albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
There are only a few examples where such instruments have been used for water sector projects, as briefly summarised below. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) has provided Partial Credit Guarantees (PCGs) to the City of Johannesburg in South Africa (Box 2.2) or to the Tlalnepantla water project in Mexico (Box 3.11). In both cases, an interesting feature of these PCGs is that they were provided for debt instruments denominated in local currency. This can be done only in countries where IFIs can borrow in local currency so as to be able to hedge the currency risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In order to keep the focus on meeting genuine market opportunities, it can be beneficial if a network is industry-led rather than led by a training provider. The creation of the Green Skills Hub at the Nirimba campus of the Western Sydney Institute, for example, involved a close partnership with Schneider Electric that continues with the facility being made available to Schneider Electric for the training and education of customers, business partners and staff in the use of its EcoStruxure solution. The Northern Sydney Institute has formed partnerships with Local Councils - Rockdale, Fairfield, Lane Cove, Hunters Hill - based on the initial programme customised for 1 000 Warringah Council staff in the National Unit of Competence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This can have fatal consequences. With the 2030 Agenda, UN Member States agreed to focus on sustainability, equality, peace and human progress, providing a powerful counter-narrative to current practices of extraction, exclusion and division. The unprecedented levels of engagement and mobilization during the period that led to its adoption have ushered in a strong sense of ownership by not only governments, but also civil society and other stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Revisiting the dynamics of growth, inequality and poverty reduction. Centre for Development Policy and Research, SOAS, Discussion Paper No. True world income distribution, 1988 and 1993: first calculation based on household surveys alone. The two faces of globalization: against globalization as we know it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There are initiatives such as the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility and Forest Investment Program. The International Climate and Forest Initiative was subsequently set up with a project team within the Ministry of Environment. The initiative works towards the inclusion of REDD+ in a future climate agreement, to achieve large-scale emission reductions in the short term and to protect natural forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The policy implications of the rising significance of middle and large settlements in the next 15-20 years are worth noting. In the future, these cities will be primarily located in low- and middle-income countries. In many developing countries, rapid urbanization calls for additional resources, and capacity development of local governments has become a pressing issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
AbstractThe deinstitutionalization of mental health services in Australia happened first and most rapidly in the state of Victoria. In the final decades of the 20th Century, a period of immense economic and social policy reform accelerated this shift. Policy change appeared to be guided, at least in part, by ideals of human rights and citizenship. However, these same principles could be undermined in the vacuum of services created by deinstitutionalization and the broader restructuring of the welfare state. One expression of this paradox was a reported increase in violent encounters between police and those in states of distress and mental crises. Another example of paradox was rights-based mental health law, which both increased procedural safeguards for involuntary psychiatric intervention but also perpetuated differential treatment of persons with psychosocial disability on the basis of unfounded beliefs. This article will examine the intersections of policing and mental health policy in order to exami...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Besides the deprivation headcount ratios of the aggregated number of deprivations, the Bristol approach also concentrates on the analysis of single dimensions, which is examined by region. They demonstrate in their paper that countries or households with the same incidence of deprivations experience different levels of severity. They explore the deprivation distribution to measure the so-called depth (the average number of deprivations), and severity (the distribution of the total number of deprivations) of deprivation among children. Both methodologies follow a rights-based approach to child well-being and account for the number of deprivations experienced by each child. There are, however, differences between the studies: the Global Study adopts a continuum approach to deprivation within a dimension, meaning that multiple thresholds are used to measure mild, moderate, severe and extreme deprivation, while MODA uses single thresholds. The Global study lacks the life-cycle definition of the dimensions and indicators and is limited to the counting approach23 while MODA goes beyond that and incorporates analyses of deprivation indices and deprivation overlaps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As a result, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from energy generation and use are relatively low compared to many OECD countries. Strong economic growth in the 2000s and the rise of a middle class triggered a rapid increase in energy use, mainly in industry and transport. Nevertheless, the energy intensity of the economy (energy supply per unit of gross domestic product, GDP) remained fairly stable at levels below the OECD average. The 2010 National Climate Change Policy established an economy-wide target of limiting projected GHG emissions by between 36.1% and 38.9% by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The state policy on energy efficiency and renewable energy sources is under implementation. As stated in the Energy Sector Development Programme until 2030, the development of centralized heating systems on the basis of cogeneration plants where it is economically feasible is one of the main directions of heating systems development. According to the Energy Sector Development Programme until 2030 it is envisaged to reduce the electricity production from coal to 60 per cent, compared to 70 per cent in 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It enjoyed robust economic growth over most of the 2000s, which helped narrow the income gap with OECD countries. Growth has slowed since 2012, however (OECD, 2015b). The large conditional cash-transfer programme Bolsa Familia, which is recognised as an international best practice, has helped halve the number of people living in extreme poverty (bolsa means grant or stipend). Health service coverage and educational outcome have also improved, but income inequality and territorial disparities are large. Brazil needs to restore strong growth while continuing to address social challenges and enhance conservation and sustainable use of its environmental assets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
ABSTRACT This paper surveys literature from Economics, Accounting, and Management to address theoretical issues in Public Administration regarding government provided services in order to contribute to a formal connection between principal-agent models in these disciplines and public policy administration decision-making. In particular, it addresses the question: What theoretical properties of the services themselves might guide (a) the choice of producer of the services (government or outsourcing firm/contractor), and (b) the accountability imposed for the work produced. It is found that a theoretical framework of principal-agent models that includes the decision of whether to contract out can be useful as a first step in systematically formulating the government's decision for a variety of goods/services. This provides an alterative to the identification of key decision properties “from the ground up” for each good or service the government provides.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While the ingredients are common across different growth experiences, the recipes need to be very country specific. However, it is also important to acknowledge that a broad range of other policy actions will be needed in order for aid for trade to be fully effective. First, aid for trade needs to be backed by international co-operation to tackle the external impediments to trade, whether directly trade-related in the form of tariff and non-tariff barriers or indirectly trade-related as in areas such as government procurement and access to finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Underthe programme labelling is mandatory for incandescent and compact fluorescent light bulb and various household appliances, such as refrigerators and air conditioning units. This United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - DoE programme is formally used in the EU, Canada, Australia, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland and Taiwan. It has broader global impact as ENERGY STAR products are freely traded to many other countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
But they should gradually benefit local businesses by reducing transportation costs, improving energy supplies and decreasing transaction costs — particularly if they are accompanied by better ICT infrastructure. It should also help local competitors to expand within domestic markets through better infrastructure. So businesses that do not attract foreign investment or establish necessary partnerships will struggle to compete domestically.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The requirement that building/structure be used wholly and exclusively for R&D has been removed. Credit is now due if at least 35% of all activities carried on in the initial four-year period are R&D activities. Companies may claim cash payments over three years in the event of insufficient or no corporation tax.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The WECs were launched in 1994 to encourage the establishment and growth of women-owned businesses, encourage self-employment, and promote economic equality between men and women. This mandate is supported through measures to promote the concept of entrepreneurship to women, increase their access to capital, and provide services to help them develop experience, expertise, assets and credit histories. The WECs, as one-stop shops for potential and existing women entrepreneurs, are considered by the Canadian government as key to increase the take-up of government support services among women and ensure that they have better access to support services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The European counter terrorism laws offer to the author the chance to deal with on one side the appropriate balance between the threat of terrorism and constitutional values, on the other side the exam of the main “laws of fear”.The survey reveals that the surveillance measures are able to pass the constitutionality test, since the parameters of precautionality and proportionality have not been taken into account.In the conclusion, the Author suggests a new model of international law of fear compatible with the rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Water quality (resources and drinking water) is an ongoing challenge, particularly in the Lagoon and in the southern part of the region. Although the region has relatively abundant water, degradation in water quality in some parts of the city-region, notably the south-west, is a problem, and has resulted in water stress in some areas, and high demand in some spots has negative ecological consequences, particularly on smaller rivers and streams. Of particular concern are climate-change-related increases in mean sea level, and increased frequency of extreme storm surges in the Adriatic, which are associated with the highest water levels in Venice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Although the gap is smaller than for individuals, it is potentially more worrying, given the benefits that digital adoption by firms can bring to economic and social development. Narrowing these gaps has been on the agenda of both national and international policymakers. At the international level, increasing the availability and affordability of internet access is part of the SDGs. A number of international organizations, including the ITU, the World Bank and UNCTAD, have focused on narrowing the digital divide for many years, recognizing that digital adoption can boost economic growth and sustainable development (see box IV.5 on UNCTAD’s eTrade for All initiative).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This includes regulating services such as carbon storage that enables a stable climate and extraction of e.g. fish and soil quality that enables extraction of fuel and food. In addition to this, the goods and services can have an option value, i.e. the value people put on the opportunity to keep the possibility to use the good or service in the future, even though it is not used today. Bequest value is the value people put on keeping a good or service for the coming generations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Considering the WEO data of USD 2.55 trillion for the building sector and USD 3.1 trillion for other major economies, and assuming the ratio allocated to the building sector across region one estimates that USD 713 billion should be spent in the building sector in other major economies from 2010 to 2030. Hence, an estimated USD 17.8 billion /year should be spent from 2010 to 2020, while USD 53.5 billion should be spent from 2020 to 2030. Do the low levels of EE investment result from a lack of financing, or is more complex decisionmaking behaviour at play? What do business and asset owners (and households) really consider in deciding whether or not to invest in an energy efficiency asset with apparently high returns? Observed incongruity between paper assessment and physical results raises the question of whether EE investments are about more money - public or private - being made available or whether other factors such as risk perception and project complexity are at play.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This suggests the need for a detailed assessment of progress and for improved data systems if no one is to be left behind.7 Against this background, some cities appear as sites of opportunity, but others of growing risk. Occupying the same geographical space does not imply equal access to opportunity or equal rights, even in democracies. Political controversies are becoming increasingly strident in many regions as countries face multi-national societies with the strong probability of increased immigration in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The list of environmentally sensitive projects is published at the agency’s website. A transaction involving delivery of blast furnace equipment in Korea was accepted in 2008. A project to expand a steel mill in India is now under examination. Consistent with European legislation,2 it enforces the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste (to which it has been a party since 1994) and its 1995 amendment, as well as OECD Council Decision [C(2001) 107/Final] concerning control of transboundary movements of waste destined for recovery operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In practice these TRQs have not been established because the MFN applied tariff rates for these products have been lower than the bound in-quota rates since the date of implementation. It is paid at all stages along the distribution chain - by manufacturers, importers, wholesalers and retailers of taxable goods and services - with the final cost being passed on to end-users. Although it was levied on most imported and domestically produced goods and services, many products and services were exempt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The ecosystems services course provides students with basic environmental science foundations, as well as delving into aspects of monitoring and accounting for this natural wealth, thus helping to prepare them to participate in the green economy which is beginning to take shape in the country. However, there are parallel opportunities in other countries related to the biodiversity and ecosystem services provided by reefs and other natural areas. In urbanised areas, entry points for ESD into TVET may be quite different.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Sweden also provides support to international non-governmental organizations such as the International POPs Elimination Network (IPEN). In addition, Swedish experts on chemicals regulation are developing relationships with counterpart agencies in partner countries. Sweden is engaged in on-going collaborative efforts with Vietnam and Tanzania on chemicals legislation and institution building.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In estimation (I) in table 4, we include those variables with only a complete set of observations in order to maximize the sample size and hence the robustness of our results. This estimation captures the relation between infant mortality and its determinants for children born between January 1971 and September 2007. In estimation (II) in table 4, we use the same set of variables, but include only the children that were born during the 10-year period prior to the survey, thereby reducing the sample size by about one half (from 41,153 to 19,146).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
On the other hand, the incubators operated by AFEM, the EBWA and the JFBPW are incubating as many women’s enterprises as 12 of the 18 mainstream business incubators combined. This suggests that when women’s enterprises are specifically targeted for incubation and the entrepreneurs are provided with preincubation preparation, women’s business incubators can be instrumental in producing a pipeline of viable, job-creating enterprises with potential for growth. Donors and international organisations have been vital in promoting the provision of BDS and incubation services to women entrepreneurs in the developing MENA economies. Donor-supported MSME projects often set targets for the inclusion of women among beneficiaries, such as the CIDA-funded EEDP project through El Mobadara. In addition, special BDS projects targeting women are largely donor-funded, such as the Business Development Center in the BWF-Palestine (Cherie Blair Foundation for Women), and the EntreElles in Regions Project in Morocco (GIZ).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Policies to promote a “girl-friendly” school environment, such as hiring more female teachers has also proven to have a positive impact on girls’ attendance. The evaluation of a randomised programme in India found that hiring additional female teachers increased girls’ attendance by 50% (Glewwe and Kremer, 2006). This is true especially in rural areas and for married girls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is a common defence tactic in rape trials to redefine the rape as sex and try to capitalize on the mistaken belief that rape is an act of passion that is primarily sexually motivated. It is important to draw the legal and common sense distinction between rape and sex. There is no situation in which an individual cannot control his sexual urges. Sexual excitement does not justify forced sex and a victim who engages in kissing, hugging or other sexual touching maintains the right to refuse sexual intercourse.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The services sector, especially in the least developed countries, also faces the challenges created by the informal nature of many service activities, which could perpetuate poverty and increase the vulnerability of the poor. The country passed the thresholds for gross national income per capita and the human assets index at the 2018 review. If that country sustains its development gains and meets the criteria again in 2021, it will qualify for removal from the list in 2024. In the context of structural transformation, the Lao People's Democratic Republic may have to face more intense competition from other labour-surplus countries in low-end, assembly-type production than that confronted by the early industrializers, especially in a more globalized economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
To reduce migration to the city and to favour local income generation, the Government also introduced the One Tambon-One Product programme in 2001, which provides people with advice and technical assistance for the sale of their home-made products. Finally, in 2005, the Government implemented the Special Purpose Vehicle programme which focuses on the creation of a State enterprise for supporting agricultural activities through the provision of inputs. See Prabhu (2009) for details about the many schemes at the state level. Optimal capital income taxation with incomplete markets, borrowing constraints, and constant discounting. Journal of Political Economy, 103(6): 1158-1175. Social Protection Index for Committed Poverty Reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In Wilkinson v. Kitzinger, the petitioner (Susan Wilkinson) sought a declaration of her marital status, following her marriage to Celia Kitzinger in British Columbia, Canada in August 2003. The High Court refused the application, finding that their valid Canadian marriage is, in United Kingdom law, a civil partnership. In this note, I focus on Sir Mark Potter’s adjudication of the human rights issues under Articles 8, 12 and 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights (E.C.H.R.), highlighting his restatement of the ideology of the ‹traditional’ family as natural, normative and desirable. I argue that this case shows that the exclusion of same sex couples from marriage is a feminist issue, because denying same sex couples access to marriage works to sediment patriarchal ideas and re-inscribe gender roles within the family.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Her educational attainment would be under 3 years compared to her husband’s average educational attainment of just under 4. As the benchmark for functional literacy is set in a range between 3 to 5 years of education (UNESCO has adopted the 5-year benchmark in its surveys on this issue), this means the average woman at this time would have limited literacy (Gray, 1969). Fifty years later the equivalent woman would have more than double the educational attainment of her 1950s sister, having spent on average almost 6.5 years in school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The leopard (Panthera pardus) used to be widespread until the 1950s but is now restricted in distribution and less numerous, with only 30-40 individuals reported in 1994. The Turkmen population of the Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus) was estimated at 6,000 in 1996 but at little more than 600 in 2001. Other important ungulate populations have reportedly also declined over the last 20 years, such as those of the urial (Ovis urial spp.),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Therefore, risk should be seen as a normal and inseparable part of economic activities and development, as something built into particular development pathways and practices, constructed through day-to-day decisions by those who have a stake in particular patterns of development. It needs to ensure that development is risk informed to improve the safety of people and critical facilities, to protect the natural and built environment, and to build resilient livelihoods and economic activity. Prospective measures to prevent or reduce risk creation can be combined with corrective DRM efforts that reduce the level of existing risk (e.g. through retrofitting of critical infrastructure such as schools or hospitals). Compensatory risk management activities also have a role in strengthening the social and economic resilience of individuals and societies in the face of residual risk (the remaining risk that cannot be effectively eliminated), for example through preparedness, response and recovery activities, contingent credit, insurance and safety net programmes that are designed to help affected populations mitigate disasters or recover from their impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)