albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The crop selection criteria of women, compared to men, consist of multiple interests or concerns. Stability and productivity are the major concerns in landrace selection for men, whereas women consider meal quality, resource availability, ease in processing and multiple uses of the crop. Men prefer early maturing landrace Malliasamai, while the women choose Vellaperumsamai/Perumsamai because of their meal quality. Women, being responsible for cooking, explain that they value Vellaperumsamai/Perumsamai because of its taste and consistency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Scenarios are imagined ‘futures’. They are seldom presented as a single forecast, but rather as a set of alternative plausible future pathways that can provide options for decision- and policy-making. The range of future options describes both optimistic and problematic futures in the hope of benchmarking both ‘extremes’and ‘middle-grounds’ in order to steer decision-and policy-making to achieve a desirable future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In 2008, the Ethiopian government introduced a policy designed to shift the balance of subjects in all public universities away from the humanities and towards the sciences and technology, on a 70:30 basis. The strategy is based on an assessment that graduates of medicine, engineering and technology generally have better employment opportunities inside and outside the country than graduates in the social sciences and, to some extent, the natural sciences (UNECA, 2011). This approach also includes more and better guidance to students to steer them towards employment in the private sector, away from enrolment in traditional public sector entrance subjects in the arts, humanities and social sciences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
First of all, they show that "risk-induced" vulnerability is relevant and significant even in absence of ex-post shocks. Second, they demonstrate that the liberalization process needs to be accompanied by additional support to households engaged in those farm activities more exposed to international competition, since trade openness can magnify risk. This is because liberalization changes the riskiness of existing activities, altering the weight of foreign relative to domestic shocks faced by the economy and, as a consequence, the households' optimal economic activities. This is especially true for the smallholder because of their poor ability to take advantage of the positive opportunities created by trade reforms, their weak capabilities to insure themselves against adverse impacts and, possibly, the lack of information about the risks associated with the new activities induced by openness Interventions to address these issues should primarily target trade-induced vulnerable households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Investments were designed to become profitable for the farmer and beneficial for water quality. Grants were funded by investment from South West Water and some public support (in some cases from the EU CAP’S rural development programme). The plan was to include the approach in the company’s 2010 business plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Percentage contribution of each indicator was also computed. The map below shows the variation in the headcount ratio of those who are multidimensionally poor across the various districts. This shows that while the headline figure is important and informative, sub-group decomposition allows policy to be targeted towards poor regions directly. This shows where poor people are.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Many resource-rich countries continue to rely on fossil fuels to power their industry, including grid-connected mines, with renewables representing a limited share in their economies’ total energy consumption (Figure 1.1). At the same time, off-grid mines depend predominantly on diesel and gas to generate electricity. Besides electricity to supply operations such as grinding, electroextraction, conveyor transportation, ventilation and air conditioning, mines also use oil products -diesel or petrol - to fuel machinery and transport (Figure 1.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The understanding and management of environmental and social performance is a prerequisite for realising sustainable development and should therefore be a basic asset for a company’s competitiveness. At the same time, in the wake of a series of corporate scandals such as oil spills and sweatshop labour, there has been significant pressure from the public for businesses to be more accountable and transparent in their activities. Shareholders are also becoming increasingly vocal in their demands for non-financial information on business activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Cooperation was originally mostly focused on hydrological data exchange. The recent signature in 2011 of an agreement on the protection of the water quality of transboundary rivers marks a positive development and the expansion of the cooperation. During the hydrological observation history, natural fluctuation has also resulted in water scarce periods (e.g. the 1990s).42 Nevertheless, the withdrawals importantly affect the level of Lake Balkhash.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The planned consolidation in the municipal sector will provide opportunities for better co-ordination between larger municipalities and the National Health Insurance. It is worrying that the increase in inputs is not reflected in an increase in the volume of health services produced. However, similar trends have been observed in other countries and may, to some extent, reflect difficulties in measuring inputs and outputs and adjusting for quality improvements in health care (Hardie et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article responds to the Canadian government’s 2016 consultation on national security law and policy. It outlines a series of concerns, both with laws enacted in 2015 (and especially bill C-51) and some interpretations of C-51 and other laws in the consultation documents. It urges the need for a systematic and contextual understanding of the many issues raised in the consultation. For example, information sharing and increased investigative powers should not be discussed without attention to inadequate review and accountability structures. Similarly CSIS’s new disruption powers need to be understood in the context of the intelligence and evidence relationship. The article proposes concrete and significant changes to the current legal and policy regime motivated both by civil liberties and security-based concerns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Donors can also collaborate with the private sector to reduce the power inequities in global value chains, as shown in Box II. Good practice revolves around funding costs do not make economic sense for the private sector to take on, and acting as facilitators and mediators in key transactions. They improve the terms on which people in poverty engage in markets by enabling them to avoid selling their produce when prices are at their lowest or to demand better wages and employment conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Unobserved characteristics - i.e. traits that are not measured in micro-data or that are intrinsically unobservable (for example ‘ability’) — can have a similar effect. In technical terms, the share of observed state dependence that can be attributed to persistent observed and unobserved heterogeneity is referred to as spurious. The aim of econometric modelling is to provide a quantitative estimate of the extent to which observed state dependence is genuine rather than spurious. The model that is most commonly used in recent studies of benefit receipt is the dynamic random-effects probit (DREP) model. This model can be explained as follows. If p*a < 0, individual i does not receive SA: y„ = 0.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
When placed at the end of a paragraph, such references apply to all preceding paragraphs up to the previous such reference. The citations on which the text is based can be found in those chapters. Important issues arise for the institutions of ocean governance at the global, regional, national and local levels in balancing the benefits of acquiring these services against the disbenefits (referred to by some as detriments) caused by overexploitation and destructive practices, and in preventing or mitigating those disbenefits (chap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
By ensuring a quality service, the Huduma Kenya programme has effectively restored citizens’ faith in government. Because the model works, citizens who have experienced the Huduma service system get to believe that the government can indeed invest in systems and processes that work for its people. The open plan in service provision is a major disincentive for bribery or rent-seeking behaviour, which characterises closed spaces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Nevertheless, tripartite negotiations between the government and social partners typically do not extend to norms for wages increases. In the past years, government intervention in wage setting has been largely limited to determining the statutory minimum wage, which was kept constant from January 2007 until July 2013, when it increased from CZK 8 000/month to CZK 8 500/month, representing 38% of the median wage, one of the lowest ratios among OECD countries. With effect from 1 January 2013, the government abolished the youth minimum wage, which consisted of two differentiated levels, corresponding to 80% and 90% of the statutory minimum wage for those less than 18 and those between 18 and 21 years old, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
More information is available about the OECD review process and requirements on the Higher Education and Regions’ website: www. In 2004-07, the OECD/IMHE conducted an extensive study with 14 regional reviews across 12 countries. This resulted in the OECD flagship publication Higher Education and Regions: Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged (OECD, 2007) with recommendation to benefit both higher education institutions and national and regional governments. In 2008, the OECD/IMHE launched a second series of OECD reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development to address the demand by national and regional governments for more responsive and active higher education institutions and to support the OECD strategies on innovation and green growth. As a result, 14 regions in 11 countries, including the Lombardy region in Italy, underwent the OECD review process in 2008-11.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Then it will examine whether and how new approaches to development cooperation embodied in the GHPs may have an impact on health inequalities. Finally, it will recommend ways in which GHPs or other approaches of international cooperation can help reduce health inequalities and further assist developing countries to improve the health status of their populations. Moreover, good health is an intrinsic component of human security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In other countries the latter is often a key sticking point in reform, particularly where there is rural depopulation and when local authorities own hospitals. Clalit, as direct operator of primary care services, shifted towards more clinic-based care more or less directly, while the other funds used a combination of dialogue and financial incentives to persuade independent operators to move to clinic-based systems. The economies of scale in clinic-based services have, for instance, facilitated round-the-clock accessibility and capacities for supporting patients with chronic diseases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Known poaching activity accounts for a high percentage of illegally killed elephants in Central and Eastern Africa, with lower rates in Western and Southern Africa. The chief transit points were found in central Chad, Lubumbashi, the DRC, as well as in the centre of the country, Uganda, Nairobi, Kenya, Lilongwe, Malawi, Beitbridge, Zimbabwe (on the border of South Africa) and Lusaka and Livingstone in Zambia (Nellemann et al. To adapt to this challenge a coordinated and comprehensive strategy is needed that both reduces demand for illegal products and enhances enforcement capacities.4 Law enforcement agencies would benefit from access to strategic intelligence, which enhances the capacity to interpret trends and reevaluate on the ground tactics before the traffickers can adapt. It is important to build capacity amongst national law enforcement agencies and local monitoring networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Over the same period, the decline in South Asia was from 43.1 per cent to 30.9 per cent. In other regions, apart from Eastern Europe and Central Asia, some decline was noticed, but the situation may be characterized more as stagnant than improving. There is significant heterogeneity among the poor in terms of socio-economic and other characteristics including low incomes and assets, inadequate work opportunities, low human development indicators, persistent insecurity, social discrimination, spatial disadvantages, and limited citizenship. It is often important to distinguish between various poor groups in order to understand their life trajectories and household poverty dynamics. This helps identify the main drivers of change and draw implications for policy. This, along with available country specific evidence, will be used to draw some conclusions from the analysis for the Asia Pacific LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A related deficiency refers to the fact that the MDGs are implicitly applied only to developing countries when poverty is a challenge in all countries of the world. Official monitoring reports focus on whether countries, regions and the world as a whole are on track to achieve the 2015 targets. As mentioned above, critics have argued that this method is biased against countries with low starting points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Supporting such potentially productive people with economic opportunities can thus generate substantial national returns, while their continuous exclusion represents a missed opportunity to the state. As the GNSP states: "With their basic subsistence secured, the extremely poor will regain their confidence and seek to engage in productive activities to support themselves and ultimately contribute to national development" (Republic of Ghana, 2012, p. 48). Specifically, LEAP targets extremely poor households which include one or several elderly persons over the age of 65 who have no means of support, low-income victims of natural or man-made disasters, persons with a severe disability and orphans and vulnerable children (Republic of Ghana, 2012, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In South Africa the situation is even more extreme, with 3 million young people in NEET and 600 000 unemployed university graduates versus 800 000 vacancies (The Economist, 2012a). A survey among recruitment and temporary work agencies conducted for this report in nine African countries shows that such agencies have a greater struggle to find suitable candidates with tertiary education in South Africa and TVmisia than in countries with much lower incomes such as Kenya, Ghana and even Niger. Taking into consideration NEET youth, Figure 6.11.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As specified in the General Education Law, school providers have the right to establish and implement an educational project (Proyecto Educativo Institucional, PEI) and to establish plans and programmes for their schools with the involvement of the school community (see Chapter 1). Schools are therefore typically responsible for decisions directly related to the implementation of the school project, such as class size (within the regulated minimum and maximum size), student grouping, support for students with learning difficulties, school leadership arrangements, and the use of school facilities. In addition, school providers may delegate further tasks and responsibilities to schools, while retaining the final overall responsibility for the operation of their schools. For example, schools may make suggestions for staffing decisions, but the school provider will take the final decision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The second NFI show's that these areas have increased to 1,692,700 ha in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1,525,800 ha in Republika Srpska from 2006 to 2009 (table 12.1). Of these forests, 1,028,700 ha or approximately 39.4 per cent can be classified as forests that are productive (table 12.1). This increase of forests is linked to the change of methodology in the forest inventory from taxation to a statistical approach, and to the fact that the forest area has increased due to natural regeneration and natural reforestation in the abandoned land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Floods that occur repeatedly on a timescale of several years to several decades form fertile meadow soil (Inceptisol). In tropical Asia, the Himalayas and the monsoons cause particularly conspicuous formation of deltas. The Nile Delta is extremely fertile, a benefit of fertile volcanic ash soil distributed on the Ethiopian Plateau and around Lake Victoria in the region surrounding the upstream Nile River.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They both have a long history of sustaining considerable losses from the impact of disasters, although Vanuatu has a higher risk of humanitarian crises and disasters than Dominica, based on the Index for Risk Management. Nevertheless, both countries are considered to have a high resilience to external shocks and are categorised as 'high vulnerable and high resilience' countries according to Briguglio's (2014) revised vulnerability/resilience framework. There is also commonality and diversity in other aspects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
First, because service buyers are paying for a service that is dependent on specific land use practices, they will want to be certain that they are entering in a contract with those who are able to determine land use over the long term. Second, because ecosystem services often involve a considerable investment, for example planting trees, service sellers are unlikely to participate unless their rights to the land are strong enough to guarantee that their investment will not be lost. This reluctance has been seen by the forest communities in Northern Thailand who have opposed payments for carbon sequestration citing concerns about unresolved land tenure arrangements. Early PES-related schemes in Viet Nam faced similar difficulties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In order to carry out this calculation, the indigence line is multiplied by a factor that differs for urban and rural areas. For poverty estimates up until 2006, a factor of 2 was used for urban zones and a factor of 1.75 was used for rural areas.aThe factors applied since 2007 vary depending on the differentials between trends in the prices for foodstuffs and for other goods and services. Since 2007, the indigence line is updated on the basis of the CPI for food products, while the portion of the poverty line corresponding to expenditure on non-food goods is updated using the non-food CPI. In line with standard ECLAC practice, the data have been corrected to account for the non-response rate for some income-related questions from wage earners, the self-employed and retirees and to mitigate probable underreporting biases. This latter operation is carried out by comparing the responses to income-related questions in the survey with estimates based on the household income and expenditure accounts included in each country's application of the System of National Accounts. These estimates are calculated using official information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This motivation is still strong with the reality of recession and austerity in many countries making the idea of green employment growth a welcome antidote to the high unemployment rates. Capacity building and skill development within the regional communities are also important benefits of green initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Factor markets are competitive between sectors but not between regions. Households are assumed to distribute income across savings and (government and private) consumption expenditures according to fixed budget shares. Consumption expenditures are allocated across commodities according to a non-homothetic CDE expenditure function. Land, labour, capital and natural resources (primary production factors) are fully employed in each region and the aggregated supply of each factor equals its demand (equilibrium).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
All these practices constitute forms of violence against women and all of them are incompatible with equal rights and respect for their dignity. The CEDAW Committee made specific recommendations to states parties to the convention to prevent and punish trafficking and to include information about trafficking in periodic reports that describe “the extent of [the] problems and the measures, including penal provisions, preventive and rehabilitation measures that have been taken to protect women engaged in prostitution or subject to trafficking and other forms of sexual exploitation.” However, only several MENA countries have adopted such measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Japan introduced a maximum total payment limit for medical and long-term care since 2008, although separate limits were available previously. The new payment limit has improved the financial support for patients with expensive care needs, including cancer patients. In Chile, for exceptionally high cost treatment, the Central Commission, composed of oncologists in Santiago, evaluates each case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The length of the PPA tends to be tied to the remaining lifespan of the mine. As discussed below in further detail, this is due to the limited re-deployability of current renewable energy systems, and the unexploited opportunities for plants’ alternative uses, beyond the needs of a mine. Therefore, the longer the residual life of the mine, the longer the PPA, and thus the lower the price of the electricity generated under the contract.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Unemployment assistance benefits (Panel B, unemployment assistance) are sometimes only available as follow-up support (Austria, France in 1985 and Germany prior to 2005). In other cases, they may also be payable to jobseekers who do not qualify for insurance benefits in the first place (Finland, France, United Kingdom). In Australia, they are the only form of unemployment benefit. Compared with unemployment insurance, changes since the mid-1980s to unemployment assistance rules were fewer and smaller.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Korea’s position in Figure 3.8 indicates that it is at the high end of the distribution of potential years of life lost though not significantly above the average overall. The trend data for admissions for COPD, hypertension, uncontrolled diabetes and longterm diabetic complications indicate an increase in the volume of admissions over the past five years. Among OECD countries, Korea has almost the longest average length of stay for all the chronic conditions mentioned in this report and worryingly the trend in length of stay has risen sharply in recent years. In terms of potential years of life lost for chronic conditions amenable to preventive action, Korea is not significantly above the average for OECD countries. However it is at the high end of the distribution and given that the full effects of epidemiological transition from ageing and rising chronic diseases are yet to be felt, and will be compounded by an under developed primary care system, it is most likely a matter of time before the number of premature years of life lost for chronic conditions reach the outlier level. Community health care infrastructure is skewed towards institutions that are defined by - and often seeking to add - beds, and provide outpatient primary care services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)