albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Where a bilateral investment treaty (BIT) or multilateral treaties - such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) trade rules or the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) - protect foreign investors from expropriations, they may seek claims in response to climate-related law and policy. Although this has not yet happened with respect to domestic climate laws, it has occurred with respect to other environmental laws10 despite the exemptions for environmental policy in most trade agreements, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 (GATT) Article XX11. These rules limit the ability of states to impose regulations of an internationally traded good on the basis of the process and production method (PPM) used to manufacture such good. This issue has already seen a challenge directly bearing on a country's ability to implement their NDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The available global estimates refer to coverage by schemes designed specifically to protect children, persons with disabilities and older persons, but cross-country data on access to other programmes—such as unemployment benefits for persons with disabilities or households with children—is largely lacking. Similarly, information on social protection coverage by race, ethnicity, indigenous or migrant status is scant. Data on the coverage of young people are also lacking. Obtaining such data is no easy matter, but the information base on what appear to be largely underserved groups of the population needs to be improved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The international experience shows that the countries with the highest average educational attainments are also those with the least inequality (Thomas, Wang and Fan, 2000, Checchi and Garcfa-Penalosa, 2004). The distribution of educational attainments is improving in most of the countries, the exceptions being Ecuador and Honduras. Generally speaking, as the average number of years of education among the region's adult population has risen, inequality in the distribution of these attainments has fallen, although the absolute differences between quintiles have not narrowed. In turn, skill at handling these technologies is itself a qualification for gainful employment. Furthermore, networked communication democratizes access to voice, dialogue and public visibility and thence to the power to debate, exert pressure and influence political decisions. Thus, greater equality in access to ICTs and connectivity is vital for progress towards greater equality in capability development and, above all, for leveraging the exercise of both individual and collective autonomy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Autor and Salomons' estimates show that the electrical and optical equipment industry and the chemicals and chemical products industries have registered substantial negative employment effects within their industries. Indirect effects (input-output linkages and final demand) are actually one of the biggest contributors to job creation in the whole economy. However, a study by Hallward-Driemeier and Nayyar (2018:139) finds evidence that, "manufacturing will likely continue to deliver on productivity, scale, trade, and innovation, but just not with the same number of jobs”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The environment axis consists of 14 objectives and associated strategies, including slowing deterioration of forests and jungles, conserving ecosystems and biodiversity, and integrating conservation of natural capital with economic and social development. This section looks at key sectors for mainstreaming. Policies addressing agri-environmental concerns are nascent. This is especially concerning as Mexico is projected to continue with strong growth in agricultural production in the coming decade, with the risk of further expansion of production onto environmentally fragile land (OECD, 2010b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Liberalism is one of two great progressive philosophical traditions to have come out of the European Enlightenment, the other being Marxism. Its ideas have had a profound impact on the political shape of all modern industrial societies. Liberalism has championed limited government and scientific rationality, believing individuals should be free from arbitrary state power, persecution and superstition. It has advocated political freedom, democracy, human and constitutionally guaranteed rights, and privileged the liberty of the individual and equality before the law. Liberalism has also argued for individual competition in civil society and claimed that market capitalism best promotes the general welfare of all by most efficiently allocating scarce resources. To the extent that its ideas have been realised in recent democratic transitions in both hemispheres and manifested in the globalisation of the world economy, liberalism remains a powerful and influential doctrine.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
About 15% of men and 20% of women in Sweden rate their mental wellbeing as impaired in national surveys using GHQ-12, a validated instrument used internationally for measuring mental wellbeing, early detection and treatment. Primary care is generally the first point of contact, and is responsible for minor mental health problems and onward referrals to specialist care for those with serious mental illness. High quality primary care for mental health problems is especially important in rural areas where access to specialist services may be difficult.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Rural communities close to cities have seen more dynamic economic growth and, as such, it is important to strengthen the linkages between mral areas and small and medium-sized cities - this is recognised in Poland’s new Strategy for Responsible Development. In mral regions where tourism is less prevalent and where there are greater distances to urban agglomerations and markets, the profile of mral businesses is different - e.g. forms of manufacturing or industries related to the agricultural sector such as food processing dominate. The territorial location of mral firms impacts the size of companies, institutional frameworks and, in turn, the ways in which public policy supports entrepreneurship. This section examines a range of public interventions to support entrepreneurship - from financial lending and skills training to local economic development strategies and smart specialisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Now, state, municipality and federal schools must purchase at least 30 percent of food for school meals directly from family fanners. The PNAE has expanded rapidly and, in 2014, had a budget of 3.5 billion reais (about US$1.54 billion), benefiting 47.2 million students. However, only 45 percent of implementing agencies comply with the legally mandated minimum requirement of 30 percent purchase from family farmers (Swensson, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Calls for reform of the police complaints and discipline process have focused on the need for greater independence as a means to increase public confidence and police accountability. This paper addresses key reforms and draws upon empirical research to discuss the experiences of complainants. The trend among complainants indicated a perceived lack of objectivity, independence and a concern regarding the 'police investigating the police.' The government proposal of a new independent system (IPCC) in 2000 offered a new possibility for greater police accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The government also plays an active role in risk management in agriculture, but the scope of its involvement is strictly limited. Its actions - and the underlying financial transfers - are concentrated on building and maintaining a system of prevention of pest and disease incursions. Although this system serves the farming sector, the rationale for this policy is much broader as its objective is to preserve the country’s natural resources and human health. Governments at the local level are responsible for preventive and control measures related to natural disasters, but post-catastrophic assistance is largely financed by the central government. These activities are also not specific to agriculture but are part of a broader territorial policy of assistance to local communities. Finally, the government contributes to knowledge and information systems to support private risk management efforts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Unless fishery management decision makers and processes can produce a longterm sustainable EU fisheries, the likelihood of the CFP becoming subservient to the Integrated Maritime Policy seems to increase. Improvements in governance arrangements for fisheries are possible. There are a variety of choices available. While each must be tailored to the particular region and country context the tools exist. It should be of no surprise that each approach has a role in fishery management although they have very different rationales and serve different and complementary purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Peru suffers from serious weaknesses in this area and should not delay quantitative and qualitative efforts to strengthen the entire chain of education and training from primary school to postgraduate studies, and, more specifically, the development of knowledge and skills in science, mathematics and technology. The supply problems are compounded by problems of demand. It also makes them unwilling to take the risks associated with innovation. This implies wide-ranging efforts to develop training programmes and incentives to encourage the private sector to buy into them. Given the limitations on resources and capacity, the programmes should be circumscribed and focus on areas in which Peru has competitive advantages owing to its natural resources (e.g. biotechnologies for the preservation and sustainable exploitation of biodiversity, cleaner mining exploitation) or can address social needs (e.g. in health, water remediation and environment).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This will improve the understanding of the problems and strengthen the knowledge base for identification and implementation of appropriate management measures to reduce transboundary impacts and improve the status of transboundary waters. The Second Assessment is intended to serve as a tool to inform, guide and stimulate further action by Governments, river basin organizations, the international community, including donors, and concerned non-governmental organizations. It allowed riparian countries to discuss and highlight needs in transboundary cooperation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Sino-Russian online verification system for custom clearance certificates for aquatic products with legal origins has been implemented, which greatly facilitates the fisheries trade between two countries. Sino-USA fisheries dialogues have led to a mutual understanding of fisheries sustainability, combatting IUU fishing, and protection of aquatic wildlife. Sino-European dialogues in 2015 have resulted in agreement on the establishment of a joint working committee for combating IUU fishing and ensuring the smooth flow of Chinese marine capture products to European markets. Between 2011 and 2015, China ratified the “Convention on Fisheries Resources Conservation and Management in the South Pacific High Seas”, “Convention on Conservation and Management of Inter American Tropical Tunas”, and “Convention on Conservation and Management of Fisheries Resources in the North Pacific”. Capture fisheries production value increased at annual average rate of 7.7 % between 2011 and 2015, but growth has slowed considerably after 2013 (Figure 4.12). The total value of aquaculture output in 2015 was four times that of marine landings, at RMB 827.4 billion (USD 131.7 billion).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The recent legislations on accountability in Turkish Public Administration increased the importance thereof and gave a rise to a debate thereon with regard to education system. The present study is a descriptive study in screening model examining the views of participants, including educational administrators, educational inspectors, and union administrators, about implementation of accountability in Turkish National Education System. Data was collected from 165 educational administrators, 693 educational inspectors and 84 union managers based on the scale as developed by the researcher. The findings suggested that many accountability practices in the Turkish National Education System were below satisfactory levels. Furthermore, significant differences were found among participants’ views by assignment, sex, age, seniority, and level of education variables. The findings of the research contributed in development of recommendations towards a more effective accountability in education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) managed to conclude an agreement of this sort, cutting tariffs on a slim list of 54 goods to 5 per cent as of 2015. The real prize in this respect is non-tariff barriers, as well as services. It is hoped that the current plurilateral efforts to negotiate an Environmental Goods Agreement will eventually lead to such broader commitments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This is particularly true for indirect and dynamic innovation spillovers transcending the sectors’ barriers. Similarly, a reliable and competitively priced energy supply, as well as gains in energy efficiency, support the competitiveness of energy users. Both these added values are not counted in the statistics of the energy sector, but in upstream and downstream sectors. A list is given in Table 10.1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It should be gathered from the published literature, including grey literature according to IPBES guidelines. The amount of primary research that should be analysed has to be judged case by case, and depends on available resources, and the hierarchy of meta-analyses, systematic reviews, traditional literature reviews, and primary publications. Whether the source is trustworthy regarding reviews and synthesis, or if there is a need to compile the information from primary publications should also be determined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the latter - Amazon being a prominent example - the platform acts as both a facilitator and a vendor. It manages its own inventory, making use of economies of scale and dispatching orders directly to customers, while also allowing other firms to participate. There is, however, a potential threat to the latter model: platforms can behave in a noncompetitiveway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The measures need to be included in national and local road safety programmes and fully funded. Targets should be set ‘bottom-up', that is based on the modelled potential to reduce deaths and serious injuries of the interventions planned for introduction or intensification of enforcement. Preferably, a target should be expressed in terms of an absolute number of casualties (deaths or seriously injured) to be saved rather than in terms of a rate (e.g. number of deaths per 100 000 population).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Regional partnerships are also an effective mechanism for bringing together social and economic actors around a specific project (in this case a new economic agenda) and in implementing the actions required to move the agenda forward. The WIRED model in the USA is a good example of this. It will be important to make processes more efficient and less bureaucratic to facilitate the expansion of new industries and the creation of businesses in these sectors. Businesses may also benefit from having easy access to information on support schemes, technical assistance, financing and market perspectives in one single place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There are more tertiary or upper-secondary educated men only in Switzerland, Austria and Turkey. In all countries for which information is available, women’s educational attainment has increased significantly over the past 30 years: educational attainment of women has been multiplied by 9 in Korea and by more than 3 in Spain, Portugal and Mexico (OECD, 2011b). If these recent trends continue over the next two decades, women graduates will outnumber men graduates of all ages in most OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Human Rights Act enables applicants in judicial review and other legal proceedings to complain that a public authority has violated a Convention right, but only if they are “victims” of that violation. The victim standing test was adopted from the Strasbourg institutions without any consideration being given in Parliament to the appropriateness of such a test in the domestic context. It is argued that the suitability of a particular standing rule for a given jurisdiction cannot properly be evaluated until a theory explaining the juristic function of standing rules has been identified and articulated. Two theoretical aspects of standing rules in public law cases are suggested here, in order to provide a framework in which to assess the appropriateness of the victim test for judicial review cases raising Human Rights Act arguments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A new Forestry Act (LMD 2005] was approved in 2005, and a White Paper on Agriculture and Food policy (LMD 2011] was presented in 2011, with a chapter on "Sustainable value chains for forests and forestry." The reason for this chapter was to stimulate the forest industry and other kinds of forest related value creation, combined with ambitious goals concerning forests and energy needs, climate change, natural and cultural environment, outdoor recreation and public health improvement. It also proposes a more goal directed environmental effort in forestry and a yearly report on "knowledge about conditions and developments on forests- and environmental values" (SSB 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, women argued for 12 reserved seats in the new Constitution of an Autonomous Bougainville, but achieved only three’ (Saovana-Spriggs 2007: 106). ‘ It is striking that since the 2005 election, there are only three women members of the government, out of a total of 40’ (Charlesworth 2008: 347-361). Voters were provided with three ballots: a general one, a woman ballot and a youth ballot. Throughout all levels of government in Rwanda, positions have been created to address women’s issues and gender concerns. At national level, the Ministry of Gender and Women in Development co-ordinates with the government in gender-mainstreaming policies, creating gender focal points in other key ministries and conducting gender awareness training. At provincial level, there are civil servants with gender and women portfolios.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Moreover, in both countries a significant element of remittances is communal social objectives, including support for sporting teams but particularly support for local churches. Few churches have been constructed in recent decades in either country without remittances playing a very important role. There is now no consensus on whether remittances improve or worsen income distribution and inequality. Until relatively recently the dominant view was that remittances still tended to reinforce income inequality, by enhancing the capacity of recipient households to invest in additional migration, education and other income-generating assets. However, as migration has become more extensive this perception is no longer valid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is especially important since data indicate wage gaps are closing very slowly, in large part due to women’s exclusion from high-paid jobs. A good deal of research shows that once employed, gender and racial inequality is largely attributable to job segregation. Even in rapidly growing middle-income countries, which are experiencing industrial upgrading, we observe evidence of defeminization of manufacturing employment (Tejani and Milberg20i6). As a result of the higher consumption rates of low-income groups, higher minimum wages also stimulate aggregate demand and job growth, reducing women's unemployment and offsetting negative effects of higher female wages on female unemployment. Evidence from Latin America’s decade of inequality reduction indicates that the gender employment gap was narrowed in the 2000s in part due to higher minimum wages in a number of countries (Braunstein and Seguino 2012). Because the employment data are broad, they do not allow us to assess the quality of employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Rights are vital for the arrival of equal beings. Of late, rights are marginalised in the context of capitalism-led pauperisation and heightening ascriptive discrimination. In social sciences, rights discourse has been replaced by citizenship discourse wherein the state becomes the decider of rights. In this context, rekindling of rights discourse becomes immensely significant in the backdrop of creative theory. Rights are political affirmations and delinked from duties. There have to be interdependence and interconnection of varied rights. Besides, the new direction of rights emphasises on theorisation of world or critical knowledge production domain on four accounts (production of collective epistemic, arrival of critical theory, treatment of critical knowledge as counteraction of post-ideologies/ism /philosophies and delinking abstract and concrete rights). Reconceptualisation of rights in creative society brings back the domain of normative political theory while highlighting the deficiency of prevale...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This was compensated for in that year by a reduction in both the quantity of rice distributed per household from 20 to 10 kg and a reduction in the number of months from 12 to 10. Over 2000-07, an average of 1.9 million tonnes of rice was distributed each year through RASKIN (Figure 2.8). The number has since fallen to 17.5 million in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In that sense, it could be attractive and probably wise in future situations to reverse the process and create committees only when executive powers in a river basin are clarified and effective. This may require specific legislation and an investment in improving the capacities of relevant institutions first, before formalising such institutions as, according to the specific circumstances, a basin agency linked to the state water agency, or the state water agency itself. Shortly, emphasis should be put on the side of the executive capacity of the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Current debates concerning the rise of health diplomacy are polarized between competing international relations theories of realism, based on power politics, and constructivist approaches, which emphasize the norms, values, and identities shaping foreign policies. A case study of Brazil's health diplomacy over the past 10 years, focusing on issues related to pharmaceuticals, seeks to provide data to assess these theories. The country's intellectual property disputes, multilateral lobbying efforts, and foreign assistance programs are contrasted with those of the United States, Mexico, and other countries. Instead of viewing Brazilian efforts as a form of soft power, the evidence suggests that the origins of Brazil's involvement and continued efforts in this arena stem more from values based on human rights and social democratic principles. A close examination of domestic political considerations leads to a more nuanced understanding of the drivers behind a country's health diplomacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The share of private primary care providers has increased rapidly in recent years. Some regions allowed unrestricted establishment for accredited providers already ten years ago and in 2010 this right to freely establish new primary care clinics with public reimbursement became national law. Public and private physicians (including hospital specialists) and other health workers are predominantly salaried employees. Highly specialised care, requiring the most advanced technical equipment, is concentrated in seven public university hospitals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)