albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It also gives them the chance to play a fuller part in the civil and cultural life. Such rights and opportunities underpin and extend the dividends that flow from better health, including greater labour productivity, demographic change and higher educational attainment. Conversely, poor health undermines growth, as it places an economic burden on individuals, companies and governments. Because health is a key measure of economic and social development, governments invest in comprehensive policies that include national health strategies, plans, governance instruments and systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Of those who entered the district, 71.3% were Jews. Therefore in order to have an impact on improving the quality of human resources in the region, the higher education institutions must reach the large and growing Arab population that remains in the region while continuing to play a role in attracting and retaining the predominantly Jewish population from the centre. Today higher education continues to be seen as means to attract young people from the centre to the periphery in the hope that they will settle and remain in the area following graduation. However in reality educated young people, who are unable to find jobs in the region, are migrating to the centre (Goren, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, since the decline of phosphate production from its peak in 1975, the domestic residential sector is now the dominant user. Nauru relies entirely on petroleum (Figure 9.1), with fuel imports accounting for 8 per cent of GDP in 2014 (SPC, 2016). The Nauru Utilities Commission (NUC) provides all energy services to Nauru except for the Australian refugee camp and the main processing plant of the Republic of Nauru Phosphate Corporation (RONPHOS), which generate their own power. The government purchases petroleum for supply to all customers except RONPHOS, which does its own purchasing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For that aim, analysis of future system operation is performed by system operators. Since system operation is stochastic in nature, the assessment of power systems should be based on models and techniques that respond to this behaviour, i.e. probabilistic models and techniques (Billinton and Allan, 1996). Probabilistic assessments attempt to quantify the likelihood, frequency, duration and severity of system inadequacy or security breaches (Billinton and Li, 1994).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
More positively, there are emerging signs of Cambodia expanding into products offering higher export growth opportunities than traditional products (e.g. footwear, unprocessed rice, and some electronics and transport equipment), although they still remain relatively limited compared to the more traditional export basket. Diversification across export destinations is also taking place to some extent but at a much slower pace, as the major export markets remain the US and the EU (Warr and Menon, 2015). While recent increases in the real minimum wage for the garment and footwear sector may be warranted from a social policy perspective, notably after years of stagnation in real terms in the 2000s (ILO, 2016), rapid surges in labour costs without productivity improvements put additional pressures on producers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
On one hand, the region has clear assets for achieving this goal, in particular its sectoral diversity, its research capacities, its green patents record, and its solid industrial base. On the other hand, there are some less positive factors that could hinder the desired economic and environmental outcomes. Despite its strong potential, the region’s R&D performance has been relatively weak in recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The findings suggested that womens life expectancy relative to that of men responded most positively to increased female labour force participation and literacy rates, which enhanced women’s voice and bargaining power within the economy (Seguino, 2002a). Economic growth was positively correlated with progress on SIGE for the two highest income quartiles, but negatively correlated in the two lowest income quartiles. Higher rates of economic growth in the poorer countries were associated with a deterioration in overall gender equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Yet, important barriers to market access persist for developing countries. Also, agricultural subsidies in advanced countries remain high and continue to limit production and income opportunities for farmers in developing countries. While further progress needs to be made in enhancing world market access for developing countries and reducing agricultural support measures in developed countries, multilateral rules will need to be recalibrated in order to increase the space available to developing countries for building production and trading capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Relative effects on morbidity, longevity, lifetime social costs and inter-generational aspects need to be fully examined. The risk for these non-communicable diseases increases with increases in BMI. The Global Action Plan aims to contribute to progress on nine global NCD targets to be attained by 2025, including a 25-percent relative reduction in premature mortality from NCDs and a halt in the rise of global obesity, to match the rates of 2010. The implementation plan to guide countries in taking action to implement the recommendations of the Commission was welcomed by the World Health Assembly in 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While the cumulative impact of the cuts depends on the characteristics of each pensioner (such as age, social insurance affiliation and benefit level), some indicative official estimates suggest that pensioners drawing a total pension (main and supplementary) of EUR 900 per month before the crisis suffered an overall reduction of 26% in 2009-12. The corresponding reduction for those on a total pension of EUR 2 100 per month was 34%. Further cuts in pensions are envisaged in 2013-14.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, these resources are still very important contributions to improve the well-being of people in both developed and developing countries. The answer may lie in a new, broader measure on development finance, which is currently being developed by the international community. Institutions in developed countries with collaborators in developing countries often manage research projects and programmes. One of the main aims of such partnership is to benefit from the, often, greater research capacity in developed countries and the local, contextual knowledge in developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In accordance with these provisions, this chapter discusses how governments can better leverage available tools and decision-making functions in support of inclusiveness such as budgeting (where gender equality has a good grounding) as well as other areas that have not received as much attention, such as public procurement and regulatory practices. Both the capacity of the procurement workforce to support secondary policy objectives and the burden associated with monitoring progress in promoting such objectives should be considered. For secondary policy objectives that will be supported by public procurement, appropriate planning, baseline analysis, risk assessment and target outcomes should be established as the basis for the development of action plans or guidelines for implementation. The results of any use of the public procurement system to support secondary policy objectives should be measured according to appropriate milestones to provide policy makers with necessary' information regarding the benefits and costs of such use. Effectiveness should be measured both at the level of individual procurements, and against policy objective target outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Finally, it would increase their assets in the case of divorce or the husband’s death. Tunisia introduced an optional matrimonial property regime of communal assets in 1998, which the spouses may adopt at the time of marriage or thereafter. Morocco and Algeria also introduced the possibility of joint ownership, in 2004 and 2005 respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is especially the case if travel to destinations includes transfers and significant waiting times. Public transport also provides basic mobility to those who may not have access to cars and whose travel requirements are not suited to walking or cycling. High-frequency, rapid and good quality public transport supply may compete with cars in terms of convenience, cost and overall user experience. It does so while decreasing per-passenger land-take, energy use and environmental impacts due to efficiencies derived from scale and electrification in the case of many rail, trolley and electric-powered bus systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Forests cover 11 per cent of the territory in Azerbaijan and 10 per cent in Armenia, mainly due to unfavourable natural and soil conditions and scarce rainfall. Primary forest of native species, with its extension of 500,000 ha largely consisting of protected forest, has remained virtually unchanged. The country’s nine varied climatic zones, ranging from wet subtropical to everlasting snow and glacier zones, in combination with variation in soils and reliefs, favoured the development of diverse vegetation formations. Beech (Fagus orientalis) is the species with the highest growing stock, estimated to 229.3 million m3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
One reason for the rapid growth is the ability to display the Khmer script: over 90% of smartphones have Khmer compared to 66% of regular cellphones. The cheapest price for a smartphone from one of the Cambodian mobile operators is US$40, equivalent to 4% of per capita income. This does not seem to be particularly burdensome given that Cambodia has the cheapest mobile broadband price among the LDCs at just US$1 per month. What seems to be more of a problem is finding a place to charge the smartphone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, voluntary measures (e.g. payments to farmers to incentivise pollution reductions) have generally had limited success (Shortle and Horan, 2013), and regulatory measures to control diffuse water pollution are typically poorly enforced (Parris, 2012). There is evidence that voluntary participation may not reach the major polluters (OECD, 2012, 2004) and subsidy-based programmes can have limited impact due to public budget constraints (Shortle and Horan, 2013). Indeed voluntary codes of good practice have not proved able to remedy a problem that does not stem from a lack of information, but from the absence of internalisation of pollution costs (OECD, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For instance, a region can specialise in the production of component manufacturing for renewables. Finally, displacement effects at the national level can offset many of the renewable energy effect jobs. Due to lock-in dynamics that may take place at the national level, some regions will become home to core high-value activities in the renewable energy supply chain, while others will host the low-value added parts, with lower impacts on employment creation and regional development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
An appraisal process that only requires one meeting between school leaders and evaluators rather places emphasis on the question whether a result has been achieved or a skill has been demonstrated. Based on an extensive review of literature on school leader appraisal, Leon et al. ( A high frequency of meetings and school visits may increase the effectiveness of these tools to gain a better picture of a school leader’s performance and produce valid information (Pashiardis and Brauckman, 2008). However, the time and efforts required for the longer-term observation of school leaders also involves costs that need to be considered (Ginsberg and Berry, 1990).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Nevertheless, Costa Rica presents one of the best life expectancy [second highest life expectancy in the Western Hemisphere, after Canada (Knaul et al., Nonnalised indicators are averaged with equal weights. Indicators are nonnalised to range between 10 (best) and 0 (worst) according to the following formula: (indicator value - minimum value) / (maximum value - minimum value) x 10.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
See appendix 1.1 for a full description of alternative development pathways.) This clearly points to the importance of understanding the options for building climate resilience with full consideration given to climate change and socioeconomic mega-trends. Unquestionably, the only way to prevent the adverse consequences of climate change for human and natural systems is through mitigation. However, effective policies focused on adaptation are urgently needed as well to enable the building of resilience, those policies may also assist both in preventing the negative impacts arising from climate hazards and in slowing the process of climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As a result, wildlife and humans can be chronically exposed to very low doses of drugs and the chemicals used in their illicit manufacture. That results in costs to individuals and to Governments, as they are responsible for ensuring public health. Illicit cultivation of both coca bush and opium poppy has often resulted in the clearance of forests—in the case of illicit cultivation of coca bush, primarily in Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Colombia and Peru. Some devastating effects of illicit cultivation of cannabis plant, coca bush and opium poppy on biodiversity are the loss, degradation and fragmentation of the forests, and the loss of areas where food could be grown.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The largely unforeseen sharp fall in global oil prices and a broad-based weakness in commodity prices have propelled the declining trend in recent times. The decline is a result of changes in supply-and-demand dynamics, rather than speculative activity, which has been a determining factor in the past. Worldwide production of oil in excess of global consumption has emerged as the dominant driving force behind this downward trajectory, although weaker-than-expected growth in Europe and Asia has also been a contributing factor (Husain et al. No data available for Kiribati.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This perception nonetheless represents a small improvement as compared with 2002, when the proportion was 87%. In terms of absolute and relative inequality indicators, this indicator suggests that most people think in relative terms, as they perceive an improvement in distribution in keeping with the decrease in relative inequality. In terms of perceptions by socioeconomic tercile or by education level, no clear patterns of association emerged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The study also found that women experiencing violence earned 35 per cent less than those not abused, and the overall lost productivity was estimated at 1.8 per cent of GDP in 2010. Men's Atrittules and Practices Regarding Gender and Violence against Women in Bangladesh: Preliminary Findings (icddr.b, 2011), pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Accordingly, the city has looked to value capture strategies to render these measures cost-effective. One advantage has been the continuing rise in commercial property values, which has greatly enhanced the value of TfL’s own real estate holdings. In addition, the rising trend has enabled the city to use a supplement to an existing property tax on commercial buildings as a powerful value capture mechanism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The creation of the Ministry' of Ecology and Natural Resources was a clear improvement in this respect. The State Committee of Amelioration and Water Management focuses on water regulation and irrigation. The water-supply interests are defended by the Absheron Regional Water Company and the State Committee of Architecture and Construction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, train utilisation -that is, the average load of a train - is low compared to what is observed in other emerging economies. This suggests that better management of train operations might be needed. Note that although European countries have lower train loads, this is mainly the consequence of subsidised train services. Labour productivity is also low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These costs represent a major share of overall trade costs and therefore their reduction can have a large potential impact on trade flows. Basic electronic systems reduce the time spent on customs compliance while Blockchain and Al promise further reductions. Their highest potential lies in time-sensitive goods flows such as global value chain (GVC)-related trade or perishable products. Online platforms help to overcome obstacles such as a lack of information and of trust in cross-border transactions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Poor sanitation and wastewater management leads to contamination of fresh water sources and is a major cause of disease and death while also being detrimental to the health of ecosystems. Nevertheless, improvements among Asia-Pacific subregions vary in terms of both speed of progress and attainment levels. In the Pacific, overall coverage has declined from 82.1 percent in 1990 to 79.9 per cent in 2015. Access to basic sanitation is a particular concern in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands where less than a third of the countries' populations had access to improved sanitation in 2015, with limited or no progress over the levels recorded in 1990, that is, from 20 per cent in 1990 to 19 per cent in 2015, and from 26 per cent in 2000 to 30 per cent in 2015 respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Each will now be briefly summarised since they provide some insights into the influence of policy settings on the degree of hysteresis affecting labour input. In the first step, historical data are used to estimate simple dynamic regressions relating the level of long-term unemployment to the contemporaneous (overall) unemployment rate and first and second lags of both unemployment variables (i.e. the overall and long-term unemployment rates). These equations - which are estimated on a country-by-country basis to make allowance for differences across national labour markets in the extent to which a sustained increase in overall unemployment raises long-term unemployment - are then used to translate projected changes in the unemployment rate into projections of long-term unemployment. The second step is to convert the projected changes in long-term unemployment into changes in structural unemployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Third, developing countries - especially the least developed countries, African, Caribbean and Pacific small island developing states - need to be compensated for the erosion of existing preferences due to further multilateral trade liberalization. Fourth, and most importantly from a development point of view, there are considerable, but uncertain costs involved in developing new or alternative internationally competitive productive and export capacities and capabilities. Fifth, developing countries have emphasized that 'aid for trade' must be truly additional to long promised official development assistance (ODA), which has never been delivered in full four decades after the UN General Assembly resolution of October 1970.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, in many developing Asian countries social protection usually has limited coverage. Moreover, the possibility to shield the poor against negative shocks remains constrained by the insufficient amount of resources allocated to social protection (ADB, 2008). Work-related social insurance programmes, in particular for urban residents, were redesigned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As many of the targeted users are unbanked, the alternatives are cash or mobile payments. Cash payments are especially vulnerable to corruption and crime, making blockchain-based transactions an alternative (Frankson, 2017). In developed countries, blockchain could be used similarly in order to set incentives for responsible consumption, giving different countries a means to help transition upwards in the waste hierarchy from disposal, to recycling and waste prevention, depending on the country's specific infrastructure and consumer prerequisites and needs (Cooper, 2018). In addition to high battery costs, there is room for improvement in the required charging infrastructure. Among other factors, the interoperability between charging networks is restricted and leads to an unattractive customer experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Broadly speaking, mismatches can be defined as imbalances between labour supply and demand across geographic regions, sectors, occupations and skills. In Hungary, the main mismatch is a large structural excess of low-skilled labour supply, resulting in a very low employment rate among this group (Figure 2.2, Panel A, Fazekas and Scharle, 2012). In contrast, high-skilled labour is in somewhat tight supply in certain fields, such as medical professions, and more companies report skill shortages than the European Union (EU) average (European Commission, 2013a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Between 2016 and 2025, Latin America is projected to be the world region with the largest increase in agro-export cultivation area (24%) —driven by soybean cropping (29% of the total), mainly in Brazil and Argentina (OECD/FAO, 2016). Corporate Database for Substantive Statistical Data (FA0SFATI (online) http://www.fao.org/ faostat/en/*home. The desertification of agricultural land erodes the foundations of the economy, representing a loss of resources that undermines production and generates poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Among OECD countries, the large number of reforms promoted in recent years to help improve the teaching profession shows that countries are increasingly making teachers a priority7 (OECD, 2015a). The challenge shared by education systems within and beyond the OECD area is to find ways to better support teachers in a context that is continuously changing. Teachers have to do more than transmit educational content: they have to cultivate students’ ability to be creative, think critically, solve problems and make decisions, they have to help students work better together, by developing their ability to communicate and collaborate, they have to build students’ capacity to recognise and exploit the potential of new technologies, and they have to nurture the character qualities that help people to live and work together. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At the same time, there is a need to exercise caution in exchanging of personal health data with other sectors, as it poses ethical problems in relation to, for example, employment screening, genetic therapy, and potential discrimination in some areas.168 To safeguard the exchange of health data, there is a need for legal and regulatory frameworks, for example regarding the provision of appropriate firewalls between different sectors for safeguarding individual privacy and rights. To support integrated approaches in health, it is also necessary to integrate health data and analysis across sectors, including through clustering of health, socioeconomic, and environmental indicators across sectors to produce a composite profile of progress towards health and well-being. The motivation and capacity within government to process and apply policy advice developed by regional or national health policy analysis institutes, such as the European Institute of Health, National Institutes of Health (for example, in Finland, Peru, Republic of Korea, United States), Canadian Institutes of Health Research,198 were found to contribute to success of intersectoral policies in health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)