albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In turn, it is necessary to avoid “picking winners”: promoting the development high-tech industries in regions that lack the adequate human and physical endowments is likely to become a failed policy and a major waste of public resources (Hospers and Beugelsdijk, 2002, Todtling and Trippl, 2005). For example, to tackle territorial disparities with regard to research, development and innovation capacities in the United States, the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) provides awards to territorial jurisdictions to foster their research capabilities and improve their science and engineering research and education programmes. One of the programme’s tracks provides selected jurisdictions with up to USD 20 million for five years to support physical, human and cyberinfrastructure improvements in research areas identified as having the best potential to improve the jurisdiction’s R&D competitiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In part, this is the result of private-subsidised schools setting admission requirements and selecting students based upon academic achievement or families’ socio-economic background (MINEDUC, ACE and ES, 2016), a practise being eliminated through the implementation of the Inclusion Law (see Chapter 1). For example, the difference between schools in the exposure to mathematics in Chile as measured by PISA 2012 is the largest among all OECD countries. When differences are analysed by schools’ socio-economic status, evidence shows that the proportion of qualified teachers in advantaged schools is higher than in disadvantaged schools (95% vs. 88%) (OECD, 2013b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Admissions have declined significantly since 2009 (although they are still above EU averages). Furthermore, patients suffering from asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have relatively low avoidable admission rates to hospitals. Renewed medical guidelines are in preparation and have the potential to improve primary care effectiveness. Further, the Czech Republic requires only minimal reporting of outcomes on quality of care across the different providers. This means that health insurance funds cannot use quality data for purchasing and that patients are exercising their free choice without access to important information. There have also been some more recent advances with projects in the area of quality and safety assurance, such as the adverse event reporting system and the introduction of sectoral safety targets for all health care providers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Since urban lifestyle, resource consumption and income status are factors contributing to the rising household waste generation, targeted efforts at controlling household behaviour needs to be considered to minimise waste in this regard. These policy instruments offer varied incentives to promote environmentally responsive consumer choices among households whether through economic instruments, direct regulation or information based measures. Cebu City has a policy of “no segregation, no collection”, which compels waste sorting at source with penalties for non-compliance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Future OECD work will connect the FSE data to an empirical model to better understand and quantify these impacts, but some observations on the likely effects are already possible from the evidence in the literature and economic analysis. Less than USD 500 million of this type of support is reported in the FSE database in 2015. This does not include non-budgetary forms of support such as market price support nor does it include fuel tax concessions. For example, management that limits total catch will prevent overfishing but will not reduce the incentive for excess capacity to build up in a fishery. The benefits of this support disperses into factor values and benefits only factor owners at the time the support is initially put in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Chile’s Organic Law for the Constitution of Municipalities (Ley Organica Constitutional de Municipalidades/Ley 18.695) establishes the right of municipalities to co-operate in order to address common problems or make better use of resources. The law permits municipalities to establish associations for a variety of purposes, including providing common services, executing public works linked to local development, strengthening management/administrative instruments, implementing programmes for environmental protection, tourism, health or other reasons as appropriate to the municipalities, training of municipal staff, and co-ordinating with national or international institutions to improve municipal administration (Government of Chile, 1988). A legal framework for such an entity could be considered to be already in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the medium term, a full review of secondary education pathways and certification could help to create a more comprehensive education system where students have equal learning opportunities and teachers have the space to focus on assessment for learning rather than external summative examinations. Initial and continuing teacher education need to focus on developing teachers’ assessment literacy, including practising formative assessment. Changes in assessment practice will not happen without stronger pedagogical skills and teachers need to be given the room and support they need to develop their professional judgement and capacity to give feedback on student learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Evidence brought together in this review suggests that such attempts would also require working with existing power structures at local levels, and perhaps more broadly. It also requires substantial local choice, power, management and ultimately ownership of both the "trigger" (the actual stimulus for change) and the process (Panter-Brick et al., 2006).Thus far, parenting programmes are the chosen trigger through which the feasibility of offering parenting support is being tested in the region. However, there are many other models that exist around the world (Daly et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Indeed, important commitments were made over the past year in both of these areas, as well as in ICT. The Summit aimed to raise ambition, mobilize resources, and generate action towards a universal climate agreement, which will be taken forward during the 21st Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 2015, in Paris, France. The Connect 2020 Agenda for Global Telecommunication/ICT Development (Resolution 200 (Busan, 2014), Annex) is an ambitious new framework with a set of 4 goals and 17 targets to be achieved by 2020, covering the areas of ICT growth, inclusiveness, sustainability, and innovation and partnership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It seems that some schools prefer not to openly advertise vacancies because that would compel them to follow regulations in regard to recruitment, rules that may not suit school needs. In general, there also seems to be a lack of information to connect those looking for a teaching position with the schools seeking teachers. In order to address this concern, the Flemish public employment service and the Ministry of Education and Training have jointly established a web-based database of teacher vacancies in elementary and secondary education (www.vdab.be/ leerkrachtendatabank).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Each of North Carolina’s 58 community colleges can access the funds to design and deliver training tailored to the specific needs of a new or existing company with no cost to the company. North Carolina is looking to help businesses that grow its economy. The company must demonstrate that it is making an appreciable capital investment, deploying new technology, creating new jobs or expanding and existing workforce or enhancing productivity and profitability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the law enforcement of corruption, there are at least 2 (two) articles that are often used to ensnare the defendant, namely Article 2 paragraph (1) and Article 3 of Law Number 20 Year 2001 regarding the Amendment of Law Number 31 Year 1999 regarding Eradication of Corruption. In practice, the provision has been applied by the Judge in the decision of corruption case in the implementation of partnership program and environment development with the actors from the private sector, as the Manager of Lubuk Alung Regional IV branch PT. Sang Hyang Seri (Persero) is found guilty because it has been proven legally and convincingly committed a criminal act of corruption by misusing and using the. Community Development Program fund from PT. Angkasa Pura and PKBL funds from PT. Pertamina and PT. Bukit Asam
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The allowance contributes to the payment of housing and utilities. Poor households are eligible if actual housing and utility costs exceed a certain percentage of total household income. Family allowances targeted to poor families with children under 18 were introduced in 1997, followed by targeted maternal allowances for unemployed mothers with young children in 1999 (UNICEF, 2009a). Another innovation introduced at the same time was the use of community-based targeting through the local mahalla system (local bodies of self-government). There is also a categorical disability allowance for disabled children and a school set for first-grade students (UNICEF 2009b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The main objective of the reform was to anticipate and manage the risk of shortage by apportioning available water among water users. France was looking for an option for allocation reform that would combine the capacity of users to self-regulate and provide an incentive to farmers to act collectively. This option reflected French experience with the development of irrigation and the management of scarcity. In France, experience shows that when water users associations were in place at catchment level, over-allocation was properly managed, as the Chair of the water user association (along with the members) regulates water uses among members in cases of scarcity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Proper signage and evacuation centres need to be maintained. These activities should be accompanied by sustained education and outreach to maintain risk awareness among local communities and government officials. The IOTWS, for example undergoes communications tests every six months and large-scale exercises every two to three years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Incentives to engage in professional development seem to be increasingly related to salary increases and career advancement rather than the genuine improvement of teaching practices. In spite of this, the frequency and intensity of school-based professional development opportunities in Kazakhstan seems to be significant and school principals play a greater role in instructional leadership than on average in OECD countries. In practice, however, the distribution is dictated by norms and the level of interaction and shared vision is questionable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Ministry of Environment and Tourism gave the example of a company that imported chemicals but failed to store them properly, resulting in seepage into the soil. The Ministry brought the case to court. The company had to pay 200 million tugriks in compensation, 200 million tugriks as a fine and 30 million tugriks as a reward.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Monocultures, Monopolies, Myths and the Masculinization of Agriculture, Development, 42(2), 35-38. Siason, I.M., Tech, E., Matics, K.I., Choo, P.S., Sharif, M., Heruwati, E.S., Susilowati, M., Shelly, A.B., Rajabharshi, R., Siriwardena, P.P., Nandeesha, M.C. and Sunderarajan, M. (2002). " Women in fisheries in Asia" in Global Symposium on Women in Fisheries, Sixth Asian Fisheries Forum, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This book explores how the Permanent Court of International Justice, the International Court of Justice, the European Court of Human Rights, and investment treaty tribunals have used deference to recognise the decision making authority of States. It analyses the approaches to deference taken by these four international courts and tribunals in 1,714 decisions produced between 1924 and 2019 concerning alleged State interferences with private property. The book identifies a large number of techniques capable of achieving deference to domestic decision-making in international adjudication. It groups these techniques to identify seven distinct 'modes' of deference reflecting differently structured relationships between international adjudicators and domestic decision-makers. These differing approaches to deference are shown to hold systemic significance. They reveal the shifting nature and structure of adjudication under international law and its relationship to domestic decision making authority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Elaborated based on data provided by CONAGUA (Comision Nacional del Agua), in November 2012. Several of the Agenda’s initiatives relate to the reassignment of legal functions, regulation, capacity development, institutional organisation, enforcement, compliance and the adoption of incentives to build a resilient water management system at the national and regional levels. Particular emphasis in the Agenda is put on strengthening the role of river basin organisations and their auxiliary bodies (see Chapter 2 on river basin governance) and involving civil society and water users’ associations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In addition, we find that the programme has a positive impact on children’s well-being through both a high rate of participation in schooling and more regular attendance at health care facilities. Although the policy intervention takes place mainly on the demand side, through the provision of a cash transfer and the implementation of psychosocial support, its success in improving household conditions has been favoured by the ability of the State to supply adequate services to its citizens. Moreover, the achievements reported in terms of educational and health outcomes could be related to the overall approach which involves close collaboration between the beneficiary households and the social worker, who highlights the importance of attending school and of being enrolled in the health system to facilitate physical and cognitive child development. Chile Solidario has proven successful in reaching the poorest members of the population through the implementation of an ad-hoc approach based on a proxy means test. Nonetheless, although the ability to reach the target population is a necessary condition it is still not sufficient to overcome poverty. Indeed, the programme presents some drawbacks in relation to coverage and the amount of money transferred.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The amount of publicly accessible private forest land and also the intensity of use are difficult to measure. According the "everyman's right" the private forests should have access available to the public, but in fact there are some technical restrictions, for example if the private roads are not passable or pass residential lands etc. Sometimes, during the inflammable periods, the possibility to visit the forests can also be limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Both parts of the outcome document—the “Quito Declaration on Sustainable Cities and Human Settlements for All” and the “Quito Implementation Plan for the New Urban Agenda”—clearly enunciate three priorities that will frame the successful execution of Goal 11 and the urban aspects of the other SDGs, and lead to the achievement of sustainable urbanization in the coming decades. These priorities are: having a supportive governance structure, inventing and maintaining twenty-first century planning and managing urban spatial development, and establishing sound financing mechanisms. For overall guidance, they reference the International Guidelines on Urban and Territorial Planning, adopted in April 2015 by the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). The Guidelines provide direction in establishing planning functions at several levels: national (e.g. connecting and balancing the system of towns and cities), metropolitan (e.g. regional economic development, rural-urban linkages, and ecosystem protection), municipal (e.g. design and protection of citywide systems of public space, capital investments in basic infrastructure, overall block layout, and connectivity), and neighbourhoods (e.g. site-specific design and local urban commons).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The early stage of start-up creation, when entrepreneurial ventures match with investors, is particularly crucial (Kaplan and Stromberg, 2003(7], Song et al., However, the founder-investor relationship is marked by risk and asymmetry of information. In this respect, what matters most for investors are the fundamentals of the entrepreneur’s business proposition and the previous experience of the founders (Amit, Muller and Cockburn, 1995(9], Fried and Hisrich, 2018[ioi)- Still, if high-potential start-ups fail to succeed because of market failures limiting access to financing, the consequences will be lower growth and innovative potential of the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper explores frame theory as a tool for making the value systems that underpin our understandings of information policy more explicit. Some empirical evidence is presented which suggests that the dominant discourse in information policy has been framed by political economy. The limitations of the political economy frame are considered, particularly in the light of alternative, non-market, conceptions of information, and the emergence of human rights legislation. These issues are discussed with special reference to aspects of copyright law, including moral rights, principles of proportionality and fairness, and rewards for creativity. Finally, the implications for policy makers are considered, notably the tendency to Popperian incrementalism and its ability to accommodate paradigm shifts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
An action plan to reduce the use of antibiotics in animals was also introduced in 2013 (DGAV, 2013, DGS, 2016). The standardised in-hospital mortality rate per 100 patients for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Portugal (7.9 in 2015) has halved since 2000 and is similar to that of Spain but higher than in other countries such as Italy and France. A similar scenario can be found for 30-day mortality after admission to hospital for ischaemic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke. With regard to the quality of primary care in dealing with chronic diseases, Portugal has some of the lowest age- and sex-standardised rates per 100 000 population for avoidable admissions due to asthma, COPD and congestive heart failure (CHF) (Figure 9), suggesting that these conditions are being effectively managed at the primary health care level and that such care is of good quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In such case, there would be no need to consider this option (e.g. GWP, 2012). Indirect instruments (on land, energy, agriculture) may be more difficult to implement, less effective and/or leading to unwanted consequences. For instance, controlling new wells may be less costly and burdensome than monitoring their actual use by thousands of pumpers (Liu et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The introduction of new land-tax rates in the Lake Issyk-Kul area - increased and better differentiated - would help capture a proportion of the rent related to the high environmental and recreational value of land in the Issyk-Kul Biosphere reserve. Eventually, increased land tax revenues (estimated at KGS 164 million per annum) could be used to improve water resource management and for other local environmental and social priorities. The financial sustainability of water services - irrigation as well as water supply and sanitation services - is addressed primarily through the restructuring of water tariffs (the introduction of two-part tariffs with fixed and variable volumetric components), as well as an increase in tariff rates. A well-thought staged approach to reforms will also help mitigate or reduce eventual political resistance to the proposed options.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Both countries have witnessed declines in domestic production of fish and agricultural goods and both have abandoned extensively subsidised national airline operations. At the same time both migration and remittances have remained as significant as they have ever been. Both countries are exceptionally dependent on remittances, mainly from New Zealand and the United States, and both have been conceptualised as migration, remittances, aid and bureaucracy (MIRAB) countries (see section 6.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This chapter illustrates some of the initiatives that ITU participated in and launched of relevance to this category. The most debated issues were: public private partnership (PPP) as model for implementing broadband networks, the application of lessons from Moore's law in order to promote broadband and achieve the SDGs, key factors to make rural communication projects successful and sustainable, evolving IMT systems, standards, technologies and architecture supporting mobile broadband, the ITU GIS-based transmission maps as a useful tool for identifying the missing links and and improving broadband connectivity. This new Agenda will constitute the new global shared vision, goals and targets to be achieved by 2020 in collaboration with all stakeholders across the ICT ecosystem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
New firms are those most likely to generate the most radical innovations and successfully bring them to market, while also creating spillover effects for others. Targeted public support may help those firms that managed to weather the crisis and raise their productivity to now focus on the need to acquire new skills and knowledge assets. The country is less innovative than it used to be.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Accordingly, independently from the pace at which ICT is being adopted, the impact on efficiency and productivity is driven by what has been called "accumulation of intangible capital"19. Technology adoption is only the first step in the assimilation of business processes that yield improvement in productivity. It should therefore be considered that the productivity impact of broadband can cause capital-labour substitution and may result in a net reduction in employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Usually, population agglomerations of 5 000 people constitute the lower threshold for what is officially defined as an urban area (Haggblade et al, 2007). Institutions are understood here as the “rules of the game” that shape and guide human behaviour (North, 1990). The distinction between formal and informal lies largely in the enforcement mechanism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
But an increase in investment in 3G and (in time) LTE mobile infrastructure is expected to drive growth and increase service penetration, leading to the higher revenues depicted in Figure 2.2. Aided by increasing gross domestic produce (GDP) per capita, economies such as China, Brazil and India are expected to see increased revenue growth - driven mainly by investment in mobile infrastructure and mobile broadband services. Mobile operators have been making significant investments in LTE networks and offering attractive mobile data services and applications. As a result, revenue growth will come from higher consumer spending.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)