albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In 27 out of the 37 countries with available data, an individual can teach at the pre-primary level of education after earning a bachelor’s degree or equivalent (ISCED level 6) at the end of initial teacher education. However, there are some exceptions. In the Slovak Republic, pre-primary teachers can start teaching w ith an upper secondary diploma, but an increasing number of teachers have now a bachelor or a master degree, in Germany and Ireland, they can begin teaching after graduating from a post-secondary vocational programme, in Austria, they typically start initial teacher training at age 14 when they enter upper secondary education, and graduate at ISCED level 5 after two years of a short tertiary cycle programme (e.g. higher technical and vocational college).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The unbalanced growth model is based around exploiting scale economies and complementarities in favoured sectors that can induce more investment and productivity growth. Those sectors, in Hirschman’s framework, have more backward and forward linkages, the former referring to provision of inputs from other activities and sectors, the latter to demand for new activities. The development policy challenge is, accordingly, about identifying lead sectors, addressing missing linkages and strengthening inter-industry and intersectoral interdependencies to boost productivity growth. In this sequence, infrastructure would follow rather than lead the growth process. It is laigely around this sequencing issue that differences between balanced and unbalanced growth strategies emerged in early development policy debates (see box 4.2). Despite these differences, there was general agreement that in most developing countries, investment in general, and in infrastructure, in particular, involves a series of non-marginal adjustments that are poorly coordinated by markets and for which planning techniques of various kinds are desirable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Requests to utilize larger portions or the full publication should be addressed to the Communication Unit at florence@unicef.org. The Measurement of Food Insecurity among Children: Review of literature and concept note, Innocenti Working Paper No.2015-08, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. The prime objectives of the Office of Research are to improve international understanding of issues relating to children's rights and to help facilitate full implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in developing, middle-income and industrialized countries. Through strengthening research partnerships with leading academic institutions and development networks in both the North and South, the Office seeks to leverage additional resources and influence in support of efforts towards policy reform in favour of children. For that reason, some publications may not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Larger companies may also use public offerings on capital markets (stocks, bonds). While this method of financing is currently underdeveloped in the MENA region, it is receiving growing attention from public authorities. The entrepreneur also has to choose whether to welcome other partners into the management of the business (by opening its equity portfolio to investors), or whether to retain independent control over the decision-making process (and opt for bank credit).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Criteria on the attribution of costs to services with public goods characteristics, such as flood control, should be harmonised according to transparent criteria. Higher, cost-reflective prices for irrigation water would also go a long way in reducing groundwater pollution through the use of chemicals. Numerous studies have shown that more efficient water use reduces agricultural pollution (e.g. Calatrava and Garrido, 2010). A recent government report (MMA, 2007a) shows that access to these data needs to be improved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In some states, there is scope to increase tariff levels and change tariff structures to enhance efficient uses of water, allocate water where it creates most value, and at least cover the operation and maintenance costs. Setting Mexican water policies on a sustainable financial path will contribute to commitments 6 and 65 of the Pact, and will facilitate the implementation of commitments 50, 51 and 52. There is a need to identify and clearly allocate the responsibilities at each level of government, strengthen enforcement and compliance, and sharpen focus on the capacity and financial sustainability of utilities, the efficiency and quality of service provision, and the responsiveness to users. Commitment 52 of the Pact, to approve a new law on drinking water and sanitation, provides the opportunity and the political momentum to define responsibilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Roads are built only up to the geographic limits of the city or city administration. Legal obstacles, for instance the Budget Code, prevent the use of budgets for investment projects across cities or even regions. Under the current rules, each territory requires an administrator, but two administrators are not permitted to manage a project, so the project must be conducted under the auspices of the central government. No flexibility is granted to tailor the governance arrangements to the local area, and local co-operation is lacking. Akims have no incentives to work together, and since they are appointed and assessed by akims at the upper level, their relationships appear to be more competitive than co-operative. It is true that vertical co-ordination is mostly guaranteed through the way vertical relations work across levels of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A lack of policy co-ordination and institutional inertia can hinder the translation of policy orientations into a policy mix that responds adequately to new challenges and the evolving needs of the actors of the innovation system and their interplay. The distinction between policy formulation and policy implementation functions should be clear. They require different types of competencies and are subject to different accountability requirements. Confusion of functions can generate conflicts of interest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Tanja Westfall-Greiter describes the strategy of creating teacher learning leaders (lerndesigners^ in the current Austrian reform (Neue Mittelschule or NMS). Judy Halbert and Linda Kaser discuss a leadership programme in British Columbia, Canada that engages leaders together in a “spiral of inquiry” about learning in their own school and networked activity across sites. The New York City examples described by Roser Salavert cover Professional Learning Communities, coaching, teacher teams, and student “voice”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is equivalent to roughly a quarter of the OECD average (10.6 tonnes). While China's per capital emission comes closer to half of the OECD average, the level of India stands at only 1.3 tonnes of C02. To be sure, the level of per capita emission varies considerably across countries in Developing Asia. As will be discussed in the following chapter, the level of Brunei Darussalam and Singapore already exceeds or is close to the OECD average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
After almost three decades of democratic rule and free-market reforms, Brazil remains a country beset with serious socioeconomic problems. There is growing skepticism today about the state’s capacity to act independently of narrow, private interests (Kingstone and Power, 2008, Kingstone, 2012). At the federal, state, and municipal levels, there is a lack of effective governance, especially in the field of social policy. Moreover, the prevalence of corruption, nepotism, favoritism, and clientelism has hindered efforts to effectively address social problems. In a sign of increasing political frustration, Brazilians—the middle class in particular—have taken their dissatisfaction to the streets.1 Among other things, they are demanding better transportation, health, education, and law enforcement services. The recent slowdown of the Brazilian economy has also intensified political discontent.2
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, it is interesting to note the very strong increase in total redistribution during the first Thatcher government in the United Kingdom (Table 7.3), which cannot be explained by policy reforms. The scatter plot suggests, however, that this link is stronger in some countries than in others. The flat trend line for the United States is, for instance, consistent with relatively weak automatic inequality-dampening properties of the US tax-benefit system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In OECD countries, rural population shrank throughout the second half of the 20th century, while urban population grew (OECD/China Development Research Foundation, 2010). However, empirical evidence shows that the proximity to urban centres can have positive impacts on the population grow'th rate of rural regions, as they can potentially benefit from better access to services and markets (Veneri and Ruiz, 2013, OECD, 2015c). Ensuring Sustainable Futures, OECD Studies on Water, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264230149-en.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The presence of calcareous substrates allows a wide distribution of the mussel date Lithophaga lithophaga, often illegally fished and commercially exploited, leading to extensive barrens. It shows that the wider biocenosis in the Adriatic Sea are the biocenosis characteristics of the circalittoral. Coastal and offshore muddy bottoms host sponges, soft corals, sea pens and ascidians, in addition to a rich infauna.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Administrative silence is a phenomenon which contemporary legal systems based on the rule of law, good governance and respect for human rights can no longer afford themselves to ignore. Even if no panacea to this pernicious practice can be found, by uncovering the scope and identifying the reasons for its manifestations in various fields of public administration, plausible solutions can be developed at the legislative as well as at the managerial level. This report thus seeks to do that by analyzing the significance and conceptualization of (the notion) of administrative silence within the strategic and legal framework of Lithuania, its constitutional links, different models thereof, theoretical considerations and—finally—its actual use in practice. The latter part entails delving into data and insights provided by relevant actors vested with powers to eradicate administrative silence, and examining the case law developed by Lithuanian administrative courts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These datasets are very complete, but they were not created for the purpose of describing people’s perceptions of deprivation. We therefore decided to use a methodology similar to the one proposed by Alkire and Foster (2007). The first step was to define the main dimensions of the functionings and capabilities to be studied: housing conditions, health, education and participation in the labour market.1 These dimensions were then divided into 13 indicators, as shown in table 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The need to collect wood is thought to deprive girls (who usually collect the wood) from time spent in school. The IEA reports that women in Uganda walk up to 11 km daily to gather fuel wood (IEA, 2006: 430). It is estimated that in northern India, 2 to 7 hours are spent daily for the collection of biomass for fuel (IEA, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The General Assembly in its resolution 70/1 called for increased support for strengthening data collection and capacity-building and committed to addressing the gap in data collection. Given this substantial gap, strong focus should be placed on efforts to generate and collect reliable country data and information to monitor progress towards achieving SDG 7, especially for countries with special needs including small island developing States. Enhanced regional collaboration on capacity-building to implement SDG 7 should also be prioritized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Some energy efficient devices (e.g. variable speed drives) may be more susceptible to voltage or frequency fluctuations on the grid. Energy efficient devices moreover often involve new technology with low operating experience. The highly technical realities underlying such investments result in investors demanding an implicitly higher rate of return to offset the perceived higher risk of energy efficiency projects. Finally, a perception of high transaction costs can emerge because of the small size of EE projects relative to other projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For developing countries, these schemes can be problematic, as they would raise the price of existing energy sources and other inputs, which could disrupt economic development, at least until new energy sources became available. And they can be particularly problematic, given the potential impact of higher energy prices on the poor. Industrial policies to encourage diffusion of green technologies provide an alternative policy prescription.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Consumers, producers and decision-makers therefore do not receive the accurate price signals necessary to reach decisions about how resources could best be used. Climate change strategies and measures were elaborated in the 2004 and 2006 National Climate Change Programmes. On its board are representatives of the Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Development and the Ministry of Finance and Public Administration, acting as sub-co-ordinators, as well as representatives of the ministries responsible for foreign policy, agriculture and rural development, public works and transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
His concerns were spawned by the rapid increase of population and hence demand for bread and corn that accompanied the early stages of the industrial revolution in England. The result would be a steady-state economy, where periodic famines would limit the population at a level that the available land could sustain. It is obvious that his concerns came to nought and that throughout the 19th century England enjoyed higher rates of growth in economic wealth and population than ever before.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In particular, farmers engaged in the production of export crops and import-competing crops still registered higher levels of vulnerability after Doi Moi than those engaged in non-traded crops or non-farm activities and, in some cases, also a new increase in recent years. This implies that the threat of falling into poverty does not come from an expected mean consumption below the poverty line, but from its high volatility. By further investigating the determinants of consumption volatility we finally highlight the role of risk heterogeneity across households according to their degree of risk exposure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Thefeminization of the labour force associated with a narrowing of the gap between the male and female labour force participation rates generates growth in GDP as measured both by contemporary and by lagged values, and indications exist of a potentially positive effect over the medium term. However, an increase in the number of hours works (labour intensity) bears an inverse relationship to growth, which could be a sign of a negative impact of a reduction in the time devoted to care work unless the shortfall is made up for by the substitution of public or private caregiving services or by the assumption of some of these tasks by other members of the household. In order to verify this intuition, it would be necessary to undertake an analysis of how household labour and savings are influenced by changes in the female labour supply. This is the underlying condition for the feasibility of demand-led growth, but it is also in keeping with the preceding conclusion, since, although low wages in the present may boost growth, wages will have to trend upward if that growth trend is to be sustained.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Data on GDP, working age population, and gross fixed capital formation are from the OECD Annual National Accounts. Average years of schooling of the working age population are from the recently updated version of the Barro and Lee (2013) dataset. The inequality indicators are sourced from the OECD Income Distribution Dataset (IDD).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The observation that the achievement gap between immigrants and natives seems to become larger in secondary education compared to primary education is consistent with experiences in other countries (e.g. Cummins, 1984, Utdanningsdirektoratet, 2007). For immigrant students to develop the academic language necessary for more complex instruction, language instruction in DSL must be provided on an ongoing basis, not only for their first few years in school. Throughout the Folkeskole as well as upper secondary education, the needs-based approach to DSL support should be sustained. In Sweden, for example, all students whose mother tongue is not Swedish have the right to study Swedish as a second language, and this right applies to both compulsory and upper secondary school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
One author who demonstrates this is Katherine Lynch (2011). She concludes that the fact that Western Europe has not seen noticeable levels of “missing women” since the 16th century can be ascribed to family structures, opportunities for paid labour and elements of Christianity that had long been present. This stands in sharp contrast to both the historical and the present-day experience of countries such as India and China. Another example is that of the Western European marriage pattern, which emerged in the late Middle Ages, and was characterised by a shift from parental to individual consent to marriage decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Global Environment Facility is tasked with supporting adaptation under the UNFCCC through the Least Developed Countries Fund and Special Climate Change Fund. More recently, the establishment of the Green Climate Fund offers the potential to scale-up finance for adaptation activities. Seven of the largest MDBs reported providing a total of USD 21 billion to support action on climate change in 2012, of which USD 6 billion was identified by them as supporting adaptation (AfDB et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
One option to increase genuine accountability would be to ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (OPCAT). The OPCAT is a bipartisan-supported UN protocol signed by Australia in 2009. It is as yet unratified.6,8-10 At the time of publication, the OPCAT has been ratified by 78 countries (Box). It was established recognising the need to take measures beyond the simple agreement not to engage in the inhumane treatment of people in detention.8
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nonetheless, as these demographic variables hardly vary over short periods they are not analysed on a disaggregated basis. This variable grew at more than 10% per year in Argentina and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, and between 2.1 % and 3.4% in Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico and Panama. In countries where poverty did not retreat by much, labour income per employed person also played a major role, especially in Costa Rica and El Salvador, although in most cases it was less decisive than other factors, and in some cases moved in the opposite direction, as in the Dominican Republic and Guatemala (see figure 1.23). In Colombia and Nicaragua, the employment rate was at least as important as average income per person employed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article focuses on recent policy in relation to asylum which has created a new social category of asylum seeker, increasingly portrayed as 'undeserving' in contrast to the 'deserving' refugee. Asylum policy in Britain is preoccupied with control, with no national system for the settlement of refugees. The new social support system for asylum seekers, particularly the voucher system and compulsory dispersal, serve to isolate them from society and promote intense social exclusion. Policies to promote the social inclusion of recognized refugees are limited, uneven and dependent on voluntary initiative. They are also harmed by the punitive system of social support for asylum seekers. Acute recent labour shortages, which have forced employers to recruit overseas, have opened up the debate on immigration, and present the possibility of developing a more progressive agenda based on a commitment to human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It acts as a think tank for transport policy and organises the Annual Summit of transport ministers. The ITF is the only global body that covers all transport modes. The ITF is politically autonomous and administratively integrated with the OECD. Our mission is to foster a deeper understanding of the role of transport in economic growth, environmental sustainability and social inclusion and to raise the public profile of transport policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Given that married girls have a very high unmet need for contraception compared to other age groups, targeting them within existing family planning and contraceptive efforts would go a long way in terms of realizing their rights, achieving equity and better health outcomes, and efficiency within systems. This includes supporting advocacy efforts to lift legal and policy barriers impeding access to health services, partnering with governments, civil society and young people to develop and strengthen national programmes delivering quality adolescent sexual and reproductive health services and strengthening young people’s leadership and voice in the process. Service providers should therefore increase the numbers and reach of skilled health workers to provide antenatal, delivery, and post-partum care to adolescent girls. Access to emergency obstetric care is especially important since it would help prevent maternal death and morbidity, including obstetric fistulae.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Scholars have debated both for and against the adoption of the term but they appear to agree that the definition in the Asian setting should be broad enough to encompass the plurality of indigenous groups in question with respect to their historic and country-specific contexts. Working Handbook of Minority Nationalities [CHN: Minzu Gongzuo Shouce], Kunming (CHN): Yunnan People's Publishing House, 1985. The distribution of indigenous peoples into very different geographic subregions and the degree of engagement in indigenous issues by the various nations' actors and the differences within the concerned indigenous peoples themselves differs substantially.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Another five were under preparation as of March 2011. Nevertheless, the NNCP objective of increasing the protected area by 10% by 2015 is unlikely to be achieved. A recent analysis of the adequacy of protected areas in the important Dinaric Arc eco-region in the southwest of the country is a reminder that expanding the network remains a priority: out of 85 species and habitat types identified in the Slovenian part of the eco-region, only 15 are adequately covered by protected areas. Moreover, there are no connecting corridors between the Dinaric Arc eco-region and the Alps, impeding the conservation of migratory species, notably the brown bear. Slovenia currently has three Ramsar sites and several other wetlands with outstanding levels of biodiversity (e.g. the Mura floodplain, the Ljubljana marshes).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)