albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Some countries have started to consider skills policies beyond their national borders and have begun to invest in the skills of people in other countries. This has Ihe double advantage of providing well-trained workers to brandies of firms located abroad and reducing the incentives to emigrate, especially among highly skilled individuals. Another way to encourage skills development globally is to design policies that encourage cross-border tertiary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the modern era of life-long learning and career management in the face of technological advances and industry restructuring, all citizens should have access to high quality careers information, advice and guidance. Nevertheless, it is particularly important that young people are not shut out of opportunities in the green economy as a result of receiving guidance from counsellors who have not kept up to date with developments in local and national labour markets. In all cases, there are risks involved, since the decision-maker may discover in the future that an unpredictable change in market conditions or the policy environment has resulted in the original investment becoming obsolete. In the past, some government policies at the federal and state levels (such as industrial policy based on ‘picking winners’ for public subsidies) have been rightly criticised for locking individuals or businesses into a narrow skills training or industry development trajectory that has proved unsustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Also exports of sugar, cotton and poultry are projected to expand more slowly than before. Brazil’s exports of vegetable oil to China reached a high of 0.95 Mt in 2012, but decreased sharply to 0.36 Mt in 2014. Considering China imports more oilseeds for domestic crushing, which will substitute for the import of vegetable oil, vegetable oil imports are expected to continue the downward trend to 0.2 Mt in 2024.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
More than half of the Georgian territory in the basin is grassland (53.6%), and only about 1% is cropland. In the Russian part of the basin, pressure arises from irrigation (>700,000 ha), industry, aquaculture/fisheries and human settlements. The Pre-Caspian aquifer (No. Reservoirs in Kazakhstan include: the Kaztalovsk-I (7.20 x 106 m3), the Kaztalovsk-II (3.55 x 106 m3) and the Mamajcvsk (3.50 x 106 m3) reservoirs and several artificial lakes (4.83 x 106 m3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Relevance of instruction”, “clarity of instruction”, “preparation and management style” and “monitoring learning” were among the categories of the first factor of effective teaching based on student ratings. Some research shows that clarity and organisation are effective teaching behaviours in higher education not only based on student ratings, but also on student achievement in exams. Feldman (1989, 2007) gathered data on student perceptions on characteristics of superior teachers and found that organisation and clarity are teaching behaviours that highly correlated with student achievement in common final exams.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The third level consists of several existing national and local measurement systems that are used to measure and drive improvement. It defines 12 priority areas required to deliver the 2020 ambition across the domains of quality of care, population health, and value and sustainability. The priority areas are: person-centred care, safe care, primary care, unscheduled and emergency care, integrated care, care for multiple and chronic illnesses, early years, health inequalities, prevention, workforce, innovation, and efficiency and productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The European Journal of Public Health, 23(1), 103-108. Recessions and mortality in Spain, 1980-1997.European Journal of Population/Revue europeenne de Demographie, 27(4), 393-422. Mortality and macroeconomic fluctuations in contemporary Sweden. European Journal of Population/Revue europeenne de Demographie, 27(2), 157-184.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For other countries, data from the Adult Education Survey (AES) are reported and refer to 2011 for Ireland and 2016 for all others. On average across OECD countries, over 50% of adults over the age of 15 have transferred files between a computer and other devices in the last three months, and women are only about 10% less likely to have recently used this skill in comparison to men.3 On the other hand, except in a few countries, such as Denmark and Iceland, less than 10% of adults over the age of 15 have recently used a specialised programming language. In all countries, men are at least 50% more likely to have recently run a programme than women (Table 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Concern about the EU’s ‘democratic deficit’ is misplaced. Judged against existing advanced industrial democracies, rather than an ideal plebiscitary or parliamentary democracy, the EU is legitimate. Its institutions are tightly constrained by constitutional checks and balances: narrow mandates, fiscal limits, super–majoritarian and concurrent voting requirements and separation of powers. The EU’s appearance of exceptional insulation reflects the subset of functions it performs — central banking, constitutional adjudication, civil prosecution, economic diplomacy and technical administration. These are matters of low electoral salience commonly delegated in national systems, for normatively justifiable reasons. On balance, the EU redresses rather than creates biases in political representation, deliberation and output.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter identifies and considers the impact of human rights on religion and religious organisations, including religious charities, drawing on the case law arising from: the Equality Act 2010, Article 14 of the European Convention and the right not to suffer discrimination on grounds such as religion, Article 9 and the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, Article 11 and the right to freedom of association, Art 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and Article 2 of Protocol 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Substantial progress has been made, promoted by increased spending on biodiversity, with the new Nature Diversity Act, the Biodiversity Information Centre and the sea management plans resulting in better protection of certain land and sea habitats and threatened species. However, targets and actions should be further developed for forest protection, plus coastal and river zones which are still under threat by human activity. This chapter focuses on the priorities for Norway in ensuring sustainable management of biodiversity and nature conservation, as well as the impact of climate change on these areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
More generally, Luxembourg has a positive record in meeting its international commitments (often of longstanding) for the conservation of nature and biodiversity (Chapter 4). Pursuant to that Protocol and the terms of the European agreement distributing the burden among the 15 member states of the European Union, Luxembourg undertook to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 28% below their 1990 levels over the period 2008-12. This is the deepest cut of any agreed by the 15 member states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In particular, in the absence of a pumping constraint, this model would predict that each producer would pump until the value of the marginal product of water (or marginal benefit of pumping) was equal to zero. As the pumping constraint becomes more binding, the value of the marginal product of water will increase. The optimal choice of marginal benefit depends on the degree to which pumping must be constrained to meet the aggregate pumping target: the lower the desired value of the target, the higher the marginal benefit needed to achieve it, as each producer must be constrained more.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
All Korean rural regions fall in the category predominantly rural close to a city (i.e., there are no rural remote regions in Korea). Korea has 22 functional urban areas covering 26% of the national territory. Out of the 22 FUAs, five are classified as large metropolitan areas (with a population of 1 500 000 or more), and six as metropolitan areas (with a population of 500 000 to 1 500 000), eight as medium-sized urban areas (population between 250 000 to 500 000 people) and three as small urban areas (population between 50 000 and 200 000 people). This definition overcomes previous limitations for international comparability linked to administrative boundaries. This methodology is a clear example of how geographic/morphological information from geographic sources and census data can be used together to get a better understanding of how urbanisation develops. These clusters are made of contiguous 1 km2 grid cells with a population density of at least 1 500 inhabitants per km2 and a total population of at least 50 000 people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The scholarship on the “Yellow Peril” looks at Japanese immigrants (Issei) as an object of anti-Asian racialization in domestic politics or as a distraction in U.S.-Japanese bilateral diplomacy. Seldom do historians consider its ramifications outside those contexts. They also lack perspective on the impact of Issei practice on the geopolitics of Yellow Peril, which spread from California to the U.S.-Mexican borderlands and beyond. This article examines the role of Issei settler colonialism, as well as its unintended consequences, in the formation of discourse on the transborder Yellow Peril. That discourse propelled white America to reaffirm its commitment to the Monroe Doctrine, shifting the nature of U.S. diplomacy from the endeavor to keep European rivals out of the Western Hemisphere to one that sought to exclude the Japanese racial enemy from America’s “backyard.” It culminated in the construction of a hemispheric national security regime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Environmental conditions also regularly impair energy equipment. Furthermore, with limited economic resources, Kiribati is highly dependent on official development assistance (accounts for 50% of GDP), with almost total dependence on external funding for energy projects, which results in long lead times and adds complexity to implementation. Moreover, there are significant capacity issues in the energy sector, lack of awareness regarding renewable energy and energy efficiency, and availability of energy data is limited. With the assistance of SPC and other partners, Kiribati is in the process of developing a long-term energy sector strategy, which will include several renewable energy targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Donors, on the other hand, accord the highest priority (74%) to support for trade policy and regulations, closely flowed by support for trade facilitation (70%). Regional integration and connecting to value chains follow next on the list of donor priorities (52% and 40% respectively). Both partner and donor countries give little priority to e-commerce in their aid-for-trade strategies (13% and 15% respectively, Figure 11.16). The aid-for-trade strategy of 60% of the donors will focus specifically on promoting private sector investment (60%) and green growth (50%), while also targeting results (48%) in areas such as trade facilitation (45%), gender equality (43%) and poverty reduction (40%), especially trough regional programmes (43%) and in the LDCs (35%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
And, due to globalisation, we have to make a common effort that includes rich and poor countries alike. Worldwide exchange of goods and services means that our daily behaviour has an impact on people and ecosystems far from our borders, and vice versa. Political action at the national level is not enough nor even regional action, such as in the EU, or NAFTA or ASEAN.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
There is usually no sector-specific gender analysis, including involvement of women and womens organisations in stakeholder consultations. Further, there is a lack of gender-responsive monitoring and evaluation, including use of gender-disaggregated indicators. Towards an Energy Secure Pacific - A Framework for Action on Energy Security in the Pacific (FAESP) 2010-2020’ was adopted by the Pacific Islands Forum Leaders in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Several of the goals and targets in the 2030 Agenda for Global Action have a direct bearing on the nexus between trade policy and gender equality (Table 4.2). End hunger, achieve fooc security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitaii, the global partnership for sustainable development. These data can then be used to inform, develop and monitor government policies and the support development partners provide in promoting gender equality in trade-related issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This objective to cover diverse project areas will lead to the reduction of GHG emissions while significantly improving the quality of die environment, and in particular reducing air, water and soil pollution. Since the beginning of its operation, the NTEF has been implementing four programmes. Energy efficiency projects for 77 public buildings (kindergartens, schools, universities, cultural community centres, theatres, sports halls, medical centres and administrative facilities) in Bulgaria, amounting to 27 million leva, have been implemented under the programme during die period 2011-2014. Partial financing (based on the de minimis principle under the state aid regulations) has been provided to two corporate projects for energy production from renewable sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
SummaryThe last two decades have seen information systems featuring prominently in calls for the modernisation of the UK social care system. However, critics have maintained that these systems are of limited value to social care professionals whose design and implementation is driven by a preoccupation with performance management and a culture of professional audit and accountability, precepts of ‘managerialism’. However, this area of research has often suffered from lack of focus on how technological changes affect public administration and service delivery and often characterises technology as a politically neutral tool detached from its socio-political context whilst also ignoring the strategic predispositions of human service professionals.FindingsThis research was conducted in three local authorities in England. Using the ‘technological affordance’ perspective, we contend that the way social workers interact with Integrated Children’s System is shaped by the discord between socio-historically evolved...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Pashiardis and Brauckman (2008) argued that due consideration to a school leader’s experience can significantly improve the usefulness of the appraisal process since the needs of school leaders change markedly as they progress through their career. Pashiardis and Brauckman, therefore, suggested adjusting the feedback provisions for school leaders to the stages of pre-leadership, initial, experienced and exiting leadership. For summative uses, evaluators equally need to take into account specific school and individual contexts and a school leader’s experience to ensure a fair appraisal process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This chapter provides the background for the rest of the report by reviewing the existing empirical work on South African inequality and poverty since the advent of the post-Apartheid era in 1994. This review highlights points of agreement and dispute within this empirical literature. South Africa has an infamous history of high inequality with an overbearing racial stamp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At the national level, responsibilities are shared between the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), Local Water Utilities Association (LWUA), the National Water Resources Board (NWRB), the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the Department of Health (DOH), the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), without any official co-ordinating body. In the case of flood management, the absence of NEDA in committee meetings of the Environment Management Bureau, despite the obvious role this Authority could play, reveals the gaps existing in national policy frameworks. At the local level, the allocation of responsibilities between water districts and LGUs is sometimes unclear and not efficient, and there is no appointed body for disaster risk reduction in LGUs, creating a lot of inconsistencies across jurisdictions about the management of this issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Water management activities are carried out by the 12 Regional Directorates for Environmental and Water Management, and coordinated at the national level by the Central Directorate for Water and Environment. This includes protecting and improving water resources and the quality of drinking water, consistent with the EU WFD. A total of eight River Basin Districts form the administrative areas for coordinated implementation of the EU WFD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This project consisted in upgrading infrastructure, providing housing improvement loans and building capacity in four selected cities which led to the upgrading of 295 low-income areas, benefiting 2.5 million people. This demonstrated the benefits of a more flexible approach to informality, and of trying to enable people to stay in their homes through upgrading. Following the success of the project, the government upscaled it in 2009 into the National Urban Upgrading Programme to 2020. The programme covers 95 cities of Class IV and above, which has reached 90 000 households, servicing unplanned housing areas and providing financial assistance for housing improvement and tenure regularisation (World Bank, 2015b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Formulas that closely reflect earnings and contributory histories tend to generate lower benefits for women than men, while the inclusion of flat or redistributive components tend to favour women. The period of earnings taken into account is also relevant for gender equality as is the existence of minimum benefits and mechanisms for indexation, meaning that pensions are regularly adjusted to inflation or wage increases. When benefits are calculated based on average lifetime earnings rather than final salary, for example, the penalties for time spent out of the labour market will be greater. Since women live longer than men, they face higher risks of depreciation of the value of their pensions. They are widely used in developed countries and have recently been introduced in some developing countries too. Care credits acknowledge and compensate for contributions that were lost due to time spent out of the labour force—usually by women—caring for dependants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Finally, IT policies, by raising interest rates, attract capital inflows due to the higher rate of return on financial assets, leading to currency appreciation and downward pressure on exports, growth, and jobs. This view is based on the premise that workers, observing price increases, accentuate their demands for higher pay, triggering an inflationary spiral. Inflation targeting is meant to harness inflationary expectations and avoid such a spiral. Inflation targeting adherents theorize that low inflation will stimulate investment and output growth in the medium-to long-term. Thus, it is assumed that unemployment costs as a result of higher interest rates and slower growth are only temporary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As such they can provide overarching guidance on government priorities in the short and long term. Despite many NDCs being rather vague about the required climate compatible investments, existing NAMAs and/or NAPAs and NAPs in many cases provide important elements of the missing information. Through targeted efforts they could help outline and identify the required investment programmes and enabling environment reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It looks at early school leaving, policies aimed at identifying at-risk youth and combating school drop-out, and strategies to adapt services for students who are not successful in the mainstream school system. It then examines vocational education and apprenticeship in Australia, with a focus on completion rates and career guidance. Finally, it gives an overview of social services offered to school-age youth, and the co-ordination of these services with schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Internet of Things (loT) sensors, for example, can reduce the costs of global trade by increasing the efficiency of shipping and transport. First, they reduce the amount of goods lost in transport. Second, shipment tracking systems enable companies to optimize routes to efficiently use shipping containers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This paper focuses on how the narrative around guardianship as a crime prevention strategy has evolved from its original roots in macro-level theory and examination predominantly in residential places with a focus on property crime. It first highlights the ways in which some of the most useful insights about how guardianship functions to protect against crime have been illuminated by micro-level studies which have built on macro-level trends. Recent scholarship is used to illustrate how criminological understanding about guardianship against crime has been significantly developed through a focus on micro-level environmental factors and, most recently, individual factors. Perhaps one of the most significant developments in guardianship research in recent years has been its application beyond the residential context to extend to interpersonal crimes (sexual crimes in particular) and to cybercrime (cyberabuse in particular). Conclusions are drawn about how these new developments can be interwoven to advance the theoretical underpinnings of guardianship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It contributes 8.4 per cent to global employment (238 million jobs)1 and is projected to grow at an average of 4 per cent over the next decade. Rising per capita incomes and the operation of competitive low-cost airlines have also contributed to this increase. China is particularly significant as it alone is expected to contribute 100 million travellers.4 All indications are that in spite of a downturn in the global economy beginning in 2008 due to the global financial crisis, the travel and tourism industry is robust enough to withstand these pressures over the next decade. Depending upon the sophistication of the industry in terms of the solidity of its linkages and supply chains, some destinations are likely to recover more quickly than others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
There is empirical evidence that financial globalization has led to an increase in income inequality owing both to a trend increase in financial assets (relative to GDP) and to a growing incidence of crises" (ILO, 2008: 39-40). In developed countries, high income inequalities have gone hand-in-hand with a greater burden of household debt.6 However, the situation differs between developing and developed countries. Furthermore, an important middle class emerged in a number of countries, particularly in the rapidly industrializing ones, although income disparities generally increased.7 Conversely, in many developed countries, the middle class shrank and the number of people being pushed into poverty increased8 (box 1). In many developing countries, absolute poverty has declined while income inequality has increased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In most cases, public funds are the most significant source of financing. This raises important concerns related to the sustainability of the response, given the economic vulnerability of some of the Caribbean countries. The dependence on support from bilateral and multilateral international donors is also evident from the data presented in Table 4.6.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)