albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Survey-based estimates likely underestimate the extent of the problem, as many victims are reluctant to admit abuse. Administrative data, such as police reports, are typically even less informative. As described above, many violent crimes against women go unreported for reasons like fear of further violence and threats (towards the woman and her loved ones), stigma, lack of means for self-support, inadequate institutional protection and mistrust of the criminal justice system (OECD, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is not done for urban households as the determinants for participation for the various types of workers (self-employed and casual and salaried workers) are more similar. A separate model was estimated for rural and urban households as some of the explanatory variables differ (for more details see Annex 2). The differences which are both statistically significant (at the 10% level) and are greater or equal to 0.05 are highlighted with red.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Evidence on specific vulnerabilities to date show little pattern: of all cholera cases in Uganda in 2005-10, 54% were female and 46% male (Bwire ef al. Almost 90% said V rape occurred outside a populated village, 82% were raped while pursuing ordinary daily activities such as W searching for firewood or thatch, working in their fields, fetching water from riverbeds or travelling to a market. According to recent WHO estimates, 58% of total cases of diarrhoea in low- and middle-income countries are attributable to environmental factors (Pruss-Ustiin ef al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The first section provides an assessment of Chile’s infrastructure governance framework and how well it meets a set of ten governance pre-conditions that have been identified by the OECD as important for ensuring value-for-money and affordability with regard to infrastructure investment. Section two focuses on the essential ingredients of an infrastructure planning system and identifies gaps in Chile's planning capabilities and framework. The final section of this chapter provides a number of recommendations for strengthening infrastructure planning and the governance framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This unit would be charged with leading development of a coordinated strategy for delivering the improvements targeted and ensuring the resources made available by government for implementing agreed measures are sufficient to achieve the results expected. Western Australia's Office of Road Safety provides a good example of this kind of lead agency for road safety (the Office was reorganised and renamed the Road Safety Commission in July 2015). This highlights the need for urgent and significant action using the holistic, safe system approach to effectively manage speeds and infrastructure improvements to protect pedestrians and cyclists, particularly in locations where there is high crash risk. The importance of enforcement is clearly understood and given priority in Korea but in many cases it seems that the intensity of enforcement effort and resources allocated to enforcement do not reach the critical level needed to realise the full potential of measures adopted. In particular, it is strongly recommended to make seatbelt wearing compulsory in rear seats on the whole road network (not only on motorways as is currently the case). The lack of regulation and enforcement of professional (in particular self-employed) drivers’ hours of service needs urgent attention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There are national guidelines for smoking, alcohol use, physical activity and diet, primary care staff are expected to counsel patients on these lifestyle habits and offer advice, support and referrals. For patients requiring long-term care, responsibility for the patient is transferred to the municipality once a care plan has been developed. Responsibilities and arrangements for primary care in the context of long-term care for the elderly are variable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This means the total yearly amount can be substantial for people with low income. In addition, similar to most countries, dentistry is not induded in the public health care benefits package and is subject to higher copayments, although all children and adolescents up to the age of 21 are fully covered (to be increased to 23 in 2019). While Sweden has very low levels of catastrophic expenditure' due to health service utilisation, some people report financial accessibility problems. Almost 7% of people in the lowest income group reported some unmet needs for dental examination in 2015, compared to 3% for the national average (Eurostat, EU-SILC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Includes centres that were not launched or that do not have a website or web page with information about the leadership. All of these analyses were carried out after the schemes were introduced. A Danish study of the research councils' distribution of funding in a gender perspective found indications that a gender imbalance was especially noticeable when selective and highly visible instruments were used. The report entitled "Gender equality in research - what works?"
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Similar initiatives focused on microcnterpris-es have also been launched. Improved knowledge and skills in agriculture and entrepreneurship could enhance productivity and promote better nutrition. The energy and capabilities of young people are needed to kick-start more robust economic activity in rural areas. The challenges include limited and expensive airlinks, poor local transportation networks, limited accommodations and tourism activities outside the capital, Dili, and a lack of skilled hospitality workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Because of this, different techniques are used to build the index of material deprivation. In practice, material deprivation can be one indicator within an MPI. The methodology underlying the MPI is based on Alkire and Foster (2011) and offers a high degree of flexibility in the choice of indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The policy suggestions that follow are drawn from the experiences reported in the Country Background Reports, the analyses of external review teams in Country Reviews and the available research literature. It should be stressed that there is no single model or global best practice of school leader appraisal. The development of practices always needs to take into account country-specific traditions and features of the respective education systems (also see Chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Organic farming pursues a way to encourage the powers of self-regulation and resistance, which plants and animals possess naturally (Lindenthal et al., Organic agriculture promotes the use of local resources, thus scope and opportunity is gaining momentum on traditional knowledge since it is holistic, contextual and adaptive (Blaikie et al., Recent studies substantiate the view that indigenous/traditional knowledge and experiences of farmers were the base for sustainable and organic agriculture (Vogl et al., Currently, millions of small farmers across the globe practise organic farming without this being certified as traditional farming or agro-ecological movements (Altieri, 2000), and 31 million ha were under certified organic farming during 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Nordic countries have extensive forests with large and growing tree biomass that captures substantial amounts of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2). Nordic forests also play a key role for biodiversity, containing a wide range of complex ecosystems which are habitats for more than half of all known native species and almost half of all threatened species in Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Forests also provide important recreational opportunities for people in the Nordic countries and supply the basis for the economically important forest sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 2012,14% of Australian men and 12% of Australian women aged 25-34 had below upper secondary education, a smaller percentage than the one observed on the OECD average (see Figure 4.4). This process may be driven by a range of different factors - learning difficulties, mental health issues, family problems, parents’ attitudes towards education or a more general disappointment with the school experience-which tend to interact and accumulate over time (OECD, 2012b). Since reengaging drop-outs with the education system is difficult, identifying students at-risk from dropping out early is crucial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Yu (2014) uses data from the 2010 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), and finds that married women's labour market time and level of earnings are negatively associated with their time spent on housework. Her findings indicate a phenomenon called "gender display" whereby wives fail to reduce their housework time even as their relative earnings increase to the point that they earn more than their husbands. Time use surveys (TUS) have been invaluable in estimating the time contributed by household members and in measuring all forms of work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As the strategy was only approved in 2012, it is too early to assess its implementation. However, the process of its development has demonstrated some clear strengths, as well as challenges that will need to be overcome in order to achieve the strategy’s objectives. Climate change observations, future scenarios and a qualitative vulnerability assessment provided a sound basis for adaptation planning. A status-quo report about ongoing adaptation initiatives highlighted gaps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
But the structural transition of their economies from low-productivity to high-productivity activities has also led to rising income gaps and spatial inequalities. It is likely that these countries can maintain high average incomes while gradually closing their income gaps over time through the fuller absorption into high-productivity activities of the w orkers who now remain employed in disadvantaged areas and activities. A less benign distributional outcome will probably result if a shift from export-oriented production, emphasizing manufacturing, to production oriented more towards domestic markets leads increasingly to employment and wage opportunities in service activities, which tend to be less well remunerated than jobs in manufacturing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As a result, there is increasing emphasis for development co-operation providers to integrate private sector engagement (PSE) approaches into their programmes on green growth and climate change. This paper provides an overview of activities in this area, estimating that 22% of climate-related development finance supported PSE activities in 2013. It also presents a stock-taking of efforts to: mobilise private climate investment, promote green private sector development and harness skills and knowledge of private actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Families with multiple children and/or a disabled member have a higher risk of downward mobility. The risk is also higher for households working in smallholder and own-account agriculture. Credit schemes, capacity building in risk management and better safety nets to cope with natural disasters or economic shocks can protect vulnerable households and promote entrepreneurialism, value-added products and upward mobility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Gradually differentiate opportunity costs by region to reap the full benefit of the instrument. In parallel, the definition of special conditions under which the opportunity cost module would come into play could be devolved to river basin organisations, for instance the Flood Control Offices. Engaging stakeholders at national and local levels is essential, while providing them with robust economic analysis of the (implicit) budgetary, economic and social transfers associated with the three instruments under review'. Equity issues deserve particular attention, to ensure that no particular basin, industry or water user can abuse from a privileged condition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This calls for more communication to tailor the purchase to the customer's requirements,7 making a one-size-fits-all approach less useful. B2B platforms thus focus much more on providing straightforward, useful information and more finely-honed customer service. The enterprises involved in these transactions tend to be larger in size, such as online retailers selling medical equipment to hospitals. In the former, the platform acts as a facilitator for multiple retail companies, each managing its own inventory, while the platform itself owns none.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Certain sections of the population in almost every country have faced exclusion due to one or more of these factors. The contributory factors underlying this discrimination emanate from discriminatory laws, the neglect of Governments and the negative attitudes of family members, healthcare providers and employers. Age-based prejudice precludes the participation of older persons in consultation and decision-making processes at family, community and national levels. In some countries, older persons are provided with credit facilities on more advantageous terms to help them open their own businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The committee facilitates the integration of women’s needs in the government’s work plan as well as monitors and evaluates the mainstreaming of women’s needs in national policies. Furthermore, it also supports the creation of gender-sensitive budgets. The committee conducts studies and reviews the impact of policies on women and men. It is composed of parliamentarians from all political parties and includes a chair, two vice-chairs and eight members who study, evaluate and report on matters and bills relating to the status of women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Best practices are those policies that have demonstrated that they produce or are essential to delivering significant quantifiable results. Complementarity, synergies and integration attributes enable an easy fit with other national, regional and international efforts, ensuring ease of implementation and a supportive complementarity with other policies. Political alignment, governance and accountability attributes help ensure policies are politically palatable and are likely to work and persist in multi-layer governance frameworks where national, regional and local governance influence effectiveness of policies and enable outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, many cities are failing in proper collection and transportation as well as environmentally sound treatment and disposal of waste. Uncollected waste blocks urban drainage resulting in the spread of infectious diseases. Leachate generated in uncontrolled dumpsites pollutes surface and groundwater as well as the coastal environment, Dumpsites located in coastal areas are one of the largest sources of marine litter and plastic pollution. Open dumpsites are also major source of Green House Gases (GHG).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This calculation was based on the figures of 211 kg per capita per year of municipal waste generated in West Bosnia and Herzegovina (rural area), and 386 kg in Sarajevo (urban area). Considering that average municipal waste generation per capita in the Western Balkans (Albania, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) as of 2005 was 250 kg (ranging from 200 to 350 kg), annual generation of municipal waste in BiH may be less than 365 kg per capita. The waste utility companies are not yet applying a uniform methodology or definitions of waste and only a limited number of landfills have weighing equipment. If such equipment is more widely installed and uniform practices are implemented, municipal waste data is expected to improve. Individual invoices are sent to households and about 60-75 per cent of households pay their bills (see chapter 5). However, other sources, i.e. government presentations and press releases, estimate the average collection rate at between 45 per cent and 70 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This performance information could be used to improve programmes or redefine minimum standards in service delivery. Central government authorities may wish to link the monitoring of performance closely to the attribution of grants, as part of the budget cycle. The experience of OECD countries suggests that linking this closely is often necessary' to make sure that funds are used as intended and that central government authorities can be made to account for the results obtained.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Under the Treaty, the common market of electric power will begin to operate by 1 June 2019. Common markets of gas, oil and petroleum products are projected to begin operation from 1 January 2025. Energy prices in the common energy market should not exceed those in domestic markets of the EAEU member states. Unhindered access to services of the natural gas transportation system is granted only for the natural gas originating from the territory of the EAEU members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Many enter the labour market with qualifications and experience that are not easily transferable to the host country (OECD 2012). Across OECD countries about two thirds of immigrants hold a foreign qualification and research shows that they struggle to make use of their full potential: they are more often jobless and when they have a job, they are more often overqualified (OECD 2017a). Research evidence shows that giving recognition to migrants’ skills and qualifications improves their chances in the labour market - those who obtain formal recognition have better outcomes than those w'hose applications failed or who did not apply (OECD 2017a). The analytical work involved a desk-based literature review and new data analysis drawing on the OECD Survey of Adult Skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Most 25-64 year-olds in Germany (55%) have attained a vocational qualification at either upper secondary or post-secondary level, the fourth largest proportion among countries with available data (the OECD average is 33%). Due to the high incidence of vocational qualifications, and the fact that a general degree (mostly Abitur) is dedicated to further education and not to direct entry in the labour market, only 3% of adults attain a general upper secondary or post-secondary qualification as highest degree, one of the smallest proportions among OECD countries (the OECD average is 12%) (Table Al. Between 2005 and 2012, unemployment rates decreased by 7 percentage points among adults without upper secondary education (from 20.1% to 12.8%), by 6 percentage points among those with an upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education (from 11.0% to 5.3%), and by 3 percentage points among those with a tertiary qualification (from 5.6% to 2.4%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The guide also has sections devoted to considerations of gender-impact assessments in public spending and the implications of the lack of gender-disaggregated data. Clearly explaining such concepts and stating a valid case for their application is important for raising public awareness and provides public servants with instructions and a reference document in response to their frequently asked questions. While gender-responsive budgeting is compulsory by law, the tools needed to smartly implement it and broader gender mainstreaming are not. Yet, unless there is a legal mandate to conduct gender impact assessments in GRB and policy formulation and to collect gender-disaggregated data - these tools are typically under-utilised or overlooked.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By contrast, the transition economies have seen, on average, a decline in this ratio, from an already low level of 0.56 in the second half of the 1990s to 0.48 in 2006-2010. While this rough indicator does not take into account possible shifts in the income tax scale or possible variations in the rates of the VAT for different types of goods and services that are consumed in different quantities by the various income groups, it suggests that the evolution of the tax system has become more regressive. Regressive structures of revenue collection make the system dependent on the purchasing power of the lower and middle-income groups, but since this tax base is relatively small, the yield from this source is also limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
But there is a wider challenge: climate change and urbanisation are reducing the amount of fertile land capable of delivering life essentials and increasing the potential for weather and human conflicts to intensify commodity shortages and price spikes. Countries should be looking to make more of the green growth potential of their land, though the amount of exploitable land is likely to shrink. A key question, in the interests of the long-term global economy, is how countries will reconcile the competing pressures on land locally in a way that can contribute positively to the global imperative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For this reason there are several documents that combine and constitute the national strategies, and the most important elements are the white paper on forest policy (LMD 1999), the Forestry Act (LMD 2005), Regulation on sustainable forestry (LMD 2006) the annual national budget, the forest policy instruments and the Living Forests (now PEFC Norway) processes. However, implementation using these elements and strategies in a formal way have probably discriminated social values connected to recreation and tourism. However, these statistics are about the general situation and development in Norway, and not specific for forest areas. Statistics Norway collects data concerning several governmental indicators within the field of recreation and tourism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
At the central level, the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development plays a key role in urban governance, with a wide range of controlling authority over urban local government institutions. Two types of urban local bodies, known as city corporations and pourashavas, have massive public, environmental and primary health care mandates. They are both directly elected by the local people. Out of the 522 urban areas5 identified by the 1991 Census Commission (Bangladesh 1993), only 316 urban centres have local governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Second, over the long-term, structures change and the sectoral transformation implies that the inter-generational future for the majority of smallholders cannot lie exclusively in farming, hence there is a need for policies that enhance households’ opportunities outside the sector as well as within it. In other words, agricultural policies are not enough. Third, in order to improve both agricultural competitiveness and the prospects for earning more outside the sector, the most important policies may not in fact be agricultural policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
But it at least needs to be noted that it would greatly reduce almost all trade and environment tensions. A host of new issues have risen to prominence since the conclusion of the Uruguay Round, including the need to address environmental subsidies (such as renewable energy subsidies), perverse subsidies (such as fossil fuel subsidies), energy trade, sustainability standards, and green industrial policy tools. But in the absence of an active forum in which to discuss them, such issues will remain lacunae in the global economic architecture. Finding a way to progress the Doha Round, or ways to work around the slow progress in that setting, would allow room to advance in areas that would strengthen the mutual supportiveness between the trade and environmental regimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)