albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In other cases, individual accounts worked as an additional pillar on top of a public pension benefit (mixed systems). In still others, individual accounts completely replaced existing PAYG systems (substitutive systems) (see Mesa-Lago 2006, 2008). In some cases, affiliation was optional (and some or all workers could choose to stay in the public system).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Eco-epidemiology is a promising model for cross-disciplinary anti-terrorism. Derived from epidemiology's dominance of agents to illness and injury, the eco-epidemiological paradigm considers natural systems that generate causal pathways to disease and dynamic morbidity. Within this model is a hierarchy of systems interconnecting at biological, human, and social levels. Eco-epidemiology capitalizes on interacting components within and between system levels to identify contact patterns and apply mechanisms of control. Considering the complex and paradoxical nature of the threat-fear dynamic, a systematic, ecological approach would be more adaptive to terrorism's changing rules of engagement. To counter terrorism and nullify threat-fear, eco-epidemiology must be shared by public health researchers with threat assessment and harm reduction disciplines. Language: en
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Section 2, key developments in international markets are discussed, exploring changes in production, prices and trading patterns. In Section 3, changes in the policy landscape are explored, taking the three broad categories in the 1994 WTO Agreement on Agriculture as the organising framework - those of market access, domestic support and export competition. Policy responses as a result of the 2007/08 food price crisis are also discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Budget allocations for salaries of teachers, school support and administrative staff cover all the full year, including the months of school breaks, and teachers and school support and administrative staff are contracted to perform their instructional responsibilities for more days than the current instructional year. Thus, an extended school year may not generate additional direct instructional costs. There would be additional public expenditure needed to support a lengthened instructional year, including maintenance, transportation, and other non-instmctional costs, and these would be borne principally by municipalities. Since 96% of six-year-olds are already in state-provided early childhood education and care (Figure 2.8), this option would not adversely affect family life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The floor price indicates the trigger price at which the government will buy stock, while the ceiling price specifies when the government w ill start selling its stock. By setting a floor price and a ceiling price, the government creates a “price band”, i.e. a range between which it wants to keep prices. In these situations, the distinction between price support programmes and buffer stock schemes becomes blurred, as both programmes support producers by offering them higher prices. In the case of buffer stocks, these prices are often referred to as “procurement prices” while they are called “support prices” in the case of price support programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Regulating risks in the face of scientific uncertainty poses a particular challenge to policy-makers. Such problems are amplified when decisions are taken in a multi-level framework of supranational governance. The genetically modified organism (GMO) regulation in the European Union constitutes an especially salient issue of risk governance in a multi-lateral arena, as the topic is politically highly visible and decision-making is slow and contested. Furthermore, as authority is dispersed among multiple actors, European risk governance is in need of adequate mechanisms ensuring that decision-makers justify and account for their behavior. While legitimacy aspects of GMO governance have widely been examined, accountability relations within the field of GMO risk governance have hitherto only weakly been explored. Hence, this paper analyzes the question of who can be held accountable under the complex system of supranational risk governance. This paper claims that mere adherence by actors to the regulatory pr...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As time-series data for the Gini index for labour income are not available for a wide range of countries, the Gini indices are based on disposable income and are calculated over the whole population (not just the working-age population). The estimated coefficients in the Gini regressions thus capture more than just the impact of the explanatory variables on labour income inequality (for example, the coefficient on the unemployment benefit replacement rate captures both the indirect effects whereby a higher replacement rate may reduce employment as well as the dispersion of wages and the direct effect whereby it raises the income of the unemployed). Technical change is measured by the number of patents per one million inhabitants. The stock of human capital is captured by the share of the population with post-secondary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While the provision of education is the responsibility of the states, the federal Ministry of Education (MEC) has played an important role in this context. What is essential for this improvement to be realised, however, is to improve teacher training and create the right performance incentives now. While the provision of education is the responsibility of the states, the federal Ministry of Education (MEC) has played an important role in this context. In addition, it has required states and municipalities to establish a formal recruitment process and career plan for teachers, and set a nationwide floor for teacher pay in 2009. In-service training to improve the capabilities of existing teachers has become more prominent, and some states have founded specific schools for training current teachers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
That high proportion is significant, as there is evidence that a gender-balanced workforce offers a greater variety of skills, competencies, perspectives, experiences and backgrounds, which fuels better organisational and financial performance (OECD, 2012, McKinsey & Company, 2013). Achieving substantive equality between women and men in public service employment is also linked to gender-balanced policies and quality service delivery, w'hich prompt perceptions of the civil service as exemplary, responsible, responsive and legitimate and, in turn, contributes to greater public trust in government (OECD, 2009, OECD 2014). Against those yardsticks, Mexican women are still affected by lower occupational and sector-related segregation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It also supervises the system of minimum wages and working-hours regulations. Another important task for the Bureau is to promote adherence to the Labour Insurance (Workers’ Accident Compensation Insurance and El) system and ensure the payment of the annual premiums. Under its supervision, over 300 Labour Standard Inspection Offices enforce labour standards at local level. It audits Prefectural offices (which in turn audit local welfare offices) to ensure uniform administration across the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Innovation-driven diversification into higher value-added production can sustain employment growth in a commodity-intensive economy with a tendency towards currency appreciation. It will sustain income and employment growth in a steadily rising urban population and expand the range of agricultural products produced in rural contexts. Agricultural diversification through innovation will be especially important as trade agreements with the United States and others come fully into play, opening new opportunities for some types of agricultural production while putting competitive pressures on others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While this is interesting in-and-of itself, it would also have been interesting if the studies had provided information on the average payment/unit measured (e.g. hectare or type of ecosystem service) for each of the PES schemes, and if possible, information on the opportunity costs of land. To some extent this also raises the question of associated monitoring and enforcement efforts across protected areas. It would be interesting, for example, to better understand if the results depend on the average PA spending per hectare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The South West Sydney Institute has long-standing relationships with Energy Australia and Integral Energy.122 These close relationships with industry leaders and local firms in the environmental and energy arenas enable the TAFE Institutes to stay nimble and responsive to shifting training needs emerging from the green economy. Moreover, if Sydney is able to export its expertise in key green sectors such as the design and installation of green transformers or advanced water conservation and reuse measures, the TAFE Institutes could position themselves to train workers from around the Asia-Pacific region in these specialised skills and trades. It is one of 55 committees that have been appointed as a result of Regional Development Australia, a recent partnership between the Australian, state, territory and local governments to support the growth and development of Australia’s regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Insights into the impact of new technologies on production processes within a given industry as well as into the trends of structural transformation across different stages of development are necessary to assess employment opportunities in general. In his view, automation may actually complement labour inputs and create new opportunities for employment, thereby affecting income generation in various ways. However, automation has a limited cost-reducing effect, as certain tasks can simply not be fully automated yet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Development co-operation can play an important role in building trust, facilitating knowledge sharing and accelerating learning from experience across countries and regions, as well as the development, climate change and finance communities. The findings of this report provide initial insights on the pre-conditions enabling effective climate finance in the context of development co-operation. Going forward, there may be a need for new considerations and additional pre-conditions or principles that go beyond the insights from this research. In particular, the increasing role of private climate finance and South-South and triangular' co-operation in scaling up climate finance to meet global needs, as well as specific objectives of international climate funds may require a broader set of pre-conditions for effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Take Gabon, for example. The nature of demand in China (figure 6.2), however, was such that it led to a relative de-greening of the Gabonese timber and wood value chain. Certifiers assess forests' operations against a predetermined set of standards developed by the council. This allows wood to be sold in the market as "certified" wood, bearing the FSC trademark logo.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Digital trade, and its growing significance, particularly for small, remotely located service suppliers, in small market economies, necessitates Aid for Trade deployment in the development of a robust, sustainable, scalable IT and network infrastructure. Digital trade forms a crucial link for firms in small states and LDCs, particularly small firms, to connect and plug into global supply chains. In the absence of a strong network infrastructure, not only do these firms lose out on linking into crucial supply chains, but the cost of trade also increases for them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Australian offshore jurisdiction is among the most complex in the world, not least in part because of the division in jurisdiction between the Commonwealth Government in Canberra, and the Australian state governments. State jurisdiction is increasingly important in Australia, with increases in maritime capabilities for state police forces, the proliferation of state marine parks as part of the suite of national parks and the relevance of state jurisdiction to native title. This article provides an introduction to the determination of maritime jurisdiction vested in the Australian states, an area of law generally poorly understood and seldom considered by publicists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Wage compression is closely associated with a high degree of co-ordination in wage setting, which pushes up wages in low-productivity firms, forcing them to improve, scale down and shed workers or go out of business. Central wage setting also keeps down wages in high-productivity firms, enhancing their incentives to invest in human capital and technology, as firm-level productivity gains do not directly translate into higher wages (Moene and Wallerstein, 2006). However, the compressed wage distribution also comes with disadvantages (discussed later in the chapter), as private payoffs do not always provide sufficient incentives for individuals to make the educational and career choices that would benefit society the most, and low-skilled individuals struggle to integrate into the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, the group receiving unemployment-related SA benefits substantially overlapped with the group receiving housing costs-related SA benefits, and Cappellari and Jenkins argue that the choice of whether to include HB in the definition of SA benefits is of little practical importance. An additional complication was that there were both contribution-based (social insurance) and means-tested (SA) benefits for unemployed workers. However the majority of individuals receiving social insurance also received SA top-ups as well. Ideally one would like to identify only the individuals and families receiving SA (or SA top-ups to insurance benefits) but this turns out to be impossible in practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
That being said there is no internationally established or consistently applied definition of P4P to date. In most definitions of P4P, performance and/or quality improvement are common themes (see Table 2.1). Unlike ex-ante add-on payments, which are applied prior to provision of services and/or are automatically applied to certain processes (i.e. providers understand that certain listed services will receive additional payment), add-on payments for quality are focussed on the degree of achievement of certain defined objectives by providers or practitioners, hence the “performance” dimension.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
According to the Plan, all public programmes for Information Society development include the effective consideration of the principle of equal opportunities between women and men in their design and implementation. The Government promotes the full incorporation of women in the Information Society through the development of specific programmes, especially in terms of access and training, taking into account initiatives from groups w ith a high risk of exclusion and from rural areas. Promoting knowledge about gender equality in the Information Society. The Programme for Gender Equality in the Information Society is a Plan Avanza initiative which provides NGOs with funding to carry out projects aimed at teaching women ICT skills and increasing their employment opportunities. The assessment interviews revealed that, among those four targeted areas, closing the gender divide has been the least successful, although more that 60% of the interviewees consider that Plan Avanza had positive impact on the gender divide (among them, nearly 16% define the impact as considerable and nearly 47% as limited).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Access to finance for small- and medium-sized enterprises is a widespread problem, especially in developing countries, but care must also be taken to minimise risks that external funding can contribute to pressure for unsustainable expansion (UNESCO 2013). More generally, broader progress towards good governance and reducing bureaucracy is important for removing potential barriers to entrepreneurship and enterprise (Ratten 2014). However, ongoing and multiple concerns have been raised about employment practices, pay and conditions for local and migrant workers in different countries in both of these sectors (Cottle and Rombaldi 2014). Further intervention may be required in cases where selfregulation enacted through private sector manufacturing supply chains proves ineffective (Thibault 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
During the 1990s, 50% of the reduction of CO2 emissions occurred thanks to the restructuring of the East German economy following reunification (Eichhammer et al, 2001, Weidner and Mez, 2008). Inefficient heavy industries located in the new Ldnder collapsed, inducing a reduction by 44% of C02 emissions in that region (OECD, 2001). Outsourcing of manufacturing industries to eastern European countries as well as an increasing import penetration probably also contributed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This report identifies the following forms of linkages to be of importance to policy. The first is the research-intensive public science, organized largely around those creating new knowledge through intensive R&D activities and creative design that initiate entire processes of innovation. Although it is difficult to draw the lines conclusively, basic research (and some applied) tends to be the domain of universities and highly advanced public laboratories while firms tend to focus more on applied and developmental research. This was largely led by the public sector organisations even in the industrial countries, up until recent times, because private firms tend to have little incentive to engage in socially relevant basic research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The company is then expected to become self-sufficient. It intends in particular to encourage and stimulate demand for the services of HEI/PRIs. Projects under IRCRO involve co-operation between industrial firms and HEI/PRIs and are jointly funded by IRCRO and the company using a 50/50 matching grant scheme. Applicants are obliged to hire consultants that have been pre-approved by BICRO.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Another makes a grant, covering half of the implementation costs, to employers who implement age-management approaches that serve as model programs for the local labour market (www.jeed.or.jp/english/subsidies.html). However, these are relatively small measures with a combined budget of about JPY 5 billion in 2008 (see Table 5A.1). The “job development” subsidy for hiring hard-to-place and elderly workers is a relatively large programme in spending terms, with a budget of JPY 25 billion in FY 2008 (see Table 5A.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Part-time employment is frequently associated with low quality and precarious jobs, and elevated poverty risks. This is often related to women being the main caregiver in families, and reduced working hours helps parents reconcile work and family commitments. Across the Asia/Pacific region, there are more women than men in part-time employment, and at 22% of female workers, the proportion of part-time employment is just below the OECD average (Figure 2.6). The proportion of part-time employment is particularly high among higher income countries, including Australia, Japan and New Zealand. These countries also have large gender gaps in part-time employment, with up to a 25 percentage point difference. Women’s participation increase in agriculture is related to an “outmigration” of men from low-paying agricultural work to industry (Vepa, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Understanding that there is also a "hydro-social cycle" draws attention to gender dimensions. At every stage of the hydro-social cycle there are different demands, risks and benefits for women and for men. This responsibility becomes even greater in the face of pervasive water quality problems in both developed and developing countries, which will become worse with climate disruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Loans from these institutions generally have a longer tenure than from commercial banks, which helps lower the energy tariff, their participation also lowers the risk profile and thus the cost of funds. However, it is important to satisfy the more stringent requirements of the development institutions, particularly regarding transparency and minimizing environmental and social impacts. It is envisaged that energy connectivity (electricity transmission lines, markets and natural gas pipelines) will initially strengthen the systems in the four subregions — South-East Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, and North-East Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They argued that evaluation focus must shift from “inputs” (e.g., investment dollars) and “outputs” (e.g., training) to “outcomes” produced directly because of conservation investments (e.g., species and habitats), stating that "In the field of program evaluation, one lesson is paramount: you cannot overcome poor quality with greater quantity. ” A subsequent review conducted in 2012 re-confirmed the claim that credible evaluations of common biodiversity instruments continue to be rare (Miteva, Pattanayak and Ferraro, 2012)9. Calls for more effective conservation-related development finance have also been made (e.g. Waldron et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These add up to significant benefits, particularly if declines in fertility occur quickly enough to generate a demographic dividend. In addition, almost all studies on this topic confirm chat the magnitude of the demographic dividend depends not only on the pace of mortality and fertility decline, but also on the policy environment, particularly in the areas of sexual and reproductive health and family planning, education, labour-market flexibility and openness to trade and savings. Preventing unintended pregnancy protects adolescent girls and boys from being hijacked from their life opportunities. Learning to plan one’s family is a skill that is needed for decades of a person’s reproductive life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Most of these suppliers are headquartered in Guatemala City, and a few of them also have a representation in Peten. The inputs used in carpentry are generally obtained in hardware stores operating in the centre of la Flores, Peten's departmental capital. This situation has a direct effect on production costs, and both the continuity of production and customer satisfaction are hampered by the fact that the delivery period can vary from 20 days to three months.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In both entities deciduous forest is dominant. This indicates that conifer forests have been properly managed. Round wood for industrial processing from deciduous forests accounts for only 30.24 per cent, while pulp and firewood account for 69.76 per cent. In the pre-war period there was no industrial capacity for deciduous pulp processing and no board factories that used deciduous wood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This makes their provision a matter of policy choice and contestation, In addition, technological changes have an impact on the provision of such infrastructure, including through a shift to less capital-intensive techniques and increased competition (Markard, 2011, Torrisi, 2009, Kasper, 2015). Electricity generation has historically relied on conventional fossil fuels and involved large centralized power stations. Transmission and distribution are responsible for moving electricity from power stations to users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)