albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The remaining one third of this funding was allocated to universities and applied sectoral science and research institutes through the MES, and organizations of central ministries and agencies (e.g. scientific research institutes under the Agrarian University) (Table 3.1). Universities and HEIs have additional (own) funds for science (extra-budgetary funds). The state budget for R&D currently amounts to around 0.1% of GDP, which is low compared to peer economies and means there should be a long term policy aspiration to increase R&D expenditure as a share of GDP (as per SDG indicator 9.5.1). An expert council was in charge of the project evaluations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Access to genetic resources by users must therefore be based on prior informed consent and equitable benefit sharing must occur on mutually agreed terms (hereafter PIC and MAT, respectively, Nagoya Protocol, Articles 5 and 6 (see Box 3 below) and CBD, Articles 15, 16 and 19). In accordance with Article 15, paragraphs 3 and 7 of the Convention, benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources as well as subsequent applications and commercialization shall be shared in a fair and equitable way with the Party providing such resources that is the country of origin of such resources or a Party that has acquired the genetic resources in accordance with the Convention. Such sharing shall be upon mutually agreed terms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This largely reflects investment support for constructing facilities to collect, store and process agricultural products. Environmental cross-compliance requirements are gradually emerging. The six SEE economies are relatively well integrated into the world trading system. All six economies are signatories of the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), through which they have achieved full tariff liberalisation on trade in agricultural goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Despite some challenges in addressing child maltreatment in international law, the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and related documents establish a framework for the protection of children, including the stimulation of more humane policies and practices and opportunities for engaging children as active members of the community. Concerned about the slow progress of governments in establishing national systems of support to protect children, the Committee on the Rights of the Child has adopted General Comment No. 13 to refocus child protection efforts on the prevention of child maltreatment. General Comment 13 provides guidance about the right to protection in the CRC and specific guidelines to help governments improve their effectiveness in preventing and treating child maltreatment. Among the recommendations of General Comment 13 is a focus on community-based child protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Therefore, tackling one factor in isolation from the others is highly unlikely to have the desired effect of reducing violence. On the contrary, it could be counterproductive and ultimately escalate violence. Despite significant improvements in a number of areas, the labour market gaps confronting young people in the LAC region continue to be wider than those in OECD countries and those of adults. Furthermore, progress has been uneven across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, if key elements of either approach are poorly designed or implemented their functioning and effectiveness can be undermined. Ideally the coverage should be as broad as possible to capture a diverse range of polluters. Indeed, an ETS works on the principle that mitigation is undertaken by firms with the lowest mitigation costs and total mitigation costs will be minimised with the broadest possible coverage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The term “social justice” implies there is an injustice, or unfairness, experienced among a potentially vulnerable population. A social justice lens requires acknowledgement and accountability of various disciplines, including political science, economics, sociology, legal, environmental, community accountability, health and human rights, for impartiality and equal opportunities and liberties for all members in society. Hence, the social justice argument brings to the forefront a change in historical ideologies of personal responsibility to the realities of constrained choices. This chapter describes obesity from a social justice perspective. Using John Rawls’ theories of justice, the obesity epidemic is re-articulated and provides a broader understanding on factors that impede sufficient access to critical resources, especially among the disadvantaged groups. This book goes beyond a recognition of personal attributes and endorses a more intellectual consideration of the worldwide obesity epidemic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, urbanization represents an additional challenge. Rapid increases in urban electrification rates in recent years have not matched the absolute increase in urban population, so that the number of urban dwellers without access to electricity has continued to rise. The continuation of such rapid urbanization, together with progress towards universal access, is likely to result in still greater pressure on the (already poor) T&D infrastructure, reinforcing the need for upgrading.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
With the growing global importance of China, Chinese organised crime has become a growing non-military threat to national and international security. Peng Wang focuses on the three dimensions of Chinese organised crime: the resurgence of the criminal underworld and rampant police corruption in mainland China, cross-border crime in Greater China, and Chinese organised crime overseas, including in the UK. The national, regional and international threats posed by ethnic-Chinese criminal groups require the law-enforcement agencies of both China and those countries hosting Chinese communities to improve their response strategies as a matter of urgency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are numerous other examples of increased rice production across Africa. For example in Guinea a new type of rice (known as New Rice for Africa, or Nerica) has quickly superseded other varieties. And since the launch of Uganda's Upland Rice Project in 2004, the National Agricultural Research Organization reports an almost nine-fold increase in the number of rice farmers from 4,000 in 2004 to over 35,000 in 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, the real significance of ICT for the SDGs is in helping to realise other targets. Digital technologies can contribute to the achievement of the SDGs related to infrastructure development (Goal 9 - Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation, and Goal 11 - Make cities and human settlement inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable). Satellites, drones and the Internet of Things can generate highly accurate, geo-referenced digital data about human settlements, providing the information needed for infrastructure projects that better match social and economic needs. These new technologies will contribute to guaranteeing access to energy for all (Goal 7). This is the essence of the "data revolution,” called for by the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons in their 2013 report. Some monitoring tools for tracking progress toward the SDGs are based on the use of big data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Equity can be used as collateral to leverage other forms of private finance, rather than as a way to finance long-term capital investments directly. When equity investors are private, however, that would usually be reflected in a higher cost of equity versus the cost of debt finance. Shares are either listed on a stock exchange (which can be referred to as the “listed equity model”) or held privately, by the founders and managers of the company or institutional investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, recent reports highlight both the continued role and the changing nature of conflict in obstructing the achievement of the education Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and EFA targets (UNICEF, 2009, UNESCO, 2011, World Bank, 2011). As a McKinsey report notes, ‘The quality of an education system cannot exceed the quality of its teachers’ (Barber and Mourshed, 2007: 13). Papers submitted for the Sixth Commonwealth Research Symposium on Teacher Mobility, Recruitment and Migration, held on 8-9 June 2011 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, suggested that there is very limited information on the role and status of teachers in emergencies, including teachers who are forced to migrate. Specifically, informants called for more studies into teacher development and training, teacher competencies, teacher retention, teaching for psychosocial wellbeing, the benefits of teacher training/capacity building, the morale and compensation of teachers, teacher certification in difficult environments, teacher management in emergencies and the identity of teachers (INEE, 2010c: 22).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This chapter examines the eight most common challenges addressed by green growth policy recommendations in OECD Economic Surveys, Environmental Policy Reviews, Investment Policy Reviews and Reviews of Innovation Policy (Figure 2.1).2 The challenges relate to implementing market instruments to price pollution and natural-resource use, orienting tax systems to advance green growth, designing environmentally relevant subsidies, and gearing sectoral policy towards green growth. Green growth policy design and mainstreaming are ongoing, the range of relevant issues is broad and the challenges countries face are different (Table 2.1). The eight most common challenges addressed in this chapter will not necessarily apply to all countries. Rather, they demonstrate where some of the main opportunities to accelerate and improve green growth policy implementation lie across countries. Other challenges remain relevant, depending on the country in question. To transition to a green economy, governments need to send consistent market signals that the cost of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions will gradually increase - otherwise companies will have little incentive to shift away from fossil fuels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Additional controls are income groups in 2000 as convergence terms, latitude, landlocked, rule of law, civil liberties, population size, trade openness, inflation, oil, natural resources, urbanisation rates, life expectancy, fertility, ethnic fractionalisation, religion, unemployment rates, gender gap in outcomes and regional dummy variables. For the sake of brevity, only the variables of interest are presented. Additional controls are income groups in 2000 as convergence terms, latitude, landlocked, rule of law, civil liberties, population size, trade openness, inflation, oil, natural resources, urbanisation rates, life expectancy, fertility, ethnic fractionalisation, religion, unemployment rates, gender gap in outcomes and regional dummy variables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The opposite phenomenon is observable for a number of Polish LUZs. Yet, Madrid experiences high levels of concentration for each type of pollutant as opposed to Estonia which records a low level of pollution. Figures 3, 4 and 5 highlight the importance of understanding the differences across pollutants as some areas are very affected by one pollutant and much less by others. Furthermore, Table 2 below shows that the correlations between pollutants do not exceed 0.5 which is relatively low. Derived from CORINE Land Cover (CLC), UMZ data covers the whole EU-27 at 200-meters resolution for those urban areas that are considered to contribute to urban tissue and function. Geospatial data on land-use for each urban area are obtained by superimposing the LUZ boundaries and the UMZ spatial data, for each LUZ, data collected on urbanisation allow the study of different components of urban form: number of fragments, share of artificial area, share of agricultural area, share of wetland, share of forest area, population density, population decentralisation (with respect to the core city) and the LUZ surface.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The TALIS average, however, masks significant differences between countries. Also includes hours worked during weekends, evenings or other off-classroom hours. The sum of hours spent on different tasks may not be equal to the number of total working hours because teachers were asked about these elements separately.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Lower autonomy and higher job demands increased the association of several chronic health problems (mental illness, circulatory diseases, MSD, diabetes) with sickness absence (Leijten et al., An international study shows that diabetes is significantly associated with a 30% increase in the rate of labour-force exit across the 16 countries studied, and at the national level, this association is significant in 9 of 16 countries (Rumball-Smith et al., The association between diabetes and employment varies by disease gravity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In Germany, 5.8% of families practice such a “reduced-fulltime-plus-part-time model”. The male breadwinner model is the most widely practiced by couples in most Southern European countries, with the exception of Portugal, where both partners usually work over 40 hours per week. The combination is also widespread in Norway, France, Finland, Denmark and Belgium.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These programmes also include co-ordination activities that in particular focus on linking institutions and facilitating dialogues between different actors. Finally, there are several examples of projects that include climate research, such as the development of climate change scenarios, impacts and vulnerability assessments. It should be emphasised that the distribution of project and programme activities does not necessarily respond to the general approach of the six agencies, but merely reflects what was observed in the sample.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Monitoring has also been developed, in particular with a requirement for quarterly publication of waiting lists by all public health care providers. The legislation led to a large reduction in waiting times (Vuorenkoski et al., Waiting times for hospital treatment have shrunk spectacularly, with the number of patients waiting more than 180 days falling from close to 10 000 at the end of 2007 to around 1000 in spring 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The metropolitan municipality, as the sole local government in such provinces, took on the local government services for the entire province. It is responsible for rural and urban administration, and 77% of the total national population lives within the metropolitan boundaries. Technically and for economies of scale, it is necessaiy to plan and manage the services for the entire uiban space.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Les politiques fiscales jouent un role crucial a cet egard. La theorie fiscale, mais aussi les faits empiriques observes, de plus en plus nombreux, laissent penser que bon nombre de pays pourraient parvenir a une croissance des revenus a la fois plus forte et mieux partagee. Or, il semble qu’ils hesitent, pour un grand nombre d’entre eux, a restructurer de fond en comble leur fiscalite pour atteindre cet objectif d’une croissance plus soutenue et plus inclusive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Data refer to 2006 and 2011 for Chile. Recent years saw a rise in the fraction of workers who earned the minimum wage, from 6% in 2007 to 11.3% in 2011. This suggests that the minimum wage has become increasingly binding, and further increases of the minimum wage risk reducing employment among current minimum wage earners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The challenge is to gear innovation systems so that they both accelerate innovation generally and directly promote green technologies and processes, through a “system innovation” approach that addresses specific market failures, but also responds to demand-side issues such as consumer and household acceptance (e.g. through information provision) and institutional resistance (OECD, forthcoming b). Flexible policy signals that address the externalities associated with environmental challenges are essential in order to generate market demand for green innovation, for example, carbon, water and waste pricing induce potential innovators to seek out the most cost-efficient way to reduce environmental impacts. Well-designed performance standards can also induce innovation. Targeted innovation-support policies can be challenging to design, due to difficulties in determining technology maturity and future commercial potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is of particular concern where groundwater provides a major share of drinking water supplies for both human and the farming sector (Chapter 9 and OECD, 2010a). Water stress is based on the ratio of total water withdrawals (across all uses in the economy, including agriculture) to total annual renewable freshwater availability. For most OECD countries this ratio is low and below 10%, but some countries are experiencing medium water stress above 20%, where water supply and demand needs to be managed to resolve conflicts between competing uses (OECD, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A steering group has been formed to prepare an implementation plan for a campus forum to plan for a whole institution approach to environment and sustainability. The project integrated environmental ESD into a number of courses, and provided an interdisciplinary environmental education elective for pre-service teachers. The project also implemented a number of other activities aimed at action-oriented learning and campus greening.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The short-term intermittency of wind and solar plants puts great demands on the dispatchable providers of residual demand to vary substantial portions of their load in very short time frames. The ability to follow load will become an increasingly important criterion to choose between different back-up technologies. In this context, only nuclear and hydro do not emit any greenhouse gases during electricity generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As of 2018 Spotify has 170 million monthly active users (MAUs), up 30 per cent from the previous year. This is divided into 75 million premium subscribers (up 45 per cent from 2017) and 99 million advertisement-supported MAUs (up 21 per cent). Advertisement-supported MAUs continue to see strong growth in Asian markets, particularly in mainstream markets in Japan and newly launched markets such as Viet Nam and Thailand. Figure B.32 shows that 60 per cent of Spotify's monthly active users and its paying subscribers reside outside of Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This makes the analysis of time use patterns and the role of bargaining power vital for understanding household dynamics and women's labour market participation in China, these insights will contribute to the development of policies that promote gender equality and improve women's well-being. More specifically, we examine whether women's relative bargaining power decreases their time or share in domestic and care work. We focus on a sample of 13,505 couples drawn from die 2008 China National Time Use Survey (CTUS) data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Peruskoulu required that teachers, who had previously worked in very different schools, had to now all work in the same type of school with students with diverse abilities. This meant that teachers needed new instructional methods, they needed to design learning environments that enable differentiated learning for different pupils, and they needed to perceive teaching as a top profession. These expectations led to a wide-scale teacher education reform in 1979 that emphasised Ihe professional development and research-based learning that have been the key drivers of Finland's rapid educational improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This also requires progress towards a more inclusive, flexible and responsive multilateral system. Developed economies expanded at a steady pace of 2.2 per cent in both years, and growth rates in many countries have risen close to their potential, while unemployment rates in several developed economies have dropped to historical lows. Among the developing economies, the regions of East and South Asia remain on a relatively strong growth trajectory, expanding by 5.8 per cent and 5.6 per cent, respectively in 2018.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Increased uptake and use of data to inform decision-making and ensure accountability will be crucial for achieving SDG 6. Achieving universal access to safe and affordable drinking water requires extending access to the 844 million people who still lack even a basic water service. It also requires progressively improving the quality of sen/ices for the 2.1 billion people who lack water that is accessible on premises, available when needed and free from contamination. Universal access also implies providing access in services in schools, health-care facilities and other institutional settings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is partly because students in general programmes are more likely to continue education after they graduate from secondary school. This gap is particularly large in countries where the training offered is of poor quality and is badly monitored (OECD, 2014c). For VET students, this is the case for learning at work, problem-solving and self-organising skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The federal level also has primary responsibility for dealing with pandemic disease, rail or air accidents and major incidents related to forestry. All Lander have enacted legislation and established administrative structures to define responsibilities at local, district and state levels. Emergency relief is largely supported by organisations of trained volunteers. Over 400 000 people in Austria volunteer for disaster relief (BMASK, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
At the same time, these simulations indicate that production shocks may be foreshadowed by the impact of climate change in vulnerable areas. Unlike the simulated shocks, which were implemented in three regions, climate change affects all countries and regions, so the effects on competitiveness are likely to be different. Furthermore, because climate change affects not only water but also temperature it is projected to have stronger effects at least in some countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This, indeed, is one of the main justifications for the imposition of different forms of mandate by higher-level governments. Local authorities are likely to underspend on services or investments that generate benefits for the wider region (positive spillovers) and may be too ready to pursue development or other investment choices that generate negative externalities for their neighbours. Collaboration in such circumstances is one of the major reasons why public investment, in particular, may require a multi-level approach, with a degree of leadership from more senior levels of government (OECD, 2013c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
We can use the multipliers of table 3 to derive the predictions of table 4. The analyst can use the predictions from table 4 to address two questions of policy interest. Second, what would be the likely impact of the chosen investment on the welfare of the rural poor, rural non-poor, urban poor and urban non-poor before and after the policy is implemented?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In this scenario there is long-term structural unemployment, while employment rates among women have fallen back from their 2010 peak. Out-of-work poverty, however, is of the most concern to policy makers, with long-term unemployment particularly worrying. Most of the poor are in chronic poverty and find it hard to escape their situation. Unemployment leads to deep and long-lasting poverty, which produces long-term scarring effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)