albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap for Asia and the Pacific: Turning Resource Constraints and the Climate Crisis into Economic Growth Opportunities. Available from www.unescap.org/esd/publications/ environment/lcgg-roadmap/Roadmap_FINAL_l 5_6_12.pdf. Available from www.un.org/millennium goals/reports.shtml.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Niger Delta region of Nigeria has been engulfed by oil-related conflict for over two decades now, and concerns pertaining to Nigeria's national security, economic stability, and global energy security have been brought to the fore of global discourse. This paper reflects on the character and dynamics of oil turbulence and in particular the transformation of the conflict from a community protest against oil industry operations to insurgency and the counterinsurgent responses by state security forces. The article indentifies the availability of arms, endemic corruption, state violence, patterns of corporate practice, and the politics of oil revenue distribution as central to the origins of the contemporary crisis. The paper interrogates the amnesty program and draws attention to incomplete disarmament, poor post amnesty rehabilitation, and political contradictions as possible threats to its success.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Prices for water supply have been lowest for households and highest for business consumers. Price gaps have been narrowed through the application of a strict price-setting methodology by the national authorities. In 2004, in an attempt to reform price-setting, benchmarking was proposed as a way to help improve the performance of public utilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Additionally, the combined impact of slowing growth in major economies and steadily declining energy intensity mean that the growth in energy demand will likely slow. Low prices will induce economic activity, while reducing inflationary, external and fiscal pressures in oil-importing countries. On the other hand, low prices will adversely affect oil-exporting countries by weakening their fiscal and external positions and by reducing their economic activity. For those countries, the Asian Development Bank estimates an additional 0.5 per cent growth rate in 2015 GDP if oil prices remain low.9 Low oil prices also lower inflation rates and present opportunities for oil importing countries to accelerate their programmes related to fossil fuel subsidies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The same process is used to estimate Medicaid beneficiaries with the exception that time until death is not included. All other health spending grows with the change in the population in each age and sex group multiplied by GDP per capita and ECG. Estimates of growth in GDP per capita each year over the projection period come from CBOLT in a separate macroeconomic framework (CBO, 2009). The projection of ECG begins with estimation of historical ECG for the three main components of health spending (Medicare, Medicaid and '‘all other” health expenditures) and for overall spending on health care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Concurrently, a steady increase has been recorded in bilateral biodiversity-related ODA from members of the OECD DAC over the past decade, reaching USD 7.9 billion per year in 2015-16. Despite this, biodiversity-related ODA still makes up only a small share of overall portfolios, around 6% in 2015-16. Both of these include efforts to a) improve policies and institutions, b) improve data and information systems, and c) mobilise financing for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Given that a large majority of the population purchase Shaban, then for many the choice of fund is likely to be governed by a general assessment of the quality of care, in combination with judgement as to which Shaban package offers the most attractive deal. Efforts have been made to ensure there are no barriers to switching in the Shaban regulations, for instance a problem with waiting periods has been resolved (Box 2.4). In this context the Shaban system is probably superior to allowing the health funds to market regular commercial insurance, which can usually be designed to lock clients in and effectively dissuade them from considering whether to switch funds. In other words the individual is not initially covered for certain treatments when they sign up to a health plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
First, while the case is strong for supporting gender parity in outcomes, other interventions that directly tackle gender discrimination in social institutions are critical for economic development. While discussing specific policy options goes beyond the scope of this paper, the SIGI 2014 report (OECD, 2014b) provides examples of how social institutions can be transformed through gender-responsive and gender-transformative policies and interventions. Second, as discriminatory social institutions seem to represent an additional growth bottleneck for low-income countries, unlocking this growth potential could be particularly beneficial for the world's least developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This event symbolized China’s formal entry' into the global economic arena. It included, in particular, the granting of Permanent Normal Trade Relations status with the United States - its largest single trading partner. This normalization removed the uncertainties in bilateral trade relations between these two large economies, and played a key role in the rapid increase of FDI to China, which accelerated production-sharing across East Asia.11 China’s accession to the WTO also implied the eventual elimination of discriminatory', WTO-inconsistent measures against its exports within an agreed time frame.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Child development is not only reflected in and affected by academic knowledge and cognitive skills, but also by physical well-being, motor development, socio-emotional development and approaches towards learning (Barblett and Maloney, 2010, Raver, 2002, Snow, 2007). Monitoring child development should be carried out in a way that respects values and beliefs about child development in a particular society and involve family and community members in ensuring that the cultural context is duly considered in monitoring practices (Espinosa and Lopez, 2007, Oliver et al., This is also stressed in the OECD Network on ECEC’s document "Early Learning and Development: Common Understandings” (2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To support the development of effective and state of the art policies on air quality, a quick update of the WHO air quality guidelines is necessary. The current version stems from 2005 and there is sufficient evidence that a tightening of the values would be justified. It would be recommendableto invest in a thorough study of the actual effects of green in cities and how it can be used in the most efficient way. A first step would be to inform, regional and national authorities, asthere appears to be a big difference in actual knowledge from the government side. It is important to find communication strategies that will reach as many stakeholders as possible. In order to guarantee reliable and harmonized information, there is an important role for international organisations such as the EU, UNECE, WHO and UNEP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Their responsibilities and disempowerment thus worsen their vulnerability and prevent them from developing adaptation and response capacities (ECLAC, 2017). The lack of access to better drinking water sources results in health problems, including gastrointestinal disorders that remain a major cause of death and healthy life years lost in the region. It also affects school attendance and academic performance and means a greater burden of unpaid work, which reduces the time available for paid work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A number of lower-income economies among OECD and Key Partner countries have lower levels of alcohol consumption (e.g. Indonesia, India, Turkey, China and Mexico, see Figure 1). Although no statistical relationship can be established, this may suggest that emerging economies might experiment higher levels of consumption as their revenue increases. To better understand the drivers of the level of alcohol consumption over time, extensions for further analysis could explore the effects of macro-level factors, including economic as well as environmental indicators. Social patterns of drinking tend to differ across countries, as they are largely the result of cultural and environmental influences, and of government policies in place in the countries concerned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These can allow for timely tracking of deployment of clean energy infrastructure. They can also help the government track the success rate of clean energy projects, which can guide future support to clean energy technologies as well as strengthen the business case for presentation to national banks. Finally, much as for generation deployment, expansion of the network will need to be monitored and evaluated over time to guarantee that the grid is able to accommodate an increasing share of clean electricity generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It emphasises the importance of designing and implementing effective systems for helping young people make good linkages between their education choices and their potential employment options. This ranges from creating opportunities for stimulating a young person’s imagination on different career possibilities to providing specific guidance about the importance of STEM studies for opening up careers in the new green economy. Good linkages of this type are influential in motivating learning in schools and contribute to producing school leavers who have the skills needed by industry for employment growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There are strong arguments to strengthen the quality information infrastructure around hospitals and to develop new policy orientations to drive improvement in hospital outcome of care. Plan to specialise and more clearly differentiate the function of hospital beds is an essential step to ensure an appropriate use of hospital resources and improve both the outcomes and efficiency of care. Based on some OECD indicators related to five-year survival estimate for cancer, Japan appears to be performing well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Although most of Brazil’s soybean production is for export markets, domestic demand for crush is expected to continue increasing. Demand for crush is expected to grow by around 2.3% per annum during the period so that by the end of the projection period, demand for crush is expected to reach almost 47.1 Mt, some 27% above the base period (Figure 2.9). Higher crush results in higher protein meal production which grows to 39 Mt in 2024. Most of the additional production stays at home to feed the pork and poultry sectors with feed use increasing by 4.9% per annum to more than 27 Mt, some 66% higher than the base.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, the bigger challenge is to ensure children attend school and learn. The dropout rates are unacceptably high, especially for girl children who are pulled out of school to undertake household and sibling care, thereby violating their right to education and constraining their capabilities and freedoms. Coupled with other measures and incentives such as abolition of school fees, incentives such as scholarships, uniforms and hot cooked meals as well as a child friendly environment, the Education Act is designed to involve parents and communities in implementation and oversight.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Odier challenges arise from the specific way the country's health system and its institutions were reorganised in 1993 and the subsequent adjustments made since then. To name but a few, improvements in health care access and outcomes have not been equally distributed across geographic regions and socio-economic groups, and the envisaged model of managed competition between payers has not much materialised in practice, creating weak incentives for care qualify enhancing activities at the provider level. Specifically, a set of policy strategies is presented, based on the experience of other countries that have faced similar challenges to Colombia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In order to preserve genetic resources, it implements genetic fund conservation measures through conservation of natural populations or by raising specialized crops. It publishes the Forest Cadastre annually, as well as updates of plan documents. The Public Enterprise "Sume RS" has 4,568 employees, 27 of whom are in organizational roles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It will further contribute structuring the survey of existing redistributive policy frameworks in section 3 and the ensuing discussion in section 4. At the global level, the impact of redistributive policies was strongly influenced by major wars, strategic shifts and ideological inflexions. Both indices increased in tandem over that period as they were influenced by various factors, including redistributive policies. As market-friendly policies gained steam and institutionalized, market income inequality increased rapidly starting in the mid-1980s, with slashes in top marginal income and corporate tax rates encouraging rising executive pay and shareholder dividends mostly accruing to the wealthiest (Piketty et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As the instruments built up over time normally have differing conceptions of the causes of specific problems and variations in how problems are framed, this also makes achieving policy coherence difficult. Using the policy mix concept in policy assessment and design work helps draw attention to inconsistencies and redundancies. These in turn influence both the set of attainable goals and the ability to achieve them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The high suicide rates indicate a crisis in mental health and may be due to underservicing of indigenous communities' mental health systems. Mental health strategies should be a priority in any current mental health initiatives within Canada and the United States. Indigenous peoples' mental health issues are best understood in the context of colonialism. Traditional teachings and knowledge provide a basis for positive self-image and healthy identity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The ambitious mission included a target to connect health centres and hospitals. The health sector is recognised as information intensive, processing the vast volumes of data generated can no longer efficiently be done manually. Today, ICT is becoming central to the effective operation of health systems and services, although progress is uneven. Facilities can vary within and between countries, thus making standardization of measurement difficult.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This review examines the U.S. federal response to the crisis in child mental health in relation to its efforts to address the crisis in public education. By presenting side-by-side federal responses to these two seemingly unrelated crises, this review highlights the co-occurring nature of the problems. The interconnectedness of these crises explains in part why the federal initiatives that have dealt with these problems separately, in isolation, have been minimal in their effectiveness. It is concluded, therefore, that federal efforts in improving children’s mental health and academic performance should be integrated to achieve optimal outcomes. From a national policy perspective, we recommend that children’s social-emotional development be incorporated into reauthorization of the No Child Left Behind Act. This policy enhancement could effectuate (a) a broader accountability system for both academic performance and social-emotional development, and (b) a greater system of care for child mental health with schools as the focal point.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Both in the longitudinal French sample (Glymour, Tzourio and Dufouil 2012) and in cross-sectional PIAAC data (Paccagnella 2016a), more educated individuals experienced slightly faster skills decline. In contrast, a study using longitudinal Dutch data on individuals between ages 24 and 81 found that more educated adults experienced slow'er skills decline (De Grip et al. In terms of the skills distribution more generally, Paccagnella (2016a) observes that the dispersion of scores tends to increase with age in most countries in cross-sectional PIAAC data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Sweden was the first OECD country to introduce paid parental leave in 1974. In 1995, it introduced a one-month leave period exclusively for fathers, which it subsequently extended to two, then three, months. In Iceland, for example, only 3% of available parental leave days were taken up by fathers prior to the introduction in 2001 of a three-month father-specific entitlement to paid leave.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These record stock levels were mainly driven by China, where the authorities have been purchasing large quantities of cotton for the official reserve since 2010. The 2013 market environment for biofuels was strongly influenced by policies: blending requirements were increased in Brazil (ethanol), and in Argentina and Indonesia (biodiesel), the European Union put in place anti-dumping duties against Argentinean, US and Indonesian shipments of biodiesel, and there were proposals towards lower biofuel targets for 2020 in the European Renewable Energy Directive (RED) as well as towards lower mandates in the United States. Among the major influences are the economic slowdown in many emerging markets, in particular China and India, high oil and energy prices, slower population growth rates, moderate inflation rates, and an appreciation of the US Dollar compared to the currencies of Brazil, India and South Africa by more than 40% for the period 2014-23. Box 1.1 discusses the main assumptions underlying the agricultural projections and Box 1.2 analyses recent food price movements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Metropolitan cities can levy both provincial and municipal own taxes. Taxes on properties represent a total of 30% of subnational government tax and 1.2% of gross domestic product. Transfers from the central government to local authorities mostly include transfers from revenue sharing between levels of government and categorical grants. Revenue sharing is divided into regular revenue sharing (RRS) and revenue sharing for decentralisation (RSD).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The hundreds of millions of livestock that grasslands support add substantial depth to food security and livelihoods of the poor. Governments must protect these sources of food security and livelihoods that are being endangered. Measures include rehabilitating degraded grasslands, as well as improving crop and grazing land use and management, and livestock and manure management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This commentary uses the case Artavia-Murillo et al. v. Costa Rica as a starting point for analyzing the decision-making process of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The Artavia case refers to the Costa Rican ban on in vitro fertilization and to some other life-related issues. This case reveals, in a strikingly clear fashion, certain features of the argumentative processes of the Court of the Americas. Some of these features are this court’s extra-Convention jurisdiction, its maximalist approach to decision-making, its use of non-binding instruments as a means for adjudicating, its evolutive interpretation of the Convention without objective parameters, its lack of deference toward domestic interpretation of rights, and its hispanocentrism. This commentary concludes that some of these features may undermine the Inter-American Court’s prestige.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This Act established the National Assembly for Wales as a corporate body with an executive government and a legislating body, and passed the governance of the NHS in Wales from the UK Parliament to the Welsh Government and the Welsh Minister for Health and Social Services. A subsequent Government of Wales Act 2006 provided the Welsh National Assembly with primary legislative powers in a number of areas including health. The UK Government retains responsibility for UK-wide areas such as tax, defence, foreign policy, social security and welfare benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Private consumption growth continued to be the main growth driver, as reflected in robust services activities relating to trade, finance, transport and communications, and real estate. However, strong household consumption was not broad-based, rural demand was weaker due to muted agricultural activity and slower rural wage growth resulting from subpar monsoon seasons in recent years. Meanwhile, stalled large-scale infrastructure projects and somewhat cautious investor sentiment resulted in sluggish fixed investment growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The system cannot rely on consistent tools for measuring the quality and effectiveness of the education system and the actual achievement of learning outcomes, as there are neither external assessments of learning, based on standardised national assessments, nor external evaluations of schools and leaching. Students advance from grade to grade as they are assessed in schools by their teachers, and external examinations are only used to regulate tertiary education's admissions. A provision regarding evaluation of schools was included in the law passed in May 2010 (3848/201) which also included requirements regarding the conditions surrounding the employment of teachers, school directors, and others (see section on current references in the section on development and use of human resources). It will also include suggestions for improvement in the next school year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This chapter highlights a set of key policy issues around the export of hazardous activities, and contextualizes them within the wider process of globalization. The export of hazardous activities remains a problem despite attempts at international regulation via the Basel convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Wastes and their disposal. Whilst public policy can serve to reduce risks to some people in some places, it typically does so by enhancing the risk to other people in other places, albeit unintentionally. Such exports therefore remain a key policy issue and bring with them a series of concerns for public health, the manner in which governments and corporations communicate risk, and the capacity of local populations to comprehend the nature of the risks involved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Recent experience in the electricity markets has shown that the introduction of VRE, even at modest penetration levels, has had large impacts on the level and volatility of electricity prices and has jeopardised the economics of existing generators and incumbent utilities. More specifically, it is urgent that all technologies be exposed to the market price and bear the hill cost of connecting the plant to the T&D infrastructure. If policies are sought to promote the development of low-carbon technologies, they should primarily focus on the establishment of an adequate and credible carbon price, and could be possibly combined with other forms of technologically neutral incentives to low-carbon technologies. However, such incentives must leave each generator exposed to the market price and thus link the remuneration with the value of the electricity provided to the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)