albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The emergence and increasing importance of private transnational legal structures in global governance presents a puzzle for legal theory. These new forms of transnational law (TL) can be found in diverse areas, ranging from trade-related issues, to corporate responsibility, human and labor rights, and environmental protection. Transnational constitutionalists, have argued that this phenomenon has a constitutional quality. The challenge of transnational constitutionalism lies in developing an institutional model that explains how constitutionally embedded legal authority can arise independently of the institutional structures of state-based public law. In this paper we propose a new theoretical framework for thinking about non-statist legal authority, which we term “networked constitutionalism”. We conceptualize transnational legal authority as an emergent, network-based phenomenon and elaborate the institutional conditions that undergird its emergence. We illustrate our thesis through a network analysis of a large sample of corporate social responsibility codes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
With the support of Espaco Feminista and other partners, women and community leaders are building their capacity and claiming space in the land regularization, making policymakers understand the real meaning of gender equality and women’s empowerment. The committee comprises different institutions and community leaders. Together, they are monitoring the regularization through regular meetings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By contrast, especially in high-income countries, boys are more likely to drop out of secondary education than girls. Young Portuguese women enjoy the largest comparative advantage. In Western Africa, however, the primary enrolment rate is barely 70% and in Southern, Eastern, and Middle Africa it is only slightly above 80%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is confirmed by the available data (Figure 4.9), which show that women are more likely to work informally than men in almost all countries although these differences are not large. Informal firms are typically less productive and provide workers with fewer opportunities for human capital accumulation (La Porta and Shleifer, 2008,2014). This represents an additional drag on female earnings and on their opportunities for career advancement. Moreover, recent OECD work shows that informal jobs are typically of lower quality than formal ones, with detrimental effects on workers’ well-being. It also shows that female workers find it more difficult than men to move into a formal job, if they start their career in an informal job (OECD, 2015b, Chapter 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Meeting the restoration targets is likely to require significant financial resources and innovative finance mechanisms, such as green bonds for restoration investment. The CAR will allow to identify high-biodiversity-value areas and to prioritise restoration actions. Most such instruments aim to reward biodiversity-friendly actions, such as good agricultural practices or sustainable forest use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Political concern about mergers has led the Parliament to propose a moratorium on mergers, although associated legal instruments are not in place (Ministry of Health, 201 Id). Instead, the Minister of Health wants the Healthcare Authority (NZa) to carry out additional merger assessments in terms of quality and access (Ministry of Health, 2011c, d). However, having several institutions involved in merger assessments would increase unnecessarily regulatory uncertainty without improving the prevention of anticompetitive mergers. To ensure an effective hospital merger assessment, the Competition Authority should develop a clear methodology taking into account all relevant aspects of the problem (including consumer welfare concerns such as accessibility of care).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In fact, more economic growth, food production and modern energy generation are needed to address still-widespread poverty and ease pressures from ageing populations, among other challenges. Hence there is an urgent need to find new development pathways which would ensure environmental sustainability and reverse ecological destruction, while managing to provide, now and in the future, a decent livelihood for all of humankind. More and more, both agricultural and industrial production take place through largely unregulated global value chains dominated by international companies. Climate change and increasing migratory flows are challenges with global ramifications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Western security community has increasingly militarized its politics of peace, through peacekeeping, peace-making and other policies to which the ‘peace’ prefix has been attributed. Peace has become a virtual concept, which at times disguises rather violent management techniques of ‘global governance’. Peace, within this framework, is a practice and a policy, mantled by a narrative of a liberal, and teleological, desire for non-violence. Non-violence towards the governing institutions became viewed as peace, advancing the notion of ‘peace-as-order’. A teleology of liberal development helped to securitize the ‘not-yet-liberalized Other’, excluding non-liberal concepts from the idea of peace. Like the baby thrown out with the bathwater, peace lost its emancipatory content. A particular peace is the result, which includes transitional justice or reconciliation as rhetorical devices for its legitimization. However, the practice of ‘peace’ leaves these processes to the ‘losers’, lasting peace between equal...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The RDP has been greatly influenced by the prevailing sectoral policy approach in the central government. Between 2011 and 2014, the RDP was transformed from an urban and regional development programme into a collection of specific sectoral policies that had already existed, such as: the “Programme for the Development of Single-Industry Towns”, “Modernisation of Housing and Communal Facilities 2011-2020”, “Ak Bulak programme 2011-2020”, and “Affordable Housing 2020 Programme”. These sectoral policies were put together as part of the RDP, without any preliminary assessment of their efficiency. For instance, until recently, the “Ak Bulak” programme focused exclusively on supplying drinking water and did not include any assessment of the possible impact of subjecting the sewage system to increasing volumes of water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It is hoped the SWF will address financial management challenges—including poor accountability, weak governance and lack of independence of fund managers—that have undermined budgetary and fiscal processes in the past and also allow the Government to better manage the macroeconomic consequences of a significant increase in financial flows into the country. The establishment of the SWF therefore has the potential of dramatically increasing fiscal space without compromising macroeconomic stability. For example, for value-added and sales taxes, expenditures on basic needs items should be exempted or zero-rated since such spending absorbs a large share of poorer people's and specifically women's income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Hence, targets aiming at reducing the use of specific resources in the economy could be set and monitored, as could targets relating to the flows of materials and energy that leaves the economy (residuals) including solid waste, waste water and emissions to air, water and soils. It does not monitor the trends in the status of specific species. While it may be used to monitor trends in the use of certain assets over time, it can't be used to monitor the stock of different types of ecosystems as these are not recorded in the SEEA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Committee's assignment was to establish the scientific basis for formulating a national action program for biological diversity and nature conservation in Denmark. The focus of this value transfer guide is the Stated Preference methods (CV and CE) and the Revealed Preference methods (TC and HP). The study comprises valuation of the effects on both drinking water quality and the quality of surface water recipients, expressed by the quality of the living conditions for wild animals, fish and plants in lakes and waterways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Toutefois, les prix du ble ayant beneficie ces demieres annees d’un soutien qui les hisse au-dessus des cours mondiaux, les eleveurs sont confrontes a des couts d’alimentation animale superieurs a ce qu’ils devraient etre. Dans les economies emergentes comme le Kazakhstan, les ecarts entre prix interieurs et prix internationaux resultent, non seulement de facteurs lies a la politique agricole, mais aussi de lacunes dans les infrastructures materielles, de deficits d’information et d’une faiblesse des institutions de marche. Ce constat vaut particulierement pour les marches des productions vegetales ou les deficits ou les excedents temporaires lies a des conditions meteorologiques defavorables provoquent des reactions tres marquees des prix interieurs, auxquelles il n’est remedie qu’avec retard. De plus, certains produits sont peu integres aux marches car leurs principaux producteurs sont des menages ruraux (pour ce qui est du lait et de la viande, par exemple).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The loss of labour productivity occurs because a larger share of the workforce becomes debilitated or dies, causing organisations to lose workers with critical skills. The phenomenon can be likened to 'running Adam Smith in reverse.' Adam Smith argued that the expansion of the market - typically identified as economic growth - creates opportunities for specialisation and the division of labour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Definiciones Instrumentos de Planificacion Territorial IPT” (Definitions of Territorial Planning Instruments TPI), MINVU, Santiago, Chile, uiwui.minvu.cl/ opensite_20070427120550.aspx, accessed 13 September 2012. Jr/Ies-plans-de-prevention-des-risques-naturels-ppr, accessed 23 September 2012. World Cities and Urban Form: Fragmented, Polycentric, Sustainable?, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This article argues that Thomas Pogge's important theory of global justice does not adequately appreciate the relation between interactional and institutional accounts of human rights, along with the important normative role of care and solidarity in the context of globalization. It also suggests that more attention needs to be given critically to the actions of global corporations and positively to introducing democratic accountability into the institutions of global governance. The article goes on to present an alternative approach to global justice based on a more robust conception of human rights grounded in a conception of equal positive freedom, in which these rights are seen to apply beyond the coercive political institutions to which Pogge primarily confines them (e.g. to prohibiting domestic violence), and in which they can guide the development of economic, social and political forms to enable their fulfillment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Its focus is on wind power, as capacity has increased rapidly and is projected to continue to increase significantly. China's economy ran at a double-digit growth rate (as measured by the percentage increase in gross domestic product) from 2003 to 2008 when the global financial crisis hit, and the country came out strongly from the crisis (ADB, 2010). In parallel to this impressive growth, total primary energy consumption increased from 776 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2000 to 2 164 Mtoe in 2009, reflecting a compound annual growth rate in excess of 8% (NBS, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Arguably, such a pattern can already be observed in the United States and in the most-affected European countries, where the GR made it difficult to maintain a consistent and counter-cyclical social and fiscal policy framework. At the same time, there has been an intensifying debate over the roles of steep budget cuts in triggering double-dip recessions. The worsening social situation has also, after some delay, produced much-needed initiatives in the most-affected countries to bolster support measures for those at the very bottom of the income spectrum. Examples are discussions in Greece of introducing a GMI-type benefit in 2014 (SPC, 2013), as well as growing interest in the role of public works programmes as an emergency measure that can provide targeted and timely help in a severe downturn on a temporary basis (see, e.g., Mutual Learning Programme, 2012). During the GR, the TANF programme, which was the centre-piece of the welfare-reform debate and legislation in the mid-1990s (Anderson et al., At 27%, the proportion of these families receiving TANF cash support remains at its lowest level since the programme was enacted in 1996 (Trisi and Pavetti, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
She is a lovely young girl, 15 years old and as any other young teenager, with her whole life in front of her. Kiswendsida is one of the young mothers we meet in this book. Against all odds - and thankfully due to the support from her grandmother - she managed to stay in school during her pregnancy and returned to school already a week after giving birth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Most legal disputes principally raise the need to evaluate competing versions of fact, each purporting to be ‘true’ and reliable. Rules of evidence in both common-law (accusatorial or adversarial) and civil (inquisitorial) systems play the important role of regulating how ‘facts’ are to be assessed and what proof is required, ultimately determining whether an accused person is guilty or not guilty and whether a noncriminal case is proved or not proved to the requisite standard. They also sit at the intersection between the rights of the individual (especially the accused and witnesses, their privacy and corporal integrity) and the rights of society, as well as regulating the junction between law and forensic medicine and forensic science. Rules of evidence feature in constitutions (such as the Italian, Portuguese, Canadian, and the US Bill of Rights), as well as in international law such as the European Convention on Human Rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It will take sound policies, a holistic approach and long-term commitment from all development actors to achieve women’s economic empowerment. It will never be a “quick fix”. Good practice in pro-poor growth is about addressing these goals as mutually supportive rather than as mutually exclusive. For example, women’s economic rights can be strengthened by improving national administrative and legal frameworks relating to land, inheritance and property rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Carpathians form part of the WWF Global 200, a list of the world’s most biologically distinct eco-regions. In 2009, Slovakia adopted the protocol to the Carpathian Convention on the conservation and sustainable use of biological and landscape diversity. There is also a lack of communication with the public as owners and users of land, and a related lack of public support for management of protected areas, particularly Natura 2000 sites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It provides an overview of the financing for development agenda, highlighting the critical role of official development assistance (ODA) for the least developed countries, as well as its catalytic role in higher-income developing countries. The chapter analyses2002-15aggregate aid-for-trade disbursements (around USD 300 billion) and takes a detailed look at aid-for-trade programmes that are building physical and digital connectivity. It offers a brief overview of academic findings on the results of aid-for-trade investments, as well as recent evaluations of donor aid-for-trade strategies and programmes. Case stories show how aid for trade is helping countries improve their physical and digital connectivity, turning trade opportunities into trade flows. Finally, the chapter provides an analysis of aid-for-trade commitments in 2015, closing with a series of conclusion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In this regard, blockchain improves the crowdfunding process with its high levels of transparency, use of smart contracts and scope for enforcement of automatic payments in case of project failures or contract breaches. It is also possible to introduce some form of vetting process for project initiators, especially in an initial permissioned set-up, so that financing platform providers take the responsibility for validating investment projects. Blockchain-based crowdfunding may therefore help to mitigate investment risk more effectively compared to traditional crowdfunding processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Demand for opportunities is unlikely to diminish and will continue to exceed the supply of opportunities. Two ongoing changes have increased the significance and impact of migration in very recent years. Firstly, the RSE scheme, despite its numerical limitations, has boosted household incomes, especially in some relatively poor areas, and encouraged investment in agriculture at a time when this is otherwise declining.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Arogya World used a public-private partnership to fund and operationalize the programme, the partners other than Nokia and Emory University included Johnson & Johnson and Aetna. At least 5 crore people in India live with diabetes. Diabetes kills 10 lakh Indians each year. High blood sugar for long periods harms the body.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Most of the research focuses on disruption to educational achievement. Obedience and respect are important. Women in South Africa describe the grief and mourning (Henderson, 2013), noting its impact on their mental health (Bray, 2012) which undermines their ability to parent young children to the standards to which they aspire (Bray & Brandt, 2007). The impact of multiple family bereavements on mothers' abilities to parent adolescents is not well-researched, and even less is known about the effects of multiple bereavements on men and fathering.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2014-15, 64 schools that demonstrated highly deteriorating infrastructure were supported through an investment of 28 657 236 million pesos (MEX). This investment allowed for the construction of new classrooms and the renovation of others, as well as the improvement of schools’ basic sanitary services (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2016a). While the Programme of Excellence to Combat Lagging in Education came to an end in 2015, it has been replaced by the Education Reform Programme (Programa de la Reforma Educativa).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the South African OAP, this is very unlikely given that the income bracket that determines eligibility is fairly high and hence is not binding for the majority of black candidates who represent the main group of beneficiaries. In addition, means-tests are not performed regularly. This is in contrast to such programmes in the OECD countries, where eligibility is conditional on labour market status and regular checks are the norm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Designing sustainable off-grid rural electrification projects: Principles and Practices. Washington, DC, available at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTENERGY2/Resources/OffgridGuidelines. Low carbon energy projects for development in sub-Saharan Africa: Unveiling the potential, addressing the barriers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Ramsar Convention's Wise Use Concept in Theory and Practice: An Inter-Disciplinary Investigation of Practice in Kolleru Lake, India Sonali Senaratna Sellamuttu a , Sanjiv de Silva b , Nidhi Nagabhatla c , C. Max Finlayson d , Chiranjibi Pattanaik e & Narendra Prasad e a International Water Management Institute (IWMI) b Institutional and Policy Analysis, International Water Management Institute (IWMI) c APEC Climate Centre d Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University e Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
With regard to this, the role of legal liability in courts is crucial. It may well be that a more appropriate balance and combination of legal liability, penalties and private insurance against food safety combined with public minimum standards may deliver a more efficient market response to the issue of food safety. As a corollary, however, the combination of private food standards, modern production and marketing developments towards more concentration (economies of scale) may well make the system more exclusive uis-a-uis smaller producers in both developed and developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
2014).These groups also involve the provision and sharing of information. Amongst people living with HIV, these groups are valued for their inclusion of 'appraisal support' (self-evaluation, feedback and affirmation) of the kind not found elsewhere. Their potential to offer this amongst those living with HIV and amongst friends and the wider community was also noted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
See Robert M. Solow, “A contribution to the theory of economic growth", Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. Such progress has since been included as an endogenous process of growth by, for instance, considering spillovers (externalities) of the skilled workforce. See P.M. Romer, “Increasing returns and long-run growth", The Journal of Political Economy, vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the absence of remittances, many LDCs would have been significantly more dependent on ODA, although, as the IPoA has rightly pointed out, remittance cannot be a substitute for FDI, ODA, debt relief or other public sources of finance for development. The General Assembly of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, at its IPoA progress review meeting held in July 2012, acknowledged that the size of remittances is of particular benefit to Asian LDCs, where it outpaced other sources of financing such as ODA and FDI (UN 2012). However, to realise the full potential of remittance flow, other supportive back-up measures including basic infrastructure are needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Dynamic and complex social-ecological systems require strategies that build resilience rather than attempting to control for optimal production and shortterm gain in environments assumed to be relatively stable. The shift from people and nature as separated parts to interdependent social-ecological systems provides exciting opportunities for societal development in tune with the biosphere, a global sustainability agenda for humanity." It should also address issues of equity, including intergenerational equity. There is a need also to study the underlying values and attitudes, other than utilitarian values, related to biodiversity and ecosystem services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Andersen (2010) is an article on the establishment of the centre, including an interview with the founding chairman, Poul Nyrup Rasmussen. There are several references to the Lindoe initiatives in the European synthesis report on Skills for Green Jobs commissioned by the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training and the International Labour Office (CEDEFOP/ILO, 2010). The Education Employment Linkages (EEL) research programme commenced on 1 July 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)