albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Notably, development processes must be adopted to take account of the connections and disconnections among development-related actors, policies and laws in a non-homogeneous and non-harmonious society. Social exclusion results from either the systematic exclusion of poor people from having choices and using their capabilities, or more circumscribed social, political, economic or cultural barriers to their participation. Whether through deliberate or circumstantial marginalization, social exclusion reinforced and perpetuates poverty.26 Temporary access to income or a temporary fulfilment of basic needs does not generally address such deeper facets of poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Correspondingly, participating businesses finance at least 30% of the costs the first year, 40% the second and 50% the third. The activities and types of expenditure that these funds can finance are: the remuneration of the PROFO manager (appointed by the member companies) and other support staff, technology transfer seminars, exhibitions, shows and consultancy work, travel, training and purchases of specialist books and reviews. The program is very grassroots and adaptive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
To what degree were changes in labour and product market policies and regulations responsible? Do changes in household structure matter? Finally, what can governments do to address rising inequality? These and other questions are addressed in detail in the present report which identifies key drivers and possible policy measures for tackling inequality trends among the working-age population. From a political point of view, protectionist sentiments have been fuelled by the observation that the benefits of productivity gains in the past two decades accrued mainly - in some cases, exclusively - to highly skilled, highly educated workers in OECD countries, leaving people with lower skills straggling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Like pupils in secondary school and students in higher vocational education, students in adult education receive school guidance. Komvux has no programmes, as course provision is individually adapted. In 2012, 116 000 persons participated in Komvux education (65% women). Courses should be available at the latest three months after the person registered their move to Sweden.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This requires a dialogue about mutual interests and joint values and not, as in many cases today, simply an information mode. The Nordic countries have an extensive occupational health and safety and environmental legislation in place and the mining companies' operations are controlled by permits. Our view is that respect for the rule of laws is already a prioritised area in the Nordic mining industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: 2012 Update. Improved water sources include household water connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected dug well, protected spring, rainwater collection and bottled water (if the secondary available source is also improved). Improved sanitation: The percentage of the rural/urban/total population with access to improved sanitation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Public policy actors draw attention to, and invest in, sport as a policy tool that can be used to strengthen public values such as social cohesion, community-building and civic participation. Sport is discursively positioned as a cure for pressing social issues such as the perceived rupture of the social bond and the ‘decline of citizenship’ (Jacobson 1996) that is associated with transnational migration and cultural and social diversity (Institute of Community Cohesion 2007, see also Vermeulen, this volume). A major focus of this policy discourse has been to promote active citizenship and engage ‘marginalized’ population groups with the purpose of enhancing or maintaining a socially inclusive and cohesive society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A high humidity deficit and intensive evaporation, accompanied by periodic dusty winds, are the main features of the country’s climatic conditions. Evaporation exceeds precipitation by more than 20 times. Because of the droughts and high air temperatures, agricultural works as well as the planting and growing of trees, bushes and woody vegetation, rely only on artificial irrigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Very often the investments in individual energy efficiency and distributed renewable energy projects are small, and a regional approach will help create a large, consolidated regional investment programme that is easily replicable across countries. Aggregating small investments across the region will lower transaction costs. Similarly, large regional programmes for renewable energy can be designed as special purpose funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Flooding, drought, wildfires, insect infestations and disease will increase. Crop productivity is projected to increase slightly at mid- to high latitudes. At lower latitudes, especially in seasonally dry and tropical regions, crop productivity is projected to decrease for even small local temperature increases (1 to 2°C), which would increase the risk of hunger (medium confidence). In coastal zones, there will be increased coastal erosion due to climate change and sea level rise. Increasing human-induced pressures on coastal areas will exacerbate this effect (very high confidence).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Inevitably, this increase in obesity will result in more Koreans suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory conditions (Berry et al., While having fallen considerably from very high levels during the 1980s, Korean males still have smoking rates that are among the highest across OECD countries (Figure 5.2). While the proportion of women who smoke is the lowest in the OECD, those that do are likely to start at a younger age and are therefore exposed to the harmful effects of smoking earlier in life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, only some Slovenian firms succeeded in becoming truly innovative and raising productivity to the euro zone average. The crisis showed the economy’s vulnerability. It became clear that Slovenia needed to raise industrial competitiveness, including by strengthening entrepreneurial and innovative capacities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Similar dynamics are apparent at the national scale: in the United Kingdom, spatial economic imbalance has widened over time, with London and the South East region concentrating most of the country’s economic activity (Martin et al., Metropolitan areas such as London, New York, San Francisco and Tokyo, for instance, attract highly productive activities and highly skilled individuals, not only nationwide but even on the global scale. As more skilled individuals move to cities, absorptive capacities in peripheral/lagging areas decrease.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
When public access to roads, railways, ports, electric grids, and water services that support the extraction of natural resources is restricted, tensions can mount. This can be amplified when an extractive operation employs an "enclave approach" that does not extend infrastructure and services to neighboring communities. This is exacerbated when people and businesses from outside the community or country are favored or given more opportunities than locals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Since it has existed for over a decade with the same core membership, it has also provided a continuous and stable platform for planning and implementing work related to biodiversity. It provides an institutional memory that minimizes discontinuity due to staff turnover in its member organizations. Some respondents even reported that GEF coordination committees were the only formal coordination mechanism that brought them together with other NFPs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Based on results from these municipalities, it is estimated that the urban population generates, on average, 1 kg of MSW per person per day, the rural population, on average, 0.7 kg of MSW per person per day, and the Belgrade population, 1.2 kg of MSW per person per day. The generation and collection of MSW is summarized in table 8.1. The Faculty of Technical Sciences in Novi Sad has determined the composition of MSW in 2009 (table 8.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This poses significant indirect costs to firms, underlined by an observation about firms in Kenya: "By some estimates, Kenya’s factory floor productivity is close to China’s, but once we account for indirect costs, Kenyan firms lose 40 per cent of their productivity advantage” (larossi, 2009, p. 87).20 Informal firms often most need access to infrastructure and public services to upgrade productivity, but face the highest barriers to access. Firms in Africa lose up to 13 per cent of their working hours due to outages. Electricity costs African firms 10 per cent of sales costs, with 6 per cent estimated to be due to power outages (larossi, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The cheaper the infrastructure and the larger the number of users, the more likely it is that such investments will be made by the private sector. It is also necessary to keep in mind that the public sector remains by far the largest source of overall infrastructure financing, accounting for 70% of the total. The private sector finances about 20%, and the remaining resources come from official development assistance. In the case of traditional infrastructure technologies, this may involve injuries caused by collapses of bridges or damage in roads.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The document outlines the key principles of reporting non-financial information - materiality, comparability and consistency, among others. It also discusses key performance indicators as a tool for enhancing the usefulness of non-financial reporting. It states that “users of information tend to greatly appreciate quantitative information as it helps them measure progress, check consistency over time and draw comparisons".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The exceptions are Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, where the drop in chronic undernutrition coincided with a rise in the relative differential by quintiles. Although chronic undernutrition (stunting) is found (on a much smaller scale) in the fifth quintile, the factors involved are probably biological or associated with specific diseases. In Mexico, the estimates available put the rate of chronic undernutrition among under-fives at 13.6% (Rivera-Dommarco and others, 2013). The analysis presented in this section is confined to countries in the region for which there is recent DHS information available. Methodologically, it is equivalent to the indices used later in this chapter to analyse inequalities in reproduction and in access to durable goods. The concentration curves, which show the accumulation of the variable analysed (in this case the prevalence of undemutrition) over the distribution, are above the equidistribution line for all countries, showing how undernutrition is concentrated among the poorest children (see annex figure II.A.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In autumn 2005 and winter 2006, the United Authorities began DISCOVERING Significant Amounts of Municipal Solid Waste Imported from Germany illegally and improperly deposited in so-Called 'Black dumps'. The Endangered waste the environment and public health by threatening to pollute the soil, water, and air. While detection of Illegal waste transports to the Czech Republic declined in 2007, the regulation of cross-border waste Shipment is a Continuing public policy question for European Countries. This article describes European Union, United and German waste policies, and explains the history of Illegal Waste Shipment from Germany. The article concludes That Illegal waste shipments from Germany to the Czech Republic and predictable Were result of Economic Incentives Driven by strict waste treatment flawed Rules and Law Enforcement. Such transnational Illegal waste shipments are not a New Phenomenon in the European Union.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The fall has been generated by a combination of demand and supply factors. Global oil production in excess of worldwide consumption has been the primary driving force behind the decline, while weaker-than-expected growth in Europe and Asia has also been a contributing factor (Husain et al. Additionally, there has been a broad-based weakness in non-oil commodity prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
All other data is from CEPALSTAT database unless otherwise indicated. Women have high labour force participation rates and their work is concentrated in the agricultural sector - even more so than men's. Almost all of this work is informal, with women participating in production most often as smallholders, causal wage workers or contributing family workers (UNRISD 201 o).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Concentrations of ground-level ozone are regularly above the prealert threshold for the protection of human health at several sites. The country has yet to come up with a regional ozone plan. Biosurveillance programmes for dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) in the vicinity of steel plants indicate that sometimes certain health standards are exceeded. A new Water Law consolidates the various pieces of water legislation and transposes the EU Water Framework Directive and Floods Directive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Several influential commentators have suggested recently that democratization in developing countries produces political instability, ethnic conflict, and poor economic outcomes. For instance, Robert D. Kaplan (2000) states that “If a society is not in reasonable health, democracy can be not only risky but disastrous” (p. 62). Fareed Zakaria (2003) points out that “although democracy has in many ways opened up African politics and brought people liberty, it has also produced a degree of chaos and instability that has actually made corruption and lawlessness worse in many countries.” Amy Chua (2003) argues that: “... in the numerous countries around the world with a market-dominant minority, ... [a]dding democracy to markets has been a recipe for insability, upheaval, and ethnic conflagration.” (p. 124).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Previous studies have examined the causal link between Protestantism and democratization, primarily in shaping a nation-state's cultural ethos and its tendency to affect the outcome of democratic politics. Historically, Protestantism has also been linked to generating a political culture that promotes individualism, tolerance, the pluralism of ideas, and civic associationalism. Recent empirical evidence also shows how Protestant countries are more likely to be democratic compared to largely Islamic and Catholic states. Drawing from established cultural theories, the author empirically tests the argument whether or not transitional states with larger Protestant populations are more likely to strengthen their democracies. Findings indicate that transitional states that have higher Protestant populations are more likely to have higher levels of voice and accountability, political stability, citizenship empowerment, and civil society pluralism. The author contends that transitional states with higher Protesta...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The elimination of most public stocks in OECD countries and the privatization of most State-trading enterprises have concentrated knowledge concerning agricultural commodity availability in the hands of a small number of companies which maintain this information as proprietary. One of the most important elements of the Action Plan on Food Price Volatility, agreed by the G20 Agriculture Ministers at their meeting held in Paris on 22 and 23 June 2011, was the launching of the Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS) to improve market information and transparency of data on current stocks, and promote coordination of policy responses (see Ministerial declaration, para. Second, assuming the role traditionally played by the United States of America and China as stock holders, the international community should maintain a minimum level of world food stock.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Six of the indicators directly concern ICTs, and their measurement will provide important evidence concerning progress towards implementation of the UN's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. While a substantial evidence base exists for several of those indicators, concerned with ICT infrastructure and adoption, the evidence base for others - particularly those concerned with ICTs in education, ICT skills and gender equity - is less substantial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Ol) Legislators, senior officials and managers, (02) Professionals, (03) Technicians and associate professionals, (04) Clerks, (05) Service workers and shop and market sales workers, (06) Skilled agricultural and fishery workers, (07) Craft and related trades workers, (08) Plant and machine operators and assemblers, (09) Elementary occupations. International immigration benefits immigrants in Thailand, but it is also of importance to the Thai economy as it ensures a supply of young workers in the face of an ageing native-bom population. For example, occupational distributions of native- and foreign-bom workers are very different, and these differences became more pronounced between 2000 and 2010. Educational attainment has been improving for both the Thai-bom and the foreign-bom populations, and foreign-bom workers have increasingly moved out of subsistence agriculture and into industrial sectors, thus contributing to the diversification and growth of Thailand’s economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This chapter focuses on a critical examination of the process unleashed by the adoption of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 1373 on the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. The 1373 process has raised questions about the authority and legitimacy of the UNSC and the extent to which it is bound by human rights norms and standards. Drawing on theoretical insights from international relations and international law and employing content analysis and process tracing, this study assesses member states’ country reports submitted under the 1373 process and explores the factors that have constrained the “humanization” of the UNSC’s counterterrorist discourse. While some progress has been achieved since the initial stages of the “global campaign against terrorism,” serious accountability challenges persist, and the chapter concludes by identifying some of these challenges and offers suggestions on how to address them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The drivers of the CRGE - notably the Prime Minister’s Office and development partners - appear to have similar perspectives. Other stakeholders, however, see green growth as a process of realising greater wellbeing from natural assets, through mainstreaming environmental objectives across all sectors and better including environment-dependent stakeholders (often the poor) in economic activities, while respecting ecological limits - in effect greening the whole economy in an inclusive way. Some institutions and people have very strong interests in particular perspectives on green growth agenda - the reality is that both perspectives can add real value to development and livelihoods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
To describe the non-marginal changes that would need to occur, these economists used metaphors like the “snowball” (Lewis), the “big push” (Rosenstein-Rodan), “dynamic linkages” (Hirschman) and the “take-off” (Rostow). Different views existed on how best to induce the necessary change, but the dominant one was that the developmental state should be the prime mover. In 1955, for example, developing countries were granted special treatment in the GATT, allowing them to protect particular industries and introduce quantitative restrictions so as to address balance-of-payments difficulties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This led to the rapid growth of the “for-profit” childcare sector. In 2006, the government passed the Childcare Act, which removed powers from local authorities to fund or provide childcare directly, and legislated for “childcare market management”. The local authorities’ job is now mainly to manage and co-ordinate supply and demand for childcare by providing information for parents about the local childcare market and other services for children, and to stimulate the creation of local for-profit providers to meet demand. Many local authorities now have “childcare business managers”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Alagoas, youth are over twice as likely as youth in Santa Catarina to be NEET (Figure 1.13). Educational inequalities, which are also marked, will be explored in some further detail in Chapter 2 of this report. Addressing geographical inequalities in opportunity should therefore be a priority for the Brazilian government, and policies aimed at youth should be more strongly targeted at the most disadvantaged areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For example, housing and utility services, transport and communications, and energy saving and energy efficiency are urban-related areas for which all levels of government seem to bear some responsibility. In education, for instance, local governments are responsible for financing schools. However, given the different types of school, and the division of responsibilities between national and regional governments, the system is highly complex. One example is the “Almaty Green Growth Project”, which has suffered from ongoing debate about who is to administer it, since the oblast akimat and the city akimat both have responsibility and interests in the initiative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In most cases this has meant developing water supplies primarily for irrigation to reclaim arid lands in the West. As of 2008, the Reclamation operates and maintains 2 122 water and power structures in the 17 western states. Among these facilities are 471 dams, 348 reservoirs, 58 power plants, and numerous water delivery facilities. This infrastructure provides water to 31 million people and provides irrigation water for 10 million acres of farmland that produce 60% of the nation's vegetables and 25% of its fruits and nuts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These publications contain data from different statistical fields and from different sources, cover multiple policy areas and gender issues and are addressed to a large audience, including persons with limited or no experience in statistics. They are an important tool for non-statisticians, gender specialists, gender advocates and policymakers. Instead of presenting data and letting the reader analyse them and draw their own conclusions, these publications are focused on presenting the main results of data analysis and their interpretation, including implications for policymaking. They are usually designed to be user friendly and written in easily comprehended language, with simple tables and charts and an attractive presentation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Major agro-food imports include wheat, cotton, soybean, dairy products, sugar, tobacco and beef. The United States and Australia are the most important suppliers accounting for 19% and 17% respectively of agro-food imports in 2008-10. While the Asian crisis temporarily reversed this trend, poverty reduction resumed in the 2000s with the poverty rate falling to 13% in 2010 as measured by the Indonesian poverty line (in 2010, equivalent of USD 0.83/person/day for urban population and USD 0.68/person/day for rural population, both in current USD terms and at current annual average exchange rate).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)