albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For instance, the Australian case confirms that irrigators are ready to pay a price to secure their water entitlements, in particular when there is high uncertainty about future water availability. Other countries have recycled parts of the revenues from water levies to support investment in water-efficient farming practices for a transition period. However, users’ contribution to total water sector expenditures remains low (about 45%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Regional patterns may be observed among NUPs, though these are not definitive. Taking them into account would assist nations developing and implementing NUPs to observe and learn from the experience of other nations, including sharing their experience of managing urbanisation at the national level. Regional networks of national governments may be an appropriate means through which to share NUP development practices and to identify what works and what does not work in given circumstances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
First it reviews the major reported impact of climate changes on fish and fisheries from an EAF perspective and introduces the IFRAME model as a tool for assessing and forecasting risks to fisheries and ecosystems. It then identifies management objectives and attributes for an EAF and discusses the development of indicators, reference points and risk indices for assessing those fisheries affected by climate changes. Finally, it reviews current fisheries management systems and discusses the implications for management under changing climate conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Returns to international research investment ranged from 68 to 108 per cent (Evenson and McKinsey Jr., 1991).10 While the returns to R&D are high, several factors prevent them from having the kind of impact on LDC agricultural productivity that would bring them even remotely close to their potential. The Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators compiled by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) show that the sector’s agricultural research spending relative to its gross domestic product (GDP) — the research intensity ratio — is substantially lower than in advanced economies. In 2008, low-income countries spent only $0.44 (at 2005 purchasing-power parity (PPP)) on public agricultural R&D for every $100 of agricultural GDP. The corresponding figure for high-income countries was more than $3 (chart 2.10). The average intensity ratio for low-income countries has declined marginally over the past 35 years, meaning that growth in R&D spending has lagged behind the expansion of agricultural GDP. In high-income countries, by contrast, public agricultural R&D spending for every $100 of agricultural GDP (2005 PPP) has risen steadily since the early 1980s, reaching $2.63 in 2000 and $3.07 in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Finally, it is worth noting that in Belgium, tax relief on social charges allows lowering the wages of the researchers in both the private and public sectors. This extra funding to universities and public research institutes is estimated at EUR 200 million, the government funds directly EUR 844 million of the EUR 1.2 billion higher education R&D expenditures. Some have modified the criteria of eligibility, extended the coverage of R&D activities or the coverage of firms eligible for tax relief.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Changes in consumer prices and the reduction in income from self-employment in the non-agriculture sector are the major contributors in the increase of child poverty. As for the “consumer prices” component, non-food items (not shown) are the main channel through which children are affected by the crisis. The fall in wages affect child poverty relatively more in Cameroon, representing roughly a sixth of total child monetary poverty increase. It is noteworthy that changes in the informal wage sector affected children relatively more than the formal sector, with the exception of Cameroon for 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The NAS recognises the importance of this point, stating that social inequalities can be reinforced through vulnerability to the environment. It also reiterates the message of the 2010 Austrian Strategy for Sustainable Development, which states the importance of dealing with economic, social and environmental challenges in an integrated manner (Chapter 2). An EU-funded study used GIS mapping to identify links between physical and social vulnerability in the Salzburg river basin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Such limitations are often recognised in the way that monetary poverty indicators are described in publications both by national governments and international organisations. For example, the United Kingdom Department for Work and Pensions refers to "relative low income" in their published statistics, whilst Eurostat reports on "at-risk-of-poverty rates" (Department for Work and Pensions, 2016, Eurostat, 2016). If data are collected through household surveys, it is often impractical and expensive to collect detailed data from all members of the household. More importantly, it is often very difficult or impossible to allocate economic flows to single individuals within the household or family unit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Central and Southern Asia (197 million) and sub-Saharan Africa (189 million). Data from 214 cities or municipalities in 103 countries show that about three quarters of municipal solid waste generated is collected. In sub-Saharan Africa, less than half of all municipal solid waste generated is collected, with adverse effects on the health of residents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
While many countries have made progress towards closing these gaps, no country in the world has fully closed the gap between men and women. As a testament to its central importance, SDG 5 was singled out by the United Nations General Assembly when it adopted the SDGs. They seek to build on the Millennium Development Goals and complete what they did not achieve. They seek to realize the human rights of all and to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
What explains the large variation in the time taken by states to ratify the 1948 Genocide Convention? The costs of ratification would appear to be relatively low, yet many states have waited several decades before ratifying this symbolically important treaty. This study employs a “nested analysis” that combines a large-n event history analysis with a detailed study of an important outlying case in order to explain the main sources of this variation. Surprisingly, the results of our event history analysis suggest that states do not become more likely to ratify once the treaty has become widely adopted by others. We use the case of Japan to examine this relationship in more detail. We argue that once the norm embodied in a human rights treaty develops a “taken-for-granted” character, the rate of ratification can slow down because the marginal costs of additional ratifications begin to outweigh the expected benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By downscaling the model proposed by the province of Potenza, and with its support, these municipalities are locally implementing a multi-stakeholder approach. This is based on the active involvement of local institutions, organizations and associations representing different professional and social categories, to give them the opportunity to become driving forces reducing disaster risk. These municipalities are engaged in clustering processes with key community actors across all sectors. They are also looking at working with the concept of social categories, experimenting with the use of concrete plans/actions to transform different social groups into forces for developing and implementing safe and sustainable urban policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Also includes hunting and services in agriculture and hunting. He calculated Kazakhstan’s effective tariff rate before joining the CU (2009), in the CU with transition tariff rates (2010-11), and in the CU with all exceptions eliminated. The results are also summarised in Table 2.24 and are broadly in agreement with those obtained by Jandosov and Sabyrova, although a direct comparison of the results from the two studies requires caution due to differences in the computations (e.g. slightly different trade periods used for weighting the tariffs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This chapter details the highly constraining power of emergency laws in Sri Lanka and the conditions that produced a handful of human rights prosecutions midway through the conflict. Emergency and anti-terrorism laws in Sri Lanka include explicit immunity and inquest clauses that encourage and facilitate impunity regarding state violations. Very few prosecutions were held in Sri Lanka as a result, and the handful of prosecutions that occurred largely emerged through the temporary political will of one political leader.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Both sugar and bananas have lost preferential access to their traditional European Union (EU) markets in the age of liberalisation of the global economy. In addition, with the frequency of hurricane damage increasing in recent years, it was decided to abandon the exports of bananas completely. The bauxite/ alumina industry all but shut down in 2008, when international demand plummeted in the global crisis that was precipitated by the financial crisis of that year. The current owners of the mines and processing facilities have demanded access to cheaper energy as the price for restarting the industry. This is one of the major drivers for the urgent transformation of the energy supply that has become a high priority for the Jamaican government. Forests were cleared, and the habitats they supported were destroyed, to establish the sugar industry in the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Whereas in economic policy institutions, diversity is clearly emerging in senior positions as well as in policy advise, in academia this is much less the case. However, economics has been enriched through standpoints from the global south that recognise the historical and today's structural inequalities in the world economy. This paper discusses such postcolonial standpoints. In particular, economic perspectives representing standpoints from the global south with key economists who have contributed importantly to the diversification and improvement of our discipline. The focus is on development economics, as that is the field where most progress has been made, based on real-world experiences and interpretations of south-based economists. These economists include Raul Prebisch, Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira, Jayati Ghosh, Thandika Mkandawire, Gita Sen, Noeleen Heyzer, and Bina Agarwal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At the same time, disasters themselves can create unstable economic conditions, exacerbate social fault lines and heighten social exclusion - creating fertile ground for conflict. Compared with natural disasters, which are one-off and sometimes rapid events, conflicts tend to last longer. Nevertheless, conflicts and disasters both compound risks to create complex and converging crises, so they can be considered together.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Collected information is rarely reported back to providers and practitioners. Comparability across sub-systems is another problem, with the exception of seldom national indicators that are reported for the National Development Plan and the Sectorial Health Plan, each institution (State Health Services, ISSSTE, IMSS) has its own set of indicators. This lack of comparability adds to the fragmentation that runs across the Mexican health system more encouragingly, work is underway to design and implement a national dashboard of quality and efficiency metrics, consistent across all insurers/providers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
AbstractThe article argues that there is no single globalisation of education systems, but rather multiple globalisations of each system taken in its individual context. We propose three explanatory factors to account for these vernacular globalisation processes, that is, for individual policy trajectories in each national context: path dependence on earlier policy choices and institutions, education policy-making through bricolage, and finally the translation by national actors of international-level ideas or tools as a function of the debate, institutions or national power dynamics in question. The research design is based on the study of a most-likely case: accountability policy in two school systems – France and Quebec – which show strong variations. Document analyses and semi-structured interviews were conducted in both cases. In the two countries, distinct vernacular globalisations are at work leading to different neo-statist accountability policies. In Quebec, the reinforcement of state power throu...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Average NOx concentrations are also high in Chinese cities, at around the WHO guideline limits of 40 pg/m3, averaged over one year. Moreover, as noted above, NOx emissions have risen in recent years and this is reflected in the air quality of cities where average NOx concentrations rose over 5% between 2005 and 2010. In Beijing, over the whole winter of 2007/08, NOx pollution averaged seven times the WHO hourly guidelines, with mobile sources accounting for almost two-thirds thereof.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The objective of the programme is to improve rural students’ learning through differentiated pedagogical tools and teaching materials (Ministry of Education, n.d.). Currently, PER targets rural multigrade schools and focuses mainly on the work of the micro-centres (MINEDUC, ACE and ES, 2016). According to the law, the objectives of these meetings are all related to the improvement of pedagogical skills and student learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There are also elements complementing infrastructure rollout referred to as the hidden mile. These constitute regulatory issues such as infrastructure sharing, frequency management, licensing framework and universal service. It outlines regulatory, policy, institutional and other factors that underlie ICT sector growth in LDCs. It assesses the middle mile covering both national and regional backbone networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The specific target was to increase their market size by 70 trillion yen (14% of GDP) by 2015, based on a detailed action plan, entitled “Toward Innovation and Productivity Improvement in Service Industries”. Many OECD countries have increased spending on ECEC in recent years. First, governments have started to consider public spending on ECEC not as “consumption” but as an “investment” to improve the development of children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There are several forms of capacity building where governments and the private sector can contribute: technical assistance, research for responsible business practices, development of training manuals and guidebooks, development of regional support hubs and the strengthening of the Global Compact local networks. They can also encourage and facilitate communications among key stakeholders for developing and implementing SRB initiatives. A strong dialogue about SRB must be encouraged amongst stakeholders, such as governments, corporations, financial institutions, NGOs and CSOs, for their capacity building.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Radioactive waste from various sources, such as nuclear power generation and other nuclear fuel cycle related activities, radioisotope production and use for applications in medicine, agriculture, industry and research, is considered. It provides a measure of both the current status of radioactive waste management at any time and the progress made over time towards the overall sustainability of radioactive waste management. Radioactive waste, if not properly managed, can have a direct impact on health and the environment through exposure to ionizing radiation. The use of cars for passenger transportation is generally less energy efficient and has greater environmental and social impacts, such as pollution, global warming as well as a higher accident rate, than mass transit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In what countries are high-achieving students attracted to teaching? In-service teacher surveys often show that current teachers are highly motivated by the intrinsic benefits of teaching - working with children and helping them develop, and making a contribution to society - while studies that survey large pools of graduates about their career choices show that the relative salaries of graduate occupations play a role in their choices: had teachers’ salaries been higher, more “potential teachers" would have seriously considered a career in teaching. At the country level, results indicate that both teachers’ salaries and the social status of the teaching profession are positively associated with students' expectations of working as teachers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As one example, the Rulebook on establishing and managing an information system for protecting nature and monitoring has been adopted but the information system and biodiversity monitoring do not exist. Sometimes, implementation of developed policy documents and/or guidelines is delayed due to the lack of capacity of relevant institutions for their implementation and enforcement. The establishment of new' protected areas was also hindered by this barrier and low political interest in conservation policy and measures. Local communities are given a strong role in the decision-making process when it comes to spatial designation of protected areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina - which is w'hy very low awareness about the importance of nature conservation and the modalities of protected area governance and benefit sharing is a troublesome issue, especially in expanding the protected area network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Different measures have been implemented to resolve this, including an infrastructure upgrade, an increase in the number of trains, better organisation and distribution of service, more frequent running times and public information campaigns. Despite these efforts, Santiago’s Metro continues to face severe congestion at peak hours (see El Mercurio newspaper, 24 June, 2012). In 2007, this jumped to 600 million (with no increase in the number of Metro lines).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, there can be exceptions, thus allowing some limited use in specific parts also in strict nature reserves. Berry picking is for example prohibited in the Kevo Nature Reserve in the northern Finland but allowed for local residents in the more southern Koivusuo Nature Reserve. The programme itself does not include major restrictions to the right of public access.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (NZ ETS) established in 2008, was one of the first schemes to include the forestry sector. The Australian Carbon Farming Initiative has been designed to cover all land-based sector emissions and sinks, the Republic of Korea passed the Carbon Sink Act in 2012, which integrates the forestry sector into its scheme. Forest sector offsets are also under consideration in the Japanese Bilateral Crediting Offset Mechanism (BCOM), and emissions trading schemes in Chile and China.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, in Stockholm county council about 40% of the payment is based on capitation, 55% on variable fee-for-service, and 3% is performance-related. In other county councils, between 80-98% of the payment is based on capitation. The risk-adjusted formulas used for determining capitation payments also vary between counties, from simple formulas based on age and gender to more complex formulas incorporating health status, prior use of services and socio-economic need. Such schemes include government or locally funded incentives for attaining specified priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Examples of such constraints include IPRs, licensing prohibitions, domestic technology absorptive capacity constraints, and trade-driven economic distortions, such as prioritization of export-oriented production in a few goods over diversified production for the domestic or regional market. Its evolution so far has been governed largely by considerations of environmental protection. Issues that affect development (i.e. climate change as a development challenge), related investment and R&D have been left to other forums and institutions although the UNFCCC process has sufficient mandates in this regard (UN-DESA, 2009b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
From a narrow perspective, many of the above concerns were valid. Second, although trade facilitation is meant to cover both exports and imports, there were fears that a TFA would cause imports to increase first and foremost, and that any increase in exports would be incidental. Since exports in LDCs face formidable supply-side constraints, and are unlikely to receive much of a boost from greater customs efficiency, such fear is probably justified. Third, implementing the TFA could involve important investments in customs modernisation and port logistics (on the ‘soft’ side), which may be neither a priority for LDCs at this time nor within their financial reach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Fourth, the coverage of Indigenous scholarship programmes is low. Also, Chile provides resources for the implementation of programmes that promote school enrolment and attendance in rural and remote areas. In particular, scholarships (Becas de integracion territorial) are offered to students finishing their basic education so they can continue into upper secondary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A review of experience in financing ESD may be helpful to those countries continuing to struggle with securing, sustaining or increasing public funds for advancing ESD. Active participation in the 2002 Agenda 21 for Education in the Baltic Sea Region has included an ESD action programme that led to the nomination of national ESD coordinators for formal, higher and non-formal education. These early initiatives have created a positive climate for full engagement in the Strategy for ESD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Overall, preferential trade agreements are strongly influenced by the multilateral framework. Data on Rules of Origin were provided by Julien Gourdon, and additional input was provided by Susan Stone. Comments by delegates of the OECD Joint Working Party on Agriculture and Trade, and OECD colleagues, were also much appreciated, particularly those from Carmel Cahill, Julia Nielson, Frank van Tongeren, Julien Gourdon, Jestis Anton, Marie-Agnes Jouanjean and Martin von Lampe. The publication of the report was co-ordinated by Anita Lari and Michele Patterson.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This period coincides with the first implementation stages of the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in Amazonia Legal, or PPCDAm (Chapter 4), and of the Amazon Region Protected Areas (ARPA) programme (Box 5.1). Excluding natural monuments, wildlife refuge areas, areas of relevant ecological interest, fauna reserves and private natural heritage reserves, which together accounts for 0.7% of total officially protected area. Cadastro Nacional de Unidades de Conservagao.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)