albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Wider use of market-based (including water abstraction charges) and private sector financing mechanisms should also be considered to spread payments for water infrastructure over the lifetime of the assets. The share of irrigated land in total agricultural area (17.4%) is well above the OECD average (4.5%). Italy’s water consumption by household is characterised by strong regional variations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
What portfolio information will be collected and how? What is the entry point of women clients into the system? How many women apply for facilities and what products do they take up as well as what is the scale of use? Which business unit will hold overall responsibility for the GRI initiative and how does this align with the institution’s existing strategy?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This definition, which emphasises dual biodiversity-development outcomes, was agreed upon at a meeting of the African Leadership Group of the NBSAPs 2.0: Mainstreaming biodiversity and development project. The project works with the environment ministries and agencies that are responsible for NBSAP revision in Botswana, Namibia, the Seychelles and Uganda. It is providing learning support and knowledge resources to foster these organizations as champions of integrating biodiversity into policy debates and processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, as suggested above, there are numerous political and technical challenges to measuring and reporting this information. In addition, Parties are also not specifically requested to undertake, nor to report on, policies and actions that would contribute to making finance flows consistent with low-emission and climate-resilient development pathways. For information on such policies and actions, the global stocktake could draw on outside processes (e.g. the Millennium Development Goals, G20 work on climate finance and the work of other non-governmental and intergovernmental organisations). The approach of the transparency framework under the Paris Agreement reflects the universal and self-differentiated nature of NDCs, and the specific obligations of developed countries to provide financial resources and other support to developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For example, a 2014 empirical study showed that environmental policy tightening since 1990 has had no net negative effect on productivity growth in OECD countries. Less productive firms experience a temporary fall in growth, but the gains experienced by the most productive firms - by seizing new market opportunities and deploying new technologies - counter this effect. Another study examined the relationship between the stringency of environmental regulations and country exports of environmental goods, finding that stringent regulation positively affects countries’ specialisation in environmental products. Other analysis showed that market-based environmental instruments, such as taxes and trading schemes, tend to have a more robust positive effect on productivity growth than other measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In this article, the concept of “liberal democracy” and its implications for biotechnology such as human genetic engineering will be examined. Liberal democracy is characterised by a number of features, some of which has extensive repercussions on biotechnology, especially concepts such as the equal protection of human rights, civil rights, civil liberties, political freedom for all people and autonomy and libertarianism. Advocates of human genetic engineering for purposes other than the healing of genetically transmitted diseases often appeal to these features in the quest for its legalisation. I will examine whether the attributes of liberal democracy would indeed justify the use of this type of biotechnology and if yes, what a possible theological response would be, drawing on the political theology of Jurgen Moltmann.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter builds on international evidence and the findings in this report to offer some final reflections, and highlight some key principles that the Chilean government should keep in mind as it implements and adapts education policies. These final reflections build upon elements that are transversal across education levels in Chile. They refer mainly to: I) ensuring that the Chilean government constantly puts student learning at the centre of education policies, 2) supporting key actors across the system in order to deliver education policies, and 3) aligning policies for coherence, while also adapting them as needed to ensure that structures, resources and processes effectively continue to converge towards a national vision of education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For each application, compliance with required distances to other aquaculture facilities and rivers is evaluated. The evaluation also includes the maximum standing biomass being sought relative to disease risk and control and the applicant's ability to perform responsible delousing treatments. An adequate contingency plan for handling of high mortality and serious diseases must accompany the application.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
While Finland has been able to contain spending on health care better than many other OECD countries, increasing cost of medical technology, rising patients’ expectations and a rapidly ageing population will strain resources. This may require raising taxes or restricting the supply of public health services significantly, unless productivity gains take place. Higher taxes may lower the growth potential of the economy by discouraging activity and shifting some production abroad.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, a preliminary exercise can be conducted taking distrust of political institutions as a reference. One example is Chile: in 1990, the year of the return to democracy, 27% of the population had little or no trust in political institutions. By 1996, the percentage was 51% (estimated by the authors based on data from the World Values Survey).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Of the more than 6 000 SNI standards set only 86 are obligatory. In terms of agro-food products, mandatory standards apply to imports of sugar, wheat flour and cocoa powder. Under this regulation, effective from 1999, all packaged food products distributed in Indonesia must be labelled exclusively in the Indonesian language, Arabic numeric and Roman text, and must be pre-approved by BPOM.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They then assume that the needs of the recipients of these services are the same across all countries (by using the average of per capita spending amounts), they recalculate the equivalence scale and test the sensitivity on inequality outcomes of this adaptation of the equivalence scale. Below, these approaches are applied empirically in order to test the sensitivity of the results for applying alternative equivalence scales. Figure 8.A1.1 shows the Gini coefficients for cash and extended income, with three equivalence scales for this last income concept. This is the case for all countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Students proficient at Level 6 on the mathematics scale are capable of advanced mathematical thinking and reasoning. These students can apply insight and understanding, along with a mastery of symbolic and formal mathematical operations and relationships, to develop new approaches and strategies for addressing novel situations. They can formulate and accurately communicate their actions and reflections regarding their findings, interpretations, arguments, and the appropriateness of these to the given situations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2013, around 22% of climate-related development finance recorded by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) - or USD 9.5 billion - supported activities to engage the private sector. The majority of this support was channelled through bilateral and multilateral development finance institutions (DFIs) - specialised agencies and operations set up to engage with the private sector for development. Development co-operation providers play an important role in working with partner countries to improve the enabling conditions for green investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Reflecting on my experiences as a graduate student, I argue that the terminology of public sociology should be dropped. The public sociology rhetoric is at odds with the fundamental professional reality in the discipline. Sociology, as a "hyper-professionalized" endeavor, primarily values abstract, explanatory theories, even if those theories make the world less descriptively comprehensible to people seeking to act in the world. Moreover, I question whether sociologists, as a professional class, should or can take on the public position as the partisan representatives of civil society and marginalized peoples. Instead, I argue for a greater openness within professional sociology to descriptive work, as well as more departmental supports for graduate students to pursue careers outside of sociology. Sociologists interested in public engagement should focus primarily on cataloguing and practical evaluation of engaged research tactics and community oriented teaching strategies, rather than theoretical discussions of what sociology can or should be.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such life cycle analyses can then serve as input to combined analyses of the provisioning of ecosystem services in old forests in terms of carbon sequestration, biodiversity and various amenity values. Overall, forest biodiversity will benefit most from extensive areas of old forests under natural dynamics, with many old and large trees, a rich and varied supply of dead wood, and long stability of substrates and microclimate. In managed forests both prolonged rotation periods, continuous cover-harvesting, and retention of old trees, dead wood and buffer zones against wetlands will benefit substantial parts of native forest biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For renewable sources, such as wind, solar and biomass, once capacity is installed, land use no longer increases. The more hours of the year one of these sources runs to generate electricity, the smaller is the land requirement per MWh (Fthenakis and Kim, 2009). While all renewable sources share the quality of having a constant land occupation over the time of generation, the variation in land requirements is greater both quantitatively and qualitatively than among nonrenewable sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Among the Thai-bom population, an increase of 0.4 percentage points resulted, over the same time period, in a higher level at 12.9%, while the gap between male and female rates forThai-bom workers was much smaller (0.3 percentage points). In contrast to the sharp decline in the employment-to-population ratio of Thai-bom youth from 2000 to 2010, the EPR of foreign-bom youth increased from 78% to 91%. The same conclusion holds for young men and women separately.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
All such women can be said to be "time-poor", which means that they have scant time for rest, leisure, recreation, family life and socializing. People's well-being is contingent upon their continuing to build a life shared with loved ones that imparts a sense of belonging and security and motivates them to make life plans. Well-being therefore necessarily entails forms of positive and peaceful social coexistence that enable everyone to feel part of society. One of the most serious is violence, both in public spaces and the home. According to the United Nations' 2011 Global Study on Homicide, in 2010, 31% of the world's murders were committed in the Americas, a figure second only to Africa (36%) (UNODOC, 2012). The murder rate in the Americas (15.6 per 100,000 people) is more than double the global average (6.9 per 100,000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
According to the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Commission: the Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document refers to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Data for France concern 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Dr Edward W Manning and T David Dougherty, 2000. The study (Lot 1 Research Capacity) was conducted by PA Government Services under the Caribbean Regional Sustainable Tourism Development Programme (CRSTDP), funded by the 8th European Development Fund (EDF), August 2006. See Reil G Cruz, 2006, 47pp. Also World Bank, Caribbean Country Management Unit, 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In the context of this NEA project on the The Security of Energy Supply and the Contribution to Nuclear Energy, a simplified version of the S/D Index as presented in Chapter 3 was considered the most meaningful representation of the security of energy supply situation in OECD member countries in order to identify the contribution that nuclear energy can make. Energy Politics, Spring, Issue 4, pp. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. Plenum Press, New York, United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Although the value generated from the first sale of fish products from Mediterranean and Black Sea fisheries may seem relatively small compared with other sectors (representing less than 1 percent of regional gross domestic product [GDP]), the sector targets some of the most economically vulnerable communities in the region, making it a key player for sustainable development. In fact, the value at first sale as a percentage of GDP is six times greater in the developing countries of the southern Mediterranean than in the wealthier, northern Mediterranean countries. Furthermore, around 60 percent of employment in the region’s fishing sector is found in the developing countries of the southern and eastern Mediterranean, indicating that most of the jobs provided by this sector are located precisely where jobs are needed. This includes: improving the sources of data available for stock assessment, increasing the percentage of fisheries that are the object of specific management measures, incorporating past and current socio-economic characteristics of the fisheries, and studying the potential socio-economic impacts of alternative management measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As a large, frequently centralised activity producing an output that is fundamentally important to human well-being, industrial development and economic growth, electricity production is also the most broadly studied sector in this respect. The risks stemming from nuclear accidents and the disposal of spent nuclear fuel have also always loomed large in public perception. Traditionally, concerns about social costs have focused on electricity production at the plant level. In recent years, however, the advent of significant amounts of wind and solar PV capacity has required, for the reasons explained above, a shift from a plant-level perspective to a systems perspective. Consistent with a general shift of focus in the energy sector, this is also why the present effort aims at providing a policyrelevant synthesis of the full costs of electricity provision at the level of the consumer rather than just at the level of the costs of electricity generation at the individual plant. Its input (coal) and its marketed output (electricity) are paid for in monetary units.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These mechanisms affect later stages of the lifecycle, when children have reached school age or working age. But a growing body of research suggests that the intergenerational perpetuation of deprivation begins before birth and that the intergenerational transmission of advantage may already be advanced when children enter the education system. It has also been connected to children's developmental outcomes such as motor skills, cognitive ability, emotional stability, attention deficit disorder and early educational achievement. The antenatal period includes critical and sensitive developmental stages in which the effect of the environment on future capabilities is especially strong and potentially irreversible, regardless of subsequent interventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Thusthe CEDAW Committee has expressed particular concern at the notably high dropout rates of Roma girls and women in some State parties. Here too it is not enough simply to espouse a policy of equal access: a more transformative approach is needed that, in the words of the CEDAW Committee, requires States to address barriers to the education of women and girls, including negative cultural attitudes and excessive domestic duties, and to implement re-entry policies. The first relates to the extent to which women are represented in the workforce, particularly in higher grades and in traditionally male-dominated areas. In this context, the participative and redistributive dimensions operate closely together.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Differences can partly be explained with differences in income, residential location, etc., Ethnicity should be integrated in national travel surveys in order to gain more knowledge in this regard. More in-depth research on cultural effects on mobility behaviour is needed to explain possible differences. However, older people’s leisure activities or general mobility increase with decreasing household size when age is controlled for, i.e. the consequences are more negative for older people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, unlike alcohol, which has a marked decrease in crashes during daylight hours, speed crashes are much more evenly distributed over the whole day. Table 5.2 indicates that speed enforcement will have more impact if it is concentrated in the high risk periods of evenings and weekends. Its puipose was to deliver an improvement programme to ensure that its road policing delivery is doing the right things as cost effectively as possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Direct drivers that enable positive changes of forests in the GMS include human activities that directly promote and enhance SFM, forest conservation, afforestation and reforestation. Indirect drivers of positive changes are the underlying policies and enabling environments supporting them. Direct and indirect positive drivers are interlinked and thus it is challenging to separate them completely. They both interact to induce positive changes. For example, good policy environment (an indirect positive driver) may provide incentives for conservation and SFM activities (a direct positive driver), which may result in better forest management outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The general characteristics of the three sub-sectors are presented. This is complemented by the evidence on how supply chains function as experienced by farmers, intermediaries and processors based on the case studies undertaken specifically for this Review (ACEPAS, 2012). Additional information is derived from recent FAO studies on food chains in Kazakhstan (FAO, 2010a and 2010b). General observations and policy issues conclude the discussion of each sub-sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While the guarantee of the loan was helpful in getting the private sector's initial involvement, the indirect training and capacity building rendered the initiative sustainable. The eagerness of non-participating local banks to participate in the next round of investments stands as a testimony that once trained and reassured about the expected energy savings of energy efficiency measures, private financiers are keen to partake in energy efficiency investments. Government buy-in was another key element in the success of the mechanism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This commentary wonders why these canonical textbooks, conceived and written in the UK as the country was integrating itself economically and politically into the European project, make so little reference to Europe as a conceptual, analytical or geopolitical framework. These highly successful textbooks have helped create an idea of modern human geography as an essentially Anglo-American social science, different in form, content and objectives from earlier, largely European versions of the discipline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Brazil, Peru and Uruguay (data for urban areas), the poverty rate fell by at least three percentage points, in Costa Rica and Paraguay it declined by more than two points, and in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Panama it dropped by around one percentage point. Only in Mexico did the situation worsen, as the poverty rate rose by 3.1 percentage points between 2006 and 2008, reflecting the first effects of the economic crisis that began late in 2008 (see figure 1.2). For their part, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico and Panama posted increases of between 1.4 and 2.5 percentage points, while Costa Rica and Uruguay recorded slight increases. In Colombia, indigence increased by 2.7 percentage points between 2005 and 2008, which is the equivalent of a 0.9-point annual increase. Because ECLAC has not finished processing the new surveys, the data for 2008 have been preliminarily estimated by applying the percentage variations implied in the figures officially published by the country for 2005 (as estimated by ECLAC). All countries in the region reported poverty rates that, for the first time, were lower than those of 2002.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Unfavourable developments in the prices of primary commodities continue to have an adverse impact on the export growth of LDCs, the report said. They called on WTO members to increase their efforts in implementing ministerial decisions taken in favour of LDCs, including the Nairobi decision on preferential rules of origin to make it easier for LDC exports to qualify for preferential market access. Established in 2011, the programme aims to strengthen the participation of LDCs in WTO trade negotiations and to assist LDCs in joining the WTO. The dialogue provided a platform for LDCs and developing country trade partners to discuss developments in LDC issues and questions to be taken up at the 11«i WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires at the end of 2017 as well as growing cooperation between developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This collection of essays examines how the social sciences in America were developed as a means of social reform and later, especially after World War II, as a tool in federal policymaking and policy analysis. It also uses arenas of policymaking, such as early childhood education and welfare and its reform, as case studies in which social research was used, in policy decisions or in setting and evaluating policy goals. The book is written to aid students of public policy to appreciate the complex relationship of information--principally, of social science research--to policymaking at the federal level.David L. Featherman is Professor of Sociology and Psychology, Director and Senior Research Scientist, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Maris A. Vinovskis is Bentley Professor of History, Senior Research Scientist, Institute for Social Research, Faculty member, School of Public Policy, University of Michigan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While infrastructure has substantial impacts on growth that may vary across countries, time, and within infrastructure subsectors (see, for example, Estache and Garsous, 2012, and Dissou and Didic, 2013), infrastructure development can also promote growth spillovers to neighbouring countries (Roberts and Deichman, 2009). Importantly, investments in water supply, sanitation and roads are critical to growth and have benefited the poor in East Asia and the Pacific (Jones, 2004, van der Geest and Nunez-Ferrer, 2011). At the country level, numerous studies have shown that infrastructure development leads to sustained economic growth and is a significant factor for reducing poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)