albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It has also been asserted, with acceptance by many, although not all. While applying this rule of thumb to the requests and concernsof LDCs. This has become even more apparent given the rapid growth of several emerging economies, and the South globally, as Part 1 of this Review highlighted, since the launch of the DDA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Distributional Consequences of Transport Fuel Taxes in Ethiopia, In: Sterner (ed.) Fuel Taxes and the Poor: The Distributional Effects of Gasoline Taxation and Their Implications for Climate Policy, RFF press. Ethiopia’s Progress Towards Eradicating Poverty: An Interim Report on Poverty Analysis Study (2010/11).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The permitted temperature increase is usually in the range of 1.5-3 ®C, and maximal water temperature at the outlet should be less than about 30 °C. Adverse weather conditions, such as unusually high water temperature, might require reduction of the electrical output of the NPP, due to reaching the limits of outlet water temperature. Very hot summer conditions caused the power reduction of several American, French, German and nuclear power plants during the summer of 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They note that existing fisheries arrangements, especially between and among countries, may have to be modified depending on the eventual distribution of fish. Additionally, they point out that the success of fishery management depends on the rate of change in fisheries. If the rate of change is gradual and predictable existing governance arrangements are likely to be able to adjust.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
There is no legal protection regime of any kind for the majority of forest ecosystems. The network of protected areas consists of 9 State nature reserves, 7 national parks, 1 biosphere reserve, 48 sanctuaries (managed reserves) and 19 nature monuments. Forested lands included in protected areas are only about 72,000 ha (8% of all forests).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
During this period of the career, the teacher goes through a probationary period, may be appointed for short periods of time, can be replaced by teachers with a permanent appointment, may need to move from one school to another, and can be dismissed in a relatively straightforward manner. Once permanent status is acquired, the picture changes markedly, and the teacher acquires a significant level of job security together with virtually automatic salary rises over time (McKenzie et al., However, the introduction of the “temporary appointment of continuous duration” has brought some improvement to the employment conditions of beginning teachers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A number of studies have provided evidence of the positive role of physical (urban) planning in effectively curbing long-term urban GHG emissions (notably from transport), although this type of instrument has not been shown to be effective in the short term (Greene and Schafer, 2003, Rietveld, 2006). Cities’ reactions to changes in the spatial structure (involving the relocation of activities, new buildings and new infrastructure) occur with a certain time lag. Mismatch between land use and transportation policies has all too often aggravated traffic congestion around metropolitan cities. For instance, the introduction of a beltway around Seoul in 1999 was succeeded by the construction of five new cities (Bundang, Ilsan, Pyeongchon, Sanbon, and Jungdong) around Seoul three years later, leading to considerable traffic congestion. Another case is the development northwest of the Yong-in area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Meanwhile, under the current graduation criteria, it is of the utmost importance that the States and organs influencing or deciding the cases of graduation (LDCs themselves, the CDP, ECOSOC and the General Assembly) continue to take due account of factors other than the statistical eligibility for graduation. As can be seen in table 2.1, this has been the practice in graduation cases to date. Other projections, which apply different methodologies and assumptions, have obtained different results. Drabo and Guillaumont (2016) project that between 8 and 13 LDCs will meet the income-only graduation criterion in the 2021 review of the list of LDCs, depending on assumptions for the gross national income (GNI)/gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The transition to a market economy and large-scale privatisation resulted in the fact that virtually all public housing became private within a short period, at very low prices. According to UNECE (2016), the privatisation process was not supported by clear and forward-looking policies, legislative measures and regulator}' methods in the sphere of housing management and maintenance. Despite the growing housing stock, in 2015, the number of citizens applying for public housing programmes increased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Social protection policies operate as automatic stabilizers in the face of such volatility, thereby contributing to the country's economic development (see Box 4.5). One of the contributing factors to the crisis was a lack of adequate regulation in countries with major financial centres—specifically United States financial markets.95 These kinds of financial crisis can be reduced, and their negative consequences contained, through prudential financial regulation. Because of its outward orientation, the country is exposed to intense competitive pressures and the ups and downs ofthe global economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Abstract At a time when the Commonwealth of Nations and the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) are investigating their long-term relevance and identity in the face of current international challenges, relatively little attention has been paid to the small yet growing number of countries that are now joint members of the two organisations. This group has increased in recent years and 11 countries now have a link with both organisations. As programmes are being implemented in the same polities and as the reflection on global governance progresses, there is a growing need for more comparative studies of Francophonie and Commonwealth commitments that take into account the institutional history of these organisations. In this context, this article investigates the challenges and opportunities created by Commonwealth–OIF programmes in the fields of democracy, human rights and development, in their drive for good governance and new forms of multilateralism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Various ‘‘drop-in fuels”, such as synthetic paraffinic kerosene (a substitute for jet fuel), which do not require blending with fossil fuels, are currently under development. Given the large size of fossil-fuel markets relative to the market for agricultural commodities, implications for agricultural markets are potentially significant (OECD, 2008). This analysis is undertaken in a forward-looking manner: alternative policy settings are compared with a baseline scenario that assumes current trends and policies to be continued to 2025.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2013, the India GHG Program was established by Indian companies and think tanks in co-operation with the World Resources Institute to increase the capacity of Indian companies in measuring and disclosing GHG emissions (India GHG Program, 2014). While homogenisation is growing via the widespread use of the Global Reporting Initiative guidelines, corporate reports are still difficult to compare, increasingly weighty (sometimes running to hundreds of pages) and not always satisfactory in terms of the quality of information provided (WBCSD, 2013). In a survey conducted by the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants to feed into the European discussion on mandatory corporate reporting of non-financial elements (ACCA and Eurosif, 2013), 92% of investors surveyed found the information provided by companies not sufficiently comparable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Diaspora groups can make a major contribution to the disaster response, both directly through financial contributions as well as by mobilizing strategic political action. The degree to which they are able to do so depends on their own socio-economic status and the extent to which they continue to identify with their homeland, i.e. some, like the diaspora networks in the Middle East, have particularly strong ties with the countries of origin as they and their families are unable to acquire citizenship in their destination countries, thus retaining very real responsibilities in their homelands. Remittances sent home by migrants assist individuals, households and communities in coping with disasters and help reduce risk/vulnerability in the face of such an event by enabling individuals to fortify their economic base. In the aftermath of the Tsunami, there was a strong response by the diasporas linked to the affected countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is especially stressed in small firms whose financial information is opaque to the lending institution due to a greater degree of informality in management practices but also to more limited compliance requirements with rules and regulations. The lack of sufficient collaterals to guarantee the bank loan often makes access to credit even harder for SMEs. In theory, banks could put a higher premium on loans floated to firms for which they do not have sufficient information to assess the credit risk. But this would pull out safer borrowers and pull in riskier ones, resulting in adverse selection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Since then IAARD, has taken steps, through ICATAD, to develop a research consortium programme with universities, establish partnership programmes with private companies such as PT DuPont Indonesia, and increase collaboration with local governments. Finally, although the AIATs are crucial to strengthen the linkages between research at the central level and extension agents in the districts, it is debatable whether each province needs such an agency. A system by which AIAT centres are positioned with agro-ecological zone specialisations, serving all provinces concerned, would foster cross-province co-operation, lead to less fragmentation and reduce the potential for duplication of efforts and functions at the provincial level (World Bank, 2012). Research in each province should be focused on two or three commodities having highest comparative advantages or potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As mentioned in the ADB Asia-Pacific Energy Outlook 2013, energy efficiency and conservation is a means of enhancing energy supply security, especially for countries facing limited resources. It is affected by various factors, including industry structure, technology, lifestyle and climate conditions. In addition, energy prices as well as access to infrastructure can also affect energy intensity. Energy efficiency is positively correlated with economic competitiveness. Thus, economic development in countries such as Armenia, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are hampered by energy usage inefficiencies (figure 10.21). Implementation of the framework agreements on trade in services, trade facilitation and investment will promote intraregional investment flows as well as establish backward-forward linkages between industries and a regional supply chain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A more recent and comprehensive initiative is the National Medium-and Long-term Talent Development Plan (2010-2020) to attract and retain highly skilled individuals in six broad areas (political leaders and officials, business entrepreneurs, technical professionals, highly skilled industry staff, skilled workers in agriculture and rural areas and skilled social workers). In 2014, around a third of companies encountered a skills shortage, and 6% filled the gap by recruiting foreign talent (Standard Chartered, 2014). Although this share appears to be increasing, the talent gap is still well below the levels of around 70% reported in Brazil and India according to Manpower (2014). Although in China, as in other emerging economies, concerns have been raised about the outflow of talent (“brain-drain"), cross-border human mobility has been beneficial as it spurs innovation in Chinese high-tech firms (Liu et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In recent years in the UK and Europe, there lias been an increase in the amount of business being carried out by outsourcing companies that broker waste management and facilities management services. There are numerous operating models involving different combinations of: wholly municipal-operated services, wholly private sector delivered services, joint public and private services, publicly-owned municipal services. These can operate together with or alongside the activities of micro and small enterprises, community-based organisations, non-governmental organisations and the informal sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
As in the majority of countries, there is a positive relationship between teacher-student relations and student performance in both the United States and Japan. For example, the quarter of students in the United States who reported the poorest relationships with their teachers are 1.6 times more likely to be also among the quarter of the poorest performing students (for japan the odds are 2.0).'2 Differences in student-reported teacher interest in their well-being may reflect either different student expectations of the level of involvement of their teachers, or different roles that teachers assume with respect to their students. A low percentage of agreement with these statements suggests a possible mismatch between student expectations and what teachers are actually doing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article examines the effectiveness of UN peacebuilding missions in democratizing war-torn states, emphasizing those missions that include democracy promotion components in their mandates. Based on a multinominal logistic regression, we reveal that democratization is significantly more likely if a UN peacebuilding mission is deployed. Furthermore, regimes categorized as more liberal at the outset have an increased risk of revealing antidemocratization trends over the post-war period. Oil wealth impedes democratization and clear victory of one conflict party makes regime transitions more likely, yet in both directions. Descriptive statistics suggest that an increase in the mission’s capacities may be conducive to democratization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Smaller scale operations, or new types of facilities that can use fuel treatment materials are needed. The role of forests in domestic climate change legislation proposals and progress on international agreements will strongly influence the forest sector. It then reviewed the economic instruments that could bring about the path to a low-carbon economy and the individual building blocks of a green economy. Finally, it looked at the potential role of the forestry sector within a green economy, from the perspective of the UNECE region, identifying some new markets for wood products, and highlighting woody biomass as high potential for the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Alternatively, prioritiarians rationalize graduation as an opportunity to redistribute limited resources to the next group of individuals that comply with the eligibility criteria. The withdrawal of support needs to balance against the likelihood that beneficiaries might fall back into poverty again. Anti-poverty programmes using single events as eligibility conditions such as pregnancy or completion of primary education might not be effective when used as exit or 'graduating' conditions. More importantly, ethical justification for eligibility conditions might not apply in the context of exit conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Committee replaced the former Department of Water Resources. The Ministry develops policy documents and legislation in the field of groundwater and surface water management and protection, controls the enforcement of EU directives concerning water management and protection, and collaborates with other relevant ministries and environmental institutions. The Ministry also participates in the EU working groups and processes in this area, and coordinates cooperation with neighbouring countries on transboundary river basins.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Which staff will have specific targets and which other business units will support the delivery of the GRI initiative - e.g., marketing, human resources, IT, credit, product development? Are specific branding and materials required? How much will it cost to deliver the GRI initiative and what are the expected returns?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Hence, the maintenance of the irrigation systems is deficient and the efficiency of the systems is low as there is seepage in unlined channels that results in water losses and water logging of adjacent lands. It covered 32 000 hectares of irrigated lands in nine oblasts. Improvement of irrigation and drainage systems was complemented by co-operative water use based on international experience. The programme also included assistance to the Hydrogeological and Ameliorative Expedition of the Committee on Water Resources to monitor the irrigated lands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This is an intergovernmental institution focusing on the generation and application of early warning information and supporting capacity building. By 2015, RIMES had grown to include 13 member States and 19 collaborating countries. Consequently, countries in Asia and the Pacific are calling for better regional early warning systems for hazards such as transboundary river-basin floods (e.g. in South Asia and South-East Asia), landslides, flash floods and glacial lake outburst floods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This article examines the contribution of the Peruvian human rights ombudsman towards upholding a stable and enforceable rights framework, an important component of an inclusive democratic political regime. It argues that the human rights ombudsman may play a significant role in advancing social transformation through the articulation and facilitation of rights claims in an institutional terrain informed by the politically contested nature of formal rules. The analysis goes beyond formal legal channels of redress to consider innovative mechanisms to increase social accountability, including a variety of non-judicial remedies such as policy initiatives, media advocacy and conflict mediation. The article suggests the human rights ombudsman is well placed to advance rights claims through legal, institutional and social pathways, with particular focus on the question of compliance—understood as a matter of both enforcement and management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This already poses a challenge for those public health centres that wish to use their resources to get full-time physicians on-site or deliver community services on their behalf. Consequently, public health centres are usually only staffed by part-time physicians, younger nurses and social workers which are a poor model for chronic diseases. Since there is widespread variation across municipalities in funding levels for public health centres, this means that relying on them would lead to wide variations in the quality of care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Sustainability has three aspects, or pillars: environment, economy and society. But preserving this resource also means dealing with the economic and social consequences too. If fishers have no alternative but to fish illegally, they will do so, and harm or destroy efforts to promote ecological sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The OECD value is a simple average of the countries displayed in the figure excluding Mexico and Chile. The glass ceiling appears still to be shatterproof, even after controlling for differences in occupation and sector of employment (OECD, 2012a). Acemoglu and Autor (2011) and Autor and Dorn (2013) show that wages and employment rates in traditional middle-skill job sectors are declining in the United States, with different consequences for men and women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In this essay, I quantitatively analyze the significance of scholarship in economic philosophy since the 1960s. In order to do so, I examine, through the number of publications and citations, the evolution of the main trends in economic philosophy over a fifty years period. This paper will develop a better conception of how the pathways of major debates, in particular rhetoric of economics (RoE) versus realism in economics (RiE), helped economic philosophy achieve its present status in economics. Viewed through this lens, it is clear that the main trends in the recent history of the discipline have emerged out of the concerns of non-mainstream economists since the 1980s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These differences can also be extended to the degree to which international prices will be passed through to the local market, in urban zones that are more integrated into the international economy, pass-through is more likely, and they will have a larger proportion of net food-consuming households. If food prices rise by more than other prices, then expenditure by the poorest population groups will be subject to greater relative inflation. In fact, data show that the rise in food prices seriously erodes the purchasing power of the poorest households: for example, in rural areas of El Salvador, households in 2008 were buying 58% of what they bought 18 months earlier for the same money.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It can also comprise the assessment of the context and the identification of potential implementation difficulties. Ex post gender analysis: Gender analysis is conducted to evaluate the impact of a legislation/regulation/policy/programme after it has been introduced or completed. The ex post gender analysis aims at examining whether the objectives of a legislation/regulation/policy/programme have been achieved. It also examines the long-lasting effects of a legislation/regulation/policy/programme on women and men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article provides an application of Alvin Gouldner's dialectic between Romanticism and Classicism to the constitutional process of European identity formation. Gouldner introduced his dialectical sociology in a critical attempt to destroy compulsive identification with any fixed idea of order. In an attempt to destroy compulsive identification with any Romantic or classical idea of Europe, this article shows how Europe's identity, as it has been represented in the Constitutional Treaty (CT), as well as in sociological works, is being shaped by predominant Romantic and classic thought structures and social movements. The central argument is that the dialectic between Romanticism and Classicism in Europe is most clearly observed in the debates about democracy, human rights and rule of law — the classical values that constitute the EU's entry criteria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Arab countries, the high rates of gender inequality coincide with a lack of economic opportunities among women (figure 4.2). The failure to protect them exposes an entire generation to damage, thwarting their dreams and pushing them to rethink their future. Fleeing conflict does not mean young women are safe, displacement still leaves them at great risk of gender-based violence, including rape and forced marriage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This form of innovation is more suitable for contexts with a relatively weak knowledge base, and it is less costly and less risky than creating new technology. In China, for example, agriculture in most lagging areas still depends on outdated technology. This hinders improvement of agricultural productivity and the well-being of rural populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)