albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In the case of rice straw, for example, well over half a billion tonnes is available in Asia, and this material is routinely burned. Biorefining rice straw would reduce GHG and other emissions by avoiding burning. The USDA has been addressing the needs for new feedstocks (Box 1) while at the same time helping to maintain and develop the first generation ethanol and biodiesel industry. One advantage of this USDA programme was that it provided incentives for field researchers, those optimising crops as feedstocks for biofuels, to work closely with researchers developing biorefinery technologies. As the industry evolved, focus has gone from creating corn and grain-derived ethanol to creating cellulosic ethanol, and now toward development of integrated processes that produce drop-in replacements for petroleum products. Technologies to produce advanced biofuels such as n-butanol, pyrolysis bio-oil, hydroxymethylfurfural, liquefied biogas, and even (bio)hydrogen have been developed and are arguably commercially viable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Food security is therefore fundamental to their wellbeing. To date, the main source of food insecurity in LDCs has come from variations in domestic production consequent upon climatic shocks. However, many LDCs are already net importers of food and as their populations urbanise in coastal cities, a growing proportion of their populations will become dependent upon imported food rather than domestic production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
War has been an unfortunate reality for almost as long as humankind has existed. As long as there has been conflict, there has been suffering, brutality, and destruction. International humanitarian law itself is one of the older branches of international law, certainly predating both international human rights law and international criminal law. This chapter discusses the substantive rules contained in the Geneva Conventions, particularly those provisions that relate to the issue of collective responsibility. It also describes the considerable historical pedigree of the laws that govern wartime conduct. Although violations of humanitarian law continue, as with any other body of law, few would deny the essential role that international humanitarian law continues to play in the contemporary age.Keywords: Geneva Conventions, international criminal law, international human rights law, wartime conduct
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For new infrastructure projects, it is of particular importance that environmental requirements are considered as an integral part of the planning and implementation process. Where groundwater is already polluted, restoring good quality will be the goal. Prevention of deterioration of groundwater quality and any significant and sustained upward trend in concentrations of nitrates in groundwater has to be achieved primarily through the implementation of the Nitrates Directive and the UWWTD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Appeals: in all three jurisdictions, judicial review by ordinary courts is possible in limited circumstances. And the court usually considers the official meeting records in the conciliation procedure admissible evidence. In the case the employee challenges the termination before the court for wrongful dismissal, the employer has the burden of proof of the truthfulness of the facts stated in the termination letter, not being allowed to claim any different facts supporting his/her dismissal decision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Schools and local authorities (rayons) have little flexibility to invest more in human resources (by increasing staffing levels or raising teacher salaries) if these are more acutely needed, or alternatively to invest in physical resources (school buildings, school equipment such as smart boards), if the existing ones are insufficient or outdated. Overall, local and regional governments have very little spending discretion as norms determine how resources should be allocated and intergovernmental transfers have a very limited equalisation effect. Another issue of concern is the lack of consultation with stakeholders, which means that education strategies might not fully reflect the rich diversity of the country. The amount devoted to school education, 2.1% of GDP, is considerably below the OECD average of 3.6%, although the latter also encompasses post-secondary non-tertiary expenditures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In tandem, this would reduce stress on groundwater resources from both a water quality and water quantity perspective. However, as a result of growing population and the demarcation of interstate borders that constrained mobility, the practice was replaced by continuous intensive agriculture. Under the framework of the project of reviving hima land management practices, efforts were pursued to empower local communities by transferring management rights to them. Results also demonstrated an increase in economic growth (e.g. through the cultivation of indigenous plants of economic value) and conservation of natural resources in the Zarqa River Basin. Capacity-building workshops were conducted to exchange information on lessons learned and challenges, as well as awareness campaigns to promote the issues at stake.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As the latter are faced with the risk that a high share of variable renewables such as wind and solar reduces the number of hours during which a given demand is guaranteed (compression effect), the role of smart grids in this case is to reshape the residual demand curve. Through demand response, load shifting and integration of storage applications, smart grids might change the load curve and re-establish a stable, continuous demand for longer periods of time. This way, a minimum demand over a sufficiently high number of hours could be achieved, resulting in a role for nuclear baseload even in systems with a strong penetration of renewable energy sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The difference between the BCR in a climate change and a “business-as-usual" scenario leads to a climate change relevance score, which provides an indication to policy-makers and managers of the change in importance of a particular programme if climate change is factored in. Pilot analysis suggests that the consideration of climate change increases the benefit of programmes managed by the Ministry by between 10 and 20 percent. An assessment of a major new investment in improved water distribution and diversion resulted not only in enhanced budget justification for the project but also informed redesign of diversion canals and flood control systems (UNDP, 2015). The analysis could support requests for funding from the Ministry of Economy and Finance, which introduced in 2016 a requirement in the national budget guidelines that climate-relevant programmes be identified (see Cambodia Climate Change Alliance, 2015 and Government of Cambodia, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As a priority, steps should be taken to ensure that ability to pay is not a factor in accessing health care. In particular, reasons underlying low uptake of breast and cervical cancer screening should be investigated. Understanding provider-level variation will be critical to addressing Latvia’s poor survival rates after heart attack or stroke, for example.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Another reason could be the user charges that apply for all types of health services. Besides, user charges for dental care can be high for groups with costly treatments such as older people. Finally, waiting times are relatively long for specialists, which may contribute to inequalities in access to health care (OECD, 201 le). In 2010, the Health Care Act was changed to account for these new developments, and now stipulates the freedom of choice of primary care provider for the population and the freedom of establishment for providers accredited by the local county councils.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The health of prisoners will therefore have an impact on the general population. Ultimately, the elevated risk of tuberculosis in prisons is likely to affect the burden of tuberculosis on the general population. In high-income countries, it has been estimated that 8.5 per cent (1 in every 11 cases) of tuberculosis in the general population is attributable to exposure in prisons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In terms of coverage, the non-contributory benefits will be expanded to include protection for children, older persons, persons with disabilities and pregnant women. The main priority is to ensure that "every Cambodian citizen receives two main sorts of protection (1) a pension at the age of retirement, and (2) health insurance when they fall sick."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The export tariff rate applicable in any month is determined by a sliding scale based on the international price of CPO in Rotterdam, a major market for vegetable oils. If the monthly average CIF price Rotterdam was less than USD 550/tonne then no export tax would be charged the following month, if between USD 550-649 then the rate would be set at 2.5%, between USD 650-749 at 5%, between USD 750-849 at 7.5%, and if above USD 850 at 10%. The regime was revised in February 2008 when the international price kept increasing, with new higher rates introduced. Under the revised regulation, if the monthly average CIF price Rotterdam is between USD 1100-1200/tonne, the tax rate is 15%, between USD 1 200-1 300 then 20%, and 30% if the price exceeds USD 1 300.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Cod has traditionally been the most valuable catch but, has recently been replaced by European flounder due to poor cod stock status. Pelagic species, herring and sprat constituted the most valuable fisheries in 2016. Poland aims to become a European Union leader in intensive aquaculture production. Hazardous substance pollution is decreasing, but eutrophication remains a key concern.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The sub-basin has a pronounced mountain territory character with an average elevation of about 1,770 m a.s.l. There is one reservoir on the Dzoraget tributary in the Armenian part of the catchment area of the Debed/Debeda River-Metsavan, with a volume of 5.40 x 106 m5. This facility for energy generation impacts moderately on natural flow. In Armenia, the intensity of the before-mentioned factors is observed to be reduced already at the border between Armenia and Georgia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/forests/timber_regulation.htm European Commission. Technical assessment of the EU biofuel sustainability and feasibility of 10% renewable energy target in transport. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/ sites/ener/files/documents/SWD_2015_117_F1_OTHER_STAFF_WORKING_PAPER_EN_V5_P1_814939.PDF European Commission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The study carries out a comparative analysis of how chronic diseases and related risk factors may impact labour market outcomes in 14 OECD countries. Two sorts of survey data were available for the analysis: longitudinal health and retirement surveys of people aged 50+, and longitudinal employment surveys of the general population. Both population groups are of interest for the study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In 2014, a new electoral law even required parties to reach gender parity in candidate lists for federal and state legislative elections and to alternate genders within the lists (OECD, 2017(9]). In the last elections before quotas were introduced in 2007, 18 women were elected to the national parliament, in 2009, the first elections following the introduction of the quota, 52 women were elected (a change of 189%). In Slovenia, only a modest change has been discerned: 11 women were elected in the last elections before the quota was introduced in 2004 and 12 during the first elections after the quota was applied in 2008 (a change of 9%), however, the number of women candidates increased in 2008 even though the number of total candidates decreased (24% of total candidates were women in 2004 compared to 35% in 2008). In Poland, in the last elections before the quota was applied in 2007, 94 women were elected, compared to 110 in 2011 after the quota was introduced (a change of 17%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is estimated that at least 3 billion people worldwide still lack access to controlled waste disposal facilities. However the success of recycling depends critically on materials being kept separate and clean and being found in sufficiently high concentrations. Recycling rates in high-income countries have progressively increased over the last 30 years, driven largely by legislative and economic instruments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
At the same time, procedure for recertification of foreign doctors does not exist yet in Israel. At present, accreditation is mandatory for hospitals to be eligible for funding from the SSN, but a number of accreditation models have been developed across regions with varying levels of sophistication. Since 2010, there is a national attempt towards standardisation of the accreditation process (Technical Group for Accreditation, TRAC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Limited access to justice impedes progress on women’s equality as it not only perpetuates existing inequalities but it also reinforces impunity and a lax judicial framework for the protection of human and civil rights. The article now clearly states: “a child born to an Algerian mother or father is considered Algerian.” Algerian law also granted men and women equal rights in citizenship attribution by virtue of marriage. Revised Article 9 affirms repeatedly that “Algerian nationality can be obtained by marriage with an Algerian man or woman by decree when the following conditions are met: a) the marriage is legal and effective for at least three years prior to submitting the naturalisation request, b) there has been a permanent and regular residence in Algeria for a period of at least two years, c) the person requesting citizenship has had good conduct and behaviour, and d) the means of livelihood are sufficient.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, people with diabetes work fewer hours on average (Pelkowski et al., Women aged 50 to 59 years old who suffer from two or more chronic diseases, however, are one-third less likely to be in employment than those with none, while men with two or more chronic diseases are only a quarter less likely to be in work than men with none (OECD/EC, 2016). Work can affect health, although the empirical evidence to that effect is mixed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Therefore, for each element the risk assessment score is multiplied, dependent on the category, by the relative share in primary energy sources (PES), final energy demand (FED) or total energy import. Adding the individual values together and multiplying the total by 100/48 results in the risk assessment sub-index (a value between 0 and 100). This is partly due to international commitments such as the IEA Treaty and partly due to national contingency planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Core funding for the Centre is provided by the Government of Italy and UNICEF. Additional financial support for specific projects is provided by governments, international institutions and private sources, including by UNICEF National Committees, as well as by UNICEF offices in collaborative studies. The European Union (EU) is amongst those bodies that have recognized the need for child-focused indicators in monitoring poverty and social exclusion and is currently in the process of developing, testing and comparing single indicators of child well-being across member states. In this paper we seek to add to this debate by providing a micro-analysis of the breadth of child poverty in the European Union, considering both the degree of overlap and accumulation of deprivations across monetary and multidimensional indicators of poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
State legislation may differ from federal legislation. In this context recreation includes activities like riding bikes and horses, however hunting is not included. Within the frames of the forests act every owner of forest area can manage his forests however he wants, nevertheless population's right to access forests for recreation cannot be restricted (not considering various exceptions like afforestation areas]. Still policy documents discuss policy aims.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Generally speaking, the region displays advances in both average access to and distribution of durable goods, although absolute gaps between quintiles have widened in many countries. It is based on the one proposed by Filmer and Pritchett (2001), and the details are presented in the methodological annex. The surveys of Argentina, Ecuador, Guatemala and Panama do not provide a basis for a sound analysis of a reasonable number of durable goods at the two points in time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
During the last few years, major increases in total fishery production have been driven by aquaculture. Major increases are occurring in freshwater spedes, which dominate production, with mariculture12 representing about 15% of the total. Prospects for aquaculture are good with production expected to grow to 52% above the average level for 2012-14 by 2024, driven by increasing domestic demand and by national policies which support the sustainable growth of the sector. Main challenges for further expansion are linked to environmental issues and potential impacts of aquaculture on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Efforts to enhance the collaboration between the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture and the Ministry of Environment to address the sustainability of the sector are underway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Efforts to improve the situation of women and girls in India (cont.) For instance, the Indian National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) aims to promote women’s participation in the workforce by setting explicit quotas for female participation in the scheme, setting equal wages for men and women, by allowing childcare facilities to be provided on worksites, and by requiring provision of work close to participants’ homes (OECD, 2012a). The programme succeeded in granting women higher wages than in private rural employment (Holmes and Jones, 2011), but has been criticised for high costs and low efficiency (Niehaus and Sukhtankar, 2009), corruption (Liu and Deininger, 2010), and the lack of day-care facilities at or near the work sites (Bhatty, 2006). Men are 70% more likely than women to have an account at a formal financial institution (44% of men and 26% of women aged 15 and older in 2011 - Demirguc-Kunt and Klapper, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Consider establishing or strengthening capacity of independent institutions (such as Independent Commissions, Supreme Audit Institutions, Ombuds Offices), and advisory bodies (e.g., Government councils) to monitor the implementation of gender equality strategies, integrate gender issues in policy-making, and facilitate regular reporting, audits and measurement. To be effective, such oversight should be undertaken in a balanced manner and avoid prescriptive approaches to foster continuous improvement while enabling to track progress in gender equality. For example, based on good practices and as appropriate, these measures can include disclosure requirements, quotas, voluntary targets, parity laws, alternating the sexes on the party list and linking gender ratios in political parties to their access to public funding. Promote merit-based recruitment, consider positive policies and practices to ensure a balanced representation of men and women in each occupational group in public sector employment, and, develop concrete measures to ensure the effective removal of the implicit barriers within hiring and staffing processes, where appropriate and necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The restructuring of the economy after reunification contributed to the decline in energy use, notably the collapse of inefficient firms in east Germany after 1990 (OECD, 2001). Carbon emissions were reduced by the switch from petrol to diesel cars and from heating oil to natural gas, which are less carbon intensive (Destatis, 2011). Higher energy prices as well as European and national environmental policies, such as the implementation of the eco tax and energy standards in the automotive sector, also played a role by creating incentives for energy savings (OECD, 2011a). In terms of emissions per capita or relative to the GDP level, Germany is below the OECD average but above the EU27 average (Figure 2, upper panel and Table 1). When excluding emissions from electricity and heat production, Germany is the third low'est emitter in the OECD on a per GDP unit basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Many of these redeveloped markets have fallen into disuse, with serious adverse effects on informal livelihoods. In the 1996 Istanbul Declaration, national governments explicitly recognized “local governments as our closest partners, and as essential in the implementation of the Habitat Agenda.” In the area of sustainable development, as environmental concerns started getting mainstreamed into the development agenda, the role of local governments was again deemed as crucial when it comes to identifying local sustainability priorities and implementing attendant long-term action plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Nevertheless, the data show that road density might reflect also the area and population of the country23, its physiography and demography (see, for example, the relatively low road density in Canada, Australia, Norway and Finland and the Russian Federation), as well as various other factors related to social and economic development. It is interesting to note that although an increasing trend of road density with the Human Development Index (HDI)26 might be discerned at the national level (Fig ure 3.2), there is not, however, a strong correlation. It sets o minimum ond o maximum for eoch dimension, colled goolposts, ond then ossesses country standing in relotion to these goolposts (expressed os o value between 0 ond 11.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This includes annual budget negotiations and national planning processes. Table 1.2 provides an overview of some approaches being explored. The majority of the frameworks are still in the planning and development stage, with the exception of three countries where implementation has started (France, Norway, and the UK).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The 2015 Recommendation complements and deepens the relevant provisions of the 2013 OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Education, Employment and Entrepreneurship. Both of these Council Recommendations w'ere developed as critical aspects of the OECD Gender Initiative. In addition, movements around the world such as #metoo, Time’s Up, the Weinstein Effect and #BalanceTonPorc increasingly demand accountability for the persistent gender inequality in public and private spheres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The procedure comprises two public consultation and participation mechanisms in addition to an exemption system for emergency cases and for decisions taken on the basis of the application of a ruling, plan, scheme or programme that has already been discussed during a previous public participation procedure. For both public consultation and participation mechanisms, members of the public can consult the decision and the corresponding file electronically or, if the file cannot be put online, at the place where the file is archived. The French fleet takes three quarters of its catch in Community waters, geographically, it takes 74% in the North-East Atlantic (whose waters border the coasts of Europe), 19% in the tropical waters of the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean (primarily tuna fishing) and 7% in the Mediterranean.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)