albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Western Scandinavia features two successful examples of such packages, in Oslo and in West Sweden (see the summary in Table 2.7 and a description in Box 2.9). Both political agreements allow for substantial national investment in urban transport infrastructure under the condition that the metropolitan areas create a new tax or a charge (a ring road toll in Oslo, congestion tax in Gothenburg) and use the revenue to match national funding. City packages are long-term plans for the development of transport systems in a city or in a metropolitan area (typically over a period of 20 years), which are co-fiinded with road tolls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
If not properly dealt with, waste poses a threat to public health and the environment. It is a growing issue linked directly to the way society produces and consumes. Waste management is a basic human need and can also be regarded as a 'basic human right’. Ensuring proper sanitation and solid waste management sits alongside the provisbn of potable water, shelter, food, energy, transport and communications as essential to society and to the economy as a whole. Despite this, the public and political profile of waste management is often lower than other utility services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Many of these brands, don't have sustainability managers. Rather sustainability issues play a central role in product design and in other company activities. They are not viewed as an add-on. This is important since, at least during the first stages of development, use of recycled fibres and design for easier recycling comes at a cost to the brand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Such categorisation should not be seen as set in stone or generalised to other contexts or purposes, and the distinction between categories may in some case be subject to discussion. They can be defined as the set of policy responses undertaken to mitigate the consequences of extreme water events once these events have occurred. Examples include water restriction rules during a drought, or emergency plans for floods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Iceland, poverty rates for children in migrant households went up by 38ppt from 8% to 46%, compared with the increase of 19ppt (from 11% to 30%) for the rest. In Greece, poverty rates went up by 35ppt (from 42% to 77%) for children in migrant households, with the corresponding increase of 15ppt (from 20% to 35%) for the rest. By 2012 there were two countries where more than half of all children in migrant households were poor: Greece (77%) and Spain (62%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This illustrates that children living in large families are overrepresented at the bottom end of the income distribution. The only exception is Germany where more children are living in large families overall than in the bottom 10th percentile, 18.2% as compared to 23.2 %. In Luxembourg 71% of children live in a migrant household. In Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Ireland and Switzerland 1 in 3 children cohabit with at least one adult migrant member.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The period 2010 to 2025 corresponds to the period where major reductions in the cost of renewable technologies for electricity generation such as solar PV, geothermal, and wind are expected. While not infeasible, such an amount is clearly very high and not currendy in the range of discussion of what developed countries might be willing to commit without hard negotiations. On the other hand, it is highly plausible that not all countries would be able to reach the threshold we have used for our calculations by 2025, so that the subsidy that would need to be actually disbursed would be lower. However, many other issues would probably arise in the implementation process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Technology-enhanced learning allows mode,place, time and pace of learning opportunities to be varied, and OER enables the simple adaptability of educational resources, as shown by the cases presented in this chapter. The discussion section highlights how for OER, as with other educational resources, the interaction between people, information and instruments must be considered to achieve successful outcomes. For this reason, the concept of "inclusive" or “universal" design that aims to match learners’ abilities with their opportunity far learning is presented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, over the years, both the United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women and the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to adequate housing have specifically addressed women’s experiences of violence within the context of forced eviction. This generic framework is equally applicable to women. The Committee specifically notes that national strategies to implement the right to food "should give particular attention to the need to prevent discrimination in access to food or resources for food. States parties must therefore immediately adopt the necessary measures to prevent, diminish and eliminate the conditions and attitudes which cause or perpetuate substantive or de facto discrimination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The pension system will be discussed in detail in the next chapter, but the system is fairly comprehensive with public spending at around 5.2% of GDP in 2007 (it was 6.6% in 2009, Chapter 4), about 2 percentage points of GDP below the OECD average. The amount spent on cash transfers to the working-age population and their children is much smaller: just below 2% of GDP. Public expenditure on health amounted to 3.5% of GDP in 2007 (OECD, 201 lb), well below the OECD average of around 6% of GDP. Public spending on other social services amounted to almost 1.5% of GDP in 2007, of which about 40% concerned public spending on childcare and kindergartens (Sinjavskaya, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the Pacific, both Australia and New Zealand have elaborate social security schemes for the unemployed, including firsttime jobseekers. In most countries, they are covered by social security and social protection policies. They are also eligible for old-age pensions and income support if they meet the eligibility criteria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There is a 56% shortage of environmental impact management officers at the provincial level (DEA, 2010). Many municipalities have no staff positions dedicated to environmental management. The number of vacancies is high because of a combination of factors, including high staff turnover and low wages due to the lack of funding. This affects the ability of environmental departments to attract and retain staff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Competing schemes with different assessment criteria and definitions allow primary producers to choose among them according to their interests. The media also plays an important role in amplifying the NGO messages. Topics like energy efficiency (e.g. carbon footprint, food miles), waste handling and product loss minimisation, sustainable packaging (e.g. biodegradable or recyclable materials, space efficiency), animal health and welfare and social issues (e.g. fair trade) could be included in future multi-attribute standards for a sustainable fishing and aquaculture industry (Box 2.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
With women across every economy in the world undertaking more than twice the load of domestic work than men, they are left with less time to do the important task of networking. Financial institutions might consider this as an opportunity to strengthen their relationships with the women’s segment through partnerships with women’s business associations or even by creating their own internal networking forums. Conversely, more experienced, urban women are often underestimated in terms of their knowledge of financial services products and ‘cite a lack of respect, poor advice, contradictory policies and a seemingly endless tangle of red tape’ (Silverstein and Sayre 2009a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The transaction costs borne by the private sector may be classified as either administrative costs, substantive compliance costs or delay costs (VCEC, 2009). Administrative costs are the costs of compliance with the administrative procedures and tend to comprise only a relatively small proportion of transaction costs in biodiversity offset schemes. Substantive compliance costs are the costs incurred by a firm to comply with regulation, they are not directly levied by the regulator, but are at least as important to the efficiency of implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This implies an improvement in eco-efficiency by a factor of 3.2, which is almost as ambitious as the “factor 4” goal of doubling wealth and halving resource use, originally suggested by von Weizsacker, Lovins and Lovins (1998). Thus, even world average levels of energy use of less than 70 GJ per capita would be achievable by mid-century, in line with the target suggested by the present Survey (see below). Thus far, however, these international efforts have had a relatively small effect on the global energy transition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A widow will receive one-eighth of her deceased husband’s assets or one-fourth if he has no children. For example, it is not uncommon for the family to pressure female heirs into relinquishing their full inheritance rights in favour of male relatives. Many women do not know that they can refuse to cede their rights or can appeal to the courts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Typically, this means a fixed asset in the form of a land title or property deed. In many countries, however, women do not own or have rights to land and therefore lack the collateral with which to secure loans. Worldwide, it is estimated that women own only about one per cent of registered land titles (IFC, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This composition is not far off the EU average of 15%. Albania’s composition of total budgetary' support to agriculture differs more from its regional neighbours, with its focus on general services accounting for 68% of total support to agriculture. In contrast to their SEE neighbours and the EU, in Kosovo and Albania the share of transfers from taxpayers to consumers is about 12% of total budgetary' support to agriculture, in between the OECD average of 20% and EU average of 1%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the case of poor families, this type of integration has been promoted fairly successfully through a number of co-responsibility transfer programmes (CTPs). This gives prominence to the pathways by which families and individuals reinforce their rights and their ability to access areas of contributory social protection or, where this is not possible, non-contributory social protection mechanisms to cover these needs with differentiated actions tailored to their profile. By being guaranteed for all citizens, these minimum levels are universal and establish a framework in which citizens not only demand and consume services, they are also holders and subjects of rights, with the capacity to demand that these rights be realized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
First, regulation must provide sufficiently attractive financial conditions for investment in transport and conversion infrastructure. If transport operators have operational independence, they will often determine technical requirements and submit them to their authorities of tutelage, usually the national regulator, for financing through regulated tariffs.20 Policy issues are particularly challenging when transport and production are vertically integrated and the commercial interests of integrated incumbents are at odds with the public policy objectives of the regulator. When legitimate environmental concerns impede the construction of such installations, bilateral cooperation with neighbouring countries with more favourable conditions can yield mutual benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In contrast, health insurance coverage is high, covering 67% of the total population, because large sectors of the population are automatically enrolled and subsidised by the state. However, hospital overcrowding is a rising concern. Low benefits, low participation and low tax collection threaten the social contract and social cohesion. Viet Nam is facing a rapid demographic transition and new reforms are needed to improve the coverage rate and financial sustainability of social insurance schemes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Other sources of finance include environmental compensation, international development co-operation, private donations and revenue from tourism and sustainable forestry, although the latter are still limited. About half the states redistribute a share of the revenue from the state-level value added tax (ICMS) on the basis of environmental criteria under a mechanism called Ecological ICMS. The main parameter is the extension and type of protected areas and indigenous lands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Innovators" and "early adoptors" primarily use research and innovation projects. Includes both advanced counselling on technology development, access to state-of-the art technology and independent advice on how to increase digitalisation. This mean is used by all three target groups -but matchmaking and access to technology is most relevant for "early adopters" and "Innovators".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Progress in collecting environmental data and reporting on the state of biodiversity remains hindered. Budgetary allocations for nature conservation and biodiversity monitoring are low' and insufficient for proper conservation measures. Public involvement and interest in the matters of nature conservation is sporadic and often misguided when it comes to local communities’ understanding of and support for establishing new protected areas on their territory. Nonetheless, the number of protected areas in the country is slowly increasing, as nature conservation is being recognized in the adopted spatial planning documents and several projects aimed at increasing the national protected area network in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This refers to the issue discussed above in Section 1.2 that energy supply security must remain an issue for public policy making. These are the main components determining the security of energy supply. However, the SSDI is slightly simpler than the S/D Index and the underlying construction changes in a number of points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Tourism is the principal export in a third of all developing countries and, amongst the 49 Least Developed Countries (LDCs), it is the primary source of foreign exchange earnings. Secondly, tourism is growing much faster in developing countries than in developed countries. Therefore tourism, if well and sustainable managed, has great potential to alleviate poverty and contribute to local development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In responding to climate change, policy options are either to mitigate impacts through prior actions or to minimise impacts through adaptation. A central concept is to avoid surprise and unexpected events. This chapter discusses a range of options policy makers have to adapt to climate change, including research, stakeholder engagement, risk assessment, strategic planning, cross-sector co-ordination, market integration and regulatory control. In addition, it discusses how policy makers can implement these options through improving the information base, building literacy and capacity, reducing risk, expanding policy frameworks, increasing coordination, strengthening linkages and adopting flexible management. In general, resilience is the amount of disturbance that an ecosystem, economic system or governance system can absorb before shifting to a regime with a different structure, function and feedback mechanisms (Walker et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The total benefit estimate was approximately 1.4 million Euros (2010) per year and about 7.2 million Euros (2010) for the five year period of the fictional and regional Small Water Fund. The estimated total value exceeded manifold the total budget targeted to restoration. Furthermore, respondents' previous experience of the outcomes and benefits of restoration measures may explain their high willingness to pay in specific watersheds (Box figure 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
One scheme can be to assign to each stratum a (rounded) number of random groups proportional to its (weighted) sample size - with the total number of random groups taken as 100-200 - and then adjust this number it to ensure that it is not less than 2 for any stratum. As noted, grouping of small PSUs within and across strata, and grouping of strata to form fewer and larger computational units is generally desirable to improve stability of the results. Our general recommendation is to begin, as the basis, by defining 100-200 computational PSUs of approximately equal size, and then adjusting and fine-tuning the scheme in accordance with details of the actual design. The final choice is always a matter of statistical judgement and numerical experimentation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Among them, the most burdensome factor, according to Freund and Rocha (2010), is bureaucratic delays, with customs and port delays coming second and transit delays third. It measures the number of rural people living within two km of an all-season road as a proportion of the total rural population. An all-season road is a road that is passable all year round by the prevailing means of rural transport (typically a pick-up or a truck which is not four-wheel-drive).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It provides the financing and capital necessary for their development, it supports the entrepreneur when strategic decisions have to be made, and it facilitates the improvement of the company’s potential for generating value for its customers, shareholders and all officers and employees. The objective of this stage, which is financially very risky, is to finalise the development of a technological prototype that makes it possible to meet the technological challenge, and begin to assess the existence of a potential market. The signing of a first client constitutes the transition to the venture capital stage. The few successful projects should more than offset the capital losses of those who fail.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Because these are winter rain zones, the land is fallow from spring to autumn. Water retention work is done during the fallow period, and, counting on subterranean water that has been held in this way, winter crops (mainly wheat) are sown in October and, after germination, depend on winter rainfall for growth. Land is divided into fallow land and winter cropland, which are alternated every year, an agricultural method that is called the two-field system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The application of human rights norms at the national policy level is largely codified, but rigorous research on the field-level application of a human rights based approach (HRBA) to health programs is still in its infancy. The paper identifies human rights norms from international law and standards that are relevant to maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH) programs, and presents an example of how a HRBA has been previously applied in an MNCH project. It introduces a HRBA framework recently developed by Concern Worldwide and partners, and conducts a document analysis of a previous Concern Worldwide project in Malawi. Discussion focuses on where and how the project could have benefited from incorporation of a HRBA in project design, implementation and evaluation. The authors conclude by discussing how such inclusion could have impacted project outcomes, and how such analysis can help inform future efforts to implement a HRBA to health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Central government is therefore the primary actor responsible for the development and implementation of NUPs. Jordan does not have an explicit NUP, but rather addresses urban issues through a range of sectorial policies and strategies, overseen by the relevant ministries. The National Land Use Master Plan of 2006, under the responsibility of the Ministry of Municipal Affairs, can still be singled out as a particularly relevant governmental policy with regards to managing and balancing urbanisation in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Yet it is worth noting that gender composition may not be the only factor at work here, rather, this may be partly a result of the non-developmental focus of the WTO’s emphasis and processes, in which the perspectives of the more powerful, networked and prepared richer nations and emerging markets take precedence. The outliers of the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) of Singapore and Hong Kong appear to be illustrative of this trend, captured in SIDS statistics, namely in that whilst 25% of SIDs HoM are female, they are 50% more likely to become the chair of a WTO council/ committee (figure 2), whereas for all states, only 16 per cent of female HoM are. ( Gender disaggregation of trade negotiators and senior officials at various levels of oversight within the WTO architecture reveals a low percentage of women, to the extent that the perception of the WTO as a ’men’s club’ still persists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Specifically, we define a child as suffering of hunger when her/his daily calorie intake is below 2450 kcal (or 2283 kcal for Burkina Faso). As for hunger rates in the child population, nutritional tables specific to each country are used to derive the caloric contribution of the principal food items and, based on the estimated individual food consumptions (household food consumption per adult equivalent), to calculate individual calorie intake for the base year and under the different scenarios simulated in our analysis. As for the monetary poverty analysis, a unitary model assigning part of the household consumption to each individual proportional to their respective equivalence scales (based on age and sex) is used. Calorie intakes are affected across the different scenarios by changes in household income (which are obtained as described before) and by changes in food prices, as they modify the quantities of food consumed in the Cobb-Douglas formulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Employees eligible for the additional commuting tax credit (see above) for long distances are entitled to an additional EUR 290 of non-wastable tax credits (EUR 400 in total) limited at 18% of paid social security contributions. As of 1 January 2016, tax credits will be granted up to EUR 400 for all employers and up to EUR 110 for pensioners limited at 50% of paid social contributions. For low-income commuters who do not pay income taxes, the negative tax credit can amount to maximal EUR 500.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For each target area, one or more municipalities have the political responsibility to establish an action plan. In 2013, a Structural Plan for Northwest Skane was adopted. The purpose was to strengthen the regional aspects of spatial planning. The plan is used among member municipalities as a strategic document in their work on long-term planning, such as the revision of municipal master plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
I would like to argue in this chapter for a more use-oriented approach to traditional knowledge and learning. Traditional knowledge is of value precisely because it is experiential and has been constantly tested and updated over time (Boedhihartono, 2004). The challenge today is not simply to accumulate traditional knowledge in a static form as a record of the past but to integrate traditional knowledge into modern knowledge and innovation systems. The development science community has gone further than cultural anthropologists in seeking out traditional knowledge and building bridges between it and modern science.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)