albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Candidate outcome indicators would be the prevalence of complication from surgeries, percutaneous coronary intervention mortality rate, number of patient undergoing CABG within 24 hours after PCI, incidence of pressure ulcer or user satisfaction. To facilitate the functional differentiation and specialisation of hospitals beds, factors contributing to inadequate case-mix could be also examined. Special attention should go to acute myocardial infarction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Tangermann (2011), the World Bank (2012b) and OECD (2010) explain in detail the complexity of each of these design-related and practical decisions and provide some suggestions on how to tackle them. That is, the nature of buffer stocks is such that the government is limited in the amount it can sell or buy. If a country' is faced with a few consecutive years of low availability and high prices, then it will exhaust its buffer stock. Once the buffer stock is depleted, it loses its capability to lower prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
School systems that continue to differentiate among students in these ways need to create appropriate incentives to ensure that some students are not "discarded" by the system. This does not necessarily mean that if stratification policies were changed, students in stratified systems would have better instrumental motivation to learn, since PISA does not measure cause and effect. However, policy makers in highly stratified systems need to consider not only the equity aspect of education outcomes but also non-cognitive outcomes, such as students' attitudes towards learning. The scope of evaluations and assessments is not only limited to student assessments, most schools use various forms of evaluations, such as self-evaluations, external school evaluation and teacher appraisals as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This profile is found in Australia, Canada, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States. In some of these countries, e.g., the Netherlands, the pre-primary teacher is trained both for the preschool and primary sectors. In federal countries, variation exists across different states or provinces, but the predominant type of training is in primary school-oriented pedagogy (readiness-for-school is a primary aim of early education).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Durante is a fully integrated business that, in addition to fish products, offers a full range of services, including advisory services and franchise systems to mid-scale farmers. It is one of Nigeria's leading fish-farming businesses (NRI, 2014). Durante shifted away from tank culture to pond and cage culture because of power cuts and water constraints.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Large increases in imports (or reductions in net exports) of rice, wheat, and maize result in higher world market prices, implying that other countries’ producers and consumers help to reduce, though certainly not eliminate, the suffering that a South Asian drought would cause. In practice, the share of global production of the major staples entering international trade is rather low (Figure 3.5). When an unusual event takes place, such as the US drought in the summer of 2012, the sharp reduction in production is translated into an even sharper fall in exports or increase in imports, putting immense pressure on markets where only a fraction of production is traded internationally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For Saint-Nazaire, one can expect slight changes in this respect, given the new contracts signed by the shipyard for the construction of several big cruise ships, but these largely protect current jobs and do not offer large net increases in direct employment. Further, it is important to consider that the 2008 economic crisis would have negatively impacted economic development in the intervening years. There is now a strong focus on improving interaction and dialogue both between the two urban areas in the estuary, and also among the two urban areas and the more rural communes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In sum, the gap is a result of gender differences in key strategic choices: women’s choice of industry, their preferred size of business, the level of risk they are willing to accept, and the hours they can devote to their business. Further analysis of the reasons behind these different approaches can help policies to target specific market failures and the stereotypes that affect women more than men. A mix of general policies for SMEs and instruments explicitly targeting women can be effective in prompting interest and entry into entrepreneurship. The Small Business Administration (SBA) in the United States has explicitly explored a mix of general gender-mainstreamed programmes and women-specific policies and has continuously experimented with new ones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The extent of medicines sales and consumption in the informal market in Togo raises many ethical and public health issues. In order to report on the situation of public action in the fight against this practice, we conducted a qualitative survey from 15 to 25 February 2016 in the commune of Lome and in the Maritime Region among the actors of control system and resource people in the general population. This was supplemented by an analysis of Togo's pharmaceutical and health policy documents and a literature review on the illicit drug market issues relating to public health, political science, the social sciences applied to health. In spite of the existence of national and international tools, household poverty, cultural self-medication, ignorance of the population concerning the health risks of informal market medicines, weak political commitment, weakness regulation and enforcement, corruption, constitute obstacles to the success of actions to combat this practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Completion and Results Report", the project partially achieved its objectives: revision and implementation of general and vocational curricula, public availability of student achievement results, distribution of materials for teachers, improvement of vocational teachers' skills, introduction of an online Career Information System, training of school management teams on school development plans, and grant distribution to schools in low enrolment areas. Under the Basic Law of National Education of 1973, the Ministry of National Education (MoNE) is responsible for the education system, and general directorates and their units are responsible for different aspects of education and policy compliance, such as basic education, secondary education, vocational education, special education and guidance and counseling. Provincial and District National Education Directorates across 81 Turkish provinces support the implementation of education policy. The Directorate for Guidance and Inspection serves as the inspection unit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Progress in raising learning achievement, in particular in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) subjects that are associated with higher wages, combined w ith policies to address the distinct barriers women face to employment, including affordable childcare, will be important to provide more equal opportunities for women and girls in Costa Rica. Similarly, there have been major efforts to cater to students with special needs in mainstream schools, including the development of an adapted vocational programme to facilitate transition into the labour market. Less policy attention has been given to improving the opportunities of children and young people from migrant communities, many of whom face significant barriers to accessing education and other public services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Since the interpretation of results often depends crucially on the data, it is incumbent on the data user to invest at least as far as knowing how the data were made, but there is no mechanism for enforcing this investment and it does not appear to have been a focus of effort. Analysis has revealed some areas where findings are sensitive to modelling choices, including the representation of technological change in the model, the treatment of spillovers, and the R&D lag distribution. These are essentially empirical questions that are often difficult to resolve with the available data but must be settled, and can have substantial impacts on the findings. The issue of how to go about specifying the research-induced technical change in models is largely unresolved. Better progress has been made with lags and spillovers. The trend has been to find larger spillover impacts and longer research lags in studies that test for these aspects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the case of dairy products, production costs are important for these manufactured goods, thus the cost of production index plays a significant role. It is, however, also of interest to analyse specific types of uncertainty. This section focuses on dairy markets and in particular on two of the largest dairy exporting countries, New Zealand and Australia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article discusses the question of the territorial jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over international crimes committed through the Internet. It argues that the Court may assert its territorial jurisdiction over such conduct consistently with international law and the Rome Statute, by localising the cyber-commission of a core crime in whole or in part within the territory of States Parties. However, to mitigate state complaints of jurisdictional overreach, it further argues that the Court could avoid the outright endorsement of extensive versions of territorial jurisdiction. Instead, it should pursue first a detailed analysis of core crimes, followed by a well-versed application of territoriality. In closing, the article discusses the application of this approach in the example of online incitement to commit genocide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition to targets, the scope of instruments related to renewable energy being introduced is also broadening, demonstrating a deepening commitment towards renewable energy. For instance, Sri Lanka, under its latest energy sector development plan, is seeking to significantly increase the share of renewable energy while reducing petroleum imports, which have risen dramatically over the past decades (Sri Lanka, Ministry of Power and Renewable Energy, 2015). Pacific Island States, particularly the Cook Islands, Fiji, Samoa, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu, are leading the region in setting up an ambitious target of 100 per cent renewable energy. Additionally, under the country’s Energy Development Strategic Action Plan, hydro is expected to reach approximately 350 GW.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Where there have been violations of labour standards or human rights by organisations operating overseas, but such entities are either owned or controlled by a transnational corporation (‘TNC’) based in a Common Law system such as England and Wales, the current position in company, tort, contract and private international law is that the right of injured overseas workers (of those overseas entities) or citizens to recover the losses they have suffered from TNC is negligible to zero. This is startling in light of policies underpinning product liability and private laws. The question is whether modifications of existing private and company law doctrines could facilitate a change in the position whereby transnational corporations are held liable. Other possibilities for addressing the TNC accountability gap are also discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The degree to which this has an effect on the prevalence of informality depends on how easily workers can move between formal and informal jobs and on how much they value other aspects of formal work (including the protection of labour rights other than social security). However, to the extent that markets are competitive, such subsidies can alter the marginal returns of capital, thereby slowing down capital accumulation in more productive parts of the economy. Not only are dual systems that combine job-linked contribution-based social security with a social safety net less desirable from the point of view of social cohesion, they also leave a gap in coverage of middle-income sectors, which enjoy - at best - limited services and - at worst - are excluded, de facto, from both systems by the prevalence of informality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The authors hypothesize that this lack of impact, which contrasts with the decreases they find in the short-term could be due to marital dissolution and decreases in overall rates of IPV overtime, however the authors are unable to test these theories directly. Although no average effect is found, there are treatment effects (both positive and negative) by various household characteristics and by transfer size—however there are likely to be endogenous and it is unclear how these differential effects should be interpreted. We have only analyzed the qualitative data and to the extent possible, have presented results from the qualitative sections. In terms of quality assessment using the COREQ check-list (column 13), 4 of the included studies were given a high score and 5 were given medium scores.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The management plan, however, had been adopted to meet the objectives of an ecological station and has not yet been revised. In 2012, ICMBio issued temporary permission for tourism activities in the park under certain conditions. However, in 2014, expanding demand for tourism activities and constrained management capacity at the site led ICMBio to restrict the park management from allowing access to visitors, maintaining that, without a valid management plan, tourism could have an unacceptable impact on biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These are the “Enquete sur les conditions de vie des menages” (ECVM) carried out in 2003 in Burkina Faso, the “Troisieme Enquete Cameroonaise aupres des Menages” in 2007 (ECAM III) and the “Ghana Living Standard Survey” done in 2005/06 for Ghana. The “base-year” of our analyses is thus represented by the year in which the national surveys were carried out: 2003 for Burkina Faso, 2005/06 for Ghana and 2007 for Cameroon, and we made the hypothesis - strong but necessary in the absence of reliable data - that both the distribution and the level of consumption and revenues did not change between the year of the survey and the base year of our analysis. Their recent trends are highlighted and hypotheses are developed concerning the impacts of the economic crisis on those channels over the 2008-2011 period studied. Government expenditures are assumed to remain constant and the increase in government deficit, induced by the fall in domestic tax revenue and foreign aid inflows, is assumed to be compensated through increased domestic borrowing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In equation (2) the chosen benchmark is the male rate of return (pm), but it would be equally plausible to use py as the benchmark set of coefficients. As the choice between these two alternatives may appear somewhat arbitrary and can give rise to differences in the results of the decomposition, a widely used alternative is to calculate a benchmark coefficient p' from a pooled earnings regression over the joint sample of male and female workers (Neumark, 1988). Data refer to regular employees for India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Municipal waste is waste collected by or on behalf of municipalities. It includes household waste originating from households (i.e. waste generated by the domestic activity of households) and similar waste from small commercial activities, office buildings, institutions such as schools and government buildings, and small businesses that treat or dispose of waste at the same facilities used for municipally collected waste. These indicators should be complemented with information on waste management practices and costs, and on consumption levels and patterns. More and more waste is being diverted from landfills and incinerators and fed back into the economy through recycling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Several new mechanisms have thus been explored (see Harrison etal., The tasks that are reallocated are typically not skill intensive from the perspective of the skill-rich country, but they are from the perspective of the skill-poor country. As a result, offshoring makes labour demand more skill intensive in both groups of countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Though the federal government in the United States, for example, can require states to set quality standards as a condition for receiving federal money for education, it cannot determine what those standards are. In 2009, state school officials and governors in the United States agreed on the principle of establishing national, common standards in core subjects,3 but in 2015, these standards were still insufficiently implemented to affect teachers' practice in the classroom at scale. The unsatisfactory results of the PISA 2000 assessment created huge pressure on policy makers to establish more rigorous and coherent school standards across the states, and to advance from traditional content-based curricula towards competency-based learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The international organizations involved in peacebuilding, democratization and peacekeeping in the Yugoslav successor states have employed thousands of locally recruited workers as project officers, language intermediaries and support staff. This makes them a distinct employment sector within these post-socialist and in several cases post-conflict economies, most significantly in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. This paper evaluates arguments in favour of regarding this workforce firstly as a group of workers suffering precarity and secondly as a privileged social elite. While there are good grounds for recognizing them as a distinctive social group, this distinctiveness has not led to a widely expressed social identity based on the commonalities of their employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Instead, the demographic transitions experienced by a wide variety of societies suggest that family sizes tend to decline with higher incomes and greater economic security. Conversely, poor families tend to have more children in the hope of increasing contributions to household income as well as of ensuring continued economic security as parents age (Leibenstein, 1957, Mamdani, 1972, Robbins, 1999). A significant proportion of this decline can be largely attributed to the rise in living standards in East Asia and the Pacific which accompanied explosive economic growth, particularly in China. Other regions of the world also experienced a decline in the incidence of poverty, with the exception of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, where the proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day increased from 1.7 to 3.7 per cent between 1981 and 2005 (figure II.2.B).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The mission of public health--improving the health of populations--is difficult to advance in public discourse because a language to express the values animating that mission has not been adequately developed. Following on the work of Robert Bellah, Dan Beauchamp, and others, we argue that the first "language" of American culture is individualism. A second American language of community--rooted in egalitarianism, humanitarianism, and human interconnection--serves as the first language of public health. These values resonate with many Americans but are not easily articulated. Consequently, reductionist, individualistic understandings of public health problems prevail. Advancing the public health approach to the nation's health challenges requires invigorating America's second language by recognizing the human interconnection underlying the core social justice values of public health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In contrast, E & N has the lowest FLFP (around 20%) and the lowest percentage of people living in urban areas (around 22%). The North and the South also differ with respect to another factor: the culture in the North is strongly patriarchal, in contrast to the South. Women in the Northern states of India have less autonomy than their counterparts in the Southern states (Eswaran et al, 2013). The income of the household excluding the respective woman’s own income is taken into account.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nicaragua’s Atencion a Crisis programme has had no impact on child height among children of any age group (Macours et al., And in Honduras, the Programa de Asignacion Familiar (PRAF) had no effect on child height (Hoddinott, 2008). These effects have been argued to be attributable in part to the small size of transfers and lack of complementary services (Yablonski & O’Donnell, 2009). Key Issues: How can cash transfer programmes contribute to improved food and nutrition security?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Most are facing increasing problems of alternating seasons of water shortages and severe flooding. Many of the sources of these problems, such as groundwater depletion, covering of aquifers with urban landscapes and filling in low-lying areas with the built environment, are found in the immediate area of these cities. But other problems arise distant from the city, including deforestation of uplands resulting from urban demand and international markets for wood, deforestation is a major source of both water scarcities in dry seasons and flooding in wet seasons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
That is, water demand measures the total amount of water withdrawn from the environment (gross demand) rather than the amount of water withdrawn after accounting for the volumes returned (net demand). Gross measures of water use include consumptive and non-consumptive uses of water. By contrast, net water demand only measures consumptive uses of water, so is a measure of water consumption rather than water demand. Because only a part of what is withdrawn is effectively consumed (Table B.5), most of the flow is returned - usually at a lower quality - to the water systems, where it can be reused. Water withdrawals for energy generation - hydropower and thermo-cooling - are on the rise, but energy is one of the economic sectors that consume the least water and it returns most of the water withdrawn back to the water system. Withdrawal per capita ranges from 20 m3 a year in Uganda to more than 5 000 m3 in Turkmenistan, with a world average of 600 m3 (WWAP, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This makes it possible to avail oneself of all services with the utmost convenience without the need to move from one point to another. By placing many interconnected services under one roof, the Huduma Kenya programme has succeeded in improving overall compliance. As a result, citizens often lose faith in the governments ability to provide services of acceptable standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
With enabling legislation, these innovations may prove to be a leapfrog technology in regions without reliable road networks, such as Africa, in the same way that mobile telecommunications have permitted many Africans to leapfrog fixed-line networks and move directly into wireless technology. This delivery system is currently incapable of handling heavyweight items and long distances, however, and it will take a few years before SMEs can adopt it in a cost-effective way. Transporting high-priority consignments and delivering to people who live in isolated areas is another way to use drones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
She thinks that she has obtained a voice in thefamilythrough her migratory experience. Both her husband and in-laws now consult her regarding the household management, and her opinions are taken into due account. She also feels that she is playing an important role in maintaining peace in her household.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)