albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It is always due to the intrinsic scarcity of the underlying product and its magnitude is exclusively determined by demand. The diversification of energy sources and suppliers, the development of substitutes such as renewables or nuclear power, the provision of incentives for improving energy efficiency are all effective responses to long-term monopolistic behaviour. Such policy measures fall, however, in the realm of standard commercial practice and do not constitute per se measures to reduce energy supply risk. Private actors concerned about high oil and gas prices should be able to deal with the exercise of monopoly power to the extent that it is predictable and that the commercial competition is being played out on a level playing field.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Similarly, a study by the Commonwealth Fund of care management programmes that spanned care settings and engaged interdisciplinary teams across the continuum of care found that multifaceted, boundary-spanning approaches were associated with reduced hospital use and readmissions (McCarthy et al., The reforms undertaken to date clearly reflect this. Moreover, the strengthening of primary care continues to be supported by the State Health Development Programme of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Densaulyk" for 2016 - 2019. Key measures envisaged include reducing the size of patient lists for generalists, from the current 2 200 to 1 500, and the increased delegation of tasks to nurses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This is not what they were supposed to do in the new system. As mentioned by stakeholders, often 3-year programmes are just a compact version of what was done in 4- or 5-year single cycle programmes, in place before the “3+2” reform. Quality requirements have also been generally lowered to increase the number of 3-year graduates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This calls for moving the measurement agenda forward (see below). Utilisation of evaluation results is often indirect. While ex post evaluations are increasingly used to improve programme design and implementation, they are not always readily available or communicated to policy makers at the strategic decision-making level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The values of the Gini index in the X-axis represent percentiles of the underlying distribution on inequality indexes. In particular the 25lh (25.7), the median (28.67), and the 75,h (31.7). The estimates imply that an interquartile (25lh-75lh) increase in inequality (6 Gini points) raises the average probability of unemployment of individuals from low background by around 3 percentage points. For comparison, their baseline probability of unemployment is around 10%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Greek teachers are asked to teach in increasingly multicultural classrooms. Teachers must place greater emphasis on integrating students with special learning needs, both special difficulties and special talents, in their classes. They need to make more effective use of information and communication technologies for teaching. They are required to engage more in planning within evaluative and accountability frameworks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Therefore, although there has been a steady decline in the incidence of poverty in India, the efforts of the Government have not resulted in a uniform impact across regions. There remain regions where the poverty is still deep and severe and hence they require greater attention. In several countries, the rate of rural urban or interregional convergence has declined over time as a result of widening income inequalities and pro-urban industrial and public investments policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Information can also be found on the website of the Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards Program (CLASP), at: www.clasponline.org/worldwide.php. The intention was to promote international agreement on testing procedures, efficiency classes and labelling schemes to enable product comparisons worldwide. Completed in November 2008, it was merged with the 4E Motor Systems Annex in early 2009. April 2007, available at: www.iea.org/textbase/ papers/2007/standby_fact.pdf. Various approaches have been identified in energy audits to improve the average performance of electric motors. Similar system replacement projects exist in residential buildings, but are often more difficult to package attractively (Taylor et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In countries such as Italy, Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg and Turkey there are large differences between schools, linked to the schools’ and students’ socio-economic backgrounds. The magnitude of the differences in performance associated with the socio-economic composition of the school is striking, especially in Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Israel, Japan5, and the Netherlands. One student attends an advantaged school, where most of this student’s peers come from families that are more affluent6. The other student attends a more socio-economically disadvantaged school.7 The analysis indicates that the first student would be expected to show, on average across the OECD countries, a 32 score point higher reading performance than the second student, and this difference would be expected to exceed 50 score points in several countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Germany, 24% of such couples have a male partner working full-time (40+ hours per week) and a female partner not working (0 hour per week). In France, 8.2% of such couples have a male partner working full-time (40+ hours per week) and a female partner not working (0 hour per week). Data refer to total hours worked in all jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Family members delay visiting a doctor or do not seek help at all mainly for financial reasons. Forty-five per cent of the poorest quintile found it difficult or even impossible to pay for health care (World Bank 2009a). In Kazakhstan, the loss of purchasing power was already visible in slightly lower consumption in the first half of 2009 (real consumption decreased by 2.2 per cent compared to same period in 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These reforms are undertaken for a wide variety of economic security and resource management reasons. While not specifically energy efficiency policies, these energy markets effectively motivate a wide range of sustainable energy options including and especially energy efficiency and renewables by ensuring all the players in an energy system receive effective price signals for their decisions. Market operators in each country generally have a significant amount of information about the function and performance of these systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
On the other hand, as a repetitive activity, cleaning streets and markets can generate continuous long-term employment. A concern is whether employing women as cleaners reinforces gender stereotypes, as is reflected in this remark by the mayor of N'Djamena: "There is no-one who appreciates cleanliness more than women, who in any case do all the work of maintaining cleanliness in their own homes." Nonetheless, women participants affirmed the vital contribution that the income earnt through N'Djamena Nadif has made to their households' food security, education and housing costs (Watson et al. In response, the Urban Safety Net Programme was launched in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Food is a requirement for life and a minimum caloric intake can be quantified for survival, which varies, by gender, age and physical activity.119 The mobile Internet, like any other non-food expenditure, is not essential for survival. Further, food is available in different denominations to suit various incomes. To simplify the analysis, it is assumed communications expenditure would be on mobile Internet because voice and text messages could be used with Over the Top (OTT) apps. It does raise the interesting point about how consumers decide to divide communications expenditures between traditional voice and Internet but that is beyond the scope of the analysis in this chapter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
ABSTRACTTo gain support for their programs, mission, and aims, organizations engage in identity work to establish and communicate who and what an organization is. We argue that identity work is a core strategic communication effort, and furthermore that rhetoric is central to the process. To better understand such identity work, we engage in a case study of an emerging organizational form, social entrepreneurship (SE), by analyzing the identity rhetoric of three large SE umbrella organizations (Ashoka, The Skoll Foundation, Echoing Green). We find that SE identity work is constructed at both the organizational level and at the level of SE as a whole field or sector. Our contributions highlight the tensions brought about in communicatively constructing identity at multiple levels, and the need for further strategic communication scholarship that critiques identity work as arguments for a vision for social change agendas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
During their participation in the programme beneficiaries will receive a stipend of TND 200 if they have at least a higher technician diploma (brevet de technicien superieur) or university degree, while those with lower level qualifications will receive TND 100. The maximum participation period is set at 24 months. In line with previous ALMPs in Tunisia, the stipend increases with educational qualification, but it is not clear what the reasoning behind this is.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Governments must impose solutions, but it is also essential that climate change be addressed sustainably at the human level. Developing a sense of ownership and accountability begins with explicit acknowledgement that it is the behaviour and lifestyles of individuals and the societies in which they live that are ultimately responsible for the emissions that drive climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
While in the long run the new process is probably better, there are clear short term costs that are largely bom at the local level. France is still a centralised State, and while it has greatly reduced the direct role of the national government in land use plans it remains very engaged relative to many other OECD countries. Because France has a unitary government all devolved powers can be altered, and the frequent changes in the last few decades suggest the possibility of further change in the future. Second, while France has largely strengthened local government, the direct role of the State in day-to-day administration through the prefet and the responsibility of mayors to the nation State remains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Column 2 describes the poverty rate if there were no single-parent jobless households. The following columns consider different scenarios regarding the situation of families with two parents. This scenario indicates that poverty reduction would occur if working par ents were not penalized for job quality or received benefits to compensate for this penalty. In Table 4, the order of magnitude of the reduction in child poverty rates induced by the different scenarios depends on the proportion of the population represented by each family category. To complement this information, the reduction in poverty rates that can be expected within each category is presented in Table 5 (for single-parent families) and Table 6 (for two-parent families). Across all scenarios, the poverty line is unchanged at its current level, which makes it possible to estimate the benefit of a change in the employment status of parents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, the rate of growth in their incomes fell behind the rises in population incomes in eight countries, with the largest fall-back observed in Chile. The fall documented in earlier OECD work between the mid-1980s and the mid-2000s (OECD, 2008) continued between 2007 and 2010 (Figure 2.7). New Results from the OECD Income Distribution Database”, Policy Brief, OECD, available at www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD2013-Inequality-and-Pouerty-8p.pdf. Among the elderly, however, relative income poverty shrunk from 15.1% to 12.8%, with falls in 20 countries and rises of around 2 percentage points in Hirkey, Canada, and Poland only.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Developing countries in particular can expand this share by offering a variety of products instead of decreasing the prices of the products (see, for example, Eicher and Kuenzel, 2016). Successes in the development of labour-intensive industries and in the export of their products can generate substantial manufacturing employment in low- and middle-income countries (Chataway et al., Women in these countries may have little access to formal employment and are thus not part of the productive labour force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authorfs). The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. While this process is transforming the urban economy, the rural economy is also undergoing substantial structural change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
But as Tim Harford, Financial Times Columnist, suggests (see his opinion piece on page 29), neither is necessarily true. First, plenty of other things need to change if innovations are to become truly transformative. Second, not everything that glitters is gold. Without the aid of massive computing power to process and analyse data, the interconnectedness that the internet creates, and the bandwidth that makes the instantaneous and bulk transfer of information feasible, these innovations might not have arisen and certainly would not have the same potential that they do now.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article examines the evolution of middle power diplomacy on arms control during the Cold War. It argues that despite several attempts to influence major arms control negotiations, the structural constraints imposed by strict bipolarity—particularly during the early stages of the Cold War—limited the room for diplomatic manoeuvre by the small and medium-sized states. Factors such as the geographical voting groups within the United Nations system and the self-imposed discipline within traditional alliance structures typically restricted middle power initiatives on the important questions of international security such as arms control. Nonetheless, a number of efforts were made by leading middle powers such as Australia and Canada to progress the cause of arms control and significant policy ideas were at least canvassed during this time. The historical evidence shows that the middle powers were not innocent bystanders in the Cold War arms control debates, but whatever influence they had was ultimately s...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
ABSTRACTWhy has the European Union’s (EU’s) promotion of rule of law (RoL) triggered different and largely surface-thin reforms across countries subject to a similar frame of enlargement in the Western Balkans (WB)? We hypothesize that the domestic (non-)enforcement of EU-promoted rules depends on the mobilization of politically autonomous constituencies of change – organized advocacy groups and autonomous state institutions – which enable democratic accountability. The empirical investigation focuses on the prosecution of political corruption as empirical foci to assessing the travails of EU-promoted rules in the domestic context. Specifically, we trace the role of (1) EU’s RoL promotion strategy, (2) political resistance and (3) domestic accountability in explaining different records of prosecution of political corruption in Albania and Croatia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this chapter, we review the effectiveness of social protection interventions in reducing poverty, raising food consumption and diversifying diets. We review a broad range of social protection measures, with the main focus on social assistance interventions targeted at poor households, rather than other social protection measures. The majority of these people are in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where social protection coverage is widespread. Far fewer people are protected in sub-Saharan Africa, where coverage is lower and less than 1 percent of the population moves out of poverty each year as a result of social protection transfers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Of the responding countries, 84% (16 countries) reported having requirements for ex ante GIAs on primary legislation, compared to 37% (7 countries) for ex post. In general, however, it seems GIAs are not yet routine elements of policy making, the majority of responding countries reserve GIAs for primary and secondary legislation rather than for policies and programmes (see Figure 4.14). Box 4.17 contains the EU criteria for GIA, which take into account both the differences between men and w'omen, as well as the need for restorative action to ensure that any previous gender-based inequalities are addressed, while Box 4.18 provides information on gender impact reports in Sweden and Ireland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This strengthening of internal co-ordination not only encourages the dissemination of gender-related knowledge within institutions but also promotes the emergence of clearly-identified communities, able to forge links with other specialists working on the promotion of women's economic empowerment in the region. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the Wesf and Fails Everywhere Else, Basic Civitas Books, New York. Global Food Security, Vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
An ethnic group generally shares a common sense of identity and common characteristics such as language, religion, tribe, nationality, race or a combination thereof. In other cases, indigenous peoples became minorities as a result of the settlement and colonization of their native territories by other peoples. Those distinctions have important political and practical implications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Primary sources of data include vital registration systems, household surveys (direct and indirect methods), reproductive-age mortality studies, disease surveillance or sample registration systems, special studies on maternal mortality and national population censuses. Despite being based on established demographic techniques and empirical data from other countries, the country-specific point estimates obtained through the statistical model do not necessarily represent the true levels of maternal mortality. Data obtained: 2 August 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The curriculum is flexible enough to cope with differences at the local level and in individual schools. At the school level, course studies can be complemented through collaboration with regional and local institutions, enterprises and civic associations. The new buildings are designed and built followed by principles of sustainability and energy efficiency standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the case of income deprivation, the headcount ratio decreased from 37.6% in 2006 to 32.8% in 2010. Transfer Axiom: Given other things, a pure transfer of income from a person below the poverty line to anyone who is richer must increase the poverty measure” (Sen, 1976, p. 219). These figures show that one third of the population has income below the official poverty line (US$ 57.29 per capita per month in 2006) and half the population in rural areas suffers from monetary deprivation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These challenges highlight the importance of sustainably increasing agricultural productivity to meet the increased demand, and to ensure a sustainable use of natural resources (FAO, 2017c). Firstly, food production is directly affected through changes to the conditions of production (e.g. climate, water availability, pests). For instance, changes in temperature and precipitation associated with climate change will affect the suitability of land for production of goods and the resulting yields (see e.g. Schmidhuber and Tubiello, 2007, Ray et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The ILO (2016) estimates that only 0.1% of the approximately 2 million domestic workers in Mexico are enrolled in a social security programme. Across the OECD, on average, 10% of employed women and 18% of employed men were self-employed in 2014 (using the combined count of own-account workers and employers). Rates are much higher in Mexico: 25% of employed women and 27% of employed men in Mexico were self-employed in the same period (OECD Gender Portal, 2016). These patterns hold in Mexico, as well: earnings from self-employment are significantly lower among women and most of them do not hire any employees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
And in any studied case, one should specifically decide to which extent the possible risks and opportunities are examined. An example of a functional model for a hydropower plant is shown in Figure 11.5. The seasonal plan helps to determine how climate change could affect a power plant’s typical seasonal practices and routines. An example of seasonal plan for a biomass-based power plant is shown in Figure 11.6.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
By contrast, all other countries are characterised by intermediate-to-strict regulations on both temporary contracts and individual dismissals. In most countries, however, the principle of freedom of contracts continued to dominate until the early 1960s (see e.g. Sigeman, 2002, Deakin and Wilkinson, 2005, Autor et al., Indeed, most of employment protection norms in the modern form were developed through legislation, collective agreements or court rulings between 1960 and 1980 (see also OECD, 1999).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This paper pays tribute to Professor Suresh D. Tendulkar’s contribution and scholarship to economics, economic-policy making, and economic reforms in India. The paper’s scope is by no means exhaustive, and primarily focuses on his contributions on economic planning in India, the political economy of economic reforms, and his important conceptual and policy-relevant work on poverty measurement. The paper also presents results on empirical exercises comparing trends in inequality, and various poverty lines in India in the recent past. The paper concludes with policy observations on economic reforms in India, and directions for further empirical research on poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As “consistency” is one of the aims of the Paris Agreement transparency framework, current review practices and guidelines may need to be revised in order for technical expert reviews under the Paris Agreement to assess progress in this area. Corresponding figures for the technical review of Annex II countries’ second biennial reports were that 19 countries reported “complete” or “mostly complete” information on climate support, and 18 countries reported information on climate support that was ‘transparent” or “mostly transparent”. Thus, several countries are still struggling to ensure full transparency of information communicated on climate support (UNFCCC, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
To provide context regarding developments in the agricultural market in other parts of the world, and to analyse potential food security issues, the results for four regions that represent low-income countries and are particularly vulnerable to food insecurity are also presented. They are: sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East and North Africa (MENA), South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Several modelling groups with different crop, agricultural and economic specifications participate in AgMIP to compare their results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)