albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These include long or inflexible working hours, being a sole parent, in addition to language barriers, since parents of immigrant or migrant families may not be fluent in the school’s language of instruction or have little formal education themselves (OECD, 2012). An extra effort must therefore be made, both by schools and through government reforms or programmes, to reach out and encourage increased participation by parents, particularly those of low socioeconomic backgrounds. Horizontal” accountability, which encourages them to participate in the management of schools through formal channels such as school boards, is one effective way to increase involvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Incorporating a financing component within the social protection system envisaged by the GoE will be essential in this regard. Average spending over the period 2012/13 to 2015/16 excluding humanitarian relief was steady at around 1.4% of GDP. However, this study advocates for considering humanitarian relief and social protection together.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Abstract   This article addresses issues of environmental justice and historic preservation in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. Specifically, four main areas are examined in light of failures in after-disaster planning during the rebuilding of the city in the year following the storm. The first area of critique is the problem of public trust in government environmental officials in Louisiana. The second area is the lack of planning for debris disposal, and the possibility that this may create future public health and environmental injustice sites. Third, the article addresses problems faced by residents, particularly the poor and working class, who are trying to clean up and rebuild after the storm. And last, the article highlights issues unique to rebuilding in New Orleans’ 20 historic districts, in particular the tensions between local knowledge and the federal response to the disaster.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is the financial institution that takes on the task of collection. For this to happen, it will be necessary to provide the following information for each client company: contact information, national ID number and the total amount of the outstanding bills to be transferred to the factor. After signing the factoring agreement, the entrepreneur shall deliver to the factor a copy of the invoice, stating the schedule of payments granted to the client. He is responsible for getting paid directly by the client at maturity and takes care of any arrears.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter places the fundamental principles of civil justice under four headings: (1) regulating access to court and to justice, (2) ensuring the fairness of process as a shared responsibility of the court and the parties, (3) maintaining a speedy and efficient process, and (4) achieving just outcomes. It shows how Article 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights, now directly applicable in English courts through the Human Rights Act 1998, has contributed to the development of these principles. Among topics covered are: duty to give a reasoned judgment, abolition of the House of Lords (Judicial) and creation of the United Kingdom Supreme Court, the striking out procedure, legal advice privilege and in house counsel. It places the ALI/UNIDROIT Principles of Civil Procedure within this framework as best practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While many of the recommendations may not be new, they highlight the need for renewed and continued efforts to ensure that the appropriate policy responses result in scaled up action and improved implementation and outcomes. Ensure that the energy sector genuinely engages women and youth, and effectively supports other sectors of the economy, such as energy for education, health or water. Devise a way of ensuring that the PRDR is sustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Power relations and cultural aspects that are not founded in labour-market dynamics contribute to this exclusion (ECLAC and others, 2013). It is striking that labour-force participation did not see a proportional increase in the group with the least formal education, meaning that the slight increase in the participation rate —in both urban and rural areas— above all reflected rising formal education levels among women, since labour-force participation tends to increase in line with the number of years of schooling. Female labour-force participation increased in all age groups, which the exception of the youngest women, among whom —as with males of the same age— there was little change owing to a longer-term tendency to remain longer in the education system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Competitive second-generation biofuels could reduce the role of first generation biofuels, thus potentially limiting the impact of related policies on the agricultural sector and land use. Another development not reflected in this analysis relates to biodiesel from waste oil and other residues, a group of biofuels that indeed plays a role in the EU and elsewhere. To the degree such biofuels replace biofuels from crops the results shown in this study may overestimate actual policy impacts - but to date these biofuels represent a small share of the total.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, their non-binding nature seems to give the FPA little incentive to genuinely implement them or monitor their effectiveness. In other words, while FPA institutions increasingly develop action plans to promote gender balance, they do so separately from mainstream human resource management processes and do not make them compulsory. Similarly, the SFP reports that, although the Protocol for the Prevention, Treatment and Punishment of Bullying and Sexual Harassment sets out managerial accountability mechanisms, there should be more such mechanisms for general, personal and institutional accountability to enforce gender equality.16 There is also a need for more general implementation of measures to empower women in the FPA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
More than 280,000 disabled South Africans aged between 5 and 18 are still not in school or receiving training. This analysis and other similar literature reviews and policy papers highlight a range of key factors that governments need to address if they are to implement Article 24 and build inclusive education systems in their countries. It is interesting that despite his having adopted a critical stance to the efficacy of inclusive education, Mitchell's findings are largely supportive and his recommendations are of general use. From the international literature surveyed, mainly drawn from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, UK and USA, the conclusions outlined in Box 4.3 emerged. The education of disabled students is a complex process with many interrelated elements, most of which apply to education in general and some of which are specific to disabled students. Inclusive education goes far beyond the physical placement of disabled students in general classrooms, it requires nothing less than the transformation of regular education by promoting positive school/ classroom cultures and structures, together with evidence-based practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Individuals with lower educational attainments are less likely to have participated in adult education and training in the last 12 months. Being foreign-born does not imply a statistically different probability of attending adult education and training compared to native-born when controlling for background variables. Coefficients with a value below 1 indicate that there is less chance of an event occurring for a particular group compared to the reference group, and coefficients greater than 1 represent greater chances. Literacy and literacy residuals variables are scaled by their respective standard deviations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The issue of child participation has been the subjetct of debates and systematic studies since the time of the ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) and, in Brazil, since the adoption of the Statute on the Child and the Adolescent (1990). The right to participation comprises a number of aspects including the right to a freedom of speech that incorporates respect for the voices and points of view of children and youth. Taking into account this background, our paper proposes a reflection on two ongoing projects. In both cases, photographs and videos were used as advantaged resources in the investigations. The goal is to reflect on what methodologies nurture connections among researchers, teachers, and children and allows new insights to be gained. The results of this study are in line with the literature that focuses on the requirements of research involving meaningful children’s participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
More generally, the price volatility of internationally tradable products is lower in Sub-Saharan Africa than that of non-tradable commodities and commodities that are tradable only on regional markets (World Bank and International Monetary Fund, 2012). For example, wheat, rice, and cooking oil — products that are imported on the African continent — exhibit lower price volatility than the prices of domestically produced staples. Efforts to increase the tradability of these less traded commodities would help to lower their high domestic price volatility. There has been extensive investigation of the importance of such import surges in recent years (Sharma, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Doing that requires moral imagination, and that’s something only humans can provide. Such regulations may, for example, oblige banks to inform clients of their credit scores and, more importantly, of how to improve these scores. Developing countries continue to face challenges regarding consumer protection laws and their enforcement. This, combined with the sometimes desperate need of SMEs for finance, creates a potential for abuse by ICT-enabled financial service providers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They state that before engaging in more mining activities better care should betaken of the metals that have already been extracted. One of the Nordic mining companies is a world leader when it comes to the recycling of metals and rare earth metals. Another company is concerned about waste rock dumps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The following section reviews how the different education systems selected have approached these challenges. These evaluations may or may not have consequences for teachers and institutions, may or may not be undertaken by the same institutions responsible for developing the standards and may use different assessment tools (peer assessment, standardised tests, classroom observation, portfolios, etc.). So too, assessments to certify a specific level in the teaching cycle are common, while programme accreditation or improving teaching quality are less frequent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In April 2015, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) ruled that Italian legislation is inadequate to criminalise acts of torture (Cestaro v. Italy). Following the ECtHR’s decision, the Italian Parliament approved the bill A.C. 2168 which aimed to introduce the crime of torture (Article 613-bis) in the Italian Criminal Code. The bill does not seem to comply with the definition of torture provided by international law, and also neglects the legislative guidelines outlined by the ECtHR in Cestaro v. Italy. The purpose of this article is twofold. On the one hand, it will assess the ECtHR’s decision focusing on Italy’s structural problem and its duty to enact and enforce efficient criminal provisions under Article 3 of the European Convention. On the other hand, it will analyse the normative content of Article 613-bis in order to highlight its weaknesses and propose, on each of them, suggestions for amendment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some countries may choose to put forward packages of commitments including both mitigation and finance objectives. For many developing countries, financial, technical and capacity building support may be needed in order to implement their mitigation actions. For example, many developing countries explicitly stated that the extent to which their mitigation pledges for 2020 can be implemented depends on the provision of finance and other support (e.g. South Africa, Bhutan, Central African Republic, Colombia) (UNFCCC, 2013b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These simpler exercises are largely descriptive but also including an assessment of strengths and challenges in the country system. The commentaries are designed to be of value as free-standing reports, but are also prepared so that they can become the first phase of a full review, should a country so wish. The OECD study, Skills beyond School, is addressing the range of policy questions arising, including funding and governance, matching supply and demand, quality assurance and equity and access. The study will build on the success of the previous OECD study of vocational education and training Learning for Jobs which examined policy through 17 country reviews and a comparative report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper explores, in some detail at the European Union scale, processes and relationships of recontextualization between higher education and other EU policy fields, including for instance the recontextualization of ‘competitiveness rhetoric’ and ‘globalization rhetoric’ in HE policy documents. We trace the implementation of the Bologna Process in two EU member states, Austria and Romania, illustrating the effects of these very different socio-political and historical contexts on EU standardization processes through a detailed discourse analytic study of recontextualization processes of policy documents. This paper integrates two approaches in critical discourse analysis, Fairclough's dialectic-relational approach and Wodak's discourse-historical approach, by introducing recontextualization as a salient critical discourse analysis category and explaining its relationship to other categories within a discourse-analytical approach to (or ‘point of entry’ into) trans-disciplinary research on social change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
From this analysis the Two Mayors' initiative decided to focus on three key areas for future growth: a) the manufacture of green products for construction and retrofitting, b) renewable energy, and c) green transportation options. Against each priority area a sub-committee was tasked with leading a more detailed plan to deliver against the ambitions of the initiative. Green MSP as the leading initiative to help retain, grow and attr act green manufacturing businesses and jobs in the Minneapolis Saint Paul region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Many developing countries lack domestic certification bodies recognized in export markets. In such instances, SMEs must use foreign certification bodies, which can be quite costly. When this happens, it is likely that only the larger firms have the financial resources to reach the final stage of certification. The private sector is leading the creation of standards on digital goods and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Patient Opinion, an online portal, enables people to post their experiences of NHS services anonymously. People who wish to give feedback on a service can leave a comment and can expect a reply from a member of NHS staff, often from the institution concerned. In a recent example, a patient wrote on the online forum about a negative experience with a rheumatology service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Oracles Oracles can be used to provide external information to the smart contracts and therefore to the applications based on the platform. The framework offers standardised methods to include oracles, so using them is a base-function and therefore simple. This way, it is easily possible to include any kind of external information that is necessary to execute the application, enabling multiple efficiency use-cases. It is important to decentralise the oracles as well so that there is no central external database that can manipulate the whole network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Social networks of stakeholders are necessary to foster public support for classical biological control for nature. Drawing from recent scholarship in policy-relevant social science fields, this article describes two key concepts that can improve science communication strategies to support invasive species management and biocontrol: lay public risk perception, and public engagement with science. This article then recommends a fundamental communication strategy: construct public trust in invasive species control efforts using public engagement processes that link trustworthy messengers and appropriate messages with the public. It draws examples from biocontrol projects that used pathogens as the natural enemy of choice, but more broadly seeks to inform efforts to engage the public about the use of classical biocontrol agents in nature conservation efforts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Asian Development Bank: based on figures available from 1971. Many other developing countries are keen to understand how China managed this process and to replicate its success. There are also several international initiatives - such as the Belt and Road Initiative in China and the (much smaller) infrastructure plan for Africa from Germany - that have put infrastructure investments at their centre. Meanwhile, international institutional investors, ever on the lookout to strengthen their financial portfolios, seem keen on infrastructure as an asset class, since it offers a steady return on investment profile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
When production has to be shut down to install new energy-efficient equipment, costs can include forgone sales income. An energy-efficiency production process might be noisier than the equipment it replaces. Insulating a cavity wall in an old building could result in moisture build-up, or installing a variable-spced drive might require extra maintenance or new skills and tools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Programmes are underway to rehabilitate the networks and bring them back to their original conveyance capacity within a few years. Taking this into account, the total future capacity of hydropower will increase to 2,627 MW. However, most hydropower plants are in a rather poor state due to lack of maintenance and therefore they do not operate efficiently. Furthermore, the existing power plants do not take into consideration the ecological aspects required in the EU Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) and until now no revitalization activities have been implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This data shows that the best performing countries in Eu rope, in terms of collection of e-waste, are Switzerland, which collects 74% of the waste generated, Norway (74%), followed by Sweden (69%), Finland and Ireland (each 55%). Ireland and Denmark collect 50% of the waste generated. It should be noted that the denominator of the collection rate are estimations by UNU that have an error of margin of at least ±10% depending on the country, as already mentioned in chapter 5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Japan has successfully developed several subsidy programmes for solar installations since 1993. However, the 2008 peak in the Pacific region might be a result of recent tax incentives coming in to force in South Korea. The total gross capacity entering the market in the three Pacific countries is rather low compared to Europe and North America.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Sea-ice shrinkage has a positive retroaction on global warming, meaning that it amplifies it. By 2100, IPCC, on the basis of a very specific scenario, foresees global warming of 2.8°C, but of 7°Cin the Arctic. According to the model used, the summertime arctic sea ice could disappear altogether sometime between 2040 and 2060.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
You will thus be able to build a sufficient reserve, w hich will be a strong sign for your bank and which, in turn, will accompany you in your development projects. Through this method, the company sells the debt it has on its customers to a specialised financial institution. Thus, by selling its debt to the financial institution, the company immediately recovers some cash, and the burden to ensure the collection of debt is placed on the financial institution. However, as w ith any type of financing, prior approval of the financial institution is required. This contract sets up the framework within w'hich the entrepreneur may assign her bills to this organisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
China’s official target for 1985 was 20 million units, but in reality their numbers fell to less than 4 million by 1984, as millions of the units were abandoned owing to lack of the necessary skills for maintenance (ibid.). Included in the review were costs, efficiency and technologies used. The review highlighted the wide range of cooking-stove models tailored to local needs, fuel supply, available technical skills and affordability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The strategy proposes a flexible policy framework that can be tailored to different country circumstances and stages of development. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). They complement the OECD Green Growth Studies series, which aims to provide in-depth reviews of the green growth issues faced by different sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article explores the relationship between state sovereignty and the enforcement of international criminal law under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. This doing, it attempts to map out the ambivalent and sometimes contradictory roles that different typologies sovereignty play in advancing or hindering the enforcement of international criminal law. After a brief survey of the literature on the debate over 'international law vs. state sovereignty', the paper focuses on one specific aspect of the newly established ICC: the conditions for case admissibility. The analysis will show that the relationship between state sovereignty and international criminal justice is a dynamic and complex one, which needs to be understood and contextualized within the current system of international relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The average household size is also highly correlated with the youth dependency ratio - the number of young people under 15 years of age relative to the population of working age. The youth dependency ratio reflects changes in demographic structure, but is less relevant than the average household size for the assessment of the poverty risk at household level. For this reason and to limit collinearity problems, only the average household size variable is included in the selected model specifications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Required replacements and an expansion of the existing network require significant investment, which is not covered in the operating budget of the utilities providers. This is seldom the case across the OECD. Among the three revenue sources for utilities providers, taxes, tariffs and transfers, governments decide on the most efficient mix of resources to manage trade-offs between economic efficiency, financial sustainability, environmental protection and social cohesion. This pillar combines two strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Less than 30% of business expenditure in R&D takes place in the periphery, the Galilee and the Negev. Over-dependency on ICT makes the economy vulnerable to sudden changes and constrains the country’s long-term balanced growth potential. There is a need to develop innovation and skills in traditional industries and public services that employ most of the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)