albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Estimates indicate that it could be a significant source of growth for the country (1% to 7% of GDP). However, various forms of protection of national businesses (e.g. local content requirements and high import duties) limit competition, raise technology costs and discourage innovation and diffusion of more efficient, cleaner technology, goods and services. Brazil’s leading companies invest only 1% of turnover in sustainable technology, and small and medium-sized enterprises are likely to invest even less (AHK, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For the first time, clear targets have been set to end these evils, and the relationship between them and sustainable growth has been recognized. Put simply, ending child labour, slavery, trafficking and violence against children is directly tied to achieving most of the other development goals. However, what matters most is the will in the words, not the words in the will.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The economic benefits from public visitation of protected areas (including for tourism, recreation and environmental education) are estimated to be large. Brazil’s national parks alone could generate between BRL 1.6 and 1.8 billion annually until 2016 (Medeiros and Young, 2011, also see Box 5.3). Semeia (2014) estimates that the potential income from tourism in protected areas could reach as much as BRL 53 billion over 10 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
New estimates indicate that 200 million women and girls living today have undergone female genital mutilation, even though the majority of men and women oppose the practice in many countries where it is performed.30 Acid attacks against women are a heinous form of violence common in communities where patriarchal gender orders are used to justify violence against women. In the last 15 years more than 3,300 acid-throwing attacks have been recorded in Bangladesh, Colombia, Pakistan, Uganda and the United Kingdom.31 The true number is likely much higher because many cases go unrecorded. More than 250 million people worldwide face discrimination solely on the basis of caste or inherited status.35 In Viet Nam there are gaps between the capabilities of ethnic or linguistic minorities and the Kinh-Hoa majority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
International donors increased their involvement in waste management during the last few years and this resulted in improvements in management of obsolete pesticides and expired chemicals, but management of municipal and manufacturing waste is developing slowly and old practices remain. This development reduced generated amounts of waste and in some sectors also decreased the amount of waste previously accumulated. The development of modem waste management infrastructure is still in the initial phase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In cases where the father was a documented migrant worker and the couple had marriage documents, their children could until 2014 be registered for residency permits with GDGS.The renewal of residency permits of children below 4 years old was permitted without cost, with the subsequent extension of the residency permit dependent on school enrolment (Insan 2015). Migrants in Lebanon are at a disadvantage in registering the birth of their children with authorities, a survey by Insan Association found that while o per cent of Lebanese children are not registered, io percent of children of documented migrants and 63 per cent of children of undocumented migrants are not registered (Ibid). Although GDGS did not make public any policy directive regarding non-renewal, civil society organizations noticed that this was systematically happening even when both parents were regular migrants and had not had previous problems registering their children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
International law embodies the rules, principles and processes that regulate the conduct of states and international organisations (Higgins, 1994, 2–3). As discussed in Chapter 1, Chapter VII of the UN Charter empowers the Security Council to require states to restrict and interdict economic relations with target states, entities, or individuals.1 Outside the UN Charter or other applicable treaty, the customary international law of state responsibility regulates how, and the conditions under which, a state may impose economic sanctions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Do national government transfers for social programmes take into account the share and diversity of an urban area's immigrant population? How strong is the urban dimension of policies aimed at addressing population ageing (e.g. attention to infrastructure needs and access to healthcare services for an ageing population)? Given that urban policies affect multiple sectors and multiple levels of government, both horizontal and vertical co-ordination is needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Around one million hand pumps supply water to over 200 million rural water users across the continent, yet as many as one third of all hand pumps are thought to be broken at any given time, with 30-70% of pumps breaking within two years. The Smith School Water Programme at Oxford University launched a 12-month 'smart hand pump’ trial in Kyuso, Kenya, in 2013 in an attempt to resolve problems related to broken water pumps and to test a new maintenance model for universal and reliable water services. The team opted for non-rechargeable batteries, with a replacement lifetime longer than the pump maintenance cycle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The energy target for the period from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2017 is set at 700 TWh (lifetime cumulative savings). Since the start of the scheme, 907.4 TWh of energy certificates have been issued, with agriculture accounting for only 5% of the energy certificates issued. The scheme integrates three programmes: the energy performance plan, the modernisation plan for livestock buildings and the plant plan for the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Old-growth forests protected by strict conservation are conducive to both increasing carbon stock and biodiversity conservation. However, the carbon uptake will diminish and be zero as they reach the climax phase. Wood in construction and products stores carbon as well as avoids GHG emissions through substitution of more energy intensive materials such as concrete and steel. Studies show that, on average, the use of one cubic meter of wood in products or construction reduces about two tC02e of emissions (including the substitution effect). However, it is good to recognise that the climate benefits of wood use are highly case-specific and depend mainly on carbon-storage capacity of the product, its full life-cycle, as well as the properties of the material that has been substituted. Many countries have already taken national-level initiatives to promote the use of wood in construction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This so-called “+23” regime requires that a 5% minimum of total vacancies in universities and polytechnics be earmarked for students over the age of 23. This percentage can be increased to 20%, or even more if there are unoccupied vacancies in the general regime of access. Conversely, if the 5% places are not taken by students of over 23, they can be occupied by younger students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Higher investment should also stimulate growth as new government infrastructure programmes and the Land Acquisition Law reduce business uncertainty. Boosting growth and making it more inclusive will require addressing structural bottlenecks, in particular gaps in energy, transport and water infrastructure, overly stringent labour regulations and the shortage of skills. Tax reforms should raise more revenue, being less distortive for growth and redistributing more from the rich to the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The few foreign companies to locate their manufacturing activities in Malaysia, such as Matsushita Electric in 1965, which previously only had a small-scale trading company, did so to supply the Malaysian domestic market. They started with only minor, labour-intensive assembly operations in Malaysia. In particular, the size of the domestic market was not sufficiently attractive for multinational enterprises (MNEs) to set up subsidiaries in Malaysia and no policy was in place to support capability building of human resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2008, an estimated 44 million induced abortions occurred in the world (6 million in developed countries and 38 million in developing countries), almost half of which were carried out using unsafe procedures (Guttmacher Institute, 2012). Globally, it is estimated that 47,000 women die each year from complications associated with unsafe abortion. Many of these deaths could be prevented through better access to sexuality education, contraceptive information and supplies, and safe abortion services where allowed by law (Shah and Ahman, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This difference in turn affects platform design and operation. The seller sends the product directly to the buyer via express delivery or postal parcel, as part of an ecosystem that includes e-commerce platforms, e-payment providers and delivery services (Box 1). This model presents challenges for regulators, particularly customs authorities, in handling the growing number of high-frequency, low-value items traded across borders. Transactions levels are often higher, customers may have more specific expectations and be more demanding, and the process may involve a number of people in the decision-making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Preface Part I. Society and Law: 1. The will to know and the will to power: theory and moral responsibility 2. The phenomenon of law 3. Globalization from above: actualizing the ideal through law 4. The nation as mind politic: the making of the public mind 5. New enlightenment: the public mind of all-humanity Part II. European Society and its Law: 6. European governance and the re-branding of democracy 7. The crisis of European constitutionalism: reflections on a half-revolution 8. The concept of European Union: imagining the unimagined 9. The conversation that we are: the seven lamps of European unity Part III. International Society and its Law: 10. The concept of international law 11. International law and the idea of history 12. Intergovernmental societies and the idea of constitutionalism 13. International law and the international Hofmafia: towards a sociology of diplomacy 14. International law and international revolution: re-conceiving the world Index.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This essay, written as a chapter for a forthcoming book on New Frontiers of State Constitutional Law, explores the question of whether and to what extent the scope of judicial review in state courts ought to track our views of state constitutionalism writ large. I consider the three possibilities: that the scope of review should be agnostic as to the overarching structure and theory of state constitutionalism, that the scope of review should be more deferential in light of the broad conception of state governmental power under principles of state constitutionalism, and, finally, that, given these broad powers assigned to state authorities, the scope of review should be more searching. In investigating this general question, we can illuminate broad themes about state constitutionalism and state constitutional law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Purpose – The paper aims to address the recent debate over the “relevance lost” of business school research and points to the establishment of neoliberal economic policy during the past three decades as an example of social change that has not been thoroughly theorized in business school research. Design/methodology/approach – The literature on neoliberalism is reviewed and, more specifically, its implications for the financialization of industry and the widespread use of financial theory in corporate governance. The paper outlines some of the consequences of neoliberalism, pointing out the connections between the growth of the finance industry and the 2008 financial crisis. Findings – The paper demonstrates that the financialization of industry and the institutionalization of finance theory, as the guiding corporate governance model used in the new millennium, have led to a concentration of capital in the finance industry. As a consequence, other productive investments have been postponed. Despite such s...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Progress is slow, however, as illustrated by the difficulties in reaching consensus even in areas such as transparency and notifications. Financial and technical assistance, as well as technology transfer (Target 14.a), will be important to many SIDS and LDCs as they look to create and implement national and regional strategies for sustainability, preservation and protection of their fisheries industries. These interlinked goals provide a new framework for advancing sustainable development over the next 15 years. Today, the global population is about 7.3 billion, a figure projected to reach about 8.5 billion by 2035 (UNDESA, 2011). Some 2 billion more people will populate the earth in 20 years from now.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
If large-scale hazardous events and outliers are excluded disaster mortality triggered by hydrometeorological hazards can be observed in an upward trend, as shown in figure 15. These variations call for deeper analysis of each sector and kinds of disasters, for informed policymaking. Earthquakes account for the highest number of people potentially exposed, while flooding is the most frequent natural hazard, for which about 1 billion people in 155 countries were potentially exposed in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Both maternity leaves and parental and paternity leave are considerably longer in Europe and in English-speaking countries, except for the United States, which lags behind even by comparison with the poorer Latin American countries. The socioeconomic status and gender of domestic workers, the great majority of whom are women, are inevitably intertwined, so the way in which the State addresses their labour conditions indicates the value it affords to the two types of equity. Any measure that improves conditions for domestic workers promotes both dimensions of equity. Yet, in the medium and long term, formalizing domestic workers’ labour conditions can foster collective efforts towards more institutionalized sequential and defamilializing measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As a practical example, guidelines were established in Finland in 2004, involving the cities of Helsinki, Espoo, Joensuu, Tampere, Turku and Vantaa (Project "Helsinki for All"). The guidelines form the basis for the City of Helsinki Accessibility Plan and are freely available for use by other municipalities, corporations and planners. The guidelines contain criteria for evaluating the accessibility of outdoor locations: pedestrian crossings and pavements, pedestrian streets and squares, public courtyards, park paths and resting places, public bus stop areas etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In its 2015 report, the OECD noted that ASEAN can draw on vast strengths and play an increasingly important role on the global stage. The five largest economies in South-East Asia all feature in the top half of its rankings, with improvements in ranking compared to the previous year: Malaysia (+4 places), Thailand (+6), Indonesia (+4), the Philippines (+7), and Viet Nam (+2). Nevertheless, as indicated in Table 3, there are large differences between countries.28 ASEAN economic integration will thus affect countries differently, and will have distinct impacts for women entrepreneurs in each country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Panel B: the bars and left axis show that the region's investment in renewable energy {combined light green, purple and red bars) has steadily increased to reach $171 billion in 2015. The dark blue line and right axis show that the region now accounts for half of the world's investment in renewable energy, such as solar and wind. This is because, without consistent increases in real wages backed by rising productivity, such growth can lead to debt accumulation and entail financial vulnerability. Robust investment is critical for sustained income growth, on which consumption ultimately depends. Thus, having a balanced aggregate demand mix is important, and some progress seems to be taking place. In South Asia, where the nominal share of investment is relatively low, investment growth is projected to outpace private consumption growth in the coming years, while in East Asia, particularly in China, where investment rates are relatively high, private consumption growth is projected to outpace investment growth (World Bank, 2018a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For further details, see www.ipeadata.gov.br. In other words, 39.92% of the Brazilian population was below the poverty line used in this study, while 17.76% of these people were living in extreme poverty. The lowest amount to be registered, 160.13 reais, was for Piaui in 1983, while the highest, 1,266.63 reais was for Sao Paulo in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
ABSTRACTWithin the context of Arctic geopolitics, the article focuses on British policies toward Spitsbergen or Svalbard over the past century. The 1920 Spitsbergen Treaty accorded Norway sovereignty over the archipelago, but it gave other signatories, including Britain, non-discriminatory access to its natural resources. It is argued that while geopolitical interests have played a role in Britain's policy-making, its main rationale has been a determination to use international law to protect pre-existing mining rights and potential future oil rights in the Svalbard area. Apart from Russia, Britain has been most active in challenging Norway's interpretation of its sovereign rights, especially the view about the treaty's non-applicability to Exclusive Economic Zones and continental shelves. It is shown that the Britain's economic focus was tempered during the Cold War by the need for Western solidarity and for supporting Norway's resistance to Soviet Spitsbergen claims. But having been instrumental in wate...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Welfare states may also experience the financial burden of supporting individuals who are constantly cycling in and out of low-paid work. Such costs to the state can be related to unemployment benefits and other out of work cash transfers and any in-work cash transfers intended to supplement the income of low-paid workers from low-income households (Thompson, 2015).To reduce the number of working poor, as well as to cut down on public expenditure costs in the long run, governments should look towards policy solutions that improve job security and increase the wages of low-paid-workers (Europa, 2013). According to a working paper on the relationship between age and skills using data from the Survey of Adult Skills (Paccagnella, 2016), a negative relationship between literacy and age exists. Literacy declines with age, especially after age 45. In Denmark, Ireland, Norway and Sweden, literacy proficiency falls substantially with age. Adults aged 55 to 64 have 18% to 23% lower literacy proficiency than 25-34 year-olds, even after various socio-economic and demographic factors are taken into account.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Cases such as blockchain-based financing platforms, carbon emissions markets, effective contract management and a concept for global action and infrastructure monitoring are expected to address some of the key challenges facing sustainable infrastructure investment, and can have a high impact on the fulfilment of investment objectives. The relevant stakeholders on intergovernmental, supranational, national, business and private consumer levels prospectively hold different roles and responsibilities in initiating, developing, and provisioning such blockchain systems. Initially, the overall concept and envisioned application with its main functionalities are outlined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As we have discussed above, the net effect of all of these changes is an unambiguous increase in inequality from 1996 to 2001. A lower poverty line of $2 per day (R91 per person per month in 1996 purchasing power parity terms) and an upper poverty line of R250 per person per month (in 1996 Rands) are used to show that the leftward shift of incomes in the middle and lower-middle areas of the 2001 distribution is indeed a reflection of a slight but unambiguous increase in measured poverty between 1996 and 2001. The poverty rankings by race are completely robust. At any poverty line, Africans are very much poorer than Coloureds, who are very much poorer than Indians/Asians, who are poorer than whites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Based on this set of indicators, 28 county level, outcome-based indicators were identified. Through stakeholder consultation, this number was subsequently reduced to 10. The objective of these indicators is to measure the effectiveness of national initiatives to build institutional adaptive capacity at the county level. Although most of the actions in the NCCAP will take place at the national level, it is desirable to measure institutional adaptive capacity at the county level since that is where adaptive capacity translates into practical benefits for the people of Kenya.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For example, Spilimbergo (2009) describes how student migration towards democratic countries promotes democracy at home. However, the role of migration as an agent of change for gender discrimination has been neglected by the economic literature. Lodigiani and Salomone (2012) investigate the linkage between transfers of norms through migration and women's political empowerment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is an opportunity for the OECD to draw from this comparative analysis to develop and implement an international decision-support platform for health expenditure forecasting. Benefiting from the lessons learned from model development in member countries, and building from OECD experience in model development, including the recent CDP model that supported the Fit not Fat report, this platform could be designed to address pressing policy questions and to provide a tool for testing the impact of reforms and comparing results. Critical Review of Stochastic Simulation Literature and Applications for Health Actuaries. New Considerations on the Empirical Analysis of Health Expenditures in Canada: 1966-1998. Health Canada Working Paper 02-06. Ottawa: Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Both directions promise considerable added value at the technical level and synergies with trends towards stronger participation by Turkmenistan in international processes, There have been proposals to develop a regional ecological network that includes and builds on national PA systems, including that of Turkmenistan. Most of these challenges require strong cooperation among Caspian littoral States. By joining the Tehran Convention and actively participating in CEP, Turkmenistan has taken important steps in this direction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Market development has gone through a trial-and-er-ror approach that included a government decision in 2000 to build 49 power plants with a total capacity of 14,000 MW. This belated and unrealistic decision was taken when the risk of a power shortage had become acute. That plan was dissociated from the existing hydro system, and was eventually dropped, but not before a number of plants had been built, including several open-cycle inefficient plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)