albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, it is possible that although coded as the underlying cause, some of these deaths were precipitated by another condition such as influenza or CVD (Ho and Hendi, 2018). For example, in England and Wales, over a third of all deaths with an underlying cause of dementia or Alzheimer’s disease are reported to also have a respiratory disease mentioned on the death certificate (ONS, 2016a). Although the reasons for the seasonal pattern in deaths from dementia and Alzheimer's disease are not clear, it may be related to the greater vulnerability of people with these conditions to respiratory diseases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In other words, the model helps businesses to put the principles into action while developing relevant corporate policies and managerial agendas. These are technology, innovation, interconnectivity, metrics, stakeholder engagement and government support. The enablers help businesses transform the principles into daily practices and therefore, drive the corporate agenda for a sustainable future. Importantly, the model suggests that the SRB principles and practices cannot be realized and cannot promote a sustainable future effectively without the aid of the enablers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In general, however, existing landfills do not meet international sanitary standards. Waste separation is starting to be introduced. Rural areas are only partly covered by municipal waste service. Oil and gas industries have upgraded their waste management practices, also under the influence of British Petroleum (BP).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The situation remains critical, with food prices maintaining historically high levels. Both the price hikes and volatility adversely affect poverty reduction efforts and sustainable development strategies. Recent Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates suggest that two-thirds of the world’s hungry people (some 600 million people) live in just seven countries, of which three are in the Commonwealth (India, Bangladesh and Pakistan).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Targets of production area were decreed to ensure that each state/division was self-sufficient in rice, and farmers were forced to cultivate rice in designated areas, especially those with irrigation, as a condition to access land and inputs. The MAPT used the rice obtained under compulsory procurement to supply low-income groups, government employees and military personnel, and to maintain buffer stocks (UNDP, 2004). Well aware of the economic importance and the role of rubber as an exportable crop and an industrial raw material for local manufacturing industries, rubber became one of the major crops promoted by the MPCE. Following the creation of the MSE, from 1995 to 2008, sugarcane area tripled and production more than tripled from 3.2 million to 9.9 million MT.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Independent variables include activities of daily living, chronic diseases, and interactions of ADL categories and disease conditions. Ever having smoked, residing in the Northeast, mortality, obesity, and physical health status (measured by number of ADLs and admission to nursing home) have considerable effects on expenditures. Further, individuals who die during the year have substantially higher medical expenses than survivors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Abstract   Cross-cultural partnerships can provide a competitive edge for organizations, but also hinder trust between individuals, and thus the flow of diverse knowledge that facilitates positive organizational outcomes. We investigate whether openness to experience (openness, in short) protects against lower trust in cross-cultural partnerships by weakening the effect of cultural diversity on trust formation processes (defined by perceived similarity and trustworthiness, serially). We randomly assigned White, American participants to partners from either the same or different (i.e., Chinese) cultural background. After introductions, participants rated their partner’s similarity and trustworthiness, and played a game assessing behavioral trust. Openness was measured 3–7 days prior. People high (versus low) on openness were more trusting towards culturally dissimilar partners because they perceived them as more similar, and thus more trustworthy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Like the Genocide Convention, the draft articles on crimes against humanity are not confined to issues of punishment. They also, in the preamble and especially in article 4, impose an obligation of prevention. It is informed principally by the 2007 judgment of the International Court of Justice as well as be case law of international human rights tribunals. The obligation has an internal dimension, by which States must prevent crimes against humanity within their own jurisdiction. But it also has an external dimension that mandates international cooperation and even intervention which must necessarily be compatible with the Charter of the United Nations. The draft articles are not as robust as the Genocide Convention with respect to the inchoate crimes of incitement and conspiracy. The obligation of non-refoulement is also a dimension of the preventative role of the draft articles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In other words, the VRR combines the degree to which VAT policy is designed to tax consumption at a uniform rate together with the quality of compliance and tax administration. In 2012, Poland had one of the lowest VRRs in the OECD, pointing to both a narrow VAT base and weak enforcement and compliance. Broadening the VAT base, by scaling back the use of reduced VAT rates and exemptions, and strengthening VAT enforcement could help boost revenues and contribute to financing Poland's planned spending increases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Supreme Court in ParkingEye Ltd v. Beavis, joined to a revision of the common law on penalties in Cavendish Square BV v. Makdessi, declined to hold that an £85 charge for overstaying in a car park was unfair under European Union consumer protection law. This note asks, when will the UK’s highest court say contract terms are unfair against consumers? How does the Court perceive its role in furthering a charter of economic, social and consumer rights? Has the majority of the Court, in light of Lord Toulson’s powerful dissent, accurately interpreted the EU Court of Justice’s guidance and the purpose of the Directive? And finally, given the Court of Justice’s requirements for making a preliminary reference, and the fact that EU law directly binds every national court, can we regard ParkingEye as a precedent at all?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are two new' sub-dimensions, activation policies and job quality, while the labour mobility sub-dimension has been removed. Several changes have also been made to the indicators. All six economies have adopted new legislation in several areas targeted at increasing the flexibility of labour markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Due to the infeed of low marginal cost electricity, the supply curve shifts to the right, with a significant decrease of the number of hours in which peak-and medium-load technologies are marginal. This results in lower spot and average electricity prices and in a reduction of infra-marginal rent for base- and medium-load technologies. The former effect affects mainly peak-load type of generators, while the latter is more relevant for base- and medium-load generators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Bimbo also benefits, since its consumers have enhanced access to credit and are more likely to pay for its products on time. Many microfinance experiences around the world testify that this contracting innovation, through the concept of joint liability, changes the behaviour of borrowers, reduces monitoring costs and enforces payment through peer pressure - all of which help make credit more available to the poor. The BASIX index-based weather insurance, which reduces monitoring and farm level inspection to confirm crop losses, is one example of this trend.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Ces obligations doivent etre respectees dans toutes les lois, politiques et interventions en lien avec la famille. Grace aux 17 objectifs de developpement durable (ODD) et a ses 169 cibles, le Programme de developpement durable a I’horizon 2030 s’emploie a realiser les droits de I’homme de tous et a parvenir a I'egalite des sexes et a I’autonomisation de toutes les femmes et filles (preambule, paras 19-20). En outre,dans le cadre de ce programme, les dirigeants mondiaux se sont engages a promouvoir la cohesion des families (para. Si les families ont change au fil du temps, qu’est-ce-qu’une « famille » de nos jours ?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” (World Food Summit, 1996). According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), this definition covers four dimensions of food security: physical availability of food, economic and physical access to food, meeting nutritional requirements, and stability of these three aspects over time (Stamoulis and Zezza, 2003). These four dimensions are directly or indirectly influenced by the level of agricultural productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This rising inequality matters, not only for its effect on economic development processes, but also for its impact on poverty reduction, social mobility, social cohesion, political stability, and other aspects of social development. However, as highlighted in previous chapters, the arguments and evidence against inequality as an unavoidable by-product of development are growing. While some level of inequality can be incentivizing, there is growing recognition that too much inequality, and sustained periods of it, can derail economic progress and deepen—or create—the social and economic exclusion of large pockets of society. While it accepts that moderate levels of inequality can have a constructive influence, it illustrates the—mostly constraining— impact of inequality in relation to economic growth, poverty, social mobility, social stability and cohesion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There was a delay of at least five years by member states to satisfy the agreed-upon implementation of the ND. Member states needed more coordination amongst each other to improve these networks and to ensure proper monitoring. The action programmes were not introduced all at once, and their development, along with that of good agricultural practices to reduce N pollution, remains at the centre of water management for these countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This does not only concern the absolute level of information but also the bias of information. Figure 4.8 shows that less than one in ten respondents believe that nuclear risks are perceived correctly. While the percentage of those who think that they are underestimated is slightly larger than the percentage of those who think that they are overestimated, the overall picture is one of fluidity and uncertainty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Some Japanese medical schools already provide courses of social medicine or public health and the development of a department of specialist primary care would complement these. These new departments could undertake research in primary care, support development of clinical guidelines specific to primary care, as well as teach the speciality at both under-graduate and post-graduate level. In relation to other OECD primary care systems, Japan is starting from an unusually strong position in one respect, in that the fee schedule already directs additional resources for treatment of patients with multiple chronic conditions, continuity of prescribed drugs and management plans and establishment of continuous care which offers on-call services with medical advice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The forest districts pay into this fund in amounts that vary by district, in accordance with prevailing local natural and economic conditions. The fund balance has increased in recent years and stood at PLN 800 million at the end of 2012 (Table 4.8). In other words, it finances deficits incurred by forest districts that are disadvantaged because of unfavourable natural or economic conditions - for example, a predominance of tree stands that are too young to be harvested.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Both Botswana and Cape Verde became members of the WTO shortly after the UN General Assembly had taken note of their recommendation for graduation. The experience of Cape Verde, however, might be useful to the Maldives, as it set some precedents regarding the extension of preferential market access after LDC graduation. In its Resolution 52/209 of December 2004 the General Assembly also requested WTO members to consider granting graduated LDCs an extension of the preferential treatments and exemptions conferred to them under the LDC status over a period appropriate to the development situation of the particular country. The upcoming LDC-IV Conference will provide a forum for the discussion of challenges and recommendations regarding phase-out periods and strategies for special support measures. Established as part of the mandates approved in WTO's first Ministerial Conference in 1996, the IF aims at building capacity among LDCs on trade-related issues, to better enable these countries in their response to trade opportunities and their participation in the multilateral trade system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Smooth reallocation of labour from less to more productive activities will support output growth. A workforce with enhanced skills will contribute to the development of high productivity activities. The availability of skilled workers may foster entrepreneurship and encourage firms to produce and create jobs. Even so, labour market policies can only contribute significantly to increasing employment in association with other policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In 2012, USAID and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection signed an MoU that supports EC-LEDS and provides the framework for bilateral cooperation in Georgia. During the five years of the programme, EC-LEDS Clean Energy is expected to reduce GHG emissions in Georgia by at least 236,372.9 metric tons of CO2-equivalent, facilitate up to US$14 million in private sector investments in clean energy, and lead to energy savings of up to 315 GWh (the equivalent of approximately US$22 million). The ENER2i project focuses on the need to find innovative and sustainable solutions to these challenges, directly addressing the gap between new energy research and European industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Additionally, training and awareness-raising with business leaders could also be useful in promoting a wider understanding and recognition of the importance of RBC. Educational institutions such as business schools can be important platforms. Adoption of the Guidelines and the UN Guiding Principles should be actively encouraged, as promoting local capacity and adopting practices that permit the transfer and rapid diffusion of technologies and know-how is encouraged under the Guidelines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Using alternate metrics generates different results. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) eTrade of All framework identifies seven critical areas for e-commerce development: e-commerce assessments, ICT infrastructure services, payments, trade logistics, legal & regulatory frameworks, skills development, and financing for e-commerce. Using this e-trade for all categorization against OECD reporting codes gives a different perspective on financing flows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
When Lords Hope and Reed reformed the law of standing in AXA General Insurance v Lord Advocate 1 they grounded that change firmly in constitutional principle. To restrict standing to those for whom a private right or interest is at stake was, in Lord Reed’s view, “incompatible with the courts’ function of preserving the rule of law,” precisely because “[a] public authority can violate the rule of law without infringing the rights of any individual.” 2 Thus, their Lordships agreed that (in public law judicial review cases at least) the time had come to consign the title and interest test to the dustbin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Conference of the Parties has mandated the Subsidiary Body for Science and Technological Advice (SBSTA) to develop modalities by November 2018 for accounting of financial resources provided and mobilised through public interventions (Decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 58). In the coming years SBSTA and the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement will develop the modalities, procedures and guidelines to enable greater transparency of both climate action and support. This will include tracking the USD 100 billion / year commitment and the additional resources that will be needed to fulfil the ambition of the Paris Agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Movements from the service sector to agriculture are also relatively high for minority groups (27%) but close to the national average for women (16%). Less expected is the high incidence of mobility among employed youth from industry (36%) and the service sector (22%) into agriculture. The latter could be an effect of the economic slowdown in 2008, which forced workers without stable work back into the agricultural sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This would require reducing the prevalence of two- or even three-shift schools by investing in school infrastructure. This would also require reducing teacher absenteeism by introducing a monitoring system coupled with financial incentives. In the case of poor results, apply the recently introduced performance incentive system for teachers’ remuneration, placement and firing more consistently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The results of the household survey analysis used for the simulations in Section 4 show that this weak role of transfers in reducing poverty is also due to the fact that the rate of non-take-up of family or housing benefits is often high among poor families. A more effective targeting of benefits then can contribute reducing child poverty if and only if it involves a better coverage of poor children and an increased amount paid to the poorest families. As suggested in the section 4, substantial progress in reducing child poverty may be achievable at constant expenditure levels and through better benefit coverage of poor children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
If qualitative researchers in lifelong disability are to produce authentic findings on the experiences, perceptions and expectations of people with disabilities, research methods must include people with disabilities as participants. People with complex communication needs (CCN) are often excluded from participating in generic research, disability research and augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) research because of negative assumptions by researchers, Human Research Ethics Committees [HRECs] and collaborating disability organisations about their cognitive capability and ability to consent to participation. Such attitudes disadvantage people with CCN, perpetuate their social exclusion and are a breach of human rights under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (United Nations, 2006). However, there are indications of improvements in ethical approaches to inclusive research that enable people with CCN to execute their right to be involved in research and have their voices heard.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It will reduce the potential for economic growth in developing economies through both incremental changes in climate and the rise in impacts from extreme events. A wide range of studies has identified links between decreases in growth or welfare and climate change impacts.7 These have considered the specific connections with increasing average temperatures (Dell et al., Natural disasters and extreme events can give rise to significant economic damage, in addition to the environmental and humanitarian impacts. In addition to the one-off economic impacts, disasters can also reduce longterm economic growth prospects by diverting expenditure towards emergency relief and reconstruction at the expense of investments in growth and poverty reduction (Benson and Clay, 2004), or by reducing the quantity of productive capital in the economy (Vivid Economics, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The deteriorating current account situation has left the countries with lower reserves to fall back on in the event of additional external shocks to exports and capital inflows. Owing to global uncertainties, exports contracted in 2012. Weak external demand affected exports of engineering goods, gems and jewellery, textiles and petroleum products, while imports continued to remain at a high level due to high prices for crude oil, gold and silver.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In Visions of Social Control, (Cohen 1985: 236) Stan Cohen quotes a parable from Saul Alinsky, the radical American community organiser. A fisherman sees a body floating down stream and jumps in to rescue it. The same happens a few minutes later, and then again, and again. When a tenth body floats down, the fisherman leaves it and runs upstream, to find out how to stop these people getting into the water in the first place. This dilemma, realism versus root causes, is a perpetual, tragic tension in social science and policy. Since the 1970s a realist focus on ʻwhat works? in criminal justice has largely bracketed-off broader dimensions of analysis such as political economy. This article will analyse what is meant by political economy, and offer a rapid tour of its ebb and flow in criminology, demonstrating its continuing significance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Indeed, there are only two that set out specifically to calculate how many care woikers there are and to determine their profile and working conditions in specific countries. Esquivel (2010) examines paid care work in Argentina, analysing the composition of the sector, the characteristics of those employed in the field and the main differences between them and the rest of the workforce. Using the definition of care work established by England, Budig and Folbre (2002), this study includes doctors and other medical professionals, teachers and teaching assistants (all education levels), domestic workers and other care workers. Another study looks at paid care work in Uruguay (Aguirre, 2010), identifying care workers using the same classifications of branches of activity and occupations as those used in the household survey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Gender gaps in employment remain much wider than gender gaps in education, and there is evidence of increased gender job segregation globally, with women's share of jobs in the industrial sector declining over the last 20years (IDRC 2013, Seguino 2016,forthcoming). This is because of two main factors. Women’s livelihood equality with men generates bargaining power to influence the distribution of resources at the household level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)