albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Water governance gaps in the Venice city-region (cont.) But co-ordination capacity (horizontal or vertical) is relatively weak. The region is responsible for monitoring water quality in areas upstream from the Lagoon, whereas discharges and enforcement (including fines/penalties) are the responsibility of the provinces. Water quality monitoring in the Lagoon, on the other hand, is carried out by a combination of central government, regional and municipal agencies. In this context, the link between upstream and downstream impacts, and co-ordination of effective monitoring and enforcement, is attenuated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It also includes maintenance and capital renovation of state and municipal institutions of the public health system and the purchase of medical equipment. The Federal General Prosecutor’s Office has checked the tenders for buying equipment under the NPPH. They revealed that the prices in tenders were unjustifiably high, often by as much as 50%. For example, during the last three years RUB 3 billion were spent on new tomographic scanners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, the importance of biodiversity or ecosystems is recognised in several of the NDPs reviewed, though in some cases this is restricted to general strategic directions. A fewer number of NDPs incorporate specific biodiversity-relevant targets with associated indicators to monitor progress. Examples of biodiversity-relevant targets and indicators that are incorporated in NDPs include rates of deforestation, land use and degradation (Colombia), increase in forest cover (Nepal, Uganda), species in danger of extinction, and the number and size of protected areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The OECD stands ready to continue supporting Chile to achieve this objective, and to set new, more ambitious goals once previous aspirations are met. Such work will entail meeting the demands of the rapidly changing world. Since then, Chileans from all parts of society have paid close attention to efforts aimed at improving the quality and equity of the education system (see Chapter 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The challenge is to place economic value on natural assets in a way that makes the most of growth opportunities and sustains the resource while also delivering the most valued benefits. Most often these assets are economically “invisible”, or their value is only captured through marketed products, such as timber, where incentives for sustainable management are weak. Brazil and Costa Rica have both created mechanisms for rewarding activities that conserve and sustainably use natural assets (Box 1.3 in Chapter 1, Box 2.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Member States shall collect and maintain information on the type and magnitude of significant anthropogenic pressures to which the water bodies in each river basin district are liable. River basin management plans (RBMPs) containing concrete measures to be implemented have to be established with public participation and regularly reviewed (every six years) to take into account recent information. Within transboundary river basins, requirements for environmental objectives as well as programmes of measures should be coordinated for the basin as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
ABSTRACT The term “environmental justice” is a relatively recent addition to the lexicon of public health and risk-based decision making. Although it is currently a prominent public policy issue, there is no consensus-derived definition, nor is there general agreement about viable mechanisms for putting worthwhile social goals (e.g., fairness, equity, and justice) into operation. Nevertheless, the concept of environmental justice has focused attention on important questions of whether economically and politically disadvantaged communities bear a disproportionate burden of environmental pollution, and whether past environmental policies, programs and practices have been fair and equitable. Among individuals and organizations involved with issues of environmental justice there is a spectrum of strong and often contradictory convictions about the nature and role of risk assessment. Critics are convinced it is part of the problem and are inclined to see it as an ethically suspect, resource-intensive, elitist,...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These numbers compare unfavourably with the average (unweighted) post-tax and transfer poverty rate across OECD countries for both men and women, which was around ll%in2012-a decrease from an average pre-tax and transfer poverty rate of 28.5% (OECD, 2016e). The effects of redistribution in Chile and Mexico are thus quite small compared to the average effects in other OECD countries. Indeed, the region’s rate of adolescent maternity is now the second-highest in the world, surpassed only by sub-Saharan Africa and adolescent pregnancy is most pronounced in low-socioeconomic groups, which contributes to intergenerational poverty (Vignoli, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Such a low tax may not quell speculative cross-border flows of money, however, suggesting that this option should be adopted in conjunction with capital management techniques (Grabel 2003). Rich countries would generate the bulk of the tax revenues, and more generally, the taxes would be highly progressive, and in essence, act as a sales tax. This implies that a multilateral approach to adoption of CTTs would be needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
More specific measures aiming at improving access to finance include public-private microfinance schemes, credit loan guarantee schemes, and public-private venture capital. It is important to distinguish between entrepreneur-driven and investor-driven channels. With respect to entrepreneur-driven channels, effective policy interventions may have only an indirect relationship with entrepreneurship policy per se. For example, higher levels of female entrepreneurship have been found related to greater provision of child care services, reflecting the pervasive unequal gender balance of household responsibilities.12 Improving child care services can hence result in incidental benefits on female entrepreneurship, even if this is not their underlying policy motivation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A situation room at the Water Resources Operations Centre manages dams operated by K-water nationwide: the Centre forecasts rainfall in the basins of 58 dams and weirs nationwide, gathers and manages data from more than 500 hydrometric stations as well as controls and manages floods, water supply and hydropower generation of multipurpose dams, water supply dams and weirs. In addition, the Centre develops technologies of integrated water management based on ICT and exports these technologies abroad. Several cities are pilot-testing applications for domestic water users, including smart water meters that monitor water quality in real-time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Nepal, women’s migration has long been associated with sex work and is highly stigmatized. Media reports on migrant women facing sexual violence in destination countriesarefurtherfuellingtheequation between women’s migration and trafficking/prostitution.48 Male migrant workers also face extreme abuses and sexual violence in destination countries, but while their sacrifices are glorified and appreciated by both families and communities, women are constantly victimized due to the patriarchal belief that they sym bolize the honour of thefamily. As shared by a woman returnee:"/ lied about my migration to my neighbours for a number of years, as migrant women were considered as spineless, easy, and I did not want to face the stigma." Many unmarried women shy away from revealing their migration experience, as they are afraid of encountering problems in finding a partner. Women feel that people tend to equate migrant women with victims of sexual violence or prostitutes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Another dimension is the contribution that agriculture and agricultural policies in rich countries can possibly make to improving global food security. It does not affect the validity of the central OECD findings regarding well-performing agricultural policies. It does, however, highlight the importance of the results generated by OECD work on risk management, as summarised above.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
To do so, there have to be technological advances in energy conservation in several key sectors, namely construction, industry, transport and power generation. Emission-reducing measures include the import of advanced technologies and the wider use of alternative and renewable energy sources. Tax and subsidy policies can play in important part in promoting emission reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
I he language skills of parents, particularly of mothers, may not be sufficient to allow them to assist their children in their schoolwork. This is especially the case in the Internet age, when media in the language of the country of origin are more present in immigrant households than they ever used to be. However, the variance in the performance gaps between immigrant and non-immigrant students across countries, even after adjusting for socio-economic background, suggests that policy has an important role to play in eliminating such gaps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In higher income countries, this typically begins at the point of collection, often via specially adapted vehicles which allow' the separation of recyclates from other waste. In lower income countries, the collection methods include smaller trucks, motorbikes, and animal driven carts. Baling is common following delivery of loose material to an intermediate local transfer station. This allow's articulated bulk road vehicles to become a cost-effective method of transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It provides a general overview of policy approaches and tools of particular relevance to SCP. It emphasises how policy tools in many cases become more effective when introduced as well designed policy-packages that provide support for more sustainable practices while at the same time discouraging less sustainable products, services and behaviours. This chapter provides an overview of the policy cycle (Dovers 2005) in an idealised way. In practice, the sequencing may look quite different, but all elements are of equal importance if SCP policy objectives are to be achieved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Parenthood is a crucial time for couples to set patterns in paid and unpaid work, and the adequate and affordable provision of early childhood education and care (ECEC) is key to enabling both parents to w'ork while having a family. Germany has improved public investment in ECEC over the past 15 years. Yet more investment is needed to ensure that supply meets demand, especially in regions where ECEC is underprovided, and to meet parents’ needs more flexibly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The document provides concrete examples, such as mapping out the necessity of using gender-equal staffing procedures for positions responding to asylum seekers. Swedish law requires anti-discrimination measures be taken into account during the formation of public procurement contracts and government spending above a fixed amount is also legally obligated to apply “anti-discrimination conditions” in procurement contracts (Callerstig, 2014(29]). Forthese reasons, the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions published a guide on gender procurement “which informs on the legal possibilities of imposing gender equality criteria in public procurement on the one hand and contains practical examples on the other one”} The guide emphasises ex ante efforts, specifically the role of planning and design as well as that of feasibility studies. It considers the core of gender procurement to revolve around ensuring all citizens are offered equal services (while increasing efficiency and quality of services offered).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Levels of GDP vary greatly by region with per capita income in the richest department (Moquegua) eight times higher than in the poorest (Apurimac). While years of strong economic development have seen poverty rates decrease, it remains a considerable problem. In 2015, 22% of the population were living in poverty (18%) or extreme poverty (4%), even if this is approximately half the rate compared to ten years ago.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Housing-related costs such as mortgage interest expenses are counted as a negative capital income component. Including net imputed rents in the income definition has been found to trigger an equalising effect on the distribution of disposable income in cross-country studies (Tormalehto and Sauli, 2013, Frick et al., As a result, imputed rents could have triggered a disequalising effect, when measured on a gross basis through the user cost approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Small states are conspicuously absent from mainstream comparative political science. There are a variety of reasons that underpin their marginal position in the established cannon, including their tiny populations, the fact that they are not considered “real” states, their supposedly insignificant role in international politics, and the absence of data. In this article, we argue that the discipline is much poorer for not seriously utilizing small states as case studies for larger questions. To illustrate this, we consider what the case study literature on politics in small states can offer to debates about democratization and decentralization, and we highlight that the inclusion of small states in various ways augments or challenges the existing literature in these fields. On this basis, we argue that far from being marginal or insignificant, the intellectual payoffs to the discipline of studying small states are potentially enormous, mainly because they have been overlooked for so long.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
State policies can be discriminatory as well—such as denying citizenship or the right to vote or run for political office. National borders thus become legal instruments that can reinforce inequalities between the citizens of different countries. With in-country inequalities are wide, but the laws and practices in countries of birth can also determine life chances and opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, when the system relies wholly on trust and thus has few incentives (or sanctions) for the actors, long-term implementation in the face of resistance becomes problematic. School leaders must involve the teachers in the process of developing school cultures based on a real understanding of the intentions and principles of AfL. Yet the majority of the teachers interviewed struggled with interpreting the AfL programme and what would be considered as “correct” practice. There is still a lack of understanding regarding the government’s intentions and teachers have not developed a common understanding on how to transform the theory underlying AfL into high quality teaching practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The latter paper also suggests ways for an improved treatment of adaptation by considering more of its bottom-up characteristics. Finally, Dickinson (2007) presents a review of different types of adaptation models, including some global IAMs, but most of the models are concerned with the evaluation of regional and/or sectoral adaptation options. It includes all recent IAMs that allow for the comparison of mitigation targets and specific impacts of climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They also raise the question of whether access is commensurate with need. Data on discharge diagnoses (based on ICD-10 codes) as well as surgical diagnoses (based on ICD-9 codes) suggest that most hospitals remain focused on delivering core services of limited complexity, a significant proportion of which would be more likely be provided in lower level facilities in OECD countries. Obstetric services also largely dominate the picture of hospital activity in Kazakhstan. Most of these services should indeed be hospital based, but their prominence suggests that the activity in Kazakh hospitals is neither very complex nor very diverse.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Direct investment, portfolio and other investment flows have propped up the balances of countries with current account deficits. Fiscal policy direction will be mixed in the near term. The stability in the fiscal positions of the region’s economies has remained intact at the close of recent fiscal years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Just as groundwater resource characteristics vary widely, approaches also differ based on uses and institutional constraints (OECD, forthcoming c). The city of Topeka, Kansas, paid for groundwater rights in exchange for treated municipal wastewater, it fulfilled its conservation objective and reportedly did not use groundwater for seven years (Peck, 2007). Faced with the risk of groundwater depletion, the city of Wichita, also in Kansas, transferred a large volume of surface water into its section of the High Plains Aquifer. Meanwhile, the district of Santa Clara, California, created a conservation district and managed to stop land subsidence that damaged infrastructures, its management plan included monitoring groundwater use among rural and urban users, importing surface water and artificially replenishing the aquifer with treated wastewater (Borchers et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The high value of the D (MANU) coefficient in the equation for female self-employment is in line with other types of evidence that indicate that women are more likely than men to be employed in low-quality jobs (Lichter and Landry, 1991). A number of studies have provided evidence on the steep increases in self-employment and underemployment seen in the United States as industrial enterprises have closed their doors (Belcher and DiBlasio, 1993), while, using a sample composed of both developed and developing countries, Pietrobelli, Rabellotti and Aquilina (2004) have found that the rate of self-employment tends to decline as the degree of industrialization rises. This agrees with the evidence presented by Caceres and Caceres (2017a), who found that economic growth drove down the self-employment rate in a sample of panel data for 1993-2012 from six countries in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Racially restrictive marriage laws lay at the intersection of state claims of domestic sovereignty and federal obligations to protect the constitutional rights of citizens. In 1948, California overturned its antimiscegenation law, citing, in addition to the Fourteenth Amendment, the United Nations Charter. This decision sparked a contentious discussion about the relationship of human rights norms to racial conventions in the United States, and triggered a debate about the peril of international law that resulted in an effort to amend the Constitution and limit the treaty-making powers of the president. Both the constitutional and the international logics of individual human rights threatened local custom and energized political opposition. American stigmatization of international human rights norms and treaties was rooted directly in the civil rights struggles in the United States and reflected the potential of international organizations to assault domestic racial conventions at their foundations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Similarly in Zambia, access is the lowest ranked reason ("Internet service is not available in the area"), reported by 7% of respondents. The main barrier to Internet access in Zambia is skills ("Lack of knowledge or skills to use the Internet") cited by 54% of respondents. In Zambia, Skills refers to "Lack of knowledge or skills to use the Internet", Affordability (equipment) to "Cost of equipment is too high", Affordability (service charge) to "Cost of Internet is too high", Access to “Internet service is not available in the area" and Other to "Cultural reasons." National Survey on Access to and Usage of ICTServices in Malawi and Zambia Information and Communications Technology Authority (ZICTA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The volume "The Individual Person in Public International Law. Prolegomena", written by PhD professsor Aurora Ciucă and published in 2017 at LUMEN Publishing House, Iasi, Romania, is a work for a wide audience, which can be of interest from multiple perspectives: human rights, international criminal law, European law, the status of the individual on the international level. It is a volume for lawyers and non-specialists equally, an approach that addresses the above-mentioned problems strictly from the niche perspective of the status of the individual, that, in other words, modulates the legal discourse on themes, of course, classical, well-known, but from a new approach and which completes a void in the Romanian legal doctrine.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The improvements in income levels mid income distribution were greater than expected, however, spuning a decline in the regional indigence rate. Of the 12 countries for which information is available for 2011,7 recorded declines: Paraguay (-5.2 points), Ecuador (-3.7 points), Peru (-3.5 points), Colombia (-3.1 points), Argentina (-2.9 points) and Brazil (-2.0 points each year between 2009 and 2011) and Uruguay (-1.9 points). Indigence rates were also down fairly sharply in these countries (see figure 1.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Some countries use audits to ensure implementation of gender equality. For example, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority and Yemen conduct audits or inspections to ensure implementation of gender equality-related legislation, policies and programmes. The Ministry of Women’s Affairs in Palestine contracts external parties, either from civil society or the private sector, to conduct participatory gender audits on line ministries using the International Labour Organisation’s framework for gender audits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Finally, this chapter provides an overview of themes analyzed in the book, discussing their implications for public policy and the expanded nation at large. It is concerned with issues of networking, crossborder interactions, and unpacking the logic of practices of the ensemble (diaspora and homeland), closing with a discussion of the territorial and extraterritorial anchorage of the cosmonation and how the shift from nation to cosmonation is reflective of the manifold aspects of the globalization process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the mid-2000s, Federal Universities, through their own resolutions, began a process of reserving vacancies for students from public schools. The federal government enacted law 12,711/2012 which reserves 50% of vacancies in public Universities to students of public schools. So, this research aims to analyze if the public policy of quotas brought material equality to competitors to a vacancy in federal universities. Therefore, a qualitative and descriptive research was done through the data provided by the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC), the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the National Institute of Studies and Educational Research Anisio Teixeira (INEP). The data confirmed the significant increase in the university banks of students graduating from the public school system. As a result, law 12,711/2012 has proved to be an instrument of inclusion for public school students in Brazil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These have received little attention in the debate about fisheries, mainly because the sector is not very important in most countries, and effects tend to be regional. These principles were later adopted under the European Fisheries Fund, which became effective in 2007. They are used to provide research, management and enforcement services that may not be supplied if left to market forces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)