albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
There, through integration of locally generated community based information, co-production of urban planning strategies and social engagement in public sector interventions, the programme achieved a dramatic decrease in crime. By improving access to public spaces, enhancing lighting and visibility, setting up social and business centres along walkways, pedestrian traffic, community surveillance and social cohesion increased. Playtime in Africa creates places for children to convene in a safe outdoor environment to play, learn and create. The initiative combines best practices from around the world and integrates them into local conditions to develop a strategy for child-focused places.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The output value of fertilisers is derived using the following fob prices as reference prices: Urea (HS 31102.10) for nitrogen, DAP (HS 3105.30) for phosphorus, and MOP (HS 3104.20) for potassium (Figure A.3). Bilateral tariff data obtained from the 2007 MacMap database for Urea, DAP and MOP, serve as reference bilateral tariffs for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively. The production technology for the three fertiliser sectors is derived from IFA (2013b). The rest of the chemicals sector is then calculated residually.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While regional and country-level frameworks can contribute to directing donor funds into the areas which need them most, it is also important for governments and multilateral groups to support networking and collaboration between different groups in order to avoid duplication, and foster complementarity and synergy between activities. However, there have been a number of promising collaborations on ESD between ministries and mass media outlets. In an innovative approach from Samoa, the Climate Change Quiz Competition involved colleges across the country, and was televised live over a period of several nights. This competition engaged students and teachers, and helped to raise public awareness of environmental issues and information. In Guyana, under the Mangrove Management Programme, the MoE developed teaching materials as well as a complementary DVD of a programme entitled Holding Back the Sea. On their own, these resources might be unremarkable, but what is special is that the programme is aired regularly on Guyana’s Learning Channel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These data reveal the relationship between unpaid work and women's lesser engagement in the labour market and their tendency to have more informal and precarious jobs. Hence, it is crucial to consider time distribution in the formulation of policies which, when combined with other sectoral policies, incentivize the redistribution of domestic and care work and promote labour practices that offer alternatives for the organization of time spent on market activities (Marco, 2012). Moreover, the analysis of time spent on care helps to evaluate the importance of reinforcing maternity and paternity leave and the relevance of implementing leave for the care of older persons and household members with some form of disability or chronic illness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This could be because certain care job characteristics, in particular the w orking hours, allow workers to strike a balance between paid work and meeting the care needs of their families. This percentage is somewhat higher (71.3%) for domestic woikers —especially female domestic workers— and low'er (61.8%) for other care workers (see figure III. Furthermore, although the proportion of woikers living in households with children has declined across the board owing to changing fertility rates and population ageing throughout the region, the decreases have been more marked in the rest of the employed population than among care workers and less substantial among female domestic w orkers than among other w oikers in the care sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Better defining the different types of rural regions in Morelos should help in developing appropriate policy responses to each of their most distinct challenges. Development programmes and institutional support are channelled to promote agricultural production and, where appropriate, support producers. However, an integrated perspective on the complex process of more broadly defined development of rural areas is missing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
On the provider side, the process of augmenting local autonomy would need to be undertaken in incremental steps, and will depend on robust performance management. It could start with transformation of selected hospitals into prospectively-funded organisations, where managers are given some autonomy for day-to-day decisions (say mainly financial management) under agreed performance targets monitored by the payer (REPSS, for instance). This system could evolve later towards a model of corporatised organisations with greater autonomy but where hospitals keep their public status, similar to the Foundation Trusts created in the United Kingdom, or public hospitals operating as state-owned enterprises in other health systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Policies to promote equity in education by ensuring a basic minimum standard of education for all and by limiting the influence of personal and social circumstances on educational potential should thus also be beneficial for earnings equality. Building on unconditional quantile regressions, Fournier and Koske (2012) use a methodology close to the one proposed by Firpo etal. ( The United States is used as reference country so that each country’s 90/10 percentile ratio is compared with the 90/10 percentile ratio of the United States. For each explanatory variable, the composition effect is constructed from a comparison of the variable’s mean in the two countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and pollution associated with power generation are high. Despite recent increases in energy prices, they remain below cost-reflective levels, with high levels of public subsidy (particularly for residential tariffs), which lowers the incentive to invest in energy efficiency. The differentiated gas price structure has resulted in a level of cross-subsidy, placing a heavy burden on the Ukrainian state budget.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For instance, low rates and lax enforcement (e.g. illegal abstractions, underreporting of consumption) prevent abstraction charges from being effective instruments for water policies, while low pollution charges do not significantly change the behaviour of polluters. Water markets are a step in the right direction, but they tend to be poorly designed and can lead to over-abstraction. Payment for ecosystem services (PES) schemes are in place and the Pact recently adopted by the new Mexican administration explicitly requests that they be strengthened (commitment 66).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This paper studies fundamentalism, from the perspective of the tension between communicability and incommunicability, perceived in the religious dynamics in general. After a brief historical background on the subject, it focuses on the religious side of fundamentalism. Next, fundamentalism is approached in the context of its specific contradiction: the incommunicability of dogmatism, based on literalism, the incapacity for dialogue and extremist political actions, including terrorism, in permanent tension with the communicational need for visibility and recognition. Therefore, there is a specific communicational condition within the incommunicability of the processes of dogmatization and dialogical closure inscribed in fundamentalist phenomena. We call this a communicative propensity to promote incommunicability. Finally, religious fundamentalism is postulated as a proselytizing of legitimation, tensioning the poles between dogma and bond, by adopting, contradictorily, the radicalization of both, and testing the limits of tolerance in modernity
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It should also be accepted by the authorising entity that is not yet defined for the Nordic Assessment. Acceptance of a report signifies that the material has not been subjected to section-by-section or line-by-line discussion and agreement, but nevertheless presents a comprehensive and balanced view of the subject matter. The summary for policy makers should be approved by the Steering Committee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The deserts of central, Zaunguzskij and south-eastern Karakum, as well as other deserted lands, occupy more than 80 per cent of the country. Almost 20 per cent of the country’s territory is covered by mountains: the Kopetdag Mountains and, to the north, the separated mountain ridges of Small and Grand Balkhany. The Koytendag Mountains are located to the east, as well as the highest peaks of the country, up to 3,140 m above sea level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Gas booster and flare equipment must have been in use for at least 12 months in 2 different commercial landfill gas projects and have been shown to comply with the South African requirements for safety and environmental performance. Alongside opening the clean energy infrastructure market so as to increase competition, governments often want to develop the SOE’s ability to compete in that market. Resolving this challenge often involves a mix of partially opening the market and keeping a share of it for the SOE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
How labour market information could contribute to the design of various employment services is likewise a challenge given the wide-ranging services involved: job matching, vocational guidance, information dissemination, organising job fairs, subsidies for unemployed workers, wage subsidies, and on-the-job training. Flexibility in the management of labour market policies and programmes is central to optimising their contribution to competitiveness, inclusion and prosperity at the local level. Flexibility can take the form of the involvement of local offices in the design of programmes, freedom to choose how to spend budgets, the possibility to negotiate performance targets and choose target groups for programmes, and the opportunity to collaborate with other actors (see Box 3.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Over the last decade, international investment law has become an increasingly relevant discipline. To some extent, the law’s rise to prominence merely follows factual developments, namely the increased importance of foreign direct investment. Yet another factor would seem to be equally important: International law has accepted an increasingly broad notion of ‘investment’, and thereby included a heterogeneous range of economic transactions into the area of investment law and within the potential jurisdiction of investment tribunals. The study under review, a doctoral dissertation submitted by Jan-Frederik Belling, analyses this latter factor, and in so doing, helps us appreciate the surprising rise to prominence of a niche area of law whose future, a generation ago, seemed at best uncertain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Figure 5 displays the share of bonus payments in earnings for employees in finance and in the rest of the economy. On average, bonuses account for 14% of earnings in finance and 8% in other sectors (statistically different at the 0.1% level). In a few countries (the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Greece), their share in finance exceeds 20%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Long-term projections of continuing growth in London’s economy and population (various scenarios are examined in the London Plan) are an essential input to the EDS. All proposals in the EDS must be consistent with the spatial strategy set out in the London Plan. The TfL is the statutory authority responsible for ensuring the deliveiy of the MTS. The MTS takes into account the emerging policies in the London Plan and the EDS and is supported by a detailed evidence base, including the “Travel in London” report, strategic transport models and recommendations from the Outer London Commission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Source: OECD (2014), Mental Health and Work: Netherlands, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/ 9789264223 301-en. Potentially this is a gap which should be filled to ensure a smooth transition from lower to upper-secondary education or to give youth who are already NEET a second chance in the education system. For example in Denmark, municipal youth guidance centres provide both counselling for young people up to the age of 25 in their critical transition from lower to upper-secondary' education, and follow-up up on those who drop out of upper-secondary education (Box 3.12).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Foreign investment, for example, has contributed to the development of fertiliser production in Brazil, FDI has also been very important in the sugar and ethanol sectors, driving their technological development. Interest rates are high in international terms, largely due to high risk premiums on lending. Opinion surveys show that local businesses feel there is limited availability of financial services and venture capital opportunities and they consider loans difficult to obtain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Previous conferences gave guidance to inputs to Micronesia's GEF Project and Program priorities, and most recently to the ‘Ridge to Reef country project and a Small Grants programme focusing on access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources. With thanks to Alissa Takesy, Department of Resources and Development, for providing information and review of this case study. A key lesson learnt is that in order for biodiversity policy to have impact on the ground and therefore also at the sub-national and local levels, synergies and overlaps need to be identified and addressed at the national level. In particular through the creation of the Ministry of Environment (MINAM), the Agency for Protected Areas and the Agency for Environmental Assessment and Enforcement (OEFA), a strong political capacity for environmental policy has been developed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Lastly, Blockchain is generating cost-efficiencies through self-managed networks, enabling secure and error-free peer-to-peer connectivity for vast numbers of loT devices. Industry analysts estimate, for example, that by 2020, 50 per cent of all new operating assets will be self-sustaining (IDC, 2017). Cloud computing infrastructure is a key enabler for loT, Al, BDA and Blockchain solutions, but in many developing economies, infrastructure deficiencies hamper the uptake of such solutions. The lack of supporting infrastructure, such as Internet exchange points (IXPs), reliable and inexpensive electricity supply and robust fibre-optic backbones, affects the deployment of national data centres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The program has used case studies in combination with a national/regional postal and follow-up Internet inquiry to provide information on participation in outdoor recreational activities as well as associated motivations, constraints, economic and social factors [Fredman etai 2008]. The postal survey included a national sample of 4,700 and regional oversampling in three regions [two urban proximate and one coastal] of 2,300. The aims of the report was to describe nature tourism from both tourism provider and consumer points of view, to propose a definition of nature tourism, to examine present tourism statistics and other sources of knowledge from a Swedish nature tourism perspective, and to present suggestions on how nature tourism in Sweden can be better measured and quantified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Publicity, advocacy, education and even legislation can also be used to bring about ideological, cultural and behavioural changes so as to reduce high levels of retail and domestic food waste in the developed world. Available from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/oct/26/palm-oil-initiative-carbon-emissions (accessed 14 March 2011). The dairy and beef sector of the United Kingdom accounted for over 24 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtC0,e) of CH4 and N,0 emissions in 2005, compared with 2 MtCO,e from the poultry sector (Radov and others, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Further complicating is the fact that there is also overlap in health effects between PM2.5 and N02. It is not clear to what extent health effects are different when people are exposed to a combination or cocktail of different pollutants. In real life, exposure to such a cocktail is the most likely situation. Important to note is that there is no doubt that PM2.5 has significant negative impacts on health and should be kept as a representative tracer of such effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The reserve needed to ensure the stability of the electrical system depends on the size of the largest or two largest units. Also, the system must meet electricity demand and provide sufficient reserve capacity when the largest unit is disconnected from the grid during planned or unplanned outages. A generally accepted rule is that the capacity of the largest generating unit should be limited to 10% of the minimal power demand in the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Available at www.world-nuclear.org/ uploadedFiles/REPORT_OptimizCapacity.pdf. The present chapter broadens and deepens the treatment of system effects. Section 4.1 provides an overview of system effects or externalities in the power sector with the help of the comprehensive system cost matrix. It will also characterise more specifically the system effects at the grid-level, such as additional investments in the grid transport infrastructure, short-term balancing and long-term backup capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Women’s full integration into the economy is a desirable goal for equity and efficiency in OECD and non-OECD countries alike. The challenge for policy makers is to find ways and means to reduce barriers to greater gender equality in employment, thereby providing more opportunities to pursue individual aspirations and boost economic growth. Over the 2002-12 period the (unweighted) female labour force participation rate increased by just over 1 percentage point to 61% on average across the Asia/Pacific region (ILO, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Figures for the period 2006-2016 amount to US$54.7 billion in concessional financing and US$40.6 billion in non-concessional financing. However, it is worth noting that given the breadth of the OECD reporting categories, not all reported support can be attributed to ICT connectivity or e-commerce. South-South partners are also becoming increasingly important providers of ICT financing, but data on their financing flows is limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In addition, a large number of other sectoral laws and institutions still impact the sector of land use and management. It also means likely delays for project development, including of urban infrastructure. Importantly, given the pressing needs for development under urbanisation, the complexity and opaqueness of the system also open the door to corruption. An immediate policy action should be to review existing legislation and regulations in order to streamline the regulatory framework and reduce the administrative burden that hampers developments and land regularisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Like most OECD countries Kazakhstan seems to be experiencing difficulties in making general practice attractive to medical graduates (vs other medical specialist training) despite an increase in the number of training places. A number of OECD countries have recognised that other factors influence the choice of specialty training beyond the number of places available. Strategies which have been proved successful include offering training places in primary care facilities (outside hospitals), improving the relative remuneration of general practice, and reducing the workload and isolation often associated with general practice by promoting group practices and team work - as detailed below (OECD, 2016d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Greater livestock numbers will also be required in order to meet the demand for additional meat through the outlook period, resulting in growing environmental concerns. Significant scope remains for improved productivity in both meat and dairy production, particularly in developing regions, which will be key to the growth of a sustainable livestock sector. The cost of compliance to environmental regulations will also impact the regional concentration of livestock production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Given that most hospitals are publicly owned, potential exists for further central-led efforts to achieve efficiency gains in the Hungarian hospital system (Section 5.3). Only a small proportion of doctors are general practitioners (GPs) (about 12% only in 2010, the latest year available), with most doctors being specialists. Furthermore, nearly half of GPs are over 60 years old, while only 10% are younger than 40 years, a factor that is expected to further reduce access to primary care when the older generation of GPs retire.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A core group of five donors, the European Union (EU) institutions, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom (UK) and the World Bank Group, provided approximately two-thirds of total concessional financing over the 2006-2016 period. Various methodological difficulties arise in estimating donor support for ICT connectivity and e-commerce. Indeed, the OECD CRS categories only offer a partial reflection of the elements discussed in the World Trade Organization's (WTO) E-Commerce Work Programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The effective and efficient use of funding is also an issue, particularly at local levels of government where the lack of capacity may hinder the implementation of investment plans. Indicator systems are costly, both directly (i.e. the cost of development and implementation) and indirectly (i.e. opportunity costs and the potential for inadvertent generation of unintended consequences). They can also increase the administrative burden on the reporting organisation and its staff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is unlikely, even with the best pollution and waste control measures in the world. Climate change is the most prominent example of such market failure. Eco-tax reform (ETR) uses fiscal policy measures to steer economic burdens away from economically beneficial activities (such as employment) towards environmentally harmful activities (such as the generation of pollution). With this approach, decision-making at every level, by the individual in society up to the highest national Government forum, is steered towards minimizing the environmental impacts of growth. While infrastructure expands, it locks economies into specific patterns of resource use (such as energy) for decades into the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In other words, the ARAC MLA operates as an international passport to trade. The inflow of FDI often brings capital, skills and managerial know-how to developing countries and provides opportunities to local firms to supply products and services to FDI firms. This encourages greater integration of host countries into global value chains and provides them increased access to foreign markets (UNCTAD, 2013). During the early stages of industrialisation, developing countries usually have a comparative advantage in labour-intensive industries, because production costs in high-income countries are much higher meaning such industries are less profitable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)