albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
There are also issues of gender inequality, with violence against women a major concern for all states (PIFS, 2015a). At the regional level, issues of sovereignty and accountability, as well as the lack of clarity over the roles and responsibilities of the different regional agencies, hinder effective regional governance mechanisms (see Chapter 3). In this framework, vulnerability refers to the inherent characteristics that make countries prone to external shocks, such as high trade openness, high export concentration and dependence on strategic imports, while resilience refers to an economy’s ability to withstand external shocks, driven by macroeconomic stability, market efficiency, social development and good political governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
What are the legal boundaries in the use of databases and biometrics in border surveillance and migration policy? This chapter aims to reach a better understanding of the standards that are frequently neglected against the backdrop of current developments or whose importance is all too easily trivialized: the right to privacy, the principle of nondiscrimination and two substantive standards relating to data protection law: the purpose limitation principle and the prohibition on automated decision-making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is nevertheless encouraging to see that both indicators have improved significantly, compared with their 2000 and 2010 levels. With regard to air freight, the increase was 25 per cent during the period 2000-2010 and 34 per cent during the period 2010-2015. For air travel, the progress was 113 per cent and 18 per cent, respectively, during the periods 2000-2010 and 2010-2015. This is a clear indication that African least developed countries represent an important gap in air transport infrastructure that need to be bridged if they are to become more competitive and promote industrialization faster.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Meat prices, on the other hand, are expected to only see modest real price declines over the projected period. Nevertheless, the projections suggest structurally higher prices than those seen between 1990 and 2006. To convert to real prices, the average annual US GDP deflator was applied to each monthly observation. Measured by coefficients of variation, price volatility between 2007 and 2014 increased for rice and wheat compared with the 1990 to 2006 period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Resilience means that the risks have been considered and managed to achieve an acceptable level of performance given the available information, and that capacities to withstand and recover from shocks are in place (OECD, 2014a). In the case of protective infrastructure (such as flood defences) this will be the assets protected by the defences. For other infrastructure, it will be the costs resulting from damage or disruption to the asset (e.g. business interruption from loss of electricity supply). Considering climate impacts for individual assets, such as a bridge or a railway line, is necessary but not sufficient to ensure that the system functions reliably despite a changing climate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, initial preparation could prepare school principals better for their role and there are no further development opportunities for school principals. Also, the administrative responsibilities of principals and the lack of a stable teaching body may make it difficult for principals to develop learning communities in their schools. Finally, school principals could require further support from teacher leaders and the high degree of centralisation makes it difficult for principals to build a leadership team. In addition, it is important to keep the curriculum of general programmes relevant for the continuation of studies at a higher level while increasing the flexibility of its delivery to take into account the increasing diversity of student achievement as students make progress within the education system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Ces deux types d’investissements sont favorables a une amelioration des biens publics car ils ont des retombees positives sur la productivity de I’ensemble de I’economie. En consequence, les depenses dans les infrastructures physiques et sociales peuvent generer une certaine souplesse sur le plan budgetaire. Ils comprennent les techniques de gestion des capitaux, les reserves obligatoires reposant sur des actifs et les garanties de prets en I’absence de restrictions a I’acquisition de titres legaux sur des biens pour les femmes. Premierement, la hausse des taux d’interet freine la demande globale et done I’emploi.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Despite that, about 20% of women aged 16 to 24 are neither active nor studying, in comparison to 1% of men in the same age group. Women also face higher unemployment rates (about 5 percentage points higher than men) and lower participation in formal employment (32% against 46% for men). Modalidades de Education Inicial en el Marco de una Atencion Integral para la Primera Infancia”, Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Even in the absence of such an adverse shock, however, the Lindoe example represents an invitation to stakeholders in Sydney to investigate whether it has any similar opportunity based on the presence in Sydney of large technology-based enterprises, internationally renowned universities, a highly developed TAFE system of skills training and strongly supportive policies by state-level and local governments. It has begun a work programme, including a project to design and build what will be the world’s largest and smartest nacelle test bench for wind turbines up to 10MW. It has established the Lindoe Welding Centre, which aims to develop welding techniques that will reduce the cost of manufacturing the foundations and basic structures of wind turbines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
More progress needs to be made in including participatory and institutional approaches that address equity issues in the National Biodiversity Strategy framework. The NPBB is made up of 32 representatives, one-third of whom represent the government, one-third local government and the other third academia and NGOs. For example, Mount Carmel was declared a Biosphere Reserve in April 1996, within the framework of UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme. Other areas considered appropriate to be declared biosphere reserves include Mount Meron in northern Israel and the Judean Hills area in the transition zone between the Mediterranean Sea and the desert biome.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Even after Doi Moi, farming households engaged in the production of export crops and import-competing crops faced higher levels of vulnerability than those engaged in the production of non-traded crops or in non-farm activities. The above results are key for policymaking. They highlight a link between trade openness and risk-induced vulnerability, underlining the need to address vulnerability to poverty, even in the context of trade liberalization policies that result in a net reduction in poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The rising trade tensions may affect Emerging Asia through various channels, including global value chains, foreign investment, trade diversion and exchange-rate reaction, among other channels. In the near term, the speed at which exports adjust to the price shock caused by new tariffs will partly determine the impact of trade tensions on sectors and the economy as a whole. On the upside, the ongoing shifts in import sourcing present an opportunity for Emerging Asian countries to adjust their investment and export strategies. It is crucial for Emerging Asian countries to persevere in efforts to improve the investment climate in order to make the most out of these changing patterns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, applying these principles will nevertheless have an impact on effectiveness. This is because they help the financial institutions determine whether projects are climate-resilient. For example, whether projects such as hydropower plants (mitigation-related) or coastal infrastructure development (adaptation-related) will be able to function as planned given expected ranges of rainfall, sea-level rise, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Creating such an environment is complementary to the provision of more traditional public goods such as improved infrastructure, animal and plant health, education and information systems, and extension. Improvements in these areas could bring substantial long-term gains to agricultural producers through more transparent markets, improved price formation, and, ultimately, higher agricultural incomes. Benefits would also accrue to other agents of the supply chain, including food consumers for whom more competitive food chains would provide higher quality products. Because these characteristics vary with the product, and the location or size of the farm, the focus is on specific subsectors: wheat, dairy and beef, the three largest sub-sectors of Kazakhstan’s agro-food system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
One of these token-based marketplaces, known as an “asset generation event”, provides direct access for registering and trading ownership of power plants. The project’s aim is to facilitate fractional ownership of solar farms and community battery systems. Power Ledger is rolling out its first asset, rooftop solar based in Australia, in the next few months. It should be noted that many blockchain businesses are risky ventures, often employing new ideas in untested markets, or using untested approaches where demand and adoption may be difficult to forecast, similar to venture capital investing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Hence, appropriate routing with low-level transmission power significantly decreases energy consumption under desired qualify of service level. In the previous works, energy consumption of the Secondary Users (SU) at different states (transmit, collision, idle modes) have not been studied comprehensively in cognitive radio networks. The secondary network is allowed to use the licensed channels in an opportunistic manner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The elasticity formula takes into consideration the current size of the sectors as captured by their incomes. As it is based on forestry output accounting, this may not give the full picture, in view of the size of other sectors such as agriculture. It is nonetheless a useful tool and it addresses an interesting question.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Energy efficiency measures helped to reduce energy use worldwide. Without the 13% improvement of global energy efficiency between 2000 and 2016, global final energy use would have been 12% higher. Whereas GHG emissions present a global physical limit to increasing production with current technology and methods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) play a role in creating smart, sustainable and resilient cities and overcoming financing constraints. However, it is important that such partnerships are designed in way that they are not a source of risk to public finances and that affordability and inclusiveness considerations are duly taken into account. While the value for money concept remains important, with the adoption of the 2030 Agenda, the challenge is to implement PPPs according to a broader set of holistic criteria and undertake projects that from inception to termination create 'value for people'. The action plan for implementation of a National Disaster Risk Management Programme for period 2017-2020 was adopted by the Government in March 2017. The plan was coordinated by the Public Investment Management Office -with participation of all line ministries, special organizations, local self-governments, non-governmental organizations, and other stakeholders in the countiy. Along with the action plan, a Disaster Risk Financing Programme has also been adopted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These two inner components - direct budgetary' transfers and government revenue that has been foregone as a result - are also the subject of quantification of OECD’s renowned Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels (OECD, 2015a). In this case, there is no direct transfer from government budgets, and the cost of subsidies is pushed on to energy-supplying companies (though the latter can also be compensated by the government for the losses they incur this way'). This is by far the laigest category in the IEA estimates of consumer subsidies granted as a result of selling energy at below-market rates. However, this category can also include cross-subsidies, whereby one category of consumers (for instance, industry) pays a premium on the price of energy, which pays off the losses that suppliers incur by selling energy at below cost-recovery rates to a different category of consumers (for example, households). International organisations such as the IEA and the IMF have come up with certain regional and global benchmarks, in particular for fossil-fuel consumer taxes. The OECD has also discussed these issues in its flagship publication Taxing Energy Use (OECD, 2015b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is mostly due to the inaccessibility of larger forest complexes on account of the underdeveloped forestry road network, as well as the general absence of modern optoelectronic equipment for early detection, reporting and warning of forest fires, and limited technical capacities resulting from the lack of modern fire-suppressing equipment, vehicles and special aircraft. Estimates from 2004 show that, on average, over 7,400 tons valued at US$ 10 million are exported each year. Control over unauthorized collection of such plants has improved in recent years, and the pressure has slightly decreased, which is also due to the educational campaigns, training and technical assistance provided under the Private Forestry Development Programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These are included in the General Services Support Estimate (GSSE). Another GSSE classified expenditure, inspection services, is described in Section 2.3. The final sub-section discusses policies that are provided to consumers specifically for the purposes of reducing the price of the goods they consume.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Vehicle and service improvements in the system are subject to constant negotiations between authorities and private sector leaders, rather than by periodically revised standards and clear procedures. The large number of uncoordinated individual concessionaires has made it hard for single operators to function as companies and for the different routes to be organised into a single system. Both of these trends prevent the creation of economies of scale in the sector and increase the obstacles to integrating bus services with other public transport modes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In Belgium, in addition to the competences of the communities and the regions granted constitutionally, specific responsibilities are established by regional decrees (on Environmental Regulation, or VLAREM, Integrated Water Management, etc.). Finally, some countries have ad hoc mechanisms outside legislative frameworks for allocating responsibilities at the sub-national government level. For instance, in Mexico, there are villages where daily simple or complex activities of communities, such as the organisation of drinking water assemblies that do not fall under the jurisdiction of municipalities, are subject to customary law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Nordic flood risk governance needs revision, instead of modifying channels even more, ecosystems in catchments can be restored to increase their retention capacity, thus reducing future flood risks further downstream. Such retentive restoration actions can be located to uplands and riparian zones, as well as in stream channels. Along seashores, restoration should aim for increasing storm surge protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Women make up a large section of informal businesses and microfinance very often involves self-employment in the informal sector (Armendariz and Murdoch, 2007). Moreover, it has been noted that women, being more credit constrained than men, are more likely to engage in microfmance programs and participate regularly in related training sessions and weekly meetings. They have also been viewed as more conservative in their investment strategy, more responsive to peer pressure for repayments, and therefore ultimately more responsible in repaying loans. Targeting loans to women also fosters their empowerment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Given so, this paper maintains the analysis for States adopting the original NLC. In early 2018, 25 States form the network of the NLC, while 4 States are currently pending legislation. When a policy is being implemented at the national or State level, pure time-series or before and after analyses of the impact of these policy changes will likely be contaminated by other changes occurring simultaneously.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Targeted or “smart” sanctions directed against named individuals – such as those established by Security Council Resolution 1267 (1999) in the fight against al-Qaeda – have evolved into a mainstay of the United Nations’ (UN) collective security system, particularly in the fight against terrorism. With the Kadi appeal judgment, the European Court of Justice (ECJ), overruling the Kadi and Yusuf/Al Barakaat case-law of the European Court of First Instance (CFI), has defined the relation between EU and UN law in a classic dualistic way which is usually charactistic of nation-states. The Court also sent a message to the UN, proposing a secure transfer of information as a solution for the lack of effective human rights in the UN sanctions regime. However, it is questionable whether this could sufficiently replace an independent review system at the UN level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The review recommended the prioritization of accounting principles that provide consistent consideration of natural disturbance regimes, temporal scales, and system boundaries. In contrast, an extensive study of the status and future potential of global bioenergy resources, systems and markets (SCOPE, 2015) suggested that as much as 30% of the world's fuel supply could be bio-based by 2050, although it also found that the implementation of successful bioenergy production systems will require clear sustainability metrics and monitoring programmes, stable land tenure, and effective local and national governance, conditions not yet established in many countries. This was an increase of 6.2 million hectares (1.4%) over the previous 12 months, although the increase was about 10 million hectares less than that seen in the preceding 12-month period. In the caseof the PEFC, data are reported to December 2014, and more forest may have been certified to May 2015. More than 80% of the double certification is in Europe (3.5 million hectares) and North America (2.6 million hectares).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While the United Kingdom may have gone further in this regard than most countries, the need for formal CPD schemes for medical professionals as a way of ensuring fitness to practice is recognised in many countries, and warrants consideration in the context of Swedish GPs. Training and CPD for GPs should encompass the skills set required to provide and co-ordinate care, including palliative care, for older people and for those with complex conditions and mental health problems. Sweden’s well-developed and highly skilled primary care sector has played a key role in these trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Because they are not consciously selected or controlled, they are not readily influenced even by the best information campaigns (Verplanken 2011). In some areas the link between information and attitude is more often translated to changes in behaviour, e.g. condom use (Albarracin, Johnson etai. Environmental information may have an effect on behaviour, but better results are reached when strong instruments are used at the same time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For example, the budget operated very close to the deficit limit during 2014-17. This raises concern that fiscal space could be unduly limited in a future economic downturn if fiscal buffers are inadequate, even more crucial given muted monetary' policy. Within the current framework the deficit limit can be exceeded in exceptional circumstances, including severe economic downturns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This article investigates impact of the lack of civil liberties on terrorism in Middle Eastern and North African countries based on terrorism incidents per capita for the period 1998–2010. We control for endogeneity by using oil revenue, military expenditure and under-five mortality rate as instruments and find that we cannot reject the null hypothesis that civil liberties is exogenous. Our findings from exogenous models indicate that an improvement of civil liberties reduces domestic terrorism but not transnational terrorism. Apart from civil liberties, there is also evidence that rule of law decreases domestic terrorism. We also find that political stability reduces transnational terrorism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Court of Justice of the European Communities (ECJ) is well-known for keeping a sharp eye on its exclusive jurisdiction enshrined in articles 220 and 292 of the Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC). The ECJ’s reputation results from a number of judgments and opinions which prima facie seem to pursue one major goal, namely safeguarding the ECJ’s extraordinary position within the legal order of the European Community (EC). However, a closer look at the relevant ECJ jurisprudence - particularly Opinions 1/91 and 1/92 on the European Economic Area (EEA), and the Mox Plant, Matthews and Bosphorus cases - and an evaluation of the possible legal effects of decisions delivered by ‘foreign’ international tribunals - e. g. arbitral tribunals, WTO panels, and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) - facilitates a more balanced appraisal of the ECJ’s approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In contrast, OECD countries on average demonstrated a decreasing trend from 9.5 in 2000 to 8.8 in 2013 (OECD, 2015a). The prevalence of obesity is also higher in Latvia at 23.6% of adults, compared to the OECD average of 19% (OECD, 2015a). Although many OECD countries have a higher share of obesity among men, Latvia does not follow this trend.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This study proposes theoretical and practical frameworks to systematically examine mediated public relations in social media spaces. We applied a social network conceptual framework to identify and characterize social mediators that connect the US State Department with its international public. The results showed that social mediators vary in terms of their formality and interdependence. Formal social mediators were primarily US government agencies while informal social mediators were nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and individuals. Notably, relationships with populations in the Middle East and North Africa were mediated primarily by informal actors, and formal mediators played a key role in connecting the public with everywhere else in the world. Government-related formal mediators and informal social mediators showed similar levels of bilateral relationships. In contrast, news media, the most traditional public relations mediators, were rarely found as social mediators and demonstrated the most uni...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)