albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Both sets of policies reduced national and global economic welfare, inhibited economic growth, and added to inequality and poverty because no fewer than three-quarters of the world’s billion poorest people still depend directly or indirectly on farming for their livelihood (World Bank, 2007). Yet myriad policy measures continue to distort world food markets in many and complex ways (Anderson, 2009). In some developing country settings they raise food prices for consumers and the earnings of farm households, while in other settings they lower them, however, in most situations there is a mixture of winners and losers, both in rural and in urban areas, not least because many farm households receive some of their income from non-farm sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These approaches either respond to the interests of the better-off, or they focus only on strategic economic interventions in specific spaces, all of which tends to create enclaves of prosperity. The proposed third component of the New Urban Agenda aims to respond to this structural transformation for the sake of shared prosperity and harmonious, sustainable development. This city-wide integrated response puts urban authorities in a better position to optimize existing resources and harness the potentialities of the future. The New Urban Agenda should respond to all these local urban contexts with appropriate policy instruments and actions (Box 10.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The committee was set up when Region Vastra Gotaland was founded in 1999. It brings together politicians from the region and from the four associations of municipalities in the region (representing the 49 municipalities). The committee is directly linked to decision making in the Regional Executive Board.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These trends have been taken into account when estimating the cost of renewable energy (Annex II). As a result, renewable energy is the cheapest option when evaluating the socioeconomic cost for new generation capacity, as shown by the Level ized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for different technologies in Figure 44. Value of heat set to 12 EUR/MWh.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Two findings are interesting here. First, the migrants' earnings exhibit a more even distribution than do local workers' earnings. For instance, the Gini coefficients for urban local workers and migrant workers are 0.424 and 0.310, respectively. Second, when including migrants with urban residents, inequality in urban areas decreases: the Gini falls from 0.424 to 0.405, and more significantly, GE (-1) falls from 0.523 to 0.461.’
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
On the other, skills measured later in life might not just reflect those accumulated at school. These concerns are somehow mitigated by the following considerations. First, if skill depreciation occurs at the same rate for individuals in different countries, its effect would be captured by the time (age cohort) dummies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Como resultado, tanto el gasto en infraestructura fisica como social tienen la capacidad de generar margen fiscal. Ademas, se examinan fuentes adicionales de financiacion de la igualdad de genera, como la tributacion del sector financiero. Existe una varie-dad mucho mas amplia de herramientas de politica disponibles para los bancos centrales de la que se esta utilizando actualmente. Asimismo, la revision de las herramientas de politica monetaria que se describe en el presente documento sugiere que el enfasis que se pone en la baja inflacion debido al tipo de interes es problematico desde dos puntos de vista.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Chapter 1, ‘The Security of Energy Supply and the Contribution of Nuclear Energy - Concepts and Issues”, was written by Dr. Jan Horst Keppler integrating material provided by the Expert Group and, in particular, by Professor William D’haeseleer. Chapter 2, “Indicators and Models for Measuring Security of Energy Supply Risks”, was written by external contributors, Mr. Jaap Jansen and Mr. Adriaan van der Welle of the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), integrating material provided by the Expert Group and, in particular, by Dr. Henk Weis and Dr. Koji Nagano. Chapter 3, “Evolution of the Security of Energy Supply in OECD Countries”, was written by Dr. Alexey Lokhov. Chapter 4, “Public Attitudes towards Nuclear Energy and Security of Energy Supply” was written by Ms. Lucie Liversain, based on material provided by the Expert Group and a group of students from the Institut d’etudes politiques (IEP), Paris, co-ordinated by Ms. Alena Pukhova.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Again, the private sector would provide the bulk of credit, but it would be characterized by low interest rates leveraged with government loan guarantees. The real targeting approach might also be complemented by other policies, such as capital management techniques to deal with possible capital flight (discussed in more detail below). These loan guarantees substitute for collateral, leveraging access to credit and potentially bringing informal sector businesses into the formal sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
1. From Stability to Stagnation: Germany at the beginning of the Twenty-First Century Part 1: National Unification and European Integration 2. German Unification and 'Model Germany': An adventure in institutional conservatism 3. Germany and European Integration: A shifting of tectonic plates Part 2: Labour Markets, Life Styles and Political Preferences 4. New Ways of Life or Old Rigidities?: Changes in social structure and life courses and their political impact 5. The Crumbling Pillars of Social Partnership 6. Political-Economic Context and Partisan Strategies in the German Federal Elections, 1990-2002 7. The Changing Role of Political Protest Movements Part 3: Reorganisation of State and Political Economy 8. Corporate Governance and the Disintegration of Organised Capitalism in the 1990s 9. The State of the Welfare State: German social policy between macroeconomic retrenchment and microeconomic recalibration 10. The Politics of Citizenship in the New Republic
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Australia, Craig (2005) estimated this loss to be about 40% of the total storage volume. This evaporative loss could increase by about 15% by 2080, due to the effect of higher surface temperatures in the face of climate change (Heifer, Lemckert and Zhang, 2012). Increasing total usable water storage by reducing this type of loss depends on the adoption of evaporation suppression technology, which is driven by the marginal value product of the water to be saved. This can be further split into recoverable seepage that infiltrates freshwater aquifers as “return flows”, as well as the non-recoverable seepage infiltrating a saline aquifer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The obstacles encountered by adolescents and youth on the path towards healthy, productive futures differ among and within countries. Obstacles are often more imposing for those who are poorer, rural, less educated and otherwise marginalized or denied their basic human rights. Many of the solutions found to help young people enjoy their rights and access sexual and reproductive health information and services have been small in scale or scope but have the potential to reach many more individuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The data are based on previous studies (including Angelsen et at., Data sources are the Global Forest Resources Assessment (FAO, 2015a) and RRI (2014). Data were adapted from Zomer et al, (2009). Data sources include published literature and case studies. Data sources include published literature and case studies. Nonetheless, given the scale and the nature of opportunities that the forest sector presents, it has the potential to help overcome gender inequality within and beyond the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
On the lower end of the rating spectrum for all indicators, indicators measuring polypharmacy [6.1(2.1)], school absence [5.9(2.4)] and criminal justice encounter [4.3(2.1)] showed the lowest ratings. For validity, the ratings for the three most highly ranked base indicators span from 7.9 (0.5) for seven-day follow-up after inpatient discharge to 7.5 (1.4) for involuntary/ compulsory hospitalisation and 7.4 (1) for seclusion. Measures with the lowest ratings for validity include patient education [5(1.5)], criminal justice encounters [4.6(1.7)], and school absence [4.2(2.3)]).The survey’s proposed variants to the base indicators failed to achieve a high level of support from the survey participants highlighting the stability of the base indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In fact, prices appear to have been less volatile in the most recent decade than throughout the 1970-80s. Using more formal time series analysis methods Balcombe (2008) also investigates the dynamics of international commodity prices over a long period. Using monthly and yearly observations, the author does not find evidence of a trending behavior in price volatility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The risk, however, is that such controls also capture economic factors - including policy changes - which have been a source of growing inequalities. This is particularly the case for policies associated with skill-biased technological change (SBTC): empirically, SBTC has been usually proxied by time trends and found to be a significant driver of higher wage dispersion (Braconier and Ruiz-Valenzuela, 2014, OECD, 2011b, Katz and Murphy, 1994, Acemoglu and Autor, 2012). This implies that the empirical results in this paper could fail to identify some policy effects on household incomes, i.e. those that are channelled via SBTC. The majority of growth-oriented empirical studies on structural reforms have focused on the two main proximate determinants of GDP per capita - labour productivity and employment - or on a number of intermediate drivers, which include investment in physical capital, trade, R&D and multifactor productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Using part of the additional revenue generated from higher taxes, for example, can help avoid increased energy affordability risk and even reduce it if sufficient revenue is allocated to support vulnerable consumers (OECD, 2018, forthcoming). The analysis shows who will lose and who will gain from the reform, what will be the impact of the reform on the public budget but also on households’ disposable income, what social measures could be put in place to protect vulnerable groups that would be affected by the reform. This work also show's how such analysis can be approached (issues, data) and practically conducted in co-operation w'ith different parts of the government and other stakeholders in the country (Box 1.3). The study has also reviewed the impact of reform on the public budget and on potential GHG emission reductions. The standard VAT rate in Moldova is 20%. The VAT imposed on gas consumed by households is 8%, and no VAT is imposed on electricity and heat consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Recently, consideration of the public health aspects of energy production has become increasingly prominent with respect to the global energy agenda (IEA 2016, WHO 2012, Osterholm and Kelly 2009). Globally gender is scarcely mainstreamed in energy policies, even in the case of the newest energy sectors. As of early 2015,145 countries had enacted policies to regulate and promote renewables in power generation, heating and cooling, and transport (e.g. the European Union had established new regulations governing the energy sector beyond 2020, setting a region-wide goal of a 27% renewable energy share by 2030) (REN21 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Quilts of Denmark contacted Outlast and they agreed on a joint development. Basically Outlast kept the rights for insulation materials and Quilts of Denmark received the rights for down quilts and pillows. However, NASA’s technology could not be transferred directly to the company’s quilts, since quilts are soft and the technology invented by NASA was very stiff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It therefore plays an important role in market integration and rural-urban transitions in the region as well as in the effort to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, both directly and indirectly. Seamless connectivity across these three sectors plays an important role in enabling countries to expand their markets, optimize exchanges and strengthen collaboration in support of sustainable development and shared prosperity. Soft infrastructure refers to legal, regulatory, procedural and other supporting policy frameworks, as well as human and institutional capacities, while hard infrastructure relates to physical networks, such as roads, railways, ports, undersea cables and cell phone masts, and transmission lines and power plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In South Asia, demographic trends are such that the youth labour force continues to grow and few opportunities exist for paid work. Even if paid work can be found, the risk of low wage employment is substantially higher for young workers. Therefore, workplace training schemes, the creation or improvement of apprenticeship systems and entrepreneurship training programmes as well as programmes that are aimed at offsetting the mismatch of technical skills among youth are important to enhance the employability of youth. Therefore, countries in the subregion should maximize growth through productive job creation and appropriate structural change to reduce poverty, hunger and inequalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Moreover, females speak of breaking migration laws much less often than males, however, they do not differ from male migrants in die documents they had to obtain as well as their attitudes towards migration laws. Judging by migration legislation, die State would seem to view migrants employed in die Russian Federation (possessing a patent) as single people, it should be mentioned that there is no legal option for long-term stay for an unemployed family member, who, in the case of Central Asian migrants, are more often women than men. Note: N = 266, chi square = 6.102,and 0.01 sps0.05. Respondents were asked to characterize five people with whom they socialized the most: to name their sex, place of birth and current residence, place of their acquaintance and whether they were relatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Bangladesh National Women Lawyers' Association, a human rights organization, fights for access to justice for all women and children, targeting the poorest in the most disadvantaged areas. The Kiribati Association of NGOs organizes workshops and training on issues related to gender and domestic violence. They have been involved in awareness-raising and advocacy, which has in some countries contributed towards the enactment of relevant legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Simultaneous development of diverse skills and extensive retraining will be necessary. Skill creation and re-skilling activities in green growth are delivered by Universiti Sains Malaysia and the Penang Skills Development Centre. Skill creation could be more efficiently organised by pooling learning resources of educational institutions and industries at the regional level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In some countries, the implementation of a mixed model curriculum has been found to be less effective than pure “academic” or “comprehensive” approaches. Nevertheless, a clear dichotomy between the “academic” and “comprehensive” approaches is not necessarily warranted. For “Ever been expelled from High School”, this is the percentage of sample group members that had been expelled from High School.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The NHIF cut prices paid to providers but by and large protected primary care expenditure. There is overall little debt accumulated in the system. Lithuania has indeed reduced its hospital bed sector considerably since the 1990s, although not as drastically as its Baltic neighbours, and it still has the second highest ratio of curative care beds per population in the EU. In more recent years, downsizing mainly focused on mergers of hospitals as legal entities without changing the actual infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article addresses an issue overlooked in most of the literature on judicial review: the legitimacy of judicial review of a constitution's federal and structural provisions. Debates about the legitimacy of judicial review—at least as conducted throughout the Commonwealth—are usually focussed on rights. These debates appear to assume that the power of courts like the Australian High Court and the Canadian Supreme Court to interpret and enforce federal and structural provisions is unproblematic. This article tests that assumption and concludes that those who hold democracy-based objections to constitutional rights should seriously reconsider, and perhaps oppose, federal and structural judicial review as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Family planning policies and the availability of contraceptives provide households with more control over their fertility decisions which can also help reduce poverty risks. The assessment of key drivers of child poverty is based on a time series analysis of pooled cross-section data for 29 OECD countries for the mid-1990s to 2013/14 period for the first stage, and for 22 countries for which data for the second-stage analysis are available for the same period. The data on child poverty are taken from the OECD Income Distribution Database.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
No deadline was set for assuring adequate wastewater treatment in urban areas smaller than 2 000 people (it was 2005 for earlier EU members). As with wastewater connection rates, drinking water supply coverage shows regional differences: the Bratislavsky and Tmavsky regions in the west have the highest connection rates (99% and 97%, respectively) while in the TrenJiansky and the Presovsky regions 73% of the population is connected. Faecal contamination, nitrates and iron are the most frequent parameters exceeding the limits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
At any moment the cheapest energy resources can be used while the balancing can be done using the very flexible hydropower plants. Also in China a new overlay system is considered. There the emphasis lies on connecting renewable energy sources from the centre of the country to the large cities close to the shore in the East.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Employers and educators in perceived "masculine" or "feminine" fields can also help eliminate existing stereotypes, such as by promoting awareness that computer sciences ("masculine" and "nerdy") help solve health problems ("feminine" and "caring") (Wang and Degol 2016), or by reaching out and establishing direct contact with students and schools (OECD, 2008). Providing objective and reliable career information to both boys and girls, including personal contacts with employers and professionals, can help reduce the influence of informal sources of information, which may lack reliability, solid information and impartiality, and confine choices to the known and familiar (OECD, 2004). Other data show that few pupils have a full or accurate understanding of science-related professions, many are largely unaware of the range of career opportunities that are made available with training in science and technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The majority of the Commonwealth Pacific small states have ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity where parties have agreed to meet biodiversity-related targets known as the Aichi Targets, including protecting 17 per cent of terrestrial areas by 2020 (SPREP, 2016b). Meeting this target has been difficult for most, with only Kiribati achieving the target (Figure 2.7), which does not augur well for the achievement of SDG Target 15.1. However, the Pacific faces some of the highest extinction rates in the world, largely caused by the impact of invasive species (SPREP, 2016c) (Target 15.8), which are currently not well managed and remain out of control (SPREP, 2016b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While the other subcomponents are also part of the physical environment, their physical, biological or chemical characteristics can be influenced in the short to mid-term by human activities. Statistics on these general physical conditions are important, as they help determine the scope of and influences on the environmental resources of a country. Without information on these baseline conditions, it is difficult for governments to judge the need for and efficacy of policies. This topic covers data on atmospheric, climatic and weather conditions across territories and over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Secondly, the Productive Social Action Programme (Programa de Accidn Social Productiva - PASP), targeted on households in extreme poverty in which one or more adults have capacity to work, aims to create public employment in building or upgrading infrastructure in vulnerable communities, together with job training and other study opportunities (Xiao, 2014). According to Coirolo and others (2013), the disasters have caused workers to change their status from self-employed to day-labourers, which exacerbates the vulnerabilities that need to be taken into account in social protection programmes, coordinated with disaster risk reduction actions and training programmes that increase employment in industries that are not disaster-prone. The main objective of the social protection programmes in Bangladesh is to safeguard and promote economic and social security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Comparatively, much less FDI was directed to unskilled-labour-intensive manufacturing such as textile, shoes, apparel, food processing, furniture, toys, beverages, simple assembly operations, motor vehicle construction, and services such as trade, restaurants, hotels and so on (see table 3). Thus, (unskilled) labour-abundant countries witnessing an FDI shift towards resource-, capital-, and skilled labour-intensive sectors experienced, ceteris paribus, an increase in income inequality both through labour market effects and, where democratic institutions are weak, via political economy mechanisms. M&A entail an improvement in foreign exchange availability but not in the stock of capital, employment and consumer welfare. Most often, the effect of M&A is negative, as foreign firms generally impose cuts in employment, increases in tariffs, and consolidations among firms leading to, ceteris paribus, adverse distributive effects (Baldwin, 1995).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There is sufficient evidence in academic scholarship that points to the important role diaspora tourism plays for the economies of homeland communities and countries. Given previous research shows ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some management processes - activities planning, control, financial and human resources - should become centralised, and, together with change brought by the new Law on Employment, this is expected to reduce the administrative functions of local LLE offices and release some time for direct services to jobseekers. However, to enable LLE counsellors providing intensive counselling to those who need it, their number should also be increased. The government also plans to equalise the workloads of LLE staff across counties. Concrete steps should be taken soon in this direction, especially to reduce caseloads in the counties most in need.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)