albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. By successfully connecting a much larger number of the poor to the mobile phone network, they have served as a platform for several "inclusive innovations” in the areas of health and education (Box 1.2), as well as a platform for activities involving the poor in agriculture and fishing. Use of mobile phones allows health workers, even in remote areas, to report disease incidence data immediately to health officials, speeding up their ability to respond.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Agriculture plays a less sizeable role within the regional food economy than in the past, 40% of the value added in the agro-food sector is no longer dependant on agriculture. Increasing urbanisation and human mobility are influencing the evolution of food diets, social habits and the profile of agricultural labour, including in rural areas, and the post-harvest segments of the food value chains are expanding in line with socioeconomic change (Allen and Heinrigs, 2016). An analysis of how men's roles are evolving would be an equally critical and timely effort and would paint a comprehensive picture of how resilience and food and nutrition security can best be achieved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Consequently, the implementation of policy measures promoting the industrial sector's development provides for additional employment spillover effects in other sectors. This was especially evident in the OECD-WTO monitoring exercise (2019) where partner countries frequently mentioned the simultaneous expansion of both the industrial and the service sector as an aid-for-trade priority. Many countries invest large amounts in human capital formation to provide a sufficient supply of skilled workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To reduce housing costs effectively, akimats need to ensure that the number of new'ly constructed housing units is higher than the number of new households. New housing development should be compact and transport-oriented, using a mix of densification and brownfield development to control sprawl (OECD, 2017, forthcoming). It is a means of using the planning system to create affordable housing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, the last two stages, namely functional and intersectoral upgrading, in most cases mark its accomplishment, and take place either through progression or leapfrogging. However, prospects for economic upgrading within GVCs are not straightforward. They are influenced by a complex and uncertain GVC environment and can be either hindered or facilitated by governance patterns and power relations within GVCs, which are overwhelmingly skewed in favour of lead firms. Consequently, unlike those in more developed settings, entrepreneurs in LDCs may struggle to exploit GVC-related entrepreneurial opportunities or to adjust to changes in the GVC environment and therefore have to forego promising opportunities or be compelled to employ suboptimal competitive strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Even if we make allowances for the better recording of deaths in the second decade, the corresponding rates of increases are mind-boggling. Table 1.1 in chapter 1 shows the global prevalence rates of HIV/AIDS and Table 4.1 shows the prevalence rates in the Caribbean, which is second only to sub-Saharan Africa. Prevalence rates ranged from a low of 1 per cent to just over 4 per cent across the English-speaking Caribbean countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Strong variations are also observed by year in the same aimag. The country plans to reach this objective in three phases. In order to reduce factors affecting preventable maternal and child mortality, Mongolia aims to improve the quality and accessibility of reproductive healthcare services and to reduce malnutrition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In this way infrastructure investment becomes part of the process of cumulative causation, whereby industrial expansion creates employment, incomes and demand, and leads to increased productivity (Myrdal, 1957). Insofar as this reduces costs and improves the durability of private capital investment, it also enables the private sector to spend less on maintaining its own capital, releasing resources for other productive investment. Infrastructure provision that promotes social inclusion - such as better housing and improvements in health, education, sanitation and nutrition - enhances labour productivity- in addition to promoting social welfare (Serebrisky, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Because of this, women are forced to start their own businesses to earn a living for themselves and their families. In other words, for many women, starting a business is not a choice, but a necessity. The same holds true for efficiency-driven economies, although not to the same degree. In Africa, for example, the ratio of female-to-male early-stage entrepreneurship is 0.96, while in Asia and Oceania, the ratio among factor- and efficiency-driven economies is 0.93.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It considers the municipality as the most important competent authority to deliver most environmental outcomes, and proposes far-reaching possibilities for higher authorities (provinces and central government) to regulate environmental issues. To that effect, the Environmental Planning Act (under discussion) introduces six core instruments clustered around strategic vision documents, plans and programmes, decentralised regulations, rules of the central government for certain activities, the environmental permit, and the project decision. The underlying regulation of the act will integrate the assessment framework and the conditions for activities that need to be regulated (general rules, permits).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
‘Individualized medicine’ is an emerging paradigm in clinical life science research. We conducted a socio-empirical interview study in a leading German clinical research group, aiming at implementing ‘individualized medicine’ of colorectal cancer. The goal was to investigate moral and social issues related to physician–patient interaction and clinical care, and to identify the points raised, supported and rejected by the physicians and researchers. Up to now there has been only limited insight into how experts dedicated to individualized medicine view its problems. Interviews with researchers and clinicians (n= 19) were based on a prestructured questionnaire. The content analysis revealed a broad spectrum of opinions. Major findings were (a) disappointments with the limits of the current therapy regimen and clinical practice, (b) problematic impacts on physician–patient relationship, and (c) an informed consent procedure which is mainly based on paternalistic assumptions. According to our analysis, major ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Today around 783 million people do not have access to safe drinking water and the number is projected to increase. Meat production requires a relatively high level of energy, cereal, [ and water input, and agriculture accounts for 70% of the I global water withdrawal. The Water Footprint Network (2013) i estimates the global average water footprint at 15,500 litres of P water for every kilogramme (kg) of beef, 5,000 litres of water 0 for a kg of cheese, 3,900 litres for a kg of chicken meat, and 1,300 litres of water per kg of barley. Building construction requires resources such as sand, wood and metals. Many of the materials require pre processing and some of them are sourced through mining. The mining process alone causes biodiversity loss, deforestation, emissions of GHGs and use of unhealthy chemicals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
AbstractThe institutionalisation of democracy in Ghana (1992) and Nigeria (1999) after years of military regimes facilitated the need to reform old media structures that supported authoritarian regimes into institutions that would facilitate the democratic process. The media reform initiatives embarked upon by both countries liberalised the media environment to create a free and independent media that would support the transition process by offering a platform for public debate, aimed at enhancing political participation. Using policy analysis and elite interviews, this article examines the reforms in both countries, and the extent to which Western countries/ donors impacted on their policy formulation and implementation processes. The author argues that these countries’ historical, political and socio-cultural antecedents have affected the praxes of their media reforms, and as a result their objectives have not been fully realised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In areas of water stress, more detailed assessments of water availability and use are justified. Laws related to water management of water resources are stricter in these areas and the allocation regime is more rigorous. This is used to define water apportionment areas, where the water deficit is structural.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Although its ranking in terms of GDP per capita among OECD metro-regions is not as high as it is in terms of GDP (16lh among the 90 metro-regions vs. 8lh), Chicago still counts among the big players in the OECD urban world. With GDP per capita over USD 55 000 in 2008, Chicago ranked higher than traditionally rich European metro-regions such as London, Stockholm, Helsinki, Amsterdam-Utrecht, Paris and Milan (Figure 1.2). Among US metro-regions, Chicago’s GDP per capita is similar to that of San Diego and Philadelphia, but below that of a number of US metro-regions such as New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco-Oakland, Boston or Houston.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Inclusive economic growth that gives priority to employment generation for poor women and men, strong cross-sector linkages, effective government services and sound governance emerge as fundamental factors for ensuring equitable benefits for all. The country obtained large windfall gains when the copper price (Grade A cathodes, London Metal Exchange) surged from an average of $1,779 per ton in 2003 to $8,822 per ton in 2011. Soaring prices increased copper export earnings more than tenfold, from $518 million in 2003 to $6.5 billion in 2011 (figure 33(a)).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Abstract   The problem of understanding the tolerance, which has fundamental importance especially for the system of education, lies at the heart of cross-cultural sustainability of multiethnic societies. The crisis of multiculturalism has revealed the problematic nature of understanding tolerance from the perspective of positive interactions with the ethnically different. The aim of the study is to identify and substantiate a new principle of cross-cultural tolerance, which would take into account the fundamental nonremovability of dissonance existence of different cultural groups. The article reveals that an attempt to eclectically merge classic models of social integration is the source of multiculturalism failures. The reasons behind their psycho-social groundlessness in the development of stable social connection are considered as well. Reasons have been exposed of problematic nature of positive tolerance. The notion of “dissonance tolerance” have been defined, its relation to cross-cultural sustainability has been shown, particularly in education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Purpose – The central objective of this work is to examine internet sources, resources, and strategies, with particular reference to legal research.Design/methodology/approach – The approach adopted was to preface web‐based definitions of the internet and draw some features from the definitions. The next approach was to examine legal research resources on the internet. A web‐based survey and subject analysis of legal resources was then conducted.Findings – The findings reveal the existence of diverse web resources on all subjects of law.Research limitations/implications – Draws implications for legal research based on empirical data presented. Internet legal research is not simplistic, nor are all the web‐accessed materials to be accepted hook, line and sinker. It is, however, critical to state that to a large extent the internet would continue to create distributed research community for scholarship and research on a global basis. It concludes that, for legal research institutions, the need to install IT...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Besides, it is tempting on the part of central government to substitute ex ante control of water services with performance indicators. This can lead to retaining control of how subnational authorities implement water policy, as they will probably make choices and decisions that allow them to perform well within the parameters of the indicator system, at the expense of other elements. There is no optimal design for an indicator-based performance measurement system in the water sector. Its development should be a collaborative effort between the national and sub-national level, and the information it yields ought to cover inputs, processes and outputs that are relevant for ongoing activities. To use such information optimally, clear objectives for the data need to be established and proper indicators selected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Crustaceans continue to be the most important species landed in 2012 in terms of value, followed by shellfish and molluscs and tuna. ( The number of people employed in the fisheries sector decreased 19% between 2011-12 and 2012-13. ( The Offshore Constitutional Settlement 1983 (OCS) is the jurisdictional arrangement between the Commonwealth and states/Northem Territory that sets out responsibilities for offshore activities, such as fisheries, mining, shipping, navigation and crimes at sea. However, Commonwealth and the states/Northem Territory' fisheries legislation allow alternative arrangements to be made for a fishery that override the existing jurisdictional lines set out by the OCS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The 2014 Law on Hunting and the Hunting Sector legitimizes actions that are explicitly prohibited by other previously adopted legal acts, still in force. Often, such by-laws are adopted much later than a law' that postpones the implementation. Since 2010, the NBSAP has much less often been referred to in other documents and strategies, probably due to the fact that the vast majority of specific NBSAP measures were originally planned for implementation in the first years after its adoption (between 2004 and 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The desert around livestock (arms is degraded by intensive cattle grazing and firewood collection. Moreover, the invasive Common Myna bird is expanding into the desert areas. Uncontrolled hunting, fishing and water use are additional pressure factors, the use of bottom gill nets presents a particularly serious threat to waterbirds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The first priority is to bring wastes under control (1.1). But that on its own is not enough - it is also necessary to move from waste management in a linear economy to resource management within a circular economy (1.2). Tackling waste management helps to address more than half of the high-level sustainable development goals within the Post-2015 Development Agenda and promises significant early reductions in greenhouse gas emissions throughout the economy (1.3). A readers’ guide to the GWMO is provided (1.4) and the Chapter is followed by two Topic Sheets, on Waste and Climate and on the World’s 50 Biggest Dumpsites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The idea of investment treaty arbitration as public law is in tension with the concept of international law as a law between representative public agencies. This concept of international law is valuable for its capacity to progress a broad range of public policy aims in an integrated and coordinated manner, including aims extending beyond the economic sphere such as international social, environmental, cultural and related aims. The probable effect on this concept of international law of a radical ‘internationalized public law’ approach to investment treaty arbitration requires further thought, especially with regard to the potential implications of recognizing investor rights under international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Similarly, proximity among actors can foster a sense of community that is favourable to negotiations and the collective solution forming. They operate in formal and informal settings, with interactions of different nature, degree and frequency. Depending on their responsibilities and interests, stakeholders interact more or less often with one another. It consists in applying network theory to analyse social networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Another condition on access to the benefits is registration as unemployed and availability for work. In many cases, benefits are conditional on the beneficiary not having resigned from his or her job. The financing of the unemployment insurance is linked to the payroll in the case of the employer's contribution, and depends on income in the less frequent case where contributions are made by workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Poverty and exclusion must not be the price to pay for economic growth and wellbeing. For example, as early as 1997 France’s Commissariat general du Plan developed a definition of social cohesion: ‘social cohesion is a set of social processes that help instil in individuals the sense of belonging to the same community and the feeling that they are recognised as members of that community’ (quoted in Jenson, 1998: 4). The social processes considered by the French government over the last decade have been primarily those usually treated under the heading of social exclusion, poverty and inequality, and the methods proposed involve larger and/or redesigned social policies and programmes. One result of the social and economic changes experienced by the countries of Latin America over the last decades has been an even larger informal sector and the concomitant limited nature of social protection coverage. The starting-point is the acknowledgement of informal-sector workers’ economic and social rights, so that they may be in a position to meet the obligations imposed by entry into the formal sector. Efforts should also be made gradually to introduce a minimum threshold of labour rights for informal-sector workers, as well as fiscal measures to promote them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Professional school leadership standards or frameworks also need to clarify and highlight the importance of school leadership for evaluation and assessment, in general, and for teacher appraisal and school evaluation, in particular. To give an example, distributed leadership in secondary schools can help provide regular informal feedback to teachers in their subject areas, something an individual school leader might not necessarily be equipped for considering the lack of expertise in different subjects (OECD, 2009). At the same time, distributing leadership in schools does not necessarily decrease a school leader’s workload and may create new challenges for school leaders, who, in turn, require ongoing support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
We introduce a dataset that focuses on the delimitation of interstate borders under international law—the International Border Agreements Dataset (IBAD). This dataset contains information on the agents involved in (e.g. states, third-parties, and colonial powers), methods used during (e.g. negotiation, mediation, arbitration, adjudication, administrative decrees, post-war conferences, and plebiscites), and outcomes of (e.g. full and intermediate agreements) the border settlement process during the period 1816–2001. Our focus on international legal agreements and the process that produces them makes the IBAD valuable for those that study not only territorial conflict, but also international conflict, cooperation, law, and conflict management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In these countries, intangible investment accounts for up to 25% of total labour productivity growth (Figure 2.2). Investment in intangibles is not the only part of labour productivity growth that is associated with innovation, however. Much multi-factor productivity growth, e.g. improvements in the joint productivity of capital and labour, is due to spillovers from investments in innovation and from a range of efficiency improvements made by firms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The nature gives rest and a little bit of food. Gender issues are mainly missing when the question of everyday life and surviving are present (Westman 2005:134). Desegregation, that is, the division of the labour market based on gender, has been an topical issue in gender equality policy since (the 1980s).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This success has occurred for several reasons. Mobile phones, for instance, were taken up even where electricity supply was a challenge, because communication needs were substantial. In 2013, mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants amounted to 89.4% in developing countries (International Telecommunication Union [ITU], 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
And it focuses on priorities for tackling Ethiopia’s linked economic and climate-related problems, offering some compelling evidence that improves confidence to invest in greener growth paths. A ‘totally comprehensive’ approach has tended not to work, from the experience of most countries’ earlier national sustainable development strategies, since they were ‘all things to all people’ and hence owned by few (Dalal-Clayton and Bass, 2010). The CRGE’s Green Economy Strategy has a clear focus on GHG emissions reduction, mirroring global attention on the world’s biggest environmental problem - climate change mitigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Transformative learning aims to awaken students to issues of injustice, and to promote their critical analysis of assumptions, beliefs and values that lead to and sustain social inequities, so that they may become agents of social change. This paper introduces the Sensitise Take Action and Reflection (STAR) framework, which encapsulates transformative learning principles, as a tool for educators to enhance student health professionals’ capacity and preparedness to address health inequities they are likely to encounter in their future practice. Using an action research methodology within a three-cycle process, STAR was trialled and evaluated by an interdisciplinary team of health educators (n = 25) in an Australian university. Disciplines included: nursing, nutrition and dietetics, public health, occupational therapy and paramedic science. Data were gathered via individual interviews, focus group discussions and field notes, and were analysed inductively, with member-checking of emerging themes to ensure i...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Further studies to the work presented in this paper will aim to optimize energy' consumption of the CRN with respect to the primary network’s characteristics (such as bandwidth, sensing time and received SNR), required QoS of cognitive radio network, network size and power consumption constraint. Also the power consumption optimization in different states may be considered in architecture of CRN designing. Total energy consumption (at collision and idle states) versus secondary network size.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)