albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These papers expounded on some underlying research themes which were paramount to create the project conceptual framework, named the “C’s" framework. An abridged version of these chapters is included in the publication Teachers as Designers of Learning Environments: The Importance of Innovative Pedagogies. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are those of the author(s).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Not to act is no longer an option. And I was encouraged by the sense of reality shown by the G8-leaders a few weeks ago, when they talked about a 50% cut in global emissions by 2050. It bodes well for the Conference of the Parties to be held in Copenhagen in 2009, where we will work hard to reach a global deal beyond Kyoto.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Another hybrid system is that of experience-rated UI which combines layoff taxes paid by firms, effectively a form of employment protection, with collective UI.13 A typology of the different systems is provided in Table 2.1. Brazil has a mixed system that combines ISAs with a firing penalty for employers. Five emerging economies (excluding India where coverage is negligible) have traditional UI systems in place, although pooling is often sub-optimal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Stakeholders are represented in councils and boards that discuss sectoral demands and priorities. Embrapa applies regular performance and impact evaluations, internally or with outside experts, and the results are made available to the public. Estimates of the social benefits of research have been published yearly for over ten years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
And which are the short and long-term consequences of redistributive policies on growth? This paper starts by giving a brief overview of long-run trends in income distribution in OECD countries (Section 1). Section 2 provides a brief review of the theoretical and empirical literature on how inequality might theoretically affect growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This practice is usually perceived as an extra opportunity to fully acquire the required knowledge in order to move forward. However, research has consistently shown that grade repetition does not provide greater benefits than promotion to the next grade (Brophy, 2006). In Japan, Malaysia and Norway, no 15-year-old student had repeated a grade, while in Colombia and Macao-China over 40% of students had repeated a grade at least once.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This will involve assessing climate risks and opportunities within national government processes, at sectoral and project levels, and in both urban and rural contexts. The uncertainty surrounding climate impacts means that flexibility is important. Participation of all major emission sources, sectors and countries would reduce the costs of mitigation and help to address potential leakage and competitiveness concerns. This Outlook models a 450 ppm Core scenario which suggests that achieving the 2 °C goal would require establishing clear carbon prices that are increased over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This represents a serious obstacle to grid extension in rural areas, especially at a scale and pace consistent with the attainment of SDG 7 and the needs of structural transformation. However, technological advances in renewable-energy and storage technologies have stimulated renewed interest in off-grid systems, bolstered by their potential contribution to decarbonization of the power sector, including through the hybridization of diesel-based generators and the islanding of local grids (Kempener etai., Beyond a certain break-even distance from the existing grid, capital costs may be lower for off-grid solutions than grid extension and conventional generators, as may operating costs, due to reduced transmission losses and potential fuel savings (Murray et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Growing evidence thus suggests that remittances are more likely to have a positive effect on income distribution (Brown et al. Remittances have been an effective strategy for reducing household risk. Emigration from Tonga and Samoa was initially costly, so the first migrants came from wealthier households, thus worsening national income inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
If a limited number of competing generating units are sufficient to serve it, market power can be an issue. Indeed, the experience of PJM, where a new capacity market was introduced in 1997 to fix several problems, shows that fine-tuning capacity markets is a difficult and lengthy process. Based on the experience of some existing capacity markets, there is a concern that the power plants triggered by capacity markets may not flexible enough.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The programme is run by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) under the oversight of a high-level inter-ministerial National Advisory Committee. The cash transfer is paid to the most responsible adult person in the household and is based on a set of conditions including completing pre-natal and post-natal care courses, parenthood sessions, preventive child health check-up, vaccination, de-worming, and at least 85% of school attendance. Conditionality is a critical strategic instrument to attain development targets in the health and education sectors linked to the MDGs, namely MDG I: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger, MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education, MDG 3: Reduce Child Mortality, Improve Maternal Health, and MDG 5: Promote Gender Equality. This includes a detailed targeting system to identify the poorest households on the basis of objective parameters, a computerised system to verify compliance installed in schools and health centres, and a two-pronged monitoring and evaluation system to ensure effective implementation and assess impact on beneficiaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, since then, it has become increasingly common for municipalities and developers to jointly undertake the land servicing with the developers paying the infrastructure costs. In such cases, the (extra) infrastructure costs need to be subsidised. The costs of providing serviced building plots on the brownfields are usually far higher than on greenfield locations. Much is done to keep the losses small by, for example, encouraging high-density development and multiple commercial uses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These effects, however, depend strongly on the specific characteristics of each generating technology and on the time frame considered. For a given technology, the effects will differ considerably in the short term and the long term. As will be shown in Section 4.3, in the short term all generating technologies experience a reduction of load factors and profitability (compression effect) with high variable costs technologies such as gas being particularly affected. In the long term, the introduction of renewable technologies affects primarily baseload technologies, while the effect on the other dispatchable technologies is limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Health centres commonly have General Practitioner (GP)-run inpatient units, largely for chronic and long-term care patients. Tertiary care is delivered in five university hospitals. Patients need a referral to access specialist care, except for emergency cases. Emergency care is provided 24 hours a day/7 days a week by health centres and hospitals, while changes are being implemented to concentrate a wide scope of emergency care in 12 major hospitals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This represents a 10.6 percentage point reduction in export growth rates relative to the 4.1 per cent increase posted in 2008. We assume that this hypothesis is applicable to Burkina Faso, where exports were also growing at around 4 per cent in 2008. In contrast, the main export commodities in Ghana, i.e. gold and cocoa, have been less affected by the crisis so far.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This paper analyses the role that inclusive innovation policies can play in tackling social, industrial and territorial inclusiveness challenges by drawing on 33 detailed policy examples from 15 countries. The paper discusses why these policies should be a priority, explores the specific challenges that arise in their implementation and provides recommendations as to how the challenges can best be addressed. Gabor Sziidi provided important background research and contributed to the policy case collection. Cynthia Lavison contributed substantially to the initial development of the policy case collection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The diaspora studies literature recently has indicated an expansion in state-led diaspora engagement initiatives and burgeoning diaspora governance institutions around the world. Home states have correlated concepts such as public diplomacy and soft power with these nascent incentives to cultivate and mobilize diasporas for state interests. Despite the interpretation of these developments as the expansion of citizenship rights for the diaspora and their systematic incorporation back into the home nation, some authors remain skeptical about the multifaceted motives behind such initiatives. Authoritarian states particularly employ diaspora governance as a mechanism to monitor and control diaspora groups, which home communities perceive as dissidents. Using Turkey and its recent diaspora governance policy as a case study, this article demonstrates that diaspora governance enables the state to create, depending on the context, potentially ideological and repressive transnational state apparatuses that can assume both positive and negative forms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper explores recent changes in Peruvian national education policy and the effects these have had on indigenous populations. Situating Peruvian education reforms within a context of international multicultural development, the paper traces the history of reforms as implemented by national and international actors in varying degrees and combinations. Against this historical backdrop, the paper focuses on changes in the 1990s that in theory promote bilingual intercultural education on a nationwide scale for all Peruvian citizens, but in practice are concentrated in rural indigenous areas. In particular, the paper examines some gaps between intercultural education rhetoric and implementation. I conclude with a discussion of the uneven achievements and unintended consequences of bilingual education programmes and provide some suggestions for policy-makers in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, pension contributions of many professionals, such as engineers, which are set at a fixed amount depending on the number of years of activity, regardless of earnings, could usefully be rationalised. The recent activation of two centralised, inter-linked, electronic monitoring systems is a welcome step in this regard. More specifically, the “Helios” scheme, monitoring retirement pay, is linked to the “Ariadne” scheme, that directly records major demographic changes, facilitating in this way the detection and suspension of ineligible pensions (EC, 2013b). Regional differences in the distribution of different categories of pensions in mid-2013, particularly regarding disability pensions, suggest the need for further monitoring of the social security system to avoid abuse in the future. The uninsured have a means-tested access to some basic health care services through the “health insurance book”, providing free access to public hospital and medical services (including pharmaceuticals).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Methodology is another significant issue. Data on income poverty are based on a long-established methodology whose results are solidly enshrined in monetary income thresholds that unequivocally delineate the poor population and, within it, the indigent population. By comparison, the multidimensional, deprivation-based approach to poverty measurement still lacks the methodological consensus enjoyed by income-based measurements, and does not support such a clear-cut interpretation of the results. Nevertheless, it complements the income approach and captures both population groups that both parameters signal as poor, and groups whose income places above the poverty line, but that suffer deprivation in relation to basic needs. The most recent available data indicated that the poorest income quintile (i.e. the 20% of households with the lowest income) on average accounted for of 5% of total income, with the figure varying between 4% (in the Dominican Republic, Honduras and Paraguay) and 10% (in Uruguay). Meanwhile, the wealthiest income quintile accounted for an average of 47% of total income, ranging from 35% (in Uruguay) to 55% (in Brazil) (see table 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Policies that support farm income alone, such as market price support, act as a disincentive for income diversification outside agriculture, and create an obstacle to one of the key “adjustment pathways”. The key policies required to help households diversify their income sources are again those that improve human capital. Regional development policies, including the development of rural infrastructure, may also have an important role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For example, all gases that contribute to climate change are converted into carbon dioxide equivalents. The results of these calculations are often given in the form of an environmental profile showing how a certain product contributes to a number of environmental problems. It is therefore hardly surprising that most LCAs have been conducted by large companies, industry federations and academic institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The number of samples analysed, however, is relatively low, mostly due to a lack of re-agents, laboratory equipment problems, etc. Furthermore, the share of food samples taken within the framework of projects and studies is growing, which may not show the real situation as the objectives of projects and studies have their own specifics. Capacity for pesticide residue controls in food and feed of plant and animal origin is not yet in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Persons with between seven and nine years of schooling have a poverty rate similar to the average. Predictably, the percentage of poor persons is higher among the unemployed than among the employed and the economically inactive. Moreover, among the employed, the poverty rate is lower for wage earners than for own-account workers, who in several countries have a similar poverty rate to that of the economically inactive population. This raises the question of whether the public policies for poverty alleviation are placing sufficient emphasis on the achievement of minimum standards. A broader look at poverty, including deficiencies in spheres such as social protection and income, explores the relationship between different dimensions of deprivation. In particular, it explores conceptually and empirically different dimensions, thresholds and ways of adding dimensions in order to advance towards the construction of a relevant multidimensional poverty index that can be applied throughout the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Paris Agreement provides that Parties “should” as appropriate submit and update an adaptation communication, which may include priorities, implementation and support needs, plans and actions regarding adaptation action (Article 7.10). One way of doing this would be for the enhanced transparency framework to build on the UNFCCC’s current transparency arrangements, including national communications, e.g. to allow adaptation communications to form part of current reporting documents such as national communications. How those arrangements would relate to an adaptation communication and an enhanced transparency framework for adaptation will be further discussed in Section 3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For the purpose of this figure, government members are defined as ministers, deputy ministers and State secretaries. First, there is little evidence so far of a correlation between the increasing number of female ministers and parliamentarians, and the adoption of more gender-sensitive laws and policies in the Arab region. Some female members of parliament have indeed become prominent advocates for legislative reforms in favour of women’s rights, but these individuals rarely form a homogenous group, and female legislators certainly do not share the same political views simply by virtue of their sex.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Although bike share operators provide guidelines regarding best practices for parking (e.g. avoiding locations that block pedestrian travel), there are generally no penalty mechanisms by which good parking practices can be enforced. The question of who is entitled to the rights to the data generated by these systems also constitutes a novel issue for policymakers. If made available to researchers, for example, this type of data could be used for public transport blind spot analyses, biking hotspot analysis and prediction, multimode transportation analysis, and lifestyle impact analysis. Increasing mode shares of cyclists in cities also has implications for safety (ITF, 2018a), and may also necessitate infrastructure changes, such as reducing car lanes and increasing bike lanes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Source: Bargain et al. ( Instead, and subject to relevant income limits, they may be entitled to means-tested assistance benefits. In many other countries, policy changes (combined, where they exist, with automatic adjustments such as inflation indexing) resulted in more generous benefit entitlements in nominal terms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A multilateral multi-year Protocol for Agreements for Minority Language and Second-Language Education with the Council of Ministers of Education, Canada (1983, re-structured in 2013) sets the parameters for this intergovernmental collaboration. Students and their caregivers get help more quickly, through referral to a wide range of specialist and community services, including crisis intervention, youth mental health, after-school programming, parent and family supports, sexual health, and child care. The strategy aims to support students who may be at risk of not succeeding and not reaching their full potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Disadvantaged individuals are less likely to be able to invest in education and skill development than those who are well-off, which limits their access to skilled jobs. This also limits economies' capacity to produce, grow and innovate as they are unable to give education access and opportunities to segments of their population. A person's educational attainment is closely related to their likelihood of being unemployed (OECD, 2014a) and future wages (Barro and Lee, 2013). Increasing the educational performance of everyone, and especially the most disadvantaged, is beneficial to both economy and society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The proportion of jobless families is therefore a priori an important determinant of the risk of poverty. However, this proportion varies greatly from one country to another, and its evolution over time has not been homogeneous (Figure 9): the proportion of jobless families is, for example, very high (more than one in two families with children) in Australia, Germany, Turkey, the United Kingdom and Ireland, but it has fallen sharply since 1995 in Australia. A majority of other countries experienced a smaller decline in the proportion of jobless families in 2005. On the contrary, the latter has increased in 7 countries in a proportion that is often limited (less than 5 percentage points).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For all the emerging economies the remaining part of support consists mostly of payments based on input use. In Brazil and South Africa these forms of support are mostly targeted to the smallholder sector, although the fuel tax rebate in South Africa is available to all farmers. The degree of protection has declined markedly in countries where it was high in the mid 1980s (Switzerland, Iceland, Norway, Korea and Japan), even though there is still considerable potential for further reform to reduce the level of support and to improve its composition in these countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Wikipedia Public Policy Initiative was a successful e-learning pilot project that promoted collaboration between policy classes at U.S. universities and the Wikipedia online social network. Incentives for participation included new media literacy development, collaborative learning and engagement in a growing wiki-culture. The expanded Global Education Program now will connect the initiative to classes in Brazil, Canada and India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The National Energy Strategy till 2020 reflects the political vision of the Government of European Development of Bulgaria pursuant to the up-to-date European energy policy framework and the global trends in the development of energy technologies. It is prepared as a draft document which formulates the purposes, basic principles, relevant instruments, sector policies, the expected results and the necessary funding for their achievement. It is aimed at the development and implementation of a comprehensive national policy for energy efficiency. This strategy is based on the EU Green Paper on Energy Efficiency and Action on Energy Efficiency, published in 2006-2007, the Strategy for Economic Development of Bulgaria, the National Strategic Reference Framework and Energy Strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The lack of knowledge on such transfrontier migrations could place in question the reliability of statistical data on the population numbers of important animal species permanently inhabiting the territory of Albania, in particular bird and large carnivore species. The common practice is to carry out research each year only in a few selected, small areas (e.g. protected areas), and similar research is conducted in remaining areas in other years. The 2002 Law on Protected Areas was amended in 2008 by inclusion of the main provisions of the Habitats Directive. The 2008 Law on the Protection of Wild Fauna endorsed provisions of the Birds Directive related to protection measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Water erosion is a serious problem in many countries and affects 21 per cent of the total land area. Wind erosion affects 9 per cent of the total land area, and chemical deterioration affects 11 per cent of land area, while the problem is extreme in countries including Bangladesh, Cambodia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Thailand and Viet Nam (FAO and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, 2015). The negative effects of climate change are increasingly felt in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Programme feasibility reports and costings of 162 new projects with an aggregate capacity of 48 GW were prepared under the 50 GW Initiative in May 2003. Of these, 77 schemes with an indicative tariff below INR 2.5/kWh (USD 0.05/kWh), amounting to 33.9 GW, were selected for detailed project reports and subsequent implementation. In 2009, NTPC announced that they would provide assurance cover for the affected village against any mishap from one of their hydropower projects in Uttarakhand state (Electrical Monitor, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The paper concludes with provisional policy recommendations and suggestions for future research. The 1990 Jomtien World Conference on Education for All (EFA) and the 2000 Dakar World Education Forum reaffirmed that the right to education persists even in situations of armed conflict. Education in emergencies has increasingly become seen as the ‘fourth pillar of humanitarian action’ (Machel, 2001: 94) along with food, health and shelter and as a means of protection in itself (Nicolai and Triplehorn, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)