albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The success of crop establishment can be achieved by rapid germination, which relies on soil water content and seed-soil contact. Growing crops with drought and heat tolerance is one method for adapting to the vagaries of climate. The strategy would be to develop a sustainable farmers' participatory seed production system for FSF, and promote improved agronomic management practices, such as seed priming, soil-test-based balanced fertilizer that includes micro-and secondary nutrients, biofertilizer, and integrated crop management for better crop establishment in paddy fallow. Experimental research and farmers'participatory demonstrations made in the northern states of India (Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Orissa) by ICRISAT have shown that short-duration pulses, such as chickpea and blackgram, are suitable for cultivation in paddy fallow and can achieve average yields from 700-850 kg per hectare, provided that suitable varieties and technologies including mechanization for crop establishment are made available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The method of calculating this new measure involves “replacing total inequality in the denominator of the conventional ratio with the maximum between-group inequality [that can be obtained, given the criteria above]” (Elbers, Lanjouw, Mistiaen, & Ozler, 2008). This has the added advantage of allowing for a more natural comparison of inequality across different times and settings because the measure itself is normalised by parameters present in the data. Calculating the achieved between-group inequality as a percentage of the maximum possible between-group inequality yields some very interesting results (see annex III, Table A.3.10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
They are often subject to sexual abuse and health risks such as HIV/AIDS. Women's contributions to mining enterprises are often invisible because they perform unrecognized and undervalued care and domestic work. Despite heavy involvement of women in ASM, men control and own most of the family's assets, including land, the income from mining and farming, tools, homes, crops and the benefits yielded. Contamination by mercury used in gold recovery has significant impacts not only on women, men and children working at ASM sites, but on other people in the vicinity and those living in downstream areas (specifically young children and women who are pregnant and breastfeeding) (AU and AMCC 2015, Cordy etal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The factors presented include strengthening country ownership, greater mainstreaming of environment and climate change in development co-operation, less fragmentation of climate funds and improved access to finance for LDCs and SIDS. The need to define climate finance, enhance transparency and increase the amount and predictability of resources are also considered. The OECD, working alongside other key research and policy partners, can play a role by contributing to work under the UNFCCC to develop a transparency framework for climate finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The targets concerned with e-waste and GHG emissions require sustained attention by diverse stakeholders throughout ICT ecosystems. More data are needed in these areas in order to assess progress more fully. Work is under way to develop appropriate indicators that build on those reviewed in this chapter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This makes tourism a co-ordination-intensive, as well as information-intensive, industry (Zhang et al. The key components of tourism are accommodation, transport, attractions and excursions, and restaurants, all are ‘perishable’. This means that airline seats, hotel rooms and daily ticket sales, for example, cannot be stored for potential future sales. This level of uncertainty, coupled with the uncertainty of global trends and exogenous shocks, has become an important area of tourism supply chain research. Areas of particular interest include demand forecasting, yield or revenue management and inventory management (Zhang et al. Finally, the supply chains in tourism that already exist are usually part of the wider global operations of major hotels and resorts (for example Hilton and Four Seasons hotels) and of cruise ship operators (for example Carnival Corporation and Royal Caribbean).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Such alternative economic measures, for instance taxes, subsidies or standards, would internalise the externality in question and ensure a level of pollution that balances economic and public health impacts. Such feedback mechanisms do need not to be constituted by direct government interventions. For instance, an obligation for the top managers of a plant to live in a 5 km radius of the plant could constitute an effective means of internalisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Des credits budgetaires ont ete alloues et des progres ont ete realises, par exemple, par le biais d’investissements dans la construction et l’equipement de laboratoires veterinaires, ou d’aides a l’introductdon de systemes modernes de controle qualite dans le secteur de la transformation. Toutefois, il reste necessaire de veritablement mettre en place des systemes modernes de surveillance veterinaire et phytosanitaire, ainsi que de securite des aliments. Des investissements accrus dans ces secteurs sont indispensables pour soutenir les filieres agroalimentaires efficaces et reduire les risques des producteurs et des consommateurs et assurer que le Kazakhstan puisse devenir un important exportateur agricole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A stronger primary care sector will require a larger, dedicated workforce of primary care professionals. For the longer term, Korea needs to grapple with the question of whether it goes down the path of many other OECD countries that have promoted the training of dedicated physiciaas who cover the whole gamut of clinical care, or tries to make the most of a more specialised model where paediatricians, internal medicine, and obstetrics and gynaecology, along with support from nurses function as primary care units. While there is no right answer for Korea, going down the former path would require significant changes in medical education and take a long time to engineer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It highlights the sweeping changes over the past 15 years and identifies patterns and new trends within these changes. But the fundamental objective is to show stylized trends in the major changes that have taken place in social protection systems designed to serve adolescents and youths. In this exercise, special attention is given to progress in terms of coverage, the challenges in terms of access and benefit stratification, achievements in terms of adequacy and quality and the most noteworthy approaches regarding financing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter explores enabling and constraining conditions for CSO engagement in the EU Security Research Programme (ESRP). Security policy and, by default, research are contentious public policy fields, not easily accessible to CSOs, despite controversies regarding the effectiveness, accountability, and compliance with fundamental rights of counter-terrorism and crisis management practices in Europe. CSOs have the potential to better ground ESRP in societal realities, making it more responsive and responsible. First, the chapter documents the goal ambiguity of the institutional background, second, it lays out dominant and alternative framings of technology and innovation, third, it examines the weak position of CSOs within the stakeholder ecology of the ESRP. The chapter identifies a series of developments which are currently conducive to opening a window of opportunity for CSOs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As such, this paragraphs recognise the M&A synergy potential, but it should be noted that the article is no obligation for either action, reporting, or policies. This is a very clear example of integration ofthe synergy thinking into the agreement, and indicates more work could and should be done on this matter. The wording is found in the context of an encouragement to take action and sector-wise limited to sinks, in this case forests. The JMA is listed next to REDD, which includes both mitigation and adaptation benefits in the land use sector, which is the most clear support in the Paris Agreement is found for M&A synergies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) from 1989 remains the most widely ratified treaty on human rights and functions as a normative frame for myriads of actors working to promote th...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Consequently, they often involve a broad range of stakeholders, which can create specific challenges in both their implementation and their evaluation. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. These include public procurement, regulations and standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In publicly funded colleges, government involvement can extend to admissions policies, programme approval, curricula, institutional planning and working conditions. Vocational education straddles both secondary and tertiary sectors, training may be offered during the last two years of secondary school or in separate specialised schools, or in public and private colleges. Admission requirements for universities and colleges are based largely on secondary school academic performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Data from Table 3.14 show that 39% of all poor households receive the assistance of the Dibao programme as do 4% of non-poor households. After adding Dibao to household income, poverty rates do not decrease very much. On the other hand, the targeting efficiency of the Dibao programme is very low, which points to the conclusion that the effect of the Dibao programme on reducing inequality has been limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Why does the Sustainable Development Goal on Education (SDG 4) matter for OECD countries? Target 4.7 calls for equipping students with the knowledge and skills to foster sustainable development as well as human rights, gender equality and global citizenship, thus linking education t the wider sustainable development objectives. The new agenda is a universal call for action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
When Chen Shui-bian won the presidency in 2000 and the Democratic Progressive Party became the ‘ruling party’, many observers said Taiwan experienced democratic consolidation. Nevertheless Chen and his supporters continued to talk of democratization in the ensuing years. But political reform, advances in civil liberties, and ridding the system of corruption must be considered essential to that process. Reform failed due to the fact that Chen's party did not have a majority in the legislature and the president showed poor leadership. Civil liberties deteriorated owing to Chen playing ethnic politics as well as his administration's lack of respect for democratic values. The view that money ruled in politics and the prevalence of personal greed caused corruption to worsen. These three factors suggest the devolution of Taiwan's democracy during the Chen era rather than its consolidation and explain the new administration's loss of public support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As Figure 3.19 shows, wealth and rural-urban disparities are important across regions, with low-income and rural households relying on solid fuels to a much greater extent than high-income and urban households. In 2012, indoor air pollution caused 4.3 million premature deaths, with women and girls accounting for 6 out of every 10 of these. As a cause of non-communicable diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and heart disease, indoor air pollution has become a major environmental health concern.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It has been considered as a model for other countries who are interested in standards-based certification systems for teachers (Harris and MacKenzie, 2007, Ingvarson and Hattie, 2008). Nearly all states in the United States allow teachers to take the NBPTS examination as a mechanism for increasing their salary, by tying National Board Certification to higher salaries. As of October 2012, the National Board had certified 97 000 teachers nationwide, and more than 6 000 became National Board certified in 2011. The Certification is good for ten years and then the teacher must reapply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This definition includes concepts closely related to ESD, including: environmentally sensitive, democratically engaged, culturally grounded, historically conscious, and gender and diversity respectful (Jules 2011). If the CXC is successful in substantively integrating these foundations into its work, there is great potential for examinations to be a driver of education in the region to provide a more focused push towards ESD. Predictably, the most common examples come from programmes in environmental science, or tourism and leisure, supplying an important economic niche with graduates who have a grounding in principles of conservation and sustainable resource management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Since early 2012, however, the reverse increasingly became the case and some governments, such as India, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea and Thailand have loosened monetary policies as one of their policy measures to support domestic economic activity to counteract the repercussions from slowing external sectors. For countries with relatively high inflation, rising prices are often not due to increased demand or overheating but to supply shocks or rising production costs because of shortages of critical infrastructure. In some cases, rising prices are due to upward adjustment of administered prices or the removal of subsidies. One of the key shortfalls currently for many such economies is the enormous infrastructure gaps that exist between the requirements and actual investment. The availability of energy is the most immediate need for supporting economic activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
They also urged stronger and more meaningful engagement with major groups, including the private business sector, local authorities, international conservation groups and indigenous representatives, adding that the active, open and transparent participation of all relevant stakeholders needed to be enhanced in the post-2015 international arrangement on forests, they said that this could result in better policy decisions, a wider understanding of the policies and improved implementation by working through major groups’ networks and constituencies. The participants welcomed the creation of the Major Groups Partnership on Forests and considered that its role in helping major groups to coordinate their activities and develop joint statements would benefit the future international arrangement on forests. Questions were asked, however, about whether the Partnership required a formal institutional relationship with the Forum in order to be effective, and further clarification was sought on the cost implications and potential sources of funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A good mix of on- and off-chaining, i.e. to only store parts on the blockchain, and of a hybrid use of public and private blockchain, can address the fundamental conflict. To break this into concrete concepts: One approach is to calculate a hash value for each contract version and only store this on the blockchain. By hashing each version of a document and submitting that hash to the blockchain, ideally a public blockchain, e.g. Ethereum, each party is in a position to prove in case of litigation that a certain version of a document has been agreed upon and handover that document.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, considering the uncertainty surrounding climate change projections and applying the precautionary principle, setting the target at 3 tCO, per capita by 2050 would ensure a sufficiently high probability that the stabilization target could be achieved (Jonas and others, 2010). Only the United Kingdom has useful numbers of greenhouse gas emissions based on consumption. Even in advanced countries, the practice of picking winning technology is perceived to be unavoidable. The important questions would be who should do the picking—and how. In general, policymakers should focus, preferably, on setting broad political goals, rather than on detailed technology-specific issues. Strategic long-term planning is essential in order to coordinate actions by many different actors in different parts of the complex, interdependent energy system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This ensures that comparisons between groups can be made, which helps to reveal the different perceptions of the sectors and countries. It may be the case that participants from the water sector will describe water as "scarce", while those from the energy sector will share a different view. The overall purpose of this exercise is to reveal the extent to which the groups agree or disagree, and to show how each country and sector views a particular issue or issues. The sectoral and national presentations in particular are not given by external experts, but by the respective authorities or national representatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The teacher teams also offered opportunities for teachers to reflect and talk about their teaching practice, even if some of the interviewed teachers admitted that much meeting time was used for administrative discussions. These teacher teams were often in charge of school development in general and supported the school leader in implementing policy changes. One school leader explained the importance of giving teachers good explanations of why the school needed to work on AfL, before explaining how he had used policy documents and research articles as evidence for why this was important. He emphasized the importance of treating teachers with respect since they are highly educated and will not do something just because the Minister has introduced a new programme. Overall, the school leaders described practices that emphasized participation, sharing responsibility and cooperation. These structures can be seen as signs of successful implementation strategies, and some of the schools visited were able to build a sustainable environment for AfL practice through these networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Precipitation is high and water is stored in freshwater bodies such as lakes, groundwater aquifers and glaciers. Water, in its various forms-water, snow and ice, is a valuable asset for many economic sectors. In Finland, both surface and groundwater are used for drinking water production, but groundwater is generally preferred and its use for this purpose is expected to increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The effect varies, however, across OECD countries. The redistributive impact of taxes and transfers depends on the size, mix and the progressivity of each component. Some countries with a relatively small tax and welfare system {e.g. Australia) achieve the same redistributive impact as countries characterised by much higher taxes and transfers {e.g. Germany) because they rely more on income taxes, which are more progressive than other taxes, and on means-tested cash transfers. This paper provides an assessment of the redistributive effect of the main taxes and cash transfers based on a set of policy indicators and a literature review.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Hence the need for social protection to address chronic as well as transient income shortfalls. Investments in human capital (notably education) and measures such as contingent cash transfers can ensure that the next generation makes a quantum leap in terms of development. There is evidence to suggest that improvements in agricultural productivity have a strong effect in reducing poverty (Irz etal., There is also evidence that agricultural growth has helped support broader economic growth (for example, Tiffin and Irz, 2006), although agriculture’s role as a necessary driver of development has been questioned (Gardner and Tsakok, 2007). Proponents of the former approach (e.g. Hazell et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Since the 1999-2000 school years, Washington has awarded salary incentives for National Board Certified Teachers (NBCTs) in high-need schools. The programme Challenging Schools Bonus (CSB) awards an additional USD 5 000 (EUR 4 400) to NBCTs. Following these changes, the number of NBCTs in Washington rose substantially. During the first year of the new bonus programme, the number of new teachers earning certification increased by 88%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In recent decades, international donors promoted decentralization policies as vehicles to achieve economic growth, state reform and human development. Although these policies improved national and local governments’ responsiveness, it is not sufficiently clear whether they actually led to poverty reduction, social cohesion and conflict resolution, especially in countries’ ongoing peace and reconciliation processes. This article analyses decentralization in the context of post-conflict reconstruction in Central America. It argues that the mechanisms that transferred responsibilities and resources to local governments to ensure accountability and transparency generally led to increased local participation in social programmes. However, the weak capacity of the state to reduce social inequalities, as well as the absence of national governments to supervise policy implementation, generated unforeseen consequences. Given the challenges associated with the impacts of severe weather and increased violence, this absence is becoming critical and could lead to further insecurity in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
When low battery power is detected, the cluster manager tries to turn off web servers to prevent them from abnormal shutdown due to power shortage. Moreover, it is useful to construct a resilient system that can provide a minimum level of quality service when not enough energy is provided. A simple energy management strategy that prioritizes system availability over performance can be formulated based on prediction of solar irradiation and load.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Extreme events will also carry the potential to disrupt transportation flows to rural areas. The patterns of demand will change and, given current capacities, increasing demand in the summer could strain transmission lines, due to spikes in demand for electricity to power air-conditioning equipment. On the other hand, to the extent that winters will become warmer, heat energy demand can be expected to decrease.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This chapter studies the insufficiency of the so-called traditional principles of jurisdiction—territoriality, nationality, protection, universality, and passive personality—when set against jurisdictional provisions of treaties and in customary international law. In increasing and discernible measure, treaties have invoked a veritable suite of ‘jurisdictional possibilities’ over time, often making greater demands on states than is found in—to take an early example—the 1926 Slavery Convention. By way of treaty design, states have accentuated the form and shape of the jurisdictional power of states that is to be engaged: there is no question that jurisdiction has come to form a much more pronounced and explicit part of the strategization toward common ends on a host of matters ranging from the counterfeiting of currency to human trafficking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)