albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
An example could be to progressively move to a mixed payment system that provides some capitation payments for patients that register with a medical practice as their chosen first point of call for health care services and fee-for-service for important services like measuring blood glucose levels and lowering it for patients with diabetes. The National Health Insurance Corporation’s (NHIC) activities are focused on reimbursement and claims process, and it has little scope to use the financing of health care services to drive policy changes. This is instead located in another agency, the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA), whose mandate as the assurer of insurance claims limits it to paying small amounts of funds to providers. The consequence of this functional separation between HIRA and the NHIC is that no one organisation has the in-house capacity (or incentive) to proactively design and implement a payment arrangement that embeds quality into purchasing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The efficiency of the reform process stands for minimising cost and time to achieve a result. The effectiveness stands for the degree of implementation of the reform (complete or incomplete). The review of reforms suggests that operating a policy change at a wider geographical scale can help increase its ambition but does not guarantee its level of implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Commercial, institutional, and C&D waste may or may not be the responsibility of the municipality. In practice, in lower-income countries, where environmental legislation may be weaker, these tend to fall under municipal responsibility. They can either manage the waste themselves or contract a private sector waste management company, or they may sometimes be offered to pay to 'opt-in’ to the city’s municipal waste management service and generally are expected to pay a higher price for the service so as to not further burden the municipality that delivers the sen/ice, and instead to improve cost-recovery by cross-subsidizing the service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
They found that protection reduced deforestation: approximately 10% of the PAs would have been deforested had they not been protected. In contrast, the conventional approaches to evaluation overestimated avoided deforestation by over 65%. Three other studies of certification schemes also found positive impact, whereas one (Villalobos et al. A similar result holds for Protected Area extent, suggesting possible displacement of deforestation from PAs (i.e. leakage). Laycock et al (2009) estimated the cost-effectiveness of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The present value cost of implementing the 44 Species Action Plans for w'hich cost data w'ere available over the 10-year period in question varied from GBP 500 to GBP 7,000,000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This restructuring would take into account the availability of resources and market developments, and be based on a “sectoral approach” with special measures for each fisheries sector. Pelagics, in particular Baltic herring and sprat, account for the largest share of landings. The Estonian government contributes an additional EUR 28.1 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Democratization in 1998 gave Indonesian citizens many more rights on paper than before. Yet their daily lives remain dominated by powerful elites. Why is this so? What we call post-colonial citizenship studies aim to bring the everyday lives of large numbers of ordinary citizens back into the picture. They call for some critical distance from conventional images of the autonomous, rights-claiming citizen. Instead, they highlight political economy, the history of state formation, and informality. Citizenship in Indonesia is highly informal, personalized, and mediated. State institutions are weak and socially embedded. Citizens regularly depend on personal connections to gain services. This mutes their experience of “rights.” We explain this pattern of citizenship historically. The latest “critical juncture,” in 1998–1999, was largely won by predatory provincial elites, who captured state resources and controlled their flow to local clients. Decentralization thus seriously impaired the quality of citizenship, particularly for the poor majority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As the most visible among early regional innovation policies, science parks captured the attention of local policy makers, journalists and university presidents. In the 1980s, they became synonymous with attempts to change the economic structure of regions and to foster technology transfer from universities. Unfortunately, the concept was believed to be a general panacea for economic development problems. Therefore, they were bound to have mixed results and limited impacts beyond park boundaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
First, the term externality is very much associated with environmental externalities. This holds in particular for the power generation sector, which in the 1990s was the subject of three influential and since updated studies on environmental externalities.6 The environmental impacts of electricity generation, in particular in the area of climate change, remain of course an important issue. The NEA discussed this in a publication on Carbon Pricing, Power Markets and the Competitiveness of Nuclear Power (NEA, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For that, these tools need to be considered as part of a risk-reduction management system, because they make complementary contributions to the prevention, mitigation and recovery systems that exist in the region's countries. Kuriakose and others (2012) have argued that the design and implementation of the system should take account of a number of distinctive elements: (i) flexibility and the possibility of expanding the coverage and geographic zones of implementation, (ii) climatically-smart targeting,3 (iii) investments that promote and strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity, and (iv) the promotion of institutional capacity and resources for climate risk management. Vakis (2006) also argues that social programmes to cope with disasters need different operating criteria, including those that highlight the flexibility of adjustment and the extension of coverage to provide an effective response in the shortest possible time, and coordination between government efforts and those made by different non-governmental and private organizations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Its Department of Statistics had estimated that creative industries contributed around 3% of the country’s GDP in 2000. Developing these industries would give them the potential to contribute 6% of GDP by 2012, out of which 5 to 7% of the national workforce could be employed. In the area of arts, using the tag “Renaissance City” the Singapore Government aimed to “position Singapore as a key city in the Asian Renaissance of the 21 st century and a cultural centre in the globalised world”, to make Singapore “one of the top cities in the world to live, work and play in, where there is an environment conducive to creative and knowledge-based industries and talent”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Ecosysiem services are the benefils people obtain from ecosystems. However, this large-scale exploitation has resulted in a 75% decline in demersal2 fish resources since 1982 (Gascuel et al., The identification of ecological corridors between MPAs, and the pooling of countries' conservation efforts, resulted in the establishment of a regional network of MPAs in West Africa in 2007. Today the network includes 23 MPAs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD. The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Guiding these regional development strategies is the National Strategy 2015-2020, which serves as an anchor document for regional growth initiatives originating at the regional and national levels. It provides a framework for investing in regions and rural areas. The national policy goal for regional development is to develop the potential in all parts of the country with stronger local and regional competitiveness. The strategy provides a policy framework for the development of all regions in Sweden and focuses on investing in enabling factors utilising a place-based approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The more systematically collected data on the glaciers in Kyrgyzstan is from the 1960s. With preparation of a national climate change adaptation strategy and its adoption by the Government, Kyrgyzstan expects to gradually take related measures in the coming years. For example, future irrigation requirements remain to be assessed. In some countries, efforts have been made to assess the likely impact climate change will have on water resources in the major river basins. However, the limited results show a significant spread in predictions. For example, in 2004 the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkmenistan completed the construction of the Dosti Dam on the Tejen/Harirud.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
European Court of Human Rights – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms – ‘Hate speech’ –  Feret  –  Le Pen  –  Keegstra  – Commonalities between Canadian and ECtHR jurisprudence –Development of uniform test of incitement – Sharp distinction from US Supreme Court jurisprudence on freedom of expression
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Autres facteurs determinants ont trait a l'infrastructure, l'acces au financement, la legislation du travail et des programmes d'emploi rural. At the same time, greater labour force participation of women can be a source of inclusive growth, and wellbeing. Assessing determinants of the labour force participation of women in India can offer important policy insights for raising growth and wellbeing. The paper first describes key employment trends in India by gender. Then the potential determinants of female labour force participation are identified based on literature, basic statistics and econometric techniques. Social and cultural factors are important in keeping women outside the labour force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, if abused, they can also be used to facilitate IUU fishing or, if not taken into account in fisheries management, can increase fishing power in general and result in overexploitation of resources. This is a risk with blockchains, for example, as they make it possible to gather more information and to use it more efficiently and effectively, thus increasing predictive capacity. Some new technologies have also created barriers for fisheries that lack the capacity or financial resources to adopt them. Similarly, it is essential to address barriers to fishers' and fish farmers' access to new technologies, and to build their capacity to take advantage of disruptive technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Substantial irrigation requirements may be expected in some countries where irrigation hardly exists at present (e.g. Ireland, Holden et al., When considering only the joint effect of temperature and precipitation changes and assuming constant land use type, the irrigation requirements and w'ater deficits on rainfed areas may decrease by the end of this century, although the magnitudes are subject to high uncertainty (Zhang and Cai, 2013). Quiggin and Horowitz (2003) found that temperate agriculture in Australia might gradually move southwards where the climate would become more suitable for agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
To check the robustness of the findings, this paper also reports results obtained when ignoring interruptions in benefit receipt of two months or less. A first way of summarizing differences in spell durations is by plotting the average exit rate from benefits at various stages of a spell, i.e. the hazard rate of exits from benefits (Figure 10). In all four countries, hazard rates show a declining pattern indicating that the probability of leaving benefits in a given period (conditional on not yet having left in any of the previous periods) falls with increased spell duration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In many OECD countries, government support shifted towards the promotion of “key”, “pervasive” or “enabling” technologies.1 In the Netherlands, during the second half of the 1980s, “technology policy” was oriented towards supporting emerging fields of technology rather than particular economic sectors (Velzing, 2013). The emphasis was on promoting R&D, other aspects of innovation tended to receive less attention and remained in the background. In its wake a number of new - mostly financial - policy instruments were introduced to foster innovation (grants, fiscal measures, risk capital funds). In 1980, the Scientific Council for Government Policy (WRR), in its report, Industry in the Netherlands: Its Place and Future, advocated specific investments in sectors of current or emerging strengths (Velzing, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article explores the ethnicization of London suburbs to challenge the growing public and political discourse of the ‘failure of multiculturalism’ mobilized by politicians in the UK and Europe, and even worse, the more pernicious rhetoric that blames multiculturalist policies for a whole raft of social ills including social exclusion, terrorism and urban riots. Through reviving the concept of multicultural drift deployed by Stuart Hall over a decade ago to frame the experiences of three generations of Asians in two London suburbs, we reveal the much more subtle and ordinary ways in which multicultural diversity is simply a fact of life in London's erstwhile predominantly white suburbs, a fact that makes a nonsense of David Cameron's (and others') assertions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The regulatory aspect includes smooth and transparent licensing procedures, in particular for technologically complex installations such as nuclear reactors. At least as important are, however, the regulations that organise the working of electricity and carbon markets. Long-term contracts on the one hand provide certainty and visibility (and are thus often crucial for accompanying capital-intensive long-term investments), on the other, however, they can act as a barrier to entry for new, potentially more efficient, competitors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A land-use dialogue (LUD) accompanies the operationalization of SAGCOT. The LUD recognizes that PFM is necessary but not sufficient in an area which also has a history of small- and larger-scale commercial forest management, a broader landscape approach is needed, as village land-use plans are quite limited geographically and often lack technical and financial support. The capacities of government officials and relevant agencies need to be strengthened and communication is key, as is taking account of long-term effects on land tenure security. Hybrid approaches involving state and non-state actors can work, and participatory land-use planning approaches need to recognize competing interests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Central concerns for electricity security are fuel security and adequacy and security of energy systems (IEA, 2016e). However, its interpretation is heavily influenced by national contexts, for example in terms of energy access, the energy mix and dependence on energy imports. For energy-importing countries (developed as well as developing), particular concerns are the resilience of energy systems to external supply shocks, the balance-of-payments effects of changes in international energy prices and diversification of energy suppliers (Yergin, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The related costs and benefits need to be carefully assessed ex ante. Establishing a more level playing field for private participation in electricity markets will also require that IPPs be guaranteed equal treatment and that competition authorities and sector regulators possess the appropriate resources and independence to effectively enforce regulation. Most developing and emerging countries still have substantial state ownership in their power sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The major advantage of external assessment is their reliability. They ensure that all students are assessed on the same tasks and that the results are measured by the same standards. Moreover, external assessments are usually conducted under supervision, which ensures that what is assessed is the students' own work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
But the governments will also need to pay greater attention to watershed and river basin development and management. At the same time, policymakers should set limits on water withdrawals from rivers and groundwater sources, encourage environmentally sustainable water consumption, and promote the use of water-saving practices and technologies in increasing water efficiency and productivity. This would apply to consumption in excess of a minimum allotment for irrigation of food crops, especially those grown by small and marginal farmers. There is an emerging crisis of ground water in drier areas of the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Since then, however, no brown field or green field projects have been commissioned. Policies focused more on containing the level of subsidy. Currently, India imports about 17 Mt of finished fertilisers and 12 Mt of raw materials in nutrient equivalent terms. The fertiliser industry emphasises that full reform of the sector is necessary, so that prices of nutrients promote more balanced use. An investment policy for urea is needed to encourage new capacity, requiring the availability of gas to sustain existing production and to support new capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Yet the challenges are often seen in technical and managerial terms, as a matter of getting the technologies, prices and regulations right, rather than in terms of the more profound restructuring of social, economic and political systems and power imbalances that would be required to transform unsustainable patterns. How the challenges are addressed has profound implications for who gains and who loses, among social groups and local, national and global interests. Market-based instruments that attempt to redress or prevent environmental degradation and mitigate climate change by valuing and putting a price on nature can risk exacerbating the very problems they were designed to solve.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The 2009 OECD Review, regarding water quality and wastewater, explains why Greece has experienced severe delays in implementing the EU Urban Wastewater Directive and wastewater management. The report highly recommends improvement of the wastewater management, in compliance with the EU Urban Waste Water Directive, reduction of water pollution by dangerous substances and illegal discharges of wastewater, as well as better allocation, to make sure water flows to uses with the highest value. For more information, see Chapter 3 and recommendations from OECD Workshop on Improving the Information Base to Better Guide Water Resource Management Decision Making, Zaragoza, Spain, 4-7 May, 2010, www.oecd.org/water/workshop2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In conducting these benefit-cost assessments, the focus should be on final environmental “outcomes” (e.g. expected or actual improvements of water risks) and on the impacts of these outcomes (e.g. in terms of changes in health conditions) - rather than on intermediate “outputs” (e.g. the sharing of water volumes among stakeholders). The idea is to quantify how much the public-at-large value changes in water security. This quantification can facilitate analysis and policy-making in situations where some water impacts pull in opposite directions (e.g. risk-risk trade-offs), it can also make it possible to compare the (private) costs and (public) benefits of a given target for water risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Policy solutions have been identified, but not always applied where needed nor implemented effectively. This report analyses eight past water and agriculture policy changes in OECD countries with the aim to identify steps towards adopting and implementing such solutions effectively. Selected reforms are assessed systematically via an institutional change analysis and a cross-cutting comparison of political economy factors. A characterisation of reforms is proposed according to the scope of the reform process, the scope of the reform’s action, and the involvement of governments in the design of reforms and their implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For reporting to UNFCCC, majority of DAC members report 100% of finance marked “principal”, while only accounting for a certain share of finance marked as “significant”. These shares may range across members (from 0-100%) as there is no common reporting standard (see Annex B). Other differences in reporting to UNFCCC may also arise, for example, in the use of disbursement versus commitment data or differences in geographical scope (see Annex B for more differences in reporting).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the Middle East and North Africa, women are mostly discriminated by limited civil liberties as limited freedom of movement and limited freedom of dress (obligation to wear a veil). In South Asian countries, a significant number of missing women indicates that women are mostly discriminated by son preference. The civil liberties discrimination is also very high in this region. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Ghana, for example, one-fifth of non-users cite difficulty accessing the Internet as the main obstacle to adoption. Costs: Although non-adopters may have broadband connectivity available, they may not be able to afford either the cost of subscribing to broadband services or a computer, or both. In Kenya and Ghana, more than 50 per cent of non-adopters cite not knowing how to use the Internet as the main reason for non-adoption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It already has more than ten years of utility-scale wind power experience thanks to the 20MW capacity Wigton Wind Farm (Wigton Wind Farm Ltd 2011). This wind farm was expanded to 38MW in 2010, with another 24MW of capacity due to be installed in the near future. The Wigton Wind Farm project is the only large-scale wind farm in the CARICOM region and provides valuable experience of wind farm development and operation. St. Lucia Electricity Services Limited (LUCELEC) is the sole utility company generating, transmitting and distributing electricity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example in 2010, MPS for rice alone represented one-third of total PSE. Budgetary support to agriculture has increased from 1.4% of gross farm receipts in 1990-94 to 2.0% in 2006-10. The vast majority of this, 98% in 2006-10, is provided through payments for variable or fixed inputs that are known to have low transfer efficiency, meaning that typically a small portion of the transfers from taxpayers ends up as additional farmers’ income (OECD, 2002 and 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For example, productive forests often serve as wildlife corridors. However, there has been little progress in setting conservation objectives in the Natura 2000 network. By the end of September 2014, management plans had been approved for only 15% of the network area. Poland has started preparing management plans for a further 30% of the Natura 2000 area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)