albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The objective of this qualitative research, through the deductive method, is toanalyze, in the light of juridical pluralism, the modeling of indigenous citizenshiptranslated into the Indigenous Statute. Given the focus of multiculturalismand interculturalism, this research shows that the indigenous Statute confirmsan indigenous “incapacity” due to Eurocentrism and colonialism that makeup the Brazilian State. A decolonial shift is urgently needed to eliminate the subalternity of indigenous peoples and to build indigenous material citizenship. Therefore it concludes for the repeal of legal norms that restrain indigenous citizenship and the articulation of intercultural measures with indigenous culture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This factor could explain the differences between welfare regimes in Europe and the United States. Americans are convinced that their society is very mobile, and Europeans believe that their societies have very little mobility. According to them, the main causes are differences in political institutions and the effects of ethnic heterogeneity on attitudes and ideology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As a person’s skills deteriorate due to lack of use, the probability of being hired in the future declines. Employers instead will prefer to hire younger workers whose skills have not atrophied from inactivity. Joblessness is linked to higher incidence of mental anxiety, depression, poorer cognitive performance, and loss of self-esteem—all affecting worker productivity (Flatau et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The total system costs include also the complete list of non-monetised externalities that are not mediated by the electricity grid and that affect a country’s wider economy and well-being beyond the electric power system itself. To the extent that such externalities are monetised and emitters are held responsible for their emissions, they can also be integrated into plant-level cost accounting. The 2010 edition of the Projected Costs of Generating Electricity (IEA/NEA, 2010) thus imputed a tax of USD 30 per tonne of C02 on the emissions of fossil-fuel based generators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Under these criteria, local communities are recognized as the front line in the search for solutions to reduce their disaster vulnerability and increase their resilience (Gaillard, 2010). Accordingly, Gaillard (2010) argues that an approach that considers the community entails working both to strengthen individuals' means of subsistence and also improve their capacities to cope better with disaster situations. Both disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation use geographic areas or population groups as their units of intervention, in contrast to work at the individual or household level, which generally is applied in intervention specific to social protection. Unlike disaster risk reduction, which seeks to minimize the effect of extreme phenomena, the climate change adaptation approach develops intervention tools to deal with immediate upheavals (floods, droughts, epidemics, wars, civil violence and ethnic or other types of persecution), and gradual situations of short or long-term tension (such as increases in temperature or rainfall that cause soil degradation, demographic pressures, or temporary resource shortages) stemming from a change in normal weather conditions, (Chambers and Conway, 1991).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Chapter 11 concludes Part II by drawing out and explicating 15 visible discursive patterns that cross-cut both contexts. The fact that similar representational structures are evident in both contexts regarding counter-terrorism and human rights provides significant insights into the making of security policies. While the UK is one of the most established democracies in the world, it harbors similar narratives and discursive constructs to those found in country like Turkey which is still going through a process of democratization with an ill-famed record of human rights. As the security and the rights narrative interact in the discursive plane, they tend to transform one another as well as transforming the understanding of sovereignty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, data on the rate of pesticide use covers only selected countries - none in the North and Central Asian subregion, and the timeliness of data is also a problem with no country-comparable data being available since 2010. Similarly, some important factors supporting an increase in labour productivity, such as the mechanization of agriculture, could not be included in this chapter due to a lack of recent and country-comparable statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Four areas of reform would need to be considered. First, further improvements to international financial regulatory framework are needed to stem excessive risk-taking and capital flow volatility, including through appropriate capital controls and macro-prudential regulatory reforms imposing counter-cyclical biases in rules for reserve requirements and loan-loss provisioning. Second, as new systems of regulation are being elaborated, there is a need for a fundamental revision of existing mechanisms of compensatory financing designed to cope with external shocks. Such revisions should ensure more adequate availability of and easier access to international liquidity, especially for developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It has caused alarming damage to the populations of Asiatic wild ass, goitered gazelle, urial and bezoar goat until recently. Leopards have been persecuted in retribution for damage to livestock, at least until the 1990s. Overexploitation, which is mainly through illegal hunting, affects more than 75 per cent of the IBAs of Turkmenistan, so that it is a major pressure on wild birds in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
By the 2000s, Spain was the major beneficiary of this tariff peak, it accounted for 71 per cent of EU production in 2011 and since 2001 has been the world’s second-largest producer of canned tuna, behind only Thailand (Globefish 2014). Given the highly competitive conditions in the Spanish retail market, this market share indicates the effectiveness of tariff protection, alongside various productivity-enhancing strategies of firms (Hamilton et al. The EU market for canned tuna is the largest in the world and preferences available to developing countries can be grouped into two types. Canned tuna is widely recognised as one of the very few success stories of industrial upgrading sparked by the Lome Conventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Special conditions for industry may be necessary to build a consensus and achieve 'buy-in' from industry opponents. If possible, protection or compensation schemes should not undermine the incentive effect of a tax. It may be more feasible in some cases to grant the most disadvantaged regular cash transfers, which has helped to make welfare spending more acceptable in many developing countries (Schubert, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A closer look at data on pedestrian fatalities highlights that it is in fact one of the main contributors to the large gap between Korea and other OECD countries. Korea’s per 100 000 inhabitant pedestrian fatality rate is not only higher than in any of the other 29 countries that report this statistic, but exceeds the average for all other countries statistically significantly. Table 2.2 shows the results of pairwise t-tests comparing Korea with 28 other countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Indeed, it is estimated that, on average, only just over half of the population in the world above the retirement age effectively receives a pension. Only in Western Europe, North America and Central and Eastern Europe do we find close to complete coverage in old age (above 90 per cent in all cases). The latter approach is used in coverage rates presented in Table 2-3 and the former for data presented in Figure2-2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is true that macroeconomic instability expressed in high inflation can kill growth. However, macroeconomic stability (when broadly defined so as not to be focused on a narrow target, such as inflation) is only a necessary condition for growth, not a sufficient one. Periods of accelerated growth can be associated with moderate or even intense inflation when supply constraints are encountered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Summary Box  What is already known about this subject?  The Wuhan city in China had a much higher mortality rate (Feb 10th statistics: 748 death/18,454 diagnosis =4.05%, Apr 24th statistics: 3,869 death/50,333 diagnosis=7.69%) than the rest of China.  What are the new findings?  Based on our analysis, the number of infected people in Wuhan is estimated to be 143,000 (88,000 to 242,000) in late January and early February, significantly higher than the published number of diagnosed cases.  What are the recommendations for policy and practice?  Increased awareness of the original infection rates in Wuhan, China is critically important for proper public health measures at all levels, as well as to eliminate panic caused by overestimated mortality rate that may bias health policy actions by the authorities
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Widespread forced disappearances, summary executions, and torture practiced by the military regimes in Argentina and Chile came to define human rights abuse during the 1970s and 1980s. Opposition to these practices and their parent regimes helped to shape the contemporary human rights movement and, by extension, human rights norms and institutions. Thomas C. Wright's State Terrorism in Latin America contends that the movement's struggle with the Argentine and Chilean dictatorships resulted in an era of greater deterrence and enforcement power for human rights institutions. Sonia Cardenas' Conflict and Compliance, however, maintains that despite the advance in norms and the creation of supranational structures to promote accountability for human rights abuse, the mechanisms for changing state practice have remained remarkably constant throughout the past three decades. Both in Latin America and elsewhere, domestic forces and cost-benefit analysis—at times aided by international pressure—continue to be the ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One of every three primary schools in Africa does not have any toilet (Mundy et al. In Bangladesh, for example, when separate facilities for boys and girls were provided in schools, the girls' attendance increased by 11 % per year (GWTF 2006). The UN Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, Maud de Boer-Buquicchio, has observed that "A prevailing climate of discrimination, insecurity and violence, combined with lack of access to adequate sanitation facilities for girls and women in public spaces, enhances considerably the risk of being subject to acts of sexual violence" (Albuquerque ef al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Parties established a mechanism to allow for the market-based international transfer of emissions credits, with the rules, modalities and procedures to be worked out by the first session of the Conference of the Parties. The process will help to inform future iterations of the Parties’ NDCs. Rather, it commits them to deriving their own individual nationally appropriate plans for achieving the overall objective of the Agreement and the UNFCCC. One such set of implications is to be found in the nature of the transition that will be brought about by the successful implementation of the various NDCs: opportunities for new or expanded trade flows to fuel a global green economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, by 2015 only around 8 093 ha had been established. A Community Forestry National Working Group (CFNWG) is the latest response by the Forest Department, CSO, and CBOs including RECOFTC and FAO’s Forest and Farm Facility, to promote CF in Myanmar. The main objective of the programme was initially to establish a timber source for household use but the programme evolved beyond this and embraced forest protection and production as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It states that “Member States shall take account of the principle of recovery of the costs of water services, including environmental and resource costs, having regard to the economic analysis and in accordance in particular with the polluter pays principle”. They can be understood as constituted by the principles that define who should pay for water management and the mechanisms that allow to put those principles in practice. They increasingly acknowledge that meaningful participation of water stakeholders in the definition of the policy framework would help to get it right and facilitate its implementation. This section sketches such a policy framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Faced with the demands of globalization Social Work has a key role in promoting community development. The relationship between Social Work and Human Rights focuses on values and principles essential to the integration of any person regardless of their social, economic, and cultural context. Through a study of social work praxis in an intercultural community context with immigrants, secondary statistical data were analysed, a semi-structured interview was applied to social workers and a categorical content analysis was chosen to treat the data. The results allowed us to realize that social workers appeal to an ethical and ontological matrix in relation to individuals, families, groups and communities and that community development intervention in the field of social policies implies participation strategies in favour of citizenship and Human Rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
ABSTRACTA considerable amount of leisure studies scholarship over the past half-century implicates ‘nature’ taking a prominent role in leisure studies scholarship. Most often in leisure-oriented literature, nature takes the form of an inert, unproblematic backdrop upon which human leisure experiences take place, in deference to the individual experience in nature. Political ecology is a critical approach that foregrounds nature-society relationships, noting the substantial role of political economy in influencing human behaviour, ecological conditions, and the dynamic interactions between the two. While political ecology scholarship regularly addresses leisure activities, settings, and perspectives, and leisure studies scholarship often considers nature-society interconnections, rarely has there been explicit connections between political ecology and leisure. In this paper, we state the case that in the Anthropocene, where nearly all ecological interactions are affected by human influences, it is appropri...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some countries in Asia, Latin America and the Middle-East have tariffs above 1 USD/m3. However, in most cases, tariffs provide little incentives to use water efficiently (including by curbing down leakages) and do not cover costs. While operating costs are not always covered, capital expenditure for large investments is almost always financed via public funds, either from government taxes or international transfers (see sections 3.2.2 and 3.2.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Special education belongs to all teacher-education programmes and all teachers are expected to have at least basic knowledge and skills related to students with special educational needs. There are two main kinds of practicum within teacher-education programmes in Finland. The first -a minor portion of clinical training-occurs in seminars and small-group classes in the Department of Education, where students practice basic teaching skills in front of their peers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The mean snow-water equivalent in the Northern and Western Tien Shan has remained relatively stable over the past few decades, but several studies have concluded that the glacial systems of the Central Asian mountains are decreasing in size and volume. The number of days of high air temperature (>40 °C) has increased from the 1950s to 2000s. The number of days with low temperatures (below either -15 °C or -20 ®C) has decreased, for example, in Tashkent since the late 1870s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The article proposes to reflect on the challenges that researchers in communication face in the task of producing and disseminating knowledge. The same arose from the debates carried out by a team of the Faculty of Journalism and Social Communication of the University of La Plata, which integrates the project: Communication strategies of social organizations for advocacy and participation in public policy. The public, social networks, State and citizenship. Under this framework, it is proposed to present the ways in which the researcher in communication articulates the scientific contributions with the actions of the social organizations that have as objective the participation and incidence for the social transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract This article describes and analyzes several safeguards of the independence of the Inter-American judge. It concludes that the system enshrined in the American Convention on Human Rights, the Statute of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the Court’s practice are not enough to guarantee the appearance of independence of the Court’s judges. The major problem is the process of nomination and election of judges. At both national and international levels the process is not clear, transparent, or accountable. Women and ethnic and cultural groups are underrepresented. Judges’ terms of office and the re-election possibilities should be revised. Lastly, some guidelines should be adopted in order to regulate judges’ outside activities, incompatibilities, and disqualifications. All these issues should by addressed by the Organization of American States, States Parties to the Convention, and the Court itself, and this article gives some recommendations in this respect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Together with the “demographic programme” introduced in 2006, with its focus on increasing birth-rates and improving health status of the working-age population (Chapter 4 and OECD, 2011b), these reforms constitute the most important social policy re-orientations in recent years, and are discussed in more detail below. However, economic growth has been relatively strong since then and throughout the 2000s, public social spending including housing and health, has been just below 15% of GDP (Figure 3.6). Since the mid-2000s, the spending to GDP ratio increased to 15% of GDP because over the 2005-08 period: i) the “monetisation” reform increased cash transfers by about 1 percentage point of GDP, ii) there was an increase of about 1% of GDP in public housing support in 2007, and in) public expenditure on health grew by half a percentage point of GDP from 2005 to 2008 (Box 3.4). Pension reform (Chapter 4) contributed to a rise in this public social spending-to-GDP-ratio to around 17% in 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In contrast, poverty among older persons has fallen (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2008a, European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, 2008). The recent report Growing Unequal Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2008a) points to growing inequality and poverty in two thirds of OECD countries and finds that the economic growth of recent decades has largely benefited the rich more than the poor. Across OECD countries, the income of the richest 10 per cent of people is nearly nine times that of the poorest 10 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This new contract provides a basic level of protection for the first two years, after which the level of compensation for unfair dismissal increases. As evidence becomes available about the benefits, and possible costs of the single contract in Italy, Chile could usefully draw lessons. Increasing the share of permanent workers can help Chile reduce income inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To do this, in the calculations and analysis carried out in this document (unless otherwise specified) the Centre region should be understood as “the Centre region excluding Yaounde” and the Littoral region as the “Littoral region excluding Douala.” In the ECAM survey, urban areas include cities with at least 50 000 inhabitants, all other localities are considered as rural. According to this logic, 36.24% of Cameroonians were urban in 2007 across the entire population, while this figure was 30.7% for children aged 0 to 14. In the general census, however, any town with over 5000 inhabitants and all towns which were the administrative centre for a county were considered as a city.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The monitoring system covers 99 national groundwater deposits, reservoirs and tail systems, 1,671 w'ells and 43 springs and includes 1,074 observation stations with automatic devices. Also, groundwater extraction is monitored for 7,000 major water users for different purposes (drinking water, industry and irrigation), with the supply network comprising 45,000 wells, 28,800 of which are functioning and pumping 17.7 million m3/ year. Since 2001, the investments in groundw'ater monitoring and exploration have increased by 15-20 per cent per year, all covered by a long-term programme folly funded by the State (chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Basically, the authority of attorney general to control the circulations of printed goods is accordance with the principle of due process of law, equality before the law, and the right of freedom of expression as stipulated in the constitution 1945. Interpreting these principles has close relationship with the basic principle of human right in Indonesia, rechtsidee, values, and world view containing in the five basic pillars of Pancasila that stresses more to the balance of right and obligation. In the context of judicial review of an article 30 (3) c act number 16 2004, the problem is not on   the existence of its legal norm but on the procedure to implement it in which attorney general did not provide proper and accountable mechanism so that these three principles are not purely conducted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The purpose of this Guide is to provide corporations with a better understanding of the barriers and challenges preventing women-owned businesses from accessing and fully participating in the corporate supply chain. It also provides tools and techniques for overcoming these barriers and leveraging the vast untapped economic potential represented by women-owned businesses. To put this in perspective, about 63 percent of the top 175 global economic entities are corporations and not countries based on annual revenue or Gross Domestic Product, as the case may be (White, 2012). Each year, corporations spend trillions of dollars acquiring goods and services,yet purchases from women-owned businesses account for a merei percent of the total spend (Vazquez & Sherman, 2013, p. 43). By overlooking women-owned businesses, corporations are missing an opportunity to expand their markets, diversify their supply chains, and grow the economy, while simultaneously improving the lives of women and girls around the globe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
See Source section at the end of this indicator for more information and Annex 3 for notes (http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eay-2018-36-en). The availability of quality ECEC services and other provisions aiming at improving work-life balance give fathers and mothers greater opportunities to enter employment and to ensure that it is feasible for families to combine work and family responsibilities ([OECD, 2018,,,], [OECD, 2011(21]) and (OECD, 2016[31). There is an increasing awareness of the key role that ECEC plays for children’s development, learning and well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)