albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In approaching this as an applied policy research project, we were well aware of the potential problems inherent in focusing simultaneously on women, youth and children: we were not implying an exact similarity between children, youth and adults, but we focused on individual relationships to power. Yet at the same time we recognized that further research would need to be undertaken on male victimization in war, especially through sexual violence, a fairly new field of research that is beyond the scope of these two books. While progress has been made in recognizing these challenges and needs through global, UN-initiated, policy guidance, existing momentum can be maintained and further progress achieved if local and traditional social, economic and political cultures along with external assistance activities become more sensitive and attentive to the post-conflict needs and contributions of women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, some of the common challenges identified by an evaluation of SIDA's Climate Change Initiative (Cesar et al., In particular, monitoring relevant data or developing data of sufficient quality, such as long and continuous time series at an appropriate level of disaggregation, remains a challenge for many countries. For instance, when conducting an audit of the Brazilian government’s response to adaptation in 2010, auditors found that climate risks in the agricultural sector, coastal zones and relating to water security could not be properly assessed and managed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Both industries are climate dependant. This is most likely to be the result of natural decadal variability, although a contribution from climate change cannot be ruled out. Sources: Ministry for the Environment (2008), Climate Change Effects and Impact Assessment, 2nd Edition, www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/ climate/climate-change-ejjfect-impacts-assessments-may08/c!imate-change-ejifect-impacts-assessment-may08.pd/ (accessed 9 July 2012), New Zealand Government (2009), New Zealand’s Fi/th National Communication under the UNFCCC, http://unfccc.int/national_reports/ annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/items/4903.php (accessed 22 June 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In practice, it could be defined as coverage for the whole population for a certain set of health services and goods, although the nature of these goods and services varies across countries. The WHO and the World Bank have proposed options to measure and assess health care coverage in a given country and to measure progress towards “universal coverage” (See Box 1). They suggest that two types of measures can be used to assess progress towards universal coverage. Financial protection can be measured by looking at the proportion of people facing very high (‘catastrophic’) health expenditure (defined as a percentage of household spending), and by looking at the proportion of the population who fall into poverty due to health spending.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. These cases call for careful analysis in future work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A premise of this report, therefore, is that gender equality should not be addressed at the periphery, but rather as a central policy concern. Unless public policies, services, legislation and resources benefit all citizens - women as well as men - good governance cannot be fully achieved (OECD, 2010). This report, therefore, encourages governments across the region to analyse their policies and services through a gender lens to ensure that they reach out and respond to the specific needs of women and men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Yet, even if backward linkages are initially absent, concerted efforts can help in developing such linkages over time, as the East Asian newly industrializing economies demonstrate (see Wade, 1990). In fact, emphasis on backward linkages is often necessary even for the very survival of the current lines of production. For example, the experience since the elimination of the international quota regime on textiles and clothing suggests that poverty reduction through labour-intensive exports is not sustainable without the development of backward linkages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Age could also be a contributing factor, as mental illness among Swedish youth has been seen to be on the increase. Younger people tend to be more likely to require psychiatric care (see section 2) and Stockholm has a relatively young population. This age element, however, is not necessarily applicable. Uppsala, for example, also has a young population, but reports psychiatric care costs that are nonetheless in line with the national average (National Board of Health and Welfare, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Municipalities, especially those with a large share of low-income households and a high share of unemployment, may not have the financial and organisational capacity to supply and maintain social housing. In Poland, for example, municipalities are responsible for the supply and maintenance of social housing, but due to their scarce financial resources, the supply of affordable housing has remained a major challenge, especially in mid-sized cities (OECD, 2011b). This takes the form of demand-side subsidies (e.g. tax relief on paid rent for tenants) or supply-side subsidies (e.g. favourable treatment of rental income for landlords).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There are also various forms of inter-communal co-operation. Municipalities finance the infrastructure and are responsible for delivering water services. Local authorities can be in charge of water and sanitation services budgets which income comes from the tariffs. After the territorial reform (2014), EPCI can include syndicats de communes, communautes de communes, communautes urbaines, communautes d'aggtomeration, syndicats d‘agglomeration nouvelle, and the metropoles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Addressing these barriers requires an integrated approach across environment, economic and social domains, and often close coordination among different levels of government. Clear, stable and credible long-term environmental, energy, transport and infrastructure policy signals are important drivers of investment and innovation (Kaminker, C., et al, 2013, Corfee-Morlot, J., et al, 2012, Criscuolo, C. and C. Menon, 2014, OECD, 2012, and OECD, 2013b). In addition, barriers to investment and innovation can often be addressed with revision to existing policy, regulation and tax settings (Kaminker, C., et al, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The first measure is based on the effective number of affiliated households in a given state over the total number of households. The advantage of this strategy is twofold. First, the independence of the ex ante negotiations between the federal and state governments over the number of affiliations that a state would pursue in a specific quarter from ex post health-demand shocks rules out the possibility of self-selection. Second, the fact that political and logistical constraints in addition to economic conditions weighted heavily in the determination of the targets allows one to overcome the problem of non-random placement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A similar solution based on U.S. measures to reduce methane emissions was discussed in the global Green to Scale report (Afanador et al., We here look at the results obtained in Norwegian oil and gas production, and scale those up globally as described below. Some countries have launched major efforts to measure the emissions, notably the US Environmental Protection Agency (see, e.g., US EPA (2016b)) and, in a Nordic context, the Norwegian Environment Agency (Husdal, Osenbroch, Yetkinoglu, & 0stebrat, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Upstream of the Valajaskoski power plant the unregulated river Ounasjoki joins the river Kemijoki which increases the likelihood of the flood in the river basin and also for the city of Rovaniemi. The plant has an installed effect of 101 MW and an average yearly production of 365 GWh. The WSFS is a conceptual hydrological model, used for operational flood forecasting and for research purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In six of them, poverty dropped appreciably between the two years. In the Dominican Republic and Uruguay (data for urban areas), the poverty rate fell by more than 3 percentage points, Brazil, Panama, Paraguay and Peru recorded declines between 0.9 percentage points and 2.2 percentage points. Slightly smaller negative poverty rate variations were posted in Colombia and Ecuador (see figure I.3).2 In 2009, the indigence rate came down considerably in Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Panama, Peru and Uruguay and declined slightly in Brazil and Paraguay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Transfer policies have their role in addressing problems of incomplete benefit coverage among this group, but non-standard work and dual labour markets present issues for labour-market policy more broadly. Those who are entitled to unemployment benefits have seen benefit generosity drop since the mid-1990s. Calculations using OECD tax-benefit models show that net replacement rates of unemployment support declined in seven out of ten countries since 1995. Large falls were recorded in countries where the generosity of more than one element of the overall support package was reduced (for instance in Finland, Germany, and the Czech Republic).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Both organisations have a dual mandate, including supporting business innovation and entrepreneurship (with a focus on energy efficiency of city services and “smart city” development in Astana) and assisting investors. In Almaty City, the ISC (within the JSC “Almaty Development Centre”) is the only regional ISC with a comprehensive website dedicated to foreign investors in English (http://investinalmatv.com/en). Subnational investment promotion agencies are usually small, flexible organisations w'ell-connected to both the local administration and business community. In Kazakhstan, ISCs may require additional resources (both financial and human) but also need to be incorporated into the larger set of investment promotion and facilitation activities of Kaznex Invest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The difference is almost double in the case of the idle state. As expected, the cluster manager successfully issued commands to wake up additional servers when the request rate increased and put them to sleep when the request rate dropped. The transition of the server states is smooth, no responses exceed 550 ms, unlike the results of the previous experiment shown in Figure 9. Comparison between energy-proportional control and conventional operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The average number of deprivations among children with at least one deprivation ranges from 1.7 in Gabon and Swaziland to 3.4 in Chad and Ethiopia. The average deprivation intensity is calculated using a cut-off of one dimension to avoid censoring the deprivations that may be experienced in isolation from other deprivations. See Annex 5 for the percentage of children deprived in one to five dimensions for which the deprivation intensity was calculated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Dominica, an upper middle-income country, outperforms Vanuatu, a least developed country, in terms of income per capita and ranking on the Human Development Index. Vanuatu has much lower poverty and unemployment rates, as well as a strong traditional social safety net system, and has consistently ranked high in the Happy Planet Index Score. Both countries gained independence from the United Kingdom around the same time and they also have similar systems of government based on a unicameral parliament.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
ABSTRACT The intellectual monoculture that we currently observe in American IPE, based upon an allegiance to liberalism, rationalism and quantitative methodology, is a misguided departure from the pluralism that once defined the discipline. This monoculture is evident in the way we currently train graduate students in IPE and in the gatekeeping practices of the leading international relations journals. Fortunately, there is a continued diversity of work appearing in other fora from that surveyed by Maliniak and Tierney, primarily in book form and in alternative journals. The absence of cross-fertilization from these alternative outlets to the high status journals and graduate syllabi portends poorly for the future of the field. Like agricultural crops susceptible to devastating collapse for lack of diversification, an intellectual monoculture in IPE may be unable to effectively respond to the dramatic changes and critical emerging issues in the world economy today.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Borrowdale v Director-General, New Zealand's High Court made a declaration that, for its first nine days, New Zealand's COVID lockdown was not lawfully authorised. The High Court dismissed two other, and more widely framed, causes of action. In this brief commentary, we suggest two things. The first is that, despite the finding of illegality, the overall result in Borrowdale was predicated on a high degree of deference to executive power. The second is that this is regrettable. It constitutes a dangerous precedent available to future governments regardless of the merits of the underlying measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
1. Introduction: Social Science and Human Rights Ryan Goodman, Derek Jinks, and Andrew K. Woods 2. The Psychology of Social Norms and the Promotion of Human Rights Deborah A. Prentice 3. Why Can't We Sell Human Rights Like We Sell Soap? Robert C. Hornik 4. The Reasons for Compliance with Law Margaret Levi, Tom Tyler, and Audrey Sacks 5. Can International Law Stop Genocide When Our Moral Intuitions Fail Us? Paul Slovic and David Zionts 6. Human Rights: An Evolutionary and Behavioral Perspective Herbert Gintis 7. Moral Grammar and Human Rights: Some Reflections on Cognitive Science and Enlightenment Rationalism John Mikhail 8. Parochialism as a Result of Cognitive Biases Jonathan Baron 9. Networks and Politics: The Case of Human Rights David Lazer 10. Barriers to Dispute Resolution: Reflections on Peacemaking and Relationships between Adversaries Byron Bland, Brenna Powell and Lee Ross 11. The Difference It Makes William F. Schulz Bibliography Index
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It explains what PSV stands for and how it relates to other components of the education systems. It highlights examples of transition, pathways and collaboration across tertiary education systems. It provides comparable international data on entry to, and graduation rates in PSV and university education as well as information about distribution of students in different field of studies across selected OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Brazilian National AIDS Program is widely recognized as the leading example of an integrated HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and treatment program in a developing country. We critically analyze the Brazilian experience, distinguishing those elements that are unique to Brazil from the programmatic and policy decisions that can aid the development of similar programs in other low- and middle-income and developing countries.Among the critical issues that are discussed are human rights and solidarity, the interface of politics and public health, sexuality and culture, the integration of prevention and treatment, the transition from an epidemic rooted among men who have sex with men to one that increasingly affects women, and special prevention and treatment programs for injection drug users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Each one of these five scenarios branches in the third stage into two further scenarios. Hence, ten discrete scenarios describe the error distribution of short-term forecasts. Each forecast scenario is described by a probability of occurrence. The applied structure of the scenario tree and the number of discrete scenarios are subject to a compromise between a fair approximation of the distribution density function of stochastic variables and the computational effort of the resulting optimisation problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Other potentially harmful emissions include heavy metals (such as cadmium, lead and mercury) and other substances that are linked to environmental and health problems. Countries may wish to measure or estimate a variety of other emissions, based on national circumstances and priorities. Particulate matter (PM) Mass By tourists (1990) National .
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Specialisations include medical devices and cloud computing. Good practice takes the form of working with start-ups from incubation and helping existing companies migrate to better value markets through specialised incubation and acceleration. It does this by focusing on niches, for example in ICT, where there is a cluster of 59 companies in software and mobile devices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In the United Kingdom, Denmark and Japan, there is larger mobility at the bottom, but there is some sticky ceiling at the top. In the remaining countries (except Chile), the situation stands at the average of the cardinal points mentioned above. Chile and Israel stand out with a very specific pattern of high mobility at the top and at the bottom. This is partly to be related to the income distribution in these countries, with incomes highly concentrated at the very top.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Setting aside the limitations of standardized tests, measures of academic outcomes in the region's countries (particularly the 2012 PISA tests) suggest that a high percentage of the student population performs very poorly in basic competencies such as mathematics. In addition, the gap between the PISA results of the Latin American countries and the average for the OECD member countries is very wide. Most of the students in the first and second socioeconomic and cultural quartiles in the region's countries score below level 2, which means that they have not developed the basic competencies needed to perform in the area (see figure 1.20). Not only do they raise red flags about the sustainability of the progress made in reducing inequality and building capacity for the transition to more productive societies, but also they lead to gaps in autonomy, understood here as different margins of liberty for individuals to embark on life projects that hold genuine value for them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As GCI Frontrunners reach the limits of growth from current ICT investments, AI and Intelligent Connectivity are opening up a new economic growth cycle. Point Topic reports that fixed wireless technologies are increasingly giving way to 4G LTE-based mobile broadband access, with 4G L.TE now a major means of getting broadband at home in several regions - for example, Scandinavia and Eastern Europe14. The Inclusive Internet Index (3i)15, commissioned by Facebook and the Economist Intelligence Unit, shows that access to 4G networking services improved over the last year, particularly in low-income countries where coverage almost doubled, from 9.1% to 17.3%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Using available growth forecasts, we estimate that compared to the business-as-usual scenario (scenario i), the average income per capita annual growth rates for the 108 countries included in the SIGI ranking would increase by 0.03 percentage point in the upgrade in the SIGI classification scenario (scenario ii), by 0.2 percentage point in the best-in-region scenario (scenario iii) and by 0.6 percentage point in the gender parity scenario (scenario iv). Annex I presents country examples using regional lowest performers in the SIGI, which are Albania, Bangladesh, Nicaragua, Sudan, Turkey and Yemen. The simulation findings show sizeable income gains for each scenario.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The empirical evidence for the link between product market reform and the dispersion of earnings is rather mixed. Three quarters of the average reduction in inequality they achieve across the OECD is due to transfers. However, the redistributive impact of cash transfers varies widely across countries, reflecting both the size and progressivity of these transfers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At the same time, the fact that young people not in education or employment are increasingly contributing to overall poverty in the countries with the lowest poverty rates raises the question of whether this indicator measures actual poverty or merely vulnerability to poverty. The shaping of policy and institutional architectures and responsibilities must therefore differ accordingly. Although this edition of the Social Panorama considers only some of the basic aspects of this type of poverty measurement, these suffice to illustrate the potentials and challenges presented by multidimensional measurements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Furthermore, if adaptation actions provide a competitive advantage, there is a disincentive for companies to share that knowledge more widely. These factors suggest that the degree of visible or publicised action may be a poor indicator of the extent of actual action. The effects of climate change are long-term, uncertain and context-specific. Frameworks for decisionmaking under uncertainty have suggested that it can be rational to delay significant and irreversible investments (Ranger et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The foundations of this success are setting Total Allowable Catches (TACs) based on scientific recommendations of what is biologically sustainable and the Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) system, which gives each holder the right to catch a certain of the TAC in various species. The efficiency of this system could be under threat from potential policy responses to the perceived unfairness of quotas having initially been given away and by Iceland’s possible accession to the EU. However, there is nothing the government can do now to do undo the unfairness of the initial allocation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Green streets have also enhanced pedestrian safety by shortening crossing distances, and are sometimes considered to slow traffic. Neighbours consider them a real asset to the neighbourhood because they provide water quality and habitat benefits and increase property values. As of 1 July 2010, Portland had a total of 250 projects for over 12 acres. Since 2008, nearly 100 incentive projects have been accepted for an additional 5.6 acres, despite the recession and economic downturn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Modem methods of contraception include female and male sterilization, oral hormonal pills, intra-uterine devices, male condoms, injectables, implants, vaginal barriers, female condoms and emergency contraception. Traditional methods of contraception include periodic abstinence, withdrawal, the lactational amenorrhea method and folk methods. Egypt recorded the most widespread use of modern contraceptive methods, at 57 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)