albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. It can be defined as "the ability of teachers to meet complex demands in a given context by mobilising various psychosocial (cognitive, functional, personal and ethical) resources." Teachers' professional competence shapes instructional processes and is, in turn, shaped by the opportunities and incentives teachers have to learn (Figure 3.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The latter are free to set their own criteria, although there is, of course, an ongoing dialogue on these issues between industry and regulators. In each country operating nuclear power plants, a regulatory authority defines the responsibility of the plant operator and the safety and operational limits that have to be fulfilled in all operating conditions. During the licensing process, the mode of NPPs’ operation is defined, and all types of authorised transients are analysed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Chinese Atademy of Engineering Publishing, Be   nd resource allocation, enw jtng), 2007. However, up to 2005, a significant share of water pollution in the Sungari/Songhua came from non-point sources.' The upper part of the Argun in China is called Hailaer. After the Mutnaya Channel connects it to the Dalai/Hulun Lake, for 940 km the river act as the Sino-Russian border and finally, after confluence with the River Shilka, forms the Amur River. The percentages of the different sectors arc not expected to change markedly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Traditional practices during the first months of neonatal life are common in developing countries, such as Jordan. Many international studies and reports have highlighted the fact that traditional neonatal practices are the cause of high neonatal mortality and morbidity rates in some countries. The aim of the present study was to identify neonatal care practices in Jordan. A descriptive, qualitative research design was used across four Jordanian cities across diverse regions. Forty mothers of neonates were interviewed over a period of 6 months (from January to June 2016). Thematic and content analysis was undertaken following Braun and Clarke's six step analysis. The results indicated that in Jordan, home-based neonatal care comprises non-biomedical practices. Rubbing the neonate's skin with salt, swaddling, prelacteal feeding, and other treatment modalities are common. Further studies are necessary to determine and report on the pros and cons of these practices in regard to neonatal health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For the purpose of this paper, SA programmes are broadly defined as public cash or in-kind transfers that aim at preventing extreme hardship and employ a low-income criterion as the central entitlement condition. Benefits of last resort therefore include broad minimum-income benefits (‘non-categorical’ SA), as well as other means-tested assistance payments that are typically received by families with no other income sources (although, as discussed below, the same benefits can to some extent also top up the incomes of low-paid workers and other low-income groups). Examples are means-tested lone-parent benefits, as well as unemployment assistance benefits that are not conditional on work or contribution histories (as in Australia, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Malta, New Zealand, UK).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the past 40 years, negotiation studies have become increasingly available and sought after across college campuses. While there is widespread agreement on the prominent role negotiation plays in education, in the workplace, in public policy, and in other fields, there remains a lack of consensus on pedagogies and teaching models that effectively train students and practitioners in the various aspects of negotiation, ranging from pre-intervention assessment, to effective bargaining, dialogue, and facilitation, to evaluating procedural and distributive outcomes. In order to synthesize distinct disciplinary approaches and skill/content areas into an integrated pedagogical model, this article describes a negotiation simulation designed to incorporate skill building, process management, conflict analysis, and conflict management tools. The model incorporates equal emphasis on theoretical frameworks and understanding, self-awareness training for facilitators, social network and stakeholder analysis for negotiation preparation, participatory analytical and discursive process management, and developing metrics for monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
But pensions are not an adequate instrument for addressing income shocks triggered by macro-economic crises or natural disasters. It does not directly discuss the impact of natural disasters or political events that took place in the region. The food and fuel crisis and the subsequent economic crisis were triggered by global events.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
One of the most striking results was that households were more likely to use the benefits to reduce risk (e.g. by buying health insurance) than to increase consumption, and households invested more in livestock assets which they used to engage in small enterprises and in non-bank savings. In China, industrialisation in the countryside, which was encouraged to absorb surplus labour, increase rural household income and provide operating revenues for local governments, has caused detrimental environmental problems. Rural factories typically bum raw coal and consume heavy amounts of water, but lack the advanced technologies, equipment and management expertise that can mitigate environmental pollution. As a result, they cause massive air and water pollution. In the mid-1990s, rural factories were estimated to emit up to two-thirds of China’s air pollution (Tilt and Xiao, 2007), while over 80% of rivers in China have some degree of contamination and water has become public health risk. Two-thirds of rural population do not have access to piped water, which increases exposure to pollution-related illnesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Upstream Thinking initiative now operates on ten catchments in target areas, working with over a thousand farmers. Following extensive discussion in 2007-09, guidance leading to the PR09 review included catchment solutions as an option companies could use to address water quality challenges (Ofwat, 2009(87]). In the run-up to PR14, Ofwat supported the development of catchment solutions. With further experience, the regulatory agencies recommended that the approach be used more broadly by water companies in PR 14.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
An important innovation to ensure effective TGC support of technologies in the early stages of market deployment was the introduction of banding10 which has been introduced in Italy and the UK. For instance, in the UK one renewable obligation certificate (ROC) is granted per MWh of electricity generated. This market-led approach aims to encourage competition between technologies to minimise cost (Wood and Dow, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The four largest microfinance providers experienced a growth rate of 70 -75% between 2003 and 2006 and, as a general trend, smaller providers too have significantly increased their loan portfolios and outreach in recent years. In Bangladesh, non-governmental organisations are the most common providers of microfmance to the poor. However, there are also a number of government-sponsored MFIs, Cooperatives and Credit Unions, Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs), as well as statutory banks, commercial banks, development banks, involved in micro-lending. Furthermore, institutions that act as intermediaries between banks and borrowers also play an important role in Bangladesh both for regulations and for the provision of loans to the small microfmance institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Establishing common indicators, shared data collection and a single information system will be important to improving the accessibility and use of data for improvement and accountability purposes. Costa Rica should consider creating a dedicated independent evaluation agency to promote more evidence-based and results-driven policies and support the development of a stronger culture of evaluation at all levels of the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In many countries, trade liberalization has led to a reduction in government revenues, with implications for policies to support gender equality. Trade agreements between countries also often have provisions that limit the policies that individual governments can adopt, such as measures that aim to promote and support domestic productive activities and investment. Such agreements frequently have different consequences for women’s and men’s employment, yet issues of gender equality are rarely considered. Therefore, it should incorporate additional targets, such as real productive activity, employment or incomes. In addition, central banks can use their regulatory power to channel credit to uses that support the realization of rights and promote gender equality. Policies and regulations can also encourage credit to be extended to improve housing, stimulate job-creating investments or promote access to loans for self-employed workers in informal activities, many of whom are women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The latest year for Chile was 2009, for Denmark, Hungary, and Turkey it was 2007, and for Japan 2006. Changes exclude the years 2000 to 2004 for Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Portugal and Spain for which surveys were not comparable. Information on data for Israel: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932315602.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Recent qualitative research into public perceptions, beliefs and experiences that inform decisions to either foster or adopt found that fostering is "driven predominantly by access to subsidies but is also informed by socio-cultural beliefs" (Rochat et al., Low rates of adoption by kin are explained primarily by the absence of subsidies, poor access to quality adoptive services and a lack of information about the process. The relative lack of cultural precedent may explain low rates of adoption by non-kin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The purpose is to understand these relationships, for example the nature and extent of provision, guidance, emotional support or access to social capital. It is viewed as a gendered, cultural practice influenced by community and wider societal values and norms. Expansions upon this definition are set out in Appendix 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, the 2016 Law that creates the System for Teacher Professional Development requires school principals: to define professional development plans for their teaching bodies on the basis of information provided by school self-evaluation and teacher evaluation, and to create teacher professional development plans in the context of school development plans. First, the current practice of linking monthly school grants to actual school attendance imposes an undue financial burden on school providers. It would be important to replace this mechanism with one based on school enrolment at the start of the year, with an adjustment (possibly mid-way through the year) to reflect drop-outs and transfers between schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Framework now sets out an agreed national approach to the integration of financial education in the compulsory years of schooling from Foundation to Year 10 and provides guidance on how the subject may be structured to support progressions of learning. The ability to influence public policy and see linkages across government and education has been essential. In developing the original Framework in 2005, consultation was key to inform the national approach. The MCEETYA Working Party who developed the Framework included a highly specialised team of educational experts from all jurisdictions and education sectors who knew the national and jurisdictional educational landscape well, had excellent stakeholder networks and formed productive and respectflil relationships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Therefore, there is limited evidence so far on what professional development programmes really work for more effective teaching in diverse classrooms. The National Agency offers various programmes within eight different themes, one of which is newly arrived and multilingual children and students' learning. For instance, some of the courses within this theme are on the study and vocational guidance for newly arrived students as well as language and knowledge development within subject instruction for new arrivals. Another example of continuous professional development offered for teachers is A Boost for Teachers (Lararlyftet).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Inventory features 9 surface water basin chapters and 17 groundwater basin chapters. They are designed to be read as stand-alone chapters as they are available in this form on the Inventory website. Each basin chapter concludes with a bibliography. Cooperation and Outlook', are generally written in a nontechnical language to be accessible to a wide audience of interested readers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Delphine Grandrieux, Anne Mayne and Corinne Hayworth (IEA) helped with the laying out of the paper. This report seeks to improve understanding as to why this is so, and what can be done about it. Flowever, these public investments are small compared with the projected investment needs - over USD 299.4 billion per year up to 2030 to reach the 450 scenario.2 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) estimates that over 86% of those investments should be covered through private investments. This is equivalent to an average USD 760 million yearly, which is far from the estimated annual needs of USD 299.4 billion. The report focuses on barriers faced by investors and project developers looking to finance EE projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As can be seen in Figure 8, young women enter the labour market at lower rates than males. From ages 35 to 54, however, women’s participation undergoes a drop that is not seen in male participation rates. One possible explanation for this trend is that women tend to withdraw from the labour market upon getting married and having children, without re-entering the workforce afterward.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Thus, it is assumed that the urban poor contribute to the urban centre through their own savings. Yet, those small borrowers almost always repay their loans (and the fairly steep interest charges) on time, which suggests that they find productive uses for the money. The slum dwellers contribute to a more skilled future labour force of the urban and national economy as their children are likely to be more educated than them. Nearly 85 per cent of the sample of respondents had a secondary education or less.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Average" consumption rates hide significant gender and class differences at both the high and low ends of "average" consumption (Oxfam 2015, UNEP 2012, WHO 2010, Pellow 2007, Ringquist 2005). Inequalities occur along several social axes, with women facing greater risks than men, rural communities often more exposed than urban ones, and groups marginalized because of race, ethnicity or other factors likely to be disproportionately affected (Oxfam 2015). Poverty is an environmental threat-multiplier and, in most places, women are more likely than men to live in extreme poverty (UN 2015, UNDP 2015, USAID 2015, UNDP n.d.). From 1950 to 2012 global plastics growth averaged 8.7% per year, rising from 1.7 million tons to the nearly 300 million tons of 2015 (The Globalist 2015). Plastics and synthetic chemicals have become globally ubiquitous: once they have made their way into the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat, they also end up in our bodies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Putting in place such a scheme is particularly important given the sharp rise in the number of jobless households since the onset of the crisis (Figure 2.13). International evidence suggests that minimum income schemes are very efficient in alleviating extreme poverty (Atkinson, 1998, Farinha-Rodrigues, 2004). Recent micro-simulation estimates also indicate notable potential gains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, the majority of private expenditure on pre-primary education comes from households via parental fees. However, in Austria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Iceland, Israel and Japan, more than 9% of all private funding comes from other private entities (e.g. private businesses and non-profit organisations, religious organisations, charitable organisations, and business and labour associations). In these countries, encouraging private foundations and community engagement to support ECEC centres is increasingly seen as an important policy lever and a potential source of additional resources. This type of funding can act as a “connector” between families and ECEC services, as well as other services for children, a “social network” to support parents in reducing stress and making smart choices, especially for disadvantaged families, and an “environment” to promote social cohesion. However, some foundations may also contribute to the financing of ECEC settings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Most of them do not recognise all forms of trafficking and do not provide adequate protection for the victims of trafficking. Most penal codes prohibit prostitution, prostitution-related activities (Egypt, Morocco) and trafficking for prostitution-related activities. Forced labour is prohibited by some MENA countries (for example Jordan), but most countries do not recognise domestic service as a form a labour trafficking because domestic servants come to work voluntarily, although consent may be defective or the servant may be illegally recruited. However, this criminalisation of human trafficking often does not include other forms of trafficking, including forced labour or other forms of slavery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Slovakia water basin management plans are part of international plans co-ordinated by the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River: the Danube international basin district and the international sub-basin of the Tisza (Chapter 4). This included EUR 120 million from the Cohesion Fund and EUR 21 million from the state budget. Which revised the 1991 Waste Act.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This paper aims to raise some concerns about the very plausibility of the so-called “forum of necessity” doctrine [“Necessity”] as a legitimate ground for jurisdiction acquisition. It raises challenges in the very incorporation of Necessity within Canadian jurisprudence and subsequently it is reticent about the suggested further extension and expansion of the doctrine. Throughout the paper the objections to Necessity are structured around the following three interrelated lines: (1) the adoption of the “forum of necessity” doctrine means a mischaracterization of the nature and scope of the domestically developed principle of “access to justice”, (2) Necessity challenges the division between private international law and international criminal law which de facto leads to the conceptual collapse of Necessity into the doctrine of “universal jurisdiction”, (3) Necessity is not an appropriate vehicle for the rehabilitation of the traditional jurisdictional doctrine of “proper and necessary party” that is suggested in the literature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Information on the estimated percentage of the allocation dedicated to rural areas is included in each of the Specific Description of Priority Axes of each ROP. These amounts show the potential source of funding dedicated to rural areas w'ithin specific themes (Table 2.3). The national government has no compliance mechanism by which to ensure that these amounts are met. There are plans to introduce a monitoring tool for this process at the end of 2018.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Even though such estimates need to be taken with caution given difficulties in estimating the income equivalent of in-kind benefits, it is clear that public services benefit poorer households the most. However, efficiency gains could compensate for lower spending. Better management and greater regional flexibility in public sector wages could contribute significantly. Reaping potential efficiency gains will be essential to preserve at the same time the quality of public services and fiscal sustainability. The income-increasing effect for reduced rent tenants is 41% in the bottom quintile and 7% in the top quintile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Many Category IV protected areas will need regular, active interventions to address the requirements of particular species or to maintain habitats, but this is not a requirement of the category. They are generally large, with most of the area in a natural condition, where a proportion is under sustainable natural resource management and where low-level non-industrial use of natural resources compatible with nature conservation is seen as one of the main aims of the area. This paper uses a global database of EEZs maintained by the Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) which attempts to record current EEZs according to the convention and subsequent decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
President George W. Bush and his administration presented a variety of justifications for the 2003 Iraq war. Academic literature and journalism about the communication campaign emphasized two reasons: Iraq's alleged weapons of mass destruction program and links to terrorism. Drawing on the first systematic content analysis of the administration's official speeches and statements, this study recounts a more complex, changing campaign with surprising findings. Other justifications, such as international law, human rights, and freedom, were at times more common than the most recalled reasons. This article also explores individual officials' arguments and changes over time in response to key events.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The relevant advisory bodies are the Council for Nature Conservation and, to a lesser extent, the Hunting Council and Fishing Council. Some communes also have environmental advisory committees. A natural environment observatory was created in 2007. A register of biotopes is now being compiled (Box 4.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For example, young men may leave the country to escape being forced to become soldiers, migration may be also seen as a rite of passage for young men (Jolly and Reeves, 2005). For example, a girl who marries early is less likely to finish her education, which limits her employment opportunities (Cerise et al., In the Republic of Moldova, women report having less opportunity to migrate because of a lack of resources, which are generally more available to men (IOM, 2005). As Jolly and Reeves (2005) note, "it may be less acceptable for women to move about and travel on their own". This negative correlation between discrimination in social institutions and male emigration is not expected since patriarchal beliefs would be positively associated with emigration for men (Hofmann, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2013 it held a meeting with senior management officials from the National Bank of Abu Dhabi (NBAD) that explored various ways to support female entrepreneurs in the Emirates through banking sendees provided to SMEs by NBAD. The DBWC organises the high-profile monthly event "Majlis Business" to provide information about the latest knowledge, skills and best practices for women entrepreneurs and leaders. It also participates in consulting activities in co-operation with the DBWC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)