albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Government-approved projects are again exempted from such limits and the time limit for tax exemption should be “specified in co-ordination with the relevant Ministry”. Once the tax exemption has come to an end, the land tax value is: USD 8.5 per ha for perennial crops and aquaculture, USD 5.7 per ha for horticulture crops, and USD 2.8 per ha for seasonal crops and livestock. They can lead to employment creation, including through backward and forward linkages and multiplier effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
When market systems are functioning well, transfers are made in cash, otherwise, food is often used. Cash expenditure was ETB 5.4 billion in 2004/05 but decreased steadily (and significantly) in real terms over the subsequent decade (Figure 1.2) even though the number of PSNP clients did not follow a similar trajectory. The value of benefits is expected to decline further over the course of PSNP IV as a result of a gap between financing needs and the resources made available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
State failure to embark on land assembly/land banking has also encouraged a shortage of land in areas deemed appropriate for housing and livelihood practices especially agriculture. The unaffordability of low-income housing and the inefficient and expensive land registration system has also contributed to squatting by marginal groups in areas that are highly sensitive from a water resources management perspective. Moreover, the policy on the link between land tenure and integrated water resources management is still weak.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Data derived from the drone missions in Chin State have allowed FAO and government experts access to high-resolution, high-accuracy and high-temporality (timely) landslide and erosion risk information that was not previously readily accessible (both in terms of cost and quality). The maps produced also allowed state, township and village agriculture and DRR officials to examine aerial images of selected communities in Chin State in stunning detail, thereby promoting an entirely different level of appreciation of agriculture land use features and components, as well as a clearer understanding of hazards and risks present in a community. The drone mapping team consists of 30 interdisciplinary experts from the different departments and universities across MOALI (including the Department of Agriculture, Department of Livestock, Department of Extension, Department of Agriculture Research, Department of Irrigation and Water Management, Department of Land Records and Statistics, the Agricultural Mechanization Department, Department of Cooperatives, Department of Agricultural Planning, the Yezin Agricultural University and the University of Veterinary Sciences).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
While some of those arguments are valid, there is more to the picture. The bottom-up approach should be scrutinised concerning the linkage between international objectives and the agreement's power to push national climate law and policy to be more ambitious. Furthermore, the standard to evaluate each state's NDC, as demonstrated by Voigt (2016), is set to the highest possible climate ambitions regarding the circumstances for the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As small states are highly open to trade, their inflation rates are largely influenced by inflation in their largest trading partners or in the country whose currency is used as the domestic currency. Thus, unlike advanced economies, where inflation targeting guides monetary policy, inflation targeting is not suitable for the conditions facing many Commonwealth small states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Herders are exempt from payment of annual land fees for the use of rangeland and hayfields. Such activities include: changing natural features of the land by ploughing, digging, using explosives, mining, or quarrying sand or stone, harvesting and processing secondary natural resources or medicinal plants for commercial purposes, and conducting any activities that pollute the soil, water or air. It regularly participates in the COP, the meetings of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention (CRIC) and other relevant meetings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
in asia, with the exception of the sub-continent and the philippines, hong Kong has set up an Ombudsman institution ahead of others. this article discusses the institutional evolution of the Ombudsman system during hong Kong’s political and historical transition from a british colony to a special administrative region of china in 1997. from an initial decade in the 1990s where its powers and jurisdiction were rather restricted, in line with hong Kong’s typical path of incremental reform, the Ombudsman has become more settled in the second decade, moving from steadiness to confidence, building public trust and establishing an independent investigative and proactive watchdog role. there are always tensions between oversight bodies and the administration, but the Ombudsman has proved that it has performed an important role in strengthening h ong Kong’s system of good governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The adjustment of real wages to lower productivity has been greater than in many other countries where productivity has fallen (Figure 1.3, Panel B). This contrasts with the early 1990s, when hourly real wages increased, prompting firms to reduce their workforce. In the current downturn, the fall in the relative price of labour has been a major factor in allowing employers to limit layoffs, especially of skilled workers who are difficult to hire, or expand labour intensive activities, while preserving profit margins. Relative wage flexibility across sectors and occupations also helps reallocation of labour in an economy which needs rebalancing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Involvement of all stakeholders is essential to improving the outcomes at each stage of the policymaking process. And, within the context of climate change, it is critical that negative trade-offs, unintended consequences and maladaptation be avoided. Regrettably, those most vulnerable to climate hazards are often excluded from policy discussions or are inadequately represented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There is no doubt that freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and belief is one of the most important human rights, enjoying as it does even the privileged status of a nonderogable right. On the other hand, freedom of religion or belief protects phenomena that can be among the most controversial and dangerous in human existence, as religions and ideological belief systems can and all too often have been misused to stir up intolerance, discrimination, prejudice, hatred, and violence. When ethnic and religious criteria coincide, as for example in the former Yugoslavia, the resulting agitation can have horrendous results, including the possibilities of war and even genocide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This was more evident for the Czech Republic, Denmark, Italy, Korea, the Netherlands, New Zealand and Portugal. In these countries, the greatest increase in the capacity of decision making of local governance was about 30% (Czech Republic and Korea). From 2003 to 2007 decision making in the same areas continued to become more decentralised or remained highly decentralised in almost all countries with data available, except for Germany, Luxembourg and Mexico. In Belgium (FI.),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Topics can cover international finance and capital markets, international trade, the environment, natural disasters, macroeconomic management, and economic and social development. Submissions should not exceed 1,500 words. Reader feedback, publication announcements and notices of upcoming events should reach the Commissioning Editor two weeks ahead of publication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
With the growing importance of public engagement in science policy-making and declining levels of public trust in food production, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has attempted to embed ‘good governance’ approaches to strengthen scientific independence and open-up risk decision-making, which include the use of public consultations. However ‘opening-up’ of risk assessment policies reveals some tensions, namely: balancing the goals of scientific excellence and transparency, protecting science from interests, addressing value judgments, limited opportunities to debate ethical and social issues. EFSA’s development of risk assessment policy for genetically modified animals is used as a case study to analyse these tensions. This analysis suggests that in order to fulfil good governance commitments and maintain trust in risk governance closer cooperation between EFSA and the European Commission is required to provide ‘space’ for debating the broader risk management issues. This publically-accessible space may be needed alongside rather than instead of EFSA’s consultation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is not to disregard the fact that various disabilities introduce a degree of dependence in people’s lives. The idea is to seek, within that reality, a care relationship in which persons with disabilities have the greatest possible capacity to make decisions on matters that affect them, plan and lead their lives with as much freedom and dignity as possible, and be seen and heard as they are and in their demands for proper treatment. These changes are also making it increasingly unreasonable and highly questionable that the unpaid work performed by women in the household continues to form the backbone of care provision. The roles of the State, the market and the family and community in care provision urgently need to be rebalanced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Greater sensitivity to capital-to-labor ratios and other sector-specific factors material to the development of successful firms will ensure that successful firms are recognized as such, and that prospective participants are not discouraged from entering SME Fund accelerator programs. Generate policy guidelines regarding repeated participants in SME Fund and other innovation-and learning-focused programs to ensure that firms can achieve self-sufficiency as quickly as possible, while making programs available to the widest array of potentially suitable participants. Catching up, forging ahead, and falling behind”, The Journal of Economic History, Vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Specialisation ranking among US metro-regions: the numerator is the ratio of jobs in the segment and metro-region in 2010 to total metro-region employment in 2010. Total does not include public transit or waste management. There were roughly 45 000 clean economy jobs in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region in 2010 (excluding public transit and waste management jobs, which would add roughly 34 000 jobs) (Table 1.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Another major health risk that CEFM presents is in relation to a traditional practice known as female genital mutilation (FGM), which is outlawed in most East African countries. Legally CEDAW and CRC Committees have defined FGM as a harmful practice violating the human rights of girls and women on par with child marriage.29 Despite this, FGM is still widely practiced and seen as a prerequisite after achieving puberty and before marriage.30 In relation to CEFM, FGM can be forced upon a girl who is to be married as young as nine years old. Lastly, FGM can cause ‘severe bleeding and problems urinating and later lead to medical conditions, including infertility, complications in childbirth and increased risk of new-born deaths.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Specific measures included gender audits of line ministries, gender assessments, awareness-raising and the establishment of a Gender Responsive Budget Committee. The Ministry of Finance developed a budget tracking system to measure the gender responsiveness of public spending and donor aid. As a result of these changes, gender-responsive budget allocations in Nepal increased steadily from 11 per cent in 2007 to almost 22 per cent in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In this article, I ethnographically trace how Arab, mainly Palestinian, poets have modernized their literary tradition during the last seven decades. Shortly after the 1948 Israeli occupation of Palestine, the reign of the classical Arabic ode collapsed, and the modern forms of free verse and, later, the prose poem became dominant. Aiming to contribute to the ethnography of modernity, I examine how poets have adopted and abandoned poetic forms by analyzing their narratives on rhythm. I explore the political salience of rhythmical transformations and argue that the secular has been a vital and complex force in the modern abandonment of metrical discipline. The secular affects how poets seek to modernize their rhythm, vocabulary, and relation to public. It also affects, I conclude, the ways in which anthropologists can and do write about modernity. [poetic form, modernity and secularism, Palestine–Israel]
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Migration to, from or between rural areas is an important component of both internal (within countries) and international (between countries) migration. Due to the complexity of factors driving rural migration, it is usually a multifaceted process that takes different forms. These rural migration flows are closely linked to agricultural and rural development in a bidirectional relationship: agricultural and rural development affects migration, but at the same time is itself affected by migration (see Box 4 for a list of terms describing various migration types and patterns).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Thanks to the growing demand for quality cashew kernels worldwide, cashew production and processing could offer a promising tool for lifting smallholders out of poverty. It opted for an increase of revenue rather than of quantities, by seeking to upgrade the sector to a quality niche. At the heart of the NGO’s competitive strategy, and meant to secure the impact and sustainability of TechnoServe’s support operations, was the collaboration with local entrepreneurs able to build viable businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, the project was never commissioned, which led the Government of Sudan to set 2009 as a deadline to start implementing the agreed investment plans or risk losing the rights to the designated land. Several references reported differently on this issue, but almost all agree that the delay was the result of a lack of interest from the private sector in Jordan. However, a closer look revealed that although two companies, namely, Barakat and Hijazi and the Ghoshe Group, were seriously interested in the project, financing was the main obstacle facing implementation. The proposed setup was a public-private partnership modality and despite the economic feasibility of the project, weak commitment by the Jordanian Government led to the withdrawal of the private sector from the project.62 However, in August 2014, Jordan announced plans to invest in developing 16,800 ha of agricultural land allocated by the Sudanese Government for Jordan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Governance frameworks also play a central role in building regulatory trust and thus influence investments within and into national electricity sectors. Experience shows that electricity systems need to be steered, and that improvements in industry performance and consumption habits (energy efficiency) are incentivized by policy and regulation. While energy-security issues vary widely across national contexts, the primary goal of adequate supply with maximum reliability and quality is universal. The approach to the development of national electricity frameworks appears in some cases to be ad hoc, or in response to donor initiatives, rather than systemic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
White farmers dominate the latter category. In 1994 the distribution of land in South Africa was estimated to be 87% owned by whites and 13% by blacks. Over nearly two decades, about 7.5% of land or slightly under 8 million hectares had been transferred from white to black ownership under a willing buyer, willing seller scheme applied in the post-apartheid land reforms (Walker and Dubb, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Riots in May 1998 caused consumers to hoard rice. Meanwhile the activities of the private sector, especially of large distributors to supply rice, were severely curbed by the worsening economic situation and the difficulty of procuring working capital due to the higher interest rate. As a consequence of these factors, retail rice prices reached IDR 3 000/kg (USD 293/tonne) in September 1998.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Recent challenges to conventional mental health laws concerning involuntary detention and treatment of persons with a mental disorder have led to proposals, or indeed an insistence, that fundamental reform is necessary. A key theme has been the need to eliminate unfair discrimination against people with a mental disorder because their human rights are not respected on an equal basis with other people. Some proposals depart radically from conventional assumptions concerning the justification of involuntary detention and treatment. One is a "fusion law," a generic law applying to all persons lacking the ability to make a treatment decision, whether resulting from a "mental" or "physical" illness. An authoritative interpretation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) goes so far as to maintain that involuntary interventions are a violation of the Convention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Wartime demographic policies and the use of rape as a tool of ethnic cleansing are two glaring examples of the use of women’s bodies in ethnic/nationalist struggles.2 As markers between self and other, women and non-hegemonic genders are highly exposed to human rights violations within conflict. To provide insight into this complex relationship we analyse feminist critiques of the human rights framework, and the impact of specific human rights claims - individual/collective and inclusive/exclusive - on securitization. Moreover, activists from the South have also criticized the human rights discourse for its racial and class bias and its irrelevance to the struggles of women in marginalized communities, ethnic minorities and developing countries, who are subordinate in national as well as international power relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
But this makes the ASCM structurally incapable of capturing fisheries subsidies because they distort how production happens, rather than trade (Schorr, 2004). Third, countries have been reluctant to take a fisheries subsidies case to the WTO dispute settlement mechanism for fear of turning a lens on their own subsidy policies. Finally, notifications of fisheries subsidies under the ASCM are notoriously scant (WTO, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Considering countries’ policy frameworks and practices on the ground, policy makers need to find ways to establish feedback as a core element of appraisal itself, channels for appraisal to effectively feed into professional development and meaningful professional development opportunities to ultimately improve school leadership practices and behaviours. Considering the difficulty of attracting qualified candidates and retaining successful school leaders over time in many contexts, some research suggests that appraisal may constitute one policy lever for creating incentives to facilitate the recruitment and retainment of effective school leaders (Pont et al., Some school districts in the United States have established appraisal procedures that include financial rewards as an integral part of the use of appraisal results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
More details on the specific noncontributory benefits per country can be found in Annex 1. In 2010, Kyrgyzstan allocated USD 85.7 million to non-contributory cash transfers, representing 1.65 per cent of GDP (Gassmann, 2010b). The total social protection budget including social insurance is 5.2 per cent of GDP in 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These tasks involve undertaking multiple steps to find solutions to problems and require more complex reasoning and interpretation skills, including comprehending and working with proportions and formulas or offering explanations for answers. Others ask respondents to make high-level inferences or use specialized background knowledge. Some tasks ask respondents to contrast complex information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A few other selected initiatives carried out by multilateral organizations for LDCs are briefly described in box II.4. The LDCF was designed to support projects addressing the urgent and immediate adaptation needs of the LDCs as identified by their national adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs). The Fund responds to the unique circumstances of the LDCs, which are highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
To this end - with many rural communities in CSN lacking access to modem energy, and demonstrating reliance on expensive, carbon-intensive fuel or traditional biomass for cooking - renewable energy provided through appropriate national and regional policy frameworks can enhance energy access, reduce dependency on imports, mitigate climate change, improve health conditions (especially for women and children) and mitigate inequality - a clear pathway towards the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. Indeed, policymakers need to build resilient infrastructure to ensure that various sectors and related policies receive enough attention, rather than focusing only on the aspects of infrastructure development and its maintenance (United Nations, 2016, ESCAP, 2014). Enhancement of regional infrastructure systems must focus on affordability, efficiency and environmental sustainability, while policies that promote these increases must focus on inclusive growth and sustainable development. In this way, overall development of infrastructure can play a catalytic role in stimulating economic growth, promoting social inclusion and accelerating the achievement of the SDGs in the region, especially in the CSN.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Nevertheless, the trade remains highly concentrated, with the ten largest exporters accounting for 70% or more of the total trade. Each of these is affiliated - through full or partial ownership - to a range of other companies many of which are themselves specialised rice milling and trading companies. Viet Nam Food Association (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the large funds, vertical integration has helped promote the use of primary and preventive care. Also, the funding mechanisms encourage all the funds to look for more cost-effective approaches. Israel’s relatively rapid population growth is likely to have helped the political economy of adjustment by reducing the need for hospital downsizing and closure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The fact that countries like China and India use more coal is not because they prefer it, but because of their abundant supplies of coal and its relatively lower price compared with its more environmentally friendly substitutes. Thus, while some countries or regional agreements (e.g. North American Free Trade Agreement) may have a negative list on services or on investments in certain technologies which are restricted, it is most unlikely that countries will broadly agree on a list of goods that need to be banned. Moreover, arguably, for the purpose of meeting a climate change mitigation objective, any likely ban or restriction would tend to be on goods that emit high levels of GFIGs. This will face resistance from countries that object to the use of trade restrictions based on process and production methods (PPMs), partly because it is difficult for customs officials to distinguish between high and low GHG-emitting products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)