albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This article brings two black intellectual traditions to bear on the question of charter schools: black Marxism and black nationalism. The authors examine the theoretical and rhetorical devices used to talk about charters schools by focusing on how notions of ‘black liberation’ are deployed by the charter movement, and to what end. The authors first use a black Marxism lens to illustrate the character of the racial and economic relationships facilitated by charter schools. Next, the authors use historical methods to contextualize the liberation discourse of school choice proponents within a black nationalist history of school reform. The authors conclude that ‘choice’ rhetoric makes claim to the black freedom struggle without addressing its most enduring commitments to social justice and self-determination, ultimately perpetuating dependency by oppressed people upon their oppressors. The study identifies the limitations of contemporary critical theory to excavate several dimensions of racism in educationa...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, in India a large gap exists between the price of diesel and gasoline due to fuel subsidies on diesel. This has lead to substantial increases in the sale and production of diesel vehicles, which now make up to 40 per cent of the Indian vehicle market. Initiatives can include the development of electric vehicle infrastructure (see Box 4.9), or the conversion of transport fleets to cleaner fuels (see Box 4.10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Other important elements of this pillar are policies to promote and increase access to public services. This concerns services such as high-quality education or access to health. Such measures smooth inequality stemming from cash incomes immediately, but they furthermore constitute a longer-term social investment to foster upward mobility and create greater equality of opportunities in the long run.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Some climate change impacts were explored in previous work by the OECD (2007). As a country with an advanced economy, an educated workforce and strong public services, Austria is in a strong position to deal with the effects of a changing climate. The potential for taking action to minimise costs and exploit opportunities arising from a changing climate can be seen in the effective system of natural hazard management that has developed over the past decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This paper reviews some major works of Thee Kian Wie, one of Indonesia’s most distinguished economic historians, that spans from the Colonial period until the post-New Order period. His works emphasize that economic history can guide future economic policy. Current problems in Indonesia were resulted from past policy failures. Indonesia needs to consistently embark on open economic policies, free itself from "colonial period mentality". Investment should be made in rebuilding crumbling infrastructure, improving the quality of health and education services, and addressing poor law enforcement. If current corruption persists, Indonesia could not hope to become a dynamic and prosperous country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although these factors differ per country, state, region and even programme, high-quality, well-implemented ECEC curricula provide developmental^ appropriate support and cognitive challenges that can lead to positive child outcomes (Frede, 1998). A common framework can help ensure an even level of quality across different forms of provision and for different groups of children, while allowing for adaptation to local needs and circumstances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Inevitably, this failure to own up to the consequences of previous policy recommendations will impair the credibility of IG, as well as dilute the differences between IG, the PWC and the original WC. In these cases, the poor need not be listened to.” Although the World Bank does not currently claim the laurels in every case of success (it is merely happy to welcome the relevant “leaders” in the CGD), the Bank continues to devolve responsibility for failure to the poor and transition countries: apparently, if some have succeeded, those who haven’t only have themselves to blame (see, for example, Besley and Cord, 2007, p. 20). Unless the World Bank accepts its share of responsibility for the economic underperformance of the poor, middle-income and transition countries, its claims to have—finally—nailed down the “correct” economic policies will ring hollow (see Cling and others, 2002, p. 9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Policy predictability is important to enable investors to evaluate the risk of policy changes on potential investments. A National Agency of Energy Efficiency was established in May 2010. They also included energy requirements for new buildings (50 kWh/m2/year) and energy efficiency assessment and renovation of state-owned buildings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Enabling the Digital Revolution in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Role for Policy Reforms? World Bank, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/822981493749732711/ Enabling-the-digital-revolution-in-Sub-Saharan-Africa-what-role-for-policy-reforms. By 2016, all LDCs had launched 3G mobile broadband networks (Figure 2.4, left).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Data gathered from drone mission outputs such as high-resolution maps of flood affected areas (Orthophotographs, Digital Terrain Models and Digital Surface Models) helped FAO and government experts strengthen beneficiary identification/selection approaches and effective disaster impact assessment in flood-affected areas and further support the multihazard risks analysis. Flood-affected areas are better understood and validation of affected areas can be carried out together with the community. Agriculture lands are also validated soon after the hazard occurrence to identify whether or not the land is already planted. Identification of beneficiaries is more reliable and effective and the highly reliable nature of the drone-derived data also helps address beneficiary prioritization issues at the field level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Despite this strong increase in production, the energy consumption associated with the production of pulp and paper will only be 6.1 to 15 times higher in the BLUE Scenario in 2050 than in 2007 (Table ES.5). In 2007, India was the eighth-largest producer of primary aluminium world wide. The strong growth in production between 2007 and 2050 (Table ES.6) will mostly be driven by the growth in aluminium used in transportation, building and power sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
But as countries adopt more energy efficiency technologies and energy conservation measures their energy intensity tends to fall (as it has in the US over the past 20 years). It is reasonable that as a country develops its economy it will need to supply more energy to its citizens to raise their standards of living. In this regard countries with very large populations have much further to go to deliver economic growth, China and India may have moved far up the development scale in recent decades, but they still have very low consumption of energy per capita.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Belgian fleet counted 72 vessels in 2016, four less than in the previous year and a decrease from 100 vessels in 2008. Investment and increases in selectivity drive the core strategy for fisheries. For aquaculture, increased investments in production capacity combined with greater exchange of knowledge and research aim to increase production. The ‘Transfers to SECTOR’ numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures, where missing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
What is happening now in her home, community and nation will determine the trajectory for the rest of her life. At this age, everything is about to change. In some parts of the world, she is old enough to be forced into marriage. She might be forced to stop attending school. Later in adolescence, it is likely that her first sexual experience will be coerced. In a couple of years, she might be a mother.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Land-use policy must be applied across the entire BMA, as risks are also incurred by a lack of inter-governmental co-ordination on hazard mitigation planning. Although a general master plan for the BMA has been prepared by the provincial government, no effective land-use plan has been set up. The delivery of building permits in different local government areas in north of Bandung, for example, is at cross purposes with hazard reduction efforts at a metropolitan scale (Hudalah et al., The BMA should draw up a metropolitan spatial land use plan binding the local governments. The formation of the metropolitan institution will be a good opportunity to advance this idea (see Chapter 4). Up to now, the BMA has not prepared and disclosed natural hazard maps, implying that the BMA is by and large underprepared.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The two women are determined to stay and work in Lebanon for as long as they can without sacrificing the education of their children, and then they plan to go back to Ethiopia, where they want to continue to live together as a family. She first worked on a contract in a household for seven years. Nine years ago, she met and married Saeed, a Sudanese man who was working in a supermarket near where she worked.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
When appropriately set, w'ater tariffs and abstraction charges can inform abstractors about the value of w'ater and provide incentives to use water efficiently, including in episodes of droughts. They can also provide incentives to direct economic and urban developments in regions where water is more abundant, avoiding creating additional liabilities as regards water security (See Box 3.5). Well-designed water tariffs and abstraction charges can also stimulate innovation and private sector investments (in water-saving technologies and practices or in water storage) and allocate water where it creates more (social, environmental and economic) value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In this section research supporting the importance of each subdomain is presented in turn although intersections between the domains are highlighted. It is expressed in the units of standard deviations where an effect of 0.1 is relatively weak, one of 0.40 is moderately strong, and an effect of 0.70 is strong. Family structure (e.g. parents’ marital status, presence of extended family in the home, number of children) contributes to early learning in myriad ways. For instance, the presence of multiple adults in the household who can provide care for young children may mean that children have more opportunities to engage wdth an adult in a range of stimulating activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addressing this policy challenge, OER can work against “silos of knowledge” (Plotkin, 2010:5), regardless of whether these stem from differences between educational institutions, countries, or formal, informal and non-formal learning settings. In each case, the sharing of resources made possible by OER is most valuable when the resources are released as full OER that allow not only reuse but also remixing and repurposing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Additionally, heating costs have fallen by at least 30 percent. Overall, the biomass production increased 10 times, raising to 160,000 tons of fuel production per year, http://www.eurasia.undp.org/content/rbec/en/home/library/environment_energy/ Development_stories_from_Europe_and_Central_Asia_Volume_lll.html. Health benefits in programmes at up to 4:1 benefit-cost ratio significantly exceed energy cost reductions providing strong returns to government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This and other pressures on the clinics in the Korean health care system have resulted in an increase in the closure rate, up from around 7% in 2006 to 8% in 2008, this is compared to a 1% closure rate among hospitals and underscores the additional level of financial difficulty faced by clinics (Cho, 2009). These statistics exclude dentistry and oriental medicine clinics. These challenges are only likely to be compounded as demographics drive older and poorer patients to present at Korea’s health services with more than one health condition, and requiring care that straddles multiple health services and specialists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Rafael Di Telia, Sebastian Edwards and Emesto Schargrodsky), University of Chicago Press. M. Bergsmo, C. Rodriguez-Garavito, P. Kalmanovitz and M.P. Saffon), Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, Oslo. Income Redistribution via Taxes and Transfers across Countries”, OECD Economics Department Working Paper, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Epidemics such as measles and poliomyelitis and the limited response by the health care system are worsening the situation. Health indicators even improved during the 1980s, the infant mortality declined from 80 per 1,000 live births in 1979 to 40 in 1989, and the under-5 mortality rate fell from 120 to 60 per 1,000 live births.21 International sanctions imposed during the 1980s and the consequent economic development rollback, however, took a toll on the health system and health outcomes. Life expectancy at birth and health-adjusted life expectancy did not improve among young people between 1990 and 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The effects of treaties on human rights performance may depend in part on how domestic legal systems articulate with international law. The idea motivating this study is that constitutional law can make a difference not necessarily by including rights but by acknowledging and connecting to treaty law. This study is a first attempt to explore the interrelated effects of treaties, constitutions, and courts on human rights performance. The key proposition is that human rights treaties may have a greater influence on rights in countries whose constitutions incorporate treaty law and whose courts are independent of the political branches of government. The analysis tests that proposition using data from about 150 countries across 20 or more years. The results offer evidence that treaties, constitutions, and courts do combine, at times, to improve human rights performance, with judicial independence playing the key role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The technical methods to provide ancillary services will have to be developed beyond today's approach, as the European electricity system is moving towards high shares of variable renewable generation. In this situation, the price pattern is almost the opposite of the winter week. Electricity prices are low during the day as a results of high solar PV generation in the European market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Virtually universal healthcare, pension and primary education systems have led to relatively low' infant mortality, long life expectancy (close to 80 years), a high literacy rate and low poverty by Latin American standards. Costa Rica has also built a world-renowned green trademark and a strong eco-tourism industry based on good management of natural resources focusing on the protection of biodiversity and renewable energy sources. These successes are reflected in well-being indicators for Costa Rica, w'hich are comparable or even above the OECD average in several dimensions. Inequality is rising, economic growth is slowing and burdens on public finance have been growing. Budgetary pressures are more persistent and have particularly worsened since the global financial crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These statistics should also be interpreted with caution, as expenditure is also influenced by the extent to which these indicators cover private settings and private expenditure, by the decision of some countries to consider some ECEC programmes outside the scope of the ISCED 2011 classification, or by the impossibility of providing reliable statistics to international organisations. For example, the absence of data on private expenditure and private institutions in Brazil and Switzerland is likely to understate the true level of expenditure and enrolment in early childhood education programmes (ISCED 0), and may affect the comparability of the data with other countries. Inferences on access to and quality of ECEC should therefore be made with caution. Consequently, early childhood educational development programmes (ISCED 01) are not reported in some OECD countries, namely Belgium (French Community), the Czech Republic, France, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, and Switzerland, or data are missing in some countries, such as the Flemish community of Belgium and the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For cities operating older buses, they should evaluate the impact of the cost savings on fuels versus increased leasing costs for new buses. Accessibilityforall neighbourhoods to public transport is an essential factor of social inclusion. Therefore, more investments are needed to improve accessibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Strengthened regional cooperation dealing with behind-the-border measures (e.g. technical regulations), ensuring improved connectivity (e.g. transport infrastructure) and triggering structural transformation (e.g. regional value chains) should be given the highest consideration. These range from sectoral agreements aimed at improving cooperation and connectivity, such as the Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal Motor Vehicles Agreement14 and the one-stop border posts between some SSA countries, to free trade agreements (FTAs) that liberalise goods, services and investment. The scope and coverage of the latter agreements differ widely, as reflected in recent landmark trade agreements involving Commonwealth countries: North-North trade deals (e.g. EU-Canada CETA), North-South trade arrangements (e.g. SADC-EU EPA, EU-Singapore FTA, PACER-Plus) and South-South integration schemes (e.g. CSME, PICTA, Tripartite FTA in Eastern and Southern Africa).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In addition, indicators need to be developed that can effectively track the institutional and behavioural changes that are the focus of biodiversity mainstreaming. Possible indicators may include poverty alleviation, changes to legislation, government staffing, consumer awareness, private sector partnerships, training or commodity market indicators (Huntley & Redford, 2014). Biodiversity mainstreaming needs to be founded on established relationships and institutional partnerships, which take time to mature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, Fiji is expected to come close to meeting this goal by 2030, achieving it by 2033 instead. Fiji’s poverty rates have declined in the last decade, on account of a concerted effort by the government on poverty alleviation schemes (PIFS, 2015a). If this trend continues, Fiji is likely to achieve this goal by 2050. Although the proportion of the population living below the national poverty line is declining for PNG and Vanuatu, the decline is outpaced by the projected population growth rates,6 resulting in more people in poverty/hardship towards 2030 and 2050.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Their results show regional stocks to be more efficient than the sum of national stocks without co-operation. Among developing country regions, more than half of Asia’s agricultural exports go to other Asian countries, but the intra-regional shares drop to 17% in South and Central America and 20% in Africa (WTO, International Trade Statistics for 2011). However, food trade is largely informal in a number of regions, which means that the importance of regional trade may be significantly underestimated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It represented 39.2% of export value in 1997, increasing over time to reach 65.5% in 2008. The 2007 ISA outbreak had serious consequences on the Chilean salmon aquaculture sector. The negotiation process was completed in November 2009 and ratification is expected to be processed by the Chilean Parliament.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In Mexico, there is the Pension and Retirement Regime (RPJ) (Mexican Social Security Institute, 2009). In the case of health, women are often at a disadvantage compared with men in terms of the length of time they are covered by health insurance schemes, having lost coverage during the years they spent outside the labour market to undertake care work, while health coverage as dependents of their male spouse is often indirect and, in some countries, impartial and likely to be forfeited in the event of a divorce or abandonment (Mesa-Lago, 2009). The costs of private health services are higher for women and, in the public system, women and their children have to pay higher user fees because they use the services more often.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Considering collectively the selected indicators presented in Figure 1.6.2, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Hong Kong (China) and Macao (China) stand out by achieving both high performance and high equity in education opportunities. As shown in Chapter 2, countries with higher national incomes are at a relative advantage in performance comparisons. However, the relationship between national income and mean performance is not deterministic, and countries and economies of similar wealth show very different mean performance in PISA 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While scholars have begun to debate the meaning of the Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Medellin v. Texas for the domestic status of treaties, the decision’s import for other significant questions of foreign relations law has been ignored in the literature. This Article fills that void by exploring Medellin’s significance (a) for treaty and customary international law (CIL) based claims under the Alien Tort Statute, (b) for the hotly debated issue of CIL’s domestic legal status, and (c) for the recent claim that a uniform doctrine governing the domestic status of both treaties and CIL is developing in U.S. foreign relations law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It first presents the policy landscape, describing the range of interventions related to self-sufficiency targets, trade policies, public stockholding programmes and various interventions in domestic markets. Second, it provides a review of findings from existing research on the effectiveness and efficiency of these policies. Third and finally, a brief review of regional interventions for food security is presented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Such tracking of inflows could also be used to report information to the UNFCCC. Given the variety of national systems and circumstances, it will be difficult to report in a standardised manner, but guidance could help countries determine what information is useful for other Parties and stakeholders. In the past, nonmandatory reporting requirements have been vague and therefore less helpful to reporting Parties (Ellis and Moarif, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The small sample size also exacerbates the estimation concerns arising because, in GMM, the number of instruments can easily become “too large” relative to the number of observations (Roodman, 2009). Among other things, this required focusing on a parsimonious set of control variables. Indeed, extending the baseline specification (for example, to look for non-linearity or heterogeneity of the effects) provided inconclusive results (see below). All these caveats suggest that quantifying the inequality-growth nexus remains a daunting task and that the coefficients estimated and discussed below are to be taken as indicative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)