albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, social protection would nonetheless absorb a higher proportion of domestic revenues that might otherwise have contributed to financing emergency assistance, perhaps making it harder to finance crisis response domestically. The costed scenario requires slower increases in domestic financing for social protection. Results from this scenario indicate that the proportion of domestic financing for social protection expenditure to domestic revenues will need to increase to 13.5% (under business-as-usual revenue scenario) and 6.9% (high-revenue scenario) for self-sufficiency by 2025/26.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Furthermore, by increasing the income of drop-outs relative to graduates, higher minimum wages may reduce the relative return to higher levels of education. Empirically, the balance of international evidence suggests that increasing minimum wages has a negative impact on the enrolment of teenagers in education but not of youth in their early twenties, and that the negative effect is particularly strong for youth with very low skills (Neumark and Wascher, 1995, Landon, 1997, Chaplin et al., Although absolute levels are informative, the ratio of the minimum wage to the median wage is more appropriate when making international comparisons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
To do this, information is needed from MDBs, which have begun developing common classification and backing systems, as well as multilateral climate change funds (such as the Global Environment Facility), which also report to the OECD DAC Creditor Reporting System (OECD, 2015). The global stocktake could take into account information from such actors in addition to UNFCCC bodies such as the Technology Mechanism, the Capacity Building Committee and the Standing Cominittee on Finance. This will require a wide range of inputs on financial flows, including (i) information on the resources required for a low-GHG emission and climate-resilient development path (in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication), (ii) whether these resources are flowing and having an impact, and (iii) the magnitude of the gaps between resource needs and availability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The oil price increases of the 1970s, the high capital costs of increasing electricity supply and the need to cope with a serious power supply crisis in 2001 led the Brazilian Government to adopt several programmes and legislation which were designed to promote end-use efficiency. Managed by Brazil’s Economic and Social Development Bank (BNDES), it was discontinued when international oil prices fell. Under the programme 22 types of appliances are currently labelled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Periodic revision is a required element of PEFC endorsement to ensure that standards continue to reflect the latest knowledge, best practices and policy and market requirements (PEFC, 2014a). However, not all certified roundwood is sold with a label. " China's certification programme currently covers about 2 million ha of forest. The PEFC has also endorsed a national certification system in Malaysia and is assessing an application from the Indonesian Forestry Certification Cooperation (PEFC, 2014b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Hazardous drinking in young adults is a way of socializing. Drinking alcohol is often seen as the standard way of fitting in with peers. For the younger generations surrounded by “alcohol offers” (e.g. multiple delivery points, price offers, new products), the pursuit of excessive alcohol consumption has become part of a normal experience of young adulthood (Seaman and Ikegwuonu, 2010). Besides, younger generations have different motivations for drinking and different patterns of drinking compared to older generations, such as abusing of spirits for the puipose of getting drunk rapidly in order to unwind and have fun (Pabst et al, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
After the introduction of the Mental Hygiene Law the number of psychiatric hospital beds started to increase, reaching 44 250 in 1955 (Tatara and Okamoto, 2009). Of these, 280 000 were estimated to need institutional care and 480 000 needed outpatient care. The government did begin to cover outpatient mental health care with the revision of the Mental Hygiene Law in 1965.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition to the administration of payments, afeimats are co-responsible at the local level with the Food Contract Corporation for the formation of state grain reserves and may sometimes exert informal pressure on producers to deliver in excess of stated obligatory targets. Initially, SBCs were established in seven “macroregions”, and then in 2011 they were reorganised, with some of them split into two or three. Currently, 16 SBCs operate in each region. The principal mandate of SBCs is to stimulate local development through investments in various social and economic projects. Since their creation, many SBCs have engaged in investment projects related to agriculture and agro-food processing. In 2011, SBCs were made responsible for the management of the local food stabilisation funds created to constrain food prices on local markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Island LDCs have traditionally had a higher level of labour productivity (largely explained by their small population size), but the level has declined gradually over the past 35 years (chart 2.4A). After stagnating in the 1980s, agricultural labour productivity growth picked up as early as the following decade. Since 2000 it has risen at a strong pace (3.5 per cent annually), which is higher than in all ODCs and Asian ODCs (in both country groups it has grown at approximately 3 per cent per year since 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Abstract   The number of discovered wrongful criminal convictions (and resulting exonerations) has increased over the past decade. These cases erode public confidence in the criminal justice system and trust in the rule of law. Many states have adopted laws that aim to reduce system errors but no study has examined why some states appear more willing to provide due process protections against wrongful convictions than others. Findings from regression estimates suggest that states with a Republican controlled legislature or more Republican voters are less likely to pass these laws while the presence of advocacy organizations that are part of the ‘innocence movement’ make legislative change more likely. We thus identify important differences in the political and social context between U.S. states that influence the adoption of criminal justice policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Similarly to the situation in the rest of Europe, cardiovascular diseases constitute the leading cause of death, followed by cancer. Ill-defined causes - when the main cause of death is classified under symptoms, signs, abnormal findings, etc. - Since then, progress in all-causes mortality and that of the leading underlying causes has been inconsistent and rather slow as compared with the steady decrease in EU averages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In this article, we consider a series of U.S. Supreme Court rulings that place public school students under an expansive shield of constitutional rights while often hampering the ability of administrators to engage in flexible and creative conflict resolution in the context of the school's mission. The court's readiness to adjudicate a large range of student–administration conflicts has weakened schools’ ability to pragmatically accommodate conflicts that, by their nature, do not have principled solutions at the level of the law. We argue that as long as adjudication is the privileged course of action, the court seems locked into a philosophical zigzag, now endowing 8th graders with due process and constitutional rights, now framing them as mere “subjects.” To strengthen schools as educational and moral institutions, school leaders need to be able to construct systems of accommodation that are sensitive to their special educational nature and mission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The census covered teachers working in public institutions maintained by the National Public Education Administration (ANEP) only. Hence, data for early childhood and pre-primary education do not include teachers in schools managed by the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC) and by the Child and Adolescent Institute of Uruguay (INAU). Also data on technical-professional programmes include teachers in programmes at the tertiary level (a minor proportion of programmes supervised by CETP). In public primary education, the average size of classes has decreased over the last decade to 24 students in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Simultaneously, Singapore's Land Transport Authority will call tenders to purchase 50 hybrid buses and 60 electric buses. In India, for example, in 2015 the central Government launched the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles in India (FAME) scheme, under which incentives are offered for purchases of electric and hybrid vehicles. The Government is also offering a 4 per cent tax exemption on each vehicle in order to reduce air pollution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Hence the bank can charge lower interest rates to safe borrowers groups and higher interest rates to risky ones. The interest rate also diminishes according to a client or group reliability and punctuality in repayments for more than one year. On average, 90% of the clients of microfmance institutions (MFIs) are women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The European Construction Products Regulation came into force across the EU in July 2013.The regulation introduced legal requirements for the sustainable use of natural resources in the EU building sector. It states that construction must be designed, built and demolished in such a way that the use of natural resources is sustainable. In particular it requires: the re-use or recyclability of materials and parts after demolition, durability, and the use of environmentally compatible raw and secondary materials (Anderson, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Two excellent signs that African countries are taking on the challenge of waste management in urban areas include, Rwanda’s banned on the use of polyethylene bags in Africa and Ethiopia's recently-built Waste to Energy Plant at Reppie, the largest plant in Africa, which recycles 1,400 tons of waste to generate 30 per cent of energy consumed by households. The collection of solid waste in many African countries is largely performed by private services. In Bamako, Mali, for example, more than 120 microenterprises collect some 300,000 tons annually. In Lusaka, Zambia, 30 per cent of the municipal waste is collected by informal service providers (UN-Habitat, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Taken together, fossil energy sources provide some 80 per cent of global energy needs, while fuelwood, hydropower and nuclear energy provide the rest. Access to energy services is distributed almost as unequally as income, with a fairly strong correlation between the two. Up to a point, energy consumption is strongly correlated with human development (see figure II.5). There is, not surprisingly, a strong correlation between economic convergence and energy convergence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
According to UNODC, cannabis abuse in the United States is on the increase, including among high school students, for which annual prevalence rates rose from 24.7 per cent in 2012 to 25.8 per cent in 2013. The number of overdose deaths related to cocaine in 2013 saw a 12 per cent increase over 2012. The biggest increase in the number of overdose deaths identified was related to heroin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
An example of a no-regrets project is co-operation between the BMLFUW and the insurance industry on an Internet-based risk zoning system for natural hazards, particularly floods, that allows very high resolution visualisation of high-risk areas and damage potential. The reason might be that the sector is perceived to be relatively flexible in responding to gradual changes in climate, for example through increased summer tourism to make up for shortfalls in winter activities, so adaptation measures could be taken later. Fully exploiting the potential benefits of summer tourism will, however, require advance planning and co-ordination. There is also a lack of practical measures in the energy sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The SDK concept is now being exported through franchise contracts. Most of these materials are imported. They consist primarily of scrap iron, aluminium, copper, glass, plastic and tires, but they also include combustible waste such as solvents and sludges (Table 3.3). Waste recovery in the production process is subject to authorisation and pre-testing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Traditional analysis of poverty focuses on monetary well-being and utilizes income or expenditure measures to assess the poverty status of the household that individuals live in. However, children generally do not participate in household spending and consumption decisions and their needs can differ from those of adult household members (see de Neubourg et al. Goal 1.2 states: "By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As noted earlier, the appropriate processes of implementation for fostering and sustaining innovative learning environments are identified in this section as a series of C’s, including: culture change, clarifying focus, capacity, creation, communities, collaboration, communication, change agents, coherence and consolidation. Much also depends on how such approaches are combined in systemic ways rather than treating policies as isolated practices or single bullets. The examples and strategies are described here are illustrative not prescriptive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Esteban and Dinar (2013) conclude on the superiority of packaged sequenced policies instead of individual ones. Fuentes (2011) supports the use of economic incentives for water user associations to co-operate and enforce regulatory requirements on groundwater in Spain. Sophodeous (2012) reports that the relative successes that have allowed to slow down groundwater overdrafting in Kansas can be attributed to the multiple approaches that have been implemented, such as: the establishment of groundwater management districts, minimum stream flow regulations, metering and monitoring of resources, integrated resource planning, aquifer storage and recovery (ASR), a central water bank, and various water conservation programs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The public sector in Bangladesh is ridden with corruption of various dimensions and shades. Apart from bribery, rent-seeking and misappropriation of funds, the performance of public organizations is adversely affected by a host of other factors like excessive lobbying, delays in service provision, pilferage and larceny, irresponsible conduct of officials, bureaucratic intemperance, patronage and clientelism. The several institutional mechanisms to combat administrative malfeasance are rendered ineffective by a non-committed political leadership, a blase"d bureaucracy, weak accountability structures, and unproductive legislative labors. The public body for controlling corruption is itself associated with all sorts of malpractices and conducts its affair most unprofessionally. Despite several attempts, the constitutionally authorized ombudsman is yet to find its place in the governance framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The circles represent the country with the highest and lowest impact on wage associated with NSW for each decile. This aspect has remained unexplored in the literature. Previous work has attempted to make a link between the polarisation of jobs and earnings by arguing that pait of rising household earnings inequality is related to the polarisation between jobless and job-rich households (see Gregg and Wadsworth, 1996).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Effective implementation of these commitments requires that the constitutional changes be incorporated into national legal frameworks, and this is work in progress. Women and men in the six countries have equal access to justice in principle, but in practice women face a number of hurdles. The fact that few judges are women may also be a factor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper discusses the importance of conventionality control for the unity of the Brazilian legal system and for the validity of internal normative acts set in accordance with human rights. Unfortunately, Amnesty Law no. 6683/79 has served as an obstacle for the investigation of past human rights atrocities in Brazil’s military dictatorship past and the identification and punishment of those responsible for it. This paper concludes that this law is incompatible with the American Convention on Human Rights, which is an important part of the Brazilian legal system. Moreover, this law is not immune to the double control of the validity of state normative acts, because it was declared inconvenient in a ruling of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the Gomes Lund case, and should therefore be declared invalid by Brazilian courts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The goal of improving public health involves the use of different tools, with the law being one way to influence the activities of institutions and individuals. Of the regulatory mechanisms afforded by law to achieve this end, criminal law remains a perennial mechanism to delimit the scope of individual and group conduct. Utilising criminal law may promote or hinder public health goals, and its use raises a number of complex questions that merit exploration. This examination of the interface between criminal law and public health brings together international experts from a variety of disciplines, including law, criminology, public health, philosophy and health policy, in order to examine the theoretical and practical implications of using criminal law to improve public health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, these reform proposals met with widespread opposition by local authorities that feared this would decrease municipal and departmental autonomy, meaning that they were not passed. In place of a more comprehensive reform, the MSPS has instead issued decrees addressing specific elements of the health system, including strengthening service delivery in remote areas, regulation of biotechnology, updating criteria for affiliation to the SGSSS, and improved financial regulation of EPS (Box 1.3). Disaffiliation will only occur in case of death.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This second market failure is due to the fact that firms investing in R&D activities cannot entirely prevent the diffusion of the knowledge gained through these activities to others, including their competitors. Although such "knowledge spillovers" are considered "positive externalities" (i.e. they make the social value of R&D greater than its private value), they legitimise the government support to R&D activities - independently of climate policy. They have developed a unified framework to assess the six different policy options for reducing GHG emissions and promoting the development and diffusion of renewable energy in the electricity sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In particular, the contributions of immigrant and native-born populations to the different expenditure and revenue elements are estimated, as described in the individual sections, and then added up. Then, the share of taxes paid and benefits received by immigrants are estimated. Based on these estimates, the final section presents the estimated net fiscal contributions of foreign- and native-born individuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It has been estimated that 15% of the cost of treatment of diabetes in the United States is on nursing care due to kidney, retina and macula, neurologic and other complications (ujujurujorIddiabetesday.org, www.idf.org). In 2010, it was estimated that approximately 35 million people die every year from chronic life-limiting illnesses, of which less than 8% have access to LTC (Connor, 2010). Long-term care needs increase significantly with age, with typically around 50% of the population aged over 65 requiring some form of long-term care (Bulletin Luxembourgeois des Questions Sociales, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Women Village Incubators project managed by the Syria Trust for Development through FIRDOS, the “Food for Thought” project launched by the Microfund for Women in Jordan, and projects delivered under the Yemeni national strategies for the development of women in rural areas are good examples of this. Also, in Yemen, the Small and Micro Enterprise Promotion Service (SMEPS) worked with the IFC to deliver “Women Get the Business Edge” training. This Fund offers integrated training and technical support to women entrepreneurs so they can develop small, innovative handicraft and service enterprises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Youth LFPR refers to the sum of persons aged 15-24 in the labour force as a percentage of the working-age population. The youth employment-to-population ratio, also referred to as the youth employment rate, is the number of employed persons aged 15-24 as a percentage of the working-age population. In the Philippines and Thailand, the female youth LFPR and employment-to-population ratio is lower than that of males.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As for the CAP’s on-farm afforestation programme, part of the eligible farmland has been returned to agricultural production in recent years. This includes support for protection of endangered bird species and natural habitats, both inside and outside Natura 2000 areas.27 In 2007-13 some 19 000 farmers participated in the agri-environmental programmes on around 250 000 ha. The number of farmers participating in afforestation projects rose from 8 000 in 2004-06 to 16 000 in 2007-13, representing afforestation of around 70 000 ha to date (FAPA, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The section then considers the wider equilibrium effects across the economy. In a review of 15 previous studies, Wei, Patadia, and Kammen (2010) find that for the United States, all renewable and low-carbon energy sources generate more jobs per unit of energy delivered than the fossil fuel sector. However, the type of employment differs between the technologies, with a shift from resource extraction to manufacturing for example, and the timing and location of employment within a region may vary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The (up to) four phases shown in the chart are defined separately for each countiy as follows: Phase 1 - the 12-month period centred around the trough in the OECD harmonised unemployment rate (“crisis onset”), Phase 2 - first 12 months after the on-set of the crisis, Phase 3 - between 13 and 24 months after the on-set of the crisis, Phase 4 - more than two years after the on-set of the crisis. Countries shown in ascending order of the share of UB and/or UA recipients during Phase 3. For the United Kingdom, results reflect the total number of beneficiaries under the Jobseeker’s Allowance (contribution and income-based).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These agencies handle only the landing, inspection and sorting of fish which are then sold on to wholesalers or processors. The records of these agencies are used for matching vessels’ cumulative catches against their quotas. A significant number of landings are also inspected by the ministry. The agencies are present in all Norwegian ports and some in other countries as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)