albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Organic standards are set by individual practitioners, traders and handlers, re-packers or individual producers of certain products who use them for internal purposes only, but few generally acceptable standards exist that are elaborated and approved at the national level through the wide participation of practitioners of the organic agriculture movement. This fragmentation and the related lack of any legal protection or quality signs make both certification and labelling impossible for most of these standards, according to IASA. Most of these certification bodies only provide certifications for the recently adopted basic national standards for the domestic market, which are different from those applied by foreign certification agencies. Certificates issued nationally by bodies lacking accreditation and on the basis of divergent domestic standards are of little use to companies willing to export on foreign markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The stochastic simulations also indicate that a combination of exogenous shocks can increase the level of volatility if they occur in specific patterns, even if the likelihood of this happening is low. For example, low yields for a number of different commodities simultaneously combined with high oil prices can generate exceptionally high levels of commodity price volatility. Moreover, the focus is on price volatility at the aggregate level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Administrative consultation takes place on policies related to the physical environment within the framework of the Multi-annual Programme for Infrastructure, Spatial Planning and Transport (Meeijarenprogramma Infrastructuur, Ruimte en Transport, MIRT). There are also sub-councils of the cabinet (e.g. the Council for Economic Affairs, Infrastructure and Environment [De Raad voor Economische Zaken, Infrastructuur en Milieu]) that address innovation, scientific and research policy and are composed of representatives from higher and academic education institutions and the ministers most closely involved with these areas. By virtue of parliamentary procedure, the minister-president chairs these councils, w'hose members are ministers and state secretaries involved specifically in the policy areas of the councils.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This suggests that preference erosion remains an adjustment concern for SVEs and LDCs, particularly for non-agricultural products such as textiles and fish that will be subject to steep tariff-cutting formulas under the current set of proposed WTO non-agricultural market access modalities (see Lawrence and Rosito 2006). Developing countries (including SVEs and LDCs) were asked to complete questionnaires that assessed changes in their AfT priorities since 2008, and the first chapter of the OECD/WTO 2011 review was dedicated to analysing their responses (which does not include SVEs as a separate category). The analysis found that competitiveness was the top priority across all regions and income groups ‘but particularly for West Africa, Central America and the Caribbean’ (OECD/WTO 2011: 32), for LDCs, economic infrastructure is their second priority, followed by export diversification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It also offers potential to improve coherence at the national level and to better capture the synergies between the different 2015 agendas as they are implemented. Meanwhile, the increased scope of the goals will increase pressure on human resources and capacity in development agencies as the prioritisation of goals at the national level may not always be a good match with the expertise development partners have at their disposal. Assessing this expertise will need to be a priority for providers. The principles and tools that have informed development practice in the past decades, ranging from the Paris Principles and the Busan Partnership Agreement12, to tools on environmental mainstreaming and the Rio Markers, will provide a shared framework for action in equipping development partners for the challenge ahead. This will range from expertise in mainstreaming and policy coherence to good practices in transparency and mutual accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Further extending the green purchasing requirements to local governments would enhance the effectiveness of the policy, in particular since a large share of public expenditure is invested locally. In expanding its green purchasing policy, the government should make sure that it targets goods and services with the highest potential environmental returns. This outcome was achieved with minor increases in public expenditure. Since the introduction of the green public procurement policy, the market shares of eco-friendly products widely used in the public administration have substantially increased (Figure 9). According to MOE’s estimates, the national government’s green purchasing policy resulted in a reduction of C02 emissions by 89 500 tonnes in 2006, which is equivalent to the amount of C02 emitted by a town of 42 000 inhabitants. The financial implications of Japan’s green public procurement policy and the overall costs to the Japanese economy of achieving such emission reductions should be assessed and compared with the costs of alternative policy measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, for low-income households with relatively heavy health-care needs such costs can accumulate. Research using a household expenditure survey (Navon and Chernichovsky, 2012) estimated about 68 000 households spend at least one-third of their disposable income (excluding spending on food) on health care. There has already been some widening of exemptions in recent years, including reduced co-payments for mother and child care and for the elderly. Nevertheless, more maybe needed to provide a good enough safety net.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In pursuit of that ambition, this chapter analyses the diversity and uniqueness of the continent’s urbanisation experiences. Chapters 7 and 8 then focus on options for seizing the opportunities that urbanisation provides. An annex to Chapter 6 explains the methodology for the cluster analysis on urbanisation and structural transformation in diverse African countries. Africa’s urbanisation can allow for structural transformation, if accompanied by productive employment and sufficient public goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The advertising is supported by a programme of events, a website and an Instagram presence with over 7,000 followers to engage with young women and encourage them to 'find their thing'. Engagement across these media platforms responds to SDG Target 5.b which aims to enhance the use of enabling technology to promote the empowerment of women. It has been assessed as highly novel, captivating and atypical of traditional government advertising.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Encouraging “developed” and “other” countries to report disaggregated information on climate finance provided in a comparable format would facilitate this. However, as the Paris Agreement’s entry into force is considerably earlier than originally anticipated, such MPGs are in practice unlikely to be adopted in 2016. These include encouraging reporting of items currently non-mandatory but that will become mandatory under the Paris Agreement (such as mobilised climate finance, or climate finance provided by non-Annex II Parties). Quantifying ex ante levels of climate finance is likely to be challenging for several countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Though Sub-Saharan Africa is seen to make absolute progress towards gender equality over the period, the gap between it and the leading regions has increased. ( As explained in the introduction, over the past 20 years researchers and policy-makers have started to pay more attention to gender equality as one of the core drivers of economic development. Tertilt (2005), for example, concludes that enforcing a ban on polygyny decreases fertility by 40%, increases the savings rate by 70%, and increases output per capita by 170%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The rise of the internet as a distribution channel is changing the ways in which creative works are made accessible and revenues generated and shared. Al, 3D printing and advanced robotics could reduce the role of labour as source of comparative advantage. Digital technologies benefit from access to large amounts of information, which may be advantageous to large developing economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A recent assessment of land degradation in Mongolia indicates that, in 2015, around 76.8 per cent of the total territory was degraded to some degree, with 24.1 per cent slightly degraded, 29.8 per cent moderately degraded, 16.8 per cent severely degraded and 6.1 per cent very severely degraded (table 12.2). The severely and extremely severely affected areas include dry and semi-desert lands of the Lake Uvs basin, the Great Lakes Depression and Dundgobi and Domogobi Aimags (annex IV, map 7). This change has happened due to increased livestock numbers and the changes in the composition of livestock herds. The consequences of a changing livestock herding pattern and the overexploitation of land and plant resources, coupled with the effects of climate change, have led to a decline of animal and plant habitat areas and loss of resources, which has become the main contributing factor to the increase of species to be categorized as endangered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Kazakhstan’s economy had been closely integrated into the Soviet Union economy, and dissolution of the Union saw the breakdown of supply chains that created shortages of inputs and loss of markets for many enterprises. Especially hard hit were the 20-30 single enterprise “company towns”, usually centred on mining or smelting. The country continued to use the ruble as its currency, but in 1993, the ruble zone collapsed amidst hyperinflation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As modern societies have encountered intoxication, they have sought to regulate and criminalise it as a threat to public order, personal and economic development and the public good. Drug control has become a hybrid of state and private regulation and sanctioning, some of which entirely disregards due process and citizenship rights. Drugs can be understood as cultural algorithms, in the sense of independent entities into which human pathologies and desires are embedded. Illicit intoxications and their problems have to be worked at, recognised and transformed in a cultural context. These developments are analysed in terms of symbolic order and power, which is related to the location of consumers and producers of illicit drugs in terms of economic power and cultural status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is characterised by early adopters, majority early adopters, majority late adopters and laggards or late adopters. On the supply side, the diffusion of the public service innovation under service integration in the CSCs implies that government agencies and departments receive communication or some form of signalling from the centre’ so as to adopt the option of providing their services within one-stop shops. The resulting distribution is thus expected to be a right-skewed distribution curve, with more public agencies and departments bringing their services in the early adoption phase. The last few laggard supply-side adopters would therefore represent those departments and agencies offering complex services, whose integration requires more time, technological adjustments and significant capital outlay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Every worker is entitled to a minimum wage. This is the lowest pay that the worker must receive for the services rendered during an ordinary workday. The powers and functions of trade unions include advocating for the creation and improvement of systems of protection against workplace hazards and prevention of accidents and diseases, and requiring that their members use protection mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Examples of contextual factors include political leadership and stability, and macroeconomic and fiscal policies (Thomas, 2014). For more information see: http://indicators.biodiversityireland.ie/index.php?qt=fa&id=5. Reaching Results, Harvard Family Research Project, Harvard Graduate School of Education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Background  There is growing interest in the ways in which legal and human rights issues related to sex work affect sex workers’ vulnerability to HIV and abuses including human trafficking and sexual exploitation. International agencies, such as UNAIDS, have called for decriminalisation of sex work because the delivery of sexual and reproductive health services is affected by criminalisation and social exclusion as experienced by sex workers. The paper reflects on the connections in various actors’ framings between sex workers sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) and the ways that international law is interpreted in policing and regulatory practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter examines the erosion of the social democratic foundations of administrative justice and human rights by a form of neoliberalism that prioritises individualism, market values and ‘business as usual’. The chapter highlights the dominance in human rights discourse of libertarian civil rights at the expense of relational social rights and the encroachment of the common law mentality on extra-judicial forms of administrative justice. It concludes that the prevailing framework for interpreting both administrative justice and human rights is shaped by the values of the individual ‘user’, ‘system’ and ‘closure’ to such an extent that there appears no alternative path available to either.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Most of the values have been derived from national reports or international studies. However, the NEA developed its own method based on a Monte Carlo analysis of the reported production from variable renewables during 2011 in France to estimate capacity credits when no other detailed studies were available. The assumed unplanned outage rate is of 3% for nuclear and gas power plants and 3.8% for hard coal power plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Elements of the day-to-day management may be allocated to private contractors. This approach involves community-driven investment, and it is described in more detail in Section 1.5, where alternative investment approaches are discussed. The government's experience in funding, owning and running broadband networks is also an important consideration when deciding which investment approach should be taken. The key advantages and disadvantages of the investment approaches are summarized in Table 1.2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The main Hello Work offices have established - as of 2008 — 12 banks of human resources to introduce qualified personnel to medium- and small-sized enterprises and to promote the employment of the elderly, 66 part-time job banks in convenient places such as train stations in major cities, to offer comprehensive placement services to people seeking part-time employment, and 60 Hello Work information plazas which give direct access to job-search engines and enable jobseekers to search through a wide range of information (JILPT, 2009b). Okutsu (2009) reports that women in Japan find their first job after a period of child-rearing most often through job advertisements (30.4%), closely followed by contact with Hello Work (27.7%). These centres, salons and corners are targeted at mothers who are bringing up children and seeking employment or who wish to change jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This article focuses on productive intellectual reactions shared by some members of the Gesellschaft der Freien Manner (1794-1799) in Jena who gathered around Fichte starting 1794 and shaped an association provided with a statute and a protocol. Those members did not completely agree with the philosopher’s proposal to construct positive knowledge based on the metaphysical unity of the “I”. As in Fichtes premise to Wissenschaftslehre the forms of individual consciousness  are simply “coordinated” to the pure infinite “I”  and the definite world as “non-I” is inevitably curtailed in its participative freedom. Johann Friedrich Herbart, August Ludwig Hulsen, and Johann Erich von Berger derived in their writings suggestions for a social ethics closer to the needs of individuals following the model of Pestalozzi. Berger’s study of civil rights, conducted until his death in 1833, proves to be the best inheritance of Late Enlightenment as struggle to defend individual dignity and freedom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As Figure 3.5 shows, women are therefore under-represented among active contributors to contributory schemes in most countries. Gender gaps vary widely, but they also tend to be greater in Developing Regions. In some countries in the Middle East and North Africa, men are 10 to 20 times more likely to contribute to a pension scheme than women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The approach to implementation embodied in the Paris Agreement focuses on facilitative dialogue and collaborative processes, rather than punitive compliance mechanisms. The transparency framework will therefore play an increasingly important role by providing the information necessary to understand whether and how Parties are fulfilling their actions to tackle climate change under the Paris Agreement. In addition, transparency-related provisions are contained in other parts of the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21. The aim of this paper is to unpack the transparency-related provisions in the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21, specifically those relating to mitigation and support (i.e. finance, technology and capacity building).3 This paper highlights the extent to which the transparency-related provisions in the Paris Agreement are similar to or differ from the existing transparency provisions. The paper also briefly discusses two specific topics: (i) reporting of information needed to track progress towards NDCs related to mitigation, and (ii) reporting of information relating to the provision, mobilisation and receipt of climate finance. The Paris Agreement lays out general principles for this future framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Courses are assessed for their public value, taking into account a number of factors including: alignment with government priority industries, industry growth prospects, and the extent of the employment outcome from the qualification. The list is routinely updated. They also include a measure related to the rates of graduates employed in their field of study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The programme seeks to ensure equal access to education and promote the right of young people, as well as equity in terms of gender and ethnicity. To this end, it provides a conditional cash transfer to these households, so that adolescents and youths can regularly attend and stay in secondary school. The transfer, which may be granted up to university studies, varies in amount according to the school cycle that the young person is in.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By regressing life satisfaction scores on income and other determinants of life satisfaction, one obtains a measure of the subjective price of the non-income components by dividing the coefficient of the latter variable by the income’s coefficient. The obtained shadow price is the amount of money that would fully compensate, in terms of life satisfaction, for the loss or gain of one unit of that component. This technique is increasingly used in cost-benefit analysis (see e.g. the UK Green Book15).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Nations around the globe are increasingly facing tough challenges when dealing with environmental problems. The limited success of government interventions to protect the environment is a testament to the growing concern about government's inability, or insufficient capacity, to address environmental issues. As a response, scholars note that promoting environmentally responsible behavior (ERB) on the part of the citizenry is critical for the growth and development of efficient environmental governance. However, despite the introduction of a variety of measures by governments to encourage greener practices, influencing citizens' behavior remains a major challenge. Using social capital theory, this article examines the effects of various social relation components on the promotion of pro-environmental behavior in five key public policy areas—recycling, food purchasing behavior, gasoline, energy conservation, and water use. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In February 2019, The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) and the British Veterinary Association (BVA) published a joint open letter to the British Government calling for a repeal of a legal exemption that permits the slaughter of animals without prior stunning. The RSPCA and BVA argue that repealing the exemption is required on grounds of animal welfare, claiming that non-stun slaughter causes unnecessary pain and suffering. By contrast, Islamic and Jewish groups assert that non-stun slaughter, when properly conducted, is both humane and a religious requirement for least some followers of their faiths. This article considers whether imposing a ban on non-stun slaughter is compatible with obligations to protect religious freedom and non-discrimination under the European Convention of Human Rights. It will conclude that it can be and, when done to protect animal welfare, falls within Contracting States’ margin of appreciation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the absence of either such extreme scarcity payments or capacity payments, producers run up against the “missing money”-problem, which means that they are unable to finance their fixed costs. In practice, however, the capacity market option seems largely preferable to the VOLL option as it is far less uncertain and avoids the issue of barriers to entry - any market participant, for instance, would need to be able to play the whole merit curve, which implies a costly portfolio of means of generation - and thus persistent structural underinvestment with persistent price spikes. In the long run, the latter would create serious doubts about the viability of liberalised electricity markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The adoption of the Rome Statute in 1998 and subsequent establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2002 form the apotheosis (for the time being) of the ‘new paradigm of the rule of law’ that is international criminal justice (Teitel 2002: 355). In the euphoric discourse of international politicians and the legal establishment, its aims have proliferated beyond ending the impunity of perpetrators of mass atrocity to which the Preamble to the Statute refers.1 They are now said to include reconciliation, conflict resolution, rehabilitation, deterrence and retribution, promoting democracy and providing victims satisfaction (Brants 2011). The domestication of violence by law through the establishment of a just peace (Hazan 2010) reflects just how idealistic but also political is this unique venture in cosmopolitan liberalism and human rights (Roach 2009, Teitel 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Even though protected areas might exist, a lack of enforcement, control, or even simply information can easily lead to the deterioration of the quality of these areas. ( Examples of instruments that allow for international financial transfers are Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) (Chapter 4), Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) (Chapter 5), and Official Development Assistance (ODA) (Chapter 8). These allow consumers to make better-informed decisions about the goods and service they purchase. Markets for green products can raise revenue indirectly via premiums for biodiversity-friendly attributes and investment in biodiversity conservation and sustainable use measures by producers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)