albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Toxic substances (heavy metals, PAHs, PCBs, pesticides) have been found throughout the sector. In Luxembourg, control of point releases remains a priority. Population growth is placing ever-growing demands on treatment plants, and demographic concentration along the Franco-Luxembourg border is causing problems on the Alzette.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In this case, the evidence shows that the proposed index is extremely robust to changes in these parameters. When all k values between 10% and 70% were considered, 93% of all possible comparisons between pairs of observations were robust.3 When k values were restricted to a range of between 20% and 40%, the percentage of robust comparisons rose to 98%. The Kendall coefficient for k values between 10% and 70% varies between 0.89 and 0.99, while the Spearman coefficient ranges between 0.98 and 0.99.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These would allow the countries to consolidate existing programmes and expand the scope and coverage of the system. Since the rural poor derive most of their income from agricultural activities, policies to facilitate the access of smallholder producers to land, agricultural inputs, finance, extension services, and markets would both contribute to enhancing food security and reduce poverty. Such policies also promote nonfarm business and employment opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The two main kinds of such risks, as identified in the literature, are a rise of sea level, possibly leading to flooding, and an increase of aridity, possibly leading to desertification. The vulnerability of a country to sea level rise is shown by the risk of this country being flooded. Its assessment involves making a distinction between the likely size of this shock (rise of the sea level) and the exposure to this shock (altitude).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Investments preferentially target early-stage companies, and account for 10% to 30% of company shares. To that end, financial education courses should focus on increasing the target group’s awareness of the existence and conditions of the forms of finance available to them, and on strengthening their skills in making effective decisions in different financial contexts (OECD/EU, 2015, OECD/EU, 2016). Such measures can include training to build entrepreneurship skills, coaching and mentoring schemes, business development support (e.g. counselling, technology transfer assistance) and support for building networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Abstract Encouraging participation and agency are fundamental elements of social work practice using a community development approach that emphasises community identification of needs and strengths, and community involvement in social change. Ensuring children have a voice is also a cornerstone of social work practice. This paper reports on a project being undertaken in two social housing neighbourhoods in Sydney that began with an exploration of community members' perceptions of community and priorities for change. Initial engagement undertaken with adults living in the two estates indicated that lack of support for children and the behaviour of young people were pressing community concerns. This prompted researchers to revisit the community development research design in order to actively seek out the perspectives of children and young people. Unsurprisingly, the children and young people provided a layer of additional and alternative knowledge about community life and a raft of suggested strategies to ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In order to ensure consistency among cost data, the exchange rates used in the Projected Costs study were adopted. The assumed exchange rates are USD 1.30/EUR and USD 1.59/GBP. Those investment costs are then divided by the total amount of electricity produced by a given plant during its lifetime, opportunely discounted. For a given country, a given technology and a given penetration level, the firm capacity guaranteed by that technology and the one guaranteed by the existing mix of dispatchable technologies that would provide the same electrical energy output were calculated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
We critically examine the definition of ‘terrorism’ in the Anti-Terrorism Act 1997 of Pakistan and as it is interpreted by the Supreme Court of Pakistan under the principle of legality in criminal and human rights law standards. 1  We conclude that the definition of terrorism under the Anti-Terrorism Act does not pass the test of the principle of legality and the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Pakistan is inconsistent confounding the situation further. We recommend that Pakistan, following the principle of legality and human rights standards, amend the current definition of terrorism as an overbroad definition could be misused and abused leading to human rights violations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are no special schools for pupils with learning difficulties, so students from units are integrated in the mainstream if they can manage without help and their behaviour is not a problem.185 An academic study in 2006 examined teachers' attitudes to disabled pupils and their perceived knowledge of inclusive education. The respondents were the mainstream and special education teachers in the public primary and secondary schools. Data from a questionnaire were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentages. The main finding was that in general teachers have positive attitudes towards inclusive education. They agreed that inclusive education enhances social interaction and inclusion among the students and thus minimises negative stereotypes about special needs students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Because water provides the basis for life and survival, the scarcity, pollution and poor quality of water can generate strong political responses sub-nationally (sectors, locations and users) and between neighbouring countries. Water-scarce economies often show conflicting needs, as final consumers and agricultural producers compete for the same scarce resource. In Africa, agriculture gets the lion's share of water, for irrigation, with industry and domestic consumers sharing the remaining 15-20 per cent (UNESCO, 2009 p.99).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
How can the forest sector enhance its cooperation with other sectors? In addition, the general economic slowdown caused a decrease in both foreign and domestic investment. There is an urgent need to promote and maximize the sector’s contribution to reducing GHG emissions and to reflect this in post-Kyoto climate change agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There is more public support for care than in the low road regime, but that support tends to preserve women’s responsibility for social reproduction and is associated with the growth of low-paying, low-skill care services (Razavi and Staab 2010). In a number of countries in this group, particularly in Southern Europe, not much is spent on family policy overall, though others in Western Europe are more generous (Daly 2001, UNRISD 2010). For instance, in 2009 France spent about 4 per cent of GDP on family benefits, Austria and Germany about 3 per cent and Italy, Japan, Portugal and Spain less than 2 percent. One of the resulting contradictions is that even if higher wages and market participation for women are associated with more human capacities production, increasingfemale labourforce participation may also induce fewer contributions to social reproduction from men as the familial model breaks down.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The report diagnosed the three D’s - density, distance and division - as the foremost impediments to regional development, and proposed the three I’s -institutions, infrastructure and integration - as the treatment for each. From this perspective, the principal problem that impoverished rural areas face is a lack of agglomeration related to sparsely populated areas with few connections to more densely settled towns and cities. From this perspective, rural areas face considerable physical, institutional and transactional cost barriers to accessing and engaging in trade with domestic and international markets. The more remote and sparsely populated - where poverty is coincidentally at its highest - the lower the development potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Benefits to health, employment, or competitiveness, for example, would generally rate higher in societal and hence politicians' consciousness's than savings in energy consumption or demand, yet they tend not to be as well-known in relation to energy efficiency. Strategies to improve energy efficiency are likely to be considered as technical measures best left to engineers and energy ministries. However, efficiency in energy use and production can be shown to be beneficial not only from an energy systems point of view but for the wider economy and society as a whole. There are costs associated with every measure and a full benefit-cost assessment should be carried out as part of any regulatory impact assessment to check that the benefits outweigh the costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Such tools often cover, for instance, language and literacy, socio-emotional skills, and motor and numeracy skills. Direct assessments tend to cover a narrower set of domains than observations and narrative assessments in many jurisdictions. More than half of the surveyed jurisdictions apply these, often with a focus on skills such as language and literacy, health development, socio-emotional and motor skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As Andrew Garrad, chairman of the British energy consulting firm Garrad Hassan, has recently noted, in the past, the main objective was to develop “bigger and bigger” turbines in order to extract ever more power from the available wind resources. Today, however, the emphasis is increasingly on “better and better”. A case in point is Dongfang’s cooperation agreement with the Finnish company, The Switch, from early 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Although forests are among the most important habitats for terrestrial biological diversity, there are difficulties in quantifying this contribution. Similarly, much of the biodiversity of mountain areas is found in their forests, but SDG Indicator 15.4.1 (on PAs for mountain biodiversity) does not yet have information by ecosystem type. As at least 50 percent of the world's species are thought to be hosted by tropical forests, it has been proposed that SDG Indicator 15.5.1 (the Red List index) should separately identify the extinction risk for forest-dependent species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Examples of activities that fall within this latter category include partnerships between development partners and companies that are facilitated by CSOs, and matching grant schemes where development partners’ financing goes to a third party to implement the activity. Activities to support the enabling environment / private sector development more broadly are included, if there is an implication of active private sector involvement (e.g. SME engagement / development programmes, business capacity building, value chain development activities, etc.). This is because development partners’ activities often pursue multiple objectives with the same activity. For example, in the case of an energy efficiency credit line, development partner objectives often include mobilising private finance, improving the environmental performance of businesses and strengthening existing financial systems for green finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
All three competencies are important in order to understand and engage critically with issues that involve science and technology - which are fast becoming ubiquitous. They also show that engagement with science and positive attitudes towards science are strongly related, in ways that also depend on students' proficiency in science. In particular, the positive relationship between performance in science and expectations of future careers in science is strongest among students who enjoy learning science the most.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Ghana and Indonesia are expected to deliver the first FLEGT-licensed timber to the EU in early 2015. In addition to VPAs, the EU is implementing FLEGT principles in China through the Bilateral Coordination Mechanism (BCM). In 2014, BCM work is focusing on the analysis of timber flows, investments by China in countries implementing VPAs, and the development of guidelines for sustainable international forestry trade and investment by Chinese enterprises (EU FLEGT Facility, 2014). Stakeholders have expressed concern about the thoroughness of the auditing provisions and suggest that additional independent monitoring may be necessary to ensure credibility (Brack and Leger, 2013). This suggestion is consistent with the European Commission's position that third-party forest certification systems alone are insufficient to provide legality in the due-diligence systems of EU importers. While some EU member states began active EUTR enforcement measures in 2013, others only began introducing these in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The impact could be large. In collaboration with other companies, IBM develops and adheres to the Coalition’s Code of Conduct, of which one concern is industrial energy efficiency. It has announced that by collaborating with suppliers it would make its most energy-intensive products 25 percent more energy efficient in three years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Energy Technology Innovation: Learning from Historical Successes and Failures. New York: Cambridge University Press. Transformation Patterns of the Worldwide Energy System—Scenarios for the Century with the POLES Model.” The Energy Journal 31 (Special Issue: The Economics of Low Stabilization): 49-82.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Hence, the effect of gender-based discrimination on income would be more detrimental for low-income countries. Table 4 summarises the estimated effect of gender-based discrimination in social institutions on income by income groups using quintile regressions of equation 5 as well as OLS regressions of equation 6. In the OLS regressions, whatever the set of controls used, the estimated coefficient of the interaction term is always negative for low-income countries and positive for high-income countries, and statistically significant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the case of asylum-seekers, it is very difficult to track whether children, some of whom end up detained, have access to education (Box 4.1). In the case of refugees, while it is easier to report on school enrolment of refugees in camps, enrolment data of registered refugees in urban areas are also frequently available. Few countries identify refugee status in school censuses explicitly. Turkey, where 93% of Syrian refugees live outside camps (UNHCR, 2018c), is an exception.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Fairness in resource allocation is not only important for equity in education, it is also related to the performance of the education system as a whole. In these systems, there are smaller differences between higher-performing and lower-performing schools in principals' reports on teacher shortage, the adequacy of educational resources and physical infrastructure, and smaller differences in average mathematics learning time between schools with more advantaged and those with more disadvantaged students. In these countries, principals in disadvantaged schools tended to report that their schools had adequate educational resources as much as, if not more than, principals in advantaged schools reported. Scarce resources tend to be more concentrated in advantaged schools, and disadvantaged schools tend to suffer from inadequacy or shortage of resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The traditional measures of poverty have been based on household income or consumption as welfare indicators obtained through household surveys.4 in table 1, brief definitions are furnished, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of these two indicators of welfare. Relative poverty lines that are usually used in developed countries are based on a selected cut-off point in income distribution or consumption, such as the level below which one third of the population finds itself, or that proportion earning half of the median income. The most common basis for constructing an absolute poverty line at the national level is the use of the basic needs approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The wide array of RDI programmes does not fully benefit the Galilee. Main emphasis is on science and technology-driven innovation, while the traditional industry is in need of support for incremental demand-led innovation which could be provided by colleges if they were encouraged to engage in applied R&D in the same way as in many OECD countries. There are limited spillovers from the centre to the Galilee and an absence of an underlying culture of collaboration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Map 13.2 demonstrates the extent of the rural settlements’ shrinkage in the period 1979-2009. The 2009 census showed that 1,394 rural settlements had lost population. Statistics for the period from the beginning of 2005 to the beginning of 2014 show a decrease in the rural population of 19.7 per cent (from 2,732,110 to 2,193,379).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Moreover, where biodiversity offsets take a long time to mature, structuring reward purely on the delivery of biodiversity outcomes can affect the willingness of landowners to create offsets in the first place (Salzman and Ruhl, 2000). The MRV provisions used in practice frequently rely on the use of supplier self-assessments and independent third-party verification, though reporting may also be undertaken through public notification (Table 4.5). The Biobanking scheme in New South Wales, Australia, and the Compensatory Wetlands Mitigation and Conservation Banking schemes in the United States, conversely, all require offset suppliers to self-monitor offset progression against agreed performance standards and to submit self-monitoring reports to regulators at periodic intervals (NSW OEH, 2012, DOD and EPA, 2008, USFWS, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Such work could start with an in-depth discussion among relevant stakeholders on how to identify mitigation and adaptation options and to calculate the costs of their implementation, including a modelling exercise. For instance, some donors only report the aggregate amounts committed or disbursed, or do not report to the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Creditor Reporting System (CRS) at all. Kyrgyzstan had the smallest committed amount of climate-related development finance recorded in the OECD DAC CRS for the two years between 2013-14.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Corruption has become one of the most extraordinary phenomena that occur in various democratic countries, including in Indonesia, so that it makes Indonesia ranked 96th in the world as one of the most corrupt countries, and the most dominated by legislative institutions whose members are elected through electoral system. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship and corruption factors of the Central Tapanuli legislature by using qualitative research methods with a type of descriptive analysis research and using electoral system theory, legislative corruption and types of political corruption. The results in this study that general election focused on people (people centered) makes political costs very expensive, also makes the attitude of patron-client between the regional head and members of the legislature, and raises a practical political attitude in   society and   the politicians   of Central Tapanuli
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In practice, this has a lot to do with ensuring good project preparation, management and implementation experience, but also presenting the business case so that private sector actors can get on board. Several Nordic actors, including the development finance institutions have significant experience in development projects through ODA financing and other interventions. Making these hands-on experiences and lesson learned from emerging and developing countries more available to the private sector could also help filter perceived risks from actual material ones, lowering the barriers for investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The development of cultural competent standards of care for health providers is a necessary pre-condition to achieve this goal. Traditional healing is a part of traditional knowledge among indigenous peoples. Knowledge traditions and world views constitute the context for the health care system of a society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Ecuador, Haiti, Nicaragua and Paraguay, for instance, have public health spending below 50%, high out-of-pocket spending and a very low proportion of older persons. Given that the pace of population ageing in these countries will be very rapid, and that they must also face the epidemiological backlog amidst widespread poverty, the lack of health protection will definitely worsen unless measures are introduced to strengthen the public system. Inequity, on the other hand, stems from having to make out-of-pocket payments to access health services or buy medications (Titelman, 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Investments in desalination and the reuse of treated wastewater in the region have become so prevalent in some countries that there is even some doubt as to whether they can still be considered nonconventional water supply options. This type of practice promotes the use of water of varying qualities for different purposes. The reuse of these water sources is dependent upon whether it is treated at the primary, secondary or tertiary level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Solving these structural issues is the role of leaders and policy makers. Providing accommodating legal environments, such as Wales' provisions for the exchange of child records, and allowing staff sufficient time to co-operate, can be important steps forward. Where possible, integrating centres and schools on the same campus can be very helpful (e.g. Wales (United Kingdom), Austria and many northern European countries).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
AbstractBackground: Public health faces the paradox of being increasingly emphasized by the key health and social care regulators and stakeholders, while remaining a largely under-represented discipline in the context of medical curricula. Enhancing medical student engagement in public health teaching is one way to address this concern.Methods: We discuss four key solutions to the challenges faced by public health educators in medical schools, and present five case studies which demonstrate innovative approaches to engaging medical students in our discipline.Results: Four different approaches have been piloted by members of the Public Health Educators in Medical Schools (PHEMS) network: (i) ensuring social accountability, (ii) demonstrating clinical relevance, (iii) mapping the core curriculum, and (iv) using technology enhanced learning. Preliminary student feedback suggests that these approaches can be used to position public health as an enabler of modern medical practice, and promote a more holistic u...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In almost every OECD country, courts and tribunals attempt to broker a compromise solution between the parties at the start of formal legal proceedings. Typically, half to three quarters of cases lodged with courts and tribunals are resolved without recourse to a court decision (Venn, 2009). However, despite the widespread use of pre-court conciliation in labour law cases, there is little empirical evidence on its effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)