albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Women’s position in the labour market is poor, as indicated by the wide gender pay gaps and limited number of female managers (Chapters 11 and 13). Korean policy is moving to further strengthen work-life balance policies, such as parental leave and childcare support, but as long as workplace culture involves long working hours, socialising after work, and a seniority-based pay system which punishes women for leaving their jobs to have children, social policy reform will have relatively little effect. However, from 2018 the working-age population is projected to decline and Korea’s demographic dividend will start to erode. The country, which has traditionally experienced little immigration, will need to use its human capital more effectively to face the challenge of a potentially dwindling pool of paid and unpaid workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
According to World Bank data, these five countries' share of forested area among countries in transition is 3% (World Bank, 2018), so this proportion of the above mentioned potential is used. Looking at the share in total national emissions of 2030, the potential of reforestation and land restoration is very modest: 0.1% for Estonia and Lithuania, 0.3% for Latvia and close to 0 in case of Poland and Ukraine (Table 20).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These teachers identify their development needs and seek advice and support from colleagues. They have high expectations of themselves as professional learners and for the learning of their students. They have the commitment, enthusiasm and interpersonal skills to assume a professional role within schools and their broader communities and to contribute to the operations of a school as a whole. They have met the standards for professional competence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Also, for all technologies, the level of risk (and hence the discount rate that should be used to discount cash flows) depends on the stage of the project and thus varies with time. Instead, the LCOE methodology uses a constant discount rate over the lifetime of the project. On the other hand, member country experts provide technology-specific operation and maintenance (O&M) costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The SoE has sought to integrate mainstream sustainability issues into their teacher education programmes, and as such, while specific coursework around ESD is not required, many of the relevant themes and practices have been incorporated throughout the programmes. At the graduate level, a number of courses specifically touch on ESD, and a specialised postgraduate diploma in ESD has been proposed. For this to happen, it will be necessary to address ESD within teacher certification and training requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
While compact cities can foster traffic congestion and higher levels of air pollution, compact urban development can limit travel distances, reduce car dependence and facilitate the development of public transport systems. There are also other, nontransport benefits, such as the preservation of countryside and reduced material and energy use (OECD, 2012, Chen, Jia and Lau, 2008). Increased urban density is associated with reduced transportation C02 emissions per capita, and successful compact cities develop effective internal and external transportation linkages, mixed land use, and high-quality urban services (OECD, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Indeed, women typically tend to run smaller businesses and employ less workers, while they are as likely as men to offer an innovative product or service (OECD/EU, 2017[23i). In the Norwegian case, a study illustrates the funnel for female entrepreneurs: almost as many women as men are willing to become entrepreneur, however far less women than men actually open a business. Furthermore, among companies that have survived after five years, only 19% have female entrepreneurs, and this proportion is down to 10% for companies with more than 10% annual revenue growth (Grunfeld et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Children below age 18 represent 52% of the total population of these countries.6 The countries included in the analysis have experienced a large population growth over the last decades, and the trend is expected to continue. Population projections show a doubling of the African population between 2015 and 2050, predicting that 37% of all children under 18 will be found on the African continent by 2050 (UNICEF, 2014). On the one hand the results show the total deprivation of all children in the selected sub-Saharan African countries, while on the other hand the findings function as a comparison of children's deprivation levels between countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the absence of 'hard' evidence but under pressure of time, TISIs must take decisions within this context of uncertainty. This is also the context in which most of their clients are currently operating. Where data sources are unknown and the algorithms that crunch them inaccessible, generated evidence is basically a black box. Users of the evidence have to trust those who generate it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Recent studies on several African, Asian and Latin American countries show that increased public spending on agriculture is particularly good for promoting growth. Disaggregating agi cultural expenditure into research and nonresearch spending shows that research spending is especially effective. Provision of other public goods, such as agricultural extension services and irrigation systems, is also beneficial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The discriminatory practices of financial institutions, such as the requirement that men should sign women’s documents, must be eliminated. But formal financial institutions need to do more than merely lower the entry barriers to female micro-owners. They must improve their performance in funding the growth of female-owned businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The geographical scope stretches from Turkey in the west to the Pacific island state of Kiribati in the east, and from the Russian Federation in the north to New Zealand in the south. The region is divided into five sub-regions - East and North-East Asia (ENEA), North and Central Asia (NCA), South-East Asia (SEA), South and South-West Asia (SSWA), and the Pacific. In 2014, Asia-Pacific economies produced 32 per cent of the world’s GDP and held more than half of the global energy supply (Table A-i). Yet the energy challenges encountered by Asia-Pacific countries remain large and distinctly diverse. These challenges add further difficulties in achieving theSDG7 targets and therefore, necessitate an early review of the state to foster the development of plans that would set the region on the correct pathway to SDG7.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
First, rising concerns that some developing countries, mainly in Africa and Latin America, which possessed some industrial production capacity relatively early may also have been adversely affected by imports of manufactured goods, including from low-wage economies (as shown in chart 4.4). An additional change in the nature of the trade-inequality relationship relates to the greater tendency to complement trade with financial integration. Financial integration may have a substantial effect on the exchange rate, which in turn can have an impact on a country’s trade performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Differences in the dynamics of women's and men's employment also appear to be less pronounced when exchange rates are kept at a competitive level. When demand for labour grows slowly relative to supply, levels of open unemployment increase, informal employment expands and other atypical and non-standard forms of work—such as part-time work, short-term hires and day labour markets— proliferate. At the same time, bargaining power shifts in favour of employers and the owners of firms. A reduced share of public sector jobs in overall employment reinforces this trend.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Grain yield, odoplalion and progress in breeding for early-maturing and heat-tolerant wheat lines in South Asia. Prediclion of rice produclion in the Philippines using seosonol climate forecasts. Journal ol Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 52(3): 552-569. Understanding dimole os a driver of food insecurity in Elhiopio.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Retaining the group of seniors above age 65 in the labour market may require additional measures such as ensuring greater age-neutrality in the functioning of the labour market (OECD, 2015(45]). Thorough evaluation of the upcoming rise in the statutory' retirement age towards 2022 will thus be vital to assess the credibility of the longterm fiscal strategy. Entry into benefit schemes targeted to people with reduced work capacities (e.g. ledighedsydelse and flexi-jobs) has already increased among seniors (jobindsats.dk).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Building on progress being made through technical advances, fisheries management and the EAF, the hope is to address the long-standing issue of food loss and undue damage to the ecosystems caused by bycatch and discards. Success will depend on combined efforts by governments, civil society, the private sector, fishers and consumers in applying context-specific solutions. These policies aim to restore badly overfished and damaged marine and coastal resources in the respective countries. A crucial element in this development has been capacity building of key stakeholders through the processes of the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Thus, clear and transparent competition-based decisions in the area of merger between health insurers should be secured by being based on published merger assessment methodology. The enhanced competition among health insurers has constrained prices of hospital services and outpatient prescription drugs. Moreover, competition among hospitals has increased due to the entry of a substantial number of freestanding clinics (ZBCs). Nevertheless, health care spending has increased because of a sharp rise in the volume of care, including in mental health care (Box 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Compared to men, women in the Asia/Pacific region are less likely to make career progression, with the share of women among legislators, senior officials and managers at around 25% (30% on average across the OECD) and declining since 2005. In the Asia/Pacific region the gender gap in unpaid work is about three hours per day (2.5 hours for the OECD), and such gaps are particularly large in Southern Asia. However, women are more likely to have been involved in setting up new businesses often without much financial gain in the start-up period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They reduce design and production costs related to differentiated compliance. And they help remove trade barriers by harmonizing test protocols or increasing their compatibility. But they can also create barriers to market access in developed countries for small and developing country producers, especially those that lack the technical or financial capacity to comply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For instance, Colombia's Ideas for Change programme is implemented to allow vulnerable communities to identify specific needs and challenges through a virtual platform. The STI community (i.e. individual researchers, firms, universities and research institutions) can then propose specific solutions to their problems, which should be creative and involve low-cost technologies. Grants are provided to implement the selected solutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The prevalence of stunted children was higher in the poorest groups in almost all countries in which recent nutrition survey data was available.5 In some countries, the prevalence among the poorest group was nearly twice the national average (Figure 9). While the prevalence of overweight children is greater in higher-income groups in most countries, the poorer groups had higher prevalence in Armenia and Serbia. Malnutrition - both undernutrition and overweight - are multicausal problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As a result of the greater control over inflation achieved by the Plano Real, however, real wage rigidity was introduced and firms could no longer use wages but instead had to use employment reductions to make wage bill adjustments. Young, inexperienced workers would have been the most likely to suffer from such redundancies. As will be discussed below, high turnover is one of the reasons why youth unemployment in Brazil is so high. Youth are also more likely to work in the service sector, which is characterised by higher turnover rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Through appropriate regulation to prevent monopolistic practices in food markets, and better access to information, credits and risk insurance, small-scale farm holders would be in a better position to engage in mutually beneficial partnerships with the corporate private sector. The emergence of large supermarket chains, which control between 40 and 50 per cent of the food market in Latin America, about 10 per cent in China, 30 per cent in South Africa and 50 per cent in Indonesia, has concentrated the purchase of large quantities of food subject to strict quality standards, a phenomenon that has led to the displacement of traditional wholesalers and small retail shops. For small farm holders, participating in these markets depends on their capacity to meet strict quality standards and to achieve concerted commercialization of their products through cooperatives and other forms of association.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Furthermore, this calculation method can be applied to estimate additional solar modules and batteries required to charge a larger number of phones. It is an interesting economic exercise to compare extra equipment investment with the expected revenue from the charging and communication fees. Then, we described the importance of a web-based information service for the cell phone charging service and presented a design for a solar-powered energy-proportional web server cluster. To utilize this system in emerging regions, we defined two requirements for our system: using low-power and inexpensive devices running on just solar power and being autonomous and scalable, starting from a very small village.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Workers are guaranteed rights that include compensation and other benefits established by law, in the form of social security and welfare. A pregnant worker shall be entitled to rest during the six weeks prior to giving birth and the 20 weeks following, or for a longer time in the event of an illness which, according to medical opinion, prevents her from working. Employers with more than 20 women workers must maintain an education centre that has a room for breastfeeding, where adequate care and education is provided to the workers’ children of between three months and six years of age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
One of the most basic charges levelled at the consociational model is that, although it may provide for conflict management, it fails to provide for the longer-term goal of conflict resolution. This article seeks to respond to this charge by viewing the consociational model through a deliberative democratic lens. In particular, I argue that deliberative democracy provides normative standards that can inform the design of consociational institutions in ways that encourage political leaders to focus on the interests of everyone in society, rather than merely on the interests of their own ethnic group. In so far as consociational institutions, deliberatively conceived, can have this effect, there is in principle no reason why they might not also provide for conflict resolution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Croatia, Greece and Romania 1 in 3 children in the bottom 10th percentile, and in Italy and Belgium at least 10% of the poorest children lack sufficient fruit and vegetables. In Switzerland, 15.6 % of children from the poorest families live in households that cannot afford regular leisure activity for their children. In Croatia, almost half of the poorest children are unable to participate in school trips and school events that cost money and in Greece this reaches a staggering 88.4%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This was in part due to the lack of monitoring of some variables crucial for constructing robust projections and the lack of a centralised system to co-ordinate and store meteorological data (INTOSAI, 2010 in OECD, 2015b). Countries may wish to start by conducting an inventory of adaptation-related monitoring processes already in place to get an overview of existing data availability, identify redundant collection processes then rationalise these activities to meet emerging needs (Bedi et al., To efficiently meet adaptation-related resource needs, questions specific to climate change can be inserted into established data collection processes, such as household surveys which are in many cases conducted every four to five years (OECD, 2015b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This paper proposes a critical thought on social isolation policies, resulting from the emergency of international concern caused by the pandemic of COVID-19, as capable of implying a more intense social control to a specific social group. Based on the assumption that criminalization processes do not necessarily reach the most aggressive behaviors, because it is determined by a political (in the liberal and conservative sectors) and economical correlation, and using the dialogical methodology, which seeks to develop shared knowledge through interdisciplinary sources, the purpose of this research is to analyze the measure of social isolation based on discussions between biopolitics and critical criminology, to understand on to whom the protection of social isolation is addressed and a possible criminalization of violation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Impact Evaluation of Forest Conservation Programs: Benefit-Cost Analysis, Without the Economics", Environmental and Resource Economics, 1-14. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 110 (29). International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, Working Paper 3, New Delhi, India. A randomised controlled trial (RCT) is a study design that randomly assigns units (e.g. participants) to a treatment group or a control group, where the treatment consists of the real implementation of a policy or programme, and the control group serves as the counterfactual.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This might be particularly true in Indonesia where large fertiliser subsidies are channelled through fertiliser suppliers and not provided to farmers directly. In light of expressed government objectives, these proposals highlight policy options that are potentially more effective and efficient than some existing policy measures. Food security would be greatly enhanced by making agriculture a more attractive sector for investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
ABSTRACTThere has been a recent emergence of scholarship on the use of fun in the college statistics classroom, with at least 20 modalities identified. While there have been randomized experiments that suggest that fun can enhance student achievement or attitudes in statistics, these studies have generally been limited to one particular fun modality or have not been limited to the discipline of statistics. To address the efficacy of fun items in teaching statistics, a student-randomized experiment was designed to assess how specific items of fun may cause changes in statistical anxiety and learning statistics content. This experiment was conducted at two institutions of higher education with different and diverse student populations. Findings include a significant increase in correct responses to questions among students who were assigned online content with a song insert compared with those assigned content alone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some of them, which affect not only agro-food but also manufacturing industries, relate to testing and accreditation difficulties, while others are specific to the agro-food industries and mainly relate to SPS requirements. Overcoming these obstacles would not only permit Indonesian exporters to gain greater access to the EU market, but also expand exports to other developed markets. Indonesian laboratories lack the capacity to test and assess the conformity of products with EU requirements, primarily due to the shortage of qualified technical experts and of the necessary equipment and physical infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Independent cities have much wider tax collection authority than component cities and municipalities, which are much more dependent on transfers from the national and provincial governments. For instance, independent cities collect and retain their own property tax, while municipalities only get a share of the property tax which is collected by the provincial government. Revenues of the provincial government of Cebu are also strongly constituted by the IRA, at around 80%, while locally-raised revenues account for 18% of its total revenues (Department of Finance website). Figures “Other LGUs of Metro Cebu” and “Total Metro Cebu” do not comprise data for the municipality of Cordoba. Source: Department of Finance website.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The potential reserves are estimated at 11 km3 a year and are sufficient to meet present needs. A special problem for human settlements and agriculture is the fluctuations in groundwater levels, w'hich vary from a few years up to 10-30 years. Substantial losses from water irrigation systems have also led to an increase in the water table. The estimated amount of freshwater preserved in the glaciers is 650 km3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This Introductory chapter attempts define the scope and normative foundations of global health law as an emerging field in international law. The author perceives global health law as a field consisting of a limited set of binding and non-binding instruments adopted in the framework of the World Health Organization (WHO), in an interaction with both hard and soft law standards recognized in other branches of international law, including human rights law, international humanitarian law, international environmental law, international trade, property and investment law. As such, global health law reflects an intricate patchwork of hard and soft law standards. The author asserts that human rights, given their normative value, have the potential to play an important role in giving expression to the normative foundations of global health law. Furthermore, the author tentatively discusses the emergence of a number of general principles in global health law, including health capability, equity, and solidarity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although reliable figures are lacking, it is believed that most environment- and climate-related migration takes place over relatively short distances and only rarely involves cross-border movements.30 While many victims of disasters are able to return to their homes in a relatively short period of time, in some cases they live in protracted situations or require permanent relocation. Since hazards relating to climate change and environmental degradation are likely to increase in frequency and intensity, disaster-induced displacement could well become more widespread in the future. Migration and development can be considered two sides of the same coin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)