albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Impact of the crisis on recent trends in disability benefit caseloads (cont.) Past experience has also shown that people on disability benefits are much less likely to return to work, even once economic recovery is well under way, than comparable people receiving unemployment benefits. A shift from unemployment to disability benefits is thus to be avoided, except in cases when it is justified on medical grounds (Kemp et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The initiative reaches across many subject areas with technological innovation in infrastructure a key component. The next step would be institutionalisation and formalised working groups bringing key stakeholders together. As observed in the market, a multitude of consortia and alliances have already formed across industries and competitors, to jointly shape the underlying technology standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2006, for example, a severe dust storm deposited 30 kg of sand per person in the Beijing area. The long-term decline in the number of dust storms appears to have been caused by the rise in temperatures in China’s desert areas. While this could be caused in part by global warming, it appears to be linked to more local factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
On the one hand, technology may underpin globalisation and on the other, the increased competition that comes with globalisation may force firms to innovate. Innovation may raise labour income inequality both temporarily - since R&D is skill intensive (Dinopoulos and Segerstrom, 1999, Neary, 2003) - and permanently, provided it results in skill-biased technological change as discussed above (Acemoglu, 2002). Policies that foster equity in education lower income inequality by reducing the dispersion of earnings. The same applies to policies that promote upper secondary or tertiary education, at least in countries with an already high share of upper secondary or tertiary graduates, respectively, among the working-age population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The company receives state budgetary funds and also uses own and borrowed funds to purchase machinery and equipment, predominantly from foreign manufacturers. Among the key suppliers are the leading agricultural machinery manufacturers from Canada, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, and the United States. Since the mid-2000s, the KAF also provides machinery and equipment leasing to agro-food processors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This concerns primarily the lack of a coherent affordability analysis regarding the fiscal commitments stemming from PPPs. It is important to ensure the integration of the PPP deal flow into the ordinary budget process. There does not appear to be a coherent way that the long-term commitments that PPPs represent are integrated into the budget process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
We need global agreements and long term global goals to guide the action. The private sector must take responsibility as well. I am happy to note that more and more business leaders recognize that they have a responsibility for the health and safety of their employees, (and the employees of their subcontractors) and for the environment both at home and abroad. And it has become something of a "must” for business to demonstrate responsibility for their CG> emissions, Airlines are selling CO2 compensation, oil companies are going into renewable energy, the construction industry is moving towards low energy houses and car manufacturers are marketing more environmentally friendly cars.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Lloyd and Mensch (2008), however, found that almost 30% of young women who left secondary schooling before completion in Chad and Nigeria cited early marriage as the main reason. The persistence of gender gaps in secondary education in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia, where early marriage rates remain high, indicates that discriminatory social institutions need to be addressed to enable girls to reap the full benefits of education (Field and Ambrus, 2008). This phenomenon - a particular problem in Southern Asia, China and parts of the Caucasus and Western Balkans - is rooted in social norms that favour sons over daughters because they represent lifelong economic support while daughters are economic burdens (UNFPA, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In almost 100 countries around the world, new approaches to sanitation have taken root and the number of declared ‘open-defecation-free villages’ is rising. In 2010, the United Nations General Assembly explicitly recognized the right to safe, clean water and sanitation and acknowledged that they are essential to the realization of all human rights. In fact, between 2010 and 2012 alone, conditions improved to the point where an additional 44 million people were no longer considered to be living in slums.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Driver (2002) estimated that 47 per cent of households in Trinidad and Tobago have improper title and 5 5 per cent of farmers have no proof of land ownership. Faizool (2002) noted that increasing socio-economic pressures have been accompanied by an increase in squatting especially on the upper slopes of the western half of the Northern Range, both on private and state-owned lands. One reason for the malfunctioning of the market is the failure of land-use planning to release land for development in the right place and at the right time, thus creating artificial land shortages that drive land values up and beyond the reach of the poor to purchase land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Korea's rural regions are highly specialised in tradable sectors. The share of tradable goods and services represented 58% of the region’s Gross Value Added in 2016, 9% higher than the national average of 49%. By 2016, manufacturing alone explained over two-fifth of the rural regions' GVA and therefore it was higher than the national average (41% compared to 31%). These can be divided into two categories: rural regions specialised in tradable sectors and rural regions more specialised in non-tradable sectors. The economy of three (Chungcheongnam-do, Gyeonsangbuk-do and Jeollanam-do) out of five rural regions is specialised in tradable goods and services sectors, since these sectors explains more than half of the GVA of the regions. On the other side, the rest two rural regions (Gangwon-do and Jeju-do), are specialised in non-tradable activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It lies at the centre of the Central Asian biodiversity hot spot, with a high density of endemic species representing Himalayan flora and fauna biotypes. Despite the country’s small size (0.13% of the world’s landmass), it has a good representation of all terrestrial taxonomic groups, hosting nearly 1 per cent of all known species on Earth (table 8.1). This indicator is higher than expected for a country' of this size in this subregion, with above-average species richness for Central Asia. Species richness of higher vascular plants and vertebrates is better known.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Thus, the proposal on debt restructuring as it currently stands foresees considerable concessions to agricultural debtors. It would perform the function of a “bank of the banks” by providing financial resources to commercial banks which will direct them for agricultural loans. This is driven by the desire to strengthen the incentives of commercial banks to engage with agriculture and, in particular, to increase longer-term lending. In principle, this breaks the privileged access of KazAgro’s own credit agencies to budgetary funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In China and the United States, water demands are concentrated in limited parts of the country, in general where agriculture needs to be irrigated or where economic development is occurring. This trend is explained largely by the rapid increase in irrigation development stimulated by food demand in the 1970s and by the continued growth of agriculture-based economies (WWAP, 2009). In the 1980s, some countries stabilised their abstractions through more efficient irrigation techniques, the decline of water intensive industries (e.g. mining, steel), increased use of cleaner production technologies and reduced losses in pipe networks. Trends since 1990 indicate a more general stabilisation of water abstractions and a relative decoupling between water use and GDP growth in the OECD area (Figure B.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As the first country where women won the right to vote, it has since championed the participation of women across all levels of society and has been rated one of the best places to work as a woman.1 In spite of key advances in the workforce, women continue to be under-represented in management and leadership roles. As of 2012, women held 14.75 per cent of private sector directorships. A recent study commissioned by New Zealand’s Ministry of Women’s Affairs has substantiated these claims, demonstrating that at the current rate of change, it will take 21 years to reach the 30 per cent representation mark (McAteer 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
About 80% of this support was to take the form of payments for verified emissions reductions. Another revolutionary shift was the constitutional ruling in 2013 which - for the first time -recognised indigenous people's right to forest land. According to a recent independent evaluation, this effort has “contributed substantially to a distinct, positive shift in the discourse on indigenous peoples’ rights in Indonesia” (Norad, 2014). In addition, the national REDD+ programme has made headway in establishing the institutional structures necessary for its implementation: a financial fund that will manage future REDD+ payments, as well as a monitoring, reporting and verification system for greenhouse gas emissions that meets international standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Firms report different barriers and enablers for their development. Many of these successful rural firms report difficulties in finding employees, despite relatively high rates of rural unemployment and underemployment in the regions in which they operate, with some firms relying heavily on Ukrainian migrants. For the firms producing goods for export and heavy machinery in the east of Poland, the quality of the transport infrastructure is reported as a major bottleneck to development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
At the national level, the National Water Agency (Agencia Nacional de Aguas, ANA) implements the National Water Resources Management System (Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hidricos, SINGREH) and regulates water uses in federal water bodies. State water agencies define rules and issue entitlements for state water bodies. At both levels, water resources councils define general rules and deliberate on water conflicts. River basin committees define priority water uses and approve river basin plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The premise of universal access projects is that they are deployed in high risk areas or to low income users and communities where without a financial incentive to invest, operators or other suppliers will not provide the services. As such, creative public or public-private partnership ("PPP") financing models are required to encourage the rollout of networks and services in such areas and in so doing meet the socio-economic objectives of the country. Section 4.3 considers the policy and regulatory building blocks that should be in place in order to facilitate the execution of sustainable universal access strategies, and the establishment of viable and credible options for funding universal access through a combination of public and private funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Applied general equilibrium (AGE) models, which feature multiple countries, multiple industries, and input–output linkages across industries, have been the dominant tool for evaluating the impact of trade reforms since the 1980s. We review how these models are used to perform policy analysis and document their shortcomings in predicting the industry-level effects of past trade reforms. We argue that, to improve their performance, AGE models need to incorporate product-level data on bilateral trade relations by industry and better model how trade reforms lower bilateral trade costs. We use the least-traded-products methodology of Kehoe et al. (2015) to provide guidance on how improvements can be made. We provide further suggestions on how AGE models can incorporate recent advances in quantitative trade theory to improve their predictive ability and better quantify the gains from trade liberalization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Approximately 90% by value of New Zealand’s seafood production is exported, with an estimated 70% of export returns from value added to seafood post harvest. Export sales were NZD 1.35 billion in 2008 and NZD 1.42 billion in 2009. Earnings from rock lobster have increased by 51% from 2007 due to strong demand for live rock lobster in Hong Kong.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This paper, written in tribute to a great scholar and friend for more than 50 years, draws on his wide interests in the principles of criminal law, international law and legal process and on the human values underlying them. It also gives attention to some of the lawyer's crafts, especially in the careful drafting of texts and the use of possibly relevant sources and evidences of the law. The paper focuses on individual criminal responsibility, particularly by reference to the principles of non-retroactivity and the certainty of criminal law. A notable American criminal law scholar some years ago brought both principles together in 'the principle of legality': 'a limitation on penalisation... effected by the required prescription and application of specific rules'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Two to three times fewer sites are required for initial coverage at 700 MHz as compared to 2.1 or 2.5 GHz bands (Figure 15). The methodology is a general one that can be used for differing markets, and for a range of cellular system architectures. Care should be exercised when choosing input parameters to reflect the requirements of particular countries or regions. It also takes into account the time variations and regional variations in traffic and applies a technology neutral approach to deal with emerging as well as established systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, as for output indicators, trends in input indicators can be strongly influenced by factors not related to waste prevention measures. This includes changes in types of food being produced or consumed, demographic changes (i.e. changes in the age profile of the population) or simply increases or decreases in nutrient intake by people. Impact indicators take account of the fact that prevention of different types of food waste can give significantly different environmental benefits. This is because the production of 1 kg of meat or dairy products requires far more energy, material, fertiliser, land, water inputs and leads to more emissions to air, soil and water than the production of 1 kg of vegetables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, there is more that the country can do to strengthen teacher professional development in schools. Other research confirms that teacher professional development is most effective when it is collaborative and embedded in classroom practice (Cole, 2012). Notably, a stronger teacher evaluation system could inform career progression and differentiation in Costa Rica and the allocation of teacher allowances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Individual countries and regions of the world have been compared as if they began from similar premises. Little, if any, attention has been paid to the question of where a country started from and what distance it has travelled on the way to implementing the Goals (Go and Quijada, 2012, Easterly, 2007). Second, this attempt to benchmark these goals for national planning purposes without adequately contextualizing and tailoring them to national circumstances and capabilities has been criticized—even by one of the MDG architects, Jan Vandemoortele.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While this may or may not lead to a net increase in employment, it will change the skill profile of the workforce. Governments should therefore assess new job skill requirements and adjust education and training programmes accordingly. This could help to co-ordinate efforts by engaging key stakeholders, to monitor progress, and generally to provide the political impetus needed to achieve ambitious policy objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The findings show that health expenditure has a positive effect on reducing child mortality only for upper-middle-income and high-income countries, whereas for low-income and lower-middle-income countries, health spending does not have a significant impact on child health status. It is also found that at lower development levels, public health spending has a greater effect on mortality rates than private expenditure, while at high development levels private health expenditure has a positive impact on child mortality. Today, combating this scourge is considered a key policy objective and strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Online platforms have direct access to information on such matches and on actual transactions, providing them with the means to assess what sells where. Such information is already being used to allow platforms to tailor online search results to the interests of specific clients. It is uncertain, however, whether they have the incentive to do so and whether their results can match those of TIPOs. It is also not yet clear how TIPOs will adjust to this change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Their choice came down to: "they were willing to live in congested dwellings without safety or security just so they could walk to work" (Gopalan 1998)11. Other studies have found similarly very limited mobility by the urban poor. Some of the urban poor have to make a different trade-off by accepting long travel distances from a peripheral location in order to obtain affordable but secure housing. The relative immobility of the urban poor, especially poor women is a central fact in their lives and severely limits their employment options. It has already been mentioned above that the poor must trade-off the time and cost required to access livelihood opportunities against security and quality of housing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A technical committee on ecolabelling was established in the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, including civil society representation, but no remuneration was paid for membership, leading to weak participation, and it was vulnerable to changes in Government. The National Chamber of Commerce and Industry studied ecolabelling practice in Western Europe and proposed to the Ministry that the Government not be involved in certification. According to the new' rules, citizens, enterprises and organizations will be acknowledged through a "green certificate" and their products and services will receive an eco-label.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Available at http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ chr_old/indigenous/country_reports/Country_reports_Uganda.pdf. Principal authors: Francesca Thornberry and Frans Viljoen. Available at http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/ indigenous-tribal/pubUcations/WCMS_115929/lang--en/index.htm. Too Soon to Turn Away: Security, Governance and Humanitarian Need in the Central African Republic. Education in Rural Areas: Obstacles and Relevance: Main Findings from Seven Country Studies. Available at https://www.iwgia.org/images/ publications/0740_THE_l NDIGENOUS_ORLD_2016_final_eb.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Historically this has proved hugely challenging, and it is much easier to define the goal than to know how to achieve it. Statebuilding processes remain imperfectly understood and contested (see for example North, 2009, Bates, 2001). The issues outlined in the PSGs are similar to those addressed in the context of the Women, Peace and Security agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The option of having similar offers like "buy one now get one later" (like Tesco in UK) is more accepted - but on the other hand this might make it harder for the shops themselves to order the right amounts. One example for households is the possibility to buy smaller packaging and the possibilities to buy fresh fruits and vegetables cut in halves (on the contrary today often the packaging size is getting larger and larger making it impossible for a single household to finish the food before it goes bad). Smaller packaging are often today significantly more expensive (cost/ kg) than larger packaging and since the cost/kg always is displayed many people choose the larger packaging just to get cheaper food.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The negative and corrosive impacts of corruption in the fields of economics, politics, and law are widely discussed. Less understood are the potentially negative impacts of anti‐corruption struggles and strategies themselves. This article presents a case study of Brazil's ‘Car Wash’ (‘Lava Jato’) scandal from a legal and political perspective. Although the subsequent Operation Car Wash investigation was widely regarded as remarkably successful, supposedly buttressing the rule of law through high‐profile prosecutions of leading politicians and businesspersons, the article argues that legal due process, wider constitutional law, and the political process were undermined. While the use of media leaks to strengthen the investigation proved tactically successful, when coupled with new legal instruments it undermined the presumption of innocence and contributed to a climate in which political and legal debates themselves became increasingly subordinated to simplistic polarizing anti‐corruption discourses, thereby undermining an already fragile political and institutional environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Help was provided to establish a number of new institutions, including the Institute of Agricultural Science, the Soils and Fertiliser Institute and the National Plant Protection Service, as well as to strengthen existing organisations. Through such technical assistance projects, Viet Nam gained access to up-to-date technologies, equipment and techniques. At the same time, FAO contributed to the formulation of legislation aimed at enhancing the ability of the agricultural sector to respond to the challenges and opportunities posed by the new market environment. The programme works under four major multi-sectoral initiatives, including the Joint Gouemment-UN Programme, the World Bank’s VAHIP Project, the One UN Initiative with the largest contribution to FAO coming from United States Agency for International Development (USAID) projects. The second highest was food safety which received USD 3.8 million for 13 projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Yet, Sydney lacks a strategy or organisation dedicated to harnessing the innovation emanating from these educational institutions, disseminating best practice sustainability planning from the City of Sydney to other local government areas, rejuvenating the manufacturing potential of the city and growing opportunities for small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) that develop clean and green technologies. By pursuing more integrated strategies at the metropolitan level, Sydney can become a model for driving outstanding environmental performance while simultaneously building on its existing infrastructure, educational and industrial assets to create sustained job growth in new, emerging and transforming fields. The City of Sydney’s Sustainable Sydney 2030 presents a bold and compelling vision for how this centrally located area will tackle climate change, global competition, transportation congestion, and a half dozen other major challenges over the next 20 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)