albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The first is stimulative actions that will contribute to raising investments in priority areas to accelerate growth and changing its pattern toward providing more benefits to die poorest and the hungriest. And the second is improvements in the provision of education, health, and social security services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The education reform of 2002 highlighted the role of guidance even further by stating that “to be able to choose consciously his or her educational or vocational course, a student has the right to receive wide and complete information on any matters related to school or university education”. More recently, the Ministry of Education has created a body of school and university advisers responsible for “informing and advising students and their families concerning the education system, universities and vocational opportunities in different sectors”. In order to be part of this body, experienced teachers have received specialised training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Foreword. Joanna Bourke. Introduction: Theorizing Sexual Violence: Subjectivity and Politics in Late Modernity Renee J. Heberle and Victoria Grace 1. Sexual Violence and Objectification Ann J. Cahill 2. Gendered Violence and Sacrificial Logics: Psychoanalytic Reflections Victoria Grace 3. 'Reality Check': Rethinking the Ethics of Vulnerability Ann V. Murphy 4. Of Shards, Subjectivities, and the Refusal to 'Heal': Refiguring the Damage of Incest Melanie Boyd 5. Fighting Rape Nicola Gavey 6. Rethinking the Social Contract: Masochism and Masculinist Violence Renee J. Heberle 7. Feminist Interrogations of Democracy, Sexual Violence, and the U.S. Military Meghana Nayak 8. Feminism, International Law, and the Spectacular Violence of the 'Other': Decolonizing the Laws of War Elizabeth Philipose
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Instead of streaming students into ability groups, teacher teams apply within-class differentiation, alternating between basic teaching for the whole class and add-on content for highly motivated students or extra support for less-motivated students. Generally, there are three teachers working with the group in the humanities, natural sciences and a vocational field, with at least one of the three having experience in teaching students with special education needs. As a result, there is less misconduct in classes, and low achievers have improved their academic performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition to strengthening automatic stabilizers to reduce vulnerability to shocks and job losses, Governments should also adopt short- and long-term policies to mitigate the adverse impacts of economic reforms. The fact is that there are many targets and there are many instruments. How you map the instruments onto the targets, and how you use these instruments best is a very complicated problem.” ( As noted earlier, social wage provisioning (through subsidized public education, health care, housing, etc.) Therefore, fiscal policy should be judged from the perspective of its impacts on productivity and employment, and not merely from a simplistic accounting perspective of balancing the budget in all circumstances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In the same way that knowledge was the defining difference between the growth that emerged in the latter part of the 20 Century, “Green” or growth that is derived from low carbon or environmentally sustainable business practices, products goods and services will be the defining difference in the economy in the first half of the 21st Century. Green growth will also necessitate the development of new measurements covering dimensions of quality-of-life above and beyond material well-being. Nevertheless, getting a sense of the current potential in Sydney is difficult.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While the discussion in this section mainly focuses on adjustments to benefit duration, the notion of better linking UB programmes to the business cycle could also apply to other features of UB programmes such as minimum eligibility requirements, benefit levels (Kroft et al., Eligible unemployed individuals must have contributed to the programme at least 30% of the annual maximum El premiums for at least seven of the ten previous years and have received no more than 35 weeks of regular benefits in the five years prior to the start of their claim. This does raise the difficult practical question of how to determine optimal economic and labour market areas (McNiven et al., During recessionary periods, the ability of relatively stronger labour market areas to absorb additional inactive or unemployed individuals from weaker areas is limited (Mishel et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The same review also shows that under these and even less ambitious renewable energy scenarios, it is expected that a global share of more than 5 per cent of intermittent modern renewable power will be reached by 2020. This will require some sort of smart grid to deal with load balancing, which in turn means that these scenario plans assume the rebuilding of the existing power grids in most large economies within the next 10 years, an extraordinarily ambitious undertaking (comparable undertakings in previous energy transitions took more than 50 years). In this scenario, demand for all types of energy increases in non-OECD countries, while in OECD, demand for coal and oil declines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition, residential and commercial establishments that have installed renewable energy facilities on their premises are allowed to sell any excess electricity to NEPCO, thereby offering a strong incentive for clean energy use at small-scale level. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources selected 20 of these companies and has started negotiations on the terms.9 The strong response from the private sector bodes well for Jordan’s future developments in renewable energy exists, although other complementary factors, such as interest from local banks, will also have an impact on how quickly the renewable market grows. Amendments include a new Article 11 that exempts all systems and equipment for renewable energy and energy efficiency purposes from customs duties and sales tax. The 2010 Law established a Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Fund and outlined the structure of a Board of Directors, comprised of Secretary Generals from various ministries and representatives of the private sector, to oversee its operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Furthermore, Finnish adults participate in adult learning courses and programmes more than most of their peers in other countries. Strong educational performance, as it is understood in Finland, also includes the level of participation in and access to education, even distribution of learning outcomes throughout different schools and learners, and affordability and overall cost of education. Equal educational opportunity has been the leading value and the guiding principle of Finnish education policies since the 1960s. The virtue of Finnish education is that everyone has easy access to high-quality and publicly funded educational opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The paper is structured as follows: the remainder of this section reviews the existing literature that examines the pathways by which macroeconomic conditions can affect health outcomes. These pathways provide the theoretical framework by which economic conditions can have direct and indirect effects on health outcomes. Section three present the results of a new empirical investigation looking at the links between macroeconomic indicators and health using the 2013 edition of OECD Health Statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Maintenance costs should be budgeted at the onset of projects, and maintenance funds could be created. Fiscal incentives for road maintenance by local governments could be based on the year-on-year quality of the road maintenance that they undertake. The government has taken steps to improve access to credit through subsidised interest rate loans, credit guarantees and the direct provision of funds (PUAP) to farmers groups for distribution to members based on the microcredit model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Council has over 300 active members from 60 countries. It aims to promote awareness, build political commitment and trigger action on critical water issues, notably through the World Water Forums which are held every three years. The WWC has a Working Group on Transboundary Governance which is tasked with preparing a series of perspective papers documenting current practices, progress and prospects in transboundary water management and wider regional co-operation, including how such practises contribute to economic growth, safeguard the environment and strengthen regional security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Boosting public investment can thus support growth and raise well-being. At the same time, public resources are constrained, which limits the size of public investment. This calls for the need to maximize the return on public investment through an improved selection of investment projects. This chapter reviews policies to improve the efficiency of public investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Since 1980, this demographic group has grown, from 55% of the population to 66% of the population in 2011. Such disequilibrium in demographics caused by high population growth has been one of the factors driving the changing environment in the MENA region. In addition, a youth “bulge” in the economy, coupled with the global economic crisis, has placed extraordinary pressure on the labour market to provide employment opportunities (World Bank, 2013: 119). Given that men traditionally are regarded as the main breadwinners, there is increased pressure to provide jobs to men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The estimates of the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation show a 50 per cent decline in infant mortality from 2000 to 2010, but the country’s rates still remain rather high - among the top 10 in the European region. Congenital anomalies and pneumonia, which could be partly attributed to environmental chemical hotspots and indoor air pollution from hazardous heating and cooking sources, particularly in poor areas, are among the main causes of mortality, accounting for 22 and 18 per cent respectively of all deaths. According to the estimates, in 2008, Albania was among the 10 countries with the highest maternal mortality in the European region, with poor sanitary conditions, among other contributing factors. Thus, considerable effort is needed if MDG 5, which aims to reduce the maternal mortality rate by three quarters between 1990 and 2015, is to be attained.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper analyses some of the activities of a community development group connected to a very poor neighbourhood in Dublin, Ireland within the context of anti-poverty discourses and types of targeted funding generated by the European Union. Community development groups and discourses are saturated with terms such as the 'social market', 'inclusion' and 'community' that are an interesting combination of progressive politics and concepts recognizably connected to social science disciplines like Anthropology and Human Geography. In this essay, the authors examine a 'community' response to the so-called 'horse protest' in Dublin, a response in large part funded by EU mechanisms geared to combating 'social exclusion'. They also trace back some of the connections between the institutional actors in this community and EU policies and funding mechanisms. Finally, they examine the trajectory of the Republic of Ireland, especially its experience of a booming economy, that has influenced perceptions of, and reacti...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the open waters, Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) are caught commercially. Along the coast in shallow habitats, flat fish species of commercial value are Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), monkfish (Lophius piscatorius) and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Key species of the coastal region includes common eider (Somateria mollissima), geese (Anser and Branta), guillemots (Uria and Cepphus), puffin (Fratercula arctica), cormorants (Phalacrocorax) and gulls (Laridae), including black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla). Most seals are fish eaters, but they also feed on crustacean, octopus and mollusk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The cost of conserving on-site biodiversity at a residential development project on the urban fringe, for example, may be very high when compared to the costs of conserving equivalent biodiversity at an offset site located on agricultural land further afield. The flexibility to purchase offsets from off-site suppliers enables developers to seek approval for a more cost-effective combination of on-site biodiversity conservation and permissible offset purchases. In doing so, an offset scheme can simultaneously create economic value from transactions and lower the costs of meeting a given conservation objective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
According to the SFP,14 neither regular pay assessments nor audits to ensure pay equality and equity are undertaken. While civil service wages and salaries are not gender-distinct, but determined by job, there may be unknown wage differentials between men and women at various grades or salary scales within a given job. To gain perspective on the question, there is a need for data on wages and salaries by grade, scale, occupation, gender and, perhaps, educational credentials. Only with such data is it possible to compere male and female salaries and job levels and determine whether they match qualifications and their distribution is similar. Currently, the SFP does not collect such information, but it would be a good practice were it do so in order to identify gender gaps and areas that require attention. They relate to a work culture that pervades the FPA and focuses on the number of hours spent in the office as opposed to efficiency and achievement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The recycling rate is estimated at 8 to 10 per cent. However, since 2000, all of these have been shut down due to technical and economic constraints, such as poor management, insufficient funding and a lack of marketing and markets. The latter can be partially explained by the inadequate quality of the compost.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The demands of democratization that becoming a global phenomenon that demands the centrality of transparency and accountability in the government sector, including in financial management scope, creating government budgeting management reform in order to increases public participation and increases rule of law in the field of financial aspect, while increasing government performance. Output and outcomes become successive indicator of budgeting implementation by budget user unit. The application of budget performance in financial management of each unit become a curbing expenditure that give priority to the achievement of the results of the planned and allocated input for the execution of the duties and functions of the organization. So basically, the budget performance linking expenditures with results with the benchmarks on the performance of the organization.       Key words : Performance budget, public sector budgeting, transparency and accountability, budgeting reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It covers final energy demand, energy conversion and transport, and primary energy supply (hence, in principle the entire energy system). The difference in the SSDI and the S/D index is that the SSDI was adapted to be able to work with the only available consistent data available for the past 40 years, i.e. the IEA Energy Statistics. The applicability of the scoring rules (see below) has also been simplified and adapted from the European Union and Norway to the whole of the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Finally, given the current saturation of public transportation in cities like Santiago, such a fee reduction policy should be introduced with measures to increase the system’s capacity and improve inter-modal co-ordination. This is less costly than single-ticket prices in Madrid (between EUR 2 and EUR 1.50) or Paris (EUR 1.90). However, a traveller buying a set of 10 tickets in these two European capitals can lower the cost per trip to a price almost equal to that of Santiago’s during peak hours (close to EUR 1.20 both in Madrid and Paris).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Together with ozone and NOx, S02 causes damage to forests, fisheries and other ecosystems through "acid rain”. Natural coal has trace amounts of uranium and thorium, and radiation levels become noticeable when these radioactive materials are concentrated in the fly ash (PM10) emissions from combustion. Indeed, a series of studies since the initial report in Science (McBride et al., Disposal sites for coal waste also emit non-negligible levels of radiation, owing to the presence of fly ash.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Lower access to land has an impact on agricultural productivity, because it influences access to institutional credit, extension services and other agricultural inputs (Rao, 2011, Tara Satyavathi et al., Large temporal and spatial variations in rainfall limit water availability. Most of the water is available during the monsoon period, but it often results in floods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Act is a piece of federal legislation that lays out the goals of fisheries policies. It identifies rebuilding and managing for maximum sustainable yield as key priorities and delegates' responsibility for meeting these objectives to the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) through its sub-agency the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). Substantial authority in turn is delegated to Regional Fishery Management Councils (RFMCs) who develop fishery management plans to restore and manage stocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Statistics have an awesome power, and these global accounting exercises present statistical data to journalists, researchers, practitioners and activists as irrefutable facts. What, then, are those ostensible facts? The present chapter provides a summary of the currently most influential versions, largely associated with the World Bank’s dollar-a-day poverty estimates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Chapter 2 is essentially evidence driven and descriptive. Chapter 3 will attempt to identify the major challenges facing the forests and the forest sector in the ECE Region, on the basis of the facts and trends reported in chapter 2, as a contribution to discussion on directions and priorities, at the local, national and international levels. It is therefore useful to prepare outlook studies which project into the future the observed trends and their possible interactions, also with developments for other sectors, and to use these studies as a basis for identifying challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This implies that income-based measures need to be complemented by non-monetary measures to present a solid empirical picture of spatial differences in poverty and deprivation.8 Non-monetary measures are based on either the respondent’s self-assessment of their owrn material conditions or on measures of ownership of consumer goods and living standards (Boarini and Mira d’Ercole, 2006) but could also extend to measures of other types of achievements, such as their health, skills and political voice. This indicator is closer to an absolute measure of poverty as it is based on a set of commodities, each with the same weight, that are equal across all countries.9 This indicator is also based on counting the same number of deprivations in all EU countries, implying that it is based on a common EU-wide norm (as compared to the country specific thresholds used when measuring the income-poverty headcount). As the list of deprivation items is generally country-specific (and influenced by cultural factors), no measure of ‘material deprivation’ is regularly compiled for OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Early retirement for labour market reasons: periodic payments to older workers who retire before reaching the legal/standard retirement age due to unemployment or to job reduction caused by economic measures such as the restructuring of an industrial sector or of a business. These payments normally cease when the beneficiary becomes entitled to an old age pension. Data to be considered to calculate the indicator are either the annual average or the total value for December of a given year (especially when using administrative record data). The option retained for the numerator should be consistent with data used for the denominator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Countries that are further along in their demographic transition (Chile and Cuba) have geriatric death rates higher than the regional average. In fact, a comparison between the situations in Haiti and Cuba shows that Haiti will take until 2050 to record the death rates in the population aged 65 and over that Cuba had recorded six decades earlier. Cuba has an older age structure than Haiti and therefore its population is more likely to die over age 65. Figure IV.2, which shows the proportion of deaths from chronic and degenerative diseases as a function of average population age (2002), shows those countries further along in the demographic transition (Argentina, Barbados, Chile, Cuba and Uruguay) at one extreme, with more than 80% of deaths from those causes and, at the other, those countries about to move into full demographic transition with an ageing process that is still incipient (Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras and Nicaragua, among others). This may be illustrated by comparing life expectancy at birth and health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) at birth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Variants of this framework have also been applied in Europe (Paracchini et al. Further, the demand for recreation is, in part, a function of distance from a user's home and the supply of recreation sites depends, in part, on the type of recreation available in the vicinity of users. Importantly, the urban transect is a gradual transition across a landscape gradient rather than a distinct division into "urban" and "rural." This can make classifications difficult as different gradients do not coincide in the same places.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Plastic litter in the ocean can be considered a ‘common concern of humankind'. The Background section describes the rationale for the report, noting that marine plastic litter is a global concern, and summarises the UNEA process. This is placed within the context of existing governance frameworks, at international and regional scales, and linked to the UN Sustainable Development Goals under Agenda 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This calls for the adoption of clear responsibilities for financing investments that would better take into account the bigger picture. It declines when several levels of government are involved in key health-care decisions, as is the case, for example, for financing new hospital building and high-cost equipment in several countries, including Poland (OECD, 2010a). According to Zukowski, the NFZ should play such a co-ordinating role, including planning of long-term needs, prevention, and financial and quality supervision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)