albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In the summer of 2017, the UN International Law Commission adopted Draft Article 7 and an associated draft annex for its project on immunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction. The draft article identifies six “crimes under international law in respect of which immunity ratione materiae shall not apply”: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, crime of apartheid, torture, and enforced disappearance. Given the divergences within the Commission when considering and adopting Draft Article 7 (as evidenced by the plenary debate in 2016 and 2017, the unusual recorded vote on whether to refer the matter to the Commission's drafting committee, and the Commentary), it is difficult to conclude that the Commission is expressing a view that Draft Article 7 reflects lex lata.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the first step, four out of five dimensions attract significant coefficient. The son bias dimension was insignificant. It is worthy to note that both sub-indices have a significant and negative effect on the extent of female migration, meaning that high levels of discriminatory social norms in the family and in the public space reduce not only the probability to have female migration but also the size of those women who get to migrate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While the Global Compact for Safe and Regular Migration positions international migration as a shared responsibility, education is not prominent on the agenda (United Nations, 2018). The role of teachers and the fight against school segregation deserve wider recognition. The chapter highlights disadvantages faced by immigrants and reflects on policies and practices that can expand access to education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As the organisation of assessment for qualification and certification in upper secondary education is a very fast changing policy field, this paper only refers to recent studies for the comparison of policy practices. Section 3 presents key features of upper secondary education that influence student assessment practices at this level. Section 4 then looks at the design and governance of assessment for qualification and certification in different contexts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There are no specific conditions as to the specific location of the research in the DAC directives. Research conducted in universities or in other public institutions in donor countries can therefore be considered as ODA as long as the research is financed by the public sector and aimed to address challenges of developing countries. For example, while there are several diseases which mainly affect developing countries, e.g. malaria, and for which the argument for ODA eligibility is rather strong, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) often pose a greater threat to the welfare of developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over 85% of all deaths caused by NCDs occur in low and middle-income countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Overall, about 60% of the research was funded by Tekes and the remainder by participating companies. The Academy of Finland contributed indirectly by funding strategic research in the areas of interest to the SHOKs. In the period 2008-15, Tekes provided EUR 544 million, the participating companies EUR 441 million and other public sources EUR 118 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Several recent studies have concluded that the impact of unemployment benefits in lengthening jobless spells and raising the aggregate unemployment is smaller during a recession, largely due to weaker job search externalities (“congestion effects”). For example, Kroft et al. ( Similarly, Schmieder et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Policies that drive such an expansion have recently emerged from multiple sources, and more are likely to emerge in the future. These include laws and regulations in the U.S. that require renewable fuels in the electricity sector, possible stricter state and federal regulations (in the USA) requiring renewable fuels contents in energy production and limits in net carbon emissions from power plants, and policies in Europe (in particular, the European Union’s 2020 Climate and Energy Package) that drive demand for wood energy, notably pellets, for export that are produced in North America. No declines are projected specifically for Canada.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The vast majority of these non-resident grant recipients are the child’s parents. This figure is similar to that derived from KIDS 2004 which estimated the incidence of non-resident Child Support Grant recipients at 10% (Woolard, Carter & Aguero, 2005). The State Old Age Pension was originally introduced in South Africa in 1928 to address poverty among elderly white people, but was gradually extended to other population groups. During the Apartheid years both the size of the grant and some of the conditions discriminated on the basis of race.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Retrieved from: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/ fvl6osti/65503.pdf. Workshop on Electricity Security in Thailand, A Joint Workshop by IEA, MOE, and ERI (PPT Slides). Retrieved from: http://www.eri.chula.ac.th/eri-main/wp-content/upIoads/2016/01/Thailand-Renewable-Development-Status-and-Recommendations Tongsopit.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The 1983 case Racine v Woods is the leading child protection case from the Supreme Court of Canada, distinguishing bonding and/or attachment as a more important determinant of best interest for an Indigenous child than cultural connection. Using this case, courts are upholding the permanent placement of Indigenous children in non-Indigenous homes as opposed to placement within their culture. Racine v Woods reflected knowledge of attachment and family at that time but runs counter to current knowledge. Reconsideration of the factors to decide cross-cultural adoption is needed. The essential point is that attachment assessment draws from a dyadic relational theory and is being applied to communal family systems, such as Indigenous systems. Such a review is consistent with the calls to action of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) as well as its predecessor, the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP), and recent Canadian Human Rights Tribunal (CHRT) decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On the side of Lake Saimaa, there is a moderate impact due to diluted wastewaters from pulp and paper industry, which pass through the locks to the canal. A salt storage (NaCI) is situated on the shore of the canal causing, adding to the salt water load. Thanks to water protection acts that relate to pulp and paper industry, the quality of the water has been improving since the mid-1990s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The extent to which they are akin to corruption is difficult to assess. In 2005, the government implemented an anti-corruption campaign, which decreased the frequency of informal payments. The Ministry' of Health too has been taking steps to reduce corruption and fraud. In 2009, the European Healthcare Fraud and Corruption Network Excellence Award was granted to Mrs. Ewa Kopacz, then Minister of Health, for her anti-corruption and anti-fraud actions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The NUA stresses the need to reduce urban-rural disparities, to foster equitable development across urban-rural areas, to encourage urban-rural interactions and connectivity. This can be done by strengthening transport, technology and communication networks and infrastructure, underpinned by planning instruments based on a territorial approach to maximize the potential of these sectors for enhanced productivity, social, economic, and territorial cohesion, and environmental sustainability. Collectively, the SDGs and NUA recognize the importance of rural and urban development in the planning process, the role of different actors in enhancing service delivery, and collective development in which no place and no one is left behind. Such policy guidance is attainable through national and regional development planning interventions that tend to reduce disparities and ensure a more harmonious development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
If an offset fails, then the insurance pay-out may be used to improve biodiversity at the same or another site in order to meet the original biodiversity objectives (DEFRA, 2012). In Canada’s “Fisheries Productivity Investment Policy: A proponents guide to offsetting”, letters of credit are required on a case-by-case basis to ensure the completion of offset measures and offset site monitoring over time. Based on a developer’s estimated offset costs, the regulator may request financial surety to cover the direct costs of environmental restitution and any additional expenses that the regulator incurs in the event that the financial security is drawn upon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Lake Ohrid area has been a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site since 1980. The lakeshore reedbeds and wetlands provide a critical habitat for a high number of wintering water birds, including rare and threatened species. The diversion of the Sateska River in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia into the lake increased its watershed area, and consequently the agricultural run-off and sediment input. Sediment loads have also increased, due to unsustainable forest management and subsequent erosion, causing destruction of wetlands in parts of the lake in both countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In addition to the volumetric fee, there is also a fixed annual connection cost. As regards the small settlements, however. The wholesale tariff applied by ONEP includes a national solidarity contribution (surtaxe) of 0.75 dirhams/m , which was established in 1985. It is designed to offset the operating losses incurred by ONEP in small settlements, where the uniform tariff applied generally does not allow recovery of production costs due to the absence of economies of scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
After rising slightly until 2005, female participation has declined thereafter in most income categories, but most strikingly among the lower income groups in rural areas. Income quintiles refer to the monthly per capita consumption expenditure of households. More than half of women work as self-employed (for definitions see Annex 1), of which most are unpaid helpers. The large rise in female participation until 2005 and the drop thereafter was among the unpaid self-employed group (unpaid helpers can be agricultural workers within a family, shop assistants or street vendors) (Figure 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They may also be less aware of the credit facilities available to them. In Lao People’s Democratic Republic, for example, 10 per cent of all female-headed agricultural households had outstanding loans during the reporting period (2002-2003), compared to 15 per cent of maleheaded households. Among those with loans, fewer female- than male-headed households borrowed from banks (13.5 per cent, compared with 22 per cent), while more borrowed from neighbours, the main source for both groups (74 per cent, vs. 52 per cent).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This may be seen as a positive factor, in encouraging urban administrators to be ambitious on behalf of their cities and the provinces they serve, but it also carries certain disadvantages. For example, as the scoring system emphasises infrastructure development and population growth, local infrastructure development is prioritised above adherence to the 2009 Adjustment of Orientation Master Plan to Develop Viet Nam’s Urban System until 2025 with a Vision to 2050 (AOMP) and other urban strategies w'hich place a stronger focus on sustainability. Emphasis on population growth has resulted in municipalities expanding their existing administrative boundaries in order to “catch” neighbouring rural areas and convert them to urban land, so as to add to their population figures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In case of a price policy - say, a carbon tax - C02 reductions driven by the RE policy could possibly add to the C02 reductions driven by the carbon tax, depending on the strength of each. In case of a hybrid policy, such as an ETS with a price floor, a reduction of the carbon price resulting from the RE policy could possibly lead to additional C02 emission reductions, inasmuch the carbon price were to fall below the level of the price floor. Technological paths might very much depend on initial conditions. As such, technologies having small short-term advantages may "lock-in" the technical basis of a society into technological choices that may have lesser long-term advantages than technologies that are "locked-out".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify, compare and contrast different perspectives of Serbian residents and diaspora regarding Serbia brand identity.Design/methodology/approach – Attitudinal statements for research design of study were collected within a period of 12 months from national media (TV and newspapers) and ten focus groups. Multiple surveying techniques consisting of on‐the‐filed and on‐line surveys were applied. In total, 900 responses were collected and results were analyzed using principal component, also 740 examinees with Serbian citizenship and permanent residence in Serbia participated in the survey and 160 examinees from diaspora.Findings – Findings demonstrated that certain differences and similarities exist in the Serbia brand image perceptions between Serbian residents and diaspora. The first difference is reflected in the number of brand identity elements identified by each of the two examined groups. Diaspora identified four brand identity elements which are marked as ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Finland's history and geography - caught between the powerful kingdom in the west and the even bigger empire in the east - compelled it to pul the nation's interest first and not allow education policy to become victim to partisan politics. Finland is a small nation that the rest of the world sees as a strange place that speaks a language nobody else understands. Over the past half-century Finns have adopted an understanding that the only way to survive as a small, independent nation is by educating all people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It has been increasing in Kazakhstan at only a relatively slow pace, from 5% in 1965 (World Bank, 2016, Committee of Statistics, Kazakhstan, 2016). Over the same period, it increased on average from 9% to 16% in OECD countries, from 8% to 17% in Central Europe and the Baltics, from 8% to 15% in Ukraine, and from 7% to 13% in Russia (World Bank, 2016). The age dependency ratio is the number of persons younger than 15 and older than 64 as a proportion of the working-age population (ages 15-64).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the WIO, some of the social dimensions of biodiversity loss were identified, including inconsistent government policies, failure to enforce environmental laws, centralization of decision-making on resource management and undue political influence and misguidance (Wood and others, 2000, Kulindwa and others, 2001). Several outcomes can be considered. One is how the political and social contexts have affected biodiversity conservation and vice versa. It is also important to consider the nature of the economic and social costs generated by rules and regulations on resource use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article informs the reader about legal research, compares it with other forms of social science research, and ultimately argues for the respect it is due, contending that law is at the core to a complete understanding of criminal justice and criminology. While research has a strong positivistic focus, legal scholarship has often set the foundational aspects of much in the field of criminal justice. The discipline is changing rapidly, however, with mixed methods research combining both qualitative and quantitative analysis, including legal issues in criminal justice. The article maintains that: (1) law research and social science research methodologically are not mutually exclusive, (2) legal research has made significant contributions to criminal justice and is not peripheral to quantitative research, and (3) legal research will and should continue to effectively contribute to the advancement of scholarship in criminal justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This figure can be refined still further with a measure called the poverty gap, which represents the average income of people living below the poverty line. For example, in both Belgium and the Czech Republic around 9% of people were living below the poverty line in the early 2010s. But in Belgium, their mean income was only around 19% below the poverty line while in the Czech Republic it was around 28%. This means, in effect, that poor people in the Czech Republic were generally poorer than those in Belgium.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This will be the driving force behind a revitalisation of the low season and an improvement of the sector’s profitability and sustainability. Most local councils also require that all applications, in the form of layout plans accompanied by town planning reports, must be submitted by town planners. In Penang, several structural plans exist for the island and Seberang Perai. Since 2007, these have been replaced by a state-wide structure plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, in Poland, more than 60% of middle managers are women (women’s share in top management positions in the public service exceeds 47%7). In Canada, the representation of women at the middle management levels (EX minus 1 and EX minus 28) is gradually increasing, with women constituting 38.2% at the EX minus 1 and 47.2% at the EX minus 2 levels in 2011 (Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat, 2011). In Australia, where seven out of ten federal and state parliamentarians are men (and this has not changed in the last ten years), the situation in the public service is improving: the proportion of women in senior- and middle-manager roles has grown from 35% in 2002 to 46% in 2012 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, January 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Convention covers both civil and political rights (rights to vote, to participate in public life, to acquire, change or retain one's nationality, equality before the law and freedom of movement) and economic, social and cultural rights (rights to education, work, health and financial credit). The Convention also pays specific attention to particular phenomena such as trafficking, to certain groups of women, for instance rural women, and to specific matters where there are special risks to women's full enjoyment of their human rights, for example marriage and the family. The Convention foresees that achieving equality may require positive action on the part of the State to improve the status of women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
European countries achieve an average of 4 percentage points of inequality reduction through direct taxes (Atta-Darkua and Barnard, 2010). Taken together, transfers and direct taxes reduce inequality by around 10%, which compares well by Latin American standards, but European countries manage to achieve a reduction of around one third through these instruments (Higgins and Pereira, 2013). Given that Brazil’s level of taxes is not far away from European levels, this comparison suggests that more could be done to raise the distributional effect of direct taxes in Brazil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In compliance with the Colombian Government's Manual of Procedures for Government Entities, and in order to maximize the number of student loans and facilitate access for blind people, ICETEX implemented a virtual assistant on its website to respond to frequently asked questions, with an avatar that reads the responses and co-navigates with the user to guide him or her through the website. The project emphasizes the linkage between ICTs and certain SDGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Crossnational uariations in childcare participation of 0-2 year-olds tend to be related to the degree of public financing of childcare. The price of childcare also plays an important role, and in some countries it does not pay to work once childcare costs are considered. Extensions of parental leave entitlements also had modest but negative effects on weekly working hours and the gender wage gap. Table 4.1 provides an update of Ruhm’s analysis investigating the influence of the increase in paid leave entitlements on female employment rates and on the gender gap in 30 OECD countries from 1970 to 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A school's socio-economic background refers to the average socio-economic index of the students attending that school. The average socio-economic index of the students in the country is referred to as the socio-economic profile of the education system. A low score on the index relates to a socio-economically disadvantaged background, a high score on the index relates to a socio-economically advantaged background.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
If each country matched its top regional performer's trend, an additional 7 million lives could be saved. If each country matched or fell below the current average rate of under-five mortality in high-income countries, an additional 21 million lives could be saved.85 The latter scenario - again, compared to staying at the 2015 rate - would save 59 million children's lives between now and 2030. If each country scaled up intervention coverage as fast as the best performer in each area of intervention (e.g., skilled birth attendance, exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months, etc.), Closing the gap between the current trajectory and the rate of progress needed to achieve the 2030 child survival goal would save the lives of 13 million children under age 5, almost half of them newborn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In March 2012, 41 companies including those in high precision machining, manufacture of electronic components, casting, manufacturing of composite based components and special processes were established in Sonora creating over 7 500 jobs. Trac co UK is one of the foreign companies that invested in Sonora, which accounts for their largest investment outside of the UK. Other smaller companies like Pinnacle Aerospace, which works for the CESNA navigation system, are located in Ciudad Obregon’s new Technology Park and also contribute to the local economy and job creation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is not a Party to the 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Water Convention). Tajikistan is not a Party' to the Water Convention’s 1999 Protocol on Water and Health. In 2012-2013, Tajikistan participated in target-setting under the Protocol, facilitated by ECE with support provided by Norway, however, the targets were not endorsed by the Government (chapter 14). Tajikistan has local offices of the scientific and information centres of the two Commissions and also hosts die secretariat of ICWC, which was moved from Khudjand to Dushanbe in late 2013. Tajikistan is a Party to the 1992 Agreement on Cooperation in Joint Management, Use and Protection of Water Resources of Inter-State Sources, the 1993 Agreement on Joint Action to Address the Problem of the Aral Sea and Surrounding Areas, Environmental Improvement and Ensuring Socioeconomic Development of the Aral Sea Region, and the 1998 Intergovernmental Agreement on the Use of Water and Energy Resources in the Syr Darya River Basin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)