albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This involves strengthening relationships within government, and between government and other partners, in an on-going process of policy co-ordination that embeds social protection within broader social and economic policy planning. Figure 6.2, adapted from Uganda’s successful approach to integrating social protection within its development planning process, illustrates the process. For example, the shaded box depicts a potential area for intra-sectoral linkages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The ICC’s Libya cases raise interesting questions about the ICC’s interaction with national jurisdictions that retain the death penalty. In the case against Abdullah Al-Senussi, the ICC ruled he could be tried in Libya—his case was ‘inadmissible’—despite Libya retaining the death penalty and despite fair trial concerns. Yet, Rome Statute Article 21.3 directs the Court to be consistent with international human rights. Is it consistent with international human rights to indirectly authorize trial in a country that retains the death penalty, under conditions that cannot guarantee at least core due process protections? This article argues that it is not. Furthermore, this article argues that the Appeals Chamber in Senussi was insufficiently concerned with due process violation in the national jurisdiction—in a situation one could well-anticipate a former high-level regime official would not receive a fair trial post-regime change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The project was first implemented in academic year 2010-11 on a pilot basis, and the Ministry has announced intentions to extend self-evaluation to all schools. The Ministry had made clear that the self-evaluation project is an effort to develop a culture of evaluation in a country where teachers have strongly opposed evaluation initiatives in the past. But this is only a first step toward a more comprehensive evaluation policy framework. As illustrated in Figure 1.17, a comprehensive system involves multiple components.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Indeed, many multilateral development banks, bilateral agencies and NGOs are now mandated to achieve climate change co-benefits while contributing to the core organisational mandates of poverty reduction and broader development outcomes. Some institutions go further still, for example, AFD mainstreams climate change mitigation into its operations by measuring the carbon footprint of its whole development finance portfolio (AFD, 2012)12. All recipients and some supporters and providers consider aligning climate finance behind priorities outlined in national climate change action plans as an important principle for effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For example, women’s very existence may be threatened by sex-selective abortions and neglect in medical care. More generally, whether women have the same opportunities as men to live a long and healthy life is of fundamental importance to equality and well-being. Second, the chapter looks at socio-economic standing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The effect of converging participation rates0 between men and women on the size of the economy in GDP (cont.) The effect of converging participation rates0 between men and women on the size of the economy in GDP (cont.) Thus, in this scenario it is assumed that the female labour force participation rate will reach the levels observed for men by 2030 and the gender gap not longer exists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
When Professor Jansen was at the University of Pretoria, he used to take his doctoral students to Mozambique and Namibia. Around Maputo there were schools where the bullet holes were still in the walls of the school, but yet such schools gave better discipline, commitment, results and outcomes than in the average township school in South Africa. He encouraged discussants to address the conditions under which teachers teach, as well as the loss of conviction for teaching.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Its estimates suggest that total Brazilian GHG emissions reached 1.57 tC02eq in 2013 - the highest emission levels since 2008. Emissions increased in all sectors, but most strongly from LULUCF and fossil fuel combustion. Ethanol in fuel combustion produces less CO than gasoline and leads to lower NOx and possibly PM10 concentrations, but results in greater emission of aldehydes and higher ground-level ozone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The EU funds played an increasingly important role in funding of water and wastewater infrastructure, with their share in annual expenditure increasing from around 20% in 2006 to 38% in 2008. About EUR 900 million was allocated from EU funds for the second planning period (2007-13) for water supply and sanitation (MoE, 2007). The total spent by water utilities increased significantly, from EUR 70 million in 2004 to EUR 312 million in 2009 (MoE, 2010c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There were 69% and 75% reductions in death rate for diabetes, and 72% and 75% decreases for renal disease. In addition to better health outcomes, the study also demonstrates the cost-effectiveness of strengthening primary health care (Zhao et al., In some areas, a low volume of patients makes a hospital or a specialist unviable. These are also places that are not perceived by health practitioners as attractive to live.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper compares perspectives on the governance of the management models employed by two of Canada's largest provincial park systems, from the viewpoint of non-governmental organization members (NGOs) with an interest in protected areas. The two models are the parastatal model of Ontario (ON) Provincial Parks and the public and for-profit combination model of British Columbia (BC) Provincial Parks. Governance was evaluated using a computerized survey based on the 10 United Nations Development Program (UNDP) criteria of governance: accountability, consensus-orientation, effectiveness, efficiency, equity, public participation, responsiveness, rule of law, strategic vision and transparency. As part of a larger project, the survey was administered to members of NGOs with an interest in either of the two park systems. This was done in 2008 for British Columbia Parks and in 2009 for Ontario Parks. Analysis suggested that the 10 governance criteria might form 11 governance factors. Data suggest statistically ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Typically speed limits are reduced when traffic builds up towards the critical 2000 vehicle per lane per hour. The aim of the speed limit reduction is to reduce speed variance and the propensity for shock waves to cause incidents and accidents. The overall aim is to maintain throughput, but the schemes typically bring about a reduction in crashes and secondary crashes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The firm has approximately 2 000 employees. The firm has approximately 100 employees. The co-operative includes 1 250 farmers who supply milk and 150 employees. With established co-operation with the local technical university, the co-operative is seeking to increase its research collaboration with other groups as well (e.g. a medical university and dairy institute).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is believed that some of the ethnic groups that make up Ghana today immigrated to Ghana from these earlier empires, and the ethnic and linguistic connections to the countries of the Sahel/Sahara belt remain very strong. Many ethnic groups such as Hausa, Fulani and Arabs were active as pastoralists or traders and established themselves in Northern Ghana and the Ashanti Region (Peil, 1974). Gold, ivory, and slaves were the first items traded with the rest of the world through the initial European contacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A total of 28 SSA countries mention the need of specific technology transfer in order to enhance and ensure mitigation and adaptation actions (IGES, 2017). This is done forthree reasons: i) The most recent Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC was held in an African country, ii) agriculture, particularly as concerns the relation between developing and developed countries, was front and centre at the COP, and iii) SSA is expected to be disproportionately affected by climate change, and faces tremendous challenges of poverty, food insecurity and political instability. As such, this region is especially in need of initiatives to address the impacts of climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Once all 90 sites are fully established, HeadSpace centres aim to help up to 72 000 young people each year, and HeadSpace services should be accessible to almost every young Australian. This has resulted in better reported mental and physical health and reduced psychological distress (Muir et al., Approximately half of the clients surveyed also considered that HeadSpace had a positive impact on their willingness to be in education or employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Red Data Book of Turkmenistan was last published in 1999. That edition included 261 species (152 of animals and 109 of fungi and plants), including 45 species (17 animals and 28 plants) endangered or threatened with extinction. The 1999 Red Data Book used the categories “vanishing”, “declining”, “rare” and “poorly known”, which are not fully consistent with the modem IUCN Red List system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Buyers, especially large retailers and commercial brand owners, have embraced them. Commitments to source only fish and seafood certified as sustainable4 are increasingly included in their procurement strategies and wider corporate social responsibility policies. As a market-based mechanism designed to improve fisheries management, eco-labels and the certification process sitting behind them raise a number of issues and challenges: from broad policy questions as to how they interface with governments’ responsibilities to manage natural resources, to technical questions as how to define and develop standards related to “sustainability”, to detailed questions related on how to evaluate whether various existing certification and eco-labelling schemes are credible and robust.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Teachers are assessed in job performance interviews with school heads (usually bi-annual). The assessment includes classroom observations. In secondaiy schools, teachers’ peers and students may also be consulted. Some schools conduct annual assessment interview's, which are separate from the job interview.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
More needs also to be done to monitor ecosystem integrity and to develop indicators that better reflect the state of and changes in biodiversity at the habitat/ecosystem level. Many natural ecosystems have been degraded, limiting the ecosystem services they provide. The diversity of genes, species and ecosystems continues to decline, as the pressures on biodiversity remain constant or increase in intensity mainly, as a result of human actions. Scientific consensus projects a continuing loss of habitats and high rates of extinctions throughout this century if current trends persist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This is particularly important for students from disadvantaged backgrounds, for whom school may be their main means to develop skills. Reaching close to the OECD average number of years of education appears to provide a protective factor for students in improving the likelihood of academic success. This largely arises because to reach the OECD average of 14 years, students need to enter the education system at age 3 or 4 and remain in it until age 17 or 18. Early skill development starts primarily in the home, building on early attachment, with activities between children and their parents and/or caregivers being the main determinant of early learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Ponds have been rehabilitated, springs developed and made accessible to communities and livestock, and slow sand filters constructed. Training has also been given to four rangeland management committees on rangeland improvement and hay preservation. The communities have been deeply involved in the execution of the project, which has extended to 1,422 ha of their land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The International Court of Justice (ICJ), as the principal judicial organ of the UN, plays an important role in peaceful resolution of international disputes. Traditionally, relations between Islamic law states, international law, and courts have been relatively tense due to the inherent link between Islamic law and the Islamic faith. Yet, several Islamic law states recognize the ICJ’s compulsory and compromissory jurisdiction. This article asks: Why do some Islamic law states extend support to the International Court of Justice, while others turn away from the Court? I argue and empirically demonstrate that specific characteristic of Islamic law can explain variation of Islamic law states’ preferences towards the ICJ. After providing original data on the characteristics of Islamic legal structures, I systematically compare pertinent rules of international law and Islamic law, focusing on similarities and differences between the two. Islamic law features such as respect for legal scholarship and peaceful ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Engineers of the 21st century need to be more than providers of technical solutions. They must also play an active role in peacebuilding, peacemaking, and peacekeeping efforts. Their work contributes to Track 2 or citizen diplomacy. This paper discusses the value proposition of using a systemic approach to positive peace and the importance of developing programs such as peace engineering to provide engineers with the attitude, skills, and knowledge necessary to work in complex and difficult settings in their lifetime. There is an urgent need to develop a comprehensive body of knowledge and a community of practice in peace engineering. The engineering profession must take the lead in creating a peace industrial complex so powerful that it will disturb and replace the current war industrial complex.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Policy-wise, the rhetoric of the PWC is comparatively state-friendly but in a limited and piecemeal way, with intervention only justified on a casc-by-case basis, should it be demonstrable by mainstream criteria that narrow economic benefits would most likely accrue. Despite its obvious limitations, the PWC offers a rationale for discretionary intervention across a much wider range of economic and social policy than the WC. Nevertheless, the PWC tends to exaggerate the contrast with the traditional WC concerns, allowing Stiglitz to protest stridently policies imposed by the IMF on the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea, in particular, which triggered his enforced departure from office at the World Bank (see, for example, Wade, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Cultural studies seems to have passed into the shadows of academic interests, replaced by globalization and political economy as the new millennium's privileged concerns among left academics. Yet, cultural studies' longstanding interest in the interrelationship of power, politics, and culture remains critically important. Matters of agency, consciousness, pedagogy, and rhetoric are central to any public discourse about politics, not to mention education itself. Hence, this article argues that the promise of cultural studies, especially as a fundamental aspect of higher education, resides in a larger transformative and democratic politics in which matters of pedagogy and agency play a central role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Strategies for increasing the number of smaller housing units can include zoning accessory dwelling units, which can be used to increase the supply of small units. One such example is Manchester’s Urban Cohousing project, which supports a resident-led group for independent flats and communal spaces for older people. A housing relocation system to match housing demand with household size can help satisfy the housing needs of both generations: Older people living in large houses earn income by renting their houses to younger families with children, and moving to accommodation more suitable to later life. The Japan Trans-housing Institute (JTI) helps to connect house owners over 50 years old with families with young children who are looking for rental accommodation (Japan Trans-housing Institute, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This paper describes an action-based model for a Master of Public Administration emphasis in Local Governance and Community Development, along with preliminary observations during pilot implementat...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Non-funded courses with unregulated (and much higher) fees have grown in number, although they still account for only a relatively small share of tertiary education. Between 1995 and 2006, the percentage increase in student numbers at all levels was well above the OECD average (Figure 1, Panel A). And, the share of students enrolled in all levels of education in relation to the total population is very high compared with most OECD countries (Figure 1, Panel B).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Globally, the TC/PL values remain stable for most of the OECD countries. However, in some countries the trend is decreasing. In Korea, the total capacity increased considerably at the end of the 1990s (because of its considerable nuclear programme), but the high economic growth rate led to considerable electricity consumption, resulting in an important decrease of TC/PL in 2000-2007. The electricity generated by nuclear is only slightly sensitive to the variations of the price of uranium, contrary to energy sources burning fossil fuel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The efficacy of the Incredible Years parent and child training programs is established in children diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder but not among young children whose primary diagnosis is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We conducted a randomized control trial evaluating the combined parent and child program interventions among 99 children diagnosed with ADHD (ages 4–6). Mother reported significant treatment effects for appropriate and harsh discipline, use of physical punishment, and monitoring, whereas fathers reported no significant parenting changes. Independent observations revealed treatment effects for mothers' praise and coaching, mothers' critical statements, and child total deviant behaviors. Both mothers and fathers reported treatment effects for children's externalizing, hyperactivity, inattentive and oppositional behaviors, and emotion regulation and social competence. There were also significant treatment effects for children's emotion vocabulary and problem-solvi...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the Brussels Capital Region, where the Flemish Community government is responsible for the 250 schools providing education with Dutch as the language of instruction, additional support is provided by the Flemish Community Commission in Brussels. The school board can finance the part which is not subsidised by means of a loan guaranteed by the Flemish government. As reported by the representative groups and stakeholders interviewed by the OECD review team, it is common for private and municipal schools to use a portion of their operating grants to pay off the loan that covers the portion not funded by public sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The poverty line is 120 international dollars per capita per month, i.e. in constant units at purchasing power parity. Only Moldova (66%) and the Kyrgyz Republic (88%) ranked below Kazakhstan in 1993-95 (Milanovic, 1998). This analysis (by Anderson and Pomfret, 2003) draws on the 1996 Living Standards Measurement Study household survey, which was the only high quality household survey of the 1990s. The big losers from transition were households with small children and whose heads had not completed secondary school or had vocational training, whereas the biggest beneficiaries included households with college-educated women. These correlates of household expenditure meant that poverty was highest in the south where families were larger and education levels lower. Agricultural employment figures were first revised in 1999 in connection with the introduction of the new classification of the economic sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Jean L. Cohen identifies the idea in recent American Supreme Court jurisprudence that freedom of religion should not simply be understood as an ordinary legal right within the framework of liberal constitutionalism but as an expression of deference by the state and its legal system to religion as a separate and independent jurisdiction with its own system of law over which religious groups are sovereign within their own spheres of competence.1 Cohen argues that this is a revisionary and controversial idea which threatens the liberal constitutional order. While Cohen focuses on a specifically American legal-constitutional issue, her discussion nevertheless raises more general issues concerning the understanding of freedom of religion which are also relevant outside of the US.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It has been criticized for becoming the third leg of the global neoliberal framework (along with the IMF and the World Bank), for being less than transparent and for serving the North's interests. The 1990s conferences catalysed the ability of women’s organizations to provide critiques of paradigms and policies and to propose alternatives, e.g., for the recognition of women's rights as human rights and violence against women as a violation of those human rights in Vienna, against population control and in support of SRHR in Cairo, and against structural adjustment policies and the neoliberal agenda in Copenhagen and Beijing. At the global level, the UN is the only plausible quasi-state body, essential to the setting of global norms and standards for, inter alia, gender equality, ensuring accountability for human rights and moving the development agenda towards achieving them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This has led to unequal distribution of the net gains between Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan states from the Chambal Valley Development Project. This has led to a falling groundwater table in some districts (by up to 15 metres in 15 years) (Gupta, Kawadia and Attari, 2007). This area is spread over 22 500 km2 in eight districts of Malwa, namely Dhar, Indore, Dewas, Shajapur, Ujjain, Ratlam, Mandsaur and Neemuch.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Intangible capital is the difference between the total wealth and natural + produced capital. Thus “natural" changes - for instance those brought about by climate change due to man-made activities - are likely to hit the poor much harder than the rich, although ultimately they will affect all. Table 2:1 illustrates the link between poverty alleviation and wise management of natural resources and ecosystem services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
At the same time, in order to seize the full potential of ICTs, developing countries need to go beyond simply relying on imports of technologies developed abroad. Building relevant domestic capabilities in the ICT producing sector is essential for ICT sen/ices and applications to be appropriately adapted to the prevailing realities in each context. As software constitutes the brain of ICT devices, nurturing capabilities in this area is particularly relevant. While not every country may become a successful exporter of software, all countries need certain domestic software capabilities to achieve an inclusive information society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The main policies for developing the LDCs’ private sectors are industrial policy, enterprise policy, rural development policies, and education and training policies. Industrial policy is designed to steer the economy towards structural transformation, by moving to higher-productivity activities both among and within sectors. There are two types of strategies that LDCs can pursue to bolster the employment intensity of growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)