albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In June 2016, the landfill received an average of 456 tonnes of gaibage daily but by August the same year, this amount had increased to 600 tonnes. Health concerns are abound: the site has ceased operations as a sanitary landfill a long time ago and lias since become a dumpsite, and complaints from nearby residents of the stench are commonplace. The landfill lias also experienced several fires, most notably in April 2009 when the Cebu City Council declared a state of calamity in order to allocate funds to those affected by the smoke. In 2016, the Department of Environment and Natural resources (DENR) cited issued notice of violation stating Cebu City had violated 36 conditions of DENRs Environmental Compliance Certificate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Let gjk be the number of shortest path between node j to node k and gjk{ni) be the number of shortest paths between nodes j k via node i. The betweenness centrality Ct,(rii) is calculated using Eq. ( Therefore, we used the number of nodes and links causing phase lag for the second approach. Figure 11 shows the types of node and link which need to be counted for the base tree metric.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Examples of the above are support to national human rights commissions or Ombudsmen offices (Good Practice Note 8. Working with social movements). A sense of autonomy and self-value is an important and direct contributory factor for enabling someone to participate in politics and take optimum advantage of services, such as health and education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Drawing on the conceptual work of externalisation in comparative education and multi-accentual signs in cultural studies, this article examines how the print news media accentuate ‘Finnish education’ in the process of inserting this external reference into the domestic political discourses around education reform in Australia, Germany and South Korea. The study identifies all articles referencing ‘Finnish education’ that were published from 2000 to 2011 in two widely circulated newspapers with different political orientations in each country. Discourse analysis of the articles shows various ways in which ‘Finnish education’ is accentuated by the newspapers, serving to legitimise different political agendas in education policy debates. It is argued that ‘Finnish education’ has become a ‘projection screen’ for competing conceptions of ‘good education’ and the associated visions of ‘good society’. The authors situate the findings within the ongoing discussion of externalisation, calling for a careful concept...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Purpose – E‐government procurement (E‐GP) can improve the traditional government procurement process. E‐GP can help decrease corruption. This research aims to present the factors of E‐GP that can create good governance in government procurement through e‐auction.Design/methodology/approach – A survey was conducted with Thai public managers who are involved in e‐government procurement. The sample size is 169 professionals representing 67 government agencies.Findings – There are five factors that enhance governance procurement. These relate to the transparent e‐procurement process, committed public managers and political officials, honest vendors, and specific policies and regulations. A transparent e‐procurement process has a positive effect on good governance practice, increasing cost effectiveness and accountability, and decreasing collusion among vendors. Vendor honesty has a negative impact on collusion. Supportive policy and regulations requirements improve cost effectiveness, accountability, and law ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The training session covered the aspects of personal protective equipment, inventory forms for data collection and inventory implementation. Of 335 illegal dump sites, 275 were inventoried under the project. In addition, training on the pesticide stock management system for inventory data entry was organized in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Sociological approaches to the social control of sickness have tended to focus on medicalization or the process through which social phenomena come to be regulated by medicine. Much less is known about how social problems historically understood as medical come to be governed by the criminal law, or what I term the "criminalization of sickness." Thirty three US states have enacted criminal statutes that require all HIV-positive individuals to disclose their infection before engaging in a wide range of sexual practices. Drawing on evidence from 58 felony nondisclosure convictions in Michigan (95% of all convictions between 1992 and 2010), I argue that the enforcement of the state's HIV disclosure law is not driven by medical concerns or public health considerations. Rather, it reflects pervasive moralizing narratives that frame HIV as a moral infection requiring interdiction and punishment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In relation to food (see chap. Successful examples often incorporate local knowledge of ecological conditions, soils and seeds, cooperatives for production and marketing, and support, such as credit to enable poorer farmers to access appropriate inputs. State interventions, for instance in setting minimum wages and price regulation, and international negotiations around such issues as export subsidies and the maintenance of reserve stocks to offset price volatility, also support access and rights to food. These investments bring essential benefits both in terms of environmental sustainability and in enhancing people's capabilities, dignity and health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Negative feedback can also help firms rethink their strategies. In either case, customer feedback can have a huge impact on an SME's business, encroaching on a function previously dominated by review and standards institutions. In the United Kingdom, the Competition and Markets Authority estimates that £23 billion a year of consumer spending is influenced by online reviews.36 Online reviews have therefore become an important complement to, or even replacement for, other quality assurance set-ups, and it is increasingly important for SMEs to understand how they affect their business.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Contestations over justice and equity in international environmental regimes present striking evidence of the struggle to create institutions for global environmental governance that are based on widely shared ethical standards of responsibility and accountability. Focusing on two key equity norms—the common heritage of mankind (CHM) and common but differentiated responsibility (CDR)—this paper highlights four factors that affect the influence of moral responsibility norms in global environmental regimes: (i) source and force of articulation, (ii) nature of issue-area, (iii) “moral temper” of the international community, and (iv) “fitness” of norms with the prevailing neoliberal economic idea and structure. Consequent upon the argument that the most important of all these factors is the “fitness” with the extant neoliberal order, the paper questions the assumptions of the burgeoning constructivist scholarship that tends to overemphasize the independent role of intersubjective beliefs in international poli...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This idea can be found in the so-called SUNflower approach. Such understanding will identify policy improvements that are most likely to reduce road casualties. The SUNflower approach started with comparing three countries with the lowest accident levels in the world: Sweden, United Kingdom, and the Netherlands (Koornstra et al., Analyses included national road safety strategies, changes in overall risks and fatality risks of comparable road types, road user modes and collisions between modes. A case study approach on specific topics has been added to the more general picture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Multi-disciplinary settings are more efficient than traditional practices, particularly for the more integrated maisons de sante, where doctors see significantly more patients and perform more services. Multi-disciplinary practice is motivated by improved working conditions for health professionals and the add-on payments led to more effective organisation of care through greater collaboration and co-ordination between health professionals (IRDES, 2014a). There has been a reduction in repeat examination and better patient-centered collaboration between doctors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, in July 2017, the government began to privatise eight state-owned energy distribution companies (oblenergos) to increase competitiveness in the electricity sector. Given recent economic and political developments, the Ukrainian government has stepped up its efforts to intensify its indigenous energy production and improve energy efficiency policies. This document, adopted in 2017, sets out strategic objectives for the various energy sub-sectors and defines large-scale reforms. It is set to become the co-ordinating framework for sustainable energy investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Rachel Linden supervised the publication process. This publication draws on interviews carried out during a week-long review visit on 11-16 March 2012 (Annex II), using information provided to the review team as well as a range of other OECD reports, such as the OECD Studies on Water - Meeting the Water Reform Challenge (2012), OECD Territorial Reviews - Chihuahua (2012), OECD Economic Survey Mexico (2011), OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy Mexico (2009) and OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education Mexico (2008). The OECD would like to thank in particular Gonzalo Rodriguez-Villanueva, the former rector of ITSON (the Instituto Tecnologico de Sonora), whose determination and insight made this review possible and whose efforts to transform ITSON into an engine of Southern Sonora’s development provide inspiration to university leaders globally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, the high prevalence of early marriage is partly due to the slow progress made in taking action (through national legislation, among other means) to end the practice. The minimum legal age of marriage is set at the state level, and ranges from 14 to 18. Even where laws exist, unregistered unions may be seen as a solution to get around the legal age of marriage (OECD, 2017b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Lifestyles help explain variations in CVD and diabetes across OECD countries. Chapter 2 looks at the health promotion and public health contribution to maintaining healthy lifestyles in OECD countries. It examines recent trends in obesity, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and physical exercise. This chapter outlines policies that health systems have introduced recently to combat unhealthy lifestyles such as tobacco consumption and high salt intake and to promote physical activities in adults and children in order to reduce overweight and obesity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While the UNDP’s Gender Empowerment Measure and the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Index take such factors as accessibility of skilled or high-paid jobs into consideration, the indicators used here cover the majority of the elements of the UN’s Gender Related Development Index and the replacement Gender Inequality Index. One issue with internationally comparable indicators is that they are insufficient for many purposes, because they do not provide information on the socio-cultural environment, including culture and embedded social relationships (Malhotra, Schuler and Boender, 2002, Bartlett, 2004, Oxaal and Baden, 1997, Ibrahim and Alkire, 2007). For a more detailed discussion of the issue, see Branisa et al. ( The year men were granted the right to vote is defined as the year where universal suffrage took place, meaning all men could vote regardless of their income, ethnicity or any restrictions, whereas such a distinction has not been made for women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Evidence of political intervention in competition cases can considerably erode the authority and credibility of the authority. Independence can also enhance the quality of policy advice that the competition authority can provide to government, especially to warn of any possible trade-offs between competition and other policy objectives. In some countries however, access to long-term finance is constrained by shallow and illiquid financial markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
With huge increases in the price of energy during the late 2000s, the budget for the fertiliser subsidy programme increased significantly from 2005 to 2009. Expenditure on fertiliser subsidies represented 37% of total budgetary support for agriculture in 2008-10. Pupufe 0rganik Granular (POG). Pupufe Organife Cat'r (POC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The disparity in reading proficiency between migrants and their native counterparts may be expected among first-generation migrants who often lack Norwegian language skills. Yet when it comes to second generation migrants Norway continues to perform relatively poorly and falls below the OECD average (see Figure 15). Norway has a high and rising share of young people with mental disorders. At the same time employment policies can play an important role in ensuring that all young people successfully manage the transition between school and work, thereby preventing the risk of long-term unemployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Using net annual wage premia derived from Mincerian wage equations, Ahcan et al. ( When gross hourly wages are used as the dependent variable, gross wage premia were 86% in 2008 for tertiary education graduates over upper secondary graduates, with no statistically significant differences across genders (see Annex A2). Nevertheless, given the excessively long study durations (6.9 years on average), internal rates of return to tertiary education are as low as 9.4%. When combined with the generous public subsidies they receive, students in Slovenia have had significant financial incentives to go into higher education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Central government law stipulates that the term of the transfer contract for operating rights must not exceed the term of the contract rights. Given that the tenure for contract rights is just 30 years, a farmer renting in land will only be able to guarantee they will be cultivating the area for a limited period of time. This may lower the incentive to undertake farming practices that ensure the long-term fertility of the plot.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
No definition of consistency is provided in the Paris Agreement or associated decision. Enabling the UNFCCC to do a quality control of information on data interface could reduce these errors. Information presented by countries in their BR and accompanying CTF is not always consistent. If countries report data on climate finance provided/mobilised by recipient country, data can be re-aggregated to examine flows to different regional definitions, if required. Others include projects where climate change is a consideration, although not the main focus. Some countries apply a coefficient to funds that were used for an activity only partially focused on climate issues (see Annex B).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This paper examines how political corruption affects M&A activities. By exploiting the public enforcement of the anti-corruption campaign across different regions in China, we find in a difference-in-difference (DID) setting that the reduction in corruption increases cross-region takeover activities by 40% and deal volume more than doubles. Further analysis reveals that the reduction in market entry barriers and the decreased potential for political rent extraction are two plausible economic channels behind these real effects on corporate investments. Reduction in corruption also leads to higher bidder returns and improves post-acquisition performance. Furthermore, such a campaign significantly strengthens local economic development (higher GDP per capita growth, higher general government revenue per capita, and lower unemployment rate).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As the price of surface water increases, farmers tend to pump more groundwater. Schuck and Green (2003a) find that when the price of surface water reaches 62% of the marginal cost of pumping groundwater, the likelihood of a farmer having a well reaches 50%. These prices are notably higher than those observed in some other districts in California with more senior water rights or exchange contracts with the Bureau of Reclamation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Data refer to 2009 for Switzerland. Unfortunately comparable time-series on life satisfaction are rare, for this reason this section focuses on differences in life satisfaction at one point in time, while referring to national studies for getting a sense of how trends in life satisfaction have evolved over time (Box 4.2). This pattern is broadly in line with previous research, which has shown fairly small gender differences in all age groups (Diener et al., Significant differences by gender are found only for employment and health status, which are stronger drivers of life satisfaction for women than they are for men (Boarini et al., This is insufficient to identify trends in life satisfaction, which are likely to change only at a slow rate. Recent research has provided evidence of a decline in women’s life satisfaction in the United States and across a variety of European countries (with Western Germany being an exception).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Local bodies are responsible for the removal, collection and disposal of solid waste in urban areas. Until recently, the conservancy section of the city corporations and pourashavas carried out waste management, including sanitation, cleaning and other associated functions, while the transportation of waste and other engineering functions were performed by another department. As that system weakened the chain of command, Dhaka City Corporation recently inaugurated a waste management department to perform all of the waste management functions in a combined manner under a single line of authority, but this approach has yet to be replicated in other urban areas across the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, 22 cases of malaria, with three cases of death, were reported in 2014, 14 cases were reported during the last five years (2009-2013). After a peak reached in 2007, leishmaniasis incidence decreased. Air monitoring is carried out near major transport and industrial hotspots (chapters 3 and 8). Transport accounts for 87 per cent of CO, 70 per cent of NOx, 50 per cent of SO2 and 40 per cent of VOCs in urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The pattern of occupational growth suggests that the demand for labour is an important factor explaining the role of immigrant workers in Thailand. This is underlined by the relatively low proportions of foreign-bom workers in occupations that have become less important, such as skilled agriculture and legislative/senior official occupations. In particular, the share of low-skill occupations is high in comparison with other countries including the partner countries,8 while it has been growing for foreign-bom workers and decreasing forThai-bom workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Some other countries, such as Australia, prepare the same foundation education for primary and pre-primary teachers, but a specialisation is to be selected for one of the two qualifications. Licensing can be obtained by demonstrating the abilities to practice the profession or duties in ECEC. In, for example, Finland, no renewal is required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Elderly households, those headed by young people, lone-parent families, fragmented families and large families are particularly at risk of being poor in many OECD member countries. Predicted trends in family structure suggest that the future will see further growth in these types of families: projected trends suggest that declining marriage rates, rising divorce rates and increased cohabitation are likely to continue while the number of births outside marriage and the preponderance of children living in step- or single-parent households appear likely to rise. Longevity will also continue to increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Figure 3.9 shows how the value of the State Old Age Pension has changed over time. In 1970, the size of the State Old Age Pension for a white person was more than seven times the value of the pension for an African. This gap narrowed rapidly to a ratio of just over three in 1980, partly through a reduction in the real value of a white pension, but also through real increases in the size of the pension to Africans. The 1992 Social Assistance Act finally did away with all racially discriminatory provisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Kyoto Protocol established a Joint Implementation (Jl) regime for trade among states that had emissions caps, and a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to allow states with emissions caps to offset these by purchasing emissions reductions from non-capped states. Jl and CDM led to a large volume of Europe-dominated and project-based emissions trading, with the CDM credit supply largely captured by China, to the exclusion of least developed countries (LDCs) unable to compete with China's efficient, low-cost project pipeline. Such domestic policies may include national or subnational emissions trading programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
During windy periods, there is abundancy of electric power in the Nordics, and the electricity prices are very low or in some hours even negative. The subsidized investments into renewable electricity generation partly drive the electricity market prices down, and the profitability of condensing power generation has decreased, which has led to closing down of power plants. As a result, there is increasing need for energy storage, but also need to cut the peaks in power demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The chapter examines the idea of the individual as the normative subject of modernity, in a reading of Lizardi’s El periquillo sarniento (1816). It traces the novel’s invention of the Mexican individual to Rousseau’s view of the mind and education, but more radically to Christianity and monarchical absolutism. Sharman highlights Lizardi’s picaresque critique of the idle noble as a cypher for the Hispanic world’s failures of political economy. He identifies as the pivotal egalitarian gesture the shift in understanding from nobility as birth to nobility as quality. This permits the novel’s revalorisation of Indians, foreigners, slaves, and the mechanical trades. Sharman shows that, even if individual equality is trumped by the “natural” hierarchies demanded by political economy, the Hispanic Enlightenment’s “moderate” reforms are haunted by “radical” philosophy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
See: http://www.energy.eu/http://www.nordicenergysolutions.org Orkustofnun (2010). Energy Statistics in Iceland 2009. Primary energy refers to energy found in nature that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process, e.g. coal, lignite, mineral oil, natural gas, uranium (nuclear energy), water (hydropower), solar radiation, wind. Final energy is a form of energy available to the user following the conversion from primary energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)