albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The way individuals perceive their risk to certain threats influences their adoption of preventive behaviour. This study explored sex workers perception of risk of HIV infection within the context of other serious threats. The study was carried out in Kampala Uganda using peer ethnography. Sex workers were well aware of their risk of HIV infection but this risk was eclipsed by other more immediate and frightening threats. Sex workers willingness to gamble with HIV is explained by the fact that their existence is already very dangerous and taking risks is an inherent part of their trade. Decriminalising sex work could make their lives somewhat safer motivating them to better protect themselves but this is unlikely to happen in Uganda. Attempting to enforce some coercive control mechanisms would not work given the pervasive corruption in law enforcement and the judiciary the institutions that would be responsible for implementing such control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nonetheless, all 11 countries are eligible to receive official development assistance (ODA) from OECD DAC member countries. They also have access to some of the funding sources under the Financial Mechanism of the Convention2 (e.g. Global Environment Facility, or the GEF). Exceptions include the Least Developed Countries Fund operated by the GEF since none of the EECCA countries is categorised as a Least Developed Country under the UN. While the data analysed in this chapter is on climate-related development finance committed in 2013 and 2014, the Board of the Green Climate Fund approved two project proposals in the EECCA region at its 13th meeting in June 2016 (one in Armenia and the other in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
With national security concerns dominating the agenda for many states and with the management of cultural diversity under close scrutiny, can the agenda of multiculturalism—with its desire to accommodate cultural differences—survive? By assessing Singapore's review of its multiculturalism policy in this ‘age of terror’, this paper argues that the project of multiculturalism is far from over. Moreover, it argues that, if performed well and permitted to evolve constantly, multiculturalism may instead be a bulwark against the allure of what has become termed ‘home-grown’ terrorism. The argument progresses in broadly three parts. The first part defines the terms multicultural and multiculturalism, and presents a continuum of different approaches to multiculturalism. This section is keen to stress the diversity present in policies of multiculturalism in order to highlight the different policy options available to the management of difference. In the second part, Singapore's policy of multiculturalism is locate...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Because the big companies usually put more into the shared fund, they were also traditionally the ones that made most of the decisions. This was partly because employees from the large companies were in many cases specialists, while the owners and employees of smaller businesses were usually generalists, so they did not feel as well qualified as the others to know what works and what does not. The Academy also finds that the way in which courses and processes are presented makes all the difference.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This in turn depends on structural characteristics of the economy (the shares of agriculture and urban informal sector in GDP, the presence of high-value commodities and GDP per capita), as well as on the government’s tax effort. The success of the latter depends, in turn, on the existence of a representative democracy (“no taxation without representation”) and on how legitimate and responsive the state is perceived to be by its citizens. Improvements in tax administration and institutions are also key, as suggested by Lora (2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Maximising the effectiveness and transformative potential of international public finance and using it to leverage funds from other sources will be critical to implementing the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement. In a context of scarce public resources for both development and climate action, it will be important to allocate public climate-related development finance where it is most needed and can be most effective and to use it in a catalytic way to leverage further public (domestic) and private sector investment to promote sustainable development. International public finance can increase private sector engagement, for example through use of risk guarantee instruments or blended finance arrangements. Development co-operation providers agreed to increase predictability and transparency of aid as part of the Busan Partnership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Do governments respond to terrorism with torture? Although governments face incentives to increase torture in response to terrorist attacks, previous research finds no relationship between terror and state torture. We argue that this is unsurprising because incentives to violate human rights differ across domestic government agencies. Using new data that disaggregates state torture by the government agency responsible for the abuse, we investigate the effect of transnational and domestic terrorism on torture perpetrated by military officials. We find that military agents—especially those in democracies—engage in substantively more widespread torture when confronted with terrorism and that this behavior is particularly likely in response to transnational attacks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Within the broader debate over the political economy of statebuilding, the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in fragile and post-conflict settings is increasingly controversial but still understudied. This paper examines the tensions between the good governance agenda currently being implemented in Iraq and the investment dynamics occurring at the country's national and provincial levels. Drawing on disaggregated data, the paper argues that the flow of FDI is reinforcing destabilizing dynamics in Iraq by increasing levels of inequality, deepening the decentralization process, and undermining internal and external balances of power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The fact that there are almost no health facilities in close proximity to most indigenous peoples living in North-Eastern Kenya and remote parts of the Coast province and Rift Valley means that they have to walk long distances even during an emergency, which results in poor health outcomes. Minority Rights International, p. 68. It has been reported that most deliveries are conducted at home because of these challenges/ This report included only marginalized peoples and omitted other groups like the Maasai of southern Kenya.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Policy Forum brought together policy-makers and experts from 25 OECD countries, from international organisations and from the private sector to discuss progress, common challenges and successes in the development of national adaptation strategies (OECD, 2012b). The original version included additional European countries which are excluded from the updated table, and also did not include four OECD countries (Chile, Israel, Luxembourg and Turkey) which are included in this analysis. Most OECD members are Annex I countries, with the exception of Chile, Israel, Korea, Mexico. Turkey is an Annex I country, but has only published one NC. The assessment of the scope of discussion is based on the level of attention paid to the topic, classified as: i) extensive, ii) limited, or iii) lacking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Overall alcohol consumption (measured by sales) is also low, with Italy having the third lowest consumption per capita (after Greece and Sweden). Alcohol consumption among adolescents is also stable and relatively low: 14% of 15-year-old girls and 19% of 15-year-old boys reported having been drunk more than once in their life, a lower proportion than in most other EU countries. Though obesity has increased, it has done so more slowly than in other EU countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
One factor behind the high public support may be knowledge of the costs of non-action, w hich DIW (2008) estimates to reach around EUR 800 billion by 2050 (more than 30% of GDP). The conviction that climate change policies generate new sources of growth also plays a major role in public acceptance. While climate change mitigation policies contributed to reducing GHG emissions, a significant share of past abatement was due to specific events and structural changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The average withdrawal from FGTS is about three to four times as high as one monthly payment of SD. The total value of income support available under SD, e.g. five monthly payments, is about 1.7 times as large as that of the average FGTS withdrawal (see Hijzen, 2011, for further details). It can have adverse consequences for the level of unemployment and employment, the perceived level of worker security and labour market segmentation. Indeed, most previous cross-country studies for developed countries find no significant impact of employment protection on the level on employment or unemployment (Boeri and Van Ours, 2008, for an overview), while its impact on employment in developing countries tends to be negative (Botero et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
News coverage of tobacco issues influences both individual behavior change and policy progression. Thus, media advocacy is increasingly recognized as important for promoting public health. Letters to the editor (LTE) are a basic form of media advocacy, serving to demonstrate community sentiment on a given issue. Such letters are yet to receive systematic analytic consideration. The authors conducted an ethnographic content analysis of LTE on tobacco issues from a sample of 11 Australian daily newspapers over a 3-year period (2001 to 2003, N=361). They argue that letters are artifacts of active engagement in a public debate and note that various stakeholders adopt similar strategies to pursue their objectives. They illustrate how identifying personal and collective identities is crucial in the assertion of legitimacy of voice in LTEs. Better understanding is needed of both the particular issues that spark public engagement, and the salient rhetoric employed by advocates of disparate positions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper argues for an interdisciplinary interlocution between social theory and social philosophy in order to recast the problem of normativity in social practices, especially within Brazil’s democratic ethos. By resorting to insights from critical theory and social epistemology, the essay proposes to reexamine Bourdieu’s conception of habitus so as to contribute to a moderate social constructionism that cannot be reduced to a postmodernist discourse or to a variant of relativism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article addresses the critical role that public diplomacy plays in improving the deteriorating image of the United States in the Muslim world. The authors argue that both public diplomacy and policies, including those on civil liberties, are vital to U.S. success in the war on terrorism and that the next U.S. president must designate this effort as a matter of highest national security importance. Many in the Muslim world believe that the war on terrorism is essentially a war on Islam, this view impedes the success of an effective foreign policy strategy. Previous efforts of public diplomacy have lacked funding, energy, focus, and an integrated strategy. The authors define six principles to improve America's security through winning the war of ideas, including addressing civil liberties concerns, and engaging diverse constituencies in the Muslim world. Finally, the authors describe ten public diplomacy initiatives to improve U.S.–Muslim world relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Research to Practice Brief (December 2011). The victim’s behaviour and personal characteristics take centre stage rather than the perpetrator’s actions and generally results in suspicion of the victim’s claim of gender-based violence and little support or justice being provided to the victim. The victims themselves might believe these myths and this can result in underreporting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter looks at the relationship between governance and economic development in selected Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member countries. This chapter outlines the concept of good governance in Islamic faith and episteme and provides some empirical evidence on the governance development nexus in the literature. It also describes the state of governance in OIC countries through descriptive statistics on some indicators. It looks at the relationship between governance and economic development. In contrast, it explores the relationship between governance and economic growth. The results highlight the need for reforms in the quality of institutions, establishing rule of law, emphasising on governance in the policy agenda and bringing strong accountability mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Multipliers show the effects on global farm incomes (capital and labour) in USD per USD of global value of given support measures, as calculated from these marginal policy simulations. A marginal increase in subsidies leads to lower agricultural prices compared to countries with lower fertiliser cost shares. As a consequence, competitiveness and market shares of Indian agriculture increase in domestic and foreign markets. In contrast, countries with lower fertiliser cost shares see agricultural incomes fall due to lower market shares and lower crop prices. Model results suggest that fertiliser output subsidies on the one hand, and fertiliser input subsidies on the other hand, have very similar relative effects on world market prices and the production of primary agricultural products, and hence on agricultural incomes. This effect is partly due to the fact that the farming sector is the only user of fertilisers, and by the assumption of perfect competition in agriculture (zero-profit condition for firms).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Thus, administrative effort is minimized and the Ministry of Finance has stated that the cess is not associated with any additional costs above business as usual. Particularly in developing countries with large and complex informal economies, targeting households and small businesses implies a significantly higher administrative effort for tax collection and monitoring alongside low revenue potential. It may be advisable, certainly in the early stages of implementation, to focus on a large, easy-to-target tax base and to revisit exemptions later.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The urban road network and the water supply is expanding, but from a very low base. Increasing economic opportunities outside of Monrovia will help reduce urban migration. There is growing momentum to de-concentrate services and expand infrastructure in rural areas, but the process will take several years. The election of HoR was disputed by the Islamist factions who subsequently reconvened the GNC in Tripoli in August. Consequently, there are currently two rival governments in Libya: one linked to the HoR, the internationally recognised government, the otherto the GNC, indicating the depth of administrative and bureaucratic chaos in the country. Political divisions and the intense fighting between rival militias since August 2014 have cost hundreds lives, and displaced over 435 000 people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Only 8% of its revenues come from grants. The picture for the Gauteng province where Johannesburg is located is radically different: the largest share of revenues (70%) comes from the general grant (called equitable share), 24% from conditional grants and only 5% from provincial revenue sources. However, since the provinces cannot raise taxes, their budgets consist mostly of annual allocations from the National Treasury. At the municipal level, the share of targeted grants from the national and provincial government is about 20-25%, the rest is mostly revenues from local taxes and service charges. Targeted, “conditional” project-related grants constitute almost half of financial support from the national budget, but there appears to be great volatility and uncertainty in their size.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This section gives the building blocks for such a detailed analysis and illustrates the outcomes for the (non-) overlap between three domain deprivations in two countries. That would create an avoidable loss of information. In fact only by executing an overlap-analysis, can a truly multidimensional analysis be made.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Some 50 customs officers received basic training in the identification of GMOs, but have no access to facilities or equipment for their detection. The country has no certified laboratory to identify GMOs. It is, simultaneously, struggling with the challenge to ensure the more effective management of already-designated protected areas. All eight protected area categories are to a certain extent represented in the current system of protected areas. According to the Management Plan for the Tigrovaya Balka state nature reserve for 2012-2016, the area of this reserve, previously encompassing 49,786 ha, was extended in 2011 by an additional 12,462 ha of the Dzhilikulsky, Kabadiyansky and Kumsangirsky districts, and currently amounts to 62,248 ha.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
On the one hand, if the tax is shifted on to consumers, house prices increase, increasing the demand for smaller housing units and thereby population density. On the other hand, the property tax can promote urban sprawl as it reduces the capital-land ratio and thereby the number of housing units per unit of land area and density. A proposal being discussed in Germany is a land-use tax, which would differentiate land tax rates depending on how land is used and the associated environmental costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The concept of actio popularis is recognised in the 1976 Constitution and its scope has gradually enlarged. A 1998 law concerning environmental NGOs clearly states the conditions under which this right may be exercised. For example, NGOs (whether or not they have a direct interest) may submit a complaint or accusation and initiate the legal actions necessary for the prevention, correction, suspension or cessation of actions and omissions by public and private entities that represent, or may represent, a cause of environmental degradation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The experience of OECD countries shows that a special development agency could effectively address these complex issues. In the United Kingdom, Urban Development Corporations (UDCs) have been used as a mechanism to regenerate urban areas in need of revitalisation where there was a need for a new body that could take a focused, single-minded approach. While most UDCs have been created by central government, Mayoral Development Corporations (MDCs) and other forms of development corporations are recently used as delivery vehicles by local authorities (Box 2.21).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) addressed these concerns by defining six priority programme areas for action in order to ensure the environmentally sound management of chemicals.1 UNCED essentially catalysed the negotiation of numerous global and regional chemicals-related treaties and other instruments, facilitated by the UN Environment Programme. The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation introduced a far-reaching target: "by 2020, [that] chemicals are used and produced in ways that lead to the minimization of significant adverse effects on human health and the environment. This objective launched a series of preparatory meetings, facilitated and supported by the UN Environment Programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
1. Interdisciplinarity: Reconfigurations of the Social and Natural Sciences by Andrew Barry and Georgina Born 2. How Disciplines Look by Simon Schaffer 3. Inter That Discipline! by Thomas Osborne 4. Fields and Fallows: A Political History of STS by Sheila Jasanoff 5. Unexpected Consequences and An Unanticipated Outcome by Marilyn Strathern and Elena Khlinovskaya Rockhill 6. Consuming Anthropology by Lucy Suchman 7. Where Natural and Social Science Meet? Reflections On An Experiment in Geographical Practice by Sarah J. Whatmore 8. Multiple Environments: Accountability, Integration and Ontology by Gisa Weszkalnys and Andrew Barry 9. Ontology and Antidisciplinarity by Andrew Pickering 10. Logics of Interdisciplinarity: The Case of Medical Humanities by Monica Greco 11. Art-Science: From Public Understanding to Public Experiment by Georgina Born and Andrew Barry
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Financial inclusion implies the existence of a varied ecosystem of services, providers and distribution channels (IFAD, 2009). Nonetheless, the development of an ecosystem with such characteristics, targeted on meeting the needs of excluded populations in general, and small rural producers in particular, does not occur automatically (Doran, McFadyen and Vogel, 2009, Hollinger, 2011). This requires public policies that promote the development of inclusive financial ecosystems (Ehrbeck, Pickens and Tarazi, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Furthermore, the land actually developed and cultivated by the companies that have been granted land would approximate respectively only 36% and 20% of the total land area allocated. The risks related to large-scale investments in land often outweigh the benefits such investments may bring. Adequate safeguards should thus be developed to ensure that large-scale investments do not have adverse social impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Men may also seek to retain control over how much they are willing to change and under which conditions, thereby retaining gendered power hierarchies and reducing their accountability to the needs and wishes of women (Pierotti, Lake and Lewis, 2018). While no intervention can change the whole of a society, there is a need to work not only with individuals but also with the social networks that they inhabit, be it families or peers. In terms of preventing GBV, especially IPV and domestic violence, men’s partners and the broader family need to be involved as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They are needed to support green growth mainstreaming, ensure policy coherence, and enable the kinds of investment that the CRGE promotes. This is partly because of the recent trend of assigning environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) review to sectors that are actually dealing with the proposed projects. Neither is it rigorously applied to environmental proposals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, prior consultation with a wide range of stakeholders will build support for implementation and operation of PPP projects. Sustainable use of energy and energy access. The emphasis is going to be on sustainability while developing regional energy connectivity so power generation is going to be biased towards the use of renewable resources that have low emissions — namely hydropower, solar and wind.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
County councils are in charge of how hospitals within their domain are reimbursed. Most county councils have been using a purchaser-provider model since the 1990s, in which payment is established according to volume of activities. This entails purchasing organisations working with hospital health care providers in order to draw up contracts covering finances and activities, generally based on fixed per-case payments with price or volume ceilings and quality components. However, given the high level of autonomy granted to county councils, payment mechanism details vary widely across Sweden’s administrative regions (Street et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)