albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
With the EU enlargement in 2004, immigration pressures became stronger, partly due to the concentration of new members in a small geographical region bordering Austria, with very large wage differentials (OECD, 2009a). The 2006 law also makes access to Austrian citizenship more restrictive. Over recent years, there has been a decline in the number of immigrants coming from traditional sending countries, such as Turkey and former Yugoslavia (OECD, 2008a). At the same time, the share of EU citizens, in particular German nationals, in the foreign work force has increased considerably since 1995. Among Austrian provinces, Vienna has by far the largest immigrant population in Austria, with the largest groups coming from Serbia/Montenegro, Turkey, Poland, Germany and Bosnia/Herzegovina (Table 1.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2003, members of the African Union committed to allocating ten percent of their national budgets to agriculture development in the Maputo Declaration. Malawi has successfully introduced an extensive subsidy programme for fertilizers - allocating 9 percent of its budget to it - which stimulated both agricultural production and economic growth (Dorward and Chirwa 2011). In Africa overall, the number of undernourished increased by 8 percent between 2007 and 2008, while it remained constant in Asia (FAO 2011). Their rise was greeted with optimism early on, with African countries ostensibly benefiting from the technology transfer, higher yields and higher productivity generally associated with foreign direct investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The CCCIF co-ordinates the efforts of all state agencies previously mentioned in the fight against IUU fishing and is led by the Royal Thai Navy. It is chaired by the Prime Minister and involves relevant public officials, private sector representatives and fisheries experts. The Committee is also responsible for formulating policies and control measures concerning fisheries, both inside and outside of Thai waters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Far more low-skilled immigrant workers enter the country through other channels: nationality verification, Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), One Stop Service Centre (OSSC), or as border/seasonal workers. The majority of low-skilled immigrants obtain regular status through the nationality verification and OSSC channels, jointly totalling approximately 2.6 million workers. These immigrant workers originate from Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) and Myanmar. Immigration policies in Thailand have been criticised for “lagging behind reality", and policy makers appear to be struggling to develop an adequate framework for the governance of migration flows. This is in part due to the diverging perceptions of immigration by employers and workers, while at the same time policy makers aim to govern migration flows in such a way that the economy benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It is very difficult, however, to assess the extent to which such law has been adopted in practice. Indeed, there is no official record kept of benefits actually having been withdrawn. Among other things, this has resulted in decentralised wage setting, which will be key to restoring competitiveness and boosting productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Recently, the Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (AITSL) developed a national set of professional standards for school principals to provide a national framework for use in all of the country’s schools and education systems as a step towards a more consistent nationwide approach. The National Professional Standard for Principals aims to define the role of school principals and to unify the profession nationally, to describe the professional practice of school principals in a common language and to make explicit the role of quality school leadership for improving learning outcomes. The national content standard is designed to assist in attracting, developing and supporting aspiring and practising school principals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While this appears some way off in most of the focus countries, many have taken an important step by including ESD content specifically in their K-12 curricula, which should in turn influence what gets included in teacher education curricula. While universities like UWI and USP are responding by mainstreaming and mandating ESD in their programmes, it is important to keep in mind that including ESD content is not the same as a true reorientation of the educational process. In teacher education for sustainable development, as in other ESD, the objective is to put in practice a new and more active and sustainability-oriented vision of education, rather than adding to that which is already in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The impact is particularly strong for Greece compared to other OECD countries. It could be said, therefore, that expanding public sector employment in the pre-crisis period played a social role, though at the expense of efficiency. For a very long period, hiring in the public sector was driven by clientelism, though this is changing (Chapter 1). The fact that the public sector pay structure often favoured employees from more disadvantaged groups (for example women and new entrants) may have induced higher participation among these groups, reducing social exclusion (OECD, 2011a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
West Texas Intermediate, WTI. As a complement to the baseline, uncertainty analysis (partial stochastic analysis) is undertaken. Stochastic analysis gives an indication of the range of possible outcomes around the baseline, given the variability observed in previous years for key agricultural and macroeconomic drivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Expenditures on other cash benefits share a positive association with child poverty rates (columns 2 and 3), which suggests a reverse causality effect, that is countries with higher child poverty rates tend to spend higher amounts on other cash benefits, all else being equal. Concentrating on associations with changes in expenditure on social cash transfers, columns 4 to 6 of Table D 1 suggest that, ceteris paribus, many social cash transfers frequently share no real clear and systematic association with changes in relative child poverty rates over time. Given a certain level of pre-transfer child poverty, changes in per head spending on unemployment benefits, on parental leave benefits, on family allowances, on incapacity, and on other cash benefits share no clear and significant association with changes in the relative child poverty rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It remains, however, that fleets continue to search globally for new fishing opportunities. The following will look at three principal ways that this takes place: 1) through investing abroad in foreign countries, 2) through bilateral fisheries arrangements, and 3) through fishing on the high seas within or outside RFMOs (both of which may include legitimate fishing or IUU activities). While the reasons for seeking new opportunities may be the same in the three cases (more profitable fisheries operations, spreading activities and thus reducing risks3), different policy challenges are associated with the three methods of “going global”. Government policy in respect of these areas in the country to be invested in is therefore crucial in enabling an investor to gauge the risk of investing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
While public transportation is well patronised in Chile’s cities, some potential passengers may be deterred by the real or perceived impression that it is inefficient, unclean or unsafe. Chile’s public transport fare structure includes fare differentiation to improve service management (e.g. higher prices at peak hours) or to increase social equity (reduced prices for students and senior citizens). However, there is no fee reduction for frequent use at present.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Similarly, four out of five people living in urban areas have access to piped drinking water compared with just one in three people in rural areas. By contrast, only 18 per cent of people in urban areas lack access to improved sanitation. Progressive elimination of inequalities in access and service levels will continue to be an important focus for the post-2015 agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Second, gender norms and stereotypes change as women’s economic roles change. The quality of employment matters. Required is work that pays a living wage and provides economic security with limited volatility in income flows. Women’s relatively greater access to and control over other assets such as land title, credit, and other inputs into the production process for women farmers is necessary to improve their relative well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In this sense, the current focus on a national ‘project shopping list’ could open up more to regional and global opportunities. A stronger capacity for green growth market intelligence, engagement and ‘green Ethiopia branding’ will be key, as will safeguard capacities that can reliably meet international standards in ESIA (for investment projects) and SEA (for policy change). Moreover, the signs are that some changing aid modalities may also support green growth outcomes. For example, Ethiopia can expect to face new aid models where ‘payments on delivery’ are made depending upon the exact quantity of GHGs reduced and biodiversity protected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It can significantly shorten time lags as well as open up a new range of information resources. It also provides significant, new economic opportunities as well as possibilities for more environment-friendly options for the marketplace. Telecommunication is critical to support sustainable development and is closely linked to social, economic, and institutional development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Geography includes latitude and landlocked. Governance indudes the World Governance Index. Macro indicators indudes GDP, inflation and unemployment. Interestingly, the SIGI's effect does not vary by gender: the differences between SIGI's coefficients in Tables B.l and B.2 are again not significant. This negative relationship remains significant when controlling for standard macro and micro determinants of individual subjective well-being. Similarly, the results are robust to estimator changes: using linear (OLS) or non-linear (ordered probit) does not affect the significance of our findings (Table B.3 in Annex B).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Failing to seize this opportunity will lock in C02 emissions for decades to come, implying significantly higher social and economic costs of mitigation action (OECD, 2012a). These additional costs are limited compared to the potential impacts of climate change if this action is not taken (Dellink et al., In addition, low-carbon infrastructure would bring many other benefits: better mass transport in cities can reduce congestion and air pollution, distributed renewable energy infrastructure projects can improve access to energy in developing countries while lowering emissions, improving indoor air quality and stimulating innovation through technology transfer and international co-operation (OECD, 2011, 2012a, 2015a), and making buildings more energy efficient could reduce energy costs. These long-term costs and benefits should be fully taken into account.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This type of metric allows for overall progress in decarbonising the energy sector to be tracked over time. However, the larger the scale of assessment (and the longer the time horizon for assessment), the more difficult and uncertain it becomes to attribute an outcome or impact to a specific intervention. When coupled with ex-post evaluation and later compared to the intended objectives of a project, such information can form a useful evidence base for evaluating effectiveness. Unlike mitigation, the ultimate impacts of specific interventions (e.g. increased adaptive capacity and resilience) are difficult to model ex-ante or measure directly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The amount of driving in the speed range just over the limit is explained by the design of the ISA system, which gave the drivers some margin before cutting in. A similar pattern can be seen in Figure 6.10, which shows the speed distribution on the 70 mph (112 km/h) roads which are mainly motorways. Probably the most comprehensive set of calculations is that from the trials conducted in the ISA-UK project. The prediction is that an advisory ISA in general use would save 3% of injury accidents and an intervening ISA would save 12% of injury accidents and 20% of fatal accidents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
What Role for Trade Policies in Low-income and Small Economies When Food Prices Spike? Governments of numerous large economies have responded to the spikes by altering their restrictions on food trade with the aim of insulating their domestic market somewhat from the spikes. Some food-exporting developing countries tightened their export restrictions, while some food-importing countries reduced or suspended their import tariffs and a few even subsidised imports of their staple food.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Jebel Aulia had become a financially burdensome project to Egypt due to the little benefit gained by the country. It is a source of low-cost, environmentally-friendly and time-efficient hydropower generation (ANDRITZ Hydro, 2013). Turbine units are fitted as one power module containing two turbines and fixed to the upstream face of the dam as gated structures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Transfers to SECTOR’ numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures, where missing. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from tire FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production, aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In addition, such an approach would fail to capture several private sector engagement activities supported by bilateral agencies, development banks, and multilateral development banks, which are implemented by the public sector or CSOs. This is due to the availability of data on multilateral climate-related development finance when this analysis was initiated (this analysis was completed between September and November 2015). The definition of what constitutes the private sector differs across DFIs and MDBs, and is not always in line with the working definition provided in this paper (see Box 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Including a review mechanism (or sunset clause) would facilitate subsequent changes. In cases in which the decisions that established existing institutions already provide for review mechanisms, it may be useful to provide guidance on further review of interlinkages between such institutions in the future. Table 11 (below) provides an outline summary of characteristics of the current proposal for continuing with existing international institutions. It will take time to assess effectiveness of planning. Nevertheless, there are specific proposals included in the Geneva text for new international institutions as options to enhance adaptation (as well as a proposed option to have no new institutional arrangements for adaptation). The proposals for new institutional arrangements are for: a subsidiary body for adaptation, an adaptation registry, an international clearing house and registry, and a global knowledge platform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The updated NBSAP has been adopted at the entity level and by the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina in May 2017 and sets key national biodiversity targets for the set period (box 11.1). Bosnia and Herzegovina also adopted the Action Programme to Combat Land Degradation and Mitigate the Effects of Drought in Bosnia and Herzegovina. By 2020, increase the public awareness level in the field of biological diversity protection. By 2020, integrate biological diversity values into development strategies and strategic plans, with an emphasis on rural development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The same trend was reported in Australia, Canada, Chile, Japan, Korea and New Zealand for the same period, but 20 other OECD countries achieved a reduction in air pollution-related deaths (OECD, 2014). Information provided by the Ministry of Environment of the Federal District (SEDEMA). It included restricting the circulation of private cars on certain days, depending on registration plate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These surveys generated a new set of evidence on policy and institutional instruments for achieving gender balance in the public sector, integrating gender considerations into the policy and service-delivery processes and implementing a gender equality agenda. Chapter 1 provides the rationale for the study, its objectives and the methodological approach to data collection. Chapter 2 reviews the trends and approaches to enable equal access to decision-making posts in the public domain across OECD countries for both men and women, including parliaments, the political executive, the judiciary and the senior civil service. Chapter 3 accounts for trends in public sector employment of women and highlights policy measures used in OECD countries to enable parity in the public sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Where individual countries in this group will end up depends on the steps that each takes with regard to changes in the distribution of social reproduction and whether they move towards greater gender egalitarianism (wage squeeze) or a feminization of responsibility and obligation (exploitation). It is also possible, of course, to move vertically between wage- and profit-led growth regimes. Strong norms and institutions that support investments in care make the wage-led case more likely. Additionally, more domestically oriented economies, ones governed by sustainable employment-generating macro policies, support wage-led growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
China began to publish quarterly data on remittances for the first time in 2010. The latest data show a surge in remittances to the country for the first three quarters of 2011. Other countries in the region that are among the global top ten recipients of remittances as a share of GDP are Kyrgyzstan, Nepal and Samoa at 29%, 22% and 21%, respectively. Notably, all of the most remittance-dependent countries in the region are either landlocked developing countries or small island developing States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Almost 30 per cent of arthropods and nearly 60 per cent of molluscs are thought to be endemic. Species conservation measures are restricted by establishment and management of protected areas and few rehabilitation centres (e.g. the ex-situ measure), mostly associated with the protected areas (see section 8.3). The only' exception is Ovis ammon: a national programme was developed and adopted for this species’ conservation in 2004.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For instance, aiming at increasing the proportion of one-day surgeries, 126 new surgical procedures have been added to those that may be performed as day surgeries in 2011. The high share of highly paid specialists and low nurse-to-physician ratios create cost pressures, which could be aggravated if substantial increases in the wages of health care workers take place to retain them in the system. Although skill-mix arrangements likely depend on productivity considerations, health worker and patient preferences, and other economic and social factors, there is some evidence suggesting that certain tasks traditionally performed by physicians could be transferred to highly qualified nurses, without undermining the quality of care. Indeed, Hungarian physicians tend to perform medical and administrative tasks that could be carried out by nurses and other support personnel (Gal et al, 2003, Orosz and Hollo, 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Indeed, the cost of health impacts (e.g. diarrheal disease and cancer) is expected to be around 1.9% of rural GDP (World Bank, 2007b). Improving wood fuel efficiency or finding alternative sustainable fuels could reduce indoor smoke pollution and consequently mitigate health risks, reduce deforestation, and have positive spillovers on soil conservation, watershed management, irrigation agriculture and biodiversity conservation (World Bank, 2009b). Also, problems of droughts and desertification pose great environmental challenges in Tanzania, particularly the agricultural sector and rural communities. In general, Tanzania has experienced decreasing rainfall and increasing temperature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The former provides full excise reimbursement to ethanol producers for ethanol produced and supplied for transport use in Australia from locally derived feedstocks (Australian Government, 2012a). This programme is planned to continue until June 2021 and to be revised afterwards (Australian Government, 2012a). The latter is a similar scheme, but applies to the production and also importation of biodiesel and has been extended indefinately from July 2011 (Australian Government, 2012b). In Canada output based payments were introduced in 2008 and replaced tax exemptions at federal level and at some provinces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This allows Georgia to export an additional 700 MW of electricity to Turkey. The backbone of the transmission network is a 500 kV line connecting Georgia to the Russian Federation and Azerbaijan, and running through Tbilisi and northwest Georgia where the largest power plants (Enguri and Vardnili HPPs) are located. Its share in total energy consumption is about 20 per cent. Firewood is mainly consumed in rural areas for cooking and heating purposes. For these purposes, the average rural household consumes 5-15 m3 of firewood annually.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This assessment section includes impacts on security, severance, townscape, accessibility (in the meaning of usability of the transport system for people with physical and hidden disabilities), affordability, etc. It is important to note that non-monetised impacts require the most work and research for improving methodologies in order to better link these impacts to decision-making. This is important for not only essentially influencing whether the investment goes to particular scheme but also to serve as a basis for the adjustment of the scheme design. While improving methodologies for monetising accessibility benefits may help with this in some cases, in others, monetary valuation of accessibility gains - for instance when analysing distributional and spatial impacts - may be unnecessary, as a sole outcome ratio (such as the BCR) could be hiding relevant effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Federal policies - federal housing finance in particular -have facilitated the development of higher quality houses, yet have often failed to contribute to the development of better cities. Reforms to INFONAVIT’s practices thus form the basis upon which a more competitive, sustainable housing and urban development model can be built. First, like many Latin American countries, Mexico has a long history of informal or irregular housing development, and a large share of the housing stock continues to be self-built, lacking legal titles or constructed outside the formal development process. Nearly one-quarter of urban households live in informal settlements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The rest of the Commonwealth Pacific small states reported less than 60 per cent coverage. There were no reported data for Nauru to make an assessment. Based on trends, only Samoa and Tonga are expected to achieve universal access to electricity, while the rest of the Commonwealth Pacific small states are unlikely to achieve this target by 2030 or 2050 (Appendix 2.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)