albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The report recommended various incentives for excellence in research and teaching in universities, a separate staff bonus system for other institutions and a special budget for encouraging poorly performing staff to take early retirement. In addition to these recommendations, there is a need to reduce the demarcation between the colleges and universities to improve the capacity of the colleges to respond to the regional needs and build their capacity in applied R&D. Continuing disparities in educational attainment and labour market outcomes also call for a structural change in education increasing vocational training opportunities, stronger efforts in upgrading the skills of the adult population and equitable investment in education between population groups. The population is characterised by a high degree of ethnic diversity and considerable presence of Arabs who represent about 50% of the total population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
That is true for both farm and non-farm trade reform, and for own-country as well as rest-of-world reform. Since the rural poor are much poorer on average than the urban poor, this would lead to the expectation that trade reform will also reduce inequality. The effect of non-farm trade reform on its own is more mixed, providing another reason to urge trade negotiators not to neglect agricultural reform in trade negotiations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The current geographical distribution of universities correlates with exposure to ethnic and religious diversity in medieval times, suggesting education and tolerance co-evolved (Fielding, 2018). While education has been one of the strongest predictors of voting against nationalist or populist parties or candidates, the more educated are becoming less immune to populist political messages. In a recent systematic analysis of 36 potential determinants of corruption across 123 countries, the lack of primary education emerged as one of the strongest predictors of corruption in developing countries (Jetterand Parmeter, 2018). One way of examining education's contribution to other SDGs is to look at how it helps build professional capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Students start diversifying their pathways significantly from age 18, although the age of transition between upper secondary and tertiary education varies substantially among countries. While at least 90% of 18-year-olds are still enrolled in upper secondary in Finland, Norway, Poland, Slovenia and Sweden, more than 60% of students in Korea and the Russian Federation are already starting their tertiary education at that age. On average across OECD countries, 26% of 19-year-olds are still enrolled in secondary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Much of that trade is internal to a few multinationals. Developed countries dominate the high-technology end of exports (although China is rapidly moving into the high-tech segment, as can be seen from the commentary of Dong Wu in this Review). On the low-tech side and in biofuels, developing countries are significant exporters, but only as a group (UNCTAD, 2005a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The C02 emissions increased even less, indicating a pervasive historical trend towards decarbonization of the global economy at about 1.3 per cent per year. The share of fossil energy sources, taken together, increased (from 20 to 80 per cent) between 1850 and now, as did the emissions of C02 (as an unavoidable by-product of combustion). Consequently, energy-related emissions of C02 increased 21-fold to about 6 billion tons of carbon (6 GtC) in 2000. Nevertheless, their increase has remained at a substantially slower pace than that of energy requirements, indicating a strong historical trend towards decarbonization of societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The objective is may not be to develop a working career but to contribute immediately to the household income for the benefit of younger members. Discrimination, occupational segregation, and work/family conflicts result in lower wages and fewer opportunities for women, regardless of labour market sector. Although a key advantage of enclave employment is access to resources that facilitate entrepreneurship, research shows that women in the mainstream economy encounter more barriers to self-employment than men. Therefore, enclave employment may be more exploitative of women (Gilbertson, 1995).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The same guidelines will govern the new (as yet unpublished) Investment Incentives Law. Soon to be considered by parliament, this legislation has "Green Entrepreneurship" as one of its three main pillars. It thereby highlights the importance placed by the Greek government on this concept, with its key components of protecting the environment, reducing energy consumption, exploiting alternative forms of energy, producing new environmentally friendly products and using environmentally friendly methods of production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Such measures would nowadays be inconsistent with the TRIPS national treatment obligation, which requires Members to treat foreign IP right holders no less favourably than domestic right holders (Article 3, TRIPS). As another example, Switzerland, today a dedicated supporter of effective IP protection, prohibited patents between 1802 and 1888, due to the fact that free access to new technologies was thought to be more beneficial to its gradually developing industry than exclusive rights. As far as pharmaceutical products are concerned, Switzerland did not introduce patent protection until 1977.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The network’s core strategy is to grow its streaming membership business globally within the parameters of its profit margin targets. International streaming subscriptions increased nine-fold over this period, while international revenue increased nearly 18 times (see Figure B.31) (SEC, 2017c). Streaming revenues grew 41.1 per cent year-on-year to US$ 6.6 billion in 2018, so that Spotify now accounts for 38.4 per cent of all recorded music revenue as the single biggest music source.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To the extent that such jobs entail higher growth and workers are risk-averse, this provides an efficiency justification for UI (Acemoglu and Shimer, 1999). The basic idea of experience-rated UI systems is to remove the implicit subsidy from low-risk to high-risk firms that is present in traditional UI systems by replacing payroll or ear-marked taxes as the main source of finance by layoff taxes. No emerging economy has an experience-rated UI system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Are public policy programs in Mexico ensuring students receive the correct public finance and budgeting training to cut corruption, corporatism, clientelism, and other plaguing patronage elements? ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This has to be done with caution, as discouraging construction outside the city limits may have a negative impact on housing affordability in central areas, and land use should guarantee affordable new housing as the population grows. Abandoned and underused parts of the cities deserve to be made the priority for development, and any attempts to develop beyond a city’s boundaries may need to be restricted. The former or partly used industrial sites occupying considerable areas of the cities will have to be in the redevelopment agenda. In the case of single-industry towns, it can be especially important to reuse post-industrial zones and brownfields.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A set of policy indicators has been compiled which breaks down the redistributive impact of both taxes and transfers into these three dimensions. Individual country profiles facilitate the comparison of each country to the OECD average and thus help identifying reform options. Spending on transfers and the level of taxation are considerably below the OECD average, with a heavy reliance on consumption taxes (Chile and Turkey are in this group).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This paper examines the cultural chasm between computer scientists and social scientists and suggests ways and benefits of closer interaction and possible collaboration. Specifically, it presents exploratory research on the attitudes of computer scientists concerning the need for social research in computer system design, the efficacy of social science and the utility of social scientists in this endeavor, and finally the real barriers to crossing what has been termed the great divide. It is based on in-depth, ethnographic interviews conducted in 2001 with 30 academics and practitioners from a research university, a national laboratory, and industry sites in new Mexico. It finds computer scientists, though they recognize the benefits of social science, seldom seek out social scientists to collaborate and know little about social science.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, it will also be important to take an holistic view of what the data is saying over time, particularly in relation to recoveries, in order to reach a properly evidenced view of risk-related findings. Otherwise, financier appetite could be undermined before the pool of data has been adequately populated. The USD billions invested by companies in intangible assets across a range of countries represents a substantial stockpile of knowledge assets, with the potential to unlock a very substantial amount of value, but it is very unlikely that a “one size fits all” approach will successfully accommodate the varying business models, asset concentrations, sizes, strategies and aspirations of all SMEs. Examination of where most intangible asset financing has been achieved (China) suggests that regional and local variations and experimentation with a number of elements are likely to be important.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
There is some variation across countries in the extent of the decline. Notably, Germany has managed to buck the relative fall in output experienced elsewhere, but even there the employment share has still fallen. On average across the OECD, the share of workers in low-skilled and high-skilled occupations rose by 2.5 and 4.3 percentage points respectively between 1995 and 2015. In North America, the polarisation has seen high-skilled jobs largely absorb the losses experienced in the middle of the distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
El estudio analiza en que medida el disenoy la aplicacion de estas politicas tienen en cuenta la interpretacion contemporanea de los derechos relacionados con la familia incluidos en los tratados de derechos humanos y el compromisocon la igualdad de genero y el empoderamiento de todas las mujeres y las nihas tal comoexige la Agenda 2030. The family is often a basic unit of production and the prime mechanism for coping with social, economic and political adversity. United Nations General Assembly 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Japan Council for Quality Health Care (JCQHC), which was set up in 1995 as a third party organisation, is further involved in a number of quality activities such as the reporting of medical adverse events or hospitals accreditation. From 2004, data on medical adverse events are systematically collected and analysed by the JCQHC’s Department of Adverse Event Prevention. The overarching aim is to promote patient safety by sharing information with medical institutions and users. To this end, quarterly and annual reports around medical adverse events are issued, workshops organised and warnings or guidelines published.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This ratio remains reasonably constant across countries grouped from low-to high income economies. Nepal is the only low income country with data available for the reference period. Public investment should help address the equitable distribution of resources across education subsectors and geographic locations, and Support programmes for marginalized groups. An enhanced focus on innovative financing strategies that do not burden the poor but do support good-quality public education is needed, funding of education will need to be drawn from multiple sources. Postsecondary and non-tertiary education, which is used in many countries for school-to-job transitions, receives less than 2 per cent of total education expenditures in three countries, Brunei Darussalam, India and Malaysia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
But even here it has taken 16 years for the HEV (Toyota Prius) to get to its current levels of sales (about 3m cars a year globally). The explicit terms of the contract are just an outline, as there are implicit terms and understandings which determine the behaviour of the parties. The potential for returns from such new markets have motivated Renault-Nissan to invest more than €4 billion in developing market-ready electric vehicles, and other car-makers have followed this logic in developing electric vehicles as part of their own investment strategy. In a similar vein, the Paris-based network of shared-use station-based electric cars (Autolib) has been fully financed by the Bollore group which specialises in battery technology and vehicle-based IT systems (Case Study 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Provincial Secretariat of Agriculture, Water Management, and Forestry of Vojvodina Province and the JVP "Vode Vojvodine" have water management responsibilities in the territory of Vojvodina Province. The new Law on Waters, harmonized with EU legislation, was passed in 2010. The Water Section is an organizational body of the Ministry comprising the following departments: the Department of Slate Administration in the Water Section, the Department of Water Policy, and the Department of River Basin Management and Flood Protection. The Ministry of Environment manages two State-owned enterprises, the Slovak Water Management Enterprise and the Water Management Construction Enterprise, as well as two Government-subsidized organizations: the Water Research Institute Bratislava and the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Indeed, the 30-day mortality from AMI recorded one of the steepest decreases in the EU and stood at the very low level of 6.9 per 100 patients in 2015. This is lower than Germany (7.7), Austria (7.4) and the United Kingdom (7.2) (Figure 10). However, 30-day mortality from stroke is average compared to other countries, and could be improved further, particularly given that neighbouring countries Germany and Austria achieve markedly lower rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This effectively acts as a subsidy for high-risk areas. It is very difficult to get comprehensive private insurance (which in principle would have premiums aligned to risks) because insurers believe the risks to be too high for them to offer affordable policies. The Austrian Insurance Association estimated that only EUR 400 million of the 2002 flood losses were covered by private insurance, out of as much as EUR 3 billion (Habersack and Moser, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There is considerable evidence that some beginning teachers, no matter how well prepared and supported, struggle to perform well on the job or find that it does not meet their expectations. A formal probationary process can provide an opportunity for both new teachers and their employers to assess whether teaching is the right career for them. The satisfactory completion of a probationary period of one to two years teaching should be mandatory before moving into the Initial stage of the new career structure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The authors are grateful to the model's author, Mr. Luis Martinez, Modeller and Analyst at the ITF. For editorial support the authors thank Ms. Edwina Collins, Content Production Co-ordinator, ITF, Ms. Katherine Farrow, Modeller and Analyst, ITF, and Michael Kloth, Head of Communications, ITF. Further support was provided by Mr. Luke Mackle, Consultant, and Ms. Tabea Klang, former Consultant, both of the Eurasia division. Final editorial and visual support was provided by Ms Vanessa Berry-Chatelain, Communications Manager, OECD Global Relations Secretariat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Mitigation in agriculture: Main findings of IPCC Assessment Report 4, vol. Presentation at the AWG-LCA In-session Workshop on Opportunities and Challenges for Mitigation in the Agricultural Sector, Bonn, 4 April 2009, available at: http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/ad_hoc_ working_groups/lca/application/pdf/2_ipcc_new.pdf. Energy: A key to competitive advantage - New sources of growth and productivity, McKinsey & Company, Managing Partner Germany, Frankfurt, April, available at: www.mckinsey.com/ clientservice/ccsi/pdf/Ener gy_competitive_advantage_in_Germany.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The juntas are not disruptors, they have the capacity to be, but vested interests are too strong. The 1990 reforms to decentralise the CCSS architecture, primary care reforms to create EBAIS and creation of a unified health and social care electronic patient record (EDUS, as discussed earlier), demonstrate that the CCSS is able to reform. In the hospital sector, however, and more critically, in the broader issues of transparency and accountability, the system has made little or no progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There is currently only one large-scale project operating in the power sector, in Canada (the Boundary Dam plant), and two more in the United States which were scheduled to come online in 2016 (Global CCS Institute, 2016a). In other industries, only a handful of projects currently operate. Most are in natural gas extraction and processing, where two Norwegian projects stand out. This C02, which is classified as one type of "fugitive" C02 when emitted, is often released to the atmosphere both intentionally and unintentionally, either through leakages or venting during the extraction process itself, or during on-site or downstream processing of extracted natural gas. The statistics vary, especially on the former, but are in principle reported by all countries who report annual greenhouse gas emissions to the UNFCCC secretariat (Annex I countries).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This growing education and training effort should contribute to fill the replacement needs if these new graduates choose to practice and pursue their careers in Hungary. In addition, incentives targeting primary care providers to improve accessibility to services, for example by strengthening the provision of out-of-hours care, have also been put in place. The overall objective of this health system performance assessment is to enable Hungarian authorities to identify key priority areas for which improvement is needed in tenns of access, responsiveness and quality of care for the population’s care needs. In addition to giving a snapshot of the performance of the health system today, it can be used as a valuable source of information for identifying key challenges in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In 2017, there are 221 government-subsidized centres nationwide in charge of managing this program. The centres recruit and train caregivers, and dispatch the trained caregivers to families registered for the service. The fee for the service and quota of service hours are set by government and, parents can receive an allowance to help pay the fee depending on household income. Families where both parents are looking for work also have priority access, as do families with three children, two of whom are under 5 years of age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Population size will also have an important impact on development since very small markets tend to have a narrow resource base depriving them of the benefits of economies of scale, and making them dependent of external and remote markets, with high export/import costs. Press Release, 23 February 2017. Seventeen LDCs are landlocked developing countries (LLDCs), nine are small island developing states (SIDS).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Some of these opportunities stem from their own classification as LDCs, others, from their human and natural resources, or from the adaptation of capital, technology and knowledge to the specific needs of the population. This chapter focuses on the opportunities that information and communication technologies can bring to LDCs, particularly mobile technologies and ICT applications. It also examines some of the global initiatives and financial aid that governments, international organizations, the industry and other agencies have put at the disposition of LDCs to support them in the adoption of ICTs for development. All stimulate trade, create jobs, generate wealth and enhance social welfare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Indicators measuring the spread of soft policy measures such as “awareness raising" can be a good indicator of political will to reduce food waste, but may not provide a useful measure of reductions in waste generation. This would only be the case where the response measure is effective. Response indicators can ideally be used additionally with other indicators as a package to measure waste prevention effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Between January 1999 and February 2009, Universiti Sains Malaysia received 4.08 citations per paper with two other Malaysian universities (Universiti Malaya 4.16 and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 3.68) receiving approximately the same (Wong and Ho, 2010). This was lower than the other comparison Asian universities such as Seoul National University (8.04) and University of Hong Kong (10.02). In terms of commercialising of research output, USM had three US patents cumulative to 2005, compared with Seoul National University’s 22 and University of Hong Kong’s 52 (ibid.49). Nationally, however, Penang as a region is a key player in the development of Malaysian-invented patents granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Reviewing Malaysian patents by region, Penang residents invented one-third of all Malaysian patents. However, on examination the bulk of these patents were owned by foreign-based multi-national companies (Wong and Ho, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Ethiopia’s late Prime Minister Meles Zenawi initiated and publicly championed the country’s Climate-Resilient Green Economy Strategy (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, forthcoming). In Bangladesh, climate resilience is reflected in the ruling party’s election manifesto, which has driven the mainstreaming of climate resilience into national development plans. High-level political leadership was also found to be vital in Cambodia, Kenya, The Gambia and Rwanda (Pervin etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Nobel Laureate Paul Krugman has often lamented this as an undue faith in the '“confidence fairy" to spur growth. More importantly, studies have shown that the impact of a growth contraction on measures of sovereign risks is higher than the impact of debts and deficits on such risks. Hence, when fiscal consolidation leads to growth contractions they reduce rather than raise market confidence. See Cottarelli and Jaramillo (2012). Also, see Krugman (2012). Also see, Chowdhury and Islam (2012a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These are contributory pension schemes, administered by the state, which provide earnings-related benefits for formal sector workers (contributors). These systems may involve some type of intra-generational redistribution (for instance, when they include progressive replacement rates or minimum benefits) but their main purpose is consumption smoothing (section 4). Defined contribution systems are also aimed at consumption smoothing, but with stronger links between contributions and benefits. These systems by definition exclude redistributive elements (which can instead be incorporated in other'piliars’in multipillar systems) and make entitlements closely reflect work, earnings and retirement patterns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)