albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For example, in the Mediterranean, the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) is promoting the concept of allocated zones for aquaculture (AZAs) (Sanchez-Jerez et al., Some initiatives in wider marine spatial planning processes integrate the spatial concerns of fisheries and aquaculture with those of other users of the marine space (Meaden et al., In addition, a sound legal and regulatory planning and development framework should be in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The main difficulty with this criticism lies in how to operationalize the multidimensional notion of poverty. Responding to this issue, some offer to reduce multidimensionality to a few "basic" dimensions. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) human poverty index is an attempt to go beyond income in constructing a composite poverty index. The Millennium Development Goals also recognize the multidimensional nature of human well-being through the deployment of a broad range of objectives and targets. The contention here is that the nature of poverty is country-specific. Along these lines, it has been argued that by using a common international poverty threshold that would be applicable to the poorest countries, one would necessarily underestimate global poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While high-income countries spent 2.4% of GDP on R&D, low-income and lower middle-income countries only spent 0.4% of their GDP on research. Transforming these percentages into monetary terms reveal even greater discrepancies. In 2015, high-income countries spent approximately 615 times more on R&D than low-income countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These movements posed important questions about how' the education system defined the opportunities available to Chileans throughout their lives, and questioned unequal access to education in Chile. Activists called into question the structural constraints imposed by the market-oriented model, which was left unchallenged after the country’s return to democracy. The student movement demanded that the pow'er of education be returned to the state, that the voucher system be eliminated and that profit-making activities be banned at schools receiving state funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is possible that many students moved to the new CTeSP courses at this point, although this is not clear from the available data. The CET were described as playing a predominant role in helping companies hire qualified and specialised staff, and have been shown to have employability rates above 90%. These courses were seen as valuable for rapid entry into the labour market and meeting the needs of firms for technical skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Mental health strategies in OECD countries have ranged from a broad-brush establishment of key principles for the mental health system -for example, a need to move towards “deinstitutionalisation” - to strategies that articulate future steps for the mental health system in much greater detail, broadly in line with the outlines set by the WHO. As in many countries, mild-to-moderate mental health problems are too often excluded from mental health care in Norway. Across OECD countries concerted efforts to improve mental health care have been focused predominantly on severe mental illnesses, and have been seen as outside of the remit of specialist services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Results for countries using national panels added additional controls - industry, firm size and job tenure (for Australia, Germany and the United Kingdom). The wage differentials between other age/skill/contract groups can be obtained in a similar way. Table 4.4 provides information on annual changes of contract and the unadjusted rates of moving up/down or staying in the same earnings quintiles over any two consecutive years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The fourth approach added to training sessions and follow-up mechanisms the shaping of a professional learning community: school meetings, school visits and digital platforms allowing teachers to share lesson plans and exchange on their practice. The only approach that was arguably not very effective was the first one: limiting professional development to induction training. While this could work with expert teachers who are very motivated and already master most of the teaching repertoire that fostering creativity and critical thinking calls for, this approach proved less effective in sustaining teachers' engagement with the project ideas and materials over time. Across teams, more than 400 primary and secondary level teachers were involved in intervention classes, thereby gaining access to new materials and training opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Tol and Fankhauser (1998) reviewed the modelling of impacts in 18 IAMs that participated in the Stanford Energy Modeling Forum 14, discussing the level of spatial detail, the damage categories considered, the impact metrics, the climatic and non-climatic drivers of impacts, the functional specification and benchmarks of monetized damage functions, the feedback of impacts on other model variables and the representation of adaptation. Yohe (1999) briefly reviewed the representation of impacts in 20 IAMs, including most of the models considered by Tol and Fankhauser (1998). Stanton, Ackerman and Kartha (2009) review 30 climate-economy models, focusing on the treatment of four critical issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Further access to information needs to be complemented with support to parents on how to interpret the information and how to select the most appropriate school for their children. Information could be made available in selected foreign languages and be accessible to parents with limited literacy (OECD, 2010(ii4]). This involves the ability to make an informed choice about what an individual does not want as well as about what one likes and needs. The value of choice is highly connected with certain groups in society, such as middle-class parents (Allen, 2007(32], Reay and Allen, 1997(33]). There is a need to manage student intake according to socio-economic status and nonselective intake criteria (OECD, 2015(22]). This requires ensuring that equity criteria are adopted for schools to prioritise disadvantaged students or that funding arrangements make disadvantaged students more attractive to high-performing schools (OECD, 2015(22]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For all exports destined to China, these costs are estimated to be USD 30.4 per tonne, or triple those for other destinations as China applies phytosanitary barriers on Kazakh grain transported through its territory and which affects the competitiveness of Kazakh exports on Asian markets, such as Japan and Korea, as well as China itself. In addition to official costs, exporters also incur informal charges, for example, to receive railway cars. See Table 3.4 for details.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The official name of the programme (as introduced by the Decree) is the Programme de Recherche Active d’Emploi. According to Angel-Urdinola and Leon-Solano (2011), many youth quit the SIVP programme in order to benefit from Amal, which offered a more generous stipend. These are reduced to TND 150 and TND 100, respectively, for individuals who have previously benefited from the SIVP. Individuals wishing to set up their own business receive help with the identification and development of tire project. In addition, and conditional on obtaining a financing agreement, they can receive a sum of up to 10% of the cost of the project (and not exceeding TND 5 000) as start-up finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Italy's National Observatory on Good Practices for Patient Safety promotes sharing and learning from adverse events (cont.) Learning from these workshops is consolidated, and emerges as national recommendations applicable across the country, made publicly available on the Observatory's portal. The next step, regional implementation of these recommendations, is supported by AGENAS, the national authority tasked with supporting R&AP to improve health care quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
We believe a harm reduction framework offers guidance for managing the student-teacher relationship in pandemic situations  This commentary defines the six principles of harm reduction (humanism, pragmatism, individualism, autonomy, incrementalism, and accountability without termination) and describes how these principles can be applied within the public health higher educational system in the COVID-19 era  The key points are intended to stimulate thought and discussion about how to balance general uncertainty, concerns about what is best for population and personal health, the tensions between collectivism and individualism, and our commitment to training and protecting the health of the next generation of public health professionals  We recommend that educators, in public health and other higher education settings, use the harm reduction principles to guide their interactions with students and to build more compassionate and collectivist communities that allow people to learn and thrive
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
But the story is not fully written. But to the extent that decentralization has not been fully realized in practice, many discrepancies and inadequacies have been attributed to questions of finance. Chapter 8 notes that city financing particularly in rapidly urbanizing developing countries is not keeping pace with the demand for infrastructure and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A few are a targeting a larger mass market. Liquid Telecom, who purchased the assets of the defunct incumbent Rwanda Telecom, is spending US$35 million to deploy a fiber optic network in the capital that will pass more than 15,000 homes and provide speeds up to 100 Mbps.25 Bangladesh Telecommunication Company Limited (BTCL), the state-owned incumbent, has been upgrading its copper network to fiber optic through the Telecommunication Network Development Project which began in 2009. Rwanda: Liquid Telecom Launches Very Fast Internet in Kigali," October 27.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Local mental health services provide varying levels of intervention and support within a community setting, aiming to avoid residential care up until the point at which it is considered to be absolutely necessary and appropriate. Mental health treatment was shaped significantly by the birth of the NHS in 1948, which became the main health care provider in England. The slow shift from the detention of those with mental disorders to prevention and treatment (which began in the 1920s) continued under the newly formed NHS, as a further shift from institutionalisation to community-based care began.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This policy target might face resistance from local power generators and utilities, claiming system capacity will remain the same while the demand will fluctuate during day and night. Although this policy might reduce revenues for utilities, the long-term benefits are paramount and such commercial concerns should not hinder the further expansion and integration of the electricity grid and trade. Infrastructure: including natural resources, country overall infrastructure, grid capacity, market infrastructure, electricity access rate and projected demand. Institutions: public and private institutions related on renewable energy, key policies, access to renewable energy finance, macroeconomic environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Moreover, access to water is often intermittent and vulnerable to interruptions caused by droughts or other factors. State of) (2015) Venezuela (Bol. This hinders online access to health, education and government services, and impairs e-commerce among Latin American countries, which could become a tool for regional integration, particularly in the area of digital goods and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Romania is working on the adoption of the EU Timber Regulations, and the plan is to create more stringent penalties and sanctions than those of the FLEGT Regulations. The WWF-Danube Carpathian Programme aims to increase the number of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certified companies so that 2.6 million ha of forests are FSC certified. The forest authorities work together with the local communities using specific procedures for action in the event of illegal activities in forests (table 9.2), and these procedures w'ork quickly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Among the criticised elements of the law are a partial amnesty granted on illegal deforestation that occurred before 2008, the broadening of possibilities for offsite compensation of damage to ecosystems and the transfer of legislative autonomy to the state level (Leitao, 2014). The changes in the definition of hilltop preservation areas (part of APPs), for example, reduced their total area by 87%. About 90% of rural properties (covering less than 30% of rural areas) qualify as “small” properties according to the new law,* and benefit from the amnesty on illegal deforestation in RL and APP areas before 2008. Under the previous Forest Code, landowners would have been required to restore the illegally deforested areas at their own expense.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Instead it aims to capture the different types of reforms as well as identify some common approaches that have been implemented in many countries. Cutting the prices paid for publicly financed health care (e.g. cuts to the price of medical goods and salaries). Nevertheless, a number of countries have introduced new financing arrangements to broaden revenue bases, create greater flexibility and equity in financing health care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Kuwait slowly ramped up its desalination capacity from 1950 to 1970 (see figure 9). The introduction of MSF desalination in the early 1970s increased Kuwait’s uptake of desalination, reaching some 2.4 million m3/day in 2008. In the 1970s, the Government of Saudi Arabia established the Saline Water Conversion Corporation, which represents the largest desalination enterprise in the world, aimed at managing two desalination plants on opposite coasts at the Red Sea and Arabian Gulf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Stated otherwise, are the potential net losses of TSh 273 billion colossal enough to spur the private and public sector into action to protect forests in the United Republic of Tanzania? Another way to ask this question would be: suppose the United Republic of Tanzania had TSh 273 billion (US$ 171 million) today for investment. What would be the economic impact of this investment for the next 20 years?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The OECD would like to thank the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces and especially Kristin Valasek for her commitment to supporting the development and finalisation of this chapter. It gratefully builds on DCAF's Gender and Security Sector Reform Toolkit ("Security Sector Reform and Gender", eds. Megan Bastick and Kristin Valasek, Geneva: DCAF, UN-INSTRAW, OSCE/ODIHR, 2008). The OECD would also like to express its particular appreciation to the experts who provided substantive input throughout the drafting process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Traditional policies, such as taxation, social protection and minimum wages affect mostly the formal sector. As Viet Nam advances economically, informality may start to decline, but during the interim period more inclusive policies are needed to protect workers in self-employment or informal jobs, as well as ways to increase revenues. Labour inspection capacities should be strengthened and should include a monitoring system with enforceable penalties in the event of non-compliance. The Northern Mountainous regions have the largest population in the bottom national income quintile (44%), while the Southeast region has the largest share of the population in the top national income quintile (32%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The relative cost impact to CSP is similar to that of fossil fuel power plants (USDOE, 2009). In a Rankine steam cycle, the heat input is at a high temperature and rejected at a low temperature, these are called the source and sink temperatures, respectively. The efficiency of the cycle, defined as the ratio of the turbine work output to the heat input, is a function of the difference between the source and sink temperatures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Asymmetries of revenue and funding are also likely to undermine the co-ordination of water policies across ministries and public agencies. As water is a regional issue in Belgium, Flanders and Wallonia replied separately. Often, ministries of finance and economy are not directly involved in making decisions during water policy reforms, which can raise implementation challenges at a later stage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Numerous grant schemes have been directed to basic research and commercialisation of R&D but in a relatively piecemeal way. Competition between the 13 Malaysian states to attract research institutions and higher education campuses is intense. The scarcity of land in Penang and the high cost of it act as a barrier to investment. According to the NCER 2007 Blueprint a number of industrial estates and technology parks remain underutilised or unutilised. Overreliance on the techpush model is making knowledge transfer more difficult. A Penang Science Council, driven by industry, has been created to ensure that Penang can implement its strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the peer mentoring arrangement, a university- or tertiary-level student goes to the school to counsel young people regarding their studies. Longer days mean that students work more in school and spend less time on homework, this helps narrow household education climate and infrastructure gaps that affect learning. In addition, extending the school day can facilitate coordination between principals and teachers, and it can be used to attract a greater concentration of teacher hours in a single establishment (ECLAC, 2011b). A full school day has positive effects on the organization of family time and out-of-school care, too, as well as the incorporation of women into the labour market and the amount of time that children and young people are exposed to external risks (ECLAC, 2011b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
On the other hand, the bottom-up approach advocated by proponents of delegated water management can potentially both be complementary and also conflict with the drive for metropolitan co-ordination inherent in governance reform. This raises two issues for urban water governance: i) re-scaling metropolitan governance may (positively or negatively) affect water governance frameworks, and ii) strategies for metropolitan governance reform may offer interesting models for application in the urban water sector. Evidence from selected OECD metropolitan areas is provided in Table 3.4. The largest functional area, often referred to as the Southeast Region, extends to the Gyeongnam province and Ulsan Metropolitan City. The restricted definition of the functional labour market roughly corresponds with the province of Milan, which includes 189 municipalities induding the city of Milan. The extended definition of the functional area includes the province of Milan and seven other provinces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Most efforts should go to addressing data gaps in primary care, for example data collection on variation in chronic diseases in general practice should be strengthened. Diseases that are contributing most to Danish inequality in burden of disease, such as diabetes and depression, are increasingly being treated in primary care settings (see Chapter 2 and Table 4.2). Given this, data collection in primary care is an appropriate way to monitor equitable health outcomes, and inform initiatives to address existing inequities. Excellent care for the elderly is a priority in Denmark, and data monitoring of health outcomes and health care provision for population groups by age would contribute to securing this priority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is set in the context of the OECD's wider work on skills and job quality. The perspectives of national tourism, employment and labour administrations, the tourism industry and other relevant experts including specialised labour market, skills and human resources agencies and academics are captured. Short case studies from Australia, Canada and Denmark are also presented, which may serve as learning models.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Retrieved from: http://climatepolicyinitiative.org/ wp-content/uploads/2015/05/150512 Auctions FINAL.pdf. Retrieved from: https://www.dlapiper.eom/~/media/Files/Insights/Publications/2015/04/Renewable energy in the Asia Pac.pdf. Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, Jakarta. Retrieved from: http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ news/politics-and-nation/indias-renewable-energy-targets-catch-the-attention-of-global-investors-still-need-ground-work/articleshow/53015707.cms. Climate Change Impacts - Southeast Asia, International Fund for Agricultural Development, https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/41587621-d96e-4aed-8b22-e714bcecd58e. Retrieved from: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/ fV12osti/52983.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In State v. Holle, the Supreme Court of Arizona held that the legislature may redefine the crime of child molestation to include the intentional touching of any part of the genitals, anus or female breast of a minor, and it may place the burden to prove that such touching was not the result of a sexual motivation on the defendant. In this brief, law professors explain why this burden shifting raises serious constitutional questions and thus why the Supreme Court should reconsider its previous ruling and construe the statute so that sexual motivation is an element of the crime rather than an affirmative defense.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While some will blame excessive deregulation of the financial sector, lack of diligence by the financial regulators or sheer greed, this crisis cannot be explained away so superficially. It represents, instead, the final failure of the economic paradigm that has dominated the world for over two decades. Since it was introduced by Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, the Washington Consensus gained near-religious status among its supporters. It was the economic policy for “The End of History”, the policy which, when adopted by all countries, would allow the world to emerge onto a sunny plateau of peace, prosperity and opportunity. And yet, in many ways, the economic paradigm failed because it ignored realities that could be shoved aside momentarily, blocked out knowingly, but that nevertheless stubbornly refused to go away.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The preamble admits the existence of prior art, on which the actual invention in the claims body is based in the form of an improvement of the prior art. For patent examiners this represents an easy way of identifying those elements of the claim that are new and inventive. Box 1, and case T128/82, OJ EPO 1984, p. 164, as cited by South Centre Guide, p. 140, see also R. J. Young, “The construction of product-by-process claims”, in The construction of product-by-process claims, 11th European Patent Judges’ Symposium, Copenhagen, Official Journal of the EPO 2003, Special Edition, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Our analysis shows that the structure and the average level of electricity prices is identical in the scenario without renewables and in the two scenarios at 10% penetration level. On the contrary, at 30% penetration level there are limited periods in which renewables can meet all of demand and thus become the marginal generating technology, which in a competitive market means zero prices. The price duration curve in the renewable scenario is thus strictly the same as in the reference case, with the exception of those periods in which renewables become the marginal technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)