albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Geospatial position reporting and electronic catch and activity reporting is expected to be introduced on all commercial fishing vessels starting on 1 October 2017. Video monitoring will be phased-in starting from 1 October 2018. Primary factors driving trawl innovation include reducing bycatch of undersized fish, reducing the quantity of unwanted fish, and enabling fishers to derive maximum benefit from their catch by improving catch quality. Existing commercial fishing regulations relating to use of trawl nets are prescriptive and there is currently no means for fishers to use alternative trawl gear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This paper focuses on pension system rules and how they interact with other social and labour market conditions over women’s lifecourses. In particular, the paper evaluates the way in which specific pension design features can reproduce or mitigate gender inequalities in old age. Identifying the sources of gender gaps in pension systems can contribute to understanding the impacts that recently adopted pension reforms can have and the policy directions that can help enhance gender equality today and in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some sectors do not have any incentives in reducing emissions, despite a large abatement potential (e.g. some export-oriented sectors in agriculture and manufacturing) (OECD, 201 la). Germany should consider further simplifying its climate change policy by first listing instruments used, identifying the externalities they are targeting, assessing whether they are cost-effective in addressing those externalities and identifying potential overlaps and loopholes. When designing the policy, the cost and benefits of the measures envisaged against the objectives they are supposed to serve should be carefully assessed. Particular attention should be given to the interaction with the EU ETS to limit overlaps. For example, the criteria used to select the abatement measures could be made clearer, as evaluations show that options which are cheaper than those considered in the Integrated Energy and Climate Programme exist (such as the replacement of three to four low efficiency lignite fired-power plants) (BMU, 2008b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Coble et.al (2007) and OECD (2008) conclude that the assessment of risk faced by producers requires an historical series of farm-level data since the aggregated data can be misleading and can severely underestimate the farm-level production risk. Although some methodologies have been developed to estimate the farm-level yield variability from aggregated data and farm-level statistics of risk (Coble and Dismukes 2008), this document is based on statistical records of individual farms1 in Germany, the Netherlands, UK, Italy, Estonia, Australia and New Zealand over a period of 5 to 12 years. In order to maintain comparability across countries, data on crop farms producing mainly wheat were selected in most of the contributing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Whilst women live longer than men, they are also ill more often. Girls are now doing better than boys in school, but still remain under-represented in the key fields of education that provide greater job opportunities. Similarly, although women are increasingly present in the labour market, they still earn less than men, spend more hours in unpaid work and find it harder to reach the top of the career ladder or start their own business. Men are more often the uictims of homicide and assault, but women are the primary target of intimate partner violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Austrian government has created a legal framework that balances rights and obligations between the city authorities, companies that manage private housing and the incoming migrants. Migrant-oriented urban policy packages for large cities should differ from urban policy packages covering smaller towns, but it should be acknowledged that internal migration affects not only cities but also towns and villages. National authorities may wish to analyse the experience of the Baltic Sea countries in improving the system of public service provision to migrants by delinking it from registration status and using the existing identification number system (INS) instead (Tukmadieva, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Second, with the government taking the same risks as the investor, the government and investors’ interests would be more or less aligned, thereby making it much less likely that the government would put in place policies that harm the fund’s investments. Thus, one type of political risk usually faced by investors would be removed. Third, because Governments establish the regulatory and policy framework, they tend to have inside knowledge of what type of projects makes the most sense for their country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In this section, we argue that nitrogen fertilizers are in fact very emission-intensive and that there is limited potential to reduce emission intensity further. For instance, if the carbon price is EUR 50, the extra cost will amount to a 30% increase for the two types of nitrogen fertilizers urea and ammonium nitrate (AN), see Figure 14. The figure does not include free allowances in order to show the "raw impact" of the ETS price.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Bigger and more modem and efficient fishing vessels are faced with shrinking and highly variable fish stocks. In the future, combining enhanced productivity with the sustainability of the fishing will be a cmcial issue. It will require combining the resources and approaches of the different territories and reaching agreements regarding the management of marine resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
According to the results of a national survey about EPS services conducted by the MSPS in 2014, the average of enrolees waiting more than ten days for consultation with a general doctor was 10.1% among EPS in the SR, compared to 13.3% among EPS in the CR. The MSPS estimated that the share of OOP payments in Colombia was 15.2% of the funding of the health system in 2012 (as seen in Chapter 1). While the WHO estimated that the OOP in Colombia was somewhat higher (around 17%) in 2012, it was still among the lowest in Latin America (Figure 2.1) and also lower than the OECD average of around 20%. Cost-sharing is determined both by the scheme that the person belongs to and their assessed socio-economic vulnerability, measured by an index called SISBEN. Enrolees of the SR make no co-payments for services if they belong to SISBEN 1 (most vulnerable individuals) and pay only a 5% co-insurance rate if they belong to SISBEN 2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Because an MPI incorporates multiple dimensions, it can promote integrated and collaborative policies across a subset of SDG indicators, while prioritizing the poor. According to a July 2015 UNGA document the SDGs are providing "a stronger incentive than in the past for cross-sector, integrated and collaborative work. Similarly, to evaluate progress under the sustainable development goals, it will be necessary to look at multiple goals concurrently and in an integrated fashion." It recognises the need for "United Nations agencies, funds and programmes concerned with a specific goal (e.g., education, health, economic growth)" to take into account targets that refer to other goals". Because the MPI has multiple indicators it is often mistakenly presumed that the time and cost of surveys is higher.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the longer term, the land use planning system under the Land Law could explore a more dynamic and flexible approach, rather than one that is definitive and prescriptive, in order to better adapt to the dynamic circumstances of urban development that directly answer to socio-economic needs. For example, there remains a struggle for the provision of open space in the dense inner-city centres. In HaNoi, between 2000 and 2010, the area devoted to parks and public gardens per capita went from 2.17m2 to 1.58m2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Technical sessions highlighted the crucial roles of communication protocols, information security, in-vehicle emergency call systems, location referencing and maps. Linking ICT development with emergency telecommunications opens up opportunities forcountries to achieve sustainable development, while access to and use of telecommunication services bring innumerable social opportunities and help to stimulate the economic growth of all nations, thereby benefiting all citizens in their daily lives. Without ICT infrastructure, industrialization, economic development, employment and cities' sustainability are impossible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Southwest United States should continue to vigourously apply policies already in place, but agriculture will need to adapt to drier conditions. Northeast China would need to reinforce and scale-up current policy initiatives, such as the use of water pricing to curb water demand, and decouple agricultural support from input use. Northwest India would need to overhaul existing policies such as energy subsidies and the promotion of solar pumps that may accelerate groundwater depletion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The parties would also regularly hold discussion forums and workshops to bring together staff and researchers from the two organisations. Information on best practices, innovations, technologies and approaches would be shared at these events, as would ideas for new initiatives and ongoing collaboration. Finally, the parties would seek ways to better engage UBC students in specific projects identified by Metro Vancouver. In past years, collaboration on these issues lias been largely reactive and inconsistent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The call for a more socially responsive occupational science demands critical analysis of occupational injustice. While scholarship has highlighted the role of occupation in social transformation, less attention has been paid to the role of occupation in perpetuating the hegemonic social order. This paper explores the mechanisms of social inequality by arguing that occupation can be a site of reproduction of the social order such as gender, race and class. I will ground my argument in Black feminist theory and sociological interactional theory, showing how gender, race and class can be experienced as linked systems of oppression. Three developments in occupational science will be outlined as a foundation for an occupation-centered analysis of social difference: the increased attention to inequality in opportunity for occupational participation based on social categories such as gender, race, and class, the development of occupation-centered analyses, and the movement from individualistic to contextual app...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The city-to-city DDC is particularly prominent in the field of water in France. The approach includes both ODA and non-ODA support and is based on a peer-to-peer partnership between municipalities or basin agencies in promoter country and their peers in the partner country. The case of France highlights the importance of an enabling regulatory framework and incentives and how a dedicated DDC funding mechanism - allowing mobilising 1% of LRGs revenues for water-related activities - can act as a leverage and multiplier effect to mobilise other sources of funding and support in partner countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The OECD Principles on Water Governance, rather than providing a general toolkit unfit for most situations, deliver and widely diffuse recommendations to policy makers to consider when reviewing existing policies or defining new ones (Table 1.4). Moreover, rules are not necessarily embedded in laws: in many countries, they are rooted in customary water rights. However, there is an institutional layer (meso-institutions), which is often either neglected or even missing, and that links the macro-institutional layer at which rules are defined and the micro-institutional layer at which implementation takes place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, these funds are not currently earmarked to support tourism training, although discussions are underway between the Egyptian Tourism Federation and the Ministry of Manpower to assign a portion of the levy from tourism establishments to training. In Belgium, for example, employer contributions and sectoral funds finance a range of public and private training initiatives. Enterprises who host registered apprentices or interns can benefit from a reduction in their social contributions for each worker or employee which participates in the train the trainer programme, up to a maximum of EUR 3 200. Other countries, however, note the absence of industry levies and support mechanisms to finance skills and career development in the tourism industry, sometimes in contrast to other sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Secondly, professional development is key to ensure that all staff and teachers know which are the best practices for successful transitions and that they have a good understanding of the practices and beliefs in both ECEC and primary. Professional development is vital to inform practitioners of the latest findings on effective practices and curriculum content (Litjens and Taguma, 2010, Sheridan, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Marine biodiversity, the variety of life in the ocean and seas, is a critical aspect of all three pillars of sustainable development—economic, social and environmental—supporting the healthy functioning of the planet and providing services that underpin the health, wellbeing and prosperity of humanity. Marine ecosystems provide innumerable services for coastal communities around the world. For example, mangrove ecosystems are an important source of food for more than 210 million people,'1 but they also deliver a range of other services, such as livelihoods, clean water, forest products, and protection against erosion and extreme weather events.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
An example of this is the Promotion of Green Economic Development (ProGED) programme in the Philippines, supported by Germany, which works with the Department of Trade and Industry to raise awareness of green economic development, promotes green value chains through facilitation and matchmaking services, and supports the policy framework in the country. In addition, development partners are also increasingly using grant financing in a more ‘catalytic’ way, e.g. through matching grant schemes requiring private co-finance, in order to support particularly innovative companies and technologies, that could play a role in climate change mitigation and adaptation, and that would otherwise not have access to finance. One emerging trend in this area is the increased use of green credit lines, provided through local financing institutional and national development banks, targeting the uptake of green technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The highly effective method of drip irrigation, which is widely used on the territory of the forest park, results in significant water savings. Fire prevention methods and measures were also improved, as well as protective methods against forest-related diseases and insects and other pests affecting trees and bushes. It is an impressive afforestation programme, but it is a tremendous logistical and financial effort to maintain these plantations because they always need irrigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The national security challenges in the age of terrorism do not compel constitutional change. On the contrary, what is required is governmental adherence to those provisions that govern war and peace and national security. In Federalist No. 51, James Madison observed that the great challenge confronting America in 1787 was obliging the government to obey the Constitution. That remains the great challenge in our time. Presidents must stop aggrandizing the war power, and Congress must reassert its constitutional authority in the area of war, foreign affairs, and national security. The resurgence of Congress, engagement in vigorous discussion and debate, may well depend upon an aroused citizenry—one committed to the virtues and values of American Constitutionalism and the rule of law, one willing to hold government accountable for the performance of its constitutional responsibilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Scope for water savings is substantial, especially in agriculture, where much irrigation water generates little output. The government has subsidised the use of more efficient irrigation technology at considerable budgetary cost, which has contributed to a modest reduction of water use in irrigation in recent years. Nevertheless low water prices, combined with the free allocation of water concessions, still hamper an efficient use of water resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
According to the broadest measure available for the 1990s, the October Household Survey (OHS), employment actually grew somewhat more rapidly than GDP in the period 1995-99. On the other hand, the Survey of Employment and Earnings (SEE), capturing only non-agricultural formal employment in larger enterprises, showed stagnation and even decline in employment from 1995-99. The truth for that period probably lies between the two, as the OHS had increasing coverage of the informal sector, inflating employment growth, while the SEE overweighted shrinking sectors relative to growing ones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Recalling that IRD was abandoned after a few years due to severe problems in coordinating government planning bureaus and of ultimately fixating on discrete projects without much integration, calling for cross-border integration of planning faces great challenges. This is especially so if it is seen as usurping sovereign power and vested interests of national governments (Varis, Rahaman and Stucki 2008). The potential contribution of such frameworks is to promote the reality that water issues need broad, cross-cutting policies with integrating visions to assemble policies at the water and development interface.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This suggests that households headed by persons of African descent exhibit a pattern of monetary poverty that is similar to the pattern displayed by other households but that the level of deprivation was slightly higher for the former, especially in terms of multidimensional forms of deprivation. The absence of a spouse in the majority of these households is one of the reasons for their low incomes. Households in which there is a couple, many of which have at least two sources of income, tend to be headed by males. When households headed by single males or females are compared, the differences are much smaller.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
African Americans are disproportionately affected by COVID-19-related disease and mortality due to long-standing social, political, economic, and environmental injustice, and COVID-19 inequities are exacerbated by institutional distrust. In the absence of trust, public health authorities have not adequately fulfilled their professional and ethical obligations to protect African American communities from the negative effects of COVID-19. As institutional distrust is shaped by individual and collective experiences of untrustworthiness, we propose a paradigm shift from increasing trust among African Americans to increasing trustworthiness among medical and public health institutions/systems throughout the United States. This narrative review extends the literature describing how social determinants contribute to COVID-19 inequities by demonstrating how institutional distrust develops over time and is reinforced through systems of injustice. Additionally, we illustrate consequences of institutional distrust for COVID-19 inequities and provide recommendations for building trustworthiness through ethical public health practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Two further brands do, however, expect use of recycled materials to bring economic benefits in the future as the market matures. One of them questioned whether it would have any long-term future if it did not begin the transition to circularity now. We are using a step by step method to achieve this."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In recent decades, indigenous populations have become the subjects and agents of development in national and international multicultural policy that acknowledges poverty among indigenous peoples and their historic marginalization from power over development. Although the impact of these legal and programmatic efforts is growing, one persistent axis of disadvantage, male–female difference,1 is rarely taken into account in ethno-development policy and practice. This article argues that assumptions that inform policy related to indigenous women fail to engage with indigenous women's development concerns. The institutional separation between gender and development policy (GAD) and multiculturalism means that provisions for gender in multicultural policies are inadequate, and ethnic rights in GAD policies are invisible. Drawing on post-colonial feminism, the paper examines ethnicity and gender as interlocking systems that structure indigenous women's development experiences. These arguments are illustrated in relation to the case of the Tsachila ethno-cultural group in the South American country of Ecuador.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although most adolescents enter high school, the portion completing it remains very small. Looking at the average for 18 Latin American countries, only 59% of youths aged 20 to 24 completes this cycle. In a number of the countries of the region, such as Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Uruguay, El Salvador and Mexico, less than half of the youths aged 20 to 24 complete secondary education (see figure IV.l).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Furthermore, it was conceived to allow for an examination of the “tools” in the fisheries manager’s “toolbox” in terms of their suitability in the face of climate change, as well as to develop an understanding of the economic, social and environmental information that can underpin decisions on climate change adaptation. The Workshop findings included in the Chair’s summary are intended to inform governance considerations that are important to national and international efforts to manage and conserve aquatic resources while adapting to the effects of climate change, as well as other pressures that influence fisheries resources, whether they be natural or man-made. Specifically, the OECD's role and expertise regarding economic and policy analysis, coupled with the COFI’s analytical work regarding to fisheries economics, management, policy development and governance will assist in shedding light on the economic and institutional aspects of climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
They are also responsible for supervising the water boards, and have a broader task in spatial planning. The 25 water boards, which arc the oldest democratic institutions in the Netherlands, have as their core task the operational management of the water system. The 418 municipalities arc responsible for operational water management. Drinking water management is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health. The most relevant ministries and agencies cooperate in guiding regional authorities in their work under the EU WFD. Eleven county municipalities are appointed as regional competent authorities under the Directive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)