albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Despite that, Lustig and Melendez (2014) estimate that direct taxes and social contributions are progressive (their share increases by income deciles), however the impact on income inequality is limited (0.2 points of Gini), mainly due to their relatively small size. Direct transfers (except pensions) also contribute to reduce inequality (0.5 points of Gini). Indirect taxes are regressive, but their redistributive impact is limited due to their small size. Lustig and Melendez (2014) show that income inequality before taxes and social benefits in Colombia is similar to Brazil, but taxes, direct transfers and especially in-kind transfers reduce inequality in Brazil on a much larger scale. In Peru, taxes and social spending redistribute as much as in Colombia, but inequality before taxes and social spending is considerably lower. Mexico is an intermediate case, with somewhat lower inequality before taxes and social spending and higher redistribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The CCXG oversees development of analytical papers for the purpose of providing useful and timely input to the climate change negotiations. These papers may also be useful to national policy-makers and other decision-makers. Authors work with the CCXG to develop these papers in a collaborative effort.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Stakeholder involvement has been inspired by growing opposition of the public and an increasing number of judicial proceedings against nuclear installations. Conscious about these societal developments, there has been an evolution in governmental policies of OECD member countries from a process known as “decide, announce and defend” to a process whereby the public is informed about the risks and opportunities of nuclear energy and is allowed to participate in the decisions concerning, for example, site selection for RW/SNF facilities. Stakeholder involvement, which is generally perceived in OECD member countries as a necessary condition for public acceptance of waste management policies, depends to a large extent on international and national legal instruments that guarantee the respect of the populations' rights to information and participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The assessment and recommendation section presents a summary of these findings and provides policy recommendations that can guide the government towards building a holistic social cohesion agenda. Social inclusion is measured by the distribution of income growth and the extent to which location, ethnicity, gender and age shape social outcomes. Social mobility is analysed by the ability to move up in income class and job status as well as the determinants of inter-generational mobility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It can be expressed as follows. One important limitation of the OB decomposition is that it applies only to differences in the mean. While there have been different methods developed for decomposing general distributional statistics over the last 15 years, Firpo et al. ( Their idea is to use the Recentered Influence Function (RIF) for the distributional statistic of interest instead of the usual outcome variable as the dependent variable in a regression. Consider RIF (y , v) is the influence function corresponding to an observed income y for the distributional statistic of interest, v(Fy).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
ABSTRACTThe citation of philosophers in common law judicial decision-making has been rarely explored. Yet this issue divided two American commentators: Rao, in 1998, critiqued the United States Supreme Court’s (USSC) citation of philosophers, labelling it a ‘backdoor method for judicial policy making’, Brooks, in 2003, offered a trenchant rejoinder, arguing that philosophy is potentially an ‘ally in the pursuit of sensible legal reasoning’. As issues of the curial use of exogenous or extra-legal knowledge are not settled, there is value in reflecting on Australian judicial practice. This article proceeds in three stages. First, it locates Rao’s analysis of the USSC’s citation of philosophers within a larger picture that concerns issues of citation analysis. Second, it critiques Rao’s definitions of philosophy and adjudication in terms of three ‘antipodal pairs’ of characteristics – pragmatism versus abstraction, institutionalism versus intellectualism, and precedent versus permeability. Third, rejecting R...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Few are covered by social protection systems, and they face the constant risk of slipping back into poverty. Much work needs to be done to raise productivity, promote sustainable structural transformation and expand social protection systems for the poorest and most vulnerable workers and their families. The most significant progress has been made in Eastern Asia, where the proportion of people in vulnerable employment has dropped from 71.2 per cent in 1991 to 39.6 per cent in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The next part of the chapter provides an approximation of care needs, focusing in particular on families with children and on care of older persons. It shows how families with different configurations and in diverse settings seek to respond to these needs (or fall short of doing so) through intra-family and inter-generational transfers of care. The largest CDRs for older persons are observed in Europe and Northern America (7.8 per cent) followed by Australia and New Zealand (5.3 per cent) and Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (4.0 percent), which have high long-term care burdens (see Figure 5.7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The extent of greater individualisation is impossible to determine, but such conflicts over use emphasise, rather than downplay, the role of remittances. They are also the only two Pacific island states where remittances -which might be envisaged as ‘self-help’ aid - are greater than formal aid flows (Table 6.1). They play a more important role than in such significant migrant-sending countries as the Philippines, Bangladesh and Yemen. Remittances are very much the main source of income, hence, firstly, what happens to them is of considerable importance for development and, secondly, households and countries are necessarily anxious to ensure that remittances flows do not decline and preferably increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Beevers traces the evolution of peacebuilding since the late 1990s. The chapter reviews the early years of peacebuilding that were narrowly conceived and marked by failures, and the second generation of peacebuilding characterized by broadened objectives and a growing number of international actors involved in operations. It highlights the underlying logics of peacebuilding that include democratization, market-oriented economic reforms and statebuilding. Beevers explains that to understand natural resource governance in the aftermath of conflict, it is important to understand the peacebuilding milieu within which it is set and how it is shaped by the overarching peacebuilding agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In parallel their average level of education has increased significantly to a point where more women than men are now attending universities in many OECD countries. In spite of such progress, there are still areas where women are missing out on opportunities to do as well as men, especially in the labour market. Regarding the former, the principle of gender equality has been part of the Federal Constitution since 1981, and in 1988 the Federal Office for Gender Equality was established.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This Gini coefficient has been calculated by taking each country’s GDP per capita as one observation or data point. Figure 1.1 shows trends in this non-weighted Gini coefficient of international inequality, as well as trends in a variant of this coefficient, obtained by weighting each national GDP per capita by each country’s population-to account for the fact that China’s economic growth, for instance, should have affected more people than growth in a smaller country. Based on this population-weighted Gini, international income inequality has been declining since the early 1980s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Toutefois, qu'ils soient hommes ou femmes, les entrepreneurs sont relativement rares en Inde par rapport a d’autres pays comparables, et ont tendance a travailler dans de petites entreprises souvent situees en dehors de l’economie formelle. Si bon nombre des obstacles a la creation d’entreprise sont communs aux deux sexes (acces aux financements et aux reseaux economiques, formation adequate, locaux), les femmes entrepreneurs se heurtent a des prejuges sexistes qui trouvent leur origine dans des facteurs socioeconomiques ou dans certains partis consacres par le droit, notamment par le droit de Fheritage. The potential flexibility in time use from entrepreneurship can also facilitate balancing work and family obligations for women. However, entrepreneurs, both male and female, are relatively scarce in India compared to peer countries, and tend to work in small units often outside the formal sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The in 2014 established REC, which brings together different stakeholders, could be strengthened further to take up this role of platform for information sharing and co-operation. The REC could be further developed to take on this role. While educational attainment has been on the rise in France, a significant share of students still leave education without upper secondary degree. While the share of early leavers from education and training in France declined from 12.7% in 2010 to 8.9% in 2016, it remains high compared to many other European countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article features a cross-cultural examination of the presentation of violence in advertising and a description of public opinion trends concerning the appearance of this material in mainstream TV commercials. A content analysis of 1,785 American ads and 1,467 Israeli ads maps the representation of violence in TV advertising in the two countries and finds it present in 2.5% of the American advertisements and in 1.5% of the Israeli advertisements. The most frequently depicted conduct in the two countries is bare-handed assault. Sexual violence is not presented at all. A public opinion survey shows that concerns over the appearance of violence in advertising are correlated with an exaggerated estimation of its prevalence, and, specifically, an overestimation of the frequency of vandalism and assaults that use a cold weapon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A measured and inclusive approach, based on a sound policy framework that encourages environmentally sustainable investment and promotes investment in green sectors, can help address the challenges and exploit the opportunities in away that complements a sustainable, climate-resilient development pathway. For example, in 2015, over 95% of power generated in Cambodia w'as from these sources, roughly half from each source (coal and hydro). In terms of broader energy use, beyond the power sector, the major source of primary' energy, especially for cooking, is still biomass. Cambodia has favourable conditions and considerable potential for solar power, especially considering the high costs of electricity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Many of the factors are linked and progress in one area can help progress in another. These factors are offered for consideration by development co-operation providers as they determine how to fulfil their mandates in a post 2015 development and climate policy landscape. Table 2 below summarise the factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Unlike crude oil and petroleum products, gas is produced and exported mainly by LDCs in Asia, accounting for between one quarter and one half of the exports of Myanmar, Timor-Leste and Yemen. Their exports are mainly absorbed by East Asian markets. They generate more than 10 per cent of the merchandise exports of a group of African LDCs that are not producers of crude oil, namely, Benin, Djibouti, Niger, Rwanda and Senegal. One half of these exports are absorbed by other countries in their respective subregions, and the other half goes outside the continent. As new mines came into operation, the country’s exports leapt fivefold in 2012 with respect to the previous year and rose further thereafter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Turning to the impacts of each driver on Internet use (Figure 6.2, right), a statistical analysis of the LDCs finds that access has the smallest impact on raising Internet use in the LDCs. Each 10 percentage point (p.p.) On the other hand, a 10 p.p. The biggest impact is with secondary school enrolment where each 10 p.p.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In addition to this human cost, grade repetition has a financial cost for the system, in that children repeating years of schooling are effectively tying up more resources over a longer time period than those that do not. Once recognised, alternatives to grade repetition include remedial classes after school or during the summer. For students with an unfavourable out-of-school learning environment, spending more time in school can be beneficial (OECD, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Accordingly, education, awareness and training offer a long-term solution for the sustainable development of a coastal and ocean economy. The first part of the chapter will examine the past, current and future coastal and marine research priorities at various scales and how research has been or is conducted in the region. The second part of the chapter will explore the development of regional capacity for coastal and marine research and how' existing research has been supported in the past.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This paper has two aims: to provide a critical commentary on the value of neoliberalism in explaining contemporary housing policy and to critically examine recent practices that have been shaped by ideas most commonly associated with neoliberalism. It begins by distinguishing different interpretative variants of neoliberalism and some of the criticisms regarding its explanatory capability. Taking the example of housing associations in England, the paper makes use of Dardot and Laval’s notion of ‘entrepreneurial governmentality’ to interpret how contemporary welfare professionals attempt to reconcile the competing tensions of individualism and egalitarianism in practice. Amongst the arguments put forward is that the extension of commercialism, commodification and competition have generated new fissures and dissonance within the sector. The conclusion suggests that contemporary variants of neoliberalism are best understood as a rationality that establishes entrepreneurial governmentality across sectors of government, the economy and social life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, the annual growth rates of GDP (2002-09) of the three metropolitan cities of Busan (6.9%), Incheon (7.1%) and Ulsan (7.0%) are higher than the national average (6.5%). A similar growth pattern among local cities can also be observed. Interestingly, energy consumption on transport increased by 10.10% between 1980 and 2009, whereas building energy consumption decreased by about 20% over the same period (Figure 1.16). Moreover, the share of energy consumption by the road sector is the highest among transport modes and rose steadily from 1990 to 2009 (Figure 1.17).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
While it is too early to measure the performance of the new system, estimates suggest that some hospital mergers could yield efficiency gains as high as 30% (Kristensen et al., Hospital concentration brings some specific problems in remote areas where patients might need to travel fairly long distances to the closest hospital. This calls for specific care organisation for such areas, exploiting the potential of mobile specialists, telemedicine, and other remote monitoring, laboratory and care solutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In most OECD and partner countries, boys are at least 40% more likely than girls to enrol in vocational education (Figure 2.a), and students whose parents did not attain tertiary education are more likely to choose upper secondary vocational programmes than general programmes (Box B3.1). By including formal and non-formal education, this indicator captures participation in any type of programme that aims to improve knowledge, skills and competencies from a personal, civic, social or employment-related perspective (UNESCO, 2016(2]). In most OECD and partner countries, at least 20% of 25-64 year-olds have participated in formal or non-formal education and training in the previous 12 months, with participation among men and women varying greatly across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some models make explicit the processes of negotiation within the household. Blundell, Browning and others (1994) for example, demonstrate that women's earnings can modify the outcome of household decisions. These household bargaining models allow for different preferences within tlie household widi the potential for disagreement, but they are based on die assumptions of exogenous preference, self-interested motives and individuals having die ability to make choices. A large body of literature on households in developing countries demonstrates diat the household is not only die locus of unpaid work activities but also a site of gender inequalities in workload and resource allocation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Benefit amounts provided by assistance programmes tend to be both lower and, because they are means-tested on family income, more targeted to low-income families. In some countries, UA are, however, only available as follow-up support once insurance benefits expire (France and, up until 2005, Germany). This makes them quite different from UA in other countries, where they can also be payable to jobseekers who do not qualify for insurance benefits in the first place (e.g., Finland, United Kingdom).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Water Boards also operate dams and provide bulk water supply services, thereby playing an important role in water resources management Some Water Boards provide technical assistance to municipalities. Similar MINMEC committees have been established in other sectoral ministries. At the same time, South Africa’s Constitution provides that local government is “entitled to an equitable share of revenue raised nationally” and may also receive additional conditional transfers from the national and provincial governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Accountability has been constituted as an inherent mechanism of the democratic government in Colombia, based on the obligation of every public agent to report and justify before society his actions, and be held accountable for them. This accountability may be performed through a number of instruments such as the disclosure and dissemination of information through the internet, which has been considered by the national government in the online government strategy. According to the foregoing, this research assesses in an empiric and descriptive manner the degree of disclosure and dissemination of financial and non-financial information of the central level executive branch entities in Colombia. The results show an intermediate degree of disclosure of the information published in the websites of the entities analyzed which limits social control and constitutes a possible risk of corruption, by not allowing the required visibility to assess public administration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, given the nature of the SIGI data, this paper focuses on the effect of the discrimination level. Indeed, the level of income per capita is a good proxy for long-term growth because until 1750 there were only minor differences in income per capita across countries (Acemoglu, Robinson and Johnson, 2002). However, for the sake of clarity, the term income instead of long-term growth will be used hereafter. Finally, rj, p, r, £ and <p stand for the error terms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Source: Shadbolt, 2009c._____________________________________________________________________________________________ Evans and Meade found that these shares are higher than in other countries. The two largest fertiliser companies in New Zealand (Ravensdown and Ballance AgriNutirents) are cooperatives, allocating profits to shareholders proportional to the amount of fertiliser sold.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Due to widespread deforestation, followed by extreme and extensive land degradation, large areas in Iceland have limited capacity to stop secondary transport of the tephra by wind and water and the release of massive dust clouds. Historical records show that prior to human settlement the area in the vicinity of Mt Hekla was mostly covered by woodlands, which stabilised volcanic tephra and pumice and prevented secondary distribution. Following the settlement, forest clearance and intensive grazing started (Sigurmundsson et al. This reduced the resilience of the ecosystem towards deposition of volcanic tephra and sand storms, which initiated large-scale soil erosion (Thorarinsdottir etai.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Usually the deprivation cut-off is completion of primary education, but people in Latin America now require a level of education far beyond primary school to have a good chance of escaping income poverty (Villatoro, 2007). The cut-off used here for persons aged between 20 and 59 years is completion of lower-secondary education, while that for those of 60 years or over remains completion of primary school. However, household surveys in the region do not currently include indicators of cognitive skills for either children of school age or adults. Naturally, any comprehensive measurement of poverty requires data on other aspects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Beijing, policies to restrict motor vehicle use first introduced for the 2008 Olympic Games have been preserved with the current policy preventing the same motor vehicle from being used every day of the week. In 2012, Guangzhou followed suit implementing a mixed lottery and auction system. A further downside to these approaches is that they are likely less efficient than other measures which directly increase the cost of motor-vehicle use. Where governments wish to continue rationing licence plates, allocation through an auction would be preferable as it is more economically efficient than a lottery system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In addition, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community regularly convenes meetings of senior planners and statisticians in the region, to guide regional support for improving national-level statistical databases, that are feasible and sustainable, but which also respond to the needs of policy-makers and planners. Through this process it offers opportunities for building on aspects of the Forum Compact of sharing lessons learned and promoting south-south co-operation and knowledge management. Critical to the success of this recommendation is agreement within governments of which an agency or agencies are responsible for leadership and implementation of the various policy objectives. The NSDPG also offers opportunities for drawing on lessons from other regions, which can be facilitated by the Commonwealth Secretariat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This means that many of the current INDCs are likely to face challenges in assessing progress made towards their adaptation-related targets and goals. Some developed and developing countries are also reporting (or planning to report) nationally on their progress on adaptation. Reviewing and analysing information already contained in National Communications across countries could inform Parties on how to better collect, report and use adaptation information at both national and international levels. It may also be useful to explore whether monitoring, evaluation and communication exercises under the Paris Agreement could help to inform work on other development processes (and vice versa).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)