albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This solution may be appropriate for a specific bounded water body such as a lake or reservoir, where there are a limited number of identified polluters (typically industrial companies, wastewater utilities or mines) whose discharges have a clearly identifiable impact on surface water quality. Polluting agents (firms, utilities, etc.) Polluters w'ould be allowed to buy and sell these licences. The total volume of licences could be reduced overtime with the aim of reducing overall pollution. The latter would save money by buying licences rather than undertaking abatement themselves. In time, the desired amount of pollution abatement would gravitate towards “efficient” polluters, at a lower cost to society compared to the situation where every firm was obliged to abate, whatever the cost.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
SYNOPSIS: This commentary provides an overview of the case currently before the U.S. Supreme Court that alleges constitutional problems with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). The PCAOB, a Board designed to oversee auditing for publicly traded firms, was created by Congress when it passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (hereafter, SOX). To enhance PCAOB’s independence from political pressures, Congress established it as a private-sector, non-profit organization, and gave oversight powers to the Securities and Exchange Commission (hereafter, SEC), an independent agency. The plaintiffs in this case allege that Congress empowered the PCAOB with broad executive powers, yet limited the President’s ability to appoint Board members (thus violating the appointments clause of the Constitution) and to control and/or remove Board members (thus violating the separation of powers doctrine of the Constitution). The Supreme Court’s decision about the constitutionality of the PCAOB is important becaus...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The resulting development strategy combined centralized infrastructure planning with infant industry protection and, in the process, introduced a whole range of new planning techniques (shadow pricing, linear programming, etc.) Also, its emphasis on consumer goods industries seemed to ignore the opportunities for economies of scale in the production of capital and intermediate goods and the potential of tapping into export markets (Fleming, 1955, Sheahan, 1958). In India, for example, several studies have noted that underinvestment in infrastructure required for manufacturing sector (Ghosh, 2012, Simon and Natarajan, 2017) has constrained private investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Intergenerational earnings mobility is low in countries with high inequality such as Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and much higher in the Nordic countries, where income is distributed more evenly (OECD, 2008). The resulting inequality of opportunity will inevitably impact economic performance as a whole, even if the relationship is not straightforward. Inequality also raises political challenges because it breeds social resentment and generates political instability. It can also fuel populist, protectionist, and anti-globalisation sentiments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The state government manages the resources for the construction of those eco-tourism centres and provides technical advice as necessary. Agro-tourism and eco-tourism, for example, attract tourists who want to learn more about local culture and economic activities, thus providing a stimulus for farming and forestry and other environmentally-friendly activities. The experience of the Weissensee region in Austria is a good illustration of this compatibility. Likewise, a recent OECD review of Costa Rica highlighted the country’s development of a strong eco-tourism industry with wise management of natural resources and high positive impact on the incomes of local communities in rural areas. Weissensee is one of Austria’s most tourist-oriented communities in which agriculture is closely connected to the tourist industry. The agricultural landscape represents an important input factor for the production of tourist services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
United States - Peru FTA and the implementing legislation in Peru (Decreto Legislativo 1072, Article 5). ( Full text available at: http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements.) For more details, see P. Roffe and D. Vivas-Eugui, “A Shift in Intellectual Property Policy in United States FTAs?”, Bridges Monthly Series, Vol. Article 15.10.1(b) of the FTA United States - DR/CAFTA. Article 15.10(1) and (2) of the United States - Morocco FTA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Korea - another East Asian high performer in PISA - relies on the teacher candidate-selection process, pre-service teacher training and national evaluation process - all of which serve to ensure that only the best and the brightest join the ranks of teachers (OECD, 2014a). Similarly, Webb et al. ( Even when teacher quality is similar, the available evidence suggests that autonomy has a positive impact when it is given in return for accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Education and competencies largely determine the quality of a labour force. In a global economy that is becoming increasingly dependent on skills, countries with low'er skill levels need to develop their human capital and be more competitive. However, attempts to boost workforce skills through vocational training without considering how they interact with labour market developments and policies are likely to be ineffective (OECD, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Some stakeholders at the UNCTAD peer review meeting did not consider 90 days as being a reasonable period of time. Bayer and the United States Government quickly came to an agreement enabling the low-cost mass production of Cipro. In short, no state of emergency is ever needed as a procedural requirement for the issuance of any given compulsory license 438 A state of emergency constitutes one of the situations that will waive the prior negotiations requirement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Cross-country survey data suggest that these results are poor in international comparison and, despite the large number of hours dedicated to language learning in Finland, 28% of language course participants hold language skills at beginner level or less. This is comparable to countries, such as France, that dedicate far fewer resources to language training. Indeed, data from one language training provider suggest that while the majority of those from Estonia achieve the target grade of B 1.1 at the end of their language training, those speaking Arabic or Somali as their first language were most likely to attain only A2.2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the Argentinian scheme, for example, payments represented approximately 75 per cent of the monthly minimum wage up to 2002 but this gradually decreased to 10 per cent by 2010 as minimum wage levels were raised in subsequent years.78 Benefit adequacy was also a major issue in the first phase of South Africa's EPWP. There was no specified minimum wage and stipends varied widely across regions and sectors, with payments in the social programmes being especially low. In 2008/2009, the average rate for social sector work, where women dominate, was R43 (US$5.8) per day compared to R78 ($9.6) in the more traditional infrastructure components where men dominate.79 In the second phase of the programme, a minimum wage of R60 per day was introduced to address the low and varying benefit levels. This was also inflation-adjusted on an annual basis, reaching R66.34 ($6.9) in mid-2013. Public works programmes that only offer physically demanding work are also likely to exclude some women or put them at a disadvantage where wages are linked to workload. Social service work opportunities offered by the programme include care of young children and home-based care for people living with HIV.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By contrast, annual exit rates from benefit receipt are remarkably stable over the observation period, although they differ strongly across countries, ranging from 14% in Luxembourg to 43% in Latvia. In a comparison of entry and exit rates, it is important to keep in mind that the former are expressed relative to the (much larger) number of non-recipients while the latter give a proportion of recipients. A comparison of absolute numbers of benefit entries illustrates that rates of benefit receipt can rise despite very low entry rates of below 1 % from one year to the next (e.g. in Latvia and Luxembourg). More specifically, neither rates of benefit receipt nor transition rates into or out of benefit receipt change systematically across calendar months over the years of the observation period. Policy debates in many OECD countries evolve around a widespread perception that a sizeable group of SA benefit recipients relies on income-support payments for prolonged periods of time. If this perception were true, such long-term benefit dependence would raise doubts as to whether minimum-income benefit systems are successful at delivering the intended short-term protection against economic hardship while giving recipients support and incentives to quickly regain self-sufficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The following is a summary of the results: (1) The majority of school directors are men over 41 years old, with many years of teaching experience. ( Principals, managers, academic leaders, department chairs, and teachers can contribute as leaders to the goal of learning-centred schooling. The precise distribution of these leadership contributions can vary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
What lessons can be learned for risk mitigation and triggering of private investments? This section questions whether current mechanisms are sufficient to mitigate these risks, including the additional categories of risk found in emerging economies. More specifically, this section presents four examples of financing enhancement tools and their success: contingency financing through the implementation of a loan guarantee programme in China, an awareness and training campaign in India, a public/private partnership (PPP) through the development of a revolving fund in Thailand, and finally the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and its role in leveraging private investments in energy efficiency in reducing risks associated with Energy Efficiency. Again, results from local interviews and survey feed in the analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article examines the rhetoric around copyright and the regulation of digital rights management (DRM) from 2003 to 2006 in congressional hearings, in major newspapers, and on the most prominent relevant websites. The article describes a new combination of methods for identifying a set of online documents to compare with offline documents via content analysis. These three media present very different views of the copyright debate. Hearings present a rough balance of both coalitions' messages. Newspapers lean slightly toward stronger fair use but have little coverage. The online debate features a deluge of strong fair use arguments. These findings highlight different communication strategies and suggest broader lessons about the changing nature of policy advocacy and the policymaking process. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For these types of NDC, upfront quantitative information on the BAU emission level and the assumptions behind it is essential to understand what is being proposed. It would also be helpful to state if the baseline is fixed for the duration of the NDC, or whether it might be updated. Paragraph 31 calls for “methodological consistency, including on baselines, between the communication and implementation of [NDCs]” and paragraph 95(b) refers to “consistency between the methodology communicated in the [NDCs] and the methodology for reporting on progress made towards achieving [NDCs]” (UNFCCC, 2015a). The extent to which methodological consistency between the emissions baselines of different Parties is needed (i.e. via guidance for setting baselines) remains an open question. Subsequent reporting of any updates made to GDP or population projections since the submissions of the NDC would enhance understanding of progress made in implementation. Given the large number of different ways in which such non-GHG goals can be expressed, any further guidance on information to be provided for this type of NDC is likely to remain general.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Electricity markets in many OECD countries already allocate capacity payments of one sort or another (not all motivated by the impacts of variable renewables) and several others are considering it. One question that urgently needs to be addressed in the near future is the extent to which the combined impact of the compression effect and capacity markets affects different dispatchable technologies in different ways. The compression effect, for instance, will affect capital-intensive technologies such as nuclear more significantly than less capital-intensive technologies such as gas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The other refuted the idea of a subsidy, instead treating domestic work as essential to the reproduction of the labour force in societies of this type. Empirically, this means, for example, that if young men and women start by being equally productive in both spheres of production, gender discrimination in the labour market (which reduces women’s wages below their market productivity) will mean that women take on a larger share of domestic work and men a larger share of remunerated work in the market (Gardiner, 1997). Thus, surplus value is appropriated by the capitalists, who pay male workers a wage that is less than the value of their labour. The mechanism for this is the retention within the home of those aspects of reproduction and maintenance of the labour force that are not profitable either for capitalist production or for the State, in the event that the latter were to take on responsibilities in this area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The construction of the three power stations and dams in the area north of Vestmanna was done in the period from 1953 to 1961. The hydropower station with two turbines in the northern part of Eysturoy (Ei5i) was connected to the system in 1989 and extended with a third turbine in 2003. Their expected total lifetime is up to 100 years, so most of the plants still have many years of production left. The annual production of hydropower in the Faroe Islands is around 106,000 MWh (or 33% of the annual electricity consumption).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Criteria to prioritise investment projects include economic profitability, reduction of extreme poverty, regional development and concurrence with other investment programmes and projects (CONAGUA, 2008). However, the existing systems seem to support the selection of projects mostly within programmes and within sub-sectors and it is unclear to other stakeholders how the allocation across sub-sectors works. There are several examples of actions taken to reduce costs and increase the efficiency of public spending that could be replicated - such as taking advantage of economies of scale in the provision of water supply and sanitation services (see the benefits from the creation of a inter-municipal companies in Colima) or adopting appropriate technologies (e.g. rainwater harvesting in Oaxaca).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A nineteenth-century Mediterranean union: Michael Chevalier’s Systeme de la Medi-terranee. Infrastructure investment in Latin American and Caribbean countries remain below the needs of the region. Public infrastructure and regional growth: Lessons from metaanalysis. Assessing the impact of investment climate on productivity using firm-level data: Methodology and the cases of Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Policy Research Working Paper No. Robust methodology’ for investment climate assessment on productivity: Application to investment climate surveys from Central America.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2010/11, grants accounted for 19.1% of total revenue, by 2015/16, this had declined to 5.3%. By growing domestic revenues at a faster rate than grants are declining, Ethiopia is avoiding zero-sum domestic resource mobilisation, whereby countries do not have scope for higher public spending despite increasing their tax revenue because donors withdraw financial support at the same rate. Annual tax revenue averaged 78.2% and 86.1% of total government revenue and total domestic revenue respectively, between 2010/11 and 2015/16. Since 2011/12, non-tax revenue has been a more important source of revenue than grants although its level has fluctuated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Employment rates for Norway supplied by Statistics Norway. On average, German mothers would rather their partners worked approximately five hours less per week, w'hile fathers w'ould like to see their partners work three hours fewer per week (Chapter 4 offers a more detailed discussion of German fathers’ relatively long - and German mothers’ relatively short - working hours). These different gender preferences hold true for all countries but are more pronounced in Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom than, for instance, in Denmark, France or Sweden, where support systems facilitate fathers and mothers to realise w'orking hours in a less constrained manner. Promoting a better reconciliation of work and family life can deliver a double dividend to the German labour market: it will help the German labour market both in the short term - as more mothers work and/or work longer paid hours - and potentially limit the decline of the overall population, by promoting higher birth rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If these improvements would have taken place anyway, using them to offset biodiversity losses jeopardises the equivalence of an exchange. Conservation measures already required by law, such as noxious weed control, may be required even in the absence of offsets programmes, so allowing them to contribute to an offset overstates their actual contribution to conservation. The principle of ensuring that offsets comprise demonstrably new contributions to conservation is known as additionality (ICF GHK and BIO Intelligence Service, 2013). In the Netherlands, for example, the additionality of biodiversity offsets is a legal requirement under the Dutch Nature Conservation Act (de Bie and van Dessel, 2011) and in England, the Guiding Principles for Biodiversity Offsetting state that “offsets should not being used to deliver something that would have happened anyway.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Reducing non-renewable energy and resource use, reducing waste and pollutants, and reversing land degradation and biodiversity losses would then seem key to greening the economy. Technologies will need to undergo drastic changes so as to become more efficient in the use of energy and other resources and minimize the generation of harmful pollutants. Available from http:// sites.goog le.com/site/ econgeodata/maddison-data-on-population-gdp. According to the more cautious scenario, for CO, equivalent concentrations to be stabilized at 450 parts per million (consistent with the target of stabilizing global warming at a 2° C temperature increase from pre-industrial levels), the use of fossil fuels would need to drop by 80 per cent by mid-century.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Health care and education (excluding pre-primary education) are by far the most important components. In most countries, the imputed value of health care is higher than that of education, exceptions are Canada, Denmark, Ireland, Mexico, Norway and Poland, where education forms the largest category. The services for early childhood education and childcare increase household income on average by 2% but by more than 3% in Denmark, Finland, Hungaiy and Sweden. Long-term elderly care services raise incomes by 1% and are highest in the four Nordic countries and the Netherlands. In three countries, social housing increases household income by more than 1%, namely in the Czech Republic (1.2%), in Ireland (1.6%) and in the United Kingdom (2.5%) compared to an average of 0.4%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 outlines clear targets and priorities for action to prevent new disaster risks and reduce existing ones. In the latest reports (2017-2018) from 70 countries, 67 had strategies that were aligned to some extent with the Sendai Framework. The biggest challenges are investment in disaster risk reduction for resilience and promoting policy coherence between the SDGs and climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Many countries have introduced targeted support measures, not least for the unemployed (eligibility and duration of unemployment benefits). Such measures have probably mitigated the impact of higher unemployment on income inequality. This raises the question whether a temporary increase in inequality is best addressed by temporary measures, or whether the permanent framework policy settings are adequate. The OECD income distribution and poverty data do not cover the period after 2008 and work on this topic could only be undertaken in a few years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Dewatering" is the removal of water from solid material or soil by wet classification, centrifugation, filtration or similar solid-liquid separation processes. Gender refers to the roles and responsibilities of men and women and the relationship between them. These socially-determined roles are influenced by historical, religious, economic, cultural and ethnic factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Figure 2.14 shows the locations of accidents in the selected hotspots for 2009-13. The map depicts about 1 000 individual accidents (black dots) with overlaps when several accidents occurred at the same location. Dark blue lines indicate expressway and light blue lines national highways in 2012. For example, local governments responsible for the area where the hotspots are located are typically less affluent than other local governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
From 2004, this scheme provides a per-hectare grazing payment, taking into account livestock density relative to land vegetation cover, with the regions of Israel divided into four categories according to pasture richness. Herd owners must follow appropriate production practices and environmental criteria. The area covered by this scheme amounted to about 60% of total agricultural land area in 2008. Preliminary research suggests that such managed grazing regimes have helped support floral diversity (OECD, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
More than one-half million people of Korean descent reside in Japan today—the largest ethnic minority in a country often assumed to be homogeneous. This timely, interdisciplinary volume blends original empirical research with the vibrant field of diaspora studies to understand the complicated history, identity, and status of the Korean minority in Japan. An international group of scholars explores commonalities and contradictions in the Korean diasporic experience, touching on such issues as citizenship and belonging, the personal and the political, and homeland and hostland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It also benchmarks OECD countries in relation to their CVD and diabetes lifestyle rankings. The majority of CVD is caused by risk factors that can be controlled, treated or modified. These risk factors include high blood pressure, cholesterol, obesity, lack of physical activity, tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption. For example, estimates suggest that around 54% of the fall in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality can be explained by risk-factor improvements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)