albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Nonetheless, certain regularities can be identified. Based on the most recently available figures, the least unequal countries in the region are the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Costa Rica and Uruguay. It is also possible to identify Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala and Honduras as those with the highest levels of income concentration in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This worked against health policy goals, health system efficiency and equity. Its objective is to enable EOPYY to purchase all the health services required to meet population needs. Other measures in the area of diagnostics have included reducing prices paid by the public health system and curbing over-prescription of specialised diagnostics. Structural reforms got under way in 2013 to reduce the number of beds, clinics and specialist units but have had limited implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The countries represented through these associations account for more than half of global spending on software and IT services and more than half of all ICT spending. Eight of the respondents were based in a developed country, 26 in a developing country and the remaining four in a transition economy. Three LDCs were included (Bangladesh, the Gambia and Haiti).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the US, law requires fishery managers to rebuild depleted fish stocks within ten years if possible. These legislative mandates may constrain the rebuilding strategies available to fishery managers and stakeholders, but there still may be substantial gains from careful design of rebuilding plans that better meet stakeholder objectives and reduce the costs of rebuilding a depleted fishery. More gradual rebuilding strategies are likely to generate greater economic benefits if demand is inelastic and marginal costs increase with the level of fishing activity. In many cases it will be desirable to rebuild fish stocks to well above B^y, but this will not always be the case and again depends on a combination of biological and technical-economic factors that will vary from fishery to fishery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
With the development of informatization in China, big data, loT and artificial intelligence are applied in many fields. The further development of these advanced applications needs a high bandwidth, low delay, stable and safe network to support data flows. The optical transmission network is an efficient information expressway and a stable data tunnel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Several RETs have attained commercial maturity for the implementation of rural electrification projects, and there is also a wealth of past experience as well as new experimentation of business models that could ensure the long-term sustainability of such projects. That would allow service providers to conduct cost-benefit comparisons of all options available and to choose the one that is the most economical, suitable to local resources and adapted to the expected demand. The analysis must also consider whether grid extension is a more appropriate electrification method for a given location. The analysis of all parameters should be conducted free from constraints regarding a predetermined technology choice (technology neutrality), and should strive to utilize as much local content as possible with the aim of maximizing trade, economic and investment benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The article argues that the impact of law enforcement efforts against corruption deserves more scholarly attention. Drawing on a mixed-methods study from Malawi in southern Africa, where a large-scale law enforcement operation has been investigating and prosecuting those involved in a 2013 corruption scandal known as ‘Cashgate’, the article explores the potential for corruption deterrence from the perspective of government officials in the Malawi civil service. Malawi provides a challenging environment for deterrence due to limited state capacity, weak law enforcement agencies and widespread corruption. Nonetheless, the research findings show that Malawian government officials perceive prosecutions and convictions to deter corruption, both with regards to the law enforcement response to Cashgate specifically and law enforcement efforts in general. The findings from Malawi suggest that law enforcement and criminal justice have the potential to make an important contribution to anti-corruption strategies in Africa and the Global South at large.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Naturally, public spending forecasts are closely linked to revenue projections, for a given level of spending on social protection, the strength of the revenue performance will determine the extent to which spending on other items might need to be reprioritised. The first is a business-as-usual approach whereby a low-GDP-growth scenario is assumed and the share of the main components of public expenditure to GDP remains at the same level as during the GTP I period. Beyond 2020, it is assumed that the share of recurrent spending to GDP will remain constant while capital expenditure will keep rising to reach 15% of GDP by 2025/26.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, the extent to which this broadband expansion will include the provision of computers and new digital technology as complementary tools for teaching and translate into digital skills training in the classroom - rather than merely serving for administrative purposes - is unclear. The pilot Project in Favour of School Well-being (Proyecto a Favor de la Convivencia Escolar) intends to train 381 school directors in the use of material for teachers and students. This effort involves the delivery of 12 230 materials by the state government across the 381 schools. Likewise, the Safe School Programme (Programci Escuela Segura) grants funding support to 155 schools to improve the school environment and foster better learning. It also provides technical support to 634 schools by means of three books delivered to the schools’ library (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The data do not support the “virtual water hypothesis.” Water-scarce northern China exports a range of water-intensive goods and services, while water-abundant southern China imports water-intensive goods. The authors suggest that several factors influencing agricultural input use and productivity — water price, labor availability, and soil and land quality - might be responsible for the results they have observed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Research on the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in collective action predicts they will not interact with grassroots groups, citing partnerships with corporations and states, the apolitical delivery of social services and accountability towards donors as disconnecting professionalized actors from volunteer-based grassroots groups. Using interviews with core activists in the movement confronting Canadian resource extraction abroad, I depart from this approach by investigating the mechanisms, or threads, that bind organizations into coordinated action. I find that NGOs and grassroots groups coordinate as a result of: shared values and environmental justice frames, the allocation of resources, and engagement in complimentary forms of advocacy driven by a division of labour and a diversity of tactics. My research develops existing approaches to theorizing coordinated action and invites scholarship on NGOization to include the conceptual toolkit provided by social movement theories to better account for NGO–grassroots dynamics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The European Commission takes part in the work of the OECD. Current NEA membership consists of 30 OECD member countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Republic of Korea, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission also takes part in the work of the Agency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There is potential for conflict with solar parks and wind farms, in that the land they occupy could contribute to habitat fragmentation. This problem might be mitigated by producing these types of energy off-shore or by using existing structures (e.g. for the installation of solar panels). The JNF is examining ways to plant trees that are resistant to dry conditions and to introduce genetic improvements of plant species so that they can cope with high temperatures and water stress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Even when they do choose those fields of study, they are less likely to pursue a science career than men - 43% of female graduates versus 71% of male graduates (OECD, 2012a). They are also less likely to take up careers in research, particularly in STEM fields. In addition, the proportion of female scientists tends to fall as seniority rises (OECD, 2015c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2011, this slack was reduced to 33%, as a result of delays in the entry of new plants, a revival of consumption and the withdrawal of the oldest and most inefficient plants of the CFE. Although all transnational firms in Mexico have plans to expand their investment, these will depend on the government’s decision to open more contracts for independent energy producers and continue with the self-supply model, which in turn depends on retiring CFE capacity. In the short and medium terms, there are no prospects for opening up the electricity transmission and distribution segments to private investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Therefore, this indicator brings out a supplementary aspect of system adequacy. Generally speaking, the indicator is transparent, apart from minor baseload classification issues and issues pertaining to the use of different criteria for load following capabilities of generation. The required detailed country-specific data is probably difficult to obtain for multi-country analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The story of the founding of the United Nations reflects its complicated ideological foundations. Jan Smuts, who wrote the words "human rights" into the Charter, was also the premier of white-ruled South Africa. Smuts embodies the dualism that runs through international law itself: the pursuit of the common good is invariably tied to its own interest. It was only through the interventions of the emerging global community, and in particular the developing world—and consequently the repudiation of Smuts and the apartheid policies of his successors—that human rights attained a more universal nature. Human rights have deeper, but also darker, roots than many current accounts would have it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As the sectoral composition of the economy changed rapidly and workers moved from state-guaranteed employment to the open labour market, an important group of workers with low or ill-adapted skills could not find jobs. Unweighted average of other Central and Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Estonia, Poland, Slovak Republic and Slovenia).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Where research does exist, the emphasis is on tourism demand, rather than tourism supply, and therefore overall knowledge is limited. Tourism is a complex ‘industry’ or, more precisely, group of industries (Cooper et al. The product is not seen before purchase, and therefore the quality of information is crucially important. This makes tourism an information-intensive industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Following the collapse of the old communist regimes, 28 post-communist countries chose from among three main foreign security arrangements: commonwealth of independent states (CIS)/collective security treaty organization (CSTO) membership, north atlantic treaty organization (NATO) membership, or neutrality. What explains these choices? We are most interested theoretically in the role played by regime type. The alliances literature typically uses a narrow institutional theory of the effects of regime type, which implies that more democratic regimes are more attractive alliance partners than more authoritarian regimes. Post-communist area specialists will be aware that this institutional theory fails to explain the apparent tendency of more authoritarian post-communist regimes to join the CIS/CSTO. We develop a broader ideological theory of how regime type affects alliances, in which political institutions are complemented by substantive ideological and policy goals. Applying the ideological approach to the...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although the effects of public austerity have been the subject of a significant literature in recent years, the changing role of the state as a partner in collaborative environmental governance under austerity has received less attention. By employing theories of collaborative governance and state retreat, this paper used a qualitative research design comprised of thirty-two semi-structured interviews within the case study UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in the United Kingdom to address this lacuna. Participants perceived that the austerity period has precipitated negative changes to their extant state-orientated funding regime, which had compelled changes to their organisational structure. Austerity damaged their relationships with the state and perceptions of state legitimacy whilst simultaneously strengthening and straining the relationships between intra-partnership non-state governance actors. This case offers a critical contemporary reflection on normative collaborative environmental governance theory under austerity programmes. These open up questions about the role of the state in wider sustainability transitions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Membership in a specific team was determined on the basis of technical expertise and practical skills (e.g. hand to eye coordination for drone pilots). The drones are modular and will allow cost-effective selective repairs and upgrades across all drone components as MOALI capacities or mapping technology (or both), improve. In addition to drones, data processing equipment and software were also provided.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This might also arise when some benefits are difficult to capture and translate into monetary terms, as illustrated by the recent experiences with cost-benefit assessment carried out in the European Union in support to the implementation of the WFD in a few countries only (see Box 5.2). Although the WFD relates to the broader field of water resource management, these examples are relevant as they show the ways in which information on costs and benefits of water investments can feed into the policy-making process. In the case of the WFD, however, the main areas of benefits relate to environmental benefits associated with reaching Good Ecological Status, which are particularly difficult to quantify as these are linked largely to non-use values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Washington Consensus reforms—involving macroeconomic stabilization, defined as low singledigit inflation, as well as microeconomic market liberalization associated with structural adjustment—were all supposed to accelerate poverty reduction. In this new framework, poverty reduction was seen as an almost automatic consequence of economic growth. Little attention has been given to structural causes of poverty, including inequality of opportunities and initial conditions (such as assets), and the distributional consequences of growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The LDCs are more exposed to climate change impacts and are suffering from severe shocks due to climate change. The high vulnerability of the category is due to various impacts assessed by the components of the index. This situation of extreme vulnerability of the category reveals heterogeneous profiles of vulnerability among the group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Nevertheless, it should also be noted that biennial reporting on adaptation under Article 13 and adaptation communications under Article 7 are not mandatory. However, the decision also indicates that modalities will be developed in order to “recognise the adaptation efforts of developing country Parties”, which is also one of four adaptation-related aims of the global stocktake listed in Article 7.14. This implies that communicated information on adaptation could inform the global stocktake. In order to assess collective progress towards global goals, some degree of consistency and comparability would be helpful in adaptation communications, taking into account the need to limit the reporting burden of Parties and ensuring that information is country-driven.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The initiative is financed by the Faculty of Management and Economics, the Pomerania Development Agency Co. and local authorities. Academic staff from the Faculty of Management and Economics, Polish and international entrepreneurs. It is named after Professor Karol Adamiecki, a pioneer in organisation and management studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This article discusses whether the Rules formulated in the Customary International Humanitarian Law Study are automatically a part of national law, particularly in common law States. It argues that even if some or all of them accurately reflect customary international law at the present time, their status is only as potential norms of national law. It concludes that they cannot, by themselves and without more, amount to crimes within national law. The author discusses also the relationship between the Rules at common law and any wholly or partially implemented treaty upon which they are based. He concludes that the Rules, as such, will generally have little practical impact upon national criminal law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Poverty rates are extremely high - 55 per cent of the population was identified as living in poverty in 2006." And wealth concentration is associated with land ownership, a legacy of highly unequal systems of land appropriation and allocation that contributed to Guatemala’s 36-year civil war, which ended in 1996 (Wittman and Saldlvar-Tanaka 2006). On the growth side, the results illustrated in Figure 2-1A, where Guatemala is classified as exhibiting the 'caring spirits’ that are associated with wage-led growth, are a testament to this feature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Their ‘fertile ground rule’ requires that schools interested in participating in the programme submit an application endorsed by at least two teachers, as well as the principal. The application process helps to ensure a minimum level of commitment, as well as ensuring that there are a sufficient number of interested parties in the school to give the programme life. When training is provided in this context (typically at least twice per year), it occurs alongside a number of programme support structures, which reduce barriers to teachers implementing what they have learned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The remaining urban growth will play out almost entirely in developing countries. In 100 years, it is likely to be three times larger. Moreover, as Angel (2012) shows, the historical pattern of urban growth suggests that over this time horizon, urban population density in developing cities could easily fall by half. One is to have a threefold increase in the average population of its existing cities and a sixfold increase in their average built area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, in recent decades, the rise of monocultures has also led to widespread environmental sustainability concerns, including soil nutrient loss, widespread pest invasions and biodiversity loss. Organic production is growing in importance, benefiting both the environment and human health, but it still constitutes a small proportion of crops worldwide. The application of biotechnology in the agriculture sector has led to the increased use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and products derived from them. Measuring their use is an important aspect of environment statistics because of their relevance in maintaining genetic variability, possible eifect on non-target organisms and implication in the evolution of pest resistance and loss of biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The two are not mutually exclusive, nor can Nepal afford to treat them as such. “ What they have not realised is that there are also local solutions to addressing food deficit,” he says, thinking of the seed bank in Bara. The challenging realities of Nepal’s geography and its diverse microclimates would not allow for an approach that singularly focuses on increasing production with modern seeds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Currently, the GTI does not have terms of office nor rules and the institutions’ participation is only voluntary. Barring any obstacle, the GTI should be soon formalised. The Agenda sets strategic lines and 38 initiatives covering a wide range of issues, and requires an overall investment of MXN 51 billion a year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For instance, governments and other clients of PMSCs can include in their contracts: clear mechanisms for accountability, guarantees that human rights abuses will be prosecuted, incentives to increase the recruitment of female personnel, and assurances that personnel have completed gender training and are properly vetted. These regimes should be guided by the existing international legal framework. This framework includes standards that mandate the integration of gender issues, the possibility of the state being held responsible for violations by PMSC personnel, and the direct accountability of PMSC personnel for violations of international humanitarian law, international human rights and criminal law, and national laws.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This may include the setting of specific targets and the development of different surveys to collect evidence on key features of the system and its performance. It includes issues such as: the choice of the evaluation agencies and the development of the skills to perform the evaluation of the education system, the preparation by education systems to be the subject of an evaluation, the development of competencies to effectively use the results of an evaluation for the improvement of education policies, and the design of agencies to review system evaluation results with a view to inform policy development. The objectives of system evaluation typically consist of feedback for improvement of policies, accountability of policy makers and information about the performance of the education system and the impact of policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In a sharing regime, water users would find the threat of periodic bans and uncertainty replaced with a clear incentive-based structure. Decisions would be based on consideration of the full suite of opportunities available to all users. One of the most important features of this approach is that the attention of all water users is drawn to the need to plan for and deal with water scarcity'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)