albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The authors explore whether employees' willingness to perform organization citizenship behavior (OCB), or go “above and beyond” what is required by their jobs, is affected by social influence. The authors draw on social information processing and social learning theories to argue that OCB is contagious, or affected by the OCB of employees with whom a focal employee maintains social network ties. A study of admissions department employees reveals that strong advice ties between employees are positively and significantly related to similarity in OCB, whereas strong friendship ties and weak ties are not. Implications for research and practice, including suggestions for influencing ethical behavior in organizations, are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Council is under the direct leadership of Japan’s Prime Minister (ESCAR 2016b). Strong political support for innovation can ensure access to and use of technologies. In the region, there is room for countries to improve their ICT infrastructure, such as availability, access and affordability of broadband, Wi-Fi and mobile data-intensive services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
While not available as a benefit on the federal level, three of Germany’s 16 federal states continue paying a comparable benefit on a state level. Provision for this age group is dominated by the comprehensive ecole maternelle (preschool) system - public, centre-based services that, like the Swedish preschools, are considered a core part of the national education system. Already in the early 1960s the system catered for almost two-thirds of children aged 3-5 years and since 1989, all 3-5 year-olds have been entitled to a place in the local ecole maternelle, with participation effectively at 100% ever since. Public nurseries are complemented by a system of private qualified childminders and in-home nannies, whose cost are partly subsidised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A government subsidy, of up to 85% of eligible costs (from 2015 100 %), is available for preparing a Farm Energy Plan. The revision of the programme started in January 2015 following the introduction of the EU-financed rural development programme for the period from 2014 to 2020. The final evaluation report was published in October 2015, it was found that the goal had been overly optimistic, with only 484 farms joining the programme. On the other hand, the report found the participated farms found the programme and its services very useful.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Supreme Court's recent ruling that drug marketing using prescriber-identifiable prescription data is protected speech under the First Amendment raises serious questions for some public health rules and the regulation of drug marketing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches from the peacebuilding discipline do not currently feature in sustainable development strategies related to company-community conflict in the mining industry. Peacebuilding theory establishes that sustainable peace can be reached through conflict transformation. Transformation of a conflict is different from ‘conflict management’ both in orientation and intent. Conflict management, a popular term in contemporary mining industry discourse, often seeks to suppress, contain or otherwise avoid the consequences of conflict. These goals are not necessarily possible, or productive, in an ongoing relationship between various parties who are concerned about issues related to the use and management of natural resources. Instead, a focus on conflict transformation acknowledges that conflict is fundamental to enduring relationships and that its energy can be harnessed for improved outcomes between parties. This paper advocates that the notion of ‘sustainable peace’ be brought into frame in the mining industry’s approach to sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Post 9/11 attacks, terrorist activities have evolved the extradition laws. Both extradition and terrorism is interconnected to other branches of public international law. Irrespective of the nature of perpetrator of terrorist acts, it has globalized the political violence, which has further given rise to sectoral treaties on terrorism. International humanitarian law and international criminal law have not incorporated terrorism as an international offence, however judicial institutions have consistently interpreted to the finding that terrorist attacks are prohibited under international and non international armed conflicts and, the States are bound to punish the alleged offenders. Judicial decisions, showcase the challenges in prosecuting individuals, and lay down emerging norms of finding individuals criminally responsible committing offences violating of customary laws of war, and treaty crimes, irrespective of their official capacity while committing those crimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Total excludes electricity and heat. Data for 2010 are estimates. In the framework of the EU effort-sharing under the Kyoto Protocol, Germany has committed itself to cutting its emissions of climate-damaging gases by a total of 21% in the period 2008 to 2012 compared with 1990, taking a large share of the total 8% target of emission reductions set by the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Obtaining sustained gains from trade remains a challenge for these countries. In this sense, the contrast between East Asia and other regions is striking. The share of primary products, resource-based and low-technology manufacturing in the total exports of East Asia declined from 76 per cent in 1980 to 35 per cent in 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Allegedly, pollution from solid waste contributes significantly to the scarcity issues in some metropolitan areas like Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Poor water quality in Rio de Janeiro is largely due to pollution from solid waste linked to a bad habit of waste disposal in rivers. Some cost-effective measure to reduce pollution may well lie in changes in the waste disposal, even though pollution from other sources should not be neglected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While the benefit can now be received by jobless people without any employment record, this has not made benefits more accessible or more generous as these individuals had access to social assistance (paid at similar rates) before the reform. Social assistance provisions (SA, Annex Table A4) have remained largely unchanged, although benefit levels in some countries have not kept up with earnings growth so that social assistance recipients are likely to have slipped further down in the income distribution. However, SA programmes are often administered at a regional or local level, resulting in considerable variation in legal rules or guidelines that are difficult to capture in these summary tables. Regional or local authorities may also provide supplementary programmes on top of those which are nationally co-ordinated (e.g., General Assistance in US States, see Gallagher et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Duties on these products will be gradually reduced until duty-free access is granted (for sugar in July 2009, and for rice in September 2009). Original restrictions included bananas, which have been liberalized since 1 January 2006. These may include supply-side constraints, rules of origin restrictions, non-tariff barriers—such as complying with product standards, sanitary measures and eco-labeling—and subsidies in developed countries.4 This notwithstanding, the importance of LDC preferential access will tend to dissipate gradually as tariffs decline, with the general trend moving towards freer trade and a resulting erosion of trade preferences. Such special provisions fall into five main categories: (a) increased market access, (b) safeguarding of the interests of LDCs, (c) increased flexibility for LDCs in rules and disciplines governing trade measures, (d) extension of longer transitional periods to LDCs, and (e) provision of technical assistance (see annex III for a list of specific WTO decisions in favour of LDCs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Actions serve as an important action plan for women’s right, gender equality and female empowerment all over the globe. We must always say it loud and clear that human rights are universal and gender equality as an expression of those rights is universal as well so women’s rights are human rights. No philosophical, political, religious or other reasons can justify the violation of these fundamental ideals and this is the type of globalization that we have to value to the utmost. Much progress has been made since the Bejing conference and it is important to mention it because it serves as the foundation for the next steps we have to take. We know that the progress that we have made is far from uniform. In some countries, women have reached very high-level positions while, in others, there are few spaces for them to work or to participate in civic affairs and they do suffer a lot of discrimination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
France will require that all environmental claims about construction products are supported by EPDs from July 2014, and those EPDs will need to be verified independently after 2017. In Germany, all new government building is subject to a requirement for a building-level LCA (Anderson, 2014). In the United Kingdom, the Green Construction Board Routemap proposes mandatory EPDs for all construction products. Timber was one of the first building-material sectors to announce its intention to develop a harmonized set of product category rules for EPDs in line with EN 15804.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As such, what Parties can report will be constrained by their domestic capacities to gather and process information. Support for improving these fundamental capacities, which in some cases may take years to develop fully, will be essential for the Paris Agreement’s enhanced transparency framework to function and to actually enable the sharing of information that Parties want from each other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Only 2.61 per cent of sample plots were in the 0-10 per cent gradient category most suitable for forest management practices and a further 35.24 per cent in the 11-40 per cent category where the management of forests, including harvesting, can still be economically sustainable. As much as 49.75 per cent of plots were in the 41-70 per cent slope gradient category, which is not suitable for sustainable forestry management and which, due to the high exposure of such slopes to the erosion of the very thin layer of fertile organic strata of mountain top soils could be further intensified as a result of any forestry operations. Finally, 12.4 per cent of forest plots were in extremely steep mountain areas where the slope gradient exceeds 70 per cent, indeed scarcely accessible areas, no longer suitable for any kind of management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This entails inter alia: undertaking comparative analyses and reviews of the role of government policy vis-a-vis maritime clusters around the world, notably in respect of their effectiveness in stimulating and supporting cross-industry technological innovations in the maritime domain, establishing international networks for the exchange of view's and experience in establishing centres of excellence, innovation incubators and other innovation facilities in the field of cross-industry maritime technologies, and improving the sharing of technology and innovation among countries at different levels of development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Increased copayments for medicines and for inappropriate use of hospital emergency services were implemented in most regions following the introduction of the Deficit Reduction Plans. Recent policies promote the prescription of generics by requiring GPs to explicitly state the active ingredients of prescribed drugs to facilitate substitution. The challenge now will be to find suitable positions in the health system for all of these new graduates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The platform can realize data parsing, data storage and data management, thus achieving the comprehensive telecom operation analysis among users, services, networks and terminals. Based on the China Unicom Xingkong Big Data Platform, some CUXBDP-supported products were produced for a series of industries, including finance, transport, tourism, government, etc. Moreover, based on the platform, the China Unicom Xingkong Big Data research team published over 50 technical papers (El/Chinese key journals) and applied for 34 patents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Thus for example, by increasing demand for output from forestry and hunting, the annual income of the rural poor increases by TSh 48,700 (equivalent to TSh 4,058 or US$ 2.4 per month). A similar exogenous increase in demand for output from agriculture translates into an annual Increase of TSh 44,325 (TSh 3,694 or US$ 2.2 per month) in the income of the rural poor, while a similar exogenous increase in the demand for output from wood, paper and printing translates into an annual increase of TSh 14,950 (TSh 1,246 or US$ 0.8 per month) in the income of the rural poor. This means that the increased demand will spur economic growth in the interdependent sectors, which will ultimately be reflected in the welfare of households. This section seeks to answer the question: how will this sectoral input affect the annual incomes of the household sectors (rural poor, rural nonpoor, urban poor and urban non-poor)?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Almost certainly the situation was roughly the same in Samoa. For both countries the cost of sending remittances from Australia was significantly higher because of the different regulatory context and because Australian banks were not interested in remittance services (Australian Government and New Zealand Government 2010). Since remittances are a particularly significant component of incomes in relatively remote places, including Savai’i in Samoa and the Niuas in Tonga, reducing the transaction costs and ease of access would significantly boost household incomes in these places. Adding to that losses from Australian and US transactions (the latter being the source of most remittances) emphasises the substantial national loss, somewhat greater than in Samoa. Not only would reducing transaction costs remove this particular loss but it would be likely to generate some increase in the level and regularity of remittances, and ensure that almost all remittances went through formal channels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A common estimate is that more than 80 per cent of remote area dwellers nationwide are San and for some areas, the figure stands at 100 per cent (Hays, 2011). Schools and hostels tend, however, to be unwelcoming to minority students, including many San students. San students at boarding schools experience feelings of pain and alienation which are at times acute.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Acknowledgments.- Introduction Imer B. Flores and Kenneth E. Himma.- The Concept of the Rule of Law Courtney Taylor Hamara.- Plato and the Rule of Law Brian Burge-Hendrix.- Kantian Re-construction of Intersubjectivity Forms: The Logic of the Transition from Natural State to the Threshold of the Civic State Andrzej Maciej Kaniowski.- Radbruch's Formula, Conceptual Analysis, and the Rule of Law Brian H. Bix.- Law, Liberty, and the Rule of Law (in a Constitutional Democracy) Imer B. Flores.- The Rule of Law: Is the Line between the Formal and the Moral Blurred? Gulriz Uygur.- Political Deliberation and Constitutional Review Conrado Hubner Mendes.- The Rule of Law and Human Rights Judicial Review: Controversies and Alternatives Tom Campbell.- The Rule of Law, Judicial Supremacy, and Legal Positivism Kenneth Einar Himma.- Retroactive Application of Laws and the Rule of Law Juan Vega Gomez.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Policy attention has focused on women’s own behaviour and choices, but women have been investing more in their education and participating more continuously in employment without reaping the expected benefits. It is time to focus instead on changing the environment in which women are making choices. This brief focuses on policies needed to change employment arrangements. This would involve: raising and extending minimum wage floors to reduce the penalties that come from being at the bottom of the wage hierarchy, improving the valuation of women’s work through strengthening legal and collective regulation, extending gender pay audits and action plans, and improving women's employment opportunities by developing progression opportunities in female-dominated jobs and sectors, and enabling mothers to remain in, or return to, employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Of the 18 countries in the world with the highest maternal mortality ratio (between 500 and 1,100) globally, 16 are in Africa (UNECA et al., Poor, uneducated and rurally remote women are at most risk. A 10.0 per cent increase in adolescent birth rate increases maternal mortality by about 2.0 per cent (Annex M).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The recommendation of the Center for Transit-Oriented Development (CTOD) to expand housing opportunities near transit provides useful insights into establishing a comprehensive TOD strategy in Korea. Strategies proposed by the CTOD include: i) identify and utilise opportunities for TOD, ii) provide incentives for mixed-income market response, iii) remove regulator}' barriers to higher density and transport plans and investments, iv) improve local capacity and partnership (Center for Transit-Oriented Development, 2007). This includes examining which portion of regional housing growth can be located around transit-accessible locations, and providing transit service to under-served areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This article examines how legal institutional structures shaped the process of East German privatization by the Treuhandanstalt. It argues that the courts, as an important venue for oversight and accountability, were central to achieving the rapid and narrowly defined privatization carried out by the agency. Moreover, the experience of privatization after 1989 suggests the courts played a far more important role in shaping economic policy than one would have expected from traditional scholarship on public agencies, the courts, or the German legal system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It also includes food bought by tourists and brought abroad This means that the consumption figure is associated with quite some uncertainty. It describes food waste as a whole including unavoidable waste so the relevance is scored by 4 and not 5. The methodology is quite transparent and can be confidently used by relevant stakeholders, provided the data exist and they are credible. Data on population are widely available. It describes food waste as a whole including unavoidable waste so the relevance is scored by 4 and not 5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The FARA is a form of "cash-on-delivery" aid, whereby the government is reimbursed on completion and verification of a specified set of activities or outputs. Early feedback from implementation of the FARA in Liberia indicates the need for a high level of engagement between USAID staff and government counterparts, particularly in the initial stages. This poses "significant challenges for USAID/Liberia staffing and program management capabilities". However, contributing donors note that the work involved in co-ordinating, technical support and managing risk should not be under-estimated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In addition, according to the 2017 global mobility report,10 mobility should be equitable in access, efficient, safe, and climate responsive. Issues of public-transit-related crimes are identified as key focus areas under this element, which particularly constrain women's mobility and which, in turn, should be tackled. Transport efficiency applied in a macroeconomic perspective implies the optimization of resources—energy, technology, space, institutions and regulations—to generate an efficient transport system or network. For example, it is projected that by 2030, annual global passenger traffic for all modes will exceed 80 trillion passenger-kilometres—a 50 per cent increase compared with 2015 estimates, while an additional 1.2 billion cars will be on the roads by 2030—double the total in 2017.*" Indeed, such exponential growth of transport will have significant socioeconomic impacts on the livelihoods for billions of urban dwellers, and significantly affect the urban environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Probit estimation showed that only married households and more highly-educated households tend to explain higher recycling (though being married had no effect on the recycling of plastics). Women tended to recycle more glass and plastic. Knowledge of a bring system within 5 miles of the home could explain higher recycling for all materials but newspaper.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It publishes a gender report that summarises all of the programmes and actions regarding gender equality, such as the Action Plan for the Integration of the Gender Approach in Rural Politics. Several ministries have elaborated ministry-specific strategies within the framework of this new overall gender strategy. It later came under the review of the Ministry of Planning and Administrative Development (MoPAD).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Effective monitoring of staff is central to the continuous improvement of ECEC services, which indicates the importance of linking staff monitoring to professional development. Together with service quality, it is the area most frequently monitored, both to enhance the level of service quality and to inform policy making. In addition, staff performance is monitored to identify whether it needs any improvement. Parental surveys, peer reviews and staff testing are less popular.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The cost of rehabilitating the provincial and district networks should thus be shared between the central and local governments according to their fiscal capacity, for example through a matching grant where the size of the central government’s assistance for rehabilitation would be determined by O&M funding from local governments. This is a pre-condition toward introducing farm water charges and associated policy tools such as water trading. Charging farmers for water provision can provide a signal of the value of water, thus improving water use efficiency, shifting water use to higher value products and facilitating the recovery of infrastructure costs. However, it is not realistic if water is not provided in a reliable manner from upper level canals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It encourages German policy makers to build on the important reforms of2007 and 2015 to enable both fathers and mothers to combine work and family commitments, and commends families to “dare to share To those ends it places Germany’s experience in an international comparison, and draws from the experience of for example, France and the Nordic countries, which have longstanding policies to support work-life balance and strengthen gender equality. The chapter begins with an explanation of why and how equal sharing pays: it is good for family well-being, child development, female employment opportunities, fathers' working hours (Sections 2 and 3) and sustaining fertility rates. Section 4 examines policies to promote partnership, looking both at persistent shortcomings and progress achieved through reform since the mid-2000s. The chapter closes with a set of policy recommendations designed to enable parents to share work and family responsibilities more equally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)