albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These two countries have excelled in mainstreaming women in local governance structures. Following constitutional amendments to reserve one-third of all local government seats for women in India after the 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution in 1992, more than one million women were elected to local government positions. Similarly, institutional reforms to reserve seats for women's active participation in local governance in Bangladesh in 1997 resulted in many women councillors being elected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Discussions of decentralization in health systems are ubiquitous, in politics and political economy, in economics, in health services, and in public policy. So is decentralization or territorial complexity in health policy and other areas of welfare responsibility, such as education and social care. It seems no country’s policy elites or scholars can quite stop debating the territorial organization of their government, public administration, and health services.They also decentralized more, starting in the 1970s in most cases. Its causes are much discussed, with diversity, democracy, and nationalism all playing clear roles (Hooghe et al. 2010, Loughlin et al. 2011, McEwen and Moreno 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In fact, the Federal Public Administration (FPA) has a mandate to make the gender perspective part of its sectoral planning processes. Such practices need to be a systematic part of policy formulation and budgeting processes if gender mainstreaming is to be comprehensive. In short, while Mexico has made tremendous progress compared to many OECD countries, it has room for further improving how government bodies understand and put into effect the legal requirement to incorporate the gender perspective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Supranational human rights bodies are generally moving away from a practice of issuing declaratory orders and deferring to the state on the means to comply with their decisions to the issuance of more specific reparation orders, including requiring guarantees of non-repetition such as law reform at the national level. Notwithstanding this general evolution, in this article I suggest that they have not had as significant an impact on strengthening the national remedial framework where torture is alleged. Focusing on the practice and jurisprudence of the European Court, I identify key factors that support this finding and suggest ways in which they can do more to accommodate the objective of strengthening the national remedial framework for torture while continuing to prioritise their role as forums for individual access to justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The proliferation of popular television genres in which the public are key participants (talk shows, reality TV, and makeover and lifestyle television) on the surface may seem less to do with engagement and more to do with entertainment and voyeurism. However, this article explores an alternative to the idea that popular television based on personal experience is a marker of the end of television in general and the weakening of the public service tradition in particular. Two programs, Oprah! and Little Angels, are shown to address the agendas of reflexive modernity and governmentality and potentially to contribute to a normative social order based on the project of the self. The fact that both traditional public service providers and commercial channels are engaging with these social issues suggests that new ways of legitimizing television in the public interest are emerging, with implications for the character of public service television.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Finally the economical benefit of seasonal load following for the operator is estimated. The demand curve (in red on the figure) is the weekly average demand in France from Monday to Friday between 8:00 and 20:00. The corresponding residual demand is plotted in pink, while the planned outages of nuclear plants and residual nuclear capacity are plotted in blue, as dotted and solid lines (respectively). This “real” data take into account the seasonal load following of the nuclear fleet. The volatility of residual demand, as well as the maximal power imbalances (both negative and positive) seen by the electrical grid, has been significantly reduced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, average figures mask large variations that exist at the national and subnational levels, which raises concerns about realizing Goal 10 on reducing inequality. For example, those from the lowest wealth quintile are overrepresented in out-of-school populations, in the Lao People's Democratic Republic, this quintile has a rate of 28 per cent, while that for the highest wealth quintile is a mere 3 per cent This imposes large costs. For example, the postponement of marriage and child bearing, with smaller family sizes, is known to have a positive impact on human capital formation, such as investments in education and being able to address gender inequities, as covered by Goal 5 (Gender Equality).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It declined slightly thereafter, as migration for employment picked up, particularly within the European Union, and again more recently as large inflows of refugee and asylum seekers arrived. The gender composition of migrant stocks has been affected only very marginally, however, as, once again, the migration categories in which women account for the highest shares are those most likely to be a permanent movement. While men are often perceived as the principal immigrants - the first-comers who arrived as workers, students or refugees - women account for most of the spouses who either accompany or join the principal migrants later, a pattern sometimes referred to as that of “trailing wives” (Cooke, 2008). Family migration trends may thus be associated chiefly with women, even though family migrants also include minor-aged children whose gender distribution is balanced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This can affect the composition of the income components’ deciles, and thus, the produced results. The conclusions derived by the figure, however, appear to be in line with the results of micro-analysis (OECD, 2011), in which individuals can be ranked by market income. The reference year differs across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The government has implemented these low import taxes for agricultural inputs with the purpose of supporting farm production. Source, World Hade Organisation (2013), Trade Policy Review of Vietnam: Report by the Secretariat, WT/TPR/S/287/Rev.l. The size of the annual import TRQ is fixed by MOIT, whereas the tariff rates for out-of-quota imports are determined by MOF. The most recent notification on imports under TRQs for 2010 shows no imports of eggs under the TRQ and only about half the tobacco TRQ was used.65 According to the authorities, there are no imports of eggs due to a lack of demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, due to the political sensitivity of both the issues involved and the data required, that work had to be discontinued and the documents drafted were not declassified. A central focus of that w ork was to develop analytical approaches to investigate the impacts of these rather different types of export support in a comparable way.25 Two benchmarks for comparison were shown to be relevant (OECD, 2004). In the case of a direct export subsidy, this is the subsidy granted. In the case of government supported or guaranteed export credit, the cost reduction can result from lower-than-market interest rates, a longer duration of the credit, low'er fees or other conditions that provide benefits to the importer. The magnitude of the cost reduction can be calculated from these variables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is the intention to maintain the fundamental elements of the QMS (i.e. quota and annual catch entitlements) but engage with stakeholders to improve the system for the future. This programme incorporates three projects to improve fisheries information, create the opportunities to reset the system including to resolve discarding (such as the return of unwanted live or dead fish to the sea), and to ensure our fisheries management system meets future needs. This will improve the quality of information on which decisions about fisheries management are based and strengthen compliance with the Quota Management System (QMS).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The article deals with violence against young people in a Brazil / Uruguay border region. It analyzes the violence to which young people from different social groups are subjected daily from a qualitative research that was developed along with the Doctorate Course at the Catholic University of Pelotas / RS. Data were collected from public archives, documents and interviews and were subsequently worked from the content analysis approach. The results show that violence affects everyone, but most sharply that social group that comes from a condition of greater economic, social and cultural vulnerability. It shows the Border as a space of complexities that demands a more present and forceful action of public policies, a fundamental condition for the materialization of human rights. The existence of violence represents the rejection of the full realization of a democratic rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Low-risk applications are able to use a simple area-based indicator of the land affected whereas more rigorous analysis is required for projects with a larger environmental impact. Differentiating regulatory compliance in this way also recognises that regulatory costs can disproportionately affect small and medium-sized businesses where the relative impact of costs of complying with regulation can be higher than for larger businesses. The regulatory process differs for developers according to the assessed risk of the proposed biodiversity loss at the development site. Risk is defined by the size of the proposed clearing (extent risk) and the likelihood that it will have an impact on the persistence of rare or threatened species (location risk).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The gap between the richest and poorest urban quintile is at least 18 percentage points in half of the countries assessed, and in one-quarter of the countries it is 35 points or higher. This may be due in part to the fact that access to water and sanitation facilities helps determine a household's value on the wealth index that we use, see the Annex for further discussion of this matter. In half of the countries analysed, children in the poorest quintile are at least twice as likely to die before their fifth birthday as their richest urban peers. The relative disparity is even more pronounced for stunting, where prevalence in the poorest urban quintile is at least twice as high as for peers in the richest quintile in approximately 8 out of 10 of the countries analysed, and at least four times higher in 2 out of 10 countries. For both stunting and under-five mortality, relative inequality is higher in urban areas than in rural areas - a pattern opposite to that of the other indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Depending on individual circumstances, single companies with market shares above 25 per cent may have the capacity to prevent workable competition.50 Given the technological gap between R&D-based pharmaceutical companies and local pharmaceutical producers in small developing countries or LDCs, foreign patent holders will in many cases have the capacity to prevent competition in the above sense. It is important to note that under the TRIPS Agreement, developing countries are not prevented from applying stricter criteria to determine market dominance and anticompetitive conduct. Such practices may occur through unilateral conduct or contractual agreement.507 They do not necessarily have to constitute anti-competitive conduct.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Percentages will add up to 100 unless the categories are not mutually exclusive. In gender statistics, proportions can be calculated as relative measures of (a) distributions of each sex by selected characteristics, and (b) sex distributions within the categories of a characteristic. These two types of proportions are presented in the table IV. In the first case of distribution, the proportions are calculated as relative frequencies of the categories of a characteristic for each sex, with womens and men’s respective totals used as the denominators. For example, in the third column of data in table IV. This is calculated as the number of women employed divided by womens total population in the corresponding age group and multiplied by 100.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Analisis sectorial enfocado en oportunidades [online] http://www.mejoremosguate.org/cms/content/files/biblioteca/Estrategia_ Forestal_y_muebles.pdf. Analisis de contexto, Jakarta. Propuesta", Guatemala City. Inversiones y Desarrollo de Centroamerica (1999), "Diagnostico del cluster forestal", Guatemala City.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This facilitates co-operation between teachers of both institutions and makes transition easier for children as they are already familiar with the learning environment. For stand-alone settings such as nursery schools and partner provider centres, joint planning may present more of a challenge (Scottish Executive, 2007). Furthermore, little is known about the impact of collaboration with services outside the school on child well-being and early learning. Participating jurisdictions report a number of activities and guidelines to foster such collaboration, but few signal challenges in this area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Complex environmental issues are leading local governments to collaborate with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the urban environmental governance sphere. While previous studies have emphasized how the Chinese government engages NGOs in service contracting to meet rising service demands, they have not provided empirical evidence of the outcomes of these collaborations at a local level. Based on a mixed methods research design developed from May 2016 to February 2017 in Shanghai, the impact of Aifen, an environmental NGO, is assessed in the context of municipal solid waste management. A total of 400 questionnaires were completed. 200 questionnaires in 10 communities where Aifen developed its activities and 200 questionnaires in 10 communities where no environmental NGO activities were accomplished. The results show that a local government-NGO collaborative governance approach enhances public participation and respond to state decentralization and rising environmental issues in urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Information connecting the sample structure codes in the micro-data with descriptions of the particular sample design features, so as to be able to identify the design features applicable to particular units. Practical variance estimation methods need to make some basic assumptions about the sample design. First, the sample selection is independent between strata.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While there is a myriad policies that shape the urban form, this section takes a closer look at policy tools related to housing, transport and environmental policies. Access to housing is precisely reported as one of the five most important objectives of housing policy by all 26 OECD countries that took the recent Questionnaire on Affordable and Social Housing (QuASH) (OECD, 2014d), including 18 countries that explicitly mentioned improving the affordability of housing (Salvi del Pero et al., As documented in Chapter 2, people living in large cities are, on average, less satisfied than the national average (by 13.3 percentage points) with the affordability of housing. For example, national fiscal frameworks may make greenfield development more attractive to cities than infill development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
See: Bigabo, Patrick. In the right chart, the marked line shows existing computer literacy and projected level at current growth rate, the dashed line shows the projected impact on computer literacy from the Digital Ambassador Program (DAP). In order to achieve this, at least some resources should be devoted to increasing school enrolment. Further, a number of LDCs have universal service funds whose disbursement is often linked to goals such as training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) generally face additional barriers to providing training, including difficulty articulating training needs and lack of economies of scale. To encourage employers to take an active role in investing in the skills they require, government intervention may therefore be needed. These pilot funds included the Employer Ownership of Skills initiative (mn from 2012-14), the Employer Investment Fund (launched in 2011, and supported 87 projects), the Growth and Innovation Fund (launched in 2011, and supported 37 projects), and most recently, the UK Futures Programme (ran from 2014 to 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, the finding of little tension between technology diffusion and income equality may also reflect the tendency for redistribution policies to have at least partially contained the disequalising effect of technology on post taxes and transfer income, on average across the OECD over the period under consideration. This could signal future challenges to redistribution systems and potential trade-offs between growth, equity and fiscal objectives. This is driven by higher employment and productivity. These findings would suggest that reforms in this area boost growth without raising trade-offs with equity objectives, irrespective of the level of inequality aversion (Table 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This should encompass affording respect to patients, involving them in prioritising and planning for health care systems and promoting their voice and choice through greater health literacy. Collecting patient experience measures is pivotal to delivering health services that are truly responsive to patients’ needs. In a complementary manner, health professionals’ role must be modernised to deliver greater patient-centred care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Sen argues that deprivation should be seen as an absolute deprivation or dispossession (such as starvation and visible hardship), supplemented by a relative deprivation, since deprivation also has to be judged in comparison with the experience of others in the society (Sen, 1979, p. 289). According to Sen (1979), the relative deprivation approach should not be used alone, since this may lead to regarding poverty as an issue of inequality. There is surprisingly little debate on what indicators are suitable.2 This has to be attributed to the fact the empirical applications of multidimensional deprivation concepts are necessarily data-constrained, in most cases researchers only have a small number of options and common wisdom leads the analysts in their choice of the indicators used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Finally, promoting the positive impacts of integrating resilience into programming, both locally and internationally, will help reinforce progress made. Based on the findings of this study, integrating resilience into donor organisations will involve an internal review on risk and resilience, gaining an appropriate political mandate, and then creating a platform of policy, guidelines, research and experts to enable the progressive integration of resilience throughout the organisation - in capitals and in the field. Guidance should include how to engage all stakeholders in the integration process, how to perform a comprehensive risk analysis, how to adjust current programming and thus integrate resilience into donor country and national government strategies, and, importantly, how to evaluate the impact of resilience-building. Lessons from OECD countries, in business continuity planning, supply chain management, public-private partnership, and risk financing and transfer mechanisms, could form a useful part of this guidance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Thus, we do not examine these countries. Thus, 26-35 year-olds surveyed in 1994, 35-44 year-olds surveyed in 2003 and 44-53 year-olds surveyed in 2012 are all representative samples of the 1959-68 birth cohort. Our analysis focuses on literacy, which is measured in a comparable way in the three surveys.4 For the countries that participated in IALS, ALL and PIAAC we study birth cohorts that appeared in each of the three surveys. This investigation yields several noteworthy results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Five mutually exclusive forms of work — including employment work — are identified in this Resolution, which are distinguished by the intended destination of the production (i.e., whether for own final use or for use by other economic units) and the nature of the transaction (i.e., whether monetary or nonmonetary transactions and transfers). Employment work refers to work performed (for use by other units) in exchange for pay or profit. The form of work identified as employment at the same time sets the reference scope for the definition of the labour force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In the absence of these conditions, decentralization can lead to capture by local elites. In reality such transfers generally give little weight to levels of poverty or vulnerability - being based more on the size of the population or the geographical area. Fiscal transfers thus fail to address regional inequalities, indeed the rich regions may get more than the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These chronic illnesses represent a growing burden in all OECD countries, and their increased prevalence has been attributed to a range of causes, including the ageing of populations and lifestyle factors such as smoking, physical inactivity and excessive alcohol intake. Data refer to 2008 for TUrkey, and 2007 for Australia, Japan and New Zealand. Results for countries marked with a “1” are not directly comparable with those for other countries, due to differences in reporting scales, which may lead to an upward bias in the reported estimates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This chapter will use public health, police and court record data to examine temporal and geographical variations on homicide in Spain since the transition to democracy to today. This will include analysis of trends in mechanism of injury. This information will be complemented with informal interviews with key police analysts. Particular attention will be devoted to four scenarios of homicide that are relevant in the Spanish context: terrorism-related homicide, intimate partner homicide, organised crime homicide and youth homicide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Resources allocated to the Environment and Climate Change Fund for the financing of national environment-related programmes have remained quite small. Local governments can rely on their own earmarked revenues for financing environmental expenditures, but the actual expenditures have fallen increasingly short of the mandatory funds that they should spend. First steps in this direction have been made with the approval by the National Statistics Office (NSO) in July 2017 of 38 green development indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This paper aims at observing the risks of technological innovations from the perspective of the common good and the humanity of human rights, from the pragmatic- systemic matrix. The new products, processes or services is essential for economic, social and human development. However, its movement can cause complexes and invisible risks. This work deals a connection between the common good and the civil procedure of collective interest, using it as an instrument for managing risks. At the end, it proposes a new democratic form to the civil procedure, through the possibility of public participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)