albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It also describes the work on global statistical indicators for measuring such violence. The interim set of these global indicators is then used to present data on violence against women compiled from national and international surveys. The final sections of the chapter look at statistics on female genital mutilation and at the attitudes of women towards the violence inflicted on them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While these women were applying for and receiving land,younger women were unaware of their rights and faced unique challenges. Some traditional leaders interviewed for this study expressed reluctance to allocate communal land to young, single women. Young women do not traditionally have their own households, usually remaining in their parents' homesteads until they marry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
With digital platforms increasingly providing market information, matching buyers and sellers, and ranking the quality of offering, there is a question mark over how trade and investment promotion organizations and investment promotion agencies will adjust to this change. There is also uncertainty over whether new providers of information and matching services will be interested in and able to provide the targeted services offered by TIPOs and IPAs, which have been proven to be successful. According to one estimate, the skills demanded across industries will change by 35% within a handful of years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Forest Report 2009 (Waldbericht der Bundesregierung 2009) of the German federal government indicates costs and benefits, particularly regarding the provision of protection and recreation functions as well as non-timber goods in forests. Here the value of forest-based recreation is reported to be about EUR 50 per person per year and this economic value is used as an indicator. A Thuenen-work report (Kuppers 2008. Arbeitsbericht: Belastungen der Forstbetriebe aus der Schutz- und Erholungsfunktion des Waldes) states cost to forest enterprises arising from the provision of protection and recreation functions of forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Then, on the small island of Puerto Rico and in neighbouring sites on the storm path, there was wide-scale destruction of homes and business premises, extensive flooding from heavy rain and sea surges up to three metres above ground, mudslides, severe damage to roads and fallen trees inhibiting transport, severe damage to harbours and marinas, and crops destroyed. Around 80 per cent of poles carrying utility services were blown down, with power and communications blackout fatally affecting people dependent on medical care and other vital services for survival, water supplies were cut for long periods in many places. The subsequent slow re-establishment of basic services still left thousands of homes and businesses without power, affecting 3.4 million people nine months after the initial impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
According to the most recent OECD review of AfT flows, ‘the delivery of Aid for Trade is increasingly guided by the principles of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness’, implying inter alia that ‘partner countries need to integrate trade objectives into their development strategies and take the lead in their implementation’ (OECD/WTO 2011: 70). In the particular case of the LDCs and their funding via the EIF, the preparation of a Diagnostic Trade Integration Study (DTIS) is considered by its explanatory note as the ‘cornerstone’ for integrating trade into national development strategies, with EIF, donor and national budget flows meant to focus on the action identified within the DTIS. However, the template which guides external consultants in the preparation of the DTIS contains no specific reference to addressing the costs of TRA, although the document refers to the need to, for example, address technical assistance needs in the context of WTO accession (although this is applicable only to a handful of LDCs) (EIF 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
With the devolution of political power and the shift towards financial federalism, health care planning, the organisation of health care supply and the development of quality strategies are to a large extent the responsibility of the regions through regional health departments. Beyond its legislative role, the regional level has also executive functions carried out through the regional Department of Health. Based on the Patto per la Salute, the Piano Sanitario Nazionale and on regional health needs, regional governments develop their own regional health plans which are also three-year plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This creates and exacerbates both vertical and horizontal gaps, and, in the case of lack of co-ordination between government agencies, is expressed as a set of “policy gaps”. Competition between agencies exacerbates “funding gaps”, as resources are diverted to certain water-related sectors and not others. All these gaps may be expressed by actors at the urban scale, but are by no means unique to them nor caused by them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
According to the UN, their share in the global merchandise trade rose from 0.62 per cent in 2002 to 1.08 per cent in 2008, with exports destined equally to developed and developing countries.1 To promote economic growth and industrialization, LDCs require the support of schemes that facilitate access of their exports to new markets and provide stable sources of development financing. A primary benefit low-income countries derive from their inclusion in the LDC category is access to special support measures from bilateral donors and multilateral organizations, as well as preferential treatment in multilateral and regional trade agreements they participate in. Mainly, LDCs receive support in the areas of international trade - through preferential market access, special treatment in their obligations before the World Trade Organization (WTO) and support in developing capacity in trade-related matters - and of official development assistance (ODA), which can be provided through development financing or technical cooperation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This paper links migration, cross-border mobility and return for development, in terms of citizenship, identity and approach to Europeanization. Taking into account the global changes in Moldova, the paper examines the perceptions of migration/mobility, return and identity of the Moldovans engaged in emigration in the countries of the European Union (EU). Using a multi-discipline approach and an in-depth qualitative interview technique, this article analyses from a transnational perspective how migration/mobility and return can support social change and development in Moldova and argues that people who cross EU borders, and who live through the experience of emigration, acquire a pro-European mentality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
School leaders' purposeful use of data is essential to ensure that attention is being paid to the progress of every student. In the former, one typically sees bureaucratic "command and control" systems, leaving little discretion to the workers and supervisors at the factory floor or service-delivery level of the organisation. In the latter, the people responsible for actually making the product or delivering the services have much more control of the way resources are used, people are deployed, the work is organised and the way in which the work gets done.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Whereas the literature on the democratic peace tends to treat the phenomenon as a causal law, we follow Immanuel Kant in interpreting it as a macro-historical process that expanded from a small number of democracies to about 50% of all states. In order to account for this development, we introduce an agent-based model that combines a natural-selection logic with an adaptive mechanism of regime change. The latter is implemented as an empirically calibrated, contextual rule that prompts democratization as an S-shaped function of the democratic share of a state's immediate neighborhood. A similar transition rule governs regime change in the opposite direction. The computational results show that regime change and collective security are necessary to produce realistic trajectories of democratization at the systemic level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The focus of this chapter is on children’s perspectives of inclusion. Inclusion as a democratic principle is highlighted with research-based discussions on all children as citizens in a classroom, the impact of inclusion on children, children’s attitudes about disabilities, the teachers’ role in promoting inclusion, developing friendship skills in all children and strategies for teaching appropriate, inclusive social skills. Empirical evidence on training children to be more inclusive and to develop friendships with all children will be presented. Through inclusive settings, children with and without disabilities will develop a sense of belonging through full participation in society. The citizenship of children with disabilities in inclusive settings is vital to successful community building and acceptance amongst all people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is a fundamental logic that it must be good for rich countries to transfer money to these countries in order to guarantee the maintenance of the forests, thus paying local people to forgo use. The problem is that the deals are being done between national governments and the big commercial enterprises that have emerged as carbon brokers - these groups need simple measures that are easily verifiable to justify their payments. There is a great deal of interest in the use of remote satellite imagery to measure carbon stocks so as to assess payments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This paper represents the opinions of individual staff members or visiting scholars, and is the product of professional research. It is not meant to represent the position or opinions of the WTO or its Members, nor the official position of any staff members. Any errors are the fault of the author. The analysis below is based on the information provided by WTO Members as part of their Trade Policy Review (TPRs) process from 2014 to 2018.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nutrition assistance should also help direct practices towards healthy diets to combat the high risk of overweight and obesity in children from low-income families (Inchley, 2016(69]) (OECD, 2017(70]) ((n.a.), Early interventions in childcare and education are effective policy tools to create level playing fields and to reduce gaps among children. The evidence suggests that the benefits of high quality childcare programmes on child and young adult outcomes are positive and often stronger for children from disadvantaged families than for those of wealth families (Ruhm and Waldfogel, 2012(72]) (Havnes and Mogstad, 2011(73]) (Van Huizen and Plantenga,(n.d.)|74]) (Dietrichson, Kristiansen and Nielsen,(n.d.)[75j) (Shuey and Kankaras, 2018(76]). Yet, children from disadvantaged backgrounds are disproportionately likely to miss out on formal ECEC (OECD, 2016(49])- Childcare places availability, affordability and perceptions of service quality are key parameters to foster the use of childcare services by low-income families and reduce inequalities across children (OECD, 2011(48]) (Van Lancker and Ghysels, 2016(77]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The structure of the benefit is progressive and consequently almost “universal” in the sense that while first designed to combat poverty, it also aims to support middle-class families. Indexing the CCB for the 2018-19 benefit year will provide an additional $5.6 billion in support to Canadian families over the 2018-19 to 2022-23 period. As an example of the benefit of this proposed change, for the 2019-20 benefit year, for a single parent with $35,000 of income and two children (one under the age of 6 and one aged 6 to 17), the accelerated indexation of the CCB will contribute $560 more towards the increasing costs of raising his or her children (Department of Finance, 2017poi).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Environmental justice (EJ) scholarship is increasingly framing justice in terms of capabilities. This paper argues that capabilities are fundamentally about well-being and as such there is a need to more explicitly theorize well-being. We explore how capabilities have come to be influential in EJ and how well-being has been approached so far in EJ specifically and human geography more broadly. We then introduce a body of literature from social psychology which has grappled theoretically with questions about well-being, using the insights we gain from it to reflect on some possible trajectories and challenges for EJ as it engages with well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While a great deal of empirical research exists for OECD countries, analyses for developing countries, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, remain less comprehensive. Only few ex post analyses of environmental taxes have been conducted so far (see Huong, 2014, Israngkura, 2014). Given the different conditions in developing countries, conclusions drawn based on research conducted in OECD countries should be applied with caution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
New Public Management and classical public administration theory posit that internal administrative practices based on market principles, including economy and efficiency, will increase the public good through more effective delivery of public services. However, classical public administration theory views bureaucrats as neutral functionaries in a top-down hierarchy while New Public Management calls for empowered agency entrepreneurs implementing economy and efficiency measures. Research from 1987 to 2003 on Oklahoma secondhand tobacco smoke regulation indicates that real administrative progress in secondhand tobacco smoke restrictions that enhance public health did not occur until 2002 when an Oklahoma health commissioner's aggressive political campaign, initiated through rationalistic internal agency emergency rules, resulted in smoke-free public and workplaces. This action—which resulted in more effective regulation of secondhand tobacco smoke—was not principally because of an internal New Public Management or classical public administration approach but mainly through a highly public outsider political and administrative process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The papers are generally available only in their original language -English or French - with a summary in the other. This is an important piece of information that is useful for describing the industrial structure of the economy. It is also used to measure “qualification mismatch”, or the phenomenon by which workers are often employed in jobs that require a lower or higher level of education than they have (Leuven and Oosterbeek, 2011, Quintini, 201 la and 2011b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Car dominance is higher than in Seoul (Figure 3.10). Currently, the bus accounts for around 30% of total commutes, compared with only 3% for the subway. However, as the Suwon city government forecasts, continued investments in railways (mainly the metropolitan subway in the capital area) will contribute to reshaping the traffic landscape of the city, giving a strong impulse to the city’s modal shift towards public transport (Suwon, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This Strategy demonstrates the important high-level commitment of the Government towards gender equality. The chapter aims to assess to what extent the design of this Strategy allowed for effective and impactful implementation of gender equality objectives in Kazakhstan. It focuses on the alignment of gender equality objectives with broader strategic planning of the Government to ensure that gender equality does not remain at the periphery of the government action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Building on the theory of democratic constitutionalism, I assess the political implications of the constitutional space formed by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and national constitutional courts in Europe. Democratic constitutionalism helps situate the role of constitutional courts in stimulating a degree of consensus, necessary for governance of heterogeneous communities such as the United States and the European Union. Questions of legitimacy and confidence in the judiciary come to the fore. I examine a mechanism used by the US Supreme Court, the CJEU and the ECtHR alike to foster democratic constitutionalism: in order to confront challenges to judicial legitimacy and remain responsive to the extra-judicial environment, these courts rely on majoritarian trends, or consensus, inspired by, but not limited to, the constitutional law of federal states and member countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These are vastly different in character and, as a result, have different capacity-building requirements. The extent to which politically-appointed officials have adequate technical competence for marine and coastal management varies. However, these institutions also have technical personnel that are often highly qualified, in many cases in areas directly relevant to coastal and marine management, and with a good understanding of science.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, the empirical results suggest that an equity-increasing use of educational resources may be obtained through policies that provide the relevant signals to schools and teachers: for instance, providing financial incentives to qualified teachers may prove to be an effective tool for targeting disadvantaged students or areas. Thirdly, this work fills a gap in empirical research by providing cross-country (as opposed to country-specific) evidence on the importance of early intervention policy for attenuating intergenerational socio-economic inequalities in educational opportunities. It suggests that childcare and early intervention policies could be effective to reach this objective. Finally, the cross-country analysis attempts to uncover the role played by social and labour-market policies in influencing equality of educational opportunities, given the positive relationship between intergenerational and cross-sectional (income) inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Ethiopia, this consisted of: re-establishment and restructuring of EBI, establishment of biodiversity centres in regional governments, establishment of regional biodiversity units of the EBI, and the establishment of new ministries (Tefera, 2016). New ministries and agencies were also created in Peru, subsequent to the 2005 General Environment Act. These include the Ministry of the Environment, the Peruvian National Protected Areas Service, and the Agency for Environmental Assessment and Enforcement in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Results also point to the fact that symptoms and work functioning are two different areas, with betterment of work functioning lagging substantially behind symptoms’ improvement. This is significantly less than the 10 to 15-fold risk for serious and severe mental disorders, however, due to the much higher prevalence of mild and moderate disorders in the general population their overall impact is likely to exceed the burden stemming from severe mental illness. This was already found more than twenty years ago by Broadhead et al. ( Again, due to their high prevalence, the milder forms of depression accounted for a much higher amount of total disability days.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
We are currently witnessing a rapid rise in biometric security. Borders are apparently becoming ‘smart’, passports are becoming e-passports, and when you set out on your travels your data double is already at your destination. Access to airports and even continents will increasingly be determined not by your national citizenship but by the security of your identity. Biometric security has received little anthropological attention despite historical associations with the discipline. Here I wish to outline a brief genealogy of biometric security in order to argue that, beyond the apparent newness of the technology, key biometric technologies owe their origins to 19th-entury deployments and then as now they may be understood as a form of bio-governmentality in which the security of identity opens possibilities for population control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The private sector is increasingly pivotal to implementation. It is projected to experience a 17 per cent gap between water demand and supply by 2030. The risks associated with this growing gap and the pressures on supply from unprecedented environmental impacts are becoming a major concern to businesses in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
After 2003, the eph was carried our four times a year, with respondent households being surveyed twice in two consecutive semesters in year 1 and twice in the same semesters in year 2 and again in year 3 before being rotated out of the sample. This shift should make it possible to do panel data analyses of post-2003 labour market data. Fourth, we put both individuals (mother and synthetic non-mother) in a new sample of matched individuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nevertheless, while the acknowledgement of the importance of mainstreaming biodiversity and development is essential, specific objectives, actions, targets and indicators are required to provide clear strategic guidance to various stakeholders, and to enable monitoring of progress over time. In South Africa, for example, the overarching vision of the 2005 NBSAP is to conserve, manage and sustainably use biodiversity to ensure equitable benefits to the people of South Africa, now and in the future. Nepal’s NBSAP (2014), for example, recognises that mainstreaming biodiversity into development plans and programmes had been inadequate, being the priority of only the line ministry (the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation). As a result, the NBSAP lists priority actions for mainstreaming and identifies supporting institutions to implement these.6 In the Philippines, though there is a legal mandate to promote mainstreaming into development planning, the country’s Fifth National Report acknowledges that many of the NBSAP priorities had been reflected mainly in environmental and natural resources programmes, and that some of these envisaged interventions had never been implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The impact assessment undertaken in the course of options appraisal highlighted the challenge of quantifying the costs and benefits of the reform options, for several reasons. It requires an understanding of the long-term future scenarios to take into account risks of future water scarcity. It involves the representation of complex trading rules and environmental standards linked to continuously varying water resources. It also involves the representation of short and long-term decision making on water management in the context of uncertainty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Understanding the reasons for lack of adoption of broadband services will be essential for designing adequate policies to promote the development of broadband and ICT services over the next decade. Once nonadopters have Internet access available through either wireline or wireless networks, the cost of access and devices, digital literacy and relevance of services tend to be the main obstacles to becoming a subscriber. This is true in both developed and developing countries, as shown in Box 3.1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)