albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
First built in Ulsan in 1960s, industrial complexes, totalling 1,074 across the country has significantly contributed to the Korea’s industrialisation and economic growth to date. The investment in building industrial complexes was followed by heavy investment in infrastructure, particularly in transport such as expressway networks and rapid-transit railway (KTX). While the central government support had been focused on large scale complexes usually located in cities, since the 1980s agricultural and industrial complexes have also received the government support as ways of revitalising small and medium-sized cities and regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Students studying in public centres in “priority” fields receive a monthly allowance of TND 60. This is an innovative way to provide delivery, while at the same time allowing to better matching labour market needs. Veiy often, private providers (both for- and not-for-profit) occupy a particular niche in provision. Sometimes they fill a gap in public provision - for example, in the Netherlands, the public sector faces barriers in delivering part-time programmes to adults, and as a result these are mostly offered through private providers. In Austria, Germany and Switzerland, private providers offer many preparatory courses leading to professional examinations, although evaluation of outcomes is critical in order to ensure the effectiveness of programmes (OECD, 2014a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The objective is also to give students an opportunity to explore their interest in vocational training, and it is seen as an alternative way to enhance academic motivation. Participants at the seminar agreed to work on two basic goals: 1) improving student outcomes in literacy and numeracy and 2) improving teachers' classroom practices. This includes four different aspects: select, develop and make support materials available, provide school-based professional training, including classroom management/instructional leadership, ensure availability of time for teacher collaboration, with the principal’s pedagogic guidance, focused on improved instruction, and develop teacher networks to share and work together on improving instruction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A reference framework for the interim classification of land use is provided in the SEEA-CF45 as agreed after a comprehensive global consultation process. The development of the land use classification included in the SEEA-CF, led by the FAO, has been based on practices already in use in major international and national land use databases, adjusted to address the needs which have arisen during this global consultation process. The aim of the land use classification presented in the SEEA-CF is twofold: (i) to provide a reference framework for the compilation and aggregation of data at the international level and (ii) to provide guidance to countries in establishing a land use classification scheme. For more information, see Annex D: Classifications and environment statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Globally in 2015, approximately three in four women of reproductive age (15 to 49 years) who were married or in a union satisfied their need for family planning by using modern contraceptive methods. Only three in four births took place with the assistance of a skilled birth attendant. This was short of the two-thirds reduction envisaged in the MDGs. In 2015, an estimated 5.9 million children under age 5 died, most of these deaths were preventable. Over this period, progress in child survival among children aged 1 to 59 months outpaced advances in reducing neonatal mortality, as a result, a growing share of all under-5 deaths occurs in the first month of life (45 per cent in 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, direct public spending on child-related employment issues is still low against an ambition of achieving a major increase in fertility and/or female employment rates. The government should increase its efforts to ensure high female employment rates by reforming the tax and benefit system with a view to reducing the strong disincentives to work and to increase work effort by secondary earners, and by strengthening efforts to ease the combination of work and family life. In 1980, the majority of Japanese firms still operated a mandatory retirement age at 55.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The Norw egian input control system relates to vessels which are allowed to join the various commercial fisheries and to persons w'ho are allowed to own fishing vessels. In addition to the input and output control system, a series of technical regulations are established. The structural quota system is a market-based instrument build around the idea of voluntary measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Availability of results of national assessments in Denmark: who has access to the results? ( Consequently, students, parents and teachers can use assessment results to follow an individual student’s acquisition of knowledge and skills, and municipalities and schools can use the results to compare themselves against the national average and to aid decision-making, but results cannot be used as a basis for systematic benchmarking and sharing of best practice among different schools and municipalities or for ranking municipalities or schools (Houlberg et al., The national assessments were conceived i) to provide a pedagogical tool for teachers against testable areas of the Common Objectives, and ii) to provide a tool for monitoring national progress over time through a national performance profile showing national average test results and to enable municipalities to monitor their schools against this national profile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
All aimed to establish links between public-sector research and the private sector and to “develop innovation, know-how, technology, prototypes and to market preliminary products in as short a time span as possible” (ZSI, 2011). It was the first operationally independent agency of its kind. At the same time, and much more important for the evolution of Croatia’s innovation policy and innovation system, this was an opportunity to collect valuable practical experience and to leam about and assimilate new ideas about innovation management and policy delivery. It helped to build up and secure the human capital and networks formed by a core group of technology centre managers and relevant civil service officials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In turn, adolescents tend to seek or sustain work that can be detrimental to their own well-being (Mkandawire et al., In contexts where old systems, modernity and economic stress collide, and the former support structures to parents have given way, it is possible that practices for rearing children may become harsher and neglect may increase. However adolescents may continue trying to earn through activities that pose health and social risks where they are expected to co-provide for younger siblings alongside mothers or older relatives, especially in small, fragile (and often mobile) family units.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nevertheless, Gaal and McKee (2005) argue that distrust in the system could motivate health care professionals to ask for a “fair” remuneration and patients in return could accept it. The short-lived experience of introducing user fees in Hungary was partially an attempt to formalise informal payments. There is no firm evidence that user fees had an appreciable impact on reducing informal payments (Kutzin et al, 2010). While it is less likely to produce results when introduced alone, condemning informal payments as a corrupt practice publicly and seeking sanctions through the legal system or professional organisations could become a supporting pillar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The GCF seeks to catalyse funds, multiplying the effect of its initial financing by opening markets to new investments (GCF, n.d.). There is an expectation amongst some actors that the Green Climate Fund will over time become the main vehicle for climate finance under the Convention reducing some of this fragmentation (Amin & Jaramillo, 2015). However this is dependent on the GCF becoming a transformative fund attractive to both donors and recipients and operating at scale (UNFCCC, 2011). It may take time for the GCF to emerge as the central driver of a coherent climate financing system, so it will be important in the interim to ensure that the various funds work well together and that country systems and country plans are the central drivers of climate and development action (Amin et al, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
First, as mentioned in the previous chapter, evidence from the OECD/INFE survey shows that both partners are jointly responsible for day-to-day money management in a majority of households across several countries, weakening the idea of specialisation in financial decision making. Moreover, the evidence regarding a link between gender differences in financial literacy and specialisation within the household is mixed. Hsu (2011) finds that the financial literacy of older married women in the US increases as they approach widowhood, thus supporting the idea of household division of labour. Anticipating possible widowhood, women have incentives to begin learning. However, Fonseca et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Available evidence also suggests that unemployed youth in South Africa are at higher risk of contracting HIV than employed youth (UNAIDS, 2004). Even for non-infected youth, HIV infection of other household members may bring onerous care burdens, either of the sick individual themselves or their children who require care, sometimes requiring the healthy individual to withdraw from the labour market. Such care burdens may also constrain the amount of time available for employment or job search activities. Over the past decade there has been a substantial expansion in three main categories of social grant: the pension grant, the disability grant and the child support grant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The Constitutional Court plays a key role in monitoring the constitutionality of laws and international treaties. However, infrastructure development and housing issues dominated the agenda of the new ministry. This had the effect of stifling environmental action at central level, decreasing the sector’s political profile and lowering the ministry’s credibility with other stakeholder groups as the leading actor of SINA (ODI, 2010). It is primarily responsible for environmental policy making in a wide range of areas (Figure 2.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is typically disaggregated by sex and by age group. Employment, as opposed to unemployment, is viewed as the desired portion of the economically active population (labour force). Employment-to-population ratios are of particular interest when broken down by sex, as they can provide information on gender differences in labour market activity in a given country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Requests for information that is in the possession of other organizations should be transferred to the relevant organizations within two w'orking days and the requester should be informed of this. Also, the Law specifies that requests to which a response can be provided immediately shall be resolved and responded to immediately. Complaints submitted to upper level bodies are regulated by the 1995 Law on Resolving Complaints made by Citizens against Civil Servants and State Bodies, the 2015 Law' on General Administrative Procedures and 2002 Law on Civil Procedures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As an illustration, the triangles show that Portugal and the United States achieve broadly the same reduction in inequality through transfers, both being below the OECD average. The bars show that, in the United States, the limited reduction in inequality is due to the small size of transfers (compared with the OECD average) whereas in Portugal it is attributable to their low progressivity (compared with the OECD average). Data for France and Ireland refer to the mid-2000s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In the context of transparency of support and action in the Decision (namely in para 94(c)), the AWG-PA is requested to consider reporting on adaptation action and planning when developing modalities, procedures, and guidelines (MPGs) for accounting and review of action. Listing M&A synergies would have supported awareness for increased consideration. The near omission could be attributed to the current knowledge on the synergies, which might simply be too sparse. Clearly, a better understanding of the linkages is needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It considers Level 2 in reading and mathematics to be the minimum level of proficiency required for students to participate fully in the knowledge-based society (see Definitions section). In Estonia, Finland and Japan, at least 83% of students attain Level 2 or above in both reading and mathematics, while fewer than 35% of students do so in Brazil, Colombia and Costa Rica. However, PISA also consistently shows that high performance and greater equity are not mutually exclusive (Figure 2). Indeed, being able to improve the performance of all students, regardless of background, is necessary for countries to become high-performers and to achieve the SDG 4 targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As expected, total income increased for all household types that experienced the shock (table 14). The impact is highest, however, on nonpoor rural households with a non-educated household head (a 1.16 percentage point increase in total income). This is followed by households that are in the rural areas below the food poverty line.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The “new sovereigntists,” a prominent group of scholars and policymakers, articulate a widely held view that global governance is inherently undemocratic because it undermines popular sovereignty. Problems with their argument notwithstanding, we argue that they identify a real and serious tension. We also argue, however, that the vision of democracy as popular sovereignty that they advocate is becoming incoherent and untenable in an era of increasing interdependence. Conceptions of democracy anchored in popular sovereignty depend for their legitimacy on empirical conditions that no longer obtain. What we call the new sovereigntist challenge for global governance is to develop an alternate conception of democracy that avoids the logic and forms of popular sovereignty at the global level while still respecting and promoting democracy and democratization within states. We outline one such alternative here.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the longer term, the establishment of international measurement and verification protocol - which would support translating technological potentials in monetary terms - should be encouraged to reassure and facilitate the private sector's involvement in end-use EE projects. Targeting public resources towards better leveraging of private resources is what matters. Private financial markets are much better placed to handle some of the actual risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, technology companies are key players in connecting the unconnected. While Facebook’s Aquila project, which aimed to use solar-powered drones as satellites, was recently abandoned, Google’s Loon project was spun off into its own company in July 2018. Starting as a research project, Loon uses a network of high-flying balloons to deliver Internet access to people in rural and unserved areas. In 2014, the first LTE connection was made with a local school in Brazil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Many people would argue that this has already happened, and that the surge in food prices in 2007 and 2008 was a consequence largely of bio-fuel production in the United States, Brazil and the European Union. Oxfam attributed around 30 per cent of the rise to the diversion of cropland to biofuels. Jean Ziegler, the former UN Special Rappoteur on the Right to Food, concluded that bio-fuel production “is a crime against humanity” and has called for a five-year moratorium on the practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Commentary: In a global context of national security anxiety, governments across the world are passing an increasing number of laws in response to terror-related threats. Often, national security laws undermine media freedom and infringe on democratic principles and basic human rights. Threats to media freedom and abuse of journalists are also increasing in Melanesia. This commentary argues that in a regional context of repetitive political coups, failures in governance, high levels of corruption, insurrections, or even media crises, the tensions between national security legislation and media freedom need to be examined cautiously. The authors suggest that strong methodological and theoretical frameworks that allow for serious consideration of cultural practices and protocols will be necessary to conduct research examining these tensions in Melanesia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In order to ensure that the institutional activity reflects not only national but also the state and regional needs and priorities, to reduce duplication of efforts and to improve better planning and reporting, direct state involvement in compact discussions would be desirable. The Victorian Government will need to carefully balance the provision of regional education with the projected demand - growth or reduction - in order to focus tertiary education provision on local needs rather than maintaining existing university campuses or opening additional campuses. As an intermediate step support should be provided for tertiary education learning and extension centres that draw on a range of providers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 1997, in reaction to the Kyoto Protocol, the EU introduced non-mandatory targets for the RE share of total energy consumption for Member States. In 2006, the European Commission issued the Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy. This asked Member States to implement a European energy policy built on three core objectives: 0 sustainability - to actively combat climate change by promoting renewable energy sources and energy efficiency, ii) competitiveness - to improve die efficiency of the European energy grid by creating a truly competitive internal energy market, and iii) security of supply - to better co-ordinate the EU’s supply of and demand for energy widiin an international context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Students can pursue VET in upper secondary and in polytechnics at the tertiary level of education. Initial vocational training programmes take three years to complete, including at least half a year of on-the-job learning in workplaces. Upon completion, the qualification provides formal eligibility for tertiary education. Graduation rates in pre-vocational/vocational programmes are high (99% compared to the OECD average of 47% in 2011), but only 54% of students in these programmes graduated before the age of 25, compared to an average of 80% in OECD countries. Those with tertiary qualifications have high rates of employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the communication discipline, human dialogue is studied by both social scientists and humanists. Social scientists situate dialogue in dialectic, humanists situate dialogue in rhetoric. Generally, their work proceeds without acknowledgment of the other, perpetuating what we identify as central concerns for the discipline: (a) The isolation of dialectic and rhetoric as distinct subjects of analysis, (b) the theoretical antagonism of dialectic and rhetoric, (c) the political antagonism of the humanistic and social scientific sides of the discipline, and (d) the stabilization of both the theory of human dialogue and the methods used to study it. This essay problematizes the study of human dialogue in the communication discipline and suggests that future directions in dialogic theory and research show ways of engaging dialectic and rhetoric in an authentic rather than antagonistic dialogue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
E-Government strategies, investments, project selection, and implementations are influenced by value positionsdeeply enshrined in the traditions of public administration, which are in turn reflected in the everyday discourse of publicmanagers. We analyse value traditions in the public administration literature and their adaptation for e-Government and synthesise three prominent positions. Administrative efficiency focuses on cost-effectiveness logics highlighted by New Public Management thinking. Service improvement, derived from the tradition of public service, emphasises the provision of better services for citizens. Citizen engagement, with its roots in liberal democracy arguments, promotes responsiveness, consultation, collaboration and participation. A set of foundational values grounded in the deeply rooted bureaucratic tradition is also distinguished. A qualitative survey of Danish local authority managers’ value positions shows a heavy bias towards administrative efficiency and an absence of concern for citizen engagement. The implications of this efficiency imperative are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Much recent analysis of the political economy of development in East Asia focuses on questions of market liberalization and the adequacy of the international institutions involved in the economic crisis of the 1990s. Focusing on political institutions, this article urges an emphasis on liberal constitutionalism as a long-term strategy. Authoritarian regimes with markets and currencies that were protected fared reasonably well. Democracies with liberal institutions were resilient. The combination of authoritarian developmentalism and market liberalization fared the worse. But authoritarian developmentalism is not sustainable. Constitutionalism, if properly conceived, may provide the institutional reliability and accountability upon which sustained development depends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Furthermore, as ESD is introduced in curricula, there continues to be a need for corresponding changes in other aspects of the system such as exam systems and teacher training to create an enabling environment for implementation. Nonetheless, such an approach is what appears to be needed if concerted ESD implementation is going to proliferate at the school level. If decision-makers take sustainability as a core value, the potential for reorienting policy to support it is almost limitless.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In this article, we critically examine the prevailing justification of international criminal law and defend an alternative approach. We share the prevalent view that a system of such law is both possible and in the process of being created. However, we reject the conventional arguments offered in support of this system. Our alternative line of thinking has the consequence that a justifiable international criminal law can be much broader in scope than its conventional advocates presume. Our view is that it is permissible to prosecute and punish persons under international law when there are sufficiently widespread or systematic violations of basic human rights in a state. The rights violations need not constitute genocide, crimes against humanity, or any such “supercrime.” Instead, the violations may simply be ordinary criminal acts,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)