albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Gay-friendliness and gender equality have been taken as signs of modern Western superiority over other cultural spheres and geographical spaces, particularly those of the Muslim world. In a similar manner, the promotion and defense of gay rights has become the crucible of othering discourses in relation to Africa. Across different cultural and national spaces, the meanings of citizenship, nationalism, modernity, colonialism and sovereignty are being negotiated in debates about anti-homosexuality on the continent. The focus of this article is the politics of mapping anti-homosexuality legislation in Africa in Swedish daily newspapers. Drawing on the work of Jasbir Puar and other feminist and queer scholars theorizing race and sexuality in relation to processes of nation-building, the authors analyze the mapping of the regulation of homosexuality in Africa as an instance of imaginative geographies. They investigate how journalistic rhetoric about homophobia on the African continent in Swedish daily newspape...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By creating good-quality jobs elsewhere in their economies, some of these countries, especially in Latin America, have successfully averted adverse distributional effects of deindustrialization. Especially important in this context have been supportive macroeconomic and wage policies, as well as taigeted fiscal and industrial policies aimed at ensuring that most of the income generated in the commodities sector is used within the country. The reason is that the benign distributional outcomes have, at least in part, depended on higher fiscal revenues resulting from soaring commodity prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Petroleum imports are significant and subsidies on domestic fuel consumption absorb a high proportion of government expenditure. This makes Indonesia vulnerable to increases in international petroleum prices. Between September 2007 and May 2009 the international price of petroleum rose by around 114% (Figure 4.3). This scenario assumes a similar increase (+114%) in the international fuel price. Since rates of fuel subsidy are assumed to remain constant as petroleum prices rise, the international price increases are transmitted to domestic petroleum product prices, and hence domestic petroleum prices also rise by 114%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The diverse set of actors and sectors, including for commercial fisheries, aquaculture, renewable energy, tourism, and shipping transport, recreation, among others, often compete for resources and space. Sectoral policies, such as fisheries, agricultural, forestry or infrastructure-related policies, that most commonly lie outside the remit of environment ministries, also impact marine biodiversity (Schroter-Schlaack and Ring, 2011), although often in a negative way (OECD, 2015a, 1999).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Having a secure and up-to-date knowledge database is, however, crucial to any effective conservation strategy. The profile also identified 17 important corridors within the Mediterranean Basin Biodiversity Hotspot, five of which traverse areas in Morocco (table 9.3). Of these, six have been created since 2003: the Al Hoceima National Park (established in 2004), Talassemtane National Park (2004), Ifrane National Park (2004), High Atlas Oriental National Park (2004), Khenifiss National Park (2006) and Khenifra National Park (2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Working-age households can no longer afford to have no one in work and the numbers that are workless have fallen, but for the smaller number of jobless families poverty is much deeper than previously as the value of out-of-work benefits has fallen. An increasing share of the poor in 2030 are “working poor”, with low pay, short working hours or having just one earner in the family. Education has improved, raising earnings for the majority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Enhancing the effectiveness of direct forms of higher education teaching is a key challenge for many institutions, especially since problem-based learning is not feasible in all circumstances. A number of teaching attributes such as organisation, expressiveness, enthusiasm and rapport/interaction have been found to have a positive relationship with indicators of student learning and student persistence. In reality there is no dichotomy between problem-based learning and “traditional” teaching and learning approaches -policymakers and practitioners would benefit from a better understanding about which specific practices are effective for fostering different skill sets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The multi-gear and seasonal nature of SSF also contributes to a complex data collection scenario. A future challenge is the paucity of data on gleaning and post-harvest activities, which are not currently requested by the GFCM but which constitute an important share of SSF activity, as well as a principal contribution by women. Within the context of Target 2 of the mid-term strategy, work is underway to assist CPCs in further improving available data on SSF. All monetary values have been adjusted for inflation and are listed as constant 2016 US dollars (USD).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This suggests that paying providers based on the number of activities being undertaken gives a strong incentive to hospitals to extend patient stays. In addition, the provision of long-term care in hospitals also increases the average length of stay (Jones, 2010). As a result, primary care providers have a financial incentive to become mini-hospitals that provide surgical procedures, often when not appropriate or safe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Given the low current use of export subsidies, their complete elimination, desirable as it would be in terms of aligning WTO rules for agriculture with those for other sectors, would not have much effect on actual market conditions. This differs from the past, when agricultural exports were still subsidised at a much larger scale by some countries. The two OECD studies mentioned in the previous section have looked not only into the impact that improvements in market access might have, but also analysed the market impacts of eliminating export subsidies. In the earlier study (OECD, 2002b), it turned out that impacts on world market prices for crops (wheat, coarse grains, oilseeds) and beef were minimal (between -2% and 1% in the final year of the five-year projection period).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Such an economy becomes more vulnerable to commodity price shocks. Third, negative terms of trade and high commodity price volatility create an unfavourable environment for economic growth and development. Fourth, at the microeconomic level, low or declining commodity prices reduce incomes of households that are dependent on agricultural commodity exports such as coffee, cotton, tea and cocoa. Moreover, negative macroeconomic conditions affect firms’ profitability, and consequently their contribution to overall economic performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Similarly, the water requirements needed to support large agricultural or mining concessions can be significant but are often left undocumented and can affect the usage rights of adjacent communities. Disputes are inevitable when the available water is insufficient to satisfy all existing legal rights, especially in situations of high natural variability. For example, one jurisdiction may manage on the basis of integrated water resource management, whereas another jurisdiction may use a more narrow, sectoral approach that focuses on managing water flow and quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It’s difficult to say how this change will affect data on global poverty. According to one set of calculations by World Bank economists, raising the poverty line to $1.92 would add 148 million to the numbers of people said to be living in extreme poverty. Some argue that the concept is misleading and can create a sense that people living in poverty have a reliable, albeit very small, income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In Sri Lanka, for example, active steps were taken to address this challenge. This initiative helped to reduce the number of non-compliant bids and led to greater involvement of the local private sector in winning bids (UNCTAD and BMZ, forthcoming). Governments should also try to ensure that their procurement practices are conducive to greater involvement of domestic suppliers, especially SMEs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Today virtually all secondary care hospitals and most hospital day care services are fully funded using DRGs. The expectation is that this will stimulate hospital productivity, since increasing the number of episodes of care spreads fixed costs over a larger number of patients, and encourage the development of day stay procedures in lieu of inpatient admissions. This is intended to support highly specialised tertiary care irrespective of provider ownership, but may also be distorting the distribution of resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Danish Agricultural Agency runs the system and publishes annual guidelines for individual farms, including the maximum total amount of nitrogen that can be used on the farm within a season. Farmers are responsible for completing their annual fertilisation account by the end of March each year. Furthermore, under the fertiliser accounting system, nitrogen standard quotas are calculated annually at the farm level. These quotas depend on crop and soil type, climatic conditions, irrigation, precipitation, and the pre-crop. The quotas are set at least 10% below the estimated economic optimum for the various crops. With the targeted regulation, the farmer's fertilization and cropping management will be restricted based on the sensitivity of the aquatic environment and local conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Seventy per cent of purchased rights were given to the Park and 30% to small productive farmers who focussed on higher value activities like vine and vegetables. This mechanism triggered a shift in groundwater use and agricultural activities away from cereals, encouraged vines to be accounted for, and led to increased incentives for the enforcement of water rights. Still, the public cost of the program - estimated at 5000 M EUR for 2008-2027 -has been high and the program did not address the incentive structure of farmers pumping groundwater.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While not being specifically classified in the CRS as research activities, it can be argued that these activities support STI development, and therefore should be included in the analysis of external support towards STI. This included activities supporting the understanding and use of ICTs and broader projects such as the FHI360 Mobile Solutions Technical Assistance and Research (mSTAR), a technical assistance and research program, which aims to fostering rapid adoption and scale-up of digital finance, digital inclusion and mobile data in developing countries. Many of these additional activities have an ICT or technology component, but are classified in the CRS according to a different sector, e.g. the mSTAR project is classified as “Business support services and institutions”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The OECD’s Private Sector Participation in Water Infrastructure: Checklist for Public Action could be useful in this regard. Tvo administrative river basin management units were designated in 2003: the Danube River Basin District, which included sub-basins of the Mura, Drava and Sava Rivers, and the Adriatic River Basin District, which included the basins of the Soca River and all rivers along the Adriatic coast. To facilitate management, every sub-basin is divided into smaller units called “water bodies” (155 surface water and 21 groundwater bodies).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, while contribution credits can be a valuable tool to improve women's pension benefits, they are unlikely to close gender gaps in coverage and benefits on their own and need to be conceived as part of a wider package of gender equality-enhancing measures. In a context of gendered labour markets, contributory pension systems face several constraints to guarantee universal and adequate pension benefits for women. Women’s lives of work are different from men’s in a number of important aspects, and these differences affect gender equality in pension entitlements even under gender-neutral pension system rules.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Beyond these specific national approaches, issues that are common to many OECD countries are ageing infrastructures and the need to finance modernisation plans. These criticisms continue and have become even more important since environmental concerns have become a major issue world-wide. On the other hand, increases in water scarcity and extreme water events associated with the projected acceleration of the water cycle due to climate change may lead certain countries to re-examine the costs and benefits of their water storage policy strategies for adaptation purposes. A recent example is the drought in California, in which the development of alternative sources of water supply is discussed among the set of possible policy responses. Ensuring food security can also play an important in the overall political balance regarding water storage strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
La mesure la plus urgente consiste a mettre en place une infrastructure d'information integree permettant de deceler les dysfonctionnements tout en assurant la libre circulation des informations entre les prestataires, les patients et les structures. Au niveau des cabinets medicaux, la participation des patients a la mesure et a la notification des dysfonctionnements est essentielle. La reussite des efforts permanents mis en ceuvre pour ameliorer la securite passe par une culture active de la securite, axee sur l’amelioration collective et le travail d’equipe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For instance, reforms that boost innovation widen the wage distribution among employed workers. However, because they contribute to raising employment - not least among lower-skilled workers - such reforms have a neutral effect on the dispersion of households’ disposable income. This is the case of better access to education, active labour market policies and growth-friendly tax and transfer systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The rains ore disappointing us: dynomic vulnerability ond odoplotion to multiple stressors in the Afram Ploins, Ghono. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Globol Chonge 14: 317-337. Regional Environmental Chonge, 10(2): 157-168, W. loube, B. Schroven ond M. Awo. Smallholder odoplotion to climote chonge: Dynamics ond limits in Northern Ghono, Climate Chonge, 111 (3-4): 753-774, Tombo ond Abdouloye, 2013 (see note 72). Adoptalion, odcplive copocily ond vulnerability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Target 5.4 not only recognizes and values unpaid care and domestic work* but also indicates the ways in which this recognition should take place, namely: “through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies’’.4 Unpaid care and domestic work, therefore, must be recognized, reduced and redistributed by means of care policies (see also box 3.3). Providing for the care needs of children frequently makes women—the main unpaid care providers—both income and time poor,9 and can carry long-term labour market penalties if they interrupt their employment careers in order to provide care (box 3.1). What are the innovations that can arise when a “care lens” informs social policies?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Colombia's MPI was launched in 2011 based on the priorities established in the National Development Plan (NDP) of 2011. It uses the Alkire-Foster method to generate the MPI and the associated set of sub- and partial indices. The household is taken as the unit of identification, not only for reasons of data availability but also because of the desire to recognise the importance of the household and incentivize caring and sharing across household members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
But the proportion quadruples to 26 per cent over die next 40 years, making it higher dian the projected OECD average of 25 per cent (see figure 1) (OECD, 2014). The world total fertility rate was 2.5 persons during 2010-2015, a reduction of 1.9 persons (-43.7 per cent) from the 4.4 persons during 1970-1975 (in bodi Latin America and Asia, die decline was -2.8 persons, while in Africa it was -2 persons). This decline resulted in an increase in die proportion of the older population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Two Caribbean small island developing states (SIDS)—namely, Dominica and The Bahamas (-0.7 per cent)—were the worst affected. These range from the economic performance of emerging economies such as China and an investment slowdown in the advanced economies, to the impact of persistent trade protectionism. Brexit—the process of the UK withdrawing from the EU once Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty is triggered in March2—presents an additional shock to an already vulnerable world economy and international trading system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Third, the Catalyst Initiative overall provided a wider umbrella and support framework for collaboration and mutual learning within and beyond the Initiative. For example, two face-to-face summits convening all projects - one in New Delhi, India, in 2011 and the other in Beijing, China, in 2012 - were planned from the start of the Initiative. The Initiative also set up an electronic platform to facilitate social networking, share information and materials and allow communication with others. Conference calls took place on a monthly basis between the consortia leaders and HP to support and exchange ideas on developments within the Initiative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Box 22 presents the European Smart Specialisation (S3) model, an integrated approach to fostering competitiveness based on the notions of ecosystems and global value chains, and its application to the promotion of Sustainable Arctic Tourism in Finland. Innovation requiring cross-sector policy support is more likely to be secured over the long-term under these circumstances. It examines the changing global trends and inter-linked policy challenges driving the need to revisit the policy framework supporting tourism growth, analyses a selection of specific issues likely to represent challenges for tourism in the medium- to long-term, and explores ways for closer policy integration between tourism and related policy areas. In addition, the report builds on the outcomes of a Workshop on Effective Policies for Tourism Growth held in Bern on 3 July 2014, and co-organised with the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO), Switzerland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Getting a boat to the closest city, the only means of transport, is expensive. And in a patriarchal society, where womens well-defined roles and work are dismissed as less valuable, it can be extraordinarily hard for girls to muster motivation to follow their dreams. It’s a high-pressure job with long hours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Studies have shown that, compared to older women, younger women are more likely to wait to seek abortion, use an unskilled abortion provider or use dangerous methods to self-abort, and delay seeking care for complications (Rosen, 2009). Moreover, they use prenatal care less and have fewer visits than older mothers (Guliani et al., Although the World Health Organization recommends HPV vaccinations of all girls between die ages of 9 and 13, the high price has meant that only a fraction of the hundreds of millions of eligible girls living in developing countries have access to this vaccine (GAVI Alliance, 2014). Access to condoms for HIV and STI prevention is a critical prevention strategy, but too few young men and women are using them (United Nations Commission on Population and Development, 2014). Access to programmes to prevent mother-to-child transmission is also less for adolescent girls, particularly for those from key populations (World Health Organization, 2014a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the digital world of the Internet, IPR conventions, such as trademarks to identify market products and services, copyrights covering the software running websites and apps, and agreements defining usage rights (i.e. licences), allow traded goods to move digitally, their significance has increased appreciably. The extent of intellectual property rights coverage and their enforcement among different members may vary significantly, enforcement action by a rights owner can in many cases involve costly multi-jurisdictional litigation and other procedures before numerous national authorities. As intellectual property has traditionally been regulated, administered and enforced on a territorial basis, the "borderless” nature of the Internet can raise trade costs in both registering and enforcing intellectual property rights in the context of global networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is not necessary that all staff working in ECEC have high levels of education, which may also be impossible to realise and not desirable. However, those with lower levels of general education should work alongside those who are highly qualified. Attending a workshop may be an easy way to realise means of professional development, however, high-quality subject training, field-based consultation training or supervised practices may be more effective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Most OECD countries have been introducing policies to respond to these challenges. France, for example, has focused on reforming the content and structure of its teacher-training programmes through the creation of new schools combining practical and theoretical training, while in 2008 the United States introduced an incentive-based policy offering federal grants to institutions upgrading their programmes. Finland introduced systematic professional development for school staff, including school leaders, through the OSAAVA Programme and increased government funding. Portugal has developed a comprehensive strategy and introduced initial school leadership training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The report identifies drivers, key enablers, gaps and barriers to the use of LNG as fuel in maritime transport. Reducing the use of heavy hydrocarbons and increasing the use of LNG in maritime transport could help reduce carbon dioxide emissions and other pollution arising from international trade. This is a step in the right direction as we confront the challenges associated with climate change and air quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It was the second IEO exercise dedicated to the theme, the first, an evaluation of gender mainstreaming, was in 2006). The evaluation covers two distinct but linked results areas as framed in the GES: development results and institutional results. Specifically, the evaluation assesses the extent to which the GES functioned as “an integrating dimension of UNDP’s work”3 in implementing the Strategic Plan. Instead, it serves as an inquiry of the extent to which the GES played a role in guiding the institutional and development contributions UNDP made to GEWE during the implementation of the 2008-2013 Strategic Plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) could help meet the growing demand for quality seeds and could be supported by regulations governing the introduction of such seeds. Chemical nutrient application in Myanmar is about 10% of the South Asia regional average and less than 7% of that of Viet Nam. Low fertiliser use is due particularly to limited access to seasonal credit and the relatively high level of adulterated fertilisers on sale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)