albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This being said, information on foreign applications and grants could also help a developing country patent examiner to better identify those particular elements of an invention that do not deserve patent protection. Where the line is drawn between those areas that are the preserve of the patent holder to control, and those areas [i.e. of exceptions and limitations] which the patent holder may not control, is therefore a very important policy question for members.” Exceptions to exclusive rights as considered here apply after a patent has been granted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Moreover, this approach is simple in principle and can be readily communicated. A weak point, though, of the pure diversity approach is the equal treatment of all sources, assuming ignorance about their specific security of supply characteristics. Yet for certain aspects one does have meaningful prior knowledge, for example, that certain sources are exhaustible whereas others are not.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A food business is under the minimum limit, if it does not imply a certain continuity of activities and a certain degree of organisation.15 In Denmark the number of times food activity takes place, the amount of food sold and the value of the turnover of the food is essential factors for categorisation.16 Food businesses that are below the minimum limit are not registered and the official control does not come to visit. As there is no regular official control of the food businesses below the minimum limit, this type of companies usually do not provide food to food businesses above the minimum limit. The food must be unopened and have been stored properly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Climate change is likely to influence fisheries and aquaculture production in various ways. For capture fisheries, climate change affects fish productivity and distribution through changes in recruitment, growth rates and mortality rates, as well as in the migratory patterns of some stocks. From an economic point of view, these changes will result in losers and winners, between regions or countries as well as within national jurisdictions. With respect to aquaculture production, climate change may necessitate changes in the species composition farmed in some areas depending on tolerability of the species to temperature and other changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In other words, what constitutes a healthy diet is less clear than what constitutes a healthy attitude towards smoking and drinking. In contrast, the reported health risks associated with obesity and diabetes are more or less conclusive, at least as regards the qualitative content - different sizes of the perceived risks are reported in the literature. In this section, I will report on published health risks associated with certain dietary components and with being obese.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The few with low active SIMs/100 and high CAGRs are those that have allowed market entry recently, with the exception of Ethiopia. When the competition reaches a high level of intensity, operators are compelled to move from the comfort zone of the conventional business model to BTNM. In the cases that have been analysed, this has occurred around the time the fourth operator gains significant market share and/or a significant change in ownership/culture occurs in one of the operators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The activities eligible for funding (max. Funds can also be used for market analysis, business planning, concept/strategy development. A total of four calls have been launched so far, with the number of applications growing each time. In 2010, a total of 284 pre-applications and 159 full applications were received, of which a total of 46 were approved and funded. In 2011,33 projects were approved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Three stratification criteria are applied in order to construct the sample of the start-up panel: year when the firm was formed, its sector of business, and whether or not it has been promoted by KfW Bankengruppe. Each year, a random sample of the firms created in the three years prior to the year of the survey is drawn. The estimates in Chapter 28 are based on data from the public use file from the first year of the survey in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A major concern for distribution companies appears to be climate policy that influences the demand patterns and the levels of distributed generation on distribution grids - increasing the risk for both under -or over-dimensioning current grid extensions and reinforcements, and making investments in future transmission and distribution infrastructure a significant challenge. The developed method is valuable for the companies to study the upcoming phenomena and trends and furthermore evaluate the order and intensity of action plans needed. As expert knowledge and data was available from the other groups of the CES-project, this was not an especially significant issue for the case studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Just over 29 per cent of the world's youth (15-24 years old) - or 346 million -do not use the internet.1 Nearly 9 out of 10 of the young people currently not using the internet live in Africa, Asia or the Pacific. Africa has the highest share of non-users. Both of these can vary greatly, reflecting factors that include the level of users' skills and education, the types of device they use, family income and the availability of content in their own language.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Moreover, care services that do not include quality standards for employment in this sector, mostly undertaken by women in Latin America, consolidate the job insecurity and social vulnerability from which they suffer. Other examples include the regulatory instruments of the labour market, which can simultaneously perform functions such as employment, social protection and care policies, such as those that establish a minimum wage or maximum working hours (ECLAC, 2016b). Moreover, the mechanisms of pension recognition for female caregivers could include the set of non-contributory social pensions that mainly benefit women in the region.11 In other cases, programmes that are on the border between employment and social protection policies could take account of the specific vulnerability faced by unpaid caregivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Centre’s objectives are to create a database of RES in the country, train technicians and raise public awareness. The Centre has produced rough estimates of gross RES and the technical and economic capacity, and potential locations, for exploitation of different types of RES (sun, wind, biomass, small hydropower and geothermal). This Committee is currently developing standards (based on existing European and Russian standards) in the area of buildings, energy-consuming products and renewable energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is a striking result, given that the shares of agriculture and food in global GDP and trade are only 3 and 6 per cent, respectively. The contribution of farm and food policies to the welfare cost of global trade-distorting policies for just developing countries is estimated by those authors to be even greater, at 72 per cent -of which more than half is due to policies of developing countries themselves. Even so, the estimates of price distortions that went into that modelling study showed that many developing countries were protecting their less-competitive farmers from import competition, so some of that subset of farmers might be hurt if all markets were opened (Anderson, 2009). The latter trend for developing countries is mainly because of the phasing out of agricultural export taxes, since assistance via import restrictions has risen over the period shown.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Combined with a low level of investment, this will lead to a water supply system crisis at some point in the future unless maintenance levels and practices are enhanced. The remaining 60-70 per cent will have to come from central government sources and own financing by utilities. Limited financial viability and the lack of economies of scale make it difficult for WSS companies (WSSCs) to finance and implement large capital investment programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Examples of this are a non-dependent child living with his patents (two benefit units), or three single adults sharing a house (three benefit units). Although only one individual within a family is the benefit claimant, the family-based means test all the individuals within a family are assumed by the benefit system to gain from the income provided by a social security benefit. That is, there are multiple recipients within each family or household (other than within single adult benefit units).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Increased water pollution would result in increased eutrophication, biodiversity loss and disease. Amongst other things, this would have important impacts on rural and indigenous communities whose livelihoods often depend directly on biodiversity and ecosystem services. The extraction, processing and use of resources require much energy, and currently result in large volumes of C02 emissions. Land use entails emissions of non-C02 greenhouse gas emissions. Thus global climate policy objectives will not be achieved unless the challenge of resource efficiency is adequately addressed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Over 1.6 million people have been displaced internally while over 616 000 people have fled to neighbouring states. Severe food insecurity is expected to affect 4.6 million people this year, compared to 3.8 million last year, at the height of the lean season. The incidence of poverty has worsened from 44.7% in 2011 to more than 57% in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Amos Yaron perpetrated War Crimes, Crimes Against Humanity, and Genocide in his capacity as the Commanding Israeli General in military control of the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps in Israeli occupied Lebanon in September of 1982 when he knowingly facilitated and permitted the large-scale Massacre of Residents of those two camps in violation of the Hague Regulations on Land Warfare of 1907, the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949, the 1948 Genocide Convention, the Nuremberg Charter (1945), the Nuremberg Judgment (1946), and the Nuremberg Principles (1950), customary international law, jus cogens, the Laws of War, and International Humanitarian Law, and their related provisions set forth in articles 9, 10, and 11 of the Charter of the Kuala Lampur War Crimes Commission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The oblast-level governments, on the other hand, generate their revenue from stable taxes connected directly to their territory (taxes on real estate, transport taxes, property taxes, personal income tax and so on). Almaty City has a budget of KZT 361.9 billion for 2016 (just over USD 900 million) of which almost KZT 239 billion comes from the city’s own revenues (taxes, individual revenues, social tax and the sale of land assets). Table 3.5 also shows that cities have different levels of dependence on central government transfers. For 2016, 66% of Almaty City’s income comes from taxes, and 30% from transfers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
AbstractDrawing on three select case studies and feminist engagements with mobility studies, I illustrate the Irish state’s use of a dialectic of gendered and racialized citizenship, and mobility and fixity, in the creation of ‘new geographies of belonging and exclusion’. Using detailed analyses from select cases, I argue for more nuanced feminist engagements with mobility that acknowledge and analyse ‘processes and trajectories’ in relation to a geopolitics of abortion – one that eschews undifferentiated uses of the category migrant and discourses of tourism, in analysing abortion in the Republic of Ireland. I expose how their use constructs limited ideas about gender, nation and Irishness to assure exclusions from Ireland, and from its diaspora.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is an ongoing debate within the economic growth and development literature whether institutions or human capital are more decisive for explaining differences in economic performance across countries. Our study adds further arguments to this discussion by focusing on 35 European countries. In particular, we estimate the effect of institutional quality and human capital on economic growth over the period 1996–2014 in a dynamic panel data model. We employ system GMM estimation to control for endogeneity and heterogeneity problems. Our findings suggest that institutional quality is the key driver of the growth of per capita income in Europe. At a more disaggregated level, we find that political stability, rule of law, regulatory quality, and control of corruption appear to be particularly important, whereas voice and accountability as well as government effectiveness are less relevant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Purpose – Industrial biofuels have been promoted as one solution to energy security, climate change and rural development, however many non‐government organisations argue that national biofuel policies could violate many individuals' right to food. Drawing specifically on the palm oil industry in Malaysia, this opinion piece therefore seeks to provoke debate on the relationship between rights and sustainability and whether emergent business and human rights regulatory frameworks grasp the complexity of business's impact on the right to food.Design/methodology/approach – The commentary draws on an analysis of disclosure made by all palm oil companies listed in the Malaysian stock exchange. The annual, corporate social responsibility reports and web pages for all companies as at June 2011 were reviewed. Each company's disclosures on human rights, sustainability and biofuel were analysed and related this to evidence of government investment. The primary objective in undertaking the content analysis was to ex...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In many more environments, smart meters can coordinate the energy consumption of appliances to smooth out variations in overall energy consumption and achieve more effective use of variable renewable energy sources. Impactful loT interventions in development either improve efficiency (achieving similar levels of impact with fewer resources) or effectiveness (increasing impact with similar levels of resources).6 loT applications could help promote monitoring and evaluation, and achievement of nearly all the existing Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (Table 3, pages 39-40). For example, sensors in agricultural fields are monitoring soil conditions and moisture levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This entails re-organizing production to create a model that is structured and managed on the basis of the new technological platforms. This process needs to take account of scale economies related to the development of key skills and knowledge that require collective responses and configure new service networks for firms, such as testing and certification laboratories, specialized research and development centres or vocational and technical training firms. First, specific measures to support MSMEs must be coordinated with enabling policies, to create the basic conditions needed to compete in domestic and international markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
All Parties are now requested to monitor and evaluate adaptation activities at the national level under Article 7.9 of the Paris Agreement, and report on their adaptation activities under Article 7.10. In both cases, collecting and providing information on adaptation monitoring and evaluation is at the discretion of Parties. Under its Ar ticle 14, the Par is Agreement also requires the Conference of the Parties to periodically take stock of the collective progress made towards achieving the global goal on adaptation (Article 7.1), through a process called the “global stocktake”. National adaptation monitoring and evaluation is a relatively recent activity, and there is limited experience with mid-term and end-term evaluations of adaptation policies at the national level. Evidence of growing interest in adaptation monitoring and evaluation at the national level can be found in the recent proliferation of initiatives, guidelines and frameworks to develop systems in the policy and research commuities, as well as references made within countries’ NDCs. Among the large majority of Parties who have included adaptation within their NDCs, almost half reference the importance of monitoring and evaluation systems, often indicating they plan to develop one.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, the total cost of complying with labour regulations is larger in OECD countries once payroll taxes are included, as they are higher on average in OECD countries than in emerging economies. Moreover, actual employment protection is much lower in emerging and developing countries due to non-compliance leading most workers to receive discounted amounts or no severance pay at all (OECD, 2011). The assessment of evidence for OECD countries (OECD, 2006) concludes that the effect of EPL on overall unemployment is probably small.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The top twenty-two MFIs in Bangladesh have been examined for the purposes of this analysis. After the four main microfmance institutions, known as the “big four”, other microcredit programs are rather small. In fact they have approximately between 543,000 borrowers with TMSS to as little as 25,000 borrowers with VERC Foundation, one of the smallest in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Access to public goods remains highly unequal even within urban areas, often putting the social fabric at risk. African cities are facing an unprecedented combination of developmental challenges together with rising environmental risks such as unsafe sanitation, climate change and air pollution. Are urbanisation trends sustainable in your country?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For certain substances or in certain contexts it can assume a pathological pattern that needs to be addressed. Throughout the history of human civilization, societies have displayed varying levels of tolerance and permissiveness towards, and control over, the use of psychoactive substances. Some of those substances, such as tobacco and alcohol, have been regulated more or less strictly in most societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Encouraging the rapid and broad-based adoption of innovations by customers must therefore be therefore another goal of policies supporting innovation for sustainable development. By the same token, we will not restrict ourselves to technological innovations but also consider non-technological innovations, for instance in business models, services, or marketing. The second section analyses challenges and opportunities for innovation-led sustainable development, focusing mainly on initiatives that could open up new economic opportunities with higher value-added by greening established sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Specifically, the Convention includes the right to live independently and in the community (article 19), and the right to an adequate standard of living and social protection (article 28). These are linked to target 11.3 that calls for enhanced inclusion and sustainable urbanization for sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries. Inclusion is also reflected in various SDGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Choosing an appropriate point in time for assessment can be particularly complicated for climate finance interventions aimed at long-term transformational impacts. Depending on its aims, an intervention may seek results at the project, national, or international scale. This will have implications for how its effectiveness is assessed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For many decades the Moselle and Saar have been developed as major shipping routes, and the 28 locks on the Moselle and 6 on the Saar present barriers to fish migration. Inland waterway transport plays an important role in the movement of goods in Europe, with more than 4,000 km of navigable waterways. Thus, these major and long-established civil engineering works, in existence for many decades, mean that the original, natural state of the rivers probably cannot be known.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This may also encourage the use of renewable energy equipment in remote areas, if these products and services are being procured for government buildings, e.g. health centres and schools. Governments can also consider subsidised solar programmes for schools, health centres/hospitals and other buildings to encourage use of solar PV systems. Development partners, other finance providers, and investors may also prefer to support plans with more realistic targets that can be achieved, rather than fund plans with unrealistic targets that are continually missed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Excessive use of agrochemicals (pesticides and fertilizers) contaminates waterways. Energy production and climate change are also main causes of water scarcity. For instance, use of traditional sources for energy production results in increased greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme climatic events such as flood and droughts, sea-level rise, and the loss of glacial and polar sea ice, all of which contribute to water scarcity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Although the variability of supply of some renewable generation creates certain challenges in operation, solutions for these concerns are and can be addressed. As electricity systems expand and increase in complexity, increased engagement of companies with experience in large-scale deployment and operation will be needed. The private sector rightly looks to governments to establish policies (such as alternative tariff structures) that address social equity considerations associated with universal access to electricity, as situations may arise in which the consumer's ability to pay is a challenge. This report focuses on personal transport due to its great diversity at a regional level, rather than the more globally homogenous nature of freight transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Relative to their overall share of total employment, women are significantly underrepresented among legislators, senior officials and managers, craft and related trade workers, and plant and machine operators and assemblers, they are heavily overrepresented among clerks, professionals, and service and sales workers. Horizontal and vertical job segregation has resulted in a persistent gender pay gap everywhere. While the gender pay gap is closing slowly in some countries, it has remained unchanged in others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Falling yields (except at the very short end) and a flattening yield curve can be observed in the euro area as well. However, while the euro has been generally stable against the currencies of major trading partners, the US dollar has strengthened. Meanwhile, the equity market volatility index, which has ebbed since the start of 2019, is picking up again somewhat following the new tariff measures introduced by the United States and China in May 2019. Capital markets in Emerging Asia - Stable but headwinds persist10 (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These results hold for the $1.25 a day poverty line as well. Furthermore, unobserved heterogeneity across countries can be a cause of more serious bias. Time-series data on poverty provided by the new estimates can help alleviate some of these problems. As with per capita GDR the fitted lines show similar relationships between exports and poverty levels for the two sets of poverty estimates (the slope for the new poverty data is -0.831, with t-ratio of -28.8 and for the World Bank data -0.93 with -26.4 t-ratio).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)