albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Strategies for women’s economic empowerment have to be cognizant of differences in women’s experiences, needs and priorities. There are strong developmental rationales for enhancing women’s access to a range of economic and financial resources. One set of rationales revolves around the implications of women’s access to resources for the welfare of their children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
All these job types are associated with increased risks of poverty, both because they are insecure and/or low paid. Poverty will therefore become an increasingly common transitory experience as income fluctuates more widely. In these countries part-time work does not act as a stepping stone to full-time employment and better jobs. Rather, women move in and out of low-paid jobs and inactivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Albania is the only country in the UNECE region with a significant number of projects (five) on reforestation. Switzerland has committed to an emissions reduction target of 50% by 2030 relative to 1990 levels (UNFCCC, 2015a). Emissions or removals from forestland are not considered in the base year, according to the commitment (UNFCCC, 2015b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For the developing countries, most estimates for crop yield impacts are negative, with the share of negative estimates increasing the further into the future the study projects (Figure 5). Idawed by East Asio ond the Pacific, and Sooth Asio. Ho/rever, they ore derived from only two studies. Both point to dramatic long-term impacts, compared to a world without climate change and in the absence of climate change mitigation.3 The impact on yields by the year 2100 under high-emission climate scenarios ranges between -20 and -45 percent for maize, between -5 and -50 percent for wheat, between -20 and -30 percent for rice, and between -30 and -60 percent for soybean (Rosenzweig et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
To compete for FDI effectively, Penang needs to target specific industrial clusters that leverage on the existing competencies of the state and the natural resources in its regional hinterland. Examples of possible industrial clusters where Penang could forge comparative advantages might include the marine & agro-technology sector, opto-electronics and precision engineering, as these are sectors where Penang has already built some foundations over the years. In addition to improving the technical contents of its educational system, Penang should also look into injecting an entrepreneurial dimension to its university research and education system, for example by offering educational programmes involving experiential learning of entrepreneurship among the students of science and engineering, and other disciplines and by providing seed funding and mentoring of entrepreneurial start-ups by university professors and students. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Justifications for this discrimination are sometimes explicidy tied to religious or cultural mores to add social legitimacy. Sometimes they are framed as being ‘natural’ given a particular gender’s disposition. But when stripped down to their roots, they are merely aims to prevent women from obtaining power, resources and control. Though some inequalities run deeper and are more present in some contexts globally than others, gender inequality is a long-standing, persistent and virtually universal phenomenon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
One way of dealing with this issue and analysing the situation as it would have appeared if the data had been adequately captured is to use a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. We highlight below our key findings, with the full analysis presented in annex XII. If household consumption of the forestry sector is factored into the calculations, in order to capture the contribution of this sector to household demand, the resulting figures show a 0.6 percentage point increase in GDP at market prices, a 0.8 percentage point increase in the consumer price index, and a 0.6 percentage point increase in the GDP deflator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Female labour force participation could thus potentially be increased by developing various options for older care. Marriage decreases the probability of female labour force participation by 7.8% in rural areas and more than twice as much in urban areas. This should not be surprising as rural women are often employed within the household in the agricultural production process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The traditional approach of governments in the region to deal with such an eventuality is to accumulate foreign exchange reserves. This method of protection, however, has been seen to be far from ideal. The ESCAP vulnerability measure provides a measure of reserve adequacy taking into account a comprehensive estimate of the stock of such capital inflows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Outlook assumes biodiesel use to be held constant over the remaining years although no explicit mandate for biodiesel is legislated thereafter, the subsequent mandates referring only to advanced biofuel. Trade of biodiesel should remain low, Argentina is expected to be the main supplier on international markets. While many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and in South East Asia, have initiated ambitious renewable energy programmes, many have been put on hold during the economic crisis, credit constraints and with the more uncertain market prospects. The OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook, therefore, presents a conservative view on biofuel prospects in many of the developing countries over the projection period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article synthesizes the literature on poverty and disasters in the United States and presents the results from a wide range of studies conducted over the past twenty years. The findings are organized into eight categories based on the stages of a disaster event. The review illustrates how people of different socioeconomic statuses perceive, prepare for, and respond to natural hazard risks, how low-income populations may be differentially impacted, both physically and psychologically, and how disaster effects vary by social class during the periods of emergency response, recovery, and reconstruction. The literature illustrates that the poor in the United States are more vulnerable to natural disasters due to such factors as place and type of residence, building construction, and social exclusion. The results have important implications for social equity and recommendations for future research and policy implementation are offered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The implementation unit’s management and staff are responsible for the day-to-day project cycle activities (identification, selection, appraisal and monitoring of projects), development of the annual expenditure plan and budget, monitoring and preparation of reports. The supervisory body usually focuses on undertaking strategic decisions, approving internal operating procedures and rules (including eligibility and appraisal criteria to guide project selection).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
An exception is Bangladesh’s CLP, where nutritional surveys in 2009 found that children of earlier recruits into the programme were, on average, less stunted and less underweight than later recruits (DFID, 2011). Another study from the CLP however, shows some improvements in women’s BMI but no significant differences in under-5 wasting and stunting between beneficiary and treatment groups (Goto & Mascie-Taylor, 2010, Mascie-Taylor, 2010). There are possible explanations for this.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Penang was the exception to this pattern. Inter-firm networks in Penang were good, and in 1989 contributed to the creation of the Penang Skills Development Centre (PSDC) (see Box 3.9.). However, as with the efforts of the Second Industrial Master Plan to deepen high tech activities, the Multimedia Super Corridor has suffered from serious human resource and network constraints.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There is no country in which the impact of parental background on wages appears to decline with age. When looking at skills, on the contrary, parental background seems to matter much more for the youngest than for the oldest generations in countries such as the Czech Republic, the UK, Poland and the Slovak Republic. Overall, the effect of years of education was found to be larger than that of proficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, several countries still find reporting transparent information on climate support challenging, with only two of the technical reviews of BR2s available indicating that information on climate support was fully transparent. Information collected by each individual system is not always consistent or comparable with that collected by another system, or with climate finance commitments under the UNFCCC. For example: individual country estimates of climate finance provided and mobilised vary significantly in their scopes and methods, MDB estimates of climate finance mobilised in “developing and emerging” economies includes finance provided to and mobilised in several Annex I countries, other systems (such as IATI) cannot be used to easily identify climate-relevant information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, average female representation was still below 15 per cent in Northern Africa (10 per cent), Eastern and Western Asia (14 and 9 per cent, respectively) and Oceania7 (3 per cent). The highest proportion in the world was registered by Rwanda in its 2008 elections. The first country ever to have achieved a gender balance in national parliament, Rwanda’s achievement (56 per cent) is a marked increase over the 17 per cent representation of women in 1995,10 and can be attributed partly to focused and coordinated efforts to address the issue of gender balance during post-conflict reconstruction, and might also be associated with the fact that the majority of survivors of the preceding conflict were women. In fact, a number of post-conflict countries rank high with regard to women’s participation in both lower and upper chambers of legislative bodies (see Statistical Annex). This development stems from the country's shift towards merit and political competency from an association with tribal ties and expediency. That all four hold PhDs, have a formidable reputation for professionalism and now represent 54% of eligible voters points to a radical shift in opinion across Kuwait's society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Paris Agreement does not mention “additional” climate finance. Further disaggregation in reporting by individual instrument (e.g. grants, concessional loans, non-concessional loans, guarantees) would allow data to be re-aggregated if necessary, although could increase the reporting burden. The first is to request countries (and any other reporting entities) reporting on support provided and mobilised to do so using e.g. the same scope, definitions, methods and conversion factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Assessment for qualification and certification is a specific form of summative and high-stakes assessment. For this paper, it is important to clarify the meaning of each of the key terms and concepts used throughout the paper. The main concepts used in the following discussion are summative assessment, qualification, certification and high stakes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The consequences of the warming of the planet will continue to challenge the capacity of countries to prevent devastating impacts on people and ecosystems. The persisting inequalities in multiple dimensions have led to recognition that climate hazards have a differential impact on people and communities. It argues that, in the absence of well-assessed, far-reaching transformative policies at the national level, supported by effective global partnerships, building climate resilience will remain elusive and poverty and inequalities will likely be exacerbated. This would pose a fundamental challenge to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The net annual profit from the ground lease is remitted to the central municipal budget (approximately 50%) and the reminder contributes to the balancing fund and social housing fund. There is a municipal policy that the ground lease is set at a lower value for social housing developments. As of 2015, there were 255 000 ground leases issued in the city.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
International peacebuilding can improve the prospects that a civil war will be resolved. Although peacebuilding strategies must be designed to address particular conflicts, broad parameters that fit most conflicts can be identified. Strategies should address the local roots of hostility, the local capacities for change, and the (net) specific degree of international commitment available to assist sustainable peace. One can conceive of these as the three dimensions of a triangle whose area is the “political space”—or effective capacity—for building peace. We test these propositions with an extensive data set of 124 post–World War II civil wars and find that multilateral, United Nations peace operations make a positive difference. UN peacekeeping is positively correlated with democratization processes after civil war, and multilateral enforcement operations are usually successful in ending the violence. Our study provides broad guidelines for designing the appropriate peacebuilding strategy, given the mix of hostility, local capacities, and international capacities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Figures updated to 2008 were available in 12 of the 21 countries considered, and these have been published because it is important to have recent data even if they are provisional, estimated or incomplete. This is because the Commission's main interest is to establish with maximum accuracy the amount of each country’s public social spending in order to reflect the efforts made by States in this area. For this reason, up to the previous edition of this publication, ECLAC worked on and published only the series for total public social spending, at the level of major functions or sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This makes the severity of the congestion challenge greater than it would otherwise be, particularly around the bridges. Prices for public transport are generally low in Russia, which is partly linked to the tradition of highly subsidised public transport in Soviet times, but also due to competition introduced in the market over the past decades. Privatisation of transport services has led to great fragmentation of the market however.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Three major types of policy interventions can help in redesigning the landscape of adaptation financing prospects so as to render it more hospitable to private interests. Hence, the potential for establishing international policy leadership for the improvement of adaptation-related financial flows is high. Indeed, a clear example of regulatory action designed to increase funding for adaptation is provided by the Green Climate Fund, which is mandated to allocate 50 per cent of its funds towards adaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This article analyses one specific instance of the use of targeted sanctions to combat the financing of terrorism by the European Union on behalf of the United Nations Security Council. The case raised a number of issues involving the use of sanctions against non-state actors and provoked a legal challenge at the European Court of Justice. These European court cases have been portrayed as a challenge to the use of targeted sanctions by the Security Council to maintain international peace and security. The fundamental critique here is that targeted sanctions must adhere to due process and the rule of law in order to protect individual human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On the other hand, ICA, unlike Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) of developing countries' own mitigation actions, ensures continued differentiation among developed and developing country Parties and thus does not put China on a par with developed countries in terms of responsibilities. One strand in that debate holds that as China becomes a major power, it needs to cooperate with other emerging countries such as Brazil, South Africa and India.122 This lens is particularly interesting to apply to climate diplomacy. Within the BASIC group, China deepens its bonds with three countries that face similar development dilemmas, while sill having the option of using BASIC as a forum to discuss differences amongst themselves. By doing this, the BASIC countries can check positions against each other and perhaps more easily pursue a joint front on issues on which they agree.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Annual alcohol consumption is estimated at 15.7 litres a year for men, more than 50% above the OECD average (10.4) (WHO Global Information System on Alcohol and Health), which may help to explain the high mortality from alcohol-related liver disease. While the prevalence of adult obesity is relatively low compared with many OECD countries, more than 30% of women in Kazakhstan are obese, compared with 16% of men (World Obesity, 2016), placing the rate among women on par with some of the most obese countries in the OECD. A large proportion of the gap in life expectancy is in fact explained by higher mortality among young Kazakhstanis aged 15 to 29 years, an age group in which overall death rates are more than three times higher than in the EU15.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Its extensive coastline (about 7 500 km) borders a vast marine area (more than 4.5 million km2). The Brazilian population is concentrated along the coast, where average population density is around six times the national average (see Basic Statistics). Brazil is host to six large terrestrial ecosystems, or biomes:2 Amazon, Cerrado, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest, Pantanal and Pampa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Hydrologists have derived stream response functions for use in a variety of different hydrologic settings. For this case, assume that Ctj = fly(S,r) where S is the aquifer storage coefficient and r is the aquifer transmissivity (units are square feet per year). This equation can be modified to account for seasonal pumping.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Supporters of charter schools tend to also be the supporters of 2001 No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) regarding choice in education. Many minority parents and their children are disappointed with school desegregation benefits and the pace of school finance reform is embracing choice schools such as charter schools. Charter schools are public schools with a specific mission free from the local school district, and are administered by a group of parents. Charter schools proponents argue that minorities will receive an education superior to traditional public schools. We argue that charter schools combined with accountability goals of NCLB by racial subgroups should enhance the academic achievement of minority students. We also assess the combination of the school choice paradigm with a focus on the interaction of charter schools and NCLB.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The third is the economic climate. In recessionary times, the number of companies wishing to participate decreases. The final one is that the programme can be very bureaucratic. Mexico’s universities could be more involved in setting the national skills agenda and thinking creatively about how to capitalise on their resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Rehabilitation of existing sewerage systems and wastewater treatment facilities, and the creation of new systems and facilities in areas deprived of central sewerage systems, are inadequately financed. Within the framework of projects financed by international investors in 33 cities, regional centres and villages, KMK is working on the construction and rehabilitation of water and sewerage systems valued at more than US$168 million. Investment has increased substantially: in 2011, it amounted to 24.9 million somoni (US$5.4 million), in 2015, it was 2.1 times higher, at 52.4 million somoni (US$8.5 million).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Energy production from waste is far from reaching its potential in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region. The early generation of waste-to-energy incinerators that were built in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region during a period of limited landfill capacity in the early 1970s have proven to be environmentally and financially unsustainable. Tighter federal environmental regulation led to their closing or to costly retrofitting (Sendzik et al, 1996).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Federal protected areas and their associated resources have increased significantly over the last decade. In 2010, there were 174 protected areas covering 25.4 million ha, equivalent to 12.9% of national territory. However, further expansion of protected areas is needed to achieve the goal of 16% by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It is funded by the industry through the Hospitality Industry Training Insurance Fund. It is important that enterprise-based trainers are motivated, trained and prepared to play a key role in the training of apprentices. In Belgium, the Walloon Institute for Dual Training and SMEs is responsible for ensuring that enterprise-based trainers in SMEs have useful tips and practical tools to enable them to maximise their contribution to the trainee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This means that some of the difference can be explained by observable characteristics, such as differences in education, choice of study field, employment history (e.g., interruptions due to child care when analysing the gender pay gap) or professional experience. In this regard, while the pay gap is a useful measure to the difference of earnings between groups, it is less useful for understanding the underlying reasons for which the gap exists (discrimination being only one possible explanation). Since means are sensitive to extreme values, users are also encouraged to also analyse median earnings and make note of any differences between a computation of the indicator based on mean and median earnings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Will blockchain technologies become widely accepted? If so, for which uses? When making investment decisions, TIPOs have to assess the likelihood that specific technologies or tools will continue to be used over time. While they will be able to find guidance and information, they will have to take risks as to the timing of investments and the selection of technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A further objective of the reform is to make the CFP less costly and simpler to run. The central role of rights based fisheries management instruments is to introduce an element of “property rights” for fisher’s quotas. By doing so the incentive structure changes and makes it more likely that fishers will seek to fish within sustainable limits in order to conserve their “quota capital” for the future. The OECD Committee for Fisheries has recently contributed to this debate, the publication Using Market Mechanisms to Manage Fisheries provides a review of a number of fisheries management systems with elements of property rights and maps these according to their property rights content (OECD, 2006). The EC started this process with the publication of a Green Paper followed by a consultation period where written comments could be submitted until 31 December 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
A broad and inclusive education and skills strategy is therefore essential. Policy should avoid favouring incumbents as this reduces experimentation, delays the exit of less productive firms and slows the reallocation of resources from less to more innovative firms. At a time when the world economy faces many long-term challenges, public investment needs to focus on durable benefits, rather than short-term outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)