albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Accountability is a core public law, if not constitutional, value, with close ties to rule of law and separation of powers. Despite this status, the Australian public law system presents only a thin reflection of accountability. This is because it provides control of public power, but not restoration or punishment in cases of abuse of power. This article uses the concept of accountability as a lens through which to view the limitations of existing public law remedies, and briefly outlines two of the potential explanations for these limitations: constitutional barriers and the availability of alternative remedies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Alaska about half of the SLiCA respondents found it very easy or fairly easy, and the other half found it difficult (SLiCA, 2007). The tertiary sector accounts for between one-half and three-quarters of the total economic production in the Arctic, and dominating this sector is public administration (AHDR, 2004). In the case of Greenland and Nunavut, for example, annual block grant payments from Denmark and Canada make up a major share of revenue and help finance a large public sector with a significant public administration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A frequent objective of EPR schemes is to ensure secure and safe collection and disposal of products that would otherwise be hazardous or harmful within the general waste stream. An additional motivation is often to reduce public waste management costs by shifting the burden of managing significant parts of the waste stream away from tax-financed municipal operations. In principle, when producers are made responsible for these costs, they have a reason to take them into account in product design and manufacture. However, it is difficult to design a practical scheme that achieves this effect without excessive complexity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Pressurised water reactors (PWRs) also offer the possibility of increasing operation beyond the natural cycle length by taking advantage of the power and coolant temperature reactivity coefficients. A decrease of reactor power and coolant temperature allows for a 30-60 equivalent full power days (efpd) extension beyond natural fuel cycle length. Only non-storable hydro-electrical capacity should be considered here. In the mid-1980s economic forecasts were calling for a moderate increase in energy demand for the coming years and for a substantial overcapacity of the French nuclear park. The nuclear energy was supposed to be the marginal for about 7 000 hours, i.e. for more than 80% of the year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While this process is somewhat similar to the experience of UBA in terms of the training delivered, the very big difference is that the cost of UBA falls on the government rather than the training firm. This is a very desirable arrangement from the firm’s point of view, but a very undesirable one from the viewpoint of the Austrian taxpayer. Ergebnisse der zweiten Kosten-Nutzen-Studie, Ruegger Verlag, Zurich. External recruitment involves some significant costs, such as the “search costs” of recruitment, and the cost of introductory training (Mohrenweiser and Backes-Gellner, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This chapter provides an overview of transition systems across OECD and partner countries, focusing on trends in organisation and governance. It describes four main policy challenges/or smooth transitions, accompanied by a wealth of practical strategies devised by participating countries for tackling them. Finally, it draws out some pointers for policy development to provide some food for thought on improving transitions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In fact, taxation may have much to offer and even be a more desirable instrument than trading. Examples are: “feed in” tariff systems to stimulate decentralized power generation, insurance or guarantee systems to cover policy and economic risks, social impact bonds related to climate and agriculture, tax credits (on investment, production), sectoral crediting mechanisms for reductions beyond a certain baseline, credits related to NAMAs (nationally appropriate mitigation action), “suppressed demand” and “blue carbon storage” extensions of clean development mechanisms (CDMs). Countries may find certain types of instruments to be more or less compatible with prevailing political and/or sociocultural conditions, new instruments sometimes aggravate power asymmetries in relation to resource use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This cost may be in economic (e.g. building new or replacing old water infrastructure), social (e.g. closing water allocations to cap demand) and/or environmental terms (e.g. deterioration of freshwater systems to reduce the risk of water shortage). Depending on the existing level of water security, incremental improvements may, in some cases, be disproportionally costly. By identifying the level of acceptability of risks, a risk-based approach fosters targeted and proportional policy responses and thus cost effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Supreme Court decision in King v. Burwell is notable for its clear-sighted health policy analysis, which recognizes the Affordable Care Act as a “series of interlocking reforms.” It removes the last major cloud of judicial uncertainty hanging over the ACA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Formative assessment is a theoretically and empirically well-established concept in educational research and can be viewed as “the bridge betw een teaching and learning” (Wiliam, 2010: 137). It is thus an integral part of the micro-adaptations of adaptive teaching (Mandinach and Lash, 2015), though the term itself is not used by Como (2008) when she describes the necessity for teachers to make informal assessments in micro-adaptations. However, formative assessment does not necessarily imply that teachers will adapt their instruction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In this article, I make a policy argument in defense of family and relationship-based immigration preferences in U.S. immigration law that accounts for economic objections and calls for solidarity among socioeconomically disadvantaged U.S. residents on this issue. I begin with a historical account of policy arguments for limiting family-based immigration. I challenge the view that family-based immigration is a fiscal burden on the nation as a whole and acts against the interests of disadvantaged native-born workers. Then, I present and respond to perception-based objections to family-based immigration by disadvantaged citizens who believe that they are suffering from competition with mixed-skilled immigrants, including those sponsored by family members. Advocates of family unity in immigration policy are fighting the perception of zero-sum competition between immigrants and disadvantaged citizens by organizing together for improvements in wages and working conditions, leveraging arguments from the U.S. civil rights struggle to advocate for inclusive immigration policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Moreover, the energy integration process is not limited simply to creation of physical links across the region. It requires a series of policies and regulations for facilitating different types of flows inherent in this process. This requires intervention and leadership by the member governments and technical experts if regional energy connectivity is to happen. To a great extent, this demonstrates die lack of human and institutional capabilities, political leadership, and market mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Despite human rights abuses, the ten-year conflict in Nepal brought aspects of empowerment to women, changing their role in the family and community, as women became active outside the home, challenged the security forces, and began to assert their rights as citizens. Drawing on a research project into the participation of women in community development projects in three areas of Nepal, the present article examines how far development agencies in the post-conflict period have succeeded in furthering women's citizenship rights, and in giving voice to women's concerns and participation. It argues that development organisations and agencies have continued to operate mostly without including the voices of women, and women are disappointed by these non-participatory and top-down development models, which are leaving women's status as second-class citizens unchallenged. Women are consequently exploring alternatives. The article uses examples from the field and interviews and focus groups with marginalised women...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Availability refers to the provision of a sufficient quantity of functioning public health and health care facilities, goods, services and programmes. Accessibility implies that health facilities, goods, services and programmes must be accessible to everyone without discrimination. Acceptability implies that health services, goods, services and programmes should respect medical ethics, be sensitive to gender and life-cycle requirements and be culturally appropriate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This is known as academic tracking or streaming. Some countries have comprehensive systems that provide the same educational programmes to all students up to the end of primary or lower secondary education. Other countries separate students into several tracks that have a different focus in preparing students, which involves providing different curricula, levels of academic intensity and learning experiences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This review formed the basis for a six year quantitative and qualitative research study by Louis et al. ( This amounted to survey data from a total of 8 391 teachers and 471 school administrators, interview data from 581 teachers and administrators, 304 district level informants, and 124 state personnel, and observational data from 312 classrooms. It included surveys completed by headteachers and a range of other stakeholders, 20 case studies of primary and secondary schools and a literature review. The self-evaluation process aimed to increase student learning through the use of student assessment and clear learning goals and relied on the same tool in both schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The rule of law applies to the United Nations and should guide all its activities. As promising as this key statement of the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 67/1 may sound, its meaning is not entirely clear. How is the rule of law to be defined, and what is its legal basis at the international level? What does the rule of law mean for the different activities of the United Nations with external effects such as sanctions, peacekeeping and development, what for its internal administration and justice system? The conference on the Rule of Law and Its Application to the United Nations held at the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg on 11–12 September 2014 addressed these questions inter alia and took a comprehensive look at Resolution 67/1. The conference provided both the academic perspective and the reality of practice due to the participation of various practitioners and United Nations officials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The most common models, and their basic payment composition, are listed below. For instance, Family Health Organizations (blended capitation, FFS and P4P) and Family Health Groups (blended FFS and P4P) account for about 55% of primary care physicians (Table 2.4). Additionally, some incentives are paid periodically (e.g., once a year) while others are paid every time a specific service is provided. Eligibility for some incentives is patient-based (i.e., the physician receives a payment for having provided a specific service to an individual patient), while for other incentives, eligibility is based on performance across all registered patients practice-wide (i.e., the physician receives a payment for having reached a pre-defined target level based on a number of services, a number of patients or a percentage of eligible patients who received the service).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Furthermore, by 2021, it is predicted that over 85 per cent (or USD 1 trillion) of enterprise loT project investments will be based on net new technology spending (IDC, 2018). However, the greater share of revenue opportunities does not reside in pure connectivity play, but in other growth areas such as platforms, applications and services (e.g. big data services, security, and industrial loT applications). For instance, between 2005 and 2015, the price of 2G M2M modules decreased substantially, from around USD 55 to USD 10 (GSMA, 2015c), and continued to decline thereafter (GSMA, 2018d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Waste collection services often do not reach all residents and landfills remain the preferred treatment method. Many Southeast Asian cities have also experienced increasing water demand and situations of water stress and scarcity, aggravated by the poor coverage and quality of water supply infrastructure. Water sanitation infrastructure is also sub-optimal and has not kept up with the pace of urbanisation, and the quality of water streams and bodies is often under established quality standards. In many Southeast Asia cities, informal services and infrastructure have compensated for the absence of formal structures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Its restructuring in 2000 was intended to broaden access for many stakeholders and to engage in policy planning as an iterative learning process. The World Bank has been a key source of facilitating these agreements. While progress has been made in creating many types of formal cross-border institutional mechanisms and instruments to further cooperation in riparian systems management, there is yet a very long way to go in every case. In general, cooperation continues to be bilateral rather than multilateral, and while it might be promoted in the spirit of existing cross-border agreements, with few exceptions cooperation is typically sought after rather than before projects are initiated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
ABSTRACTThis study examines the effect of economic sanctions on the severity of ongoing instances of genocide or politicide. Research suggests that sanctions exacerbate human rights conditions, yet influential policymakers, human rights advocates and some scholars continue to call for economic sanctions to mitigate ongoing atrocities. Ordered logit analyses of genocides and politicides from 1976 to 2008 reveal that sanctions neither aggravate atrocities, as some of the academic literature expects, nor alleviate them, as assumed by many policymakers and advocates (and some researchers). These findings hold regardless of whether they are measured as the number or presence of sanctions, cost, level of comprehensiveness, duration or whether imposed or administered by an international organization. Threats of sanctions also have no effect on atrocity severity, either on their own or combined with other policy options.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are now more practice periods for teacher students in schools, but this is not the rule. Experience from other countries shows that teachers perceive their practical experience in schools to be an important component of their initial education (Wilson et al., In Chile, as in many other countries, teaching practice is often not well connected to the theoretical content in teacher training courses with opportunities for students to integrate what they learn in the classroom with the rest of the curriculum. The government should work towards making classroom practice an integral part of initial teacher education in all programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
But it also has an indirect effect: higher unemployment puts downward pressure on wages. Many countries that had, according to the neoliberal prescription, done the ‘right things’ (that is, not only had liberalised, but followed other policy dictates of the Washington-based international institutions) subsequently stagnated. And many countries that had not followed the Washington consensus had achieved considerable success. Rodrik (2001) argued that the three primary models of successful development in the twentieth century all relied on managed trade regimes: import substitution, as practised by a number of countries in the 1960s, outward-orientated industrialisation, as practised in East Asia in the 1980s, and the state-directed capitalism of China in the 1990s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
So while this study does provide an overview of how gender inequality has changed since the early 20th century, it does have limitations (Table 12.2). The geographic coverage is also a challenge, since historical data on gender equality is scarce for countries outside of Western Europe and a handful of other large countries. Furthermore, only an overview can be given for institutions related to gender equality in terms of inheritance and voting rights. It is, therefore, not possible to capture many other aspects that matter for gender equality, such as violence against women or freedom of movement, as the OECD (Branisa et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The umbrella programme, ProArbol, includes the following in addition to the PES programmes: PROCOREF, for reforestation and restoration, PRODEPLAN, which includes promotion of commercial forest plantations, forest fire prevention and soil conservation, PROCYMAF, to improve forest ecosystem productivity, and PRODEFOR, the forest development programme. Other elements of the vaquita PACE include commitment of additional resources by CONAPESCA and PROFEPA towards enforcement of regulations to eliminate fishing without a permit, a programme instituted by INAPESCA to test new fishing methods (suripera nets) that do not risk harming vaquitas, and bans on all gill net and trawl fishing in the Vaquita refuge, with enforcement by PROFEPA beginning at the start of the shrimp season in September 2008 (Barlow et al., The remaining finance was contributed by academia, international organisations, NGOs, amongst other sources of finance. Under PROCAMPO, eligible farmers receive payments based on the area planted in 1991-93 on the condition that the land is used for legal agricultural or livestock production, or within an environment programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Together more than 100 million EV/PHEVs under the projection are sold worldwide in 2050. But it does reflect the expected size and buying power of the different regions, in terms of where the plug-in vehicles are likely to be sold over time. Together these vehicles are expected to cut global C02 emissions by over 2 gigatonne (Gt) in 2050, roughly in proportion of sales by region. This represents an important part of the overall C02 reductions in transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Unsurprisingly, we find children living in an intermediately or thinly populated area to be considerably less vulnerable to environmental deprivation than their peers in densely populated areas. In terms of access to basic services, only children living in Germany are more likely to be domain deprived when living in less densely populated areas. In Germany and France, children in such areas also experience a higher risk of being financially strained or income poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As the Obama administration pieces together its own civil service reform program, it may find solutions to key reform challenges in an oft-overlooked Bush administration human resource management initiative in the national security arena. While press and scholarly attention focused largely on the administration’s reform efforts at the Departments of Homeland Security and Defense, discussed at length in the article by Kellough, Nigro, and Brewer in this symposium, the development of a common personnel framework across the U.S. Intelligence Community went relatively unnoticed. The author argues that human resource management changes made pursuant to the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 provide a potential model for the Obama administration as it addresses three key reform challenges that have long plagued policymakers: replacing the General Schedule with a modernized approach to compensation and classification, achieving a balance between uniformity at the executive branch level and ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Culture and political economy are intertwined. While the former calls for public education, changes in attitudes and religious reform, the latter requires structural change without which it will not be possible for women to achieve sustainable advances. Women in these countries, as in many other locations, are suffering due to instability and conflict, gender-based violence, exclusion and discrimination in work and education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Benin has been the region's largest producer by volume per capita since the 1980s. Production per capita has risen fastest over the last 15 years in Gambia (8.2%), Guinea (7.8%), Mali (7.2%) and Burkina Faso (6.4%). Nigeria is by far the largest producer overall, producing 7.4 million tonnes in 2008-10, representing 49% of the regional total.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It represents not only a cost-efficient way to make digital learning materials available across the country, but also a new way to improve the digital skills of teachers. The country’s One Tablet Per Child project involved the production of e-books, learning objects, multimedia and songs to be installed on tablets distributed to students. For this project, OBEC produced 336 learning objects in 5 clusters - Thai language, English language, mathematics, science and social studies - which paralleled the textbook content. It is unclear w'hether these materials were also made available to students who lacked a tablet but had access to a computer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The legal framework for waste management has been transformed with the adoption of EU legislation. Nevertheless, further steps are needed to establish a comprehensive and coherent framework. Waste prevention and minimisation have not received sufficient attention. The adoption of a National Waste Prevention Programme by the Council of Ministers in June 2014 provides a good basis for addressing this gap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Even though, in many cases, it will take many years to observe actual improvements in water quality because of the geological conditions. In Portland Oregon, Portland Maine and Seattle Washington, for example, it has been estimated that every USD 1 invested in watershed protection can save anywhere from USD 7.50 to nearly USD 200 in costs for new water treatment and filtration facilities (Emerton and Bos, 2004). Rather than being viewed as substitutes, investments in these different aspects need to be part of an efficient package of options (Griffin, 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Human rights principles also underline the duty of governments to raise sufficient resources, allocate them in ways that meet the obligations of non-discrimination and equality, and ensure transparency and democratic participation in the deliberation of budget processes. Action is required along three dimensions: redressing women's socioeconomic disadvantage, addressing stereotyping, stigma and violence, and strengthening women's agency, voice and participation. Together, progress on these three dimensions can transform existing structures and institutions and, in turn, the lives of women and girls around the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, most of these databases use secondary data, which do not distinguish between individual companies. Therefore, additional efforts and funds are required for each company to collect specific primary data. Collection is generally time intensive. Moreover, companies are worried that such data may reveal confidential information, which can cause reluctance to provide them. Since 1990, several research groups (Ahbe et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)