albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
According to data from 2010,21.3% of care workers had not completed primary school, 48.5% had not completed secondary school, 18.5% had a secondary-level education and only 11.7% had reached the tertiary level. In the rest of the employed population, 19.3% had not completed primary school and 38% had not completed secondary school, but 22.4% had completed their secondary-level education and 20.3% —almost double the figure for care workers— had a tertiary-level education (see figure III. In 2010, 85% of female domestic workers had an incomplete secondary' education or less (26.7% had not finished primary school), while only 26.8% of other care workers were in that position (5.3% had not completed primary school and 21.5% had not completed secondary school) (see figure III.14B).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the example of a rural municipality visited by the OECD review team, it was reported that they had fewer applicants to vacant positions than more urban areas. Salaries at top of scale and typical qualifications, instead of maximum qualifications. Salaries at top of scale and minimum qualifications, instead of maximum qualifications. Includes average bonuses for overtime hours. The typical qualification of starting teachers differs substantially from the typical qualification of all the current teachers. A recent survey from January 2016 of the Danish Union of Teachers suggests an increasing challenge to recruit qualified teachers (DLF, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the bottom quintile, coverage is 40 per cent. However, pensions are small and contribute less than 10 per cent to total household consumption of the poorest households receiving a pension (World Bank 2009a). Pensions are an important component of social protection and contribute significantly to poverty reduction, although this is not their main objective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Southern partners can also provide better market access for LDC exports. While China and India already have duty-free schemes in place, they (especially India’s DFQF scheme) could be improved in terms of product coverage and RoO while addressing potential non-tariff barriers to LDC exports. Existing schemes should also consider extending preferential market access to services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Agricultural products are not currently heavily traded - according to Director-General Pascal Lamy, they currently make up only 10 per cent of world trade, only 25 per cent of the world's agricultural production is traded globally, and, in some key commodities (e.g. rice) the figure is much lower. What is more, in some cases there could be adverse consequences for the environment. Over-emphasis on food security could make put net food importing countries even in more precarious situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The level of rural connectivity varies greatly among countries. In India, the World Bank found that expenditure on roads had the largest impact on rural poverty compared with other types of public expenditure.6 Another study, which was conducted in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, indicated that having access to allseason roads reduced the incidence of rural poverty significantly. This was supported by the finding that about 13 per cent of the decline in rural poverty incidence during certain periods can be attributed to improved road access alone.7 The results of the research confirmed that access to roads does reduce poverty with the level of the impact depending on the areas in which the road is located and the quality of road.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Nevertheless, coverage is still very limited in some countries. Given that the two forms of coverage are highly correlated, countries reporting low levels of coverage in one area tend to do so in the other, as well. Countries with the highest levels of pension scheme participation (on average, 76%) record health-care affiliation of around 90%, and in several cases their health systems are making progress towards universal provision through contributory and non-contributory mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article examines the influence of Stanley Hauerwas on Baptists. It describes the nature and scope of Hauerwas’ Baptist project. Specifically, it provides a chronological narrative that explores his critique of Baptists as linked to the modern habits and patterns of fundamentalism-liberalism, enlightenment rationality and individualism, biblical literalism and historicism, and the secular ways of learning in the university. It examines his speeches, sermons, and published works specifically addressed to Baptist audiences. The article analyses not only on his published works, but draws upon the primary sources of original speeches, letters, and other unpublished materials contained in Hauerwas’ personal and academic papers in the archival collection at the Rubenstein Library of Duke University.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are considerable needs for improved information in order that economic principles are put to best use in ensuring orderly maintenance of irrigation infrastructure. Information is needed on cost sharing arrangements between irrigators and public suppliers of irrigation, impacts on water savings at both the project and basin scales from infrastructure improvement. Good data combined with judicious use of economic principles have considerable potential to productively inform decisions on why, when, and how to develop, restore, and sustain irrigation and its infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The latter is often due to failure to prove that the land proposed for compensation activity has been degraded or else failure to demonstrate the legal ownership or tenure of the land. Furthermore, the existing setup does not allow tracing a specific compensation project back to a particular land-use change, thus limiting the ability to assess the environmental effectiveness of the overall scheme. A clear shortfall of the scheme is that compensation projects have a duration of only up to three years, without mechanisms in place to ensure continuity and permanence of the measures implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These different systems are not always consistent or comparable with one another and the information they contain may not fully overlap with the information needed to identify progress towards climate finance commitments, including those in the Paris Agreement. However, encouraging relevant information-sharing from such systems could enhance the clarity and transparency of reporting of climate finance flows. The UNFCCC’s Standing Committee on Finance also produces a biennial assessment of overall climate finance flows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In Honduras, specific primary care services are included in the basic health package for disadvantaged communities, while Uruguay runs a care and diagnosis protocol for older persons at the primary care level. It includes various types of assistance provided in their residences to enable them to remain at home and in their own environment. One of the main advantages of these services is that they reduce institutionalization and hospitalization costs while slowing the functional deterioration associated with old age. English-speaking Caribbean countries seem to have more extensive experience in providing social and health services for older persons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Moreover, where financial wealth is concentrated primarily at the top of the income distribution, the income that it yields has only a limited effect on reducing poverty. For example, the duration over which payment is made significantly affects its cost. With a term annuity there is a defined period over which payments are made to the retiree.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Putting Mexican water policies on a sustainable financial basis can effectively contribute to several commitments of the Pact for Mexico, in particular the one related to the National System of Programmes to Combat Poverty (commitment 6) and the one related to making farming a more productive activity (commitment 65). Should this initiative be revived, it would be an opportunity to ensure that the framework conditions are set to enhance the cost-effectiveness of water policies in Mexico, and to make sure that initiatives in other sectors do not work against and add costs to water policies. It would aim to make the best of public budgets and to enhance the financial contribution of water users. Well-designed and targeted accompanying measures would be needed to facilitate transition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
If some companies act to reduce risk, why should others also contribute? Companies could do less than they would according to economic expectations, especially if farmers perceive the risks are higher than they perceive. Farmers may wait for companies to take any action and therefore under-adapt. The three regions have already suffered long and intense drought spells, so awareness on water risks is high among all types of actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
By contrast, the redistributive impact of transfers displays large cross-country differences. In Denmark, Finland and Sweden, it is more than five times higher than in Korea and about three times higher than in the United States. However, the annual income distribution data may overstate significantly the degree of redistribution across individuals as social security schemes have a - sometimes large - component that provides redistribution over the lifetime rather than redistributing across individuals (Box 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
AbstractAs far as issues touching on translation are concerned, international copyright law is inadequate to the realities and perspectives of a multicultural world, particularly with respect to the right to translate educational works in developing countries. This inadequacy may be traced through the history of copyright agreements, from the Berne Convention (1971) to the Nairobi Recommendations (1976) and the Trips Agreement of the World Trade Organization (1995). Calls to integrate ethical and cultural considerations into such international conventions tend to conflict with the purely economic trends that dominate the World Trade Organization, which is currently appropriating a large part of the international law system. Here it is proposed that far more than being a mere practice, translation can be the horizon and pretext for a new opening to the Other, for an ethics of rights and solidarity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At the secondary level, the National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) sets standards for student performance. Students are evaluated against written criteria, which are accompanied by exemplars showing expected levels of student performance. Since 2008, Maori assessment experts have been developing assessment tools to be used in Maori-medium settings (see NZ Ministry of Education (2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They are determined by the economic sector the project is part of (ANLA is the only reviewing body for oil and gas projects), its size or its potential environmental impact. Exploration activities3 of extractive industries are not subject to environmental licensing and EIA requirements. At the same time, ANLA does not systematically consult CARs and municipalities on projects that will be implemented in their territory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For instance, the National Ecological Reserve regime restricts area use, which affects the construction of new tourism resorts, and the use of fresh water. Hotels also have to rely on public water provisions, rather than being allowed to use their own wells. There is also a classification system for hotel establishments that discriminates by environmental standard.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The involvement of private stakeholders in metropolitan governance needs to be better organised in order to go beyond the simple advisory role vis-a-vis the national and local authorities (following the example of Greater London). One possible route would be to rely on forms of local governance that are emerging in the competitive clusters. Another possibility, as proposed by the Conseil d'Analyse Strategique (an advisory body to the Prime Minister) would be to enlist all stakeholders, on the basis of equal rights and duties, in a commitment to the development of the region, with a deliberative body to set strategic guidelines and an executive unit to carry them out.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This white paper was commissioned by the Institute for Human Rights and Business. Its purpose is to provide a user-friendly overview of big data analytics, how it operates and is used in business settings, the issues and challenges that have accompanied its development, and the benefits and dangers it presents. It subsequently explores how the system can be improved and who should be responsible for it, using the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights as a guide for determining whether State governments or businesses should be responsible for implementing particular solutions. The resulting picture is of an industry shrouded by shadows, and a variety of business and legislative solutions that may mitigate the dangers posed by big data analytics by reducing the shadows and increasing transparency, user control, data security, and data controller accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Measuring Material Deprivation in the EU: Indicators for the whole population and child-specific indicators, Eurostat Methodologies and Working Papers, Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Social Policies for a Recovery, IZA Policy Paper, 32. The Recession's Ongoing Impact on Children, 2012. Indicators of children's economic well-being, Washington, DC, The Urban Institute.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Dhaka - Bangladesh's capital - has been identified as the city most vulnerable to climate change among Asian cities. In its adaptation planning, the government identified a range of investment and technical capacity related priority activities in relation to building urban resilience. Investment related activities include: (i) Construction of cyclone-resistant housing, schools, hospitals and shelters, (ii) Construction of flood and cyclone shelters, (iii) Urban drainage systems, and (iv) Early-warning systems and communication infrastructure including information and assistance centres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Similarly, highly educated foreign-born persons were more likely to be employed than their lower-educated peers. The advantage of persons with high educational attainment also holds when comparing highly educated foreign-born persons with lower educated native-born persons. Across the Nordic Region, the latter group overall had lower employment rates than the former.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In this context, there are at least two channels through which the contribution of the extractive industries to the implementation of the Paris Agreement and the achievement of the SDGs could be strengthened. First is the reduction of emission intensity in mining operations by increasing their use of renewable energy and improving their energy efficiency. Second is strengthening the contribution of the mining industry to sustainable development. Energy typically represents 30 to 35 per cent of total mining operational costs (Zharan and Bongaerts, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
If negative, the CSE measures the burden (implicit tax) on consumers through market price support (higher prices), that more than offsets consumer subsidies that lower prices to consumers. The GSSE includes policies where primary agriculture is the main beneficiary, but does not include any payments to individual producers. This indicator is also calculated by commodity. The Producer NPC is also available by commodity. The %CSE measures the implicit tax (or subsidy, if CSE is positive) placed on consumers by agricultural price policies. The Consumer NPC is also available by commodity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The precarious nature of the relationship between ecosystems, hydrology and human well-being is evidenced, for example, by the collapses of the early ‘great river civilizations’ of the Tigris-Euphrates, the Nile, the Indus-Gangesand the Yellow River (Ito, 1997) that were initiated by hydrological changes and reductions in rainfall of up to 30% in a tract of the globe extending from Europe to the Indus River (Cullen et al., In some cases, desertification initiated by hydro-meteorological changes may have been accelerated by changes in land use, including overgrazing by livestock, as migratory populations sought more favourable agricultural conditions (Weiss et al., A similar history can be traced back to the Maya Civilization (250-950 AD) of Central America (Peterson and Haug, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
We welcome G20 countries' progress on their commitments and look forward to further progress in the future. Further, we encourage G20 countries to consider participating in the voluntary peer review process" (G20, 2016). We reaffirm ourcommitment to rationalize and phase out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, welcome ongoing peer review and capacity building activities, and encourage furtherefforts to facilitate subsidy reform" (APEC, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever in East Africa are associated with increased rainfall and flooding due to El Nino-Southern Oscillation events (Lancelot, de La Rocque and Chevalier, 2008, Rosenthal, 2009, Porter et al., Models based on predicted changes in environmental conditions, habitat types and phytoplankton primary production forecast a large-scale redistribution of global marine fish catch potential, with an average 30 to 70 percent increase in high-latitude regions and a drop of up to 40 percent in the tropics (Cheung et al., Sea surface temperature fluctuations caused mass coral bleaching and mortality around Kiribati's Phoenix Islands in 2002-2003, leading to a decline in coral cover of about 60 percent (Ailing et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These differences stem not only from employment preferences or cultural considerations of each population group, but also from discrimination against Arabs in the labour market (U.S.-Israel Science and Technology commission and Foundation, 2008). They also stem from the lack of tertiary education opportunities relevant to available employment opportunities. Four key issues contribute to the mismatch between higher education supply and demand. A recent news report indicated that there are 8 000 unemployed Arab teachers in Israel, 60% of whom are in the Galilee (Haaretz, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Introducing a lower minimum wage for young people and/or in rural areas, which are characterised by lower living costs, should also be considered. First, firms will pay only a fraction of the corporate income tax liability, which will increase gradually over time: No income tax is paid in the first two fiscal years, 25% in the third fiscal year, 50% in the fourth fiscal year, 75% in the fifth fiscal year, and 100% from the sixth fiscal year onwards. ( A more generous treatment is granted to firms in the scarcely populated regions of Amazonas, Guainia and Vaupes). Firms will also be allowed to carry forward their losses, up to an additional five fiscal years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Resolution 49/116 of 19 December 1994 specifically addressed “unauthorized fishing in zones of national jurisdiction and its impact on the living marine resources of the world’s oceans and seas". More recently, the General Assembly has undertaken a process to consider measures to address the adverse impacts of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of deep sea fish stocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The federal government announced the withdrawal of responsibility for funding for remote Aboriginal communities in Western Australia. The Western Australian government then initially announced the closure of a number of remote communities. In this article, we first look at the history of Indigenous dispossession to appreciate the gravity of the possible effects of the proposed closures. Next, we examine the legality of the decision and inconsistency with human rights law. We show how affected Indigenous groups lack administrative law avenues to challenge government decisions. Therefore, we suggest that reform should be explored in the administrative judicial review space, which could work in favour of Aboriginal communities whose homelands are threatened by closure. However, this is by no means the only necessary step. Autonomy, recognition, self-determination and protection of Indigenous cultures and consultation need to be fostered and encouraged within government decision-making and public policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Annex III will apply, mutalis mutandis, to the establishment of this total allowable catch or total allowable fishing effort by the Commission. To give effect to this paragraph, such measures may be adopted, in accordance with the principles of compatibility outlined in Article 4, by the Commission for the high seas and the coastal State Contracting Party or Parties concerned for the areas under national jurisdiction, and by the Commission, with the consent of the coastal State Contracting Party' or Parties concerned, for measures that will apply throughout the range of the fishery resource. The measures shall become binding on the members of the Commission in accordance with Article 17 paragraph 1. Such measures shall not be open to the objection procedure in Article 17 paragraph 2 but may be the subject of dispute settlement procedures under this Convention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In advanced economies, such systems are usually linked to unemployment benefits. Without a link to benefit collection, which exists in only three countries in the sample, it is difficult to ensure widespread participation in a particular government information system. However, they generally focus on the most easily placed unemployed and concentrate on metropolitan areas, ignoring the other parts of the country (Angel-Urdinola et al., In this sample in only one country are more than 50% of the young registered. Young people with expectations of a lifetime job in the public sector will spend much time looking for such a job even if their chance of obtaining one is very small. Employers everywhere prefer candidates with experience over those without it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Jamaica has a small but active group of ENGOs that are advocates for the green economy. Some of their voices have acquired national recognition and respect, and can no longer be ignored by policy-makers. Since the Earth Summit in 1992, there have been several civil society organisations12 that have kept the pressure on the Government of Jamaica to honour its commitments to sustainable development in general, and to the various multilateral environmental agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This is when certain countries find it difficult to increase the share of domestic value added in their manufactured exports and sustain the movement of labour towards more productive and technologically more demanding manufacturing activities (UNCTAD, 2011: 40). Reversing the process of structural change is likely to have adverse distributional effects, because the labour displaced from the manufacturing sector will tend to move into low'-productivity activities, and often to informal services or unemployment. Rising income inequality in China over the past tw o decades has been characterized by a strong increase in spatial inequality (with high incomes concentrated in some locations and low' incomes in others).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)