albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The most sizable gains are shown for lone-parent and two-parent families in Australia, Italy and Germany. More generous benefits in Germany lift many two-parent families, and some lone-parents, almost a full decile further up in the income distribution, although gains were smaller for (the large number of) low-paid lone parents. In most countries, inequality among “non-elderly” household have widened during most phases of the economic cycle and any episodes of narrowing income differentials have usually not lasted long enough to close the gap between high and low incomes that had opened up previously. Across countries with data covering different points in the past two decades, the Gini coefficient for market income has, on average, increased by 16% every ten years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Other, even more revolutionary innovations are probably not even on today's radars yet. Shaping the history of the digital future needs an understanding of past and present phenomena, as past innovations are destroyed, sometimes to be reinvented in a new way to fulfil people's continuing need to communicate, create and innovate. Today, mobile cellular penetration is approaching saturation with nearly seven billion subscriptions worldwide, representing a 96 per cent penetration level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Most of these measures are market-based or market compatible. Governments can (and should) play a role in facilitating the adoption of such practices in the market-place but not substitute themselves for the market process, for instance through bilateral bargaining with favoured supplier countries. Shortening the terms for sales contracts (currently between 8 to 15 years in Europe and 15 to 20 years in Asia instead of the more traditional 20-25 years). Enhancing market access by facilitating investment into LNG re-gasification terminals and import pipelines. Developing adequate financial instruments for risk management. Adoption of portfolio approaches by buyers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
One model that seems to fit well with the findings of this paper is developed by Maclver and Maclver (2009). They suggest a strategy for dropout prevention that can be applied at all levels of the education system and which serves as a good example of a strategy that can be implemented even in a time of financial crisis. The report presents a strategy that combines targeting easily measurable ABCs of Disengagement (high absenteeism, behavioural problems and course failure) with comprehensive school reform and targeted interventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The organisation provides quality improvement support to hospitals, primary care practices, NHS Boards, patients, carers and communities. A particular emphasis is to encourage patient involvement and shared decision making in an effort to improve the effectiveness, safety and patient-centredness of care. A key aim of the Inspectorate is to reduce health care-acquired infections through the promotion of infection prevention and control. Between 1 October 2013 and 31 December 2014, it conducted 51 inspections, of which 41 were unannounced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The America's Pledge Initiative was launched by California Governor Jerry Brown and the UN Secretary-General's Special Envoy for Climate Action, Michael Bloomberg, to demonstrate non-state actor leadership on climate change in the absence of federal leadership. To unlock inclusive economic growth, 488 companies from 38 countries adopted emission reduction pathways in line with the Paris Agreement on climate change. The Paris Agreement has thus proven itself resilient against this first challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This includes understanding the role and contribution of women to a nation’s competitiveness drive. The shift in awareness is understanding that women’s entrepreneurship is less a question of gender and more an imperative for growth (Bekh, 2013). The preaccession economies face similar challenges, particularly in terms of policy implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Translating the EU’s recommendations on the entrepreneurship key competence (European Union, 2006) into curriculum reforms and teacher readiness requires time to see through the changes across the schooling system (European Commission, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Intergroup relations are more competitive and discordant than relations between interacting individuals. Social identity theory suggests that this discontinuity should be greatest among individuals who identify strongly with their in-group. To test this prediction, students from countries with collectivistic and individualistic cultures completed a measure of self-construal. They were then asked to identify how they would respond to a conflict, either with another individual, between their group and another group or between their country and another country. Participants responded more negatively to intergroup and international conflicts than to interpersonal conflicts. Self-construal, however, moderated this effect. Controlling for country of origin, students who were high in interdependence endorsed threat more and acceptance of the others’ demands less in an international conflict versus an interpersonal conflict. Those low in interdependence differed less in their endorsement of conflict resolution st...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Mental health concerns are also included in some of the work across other part of ministries (beyond the Mental Health and Welfare Division), for example in employment policy attention is paid to mental health concerns in areas such as supportive employment and return to work, and in education. This legal framework is one of the central government’s two key tools to enact change in line with policy direction. Through this Act, which is discussed in detail in Chapter 1, the MHLW indicates the national policy direction and secures funding required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper comments on Simone Sarti's study of the relationship between height and education in twentieth-century Italy. Sarti used information on the heights of men and women to explore the relationship between social status and years of schooling. The current paper focuses on three key aspects of this work. It begins by exploring the relationship between height and social class, and asks how this might have changed over the course of the period. It then examines Sarti's contribution to our understanding of the anthropometric history of Italy during the twentieth century. The third section discusses the impact of changes in Italian education policy on the question of educational equality. The paper concludes by offering some additional suggestions for further work in this field.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This accounts for little more than one in three of the young migrants between the ages of 5 and 19 that arrived in Finland over the course of 2014/2015. The large degree of school autonomy alongside the lack of data linking participation in preparatory classes with educational pathways, render the drivers of poor outcomes among young migrants hard to evaluate. Further efforts should be made to monitor the integration support tools employed, and the outcomes these achieve.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This EU challenge to UK policy was reinforced in 1999 by the passing of the EU Landfill Directive (99/31/EC), with targets to reduce the quantity of biodegradable municipal waste land-filled, with reference to that produced in 1995 to 75% by 2010, 50% by 2013 and 35% by 2020. The first, generalised response to the Packaging Directive was the landfill tax, introduced in 1996 at GBP 7 per tonne of active waste and GBP 2 per tonne of inactive waste. These rates were set to be equal to the estimated externalities of landfill, but the rates were soon raised above.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Other countries invest in skills abroad. For example, some countries provide training to temporary labour migrants in the host country - and the workers can then take this knowledge back to their home countries when they return (Box 1.28). They can also help to improve Ihe quality, variety and relevance of domestic higher-education - three key elements that require a critical mass of high-quality academics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some of the inconsistencies between findings may be explained by the wide variety of definitions of drinking used (e.g. weekly or monthly frequency of heavy drinking) and by the variety of definitions of socioeconomic background used (e.g. income, occupation, employment status). In a number of countries (Switzerland, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Sweden, Finland, Czech Republic and Hungary) both men and women with higher incomes were found to be more likely to consume alcohol (Kuntsche et al., Similar findings were reported based on data from Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (Me Kee et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Republic of Korea initially experienced low seed survival rates because of poorly-adapted species and insufficient technical oversight of nurseries, so the approach was adapted in the light of lessons learned. In Nepal, community forest management has been supplemented by larger-scale "block management" approaches, where there is more scope for technical support in land-use planning. In Arkhangelsk (the Russian Federation) there is now a greater focus on managed natural regeneration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Metering is often associated with enforcement measures to remain effective.5 In Australia, salaried government employees read meters, with large penalties for violators. In some cases, metering is linked to other agricultural policies. Under the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, payment of subsidies is contingent of demonstrated compliance with environmental regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While about 95% of the population is served by adequate sewage treatment facilities, lack of treatment facilities in areas with high natural value and high biodiversity is a significant threat. In previous decades the main source of pollution that threatened biodiversity in Israel was agriculture. Although structural changes in the agricultural sector during the past decade have brought about a reduction in the use of highly toxic chemicals, this remains an important threat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Under this law, power grid operators are requested to "buy all the grid connected power produced with renewable energy within the coverage of their power grid, and provide grid-connection service for the generation of power with renewable energy". This should be achieved through grid connection agreements between grid operators and renewable power generation companies. When local grids are saturated, and cannot accommodate all the incoming electricity or easily transmit the electricity surplus through to adjacent grids, grid companies typically curtail electricity generated by wind farms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This regards the legal provisions pertaining to the conditions of employee dismissal and the percentage of workers covered by these provisions. Furthermore, the legal requirements relating to fixed-term contracts, employment via temporary employment agencies as well as valid employment contracts could also be considered. Legal provisions within a country pertaining to employee dismissal also could influence a country's measurement of security of employment and its interpretation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It was indicated to the OECD Review Team during interviews that the majority of teachers in Romania receive high marks on their appraisals. To be most effective, appraisals should be conducted internally by school staff on a regular basis and focus on providing teachers with constructive feedback about their strengths and weaknesses, and identifying professional development opportunities that will support their continuous improvement (OECD, 2013b). The lack of classroom observations and professional dialogue in the appraisal process means that appraisals are not grounded in evidence of teachers’ interactions with students and nor do they involve discussions to promote improvements to teaching practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Whether revenues for creators have increased or decreased due to the digital transformation is ultimately an empirical question. It is not clear to what extent these transactions are recorded in current trade statistics, but their value is now a major component of revenues in the content industries, and a share of these earnings is redistributed to app developers, musicians, authors and other creators internationally. A clearer picture of these sizeable revenue flows would improve our understanding of the pattern of international trade in these sectors, and could lead to a more accurate understanding of how economies benefit from this form of international trade, as internet platforms serve to connect content developers across the globe with consumers in multiple jurisdictions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There is ambiguity in the definition of research spending that can be classified as ODA. It is not clear as to which evidence is needed to ensure results from ODA-eligible research contributes to the economic development and welfare of developing countries. It is important to assess how donor-conducted research is transmitted to researchers and policy makers in developing countries. A separate discussion is also needed to clarify the ODA rules on research spending relating to the new concept of TOSSD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, some inconsistencies remain in information communicated by Parties via the CTF, particularly for climate finance provided to multilateral organisations. For example, some countries report their entire contribution to multilateral organisations, whereas others impute the climate-specific portion of their total contribution to multilateral organisations. If being “consistent” includes consistency across different countries (as well as being internally consistent),12 then significant changes in monitoring and reporting will be needed. The UNFCCC’s most recent compilation and synthesis of Annex I Parties’ national communications indicated that “there was no common approach in terms of the methodologies used by Annex II Parties in defining and tracking climate finance from both a qualitative and a quantitative perspective” (UNFCCC, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030 (OECD, 2008b) projects that by 2030 the number of people living in areas affected by severe water stress will increase by another 1 billion from the 2005 baseline to an estimated 3.9 billion people (47% of the world population), mostly in non-OECD countries. Over the last century, water use has increased six-fold while population has increased at only a half of that rate (Bergkamp and Sadoff, 2008). Changes in patterns of withdrawal from nature and consumption are therefore also a major part of the problem. While this may have partly resulted from policies that favoured more efficient water use and its decoupling from economic and population growth, in some countries demand has had to shrink in response to drought.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In other words, developing countries' poor performance is the consequence of their ‘underdevelopment’ (UNCTAD, 2004). Transaction costs (trade facilitation, communication, transport and energy costs) tend to be systematically higher in developing countries. For example, in Africa, total freight costs represent more than 10% of imported value, as compared to an average of 8.8% for all developing countries and 5.2% for developed countries (UNCTAD, 1999).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Rather than measuring people’s economic situation against a fixed bar, relative poverty gauges where people stand compared to everyone else in their society. There are many ways of setting this line, but here’s how the OECD does it: First, statisticians examine the full range of incomes in a country - from lowest to highest- and identify the point that separates the top half of earners from the bottom half. This is the median income. The poverty line is then calculated at 50% of the median income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Systematic measures to monitor adaptation, on the other hand, rely on indicators or proxies to monitor and evaluate the status of adaptation over time. The typology (summarised in Table 1.1) includes four systematic approaches for monitoring adaptation (Ford et al., These governance factors include institutional arrangements, stakeholder consultation, the availability of climate change information, the appropriate use of decision-making techniques, technology development and diffusion, and adaptation research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The expected prices of wheat and barley in the data are GBP 85.0 and 82.0 per tonne, respectively. The actual net price by producers sold to intervention depends also on adjustment for both transportation cost and quality. The main difficulty of this exercise in the UK is the consideration of the exchange rate risk that is not covered by the intervention price.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Expertgruppen for Bistandsanalys, 2014:03, Sweden, February 2015. Article 2 of the Declaration forbids discrimination based on sex (meaning the biological and physiological characteristics defining males and females, not gender32), race, language, politics, religion and other social categories. Although the Declaration is not binding, it is referenced as the foundation document establishing a global normative framework and enshrining the protection and promotion of universal human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As discussed elsewhere in this paper, these demands for fuel wood and charcoal often lead to widespread deforestation and severe degradation of the natural resource base. These problems require a strategic, sustained, and well supported response involving such measures as ongoing tree planting and reforestation, improved charcoal production practices, and introduction of affordable alternative energy sources (particularly in urban areas). Participatory development of a national strategy provides a mechanism to identify options, set priorities, and begin to address this complex and extremely important issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The five most important countries33 (France, Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom, Greece) accounted for about 75% of the total value and volume, and the following five countries accounted for a further 17%. There are approximately 15 000 aquaculture firms in the EU. Regarding the structure of the sector, the vast majority of the enterprises are SMEs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
After initially focusing on energy and infrastructure, the project later expanded to address trade, manufacturing, the Internet and tourism. It has two main segments. The first is the Silk Road Economic Belt, which includes land corridors connecting China with different parts of Asia, the Middle East and Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The National Agency for Education has prepared a number of guidelines for mentorship, but there are no established rules and regulations (Skolverket, 2015(2oii). Additionally, there is no particular focus on mentoring new teachers on how to teach in diverse classrooms. Regarding extra support to teachers, Swedish schools have a student health service on site, but the professionals are not specifically trained to deal with newly arrived students and trauma. Although the National Agency has directed many effoits to helping the student health staff, expert teams of psychologists, counsellors and trauma therapists are not available on site to support the additional needs of immigrant and refugee children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Hans Blumenberg’s magisterial defense of modernity against the reproach of secularization, elaborated most extensively in The Legitimacy of the Modern Age (1966, 1974), develops both a distinctive method of philosophical history and the groundwork of a philosophical anthropology, predicated on the emergence of human self-assertion as theoretical curiosity. But as Blumenberg’s work attests more generally, this argument both devolves on and comprises an excursion into metaphorology, transposing the grounds of legitimation from dialectic to rhetoric. This paper explores the implications of such a metaphorical transfer, suggesting that Blumenberg not only presupposes a cryptic mode of poetics, but also (against its own anthropological intention) invests that poetics with the power to negate the category of the human as such.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Changes in women's position are measured by three indicators: women's decision-making capacity, girls' education, and the practice of dowry. Findings show that male out-migration not only raise the standard of living of their left-behind kin through the injection of remittances, but also "modify their social behaviour through the diffusion of secular ideas into the traditional values of the sending communities." Moreover, Hadi (2001) also shows that households with female migrant members are more concerned with the education of daughters. In Uttar Pradesh Paris et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
An analysis of the distributional consequences of such programmes suggests that they can work well during the early phase of a downturn (Bargain et al., Net replacement rates (NRR) are a useful way of quantifying the net effects of a range of policy changes. By expressing net incomes of unemployed people relative to those in work, this indicator of relative income maintenance accounts for changes in both in-work and out-of-work incomes, for instance a drop in NRRs points to incomes of the unemployed falling behind relative to those in work. It is therefore well-suited for an assessment of how policy changes may have impacted on income inequality as commonly measured.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The sample analysed for this study however, consists mainly of enabling interventions. Risk reduction activities are less common in the sample from all the agencies except for JICA that primarily focuses on the development of climate proof infrastructure. Across the agencies, comprehensive programmes that focus on the overall country approach to climate change adaptation tend to include measures for policy and administrative management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
One possible explanation for this could be that the role of changes in offshoring on changes in wage inequality depends on whether the offshoring activity engages high or low skilled workers as is suggested in the theoretical literature (Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg, 2008, and Zhu and Trefler, 2005). This suggests that it is necessary to look deeper into the composition of the participation rate in order to better understand the drivers of changes in wage inequality. The results (Table A.8) suggest that there is a positive correlation between forward participation and wage inequality (which holds when considering emerging and developed countries) but this variable again becomes insignificant in the changes specification (the right panel).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)