albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The second order involves regular large (> 1,000 people), big (500-1,000), medium-sized (100-500) and small (< 100) rural communities (townships, villages and homesteads). These efforts have resulted in the formation of more than 1,500 agro-towns, based on the selection of and funding support for existing, more or less economically viable, central settlements of rural councils and homesteads of agricultural organizations. Each agro-town enjoys amenities characteristic of an urban settlement, including clubs, a library, an art school for children, internet cafes, entertainment centres, upper secondary and vocational schools, pre-university training centres and primary education schools. Intensive public investment in these settlements in the period 2007-2010 has helped to address some critical problems and develop important social and business processes and infrastructure. This involves a hierarchy of spatial (territorial) plans developed at national, oblast and local levels in accordance with the Main Directions of the State Urban Development Policy for 2011— 2015 and environmental requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
On the AMS and Total AMS front, in general most countries currently meet the Rev.4 limits, with some variation for individual products in a few countries. The reduction in the de minimis percentage for some countries would make a difference under current policy settings for very few products and countries. For the future, the values of production of many products will grow in nominal terms and thus increase the associated de minimis thresholds and limits, which can result in complicated interactions with other limits that are fixed in nominal terms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This caveat must be kept in mind while reviewing the results of modelling exercises, including those described below. The International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development’s (ICTSD) recent work,10 focused on LDCs, shows that the aggregate impact of a successful Doha Round on LDC exports will be a measly 0.16 per cent, with wide dispersion of gains and losses across countries (Figure 7.9). Even if overall gains could be assured for the LDC group, the ex post distribution of gains and losses, and the absence of a mechanism to compensate losers, could effectively wreck support for a Doha deal. The losses to Lesotho and Madagascar (see Figure 7.7) are precisely due to such preference erosion, but it is also clear that not all countries that will see their preferences eroded in an eventual Doha deal will actually lose in terms of exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Although more than half of all deponents (54.8 per cent) were women, only 43.9 per cent of women identified themselves as victims of abduction, torture or severe ill treatment.15 Still, this represented an increase in the percentage of self-proclaimed victims over the first five weeks of hearings that Ross’s study analyses, and can be attributed in part to the decision by the TRC to hold special women’s hearings. No member of the security forces or liberation movement applied for amnesty for rape or other sexual violations. This is probably because they assumed that rape would not fall within the guidelines, as an act had to not only have a “political” motive but also be performed “without malice”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is empirical evidence, for example, that labour-intensive manufacturing activities tend to be concentrated in countries with low labour costs while high-tech industries are more likely to emerge in wealthy countries with access to a high-skilled workforce. This, inter alia, provides an explanation for the changing pattern of manufacturing employment across the world (UNIDO, 2017a). It shows the use of industrial robots as part of the recent trend of automation across industries, and indicates that increasing automation within certain industries plays a special role in the transformation of industrial development patterns through technological innovations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Moreover, in contrast with the Global Study, MODA includes child protection (protection from violence) as an additional dimension of deprivation poverty (UNICEF, 2007a, Gordon et al., Overlap analyses demonstrate that deprivations are not often experienced in isolation and that in order to free a child from deprivations multiple (sectoral) issues should be addressed (Ferreira and Lugo, 2012). The second examines the overlap (and non-overlap) for particular combinations of (selected) dimensions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
That would allow farmers to undertake the necessary investments to maintain current yields, produce more food on less land, and adopt practices and technologies that would increase resilience while also reducing emissions. By filling the financing gap and catalysing investment that would not happen without the right enabling conditions, climate finance can strengthen risk management mechanisms, foster development of appropriate financial products, and address the capacity constraints of both lenders and borrowers. These include insurance products, warehouse receipts and value chain finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Privacy is typically conceived, in both scholarly and popular circles, as an individual good. This weakens the potential for understanding the social implications of changes in privacy and may contribute to the topic s marginal position within sociology. While not explicitly known for their conclusions about privacy, some of the discipline classic figures have addressed, in a variety of ways, the relevance of privacy for social life. I highlight their work, neglected in privacy discourse and not well known within sociology, to demonstrate the sociological relevance of privacy for individual development, group solidarity, stratification, and social control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The global recession of 2008-2009 has moderated productivity increases considerably in comparison to the pre-crisis trend in a majority of Asia-Pacific economies (see figure 1.4). For example, in Cambodia, annual average productivity growth slowed by a striking 6.5 percentage points from 9.2% during 2002-2007 to 2.7% during 2008-2011. This includes wage systems that can help ensure that wages grow consistently with productivity increases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article presents a critical analysis of Michael Burawoy’s model of public sociology, discussing several of its epistemic and methodological limitations. First, the author focuses on the ambiguity of Burawoy’s proposal, problematizing the absence of a clear delimitation of the concept of ‘public sociology’. Second, the author links the academic success of the category of public sociology to the global division of sociological labour, emphasizing the ‘geopolitics of knowledge’ involved in Burawoy’s work and calling for the decolonization of social science. Then, the author expounds his concerns regarding the hierarchy of the different types of sociology proposed by Burawoy, who privileges professional sociology over other types of sociological praxis. Reflecting upon these elements will provide a good opportunity to observe how our discipline works, advancing also suggestions for its transformation. Along these lines, in the last section of the article the author elaborates on the need to go beyond a d...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The review should make clear whether relevant gender issues, as defined by major data users, are covered by existing data collection programmes and made available to users. Based on this review, the strategy of gender main-streaming can involve collecting new types of data expanding data collection in some areas to fill existing knowledge gaps and better disseminating data already collected (Hedman, Perucci and Sundstrom, 1996, United Nations, 2002). The strategy of gender mainstreaming should be based on strong collaboration between users and producers of data, strong internal coordination within the national statistical office and the national statistical system, and data sharing agreements between the national statistical office and other agencies of the national statistical system or other producers of data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The responsibility is of course entirely mine. Even if “zero” is defined as not quite zero - for example, the World Bank is proposing it should be defined as 3% of the population in the case of income poverty (Kim, 2013, Ravallion, 2012). Global public goods are qualities that potentially affect anyone, anywhere, such as a stable climate, or freedom from infectious disease. This joint civil society/UN consultation, co-led by UNICEF and UN Women with support from the governments of Denmark and Ghana, is an open and inclusive conversation for civil society, academia, governments and the UN to discuss what the post-2015 development agenda should look like.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Part of the GBP 400 million pledged to improve access to psychological therapies will specifically help people from communities that find it difficult to access these services. In 2012/13 Time to Change, the Department of Health funded mental health anti-stigma and discrimination programme focused on working with African and Caribbean communities, ring-fencing 25% of the grants fund for work with BME communities, and build partnerships with BME organisations. It is part of a far-reaching new agreement between police, mental health trusts and paramedics. The Concordat acknowledges that there are particular difficulties to achieving better mental health outcomes for people in black and minority ethnic (BME) communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In buildings frequented by the public, the certificate has to be disposed in a visible place. Learning Energy Efficiency Networks (LEEN) support innovative companies increase energy efficiency and improve their competitive position. By learning from each other a multitude of companies cooperate in order to save energy in the most cost-effective way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Mongolia has about 400 central waste disposal sites in total, covering around 125,000 ha of land. The inadequate waste disposal system causes huge problems for the environment and human health. Domestic, industrial, construction and other forms of w'aste are currently deposited on the soil surface in large dumping sites on the outskirts of cities and towns, which causes soil pollution and land degradation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Appropriate measures of compensation are relatively simple to put in place and are, if well done, fully compatible with efficient internalisation. They can be permanent or temporary, aiming at full or partial compensation. They require, however, that the logic of confrontation be abandoned and that the different actors commit to working in a framework of overall welfare maximisation. The gap between full costs and private, market-based costs is related to the inability of private actors to take into account all relevant information about welfare effects, as feedback mechanisms between private parties and appropriate incentive structures are lacking. “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, in Amsterdam, the share of the property tax to total revenue is, in fact, substantially lower than the national average, the per capita property tax in 2015 was EUR 193, while the average for the Netherlands was EUR 216 per capita. Part of the explanation for this is that Amsterdam gains revenues from its ground lease system. In the financial statements from Amsterdam over 2015, the total net revenues from ground leases were EUR 236 million (Amsterdam, 2015). This is also explained by the city’s relatively low property tax rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The major development banks are all involved in significant programmes for promoting clean energy investment. ( For example, for a review of development banks’ activities in the area of energy efficiency financing, see UNEP-FI (2009), “Energy Efficiency and the Finance Sector”.) The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has argued during international climate negotiations that a global energy transition would lead to lower incomes because, all else equal, the total volume of oil consumption would be lower in a carbon constrained world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In particular, early maternal employment may have adverse consequences for the very young (Ruhm, 2004, Waldfogel, 2006). There is a long-standing debate about when mothers should return to work. Recent research has suggested there may be some small negative effects for child outcomes (Ermisch and Francesconi, 2001) although the most recent research advocates giving mothers greater choice (Brooks-Gunn et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
If employers cannot perfectly observe an applicant’s productivity but believe that women are on average less productive than men, they will tend to discriminate against female employees so as to enhance the overall productivity of their workforce.28 This type of discrimination might progressively disappear as women close the skills gap, but if stereotypes and social norms adjust with a lag, change will be slow to materialise. Employers’ perceptions may be particularly hard to change in countries where discrimination is strong. In such contexts the fact that women are unable to access the best jobs (itself a result of discrimination) may reinforce employers’ misperceptions and fuel a vicious cycle of self-reinforcing discrimination and stereotypes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The proportion of full-time fishers has changed little over ten years, in 2002 there w'ere 14 205 people employed in the sector, of which 81% were full-time. The gross tonnage of the fleet fell by just 1% to 200 697 tonnes in 2012. There were 5 032 vessels of 10 metres or less in length in 2012 (24 fewer than 2011) and the number of vessels over 10 metres in length went down by 1% to 1 374.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This article discusses human rights indicators for assessing state compliance with international human rights. It analyses the use of human rights indicators before treaty bodies, how human rights aspects are to be integrated into these indicators and what conceptual framework must be developed for their establishment. The article also examines the different kinds of data required for human rights indicators, the way in which indicators relating to both civil and political and economic, social and cultural rights could be developed as well as the types of human rights indicators that could be used. The article concludes with how to make human rights indicators a useful instrument for monitoring state compliance with international human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The government recognises these challenges and has launched an ICT development initiative targeting infrastructure, accessibility of services, development of national expertise and implementation of a technological free-zone. In 2013, it enacted a new Telecommunications Act that provided for: the expansion of the telecommunications network and the sector's development, the establishment of types of licenses and basic rules on interconnection, competition and dispute resolution, the creation of an independent regulator (the Myanmar Telecommunications Commission), and the establishment of the overall government policy on private sector participation in the sector (OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 113). Liberalisation facilitated the entry of two competing mobile operators— Ooredoo and Telenor—entered the market in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The author and preservice teachers in a postbaccalaureate Issues and Reform in Secondary Education course engaged Ernest Stringer's (2004) model of action research to develop generative curricula. They adhered to Walter C. Parker's (1991, 2006) vision of public formation and essential social studies teaching and used student-centered teaching based on students' knowledge needs, which were determined through observation, formative assessments, and two questionnaires. As suggested in Parker's work supporting participatory democracy, the public, including public school teachers, must engage in public discussion and become active in the government's activities of solving public problems. In this article, the author focuses on procedures teachers can follow to implement action research to motivate public understanding and participation in the social studies classroom. Through generative curricula, the students exercised participatory citizenship for democratic ideals promoting cultural diversity and fairer eco...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As part of the atrocities committed in Syria since the outbreak of the civil war, the attention of the international community has been attracted by the violence targeting a particularly vulnerable group, i.e. individuals pertaining to ‘sexual minorities’, or Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex (LGBTI). This article aims at providing an overview of the human rights abuses committed against LGBTI individuals in the territories controlled by ISIS in Syria and Iraq, and at discussing the extent to which the international community is aware of the problem and is addressing it adequately. The article then seeks to examine the legal implications triggered by the abuses committed by ISIS militants against LGBTI individuals and to discuss further avenues that might be available at the international level to ensure accountability, focusing on the challenges in applying international humanitarian law, international human rights law and international criminal law provisions to these contexts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One of the threats facing social cohesion in highly exclusive societies is the potential for creating a widening gap between expectations and actual achievements, or for large discrepancies to develop between symbolic integration mechanisms (which increasingly operate through communications media) and the systemic means of material integration, which could turn into sentiments and conduits of frustration and aggression (ECLAC, 2007a, Hopenhayn, 2000, 2001). For approaches that highlight the role of cultural factors in the persistence of deprivation, low expectations of mobility and despair would be crucial expressions of social exclusion and poverty transmitted between generations (Atkinson, 1998, Narayan and others, 2000). For example, people might want quality education for their children (a normative expectation), but, at the same time, they might see this as unachievable (cognitive expectation) —either because of the multiple constraints they face in the opportunities structure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Aggregate indicators that focus on country-level analysis allow for comparison across countries but not across individuals within countries. For example, under SDG 13 on climate change, indicators related to forest area and its protection are essential, but indicators to monitor the human impact of depletion—including one that captures how women and men are affected by environmental degradation in different ways—are also important and necessary (see Chapter 3). But an assessment of gender data availability suggests there is a long way to go before this standard is met. Many of the gender-specific indicators cover 'emerging statistical areas' where measurement methodology is not well developed—this is true for one third of the gender-specific indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Figure II.4 shows clearly that most of the countries of the region are not just below the diagonal (with inequality indices low er in 2011 than in 2002), they are well below' it. The Gini coefficient fell by at least 1% per year in 9 of 17 countries. The countries with the most significant decreases were Argentina, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Nicaragua and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, all of which saw their Gini coefficient fall by more than 2% a year. Even though the inequality indicators for the Dominican Republic and Costa Rica did not improve, they did not go up appreciably, either (see figure II.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The first section examines patterns and trends of female participation and retention in the labour force. It also looks at the nature of the positions that women tend to occupy in the labour market and various aspects of the gender gap in unemployment. The second section highlights the role of legislative and institutional frameworks in supporting or limiting women’s access to employment, including provisions on maternity leave and discriminatory laws. It also discusses the promotion of women’s entrepreneurship, which has gained particular momentum in recent years as a strategy to alleviate female poverty and support women’s access to gainful employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These changes include the calibration of expansion factors, the method used to correct for non-responses to the income questions, and the construction of income aggregates for items that are not of monthly recurrence. The various changes, such as enlargement of the domains studied, the change in informant type and the increase in the number of questions and alterations in their wording, made it necessary to splice the employment, income and poverty figures from the two sources, a task which was carried out by the Mission for the splicing of employment, poverty and inequality series (MESEP). The methodological changes introduced mean that the findings of the new ENAHO 2010 are not directly comparable with those published on the basis of the previous survey. The country expects to produce a spliced historical series soon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Over the next five years alone, the CRGE suggests that 27.5% of GDP will need to be invested. Where average domestic savings are only 11.9% and half the investment burden is foreign exchange-denominated, Ethiopia’s green plans will inevitably rely on attracting international climate finance and other foreign investment. It will have a tough job, but there is potential for attracting investment. Over 80% of the abatement potential identified by the CRGE will be achievable at relatively low cost — $ 15/tC - which could be attractive internationally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The past three decades have shown the increasing importance of the efforts of the international financial community to socialize emerging markets to accept norms of financial governance. Social sanctions often have been used to mark non-compliant states and their policies as deviant. Yet, we know little about how deviant states strategically manage such policy stigmas in international finance and how this management shapes the international normative order. Recent scholarship in international relations suggests that stigma management strategies tend to either reinforce or fracture the international normative order. This article, by contrast, contends that such strategies also have the potential to transform the international normative order so that it resembles more closely the preferences of the deviant. This argument is illustrated using evidence drawn from Brazil and South Korea's management of the policy stigma associated with controls on capital inflows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)