albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
As mentioned previously in this chapter, focusing on these raw results is problematic because it ignores the factors affecting student learning that are beyond the teacher’s control and may encourage practices like “teaching to the test” and a narrowing of the curriculum. Appraisal processes that involve classroom observations are associated with better student outcomes, but appraisers need appropriate guidance and instruments in order to conduct them effectively (OECD, 2013b). Since 2013, the Education Council of New Zealand, the professional body for teachers, has delivered a professional learning programme on appraisal practices to appraisers and teachers and has made a range of appraisal resources and guidelines available on its website (Education Council of New Zealand, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As with co-operative banks, there is broad scope for collaboration and integration between the federal and state governments in the promotion of MGS. The national government will need to set the legal framework in which the guarantee societies will operate and possibly ensure counter-guarantees. State government can also provide public counter-guarantees, in addition to encouraging the establishment of the MGS at the local level. In order not to have the size of their mutual fund reduced by defaulting loans, they will have an interest in providing coverage only for reliable borrowers. In turn, this lowers information asymmetries for the lender.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Patient harm can be caused by a specific incident (adverse event) or a cascade of events (miscommunications, delays, errors or omissions) which are individually innocuous but collectively result in harm. Error can occur at the planning, monitoring or execution phase of health care. An acceptable minimum refers to the collective notions of current knowledge, resources available and the context in which care was delivered and weighed against the risk of non-treatment or alternative treatment (WHO 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Les projections a moyen ou long terme, quant a elles, doivent etre appreciees pour Paide qu’elles sont susceptibles d’apporter a la planification des politiques et a la prise de decision. Ces modeles montrent dans quelle direction une societe peut se diriger si les tendances se maintiennent et ils donnent aux responsables publics une possibility d’agir pour modifier le cours des evenements. En consequence, il ne faut pas juger les modeles destines a assister Paction gouvemementale a l’aune de Pexactitude de leurs projections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They also implement financial leasing of equipment. In the early transition period, new taxes were introduced, while the taxes existing under the planned economy system were eliminated or modified. To date, the 2002 Tax Code remains the principal framework of the national tax system, including in the agricultural sector. The land tax applies to privately-owned land and is paid by the actual user of that land (an owner or a lessee).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Urbanisation is largely driven by high rural-urban migration and high population growth. The lack of adequate policy frameworks and the weakness of institutions have significantly undermined the potential of urbanisation and the management of its associated risks. The services sector was the main driver of growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Beyond Europe programme, which supports Austrian enterprises, research and higher education institutions and other organisations to establish and expand co-operation with partners outside Europe - is small relative to the ambitions of the Beyond Europe Strategy. This is also critical in light of the EU’s objective to strengthen third-country collaboration through its next framew'ork programme Horizon Europe. Increased strategic efforts to strengthen collaboration with countries outside Europe can add substantially to the pool of knowledge accessible to Austria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Cyprus occupies an unenviable position among a group of intractable international conflicts which transcend their national borders and whose resolution has eluded third-party mediation. The Cyprus dispute has preoccupied theorists and practitioners of conflict resolution ever since the United Nations stationed its peacekeeping force on the island in 1964. Even attempts by the United Nations to revitalise the Cyprus talks following the 2004 referendum on the Annan plan have not yielded satisfactory results. For decades, the Cyprus problem has challenged conventional international analysis and defied traditional approaches to negotiation and peacemaking. This article grapples with the question of why this conflict has not been resolved despite endless negotiations. By extrapolating three seemingly distinct variables—Cypriotisation, Europeanisation and post-Kemalism—this article alludes to changes in the conflict's contextual parameters that are conducive to a political settlement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The savings achieved by protecting natural capital can provide convincing economic, in addition to the well-known environmental arguments, for sound environmental management. Why are such incentives important? Although society benefits from ecosystem services - and also suffers when they are longer present - there is an opportunity cost associated with the provision of ecosystem services. More immediately profitable land uses, such as intensive farming, must be given up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These countries are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. The EECCA countries cover a large geographical area with total population of approximately 140 million and are markedly diverse in terms of geographical and population sizes, levels of economic development, political and economic structures, energy mixes, geopolitical circumstances and vulnerabilities to climate change (Table 1.1). This has made such infrastructure among the most energy-inefficient in the world. In Kazakhstan, one of the wealthiest countries in the region, about 50% of energy-related infrastructure is more than 30 years-old, some installations are 50-60 years old and coal-based. The World Bank estimates that Uzbekistan lost USD 2 billion in 2011 - or 4.5% of its gross domestic product (GDP) -due to inefficient electricity transmission. These examples illustrate the significant level of financing needed for upgrading the energy sector infrastructure on both supply and demand sides.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
An effective strategy to reduce informal employment should encompass a broad range of policies aimed at reducing the costs of formalisation, increasing its benefits and strengthening enforcement of labour codes. Special attention should be paid to minimising existing disincentives to formality that disproportionately affect women, such as high marginal tax rates on secondary earners. Removing obsolete legislation that impedes women’s access to certain sectors of the economy will further reduce reliance on informal employment. All countries should have a modern legal framework to deal with violence against women and especially domestic violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To address this, the South African literature has decomposed total inequality into within-group and between-group contributions. All of the census-based empirical work makes a consistent case that between-group inequality declined over the period 1975 to 1996. Clearly, the forces driving a widening inequality within each racial group over the last forty years have been strong enough to increase the overlap between the within-race distributions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Nonetheless it is necessary to complement child deprivation rates with the evidence reflecting the actual living conditions of children, which, in some circumstances, can differ from those of their parents, as well as to look at the specific dimension of material deprivation e.g. relating to education. The 2009 round of the EU-SILC included a dedicated child-specific deprivation module, which is preferable for the analysis of children's circumstances, as it contains specific material deprivation measures depicting the situation of children (see Bradshaw et al. In 23 European countries, the percentage of children living in large families is more than 20%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Demographic events are not likely to bear much weight because of their rarer occurrence in a short observation period. To our knowledge, ours is the first longitudinal analysis of the effects of household-level events on child poverty transitions in the enlarged EU during the economic crisis and the ensuing period of slow recovery and austerity. It is a four-year rotational panel with one-fourth of the sample replaced every year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Another positive feature is the fact that five-year budgets provide enough flexibility for adjustments in annual education budgets. However, the budget documents do not typically provide clearly defined educational objectives, actions, goals and target results. The budget requests submitted by ANEP to the MEF are typically not presented with a vision of the school system as a whole and do not clearly establish priorities for public spending.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A better approach may therefore be the adoption of non-exclusive incentive regimes (i.e. compensatory liability) for new uses of known products, as discussed above. The original patent would comprise all uses, even those not known to the patentee at the time of filing the application. In countries where generic producers are capable of discovering new uses of patented pharmaceuticals, a government may favour the implementation of use-bound claims to provide generic producers some freedom to operate outside the original patent claims, in combination with provisions on “dependent patent” or public interest compulsory licenses, as outlined above. In addition, in order to minimize the risk of blocking effects, the protection of new uses of known products could be limited to nonexclusive models, such as a compensatory liability regime, recommended above. Due to the fact that such process claims may not cover all possible ways of manufacturing the resulting product, competitors are free to make the (pharmaceutical) product through a process that has not been claimed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There are certainly some potentials: some measures, such as soil conservation policies, will tackle both adaptation and mitigation simultaneously. Support programmes and gradual diversification of crops and income sources, as well as farming practices, will be necessary. Despite suggestions during the inception, no separate (stand-alone) institution was created for the delivery of the CRGE work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This aspect could be studied as part of the WPSMEE’s work on digitalisation and SMEs. These reports have established that there are methods of valuation that are routinely used and well-established, but that the majority of cases where IP valuation is required are not related to finance. Rather, these use cases address the need for values to be determined w'hen assets are bought and sold (usually in conjunction with the enterprise that owns them), transferred to another entity (when the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting work of OECD is of direct relevance) or become the subject of litigation. In addition, evidence suggests that the valuation of intangibles is less common practice for smaller firms than for large companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Use of satellite remote sensing is to some degree a means of compensating for reduced in situ monitoring, but still requires ground truth observations for validation. The challenge is how to sustain the monitoring beyond the life of the projects. For instance, there is regular joint water quality monitoring between the Russian Federation and China and the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Close collaboration among the staff working on different Biodiversity-related Conventions is an excellent and effective way to further strengthen synergies across the biodiversity-related MEAs. This makes a positive contribution and significant impact through joint regional work, for example, the organization of the Pacific Regional Joint Preparatory Meeting in August 2014, described in a case study in the Capacity building section (Case study 39, pg. Collaborative working among these officers means that there are synergies in the support which is provided to Parties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Growth performance, however, deteriorated in the second half of 2015 amid declining workers’ remittances and a slowdown in gold exports, which weakened consumer spending and domestic investments. Meanwhile, despite depreciation of the currency by 28% in 2015, inflation softened to 6.6%, as price increases were constrained by weak household spending while monetary policy remained tight. A rebound by 4% in 2017 is expected, contingent upon stabilization in global commodity prices and revived economic activity in the subregion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Finland's education system is also highly efficient: in 2007 Finland spent 5.6% of its GDP on education, less than the OECD total average of 6.2% (OECD, 2010b). This efficiency is discussed further in the conclusions to this chapter. This philosophy included the beliefs that all pupils can learn if they are given proper opportunities and support, that understanding of and learning through human diversity is an important educational goal, and that schools should function as small-scale democracies, just as John Dewey had insisted decades before.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Wind resources have potential, although not on a large scale, with biogas and biofuel also having limited capability. However, there is potential for tidal resource although cyclones pose a serious problem. In 2015, renewable energy accounted for approximately 9 per cent of total electricity generation, and this is expected to increase to 13 per cent in 2016 on the completion of already confirmed and funded investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Costa Rica is considering, for example, whether local taxes could fund some health care services, such as primary care. “ Sin taxes” on alcohol, tobacco and other products are also being discussed. Formally defined user charges or co-payments may also be an option at the margin, to substitute and better target rising levels of OOP spending by encouraging use of high-value services and discouraging unnecessary care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Each of these firms employs approximately 20 workers. Federally administered, the Innovation Fund offers direct grants of support primarily to SMEs defined broadly to include also entrepreneurs as well as larger firms that involve SMEs in proposed projects. The fund supports three types of projects: those aimed at producing product, process, material or service innovations, those seeking to create or strengthen centers or teams with a focus on engineering, design and technological development, and projects in technology-focused startups that support pre-commercialization activities, such as pilot testing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The CPI also helps to define targets and goals that can support the formulation of evidence-based policies, including the definition of city visions and long-term plans that are both ambitious, and measurable. This framework allows for periodic assessments of the various dimensions of urbanization and the overall conditions of cities. Still, it is for governments to define the scope, frequency and form of the monitoring and reporting, enabling policy-makers to measure progress and identify areas for improvement, including capacity-building needs. Such monitoring will also enable public authorities to identify potential setbacks and constraints, thus pre-empting unintended consequences. In order to avoid overload and duplication in national and local monitoring and reporting, including the potential for double counting, it is recommended to adopt common metrics and methodologies with a unified global platform. The CPI works as a support for multi-scale decision-making, connecting the city with the region and the overall country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Capacity support should focus on strengthening the skills of borrowers and lenders in identifying and implementing investments that enhance climate resilience and, where possible, contribute to emission reductions. Capacity support to lenders would focus on enhancing their understanding of risks in the agriculture sectors and developing customized agricultural financial products and services to support investments. However, by taking advantage of the trend towards mobile financial services, climate finance can support and further strengthen the development and roll-out of those services that address the needs of smallholders and SMEs for climate-smart investments in remote areas. International climate finance can be used strategically to leverage domestic public funds and private sector financing, as well as additional international public resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It is difficult for other representatives to express their opinions, particularly because they receive limited advance information on time to prepare for meetings. Hence, both users’ demand curves are downward sloping. For details about the approach and the different methods presented here, see, e.g. Freeman et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This represents a challenge for the provision of public services and for the sustainability of smaller settlements (see section 1.2). Finally, each of the four NORA territories is small in terms of population and GDP and lacks the critical mass to achieve scale economies in most economic sectors. Weaknesses in the transport infrastructure amplify these challenges, but lack of critical mass makes it difficult to develop the transport network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Approved by the Inter-ministerial Economic Planning Committee (CIPE) with Deliberation No. Law 267/1998 establishes the legal basis for the identification and funding of urgent preventive measures. The research will enable adaptation to climate change, according to environmental and socio-economic sustainability criteria, and considering the increasing economic value of water resources, wvnv.agroscenari.it. However, this estimate does not take into account the higher risks deriving from climate change scenarios, for which no assessment currently exists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Diabetes is a disease that responds well to preventive programmes and that, if not treated in time, has serious implications for physical autonomy in old age. Deaths from this type of cause are typical in low- and middle-income countries, and an increase in the incidence of such diseases is associated with gaps in access to timely health care, among other factors (PAHO, 2002). In the countries studied, the incidence of this type of illness is fairly constant over the different periods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Increases were also noted in Africa up USD 1.9 billion from 2014 to USD 18.2 billion while those to Latin America and Oceania increased by USD 81 million and USD 133 million respectively. This is more than a threefold increase compared to the 2002-05 baseline average. Regional aid for trade offers great potential as a catalyst for growth, development and poverty reduction, but projects are often difficult to realise. While regional aid for trade faces many practical implementation challenges, however, experience has shown that associated problems are not insurmountable, but rather require thorough planning, careful project formulation and prioritisation on the part of policy makers (OECD, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Some criteria are designed as score points, so that to get awarded the floor covering must exceed a certain limit The EU ecolabelling criteria for floor coverings are divided into three criteria documents: textile floor coverings, wooden floor coverings, and hard coverings. However, only wooden floor coverings are included in the review. The Nordic eco-labeling criteria for windows also cover exterior doors. Emphasis will be on criteria aiming at enhancing reuse and recycling of resources and product parts, and those extending the lifetime of the products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For example, an engagement approach might not fully address the wide range of key actors and stakeholders, the different levels at which the conflict operates, the power imbalances between parties, or local community needs, goals and cultural practices. Many processes also fail to respect the principle of free, prior, and informed consent (FP1Q, which often leads to immediate grievances within affected communities. When key stakeholders are poorly engaged, marginalized, or excluded from decision making or related engagement processes, opposition is more likely and tensions can escalate rapidly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the case of mini-grid and off-grid generation, more than 90% is provided by renewables. According to the WEO-2011, more than 60% of the additional investment required to provide universal access to electricity by 2030 is in sub-Saharan Africa. There is greater dependency here on mini-grid and isolated off-grid solutions, particularly in countries such as Ethiopia, Nigeria and Tanzania, where a relatively higher proportion of those lacking electricity are in rural areas. A recent review of the economics of renewables in SSA shows that when considering sparsely populated rural areas, the economics of localised renewables can be favourable compared to grid expansion, leading to the conclusion that decentralised wind power could already be cost-competitive in large regions in countries such as Ethiopia, Ghana and Kenya (Deichmann et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Background.Researchers and practitioners worldwide have advocated for the development of critical perspectives in occupational therapy to examine the structural influences of social exclusion and injustice experienced by individuals, groups, and communities. To take action against social exclusion and injustice, Brazilian occupational therapists have been developing “social occupational therapy,” referring to practice that is focused on social issues and funded outside the health system.Purpose.This paper presents a Brazilian perspective on the concept and practice of social occupational therapy. Illustrations are drawn from 12 studies, developed between 2008 and 2013, which were completed with socially vulnerable youth through an ongoing university-community engagement partnership in Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo State, Brazil.Key issues.The authors discuss possibilities and challenges for developing a socially committed, transformative occupational therapy outside the health system.Implications.Occupational the...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In particular, it may be relevant to explore more in depth the nature of the products in the machinery sector to better understand the scope of their potential role in the Libyan economic structure. If there is macroeconomic instability and uncertainty, private investment is significantly and negatively influenced because unpredictability hampers resource allocation decisions, investment and grow th. During periods of macroeconomic instability, entrepreneurs will operate on short-term investment horizons, choosing activities with quick returns rather than projects with longer-term investment returns, such as in manufacturing. From 2003-10, GDP grew at an annual average rate of 6.1%, even with the slowdown in growth during the global downturn in 2008 and 2009. The oil sector - favoured by a hike in global oil prices - contributed significantly to this economic expansion, fuelling revenues and growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)