albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Disputes between the chambers of commerce and industry (CCIs) and the business associations relate primarily to the chambers’ monopoly in representing economic interests. The employers’ unions such as Medef or the CGPME tend to be fragmented by branch, and the regional organisation carries little weight in comparison to the sector organisations. While some put the emphasis on the territory’s competitiveness, others fear that globalisation will bring with it social inequalities and regional disparities, placing the objectives of cohesion at the centre of their concerns. In this context, to move forward in evaluating the region’s potentials, defining, financing and implementing a green growth strategy will require prior consensus on a shared vision of the future of the capital region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Development objectives provide the policy context in which biodiversity mainstreaming occurs. By aligning with the national development agenda, and capitalising on current government priorities, biodiversity mainstreaming projects can receive the required level of interest and attention to become well integrated into the policy environment. In South Africa, this is illustrated by the attention received by the concept of ecological infrastructure, in line with the focus on built infrastructure in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While it may seem obvious, the availability of quality data is an essential first step for the implementation of any methodology that relies on facts. For analyzing and predicting the 'system of systems', detailed data is required on current and planned national infrastructure assets, information on the performance and capacity, supply and demand placed on the assets, information on related institutions, as well as any additional data on context. This is especially true for post-conflict as well as developing nations. Digitization of information on national infrastructure needs to be a key focus for funding activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This information gap will lead to poorer treatment options for patients, and a lack of understanding for patients. As primary care practitioners in a number of countries are being asked to do more and deliver a wider range of services for mild-to-moderate mental illness - many GPs are being asked to delivery cognitive behavioural therapy, for example (see Table 2.5) - levels of confidence in the ability to effectively care for patients -will make the difference between poor, average and excellent quality of care. Effective care at a primary care level includes appropriate diagnosis of disorders, initiation and management of treatment, referral and case management, and the long-term management of some cases of mild-to-moderate disorders using the principles of chronic disease management (Ford et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The final agreement signed between the FARC rebels and the Colombian government deals with important issues like victims, illegal drug trafficking, restitution of land, and others. In this way that this text pretends to give an analysis of the agreement from the perspective of criminal law, primarily from the special jurisdiction for peace – being this a topic used by the opposition in the campaigns for the plebiscite – and for this the differences between ordinary criminal justice and transitional justice are considered, with the requirements and obligations that bring access, in this case, the second one. Intending to explain how this jurisdiction does not mean impunity as many think, and without leaving aside the relationship that this jurisdiction has with the repair of the victims
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Development requires an institutional architecture for integrated development planning that allows SIDS to manage their respective economic, infrastructural and environmental assets and spaces within a culture of co-operation, collaboration and partnership at local, national, regional and international levels. The chapter is set out in four sections. After the introduction the second section briefly explores the roots and branches of the partnership concept.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The results of these scenarios are shown in Table 6.5 for 2001 and 2011, and broken down into three main categories of expenditure: economic affairs and agriculture, general public services, and defence. These expenditures according to both the average cost and marginal cost scenarios are summarised on a per capita basis in Table 6.9 in the last section of this chapter. Hence costs are distributed among all South African inhabitants (native-born plus foreign-bom) in line with their shares in the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Available at: http://www.worldsummit2002.org/ [last accessed June 2009]. London: World Travel and Tourism Council. World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) (2009). Available at http://www.wttc.org [last accessed 7 July 2010]. See: http://www.world-tourism.org/frameset/frame_sustainable.html [last accessed 7 July 2010].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Africa has seen a steady rise in democracy since the end of the Cold War. This paper investigates two possible implications of democratization in African countries: better economic growth through improved institutions and less civil conflict through increased political participation. Instrumental variables regressions are estimated with the spatial lag of democracy. This instrument varies over time, allowing for consideration of country fixed effects in IV regressions. Large positive impacts of institutions on economic growth and of political participation on reducing civil conflict are found in IV regressions with fixed effects. Further estimates show that both growth and civil violence effects may be driven by civil liberties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the Comoros, the basket is 17% of per capita income equivalent to around two days of work at the minimum wage (16 hours). In Mauritania, it would take around one and half week's wages to pay for a 500MB basket. The Data Trap, Revisited." These Regulations intend to make data tariffs for access to the Internet to be content agnostic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This is particularly the case of policies aimed at increasing the participation of women and minority groups in public research activities, such as the Programme to Support Research Activities of Female Researchers in Japan and the Thuthuka programme in South Africa. Diversity may also help boost firms’ innovativeness (Talke, Salomo and Kock, 2011) and may lead to more sales and profits (Herring, 2009, Talke, Salomo and Kock, 2011, Dezso and Ross, 2012, Credit Suisse, 2012). While there are differences in findings regarding the impacts of different dimensions of diversity, it is generally considered that diversity can lead to more creative thinking and problem solving than would be the case in homogeneous teams.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It was initiated in early 2015, in partnership with IBM and Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), one of the top universities in Indonesia, and is similar to other existing command centres in Japan and Korea, aiming to improve public services. The centre consists of a digital control board that allows city staff to remotely monitor traffic and manage crisis situations in the city (in case of accidents, crime, etc.). Fifteen operators from the Bandung Telecommunication and Information Agency work permanently in the Command Centre, but it is also accessible to other city departments, such as fire brigades, police officers and transport agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Contingency financing for instance provides a risk guarantee to local commercial banks which can be used in cases of default. It can take the form of a safety cushion or a direct cash injection as an equity stake. Increased public/private collaboration can also contribute to investment risk-hedging and confidence-building in investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As the accreditation of a National Implementing Entity (NIE) for direct access to the Adaptation Fund is a resource intensive procedure, recipient, supporters and providers have worked together to build capacity to accelerate access to the Fund. At the same time, they are also raising awareness that finance available from international climate funds is so far relatively limited, but designed to play a catalytic role in mobilising additional finance. Country readiness to usefully direct climate finance depends on the availability of programmes and maturity of project pipelines in line with national strategies, project/programme investment criteria, national co-ordination as well as enabling environments, policy and legal frameworks and accountability systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Chapter 8 will turn to some of the specific challenges in implementing these policies in practice, and turning a strategy for innovation into effective action and outcomes. As a result, countries face different constraints under which policy responses to their challenges and opportunities need to be developed and differentbarriers that provide a rationale for policy action (as discussed in Chapter 1). Moreover, depending on these conditions, global developments in the area of science, technology and innovation - such as the internationalisation of research and development (R&D) or the changing nature of innovation (as discussed in Chapter 2) -may translate into different sets of challenges and opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Hence, the issue of care gives insight into, and makes it possible to address, the obstacles that women face in seeking to participate on an equal footing in the labour market and in other spheres of society (Drancourt and Catrice, 2008). It also helps to understand the stratification of society and the way inequality is reproduced (ECLAC, 2009). This increases time poverty, which is exacerbated as socioeconomic conditions worsen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Explicitly incorporating women's traditional work in agriculture, for example, in seed selection and preservation to maintain crop biodiversity, is important in these analyses. Moreover, gender inequality in land rights and access to resources, as well as in the burden of unpaid care work, poses substantial barriers to greening agriculture in sustainable and pro-poor ways (Herren and others, 2012). These include energy, construction, transportation and, among basic industries, aluminium, iron and steel (ILO, 2012). In manufacturing, the emphasis is on introducing clean processing techniques and controlling pollution, with less of an apparent total employment effect (International Labour Foundation for Sustainable Development, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Local legal relations have evolved steadily over the past twenty years, so now we are witnessing a redefinition of their concept, with the purpose of overcoming the traditional local autonomy in recognition of certain international legal capacity of local communities to participate in forms of decentralized cooperation. The goal of our research is to identify new actors in the international relations, local communities, which under EU law and the Council of Europe acquire certain powers that would allow them, at least theoretically, employment among secondary actors on the stage of international law. The study presents an examination of the documents governing international or local cooperation with the ultimate aim to highlight the consequences of these forms of cooperation, which they produce in the context of administrative decentralization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The paucity of return migration is at least partly due to the great differences between metropolitan and island states (usually the initial rationale for migration), and few economic opportunities, but also to a host of social factors (notably the education and stable upbringing of children). A recent survey in Upolu (Samoa) found returnees in only 9 out of 148 households (Shuaib et al. However, even skilled migrants do return, despite the discrepancy in wages and working conditions, often for family reasons or to establish businesses, which may have been initially funded from remittances (Brown and Connell 2004, Connell 2009a,b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is why fundamental research is typically funded mostly by government while other R&D as well as demonstration tends to be mostly financed by the private sector. Ensuring that intellectual property right (IPR) protection is strong would also help to reduce underinvestment in RD&D caused by knowledge spillovers, while establishing a fund to buyout breakthrough technologies to reduce GHG emissions could reduce the perceived risks of expropriation discussed above as well as speeding diffusion. Pricing GHG emissions through a cap-and-trade scheme could help to reduce the political uncertainty that undermines investment in RD&D by building a political constituency for continued enforcement. Both public financial support and regulatory changes can help to overcome a lack of appropriate infrastructure for the development and deployment of some low-emission technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Can a buyer of copyrighted works abroad import them into the United States or resale them? This question is currently pending before the Supreme Court in Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons.The parties’ positions in this case as well as the Justices’ questions during oral argument included extensive inquiry of economic effects of the Court’s possible rulings. This Essay shows that this economic analysis is incomplete. The defendant’s position, if adopted, will make geographic market segmentation difficult and thus decrease the incentives to create. The plaintiff’s position, if adopted, will increase transaction costs in resale markets, which will create an inefficiently chilling effect on these markets. The Essay suggests that a more balanced approach, which is similar to the approach of the Solicitor General and requires a license from importers but not resellers can better promote the public welfare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The campaign for apartheid reparations in the United States of America (US) courts at present is pitting black South Africans in the Jubilee and Khulumani organisations (as well as individuals) against three dozen multinational corporations and friendly governments in Washington, London, Berlin and Pretoria. The demand for reparations extends the logic of international antiracism solidarity campaigning, dating back to the sanctions era. Plaintiffs' use of the Alien Tort Claims Act extends a precedent set by Holocaust victims' descendants. The US justice system's conservatism is stretched, due to plaintiff appeals in 2008 reaching even the Supreme Court. And the change in South African (SA) government leadership may open up space to debate the critical questions: how to achieve justice from pro-apartheid corporations, and also disincentivise future exploitation in similar circumstances?    Africa Insight  Vol. 38 (2) 2008: pp. 13-25
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These are largely financed by loans and public-private partnerships (PPPs). It has comparative advantages in: private sector development, through high-level talks at the G20 and through the Japanese International Cooperation Agency and World Bank Presidents on firm capabilities and technology absorption (kaizen), and disaster prevention and relief by shaping the global agenda through multilaterals based on its technology advantages and building soft and hard infrastructure (policy research, PoC, early warning systems). Japan is interested in building on its existing international leadership in development co-operation and scaling up these and other activities, such as on quality infrastructure, universal health coverage and disaster risk management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
With this strategy, the Brazilian government is stimulating public R&D organisations and the private sector to expand their international actions. Brazil’s role in promoting South-South co-operation is described in Box 2.3. Over the past decade, there has been a substantial increase in the Brazilian resources allocated to technical co-operation. As a result, the country has gradually switched from a position of recipient to a position of provider of development assistance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Applicable to hotels and tour operators, the GSTC provides the flexibility of adapting to a country's particular needs and a certification/accreditation procedure has also been developed simultaneously. The GSTC criteria have been adopted by a number of major hotel chains and tour operators around the world. Simultaneously, there exist initiatives such as the Green Passport for consumer education and Envirotel for educating the small and medium players in the hospitality industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The new corps of learning consultants can provide a further source of support to municipalities and schools for the development of effective formal internal teacher appraisal. Municipalities and schools should also be encouraged to co-operate and disseminate good practice through networks and partnerships to build capacity across the system (OECD, 2013b). To give an example from another school system, the province of Ontario, Canada, has developed a Teacher Performance Appraisal System based on the “Standards of Practice for the Teaching Profession” (Box 4.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The notion that ageing populations act as a drain on national economies, coupled with alarm over their size and longevity and fears of pension scarcity, have been used as a rationale for pension privatization in developed countries. Pension privatization, however, is largely driven by opportunities to open up new markets and increase the flow of capital. As Minns and Sexton (2006) conclude, "if there is a crisis of too many old people, it is one of too many people in poverty in their old age, both now and in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Poverty is measured by the poverty rate and poverty gap index (both in per cent).29 There are no data on the poverty severity index. As expected, there is a strongly negative correlation between poverty and per capita GDP. The poverty rate and poverty gap index are higher in sub-Sahara African and South Asian countries, which have low per capita GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The application process is complex, requiring a number of documents involving high costs and strict time limits. The overall cost together with purchasing tickets from a Central Asian country to the Russian Federation makes the initial "investment" in migration very expensive. A patent requires that monthly payments be made, which are considered advance tax payments, the amount of which is determined by each internal region of the Russian Federation. However, citizens of Kyrgyzstan as well as other countries that are members of the Eurasian Economic Union do not need a patent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
National education policy in England under New Labour Governments has encompassed both a ‘standards agenda’ and an ‘inclusion agenda’, with schools required to respond to both simultaneously. Some previous studies have seen these agendas as contradictory and have seen schools' efforts to develop inclusive practices as being undermined by these contradictions. This paper questions this account with reference to a primary school participating in a collaborative action research project which aimed to develop inclusive practices in schools. It shows how the school, far from finding these agendas contradictory, drew on both in making sense of its situation. It argues that the development of inclusive practices may draw on national policy as a productive resource, and suggests that inclusion scholars and advocates may need to refocus their work if they are to offer such schools alternatives to the formulations of national policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, those costs are mainly borne by the nuclear power plant developer and only impose limited additional costs on the electricity system as a whole. The specific arrangements in place in OECD countries may be different with regard to the special conditions that nuclear power plants impose on the electrical system in terms of higher requirements for grid stability and security, specific conditions for the grid layout, as well as the interaction between the overall generation system and nuclear plants due to the latter’s operational characteristics. In fact, the large size of a nuclear power plant may require increasing the amount of available reserves to offset, according to the N-l criterion, the risk of a frequency drop in the case that a nuclear power plant trips. All these system costs are real, but are overall in the range of USD 2-3 per MWh, slightly above those of other dispatchable technologies but well below those of variable renewables (see Table ES.2 below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Since the system offers two-way communication, NOAA officials can upgrade buoy software, perform tests, or reboot stations when equipment is not working properly. The data transmitted to the tsunami warning centers can be used to issue warning guidance, provide hazard assessment, and coordinate emergency response. Following the magnitude-9 earthquake off Japan in 2011, the NOAA issued a tsunami alert to Japan minutes after the earthquake struck, which gave residents an early warning to evacuate to safer ground. The NOAA was also able to accurately model the wave coming from Japan and provide targeted warning to certain areas of the US West Coast before it made landfall.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Youth and those with limited formal education are more likely to hold temporary'jobs (Figure 20) and have endured greater job losses during the crisis. Latest available OECD indicator for strictness of employment protection legislation. Index scale is 0 to 6, from least to most restrictive. On average, after one year, 41% of temporary workers in Sweden find a permanent job (Table 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Capacity building efforts for forest conservation and sustainable management have been enhanced in the last six years through strategic forest programmes such as “ProArbol”. The poor remain the most heavily affected by the loss of forest and soil fertility. Thus it is relevant that the situation of indigenous and local communities has been taken into account when formulating policies for the conservation and sustainable use of forests and biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Undoubtedly, this will come at a significant cost, but economic growth will not be limited by the scarcity of natural resources with commercial value. However, it is limited to natural resources without commercial value. Consistent with what has been said in Chapter 1, to the extent that impacts are external, i.e. not taken into account by market participants, natural resources can be quickly depleted with great losses to societies and individuals. Examples are tropical rain forests and local ecosystems the world over. This comes back to the issue of land-use and the ecosystem services that land provides. Climate change can also be analysed from this perspective, which would require a consideration of the absorptive capacity of the earth’s atmosphere as a finite natural resource being depleted by the incessant emission of large amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)