albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The process itself can be long drawn, tedious, complex and demanding on the resources and capacity of LDCs. These commitments also tend to exceed those required of LDCs and other developing countries that joined the organisation in its early years (Table 7.4). Similar differences between original LDC members and recently acceded LDCs exist in the level of binding coverage, i.e. the percentage of tariff lines that members agree to bind at a certain level upon joining the organisation. While the WTO Agreement on Agriculture requires all members to bind all agricultural tariff lines, the level of binding coverage in industrial goods varies considerably among the LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This corresponds to a reduction in overtime hours of about one-third. Hours and pay reductions in Japan reflect adjustments along many different margins (cont.) In the absence of publicly available data on the number of hours subsidised, the total number of subsidised hours were estimated using information on total public expenditure on short-time work (Koyo-chosei-jyosei-fem) and the average hourly wage. The high-cost low-impact scenario assumes that the cost of one hour of short-time work to the government equals 90% of the average hourly wage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
G = poverty gap: FGT2 = Foster, Greer and Thorbecke squared poverty possible degree of regional comparability, the aim being to maintain a common methodological st they use in their own official measurements. As a first step, the anainment figure for quintile I (AQI) is expressed as a proportion of the figure for quintile V(AQV).The gap is then calculated using the following formula: (HAQI/AQV1)' 100. The annualized relative gap is calculated using the formula I1 (AQl/AQV)I' 100/AT.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As forests are lost, their capacity to sequester carbon is reduced. However, the extent to which the carbon loss due to tropical deforestation is offset by expanding forest areas and accumulating woody biomass in the boreal and temperate zones is disputed. Also relevant are biomass fires, including peatland fires and drained peatlands, which account for emissions of 0.3 and 0.9 GtC02-eq a year respectively). It retains biodiversity and ecosystem functions and, in large land areas, influences local weather patterns, which can have impacts on food production (Siikamaki and Newbold, 2012). Reduction of forest fires improves local air quality which has health benefits for communities living in and around forests Mery et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The financial management questionnaire applies to this institution. The steps followed during the preparatory process of the national portfolio. The list (and description) of the priority projects and/or programmatic approaches that have been identified and that are eligible under the GEF-6 focal area strategies and their estimated costs. An outline of how implementation of these projects will contribute to the fulfilment of obligations to the conventions (CBD, UNCCD, UNFCCC, Stockholm). Each country that meets the criteria for an allocation in BD, CC, or LD under the STAR receives an allocation for these focal areas.110 A percentage of Focal Area resources are set-aside for each focal area (FAS) and are not available for national STAR allocations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
An example is the Eastern Scotian Shelf ecosystem that suffered from overfishing of cod and other ground fish, and consequently became dominated by crustacean and small planktivorous fish in the early 1990s (Frank et al., Despite the ban on fishing since 1993, the ecosystem on the Eastern Scotian Shelf has failed to recover to its former composition of fish. Thus, both fisheries and climatic perturbations may have important consequences for the composition in ecosystems, including the seabed community composition and biodiversity (Worm et al., These losses occur at two levels: depleted fish stocks imply that the cost of finding and catching the fish is higher that it needs to be and fleet overcapacity means that the economic benefits of fishing are dissipated due to redundant investment and operating costs. The cumulative economic loss to the global economy over the last three decades associated with overfishing is estimated to be in the order of USD 2 trillion (FAO, 2009a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Competence in the use of ICT in the classroom is one of the many competences that must be demonstrated by student teachers during their periods of school experience. As a result of these measures, all teachers reached a basic minimum competence to use ICT in their teaching by March 2003. At all stages of teacher education, teachers are required to use ICT to enhance children’s learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
See also Jones and Klenow (2010) for a summary statistic for nations’ flow of welfare. On income inequality see Chapter 5 of Going/or Growth 2012 (OECD, 2012a), OECD (2011a) and OECD (2008a), on green growth see OECD (2011c), de Serres et al (2010) and OECD (2008b), on fiscal and current account balances see Chapter 1 and Chapter 5 of Going for Growth 2011 (OECD, 2011e) and Kerdrain et al. ( These difficulties notwithstanding, an attempt to assess the redistributive impact of in-kind transfers can be found in Chapter 9 of OECD (2011a). Given that such a policy may also strengthen the attachment to the labour market of individuals at higher risk of being unemployed - improving thereby their human capital development and career progression - the effect on inequality may not be so clear from a life-time perspective. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. For an extensive discussion of the trade-off between higher overall employment rates and higher wage dispersion brought about by less generous unemployment benefit replacement rates, declining union coverage and lower minimum-to-median wage rates, see OECD (2011a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Among the agencies operating public transport in the ZMVM, only Metrobus, ECOBICI and the suburban railway are collecting and making use of the data provided by smart cards for planning and optimisation. In many cases, data collection and several modelling exercises (e.g. origin-destination for certain areas of the city, estimation of modal shift and C02 emission mitigation, demand forecasting, environmental impact assessments) are carried out with the aim of implementing specific projects (underground line extensions, BRT corridors, bike lanes). However, information is currently neither used nor verified between agencies or gathered into an integrated model that could guide overall mobility planning. Poor long-term modelling and forecasting capacity will limit the ZMVM’s long-term vision for mobility planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This book offers an overview of the Sikh diaspora, exploring the relationship between home and host states and between migrant and indigenous communities. The book considers the implications of history and politics of the Sikh diaspora for nationality, citizenship and sovereignity., The text should serve as a supplementary text for undergraduates and postgraduates on courses in race, ethnicity and international migration within sociology, politics, international relations, Asian history, and human geography. In particular, it should serve as a core text for Sikh/Punjab courses within Asian studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They are also obliged to "adopt laws relating to the making of wills that provide equal rights to women and men as testators, heirs and beneficiaries." Regarding intestate succession, the Committee also called on States parties to adopt laws that ensure, inter alia, the prohibition of disinheritance of the surviving spouse and the criminalization of property dispossession/grabbing. The Committee recommended, inter alia, that Canada: compensate the victim and provide her with adequate housing, and recruit and train more aboriginal women to provide legal aid to women from their communities, including on domestic violence and property rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If a home visit is made by a midwife or a skilled professional, care for the mother could include more interventions, such as observing blood flow, measuring temperature and providing iron-folic acid supplementation and contraceptive methods. Adolescent mothers often lack the knowledge, education, experience, income and power relative to older mothers. In some cultures, they may also have to bear the effects of many judgemental attitudes, making an already difficult situation even worse. Thus, the provision of the continuum of care through to the early days following delivery can provide the extra support needed for the mother and her newborn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Species groups including birds, plants and butterflies are relatively easy to sample and should be included in indicators or indices for farmland structure parameters, but it may be questioned how indicators based on these species groups track structural changes in the landscape. Effects of decreasing area with suitable habitat may be tracked easily as species disappear and population levels decrease, but because of highly varying dispersal rates, the actual recovery of biodiversity following e.g. a re-establishment of suitable habitat positive structural changes may not be tracked as straightforward and may show significant delay. Dispersal in a fragmented landscape may hold a significant degree of inertia that effectively postpone the recovery of a habitat-specific biodiversity at newly created or restored sites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The five strict forest areas were established during this time. The Natura 2000 zones do not necessarily entail formal prohibitions, but human activities must be kept compatible with the conservation objectives for designated sites. Some 20 management plans are now being prepared for the 47 zones in the Natura 2000 Network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
According to a study by UNICEF, on average, 85% of a school budget is spent on wages, 8% on non-instruction related expenses (e.g. school meals, medicines, other goods and services, communication, transport, rent, business travel, judicial decisions), 5% on communal expenses, and 1% on students at risk (UNICEF, 2012). Payroll expenses account for 79% of urban school budgets and 93% of rural ones (UNICEF, 2012). On average, 99.6% of their budget is dedicated to salaries (Sange-SFK, 2012). However, the report notes that departures from these average values are very common and can be considerable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Estimates refer to the total economy for Canada, Japan and Sweden, the market sector for Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom, the non-financial business sector for Finland, and the non-farm business sector for the United States. Data on tangible investment for France is based on INSEE data. For other countries figures for tangible investment are OECD calculations based on EU KLEMS Database and OECD, Annual National Accounts Database.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
And the 2014 Opinion on the Promotion of Medical Device Telemedicine Service allows doctors to engage in telemedicine with their patients (Chan-woo, 2017). Ningbo City is a high-income city (more than twice the average income for all of China) and rapidly developing due to its apparel and light industries and high-tech industries, such as steel and energy. It is also an ageing city, with more than 20 per cent of its population aged 60 or older. Demand for various forms of medical services is increasing more than in other regions of the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Conflict between Pakistan and India over distribution of the water arose with the creation of Pakistan in 1947. The dispute was settled in 1960 by a treaty between India and Pakistan that allocated the waters of the Indus, Jhelum and Chenab to Pakistan and the waters of the Sutlej, Beas and Ravi to India. It is the only cross-border treaty in the world to have divided rights to riparian systems between countries (Dinar et al. The treaty also established the Permanent Indus Commission composed of one Commissioner of Indus Waters from each country, who are to meet annually to establish and promote cooperative arrangements for the treaty implementation and the development of the waters of the Indus system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Consequently, biological components are excellent indicators for water quality. These are also the basic tools in assessing the ecological status of water bodies by the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). The Hydrobiological Institute (HBI) in Ohrid is outstanding with incredible chemical and biological long-term investigations on Lake Ohrid and partly on Lake Prespa and Lake Dojran.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2012, the Nansen Initiative was launched to address the protection gap for international migrants displaced by natural disasters. In 2015, 109 governmental delegations endorsed the “Agenda for the protection of cross-border displaced persons in the context of disasters and climate change”.39 In December 2015, at its twenty-first session, the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a task force on displacement to develop recommendations for integrated approaches to avert, minimize and address displacement related to the adverse impacts of climate change. In the New York Declaration, Member States condemned acts and manifestations of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance against refugees and migrants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Requests to utilize larger portions or the full publication should be addressed to the Communication Unit at florence@unicef.org. It undertakes research on emerging or current issues in order to inform the strategic directions, policies and programmes of UNICEF and its partners, shape global debates on child rights and development, and inform the global research and policy agenda for all children, and particularly for the most vulnerable. The views expressed are those of the authors. Ethics examines the nature and scope of institutions as the deepest level of analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In general, for each indicator to be comparable across time and countries, it is crucial that countries use similar concepts and methods in their calculation. In particular, it is important that countries use data that are similar in terms of worker. Parental leave refers to longer periods of leave with the right to return to one's job that is normally taken after maternity and paternity leave, respectively. National legislation and statistical practices with regard to parental leave vary greatly among countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
At first, their terms were limited to two years, but this was later increased to four years.39 Once mayors were elected, and since they now had substantial funds to work with, many innovations and improvements in infrastructure emerged in major Colombian cities. Another good example of decentralization with improved financing in Latin America is Brazil as discussed in Box 1.1. This was the third “moment” of decentralization across the continent — a pattern that was consistent with reforms in other parts of the developing world.40 This period is referred to as one of “democratic decentralization”41 because this was when many African countries genuinely attempted to both devolve powers to local governments, and to democratize the process of local governance. Although there are variations across the continent, the short answer is: not very much.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This profile builds on the knowledge and expertise of many project teams across the OECD's Directorate for Education and Skills, to whom we are grateful. Much of this information and documentation can be accessed through the Education GPS http://aDseducation.oecd.org. Hyperlinks to the reference publications are included throughout the text for ease of reading, and also in the References and further reading section, which lists both OECD and non-OECD sources. The impact of socio-economic status on student mathematics performance is lower than the OECD average, and performance of students from an immigrant background is similar to that of their peers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A gender-responsive team of project staff and technical assistants is needed to coach and mentor managers of BDS to respond to the distinct needs of male and female business owner-managers. A growing body of experience in both the micro and SME sectors shows the critical need for coaching, especially of female SME owner-operators, male and female graduates and start-up entrepreneurs. Awareness, creativity and pro-active outreach can work towards recruiting females and males as BDS specialists, trainers/facilitators and beneficiaries to meet the need for a gender mix in BDS facilitators/providers/trainers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Andrews et al (2001) found that 60% of individuals with a mental disorder had this disorder a year earlier already. Hughes and Cohen (2009) found a majority of patients with a depressive disorder still suffering from recurrent depressive episodes ten years later. Chronicity has also consistently been found to be strongly related to a high utilisation of medical services (e.g. Fasel et al, 2010), and to be a decisive factor for long-term sickness absence and disability (e.g. Bergh et al, 2007). In schizophrenic disorders, for example, around 70% show substantial social and vocational impairments or residual symptoms (Moller et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Many people, mainly in the south of the country, gather walnuts as well as the fruits of wild apple, pear, apricot, plum, cherry and other trees. In Kyrgyz territory, about 30 species of birds and up to 20 species of mammals are hunted. Marmots and to a lesser extent gophers, muskrats, foxes, badgers, wolves and squirrels are hunted for their fur.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Providing a managerial structure, an authority and the means to implement and co-ordinate the National Water Law, ANA-Brazil has brought a general improvement of water resource management in Brazil. It is in charge of the multi-sectoral and sustainable use of water resources and promotes the IWRM principles. It must also assure the environmental quality at the national level and develop co-ordination strategies among central, regional and local levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2012, 83% of all deaths in Costa Rica were due to NCD, cardiovascular diseases being the principal cause of death accounting for 30%, followed by cancers with 23% of all deaths (Figure 1.6) (WHO, 2014). In a 2010 survey, 38% adults had hypertension, 42% high cholesterol levels and 51% had low or no engagement in physical activity. Prevalence of obesity was 24.4% of the population in 2014, which is higher than the OECD average of 19% (OECD, 2016b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, the value of the transfer as a share of total household consumption remains very low. In beneficiary households belonging to the poorest quintile, the MB accounts for just 7 per cent of total consumption representing the inadequacy of the benefit value.26 It is no surprise therefore that the poverty reduction impact of the MB is limited. Low coverage and low transfer values limit the effectiveness of the benefit. Coverage is extremely low and more than 80 per cent of the poorest are excluded from the targeted MB.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Biodiversity maps can be a valuable way to initiate dialogue around biodiversity mainstreaming, providing a tangible view of biodiversity objectives and how these could be mainstreamed in a spatially explicit manner. Good biodiversity science needs to be transparent and defensible to meet the burden of evidence demanded during such discussions. When a biodiversity mainstreaming intervention is planned, or an opportunity arises, there is often existing scientific information available, which can be utilised or adapted as required. Pilot projects can often play an essential role, delivering on-the-ground experience and proof of application within the intended institutional context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The financial decline of traditional utilities due to the influx of VREs with out-of-market finance is a case in point. This massive new phenomenon allows different readings. From one perspective, the sudden depreciation of the value of existing assets due to the political decision to introduce subsidised VRE may be considered a form of expropriation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There has been, however, a recent increase in collaboration among cross-border regions on the continent (Association of European Border Regions, 2010). Local and regional authorities, as well as the economic sector and non-governmental organisations (NGOs), are playing a growing role in many cross-border fields in this part of the world, but the co-operations are still informal and not well structured. These areas are an international zone of adjacent regions from different countries - or very often, regions that are neighbours, but separated by a sea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
With the growth in mobile-broadband services and applications, smartphones provide an excellent opportunity to access voice and data services, including in many rural and remote areas. As smartphones become more affordable, consumer demand increases, and by September 2014 more smartphones than traditional mobile handsets were sold in developing countries.6 While smartphones are becoming smarter, more widely available and more affordable, they remain expensive for many of the world's poorest population groups (Box 4.2). Country rankings will be presented for the fixed-broadband and mobile-broadband sub-baskets, with the latter including both prepaid and postpaid packages and computer-based and handset-based plans. The analysis of fixed-broadband prices will include 2008-2015 price trends and a discussion on changes in broadband speeds (offered for minimum broadband plans) as well as developments in terms of the data volume included in broadband offers. A regional analysis will be provided for both fixed- and mobile-broadband services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) proposes a fee schedule, which is subsequently negotiated by the Central Social Insurance Medical Council, comprising providers, insurers, patient representatives and other stakeholders. Formal revision of the fee schedule happens every other year, applies to all providers, and determines the revenue of over 95% of clinics and hospitals. This latter fact means that the fee schedule also serves as a major policy lever to steer the whole system towards desired goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Model universality is provided thanks to the concept of network independent delivery protocols. The basic principles of the use of such protocols are determined in Recommendation ITU-R BT. For example, an interactive application and on-demand content can be delivered from the service providers to a terminal over the return interaction channel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The flood protection system is comprehensive and includes engineering measures, such as dams and retention basins, as well as land-use planning measures that make space for excess water without putting the population at risk, and the documentation of water flows and assessment of future risk. The government communicates information and recommendations on flooding to help individuals and businesses manage their risk. The current evidence suggests that changes in future flood risk due to the effects of climate change fall within existing design tolerances of the flood protection infrastructure. Therefore, the Austrian government does not plan to strengthen the technical standards for flood protection for now.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)