albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Regulation of the environment is often characterized as a polarizing issue that pits public health against economic growth. Although researchers have examined the decisions of federal district court judges in environmental civil penalty cases and examined the decision making of administrative law judges (ALJ), there has been no research which has examined factors that influence ALJ decision making in environmental civil penalty cases at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). I theorize that ALJ decisions, like federal district court judge decisions, are a function of personal policy preferences, hierarchical controls by higher courts, separation of powers influences, and case and defendant characteristics. Results demonstrate that the size of civil penalties issued by ALJs at the EPA is influenced by personal policy preferences, political constraints via Congress, hierarchical control by the Environmental Appeals Board (EAB) and the Supreme Court, litigant characteristics, and case characteristics. Ov...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A rough estimation of how activities with different objectives are covered in the data shown here is given in the table below. Of this, the majority of support went directly to private sector recipients (around 70%) and was provided by bilateral DFIs and private sector operations of the bilateral and multilateral development banks, highlighting the key role such specialised agencies play in engaging the private sector (Figure 3.1). The remainder - around USD 3 billion -was provided by bilateral aid agencies and development banks to the public sector and CSOs in support of activities where there was a high likelihood of private sector engagement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
From 1989-2008, farm yields (FY) of maize increased linearly at 1.6 percent per annum versus 1.2 percent for soybean and 1 percent for wheat and rice (Edmeades eta!., These yield increases are insufficient to meet future food demands without resorting to agricultural land expansion - but Asia has little arable land available for expansion. In addition, climate change predictions for the Asian region paint a scenario of rising temperatures, increased variability in rainfall, land degradation and increased frequency of extreme weather events such as drought and floods, which raises particular concerns for the agricultural sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The IPPC Directive has recently been codified (Directive 2008/1/EC). The codified act includes all previous amendments to Directive 96/61/EC, the substance of which is unchanged. The Urban Waste Water Directive requires secondary treatment for loads in excess of 2 000 population-equivalent (p.e.). For instance, biological water quality is currently assessed in terms of macro invertebrates only. The new classification will take account of phytoplankton, aquatic flora, invertebrates and fish.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The result is far lower carbon dioxide emissions. Both these scenarios help us do that by testing our strategy against a range of possible developments over the long term. However, in our view, the Blueprints outcomes offer the best hope for a sustainable future, whether or not they arise exactly in the way we describe. We are convinced they are possible with the right combination of policy, technology and commitment from governments, industry and society globally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
High labour costs may also represent a barrier to hiring young people. In 2009, the tax wedge on earnings equivalent to two-thirds of the average wage, considered to be the low-wage threshold, was 38% in Europe and 33% for the OECD average (Table 5.2).2 The tax wedge on these low-wage earners decreased, however, between 2000 and 2009, even without taking into account the exemptions from social security contributions for low-pay employment. In all OECD countries, the tax wedge on average earnings was higher than that on low earnings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Similarly Faeamani has argued that, through the combination of the loss of young adults and an inflow of cash in the form of remittances and goods, ‘there is a consequent reduction in garden size and production’ (1995: 140). At a macroeconomic level there is no evidence of ‘Dutch disease’ in Tonga, since the real exchange rate does not appear to be affected by remittances (Lin 2011), and that is highly likely also to be the case in Samoa. More generally, several authors have stressed general and wide-ranging notions of dependency that remittances appear to create, and the growing shift to the monetisation of activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In countries with occupation-related health insurance, social contributions are proportional to income (sometimes up to an income threshold) and based on earnings, pensions and (often) unemployment benefits. For these countries, additional interventions to ensure universal coverage only concern a small share of the total population. In countries where health insurance premiums are not or are only partially related to income, policies described in Table 3 aim to reduce the burden of contribution for households with lower revenues and ensure some “redistribution” between richer and poorer households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Section 5 concludes discussing the statistical agenda to extend this work. The indicators rely on the most suitable data source available in each country, with the selection of sources generally decided in consultation with national authorities. Data and indicators are collected through a network of national consultants who provide standard tabulations based on comparable definitions and methodological approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
At the same time, a relatively high network of public transport stations is not a guarantee for a higher demand. A right number of stations should be such that on one hand would allow the citizens to find a station in a vicinity of their work, living, shopping or recreation places and, on the other hand, would not delay the transfers due to too frequent stops of the public transport modes. These ai measured per square kilometer compared to per 1000 popi much as 175 times (Brussels versus Oslo).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Abstract   Open government data has led to public policy innovation in pursuit of various expected benefits. One of the intended goals of open data innovation to improve transparency and accountability. However, our current understanding of open data innovation and its ability to generate transparency and accountability is limited, particularly with regard to empirical evidence. In this paper, we describe how a state agency redesigned its organizational processes around visualization tools and how such efforts helped bridge the transparency-accountability gap by enhancing the understandability and usability of open government data. We conclude that open data innovation does not stop with the adoption of an open data policy, but rather involves an ongoing cycle of improvements through which the organization responds to its various stakeholders' use of open data, thereby increasing usefulness of those datasets and, subsequently, improving overall accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This implies that although more energy is being consumed directly and indirectly per person in the region, this is being used as that population's income (GDP) increases faster than their energy footprint. Figure 85 shows that lesser reductions have occurred across the Asia-Pacific industrialized countries and the Rest of the World. Evidently, Asia-Pacific developing countries reduced their territorial energy intensity by 44% while the intensity of their energy footprint declined by 28% between 1990 and 2010. The residents and governments of the developing nations either consume less or consume less energy-intensive goods and services than they produce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The amount of firewood that can be purchased from state forestry institutions cannot satisfy die demand. As a result, illegal firewood collection and unauthorized logging are still common. Illegal logging is reported to have decreased significantly (even by 90 per cent over the last 10 years), mostly due to the still increasing availability of other energy sources. Nevertheless, establishing fuelwood plantations in areas less favourable for grazing, in the close vicinity of villages, could further limit the adverse effects of the still strong pressure on forest resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The performance agreement outlines key objectives that the institution should strive to achieve over the course of a three-year period. The ministry meets with each institution during the year to discuss progress towards achieving these goals. Each institution is required at the end of the year to report data to the Database for Statistics on Higher Education (DBH) and to present an annual report to the ministry. This information is used by the ministry to develop an annual report on the state of higher education and to develop an annual feedback letter for institutions about their annual performance (Larsen et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Many rural infrastructure projects backed by governments and international financial institutions have been implemented in the region. The resulting rural roads have stimulated socioeconomic development and the projects themselves have provided essential information on the types of measurements and criteria needed to evaluate, plan, streamline and prioritize future rural projects. In addition, valuable insights have emerged, such as the need to engage with local residents in every project phase in order to ensure the sustainability of construction work, ease monetary obligations on local municipalities and provide extra income for residents in the long run.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The World Health Organization (WHO) suggests that polluted air contributes to one in eight deaths worldwide, as dirty air causes lung damage, heart disease, strokes and cancer. The WHO also estimates that indoor air pollution in homes in Africa contributed to nearly 600,000 deaths in 2012.35 To measure the extent of the problem, air quality sensors are being deployed in a range of cities to track levels and changes in pollutants. These sensors can also provide early warning of floods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Mongolia has an inventory of endemic species but information on alien species is very poor (chapter 11). The NBP 2015-2025 establishes as outputs the creation, by 2018, of a database for the registration of alien animal and plant species and, by 2020, improvement of the monitoring structure and legal environment for prevention of the spread of invasive species. The support of the international community' has been essential for Mongolia to implement the CBD at the national level. Significant support has been provided for the elaboration of legal and strategic policy documents, institutional capacity and complying with reporting obligations. Multiple technical assistance projects have been implemented, actively involving and supporting the NGO sector active in the field. The implementation period is from 2013 to 2018, with a total cost of US$6,253,091.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This would need to be developed in accordance with the provisions of three ILO instruments: Convention No. Continuing deficiencies in national legislation regarding the attribution of responsibilities among the enterprises involved in subcontracting workers and products should be settled. The final strategy is based on the policies adopted by more advanced countries seeking to combine flexibility for enterprises with employment security for workers. It is advisable to bear in mind the lessons learned during the application of these policies, and to adapt them to the structural peculiarities of Latin American countries. It is vital to enhance employment security and social protection, for the public to have more favourable perceptions thereof. Each country can — and must — combine the two objectives according to their own particular needs, just as the developed countries do.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The indicators lack detail, have proved difficult to use and interpret, and were often contested when used in OECD Environmental Performance Reviews. In 2014, data on protected areas (broken down by IUCN management categories) were added to the OECD Annual Quality Assurance (AQA) of environmental reference data to enable countries to check and complement the data prefilled from the WDPA and the MDGs. This ad-hoc checking has, however, not been sufficient to produce reliable data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The relative increases were largest in Spain (43%), Luxembourg (40%) and Ireland (27%). By contrast, in some Nordic countries there was either little change (Norway, Sweden) or a decline (Finland a 9% decrease). Luxembourg, Spain and Belgium saw the largest increase in this share: more than 20 percentage points over the period studied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The incubation phase was delayed for several months for administrative reasons, but the incubator was expected to kick off again in the fall of 2013. A brief summary of their characteristics and features are highlighted below. The WBIs were designed to provide a safe and welcoming space for women to receive the emotional support they need as well as improving their entrepreneurial and management capabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Already before the designation of Kvarken Archipelago as a World Heritage Site the organization responsible for the management of the state-owned protected areas in Finland - Metsahallitus Parks and Wildlife Finland - initiated its co-operation with local entrepreneurs. Using a contract scheme developed especially for the co-operation between Metsahallitus and local enterprises, the conditions for carrying out sustainable tourism activities on state-owned land and waters were improved. For instance, entrepreneurs pay nowadays a small fee for using fire-places and other type of infrastructure located on areas managed by Metsahallitus. On the other hand, the entrepreneurs also have the possibility to give Metsahallitus annual feed-back on the quality of the organisations' services, and in that manner contribute to better planning of the work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The GDP per capita and household income equations include country fixed-effects. The GDP per capita equation systematically includes a time trend and country specific time-trends. The baseline analysis is presented under two variants defined by a differential treatment of time in the household income equations: i) the household incomes equations are first estimated without and then ii) with time trends and country specific time-trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The accident underlined the importance of dam safety control, regardless the form of ownership. Another consequence of the ageing of water reservoirs is the increased volume of sediments, decreasing the operational volumes. Agriculture represents almost 99%* of water withdrawal in the Chu Basin, 94% in the Bolshoy Uzcn/Karaozcn, 90% in the Atrck, 89% in the Syr Darya, 85% in the Ili and 73% in the Talas Basin, just to mention a few examples in addition to the heavily affected downstream part of the Amu Darya.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In addition, a Contractor/Supplier Boot Camp helps to link SMEs and the major industrial companies by providing them with training on what the major companies need and want, and what their requirements are (Federation of Canadian Municipalities, 2015). There is convincing evidence that labour productivity in Russian monotowns is substantially lower than average. Commander, Nikoloski and Plekhanov (2011) found that the output of enterprises in one-company towns is 70% lower than their peers, after controlling for other factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The design and governance of electricity systems is highly dependent on country-specific factors, technological innovation and disruptions, and the evolution of economic theory, and countries face different challenges in the evolution of their electricity systems when they seek to change their generation mix and market structure. In developed economies, characterized by high generation capacity and falling demand, liberalized energy systems have emerged as the dominant (although not universal) model. In most LDCs and ODCs, however, electricity systems are neither served by a monopoly provider nor fully liberalized, but are situated between these extremes, and their domestic markets are characterized by insufficient generation capacity and rising demand. Virtually all developing countries have sought to allow private-sector participation either through concessions or power purchasing contracts, or through liberalization of the generation segment of electricity supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Existence of public institutions to take care of children or subsidies for workers to pay for day-care centres. All work by a child under 16 years of age is prohibited, except as an apprentice if over 14 years old. Prohibits restrictions applied to contracts for reasons of marriage or pregnancy in women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Megan Donaldson's  The Survival of the Secret Treaty: Publicity, Secrecy, and Legality in the International Order  recounts the ways in which lawyers played an important but complicated role in governmental decisions about whether and when to register secret agreements. On the one hand, these lawyers urged their governments to comply with the League of Nations and UN Charter registration processes. On the other hand, these same lawyers used their drafting and interpretive skills to enable their governments to employ secrecy where necessary, while helping their clients minimize the fact and size of any legal violations that occurred. They thus urged legal compliance on the front end and reduced the extent of noncompliance on the back end.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Furthermore, many Arab municipalities lack tools to manage and create a conducive environment for business development (see also Chapter 2). There is evidence of students’ interest in staying in the region and self employment opportunities. Entrepreneurship courses were however perceived either to be too demanding or non-existent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They need to start learning about their human and legal rights, and where they can get support and protection if needed, whether through health or legal aid services, peer groups, school mentorship programmes or other options. Support to grow and develop must reach girls regardless of where they are—in well-off and poor communities, in urban and rural areas, and at any stage of migration or displacement. This offers the added benefit of spurring demographic transition and the size of any associated demographic dividend.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While timing complicates the politics of reform in many domains, it seems to have a greater impact on education reform, where the lags involved are over so many years. As a result, the political cycle may have a direct impact on the timing, scope and content of education reform. Education reform becomes a thankless task when elections take place before the benefits are realised. Policy makers may lose an election over education issues, but they rarely win an election with education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This could involve a system of accreditation to certify schools as capable of managing a budget for operational expenses as part of school evaluation processes by inspections (see Chapter 4). The granting of autonomy should then be associated with relevant and focused monitoring, especially monitoring of outcomes (see also Chapter 2). They should be required to develop a school development plan which links the school’s education priorities with its spending intentions in collaboration with the school community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This can be interpreted as this price having an “average" deviation or variation of 25% above or below the mean. The main advantage of the CV is that is can be compared across variables that are measured in different units, for instance a CV of prices can be compared with a CV of yields. The degree of co-movement between two variables is measured by the covariance, which can also be normalized into a coefficient of correlation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Treaty of Lisbon introduced the term ‘values’ in EU primary law. This development coincided with the granting to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the same legal force as the Treaties. The question remains, though, how the prominence of values is actually shaping EU law and policy. This paper critically appraises the ways that certain values translated into the Charter's principles and rights are being construed under the EU policy for biometrics, a security technology whose use is being actively promoted by the EU. We conclude that the balancing of pertinent values, namely security and liberty, owe to a great deal to political and economic considerations that shape EU politics. Research priorities, combined with those of EU security policy, in particular, the fight against terrorism, then tend to prevail over ethically or morally based legal claims in respect of biometrics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Consequently, this change in behaviour caused a counter-intuitive increase in the Gini coefficient by around 0.4 percentage point (Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Interior, 2014a). In a lifecycle perspective the reform unambiguously raises tax payments for higher income groups and thus it should reduce income inequality. According to cross-country estimates in Causa et al. ( This reflects reform-driven increases in older worker employment rates, which benefit household incomes across the distribution, with the exception of rich households that are found to be unaffected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It is assumed that the costs of exhaustible energy increase linearly with the cumulative consumption, whereas the costs of renewable energy increase as the annual amount of renewable energy consumed grows. Special attention is paid to the possible role of nuclear energy under two different CO2 emission constraints, and different nuclear cost conditions related to the available amount of plutonium and whether or not the nuclear non-proliferation treaty prevails. A large set of different factors contribute to the current level of security of energy supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These problems must be addressed by proper planning of cities and their public and private services, taking into account how people use their time so that these cities can continue to prosper and grow, and to make better use of resources and reduce pollution, poverty and inequality, and socioterritorial division. Sample designs should help to make inferences about geographical areas of interest, which could require financial resources for data production by municipalities, provinces or States. Nonetheless, once the necessary resources are available to prepare national surveys, the cost of expanding the samples to guarantee representativeness is usually not high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While numbers of teachers have increased in the last ten years, the percentage of qualified teachers has dropped significantly (Education International, 2007). This could be attributed to the rise in enrolments after the introduction of Free Primary Education in 2000. As a result, while access has increased between 1999 - 2008 with an old NER of 57 compared to 73 respectively (GMR, 2010), the issue of quality in education is a prevalent one.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)