albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Moreover, the rents needed to fund technical change can equally come from the effective protection of intellectual property rights. A recent OECD publication, “Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth 2007” (OECD, 2007e), finds that stronger competition has particularly powerful effects on productivity in countries far away from the technological frontier, reflecting stronger incentives to adopt new technologies. Finally, Bigsten et al. ( Particularly where trade is accompanied by foreign direct investment, it is likely to promote the transfer of skills and of innovation. Beyond this direct transfer of technology embodied in trade, or as spillovers from trade (Nordas et al., As the experiences of newly industrialised economies in Asia has demonstrated from the 1960s through to the 1990s, latecomers can - with the right preconditions and determinants - take advantage of the newest technological development and simply buy technology for their own industrial development at a relatively lower cost and less risk4 (Lin, 2007, UNIDO, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
They can, upon attaining certain requirements, including a minimum population size and annual revenue, opt to become a city. Cebu Province comprises 44 municipalities. Finally, municipalities and cities are composed of barangays, the smallest independently elected LGUs, there are over 42 000 throughout the Philippines and 1 096 in the Province of Cebu alone. Metro Cebu, specifically, is composed of 13 LGUs in total, including three independent cities, four component cities and six municipalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Life Is Not a Rehearsal, it's a Performance": An ethnographic enquiry into the subjectivities of children and adolescents living with antiretroviral treatment in Northeastern Tanzania. Children andYouth Services Review, 45, 28-37. Reflections on Africa's Indigenous knowledge on Parenting: Indigenous parenting practices of different communities in Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They provide help through medical examinations and counselling, emergency treatment in case of acute illness, referral to specialized physicians if necessary, care during pregnancy and delivery, and referral to services for social and legal counselling. Anonymity is assured to all beneficiaries, who often fear to seek help from an ordinary doctor's practice or hospital. Both health professionals and administrative staff work voluntarily, without any remuneration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Ecosystems" marginal contribution to the final service is valued. In ecosystem accounting a distinction is made between replacement cost (of a particular ecosystem service) and restoration cost (of an ecosystem asset and its bundle of ecosystem services). Values can either be transferred using unit value transfer methods or more advanced function-based transfers (e.g. based on meta-analysis of the literature).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
More accurate figures are provided by the Atlas of Roma Communities project, which is based on a survey applied directly in the field (UNDP, 2014). According to this survey, about 7.5% of Slovak population identified as belonging to the Roma Community (403 000 people). Of these, 46.5% live spread among the majority population, 12.9% live in concentrated settlements within municipalities, 23.8% live in concentrated settlements on the border of municipalities and 17.0% live in segregated settlements (UNDP, 2014 and Decade of Roma Inclusion, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The authors would like to thank Andreas Schleicher, Dirk van Damme, Deborah Roseveare, Viktoria Kis, Benedicte Bergseng, Francesco Avvisati and Deirdre Hughes for their valuable feedback on drafts of this report. Gender, ethnicity and socio-economic factors all strongly affect these choices. Career guidance is both an individual and a social good: it helps individuals to progress in their learning and work, but it also helps the effective functioning of the labour and learning markets, and contributes to a range of social policy goals, including social mobility and equity. This justifies the public investment in career guidance activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Unlike previous agreements, the new regulations do not stipulate the amount of time to be used for different purposes, such as teaching and preparation. Decisions about the use of teachers’ time and place of work now rest with the school leadership and teachers are expected to work differently. In 35 systems, teaching time is contractually specified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This study aims to compare Brazilian legislation to United Nations’ international recommendation with respect to the influence of each on the disclosure level of Brazilian companies’ CG practices. The theoretical approach is institutional theory. It is an exploratory study because CG disclosure is an insufficiently studied phenomenon in the light of institutional theory. The research amounts to a qualitative but also a quantitative one since its procedures encompass content analysis techniques to collect data and statistical tools to analyze them. Data were collected from all the companies belonging to IBOV Index, an indicator of the average quotations of Brazilian stock market’s most traded, representative shares. It was concluded that coercive forces exert more influence on the disclosure of corporate governance by the Brazilian companies studied, which means legally required indicators were more disclosed than those simply recommended by United Nations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some countries are supporting working parents by facilitating childcare arrangements (through providing childcare facilities or subsidising childcare costs). Further efforts are needed, however, to develop employment paths to ease the move from part-time to full-time work, to reduce persistent gender pay gaps and to enable women to embark on diverse career paths.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Section 3 reviews existing information systems and reporting mechanisms for climate finance and discusses their strengths and weaknesses as well as provides recommendations for how to improve information and reporting systems in key areas. Based on this review, section 4 develops options for a more comprehensive, reliable and transparent monitoring and tracking system for climate finance. Section 5 concludes with some indications on how the objective of a comprehensive and reliable database of climate finance could be reached over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Motor vehicle speed management and speed control will play a central role in achieving a safe overall environment. This gap in the regulation of the industry should be closed as quickly as possible. Mandatory driving ability tests for bus drivers are being discussed. Again, these deliberations should be concluded as quickly as possible and regulation introduced. Research in Transportation Economics, Vol. Studie im Auftrag der MA 18 Stadtentwicklung und Stadtplanung, Endbericht, Municipality of Vienna.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Abstract   The fostering of a critically engaged citizenry and robust civil society are championed as cornerstones of democratisation and development, particularly in partially free or unfree democracies. The role, dispositions and practices expected of both citizens and civil society organisations are often contested, demonstrating differing approaches towards and understandings of public participation in political life and the public sphere. This paper explores the social and normative construction of civility as a tool of governmentality. Drawing upon evidence regarding the role, functioning, and challenges facing civil society in efforts to entrench an open public sphere and engaged citizenry in two partial democracies, Uganda and Singapore, we reflect upon the ways in which such efforts respond to – and are shaped by – the developmental state model, and how discourses of in/civility are deployed to constrain more critical interventions and enactments of citizenship and civil society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the vocational education and training system, resources continue to be allocated on a historical basis. A more endogenous adjustment of the system to better align students’ qualifications with labour market needs requires active participation of social partners, students and education institutions. The rapid expansion of tertiary education without a corresponding increase in resources has led to fears about declining quality. Measures to better balance family and work lives can improve career options for women and therefore reduce the current tensions between having children and full time labour market participation of younger women. This could also ease the coming labour shortages associated with population ageing. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Member country researchers, such as Norway’s Institute of Marine Research, give scientific input. Each group quota is shared between vessels within the group. Thus, the quota system is based on a three-stage process: the negotiated national quota, then the group quotas, and finally the individual vessel quotas (IVQs).31 The IVQ regime differs from ordinary individual transferable quota (ITQ) systems: it is a bundled system in which quotas and vessels are integrated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP), among others, is active in implementing community-level programmes related to issues such as biodiversity conservation, waste management and other environmental themes. Sustainability is not a collection of individual issues, it is a holistic systems approach to viewing the human position in the world - typically described in social, economic and environmental terms. The challenge for organisations delivering topic-based or thematic programmes is around making them somehow cohere with one another.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The public should be informed of the findings. For example, the likelihood of a patient in a low-income country receiving one or more medicines for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease is only 19.8 per cent, compared to 54.9 per cent in an upper-middle-income country. The high price of some non-communicable disease medicines, together with the growing burden of non-communicable diseases, could make offering universal health coverage in some countries less effective, less sustainable, or otherwise financially unviable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper addresses the role masculist groups currently play in fostering resistance to feminist-influenced efforts to advance the autonomy and equality of women in Poland, where the strong influence of the Polish Catholic Church continues to shape attitudes and actions in professional, governmental and civil society spheres. The paper argues that Polish public discourse since 1989 has been strongly dominated by antifeminist rhetoric advanced by masculist groups. This rhetoric is not only used in the media and in political discourse, it also influences legislation and thus hinders efforts to secure a satisfactory level of equality for women, evidenced in struggles over abortion reform, the Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women, and the trivialisation of rape. The findings of the paper are based on qualitative social research on men’s social movements in Poland between 2009 and 2012 and on qualitative media discourse analysis of articles published between 2009 and 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Changes in productivity could go both ways, less intensive upwelling in the areas where this occurs would adversely affect the productivity in these areas. This is what occurs during the famous El Nino events when warm waters are carried towards the west coast of South America and the upwelling diminishes, adversely affecting the anchovy stocks in the area and the fisheries of Peru and Chile (see Appendix). Conversely, the blooming of plankton could increase and so could the intensity of currents carrying plankton to certain areas, this is what happened in the warm period in the 1920s and 1930s in the northeast Atlantic, to be further discussed below. How fish stocks will be affected is a more complicated issue, depending on predator-prey interactions. As to the industry and society, changes in productivity of fish stocks may necessitate investment in new equipment or finding new markets, or cause obsolescence of real and human capital and loss of markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, depending on the statistical method used for forest area and forest type classification, available data on forest structure may differ. The 2005 Law on Forests and the Forestry Service determines the total forest fund areas to be 1,498,957 ha. In the high forest stands the first four age classes (trees aged between 0 and 80 years) are predominant, accounting for as much as 65 per cent of the high forest surface, with 48 per cent of tree stands aged below 60 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Example challenges in monitoring service quality are defining what constitutes quality, and keeping settings abreast of the latest standards. Challenges in monitoring staff performance include monitoring curriculum implementation and linking staff quality to quality improvements. Challenges in monitoring child development include creating an accurate picture of a child’s development and recognising children’s individual development. The lessons learnt indicate, among others, that it is important to share good practices, ensure stakeholders understand what constitutes quality, have coherent monitoring frameworks, and have well-balanced and defined purposes of monitoring. Besides, monitoring should be linked to policy development and contribute to transparency for ECEC stakeholders, and include voices and views of different stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Indeed, this was an important and unrecognized feature of successful Asian industrialization, from Japan and the east Asian NICs to ' (most recently) China. The public provision of affordable and reasonably good-quality housing, transport facilities, basic food, education and basic health care all operated to improve the living conditions of workers. Indirectly, it helped reduce the money wages that individual employers need to pay workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This outlines a simple set of steps on how to build a workforce plan for a business. It includes leading practice techniques, tools and case studies to support businesses in workforce planning and ensure they have the right workers and skills to meet their needs. For more information on Australia’s labour and skills initiatives please visit www.tourism.gov.au/labour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Moreover, improvements to the public transportation system will be necessary to secure the region’s long-term attractiveness. Despite the City of Chicago’s ranking among the top five of 26 world cities for transportation infrastructure (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2011), the metro-region is at risk of squandering this competitive advantage without sufficient investment for system expansion and upgrades. Progress has been made on energy-efficiency retrofits, green building design, and the metro-region’s ability to attract wind energy headquarter functions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This study aims to identify the percentage of municipalities in  southern Brazil that disclose the information required by art. 8 of the Access to Information Act in their websites. Regarding the purpose, this research can be classified as descriptive of deductive logic , qualitative approach , supported by  literature and documents, and carried out through consultations to electronic sites of 216 municipalities. From the collected data, it is concluded that, in general, municipalities in southern Brazil, with a population of more than 10 thousand inhabitants, partly meet the requirements set out in art . 8 of  LAI . From these results, it is expected that citizens can demand from the government an increase in the quality of the information disclosed to the public interest, thus exerting social control and contributing to the improvement of public administration and inhibition of corruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Kansas, analytical methods have been used to determine whether additional groundwater is available for appropriation. For the Lower Republican River Basin and Belleville Formation in Kansas, the Jenkins method (a graphical approach based on the Glover-Balmer equations, Jenkins, 1968) has been used to estimate the cumulative volume of stream depletion that occurs in one year after the day pumping begins for an application to appropriate groundwater to see whether the new appropriation is acceptable (Kansas Department of Agriculture, 2010). The Glover and Balmer method has been employed in Colorado to evaluate the current and projected stream depletion impacts of water pumped and discharged during coalbed methane production (Papadopulos and Associates and Colorado Geological Survey, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
During negotiations, it is agreed that the payment will be an irrevocable letter of credit. Opening instructions: The buyer requests that his/her bank open a documentary credit, notification of which must be issued without confirmation from the seller’s bank. In the opening instructions, the buyer fills out a form specify ing the documents required for the importation of the goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These results are accomplished by teachers and school leaders who are accorded wide autonomy, and on the basis of comparatively modest levels of spending. However, there are important challenges facing primary and lower secondary schooling in Lithuania. A declining school-age population makes it difficult for authorities to efficiently manage the nation's school network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The un is used to ‘outsourcing’ or ‘contracting out’ its peacekeeping functions but, traditionally, this has been to states willing to contribute troops to an operation under overall un command and control. This model itself has created tensions between contributing states and the un. Given these conditions, and the fact that international law is traditionally seen as primarily applicable to states, it seems even more legally problematic that the un has, in recent years, started to outsource certain peacekeeping functions to the private sector. Inevitably, issues of applicable international laws, lines of responsibility and mechanisms for accountability, are less clear. In recent years the un has addressed this new practice by adopting a series of guidelines and polices on armed security contractors. The aim of this paper is to analyse these current un policies in the light of their compatibility with international law, particularly international human rights law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Examples, and the approaches adopted, are discussed below. The 1987 Yellow River Water Allocation Plan imposed a top-down approach to defining water entidements of the 11 provinces that rely on the river. After nearly 15 years of failed efforts to implement the plan, it was finally made a reality through the combination of a strong basin committee with direct control over key infrastructure on the river, together with regulations issued by the powerful State Council.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They also must be available for and willing to accept suitable work, including part-time and casual employment, and attend all scheduled interview's with Centrelink, the benefit administration agency, and w'ith their employment service provider. While Centrelink is a publicly managed agency, employment services to jobseekers are provided exclusively by a mix of for-profit and not-for-profit private providers contracted by the Commonwealth Government through a system called jobactive (Box 3.2). As discussed in Chapter 1, labour demand and labour supply factors drive regional labour market outcomes in Australia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Similarly, Kucera and Xenogiani (2009) interpret findings that link the regulatory burden to the size of the informal economy as representing how labour is regulated (especially through firm entry) rather than how much it is regulated. The effects of labour regulation on employment outcomes also depend on enforcement, which is typically imperfect. Increased enforcement efforts in the case of Brazil led to lower rates of informality but also to more unemployment and smaller firms (Almeida and Cameiro, 2009). In Indonesia during the 1990s, increased compliance with minimum wages was the key pathway to increased pay in the textile, footwear and apparel industry (Harrison and Scorse, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In contrast, lessons from the development community indicate that general budget support is a more effective modality for delivering aid. However, as general budget support is not earmarked, the proportion of it spent on climate activities is not always counted as “climate finance”17 and incentives are not in place. Projects with high leverage rates could indicate effectiveness. Alternatively, they could point to financially attractive projects that may have been implemented without inputs of international public finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The internal water footprint of a nation is the volume of water used from domestic water resources to produce the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The external water footprint of a country is the volume of water used in other countries to produce goods and services imported and consumed by the inhabitants of the country.” The sum of the internal and external water footprints is the country’s water footprint.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The highly educated in the United States, for example, have high marriage rates, few children out of wedlock, relatively few children, and high employment rates. For the less-well educated the reverse is true and policies that attempt to influence these increasingly divergent behavioural trends are will probably be of increasing importance. At the same time, labour market trends imply that inequalities will grow with jobs being increasingly polarised into those that are high- and low-skilled, and correspondingly paid. Work is also set to become increasingly insecure for many with the number of temporary and part-time jobs growing to 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Decentralisation also means giving more prominent role to the Technical Groundwater Committees (COTAS) in aquifer management, strengthening the organisation and functioning of the River Basin Councils and their auxiliary bodies, and consolidating the governance functions and regional organisation of the CONAGUA. There is no “one size fits all” model for enhancing public governance in the water sector and overcoming institutional obstacles to implementation but it is critical to diagnose the main governance challenges experienced across ministries and public agencies, between levels of government and across subnational actors and review existing governance instruments. This will help clearly define roles and responsibilities of public authorities and set-up to dispute resolution mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)