albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
How far can a country go in recruiting workers from neighboring countries to do the menial labor the country’s citizens are no longer willing to do and then–when they overstay their welcome, have children, and establish families over a period of decades—continue to deny them nationality and civil rights? Can these Gastarbeiter be turned into perpetual foreigners or must they be granted citizenship? How much has international human rights law impacted international law in restricting the freedom of sovereign states in this traditionally most discretionary domain? Are questions of nationality still within the exclusive domain of domestic jurisdiction?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The collection of packaging at source should be developed in line with the extended producer responsibility principle. An ambitious target is to operate municipal waste management on self-financing principles. It is also expected that the private sector will provide investments in waste management services. Besides strengthening separate collection and increasing the number of containers for separate and mixed waste, the strategy aims to optimize waste collection and disposal by introducing a regional approach, and proposes division of Minsk Oblast into seven collection areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Abstract   This study advances our understanding of relationship cultivation on social media from a cross-cultural perspective. We examined how companies use popular social network sites (SNSs) to facilitate dialogues with publics in two culturally distinct countries: China and the United States. We employed a content analysis of 50 corporate pages with 500 corporate posts and 500 user posts from each country. Overall, companies in both countries have recognized the importance of SNSs in relationship development and employed the appropriate online strategies (disclosure, information dissemination, and interactivity and involvement), but the specific tactics vary across the two markets. Furthermore, cultural differences among the types of corporate posts and public posts on SNSs indicate that culture plays a significant role in shaping the dialogue between organizations and publics in different countries. Implications for corporate relationship management practice in the global market in the digital era are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Twenty-three years ago, questions posed in this journal asked whether and how the Australian public service was prepared to engage effectively in Asia. More recent meta-analyses of public policy scholarship suggest that Western policy scholars and administrators continue to pay limited attention to Asian policymaking, despite the rise of Asia in the 21st century. This article contributes a research-derived Asia capabilities framework for Australia's public service, distilled from a qualitative study with public administration leaders at Commonwealth, state, and local government levels. It taps scholarly literature in ‘cultural intelligence’, global leadership competencies, and training to provide a robust conceptual underpinning for the framework. The framework defines the knowledge, skills, capabilities, and experiences vital for Australia's public service to engage effectively with the region in a rapidly changing policy environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Land use, land-use change and forestry (2005) as presented in Chapter 2 of this report. Limited availability of nitrogen, along with relatively low summer temperature and short growing season, acts as a limiting factor for the growth of Nordic forests (Linder 1987, Kellomaki etai. Thus nitrogen fertilization is considered an important forest management practice in the Nordic regions. It enhances the forest growth and thus increases the carbon sequestration particularly in less fertile sites (Norden 2013, Hyvonen etai.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A similar clear-cut conclusion cannot be drawn for coal-fired power plants. Imported coal lands on international ports (Amsterdam/Rotterdam/Antwerp, Hamburg and Bremen) and is carried to the plant via ship or rail. Overall, rail transport is considerably more expensive than transport by ship, which makes the transport costs for hard coal strongly dependent on the geographical location. Hard coal transport costs range from a few euros per tonne for coastal sites close to the delivery ports in the North and Baltic Sea, to about EUR 10/tonne in the areas accessible by inland waterways, mainly along Rhine and Elbe. Coal transport by rail to inland locations is considerably more expensive, between 30 and EUR 50/ tonne. New coal-fuelled power plants are almost exclusively located with access to coastal ports on the North or in the inland waterways, reflecting the above mentioned differences in hard coal transport costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
: India has the highest number of tuberculosis cases of any country in the world, and many of these cases are MDR TB. A combination of contributing factors has led to the current public health crisis: a failing National Tuberculosis Programme, denial and lack of compliance on the part of patients, lack of regulation of doctors in private practice, governmental policy failure and corruption, social and economic problems, and a growing HIV epidemic. This situation must be combatted on several fronts, including promoting social change, increasing government funding, seeking global aid, implementing DOTS, non-DOTS, and NGO programs, integrating TB and HIV programs, funding research, enacting regulatory legislation, and establishing continuing medical education programs among private practitioners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The fund helps regional councils with the costs of coastal planning for aquaculture developments. Vessel numbers are not restricted but all vessels operating within New Zealand’s fisheries waters need to be New Zealand flagged and are subject to all relevant domestic legislation. The Act and its implementing regulations provide for the fishing interests of all fishing groups, commercial, recreational, and customary' Maori. There are currently 641 stocks (a combination of species or species complexes, and areas) in the QMS. Historically, the allocation of quota was based on catch history'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The Ministry of Environment estimates the worldwide investment in RES should be multiplied by five from EUR 122 billion in 2005 to EUR 590 billion in 2030. Depending on the assumptions made on German export market shares, the estimated impact on GDP of the RES policy varied by 20% and the impact on employment by one third (BMU, 2011). Implementing cost-efficient climate change policies will not be sufficient to maintain the leadership on green markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In South Africa, where the legacy of HIV and AIDS created a relatively high level of state social provisioning, the Child Support Grant, a means-tested but otherwise unconditional cash grant given to a child’s primary caregiver, is unique in that it targets caregivers of any sex (Budlender and Lund 2011, Razavi 2007,2011). Other programmes, such as those in Chile and Mexico, target early childhood education to encourage parental employment, particularly among mothers, via providing direct subsidies to private and quasi-public service providers on behalf of low-income households (Staab and Gerhard 2011). Its approach is built on the right to basic social citizenship and includes universal education and health care, as well as expanding the reach of social insurance by wideningthe scope of its contributors and providing protections for those unable to contribute (UNRISD 20io).Total spending on social insurance is high, family allowances have been around for more than 30 years and there is a lot of solidarity for redistribution (ibid). At the same time, there has been an increase in the proportion of poor households headed by women since the 1990s, a seemingly counter-intuitive outcome.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Second, access to foreign markets creates new demand, fuelling the virtuous circle of manufacturing consumption. There is, however, a possibility that new technologies may diminish the comparative advantage of specific industries (mainly labour-intensive and low-tech industries) in developing countries. For example, bringing back offshore production plants (reshoring) to high-income countries through automation could potentially pose a threat for developing countries in the long term (OECD, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Source: OECD, OECD Health Data 2011. Estimates based on the list developed by Tobias and Yeh in 2009 provide similar results. Other outcome variables as well as the efficiency indicator estimated by OECD (2010a)4 and the European Health Consumer Index yield similar results (see Table 2, which shows seven indicators). Once GDP per capita is controlled for, the residuals are linearly scaled such that the mean across countries is equal to 0 and the standard deviation to 1 for each indicator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, with CMU-C patients do not have to pay ""up-front", which is the common rule in France. Low-income patients and recipients of social benefits have reduced co-payments on pharmaceuticals. The government subsidises so-called Very-Low-Cost-Access (VLCA) practices, which typically serve disadvantaged areas under the condition that they forgo revenue from patient fees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Nevertheless, involuntary part-time work has increased significantly and long-term and youth unemployment are at historically high levels. Long spells out of work are likely to affect durably the level of skills and career prospects of many individuals, which could lower the productive potential of the economy and increase income inequalities, which are already high by OECD standards. Universal Credit, a welfare reform that replaces a number of disparate benefits for working-age individuals by a universal benefit with a single taper rate, is a significant step forward in rationalising the benefit system and enhancing work incentives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The search found 78 PES schemes were in operation, with 13 under development (Annex 2). Of these 78 schemes, 37 were focused on forest/ biodiversity, 28 were watershed-related, and 13 were water quality trading programmes. Many PES programmes are located in Latin America, but there are also numerous schemes in Europe and North America, particularly in forest/biodiversity programmes. It is unlikely that the literature review has identified all the PES schemes, which are in use in the UNECE region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Biofuels now account for a significant and growing part of global production of a number of crops. Higher feed prices also may induce supply reductions in the livestock industries, although the full effect is somewhat mitigated with the incorporation of biofuels co-products into feed rations (distillers’ grains, oilseed meal). Biofuel mandates and blending targets, which are satisfied regardless of price, introduce inflexibility into the demand for feedstocks, contributing to the extent of required price adjustments in the event of a shock and price volatility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The chapter outlines experience to date in implementing these building blocks. But without the institutional arrangements to translate vision into reality and to maintain it over time, vision alone will not be enough. If a different arrangement is adopted, direct linkages are essential between planning and co-ordinating institutions. But these efforts must be aligned w'ith country priorities and implemented so as to build country ownership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Evrazijskaya migracionnaya sistema: ot ehkonomicheskogo pragmatizma k vozrozhdeniyu civilizacionnogo edinstva [Eurasian migration system: from economic pragmatism to the renaissance of the civilizational unity]. Remittances and labor supply in post-conflict Tajikistan. Available from https://izajold.springeropen.com/ track/pdf/10.1186/2193-9020-l-8?site=izajold.springeropen.com. Brak, seks i razvod u tadzhikskih trudovyh migrantov [Marriage, sex and divorce of Tajik labour migrants].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These options were formulated primarily for water services and with the perspective of introducing greater private sector participation into the sector. The study considered different options for reforming the market, including having up to three operators for the country (as opposed to only one operator), i.e. one for Yerevan, one for AWSC as it currently exists and one or more for the existing regional companies, as the most interesting. Although the consultants recommended two WSCs as the most viable option, the government indicated a strong preference for forming a single WSC. These could be solutions for municipalities that might not be interested to join the regional operator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Containing initially 184 initiatives, the platform was expanded in the following year to incorporate a larger number of initiatives and data points. At the beginning of 2016, it was transferred to UN Environment and is now hosted and maintained by the UNEP DTU Partnership, a UN Environment Collaborating Centre.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Similar policies can be devised for such other primary activities as mining, as was done for diamond processing in Botswana. Such efforts are likely to be more successful if they are combined with the development of local production clusters based on natural resources and the development of engineering capabilities for domestic production (Ramos, 1998). The garment industry, for example, is typically labour-intensive, whereas the industry that produces textiles, yarns and accessories is increasingly capital-intensive, with large economies of scale and scope. This makes the development of backward linkages in textiles for the garments sector much more difficult in most LDCs (Adhikari and Yamamoto, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The current xenophobic cultural environment in the United States makes it imperative that psychologists understand the nature of xenophobia and recognize its consequences. This article explores sociological, social psychological, and multicultural research to examine the causes of negative attitudes toward immigrants. Xenophobia is presented as a concept descriptive of a socially observable phenomenon. Historical and contemporary expressions of xenophobia in the United States are examined and compared with cross-cultural scholarship on negative attitudes toward immigrants. Last, suggestions are provided for how counseling psychologists can integrate an understanding of xenophobia into their clinical practice, training, research, and public policy advocacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, they are cross-sectoral in nature, and within an urban context, they form part of an integrated urban system. Urban public policy interventions ideally should be designed for and reflective of this dynamic relationship. Chile’s urbanism actors are aware of this need, but there are few mechanisms to support such a practice, and each sector appears to strike off on its own.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In Australia, where a broad definition of temporary employment also includes casual workers (Box 4.1), this type of work accounts for 85% (43%) of part-time (full-time) workers with a temporary employment contract. Some people work part-time because they wish to do so and would not take on full-time employment, while others do so because there is no full-time employment available. There are, however, large variations across countries. In Greece, Spain and Italy, over 60% of part-timers want to work more hours but could not find full-time jobs. For instance, there is a well-established negative relationship between the level of GDP and the self-employment rate (Acs et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Achieving respect for human rights by businesses requires not making the “right” choice between hard and soft law but establishing an architecture to sustain a constructive dialectic between the two. This essay argues that a business and human rights treaty modelled as a framework convention and centered initially on the UN Guiding Principles (UNGPs) offers such a structure while avoiding the shortcomings of treaty proposals advanced to date.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This section outlines the similarities and differences between existing views and principles, as well as other issues identified as important for climate finance by the development, climate, and private sector communities. Thus, international climate finance often involves a broad range of stakeholder communities and types of financial flows. These communities have differing motivations and views on what aspects of climate finance are important, and what makes climate finance effective. These views have been expressed in agreements, principles, or other texts (Figure 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The choice of transport systems, their scale and their spread, matters considerably for structural transformation as well as other economic and social impacts. This is already evident in most developing countries, many of which are still dealing with the legacy of colonial choices in developing transport systems, since these typically emphasized connecting the locations of cash-crop production or extraction of natural resources with towns and ports for export. More widely diffused transport connectivity, by contrast, can assist in more broad-based growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Meeting water governance challenges calls for a mix of well-integrated policy measures. This can be difficult to achieve in a context of fragmented responsibilities among various public actors as decisions are made at different territorial levels (national, regional, state, municipal, basin, etc.). Greater policy coherence among different institutions does not mean uniformity, but an attempt to create synergies between customised approaches. It requires mutually reinforcing co-ordination across government, departments and agencies for achieving the agreed-upon policy objectives, defining long-term strategies and adapting them to different contexts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The proportion of 15-year-olds engaging in intense physical activity is comparatively high (almost 59%, versus an OECD average of 52.3%), but overweight and obesity rates are also relatively high - almost 28% of 11-15 year-olds in Canada are overweight or obese, compared to an OECD average of 19%. Not all children benefit from optimal conditions for studying: about 18% of 15-year-olds in Canada do not have a desk and quiet place to study at home, 26% do not have books to help with school w'ork, and 36% feel anxious about school tests even if w'ell-prepared. Nevertheless, Canadian teenagers perform very well on the OECD’s PISA reading and mathematics tests, and the proportion of 15-year-olds who plan to pursue higher education is comparatively high. The adolescent (15-19 year old) fertility rate is also near the average for OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In response to this and in order to move closer to ratification of the Convention, the Government of Namibia set up a Wages Commission in 2012 to recommend a new minimum wage for domestic workers and investigate other conditions of work (Hammerton, 2013). Both exist primarily outside of the traditional market sphere, but they are increasingly commodified and their market valuation is far from an accurate reflection of their social value. In a related sense, they are public goods with positive externalities that make the market mechanism an economically inefficient arbiter of their use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Students with disabilities have many legal protections in the United States. Many of these protections can be traced back to lawsuits which were fought to better the education of students from culturally and linguistically diverse populations (Yell 2016). Because of these early and historic efforts by advocates for fairness and equality, approximately, 6.5 million students with disabilities now have a right to a free and appropriate public education in the United States. Public Law 94-142 was passed in 1975 and guaranteed a free and appropriate education to all students with disabilities in the United States. This chapter will explore how court cases that advocated for the rights for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) students led to federal equal rights legislation for students with disabilities. Legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 will be explored.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The implications of clientelism for democratic accountability are mixed: Brokers not only help coordinate votes for collective gain but also exploit their position to advance personal interest. I argue that brokers use distinct strategies—persuasion, reciprocation, and punishment—to motivate voters as a function of their local institutional context. Competitively selected brokers whose preferences are aligned with those of followers can rely more on persuasion than instrumental inducements. Economically autonomous brokers are more likely to rely on sanctions than reciprocity. Evidence to support both the proposed typology of broker strategies and their determinants is collected in Senegal, a clientelistic democracy where group-level heterogeneity generates natural variation in broker types. A coordination game played with real brokers illustrates that participants are less likely to sacrifice personal gain when brokers are competitively selected, more likely when they most fear retribution. Qualitative da...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
AbstractThe prohibition of torture is one of the most emblematic norms of the modern human rights movement, and its prevalence in national constitutions has increased steeply in the past 3 decades. Yet little is known about whether constitutional torture prohibitions actually reduce torture. In this article, we explore the relationship between constitutional torture prohibitions and torture practices by utilizing new data that correct for biases in previous measures of torture and a recently developed method that mitigates selection bias by incorporating information about countries’ constitutional commitments into our research design. Using these new data and this new method, as well as more conventional data sources and methods, we find no evidence that constitutional torture prohibitions have reduced rates of torture in a statistically significant or substantively meaningful way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Health status and health care need specific analysis to identify a more comprehensive level of health deprivation and inequality. This share decreased by more than 10 percentage points between 2006 and 2010. In the case of financial self-protection, 63.3% of the population could not afford the basic basket of goods and services in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
To this end, Argentina completed internal work at its supervisory telecom organization Autoridad Federal de Tecnologias de la Informacion y la Comunicacion (AFTIC) and held a national forum on these topics. For example, AFTIC now requires the distribution of sample technical reports and acts among all inspectors as well as an explanation of the different procedures. Additionally, every inspection must check that the radio base station's battery bank is in perfect condition so that it provides a permanent direct current supply for the stations' operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)