albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Federal government support for landfill construction has helped reducing the amount of waste disposed of in non-sanitary landfills, although Brazil fell short of its national target to close all uncontrolled landfills by 2014. It requires all manufacturers, distributors and retailers of pesticides, batteries, tyres, lubricating oils, fluorescent lamps and electronic devices, and their components, to recover these products at the end of their useful life. Insufficient recycling infrastructure and limited municipal capacity for separate waste collection are the main bottlenecks in implementation of these extended producer responsibility programmes. The federal government has encouraged the formation of co-operatives of waste pickers, who are key players in the waste recovery business, thereby linking environmental and social objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These focus on attracting foreign-funded high-technology or R&D activities to poorer regions based on a map of “National Priority Areas”. The generosity of tax concessions and grants depends on the location of facilities, the degree of foreign ownership and the size of investments. The greatest support is provided to Priority A regions of the Galilee, the Jordan Valley, the Negev and Jerusalem (OECD, 2009b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, with the onset, and lasting effects, of the recent global financial and economic crisis, greater attention is being given to the negative long-term impact of rising inequality, and to the role of fiscal and social policy in shaping and curbing these effects. Berg and Ostry (2011) examined the relationship between income inequality and economic growth across 174 countries, to reveal that income inequality was a strong determinant of the quality of growth, even when market structure and other institutional factors were taken into account. Countries with low levels of inequality tend to sustain high rates of growth for longer durations, while growth spurts tend to fade more quickly in more unequal countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
World Bank Education Statistics database (Edstats). The pupil-to-teacher ratio in CLMV countries is almost twice as high as that in ASEAN-6 countries for primary schools, while the pupil-to-book ratio in key subject areas also tends to be higher in the CLMV countries. Even in the 1960s when most countries were at similar stages of economic development, countries such as Malaysia, the Republic of Korea and Thailand achieved higher literacy rates and spent a higher portion of their incomes on education, compared with South Asian countries and the least developed countries in the region. In particular, CLMV countries would be able to participate more actively in the regional production networks with a skilled labour force. Employer surveys often cite the shortage of skilled labour as a major constraint. Studies also show that education is an important factor in determining labour productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The relationship between family structure and performance in PISA was examined in the volume devoted to equity in PISA 2012. The equity framework in PISA 2015 focuses on the concentration of disadvantage and its association with students' access to educational resources, on differences in opportunity to learn, and on grade repetition and tracking. This chapter looks at how these mediating factors interact with students' socio-economic status, Chapter 7 examines how they affect students with and without an immigrant background.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The current literature on Chinese urban studies and governmentality undertheorises the reform of local governance with regard to the activation and empowerment of community in China. Inspired by Dean’s and Sigley’s discussions of non-liberal or ‘Chinese governmentality’, this paper seeks to understand and conceptualise one of China’s most noted examples of community development, the so-called Shanghai model, using the Foucauldian concept of pastorship. Understood here as distinct from the notion of ‘advanced liberal’ governmentality, it is argued that Shanghai’s community governance depends on the governing concepts and technologies associated with the socio-political construction of the ‘pastoral’ relationship between local Party leaders and citizens. By focusing on the case study of Luwan district and one of its grass-roots community organisations (Wuliqiao Street Office), this paper will demonstrate the characteristics, institutionalisation and limitations of, pastoral governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article deconstructs the “illegal–legal” binary that characterizes much immigration scholarship. Using in-depth interviews with 42 1.5-generation Brazilian immigrants in young adulthood, I find that respondents discuss a distinct hierarchy with four categories of legal membership—undocumented, liminal legality, lawful permanent resident (LPR), and citizen—that affect their daily lives and incorporation. Liminally legal and LPR statuses in particular challenge this illegal–legal dichotomy. Liminal legality is an “in-between” status in which immigrants possess social security numbers and work permits but have no guarantee of eventual citizenship. Without opportunities to regularize their status, both undocumented and liminally legal young adults face increased vulnerabilities to poverty and social exclusion. Liminally legal youth, however, are in better positions than their undocumented peers during early adulthood because of state-delimited rights associated with their legal status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Water shortages and reallocation w'ill affect production and exports, magnifying local impacts across the global stage (MacDonald, 2010). Field crops, livestock and dairy products, the most affected activities—due in part to a reallocation of water to high value specialty crops—represent a significant share of exports. In 2014, California’s exports of daily products, beef and related products, rice, cotton and hay' amounted to USD 4.2 billion or 19.5% of the state’s total agriculture export value (CDFA, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Ofsted is the Office for Standards in Education Children’s Services and Skills in England. Ofsted inspect and regulate services which care for children and young people, and those providing education and skills for learners of all ages. Ofsted regularly publish reports on schools in England(see http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/about-us).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Such a response includes the development and implementation of gender-sensitive programmes and policies. Central gender institutions are expected to exercise a leadership role and serve as advocates and catalysts for action with other government agencies to support a consistent national response throughout government to the needs and priorities of women and men and mainstream gender concerns into legislation and public policy. Central gender institutions can also be located within the office of the head of government or state, as in the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Association holds conferences and forums, launched the Qatar Business Women Award in 2007 to recognise Qatari women who contribute to Qatari society and the economy through their professional and entrepreneurial achievements. The QBWA announced a partnership with the Qatar Businessmen Association in 2010, a partnership that aims to extend its platform to include different sectors and build relationships with Qatari organisations to support its vision and help achieve its objectives. These committees provide support for existing businesses, help establish new ones, identify the obstacles to women’s enterprise development, lobby for the removal of these obstacles so women can become empowered both economically and socially, seek to reform current legislations and policies to become supportive of women’s advancement, and provide networking and educational opportunities for women entrepreneurs, working women, job seekers, and potential entrepreneurs. The mandate of these committees is to enhance the role of businesswomen, promote skills development, and assist women to establish their own businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The use of diesel power plants in such locations requires the systematic importation of expensive fuel, which is not always possible, especially in the winter, in addition to which it leads to environmental pollution. Under these conditions, there is an urgent need to ensure a sustainable energy supply to telecommunication facilities based on global partnership as well as on environmentally-friendly, autonomous, renewable (solar, wind, hybrid solar-wind-diesel) energy sources (SDGs 7,13 and 17). The project aims to complement the advances made in mobile broadcasting to ensure 100 per cent coverage of the national territory in 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
From its beginnings in the 1970s as the Council for Equality between Men and Women, it functioned as an executive commission but with a small staff of between five and eight employees. It was relocated from the Prime Minister’s Office to the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, farther removed from central decision making, but received statutory responsibility for proposing gender equality reforms. This facilitated more successful intervention in prostitution debates, job training and political representation (World Bank, 2012). Chile’s National Service for Women, SERNAM, benefitted from a Chair with ministerial status. In this case, the gender institution’s leadership, along with a sector-specific approach to gender mainstreaming, improved its capacity to influence inter-sectoral dialogue with line ministries and the national gender institution advocated successfully for legislation on domestic violence and gender discrimination, including childcare for seasonal day workers and maternity leave for domestic employees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For each expenditure category, the per capita expenditure ratio is calculated to account for differences in the demographic structure of countries. These expenditure ratios depend on the population covered by the different benefits, their take up rates and the payment rates of each type of benefit. Data on these amounts were taken from the Social Assistance and Minimum Income Protection Dataset (SAMIP) maintained by the University of Stockholm (SaMip, 2018[2u).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 2017, the OECD launched a horizontal project titled Going Digital: Making the Transformation Work for Growth and Well-being. While investments by telecommunication operators in ICT infrastructure and other telecommunication services continue to be driven by private sector actors or government entities or coiporations, investments in many low-income countries are still very limited. Despite infrastructure being capital intensive, total investments in telecommunication services in several countries in Africa represent less than one-sixth of total concessional finance received by the same countries (see Figure 2.7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The analysis in this chapter draws particularly on the “Pedagogical Approach Networks”, for their experiences revolve on common approaches that have already expanded. It follows the structure of the questionnaire, which was designed to engage the different networks. First, it describes the networks main pedagogical approaches and their relation to some fundamentals of learning (as described in previous OECD/CERI work).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, recalling that this is not at present the main avenue for mitigation under the Paris Agreement, it remains to be seen whether demand for developing country emissions reductions will be a major source of exchange and opportunity or only play a minor role. It is also unclear whether the scope of the SDM will specifically favour LDCs or a broader group of developing or vulnerable states that reflects the specific circumstances of the SIDS - an issue that arose under the CDM of the Kyoto Protocol20. Again, however, the vague nature of the Paris Agreement's provisions on technology transfer commends some caution as to how and when this element of the agreement will actually affect the global economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Developmental considerations could come in by exempting countries below certain thresholds of per capita income and/or emissions (as proposed by Baehr and associates in their work on “Greenhouse Development Rights”). There, obligations are estimated based on shares in above threshold incomes and emissions. Domestic sources include national taxation and savings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Both cities have strong manufacturing bases that can also support new green growth. While San Diego lacks private capital, Sydney is the nation’s financial capital. The formation of an organisation like CleanTECH San Diego may be the key to harnessing, connecting and networking Sydney’s intellectual, manufacturing and financial resources for green growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Specialised services often involve a breakdown of these fields, such as neurosurgery (surgery), allergology (internal medicine), paediatric allergology (paediatrics) or reproductive medicine or genetics (gynaecology and obstetrics), etc. Admissions focus on routine treatment, such as maternity cases without complications, appendicitis, hernias, diarrhoea and dehydration in children, non-complicated diabetes and so on. It includes the whole range of services usually performed in an outpatient setting, such as tooth extraction, the fitting of dental prostheses, and dental implants and orthodontics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Rio markers are descriptive, allowing for approximate quantification of financial flows. Not all climate-related ODA is reported to the UNFCCC as climate finance: out of total bilateral climate-related ODA in 2013-2014 (USD 25.1 billion on average per year), only a share is reported as climate-finance (preliminary estimate: USD 19.1 billion on average per year). This reflects how Party reporting to UNFCCC, whilst often based on, is not directly comparable to the DAC climate-related development finance statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Some countries have begun to introduce or contemplate the introduction of contractual procedures at metropolitan level based on a more multi-sectoral approach. France created the agglomeration contracts that involve the central state, the region and the inter-municipal body of either the Agglomeration Communities or the Urban Communities focussing on human capital improvement and economic development initiatives (Box 4.7). The introduction of Metropolitan contracts in 2007 was a major step towards recognising functional economic areas by fostering collaboration among municipalities around a commonly defined project for economic development, without creating a formal metropolitan body. The Swiss Confederation has also introduced an agglomeration policy which would better integrate large city problems in sectoral policies in particular by encouraging project implementation through policy incentives entitled the Model Projects (OECD, 2006a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is likely, then, that a University or private contractor will be needed to carry out such an evaluation. Nevertheless, the lack of a national HTA institute stands in marked contrast to most other OECD countries and renewed effort is needed to consider how one could be established, especially given current fiscal constraints. New initiatives focussing on reducing the prevalence of smoking, excess weight and harmful alcohol consumption, and initiatives focussed early in the life course on children, adolescents and families are especially important in the Czech context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Therefore, Europe has a particular role in ensuring that social standards, developed over a long period, and which have led to the relative prosperity of the workers and their communities must be upheld strongly and effectively and without exception. It is also time for the basic social standards applicable in forestry' certification to be also applied to all workers throughout the chain of custody. We cannot be seen to be struggling our way out of the current crisis on the backs of w'Otkers by reducing the standards that they have achieved after over a century of social struggle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Created in 1941, the mission of the CCSS is to provide health care services in an integral form to the individual, the family and the community and to provide economic, social and retirement protection to the Costa Rican population in accordance to the current legislation (CCSS, 2014). Directed by health boards, the CCSS is made up of health establishments organised functionally by three levels of care (primary, secondary and tertiary') and geographically by seven regions within the three service networks in the country (the southern network, the western network and the northeastern network). Interrelated, they are intended to form networks that are articulated both vertically and horizontally and satisfy the health care needs and demands of the Costa Rican population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Given that the first principle of improvement is solid information, it is unsurprising that survey respondents most commonly suggested strategies concerning measurement and reporting for both developed and LMICs (Figure 4.1). This does not mean measuring for the sake of measuring, or public reporting of safety lapses. Rather, it concerns the accurate and systematic collection of information on safety and harm for the purposes taking informed action at local and system level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Federal alerts were activated in 33 municipalities in the State of Mexico, Morelos, and Michoacan, and the State of Jalisco implemented its own gender alert in eight locations. These local, multi-purpose anti-violence centers are intended to offer psychological, legal, and medical care, temporary shelter, consultation with child development experts, and workshops on social and economic empowerment to support women in breaking the cycle of violence and starting a self-sustainable life free from violence. In practice, however, stakeholders say that these centers are underfunded and need more resources. For instance, SEP developed the programme Construye T, which has been implemented in some public high schools to promote socio-emotional skills in students, teachers, and principals. The programme’s goal is to encourage them to better assess the consequences of their actions, develop pro-social behaviours, and improve interpersonal relationships in order to improve the schooling environment. The educational system plays an important role in changing attitudes towards women, which can go a long way towards reducing violence against women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is also a lack of alignment among programmes and of recorded statistics of beneficiaries, as well as an inadequate financial resources. Table 21 summarises the above described policy instruments. Agricultural programmes are mostly addressing constraints to access to input markets, land access and on-farm infrastructure. All of the five countries studied - Brazil, Chile, Indonesia, Mexico and South Africa have a quite important number of small-scale farmers that have low levels of development, produce partially or totally for own consumption, have low productivity levels, have scarce resources and endowments and live in disadvantaged conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The plans should also include orientation and mobility skills, facilitating peer support and mentoring, facilitating the learning of sign language and the promotion of the linguistic identity of the deaf community, and disability awareness, with an increase in disabled teachers. Implementing these sounds daunting, but it does not require every teacher to learn Braille or sign language. Specialist, resource and itinerant teachers are needed to support the development of the necessary learning of specific skills, like sign language and Braille. Too little time and effort goes into working on an inclusive pedagogy that will reduce the number of individual adjustments necessary for children with various impairments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Structured interviews were conducted in which the risk management tool was basically applied as a questionnaire, moving through it point by point with the interviewee. Each distribution company was represented by a representative of the senior management with responsibility for making decisions for new investments and operation and maintenance strategies. In addition to the two distribution companies, the Danish Energy Association, the umbrella organisation for Danish grid companies, was consulted for input on the risk assessment framework and climate risks facing the grid companies (James-Smith, 2010). These were supplied to the distribution companies during the interviews as distribution companies do not generally develop climate scenarios of their own.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Estudios estadisticos y prospectivos sent id Nations publication, Sales No. For each of the income variables to be decomposed, it indicates the annual change observed in the gap between the top and bottom quintiles and between the start and end years, and the percentage of this change attributable to each factor analysed. Paraguay was the only country where the change in the percentage of adults per household accounted for close to 50% of the decline in the per capita income gap. In the other countries, the contribution of this factor did not exceed 20%, and in some it actually worsened distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A product patent on a new use may therefore directly extend the life of the existing patent, unless the claims for the original and the new patent refer to specific and separate uses (“use-bound claims”, see below. During one year of artificially extended market exclusivity (based on an invalid patent), the originator company gained more than $1 billion in net sales of the respective pharmaceutical product. Governments may seek to reduce the risk of such lawsuits by limiting patents on product variations unless there are clear and demonstrable grounds to show that the modified substance produces truly new and significant therapeutic impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The largest deposit is at Tkibuli (268 million tons of proven reserves and 700 million tons of potential reserves, 80 per cent of the country’s total). Indications are that coal deposits may be found elsewhere in the country, but exploration has been discontinued since the 1980s. Plans call for boosting oil production to 3 million tons per year by 2020, and gas production to 2 bcm by the same date. Within the last five years, there has been a steady increase in coal production, reaching 189.5 ktoe in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Moreover, its share of females is larger than the CIS average. Female migration is driven by both gender-neutral "pull" factors, such as demand for labour and long-lasting ties between the countries, as well as by gender-specific "pull" factors, such as the demand for "female" workers to be employed in the growing services sector. Such employment often means preferences for Kyrgyz females due to their relatively higher level of Russian language facility and simplified documentation requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)