albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The inclusion of a concise instrument to measure certain fundamental age-appropriate cognitive skills would be a source of valuable information (Grosh and Glewwe, 2000).The modules proposed by MPPN include dedicated questions to that end. This is not only applicable to the school population, it is valid for adults too, since there is no information on whether they have the cognitive skills to participate adequately in modern societies. Aspects such as income from second jobs, payment in kind, the distinction between gross and net income or how to measure public transfers, to name but a few, are issues that need to be properly addressed before the monetary resources of households can begin to be measured more adequately.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Mexico has also been identified as a source country for crystalline methamphetamine seized in East and South-East Asia and Oceania. Methamphetamine manufacture in the United States continues to be dominated by small-scale laboratories using ephedrine and pseudoephedrine preparations. In 2014, the United States reported a decrease in domestic methamphetamine manufacture, likely attributable to an increase in the supply of methamphetamine manufactured in Mexico.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, in her analysis of the SDGs, Esquivel argues that the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development does not have enough teeth to seize the transformative potential of the empowerment and equality issues it raises, because it does not fundamentally challenge the nature of the prevailing economic system and development model. Others stress that empowerment is potentially divisive in society because it defies existing power structures and forces the evolution of dominant social relations (Leach, 2015, Sen, 1995,2001, Tacoli et al. Redressing socio-economic disadvantage in the world of work, well-being and access to resources appears to be the first priority (Leach ed.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The expansion and strengthening of a multi-generational network and pool of women leaders across the Continent would multiply achievements in engendering democracy. Occupying a seat in parliament is an important achievement, but gender dynamics pervading the political sphere impose additional obstacles. Elected women are still subject to existing structures and manipulations that constantly subvert commitments to gender equality and complicate the pursuit of gender-balanced policies. Although there has been increasing representation of women in parliaments and cabinets, all national reviews on the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action indicate that there is still a low representation of women in decision-making processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Although it is difficult to measure, the difference in the health care system between rural and urban areas accounted for much of rural-urban disparities. Under the auspices of the New Co-operative Medical System (NCMS), the government instituted a new system of risk-pooling for China’s vast rural population. The NCMS includes three features that distinguish it from the Rural Co-operative Medical System: joint responsibility for financing, local responsibility for many aspects of programme design, implementation, and management, and voluntary participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The applications and effects of the minimum wage are so complicated that it is very hard to obtain a consensus. The effects of a minimum wage on the numbers of employed and the actual wage levels are the most discussed aspects. The determination of the minimum wage rate and its relationship with the actual wage level are also frequently discussed. As for the effects of the minimum wage on income inequality, first of all, a minimum wage system might help to ensure employees’ wage levels and thus might reduce income inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The model assumes that the three fertiliser nutrients are complementary, leaving the balance between the three nutrients unchanged. Consequently, relative changes in prices to farmers do not affect the choice between the different types of nutrients. As indicated above, regulatory policies in numerous countries aim at limiting such impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
On 26 June 2002 the international criminal code was adopted in Germany after a unanimous vote of the Bundestag (Deutscher Bundestag, 2002).1 Following the ratification of the Rome Treaty, the new rule adapted the German criminal law to the statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). It seemingly introduced new legal categories, ‘crimes against humanity’ (§ 7) and ‘war crimes’ (§ 8–12), which – unlike ‘genocide’ – were unknown in West German criminal law since 1949. But in fact, this was a reintroduction rather than an introduction ex nihilo, for German courts had already been given the ability to punish these crimes under Allied occupation (1945–49).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article discusses the extent, impacts, and governance dynamics of illegal logging and associated corruption in the chainsaw milling sector in Cameroon and the implications for natural resource management theory and international initiatives, represented by the European Union's Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Action Plan. We show that state officials may be collecting some €6 million in informal payments each year, part of which is siphoned into a pyramidal system that manages careers not by merit, but by the price one can pay. We argue that corruption becomes a root cause of policy failures when disillusioned state officials perceive that those at the top of the pyramid do not have the legitimacy needed to promote reforms. Arbitrariness, mistrust, and contradiction then predominate, thus weakening the rule of law. We derive lessons for interventions addressing corruption and its impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Minimum wages also declined relatively to median wages in a number of countries between the 1980s and 2008. Wage-setting mechanisms also changed: the share of union members among workers fell across most countries, although the coverage of collective bargaining generally remained rather stable over time. A number of countries cut unemployment benefit replacement rates and, in an attempt to promote employment among low-skilled workers, some also reduced taxes on labour for low-income workers (Figure 4). On the one hand, past empirical evidence points to the significant positive impact of reforms on employment levels (e.g. OECD, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Some tariff packages may be offered only to particular groups, such as those in receipt of social security benefits (OECD, 1999). In Australia, for example, Sydney Water provides a range of residential safety nets. In the United States, there are examples of low-income and disabled households receiving rebates based on income, percentage discounts on water bills, waivers of fixed charges and fixed allowances (credits) on bills (OECD, 1999).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Regarding the identification of the deprived and setting a cut-off point, three options are available: the union, the intersection and the intermediate cut-off approach7 (Atkinson, 2003, Bourguignon and Chakravarty, 2002, 2003, Duclos et al., Among the three methods, the union approach would identify the largest proportion of people as deprived capturing any person with at least one deprivation,8 while the intersection approach would focus only on those who are deprived in all dimensions/indicators selected for the analysis. The use of the third method - the intermediate cut-off approach - prevents the dominance of one indicator or dimension, which can be the case with both the union and intersection approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) provides a useful way to compare students' learning outcomes across countries. By setting PISA Level 2 as the “minimum proficiency level", Global Indicator 4.1.1.C reveals large discrepancies in students' performance in mathematics and reading across countries. For example, less than 50% of 15-year-old students achieve at least PISA Level 2 in mathematics in Mexico (43%) and TUrkey (49%) while almost 90% do in Estonia (89%) and Japan (89%) (OECD, 2018,3,).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The gain would be less pronounced in the Sustainable world, where the focus on trade cost reductions across world regions is smaller compared to trade costs within these regions. Nevertheless, farm incomes could be about 5% higher in 2050 on average for South and Central America. While farm incomes in North America would benefit mainly from reduced costs in trade outside of the Americas, Oceanian gains are most pronounced in their efforts focusing on regulatory convergence within the Asia-Oceania region - a consequence of their respective export markets. European farm incomes could be about 4% lower in the Individual scenario, although the two CGE models disagree about the size of the farm income loss. South Asia and Asia would also see prices and hence farm incomes reduce, but the effects are found to be rather small.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Or you can unsubscribe by calling XXXXXXX or going to www. A similar randomized controlled trial of 2 years' duration among 537 Asian Indian men with pre-diabetes found that mobile phone messaging was an acceptable method for delivering advice and support for lifestyle modification to prevent type 2 diabetes (Ramachandran, 2013). The trial was the first to show the benefit of this technology in the prevention of diabetes, with a 36% reduction in relative risk as compared with standard care within 2 years. A further pilot study of 1 year's duration among 200 patients with type 2 diabetes in the clinic showed that mobile phone messages about the principles of diabetes management helped to improve health care outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Higher investment in education is likely to provide stability for education administration and management. Then, this stability would contribute to high education performance. Even though all the aspects of the accumulation of human capital are important, the most critical part of public education is the public provision of primary, lower and upper-secondary education. Education is tightly inter-correlated with inclusive growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, some steps have been taken in the past year to clarify definitions. As previous versions of the Globol Education Monitoring Report have noted, such standardization remains limited outside Europe. This chapter highlights the difficulties by reviewing three high-quality surveys in Northern Africa and Western Asia (Data focus 10.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The occurrence of outside mediation and peacekeeping has increased exponentially since the end of the Cold War. But how do third-party states and international organizations decide which civil wars to intervene in? And how do they decide whether to mediate talks between the warring parties or to send peacekeepers? In this study, we propose that third parties are influenced by their interests in a civil war country, they take into account the urgency a civil war poses, and they shy away from particularly challenging civil wars. Empirical tests confirm some of these hypotheses but also yield some contrary results. In contrast to much of the empirical literature, which has mostly treated different conflict management tools separately, this study combines two of the most important aspects of international conflict management – mediation and peacekeeping – into one theoretical framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Why are capital flows so much more volatile in emerging than in developed countries? In: Caballero RJ, Calderon C and Cespedes LS, eds.. External Vulnerability and Preventive Policies. Santiago, Chile: Central Bank of Chile: 15-39. Skill-biased technological change and rising wage inequality: Some problems and puzzles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This result is close to the global average of 24% female news subjects. In terms of web news alone, the share of female news subjects was even lower with only 22%. Five years before, the share of female news subjects in print, radio, and television news was at 30% (31% if web news sites were included), which is close to the Swedish results and thus higher than in the rest of the Nordic countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In both the Chinese and Indian schemes, the fees charged to developers are proportional to the negative impact on biodiversity caused by development projects. The experience of the National System of Conservation Units programme in Brazil demonstrates the risks of establishing payments in-lieu unrelated to the biodiversity loss caused by the development project. The scheme originally used a fee that was calculated as a percentage of the total project development costs that would then be used for conservation purposes elsewhere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Historically, such huge challenges were addressed consecutively rather than concurrently. Figure II.1 illustrates the associated global flows of “exergy”, that is, the energy available to be used, at the most aggregate level, from extraction at the primary level through the secondary, final and useful energy levels. It illustrates the dominance of fossil fuels and the low overall efficiency of the global system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The administrative presidency, congressional oversight and judicial review, are efforts to control bureaucratic discretion from outside of the agencies. Administrative law focuses almost exclusively on such "outside-in" accountability. Meanwhile, public administration scholars discuss the potential of "inside-out" approaches: managerial controls and professionalism. We propose a model of bureaucratic behavior that identifies the ideal conditions for inside-out accountability. By postulating that self-interested and other-regarding motives of bureaucrats can both be present to varying degrees in different agency environments (something that the competing public choice model does not do), our approach allows government redesign to respond to empirical learning in public administration scholarship. This learning suggests overall accountability can be enhanced if the tools of the administrative presidency (political appointments and centralized control) are reduced in favor of enhanced inside-out approaches in appropriate contexts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These results hold for the pooled data of all the countries (see Appendix 2), but not necessarily at country level given the heterogeneity between the countries. Table 7 presents the data at country level for the percentage of children lacking two or more items by a number of characteristics. However, two observations have to be made.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Since 2005, Norway’s Ministry of Finance has issued guidelines to all ministries for a gender-sensitive analysis of their respective budgets (Johan, 2010). This initiative involved tracking government support to 200 organisations active in this policy area and then determining the budgetary allocations to this sector. Such an analysis helped to identify gaps between the policy goals and the budgets needed to meet these goals. This initiative also involved estimating the costs of violence against women to the state, society and individuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Through EE improvements developing countries can reduce their dependence on fossil fuel imports, reduce environmental impacts, enhance competitiveness and provide their populations with increased access to energy while reducing the need for new investment in energy infrastructure. However, the average annual rate of EE improvements will have to accelerate significantly compared with recent trends. Many observers have argued that the economic downturn provides an opportunity for governments to help create a basis for low-carbon future growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Living standards are estimated with the help of copula functions that simulate the joint distribution of income and age at death in a Monte-carlo framework. In a first step, only the income dimension is considered (upper curve), in a second scenario, individuals differ in their income but have a similar life expectancy, which is nonetheless lower than the reference life expectancy in Japan (middle curve), finally, individuals have different income and ages at death, and the latter two variables are considered as positively correlated in order to match the difference in life expectancy between the bottom and top quartiles of the income distribution, using van Raalte et al. ( Eventually, the latter correlation may evolve over the long term due to changes in policy settings (e.g. health or fiscal systems reforms) or to trends in adverse selection patterns (e.g. as chronic morbidity tends more often to yield, rather than derivate from, lower-income status). For a representative household earning the median income (i.e. with the parameter of aversion to inequality close to 1.5), income inequality involves a loss of 19% of income, versus 23% for inequality in ages at death.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Every third German father wishes to have more time for his children (Destatis, 2015a) and most fathers would prefer shorter paid work hours (BMFSFJ, 2015b). In couple families with a female partner aged 25 to 45 years old and at least one child, mothers are in paid work for an average of 17 hours, and in Austria, Italy and Switzerland this is also less than 20 hours per week on average. By contrast, the figure among partnered mothers aged 25 to 45 years old in Denmark, Norway and Sweden is 30 hours per week or more (Chapter 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Many jurisdictions in Europe face the question whether to allow ritual slaughter without stunning animals first. This question attracts not only the province of national constitutional law but importantly also EU fundamental rights and regulatory law in addition to the decisive importance of European Convention on Human Rights law. On the basis of a multilevel legal analysis the conclusion is reached that ritual slaughter may be restricted provided that a state follows the least restrictive alternative when limiting the right to religious freedom when holding that animals be stunned before slaughter. Departing from a recent attempt to abolish religious exemptions from mandatory stunning in the Netherlands, this article sets out the various considerations to determine whether a jurisdiction did indeed adopt the least restrictive alternative in limiting religious freedom to enhance animal welfare. In this regard critical attention is paid to the Strasbourg decision of Cha’are Shalom Ve Tsedek v France.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, almost all countries devoted declining shares of total spending to cash benefits that mostly benefit children and working-age individuals.6 On average the share of these “non-elderly” benefits declined from 26.5% in 1985 to 21.4% in 2005.7 Despite growing overall public social expenditure, this drop is sufficiently large to translate into a significant reduction of “non-elderly” benefit expenditure relative to GDP on average (from 4.9 to 4.5% across 29 countries). Between the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s, however, sizable reductions were only observed in a few countries (Belgium, France, Ireland, Netherlands) while the majority of countries recorded increases. Most of the drop in “non-elderly” benefit expenditures thus occurred since the mid-1990s, when most OECD countries recovered from an economic downturn, and spending on cyclical income-support measures was high (and GDP low) as a result.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Hence, profitability is fairly high in these businesses, but still lower than in large parts of the labour market in general. The primary occupations are dominant in the villages, whereas service jobs are more common in Mariehamn (ASUB 2008: 30, own translation). As regards entrepreneurship, segregation between different lines of business does seem to be even higher than in the labour market in general" (ASUB 2008: 29). Some of the most significant aspects relating to the focus of this report are, on the plus side: The geographical location of the Aland Islands between the two rapidly growing markets of Stockholm and Helsinki, fast and easy access to public authorities and a strong tradition for entrepreneurship and micro enterprises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The proportion of students with a good understanding of critical thinking was overall about the same (40%), but with a much better understanding by secondary (47%) than primary education students (30%). In fact, students in primary education clearly struggled with the idea of critical thinking, which is probably more alien to them than creativity. About 40% of the participating students perceived themselves as very creative and 30% as very good at critical thinking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The latter finding contrasts directly with earlier results by Shakhatreh, Abbas and Issa (1996), who find that the impact of being born to a younger mother is significant, but the impact of being born to an older mother is not. We interpret our results against the backdrop of an underlying change in behavioural patterns during the past three decades, with a relative reduction in the numbers of very young mothers and a relative increase in the number of older mothers. In fact, a mother’s mean age has risen from 26 years in the whole sample (1971-2007) to 28 years in the 10-year period before the survey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The first national Rural Development Strategy for 2007-13 was adopted in 2006 as the basis of the EU Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance Rural Development (IPARD-I) and Turkey launched its first Rural Development Plan (OECD, 2011a). The priorities formulated in the current (second) Rural Development Strategy for the period of 2014-20, along with investments in productive activities and infrastructure, also view environmental sustainability, rural diversification, as well as social advancement of rural areas in critical dimensions, such as education, health, fight against poverty, and local institutional capacities (Annex 5.A2). The principal activities of the current programmes related to rural development are presented below'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Second, it takes a closer look at trends in the number of UB and SA recipients to identify groups at risk of not being caught by the safety net. The unweighted average increase was a sizeable 1.9 percentage points, but this reflects both increased public spending and declining GDP. Ireland saw the sharpest increase in the benefit spending share which rose by nearly 5 percentage points, while the increase was close to 3 percentage points in Finland, Greece, Spain and the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While Swedish schools draw on the help of psychologists and social workers, having further experts on call (such as trauma therapists) like in Austria would be beneficial in supporting immigrant and refugee students’ wellbeing. These policy pointers would entail some financial implications, but could offer teachers significant support in teaching and working with immigrant and refugee students. Additionally, learning Swedish continues to hold high importance even after finishing traditional schooling, many researchers and academics have concluded that it is a prerequisite for individuals to play an active role in Swedish society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)