albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Compared with other Caribbean nations, Trinidad’s tourism and agriculture sectors are small. Oil and gas reserves are currently predicted to run out between 2025 and 2030, and so there is a growing sense of urgency to diversify its economic sector. It is responsible for operation and maintenance of all of the country’s transmission and distribution lines, and is also the sole power generator on the island of Tobago.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Figures IV.5 and IV.6 compare paths to adult roles in two groups of countries (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, on the one hand, and El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua, on the other). The lines show the percentage of people in each category who are young or not yet emancipated in each dimension. At the younger ages nearly 100% of the people are in education, are not in employment, have not formed a conjugal union and report being single.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is now wide recognition that global trade increasingly involves spreading the production of a final good over firms in several countries, with each one undertaking what is better described as a ‘task’ in the overall process rather than the production of a discrete good or service (WTO-IDE, 2011). These changes, which result from the internationalisation of global production and the fragmentation of trade across countries, have occurred as capital has become increasingly mobile under the accelerated pace of financial globalisation. Their implications have been increasingly analysed through the lens of global value chain (GVC) analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This was however not the case in other emerging markets such as Brazil, Chile, South Africa and Turkey who saw sufficient productivity growth to boost their incomes level. Mexico still displays a high level of poverty in international comparison. Among OECD countries for example, poverty rates were the second highest in Mexico (after Israel), with a relative poverty rate at 20.4 in 2010 (OECD, 2014c). This means that one in every five Mexicans was poor, compared to just above one in ten on average across OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The maritime sector, a truly global industry, can directly support the achievement of the SDGs as shipping has a significant role to play in helping create conditions for increased employment, prosperity and stability through promoting maritime trade. Much of what happens within the oceans is in fact hidden, so it can prove challenging to engage people compared with other Goals, where the objectives may be far more visible and relatable. But given that ocean life supports all forms of life on earth, Goal 14 is an important Goal nonetheless.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Further statistics may include forest biomass and its carbon storage, and a characterization of forest ecosystems that exist in the country, including types, location, area and main species of flora and fauna living in the forest. Statistics on the forest area affected by fire may also be included. ( See also Topic 1.2.2: Ecosystems and biodiversity.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Ending humanitarian atrocities has become as important for the United Nations as preventing interstate war. This book examines the transformation of UN operations, analysing its changing role and structure. Ramesh Thakur asks why, when and how force may be used, and argues that the growing gulf between legality and legitimacy is evidence of an eroded sense of international community. He considers the tension between the United States, with its capacity to use force and project power, and the United Nations, as the centre of the international law enforcement system. He asserts the central importance of the rule of law and a rules-based order focused on the United Nations as the foundation of a civilised system of international relations. This book will be of interest to students of the United Nations and international organisations in politics, law and international relations departments, as well as policymakers in governmental and non-governmental international organisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These gender gaps are pervasive, although they vary across countries and world regions. While in less developed countries, girls and women suffer from unequal access to economic assets, education or basic health care facilities, in most developed countries gender inequality persists in the form of discriminatory social institutions and beliefs about gender roles that undercut women’s opportunities, inhibit their full participation in economic, social and political activities and therefore reduce their quality of life. In developing countries, child health outcomes are strongly correlated to women’s access to resources: countries where women lack any right to own land have on average 60% more malnourished children, where women have no access to credit, the number of malnourished children is 85% above average (OECD, 2010a). In high-income countries, the mother’s education level has been shown to have an effect on the academic achievement of their children (OECD, 2012b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Such differences are well-documented in reports of the Nordic Council, Nordregio and the Oresund Institute, for example. While innovation, best practice governance and energy were among the major themes envisioned for collaboration, the one that received the most attention was the possibility of building a high-speed rail (HSR) connection between Oslo and Berlin. In 2007, politicians from all participating cities - Berlin, Copenhagen, Malmo, Helsingborg, Gothenburg and Oslo - signed the COINCO Charter, which marked the end of the first Interreg project. The responsibility to continue the process was handed over to the city of Oslo, and further on to the region’s public development agency, Oslo Teknopol IKS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Government salaries are equivalent to 13% of GDP, on a par with Norway (13.6%) and easily exceeding the OECD average of 10.6%. As noted in the OECD’s Economic Survey of Costa Rica, 2016, Costa Rica’s “public-sector wage bill as a share of GDP is higher than in most OECD countries, even though its public employment share is among the lowest”. Effective increases in public sector salaries have far exceed negotiated targets and inflation in recent years (Figure 3.19).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As a consequence, when such firms from larger domestic markets enter export markets, they will be more competitive than competitors coming from smaller markets that have less access to information prior to entering foreign markets. This can partly explain the dominance of Chinese and US firms in digital-intensive sectors, and it also suggests that there is potential for large developing economies to enter digital-intensive sectors. As products are increasingly supplied digitally and GVCs possibly become shorter (see Section C.2(c)), trade will rely less and less on roads, ports, airports or railways, and this would counteract some of the competitiveness gains of high-income countries in digital-intensive sectors and tasks. However, Section C.2(c) also discusses a scenario in which GVCs become longer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A common version of these indicators (the simplest contour-based indicators) also makes use of thresholds (e.g. number of services reachable in 30 minutes), with all activities within and beyond the threshold treated as equally important. These indices include an impedance function or sensitivity cost in the equation, which decreases the desirability of routes according to given characteristics - distance or road quality, for example. Simply put, destinations that are closer to the origin, or served by better roads, are given a larger weight than those that are farther or have poorer roads.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
More generally, access to credit for business start-ups should be improved, for example by easing collateral constraints. In order to reduce labour market frictions, South Africa continues to need more urban housing, and public transport infrastructure. Financial assistance with transport for job search could also help overcome capital constraints faced by poor jobseekers in remote locations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Since 1998 children's rights are part of the Croatian legal system, due to the ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and their incorporation into family law. Changes to family law that have been made since then deal with the modernization of the legal parent-child relation that aims at mutual parental responsibility and separate children's rights. The crucial point in considering the child's legal and social position is his/her  welfare  as mentioned clearly in the Family Act. Considering the fact that the family is the natural and most desirable environment for a child, it may be stated that family law is the most important field that embraces the many different needs and rights of all children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Introducing multi-annual planning and objective setting to monitor the development and impact of environmental improvement over the longer term would enable more effective comparisons and facilitate assessment of environmental outcomes that are difficult to analyse over a single year. Finally, adoption of an explicit environmental enforcement policy by the inspectorate and its units could help establish clear priorities, inform the regulated community about enforcement objectives and provide the basis for longer-term planning and performance assessment. Intent or negligence in cases of endangerment or damage does not need to be proven.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, finding a viable negotiating strategy for the liberalization of these goods has proved difficult in the WTO. However, isolating products of single environmental use is technically difficult and time-consuming. Alternatively, EGs liberalization can be negotiated under regional or bilateral trade agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A meta-analysis of effects on soil carbon stocks after harvesting in temperate forests showed that harvesting resulted in decreased carbon stocks of the soil 0 horizon but found no effect for the mineral soil (Nave et al. Similar reductions in soil carbon stocks have also been found by studies from boreal forests (Kola-ri et al. The finding by De Wit & Kvindesland (1999] that soil carbon stocks increase with the stand development class (related to stand age] indicate that soil carbon stocks are not back to their former size within a few decades after harvesting but continue to increase (cf also Figure 5.3]. Studies looking at the effect of changing harvesting rotation length, also (mostly] support the hypothesis that soil carbon is depressed after harvesting for a long time. However, modelling studies (Liski et al. Overall, effects of harvesting regime on the input of litter and coarse woody debris will be more important for soil carbon stocks than changes in decomposition rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The unintended consequences of long working hours (cont.) The years in which employees are expected to climb the corporate ladder coincide with parenting years, especially among women, as their fertility window is more restricted. Workers are often forced to choose between bringing up young children or putting in "face time" at the office.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is perpetuated by traditional and customary practices that accord women lower status in the family, workplace, community and society, and it is exacerbated by social pressures. The United Nations Secretary-General’s 2006 study on violence against women5 elaborates on the context and causes of this violence and on its forms, consequences and costs. The study dedicates a separate chapter to issues related to data collection and the gaps and challenges in the different sources of data used for quantification, with an emphasis on types of violence and ethical and safety issues related to population-based surveys used as sources. Furthermore, the study points to the fact that the development and use of common indicators on violence against women is critical for a full and comprehensive overview of this phenomenon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Take-up of training offered by the PES also appears to be lower among older individuals: only 14% of those entering work-related training offered by the PES were aged 55 and over, whereas this age group made up around 17% of the registered unemployed (source: Unemployment Insurance Fund statistics). Source: Authors' calculations using EU-LFS. These include formal basic education for those who did not finish general secondary education (around a quarter of Group A do not have an upper secondary qualification), formal vocational education including apprenticeship learning, and less formal vocational courses. The last of these have been shown to have positive impacts on employment rates among the unemployed (Lauringson et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
And while all of this is happening, Guyana is maintaining strong economic growth despite the global financial crisis. As a result, Guyana is on track to not only maintain the world’s lowest level of deforestation, but also to reduce energy-related greenhouse gas emissions by over 92% - more than any developed country. The conviction that forest conservation is the most effective and cost-efficient way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and halting climate change is at the very core of REDD+ thinking. From a REDD+ perspective, Goal 15 - forest conservation - is a means of achieving Goal 13 - combating climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The proportion of species threatened varies greatly according to their principal habitat. Strengthen protection of conservation areas by establishing and applying multiyear management plans for existing SPAs (special protection areas) and for special conservation areas. The 2005 law lays the basis for partnership in the conservation of nature and natural resources and institutes a natural environment observatory. A register of biotopes is now being compiled. A public awareness campaign was launched in 2008. A second natural park has been designated (the Our Natural Park) but its management plan has yet to be developed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The theme of this volume is 'New Thinking in Austrian Political Economy'. It includes original research by scholars working within Austrian political economy. The contributors draw on insights from Austrian economics that shed new light on a range of relevant topics including: the role of culture in economic action, the political economy of post-disaster recovery, class structure, decentralized political orders, drones, institutional change, macroeconomics, and superstition and norms. Each chapter discusses the relevance of Austrian political economy for understanding the topic under analysis and discusses areas for future exploration and research. The volume captures the relevance of Austrian political economy for scholarship on a wide array of topics and its potential as an active and open-ended research program. Scholars working in the areas of Austrian economics, heterodox economics, constitutional political economy, cultural studies, political science, public choice, sociology, and public policy will find the volume of interest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Most nets are lost in deeper fishing areas between 200 to 800 metres, but also in cod fisheries in relatively shallow waters. However, the TAC system for cod (Northeast Arctic and Coastal) does not restrict the overall catches of coastal cod. The Norwegian coastal cod north is recognised as a stock complex. Genetic studies indicate that some of the spawning components along the coast could be local stocks, more or less isolated from coastal cod in neighbouring areas. The challenge for the management is, therefore, both to keep the total stock complex at a productive level and, in addition, to give protection to potentially vulnerable local stocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Because of rising incomes and spreading urbanization, per capita meat consumption increased from 34 to 43 kilograms between 1992 and 2010. Nearly all of this increase can be attributed to growing demand in Asia, and, to a lesser extent, Latin America. Combined with the growing world population, changing dietary patterns imply that food production needs to roughly double by 2050. Although, global food production has increased at a faster pace (about 45 per cent) than population (about 23 per cent), it has barely kept up with food demand and unequal distribution of the increased food availability was still leaving about 870 million people undernourished worldwide in 2010-12 (FAO, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Moreover, reinstatement orders, in the case of unfair dismissal, loom large in non-OECD countries (such as China, India, Indonesia, Latvia and the Russian Federation). By contrast, except in the case of dismissal based on explicitly prohibited grounds, such as discrimination, reinstatement is never offered to workers - or employers can choose compensation instead of reinstatement - in Belgium, Estonia, France, Luxembourg, Spain, Switzerland, Hirkey and the Nordic countries, with the exceptions of Denmark and Norway. By contrast, very low compensation, beyond ordinary severance pay and/or advance notice, is typically ordered in Estonia and Poland as well as Brazil and Saudi Arabia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (crc) hinges on appropriate data collection to clarify actors' accountability and the impact of this on children. In spite of widespread ratification and revised legislation, most State Parties have not adequately implemented the crc. The evidence demonstrates that indicators can assist with implementing and monitoring human rights. We present an account of a decade of work conducted under the auspices of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, towards developing indicator sets which map the degree of rights implementation. The work started with the rights of young children, outlined in the Committee's General Comment No. 7. It will culminate in a comprehensive monitoring platform, called GlobalChild, to improve State Parties' accountability to children through pointing at crucial aspects of the process of compliance with the crc for which the State Party and its administration are accountable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, the World Bank reports that in Mozambique the epidemic and endemic risks for malaria are high (21 and 57 per cent respectively), while child mortality is also high at 118 per 1,000 live births. Meanwhile, the AIDS prevalence rate reaches 3 per cent but funds allocated for the disease are 2.5 times larger than for malaria and 46 times the allocation for the integrated management of childhood illness. Problems emerge from this vertical approach. The first problem is related to the potential conflict between the “horizontal approach” of national health systems and the “vertical approach” of the GHPs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The survey also found that adolescent birth rates are lower in higher-income groups, but in all income groups, higher literacy among young women is associated with significantly lower adolescent birth rates. Investing in girls’ education is also associated with the overall empowerment of girls, enhances their status in their communities, improves their health and increases their bargaining power in marriages. The quality of education and how girls are treated by classmates, teachers and staff are also important determinants of whether girls stay in school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They need to be given the choice to try out improved varieties, insists Devare. “ In any democracy, people have a right to choose — provide farmers with the smartest management and varietal choices based on good research, and let them make the choices.” And there is growing proof that when farmers are given that choice, they prefer improved seeds over landraces, she points out.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
AbstractA European scholar explores the changing dynamics of integration processes within the Eurasian Customs/Economic Union in the new context created by the Ukraine crisis. The article examines positions adopted by member states Russia, Kazakhstan, and Belarus before and after onset of the crisis in Ukraine. Several rationales for justifying the Union are derived from international relations theory and documented in the rhetoric of actors from these three countries. The evolution of conflicting rhetorical postures mirrors a slowdown of the Eurasian integration process and growth in the bargaining leverage of Belarus and Kazakhstan vis-a-vis Moscow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Rural development policies have focused more on farm modernisation and the continued use of agricultural land than on targeted protection of water resources. Luxembourg must also meet the objectives of the new EU Directive on Ambient Air Quality (2008/50/EC). For the coming years, the Environment Administration is tasked with establishing an action plan to improve ambient air quality for Luxembourg City and its surroundings, in accordance with Directive 96/62/EC on Ambient Air Quality Assessment and Management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Thus, providing unemployment insurance and strengthening access to old-age pensions would, for instance, not only protect the vulnerable in times of crisis and contribute to reducing inequality, but would also decrease the need for precautionary savings and would strengthen demand. Similarly, providing an employment guarantee, such as has been done in India with the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, would not only form an important pillar in the efforts to eradicate poverty and strengthen domestic demand, but also enable more consumption. In fact, while economies in the region host multinational enterprises and have proven themselves as being able to adopt foreign technologies, increasing productivity may also require more creativity and indigenous innovative skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Islamic law from day one has been addressing the Individual and no corporate veil ever shielded individuals from its address. Western international law has gone a long way toward addressing individuals directly and it had to pierce the corporate veil of the state. International human rights law and international criminal law are, therefore, acceptable to Islamic law - at least at the conceptual level. Direct address to the individual - imposing on him obligations and recognizing for him rights - can, thus, become the foremost common idea between the two systems and it can become a solid foundation for a meaningful dialogue. If such a dialogue ever takes place, it will not bear fruit unless two realities are recognized: that the values of the two systems are different, and that the priority order of the various values in the two systems is also different.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)