albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This paper explores the constitutional dimension of comparative criminal law procedure in a European context. It does so by focusing on the European civil law traditions and by explaining how the impact of constitutional law reasoning has changed the criminal law landscape. The paper argues that the influence of European Union law and the European Convention on Human Rights regime together with other comparative law effects have led to an adapted version of the comparative law project, where the orthodox distinction between civil law and common law is largely erased. Specifically, the paper focuses on the question of fairness and justification in the criminal law process, the principle of proportionality and the notion of dignity in a comparative perspective. The paper draws on both doctrinal and theoretical examples.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Article 3 of Protocol No. 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights recognizes a right to compensation to the person affected by a firm criminal conviction later annulled for reasons unrelated to the convict. The present work explores the possibility that this right is also exercisable in the sanctioning administrative sphere, in particular, in relation to the annulment of firm administrative sanctions, as well as the consequences that this would have for the Spanish system of patrimonial responsibility of the Public Administration.   Received:  30 October 2018   Accepted :  21 November 2018  Published online:  27 December 2018
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In rural South Africa, mothers are "often demonised as deviant and negligent" through adolescents' accounts of how they became infected with HIV which they trace back to a mother's unplanned, unprotected sex and early pregnancy (Vale &Thabeng, 2016). In South Africa younger mothers were found to participate most and fathers least (Mmotlane, Winnaar & Kivilu, 2009). Gender also influences who adolescents live with: boys are more likely than girls to live with their grandparents, whereas girls tend to live with their siblings, aunts, uncles or other relatives, and in households headed by their husbands (Zimmer & Dayton, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The point of departure is based on what is considered to be of most importance in a Nordic context, such as aspects related to common natural resources, common resource use, common cultural and behaviour aspects and common governance aspects. Examples discussed have been tourism and recreation, forestry, including industrial to mountain forests (fjallnara skog), various agricultural activities, reindeer husbandry, aquaculture, fishery, marine areas and coastal zones, urban areas and urban sprawl. Also, marshlands (fens) and natural pastures of the fennoscandic type might be among those most important because they depend on the development trend in forestry and agriculture towards larger units and more intensive production. And common natural resource use, such as marine areas, and land use activities that also affect cross-border habitats of species, and ultimately ecosystem services. ( Effects of energy production and infrastructure, and invasive alien species might be aspects to include here. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The United States of America has always been a torturing state, but it has professionally institutionalized the practice only recently. Its political leaders offer denials, but blatant practices and tortuous legal arguments make the denials oxymoronic. The history of torture by the United States supports a more general theoretical proposition: the more states legislate against terrorism, the more likely they will use torture as an instrument of terror. Other examples of this proposition include Britain in Northern Ireland, Russia in Chechnya, and of course Nazi Germany. Terror legislation and torture can accompany an imperialist effort or internal national security regimes to suppress dissent. Both motives apply in the case of the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If investment inefficiencies - consumers and firms do not undertake privately profitable investments in energy efficiency - are the only market failure, the first-best policy is to address the inefficiency directly - for example, by providing information to imperfectly informed consumers. If there are both investment inefficiencies and energy-use externalities, then taxes should be used in combination with some welfare-improving energy efficiency policy (Allcott and Greenstone, 2012, Gillingham and Palmer, 2013). A clear, predictable carbon price is likely to be an important driver of change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, most local authorities do not abide by their own IDPs and can be easily persuaded to undertake an unplanned development project without assessing its potential impact (particularly since their environmental management capacity is very low). The absence of reliable records makes it almost impossible for the provinces to fulfil their constitutional role of oversight of local government on these matters. An EMF is a spatial planning tool that defines the conservation status of the area or its specific parts, environmental management priorities within the area, and the types of developments or land uses that may have a significant impact on the area or may be undesirable. In theory, the EMFs ensure the integration of environmental aspects into spatial planning, in practice, most local governments lack the capacity to make these tools truly meaningful. However, EMFs are currently not reconciling biodiversity conservation planning with development priorities in different programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This chapter explores the contradictions between the claims that biometrics will boost security and prevent identity theft, and the growing evidence of how, as more biometric documents are introduced, there is increasing e-crime that threatens personal identity and security, and collective security in the e-spaces of egovernment and personal life. It considers the impact on and ethical implications for society of widening biometric applications to daily life, and for those responsible for ensuring security and accountability as traditional controls are eroded. It concludes with a series of suggestions for avoiding dystopia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Coverage, however, is far from universal. In 2005, only slightly more than half of employees registered urban residents and only 15% and 36% of unofficial rural and urban employees had cover - a total coverage rate of just over 40% of the urban working population (excluding those engaged in agriculture). This scheme, together with the rural system, covered just a quarter of health care expenses in 2001. Outpatient costs are met through the individual’s medical saving account.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Tourism operations and facilities may also provide additional expertise and equipment to supplement that provided by emergency management agencies. For these reasons, establishing greater synergies between tourism and emergency management policies can help to minimise social and economic impacts of disasters and crises, and assist in community recovery and resilience, including the restoration of economic and social systems. The term ‘emergency management' is more widely used in government and at a policy level, while ‘disaster management’ appears to be the preferred nomenclature in academic literature and in some international organisations (e.g. UNISDR).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A regional strategy platform should be developed in the Galilee. The joint resources of the higher education institutions should be mobilised for the preparation and implementation of regional strategies. The capacity for regional engagement should be improved in the region among key agencies and higher education institutions through fora for communication where good practices can be fostered through targeted training programmes which focus on practical problem solving.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in theWest Bank under the terms of international law. Unemployment is high and the school-to-job transition process does not work well. Spending on education and active labour market policies are very low by international standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This tax measure was created in 1997, suspended in 2004 and 2005, re-established in 2006 (under severe public budget constraints imposed by the European Union) and reinforced in 2009. Previously only 50% of such expenditures were taken into account. Before 2006, the tax deduction was 100% and depreciation was 40:20:20:20.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The degree of CRRA of 2 is chosen for the entire simulation analysis. The results in Part II depend on this level of risk aversion. Some sensitivity analysis is presented in (TAD/CA/APM/WP/RD(2009) 14/FIN AL]. Since the first order conditions to maximize the expected utility lead to analytical expressions that are difficult to quantify, the analysis depends on simulation with an empirically calibrated model. The first step of calibration generates the multivariate normal distribution of uncertain prices and yields that have already been performed to simulate crop specific revenue in the previous section. The benefit from crop yield insurance strategy gt is the net of an indemnity receipt and insurance premium payment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Those found to be HIV-positive are not allowed on peacekeeping missions or other local deployments, but are allowed to remain within the Ghana Armed Forces and to continue to work for as long as they are able to.71 The soldiers and their families are guaranteed access to full medical facilities and treatment for opportunistic infections, as well as to ARV drugs. The policy also stipulates that all Ghanaian troops going on overseas courses must be HIV-negative.72 However, this policy negates the VCT principle advanced by the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. It is also a breach of the principles of human rights provisions that no one shall be subjected to medical test without her/his consent. This is a contentious issue because physical fitness is an essential feature of military service and HIV/AIDS without treatment erodes the physical fitness that military personnel are expected to possess.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They find that for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, involvement in managing country can result in confirmation of identity and cultural authority, social activities, building and maintaining relationships, provision of purpose, traditional education, and sharing knowledge, exercise and food. It is fundamental to health and embedded, with culture, in the way that health is defined. They stress that it extends beyond the aggregated well-being of individuals to more social definitions, embracing “the social, emotional and cultural well-being of the whole community” (p.23). This helps to shift the focus away from traits attaching to individuals and to look for well-being in the strength, vitality and sustainability of communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This chapter seeks to provide context and perspective. It begins by looking at demography in Germany and other OECD countries, with particular focus on fertility, family make-up, marriage and the rise of cohabitation. Section 3 addresses women’s role in the labour market. It finds that, although there has been strong growth in female employment over the last 15 years, German women continue to earn less than men and are all too often confined to part-time work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Ending impunity cannot be achieved by international criminal tribunals alone. Therefore, it is important that states will take a significant part in these efforts. The principle of complementarity is aimed to incentivize states to conduct domestic criminal proceedings against alleged perpetrators of international crimes. This paper calls for a broader examination of the way in which the principle of complementarity incentivizes domestic actors. It argues that beyond the potential positive effect of complementarity on domestic criminal law, the shadow of the ICC creates a negative incentive for domestic courts to intervene in constitutional and administrative cases that examine general conduct of hostilities cases. The paper demonstrates this negative effect by examining a shift in the attitude of the Israeli Supreme Court in conduct of hostilities cases. In addition, the paper discusses the ways in which domestic courts attempt to regain their reputation following their increased deference in conduct of hostilities cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The vast and growing amount of publicly available real-time information from social network services such as Twitter could provide many benefits for improving public health and safety, especially towards the area of crime prevention. While prior studies have leveraged such data to help in the prediction of criminal incidents, we have developed a crime investigation tool which utilizes Twitter data to aid in crime analysis. The tool provides contextual information about crime incidents by visualizing the spatial and time-based characteristics of a crime and its context using data from nearby tweets and from the criminal history of a target place. In addition, sentiment analysis is also carried out with the identified tweets to further examine the negative characteristics of the spatial areas related to the different crimes in question. A demonstration prototype of this tool was developed as a web application for the area of San Francisco.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
According to the OECD Demography and Population database, for example, in almost all European OECD countries, most immigrants are from Europe (OECD, 2018m)- Educational attainment of the native-born and foreign-born population should also inform policies related to human capital within these two groups. In some cases, similarities or divergences between the two groups can signal the need for formal and/or non-formal adult education programmes (see Indicator A7). Among 55-64 year-olds, there is a perfect gender balance in the percentage of men and women who are tertiary-educated on average across OECD countries. However, among the younger generation (age 25-34), a larger share of women than men are attaining tertiary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Ethical decisions are contextualized in the dialectic of a multidimensional system, including situation, setting, culture, and generation. There may be further gaps between the ethical considerations of professionals and folk values. The experience of promoting equal opportunities in Hong Kong illustrates some of these challenges. Whereas the rule of law under a Western legal system advocates human rights, the traditional emphasis on harmony and preference for balancing in conflict resolution underlie the gaps in the interpretation of these ideals. The case of the Hong Kong secondary school places allocation system highlights the conflicting perspectives of law, gender stereotypes, psychological knowledge, as well as ethical principles of justice and fairness in promoting equal opportunities in educational assessment and placement. The cultural perspective highlighted in this case illustrates the complex contexts of ethical decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This difficult policy challenge - diverting water to value-adding activities (including environmental services, see below) may require reallocation between water users (e.g. from farmers to cities). Some OECD countries are gaining experience with socially fair and politically acceptable approaches for achieving this. These include water abstraction licences which reflect scarcity, market mechanisms, e.g. tradable water rights, and information-based instruments (smart metering).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
From a purely accounting perspective, public investment refers to capital expenditure on physical infrastructure and soft infrastructure with a productive use that extends beyond a year (i.e., gross fixed capital formation, GFCF). However, the issues discussed in this chapter extend beyond the narrow definition of public GFCF, either because transactions could be classified as intermediate consumption (such as maintenance operations) or because the entity performing investments is outside the public sector from a statistical standpoint. Moreover, the infrastructure investments discussed in this chapter exclude publicly provided private goods such as education, health care and public housing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These gains were achieved despite the fact that West Germany had already made significant progress in improving its SWM practices and reducing landfill gas (methane) emissions prbr to 1990. The results show a potential 10 to 15% contributbn to reducing total national GHG emissions from improved SWM, including landfill mitigatbn and diversion, recycling and energy from waste. To help focus policy efforts, the total reductbn required by 2050 to achieve such stabilization was divided into seven equal parts, each of 1 billbn tonnes of carbon per year, known as 'stabilization wedges'. It has since been argued that reductions achieved through improvements in integrated solid waste management could roughly equal the reduction goal of one of these wedges.13 This suggests the potential to reduce current total GHG emissbns by around 14%, roughly in agreement with the independent German estimate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The former is generally associated with the opportunity cost, and provides an indication of the value of the water allocated to alternative users. Irrigation can affect the environment through its direct impact upon water resources, soils, biodiversity and landscapes, as well as its secondary impacts that arise from the intensification of agricultural production through the transformation of rain-fed land into irrigated land (EC, 2000). The list of regions or basins where problems related to excessive irrigated water use have been identified would be very long.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For example, the “New Rice for Africa”, a hybrid between Asian and African species, was bred to fit the rainfed upland rice environment in West Africa. It produces over 50% more grain than current varieties when cultivated in traditional rainfed systems without fertiliser. In addition to higher yields, these varieties mature 30 to 50 days earlier than current varieties and are far more disease and drought tolerant than previous varieties (WARDA, 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Amici curiae law professors filed this brief to urge the U.S. Supreme Court to affirm the decision of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals and not to import inappropriate administrative law deference principles into ERISA denial of benefit claims under Section 502(a)(1)(B). The brief argues that the Court should reject Petitioners' effort to engage in serial attempts to reinterpret its pension plan and also reject Petitioners' attempt to introduce administrative law deference into the ERISA benefit claims process. Such an approach would be inconsistent with the language and intent of ERISA and Supreme Court precedent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Under the transparency framework (Article 13 of the Paris Agreement) developed countries shall provide information on the support provided to developing countries. This shall be communicated biennially as qualitative and quantitative information. Importantly projected levels of public support shall also be included wherever possible, although not explicitly part of the transparency framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A study by Ouyang and Pinstrup-Andersen (2012:1456) on health inequality between ethnic minorities and the Han populations in China states, "Health and nutrition status in terms of height-for-age and weight-for-age actually improved for both the Han group and the minority group, but the improvement is much smaller for the minorities, and hence the growing health gap". Another study conducted in China has made similar conclusions and suggested that stunting, wasting and being underweight were distinct indicators of the nutritional status of children and chronic growth retardation is the major type of child protein-energy malnutrition in poor rural minority areas of Yunnan Province, China. The country has a small population of indigenous peoples, approximately 100,000 with most concentrated in two provinces in one of the world's poorest countries with low human development index (UNDP 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
I propose developing a critical theory of education for the new millennium articulating a metatheory for the philosophy of education and key themes of a democratic reconstruction of education. These include developing new literacies as a response to new technologies, a new critical pedagogy to meet the challenges of globalization and multiculturalism, and radical democratization to counter the trend toward the imposition of a neo-liberal business model on education. I argue that democratic reconstruction of education needs to build on and synthesize perspectives of classical philosophy of education, Deweyean radical pragmatism, Freirean critical pedagogy, poststructuralism, and various critical theories of gender, race, class and society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Both power plants draw water from reservoirs and their drainage basins include glaciers. Mel uses water from four reservoirs in Vetlefjordvass-draget. The drainage basin includes part of the glacier Jostedalsbreen. Water from three smaller magazines is transported in tunnels to Nedre Svartevassvatn reservoir which is regulated between 815 and 883 metres above sea level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The transition towards a green economy depends on the development of policies and market-based instruments that support further innovation and diversification in forest products markets. The EU Forest Strategy, international trade agreements and timber regulations can have significant influence, along with non-regulatory systems such as voluntary certification programmes, markets for ecosystem services, research findings, and green building innovations. Available at: www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2015/04/29/ justice-department-now-seeking-criminal-charges-against-lumber-liquidators-over Beveridge and Diamond. Lacey Act amendments impact wood products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In most other scenarios, the projected increase in world cotton price will be considerably smaller (Jales 2010). China has emerged as a major cotton importer, absorbing an increasing share of the C4 exports - 45 per cent in 2011 (Figure 7.12). Indeed, the hike in cotton price in 2011/12 is largely attributed to massive purchases by China to rebuild its national reserves even as global stocks increased and demand dwindled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article examines two key components of the Australian Government’s data surveillance framework and critiques their impact on journalistic confidentiality. The 2015 mandatory data retention scheme and the 2018 telecommunications industry assistance scheme have been the subjects of considerable controversy and ongoing parliamentary reviews. The combined effect of these provisions is that journalists are unable to confidently fulfil their ethical obligation to maintain source confidentiality. The article recommends targeted reforms to more explicitly and appropriately balance the public interest in journalistic confidentiality (and relatedly, democracy, public accountability and the rule of law) against law enforcement and national security objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)