albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Further, Nippon Mining & Metals Group sets medium-term targets which, where appropriate, provide quantitative targets regarding energy savings, reductions in C02 emissions and final disposal of waste. These targets are evaluated on a yearly basis and revised periodically. They identified certain key obstacles, including: technological capability to extract materials from used products, collection infrastructure, and co-ordination across borders in terms of the movement of disposed articles out of Japan and achieving broad acceptance of its importance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Policies need to empower farmers to take their own risk management decisions, and to have access to a diversity of instruments and strategies. Most often, aggregate data show that price variability from markets is stronger than production variability due to weather. However, the sample data from all countries show that at the individual level, yield variability is larger than in the aggregate and similar in magnitude to price variability. It was also found that the majority of farms face negative price-yield correlation in three out of five countries, and at least a third of farms in all countries. Finally, there is evidence that price risk is more systemic than yield risk, but there can be cases in which yield variations are highly systemic. These statistical results on farmers’ risk environment have implications in defining policy priorities and approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Content from radio channel DRi and television channel TV2 was surveyed, and the results mirror the GMMP results. The study showed that 65% of all people appearing in the surveyed radio and television programmes were men and 35% were women. This indicates slightly less male dominance that the GMMPs have shown. The WIME study also included programme types other than news, and in terms of the surveyed news content women were less visible. A vast majority of 68% of all coded individuals in the news were men and only 32% were women (Andreassen 2016: 89).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Richard Ashley's writings in the 1980s are central to the production of post-structuralist or ‘dissident’ scholarship in International Relations (IR). In this article, I use analysis of the standard dissident view of Ashley's writings to examine the interpretive practices through which the community of dissident scholars was produced textually. Dissident ‘thinking space’ in the discipline was produced in part through the exclusion of Marx, capital and class, despite these being present in Ashley's writings throughout this period. Similar interpretive practices were applied to the writings of Michel Foucault, with similar effects. This exclusion has negative consequences for dissident scholarship, in particular analysis of historicity and the place of capitalism in contemporary world politics. Overcoming these problems requires reading the work of Ashley and other founders of dissident scholarship in a different way are attentive to the silences of thinking space.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Turkey,'23 the European Court recognized that the right to respect for family life and the prohibition of arbitrary interferences with families have limits. In this case, the applicant, Mrs. Nahide Opuz, and her mother had been threatened and assaulted on several occasions by H.O., her then husband. The Court found that the authorities failed to take protective measures against domestic violence provided for under the Family Protection Act and did not issue an injunction to prevent H.O from being in contact with the applicant and her mother.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It aims to ensure mutually beneficial regional electricity security and sustainability by connecting countries with surplus power generation capacity to those that face a deficit. Within this initiative, the primary scope for cooperation is infrastructure (physical connectivity across borders, integrated energy market) and technical (public-private partnerships for financing and technology transfer). In this regard, the priority project of ASEAN is the LTMS'l-Power Integration Project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Furthermore, nitrogen run-off can leach into lakes, rivers and coastal waters, hurting rural industries such as fishing and aquaculture in which China is expected to gain market share over the next decade (OECD-FAO, 2014). Such contamination can also taint the drinking water supply. In addition, the production of chemical fertiliser in China is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions (Zhang et al., These include a tax exemption on value added tax for almost all fertiliser products and a subsidy for fertiliser transportation (Huang and Xiang, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This is very likely a major explanation for the reported differences. It is advisable to develop and apply a generally accepted method for making road crash costs estimates. As to output, this concerns, for instance, the way in which the data are made available for further processing and analysis. As to the use of the data, this refers to the actual use by road safety stakeholders and researchers. The possible and actual use of data by road safety stakeholders and researchers can be considered as a main indicator of the quality of a data system. The more possibilities there are to analyse the data, the better the quality of data systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The CCXG (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) is a group of government delegates from OECD and other industrialised countries. The aim of the group is to promote dialogue and enhance understanding on technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, progress has been uneven across the states in the region, and the current pace still means forest loss equivalent to the size of Slovenia (or the Brazilian state of Sergipe) every four years. Deforestation rates have also declined in most other biomes in recent years, but pressures remain high in the Cerrado. Overall, total forest area has decreased by about 5% since 2000. Unclear land tenure has historically exacerbated deforestation pressures from illegal logging and agriculture and pasture expansion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Over the last decade, the development of cognitive and behavioural sciences has determined the diffusion of the concept and methodology of behavioural insights into social sciences, including the governance sphere. Behavioural teams worldwide participate in developing and implementing the strategies at various levels of governance organisation. The aim of this study is to investigate the institutionalisation process of behavioural insights into public policy. The study has identified the agentive determinants of the institutionalisation efficiency that include: the competence level of public servants, their motivation level, resistance to change and the nature of feedback. It is argued that the approval level of using behavioural insights by civil servants is a prerequisite for their intrinsic motivation, which has a positive effect on the efficiency of institutionalisation of behavioural insights in public policy. The survey has revealed the most approved directions for using behavioural techniques in public policy in Ukraine.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, many respondents said that proximity, low cost and simplicity (no waiting time) were the main reasons for preferring their provider. These factors were influential, particularly in cases where services were sought from traditional/religious healers and chemist shops. In the case of minor illnesses, though, the poor preferred traditional healers and chemists to NGO facilities, as visiting these providers was more convenient and less time-consuming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Indeed in the UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/70/260 adopted in April 2016, member states embraced Safe System principles of “shared responsibility to move towards a world free from road traffic fatalities and serious injuries”. The challenge now is to accelerate the implementation of the Global Plan by harnessing the added impetus provided by the SDGs and encouraging all UN member states to achieve the greatest possible reduction in the number of road casualties. In this phase of commitment and renewal in international road safety work, wider application of the Safe System concept can play a leading role. First and foremost, a Safe System helps to overcome the risk of a bias towards behavioural measures in road injury prevention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Figure 1 depicts the average share of financial sector employees in total employment for each percentile of the earnings distribution. The employment share of finance rises continuously from 1% among the bottom 1% earners to 19% among the top 1%. A remarkably similar pattern emerges across countries, with the presence of financial sector workers rising with labour income, in many cases at an increasing rate (Figure 2). Finance tends to be particularly prevalent in the top 1% (relative to other percentiles) in many countries: the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Notable exceptions include the Adaptation Fund, GEF, and SIDA, which include indicators for infection rates of climate-sensitive diseases, the number of health measures introduced, and sanitation and wastewater facilities, respectively. ( Mitigation and adaptation interventions can create jobs, secure incomes, and reduce losses in the face of increasing extreme-weather events. Recognising the economic dimension of resilience, some institutions have developed results indicators for tracking economic vulnerability. For instance, both the GEF and Adaptation Fund include indicators to assess the effectiveness of an intervention in diversifying and strengthening livelihoods and sources of income for vulnerable populations (GEF, 2012 and AF, 2011a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights®oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info&copyright.com or the Centre ffamjais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@c/copies.com. We are very grateful to the authors of the background report on Germany which provided a very important foundation for our work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Growing pressures on the environment from mass tourism are already forcing some countries to shut some tourism destinations, at least temporarily. To raise the sustainability of the sector, medium-term planning should gradually refocus on increasing yield rather than numbers of tourists. That also means improving the availability and quality of data to allow accurately gauging such targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The global unemployment rate—standing at almost 200 million people in 2016—is expected to remain elevated in the coming years and unlikely to fall below pre-crisis rates in the medium term as the global labour force continues to grow.1 Vulnerable forms of employment remain pervasive, particularly among women,2 undermining the ambition to create decent work and sustainable routes out of poverty. This was followed by a second major expenditure contraction starting in 2016. In 2018,124 countries will be adjusting expenditures in terms of GDP and this number is expected to rise slightly in 2019 and 2020/ This is a daunting scenario and at odds with the enormous injection of additional resources that the implementation of the 2030 Agenda is expected to require.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A common practice in the valuation of resources has been to compare estimates of their consumptive and non-consumptive uses (UNEP 2006). Yet, where it has been adopted, it has often demanded trade-offs in exchange for compliance on the part of users to discard consumptive, presumably more materially beneficial uses, to less attractive but ecologically more sustainable activities with assumed long-term gains such as social benefits (improved income). Numerous examples of ecotourism projects are found in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The analytical work should improve the quality of the assessment outcome and provide salient information for policymaking, decision-making and developing cooperation. If the first part of the assessment is mostly a diagnostic of the basin's situation, resources and sectors, the second is characterized by a more active level of stakeholder engagement that aims to jointly uncover priority issues, develop possible solutions and assess the benefits of cooperation. The paragraphs immediately below describe the six steps, whereas the participatory methods and frameworks and tools are described later on in this chapter. This includes information on: (i) the current state of energy, food, water and environmental security, and the availability of natural resources, (ii) the relations that exist within the region, the basin and its riparian countries, and (iii) main strategic goals, development policies and challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Both self-governing regions and municipalities finance their “original competences” from own funds. Additionally, they perform some tasks delegated by the state as part of the so-called “transferred competences”. To perform their tasks within the transferred competences, self-governing regions and municipalities have a legitimate claim to use funds from the state budget (Educational Policy Institute, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
What are the objectives behind these measures and is the government evaluating alternative ways of achieving these objectives? This has led both OECD and non-OECD countries to discriminate between national and foreign investors in several different ways. First, a strong local-content requirement or high import tariff may prevent rapid and diversified deployment by making the latter dependant on the capacity and quality of the local supply chain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Unincorporated and unorganised enteiprises are fil ms of small size that are not covered by most employment and social protection laws. Data with gender classification for these small enterprises is obtained from NSSO surveys about every five years for manufacturing and service enterprises. The ASI data on larger companies is not available by gender. Recent numbers for trade incorporated companies are not available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Over the last two decades, economic restructuring has re-shaped both society and space, resulting in changes to urban form and an explosion in the number of brownfield sites. Increased socio-economic exclusion and the emergence of dualisms has become characteristic of the most recent period of industrialisation and has many policy implications for brownfield regeneration. This paper documents the early redevelopment of Dublin Docklands, highlighting the weaknesses of legislation and the increased social exclusion that has emerged. It is argued that by adopting the principle of environmental justice and by explicitly agreeing to legally binding broad-based development objectives, economic, physical and social rejuvenation can be simultaneously and successfully achieved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On the other hand, the majority of the waste generated by private laboratories and the 2,644 health centres is not treated. There is currently no disposal system for the sludge resulting from industrial wastewater treatment, which is also disposed of in landfills as a result. In the case of some WWTPs, dried sludge is used by farmers as compost fertilizer for agricultural land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Trends in Youth Offending in Europe.- The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.- Young People's Rights: The Role of the Council of Europe.- Criminal Responsibility of Adolescents: Youth as Junior Citizenship.- Parental Responsibility for Youth Offending.- Juvenile Transfer in the United States.- Transfer of Minors to the Criminal Court in Europe: Belgium and the Netherlands.- The Prevention of Delinquent Behaviour.- Diversion: A Meaningful and Successful Alternative to Punishment in European Juvenile Justice Systems.- Restorative Justice and Youth Justice: Bringing Theory and Practice Closer Together in Europe.- Community Sanctions and the Sanctioning Practice in Juvenile Justice Systems in Europe.- Custodial Establishments for Juveniles in Europe.- Reforming Juvenile Justice: European Perspectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Further investments are required in most MENA countries to embed gender budgeting into the mainstream budgeting cycle across government and for these practices to take root. It would be important to ensure that all pertinent stakeholders, including parliaments, are actively engaged in this process. Good practices from both OECD and MENA countries (e.g. Morocco) may support MENA policy makers in the implementation of gender budgeting in a systematic and sustainable manner. This would allow for gender mainstreaming to be taken into consideration more strategically and ensure buy-in at all levels of government, as well as raise awareness of gender mainstreaming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Atkinson, Marlier and Wolf (2010) argue that selecting a particular set of dimensions is equivalent to attributing zero weight to other aspects which are not included, and question whether the various items should be weighted the same in the different countries. The inclusion of material items has also been questioned on the basis that the social meaning of goods and activities essential for social participation differs from one country to another (Till and Bffe, 2010). In turn, Fusco, Guio and Marlier (2010) warn that this method combines diverging concepts of poverty (income as opposed to deprivation) and mixes different standards for making them operational (the situation in one country relative to a European standard). Adopting the 60% median line as an indicator of the cost of meeting social needs yields six countries with relative poverty rates above absolute poverty. These are Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Panama and Uruguay. Relative poverty decreased between 2002 and 2010, but not as much as absolute poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Better conditions were observed for Latin America and the Caribbean and for Eastern Europe. However, where data are collected at individual level and disseminated disaggregated by sex of the owner, gender inequality becomes apparent. In urban areas 21 per cent of the house and residential titles are in the name of women, 61 per cent are in the name of men and 18 per cent are joint titles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Nordic countries also provide substantially greater support for women to work, including childcare provision, enabling female employment (Gomick and Jantti, 2010). They report that those countries with the lowest levels of child poverty are usually those with low rates of joblessness and effective redistributive tax and transfer systems (usually with high levels of spending rather than targeting). Meanwhile, those countries with high levels of child poverty also tend to have high levels of poverty among working families and less effective tax and benefit systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, cost-effectiveness is not systematically assessed according to a well-defined and rigorous methodology and the decision-making process lacks transparency. As financial pressures from the health system increase, ensuring that investment is driven by evidence on cost-effectiveness would be worthwhile. At a time when Switzerland will need to rely increasingly on primary care personnel to coordinate and support patients living with chronic disease, the number of general practitioners has been declining relative to specialists, and there are substantial differences across cantons. The Swiss medical and nursing workforce is ageing and a significant number are expected to retire in the next two decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Funding support needs to be created in order to encourage such activities. There are examples around the world where universities are provided with such funds that give them enough freedom to co-operate with each other and undertake joint activities to promote regional and community development. Similarly, recruitment, hiring and reward systems should reflect a commitment to regional engagement, which in turn needs to be recognised as a scholarly practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Poverty is one of the key determinants (along with gender and ethnicity factors), because the poorest communities are the most exposed to the risk of a natural disaster. Moreover, there are specific factors in the social institutional framework and power relations that define the disaster-vulnerability of certain population groups (Shepherd and others, 2013). These elements characterize the dynamic of the risk in each community, which varies according to time and place, owing to the interaction of economic, demographic and sociocultural factors, compounded by an unbalanced development process (for example, rapid and improvised urbanization, and poor management of natural resources, among other things) (IPPC, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The historical precursors of the reforms made to the healthcare systems in China from Deng Xiaoping to Hu Jintao are presented, based on a literature review and descriptive research. A series of healthcare reforms were introduced as of the 1980s in response to different political and economic policy decisions and the introduction of market forces. Accordingly, access to healthcare, and its coverage, organization, and financing underwent changes. While under Deng and Jiang, coverage, access, and funding were reduced, under Hu Jintao, at the turn of the twenty-first century, attempts were made to expand health insurance coverage with a view to making it universal, while spending on public health was increased and reforms were made to the pharmaceutical market and public hospitals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Qualifications and skills in excess of those required at work are still valued in the labour market. On average, a tertiary graduate who holds a job requiring only an upper secondary qualification will earn less than if he or she were in a job requiring a tertiary qualification, but more than an upper secondary graduate in a job requiring upper secondary qualifications. Based on this information, the survey measures the use of a wide range of skills, including both information-processing skills, which are also measured in the direct assessment, and generic skills, for which only self-reported use at work is available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The private sector is very limited in providing inpatient care, but plays a substantial role in other areas, such as primary care and dental care. Total health expenditure per capita is half of the EU average (Figure 6). One third of health spending comes from private sources - largely out-of-pocket payments Although most of the public spending on health comes from the NHIF, a substantial share (30% in 2015) of NHIF revenue comes from the state’s budget (NHIF, 2017), which funds the insurance coverage for the nonwoiking part of the population (see Section 5.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)