albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The car is becoming more dominant as a transport mode for older people, but there are differences among countries, especially between Europe and the United States. In Europe, walking is still an important transport mode for older people, with 30-50% of older people’s trips made on foot (~80% of trips of persons over 80 in the Austrian study are made on foot, see Bell et al. There are differences even within countries, town planning and access to public transport have the potential to influence mode choice in the direction of less dependence on the car (Mollenkopf et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It is well known that many poor communities that have been established on steep hillsides, on the banks of rivers and gullies, on the coasts and other kinds of marginal lands impact negatively on the environment through their economic activities and their waste disposal. At another level, Jamaica’s export industries have traditionally been the main drivers of the economy, and at the same time are some of the most environmentally unfriendly. Disrupting these communities and industries for environmental reasons will have direct negative economic repercussions in the form of lost employment and incomes, together with the multiplier effect on other industries. A common theme in the consultations was that the green economy in Jamaica should extend the efforts to achieve sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Social Exclusion and Inclusion: Challenges to Orphan Care in Malawi. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 11(1), 93-113. Changing Class: Education and social change in postapartheid South Africa: Zed Books, London. Cash Plus Care: Social protection cumulatively mitigates HIV-risk behaviour among adolescents in South Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Building a pipeline can be facilitated by integrated approaches, which support the demonstration of business models and develop projects on one hand, while also supporting the policy frameworks in developing countries, on the other hand. Another challenge is the tension between the innovation process and the scaling up phase. While concessional financing and grants are needed to pilot and demonstrate the business case for green growth, as well as replicate these business models to lower transaction costs, these will only lead to scale up of approaches if they are defined with clear and time-bound exit strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
An additional effect of the crisis is the diversion from higher to lower quality health services such as traditional practitioners and to greater recourse to self-care. In Burkina Faso, services supplied by the Centre de sante et de promotion sociale (CSPS), the most popular health facilities among Burkinabe children, are hardest hit, whereas in Ghana and in Cameroon, it is hospital-provided health services that fall most. The various monetary and fiscal stimulus programmes in advanced countries will contribute to restarting the global economy with positive effects on developing economies, but analysts agree on the fact that the return to growth will be unusually slow.19 Therefore, the design and implementation of appropriate economic policies in response to the crisis will considerably contribute to reducing its welfare cost, in particular for children. This is known as a pro-cyclical fiscal policy response. The result is that they have to adopt pro-cyclical policies aimed at reducing public spending and increasing tax revenues, which will increase the short-term vulnerability of the national economy and exacerbate the effects of the crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These mandates take the form of intergovernmental regulations, grant conditions, prohibition of actions contrary to national policy (so-called "pre-emptions") and, in some cases, significant under-estimates of the true costs of (in principle) funded mandates. Reforms to curb or eliminate unfunded mandates are often limited in scope and may erode over time as new cost-shifting mechanisms are employed (OECD, 2010c). While mandates are often legitimate tools of policy and may help curtail harmful forms of inter-jurisdictional competition, address spillovers that go beyond the jurisdiction (externalities) or ensure conformity with national priorities, they can also distort local government spending priorities and put local budgets (and thus service provision and investment) under strain. Closely linked to this is the question of the degree of control that local governments have over their own spending: in many countries, the share of “mandatory spending” based on national legislation is rather high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The outcomes of the first two sessions were documented in the form of a Policy Recommendation Paper, which reflects the voice of the water user community to support governmental bodies’ efforts to shape policies to needs and expectations. A concrete outcome is the Azraq Groundwater Action Plan, established and approved by the MWI and the Highland Water Forum Steering Committee in February 2014. This innovative multi-stakeholder initiative could also provide a platform where public, private and not-for-profit actors can share their concerns on service provision, especially as its mandate for the coming years is being discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Users need a (fiat) bank account and access to the crypto-tokens. The latter has to be provided by a dedicated blockchain wallet technology. The personal wallet acts as the users’ private token deposit. From an investor protection perspective, mechanisms need to be established in order to mitigate risks of fraud.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Extending this approach to active job search, where monitoring is now low (Figure 2.23), as the economy improves, would help direct the unemployed to activation programmes best suited to their need (OECD, 2010, OECD, 2011b). Greece has had a legal framework for “mutual obligations” since 1985. It stipulates an interruption of unemployment benefits for those who do not accept a job offered to them, or if they refuse to undertake OAED training or re-training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For the complete list of mandatory procedural requirements, see Article 31, TRIPS Agreement. For instance, patents may only be granted to inventions that are “new, involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application” (Article 27.1, TRIPS Agreement). In implementing this provision, every member will have to reflect these minimum requirements in its domestic law and practice. However, the TRIPS Agreement does not contain any definition of novelty, inventive step or industrial applicability.60 Members are free to define in their domestic laws when and how an invention meets these criteria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Some educational institutions, for example, encourage their staff to work in industry during the summer period. The operation of hotel schools can further support this, in addition to enabling trainees to learn in a real-life context, such as the Hotel School Astoria in Slovenia and Hong Kong Polytechnic University’s Hotel ICON, as can inviting people working in industry to participate in workshops and give guest lectures. Work needs to be organised in a way that is conducive to learning and certain conditions need to be in place for this to be effective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Humans have used forests for a wide range of resources up through the ages, influencing forest structure and ecosystem functions. The human transformation of Nordic forests has been particularly strong in the lowlands as populations increased during the last 300 years, and in the interior and the north as modern industrial forestry developed from the end of the 1800s. Since the 1950s, management of whole forest stands, with clear-cutting, planting, and intensive silviculture, has been extensively applied and has been very successful in producing large amounts of harvestable timber while also increasing the growing stock substantially.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, forest conservation may also lead to positive economic impacts such as increased nature-based tourism, which can lead to jobs e.g. in the service sector (e.g., hotels, restaurant, retail trade). These positive job and income effects can lead to increased consumption and thus in addition to direct, indirect and induced impacts. The results from such an analysis can thus be of interest for decision makers for assessing impacts of different land-use options on the number of jobs or tax incomes in specific areas. However, this approach fails to capture non-marketed values, e.g. recreation or biodiversity values, and therefore provides only partial information about impacts on welfare (therefore it should not be seen as a substitute for TEV).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This could be set up in parallel to existing and current infrastructure developments, for example within smart city projects. Within the pilot, blockchain-based contract management systems and assets already under development could be leveraged and tailored towards specific needs, for example in regards to industry standards, legal and regulatory matters or user experience. This approach enables a real-life trial of the system while further developing the solution. Since they tend to develop several projects at a time, they can quickly achieve efficiency gains by taking part in the pilot, rolling out the developed system in their other engagements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This review uses multilingual sources to illuminate China–Africa encounters in historical, socialist, and postsocialist contexts. It emphasizes interregional connections over time and uses nuanced ethnographic accounts to complement macrogeopolitical analyses. The article focuses on mutual stereotypes as well as on the negotiation of social and cultural barriers in everyday life. It challenges static, bounded conceptual categories in social science and policy research. The ethnographic studies cited highlight the complexities of human agency and historical legacies on the ground and show the contested democratization of space and opportunities that ensue both when Africans enter Chinese social fields and vice versa. In the process, these examples force us to rethink analytical assumptions about mobility, hierarchy, and political economy in ways that complicate Cold War–derived understandings of both China and Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
With the help of the Afforestation Fund (active until 1990), more than 140,000 ha of bare lands have been planted. The methodology has been developed and will be finalized in a Rulebook. The Strategy for Sustainable Development of Forestry’s Action Plan identified two data-related actions that have not yet been completed: (1) develop an information network and introduction of technology relying on Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and (2) develop a forestry information system with a database.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the 2017/18 school year, 10% of all schools in Sweden (485 school units) catered to 42% of all newly arrived students and students with an unknown background. While background information is not known for each of the 485 school units, the available registries show that on average 47% of students (or both of the student’s parents) are bom outside of Sweden. In other words, the threshold or tipping point of 40% ‘ethnic density’ is already surpassed for up to 10% of compulsory schools in Sweden (Skolverket (National Agency for Education), 2018(i2i, Education), 2017(88]). According to the study by Branden et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Thus, closing gender gaps in public administration is important for ensuring truly inclusive development and democratic governance, and helps to restore trust and confidence in public institutions as well as enhance the sustainability and responsiveness of public policies. This is a critical policy issue in both developing and developed countries. According to UNDP’s 2011 Human Development Report on Sustainability and Equity, analysis shows how power imbalances and gender inequalities at the national level are linked to unequal access to clean water and better sanitation, impacts on land degradation, and other environmental concerns (UNDP, 2011:45-46).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In this area, precipitation mainly occurs in the form of heavy showers followed by flash floods. Precipitation levels can reach up to 1.500 mm/yr on the southwestern mountain slopes in Yemen.38 Some moderate seasonal shifts in rainfall patterns and intensities have also been observed in the region in recent years. According to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report,3’ the Arab region is highly vulnerable to the potential impacts of climate change, which include higher average temperatures, less and more erratic precipitation and sea-level rise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Valued at the average exchange rate for 2008, RUB 280 000 was USD 11 265 and RUB 600 000 was USD 24 139. Contributions to the pension fund should be at least RUB 150 per month. Furthermore, for different rates different allocation keys applied: for example, from the 10% of contributions paid by the self-employed: 7.3 percentage points was transferred to the pension fund, etc. Overall, the scheme was unnecessarily complicated involving a large number of different rates across different sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Abstract   Ports are spaces in which a certain degree of informal – or strictly illegal – governance might emerge. This can involve different activities, from drug trafficking to corruption and different actors, from port worker to terminal owners. Through the collection of qualitative data, this study aims at exploring if and how organised crime is present in the port of Montreal and in that of New York/New Jersey. The paper will investigate the “institutional narrative” of organised crime in these two ports, by particularly focusing on the survival of a paradigm of ‘traditional-ethnic organised crime’ which has been (re)producing by several law enforcement agencies. Our empirical findings show that the duplex nature of ports, both gates to the sea as much as spaces of global trade, allows reconstructing different manifestations of organised crime on the waterfront that go far beyond the institutional narratives of traditional-ethnic organised crime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus, insurers are likely to apply a much higher premium, which will most probably end up being detrimental to the project developer. ( Other possibilities include the creation of insurance mechanisms against high climate risks, securitisation based on EE tranches, etc.) By contrast, a private investor37 underlined that "public institutions will never replace the commercial/private sector, what we need are public insurance mechanisms to address certain risks."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Cambodia, the national ODA database allows for the tracking of aid to climate change, via a sector code and a thematic marker identifying projects with a climate change component18. In Malawi, the Rio markers methodology was applied to track adaptation related aid in the national Aid Management Platform (Weaver et al., These recent initiatives show that establishing national Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) systems is a high priority of developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For a definition and explanation see Box 1.4. Sometimes curricula and the mix of provision are too constrained by the interests of training providers and not sufficiently driven by fast-changing industry requirements. For a definition and explanation see Box 1.4. Difference in earnings is expressed in % (no difference = 0%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Experience indicates that in the longer term sustainable resource use and technological progress help decoupling economic growth, increases in resource consumption and environmental degradation. It has a bearing on decisions cutting across many policy areas, ranging from economy, trade, innovation and technology development, to natural resource and environmental management, and to human health. It is understood to contain both a quantitative dimension (e.g. the quantity of output produced with a given input of natural resources) and a qualitative dimension (e.g. the environmental impacts per unit of output produced with a given natural resource input).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The paper outlines what ex-ante information would need to be provided in order to understand commitments, and explores whether guidance could take the form of “bounded flexibility” for the various dimensions describing mitigation commitments in order to provide a basis for post-2020 emissions accounting and tracking progress. It also describes possible stages of the process for establishing commitments for the 2015 agreement. Son adoption doit intervenir en 2015 au plus tard, et son entree en vigueur en 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
While significant, this is much smaller than the land requirements of coal mining. Technologies for the exploration and extraction of oil and gas are comparable. There is soil erosion during well construction, and preparing the well casing can sometimes cause leaks into the groundwater or surface. Indeed, wastewater from all points upstream of generation can leak into ground or surface water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, in the Czech Republic, Denmark, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland and Switzerland, more than 40% of 19-year-olds are still enrolled in secondary education. These high shares may partly be explained by the structure of the education system and the strength of the labour opportunities offered by vocational upper secondary programmes in these countries, making them more attractive than tertiary education. Enrolment of 19-year-olds in tertiary education averages 34% across OECD countries, ranging from 2% in Luxembourg (the low share is due in large part to the high number of students studying abroad) and 3% in Iceland to 73% in Korea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The partnership has emphasised the importance of country strategies for aligning climate finance with domestic resources and development objectives (OECD, 2015h). Bringing the climate and development agendas together can also reduce competition for resources and minimise the risk of resources being taken from one agenda to meet another. This this is an opportunity for countries to shape their own priorities, to capture common themes, to avoid inconsistencies, and to maximise synergies between the SDGs. Then, the extent to which this is possible will depend on leadership at the highest levels of government, as well as the availability of human and financial capacity at the country level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The situation is similar at the level of local government: female elected councillors are underrepresented in all regions of the world and female mayors even more so. Furthermore, the “glass ceiling” has hindered women’s access to leadership positions in private companies. This is especially notable in the largest corporations, which remain male-dominated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
When the recipients spend the cash on goods and services, they generate further income and employment for others. This is true even if die grants go to those who are not economically active, through social pensions or child support grants. But transfers offer even more benefits for food security if they go to poor farmers who spend at least a part of their incremental income on producing more food.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These projects covered themes such as drug and tobacco abuse, family health, culture and heritage, environmental conservation, community empowerment etc. ( It initiated a bilateral research project with Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) to prevent Aedes Egypti (the mosquito species that spreads Dengue) from breeding, using chemical and biological methods. The latter focus mainly on breeding Toxorhynchites Splendens, which are another species of mosquitoes that feeds on the larvae of Aedes Egypti. This experiment may be extended to other regions that are affected by outbreaks of Dengue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This would create a less burdensome and costly assessment framework, while preserving useful information. Consolidation is important, both to achieve greater efficiency, and to ensure that students are provided with a high quality education. The OECD School Resources Review for Lithuania (Shewbridge et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Such trade performance across a relatively wide range of commodities for a country the size of Viet Nam starting from virtually no export market penetration and experience, and within two decades, is unmatched. Exports are around double the value of agro-food imports, contributing to a positive balance of agro-food trade of about USD 10 billion in 2011-13. It is recognised in Viet Nam that moving up the value scale in food markets allows exporters, and usually farmers, to capture higher prices without having to increase production or find more inputs such as scarce land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This suggests that disadvantaged children from these countries are less likely to obtain the skills necessary for today’s technology-rich and versatile labour markets and improve their socio-economic status. Considering that acquiring labour market-relevant skills and obtaining well-recognised educational qualifications have become major determinants of labour market outcomes, the lack of equity in education in these countries is worrisome. In 2012, over 85% of 15-year-olds from the most disadvantaged backgrounds in Belgium, France, Hungary, Iceland, Japan and the Netherlands reported having more than a year of pre-primary education experience (Table 1.1 and Annex Table 2.A2.1 in Chapter 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Depending on the type of commodity and its extraction processes, heat can also be an important energy need, for example, in the electro-winning of metals from ores (Philibert, 2017). In the past decade alone, the prices of crude oil and oil products saw a number of peaks. In 2008, prices reached an all-time high, followed by a fall, and another rise in 2011, remaining high until a new decline started in 2014, leading to record low prices in 2016. Given that energy costs can represent up to 30% of mining companies’ operating costs (Soliman et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Additionally, the region as a whole has a large volume of financial reserves. Thus, enhanced regional cooperation offers an avenue for escaping from adverse external developments as well as for addressing long-term development deficits. Ultimately, no one wins from these kind of beggar-thy-neighbour policies, instead, these policies are harmful for all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Total income (value of landings, direct subsidies, and other income combined) and profit of the national fleet increased. Table 26.5 summarises the economic performance of the fleet. This segment experienced losses in 2004-06, but has improved its profitability despite increasing fuel prices, showing positive signs with regard to profits in 2007 and 2008. One explanation for this is a new management system introduced in 2007 for the pelagic segment, based on individual vessel quotas giving vessel owners increased possibilities to manage and plan their fishing during the year. Pelagic species prices have also had a positive trend, although the price of sprat decreased in 2008 compared to a peak in 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)