albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This suggests that the reduction in mobile-broadband prices contributes not only to connecting more people but also to fostering more intense Internet usage among those who are already online. Survey-based data that ITU collects from national statistical offices confirm that, next to the availability of access and the relevance of services, affordability is one of the key factors that continue to determine whether or not people will use ICTs. A number of recent studies on ICT developments also confirmed these findings.1 Monitoring prices is therefore a critical step towards better policies to make ICT services more affordable. What is the cost of allowing ICT users to have access not to the wider Internet but only to selected Internet content, which is determined by the provider?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
By maintaining the complex insurance and re-insurance contracts on shared ledgers, an inclusive data foundation and transaction engine can be created to support disaster recovery efforts. This might not only increase the efficiency by cutting out administrative overhead, but also provide immediate help in situations of need. Such shared ledgers, with open interfaces to related data providers, would allow for a more efficient calculation of underlying volatility, thus leading to potentially reduced insurance premiums.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
After 1991, the dismantling of many elements of the Soviet system (including the compulsory work placement of young graduates, heavily subsidised transport and energy tariffs) reshaped Kazakhstan's urban system, concentrating population in large cities. Along with official data based on the administrative definition of urban areas, it introduces the functional urban areas (FUAs), w'hich offer a new picture of its urban agglomerations, based on settlement patterns and travel-to-work commuting flows. This chapter then reviews the links between urbanisation and economic growth and key economic challenges related to cities (including singleindustry towms and attracting foreign investments).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, the fiscal income is expected to stabilise (or even decrease) over a very long term, as the pesticide use per hectare will likely decrease. Input price increase is expected to have an effect on farmers' income. However, this effect is expected to be absorbed in the long term through adaptations of pest control strategies, as long as the suggested tax rates are high enough and farmers are in a position to successfully revise their practices. This dimension requires a detailed analysis of: • the level of dependence on pesticides of small-scale subsistence farmers (48% of the population of Kyrgyzstan is employed by the agriculture sector) • the general price elasticity (changes in the use of pesticides by farmers in response to changes in the prices of pesticides).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This supports in particular sub-national institutions and actors to implement all biodiversity-related policy objectives amidst their regularly limited capacities and resources. The National Coordination Strategy on Implementation of MEAs in Lesotho contains a comprehensive situation analysis and sets out steps to drive improvements over 2013-2018, including the establishment of a National MEA Committee. Both international and national factors had prevented a joined up approach to implementation: the proliferation of MEAs had strained Lesotho’s resources in terms of funds and time required for reporting and participation at meetings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As in the Pacific, communities and villages have relied on traditional forms of support to provide basic food, water and shelter, often in the context of clans or extended families. Low-income, aid-dependent countries could not afford even the smallest cash transfer programmes, and their capacity for efficient delivery and corruption-free administration has been highly questionable. Under the Livingstone Accord governments committed to developing national social protection strategies and integrating them into their national development plans and budgets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While technologies linked to smart grids are efficiency-enhancing and could in principle improve the economic viability of existing centralized systems, smart grids are not simply plug-in additions to existing networks, but require new approaches to electricity network design and operation. A significant number also have legal frameworks for mini-grids, although these are often inadequate or incomplete. In some cases, the private sector is permitted to own and operate minigrids and receive some type of public support in the absence of a legal framework, and only a minority of LDCs specify technical standards for mini-grids.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
So, the ability of the Chinese growth pattern to generate more productive and remunerative employment outside agriculture played an important role. In addition, per worker output in agriculture increased dramatically from the early 1980s, reflecting the institutional changes described earlier. What is significant is that it continued to increase at a rapid rate thereafter, such that it nearly doubled in the decade after 1995. The growth was broad-based and widely shared because of the egalitarian land distribution as well as the simultaneous creation of non-agricultural employment opportunities. They found that government expenditure on education had the largest impact on reducing both rural poverty and regional inequality, and a significant impact on boosting production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Challenges that remain include the need for further and more explicit prioritisation of biodiversity within development finance portfolios and programming, by better capturing the synergies with climate and other environmental and development objectives. The persistent limitations in individual expertise, human resources and organisational capacity and a lack of funding for biodiversity in partner countries also hinder the continuity of positive change initiated by development co-operation activities beyond project lifetimes. Doing so in a more consistent manner would also facilitate comparison of experiences across countries and their effectiveness, and an exchange of lessons learned. This challenge is due in part to the lack of consistent data and indicators to develop baselines and to monitor and report on progress towards achieving mainstreaming goals and targets. In terms of responses, further consideration on how to monitor and evaluate mainstreaming efforts across the full range of responses, namely inputs, process, outputs, outcomes and impacts, would be useful.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Capture fisheries, aquaculture, industrial fishing, small-scale fishing and sports fishing all have different participants and face different challenges. Aquaculture is in many ways like agriculture, with a fairly predictable output for any given input. Sports fishing is a case apart, not driven by the same profit needs as professional fishing. Capture fisheries, whether large or small-scale, are based on a raw material whose availability can be highly unstable and unpredictable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
At its 5th meeting, on 7 May, the Forum had before it a draft ministerial declaration on the future international arrangement on forests we want (E/CN.18/2015/L.1), submitted by the Chair (Gabon) on the basis of the informal consultations held by Working Group 1. At the same meeting, following the statement by the Chair, statements were made by the representatives of Peru and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Also at the same meeting, statements were made by the Secretary of the Forum and a representative of the Forum secretariat. At its 9th meeting, on 14 May, the Forum had before it a revised draft ministerial declaration on the international arrangement on “The forests we want: beyond 2015” (E/CN.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As box 1.5 shows, the index remains robust for changes to weightings, indicators, deprivation cut-offs and k values. Thus, indicators with high cut-offs, which yield high rates of deprivation, have a greater influence in ascertaining poverty, although the relative weight assigned is equal to that of other indicators. This is the case with the social protection indicator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Orchards w'ould never yield the same volume and quality of firew'ood or timber for construction and industrial purposes as forests. The strategic question, of course, could be what might be the desired optimal proportion between land allocated for growing orchards and forests. Due to their important environmental functions and scarcity, all forests in Tajikistan are classified as protective forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Since gender bias in social institutions may affect total factor productivity, labour force, human and physical capital accumulation,3 equations 2-5 measure indirect effects that discriminatory social institutions have on income. Combining the growth accounting framework (equation 1) with the equations of the indirect effect of gender-based discrimination in social institutions on income (equations 2-5) yields an equation for income as a function of the SIGI (equation 6). Hence, equation 6 is a reduced form regression that omits total factor productivity, labour force, human and physical capital accumulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is a disconnect between the popular understanding of the role of money in American politics and the lessons from social science research. The foundational research in this field finds that campaign spending has at best negligible impacts on election outcomes. Similarly, decades of research reveal very little evidence that campaign contributions or even lobbying has significant effects on the content of public policy. These findings are corroborated by cutting edge research on the effects of campaign finance reforms both at the federal level and in the states.      Keywords:    campaign contributions,  campaign finance reform,  campaign spending,  democracy,  elections,  legislation,  lobbying,  political corruption,  political parties
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Among these expenditures, those related to the development of childcare services increased most strongly, from 0.13 to 0.95% of GDP over the period considered. While the focus of government investment is on childcare services for children aged 0-5, as observed in the Nordic countries or France, the level of expenditure remains much lower in Korea than in these countries, but above the OECD average. Such spending is comprehensively recorded in Nordic countries, but in some other (often federal) countries it may not be fully captured by the OECD social expenditure data, a) Data for Poland refer to 2012 and for Australia, Israel, Korea, and New Zealand to 2014. Data for all other countries refer to 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These countries generally use energy less efficiently than developed countries. China’s energy conversion and utilization efficiency, for instance, is around 25 % lower than developed countries. More broadly, rapidly-developing countries like China and India are important in shaping world trends in energy development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Where different areas are assigned to one or more functions (including recreation) costs arising from the respective function (e.g. building of benches) can be allocated accordingly. Forest authorities are not only responsible for gathering respective data and mapping them but also for promotion of multi-functional forests. This is mostly for planning and monitoring purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Income poverty has fallen slightly in the aggregate but it persists at acute levels for the African and Coloured racial groups. Poverty in urban areas has increased. There have been continual improvements in non-monetary well-being (for example, access to piped water, electricity and formal housing) over the entire post-Apartheid period up to 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The choice of analytical techniques will be driven by the availability of data and type of effect to be analysed. While the research on the contribution of broadband to GDP growth has confirmed its positive impact, it has also yielded results that vary widely. Constrained by data availability, the analyses have primarily focused on OECD countries (generally Western Europe and North America) and states in the United States (see Table 1). However, one observes that such a contribution appears to vary widely, from 0.25 to 1.38 per cent for every increase in 10 per cent of penetration15.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It provides analysis and foresight about critical trends in STI in key sectors of the economy, the environment and society, drawing attention to emerging and disruptive technologies. The twenty-first annual session of the CSTD was held from 14 to 18 May 2018 in Geneva and addressed two priority themes: (i) the role of science, technology and innovation in increasing the share of renewable energy by 2030, and (ii) building digital competencies to benefit from existing and emerging technologies, with special focus on gender and youth dimensions. The collaboration will continue in 2019 with a young scientist program through which 24 scientists from CSTD developing countries will have the opportunity to work in China from six to twelve months and exchange experience and knowledge. The needs assessment reviews aim at identifying technological gaps and priority needs and providing recommendations for strengthening policies and measures to improve national and regional technological capabilities and encourage innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the first four years of implementation, the LEZ in London prevented the release of 28 tonnes of particulate matter, and increasingly stringent regulations have continued to yield significant additional reductions to particulate matter levels. It operates in tandem with the congestion charge, adding an additional fee based on the emissions rating of the vehicle in question. This is the first emission control scheme in the UK to target individual vehicles, and represents an important stepping stone towards an ultra-low emission zone (ULEZ). The T-charge has resulted in a 30% reduction in the number of non-compliant vehicles in the congestion charging zone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A key aspect is to match these resources with the identification and development of products that are desired on different markets. Management and governance in this new situation implies a need to include not only stand and local spatial scales, but also regional as well as national and international levels. However, an important challenge is to build bridges in a geographical area among actors involved with different sustainability dimensions, actors in different sectors and at different societal levels, and different disciplines to facilitate the need for production and exchange of knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 2006, the government established a law by which children’s nurses may be appointed to work in maternelle in collaboration with preschool teachers, and from 2007-09, slightly more than 25% of children’s nurses were appointed to do so. Most college credits for both qualifications are already aligned, and around 80% of staff in ECEC facilities hold both qualifications. Child care practitioners can now also work at full-day kindergarten programmes, although there are still some limitations and barriers in this due to the dual training system and salary differences. Three municipal territories in Korea have therefore implemented an ECEC collaboration project called the Yeong Cha Project. These projects are partially funded by the local authorities and stimulate interaction and co-operation among different ECEC practitioners (child care and kindergarten). Within these projects, kindergarten and child care professionals plan activities together, care for infants cooperatively, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To illustrate the importance of this point, this paper re-produces part of the analysis done by Bane & Ellwood to provide evidence on the gap in measured SA spell durations when comparing stock and flow samples in countries for which monthly data are available. To minimize the impact of censoring, calculations have been made for the cross-sectional wave that lies in the middle of the respective observation period: June 1999 (wave 136) for Luxembourg, December 2004 (wave 72) for the Netherlands, December 2000 (wave 96) for Noiway, and June 2005 (wave 54) for Sweden. All samples include short exits from benefits (as the ‘standard sample’ used for panel A of Table 9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: A Manual for Human Rights Institutions. Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions and Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Sydney, Australia and Geneva. Virtue and vulnerability: Discourses on women, gender and climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, culture can be used to increase political and economic power of vulnerable groups such as women, youth and indigenous groups, and operationalized to support and enable the achievement of sustainable development in cities. Second, culture promotes economic development, driving social and economic change, and increasing development potential for transformative change."" Third, culture supports planning, infrastructure and the making of public space by providing local knowledge about cities and its citizens, and adding a sociocultural importance to planning and policy using culturally sensitive urban data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In 2013, Governments in 20 countries provided only indirect support for family planning through the private sector, including non-govemmental organizations. The remaining 17 Governments did not support family planning, including the Holy See, which did not allow family planning programmes or services within its jurisdiction. The increase in this percentage has been particularly dramatic for least developed countries, from 43 per cent in 1976 to 98 per cent in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, 29 years’ service is needed to reach the highest pay steps in France, as opposed to an average of 24 years for the OECD countries. The average salary in France is still significantly below average for the OECD countries in respect of preprimary and primary education (by respectively 7% and 14%). However, the average actual pay is virtually equal to the OECD average for French teachers employed in lower or upper secondary education (where average pay is below the OECD average at 3% and 2%respectively ). It should be noted, however, that actual pay for France includes that of college and lyc£e teachers holding the country's highest teaching degree (I’agregation) at the end of their careers (with the highest salaries), whereas for these levels of education, statutory salaries include only the amounts corresponding to certified teachers with 15 years' service (see Table D3.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Yet coverage and quality of infrastructure need to be expanded and improved, particularly for wastewater treatment, sanitary landfills and recycling (Section 1). Inadequate pricing is among the impediments to extending water and waste infrastructure and services. Most municipalities do not charge for waste collection or do so through property taxes, which do not provide any incentive to reduce waste generation or sort for recycling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In this context, institutional reform becomes imperative, especially given the changing climate and increasingly scarce water resources. However, in the MENA, as elsewhere, water is among the sectors most resistant to comprehensive reform. Many are working to update or establish a national water agenda and to take water policy initiatives, although government action has remained mainly focused on investment to develop networks and build infrastructure such as dams, irrigation systems, urban water treatment and sanitation plants. These investments have moved the region’s countries closer to achieving the 2015 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for water, i.e. reducing by half the population without access to clean drinking water and sanitation systems by 2015. Governments have used education and other tools to raise efficiency and have instituted system improvements to develop networks, reduce losses and enhance groundwater management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The basic mechanisms for international collaboration are intergovernmental agreements, bilateral and multilateral agreements on scientific cooperation as well as establishing international scientific centres using unique equipment and laboratories, trainings and practical studies in the leading scientific centres as well as mutual recognition of diplomas. Around 80% of funding is from tuition fees and 10% from other sources. However, expenditure of the Kyrgyz government on education in general is higher than, for instance, in Armenia, Belarus or Tajikistan (Figure 3.1). Enterprises report a lack of engineers and technical personnel, which are often interns from the higher education system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The degree of this inequality in Denmark is elevated in comparison to other countries (Figure 4.7). Visits in the past three months in Denmark. Data show that people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are less likely to participate in breast cancer and uterus cancer screening, and are at higher risk of being readmitted to hospitals for preventable conditions (Devaux and de Looper, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the weekly team meetings, teachers discuss important topics for the forthcoming week and develop the subject matter, materials and methods to be used. It is worth noting that, in education, small is not always preferable to large. Large groups of students may sometimes be taught together in lecture mode and then broken down into smaller groups for other styles of teaching. This adds flexibility to the class schedule and allows teachers to split students into groups in any way that suits their needs, such as for parallel or differentiated instruction. It also allows them to run cross-disciplinary sessions, such as an enquiry facilitated by a science teacher and a media teacher.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Also in 2009, the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure established a legal entity of public law, the Water Supply Regional Development Agency, which coordinates activities of the new companies and establishes regulations and tariffs. The Agency is in charge for more than one million people and more than 5,000 industrial and commercial customers. One of the major tasks of GENRC is to establish a methodology for the regulation of water tariffs in order to ensure effective tariff reform in the various cities and regions. Within the framework of the reforms, the Ministry of Economic Development established in June 2009 two companies, Ltd “Water of West” and Ltd “Water of East”, which joined 60 State-owned local water distribution companies. These companies deal with water supply and sanitation service. The main goal of these reforms is to simplify the organization of water supply and to attract investment to this sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It was chosen by the NEA as the basis for its SSDI (Simplified Supply and Demand Index) which was presented in Chapter 3. On the basis of a complete set of energy data provided by the International Energy Agency’s Data Services from 1970 to 2008, the SSDI tracked energy supply security based on both supply and demand data. It showed that the security of supply situation in OECD countries has unequivocally improved since the early 1970s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)