albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Actions to fill these gaps should be focused on the Negev’s key niche, namely research, development, demonstration and testing in renewable energies technologies and water technologies. Although there are several good examples of cluster connections involving Negev’s clean-tech players, the sub-cluster nevertheless suffers from a relative lack of internal and external supplier-customer connections among firms, lack of innovation connections among firms and between research and industry, insufficient commercialisation of public research, few joint investments, little cross-disciplinary research, limited local and international brain circulation, and a lack of common foresight and common initiative. This plan would of course look further than the Negev in identifying necessary links to the rest of Israel and abroad.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For the latter, the second year of the crisis appears to be even more damaging for the economy with a growth rate of 3.8 per cent. The hypothesis of early rebound for commodity prices as observed in most markets while other linking variables - export, FDI, aid, and remittances - are stagnating, exacerbate the adverse effects of the crisis. Thus, we start by decomposing their GDP components into final consumption, investment and net exports, and analyze their respective contributions to the economy slowdown consecutive to the global economic crisis. Indeed, the trade deficits in Burkina Faso and in Ghana, respectively 15 per cent and 36 per cent of GDP in 2008 (Annex I, Table 2), are reduced due to a significant decrease in import costs (Figure 16).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, because so many Romanians are working abroad but still counted as being in Romania (3-4 million) lew definitive conclusions can be drawn about coverage. Notwithstanding this, data show that the proportion of the population covered is higher in urban areas (94.9%), compared to rural areas (75.8%). There are initiatives to improve access for Roma communities, for example, the Roma health mediator programme and a new project to create community health care centres are expected to provide better coverage for all vulnerable populations with restricted access to health care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Eligibility is categorical and independent of household income. Until 2009, the system had 38 different categories of beneficiaries and 14 types of different benefits and subsidies, most of which were paid in-kind, for example, as a direct transfer to utility companies. In 2009, 285 thousand beneficiaries received a categorical state benefit (CSB), costing more than KGS 800 million50 (Gassmann, 2010b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Once in employment, training and continued professional development should provide youth with a means to forge a career in the sector, rather than simply working in it by accident or because of a lack of other opportunities. The initiative also recognises that success depends on the sector’s ability to empower and develop the skills and talents of young people (Box 6). The paper identifies three barriers which prevent young people from entering or staying in the hospitality sector: i) lack information about the nature and extent of meaningful careers in the hospitality industry, ii) skills mismatch, many youth are not suitably qualified for entry-level or advanced opportunities, and iii) high turnover, many talented young people do not pursue long-term careers in the industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
First, acknowledging the heterogeneity of Indigenous students, the study seeks to understand the complex challenges Indigenous students face in education and what success really means for them. It examines wellbeing, health and poverty, the presence or absence of quality approaches to teaching and student engagement, differences in basic provision that inordinately affect Indigenous students, recognition of Indigenous cultures, and engagement with Indigenous communities. The study’s outcomes are related to all of these, as well as to student learning and achievement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article surveys major international relations theory as a framework for thinking about globalization, examines the modern role of power within a globalized international system, and illustrates these dynamics within the context of international terrorism. The central conclusion is that globalization has not radically changed fundamental aspects of international relations, but has rather altered means and channels for the exercise of power. The article demonstrates that power remains the key independent variable shaping modern international relations. Globalization is a manifestation of new means through which power is exercised and distributed. Nevertheless, the complexity of globalization requires a reassessment of the meaning of power in international security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Indirect taxes, such as value-added or excise taxes, can put a greater burden on poor women because women tend to consume goods and services that benefit families—health, education and nutrition (Barnett and Grown, 2004). Because men's businesses were much more likely to use unpaid family labour, some of the value-added was not costed and hence not taxed. Women entrepreneurs were more likely to be in the trade sector where the VAT rate was 10 per cent, while male entrepreneurs were in the production sector where the rate was 5 per cent. Recent budget analysis shows that the ratio of tax to overall government revenue is extremely low in many developing countries, compared with developed countries. Estimates from the early 2000s suggest that the ratio ranges from around 8 per cent in Bangladesh and India and 10 per cent in Nigeria, to about 32 per cent in Barbados and Botswana, compared with 29 to 30 per cent in Australia and the United States of America and 51 per cent in Sweden (Barnett and Grown, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, as shown in Figure 1.19, at the global level, milk production is more sensitive to macroeconomic uncertainty than to yield (crops or milk) uncertainty. In the first place, it affects feed costs, notably via exchange rate and crude oil price, as well as through other dairy production costs. In addition, GDP and CPI uncertainty affects demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
According to EHIS data, smoking in Cyprus is more frequent among the highly educated. This is not very common in EU Member States (where smoking rates are generally higher among people with lower levels of education). Indoor smoking bans are currently being enforced in an effort to reduce smoking rates (see Section 5.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Through its awareness raising activities, it has generated greater visibility of the barriers women face in economic participation. Taken together, these activities demonstrate institutional- and systemic-level change. In particular, the partnership approach between a specifically created, independent council and government has been a significant success.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Between 2000 and 2010, the number of students enrolled in universities outside of their own country rose from 2 million to 3.6 million. China, India and the Republic of Korea were the countries of origin for the most foreign university students, while the United States was the destination for the largest number, followed by the United Kingdom and Australia (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2013b). For young males, violence—often from gang activity and civil conflict—is a top killer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The hotspot identification exercise conducted in Chapter 2 show's that there is a growing body of evidence around a number future water risks globally. Uncertainties in assessment remain significant, but it is likely that more and better studies will be released in years to come. Prospective exercises can help anticipate complex scenarios for agriculture and explore options to strengthen resilience (OECD, 2016b). They consider likely scenarios and potential actions to mitigate the different water risks. Each of the action is then attributed a “sell-by-date”, which indicate when a change in the course of action may be needed under each option. They then propose an efficient dynamic pathways to address the risks and work towards preferred pathways, each with initial action, threshold for change of course, and next step action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, both the quantity and the quality of such services for children from the age of 3 vary substantially across countries. At the heart of this ambition is the message that access to ECEC alone is insufficient to achieve positive child outcomes, and that ECEC must also be of high quality. As a result, meeting Target 4.2 means developing methods to accurately measure and monitor quality standards in ECEC.' This means that a 'one-size-fits-all’ solution to measuring quality and monitoring standards is unlikely to be found.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Similarly, OECD (2010) shows that the wage premium to voluntary job changes is smaller where dismissal legislation is more stringent. Postel-Vinay and Saint-Martin (2005) and Clark and Postel-Vinay (2009), using cross-country microdata from the European Community Household Panel and the International Social Survey Programme, find that employed workers are less satisfied with their job security in countries with stricter EPL. By contrast Caroli and Godard (2013), using individual data from 22 countries drawn from the European Working Conditions Survey, estimate that in countries with more constraining dismissal rules workers perceive they have a smaller probability of being displaced, particularly in industries with greater layoff propensity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It argues that market strategies alone can determine appropriate water uses by solving the problem of diverging private and social measures of value. However, on American Indian reservations in the American west, and among the indigenous populations aroimd the world, there exists a great concern about the application of neoclassical economics to water (Steenstra, 2009). Although the costs of a water allocation, such as equipment, labour and time, may be easily identified by market prices, monetising the benefits of preserving American Indian cultures, species, ecosystems and clean rivers are very difficult.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, its system will come under pressure as population ageing is set to accelerate after the mid-2020s, with a strong increase in the share of people over 80 - the biggest recipients of health and long-term care per capita (Panels C and D, Albouy et al., Price developments and technical progress could also lead to increasing upward pressure on health spending (Fall et al., Macro- and micro-simulations show significant increases in public health expenditures until 2060, though the scale of the extra spending varies widely (Box 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article deals with the role of criminal law in dealing with defamatory expressions about religion or belief. Defamation of religion and belief is a form of indirect defamation ‘via identification’ which, as the discussion about the Dutch group defamation law shows, stretches up the notion of ‘group defamation’ — a crime which requires that (groups of) persons are insulted because they belong to a religious group. This contribution investigates whether European states can legitimately criminalise (certain forms of) defamation of religion and belief, in light of the European Convention on Human Rights, the United Nations framework (particularly the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) and legal theoretical considerations. The article shows how problematic it is for the criminal law — in light of the rights to freedom of expression and freedom of religion, as well as the ultima ratio principle — to combat such speech.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the case of Mexico, the total surplus is USD 2.30 billion, and the consumer portion was 8 per cent. In general terms, the authors concluded that the total broadband surplus is directly related to broadband penetration. Microeconomic research has yielded the following estimates of firm productivity enhancement (see Table 5). The author found that in the manufacturing sector firms with Internet access enabled by broadband generate 6 per cent more foreign sales than the rest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Forced marriage: the marriage of individuals against their will (includes early marriage’). Female genital mutilation/cutting: cutting healthy genital tissue. Other GBV: This category should be used only if any of the above types do not apply. In the context of this bench book, this category includes: domestic violence, exploitation, trafficking in women, forced prostitution, violence perpetrated or condoned by the state, wherever it occurs, sexual slavery, sexual harassment (including sextortion - demands for sex in exchange for job promotion or advancement or higher school marks or grades), trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation, forced exposure to pornography, forced pregnancy, forced sterilisation, forced abortion, forced marriage, virginity tests and incest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The approach to priority setting is still largely top-down and is biased towards high technology. It has a strong social consensus on issues relating to sustainable development as well as strong capabilities in associated areas of science and technology. This creates a unique opportunity to use this combination as a mobilising device.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is anticipated that children in the lowest decile of the income distribution will have higher rates of deprivation than other children and that they live in the types of households that had already been more vulnerable before the crisis, and have been hit hardest by the economic downturn. These will include family structure (single parent), family (household) size, migration status or parents' employment (low work intensity) and education.2 Further, the paper will assess the relative importance of these characteristics in determining relative disadvantage, and consider whether these features are common across European countries. Additionally, it compares the rates of child material deprivation for the most disadvantaged with that of the total child population. It will also look at child-specific items in Europe over four years to analyse the changes during the Great Recession specific to different dimensions of child material deprivation (based on EU-SILC 2009 and EU-SILC 2013 child-specific material deprivation module).3This will illustrate how deprivation translates into childhood experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In some examples, it appears that other non-financial changes were at least as important as the payment mechanism change. For example, there are notable improvements in the quality' of care in the new FHUs in Portugal, where P4P is a significant component of payment, but the payment reform w'as accompanied by significant organisational change. Even if areas targeted by P4P are showing improvements, these improvements might need to be seen in context of other broader dimensions, such organisational change in Portugal and Canada, and a broader reform agenda aimed at improving quality of care in Norway, for example.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In 2007, 2008 and 2009 fewer than 20% of Latvians reported unmet need for care w'ith the reason “too expensive”, rising to 25.9% in 2010 and 26.1% in 2011 (EU-SILC, 2013). Latvia was hit particularly hard by the financial crisis, with GDP falling by around a quarter. The impact of the financial crisis on unmet needs for medical examination also appeared more acute in Latv ia than in other European countries hit by the crisis, for example Ireland and Portugal, where self-reported unmet need rose slightly from 2009 but mostly stayed below 5%. Note by Turkey: The information in this report with reference to "Cypms” relates to the southern part of the Island.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Over the last 30 years, as a result of very high rates of growth, China has reduced poverty despite increasing income inequality. Similarly, in the early 2000s, Brazil used targeted policies to reduce poverty despite high income inequality—though income distribution became more equal over this period. The sharpest contractions in growth after 1975 occurred in countries with divided societies (as measured by indicators of inequality and ethnic fragmentation). But even these basic policy instruments may not empower disenfranchised groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The gridded population data used in this first step is from the Landscan project developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee (United States). Core municipalities corresponding to these city cores are identified. Municipalities sending 15% of their resident employed population or more to the core are included in the commuting zones, which thus can be defined as the “worker catchment area” of the uiban labour market, outside the densely inhabited core. The size of the commuting zones relative to the size of the core give a clear indication of cities’ influence on surrounding areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Major agriculture exporters, such as Australia, Brazil, Chile, or European nations, gain in global market shares. In contrast, beef and dairy markets remain largely unaffected. The absolute size of trade change depends on the initial volume of trade flows, net trade changes can result in shift in the direction of trade flows, which should be accounted for when interpreting these results. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Trends in suicide across 10-14 and 15-19 year-olds vary widely across countries. Mental ill health also negatively affects work productivity and absenteeism (OECD, 2012b). In England, for example, health care use costs are at least 45% higher for individuals with co-morbid long-term somatic and mental health conditions compared to individuals with long-term physical illnesses only (ibid.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
High and volatile food prices can lead to irreversible harm - a loss of physical and long-run human capital, which may reinforce poverty traps through diminished income, resulting in malnutrition, mortality, withdrawal of children from education and a consequent sustained high level of unemployment. A lack of dietary diversification aggravates the problem as price increases in one staple cannot easily be compensated by switching to other foods. First, agricultural output varies from period to period because of natural factors such as weather, disease and pests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Of those countries, all report some requirements for gender budgeting at the central level of government (Figure 4.12). Several countries report establishing these requirements in regions (Egypt, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority), Egypt and the Palestinian Authority also report to have done so on a more local level. In the Palestinian Authority, these requirements are implemented at different levels and are expanding slowly to all sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The 2006 edition of the Programme for International Student Assessment (pisa) (oecd, 2006a) points to three key aspects of the institutions that regulate secondary education that play a part in reproducing inequalities of origin, hindering the equalizing role that guides the education system. First, the teacher assignment mechanism has the dual effect of sending a revolving door of young and inexperienced teachers to schools in unfavourable sociocultural contexts as well as concentrating teachers with more experience in schools in favourable contexts. Second, the geography-based system for assigning students to schools reproduces the residential segregation process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Relatively little, though, is known about health care quality and outcomes in Mexico, significantly obscuring a full picture of health system performance. Given the real problems in Mexico with fragmentation of services, and different levels of access, the lack of comparability across sub-systems is a particular problem, even if efforts to develop comparable indicators are underway. The next four chapters set out in detail where change is needed and how it can be achieved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Proficiency scores in problem solving will be used as a proxy for individual ability. Because the exercise assumes a role for measured inequality in the country at earlier ages, individuals bom abroad are excluded from the analysis. The latent continuous variable would in this application measure the individual propensity to achieve higher education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For example, the cost of degrading a given site will be less if there are several alternative sites that can be used instead (all else equal). For example, the value of a site can be affected when quality is improved or degraded: not only does value associated with the experience increase/decrease but this may also affect the number of people who visit the area, which affects overall value. Further, some users (e.g., mountain bikers and skiers) have become more accustomed overtime in some areas to paying an entrance fee, compared to other types of uses. This suggests the importance of collecting appropriate data on user preferences and attitudes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Economic activity and world trade have recovered slowly since 2011 and are expected to strengthen gradually over the next two years, driven by the dynamism of non-OECD economies (5.0% and 5.3%, respectively), particularly the People’s Republic of China (7.4% and 7.2%, respectively). The recent acceleration in the United States signals a global return to growth, but the tightening of US monetary policy and the federal debt create uncertainty about the stability of US GDP growth (1.9% in 2013). Growth prospects in Japan (1.5% in 2013) are constrained by the level of public debt. Some southern and central European countries have yet to recover and should have modest growth of less than 2% in the next two years. Their structural deficiencies also affect the entire European Union. Few European countries are expected to grow faster than 2% in 2014 and 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These goals, along with desire to reduce traffic congestion are, however, only partly the purview of Prague. There is a lack of a metropolitan vision and strategy. The rapid and continued growth of hundreds of communities surrounding Prague necessarily impacts the city itself. It has led to a large number of commuters to the urban core daily along with the attendant traffic congestion and air pollution problems, it has placed pressure on Prague’s services and infrastructure, and it has transformed former agricultural and green areas to new residential and commercial/industrial uses with services and infrastructure not always keeping up adequately to the pace of these new developments. How can Prague better co-ordinate with municipalities across its functional urban area to tackle pressing spatial development challenges?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Microcredit systems similar to the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh have been tried and many projects have alleviated the worst forms of poverty, but few have had the effect of helping the poor to become full participants in an economic system where they can decide the future on their own. Above all, the very few examples of collective action by the poor in response to challenges posed by the economic system would indicate that they have not yet moved from merely coping to being willing and able to take organized steps to change the system. These are countries that have fully embraced modem values and norms of rationality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)