albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For generations, quality and equitable education has provided children with a pathway out of deprivation. What has been true for the prospects of individual children has also held true for the future of nations. Armed conflict, natural disasters and the impacts of climate change also deprive children of the chance to go to school and learn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The return of the Flemish humanist Justus Lipsius (1547–1606) to the Spanish Netherlands and his reconciliation with Catholicism (1591) have defined his image for posterity. Debates about the sincerity of Lipsius' religious beliefs have continued to the present day. Scholars have presented Lipsius' departure from Leiden as the result of external pressure, as effortless, and conducted in secret. By contrast, this article shows that Lipsius' public engagement in the Republic of Letters was instrumental in enabling his reconciliation with Catholicism. Lipsius employed both published and private letters and the rhetoric of friendship to win support for his return to the Southern Netherlands. After his arrival, Lipsius' correspondence and friendship with the Flemish-Spanish Jesuit Martin Delrio (1551–1608) served as a public platform on which the humanist acted out his reconciliation. The article concludes with a discussion as to why Lipsius only published a fraction of his letters to Delrio.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Labour markets have proven robust even in the midst of the weak global environment, and unemployment remains at low levels. The jobless rate in Japan stood at 4.3% at the end of 2012, whereas it was 2.9% in the Republic of Korea, in each case lower than it had been in 2011. In both countries, however, there are concerns that the quality of new jobs being created is declining, especially insofar as many new contracts are short-term and in the service sector. The urban unemployment rate in China was at 4.1% in the second quarter of 2012, although the quality of labour market statistics is not fully comparable with those of other major countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Coastal areas attract large populations, currently estimated at approximately 40 per cent of the global population, because of their rich resources, in particular food and other subsistence resources, access points to mari ne trade a nd transport, recreational activities, and their connection between land and sea (Neumann etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This is a positive step towards monitoring the results of Kazakhstan’s recent efforts to improve the business environment for firms and tracking city-level differences and progress towards the implementation of reforms. According to the forthcoming 2017 Investment Policy Review of Kazakhstan (hereafter, OECD, 2017b, forthcoming), national and subnational investment promotion agencies play an important role in facilitating foreign investments, and helping the government mobilise FDI into priority sectors (on this topic, see also Harding and Javorcik, 2007). This forthcoming Review covers in detail Kazakhstan's investment policy, including investment promotion policy. In particular, it highlights the challenge due to the fragmentation of Kazakhstan’s investment promotion activities and the resulting lack of transparency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Targeting can also lead to social segmentation and differentiation that can have negative effects on social cohesion (UN/DESA, 2008). Both types of social spending in different combinations may be justified, depending on each country's specific situation. In general, the public provision of health care and education is of particular importance for overall economic development, while transfers in cash and in kind to specific segments of the population may be necessary for the eradication of extreme poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There is also the factor of the “subjective cost of labour”, which is a person’s marginal disutility of labour (or marginal utility of foregone leisure) weighted by his marginal utility of income. Typically, this would give a positive value, and hence a positive reservation wage rate. The underlying issues have also been modelled as a case of “occupational choice” in the new literature on endogenous inequality, where the occupational choice space can be dichotomous, a multitude, or even a continuum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Violations of international criminal law (i.e., genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes) are a common occurrence around the globe. One need only to read international news, visit intra‐governmental (e.g., United Nations or the International Committee Red Cross), or nongovernmental organizations (e.g., Human Rights Watch or Amnesty International) to be exposed to the vast numbers of crimes of states, paramilitaries, and/or militias. Nonetheless, there has been relatively little attention paid to these types of offenses by criminologists. While there have been developments in creating typologies (Smeulers, 2008) and predictive models for genocide (Harf, 2005), due to the complexities and various forms of these types of crimes, there has been little to no development of a criminological theoretical model that can aid in the analysis of such crimes. Our goal is to firmly place international crimes on the criminological agenda by creating additional awareness of and interest in the most massive, syst...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The scale performance is very good for the pooled data (all the countries) and also works well for most of the countries separately. These results are broken down for various subgroups in the population demonstrating that in all countries, children with lone parents, children living in large families, children in families wherein the adults are not employed and/or having lower levels of education are more likely to experience deprivation. In countries with a high number of children living in households where at least one of the parents is a migrant, deprivation rates are found to be very high for this specific group of children. Many of the countries in the sample have comparable levels of living standards but show significant differences in the levels of child deprivation. Two findings illustrate the areas for possible policy intervention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 2015, the degree of self-sufficiency increased to 24% and then decreased to 22% in 2016. Import prices for fish and fisheries products further increased in comparison with previous years whilst export prices slightly decreased. The dominance of import trade in supplying the market with fisheries products is reflected in a negative trade balance (EUR -2.4 million) which grew 4% between 2015 and 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For example, in Jordan women represent fewer than 5% of the self-employed, in Morocco, between 10%-12% of business owners, and in Egypt about 20%. Consequently, one cannot expect women to constitute a significantly larger share of BDS clients. However, an interesting example comes out of the survey in Jordan: 75% of the clients/beneficiaries of the Jordan River Foundation, the Noor Al Hussein Foundation and the Jordanian Hashemite Fund for Human Development (JOHUD) are women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Non-annular atmospheric circulation change induced by stratospheric ozone depletion and its role in the recent increase of Antarctic sea ice extent. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 10 December 1982, 1833 U.N.T.S.396 Vincent, A.C.J., Giles, B. G., Czembor, C.A. and Foster, S.J. (eds.) ( Trade in seahorses and other syngnathids in countries outside Asia (1998-2001). The Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia West, L. (2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
They found that participation in all three programmes significantly increased expenditures on food consumption, translating into statistically significant increases in caloric intake of 164, 247 and 194 kilocalories per person per day for participants in the IGVGD, FSVGD and FFA programmes, respectively. For Kenya, Asfaw etal. ( While the programme had no effect on spending for most food consumption categories for larger households, the programme had large, positive and significant effects for dairy, eggs, meat, fish and fruit for households with fewer members and for female-headed households, in part from higher own production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A rule curve committee was appointed in 1988 to lower the water level of the reservoir during the monsoon period as near to the dead storage level as possible for flood control. The project has fallen far behind schedule during construction. This has resulted in more capital costs, interest charges and delayed returns. Industry and the agricultural community are in conflict about water allocation strategies. Mean monthly storages are likely to decrease in future scenarios.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This tends to dilute responsibility for tariff-making, and does not contribute to well-balanced relations between private operators and municipal, regional or federal authorities. To address the issue, recently the decision was taken to transfer responsibility for tariff setting from local level to subjects of the federation, except for big municipalities. As of 2008, private operators delivered water supply and sanitation services to 20.5% of residents of these countries, which is considerably higher than the world average (it is estimated that private operators serve about 10% of the world population).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, there is no institution or mechanism to review or appeal the legitimacy ofthe village rules. Some local governments and women’s organizations have taken the initiative to tackle this issue. "Married out" refers to the idea that once a woman marries someone from another village, she is seen as neither fully part of her husband’s family nor of her birth family, leaving her in a precarious position.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Estas preguntas se situan en el contexto de la literatura sobre el sesgo de genero en la migracion y la reproduccion social (Kofman y Raghuram, 2015) y la proteccion social de las personas migrantes (Sabates-Wheeler y Feldman, 2011), y se apoyan de un modo especial en el concepto de agotamiento de la reproduccion social (Rai et al., Refugees from Ethiopia usually travel first to a neighbouring country such as Egypt, Kenya, Sudan or Yemen, where some may register with the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), while others attempt to make lives for themselves in the country or to move on to other destinations such as South Africa or Europe. Since 1991, Ethiopians have also been free to legally emigrate abroad in search of work, and a large migration corridor opened up as young Ethiopian women began working on contracts as migrant domestic workers (MDWs) in the Middle East. Dubai, Kuwait, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Yemen are the primary destinations, though women also find employment in other countries of the Middle East.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The sustainable business ecosystem is a scenario in which organizations proactively align their business strategies and operations with the long-term economic, social and environmental objectives of the community. The ecosystem helps organizations meet the obligations of stakeholders as well as the expectations of shareholders. The sustainable business ecosystem is also based on the triple bottom line and creating shared value amongst shareholders and stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Despite the high employment rate of single mothers in Japan and the relatively low cost of the Child Rearing Allowance as compared to a full income-replacement benefit, the government in 2002 introduced a number of reforms to further limit expenditure.149 These were motivated by continuing growth in the number of recipients. After 2002, the number of Child Rearing Allowance recipients increased further, reaching 956 000 in 2006, but the divorce rate - which is a leading indicator for this benefit caseload - started to fall (Chisa, 2008). Single mothers are one of the groups assisted by welfare offices in cooperation with Hello Work through the Employment Support Programme (see above). Chisa (2008) reports that “As work-related services, the Japanese government is urging local prefectures and cities to establish special job centers and job training benefits for single mothers”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
First, within the ICT sector itself, governments should focus upon removing policies that prevent competition and limit innovation. Instead they need to encourage and facilitate the introduction of innovative ICT-based products and solutions. Second, in non-ICT sectors of the economy (agriculture, health, energy, transportation, commerce, etc.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Participation to seminars, coaching sessions and networking is also open to people not submitting a market analysis or a business plan. In the final phase 26 business plans are awarded prize money of up to EUR 10 000. A vast number of companies, universities and other institutions are partners of the competition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The issue of trade in waste and scrap as a part of the discussion on the transition tow'ards a circular economy is extremely complex and merits further investigation. The substitution of primary' raw materials by secondary raw materials w'ould encourage decoupling by decreasing demand for primary materials while sustaining levels of economic growth. Since natural resources are geographically unequally concentrated, trade implications are significant in the worldwide distribution of primary raw materials (WTO, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Parties have been requested to update their existing NDCs or communicate new ones by 2020. To achieve the 2030 objectives, countries will need to be far more ambitious in preparing their new NDCs for submission. From 1998 to 2017, climate-related disasters around the world accounted for 77 per cent of the nearly $3 trillion in direct economic losses from disasters. Over that period, climate-related and geophysical disasters claimed an estimated 1.3 million lives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This chapter examines how minorities' right to freedom of expression and access to the media is protected and promoted under three Council of Europe treaties: the European Convention on Human Rights, the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The question of how school choice programs affect the racial stratification of schools is highly salient in the field of education policy. We use a student-level panel data set to analyze the impacts of the Louisiana Scholarship Program (LSP) on racial stratification in public and private schools. This targeted school voucher program provides funding for low-income, mostly minority students in the lowest-graded public schools to enroll in participating private schools. Our analysis indicates that the vast majority (82%) of LSP transfers have reduced racial stratification in the voucher students’ former public schools. LSP transfers have marginally increased stratification in the participating private schools, however, where just 45% of transfers reduce racial stratification. In those school districts under federal desegregation orders, voucher transfers result in a large reduction in traditional public schools’ racial stratification levels and have no discernible impact on private schools. The results of ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Multiculturalism is an ever-growing reality in societies with increasing numbers of immigrants, where cities emerge as places of passage, encounter or cultural miscegenation, but also of social contrast or antagonism. Interculturalism appears as a tool for encouraging links with the idea of otherness, promoting integration and upholding the right to difference, while avoiding – or even denouncing – structures of domination over minorities. But this cultural diversity can only be protected, promoted and accepted as long as it does not question human rights or provoke exclusion or inequality. It is in this difficult realm, which is open to constant debate (and that frequently promotes polarizations), that we present brief notes that contribute to considering female genital mutilation in its inextricable condition as violence against women, based on the current Portuguese reality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While general, the framework should be adapted to locally specific constraints. The following paragraphs provide supporting evidence for the main management elements. In their review of groundwater irrigation policies, Garduno and Foster (2010) call for the design and use of pragmatic four tier approaches combining i) administrative measures (regulations and charges), ii) community involvement and self-regulation, iii) financing supply and demand interventions, and iv) macro-intervention to constrain groundwater demand (agriculture policies, energy subsidies).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This would boost agency capacity, improve transparency in the decision making and prevent political interference. In addition, given the Dutch hospital market’s long-standing tradition of collective bargaining, concerted practice and substantial entry barriers, the Competition Authority should rather risk being too restrictive than too permissive when assessing hospital mergers (Varkevisser and Schut, 2012). In 2010, however, the regulator found that the production of services in the segment B increased by 8.6%, a much higher rate than in the segment A (NZa 201 lb).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Finally, the Republic of Korea undertook extensive pension reforms, extended mandatory severance-pay plans to firms with five or fewer workers, increased childcare benefits and a lump-sum grant on birth and set up an electronic information system for collecting social security contributions. They experienced growing intergenerational tensions as the pay-as-you-go schemes relied on current pensions being supported by current workers who would then receive a lower pension due to the shortfall in contributions when they reached retirement age. This experience suggests that it is critical to start early to implement and sustain reforms in order to avoid abrupt adjustments and massive build-ups of debt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Apart from the weak incentives for land transfer through land market, the prohibition to sub-lease land makes short- and medium-term adjustments in land use outside the land market difficult (Petrick et al., The low mobility of agricultural land is an important impediment to re-allocating agricultural land to more efficient users. The number of active operations20 that emerged from the former collective farms increased from under 5 000 in 1990 to 188 616 in 2012, of which 6 197 were units which maintained their collective organisation in various legal forms, called “agricultural enterprises” (average size just over 8 000 hectares), and 182 419 newly emerged individual farms (average size of 270 hectares).21 The remaining 35 state farms were experimental stations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Over 500 million of them are anaemic, millions are stunted, and their growth and development are compromised (Spicer 2015, Darnton-Hill etal. The "homogenization" of agricultural production systems, mainly through intensification coupled with specialization by plant and livestock breeders and the harmonizing effects of globalization (CBD n.d.), Above all, this affects the poor, especially women and girls who too often have little else to eat (Koningstein 2013, Pingali 2012). Households headed by women, by youth (female or male), and by lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals are particularly affected by food insecurity (UN 2014, Boris etal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
New Results from the OECD Income Distribution Database”, Policy Brief, OECD, available www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD2013-Inequality-and-Poverty-8p.pdf. Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care, OECD Publishing, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1787/9789264097759-en. Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries, OECD Publishing, http:// dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264044197-en.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, total expenditure per capita for specific objectives is often low'er in Austria than for the EU, with the exceptions of earth sciences (including climate change), energy, education, and - above all - industrial production and technology. In contrast, the shares of R&D dedicated to health and the environment are comparatively low in Austria. A systematic identification of key challenges for Austrian R&D has gained momentum recently, inspired by the European Commission’s proposal for Horizon Europe, w'here a mission-oriented policy approach to R&D funding plays an important role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
1. Global Governance: The Building Blocks 2. Chinese Perspectives on Global Governance 3. Peace and Security 4. Finance and Trade 5. Human Rights and Humanitarian Intervention 6. Environmental Protection 7. Public Health 8. Food Safety 9. Energy Security 10. Transnational Organised Crime
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Governments also confirmed their resolve to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women as effective ways to combat poverty, hunger and disease and to promote sustainable development (General Assembly resolution 55/2). The Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, at its eighteenth session, in 2012, adopted a decision to promote the goal of gender balance in the bodies of and delegations to the sessions of the Conference of the Parties and to include gender and climate change as a standing item on the agenda of the Conference (See FCCC/CP/2012/8/ADD.3, decision 23/CP.18). The resolution also called upon governments to support women smallholder farmers by facilitating their access to extension and financial services, agricultural inputs and land, water sanitation and irrigation, markets and innovative technologies. In resolution 68/227 on women in development, adopted at the same session, the Assembly encouraged governments to take measures to ensure equal access to full and productive employment and decent work. At its fifty-eighth session, the Commission urged governments to promote the full and equal participation of women and men as agents and beneficiaries of people-centred sustainable development (see E/2014/27).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The per-capita expenditure is projected according to specific assumptions, and then multiplied by the group-specific population in the projection year. However, the average cost per individual in older age groups should fall over time for two reasons: longevity gains are assumed to translate into additional years of good health (“healthy ageing”), and major health costs come at the end of life. This is generally due to the effect of technology and relative-price movements in the supply of health services. This effect is mitigated somewhat by declines in the share of dependents per older age group as longevity increases due to “healthy ageing”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)