albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This paper is concerned with demonstrating the capacity of international human rights law and domestic constitutional law to have a synergistic relationship that is focused on the ways in which the two sets of standards can be harmonised rather than on questions of ‘superiority’ and ‘inferiority’. Conceiving of the relationship between the two bodies of law in this way requires us to recognise their shared dignitary core and the optimal effect of international human rights law, namely effective rights-protection at the domestic level with international law playing a subsidiary role. This paper uses the example of LGBT rights in European Convention on Human Rights jurisprudence to demonstrate such a synergistic relationship and argues that such a relationship is possible as between US constitutional law and international human rights law notwithstanding some prima facie barriers thereto.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some teachers use their contacts with companies when organising work placements for students as an opportunity to maintain familiarity with workplace requirements. These examples illustrate that many teachers recognise the importance of updating their vocational knowledge and skills. But the lack of a supportive framework means that not all teachers benefit from skills updating opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As for the previous group of countries, the official poverty estimates coincide in the direction of variation, although in general they report larger poverty reductions in Ecuador, Panama, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Uruguay. The ECLAC figures aim to reflect the situation in the region in the most comparable manner possible, while the national figures seek to best capture the realities of each country. This leads to normal methodological differences in the many decisions that are made in the process of building poverty lines (the way the goods in staple food and non-food baskets are selected, the prices used to allocate value to these goods or the deflators used to update poverty lines, among many other factors), as well as in the definition of household income, the treatment of non-responses or the inclusion of imputed rent for the use of owner-occupied dwellings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
More specifically, it analyses the impact of risks - actual and perceived -associated with EE projects. Much has been written about the many barriers to energy-efficiency investments, including market organisation, price distortions, split incentives, lack of information, transaction costs, institutional biases, product availability, regulatory policy, and others.3 This report does not delve into the full array of these barriers. Instead, it focuses on the financial and risk barriers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, Indonesia’s BUR explicitly includes only grants received, excluding all loans, while Montenegro only includes ODA. Explanations could be provided as needed. Terms such as “Approved" or “received/committed” are used, without it being clear what this refers to, in some cases a project or programme’s budget is given. Disbursement can be measured in various ways at different stages of the transfer process, so countries may specify this as needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This Article, which will appear in a forthcoming volume from Cambridge University Press, seeks to situate local governments in the growth of international environmental governance. After considering the seminal decision of Genesis Power Ltd. v. Franklin District Council, it proposes that models from international relations theory could be adapted and altered to explain and predict local government behavior in global governance. In contrast to the widely-held - but rarely examined - consensus view, we suggest that local government might possess strong incentives to take action in mitigating climate change, and set forth a research agenda with testable propositions to determine whether such international local government theory has validity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, the “Organic Agriculture National Action Plan” (2013-16) prepared by MOFAL, universities, government offices, non-governmental organisations and trade associations aims at promoting organic farming through dedicated actions in various areas including control and inspection services, traceability, education and institutional capacity (Ataseven and Sumelius, 2014). The purpose is to prevent pollution in rural areas and protect natural resources. Projects themes are tourism infrastructure, hard waste storage, recycling infrastructure, wastewater treatment and potable water infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Such payments cover about 33% of senior citizens in Bangladesh, and around 50% in Nepal (introduction in 1995). In Thailand, the Old Age Allowance introduced in 1993 reached close to 70% of the population aged 60 and over in 2011, and almost three/quarters of the elderly in Hong Kong (China) receive the Old Age Allowance. Similarly, the Basic Old-age Pension introduced in 2008 in Korea, reaches about 70% of the people aged 65 and over and provides KRW 200 000 (about USD 180) per month per beneficiary on average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
What kinds of interventions are most effective for these schools? Teacher shortage and disciplinary climate are inter-related: most teachers tend to avoid schools with more disciplinary problems, while a shortage of qualified teachers adversely affects disciplinary climate. What is needed in these schools is an intervention to break this vicious cycle. Countries that have improved their performance in PISA, like Brazil, Colombia, Estonia, Israel, japan and Poland, for example, have established policies to improve the quality of their teaching staff by either adding to the requirements to earn a teaching license, providing incentives for high-achieving students to enter the profession, increasing salaries to make the profession more attractive and to retain more teachers, or by offering incentives for teachers to engage in in-service teacher-training programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Proalcool successfully reduced the impact of the oil crisis on the Brazilian trade balance and increased the country’s energy self-sufficiency. Nevertheless, when the second oil crisis occurred in 1979, Brazil was still importing the majority of its oil which renewed the government’s focus on Proalcool and led to increased subsidies for both producers and consumers and credit for investment into the sector. The first car running on hydrous ethanol was launched in 1979. Growing concerns about global warming, greenhouse gas emission and energy security led a certain number of developed and developing countries to implement ambitious biofuel targets or mandates as well as other support measures to the biofuel sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Reporting countries spend between 0.6 and 1.8% of GDP on housing allowances. Almost all of the reporting OECD countries use this policy instrument, in half of them, allowances are reserved for tenants - and are usually available for private and social tenants - but in the other half of the countries allowances are also granted to households who own their home. Housing allowances are usually means-tested, but eligibility conditions and the payment rate vary considerably across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Within the region, subscriptions in countries and territories in the Pacific subregion remained highest at 19.8 per 100 people (largely influenced by Australia and New Zealand) in 2014, with East and North-East Asia having the second highest subscription rate at 16.7 per 100 people. South and South-West Asian countries had the lowest rate at 2.0 per 100 people. For those countries where such data do exist, the data are available only for the period up to 2012. In the Pacific subregion, only 6 of 21 countries and territories had such data available, in North and Central Asia, 2 of the 9 countries in that subregion had relevant data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Despite significant income convergence that has taken place since the 1990s, convergence has been arguably slower in education, health and other measures of human development. Figure A shows that the literacy rate is significantly lower in Cambodia and the Lao Peoples’ Democratic Republic, at less than 75%. Public spending on education is lower in CLMV, particularly in Myanmar where it accounts for less than 1% of GDP. There is significant variation, however, Viet Nam spends more than 5%, the highest share only next to Malaysia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Inter-state water disputes occur in federal political systems. They stand at the intersection of two branches of law: federalism under constitutional law, and water law – specifically river basin regulation. In India, constitutional federalism is the outcome of colonial history. River-basin regulation is the outcome of developments in capitalism within the social context of Europe and United States, later universalised as international law under the Helsinki Rules and the International Law Commission Convention on Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses. When national law evolved in the historical context of colonisation, intersecting with international law evolved in the historical context of European capitalism, it reproduced imperial-colonial relations of super-ordination and sub-ordination in relation to water. It created an internal schism that locks the water sector into a developmental catharsis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Policy Brief 3, Task Force on Public Financial Management, Paris, http://www.oecd.org/development/effectiveness/48780926.pdf. Climate Change”, http://www.deza.admin.cli/en/Home/Themes/Climate_change. Efficiency of the CDM and the GEF in Leveraging Funds and Reducing CO2, Climate Strategies, London, http://www.climatestrategies.org/research/our-reports/category/71/324.html. Presentation at CCXG Global Forum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A number of participatory intersectoral assessments, informed by analysis, have been carried out in transboundary basins, such as the Alazani/Ganykh, the Sava and its tributary, the Drina, and the Syr Darya. This inclusive approach provides a good basis for identifying solutions jointly. Moreover, meetings and workshops on the water-food-energy-ecosystem nexus provide for exchange of experience on intersectoral impacts and trade-offs as well as good practices to address them. At the national level, the project aims at improving legal and institutional capacity of authorities involved in dam safety management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The lack of legal clarity about the compensation clause led to the reform making all efforts to avoid severe prejudice to the economic viability of enterprises. In the case of Alberta, Canada, measures were put into place to do just that. This measure was the allowing for the possibility to transfer the assignment of priority from one rights holder to another.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Women, ethnic minorities, immigrants and residents in deprived areas, among others, are systematically underrepresented in research, innovation and entrepreneurship activities in most countries. For example, in Japan only 14.7% of total researchers in 2015 were women, and their share was even lower in the fields of science and engineering (Statistics Japan, 2016). In Israel, the Arab minority represented only 5.7% of total employment in the high-tech sector and 2% of employment in the R&D sector in 2015, while they accounted for 21% of the country’s population (Innovation Israel, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This result is in line with most findings on inequalities in unhealthy lifestyle habits (e.g. smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, obesity), with a range of explanations including health information, time preferences, and intergenerational transmissions. In contrast, for women, the social gradient is reverse, in particular for hazardous drinking. Women with higher education who end up taking better-paid jobs involving higher degrees of responsibility may drink more heavily because they have more stress, and more frequent occasions of socializing and going out with colleague. Besides, these occasions being typically in masculine work environment, they are confronted to higher limits of drinking (Com-Ruelle et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Disaggregated data is not always available and, where it is not, this fact should be reflected in the report. In such instances, data in the OHCHR database or estimates provided by local human rights organizations might be used as indicators, provided they are properly referenced in the report. A gender analysis shed light on the causes of transmission: women and girls are more often in contact with bodily fluids of infected persons as they are usually caretakers for ill family members and more likely to be front-line health workers (nurses, midwives) or health facility service staff (e.g. cleaners, laundry workers, etc.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These experiences show that the success of using national climate funds is highly context-specific, with many remaining uncertainties. However, as one provider pointed out, extra-budgetary NCFs may appear more efficient if seen as a stepping stone to more integrated finance. In general, a wide range of views and practices were found across interviewees on NCFs, reflecting their exploratory stage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For instance, a drone delivery service provided by the United States-based company Zipline in partnership with the Rwandan health ministry, has slashed the delivery time of life-saving medicine to remote regions of Rwanda from four hours to an average half an hour225 (see case study on Rwanda in Chapter 2). Unassisted robots for some time have been planting seeds and picking weeds, and agricultural aircraft are spraying crops with precision to reduce chemical infiltration of groundwater in some parts of the world. Nevertheless, adoption of aerial survey vehicles is not yet within the reach of most farmers with low purchasing power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For this purpose, OECD countries are increasingly using such tools as gender impact analysis and gender-responsive budgeting to implement gender mainstreaming and to evaluate the different effects of any policy, legislation or practice on gender equality. In fact, while several countries employ some form of gender analysis, the Palestinian Authority is the only country in the region that has established mechanisms for regular assessment of impacts of all draft laws and policies. Sufficient good quality data provide the basis for sound performance measurement, monitoring and evaluation activities. Nevertheless, the general practice of citizen engagement and public consultation remains limited and sporadic, and often involves only certain stakeholders within or outside the government (see OECD, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Payments systems linked to performance need to have accurate quality metrics that encourage physicians to offer services to all patients, including those whose health is complicated by multiple conditions. In many cases the physician performance metrics do not include adequate adjustment for patients with multiple chronic conditions. Most existing quality metrics have the tendency to encourage clinicians to avoid medically complex patients. More refined performance measures would account for patients with multiple chronic conditions and thereby strengthen the capacity of performance-based payment systems to support care for those with multiple conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
National efforts will be assessed against the objectives laid out in the NDCs, but the NDCs themselves will not be assessed by the UNFCCC for adequacy.6 Therefore, no Party can rely on its membership in the Agreement and good-faith fulfilment of its NDCs to shield it from being judged to be ‘inadequately’ pricing carbon, and being subject to BCA as a result. See, for example, UNEP (2015). It has been proposed a number of times and has consistently been rejected in the legislative or regulatory process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The sharp increase of e-waste has not been matched with policy and regulatory mechanisms designed to cope with the influx of e-waste in developing countries generated from usage within and from illegal trade-related dumping. Huge populations and the environment are now unduly exposed to the devastating effects of the unmitigated handling of e-waste. This dismal situation spins a tragic story for many in the developing world who unknowingly make a choice between poverty and poison.4 Unfortunately, many people who have to pay the price never have the opportunity to have a say in the matter. Governments all over the world have identified ICTs as a key element in the delivery of services to their citizens and in the expansion of business as they seek more prosperity for their citizens.5 The uptake of broadband networks (which provide high speed access to the Internet) results in the replacement of massive copper infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Pollution from factories and power plants has been the classic example for the concepts of external or social cost. While long considered a beneficial side-effect of decarbonisation, pollution control efforts are increasingly the primary policy driver for reducing fossil fuel use in power generation, with the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) being a welcome side-effect. Indeed, in most climate change mitigation studies, the benefits from reducing human exposure to PM, S02 and NOx outweigh the benefits of reducing GHG emissions and the resulting climate change mitigation, which offers new perspectives for internalisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Inheritance and gift taxes are applied rather widely but several countries have reduced or abolished them since the mid-1990s (including Austria, France, New Zealand, Portugal, Slovak Republic and Sweden). The effective tax rate on small transactions is de facto much higher and often paid by low-income families. Spain introduced a wealth tax in September 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is not surprising as consumer interests are addressed by both types of stockholding programmes. In the case of buffer stock programmes, there is an explicit objective to stabilise market prices, while social safety net stocks focus on the provision of cereals or food at subsidised prices. Some of these impacts will be mentioned alongside the performance variables in the country case reviews.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
One of the objectives of the Data Centers for Government project is to ensure the continuous operation of e-government components, minimizing failures in the operation of central and local government agency (including local offices) software and hardware, with an assured 99.749 per cent (second level) reliability. It partnered with an international consultant to establish its e-government strategy for the next five years. The Kuwait Information Network (KIN) is one of the early projects, set up to provide the communications infrastructure that paved the way towards efficient and integrated nationwide e-services implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2011, countries in South Asia, South-East Asia and the Pacific received almost half the world’s remittances and the volume continued to increase in 2012.29 Indeed remittances are now on such a scale that they exceed government social expenditure or official development assistance. In the year ending June 2012 Bangladeshis sent home $13 billion, more than all the Government’s social protection programmes put together.30 Remittances have the advantage that they are often countercyclical, rising during economic downturns and natural disasters as migrants send more cash to meet their families’ emergency needs. This process is illustrated schematically in a model in Figure III-l.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Although 9 per cent sounds like a small minority, in absolute numbers it amounts to millions of children across the world, and the numbers are rising rapidly due to population growth and urbanization. An exclusive focus on income poverty could lead to inadequate policy focus on the multiple deprivations that are experienced by almost half of urban children in developing countries. One in four rural children under 18 experience extreme monetary poverty (UNICEF and World Bank 2016) and 8 out of 10 rural children under five do not have their basic needs met (Rutstein et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The ‘constitutional failures’ ushering in World Wars I and II and the emergence of post-war ‘multilevel constitutionalism’ in Europe suggest that also UN/WTO law can effectively protect international public goods only if UN/WTO law are interpreted and protected for the benefit of citizens in conformity with the human rights and other ‘principles of justice’ recognized by all UN member states. This paper discusses recent publications by Philip Allott on ‘international constitutionalism’ and argues that the necessary transformation of the prevailing conceptions of ‘international law among sovereign states’ into a ‘multilevel constitutional law of humanity’ requires extending ‘multilevel constitutionalism’ to UN/WTO governance of public goods with due respect for ‘constitutional pluralism’ protecting individual and democratic diversity, subsidiarity and ‘institutional experimentation’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Compared with the current regime, the shift to permitted amounts as the basis for charging could result in increased abstraction in water-stressed districts. In 2014 there were 484 cases of freshwater offences, with an average fine per case of GEL 349 or EUR 145. In 2015 these figures were, respectively, 289 and GEL 422 or EUR 176. These levels of fine are unlikely to provide sufficient deterrent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Drawing upon a cultural studies perspective, this study investigates the audience role in shaping corporate involvement in social issues – identified as cause-related corporate outreach. We assert that, more than consumer, voter, or passive receptor of corporate messages, the audience is an active participant in the communication process.This case study of the Avon Breast Cancer 3-Day Walk, one of the most visible fitness-based fundraising events, examines the meaning individual participants construct during their involvement in the event. The study provides a context in which public relations practitioners and scholars alike can better understand the role corporate communication plays in defining and preserving community and social values. This understanding can help corporations build communication that resonates with specific publics and is more beneficial to all involved. The research also extends public relations theory. It develops a cultural understanding of the growing phenomenon of corporate invo...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Within this framework, the Inter-Ministerial Conference for the Environment (CCIM) Steering Group Water (presided over by the Flemish Environment Agency) is the consultative body in charge of the necessary co-ordination of the implementation of international water policy between the different Belgian authorities in charge. It also advises on strategic planning of water policy in the long term, makes proposals for institutional mechanisms, incentives and guarantees towards the implementation of water policies in rural and urban areas, and adopts the necessary agreements for the implementation of the national integrated water strategy. It seeks to co-ordinate the actions of ministries of Environmental Protection, Health, Finance, Foreign Affairs, and Infrastructure, which used to be collectively responsible for the decision-making process over matters concerning water and sewage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)