albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Travel for the poor has thus become slower and more difficult even as other economic and planning forces have caused many of them to be displaced from central informal settlements to more peripheral locations (Immers and Bijil 1993)10. Access to affordable transport is one of the most important factors in determining livelihoods for the urban poor. A survey by SPARC in central Bombay of pavement dwellers showed that 80% walked to work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These constraints impede the economy from responding to the boom in competitiveness provided by real depreciation. India has passed a new land acquisition law which may promote investment, but implementation of the new National Food Security Act will be fiscally costly and, along with the oil subsidy and other programmes, may keep the deficit high. Rupee devaluation has increased the costs of India’s oil and fertiliser subsidy, given the large size of its imports, and how the programme is structured.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, in 2015, the average number of recipients was 280 000 who received less than USD 100 per month. Completion of the list of questions in the FPS provides the authorities with a profile of (low-income) households. The tool aims to measure long-term household income capacity as based on the households’ housing and living conditions, location, family situation, health, education, income and employment, which are somehow weighted into an overall score that affects access to social support. The FPS has been criticized for its complexity and lack of transparency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The total response rate of the UIS metadata survey was 32 per cent, with 66 of 207 countries and territories responding. The response rate varied greatly between SDG regions. Europe/North America and Northern Africa/ Western Asia had the highest response rates with 59 per cent and 38 per cent, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Covering 30% of the electricity supply of the United States with offshore wind would thus cost an astonishing additional outlay of USD 86 billion per year. Table 4.7 reports the total cost of electricity supply on a USD/MWh basis for all scenarios analysed. Two additional tables in Appendix 4.B report the cost increase per unit of renewable production and the total cost of electricity supply, on an absolute basis (Tables 4.1B and 4.2B respectively). However, introducing large shares of renewable energy with low variable cost has also significant impacts on the optimal structure of the electricity generating mix, on resulting electricity prices and on the profitability of existing dispatchable power plants, which make up the pecuniary externalities referred to in Chapter 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Zanzibar Marine Station has become the Institute of Marine Science (IMS) of the University of Dar es Salaam and the Mombasa Marine Station is now the Kenya Marine Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI). This station became L’Institut Halieutique et des Sciences Marines de 1’Universite de Tulear. For instance, in 1962, a decision was taken to close the EAMFRO as it was argued that marine science was unlikely to provide immediate economic benefit to East Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Brazil still imports considerable amounts of coal and, to a lesser degree, electricity, the latter being obtained in particular from Argentina (EPE, 2008, Costa et al., This makes Brazil the largest electricity market in South America (IEA, 2009c). Large hydroelectricity supplies 72.6% of all electricity, followed by thermoelectricity generation (14.7%) (EPE, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Today, many low carbon alternatives are considerably more expensive than the incumbent technologies. Governments will need to continue and expand the range of transitional incentives from RD&D support to market mechanisms to foster technological innovation and move technologies towards market competitiveness. These incentives should be tailored to the maturity of the technology and be decreasing over time. This should be accompanied by policies that close the dirtiest and least efficient plants at the earliest opportunity."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Moreover, data on women drug users are sparse, further complicating analysis. For those reasons, the present chapter is limited to some salient aspects: drug-related harms, special populations, prevention and treatment, and rehabilitation for drug dependence. Drug-dependent women may face many difficulties: they can experience high levels of stigmatization, they can be ostracized by their family or community, they may be subjected to violence from partners or family members, and they may turn to, or be coerced into, sex work to support their drug use or that of their partner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Inflation was kept below 10%. The budget deficit widened to an estimated 4.6% of GDP in 2015, from 2.3% in 2014, and the current-account deficit deteriorated from 0.2% to 2.3% of GDP, so macroeconomic stability remains fragile and food insecurity is still a concern. Consequently, Madagascar still has a poor Human Development Index of 0.510, ranking the economy as 154th in the United Nations Development Programme’s 2015 Human Development Report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Furthermore, in many Asian countries there is a strong sense of family commitment which often involves the provision of (care) support for elderly relatives (in-law), although this may have diminished over the years in more affluent countries such as Japan. Other contingencies, such as unemployment benefits, labour market programmes, family allowances, maternity supports, social assistance benefits are much less widespread in Asia than in OECD countries. The third section discusses issues around the extension the coverage of social protection benefits among elderly citizens considering pensions, non-contributory benefits as well as the Singaporean provident fund.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, the state budget for 2015 allocated EUR 14.5 million to pre-primary education capital works and to assist the municipalities with the highest pre-primary education needs (see Chapter 2). Such projects need to be expanded until the demand for places can be satisfied. Since pre-primary education is so important in preparing a child for basic education it should be changed from an “original” to a "transferred” responsibility and become fully funded by the Ministry of Education through appropriate normatives (see also Chapter 2). Such a move would also contribute to a better monitoring of the sufficiency of places offered in relation to demand for them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In China, where parents from rural areas work in urban areas as migrant workers, grandparents provide care to 19 million children whose parents are both away.54 Worldwide, as of 2013, approximately 18 million children under age 18 had lost one or both parents due to AIDS-related causes. However, such a pressing imperative can also result in limiting the choices of those who are expected to provide it. As the need for care evolves and alternatives such as state-provided services do not keep up, these expectations and traditional roles can further circumscribe options, unless structural shifts take place towards a more equitable sharing of such work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article examines the origins and outcomes of the indigenous-based Zapatista rebellion launched 15 years ago in Chiapas, Mexico. The precursors responsible for the resistance movement are assessed, as well as the proximate events which convinced the indigenous communities to embrace a militarized approach. International relations conflict theory is plumbed for explanations of the conflict and for conflict resolution strategies relevant to this particular event. This study finds that the conflict in Chiapas was the consequence of two antecedent conditions – systematic human rights abuses and extreme material deprivation, and two proximate factors – NAFTA ratification and pending revisions to communal land laws. The article also explains how violence mitigation was subsequently achieved as a result of the behavior of state and non-state actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Kyoto Protocol2 to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change3 requires signatories to reduce their yearly emissions to about 13 tons of C02 emissions per person by 2012, which seems achievable. This target would be coupled with declining rates of emissions increase in developing countries. To stay within the absolute CO concentration limit of 450 parts per million accepted by the Copenhagen Climate Change Summit, accelerated progress towards a renewable or green energy transformation will be needed, as this limit would entail cutting annual emissions gradually to 3 tons per person by 2050, or less for any more stringent limit set to stabilize the climate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
To reduce the impact of year-to-year sampling variability, country-level estimates are presented as three-year averages. In: FAO [online]. Methods for estimating comparable rates of food insecurity experienced by adults throughout the world. Low height/length-for-age is an indicator that reflects the cumulative effects of undernutrition and infections since and even before birth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At meetings at Rio+20 in June 2012 between the Secretary-General of the OECD and the Director-General of Ethiopia’s Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), it became clear that it was very timely to reflect on the Green Economy Strategy component of CRGE’s progress, and consequent implications and prospects. The EPA of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia subsequently agreed to a joint study with the OECD. Workshop participants were invited in their personal capacity, having been selected primarily for their knowledge and analytical capabilities, rather than for their representational and administrative roles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
If such an increase is coupled with a greater use of childcare by children from lower-income households, the result could be considerable inequality reduction among households with children. Other flows neglected in the standard framework but not considered in this chapter are services provided by firms as well as other non-market resources such as time and home production that contribute to households’ living standards and their capacity to attend to their needs. A discussion of the value of home production based on time use surveys can be found in Miranda (2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Equitable education systems are those that are both fair and inclusive, and support students to reach their learning potential (Schleicher, 2014). On this indicator of system performance, Canada performs better than either Australia or New Zealand in mitigating the socio-economic circumstances of disadvantaged students (Figure 7.1). Thus, the Canadian education system as a whole has strengths that should be able to deliver sound education experiences and outcomes to Canadian Indigenous students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Brazil for example, private investors are asked to collectively elaborate a planning proposal for the grid connection before they bid on upcoming renewable generation projects. Incentives for clean energy production vary from one state or province to another. For example, in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region, which straddles three US states (Illinois, Indiana and Wisconsin), different targets for the share of renewable sources of energy in the state energy mix, together with different criteria for deciding which projects qualify as renewable-energy-based electricity generation, undermine efforts to attract clean energy investments to the metro-region (OECD, 2012e).37 In other cases, national laws may undermine local-level investments in clean energy. For example until 2010, Polish national policy prevented municipalities from taking ownership of waste generated by their inhabitants and businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The resulting increased flood risk poses challenges to society, physical infrastructure and water quality. It is likely that up to 20 per cent of the world population will live in areas where river flood potential could increase by the 2080s. Increased temperatures will further affect the physical, chemical and biological properties of freshwater lakes and rivers, with predominantly adverse impacts on many individual freshwater species, community composition and water quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At the core of these efforts is the proactive provision of information to citizens through the Internet. In 2010, an assessment of progress in various dimensions of e-government was made, concerning information, interaction, transactions, e-services and participation. The participation dimension was considered weakest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Public administration, health and education have seen the largest increases in employment over the past four years, but this trend is already being altered by cuts in public jobs, that are expected to continue going forward. This is likely to affect more women than men given the high female employment rates in these sectors. High uncertainty about the strength of the recovery is also likely to hold back employment growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It requires successful land-use change applicants to reforest an area at least the same size as the deforested area (usually larger) and with species of the same type, with the aim of redressing the long-term balance of ecosystem cover. In this sense, the mechanism is akin to a biodiversity offset system. A developer is obligated by law to pay into a compensation fund managed by CONAFOR (Box 5.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, a regular criticism of energy efficiency improvements relates to the much misused "rebound effect", in which energy efficiency does not deliver the full expected savings. Thorough evaluation of the multiple benefits of energy efficiency beyond energy savings might allow part of the rebound effect to be appreciated as a positive result for other social and economic sectors. Better evaluation of wider socioeconomic outcomes of energy efficiency policy may equally help policy makers design policy to mitigate the less wanted outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Moreover, the expected rebound in 2013 is still below the trend of 7.8% in 2010-2011 and 8.6% during the pre-crisis period of 2002-2007. The output loss could be significant for the region as a whole at almost $1.3 trillion by end-2017. A “new normal” of lower growth may result in 27 out of 43 of economies sampled in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Nutrition security differs from food security in that it also considers the aspects of adequate caregiving practices, health and hygiene in addition to dietary adequacy. It is usually a manifestation of expending fewer calories than are consumed. In adults, overweight is defined as a BMI of more than 25 kg/m3 but less than 30 kg/ m2, and obesity as a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or more.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Moreover, as previously mentioned, an earlier ratification of the CEDAW is expected to be positively correlated with gender equality. Finally, greater access to education constitutes a way to move away from gender discrimination. Hence, looking at the effect of migration on gender inequality raises endogeneity issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The export of most agricultural products was opened to the private sector, with the exception of rice, sugar, rubber, cotton and jute that were either considered as essential for domestic consumption or used as raw material for domestic industries. Waste and fallow land was allocated to private investors for agricultural purposes. The import and distribution of agricultural inputs, previously handled by the state, were opened to the private sector, and tariffs on the import of agricultural inputs were removed. Input subsidies were also greatly reduced. These measures were accompanied by the Foreign Investment Law of 1988 (ARDC, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The aim is to reach zero net emissions by the second half of the century, with developed countries taking more ambitious actions. The UNFCCC’s Financial Mechanism and its Green Climate Fund (GCF) will serve the Agreement. Developing-country Parties are to receive support for strengthening technology development and transfer. Capacity-building: all Parties agreed to cooperate to enhance the ability of developing-country Parties to implement the Agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In spite of the advantages they offer, they have not been mainstreamed yet probably because of organisational problems or complications due to waste management regulations. If further incentives are given (regulation, quality standards, public sector participation etc.), The transferability of these initiatives to other countries would be considered easy except for some potential cultural differences in terms of the consumption of second-hand materials for reuse of demolished building components.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It is slightly smaller than Belgium (25 848 km2) and has a total population of 157 500 -population density is very low, at six inhabitants per square kilometre (Table 13.1). The county borders both Sweden and Finland, and has a 1 800 km-long coastline. Some of Norway’s largest islands are found in Troms County, and the historical importance of fisheries and agriculture has contributed to a dispersed settlement pattern.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In recent decades, there has been an increase in the volume and sophistication of works on compliance theory in international law in general, and in human rights in particular. This body of work is interdisciplinary, influenced by political science and international relations in substance and method. The typology of compliance theories, once formed of several separate strands, coalesced into two duelling perspectives. These were broadly characterised by rational choice approaches, focused on hegemony, sanctions, incentives and material self-interest, with Andrew T. Guzman’s addition of reputational concerns, and constructivist approaches, which argue that repeated interactions, argumentation and exposure to norms characterise and construct state practice. Each of the three works reviewed in this essay critically engages with constructivist research and incorporates some analysis of material incentives, suggesting that constructivism is eclectic and rigorous, willing to debate its own assumptions. Taken together, their contributions are evidence of modern constructivism’s sophistication and methodological breadth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, there is uncertainty about WTO compatibility in distinguishing a product based on the way that product is produced, rather than on the final product’s characteristics. There is also controversy over whether WTO jurisprudence has moved beyond the PPM concept (Zhang, 2004, Zhang and Assungao, 2004, Howse and Van Bork, 2006). Thus a negative approach will not work in a post-2012 climate regime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The first is self-provision of the population with mushrooms and berries, with fish and game and collection of which are implemented usually in the form directly connected with forest recreation. The second is wild medicinal plants harvesting of which is directly connected with recreation and also provides the increase of the human resistance to diseases due to "forest therapy.” These two issues are relevant for Russia and should be taken into consideration while developing measures in the management sphere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Moving forward, policy directions are expected to diverge. Most of the ASEAN-5 economies are gearing for fiscal consolidation, while the other Emerging Asian countries are looking to take an expansionary path. Weakening sentiment in the first quarter of 2019 is underpinned by trade tensions and the slowdown in China’s growth. Nonetheless, private consumption is holding up well. Overall, growth rates in 2019 and 2020 are expected to remain high, at 6.2% in Emerging Asia and 4.9% and 5.0%, respectively, in ASEAN.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A model (Figure 1, page 12) is provided for thinking about what the evidence tells us about the ecology of adolescent-parent relationships, including skip-generation or sibling-headed households1, and when adolescents themselves become parents. It allows for innovation and reflexivity, particularly regarding policy implications. The review encompassed academic and grey literature from six countries (Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa,Tanzania and Zimbabwe) and from the region as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Democracy is seen by many as a viable means to rebuild the legitimacy of African states. However, African democracy is often based on a particular set of institutions which tend to concentrate power in the executive. A powerful president operates in a context of a minimal separation of powers, with few possibilities to restrain the executive, and a highly majoritarian party-political landscape. Democratic reforms and democracy assistance policies were first directed primarily at multiparty elections and political parties. Later donors have shifted to a broader approach of good governance and human rights. However, both the narrow electoral and the broader good governance and human rights approaches do not address sufficiently the institutional context of multi-party competition, which is characterized by the fusion of powers and a powerful presidency. This is a serious flaw which also limits the impact of current democracy promotion policies. This contribution suggests that democracy promoters could addre...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article offers a conceptual framework that broadens and enhances our understanding of the role of ‘history’ in contemporary governance and the attempts by policy-makers to ‘manage’ critical issues. Building upon the literature on historical analogies in policy-making, we distinguish three dimensions that clarify how the past may emerge in and affect the current deliberations, choices and rhetoric of policy-makers. We apply this in a comparative examination of two cases of crisis management where historical analogies played an important part: the Swedish response to (alleged) submarine intrusions in 1982, and the European Union sanctions against Austria in 1999. We induce from the case comparison new concepts and hypotheses for understanding the role of historical analogies in public policy-making and crisis management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Examples of minimizing negative externalities include reduction of environmental pollution, while examples of positive externalities include, for example, technology adaptation, reduction of food waste and enhanced energy efficiency. Changes in consumption patterns can drive the creation of new technologies necessary for sustainability and their adoption and diffusion at the desired pace. Success in bringing about these changes will require substantial reorganization of the economy and society and changes in lifestyles. Economic and financial incentives for the creation and adoption of new technologies will be needed which may include innovative policy reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For coarse grains, the production response to the high prices in recent years is expected to be especially strong in the United States, the Russian Federation and Argentina. Global demand will not be able to absorb this supply at current prices. Based on this expected surplus in international markets, coarse grains prices will experience considerable decreases in the early years of the outlook period, before rebounding to about USD 230/t from 2017/18 onward.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)