albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Seawater quality improved after the Dokai Bay clean-up in 1972 and implementation of industrial wastewater regulation. Current measures include i) chemical substance monitoring (S02, N02, CO, SPM, NO*, PM2 5, dioxins, benzene and trichloroethylene) at 14 general ambient air-monitoring stations and 5 automobile exhaust gas monitoring stations, and ii) water quality monitoring at environmental reference points (27 river sites, 7 ocean sites and 1 lake site) and general measurement points (5 river sites, 11 ocean sites). National standards limit the legal amount of air pollution and wastewater discharges from industries and businesses in Kitakyushu, and the city has the power to control the implementation of these standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Rapid economic growth and human development since the 1950s have come at a significant cost in terms of global environmental pressures and impacts. Over-consumption as a cultural norm, and as a conspicuous signifier of modernity and class status, is a defining characteristic in developed countries and is increasingly an aspirational signifier in middle-income and developing countries. Neither are they evenly distributed on smaller scales, including at the intra-household level. "
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Some in the planning field have perceived this environmental focus as a threat, drawing attention away from gender issues. However, sustainability as defined in the 1992 Rio Declaration includes economic viability and social equity, two components which could be used to draw attention to gender issues. In Scandinavian countries, gender considerations have been integrated into strategic level planning and sustainability programmes, which illustrates how gender issues can be an integrated part of sustainability (Greed, 2005, Folkesdotter, 1997, Horelli, 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter contextualizes the research problem with a state of the art of the literature on the institutional resource curse and resource nationalism. The central argument of the institutional theory of the resource curse is that a country should strengthen the public institutional system in the sense of increasing public accountability and enforcing checks and balances, so that they could prevent the political downsizes caused by external shocks of commodities prices. We contend that governments from Latin American countries that engaged in the resource nationalist turn during the past decades were actually headed in the opposite direction, which causes oil policies to hinder public accountability. This chapter proceeds with the explanation of the general aims of our research, the literature review on the resource curse thesis and a brief outlook of the methods employed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Under UNFCCC guidance, it was decided that the LDCF would provide support, as a first step, for the preparation and implementation of NAPAs. The GEF, with the assistance of its implementing agencies, UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank, has already supplied funds for preparing NAPAs. The rationale for establishing the LDCF lies in the low capacity and high vulnerability of LDCs, which render them in need of immediate and urgent support in starting to adapt to current and projected adverse effects of climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Enhanching Mobility in Later Life", IOS Press, 2005, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. Dedicated Road Infrastructure for Vehicle Safety in Europe DRIVE II Project V2031 Elderly and Disabled Drivers Information Telematics EDDIT. R&D Programme Telematics System in the Area of Transport (DRIVE II), Commission of The European Communities CEC, Directorate General XIII Telecommunications, Information Industries and Innovation, Brussels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A well-implemented plan is defined as one in which a high proportion of policies for achieving an objective in the plan are implemented by the development permits. The evaluation method focuses on the strength of the linkages between policies and permits, measured through the adoption of relevant management techniques. For each permit, implementation is measured as the proportion of plan polices that are implemented by the permit (as a proportion of all relevant policies).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These measures might also influence recreation or its indicators. They include natural and socio-economic criteria (e.g. the right to access forests for recreation or fostering cultural traditions, or management of forests with regards to non-timber products). Several case studies and nationwide surveys conducted by the Thuenen Institute and others prove that forest-based recreation is valued and appreciated by the general population. Recently a study about economic valuation of non-market goods provided by forests (e.g. the possibilities for recreation for the general public) was conducted by the Thuenen Institute (Elsasser & Weller 2013). In the study actual willingness to pay values for forest-based recreation are presented, elicited in a nationwide contingent valuation survey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, the project is already fulfilling its objective. Awareness of the importance of ecosystem services has increased in Iceland, and its incorporation into national and local decisionmaking has been proposed. The literature review has been selective in seeking out studies that capture economic values of ecosystem services that are not directly reflected by market prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The redistribution of tasks to nurses or the broader clinical team could be exploited, notably in emergency facilities that face increasing pressures from the demand side. A more co-ordinated and faster response from emergency department is furthermore urgently needed. There are innovative examples that can be found in Japan or in other OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The latter is not currently available in an analysis-ready format that could be used for this purpose. Instead, the country baselines published by ESRI (2016) have been used here. This is a suitable long-term alternative as the Flanders Marine Institute EEZ dataset now uses the ESRI boundaries as country baselines, which will ensure agreement between the two in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The WBCSD estimates that buildings are responsible for at least 40 per cent of energy use in most countries (WBCSD, 2008). Moreover, energy use is growing rapidly in many developing countries with booming construction sectors. Knowledge and technology are already available to reduce the increase in energy use through EE improvements of the building envelope, space heating and cooling systems, water heating systems, lighting, household appliances and business equipment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Nearly 70% of the projects focused on research to assess potential climate change impacts and adaptation options. Practical measures accounted for 23% of the projects and the rest combined research and practical measures (Figure 5.3). With regard to the natural environment, there was a focus on the Alpine region (49 projects) and activities related to flowing waters (34) and urban areas (31), yet most projects were not associated with any one particular natural environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It operates 16 regional branches, which have some autonomy, as, for example, in the tendering process for health-care services. Since 2008, the list has been broadened to include highly specialised procedures, which were previously financed directly from the general government budget. Most primary care, independent of ownership status, is still covered by public health insurance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
New Zealand's 10-year experience with self-governing schools operating in a competitive environment provides new insights into school choice initiatives now being hotly debated in the United States with limited evidence. This article examines how New Zealand's system of parental choice of schools played out in that country's three major urban areas with particular emphasis on the sorting of students by ethnic and socioeconomic status. The analysis documents that schools with large initial proportions of minorities (Maori and Pacific Island students in the New Zealand context) were at a clear disadvantage in the educational market place relative to other schools and that the effect was to generate a system in which gaps between the “successful” and the “unsuccessful” schools became wider. © 2001 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper explores how theories and epistemological understandings from the disciplines of human geography and environmental ethics may be usefully deployed to further understanding of public perceptions of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). In particular, the themes of values, place and embodied experience are explored in turn. The aim of doing this is to consider how reflection on some of the ‘deeper’ issues underpinning CCS projects has the potential to shed new light on how people come to hold particular viewpoints. This paper argues that alongside the endeavour of producing very practical advice and guidelines on public engagement in CCS, there is room to reflect critically on the contexts in which people form their perceptions of CCS and perform these perceptions. Doing this has the potential to offer new insights into what exactly it is publics may find troubling - or, indeed, appealing - about CCS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For Jamaica, the greening of the energy sector and the food production system will build resilience to shocks from the international energy and food markets. The governments programmes to encourage investment to drive economic growth, generate employment opportunities and increase incomes need only a shift in focus to facilitate more investment in green industries using green technologies. The risk aversion of the traditional business classes is another obstacle to be overcome.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This provides nuclear energy with enormous resilience against any changes in the global carbon regime, which may be considered a new form of geopolitical supply risk. Of course, in the absence of widespread penetration of electric cars, the substitutability of oil with nuclear power is limited. It is also difficult to displace gas - and to a lesser extent coal - in peak-load generation due to their operational flexibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Water authorities need to work with other constituencies, including the agriculture and energy sectors, while taking the environment into account, they also need to work at different levels of government (local, basin, municipal, state and federal levels). For example, there has been long-standing co-operation between Canada and the United States through the Canada-US Boundary Waters Treaty and the Canada-US Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe operates the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, providing an important framework for international co-operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Over the last six decades, the Supreme Court of India has created and re-created a right to property from very weak textual sources, despite constitutional declarations calling for social revolution, numerous amendments to reverse key judgments, and even, in 1978, the repeal of the core constitutional provisions guaranteeing a right to property. This article challenges the usual account of these developments. The primary contention is that the 1978 repeal is much less significant than it appears, due to the Court’s creative interpretation of other constitutional provisions. The Supreme Court has consistently advanced liberal models of constitutionalism and property, despite the influence of other models on the original constitutional design and later amendments. This article also examines whether the Court’s liberalism is compatible with the egalitarian values of the Constitution, and how its position will affect attempts to address social issues relating to the distribution of property in India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter considers legal areas outside the scope of criminal law. Civil liability and civil liberties are discussed in the context of security disclosure. These are: freedom of expression/free speech, copyright, tort of negligence, defamation, illegal telecommunications interception (surveillance), privacy law, data protection and data breach notification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Second, well-targeted investment can be anti-inflationary if it addresses supply bottlenecks that drive up prices. To discuss the potential to address gender inequality, it is useful to divide public investment into two subcategories: physical infrastructure investment and social infrastructure investment. 2010).Targeted investments can reduce women's unpaid labour burden, freeing up time to spend in remunerative labour activities, with benefits for gender equality and intrahousehold bargaining power (Chiappori and Meghir 2014, Johnston et al. Children’s well-being and economy-wide long-run productivity growth also benefit. In economies at all levels of development, transportation improvements reduce the time women spend in marketing goods and in provisioning for households. They also enhance women’s ability to access services and labour markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, ill health of students themselves or of other family members is an obvious reason for absence. The need to attend significant events (such as funerals) may affect some groups of students more than others. For students in remote areas, medical or other appointments in the nearest urban centre can result in an absence of several days.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article examines the legal relationship between terrorism and other transnational crimes. It considers how terrorist groups instrumentally commit other transnational crimes in order to support their terrorist activities, as well as when terrorist acts can qualify as other transnational crimes. The overlap and differentiation between terrorism and transnational organised crime is explored by reference to the UN Transnational Organised Crime Convention 2000 (UNTOC) and its three protocols on human trafficking, migrant smuggling, and firearms trafficking. In particular, the article examines the distinction between politically motivated terrorism and the financial or material benefit that is central to the definition under the UNTOC. Beyond the UNTOC, the article then investigates the relationship between terrorism and a cluster of more disparate transnational crimes, including drug trafficking, illicit trafficking in cultural property, illicit exploitation of natural resources and environmental crimes, and kidnapping for ransom. The article identifies gaps in existing legal regimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The cost of insurance is deductible from the final fruit returns payable to suppliers. The farmers interviewed by OECD also indicated that apart from insuring structures and machinery, they have little incentive to take up other types of policies. In 2006, MAF commissioned a survey of pastoral and cropping fanners looking at their strategies to deal with adverse events (MAF, 2009e). It showed that farmers attach relatively low importance to insurance as an instrument of managing such risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The PSC defines the roles of CGIAR and the private sector and strengthens these partnerships. In the case of GM organisms and intellectual property rights, the PSC advocates the introduction of biotechnology, including GM organisms that are protected with intellectual property rights (CGIAR, 1998, Forum on Environment & Development, 1999). On the other hand, the NGOC offers critical evaluations of improvements in food security in developing countries, the environmental impacts of agricultural production, the management of natural resources, farmers’ participation, and other issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Expulsion of aliens is a matter of domestic law in which States enjoy a broad discretionary power (Hailbronner and Gogolin in Aliens, Max Planck encyclopaedia of public international law. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2015, Murphy in Am J Int Law 107:164–194, 2013). European law and institutions leave a broad margin of appreciation in that field to the Member States. In addition to the expulsion of illegal aliens, national authorities may, on the grounds of public policy and public security, revoke a legal resident’s residence permit and expel him or her, regardless of his or her level of integration within the host country. The Belgian legislature recently extended the scope of expulsion measures to all legal residents. The chapter analyses the evolution of expulsion measures highlighting the limits set by the European legal framework and questioning their underlying logic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Following international guidelines and standards, such as ICATUS, allows time use data to be comparable across countries and over time. Costa Rica, for example, has committed to produce time use survey every three years (See Box 2). The UK has produced household satellite accounts from 2005 to 2014 measuring the value of adult and childcare, household housing services, nutrition, clothing and laundry, transport and volunteering.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The government wants the programme eventually to be mandatory. However, the implementation of the new programme has been delayed because the decision by the NAE to commission training from certain universities and university colleges has been appealed and will be decided in court. There are new syllabi for SFI in place since 1 January 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Oceania also reported a net loss, largely due to severe drought and forest fires in Australia. Asia, on the other hand, registered a net gain of around 2.2 million hectares annually between 2000 and 2010 following a net loss in the 1990s. This gain, mostly due to large-scale afforestation programmes in China, offsets continued high rates of net loss in many countries in Southern and South-Eastern Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A way to overcome this issue is to construct counterfactual distributions that integrate the conditional distribution of Y in a certain group given X over the distribution of X in the other group. Different approaches exist to estimate such counterfactual distributions but the simplest is to replace the distribution of population characteristics of a certain group by the distribution of X in the other group. This requires computing a reweighting factor w'hich can be estimated using a simple logit or probit model for the probability of belonging to this latter group. The inverting function is then defined as Recentered influence Function (RIF) for which the law of Iterated Expectations holds so that a full Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition of the RIF for the quantile of interest can be performed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The production is distributed to Mali (55%), Senegal (30%) and Mauritania (15%) (Wikipedia, 2016e). As part of the OMVS agenda, the dam was planned over Senegal River in 1972, but construction could not begin due to lack of funds. In 1979, the World Bank declined funding for dam construction, highlighting the unreasonable investment. After securing financial aid from Europe, construction of the dam began in 1982 (Wikipedia, 2016e). At the same time, another dam was built downstream in the Lower Senegal River’s delta to prevent backwater flows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Therefore, the use of IUCN assessment criteria promises considerable added value for future editions of the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan. Research and monitoring staff patrol their reserves on an ad hoc basis and record observations on biodiversity, based on a methodological handbook. Their records (usually in tabular format) are compiled in the annual Nature Chronicles of each State reserve, and are also used to estimate the abundance of key species (typically as individuals per km of linear survey or per unit area). Results are reported reguarly to the Department of Protection of Flora and Fauna.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Reports from hunting districts indicate that the number of black grouse had already declined from 33 000 in 1977 to 5 000 in 1994. As a result, black grouse became a protected species in 1995. Its decline is attributed mainly to the increase in predators such as fox, badger and marten, and nest destruction by growing populations of the common raven, e.g. in coniferous lowland forests of the south-west (Merta et al., Another key factor is habitat destruction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The new pharmaceutical price list from July 2017 (see Section 5.2) is expected to lower both public and private costs. They identify key priorities and set out implementation plans. However, even though recent efforts have been made to include meaningful indicators to measure progress, regular monitoring and evaluation of implemented reforms is limited Also, few independent evaluations of health system performance have taken place. Life expectancy for men is more than 10 years lower than for women, the largest gender gap in the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Although the partnership is still new, several rehabilitation projects are already planned for highly degraded areas of the catchment. The UEIP will also coordinate existing projects in the catchment that are already being run by the various partners. In addition, the partnership has secured funding through South Africa’s Green Fund for research that is exploring and developing potential public and private funding mechanisms for investing in ecological infrastructure in the catchment. The University of KwaZulu-Natal will explore public funding sources, such as budget re-alignment, water pricing, biodiversity offsets and natural resource management programmes. News of the project has spread internationally, with the Secretary-General of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands labelling it a highly innovative approach at the World Parks Congress in November 2014. It is an essential proof of concept for ‘ecological infrastructure’ as a way of communicating the necessity of ecosystem management and restoration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Russia and European Human-Rights Law critically examines Russia's experiences as part of the European human righs protection system since its admittance in 1998. The authors combine legal and constructivist international relations theory perspectives in this study of Russia's practice and rhetoric in the Council of Europe and before the European Court of Human Rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This was statistically significant both before and after adjusting for various confounding variables (age, number of miles driven annually, etc.). However, drivers of 75 and more who had taken the refresher course were at the same risk as drivers who had not. The same tendency, although weaker and non-significant, was found for single-vehicle accidents. It seems that the refresher course has a beneficial effect on safe mobility only if the driver completes the course before 75. One practice used in Switzerland is described as a representative example, there.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)