albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Monitoring programmes are usually constructed when scientific interest in research exists and/or when policy or quality norms are established for specific areas that show the most problematic signs of marine pollution. The data from these monitoring stations require further processing to produce environment statistics on the water quality of specific locations. Spatial and temporal considerations are very important when constructing statistics on this topic. For instance, with regard to oceanic and marine water pollutant concentrations, most monitoring stations and water regular quality monitoring programmes focus on surface marine water and coastline zones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Article 14 BIS 5 of the National Water Law establishes that those who make an efficient and clean use of water will benefit from economic incentives. Article 28 IV establishes that water right holders will have the right to transmit the rights of the titles that they possess (as well as the duty to install water meters and pay water charges), thus paving the way to water markets. The federal level has traditionally been the main actor in financing water resources management and irrigation, but this role has been evolving: first, with the transfer of irrigation districts to water user associations in the 1990s, and second with the current transition towards river basin management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The results of the inventory have also provided a basis for the district's public space strategy with a focus on heritage preservation. Efforts should be expanded to increase the quality and quantity of public space data, especially in the developing world. A key lesson is the need to link the public space assessments and inventories to the development of citywide public space strategies and action plans for the local governments, which function as the main sources of funding for public space data collection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Abstract This article examines the common claim that there are gaps in international law that undermine accountability of private military and security companies. A multi-actor analysis examines this question in relation to the commission of international crimes, violations of fundamental human rights, and ordinary crimes. Without this critical first step of identifying specific deficiencies in international law, the debate about how to enhance accountability within this sector is likely to be misguided at best.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Skills and education providers have also sometimes cooperated with the private sector to deliver skills needed in the labour market. The period when the winner has yet to emerge can be one of disruption and drastic change. In such circumstances, it can be difficult for regulators and skills providers to choose their partners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Switzerland shows a decreasing rate among the less educated. The complete set of trends in social disparities by education level and by SES is available in Annex 5. Trends in social gradients in hazardous drinking show: narrowing social disparities in six countries with decreasing rates of hazardous drinkers among the more educated and/or the better-off (England, Finland Germany, Ireland, Switzerland, and New Zealand). In contrast, increasing social disparities are observed among women in England with rates of hazardous drinkers growing among the more educated. Ireland, which has the highest proportions of heavy episodic drinkers, displayed a remarkable trend of narrowing social disparities. In contrast, social disparities have been increasing in Germany, New Zealand, and the United States (men only), with the worse-off increasingly at risk over time compared to other SES groups (although education-related inequalities in HED narrowed in Germany at the same time).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Because earnings data are much more limited than for the previous outcomes, the estimations here apply to a sample of 10 countries and for a limited period of time. The estimates obtained with the piecewise linear regression show large standard errors and for this reason do not provide more information than the model estimated in Columns 2 and 3. Although not all these later estimations find statistically significant associations with the average earnings of women and men, they do show a significant negative effect on the earnings gap between men and women working full-time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Waste producers have an economic incentive to participate since they avoid waste management costs (in case they just donate items) or they are also reimbursed. Moreover, it is easily quantifiable since the established resell bodies can measure the amounts sold, although no such data exist so far in the located initiatives. The exact life span extension is uncertain, but all in all the potential for its spreading and contribution to waste prevention is substantial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
A replacement ratio of 1.33 is applied for offsets with a time to maturity of between 5 and 25 years and 1.67 for those with time to maturity between 25 and 100 years (de Bie and van Dessel, 2011). The size of the replacement ratio applied is usually related to the assessed risk that an offset will successfully mature (McKinney and Kiesecker, 2010). Guidance material for the biodiversity offset pilots in England, for example, recommends multipliers of ten times the measured size of the clearing site for habitats that are classified as having a “very high difficulty of restoration/recreation” (DEFRA, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For provider countries, the second clause of the Article is designed to provide some assurance of benefit sharing for developing countries in the event a pathogen is shared with a user country in those emergency situations. Notably, the Nagoya Protocol does not specify how a Party could take into consideration the need for expeditious fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the sharing of the pathogen, leaving it up to each Party to negotiate an appropriate response. This could happen when a national health authority or the WHO declares an outbreak, for instance. According to Article 2(e) of the Protocol, ‘derivative’ means a naturally occurring biochemical compound resulting from the genetic expression or metabolism of biological or genetic resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This would imply that the programme effect may be to reduce cereal consumption and use the additional income to buy other goods. Against this perspective, the model used in the preparation of the Outlook employs a demand system with positive income effects. These elasticities vary by product, and in the case of cereals, the value is small at 0.13 in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It focuses on recent trends in a broad range of labour market outcomes. Despite significant improvement in a number of areas, the labour market gaps confronting women in emerging economies continue to be wider than those in OECD countries. The most significant improvements have been recorded in Latin America, particularly in Chile and Costa Rica where the gap has fallen by 1 percentage point per year since the mid-1990s, while the largest gaps persist in the Middle East, North Africa, India and Indonesia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Thus, Japan’s mixed policy - aspiring to maintain lifetime employment conditions through to age 65, but at the same time recognising the likelihood that this will not be feasible for all firms and that labour costs may need to be sharply reduced after the age of 60 - may be in practice more realistic and effective in terms of promoting older-worker employment. After the age of 64, the payment of El contributions is voluntary. Payment of ECB for 2 years, at a rate of 15% of current earnings, and given that current earnings are 40% lower than pre-retirement earnings, would be equivalent to 2.16 months of pre-retirement earnings in total. Voluntarily insured elderly workers are entitled to 30 days of benefit after less than a year of contributions and 50 days after a year or more.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The average annual percentage point increase was calculated from the initial year to the end of the period. This target is supplemented by ambitious targets for the energy mix and electricity mix that are defined as a share of different metrics. In particular, Thailand aims to increase the share of renewable energy to 20% of electricity capacity by 2036, while the share of large-scale hydropower is expected to be 15-20% in addition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
And although in the past they used to be a rural population, today half of the indigenous population reside in Santiago (Diaz Vidal, 2014). It reduces trust (Uslaner and Brown, 2005), which is an important driver of long-term growth (Horvath, 2012), it also increases the probability of rent-seeking and political and economic "capture” by the economic elite (OECD, 2015a). Furthermore, inequality reduces the capacity of the poorer segments of the population to invest in their skills and education (OECD, 2015b). Panel B: OECD estimations based on household surveys. Furthermore, recent research finds consistent evidence that high inequality can put a significant brake on long-term growth, and that efforts to reduce it through redistribution - taxes and benefits - do not necessarily lead to slower growth (Ostry et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
And Cyberjaya is using district cooling to reduce and shift electricity demand by using highly efficient chillers with ice and cold water storage. District energy is the only way to utilize low-exergy, low-grade waste heat or free cooling sources for these end-uses in buildings. Port Louis will pump water from 1,000 metres below sea level to provide cold water for a new district cooling system to replace decentralized air conditioning powered by fossil fuel-based electricity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They can also address the bias introduced by technology-specific policies, an issue that is discussed in the next section. Under this approach, electricity generators would be required to meet a rising fraction of their generation using zero carbon sources or sources with lower carbon intensity (RFF, 2012). The impact of a CES can vary substantially based on the specifications of policy details. The specifications of the bill.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Vice President is the Chairman, the Ministers of the Ministry of Home Affairs and the MOAI are the Vice Chairmen and the Deputy Minister of Home Affairs is the Secretary. Land administration (cont.) It should: help form FABs at different government levels and support them in implementing the existing legislation, supervise relevant government bodies to avoid land confiscation and resolve related issues, ensure that farmland released by the government or companies are returned to initial land rights holders, and ensure that land disputes are settled in accordance with the legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Sweden also uses its coiporate governance code to steer companies towards gender balance - an approach that has brought results. Australia and Chile - together with other countries like Finland, Spain and the United Kingdom - started to include disclosure requirements in their corporate governance codes and regulations compelling corporations to reveal the gender balance on their boards. They also pledge to develop and enforce measures to that end. Finland, while it does not enshrine targets in law in its state-owned enterprise sector, has a rule in its nomination practices that ensures at least 40% representation of each gender. While quotas have boosted the number of women on boards in many countries, the gains at the top have not been reflected below board level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Federal educational legislation in the United States has focused increased attention on the racial achievement gap between minority and majority students. The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation has forced high-stakes accountability in public schools, with the assumption that these policies will create performance pressures on schools to improve achievement. Yet, there is considerable evidence that performance pressures alone are unlikely to reverse long-standing racialized policies and practices that remain neither well understood nor easily reversed. This article analyzes the racial achievement gap and NCLB utilizing a form of oppositional scholarship called Critical Race Theory (CRT) to uncover inequity and social injustice in U.S. schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Collectively, these benefits are known as ES. This classification still stands, though the European Commission and others have refined the classification in various directions (not important for ourdiscussion here). This includes activities such as reflecting or meditating on the cultural heritage embedded in a certain landscape or the uniqueness of a certain landscape. Although we through this simplification have strived to avoid overlap between the four categories, we cannot exclude the possibility that there could be cases of such overlap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It is moreover possible that schools share the same kit across classes, so that the above figure constitutes a lower bound for exposure: some schools purchased “mobile kits” (mobile IWB and laptop), or share classrooms between different classes. Although traditionally, each classroom is used by a single class group, and pupils stay with the same class group throughout the day and school year, schools are free to adopt a different organisation of their space. Of all IWBs purchased with funds from the “Piano LIM”, 10.6% are mobile kits, and 29.1% are located in dedicated labs (science, music or arts labs, multimedia rooms, etc.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is the most stable and reliable source of electricity for a nuclear power plant and is therefore the preferred source during normal operations or when the nuclear unit is shut down. In case of its unavailability, a portion of the high voltage power generated by the plant’s main generator is fed back through unit auxiliary transformers to supply all normal house loads.15 If both systems fail, the plant is equipped with onsite emergency back-up capacities, which constitute the third level of protection of the AC electrical system. These sources, such as diesel generators, batteries or gas turbines, can be operational within a few minutes and are designed to withstand external events considered in the design bases of the plant. The main connection is the one used for export of power from the NPP generator to the main grid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The consumer surplus is zero if a user chooses notto participate in an activity (i.e., stays at home), it is negative if the experience is taken away (e.g., contamination closes a swimming beach), and it is positive if the experience is undertaken in some form. The consumer surplus (value) from a recreation experience may change overtime: the quality of the site may be altered (improvements will increase surplus while a deterioration will decrease it), external factors may influence the experience (increased congestion for bikers or lack of snow for cross-country skiers may decrease surplus), and user preferences may evolve (new activities may introduce new opportunities to capture a surplus). This important and oftentimes overlooked input affects the overall value of a recreation site.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The precise strategies to attain such an objective are contingent on each country’s power generation mix, and other structural features. In general, though, the overarching objective should be to enhance intersectoral linkages and create the conditions for scaling up modern energy provision without exacerbating import dependence (for instance by establishing adequate refining capacities in fuel-producing LDCs, or promoting the sustainable production of bioenergy from local agricultural inputs). Similarly, the processing and distribution of modern fuels for cooking (e.g. gas canisters) can provide major opportunities in this area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The right to oblivion, else known as right to be forgotten, has recently conquered the legal debate. The ‘proprietary’ or ‘control-based’ approaches on personal data, reflected in the current data protection mechanisms are unable to provide full protection under the rapid evolution of ICT. This article attempts to present the academic discussion on the proposed right and put forward a conceptual approach of the right to oblivion from a human-rights based perspective. An effective right to oblivion confirms the need for a paradigm shift in the traditional understanding of private information/life, leading to a multidimensional conceptualisation of the right to privacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One of the most famous measures of absolute or extreme poverty is indeed the dollar a day. When this level was set by World Bank economists in 1990, it matched closely to the poverty line in many poor countries - in other words, the basic income people needed in order to survive. But the dollar a day was also picked because it was simple and striking: “We intended to have some impact with it,” Martin Ravallion, an economist who was formerly at the World Bank, told the BBC. “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For example, between 1998 and 2008, net international migration in Greenland almost completely offset the high natural increase in population, total population was almost constant. This outflow has two consequences. First, an offsetting influx of people would be required to prevent population decline, and second, there are potential longer-term implications for future birth rates if, as is currently the case in the NORA region, the outflow includes a disproportionately large number of young women and the inflow a smaller proportion of females.1 International immigration is largely driven by current employment opportunities. When the NORA region has better employment opportunities than immigrants’ home countries, flows are higher.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This chapter asks how finance can be put to best use to achieve environment and development objectives simultaneously. In exploring this question, it outlines the financial resources available today and the sustainable development synergies they offer, as well as the policy changes needed to maximise these synergies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It is also lower than the 8% average in the United States, its main competitor for several products. The OECD average is 18%. There are also specific programmes that target small-scale agriculture, with some purchases being distributed via food programmes. They are announced regionally through the PGPM (Politica de Garantia de Pregos Minimos) by the Secretary of Agricultural Policy (SPA) operated by the National Food Supply Agency (Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento, CONAB). This mechanism covers a great variety of crops from rice, wheat, maize, cotton, soybeans, to regional crops like cassava, beans, agai, guarana, sisal, and a few livestock products like cow and goat milk, and honey. Other price support mechanisms for commercial agriculture are the direct government purchases (Aquisigdo do Gouemo Federal, AGF) and the provision financing of storage by the FEPM (Financiamento para Estocagem de Produtos Agropecuarios integrates da Politica de Garantia de Pregos Minimos) former Emprestimo do Gouemo Federal-EGF.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Vanuatu Government also suspended value-added tax (VAT) and import duties on construction materials for two months after the cyclone, deferred payments of vehicle registration fees and VAT to the next quarter, and provided subsidies for agricultural seedlings to affected households (IMF 2016b). The Vanuatu National Provident Fund also allowed its 40,000 active members to withdraw up to 20 per cent of their retirement savings to cover expenses related to Cyclone Pam (IMF 2016b). Common to both were the significant logistics and transportation challenges due to the isolation of numerous communities and challenging geographical terrain (SPC 2016: IFRC 2017). There were also coordination challenges, particularly data flow and information management coordination from the national disaster offices/coordinating bodies (SPC 2016: IFRC 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Significantly fewer focus only on adaptation (4 initiatives) or mitigation (1 initiative) (see Appendix B). Several of these approaches have been found to contain various benefits in relation to climate change and agriculture, e.g. increased mitigation of emissions or larger adaptive capacity. These benefits are identified in peer-reviewed literature, and based on local experiences, on-the-ground tests, and various evaluations of such agricultural approaches and practices5. Success stories of CSA include water harvesting in the Sahel and Drought-Tolerant Maize for African farmers, the purpose of which is to make crops more climate change resilience and mitigate the GHG emissions related to agricultural production (Neate, 2013, FAO, 2017b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In what may amount to a new phase in the study of democratization, assessments of democracy's quality have become quite common. This article attempts to assess democracy's quality in Thailand under the recent Thai Rak Thai government. It begins by enumerating some of the conceptual difficulties that bedevil these measuring exercises. The account makes use of a ‘sequenced’ framework involving electoral mandates, policy responsiveness, and accountability. Analysis reveals a ‘mixed’ record under Thai Rak Thai, one in which the government's strong mandates and high levels of responsiveness were offset by executive abuses, corrupt practices, limits on civil liberties, and gross violations of human rights, behaviours in which many elites and mass-level constituents acquiesced. It shows also, however, that when these elites and constituents sought later to impose accountability, they resorted to direct action, further eroding the quality of democracy. Thus, the article demonstrates too that democracy's quality c...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The decision welcomes the UNGA resolution on Sustainable Development, which arguably includes both adaptation and mitigation aspects. Yet the only mention of adaptation and mitigation is found in the third last preamble, where it is mentioned that early action may lead to major reductions in cost later on for both mitigation and adaptation. This in itself, however, does not constitute explicit support for synergy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article analyzes the criminalization provisions of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, the backbone of the legal regime for the prevention of terrorist financing. It makes a detailed examination of the background of the Convention and the nature of the negotiation discussions that led to its adoption. The drafters of the Convention were faced with two problems: first, how to define terrorism, terrorist acts, and terrorist groups, the financing of which should be addressed, second, the precise scope of the offense, in particular, how to define the preparatory acts of financing as an independent offense. This article argues that the definition of the offense provided by the Convention is far too ambiguous, and its application at national levels can often lead to an unjustifiable and unfair criminal law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Slightly more than one-fourth of women discontinued using them because they became pregnant as a result of failed contraception methods (Viet Nam, NCPFP, 2003). These are total abortion rates (TAR) and are based on reporting of both menstrual regulation and abortion. There is an increase in the total induced abortion rate for the whole country from 0.54 in 1997 to 0.62 in 2002. The same also is found to be true by residence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)