albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
On the one hand, this could be indicative of low payroll costs because staffing is not sufficient to meet municipal administrative, operational and service delivery requirements, or indicative of low remuneration levels. It could also signal that the municipality is not willing or able to bridge this gap with consultants, a frequent practice in Chile. When evaluating 2011 human resource levels among top-ranking municipalities in the Quality of Life Index,3 Antofagasta had below-average levels of two primary consultant categories - honorario and honorario a programas -and was just above average for total human resource4 levels (Table 4.3). The city may need to further evaluate whether it needs to spend more on human resources by taking on more staff in the honorario categories. One of the marked differences in looking at the employment spread is that with the exception of Vitacura, the high scorers on the Quality of Life Index depend more on consultants. Ultimately, however, the question is not how much is spent on human resources but how it is spent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They may be attracted to self-employment for the greater flexibility it can offer in managing the work-life balance and family care responsibilities - one of the reasons women entrepreneurs are less likely to seek to grow their businesses than men entrepreneurs. Policy instruments for addressing these challenges, such as training and grants for female entrepreneurs, need to be expanded because they have not fully reached the potential target population. They include dedicated business incubator and accelerator programmes for women entrepreneurs and building dedicated risk capital infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This explains the big difference in compensation costs between each ecosystem type presented above. To illustrate, Table 7.3 compares the breakdown of activities required as per the methodology to compensate in arid/semi-arid ecosystems and those required in wetland mangrove ecosystems. The sum of these costs results in the total reference cost per hectare for each particular ecosystem type which is then used to calculate the corresponding in-lieu fee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Denmark has ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the Convention is thus binding upon the state of Denmark. In a national perspective, the principles contained in the Convention have almost only been addressed by the Danish legislature and not by the courts or administrative authorities. The Convention was not considered a priority in 2001, when it was being discussed which human rights conventions to incorporate into national Danish law. The general opinion was that the legal substance of the Convention was too unclear at the time. The incorporation is currently under (renewed) consideration by the legislature. Effectively, this means that presently children’s rights and the principle of the best interest of the child are not laid down as general principles but rather regulated differently in different fields of Danish law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is extremely beneficial for international development and humanitarian action, while the capacity to collect and analyze larger and more complex kinds of data is increasing. The State of Mobile Data for Social Good” report shows the value of harnessing mobile data for humanitarian and development action. Mobile network operators hold data for nearly five billion unique mobile subscribers and eight billion connections. Using that data to improve the well-being of communities requires a concerted effort to meet the unique needs of all stakeholders and ensure privacy rights are respected, so the benefits to society outweigh the risks associated with data use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Out-of-hours access to specialist care in Japan is primarily via emergency departments. Japan has begun to address this through the fee schedule changes in 2014, but there are more options that could be explored. Where they do exist - and they are relatively widespread in OECD countries (OECD, 2014a)- crisis and home treatment services can form a central role in out-of-hours access to care. A recent Cochrane Review of crisis intervention for people with severe mental illness (Murphy et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Provide consultation opportunities close to the home/workplace of the affected parties - In some cases -Bahrain, Morocco, No, and this is not foreseen - Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Tunisia, Yemen, No, but the government plans to do so - Egypt, Palestinian Authority. Provide transportation if necessary - In some cases -Bahrain, Yemen, No, not foreseen - Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia, No, but tire government plans to do so - Egypt, Palestinian Authority'. Provide child day care opportunities if necessary - No, not foreseen - Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia, Yemen, No, but the government plans to do so -Bahrain, Egypt, Palestinian Authority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
And second, it is key to minimize the mismatches between new opportunities created by the growth process and die level and structure of endowments of die poorest groups. However, it may not be adequate to help die most disadvantaged groups via growth alone. This would require context specific complementary policies to remove the constraints that prevent them from accessing and benefit from the emerging opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
When it was still possible to assume that what we learn in school would last for a lifetime, teaching content knowledge and routine cognitive skills were rightly at the centre of education. Today, when we can access content on line and routine cognitive skills are being digitised and outsourced, the focus must shift to enabling people to become lifelong and lifewide learners. Schools now need to prepare students for more rapid change than ever before, to learn for jobs that have not yet been created, to tackle societal challenges that we cannot yet imagine and to use technologies that have not yet been invented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Using 29 comparable variables from this study, the OECD calculated that Antofagasta’s composite score rose from 21st place in Chile in 2002 to 13th place in 2013 (Figure 4.1). This is a significant step, but Antofagasta’s performance is still spotty. While it rose from near bottom to almost the top ten in health and environment in 2013, it also ranked 50th in connectivity and mobility, whereas in 2002, it was 38th out of the 93 municipalities evaluated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
AbstractRecent research suggests that high-stakes standardized testing has played a negative role in the segregation of children by race and class in schools. In this article we review research on the overall effects of segregation, the positive and negative aspects of how desegregation plans were carried out following the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education, and the de facto re-segregation that followed the dismantling of many desegregation plans, along with the increase of school choice plans. We then analyze these effects in light of the ways that high-stakes standardized testing has grown in importance and intensity in US education policy and practice, especially during the most recent period of school re-segregation. Based on the evidence we argue that the intrinsic features of high-stakes testing, combined with current systems of school choice, function as mechanisms used for racial coding that facilitate segregation and compound inequalities found in schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Figure 5.1 illustrates the key elements that can help improve safety in this setting in a cost-effective manner. The most important and pressing policy action is implementing an integrated information infrastructure that enables (a) capture of adverse events and harm across settings and over time, (b) information to flow freely between providers and patients across different data platforms, and (c) a multi-modal approach to reporting harm that includes reporting by patients. An integrated electronic health record system that allows interoperability across data platforms and can be accessed by providers and patients across all health settings was seen by survey respondents as the ‘best buy’ intervention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Indeed, Korea has long subsidised such costs for children from very low'-income households. From 2004 onwards, however, it loosened the income criteria for the subsidy and raised the centre-based ECEC subsidy itself. In 2013, it scrapped the means test for the subsidy altogether, effectively creating a universal programme of public assistance for centre-based care, regardless of income level. In 2007, for example, the government introduced a subsidised “personal care service”, offering parents the option of individual child care in the home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Participation in the labour market by persons in the age brackets in which such participation is compatible with the overall course of human development is a decisive factor in averting deprivation and having the ability to engage in many important functionings. Each focuses on a specific facet of what will, taken together, provide a fuller, multidimensional picture of the situation of deprivation in urban areas of Brazil. The following section will provide an overview of the index.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
At times, it does seem as though we are living in the first age in which technology destroys jobs faster than it creates them. When I was in high school, I had to write an essay about The Weavers, a play written in 1892 by the German playwright Gerhart Hauptmann. The play portrays a group of Silesian weavers who staged an uprising during the 1840s against the Industrial Revolution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper explores the value of international law in combating transnational organized crime in the Asia-Pacific, with particular reference to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. It begins by highlighting the definitions of organized crime under national and international law. It then analyzes the extent to which states in the Asia-Pacific have implemented the Convention, focusing on harmonization of national criminal laws and procedures, mutual recognition of law enforcement decisions and measures, as well as provision of technical assistance. The paper also touches upon the protection of the human rights of victims and perpetrators of organized crime. The main conclusion reached is that, although the implementation of international instruments pertinent to transnational organized crime has not been an easy task in the Asia-Pacific, they are slowly but surely making a difference on the ground. Therefore, their value should not be dismissed completely.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, Sierra Leone has the highest maternal mortality rate, with 1,100 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, while Belarus has a rate of 1 maternal death per 100,000 live births. Almost one third of all global maternal deaths are concentrated in two populous countries: India, with an estimated 50,000 maternal deaths (17 per cent), and Nigeria, with an estimated 40,000 maternal deaths (14 per cent). There are well-known health-care solutions for the prevention and handling of complications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
From 1950-1990 a comprehensive draining of wetland areas for forestry, agriculture, or building purposes took place. It is estimated that 25% of the original mire area below the tree line has been drained (Moen 1995). Presently, about 47% of these wetlands are impacted by drainage, due to extensive drainage since the middle of the 20th century.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The inclusive approach in the Stakeholder Engagement Strategy of the IPBES has the potential to guide the work of engaging civil society at large. Dissemination has the potential to target all relevant actors and be adapted to the specific interests of different users, and metadata used in the assessments could be made publicly available in accordance with relevant guidance developed by the IPBES. The Nordic Assessment can use similar approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Solutions to such problems were chiefly seen to lie at the international level. In particular, respondents called for improved collaboration between Finnish national authorities and the European Medicines Agency (EMA), particularly around regulation of new diagnostics, and through involvement in the EMA Innovative Medicines Task Force. Two respondents mentioned intellectual property issues as important, with one calling for the maintenance of a strong European patent regime, and another for more complementary and parallel IP systems between countries and continents. Another suggested that common international legislation on biobanking would help to facilitate developments in Finland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The current focus is mainly on agricultural innovation systems. The Oslo Manual defines innovation as the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organisational method in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations (OECD and Eurostat, 2005). A wide range of policies is then considered according to the four main channels or incentive areas through which they affect drivers of productivity grow th and sustainable use of resources. Policies can affect innovation positively or negatively depending on the type and intensity of measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The intervention simply served as evidence that family day-care (home-based) settings vary in terms of ratings, thus validating the notion that the rating criteria represent different levels of quality (Norris and Dunn, 2004). The rating system articulates quality criteria beyond licensing requirements that providers may choose to meet in order to receive higher rates of reimbursement for the provision of services. Criteria focus on staff education and training, compensation, learning environments, parent involvement and programme evaluation. The childcare centre study reports that, as a result of the rating system and increased financial support for highly rated services, more programmes are enrolling children subsidised by the state’s Department of Human Services, and global quality ratings have risen. The family day-care study indicates that aspects of family day-care practice are missing from the rating system, and that it is a challenge to find beneficial criteria that can be operationalised and implemented by both policy makers and providers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
How these variables have responded to shifting wealth over the past 20-30 years illustrates the sheer complexity of forces underlying inequality in individual countries. Higher educational attainment does not necessarily reduce inequality, however, because returns to education are higher for skilled individuals and greater attainment among the highly skilled can, in some cases, lead to increased inequality. Therefore, in moving up the education ladder to exploit more fully the opportunities afforded by shifting wealth, there may be trade-offs between short-term inequality reduction and building an economy that is more competitive in the long run. However, it is when increases in inequality stem from unequal access to education that decisive action to boost educational attainment and reduce inequality in outcomes is necessary. Higher average education levels help attract more FDI while technical education brings in manufacturing FDI (Te Velde, 2005). Moreover, scientific advance is no longer the sole preserve of high-income countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This has a devastating impact on their ability to access basic and specialized services in the midst of a humanitarian crisis, when the cumulative nature of such obstacles has even greater impact. Syrian child brides were also significantly more likely than counterparts in the Iraqi, Jordanian and Palestinian communities to marry men 15 or more years older than them. Such stigma can make access to justice a particular problem in the region. If young women are to participate fully in the country's future, then too many have already been excluded through lack of educational opportunity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Such data for Brcko District are not available. This is why it might be relevant to take into account the amount of collected packaging waste in addition to separately collected (non-packaging) waste. It might better reflect the rate and trend in separate waste collection. The first Rulebook on the management of packaging and packaging waste was issued in 2011 and became effective from 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
There have been dramatic changes and losses in fundamental species such as phytoplankton and krill, changes in the growing season, and population distributions of commercial species are already changing in some ocean regions, driving dependent extractive industries to adapt. Ocean chemistry is also changing, and at a rate faster than at any other time over the past 55 million years. As the seas absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, lower pH levels - ocean acidification - are expected to retard rates of shell formation and growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It can also add value to a business that depends on water and therefore add value to the sale of a business. Only two of the allocation examples surveyed indicated that there were no restrictions to granting such requests (Nova Scotia, Canada and Estonia). For the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, the catchment is “closed” and access to surface water for new entrants is limited to purchasing entitlements (or leasing entitlements or purchasing allocations annually) from existing owners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They provide an example where production and income growth may not be accompanied by a rise in overall well-being. Degraded environmental quality can result from and cause unsustainable development patterns. It can have substantial economic and social consequences, from health costs to reduced agricultural output, impaired ecosystem functions and a generally lower quality of life. They affect human health through air and water pollution, exposure to hazardous substances and noise, as well as through indirect effects from climate change, transformations in the water cycles, biodiversity loss and natural disasters that affect the health of ecosystems and damage the property and life of people. People also benefit from environmental services, such as access to clean water and nature, and their choices are influenced by environmental amenities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Although governments are committing increasing amounts to the financing of EE projects, the EE investment gap is still tremendous. They also act as first party financier in cases where managers have difficulties finding capital for a project. For instance the EBRO data encompasses leveraged private money in addition of the money invested by the EBRD alone. The World Bank by contrast does not take into account leveraged money of private investors, however it tends to consider renewable and EE investments together. Although the public sector cannot be expected to face the challenge alone, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) estimates that 86% of the needed investments should come from the private sector. The current commitment level of public financial institutions still falls short of triggering adequate private-sector financing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A fundamental principle of democracy is citizenship freedom. We suggest that a fair electoral contest is possible if a relationship between free will, electoral preferences and respect to the public institutions (constitutionalism) (section 1) exists. We focus on three illiberal practices that perturb the voter's decision: political clientelism and political markets (sections 2 to 4), media influence (which feeds on the voter's limited rationality and limited information) (section 5), and the suppression of opposition options (section 6). Later (section 8), we provide a brief balance and, additionally, we show how in Colombia the political system has missed opportunities to expand the voters' freedom. Our interpretation of the electoral process in Colombia is an appeal, supported on theoretical arguments and empirical evidence, to doubt about the voters' freedom. Also we make a call for more etudies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although growth was strong, especially compared to many OECD countries, labour productivity and GDP per capita still lag other countries, including in Latin America. Innovation can play a part in all three areas, as the Colombian authorities are well aw'are. Prudent macroeconomic management and improvements in framework conditions have been accompanied by an increasing effort on education and innovation, all areas that are essential to the country’s future development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Polytechnics are funded by the government and local authorities and also have external sources of funding. Core funding provided by the government is based on unit costs per student, project funding and performance-based funding. Financial aid includes mainly study grants and housing supplements. Scholarships and/or other grants to households amount to 14.9% of public expenditure for tertiary education, above the OECD average of 11.4%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Latin America, several corruption and public money embezzlement scandals have damaged the confidence citizens have in democratic institutions from all the countries of the region. Existing impunity in cases of corruption and the lack of accountability leaves democracy and legitimacy of institutions in a difficult position. Present article is intended to analyze the importance of accountability strengthening in Latin America as a way of improving quality of democracy in the region and then analyzing the specific case of Argentina, as an attempt to identify the loopholes within the legal system that result in important corruption risks and to evaluate the way to improve this situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is further elaborated on in Chapter 4. For example, kelp forests are key habitats along the Atlantic coast, forming dense underwater forests that provide shelter, nursery grounds and food sources for hundreds of habitat-specific species. This myriad of organisms provides essential ecosystem services such as fish biomass production, areas highly valued for recreation, along with carbon fixation and sequestration (Fig. Other Nordic key habitats include seagrass meadows, seaweed beds, mussel beds and soft sediment habitats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Most importantly, this approach to social policy does not effectively address the underlying causes of persistent high poverty and economic insecurity. For instance, increased spending on education may help increase schooling levels among poor children, but will not raise future income if broader economic policies fail to generate sufficient employment and there are no complementary policies that address idiosyncratic determinants of economic vulnerability, including ethnic, racial and gender discrimination, which keep wage returns to some of the poor low. Nor will social investments raise incomes if the poor cannot accumulate physical and financial capital, or if recurrent economic downturns force periodic de-cumulating of their limited assets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)