albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Likewise, bicycle use has been growing and many schemes for public bicycle sharing are emerging. China, Japan, India, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea, Singapore and Thailand are in various stages of rolling out or encouraging bicycle sharing. These systems, enabled by mobile phone technology, RFID cards or other payment systems, allow transit users to reduce the time of last-mile trips from the public transport station.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In 1972, direct rule was imposed by the British Government, suspending the government and democracy in Northern Ireland. This situation is often described as “the absence of politics” but what it meant was that politics was carried out by other means. Donahoe argues that community development was a field of public engagement that worked to constructively fill the political vacuum. Community development arose in the face of overlapping destructive forces, referred to as the triple whammy: economic collapse, redevelopment, and the Troubles. As each of these forces contributed to distrust and alienation between communities, community development projects invested in people and neighborhoods within communities. It was a form of participatory politics that continues to challenge representative politics today.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since tax and spending policies might interact with each other, collaboration across government levels and departments is essential. Tax progressivity implies that the higher salaries resulting from skills investments are taxed at higher rates than earnings in the absence of up-skilling. Thus, some disincentive to invest in skills is inevitable. But even in the absence of tax piogressivity, a proportional tax system can create a disincentive for marginal human capital investment when tire costs of investment are not deductible in the personal income lax calculation. Although lax disincentives for skills formation may be partly or fully offset by public-spending subsidies for higher education, the impact of taxes on the return on investment in human capital is important.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Engineering services are particularly relevant to climate change technology (OECD, 2015c). Of particular concern is the recent prevalence of local-content requirements (LCRs) in the wind and solar energy sectors (OECD, 2015c). Some countries have also designed LCRs as eligibility criteria for direct financial transfers such as subsidised loans and loan guarantees from government agencies and national development banks, such as in Brazil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Moreover, children from poorer households are less likely to go to school. There are also considerable variations in net enrolment rates across these countries for children from poor households. Although education for girls has high economic and social benefits for both households and society, poor girls’ enrolment rates are lower than for boys in almost all countries with the exception of Bangladesh. In general, larger sized households tend to be poorer than smaller ones, and the poorest households have higher dependency ratios. These ratios refer to nonworking age members, such as children aged 0-14 years and the elderly aged over 60 years, who need to be supported by a household’s working members. Of course, these intra household associations are governed by many other dynamic and complex links.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Defenders and opponents of judicial review undercharters of rights often share political ideals, and yet disagree deeply on the best means to promote them or on the proper way to balance them in the event of conflict. In his most recent book, Wil Waluchow attempts to provide a theory of judicial review which deals adequately with the popular ideals of stability and adaptability. The cornerstone of his argument is the notion of community morality - that which enables constitutional adjudicators to develop charter law (adaptability) while remaining loyal to democratic and rule of law principles (stability). The aim of this paper is to offer a critique of the notion of community morality, in particular, the aim is to challenge the assumption that the morality of the members of modern plural societies is as uniform as Waluchow’s theory requires it to be.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This was one of the first of its kind in the Philippines, and has been integrated with existing warning systems. This was set up with support from the Republic of Korea’s National Disaster Management Institute following the devastation caused by typhoon Washi in 2011. Effective community-based flood early warning systems have also been established successfully in Nepal, by the Government and a wide range of partners participating in the Nepal Risk Reduction Consortium.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The increase in the Korean unemployment rate between December 2007 and March 2010 was also less than 1%, but unemployment in January 2010 was 1.7 percentage points above the pre-crisis level. The upsurge in unemployment during the first two months of 2010 was probably due to the temporary expiration of a crisis-related public works programme. Reductions in employment may result from either increased job losses or reduced hiring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Concerning the EU, under the Water Framework Directive (WFD) member states from 2010 will be required to ensure that the water prices charged to all consumers reflect the full costs (O&M + capital costs + environmental and resource [opportunity] costs, Figure 1.4), although derogations will be possible for less-favoured areas or on grounds of social welfare to ensure all consumers have a basic service (see the OECD questionnaire at www.oecd.org/water). Australia also expects that some States will reach full cost recovery for irrigation water by 2010 (e.g. New South Wales). This figure summarises the information from the OECD questionnaire at www.oecd.org/water. Other costs including opportunity costs, economic and environmental externality costs are shown in Figure 1.4.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These include the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and disaster risk reduction, notably the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. A number of other goals also relate to climate change adaptation to various degrees, including, but not limited to, Goals 2 (food security), 3 (health), 6 (water and sanitation), 7 (energy), 9 (infrastructure), 11 (cities), 14 (oceans), 15 (biodiversity, forests and desertification). Global monitoring is a vital complement to ensure global co-ordination and support strategies to manage global public goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
New applications and tailored ICT tools can be developed to improve communication, enhance data collection on results and geographic location of development projects, and strengthen monitoring and evaluation for better analyses and more effective development co-operation. The OECD-WTO aid for trade monitoring exercise found that ICT is already prioritised in the development strategies of two-thirds of donors and that nearly all developing countries (90%) anticipate the need for future assistance in this area. Aid commitments to ICT project stood at USD 1 billion in 2017, mostly in the form of technical assistance for regulatory form (OECD/WTO, 2017[3oi).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The revenue they generate supports infrastructure development and compliance promotion campaigns through the Environment Fund. Voluntary approaches by business and industry, especially regarding air and waste, have led to increased recycling, reduced air pollution and the promotion of eco-innovation and energy efficiency. The lack of enforcement capacity in smaller municipalities has been an important impediment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Subverting Hatred is an edited book that brings together different voices on religion and peace from different religious traditions. The book is a lucid appeal to recover the transformative power of religion in the midst of global violence and terror. It is comparative and seeks to provide a cross-cultural understanding of peacebuilding. Beyond destructive rhetoric, the book seeks to provide a new narrative that can engender peace and understanding in the world. It uses a case study approach to uncover the contributions of religion to both inner and global peace. It wrestles with an understanding that religion can contribute to the discourse on subverting hatred and building the capacity for peace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The percentage falls to 38% among the vulnerable population and 23% among the non-vulnerable. The opposite is true of persons aged 50 or over: they account for some 12% of the poor population, climbing to 27% of the non-vulnerable population. Half of the adults (aged 25 to 65) living in indigence had not completed primary' education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These could include keeping the price of retail energy at lower levels that do not reflect cost (for example, through cross subsidies), maintaining employment, or preferring a certain generating fuel. A single integrated utility does not require complex systems to dispatch multiple providers at the wholesale level, or retail market platforms that allow for switching of customers between different retail providers, or an elaborate access regime to ensure multiple parties can access monopoly network infrastructure on equal terms. Where fresh investment is required to meet demand, a government can direct a utility to invest at a given time and this ensures that capacity will be adequate to meet reliability standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
What is the OSPAR Commission and how can it potentially work with fisheries management in the NE Atlantic? Describe the various national, bi-lateral and international fishing management regimes in the NE Atlantic and assess their moves toward implementing the ecosystem-based approach? What are the potential challenges and opportunities here? Identify emerging issues and possible solutions in respect of Arctic fisheries?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In Ihe 1970s and 1980s, a shift to more skill-intensive manufacturing led to an emphasis on technical fields. From the mid-1990s on, Singapore has sought to become a player in the global knowledge economy, encouraging more research and innovation-intensive industries and seeking to attract scientists and scientific companies from around the globe. The results of the government's economic policies have been stunning - rapid economic growth to reach developed country levels and an average per capita income in 2009 of about SCD 52 000 (USD 39 000) estimated at current market prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Evidence suggests that a lack of effective checks and balances against corruption undermines the rule of law, the protection of human rights and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. This article suggests the need for an international treaty to establish an African commission against corruption, involving United Nations inspectors to investigate and prosecute corruption. A range of evidence is reviewed suggesting that pressure from constituents as well as international organizations may be effective in compelling African leaders to sign this type of protocol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus, even a relatively lower level of agricultural support places a higher burden on the Turkish economy than a much higher support in countries where agriculture represents a far smaller share, e.g. Norway, Switzerland, Korea or Japan. Following profound economic reforms in the 1980s and 1990s, previous agricultural regulation systems were dismantled or largely liberalised in these countries. In some, relative agricultural prices declined far below the international levels in the early post-reform period, with the result that agriculture faced considerable price taxation (or negative market price support).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These models may include formal business-to-consumer services (commercial car-sharing, micro-transit, bicycle and scooter sharing), peer-to-peer models for sharing the use of cars or that enable the sourcing of rides, platform-based business models that connect passengers and drivers (or goods and carriers) and hybrid models that combine aspects of some or all of those approaches (Shaheen et al., This is especially true for transport authorities that are operating or contracting/procuring services from relatively stable and established public transport operators. Analogue bicycle-sharing systems have been around for decades but the arrival of IT-enabled, automated bicycle-sharing systems has led to massive growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The COVID-19 pandemic presents an opportunity to refocus scholarly attention on the politics of crisis  Crises that abruptly upend political and economic relations are important and increasing in frequency  However, the division of international relations into international political economy (IPE) and international security has contributed to the relative neglect of non-militarized crises like pandemics  Crises are defined by threat, uncertainty, and time pressure: understanding them requires a careful examination of how these variables affect political and economic outcomes  Drawing on often disparate literatures on finance, energy and climate change, natural disasters, pandemics, and violent conflict, I propose a broad research program around the politics of crisis, focusing on puzzles related to causes, responses, and transformations  © The IO Foundation, 2020
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (UN-REDD) is a multilateral body that partners with developing countries to support them in establishing the technical capacities needed to implement REDD+. It was established in 2008 and is based on the convening power and technical expertise of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The UN-REDD Programme supports nationally-led REDD+ processes and promotes the informed and meaningful participation of all stakeholders - including indigenous peoples and other forest-dependent communities - in the national and international implementation of REDD+.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It is, however, important to note that there are only two years for which adaptation data are available, and as such these figures represent only a snapshot of activity. Moreover, as this is a new system for adaptation, there is still some variation between countries with respect to how they have applied the Rio Marker criteria (Figure 3.9). These focus primarily on capacity building rather than implementation of concrete adaptation measures. From the location and project descriptions, these projects do not appear to have been systematically designed to exploit the expertise gained within Austria on management of natural hazards in mountainous regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the case of sugar, targeted EU financial assistance has emerged relatively recently - within the context of reforms to the EU’s sugar regime and the introduction of the Everything But Arms duty-free regime for LDCs - with the creation of a €1.25 billion envelope in addition to normal European Development Fund flows. The assistance provided to sugar producers has explicitly sought to avoid repeating the mistakes of the SFA and SPA in bananas, in part by emphasising adjustment/diversification measures for countries deemed uncompetitive in the long run. The EU’s STABEX facility was established in 1975 under the Lome Convention, the mechanism was envisaged as a compensatory finance scheme to stabilise earnings from ACP exports of agricultural commodities, and operated until abolished under the 2000 Cotonou Agreement. In 1998, the EU undertook a major review of the STABEX regime (CERDI et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In selecting the best location they weigh their preferences for access to land, labour (skilled or unskilled), inputs from other firms, market access (including the transport links to other cities or countries) and access to knowledge and amenities. A flexible land market allows households and firms to respond as economic conditions change, fostering innovation and competitiveness. Even the idea that a free urban real estate market can exist outside of government intervention is erroneous because governments help to determine where to locate infrastructure, public services and open spaces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
First, causal interpretations of the identified relationships may be invalid, as the effect of time-invariant city characteristics is not controlled for. Second, the analysis cannot shed light on whether the identified relationships change over time. Even though changes in urban structure are relatively slow, changes in air pollution and the relative contribution of different sources in total emissions (e.g. road transport, manufacturing, electricity generation) may be more rapidly evolving over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This paper traces the genealogy of legal developments regarding the expansion of civil jurisdiction for human rights abuses. It endeavours to illuminate the relation between these civil remedy developments in alien tort action and globalisation. It elucidates the dimensions of this development, implied by the transformations in substantive and procedural jurisdiction, as well as in legal personality, and subjectivity, reflecting upon the ways that these normative changes help to constitute global rule of law. It ends by concluding that, whatever their contribution, these transnational remedies are best conceived as complementary to the protections offered by state legal systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This book, the first full-length cross-period comparison of medieval and modern literature, offers cutting edge research into the textual and cultural legacy of the Middle Ages: a significant and growing area of scholarship. At the juncture of literary, cultural and gender studies, and capitalizing on a renewed interest in popular western representations of the Islamic east, this book proffers innovative case studies on representations of cross-religious and cross-cultural romantic relationships in a selection of late medieval and twenty-first century Orientalist popular romances. Comparing the tropes, characterization and settings of these literary phenomena, and focusing on gender, religion, and ethnicity, the study exposes the historical roots of current romance representations of the east, advancing research in Orientalism, (neo)medievalism and medieval cultural studies. Fundamentally, Representing Difference invites a closer look at medieval and modern popular attitudes towards the east, as represented in romance, and the kinds of solutions proposed for its apparent problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
International agreements and conventions: • The Workers with Family Responsibilities Convention, 1981 (No. Persons with a job: Employed persons defined according to the resolution of the 19th ICLS in 2013 (see glossary) plus persons with a job in which they have worked previously and to which they have a guarantee to return to following the end of the leave. The age interval for this indicator should be the working parents (e.g., persons aged 20-49 years).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Sustainable economic governance requires effectual rules and policies and their effective implementation. Arthashastra written by Kautilya more than two thousand years ago discusses various best practices on governance of markets, economics and trade to ensure happiness and wellbeing of the subjects. Most of the wisdom of Arthashastra are still relevant and are being adopted knowingly or knowingly by present day governments. This paper discusses the teachings of Arthashastra on critical economic policy areas and their key elements and tries to relate its application with present day scenario. The paper discusses how Arthashastra lessons on public finance, trade, taxation and administration have been or can be incorporated in Indian context to achieve the ultimate objective of sustainable economic governance. The paper further combines the key teachings on economic governance and presents a model which can act as a guide for good economic governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This ecotax on water abstraction (mostly on groundwater, but also on surface water, e.g. in the case of France) tries to internalize environmental and social costs, but the level of environmental cost recovery is quite low as seen from the first reports presented by the EU member states reporting on WFD implementation. The Spanish government is debating whether to charge an ecotax on all water use (both surface water and groundwater) to contribute to global integrated resource management at the basin level and meet the 2010 deadline set by the WFD for implementation of measures including water pricing. Provisional estimates for this ecotax (EUR 1.00/1000 m3) make it a ‘political contribution of users’ rather than an environmental cost recovery charge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The results from these models are then used to inform the economic models about changes to average yields. As a result, RCP 8.5 projects that emissions in the second half of the 21st century will be substantially higher than current emission trends indicate, creating very high GHG concentration levels. Consequently, radiative forcing reaches 8.5 W/m2 by 2100, resulting in an increase in the average global temperature of between 4 and 7 degrees Celsius.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, water utilities are largely dissatisfied with the prices set as they do not cover full service costs, but rather a fraction of operating and maintenance costs. Prices are far from being economically viable and are indeed one of the main reasons for the poor state of the water supply infrastructure and especially that of wastewater management. There is no area-w'ide hydrological monitoring network and flood protection installations are not reliable and often not functional, due to poor maintenance and war damage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In particular, the World Bank (2012b) estimates that price volatility6 between January’2005 and May 2011 reached 12% in Kenya and 14% in Zambia, w'hile it was only 9% in South Africa. In Kenya, average price levels increased around 20% between 1995 and 2004 (Jayne et al., However, the food security impacts of the stocks are not unanimously positive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article considers the status of foreign precedents in national courts. It examines possible reasons for courts referring to them and concludes that, absent some incorporating convention, judges cannot ever be said to have an obligation to refer to them. But it also shows that there is nothing unprincipled about national courts choosing to treat foreign precedents as persuasive authority, notwithstanding that there are some good reasons, especially in the context of constitutional adjudication, for cautioning against this. It is also suggested that no satisfactory argument can be adduced to support the proposition that a national court must never rely on foreign precedent as the sole reason for modifying the indigenous common law – though it seems very unlikely that judges would ever need (still less want) to rely on foreign precedent in this way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)