albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Shortly after this, the world economy fell into a financial crisis, with a negative influence upon the Vietnamese economy. Many investors stopped investing or limited the scale of production and services. As the Vietnamese economy relies on exports, the global financial crisis resulted in an increase in unemployment (hundreds of thousands people became unemployed as export contracts were cancelled).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The first concern is with respect to the expected scale and role of private sector engagement in infrastructure development. As noted in section B, through history, domestic public financing for infrastructure development has been dominant, and experience suggests that such public sector dominance will continue even if private finance grows in the years ahead. Even today, where private finance exists, it comes in together with public funding. In Africa, domestic public finance accounts for 66 per cent of total infrastructure finance (G20, 2011: 7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The ‘commons’ is not mentioned in the texts of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) or Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (P‐1). This essay argues that ‘possessions’ — which does appear in the latter — should be interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) to protect commons against national governments' undue interferences. The argument comprises two parts. First, we analyse the polysemic term ‘possessions’ to show how the current understanding of this category is marred by flawed assumptions and by false dichotomies. Then, we propose an ‘ecological’ construction of legal relationships between subjects and objects. We find support in the ECtHR case law on Article 8. We argue this approach should be extended to Article 1 P‐1: once disentangled from possessive individualism and market paradigms, ‘possessions’ encompass the commons and the category offers a solid legal basis toward the justiciability in Strasbourg of privatisations
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The New Urban Agenda - the outcome document of Habitat III adopted in Quito in October 2016 - identifies National Urban Policy as one of the key tenets for achieving sustainable development and growth. To take this process forward, UN-Habitat's Action Framework for Implementation of the New Urban Agenda has identified National Urban Policy as the first pillar for this implementation. This is the first ever report to monitor and evaluate National Urban Policies at the global scale, covering 150 countries across all continents, building on shared methodologies and processes across our two Organisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The app and its associated data are free and designed to remove barriers for the benefit of Myanmar's farming communibes. To date, Site Pyo has received over 260,000 downloads, a year after its launch on Peasant Day in Myanmar on 2 March 2016. The FAO has introduced a Digital Services Portfolio in Rwanda and Senegal to provide smallholder farmers with mobile apps and informabon on nutribon, market prices, animal health and weather forecasts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This essay investigates the complex relationships between the decentralisation reform and implementation of the 1999 land laws in the rural areas of Tanzania. After critically reviewing the aims, content and early outcomes of the Local Government Reform Programme (LGRP), the essay considers the political implications of the neo‐liberal citizenship model the reform tries to promote at the local level, with a particular focus on its link with the implementation of the Village Land Act of 1999. Behind the rhetoric of poverty reduction and community development lies a government effort to promote a market model of citizenship in the rural areas. Indeed, the implementation of the LGRP and land tenure reform represent part of this broader effort. The paper concludes that these policies will have far‐reaching effects on resource access and democracy at the local level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since its emergence in the 1970s, feminist scholarship has claimed to be corrective and transformative. Through original research about the experiences of the majority of the world's population, that is, women, feminist scholars have sought to correct omissions and distortions that permeate political science. Through the use of gender as an analytical tool, they have illuminated social and political relations neglected by mainstream accounts, advanced alternative explanations of political phenomena, demonstrated the defects of competing hypotheses, and debunked opposing views. Despite such impressive accomplishments, feminist political science has not become a dominant paradigm within the discipline. Few doctoral programs allow students to develop areas of concentration in feminist approaches to political studies. Few routinely include feminist scholarship in proseminars in American politics, comparative politics, international relations, political theory, public law, or public policy. None requires familiarity with leading feminist scholarship as a criterion of professional competence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Savings' made from cutting back on government funding of public services often increase demands on unpaid care and domestic work. Because these hidden costs are not recognized in economic planning, this can create the illusion of efficiency gains when in fact costs are being transferred from the public sector to the private sphere.32 In the health sector, for example, efficiency may seem to increase when the time that patients spend in the hospital decreases and as a result the cost of providing treatment per patient appears to drop. But cuts to public health expenditure can have substantial and unrecognized knock-on effects for caregivers in households, who may be forced to take time off paid work to care for a sick family member.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Not doing so may undermine the very benefits of having achieved a liberalised electricity market. India’s Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is, for example, currently testing a computer software application to monitor and report on progress of selected projects under the National Solar Mission (CEEW and NRDC, 2012). Competitive procurement such as tendering can be a useful option for developing countries in this regard. As mentioned previously, tendering can also help reduce the level of financial support needed by clean energy providers (see Chapter 2). In addition to being clear and transparent, tenders should consider several dimensions related to the quality of the bid, in addition to price.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Denmark performed around OECD average in problem-solving in PISA 2012. Less 15-year-olds in Denmark are excellent problem-solvers (8.7%) compared to the OECD average (11.4%). Pre-primary education in Denmark includes kindergartens and pre-school classes. Children have guaranteed access to day care, as local councils must ensure the necessary number of places for children in their municipality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A system consisting of N elements must thus continue to function properly, even if the largest element in the system fails. True security of energy supply requires partial redundancy in the form of parallel paths or loop structures. Negative reserve margins indicate that countries were required to cover at least part of the year a certain amount of their electricity consumption through imports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The ultimate goal is to “support the drive to improve the well-being of humanity, the bottom billion, in particular (USM, 2010). From 2005 to 2008, bachelor’s degrees granted decreased from 18 541 to 15 088, master’s degrees increased from 5 142 to 5 245 and PhDs increased from 1 379 to 2 213 (USM, 2008). Developing the pool of highly qualified researchers and engineers is critical to the capacity of the region to compete on the basis of design and development and innovation in electrical and electronics (E&E) and other industries. A tracer study of students graduating from the Universiti Sains Malaysia in 2007 and 2008 shows a similar pattern.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Debates on language rights as integral elements of human rights have gathered momentum since the early 1990s. International organisations such as the Council of Europe (CoE) and the United Nations (UN) have advocated linguistic rights through various charters and conventions, albeit with wavering levels of success. This article focuses specifically on the European context and the manner in which the CoE has dealt with language rights in the continent. The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), the European Charter for Regional and Minority languages (ECRML) and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (FCPNM) are discussed in light of the region’s contemporary linguistic makeup. Current inequalities in the application of language recognition provide an area of special concern. For example, while speakers of ‘indigenous’ (or autochthonous) minority languages have apparently enjoyed an improving status in recent decades, the position of immigrant (or allochthonous) languages i...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, economic development between 1960 and 1989 resulted in a significant deterioration of the w'ater quality of the Danube and domestic rivers. It was agreed that transitional arrangements would mn until 31 December 2018, with intermediate targets for the collection and treatment of urban wastewater. Council Directive 91/271/EEC, as amended by Commission Directive 98/15/EC,47 was fully transposed into Romanian legislation through GD No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Abstract: Acapulco epitomises the (in)security of urban zones in the Americas whose geographical, political and economic divisions are exacerbated by the political economy and geopolitics of drug trafficking, as well as by militarised attempts to fight it. Various geographic, political, and economic factors in the Acapulco Metropolitan Zone (AMZ) have impacted drug trafficking and organised crime and contributed to high levels of violence. As a result, Acapulco now ranks among the 50 most violent cities in the world. This article analyses the trends in drug trafficking and organised crime in the AMZ, and highlights the lessons for scholars and policy-makers. Keywords: Drug Trafficking, Urbanisation, Militarisation, Acapulco, Mexico, Criminology, Other-ness. Introduction Mexico’s ‘war on drugs’ began in 2006 when President Felipe Calderon launched a mili-tary campaign against drug trafficking and organised crime. The results have been under-whelming, in the subsequent decade, the ‘war on drugs’
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The limited information contained in surveys does not allow more exact identification of the composition of transfers in the other countries that saw this type of income increase. First, the crises studied were characterized by falling employment rates, that is, the average unemployment rate rose. However, during those same periods, otherwise inactive persons tended to enter the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The proportion of first-generation immigrant students who did not attain baseline academic proficiency (61 %) was greater than the proportion of second-generation immigrant students who did not (43%). This difference of almost 19 percentage-points is greater than the OECD average of 11 percentage-points. In Sweden, first-generation immigrant students were 38 percentage points more likely than native students to under-perform academically (not reach at least proficiency Level 2 in the three PISA core domains).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This has reportedly led to instances where donor aid was redirected towards an increase in international reserves or not disbursed at all, despite the existence of domestic needs and the ability of the Government to absorb it.s This example illustrates incoherence between national development objectives and international policy agendas. Using the new international poverty line of $1.25 per person per day in 2005 purchasing power parities (PPPs), as defined by the World Bank, 1.4 billion people, representing about 26 per cent of the developing world’s population, lived in poverty in 2005 (see figure II.1, and box II.2 for a discussion of the thorny issue of defining poverty). There are, however, large regional variations in the poverty trends (see figures II.2 and II.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
On the international capital side a dynamic module for international investment has been implemented. Potentially other modules can be implemented, like a module on imperfect competition. As demand increases, more land will be used for agricultural production leading to land scarcity and therefore increased land prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Where distortionary policies are used by countries with limited fiscal resources and a large number of rural poor households, developing policies that provide for a more effective and efficient response to targeted market failures are perhaps more important. The ineffective nature of many distortionary policies in addressing policy objectives and the efficiency costs imposed potentially carry a higher opportunity cost as they direct government attention and limited resources away from policies that can, in the long run, overcome the challenges faced by their domestic producers. They have also helped some governments move away from export subsidies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
What is an effective and efficient urban transport system? It is one that can satisfy the numerous and diverse requirements of the metropolitan mobility, including minimizing travelling time between various locations, while at the same time internalises externalities to positively affect the well-being and the quality of life of the citizens of that area. This requires that the appropriate authorities transform the available land and financial resources, both limited capital inputs, into relevant transport infrastructure and networks to provide, what is considered, the right combination between the various motorized individual or collective/public and non-motorized transport modes, as well as easy transfers between them to meet the mobility demand (figure 1.1.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The OECD is supporting this process through this paper and its broader work linking ODA and STI for inclusive development. The findings are expected to complement other analysis made by the Interagency Task Team on Science, Technology and Innovation, the G20 and other actors. These two approaches, which can be considered as “top-down” or bottom-up”, have different benefits and limitations. The available data of both approaches come from different sources designed for different purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Table of contents - 6[-]Introduction - 8[-]Multiculturalism and Immigration - 24[-]Native-Immigrant Boundaries and Ethnic and Racial Inequalities - 36[-]Coherence, Difference, and Citizenship: A Genealogy of Multiculturalism - 52[-]Indecent Exposure: Picturing the Horror of 9/11 - 68[-]-The Dead Are Our Redeemers : Culture, Belief, and United 93 - 82[-]Real American Heroes: Attacking Multiculturalism through the Discourse of Heroic Sacrifice - 94[-]-America under Attack : Unity and Division after 9/11 - 106[-]-This Godless Democracy : Terrorism, Multiculturalism, and American Self-Criticism in John Updike - 120[-]Multiculturalism in American History Textbooks before and after 9/11 - 134[-]A Kinder, Gentler Europe? Islam, Christianity, and the Divergent Multiculturalisms of the New West - 148[-]Slavery, Memory, and Citizenship in Transatlantic Perspective - 166[-]Are We All Americans? 9/11 and Discourses of Multiculturalism in the Netherlands - 182[-]-How could this have happened in Holland? American Perceptions of Dutch Multiculturalism after 9/11 - 192[-]About the Contributors - 208[-]Index - 214
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Moreover, female employment in the informal sector is characterised by a predominance of unpaid care work and a vulnerable job status. However, the lack of gender-disaggregated data makes it difficult to evaluate and monitor female entrepreneurship in the MENA region. This drops to 22% during the early stage of the business life course, and the decrease continues to just 17% of established businesses. The proportion is far lower than in other emerging and developed economies. While TEA gender gaps barely exist in other emerging economies (e.g. Indonesia, Malaysia, or Brazil), the gap is significant in the six countries under review (Figure 1.8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
On both metrics, the largest poverty reductions, above 60%, are observed in Slovenia and Spain. By contrast, imputed rents have almost no effect on reducing exposure to poverty in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, or Luxembourg. Portugal’s adoption of a floating poverty line actually leads to a greater risk of relative poverty among the elderly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This paper offers insights and perspectives on the jurisdiction of law enforcement authorities (LEAs) under international law and reviews current approaches to the territoriality principle and trans-border access to data for LEAs to conduct criminal investigations, controversial topics that are currently in the center of discussions, both at the international and national level. The views and perspectives offered in this paper seek to contribute to the international debate on cross-border access to data by LEAs and how the principles on internet jurisdiction should evolve in order to turn the administration of the criminal justice system more efficient, dynamic and compliant with the needs to obtain and secure evidence while respecting data protection safeguards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Withdrawal and covert forms of resistance may have been natural responses to lessons that they could not follow and in which they had no control. But even these behaviours put students at risk of failing examinations, and consequently dropping out or being lastingly labelled as failures. Students from poor households had few support mechanisms if they were doing badly, and unlike middle class students, could not take it for granted that they would pass their SSCs one way or another.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Similarly, growth in more unequal countries can be much slower than that in countries with low initial levels of inequality (Benabou, 1996). One of the important ways in which inequality has created economic instability is through its impact on the generation of finance-driven business cycles (Galbraith, 2012). Some evidence of this has been seen in the much-debated relationship between inequality and the onset of economic recession. In the years prior to the crisis, the poor (who consume a relatively greater share of their income) had falling shares of national income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A similar result holds for groundwater. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reported in its 2014 assessment that it is virtually certain that climate change will reduce renewable water resources substantially in most dry, subtropical regions, resulting in scarcity of drinking water and biomass-based fuels.63 Many of these regions lie in Sub-Saharan Africa and other less developed parts of the world, where women and girls already spend considerable time each day in meeting these requirements for their homes. Should there continue to be a lack of relevant infrastructure or more equitable sharing between men and women, climate change will further reduce choices for women. Paid work provides economic autonomy along with opportunities for participation and social interaction, as well as for enhancing skills and capabilities, helping boost self-esteem and confidence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Local governments can provide a platform - which can be a tourist service centre - to exhibit local arts and crafts, products and services. That can spur more start-ups and business dynamism in the tourism sector, of which the great majority are micro and small enterprises. However, banks holding more risk may increase lending interest rates in response.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In some instances, these restrictions apply only in the case of successive contracts for the same job. For example, in France, a worker can be employed repeatedly by the same company on a standard fixed-term contract if this is done on different posts each time. In other cases, it is possible to derogate from restrictions imposed by regulations if the justification of the fixed-term contract changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Conversely, Germany has witnessed slow household income growth and an increase in income inequality, which jointly explain a significantly lower improvement in living standards during 1995-07. Sweden and the United States have performed fairly well on employment reduction and income growth, which have compensated for relatively small improvements in longevity and the rise in inequality observed in those two countries. Moreover, four countries have failed to make progress in reducing employment (Austria, Germany, Czech Republic, Portugal), while only four countries have managed to reduce inequality (Belgium, Hungary, Italy, New Zealand).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In response to the emergence of urban poverty since the mid-1990s, the Government has shifted its emphasis to means-tested social assistance programmes as a major tool for combating poverty and maintaining social stability. As a result, the coverage of the Minimum Living Standard Guarantee System has been growing since the late 1990s, particularly in the coastal areas. In the western and central provinces, however, a significant proportion of the eligible population remains uncovered owing to insufficient funds at the disposal of local governments (Tang, Shaand Ren, 2003). Meanwhile, there is some support for housing, health care, education, employment and social services, but some argue that it needs to be further institutionalized (Leung, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Adverse negative impacts on these vulnerable habitats have been documented as result of bottom fishing (Buhl-Mortensen et al. Increasing pressures from human activities within Arctic and sub-Arctic waters, poses additional risk to VMEs and it is thus urgent to map the seafloor in these areas to facilitate a sustainable management of the VMEs found there. Management entities like the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR) and the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) have published lists of vulnerable ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This empirical information is used to calibrate a microeconomic model to simulate farmers’ responses to different risk environments and policy changes. The conclusions in terms of risk assessment and policy implications are subject to the standard caveats and limitations associated with this methodology. First, the samples of fanners that have been selected may not be fully representative of the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This chapter introduces MPIs and shows how they add value to a monetary poverty measure or a dashboard. Differently from the index of material deprivation discussed before, MPIs reflect a view of poverty that remains multidimensional, being grounded in Sen's capability approach. In contrast, measures of material deprivation focus on a single underlying phenomenon, material deprivation, and seek to describe it using various indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)