albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The company currently serves about 300 000 residential and 15 000 non-residential customers, with 51 service-centers and employing around 2 400 staff members. The company receives loans from the European Investment Bank (EIB), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and Asian development Bank (ADB) for rehabilitation projects. The company services about 400 000 customers throughout Tbilisi, including 2 000 public and 15 000 commercial organisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The report found that progress in agriculture had reaped very unequal benefits and had come at high social and environmental costs. Considering that arable and permanent cropping systems of the world have the potential to sequester an estimated 200 kg of carbon/ha per year and pasture systems 100 kg of carbon/ha per year, together they could contribute to a total of 2.4 Gt CO -eq per annum of the world’s carbon sequestration. A minimum scenario of conversion to organic farming would mitigate no less than 40 per cent of the world’s agricultural GHG emissions. When combining organic farming with reduced tillage techniques, the sequestration rates on arable land could easily be increased to 500 kg of carbon/ha per year. This optimum organic scenario would mitigate 4 Gt COs-eq per year or 65 per cent of agricultural GHGs. Another approximately 20 per cent of agricultural GHGs could be reduced by abandoning the use of industrially produced nitrogen fertilizers, as is practiced by organic farms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Two examples are provided to reflect its economic and social aspects, the willingness to pay principle (WTP) and species-specific conservation. The conservation potential of ecotourism is described in terms of its benefits in minimising direct resource extraction, and contributing differently to social development, mainly through employment generation with specific benefits for women. An added aspect is its potential for fairer benefit-sharing among stakeholders, often an incentive for local people to conserve (Gautam 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Concepts such as “quality of government” and “good governance” refer to a desired character of the exercise of public authority. Recently the interest in good governance, the quality of government, and similar concepts has increased considerably. However, despite this increasing interest and use, an adequate definition of the concept of quality of government has proved difficult to find. This article criticizes recent attempts at such a definition and proposes an alternative, more complex definition that includes moral content and also encompasses a plurality of values and virtues at its core. An acceptable definition of the quality of governance must be consistent with the demands of a public ethos, the virtues of good decision making and reason giving, the rule of law, efficiency, stability, and a principle of beneficence. The article describes these components in detail and the relations among them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As discussed above in relation to biogeographical regions, the Nordic countries are nested social ecological systems. The Nordic Assessment should raise awareness of shared environmental issues and contribute to the better articulation of policy across the entire region. Furthermore, this regional assessment will be relevant to the European Union's on-going efforts to map and assess the state of ecosystems and their services in national territory [MAES] which is of importance for the Nordic EU countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
By motivating and supporting their students to learn and adapting their teaching methods to particular needs of immigrant and refugee students, they can help improve academic and well-being outcomes of their students. They need tools and guidance to help them adapt their teaching strategies to the needs of immigrant and refugee students. In Sweden, schools have considerable decision-making autonomy, in particular in pedagogy and curriculum implementation and resource management. They are thus key actors in reducing the gap between immigrant and native students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Unless specified, data in Figure A are for 2013 and d in Figure B are for 2012. The author would like to thank Alvaro Pereira, Robert Ford, Vincent Koen, Margit Molnar, Andrzej Kwiecinski and colleagues from the OECD’s Trade and Agriculture Directorate, Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry and Environment Directorate for valuable comments on earlier drafts. The paper also benefitted from the comments of officials from the Chinese government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It also will require international cooperation to ensure investment in infrastructure and technologyto improve agricultural productivity. However, an estimated 11.9 per cent of the population are still undernourished, Sustainable Development Goal 2 on eradicating hunger by 2030 therefore poses particular challenges in Asia and the Pacific, the most populous region of the world. The estimated proportion of the global population undernourished has fallen to less than 11 per cent of the global total in the period 2014-2016, despite a population increase of nearly 2 billion people globally over the last 25 years, 218 million fewer people now suffer from undernourishment than was the casein 1990.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At the same time, research emphasises that the benefits from early interventions are conditional on the level of “quality” of ECEC children experience. Starting Strong III: A Quality Toolbox for Early Childhood Education and Care has identified five policy levers that can encourage quality in ECEC, brining positive effects on early child development and learning. The OECD Secretariat would like to thank the national co-ordinators, Viera Hadjukova and Marcela Hanusova, for their work in providing information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, the yearly number of severe accidents substantially increased in non-OECD countries whereas it remained stable or decreased within OECD member countries. While the first had practically negligible radiation-exposure related health and environmental consequences, the two others had significant radiation-exposure related health and environmental consequences, and all three had from small to very large social and economic impacts. The Chernobyl accident, for instance, caused 31 immediate fatalities, and approximately 6 000 thyroid cancers (fatal in 15 cases).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These types are investigated in chapter 5. Most of the initiatives aim at the first part, namely reducing C&D waste quantities. However, if an initiative covers more parts (i.e. it aims at combining reductions in amounts, environmental impacts or hazardous waste quantities), it offers a more comprehensive solution to waste prevention objectives and is, therefore, prioritised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Part-time wage differentials are related to the extent to which part-time workers are concentrated in low-wage occupations. Evidence suggests that much of the wage difference between part-time and full-time workers is explained by differences in workers and jobs, with differences in job characteristics such as occupation or sector being by far more important, and that the wage penalty might be small but rises over the working life, as a result of lower experience levels and accumulated human capital (Hirsch, 2005, Bardasi and Gomick, 2008, OECD, 2010). The under-investment in human capital associated with short-term contracts can give rise to lower wages for temporary workers. Another possibility is that workers accept lower wages with the expectation that this would be followed by more stable careers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The lowered biomasses and fragmented habitats resulting from the impacts of fishing are predicted to lead to local extinctions especially among large, long-lived, slow growing species. Key ecosystems are those ecosystems for which it is most important to measure changes in extent, or those ecosystems for which it is possible to measure changes in extent. In many countries, coral reefs contain rare or locally endemic or threatened species, are of particularly high species richness, represent rare or unusual habitat, are severely reduced in area relative to their potential original extent, are under a high degree of threat, and/or are of high actual or potential economic importance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The digital divide between developed and developing countries remains wide in terms of access to broadband services and e-commerce platforms, quality of infrastructure and legal framework. On average, services firms are more intensive users of digital technology than manufacturing firms, while high-tech firms are more intensive users of industrial robots than services or low-tech firms. Despite these challenges, it is possible to illustrate the current state of the digital economy using available statistical and anecdotal evidence and to make inferences about its likely future direction. The US International Trade Commission (USITC) offers a similar estimate of US$ 27.7 trillion for global e-commerce in 2016, up 44 per cent from 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The breakdown for OECD and non-OECD countries is shown in Table 10. The cost curve does however include a measure for replacing coal by biomass in several processes in the chemical industry, which is likely to capture much of what is needed for the current solution. The cost may in fact be a good deal less since more of the biomass used in the pulp and paper industry will be waste, but we use the McKinsey cost here as a conservative estimate. This includes a blend of new build and retrofit costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The upside is that in most economies in the subregion there is adequate room for fiscal and monetary policy support. This transition is indeed positive as long as progress that has been made on social development is not reversed. A more challenging situation could arise in such neighbouring countries as Mongolia, which has relied on China’s demand for minerals to fuel its economic expansion in past years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Purpose – The paper seeks to document attitudes and patterns of behavior in Pakistan's criminal justice system over the past 30 years.Design/methodology/approach – A conceptual discussion and approach are taken following extensive interviews, conducted in 1992‐1993, with members of the police, judges, civil service bureaucrats, torture victims, psychiatrists, political detainees, criminal lawyers and others.Findings – The patterns of behavior are longstanding and deeply rooted despite periodical changes in political leadership. Cynicism about law enforcement is widespread throughout the country and much crime goes unreported as a result. There is a lack of faith and support for police officials and legal safeguards for criminal suspects are often ignored.Originality/value – The conditions in Pakistan's criminal justice system are explained theoretically with reference to the concept of hegemony in Pakistan's prevailing political culture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This institutional organisation affects policy coherence. Water quantity management spills over and is affected by choices made in other policy fields (i.e. agriculture, energy, urban development, public finances), which are often responsible for growing pressures on water resources. The multiplicity of actors involved in water management at central level, and the lack of institutional incentives in Korea (e.g. common objectives, performance indicators, etc.) On the one hand, this approach is well-suited to provide access to bulk water at the same price across the nation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Source: Authors’ calculation based on WIOD SEA data. This allows facilitates an investigation into differences in changes in inequality across different parts of the wage distribution (which the Gini measures does not allow). At the top end of the distribution (r90t50) inequality is falling for emerging economies and rising for developed countries. In contrast, inequality seems to be falling at the bottom end of the distribution (r50t 10) for developed countries but rising for emerging economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These papers are generally available in the original English or French, with a summary in the other language. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authors. Working Papers describe preliminary results or research in progress by the author(s) and are published to stimulate discussion on a broad range of issues on which the OECD works.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Intelligent transport systems and automated driving are fast moving towards widespread commercialization and market acceptance. High levels of automation - the penultimate step to fully automated driving-are expected on the road by 2020 and hold great promise to improve road safety, reduce congestion and emissions, and increase the accessibility of personal mobility for the elderly and persons with disabilities. The Symposium on the Future Networked Car brought together representatives of the automotive and ICT industries, governments and their regulators, and motor sport and international automobile associations, to discuss the status and future of ICT's integration in vehicles. The international symposium examined advances in the area of connected vehicles, from the perspectives of business, technology and regulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, Permaculture Timor-Leste, or Permatil, has promoted permaculture methods to improve household farming, and the Ministry of Education has formally adopted a school gardens programme to encourage children to take an interest in food production (Wigglesworth 2016) (box 3.3). They have been instrumental in widening social inclusion, community participation and community decision-making, which are fundamental for meaningful citizenship. Article 138 of the Timorese Constitution recognizes the importance of co-operatives and guarantees their development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For example, a comparatively high share of 15-year-olds say they feel like they ‘belong’ at school (80%, compared to an OECD average of 73%), and a relatively low share report being the victim of bullying at least a few times a month (12%, compared to an OECD average of 19%). Average scores on the OECD’s PISA reading and mathematics tests are also high in comparison to many other OECD countries, and a very high share of 15-year-olds say they expect to complete a university degree (75%, versus an average of 44%). Moreover, despite the highly competitive education system, only a moderate share of 15-year-olds in Korea report feeling anxious about school tests even when well-prepared (55%, the same as the OECD average). However, teenagers in Korea are less likely than their peers in most OECD countries to say they are very satisfied with their life as a whole, and are more likely to report being not satisfied. Only 19% of 15-year-olds in Korea report high levels of life satisfaction (compared to an OECD average of 34%), while 22% report low life satisfaction (versus an average of 12%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The OECD’s Policy Framework for Agricultural Investment (PFIA) seeks to help countries identify their specific requirements. Smoother functioning of world food markets will require efforts at the multilateral level. Some gains can be achieved at the regional level, but there would be wider benefits from WTO members addressing the Doha Development Agenda and successfully concluding the Doha Round of trade negotiations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For the sake of brevity, only the SIGI and measures of gender inequality in outcomes are presented. Column (1) only includes the SIGI and regional dummies. Columns (2)-(4) include the complete sets of control variables (including income groups in 2000 as convergence terms, latitude, landlocked, rule of law, civil liberties, population size, trade openness, inflation, oil, natural resources, urbanisation rates, life expectancy, fertility, ethnic fractionalisation, religion, unemployment rates, gender gap in outcomes and regional dummy variables).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A new set of indicators is currently under development See: http://sd.defra.gov.uk/progress/national/annual-review/. The report includes a suite of 68 National Indicators, although none of them report specifically on the social aspects of forests. Progress is tracked by 7 Purpose Targets and supported by 16 National Outcomes, and 45 National Indicators. The indicator of most relevance to recreation and tourism is 6.10: Accessibility for recreation and intensity of use (Area of forest and other wooded land where public has a right of access for recreational purposes and indication of intensity of use). The 40 indicators cover a wide range of aspects of sustainable forestry in the UK, and are grouped under six themes, including "People and Forests:" http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/ahen-5hzd3r.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
That review has been informed by a range of inputs from ITU and other UN agencies, including a comprehensive assessment of progress towards the WSIS targets, the Final WSIS Targets Review, published by the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development in 2014 (Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development, 2014a). The ICT Development Index (IDI), which combines data concerning ICT access, use and skills in an overview assessment of national ICT ecosystems, is reported on in Chapters 2 and 3, while the ICT Price Basket (IPB), concerned with affordability, is the subject of Chapter 4. The remainder of the present section briefly summarizes information society developments since WSIS and during the past year. The second section introduces the Connect 2020 Agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the second stage, residuals obtained in the first stage are used to build a consistent estimation of a variance-covariance matrix, thus relaxing the independence and homoscedasticity hypothesis. The second-stage estimator is asymptotically more efficient than the first-stage estimator. The GMM system thus reduces the problem of estimation bias, as there is a one-period lagged dependent variable on the right-hand side of equation (8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The result is that Poland has the longest waiting times in the EU for health care interventions such as cataract and joint replacement surgery, such as cataract and joint replacement surgery (Figure 14). Specialists may have an incentive to maintain waiting lists to boost demand for their own private services paid out-of-pocket by patients, and the practice of double employment is fairly widespread and poorly regulated in Poland (European Commission, 2016). For example, waiting times for some specialities can be up to 12 months in some regions (Kowalska et al., In addition, the share of patients waiting for a neurology, ophthalmology, cardiac, endocrinology or orthopaedic appointment in 2014 varied almost three-fold across Poland's 16 regions (World Bank Group, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Some tax reforms appear to be win-win options - improving growth prospects while narrowing the distribution of income. Many, however, may imply trade-offs between these objectives. Following the same approach as for labour market, product market and education policies discussed above (Table 5.2), these complementarities and trade-offs are drawn out in Table 5.3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Why do policies with the stated purpose of protecting national security often exclusively target non-citizens as security threats? This article examines how prevalent ideas about security and citizenship impact on the rights of non-citizens through an analysis of the Canadian security certificate procedure and the Supreme Court’s decision in Charkaoui. A multidimensional understanding of citizenship and statelessness shows that the security certificates detainees share complex vulnerabilities that remain unacknowledged in Charkaoui. Instead, Charkaoui reiterates and exploits the detainees’ rightlessness by placing them outside of Canadian society and investing them with a fictional agency in choosing between detention and deportation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Production is expected to pick up in 2020 (IEA, 2019). The generally ample supply of key staples like rice, coupled by a continuation of support measures in many countries, should help to keep food prices stable for the rest of the year. While El Nino poses risks to agricultural production this year, the impact has been generally mild thus far. The continuation of price support and similar measures should also limit a base effect induced inflation push.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
More precisely, special attention is being paid to initial training, among other aspects. Future teachers at these levels must acquire four-year bachelor’s degrees, which mean a one-year extension in teacher education. However, Spanish universities must draw' up the programmes for initial teacher education in accordance w ith the guidelines set by the Spanish Government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There are also significant variations among types of users within the same city. In most cities, industrial and commercial users pay significantly more for water services than domestic users - in Mexicali, an extreme case, almost six times as much. In many cities, tariffs are increasing above inflation rates. In 2006-2007, in a sample of 32 cities, water tariffs increased above inflation (3.8%) in 22 cities - in 4 cities the increase was below inflation, in 5 cities there was no increase and in 1 city there was a decrease (CONAGUA, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Annual data therefore tend to give overestimates of the degree of persistence in benefit receipt, and this effect is sizable when benefit spells are short and repeat benefit receipt is common. Month-to-month entry rates into benefit of around 0.4% to 0.6% in Norway and Sweden are substantially higher than those for Latvia, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, which fluctuate around or below 0.1 % (top-left panel of Figure 8). This is in contrast to results in Figure 7, which showed that annual transition rates did not vary much across countries towards the end of the observation period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Under apartheid entrepreneurship in the African population was deliberately suppressed, and it will need fostering for some time to come. Some platforms like the UYF already exist to provide credit and services to young entrepreneurs. Together with rigorous evaluation of these activities, the resources allocated to such programmes might be increased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This chapter examines the Rwandan war with a view to understanding how these peacemaking efforts failed in such emphatic fashion. It evaluates the unsuccessful attempts by local regional actors to design enduring cease-fires with a view to peace in 1991. The chapter also evaluates internationally sponsored Arusha negotiations of 1992-1993, which, despite concluding with a signed comprehensive peace agreement, ultimately failed to prevent both the genocide and the reengagement of the warring factions. The fate of the Tutsi refugees in Uganda was to play a critical role in the trajectory toward war in Rwanda. From the very beginning, they sought the right to return to their homeland. War-stopping efforts began at some level from the moment of the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) initial invasion in October 1990.  Keywords: peace, Rwanda, Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF), Tusti refugees, Uganda, war
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)