albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Hence, they started looking to communities for forest protection. The 1993 Forest Act legally recognized the autonomy of CFUGs over the management and marketing of forest products. In many cases, communities were given heavily degraded land for which tree plantations were considered the obvious solution to reversing any further environmental degradation. I-ater on, natural forests were also entrusted to communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In general, there are few attractive projects to fund. Examples include the SME association (SAMENTA), SMI Development Corp. (SMIDEC), Small and Medium Industries Association of Penang that represents the interest of SMEs and disseminate information and provide training. The latter have some collaboration with the Universiti Sains Malaysia (SME award and training) but co-operation in R&D remains limited. These types of mechanisms do not seem to exist in Malaysia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Interoperability of blockchains across various initiatives will be key to ensuring progress is made. Using the existing technology scouting and ecosystem engagement approach, relevant national and international organisations and NGOs may initiate and govern dedicated working groups consisting of selected technology providers and industry representatives, working to study the potential benefits of blockchain. The participation of climate-focused organisations in these working groups will be essential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This chapter outlines the impact of Thailand's switch from a content-based curriculum to a modern standards-based approach in 2001 and its revision in 2008. This should be better communicated to schools and education staff supported in the implementation of curriculum reform. The content of each discipline or subject is traditionally described in terms of skills, knowledge and attitudes. More recently, other elements such as cross-curriculum themes, key competencies and values have been added to this simple subject-based paradigm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Integrating students with an immigrant background is part of the socio-economic challenge, and the performance levels of students who immigrated to the country in which they were assessed in PISA can only be partially attributed to the education system of their host country. With 19.5%, the United States has the 6th highest share of students with an immigrant background among OECD countries. However, the share of students with an immigrant background explains just 3% of the performance variation between countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Partnerships between different levels of government, between rural and urban locales, and among rural communities are critical for community and economic development. Indeed, for many developing and emerging countries, the rural non-farm sector is already a source of considerable employment. In India, in particular, the rural non-agricultural activities sector employs the largest percentage of people in the country (Reddy et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2006-08, 51 microcredit organisations (MCO) were created with FFSA investment in their charter capital (up to 49%). At present, the system is not sustainable without government financing. Between 2005 and 2011, 63 000 such loans were allocated, with a maximum amount per borrower of KZT 400 000 (USD 2 715) in 2010, and KZT 1 million (USD 6 800) in 2011. About 91% of the loans were taken out for livestock production, 5% for crop growing, and the rest for other business activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The demand for wildlife products — in particular ivory and rhino horn — has led to a resurgence of elephant and rhino poaching. In addition, there has also been a shift in the areas targeted by poachers and the weapons used, with snaring and poisoning of animals used in place of firearms, especially in areas that hitherto never experienced poaching. The methods, trade routes and concealment techniques used by poachers to traffic wildlife products and engage in the illegal wildlife trade have also evolved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This will include learning, change and improvements that have occurred. In addition, Healthcare Improvement Scotland undertook an extensive consultation exercise with NHS Boards, clinicians, patients and other stakeholders in 2013, to understand how these systems could be improved. This feedback, along with existing evidence and good practice from Scotland and internationally, was used to develop Learning from adverse events through reporting and review: A national framework for NHS Scotland. The adverse events framework allows local boards to identify areas for change and improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Some examples of how development co-operation providers are supporting the enabling environment for green investment in a country are illustrated in Box 2.2, research on this area of development co-operation support is ongoing (e.g. DCED Green Growth Working Group). The need for clean infrastructure, particularly solar and wind energy, and the potential for energy efficiency and technological innovation, provide entry points for private sector participation. Increasing demand for environmental services, such as waste and water management, also create opportunities for private investment, both foreign and domestic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Where those conditions worsened faulty markets are usually to blame and, in extreme cases, the problem is the complete absence of a market. In Madagascar, for instance, poor households are almost completely disconnected from the few rudimentary markets that exist due to a lack of infrastructure (Hoekman and Olarreaga, 2007). However, the lives of poor men and women who are located in remotest regions are especially disconnected from the market. They typically work on small, rain-fed farms, growing staple grains partly for their own consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The rate of afforestation decreased considerably after the 2008 financial crisis, but was still significantly higher than before the 1990s. Most reforestation has taken place through state support for afforestation on farms and other privately owned land (Government of Iceland / UNFCCC, 2014). Current Icelandic regulations aim for afforestation on at least 5% of land below 400 metres above sea level in various regional projects (Government of Iceland / UNFCCC, 2016). The Soil Conservation Service of Iceland was founded for this purpose, and a land restoration training programme under the auspices of the United Nations University was launched in 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Revising and implementing Renewable Energy Law. Moving towards more dynamic electricity pricing (DSM Measures) and preferential dispatching. The central government's tight grip on pricing is a key challenge that could undermine its own efforts to enlarge the country's transmission and flexible generation capacity. Measures undertaken are usually heavily administrative: change is driven by target-setting rather than market forces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This paper studies the relationship between criminal organization and social control in the area of computer crime. We examine a cyber‐crime scheme that defrauded electronic gambling machines in Canada and focus on the connection between the rationality of crime and the specific structures of social control: opportunities for fraud, crime prevention, law enforcement, and punishment. We describe the cyber‐attack techniques and organization and ask how did a criminal network manage problems of property protection, security and surveillance, and relations with industry and government enforcement officials? We argue that the translation of legal control and security into a practical enforcement activity had unintended consequences that enabled rather than disabled the social organization of video lottery fraud, allowing it to operate routinely and successfully.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Volume 2: Case Studies of Romania and Slovenia. Budapest: International Labour Office. In The Gender Dimensions of Social Security Reform in Central and Eastern Europe: Case Studies of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. E. Fultz, M. Ruck and S. Steinhilber (Eds.). Budapest: International Labour Organization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Working part-time thus reduced the remaining benefit eligibility period by 50% (the doppelter Anspruchsverbrauch, or double shortfall effect) and parents returning to work on equal part-time bases received smaller benefits than those w'here one partner stayed home entirely. It introduced financial incentives that encouraged parents to share paid work equally by doubling the duration of the benefit for parents who worked part-time (see Examples 2a and 2b in Table 3.1). As before, the benefit replaces the forgone earnings of parents w'ho work part-time -as in the usual parental leave scheme. Additionally, when both partners in a couple work 25 to 30 hours per week for at least four months during or after the period of receipt of the usual Elterngeld or ElterngeldPlus allowance, they are rewarded with Partnerschaftsbonus, a partnership bonus.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
All forms of discrimination are included —gender, moral harassment, sexual harassment and others. The targeting criteria are intended to ensure access to labour justice for the largest number of workers who require it but cannot afford it. In line with the above, the Labour Defence Offices (ODLs) guarantee a maximum coverage of 97.52% to employees in the first three income quintiles and of 83.61% to all wage-earning employees in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Public (government) school systems did not begin until considerably later than this, first primary schools, then expanding into the secondary level around the 1880s. Australian universities were first established in the middle of the nineteenth century, while early childhood education (apart from services offered by community kindergartens and private providers) is a relatively recent enhancement to Australian education offerings. In Year 12, the final year of secondary school, studies are usually directed towards attaining a state- or territory-based government-endorsed certificate that is recognised by all Australian universities and vocational education and training institutions, and by international universities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
One example of this is from Sandefiord blad, where parents in a primary school wrote a letter to the editor and complained about the assessment system that had been introduced in schools. The municipality had interpreted the Assessment for Learning principles to involve assessment of students mid-year, using three categories in relation to expected attainment goals in the different subjects: above average, average or below average. Some of the teachers reacted strongly, and wrote a letter to inform the municipality that they would not participate or use the tools from the municipality to categorise their pupils.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Quality assurance and industry ownership in training is often absent in developing countries and administrative problems or conflicts between authorities exist. For example, Pakistan plans to streamline the existing fragmented training system with a focus on centres of excellence. China is setting up a national system of honours and rewards for skill masters in an effort to improve the public’s perception of skill training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, increased rates of SGBV. Further, disasters such as hurricanes or cyclones damage critical infrastructure, such as schools and hospitals. In response to the impacts of disasters and their damage, girls are more likely than boys to be pulled out of school to help with domestic chores after a disaster, making the achievement of universal primary education more difficult. Damaged infrastructure also limits access to health resources for pregnant women, increasing the risk of maternal death (UN Women Fiji 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Student behaviour is indeed better in schools whose principals are perceived as transformational leaders. These measures can also help countries build self-adjusting systems with feedback at all levels, incentives to react, and tools to strengthen capacities and share expertise among teachers and administrators. Teacher policy needs to examine these aspects closely. The analyses in this report show that 15-year-old students are already sensitive to financial rewards when considering various occupations. However, the analyses also indicate that the relatively low salaries of teachers, compared with those of other professionals with similar education, are unlikely to be the sole reason it has proven difficult to attract high-achieving students, and students from underrepresented backgrounds, to teaching.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Economic security is also complemented with employment and productive reactivation for individuals who lose their jobs as a result of a disaster, through job training courses and public employment programmes that seek to construct or improve public infrastructure in the affected areas. In a context of constant increases in the frequency and severity of disasters, the countries of the region need to take greater account of the risks and consequences of natural phenomena in their social protection instruments, and help increase the resilience of the population and settlements, particularly the most vulnerable ones. Structural vulnerability is related to the situation of individuals and households whose incomes are below or around the poverty threshold, which tend to be the population groups targeted by the various social protection instruments. In contrast, circumstantial vulnerability relates to disasters and climate change, which erode people's income and economic assets and put them into a poverty situation which they were not in previously.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Les privations des fern mesa proposde la qualite du travail sont trois fois plus prononcees que celles des hommes, et les niveaux de salaire feminins sont nettement inferieurs. De plus, les salaires reels des travailleurs informels reguliers ont baisse depuis 1999-2000. Lastasas de actividad de las mujeres no solo equivalen a la mitad de las mascu-linas, sino que ademas descendieron en el periodo 2011-2012. El empleo de la mujer jamas ha llegado a estabilizarse, el pico de empleo llega en una fase tardia de la vida, por lo que cualquier incremento salarial es efimero. Los indices de precariedad de las mujeres triplican los de los hombres,y los salarios de aquellas son significativamente menores.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, the law did not alter the wind concession system for large-scale wind farms and replace it with a feed-in tariff. Under the concession system, wind project developers engaged in competitive bidding, the winner received guaranteed long-term power purchase agreements from the grid operator. The model tended to award those developers, which offered the lowest feed-in prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is done by documenting changes in market-income inequality and providing illustrations of preferences for government redistribution now and 20 years ago. Section 3 then presents evidence on the trends in the inequality-reducing effects of taxes and benefits. The first part considers trends in aggregate spending and revenues, presents historical information on the evolution of different components, and briefly discusses the influence of cyclical factors on the observed patterns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In spite of the country’s rich biodiversity, international obligations and growing anthropogenic pressures, nature conservation efforts remain insufficient. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, these floods killed more than 20 people and displaced a further 90,000 and resulted in billions of dollars worth of damage across the region. The floods are estimated to have cost the country some 15 per cent of overall GDP in lost output and damages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The issue of serious and violent crime in relation to international students was perceived to be much less prevalent than non-violent crime. Nonetheless, the interviewees provided many accounts of violent crime. This chapter focuses on robbery—including armed robbery—assault, and the more serious crimes of homicide, kidnapping, extortion and terrorism. Robbery was thought to be the most prevalent violent crime relating to international students and it was often associated with assault. Consequently, attention will be given to a series of assaults and robberies in the western suburbs of Melbourne, Australia, which made international headlines. It is noted that this form of crime was also raised as a problem in other parts of Australia, the UK and the US. Some cases of assault and robbery also involved homicide, increasing the seriousness of the crime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One can now also demonstrate how operators in different sectors are incorporating "nexus thinking" into the exercise of their mandates on an increasingly regular basis. Water, soil and nutrients, for example, are underlying resources for the production of food and energy. In his review, Roidt (2017) infers that the rationale behind majority academic support for a nexus approach is tied to a critique of the IWRM approach and its shortcomings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Education policy-making environments have become increasingly complex, due to increased decentralisation, institutional autonomy and greater accountability. Furthermore, educational contexts and institutional and policy approaches vary, depending on a country's historical development and political and institutional frameworks, as do distribution and approaches to education funding. To do so, a range of policy options are available to them, of which funding mechanisms and incentives are key.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Taking Stock of In-Work Benefits and Related Measures across the OECD”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. The Drivers of Labour Income Inequality - A Literature Review”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. A renewed critique of productivity pessimism”, Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Secondly, there is a wide variety of different types of climate responses and contexts in which they take place. This means that results frameworks for different activities will need to be tailored to their specific circumstances, and may encompass a wide range of different indicators. However, developing indicators that are e.g. specific, measurable and achievable by an intervention is not necessarily a straightforward task (Cesar et al., Further, developing an appropriate number of indicators is also challenging: for example, Germany has developed 103 indicators for national monitoring and evaluation of its adaptation activities (OECD, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It runs several networks and helps create connections between firms, universities and different regional organisations. Svinesundskommitten also participates in a 2017-20 working group within the Nordic Council of Ministers focusing on innovation and resilience within Nordic border regions. It works specifically on advocating for joint investment in better and more sustainable transport and logistics between Oslo and Gothenburg as a way to make the area more attractive to people and businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Particular examples are the countries that have decided to phase out the nuclear power in the past: Belgium, Italy and Sweden. Ukraine - the country that suffered the most from the Chernobyl accident - approved in 2006 a strategy to build 11 new reactors to strengthen its energy independence (NEO, 2008). It is therefore only illustrative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Available from http://internist.ru/publications/detail/ rezultaty-issledovaniya-osvedomlennost-migrantov-o- tuber kuleze-i-vich/ (accessed 10 July 2017). A matter of life and death? Gender and migration: an integrative approach. Center for Comparative Immigration Studies Working Paper, No. Available from https:// ccis.ucsd.edu / _files / wp49.pdf. Trudovaya migratsija iz Tajikistana [Labour migration from Tajikistan], Dushanbe: International Organization for Migration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The establishment of protected areas has sometimes been received with resentment, with some local authorities, landowners and communities fearing (sometimes rightly) to be dispossessed of their land or expectations of future ownership. For example, establishment of the Mata Escura Biological Reserve in 2003, as environmental compensation for a hydroelectric plant, sparked conflicts with the local quilombola community. The conflict was resolved only in 2012 with an agreement between the community and ICMBio that allowed the community to remain in the protected area under certain conditions (Vilela, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, at the micro level, there has been considerable variation in the roll-out and in the persistence of the older health insurance scheme, which allows to draw some conclusions. Participation in insurance schemes does appear to improve self-reported health status according to one study (Gao and Meng, 2009), but other studies do not present such clear-cut results. Reimbursement rates for catastrophic illness are low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Poor-quality health services in some cases drive persistently high child mortality, which contributes to the tendency to have more children to make up for those lost during birth, or through illness and malnutrition. And even where laws permit unmarried women or adolescents to access contraception, judgmental service providers may refuse to dispense it. A subordinate status for many women still means not knowing or fully understanding their rights, or how to claim them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article analyses the decision of the  ICC  Pre-Trial Chamber of 16 July 2015 in which it requested the Prosecutor to reconsider its decision not to initiate an investigation into the situation of the registered vessels of the Union of the Comoros, Greece and Cambodia. In 2010, the Israeli Defense Forces ( IDF ) had intercepted a humanitarian aid flotilla that was trying to breach one of its naval blockades. The Prosecutor deemed the case of insufficient gravity to initiate an investigation. By requesting the Prosecutor to reconsider its decision, the Pre-Trial Chamber created a precedent  vis-a-vis  the boundaries of prosecutorial discretion. This article addresses the test of Article 53(1)  ICC  Statute and inquires whether the Pre-Trial Chamber applied a correct standard of review. Whilst concluding that the Chamber erred in this standard, the authors introduce a standard of review that anticipates the interrelationship between prosecutorial discretion and judicial review.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They exclude international students, trainees, persons on exchange programmes, seasonal or contract workers, service providers, installers and artists or sportsmen entering the country for particular events. The application of such a concept considerably improves the international comparability of national statistics, since coverage can otherwise vary by a factor of one to three. For Japan, data refer to categories of entry that have a relatively long estimated duration of stay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
That any child should face diminished prospects of survival or decent health because of the circumstances of his or her birth is grossly unfair and a violation of that child's rights. It is also costly in human, economic, social and political terms. Sustainable progress for today's children and future generations requires a focus on equity - giving every child a fair chance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)