albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The forest-based biomass will provide the majority of the renewable eneigy input in the future. Carbon storage in wood products makes wood an even more environmentally friendly raw-material. Forests also are providing important ecosystem services [conserving biodiversity, protecting watersheds, preserving gene-pools, landscape beauty, sequestering carbon, recreational opportunities etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It would be incorrect, however, to include it in primary income. Also, even in countries where some non-monetary income is measured and valued, there is no way to be sure that total disposable income can be calculated, since not all non-commercial services are valued. Lastly, not only must it be borne in mind that not all transfers are measured, but also some of them may be underestimated owing to incorrect declarations of income in surveys.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These are important amendments that could reduce regulatory burden and streamline the building approvals process without reducing environmental diligence. As the investment climate in Kigali improved, so too the construction industiy. Combined with forward looking urban planning, focused on working with the community to improve the quality of public spaces and based on disaggregated data collected through tools such as the One Stop Youth Centres, this allowed us to guide urban development in the right direction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, it is not yet entirely clear how economically viable these technologies are, and major issues of financial and regulatory responsibilities need to be resolved. The use of new technologies in transport systems can provide secure and timely delivery of tangible assets to and from remote areas. The average diesel truck costs an estimated 30 times more than a drone, per mile.223 The e-commerce company Amazon is leasing 20 aircraft to handle its own deliveries and is offering 30-minute delivery through drones under its Prime Air project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Examples of such investments are electric vehicles, heat pumps and energy efficiency measures. In the case of electric vehicles, the limits on range and refuelling time have imposed inconveniences which have had a great impact on the commercial viability of electric vehicles for many years - to a degree where range and charging time are the two main parameters in R&D on electric vehicles. In the case of energy efficiency investments or conversions of heating systems, the economic benefit of making the switch may be so low that it is barely worth considering. Unlike machines, humans tend to have a minimum threshold for effort versus payoff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Bringing these experts together to discuss their suggested revisions in a group setting can be very beneficial in terms of developing consensus on the surveys content and approach to measurement. Cognitive tests thus provide a measure of the reliability and validity of questions and can help identify potential sources of measurement error. Cognitive testing can also help identify whether other aspects of the survey, such as the time required to complete the interview and safety measures that have been put in place, are feasible and acceptable to respondents. Typically, cognitive testing occurs in a laboratory setting with specially trained cognitive interviewers testing a small pool of participants, the number of participants can, however, be expanded according to available resources (UNODC and UNECE, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The featured examples illustrate how the application of telemedicine to a health-care system not only promotes accessibility between doctors and patients but can save on construction costs for new facilities and the cost of supplying medical personnel in remote areas, which thus can help reduce national medical expenses. However, to initiate ICT-based health-care service delivery, governments in Asia and the Pacific need to first establish related policies that promote telemedicine. In featuring how some of those technologies are being applied, this report first looks at the trends and the socioeconomic impacts of the ageing population in the Asia-Pacific region. The report then concludes with recommendations for applying ICT when working with older populations. In 2047 - for the first time in history - people aged 60 years or older are projected to outnumber people aged 16 years or younger (OECD, 2015). Globally, the "oldest" population group, at 80 years or older, is growing at a faster rate than older persons in general.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, these approaches need further development and applied more widely. In order to coordinate resources, it may be appropriate to establish international oversight on EC’s and to promote greater international co-operation. These commodity price projections are expected to remain well above the levels observed over the past decade, but fall from recent price peaks, i.e. during 2007-08 and 2010-11 (Figure 2.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Most of the defining criteria are related to site-specific factors (mostly nutrients, partly climate), whereas others are mainly defined by the forest state (by forest age or disturbance agent), and in most cases dominant tree species are included as an important criterion. Nevertheless, the DN forest types appear to be easier to associate with a few underlying environmental gradients (climate, site quality), supplemented by information on forest age and tree species composition, to provide a link to data from forest inventories and thus the possibility of assessing tree biomass, carbon stocks and even carbon uptake or loss for the various forest types. Forest types of the EU Habitat Directive, Annex I, in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Equity in education is achieved when personal or social circumstances, such as gender, ethnic origin or family background, do not hinder achieving educational potential (fairness) and all individuals reach at least a basic minimum level of skills (inclusion) (OECD, 2012a). Evidence shows that investing in equity should be a priority, as it pays off for economies, societies and individuals. Policies addressing inequities that arise from school failure and personal circumstances (e.g. students’ background, geographic inequalities, etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Simplified procedures are applicable only in LT complaints. In principle, the employer has the burden of proof with respect to facts regarding termination of a labour contract. Usually, a defeated party has to pay court/tribunal costs in a civil litigation proceeding, but each party bears his/her own costs in a LT proceeding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The empirical approach can easily be repeated with data for later periods. However, while the size of groups is likely to change as the labour market recovers and cyclical unemployment is absorbed, the more structural barriers are likely to persist while underlying policy and related constraints remain in place. Results point to ten clusters of individuals with low or weak labour market attachment, and distinct combinations of employment barriers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
They entail wide-ranging coordination between different authorities, i.e., they are not the exclusive responsibility of labour ministries (ECLAC, 2005). Labour regulation policies, on the other hand, are those that act upon the relationship between workers and employers through provisions designed to secure rights: non-discrimination, minimum wages and social security, among others. Labour market policies, for their part, have the object of combating unemployment, mitigating its effects and supporting the population at risk of joblessness. These policies can be divided into passive ones designed to offset the loss of pay, such as subsidies, and active ones, which are meant to preserve existing jobs and support the creation of new ones, help the unemployed find work, facilitate the connection between labour supply and demand and improve the skills of the unemployed and those working in microenterprises and small businesses (Samaniego, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These tie social relief to a household to investment in its children’s education, in the form of education-conditioned cash transfers. Certainly, the education so targeted is only basic. However, as one step in an attack on the lack of even basic education among the poor, it has much to recommend itself, even though further study is necessary on issues about the quality of education received and the necessary additional measures to make it part of an overall approach to attacking the problem of education in these countries. Poverty, in the long run, is to be tackled through education and development, although an anti-poverty programme may have more immediate priorities in the short term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Not only does this have potentially negative effects on gender pay gaps and levels of social inclusion, but also Sydney is not fully utilising the skills currently available in its workforce. Moreover, this mixed labour market picture suggests that the low levels of unemployment are masking higher levels of inactivity. Youth unemployment is also high, although this is very much a global trend amongst advanced economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In these countries, migratory flows usually begin with internal displacements which, depending on the intensity and the duration of conflict, become frequent and may lead to large international out-migration. Therefore, it adopts a broader indicator of economic and social development. The majority of the "transitioning countries" in this typology fall into the OECD category of "high and sustained growth," while some from that category of OECD have graduated to "aspirational" and others are still in the "development momentum" category.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Existing research laboratories in the metro-region are already contributing to green firms' R&D. For example, the 1 200 researchers at Argonne National Laboratory, a US Department of Energy-funded research laboratory operated by an academic consortium, undertakes a range of research useful to green firms, including research related to climate science, pollution remediation, impacts of energy production, vehicle efficiency and batteries, environmental technology, alternative fuels and carbon sequestration. There is a long history of research at Argonne being commercialised by industries around the region or as new ventures. Argonne has also recently licensed technology to a local smart grid software firm and battery technology to General Motors for use in its new Chevy Volt electric vehicle (Clean Energy Trust, 2011b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
ABSTRACT. The study of nationalism in Egypt has often focused on Arab nationalism and its relevance to the post-colonial state building process. The current article shifts the focus to the Egyptian state's strategic use of nationalism as a mechanism for survival and for shoring up its failing legitimacy. In particular, the case of the human rights debate is chosen to show the regime's most recent attempt to ‘nationalise’ a rising movement which promotes universalism and poses a threat to the notion of the nation's homogeneity. By misrepresenting human rights organisations as mouthpieces of Western imperialist powers, the regime has managed to create an image of these organisations as posing a threat to Egypt's national security and undermining its international ‘reputation’. More recently, however, the state has refined its discourse on human rights by promoting an image whereby it is the ‘official agent’ of a more nationalistically defined human rights movement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Relevant energy-related activities thus represent important targets in such areas as industrial policy, enterprise development, access to finance, training and vocational education, and STI policy. Vocational training and skills upgrading programmes — in financial literacy and general business skills, and in the use of electrical equipment — can play a major role in facilitating the process of labour reallocation associated with structural transformation. Broadening access to credit and financial services is also a crucial priority to enable technological upgrading and adoption of (mainly electrical) productive equipment, especially on the part of SMEs. Importantly, however, the ability of firms to reap the benefits of electrification is inevitably contingent on the provision of a broader range of social overhead capital and each sector’s specific conditions and dynamics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Some limited information is available on private sector agricultural research in other countries. See, for instance, Pardey, Beintema, Dehmer, and Wood (2006). Whether they were concerned with spillovers or not, studies have imposed implicit or explicit assumptions about the spatial spillover effects of agricultural research based on geopolitical boundaries. More recently, agricultural economists have been paying increasing attention to accounting for the fact that knowledge created within a particular geopolitical entity can have impacts on technology elsewhere, with implications that may matter to both the creators of the spillouts and the recipients of the spillins (see Alston, 2002, for a review of this literature, and Alston et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Recent trends in British education policy have led to an increased focus on promoting ethnic diversity in schools, as well as greater parental involvement in school choice. This combination has led some schools to actively market diversity as a selling point in order to attract more minority ethnic students, as well as attract White middle-class students seeking a more ‘diverse’ educational experience. This article analyses how students attending such a school in English engage with discourses of multiculturalism. I identify three themes that characterise talk about multiculturalism at school: (1) multiculturalism-as-beneficial commodity, (2) claims of ‘reverse racism’ in provision for minority groups, (3) denial of racism and constructing the school as a tolerant environment where everybody gets along. Through an analysis of discourse strategies and positioning tactics, I demonstrate how students negotiate tensions between the existence of racism and the construction of an inclusive and anti-racist educational environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, when the critically endagered4 category is assigned to a specific case, the objective should be to eventually down-list that case to a lower threat category, for example from endangered5 to vulnerable6. As a result, some of the most widespread, common and non-threatened species appear in the list. The need to update it is well understood in SAEPF, which is why a new draft law on protected areas which is awaiting decision by the Parliament, pending resolution of conflicting interests in land use by different economic sectors (environment, energy, agriculture and mining).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Despite vast changes, the Norwegian Structural Quota System kept a strong focus on regional distribution and this was also partly the ambitions with the Swedish introduction of market mechanisms in 2009 and 2017. The latter example, including Finland in 2017, can, perhaps, be seen as part of an emerging third phase where different objectives are increasingly balanced through regulated quota markets and the complimenting management instruments. Recent changes to the Danish, Icelandic, Faroese and perhaps soon also the Greenlandic systems also point in this direction - a "softening" of market mechanisms. This makes sense since most of the introductions of transferable quotas have been concerned with improving the economic situation in the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Policymakers may wish to know the impact of the price shocks on the welfare of households (i.e., on the incomes of the rural poor, rural non-poor, urban poor and urban non-poor households). The results of this analysis are summarized in table 13, which predicts that a price shock on the forestry and hunting sector generally leads to increases in income in all the sectors, and this echoes our earlier conclusion that increased activity in the forestry and hunting sector is in the business interests of most, if not all sectors. The sectors that would benefit the most from such a policy are: wood, paper and printing, agriculture, public administration, real estate, food processing, and livestock and fisheries. Table 13 also predicts printing sector at the same rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Recent religious studies and international relations scholarship has highlighted secularism as a critical element in dominant modes of identity, power, and exclusion in global politics. Yet, the implications of these insights for global justice theory and practice have rarely been considered. This article suggests that the current dominance of secularism within global justice theory and practice risks undermining the global justice project. Specifically, I argue that secularism’s dominance constitutes an ontological injustice, where both alternative non-secular visions of the world and visions of alternative non-secular worlds are subordinated to secular ontologies. However, this argument raises a crucial question: if, despite secularism’s claim to neutrality and universality, the dominance of secular ontologies contributes to rather than ameliorates injustice, the question that remains is: what are the alternatives? The article concludes by exploring some preliminary responses to this question.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The participants of the panels represent experts from both developed and developing countries. The developing country experts bring a special perspective to the scientific process, and their involvement in the process has also contributed to capacity-building in those regions and countries (WMO 2014). This lack has hampered the ability of SAICM to monitor progress and direct resources and attention to the most pressing areas of concern.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Local governments suspected of Mafia infiltration can be dismissed in Italy through an administrative act not increasing formal deterrence but potentially signaling improved law enforcement among local communities. This paper finds that dismissals are associated to a persistent fall of petty crimes (e.g. thefts) but have little consequences on offenses more closely related to the activity of organized crime, as homicide, extortion, drug-trafficking or usury. Petty crimes are estimated to fall by around 10%, on average, a result that seems driven by the perception of enhanced deterrence (through media pressure, the signaling role of the policy, and other forms of social control) rather than induced by organized crime itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
AbstractAlthough the European Union’s engagement beyond its borders is ultimately about power, the concept remains under-utilized in empirical analyses of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). This article therefore proposes political steering as an analytical framework to conceptualize and track the empirical use and entanglements of diverse forms of power, highlighting genuine soft mechanisms. These bind actors to discursive practices because formalized sanctions or institutions are absent. This case study of the EU’s human rights and rule-of-law promotion in Morocco reveals how such soft mechanisms are intertwined with indirect steering mechanisms to achieve technicalization of policy reform at the governmental level and parallel politicization at the societal level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Regardless of the approach taken to increase coverage, renewed ambition and strategic vision on the part of the Peruvian authorities is needed. Achieving UHC ought to become a guiding principle of all health policy in Peru. In the midst of an often fragmented health care landscape, the government should seek to make universal coverage a common goal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, for this to be done effectively, changes will also be needed in global governance in order to provide sufficient space for national self-determination, while preserving coherence with shared global development objectives. Rooted in modern growth theory which dominated early development theory, development policies of the 1950s and 1960s focused on promoting modern industrial development to accelerate overall economic growth. Industrial growth was supported through trade protection, cheap credits and subsidies and large-scale public investments in infrastructure. Output growth was expected to “trickle down” to the entire population and reduce poverty through rising wages and employment generation, even if initially poverty reduction might not be commensurate with the rate of output growth, as rising income inequality was expected to be an inevitable, although temporary side effect of industrialization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
What, exactly, is an emerging power? While empirical scholarship-discussing states such as Brazil, India, or China have blossomed over the past 20 years, little attention has been paid to conceptualising these states. This creates confusion about emerging powers themselves as well as their impact on global affairs. I argue that systematic study of three factors—growing material (especially economic) capabilities, diplomatic ambitions, and peer recognition by others—will enable us to overcome the contemporary conceptual problems of coherence and differentiation. Doing so will require scholars of international political economy to re-evaluate theoretical assumptions embedded in today’s literature. It will also empower us to better contribute to policy discussions of emerging states. These arguments are illustrated in reference to emerging power activities in global economic governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The share of renewable energy in the total energy supply is low in many of the EECCA countries where hydropower is not the major source for energy supply. The most vulnerable sectors in the region include agriculture, energy, water, disaster risk management, healthcare, forestry and biodiversity protection, although the needs and priorities vary among different countries. Even in countries with rich water resources, climate change may have significant negative consequences to their economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, cities also present potential opportunities, such as increased economic independence and capacity to challenge rigid gender norms. At the same time inequalities in access to health care between migrant and non-migrant populations exist in many urban locations which affect the individual and public health of urban communities. Migrants themselves can play a key role in building resilience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, the magnitude of the decline of top tax rates was a good predictor of the increases in pre-tax income concentration in these countries (chart 5.2B).1 Reduced top marginal tax rates also encourage a greater distribution of corporate profits among shareholders - who are mainly to be found in the top income groups -rather than reinvestment of such profits. Such income, in turn, is more likely to be saved in the form of acquisitions of existing assets, rather than being spent for consumption (Bakija, Cole and Heim, 2012). But despite the reduction in progressivity of the tax systems and lower corporate taxes, growth remained slow and unemployment relatively high. In developing countries, especially in Latin America, as well as in the transition economies, the share of income taxes in total public revenues is much lower than in developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)