. Boundary delimitation processes that influence control over natural resources have always generated tensions and controversy due to the critically important economic and political implications. In particular, the delimitation of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) and maritime boundaries has increasingly important implications for the ownership of offshore oil and gas reservoirs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The previous documents also mentioned honey production and the growing of medicinal, aromatic and ornamental plants. One may distinguish a specialisation among regions around these off-farm activities. For example, specialisation in manufacturing is found in Samsun, Tokat, Qorum, Amasya, for fishery in Trabzon, Ordu, and Giresun, for forestry in Bursa, Eskisehir and Bilecik and for trade, in Manisa, Afyon, Kutahya and U§ak.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)