albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The penal legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan includes a number of crimes against the peace and security of mankind. Among these are most of the traditional “core” crimes under international law—genocide, war crimes, and the crime of aggression—as well as some other crimes. Crimes against humanity are not included in the Criminal Code so far but some of their definitional features are shared by so-called “extremist crimes”. In addition to other customary crimes against the peace and security of mankind—such as deliberately attacking internationally protected persons and organizations and abusing internationally protected emblems—the Code also includes more novel crimes, such as participation in foreign armed conflicts. This paper analyses the relevant provisions of the Criminal Code of Kazakhstan in the light of corresponding treaty-based and customary rules of international law, and suggests further improvements to be made to the Code.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In some areas, tourism activities provide some limited additional income but overall there is no appropriate coordination between protected areas and the tourism sector. Following the CBD recommendations, BiH should provide a full needs assessment and gap analysis, including consideration of such potential instruments for getting new and additional financial resources as payments for ecosystem services (PES). In addition the CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas requires an assessment of the management effectiveness of existing national systems of protected areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The revenues from the latter tax are allocated to the regional authorities. The inspections focus mainly on traffic security, there is no assessment of compliance with environmental pollution standards. The company, which operates on the basis of concession contracts, is under the technical supervision of the Ministry of Equipment and Transport and under the financial supervision of the Ministry of Finance and Privatization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Reforms can lower the volume of water some users will have access to, they can change the distribution of the risk of shortage across water users, and they can affect infrastructure and investment needs. Even incremental changes to an existing allocation regime can create opposition and require costly compensation to free up water by buying out existing water users. These insights can be instructive for those contemplating allocation reform or actively pursuing it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This work analyzes the relation between the right to information and the exercising of citizenship, within the scope of the dissemination of legislative information. The study traces a parallel between the coverage by private media and by the public media maintained by the Chamber of Deputies. The creation of a speciﬁ c communication system for the dissemination of legislative information is based on the presupposition that the internal dynamics of the private media do not favor the exercising of citizenship. In addition to the right to information, the right to opinion is emphasized as a basic element for the exercising of freedom of expression, for the consolidation of representative democracy and as an indispensable mechanism for the citizens’ enlightenment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Clear trends emerge for women: paid employment is increasing in most countries, while unpaid work is decreasing. Women spend, on average, 1 hour more on paid work per week and 2.6 hours less on unpaid work than 10 years ago, while men’s paid work has decreased on average by 4.5 hours and their unpaid workload increased by 2 hours. The average increase in unpaid work done by men is however not observed in all countries, partly because in some countries men worked even longer hours outside the home. Data refer to 2003-11 for the United States, to 2001-11 for Japan, to 1999-2011 for New Zealand, to 2003-10 for Spain, to 2002-10 for Italy, and to 2001-10 for Norway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These each demonstrate an awareness of equity issues, although their impact on re-orienting the system to better support the disadvantaged remains to be seen. Socioeconomic inequities in risk factors for ill-health are also widening: for example, the difference in prevalence between the highest and lowest educated groups for obesity has increased from 10.2% in 1987 to 16.9% in 2010, equivalent figures for daily smoking are 17.9% and 27.7% (though smoking prevalence halved over that period). Unsurprisingly, people with less than ten years of education are more likely to have a longstanding and limiting illness (over 78% compared to those with 12 or more years), experience long-term restrictions in activity due to illness (more than 118%), and experience work cessation due to illness (more than 178%) than people with 12 or more years of education, while higher incomes have been shown to predict longer life expectancy in Denmark, as elsewhere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
At present, one license was issued, however, it is outdated. According to the estimates of experts, there are no obvious signs of reduction in the volumes of these products. Nonetheless, there is no legislation which takes full account of good international practices and principles in river water management, assigning specific responsibilities to the various institutions and for the different water usages. A river basin management planning approach is lacking, as opposed to a sectorial planning approach. Erosion processes are very intensive and this, together with desertification on winter pastures, poses threats to biodiversity and local agriculture. Sustainable pasture management has huge potential for the protection of biodiversity and local economic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Yields of wheat and soybeans, for example, could increase with increased 0O2 concentrations under optimal temperatures. However, while projections of future yields vary according to the scenario, model and time-scale used, there is consistency in the main expected directions of change: yields suffer more in tropical regions than at higher latitudes and impacts are more severe with increased warming (Porter et al., It presents projected estimates of changes in crop yields owing to climate change over the 21st century (Figure 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The popularity of Omega-3, in particular, is the source of a structural change in the ratio of these two prices since 2012. The resulting ratio is assumed to be maintained over the medium-term except in the years where the El Nino phenomenon occurs. For individual fishery commodities, price volatility could be more pronounced due to supply swings caused by changes in catch quotas, disease outbreaks in the aquaculture sector (for example, as the one affecting shrimps production in Mexico and Thailand at present) as well as fluctuations in feed costs. This is about 17% higher than in the base period 2011-13, but it represents a slower annual growth compared to the previous decade (1.2% versus 2.1%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Quality improvement programmes should be applied to primary care and community care services more extensively and consistently. Consolidation of some content from the multiple data platforms that currently exist would facilitate transparency and public understanding of the quality of care. The lack of a national system for reporting/counting adverse events is another weakness, despite other innovations in promoting patient safety. Consideration should also be given to the creation of a more independent mechanism for assessing health system performance, since this function currently sits too closely to the agencies responsible for the task of quality improvement itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Current policies and continuing high fossil fuel prices should further encourage wood use for power, heat and liquid fuels. Whereas the total number of jobs in the forest sector is expected to further decrease, the share of green jobs in the sector should increase with the transition towards a green economy. This raises the issue of the extent to which the private sector needs public incentives to foster some green activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Assuming that connectivity between states and the treaty is a prerequisite for impact translation, this chapter introduces the concepts of principled and substantive connectivity. The first is comprised of ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), reservations, and ratification of the Optional Protocol (OP). The second is comprised of States Parties’ reporting habits and dialogue frequency with the Committee. This chapter asks if levels of connectivity depend on any of the following characteristics: belonging to a certain world region, regime type, and level of domestic de facto gender equality. The chapter reveals that many more states have reached a high level of principled connectivity than meaningful substantive connectivity. This is mostly due to the sub-optimal reporting discipline of the majority of States Parties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Purpose – This paper aims to analyze the opportunities and challenges of public policy governance in industrialized democracies in the context of a globally integrated economy on the one hand and institutional decentralization on the other. The implications of these transitions suggest the need for horizontal collaboration and coordination between policy stakeholders (domestic and international) as well as among agencies across various levels of government. The case of regional economic development policy governance in Canada over the past two decades illustrates some of the complexities of public, private and community partnerships in policy governance as the country seeks to maintain and enlarge its niche in the global economy.Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected through content analysis of policy and program documents relating to regional economic development in Canada, as well as in‐depth interviews of about 15 public officials directly involved in the administration of the policy.Finding...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As a result, the definitions and standards used and the granularity of tracking of financial resources are not consistent between the two policy communities.1 It will be important that the STI and development communities deepen their collaboration and reach consensus on tracking STI-related development finance and develop together new policy recommendations and best practices on international co-operation for STI development. A key conclusion of the paper is the need for better alignment of definitions across communities so each can satisfy its need for data-driven policy analysis without creating potential conflicts of interpretation. The majority of these resources, USD 10 billion, are provided as concessional finance from DAC members and multilateral agencies. The largest share of concessional finance supports research activities relating to challenges of developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Specific knowledge, skills and competencies are expected of ECEC practitioners. There is a general consensus, supported by research, that well-educated, well-trained professionals are the key factor in providing high-quality ECEC with the most favourable cognitive and social outcomes for children. Research shows that the behaviour of those who work in ECEC matters and that this is related to their education and training. The qualifications, education and training of ECEC staff are, therefore, an important policy issue (OECD, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In September 2012, the share of women that were in cabinet across the MENA region averaged 8%. This ranges from 0% in Lebanon to 23% in the Palestinian Authority. In addition, when women do serve as ministers, they are often responsible for “soft” portfolios focusing on social policy issues and sectors associated with the “traditional female role”, with limited access to key economic positions. Equal access to public office also remains a challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This report emphasizes that the ecosystem strongly influences how technological change affects future SME competitiveness in the digital age. Digital platforms work as online intermediaries that connect buyers and sellers, exchange information, goods and services, and make use of network effects with every additional user. They are also increasingly important players in the matching of supply and demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This paper focuses on the factors impacting on decision-making in child and family social work through a cross-national comparison. In doing so, the larger arena of the political and social contexts of both the United States and Northern Ireland are examined. For each of the countries we describe the historical and political context of child welfare, particularly the tension between child safety and family support, and how children's rights are attended to and interpreted in each country. This discussion also examines the extent to which decision-making in each jurisdiction is influenced by constitutional imperatives, with particular reference to the US Constitution and the European Convention on Human Rights. From this general comparison we conclude with observations about child welfare decision-making within the national context and offer suggestions for further theoretical development in this area whilst also examining where the practices in each jurisdiction may benefit from review.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, it is possible that within a family categorized as experiencing deprivation, children w'ill not be victims if, for example, parents have their children's needs met as a priority. Unlike European surveys, the Canadian survey also does not provide information on the availability of resources to meet children's specific educational, recreational or sport-related needs. Table 2 shows the share of children under 17 in Canada deprived of a range of material goods, resources and opportunities grouped according to their income poverty status. Non-income-poor children are less likely than income-poor children to be deprived on all of the measures in Table 2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Since COVID-19 emerged, a plethora of misinformation has undermined the public's ability to identify reliable sources of accurate information. To identify the range of methods governments used to address COVID-19 misinformation, we conducted a content analysis of international media and evaluated government actions in light of international law, which protects freedom of expression and calls on governments to guarantee this fundamental right even during a pandemic or other emergency. We identified five categories of government activities: (1) disseminating and increasing access to accurate information, (2) restricting access to accurate information, (3) disseminating disinformation, false information, and misinformation, (4) addressing commercial fraud, and (5) criminalizing expression. The goal of addressing COVID-19 misinformation is best served by protecting expression, disseminating factual information, ensuring strong protections for whistleblowers, and supporting an independent media environment. Conversely, governments undermine public health when they create a state of uncertainty and violate human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
So far, it has been notable that participants have on the whole chosen programmes that are available to other unemployed rather than those specifically designed for people with disabilities. A total of 5,502 people with limited work capacity entered ALMPs between January and August 2016 and the most popular choices have been training, work trials and work-related rehabilitation (source: country responses to OECD policy questionnaire). In view of the voluntary nature of programme participation during the early phase of the initiative, those who have registered for services so far are likely to be particularly motivated to look for work or to have less severe disabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
While material wealth may provide a buffer against environmental change, the human species is fundamentally dependent on the flow of these ecosystem services. The different types of ecosystem services society receives are outlined below. This payment or reward should be conditional upon the "delivery" of the service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
“While ensuring the free flow of ideas by word and image, care should be exercised that all cultures can express themselves and make themselves known. Freedom of expression, media pluralism, multilingualism, equal access to art and to scientific and technological knowledge, including in digital form, and the possibility for all cultures to have access to the means of expression and dissemination are the guarantees of cultural diversity (Hanania LR, Cultural diversity in international law: the effectiveness of the UNESCO convention on the protection and promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions. Routledge, London, 2014).”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It was the first United Nations mission ever to respond to a global health threat. Based on the UNMEER appeal, United Nations agencies, concerned international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other partners came together to meet in Accra in October to decide on their division of work within a common framework. Under this process, a coordination mechanism for a global emergency response was put in place, with UNMEER at the core.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper discusses the impact of task performance, fraud risk assessment and forensic accountants and auditors’ skills and mindsets in the Nigerian public sector. It also draws the attention of the users of public sector accountants and auditors such as the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, the Independent and Corrupt Practices Commission,Special Control Unit of Money Laundering, Terrorism Financing and white collar crimes. The objective of the study is to enhance the fraud risk assessment task performance in the Office of both Auditor General for the Federation and Accountant General of the Federation through the effective use of skills and mindsets (forensic accountant vs. auditor), which will usher in the best corporate governance practices in the Nigerian public sector. Thus, the study suggests performance measurement can be improved considering the impact of forensic accountant skills and mindsets on fraud risk assessment in the Nigerian public sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The preparatory process for the Second Assessment allowed for a discussion of the existing differences in monitoring and assessment systems, the deriving problems regarding comparability of data and the lessons learned from those riparian countries which have harmonized or made compatible their monitoring and assessment systems. The Convention takes a holistic approach, based on the understanding that water resources play an integral part in ecosystems as well as in human societies and economies. Its commitment to integrated water resources management (1WRM) replaces an earlier focus on localized sources of pollution and management of separate components of the ecosystem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Extradition of individuals excluded underArticle 1(F) of the Refugee Convention has recently emerged as an attractive alternative to prosecution on the basis of universal jurisdiction. The government of the Netherlands aims to support measures to strengthen judicial systems abroad in order to facilitate the extradition of international crimes suspects. An analysis of measures enabling extradition of alleged genocidaires from European states to Rwanda, however, indicates a similar process is unlikely to occur regarding the remaining population of Article 1(F) excluded individuals residing in the Netherlands. Most countries of origin lack the political will and capacity to locate and domestically prosecute such alleged perpetrators. If extradition requests are submitted, challenges with regard to extradition law and human rights requirements remain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While limited in effectiveness, such social protection often provides initial help in the face of shocks. Social protection thus helps relax liquidity, credit and/or savings constraints. The evidence shows that social protection fosters more investment in the education and health of children, and reduces child labour, with implications for future productivity and employability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Young people with only a lower secondary education have limited opportunities to realise their potential and develop their learning skills. This may be due to the poor quality of the educational assistance given to them in schools and lack of resources, including availability of trained teachers or methods of teaching. Much less attention is being paid to the quality of the teaching and learning that pupils experience. Only recently has the focus shifted to the quality of the education on offer and support for transition to secondary and tertiary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The family and the State are the best institutions for building solidarity, associations and the community can foster it. The exchange of time and money between generations works best when there is relative demographic equilibrium, so it should be acknowledged that intergenerational solidarity is, to varying degrees, currently under threat and subject to tensions concomitant with population ageing and formal and informal provision of care. Care policies impact the balance of responsibilities among the family, the community, the State and the market (Esping-Andersen, 2009) and should seek to balance the resources allocated to each age group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For a complete and in-depth analysis of inequalities in Latin America and the Caribbean, more light must be shed on the distribution and use of time by men and women. Social inequality in the region is strongly determined by the production matrix and ownership structure, as well as other structural determinants like the dominant gender system, which in turn intersects with factors such as life cycle stages, area of residence, ethnicity and race (ECLAC, 2016f).The analysis of inequality, its dimensions and how they interconnect is fundamental to the design of public policies that would allow society to achieve sustainable development and the Goals set forth in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (ECLAC, 2016c, 2016d). A transformative approach that incorporates the entire development agenda is needed to make real progress towards reducing inequality. This implies taking a number of steps that, in addition to eliminating discrimination and violence, increase the number of women with sufficient income of their own, shatter the glass ceiling, increase women's access to the labour market, make personal and work life compatible for men and women, and ensure that domestic care work is shared fairly, among other measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Maps by NIVA (Hege Gundersen). In the IPBES context, the word "nature" covers the full diversity of life: The living organisms including humans, along with their interactions with each other and their environment. Biodiversity, short for biological diversity, involves variation in life at all levels of organization and includes variability in ecosystems and their functions, in species richness and their functional properties, in genetic diversity and in biotic interactions (Fig.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)