albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Other factors associated with in-work poverty include being young (aged 16-25), living in a single-earner household, low levels of education and having children (Brady et al., They also find the working poor to be disproportionately female, less educated and with children. In the United Kingdom and United States, welfare reform has been associated with increased employment, particularly among lone parents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Scholars have suggested that ‘home’ states of transnational corporations (TNCs) have a legal duty to protect against human rights abuses occurring in ‘host’ states that may be breached by failure to regulate TNCs’ extraterritorial activities. This article challenges the claim that such a duty of home states to regulate TNCs’ extraterritorial human rights impacts can be said currently to exist as a matter of law. The article first summarizes the general structure of arguments made in favour of such a ‘home state duty to regulate’. It then considers the foundations and meanings of extraterritorial jurisdiction in public international law and international human rights law, requirements and conditions of attribution and state responsibility for the conduct of non-state actors, and the scope and limits of ‘positive obligations’ to ensure the effective enjoyment of human rights, domestically and extraterritorially, as they relate to prevention of human rights abuses by TNCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nature-based tourism has been described as engaging with a space in which the staging of exploration, play and knowledge may activate tourists' involvement with on-site experiences (Mathisen, 2013). Similarly, at the destination level, co-creation is held to be a condition for competitiveness in the face of profound changes in tourist behaviour and expectations, while destination management organizations and tourism industry organizations are encouraged to develop new thinking and practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
One contemporary development of relevance here is the movement of government funding away from supporting arts, humanities and social sciences in UK higher education - a potential risk to the respect and understanding agenda that is being replicated in different ways around the world on account of current economic constraints. First, critical self-examination guards against the mindless bigotry that often underpins conflict, fuelled by prejudice developed through restrictive school curricula. Instead, a broad cosmopolitan vision is proposed, including a strong rooting in the learners’ own community and culture, but also a knowledge of other traditions and places, and the ability to empathise and communicate with other peoples, and consequently respect and understand them. This agenda fits closely with the field of intercultural education (e.g. Gundara, 2000), which will be explored in empirical contexts in the later sections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Lack of coordination between national policies often results in situations where, for example, green actions are not complemented by skills development response and as a result, do not reach their potential (ILO 2011). On the other hand, lack of enforcement of SCP related policies, such as environmental legislation, precludes demand for green jobs or leaves qualified graduates unemployed (ibid.). While this is absolutely critical for some areas, such as policy making and strategic development, it remains relevant for any field of work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Much can also be gained by helping landless households to get hold of non-land assets, such as livestock, or farm equipment which they can rent to farmers, enabling them to participate in the agricultural market economy in a self-employed capacity, not only as labourers. It can provide the basis for non-farm and more productive employment, allow children from poor households to perform better in school because they can do more homework, and has a variety of other benefits. Providing a light bulb or two will not change many lives for the better, however. Enabling chronically poor households to be part of the energy revolution will involve reducing the upfront costs of connection to the grid by allowing the poorest to pay the initial connection charges over long periods, or be cross-subsidised by wealthier customers. Other essential steps include extending the grid, or investing widely in off-grid decentralised and environmentally sustainable power. At the same time, energy providers need to work with other development agencies to enable the poorest households to acquire the equipment they need to render access to energy productive, thereby reducing drudgery (Scott et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Researchers working on microdata from sample-based surveys should also take into account variations in the sampling design. The issue is that the original sampling design variables are often anonymised in the social survey micro-data files, and supporting documentation is not detailed enough for the purposes of variance estimation. This annex provides some advice for improving the quality of information on sampling design.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article revises the concept of political corruption by bringing a fresh perspective to prebehavioral scholarship. It acknowledges prior scholarship but also recognizes its limitations. By refuting the assertion that early twentieth-century conceptions are irrelevant, understanding of political corruption and public integrity can be enhanced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This share should increase by 1% per year for the next ten years. For coal used in power generation, this tax represents a price increase in the order of 5% to 10% based on run-of-mine prices in October 2010, depending on the coal quality. The income from the tax goes into a National Clean Energy Fund for funding research, innovative projects in clean energy technologies, and programmes to repair environmental damage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There is a training centre for PES staff at the Japanese Institute for Labour Policy and Training, employees will be asked to attend a certain number of training sessions during their career. Although many job vacancies are accessible on the PES website (www.hellowork.go.jp), jobseekers are still often advised to visit Hello Work offices in person (this is discussed further in Chapter 3). Compared with the current 550 principal and branch offices, the PES had about 700 thirty years ago, since many offices in remote areas have been closed since.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Specifically, the Global Ocean Commission (GOC, 2014) has recently identified five interconnected drivers of ocean decline, all of which are related to economic development: rising demand for resources, technological advances , decline of fish stocks, climate change, biodiversity and habitat loss, as well as weak high seas governance. The commission and many observers agree that more innovation is needed if humankind wishes to continue to raise the productivity of the oceans while protecting its ecological integrity. Specifically, it assesses the role of new knowledge about the oceans, recent technology developments which have enabled the growth of the ocean economy, emerging and potentially disruptive technologies and, finally, what innovation, including disruptive developments, might be needed to address the challenges of the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
These areas are all highly informationintensive (and thus are well-suited to the platform revolution) and are already undergoing rapid technological change. Connecting - being informed about what affects the enterprise and its business ecosystem - is a crucial ingredient of firm competitiveness. To lower risks when exporting, it is necessary to acquire relevant market information (on foreign prices, consumer preferences, standards and testing requirements) and information regarding the establishment of appropriate distribution channels abroad (see case study on Saint Lucia in this chapter). Average prices for market reports are not necessarily affordable for SMEs, as these range from $1,500 to $8,000 for standard reports and from $15,000 to $35,000 for reports on specific product or seivice market trends.25 When asked about their top priorities for boosting exports in a 2015 survey, firms ranked highest improved access to information about export opportunities.26 The need for improvements in access to information on export opportunities had considerably more significance for SMEs (over 60% of responses) than for large firms (over 40%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2014 manufactured goods accounted for 41.9 per cent of intra-African exports, compared with only 14.8 per cent of Africa’s exports outside the continent (UNECA and ODI, forthcoming)1. Regional economic communities are one forum where regionally significant policies and infrastructure can be planned, in line with national systems. Countries scoring high on the African Regional Integration Index in the category of infrastructure are listed in figure 4.9.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Software tools such as Marxan and MarZone which aid systematic reserve design have been used in several cases but could be adopted more widely. Monitoring both ecological and socio-economic data is important, initially to define the baseline, as well as regularly thereafter to assess trends in performance over time. This has often not been undertaken as rigorously as needed, and challenges encountered include lack of sufficient human and financial resources, equipment and infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, Portugal slightly overspent according to both criteria. One of the drawbacks of focusing on this measure is that the ratio may increase as a result of a decline in GDP alone and not because of an increase in social security payments per se. As a complement to the previous analysis, Figure 1.14 examines the 2007-09 change in the absolute level of general government expenditures in real terms.34 It disaggregates the change in general government expenditures into two components: general government social security benefits and general government expenditures other then social security benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Still, inequality remains considerably below the OECD average in this group. Income dispersion has increased in three of them since the early 1990s, by 24% in China, 16% in India and 4% in South Africa while it has remained broadly stable in Indonesia and declined by around 10% in Brazil. While income dispersion trends have diverged across these countries, absolute poverty has declined in all of them, thanks to rapid economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A BEACON AGAINST THE PASSAGE AND IMPLEMENTATION OF REPRESSIVE LAW  Following the felling, by aircraft, of the twin towers of the New York World Trade Centre on 11 September 2001, Western democracies have each passed a raft of ‘anti-terrorist’ or security legislation consistently criticised for breaching human and civil rights. On February 23rd 2007 the Canadian Supreme Court unanimously determined that provisions of Immigration and Refugee Protection Act 2001 (Canada) purporting to protect citizens from terrorism and terrorists infringe the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ‘the Charter’).1 Albeit not going as far as the Applicants wished, the decision is an affirmation that governments and parliaments do not have carte blanche for restricting the rights of persons within a state’s borders in the name of protection and security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is also clear that the weaknesses identified in this chapter have been well recognised in Australian policy research reports, with evidence that policy makers are addressing these areas of weakness as resources permit. Consequently, this section will concentrate on four recommendations that aim to develop opportunities and reduce threats for enterprises that are leading the development of the green economy in Sydney. At detailed level, it is individual enterprises that identify and respond to such opportunities, but this can be assisted by the provision of authoritative information by independent third parties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Data issues are discussed in Fredriksen (2012). It has been argued that the generous public pension scheme in Sweden may have reduced asset accumulation at the lower end of the income distribution. Moreover, among the countries covered by the LWS, Sweden stands out as having a low home-ownership rate, with housing wealth being typically more equally distributed than financial wealth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Air travel for example, causes atmospheric pollution by definition and hotels, particularly those in remote locations, place a significant burden on infrastructural facilities such as sewage and waste treatment and water and electricity supply. Simultaneously, tourism is affected by climate change: the choice of destinations is often dependent on the expected climate and many tourist activities such as skiing, trekking or surfing are climate-driven. Some predict that with global warming becoming a reality, there will be a shift in preference from the lower latitudes with warmer climates to the higher latitudes and cooler climates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
New Realist critics of international law, like many international relations realists who came before, are taking aim at human rights for its hopeless legalism. These critics rely on a regulative model that narrowly conceives of human rights laws as potentially enforceable rules without teeth. The article defines and elaborates an alternative constitutive model of human rights law, which understands the role of law as being both constituted by, and generative of, political interactions. This understanding is superior to legalist and regulative models because it better describes a number of rights-related phenomena observed in the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many countries have adopted digital development strategies. Digital strategies are cross-sectoral plans that address policy objectives related to the development of a digital economy and society. Common objectives include developing broadband infrastructure, promoting digital firms, both international and local (the “digital sector”), strengthening e-government, and encouraging businesses and SMEs to adopt digital technologies, as well as promoting general ICT skills and competencies. The priorities in any country's strategy generally depend on the level of digital adoption in that country, with less digitalized economies focusing more on connectivity and promoting digital skills and adoption, and more digitalized economies seeking to upgrade to high-speed internet and to promote user and data protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This is where measures such as compensation and adjustment assistance come into play. This is sometimes interpreted (if not criticised) as an ideological position representing the entrenched philosophy of economic liberalism (or neoliberalism). Yet, there are veiy good practical reasons behind that principle. Three thoughts are particularly relevant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Over the last 25 years, China successfully moved from agriculture to manufacturing activities and saw an annual trend of real gross domestic product (GDP) growth of just under 10 per cent (Ghosh, 2008a). China’s manufacturing sector doubled its share of the workforce and tripled its share of output. The rate of extreme poverty at the national level declined from a high of 84 per cent in 1981 to a low of 16 per cent in 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A Commodity Levy Act (1990) empowers producers to self-impose levies through a vote in order to finance the “industry good” activities. Once voted, the levy becomes obligatory for all commercial producers of a commodity and is charged on each unit marketed as a type of sales tax. Levies are collected by downstream operators and transferred to industry good bodies.17 The obligatory character of the levy is grounded by the necessity to avoid a “free-rider problem”. However, this compulsory levy is introduced through voting and therefore is self-imposed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In many countries, the increasing availability of paid paternity leave is helping to ensure that fathers and mothers have an equal stake in caregiving, thus reducing barriers to women’s labour force participation. Since 2013, approximately two-thirds of OECD countries have introduced pay transparency measures to address wage inequities. Countries are increasingly implementing and strengthening policies aimed at violence against women, which remains endemic worldwide. Affirmative action measures are successfully helping to increase the number of women in public and private senior leadership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Overgrazing and agriculture are additional pressure factors. Up until recently, neither a management plan, nor any transboundary cooperation on the wetland existed. However, there has been some bilateral cooperation for determination of the border along the lagoon between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Soviet Union, as well as between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkmenistan. A number of reservoirs and dams on the Kura also help with flood regulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Both the government and opposition are committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5% below 2000 levels by 2020, and, in the case of the government, by up to 15-20% if there is a global agreement. The Australian Government has established a target of an 80% reduction by 2050. To date, the Australian economy has escaped the worst impacts of the Global Financial Crisis and the Great Recession, but uncertainties remain. Key trade exposed sectors such as manufacturing, tertiary education, and tourism have been negatively impacted by strong terms of trade associated with a resources boom that is predominantly benefiting the resource rich northern and western states and territories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is especially true in countries where women lack crucial assets (e.g., experience, capacity, cash flows, collateral) that are valued by lenders, as well as in countries where there is a cultural bias against women’s ability to be business owners (OECD, 2012). Although participation in formal banking has improved in Mexico, access to formal credit remains low for both men and women. Although micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises account for almost all of the companies in Mexico, the financing they receive is quite low in comparison to larger firms, and the interest rates for these smaller companies tend to be higher than what their levels of risk should imply (CONAIF, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
With nearly 5 million workers, the region boasts the third largest labour market in the US and draws workers from beyond the metropolitan area’s outlying counties. Over 21 000 workers living in the Milwaukee metropolitan region (part of the 21-county Tri-State region) commute to work in metropolitan Chicago, around 17% of these workers travel into the City of Chicago. An equal number commute from the Indianapolis metro-region (which lies beyond the 21-county region) into the Chicago metro-region. The region offers a large, diversified pool of highly qualified workers, with a diverse and rich set of skills and attributes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The NBSAP included an action plan for reaching targets set for 2010. The main foci of the actions are species oriented conservation measures, protected areas, restoration of degraded habitats, actions oriented towards invasive alien species, genetic resources, genetically modified organisms. Also, actions related to information, education and public relations regarding biological diversity were included.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Correspondingly, a cultural emphasis, often couched in religions terms, on girls remaining virgins before marriage may result in parents feeling compelled to arrange the marriage of their daughters at an early age in order to prevent premarital sexual relations.63 Parents’ expectations generally play a huge role in dictating when and w'hom daughters marry, and at times girls are certainly married off by their parents expressly against the girls’ own wishes.64 However, the question of who dte primary decision maker is in the context of child marriage is complicated. In some cases girls themselves also articulate a preference to marry, this is not surprising given that social norms and expectations are generally internalized. Early Marriage Child Spouses, p. 6. Some reasons given for this decision include curiosity, as well as fears that they will grow old and never marry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Information on educational attainment by gender is taken from the revised Barro-Lee dataset [Barro, R.J. and J.W. Lee (2010), “A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010”, NBER Working Paper, No. As the gender ratio of education increased on average by around 0.09% each year, it suggests that it contributed to increasing annual economic growth by a further 0.07% per annum (i.e. 0.09% * 0.81). Information on educational attainment by gender is taken from the revised Barro-Lee dataset [Barro, RJ.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Toshiko Takaezu (1922–2011) was an important postwar Asian-American artist from Hawai‘i. My exploration of Takaezu’s work is closely informed by scholarship on hybridity and performative identity, which examines artists with hyphenated identities that bridge multiple personal and cultural formations. Takaezu has occupied an ambiguous and fluid space between cultures, artistic traditions, and assigned gender roles as Asian and American, as potter and sculptor, and as a woman who paid deference to traditional Japanese female culture but was also a pioneer artist who consistently identified with male forms of power. The essential paradoxes of Takaezu’s life and her struggle to find ways to create and perform her ethnicity without becoming trapped within it make her a fascinating case study. Her work reflects the implications of transnational flows and circulations, her clay works speaks to a heritage of migration, dispersal and the need to recapture a sense of lost homeland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The reason is that computers can replace routine tasks such as assembly-line or clerical work, while nonroutine tasks are more difficult to digitize, and computers facilitate large-scale data analysis, which complements the tasks of skilled workers. However, these developments can also be explained by trade-related arguments that emphasize the rapid increase of trade in intermediate products, such as parts and components - a key feature in electronics industries - and the offshoring of service activities. Trade in intermediate products and offshoring have often figured prominently in the trade-inequality debate in developed countries. Less costly and more sophisticated ICTs have enabled firms to profitably manage multifaceted procedures and undertake different stages of production in different geographical locations. As a result, some of the production of intermediate goods has moved from developed to developing countries, thereby spurring international trade in those goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In total, 65 entities have been identified to support STI, of which 27 are classified as universities or other research institutes (See Annex Table A.3). While some activities implemented by these entities may already have been identified in the first stage, it is imperative to also include additional development activities, which may have been classified according to a different sector code. The list is also not exhaustive as it is solely based on the 355 entities on the DAC list of channels of delivery. It is likely that there are additional entities that receive financing from official sources and support STI in developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)