albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
One of the root problems is infrastructure, already mentioned above, but there are other causes that need to be addressed as well. Water tariffs are still highly subsidized, hindering efficient water use, water reuse is not promoted, and the installation of water meters is proceeding at a very slow pace. Water user associations require further capacity, and in some cases more responsibilities and joint work with the public sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They also help achieve coherence. At present, there are no internationally-agreed standards for reporting on environmental performance at company level. This leads to variations in methodologies, scope and boundaries of reported information and indicators being used. Some of these initiatives, like the WBCSD/WRI protocol on GHG, are especially relevant in relation to consistent measurement focus on the definitions and measurement of indicators and serve as input for the frameworks that are on focused on reporting on sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For the non-OECD group of countries, the leading growth products are comprised of whole milk powder (48%), poultry and skim milk powder (43%), butter (42%), and with cheese (38%) also showing rapid production increases to 2019. This is shown in the next section. Aggregation across commodities provides a summary measure of how the agricultural sectors of countries and regions or economic groups are performing.1 In terms of the commodities covered in this Outlook, agricultural commodity sectors are performing quite differently across these groups, as noted in Figures 1.5 to 1.8. The Russian Federation and Ukraine are projected to grow 26% and 29%, provided plans and support measure by the respective governments proceed as indicated and bear fruit, marking a significant recovery in production levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is one of the reasons why some developing countries queried the findings of the OECD - CPI study ‘Climate Finance in 2013-14 and the USD 100 Billion Goal’ (OECD, 2015c). In addition, there are several inconsistencies and gaps in the current UNFCCC reporting framework for climate finance (Ellis and Moarif, 2015). The UNFCCC Standing Committee on Finance has been mandated to work on rules and procedures for tracking climate finance (UNFCCC, 2006) and this work will be intensified and carried forward post Paris.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
What is the implication of designating territorial integrity as an "eternal" constitutional principle? This article reflects on the protection of territorial integrity in the Ukrainian constitution, and especially within its provision of unamendability, against the backdrop of the 2014 Crimean crisis. It investigates the aims and limits of territorial integrity as an unamendable principle in the face of a double threat: internal in the form of a secessionist movement and external in the shape of forceful annexation of territory. The article argues that the preservative promise of unamendable territorial integrity is severely curtailed by this double vulnerability, even when backed by a constitutional court with far-reaching powers of judicial review. The article concludes that the uncertainty surrounding territorial change in constitutional law and theory is not alleviated by unamendable protections of territorial integrity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the first, the forested land is owned by a private company. In the second, external landowners are part of the scheme, both public and private. These examples are included to showcase forest-related examples, which may be replicable to other situations where the maintenance of a sustainably-managed forest is crucial for water quality. Nestle Waters, owner of the Vittel brand of bottled water, entered into long-term (30-year) contracts with the 26 largest farm operations in the watershed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Their impacts on nutrition may also vary according to the economic and nutritional context of the country. Agricultural policies that provide appropriate incentives and clear market signals that promote the sustainable intensification and diversification of production will improve nutrition more effectively. On the other hand, the Common Agricultural Policy in European countries actually raises consumer prices of sugar and dairy products relative to prices of fruits and vegetables and thus may have a small positive impact on the overall healthiness of European diets (Capacci eta/., 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Condoms, for example, should not be perceived either as a method of family planning or a means to prevent HIV. They can serve both purposes, so it makes little sense to compartmentalize them or to pay for them from separate budgets. Condoms, Osotimehin said, are in most places today associated with a tool for preventing HIV infections, and most people seem to have forgotten that they were originally a tool for family planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Abstractable volumes have to be redefined after a few years to consider the latest available scientific data (Water Management Plans are re-defined every six years). These uses also require a minimum flow. This unit is convened by the prefect (the local state representative) and involves stakeholders. It is mandated to suspend prevailing entitlements and to allocate water according to a set list of priority uses, as defined in the Decrees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Recently, the regulation of coverage for immigrants was changed with some improvements for new arrivals (see Box 2). To mitigate this structural problem, there are normative guidelines developed by the National Board for Health and Welfare and coordination efforts by the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions where regions agree about common rules and strategies. Since Sweden has a relatively large immigration, defining the right to health services for asylum seekers as well as irregular immigrants has been a challenge. While adult asylum seekers have access only to acute care and maternal care, all children, regardless of residence status, have full right to services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Improving teaching quality has been a policy priority in the Netherlands in recent years, as evidenced by the introduction of teacher competency requirements, the obligation for school boards to monitor teacher competencies and the Inspectorate’s increased focus on monitoring teaching quality in schools. Going further, the teaching profession in the Netherlands could benefit from a revised and refined set of teaching standards, strengthened school-based appraisal processes linked to professional learning opportunities, especially for beginning teachers, and an enhanced registration system that could be linked to teacher career development. Teacher appraisal refers to the evaluation of individual teachers to make a judgement about their performance. Teacher appraisal has typically two major purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In this way, the Council harmonises strategies of relevant organisations and provides for transfer of information and a sharing of resources. Additionally, there are extended plenary meetings twice per year with the mandate of nurturing political leadership. The CEO oversees the technical task teams for programmes (i.e. policy and legislation, research, prevention), monitoring and evaluation, administration, communication and resource mobilisation teams.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They highlight in particular the following aspects: economies of scale, economies of scope, and knowledge externalities. Evaluating how country characteristics interact with these three aspects can facilitate such an assessment. In addition, the quality of most new technologies increases exponentially with scale, for example, map applications are more reliable the more users provide data on traffic flows, while Google's search suggestions improve with every search undertaken by the user.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Michael Succow Foundation, as implementing agency, chose the existing Kopetdag and Syunt-Khasardag State Reserves as pilot areas. Plans to establish national parks will only be implemented once the necessary adjustments to the PA legislation (primarily the establishment of national parks as a legal PA category) have been made. Ex situ conservation activities can complement PA system development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It should be clear that for every woman who dies, the investment that society has made into her education and training is lost. The importance of addressing current health challenges is paramount to accessing the full potential of African women and men to contribute to growth and structural transformation. The AU Abuja Declaration encourages governments to increase health budget allocations to 15 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The latter typically look at specifying operational aspects of service provision: on-time performance, availability of service, location of stops and even detailed schedule-based frequency. These are adapted to the type of services route-based bus and rail services provide but make little sense for platform-based ride services. Coverage of services, average wait times (and their distribution) for both regular services and for accessible services, for example, all focus more on the outcomes that ride services can contribute to and may be more relevant for contracting with the providers of ride services. Currently, most of the pilots looking at the delivery of ride services allocate risk to the public authority contracting the service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Following a territorial approach is complex but crucial for policy making that connects the objectives of equity, economic efficiency and environmental sustainability - each indispensable in the fight against food insecurity and malnutrition. A striking feature of contemporary' economic development is unprecedented regional disparities, not only across but even more within countries. Within OECD countries, inequities between regions within countries are larger than inequalities between countries (OECD, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Research findings show that in addition to fulfilling fundamental human rights, addressing gender discrimination in social institutions is needed to improve individual outcomes for women and ultimately enhance the well-being of current and future generations (Ferrant and Nowacka, 2015). If discriminatory social institutions are associated with lower levels of long-term growth, after accounting for the standard determinants of growth and gender differences in key socio-economic outcomes, then the case is strong for including policies and programmes that directly target discriminatory social institutions in national development strategies. Little is known, however, about the effect of gender-based discrimination in social institutions on economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This will be crucial in improving the quality of life and economic dynamism of urban areas for all of Chile’s residents. This could further promote mixed-income housing areas, and discourage better-off families from demanding housing subsidies. While centrally located land can be more expensive in the short term, the pre-existence of infrastructure saves money, and better accessibility reduces commuting time and its associated costs, including pollution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This may be specified as the number of hours teachers must be available at the setting for teaching and non-teaching activities. This number varies widely across all countries with available data. These affect job satisfaction and staff retention, and through this, contribute to the quality of ECEC services (Clarke-Stewart et al., Smaller ratios are often seen as beneficial because they allow staff to focus more on the needs of individual students, and reduce the amount of class time needed to deal with disruptions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A robust outcome from this work is that one must consider different risk layers for which specific instruments are required. Extreme cases of droughts and floods most often belong to the category of catastrophic risks, and thus require some form of government intervention. An efficient definition of the boundaries between catastrophic and non-catastrophic risk is a challenging exercise in the context of climate change that tends to increase the variance in water availability (OECD, 2014). The boundaries become a moving target in the context of non-stationary climate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A dynamic panel model was used, estimated by the two-step generalized method-of-moments system developed by Blundell-Bond (1998), in order to analyse three scenarios: the first corresponds to the entire period covered by this study (i.e. 1981-2013), the second encompasses the years from 1981 to 1994 (the period leading up to the Real Plan), and the third is the period from 1995 to 2013 (the years following the implementation of the Real Plan). The results indicate that economic growth policies that promote an increase in income in conjunction with a reduction in income disparities are more effective in combating poverty in Brazil than those that focus only on raising mean income levels. The findings also point to the existence of a pro-poor form of growth in the period following the Real Plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In a climate where institutional investors continue to favour liquid over illiquid assets, a shortage of long-term finance is potentially on the horizon. At the very least, longterm finance could become a lot more costly than it is already. In this context, private interest in LDCs’ infrastructure development, which is already lower than in other developing countries (UNCTAD, 2008), may dwindle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
One of the first tasks of the IATT was therefore to assess different STI initiatives conducted by IATT members. The mapping included 1600 activities across 20 different UN agencies with a total budget of around USD 1 billion. The mapping revealed that the primary objectives of more than half of the initiatives were related to technology, one-third science-related, and roughly 10-20% related to innovation (IATT-STI, 2017[3)). The mapping also showed differences in priorities across agencies. Other agencies, such as WIPO and the World Bank have a more diverse focus.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Figure B.20 suggests in this regard that the automotive trade will be affected first, followed by electronics and metals. Such differences are often linked to research and development (R&D) expenditure and policy (Costinot et al., The central question emphasized by Goldfarb and Trefler (2018a) in this regard is whether knowledge externalities and R&D spillovers in digital technologies are confined within borders or extend beyond.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The manual may also be useful for data users who wish to be able to interpret statistics correcdy and to understand the problems involved in the production of gender statistics and therefore have a more efficient dialogue with data producers. In A Sourcebook for Poverty Reduction Strategies, vol.l, Core Techniques and Cross-cutting Issues, Jeni Kingman, ed. Guide to Gender-sensitive Indicators. Quebec: Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Tourism is the second-largest source of hard currency earnings, following remittances. The tourism sector has potential but is weakly developed, cruise ship numbers have recently declined and tourism numbers are presently declining. In 2011 GDP was estimated at $378 million with GDP per capita estimated at $3,648. Real GDP growth fell in both 2008-09 and 2009-2010 but for 2010-11 was expected to grow at around 1.4 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
David Elzinga was the lead author for this publication. Many other IEA colleagues have provided important contributions, in particular Milou Beerepoot, Francois Cuenot, Stefanie Held, Marie-Laetitia Gourdin, Alexander Korner, Quentin Marchais, Ada Marmion, Katherine Prewitt, Uwe Remme, Nathalie Trudeau, and Markus Wrake. The paper was published with financial support of the Foundation for the Global Compact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
How the Framework deals with scoping and accounting for specific indicators is not known yet. This brief overview demonstrates the wide variety of sources available to a company when compiling the information to report on economic, environmental and social performance. Focusing on the key commonalities among the frameworks, three concepts stand out that underpin the most often used measurement and reporting frameworks: completeness, relevance and materiality, and comparability. The measurement and reporting frameworks describe how companies can compile a complete report, addressing all relevant topics for an organisation to be able to describe its environmental, social and economic performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The judicial supremacy can be characterized as the doctrine that underlies the possibility of the supreme court to say, according with its vision of the constitutional text, what the law is conclusively. This paper assumes that the theory of deliberative democracy, by to postulating a decentralized model of society, constructed intersubjectively through an open discussion among the various political and social actors, can also be used as a critical theory to judicial supremacy. Thus, using the Gargarella studies this article will look, based on his vision of deliberative democracy to demonstrate that judicial supremacy is harmful to democracy, because the it removes citizens from the final decision of most important social issues, and transfers them to a supreme political power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
See Annex Table 1.A1.2 in OECD (2011c) for details.] Most of the rise in unemployment during the recession beginning in 1973 occurred in the first nine quarters, generating a similar profile to the curve for the most recent recession up until that point. However, unemployment remained at approximately that same level for an extended period of time in the 1970s recession, finally reaching its highest point after 15 quarters. The pattern was quite different in the recession staring in late 2007 with the unemployment rate switching much more rapidly from its rapid rise during the nine quarters up to 2009Q4 to a slow decline since.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Malabo Protocol adopted by the African Union in 2014 envisages the empowerment of the African Court of Justice and Human and People’s Rights, inter alia, with international criminal jurisdiction. The chapter reflects on three specific crimes which will be subject to the jurisdiction of the Court—piracy, terrorism, and mercenarism. It explores their origins in international treaties, analyses their elements and argues that these crimes (“transnational crimes”) must be distinguished from other crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court, such as genocide and war crimes (“crimes under international law”). The chapter shows that the Court will be the first international tribunal ever provided with jurisdiction over transnational crimes and concludes with the recommendation not to rashly repudiate the (perhaps: over-) ambitious project of regionalizing the enforcement of international and transnational criminal law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The CRS allows for development finance to be analysed from the provider or recipient perspective (see figure below). When analysing climate-related development finance, the provider perspective includes Rio-marked bilateral flows and imputed multilateral contributions, whereas the recipient perspective includes Rio-marked bilateral flows and climate-related multilateral outflows. Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States. There are also 20 non-DAC member countries that report ODA to the DAC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
India’s duty-free scheme, effective since August 2008, has similarly had little impact on LDC exports to India. Brazil is now expected to propose a trade preference scheme for LDCs of its own. There is considerable scope to improve these initiatives so that they have the desired impact on LDC exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The instrument also encourages the articulation of actors of the Colombian innovation system by favouring proposals submitted by regional governments jointly with universities, science parks and companies. In Korea, technoparks have been built to address the gap between the metropolitan area of Seoul and other more peripheral regions. Technology park development includes the construction of infrastructure (e.g. common business support facilities, incubators), locating of research centres and universities to increase the pool of human capital and promote R&D, implementation of networking programmes and incentives for joint R&D projects, and the provision of finance for tech-based SMEs and start-ups, including through venture and seed capital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In cases where digital technologies affect trade in both goods and services, the impacts will be discussed in turn. On the other hand, services form the rapidly evolving digital infrastructure that enables services to be supplied electronically and goods and services to be purchased online. These two facets of services, as enablers of digital trade and products supplied by means of digital technologies, have significant impacts on trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Confronted with the continued and rapid emergence of new psychoactive substances, countries in the region have placed additional substances under temporary listing and/or extended the scope of drug control to defined groups of substances. For instance, the Republic of Korea announced the temporary control of 10 new psychoactive substances (6 synthetic cannabinoids, 2 phen-ethylamines and 2 other miscellaneous substances) for three years in December 2014, which brought the number of new psychoactive substances currently under temporary control to 86. Under that country’s Act on the Control of Narcotics, the possession, management, trade, assistance in the trade, or the giving or receiving of materials that contain a temporary scheduled substance are prohibited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Since the average new car in 2005 worldwide had a fuel economy level of about 817100km (29.4 miles per gallon), this means cars would have to reach 4L/100km (58.8 miles per gallon) by 2030. This will be very challenging, requiring an improvement of nearly a 3% per year in new-car fuel economy, on average, in every country. They include engine efficiency technologies, lightweight materials, improved body aerodynamics and improved vehicle components such as air-conditioning and low-rolling-resistance tyres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)