albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Moreover, a budget-neutral redistribution of family and housing benefits to poor families can help reduce child poverty in many countries. But, such a reallocation of benefits does not lift children from very low-income families out of poverty. These children often experience multiple aspects of material deprivation (including poor housing conditions and a lack of educational opportunities), which calls for a comprehensive strategy combating poverty in all its dimensions. Les tendances de la pauvrete et du niveau de vie des enfants de families a faible revenu depuis le debut de la Grande recession sont egalement examinees de pres: pres d'un enfant sur sept est pauvre en revenu dans les pays de l'OCDE, et la pauvrete des enfants a augmente dans pres des deux tiers des pays de l'OCDE avec la Grande Recession. Environ un enfant sur dix dans l'ensemble de l'OCDE vit dans une famille dont le niveau de vie est inferieur au seuil de pauvrete de 2005. Les enfants de families a faible revenu ont connu une baisse de leur niveau de vie dans de nombreux pays, la baisse etant souvent plus importante parmi les families a tits faible revenu.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, farm labour may be easier to motivate and supervise, while smallholders may have important local knowledge and may be more adept at managing some forms of risk. On the other hand, there are important economies of scale beyond the farm in areas such as procuring inputs, obtaining information on markets and technical farming issues, in meeting standards and certifying production, and in transacting with large scale buyers from processors and supermarkets, with their exacting demands (Wiggins, 2009). Small farms may be technically and allocatively efficient, given the existing level of development, but economies of scale beyond the farm gate are likely become more apparent as the economy develops. In much of Africa, only a minority of farms produces a marketed surplus.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In most cases, municipalities are therefore responsible for public service delivery, but have no legislative functions and heavily depend on federal and state transfers (tax rates that have to be approved by State Legislature), and the hyper-fragmented water sector. The Constitution also gives them the possibility to subcontract this responsibility to autonomous service provider under their supervision. In a few instances, municipalities have relinquished their prerogatives to the State and water is managed by a “Water Commission”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
With the spread of information communication technologies in recent decades, labour markets have been profoundly affected. Particular types of jobs - often routine ones - are increasingly performed by machines and workers have needed to acquire new skills. For other workers however, the introduction of new technologies has complemented their existing skills and made them more productive. Gains from trade accrue from the ability to allocate resources to the sectors and locations where they can be most efficient. In particular, global trade integration has facilitated the efficient production of intermediate goods thanks to the organisation of fragmented supply chains. More open economies tend to grow faster and participation in global value chains is associated with better knowledge diffusion and stronger productivity growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Sweden has no formal, national systems of CME and CPD, and consistent with Sweden’s culture of local empowerment, trust and shared values, this agenda is not nationally mandated. The responsibility for CME and CPD for all employed medical staff in Sweden rests with employers (e.g. county councils, municipalities and private providers). In Denmark, professionals engage in regular CPD and learning, but expectations and requirements around this are not formalised in any way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The majority of wastewater plants in Northern and Central Europe now apply tertiary treatment, although elsewhere in the EU, particularly in the south-east, the proportion of primary and secondary treatment remains higher. This has led to a reduction in discharge of nutrients, biological oxygen demand — a measure of organic pollution — and of ammonia to receiving waters. The emission of some hazardous chemicals has also been reduced. To mitigate point-source pollution by micropollut ants in Switzerland, for example, the large mem plants in areas of concern are to be upgraded, with a furthe treatment step in addition to tertiary treatment. The correspond ing legal basis is currently being established. Contaminant transport pathways are complex and the ultimate fate of urban pollutants highly variable, depending, among other things, on the mode of wastewater collection and treatment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2006, upper secondary education was reformed with the aim of strengthening vocational education. In addition to a General Lyceum imparting academic education, the new framework includes: a Professional Lyceum providing vocational education with emphasis on theoretical knowledge and giving access to tertiary education, and Vocational Schools providing vocational training with emphasis on practical learning and laboratory practice. Moreover, a number of Vocational Schools under the supervision of the public employment service provide apprenticeship training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
There is a need to go much further to eliminate indirect forms of discrimination and the structural barriers that have the effect, if not always the intention, of producing unequal outcomes. It is also a development imperative: the growing inequalities between social groups, and between rich and poor women, undermine development by wasting human capabilities and talents, hindering economic dynamism and threatening social cohesion. The Open Working Group of the General Assembly (OWG) on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has articulated a vision of a world that is 'just, equitable and inclusive',’ making clear that gender equality and women's and girls' empowerment are central to this urgent endeavour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is difficult to behold, especially when it afflicts children. However, even the apparently well fed - those who receive sufficient calories to fuel their daily activities - can suffer the ‘hidden hunger’ of micronutrient malnutrition: deficiencies of such essentials as vitamin A, iron or zinc from fruits, vegetables, fish or meat. It has many short- and long-term consequences, including delayed mental development, heightened risk of infectious diseases and susceptibility to chronic disease in adult life.20 In low-income countries, child undernutrition is likely to be a consequence of poverty, characterized as it is by low family status and income, poor environment and housing, and inadequate access to food, safe water, guidance and health care. At least a quarter of urban children under 5 were stunted, indicating that they had been undernourished for some time. Income was a significant factor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These countries have acquired the potential to put in place social policies that foster human development and social cohesion. This refers to absolute poverty measured by the international poverty line of USD 1.25 PPP (purchasing-power parity) per day. The growth elasticity of poverty reduction derived from the regression line in Figure 4.2 is -1.12.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In this paper the two indicators are used side by side. It is expected that the effect of the crisis is more visible for monetary poverty than for material deprivation because the former is more sensitive to variations in the income stream (Whelan, Layte, & MaTtre 2004). Low income, adjusted for household size and composition, is thus measured with reference to the 'average' person in the society. However, the relative poverty indicator is less useful during the crisis, when the living standards of the whole population may be changing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Succession planning for an ageing workforce presents another challenge for policy makers. Compounding the issue is the fact that social disadvantage is typically higher in regional and remote areas, where workforce shortages are more acute. It is not infeasible, for example, that a rural patient in Western Australia faces the prospect of travelling 3 000 kilometres to attend an appointment with a specialist in the state’s capital of Perth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article examines the enduring ways that racial politics are masked by discourses of place and family in the history of juvenile justice in the USA. The tropes of place and family have been invoked since the inception of the USA’s juvenile justice system and have influenced the processes of policing, removal, and return, even as the latest incarnation of reforms focus on building juvenile justice facilities and alternatives to incarceration within urban areas. By pointing to recent manifestations of this rhetoric in New York, the article identifies the thread that links these claims together: the desire by social control agents for submission by the primarily impoverished and young people of color who defy legal authority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For most emerging and developing countries, biofuel subsidies are only a limited option to promote domestic biofuel production since financing possibilities are constrained. However, tax-exemptions, and other measures are applied in some countries (e.g. Thailand). Biofuel production in emerging and developing countries is, furthermore, affected by biofuel policies in OECD countries, whose ambitious biofuel mandates can hardly be met solely from domestic sources. It expects that both first-generation biofuel and cellulosic ethanol blending quotas will not be met by domestic production in 2012, suggesting the necessity of imports from other countries, primarily Brazil (IEA, 2009b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This chapter scrutinizes the intersection and relationship of human rights and international humanitarian law in general, the application of human rights treaties extraterritorially and, lastly, provide an in-depth analysis of specific human rights provisions and their relevance for the treatment of those in need of medical care in armed conflict, namely the right to life, the right to health, the prohibition of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, the prohibition of medical and scientific experimentation and the right to humane treatment. The examination concentrates on the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). Regional treaties are addressed when relevant. Both ICCPR and ICESCR have been ratified almost universally. Amongst the countries that have not ratified the ICESCR are the USA and South Africa.Keywords: armed conflict, human rights treaties, ICCPR, ICESCR, South Africa, USA
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The project will provide the Member States with tools and methods for mapping, assessing and communicating the status and trends of biodiversity. It also examines how the concepts of natural capital and ecosystem services could support wider EU policies in the economic, social and environmental sphere. A number of case studies in the project cover themes like sustainable urban management, management of mixed rural landscapes, integrated river basin management and coastal area management. Together with the project OPERA, the project has established an online platform (Oppla-http://oppla.eu) gathering the latest knowledge about nature-based solutions across Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In Cambodia, much of the success was achieved in the 1990s, in the past decade, the country has struggled to maintain its share of manufactures around 90 per cent. Outside of Asia, Haiti stands out as a success story in diversification into manufactures. Its share of manufactures in merchandise exports increased from 67.4 per cent in 1995 to over 90 per cent in 2011. Unfortunately, no African LDC can boast a similar performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Waste assessment is carried out by the client. This is the reason for the identification of the expected harmful substances prior to building demolition. These eco-labels are used on a wide range of products including building materials. However, only a limited number of building materials have yet been registered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
There was also a significant positive impact on the ownership of tools, while the share of households with any expenditure on inputs (seeds, fertilizer and hired labour) increased by 18 points from a baseline share of 23 percent. These investments led to a 50 percent increase in the overall value of agricultural commodities produced, which are primarily sold rather than consumed on-farm. The programme produced a household-level multiplier, with the increase in per capita consumption 25 percent greater than the transfer itself (Daidone, Davis, Dewbre, Gonzalez-Flores etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, less than half of boys of primary school age in South Sudan were attending school in 2015, only about one third of girls were in school. Similarly low levels of primary school enrolment are seen in countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia. The Gini Coefficient is a measure of income distribution in a country and is the most commonly used measure of income inequality. The graph suggests that countries with young age structures are generally more unequal in terms of income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Thus, income variability at the aggregate level disguises the actual risk exposure of farms. The differences in the fluctuations of unit margins across farms also indicate the importance of on-farm strategies in managing income risk. A variance of income assuming sheep monoproduction is calculated (Var ISH), and the difference between Var ISH and Var I is assumed to be the contribution of output diversification into the income variance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As described in Mongolia’s 2015 national report, "Managing the transition from the Millennium Development Goals to the Sustainable Development Goals", there are considerable discrepancies in children’s health status related to parental education, household income, infrastructure development and geographical location. Additionally, in selected poverty-prone areas, a decline in household income leads to food shortages, which in turn results in malnutrition among infants and under-5-year-old children. In 2015, the infant (under-1-year-old) mortality rate was 15.3, the highest infant mortality rate is observed for the western region (22 per 1,000 live births). In 2016, the average maternal mortality ratio at aimag level was 56.0 per 100,000 live births and the Ulaanbaatar maternal mortality' ratio was 41.8 per 100,000 live births.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The papers included in the series cover a broad range of issues, of both a technical and policy-analytical nature, in the areas of work of the DSTI. The Working Papers are generally available only in their original language - English or French - with a summary in the other. Authorship is usually collective, but principal writers are named.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This points to the possibility that the effects which reductions in inequality have in terms of decreases in poverty levels may be greater than the effects of increases in mean income levels. One possible explanation for this is that increases in income levels are transmitted to the poor segment of the population in the region in a disproportionate (or unequal) manner. These results are similar to those obtained by Franga (2010). This analysis is presented in the following sections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This plan should seek to enhance policy coherence with agriculture, energy and territorial development and bridge identified governance gap, with a high level of political commitment. The mechanisms should leave sufficient flexibility to adjust to the features of each state and basin’s institutional structure and will require capacity building at all levels to match responsibilities with capabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The responsibility for opinions expressed in studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by UNECE or FAO of the opinions expressed. Reference to names of fi ms and commercial products and processes, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply their endorsement by UNECE or FAO, and any failure to mention a particular fi m, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. For the preparation of this study, the ECE/FAO Forestry and Timber Section relied on a wide range of experts in the Caucasus and Central Asia and would like to thank them for their valuable contributions. The study was undertaken to support the preparation of restoration pledges in the eight countries of the Caucasus and Central Asia in the run up to the Ministerial Roundtable on Forest Landscape Restoration and the Bonn Challenge in the Caucasus and Central Asia that took place in June 2018 in Astana, Kazakhstan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Decentralisation could help SNGs assume control over the resources they administer and become more accountable to citizens. This needs to be a flexible process that allows the central/local dynamics to evolve. However, a clear plan for its implementation should be designed, with defined roles for the various management levels and linkages between them. Introducing co-ordination mechanisms among cities could facilitate joint investments and enhance metropolitan planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
New technologies make logistics and transport more efficient, consumers prefer higher degrees of customization, and e-commerce brings markets closer together, leading to a parcellization of trade (see Box C.4). Thus, infrastructure and geographical factors will remain important for digital intensive products that are still traded physically. The role of legal institutions that measure the ability of countries to enforce contracts will increase insofar as they interact with other policy fields.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The report makes the distinction between green jobs, i.e. new jobs that are created through producing new green goods and services, and greening existing jobs, which involves increasing the sustainability tasks and skills associated with existing jobs. Hence the report accepts the broad definition of green jobs as “jobs that contribute to protecting the environment and reducing the harmful effects human activity has on it (mitigation), or to helping to better cope with current climate change conditions (adaptation)”2. This approach builds on the seminal contribution of the globally-recognised definition of sustainability provided by the World Commission on Environment and Development (the Bruntland report), which emphasised the broader perspective of sustainability encompassing economic, social and environmental dimensions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Relative income mobility (a household's income change with respect to others) was also important, especially among the middle class (defined as those between 50% and 150% of the median income). Even if existing members of the middle dass did not move to the poor or rich groups, the majority changed their position within the middle dass itself (only 13% to 29% stayed within their initial dedle). One reason for this high within-dass mobility is that the large number of households in the middle dass narrows the values of each income dedle brackets, but also those at the bottom (top) of the income distribution can only stay in the same decile or move up (down).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Similarly, the generous deductions for private pension savings and mortgage interest deductions could be cut significantly to increase revenues and reduce inequality. The additional tax revenues raised could be used to provide more generous benefits for particular families, either through direct cash benefits or indirect PIT reliefs, including for lower income families with children. In Chile, only “Single Taxpayers at 167% of the average wage” have to pay a small amount of PIT, single parents can benefit from a small child benefit, which reduces the tax burden slightly below 7 per cent. Chile has very generous non-standard tax reliefs which primarily benefit richer taxpayers, which contributes to lowering the PIT system’s progressivity. Chile allows taxpayers to deduct voluntary contributions and voluntary pension fund savings from taxable income, the maximum deduction in 2014 (CLP 14 776 260) was more than twice the average wage. Chile also has a very generous mortgage interest relief deduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Since the results presented in annex II show very minimal transfer effects on most activities in the United Republic of Tanzania, the rest of the analysis will concentrate on the open and dosed-loop effects. A logical question would then be: "What is the value added by deconstructing the multipliers into open and dosed-loop effects?" Value is added because an understanding of the relative strengths of the two sources of impact helps answer the following policy-relevant question: “Which particular activities - both direct and indirect - will help uplift the welfare of the rural poor, and should forest policy encourage investments that enhance the operation of the direct effect or the indirect effect?"
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, Belgium and other EU countries recommend that policymakers move assertively to decouple economic advancement from growth in material and energy throughput. To improve metrics, policymakers could factor natural capital contributions into economic calculations, and price these to deter degradation or liquidation of natural capital. For example, a healthy and productive forest depends on services provided by nature, incorporating the value of these contributions along with the contributions of labour, fuel, planting, etc., Similarly, impacts that would diminish the productivity or resilience of natural capital could be included along with other costs. Devising additional metrics to measure the impact of the non-obvious and non-quantifiable would provide a useful tool for policymaking. Such measures could include rigorous value and opinion surveys, observational studies of human choices and happiness, alternative assessments of value (such as the value of forests, mountains and coral reefs for tourism and ecosystem services as opposed to just resource extraction), and the like.3.4 SMM policy principle 4.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Based on empirical studies, the experiences of several African and Asian countries with stock schemes over the last 15 years are assessed. A number of the stockholding policies reviewed did not aim primarily or exclusively at symmetric price stabilisation (i.e. avoiding both too high and too low prices) but pursued other objectives as well, such as providing grains in cases of emergencies, distributing food aid, providing food assistance and managing international trade. In some cases, providing price support to farmers was an (implicit) mandate of the schemes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This is because when the buyer is tasked with ensuring the sustainability of the supply chain, it is much simpler to do so with a smaller number of large producers. This would certainly be true if such labels were mandatory government-led efforts. It might be true to a lesser extent if the labels achieved such market share as to become de facto mandatory. As to the first of these concerns, there are currently no mandatory PCF labels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)