albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
List of Tables and Figures List of Abbreviations Global Capitalism, Ethics and Governance N.Low & B.Gleeson PART I: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, ETHICAL DILEMMAS Towards Sustainability J.Spangenberg The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Beyond Monitoring E.Edmondson The International Politics of Declining Forests M.Jokela Maximising Justice for Environmental Refugees: A Transnational Institution on Behalf of the Deterritorialised A.Semmens Environmental Accountability and Transnational Corporations D.Humphreys PART II: TOWARDS A GLOBAL ETHICS An Environmentalist Grand Narrative A.Gare Human Rights and the Environment: Redefining Fundamental Principles? K.Bosselman Planetary Citizenship, Definition and Defence of an Ideal J.Thompson An Ethics of Care for the Environment in Conditions of Conflict J.Tully Environmental Ethics and the Obsolescence of Existing Political Institutions P.Laslett PART III: HUMANE GOVERNMENT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT Environmental Justice and Global Democracy W.Achterberg Cosmopolitan Democracy D.Archibugi An International Court of the Environment A.Postiglione Humane Governance and the Environment R.Falk Index
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In particular, it is protected against fuel price changes by the low proportion of fuel costs in the total lifetime costs of nuclear power generation. Doubling the carbon price, for instance, from USD 30 per tonne of CO2 to USD 60 per tonne would increase the total average cost of coal-produced power by 30%, more than doubling its variable cost in the process. This is not an unrealistic number.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The greater the income concentration, the larger will this area be, which increases the value of the indicator. This makes it advisable to complement the analysis with other indicators that do satisfy this property, such as the Theil, Atkinson and logarithmic variance indicators. The greater the value used, the higher the weighting given to observations in the lower part of the distribution, most frequently between 0.5 and 2.0.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Source: OECD Fisheries Database. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production, aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The condition of lichen grounds has been deteriorating for over the past two decennia due to the high level of reindeer herd grazing. This has also other negative impacts on the alpine flora and fauna including the deterrence of regrowth of mountain birch forest after autumn moth outbreaks. Other pressures on alpine habitats include tourism and off-road traffic. The disturbances by tourism in alpine areas can indudethe trampling and resultant erosion of vegetative cover (Ahokumpu etai. This is of concern as alpine ecosystems are often fragile and this can cause loss of resilience towards natural hazards: such as landslides, avalanches, erosion, and insect outbreaks. In Iceland most alpine habitats are seriously degraded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In all, these actors from emerging countries represent EUR 500 million invested in some 80 companies. Such funding typically ranges from EUR 2 million to EUR 100 million and targets entrepreneurs who either already have significant experience in the industry or have a partner company with an international reputation in the field. The minimum expected rate of return is about 15%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Regional or local authorities may also provide supplementary programmes on top of those which are nationally co-ordinated (e.g., General Assistance in US States, see Gallagher et a I., 1999). Also, benefit offices and caseworkers sometimes have considerable room for discretion (e.g., by awarding support in special circumstances). For understanding the changing role of SA in government redistribution, it would therefore be particularly important to gauge benefit-claiming behaviour and patterns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Since 2004, several countries have made major investments in national early warning systems. These include setting up state-of-the-art warning centres that are helping make the Asia-Pacific region a global hub of excellence in this field. Several countries are also making progress in addressing their unique warning requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A questionnaire was completed by 600 students out of which 112 were selected for a test and 60 passed a detailed interview. Graduates are awarded a nationally recognised certificate issued by FINPIN, the respective university and the Finnish Ministry of Employment and Economics (15 ECTS). Since then, BSS activities have been integrated into curricula.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
(2001). The world turned upside down: Are changes in political economy and legal practice transforming legal education and scholarship, or vice versa? International Journal of the Legal Profession: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 11-21.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Circulatory disease deaths also account for the largest gap in death rates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians (22% of the gap). This is followed by endocrine, metabolic and nutritional disorders - particularly diabetes - which account for 14% of the gap (AIHW, 2014b). In 2006-10, overall death rates were twice as high. Circulatory diseases accounted for the largest gap (27% of the gap), followed by diabetes (17%) and cancers (12%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This chapter offers an overview of post-September 11 US security policy as it pertains to fighting terrorism by promoting democracy using nonviolence. The first section lays out how the USA has used nonviolence in its security policy documents, especially the 2002 and 2006 US National Security Strategies. The second part traces the varied linguistic uses of the term “nonviolence” and what is meant by it. The refinement of terms, it is hoped, will help to create better policy. The chapter concludes with an appeal for a critical theory of nonviolence that is inoculated against the kinds of imperial usages witnessed in the past.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In parallel to WUGs, another type of farmers’ group called “Ten Farmers Group (TFG)” was established at village level under the DOA. While WUGs are established based on the irrigation network system, TFGs are based on the number of farmers. By 2010, TFGs had been established in 13 077 village tracts. They contribute to building awareness on water management and serve as a platform to represent farmers’ interest in all aspects of agriculture, including irrigation (ARDC, 2011). Currently, the state owns all water rights that are handled by the central government for national projects and by local governments for small projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Different cultural attitudes to gender equality, women’s changing social roles, and women’s greater autonomy and access to resources have also contributed to the improvement in their educational levels in recent years in most countries in the world. As a result, the supply of highly-educated women in countries of origin has grown. Indeed, highly-educated women are increasingly the principal labour migrants rather than family dependents, though Docquier etal. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Elementary occupations” is the title of major group 9 in the ILO classification system of occupations. It comprises, inter alia, street vendors, shoe cleaners, domestic helpers, building caretakers, messengers, doorkeepers, garbage collectors, hand labourers, etc. However, in recent years the bargained minimum wage has risen well above the statutory minimum wage, and was 25% higher by 2012, reducing the signalling effect of wages and thus not stimulating demand for unskilled labour (Box 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example.an increase in women in higher grades of an occupation might coincide with a lowering of status, thus decreasing both the redistributive and recognition measures of substantive equality and possibly negating the gains in the participative dimension. Alternatively, more women might be employed in higher grades without changing male-dominated working hours, so that childcare is simply delegated to other low-paid women. In this way, the participative and even redistributive measures might be improved but no transformational gains will be made.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Defining what constitutes a “green job” definitively has proven difficult. A wide range of definitions have been proposed that range from being very narrow and specific, such as the Eurostat definition of eco-industries (i.e. industries producing environmental goods and services) to more broader industry classifications that also encompass industries that are dependent on environmental resources and environmental quality, such as those developed by the United Nations and the ILO. This disparity in definitions also produces a disparity in job numbers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Though now under some challenge, the policy orthodoxy in Australian Aboriginal affairs  since the 1970s has been progressive in its social justice orientation, postcolonial in its  amelioration of the colonial legacy, and culturalist in its privileging of ethnicity. In this  paper I argue that its attempt to recover the past in the face of increasing postethnicity  is becoming counter-productive, by stultifying cultural adaptation and compromising  individuals’ capacity to engage with modernity. The notions of interculturality and postethnicity  point to coexisting ancestral cultures, an imagined, symbolic national  Aboriginality, and deep intersection with settler-Australia and the world, and so cultural  ‘changing-sameness’ and simultaneous ‘bothness’. The paper argues that a dialectic of  public policy and Aboriginal identity politics resists this lived reality, with negative  effects. It proposes that a way forward is to engage more fully with the lived reality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One of the main attractions is non-linear broadcasting, i.e. to watch missed programmes (‘catch-up TV’). The HbbTV specification is based on existing standards and web technologies including OIPF (Open IPTV Forum), CEA, DVB and W3C. The standard provides the features and functionality required to deliver feature rich broadcast and internet services. Utilizing standard internet technology, it enables rapid application development. It defines minimum requirements simplifying the implementation in devices and leaving room for differentiation - this limits the investment required by CE manufacturers to build compliant devices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Moreover, given that workers eligible for the subsidised regime (i.e. the poor) are also eligible for an array of social programmes (e.g. Familias en Accion), the potential loss in other benefits further dissuades workers from accepting formal jobs. Overall, Camacho et al. ( In 2012, more than half of the population was covered by the subsidised regime, up from about one third in the mid-1990s. It should be noted, however, that means-tested social benefits remain low by OECD standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Power infrastructure quality and manufacturing productivity in Africa: A firm level analysis. Economic Theory and Under-developed Regions. An Approach to the Asian Drama: Methodological and Theoretical. Better Growth, Better Climate: The New Climate Economy Report. Global Commission on the Economy and Climate. The Sustainable Infrastructure Imperative: Financingfor Better Growth and Development -The 2016 New Climate Economy Report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Support for this perspective is provided by such treaties and declarations as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Habitat Agenda, and Agenda 21, the action plan adopted at the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. The Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions, among others, documents the extensive body of rights related to housing and the disproportionate vulnerability of children to violations of these rights. In recent years, practical programming aimed at fulfilling rights has been focused on the pursuit of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), all of which have relevant implications for children in urban poverty. Micronutrient deficiencies can lead to anaemia, birth defects and other disorders. This is only a small percentage of those who live in slums worldwide, the target does not address the continuing growth in the number of new slums and slum dwellers. Article 24 refers to every child’s right to the “enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Therefore, the activities of MSMEs have been identified to negatively impact the environment and could erode their long term economic development. Though progress has been made, there is still a need for more sensitisation and support mechanisms to ensure compliance and commitment to environmental standards. The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) together with the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) as lead executing agency implemented the Promotion of Green Economic Development (ProGED) project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It might be safe to assume that spending on non-contributory benefits is between one and two per cent of GDP. In terms of targeting accuracy, the MB manages to transfer the majority of funds to the poorest households. In 2008, more than 50 per cent of the MB transfers were received by the bottom twenty per cent of the welfare distribution.25 As such, the MB compares favourably with other targeted programmes in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This level is about 28 percentage points lower than the average of the 30 LDCs that joined the organisation in its early years, but 18 percentage points higher than the five recently acceded LDCs. With regard to non-agricultural products, the decision provides two options: acceding LDCs shall bind 95 per cent of their NAMA lines at an overall average rate of 35 per cent, or they can undertake more comprehensive binding coverage. In the latter case, the acceding country shall be afforded proportionately higher overall average rates, to be agreed with WTO members. The text also specifies that ‘in such cases the acceding LDC shall be entitled to transition periods of up to 10 years for up to 10 per cent of their tariff lines’. However, the accession process itself could be strengthened in a way that it becomes a collective effort of the global community to assist the acceding countries in integrating the world economy in order to enhance trade and sustainable development in the countries.24 This would go beyond the action outlined in the IPoA about facilitating WTO accession for LDCs as well as supporting the goal of substantially increasing LDC trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The article concludes that further studies are required, and that assistance mechanisms are required for women who do not receive financial assistance from their migrant husbands. The article also finds that migrants' sexual and reproductive behaviour is characterized by limited access to information about risks and also requires thorough study. Scholars have consistently shown that gender influences who will go to a new location and who will stay behind (Massey, 1986, Curran, 1995, Pittin, 1984, Monsutti, 2007, Cohen and others, 2008, Resurreccion and Ha Thi Van Khanh, 2007, Ni Laoire, 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While gaps still persist across certain policy sectors, the trend is to increase the availability of data disaggregated by gender to enable a sound assessment of the impacts of policies and laws on men and women (Figure 4.11). There is significant progress globally in terms of the development of gender indicators and the collection and dissemination of gender statistics. Among EU countries, several national mechanisms (for example, in Finland, France, Ireland, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden) report close co-operation with national statistical offices and the regular gathering and publication of statistical profiles of women and men (Tavares da Silva, 2010). Sweden’s Ordinance of Official Statistics stipulates that all official statistics concerning individuals or groups must be presented disaggregated by sex (Horsburgh, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It includes all investments from fuel production to power generation, electricity T&D and electric end-use equipment. The cumulative requirement for new capacity is larger than the installed capacity of 641 GW in 2050, since some technologies may require, depending on their technical lifetimes, a reinvestment between 2010 and 2050. The BLUE Map scenario results in new capacity additions on the generation side of 826 GW. The capital requirements for power generation, T&D and efficient electric end-use equipment are USD 3.6 trillion, almost 80% higher than in the Baseline scenario. On the generation side, the additional investment is needed to fund higher capacities for nuclear, CCS and solar power. Further capital is needed for the expansion of the grid to connect solar plants in remote areas with demand centres, and for more efficient electric equipment in the end-use sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
From a child perspective, this assumption is often justified on the basis that assuming that children obtain an equal share of available household resources charts a middle road between the deprivation they may be subject to if parents consume a disproportionate share and the extra protection they might receive if parents make sacrifices to ensure children do not go without (Corak, 2005[86i). However, differences in parenting behaviour across households may lead to children living in poverty in non-poor households and vice-versa. If, for instance, intra-household allocation patterns are determined by bargaining between different parties, we would expect the income pooling restriction not to hold.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In a relatively short timespan, aquaculture has developed into a considerable industry for the production of food, reaching more than 1.1 million tonnes in 2010, with Atlantic salmon as the most important species. The sector is still relatively young and has the potential for further growth and development (Asche and Bjprndal 2011). The important production Nordic areas in terms of volume are the Norwegian coast, Danish inland waters and the coast of the Faroe Islands. Aquaculture is now also developing in nutrient poor (oligotrophic) freshwater basins, in the Baltic Sea and in land based recirculation systems (RAS) in several Nordic regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The Declaration has been accompanied by a series of events, including a promotion campaign for responsible behaviour, an international conference on policy issues and specific actions such as cleaning of neighbourhoods by corporate volunteers. Many business organisations and associations have recently developed specific initiatives aimed at increasing public and business awareness of environmental matters. Among the most active in this area is the International Chamber of Commerce-Ukraine, which has recently put in place a Green Commission, proposing a number of concrete measures to the government to encourage development of environmentally-friendly energy resources and technologies (Box 4.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The option of borrowing also potentially re-introduces adverse work incentives among unemployed individuals with negative account balances. In order to ensure that individuals with negative balances do not withdraw from the labour market or move into informal work, pension contributions could be used as collateral (Stiglitz and Yun, 2005).38 This option has not been implemented anywhere yet. This approach is likely to involve more redistribution than the UA-plus-borrowing alternative but less than in a pure system of UI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The government has noted the lack of available technological solutions for the transport sector and considers that opportunities for cleaner transport are limited. Electricity is supplied by the government-owned Tonga Power Ltd (TPL), which is regulated by the Tonga Electricity Commission. The rural areas in Tongatapu have grid electricity supplied by TPL and the outer islands have solar power or mini-grids that are operated on a community-based management model. The average residential electricity tariff in 2013 was US$0.52 (Figure 9.5). Tonga has used solar energy since the late 1980s although biomass remains the primary renewable energy source. There is no potential for hydro energy and assessments indicate that geothermal energy is uneconomical.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It closes with a series of targeted recommendations. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The make-up of public sector decision-making bodies should be representative of society at large if public needs are to be legitimately articulated and addressed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The more sophisticated forms of this interaction take place in the transaction and exchange between the government and businesses regarding the licenses, taxation and policies issued for various sectors. It has a potential for creating new and innovative products and services for women and invigorating business sectors related to women’s livelihood, as the improved practice of procurement may lead to cost reduction and increased efficiency. Women entrepreneurs may also benefit from e-procurement and e-commerce practices that allow access to targeted information on government policies and procurement opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
International projects, such as “Sample” and the “ESS-Net on Small Area Estimation” have consolidated methodologies in this area, produced flexible software routines and facilitated dialogue among statistical offices16. Two caveats, however, apply. First, there is no model that is good in general: each application of small area estimation must be adapted to its expected use and users. Second, these models are best implemented at the national level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As of 2012 some hospital services are subject to a straightforward 80% discount, thus strongly discouraging provision beyond the spending caps. In principle, this negotiation process adds a useful market-based element to the health-care system. However, this is somewhat compromised by the limited number of “market players” on both sides, especially since Clalit’s vertical integration means it does not really participate in this process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It will have 13 stations—six underground and seven elevated — and is scheduled to be finished in July 2018.25 A 42.1-km Jabodebek Light Rail Transit (LRT) system from Cibubur to Cawang, East Bekasi to Cawang, and Cawang to Dukuh Atas is under construction, with the first 5.8-km section scheduled to open in time for the 2018 Asian Games.26 In 2016, the share of public transport in Jakarta was 26 per cent. The Greater Jakarta Transport Authority plans to increase the public transportation share to 40 per cent by 2019,50 per cent by 2024 and 60 per cent by 2029. Thailand has 566 km of bicycle lanes across the country, and NMT policies are to be included in the master plans of all major cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)