albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This ranges from 50% in Malaysia to 80% in Singapore, 95% in Korea and up to 100% in China (though it is notable that other security, including equity, may be required by some guarantee providers in China which will affect the effective risk/reward ratio). It is also noteworthy that the tenor of these loans, when provided by commercial banks, is relatively short (commonly 1 year in China, otherwise generally 2-3 years or less), compared with the approach taken by dedicated funds such as MDV in Malaysia (over 5 years with up to 12 months’ repayment holiday). Measures to broaden the availability of skilled valuers are apparent in several markets, though the Japan Patent Office has taken a more direct approach by directing the provision of the valuation reports itself, albeit provided by private sector companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Irrigating rain-fed areas is expected to lead to higher average yields, essentially changing the production technology in a manner that allows more intense production. The amount of land converted to irrigation was calculated by assuming that the water used to irrigate the newly converted land would match the amount of water “saved” as a result of improved water reliability in the first irrigation scenario. However, due to water constraints in some regions, it may not be possible to maximise yields in irrigated areas due to greater demand for water from other users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It should be noted that the NFSA extends an already large food distribution programme, which previously covered about 30% of India’s population. For consumers, data on the consumption profile of the average recipient of NFSA food grain is not available. If it is assumed that the average recipient consumes 75 kg of rice, 62 kg of wheat and 21 kg of coarse grain (average per capita disappearance in 2013), then the programmes provision of 60 kg p.a. Assuming no change in the offer prices, in the rates of inflation and of the USD exchange rate, the effective subsidy in this projection rises to INR 3 076 (USD 29) p.a. A detailed analysis of the NFSA is beyond the scope of this Outlook, but anticipating its overall impact on markets is nevertheless required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Women in rural areas generally lack awareness of licensing processes, which are often complicated, and in a number of MENA economies home-based businesses cannot be registered or obtain a licence. For example, in the UAE, many municipalities require proof of a leased business location before granting a business licence. This prevents women from starting a home-based enterprise (while there is evidence that this would be the choice of many traditional Emirati women).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Preventive social protection involves insurance schemes such as pensions, or risk-pooling mechanisms such as health and unemployment insurance, in order to prevent a drop in living standards during crises or at less productive times in an individual’s life. Both protective and preventive measures can help households avoid ill-advised coping strategies in times of crisis, such as selling productive assets or withdrawing children from school. Promotive social protection may include productive transfers, insurance and credit schemes, labour market interventions, investment in public assets and access to education or skills training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Mobile phone use in Tonga had certainly reached about half of all households by 2009 and had been growing at a rate of 35 per cent between 2003 and 2008. In Samoa, 82 per cent of all households used mobile phones as their most important means of communicating with people overseas, remarkably, the reliance on mobile phones was greatest in Savai’i and least in Apia (Gibson and McKenzie 2011), where land lines are more common. In Tonga, some 77 per cent of households with members temporarily working in New Zealand had a mobile phone (Gibson et al. Although the costs of mobile phone ownership may be high, mobile phones have become as crucial an accessory as anywhere else in the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Tax payers finance about 55% of total water expenditure. Given the strong increases in federal budget for water supply and sanitation programmes, the federal government is currently financing close to 40% of all water expenditures that are currently tracked. State and municipal governments represent an additional 15% of water expenditures.8 Water users finance over 45% of total water expenditures through water and sanitation tariffs (MXN 27 billion from households, commercial and industrial users), water resources charges (MXN 6 billion mostly industrial users), bulk water tariffs (MXN 2.2 billion mostly from urban water users) and investments, operation and maintenance of irrigation infrastructure (MXN 4.3 billion from agricultural users).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The article focuses on the decision of the Israeli MilitaryAdvocate General (MAG) to charge an officer who ordered the shooting of a handcuffed, blindfolded Palestinian demonstrator, and the soldier who executed the order, for ‘conduct unbecoming’. It advances the following propositions: (i) from the perspective of the applicable international law, the facts of the case qualify the shooting as a war crime, (ii) said decision of the Israeli MAG is indicative of a policy of tolerance towards violence against non-violent civilian protest against the construction of the Separation Wall, (iii) the implication of such policy is twofold: first, it might transform ‘conduct unbecoming’ c which as a matter of law is a war crime c into a crime against humanity, second, it may well be construed as an invitation to the international community to intervene through the exercise of universal jurisdiction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Ramaprasad, 1983, p. 4) In contrast, in education the term “feedback” is often used to describe any information given back to a learner about their performance, irrespective of whether that information has the capacity to alter the gap (Sadler, 1989). In other words, if we use the term as an engineer would, feedback is not just information given to students about their performance. It must direct their future actions in productive ways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Several recent initiatives have begun to introduce such activities in a successful way. These include forward contracting and warehouse receipt programmes that can serve as collateral for loans, and supporting value-added production and local food processing. Other options include improving tendering systems so that small-scale farmers are in a better position to compete for locally issued contracts, supporting producers’ access to market information systems, and improving regulatory structures to govern quality standards and address the problem of speculation in commodity markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The work related poor infrastructure, such as collecting water and firewood, is some of the most physically intensive and time-consuming, and this disproportionately falls on women. For example, in sub-Saharan Africa, women and girls are responsible for over 70% of water collection (UN Women, 2012). Lack of clean cooking facilities takes on average 1.4 hours of work a day plus several additional hours of cooking, carrying heavy loads and working in enclosed spaces without proper ventilation (IEA, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The public works component also aims to create infrastructure and community assets, including roads, water and fuel sources, all of which potentially benefit women. The design of the PSNP takes account of their practical needs on a number of levels.88 It foresees the provision of community-based childcare services and reduced working time for women with children and provides for women to receive direct support without work requirements before and after childbirth. Some governments are responding more effectively to this challenge than others, as this section will show.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is not surprising owing to the rising incidence of teenage fertility in the Philippines amidst a general trend towards declining fertility among Filipino women. Evidence from the 2013 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study suggests that the trend towards increasingly early sexual initiation of Filipino youth and a low level of contraceptive practice are the likely contributors to the sharp increase in the teenage fertility rate in the past decade (DRDF and UPPI, 2014). For instance, although women aged between 10 and 19 account for 11 per cent of all births worldwide, these women account for 23 per cent of the overall burden of disease (disability-adjusted life years) due to pregnancy and childbirth (WHO, 2008a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2000 a loan guarantee programme supported by the government was set up by INCAJU, the government agency responsible for promoting the cashew nut industry, with the assistance of TechnoServe. When needs expanded beyond INCAJU’s resources, a loan guarantee programme offered by the Ministry of Industry and Commerce and supported by USAID was put in place. Since 2009, the objective of the government is to have the loan programme gradually taken over by local commercial banks, an endeavour that is still challenging. Funding difficulties have caused some smaller firms to go out of business.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Germany, sustainability has long been viewed through the lens of environmental protection, a movement with only limited overlaps to the older feminist movement. In this section, we provide cursory overviews of both policy fields and its main actors, and establish that the two fields do not currently intersect beyond insular points. First, actors, or policy entrepreneurs, are sorted into “government and legislative” on the one hand, and “civil society" and think tanks on the other hand to provide a clear layout, but this distinction is far from airtight.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nominal prices for fishmeal and fish oil continue trending upwards over the outlook period with respective growth rates of 3.4% p.a. This slowdown is driven by the combined effect of growth rates falling in both capture fisheries and aquaculture. The annual rate of growth in world capture production is anticipated to be negative over the projected time period, at -0.1% p.a.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Article 6b of the CBD, for instance, directs parties to “Integrate, as far as possible and as appropriate, the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant sectoral or cross-sectoral plans, programmes and policies.” Strategic Goal A of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets is “Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society”. Target 2 for example is: “By 2020, at the latest, biodiversity values have been integrated into national and local development and poverty reduction strategies and planning processes and are being incorporated into national accounting, as appropriate, and reporting systems. Globally, key pressures on biodiversity include land-use change and management, over-exploitation of natural resources, pollution, invasive alien species and climate change (OECD, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The first is the amount spent per-poor-household on housing benefits, which shares a moderate and negative association with changes in the relative child poverty rate, all else equal. This makes sense, given that housing benefits are often tightly targeted at low-income households. The second is the spending on social assistance benefits, which is also a benefit for a disadvantaged population with no labour market income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, based on consumer surveys of non-users of Internet services in Brazil2 and non-users of broadband in the United States,3 Figure 3.2 shows how some factors weigh more heavily than others. High costs are the main obstacle in both countries, although cost plays a larger role in Brazil than in the United States. By contrast, lack of access is a main factor for non-adoption for many more Brazilians than Americans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In this setting, the model is not run for one specific year, but over a 5-year average for the period 2003-07.44 This strategy maximises the country coverage and mitigates the problem of measurement errors. This traditional specification of the model has however been revised to account for the fact that (i) trade between two countries is affected not only by absolute bilateral trade costs but relatively to the trade costs among all country-pairs, and (ii) the sizes of other economies matter too - this is often referred to as “multilateral resistance”. The easiest way of controlling for “multilateral resistance” and obtaining unbiased coefficient estimates is to use country or country-pair specific fixed effects (Eaton and Kortum, 2002, Feenstra, 2004). The key drawback of this estimation method is that it precludes the inclusion in the model of explanatory variables that vary only in the country or country-pair dimensions, such as our key explanatory variables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In most countries to date, environmental, land use and investment policies have functioned quite separately and sometimes worked against each other. This can undermine or slow investment in green infrastructure and development. Such a framework can guide domestic reforms to steer use of limited public funds while also enabling private investment to support a transition to green growth across relevant sectors and regions. Goal setting and aligning policies across and within levels of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition to sexuality education, this effort involves implementing change processes in health services and putting in place guidelines and care protocols for prevention and for the sexual and reproductive health of this population, with an approach that differs from the one used for the adult population. The countries of Latin America have made significant progress in this direction, through different instruments. To this end there is a specific list of medicines that must be provided free to the requestor, with a proper medical prescription.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The plan supports the sustainability of fisheries, food safety and fishing communities. The new integrated plan aims to increase policy effectiveness, by harmonising previously fragmented plans. Support policies for the sector continue to provide low interest loans to small fishers to secure their businesses, and vessel decommissioning to maintain fleet size at sustainable levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This chapter draws on a longer document, available as Immervoll and Richardson (2011). How did policy and economic changes, such as patterns of unemployment, low-wage work and working time, combine to change the redistributive role of the welfare state prior to the onset of the global recession? Did redistribution decline overall, or did the changes mainly affect the type of redistribution taking place, without eroding the overall capacity for reducing inequality? This chapter seeks to answer those questions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Although they account for a rather small share of total cash transfers in most countries, they tend to be more progressive than other transfers.14 In the mid-2000s, the redistributive impact of family cash benefits was the largest in Ireland, followed by the Netherlands, Australia and Austria, but well below the OECD average in the United States, Switzerland, Portugal, Denmark and Norway (Annex 2, Table A2.1). As with other cash benefits, crosscountry variations in the redistributive impact reflect differences in the size and progressivity of such benefits. While the majority of OECD countries implements universal family cash benefits, some rely on income-tested schemes. In addition, child benefits based on the number of children in the household can benefit low-income groups more as these households often have more children, at least in some countries including the United Kingdom (ONS, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A widely recognised qualification framework and a register of professions are also currently lacking in the Slovak Republic. In contexts such as the Slovak Republic where formal qualifications in some study fields are poorly understood in the labour market, work experience may be used by employers as a screening tool for a set of skills and characteristics (Kurekova et al., The Ministry is in the process of developing a qualification framework in cooperation with stakeholders, and this may contribute to correcting the existing information asymmetries and improve labour market matching. First, more substantial work-based learning throughout the Slovak VET system would improve school to work transition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The study, which is focused on the potential for a wood-based industry, states that "in spite of the data uncertainties, it can be concluded that illegal logging is a tremendous problem in the Georgian forest sector. It constitutes about 75% of the total yearly harvest. This harvest level is far from sustainable and will deplete the existing forest capital within a short timeframe" In the National Forest Concept (2013) it is stated that "A large area of the Forest Fund is severely degraded as a result of inadequate forest practices over a long period of time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Given the nature of both exercises, undertaking them in parallel may yield better results in terms of data collection and reporting, as well as cost sharing. The use of knowledge products was not systematically tracked or monitored. Cybermetric analysis also revealed that the UNDP network of websites is highly complex and potentially difficult to navigate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It follows that the estimated total revenue of TSh 68,173,076,760 translates to TSh 1,417 per hectare per year (2013). Following the methodology developed above, we can infer that TFS spends at least TSh 1,006 per ha per year (2013) to manage a hectare of forest. The present value of costs from deforestation to TFS amounts to TSh 7 billion (US$4 million).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They encourage training provision which is sensitive to labour market needs, familiarise employers with vocational programmes and qualifications, and help teachers of vocational subjects to keep up-to-date.1 It follows that when this type of systematic approach is first implemented in a country, it should help to build a new culture of partnership with employers in the delivery of vocational education and training, a culture which is found in the world’s strongest skills systems. It is also a critical support to other recommendations in this review, including those encouraging vocational teachers to work more closely with employers (see the next section in this chapter) and to negotiate some proportion of the curriculum locally (see Chapter 4). It is commonly argued that employers will not offer the placements and that it is only possible where it is already part of the working culture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Green growth indicators must begin from a baseline. If we are to accurately assess green growth, then this baseline will need to incorporate what is already present in an area. Every area has an array of existing production structures (its production function), including the labour force and capital stock (machinery, built environment, etc.) These existing activities and assets will shape the trajectory of the local area's pathway to a low-carbon future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In terms of interpreting the results, the assumption is that if UNDP is conducting transformative GEWE programming, a similar number and concentration of changes would be present in each quadrant. This chapter contains text boxes that describe programmes with multiple dimensions of the Gender@Work change quadrants. It is important to note that the focus area findings are illustrative of UNDP’s gender results but do not represent a comprehensive assessment of all gender-oriented activities undertaken during the period, which is beyond the scope of this exercise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Provincial dummies (PROV) are added to control some unobservable regional factors. Descriptive statistics for the variables are listed in Table 3.11, and the results are presented in Table 3.12. Saint-Paul (1994) argued that the minimum wage may have an adverse effect on the income distribution, because it redistributes income from unskilled to skilled labour as well as from the poorest to the lower-middle quintiles, by generating unemployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The appropriate departments and offices within the Ministry of Emergency Situations will determine each alert's level. However, radio and TV stations in regions that the emergency has not affected will continue normal broadcasting. The system should be ready for full-scale testing by the end of 2016. By the same token, communication operators are required to provide the "112" traffic control service at no cost to assist in caller location and short text message circulation during any state-of-emergency declaration that is of a social, natural and/or technological nature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Depending on the ecological, economic and social functions performed by forests, some 53 per cent of forests are designated as part of “functional Group I”, which means they are forests with special protective functions for water, soil, climate and industrial damage protection, recreation, biodiversity conservation and improvement of environmental conditions. It is claimed that, in general, private forest owners do not follow sustainable forest management techniques. They sell their forested land or harvest wood for economic gain, which in turn causes forest fragmentation and degradation as forested land is logged more intensively or converted for other uses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Socio-economic background is more strongly related to performance than gender. In all countries with available data, adults with at least one tertiary-educated parent have higher numeracy skills than those whose parents have not attained this level of education (Table 2). Related to SDG Target 4.4 on Skills for Work, Global Indicator 4.4.1 measures the "Proportion of youth and adults with information and communications technology (ICT) skills, by type of skill.” This indicator has been developed according to the definition of the International Telecommunication Union in the framework of the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development (ITU, 2014(9]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The system used in Japan, which is based on self-declaration by manufacturers of both performance and sales data, contains many elements of a good verification and enforcement regime. However, it would benefit from greater transparency, such as the regular publication of testing results, data on non-compliance and the results of enforcement action, and increased verification of sales data. Korea's economy has relied on energy-intensive industry, such as steel, petro-chemicals and cement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)