albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This chapter explores the interaction between terrorism suppression and international humanitarian law in the context of domestic terrorism prosecutions. The chapter sketches the relevant terrorism suppression treaty regime and explores the possible interpretations, which should be given to regime interaction clauses therein. In particular, this chapter argues that the interaction between terrorism suppression and international humanitarian law dictated by treaty results in both a floor and a ceiling on the exercise of domestic criminal jurisdiction—creating international law limitations on the right of State Parties to criminalise acts of war as ‘terrorism’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, cash transfer programmes such as the Universal Child Allowance (Argentina), the former Chile Solidario (Chile), Universal Basic Pension (El Salvador) and Asignaciones Familiares-Plan Equidad (Uruguay) address the redistribution of unpaid care work from women to men. It not only provides day-care facilities during training sessions for single mothers but, more importantly, provides free preschool programmes with flexible hours to meet the needs of working mothers. Despite these features, however, some evaluations of Chile Solidario have shown that the preschool enrolment rate was low (4.6 per cent) because of a prevailing cultural perception that children are better cared for at home. That perception was cited in 90 per cent of the voluntarily reported reasons for non-enrolment. The effect is not only to empower women but also to enhance the ove ra 11 q ua I ity of I ife of the fa m i ly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These complex issues are not evident in a projection of the nature provided in this Outlook, which assumes an inherently stable trajectory for key driving forces such as crop yields, input prices, energy prices and policy environment. The price spike of 2007/08 is revisited and measures of price volatility are presented. The focus then shifts to a discussion of market integration and price transmission to domestic markets, again looking at the implications for price volatility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Employing postcolonial critical international relations theory as its theoretical bedrock, this article uses the U.N.-U.S.-French-led humanitarian intervention in Haiti in 2004 to examine top-tier states' claims to universal human rights and bottom-tier states' claims to sovereign national democratic rights. This article critically interrogates both the theoretical and policy assumptions of an emergent interventionism by the North into the South, and examines Haitian social forces and their pan-African allies (CARICOM, the AU, and CBC), who are opposed to the universalist appropriation and imposition of a rights domain that curtails freedom in the international arena.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It will however, provide multiple social, economic and environmental dividends and constitute much-needed first steps towards low-carbon social and economic development. A marked shift from the 1992 Rio Earth Summit to the 2012 Rio+20 Summit has been the role of emerging economies. Although the five countries have different economic endowments, they are facing similar challenges to sustain economic growth, save natural resources, and protect the environment. Reflecting the broadening of the BRICS agenda since the first BRICS summit was held in 2009, the first ever meeting of BRICS environment ministers was held in the Russian Federation in April 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Revocation of citizenship means a substantial interference with individual rights. It can only be justified if tightly defined material conditions in accordance with the constitutional law of each country and its international commitments are fulfilled. Risk assessment and proof of an affiliation, assistance or membership in an international terrorist organisation will be essential elements in this procedure. Whether there is a practical value in revocation of citizenship for citizens engaged in international terrorism in addition to criminal and administrative sanctions is within the framework of law a matter of political expediency which may well lead to different results in different countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Korea, the government is striving to generate new and renewable energy for low-carbon green growth. It also assists energy production through water (hydropower, conservation of ocean thermal energy and solar power using water from dams and retention ponds). The recent establishment of the Framework Act on Green Growth is helping to develop green growth strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For example, it has been shown that from 9 to 20 per cent of the United Kingdom’s domestic cigarette market now consists of smuggled cigarettes. In Canada, smuggled cigarettes represent about 33 per cent of all domestic cigarette consumption, although that proportion varies from province to province. In the United States, three quarters of the cigarettes observed in a Chicago neighbourhood as part of a research study had no tax stamp, indicating that they came from black or grey market sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the most recent DPR, AAFC identified the percentage of farms in Canada which have a formal EFPs and the percentage of farms taking action on their EFPs as performance indicators. Results are made available to the public through the Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. The programme aims to support 2 billion litres of ethanol production and 500 million litres of biodiesel production. The programme expires in 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Abstract   Environmental and social injustices in the extractive sector in Kwale County are rampant and there are limited citizen participatory mechanisms to address the injustices to enhance dialogue among stakeholders. Community exclusion from corporate governance has perpetuated environmental and social injustice causing mistrust and conflicts between communities and investors in mining areas. This study aimed to evaluate a digital mapping platform as a tool for community engagement. A participatory study approach was used where selected stakeholders were trained to use the digital mapping platform and then participated in the study. Mobile phone digital applications and Poi mapper data collection and management applications were used to generate and quantitatively analyse stakeholder responses which were instantly transmitted to a computer server. Digital mapping is interactive, elicited effective interactions among stakeholders and supported citizen participation to enforce corporate accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The federal government is leading the policy changes and states are responding in different ways. Neither has Santa Catarina taken an active role in the MEC’s distance learning programme (E-Tec) for EPTNM. Significant differences in student participation in different types of courses are also observable between the practice in Brazil as a whole and Santa Catarina, reflecting the strong industrial-agricultural basis of the state and the take up on production-related profiles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Diabetes mortality rates are the highest in the EU. Additionally, the number of deaths due to Alzheimer’s and other dementias has almost tripled since 2000, reflecting population ageing, better diagnosis, lack of effective treatments as well as more precise coding. Lung cancer continues to be the main cause of cancer death, with the number of people dying from this disease nearly doubling between 2004 and 2014. Nonetheless, rates are still low compared with other EU countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
If childcare eats up one wage so that there is little or no financial gain in going out to work, parents (most often mothers) are less likely to seek a job. But how people manage life at home also plays a big part in the equation. Many systems still implicitly regard childrearing as a mother’s responsibility: everywhere women are doing more unpaid work than men, regardless of whether they have full-time jobs or not.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The countries with the lowest percentage of children and adolescents with moderate or severe deprivation in sanitation nationwide are Chile (3.5%) and Uruguay (2.6%). A major decrease was observed in all countries. The biggest reduction occurred in the Plurinational State of Bolivia (15.2 percentage points), followed by Peru (13.8%) and Honduras, El Salvador and Brazil (in that order). Around 2011,10.8% of children across the region (17 countries) were moderately or severely deprived and 6.2% were severely deprived of access to drinking water. In 10 of the 16 countries with national data (Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia), over 10% of children and adolescents suffered some kind of deprivation associated with access to drinking water, and in three countries (Nicaragua, Peru and Plurinational State of Bolivia), the figure was over 10% for severe deprivation alone (see tables 11.5 and 11.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The centre of the country (Minsk Oblast) is the most urbanized part, while the western part (Brest and Grodno oblasts) has the lowest urbanization (69 and 73 per cent, respectively). Grodno Oblast has the lowest share in total urban population (10.6 per cent). Mogilev, Brest and Vitebsk oblasts have almost equal shares in the oblast structure of the country’s urban settlements (12-13 percent).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Secondly, it also refers to the continuum of care that must be provided at all levels of the health system—in the home and community health centre and hospital. They rapidly increased the access of a skilled attendant to childbirth and, when required, timely emergency obstetric care. They recognized that provision of services for mothers and newborns are at the centre of a strong health care system, and the resulting reduction in maternal and newborn mortality is a measure of the success of that health system. Family planning is a critical element for improving maternal and child health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Based on analyses of data from the database, the board of INCOPESCA (Costa Rica's national fisheries authority) recognized the need to permanently remove shrimp boats from the coastal zone as requested by fishers. The negotiations leading up to this action took several years, but in 2011 INCOPESCA temporarily banned shrimp boats from the Tarcoles MARF, with only hook-and-line fishing being allowed. The study of the effects of the ban showed recovery in the two most exploited species (snapper and shrimp).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The authors specifically stressed the importance of focusing more upon learning, and less upon testing, and claimed that the new assessment programme could be seen as a way of doing this, giving Norway a new start after the introduction of the national tests, which they believed was part of an old-fashioned system. In one article in Fredrikstad Blad (24 August 2012), the journalists described two schools sending their teachers to Dublin as part of the AfL programme in order to study how Irish students work with AfL. In an article in Bedre Skole three schools working on the Better Assessment project were presented and teachers, students and school leaders were interviewed about their experiences. The message was positive overall. A 14-year-old student was quoted as saying: “It is much easier to study for tests when we know what will be on the test and also know the criteria for each grade” (Ruud, 2009, p. 15).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This suggests that high-skilled individuals’ skills decline more slowly with age than do those of low-skilled individuals, though it is not possible to know this with certainty without longitudinal data. Additionally, two studies using these data have demonstrated a large causal impact of schooling on skills. Additionally, both studies provide some evidence of differential impact of schooling reforms, hi a correlational analysis, Green and Riddell (2013) observe that schooling is more strongly associated with skills at the tenth skills percentile in Canada, Norway and the US. In his Instrumental Variables (IV) analysis, Din9er (2016) shows that the causal effect of additional schooling is greater at the lower end of the skills distribution. Both results imply that educational expansion promotes equity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It envisages the ambitious target of reduction of energy intensity by 50 per cent by 2030. The Comprehensive State Energy Conservation Programme until 2010provides for the enhancement of energy efficiency and competitiveness of national economy, the optimization of state energy balance through decrease of imported fossil fuels (natural gas) and their replacement with alternative sources of energy and secondary energy sources. It is responsible for development and implementation of the national policy in the area of energy efficiency, energy conservation, and development of alternative energy sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To this end, some institutions adopt a more top-down approach by assessing effectiveness at sectoral, national, or even global scales. Both the Philippines and Bangladesh have developed indicators for climate interventions, the former as part of an overarching results framework for its 5-year development plan and the latter as part of its national climate change fund (Philippines, 2011 and BCCRF, 2010). The Republic of Mozambique is also in the early stages of building a comprehensive M&E framework for climate change activities implemented by public, private, and non-governmental organisations (Manjate, 2013). The Government of Kenya (GoK) is in the process of setting up what it calls an MRV+ system, which combines the elements of project-level M&E in a coherent framework that facilitates meeting international MRV guidelines (GoK, 2012a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Its population continues to decline, due to habitat and prey base loss, poaching and retributive killing (because, due to declines in the density of wild ungulates, snow leopards then turn to livestock). According to the official statistics, the snow leopard population in Tajikistan in 2012 amounted to some 195 specimens. Tajikistan is home to its largest population (894 animals in 2012), but the number is reported to be decreasing, mainly due to poaching and competition with livestock.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Over longer periods and based on earlier stage lessons, considerable structural and operational responses may be required, as outlined in Table 1.17. Genetic knowledge and management is likely to be more critical, including genetic improvement for more efficient feeding and diet specificity, and improved species resistance to wider temperature ranges, salinity changes, lower oxygen and to a wider range of pathogens. New aquatic pathogen risks may require biosecurity and prevention measures to be more closely applied (Gatesoupe, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The implementation of the Rome Statute in Latin America continues to face structural gaps caused by a lack of comprehensive implementation of all the elements of the treaty. In the case of war crimes legislation, only seven countries have adopted specific regulations implementing Article 8 of the Rome Statute or grave violations of international humanitarian law. The main problem persists in the fact that there has not been a significant implementation of Additional Protocol 1 to the 1949 Geneva Conventions as a complement to Article 8 of the Rome Statute. Also, regulation has focused on persons and property, leaving the criminalization of means and methods of warfare as well as the use of certain weapons behind.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Reporting this information is not mandatory, nor is it subject to technical review (which can help improve clarity). There are co-ordination, methodological and resource challenges with monitoring and communicating information on support received at a national level, which could make international reporting challenging as well. This paper finds that the information Parties are asked to provide under the enhanced transparency framework alone is unlikely to be sufficient to meet the requirements of the global stocktake.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, the Regional Plan also allows, conditionally, abstractions without a permit for supplementary surface and groundwater takes of a certain size (1.5-15 m3/day) and temporary takes of 150 m3/day for no more than five days per annum, and aquifer or well testing for 2 500/d for no more than 3 days. This was not surprising due to the high density of dairy cows in the region and the large volumes of drinking water required by lactating cows and the large volumes of water required for dairy shed operations. In 35 of the catchments more than 50% of the allocable flow is taken for these activities alone, and in 16 of these the use exceeds the allocable flow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is the guiding legal framework for the development and implementation of legislation and policies concerning the human rights of children in 194 countries. This human rights treaty has contributed to universalising children’s rights globally and regionally. It has had significant impact on domestic legal systems throughout the world and on domestic legislation in particular. The CRC has also had an impact on domestic and international human rights jurisprudence, but due to the absence of global studies a clear picture of the extent and nature of this impact is lacking. This book is a first step in a process of systematically compiling and analysing international, regional and national jurisprudence concerning the rights of the child. This chapter presents the key findings and provides guidance on how to proceed from here.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A pilot project, Joint Demonstration Project for Prevention and Control of Dust and Sandstorms Originated in Erlinhot, China, and Zamiin Uud, Mongolia, Source Areas, w,as conducted between 2012 and 2016. In recent years, the areas of rangeland, land with forest resources and land with water resources have decreased, w'hile the area of land for special needs has increased dramatically. This is mainly because more and more ecologically fragile land w'as transformed into SPAs. With rapid urbanization and road construction, more land was used for urban and transport construction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This demographic and economic unevenness has also inevitably brought spatial and income inequalities along with adverse effects on environmental and socio-cultural dimensions. Figure 2 shows the change in agricultural land area from 1990 to 2013, with the exception of Thailand, all countries experienced an increase in agricultural area. This trend, unfortunately, had an impact on forests as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Structural efforts at the local and national levels to overcome this challenge remain operationally weak. At present, whether women will be seen as partners or not depends much more on the personal convictions of individual actors than on a systematic implementation of policies of gender inclusion. Yet individuals with the authority, willingness and diplomatic skill to trigger changes in attitudes and behaviours towards the treatment of women as equal peacebuilding partners remain exceptional in all current peacebuilding operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The discussion also examines the historical evolution of each principle and the existing international agendas that facilitate the application of the principle, thereby promoting a sustainable business ecosystem. The principle informs and monitors a whole host of managerial decisions, including where to conduct business, with whom to conduct business, which products and services to offer, the degree to which an organization puts its own capital at risk for proprietary activities and so forth. Strong corporate governance guards enterprises and financial institutions against poor management, misconduct by staff and general business and financial risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Primary schools give a lot of attention to providing young people with knowledge about climate change, including values associated with sustainability. In secondary schools, sustainability education tends to be more specialised, with units in science and geography. Lack of training can be costly. For example, in response to the onset of the Global Financial Crisis, the Australian Government rolled out the Home Insulation Program (HIP) with the aim of insulating 2.7 million houses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, adaptation reporting is not mandatory, as the Paris Agreement states that Parties “should”, as appropriate, submit and update an “adaptation communication” (Article 7.10). Decision 1/CP.21 states that this information “shall” be submitted biennially for all countries other than Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) (paragraph 90). Regular reporting on adaptation is already done under the UNFCCC, including via national communications (NCs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Physical and digital assets can be represented as “tokens” of value on the shared distributed registries, allowing the tokens to be directly traded among network participants. In essence, these core capabilities allow for the use of cryptocurrencies (e.g. Bitcoin, Ether) as well as tokenised digital records (e.g. property rights, physical property rights) in the context of the infrastructure lifecycle, from financing, and procurement, through tendering and operations. Greater standardisation of contracts and documentation in the bidding and procurement stages of the infrastructure project life cycle is critical to reducing their cost and complexity, as well as facilitating their comparability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They allow flexibility to deal with the impact of the price rises on poor households without disrupting the market, and in particular without interfering with price signals to farmers. Once a safety net mechanism is in place, transfers can be raised when prices increase and can be lowered when prices fall. However, the system has some deficiencies in that targeted households receive a smaller quantity of rice than intended.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
See E. Kally, Water and peace: Water resources and the Arab-Israeli peace process (1993). The energy required to lift water is independent of plant size due to the minimum flow rate assumption. Within the context of the latter, in countries that do not subsidize diesel fuel, such as Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates, die cost of a litre of diesel is approximately $1 .OO/litre.50 The cost in other countries where subsidies exist varies from $0.09/litre in Saudi Arabia to $0.24/litre in the Syrian Arab Republic to $0.44/litre in Jordan.51 A subsidy represents a real cost that, while not borne directly by the consumer, is paid for indirectly by the public through government expenditures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Self-reported subjective wellbeing can be further divided into life satisfaction surveys (ranks of 0 to 10 of a person’s satisfaction with life) and emotional wellbeing indicators (a person’s emotional feelings at a point in time) (Kahneman and Deaton, 2010, Di Telia etal, 2001). Studies based on self-reported life satisfaction avoid these problems, but are subject to challenging data interpretation issues. These studies, which are getting increasing attention in the literature (Helliwell et al, 2008 and 2009), tend to show that self-reported subjective wellbeing has a strong correlation with income, but also that other factors, such as health, unemployment and divorce, or quality of life indicators based on objective outcomes, are important.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)