albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Severance pay creates its own moral hazard problem, by encouraging workers to quit their jobs to some extent, although it does not reduce job search efforts. This could lead to an increase in investments in the workers by that employer, but it also reduces worker mobility, which affects allocative efficiency in the labour market. Second, the same increase in firing costs represents a considerable complication for SMEs when they have to pay multiple severances at the same time, because it could generate liquidity and solvency risks. Lastly, in several cases workers do not receive their severance pay owing to the difficulties mentioned above, and because firms do not comply with the laws owing to the weakness of legal frameworks and inadequate law enforcement. As in the case of unemployment insurance, most of the benefits defined depend on the design of the mechanism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
There are also funds that operate outside the Convention like the Climate Investment Funds or national funds like the UK’s International Climate Fund8. The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is the only stand-alone multilateral financing entity whose sole mandate is to serve the Convention and which aims to deliver equal amounts of funding to adaptation and mitigation (GCF, 2015). It is envisaged the GCF will play a key role in channelling new, additional, adequate and predictable financial resources to developing countries and will catalyse climate finance, both public and private, and at the international and national levels (Decision 3/CP.17).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Aims  To examine the pertinent issues discussed by endometriosis patients in Malaysia on MyEndosis Facebook group as an alternative platform for online support.  Methods  Using thematic analysis based on three frameworks, 120 posted messages and comments were examined from MyEndosis Facebook group-a support group for women with endometriosis from January to July 2014.  Results  Results showed the issues discussed were (a) personal struggles, (b) medication and treatment, (c) alternative medication, (d) side effects, and (e) medication recommended by doctors. While using this social medium, users found (a) emotional support, (b) esteem support, (c) information support, (d) network support, and (e) tangible assistance in their engagement with others.  Conclusion  The analysis suggested that users' interactions were structured around information, emotion, and community building, which many doctors and nurses were not aware of. The group was shaped as a social network where peer users share social support, cultivate companionship, and exert social influence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Prices that are too low or too volatile discourage investment. Volatile prices also discourage consumers, particularly if their demand elasticity is low. It is a challenge to reach optimal investments levels. Liquid markets on the one side and long-term contracts on the other are important factors in providing investors in producer countries with the necessary visibility for investing in adequate capacity for production, storage and transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Columbus Downtown Development Corporation, an ad hoc mixed-sector, non-profit organisation, managed most of these projects. Overall, USD 350 million of real estate value was either renovated or created, generating 1 000 jobs. According to the local government, the overall Columbus Commons projects’ USD 388 million public infrastructure investment was offset by private investment amounting to close to USD 2 billion. The city reportedly created an additional 1 600 jobs through that effort.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Travel philanthropy is an evolving phenomenon. It owes its origins to rising frustrations with conventional aid and traditional philanthropic giving and is seen as development assistance enabling resources to flow directly from the tourism industry into community development and conservation initiatives. Philanthropists have long sought to achieve social transformation, and travel philanthropy in all its forms has evolved through the democratization of charity, as a kind of “doing good” through “giving back” whilst travelling. This paper evaluates values, practices and impacts of traditional, modern and post-modern philanthropy. Drawing upon evidence emerging from a longitudinal study, which involved the retrospective evaluation of personal diary entries, participant observations and semi-structured interviews about the transcontinental Plymouth–Banjul (car) Challenge (PBC), it exemplifies how an initiative can evolve across all three philanthropic approaches. It further debates critical understandings of...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Often indigenous peoples are included in broader categories such as "vulnerable groups" or "the poor", obscuring the particularities of their situation. Furthermore, this recognition entails the structural reforms necessary to exercise self-determination, which in the case of health, corresponds to supporting the development of indigenous health systems while also ensuring full and effective participation in the health services offered by the state. Political will, since the mere existence of policies aimed at improving the health of indigenous peoples is insufficient if they are not successfully implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Following the introduction of the Unified National Health System, patients now have the option to choose the physician and health care facility from which they will receive health care services. In order to facilitate this decision, since 2015 the Republican Centre for Healthcare Development has evaluated and published ratings on the quality of PHC facilities. However, at the time of writing this report, ratings were only available for facilities located in urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In his article, “Modes of Repair: Reparations and Citizenship in the Dawn of the New Millennium,” John Torpey argues that reparations claims are mere extensions of identity politics and its preoccupation with group victimization and historical injustice. This essay takes another view, arguing that reparations politics is both a tactic used by groups to enhance their citizenship and a response to government's failure to address enduring and deeply rooted inequalities. Historical grievances are part of the political toolbox that groups employ to advance their interests. Reparations claims are pluralist politics by another name. Why would we expect them to be otherwise?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although MPI should be seen as a complementary measure to monetary poverty measures, how these measures relate to one another is still an area requiring further research. It is important to note that the figures that follow are purely for illustration purposes as the indicators presented are not comparable. The results of the latest ICP (2011) were released in 2014 and hence provide a basis for revising the international poverty line.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
China is frequently portrayed as a problem case for the law and development movement because it has achieved economic growth with a weak legal system, has resisted the third wave of democratization, and has a poor record on civil and political rights. Is China a problem case? The author thinks not, or at least that it is too early to tell. China is now following the path of other East Asian countries that have achieved sustained economic growth, established rule of law, and developed constitutional or rights-based democracies, albeit not necessarily liberal rights-based democracies. At this stage of development, for all of its problems, China is meeting or exceeding expectations on most measures. China outperforms the average country in its income class in terms of economic growth, rule of law and most human rights measures, and other indicators of human well-being with the notable exception of civil and political rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It stresses the greater opportunity cost of children and pronounced stratification of fertility by female employment status in Germany, attributable to the high degree of labour market segmentation and weaker support for the work-life balance than in France. In Germany, TFRs in the post re-unification period were lowest in 1994 at 1.24, but edged up thereafter to 1.47 children per women in 2014. The effect may further accrue when Germany expands its provision of early childhood education and care (ECEC). Nevertheless, its TFR is still low in comparison to countries that started to develop their work-life balance support at an earlier stage, such as France, Iceland and Sweden, whose TFRs are close to two children per women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the case of both types (communal or intercommunal) building permits are delivered by the city council of each town. This commune’s role is to develop a land use plan that reflects its priorities, but in a w'ay that is consistent w ith national and regional planning guidelines in accordance with its devolved competencies over land-use. Since the adoption of the Law for Housing Access and Renewed Urban Planning (ALUR, 2014), there is some disconnect between plans at the intercommunal level (with the PLUi), and land-use and building permits w'hich remain under municipal jurisdiction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In addition to its operational independence in terms of implementation, BICRO has considerable discretion for parts of programming, specifically the design of instruments. Over time it has experimented with and accumulated significant experience with various support instruments (Table 4 .4). As a result, its efforts have focused on the interface of public research and the business sector with a view to greater collaboration between these sectors and the commercialisation of public research. This focus is evident in the overall balance between types of instmments employed and their relative funding shares, i.e. the dominance of incubators and technology transfer, mainly from public research and higher education to the private sector, with a focus on promising technological areas such as the life sciences, nanotechnology and information and communication technology (ICT).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To see the physical environment as a container for these kinds of social structures can inform boys' and girls' use of space and then lead us to question why they interact with the environment in certain ways (Alloway, 1995, Davies, 2003a, 2003b, MacNaughton, 1996, 1998). This demands a broad knowledge of gender discourse between men and women over the course of history, which has been carefully examined by feminist theory. There is large body of literature analysing how gender structures are produced and re-produced in society (see Further Reading section).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A brief summary of this report is publicly presented, as well. Schools prepare a plan for improvement based upon this report, and the MoES and NASE are responsible for monitoring the progress in the implementation of the recommendations, the frequency of which depends on the school’s performance in the external evaluation (European Commission/EACEA/Euiydice, 2015). While all schools in Lithuania were to have been subject to external evaluation by 2014, in 2016 55% of schools had not undergone external evaluation (NAO, 2016). In 2013, Lithuania spent 1.9% of its GDP on basic education, below OECD (2.5%) and EU-22 (2.4%) averages, and below its neighbours Latvia (2.2%), Estonia (2.2%) and Poland (2.4%) (OECD, 2016b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In a number of countries, however, there are no criminal penalties for sexual harassment (see World Bank, 2015 for further details). Moreover, while legislation on sexual harassment in employment is fairly common, the majority of countries analysed do not have specific legislation on sexual harassment in education and should introduce it. The main conclusion is that women continue to hold fewer and worse jobs than men, despite significant improvements in labour force participation and educational attainment in recent decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This rejoinder restates and develops the central theses of 'The Myth of 1648: Class, Geopolitics and the Making of Modern International Relations' in relation to a set of objections raised from the perspective of IR Historical Sociology by Hendrik Spruyt, of Political and Social Theory by Roland Axtmann and of Political Geography by John Agnew. Most centrally, it re-affirms the charge of a defective historicisation and theorisation of 'Westphalia' in the discipline of International Relations, while suggesting that a Marxist perspective that emphasises the spatio-temporally differentiated and geopolitically mediated development of Europe is capable of providing a new long-term interpretive framework for the complex co-development of capitalism, state building and the interstate system. It thereby pleads for a paradigm-shift in IR Theory and IR Historical Sociology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is worth noting here that those with incomes reported as zero are not included when calculating the inequality indices. According to previous studies (Du et al., On average, migrant workers’ level of earnings is therefore similar to that of local workers, although their hourly wage rates are much lower.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For all the jurisdictions in this study, however, the mandatory age for starting school is 6. This is encouraging, but the data does not show improvements at other age levels, and there appear to be slight declines in participation rates at lower secondary levels (Figure 5.7). This is evident in an increase in early-years participation rates between 2010 and 2015.6 More noteworthy, however, are the significant increases in participation rates from 2005 to 2015 for Indigenous students age 14-16 (Figure 5.8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Spending on humanitarian relief alone exceeded 2% of GDP in 2015/16, underlining the impact of including emergency assistance within calculations for total social protection expenditure. It is notable that the GoE and regional administrations are bearing a significant portion of the cost of this expenditure. However, it achieved the strongest growth in real spending across the five focus areas over this period, averaging 33% per year. Technical support to on- and off-farm livelihoods activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These potential challenges need to be addressed, especially because regional connectivity projects often permeate peripheral areas of nation-state boundaries. The potential large-scale environmental impact also needs to be factored in (Yhome and Chaturvedy, 2017). In Africa, Japan is involved in eight economic corridors: the Trans-Maghrebin Corridor, the West Africa Growth Ring, the Northern Corridor, the Nile Corridor, the Djibouti-Addis Ababa Corridor, the Central Corridor and the Nacala Corridor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Awareness-raising and education regarding human rights with security and justice personnel - as well as the general public - is also important. Harassment based on gender, sex, race, sexual orientation, age, disability or other 'difference' is unacceptable. Gender training should occur on multiple levels, and should be mandatory for female and male security personnel of all levels/ranks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The source of the data is given in brackets if known. Spatial and physical data is collected via a survey of local authorities and other woodland owners and managers which is collated in the Woods for People inventory). Spatial and physical data is collected via a survey of local authorities and other woodland owners and managers which is collated in the Woods for People inventory).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Thus, they tend to mitigate the negative impact on well-being of the lack of sufficient income. Normally, the absence or recurring insufficiency of income leads to deterioration in well-being or access to it, which makes it impossible for families to invest income to develop their own capacities or take advantage of the (often scarce) opportunities for long-term human capital formation. Also significant are transfers in the form of subsidies on public or private services that, for the families concerned, result in smaller out-of-pocket expenses in comparison with the market price of those services. The present study analyses cash transfers which act as subsidies on demand, whether in the form of discretionary spending or vouchers for a particular social service for which they can choose only the supplier, although in many cases the geographical concentration of supply is such that the user actually has no freedom of choice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It also provides some comparative analysis between the EECCA region and other regions of the world. Such questions aim to help countries better understand their levels of readiness and potential areas for improvement. This analysis is based on the literature review of existing readiness programmes implemented by several development co-operation agencies, international organisations and financial institutions. Summaries of the country-level analyses of climate-related development finance in the 11 EECCA countries between 2011 and 2015, these summaries draw key findings from individual country-level reports on all the 11 EECCA countries. The 11 individual country-level reports are available on the OECD website: www. Each report also analyses the country’s targets and priority sectors/areas in its climate actions based on the submitted INDC and other relevant policy documents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The best approach is to begin by considering it for a single person then extending it to a multiple-person household. The calculation for a single person is a simple actuarial one. Dividing wealth holdings in period zero by the annuity factor yields the proportion of wealth that the individual can safely spend now while maintaining a constant (discounted) level of consumption and leaving net wealth of zero at death.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
When a girl is married, she is less likely to go to, or complete, school or travel freely outside of her home alone, more likely to be subjected to gender-based violence, and less likely to know about her body and rights. Her limited mobility, schooling and knowledge in turn reinforce and perpetuate gender inequality. This trend towards fewer children has had a number of benefits for women in particular, including better health for both themselves and their children, greater educational attainment, increased participation in paid employment, and improvements in how women and girls themselves are viewed and valued by society and within their households (Stoebenau and others, 2013). In many settings, this has formed part of a virtuous circle of empowerment, where greater access to reliable ways of controlling fertility has enabled an expansion of rights in other areas, which in turn has further contributed to their ability to fully exercise their reproductive rights. Such gender norms shape and reinforce social, legal and economic systems. These gender-unequal norms and attitudes are often used to rationalize control over womens sexuality and reproduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Improvement of content, methods, classifications and measurements from a gender perspective should be made part of the ongoing efforts to improve all statistical sources - censuses, surveys and administrative systems (Hedman, Perucci and Sundstrom, 1996). Mainstreaming a gender perspective in data collection programmes involves review and revision of the conceptual basis of data collection tools, review and revision of coding and classification systems and terminologies, gender training for all personnel involved in data collection, media campaigns that include gender-specific messages, gender-sensitive selection of field interviewers, and review and revision of tabulations and data presentation and dissemination (Corner, 2003). The presentation and dissemination of gender statistics should reach all potential target groups. Most often, existing data are not fully exploited for obtaining gender statistics (United Nations, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition to the excessive concentration of property, the poor functioning and resulting segmentation of labour markets bring about and reinforce the inequality of opportunities and outcomes so typical of Latin America. The increased labour-market flexibility promoted in most countries under the development model adopted in the 1980s failed to lead to faster growth in labour demand, rather, it introduced job insecurity for a high proportion of workers. Moreover, in conjunction with the increasing instability of employment, social benefits tended to be linked to employment contracts. Thus, the relatively unproductive and uncompetitive informal sector persisted, and many workers moved towards own-account work characterized by low income levels, lack of regulation and exclusion from social protection systems, in particular from social security and health care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The biomass industry (based essentially on wood energy, or dendroenergy, in IDF) would benefit from better structuring, including the construction of a supplier network and the creation of multimodal platforms. As for waste-to-energy, the region could take industrial ecology initiatives further in such a way that waste from some firms constitutes resources for others, an approach demonstrated in cities such as Kalundborg (Denmark), Guigang (China) and Paju (Korea). As the leading agricultural region in France, which is in turn the leading agricultural producer in the European Union, Paris-IDF already possesses assets in organic farming, not to mention a strong growth potential. Development of this type of farming, which is generally more environmentally friendly than traditional agriculture methods, would serve to strengthen short delivery circuits, biodiversity, product quality, and hence the region’s attractiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Payments may be diverted to specific persons or areas to support political or other objectives. It is therefore important to define transparent principles and criteria for eligibility for payment that are publicized and defensible from a biogeographic standpoint, rather than based on political considerations. Communication media such as radio and television, as well as local institutions, including government and NGOs, as demonstrated by Viet Nam's experience, are valuable communication channels. The growing numbers of PES programmes in the region are also valuable resource on which to draw understandings and exemplify applications. Therefore, the confidence that their investment will pay off is very important to ensuring the sustainability of PES programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, as harvests vary significantly from year to year,1 the situation with storage availability changes. For example, in the 2010/11 season, when only 12 million tonnes of grain were harvested, excess storage capacities existed. In contrast, Kazakhstan’s elevator capacity of around 15 million tonnes was less than the 23 million tonnes wheat harvest in 2011/12. Transport capacity is likewise insufficient for bumper harvests, pushing up the cost of storage and freight charges in 2011/12.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)