albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This means there are fewer women in the parliament in Denmark than in the rest of the Nordics. According to data from 139 countries compiled by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (2016), Denmark ranks 21st based on the proportion of women in parliament. As of 28th November 2016, nine of the 22 ministers in the Danish government are women (40.9%, Statsministeriet 2016). The purpose of the Equal Treatment Act is to prevent discrimination based on gender (Ministry of Employment 2002), and the purpose of the Gender Equality Act is to promote equality between men and women, including equal influence and opportunities in all spheres of the society (Ministry of Social Affairs 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Governments should regard family planning in the same way they view and prioritize other human-capital investments in education, labourforce participation and political participation. This is one more way of improving the bargaining position of women in society. In fact, family planning programmes and declines in fertility have their maximum impact in societies that are making complementary investments in increasing female schooling, expanding labour market opportunities, and experiencing economic changes that fundamentally change the cost-benefit tradeoff of high fertility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
She convinced her own family and other relatives to not participate in such marriages, as they could all beheld responsible and arrested. After hearing details on the legal implications of underage marriage, many families decided to boycott the wedding and informed the parents of the couple about the risks. The wedding was eventually cancelled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If 24 Mtoe had been converted into electric power with 30 per cent efficiency, 8 Mtoe could have been exported to the grid which sold 34 Mtoe to end users. This is of particular significance, considering that sugar cane production has grown at a much faster pace then overall energy demand. Brazilian ethanol production soared to 12.3 billion litres in 1985-1986 from just 600 million litres in 1975-1976, and about 10 million vehicles were manufactured or adapted for ethanol use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Having a higher disposable income gives rise to new demand as the expenditure pattern for manufactured goods shifts towards more sophisticated goods. Hence, firms have an incentive to continuously enhance their production capabilities and innovate in order to diversify their product range (UNIDO, 2017b). Specialisation and diversification are key consequences of those processes that affect the manufacturing sector's entire structure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While it may have a negative effect if road density translates into shorter and more efficient transport, it could also have a positive effect if it induces greater use of private vehicles resulting in more emissions. Consequently, this transport variable could be a proxy of connectivity efficiency or alternatively capture the level of car use. A second proxy for transportation intensity is Road access, an indicator of the connectivity of an urban area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Other requirements for eliminating violence against women, as listed by the 2014 Beijing+20 respondent countries, are education initiatives, provision of a range of services, including safe houses and reintegration measures for violence survivors, community mobilisation, ensuring the engagement of leaders, research to elucidate the various aspects of violence against women and girls, and gender-sensitive judicial systems. Particular forms of violence were highlighted for attention by the Beijing+20 respondent countries, including trafficking in women and girls, child, early and forced marriage and other harmful practices, domestic violence, cyber prostitution and pornography, sorcery-related crimes, and violence against elderly women. To equalise relations of power between women and men, the respondent countries emphasized improving the status of women in society and revising negative and stereotyped images and attitudes about women and girls and their roles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Indeed, there is no conclusive evidence that moderate inflation has adverse effects on growth (Stiglitz et al., In such cases, the focus of policymakers must be on preventing inflation from becoming excessive. These can include aggregate growth, productive investment, employment generation and poverty reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Table 6.12 shows actual volumes of separation in 2008, 2013 and 2014 and the target volume for 2015. This was achieved by increasing the coverage by separate collection and new waste sorting facilities. It provides examples from international practice, describes the current situation in Belarus and defines directions for further development and improvement of municipal waste and recyclables management. The network of buy-out points for recyclables should also increase, but they should develop into household waste recycling centres, where recyclables and other fractions can also be collected free of charge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Further fine-tuning of the basic Payment Scheme includes a reduction of amounts paid per recipient above a certain threshold, the option to grant higher payments to the first hectares per recipient, a compulsory top-up of payments to young farmers and simplified procedures for small farmers who receive only small amounts of direct support. The precise definition of the latter was still in progress as of April 2014. Alternatively, member states have flexibility to implement national certification schemes instead.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Australian Industry Group (AIG) is concerned that there is a lack of comprehensive skill development pathways for the emerging technology sector, with sustainability one of the key areas. The report argues, in relation to construction for example, that the design and construction of energy-efficient buildings is emerging as a major driver for skills, including the design of new buildings and components, as well as the installation of new technologies and retrofitting or upgrading of current or old technologies. Skill demands vary, with some tasks requiring a variation of existing skills whilst others require a set of new skills and knowledge, as well as integration of skills from different trades, such as electrical and plumbing skills. Sustainability has become a high priority training area for the community-based Registered Training Organisations (RTOs). Interest in sustainability skills is also increasing in most disciplines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As a result, near-term technology and policy decisions are critically important for leveraging long-term change. But the temporal dimensions of this technological differentiation in energy systems are extremely long. In the medium-term (2030), only modest, niche-market inroads of solar PV into the global energy system are expected. Only by 2100 have scenarios clustered either around relatively small solar PV markets (0-80 EJ), assuming no or low C02 emission constraints and high investment costs, or around relatively large solar PV markets (100-180 EJ), under stringent C02 emission constraints and low investment costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Such a vision can set new expectations for the attitudes and behaviour of both men and women. A strategic plan can structure national gender equality plans, and guide the operationalisation of the institutional reforms necessary to meet domestic targets and align with international standards of gender equality. Together, an inspiring vision and a carefully crafted strategic plan can chart a course of reform and facilitate an effective communications approach that will engage a wide range of stakeholders (e.g. women’s organisations, key decisionmakers at all levels of government, non-profit actors, as well as men and women citizens) as partners in ending gender inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For instance, estimates for Thailand suggest that only half of the renewable energy capacity is connected to the grid (DLA Piper, 2014). Grid issues are also prevailing in China, where government estimates showed that 15% of the total wind power generation was curtailed in 2015, according to Liu (2016). Despite having the best wind conditions, the curtailment rates have surpassed 30% in some of the northern regions, where the grid issues are considered larger than in other regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While ‘driving’ time is self-explanatory, ‘on duty’ time is all time from when a driver begins work or is required to be in readiness for work until a driver is relived from all responsibilities for performing work. As examples, it includes time such as loading and unloading, completing paperwork, picking up and dropping off or attending to needs of passengers etc. Regulation typically requires commercial drivers to maintain log books that record their driving and on-duty time with strict penalties for failure to accurately complete these requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Aside from country-specific factors, such as good harvests and stable food prices, there are a few global reasons for this situation related to the energy sector, currencies, capacity utilization and technology. First, despite the OPEC-plus agreement to cut oil production, oil prices are unlikely to rise significantly higher given the reduced cost of extracting shale oil in the United States where oil output exceeded 10 million barrels per day, the highest level since 1970 (United States Energy Information Agency, 2018) as well as the dramatic decline in renewable energy prices such that the average cost of electricity from certain renewables now falls within the range of that produced with fossil fuels. The update better reflects the current structure of economies. Largely reflecting the increase in China's weight, the shift in the base year resulted in increased aggregate growth by approximately 0.2 percentage points compared with the previous base year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This article maps out the conceptual origins of cybercrime in social science fiction and other ‘faction’ genres to explore the relationship between rhetoric and reality in the production of knowledge about it. It goes on to illustrate how the reporting of dystopic narratives about life in networked worlds shapes public reactions to technological change. Reactions which heighten the culture of fear about cybercrime, which in turn, shapes public expectations of online risk, the formation of law and the subsequent interpretation of justice. Finally, the article identifies and responds to the various mythologies that are currently circulating about cybercrime before identifying the various tensions in the production of criminological knowledge about it that contribute to sustaining those mythologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Freedom of the press in the perspective of the criminal justice is the use of the provisions of the Criminal Code, it is not limitation or restraint on freedom of the press, because the provision was only a tool that is used for the testing of limitative conduct a press working process. Testing can be done by using specific parameters as stipulated in the convention on the freedom of information, such as the press can not be prosecuted in criminal law except when to do positive things like contempt, sedition, blasphemy, pornography, a lie news, disturb national security and public order and statements that impede the fair administration of justice. Therefore, in press freedom, presenting news must be based on features news journalist code of ethics that exist
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Child poverty must be understood in the multidimensional sense and is thus considered in terms of monetary poverty, hunger, education, child labour and access to health care services. Secondly, the study analyzes several policies that the Cameroonian government could adopt to respond to this crisis in order to protect children. In section 2, a summary of the main channels of transmission of the global financial crisis to developing economies, and particularly Cameroon, is provided. Section 3 lays out the methodological approach of the study, and section 4 shows the structure and evolution of the economy in the reference scenario, the results of the crisis scenario are presented in section 5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The impacts of current consumption and production trends across the world are examined, highlighting the need for a transition towards SCP, as a key element for sustainable development. Regardless of definitions, the underlying principles of SCP must be clear. Improving the quality of life without increasing environmental degradation and without compromising the resource needs of future generations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Infrastructure lending by the World Bank, which was its original rationale, dropped precipitously beginning in the 1970s, as its focus shifted to other forms of lending that concentrated on economic adjustment measures, good governance and social safety nets, rather than building infrastructure. However, this trend has been reversed in recent years (see figure 4.1). It is also a recognition of the central role that large infrastructure projects have played in the remarkable growth and poverty-reduction story- that has unfolded in China.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
See also P. Roffe, “Bilateral Agreements and a TRIPS-plus World: The Chile - United States Free Trade Agreement”, QUNO TRIPS Issue Papers No. Acknowledging these concerns, the linkage requirement was made optional under the more recent FTAs between the United States and Panama, as well as Peru. On this particular issue, USTR has replied to Congress that the data protection provisions in FTAs would not stand in the way of compulsory licensing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The committee will also support accommodation in places and facilities which are certified to that effect. The same year, in order to implement tire agreements and protocols, tire Lebanese Ministry of Justice launched a project including various procedures to prevent human trafficking in Lebanon and to fight this phenomenon, with technical support provided by the United Nations Office on Drags and Crime (UNODP). The project mainly aims to develop mechanisms to support the penal code in the area of human trafficking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Young Latvian men are twice as likely as women to leave school without completing upper secondary education (the OECD average is 1.4 times) and this is one reason for higher NEET rates among men. In addition, early drop-out rates in rural areas are about twice as high as in urban areas (Ministry of Economics, 2014). Local governments need to be able to react quickly in case of premature school drop-out.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As a result, upper-middle income working class rather than the top income class shouldered the burden. This, coupled with corruption, led to much higher administrative costs and compliance costs of a progressive PIT in developing countries than in developed countries, and left many loopholes that the rich, who are more resourceful and connected, could exploit. Reforms towards comprehensive PIT can include a progressive element as incomes from investment/capital gains, when taxed separately, are normally taxed at a flat rather than progressive rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In 2011, the Appeals Chamber of the UN Special Tribunal for Lebanon purported to identify a customary international crime of transnational terrorism and applied it in interpreting domestic terrorism offences under Lebanese law. This article argues that the Tribunal's decision was incorrect because all the sources of custom relied upon by the Appeals Chamber – national legislation, judicial decisions, regional and international treaties, and UN resolutions – were misinterpreted, exaggerated, or erroneously applied. The Tribunal's laissez-faire attitude towards custom formation jeopardizes the freedom from retrospective criminal punishment, subjugating the human rights of potential defendants to the Tribunal's own moralizing conception of what the law ought to be. The decision is not good for international law or public confidence in its institutions and processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Policy risk is frequently highlighted as one of the most significant risks facing investors in sustainable energy and has a significant role in dissuading investors from allocating capital to this sector (Parhelion, 2012, Micale et al., In particular, retroactive policy change risk is highlighted as a principal concern as it directly impacts expected and historical revenues from projects and lowers investor confidence in the stability of the financial support available over the investment lifetime (Parhelion, 2012, Frisari et al., Government could pre-commit to reduce these risks, e,g, through contractual penalties in the case of material policy changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The positive trend is particularly visible for the legal designation of protected areas corresponding to IUCN category II (national parks), category IV (habitat/species management areas) and category V (protected landscapes/seascapes). Such new developments included the national parks Butrinti (2005, 8,591.2 ha), Mali i Dajtit (2006, 29,216.9 ha), Divjake-Karavasta (2007, 22,230.2 ha), Shebenik-Jabllanice (2008, 33,928.0 ha), Bredhi i Hotoves-Dangelli (2008, 34,361.1 ha) and Karaburun-Sazan (2010, 12,428.0 ha). As a result, the proportion of national parks in the surface area of the ecological network of Albania has more than triped (from 15.68 per cent in 2002 to 49.88 per cent in 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Top inequality is measured as the ratio between average income in one top decile (e.g. the eighth) and overall average income, and therefore informs about the gap between the rich and the average households. Hence the analysis can allow for the possibility that different forms of inequality have different consequences for growth. The baseline results are reported in columns 1 to 4 of Table 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The travel cost method derive the economic value of recreational activities, based on the visitor's incurred costs for transportation and time used to conduct their activity in a specific recreational site, and the number of visits they make to the site. The travel cost method is only suitable for valuing the current value of accessing recreation services at a site, and needs to be supplemented with contingent behavioural data or expert assessments of changes in recreational use in order to value changes in recreational services. The methods rely on the collection of user data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Some of those risks include conflict and war, which are hard to predict, as well as being very difficult to prevent or cope with, and hence particularly difficult to include in this analytical framework. Each scenario needs to be understood as a category of events rather than a single event, covering a range of similar threats. It is a simplified representation of perceived risks with the purpose of facilitating assessment and a rigorous dialogue about best policy responses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In addition, districts, with boundaries that had been identified by the communist government in 1962, were established as an intermediate administrative layer for national agencies. In this process, the city of Prague retained its legacy “urban centre” administrative boundary that did not extend very much beyond its existing development perimeter and became a distinct district. Crucially, the municipalities in the peri-urban land adjacent to Prague were placed in two other districts, Prague East and Prague West in Central Bohemia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As a result there is a high level of employment of Arab women in clerical occupations. At the same time, a significant number of Arab women with low levels of education have lost their jobs in the agriculture and textile industries due to the entry of immigrant workers into the Galilee labour market. Making a wider range of academic programmes open to Arab women is the intent of the Nazareth Academic Institution (NAI). The employment outcomes of the NAI’s predecessor Mar Elias have been promising: according to the information received from the institution, about 70% of female graduates (all Arabs) are employed, mostly in positions requiring higher education qualifications (see Box 2.1.). Opening wider educational opportunities for Arab women will ultimately impact on their labour market outcomes and generate positive results for the Israeli society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Larger countries, on the other hand, can shift away from specialization in primary commodities through import substitution. The use of labour-intensive techniques and domestic inputs should figure prominently among the requirements outlined in these policies. There is considerable room for diversity in its application, reflecting differences in each country’s resource endowments, size, geographical location, production structure and export structure. Distribution of rents is thus crucial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Appropriate climate adaptation responses may therefore also vary within an individual country. Non-Party stakeholders such as sub-national governments will often have the mandate to develop and implement actions (such as flood protection measures) which can enhance an area’s climate resilience. Indeed, some non-Party stakeholders have developed good practice guidance for adaptation in certain types of cities, e.g. C40 has highlighted a 9-step approach to adaptation in delta cities (C40, 2015). This has been started in some countries, e.g. Nepal, which has established “Local Adaptation Plans of Action” in order to help vulnerable communities decide on their priority adaptation actions (IDS n.d.). States and municipalities in Mexico have also developed adaptation plans (GoM, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Equally, the appropriate portfolio of energy technologies depends on each country’s own initial conditions, including the technical and economic potential for electricity generation and its location relative to consumers, as well as the existing distribution system. However, transmission and distribution (T&D) has often been neglected both in the policy discourse and financially (Hogarth and Granoff, 2015). Despite recent progress, the density of transmission lines remains extremely low by international standards, and local grids remain poorly interconnected internationally (and sometimes even nationally).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A lower paid w'orkload could allow' fathers to invest more time in their children at a young age and set the basis for greater paternal involvement as children grow up. Furthermore, a period of reduced full-time w'ork when children are very young could facilitate an increase to full-time work for both parents (which is very difficult when starting from a short-hours base), and further stimulate German labour supply in the long-term, which will be essential to cope with population ageing. Surveys suggest that many Germans are unhappy with their work-life balance: w'orking parents in Germany are more likely than most other parents in Europe to report that their job interferes with time they would like to spend with their family. The 2007 reform of the parental leave system in Germany was in line with international best practice and a great step towards a more gender-balanced division of paid and unpaid work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)