albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Molly Anderson's argument that irrespective of the US refusal to ratify the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR, 1966) it is time for federal food assistance programs such as SNAP mandated through the Farm Bill to adopt a right to food and nutrition approach is foresighted and significant. As is Anne Bellow's succinct and equally powerful proposal for widening the debate to include a system's-based human rights approach to a National Food Plan. Their timely advocacy is compelling given the few influential US food policy voices speaking from a food justice perspective about the dysfunctional industrial food system and the failure of the Federal Government to ensure access to healthy food and food security for all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It can also help by supporting trade policy and regulation, and trade development (GTZ, 2010). Support to trade policy and regulation can be channeled to developing the capacity of public and private stakeholders at national and regional levels, supporting the adoption, where appropriate, of international standards as a basis of domestic regulation, as well as the regional harmonisation of standards and quality assurance systems which best reflect the specific climatic, geographical and technological circumstances in the concerned countries, and reducing trade barriers that affect regional as well as international agricultural trade and exacerbate informal trade (Lesser and Moi'se, 2009). Within this large range of possible activities and reforms, the quantification of the effect of various supply-side constraints to developing countries’ agricultural trade can offer useful insights for the prioritisation of aid for trade actions and for supporting the dialogue between donor and recipient countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A rating of 9 or 10 is classified as “very satisfied”, while a rating of between 0 and 4 is classified as “not satisfied”. One interesting result, though, is that, among adults, gender seems to have little effect on self-reported well-being. Indeed, there seems to be something specific to adolescence that produces the gender gap in self-reported life satisfaction. One possibility is that the gap reflects girls’ harsh self-criticism as they go through adolescence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A study of six Latin American countries estimated that the projected recession in 2009 and 2010 and a slow and gradual recovery towards pre-crisis growth levels by 2015 would put some low-income countries, such as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Honduras and Nicaragua, further off track in their endeavours to achieve the Millennium Development Goals for primary school completion, child and maternal health and access to drinking water and sanitation (Sanchez and Vos, 2009). Resources allocated were already insufficient for the implementation of commitments on gender equality. Efforts are needed to ensure sufficient allocation of resources to promote gender equality and womens empowerment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The language of human rights, along with much else in international relations, presently exhibits the features of globalisation and fragmentation. Globalisation in that human rights is used throughout the world at many levels to discuss moral approval and condemnation. Fragmentation in that human rights means different things to different people, and may well be used in contradictory ways by agents of social change. Yet most advocates of human rights wish to retain the adjective ‘universal’ along with a sense of the moral objectivity of human rights. This article suggests that a better way to ensure human rights universalism is to think of the concept as a tool, not an objectively existing moral standard or entity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Support for Viet Nam's policy framework for green investment has included enhancing the capacity of key ministries to implement Viet Nam's Green Growth Strategy (VGGS). For example, the Macro-economic Reforms / Green Growth Programme in Viet Nam, implemented by GIZ on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) is supporting the ministries of planning and finance to implement their green growth objective, including providing technical advice to strengthen green fiscal reform and develop green finance guidelines for the State Bank of Viet Nam. Similar support from UNDP and USAID, as well as from the Global Green growth Institute, are helping to implement the VGGS at the sector and province level, by supporting the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) to track and monitor progress on the VGGS and develop province-level action plans for green growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
But the recovery is not proceeding at the same speed everywhere. Growth in advanced economies remains subdued, with high unemployment in some countries and financial and economic stress in the euro area periphery. Growth in emerging economies has been more buoyant and began showing signs of overheating, specifically in Brazil, India and China, where inflationary pressures are emerging. Several countries (Korea, Japan, Israel, Switzerland, Brazil, Russia and South Africa) intervened in currency markets in 2010 to attempt to limit the appreciation of their currencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Family medicine in Korea is equivalent to what many OECD countries refer to as “general practice”, and these professionals account for less than 3% of physicians working in health care clinics (Table 5.2). However, this is not the case in Korea. In addition to being staffed by those without specific training in general practice, 94% of health care clinics are solo practices (Table 5.3). These statistics exclude dentistry and oriental medicine clinics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The forecast and the interpretation are passed on to the communities via a local meteorological office. Local NGOs assist the communities in assessing the potential impact of severe weather events on livelihood systems and designing mitigation and coping strategies. But where possible, early warnings for individual hazards should be integrated into a multi-hazard system. This brings benefits in terms of economies of scale, sustainability and efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Thus, the changing needs of industries for workers with a different skill set during the industrialisation process requires the implementation of appropriate measures to ensure workers' availability when needed (UNIDO, 2017b). These groups are typically prone to poverty and discrimination by being excluded from the labour market. Youth unemployment, in particular, has strong negative effects on the future of those directly affected and on the economy as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, imports of cereals do not have VAT applied but processed cereals such as flour do. Similarly, raw fruit and vegetables do not have VAT applied but preserved products do. In terms of agriculture related products, the only luxury tax levied is a rate of 10% on some milk products and 40% on alcoholic beverages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Other definitions of impact evaluation also exist such as that of the World Bank Development Impact Evaluation (DIME) initiative, which states: impact evaluations compare the outcomes of a programme against a counterfactual that shows what would have happened to beneficiaries without the programme. See also: Tracking Economic Instnimcnts and Finance for Biodiversity. The second focus of this report on cost-effectiveness relates most closely to the DAC criterion on efficiency, which measures the outputs - qualitative and quantitative - in relation to the inputs. The MSFD, for example, explicitly requires the member states to assess the present state of the sea in question and develop a national Programme of Measures (PoM) designed to narrow and eventually close the gap between the current and desired state of the sea. The member states must show that the chosen PoM is cost-effective (Oinonon, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In another typical example of maladaptation, which occurs more often in richer countries, policies to protect the population from heat waves and avert excessive demand on urgent health services result in greater use of private air conditioning and consequently a greater demand for energy (O’Brien and others, 2012). This type of adaptation initiative is in fact a form of maladaptation, since it shifts the pressure from one sector to another. The overall vulnerability of the system is not reduced: instead, one source of vulnerability is simply replaced by another.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Productive Remembering and Social Agency examines how memory can be understood, used and interpreted in forward-looking directions in education to support agency and social change. The edited collection features contributions from established and new scholars who take up the idea of productive remembering across diverse contexts, positioning the work at the cutting edge of research and practice. Contexts range across geographical locations (Canada, China, Rwanda, South Africa) and across critical social issues, from HIV & AIDS to the legacy of genocide and Indian residential schools, from issues of belonging, place, and media to interrogations of identity. This interdisciplinary collection is relevant not only to education itself but also to memory studies and related disciplines in the humanities and social sciences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The current challenge is to practically and effectively implement the principles advocated in these agreements. Diverse ecosystems are considered to be more resilient and have a greater ability to withstand changes in the environment, such as ecosystem shifts and climate change. For example, the abundance of northern shrimp and crab stocks in the North East Atlantic may be a result to some degree of the overfishing of their predator, Atlantic cod (in addition to potential changes in oceanic conditions). For example, large sharks (which are slow maturing, long living species) play a role as a key predator in the ecosystem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
And because industrial energy-efficiency investments depend on context, energy and cost savings can sometimes be assessed only after installation. Assessment is at times difficult even after installation because of metering difficulties. Without submetering, for example, the performance of control systems, motors and variable-spccd drives is difficult to monitor and evaluate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Standard neoclassical theory would suggest that the rapid increase in supply of more educated labour should have constrained real wages and/or that diminishing returns to a factor, that is human capital, should have set in, again resulting in a reduction in real wages for the more educated. The second principal paradox in the labour markets of developed economies is that, despite an increase in the demand for skills, there has been a decline in the share of ‘middle skill’ occupations in total employment and a rise in the share of lower skilled occupations (Goos and Manning 2003).23 The latter include occupations such as cleaners, drivers, department store sales people, fast food operatives and other personal service workers. Technological change causing growth of employment at the top and bottom of the labour market and decline in the middle is also a factor in growing income inequality in countries such as the U.S. (Johnson 1997). The factor that is behind this increase is ‘skilled biased technical change (SBTC)’- a pattern of technical change over several decades which “has favoured the wage and employment prospects of relatively skilled workers, while simultaneously damaging the wages and employment of the less skilled” (Machin and Van Reenan, 1998: 1215).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
One important set of constraints arises from the nature of their integration with the global economy. Since LDCs tend to be open economies that rely heavily on primary commodity and low value added manufactures exports, and that are dependent on various forms of capital inflows to support the balance of payments, they are often disproportionately affected by changes in global trade and capital flows, as well as by flows in cross-border migration. National policies are thus strongly conditioned by the external environment and must also be able to respond to that environment flexibly, which often makes it more difficult to pursue them in a systematic and planned manner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
AbstractThe problem of impunity has dominated the Colombian political landscape against the backdrop of almost non-stop war in the country since independence. The focus here shall be upon impunity in relation to human rights abuses regarding Colombian workers and union members. The central argument is that impunity is socially entrenched in Colombia due to an historical legacy of a weak state, a concomitant lack of institutionalised conflict resolution mechanisms and the stigmatisation of unions as havens for the revolutionary Left.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As noted, limited accountability mechanisms combined w ith a lack of aw'areness within the public service, have been identified as main barriers to advancing gender equality initiatives and mainstreaming by more than 40% of the countries responding to the survey. Strengthening implementation and accountability mechanisms, supported by a whole-of-govemment approach, could significantly advance the implementation of gender equality and mainstreaming initiatives to support the full empowerment of women for countries’ competitiveness and growth. A recent global synthesis report on national gender institutions concludes that legal reforms appear to be a major area of achievement for these mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This strategy includes engaging women’s rights and other gender equality advocates, as well as increasing know'ledge and awareness about GRB within the broader population. More than ever, new realities impose new ways of doing things. In order to design responsive policies, achieve the full empowerment of every member of society and obtain strategic insight on key challenges and issues, governments across the globe - in OECD and non-OECD countries - must work to deepen citizens’ engagement in policy making (both men and women), and involve business, civil society and other stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Countries with comparatively high gaps may have inadequate coverage of social protection. However, it useful to test and discuss results based on different poverty lines, to explore how the country ranking varies and if poverty levels change dramatically with small changes in the poverty line value (for example a substantial increase in poverty levels due to a small increase in the value of the poverty line, means that there is a quite high density of households just above the original poverty line). In general, however, sizeable re-ranking is quite limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Several G7 countries have co-operated with businesses working along specific value chains to help develop more innovative approaches to resource efficiency. For instance, the United Kingdom, France and Germany have been actively supporting industrial symbiosis, which engages economic actors in a network to foster eco-innovation and knowledge sharing in order to make one operator’s waste another one’s material input. Japan is supporting the integration of industrial and urban symbiosis and through its eco-town programme. Given the multiple and diverse challenges along value chains, these partnerships are potentially useful approaches that could be broadened and scaled-up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Each hazard is characterized by its location, magnitude or intensity, frequency and probability" (ISRD, 2004, p. 17). According to Wisner and others (2004), disasters are outcomes of the political, economic and social context in which they occur, and, although they cannot be foreseen, measures can be adopted to mitigate or reduce their adverse effects. The occurrence and severity of a disaster is a reflection of structural inequalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
We understand corruption as human action that transgresses legal norms and ethical principles, its objective is to make an undue economic benefit with consequences that seriously affect social development.The magnitude of the social affectation is such that it could be exemplified as the poison that corrodes the institutions of the State and undoubtedly deteriorates its health to the point of causing death.They are corruption and impunity, the great evils that afflict us, because they break with the principle of legality and this undermines credibility, weakens and torments the Rule of Law, turning the issue into a problem of governability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Au Kazakhstan, ce cycle pourrait etre ameliore en renforqant le suivi et devaluation des mesures actuelles et nouvelles, ce qui suppose de creer les systemes d’information appropries et de recourir a des outils d’analyse, tels qu’enquetes et modeles economiques. Un processus concerte d’elaboration des politiques a toutes les chances de se traduire par des mesures qui refletent l’equilibre des interets des differents groupes. Alors qu’au Kazakhstan, il est necessaire de faire participer les organisations non gouvernementales au processus d’examen des politiques, cette participation a ete limitee aux etapes finales de l’elaboration des textes de politique publique. Un conseil des entreprises a ete cree recemment pour servir de plateforme de coordination entre autorites publiques et acteurs prives. Il importerait de veiller a ce que tous les acteurs concernes soient representes et impliques a tous les stades du cycle des politiques, notamment pour l’identification des sujets de preoccupation publique, la definition des objectifs d’action, et la formulation de nouvelles propositions. Les organisations non gouvernementales doivent aussi concourir au suivi et a devaluation des mesures publiques.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Using the social media, Facebook and Twitter, the service provided followers who had access to the Internet and smart phones with real-time, centrally-coordinated and authoritative information. In particular, they need accurate information on the situation of the poor and most vulnerable. The starting point should be a full vulnerability assessment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The literature on state repression has increased voluminously in recent decades. However, First Amendment-type civil liberties have not received much attention compared to neighbouring freedoms such as electoral rights and physical integrity rights. This neglect is arguably related to the lack of high-quality disaggregated measures. In this paper, we present a new dataset on respect for civil liberties—the Civil Liberties Dataset (CLD)—which includes indicators on freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and association, freedom of religion, and freedom of movement for 207 countries in the period 1976–2010. An assessment of the levels, development, sequencing, and correlates of civil liberties not only reveals a number of interesting patterns, it also shows that the CLD has a competitive edge vis-a-vis extant measures. We conclude that the CLD opens new avenues for research on state repression in general and civil liberties in particular.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In practice, important sources of climate finance may also be domestic. The key definitional issue is that climate change finance has greenhouse gas mitigation or adaptation as an explicitly stated objective, or as a main outcome (i.e. reduction or sequestration of greenhouse gas emissions or reducing vulnerability to inevitable climate change). Climate change finance may also support climate change reporting as required under the Convention, e.g. preparation of national greenhouse gas inventory reports, national communications or biennial reports, as well as mitigation- or adaptation capacity building more generally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The goals are to improve health,14 safety, economic development, social development and so on (see, for example, Khan and Muir (2006: 8), who partially review the literature). Flint and Kearns (2006) report, for example, on reliance on registered social landlords in Scotland as a mechanism for developing social capital in deprived communities. Thus, in collaboration with the Institute for Research on Public Policy (IRPP), the London Borough of Camden carried out two surveys of social capital in the area, in 2002 and 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Since they are not specifically covered by one single set of regulations, they have been integrated piece by piece into existing legislation when deemed necessary. This piecemeal approach to integrating emerging ocean industries into existing traditional legal instmments is set to continue. The following section selects three domains of ocean-related regulation - environment and biodiversity, pollution prevention, and maritime safety - and explores them with a view to gaining a sense of what is in the “pipeline” in terms of international and regional regulations that will affect ocean industries, both established and emerging, in the coming years. The study’s target was the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity. But its findings warrant reproducing here, because many of the gaps and weaknesses identified in the regime also have repercussions on the operation and economic viability of most, if not all, ocean-based industries and activities, from fisheries and deep-sea mining to subsea cable laying and marine bio-prospecting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Second, using biofuels would in the European Commission's view decrease the risk of carbon leakage. However, the price of biofuels is affected by C02 prices, since biofuels and fossil fuels are substitutes in many purposes (for instance power generation). Therefore, the price of biofuels will be affected if prices of fossil fuels increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
With respect to emissions of carbon dioxide per unit of GDP (purchasing power parity), Africa contributes some 0.2 units, compared with the global 0.3 units per unit of GDP. Although low emissions in Africa may appear to be a positive development, it obviously stems from the low level of industrial development of the continent. Nevertheless, as a latecomer to the industrialization process, there is room to find ways of decoupling high carbon emission from industrial development through the adoption of new technologies and renewable energies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This short communication provides our insights into how or in what ways educators can more effectively support aspiration of at-risk/high-risk youth toward meaningful education. These are informed by the key learnings from our ongoing youth engagement research. Those insights emphasize the importance of  meaningful engagement of youth  through building a positive relationship with youth from a strengths-based perspective to mobilize youth’s talents into our collaborative engagement efforts in order to effectively support “high-risk” youth and aspire their educational pathways. Conceptually, our work aligns with the paradigms of positive youth development (PYD) and social justice youth development (SJYD). Practically, our research project represents an “anti-oppressive practice” in itself because the project engages youth as important contributors to a social/system change, especially, the role of our youth leaders in our team as a conduit for mobilizing youth views and actions on social justice issues (e.g., oppression, marginalization, social exclusion/inclusion, human rights, empowerment).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)