albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This arises because some innovation activities, such as design or patenting, may be funded by one industry, say manufacturing, but their undertaking may be outsourced to another industry, say Business services, which includes industrial design consultancy and legal firms. Although these complex input-output relations make it difficult to infer the skills and occupations involved in innovation in a specific industry, the official surveys do provide a clear insight into the breadth of skills required for innovation at an economy-wide level. The following examples are taken from Australia using statistics from recent official innovation surveys of private businesses, though it is crucial to note similar patterns of diversity apply across OECD countries. For example, over the three-year period 2001-03 in Australia just 34.8% of firms undertook any form of innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These are common strategies in developed countries to overcome the problems of blocking effects generated by exclusive rights and ensuing difficulties for follow-on innovation (e.g. through “patent thickets”). Normally, crosslicensing and patent pooling are traditional means in developed countries of opening up protected technology areas to enhanced competition. Org/ip/health/c/italy/), concerning the patented active ingredient Imipenem Cilastatina, IP health newsletter of 30 June 2007 (available at http://jiplp.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/2/7/452?rss=3Dl).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Different pedagogies are based on different theories of learning and what is regarded as most important, the full power of a pedagogy - and of pedagogical innovation - can only be evaluated in taking into account all the things the pedagogies are trying to achieve. The way that people are taught affects how and what students leam. Particular pedagogical approaches have been developed and refined to promote a variety of different kinds of learning: for example, learning of explicit content, learning of particular ways of doing things, or the learning of values and habits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Obligations incumbent on other states than the domestic state party under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) are contested. By way of case study, the third state obligation to respect under the ICESCR is identified and clarified through a human rights assessment of the EU sugar regime. It is submitted that the European Union (EU) member states, all of which are states parties to the ICESCR, are in violation of their third state obligation to respect the right to an adequate standard of living of small sugar producers in the South by support for or condonation of the regime of sugar subsidies for surplus production and export dumping to the South.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The government is committed to enlisting public support for efforts to adapt to climate change. Regional co-operation with neighbouring countries on nature and water conservation has been boosted within the context of the “Grande Region” and the International Commissions for the Protection of the Moselle and the Sarre. Despite some delays, Luxembourg transposed the main European environmental directives into its domestic legislation during the period under review.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The UN Global Compact developed the Food and Agriculture Business Principles to serve as a guide to sustainable food systems. The Standards Map helps to translate these principles into operational processes. Together with UNIDO and Sedex, a global consortium that helps more than 20,000 mostly small and medium-sized firms contend with sustainability reporting requirements, we surveyed SMEs globally. Willingness, along with some caution, was expressed about engaging with sustainability principles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The same argument goes for issues related to regulation of network pricing (see Table 3.1). Both connection costs and network pricing may pose higher barriers for clean energy than for conventional energy technologies, as most renewable resources may not necessarily be located close to the grid network. Usage-based” can favour fossil fuel generation as these can be located closer to the grid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The poor are defined as the bottom income quintile and the rich as the top one. Output results relate to long-term GDP per capita. Income refers to the long-term levels of disposable income for households where the reference person is of working-age, adjusted by size. This paper seeks to bridge the cross-country work and country-specific reviews contained in a large sample of OECD Economic Sun/eys.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Labour market institutions and policies have also probably played a role in the patterns of substitution observed in certain countries. In Germany, for instance, the employment share of the least-paid and highest-paid jobs increased by about 2.7 and 2.3 percentage points, respectively, between 1995 and 2010, whereas the share of employment has fallen in most other job deciles. Polarisation varies across countries, however.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, as will be illustrated below, each of these types of measure can be addressed from the standpoint of either labour policy or social policy. They include maternity, paternity or parental leave, as well as flextime and part-time work policies. These may be provided directly by the State, involve incentives or subsidies for private provision, or mandate employer provision of subsidies, services or both.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They are a key factor for mitigation of the land degradation processes, especially taking into account the greatest risk of desertification, due inter alia to anthropogenic causes. This role of forests is of vital importance for the country's population. The active participation of the local population in forest management would be of great importance for the protection of forests and extending the forest areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In Brazil, the government introduced the Family Farming Insurance (SEAF) programme in 2004 to support loans made by the National Programme for Strengthening Family Farming (Pronaf), in case of losses due to natural disasters, pests and diseases that affect crops. Currently, SEAF covers costs and agricultural investment contracts, where there are relevant agronomic studies available. In case of losses, the beneficiary farmer has 100 percent coverage for credit repayment for that year, and receives up to 7 000 reais (about US$3 100) in compensation for any shortfall in revenues. Guarantee prices are fixed at the beginning of the crop cycle, using production costs as reference. As this price guarantee was designed to benefit poorer farmers, the bonuses are currently limited to 5 000 reais (about US$2 200) for funding contracts, and up to 2 000 reais (about US$900) for investment contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Consumption declines slightly, with a mean decline of 3 percent. The direction of responses is common to all models, but the magnitude of responses varies significantly across models, crops and regions. Although the average consumption decline is relatively small, the price increases caused by the inelastic nature of global demand are likely to increase food costs significantly for the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Firstly, promoting education and reducing the number of school drop-outs would have a beneficial impact on young peoples’ performance. More vocational training is also important, with apprenticeships considered to be a particularly good means of developing skills among low-educated youth and improving their labour market integration. Lowering hiring costs for those that are hard to employ, for example through job/hiring subsidies and/or a reduced youth minimum wage may also help.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The march of rights into international development offers, on the face of it, a more progressive and transformational paradigm. Contemporary rights expressions are more expansive and diverse than their nineteenth-century forebears. Inevitably though, rights-based approaches have been criticized, with claims that rights have contributed to a minimization and individualization of distributive justice and participatory democracy or even been appropriated for profoundly anti-transformational ends. This article argues that the critics need to be taken seriously, but that their complaints suffer from many of the familiar problems with critical theory and post-developmentalism. Instead, it is posited that the frame of critical modernity allows scholars and practitioners to better understand, chart and constructively critique the uptake of rights in development. This reflexive standpoint also allows one to focus on those dimensions of rights approaches that remain under-developed but carry the greatest potential, namely notions of citizenship, agency and accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Globally, 22% of upper secondary students are in technical and vocational tracks, compared with 2% of lower secondary students. The latter share is highest in low and lower middle income countries, suggesting that part of the expansion of tertiary education in richer countries results from diversification into shorter programmes. Female students are under-represented at the doctoral level (ISCED 8), especially in low income countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This review covers sociocultural ethnographies of indigenous Australia from the 1970s to the present. It explores three trends: ethnographic reckonings with indigenous encapsulation within a liberal-settler state, the influence of international theoretical emphases, and movements toward an anthropology of the otherwise. The advent of land repossession, and the ethnographic and employment opportunities this created, indelibly shaped the discipline. With their immersion in land rights and native title, anthropologists were also embroiled in the state adjudication of indigeneity. Beyond the courts, the discipline struggled to shake the strictures of area studies and its ongoing, if unrecognized, imbrication in statist cultural logics. Consequently, indigenist anthropologies have not shifted, but perhaps helped affirm, the West's sense of being the apex of modernity. Emergent approaches, which refuse the ossifications of statist logics using forms of immersion and multimedia ethnography, show signs of ways fo...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The characteristics of environmental transgressions and transgressors involved in 1,505 files handled by 4 public administrations were assessed. These administrations were in charge of environmental law enforcement in a highly protected setting, across federal, state, island, and municipality jurisdictions. Special attention was given to the transgressors' written responses to administrative sanctions included in the files. These were analyzed integrating the approaches of neutralization techniques and of accounts as strategies of conflict management. Results suggest that most environmental transgressions under study were carried out by private individuals in the personal domain of everyday life, and that transgressors' accounts of environmental transgressions were short, straightforward, and questioned the legitimacy of the environmental law being broken.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This collection of essays by Dutch, English, and Swiss scholars deals with the impact of transnational law, in particular the law of the European Union and the Council of Europe, on the content and meaning given to domestic law by national legislators and judges. The topics covered include the constitutional and practical implications of implementing transnational law at the national level, the interpretation of domestic law against the background of the European Convention on Human Rights, the law of the European Union, and so called "soft law" instruments in areas, such as civil procedure, jurisdiction, contract, company law, and competition law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article is based on a talk given at the Wisconsin Law Review 2010 Symposium on Intergenerational Equity and Intellectual Property held at the the University of Wisconsin Law School on November 12, 2010. In this short piece, I argue that there is an interesting tension between thinking about intergenerational equity and new media through a standard future-oriented lens and thinking about it through the lens of the common law. The tension can be briefly described as between variations of a classic Schmupeterian "creative destruction" on the one hand and the role of courts, law, and precedent in a common-law system on the other, what we might call "creative construction." I use this framework to focus on the ways in which courts rely on First Amendment institutions to further innovations-both legal and technological-whose effects in turn may transcend the present generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In principle, emissions certificates give the holder the right to emit a certain amount of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases (EC, 2018a). Under the “cap and trade” principle, a cap is set for the total amount of GHG emissions for a given industry (EDF, 2018). The allowances are usually handed out to companies without charge (a procedure known as “grandfathering”), as companies start trading the certificates amongst each other. Over time, this cap is reduced gradually, so that overall GHG emissions decrease and companies are increasingly steered to invest in climate-friendly technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of a small-scale pilot-study conducted among students of law at Osijek University on e-government and e-democracy information. The aim of the research was to find out the degree of the students’ information literacy regarding the e-government and e-democracy information. The survey was conducted in May 2014 (paper-survey) on the sample of 171 law students. Students were asked about the usage of ICT technology in their study and everyday lives as well as about the ability to find, evaluate and apply the e-government information. The results of our survey detected a low interest of our sample for information related to local, regional or national governing bodies (e.g. only 3.4% of students used ICT to access the local communal information, 0.5% contacted the representative of local authority regarding administrative or communal issues).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Looking just at school education, the average expenditure per student across OECD countries increased by no less than 17% between 2005 and 2013 in constant prices (OECD, 2016). But over roughly the same period, the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data from the 2003 and 2012 surveys show no significant improvement in test scores. Instead, in most countries the percentage of top performers has declined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At the COP-18 in Doha, Parties agreed that the work programme on results-based finance in 2013 would look at, among other things, ways to incentivise non-carbon benefits (Decision 1/CP.18). For more information, refer to www.climate-standard.org,www.carbonfix.info, www.planvivo.org, respectively. The purpose of LDCF is to assist the preparation and the implementation of the National Adaptation Programmes of Actions (NAPAs), which are country-driven strategies that identify the immediate needs of LDCs in order to adapt to climate change such as agriculture, food security, and water projects. The SCCF, administered by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), aims to implement long-term adaptation measures that increase the resilience of national development sectors to the impacts of climate change including water and coastal zone management and capacity building for drought. The AF was established in 2009 to finance concrete adaptation projects and programmes in developing countries that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol in an effort to reduce the adverse effects of climate change facing communities, countries and sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Time poverty should therefore be understood as a lack of discretionary time once needs have been met (or the time potentially available for people to do what they want), and standards should be defined as the amount of time strictly necessary for people to perform the unavoidable activities of daily life (paid and unpaid work, personal care and others). Vickery (1977) argues that thresholds should be built taking into account household composition and habits of eating, household management and purchase of goods. Given the lack of established standards, Burchardt (2008) used an operating definition based on the behaviour of a reference group, taking minimum time spent on domestic work to be the average time spent on those tasks by households around the poverty line which do not receive state assistance and do not pay for domestic services on the market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For instance, the Linz's (Austria) 'barrier-free travel (Ungehindert mobil) for individuals with special needs' project created a transport system friendly to individuals with special needs by a widespread installation of wheelchair ramps, designated spaces in public transport and ground markings to assist individuals with impaired vision, and the availability of public transport maps and timetables in Braille. In another example, an adequately equipped and staffed waiting room for people with impaired hearing was set up in the main train station of Dusseldorf (Germany) in 2007 (UNECE, 2012). Analysis of the challenges and efficiency of such efforts, as well as the dissemination of the lessons learned can provide valuable insights into the different approaches to improve transport accessibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Only one study was found on the AtJ pathway, with Norwegian wood residuals as feedstock, yielding a 66% reduction, with the majority of emissions (excluding combustion) attributed to processing (Avinor, 2013). For bioethanol, several well-to-gate GHG estimates exist, and the emission categories included in such studies are comparable to the emissions for a full AtJ pathway (excluding the processing step from bioethanol to jet fuel). Three of such estimates have been included in the table to serve as proxies for the emissions of an AtJ pathway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Measuring preservation, protection and conservation of all cultural and natural heritage at the national and subnational levels requires more elaboration on the indicator's method that is progressing and being tested. However, in recent years, the economic and social benefits that cultural heritages offer to cities across the world are increasingly recognized as keys for sustainable development. There is an emphasis on participatory and collective practices that aim to achieve inclusivity. As culture is a locally specific goal, local governments are important actors between global and regional development forces, and citizens. They have the ability to support citizens and communities by implementing policies and localizing the global agenda. Local governments are also able to change ideas and incorporate new ones into culture through policy initiatives, planning and infrastructural development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For example, about 70 per cent of the bus fleets in 2003 needed major repairs or scrapping. As a result of government actions, the number of buses in operation for up to three years has increased, accounting for 44 per cent of the fleet in 2014 (compared with 18 per cent a decade ago). Furthermore, modern automated control systems for municipal and regional public transport routes have also being installed, including passenger counting, payment control, and fuel and lubricant usage control systems. In 2011, three in every four journeys were made using public transport - on average, 240 journeys per person per year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
ABSTRACT This paper uses the results of the Teaching, Research, and International Policy (TRIP) project: a multi-year study of the international relations (IR) field in order to discern the major characteristics of international political economy scholarship in the United States today. It finds that, like Benjamin Cohen's depiction of the American school, IPE in the United States is increasingly positivist, quantitative, and liberal in orientation. It employs data from a journal article database that tracks trends in publication patterns. It also analyzes data from two surveys of IR scholars in the United States and Canada that were conducted in the fall of 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Using a log-linear Taylor expansion of the multilateral resistance expression defined by Anderson and van Wincoop (2003), Baier and Bergstrand (2009) express the multilateral resistance by using the GDP-share-weighted average trade costs faced by the two hading partners relative to the GDP-share-weighted average of those trade costs between all the other countries. The MR term is thus a linear approximation of the MR between countries that allows capturing bilateral trade costs, such as distance or border, between countries relative to those of the rest of the world. This allows us, without introducing fixed effects, to identify the impact of each country-specific constraint on trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Identifying and promoting such policies is a central aspect of OECD’s Inclusive Growth initiative which is a broader strategy to achieve growth that creates opportunities for all and distributes the dividends of prosperity fairly. The main challenge is to ensure opportunities for upward mobility for talented people at the bottom, while at the same time preventing the top end from pre-empting advancement. Much can also be done to promote mobility over the life course, in particular by protecting against the effects of unforeseen personal events or temporary shocks while at the same time providing targeted interventions to help disadvantaged groups. Perceptions and expectations about mobility are influenced by a range of country and individual circumstances, but these perceptions matter in themselves, as they have economic, social but also political consequences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This progress is largely attributed to the Doi Moi (or renovation) process, initiated in 1986, which launched a series of economic reforms that transformed the country into one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The country achieved an average annual GDP growth rate of 7% over the past decade, doubling the median income of middle-class households. Poverty headcounts fell from 58% in 1993 to 14.5% in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
To safeguard inclusiveness, it is crucial that the government also put in place appropriate policies to ensure that no one is left behind during this transformation and that all firms and all citizens can equally participate in and benefit from it. Between 1990 and 2015, Poland managed to close the GDP per capita gap with the OECD average by more than 25 percentage points (Figure 1.1). Since the start of its collaboration with the OECD under the Partners in Transition Programme in 1990, Poland's economy has undergone sweeping change, with privatisation of many state-owned enterprises and liberalisation of prices, trade and capital flows. Just 7% of employees worked long hours in Poland in 2014, compared to 13% in the OECD, and the homicide rate was just 1% in 2013, compared to 4% in the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There is also an increased focus by some (especially European) donors on pooling AfT funds through trust funds or multilateral agencies. Donor commitments to multilaterals have increased rapidly. Multilateral flows have increased by almost US$6 billion to almost US$17 billion and now represent 42 per cent of AfT flows, up from 28 per cent in 2008 (OECD/WTO 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)