albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The value of many other tax reliefs often increases for higher tax brackets, which can produce highly unequal outcomes and might be costly in achieving certain policy targets. Tax breaks for health and child care, education, owner-occupied housing and retirement savings often fall into this category, especially if they are granted as reduction in the tax base rather than as reduction in the tax payable or in terms of tax credits. For example, deductions in the taxable income of parents for their children’s education disproportionately benefit families in high-income segments as a higher tax bracket increases the value of the tax deduction. Overall, many TEs can significantly reduce the progressivity of the personal income tax while often being distortionary for growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The varied relief has resulted in several distinct climatic regimes, with the prevailing south-east trade winds depositing moisture in the form of rainfall over the central and highest part of the island. A significant feature of Mauritian climatology, however, is the occurrence of tropical cyclones during the summer months. Almost 300 endemic species have been identified, of which the most famous was the Dodo, a large flightless bird now extinct. Permanent human settlement started in the fifteenth century and, ever since, the environment has come under severe threat as its few precious resources (such as ebony) have been exploited indiscriminately.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This rate is higher than that found in Austria, Sweden and Germany and indicates that migrants offer a significant stock of untapped skills in Norway. They are best viewed as an integral set of skills challenges requiring integrated policy responses and coordinated action. Failure to look beyond policy silos to address them will have practical implications for specific groups of people in Norway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Indeed, the Government of Costa Rica took the decision to deregulate the health insurance market in 2009 to allow private medical insurance companies (Balabanova et al., This was a consequence of signing the Free Trade Agreement with the United States, and it meant that the INS lost the monopoly within the insurance marked that it have had since 1924 (Muiser, 2012). Fearing this would open up for foreign corporations to dominate the insurance market and risking to loose equity in the system, this deregulation w'as allegedly put in place in order to enhance the financial sustainability of the health care system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Although the use of secondary species has increased in recent years, the adoption of strategic diversification measures is not yet generating the expected results. This situation hampers the economic growth of the chain, of Peten and of the Guatemalan forestry sector in general. Current forest-governance mechanisms do not yet guarantee the eradication of illegal activities or their reduction to minimal levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A strong mismatch in Russia between needed investments in road infrastructure and growing car ownership results in congestion, overused roads in poor conditions and deteriorating public transport systems. The share of car trips in Russia (68%) is still lower than in such OECD countries as France (84%), Sweden (83%) and Belgium (75%), and it is likely to increase further, to similar levels (Donchenko, 2013). Investments in transport, particularly urban public transport infrastructure, are insufficient to accommodate growing urban mobility needs and to compensate for chronic under-investment during the late Soviet period. Sub-national investment capacity for urban transport infrastructure is low and federal investment programmes are too sparse to have a sustainable impact on municipal transport systems (Box 3.10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Existing remote sensing and biodiversity databases should be used to derive harmonised biodiversity variables of all the countries, when possible. The use of modern monitoring techniques for enhancing implementation of the Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBV) concept in ecosystem assessments (e.g. for CBD and IPBES) has been recently suggested (Skidmore etal, 2015, Vihervaara etal, 2015). During the Nordic introductory and scoping study, a simple Excel metadatabase with information on the main literature and sources identified for the Nordic Assessment forming annexes to this project plan has been constructed, see Annex 2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Some institutions also track changes in forest fragmentation, ecologically important forest loss, species richness, and the proportion of terrestrial and marine area protected by climate-related interventions (e.g. IDB, 2012, CIF, 2011, and AF, 201 la). Nevertheless, improved local air quality is an important broader impact of certain mitigation actions and programmes (e.g. Climate and Clean Air Coalition). The availability of such data could also help to support a case for scaled-up mitigation actions domestically, for example by enabling researchers to better assess the benefits of mitigation actions in addition to costs. To capture these important relationships, several institutions track output and outcome indicators relevant to transportation and energy access (e.g. the number of expected beneficiaries of a project).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
At the same time, income losses, greater job insecurity and much higher rates of joblessness in many countries go hand in hand with greatly elevated needs for income supplements and other types of government support. In combination with the sharp post-recession falls in government revenues, the resulting tension has fuelled an intense debate about the relative roles of expenditure and tax measures in bolstering public finances, and about spreading the economic costs of the downturn in a socially and politically acceptable way. This paper examines the combined effects of benefit and tax reforms on the distribution of household incomes, both before and after the onset of the downturn. The aim is to place countries’ recent policy responses in the context of both the immediate crisis-related challenges, and the broader trends in redistribution patterns observed since the 1980s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In the next four decades the countiy’s total population will double, raising important challenges for reducing poverty, creating employment and providing public sendees to rural areas. Tanzania possesses 44 million hectares of arable land, of which only 23% are currently under effective cultivation. Modernising agriculture, improving farming methods and increasing access to financial institutions will be needed to improve productivity and cuib poverty in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Data collected by the International Transport Forum (ITF) through the Safer City Streets network show pedestrians alone making up 45% of all road fatalities in Lisbon (Santacreu, 2018b). For each barrier a solution is indicated, with descriptions of necessary actions and respective cost estimate. This has enabled accurate cost estimates and integration of necessary actions in several public works that were not accessibility related. It provides predictions based on population density (2011 census) over 2 000 generators of pedestrian traffic (public facilities, public transport stations, etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
First, concerns about the physical decline of aquifer systems include changes in both groundwater quantity and groundwater quality available (including salinity), as well as the potential for irreversible land subsidence (e.g. Konikow, 2013). Second, interactions between groundwater and surface water systems have also been a major driver for changes in groundwater policy. For example, concerns over stream depletion have led to the introduction of regulations on groundwater use in a number of transboundary river basins in the United States, including the Pecos River (between Texas and New Mexico), Arkansas River (Kansas and Colorado), and the Republican River (Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado), as well as in other countries such as the Guadalquivir Basin in Spain. The adverse effects of stream depletion on instream habitat and endangered species have also led to regulatory action, for instance in multiple US states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Through the platform, PTOs buy resources (taxi and bus service) from private companies, and, combined with all the planned trips - generated through different remote online ordering modules used by a number of authorities - optimise the utilisation of that capacity in real time. Because of volume discounts and auctioned prices, the PTOs realise cost-savings compared to if they had purchased these services through more traditional procurement routes. The spot-market seeks to ensure bids aligned with the lowest generalised cost on the basis of unit-prices (EUR per vehicle hour) submitted by operators every year alongside other factors including estimated trip distance and duration, proximity to the customer requesting the service, special needs the customer may have and the quality rating for participating hauliers. The longer-term market is comprised of two- to four-year contracts guaranteeing a minimum availability and quality assurances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The law entered into force the last quarter of 2014, though some provisions will be phased in over the 2015-2018 period. The overall goal tax reform is to raise the tax-to-GDP ratio to finance a large increase in education spending. The tax measures aim to raise an extra 3% of GDP. More than half of the increased revenues are forecasted to come from increased income taxation, mainly from corporate income (Table 1). Increases in compliance are forecast to increase revenues by 0.5% of GDP (17% of the overall reform revenue goal), while expansions in the VAT base will account for 0.3% of GDP (12% of the overall reform target. To raise more revenues Chile could focus on broadening the tax base of the personal income tax (PIT), which does not contribute significantly to reduce inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Funds disbursed to digital connectivity amounted to US$6.6 billion in concessional financing and US$8.3 billion in non-concessional financing in the period 2006-2016. The top providers of financing were the European Union, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom and the World Bank Group. The paper also highlights the various methodological difficulties encountered, and explains the need to further refine reporting definitions so as to better capture financing flows to digital connectivity and to understand how aid for trade is being used to leverage private sector financing for ICT. The analysis concludes by reviewing the catalytic role that aid for trade is playing in mobilizing private sector financing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As of 2004, 36 of the 50 states had created, by statute, some type of external body (such as boards or commissions) to work with their departments of transportation (DOTs). The authors review the authorizing statutes that establish these boards and commissions to identify their statutorily defined responsibilities and attributes. From the literature on governance structures and accountability, three propositions are derived about their likely structure and roles. The authors propose that commissions are designed to (a) ensure broader stakeholder representation, (b) possess oversight roles and responsibilities relevant to resource allocation, and (c) encourage more open discussion and public involvement. The content analysis of the statutes and interviews with DOT officials and commission members provide support for the propositions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Data produced by the most recent survey conducted in 2011 provided a comprehensive Roma poverty picture from a human development perspective for countries in the Eastern part of Europe (Ivanov, Kling, and Kagin, 2012). This survey was also conducted by EU-FRA for 11 EU member states, providing comparable data. In addition to these groups (who are typically absent from the sampling frameworks for household surveys in most countries), there are also groups who, while in theory are included within the surveyed populations, are often very difficult to reach, leading to their under-coverage in official statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This model of gender mainstreaming, which is in accordance with the Bahrain’s requirements for gender mainstreaming, outlines the structure and processes of integrating women's needs in the development process. In regards to the situation of Egypt, the Constitutional Declaration of 18/01/2014 is applicable until the modifications of the current Constitution of 201,, the Constitution of 1971 is no longer applicable. Most countries also reported conflicting demands on the scarce time and resources of these focal points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This change in policy resulted in a split of responsibilities between national and regional actors, which required the creation of strategic agendas seeking to facilitate the interaction between national and local plans. At the national level there is the creation of a new sectoral policy, the Top Sector policy, which aims at facilitating innovation in well-established sectors which represent the main strengths of the Dutch economy. The spatial policy retains a central government element in the definition of the areas of intervention of national importance. Cross-border policies also have an impact on regional development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They can originate from the demand side such as economic expansions or recessions, or from the supply side through reduced supply of inputs, availability of substitutable/complementary products or, typically, energy markets. Finally, shocks can be transmitted through macroeconomic variables such as exchange rates and terms of trade. Balcombe (2008) finds that the volatility of most individual food commodities is positively related to the general volatility of other agricultural commodities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The quota limits the amount of fish a person can bring out of Norway to 15 kg plus one trophy fish. There are no exports limits on fish caught by tourists on these trips as long as the catch is being written off the fishermen’s quota and the tourists has a contract note showing this when crossing the Norwegian boarder. As the catch must be written off the fisher's quota, the fishing is sure to be within sustainable bounds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Abstract This article contends that public administration has not grown up because the discipline has yet to address adequately the issue of social class. To this end, public administration education programs and research programs must be refocused. A number of concrete proposals are made along these lines. It is pointed out that affirmative action was never intended to address discrimination and injustice associated with social class, and now the field has an opportunity to lay the basis for filling this void.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Gender awareness gained through gender sensitivity training enhances understanding of the socially-determined differences between women and men based on learned behaviour which affects access to, and control over, resources. This awareness can then be applied through gender analysis into projects, programmes, and policies to increase development effectiveness. The definitions in this table have been simplified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Institutional level data is also at a low level with only some exceptions. For example, Victoria University has committed to integrating work and community-based learning into all its courses with at least 25% of assessment based on such learning. The University of Melbourne has restructured its curriculum, introducing six three-year broad-based undergraduate degrees leading to three possible pathways: entry into the workforce, a graduate professional degree or a research tertiary degree. However, often these types of programmes have a limited reach to a small proportion of students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The paper discusses the state of International Relations (IR) in Poland. In the first part, it shows IR’s history, institutional conditions, and its level of internationalisation, particularly the influence of Polish scholars working in the West on the development of the discipline. In the second part, it offers a systematic empirical analysis of IR articles published from 2007 to 2012 in Poland’s top seven IR and political science journals concerning the areas that IR scholars work in, the theories and methods they apply, and their geographical areas of interest. The findings show that a descriptive approach dominates and that there are significant deficiencies in both the methodology (particularly quantitative methods) and the theory of IR. However, the Polish community of IR scholars is aware of these weaknesses and is undertaking organisational efforts aimed at improving the quality and status of IR scholarship in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This study is aimed at evaluating the importance of financial records keeping in achieving good governance with emphasis on public sector organizations. It draws on experience from Nigeria and some other African countries. We found out that despite efforts to institute comprehensive programmes of financial and structural changes through various economic policy reforms, some financial records are still buried and inaccessible, and this could be attributed to weak democracy and poor organizational structure. Good public management and administration with emphasis on accountability and responsiveness to consumer needs has been seen as aspect of good governance. We therefore recommend that African governments should develop national strategic approaches to managing public sector financial records as strategic national economic resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The chapter focuses on the ‘invasion’ of technology into the functioning of public administration and how it affects the ‘political quality’ of its decision-making. The latter constitutes the main source of legitimation of administrative authorities by linking their action to an accountable representative, which is traceable, in turn, to the fundamental constitutional rule that entrusts the government to the parties with the confidence of the Parliament. By focusing on digital administration, the chapter explores new ways of functioning and accountability, and then, of legitimacy of governmental activity as opposed to political accountability. Within this scenario, it discusses how and to what extent e-government and automation are changing both the functioning of public administration and some doctrinal traditional concepts of administrative law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Additional stakeholder interviews and desk research were conducted to outline the role of specific policies and governance frameworks, to highlight practical solutions and to make recommendations for improving urban road safety. Yet counting fatalities may not tell the full story of a city's road safety performance. In addition, fatalities are challenging to analyse statistically because of the relatively small numbers at the municipal level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There is not only a long and commonly held (academic) opinion, but also an international obligation that requires the European Union to have easy access to justice for environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs). However, even under heavy international pressure, the standing requirements that limit the access to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) for these applicants remain in place. This chapter aims to introduce the general system of access to justice under Article 263 and Article 267 TFEU. It will be explained how the Court has a particular view on how judicial review should function. It is however likely that this system has a number of deficiencies. These deficiencies are clearly brought to light in the complaint that was raised before the Aarhus Convention’s compliance mechanism. An analysis of this procedure and its problematic outcome will be used to discuss the future for these public interest litigants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Even software engineers argue that programming errors are more likely to occur (and take longer to fix) after long hours, despite the tech industiy’s glorification of seemingly endless workdays (Robinson, 2005). Working-hour legislation and the legal right to request flexible working arrangements have historically helped protect workers. However, real change needs to occur in organisational culture and practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This provision goes further than Article 9.3 of the Aarhus Convention. Injunctive relief can be granted if the plaintiff shows that irreparable harm may otherwise occur, or that implementation of the judicial decision will otherwise be prevented or hindered. However, there are no provisions for class action suits in Slovenian legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Szamos-Somcs alluvial fan aquifer is located in the sub-basin. In the Hungarian part, the surface water resources are estimated at 652 x 106 mVyear, and groundwater resources at 41 x 106 mVyear. The total in the Hungarian part equals 3,171 mVyear/capita. The hydromorphology of the Hungarian part is also affected, upon regulating the river in 1890, 22 cuts through river bends were made to straighten the river. Some 55% of the total population is connected to the sewerage system (and the wastewater is treated). The influence is ranked as widespread but moderate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The current energy system is largely dependent on fossil fuels, which negatively impact air quality, and contribute significantly to carbon emissions. The long term resilience of a wide range of environmental systems is now being tested by the requirements of a rapidly growing global population and the demand for higher living standards. This includes meeting the energy and food needs of 9 billion people in 2050.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Unplanned expansion of the capital city and rapid migration from rural areas have brought many challenges, including unemployment, traffic congestion, air pollution, soil pollution and the extension of the ger districts. However, land planning and management issues are also regulated by and require close cooperation and coordination with several other ministries or agencies. The Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry' is responsible for the management of agricultural land, including rangeland and cropland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, the findings of a recent survey of the entrepreneurial attitudes of rural and urban residents in Poland contradict such assertions and find little difference between the two (Mularska-Kucharek and Wiktorowicz, 2015). The aforementioned disincentives to employment may in part serve to explain this discrepancy. Rural communities that are close to cities benefit from agglomeration dynamics and are more likely to have a larger share of businesses in the services sector, as are mral areas that are attractive for tourism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
After 9/11, President George W. Bush authorized the creation of military tribunals to try those who assisted in the terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, DC. His military order closely tracked the model established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who appointed a military tribunal in 1942 to try eight German saboteurs. In Ex parte Quirin (1942), the Supreme Court unanimously upheld Roosevelt’s tribunal. The Bush administration relies heavily on this judicial precedent, but military tribunals in U.S. history have generally been hostile to civil liberties, procedural due process, and elementary standards of justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)