albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In the case of unemployment insurance savings accounts, mobility between formal and informal jobs limits coverage. Even in Chile, where informality is the lowest in Latin America, unemployed workers are, on average, much less likely to have been in formal jobs with written contracts - around one-third report having had an atypical contract in their last job, and around 30% no contract at all. While it is the individualisation of risk management that helps keep costs down in these schemes, it is the unbundling that enables them to capture the latent demand for unemployment or health insurance (including when it emanates from some informal workers). In fact, one of the ways in which social protection can contribute not only to social cohesion but to growth is by allowing households to overcome the market failures that prevent them from insuring against both life risks and certain covariant risks (Dercon, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In this context, Mexico’s challenge is to use the growing water reform momentum to create inclusive, integrated and coherent water policy. Moving forward under a business-as-usual scenario is not an option. Addressing this means, in part, improving the quality of rivers, lakes and aquifers in Mexico. This task has been a major challenge throughout the country because surface and groundwater quality is threatened by pollution loads from point and diffuse sources, and insufficient attention to wastewater discharges. Currently, 91.3% of the population has access to drinking water services, and 89.9% has sanitation coverage. In 2010 alone, hurricanes affected 118 municipalities in Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas, 138 municipalities in the states of Campeche, Puebla, Veracruz, and 56 in the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For each spotlight, pressing data gaps and measurement challenges are also highlighted. These supplemental indicators were selected based on an open consultation with civil society organizations and inputs from other international experts (see Box 3.1). Respondents, including international agencies and civil society organizations, submitted suggestions for additional indicators, along with information on their relevance and, where possible, data sources and how often the data are produced. The recommendations included, for instance, monitoring the "average weekly time spent by women and girls on water collection" for Goal 6 and the "share of women aged 15-49 whose BMI [body mass index] is less than 18.5 (underweight)" for Goal 2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Statistics on land cover and its changes also provide information on the extent of different ecosystems (see also Topic 1.2.2: Ecosystems and biodiversity). Changes in forest area in the different categories result from economic activities (afforestation or deforestation), reclassifications among the categories, or natural processes (expansion or regression). Not all forest land is used primarily to produce wood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Developing countries, by taking foreign expertise into account, may considerably elevate the level of ordinary skill in the relevant prior art, thereby increasing the likelihood of a negative finding on the inventive step/non-obviousness requirement. Members are free to set up certain criteria for determining cases of (non-)obviousness in specific product areas. In the pharmaceutical context, for example, it is often assessed in terms of the predictability of the claimed invention, based on prior art teachings. Moreover, under United States Federal Circuit case law, structural similarities between a prior art chemical compound and a claimed substance may under certain circumstances establish a prima facie case of obviousness of the claimed invention.189 Also, the presence of a reasonable expectation of success to come up with the new product may be considered an indication of obviousness, especially when multiple prior art references must be combined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Arellano and Bond (1991) show that, in particular, consistent estimates require the absence of serial correlation in the error term. Accordingly, they provide a test of autocorrelation in the residuals, i.e. a test that the differenced error terms are not second-order serially correlated. Hence, taking first differences eliminates most of the variation in the data, and implies that the lagged levels of the explanatory variables are weak instruments for the variables in differences giving rise to large biases and imprecision (see e.g. Blundell and Bond, 1998, Bond et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, since Jan Mayen is populated only in the summer, when wind speeds are lowest, wind may not be the best solution for Jan Mayen. Solar radiation is close to 700 W/m2 in the summer, which means that PV production is feasible, and it would align better with the seasonal demand. Subjects of a more general nature with relevance to all regions have been dealt with in section 6.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Implementation of transport projects in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan is especially complicated because most of the roads are mountainous, which means tunnels will be required and construction and maintenance will take place in adverse conditions. In terms of railway transport, the planned implementation of 13 development and electrification projects includes the Angren-Pap, Maroqand-Qarshi, Qarshi-Termez and Maroqand-Bukhara rail lines. The plan envisages measures to build and rehabilitate roads and railways, logistic centres and communications. The country also plans to develop a 920-km route going from Uzbekistan through Kyrgyzstan to China (Andijan-Osh-lrkeshtam-Kashgar).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Book synopsis:     The Cambridge Companion to Public Law examines key themes, debates and issues in contemporary public law. The book identifies and draws out five key themes: the notions of government and the state, the place of the state and public law in the world at large, relationships between institutions and officials within the state, the legitimacy of institutions, and the identity and value of public law in relation to politics. The book also presents a contemporary examination, taking account of the substantial changes witnessed in this area in recent decades and of the resulting need to reassess orthodox accounts of the subject. Written by leading authorities drawn from across the common law world, their approach is rigorous, engaging and highly accessible. This Companion acts as both a thoughtful introduction and a collection that consciously moves the discipline forward.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The role of stabilisation policies, including the use of stocks and trade policies, is discussed in the study by Abbott (Abbott, 2012) in the OECD study Agricultural Policies for Poverty Reduction (OECD, 2012b). The world output of individual food commodities is much less variable than output in individual countries, so greater trade integration holds considerable potential for stabilising food prices. This stabilising role relies on the fact that commodity output shocks across countries are weakly correlated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Mosaic restoration may be easier to undertake as it allows a greater range of land uses, whilst restoring areas to closed-canopy forest is likely to remove more C02 per unit of area. Depending on ecosystem type, and whether the result is a natural forest or a plantation, areas converted to forest are estimated to remove between about 1 and 35 tCO, per ha per year in above- and below-ground biomass (from default data in IPCC (2006)7). The IPCC states with high confidence that increased atmospheric CO, will lead to increased terrestrial carbon uptake (Ciais et at, 2013), and a recent review suggests that the largest increase has been in woody biomass within savanna (included in some national forest definitions) and non-forest ecosystems (Liu et at, 2015). Carbon sink figures for existing forests are not included in the technical potential for reduced deforestation given here, as a result of the uncertainty surrounding how carbon sinks and their capacity to absorb C02 will change in the changing climate (Bellassen and Luyssaert, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This paper’s objective is to provide a better understanding of the politics underpinning core public sector reforms (PSR) in Rwanda. It analyses five core public sector functions: government coordination, public finance management (focusing on budgeting and public procurement), civil service management, external audit, and anti-corruption policies. For each, it identifies the origins of reforms and analyses to what extent they led to change in both rules and practice. Overall, the paper argues that PSR has been successful and so strongly embraced because rulers considered an effective public sector as a crucial tool for their legitimation strategy, which was based on achieving rapid socio-economic progress and projecting an image of impartiality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The average time for decision in labour cases in local courts was 234 days. In cases where the court of second instance was involved it was 586 days (in 2011). In 2011, 24 704 labour cases were brought before the local court and 3 633 before the court of second instance. The number of labour cases per 1000 workers was 6.0 in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Brazil is an exception, as the percentage is similar for men and women in quintile I, around 41 % (see figure 1.9). Transfers account for 16.8% of women's total income but less than 10% of men's income (see figure 1.11). Equality and women's autonomy in the sustainable topment ggemfe(LC/G.2686/Rev.11.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The initiative calls on national, regional and local government agencies to increase procurement trom women vendors. The ITC guide was developed after a series ot wide consultations, and lays out a detailed framework to help policymakers design inclusive public procurement policies and create a more business-friendly environment for women-owned businesses (Box 10). A procurement map was released to showcase examples of how various governments are addressing the issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The authors would like to thank Romain Duval, Jqrgen Elmeskov, Michael Forster, Jean-Marc Fournier, Kaja Fredriksen, Isabell Koske, Stephen Matthews and Jean-Luc Schneider for their useful comments and suggestions, Chantal Nicq for meticulous statistical work and Susan Gascard for excellent editorial support. These allow comparing 24 inequality dimensions for each country with the OECD average and identifying how these inequality dimensions map into inequality of household disposable income. The country profiles reveal that inequality of household disposable income does not have the same origins. In some countries, wage dispersion among those working is an important factor (e.g. the United States) while in others, the non-employment rate and/or inequality in capital income are driving inequality in HDI (e.g. Italy).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As the replacement of old polluting technology has largely been completed, marginal abatement costs are likely to increase (OECD, 2010). Power production, where emissions were reduced less than in other sectors, became the major source of SOx emissions. Emissions were reduced by 55% from power stations and 28% from industrial combustion through denitrification processes and a decline in solid fuel consumption. However, this achievement was partly offset by an increase of around 40% in road transport emissions as petroleum consumption rose despite fleet renewal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Or should domestic consumption be assigned a greater role (as currently envisaged in China and as practiced to a considerable extent in India)? Should domestic savings and investments have increased roles, as opposed to foreign savings (see also section below on macroeconomic policies and FDI)? To answer these questions, each country must ask if the benefits of economies of scale linked to specialization, technology transfer through imports and FDI, and access to world savings outweigh the risk of contagion, import instability, de-industrializa-tion and a return to colonial patterns of growth (if at more favorable terms of trade). The answers will obviously depend on a number of factors: the size of the country, the establishment of future global safety nets to offset global contagion, the need to find external outlets for domestic production surplus, and the impact of international trade (compared to production for domestic consumption) on carbon emissions and on the environmental footprint in general.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Borko et Putnam 1995) Concerning the impact of teacher education on student outcomes, it is possible to subdivide this issue into three sub-questions. What is the impact of teacher education on student outcomes? This empirical study is based on data from 50 State-surveys of policies, taken from the 1990-1993 Schools and Staffing survey and the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). It shows evidence that the policies used in the different American States to promote teacher quality (especially those regarding teacher education requirement and certification, as well as continuing training) can be positively related to better student achievements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, there is increasing recognition that many important features of the development, functioning and impact of education systems can only be assessed through an understanding of learning outcomes and their relationships to inputs and processes at the level of individuals and institutions. These can be either children or young adults undergoing initial schooling and training or adults pursuing lifelong learning programmes. Outcome indicators examine the direct effect of the output of education systems, such as the employment and earning benefits of pursuing higher education. Impact indicators analyse the long-term indirect effect of the outcomes, such as knowledge and skills acquired, contributions to economic growth and societal well-being, and social cohesion and equity. Such policy levers relate to the resources invested in education, including financial, human (such as teachers and other school staff), or physical resources (such as buildings and infrastructure).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Finally, New Zealand witnessed rising MPS, but from a very low level and almost entirely due to falling poultry world prices in combination with an appreciation of the currency relative to the US dollar. Per cent changes of nominal values expressed in national currency. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Department is responsible for all State Reserves and all other PAs of international or national importance, as well as the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan. It fulfils a function in terms of Government control related to natural resources management and PAs. The relevant unit consists of seven persons at the Ministry in Ashgabat and around 70 staff in MoNP provincial representations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These circumstances lead to limited training and preparation on pedagogical evaluation and human resource management for the role of the school principal in school self-evaluation, school improvement, teacher appraisal and teacher career development. This is a rather technical area requiring very specific expertise in domains such as educational measurement, test development, validation of test items or scaling methods, which happens to be scarce in the Czech Republic mostly as the result of the limited availability of higher education offerings in these areas in the country. This is a rather problematic challenge as a current priority is the development of standardised testing in grades 5 and 9.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
By the end of 2017, the share of active mobile telephone subscriptions in Rwanda was 75.5% while internet users were only around 30% of the population, according to Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority. Nonetheless, atfordable internet is important. More than 90% of surveyed firms considered their internet connection to be very costly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Centre leaders were defined as persons with most responsibility for the administrative, managerial and pedagogical leadership in their ECEC centre. In smaller centres, the centre leaders might also have spent part of their time working with children. These reports offer an international perspective of ECEC systems, discuss different policy approaches, and provide policy orientations that can help promote equitable and affordable access to high-quality early childhood education and care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Outside of Malacca, MIGHT has also engaged with other federal agencies in formulating smart city frameworks for different cities. In doing so, it integrates components that are designed specifically for each city, which facilitates the development of sustainable, competitive and green city models for cities across Malaysia. Government service delivery” and "information communications” are two key focuses of the blueprint.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Martens Clause was a last-minute compromise that saved the 1899 Hague Convention with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land. In its original formulation, the clause shielded individuals under “the protection and empire” of international law, principles of humanity, and the dictates of the public conscience. F. F. Martens, its author, was Russia’s greatest international law scholar and occasional diplomat. He saw no application for his work in the nineteenth-century internal affairs of his sovereign, notwithstanding the transnational terrorism that plagued (and ultimately destroyed) the Russian Empire. As the relationship between individual rights and state sovereignty dramatically changed in the twentieth century, the reach and importance of the Martens Clause grew. Its value continues to this day. Its history helps refute the claim that international humanitarian law is ill-suited for twenty-first century transnational terrorism. But the Clause is not, and never was, a panacea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
With regard to China, Cevik and Correa-Caro (2015) show the contrasting effects between taxes and government expenditures on inequality. Government spending shows some worsening impact, whereas government taxes improve inequality. The ability of fiscal policies to counter other drivers of poverty and inequality also matters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There are also goods placed under the highly sensitive lists that are subject to a different reduction schedule. An exclusion list is also provided although these are subject to an annual review with a view towards improving market access. India, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Viet Nam, Brunei and Indonesia have implemented this agreement on 1 October 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
And yet tax settings on company-car use can influence distances travelled, favour certain modes of (more polluting) transport and influence decisions on both housing location and vehicle choice, as well as contribute to traffic congestion, accidents, noise and other social costs. Most OECD countries do not tie their taxable benefits to the distance driven - which is one of the main factors of the discrepancy between actual and neutral tax settings (Roy, 2014). The countries that do so apply fixed per kilometre rates that fail to capture the benefit of additional fuel consumed by less-efficient vehicles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The aim of the agreements is to prevent and reduce absence due to illness, to help bring employees back to work, to improve the working environment, and to prevent exit from working life. About 60% of employees work in firms with an inclusive workplace agreement (OECD, 2013b). The employment gap between those with a severe mental disorder and those without mental health issues is 25-30 percentage points and jobless rates for people with severe disorders are, in many countries, four or five times higher than for those with no mental health issues (OECD, 2012b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Maternal mortality plunged from around 90 deaths per 100 000 live births in 1990 to around 13 deaths in 2015, while infant mortality declined from 45 deaths per 1 000 live births to 9 deaths over the same period. However, as with other indicators, national level data on infant and maternal mortality belie marked regional disparities. In some regions of the country maternal mortality has actually been increasing over the past ten years, by nearly 40% since 2005 in the Akmola and Karaganda regions, and in Kyzylorda region by more than 30% between 2010 and 20152. However after several waves of reforms most regulatory and financing functions have again been centralised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Available from www.ebrd.com/ what-we-do/economic-research-and-data/data/forecasts-macro-data-transition-indicators.html, Transition Report 2015-16 and Transition Report 2015: Rebalancing Finance (London, EBRD, 2015). Available from www.ebrd.com/ documents/oce/pdf-transition-report-201516-english.pdf, and www.ebrd.com/news/events/transition-report-2015-rebalancing-finance-.html, respectively. The area devoted to cultivation of the opium poppy fell in 2015 for the first time since 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Although primary care sector is well developed (see above in Section 1), most EBAIS only offer appointments in the morning and early afternoon, closing at around 3pm. Patients reportedly get up very early to start queueing for an appointment. Such difficulties make many patients go directly to hospital emergency departments for primary care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A speech given to the Oxford University Society of Luxembourg to celebrate the 800th anniversary of Magna Carta. Looking at Magna Carta - how it came about, what it was, what it achieved, and what it came to represent - it argues that the myth of Magna Carta has been much more powerful than the reality. It concludes that invocations of Magna Carta can be double-edged. One the one hand, they extol the rule of law, but on the other they eulogize English exceptionalism. So it is no surprise that the British Government has seen no contradiction in celebrating 800 years of Magna Carta whilst exploring the possibility of denouncing the European Convention on Human Rights in favour of a British Bill of rights and responsibilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is no extraction of water from the lake in Turkey, nor does Georgia use the lake water for industrial or household needs. The lake is a breeding site for White Pelican and the Dalmatian Pelican, as well as for a variety of other bird species. Most are connected by rivers, although groundwater interchange is also notable, and all together they represent an ecological entity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)