albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It reviews the institutional factors related to access to finance for women and the broader elements of enterprise support. The wide range of financial services required by SMEs and individuals is covered, given that non-credit products are an important entry point into the formal financial sector. Time and time again the discussion about women has centred on social issues, as a result, statistics about the scale of women’s presence in the economy have been poorly documented and under-reported, creating a chasm of opportunity to be crossed with targeted products and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A study in Australia found that in larger companies, mentoring services and buddy schemes were more common than in smaller firms (Bednarz, 2014). If conflict arises during an apprenticeship, in small firms there is no dedicated human resources department for the apprentice to discuss a grievance with (Dickie, McDonald and Pedic, 2011). This should improve the cost-benefit balance to employers by helping apprentices complete their training, and by building their skills more effectively along the way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The events of 11 September made it painfully clear that the political, social, and economic problems of other countries have a direct impact on American national security. While the roots of terrorism are complex, it’s safe to say that the United States was attacked by a criminal organization that in large part has had great success in recruiting new members in nations that offer young men little political voice and limited economic opportunity.1 Even before the smoke had settled from the 11 September attacks in New York and Washington, DC, US Trade Representative Robert Zoellick launched a series of speeches arguing that global trade liberalization was a central plank of the counteroffensive against terrorism. In a thoughtful essay, “Countering Terror with Trade,” Zoellick’s main premise was as follows:
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It does not challenge, however, the underlying premises on which the economy is built, for instance, profit maximization, competitiveness, concentration and accumulation. Without substantive changes such as proper internalization of social and environmental costs, supported by effective regulatory and global governance, the environmental problems we are facing today will be reproduced (chapter 7). These include normative biases in development objectives, power asymmetries and inequalities. Avoiding multiple injustices and adverse impacts on poor and vulnerable groups associated with climate change and green economy approaches requires applying a social lens, implementing comprehensive social policies and creating strong public institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
EU directives on AML (anti-money laundering)/CTF (counter-terrorism financing) entail involuntary public policy-making by for-profit professionals on politically sensitive issues. This raises fundamental questions on the role of private actors in public policy-making apart from their roles as lobbyists and contractors. From a democratic perspective, the involuntary public policy-making by European lawyers is particularly problematic as it involves guardians of the rule of law who, we argue, are simultaneously forced to act as agents of the state. In the case of AML/CTF, lawyers are within the political system rather than outside it. We show that expectations concerning how lawyers are to work closely with the state in the United Kingdom and Sweden differ, and that the policy-making styles lawyers apply in practice were either ‘pragmatic’ (UK) or ‘evasive’ (Sweden). Our findings provide a first step in understanding the new role of for-profit professionals as involuntary public policy-makers, and its possible effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The misalignment of fund allocation with transit-oriented development is evident, for example, in the fact that investment in road infrastructure between 2004 and 2013 for the business and commercial district of Santa Fe was double the cost of installing the five lines of Metrobus (Medina, 2014). As a result, projects are limited by the lack of physical and operational complementarity, and they cannot benefit from shared knowledge and good practices. Both the regulatory framew'ork for Metrobus and Mexibus and the financial schemes for implementing corridors are significantly different.31 Segmented implementation limits knowledge sharing and harmonisation of quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The new European Union member states in Eastern Europe do not have fully consolidated democracies. True, popularly elected legislatures are responsible for lawmaking, and citizens can challenge the case-by-case implementation of the law. But most statutes are not self-implementing. Before they can be put into effect, governments need to issue general regulations and guidelines that add specificity to the statutory scheme. At present, this type of government policy making often is not democratically accountable. Procedures inside government lack transparency and accountability, and organized civil society groups that are engaged in advocacy and oversight are few in number and often weakly institutionalized. The Central European experience has lessons for countries further to the east that are poorer and less democratic. Here, full-fledged public participation in the government rule making may not be feasible, but other aspects of the transition to democracy in Central Europe may provide relevant models—for...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Consistent with a pattern found, on average, across the OECD, the mathematics and science scores of the highest-performing boys (the top decile) exceed that of girls. Policy makers across OECD member countries have employed a range of instruments to improve student achievement - including smaller class sizes, increased school autonomy, changes to teacher training and recruitment, or stringent accountability requirements for teachers, school leaders, or school founders (Hanushek, Piopiunik and Wiederhold, 2016). Given the current state of primary and lower secondary schooling in Lithuania -marked by small classes, wide school autonomy, and the reluctance on the part of educators and families to introduce assessment-based accountability arrangements - the most promising policy options for improvement in learning appear to be the amount and quality of instruction time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The ‘White Savour’ is a timeworn vehicle for celebrities in Hollywood film, where actors perform as heroes who save the day against dark and ominous adversaries. Pop stars take on personas and ‘exotic’ characters as well. And with increasing visibility, the famous perform real-life hero roles as philanthropists for social causes around the so-called ‘developing’ world. This essay explores how the celebrity philanthropist is constructed as redeemer of distant Others and how this role mingles with a celebrity’s on-stage personas to create the White Saviour, a powerful brand of cultural authority. It examines the power of Bono, Jolie and Madonna as key figures in contemporary African celebrity aid and diplomacy work, and at Madonna and Jolie as famous mothers. I argue that their campaigns employ a universalizing rhetoric of individualism that reinscribes colonial narratives of Africa’s diverse peoples as passive and helpless, and that ultimately burnishes the celebrity brand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Latin America, domestic logistics costs, including stock management, storage, transport and distribution, can add up to more than 42 per cent of total sales for MSMEs, as compared to 15 to 18 per cent for large firms (WTO, 2016a). Low reliability and high shipping costs also represent significant barriers for US-based MSMEs exporting to the European Union (USITC, 2014). Hence, cheaper and more reliable logistics services can disproportionately benefit MSMEs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As JET is involved in many aspects of ESD, as well as research and advocacy on sustainability issues, the organisation is well-positioned to help connect these children with additional learning opportunities as they grow. In addition to hosting world-class research scientists and international student groups, the centre runs a broad range of outreach and educational programmes for the youth of the local indigenous communities. Among other community-oriented programmes, IIC runs wildlife and conservation clubs, providing for many local youth a first opportunity for systematic and scientifically-inclined learning about their natural environment. Unlike the urban youth mentioned above, these local youth come with vast knowledge and experiences developed through their lifelong immersion in the local area and their enculturation within the indigenous knowledge system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The notion of social justice is used in a variety of policy discourses, including urban regeneration policy. At least in rhetorical terms, this usage has been particularly strong in Scotland (Mooney, G., and Scott, G., 2005. Introduction: themes and questions. In: G. Mooney and G. Scott, eds. Exploring social policy in the ‘new’ Scotland. Bristol: Routledge.), for several reasons, including the strengthening of national policy following the creation of the Scottish Parliament (Keating, M., 2005. The Government of Scotland: Public policy making after devolution. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.) and the promotion of national distinctiveness in many aspects of policy. However, this article asks the question: to what extent has this promotion in rhetoric been matched by the reality of policy application? To answer this question, the experience of urban regeneration policy in Scotland since 1997 is examined, highlighting a broad similarity with policy in England (in spite of espoused distinctiveness), a...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Third, marginal income tax rates for second earners, typically women, are very high, creating disincentives for working long hours. Fourth, a non-negligible net wage gap (about 7%) triggers specialisation whereby the least paid person in the household spends relatively more time looking after the children. Finally, women often hit a “glass ceiling”, making it difficult to mount the corporate ladder to senior positions of responsibility, which are rarely available on a part-time basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The good news is that these countries do not face serious security of supply issues before at least the end of the decade. As a result, most governments and policy makers are not very concerned with electricity security of supply, except in a few countries. They have time in front of them to prepare well in advance possible evolutions of market arrangements, if and where needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This may have substantial consequences for water quality, especially in the Mississippi river and the northern Gulf of Mexico (De la Torre Ugarte et al., If nutrient inputs are required for wood plantations, infiltration and runoff of nitrogen may also pose a risk to groundwater (Lattimore etal., Another important conclusion is that the location of production and the type of tillage production, crop rotation system and other farm management practices used in producing feedstocks for bioenergy production will also greatly influence water quality (De la Torre Ugarte et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
If a home visit is deemed necessary, the GP decides if the patient's condition is suitable for an ECP, or whether a GP is required (Halter et al., Variations on this model enable the patient to be transferred to another health service, such as a primary care centre, instead of an emergency department. These initiatives should be considered particularly in the rural context, and scaled up where appropriate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Infrastructure for municipal solid waste (MSW) improved with two controlled sanitary landfills and waste separation plants going into operation. The structure of industry is refocusing from mining and metal production towards tourism and services, which has an impact on the types of waste generated. A facility for storage of radioactive waste has received a permit for operation, which allows safe storage of this waste according to international standards. Involvement of the public in waste separation can also be improved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This illustrates very clearly that the rebalancing between sectors may be very much more significant than the total aggregate employment effect. These shifts in response to energy taxes could be used as a guide to the employment response to an equivalent increase in energy prices as a result of a move towards more sustainable energy technologies. Reprinted with permission from International Association for Energy Economics, Publishers of the Energy Journal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Beyond technical adjustments of benefit entitlements, a re-orientation towards more active social policies is needed. Activation policies, including both rights and responsibilities for benefit recipients, are one way of making transfers more responsive to labour-market conditions: they ensure that benefit expenditures decline when labour demand picks up, and they provide a means for making benefits more easily accessible when job prospects are poor (e.g., by tailoring job-search requirements and other eligibility criteria to labour-market conditions). Activation policies also contribute to better targeting (e.g., by making support conditional on job-search efforts, Immervoll, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Agenda establishes modalities for preferential treatment to LDC members, giving these countries greater flexibility in undertaking commitments during their negotiations on trade in services and on trade facilitation. As a result, under the Doha negotiations, LDCs are able to undertake only those commitments that are in accordance to their administrative and institutional capabilities and that respond to their development, financial, and trade needs. Under TRIPS, for example, LDCs were granted an 11-year transition period to meet their obligations regarding copyrights, trademarks, patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The implicit tax penalty for married women should also be removed, as the Federal Council is currently considering. More flexibility in working arrangements could further alleviate women’s cost of reconciling work and family life. For instance, facilitating flexi-time, annualised hours, job-sharing, part-time and telework options for both women and men, and creating paternity and/or consecutive, take-it-or-leave-it parental leave could facilitate transition in and out of the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Chronic conditions such as cancer, heart disease or diabetes (also known as non-communicable diseases, NCDs) now' place the greatest demand on Colombia’s health care system, accounting for 71% of all deaths (Figure 1.5). At the same time, deaths due to communicable, maternal, perinatal or nutritional conditions (12%), and deaths due to injuries (17%) remain substantial. Cancers were the second most common cause of death, amounting to 17% of all deaths in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In this entry we outline some of the principal questions regarding relationships between ideas about linguistic human rights (LHR), also called language rights, and selected theoretical and practical issues in language policy and planning (LPP).      Keywords:    language planning,  language policy,  civil rights,  ethnicity,  heritage languages,  ideology
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is likely these two funds can utilise their superior financial clout to drive health providers to improve performance more effectively than the smaller plans may be able to. Evidence of improvement across key indicators highlights that monitoring and feedback is a useful force in driving improvements in the quality of care. As a start, Israel should expand the number of domains covered to include major chronic conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure and mental health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Some research shows that young entrepreneurs in Hanoi rely mostly on informal social networks, such as family and friends, to get financial help to set up or expand a business, because bank loans and other forms of formal credit are difficult to obtain for smaller businesses (Turner and Nguyen, 2005). In such cases, however, kinship ties may oblige entrepreneurs to employ unskilled family members. Mutual trust is established by kinship, which also underpins relationships based on paternalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Responsibilities and functions of different agencies as well as of different levels of administration should be clarified to improve the effectiveness of public programmes in meeting stated objectives. Coherent data on budgetary support to agriculture combining support from all sources, including various ministries, central and provincial governments, and overseas development assistance are missing. While data on budgetary expenditures on key programmes under the responsibility of MARD are publicly available, data on expenditures to support agriculture from other sources remain sporadic and not necessarily defined in a way allowing comparisons over time and matching them with other funds targeting the same objective. Moreover, while data on budgeted amounts are occasionally released, data on amounts actually spent are missing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This has been done by applying climate elements to public expenditure reviews, in the form of climate change public expenditure and institutional reviews (CPEIR), climate change finance assessments or analyses, or a mitigation fiscal framework (in Indonesia) (World Bank, 2014). Different countries have established, or are using these analyses to establish, tagging or tracking systems to identify climate-relevant expenditures, and put in place institutional arrangements as necessary (UNDP, 2015). They have also been reporting on support needs within their national communications and BURs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It can provide better recreational and cultural facilities but also create overcrowding, traffic congestion, litter, vandalism and crime (UNESCAP 2003). Started as the World Tourism Organisation in 1970 when its statutes were adopted, it became a working entity in 1975 with Headquarters in Madrid and joined the UN system in 2003, becoming known as UNWTO. Following the recommendations of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI) that “developed countries must take the lead" in accelerating the shift towards more sustainable consumption and production, each of the Marrakech Task Forces was chaired by a developed country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Gender gaps in the labour market are small and continue to narrow (Figure 32). Illustrative calculations show that increases in female employment account for 15% of total GDP per capita growth over the past 40-50 years (OECD, 2018(76]). The full-time work gap is defined as the difference between men and women in the shares working fiill-time (at least 30 hours per week).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The discipline of international criminal law deals with the most serious crimes of concern to the international community, for which the responsible individuals shall bear criminal responsibility. Being firmly entrenched in substantive laws of national legal jurisdictions, the principle is not novel in international criminal law and is traceable to the celebrated Nuremberg Judgment. At the outset of the trial in Nuremberg, it was challenging to argue that the precedent of individual criminal responsibility for core international crimes, which called for the universal condemnation, a priori existed. In his renowned opening statement, Robert Jackson laid down his arguments as to the relevance and necessity of the principle of individual criminal responsibility in international law:
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The effects of violence may include direct costs, such as the destruction of property and the loss of human lives, and indirect costs in the form of resources allocated to criminal justice and incarceration, as well as high health expenditures. In a more general sense, the rise in violence and insecurity undermines social cohesion and breeds public distrust with respect to the effectiveness of the rule of law as a means of ensuring people’s safety. The outcome document was presented at the eighteenth Ibero-American Summit of Heads of State and Government, held in El Salvador in October 2008, which focused on youth and development. This information was supplemented with data from other agencies also working on the implementation of policies aimed at reducing and eradicating youth violence. The second section outlines the major policies, programmes and approaches being applied to preventing youth violence, focusing in particular on legislative reforms and changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some infrastructure projects are underway with the objective to process 69% of the total wastewater collected by 2014. Notably, it would involve a recruitment process based on competences and terms of appointment that do not coincide with political cycles. In the absence of a merit-based civil service, virtually all water managers and other municipal officials are politically appointed and likely to leave at the end of the mayor’s three-year term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Despite shifts in rhetoric and some positive movement, Americans with the disease of addiction are still often stigmatized, criminalized, and denied access to evidencebased care. Dramatically reducing the number of lives unnecessarily lost to overdose requires an evidence-based, equity-focused, well-funded, and coordinated response. We present in this brief article evidence-based and promising practices for improving and refocusing the response to this simmering public health crisis. Topics covered include improving clinical decision-making, improving access to non-judgmental evidence-based treatment, investing in comprehensive public health approaches to problematic drug use, and changing the way law enforcement actors interact with people who use drugs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the Netherlands, for instance, farmers are exempted from a groundwater tax (up to a certain threshold), which has encouraged them to use multiple smaller pumps to avoid the tax (OECD, 2008). Such market systems are a cost-effective method to achieve any given water use reduction or hydrologic target as they allow equalisation of the values of marginal products (Kuwayama and Brozovic, 2013, Palazzo and Brozovic, 2014). There are, however, significant preconditions to a successful groundwater market: a strong property rights system, a robust price determination mechanism with information, and infrastructures are required (Skurray et al., Although they may not generate revenue for the regulator,16 they do result in transfers of funds between buyers and sellers of water entitlements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the past, NUS have been ignored by agricultural research, not included in agricultural extension curricula, and did not benefit from organized value chains. Flowever, due to their adaptability and nutritional qualities, many NUS could make a major contribution to increased food availability, affordability and nutrition security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)