albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The action plan also includes a goal to promote business models that stimulate recycling of fibres into new textile products. The report also found that benefits of recycling tend to be higher for recycling options where recycled fibres are used in new textile products. This is currently ensured via strong economic signals (Watson et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
An annual payment of AUS 250 is made for each registered usual patient 15 years and over who has a chronic disease and has been offered or has had a health check. Practices can also receive “outcome” payments of up to AUS 250 per patient per year, where a target level of care and/or majority of care have been provided. However, it can be difficult to draw direct comparisons on health status and outcomes between people living in very remote areas and those living in major cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Although cultivable land is only 18% of total land area, against 34% for Viet Nam or 37% for Thailand, given the low population density, the size of arable land in per capita terms is large and comparable to that of Thailand and Lao PDR (Figure 9.7). From 1995-96 to 2011-12, the net sown area increased from 8.9 to 11.9 million ha (net of double cropping), owing partly to land reclamation by the government in Ayeyarwady and Tanintharyi regions and to the allocation of fallow land to private investors for commercial farming. Consequently, cultivable waste land, including wetlands, coastal land, and dry land, decreased to 5.3 million ha (Figure 9.8), which allows for further agricultural land expansion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Foreign ownership of quota or ACE is not allowed unless a specific exemption is granted by the Minister of Fisheries and the Overseas Investment Commission. To receive the exemption, a foreign company must demonstrate that New Zealand will benefit from the ownership. If New Zealand ceases to benefit, the ownership or interest in quota or ACE can be taken away from foreign companies without any compensation being offered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
A historical and international perspective. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(1): 3-24. Optimal taxation of top labor incomes: A tale of three elasticities. The impact of employment tax cuts on unemployment and wages: The role of unemployment benefits and tax structure. European Economic Review, 42(1): 155-183. Socio-economic security in the context of pervasive poverty: Acase study of India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Adepoju (1983) argues that, until the 1960s, Ghana’s relative affluence made the country the “gold coast" for thousands of immigrants from West Africa, particularly Burkina Faso, Nigeria and Togo. This trend continued until the 1970s, when Nigeria, due to a booming oil-based economy, replaced Ghana as the primary destination for migrants in West Africa. In the 1913 population census it was reported that the number of African foreigners working in Ghana was around 4 thousand. By 1931, this figure had increased to almost 300 thousand (Cardinal, 1931), with the vast majority coming from Upper Volta.4 Anarfi and Kwankye (2003) suggest that the people from entire villages in Upper Volta moved to Gold Coast during the second and third decades of the 20th century.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As a consequence, better connected households accumulated more resources over time than their isolated, but otherwise similar, neighbours. Social participation by the extremely poor increased by seven to nine percentage points, whereas participation by the moderately poor did not change significantly (Soares, Ribas and Hirata, 2008). These aspects have both direct and indirect impacts on household resilience and sustainable livelihoods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These include measures for residential EE (driven by utilities or local authorities) and public buildings, boiler replacement programmes, lights and appliances (e.g. utility-driven), and a switch to cleaner cars (fleet renewal) (Bowen et al., Several countries provide (or are considering) support for the construction of new energy infrastructure, especially renewable sources of energy, and incentives for EE improvements as part of their fiscal stimulus programmes. The latter include tax credits for the purchase of energy-efficient furnaces, windows and insulation, $5 billion for EE improvements in over one million lower income homes and $6.3 billion for improving energy efficiency in public housing. In 2009, the European Commission decided to allocate €3.98 billion to clean energy projects, gas and electricity infrastructure, offshore wind energy and CCS (but not to EE projects) (European Parliament, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Leading migration researchers provided their perspectives on suitable methodologies at an international expert meeting that took place at the OECD in Paris on 23-24 February 2015.a Data constraints sometimes made it impossible to analyse all aspects in every partner country. Each country report and the integrated report provide detailed descriptions of their methodologies. What is the added value of the project? ( The contribution of the foreign-bom employed to GDP in 2010 (1.5%) was just below the commensurate share in employment (1.6%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This needs to be done in collaboration with families, community leaders, health workers and teachers, plus anyone else who is involved. Focus on the child: develop a system to identify and support children who are at risk of being marginalised or excluded, or who might need additional support. This is usually referred to as early identification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A policy cycle normally begins with the formulation of policy objectives, followed by the evaluation of current policies, the establishment of characteristics of a new policy set, the implementation of new policies, and concludes with the monitoring and evaluation of policies. The policy cycle in Kazakhstan could be improved by strengthening the evaluation and monitoring of current and new policies. This implies building the relevant information systems and employing analytical tools, including surveys and economic models to analyse policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Grants are structured as a conditional loan: they are subject to 3%-5% of sales. In case of non-commercialisation no repayment is required. In 2006, the fund derived USD 132 million for project royalties and reinvested it in the fund. Part of this fund is used to promote particular R&D areas and utilised for infrastructure purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
By considering the more general scope of innovation it draws on sectors, particularly services, that do not undertake relatively high levels of formal R&D. Innovation surveys capture a broad range of innovation activities from product and process to marketing and organisational innovations and account for both innovation inputs and outputs. Sectors that perform high levels of formal R&D do not necessarily rank high when broader innovation inputs are considered. For example, “Manu facturing of transport equipment” (Division 35) is relatively R&D-intensive but only just features in the top 20 innovation ranking. To this end, a number of CIS variables are grouped into four main categories that are homogenous with respect to the information provided and the innovation-related feature addressed, namely: product and process innovations, organisation and market innovations, intellectual property rights and innovation-related expenditures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article examines how the application of Parallel Importation and Voluntary License in the Application of the Covid-19 Vaccine Patent as a Strategy for Handling Health Emergency Situations in Indonesia. The problem of the Covid-19 vaccine happens in many countries around the world, including Indonesia whos trying to find a vaccine that can neutralize the Covid-19 Virus. As a consequence of the tremendous demand for vaccines, the world pharmaceutical industry is encouraged to provide Covid-19 vaccines for the needs of 7.8 billion. This article uses normative legal research with a statute, conceptual, and comparative law approach. The results showed that mechanisms such as parallel importation and voluntary licenses could be reached to procure the Covid-19 vaccine. If parallel importation and voluntary licenses are not successful, then the Government shall take a win-lose approach, such as Compulsory Licensing and Use of Patents by the Government, or initiate an anti-monopoly lawsuit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Examining the history, conceptual breadth, and recent trends in the study of foreign policy analysis, it is clear that this subfield provides what may be the best conceptual connection to the empirical ground upon which all international relations (IR) theory is based. Foreign policy analysis is characterized by an actor-specific focus, based upon the argument that all that occurs between nations and across nations is grounded in human decision makers acting singly or in groups. FPA offers significant contributions to IR—theoretical, substantive, and methodological—and is situated at the intersection of all social science and policy fields as they relate to international affairs. A renewed emphasis on actor-specific theory will allow IR to more fully reclaim its ability to manifest human agency, with its attendant change, creativity, accountability, and meaning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The non-employment rate and part-time employment are both below the OECD average, bringing inequality in labour earnings for the working age population close to the OECD average. Taxes have a large redistributive impact (the concentration coefficient for taxes is one of the highest in the OECD, and much higher than the concentration coefficient for household market income). As a share of household disposable income, cash transfers are smaller than in most other OECD countries and have thus little redistributive impact. Overall, inequality in household disposable income is considerably above the OECD average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Corruption has been declared to be the cause of poverty and poor standard of living in the Nigeria. This is caused by lack of accountability and transparency in the Government sector, mostly aided by manual accounting system and ordinary paper document in the operation of the sector. Sequel to the evolution of Information and Communication Technology, electronics governance was implemented in Nigeria. Therefore, this study examines the role of electronic governance as a tool for curbing corruption in Nigeria. As such, a survey instrument were administered to 240 civil servants from different public sectors in Nigeria. The findings revealed that, implementation of e-governance has helped to curb corruption in Nigeria and also played a great role in improving efficiency of Nigeria economy. Also this study found that, the need to embrace electronics governance given the phobia exhibited by many Nigerian populace and workforce as to the use of electronics governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Energy footprints were calculated using the Eora global, multi-regional input-output (MRIO) framework developed by the University of Sydney36 and the same data sources for direct total primary energy supply (TPES) used in Section 2.2 . More detail on the treatment of the raw data to produce energy footprints is in Section 6.2 Energy footprint of consumption. The energy footprint for each country between 1990 and 2010 was divided by the time series of GDP in constant $ at 200537, to calculate the energy intensity in megajouless per $. In contrast, the general result for energy intensity per GDP (in S 2005) is one of decreasing energy footprint intensity (see Figure 84).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In this study we assess whether the two major political parties and their presidential candidates played any role in mobilizing public support for environmentalism, as compared with economic issues. Our empirical analysis is based on (1) content analysis of the party platforms, (2) content analysis of campaign rhetoric, and (3) identification of ‘attentive’ publics in the electorate. Over the period 1972–92 no fewer than 12% of respondents mentioned economics but no more than 3.9% mentioned purely environmental concerns. We conclude that the environmental policy agenda did not originate from two-party electoral competition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The vertical nature of their approach creates a new type of front-line healthcare worker with very specific skills, which may not correspond to the overall needs of the country. In general, people living in remote areas, urban slums or particular geographical areas with high concentrations of ethnic minorities depend heavily on such basic primary care services. As observed elsewhere, “there is a serious risk that weak human resource and systems capacity at central and local levels can be overwhelmed by the growing proliferation of GHP—and other HIV/AIDS initiatives—with separate demands”.42 Even if vertical funds invest resources in strengthening national capacities or improving their harmonization and alignment, difficulties will persist because each initiative has its own governance structures and decision-making process. The United States President s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), for instance, has indicated that it targets children and orphans particularly. The share of children receiving PEPFAR-supported treatment grew from 3 per cent of total beneficiaries in fiscal year (FY) 2004 to 8 per cent in FY2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Expenditure on other programmes (e.g. conditional cash transfers and child protection) is well targeted but the impact on inequality and poverty is limited due to their small size (see also Velez, 1995, Nunez and Sanchez, 2000, Lustig and Melendez, 2014 for similar results). Tax revenue relative to GDP is low, mainly relying on consumption and corporate taxes while the personal income tax is riddled by tax expenditures which benefit mostly the rich (Joumard and Londono Velez, 2013). Tax allowances, deductions and exemptions are so generous that less than 40% of the income of the top 1% is deemed taxable and decreases further to 11% for the top 0.01%. The incidence of social contributions is also low at the top of the income distribution as they are capped and not charged on capital income (Alvaredo and Londono, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
United Nations entities (such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Fund for Agricultural Development and the World Bank) adopted the Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investment with the intention of providing some form of protection to rural dwellers. Globally agreed safeguards to protect the rights of traditional communities, often lacking legal recognition of their rights to land, water and forests, are particularly relevant for countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America where, according to the World Bank, most of the 450 million hectares of "available land"b are located. Global water withdrawals have tripled over the last 50 years and water withdrawals for irrigation are expected to increase by almost 11 per cent by 2050 (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Knowledge, research and development have public good properties and create positive externalities at the macroeconomic level. Moreover, innovation can flourish at scale only when the different elements of the National Innovation System are well development and strongly connected with eachother. Therefore society has an interest in promoting innovation beyond what innovators would be able to do in the absence of policy support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Kazakhstan’s economy was plagued by hyperinflation and deep recession until the mid-1990s, but with the onset of the oil boom the country’s economic situation rapidly improved. Agriculture began its gradual recovery in the early 2000s, but annual growth has been highly volatile, largely following the strong fluctuations in grain output. Today, the country ranks among the world’s top ten wheat exporters, but overall it is a net agro-food importer, in particular of livestock products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Over the last two decades, entrepreneurship has received growing attention from both theoretical and public policy perspectives (Othman et al., Since the late 1990s, particularly ICT has played a central role in new firms creation by technopreneurs in Malaysia (Ariff and Abubakar, 2002). Are there gaps in delivery where performance could be improved?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This level is barely a fifth of the GDP per capita levels of more than $15,000 (at PPP) that existed in 1970 in developed economies in the region, when services contributed 50% of value added in GDP. Mandaluyong City, Philippines, ADB, 2013). For the stochastic frontier approach, see Denis J. Aigner, C.A. Knox Lovell and Peter Schmidt, “Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models", Journal of Econometrics, vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
At a high-income level, motor vehicles, machinery and equipment, electrical machinery and chemical industries usually account for the largest contribution to the growth of manufacturing value added. The increases in both technological development and productivity are the major drivers for the sustained growth of these industries, hence following a path of skill-biased development (Haraguchi, 2016). For the supply side, technological and skill development are the two major enablers for building and expanding production capacities. This is linked with technological change and increasing productivity within specific industries. Innovations are thus an important factor for sustainable development. Productivity growth and economy-of-scale effects highly depend on product and process innovations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This continues to be an important policy area, as well as increasing economic opportunities and jobs in off-farm and non-agricultural sectors. Several policy initiatives include the Smart Agriculture and the 6th industrialisation of agriculture driven by the Ministry for Agriculture and Rural Development (MAFRA). Better alignment with other policy areas such as education and skills policies is essential for rural growth strategies so that the regions can retain the young generation and link their skills with local assets. Decentralisation of financial resources and authority should be encouraged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The coastal fishery is notably less efficient than the ITQ fleet managed with a cap on catches and days at sea limits. All such exemptions have a negative effect on the efficiency of the fisheries management system. Keeping in mind the importance of the fisheries to the Icelandic economy, the government should be cautious in making amendments to the Fisheries Act that weaken the ITQ system by authorising such measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The rule of law and security sector reform have become central to peacebuilding initiatives in the past decade and a half, accompanying a surge in international interventions in the periphery. Considered of critical importance to the re-establishment of order and the promotion of peace and development, these two areas of reform have gained importance and, today, feature as priorities in the European Union’s external action beyond its immediate neighbourhood. Such policies, however, have often failed to achieve their stated goals. After reviewing the theoretical relationship between peacebuilding, rule of law reform and security sector reform, this article draws on the Union’s practice to argue that a narrow, formalistic approach to rule of law and security sector reform, one that prioritises the transplantation of a western liberal legal framework, has undermined the aims of curbing instability and fostering development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Kazakhstan has made important strides in institutionalizing its gender machinery, which is led by the National Commission on Women's Affairs, Family and Demographic Policy. Many mechanisms both at the central and at the local levels are already established and Kazakhstan must be applauded for these accomplishments. Yet, further steps are needed to clarify roles and responsibilities of different governmental stakeholders, and strengthening the capacities and resources of all government agencies and actors - namely the Secretariat of the National Commission on Women’s Affairs, Family and Demographic Policy - in gender-sensitive policy making, implementing and monitoring. This chapter assesses the overall institutional framework - institutions ’ mandates, the allocation of resources, institutional capacity and accountability mechanisms -for furthering gender equality in Kazakhstan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) uses hedonic regression to estimate the market value of the rental equivalent of an owner-occupied dwelling (ABS, 2008). Data on the rents paid by private tenants are regressed on some dwelling characteristics (e.g. location and dwelling structure) and the estimates are subsequently used to produce imputed values for the rental equivalence of owner-occupied and other dwellings rented at below-market values. See also Brown et al. ( This category should, for example, include subsidies for homeowners for refurbishment and maintenance work (e.g. for energy efficiency), and tax deductions granted on interest paid on mortgages, benefits for tenants who rent accommodation at below-market prices. Subsidies designed to encourage the building of homes for particular groups of individuals should also be considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Solid partners Solid futures strategy2 in Queensland was the overarching departmental strategy on Indigenous education. The key principles were effective engagement and connections, working together better and smarter, cultural capability and recognition, supporting successful transitions, and building workforce and leadership capacity. One such resource is the Promising Practices for First Nations, Metis and Inuit Learner Success initiative in Alberta, which showcases schools with innovative practices that support Indigenous community engagement. It highlights examples of best practices, innovative collaboration models and community engagement strategies that benefit the entire student body.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Policing is an occupation shaped by local norms involving high levels of public authority, accountability, and responsibility. Moreover, police forces are exposed to situations that are dangerous or hazardous to themselves and members of the public. Furthermore, police action may require fast reflex
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)