albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These programmes have also broken ground in terms of programme administration and female empowerment by developing innovative distribution channels, such as ATM cards for low-income mothers without bank accounts. The result has been substantial declines in poverty and extreme poverty and reduced inequality.106 Chile. In response to findings that state subsidies were not reaching the extreme poor, Chile Solidario was launched in 2002 to reach the extreme poor with a combination of aid and skill development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Expansion of the SGBP may also be needed to improve coverage of products and services for the treatment of priority health conditions, and remove financial barriers to seeking necessary care. However, any SGBP revision should only provide coverage of interventions shown to be cost-effective. Many OECD countries use Health Technology Assessment (HTA) to inform priority-setting decisions for their benefit packages - for the selection and coverage of medicines and development of standard treatment guidelines most commonly, and increasingly, for non-drug technologies, programmes and services as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the discrete time case, spells of receipt may be defined in terms of groups of consecutive intervals in receipt, but the accuracy of measurement of spells depends on how short the interval is. If observation of receipt is only annual or at one point within a year, short spells of receipt may be missed altogether. If a ‘benefit year’ is defined (for data-related reasons) as receipt at any time within a given year, as commonly done (see Annex 4.B), there is an asymmetric treatment of receipt relative to non-receipt. Only one week of receipt is needed to generate yi, = 1 for a benefit year, whereas non-receipt requires a full 52 weeks of non-receipt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Brudner argues that liberal constitutionalism, or the rule of Law, requires the adoption of a written constitution, regulating the respective powers of court and legislature. In his analysis, the common law constitution is associated with a libertarian paradigm that gives way, in part, to an egalitarian one embodied in a sovereign constitutional text. I argue, to the contrary, that the preservation of the rule of Law, including the protection of liberal rights, does not require a codified constitution, but demands only the consistent application of the correct legal principles to particular cases. Statutes must always be interpreted consistently with such principles: their meaning and validity are alike dependent on their compatibility with fundamental constitutional rights. Demands that cannot be acknowledged as legitimate requirements by an independent moral agent cannot qualify as law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the early 1990s, the share going to labour across all OECD countries was about two-thirds, or 66.1%, by the late 2000s, it had fallen to 61.7%. But the biggest factor looks to be technology, accounting for perhaps 80% of the shift, according to OECD estimates (although others argue that financial globalisation is the main factor). This represents the increased use of robots and automation as well as the growing sophistication of information processing. The implications are clear: Income that once went to workers now goes to the owners of capital who financed the machines or software that - to a greater or lesser extent - have replaced those workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
An incident of great significance in the history of Japanese mental health care was the knife attack of the then US Ambassador to Japan Edwin Reischauer by an individual with schizophrenia in 1964. This attack led to significant public alarm, and contributed to further stigma towards mental illness, fuelled by a mass media campaign, on top of high existing levels of stigma directed towards mental disorders. This incident also contributed to the 1965 revision of the Mental Hygiene Law discussed previously. In 1993, the Mental Health Law was amended again, with a particular focus on care in the community, including the authorisation of the building of group homes in the community for individuals with mental disorders (Tatara and Okamoto, 2009). The Community Health Care Law introduced in 1994 and further supported the establishment of a community-based mental health system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Policymakers need information not only on global and regional climate trends, but also on their expected effect on local weather and local communities. The uncertainty of climate trends and the need to incorporate the new information that is becoming available demand that policymaking be responsive and relevant to the needs of people through short-term actions which are coherent with longer-term sustainable development objectives and actions. Incorporating uncertainty within policy action day by day through iterative and adaptive policy processes helps to reduce the risks of lock-in solutions and path dependency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The democratization efforts of the 1990s in West Africa appeared to have put paid to military political adventurism which had been the plague of that region since independence in the 1960s. But since the year 2000 there has been a resurgence of military intervention in the politics of some West African states and this calls for concern as well as pre-emptive measures. This study sets out to identify the pre-disposing factors and make suggestions for the sustainment of democracy. In the process it was established that bad governance, corruption, poverty, insecurity, nonavailability of the dividends of democracy in tangible quantity, inordinate ambition of some military officers, and the half-hearted response of ECOWAS to anti-democratic tendencies are prevalent pre-disposing factors. We have suggested that good governance, inclusive democracy, transparency and accountability should be strictly adhered to under the close watch of ECOWAS.  Key words : Coups, Governance, Democratization, Junta, Democracy, Competition, Election
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are, however, many other potential impacts of accidents that are borne by the society as a whole and for which the internalisation is less straightforward and more complex. This is the case for the economic consequences on health and on the business property of a third party or on the environment. The entity liable for the accident is held responsible for the victims’ compensation, which ensures a certain internalisation of accident costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This brief paper considers recent debates about the public policy relevance of geography. Previous writings on the topic have highlighted problems in the discipline itself as well as criticizing the lack of policy relevance of much geographical research rather than offer up much in the way of remedy or prescription. This paper argues that an experimental approach to geographical research design could help make the discipline more policy relevant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Diplomacy forms the basis of interaction for countries throughout the globe, while propelling cordial international relations in a wide array of socio-cultural and political. This research outlines an innovative conceptual structure for examining the maturity and feasibility of e-diplomacy. The proposed e-diplomacy maturity framework is a derivative of literary analysis on e-government maturity model, ICT growth of stage theories, coupled with theoretical information and practical features of diplomacy. The e-diplomacy maturity model constitutes variables like the degree of complexity and level of interactivity. Integration of the two variables results in varying phases of the framework. Challenges implicated in the e-diplomacy maturity framework include: sensitivity hence discretionary nature of diplomatic elements, setbacks in organizational structure, and communication impediments on the part of diplomats, as well as, politico-economic concerns and socio-cultural tendencies of various parties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For this reason, this chapter does not focus on this summaiy indicator. The new methodology relies more intensively on a direct reading and interpretation of legislation, collective bargaining agreements, and case law under the responsibility of the OECD Secretariat. Moreover, collective agreements and case law have been more systematically included, and a greater effort has been made to ensure that the same scoring criteria are applied to all countries (see Box 2.1 for details). The implementation of the new data-collection and harmonisation procedures led to a number of revisions in historical data for the detailed components.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Many victims who choose not to come forward do so in fear of shame, stigma, retaliation against themselves and their families, loss of privacy and/or possible prosecution, for instance where adultery or same-sex relations are criminalized. It leads to the creation, condoning or compounding of social exclusion for those who are (or are perceived to be) victims and survivors of sexual violence. The victims met by the Commission had rarely had access to medical care in exile, due to lack of information, fear of stigmatization or because the free services provided to refugees were not adapted, especially to male victims of sexual violence. These later often felt ashamed to seek and obtain the medical care that is generally provided to women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Although the Caribbean does not seem to have progressed in reducing inequality as Latin America has, nor have inequality levels increased there, despite the greater impact of the financial crisis. By way of example, per capita consumption in Jamaica fell by 9% between 2007 and 2009, but the decline was similar across all income strata, so inequality did not change. This can be measured for the earnings of wage workers, as that information is included in System of National Accounts (SNA) data.1 This analysis shows that, taking the latest year with information available (around 2009), the total wage share ranges from 24% in Peru to 56.7% in Costa Rica (see table 11.1).2 The evolution of this share up to 2009 indicates a decline in most of the countries, the exceptions being the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela, Chile, Costa Rica and Paraguay. Costa Rica is a case apart, as it is the one country evidencing a steady upward trend in the wage share.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In firm where there are no unions, groups will still be allowed to exist. Level of collective negotiation: Collective negotiation remains at the firm level. Extension of the benefits of collective agreement: Currently, employers can unilaterally extend the benefits to non-union workers and workers’ pay 75% of union members’ fee. The reform proposes that the union and the employer should agree whether the benefits are extended, and to benefit non-union members will have to pay the full union member fee. Coverage of collective negotiations: Workers on apprenticeship and temporary contracts, which are currently excluded from negotiations, will be allowed to negotiate with some restrictions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Consolidated 2017 figures in Bogota suggest that that while 19 private car occupants were killed in traffic crashes, 133 (seven times more) VRUs were killed in crashes involving a private car. On the other hand, in a year when 59 cyclists were killed, only three pedestrians were killed in collisions with pedal cycles. This illustrates the significant impact of one road user group on others, relatively modest in the case of pedal cycles, yet overwhelming in the case of private cars. Taxis are clearly separated in the collision statistics, which is something other governments could learn from.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
With such universal recognition of the role of education, there are however, some challenges related to putting various learning processes in place. Such challenges, that are not exclusive attributes of the educational domain, relate to the changing role of knowledge in society in general and most importantly, to aspirations to move towards more sustainable economies (Box 13:1). Development of successful educational responses requires transformation of the educational system itself making it more attuned to societal challenges, developing skills for often very different learning strategies and continuously engaging with critical SCP stakeholders. When education is not directly concerned with development of easily defined skills (e.g. creativity, ability to deal with rapid change or engage with others required for SCP systems), manifestations of learning impacts - both in terms of time and space - are difficult to capture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This can be challenging given the current pace of technological transformation, especially for institutions in developing countries. Certification helps to raise efficiency levels of firms and cut foreign market entry costs by reducing uncertainty in transactions. Hence, when support institutions offer services on how to get quality certificates, they are likely to help them obtain such certificates but also encourage firms to export.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
On average, for every 1 % of additional pre-crisis health expenditure growth there was a 0.9% drop in health expenditure after the crisis. This recession was in many ways deeper, has lasted longer and has experienced weaker recovery than previous recessions such as those experienced in the 1970s and 1980s (OECD 2012). Patterns of health care expenditure have also been remarkably different during the psot-2008 recession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This section looks at the earnings gap across the distribution to ascertain whether wage differentials exist and are similar at different parts of the distribution and then make the link with wage inequality. The following analysis investigates whether an increase in non-standard work implies an increase in workers in the lowest earnings segments, thereby making earnings more unequal. Figure 4.12, Panel A confirms that non-standard workers (excluding the self-employed) are more likely to be found in the lower part of the earnings distribution, particularly in the lowest three deciles.16 More than half of employees in the lowest decile of earnings are non-standard workers, and this figure reaches more than two-thirds in Germany and Canada.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article examines the Egale Human Rights Trust’s Just Society Report and, in particular, its call for the federal government to offer an intersectional apology to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, two-spirit, intersex people for historical injustices. I am interested in the work that suturing intersectionality to an apology for historical wrongs does. The article argues that, as it is deployed in this report, under the terms of diversity and inclusion, intersectionality is a symbolic declaration that sustains, rather than disrupts, the racial and settler colonial project that is Canada. Compatible with a politics of liberal inclusion, this call for an intersectional apology pre-empts a politics of accountability and anti-subordination long called for by the scholarship of Sherene Razack.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Sex trafficking (ST), a contemporary form of female slavery, is a human rights issue of critical concern to social work. The global response to ST has been substantial, and 166 countries have adopted anti-ST legislation. Despite considerable efforts to combat ST, the magnitude is increasing. To date, the majority of anti-ST efforts have focused on criminalization policies that target traffickers or purchasers of sexual services, who are predominantly male, prevention programming and services for predominantly female victims have received less support. Therapeutic services to assist pornography addicts and purchasers of sexual services are also necessary. In this article, authors examine current anti-ST policies, programs, and services, both domestically and globally, and present an innovative paradigm that addresses social inequities and emphasizes prevention programming. They conclude with a discussion of the paradigm's implications for social work policies, practices, and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At the regional level, commercial banks serve as the key financial intermediary, the main destination for savings and the principal source of financing for the private sector. Nonetheless, commercial bank penetration rates are very low in rural areas. Notwithstanding recent developments, Latin America and the Caribbean as a whole is still lagging behind other developing regions. This suggests that the financial services offered are mainly used as a transactional means of receiving and withdrawing money.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
C02 intensity (tC02eq/TJ) estimate of final heating energy (non-bioenergy) was based on Eurostat data. In total, bioenergy for heating would contribute 13 Mt C02eq as abatement potential (Table 17). The solution is not analysed for the Baltic States where it is already beyond the benchmark case. In Poland, bioenergy for heating would decrease GHG emissions by 9 Mt C02eq and in Ukraine by 4 Mt C02eq.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This paper explores the dominant approach to education of ethnic minorities in Denmark. Using the concept of hegemony and the political‐science distinction between monocultural and multicultural positions as approaches towards a situation of increasing linguistic, ethnic and cultural diversity, the paper shows how a monocultural approach has become hegemonic in policy initiatives and legal documents. This hegemony is achieved by understanding ethnic, cultural and linguistic diversions from established norms in terms of deprivation. In this way, educational institutions and ‘majority society’ as such are protected from criticism and structural changes towards multiculturalism and the recognition of the linguistic and cultural rights of minority groups. Alternative and competing positions exist in the research literature in the field, but this literature has been excluded from the level of policy and public administration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
What is needed is a higher-level vision and plan, such as a technology roadmap, to which these activities and solutions can be aligned. Understanding the threshold and having clear common guidance on the assessment of risks and harms for data is being explored by UN Global Pulse. Active participation of data advocates is critical. Revise current regulatory frameworks or develop new ones to address development and humanitarian challenges. Create a template for legal agreements between the Data Users and MNOs on how data should be accessed and handled, transferred or used. Improved coordination among countries to enable learning from best practices and to create cohesive strategies for working with multinational operators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The concept of critical mass as applied to women’s political representation, and the UN targets that have flowed from it, have played an important role in supporting countries in the adoption of gender quotas in various spheres of the public and private sectors. According to data provided by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU, 2015), the global average of women in national parliaments has nearly doubled in the past 20 years from 11.3% in 1995 to 22.1% in 2015 (a rise of 10.8 points). However, recent socio-political studies (Childs and Krook, 2008), as well as IPU data (IPU, 2015) confirm that the achievement of a critical mass is no longer seen as the sole target of efforts to bring about gender-equal participation in positions of leadership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is because the most severe reductions in food production and increases in food prices occur in Africa and India, which account for a large share of the world's poor. The second most important factor leading to increased poverty is health impacts, followed by the impacts of higher temperatures on labour productivity. The shocks impinge on physical capital, when assets are destroyed - for example, through the death of livestock - or when farmers are forced to sell productive capital, such as cattle, to absorb the income shock. They also reduce farmers' capacity to invest, with negative consequences for future food security. Scenarios in which no additional efforts are made to mitigate emissions lead to pathways between RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, the type of offshoring appears to matter. A higher degree of low-skilled task offshoring is associated with lower wage inequality. This happens because offshoring low skilled tasks leads to a productivity boost to remaining low-skilled workers and therefore an increase in their wage thereby reducing the gap between high and low skilled wages. Similarly, offshoring high-skilled tasks also leads to a productivity boost to this type of labour and therefore higher high-skilled wages with a consequent increase in the gap between high and low skilled wages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Liberal international relations theory proposes that peace fosters democracy. This research note tests this and a related hypothesis, that defeat in war makes an authoritarian state's transition to democracy more likely. It uses Weibull event history models to analyze both the transition to and survival of democracy for states from 1960 to 1992, using the MID, COW, and Pearson/Baumann intervention data sets to measure international conflict. Important control variables such as economic prosperity are also included. It finds that lower levels of participation in international conflict do not facilitate democratic transition or survival, with the limited exception that participation in an international war blocks democratic transition. Also, in most models examined defeat in war does not make democratic transition more likely. The implications for liberalism are mixed: peace in general does not cause democracy, but spreading democracy is likely to spread peace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As many of these plantations are located in the coastal zone due to weather conditions, the pesticides reach the Black Sea immediately. A monitoring of these substances does not exist, and available data is very limited. Hazardous substances contained in the leachates significantly affect groundwater resources. The present situation is contrary to a sustainable environmental policy is based on the precautionary principle, especially with regard to long-term groundwater pollution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Developing a management plan tends to be costly and time-consuming. The lack of implementation highlights the need to develop management objectives and approaches that suit the specific protected area, so as to ensure that each plan is applicable in practice (Kinouchi, 2014). Management plans should include financial analysis and be periodically reviewed, and adjusted where they prove ineffective. There is also a need for better-trained protected area managers and for promotion of co-operation and exchange of experience and best practices among them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Participation in education is an explicit objective of school feeding programmes, though the impact also extends to nutritional status and, as a consequence, to health and cognitive capacities. Additionally, programmes that combine the objective of promoting access to services with interventions on the supply side also have a relevant impact, as in the case of education, by providing an incentive to attend school and contributing to create a better learning environment. Such interventions can result in positive spill-overs for children, such as in the case of pensions, since grandparents often live in extended households and the money they receive is invested in children, especially their education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)