albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Lastly, this chapter describes how data is collected in order to provide information for the planning and management of health care services. Large socio-economic and geographic inequalities in health, how'ever, persist throughout the country. This section describes the demographic and socio-economic context of the Colombian health care system and assesses the burden of disease that the system must address, including the legacy of the internal armed conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The High Court of Australia, in the 1990s, put forth a due process principle, which stated that the Commonwealth Parliament could not require or authorise a chapter III Court to exercise judicial power in a manner that is inconsistent with the essential character of a court or with the nature of judicial power. The High Court continues to endorse the due process principle in 2004, since it is not a radical principle, but simply an aspect of the increasingly influential doctrine of the separation of federal judicial power from legislative and executive power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The most common argument for introducing and maintaining energy subsidies is that they support important domestic policy objectives, such as rural and industrial development, job creation, improved energy access, energy security and independence, and poverty alleviation. Analysis shows that energy subsidies tend to accrue not to those with the lowest income, but rather to the largest and most economically powerful recipients, thus increasing profits for well-connected investors or industries. By encouraging use of fossil fuels and discouraging production of low-carbon fuels, energy subsidies can lead to increased emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Open trade can also improve utilisation and nutrition by increasing the diversity of national diets. Finally, open markets generally improve the stability of availability of access, for the simple reason that international markets pool production risks across individual markets. In terms of food access, reforms that lead to higher food prices will benefit farmers with net sales of those products, but harm net buyers and non-farming consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
With attempts to mainstream climate change in public policy now underway, there is more urgency to enhance attention to the environmental dimension of sustainable development. In this view, the green economy as a strategy will advance efforts to pursue sustainable development. The National Development Plan committed the GoJ to sector-specific strategies to underpin the overall goal of achieving a green economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This is not a comprehensive review and we have not considered open ocean ecosystems, but for a fuller treatment see Stenseth et al. ( Catches of small pelagic fishes have been as high as 11 million tonnes per year, representing more than 10% of world capture fish production (FAO, 2004). However, these show pronounced fluctuations often associated with ENSO effects on upwelling dynamics and productivity (Lehodey et al., The strength of upwelling off the South American coastline is strongly determined by the ENSO phase, with warm phases associated with a lower thermocline, which reduces phytoplankton production through inhibited upwelling of nutrients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It is difficult to control for the fact that those providers who sign up for a voluntary schemes may already be performing better, and simply get paid for what they are doing anyway, and would show better performance on selected indicators regardless of whether there was a payment incentive. Such an evaluation is expected from Norway in the near future. As this chapter has pointed out, despite the increasing popularity of P4P programmes, clear evidence of their efficacy and impact is still very weak.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Against this backdrop, can the broadly agreed lessons discussed above provide the ingredients for a consensus regarding the features that are desirable in country-specific national development and poverty reduction strategies? Before considering this question, however, it is necessary to examine the new challenges that have emerged in the interim. Among these are population ageing, migration and climate change which will compound the poverty challenge, while also providing new opportunities. It is the result of progress in human development, which has meant a lowering of child mortality and improvements in health conditions, resulting in a rise in life expectancy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
More precisely, on the basis of the answers to the country questionnaire, the situation in this country' can be described in detail. Indeed, universities have a high degree of autonomy. Universities are encouraged to do their best to align their goal setting in research and development work as well as in curricula with national policies. Prior to 2007, the Ministry of Education had specially allocated funds that universities could use for professional development ICT courses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2012, Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala were the poorest regions with a GDP per capita lower than USD PPP 10 000 while Nuevo Leon, Tabasco, Distrito Federal, and Campeche were the richest regions with per capita GDP above USD PPP 28 000 (see Table 1.1). In a similar vein, USD PPP regional growth in the previous decade (2003-12) varied from 8.5% annually in Tabasco to 3.9% in Morelos (OECD Regional Database, 2015). Regions with the highest GDP per capita report die highest unemployment rates, while the poorest regions report the lowest unemployment rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The incidence of pension transfers, by contrast, is higher at the top than at the bottom, both in absolute terms and relative to disposable incomes. Of these three, taxes account for the largest reduction in the Gini coefficient, almost 5 percentage points, while non-pension benefits reduce the Gini by around 2.4 percentage points and pensions by around 1.3 (Table 2.3). At the same time, however, the three instruments differ in size, with the share of taxes and pension expenditures in aggregate income being around four times as high as that of non-pension benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The phenomenon of land degradation is increasing, in severity and extent, in many parts of the world, with about 40 percent of the worlds land surface degraded (25% has been degraded over the past quarter-century alone) (Bai et al., As summarized in Table 7.1, agriculture and land degradation contribute significantly to the problem of climate change, by generating GHG emissions leading to warming, as well as impacting land surface albedo and creating adverse weather patterns. Notwithstanding significant uncertainty in estimates, the agriculture, forestry, and other land use sector accounts for 24 percent of emissions of GHGs, the second largest emitter following the energy sector (IPCC, 2014a). The most important source of GHG emissions in agriculture is methane (CH4) emissions from enteric fermentation in livestock and nitrous oxide (N20) emissions from synthetic fertilizer application.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Although the redistributive factor has not had such a large impact as the rise in average income, its contribution has nevertheless been essential for strengthening poverty reduction and for avoiding backsliding. Hence, if the poverty line is kept constant in real terms, changes in the poverty indicator can be analysed from the perspective of variations in average income and in income distribution. The difference between this indicator and the initial-period poverty rate can be interpreted as a growth effect It is also possible to calculate the poverty rate that corresponds to the average income of the initial period, but with an income distribution similar to that of the final period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This particular experience confirmed that the State was facing a judicial risk, if it was to revise existing water licenses. Facing rising judicial risks, France considered that the status quo was not an option, and hence examined options for allocation reform. For Australia, in addition to the escalating environmental concerns discussed above, the pursuit of economic efficiency was a decisive factor behind the establishment of a comprehensive water market in the Murray-Darling Basin. In this framework, aspects of the water sector and its management were extensively addressed. From the early 1990’s a number of reports by the State Comptroller and several inquiry committees pointed at administrative and structural failures regarding a multitude of aspects in the water sector policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The latter may in some cases be politically more difficult to achieve, however, the fundamental problem of identifying, measuring and internalising external costs applies equally in both regulated and deregulated markets. The monetisation of social costs outside a market framework can be misunderstood as a fanatical attempt to reduce all aspects of human well-being to a question of dollars and cents. The large uncertainties involved, which can produce results that change considerably over time or between comparable projects, are also an easy target for detractors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is the case not only because of the importance of these indicators for identifying the poor, but also because they are the most readily available indicators in surveys conducted in the region. Admittedly, a more comprehensive multidimensional poverty measurement requires data on other aspects, such as nutritional status, state of health and employment status of persons (for a proposal on the aspects of well-being that should be captured in a multidimensional poverty measurement, see Santos, 2013), but this information is not available for a sufficient number of countries in the region. This means, on the one hand, that the dwelling does not provide protection against various environmental factors (for example, rain, humidity, etc.) Thus, a dwelling is observed to be deficient when it does not guarantee sufficient insulation against natural and social elements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Also the majority of German primary schools are half-day only. The study is based on the assumption that universal full-time childcare for lone parents with children up to 13 years is being created (one-off costs, e.g. for building facilities, are ignored), with lone parents incurring around 11% of the gross operating costs for pre-primary' care. Schools offering after-school services are assumed to be free for lone parents, although some public schools charge for these services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This study employs a select ethnography of Palestinian workers in the field of international law and human rights to explore how an epistemic community gives content and meaning to international law in its professional and personal life. Through a series of interviews conducted in the West Bank in the wake of the Palestinian attempt to gain full United Nations membership in September 2011, the article constructs a meta-narrative about the nature of international legal discourse as spoken on the Palestinian periphery. It shows how speakers of international law are required to restate or over-state the distinction between law and politics so as to sustain their hope and desire for Palestinian statehood in the face of despair about its protracted denial. The article then is an exploration about the politics of meaning making through international law and a call for methodological hybridity within the discipline of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is also a small negative gap in the probability of being currently employed. This gap should however be contrasted with the positive gap in the share of the working life spent in paid jobs, estimated at 6.9 percentage points in the case of males and at 3.7 percentage points in the case of females. Overall, the evidence we have on different ISCED levels suggests that vocational education does not perform as well as academic education when earnings are concerned, and performs slightly better than academic education when employability measures are considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Especially if compared with tariffs imposed on exports from developed countries, the indicator provides information on whether the tariff structure of a country is commensurate with fair trade principles. As the basket of exported goods for many developing countries and especially LDCs is relatively small, the indicator may be further broken down into product groups. When ODA flows by donor countries are measured, ODA comprises bilateral disbursements of concessional funds to developing countries and multilateral institutions. When ODA receipts by developing countries are measured, ODA comprises disbursement of concessional finance from both bilateral and multilateral sources. For donor countries, the indicator provides information on the adherence to the internationally agreed target of ODA to be at least 0.7 % of GNI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Capacity Building for the Rapid Commercialization of Renewable Energy in China, Renewable Energy Based Chinese Un-Electrified Region Electrification. Beijing: United Nations Development Programme China. An overview of urbanization, internal migration, population distribution and development in the world. New York: United Nations Population Page | 114 Division. Presentation: Universal Service Obligation in Rural Electrification -Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In these regions, the state is a principal shareholder in the companies, holding 51% of the shares whilst 49% belong to the regions and municipalities. Following their creation, these three companies were found to be too small to be attractive for international private operators. That is why Armenia had to invite one international private operator for the pool of the three regional vodokanals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Narratives of human security have been widely adopted and adapted within both academic and policy communities. Despite debates over its meanings and uses, the concept has proven to be remarkably resilient. In particular, there has a been a surprising willingness by critical scholars not only to analyse and critique human security, but also to embrace it as a means of furthering political goals. This article maps the ways in which various strands of critical scholarship in international relations have striven to use human security. It concludes by arguing that human security has lost any true critical potential and has become a new orthodoxy. Thus, while the concept may have value in highlighting particular issues and may enable short-term gains, it is unable to provide the basis for a substantive change of the system of international security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Additional investments are foreseen as of 2013 to develop railroad and road networks, these projects will increase the flow of agricultural commodities because they enable better connectivity between producing and consuming regions and with neighbouring export markets. Other activities include the development of electronic systems to facilitate the control of shipments in ports and other border points. As of 2013, the National Rural Credit System provides a reduced-cost credit for the construction of private storage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In addition to the federal government, state and municipal authorities also operate social assistance programmes, and sometimes these programmes overlap, or eligible recipients are not aware that they could apply for a certain kinds of assistance. A promising initiative is the roll-out of Centres of Reference for Social Assistance (CRAS) across municipalities with a high incidence of poverty. These centres deliver family-assistance services, and could become the main point of delivery of all assistance programmes, including federal programmes under Brasil sem Miseria and state and municipal programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Many fewer countries have quantitative indicators that can be used to assess progress. Some INDCs quantify support needs, while others do not. It is often not clear how costs were calculated or what they include. Table 2 outlines articles and paragraphs relevant to communication and transparency regarding information on adaptation under the Paris Agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Darkosh records show a minimal, though statistically significant, negative trend (Figure 6). From Darkosh onwards, if not before, the Orontes can be considered a regulated river. Despite data gaps, the latter shows a quite regular variability,'8with drier and wetter periods compared to the mean, and no extreme drought or flood periods (Figure 6). Generally, the downstream station Jisr al Shughur (15,130 km2) exhibits a high-flow season from December to May and a low-flow season from June to November.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The COVID-19 pandemic generated transformations in different areas of human life and socio-digital communication is central to its understanding. Users who post comments in the media and networks contribute elements to the social construction of reality. The objective was to interpret, through content analysis, representations of 1 303 users of four cross-border media from Baja California, Mexico, and California, usa, on Facebook, YouTube and web pages, about COVID-19 and the restrictions to cross the border. The closure of the border and COVID-19 constitute an emerging social phenomenon and previous research studies are scarce, which represented a limitation. In the end, the misinformation-fueled representations were found to project fear onto others, the comments reflect the majority use of unverified information, hatred and attribution of blame for contagion to others. The border was represented as an interstice of intersections and economic, cultural, political, environmental and health interdependence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Systematic data collection will start from 2017. Annex 1 provides a detailed account of how these estimates were made. This includes all climate-related development finance provided by bilateral DFIs as well as a subset of climate-related development finance provided by bilateral and multilateral development banks, where the direct recipients were identified as private actors through a search of agency websites (see Annex 1 for details on the approach used), including in some cases technical assistance programmes that accompany direct assistance to private actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Today, this model has reached its limits. The competitiveness of firms in Penang is under increasing pressure because competitors from emerging countries are increasingly able to introduce cheaper skill-intensive products on the markets. Malaysian firms lack creativity and efficient practices and systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Both governments are guided by national development plans, with similar priorities around socio-economic measures and the environment. Their local government arrangements reflect the urban concentration (Dominica) and rural spread (Vanuatu) of their populations. In addition, for Vanuatu, the state's reach is weak outside the urban centres and power is vested in churches and the traditional chiefly system. Corruption in government has also been more an issue for Vanuatu than for Dominica.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
People also tend to be attracted to densely populated areas for the wider availability of job opportunities, goods and services. These mutually reinforcing forces yield important economic advantages for both consumers and firms: economies of scale, a better matching and functioning of labour markets, spillover effects and more technological intensity. It is no surprise that productivity, and therefore wages, tend to be higher in densely populated areas. The net impact varies from one urban area to another (OECD, 2015d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
After the Fukushima nuclear accident no impact was noticed on the measured values. The NFA registers pesticides and agrochemicals, and veterinary medicines. The NFA has been responsible for controlling all types of food/feed-producing establishments since 2011, according to the Law on Food Safety and Quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As will be discussed in this chapter, monitoring the SDGs from a gender equality perspective is constrained by three main challenges: first, uneven coverage of gender-specific indicators, with some goals lacking indicators to capture gender equality outcomes, second, gaps in gender data, including data on women and girls experiencing multiple and intersecting inequalities (see Chapter 4), and third, quality and comparability of available data across countries and time. Gender statistics are critical to monitor the gender impact of economic, social and environmental policies. Over the past 40 years, there have been vast improvements in the generation and use of gender statistics, including international standards and protocols for the collection of violence against women data as well as time-use data (see Chapters 5 and 6). Yet, despite these advances and the growing acknowledgement of the importance of gender statistics for designing policies and assessing progress towards gender equality, gaps remain and are extensive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The case study illustrates the limitations or risks associated with informal arrangements. At the same time a number of entry points are identified to strengthen collaboration in Brazil, mainly capitalizing on recent developments in the country’s policy and regulatory framework. There are risks associated with this informality, as insufficient human resources are available to implement the highly demanding biodiversity conservation agenda in Brazil. Furthermore, insufficient human resources intended to follow the high demanding biodiversity conservation agenda in Brazil hinders the establishment of an appropriate coordination arrangement among the NFPs of the Biodiversity-related Conventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This study sets out to develop and test a series of arguments about relationships between state, law, and economy in Northeast Asia. The doctrinal focus is on administrative law, broadly defined, while the substantive focus is on economic governance, in particular the means by which three states in the region used public authority to shape industries and industrialization trajectories. The historical scope will be broad, tracing the development of administrative law in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, from the initial importation of Western public law models in the late·nineteenth century until today. The final chapter discusses the People's Republic of China, and the possibilities for administrative law in that society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The term ‘policy’ is often equated with being a means to achieve systematic state action. Heritage has formed part of a broad conception of social policy at least since the emergence of the nation-state, with its emphasis upon mobilizing concepts of national heritage. As the state’s role in daily life has grown through the twentieth century in much of the world, so heritage policy has become increasingly developed and formalized. Furthermore, increasingly we have seen not only policy for heritage but heritage as an instrumental device to achieve other social and economic policy objectives. Embodied within the idea of policy there tends to be the deployment of state power by elites, and critiques of how power has been deployed by state bureaucracies abound. In this chapter, brief reference is made to critiques coming from interpretive policy analysis, from a policy studies tradition, and the authorized heritage discourse (AHD), from heritage studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)