albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This would support continuous, co-ordinated care as well as allow calculation of quality indicators for specific patient groups (e.g. rate of adequate glycaemic control amongst diabetics). Adequate glycaemic control in diabetics, mentioned above, is one example of where a financial incentive could be applied. Several other examples around chronic disease management could be developed, based on experience in other OECD countries. This would support delivery of population-based health promotion and preventive health care and lay the foundations for primary care specialists to take on leadership roles in local (and national) health systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
First, labour market income is so highly correlated with total household income. Then, labour market earnings are very' unequally distributed amongst those who have such earnings. It is the net impact of these two forces that results in labour market income being the major driver of household income inequality in each y'ear. Although the real mean of household monthly income changed very little (between R5 044 and R5 372) the mean of household monthly income from state transfers grew significantly in real terms. The inequality decompositions suggest that these state transfers make very little contribution to inequality in any year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In addition, declining PISA scores and a rising share of low achievers are raising concerns about the quality of the future labour force. These factors play a role in the stalled income convergence process. Indeed, practices such as early tracking, streaming and low transferability between academic tracks hamper employability, human capital accumulation and social mobility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the long run, increasing girls' schooling today can have a spillover effect, reducing the inter-generational link in deprivation. Step-by-Step Guidelines to the Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA)', Working Paper 2012-10, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. Lost (in) Dimensions: Consolidating progress in multidimensional poverty research, Innocenti Working Paper No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A key breakthrough was the production of selective coatings which would absorb more sunlight. Driven by United States Federal and State subsidies and expectations of high future energy prices, the solar water heater industry boomed from the late 1970s and a $1 billion industry was created. In the 1980s, there was rampant abuse of generous subsidies (subsidy harvesting) which resulted in poorly installed systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Additional air pollutants are carbon monoxide, nitrogen monoxide and volatile organic compounds including benzene (VOCs). The priority is collection of the indicator in large cities. Description: The indicator provides a measure of the state of the environment in terms of air quality and is an indirect measure of population exposure to air pollution of health concern in urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Their new or amended constitutions since 2011 include provisions in support of gender equality or non-discrimination that strengthen the status of women and set the basis for their more balanced involvement in the economy. In light of this progress, governments could engage in further efforts to strengthen alignment with international instruments and ensure equal access to economic opportunities for women and men. While women in the six countries have access to courts in principle, they face various barriers in practice, from lack of knowledge among judges of current standards to slack enforcement by courts of law and a deficit of women judges. Women themselves are often not aware of their rights, and social norms and financial constraints may discourage them from going to court.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, this analysis provides no indication as to who benefitted from this increase, by how much and for how long. The following section will seek to shed some light on these questions, focussing particularly on the support directed to the unemployed. Administrative recipiency data on unemployment benefit programmes allow for gauging their relative importance as well as its recent growth during the economic downturn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In the case of solar power, the decentralisation of power sources, for instance through rooftop installations, will also require substantial investments in the distribution network. In the case of wind power, the distance of production sites from the centres of consumption requires large investments in electrical transmission. While the diversification of renewable supply, interconnections with adjacent regions, storage and demand management can all play helpful roles in mitigating intermittency, the most cost-efficient solution at least in the medium-term is likely to remain the use of dispatchable capacity for electricity generation. There exist also additional systemic impacts on electricity systems stemming from the introduction of renewables such as the declining of electricity prices, the reduction of load factors for established plants and the de-optimisation of existing production structures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This contrasts with the older planning pattern of attending to the physical design of public buildings, streets, parks etc., A city that plans not only projects the future from past trends, it also brings the public, private and third sectors together with communities to build a collectively preferred future. In modernist planning, progress was often elusive and the benefits were often concentrated among small groups of elites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This paper offers a commentary on three aspects of the Supreme Court’s recent decision (2011Da22092). First, contrary to the Court’s finding, this paper argues that epidemiological evidence can be used to estimate the probability that a given risk factor caused a disease in an individual plaintiff. Second, the distinction between specific and non-specific diseases, upon which the Court relies, is shown to be without scientific basis. Third, this commentary points out that the Court’s finding concerning defect of expression effectively enables tobacco companies to profit from the efforts of epidemiologists and others involved in public health to raise awareness of the dangers of smoking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The international harmonisation of EU-LFS contributes to better international comparability. If an LFS is not available other household surveys with an appropriate employment module may be used instead. For instance, in one country women may typically work very short hours, which is compensated by men typically working very long hours, while in another country the distribution of working hours is relatively equal between sexes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
They also raise the likelihood for employers to learn about workers' skills over time (OECD, 2014a). As discussed in Chapter 4, youth are more likely to be hired on temporary contracts, and these contracts lead to lower utilisation of skills than permanent contracts. Sound employment protection legislations ease transition from temporary lo permanent employment, which is associated with a more effective use of skills. Flexible wage setting arrangements make it easier to adjust wages to the effective skills of workers and thereby to mitigate the potential negative impact of mismatch on job satisfaction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In general, these numbers are a little larger than those generated by the global Linkage model, but they are still generally much lower than would be the case had dynamic models been used. One should not necessarily expect the unweighted averages of the poverty results for each region to be similar to those generated by Hertel and Keeney (2010), but for comparative purposes the latter’s unweighted averages of national poverty effects for each of the key developing country regions are reported in parentheses in the last four rows of annex table 7(c), in order to make it easy to compare with the unweighted regional averages for the national case studies. When all merchandise trade is liberalized, the extent of reduction ranges from close to zero to about 3.5 percentage points, except for Pakistan where it is more than 6 percentage points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
An integrated territorial approach to the development of those policy areas would require that different elements be taken into account, such as the alignment of spatial and land use planning with transportation objectives and investments and environmental strategies. For example, the development of a BRT network is promising, yet too often remains divorced from broader urban planning efforts. The use of the Metropolitan Fund could be improved to serve metropolitan-wide challenges and advance cross-sectoral, integrated solutions to them, from transportation to environmental and spatial planning issues. Effective governance at the metropolitan level can reduce policy fragmentation and raise the productivity of cities. It can also provide the right conditions to take advantage of agglomeration effects from its proximity to Mexico City. How governments regulate land use and address public and private investment, how competencies are allocated across levels of government, and how land use is taxed, is critical.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
1. Global Social Justice: An Introduction Heather Widdows and Nicola J. Smith 2. The Globalisation of Human Rights Leslie Sklair 3. Liberal Internationalism and Global Social Justice Kostas Koukouzelis 4. Moral Distance and Global Social Justice: An Archaeology of Borders Luis Cabrera 5. Global Justice and the Distribution of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Simon Caney 6. Ecological Issues of Justice Robin Attfield 7. Torture: A Touchstone for Global Social Justice Bob Brecher 8. Global Social Justice and Public Health Rebecca Shah 9. Cosmopolitan Social Justice and Labour Exploitation Christien van den Anker 10. Gender and Global Social Justice: Peacebuilding and the Politics of Participation Laura J. Shepherd 11. Sexuality, Power and Global Social Justice Penny Griffin 12. Global Social Justice: A Conclusion Heather Widdows and Nicola J. Smith
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Overall, GHG emissions from road transport increased by 4.9 per cent compared with 1988 levels: 7,169.5 Gg C02eq. However, growth from 1991 to 2011 is calculated at 114.1 per cent. The most significant contributor to GHG emissions is passenger cars, followed by heavy-duty vehicles, light-duty vehicles and motorcycles and mopeds. As can be observed in figure 5.5, in 2011, passenger cars and heavy-duty vehicles accounted for 61.7 per cent and 19.9 per cent of total GHG CCheq.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The second half of the chapter summarises key governance issues and “gaps" in the Venice city-region, e.g., “gaps” pertaining to information, co-ordination, funding, capacity, administration and policy. It briefly discusses the consequences of these governance gaps, focusing on Lagoon flood protection and water quality management. The final section explores strategies for improving water governance and concludes with a set of suggested recommendations for urban water governance in the Venice city-region. These include recommendations pertaining to greater vertical and horizontal co-ordination (multi-level and integrated governance), long-term planning, and integration of broader ecological and economic development considerations into water governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is an upper-limit for the expenditures: TRY 100 000 (USD 37 000) for individuals and TRY 200 000 (USD 74 000) for legal entities. The types of investments considered are, among others, installation of on-farm drip, sprinkler or micro-sprinkler irrigation, and of irrigation schemes based on solar power (Official Gazette of the Turkish Government, 2015). By 2012, these aids subsidised 6 196 projects, with 61 000 fanners benefitting, for a total amount of TRY 165 million (USD 61 million) (MOD, 2014). Starting in 1993, the operation and maintenance of irrigation systems have been progressively transferred from the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) to water users, including local authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
One of the reasons for the programme's success might be due to the value of the grant. Two-thirds of the income to the bottom quintile was provided via social assistance grants, with most of this income coming from child grants (the Child Support Grant, the Foster Care Grant and the Care Dependency Grant combined). The Namibian system of social CTs, which has its roots in South Africa, has evolved quite differently given the different economic and social circumstances in these two countries resulting in a mix of eligibility criteria being applied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
First, this can be related to family reunification and dependent migration: women and men migrate from the same country towards the same destination in the same decade due to family relationship. Second, it may capture network effects. As male peers have already migrated towards this destination, female migration flows are higher. For sake of clarity other additional controls (such as regional dummies) are not presented here. ***, **,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Finally, it discusses the tax policy implications of recent top-income trends. These changes often brought highly skilled workers greater rewards than low-skilled ones and thus affected the way earnings from work were distributed. The rising gap between the earnings of the highly skilled and those of the low-skilled springs from several factors. First, a rapid rise in the integration of trade and financial markets generated a relative shift in labour demand in favour of highly skilled workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The problems women have in accessing these sources of finance might explain why they appear so under-represented in emerging high-technology sectors, where returns are potentially very high but uncertainty is also greater. Venture capital takes the form of a fund run by general partners that is used to invest in the early to expansion stages of high-growth firms. A business angel is a high net worth individual who invests his/her own funds in promising entrepreneurial businesses in return for stock in the companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Figure 3 illustrates the current breakdown of Chinese and Indian final energy consumption by sector in 2008. They underline that both the residential and industrial sectors represent close to 3/4th of these countries' energy consumption. While the residential sector represents 41% of total final energy consumption in India, the industrial sector still makes up 28%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
One could argue, as was mentioned earlier, that high-skilled workers would tend to migrate anyway, on their own, and also because developed countries were keen to attract them. What LDCs should perhaps demand is greater market access for low-and semi-skilled workers, for whom the markets of developed countries have tended to remain highly restrictive until now (more on this in Section 11.4.6). As a recent study (IOM and ACP Observatory on Migration 2012) points out, because of climate change the propensity for South-South migration could rise in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Increased trade, labour mobility and innovation in communications have spread urban functions and influence over wide geographical areas, including rural ones. Yet, in the case of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, censuses and surveys that consider the urban/rural dichotomy are still valid since they persistently indicate social inequalities subsisting between rural and urban areas (United Nations, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2012). Still, some of the most profound social inequalities are seen within cities or within nations' urban populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Working alongside ministries and agencies with direct responsibilities over environmental matters, the ICT regulator is likely to be a critical actor in formulating policies and strategies for addressing concerns about e-waste generated from ICT gadgets and devices. Good collaboration with related agencies is necessary in order to monitor all actors' compliance with e-waste governance requirements effectively. Organized by the Communications Commission of Kenya.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
While the practice of human rights courts promotes coherence among the regional and the universal human rights regimes, the principle of systemic integration is not meant to expand the normative content of the interpreted treaty on the basis of external instruments, especially non-binding instruments. Therefore, such practice cannot be conceptualised as interpretation, but as the application of external instruments. To defend this argument, I rely in the theory of Alf Ross concerning the sources of international law. Then, after adjusting Ross’s theory to the specific problems of the 21st century, and proposing three mutually reinforcing notions (specificity, completeness and purpose) that assist the judge in determining the applicable law to a case, I develop the content of the normative plurality hypothesis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In their second BRs, Annex II Parties generally did not provide information on finance corresponding to capacity-building support reported, for example (UNFCCC, 2016(9]), this trend has by and large continued in third BRs. One explanation could be the relatively generic and high-level nature of existing guidance. In addition, CTF Tables for reporting on financial support do not require indicating whether capacity-building or technology elements are included. Clear measurement and reporting guidance, underpinned by clear definitions and methods, can help boost transparency and completeness of reporting (Ellis and Moarif, 2015(2]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The presence of young children in Models 1 and 2 results in table 3 indicate that while both husbands and wives spend more time on housework when there are young children in the home, die magnitudes are much larger for wives (about 89 minutes per day) compared to husbands (about 30 minutes per day). Additionally, the presence of retired (older) family members appears to reduce the wife's household work by 24 minutes per day and increase their time on market work by 16 minutes per day. On the other hand, they have no statistically significant impact on die husbands' time use. Focusing on Model 2, which uses die age and education gaps as bargaining power proxies, the results indicate that a greater age gap (higher bargaining power of the husband) leads to an increase in his and his wife's share of household work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Older firms experience significantly faster productivity growth, and both firm size and firm age have a significant negative effect on employment growth. This may reflect a tendency towards greater labour intensity among small firms and younger firms that have not yet attained a minimum scale of efficiency and therefore remain in a process of expansion. Small firms have a significantly higher rate of employment growth than medium-sized and large firms, and firm age again appears to significantly dampen employment growth. However, innovation is positively and significantly associated with productivity growth in manufacturing firms, and with employment growth in the full sample and both subsamples. Access to finance consistently appears to boost employment creation by firms, while manager experience is associated with slightly lower employment growth, except for services firms. The presence of women in senior management is significantly associated with faster productivity growth, overall and in services alone, and exporting is associated with faster employment growth, overall and in manufacturing alone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Poverty is traditionally measured based on income or expenditure aggregated at household level, and the number of poor is calculated as the number of people living in poor households. Inequality within the household in satisfying individual basic needs is not taken into account, mainly because it is difficult to know how household income is spent or consumed on an individual basis within the household or how expenditures are distributed to each household member. If in the same household women consume or spend less than what they need to function properly physically and socially, while men consume what they need or more, those women and men in the household are still considered to have the same poverty status, either poor or non-poor, depending on the average consumption estimated at the household level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Of the 500 largest corporations in the world, only 13 have a female chief executive officer. Women are abused physically and sexually by intimate partners at different rates throughout the world - yet such abuse occurs in all countries or areas, without exception. Younger women are more at risk than older women and since the consequences of such violence last a lifetime it has a severely adverse impact on womens family and social life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Designed well, property taxes can be used as an effective tool for sustainable land use (Box 1.10). The tax base is the cadastral income, equal to 50% of the notional rental value regularly updated by the authorities. The amount of tax is calculated by multiplying the tax base by the rates voted by each beneficiaiy local authority for the year in question.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, due to the relatively resource-intensive nature of Time Use Surveys, these are generally conducted at about five-yearly intervals (with the exception of the United States). In interim years or where their implementation is not feasible, data on unpaid work and use of time can be collected through survey instruments with lower collection and response burden, e.g. "light" diaries with pre-coded time use categories (UNECE, 2013). A number of initiatives have been launched by national statistical offices and international organisations to spread awareness of gender-based violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
British Approaches to Politics: the Dawn of a Self-Deprecating Discipline Contextual and Non-Contextual Histories of Political Thought Visions of Freedom: the Response to Totalitarianism The Critique of Individualism Pluralism, Revenant or Recessive? Comparative Politics Pressure Groups and Parties: A 'Haze of Common Knowledge' or the Empirical Advance of the Discipline? Electoral Systems, Elections and Public Opinion The Analysis of British Political Institutions British Public Administration, Dodo, Phoenix or Chameleon? Nations and Nationalism in British Political Studies The Study of Totalitarianism and Authoritarianism A British School of International Relations The Study of Politics as a Vocation
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nomadic Berbers inhabit southern Morocco (Ait Atta) and southern Tunisia. First of all, their presence is more visible on the southern edge of the Sahara (especially its Sahelian section) than in the Maghreb portion of the Sahara because of the long-standing and widespread seden-tarisation policy in North Africa. Furthermore, all of the nomadic groups, without exception, are trans-national. Herd composition is also extremely varied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)