albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The National Agency for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (ANATER) was created in 2013 by the Federal government to expand the resources and scope of public extension services to poorer farmers and to address sustainability issues. While ANATER is being structured, the Brazilian Government is supporting family farming with the National Program for the Strengthening of Family Farming (PRONAF), the Plano Safra 2014-15 and the National Policy for Organic Farming and Agroecology launched in 2013 with the support of the MDA. Agricultural zoning represents an important instrument linking agricultural support to environmental sustainability of farming activity. Respect of zoning rules is used as a condition of producers’ eligibility for concessional credit and subsidised insurance programmes. Brazil has voluntarily committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by between 36.1% and 38.9% in the period to 2020. To this end, the government launched in 2010 a key credit programme named Plano ABC, Low Carbon Agriculture, which promotes the recovery of pasture areas that have suffered soil degradation and puts into place a system of integrated production of crop, livestock and forestry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
One fifth occurs on state lands. Leisure homes are popular: in 2009, 64% of the population spent time at a leisure home, and the average number of visits per year was 38. National outdoor recreation demand inventory (LWI) study and its main product Outdoor Recreation Statistics could serve as a basis for recreation indicators, but the LWI inventory is conducted only once in ten years and thus does not provide measurements for short term indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There is a general view that potential opportunities do exist but quantification remains difficult. Recent work by international bodies such as the United Nations, OECD, ILO and CEDEFOP has tried to assess both the current and future opportunities in relation to green growth, although much of this work is still in its infancy. Global markets for low carbon and environmental goods and services are growing. In London the growth of the low carbon sector has remained significantly above the trend growth rate for London’s economy despite the global financial crisis. Similarly, venture capital investment in green industry increased its overall market share between 2003 and 2008 from 1.6 % to 11 % and a net worth of $US3 billion by 2007.64 This suggests that a more buoyant financial services sector in Sydney could be well placed to develop green financial products and services, such as caibon trading and carbon finance, under a supportive policy and regulatory environment. Whilst the on-going decline of the manufacturing sector is problematic, this is being driven much more by deindustrialisation and global economic change than the shift to greener growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Just over half of the global population is covered by LTE or higher networks and few of those living in rural areas. One of its targets is to improve cooperation in science, technology and innovation. This will be measured, in part, by monitoring the number and speed of fixed-broadband subscriptions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Ethiopia, Malawi, Uganda and United Republic of Tanzania, for example, female farmers deploy fewer male household labourers than do male-managed farms (World Bank and ONE, 2014). They are less likely to own cell phones than men, and are at a particular disadvantage in accessing ICTs where they are available, they may be prevented by cultural attitudes from using rural access points frequented by men, and their ability to upgrade their skills is impaired by more limited literacy and educational attainment, as well as time and mobility constraints. These gender differences may reduce female farmers' access to more lucrative markets, by limiting their access to market information or their ability to transport inputs and farm produce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
India aims to steady its deficit ratio in the coming fiscal years. The shortfall in fiscal year 2018 (ending March 2019) will likely exceed the initial target and deficit ratio set in the previous year. The trade tensions could affect economies in the region via global value chains, foreign investment, trade diversion and exchange-rate reaction, among other channels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Nonetheless, the other half of the leading group of municipalities consist of small municipalities that have not been part of the latest national project. To highlight the power of small municipalities, Helsinki ranks only 23rd when it comes to access to 30 Mbt broadband, and 93rd (5%) in terms of 100 Mbt broadband in 2016 (Viestintavirasto, 2016). The potential cost-savings on public service delivery going from paper-based communication to digital or web-based communication with citizens and businesses are considerable, in addition to more efficient public service delivery, positive environmental impacts and increased trust across society are also often mentioned (Norwegian Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article provides a conceptual framework for studies of areas of politics and public policy in which political corruption is most likely to emerge (danger zones). The use of principal-agent theory in qualitative case studies is recommended. This approach gives attention to context, to the specifics of institutional design, and to individual choice as found in the "least corrupt" countries of the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Technological learning is not limited to formal mechanisms of R&D: learning by doing and by interacting with users, clients and suppliers plays a critical role in many contexts. Their ability to learn and apply knowledge to innovation processes is thus critical to technological learning and building the local knowledge base. Education systems can improve the quality of human capital available to firms, governments and research institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, in the earlier stages, RD&D accounts for a larger share of performance improvements and cost reductions. While the depression is very disruptive and particularly destructive for the poor, it does at least potentially sow the seeds of renewal, provided that the world is prepared to make the necessary institutional and financial investments. This needs to occur without risking irreversible changes in ecological, biophysical and biochemical systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Interestingly, it uses the example of International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) management of Atlantic Bluefin tuna, which it depicts as a success story of rationale fisheries management because the 2014 Bluefin stock assessment revealed a surge in the Atlantic Bluefin spawning stock, leading to an increase in the total allowable catch in the fishery. Part of this process includes technical briefing sessions with the Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the United Nations Environment Programme, the World Bank and RFMOs. What sorts of fisheries subsidies should be prohibited?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Urban runoff may also elevate the temperature of surface waters. Elevated water temperatures decrease oxygen levels, which can kill fish, alter food chain composition, reduce species biodiversity, and foster invasion by new thermophilic species (e.g. Teixeira et al., Thermal pollution can also be caused by the release of very cold water from the base of reservoirs into warmer rivers (Langford, 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Debates about the role of capitalist corporations depend ultimately on their response to the enduring question of ‘who controls the large modern corporation’. This article aims to identify various competing schools of thought that can be classified as ‘managerialist’ and ‘anti-managerialist’, ‘mainstream’ and ‘radical’, which have emerged over the course of the last 70 years, moving on to consider how each has impacted on the discipline of business history. The paper utilizes a two-by-two matrix that divides theories along two dimensions to set out four alternative perspectives. Along the horizontal dimension, anti-managerialism is opposed to managerialism, along the vertical dimension, mainstream and radical perspectives are opposed. The article then assesses the extent to which these conflicting perspectives have influenced the work of business historians, from Chandler's earliest work through to more recent thinking on the links between corporate governance, accountability and broader market forces. Em...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
AbstractThe renewed emphasis on national political boundaries across Europe would seem to go hand-in-hand with a weaker external personality for the EU. However, there are several prominent examples of EU leadership that challenge this notion, from the December 2015 UN climate change agreement to common sanctions again Russia to a new Global Strategy. This paper examines a policy area that lies at the intersection of populist outrage and external engagement: counter-terrorism. In the wake of the 2015 and 2016 Paris and Brussels terrorist attacks, the EU has made significant strides in enhancing the external dimension of its counter-terrorism policies, particularly in terms of intelligence sharing, formal and informal diplomacy, and the internal–external nexus of security. The article argues that major terrorist attacks in 2015–2016 have served as critical junctures of crisis, driving counter-terrorism policies forward and emphasising the notion of European boundaries beyond any functionalist or securitiza...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Research in both the US and Europe has demonstrated the link between certification of lower energy consumption and higher real estate values (Popescu et al., Policy makers in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region could take this one step further by requiring a full assessment of the viability of clean and renewable energy retrofits any time a commercial or industrial building is sold. The new owner would not be obliged to pursue any specific installation, but ready access to this information could incite owners to voluntarily take action shortly thereafter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A series of surveys in coastal Australia, Bay of Bengal and the Mediterranean Sea estimates that a minimum of 5.25 trillion plastic particles weighing over 260 000 tons are afloat at sea in the world’s oceans (Eriksen et al., In the Mediterranean Sea, plastic debris has been found in the stomachs of 18% of swordfish, bluefin tuna and albacore (Romeo et al., Due to their small size, microplastics may be ingested by low trophic fauna, with uncertain consequences for the health of organisms (Wright et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
According to some estimates, the use of certified products has led to some decreases in C02 emissions, resource consumption and waste disposal. Obtaining the Eco-Mark has become the norm for major manufacturers, which suggests that the awarding criteria need to be constantly revised to ensure that the environmental impact of a labelled product is substantially lower than average. For instance, an energy efficiency label is associated with products that achieve Top Runner targets, and a uniform energy conservation label applies to some home appliances. Many companies have also launched their own eco-labels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Such a system implies technical norms and regulations which are both responsive to international demand and adapted to local circumstances, but also sufficient capacity to ensure compliance with those norms and regulations. In many developing countries relevant agencies lack adequate expertise and equipment, both at the standard-setting and at the enforcement stage, including at the border. They also lack clearly defined mandates, resulting in overlapping, uncoordinated activities, for which existing resources are spread too thin, and generating confusion, delays and duplicative expenses. As documented by Brenton et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Second-chance programmes offer a flexible learning environment often with a residential component that is well adapted to early school leavers’ needs and designed to help them back into education. Probably the largest residential second-chance programme is the US Job Corps, which has been operating since 1964. It targets disadvantaged youth up to age 24 and includes academic tuition, vocational training, counselling, social skills training, job placements and also health care (OECD, 2016e). In Australia a smaller-scale second-chance programme is offered through the so-called youth foyers, of which there are currently 14 across the country (OECD, 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Second earner taking up employment at 67% of average wage and the first earner earns 100% of average wage. Lone parent taking up employment at 67% of average wage. One way would be to gradually reduce the duration of the parental allowance so as to limit the combined maternity and parental leave period. In many other OECD countries with high female labour market participation, the combined maternity and paternity leave period is around one year (OECD, 2012b). The practice of withdrawing childcare benefits if working mothers use (public) childcare facilities should be discontinued.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It also aims to reduce the number of Europeans without adequate reading, writing, numeracy and digital skills. At the same time, the Agenda seeks to help highly qualified young people find work that suits their potential and aspirations, make it easier for employers to recruit employees with the right profiles and to equip people with the skills and attitudes to start their own businesses (EC, 2016b). These programmes receive fewer resources than general education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The number of people receiving benefits has a quantitatively sizable impact on measured redistribution. Across countries, there has been no uniform trend of the numbers of unemployment benefit claims. In part, the number of recipients is simply a reflection of the number of people facing particular types of risks that the benefit is designed to address.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The buyback programme aims to reduce water abstractions by around 25% to achieve sustainable diversion targets set by the basin water resources plan. The ANA implements the national water resources management system and regulates water uses in federal water bodies. State water agencies define rules and issue entitlements for state water bodies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The findings suggest that child characteristics are important in explaining inputs and nutritional outcomes, and that maternal agency and health contribute to improved health status. Household resources in the form of consumption are positively associated with food intake and nutritional outcomes. Simulations show that income growth, improving maternal care and avoiding sudden price shocks have a positive but rather limited effect on the reduction of malnutrition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, the 2010 legislation on the Mandatory Health Insurance system appears to have strengthened the role of the insurance system. This, in turn, may have contributed to the recent falls in mortality and lengthening of average lifetimes. However, given the rather short time since the introduction of these programmes, it is probably too early to judge the final outcome. Surveys (conducted by the Levada Center) show that the share of the population indicating that quality of health care provision had improved during the past year went up from 11 % in 2002 to 20% in 2008 (Table 3.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Indeed, despite close to 44 000 asylum applications since the start of 2015, the number of persons granted international protection over this period remains under 14 000. In 2016, just 4 005 individuals made first-time applications for asylum in Finland and, in 2017, the number fell still further, nearly halving to just 2 139. Nevertheless, temporarily elevated numbers have put a strain on an integration system designed to support far fewer migrants. This strain is set to continue in the years to come as this large cohort makes its way along the integration path. In particular, the Act mandated the use of personalised integration plans which generally last for two to three years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Administrative culture: An administrative culture that is characterised by risk and blame avoidance hinders co-creation processes, because public officials might not dare or are not allowed to involve stakeholders in the policy process. Attitudes of public officials and politicians: Efforts to establish co-creation mechanisms can fail if policy makers feel threatened in their expertise or consider stakeholders as incompetent. Incentives and objectives: Providing public officials (and stakeholders) with clear incentives and objectives is crucial for establishing an understanding of the added value of co-creation processes. Compatibility: Involving stakeholders in the policy process requires the adaption of supporting structures, procedures and routines, such as training facilities and communication structures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Yet Deckard likes her and asks her out on a date - using a graffiti-scrawled public payphone. We wrongly assume that a technology like "Rachael" could somehow appear, yet little else would change. And we're hypnotized by the most sophisticated stuff, missing humble ideas that quietly change everything.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Saiga antelopes (Saiga tatarica) occasionally winter in northern areas. Turkmenistan is of global importance for migratory waterbirds, and of high importance for breeding waterbirds and raptors. There are certainly more globally threatened plant species in Turkmenistan. Most endemic species and threatened species occur in the Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae. Parts of the country belong to the Central Asian “Vavilov Centre” of crop species origin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the rural areas, 11 ward groups involve disabled people, parents, teachers and children who identify as disabled people, ensure sufficient teaching and learning materials and assistive teachers, make the learning environment welcoming, organise events to raise awareness, and collect funds for physical access improvements. The work with families was crucial in encouraging them to enrol their disabled children in school and to become allies in their struggle for rights and education. Case studies are used in national and international advocacy for changes to laws, policies and development programmes relevant to inclusive education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Regular, planned and small fare adjustments are preferable. Introducing this practice will be easier if fare adjustments are linked to clearly identifiable quality improvements. Shifting towards higher fares, reflected in higher quality, will be more effective in attracting users than low fares and poor services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A number of environmental protection standards are also incorporated in tourism legislation governing Greek companies hiring out cars and motorcycles to tourists. -Measures which aim at renewing the motor vehicle fleet in different categories, either via incentives to motor vehicle owners or via obligations which motor vehicle owners are required to meet. Financial incentives were provided up to 31 December 2009 for the replacement of two-wheel vehicles with models using new technology, under Law 3245/2004 on motorcycles (registered not later than 1994) and Law 3333/2005 for scooters (registered not later than 1996). Other measures aimed at renewing the fleet of public passenger cars.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Altogether over 60% of Finland's original peatland area has been drained for forestry, used for agriculture or peat extraction, been submerged under hydropower reservoirs, or developed with buildings and infrastructure. This has resulted in a complete or partial destruction of the original habitats. Furthermore, the connectedness of pristine peatlands has decreased markedly and the shapes of individual peatlands have changed to sharp-edged drainage delimited polygons (Ministry of the Environment 2010). However, recent actions in Finland to restore peatlands are likely to counteract this, at least in protected areas (Simila et al. About 80% of these have been disturbed by human activities, especially by drainage. Bog and marshland are relatively extensive biotopes in Norway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The toolbox can be developed and made available in working groups or by international organisations. Developing the toolbox is not expected to involve high costs, as blockchain technologies are already available and are mostly made accessible by developers under open source licensing. Through research-based collaborations and partnering with public and private organisations, use case concepts and technologies can be jointly validated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This study examined the individual and joint relationships of mature and immature defense mechanisms and the use of negotiation as a conflict resolution strategy with the co-parenting of divorcing couples. The responses of 71 divorcing couples to the study questionnaires were analyzed using the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model. Findings showed that both conscious use of negotiation and unconscious use of mature defense mechanisms for the purpose of conflict resolution were associated with the co-parenting of those parents who possessed these qualities, and that where one parent used mature defense mechanisms, the other participated more in his or her children’s lives and showed more cooperation. Almost all actor effects were forms of increased participation in the children’s lives. The lack of partner effects in the case of immature defense mechanisms and positive use of negotiation was discussed, and clinical implications were presented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The shift of production processes to developing countries also relocates the ecological and health costs of polluting production processes to countries with less stringent environmental regulations (UNCTAD, 2013b). The second recent development concerns intensified global imbalances, which threaten the economic sustainability of the model, to which the chapter now turns. For some countries, the longterm decline in savings and the accumulation of private debt has increased consumption in spite of stagnant earnings, resulting in large current account deficits. At the same time, countries with a current account surplus used export markets as a way to sustain employment in the absence of sufficient domestic aggregate demand (Blecker, 2012, UNCTAD, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The protection of child soldiers in international law albeit a young component of international law, has become a matter of increasing international concern. Children living in conflict zones are extremely vulnerable to conscription or enlistment to the ranks of the armed forces fighting in the region, whether controlled by the State or not. Despite various legal norms and binding international obligations on States to prevent the recruitment of child soldiers, this despicable practice continues till date. This paper seeks to analyse the international legal norms governing child conscription, under international humanitarian law, international human rights law and international criminal law. The author will study the scope and evolution of the norms governing conscription and enlistment of children into the belligerent forces. The author will also attempt to analyse the shortcomings in the laws and reasons for its inability to protect children from the scourges and scars of participation in hostilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)