albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
There are also plans to implement another LNG terminal.53 Potentially, Singapore could become a regional gas hub in the future. Maintaining an adequate reserve margin in electricity generation and transmission capacities ensures the reliability of electricity service. Very often, distinct from the electricity flows, the wholesale buyers (large consumers, aggregators or distribution companies) may be paying the wholesale electricity suppliers (either producers or aggregators) according to separate contractual agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Democratic and autocratic states routinely violate their international agreements protecting human rights. Scholars typically link ratification and compliance behavior theoretically but test their models separately, however, if the behaviors are jointly determined then we should treat them that way empirically. We consider how domestic judiciaries influence the joint choice to ratify and comply with international human rights regimes. Using data on the ratification status of states under the Convention Against Torture (CAT), states’ torture practices, and a series of measures of judicial effectiveness, we examine whether legal institutions are likely to constrain state behavior and by implication raise the costs of ratification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Participants can share their experiences, encouragement and information via small group communities. For instance, Israel’s Encouraging R&D in Traditional Industry Programme incentivises firms in those industries to invest in research and development (R&D) projects through grants covering 50% of projects’ expenses (labour costs, equipment, acquisition of intellectual property, etc.). The Support Programmes for Companies from the Ultra-Orthodox and Arab Minority Communities, also in Israel, incentivise companies that have at least 33% of their share capital held by an entrepreneur of a minority group or from the ultra-Orthodox community to engage in product development projects by providing grants covering 85% of the project’s budget (up to EUR 480 000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
First, none of the studies on buffer stocks control for any other factors that could have contributed to price volatility. In particular, the role of trade policies, actions of private traders, private stocks, the macroeconomic environment, and production levels in (de)stabilising prices are ignored in most of the studies and certainly are not accounted for in any empirical analysis. At best, a study will mention the confounding factors. This is not a criticism as it is indeed an extremely complex, if not impossible, task to disentangle the impact of trade policies, macroeconomic factors and domestic policies on price volatility. This is not surprising as buffer stocks are by nature more adapt at preventing price drops (guaranteeing a floor price) than curtailing price spikes (maintaining a ceiling price). This relates back to the point mentioned above regarding the natural limit of stocks: once stocks are depleted, the buffer stock can no longer prevent price rises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Different methodologies are used in order to decipher the negative relationship described in Volume II of the PISA 2015 initial report (OECD, 2016b). They explore the interactions between enquiry-based teaching and the school environment, differences in the benefits of such teaching practices, depending on student proficiency in science (e.g. top performers might benefit more from scientific enquiry) and on the branch of science being taught (e.g. chemistry, biology), and whether enquiry is more useful in helping students engage with more difficult science tasks. The question asked about the frequency with which certain enquiry-based practices are undertaken in science classes. Answers were provided on a four-point Likert scale ranging from “In all lessons”, “In most lessons”, “In some lessons”, to “Never or hardly ever”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Abstract   In civil and ethnic conflict, sexual minorities experience a heightened risk for war crimes such as sexual violence, torture, and death. As a result, sexual minorities remain an invisible population in armed conflict out of a need for safety. Further study of sexual minorities in conflict zones confronts matters of human rights, war crimes, and the psychosocial effects of war. This article reviews the existing research on sexual minorities in conflict zones, examines the findings on human rights, war crimes, and the psychosocial effects of war and violence on sexual minority populations, and reviews the barriers to effectiveness faced by intervention programs developed specifically to aid post-conflict societies. The article concludes with a summary of findings within the literature and further considerations for research on aggression and violent behavior with sexual minority groups in conflict zones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The initial version of the Law on Permits and Licences considered permits for surface water abstraction and wastewater dischaiges, however, shortly after adoption, permits for surface water abstraction were cancelled. The issuance of permits for wastewater dischaige, which was also included in the initial version of the Law, was abolished in 2007. The 2005 Tax Code abolished the taxes for environmental pollution, including water pollution. Georgia’s water-related environmental legislation has developed considerably since the 1997 Law on Water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These types of operators are governed directly by regional/local transport authorities who define the level of service, fares and coverage. In some instances, national authorities also set requirements for these operators, especially in return for payments and subsidies. However, this model may harbour some inherent tensions in that officially partnering with innovative mobility operators, especially those that have limited or no public service obligations, may be seen as running counter to the agency mission. This is one of the reasons the US Federal Transit Administration has issued guidance on the matter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This inequality is a further reflection of the persistence of the culture of privilege and its new norms. While in 11 of the 18 countries included in figure V12, the capital cities displayed less inequality than at the national level, in the other 7 the opposite was the case. The tendency towards declining inequality recorded in the region in the 2000 decade was also visible in the capital cities. In 10 cases, The Gini coefficient decreased by more than 1 % per year in 10 cases, and by more than 2% in 5 (La Paz, Managua, Lima, Buenos Aires and Panama City), as reported in Jordan, Riffo and Prado (2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Grattan Institute7, for example, suggests that although energy intensive industries, such as alumina refining, LNG production and most coal mining, will be less profitable, they would still be internationally competitive. With the exception of cement, these industries don’t have a strong presence in the metropolitan economy. This suggests that the negative impacts on industry and overall employment in the Sydney metropolitan area are likely to be small. Treasury modelling concludes that action on climate change will have a relatively small impact on GNP growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the last few years, capital expenditure represents the greatest proportion of annual public expenditure in general programmes of upper secondary education (fluctuating between 10% and 18%). In the 2005-13 period, the proportion of capital expenditure has grown considerably in technical-professional programmes (from less than 2% to more than 8%) and less son in primary education (from about 4% to about 8%). Also, as depicted in Figure 3.14, in 2011, capital expenditure as a proportion of total expenditure in public institutions was lower in Uruguay (4.5% in primary education, 3.5% in secondary education) than in the average OECD country (7.7% in primary education, 7.1% in secondary education). For the same year, capital investment in school education was more significant in Argentina, Brazil and Peru than in Uruguay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The decade since 2000 marks also a clear bifurcation of inequality trends across regions. On the one side, Latin America, and to a much lesser extent SSA7, recorded a decline in income inequality (see table 8), while in other regions inequality rose more frequently than it declined, though the extent of the rise was generally more moderate than in the past. This is evident in OECD, transition, MENA and SEEA countries. Outside Latin America and SSA, inequality fell in 19 countries, while it rose in 33 and stagnated in 20, as confirmed by several recent studies (OECD, 2008, Mitra and Yemtsov, 2006, Koujanou-Goldberg and Pavcnik, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Seed banks “enhance social relationships, build community trust, contribute to local governance and community institution-building, and strengthen farmer-to-farmer networks.” In March 2013, almost 40 farmers representing seed banks across the country gathered in Kachorwa to share their experiences and formalise linkages. A team led by Madan Bliatta, chief of the National Agriculture Genetic Resources Centre had driven all the way from Kathmandu to Kachorwa — a day’s worth of travel — to start the process of funnelling seeds from the community seed bank to the national gene bank. The government-run CSB’s have also begun to take their conservation mandate seriously, and a new seed regulation published last year introduced a simpler mechanism of landrace registration, which enables farmers to legally sell their seeds, but not to brand or commercialise them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Imports of industrial and agriculture products also decelerated during 2011. On the other hand, energy-intensive activities in the region kept petroleum imports buoyant, with growth of almost 20% during the same period. On the other hand, weak economic conditions in developed markets and associated weakening of growth in the powerhouses of the region, caused imports intended for further production - including processing for exports - to decline much more.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Gender parity has been successful in terms of equitable numbers of men and women occupying the lowest and highest positions in the organization. However, at the critical middle levels (P-4/P-5 and D-l/D-2), parity has not been achieved. Men enter the organization at higher levels and get promoted more quickly than women. The culture and unwritten rules about who gets promoted and valued, and whose voices are heard, require deeper attention to truly achieve gender equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Generating domestic revenue requires a policy dialogue aimed at building a national consensus on the nature, scale and financing of social assistance within a country. Social protection allows households to increase and diversify their food consumption, often through increased own production. Positive impacts on child and maternal welfare are enhanced when programmes are gender-sensitive or targeted at women. Nutritional status depends on a number of additional factors, including access to clean water, sanitation and health care, as well as appropriate child-feeding and adult dietary choices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article focuses on the distinctions that the ad hoc Tribunals have drawn between the comparative law method and the review of evidence for clarifying customary international law and general principles  of law. It outlines the dangers in the readiness of some international judges to accept narrow inquiries, which at best attach special weight and  at worst restrict the scope of inquiry to a single, specific legal system. The readiness of some international judges to simply elevate legal rules and concepts with which they are familiar from their own legal education and practice to the level of universal truths may imply a failure to understand  the other legal traditions on offer. The article concludes by showing that, unless the dangers inherent in the readiness to accept narrow inquiries are clearly emphasized, the achievement of an international criminal justice that is truly tolerant of plurality is a long way off.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The profitability of generating units that are likely to operate only for a relatively small number of hours in each year (peaking capacity) is especially sensitive to the level of prices that are realized during the small number of high demand hours in which they provide energy or operating reserves. Figure 21 shows the notional revenues calculated for a peak power plant in Australia. A gas fired power plant running only when prices are above 1000 AUS$/MWh would have earned revenues above annual costs only two years in the period 2006-2011, corresponding to two dry years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Activities that can be beneficially promoted include reading to children, singing songs and nursery rhymes, going to the library and playing with numbers. An academic approach makes use of a staff-initiated curriculum with cognitive aims for school preparation. An academic approach can prescribe teaching in critical subject areas but can also limit a child-centred environment characterised by self-initiated activity, creativity and self-determination (Eurydice, 2009, Prentice, 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
First, it is desirable to minimise international spillover effects. Friendly nations are considerate of each others’ interests and try to avoid doing harm to other countries’ trade flow's - not least because they want to see their own trade interests respected by other nations. Second, where policies have unintended side effects on markets and trade, they introduce extra costs to the economy in the form of use of resources that could be employed more productively elsewhere. In the political process, these extra costs are often not directly visible, but they are nevertheless real.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A buffer strip of at least three metres must be established for agricultural activities along watercourses. In addition, the creation and maintenance of permanent grassland and pastureland permanently vegetated is encouraged to minimise the use of pesticides and fertilisers. Luxembourg has six stations - three rural and three urban - for permanent measurement and recording of ground-level ozone concentrations. Replaced by the Directive 2008/50/EC. This holds for washed vegetables for human consumption (threshold of 3 pg WHO-TEQ/g dry matter) and for unwashed vegetables for use as animal feed (threshold of 0.85 pg WHO-TEQ/g dry matter), 1 pg = 10“12 gram, World Health Organisation-Toxic Equivalent Quantity (WHO-TEQ).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
By linking the GRI G3 Guidelines to the 10 principles of the Global Compact, Making the Connection assists companies in bridging the gap between the COP and other sustainability reporting vehicles. In 2008, a number of campaigns were undertaken by PRI. These must be met by companies the IFC invests in and are looked to by companies globally as an important international benchmark.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Life expectancy gains have mainly been driven by reduced mortality rates after the age of 65. Stroke is decreasing as a cause of death, but a growing number of people are dying from Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Overall alcohol consumption per adult has increased and one-fifth of adults report heavy alcohol consumption on a regular basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The main findings and recommendations have fed into the internal discussions leading to the definition of an OECD Green Growth Strategy, launched at the 2011 OECD Ministerial Council Meeting. The project has benefitted from the participation of Extremadura (Spain), London (UK), Podlaskie and Pomorskie (Poland) and Sydney (Australia). It has also received financial support from the European Commission. I am convinced that the content of this report will be a valuable tool, not only for Sydney, but also for other cities and regions seeking to improve their environmental impact while creating jobs and economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In terms of total assets they have from USD 50 million to 2 million.5 The smaller institutions usually serve specific areas of the country instead of covering the whole country. Nonetheless, some smaller institutions have become national organisations, such as TMSS that was first established in 1964 as a local organisation in Thengamara village but has then been proclaimed national organisation. Additional information was obtained from annual reports, audit reports, financial statements, or other relevant documentation provided by microfmance institutions. The total assets reflect what the MFI owns or what is owed to it, while equity represents the difference between total assets and liabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The wide range of results is in many cases largely accounted for by the effects of LUC and ILUC, but there is currently no consensus on a recognized methodology of quantifying those effects, in particular for ILUC, which is not even considered in most studies. This is for instance the case if residual biomass can be used for animal feed or fertilizer, and the emissions related to the replaced feed or fertilizer are then subtracted from the fuel emissions. Many of the processes also produce significant excess heat and/or byproducts suited for heat and electricity generation, which similarly have associated substitution effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Since orthophotographs allow precise area measurements, agriculture emergency response teams are better able to estimate the required agriculture inputs such as seeds and fertilizers and even assist in effective planning for the next agriculture season. Irrigation systems and other water sources can also be analysed and the processed data are useful for future risk assessment and emergency planning. Chin State’s capital city, Hakha, was the worst-affected region with heavy rainfall and landslides that displaced thousands and wiped out half of the city’s farmland. This was determined as a crucial step in terms of further understanding the applicability of the technology in remote and topographically complex landslide-prone and erosion-prone regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
C orporal punishment is increasingly regarded as an act of violence against children. Corporal punishment includes any use of physical punishment against a child in response to misbehaviour. This most commonly includes spanking, smacking and slapping, but also includes the use of an object such as a rod or stick, hair pulling and ear twisting. A growing body of research has focused on discipline and the adverse effects of corporal punishment (Berlin et al., 2009, Lansford et al., 2009). The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child asserts that States take ‘all appropriate legislative, administrative, social, and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence . . .’ (UNICEF, 1989, Article 19, Center for Effective Discipline, 2009). The Committee on the Rights of the Child (2006), in General Comment Number 8, has further clarifi ed that:
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Maori perspective of well-being, the Whare Tapa Wha model, is used especially in health and social services and makes explicit spiritual well-being. Maori expert Mason Durie developed this model in 1982 to reflect the Maori view of health and wellness around four dimensions: taha wairuci (spiritual health), taha hinengaro (mental health), tahct tinana (physical health) and taha whanau (family health). Different parts of a wharenui (meeting house) represent each of these dimensions. This is a major international survey, the most recent round of which took place in 2014, with results reported in 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The current state of play may actually reflect the low willingness to charge rather than affordability issues. The lack of data or projections on users’ ability to pay and wider needs of the basin has led to the implementation of rates that are generally similar across different basins and fail to reflect local conditions. Parts of the revenues from water charges could be allocated to strengthening the capacity to monitor water abstraction and pollution in Brazil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
To that end, general economic, labour market and entrepreneurship policy reform may be required and the lack of comprehensive and reliable information in some key areas must be overcome. Investment in gender equality yields the highest returns of all development investments. Furthermore, policy needs to keep a firm eye on ensuring continuous improvement in the quality of education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. First, it describes the main trends within educational evaluation. It is apparent that evaluation and assessment are increasingly being considered as levers of change guiding improvement, accountability, educational planning and policy development within school systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Also national food security evaluations depend on this information since they determine the quantity of food that is actually available for consumption. Intra-regional flows are particularly important, as they impact availability in importing as well as in exporting countries. Even in the absence of trade, or with only small quantities traded across borders, market integration creates interdependence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Parties are obliged to establish early warning systems, apply and exchange best available technology and mutually assist each other. Finally, Parties shall make information about the environmental status of transboundary waters, expected scenarios and water quality objectives available to the public. Proper implementation of the Convention thus provides a good basis for the execution of these sub-regional instruments, including work on adaptation (see boxes 4 and 5 on the Rhine and the Danube). Activities regarding adaptation to climate change have started with an assessment of the state of knowledge on climate change and its expected impact on the water regime in the Rhine, published in 2009. However, as long ago as in the 1990s, important measures were being taken regarding flood risk management, increasing the basin’s adaptive capacity to respond to future expected climate changes. In the context of the implementation of the 1998 Flood Action Plan, the flood damage risk (defined as the product of damage potential (€) and the probability of flooding (per year) has been assessed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Many secondary schools are bilingual, with instruction in both French and English. Missionary schools, established during the early days of colonial government, are a significant provider of education services, and are partly subsidised by the government. The Francophone system (80 per cent) operates throughout the remainder of the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Figure 1.1 proposes a simplified framework that summarises the channels through which climate change may affect farm systems through changes in the water cycle (a more detailed analysis of the linkages can be found in Annex A from FAO, 2011). Climate change is projected to lead to long-term changes on climate variables such as temperature, precipitation, etc. At the same time, climate change could also lead to an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme climate events such as floods, droughts, and cyclones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)