albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Among other things, this will brought about through a green development and demonstration programme, aimed at increasing the co-ordination between research, innovation and demonstration in agro- and aquaculture and food sectors. At the same time, DKK 145 million per year has been earmarked for green investments, while the Action Plan for the Promotion of Environmental Technology 2010-11 includes DKK 225 million dedicated to the development of green agricultural technologies. The limit on the number of animals on a farm and the requirement that a farmer must have a certain amount of land in relation to the number of animals on his/her farm has been removed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Therefore a three steps approach was chosen. Then these sub-populations were narrowed down to those that differ significantly between at least two of the four regions. To judge whether two given shares of a variable are substantially distinct, both the statistical significance of the differences and their order of magnitude was used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Sargan-Hansen test demonstrates the absence of overidentification. Reduced forms were also run to gauge the explanatory power of the additional instruments (lags and differences) for the variables of interest. The F values that were obtained corroborate the instruments' validity. In the first case, an increase in the feminization rate boosts GDP growth by 4.7%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Substantive equality may consequently require positive action by the State to address the specific disadvantages and needs of women.16 The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women encompasses substantive equality, recognizing that gender-neutral laws can have discriminatory effects and that formal equality is not enough to address them. Its article 4 on temporary special measures, the Committee's general comment No. In the Committee's view, the Convention requires that women should be given an equal start and also that the State should create an enabling environment for the empowerment of women in order to achieve equality of results (also referred to as equality of outcome). Equality of results is the logical consequence of de facto or substantive equality, according to the Committee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
An innovative economy is based on interactive learning, information exchange, timely availability of finance and other resources, and coordination among firms, universities, research centres, policymakers and other actors. Building technological capacities can help developing countries “catch up” with more advanced countries, and innovation policy must play an important role in facilitating sustainable development. The present chapter argues that green sustainable development-oriented innovation policies should be an integral part of countries’ national development strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This paper examines the impacts of the quality of government on international tourism competitiveness. Quality of government is conceptualized in terms of an absence of corruption, a well-established rule of law and bureaucratic efficiency. Based on the cross-country analysis of the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (World Economic Forum, 2013), the main finding of the study demonstrates that quality of government is positively associated with tourism competitiveness and that this positive effect remains robust across a number of control variables and estimation techniques. The results suggest that public policy for building a successful tourism industry should be nested in the broader project of enhancing the quality of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They are neither monitored nor organised to voice their needs and concerns. The informality of irrigation units also limits their application for government funding, and complicates the oversight and monitoring role of CONAGUA and other institutions. The National Water Programme (2007-12) established a target to strengthen the organisational capacities of 10% of the 40 000 irrigation units formalising their legal status. This rather low (but already challenging) target reveals the complexity of addressing the issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In contrast, the imposition of collective management schemes has led to mixed results. The use of local management districts in parts of the High Plains region of the United States has allowed spatial variations in implemented groundwater use rules to be established that are decided by farmer members of district Boards of Directors and tailored to local needs (e.g. Nebraska DNR and URNRD, 2010, Nebraska DNR and MRNRD, 2010). In Spain, the 1985 Water Act, imposed the creation of water user group to manage the "overexploitation" of aquifers, but in many cases the result has not been successful (Iziquierdo et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
At the same time, agricultural productivity growth must be supported by agricultural research and extension that is relevant and accessible also for small-scale farmers. Social protection programmes can play a key role in helping farmers and rural residents to cope with shocks and invest in productive activities and human resources. Finally, implementing policies aimed at promoting youth employment in rural areas as well as employability of youth through education and training is particularly important from a migration perspective. Strengthening the forward and backward linkages between agriculture and the broader food system is essential to increasing agricultural productivity and creating broader market integration opportunities for smallholder farmers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Unconfined aquifers generally occur at shallower depths and often feature a more direct hydraulic connection to surface water bodies but also often of smaller areal extent than confined aquifer systems that is more prone to contamination from land use activities. Deeper, confined aquifers may be more expensive to exploit. Two properties are common to all aquifers. First, just like in the case of surface water, gravity is the main force moving groundwater from continents to water courses and oceans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The condition for this to happen, however, is that a difference in price large enough to exceed transaction costs would lead to trade. Therefore, any factor large enough to influence prices in one location within a market shed can impact prices across the market shed. Clearly, price movements of larger markets have stronger influence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Insights from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS) in the United States suggest that primary teachers who have a degree specialised in elementary education boost students’ reading performance, even compared to teachers who have more advanced degrees (Croninger et al., The effect of teachers’ qualifications is still more pronounced when aggregated at the school level: the higher the share of teachers holding advanced degrees in one school, the higher the impact on students’ performance (Croninger et al, 2007). Firstly, research finds that professional development is linked to higher quality skills among ECEC staff regardless of their educational background (Burchinal et al., Research on professional development for primary school teachers yields similar results (Angrist and Lavy, 1998, Bressoux, Kramarz and Prost, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
With the provision of new infrastructure such as high bandwidth fibre optic submarine cables, it could greatly expand the use of ICTs for VET particularly in extending access to rural and remote areas such as in the Papuan provinces (Harding, 2011). Balikpapan with its growing manufacturing sector and proximity to the mining industries is modelling itself on becoming a “vocational city”. The lack of a feasibility study underpinning its most ambitious project, building a “super” integrated SMK school on its northern outskirts, is of concern, however. This is true of Indonesia, particularly in vocational schooling where the gender gap has been widening over the past 10 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The project supervisor then creates a monitoring report that undergoes third-party verification. When the 1992 Statement of Forest Principles was adopted, the emphasis was on evaluating the multi-purpose functionality of forests, and this document proposed sustainable forest management. More recently, evaluation of forests has focused on the capture and storage of C02 and on biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of inclusive human development and military expenditure in modulating the effect of terrorism on governance.,It is based on 53 African countries for the period 1998–2012 and interactive generalised method of moments is employed. Six governance indicators from the World Bank and two terrorism variables are used, namely, domestic and transnational terrorism dynamics.,The following main findings are established. There is a negative net effect on governance (regulation quality and corruption-control) when inclusive human development is used to reduce terrorism. There is a positive net impact on governance (voice and accountability and rule of law) when military expenditure is used to reduce domestic terrorism.,The authors have complemented the sparse literature on the use of policy variables to mitigate the effect of policy syndromes on macroeconomic outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By weighting interruptions on the basis of interrupted load or non-supplied energy (instead of customer numbers), security indicators can more closely reflect the impact of interruptions. One example of such an indicator is energy not supplied (ENS). This indicator considers the amount of energy not supplied because of interruptions, which is typically normalised by the number of connected customers. In other words, it provides a metric of system failure independent of the total size of consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The overall proportion of people living in extreme poverty has fallen, and that trend is projected to continue. It is calculated by converting the national poverty lines from a selection of the poorest countries in the world to a common currency - using purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates to adjust for the difference in cost of living across countries - and then taking an average of those lines. It was used to set targets for poverty reduction under the Millennium Development Goals and is now part of the Sustainable Development Goals, which aim to eradicate extreme poverty by 2030. These measures represent levels of poverty above extreme poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Collaboration between the UNFCCC, participating governments, renewable energy developers and buyers, and other private and public institutions could lead to an accelerated deployment. By implementing, monitoring, and reporting services based on data stored on the blockchain, real-time emissions reports would not need to be quasi-manually validated by independent third parties. In long-running infrastructure construction projects, legal uncertainties arise regarding the validity of contracts or the status of negotiations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The first round of RBMP preparation, in particular, was carried out without any additional resources from the Italian central government. Its main river channel is Italy’s longest (650 km) and its level of pollution discharge is the highest. The river basin district includes seven regions and one autonomous province (Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Lombardia, Liguria, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Toscana and Trento), with a total population of about 17 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The pool may be held by the licensee, who may be a third party or an association of licensors, or an independent entity (as illustrated by the UNIT AID example in box 11, below). For instance, the holders of different pharmaceutical patents may create among themselves a pool of those patents needed for the production of a new drug, or they may license the patent pool to a generic producer, who would be able to use all the protected materials against the payment of license fees. Depending on the way they are administered and their purpose, patent pools may have pro-competitive, but also anti-competitive effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Fourth, a roadmap for blockchain implementation presents an action plan for bringing ideas to life through proof-of-concept and pilot programmes. The report concludes with implications for policy makers and suggested steps to leverage the technology’s value-added. Public and private financial flows in infrastructure projects need to be aligned with broader climate objectives and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, while taking into account countries’ investment strategies and circumstances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Legal Assistance Centre, Marital Property in Civil and Customary Marriages: Proposals for Law Reform (Windhoek. International Centre for Research on Women, "Connecting rights to reality: a progressive framework of core legal protections for women's property rights”, 2007, p. 6. Respecting and promoting the realization of women's marital property rights in Malawi", Briefing Paper, 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, despite these relatively low poverty rates and a solid economic growth, Costa Rica’s economic success is concentrated in a small elite group and thus, large socioeconomic inequalities persist in the countiy . According to the Encuesta Nacional de Hogares 2015, from INEC, the Household Gini Coefficient1 0.510 whilst the Person-based Gini Coefficient was 0.516. These are considerably higher than the OECD average of 32.2 (although lower than the Gini Coefficient in Chile that was 50.5 in 2013) (OECD, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
One of the areas of greatest untapped potential in the German labour force is inactive and/or part-time working mothers. Better sharing of unpaid work at home accompanied by coherent public policies helps mothers to maintain labour market attachment and continue their careers. Young German women are well-educated in comparison to young German men: 32.1% of 25 to 34 years-old women have completed tertiary education, compared to 27.9% of their male peers (Chapter 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This infrastructure has also been used to move food to needy communities during emergencies (HLPE, 2012). In Ethiopia, households with access to both the PSNP as well as complementary packages of agricultural support were found more likely to be food-secure, to borrow for productive purposes, to use improved agricultural technologies, to operate their own non-farm business activities, to achieve higher grain production and to make greater use of fertiliser (IFAD et al., However, one evaluation in Niger recorded lower body mass index (BMI) scores for public works participants than for non-participating adults in the same household (Webb, 1995, cited in HLPE, 2012). The wage levels set are vitally important for public works, as the energy expended performing manual labour reduces the net nutritional impact of the food or cash wages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Genetic resources are genetic materials of actual or potential value (Article 2, CBD). The scientific concept of micro-organism refers to a “member of one of the following classes: bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa or viruses’ (UNCTAD-ICTSD (2005), p. 392). Plant genetic resources refer to the economic, scientific or societal value of the heritable materials contained within and among species (FAO, p. 33). From a legal perspective, therefore, the ‘actual or potential value’ differentiates genetic resources, microorganisms and other biological resources from simple genetic material.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
There is no common platform to coordinate the activities of all of these ministries. Although local government institutions are the key implementing agencies of public health programmes, they are not strong enough to coordinate their functions with the relevant ministries. A wide range of private organizations and NGOs supplement government functions, but they are not working in a coordinated manner, either.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This includes a plan for relocating the two refineries in Baku. First, this decision ensures the viability of remediation action, as it is not artificially limited by start/end dates of project financed by foreign donors. The experience gained in Absheron can and should be used to improve waste management in other parts of the country. Although it is understood that there are limitations due to the undeveloped waste management infrastructure, the State Statistical Committee and the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources could improve the quality of collected data by gathering data from disposal facilities equipped with weighbridges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This represents the equivalent of 40 new large nuclear reactors. Increasing the load factor and the electricity output offers the possibility to recover more rapidly the capital and the fixed operational costs. A conventional power plant with a higher capacity factor has the ability to provide back-up capacity for variable renewables as well as ancillary services to the electricity grid. Primarily, fleet management reduces the maximal residual demand imbalance of the power system and thus the need for building additional generation capacity. In addition, fleet management reduces the average energy production cost by improving the use of different electricity production capacities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Therefore, the third CNTP (1992-2001) set four targets: regionally decentralised development, efficient land use, improvement of the quality of life, and enhancing amenity and unification of South and North Korea. The intention was to balance regional development by strengthening industrial centres along the west coast and the regional and provincial cities. In order to ensure support for less industrialised areas, the Law on Regional Balanced Development and Promotion of Local Small and Medium-sized Firms was enacted, establishing eight area-wide development plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Strandveidar is an open-access system running from May to August. The system is effort and output regulated and allows operatorsto catch 650 kg demersal fish pr. When the monthly catch limit is reached in one of the four areas the fishery will close down until next month. The participating fishers are either without ITQ or must have finished their ITQ allocations before entering the Strandveidar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Project initiators and investors alike can validate transactions to reach distributed consensus, once the network grows. This ensures a controlled environment for the pilot stage and the first crowdfunding transactions, which prove the feasibility of the overall concept. Participants of the blockchain network need to be approved before joining the network using the PoA consensus mechanism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, all countries should reduce maternal morbidity and mortality to levels where they no longer constitute a public health problem. Disparities in maternal mortality within countries and between geographical regions, socio-economic and ethnic groups should be narrowed. All countries, with the support of all sections of the international community, must expand the provision of maternal health services in the context of primary health care. These services, based on the concept of informed choice, should include education on safe motherhood, prenatal care that is focused and effective, maternal nutrition programmes, adequate delivery assistance that avoids excessive recourse to caesarean sections and provides for obstetric emergencies, referral services for pregnancy, childbirth and abortion complications, post-natal care and family planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The introduction of the Emerging Market Entry-Level Terminal Industry Alliance promotes the new pattern of cooperation between entry-level terminal makers and operators, in which Huawei acts as the introducer of the alliance. Operators can offer many 3G or 4G terminals provided by those phone makers below USD 50 or even USD 20, which dramatically boosts the mobile broadband penetration ratio of the digital economy. This has now been successfully promoted in the South Pacific, South-east Asia, Northern Africa, Southern Africa and Latin America, among others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This approach has been widely tested in practice. For example, Germany and Japan, which introduced pharmaceutical product patents in 1968 and 1976, respectively, successfully used their utility model laws to protect small-scale innovation for decades.156 The Japanese utility model law, which once witnessed close to some 200,000 applications a year,157 allowed Japanese inventors to protect small-scale improvements of foreign inventions. Indeed, these local innovators often “surrounded” the foreign invention to the point where negotiated cross-licensing became necessary. Utility models (“petty patents”), for which the TRIPS Agreement does not provide any binding minimum standards, are usually granted for small-scale inventions that do not meet the eligibility standards under patent law, especially the inventive step requirement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper integrates theory, ethnography, and collaborative artwork to explore improvisational activity as both topic and tool of multidisciplinary HCI inquiry. Building on theories of improvisation drawn from art, music, HCI and social science, and two ethnographic studies based on interviews, participant observation and collaborative art practice, we seek to elucidate the improvisational nature of practice in both art and ordinary action, including human-computer interaction. We identify five key features of improvisational action -- reflexivity, transgression, tension, listening, and interdependence -- and show how these can deepen and extend both linear and open-ended methodologies in HCI and design. We conclude by highlighting collaborative engagement based on 'intermodulation' as a tool of multidisciplinary inquiry for HCI research and design.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Allocation reforms require a holistic view of the system, since the reform of only one aspect of allocation can have unintended impacts on other parts of the system. In terms of sequencing, the cases attest to the importance of determining a sustainable baseline (to determine how much water is available for allocation), before introducing changes to an allocation regime. Similarly, ensuring the hydrological integrity in the allocation system by accounting for return flows is important, especially when introducing trading that can shift water among uses with different rates of consumption. For instance, if entitlements are based on total withdrawals and a transfer is made from a user that has low consumptive use to one that has high consumptive use, return flows to the basin are reduced, putting pressure on the sustainability of the resource.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Most telling is the fact that at the southern end of Western Scandinavia, Skane generally frames its own development as part of the Copenhagen area as illustrated in the creation of the Greater Copenhagen and Skane Committee (see earlier description) and the common branding of Skane under “Greater Copenhagen”. Paradoxically, this is a case where cross-border governance to better control borders may have addressed one policy issue (migration) but aggravated others (labour market, environment). High-speed train (running at 320 km/hour) was supposed to connect Stockholm with Gothenburg in 2 hours and with Malmo in 2.5 hours by 2035.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)