albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
As forest restoration is costly, especially for small rural holders, the quota system could be a cost-effective way of ensuring compliance. The MMA is considering how to address the risk that only low-opportunity-cost areas are competitive in the market, leading to increased conservation of areas that do not necessarily have the highest biodiversity value. The MMA expects the plan to generate over 190 000 direct jobs in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Thus, in cases where public spending on health declined or stagnated, it was because the sector was used to tighten the budget. The cuts did not affect current spending (such as payroll or supplies) so much as the investment component (construction and maintenance of hospitals and clinics, purchases of new technology, etc.). These regional declines occurred even as total public spending held steady or grew, with health spending shrinking as a share of total spending on several occasions (that is, its fiscal priority diminishing). These declines were not fundamentally associated with reductions in social public spending, which means that health spending as a share of social spending lost significant ground even, in some cases, as other types of social spending, such as education and social security, rose (see figure 16).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This was recognised in 2005 in the Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration ‘Aid for Trade cannot be a substitute for the development benefits that will result from a successful conclusion to the [Doha Development Agenda] DDA, particularly on market access. However, it can be a valuable complement to the DDA’ (WTO 2005). To achieve this, we propose that members of the World Trade Organization should adopt a general ‘right to trade’ and a ‘right to development’ operating within the dispute settlement body.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Combined with the crisis in liquidity and confidence in financial markets, bank loans could undergo unprecedented declines. The World Bank (2008) review on past financial crises indicates that the 1995 peso crisis in Mexico was marked by a reallocation of banks’ financial portfolios to the detriment of loans. The enormous fall in the volume of credit offered by banks especially affected the supply of commercial credit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The former includes those living rough and those staying in a night shelter. The latter includes people living in homeless hostels and other forms of temporary accommodation. Not included in the study were those defined as experiencing housing exclusion, rather than homelessness, under ETHOS. This group includes those living temporarily with family or friends, or those living in extremely overcrowded conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While imputed student costs can be considered as support to increasing research capacity in academia, it is excluded from this analysis on the basis that secondary education cannot be distinguished from tertiary education. However, resources for scholarships are included in the analysis on the basis that scholarships are provided for students “registered for systematic instruction in private or public institutions of higher education to follow full-time studies or training courses in the donor country”. Classificatory variables exist in the CRS to identify development activities that support research programmes or scientific networks and partnership for improved knowledge-transfer between developed and developing countries. It is also possible using the existing structure of the CRS to identity projects and other activities aimed to support countries' efforts to expand ICT infrastructure and strengthen their digital economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Break in time series for Austria and the UK (2012), Cyprus and France (2008) and Croatia (2010). As already highlighted, this is the case of Slovakia where anchored poverty decreased but relative poverty increased and the UK where relative poverty improved but anchored poverty got worse. The most commonly used inequality indicator is the Gini coefficient which ranges from 0 to 1, the higher the indicator the higher the levels of inequality within the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The ongoing peri-urbanisation processes of the Clermont metropolis is partly constrained by the lack of space, due to the presence of the Chaine des Puys Mountains and the subsequent hillsides, near the city. This peculiar geographical situation has two main consequences. First, it involves a restriction of the possible land uses and occupation and it gives birth to a relative scarcity of available land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, TFR was applied only to 16% of generics in 2015 (Drees, 2016c). They should be applied much more widely. France’s prescription rate is one of the targets of add-on payments to physicians who can compare themselves to regional averages (CNAMTS, 2016b). Moreover, the 2016 antibiotics strategy aimed at reducing resistance to antibiotics foresees additional information campaigns, training of health-care professionals and higher spending on research and monitoring (CIS, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Mismatches between employers’ needs and what the education and training system provides lead to skills gaps, over-reliance on imported labour, domestic unemployment and economic under-performance. The position in 2008 of OECD member, accession and enhanced engagement countries is shown for comparison. In column (2) from 2007. The exceptions are the rate for Belarus - which some independent commentators suggest is lower than in reality23 - and Georgia’s rate, which is not only much higher than the OECD average but also twice as high as the highest of the four partner countries shown.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the G20 Labor and Employment Ministers’ Meeting, recommendations to the G20 Leaders noted that measures needed to ensure that employment recovers quickly. Employment and poverty alleviation must be prioritised as they lay the foundation for strong, sustained and balanced growth that is beneficial to all. Early results have been very encouraging, and lessons have been learned that can improve future programme design to maximise the development gains and cost efficiency of these efforts and lead to sustainable long-term growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Part one of this paper examines how Hong Kong's new National Security Law reflects elements of post 9/11 security laws in liberal democracies including broad definitions of crime that include speech, the assertion of universal jurisdiction, elements to counter extremism, special national security courts including limits on trial by jury, increased police powers, new national security institutions including central government pre-emption and acceptance of co-ordinate construction. The second part, however, argues that the law goes far beyond even illiberal laws in liberal democracies in its impact on speech, the independence of the academy, the bar, and the judiciary and its effects on civil society, the media and educators by its emphasis on loyalty oaths, official disqualification, national security education and the creation of Beijing led national security institutions that may be immune from the rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This change created greater synergy and interaction between training for ECEC professionals and training for primary school teachers to better support children’s development and learning and foster co-operation between teachers during children’s transition from kindergarten to primary school. Teachers can study for a fifth year if they wish to obtain certification for both levels. Articulation pathways have been created between the Vocation and Education Training sector and the Higher Education sector to support students through new training opportunities. They are also considering whether other qualifications can be taken into account for the job of pre-primary teacher. This is still in a preparatory phase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The lack of a coherent regulatory multilateral framework for international migration has been labelled as “the big hole in the traditional development agenda” (Clemens, 2011). The key to achieving development of international framework regarding migration is to find incentives that attract both home and host countries to take part in cooperative action. Since it is often difficult to find sufficient mutual rewards in the field of migration alone, it may be necessary to make changes in other areas of international relations, including trade, technology and finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Finally, to control for family reunification, male (female) emigration flows in 2010 are included. This allows us to interpret the effect of social institutions in the origin country for a given level of discrimination in the destination one, and vice-versa. However, it does not exclude the interpretation of the differential since In = SIGIt — SIGIj looking at the absolute and relative effect is critical for policy recommendations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2009, these numbers changed to 800 for harvesting, 1 700 for processing and 100 for aquaculture. Segment 4S1 (vessels > 12 m), 4S2 (boats up to 12 m), 4S3 (vessels 12-40 m) and 4S4 (boats up to 12 m). Biomass of the spawning stock of Baltic herring in the coastal Baltic Sea increased by 5% in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
During the past 50 years two sets of events have had a profound influence on the development of public policy on immigrant integration in Europe. The first is the challenge to public order posed by urban unrest in France beginning in the early 1980s and in Britain beginning in the late 1950s. In each of these countries, the public policy response to this urban crisis has involved important elements of multiculturalism, as part of a strategy to maintain public order. In each country the public policy response has also been influenced by other political considerations of domestic politics, but policies that at least implicitly recognized differentiated community (or “minority”) needs and benefits have been common to each. The second set of events is generally related to the challenge of Islamic terrorism and the recognition that some of it has domestic roots.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although they have achieved a comparable level of economic development, they are poles apart in the development of female labour force participation, policies to support families, and the combination of work-and-family and fertility trends over recent decades. In France, most women enter the labour market on a full-time basis, and working parents using formal care have received public support since the early 1980s. Fertility has remained at a high level by European standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This success opened the way for Slovenia’s accession to an enlarging European Union, membership in the European Monetary Union, and adherence to the Schengen agreement which greatly facilitates cross-border movement in much of the European continent. In a number of respects Slovenia has been leading among new EU Member States. The country’s efforts were once more recognised when in the summer of 2010 Slovenia also became a member of the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The scheme will be in place until 2014. As each of the utility recommendation elements is optional, the IEA has calculated this pie chart based on the element that achieves the highest level of policy implementation in each country. For example, Canada's Council of Energy Ministers supports collaborative actions to promote and support energy efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Considering many parents reported that they felt more comfortable touring schools in groups, this intervention is especially important for migrant parents who are navigating the system for the first time. For example, voluntary programmes encourage parents to enrol their children in highly segregated schools in order to create a better balance and promote diversity. Some communities are providing awareness education for non-immigrants parents to disarm stigmatisation and fears of integration measures influencing then- children negatively (Bunar, 2017(72]). For example, in groups, native Dutch families apply to high performing and high minority population schools to ensure their child is not the only native Dutch student in the classroom (Walraven, 2013(68]). In addition, these parents and communities interact with their local schools about curriculum, differentiation for students and afterschool programmes so as to make the learning environment productive for all students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This said, the national government could, at a minimum, better define the role and relationship of the various planning documents. To improve planning coherence, a clearer definition of the interaction between regional-level strategic and planning instruments (i.e. ERD and PROT) and their municipal level equivalents (i.e. PLADECO and the various Regulating Plans) is needed. This means improving the interaction and co-ordination between regional and municipal authorities, as well as between regional government and line ministries and their SEREMI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For example, a rural dwelling that does not have running water may not be classified as poor, whereas this would not be the case of a dwelling in an urban area. For the purposes of collecting data on household deprivation, pensioners, domestic workers and family members of domestic workers were excluded. The unexpanded sample was composed of 289,766 people in 2003 and 312,872 people in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Further the four product groups represent two very diverse product categories, electrical and electronic equipment and construction products. The case studies therefore are indented to map out the most comprehensive criteria covering resource efficiency of the four instruments and to cover a broad range of resource efficiency criteria due to the diverse product categories covered. The product groups have been selected based on the JRC study and in dialog with relevant actors involved in the work on the Ecolabels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The report found that lesson learning in CTF mitigation-interventions was “weak to non-existent,” slightly stronger performance for their adaptation activities, and mixed performance for their forestry and pilot programmes. It is therefore important to maximise the impact and effectiveness of climate finance. However, much of the focus to date has been on tracking the quantity of climate finance flows rather than the quality, or effectiveness, of this finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This chapter reviews such barriers in areas including: regulations related to long-term investment: corporate disclosures on climate risks, public procurement, and the allocation and delivery of development finance. It then provides some guidance for governments on how to align principles governing financial regulations, corporate governance and public spending with the low carbon transition. Investing in low-carbon, climate-resilient infrastructure could put the world on a 2°C trajectoiy and deliver significant co-benefits, including improvements in air quality, health, energy savings and better mobility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Acidified waters, which have increased by 25 per cent since the Industrial Revolution and are the tell-tale symptom of excessive greenhouse gas emissions, can impact the growth and reproductive patterns of fish and invertebrates. We are all in the same boat. This means tapping potential partnerships extending well beyond industrial production, and engaging communities and consumers in particular.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This policy has had some positive effects since 2005, with a relative decoupling of TPES from economic performance and a resulting decrease in the energy and carbon intensities of the economy (Sections 2 and 3). However, until recently less attention has been paid to the demand side and energy efficiency in the end-use sectors, as reflected by still relatively high final energy intensity. The current policy framework is provided by the 2008 National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (PNAEE) or “Portugal Efficiency 2015”.10 Prior to the PNAEE, there were few quantified energy efficiency goals (Table 5.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Moreover, regional transfer systems can come with negative side effects if they are poorly designed. For example, transfer systems aimed at equalising revenues across regions can cause moral hazard, leading to a distortion of sub-central tax structures and less efforts for increasing tax bases and enforcing tax collection (OECD, 2013). If incentives for tax revenue generation decrease, less redistribution takes place, which directly affects income inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The public trust doctrine (PTD) is the common law basis for governments to hold wildlife in trust for the benefit of current and future generations of Americans. Wildlife as a public trust resource is the foundation of the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation. We examine principles that underlie a trustee’s role in the context of the PTD and governmental responsibility. We evaluate purposes of and needs for human dimensions inquiry in execution of a trustee’s wildlife stewardship responsibility. We conclude human dimensions research is essential for government to fulfill its responsibilities as trustee, particularly considering the breadth and often conflicting interests of stakeholders. Human dimensions research can serve an important function in identifying and affirming core societal values toward wildlife that underpin the PTD and in monitoring shifts in society’s values to ensure resiliency of the trustee role and relevance and legitimacy of institutional norms of wildlife resource governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There has been a 16 per cent reduction in the amount of wastewater discharged into water bodies over this period. The bulk of wastewater discharge (about 70 per cent) constitutes effluent treated to standard quality. The share of wastewater discharged without treatment in the period 2005-2013 has varied between 0.4 and 1 per cent of overall discharged wastewater. A substantial share of wastewater discharge containing pollutants (about 69 per cent) comes from local sources (i.e. settlements and settlement-based industries).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
At that rate, it will take over fifteen years for the LDCs to get over half their citizens online. There are over 800 million people in the LDCs estimated to not be online of which the five most populated countries (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Congo DR, Tanzania and Myanmar) account for almost half (Figure 2.3, right). It is estimated that 30% of youth (15-24 years old) in LDCs are using the Internet, and that 35% of the individuals using the Internet in LDCs are young people (ITU, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Costa Rica can build on its many strengths - including a reformed curriculum and a growing and well-funded vocational system - to make upper secondary education more inclusive. A more systematic approach is needed to tackle disadvantage, and particularly to improve teaching in the schools with the highest levels of disengagement and drop-out. Further support is needed for teachers to implement the new curriculum, and reform the Bachillerato examination to give a fairer chance to students to complete secondary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Stunting prevalence is high at around 50% in Papua New Guinea, while it is below 10% in Hong Kong, China, Singapore, Fiji and China (Figure 2.9, left panel). As for wasting, if there is no severe food shortage, the prevalence is usually below 5% even in poor countries, but it is much higher than this threshold in some countries such as India, Papua New Guinea and Bangladesh (Figure 2.9, right panel). On average, the stunting and wasting prevalence across Asian countries was 28% and 8% respectively. In order to reduce under age 5 mortality, countries need to not only implement effective preventive and curative interventions for newborns, children and their mothers during and after pregnancy (see indicator “Infant and child health” in Chapter 3) but also to promote optimal feeding practice (see indicator “Infant and young child feeding” in Chapter 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The expected climate changes could cause greater damage through forest fires and natural disasters in the coming decades. It is expected that climate change will result in the shifting of certain vegetation zones (forest types), in terms of both latitude and altitude. In some areas, an increased drying of trees may be expected, as a result of stress and attacks of pests and plant diseases, as well as slower natural regeneration. This has led to a high occurrence of forest fires as the forest areas were very susceptible to fire in such conditions. Some tree species, such as lowland beech forest, are at particular risk due to low rainfall in the northeast of the country. Conifers are prone to pest outbreaks in hot temperatures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Par contre, on n’aper^oit pas une difference claire entre l’apprentissage par resolution de problemes et l’enseignement traditionnel via des conferences en fonction des resultats des etudiants. Ameliorer l'efficacite des formes directes de l’enseignement est un defi majeur pour de nombreux etablissements de l’enseignement superieur, d'autant plus que l’enseignement par resolution de problemes n'est pas realisable dans tous les contextes. De nombreux strategies d’enseignement telles que 1’organisation, l’expressivite, l’enthousiasme et les rapports interactifs dans l’enseignement ont ete trouves a ameliorer des indicateurs de l’apprentissage des etudiants et leur persistance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Slovakia also made significant progress towards establishing its Natura 2000 network. It adopted a wetland programme for 2003-07, later updated for 2008-14, along with an action plan for 2008-11. Three additional Ramsar sites have been designated since 2000.56 The Carpathian Wetland Initiative was approved as a Ramsar Convention regional initiative. The primeval beech forests of the Carpathians were added to Slovakia’s UNESCO World Natural Heritage sites, and the area of the Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst cave site was extended.57 In 2003, environment ministers of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia and Ukraine signed the Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The comparison of indicators based on market and on disposable income allows a first assessment of the redistributive role of taxes and transfers. The geographic breakdown used in the paper is defined according to the OECD TL2 regional classification, broadly corresponding to the first level of administrative subdivision in each country (NUTS2 regions in Europe, States in the Unites States and Mexico, Provinces and Territories in Canada, etc.). This regional breakdown is meaningful from a policy perspective, as these large regions have considerable responsibilities for policy implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This development, which confirms the findings of Casparini and others (2011), took place in parallel with a sharp reduction in income inequality once the country had overcome the 2001-2002 crisis. Other cases in which school segregation has clearly increased are Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Peru and Uruguay. Between 1992 and 2011, the index of isolation rose from 0.274 to 0.391 in Argentina, from 0.217 to 0.318 in Colombia, from 0.244 to 0.301 in Ecuador, from 0.164 to 0.229 in Nicaragua, from 0.236 to 0.338 in Peru and from 0.332 to 0.382 in Uruguay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)