albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
There also tends to be wide differences in the type of alcohol consumed: the most frequently consumed is beer, followed by spirits which is consumed by 60% of men and 37% of women. Twelve percent of men and five percent of women drink homemade alcohol (CEFIR, 2010). These data do not represent the total death toll attributable to alcohol as they do not include injuries and violent deaths caused by alcohol or deaths from chronic diseases for which alcohol is a risk-factor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
After the Second World War France initiated planning by the Planning Commission, with sectoral industrial policy led by elite bureaucrats and the aggressive use of state-owned enterprises. Since the 1950s, the Scandinavian countries have also acted as a type of developmental state, where political legitimacy is derived from the welfare state and full employment rather than from rapid growth. The Swedish state developed strategic sectors through public-private partnerships (iron and steel, railways, telegraphs and telephone, and hydroelectric power).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Roads with four or more lanes account for 24.9% of the total accident cost for accidents on straight segments of roads and 24.5% of the cost from injuries in accidents on and around crossroads. Accidents on pedestrian crossings incur higher injury-related accident costs on crossings with traffic lights than on those without. Accidents at pedestrian crossings with traffic signals account for 7.2 % of the total injury related cost, while accidents at pedestrian crossings without a signal account for 1.9%. Among the total injury costs from accidents at pedestrian crossings more than 79% arise on wide streets with at least four lanes and 79% of the cost on wide streets with traffic lights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The tensions in gender relations resulting from this combination of change and continuity in work and family are set against a backdrop of deep social inequality (Comia, 2010, eclac, 2011, L6pez-Calva and Lustig, 2010). What have governments done to address these tensions and with what outcomes for inequality? This article explores that question on the basis of policies adopted during the 10 years of economic expansion since 2003 in the five countries in which —as will be discussed later— social policy is, relatively speaking, most developed in the region: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Through strengthening research partnerships with leading academic institutions and development networks in both the North and South, the Office seeks to leverage additional resources and influence in support of efforts towards policy reform in favour of children. For that reason, some publications may not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics. The views expressed are those of the authors and/or editors and are published in order to stimulate further dialogue on child rights. Core funding is provided by the Government of Italy, while financial support for specific projects is also provided by other governments, international institutions and private sources, including UNICEF National Committees. This paper analyses multidimensional child deprivation across thirty countries in sub-Saharan Africa, applying the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) methodology that measures various aspects of child poverty. The methodology has been adapted to the particular needs of this cross-country comparative study, standardising the indicators and thresholds to allow comparability across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There is growing recognition that critical decisions concerning investments in new health care technologies and services should incorporate society’s values along with the scientific evidence. From a normative perspective, public engagement can help realize the democratic ideals of legitimacy, transparency, and accountability. On a more pragmatic level, public engagement can help stakeholders understand the degree of popular support for policy options, and may enhance public trust in decision-making processes. To better understand public attitudes and values relating to priority setting in health care, researchers and decision-makers will have to employ a range of quantitative and qualitative approaches, drawing on different disciplines and methodological traditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The effect of parental involvement in the school community on students’ schoolwork-related anxiety and motivation to achieve are not as pronounced as on the other outcomes considered. In Germany, immigrant students are less likely than native students to have parents who are involved in the school community, and parental involvement increases the likelihood of students reporting low anxiety and high motivation by around five percentage points. Results are consistent with the finding that resources are weakly associated with education outcomes, they also show that there is a weak link between educational resources and the well-being of students. However, some individual countries and economies show large differences between immigrant and native students, and strong effects of certain resource indices on students’ outcomes. In Albania, for example, immigrant students were 13 percentage points more likely than native students to be enrolled in a school whose principal reported lack of educational material.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. This report is part of a series of working papers from the OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme. The LEED Programme identifies, analyses and disseminates innovative ideas for local development, governance and the social economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Private storage in local villages and at the regional level can better match local supply and demand but are often discouraged by high material costs and a lack of credit. Policies to improve the investment climate, to strengthen farmer organisations and local co-operatives, as well as extension services should be encouraged. They provide instruments to transfer price risk, enabling commercial participants to hedge their products/purchases against the risk of fluctuating prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In reality, they argue, people’s income can be unpredictable and sporadic -farmers, for instance, may earn all their money just once or twice a year after harvest time. Also, the idea of a subsistence income risks painting an overly simplistic portrait of poor people’s lives. As the work of economists Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo has shown, the poor - just like the wealthy - take active decisions on how to spend their incomes, sometimes sacrificing nutrition in order to save for celebrations, for example.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The predominantly market-drive nature of ICTs means that companies are seeking to compete by looking for new niches in the variety of services or the expansion of geographical areas. Even without incentives, this sector has seen rapid growth. There are different views about how ICTs will influence the nature of human settlements. On one hand, telecommunications could facilitate access to services when living in low population density areas, enabling the continuation of urban sprawl and suburbanization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Mandatory interviews may have positive employment impacts through a threat effect -i.e. However, for the successful delivery of counselling services, the quality and individualisation of content is key. Across the OECD, the PES aims to have a strong market position as a job broker, by offering vacancy databases, referrals of appropriate candidates and other more specialised services to employers. Technology is changing the way people interact with each other and the world around them and the PES is no exception to this.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It is a comprehensive agreement covering goods, services and investment, as well as issues such as business environment, labour mobility and co-operation on technical standards. A bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Chile was signed in November 2011 and entered into force on February 2014. Negotiations for bilateral FTAs with Korea and the customs union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, which began in 2012 and 2013 respectively, were concluded in December 2014. Both are expected to come into force during 2015. Bilateral negotiations are continuing with EFTA (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland) and the EU, both of which began in 2012. Viet Nam began granting preferential treatment for goods to its ASEAN partners under the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme on 1 January 1996."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
But she’s up to die challenge just five months after giving birth to her first child. Growing up, Rasamee watched her parents struggle financially. Her mother worked at home and her lather sought jobs in construction, but was often derailed by illness. I used to think about how I wanted a prosperous life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Secondly, the choice of consensus protocol directly affects the security of a blockchain. Depending on how new blocks are created (e.g. through mining), this process can inherently include measures which protect the system from malicious attacks. Thirdly, a protocol’s underlying cryptographic elements play a decisive role in determining the security standard for a given blockchain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Pacific Alliance countries should expand the number of days offered to fathers and governments and workplaces should encourage or mandate fathers to take the leave for which they are eligible. All Pacific Alliance countries legislate lactation breaks for mothers, but duration varies: Chile legislates two one-hour breaks per day until a child turns two years old, whereas Mexico and Colombia offer only two 30-minute breaks per day until an infant is six months old (Mexico also offers the alternative option of reducing a mother’s work day by one hour). To give mothers the choice to breastfeed, which has especially significant health payoffs when water quality is inadequate, it is important to ensure that mothers have access to a legally-mandated private and hygienic space for expressing milk. In practice, these hygienic spaces for preparing milk are underprovided and women are often forced to use restrooms to prepare their baby’s milk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This paper is an attempt to find a viable solution to the scourge of ethnic violence in contemporary African society. We reject the thesis that the spate of ethnic violence being witnessed in African societies is a product of the divergence in culture between ethnic groups. We contend that class interests disguised in ethnic robes usually engender ethnic conflict. Other factors found to underlie ethnic conflicts include the sentiments and expectations of non-elites and perceived social injustice. Our thesis is that rather than isolating ethnic groups in order to reduce the possibility of conflicts, efforts should be made to institute positive inter-group contact and cooperative relations between them. Consequently, we highlight a number of measures that may be taken to develop cooperation instead of competition and rivalry between the diverse ethnic groups constituting African states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Parking problems are growing both as a result of, increased car commuting (about 80 000 cars per day within the SCoT territory'), but, also as tourism increases in volume and adds additional demands for parking spaces. The SCoT provides general indications related to the question of transport and mobility but, it does not give operational solutions, especially in terms of collective transport. In the end, the Pole metropolitain does not have a clear common transport policy because this is an issue that is best managed at a larger geographic scale such as the region or nation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The tenure categories are also slightly different, in particular the survey data used in Figure 2 do not estimate social rental housing bur rather subsidized housing, which includes all accommodations rented at a reduced rate, i.e. employer-subsidized housing and accommodations where rent is fixed by law (Box 1). Consequently, for many European countries, the share of households in the subsidized rental category presented in Figure 2 is larger than the actual share of households living in social rental housing. The share of owner-occupied dwellings is comparable between Figure 1 and 2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
After the terrorist attacks in the US and later in Madrid (March, 2004) and in London (July, 2005), the sharing of personal information of citizens between police authorities in different EU member states become an essential element in the framework of the international cooperation against terrorism and organised crime. As a consequence of this increasing processing of personal data for public security issues, the European Union adopted in November 2008 the Council Framework Decision 2008/977/JHA with the aim of providing a general rule regarding data protection in the field of police and judicial co-operation in criminal matters. Taking into account this scenario, and the changes imposed by the Lisbon Treaty, this article aims to analyse this Council Framework Decision and its compliance with the already established European Data Protection Legal Framework: mainly Council of Europe Convention 108 and Directive 95/46/EC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nevertheless, the proportion of sites with high concentrations (above 25 mg N03/1) increased over the review period. As for bacterial contamination, almost 75% of the 1 330 samples taken in 2004-06 had a faecal coliform count of zero, a marked improvement from about 52% ten years before. Even so, as much as 11% of the samples still had a faecal coliform count in excess of 10 per 100 ml, a level regarded as gross contamination. The most likely causes are land spreading of manure and poorly sited single house wastewater treatment systems. No clear trends can be discerned from the results of the EPA’s rolling five-year monitoring programme of the trophic status of 69 water bodies in 21 estuarine and coastal areas. Nevertheless, several major estuaries, predominantly in the south-east and south, have persistently displayed symptoms of nutrient enrichment since the EPA began to assess their trophic status in the early 1990s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The inconvenience and economic damage of such emergency measures in absence of adequate power capacity are self-evident. It also happens to be the area where nuclear energy can contribute most directly to the security of energy supply. The costs of an interruption of power supplies due to insufficient capacities on the economies of OECD countries far outweigh any real or imagined interruptions of physical supplies due to geopolitical reasons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Marine research and monitoring costs are extremely high, which helps explain why we know much less about what goes on in the ocean than about what happens on land. The same also applies, to a certain extent, to human activities. This renders two-dimensional maps less useful, and increases the complexity of marine spatial planning and management. It also makes it more difficult to study the marine environment, how it works, how it is affected by human activities (see difference #2), and how the ocean benefits the economy and human well-being. What makes the ocean economy different from a land-based economy?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This paper inquires into whether the right to a fair trial can be restricted with regard to alleged terrorists within the framework of the ‘war on terror’. After briefly identifying the relevant sources of this right and its content, possible restrictions are analysed. The paper elaborates, in particular, on international humanitarian law, such as the Third and Fourth Geneva Convention, and international human rights law, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man. It further deals with US constitutional law. We conclude that the right to a fair trial fully applies to alleged terrorists irrespective of the context of their detention (armed conflict or peace) or the qualification of these terrorists (de facto or unlawful combatants) and thus amounts to a general principle of transnational criminal law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Data are available from the FAOSTAT database (FAO, 2017d). As FAO statistics lack data on post-consumer (recycled) wood supply and use, an example is presented for European countries based on data from the European Panel Federation. Data are available from the FAOSTAT-Forestry database (FAO, 2017d) and 2000 was used as a base year for the index.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Multilateral institutions will face the same definitional and methodological issues that the OECD DAC system will need to address, particularly around identifying what is adaptation specific. As previously mentioned, there is currently a process underway within the World Bank Group to identify the percentage share of each project in the Bank’s portfolio which supports climate change related outcomes. The methodology for calculating the percentage of a ‘climate change co-benefit’ could then be applied across all multilateral institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Eligibility to register is conditional on annual income from the business being less than BRL 60 000 (around USD 33 000), but above a monthly minimum wage of BRL 622 (USD 340). In 2011, one full year after it was introduced, a total of 1.9 million micro-entrepreneurs formalised via MEI’s online portal. Around 46% of newly formalised entrepreneurs are women. To encourage people to register, SEBRAE (the Brazilian support service for micro and small enterprises) campaigns and delivers capacity-building programmes, often targeting women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The first column consists of the main constraints hindering the development of small-scale agriculture. The subsequent columns have information on the name, the institution responsible for, the description of the programme, its budget (initial and most recent budget), the number of beneficiaries (initial and most recent number), its PSE categorisation, whether or not the programme is targeted to small farmers based on the country’s definition of small farm, some limitations (based on evaluation programmes carried out by the country itself) and whether or not the programme allows market access and structural transition. These two last aspects are answered based on past empirical evidence that suggests that certain type of agricultural policies like price support or input subsidies tend, in the long term, to perpetuate agr icultural activities regardless of whether they are economically viable or not, situation that does not contribute to the structural transformation (OECD, 2010, OECD, 2012a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Even though HIV/AIDS knowledge is good in Swaziland, this does not correlate with use of condoms. More than 50 per cent of adult men and women who reported having more than two sexual partners in the previous year used a condom the last time they had sex (UNAIDS, 2007). One of the major differences identified in the spread in these countries is probably due to different types of HIV.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
More recent examples of cross-border collaboration with new member states builds on the unbalanced level of economic development, bringing together “catching up” regions with strong but slower-growing regions from old member states. The co-operations tend to have a pragmatic and focused rationale, aiming to resolve issues arising from cross-border relationships, and driven more by public sector initiative and local governments than by higher level public authorities (OECD, 2003). The cross-border area around Iguazu Falls in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay is an exception (Iguazu-Foz de Iguazu - Ciudad del Este).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The need to produce these goods forced the state to set up large, state-owned companies and a stronger banking system and to promote R&D in enterprises - in effect launching a process of accelerated industrialisation that continued through the end of the 1980s. The period also saw heavy investment in education and the establishment of a Nordic-style welfare state. Restrictions on foreign ownership were lifted during the second half of the 1980s as part of a wider effort to open up the economy that culminated in Finland’s accession to the European Union in 1995 and adopting the euro in 2002.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As a consequence, birth weights were below the international average for deliveries occurring after this period. During non-peak seasons, birth weights were close to international norms. The rainy season also coincides with increased incidence of disease, which further raises nutritional requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are reducing the transaction costs of information gathering and distribution. This can be, and has shown to be, a powerful tool for citizens that need to organize to protest against what they may perceive as social injustice. In fact this century has seen much more tangibly the manner in which these technologies facilitated, to a certain extent, The Arab Spring and the Occupy movements. Using ICT we expect to understand the relationships of political stability with the following variables: a) poverty: b) education and corruption c) and freedom of expression.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The renewable energy industry is no different. In some respects, it may be more critical in the short term because renewable energy is competing essentially against a commodity - electricity. However, when renewable energy competes against the price of established electricity generation (coal-fired and gas, for example), even with the premium offered by renewable energy obligation and feed-in tariffs, return on investment can be uncompetitive in the early stages of deployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To comply with the requirements of the CEDAW and contribute to combating gender-based violence, a more systematic approach to data collection needs to be developed. The collection of reliable data w'ould strengthen the knowledge base on the incidence and prevalence of different forms of violence against women, which is a condition for fulfilling this obligation through informed policy and strategy development. If collected regularly and over time, reliable data w'ould allow for better monitoring of progress towards meeting international standards and obligations in regard to violence against women. In view of the sensitivity of the topic, the World Health Organisation has developed ethical and safety guidelines to protect the interests and rights of interviewees and interviewers who participate in population-based surveys on violence against women (World Health Organisation, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Between the social and the spatial - exploring multiple dimensions of poverty and social exclusion (pp. Using non-monetary deprivation indicators to analyse poverty and social exclusion in rich countries: Lessons from Europe? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 29(2), 305-325. Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)