albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
They also imply, however, that for an important group of young NEET, low-intensity short-term interventions - like job-search assistance workshops - are unlikely to be sufficient to increase the chances of employment. To the extent that a lack of professional training or even basic numeracy and literacy skills is the reason for a young person’s NEET status, more intensive - and likely more expensive — programmes may be needed to bring a young person back into education or employment. A range of different such interventions that have proven successful are discussed in Section 6.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It will help achieve the massive changes needed to improve rural livelihoods in the wake of the hoped-for cessation of rural conflict and insecurity. More broadly, means of strengthening the links between social needs and innovation processes will have to be found. It also requires profound changes in its structure and scope.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In line with their obligations under Article 18 of CEDAW, Cambodia, India, Pakistan and Thailand have submitted reports to the committee. Concluding observations of the committee on these countries provides a very helpful overview of the current state of play in respect of violence against women and women’s human rights in general. These observations are reproduced in section 3.2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The centres were set up to deliver services to business, government and other stakeholders and to assist them with adopting cleaner production methods, practices, policies and technologies. The programme aims to improve the resource productivity and environmental performance of businesses and other organizations in developing countries. The centres promote and facilitate industrial energy efficiency in tandem with pollution prevention, water and Sowee, UNIDO 2010d.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It will also result in a situation where the regional economy cannot take full advantage of the productive potential of the Arab population. Many of the higher education institutions in the Galilee - with notable exceptions of Sakhnin College and the newly developing Nazareth Academic Institution - are geographically separated from predominantly Arab communities. Current Arab colleges are constrained by limited resources or missions which confine them to teacher education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Five main types of aquifer can be found (Box 2.1): sand and gravel, sandstone, karst, volcanic and basement aquifers (Margat and van der Gun, 2013). Each of these types is associated with specific physical properties, such as porosity, hydraulic conductivity and thickness that determine the flow and storage aquifers can allow. The two first types include the most conducive agriculture irrigation systems, and some of the most fertile land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2013, the EU developed statebuilding contracts, a new, relatively flexible, financing modality to provide tailored budget support to fragile and conflict-affected states. Budget support is complemented by a package of technical assistance, and includes a combination of regular and performance-related payments. In Mali, the statebuilding contract played a key role in maintaining fiscal stability during a period of democratic transition following the 2013 political crisis, a crisis that had led to the suspension of a large proportion of other bilateral donor financing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Supreme Court nominee Judge Neil Gorsuch has been questioned sharply by certain senators about his reasoning in the now-notorious "case of the frozen trucker". This Essay assimilates that case to Lon Fuller's classic work of Legal Process, the "Case of the Speluncean Explorers." By setting out various opinions on the frozen-trucker case by the fictional Supreme Court of "Newergarth", this Essay explores ongoing jurisprudential debates concerning the proper role of courts in construing statutes and how courts should approach administrative lawmaking. The (fictional) Newergarth Court whose opinions appear herein comprises not only Chief Justice "Truenickel", but also Justices "Moresuch", "Phranken", and "Houghtelier".   The Essay may be of particular interest to those teaching legislation, administrative law, or fed courts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The capacity to cope requires continuing awareness, resources and good management, both in normal times as well as during disasters or adverse conditions. Coping capacities contribute to the reduction of disaster risks. It is a concept that extends the term of capacity-building to encompass all aspects of creating and sustaining capacity growth over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
And in 2050, when there will be some 10 billion people on Earth, we will only have one eighth of a cubic kilometre per person. This relatively small amount of water is what will provide each person with all ecosystem services, including food and oxygen. But this is also where some of our emissions, our waste and our rubbish will end up. We must work together with our closest neighbours and cooperate at a global level, between countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This urbanization trend combined with the overall growth of the world's population could add another 2.5 billion people to the urban population by 2050. This means that a rapid increase in urban solid waste generation will take place. As urbanization and population growth will continue, it is expected that solid waste generation will double by 2025.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Therefore, multiple indicators besides money-metric income and expenditure measures are needed to capture the scale and dimensions of poverty. While monetary poverty might affect just a minority, only a few might escape poverty in any form. Shifting the line up or down could make a dramatic difference with respect to the estimated incidence of monetary poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Denmark, the central recommendation of a recent expert committee is to cut funding for general counselling and skills enhancement programmes, while introducing new incentives for training in a company, and increasing mentoring and bridge-building measures that support people into and during training and work (Ekspertgruppen, 2014). However, this is only part of the story. What happens to unemployed workers and other population groups with labour market barriers not only depends on their motivation to look for work and the qualifications and skills they possess, it also depends on the demand that exists for those skills and qualifications. Employment opportunities for unemployed workers, in particular, depend to a considerable extent on the health of the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Squash, vanilla and kava are the main crops, alongside traditional root crops, after the demise of bananas and copra (although in both countries the latter is staging a revival). Similarly in both countries nonu has recently become an important niche agricultural export crop. Agriculture and fishing provide a basic livelihood for almost 60 per cent of the population, and agricultural exports and fish make up two thirds of total exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Under President al-Sisi, Egypt has revealed itself to be less tolerant of dissent and more successful at cloaking itself in nationalist sentiment than under either the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces or Husni Mubarak. The massacre at Rabʿa al-ʿAdawiyya, the arrests, detention, and torture of youth and prominent activists, the proliferation of criminal and treason charges against journalists, nongovernmental organizations, and Muslim Brotherhood figures, the banning of various organizations, and the passage of restrictive laws on basic civil rights—these practices make clear that the regime has no commitment to democratization understood either as substantive participation or the safeguarding of basic civil liberties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is a need to go beyond the false dichotomy of voluntary/ forced migration, and to recognise that forced migration can offer a valuable pool of qualified labour (in Chanda, 2010: 29). A clear division of institutional responsibility is required’ (Betts and Kaytaz, 2009: 26). Furthermore, there are ‘hard law norms - in terms of International Human Rights Law - but what is needed is a “soft law” consolidation of those norms to highlight their implications for survival migration’ (in Chanda, 2010: 28).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In India, for instance, factories employing more than 100 employees are required to gain permission from the Ministry of Labour before making any dismissals. Figures from the Ministry of Labour’s annual report show that in 2006, only 24 firms were given permission to dismiss a total of 884 workers. Despite this, job destruction rates in large manufacturing firms are relatively high, suggesting that many enterprises are able to evade this requirement (Venn, 2009). A survey of judges, labour inspectors, employment centres, employer organisations and trade unions in Russia shows also that labour law enforcement is seriously lacking: almost 85% of respondents think that non-observance of labour law is a serious or very accute problem, with hiring, contracts, dismissal, pay and working time being the areas of labour law most frequently violated (Gimpelson et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
When the unemployment rate rose above 10% during the global economic crisis, the government financed temporary emergency programmes. On top of that, the reconstruction temporarily boosted the demand for workers in labour-intensive industries, especially construction. The mining and agriculture sectors, though less intensive in jobs, have also taken advantage of high commodity prices to increase employment. At the same time, important policy reforms, such as extended early-childhood education and maternity leave and the new in-work benefit for low-income women (Bono al Trabajo de la Mujer), have aimed at fostering female labour participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Yet, despite recent improvements, outcomes, as measured by PISA results, still need to catch up with OECD standards and equity problems should be addressed. One decisive ingredient will be better teachers. Chile should aim to attract qualified individuals to the profession and bolster initiatives to improve initial teacher education and training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 1995, the seven emerging economies for which the OECD collects information on agricultural policies accounted for just under 4% of the total measured PSE (OECD and emerging economies). By 2012, these seven countries accounted for over 45% of the total (Figure 1.5). This rising share is made up of stable nominal expenditures by OECD countries (therefore falling real expenditures) and growang expenditures in emerging countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The second secondary principle of the principle of legality in criminal law concerns the applicability of the criminal norm in time, which is an aspect of the legitimacy of the norm as a legal social control. To allow individuals to behave according to the criminal norm, fair notice should be provided. Fair notice means effective and in most cases also early notice. This secondary principle, therefore, addressed the time element of criminal norms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Specifically, literacy improved (92 per cent of participants who took the government literacy exam passed) as did school enrolment (nearly 70 per cent of programme participants entered or re-entered school). Additionally, the programme was associated with increased self-confidence: 65 per cent felt “strong and able to face any problem.” An example of one developed country that has achieved very low levels of adolescent pregnancy and abortion is the Netherlands, which has a pragmatic and comprehensive approach to family planning, especially for young people. It has resulted in one of the lowest abortion rates worldwide (UNFPA, 2013d). Since 1971, family planning has been included in the national public health insurance system, providing free contraceptives. Sexuality education is universal and comprehensive, and girl’s empowerment is among the highest worldwide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter examines how Israeli and Palestinian human rights organizations use international law differently in the course of their advocacy: Palestinian human rights organizations use international law as a form of nonviolent resistance against Israeli occupation, while Israeli human rights organizations focus their efforts on strengthening Israeli democracy by encouraging government accountability to human rights principles, including state adherence to international human rights norms. Both Palestinian and Israeli (and international) human rights and humanitarian organizations have been criticized by some members of the Israeli government and its supporters, however, for this advocacy, with their work seen as a form of anti-Semitism, as “lawfare”1, or as supportive of terrorism.2
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These driving forces are depreciating the country's natural capital or stock of forest ecosystem assets, because, as forests disappear, so may the benefits that these provide in terms of regulating water run-off, reducing soil erosion, capturing and sequestering carbon, etc. Deforestation rates range from 130,000 to 500,000 ha per annum (FRA, 2010), with different sources setting the rate at 142,720 ha in 2013 (GFW, 2015) and 372,816 ha per annum between 1995 and 2010 (NAFORMA, 2014). The NAFORMA figure has been used for the analysis in this study. One way to look at this is as follows: If deforestation affects the water cycle it will have a negative impact on the value added of the hydropower or energy sector if energy generation is impaired.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
After 10 years of successful work, BEERECL concluded its operations at the end of February 2014. While at first the credit line had served the renewables market almost exclusively, increased marketing efforts later enabled significant expansion of the energy efficiency lending portfolio. By the conclusion of BEERECL in 2014, almost 300 projects had been signed with a total investment value of €230 million. These received more than €150 million in financing through the facility. Of financed projects, 195 focused on energy efficiency and a further 98 on renewable generation. Energy efficiency loans ranged from €11,000 to €2.5 million, with an average sub-loan of €310,000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This article observes the relationship among economic activity and local agents, by means of Social Networks Analysis (SNA) and showing the historical aspects on local development of the town of Telemaco Borba, in the State of Parana, Brazil. The social network can be understood as a Social Technology shaped by relationships among local agents and mapped by SNA. The relevance is given by the enrichment of knowledge by SNA, focusing on understanding the social technology as the basis of strategic formulation for actions to local development. The method used exploratory research and data from primary sources of a structured questionnaire for interviews. The study reveals that the interaction network among agents is elemental to creating capacities to its own identity and innovative solutions for local development. Pulp and paper activity is a cultural landmark and establishes a reference hard link and dependence for local actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Firstly, donors will need to develop a shared risk analysis, followed by a shared analysis of what makes, or could make, different layers of society resilient to those risks, so as to help prioritise their programming decisions. Next, donors will need to apply resilience building elements to existing and new programming, standalone resilience projects or programmes are probably less useful in the long-term. Donors will also need to take care that resilience building in one layer of society, or in one sector, does not undermine the resilience of another layer or sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Green job growth over the next 5-10 years is expected to be highest in the building and transportation sectors. Higher energy consumption, rising greenhouse gas emissions, road congestion and deteriorating water quality are the negative externalities that have come with urban growth. Many metropolitan regions across the OECD have turned their attention to the concept of green growth as a means of increasing economic competitiveness through addressing environmental challenges (Box 1.1). What do we mean by urban green growth?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Successful blockchain applications require an ecosystem of collaborating parties, who exchange and validate information. With regard to infrastructure, the orchestration of partners and suppliers could take a new dimension by IoT devices, e.g. when using sensors that provide real-time access for stakeholders or act as oracles, which provide information to smart contracts. In this regard, data and process standardisation is a crucial prerequisite for successful blockchain implementations, as described in section 1.3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Not all efforts need to take place in the classroom, however. In Costa Rica, for example, the Innovating at Home programme aims to teach parents how to develop their children’s creativity from an early age. These examples show there is increasing emphasis and interest in developing wider skills in a variety of country contexts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Each member can update the ledger to reflect the most recent transactions, therefore revolutionizing the way that products can be tracked and traced. Moreover, the broadcasting of all transactions to all members makes the system transparent - at least to its members - and thus easily verifiable. At the same time, encryption of the transactions ensures privacy, making the application difficult to hack and thus highly secure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
When fisheries managers are unable to set or enforce restrictions on fishing that would ensure sustainable exploitation of the resource, the problem lies in the ability of institutions to take all forms of information into account in decision making, the influence of pressure groups and election cycles and a lack of useful feedback when bad outcomes occur. When scientific information is uncertain or not trusted, it can be replaced by negotiation. Some governance structures are more adapted than others to take the long-term view' that is essential for sustainable exploitation of the resource.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Their gender discourses are not new in the region, but are now flourishing in unstable times. Their dissemination across borders is being fuelled by new media technologies. Whether religious or secular, they tend to involve a rejection of Westernization and the promotion of an authentic national or regional and often religious culture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, it would stagnate under the “low fuelwood” assumption. The latter scenario suggests that unless more wood is used for energy (i.e. through the emergence of a wood-based bioenergy sector) than at present, the production of industrial roundwood in both countries would stagnate or even decline after a brief recovery, and prices would fall. Canada’s Revealed Comparative Advantage (a measure of competitiveness) for roundwood and forest products is expected to remain the highest in the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Wright (2012) shows that pooling the entire world’s output variation in rice production and sharing it proportionately across countries would reduce the variation of China’s and India’s shares by about 40% and 60%, respectively. For many smaller countries the effects would be far greater. International pooling of production risks could similarly smooth national supplies of wheat and maize. He notes that, currently, global cereal trade achieves only a fraction of these potential pooling benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The 'Basin Facts' table at the beginning of each chapter lists alternative names, which may also be based on lithology and/or age. Extensive aquifer systems that are divided into different sections or basins are generally designated through geographical names for the purpose of this Inventory. For instance, the Umm er Radhuma-Dammam Aquifer System (South) is situated in the Rub' al Khali Desert, which is an integrated part of Saudi Arabia and extends to Oman, UAE, and Yemen, however, reference to Rub' al Khali is meant to specify the geographical area where this section of the aquifer system is situated, but does not serve as an alternative name for the aquifer system itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Poor households are defined on the basis of the quality of the roof of their dwelling, but the results are robust to the use of alternative measures for household poverty. Existing evidence also suggests that there is an important gender dimension in the effects on health, education and child labour. The impact on education and child labour seem to be greater for girls than for boys (Hamoudi and Thomas, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Any firm wishing to increase its emissions or any new firm entering the market is now obliged to acquire new certificates from existing firms at a price. It has the added advantage that the redistribution of environmental rent can be easily fine-tuned by the share of emission quotas that is allocated for free to existing firms (“grandfathering”) or sold off by government at an auction. The amount of rent transferred from the firms to the government is thus determined through the original price of the emission certificates. By the way, the final price in the market is determined by relative scarcity and is independent of the initial transfer price to firms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Overall, students with lower performance in compulsory education go into vocational programmes, but based on performance in compulsory education non-Western immigrant students are more likely to choose to follow a general programme. This suggests a comparatively weaker intake among immigrant students to vocational programmes and after five years of study dropout rates are very high: 43% for female immigrant students and 56% for male immigrant students. The strongest predictor of these dropout rates is previous performance in compulsory education (L0dding, 2009). Recent research has shown that employers screen potential apprentices according to grades and absenteeism in school, students without significant behaviour and learning problems at school can find apprenticeship without difficulties in most sectors (H0st, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The SSPs are being used alongside the RCPs to analyse feedback between climate change and factors such as world population growth, economic development and technological progress. They are based on storylines for possible futures which present different challenges to adaptation and mitigation (O'Neill etal., Sustainable development proceeds at a high pace, inequalities narrow, technological change is rapid and environmentally friendly, including lower carbon energy sources and high productivity of land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Moreover, government needs to i) regularly monitor and evaluate progress, ii) ensure transparency, iii) assess not only compliance with technical norms but also the local financial, human and natural resources needed for actual implementation, and iv) engage the local community. Urban sprawl, pollution, poor public services (e.g. utilities), housing shortages, and weak intra-city connectivity are all problems that stem from a lack of proper land-use planning and deficiencies in implementing land-use regulation. Three strategies could address these problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)