albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In particular, maps of spatial biodiversity priority areas, with associated interpretive material, have proven to be very effective tools. It is generally through products that the primary objective of integrating biodiversity conservation into economic sectors is actually achieved. Products help to make the priorities of the biodiversity sector explicit. Those products arising from the target sector’s own activities can also be a valuable way to integrate biodiversity information into operational processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Further advances include a stronger focus on probabilistic analysis and attempts at considering large-scale climate instabilities. Adaptation has received only limited attention in global IAMs so far, mostly due to the mismatch in spatial scales at which mitigation and adaptation decisions are generally made. Some recent IAMs attempt to identify optimal levels of adaptation in climate-sensitive sectors or do include adaptation to climate change explicitly as a decision variable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In one-third of the countries children were more likely to be severely deprived than pensioners, with the absolute difference of at least 2ppt. These were mostly the countries with middling child deprivation rates, ranging from 6% in Spain to 9% in Italy, but also Hungary, with some of the highest child deprivation rates (22%). Source: Eurostat (last update 04.06.2014). Seven countries now had at least one in three children severely deprived. In five countries, at least one in five children were severely deprived: Greece (21%), Latvia (27%), Hungary (33%), Romania (38%), and Bulgaria (47%). In one-third of the countries the share of deprived children exceeded that for the overall population by at least 2ppt, with the biggest differential (9ppt) observed in Hungary and Romania.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Abstract   This paper addresses Vincent Ostrom's treatment of self-governance, polycentrism, and federalism through which he has generated a coherent vision of political economy. After examining some ontological and epistemological presuppositions that are central to his work, the rest of the paper explores four topical areas: (1) his examination of knowledge, belief, and the requisites for good civic practice, (2) his conceptualization of a polycentric public economy, (3) his articulation of the problem of public administration through his conceptualization of a municipal services industry, (4) his treatment of federalism as a compound republic rather than simply a form of administrative decentralization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Those measures help reduce the cost of projects for on- and off-grid applications, and are designed to target the important issue of consumer affordability. For example, Bhutan is extending capital subsidies and grants to finance small-scale individual and community investments in renewable energy projects (Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2013). India has provided excise duty exemptions for ofF-grid rooftop solar projects, while foreign investors are exempted from income tax for 15 years for solar power projects in Bangladesh (Bangladesh, Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Agricultural production expansion in LDCs since the early 1980s has occurred partly as a result of extensive growth, i.e. the expansion of the area used for agricultural production. In LDCs as a group it has grown by 10 per cent, slower than in ODCs, while in developed countries it actually contracted by 11 per cent. The extension of agricultural land use has been strongest in African LDCs and Haiti and in island LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Naturschutz und Biologische Vielfalt 89, Bundesamt fur Naturschutz: Bonn. However, this may be changing, for example in the context of the EU Water Framework Directive. More indirectly, valuation studies through recognizing and demonstrating values have spurred a number of payment for ecosystem services (PES) schemes around the world. Worth noting here is the review of such PES schemes specifically for watershed services (Porras, Grieg-Gran et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Production can be made more efficient to minimise the input of resources. Moreover, the type of energy used in the production process is a crucial factor for reducing the environmental impact of manufacturing activities. Therefore, governments can use instruments like subsidies or taxation schemes to incentivise the transition from fossil fuel-based sources towards renewable energy sources (UNIDO, 2017a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
2012."Concluding Observations Guyana Seventh and Eighth Periodic Report.” Concluding Observations Kuwait Fifteenth thru Twentieth Combined Periodic Report.” In the latest reporting round, this was particularly true for the Bahamas, Chile, Cyprus, Indonesia, Jamaica, Mexico, Pakistan and Togo. It is here that intersectional discrimination is particularly acute, with the vast majority of domestic workers being either migrant women, such as in Chile and Cyprus, or members of racialized groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
On the other hand, the numbers of rayon and tertiary level facilities have remained stable, while the number of secondary multi-profile centres has slightly increased. By contrast, the sizes of hospitals have not changed substantially, with the average number of beds by type of facility remaining virtually unchanged over the years, implying that the decrease in the number of beds and hospitals has been driven primarily by the closure of facilities rather than the reorganisation of existing ones. The average number of beds in secondary multiprofile and tertiary hospitals (less than 200 beds in both cases) is very low given their role and scope of services, and there would appear to be significant potential to benefit from greater concentration and economies of scale. In recent years a strong policy of investment in the public sector has also contributed to upgrading buildings and equipment in Kazakhstan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This is particularly the case in societies with high levels of inequality, where the probability of tertiary educational attainment of children in lower-income groups is significantly lower than that of children in other income groups (Figure 2) (OECD, 2015b). The level of education of parents (high, medium and low) is used in this figure as a proxy for socioeconomic status. Low PEB: neither parent has attained upper secondary education, medium PEB: at least one parent has attained secondary and post-secondary, non-tertiary education, high PEB: at least one parent has attained tertiary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Second, clearly specified service level contracts were agreed between the GORs and their central government departments. These contracts established output and expenditure targets by programme for each region. First, between 1994 and 2000, the Regional Directors leading each GOR reported directly to individual Ministers in their 9 sponsor departments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The first is our greater appreciation of the importance of how schools relate to their communities, contexts, and other social services, such as those that exist in extended or full-service schools (Cummings et al., The second is the need for schools to be interconnected and to collaborate in order to maximise positive outcomes across communities and enhance social justice (Hadfield and Chapman, 2009(63]). There is, how'ever, growing - though contested - evidence of the relationship between collaboration and school improvement (Chapman and Muijs, 2014|64], Croft, 2015(65]), and of the challenges collaboration poses for school leaders, not least in moving from hierarchical to equal peer leadership relationships (Muijs, West and Ainscow, 2010(49]). The increasing call for leadership across systems and networks of schools provides impetus to include items on this new topic in TALIS 2018.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, they focus on risk related to natural disasters and do not adequately address risk associated with routine operation of chemical facilities. Moreover, they are overly reliant on the efforts of under-resourced regional and local authorities and the chemicals industry itself. There do not appear to be arrangements in place to deal with chemical accidents with a potential cross-border dimension. The national authorities should play a more active role in establishing an effective policy framework and in overseeing and providing guidance for subnational authorities’ activities in this area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Tourism is important to the economy of Maldives: tourism receipts constituted 79.6 per cent of Maldives’ exports in 2013 (World Bank 2016a). Strong performance in the tourism sector in 2014, with a 7 per cent year-on-year increase in visitor numbers (Maldives Ministry of Tourism 2015), was therefore reflected in strong GDP growth. Much of the recent growth in the tourism sector has been driven by increasing numbers of tourists from China.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, a larger number of these countries do not have specific laws prohibiting discrimination in pay and hiring on the basis of gender and pregnancy (WBL Database, 2016). Indeed, the only countries that have such legislation are Chile, Costa Rica, Egypt, Indonesia, the Russian Federation and TUnisia. Existing evidence from OECD countries shows that the public is often ill-informed about workers’ rights (OECD, 2008, Chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Even where a government is financially strong, a government’s willingness to give a guarantee will depend on the degree to which it is committed to the project as well as on its perception of what the market will bear. For example, a 100% credit risk cover may reduce the effort a lender puts into investigating the status and prospects of the borrower. As a result, guarantees can be most successful where they have a catalytic effect for countries or institutions that are at or just below creditworthiness. And even when risk mitigation instruments are in place, project sponsors and lenders must still manage risks actively in order to minimise the likelihood of project failure, not only because it is in their interest to reap the benefits from the project (or the investment, in the case of a utility) but also because mobilising cover via such instruments may be difficult and costly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The GDPGROWTH coefficient is positive and significant for the quality of female employment, but is not significant for the quality of male employment, which would appear to indicate that women are more strongly affected by the business cycle than men are. This, in turn, indicates that economic growth has a different impact on the quality of female employment in the formal sector of the economy (an increase in quality female employment) than it does in the shadow economy (a reduction in female as well as male self-employment). This could be a reflection of the existence of fragmented labour markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The OECD (2004) has therefore assessed water resources to be under moderate stress. Estimates of long-term annual averages of renewable freshwater resources which aggregate the quantity of water received from precipitation (net of evapotranspiration) and from inflowing rivers from neighbouring countries. However, in recent decades the weight of agriculture has much diminished, with the share in economic activity dropping to 2*6 per cent, a share similar to that observed in other high-income countries. The value added of related manufacturing amounts to an additional 2% of GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Similarly, teacher evaluation for certification monetarily rewards teachers through access to higher salary scales and may lead to dismissal if the teacher is unable to access the Early certification stage. Clearly, there is considerable duplication across both processes. At the same time, there is considerable potential for the teacher performance evaluation system to inform certification processes, as is the case with the assignment of career stages in the new career structure to current teachers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2016, women sat on 20% of board seats OECD-wide, up slightly from 16.8% in 2013. On average, 4.8% of CEOs were women in 2016, double the 2.4% in 2013. As for appointments to the executive, no OECD country has passed legislation setting quotas. Men occupy slightly over 70% of ministerial positions and women 29.3%, on average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Depending on the indicator, in-kind benefits as a whole reduce income inequality by between one-fifth (on the basis of the Gini coefficient) and one-third (using alternative inequality measures, which give more weight to the bottom and the top of the income distribution). The United Kingdom and, according to other inequality measures, the United States, Portugal and Mexico record higher reduction rates, while Slovenia records lower ones. Because of their sheer size, benefits from total education and health have by far the largest inequality reduction potential. However, for beneficiaries (social renters) the service can make a big difference, especially as it is targeted more on low-income groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Therefore, in this case, the moral duty of poverty alleviation only makes sense up to the threshold. The interests of everyone above the threshold are irrelevant for the purposes of anti-poverty policy. Finally, a strong basis for assisting vulnerable groups might be found in ethical perspectives on recognition (Fraser, 1995).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The other is the WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones (PTC) which covers the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Since 2005, both have expanded and strengthened their activities, bringing about closer regional cooperation in early warning. They have also helped integrate the fields of meteorology, hydrology and disaster risk reduction - building capacities and developing joint strategies across countries and professional fields.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
To date, 160 organizations and more than 40 countries have made official commitments to the updated Global Strategy, pledging over $25 billion to women's, children's and adolescents' health. Priority is given to low-income countries with high maternal and child mortality burdens that have set specific targets for improving, integrating and expanding access to reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health services. Within these countries, H6 partners are working with Governments to help formulate and implement policy and legislation to codify lasting improvements in national health plans. They rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children, and to have the information and means to do so.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Life events (life situations) are usually understood as a specific view on public administration activities which is close to their clients: citizens. This view usually helps to effectively and client-friendly organize the web platform of the public authority. However, the real meaning of life events is more essential. Such a view allows regarding the public administration activities as consequences of real events in real lives of the public administrations clients. This paper introduces an approach to the analysis of life situations in the context of life cycles of the public administration objects and the use of this approach in a real ongoing project. The relation of life events to the public administration processes as well as their relation to e-government are discussed and illustrated with examples from the project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The local governments in die BMA could support metropolitan-wide forms of financial management if they are developed in the future. Specific financial channels in key areas for green growth could be added to ensure that the appropriate policies are carried out. The recent merger by the Ministry of Finance of the state-owned financial firms PT Sarana Multi-lnfrastruktur (PT-SMI) and Perusahaan Investasi Pemerintah (PIP), to become the Indonesia Development Bank in 2017, with a capital of IDR 24.4 trillion, is an opportunity for Bandung City and local governments in the BMA to borrow from public banks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These impacts are likely to exacerbate gender and other social inequalities that are already acute today. Working now to reduce or eliminate such inequalities is thus a key anticipatory strategy for addressing climate change as well as contributing to development and the fullest exercise of human rights. Without halting the rise in global emissions of greenhouse gases and then rapidly reducing them, adaptation to climate change will become an endless—and maybe an impossible—challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In this context, a GPI value of less than 1 shows that the net enrolment rate for boys is higher than the net enrolment rate for girls, and vice versa for a GPI value of more than 1. A GPI value of between 0.97 and 1.03 is generally considered to reflect gender parity. The opposite is true in Bangladesh, Bhutan, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Mongolia, Samoa, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Timor-Leste, which have GPI values between 1.06 and 1.18.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It lays down the overall framework for the economy for the coming year and the level of overall service expenditure and capital investments. The agreement is not legally binding, but the system is based on observance of the rules it includes. Negotiations include both the level of the grants from the central government and changes in the local income tax rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Annual growth declined to a moderate 5.8 percent during the period 2001-2016, although double-digit growth still occurred in a small number of individual countries, particularly in Africa from 2006 to 2010. In 2017, the United Nations General Assembly discussed the topic of the effects of climate change on oceans during the eighteenth UN Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea. Oceans Action Day has been part of the official programme of the Conference of Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) since COP 22 in 2016. At COP 23, the presiding Government of Fiji not only supported this event, but also launched the Oceans Pathway Partnership to support the inclusion of oceans in the official negotiations on climate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The WGSSF agreed, however, that a wide range of fishing activities fell within these length and gear parameters, including some activity with very high fishing effort (GFCM, 2017). It was therefore concluded that a more refined characterization of SSF was needed in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea (Box 10). In certain countries, there is still a need for complete and up-to-date fleet registers for the small-scale subsector. Furthermore, in many cases, SSF may lack dedicated infrastructure, and catches are landed at numerous remote landings sites along the coast, including informal sites such as beaches, hindering regular data collection and record keeping.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This chapter has two main sections: Section 9.2 deals with two critiques of human rights-based judicial review based on the democratic thesis that law-makers should be accountable to the people they represent: (1) a rule of law objection, that the bills of rights are insufficiently specific and clear as to what they require and permit, and (2) a practical objection: that human rights judicial review is largely ineffective in promoting human rights goals. Section 9.3, argues (1) that the weaker ‘Dialogue’ or ‘Commonwealth’ versions of court-based human rights judicial review do not successfully evade either the rule of law or the efficacy critiques, and (2) that a better alternative is to institutionalise bills of rights as political constitutions involving mechanisms such as human rights-based legislative review of existing and prospective legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Golgher (2010a) analysed Brazilian households’ perceived deprivation and found that deprivation profiles differed markedly between urban and rural areas. He also found very little correlation between deprivation and income for most of the dimensions covered in his study (Golgher, 2010b). It is based on a multidimensional deprivation index (mdi) inspired by the methodology proposed by Alkire and Foster (2007) and applied in 104 developing countries, including Brazil, by Alkire and Santos (2010). The mdi has four dimensions (housing conditions, health, education and the labour market) that are captured by 13 non-monetary indicators (see table 2). The measurements using this index indicate that a majority of the population lives in households that are not experiencing deprivation and that, of those that are, the instance of deprivation is confined to a single indicator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The third-party reference report is the final instrument to be completed between weeks 14 and 17 from the delivery of the materials. Teachers receive the Individual Evaluation Report about 8 months after the start of the process. As shown in Table 2.7, by 2010, 69 643 municipal teachers had participated in the teacher performance evaluation system, of whom 13 792 were evaluated at least a second time. Taking into account the number of teachers in municipal schools in 2010 (about 81 000) and the proportion of teachers who had been evaluated who were still teaching in a municipal school in 2010 (about 88%), it can be concluded that about a quarter of the 2010 municipal teaching working force had not undergone an evaluation process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Such activities do not directly reduce people’s vulnerability, but train them to adapt to the current climate, to consider future climate change in their decision making and to be prepared for extreme events. Climate change research also supports risk reduction by supplying information that is necessary to understand where training, policy and risk reduction activities are most needed. Finally, coordination activities ensure that there is a dialogue between stakeholders, that research is disseminated and that community of practice is strengthened. Climate change affects each of these sectors differently, calling for tailored adaptation responses. Across the sectors, it is relevant to consider appropriate policy measures, education, training and awareness raising needs, possible research gaps and co-ordination measures. Table 6 provides a few examples of sectoral activities sensitive to climate change as well as related enabling activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This paper is an attempt to connect the internal and the external aspects in the transformation  of citizenship, building on Christian Joppke's hypothesis on the 'lightening of citizenship'.  Taking social policy developments in the EU as an example, the paper contends that  lightening of citizenship entails universalization and lightening of social policy. It also highlights  the leading role of the CJEU in this transformation.  Substantially, we argue that universalisation and lightening of social security corresponds  to functional requirement of the internal market and the increasingly diversified life  career of its citizenry. In this regard, 'lightening' should be conceptually separated from mere  'retrenchment'. This direction has been augmented by the intervention of the ECJ, whose  judgements has built on the Union Citizenship and enhanced individual social rights protection.  Featuring citizenship as a universal status, however, individual rights can be protected,  but collective ordering of social relations would take a back seat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)