albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The maturity stages of e-Government for Gender Equality, which is an adaptation of the EGDI’s four-stage model, suggest key characteristics of the e-Government evolution regarding the usefulness of contents and services, technical sophistication and ease of use, degree of integration, etc. The framework was used for the analysis of national gender machinery websites from 11 countries presented in Chapter 3 of this report. They have links to ministries, departments and other branches of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Affected by significant oversupply issues, China’s real estate and industrial sectors have been the hardest hit (World Bank 2016b). As it is a major player in the global market, a key driver of demand for developing-country exports, and a crucial source of investment and finance, China’s slowdown has raised concerns about its underlying strength and the implications for global growth and trade, causing volatility in financial markets (IMF 2016b). The USA performed more robustly, continuing on the path of recovery with a growth rate of 2.5 per cent in 2015 - a 0.1 percentage point improvement from the previous year (World Bank 2016b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It does not provide consistent tax and benefit breakdowns for as many OECD countries as the OECD database used for the results in Figure 4. But unlike in the OECD database, which largely records tabulations of grouped data, the micro-data are available directly. Table 1 uses these microdata to calculate inequality and redistribution measures that capture income differences across the entire distribution. Broadly consistent with the widening gaps between specific points in the income spectrum shown earlier in Figure 1, the results in Table 1 show a trend towards greater market-income inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Fund is based on contributions of its founders (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) and participants. Other States can also become founders, and international organizations, legal entities and individuals can become participants. Since 1998, the size of contributions is calculated from the budget revenues of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan in the amount of 0.3 per cent, and from the budget revenues of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in the amount of 0.1 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Through their interventions and investments, GIBs are demonstrating to private investors that commercially successful investments are possible and happening now. The size of the (currently) largest GIB is expected to be approximately USD 7 billion at final capitalisation, while Germany’s KfW invested approximately USD 56 billion in 2015 in “domestic promotion”, including but not limited to “special programmes to foster the use of renewable energy, to increase energy efficiency and to promote innovative technology companies”. This smaller size is not preventing GIBs from mobilising significant private investment, however. Some GIBs like the UK Green Investment Bank, Australia’s Clean Energy Finance Corporation and the Connecticut Green Bank are successfully targeting institutional investors - notably pension funds, insurance companies, sovereign wealth funds and mutual funds - for co-investment in funds and other transactions. These investors represent a large pool of capital and an increasingly important alternative source of financing for LCR infrastructure investment, as examined in other OECD reports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is the shape of this new sector, not continued programmatic initiatives from a central government, which accounts for Finland's success. Closer analysis of Finnish education policies and reforms since the 1970s reveals that Finland has employed different solutions to transforming its education system compared with many other OECD countries (Darling-Hammond, 2010, Hargreaves and Shirley, 2009, Sahlberg, 2011). This is sometimes called the Finnish Way of educational reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is comparable to the G7 and OECD average, but is significantly higher than in France where the 20% heaviest drinkers consume only about half of all alcohol (OECD, 2015). Data for Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States are for 2012 rather than 2013. Despite a decrease in the suicide rate in 2012, which based on estimated data from the Korean authorities continued in 2013 moving from 29.1 per 100 000 population in 2012 to 28.7 in 2013 (Korean Ministry of Health, 2016), suicide remains one of the major causes of death among teenagers in Korea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
On the other hand, regions with the highest deprivation rates (Kidal, Tombouctou) have poverty rates of only 16% and 33% respectively. These patterns are related to the level of services available for families with children in each region and underscore the fact that low levels of poverty do not automatically translate into reductions in child deprivation. An increase of USD 1 per person per day would reduce the probability of being deprived by 25 percentage points in rural areas. The specific dimensions most strongly linked with income are health for younger children and education for older children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The SPI is highest in Japan where the ratio of expenditures to intended beneficiaries is approximately 11.7% of GDP per capita, while the SPI is only just above 1% in low-income countries as Bangladesh and Cambodia (Table 2.3). For example, the SPI for Azerbaijan, Armenia, Mongolia and Viet Nam is well above the average for countries with similar levels of income, while there are various countries (including India, Indonesia, Lao PDR and Papua New Guinea) where the SPI is lower than what might be expected on basis of average w'ealth levels. In these countries large proportions of the population living rural areas and engaged in informal employment outside any statutory or collective system of social protection. In these countries the traditional reliance on family and community support remains as important as ever (Thompson, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, legal settings, policies, conditions and institutions are evolving in the region as governments and civic activists campaign to improve women’s legal status. Eliminating legal discrimination against women and enabling their full empowerment to participate in public life requires focused action at multiple levels: from ensuring compliance with international standards, eliminating discriminatory provisions from laws and policies, and mainstreaming gender considerations into all policies and programmes. This action should be supported by efforts to improve the effectiveness of public institutions to promote equality and to promote a deep culture change across societies necessary to reverse deeply rooted discriminatory attitudes. Gender equity is a set of actions, attitudes and assumptions that provide opportunities for both women and men, recognises differences and accommodates them in order to prevent the continuation of an inequitable status quo, and emphasises fairness in process and outcome.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Students who reported that they expect to work as college, university, higher education or pre-primary teachers, or as pre-primary or primary associate teachers are excluded. First, the question on career expectations has more missing values than other questions in PISA. Second, the predictive value of students' reports on their future career can differ across countries, because of differences in the degree to which students are required to make choices at an early age to enter specific careers, and the existence of flexible pathways in the education system and labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This dust, mixed with the air, is thought to cause lung cancer and other breathing ailments. Elevated radon levels have also been associated with these abandoned mines. The effect of long-term radiation exposure in the levels associated with these mines is largely unknown. Despite the obvious need, there have not been to date any comprehensive studies of radiation and heavy metal contamination in the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Many wastewater treatment plants are inefficient as the treated water they discharge into water bodies significantly exceeds MACs for ammonium, nitrites, organic substances, copper, chrome and oil products. Although the soil pollution at old pesticide landfills and former agricultural airfields has been decreasing, it still substantially exceeds the MACs in terms of chlororganic pesticides. The areas of agricultural lands polluted by nitrates and phosphates have been increasing in Uzbekistan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Gender issues in rural societies, e.g. the construction of rural femininities and masculinities may be relevant for migration since traditional gender roles and expectations are more prevalent in rural societies (Rahut og Littke 2014: 5). However, in contrast to this, Sten-backa (2011) writes that the idea of the rural macho-culture, which is also underlined in the Swedish TV programmes she has studied, can be seen as an attempt to place the blame for the problems in the peripheral areas on the men, who choose to stay there (elaborated later) (see also Forsbergand Stenbacka 2013). The economic factor in this context means, mainly, the support or the welfare services that they are entitled to in Denmark compared to the welfare services they can get in the Faroe Islands [Knudsen 2010: 24, own translation). From a gender perspective, however, it is interesting that Alands Statistik och Utred-ningsbura [ASUB) since 2012 has compiled an annual report concerning essential gender differences in the society of the Aland Islands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
That level of emissions would have disastrous climate consequences for the planet. There are a number of emission reduction opportunities for the energy sector, notably reducing the amount of energy consumed and reducing the net carbon intensity of the energy sector by fuel switching and by controlling C02 emissions. Energy efficiency and renewables are often positioned as the only solutions needed to meet climate goals in the energy system, but they are not enough.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In OECD databases, the administrative data are used as input for datasets on the number of “professionally active” workers, while the LFS data are used to indicate the number of “practising” professionals. The OECD definition excludes those working in jobs where the relevant qualifications are not required, and those that are unemployed, retired or working abroad. These groups cannot be properly filtered out of the Israeli data, as an approximation the “professionally active” data for Israel represent all those aged less than 65 years licenced to practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The three inter-communal syndicates operate, respectively, two controlled landfills12 and an incineration plant.13 The incinerator handles around 135 000 tonnes of waste a year, 10% of it from other inter-communal syndicates. Thermal treatment costs around EUR 0.10/kg of waste.14 The incinerator generates 5 700 tonnes of hazardous waste every year, as well as 29 000 tonnes of slag, most of this waste is exported to Germany, including the slag which, until June 2008, was recovered in Luxembourg. The remaining quantities are such that domestic facilities are less justified than in the past. Non-household waste for disposal is exported to specialised facilities in neighbouring countries, primarily in Germany.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Tax incentives should thus not be targeted to environmental outcomes but rather encourage innovation on a broader base. Finally, as tax incentives tend to encourage mainly marketable innovations rather than projects with a high social value, Germany should maintain direct research funding, notably by using public tenders. Ageing combined with a low level of tertiary education attainment will create significant shortages on the labour market limiting the development of new activities while reducing Germany’s attractiveness as an investment location (OECD, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
All countries should re-examine training curricula and the delegation of responsibilities within the health-care delivery system in order to reduce frequent, unnecessary and costly reliance on physicians and on secondary- and tertiary-care facilities, while maintaining effective referral services. Access to health-care services for all people and especially for the most underserved and vulnerable groups must be ensured. The reservation is to be interpreted in terms of the statement made by the representative of the Holy See at the 14th plenary meeting, on 13 September 1994. The involvement of users and the community in the financial management of healthcare services should be promoted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For older workers who were earning Y400,000 a month, jobless benefits can exceed new salaries’’ (Migration News, 2002). Its disbursement period is short and disbursed amount is small compared with western developed countries. Moreover, a large number of workers such as part-time workers, self-employed and public officers, are not covered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Another form of endogeneity may arise if people who are not part of the labour force tend to report poor health to justify their non-participation. Besides, it may be difficult to isolate the causal relationship from health to labour market outcomes because of the reverse causality of the link (from labour market to health). For instance, obesity may cause poor labour market outcomes through lower productivity (e.g. because of related illness) leading to lower wages and poor employment prospects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In some cases, PV modules have been Page | 54 vvelded to the basic structure so as to create additional hindrances for potential thieves. By comparison, privately owned local systems are under better control, especially solar home systems, small-scale wind turbines and pico-hydropower stations, and are therefore less subject to theft and vandalism. As a consequence, the gap in service supply between urban and rural areas has been growing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
With international help, power production from the Nurek HPP has been improved by replacing the generators. The country’s northern and southern networks were not directly interconnected. Bulk transfer of energy' between the north and south was achieved by power exchange using a 500 kV transmission line through the territory of Uzbekistan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The low rate of avoidable hospital admissions in countries like Italy is associated with a primary care sector that generally performs well, although even in Italy, the overall good performance hides significant variations across regions (the southern regions have higher hospitalisation rates for chronic diseases than northern regions, OECD, 2014). Data for Italy are for 2001 rather than 2000. Data for the United States are for 2010 rather titan 2013. Data for Japan are for 2011 rather than 2013. Data for Canada and Australia are for 2012 rather than 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These issues are particularly salient since enrolees are not able to choose their insurer, maintain their insurer given a change in employment, or receive care free-at-the-point-of-service from providers who are outside of their scheme (w'ho may be perceived as offering higher quality services, be more conveniently located, or have more flexible working hours). This leads many to pay out-of-pocket to receive services in the private sector. While creation of a single pooled fund that distributes resources across schemes according to needs may be a long-term goal for some stakeholders, in practice there are a number of important barriers to attaining this in the short term, including the presence of a large informal labour force that impedes revenue generation, the long-standing position of social security schemes as distinct societal institutions. Nevertheless, a structurally-defined single pooled fund is not an absolute necessity, in practice, the policy objective of improved equity of access can be achieved through alternative incremental financing reforms that functionally bring the schemes closer together from the user’s point of view.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Once again, this indicates a relationship of mutual dependence. The relevant information does not lie exclusively with one level of government, and actors depend on each other’s knowledge to disseminate information to and from relevant levels of government. But the quality of hydrological data varies across states in Brazil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article analyses the evolving uses of social media during wartime through the IDF (Israel Defense Forces) Spokesperson Facebook and Twitter accounts. The conflict between Israel and Hamas-affiliated groups in November 2012 has generated interesting data about social media use by a sovereign power in wartime and the resultant networked discourse. Facebook data is examined for effective patterns of dissemination through both content analysis and discourse analysis. Twitter data is explored through connected concept analysis to map the construction of meaning in social media texts shared by the IDF. The systematic examination of this social media data allows the authors’ analysis to comment on the evolving modes, methods and expectations for state public diplomacy, propaganda and transparency during wartime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The free trade agreements (FTAs) of the European Union (EU) aim at protecting transnational public goods (PGs) – such as a rules-based, transatlantic market – that could be progressively extended to other European and North-American FTA members and serve as a model for reforming worldwide trade rules and governance institutions. International law and governance can protect PGs more effectively if citizens are empowered as ‘democratic principals’ to hold multilevel governance institutions legally, democratically and judicially accountable for governance failures. The Lisbon Treaty established a ‘cosmopolitan foreign policy constitution’ requiring ‘protection of its citizens’, ‘strict observance of international law’ and rights-based market regulations also in the EU’s external relations. This contribution criticizes EU policies of disempowering citizens in FTAs and undermining their fundamental rights. Without respect for rule of law, the EU cannot overcome its crises of legitimacy and the distrust of citizens vis-a-vis intergovernmental EU regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, infant mortality in territories that have a low RDI is double the rate in high-RDI territories. Panorama del Desamllo Territorial en America Latina y el Caribe. Brazil, Chile, Colombia. Mexico, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Natural resources remain extremely important as a basis for the region's international trade and investment, which entails a certain degree of external vulnerability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Entering the labour market at a relatively bad time may have life-long implications that go beyond the loss of income, and affect broader determinants of well-being, such as skills depreciation, weak integration in the labour market and low self-esteem. The recession has worsened the relative situation of low-skilled youth, as demand for labour from some of their traditional employers, such as retail trade and hotels and restaurants, has shrunk, even though it has recovered somewhat since 2010. Furthermore, they are facing increasing competition from recent graduates, more than a third of which are now employed in low-skill jobs. Fiscal consolidation involves large job cuts in the public sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Full and effective implementation of these agreements, coupled with investments in hard infrastructure, such as roads, energy and the physical networks required to support trade, and soft infrastructure, including institutions to facilitate and govern trade, may be prerequisites for the parties to reap the potential trade and development gains. Because of the ongoing negotiations, complex technical issues and political economy dynamics in individual African countries, this indicative milestone is extremely ambitious and far from certain. Effective implementation of the CFTA could increase intra-African trade by as much as US$35 billion per year by 2022,15 especially if complemented by proper operationalisation ofthe African Union's Action Plan for Boosting Intra-African Trade. Even without the CFTA, there are enormous untapped opportunities for growing intra-African trade, especially in food products, basic manufactures and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Furthermore, long-term unemployment among natives is more cyclical, while immigrants see a steady increase. The PIAAC Survey measures what people know and can do within three cognitive skills, namely literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments. Literacy proficiency is measured on a six-level scale ranging from “Below Level 1” up to “Level 5". Individuals scoring 5 and above are highly skilled and able to search, integrate and utilise complex information on unfamiliar subjects to make high-level inferences, while those scoring at or below Level 1 can at best understand short texts on familiar topics and solve simple assignments (OECD, 2013a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Recent studies (Corak, 2013, OECD, 2015a, OECD, 2012, IMF, 2015) point to growing economic and social inequality around the globe and cast doubt on the notion that everyone can succeed. To begin with, the global economy has become more knowledge intensive. Together with skills-biased technological changes, globalisation and the growing influence of the financial sector on the economy, the demand for high-skilled workers and jobs with non-routine tasks has increased over the last three decades. As a result, a premium has been put on the wages of high-skilled workers, raising the wage gap between high- and low-skilled workers (Sill, 2002, Card and Di Nardo, 2002, Autor and Acemoglu, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Examples include the construction of community water points and fuelwood sources, and the use of public works labour to cultivate the land of labour-constrained female-headed households (Holmes and Jones, 2013). Similarly, Zambia's Food for Work programme, almost entirely taken up by women (as men typically refused to work for non-cash payments), built pit latrines in rural communities. The latrines have reduced the distance that women have to walk and thus their vulnerability to sexual violence (Kabeer, 2008). Women and men tend to prioritize different types of infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Changes in behaviour are increasingly driven, not just by prices, but also through interaction between firms, energy authorities, researchers, public sector agencies, and councils. Many decisions impacting GHG emissions are long term such as public transport infrastructure, growth of compact employment centres and sustainable energy networks. These initiatives shape urban outcomes including business spinoffs to firms and demand for skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Specialist commissions could be established if the post-2020 regime assumes scientific or policy study roles. The science-policy interface is well-developed under the ozone regime. Regular scientific assessments guide policy-makers: the Scientific Assessment Panel (SAP), the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), and the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) each prepare, about every 3-4 years, major assessment reports that update the state of understanding in their purviews.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)