albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In a move to promote better ownership of projects, funders are exploring options such as the use of innovative financing mechanisms, such as blending loans and grants for development and project management by external contractors who are able to relieve often-overloaded local stakeholders (ECDPM 2013). As most utilities work on timescales that account for the expected life of their generation plant (20 to 30 years), it is definitely conceivable that by 2050 the Caribbean’s energy system can be 100 per cent based on clean, sustainable generation plant. This will help the region to connect to the international community and develop on an economic and social level. Renewable energy technologies can provide substantial economic relief to farmers, who can boost their incomes with the careful installation of solar, wind and biomass technologies. The use of climate-controlled greenhouses and cool- and cold-water agriculture can improve food security in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In particular, a gain in life expectancy at birth of slightly more than one year for both females and males over the period 1991-2003 could be attributed to the increase in health care spending per capita which amounted to more than 50% in real terms over the same period (Table 2). It also suggested that health care spending is the single most important factor explaining differences in health status across countries, though other factors also play important roles (Table 3). The implicit assumption is that all the unexplained country-specific effects and residuals reflect inefficiency, and not measurement errors, omitted variables and other factors. Supporting this assumption are the very low correlations, if any, between the unexplained differences in health status indicators and recent values of key variables which could not be included in panel regressions because cross-country comparable time series were not available - in particular income dispersion (as measured by Gini coefficient), obesity and population density.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As a whole, it receives an annual allocation from the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs of EUR 375 000, which allows it to maintain its offices, assemble delegates 4 to 5 times per year, and hold work group meetings 8 to 10 times annually. These work group committees meet to discuss the advancement of NSPH goals within the Swedish health care community and society. In 2013, NSPH received financial support from the Swedish government to, among other things, formulate strategies aimed at strenghening and enhancing the influence of user organisations on national, regional and local levels, as well as for the individual when meeting with health care providers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
At the local level, there exist four main types of planning documents (documents d’urbanisme) that govern land use occupation and changes: i) the SCoT (Schema de Coherence Territorial), ii) local plans, PLU and PLUI, iii) the carte communale (which provides a map of buildable and non-buildable areas), iv) and national urban law which is enforceable even in the absence of a SCOT or PLU. It is also encouraged through the possibility to undertake intercommunal local urban development plans (PLUI), something that Greater Clermont-Ferrand has not yet engaged in. The current land use plan for Clermont-Ferrand relates only to the commune (PLU).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
More particularly, Australia could borrow ideas from a number of countries on how to reach workers retrenched individually or from smaller firms better and earlier (Box 3.4). The programme lasts up to 12 months and includes a range of measures aimed at improving re-employment prospects such as job-search assistance, intensive counselling, meeting a caseworker, skills evaluation, access to training, and follow-up support. The cost of the programme is shared between the public employment service, the employer and the employee, providing incentives for all actors to facilitate co-operation. The employer must offer the CSP to all workers they plan to dismiss before actual dismissal takes place and is subject to a significant fine in case of non-compliance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Progress in this area is complex and takes longer to achieve since it requires redistribution of power to shift unequal norms, relations and structures of discrimination and inequality. The issue of sustainability of results thus comes to the forefront in addressing gender equality results. Gender analysis and monitoring the evolution of gender results (including pushbacks and steps forward) within a context is crucial to learning and refining programming for greater effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Whereas the manual process took an average of up to three and a half days to complete, automating the process reduced the time to less than one and a half days. The inclusive and consultative project was stakeholder-driven (OECD-WTOaid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 54). Most donors have abandoned support for ICT infrastructure, leaving the job to the private sector. The most effective roles for the private sector include investing in ICT infrastructure (which tends to be very capital-intensive), operating ICT networks and delivering ICT services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Cross-subsidies for both energy producers and consumers are another widespread mechanism. In Georgia, for instance, electricity producers sell electricity to the grid at differentiated tariffs that ensure lower costs to end consumers, but in practice provide cross-subsidies from cheap hydropower generation to higher-cost natural gas generation. Another example is Belarus, where commercial consumers of natural gas, electricity and heat pay a premium in the tariff put in place to cross-subsidise the tariff for households. Furthermore, heat tariff for households is cross-subsidised not just through the higher heat tariffs for commercial users, but also through tariff for electricity, since Belarus co-generates a lot of its heat and electricity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It guides governments and stakeholders in the fisheries sector in how to focus and step up their efforts against IUU fishing. Comments were received from CCAMLR (David Agnew), CCSBT (Bob Kennedy, Susie Iball), GFCM (Nicola Ferri, Federico DeRossi), IATTC (Jean-Francois Pulvenis), ICCAT (Jenny Cheatle), IOTC (Christopher O’Brien), NAFO (Fred Kingston), NEAFC (Darius Campbell), NPFC (Dae Yeon Moon), SEAFO (Lizette Voges), SIOFA (Jon Lansley), SPRFMO (Sebastian Rodriguez) and WCPFC (Feleti P. Teo, Arlene Takesy). The authors would also like to thank OECD colleague Franck Jesus and Gilles Hosh (Quasso Marine) for their comments on successive versions of the paper. They are grateful to Laetitia Christophe, Sally Hinchcliffe, Michele Patterson, and Theresa Poincet for editing and preparing it for publication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
One characteristic of dual agricultural systems is certainly the uneven distribution of land, with large holdings accounting for a large share of total land. An FAO study (2004) defines smallholders as farmers with limited resource endowments, relative to other farmers in the sector. The World Bank (2003) defines smallholders as those with a low asset base and operating in less than 2 hectares of cropland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Investment in research and development (R&D) increased remarkably since the end of the 1990s, when Austria's R&D intensity (aggregate R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP) was below the OECD average and significantly lower than in other small, open economies (to which Austria prefers comparison). The European Union target of an R&D intensity of 3% was met in 2014. In 2016, R&D intensity stood at 3.09%, the sixth highest among OECD countries and the second highest in the EU28.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Newfound ‘consensus’ that has emerged in the form of the acceptance of the concepts of ‘democratization’ or ‘governance’ is about the minimalist form of liberal democracy under the auspices of the contemporary political aid industry. With the label of democracy getting detached from the content of the concept, even the ‘home-grown’ non-democratic regimes in Africa have appropriated the term. As for Nigeria, weakened both by political decay and economic crisis, ‘democratic transition’ was more of an obligation than a choice for the political class of Nigeria. The recent democratic openings, however, have failed to reconcile, if not aggravated its ethnic, linguistic, regional, religious and cultural differences. Nigeria today is in desperate need of democratic solutions and consolidation while facing a serious crisis in the form of an overall absence, deterioration or breakdown of social, economic and political institutions of governance, the safeguard of human security, a dependent political economy of oil...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Do vulnerable individuals have real human rights? At the supranational level of the European Convention of Human Rights the question of the rights of individuals is inextricably linked to the corollary question of the state's obligations. General principles determining positive obligations of the state to actively assist vulnerable individuals to enjoy human rights are revisited in order to demonstrate an enhanced emphasis on sophisticated evidential proof. Within this objective framework, grounds of legitimacy are sought whose evaluation is directly connected to the financial cost involved and the actionable thresholds of the Convention rights. Accordingly, any European standard emerging is drawn from a methodological base that secures consistency and predictability for realistic control and management of the human rights of the vulnerable within the system of the Convention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Government proposes to strengthen the CCB by increasing the benefits annually to keep pace with the rising cost of living as of July 2018. For 2019 and subsequent taxation years, the government has proposed to introduce the Canada Workers Benefit (CWB), an enhanced version of the Working Income Tax Benefit (WITB). Compared to the WITB, the amount of the basic benefit will be increased, and the threshold from which the benefit phases out will be increased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This makes monotowns economically vulnerable in times of crisis and economic decline, and increases social vulnerability. Monotowns were particularly widespread in the Soviet Union, a reflection of the size, low' population density, and significant deposits of natural resources located in remote, inhospitable regions. In Kazakhstan, monotowns are defined as cities where at least 20% of industrial output and the employed population is concentrated in one or a few' core enterprises of the same industry.41 Monotowns (usually focused on mining or sometimes fishing activities) have also been common in OECD countries such as Canada, Australia and the United States. The specificity of Soviet and post-Soviet monotowns is that i) they are the result of long-term central planning, ii) they were based on supply chains based on substantial transport and energy subsidies, and iii) the main enterprise or group of enterprises (hereafter, core company or companies) acted as the supplier of municipal utilities (w'ater, sew'age and sometimes district heating when it existed) and housing for its employees (BISAM Central Asia, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This implies that the number of poor persons fell by approximately 6 million in 2012, while the number of indigents remained practically constant. Extreme poverty also fell appreciably (by 8.0 percentage points) since 2002, although in this case, the rate of reduction has slowed in recent years, owing mainly to a steeper rise in food costs than in headline inflation. The second subperiod, which started in 2007, shows a slowdown in the rate of reduction of the number of income-poor persons, which fell to 2.5% per year in the case of poverty and to 0.9% per year in the case of indigence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Cross-sectoral coordination mechanisms at national and subnational levels for food security and nutrition and rural development need to engage relevant actors in the agricultural and social protection domains in joint programming. Single registries can also play a key role in coordinating interventions across different sectors and in providing households with the complementary support needed to gradually move themselves out of poverty and hunger.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Whilst all issues need attention, this is the area where policy makers in particular need to concentrate their initial efforts. Generally, the depth of the data is stronger and there is lower volatility in the solar resource compared to the wind, and generally there are fewer variables to be considered in the estimation. Investors are most concerned with the apparent mismatch between the long-term nature of capital commitments inherent in climate change financing and the relatively short time frame of climate change regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Renewable energy systems are increasingly being deployed to spread access to water in remote communities and simultaneously increase water availability for irrigation, with certain impacts on food security. In the same manner, renewable energy in urban settings enhances the resilience of urban water systems. Tapping into locally available energy resources is a remarkable way of reducing the costs of utilities and improving the reliability of water supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
South Africa’s social grants, for example, reduced the country’s food poverty gap by 65% (Samson et al., Many programmes in Latin America aim to break the pattern of perpetuation of poverty from one generation to the next. Mexico’s Oportunidades programme (Box 6.1) and Brazil’s Bolsa Familia (Chapter 7) have substantially reduced poverty while building people’s skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The number of people at risk from floods is projected to rise from 1.2 billion today to around 1.6 billion in 2050 (nearly 20% of the world’s population). The economic value of assets at risk is expected to be around USD 45 trillion by 2050, a growth of over 340% from 2010. However, the appropriate responses will share several features: more attention will be paid to (ecologically sensitive) water storage, investment in water supply and sanitation, pollution control, and allocation issues. These costs are not well known, as information is scarce and patchy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The majority of health and medical services fall under the responsibility of county councils, whose representatives are elected by the residents every four years. County councils are obliged to provide health and medical services of good quality as well as to promote good health in the population. Primary care is delivered through 1 100 (public or private) primary care units in the country. In most of the counties, it is possible to bypass primary care and access specialist services directly (there is no gate-keeping).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The present interest in globalisation focuses on a most fundamental question: do we need—and can we find—a new reference point for eliciting nationality and identity? The underlying reasoning has to be seen in the far-reaching shortcomings of those methodological foundations of social science that emerged in the wake of the Western Enlightenment—namely, individualism, nationalism, solutionism and presentism. This chapter examines if—and in which way—the new position, which China is likely going to occupy in this globalising world, may be one that can only persist by overcoming a national focus. That would translate into a paradoxical notion of national identity where to be ‘truly Chinese’ would translate into striving for a global understanding of citizenship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus, lower property taxes need to be paid on them, which encourages low density development and horizontal expansion of cities (Brueckner and Kim, 2003). At the same time, property taxes make housing floor space more expensive, which makes households use less housing. If the ratio of land relative to dwelling size remains constant, this reduces land consumption and contributes to more compact patterns of development (Song and Zenou, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Social class confers a bundle of capabilities, practices, and beliefs that are conventionally assumed to be hierarchical, rigid, and self-perpetuating. However, this framework often belies the fact that these qualities needn’t be necessarily or exhaustively advantageous. In particular, social change may render obsolete class-linked characteristics that were advantageous in previous periods. Drawing on interviews with homeowners at risk of foreclosure and a yearlong ethnography of a housing counseling organization, I find that although the housing crisis of the “Great Recession” affected both working- and middle-class homeowners alike, the practices of working-class borrowers better positioned them to exploit a number of informational advantages in the rapidly changing mortgage modification setting. My findings are a departure from existing research that treats middle-class capabilities and practices as intrinsically advantageous.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The first reform, implemented in 2004, consisted in workers being able to exchange their severance accounts for participation in complementary pension regimes. By 2008 only one quarter of workers had switched to the complementary pension system, which suggests that people prefer to have funds accessible during their working life rather than wait until retirement. Apparently, that preference was strengthened by the low yields on the funds administered by financial institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Climate Change Expert Group Paper No. The CCXG (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) is a group of government delegates from OECD and other industrialised countries. The aim of the group is to promote dialogue and enhance understanding on technical issues in the international climate change negotiations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Policy debates on conflict research, which are mostly directly used to develop practices of soft intervention (including conflict resolution, peacebuilding and statebuilding), emanate from common epistemic and ontological frameworks. Most have been produced and perpetuated by key institutions in the global North through their encounter with historical direct and structural violence, both North and South. Power has followed Enlightenment knowledge, along with its various biases and exclusions. Its progressive normative, political, economic and social assumptions about a ‘good society’ and an ‘international community’ have been fed through social science into the building of international institutions, IFIs and the donor system. Using a method called ethnographic biography (in which biography is broadly defined to include the bibliography produced by the subject, as well as interviews and discussions), this article illustrates how peace thinking is mutually constructed as both positive and hybrid, c...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The aim is for more girls to fully enjoy their childhood free from the threat of early marriage, and to experience healthier, safer and more empowered lives, making their own decisions about education, sexuality, relationships, marriage and childbearing. A fundamental human rights violation that affects all aspects of a girl's life, child marriage was also widely recognized as an obstacle to the achievement of nearly every Millennium Development Goal (MDG). The UNFPA-UNICEFGlobal Programme is working to strengthen the critical institutions and systems that deliver quality services and opportunities for girls, lay the foundation for attitudinal change among families and communities and support Governments to deliver on the SDG target on child marriage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The NAPCC establishes how implementation progress is reported, provides deadlines for measures to be implemented, and identifies potential funding sources for specific actions. Although the originally intended applicable timeframe has passed, the NSCC is still used as a guiding strategy document and the NAPCC as an action plan. A new strategy was under preparation at the end of 2011, whereas the new NAPCC is expected to be finalized within a year after the adoption of the strategy. It is also important to note that Romania has experienced discontinuity in its strategies and actions on climate change and that neither the NSCC nor the NAPCC incorporates adaptation components.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Also, the bilateral interactions of the ANA with other sectoral agencies are fundamental. Some states have merged water and environment agencies, with pros and cons. The impoitance of the aquatic environment for biodiversity and ecosystem services is unquestionable, and there is no doubt that water is an important component of the environment and needs to be dealt with as such.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Community forests lake up a significant 28 per cent of the forested area in Nepal, involving half of the rural population, and a fifth of the country’s terrain. Most community forests are in the central hills, where the quality of green cover has visibly improved. Surplus forest produce is sold within or outside the community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Reducing the teaching load for those involved in “strategic” entrepreneurship activities, such as entrepreneurship ambassadors and mentors should be considered. Governments at different levels wishing to see strong move towards entrepreneurship need to ensure adequate incentive and accountability schemes that can mobilise higher education institutions. The tasks of the resource centre could be to produce innovative and pertinent teaching material (case studies, videos, games, course contents, syllabi etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
If the positive effect of the increase in output (and total profits) outweighs the negative effect ofthe decline in profit share, increased wage shares can be associated with higher profit rates, more capitalist investment demand and higher growth. These types of economies, where increases in the wage share are associated with higher output a nd growth, are termed 'wage-led'. On the demand side, macroeconomic equilibrium means that the investment desired by investors equals that supplied by savers (both domestic and foreign).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The sustainability education component in particular addresses a number of ESD priority areas which will provide opportunities for students to pursue studies and future careers in areas which will contribute to sustainability in the region, including: a Postgraduate Diploma in Sustainable Islands and Oceans Development, a Postgraduate Diploma in Environmental Sciences, and a new Master of Laws (Environmental Law). In addition to programmes under the Centre of Excellence Project, the USP’s Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development (PACE-SD) - also co-ordinating the implementation of the regional ESD action plan - has a number of programmes of its own related directly to sustainability and climate change. Working internationally, GUPES, along with the International Network of Teacher Educator Institutions involved with reorienting teacher education to address sustainability, and the University Consortium of Small Island States (UCSIS), provide a potential support network for higher education institutions in SIDS that are interested in strengthening their work on ESD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)