albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Sustainable urbanisation” and corresponding activities in the VGGS and VGGAP could also be fine-tuned to reflect the increasing role of cities. Policy solutions and activities within the VGGS and VGGAP relevant to urban green growth (cont.) Human resource training #38: Support development of human resources for green jobs and development Source: VGGS and VGGAP. All the PGGAPs examined for this report have a focus on urban areas and include concrete projects that encompass issues from urban planning to capacity building or urban infrastructure investment (wastewater treatment, public transport, renewable energy such as rooftop solar panels, etc.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In 2011, the Gini index, a commonly used measure of inequality, was equal to 0.341, about 2.6 percentage points above the OECD average of 0.315 (Figure 2.1). Using other inequality measures that give more weight to the tails of the income distribution than the Gini index, Portugal also stands out as one of the most unequal countries in Europe. Gini coefficient is calculated for household disposable income after taxes and transfers, adjusted for differences in household size.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Around 315 are state-owned and managed and the rest of them are jointly managed by the State and county authorities. The State grants concessions or leases of its hunting grounds to legal and natural persons (hunting associations). At county level, hunting grounds (also known as common hunting grounds) can only be leased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In a recent decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, Schaffer v. Weast, the high court ruled that the burden of persuasion in special education due process hearings should fall on the party that challen...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This special issue brings together leading experts from Asia, Europe and North America to examine the international institutions, national governance mechanisms and financing systems that together will determine the future of the energy sector. The enormous environmental externalities imposed by fossil fuel extraction and consumption, the devastating corruption and human rights abuses that have accompanied this energy system, and the geopolitical vulnerabilities that have arisen because of the uneven natural distribution of these resources, have occasioned enormous handwringing – but not, yet, a shift to a more rational system of providing energy services. Although national governments play the dominant role in energy governance, these challenges are beyond the scope of any single national government to manage, making energy policy a key component of global governance and international relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To allow learning to occur, policymakers need to set up a process and design for monitoring and evaluation that is robust, timely and delivers both to the purpose of standard administrative evaluation and the broader learning’s that need to underpin the policy process. Policymakers need to consider the data requirements for monitoring SCP outcomes. They are particularly important in the context of SCP because of the complexity and cross-cutting nature of the SCP policy domain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It would be useful if instead of collecting information about the group of children in the household, deprivation indicators referred to each child separately. This would allow investigation of inequities within households. Gabos et al (2011) found that the child-specific deprivation variables and the standard household-level deprivation items did not necessarily identify the same children as deprived, with the degree of discrepancy varying across countries. Although they have not proposed a method for combining the child-specific items into an indicator of childhood deprivation, they concluded that: "the relatively close correlation between the responses for the different items suggests that the construction of a composite indicator is both feasible and meaningful" (Gabos et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For the individuals or community affected, this is particularly true of the ecosystem services that affect the local amenity and their employment or business prospects (BBOP, 2009, DEA&DP, 2011). In the EU, compensation for damage to Natura 2000 sites must occur in the same bio-geographical region in the same member state or the same bird migratory path (McKenney and Kiesecker, 2010). In Brazil, forest offsets must be located within the same watershed as the clearing (Madsen, Carroll and Moore Brands, 2010) and Conservation Banking guidance in the United States supports off-site banks only where they are within a geographically restricted, ecological service area (USFWS, 2003). Some jurisdictions have integrated sophisticated spatial planning tools in scheme designs to assist in selecting sites for biodiversity offsets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Open and expansive data will also serve to estimate population changes and density variations at intracity levels. These registries inform land consumption rates relevant to this indicator. For example, the e-Government Domain, within the Regulatory Programme Development Area at UN/CEFACT, is developing two white papers aimed at reviewing both the technical applications of Blockchain to UN/CEFACT deliverables on data exchange, and another on use-cases in a wide variety of areas of application in which this technology could provide opportunities for efficient, effective and trusted systems. Several countries, such as The Netherlands, India, Kenya and Switzerland have already begun piloting blockchain-based land registry systems, which are expected to have a significant impact on promoting inclusive and integrated urbanization through the principles of immutability of records and system decentralization. Participatory, transparent, accountable urban planning and management, and the creation of an enabling environment, are important steps in assessing how national and local governments involve people, communities and organizations in implementing, monitoring, and evaluating SDGs policies and programmes such as urban planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Kakwani and Subbarao (2005) examined household survey data from 15 countries in sub-Saharan Africa against the respective national poverty lines.29 The study confirmed that poverty rates are high in sub-Saharan Africa for the whole population in general and for the older population in particular. National poverty rates varied from 36.7 per cent to 68.9 per cent in the general population and between 43.7 per cent and 79.4 per cent among older persons (table 5.1). In 11 of the 15 countries studied, the incidence of poverty was higher for the older population than for the population as a whole. The exceptions were Burundi, Madagascar, Mozambique and Nigeria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The work itself is often physically laborious (i.e. clearing top soil and grading for road construction). They are essentially jobs of last resort. They provide temporary income relief for unemployed workers without an alternative livelihood and for the vulnerable in deep poverty. As a result, labour intensive jobs are self-targeting and workers opt out of labour intensive work when opportunities in the private sector arise. An appropriate legal framework must exist and be effectively monitored to if employment guarantee schemes are being considered and designed. Local governments’ attitudes on their acceptance of the approach vary, especially if local funds need to be utilised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Section 1 paints a comprehensive picture of recent trends in gender gaps, spanning a wide range of labour market outcomes and discussing their key drivers. Section 2 provides a comprehensive set of policy recommendations, drawing on recent OECD work, as well as on the efforts of other international organisations and on a large policy evaluation literature. The most notable improvements have been an unprecedented increase in female labour force participation in some parts of the world and a rapidly shrinking gender education gap. However, progress has been extremely uneven, both across and within countries, and female workers continue to have worse jobs than men. Significant improvements have been recorded in Latin America, particularly in Chile and Costa Rica where the gap fell by about 1 percentage point per year over the period analysed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This would enable each city to plan and invest in its urban environment based on its long-term vision, and allow localities to have more control over private developers to ensure that projects contribute to a high-quality urban environment. There must be an explicit recognition of the importance of preservation on existing cultural heritage in Viet Nam. When streets become recognised as public spaces in cities, they can be both planned and designed in a way that increases the quality of life of urban residents and supports more environmentally sustainable and productive cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
If projects or interventions are small however, they are less likely to have impacts on the wider economy and the latter may not be needed. Generally, the types of costs should include start-up costs, programme costs, capital costs, personnel costs and opportunity costs. All the costs should be discounted to their present value. These are expressed in terms of probability', and are therefore not discounted. The approach is based on prioritising threat management for biodiversity, following Carwardine et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The traditional avenue for resolving labour disputes and non-compliance with labour legislation is generally considered to be the judicial one, involving specialized labour courts. This is an area in which the necessary information is not always available, except in some countries where labour justice reforms have been implemented, usually based in the ministries of justice or organizations in the sector. Accordingly, the contents and results of the labour justice reforms undertaken in the region should be considered and integrated into the analysis. Nonetheless, the evidence reveals major shortages of inspectors to cover the relevant population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This article analyzes whether federal and state constitutional and statutory provisions sufficiently protect African American male students from racism in public education. The first section explains how structural racism and unconscious racism have worked in tandem to prevent many African American males from experiencing the promise of equal educational opportunity in Brown v. Board of Education (1954). The second section examines the two federal laws that are primarily invoked to protect African Americans from governmental discrimination: (a) the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and (b) Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The third section explains whether legal arguments arising from the accountability movement might enable African American males to obtain remedies from the effects of structural and unconscious racism. Three provisions are examined: (a) the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, (b) state education clauses, and (c) the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, the analysis did not address important parameters for the planning of wind energy projects, such as security and environmental protection. Based on the data in the Wind Energy Atlas, the technical potential of wind energy was assessed. The calculations have shown that about 2,000 MW of capacity and 5 TWh of energy per year can be obtained.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The main priorities of agricultural policy concern food self-sufficiency, food diversification, value-added and competitiveness, and farmers’ welfare. The Ministry of Agriculture has a primary role in developing and implementing policies to achieve these objectives, but a number of other central government ministries and agencies also have significant roles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The extent to which climate change translates into risks for infrastructure depends upon the interaction of changing climate hazards with exposure (the location of assets) and vulnerability (“the propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected”) (Agard & Schipper, 2014). Climate risks to infrastructure can be reduced by locating assets in areas that are less exposed to climate hazards (e.g. avoiding new construction in flood plains), and by making the assets better able to cope with climate impacts when they materialise. The development of infrastructure should also consider the impacts on risk elsewhere: for example, the potential contribution to flood risk resulting from increases in paved surfaces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Goal 11 consists of 10 targets and 15 related indicators, majority of which are to be measured at the local city level and progress reported at the national level. ( These agendas and frameworks are particularly complementary and will require coordinated actions at local, national and global levels to achieve. For example, the embedding of a stand-alone goal on cities and human settlements (Goal 11) in the SDGs is a recognition of this complimentary and re-enforcing nexus. Some of the links between the SDGs 11 targets and other SDGs are clear e.g with SDG 1 on poverty or access to basic services, SDG 3 on health, SDG 4 on education, SDG 5 on gender equality, Goal 9 on building resilient infrastructure and promoting sustainable industrialization, Goal 12 on ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns, SDG 16 on good governance, and SDG17 on partnerships and means of implementation, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As indicated above, the main challenge in CEA is that investment comparisons and choices need to be based on a constant outcome metric. In other w'ords, species and landscape scale outcomes need to be scaled using a comparable scale. Another challenge is that CEA generally only looks at one outcome and does not consider other impacts such as co-benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The expected outcome is that certain, selected intangibles will prove to provide a suitable form of security, in which case government support can be progressively withdrawn. If, on the other hand, recoveries prove too problematic even after the market has had an opportunity to develop solutions, governments should withdraw support as well. It also appears likely, given their lack of historical experience, that lenders acting entirely independently would take a considerable period of time to amass a sufficient volume of evidence on opportunity and risk, in part because intangibles-backed lending will need to be selective. While few, if any, SMEs will ultimately prove to own no intangible assets at all, some assets are peripheral to their business model and do not contribute meaningfully to value generation, and some will never create assets that have identifiable or realisable value upon liquidation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The World Bank and World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that the scale of impoverishments of households due to out-of-pocket spending on health in some low income countries account for up to four percentage points of the total poverty headcount.18 The Asia-Pacific region has some of the highest out-of-pocket expenditures for health care in the world. Informed decision-making of the number, timing and spacing of children also improves both the health and earnings outcomes for both mothers and their children. Each birth has been estimated to reduce a reproductive woman's lifetime labour supply by approximately two years.19 Improvements in reproductive health services are also associated with reduced fertility rates among poorer women, which, in turn, increases their chances of survival. Equal opportunities for education are central to the development agenda: SDG 4 commits to inclusive, equitable and life-long quality learning opportunities for all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Its economic value derives from food and other biomass production (agriculture, forestry), mineral extraction and activities linked to the built environment. From a social point of view, land acquires value through ownership and through cultural and traditional heritage. This requires integrated land use and territorial planning, coherence with sectoral policies (mining, agriculture, forestry manufacturing, transport, energy), appropriate governance and the use of a mix of policy instruments, including ownership rights, property and other taxes, protected area networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This can result in extreme measures for those irrigators wishing or needing to continue to apply water to their crops, for instance, by resorting to trucking in water from other locations, a costly way to manage shortage. However there is an expectation that Dutch water shortages will become more frequent in the future, so the limitations of the current approach are likely to become more evident. While priority regime banning may seem adequate as a short-term emergency measure, if regions need to limit and/or periodically ration water abstraction on a regular or even permanent basis, then development of a more sophisticated control regime is vital. A more sophisticated control regime is worthy of serious consideration, especially as it can complement the other options. Establishment of a water licensing or permitting regime that covers most agricultural forms of water use is the first step in transitioning to a regime designed to limit access.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For irrigation purposes the volume of water made available by these concessions depends on per-hectare quotas and available water resources and so are variable over time. The initial water allocation is hence based on the basis of historically determined water rights and irrigated surface. Economic criteria do not play an important role, although there is some limited scope for changing the initial assignment of water rights through trading (see below). Effects which are external to the trading partners occur, for example, as a result of alterations in river flows, and the relatively high cost and lack of transport infrastructure limits the scope for trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These will state what is needed to be achieved for a fishery (objectives) and the implementation strategies to achieve those objectives-including research, regulations, and compliance. New Zealand participates in the FAO co-ordinated development of International Guidelines on the Management of Deep-Sea Fisheries in the High Seas, the negotiation of a binding port State measures agreement and the WTO negotiations to end fishing subsidies. The government also released the Marine Protected Areas Policy and Implementation Plan (MPA Policy). This has been somewhat counterbalanced by increases in farmed greenshell mussel production which also became the key export species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In Mexico, the PROGRESA/Oportunidades/Prospera programme's impacts on private transfers have varied with programme duration. After six months, the programme crowded out private transfers to beneficiary households (Albarran and Attanasio, 2002), while other evidence shows that after 19 months the programme did not have this effect (Teruel and Davis, 2000). The programme increased the flow of private transfers to non-beneficiary households in target communities by 33 percent, compared with non-beneficiary households in control communities (Angelucci and De Giorgi, 2009, IEG, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While living in houses, we use energy and dispose of waste. The way neighbourhoods are built impacts many parts of society, including the rate of crime, the opportunities for neighbours to create strong ties and form vibrant communities and the general well-being of inhabitants. Finally, at the end of a house’s life cycle, the building needs to be demolished, requiring energy and producing waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The time to generate reports based on this data can be reduced significantly. As an example, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) could be supported in the preparation of their regular Assessment Report (IPCC, 2018). Blockchain can act as the transaction-enabling infrastructure of new market models, in which users are incentivised to invest sustainably.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Lakes Prespa and Dojran are wetlands of international importance and are designated Ramsar sites, while Lake Ohrid is a proposed Ramsar site. This figure has remained relatively stable over the past decade. State-owned forests account for nearly 89 per cent of the total forest area, with the remainder in small, privately owned parcels. The proportion of forests by major species groups has remained relatively unchanged over the past 10 years (Table 9.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In this article, I discuss the ways in which the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) may address cases adopting a novel approach to legal adjudication—one that relies on domestic notions of constitutional law carried out by domestic jurisdictions. Most scholarship on the inter-American human rights system assumes a top-down approach, whereby the Court dictates what countries must do. I offer an alternative, bottom-up, approach that could advance the Court’s legitimacy, especially in the face of criticism by countries, legal scholars and advocates for the Court’s decisions as an illegitimate intervention into domestic affairs. To this end, I examine the conventionality control doctrine, whereby domestic judges are expected to decide as if they were “inter-American human rights judges,” and I discuss two decisions that shed light on the IACtHR’s bottom-up model of constitutional dialogue with domestic jurisdictions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
That record-breaking trend has continued in 2016. The global average surface temperature in 2015 broke all previous records by a strikingly wide margin, at 0.76±0.1° Celsius above the 1961-1990 average. For the first time on record, temperatures in 2015 were about 1°C above the pre-industrial era, according to a consolidated analysis from WMO.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The experience of having reports reviewed is also important for building capacity and improving the quality of reporting, in part because this allows domestic resources to be channelled in support of improvements (Briner and Moarif, 2017). Under current practice, information for which reporting is mandatory is more heavily scrutinised during any review process, and in turn benefits from the recommendations and suggestions of expert review teams. If future MPGs were to include fewer mandatory reporting provisions, the review process may need to be adjusted to ensure that a broad set of relevant information is still being subject to facilitative review by experts, and not only information for which reporting provisions are mandatory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)