albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Soil polluted by industry around cities is analysed for 20 hazardous substances. Samples are taken every five years at these points. Concentrations of nitrates, heavy metals and microbial contamination are analysed. Since 2005, the Ministry of Health has been monitoring soluble fluoride in soil in the Surkhandarya region, which is exposed to pollution from the Tajik Aluminium Plant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
US domestic extremist groups have increased in number and are intensively utilizing the Internet as an effective tool to share resources and members with limited regard for geographic, legal, or other obstacles. Researchers find that monitoring extremist and hate groups’ web sites and analyzing their usage and content have become time consuming and challenging. In response, this chapter describes the development of automated or semiautomated methodologies for capturing, classifying, and organizing domestic extremist web site data and using them for analysis. We found that by analyzing the hyperlink structures and content of domestic extremist web sites and constructing social network maps, their interorganizational structure and cluster affinities could be identified. Such analysis results could help experts in terrorism, law enforcement, intelligence, and policy making domains better understand the domestic extremist phenomena and eventually boost our national security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Women clients also value the opportunity to network and learn from other women entrepreneurs. Although the matrix in Annex C is not an exhaustive list, it suggests only a patchy presence of support mechanisms in a number of the economies. These include women’s business development and resource centres, business incubators for women, women entrepreneur support projects, counselling and training services, and marketing initiatives. The network of WECs across Western Canada is a case in point.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The number and geographic distribution of visits and the facilities available reflect the extent to which people participate in forest-based leisure activities and the importance of forests for recreation and tourism. It is comparable to FOREST EUROPE Indicator 6.11. The rationale is People and communities, in both rural and urban areas, have a variety of cultural, social, and spiritual connections to forests based on traditions, experiences, beliefs, and other factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A special programme for the conservation of rare and endangered plant species on a national scale is currently being prepared by a professional team led by the National Parks Authority (NPA). The IGB is a national body responsible for the collection, preservation and evaluation of indigenous plant species, with the aim of preserving plant genetic resources and the endangered genetic variability of Israel’s flora. A few additional small, targeted ex situ collections are located in other research institutes. Efforts are being made to conserve both natural and agricultural biodiversity, applying conservation not only to species related to agriculture but also to other endangered or rare wild native species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They represent an industrial (not post-industrial) response to educating very large numbers of young people in mass school systems. Much of the educational discussion is over-simplified to artificial contrasts - knowledge versus skills, direct teaching versus inquiry-based approaches - when instead each has its place. The choices are about how to mix practices to suit the learners, aims, and context in which the innovation lies, in rejecting the standardisation of so much schooling practice (see also Vieluf et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
During the same period the rate across the OECD fell by 64%.4 The difference between the two fatality rates arises as the number of registered vehicles grew faster than the population in Korea.5 The number of per 10 000 vehicle fatalities has been used as an important traffic safety indicator in Korea. It is part of the regional safety' index, which is provided by the Korea Road Traffic Authority' (KoROAD) and forms the basis for overall regional traffic safety policies. The high density of cars might explain, to a certain degree, why Korea has a high number of traffic fatalities, even though there are relatively fewer cars in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Certainly the volume of applications and the request for funding suggests that there is unmet demand from the private sector. Three different S&T programs were created in 2009, replacing a tax credit system that previously supported technology projects in primarily larger multinational firms (OECD, 2009c): INNOVAPyME, INNOVATEC AND PROINNOVA. The program also supports the creation and strengthening of links with educational institutions and research centers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The OECD’s Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels released in 2015 found that governments in the OECD and the emerging BRIICS countries (Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, Indonesia, the People’s Republic of China and South Africa) collectively support the production and consumption of fossil fuels to the tune of USD 160-200 bln a year. With most of that support coming in the form of budgetary transfers and tax breaks - the OECD inventory identifies about 800 such measures - this effectively means that governments today still spend billions to encourage the extraction and burning of fossil fuels at taxpayers’ expense. Adding in the consumer price subsidies measured by the International Energy Agency (IEA), this makes total subsidies and other forms of support for fossil fuels in the vicinity of USD 500-600 bln a year (OECD, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Therefore the GHG inventory data needed to demonstrate whether emission reduction targets for 2020 were met is not likely to be available before 2022. The enhanced transparency framework outlined in the Paris Agreement has some elements that are common (such as the requirement to submit up-front information on NDCs) and some elements that are flexible for different groups of Parties (e.g. reporting on support provided by developed countries, timing of reports for LDCs and SIDS). The enhanced transparency framework places an emphasis on providing flexibility to those developing country Parties that need it in the light of their capacities.12 The enhanced transparency framework also contains some elements that will be nationally determined, in line with the form of individual NDCs (e.g. accounting for and tracking progress made in achieving NDCs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Young women's demographic position in a large youth population that is postponing marriage puts their sexuality under particular scrutiny. The total fertility rate is the average number of children a woman would have if current age-specific fertility rates remained constant throughout her childbearing years. Any method includes modern and traditional methods. Traditional methods include periodic abstinence, withdrawal, prolonged breastfeeding and folk methods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As required by the law, Austria has completed a flood assessment of all watercourses and zoning of areas with significant flood risk. Risk and hazard maps are expected to be available by the end of 2013, and Austria plans to develop transboundary flood risk management plans by the end of 2015. The government estimates that every euro invested prevented damage of almost double its value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These open trade policies and the marketing opportunities they have created for Ugandan producers encourage increased production from maize and beans farmers and promote efforts to meet WFP’s quality and quantity requirements. In particular, education and training are important factors influencing developing countries trade performance through their impact on labour productivity. Besides the high transport costs and poor market integration generated by poor physical infrastructure, a major obstacle for converting from smallholder, subsistence farming to commercial farming according to Azam etal. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Bogota, Siglo del Hombre Editores. Avaliagao de impacto do projeto agente jovem sobre os egressos e estudos qualitativos sobre as agoes de capacitagao, Brasilia, Secretariat for Information Evaluation and Management (SAGI). Informe enero 2012 [online] http:// www.oitcinterfor.org/sites/default/files/PJMMT_enel2.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the context of future guidance on reporting on finance received, being aware of issues with monitoring this information can help clarify areas where the enhanced transparency framework could take into account different national contexts. In the first instance, climate finance is generally monitored in the context of broader sets of financial information. In many countries existing systems track the receipt of multiple different types of financial inflows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Ensuring that these guidelines remain up-to-date and relevant, however, appears to be an ongoing challenge. Several activities help build awareness to support the implementation of clinical guidelines. They are designed to draw on current evidence to assist in meeting the aims of reducing variations in practice, and improving patient outcomes. Guidelines are disseminated to health care professionals and organisations in Scotland and patient versions are available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
One of the first tasks of the Commission on the Status of Women was to write the 1952 Convention on the Political Rights of Women.24 The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women builds on previous conventions and its article 7 concerns women's access to decision-making in political and public life. Article 7 guarantees the right of women to vote in all elections and public referendums and to be eligible for election to all publicly elected bodies, the right to participate in the formulation of government policy and its implementation, to hold public office and perform all public functions at all levels of government, and the right to participate in non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or associations concerned with the public and political life of the country. Article 8 requires State parties to "take all appropriate measures to ensure to women, on equal terms with men and without any discrimination, the opportunity to represent their Governments at the international level and to participate in the work of international organizations."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The term "big data" does not refer simply to the quantity of digital information, but to a qualitative leap in ability that collecting such large sets of digital information makes possible. Those capacities include "the ability to extract new insights or create new forms of value, in ways that change markets, organizations, the relationship between citizens and governments, and more" (Mayer-Schonberger and Cukier, 2013). However, it has been argued that big data can also be the foundation of information asymmetry between firms with differing access to data, and between countries due to the digital divide (Ciuriak, 2018b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Reforms in the ICT sector, together with the installation of a major submarine fibre-optic cable in 2014, led to a significant decrease in Internet prices and helped connect the country to other regions in the Pacific (ITU, 2015). By 2015,62% of the EIF countries had established competition authorities. While mobile services in general tend to be relatively open, the ITU ICT Regulatory Tracker shows that fixed line telecom services remain under monopoly in several LDCs (Figure 9.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
An advisory group made up of civil society, academia, private providers and care workers interacts with the board and the secretariat.103 The National Care Secretariat was first envisioned purely as a coordinating secretariat, but to give it political room for manoeuvre, it was allocated a new budget to expand childcare services.104 Over time, the care services provided by other ministries and state agencies are to be moved under the SNIC budget allocation. The design stage focused more on the establishment of coordination mechanisms than on the detail of policy design. Care policies can also have positive demand-side labour market impacts. They can generate employment, in particular women’s employment, and have the potential to create decent jobs at a higher rate than other public expenditures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Design-for-disassembly was formulated to promote the easy recovery of parts and materials during the product disassembly process, while design-for-environment called for minimizing pollution and promoting resource conservation during product or system design. In product life-cycle considerations, extended producer responsibility (EPR) may be realized in collaboration with intelligent consumer behaviour. The European Union (EU) and WBCSD have shifted the leading concept of a resource-circulating society from sustainable production and consumption in the 1990s to sustainable consumption and production in a “consumer society”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Harmonized efforts also lessen the possibility that different groups inadvertently duplicate efforts or fall short of meeting even immediate life-sustaining needs. Complexity demands that all actors must act together as partners on the front-line systemic risk reduction. In Afghanistan, the National Afghanistan Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction calls for DRR to be mainstreamed into development planning, sectoral plans, capacity-building, CCA, livelihood security, gender mainstreaming, community empowerment, and response and recovery management. It aims to improve coherence and integration in efforts to reduce the risks posed by disasters, climate change, conflict and fragility, with other development imperatives, and places this at the centre of the pursuit of the achievement of the outcome and goals of the post-2015 international agreements and frameworks, including the SDGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The system effects of variable renewables, although discussed here under a separate category, are a fine example of this progressive organisation of the search for conceptual and organisational responses. New technologies create new effects and new impacts, many of which are not foreseeable and can thus not be taken into account in their conception and implementation. An externality is then the impact of a new process on aspects of life which has had no prior consideration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Second, studies need to go beyond impact to include validated and credible measurement of pathways to better understand the behavioral underpinnings of the CT and IPV relationship. In doing so, studies will deepen both our understanding of how transfers affect IPV, and our understanding of the behavioral relationships underpinning each causal link, many of which are understudied in LMICs. There is also need for a better understanding of how program design features affect ultimate outcomes and pathways, particularly with respect to targeting, complementary programming, program linkages and conditionalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The WTO will continue to play its part towards achieving the SDGs. This is how the best technology works - so simple and easy to use that not so long ago it would have seemed like magic. But those of us concerned with improving the lives of people in developing countries know that there are systems behind this technological wizardry: policy systems that enable and reward innovation, economic systems that allow raw materials, components and finished goods to flow across borders, financial systems that secure investments and payments, regulatory and legal systems protecting workers and consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Making all information and references about green growth freely available among all public government officials would be an important first step. Offering more training opportunities for young, mid-level and technical officials in cities would also be an effective option. Training programmes specifically tailored to these targeted officials should also be developed. In Viet Nam, General Statistics Office (GSO) is the central government's agency responsible for the national census and official statistics for all cities and provinces.7 While the Vietnamese official statistics currently measures 11 sectors, consisting of more than 200 indicators,8 these indicators measure mostly the economic performance of the sectors, with less regards to its environmental or social impacts. For example, the agriculture sector has 46 indicators that measure area of farming, quantity of outputs, and crop yield, but they do not contain indicators that measure agriculture waste, energy consumption or GHG emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Judicial review may be the most publicly contested aspect of American constitutionalism. When courts void legislation, they implicitly seem to strike at the heart of the principle of separation of powers. The act inherently suggests that the elected legislature is not always the legitimate representative of the people and that democratic majoritarianism is not the fundamental principle of American politics. Because judicial review can be described in opposition to ideas often deemed fundamental to American constitutionalism, the origins of judicial review have intrigued scholars of politics, history, and law. For the last century, the origins inquiry has started from the assumption that the origins of judicial review lie in an idea, an intellectual doctrine about judicial power. In fact, the origins of judicial review lie in a pre-Revolutionary practice and idea of limited legislative authority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Adoption of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights created a new international norm prohibiting racial discrimination. That anti-discrimination norm had been a part of the paper Constitution in the United States since adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment. However, it did not become a part of the living Constitution until the Fourteenth Amendment was subjected to the magnetic pull of international human rights law. Adoption of the Charter sparked a chain of events culminating in the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which heralded the end of apartheid in the United States. Many Americans think that modern anti-discrimination law was a U.S. invention that we exported to the rest of the world. In fact, U.S. anti-discrimination law is properly understood as an outgrowth of the creation of modern international human rights law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As the seat of the Curitiba City Council, the IPPUC is also an important venue for citizen participation in city affairs. The institute’s research and planning activities are behind every innovation in urban management in Curitiba, including the bus-based rapid transport system, the first municipal public health system in Brazil, the public parks-based flood control system, the community-based waste management system and the effective use of a pay-for-FAR (floor area ratio) mechanism of value capture from the land markets (solo criado). The IPPUC prepares plans and projects, raises and manages resources for their implementation, co-ordinates investments in infrastructure, and researches and disseminates good practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, the negative effect of direct taxes is estimated to be of a lower magnitude in the case of household incomes compared with GDP per capita. The decomposition of direct taxes between the personal and corporate tax components indicates that their combined negative impact is driven by the personal income tax component. However, no significant effect on average household income is found. The estimated neutral real household income effects from consumption and property taxes holds for median income and income of the lower-middle class, but there is some evidence of positive effects on income of the poor, possibly reflecting lower tax wedges and unemployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Almost 100% of the urban population has access to drinking water and as of 2007 about 82% of it was connected to a sewerage network with treatment (Figure 10.3). This is the result of a modern and effective institutional and policy framework that was made possible by a proactive process of privatisation of water utilities initiated in the late 1990s. The framework combines: i) high-quality regulation, ii) water operators (in most cases private sector providers) being allowed to recover the full cost of service provision, thereby enabling investment in assuring coverage and quality of service, and iii) an innovative system of subsidies targeted to poor consumers to ensure affordability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Although public health care in principle offers free basic health care services to all, most states’ health systems suffer from insufficient spending and shortfalls in management, leaving many with insufficient care. As a result, most people turn to private health care providers, which range dramatically in quality and of course charge for their services. Public health efforts over past decades have contributed to these improvements, as most recently demonstrated through the recent eradication of polio after an ambitious immunisation campaign. Nevertheless, life expectancy remains behind most large middle income countries and health outcomes are strongly influenced by socio-economic factors, gender, education and geography (Balarajan et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In Germany, impact fees can, for example, be charged on entire neighbourhoods that benefited from rehabilitation measures that are not necessarily related to particular plots. As such, these fees have characteristics that are in many respects similar to betterment levies. Org/10.1016/i.regsciuibeco.2004.05.004: De Sousa, C.A, C. Wu and L.M. Westphal (2009), "Assessing the effect of publicly assisted brownfield redevelopment on surrounding property values", http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891242408328379: Swaim, R. (2003), “Politics and policymaking: Tax credits and historic preservation”, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/IQ632920309597339: Linkous, E.R. (2016), “Transfer of development rights in theory and practice: The restructuring of TDR to incentivize development”, http://dx.doi. Org/10.1016/i.landusepol.2015.10.031: Nelson.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Emerging technologies such as forensic methods, remote sensing and DNA analysis can aid in verifying the origin of wood and wood products (WWF, 2014). A key output of the EU Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Action Plan, which marked its tenth anniversary in 2013, is the signing of voluntary partnership agreements (VPAs) between the EU and tropical timber-supplying countries. By May 2014, six exporting countries had signed VPAs - Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Indonesia and Liberia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Though not providing the convenience of a monthly plan, the bundles allow lower income users a variety of options to access the mobile Internet at a low cost. The case of Zambia indicates that affordability is not a barrier to using the Internet but how much of it is consumed. Cost was given as only the third reason users select a mobile operator and the cost of Internet service only the fourth reason for not having Internet access (Figure 4.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)