albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In Denmark alone, the number of farms keeping cattle has decreased from 96,000 to 12,000 in the same period, with the average number of cattle in each farm increasing from 12 to 55. If grazing is discontinued or if the grazing pressure is reduced, the natural succession processes will lead to overgrowing of the meadow vegetation with taller grasses, herbs and shrub. The biodiversity of tall-growing vegetation is lower than that in the open, grazed areas. A large number of plant species, bird species and some insects are regularly monitored within their areas of distribution and used as indicators for the occurrence and quality of grazed meadows and grassland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 2015, the Housing Law was given a substantial revision in order to address a number of the below-highlighted challenges in the Vietnamese housing sector. Topics that are given particular attention are provision of affordable housing for low income groups, provision for recognition of self-built housing, and the inclusion of the private sector in the production of housing stock. Taken together, these measures are designed to ensure the right to use land and own property, and to regulate the transfer and sale of these rights, while also providing mechanisms to ensure that the housing and real estate markets are fair and accessible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
While in developed countries “Improve” strategies can help promote electric vehicles and rail electrifications, developing countries often make better use of encouraging small, efficient cars and innovations for traditional non-motorised transport modes such as cycle rickshaw's. Effective sustainable transport strategies often require enhancing synergies between “Avoid”, “Shift” and “Improve” policies. For example, when investing in a bus rapid transit (BRT) corridor (“Shift”), uiban policy makers can alter land-use regulations to promote densification around the corridor (“Avoid”), and use clean-fuel buses (“Improve”). A-S-I strategies require infrastructure investments, such as: BRT corridors (“Shift”), rail infrastructure for metros and high speed rail (“Shift”), parking (“Avoid”), and electric vehicle charging stations (“Improve”).The model is most applicable to the uiban context and to long-distance or international freight transport, where multiple transport modes and options are likely to be available. In rural areas, where options are often limited, “shifting” is less relevant, at least in the short term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The transparency framework under the Convention was also strengthened by establishing a monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system to monitor implementation of pledges submitted by all Parties on a more frequent basis and with more detailed information and technical rigour. In September 2011, he launched the Sustainable Energy for All Initiative (SE4A11), which aimed to provide universal access to modern energy services, double the rate of improvement in energy efficiency, and double the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by 2030. First, the initiative successfully catalysed partnerships between developed and developing countries and between multilateral institutions and the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Farmers participating pay a higher electricity price, although still partially subsidised and below the average cost of electricity generation. In exchange, they receive a cash transfer equivalent to the forgone electricity subsidy, calculated on the basis on their last three years’ average consumption. Thus, farmers’ income is maintained while pressure on water resources is reduced (see Box 3.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The site houses a versatile pavilion, a park, a playground, a sanitation centre with a rainwater-fed water tap, a day care centre and a new bridge. Local residents are involved throughout the project to learn about watershed issues, prepare proposals, and participate in the design process. The programme aims to create sustainable neighbourhoods and promotes a safe environment for children that encourages them to participate in social and educational activities and build a stronger relationship with their community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Most state laws have opened up the possibility for water utilities to have a consultative body where public participation is expected. Consumers can also rely on legal and administrative recourses in case of complaints, although their efficiency is often questioned as the existing mechanisms leave ample discretion to authorities to solve the cases. The Federal Consumer’s Attorney (PROFECO) can serve as a mediator between consumers and service providers (see chapter 4 on institutionalising regulatory functions for water supply and sanitation), it can also give the service provider a report (dictamen) that specifies the compensations to the consumer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The federal government supports the expansion of ECEC, w'ith subsidies earmarked for co-financing ECEC projects run by regional and local jurisdictions (BMFSFJ, 2015a). In 2015, federal backing focused particularly on high-quality all-day care (the Kita Plus programme). Yet the bulk of ECEC costs remain the responsibility of local jurisdictions w'hich, in 2010, shouldered over two-thirds of all expenditure, while the regional governments covered most of the rest (ESSPROSS, 2010). The cost of child care for German parents is below the OECD average (see below' on child care costs in international comparison), while, in all age groups, supply continues to fall short of demand - in 2014, 32.3% of under-3s years were offered a place, while 41.5% of parents requested one (BMFSFJ, 2015a). Parents are also making increasing use of longer child care hours per week: in 2006 only a quarter of children between 3 and 6 years old were enrolled full-time (at least seven continuous hours per day) in ECEC, while the figure in 2013 was 42% (DIPF, 2014: 55). Clearly, then, German parents have benefitted from a major expansion in ECEC for young children in recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is partly explained by their lower average GDP. Infrastructure and coastal zones will account for the bulk of global adaptation costs, especially in East Asia and the Pacific, South Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. Ethiopia for instance might experience losses in the magnitude of 2-10% of GDP by 2040 due to climate change, primarily through extreme weather events that will damage the country’s agricultural sector and infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
That said, the majority of workers who are registered through such schemes tend to be informal workers in the formal sector, w'hereas most informal employment in fact occurs in unregistered firms (Berg, 2010). An additional problem raised by Almeida and Cameiro (2007) is that such policies can lead to an increase in unemployment if firms find it too costly to abide by the rules. This is why, in Brazil, the focus of inspection has not merely been on inspecting and sanctioning, but also on trying to find durable solutions in partnership with the firms concerned. As shown by Mello and Santos (2009), educational attainment is a strong predictor of sector of employment (formal or informal) at the individual level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Only descriptive assessments and feedback are used, depending on how student assessment is described in the school curriculum or municipal education plan. Finnish schools accept that there may be some limitations on comparability when teachers do all the grading of students. But the fact that primary school is, to a large extent, free from standardised testing enables teachers to use creative teaching methods and pupils to concentrate on learning and sustaining their natural curiosity. The national PISA report concludes that only 7% of 15-year-old Finnish students said they feel anxious when working on mathematics tasks at home compared to 52% in Japan (Kupari & Valijarvi, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At the country level, each National Dialogue is managed as a collaborative effort involving the national GEF Focal Points, the GEF Secretariat, and the Implementing Agencies. These dialogues normally last two or three days and are organized by the GEF OFP, with financial and technical support from the GEF Secretariat. At the 9,h ordinary meeting of the BLG in 2014 Ms. Yoko Watanabe of the GEF Secretariat indicated that this process might provide opportunities for the conventions of the BLG to participate and provide input to the process.109.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The aims of these summits is to mobilise human, financial, and technical resources for the implementation of the WSIS connectivity targets. Five regional summits have been convened to date: the Connect Africa Summit (Rwanda, 2007), the Connect CIS Summit (Minsk, 2009), the Connect Arab Summit (Doha, 2012), the Connect Americas Summit (Panama, 2012), and the Connect Asia-Pacific Summit (Bangkok, 2013). A case story submitted by the African Development Bank (AfDB) highlights how a total of USD 55 billion has been pledged for the development of the infrastructure and services necessary to achieve the targets agreed at the Connect Africa Summit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
All tax rates are the same in the country. Oblast budgets are to finance expenditures including general public service, defense, public order and security, education, health care, social welfare, housing and utilities, culture, sports, tourism, agriculture, water resources, forestry and environmental protection, architecture and construction, transport and communication and regulation of economic activity. Table 3.9 shows that education, health care and housing are the main spending items in Almaty City.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Targeting is generally carried out through, first, selection of location (rural versus urban, poorest regions versus less poor ones) and subsequently, recourse to a means test in order to identify the neediest individuals and households. Usually, means tests are performed once to determine eligibility and are only repeated in rare cases. In most programmes, proxy means tests are used, these are based on a formula to estimate household income that considers a number of household characteristics and composition. Currently, CT programmes deliver cash benefits through electronic transfers to bank accounts. This has led to an increase in such accounts, especially among women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While Cambodia may not fulfill all requirements for an ideal regulatory environment, it has one of the most competitive markets in the LDC group with six operators. On the other hand, Uganda is ranked third in the ADI but a 500 MB monthly bundle is over ten per cent of per capita income. It should also be noted that some of the indicators in the ADI are based on perception surveys, which appear to differ from the actual reality on the ground.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As web technology and (big) data continue to transform how we organize ourselves, scholarly research increasingly zooms in on the socio-material conditions of citizen participation and public engagement, the objects and devices that organize publics. Where social issues may often be the driver of such public engagement, increasingly the city and, more specifically, the neighborhood itself have become a central objects connecting their inhabitants through online networks and neighborhood events. Tools and apps for citizen participation then weave together neighborhood stakeholders (e.g. inhabitants, municipal parties and entrepreneurs). This paper zooms in on a sample of 40 such tools that enable and organize bottom-up citizen participation in the city of Amsterdam. Combining a theoretical framework with content analysis, digital methods and data visualization, this paper marks the starting point of a longitudinal analysis of online tools for the urban bottom-up movement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In a recent research report presented to the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, the authors examine the interaction between immigrants’ social relationships in their community (their social capital), and the development of a stable and integrated society (social cohesion) at the local level. From this perspective we suggest that the concept of social capital, premised on a notion of social cohesion and consensualism, is at best only partially relevant to the more contested political landscape and host community responses at the present time. Because this literature shares the concept of social cohesion with the other two literatures described in Sections 1.1 and 1.2, there is a certain amount of overlap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Female students are especially attracted to bachelor's level education in "Social work", "Journalism", "Teacher training” and "Nursing" as well as "Language, Literature and Media" (Poppel, M. and Chemnitz Kleist 2009:346). Women's representation increased sharply in the 2002 Parliamentary election: from 19% to 36% (12 out of 31 members). At this election "Arnat partiiat"143 (the Women's party) for the first - and until now only - time participated. No candidates from the Women's party were elected but the party succeeded in calling attention to different aspects of gender inequalities and not least to the lack of female candidates in the different parties (Poppel, M. 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2012, the mining sector was directly responsible for 514 760 jobs and another 838 623 jobs in related industries (GCIS, 2013). In response to the international movement towards environmentally responsible mining and national legislation, the South African mining sector had begun to take measures to consider the environment in its operations. In 2005, the Chamber of Mines established the South African Mining and Biodiversity Forum (SAMBF), a discussion platform that would provide guidance and information on best environmental practice to its members. One of the SAMBF’s first aims was to provide a local counterpart to the global Good Practice Guidance for Mining and Biodiversity (ICMM, 2010) developed by the International Council on Mining and Metals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Each time users connect to the internet or make a phone call, they leave ‘digital fingerprints’ which may turn out to be useful for identifying people involved in a crime or an act of terrorism. This is why there is great interest by law enforcement authorities in gaining access to traffic and location data, relying on the forced co-operation of telecommunication and internet providers. However, the effectiveness of compelling these service providers to retain such data for the purpose of fighting crime has been questioned. Moreover, data retention obligations interfere with the right to privacy of individuals, as protected by Article 8 European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR), therefore, they may be imposed only for a legitimate objective, i.e. to protect citizens' safety, and in full respect of the principle of proportionality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Currently, the amount of 19.24% and 20.27% of national tax is transferred to local governments (Ministry of Interior and Safety) and education districts (Ministry of Education) by law regardless of economic and financial demand. As a result, the allocation of intergovernmental transfers has exacerbated this mismatching problem. In order to alleviate this mismatch, the merger of local government and education authority was suggested during the last few7 decades as a change of population composition had been expected, but it is not institutionalised yet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The most obvious consequence of the efforts to develop a more modem service delivery model is the reduction in the number of facilities and beds that began in 2006. In 2016, the number of hospitals is 9% below the level of 2000. This has given rise to an even greater reduction in bed numbers, from 6.9/1 000 inhabitants in 2006 to 4.8 beds/1 000 in 2016, which is in line with the OECD average, though the number varies significantly across regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Following a short introduction on the global status of mobilization, this section focuses on the mobilization of private climate finance and the role of Nordic countries therein (see Appendix 5 forterminology on climate finance mobilization). The role of the private sector in reaching these goals is evident. Most of private sector climate finance is being invested in Asia and Europe and for example in 2014, private climate finance rose by USD 50 billion, mostly driven by investments in renewables in China (Buchner et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Political scientists point to the role of equality in the preservation of democracy (Packer, 2011). They argue that inequalities erode social cohesion and empathy among citizens - both of which are preconditions for meaningful political participation - while inequality of income specifically correlates with a lack of trust (Jordahl, 2007). In contrast, opponents argue that equality of outcomes might lower human motivation, creativity and invention, and can encourage dependence on the state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The akims are vertically subordinated to the government, which limits their interest in solving local problems. In general, they are not interested in gaining popular support or for what purpose. The fact that akims at oblast and rayon levels can be dismissed at any time at the president’s discretion is an indication of the control over SNGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For the past half a century, Latin American scholars have been pointing toward the emergence of new social actors as agents of social and political democratization. The first wave of actors was characterized by the emergence of novel agents—mainly, new popular movements—of social transformation. At first, the second wave, epitomized by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), was celebrated as the upsurge of a new civil society, but later on, it was the target of harsh criticism. The literature often portrays this development in Latin American civil society as a displacement trend of actors of the first wave by the second wave—“NGOization”—and even denounces new civil society as rootless, depoliticized, and functional to retrenchment. Thus, supposedly, NGOization encumbers social change. The authors argue that NGOization diagnosis is a flawed depiction of change within civil society. Rather than NGOization related to the depoliticization and neoliberalization of civil society, in Mexico City and Sao Paulo, t...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If the RA sub-index is much higher than the MA sub-index the country may be vulnerable for sudden supply interruptions, i.e. the CCI has a value of less than 100. In that case the CCI will be 100. It should be noted that if the MA sub-index is much higher than the RA sub-index the costs associated with crisis capability measures may be exceeding the probability and costs of sudden supply interruptions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In its recent national plan, the Kiribati Development Plan 2016-19, the government has focused on improving infrastructure for the energy sector, including in renewables. The Kiribati Joint Implementation Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management notes the vulnerability of women, youth and children. In the past, Nauru’s economy was dependent on the phosphate industry, which also fuelled its energy demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Scarcely any legal question arises in the United States that is not resolved, sooner or later, through arbitration. If Alexis de Tocqueville could survey contemporary American legal culture, he would rub his eyes with amazement at the privatization of adjudication across a wide swath of issues previously committed to judicial resolution. From trade disputes posing serious questions of economic diplomacy to consumer contracts adhering to cell phones and credit cards, mandatory arbitration has displaced conventional adjudication. In the country that de Tocqueville characterized as driven by its dedication to constitutional lawmaking through litigation, arbitration has become a dominant form of dispute resolution with little if any direct doctrinal influence by federal constitutional law. This is the overriding theme of Peter B. Rutledge’s book, Arbitration and the Constitution (Cambridge, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Beating the Blues is a computerised CBT course for mild depression, whilst FearFighter is a computerised CBT course specifically for panic and phobias. In addition, in Scotland “Living Life to the Full Interactive”, a computerised CBT course for mild-to-moderate depression and anxiety supervised by a GP or qualified therapist, is widely accessible to all Scottish citizens who score a set “mood score” on a standardised test. These programmes have been clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, leading to positive recommendations from the government for large scale roll-out.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This method is applied to Water Districts of Central and Western Macedonia, Greece. Results have been published in the Integrated River Basin Management Plans of Western and Central Macedonia Water Districts (WFD Directive) which is a formal legal document, under the Special Secretariat for Water of the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change in Greece, funded by Strategic National Reference Framework 2007-2013 (co-funded by the EU). Estimating the Environmental and Resource Cost in the Water Districts of Western and Central Macedonia: Methods, Results and Proposals for Water Pricing”, Procedia Economics and Finance, Vol. Examples of information systems are provided in Box 5.3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Expenditure on formal health-related LTC represents 0.4% of GDP in Poland and is fully publicly funded. This level, although potentially underreported, is relatively low within the OECD but similar to other less affluent Member countries (Figure 22). In 2008, approximately 0.9% of the over-65 Polish population received long-term care in an institutional setting, well below the OECD average of 4.2% (OECD, 201 lb), reflecting a lack of supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article addresses treaty-based and customary international laws that provide the right to compensation regarding forced disappearance, human rights violations, and violations of the laws of war authorized and abetted by Bush, Cheney, and others from 2001-2008. The Geneva Conventions expressly recognize private rights and contemplate compensation in courts of law. Federal statutes execute the Geneva Conventions and other international laws for civil sanction purposes, and several U.S. cases have recognized personal liability for violations of human rights law and the laws of war. Also identified are various reasons why no federal statute should be interpreted contrary to international law to obviate civil liability and, under the last in time rule, some seemingly limiting statutes regarding substitution of the United States for individual defendants are prior in time to relevant treaties and must not prevail.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)