albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Policy lessons are drawn to address “supply side constraints" in manufacturing through aid for trade, which in turn contributes to structural transformation. One theme that re-emerges throughout the chapter is the opportunities industrial policy offers for inclusive and sustainable development. Relevant environmental aspects, like green technologies and energy efficiency, are also considered in the context of economic competitiveness and sustained growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Actions are needed at multiple levels of government and across sectors. The technical solutions to water-related challenges often exist and are well-knowm. The policy environment, however, can be a barrier to putting them into practice, which requires effectiveness, efficiency and inclusiveness in terms governance of who does what, at which level, how and why.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For the other 10 houses, it is economically beneficial to have individual treatment plants, as their connection to group treatment plants will be quite expensive due to their location. This approach is efficient from the environmental point of view, since the treated wastewater from each rest house will be used to preserve the surrounding natural landscape. It is also planned to construct a WWTP on the bank of the Dalarik River.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the literature, targeting and beneficiary selection are often collapsed into the former, but the distinction is crucial to understand anti-poverty programmes (Barrientos, 2013). Ethical perspectives have a stronger bearing on the issue of targeting, while beneficiary selection rules are shaped by perceptions of their relative effectiveness. Alternatively, one could consider a threshold, such as a national poverty line, which households need to meet in order to live with dignity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Key challenges to sodal inclusion are highlighted along with policy imperatives to promote it. It is recognized in the report that promoting inclusion will take time and political determination. Raising awareness about the consequences of leaving some people behind and recommending actions that Governments can take to avoid doing so can help generate political will. However, measuring social exclusion is not easy for several reasons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In this case, higher tariffs (which may also provide an incentive for more efficient water usage) are essential to generate the financial resources needed for the investment and ongoing operation of water services. This is particularly true of the underdeveloped wastewater services (ADB, 2014). Some of this pollution is caused by widespread and indiscriminate dumping of solid waste, but a greater source is discharges of untreated sewage from municipal water utilities (World Bank, 2014b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is consistent with data on the identity of lute la litigants, which shows that people from higher socio-economic status tend to be make more frequent use of the litigation mechanism in health care (Bernal et al., Continuous improvement in the timeliness with which people obtain access to care and in the general quality of care provided would serve as a force to push the litigation trend down. Rural departments such as Guainia, Vichada, Choco, Amazonas and San Andres had for example infant mortality rates above 20 per 1 000 live bom in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In 2012, 74% of municipalities did so. To redress horizontal and vertical inequity in real estate taxes, the government should ensure that the updating of the cadastre proceeds swiftly. This, however, may come at a very high cost for municipalities in deprived areas, which would need to be compensated, e.g. through central government transfers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This is a key aspect of Agenda 2030's aspirations "to leave no one behind". Most often, disaggregation entails survey design to allow for the collection and analysis of data concerning age, sex, education level, occupation, and place of residence. Disaggregation by employment and health status, and ethnicity, can also be of key importance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Over the past 25 years, Norway has emerged as an important player in peacemaking efforts. As a small power on the periphery of Europe, it does not command the wherewithal to be a primary broker, but has been able to provide both tangible and intangible resources that have produced a “value-added” component. In this respect, Norwegian initiatives rely upon a judicious blending of the resources of government and the “field experience” garnered at the grassroots level by their NGOs. The close relationship between Norwegian NGOs and the Norwegian government has produced both detailed knowledge and essential channels at many different levels for trust and consensus building. We have in turn characterized the Norwegian approach to conflict resolution as Track I ½ diplomacy because successive Norwegian governments have consciously sought to draw upon the strengths of their NGOs and build upon activities normally described as Track II.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
State employees will be assessed through annual individual plans, ministers and ob\ast-akims through specific indicators of quality of public services, quality of life and attracted investment. Government agencies are assessed through the implementation of strategic plans, and members of the government through macroeconomic indicators. This plan for assessing individual and organisational performance is a good start.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Across countries, however, risks and vulnerabilities associated with the informal economy (Chapter 3) disproportionately affect women. This chapter provides updated evidence on gender disparities in key informal employment outcomes, such as employment status and wage levels. It then examines the role of gender-based constraints in employment outcomes and access to social protection. Last, it reviews gender-sensitive approaches that have been instrumental in empowering women in the informal economy in a number of countries, with a view to identify priority areas for policy makers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While implementing these types of programmes, social enterprises should make sure that apprenticeships do not become a replacement for more secure and longer-term employment opportunities. These market gardens produce certified organic vegetables which are then distributed to local customers. In addition to limiting negative environmental impacts and contributing to local economic development initiatives through the promotion of short distribution circuits, Reseau Cocagne also provides training and apprenticeship programmes. The training includes 560 teaching hours and 861 working hours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Living conditions, amid black smoke and the stench of burning plastic, are so harsh that locals have nicknamed it 'Sodom and Gomorrah'. Functional second-hand computers began arriving from the West to help 'bridge the digital divide'. Ghanaians welcomed these donations because these computers cost l/10thof a new one.65 As the turnover rate of electronics increased, the once benevolent act of donating used computers became corrupted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Many of these activities are conducted by corporate foundations or in form of corporate social responsibility actions. A final issue is that information on foreign direct investment (FDI) is not available at the sectoral level. The 2016 OECD-DAC Survey estimates that between 2012 and 2015, US$81 billion was mobilized from the private sector by official development finance interventions in the form of guarantees, syndicated loans, shares in collective investment vehicles (CIVs), credit lines and direct investment in companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It took negotiators three more years to agree on the so-called Paris Rulebook at the 24th Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP24) in Katowice, Poland, in December 2018.47 The Rulebook contains guidelines that define how climate action is implemented, including the need for transparency and reporting on progress on the implementation of the NDCs. The Rulebook also includes provisions for developed countries to report on the climate finance they provide. Countries are required to submit their first reports and national emission inventories by 2024 at the latest, and biennially thereafter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The target group had always been students from disadvantaged background. In August 2006, extra weight was given to immigrant students as follows: 0.25 for native students whose parents have a low level of education, 0.9 for ethnic minority students whose parents have a low level of education. This meant that, primary schools received more money for immigrant students with poorly educated parents than for their native counterparts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
13This section discusses how landmark political change in the two countries led first to the emergence of new social norms and the underpinning ethical perspectives embedded in their Constitutions, and then to a refocusing of welfare institutions on poverty and inclusion. The new constitutions represented a renewal of their social contracts, and especially democratisation, citizenship, and social policy. They involved a significant expansion of social and economic rights now associated with enhanced citizenship, and included an explicit recognition of the right to social protection and assistance. Brazil has a population of 195 million, gross national income per capita of 11,000 US$ (PPP) and a life expectancy at birth of 73 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the years before the First World War, art education and the normal art school entered a period of retrenchment, retreating from the rhetoric of cultural uplift in the flood tide of a great movement for industrial education. Governor William Douglas appointed the Commission on Industrial and Technical Education—or Douglas Commission, as it was known—in June 1905, charging nine commissioners to investigate educational needs for ‘different grades of skill and responsibility in the various industries of the Commonwealth.’ The commission held public hearings in different parts of the state to gain information on leading industries: agriculture, boots and shoes, building trades, clothing, electrical apparatus, furniture, printing and bookbinding, textiles, and watchmaking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In principle, such costs can be quantified and included as production, management and transaction costs in the techno-economic feasibility analysis, though in practice this is not straightforward. But many production costs are site-specific and difficult to estimate, so they are easily overlooked. Examples include design fees for large plant items and civil engineering costs associated with installing a cogeneration unit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There is a need to place more focus on discrimination, health and well-being of Sami children and adolescents, to understand how colonization and Sami identity interact to influence health care access and utilization by Sami peoples. Considering the history of assimilation, stigmatization, and discrimination, it seems reasonable to assume that a Sami heritage contested throughout a lifespan might have a significance impact on health and well-being in old age.1 Postcolonial theory provides a framework for understanding how indigenous peoples' health is closely related to historical, social, political, and economic factors and forces. There seems to be a wide consensus regarding the significance of cultural competence in interactions between health care providers and indigenous patients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The mining industry has also affected forests negatively. The share of mining in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of GMS countries increased significantly from 2000 to 2010. In Viet Nam the share is around 11 percent of the GDP, similarly, projected deforestation due to mining activities in Lao PDR ranges from 5 100 to 14100 ha annually.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The rapidly expanding market in enslaved children bought and sold for sex is one of the most inhumane transnational crimes that appears to have been facilitated by globalization and its many effects, such as a growing disparity in wealth between north and south. Child sex trafficking has become one of the most highly publicized social issues of this time, and, because of its global nature, transnational advocacy networks are well placed and central to leading campaigns against it. Transnational advocacy network anti-trafficking efforts have led to significant progress in the Mekong Subregion by bringing the child trafficking issue onto the global social policy agenda, resulting in new child protection legislation and improved interagency collaboration in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Canada, Public Services and Procurement, the central point for oversight of public procurement in the government of Canada, included gender-based analysis plus in its 2018-2019 Departmental Plan,5 with an aim to increase its gender analysis capacity in the area of procurement. This includes all Australian government agencies that are approaching the market (above a threshold), suppliers and their subcontractors. Overseas-based suppliers are not required to comply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The agreement provides for exchange of information and data between parties for preventing floods, as well as an exchange of information concerning the installations subject to the agreement. Bulgaria reports that the agreement is not active for the time being, and that discussions regarding its renewal and possible updating arc ongoing. Finally, an Agreement was signed between the Ministry of Environment and Water of the Republic of Bulgaria and the Ministry for the Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works of the Hellenic Republic in 2002 on Cooperation in the field of Environmental Protection. As a result, a joint Bulgarian-Greek Working Group on cooperation on water protection was established in May 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Supporting finance can be found in a combination of a government subsidy, revenues from the selling of CDM credits, soft loans from private investors, commercial project loans, and grants. The scheme is completed with capacity-building and training of local partners and microentrepreneurs to manage and run the plants and use energy efficiently for sustainable productive uses and income generation. No non-traditional productive activities are possible without those services. A host of traditional and new agro-based industries and microenterprises would be able to operate profitably in villages if they had access to reliable electricity supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They specify the requirements of the lead firm (at the buying end of the chain) for supplier firms to ensure systemic chain competitiveness. They are industry specific or relevant across a range of sectors, such as IS09000 on quality and IS014000 on environmental management. They include food safety and energy efficiency, and those set by international bodies include the EU "farm-to-fork" food standards and vehicle emission standards. They include labour standards, organic standards and Fairtrade certification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Physical infrastructure investment, such as spending on clean water, sanitation, and health clinics, can reduce women's unpaid care burden. Social infrastructure investment, defined as investment in people’s capabilities, refers to the fundamental social, intellectual, and emotional skills, and health of individuals—or level of human development—a country relies on for its economy to function. Both types have a public goods quality in that they generate positive spillover effects on economy-wide productivity. Financing for gender equality in these areas is more properly seen as an investment that yields an income stream in the future due to the beneficial development and growth effects. As a result, both physical and social infrastructure spending have the ability to create fiscal space.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some states are located entirely within the area of one BC. In other cases, where a state is divided between two or more BCs, the state participates in all the BCs within its territory. To date, two RBCs have been implemented and ANA is carrying out programmes to stimulate the creation of councils in ten additional basins, while tackling remaining challenges such as financial sustainability, capacity building regarding negotiation and consultation, civil society representation and the long-term contribution of RBCs to national development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Furthermore, there is no system or institutional structure currently capable of taking responsibility for the collection, processing, integration and further maintenance of biodiversity data in a systematic way, or at least of providing information on where data can be found. The statistical services in both entities and the State-level agency do not collect this information either. This is despite the fact that there are relevant legal requirements to develop RDBs in both entities (articles 22-23 of the FBiH Law on the Protection of Nature and articles 20 and 23 of the RS Law on the Protection of Nature). There is no consistency between this information and data at the national level, for example on endemic species (see table 9.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
ABSTRACTThis paper critically examines ‘the vague and baggy monster’ that much cultural studies (CS) have become, how it has traveled and what utilitarian forms it assumes in totally different contexts and periods. The field, once known for its activist intellectualism, has been everywhere re-articulated into doing different kinds of work: translation, literary studies, marketing, audience, policy analysis and discourse analysis. One particular Chinese appropriation will be compared to British, Australian, South American, American and South African experiences. The discourse of Cultural China in understanding a globalized market economy following the end of the Cold War is examined. The implications for global CS are discussed in terms of ideological metaphors of the color ‘red’ (as in revolutions [cultural, political, guerilla] and in fashion).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The fact that better-educated young people remain poor suggests that the labour market has not been playing a successful role in alleviating poverty and that the education system is not delivering the skills needed in the labour market. Thus, it is concluded that it is not the labour market but rather social assistance grants which have driven the relative improvement in poverty levels over time. Chapter 3 analyses the role of social policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Nevertheless, it should be acknowledged that even with the postponement of the deadlines, LpT schedules are still impressive, and missing the 2008 target should not have come as a total surprise. The twin policies of universal access (high costs) and low tariffs (low revenues) for concessionaires lead to a very difficult situation even when accounting for the subsidies the utilities receive (Zerriffi, 2007) as operation and management, capital and replacement costs need to be covered by the service providers in the long run.22 The dominance of grid electrification - even when little productive use can be expected in the near future - is causing this problem, further compromising the financial balance of the utilities. Promoting productive uses of electricity in order to raise utilities' revenues is thus vital to guarantee the long-term success of the electrification installations once LpT comes to an end (Zerriffi, 2007). An ex post study on the benefits of LpT found that, thanks to the programme, households find their living conditions significantly improved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Part of this surface is naturally regenerated by seeds and/or vegetative regeneration. Legislative violations seem to be the major cause of illegal wood harvesting in Romania, for example, fraudulent permit use, registration of high-quality wood as low-quality timber to avoid taxes, false records on real harvested volumes, evasion of controls and logging in PAs. As reported by NEG, there are problems with illegal economic activities (such as illegal constmctions) underlying illegal logging, as well as a shortage of financial, human and material resources to address illegal logging. Other, more sector-specific reports (on mountain ecosystems, for example) have also been submitted to the CBD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
All key responsibilities for education strategy, policy and delivery are concentrated within the Ministry of National Education and Scientific Research (MNESR). Several specialised bodies provide input to the ministry, but there is no fully independent evaluation body. Locally elected authorities play very little role in the design and delivery of education policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Social Protection Programme for the elderly (PPSAM) targets the poor (Sisben 1 and 2) above 65 years old who are entitled to a monthly transfer of COP 62 500 (about USD 35). However, only 38% out of the 2.2 million elderly poor actually receive the benefit, reflecting budget constraints. Access is prioritised by age and there is a waiting list: when a recipient dies, the next person on the list moves onto the programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
At the same time, median collection coverage is still around 50% in low-income countries and figures are much lower in some countries. It also drops sharply in the more rural areas of many countries. It is estimated that at least 2 billion people worldwide still lack access to solid waste collection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Often the succession will go back to primary species like birch and rowan. Focusing more on the natural environment like management approaches now being introduced in forestry emphasise the need fora research effort related to natural recovery processes and how to prepare the forests for coming storms by actions aiming at improving the post-wind-throw resilience. After deposition, the tephra can be a long-term source of sandstorms, which can cause extensive soil erosion. Furthermore, the re-distribution of volcanic materials years and decades afterthe volcanic event can cause hazardous dust pollution which affects human health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The assessment of the depth of coverage is based on the quality of the discussion: i) detailed, ii) generic, iii) limited, or iv) lacking. Explicit incorporation of adaptation in projects. Where there was no coverage of activities for a specific component within a country’s NC, but complementary sources indicated that actions had been taken or are currently underway, these additional activities have been identified in the table using cross-hatching. In this study, adaptation strategies refer to countries’ initial planning or framework documents, which commonly set out governmental approaches to adaptation and communicate priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It highlights distribution by sector, region and income, donors, and the financial terms of the support committed. Trade-related OOF increased by USD 5 billion in 2015 to reach USD 60.1 billion, more than four times the 2002-05 baseline average. No change was reported by eleven donors, while six donors augmented their spending by more than 10% and another eleven donors did so by less than 10%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)