albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
What procurement operations can be replaced or supported by electronic means? E-mail, Internet telephony (VoIP), video-conferencing and online discussion forums are easy to use and less expensive than the telephone, fax and regular mail. E-commerce applications have substantially improved purchasing and supply chain operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Policy making at the system level needs to be informed by high-quality data and evidence, but not driven by the availability of such information. Using these data, governments can analyse performance and identify priority areas for planning, intervention and policy. This typically entails the development of a system performance-measurement framework. In addition data should be based on accepted definitions for all levels of education, the quality of data should be improved, research should be conducted on those 'gaps' where systematic collection is loo cosily or not feasible, and a long-term strategy to improve measurement tools for future information needs should be developed. One option is to establish a protocol to share data system evaluation among key stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
New water reservoirs are not developed, so it is even more important to protect the existing reservoirs from pollution. Thirty per cent of the population is supplied from surface water sources. Among these, the most important is the Dniester River, which supplies about 83 per cent of the total amount of water abstracted. The volume of water abstracted from surface water sources was about 721 million m3 in 2011. The Dniester and Prut Rivers mark the borders of the country with Ukraine and Romania. Surface water has to be transported to the centre of the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In an effort to determine the extent and level of theoretical coverage in introductory International Relations (IR) textbooks, we conduct both latent and manifest analyses of IR theories in 18 undergraduate texts in the discipline. Focusing on realism, liberalism, constructivism, Marxism, and feminism, we find the bulk of theoretical content in chapters that specifically focus on theory. There is much less theoretical discussion in the issue chapters of most introductory texts. While some continue to stress, highlight, and even expand upon the theories in subsequent chapters, just as many focus on the content of the issues and less on providing students with a theoretical assessment of that issue. We discuss the pedagogical ramifications of these findings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One of the main problems is that even the existence of landfills does not guarantee an adequate treatment of waste. Only between 3.9% and 6.7% of the waste that enters into the selection plants is recuperated, and the rest is deposited in landfills. Managing solid waste costs MXN 3 billion yearly (USD 185 million approximately). Mexico City has 13 transfer stations to select, store and concentrate solid waste. It also has two selection plants to separate waste that can be recycled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Water charges should be based on volume to provide incentives for its efficient use, they should be gradually increased to reflect capital costs, opportunity costs of water scarcity and environmental externalities. Facilitating student exchanges both at domestic and international levels is another important measure. The economies should also facilitate discussion between agricultural education institutions and the agro-industry to identify bottlenecks for sector development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
But for countries which use price stabilising policies extensively, such as India, China and Japan, price volatility is substantially less than international markets. It should be noted, however, that comparison across countries is complicated by many factors, including product quality or attribute differences which may affect the diversity of movement in market prices. Figure 2.3 plots the nominal annualised historic volatility for the same three crops over 1957-2009. While one can distinguish spikes in the volatility due to the 1971-73 and the 2007/08 price hikes, there is no apparent trend in the series, suggesting that volatility of observed prices may increase for certain periods, but then return to normal levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Regardless of the options chosen, every developing country that may have any capability to engage in improvements of existing inventions and incremental innovation must be aware of the need to address so-called blocking patents, i.e. patents (which are typically foreign) that stand in the way of locally developed improvements. For this scenario, the TRIPS Agreement itself provides a solution in Article 31(1), which allows a compulsory license that enables the second comer to practice a patent on an improvement that might often infringe the dominant patent. Developing countries are free to adopt legislation enabling the issuance of compulsory licenses for dependent patents consistent with Article 31(1) of the TRIPS Agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This leads to a reassessment of the magnitude of welfare states and to a greater similarity in social expenditure-to-GDP ratios across countries. Figure 5 suggests that countries obtain a similar redistributive impact through drastically different size and progressivity combinations (Figure 4, panel B). For instance, in Portugal and the United States transfers attain about the same reduction in inequality but for different reasons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The study was funded by the Department of Health Policy Research Programme (http://prp.dh.gov.uk/) (Policy Research Unit in Behaviour and Health [PR-UN-0409-10109]). ASA and MRM are members of the UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, a UKCRC Public Health Research: Centre of Excellence. Funding from British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council, and the National Institute for Health Research, under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged. None of the funders had a role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or decision to submit for publication. The research was conducted independently of the funders, and the views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the funders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Exclusion and relative poverty are also challenges for advanced economies, and obstacles to growth opportunities for all economies (OECD, 2015a). Many innovations remain small in scale and scope. Scaling up innovation requires initiatives that are built around: 1) financially sustainable business models, and/or 2) participation by lower-income and excluded groups, thereby supporting their integration in the formal economy. Meeting this objective, however, is challenging.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Canada’s experience with programme-level collaboration may provide valuable insights on how to improve the RSAs (Box 6.1). These two regulatory policy levers (i.e. the inclusion of labour market relevance criteria in programme and institutional accreditation and the requirement to collaborate with social partners through the establishment of RSAs) generally work well together and reinforce each other’s individual impact. The requirement to establish RSAs helps higher education institutions meet the criteria for programme and institutional accreditation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Data collection and analysis should not be considered an after-thought, but rather, a core function of governmental services. The data gaps were found in both the formal and informal sectors. Problems of limited data are not unique to gender issues, but represent a pervasive problem affecting all kinds of economic and social statistics. Many governments are now assessing their capabilities for monitoring the new Sustainable Development Goals, together with traditional economic and social statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is an online register of practising and cancelled health practitioners. Employers and consumers can use it to check a health professional's registration status. Health professionals must renew their registration annually through participation in a prescribed amount of annual CPD. The ARTG is maintained by the Therapeutic Goods Administration, which is responsible for safeguarding and enhancing the health of the community through the effective and timely administration of the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The rapid increase in resources for STI has helped to expand STI activity and opportunities for learning. But a change in innovation policy strategy is now required. Austria will need to move towards a system which is less focused on expanding inputs and pays more attention to the evidence-based achievement of specified impact, i.e. on the efficiency and effectiveness of its investment in STI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Consumer confidence also appears to be recovering, a key requirement given the consumption-dependent nature of the economy. Unemployment, as a consequence of this steady increase in economic activity, has been on a downward trend. Given the importance of the United States as an export market globally, and specifically for Asia and the Pacific, the positive growth in the United States economy may provide some support to growth in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It appears that unemployed women are also better educated than unemployed men. In Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco, women with a tertiary education are more likely to be unemployed than those with lower levels of education.7 In Algeria and Jordan, 52% and 65% of unemployed women respectively are university graduates, compared with only 11% and 21% among men (ILO, 2016). Vulnerable employment, defined as the share of unpaid family workers and own-account workers (ILO), is higher among women than men in Egypt and Morocco (Figure 1.7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As a result, this classification does not always reflect current land use, thereby impeding land users from registering their rights and increasing land tenure insecurity. For instance, agricultural land may be used for non-agricultural purposes only with government approval, and such transfers are normally allowed only for public use. Similarly, some forest land has been partly or completely converted to agricultural use but remains classified as forest land and administered by the Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (MECF) instead of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MOAI).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In theory, governments could allow companies to make losses on poor investment choices in the face of this uncertainty. However, in practice, energy sector investments tend to involve quite a high level of political involvement, so it may not be easy to separate political and commercial decision-making. In many countries, governments remain sole or majority shareholders of their major energy companies. Commercial investment decisions are therefore often closely tied to political decisions with respect to the development of the energy sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Recent increases have put teacher salaries in Costa Rica roughly on a par with those of comparable Costa Rican professionals (Mizala and Nopo, 2012). The vast majority of decisions concerning education policy are taken at the national level, with the 27 regional offices of the MEP responsible for ensuring these are translated into practice. School principals reported in PISA 2015 one of the lowest levels of school autonomy among participating countries in student assessment, curriculum, staff and financial matters (see Figure 3 .1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Source: OECD (2012), Sick on the Job? Myths and Realities about Mental Health and Work, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264124S23-en. For example health services working with other sectors such as social welfare services, employment, education and housing. Developing and measuring relevant quality outcomes for specific mental health care services within this complexity is difficult. There are interdependencies between these different sectors in terms of their impact on mental health outcomes and quality of care which can make it more difficult to establish accountability when shortcomings arise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, the estimated total investment costs necessary to achieve the transport masterplan targets (including road and public transport targets) by 2020 for Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City are about USD 12.7 billion and USD 21 billion respectively (ADB, 2010). Viet Nam is not alone in facing a funding gap when it comes to infrastructure development: according to the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, the infrastructure funding gap in developing countries can be estimated to between USD 1 and 1.5 trillion (United Nations, 2015). However, considering the clear resource gap, Viet Nam urgently needs to devise complementary funding strategies. One of these mechanisms, as highlighted above, could be to price against negative externalities of car usage, through congestion and parking charges, and redirect this revenue into public transport infrastructure development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Teachers may learn about ESD and related topics, and may be highly motivated during training activities, but upon returning to their classrooms they struggle to find the time or means to effectively implement what was learned. This is disheartening and inefficient. As attractive as training activities may be to donors as a means of targeting large numbers, and as a means of disseminating ESD knowledge and skills, the surrounding context of such training and the anticipated classroom implementation need to be given serious consideration. In the SEP approach, training is not conceived of as a one-off event expected to change teaching practices on its own, but rather as a component of a broader system of supports and incentives which exerts a positive force on teaching practices over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Initially, the new system was introduced for inspections in the federal government’s area of responsibility but in 2017 it will also be used for inspections carried out by the federal states. International co-operation in EU seas was intensified and expanded during the review period. This enabled the Commission’s newly adopted specific control and inspection programmes in the North Sea, the Baltic Sea and western British waters to be successfully implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, the bulk of the increase is the result of the gradual extension in age eligibility introduced over the years. The CSG was initially available only to children until their seventh birthday. It was gradually extended in three phases to higher age groups and, from April 2005, the age threshold was set at 14 (i.e. children had to be under 14 years to receive the grant).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Food poverty is the lack of income needed to acquire a basic food basket, even if total household available income is only used to purchase the goods in such basket. Capability poverty is the lack of income needed to purchase a basic food basket and cover health and education expenses, even if total household income is only used for these purposes. Patrimony poverty is the lack of income needed to buy a basic food basket, as well as to cover expenses of health, education, housing, transportation and clothes, even if total household available income is exclusively used to purchase the goods in such basket. Poverty alleviation therefore continues to be a challenge of the highest priority for Mexican policy makers—especially in the current context of the weak global outlook that is exercising additional pressures on poverty reduction and the redistribution of income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Yet a national colorectal cancer screening programme is notably absent, due to several reasons. First, no professional consensus existed on the preferred methods for colorectal screening in Hungary. Second, a shortage of health professionals made it difficult to launch a colorectal cancer screening programme for large segments of the population. Third, investment in the necessary equipment and the overall cost of this programme were considered prohibitive during a period of tight budget constraints.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Energy policies include provisions for feed-in-tariffs, but these are largely deemed to be too low to attract private investment. A lack of institutional capacity and human resources in key policy and decision making units related to environment acts as a barrier to mainstreaming of environmental targets across sector policies and plans, especially energy. Indirect fossil fuel subsidies support and incentivise state-owned enterprises in the energy sector which are investing in fossil fuels, and capped fuel prices mean that renewable energy and energy efficiency investments are not always viable. According to OECD DAC statistics, in 2014, just over USD 1.5 billion in development finance flows supported climate change projects in Viet Nam, with around half (47%) focusing on climate change mitigation, a third supporting climate change adaptation (34%) and the rest supporting both mitigation and adaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
If the decision is made to engage in global monitoring of food insecurity among households with children, no new knowledge is needed in terms of measurement, however, without additional knowledge even this measure will be limited in its utility as it is not yet established how, or to what extent, household food insecurity represents a developmental risk to children across contexts. For all other measurement purposes some new knowledge is necessary. As discussed in the previous sections of this paper, three main conclusions from existing research are particularly important to informing the development of that new knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Social assistance consists mostly of cash transfers to vulnerable groups, but has been expanded to include a larger category of beneficiaries. One of the main challenges is the non-coverage of the poor who are not registered in the official poverty list. Social insurance coverage is driven largely by the compulsory or voluntary nature of the scheme. Mandatory social insurance schemes, which include maternity leave, pension, work-related injury, occupational hazards and health insurance, cover people with formal labour contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These individuals and families are perhaps better targeted by social policies for affordable housing, both in terms of treatment (e.g., housing these households) and prevention (e.g., financial support for housing before households lose their homes). There may be overlap between the transitionally homeless and those households living in subpar living conditions. For instance, some countries count as homeless those individuals or families living temporarily in conventional housing with other households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In contrast, less than 5% of the subsidised credit potentially available through KUPS was borrowed. A major reason for this low uptake is that eligible borrowers do not have the collateral to meet the banks commercial lending requirements. The participating banks bear the full extent of the credit risk and the selection of farmers for participation is at the sole discretion of the executing banks. This was replaced in 2008 by the People’s Business Credit (Kredit Usaha Rafeyat, KUR), which integrated SP3 with several other guaranteed credit programmes conducted by other government ministries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Similarly, IMF (2015) found that on average about 30 per cent of the potential benefits of public investment are lost due to inefficiencies in the investment process. Between 2005 and 2014, the impact of better governance on public sector efficiency was as high as 57 per cent in Georgia in the health sector and as high as 32 per cent in Indonesia in the education sector (ESCAP, 2017a). Moreover, as will be discussed in chapter II, good governance could help better leverage private capital for infrastructure development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Sharma (2005) also found many cases where an import surge occurred even while domestic prices continued to rise, leading him to conclude that imports have been ‘pulled in’ through prior shortfalls in domestic production rather than higher imports causing domestic production to fall. Thus, the consequences of increased imports for food security need to be carefully evaluated before deciding on the appropriate response. During this period, many countries pursued trade and domestic policy responses intended to stabilise domestic markets and protect urban consumers (Abbott, 2009, Jones and Kwiecinski, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2011, a federal programme PRONATEC was launched and now covers 8 million students. Since 2013, it includes a component targeted to rural youngsters: PRONATEC Countryside. For example, in university education, the number of agricultural courses for bachelor degrees reached 830 in 2011, a six-fold increase over 1991, which covers only full-time studies, and does not include distance courses or MBAs (Table 5.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Peer networks tenc The few Latin American and Middle Eastern systerr scale. The table indicates where, among all teachers, a given teacher would from only one best practice, compared to those who benefit from five or ten as important. Table 2.1 shows a teacher's score on the teacher professionalism xpected to rank if he/she benefitted practices that the OECD identifies o fall among the bottom third of all profession and work environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Gender statistics provide researchers and analysts with the quantitative evidence necessary to assess gender gaps in all areas of life, to understand the interlinkages between cultural, social and economic factors that are at the basis of gender inequality and their dynamic over time and to evaluate the implications of unequal access of women and men to social and economic opportunities. Gender statistics are used in monitoring progress towards gender equality and the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental rights by women and girls. Gender equality means equal opportunities, rights and responsibilities for women and men, girls and boys (United Nations, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The goal is a 25% increase in aquaculture output with a focus on eco-friendly production. The initiatives are part of the final implementation of the Natura 2000 directives for marine designated sites. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production, aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD. The main objective is the efficient implementation of the landing obligation and support of solutions to decrease and handle unwanted catches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)