albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For example, local customs of adopting orphans and separated children by relatives, and particularly women family members, tend to be overlooked (and thus are not sufficiently supported) by Western and national aid programmes. In certain cases, encouraging and understanding the cultural context of mutual help can facilitate a less painful return to some sense of normalcy. For instance, in post-conflict Muslim states such as Iraq, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, external organizations and individuals offering assistance often fail to appreciate the complexity of the culture when engaging with traditional institutions and practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They have established environmental management units which disseminate information and organise a broad range of activities, including courses, seminars, debates, exhibitions and competitions, to raise awareness among the university community and general public about environmental sustainability. They also work with key stakeholders, including NGOs to identify lines of action in environmental sustainability. The healthy campus programme embraces most of the university’s sustainability activities and initiatives. The programme is based on volunteerism, research and evidence-driven activities, team-based and multi-disciplinary initiatives, in-sourcing {i.e. using the university expertise) and documentation of activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This research extends our understanding of research productivity by examining features of managerial practice and culture within university departments. Adopting a robust comparative research design, capturing both interview and survey data sourced from multiple stakeholders from New Zealand universities, we seek to identify factors associated with superior research performance. The findings show that autonomy and egalitarianism, along with a strong cultural ethos supporting achievement and individualism are characteristics of high functioning departments. These comprise core features of commitment-oriented work settings, but we find them to be largely absent from the work environments of low performers. This disparity leads us to consider whether certain managerial practices, when coupled with a supporting set of cultural characteristics, are crucial to influencing research performance outcomes. Management and academics in higher education settings should consider these findings of interest and benefit, ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre francais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com._______________________ On the other hand, if economic growth typically leaves the poorer groups behind, there may be trade-offs between growth and inequality and pro-growth policies may have to be tempered by distributional considerations. This question is addressed formally using the baseline model exposed in Box 2. In addition, growth has been unequal, as the gap between GDP per capita and household incomes has been wider at the lower end of the income distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The prohibition of torture is one of the most emblematic norms of the modern human rights movement, and its prevalence in national constitution has increased steeply in the past three decades. Yet little is known about whether constitutional torture prohibitions actually reduce torture. In this paper, we explore the relationship between constitutional torture prohibitions and torture by utilizing new data that corrects for biases in previous measures of torture, and a recently developed method that mitigates selection bias by incorporating information on countries’ constitutional commitments into our research design. Using this new data and method, as well as more conventional data sources and methods, we do not find any evidence that constitutional torture prohibitions have reduced rates of torture in a statistically significant or substantively meaningful way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many observers have noted that the law-psychology movement has mostly failed to meet its objectives of producing social change in any radical or otherwise substantial way. One explanation for these disappointing results is that no systematic and thorough attempt has been made to explain what the radical agenda embodies, especially in relation to identifying its core assumption. Relying on several insights developed within critical theory and appropriated by scholars of radical law-psychology, this article describes four cutting-edge approaches to contemporary psycholegal inquiry: political economy, feminist jurisprudence, anarchism, and postmodernism. Individually, these orientations provide a clearer portrait of what radical scholarship has come to represent. Collectively, they suggest a new and much-needed direction in law-psychology research, especially in relation to advancing the aims of justice in the legal sphere. This article concludes by tentatively discussing the implications of the critically i...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Bank of Greece estimates that household nominal financial wealth fell by 17% between 2009 and 2012 (third quarter). The number of households in arrears on mortgage or rent payments has doubled between 2008 and 2011 (to 11%) (Eurostat, 2013). Among low-income families with children, the proportion of those with arrears reached 30%, compared to less than 20% in the other Troika programme countries (Ireland, Portugal, Latvia), and 12V2 per cent in the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The majority of the poor live in urban areas and spend a significant share of their income on food. Agriculture is also a buyer and supplier for a significant part of the rest of the economy - the agricultural input sectors, agro-processing and retailing altogether contribute an additional 17% to GDP and around 18% to employment (OECD, 2014). A new approach to tackling these problems was implemented in 2003 with the launching of the Zero Hunger Program.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Anchoring the committees in existing structures also has facilitated the continuation of their activities after the end of the project (OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 65). The most ambitious is China's revival of the historic Silk Road trade route. Announced in 2013, two new trade corridors—one overland, the other by sea—are planned to connect China with its neighbours in Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe. The aim is to generate USD 2.5 trillion in additional annual trade with the nations along the proposed routes over the next ten years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In upper middle-income countries this trend is even stronger. Yet the proportion of young people who are professional workers, which is the core category of wage employees, is only marginally larger in MICs than in LICs. In spite of low earnings, young people in the rural non-farm sector are on average much better off than their counterparts in farming and are closer to their urban contemporaries in their employment and poverty profiles (Figure 6.22.). Of youth in rural areas who work in non-farm activities 34% are wage employed, compared to only 10% of rural youth working in farming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The direct and indirect methods were applied to EU-SILC data for Austria and Spain, and both perform well at national and regional level. The results are shown in Table 6. In the case of Spain, the ‘median’ reduction of the standard errors when using the average of estimates for three years ranges between 16% for the Gini coefficient to 38% for the quintile share ratio (S80/S20). The ‘mean’ reduction in standard errors is smaller because it is highly affected from few outliers, especially for the poverty headcount ratios (HCR).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, the share of part-time employment is above average in all these countries, except Sweden. Cash transfers are often universal and household taxes tend to be largely proportional to household income. Overall, the dispersion in disposable income and the poverty rate are well below the OECD average. Inequality in labour earnings is driven by a low employment rate (in particular for Belgium, France, Italy and the Slovak Republic), while wage dispersion is well below the OECD average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
So SIDS have the ocean space with its living and non-living resources that can be developed sustainably to support economic growth, trade and development. At present, some steps are being taken especially as regards common fisheries agreements for their common benefit. Such agreements could also be applicable to the management of other living and nonliving resources including genetic resources, algae for biofuels and food production, and even mining in the seabed. In the case of SIDS, the joint development of joint oceans space can enhance the scope for sustainable management of oceans resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
How can policies, laws and regulations contribute to the elimination of existing inequalities and promote equality between women and men in participation rates, the distribution of resources, benefits, tasks and responsibilities in private and public life, and in the value and attention accorded to masculine and feminine characteristics, behaviour and priorities? Are there barriers to women’s access to training, advisory services or other activities that would strengthen their economic participation as employers and employees? A Guide to Gender Impact Assessment”, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, European Commission, Brussels, http://ec.euroDa.cu/soc ial/BlobServlcl?docId=4376 &langld=en: Bremer, J. (2009), "Introducing Gender Analysis into Regulatoiy Frameworks”, position paper prepared for the first meeting of the Gender Focus Group of the MENA-OECD Governance Programme on “Addressing Gender in Public Management”, American University in Cairo, www.occd.org/dataoccd/54/50/43088074.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Insufficient supply of high-quality vocational programmes and tertiary education study places hamper human capital formation and growth. Stabilising and simplifying vocational education by more focus on high quality apprenticeships would support participation. The government needs to find efficient measures to raise participation especially among children from low income families to replace the abolished educational maintenance allowance. Further reforms to funding of higher education could lower taxpayers’ costs and help finance a needed expansion in the sector. The Implications of School Funding”, CfBT Education Trust Research Paper. Measuring the variation in teacher effectiveness in England”, Centre for Market and Public Organisation Working Paper 09/212, University of Bristol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It seeks to include sexuality education as an integral part of the education process. The programme is brought into the curriculum of educational institutions at all levels, with activities and specific guidelines for each. The sexuality education contents are also part of teacher training curricula. The main obstacles are the lack of specifically allocated teaching hours, support materials and teacher training on the subject.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Work to promote social cohesion must therefore address inequality. Rising inequality in some key large economies has excluded disadvantaged populations from the benefits of the growth process and increased top earners’ share of incomes. Both poor and middle-class populations are increasingly alienated from the richest in many societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A need for methodological improvements to help measure specific information, improved data collection and increased monitoring and evaluation capacity at the national level can all influence countries’ ability to report. “ Nearly half’ of Annex II Parties raised issues arising from reporting on technology transfer support in the context of second BRs, including absence of relevant “statistical markers” (UNFCCC, 2016(9]). In addition, there are relatively few metrics to monitor technology development and diffusion, while metrics to assess capacity development are numerous and highly context specific (Ellis et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
While participation rates for men (81%) are close to those observed in peer countries, female participation (71%) still lags behind rates observed in the selected countries (75%). Each component is projected out to 2060 according to long-term dynamics and convergence patterns between the countries. Speed of convergence depends on the initial position and structural factors such as product market regulation. The baseline specification assumes that these returns to education are the same for all countries and that educational attainment (measured by average years of schooling) of the 25-29 age cohorts improves by 1% per year over the projection horizon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 1991, a tax differentiation was introduced to reduce air pollution from lead, particularly in the capital city, Bangkok. The tax was one element in a package of measures to increase awareness of the damage caused by leaded petrol, liberalise fuel markets and support oil companies to produce unleaded fuels. Consumers responded rapidly to the new price differential between unleaded petrol (THB (Thai baht) 14/litre) and leaded petrol (THB 15/litre) and within 30 days, the share of unleaded fuel had already risen to 30 per cent (Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Regional prefets define State strategies at the regional level—they submit a strategic proposal document that has been known since 2004 as the Project for State Regional Strategy (Projet d'action strategique de I’Etat en region, PASER). A National PASER Monitoring Committee, co-chaired by the minister responsible for State Reform (the Budget Ministry) and the Ministry of the Interior and Territorial Planning, serves as the framework in which the central ministers define State strategy in each region, in collaboration with the regional prefet. Departemental prefets have administrative authority to assess the legal compliance of local authorities in the adoption of spatial plans, among other functions. They are mainly electoral districts for departements, with each having roughly the same size population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The other option is to earn a degree through one of several affiliated foreign universities most of which are British (e.g. the University of Hull, University of Kent). Students completing a degree programme are then given intensive skills enhancement training ("FasTrack") to prepare them for employment. The “FasTrack” programme is a government-funded initiative designed in collaboration with multinational corporations to accelerate learning and hands-on experience of new and existing engineers to support industry’s competitiveness in design and development. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Further disciplines could also be considered for capacity-enhancing subsidies. Besides subsidies for IUU fishing and overfishing and overcapacity, developing countries, including LDCs and small vulnerable economies (SVEs), should be permitted to provide fisheries subsidies for coastal and commercial fishing activities. These proposals reflect the position held by SVEs since the late 2000s—that disciplines should fall hardest on developed WTO members with large-scale distant water fishing (DWF) fleets, allowing developing countries and LDCs the policy space to provide subsidies to support the sustainable development of their domestic fisheries. The main new addition of the ACP and LDC proposals was to draw attention to subsidies that support fishing in the high seas. General disciplines for the elimination of subsidies contributing to IUU fishing and prohibition of certain forms of fisheries subsidies contributing to overfishing and overcapacity would enter into force no later than 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Scale matters and stakeholders at different levels need to be engaged in a process of learning for the innovation to be scaled. Scalable adaptations have often evolved from the original model inspiration and may w'ell not be high-fidelity replications. Pedagogical approaches populate the middle ground on this spectrum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
’The DART system consists of pressure-sensitive tsunameters on the ocean floor and buoys on the surface. The buoys are equipped with an acoustic modem that receives data from the tsunameter sensors and a small data modem that transmits pressure measurements. Since DART leverages global mobile satellite coverage, the warning system itself is global.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Ideally, quality and outcome measures should encompass the entire patient experience, from first access in primary care (prescribing indicators) to secondary care (both inpatient and community-based) to follow-up measures to recovery measures. Information from population surveys to establish prevalence of mental disorders would then form an important backdrop to improved quality and outcome measures, giving an indication of the coverage of services. Information technology (IT) tends to be underdeveloped and less widely adopted and used for clinical care support. The study found that the data sources most widely available across countries at the time were hospital administrative databases, national surveys and national registries. The absence of a Unique Patient Identifier (UPI) in many countries posed problems for constructing certain quality of care indicators, in particular those assessing continuity of care and quality of prescription or treatment in primary and community care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article examines the insights into how people actually behave from behavioural economics and how this affects economic explanation and prescription. It argues that implications for explanation are likely always to be contestable (because, as a new source of empirical evidence, behavioural economics encounters familiar problems with empiricism). The implications for prescription, however, are potentially significant, although not in the direction popularised by 'nudging'. Indeed, the behavioural insights suggest that public policy should be less concerned with forms of preference satisfaction and more concerned with individual autonomy. On many accounts of the philosophy of social science, the tension between these insights into behaviour and the dominant model of rational choice would likely consign behavioural economics to the margins of the discipline. In this context, however, this is not true, and the article concludes with a discussion of this puzzle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is clear that, in terms of fisheries rebuilding, the ecosystem approach requires policy makers to take into account of the impacts of fishing on ecosystems, the impacts of ecosystems on fishing, and the interactions between fish and other species in the ecosystem. In particular, fisheries rebuilding has been the subject of several major international commitments on developing sustainable fisheries and it is universally recognized as necessary for protecting biodiversity and the health of oceans, as well being important from an economic and social perspective for many coastal communities. As such, while it is universally recognized that rebuilding and maintaining robust fisheries are desired, there are other factors considered in the management process in addition to the science advice. To that end, political commitments have been made through a series of hard (binding) and soft laws (non binding).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Beyond core innovation policies, such as S&T and education, there are other policies whose impacts must be taken into account, e.g. taxation policy, competition laws and regulations, etc., This can be hindered by the compartmentalisation of relevant policies in different departments and agencies. The primary objectives of such policies may not be support of business R&D and innovation. The incremental accretion of policy instruments, if widespread and long-standing, can result in complex and dense policy mixes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Gurley-Calvez et al. ( While it is difficult to determine an exact causal relation between hours worked and business income, findings from analyses of earnings from self-employment suggest that enabling women to work longer hours would increase the profitability of their businesses (see Annex IV.A2). The earnings gaps between self-employment and wage employment are widest at the bottom and narrowest at the top end of the earning distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Not only do countries refer to various types of needs (total investment costs, funding needs, domestic/ international support needs), they also use different parameters to present these needs. Some display data as annual figures, others as totals over different periods of time, ranging from 5 years to 30 years or up until 2050. In some cases, these parameters are not explicitly stated, making a comparison even more difficult.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The data included walking steps, weight, blood pressure, body mass index, visceral fat percentage, muscle rate, body fat percentage and the HbAlc, HDL-C and LDL-C levels. The first measurement was conducted in February 2009, followed by a second measurement in August 2009. The results showed that the number of participants with all four chronic diseases decreased from six persons to one person, demonstrating an improvement rate of 83.3 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Beyond the what, policymakers need to focus on the how, which requires the identification of possible overlaps in the allocation of roles and responsibilities, asymmetries of information, sectoral fragmentation of water-related tasks, insufficient knowledge, unstable or insufficient revenues at all levels of government, possibly conflicting objectives, as well as accountability concerns undermining the transparency of water policymaking. Similarly, several governance instruments are often needed to overcome identified obstacles. For instance, on the one hand, adopting contracts between levels of government can be a response to objective, funding, capacity and policy gaps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Following Amin, Kuntchev and Schmidt (2015), this paper assumes that the strength of the relationship between gender-based discrimination in social institutions and income may vary with the level of economic development. This paper presumes that in low-income countries, gender-based discrimination in social institutions represents an additional growth bottleneck. Such discrimination reinforces other growth bottlenecks, such as poor infrastructure, education and other characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Inter-American Development Bank. How do electricity shortages affect industry? Integration of Infrastructures in Europe in Historical Comparison. Uncovering the Drivers of Utility Performance: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean on the Role of the Private Sector, Regulation, and Governance in the Power, Water, and Telecommunication Sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)