albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Etant donne le role central du systeme communautaire d'echange de quotas d’emission, la strategic du Royaume-Uni devrait en particulier viser 1‘adoption de quotas plus rigoureux dans le cadre du systeme communautaire. Les efforts d’adaptation aux impacts climatiques doivent aussi etre renforces, en s’attachant a developper l’information, a ameliorer les cadres devaluation des risques, et a affiner les outils de mesure utilises pour le suivi et revaluation de la planification des mesures d'adaptation. Application for permission to reproduce or translate all, or part of, this material should be made to: Head of Publications Service, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16, France.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
La part des creances douteuses dans les portefeuilles de prets des banques commerciales et des organismes de financement d’fitat de KazAgro s’est envolee en 2010. Ceci a conduit le gouvernement a etudier un allegement de dette de 2 milliards d’USD pour l’agriculture. Dans la filiere cerealiere les carences des infrastructures essentielles et du reseau routier rural font directement augmenter les couts de transactions. Les lacunes de l’information, les delais de commercialisation dus par exemple au manque de silos-elevateurs et de capacites de transport, ou les difficultes d’acces aux installations portuaires font egalement augmenter les couts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These modelling exercises typically follow a pattern of reporting 'with AIDS' and 'without AIDS' scenarios. An example is the widely dted ING Barings model produced for the July 2000 HIV/AIDS conference in Durban, which showed that long-term economic growth in South Africa would decline by 0.4 per cent per year due to HIV/AIDS. Recent research, however, suggests that these studies may be too optimistic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Summary of recommendations for increasing labour utilisation (cont.) One issue that appears to have caused the jump in labour force participation (and employment) at the time of the replacement of the October Household Survey by the Labour Force Survey is that coverage of agriculture, especially subsistence agriculture, improved. Among the many analyses of South Africa’s unemployment problem are Bhorat (2004), Kingdon and Knight (2004), and Baneijee et a I. (2007). The low unemployment rate shown in Table 3.4 for those with no education, and to a lesser extent to those with some or completed primary but no secondary education, probably reflects the greater tendency of those groups to be in subsistence activities or discouraged, and thus classified as not in the labour force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For example, the experience since the elimination of the international quota regime on textiles and clothing suggests that poverty reduction through labour-intensive exports is not sustainable without the development of backward linkages. In some African countries, clothing exports have been wiped out by competition from backwardly integrated countries like Pakistan engaged in domestic cotton and textile production and those countries that have built up labour skills in specific areas, like Sri Lanka with its advantage in producing womens undergarments (Adhikari and Yamamoto, 2007, United Nations, 2006b). When social protection mechanisms are inadequate, such negative downturns can increase poverty sharply. These surges often inflate domestic asset price bubbles, which may then burst thereby causing sudden capital outflows. Capital-account convertibility has also limited the macroeconomic policy space for counteracting such booms and busts. For example, sharp currency depreciation brought about by the sudden outflow of capital in relatively undiversified economies can be contractionary, raising the costs of imported basic foods and medicine and pushing them beyond the reach of the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
I. ONCE, SAID AN AUTHOR, WHERE I NEED NOT SAY . . .Two judges, named Stat J. and Constit J., were asked to appear on a panel at a law conference for jurists from around the world. The two judges were from different jurisdictions, though both their jurisdictions had a common-law legal tradition. Constit’s country, like most, had an American-style written constitution, which, among other things, entrenched and made justiciable a catalogue of individual rights. This document was known as the Charter and Bill of Human Rights (CBHR). Stat’s country, by contrast, was one of the few that had yet to accept the prevailing view of the benefits of American-style constitutionalism. Stat’s country had no entrenched and justiciable CBHR-type document against which judges could weigh, and if necessary strike down, the legislature’s statutes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Potential values for the elasticity of substitution then ranged between 0.6 and 1.0 and for the technology share parameter from 0 to 0.4. Without any other constraints on these parameter values, however, the model generates a wide range of forecasts of medical expenditure as a share of GDP. The model is estimated using historical data from 1960 to 20004 and the 10-year forecast (2005 to 2015) from the Centres for Medicare and Medicaid Services. The robustness of the results were evaluated by developing the models from two different measures of income, real per-capita GDP and real per-capita disposable income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Also because of the capital lumpiness in water supply this provides an incentive to expand the capacity in surface water storage at a single point in time rather than spread out over time, which can mean that it may be a considerable duration before demand materialises to use this capacity. Policy interventions in agriculture regarding water commonly involve changing the quantity and/or quality of access, as usually farmers have some access to water. Hence, to measure the benefit from an increment in water supply for farming in the receiving areas it is necessary to estimate the marginal value of water (marginal net profit) in the agricultural uses that would go out of production without the new increment of water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Refrain from seeking or accepting exemptions not contemplated in the statutory or regulatory framework related to human rights, environmental, health, safety, labour, taxation, financial incentives, or other issues. Support and uphold good corporate governance principles and develop and apply good corporate governance practices, including throughout enterprise groups. Develop and apply effective self-regulatory practices and management systems that foster a relationship of confidence and mutual trust between enterprises and the societies in which they operate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, further actions are needed to enhance smart trade between Mae Sot and Myawaddy. First, both governments are strongly urged to establish a single window to facilitate customs procedures and documentation by implementing an electronic data exchange system for all stakeholders. Second, dry ports, which contain logistical facilities such as container depots, yards, and truck terminals, can be developed, particularly at the Mae Sot side. Third, labour movement facilitation is needed to supervise migration and to enhance the working conditions of Burmese workers in Thailand. Fourth, a formal framework is needed to officially allow Thai electricity companies to export electricity across the border and the Myawaddy firms to use it. Fifth, the SEZs surrounding the border crossing are still at the first stage of their development, and a Cross-border Special Economic Zone (CSEZ) could be jointly developed to enhance smart trade, taking into account their comparative advantages, endowments, and strengths.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Extreme weather events also have a negative impact on agricultural production. Recent food price spikes and supply shortages caused by exceptional conditions of drought in the Russian Federation, Ukraine, and countries in East Africa, as well as floods in Pakistan, Australia, and the United States, are prima facie evidence of the catastrophic impacts of adverse climatic conditions, possibly related to climate change. For instance, it is estimated that in Africa and South Asia, average crop yields could fall by 8 percent and fisheries by 40 percent by 2050 (Knox et al., While yields may increase in some high latitude areas such as China and the UK, overall decreases are predicted to offset any increases even with only moderate warming (Knox et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Female life expectancy at birth in all countries (EU average 83.6 years) exceeded that of males (EU average 78.2 years). The average gender difference in Central and Eastern European countries (7.7 years) was greater than the EU average (5.4 years) and significantly greater than the average for the other EU countries (4.7 years). So the gender gap in life expectancy is greater in the EU countries that have higher mortality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The unemployment rate fell from 12.8% in 2000 to 5.3% in 2012 (IAC, 2014). In 2011, most of the employed labour force worked in services (55%), about one fifth in the industrial sector, and 27% in agriculture, although the latter only accounts for 5% of GDP (World Bank, 2012). The informal economy was estimated to account for 38% of GDP in 2007 (Schneider et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Because a number of major emitters were not required to make mandatory emission reductions and others were not signatories at all, the Protocol never covered more than about a third of global GHG emissions during its first commitment period. Annan acknowledged this when, at the end of his second term, he made the first substantive engagement by any Secretary-General on the issue of climate change. Speaking at the twelfth meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC and the second COP serving as a Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP) (COP 12/CMP 2), in Nairobi, Kenya, in November 2006, he emphasized, "while the Kyoto Protocol is a crucial step forward, that step is far too small.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In this article we evaluate whether the Supreme Court's much-discussed decision in Chevron v Natural Resources Defense Council (1984) signaled a lasting difference in how the justices decide administrative law cases, by comparing and testing the predictions of three distinct theories of Supreme Court behavior. The legal model predicts an increase in deference to administrative agencies. This prediction is shared by the jurisprudential regime model, which also predicts that the justices evaluate key case factors differently before and after Chevron. The attitudinal model predicts no change in the justices’ behavior as a result of Chevron. Although we find that attitudes matter, the fact that we also find support for the legal and jurisprudential regime models undermines the assertion of the attitudinal model that law cannot explain Supreme Court votes on the merits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It was created in 2013/14 through the merger of three previous grants. A wide range of health infrastructure projects are funded, including large projects to modernise hospital infrastructure and equipment, general maintenance and infrastructure projects at smaller hospitals, and the refurbishment and upgrading of nursing colleges and schools. It enables the shifting of teaching activities from central to regional and district hospitals. Conditional grants are designed to reflect differential need across provinces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Officials of the largest cities (Astana, Almaty, Shymkent and Turkestan) and private actors may be invited to some meetings when important urban/infrastructure projects are discussed, for example Almaty's new tram line, or the preparations for the Astana World Expo 2017. It could meet twice a year, with the MNE as Chair. The findings and recommendations that the Council provides could be used to revise the Regional Development Programme and other related programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the case of ICTs many developments benefited from public expenditures. For example, DARPA, the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, funded Internet development and the main Internet standard, TCP/IP. Diffusion was stimulated by the National Science Foundation and by the use of the Internet by some major universities in the United States as a communication and information sharing platform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The systematic inability of different levels of government to guide urban development has contributed to increasing levels of urban sprawl and the accumulation of severe service deficits that reduce the overall quality of life and may impair the metropolitan region’s future development. While these challenges are generally well understood by policy makers in Mexico, it has nevertheless proven difficult to address them due to weak urban planning (Herbert et al., Municipalities regularly authorise land subdivisions without updated master plans and without a metropolitan framework to gauge the long-term costs of the urban sprawl. Moreover, they are often operating with outdated land-use plans - some approved more than 25 years ago, when the region was a fraction of its current size - which do little to guide more sustainable development patterns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Nationally comparable data on health outcomes and mortality amenable to health care are needed to highlight differences across socio-economic and geographical cross-sections of the Swiss population. Information on the quality of care delivered by health service providers is too often limited to acute care and only available through local or cantonal-level initiatives. Switzerland remains largely dependent on individual clinicians to keep up with best practice themselves, and has only limited capacity to benchmark the quality of health care services across the country. While consumers have significant choice between multiple health care providers, they often have surprisingly little information on quality to inform their choices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Other sexual offences that now have a maximum of 30 years imprisonment are: sexual intercourse with a person under 13, incest by a male (if the other person is under 13), and sexual intercourse with a stepchild, foster child, ward or dependent (if the other person is under 13). Marital rape carries a maximum sentence of 14 years imprisonment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While this is true of public employment in general, the problem is likely to be more severe for older workers, as the underlying demand for their skill-set is generally weaker. It is crucial, therefore, to provide older jobseekers with more opportunities for regular employment. Facilitating access to part-time jobs and flexible work arrangements may be an effective way to enhance older workers’ employment and smooth their transition to retirement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Finally, it studies the emergence of new pedagogical models associated with e-learning, as well as their impact on the higher education paradigm. The second section frames these developments in the Latin American context and analyses their potential impact, as well as the challenges and opportunities that these may represent for the region's higher education system. Towards a new paradigm for teaching and learning in higher education?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It w'as found that the rural and mountainous areas faced constraints in various forms of capital—financial, human social and institutional—that both limited the inclusion of their interests in the elaboration of the SCoT and its eventual implementation (Bertrand, 2015). Thus, there is a significant capacity-building issue required in order to ensure that all local authorities have the ability, resources and buy-in to realise the planning objectives through the tools at hand. This raises the question of finances. As the role of intercommunalites grows in importance, their fiscal resources will need to keep pace with these functions. This in turn increases the importance of transparent and accountable political authority at this scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In contrast to other livestock products, the producer SCT has most significantly decreased for milk reflecting the removal of the import restrictions associated with the mixing ratio. A negative CSE indicates an implicit tax on consumers, i.e. they are paying more than they need to in comparison with border prices, when it is positive, consumers are in effect being supported, i.e. able to purchase product cheaper on the domestic market. In the OECD methodology, the consumer is understood as the first buyer of these products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Each career level has its own minimum basic salary scale, to which a range of salary allowances are added. Within each minimum basic salary scale, the salary level depends on hours worked and seniority. The multilevel career structure is associated with a certification system. Access to as well as maintenance in a given career level involve a centrally managed process of evaluation for certification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Very extensive river fiood-plains, temporary Hooded grasslands and lens provide a number of services such as water storage, groundwater replenishment and support for livestock farming and biodiversity. The transboundary lakes Ohrid and Dojran are also of great socio-economic and cultural importance. Along the Adriatic and Aegean Seas an important number of coastal lagoons, salt-pans, and river delta wetlands exist in Albania, Croatia, Greece, Montenegro and Slovenia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
One of the most stimulating but trying aspects of teaching criminology and criminal justice courses centers on the controversial issues that so frequently arise in our courses. In this paper we discuss five models or approaches to dealing with controversial issues in the classroom: the due process approach, the peacemaking approach, the academic controversy approach, the devil's advocate approach, and the avoidance approach. These models are intended as ideal types to be used by instructors find them useful, not as models to be compared critically. Strategies to prevent or cool down heated discussions are also suggested.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The parameters that are described in the inventories, can however probably be used to identify degradation/restoration needs at least roughly. For semi-natural grasslands, a national inventory was carried out in 2004-2005 (angs- och betesmarksin-venteringen).10 It describes the status of the studied grasslands, including overgrowth, nitrification or negative disturbance, and has a special category for grasslands that need restoration. For wetlands, the national wetland inventory (vatmarksinventeringen)11 covers some parameters that can be related to restoration needs, such as the presence of drainage and overgrowth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It pointed out that the share of private expenditure in Korea is much higher than the OECD average and the highest at the tertiary level. The reduction of private expenditure in education has been heavily discussed as a critical social and political issue in every president’s administration. However, the situation has not improved over the last few decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Scientific research and monitoring of the ecosystems and species is conducted by the Agency and its territorial bodies, other public research institutions and NGOs, including in the framework of individual projects. The Agency is lacking both the financial resources -33 per cent of its budget comes from donor contributions - and human resources to implement its work. For effective protection of forests against illegal activities, it is essential to supply relevant law enforcement authorities with adequately qualified staff and advanced communication means.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While governments are the most important actors in metropolitan area governance, they are not the only ones. Therefore, the condition does not rale out that other actors, such as the business community or representatives of the civil society, be represented on the governance body. In some countries, organisations that were created explicitly for the purpose of metropolitan area governance have the status of a full local government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Estimated with 15 integration points. In 2008, the share of children in severely deprived households ranged from under five in a hundred (1-3%) in the Nordic countries, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Switzerland to two out of five in Romania (39%) and Bulgaria (41%). Child deprivation rates exceeded total deprivation rates by 2ppt or more in five countries: Hungary, Malta, Portugal, Romania and United Kingdom (Figure 7a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Some UK local authorities (LAs) are both waste-collection and waste-disposal authorities, but the majority do one or the other, a split responsibility that impeded the search for alternatives to landfill until the 2003 Waste and Emissions Trading Act compelled LAs in “two-tier” areas to adopt joint municipal waste-management strategies. In the Household Waste Recycling Act (2003), LAs were required to separate out (individually or together) at least two types of waste by 2010. Much of WIP is implemented through an arms-length body, the Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
So far, municipal and state governments have not shown particular willingness to use these revenues to improve or consolidate the water management system. A key way forward is to set the incentives to focus this source of revenues on the main water priorities, which entails strong links with planning. Even in the case of Rio de Janeiro, this is a critical issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In order to mobilise consumers, it is important to raise awareness, reward sustainable behaviour, provide suitable infrastructure to reduce consumer burden and accelerate adoption levels of individuals. Genuine and auditable information on the blockchain can help to increase awareness and design incentives for behaviour that meets certain standards. To name one example, the electrification of vehicles is one of today’s biggest challenges in the transport and mobility sectors because of the extensive consumer burden caused by lack of charging infrastructure, costly battery systems and user inconveniences in using battery electric vehicles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Powerful issues, including persistent health inequalities, increasing chronic disease rates, and health reform, have reignited a national conversation on the need for prevention. Despite social work's commitment to promoting well-being, little is known about its involvement in prevention and the extent to which prevention is present in the professional literature. For the present study, a content analysis of Families in Society from 2000 to 2010 was undertaken. Of 649 articles reviewed, 9.2% (n = 60) met the criteria of prevention articles, and a significant increase of prevention content was observed. While still a minority interest area, there appears to be welcome growth of prevention in Families in Society. This important emergent prevention scholarship will help broaden the profession's impact on the many public health issues facing 21st-century families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although it is more expensive, it adequately addresses the needs of the population. ( The government pays no subsidies to the private institutions delivering education services.) To remedy these challenges, the government has enacted a law on private education, and so the process and procedure for creating private institutions has been made easier.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)