albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In Norway, the law allows dismissals for personal motives, but courts have restricted these reasons mainly to cases of material breach of the employment contract (disloyalty, persistent absenteeism, etc.). In the case of economic redundancy, dismissals are often considered unfair if the redundant worker could have been retained on another job within the same company in many countries (e.g. Australia, Estonia, France, Germany, Italy, Norway and Sweden). By contrast, worker capability and redundancy are fair grounds for dismissal with no or limited substantive additional conditions in almost one half of OECD countries. Moreover, in a number of countries, and notably most common-law countries, courts are inclined to consider redundancies as fair provided that they do not hide disguised personal reasons and procedural requirements are respected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article deals with the social exclusion of Romanies/ ‘Gypsies’ in Italy and the recent implementation of a state of emergency, the so-called Emergenza Nomadi (Nomad Emergency). It provides an investigation of the interactions between local institutions, civil society organisations and Romani people inside the so called campi nomadi (nomad camps) in Rome. The major contribution of this study is that it reveals the existence of a deeply rooted mechanism of marginalisation – the ‘camps system’ – in which corruption, lack of transparency and accountability, inefficiencies and antagonisms between a variety of competing actors have contributed to reify and crystallise the Romani condition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Stereotyping attributes are also common, for example reports should avoid portraying only men as leaders and women as followers, or men as active and women as passive and "vulnerable". Women and girls are not intrinsically vulnerable or victims by nature. This stereotypical language denies women and girls' agency, depicting them as weak and passive bystanders of conflict and agentless victims, and builds a distorted, male-dominated narrative that contributes to women and girls' exclusion from decision-making, transitional justice, peace-building and reconciliation efforts. Avoid using gendered nouns, such as "mankind", replacing them for example, with "people" or "men and women".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
is Full Professor of International Law and International Organizations, Jean Monnet Chair Ad Personam EU and Global Governance, and Founding Director of the Institute for International Law and of the Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies at the University of Leuven. He is Adjunct Professor at Columbia University and Visiting Professor at Sciences Po (Paris), Luiss University (Rome) and the College of Europe (Bruges). He is Member of the Royal Academy of Belgium for Sciences and Arts, President of the United Nations Association Flanders Belgium, and of Counsel at Linklaters, Brussels. He has published widely on international and EU law, international organisations, global governance and financial law. He is coordinator of a number of major research projects, including FRAME (a large-scale FP7 Programme on human rights in EU policies), advises various international organisations and governments, trains officials, and often comments international events in the media.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such statistics are, however, difficult to compare due to different national concepts of collecting and processing information (Fuller et al., The information in this sub-section is based on a questionnaire sent by the OECD to member countries during the course of 2014 to identify effective strategies among countries for improving skills governance and turning qualitative and quantitative information on skills needs into relevant action for policy. The questionnaire was developed in co-operation with the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP), the European Training Foundation (ETF) and the International Labour Organisation (ILO). The questionnaire was distributed to governments (Ministry of Labour and Ministry of Education) as well as to social partners (employer organisations and trade union confederations).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The total budgetary' FSE includes other expenditures such as management of resources (management expenditures, enforcement expenditures) included as transfers to sector, and cost recovery charges. In 2015, total budgetary FSE amounted to EUR 13.2 million (USD 15 million). This includes transfers to fishers of EUR 322 000 (USD 357 000) and transfers to sector of EUR 12.9 million (USD 14.3 million).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
On average across OECD countries, parents of socio-economically advantaged students are highly educated: a large majority has attained tertiary education (97%) and works in a skilled, white-collar occupation (94%). By contrast, the parents of socio-economically disadvantaged students have much lower educational attainment. Across OECD countries, 55% of parents of disadvantaged students attained some post-secondary non-tertiary education as their highest level of formal schooling, 33% attained lower secondary education or less, and only 12% attained tertiary education. Few disadvantaged students have a parent working in a skilled occupation (8%), many parents of these students work in semi-skilled, white-collar occupations (43%), and the majority (49%) work in elementary occupations or semi-skilled, blue-collar occupations (Table ll.6.2b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This was agreed to by more than 130 countries and lays out agreed principles for effective development finance that also cover climate-related aid: these principles relate to country ownership, alignment, harmonisation, results and mutual accountability. The subsequent Busan Partnership on Effective Development Co-operation (2011), agreed to by 150 countries, outlines the importance of climate finance as well as extending the scope of these principles beyond aid to cover development finance and development co-operation more broadly. These include both general principles as well as those developed in the context of funds established by the UNFCCC process such as the Green Climate Fund and the Global Environment Facility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This objective can be achieved through recycling and collection targets of the product or materials and through incentives for consumers to bring the used product back to the selling point. These include measures such as deposit-refund schemes, Advanced Disposal Fees (ADF), material taxes, and upstream combination tax/subsidy (UCTS) that incentivise the producer to comply with EPR. In South Korea for example, ADFs are imposed on importers and producers of products that are hazardous and more difficult to recycle. Standards can be mandatory or applied by industries themselves through voluntary programmes. Measures can include imposing information requirements on producers such as reporting requirements, labelling of products and components, communicating to consumers about producer responsibility and waste separation, and informing recyclers about the materials used in products. This underscores the most pressing need to address issues of efficient management of landfill sites and other waste collection processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
While the NHS Wales Planning Framework seems a useful step towards clarifying planning expectations, there still seems to be scope for the government to be more prescriptive about exactly what is expected -in terms of financing and budget allocation, performance and efficiency, and quality achievement and improvement - from Health Boards and the providers they oversee. The Welsh Government is already beginning to explore some of these issues for the health system as a whole, and for Health Boards, in the consultation document (Green Paper) “Our Health, Our Health Service” (Welsh Government, 2015 a), and with the Integrated Medium Term Plans. More also needs to be done to support Health Boards as they try to deliver meaningful, and more significant, system change, with a focus on good collaboration between the Welsh Government and the Health Boards, building technical, managerial and leadership capacity in Health Boards, and sharing of experiences and expertise across Health Boards and system-wide. Other OECD countries also struggle with the balance between national standards (and control), and local freedom and innovation, and some offer lessons that Wales could learn from (Box 3.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The paper then addresses the integration of monetary child poverty and multidimensional deprivation analysis, and offers concluding remarks on analysing child poverty and deprivation. The various applications of MODA can be found on www.unicef-irc.org/MODA. That is also clear from the early definition of Rowntree (1901) who defined poverty as not having the financial resources 'necessary to support a person at the subsistence level of food, shelter, clothing and other necessities'. The distinction between poor and non-poor, in turn, is based on: (1) a definition of the "dimensions" (e.g. nutrition, clothes, shelter and other necessities) relevant to "subsistence", and (2) the resources (measured in a money-metric form) needed to pay for the minimum quantity of each of the dimensions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Some large investments have managed to achieve broad-based benefits via such partnerships by formulating innovative schemes for sharing both risks and rewards (Box 9.2). One important condition for success is to adequately share the risks between companies and smallholders depending on the capacity of each party to shoulder them. The higher business risks of this arrangement were addressed through crop insurance, while transactions costs associated with dealing with a large number of farmers were reduced by avoiding the geographical dispersion of outgrowers. This scheme resulted in higher levels of contractual compliance among the outgrowers (FAO, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While both approaches adopt land and water availability as the main criteria to select countries with expansion potential, AAAID proposes an increase in cultivated land by 4.2 million ha, of which 2.0 million ha and 1.25 million ha are proposed in Sudan and Egypt, respectively. As discussed in chapter III, Egypt already allocates around 50 per cent of its arable land for wheat, and with less than the world average per-capita share of arable land, and water withdrawal exceeding the sustainable renewable level, Egypt is considered both a land- and water-scarce country. Prospects for higher productivity are also not realistic given that Egypt falls within the high yield countries exceeding the world average by more than twofold.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Changing dietary patterns may also mean that consumers will reduce their intake of traditional staples, such as rice, and spend more on other cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables, and they will likely eat more meat and dairy products. Globally, wheat and rice annual yield increases (as a percent of current yield) have been falling and are now just below 1 percent. For rice and wheat, yield growth in absolute terms (kg/ha per year) is falling in developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Fertility matters for societies because it can impede or accelerate progress towards greater prosperity, equitable and sustainable development, and well-being for all. In European countries in the late nineteenth century and in English-speaking countries on other continents, changing economies presented new professional and job possibilities, motivating couples to have fewer children so that they could seize these opportunities. As more girls enrolled in school, literacy increased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Asia, the developments have tended to be of larger scale and overlap with the idea of the science city. In some rapidly developing economies and in very large cities, the opportunity for large-scale investment has been very high, and the parks are correspondingly huge (Hsinchu has around 130 000 people employed in the park). These parks tend to be promoted by central government and are subject to national development policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Following these steps, in 2003 the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) was established as a mutual certification system. Currently, the FSC and the PEFC are the two most common global forest certification systems. In 2003, Japan initiated its own Sustainable Green Ecosystem Council (SGEC), the SEGC Forest Certification System was set up along with the FSC as well-established forest certification systems in Japan. Under the Kyoto Protocol adopted in 1997 (United Nations, 1998), it was acknowledged that the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by carbon sinks was limited, but it was included in the calculation of reduction targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Promote the VET sector as a leader in sustainability learning, continually strengthen teaching capabilities and demonstrate the adaptability of Sydney’s VET training packages at a local level to meet local needs and demands. In particular, it summarises the key international policy debate before setting out a broad analysis of Sydney’s economy, the labour market and the potential for “greener” jobs. It finishes by providing an analysis of the labour market and a series of recommendations to aid Sydney’s transition to a low carbon economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, the data contains many missing values compared with the aforementioned dataset. The elasticities used in this study are lower because developed countries have been redirected away from farm productivity toward other concerns, such as the environmental effects of agriculture, food safety and other aspects of food quality, and the medical, energy, and industrial uses of agricultural commodities (Pardey et al., As a consequence, the additional cost will be larger in OECD countries even if the impacts of climate change are the same.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the last few decades, agriculture has been considerably neglected by donors and development partners. From the 1980s to 2008, aid to agriculture fell by 43 per cent (figure IV.7). In terms of total aid programmes, the share of aid to agriculture declined even more sharply, from 17 per cent in the 1980s to 6 per cent in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Although a definite correlation between relative decoupling and MVA or GDP could not be found for those African countries with the relevant data, the ranking of countries in Table 4.2 suggests that relatively strong economies in terms of GDP and MVA achieved the greatest decoupling between 1990 and 2013. The aggregate nature of the data, however, prevents one from concluding whether the figures reflect a deterioration in energy efficiency or a shift into more energy-intensive sectors. Those shares are only approximate, however, because water withdrawal by small and medium-sized industry often is conflated with domestic consumption (UNESCO, 2012, p. 59). This breakdown is consistent with the economic structure of the continent, given that much of the population still works in agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Among OECD countries, Israel has the highest fertility rate, with 3 children per woman in 2014, while total fertility rates are lower than 1.3 in Greece, Korea, Poland, Portugal and Spain. By 2000, the age had risen to over 26 on average across OECD countries, and by 2013 it had risen again to 29. On average, the proportion of children living with two married parents decreased between 2005 and 2014 - from 72% to 67%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The REDD agenda was first introduced in the UNFCCC COP-11 in 2005. The COP-13 adopted the Bali Action Plan which includes possible financial incentives for forest-based climate change mitigation actions in developing countries and a decision (Decision 2/CP. The decision broadens the concept of REDD by including conservation, sustainable forest management, and enhancement of carbon stocks, which is collectively referred to as REDD+.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
1. Conflict Management and African Politics: Framing the Links Terrence Lyons and Gilbert M. Khadiagala Part 1: New Research on Negotiation Theory 2. Putting The Practical Negotiator to the Test: Two Examinations of the Formula-Details Proposition Pamela Chasek and Lynn Wagner 3. Perverse Negotiations: Bribery, Bargaining, and Ripeness Bertram I. Spector 4. Ripeness Revisited: The Perils of Muscular Mediation Alan Kuperman Part 2: The International Relations of Africa 5. The Evolution of Euro-African Relations Gilbert M. Khadiagala 6. Post-Cold War Conflict in West Africa: A Subordinate State System in Collapse? Terrence Lyons Part 3: Conflict and Conflict Resolution in Africa 7. Conditions for Mediation Success: Evaluating U.S. Initiatives in Sudan and Liberia Donald Rothchild 8. The Zimbabwe Independence Settlement Revisited: Race, Land, Class, and Ripe Moments Fadzai Gwarazimba 9. African Conflict 'Medicine': An Emerging Paradigm Shift in African Conflict Resolution? Ben Fred-Mensah
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These economic structures reinforce social inequalities and may even threat social stability, because those in the less productive sectors of the economy do not benefit from the advanced sectors. This involves increasing awareness of the existence of such technologies, as well as providing the necessary capacity building or financial support to help firms benefit from them. For example, the Encouraging R&D in Traditional Industries programme in Israel provides support to traditional industries undertaking R&D projects, to help bridge the gap between less and more innovative industry sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
According to Table 2, which shows deprivation rates separately by indicator, the housing dimension is driven by multiple housing problems in the United Kingdom (25%) and Finland (9%) and by overcrowding in Romania (72%). In Finland, just under two-fifths (37%) of preschool-age children are deprived in one, two or three dimensions out of six, with the rest not deprived in any. The distribution is similar but more spread out in the United Kingdom, with just over one-half (54%) of preschool-age children deprived in one, two or three dimensions, 1% deprived in four or five, and the rest not deprived in any.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, this approach had serious drawbacks, as it hampered recognising innovation and technological change as the driving force of economic growth, the roles of applied science and technology and of the interaction of science and industry (Svarc, 2006). In 1994, the first steps were taken by transferring “best practices” from abroad, in particular from Germany and Italy, w'ith a focus on science-industry co-operation and financial support for technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Special attention was paid to knowledge and technology transfer from higher education institutions (HEIs) and public research institutes (PRIs) through the establishment of incubators, support of new technology-based firms, contract research, and the establishment of research labs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Entitlements reinstated under Bill C-31 do not necessarily translate into Band membership. This can be problematic for women and their families who have had their Status reinstated through Bill C-31. Thus, families at lower incomes are subject to the stress of food insecurity from a compromised diet that results when food is no longer available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
What does not work is the pilot-programme approach being tried with donor funding in so many of their partner countries. At best, such projects and programmes can only prepare the ground. Systems, on the other hand, provide vulnerable people with the knowledge that there will be a social floor this year, next year and in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Currently the system fails to provide youth with a sufficiently smooth transition into the labour market, and inadequately meets the needs of employers. The two main challenges are: i) the lack of attractiveness of vocational education and training in Tunisia, including the negative effects of the low status colleges techniques, and the underdevelopment of high quality options at the upper secondary level, and ii) the mix ofprovision (as between fields of study) is driven mainly by the capacity of the system, and it may not reflect the needs of the economy. This chapter recommends the implementation of a set of mutually reinforcing policy reforms, including a strategic expansion of VET at the upper secondary level and stronger mechanisms to engage employers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article argues that the cultural self-understandings of the judiciary can exert a profound effect on legal outcomes under a bill of rights. Utilizing the case of New Zealand, it demonstrates that confinement of expansive case law under the New Zealand Bill of Rights (NZBOR) to the criminal law and freedom of expression arenas is most significantly explained by a British-descended judicial culture that prioritizes, first, those civil liberty values already cognizable by the common law and, second, rights connected with the policing of parliamentary and legal processes. Nevertheless, judicial culture does not operate in a vacuum. Rather, the opportunity structure facing potential public interest litigants under NZBOR depends also on their politicolegal resource set including the attitude of the political branches (legislature and executive) to the claim being forwarded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In another third, the redistributive impact has, however, fallen (Austria, Germany, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden) and in the remaining third, changes were below two points. Results for an alternative, more tail sensitive inequality measure are presented in Table 8.A2.2 in Annex 8.A2). Belgium and the United Kingdom are two countries which combine a considerable increase in spending with a large extent of inequality reduction. On the other side of the spectrum, Italy and Denmark record a fall in inequality reduction alongside a decreasing size of services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Security measures (against lightning, flooding, theft, vandalism, and so forth) are to be taken into account and the stations must, of course, be able to withstand severe meteorological conditions. The cost of providing systems capable of operating under all foreseen circumstances at an automatic station is prohibitive, it is essential that, before specifying or designing an observation station, a thorough understanding of the working environment anticipated for the observation station be obtained. At an early stage of planning, there should be a detailed analysis of the relative importance of the meteorological and technical requirements so that sites can be chosen and approved as suitable before significant installation investment is made.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
One contributory factor is entrenched stereotypes about which careers are suitable for men and which ones for women. They are passed on to children by their families, teachers and society at large. Indeed, PISA reveals, that parents are more likely to expect their teenage sons than their daughters to work in STEM occupations - even when they perform just as well as their male classmates in mathematics, science and reading (OECD, 2015). Students could enter any job title or description.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)