albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For example, in Lahore, Pakistan, wheat prices rose by 24 per cent in the year prior to February 2010 while the maize price in Zimbabwe’s capital, Harare, went up by 36 per cent between October 2009 and February 2010. The spike was even worse in Burundi, in Bujumbura, the price of beans went up by 58 per cent during the same period (see table IV. The food crisis has not abated as most food prices are rising again and have exceeded the peaks recorded in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This work aims to understand the use of Facebook digital media during the experience of illness, hospitalization and death. It is a qualitative research, through of Virtual Ethnography and narrative analysis. This practice contributed to: facilitate communication with family and friends, to reduce loneliness and isolation, strengthen bonds of friendship, recognize the virtual social network as a space for the constitution of a network of support and communication, demystify the use of social networks as exclusive spaces for leisure and entertainment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The role of design tools is different for a carpenter than for a baker. The role of robotization may vary from hotels to health spas. In such cases, technical and vocational education and training institutions may have to take difficult decisions within a context of uncertainty - and it would be inadvisable to postpone such decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As part of the 2015 Traffic Safety Master Plan established and implemented by the National Police Agency, a system has been developed to allow' for an automatic search of keywords related with road safety (such as ‘"traffic accidents” and “traffic jams”) on social media (such as Twitter and Facebook) and disseminate the information through the urban transport information system (UTIS). In case of necessity, a police motorbike patrol will be dispatched to address the situation rapidly. The police also designated every Monday and Friday as the “day of traffic discipline” and will use cameras to monitor traffic rule violations at main crossroads. This was already the case in large urban areas, but the initiative has now been expanded to the entire country to be conducted on a regular basis. A smart phone application has also been developed in order to allow citizens to record and report situations of traffic law' violations and award prizes to the best reporters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Thus, improvements in transport infrastructure and trade facilitation measures should serve to enhance the movement of goods, services and investment within and across borders. In so doing, such programmes address the biggest potential weakness of supply chain-based production - its geographic spread and consequent dependence on the rapid and assured movement of goods and services across long distances. Such programmes encompass a wider range of initiatives, only some of which will be enumerated here.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Global Action offers an important vehicle to hasten this process, with its emphasis on policy interconnectedness, cohesiveness and coherence, plus cross-cutting policy approaches to achieving sustainable development. While many required interventions will be directly derived from trade-related actions, solutions must also be found through initiatives in specific economic sectors and policies on finance, the environment, education, training and the labour market. These countries confront specific developmental challenges that have been characterised by such tags as 'Small States. Small Problems?', ' Big Problems for Little Countries'. '
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
AbstractThis article questions whether the European Union (EU) strategy of using free trade agreements (FTAs) as tools of democracy promotion is, currently, normatively coherent and legitimate. It focuses on FTAs with proximate autocracies and makes four main claims. First, FTAs raise significant legitimacy concerns in that they can ordinarily be expected to generate both economic ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ in the target country without democratic processes in place to legitimate these costs. Second, the EU risks empowering autocrats (rather than catalysing democratic transition) in the way it negotiates FTAs. Third, ‘leverage’ strategies of withholding or suspending cooperation as a result of violations of democratic and human rights norms are applied inconsistently by the EU, undermining leverage credibility. Fourth, the best-case impact of regulatory convergence with the EU acquis communautaire on the democratic character of sector-level policymaking is mixed: increased transparency and accountability can ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Informality is considered to result from the heterogeneity of the productive structure, which can be seen schematically as two sectors: one which is formal, has a medium to high production level, greater levels of investment, relatively high growth potential and effective social protection, and the other informal, with low levels of productivity, growth potential and social protection. Consequently, unskilled own-account workers, unpaid family workers or apprentices, owners and employees of micro-enterprises and domestic workers are all considered informal. This is related to the introduction of the concept of decent work. In order to focus the discussion on the job rather than the company, the new conceptual framework of the “informal economy" has been proposed in order to complement that of the informal sector, given that informal activities are found in both low- and high-productivity sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The gap in overall student outcomes between Thailand and high-income countries remains large. International and national assessments indicate that a significant proportion of Thai students are acquiring skills at a low level, and that those in disadvantaged, rural areas of the country are struggling the most. Thailand will need to make strategic improvements if its education system is to be a more effective engine of mobility and social and economic progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This results in geographically dispersed trade through global production networks opening the opportunity for low-income countries to use their comparative advantage in labour-intensive value chains to enter these networks at different stages, including final assembly. The volatility of import prices and the increased availability of intermediate inputs may have a direct impact on the relative prices of manufactured goods. Opening up for trade is usually associated with an increase in competition, often resulting in a decrease in the relative prices of manufactured products (Pain et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Waiting times for a first face-to-face contact with an ambulatory mental health centre can also be fairly long. In 2013,37% of patients had to wait one month or more for a first contact with such centres (Vrijens et al., As noted in Section 4, the legislated ceiling on public expenditure on health was reduced from a 4.5% growth rate per year from 2004-12, to 3% in 2013 and 2014, and down to 1.5% since 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Post-Cold War U.S.-Russian diplomacy reveals the increased importance of new diplomatic actors and processes, whilst underscoring the continued key role of state-state negotiation in reconstructing the bilateral relationship between the United States and post-Soviet Russia. The Clinton administration and Yeltsin government negotiated measures to promote political stability, democratization, and conversion to a neoliberal market economy in Russia, a centrepiece of which was the integration of Russia’s globally competitive aerospace sector into the global production chain. Establishing the Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission, a top-level binational economic and technology policy committee, and signing a bilateral trade liberalization treaty on commercial satellite launch services paved the way for public-public and public-private bilateral space cooperation, and for major private joint ventures between US and Russian aerospace firms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, fertility, which is a commonly used measure in composite gender equality measures (see, for example, the UNDP’s Gender Inequality Index), is excluded as it provides only an indirect indication of women’s position. In doing this, the chapter follows, amongst others, Donno and Russet (2004: 588) who argue that although low fertility may be indicative of the degree of female reproductive rights, it may also “reflect coercive population policies enforced on women”. First, there is the very basic issue of women’s health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are relatively few students in colleges techniques in Tunisia, which suggests that a merger would cause little disruption. There appears to be a potential for creating a dialogue around this reform option in Tunisia (NA, 2012). Around 10% of the total number of upper secondary students is enrolled in VET programmes in Tunisia, which compares with an average for the OECD countries of close to 50% (see Figure 4.7). Indeed, academic routes continue to be perceived as leading to better labour market outcomes in Tunisia, compared to VET programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The allowable cut is mostly realized in the high forests, with an overall volume of 2,674,336 m3, around 87.2 per cent of the total cut. Having an allowable cut that is less than the annual increment is positive in terms of providing better conservation of forest resources. Preliminary data of the second state forest inventory of Bosnia and Herzegovina gives 1,598,615 ha forest and forestland area in Republika Srpska, of which 1,384,530 ha is overgrown forestland. According to the Forestry Development Strategy, forest and forestland amounts to 1,282,412 ha.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Philosophy courses are seen to be the ideal way of developing this form of criticality, although Socratic dialogue can be built into any subject. ‘ World citizenship’ relates to the moral and political position advocated by the Cosmopolitans, but also entails particular forms of knowledge that enable one to function in an international environment. Lastly, there is a narrative imagination, referring to ‘the ability to think what it might be like to be in the shoes of a person different from oneself, to be an intelligent reader of that person’s story’ (Nuss-baum 1997: 10-11). Studying literature is particularly important in developing this quality, although all the arts and humanities have a role. For this reason, some of the specific recommendations for the curriculum are bounded by that context - for example, the ‘culture wars’ regarding the literary canon. Other aspects, such as the defence of a broad curriculum including arts and humanities, and resistance to a narrow technological focus, are relevant for all levels of education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Brazil also directs substantial public funds into land reform to empower the poor to generate better incomes. This consists of providing to disadvantaged groups access to agricultural land, financial resources, and knowledge and skills necessary to undertake fanning and other economic activity . Agricultural growth has been increasingly subjected to sustainability criteria through government policy and industry initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is important that statistics made available on a regular basis to policymakers include a gender dimension. As recommended in paragraph 207 (d) of the Beijing Platform for Action, Governments should use more gender-sensitive data in the formulation of policy and implementation of programmes and projects (United Nations, 1996). Presentation of gender statistics in regular statistical products produced by national statistical systems increases the accessibility of gender statistics and their chances of being taken into account in policymaking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This variety increases the decisions that teachers must make. Table 3.1 makes explicit some of these assumptions, though it is not meant to be exhaustive. It illustrates how established pedagogical approaches have developed in line with different kinds of intentions, and therefore why comparisons of approaches come down to more than just the question about which pedagogy is “most effective”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The domains of securities law, tax law, legal recognition of data stored on blockchain networks, data privacy laws, and the related improvement of legal and regulatory environments, are discussed due to the proximity of these issues with the previously discussed case studies. Various securities and exchange agencies globally have issued statements on their view on blockchain-based token registries (SEC, 2017, Russell, 2017). Yet, the actions are not aligned and treated heterogeneously across different economies. For example, some countries such as China have banned ICOs, whereas they are allowed in countries like Canada, Germany or Israel (Reese, 2018). This is especially relevant for applications in which tokens or coins are issued.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Supplementary data was collected on all the countries that had women in parliament for the time period between 1907 and 1945 from various online electoral archives. Using the data on the percentage of women in parliament, the equivalent male value can easily be derived, and these two results were expressed as a ratio of women to men. This is done by employing the composite index of gender equality created by Dilli et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Although a wide range of public health initiatives are in place, their impact is rarely evaluated. Furthermore, a recent WHO evaluation against essential public health functions found weaknesses mechanisms for perfonnance and accountability (particularly at sub-national level) and training of the public health workforce. A good example of this is the Comision de Enlace Salud, Industriay Comercio (COESAINCO, the Commission for liaison between health, industry and commerce), established in 2012. This brings together the Ministries of Health, Economics, External Trade and the Presidency, and a number of national trade and industry bodies (including those representing the pharmaceutical sector).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
ABSTRACTRegional organisations are moving away from traditional market-based goals to embrace issues of welfare, yet the role they play in social policy formation, and their contribution to the embedding of alternative approaches to development, is poorly understood. This article explores whether and how the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) advance pro-poor norms and policies in national and global governance. Whilst not coherent citizenship-centred projects of regionalism, SADC and UNASUR have developed institutional competences to address the health–poverty nexus, though their policy development practices and methods take quite different forms. Theoretically, the paper develops a framework addressing three key claims: (i) poverty and welfare need to be brought in to the study of regional governance, (ii) the agency of Southern regional organisations in the generation and diffusion of norms needs to be taken more seriously in the literature an...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The chapter provides a description of the Survey of Adult Skills and the differences between migrants and natives in terms of their literacy and numeracy proficiency levels. A discussion follows on the extent to which language and foreign qualifications explain part of such differences. Moreover, the chapter analyses the labour market outcomes (employment, incidence of overqualification and wages) of migrants relative to natives and discusses how these differ across migrant groups as well as the role played by literacy proficiency and other relevant factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Dynamic sociocultural, economic, environmental and physical processes give rise to complex systems that are composed of many parts that interact and adapt to one another (OECD, 2009). Traditional modes of land use planning have adapted to this complex system by recognising inter-linkages with a range of policy domains including transport, infrastructure, agriculture, protected area management, mining and increasingly tourism. Where tourism development applications implicate other policy sectors, planning agencies often act as the coordinating agency in a whole-of-government approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For instance, the value of an agricultural plot of land rises dramatically if it receives a building permit. The key point is that this urban profit is created discretionally depending only on land-use planning criteria. Therefore, this added value should not go into the hands of the private sector but be redistributed and used for the public good. In Catalonia’s urban system, there is a minimum public participation in the uiban profits, established by law'. Green spaces and streets with all its infrastmctures systems needed (sanitation, electricity and water supply) are built and paid by real estate developers. In addition, the public administration will receive a portion of land where it will be able to build up to 10% of the permitted square meters, free of charges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This new vision of the role and responsibility of business encourages operations and managerial practices that are more aligned to SRB agendas and that contribute towards inclusive and sustainable development. Businesses that adopt the SRB Model for a Sustainable Future in their strategies and operations will be more likely to thrive in this new business climate. First, many companies in the Asia-Pacific region have limited understanding of the concept of SRB.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
To date 35 000 households have purchased these cookstoves, offsetting 15 000 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions and employing over 200 people. The business model is easily replicable in many countries (Green Economy Coalition, www.greeneconomycoalition.org/glimpses/eJJicient-cooking-stoves-ghana-china). These include use of wind, solar, and biomass among others, thereby simultaneously reducing the country’s need to spend foreign exchange on importing fossil fuels rather than on other development objectives such as health care and education (UNCSD submission Jamaica, 2012). A framework of regulations and incentives is gradually being put in place to encourage the production of renewable energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This tax should be equal to the marginal societal damage at the point of optimality, which implies that it is also equal to the marginal private benefit at that point. In a world with no further disturbances, this would force a profit-maximising producer to restrict his emissions exactly at the optimal point. Governments, in the interest of maximising the total welfare of society, act here as the caretakers of social resources and set the socially optimal price. The incentive for the producer to reduce his emissions is now the price he has to pay for emitting sparks, particulates or greenhouse gases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This teaching case describes a conflict involving a mining company, a civil society organization and the community affected by the company's operations. Although the focus is on the manager of the Brazilian multinational, the case leaves room for reflection on the performance of any of the characters. The data was collected from documents and on-site interviews, and the case is directed to management students, Public Administration students and International Relations students, especially on the issues of business and human rights, corporate social responsibility, corporate citizenship and international business. Palavras-chave: Mineradoras, Relacao Empresa-comunidade, Governanca Global, Multinacionais. Key Words: Mining Companies, Business and Society, Global Governance, Multinationals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Two examples extracted from this report are proposed in Box 4.7. Short-run benefits include, amongst others, money saved on water bills and on the costs of producing water (with avoided electricity costs when leakage is reduced for example. For example, data analysed for the Aquitaine region (Talpaert, 2005) show that water savings of 45 m3per year could be achieved for a 2 member household. Multiplied by the water price, this would mean a reduction in the water bill of EUR 122 per year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Infrastructure provides the basic physical facilities essential to business and society, industrialization drives economic growth and job creation, thereby reducing income inequality, and innovation expands the technological capabilities of industrial sectors and leads to the development of new skills. However, inequalities in the value added in the manufacturing sector point to the steep challenges faced by the most disadvantaged countries, as well as their potential for growth. For example, in 2015, manufacturing value added (MVA) per capita was less than 100 US dollars a year in the least developed countries (LDCs) compared to 4,926 US dollars in developed regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Fewer (about 20%) also have quantitative indicators that can be used to assess progress (e.g. Antigua and Barbuda, and Costa Rica). Monitoring points for those indicators in the lifecycles of adaptation actions also considerably vary among the INDCs (i.e. input, output, outcome or impact indicators). Since the NAP processes may include a monitoring and reporting component, its content could inform countr ies’ effort to enhance transparency for adaptation action. Some INDCs (e.g. Brazil and Honduras) refer to their NAPs that they are currently developing, and mention that detailed information on adaptation actions will be provided once the NAPs have been completed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Special consideration of the cross-sectoral nature and potential trade-offs between climate policies and water quality will need to be managed as climate mitigation and adaptation policies are developed (e.g. bioenergy crops can increase water demand and decrease water quality and food security, afforestation of water catchments reduces soil erosion and local flood risk, and improves water quality).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The United States is projected to have the greatest economic exposure to flood risk in the world, with expected annual property damage from flooding estimated at USD 54 billion (Sadoff et al., Similarly, it will be critical to address water challenges as part of achieving the New Urban Agenda, the Paris Climate Agreement and the Sendai Framew'ork for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, which explicitly calls for “strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk”. Meeting the nationally determined contributions on water adaptation under the Paris Climate Agreement and the Sendai Framework requires improved national policy alignment across sectors and governance scales.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Moreover, in cases in which serious crises are dealt with, it is also conceivable that a United Nations peacekeeping operation, military, or other security maintenance organizations in the security community may also be used. In the present case, a resolution was passed by the Security Council to endorse the establishment of UNMEER, which has the advantage of being effective in heightening awareness of the international community because of its binding power and high political importance. If the United Nations Department of Field Support in charge of the peacekeeping operation takes a logistical approach, then a quick and efficient response may be implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)