albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It should also be determined whether progress made would have been made without the negotiated target and, hence, whether public money could have been spent on more effective and ambitious programmes. The cost-effectiveness of such voluntary agreements needs to be thoroughly assessed and compared with other possible policy instruments to make sure that the instruments used are those that allow to achieve environmental objectives (e.g. GHG emission reduction targets) at the lowest cost. All governmental institutions are required by law to develop green procurement policies, define annual targets for the purchase of selected eco-products, and annually report to MOE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In practically all the countries where poor households have recorded the most substantial increases in income, 75% or more of the increase in total income came from labour income and of this the greater part corresponded to wages and salaries. The Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela presented the greater increase in total real income, of the order of 11 %, of which almost 7 percentage points came from the increase in salaries and wages and nearly 2 points from the remunerations - Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador and Peru are also examples of reductions in poverty that ncrease in income from employment. This variable increased more sharply in Mexico, although the fall in labour income per employed person caused a contraction in per capita labour income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While gender-based patterns are context-specific, global trends indicate that while women play important roles in agriculture, fishing and non-timber forest product activities, they have limited access to or control of land, labour and finance. These inequalities are reinforced by development processes in many countries that are unfavourable to women (e.g. where there is male bias in agricultural extension programmes) (IAASTD 2009). The level of female agricultural employment is generally higher in developing countries than in developed ones. However, in 2010 the agricultural sector in Canada had 52.6% female workers (compared with 25.9% in the United States), the State of Palestine had a very high share of female agricultural workers (72.5%), while seven countries (mainly in West Asia and Africa) had a share greater than 60% (FAO 2011). In countries and cultures where women do most of the farming in rural areas, they are also likely to be responsible for most urban agriculture (Pimbert 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Southeast Asia, moreover, prices of staple crops of rice, maize and cassava are projected to rise by more than average world prices, due to the influence of maintaining current agricultural domestic support and restrictive trade policies - particularly those related to rice - which compound some of the price effects of climate change. In addition, as a consequence of these production and price effects, if current policy settings are not reformed, agricultural trade between ASEAN and the rest of the world is also projected to be lower compared with a situation of no climate change. Finally, these price effects, and falls in trade volumes, can have implications for the ability of individual countries to respond to shocks that can disrupt production, and thus negatively influence food security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Abstract   Ship demolition is a significant source of marine pollution. Not recycled properly, toxic chemicals can be released and pose great dangers to both the environment and public health. By investigating over 22,500 scrapped vessels’ business records ranging between 2000 and 2019, we find how business owners in developed countries disguise ships’ true identity by registering them in developing regions with loose approaches to labor and environmental protection, thus creating a leeway to violate environmental justice. International treaties and regional regulations have failed to correct the problem. Neither the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal nor enhanced regional regulations from the European Commission are effective. We propose three reforms to make the shipping industry more sustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Discrimination in credit markets, and attitudes of mistrust by potential investors towards certain social groups, may also limit individuals’ capacity to engage in entrepreneurship activities. For instance, women entrepreneurs tend to rely more on networks composed of family and friends than men (Renzulli and Aldrich, 2005), as they have fewer opportunities to connect to new customers and business partners. For ethnic minorities and immigrants, barriers to building rich business networks mainly involve culture and language.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
One example where successful ways have been found to address such challenges is the central government's ‘Territories of Citizenship” initiative, launched in 2008 to support development in poor rural areas. Many projects included in the initiative have successfully enhanced capacity at municipal level, increased citizen participation and accountability and enhanced the coordination of sectoral policies at the federal level. Following the advances in terms of access to education described in the preceding section, one of the principal challenges going forward will be to improve the quality of education. Competencies of school-aged children have increased over the years as enrolment rates improved, but compared to international benchmarks, Brazilian students still learn significantly less. The OECD PISA programme assesses 15-year-olds1 competencies across 70 countries, and allows direct comparisons (OECD, 2012a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These results hold for both genders, even when we distinguish between on-the-job and off-the-job training. Interestingly, the negative effect of a vocational curriculum is larger in absolute value in countries with higher employment protection. It is often said that the presence of vocational tracks helps keeping students with limited academic attitudes in school. Our empirical evidence shows that upper secondary VET is associated to substantially higher hourly earnings, employability and skills with respect to lower education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Consequently, the oceans and resources therein are fundamental to the well-being of the Commonwealth. This is particularly so for the SIDS which may possibly not have other significant natural resources. Approximately 350 million jobs globally are linked to the oceans through fishing, aquaculture, coastal and marine tourism and research activities. Conversely, experts have issued a stark warning, if we continue on the current trajectory, only one third of the amount of fish available from capture fisheries in 1970 will still be available by 2050.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Pharek’s (2001) analysis of these claims shows that the vast majority of clashes between different ethnicities rotate around gender issues, i.e. the regulation of women’s clothing, exogamy or endogamy within the group and the rights of women themselves. Demographic policies are integral part of ethno-nationalist struggles, the socialization -coercion of women and compulsory heterosexuality are planned and implemented at a political level to ensure the reproduction of the ethnic group. Demographic policies in Israel have been in place almost since the foundation of the state in 1948.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Indeed, much of the increase in LDC exports in recent years is attributable to rising prices rather than to higher export volumes (UNCTAD 2012). Source: WITS, available at: http://wits.worldbank.org/about_wits.html (accessed May 2013). For a country specialising in manufactures (e.g. Bangladesh), diversification should entail a broadening of the export base (export at the extensive margin), beyond the products currently being exported.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Agricultural Credit Corporation (ACC) and the Fund for Financial Support of Agriculture (FFSA) implement concessional credit programmes, serving agricultural borrowers of different sizes. These agencies are either large or the dominant players on their markets. A feature of KazAgro companies is that besides acting as government agencies that implement support programmes, they also perform commercial operations. For example, in 2003-11 the FCC purchased annually between 10% and 30% of total domestically produced grain, of which approximately three-quarters represented commercial purchases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
More specifically, it shows that they are locked in a vicious cycle, whereby initial socioeconomic inequalities determine the disproportionate adverse effects arising from climate hazards, which in turn results in greater inequality. This discussion is followed by a thorough review of the evidence demonstrating that the multiple dimensions of inequality (as they relate, inter alia, to income, assets, political power, gender, age, race and ethnicity) underlie a situation where disadvantaged groups are more exposed and susceptible to climate hazards and possess less capacity to cope and recover when those hazards have materialized. Further, it is shown that as a result, inequality is exacerbated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The government recently decided to establish specialist training for nurses in chronic care outside hospitals, with these nurses most probably employed in GP practices and municipal health services. Regions also invested in multispecialty facilities called 'Health Houses', which include GPs (who also serve as coordinators of care), specialists and physiotherapists, although difficulties in recruiting GPs have emerged (see Section 5.2). The primary care system appears to be holding up well despite the reductions in acute care activity described previously, although avoidable hospital admissions for certain conditions are higher than the EU average (see Section S.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Taiwan Strait is a critical corridor connecting the East China Sea to the South China Sea. The divided status of China as a result of the civil war in 1949 has made the situation in the Taiwan Strait complicated and uncertain. After the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS), the legal status of the Taiwan Strait has been changed from a strait embodying high seas waters to a strait only with waters under national jurisdiction of China. The waters within the Strait may be divided into several sea zones in accordance with the LOS Convention, i.e., the internal waters, territorial sea and EEZ/continental shelf. Due to the difference among the sea zones, the navigational waterways within the Taiwan Strait are subject to different legal rules. Thus cross-Strait co-operation between mainland China and Taiwan is necessary to manage the Taiwan Strait and human activities therein.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Even where national laws have been harmonised with international and regional standards, implementation and enforcement remain critical challenges. It is also important to work with traditional/customary justice mechanisms to ensure that they uphold women's rights. Procedural barriers can include fees required to lodge complaints, practice of discriminatory customary laws, and physical inaccessibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Indicator Al shows the level of attainment, i.e. the percentage of a population that has successfully completed a given level of education and the relationship between level of attainment and the acquisition of basic skills. Graduation rates in Indicators A2 and A3 measure the estimated percentage of younger adults who are expected to graduate from a particular level of education during their lifetimes. Completion rates from upper secondary programmes in Indicator A2 estimate the proportion of students who enter a programme and complete it successfully within a certain period of time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The lack of visibility and authority of such institutions may limit their ability to implement a “whole-of-government” approach to gender equality across policy areas. However, significant evidence gaps remain in a number of policy areas, such as gender-based violence, work-life balance practices, entrepreneurship, defence and the environment. Half of the countries responding to the OECD survey apply this practice at the national level, but its use at the sub-national levels is rare. Disparities can include discrimination in terms of opportunities, resources, services, benefits, decision-making power and influence (Wikigender).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A large share of imports into South and Central America come from Mexico (47 per cent), and another 20 per cent from China. Only around 7 per cent (in value terms) come from China. China itself is a relatively important importer of electric motors, accounting for over 40 per cent of developing-country imports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
An independent review of the RIA operation, committed to in the Social Partnership Agreement “Towards 2016”, was published in July 2008. It indicates good progress overall on RIA, and identifies areas for further progress. In particular, it suggests that visibility and dissemination of RIAs should be improved, along with management and cross-departmental co-ordination, especially for RIAs of EU legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The policies resulted in considerably higher female labour force participation. West German policy makers had to contend with pressure to maintain East Germany’s ECEC infrastructure and support its traditionally higher female labour market attachment, which helped pave the way for the radical parental leave reform of 2007. The changing family policy discourse was driven not only by changes in attitudes, but also by persistently low fertility rates and the desire to keep highly educated women in the labour force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Les depenses de sante en France : determinants et impact du vieillissement a I ’horizon 2050. The function specification is logarithmic. The model assumes long-term equilibrium among health expenditure and income at constant prices, demographic trends, prices, and technology (pharmaceutical research spending is used as a proxy).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Based on this assessment and the decision rule, a management decision is made (e.g., annual or multiyear TACs). Fleet effort and catch are then modelled, potentially allowing for error in implementation, and resulting catches are fed into the operating model. By repeating this cycle the full management cycle is modelled. Alternative decision rules can be compared by running many stochastic simulations for several years to identify the performance of a decision rule according to different metrics under the likely range of conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Although educational attainment has increased markedly over the past two decades and there have recently been signs of improving education quality, scores on standardised tests for secondary students remain appreciably below the OECD average, and opportunities for further education and training for the existing workforce are limited. The low skill level of the Chilean workforce has become a barrier to faster productivity growth, as workers often do not have the capacities to absorb and adapt the technologies needed to catch up with high-income OECD countries at the technological frontier. In the area of secondary education, higher-qualified individuals could be attracted into the teaching profession by reviewing the remuneration system and by defining teacher career paths with attractive opportunities for promotion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Insurance companies generally invest via debt instruments. The capital charge for bonds is given by a rating factor multiplied by the duration of the investment. The impact of the solvency rules would in this case come from the fact that long-dated bonds and /or those with lower credit ratings would require greater capital - with these being just the type of debt instrument, such as green bonds, which are potentially to be used to finance infrastructure and clean energy projects at scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is an important research problem since changes in the prices of goods and services will affect the material wellbeing produced by any given level of income. We can, therefore, consider indicators such as rates of employment, unemployment, and labor force participation as indirect measures of regional residents’ command over goods and services. While economic participation indicators are broadly accepted, they do have a number of limitations when applied to the Arctic context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 2009-2010, its exports of parts and components—notably in the automotive and electronics industries—were valued at $48 billion, a quarter of its merchandise exports. Malaysia’s pre-eminence in the electronics industry began in the early days of the international division of labour, with its courting of multinational companies from countries in the North. Free trade zones, established primarily for manufacturing electronic goods,72 helped the country develop rapidly between the 1970s and the 1990s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating lo disaster risk reduction. ( The agreed terminology con Facilitate the implementation of the Sendoi Framework ond foster cooperation across ond within notions, sectors ond stakeholder groups. It is coherent with the work of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainoble Development Gool Indicators, ond Ihe update of Ihe publication entitled "2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disosler Risk Reduction" (see nole 376).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At less than 1%, Mexico's share of top performers in science remains well behind the OECD average (8%). While Mexico has made significant progress in expanding access to ECEC in recent years, efforts should be continued to improve access to affordable and good-quality ECEC, particularly for children under the age of three. In 2002, ECEC was made compulsory starting at three years of age and while the enrolment of three-year-olds in ECEC has nearly doubled since 2005, only one in two three-year-olds (45.8%) was enrolled in 2015, lower than the OECD average of 77.8%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At the same time, it is important to address sources of price instability, if for example weak market institutions impede domestic markets to absorb price shocks, it would be appropriate to focus on improvements of these institutions. A longer-term response to food price instability would be for policies to raise real incomes and combat poverty, including the enhancement of the existing food aid programmes and the safety nets for vulnerable social groups. The low state-fixed rental payments weaken the incentive to buy-out or to cede leased land to potential buyers, even when the leased land is not utilised and prone to degradation. Land transfer is further impeded by complicated administrative procedures, and some potential buyers may lack the confidence that land ownership rights are secure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is true that digitalisation has contributed to the rise in populism and the establishment of a post-factual world that can work against rational policy making. But the very same forces, whether in the form of more and better data or new statistical and analytical tools, have also massively expanded the scope and power of social research to create a more evidence-based environment for the development of effective policies. The first PISA assessment in 2000 was able to explain about a third of the performance variation among schools across the participating countries, but in 2015 that figure had risen to 85%. That means that most of the performance differences among schools can now be statistically associated and explained, with data from students, parents, teachers and school principals, even if the causal nature of many of those relationships remains still insufficiently understood. One reason for the difficulty in reforming education is simply the scale and reach of the sector. Schools are among the biggest areas of public spending.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The consumers' decision node contains the choice of buying goods made of virgin or recycled plastics as well as the choice of sorting the waste for recycling, leaving it in the household mixed residual waste or even illegally dispose it, for instance, placing it next to an over-filled recycling container or burning it in the open fire. Finally, the reprocessors convert waste plastics to e.g. pellets that can be used as raw material in the manufacturing of new goods and sell it to domestic or foreign manufacturers of plastics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
A  couple  of  times  a  year  (usually  around  International  Women’s  Day  or  the latest  gender  controversy)  there’ll  be  a  journalist  on  the  phone,  asking  me,  ‘where  is  feminism  now?’  Angela  McRobbie’s   The  Aftermath  of  Feminism: Gender,  Culture  and  Social  Change  provides  the  perfect  answer,  though  one  that  probably  won’t  be  dutifully  reported  in  the  pages  of  the   Courier­ Mail .  McRobbie  has  always  been  a  preeminent  figure  in  feminist  cultural  studies,  and  this  work  highlights  her  continuing  importance. Indeed,  The  Aftermath  of  Feminism   reminds  us  of  the  power  of  feminist  cultural  studies  to  explain  what’s  going  on, whether  this  is  in  the media,  popular  culture,  everyday  life,  governmentality,  the  corporate  world,  or  their  interrelationships.  And  McRobbie’s  diagnosis  of  ‘a  social  and  cultural  landscape  which  could  be  called  post‐feminist’   is  uncompromising,  far‐reaching  in  scope,  and  deeply  disturbing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This requires widespread metering, in particular for agriculture in basins where irrigation is the main water user. ( The new' Law' on Water Resources Management (WRM) is being developed, w'ith support from a UNECE project. The Ministry concerned (MENRP) already has basic information on major basins and sub-basins, including some on GIS maps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Although smoking prevalence in Israel (20.4%) is marginally lower than the OECD average (22.1%), it has declined less in Israel over the previous decade than in some other OECD countries (OECD, 201 lb). Overall, these patterns point to the need to strengthen smoking cessation services overall, targeting in particular groups with higher smoking prevalence. It is also notable that QICH does not include any indicators on smoking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Meeting the MDG target will mean extending sanitation services to an average of 660,000 people a day, every day, between 2011 and 2015. Still, over one billion people lack sanitation facilities and continue a practice that poses serious health and environmental risks to themselves and entire communities. These policies focus on stopping the practice of open defecation through community-level action and influencing social norms to the point where open defecation is no longer considered acceptable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)