albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Another indication of the path of income inequality in South Africa between 1993 and 2008 is given by the generalised entropy measures of inequality (see Annex III, Table A.3.9). The GE(0) and GE(1) measures across the country as a whole increased monotonically from 1993 to 2000 to 2008 and the same trend as with the Gini coefficient is displayed when disaggregating by racial group. There have been significant changes in the composition of racial inequality in that income inequality within racial groups has become increasingly more significant than inequality between racial groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As mentioned above, they have no protected area status and preparation of the relevant documentation for designation of all three sites as protected areas is in process. There is no gap analysis with an assessment of the representativeness of existing protected areas, as required by the CBD and the same is tme for the Natura 2000 process. The only initiative in this area is that of WWF which is currently running a project for the identification of habitats and species in line with the Habitat Directive. Despite several workshops organized by the FBiH Ministry of Environment and Tourism, no steps have been taken to implement Nature 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
On the export side, the increases in trade were driven principally by wheat exports, for which the annual volume almost doubled and annual value more than tripled between 1995-97 and 2008-10. Kazakhstan ranks today among the world’s top ten wheat exporters (sixth in 2011/12). On the import side, trade growth was underpinned by the improvements in incomes and the strengthening of the national currency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Strict building codes ensured that tall buildings withstood the earthquake, while forested green belts and concrete barriers provided some protection against the tsunami. Japan's longstanding investments in technology and public awareness were essential to averting an even bigger disaster. Early warning systems, evacuation routes, strict building codes and engagement with local communities all need to stem from institutional, legal and governance systems that prioritize disaster risk reduction and recovery. The conference will allow member states to review the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action and adopt a post-2015 framework for disaster risk reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In country-specific individual-level regressions, cognitive skills partly explain the lower occupational status of less-educated adults, but cross-national variation in their disadvantage remains substantial after accounting for skills. We further show that the association between skills and occupational attainment is weaker among the less educated than among the intermediate group. These findings are consistent with the idea that employers statistically discriminate on the basis of formal qualifications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Right of Passage case flagged off India's adversarial tryst with international law, in which Portugal had argued for the validity of a 1779 treaty signed with the Marathas. India had denied its existence and interpretation. Within the UN Charter, India's subsequent assimilation of Goa constituted illegal invasion, with which the Indian Supreme Court disagreed. Subsequently, Britain deployed its colonial de jure distinction by refusing to recognize India's control of Goa. However, for Nehru, Goa was “a symbol of decadent colonialism trying to hold on”. The Right of Passage case profoundly shaped India's post-colonial foreign policy by coupling India's body politic with its judiciary. Since then, the Lotus case continues to enamour the Indian government. This paper considers the views of the Indian government, judiciary, and publicists to examine whether India has been able to advance a specific approach to international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At the same time, citizen engagement requires governments to share in agenda setting and to ensure that policy proposals are collaboratively generated and citizens’ needs are taken into account in making decisions. Citizen engagement is best incorporated into every stage of the policy development and implementation process (OECD, 2010b). The OECD’s “Guiding Principles” for successful citizen engagement in policy making include: commitment, rights, clarity, time, objectivity, resources, co-ordination, accountability, evaluation and active citizenship (OECD, 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Current estimates are drawn from a global exercise conducted in 2005. China did not permit a random sample of locations to survey prices, as were carried out in other countries. Instead, China restricted data collection to a few urban areas. This resulted in China’s prices being 40 per cent higher than previously thought, meaning that Chinese living standards were revised downwards by about 40 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
1. Global and Regional Social Policy Transformations Paul Stubbs and Alexandra Kaasch 2. The Socialization of Regionalism and the Regionalization of Social Policy Nicola Yeates 3. Global Economic Downturn and Social Protection in East Asia Huck-ju Kwon 4. Common Health Policy Interests and the Politics of Rights, Regulation and Redistribution Meri Koivusalo 5. Global Social Justice, Ethics and the Crisis of Care Fiona Williams 6. Climate Change, Social Policy and Global Governance Ian Gough 7. Poverty and Climate Change: The Three Tasks of Transformative Global Social Policy Asuncion Lera St.Clair and Victoria Lawson 8. Antagonism and Accommodation: The Labor - IMF / World Bank Relationship Robert O'Brien 9. Grasping the Social Impact of Global Social Policy: How Neo-liberal Policies have Influenced Social Action in Morocco Shana Cohen 10. Towards a Transformative Global Social Policy? Bob Deacon
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Table 10 summarises risk-related policies following this two dimensional approach, which allows one to highlight several general features of New Zealand’s policies. Risk management policies in New Zealand fall predominantly under the efficiency objective. These measures are largely focused on reducing transactions cost (by establishing regulations conducive to competition and adaptation, and creating a stable macroeconomic framework), addressing the problem of asymmetric information (e.g. through research and information), and addressing the problem of externalities (e.g. biosecurity measures).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It also estimated development co-operation flows of ten countries that do not report to the DAC at USD 7.5 billion, drawing on publicly-available information. This information is often incomplete, as some providers do not specify which countries financial resources are flowing to, or do not provide this information on an annual basis. Bilateral development co-operation from providers who are not “developed” countries may choose not to publicly report information for various reasons, including the lack of systems in place to collect such statistics, or fear that providing assistance could make them ineligible to also receive development co-operation - though this is not the case (OECD, 2015b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are those of the authors. Comments on Working Papers are welcome, and may be sent to the Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Mountainous areas will lace glacier retreat and reduced snow cover. In Southern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, climate change is projected to lead to high temperatures, droughts and water scarcity. In Central and Eastern Europe, summer precipitation is projected to decrease, causing higher water stress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The urban population has increased rapidly since 1950, metropolitan areas and large cities have grown in size, and urban challenges have risen in number and complexity. These changes demand adaptable planning instruments. However, the complex administrative procedures for approving or amending Regulating Plans, and the number of documents required when submitting them, result in lengthy and intricate administrative and political processes, and raise several challenges. In the case of the PRC, the documents to be presented and the number of steps for approval are the same regardless of whether the proposal is a new plan or an amendment to an existing plan. Approximately two-thirds of Chile’s municipalities are either developing or amending their plans (see Table 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Scientific research and knowledge also remain challenging, as research on Mongolia's genetic resources is still in the early stages and there is no baseline data on genetic resources. Mongolia is one of the beneficiary countries of the UNDP/GEF project Strengthening Human Resources, Legal Framew'orks and Institutional Capacities to Implement the Nagoya Protocol being implemented between 2016 and 2019. The 2016 Law on Crop Production has provisions requiring tests on soil quality to be concluded every five years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This should including availability to less mobile populations, for example with practitioners with mental health training going into elderly care facilities, or psychologists visiting the elderly in their homes or in care settings. Nonetheless, Japan’s mental health system lags behind those of other OECD countries which Japan would usually see as peers in health system quality. Inpatient care is still dominant, information on quality is poor, and patient wishes and demands are not put at the centre of care delivery. To build a modem, high quality, patient-centred mental health system Japan must be ambitious, ready to make difficult choices, and drive important and significant change. Patient wishes should be the centre of the mental health system, which can be helped by making a range of services available in inpatient settings and in the community, where they should be easily accessible and close to population centres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It plays a strong sustainability role in building an information society that benefits everyone. The programme serves SDG 16. The project enables instant online interaction among government departments and agencies, resulting in obtaining reports in real time, improving the workflow processes and the pace of decision-making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Recent OECD-DAC data show that 21% of climate-related ODA flows address both mitigation and adaptation, reflecting the multiple objectives of donors’ interventions (OECD, 2013c). A more concrete understanding of the specific results from such projects could also serve to better highlight the synergies or trade-offs that exist between mitigation and adaptation. Table 2 presents a number of example indicators in use across governments (in developed and developing countries) and institutions for monitoring the performance of mitigation activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The thematic water network (Red Tematica del Agua) maintained by the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT -Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia) and other existing networks dealing with water issues can contribute to capacity building. The organisation regularly hosts capacity-building events, and organises seminars and dialogues with professionals from media. In 2010, it started the publication of an annual report on urban water and sanitation utilities in Mexico (“La Gestion del Agua en las Ciudades de Mexico Indicadores de Desempeno de Organismos Operadores”) with the objectives to share information, encourage efficiency and innovation in service provision and raise awareness on utilities’ performance in Mexican cities. In co-operation with different institutions (e.g. IMTA, World Bank), academics (e.g. UNAM), ANEAS programmes offer diplomas, courses and short seminars with a focus on: i) wastewater treatment, ii) technical management of water networks, Hi) business management, and v) integrated management of urban water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They interact with each other and their customers through the electricity grid as well as with the wider natural, economic and social environment. This means that electricity production generates costs beyond the perimeter of the individual plant. Such external effects or system effects can take the form of intermittency, network congestion or greater instability but can also affect the quality of the natural environment or pose risks in terms of security of supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As for income from household capital, its decline with respect to the no crisis scenario results from the declines in the capital remuneration and accumulation rates. Table 17 shows that the loss of labour income in the formal sector that year is stronger among non qualified urban workers (-4.44%) than among qualified urban (-2.65%) and rural (-2.35%) residents. Relative to the reference scenario, the child monetary poverty rate increases by 0.52 percentage points in 2008, 2.02 points in 2009, 2.17 in 2010 and 2.09 in 2011 (table 18).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
First, an indirect effect going through the transmission of education across generations. Second, a residual or direct effect linked to everything else not related to education like the transmission of genetics, social norms, contacts and so forth. However, there are considerable regional differences (Figure 3, Panel B). While the correlation with the direct effect is poor, the indirect effect due to transmission of education across generations is highly correlated with inequality (74%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The survey was conducted in 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2010-2011 in conjunction with TIMSS national assessment, as well as in 2012, 2014, 2015 and 2016. The test is administered and marked by schools. The test is administered and marked by schools. The survey is administered and assessed by NEC. The test is administered and marked by schools. The survey is administered and assessed by NEC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Chapter 6 discusses the capacity for implementation of NUPs at all levels of government, by focusing on the resources committed and the policy instruments employed in the NUP processes. Based on these findings, Chapter 7 presents the next steps, with a focus on the National Urban Policy Programme (NUPP), a global initiative jointly coordinated by UN-Habitat, the OECD and Cities Alliance to promote and support the development and implementation of NUPs around the world. Chapter 8 presents conclusions and key recommendations for a successful and complete implementation of NUPs. No sufficient information was available to this study to make an assessment for 39 countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Progress in this area is possible but, barring some significant alteration in Nigerian policy, this will most likely take the form of incremental changes that will only add up to significant advances in the next decade or two (Muhammad 2010). Currently the only women elected are those mandated by the quota, so one possible way to bring about positive change would be to increase the quota.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
“Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.” —Martin Luther King, Jr.The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), an international human rights treaty...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Carried out in mostly urban areas of 15 middle income countries, the survey has included questions on the so-called Big Five personality traits: openness to experience, conscientiousness, emotional stability, extraversion and agreeableness. The study will use a version of the Big Five model, calling the traits open-mindedness, task performance, emotional regulation, engaging with others and collaboration. It will focus on selected cities and countries and release findings in 2020 (Chernyshenko etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It contains several elements, including a legal framework, an international economic and trade strategy, rules for traceability of fish and fisheries products, new regulations for control and management of coastal and offshore fishing vessels in port and at sea. This includes better management of vessels operating in different fisheries as well as regulations adopted by RFMOs to implement effective measures to combat IUU fishing. World's total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production, aquaculture lias also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This context triggers specific challenges that can potentially be met by technology solutions through the adoption of new products and improving existing ones. Solutions available today, such as smart grids and modern renewable energy technologies, were not around for OECD countries at the similar stage of development. Non-OECD countries need to exploit long-term opportunities to move quickly towards sustainable energy systems and avoid technology lock-ins, especially since electricity infrastructure is characterised by long lifetimes. In an urban context, grid extension is the logical choice and electrification approaches are very similar around the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This reflects progress by many developing countries in achieving the fifth of the United Nations’ eight Millennium Development Goals: to cut the maternal death ratio by three quarters in all age groups by 2015. The complications of pregnancy and childbirth are nonetheless still the second leading killer of females 15 to 19, and the risks of dying rise with the proportion of young people in populations. The leading cause of death for adolescent girls aged 15 to 19 worldwide is suicide—a fact that raises questions about hopes and opportunities for young women, especially in the developing countries in which most of them live (World Health Organization, 2014). Mental disorders are high among health disorders suffered by people of all ages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This difficulty may be partly due to methodological issues,35 but certainly also to the greater importance of non-labour incomes (whereas Kuznets referred only to pay inequality) and of post-industrial economic sectors, such as services and, especially, finance. Against this background, this section briefly outlines the benefits these economies sought through financial integration. It then concentrates on the macroeconomic effects of volatile international capital flow s, outlining the attendant adverse distributional outcomes in terms of the creation of employment and wage opportunities in high-productivity activities, especially in the traded goods sector. Financial integration36 can bring significant income and distributional benefits, such as through FDI inflows which can create employment and wage opportunities and help broaden technology transfer, as discussed in the previous section.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
First, it allows buyers to bid on more uniform lots that contain enough calves to fill a truck. Second, it provides assurance to the buyer that the calves have been produced in a way that will lead to good performance at the feedlot. Third, it results in a price premium for calf producers who participate in the programme and incur the extra expense of raising high quality cattle. Because the individual producer has to certify each calf and problems can be traced back to the farm of origin there are few incentives to cheat, which makes the programme self-policing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For this report, the term digital literacy is used to refer to the ability to carry out basic tasks on the Internet such as reading information on a web site or sending an email. This is reflected in Internet usage surveys conducted in Malawi and Zambia (Figure 5.1). A lack of infrastructure ("not available in the area") was only cited by 6% of respondents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, both challenges can be tackled together. One of the reasons for diminishing interest in short vocational secondary education programmes is the lack of direct access to tertiary education for those graduating from these programmes. One way of addressing this issue is therefore to align the core elements of different upper secondary tracks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Once these decisions are made, the teams consisting of individuals from various partners or even external parties need to be brought together and mobilised for development. Many different models exist in the marketplace - all with the major target to scale and increase adoption of the blockchain solution(s). The key to a successful consortium is industry- or stakeholder-wide adoption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The dispersion of mobile and wireless phones has been gradually transformed to spreading of powerfiil pocket-computers, allowing for rapidly the replacement of previous generation equipment with miniaturized, low-cost and extremely reliable devices. Mobile wireless related IP-documents filed during the period 1993-2013 by selected leading manufacturers. The SSOs aim to achieve extensive implementation and adoption of their standard-specifications, although there are always some conflicts, with companies or other groups, possessing intellectual property rights (IPRs), related to a drafted standard.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Given that an improved MRV system for finance could be used for different purposes, a disaggregation of the information on finance is helpful. How are these flows assembled by source of finance and country of finance? How are they transferred and disbursed? Climate-specific vehicles or general bilateral flows?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The impacts of degraded environment on health have been increasingly recognized and their reduction stated as a major goal of the environmental protection policy, programmes and regulations. Monitoring of the quality of the main environmental media and infectious disease surveillance has been advanced. Professional capacity for public and environmental health has been strengthened with advanced methods for health surveillance and risk assessment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
But while the UK credit also benefits families on the lowest incomes (it is refundable and not counted as income in relevant means-tests), the US credit does not (it is counted as income in means-tests and is only partially refundable). Re-balancing support in favour of families with more children (who are more likely to face low incomes and relative income poverty) tends to make family benefits more redistributive (Austria, Italy). A few countries have increased the maximum age limit for child-related benefit payments and one country (Japan) reduced the limit between 1985 and 1995 (the limit was subsequently raised again though not to its original level).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)