albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Abstract   In the spirit of the 25th anniversary edition of  The Leadership Quarterly , as the world's premier outlet for leadership research, we have reviewed qualitative and historiometric research across those 25 years. Qualitative research is a complex and cluttered area of scholarship. This is not because there is an inherent confusion about it. Rather, it is because ‘qualitative’ research is a cover-all term for a wide range of research strategies, paradigms, parent disciplines, sources of data, and methods of analysis for them. More so than in previous journal review articles, we explored variation in qualitative analysis as well as variety in qualitative data. In terms of methodologies, our efforts concentrated on case study, content analysis, grounded theory and historiometrics. We also examined trends toward post-positivism, post-modernity and liquid modernity, and their resultant benefits for researching leadership. Future directions for leadership research are posited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Lisbon’s integrated economic strategy (2011) promotes Lisbon as one of Europe’s most competitive, innovative and creative cities, aiming to create new and alternative forms of employment for all its residents in response to the economic challenges. Type I cities (ageing cities with slow population growth) need to consider how to increase the employment of young and older people to boost economic growth and increase local revenues. Type II cities (young cities, ageing rapidly) have to weigh carefully the benefits of increasing the employment of older people without sacrificing job opportunities for young people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Following a second reform in 2007, firms with 50 or more workers now have to hand over the severance contributions to the government, which subsequently makes severance payments to the worker. Accordingly, they encourage employers to invest in their workers' training, which increases their productivity and employability. Other positive effects of more permanent labour relations include greater trust, cooperation and loyalty between the two parties, in addition to stimulating team spirit, which could generate higher productivity and facilitate the introduction of new technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Ghana's Supreme Court recently held that the regulator of the legal profession violated the country's constitution when it imposed extralegal admission requirements on LLB degree holders seeking entry to the School of Law. Nevertheless, the court relied on the prospective overruling doctrine to issue consequential orders that allowed the regulator to persist with its unconstitutional actions and left the constitutionally-injured students without a remedy. Judges employ the prospective overruling doctrine when they invalidate prior statutes or precedents while simultaneously limiting the effect of the new rule to future cases. Here, however, the court did not invalidate a statute or a precedent, mooting the issue of the temporal effect of a new rule. Rather, the court found that the regulator's actions had violated the constitution and it misapplied the prospective overruling doctrine to validate the violation. Consequently, the court's consequential orders undermined its declarations of unconstitutionality, rendering the latter inconsequential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The index presents a rich data set to identify and analyse global innovation trends. Other countries and areas in the region that ranked highly in the index in 2015 were Hong Kong, China (eleventh), the Republic of Korea (fourteenth), New Zealand (fifteenth), Australia (seventeenth), and Japan (nineteenth). At the other end of the scale, countries in the region that ranked poorly among the 141 countries analysed were Myanmar (138th), Nepal (135th) and Pakistan (131st).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In effect, the minimum age of marriage is 21 years. Furthermore, any person who plays a role in early or forced marriage of a minor is liable to a term of imprisonment of six months, according to Article 195 of the Organic Law instituting the Penal Code. The 1988 Civil Code contains provisions related to marriage. Where the challenge is based on the fact that either or both spouses were not of age at the time of the marriage, such a challenge can be brought by the spouses, by any interested party, or by the Ministere Public.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It should be noted that growth of TFP has been stronger in agriculture than in the economy as a whole over the last two decades. For example, in 2001-09 agricultural TFP growth was 3.7% per year compared with 2.1% for the whole economy (Fuglie, 2012 and OECD, 2010a). Since 2005, the value of agro-food exports has been consistently more than twice the value of agro-food imports and its share in total exports increased from 11% in 2000 to 21% in 2010. Palm oil and natural rubber alone accounted for 60% of total agro-food exports in 2008-10. Asian countries are the main export destinations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
When disease becomes a threat to security, the balance between the need to fight the disease and obligation to protect the rights of individuals often changes. The COVID-19 crisis shows that the need for surveillance poses challenges to the right of privacy. We focus on the European Union (EU), which has a strong data protection regime yet requires its member states to exchange personal data gathered through contact tracing. While public authorities may limit the right to privacy in case of public health threats, the EU provides little guidance when such limitations are proportionate. To define standards, we analyze existing EU case law regarding national security measures. We conclude that on the proportionality of contact tracing in the EU it is difficult to reconcile public health measures and individual rights, but guidance can be taken from understandings of proportionality in the context of security, particularly in the current COVID-19 emergency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Among the population of 15 and older the average number of years of schooling is 10.2 for Arabs and 13 for Jews. Nearly half of Jews have 13 or more years of schooling compared with fifth of Arabs. Dropout rates for Arab students in 9th and 11th grade were 8.1% in the mid-2000s compared with 3.9% for Jews (OECD, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In some situations the regulator can ask to suspend manoeuvring, for example if the physic-chemical characteristics of the core indicate a leak of a fuel element or another malfunction. Load following operation is implicitly permitted by the licenses, and has been practised since many years, in fact from the beginning of operation. License conditions describe the permitted rates of power change, the maximum frequency of power variation and further operational details. Requirements due to “conditions of safe operation’’ give additional constraints on load following operation, i.e. conditions arising from measures on fatigue safety.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, as highlighted in Chapter 2, the gender pay gap often increases once education is accounted for. Context specific factors - not only women and men's varying levels of education, but also related to types of employment, hours worked, and institutional and policy environments - can also make cross-country comparisons of the unadjusted pay gap difficult. Household surveys usually include questions for women about decision-making at the household level, which provide valuable insights into women's voice and agency in their daily lives. Women's political participation, however, is currently measured using the percentage of women in national parliaments, which does not reveal anything about the impact of women's representation on policy or about women's decision-making in other spaces, including in local governments or civil society organizations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Criminal laws and other legal restrictions dis-empower women, who may be deterred from taking steps to protect their health, in order to avoid liability and out of fear of stigmatization. By restricting access to sexual and reproductive health-care goods,services and information these laws can also have a discriminatory effect, in that they disproportionately affect those in need of such resources, namely women. As a result, women and girls are punished both when they abide by these laws, and are thus subjected to poor physical and mental health outcomes, and when they do not, and thus face incarceration’ (ibid.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This result should be interpreted with care. Mexico’s relatively low gender pay gap also likely reflects selection effects around the relatively small share of women whose expected payoff incentivises participation in the labour market. A recent decomposition of the gender wage gap in Mexico attributes about half of the gap to differences in women’s and men’s endowments (including human capital) and employee characteristics, the other half remains unexplained (De la Cruz Toledo, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
On the other hand, rural development measures are focused much more (to the extent of 70%) on modernising farms and maintaining agricultural activity than on protecting the environment (Table 2.6). The premium for maintaining the countryside and landscapes is intended above all to prevent the conversion of permanent prairies and pastures into cultivated lands, and hence to preserve farming activity (with additional compensatory payments for agriculturally less favoured areas). It involves little in the way of ecological targets or measures for achieving them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, much research is needed to better understand the driving forces, motivations and success conditions or performance of migrant women entrepreneurs. Sometimes ethnic characteristics are prominent in their behaviour, at other times gender-related characteristics determine their attitudes. Here, the critical question is: Does this dual effect bring about double barriers or more opportunities?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For those who are better off, low levels of maternity pay force women who can afford childcare back to work quickly after childbirth and, as women now take shorter periods of time off to have children, they find that they have improved their position in the labour market. While governments are keen to support childcare, particularly for the least well-off, there is a trade-off between using state funds to improve the quality of care and improving the affordability of care for all. While the former has been shown to improve social mobility, subsidising care is an important anti-poverty tool because it boosts women’s employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Consideration of the tariff equilibrium fund should help address cost-recovery problems, e.g. with regard to higher service costs in areas with low population density. Any action in this field cannot be separated from the development and application of efficient territorial planning instruments, so as to prevent current expansion of residential and industrial areas in a scattered and disorderly way that would make water and wastewater infrastructure planning difficult and costly. Preliminary goals were established, together with timetables for their achievement and implementation mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The 20-20-20 targets oblige the countries of the European Union to reduce by 2020 their carbon emissions by 20% from 1990 levels, to increase their share of renewables in energy to 20% and to increase their energy efficiency by 20% also from 1990 levels. Yet, one needs to be careful not to privilege this dimension to the exclusion of all others. A cautionary example is provided by the otherwise interesting and well-informed presentation by Professor John Gittus, Lloyd’s of London, with the title Keep the Lights Burning. Insisting heavily on future turmoil in the Middle East and future interruptions of Russian gas, he raises the spectre of a return to “three-day week” in absence of drastic action and predicts a blackout in the United Kingdom by 2025 with a 75% loss of electrical power lasting more than one day with “2 to 5% probability” (Gittus, 2004, p. 7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Despite lower borrowing costs, subdued private investment conditions have kept overall investment stagnant at about 15% of GDP for the whole year. Meanwhile, the trade deficit widened in 2015 as exports declined, mainly due to lower cotton prices. Nonetheless, favourable workers’ remittances helped narrow the current account deficit, and foreign exchange reserve rose to an all-time high of $20.8 billion at end-2015. Downside risk includes slower growth of workers' remittances as economies in the Middle East, the major destination of Pakistani migrant workers, continue to face lower oil revenue and subdued economic activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
One of the three main focus areas is early warning. For this reason it is important to build multi-hazard systems whose value can be demonstrated more regularly. Early warning systems for geophysical and hydrometeorological hazards, for example, have many components that can be shared - both for technology and human resources (Figure III-4). Integration can not only reduce costs but improve performance. As of 2014, the total annual cost to operate and maintain the IOTWS was approximately $90 million.39 To make the IOTWS more sustainable the members are taking a multi-hazard approach and have recommended that governments enshrine their financial commitment in legal frameworks and long-term policies. A.R. Subbiah, Lolita Bildan and Ramraj Narasimhan, 2008. "
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Overall budgetary transfers in the PSE database (Section 2.4) include, in principle, central budget transfers and funding from external donors (bilateral and from international banks) but does not include local co-financing as there is no data on this. The allocation of DAK funds has not been entirely transparent. The allocation mechanisms set forth in the regulations are not yet well understood by many regional governments (ADB, 2010). Plantation SOEs were originally established in 1958 when the government nationalised the Dutch plantation companies. The current number of 15 is the result of a series of mergers, based on geographical location, undertaken by the government to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the SOEs. Perum is the abbreviation for perusahaan umum, meaning public corporation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Proceedings of an OECD Workshop. Effects of productivity shocks and export restrictions on welfare and food supply in Japan”, Food Policy, Vol. The Political Economy of International Trade Law. Essays in Honor of Robert E. Hudec, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Paper prepared for the conference on “Challenges Facing the World Trade System” organized by J. Bhagwati, P. Krishna and A. Panagariya, Columbia University, New York, and Johns Hopkins University (SAIS), 29 September - 2 October, Washington DC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These factors include resource-based and geographic conditions, the relative maturity of the sector, capital cost and size of the investment projects, lack of institutional track record and the role of government policies. For example, the countries with the best wind conditions in Europe are France, UK, and Ireland (with Denmark and Germany being the largest wind power producers). Austria, Finland, Sweden, and Italy are among those with good conditions concerning hydro energy generation (Reiche and Bechberger 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Governments should also take care not to impose burdensome and unnecessary regulation that may actually inhibit investment in broadband, impede competition, and limit the introduction of new networks, services and applications. Many of the successful deployments of new services and applications have been facilitated because they fall outside the regulatory regime or because regulators have opted not to regulate these services. Making the case for broadband and ICTs also involves stimulating demand for ICT services by adopting policies directed at making ICTs affordable for large parts of the population (e.g., low-cost terminals, and reduced taxation of ICT equipment and services) and promoting the creation of relevant and compelling content (e.g., developing digital literacy programs, e-govemment, e-health, and e-learning initiatives).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Social capital: A shared understanding of (public) interest and the presence of trustworthy relationships among involved actors are important for the co-creation of policies, as they enable stakeholders and policy makers to overcome barriers to collective action. However, participatory governance is predominantly based on an administrative representation model, meaning that there is a central role for the representatives of school boards. Legally, they are one of the components of the quality triangle already mentioned in Chapter 3. In the Decree on Inspection and Support of 1991, the learning plans of education providers are positioned as an important link in the chain from attainment targets to class practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
New valuations will be implemented and updated every second year starting in 2020. The new tax system replaces a nominal tax freeze of property taxation with proportional taxation, maintaining a progressive element for the most valuable homes. No changes have been made to mortgage interest rate deductibility. Households with debt-to-income ratios above 400% are required to fix interest rates for at least five years if the loan-to-value ratio is above 60%. Thus, locally there are some concerns whether house prices are increasing faster than warranted by disposable income growth and low interest rates, thereby elevating debt-to-income ratios for new homeowners (Systemic Risk Council, 2017[i6i). This prompted the authorities to tighten financial regulation by reducing access to risky loans for households with high debt relative to income from January 2018 (Table 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Against the backdrop of this conceptual framework and the available data, domains and indicators were consequently selected on the basis of the extent to which they offer a clear and widely accepted normative interpretation, comply with universality and rights principles and allow for cross-country comparisons. Table 2 presents the selected indicators within their domains. It also has to be noted that the indicators included in the multidimensional poverty measure reflect the situation at the time of the survey. The poverty measures employed in this paper constitute poverty headcount rates at domain level (referred to as domain poverty rates), which builds on the poverty headcount rates at the level of individual indicators (indicator poverty rates).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Formally, such system effects are externalities, whose textbook definition is “an effect that is not accounted for by the one who causes it”. The essence of an externality is the lack of reciprocity between those who are affected by them to those who cause them. Usually markets establish such feedback mechanisms (“I give to you, you pay me, I receive from you, I pay you.’’), In such cases, the price mechanism is incapable of organising the usual reciprocal exchanges between those who create a good or a bad and those who enjoy it or suffer from it. Consequently, negative externalities are over-produced and positive externalities are under-produced. In the case of system effects in the electricity sector, the relative newness of the issue, the lack of firm information and the lack of an appropriate allocation of responsibilities all have contributed to a situation, in which system effects in the electricity sector are part of a general “entropy of costs”, where costs rise and profits fall without reasons that are clearly identifiable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It sets out the overall “roadmap” for the three years ahead, with a focus on the school’s key priorities and action plans. It is conceived as a living document that all school staff will use as a reference point in evaluating, developing and improving their work. It is the duty of each school’s Board of Governors to ensure that training and development needs that are identified through PRSD are reflected in the SDP and that corresponding opportunities for professional development are made available to all teaching staff. For example, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Israel, Korea and Poland have established appraisal processes specifically designed to make promotion decisions and Chile, Korea and Mexico have developed explicit reward schemes to compensate high-performing teachers through rewards or one-off salary increases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It introduced the Ordinance 22/2008 on energy end-use efficiency and promotion of renewable energy source utilization by the end-consumers based on EU Directive 2006/32/EC on the energy end-use efficiency and energy services, envisaging the establishment of a legal framework for the development and application of the national energy efficiency policy. In its present form the law translates the provisions of the Directive 2009/28/EC into internal legislation. It ensures co-financing of the projects whose direct beneficiaries are the local public administration authorities relating to the following types of investment objectives: rehabilitation and modernization of the district heating systems, thermal rehabilitation of certain public buildings and modernization of interior and exterior public lighting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The proportion of women in paid employment outside the agriculture sector has increased from 35 per cent in 1990 to 41 per cent in 2015. Over the period 1991-2015, the proportion of women in vulnerable employment (being a contributing family worker or an own-account worker) as a share of total female employment has declined 13 percentage points, from 59 per cent to 46 per cent. In contrast, vulnerable employment among men has fallen by 9 percentage points, from 53 per cent to 44 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, these results only indicate the existence of some sort of collaboration, not its frequency or intensity. Nevertheless, they are noteworthy because most innovation is incremental and involves small-scale change which would not necessarily require collaboration with universities and government research institutions. There is also considerable diversity, in all countries with available data, large firms report more co-operation with higher education or government institutions than SMEs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This report examines the situation in Canada with respect to child poverty, material deprivation affecting families, and the well-being of children and adolescents based on indicators available for comparative analysis. It also reports on policy developments to understand child poverty trends and identify some policy directions that can help reduce child poverty in the future. The report is organised as follows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, a dilemma arises in terms of monetary policy in the face of subdued economic growth, high inflation and the risk of further currency depreciation. Poverty has recently increased in the Russian Federation and could rise further amid a prolonged period of economic downturn. Although infrastructure connectivity has improved in recent years, reforms to create vibrant business support services to complement a high value-added manufacturing sector are needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)