albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The market for ‘geographically identified’ products has become significant in some countries, i.e. protected brands of food from specified regions, with particular potentials from protecting unique Ethiopian coffee varieties to expand Ethiopia’s share of the world coffee market beyond its current 3%. The positive driving forces behind the isolated ‘green growth glimpses’ that already exist in Ethiopia (section 3) and the constraints in the way of scaling them up (above) need to be better understood. The technical possibilities for massive international energy grids are becoming more viable financially, supporting the CRGE’s notion of Ethiopia becoming a regional green electricity supplier, and potentially also a regional investor in the production of energy-intensive products that gain competitive advantage through their green status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There are significant variations between individual counties in the servicing of rural areas, which are caused by different levels of infrastructure development and living standards. However, collection services in side streets and outlying areas have to improve. Additionally, there must be better coverage of the rural population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Wheat farms with an arable land area of up to 3 000 hectares are considered to be small, few of these farms have drying facilities and storage space. Medium-sized producers operating on 5 000 to 20 000 hectares are typically equipped with a fleet of modern machinery, grain storage and other facilities. Large producers with over 20 000 hectares often have direct contracts with buyers overseas - either foreign traders or mills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, from the mid-1990s to 2005, the reduced redistributive capacity of tax-benefit systems was sometimes the main source of widening household-income gaps. Income taxes and social contributions paid by working-age households amount to more than 25% of earned market incomes when averaged across countries. In most countries, average cash benefits received by these households are significantly smaller than average income-tax burdens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This may free up resources that could be used to help those with insufficient savings. These systems have an essential role to play in addressing persistent poverty, protecting households against income and health-related risks and tackling income inequality. It revealed that having social protection systems in place before a crisis strengthens the effectiveness of social policy responses to changing needs. The first is to ensure that social protection systems provide adequate support to those who need it in a context of limited fiscal resources and weak administration and a high rate of informal work that leaves large parts of the workforce uncovered by the main instruments of social policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, the learning outcomes of these students at the age 15 and from 20 to 29 are not as successful. Austria, Belgium, France and Italy fall into this group of countries. Yet, Canada, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Latvia and Spain perform above the OECD average on equity grounds in at least 3 performance levels out of 4. In particular, Estonia, Finland, Japan and Korea had an exceptionally high proportion of resilient students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Women’s groups often frame themselves as philanthropic or as community projects to avoid government interference. Another response is to seek refuge on the web to share information and mobilize (see below). The involvement of young women in uprisings and revolutions has not necessarily led to the inclusion of their demands in post-transition political landscapes. In the Iraqi Kurdish region, young women are often forced to choose between airing their gender concerns among mainstream feminist groups (which do not address their specific position as Kurds) or forgoing such concerns so as to be included in the male-centric struggles for national liberation.47The relegation of feminist demands was a feature of the activism of young women in the recent uprisings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Since the results for 2003 and 2008 are so similar, only those for 2008 will be reported here. The upper panel of table 5 shows the totals for each indicator (i.e., the number of people for which a value of 1 was recorded for the specified indicator, either as a one-dimensional or as a multidimensional measurement). The second-most significant indicator was “deaths of live-born children”, with over 24 million Brazilians living in households where such a death had taken place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This model has helped to stimulate the market, significantly attracted private achievement and was a key to achieve targets much earlier than planned. Estimates suggest that the use of wood in rural areas during this period declined by only 9 per cent. To close this gap, another programme, the Clean Stove Initiative, has been launched in Indonesia with the support of AusAID, to distribute 10 million ICS to rural households (World Bank, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The effects of international institutions on state behavior make up a key research agenda in international relations scholarship. Because states self-select into treaties, we cannot infer that these commitments have causal effects unless we address this selection effect. I explain the significant limitations of the methods used thus far to overcome this problem and argue that a more effective approach must take into account states' treaty preferences. I describe a novel combination of ideal point estimation and propensity score matching that can estimate the probabilities of treaty commitment and use them to test hypotheses. I use this procedure to the test the effects of three key international human rights treaties. My results provide significant new findings regarding the effects of these important agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, several tariffs in the EU are indexed to inflation and adjusted on an annual basis. In the UK retail price index (which includes the price of electricity in its basket) indexation exists on the renewable obligation certificate (ROC) system (onshore wind farms receive 1 certificate, offshore 2) - though this is likely to be grandfathered into a new structure (feed-in tariff with a contract for difference FiT CfD). In projects where specific inflation protection is not provided, high current cash flows provide a certain level of inflation protection. Finally, the assets provide a hedge to energy inflation as they have long useful lives and potentially benefit from scarcity value in the future (i.e. fewer desirable wind/solar sites).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
If a surviving spouse who stays on the land remarries and dies, the new surviving spouse will also have a right to remain on the land. However, if the second surviving spouse dies, the land reverts to the traditional authority to determine who has the right to stay on the land. This decision must be made in consultation with the members of the concerned family or families identified by the traditional authority with reference to the relevant customary law. Traditional gender practices and norms such as patrilocal residence and patrilineal inheritance influence the decisions ofthe village committees in such a way that renders women's land tenure insecure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal (IPART) uses a price determination framework to set maximum charges for bulk water services and resource management activities by NSW Office of Water. The charges include a fixed component (determined by entitlement volume) and a variable component (usage charge), and they vary by types of systems, valleys and the reliability class of the entitlement. In 2006, IPART projected total water planning and management costs for 2006/7 to be AUD 46.9 million, with AUD 30.5 million allocated to users. They include a license fee of AUD 58.75/ML and a water harvesting charge of AUD 3.52/ML. The total amount collected is AUD 2.4 million per year, which represents less than 5% of water planning and management costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The economic and social contributions of migrant workers are typically well recognized in source countries. Remittances are found to be countercyclical and play an important role in sustaining domestic demand in source countries. Remittances are also an important source of foreign exchange, vitally needed for essential imports and for development activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
ABSTRACTThe last 30 years of school reform have left us with an increase in urban school districts with market regimes (school choice, charter schools, and managerialism). Sociologists of the profe...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In its second part, the project anticipates and prevents the creation of new slums by making new land viable and constnictible. Some of the lots are then reserved for modest families, to offer them an affordable alternative to unsafe housing. Finally, the project aims at financial equilibrium in order to be reproducible and to have as great an impact as possible on the lives of the populations concerned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The number of visitors to protected areas has seen an average annual growth of 17%, more than doubling between 2009 and 2015 (MINAM, 2016c). Currently, projects to conserve more than 2 million ha of primary forest are undertaken in four protected areas - Cordillera Azul National Park, Bahuaja Sonene National Park, Tambopata National Reserve and Alto Mayo Protection Forest. By 2015, Verified Emission Reductions amounted to 10.9 million tC02, preventing a deforestation of 30 000 ha (MINAM, 2016c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, these documents lack a green growth perspective. The first two documents focus on the process rather than the outcomes of urban development, such as the procedures for developing urban masterplans and for obtaining development permits. Green growth is not clearly mentioned in the objectives, and the only links to green growth are policy targets on green spaces, number of trees and environmental impact assessments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Considerations include the effects on the animal eating the feed and on consumers eating the resulting animal product, worker safety and other environmental aspects of using the feed. As the production process for the enzymes used in animal feeds takes place under controlled conditions in closed fermentation tank installations and eliminates the modified DNA from the final products, these products do not pose any risk to the animal or the environment. The enzyme phytase has particular benefits in feeding pigs and poultry, including a significant reduction in the amount of phosphorus released to the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Abstract   For over a decade, beginning in the late 1990s, discussion over softer modes of governance animated academic scholarship in the fields of law, politics, and public policy. This debate was especially pronounced in Europe. Since the late 2000s, however, discussion of this approach has declined precipitously. Is the “soft governance” model dead? Or, more precisely, has the economic crisis killed it? This article argues that, to the contrary, the EU's austerity measures have made softer governance more relevant in two quite distinct ways. Administratively, new mechanisms of health policy coordination are able to provide policy solutions in a much more effective way than could more formal and rigid forms of legal harmonisation. Politically, it establishes a normative perspective which unifies actors across a number of administrative units and challenges the dominant ideological force of the market-based principles upon which the EU's austerity policies are constructed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The papers are generally available only in their original language -English or French- with a summary in the other language. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Using a unique dataset of 249 Large Urban Zones (LUZ) across Europe, a Bayesian Model Averaging selection method is employed to empirically identify the determinants of within-LUZ concentration of three air pollutants: NCL, PMi0 and SO2 for the year 2006. Several indices of land use are considered among possible determinants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Contamination of water resources poses a problem in many parts of the country and stocks of some fish species show signs of overexploitation. While agriculture, livestock, forestry, fisheries and hunting have contributed only around 3.6% of Mexico’s GDP over the last few years (Chapter 1), these sectors remain very important for employment and livelihoods. Although ownership falls on rural communities, lack of technical and organisational capacity has hampered their sustainable management of forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It creates many productive, formal jobs at an early stage of development. It also drives technological development and innovation to sustain productivity growth in manufacturing and other sectors. The reason is that manufacturing changes economic structures, usually from labour-intensive activities to mote capital- and technology-intensive activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In particular, the broadband divide between developed and developing countries remains large, with 82 per cent and 21 per cent penetration, respectively, for mobile broadband and 27.5 per cent and 6 per cent for fixed broadband3. One industry analysis firm forecasts that global fixed broadband subscriptions will reach 920.2 million by 2019s, driven by consumer demand for highspeed Internet access and the proliferation of Internet-connected devices within the home and at the workplace. Indeed, 4.3 billion people were not online by end of 2014, of whom 90 per cent live in the developing world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Overall, these findings signal synergies across policy objectives, i.e. that reforms aimed at encouraging exports among domestic firms could boost efficiency and equity. This finding could reflect FDI-induced demand for unskilled labour and associated employment creation, and it would suggest that policy reforms aimed at easing barriers to entry for foreign firms could serve both the efficiency and equity objectives. By contrast, there is some evidence of negative effects on household incomes of the lower-middle class and the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Myanmar-China 2,520 km gas pipeline, with a capacity of 12 BCM per annum, became operational in October 2013. Furthermore, China started construction of the Eastern Russia-China gas pipeline for importing 5 BCM per annum from 2018 (the volume will increase to 30 BCM per annum from 2023). The length of the Chinese part of the pipeline is 3,170 km, which extends to Shanghai, and the Russian part is the 2,680 km Power of Siberia gas system connecting the Irkutsk region to Vladivostok.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article explores the role of Black women in the U.S. and Canadian anti-prison movements and argues that anti-prison organizing is a critical site of anti-globalization activism. In the context of domestic economic restructuring, aggressive military interventions abroad and the global spread of neoliberal socio-economic policy agendas, increasing attention has been paid to the multifaceted global justice movement. At the same time, commentators in the U.S. and Canada have noted the underrepresentation of Black participation in anti-globalization activism. By identifying the work that prisons do in absorbing and disenfranchising communities who are surplus to the needs of global capital, and repressing and deflecting dissent to U.S. imperialism, the author reframes anti-prison activism as an overlooked site of global justice organizing. The article identifies six types of antiprison work—human rights advocacy, challenging “post-incarceration sentences”, campaigns for decarceration through legal reform,...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Further research can help understand the remaining gender gap and make the case for an effective and appropriate policy response. The early economic literature, from Schumpeter (191 lm) to Baumol (1990(2]), has highlighted entrepreneurship as the driving force for change and innovation in a market economy. Schumpeter’s theory of “creative destruction” postulates that the entry of entrepreneurial ventures pushes out obsolete and inefficient firms and brings innovative technologies to the market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Emerging market and developing economies, for example the BRICS,4 showed stellar export volume growth of 10.4 per cent over this period, while advanced economies showed 6.2 per cent (IMF, 2017). While other countries experienced nearly double the trade growth compared with output growth, the goods and services export volume of Commonwealth small states grew at 3.7 per cent, compared with GDP growth of 3.2 per cent. These countries experienced a double whammy of lower GDP and lower export growth, which resulted in them not achieving their MDGs to a satisfactory level (UN, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Human Rights Advocacy and the History of International Human Rights Standards (http://humanrightshistory.umich.edu) explores the development and evolution of international human rights policy. This website is a useful teaching tool for instructors and a resource for practitioners interested in the standard setting work of the human rights movement and the intellectual history of human rights policy. It is organized around five thematic areas where human rights organizations have significantly contributed to policy: identifying human rights problems, promoting policy mechanisms within the UN system, establishing accountability for human rights abuse, developing research methodologies, and setting the agenda for future standard setting and advocacy work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Kenyatta, Gaddafi, and Gbagbo decisions at the International Criminal Court (the ICC or Court) have brought increased attention to the requirements of the principle of complementarity under Article 17 of the Rome Statute. Little attention has been paid to a related admissibility issue: how regional (and sub-regional) tribunals fit with Article 17. This article argues that a genuine prosecution by a lawfully constituted regional tribunal should be seen as the exercise of jurisdiction by the state such that the case is inadmissible before the ICC. This conclusion follows from a proper understanding of the legal nature of the relationship between states and regional tribunals and the contextualized application of the principles of treaty interpretation enshrined in Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). Moreover, it is consistent with the values underlying the central principle of complementarity and makes sense as a matter of policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Governments around the world are using the advancement in infrastructure and information and communication technologies (ICTs) to promote innovation of and sustainable development in their economies. This chapter presents an overview of e-government development initiatives at regional levels. It features important trends and analyses of regional e-government development performance, including by specific country groups such as the small island developing States (SIDS), least developed countries (LDCs) and least developed landlocked countries (LLDCs). As was the case in previous editions, Europe continues to lead e-government development as indicated by the highest EGDI (0.7730) it enjoys, followed by Americas (0.5900), Asia (0.5780), Oceania (0.4610), and Africa (0.3420) respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted, causing brain cells to become damaged or to die. It usually occurs when the heart muscle becomes too weak to work properly. These substances are called plaques or atheromas. It is also sometimes known as insulin-dependent diabetes, juvenile diabetes or early-onset diabetes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In fact, the increase in the rural-urban income gap would have been even larger, but for a substantial decline in rural population after 1995, when the absolute size of the rural population peaked. The slower pace of income growth in the central and western regions, compared to the eastern coastal region, has widened the income gaps among regions. This, in turn, is related to structural changes in output and employment: the coastal regions have provided more opportunities for non-agricultural employment and income. By contrast, the distribution of agricultural income across regions has been more equal, reflecting the greater equality of control over agricultural land. In 2003, the highest average provincial wage was 2.6 times the lowest (UNDP 2005). But vertical income inequalities in urban China have also increased sharply, particularly after 1992, when market-oriented reforms were accelerated in the southern and eastern parts of the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The orthodox answer to the question posed in the title of this article is that the legitimacy of institutions has something to do with acquiescence to unwelcome public policy decisions. We investigate that conventional wisdom using an experiment embedded within a representative national sample in the United States. We test hypotheses concerning not only the effect of institutional legitimacy on acquiescence, but also the influence of partisanship, the rule of law, and simple instrumentalism on willingness to accept an objectionable policy decision. Our analyses reveal that legitimacy does matter for acquiescence, and that the Supreme Court is more effective at converting its legitimacy into acceptance than is Congress. Yet, many important puzzles emerge from the data (e.g., partisanship is not influential), so we conclude that Legitimacy Theory still requires much additional empirical inquiry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Participation rates of older workers are adjusted in line with implemented pension reforms. In addition, future increases in the pensionable age are assumed by indexing it to projected life expectancy. Convergence is assumed to be linear which translates into annual increases in total hours worked of 0.35% per year from 2016 to 2025 with respect to the baseline scenario. In terms of the growth accounting framework (Box 2.2), increases in hours worked per person translate one-to-one into increases in labour efficiency (Ae) while increase in female labour participation increase labour utilisation [A(n - p)]. Enrolment and duration in higher education are likely to increase and pave the way for a higher accumulation of human capital. In the OECD growth modelling framework (see Box 2.2), human capital is indeed measured as a function of average years of schooling with a decreasing rate of return.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Each of the 100 cities will have an SPV (headed by a full-time officer) that includes, on its board, representatives of the central, state and local city governments (India Ministry of Urban Development, 2015). The SPVs were established to ensure transparency and multi-level co-ordination because they foster autonomy in the implementation of each mission. In fact, part of the programme ensures that each selected city will have a Smart City Centre (SCC), which acts as an integrated command and control hub.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)