albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It also offers vocational training for women in the handicrafts sector, and provides technical skills upgrading to female workers in some sectors. Of these trainees, it is expected that 10% to 15% will start their own business. It is also developing training modules for women in Gharbia, based on the ILO’s Know About Business (KAB) course.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, the UNEP International Environmental Technology Centre, associated with the Global Environment Center in Osaka, has organized international collaboration programmes in the focus area of sustainable production and consumption, especially eco-town promotion in Asia. A publication on eco-towns in Japan (GEC, 2005) shows a step-by-step flowchart for stimulating the roles of legislation, strategic policy-making, finance, capacity building and technology development and transfer among stakeholders, including universities. The centre maintains a database on environmental management and technology, which is focused on CP, eco-efficiency, zero emissions and environmental management. Recently, ICETT has become involved in reducing the energy consumption of Yunnan and Gansu provinces in China, and in the glass and beer industries in Viet Nam, by improving energy efficiency and offering training opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Yet, inequality in income may also affect inequality of opportunity, if for instance access to education, health care and other services and goods affecting present and future capabilities depend on income.6 Then, income inequality may become entrenched and an increasing share of it will be due to inequality of opportunity. Wilkinson and Pickett (2010) reviewing thirty years’ research maintain that more unequal societies have worse health outcomes than more egalitarian ones in addition to more acute social problems such as a lack of community life, violence, drug abuse and large prison populations. Overall, an assessment of the empirical literature on the link between inequality and health for rich countries suggests that the evidence is still inconclusive (Leigh et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Food Safety and Animal and Plant Health Programme provides services for the food safety and animal and plant productive projects, that help farmers to deal with livestock diseases and plagues that may affect the crops, avoiding further spread and financial losses. Commercial farmers also receive an implicit subsidy through preferential rates of electricity. Electricity is used in agricultural activities particularly water pumping for irrigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
With value attributed to women’s time, households are more likely to choose more efficient technologies with shorter cooking times and reduced fuel gathering requirements (Ekouevi and Tuntivate, 2012). India, Indonesia, Maldives. Nepal, Sri lanka, Thailand and Timor-leste. Data are from the Global Health Observatory data repository, "Household air pollution burden of disease by WHO Regions, 2012", available from: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.HAPByCAUSEBYREGIONANDWORLDTIang-en.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
But rural households are also involved in a range of economic activities, and in some areas farming is not the principal activity of the poor. Thinking in terms of assets and livelihoods suggests that there are multiple paths out of poverty (Ellis, 2000, OECD, 2010). As summarised in Foster et al. ( The first set of constraints involves household assets, such as land, livestock, machinery and related productive assets, and less-flexible assets such as education levels and health of family members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
By law, local authorities must balance their budgets (i.e. they cannot run a budget deficit). The amount of operating incomes must be higher than the amount of operating expenditures and by law, local authorities must balance their budgets (i.e. they cannot run a budget deficit). Local authorities can only borrow funds in order to finance their investments—this is known as the “golden rule” (Box 1.8). In 2013, borrowing by local authorities in France amounted to 7.3% of total revenues (at EUR 229.6 bln) (Government of France, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The inability to meet international quality standards has been identified as one of the main constraints to economic diversification by countries, donors and South-South partners in the 2019 aid-for-trade monitoring exercise. A diagnostic tool to identify weaknesses in the quality of infrastructure, such as that developed by UNIDO, could help countries comply with the requirements of the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement and Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) Agreement for trade facilitation (Box 3.2). Building supply capacity, producers can compete with imports and meet a large share of domestic demand. The expansion of the manufacturing sector as well as related agricultural and services sectors contribute to a rise in income, which further increases the volume of demand and creates demand for new and more sophisticated products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, it is weaker than the probit formulation as by using district level data it does not capture all the individual factors in the probit model. The model has been tested for basic OLS assumptions and accordingly adjusted for heteroskedasticity. The large size of the sample of about 120 000-150 000 observations allows for testing with various sub-groups without losing degrees of freedom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The authors of the essays in this collection, all internationally recognised refugee scholars and practitioners, look at the controversial "hot" topic of refugee rights. They consider whether, 50 years after its agreement, the Refugees' Convention can provide an adequate framework for protection. In particular, the authors address: the effect of globalization upon the human rights of asylum seekers and refugees, the efficacy of the Convention as an instrument of international law, the role of the UNHCR, whether NGOs are effective instruments for change, and nationality and citizenship issues. They also consider alternatives and options for solutions to the global refugee problem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Reducing corruption in the telecommunications sector requires licensing reforms. Liberalisation ignored known risks of corruption in both developing countries and in the telecommunications sector, allowing bribery, cronyism and nepotism to enter and to flourish. A discussion of past and present corruption is essential, with politicians and CEOs setting a new, clean “tone at the top”. Public registers of the beneficial owners of operators are vital, without shell companies or nominees, including minority partners. Failure to disclose this information must carry penalties. Many countries require support to combine anticorruption effort with telecommunications sector policies and regulation. All countries must enforce obligations under the UN Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) to criminalise domestic and foreign corruption, creating the capacity to investigate and prosecute.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Korea is one of the world's most volatile areas, not least because traditional UN mediation and peacekeeping missions are impossible. Having intervened in the Korean War on behalf of the southern side, the UN is a party to the conflict, rather than a neutral arbiter. The situation is particularly problematic because political interactions are characterized by a high degree of state-control over security policy. In both parts of the peninsula the state has, at least until recently, exercised the exclusive right to deal with the opponent on the other side of the hermetically divided peninsula. Given these domestic and international constrains, alternative approaches to conflict resolution are urgently needed. The recently proliferating literature on human security offers possible solutions, for it urges policy makers to view security beyond the conventional military-based defence of the state and its territory. Using such a conceptual framework, the essay assesses the potential significance non-state intera...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Washington, D.C., Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), 2006, G. Standing, “Conditional cash transfers: why targeting and conditionalities could fail”, One Pager, No. Bertranou, 2008, ECLAC, 2006, 2008a, Filgueira, 2007, Ribe, Robalino and Walker, 2010, Sojo, 2009, 2003). Social pensions are transfers (defined benefits) for old age or disability, which the State provides to those who have not worked in the formal labour market or who have paid no contributions during their working lives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Frequent lack of consultation of other line ministries, The private sector and other non-state actors. The effectiveness of Cambodia’s mainstreaming efforts have been attributed to strong government leadership, a movement away from projects towards the SWAp model, generous funding through a multidonor trust fund (MDTF), co-ordinated donor support and private sector involvement (Haddad 2009). Throughout the process, the Ministry of Commerce engaged line ministries through trade SWAp working groups (ibid.). Particularly important was the prime minister’s explicit support. Substantial investments in needs assessments frequently do not translate into the actual direction of programming, as donors often support projects that may not address the most binding constraints to trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In contrast to international good practice, the NAICM project has not only been granted authorisation without a solid and publicly available sustainable ground transport access plan, but has initiated construction bids without this planning instrument. This has raised justified public concerns about the impact of the project on congestion, air quality and accessibility. The Ministiy' of Agrarian, Territorial and Urban Development (SEDATU), the national agency in charge of urban transport policy, hired experts to address surface transport access.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A new national social protection strategy was approved in 2016, however, it does not have a strong focus on urban areas. For example, instead of door-to-door visits to identify and register eligible households, the programme was advertised in the mass media and applicants had to queue at recruitment offices. Initially, payments were the same for rural and urban beneficiaries, but an urban-adjusted benefit was introduced in 2009. Urban beneficiaries were also given bank cards and collected their cash from ATMs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Bargaining” models attempt to account for other factors, such as power differentials within the family and the possible effects of the threat of divorce (see Lundberg and Poliak, 1996, for an overview of this literature). These models assume that partners still work together up to a point, but also compete and negotiate over roles and resources based on their relative bargaining power. Men’s higher eamings, together with other resources such as education, often afford them greater say in decisions and allow them to opt out of less desirable tasks like housework, even if it is not efficient for tire family.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Barkawi and Laffey engage with Hardt and Negri's Empire as a reminder of what an institutionalised Anglo-American tradition of international relations theory misses or misconstrues when it focuses on the logic of the modern states system. Like Barkawi and Laffey, I am unpersuaded by the claim that `a global order, a new logic and structure of rule—in short, a new form of sovereignty' has emerged. However, Barkawi and Laffey avoid engaging with the primary theoretical moves enabling this claim. These moves connect a claim about immanence in the philosophical struggles of early-European modernity with a claim about the imminence of a new form of political order arising from a process of internalisation of the interstate system. It is because this relationship is not placed under suspicion that Hardt and Negri over-interpret many important observations within an updated but conventional, and unsatisfactory, account of a universalising history.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The indicator poverty rate simply reflects the proportion of children that does not meet the established threshold for the particular indicator. The domain poverty rate is consequently constructed along the lines of the union approach as aggregation procedure, considering a child to be poor in a particular domain when they are poor with respect to at least one of the individual indicators within that domain (Atkinson, 2003, Alkire and Foster, 2008). Consequently, the domain poverty rate represents the proportion of children that is poor within that domain, given the union approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This, however, is also not satisfactory as the average will still be affected by sequences that are not appropriate given the tax-benefit structure in a given country. Likewise, the redistributive power of benefits is determined by comparing Ginis of market incomes and market incomes plus benefits. This approach is used for Canada, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom. This approach is used for Australia, Czech Republic, Germany, Israel, United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Its capacity' is in urgent need of expansion, and service fee structures should be put on a solid financial foundation, so that the adequate revenue is raised. Solid waste management is yet another untapped area of “green” potential for the BMR. Introducing w aste-to-energy plants is a good option and should be accelerated and scaled up. Recycling and composting has great potential, but improving w aste source-separation is critical.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, using the number of actors as an indicator of fragmentation can be misleading, there are several examples of highly fragmented policy-making contexts (e.g. federal countries such as Argentina and Brazil) where the multiple actors and layers usually perceived as obstacles to policy coherence are compensated for by sound co-ordination mechanisms that reduce the level of fragmentation (see Chapter 3). A relevant example is Chile (Box 2.3), where eight central agencies are involved in water policy design and implementation. The role of such agencies in addressing institutional fragmentation will be further developed in Chapter 4. These characteristics consist of the following: predominance of natural monopolies, territorial anchor at the local level, large sunk infrastructure investment needs, high distribution and transport costs, many externalities in different policy areas and high demand for technological know-how and expertise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The lack of poor-friendly services at the facilities is another major factor impeding access to services. The health service institutions, particularly the public facilities, are allegedly not poor-friendly for a few reasons. In part, the service providers are not properly educated about patients’ rights, as this vital component is missing from the medical training curricula, doctors are also apathetic about their duties due to low salaries and a lack of incentives. Another reason may be that the facilities are overcrowded (due to the lack of a referral system), which overburdens the providers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The A start an Opportunity programme targets NEET youth aged 16-25 who have completed compulsory education and hold at most an upper secondary qualification. The programme allows youth to choose among the following options: fully subsidised work experience for five months, training in information and communication skills and integrated counselling including vocational guidance and job-search training. Notably, the conversion of unemployment benefit payments into wage subsidies launched in 2004 was extended to public sector employment in order to offset very weak job creation in the private sector in the context of the economic slowdown.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In smaller communes where the local government has few resources and limited capabilities the prefet can have a direct role in land use decisions, because they have the resources of the national state to support their decision while local officials have limited analytical capacity. In rural areas this asymmetry in capacity can lead to asymmetries in power. Today these decisions have been devolved to local councils at the commune level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Despite some local successes, biodiversity is on the decline globally and this loss is projected to continue. Continuing uiith business as usual may have far-reaching adverse implications for human well-being, security and economic growth. This chapter summarises the considerable benefits and often hidden values of biodiversity and the ecosystems of which it is a part.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Eventually, however, the reduction in costs and market penetration of renewables leads to a sharp decline in fossil fuel prices. There is a high degree of international cooperation to achieve sustainable development goals. The signs of global warming continue unabated and climate concerns rise to the top of the international agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
On the other hand, if the technique used to provide the funds limits the willingness at the sub-national level to raise its own revenues, and increases its dependence on transfers, laws and legislation can serve to widen the funding gap. With respect to the capacity gap, legislation can be used to help establish frameworks or parameters that build sub-national capacity by allocating competences and resources. If it helps to define roles and responsibilities clearly, legislation can overcome problems of duplication and overlap. Assigning tasks, rather than allocating funding, can be a better way of managing problems of resource allocation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Climate finance is increasingly being channelled through complex networks of financial intermediaries, and there are significant difficulties associated with tracking and assigning private climate finance (Caruso and Jachnik, 2014). In particular, development co-operation providers’ efforts to improve the environmental performance of businesses often involve working through intermediaries such as banks, businesses and professional associations, as well as companies with extensive supply chains. Similarly, a review of multilateral climate funds found five different routes to mobilise private investment, comprising a combination of intermediaries (Whitley, Chiofalo and Barnard, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They may also reimburse the costs of seeing non-NHS providers. About 30% of the schemes have different coverage, leading to some level of competition in the market. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, some insurance schemes excluded coverage of medications that were not reimbursed by NHS, but the extent of coverage for outpatient and inpatient care was generally maintained. Private health insurance is mainly used by a few large companies to make employment contracts more attractive - almost all the privately insured are employees of these companies. Local governments and other public entities also offer private health insurance to their employees, but the coverage of benefits typically more limited. The European Union, for instance, provided EUR 250 million for improving health system infrastructure and EUR 60 million for human resource projects over seven years up to 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is clear though that, in order to solve air quality problems, regional and transboundary policy coordination remains necessary. Local actions are an effective means of improving air quality but these need to be supported by regional and national (sectoral) emission reductions. To tackle this, reduction of NH3 emissions is required, especially in areas where other pollutants are in excess in the atmosphere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Canada and France are two of the few countries where mortgage interest payments are not deductible from personal income in the calculation of tax liability.3 Mortgage interest deductions are phased out in the United Kingdom, and Finland and Ireland are eliminating them gradually over time. In all countries, governments were advised to either take steps to tax imputed rent, or to eliminate the deductibility of mortgage interest. First, property taxes tend to be unpopular, and the political economy challenges surrounding any increase in their share are obviously delicate.4 Where property taxes are an important source of local government revenue, policy recommendations to national authorities to effect a revenue-neutral shift toward property taxes ought to be accompanied by compensatory schemes that are feasible within the country’s intergovernmental fiscal framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These can be minimized by properly assessing future needs. The relationship between technology and educatbn in the context of the labour market has been depbted as a "race between educatbn and technology", in which “if workers have flexible skills and if the educational infrastructure expands sufficiently, then the supply of skills will increase as demand increases for them" (Goldin and Katz, 2007:26). The rapid pace of technological progress and increasing instability in the labour markets thus requires education policies to react with agility, while education and training systems may require significant transformations. Many countries are witnessing skills shortages in the field of digital technologies and many employers report difficulties in filling high-skill vacancies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The TPCM applies to projects that are: implemented by central or local governments (or private actors relying on public funding), have a construction period of two years or longer, and incur costs of at least KRW 50 billion (about USD 47.5 million) in the case of civil engineering projects or at least KRW 20 billion (about USD 19 million) in the case of architectural projects. Under the TPCM, the project is not allowed to increase construction size through design modification (unless it is inevitable), construction costs are not interchangeable between project phases or between construction units, and any project adjustment deemed inevitable must be subject to consultation between the ministry in charge of the project and the MOSF. The MOSF is responsible for conducting the PFS and it is evaluated by the PIMAC within the KDI (Public and Private Infrastructure Investment Management Center within the Korea Development Institute), an independent evaluation authority established in 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The next section assesses progress made on each of the targets with sufficient data. North Africa has made the most progress in reducing poverty globally: between 1990 and 2012, poverty rates declined by some 70 per cent. Africa (excluding North Africa), on the other hand, continues to face significant challenges in this regard and has the highest poverty rates in the world, with rates of more than 40 per cent in 2012 and 2013,' second only to Oceania (see FIGURE 2.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 2009, more than 33 000 NGOs were registered, providing services in several areas, with many focusing on environmental issues (USAID, 2010). Environmental NGOs cany out awareness-raising, training and educational activities but also organise public campaigns and represent individuals and citizen groups in disputes over public or private decisions that affect public health or environment. The NGOs have joint communication and co-operation platforms, with Ekoforum being one of the most active.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)