albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For integral estimation of recreational potential, all stands are divided into 4 classes of recreation value (CRV), stands of the 1st CRV are the most challenging for recreational use and in the stands of the 4th CRV recreational forest management should be stopped till conduction of a complex of measures aimed at their restoration and increase of recreational value would be implemented. Application of the above mentioned method of determination of recreational potential gives an opportunity to simplify the work on compiling the Cadastre of forests of recreational assignment due to standardization and formalization of represented data which characterize recreational value of each area. Results of monitoring observations of forest conditions with determination of their recreational potential estimation give a basis for objective identification of character and degree of damage caused by recreation and other kinds of anthropogenic impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article explores the problems of public accountability in current investment law practice. These problems arise from the private interpretation of international investment treaty and customary law in arbitration. It analyses these problems through the historical lens of Roman law and the Roman law tradition in international law. It suggests a Praetorian system of international accountability and explores the remarkable similarities between current investment arbitration and classical Roman civil procedure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
With its market intervention and prior claims on elevator space and transportation, it is crowding out private traders who are exposed to additional risks and costs. The crowding out effect of FCC activities most probably exaggerate the volatility of grain markets, which poses problems for small and medium-sized producers in particular. Agroholdings and large traders may not be affected as much because they have opportunities to store grain and release it at the most profitable moment. Russian ports are believed to prioritise domestic wheat exports over Kazakhstan’s, while transport costs to more distant ports in Ukraine and Latvia are high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Environmental governance has emerged as both a key organizing concept and priority arena of research for nature–society geographers. This article offers a critical review of the burgeoning geographical literature on environmental governance, emphasizing how geographers have employed the concept to analyze how neoliberal globalization has entailed a fundamental reconfiguration of the organizational and institutional arrangements through which society–environment relations are governed. I begin by tracing the diverse bodies of scholarship and theoretical perspectives – including political ecology and institutional theories of political economy – that have shaped how geographers have approached environmental governance. I then examine three themes central to work on the ‘neoliberalization’ of environmental governance: privatization and enclosure, the rescaling of governance, and the role of oppositional social movements. Finally, I propose that future research place more emphasis on documenting and analyzing the practices of neoliberal environmental governance through ethnographic methods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
An additional USD 6.5 million is dedicated to increasing public access to information, through a broad-based marketing campaign, a web-based information system and on-line building energy tools to help consumers understand their home or building’s greatest energy savings potential. Finally, USD 200 000 of grant funds is committed to development of a workforce intermediary, which looks to align the workforce with the jobs created through EI2 and other energy efficiency programs in the region. This is especially true since the ARRA funds for Energy Impact Illinois will end in 2013, leaving the programme without a reliable source of funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Buses, microbuses, trolleybuses belong to category M2 and M3 vehicles depending on their weight, w'ith those heavier than 5 tonnes belonging to the latter category. Both M2 and M3 classes must have more than eight seats, excluding the driver’s seat (see Table 4.1). The successful tenderer is selected based on a point system comprising the bid price and maintenance of service quality and passenger safety. The final score also depends on the age of the buses and microbuses provided.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The erosion classification was regarded applicable for grassland and alpine areas, and the three first levels correspond to erosion classes 0, 1 and 2, while level 4 contains classes 3-5. Further work is needed for improvement of the first three levels in particular if the 4-level model approach would be adapted in Iceland. Expert knowledge and classifications developed in the Icelandic farmland and Iceland Forestry Service databases were used to obtain suggested classification for forests and wetlands in Iceland. The AUI Farmland Database project contains a surface classification based on satellite images.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For instance, at the G8 Summit in Hokkaido Toyako in 2008, donors pledged to provide $10 billion in ODA to fight hunger (Group of 8, 2008), and, at the G8 Summit in L’Aquila, Italy, in 2009, $20 billion over three years to address food insecurity in a sustainable manner (Group of 8, 2009). A study evaluating such responses in 10 emerging economies revealed the importance of providing targeted safety nets for the poor as emergency responses to food shortfalls. While trade protection and building food inventories may enhance national food availability in the short run, such measures may at the same time prove to be costly in terms of expenditure and contribute to keeping food prices high by restricting food supply in international markets (Jones and Kwiecinski, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These included Acts on integrated pollution prevention and control (2003), environmental information (2004) and trading of emission allowances for greenhouse gas emissions (2004). At the same time, many existing Acts were amended and complemented by regulations. For example, a new Air Act was adopted in 2010, replacing the 2002 one, to transpose the EU directive on ambient air quality and cleaner air.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Social class has occupied a central place in the study of language variation since the rise of the discipline of sociolinguistics during the latter half of the twentieth century. Sociolinguists have correlated sociolinguistic variables such as postvocalic /r/ (e.g., car) with social factors such as class, sex, style, age, etc. A major finding of urban sociolinguistic work is that differences among social class dialects are quantitative and not qualitative. Generally speaking, the use of nonstandard forms increases the less formal the style and the lower one's social status, with men's scores higher than women's.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Today the company’s production facilities are dispersed but its research and development facilities remain concentrated in Clermont-Ferrand. This shift took place over a number of years, thus lessening the blow of employment loss and aiding in the transition to new industries. The region as a whole lost 20 000 industrial jobs over the duration of the past ten years, a trend that was mimicked across France, with similar overall declines in industrial employment (Wazsak, n.d.). The Auvergne region accounted for 2.5% out of all French industrial employment and ranked 8th among all metropolitan industrial areas in France in 2010 (Wazsak, n.d.). Today Clermont-Ferrand employs the majority of the industrial workforce in the region (around 35%), most notably in the rubber industries, food processing and metallurgy. The main industrial areas are located in the north of the city and include a number of brownfield sites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These include specialised programmes in preparation for tertiary education and programmes that can result, or lead towards the award of a VET qualification. Access to university in Australia is via exam and the provision of a ranked entrance score, or via a comparative entry qualification. Australian Year 12 subjects have significant breadth and depth in their coverage, and vary across states and territories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Distribution of Child Poverty in the Developing World, University of Bristol. Identifying and Measuring Chronic Poverty: Beyond Monetary Measures? In N. Kakwani and J. Silber (Eds.), The Many Dimensions of Poverty. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Does mixed methods research matter to understanding childhood well-being?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In absolute terms, the highest increase -adding around 110 Mt CC>2e in GHG emissions - will come from agriculture, followed by industry at 65 Mt and forestry at 35 Mt. However, in relative terms, growing industrialization will manifest itself in the highest annual emission increase of more than 15% from the industrial sector and around 11% from transport. Industry emissions under BAU assumptions are therefore projected to increase more than 12-fold, while transport emissions are projected to increase 7-fold. It identifies domestic potential for abating 250 Mt C02e in 2030 by implementing the selected GHG abatement options instead of conventional development practices, which is a 64% decrease in GHG emissions compared to BAU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For example, the outcome document of the 10th Anniversary of the World Summit on Sustainable Development provided different anchor points for a mobility policy from which environment and health could benefit. Sustainable transport is a key ingredient for the achievement of most SDGs, particularly those related to education, food security, health, energy, infrastructure, and environment. Sustainable transport has to do with safety, affordability, accessibility, resilience, climate resilience and efficiency (including resource efficiency and the AVOID, SHIFT IMPROVE approach for increased environmental sustainability).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It reviews agriculture production impacts, considers the market and trade effects of such risks, and looks at the broader effects of these risks on food security. The discussion combines insights from the literature on water risks in agriculture, from case studies on Northeast China, Northwest India, and the Southwest United States, as well as results from a simulation of the global impact of projected agriculture water risks in these three regions. First, water risks will directly affect agriculture production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
All these elements have caused chronic shortages of land, especially for the urban poor57 reducing the efficiency of the city. Several countries and cities are adopting and adapting this technique in order to accommodate a variety of legal frameworks and public-private relationships.63 Many others are improving the legal tools to assist with this process. In many cities, even long-established public spaces such as parks and open areas are under threat from development. The most common public space, street surface areas are being reduced in newly urbanized areas of both developed and developing countries.68 It is not only that the share of the public space is cut down, but also the very notion of the public realm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It is also widely thought that the IPoA targets related to migration and remittances have not put enough emphasis on gender perspectives. Without a good database, to be updated on a regular basis, it will be difficult to monitor any progress as regards IPoA indicators. However, many low-income countries have not been able to integrate migration and remittances into mainstream development policies.10 As Kelegama (2011) points out, national development and poverty reduction strategies in developing countries have not been able to fully appreciate the potential of migration, and remittances have not been integrated into the mainstream development and planning process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
All childcare is expected to be self-funding or “sustainable”. As much as 85% of childcare is now provided by the private for-profit market (UK Department of Education, n.d.). A mere 1% of the market is covered by for-profit providers. The highly decentralised federal structure and its multiplicity of stakeholders have resulted in a tangled web that has increased the complexity of the system in terms of finances and organisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Implementing such activities in small groups can encourage greater autonomy (Eurydice, 2009, Laevers, 2011) and provides more space for spontaneous or emergent learning (NIEER, 2007). Children’s agency and participation is not only important in order to facilitate effective learning of different curriculum elements but is also important in its own right (UN Convention of the Rights of the Child) and to foster democratic values. When placing value on children’s agency, it is considered important that children are allowed freedom of expression and that their modes of communication are recognised in everyday interactions (Bae, 2009). Evidence suggests that consultation with children can increase their self-esteem and foster social competence (Clark et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Second, restricting the analysis to the non-elderly avoids some of the problems that are inherent in comparing incomes between people who are at very different stages of their lives. For instance, an essential function of old-age pensions is to redistribute inter temporally over the life cycle, a focus on the non-elderly helps in understanding the most important elements of interpersonal redistribution. Finally, with growing pressure on public budgets due to ageing populations, an important question is whether welfare-state provisions benefiting the working-age population are being restrained in order to finance support for the elderly. A question of considerable policy relevance is to what extent changes can be attributed to direct policy action or to other factors that are less easily influenced by policy makers. For any given household, the taxes paid, and the benefits received, have a straightforward direct impact on the resources available for consumption. At the population level, however, the assessment of trends in the redistributive properties of tax and benefit policies is complicated by the fact that market incomes and populations change at the same time as tax and benefit policy parameters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Both public and private investment buoyed the construction sector and created employment. Eased consumer credit conditions and low inflation also supported consumer spending. Cyclone Winston affected Fiji in February 2016, causing damage to agricultural output and tourism services in some parts of the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The guarantee helps mitigate the risks faced by a bank that provides financing to their IPP, and thereby reduces a price offered by the PPA (Baker & McKenzie, 2015). For example, Cronimet offers its mining clients an option to fund the offtake of electricity through commodities they extract rather than a cash settlement. This arrangement allows combining commodity trade finance, through Cronimet’s Trading division, with a PPA from Cronimet’s Power division.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
By cooperating in this way at the regional level and local level they can share the risk information and allow for timely evacuation. Such transboundary information management also needs to be more comprehensive - integrating river-basin hydrology with climate risk scenarios, seasonal weather forecasts, monsoon variability analysis, terrain characteristics and information on land use and cover. In this way it can address information gaps and promote South-South and regional cooperation. They should be able to employ the data in their risk models and vulnerability analyses and use these as a basis for decisionmaking. One study that assessed ten major geospatial information products found that for humanitarian purposes the most valued products were those related to earthquakes and floods.33 For economic purposes, however, those of greatest use were for urban land use classification along with flood and landslide risk assessments (Figure IV-13).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In a number of countries women’s access to financial services and resources is further hampered by general limitations to the formal financial infrastructure and - in some cases - legal and institutional barriers (OECD, 2012b). Most of the women who joined SEWA experienced improvements in earnings, marketing and working conditions. For some women, starting their own business is out of necessity as job opportunities are scarce (GEM, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This trend is not new. In 1990, the Network of Surveys on Migration and Urbanisation in West Africa (NESMUWA) recorded 22000 occurrences of migration from West Africa to the European Union, as opposed to 258000 such cases between West African countries. In addition, Beauchemin and Lessault (2009) note that "flows towards Europe have been offset by 6600 cases of migration in the opposite direction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Land use payment applies to land leased from the state (e.g. agricultural lands that are in 49-year leases from the state currently represent the principal form of land use in agriculture). Overall, since the beginning of the 1990s, agricultural taxation has evolved towards the increasing scope of concessions and the formation of a special tax regime for commercial agricultural producers. Given these different groups of agricultural producers several regimes of taxation in agriculture exist. The SLT replaces personal income tax and taxes which are discounted under the special regime for legal entities, except the VAT, as “non-legal” entities are not eligible for payment of the VAT.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2014 the Ministry of Planning, Budget and Management launched a project to track environment-related spending across the government, in co-operation with the Institute for Applied Economic Research. This initiative will help improve understanding of the effectiveness and efficiency of public resource allocation, it should be continued with rigour and, over time, extended to state and municipal spending. Most states and large municipalities operate environmental funds, partly fed by revenue from environmental fines, by comparison, in most OECD countries revenue from fines goes to the government budget, as the incentive to collect revenue may hamper actions to prevent non-compliance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In addition, a number of presentations addressed the ecosystem approach, economic implications, and the strategies being employed by various nations to adapt fisheries and aquaculture to the impacts of climate change. There was also an emphasis on adaptation strategies in both developed and developing nations, including an assessment of their respective vulnerability to adapting to climate change impacts. A follow-up session dealt with the political economy of adapting fisheries to climate change with views from the large-scale fishing industry, NGO's and policy makers. Finally, a Panel Session with active involvement of the Workshop participants brought together key findings and insights, with a view to developing key considerations for policy makers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Indicators of income poverty, material deprivation, or energy-related deprivation should ideally be included in such analyses. This is referred to as the efficiency-equity trade-off. Revenue-recycling should be designed so that benefits for consumers and producers are as large as possible while negative regressive effects for poorer households are avoided. An Empirical simulation found that a carbon tax in China could have progressive impacts if revenues are recycled in a lump-sum fashion (i.e., a one-time payment). One important reason for this is the difference in energy use in rural vs. urban areas. Poor rural areas would be over-compensated by a lump-sum revenue recycling scheme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Definitions focusing on socio-economic status and parental educational attainment rather than ethnicity or immigration status can avoid discrimination of particular students and help create a more balanced social composition, benefiting students and the whole education community with some financial implications. While state grants use this equalisation approach to ensure that funding responds to local needs, funding from the state grant is not earmarked specifically for education. Municipalities can allocate resources across public services and then between schools, taking into consideration that schools and students have differing needs. Municipalities in Sweden have much autonomy, as they decide how resources will be distributed between their schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While there is a substantive literature on the extent to which shared values define welfare institutions in developed countries,5 this literature is scarce in developing countries (Ulriksen & Plagerson, 2016a). Our paper aims to address this gap by contributing to the understanding of how ethical perspectives influence the shape of poverty reduction policies in lower- and middle-income countries. In the main body of the paper, we analyse how ethical perspectives help understand key design features of anti-poverty programmes, and provide three case studies (Brazil, South Africa and Ghana) exploring the role of ethical perspectives in the development of poverty reduction policy and programming in these countries. It pays particular attention to three design features discussed extensively in the literature: targeting, conditions and graduation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The benefits of electrification are direct and indirect. Direct benefits include improvements in living conditions, such as illumination (and hence also the opportunity to study longer hours in the evening or to work longer hours in family businesses) and improved cooking methods (and hence the reduction of health hazards associated with biomass burning). Moreover, access to electricity can also reduce energy costs, especially for lighting and small uses, resulting in savings for poor households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It then turns to the policies needed to develop the right skills for youth and adults, focusing on education. The following section examines how skills could be better allocated in the economy. Finally, the chapter discusses policies to activate skills that are not fully used, mainly by raising participation in the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is expected that judicial officers, in handling any case relating to CEFM, will apply creativity to promote access to justice by ensuring accessibility, appropriateness, equity, efficiency and effectiveness.39 In addition, judicial officers are expected to take into account the vulnerability of victims and witnesses. Judicial officers are encouraged to ensure that at all stages of court proceedings, the following rights and guarantees for each victim are applied to the extent provided by law in their jurisdiction. Further during trial, it is incumbent upon judicial officers to exercise procedural fairness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)