albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The Common Agriculture Policy also underwent reform in 1992 and later in 2000. The ND was focused on monitoring NVZs and keeping levels of nitrates below 50 mg/L, which is the threshold for drinking-water safety. Although eutrophication risk was one of the criteria for the definition of NVZs, the environment was less of a concern in determining its provisions.30 The ND has constituted one of the basic measures for WFD implementation since 2001.31 During the 2008-2009 period, all Member States formally submitted implementation plans for the first time. A 2010 evaluation showed that action programmes had been effective especially for surface water: it was estimated that nitrate concentrations in surface water remained stable or fell for 70% of monitored sites between 2004 and 2007 (European Commission, 2010(67]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/smgp/dev_pef.htm European Commission. Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/pol-icy/in-focus/ceta EU FLEGT Facility. Position of the European Parliament on 28 April 2015 on adoption of a Directive to amend Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. Available at: www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?-pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P8-TA-2015-0100+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN FAO. Global forest resources assessment 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Intergovernmental organizations in most hazard-prone regions have developed cooperation on DRM, but a more active promotion of regional and national risk reduction is a role they could take on more strongly, for example by focusing on: (a) regional risk assessment and reduction, (b) the needs of SIDS, small countries and least developed countries for practical support in building capacity and risk information systems, and (c) risk financing mechanisms. This requires a review of the enabling legislation and the institutional frameworks, which often encourage working in silos rather than cross-sectorally and vertically from local to national levels. The enabling frameworks at national level are also the principal mechanism to ensure that the needs of vulnerable groups and the principles of equality and participation are integrated, especially for women and youth. Target E of the Sendai Framework does not necessarily require additional separate plans, but it does require countries to review existing DRR strategies in light of the Sendai Framework and ensure that local strategies dovetail with national level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There is an overlap in the two schemes, estimated at 7.5 million ha (these are forests that are certified by both the FSC and PEFC). More than two-thirds of this "double" certification is in Europe (3.5 million ha) and North America (2.6 million ha). Taking double certification into account, the world's total certified forest area accounts for about 10.7% of the total global forest area of 4.03 billion ha.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These are important metrics that allow agencies and authorities to understand how well users view the mobility offer on hand and whether or not it is compelling enough to effectively compete with car transport. This typically has occurred in an uncoordinated manner across different cities and countries but there are increasing calls for some form of standardised data-sharing from ride service companies to cities. Certain cities, like New York and London, have compelled ride services to share data in return for operational licensing, while yet others have been unsuccessful with the same companies - possibly because of a poorly structured or overly broad data requests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This contribution examines the legal issues of academic freedom both in its individual dimension and on an institutional level. The research is based on a series of decisions from the European Human Rights Court and the Constitutional Courts of Belgium, France and Germany, as well as from the US Supreme Court. Without neglecting cultural differences, the authors try to define some guidelines for a balanced interpretation of the individual freedom in teaching and research that is compatible with the challenges of a modern university.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, local governments in developing countries often have more restricted responsibilities, levels of authority, and resources. Notwithstanding this variability, it can be argued that sub-national governments in developing countries are often disempowered relative to national governments, and often operate with significant resource constraints. Given this, capacity at these levels is likely to be more limited than at the national level. These suppliers range from large utilities to small-scale charcoal producers. Individual utilities may be engaged in all or only some aspects of the industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Rather, policy attention has focused on measures to promote equality of opportunity. For instance, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) framework for policy action on inclusive growth emphasizes policies that can improve the prospects of households in the bottom 40 per cent of income distribution. For instance, the World Bank’s approach to shared prosperity or inclusive economic growth seeks to foster income growth among a nation’s bottom 40 percent of households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In either case, poverty reduction was the indirect outcome of growth. By the same token, some increase in inequality was thought to be unavoidable in the early phase of development, because the inequality would be helpful for capital accumulation, since, as suggested by the Keynesian theory of consumption, the rich have a higher marginal propensity to save than the poor. This was manifested by the strength of suggested radical alternatives, even though these were directed against an orthodoxy that now seems disconcertingly progressive by comparison to that of today. A prominent challenge to the orthodoxy was represented by the various forms of dependency theory, which promoted the view that development and underdevelopment constitute two sides of the same coin, and that autonomous development was possible only under socialism (see Cardoso and Faletto, 1979, Kay, 1989, ch.5, and Saad-Filho, 2005). These outcomes were surprising, given the expectations of spontaneous reduction of poverty through the trickle down process (see Bigsten and Levin, 2004, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
See also Brandolini, Rosolia and Torrini (2011), who analyse the distribution of labour earnings in the EU-SILC data. Returns to proficiency and formal education. Such differences in the profile of returns are likely to be due to the fact that PIAAC measures general skills, which at the top end of the wage distribution are relatively less important than the specialised knowledge acquired through formal education at tertiary level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Section 4.3 introduces the SDG 14 trade-related implementation agenda. Section 4.4 reviews current patterns of value addition within the fisheries sector with reference to the Caribbean and Pacific, and introduces the GVC perspective. Section 4.6 briefly reviews the available evidence on how international support measures such as Aid for Trade (AfT) are responding to these dynamics. The chapter concludes with reference to the potential future dynamics unleashed by forthcoming multilateral trade negotiations for the implementation agenda of SDG 14 and for influence on GVC governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The general tendency of the urban poor is to spend a higher proportion of their income on food and housing, while lower priority is given to health and education costs. The present section depicts the extent of the slum poor’s access to primary and public health services in the capital city of Bangladesh. As mentioned before, 60 households (15 from each of four slums) were the key respondents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These are tariffs, but also non-tariff barriers, such as technical regulations, product standards or licensing. These may include, for instance, taste differences that are not explained by the variables used to proxy for cultural and linguistic differences. The unexplained component is considerably higher for trade costs in services than for trade costs in goods, which may also reflect poorer measures for policy barriers in trade in services. For a detailed exposition of the methodology used to estimate the decomposition, see Appendix C.1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To report on NETs, ERO gathers evaluative findings as part of individual school reviews. National Evaluation Topics provide lenses through which ERO investigates key aspects of individual school performance, while also gathering information that is synthesised into a National Education Evaluation Report. The collection of evidence for NETS usually takes place over one or two school terms. Typically these reports use a case study approach to identify, in more detail, the nature of effective practice in schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This review summarizes the jurisprudence for the calendar year 2004 of international tribunals and courts that are contributing to the development of international legal norms for the accountability of human rights violations involving criminal justice issues. The pertinent jurisprudence for international criminal law is summarized for the two ad hoc international criminal tribunals: the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Also the legal developments from two major sources of legal norms for international human rights are summarized here for the U.N. Human Rights Committee and for the European Court of Human Rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These countries need to are faced with skills development demands for upskilling. Since the implementation of the “open-door” policy 20 years ago, the economy of Viet Nam has grown by approximately 7.5% per year. Starting from a poor country with persistent food shortages, Viet Nam has become one of the world’s leading rice exporters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
We introduce a collaborative governance model of the management of institutional logic multiplicity. We first identify four models of managing multiple logics, which we refer to as decoupling, hybridization, collective action, and collaborative governance. We then draw on scholarship on public policy and planning, science and technology, and natural resource management to develop the collaborative governance model. According to this model, opposing actors collectively respond to logic multiplicity by developing mechanisms which provide a durable space in which they can employ dialogue and boundary work to continuously co-produce knowledge and establish mutually satisfactory institutional arrangements and practices. The collaborative governance model contributes to institutional theory by emphasizing the role of collaboration in institutional processes, calling attention to the influence of environmental complexity on the management of logic multiplicity, and demonstrating the value of a knowledge manageme...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Table 12 on page 119 in Bhutan’s NBSAP, maps out potential synergies between national biodiversity targets and the objectives of the five biodiversity-related MEA’s (other than the CBD), thereby providing a common ground for enhancing coordination, communication and cooperation between NFPs. As a result, promoting synergies among Biodiversity-related Conventions has been identified as a key task. The different NFPs of the Biodiversity-related Conventions, such as the Ramsar Convention, CITES and WHC, were invited to meetings throughout the process in order to collect their responses to the NBSAP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This means that achieving SDG 6 depends on the overall progress of the entire 2030 Agenda. All SDGs are mutually dependent on one another, action therefore needs to be of an integrated nature, ensuring that all SDGs advance together. The global targets for SDG 6 will not be achieved by 2030 at current rates, taking into account the status of SDG 6 global indicators, and considering trends in financing, capacity and political commitment. Achieving sustainable management of water and sanitation for all will require profound evolution of actions among policymakers and decision makers. Actions need to be taken now to move towards a more sustainable and resilient path, leaving no one behind, if the 2030 Agenda targets are to be achieved. Each national government must decide how to incorporate SDG 6 targets into its national planning processes, policies and strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Now the court, because of the pressure of Palestinian women, introduced a law that forces at least a six-month waiting period before a woman can be asked to sign off her inheritance to a brother-in-law, father or brother. After this, she has to be aware of how much the inheritance is and how much the cost of it is. They explain that this is their right.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These have been extended by extrapolation using consumption data used in this Outloofe by the OECD and FAO Secretariats. This reference is provided as a benchmark only for comparison purposes not an indication of what calorie or protein intake should be. The biological potential reflects purely exogenous climate factors and varietal characteristics, but no other biotic or abiotic stresses (considered manageable), and hence represents a theoretical physical optimum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Within the climate community, the framing of effectiveness has changed over time, primarily reflecting changes in the development community’s provisions on aid effectiveness. Additionally, while not homogenous, some within the private sector have adopted certain principles or environmental and social safeguards (e.g. the Equator Principles). However, a key requirement for effective private investment generally involves maximising risk-adjusted returns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Economic policy making is discussed from three different angles: the political economy of actual policy making (“what policy does do”), the analysis of policy instruments for given ends (“what policy could do”), and the debate on policy goals and their legitimization (“what policy ought to do”). Center stage in the evolutionary perspective is new, positive and normative knowledge which is unfolding during the policy making process and in its aftermath. It is argued that this implies regularities and constraints which extend and modify the comparative-static interpretations of public choice theory, economic policy making theory, and social philosophy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These pollutants—particularly persistent organic pollutants, or POPs—can remain for a very long time and enter the food chain, posing a real risk to human and ecological health. Development of toxicology and a growing social concern over hazardous organic chemicals led to further development of environmental monitoring and regulation initially in the developed regions, including the United States, European Union and Japan. The wave then expanded into the developing Asian countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Since 2006, the government has progressively revised the system, requiring local authorities to provide education to migrant children, abolishing public school fees for them and decoupling registered residence from access to education for migrants. In India, the 2009 Right to Education Act legally obliged local authorities to admit migrant children, while national guidelines recommend flexible admission, seasonal hostels, transport support, mobile education volunteers and improved coordination between states and districts. They may be kept in preparatory classes too long, for instance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Regional governments bore the bulk of responsibility for translating the guidance of central government into major changes to the structure of hospital services on the ground. Hospitals are owned by regions and are paid on a DRG basis for providing secondary and tertiary care through employing salaried doctors. In contrast, general practitioners are self-employed professionals who are paid mainly on a fee-for-service basis in combination with a significant fixed monthly payment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The remaining wetlands are threatened by fitst development, particularly the restoration of ricc-paddics on the Russian side (supported by Chinese capital and workforce), which had mostly been abandoned 20 years ago. Fluman-caused fires lead to the degradation of ecosystems and further deforestation of the area, especially in the Russian Federation. The over-harvesting of fish leads to the disappearance of valuable species, and cross-border poaching is a major concern for border guards. There has been local extinction of at least one species of bird (Asian Crested Ibis).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Patients still tend to visit a hospital specialist directly even in cases where cheaper and clinically effective alternatives are available. In 2009, curative and rehabilitative care provided to inpatients and outpatients accounted for around half of current health spending in Hungary, with a slightly higher share of spending on inpatients (Table 4.2). While the share of inpatient care has dropped slightly and that of outpatient care increased since the 1990s, there was no clear systematic approach and trend (Gaal et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Some form of agricultural use, cropland, pastures and permanent crops, covers roughly 60% of the land, while the remaining 35% of land is in forests, other natural environments and water. There is a distinct spatial order with dense metropolises, growing peri-urban zones, and clearly defined villages dotting the predominantly agricultural and natural landscape. While these spatial forms are shaped by their histories, they are also moulded by present practices—the national regulator}' frameworks that guide and structure actions at the regional and local levels, and by economic forces. This introductory chapter describes the institutional frameworks and policies that that shape the spatial planning system and land use practices at the regional and local levels. Complications arise from multiple sources, but one of the largest is the inherent tension within a system of government that involves both, a strong national government that is engaged in virtually all aspects of French society, and a strong tradition of small scale local democracy that has resulted in a plethora of elected local governments, or communes. This leads to situations where national policies impose a series of constraints that can clash with local priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This concluding chapter by Anna Krasteva/Aino Saarinen and Birte Siim sums up the book’s contribution to “critical citizenship studies” in the epoch of transition from globalization to mainstreaming of national populism, conceptualizing civic activism and solidarity movements as challengers to national citizenship, and reinvention of citizenships—contestatory, solidary, everyday, creative, and so on. The challenges are met by the practice of civic actors, pro-migrants, pro-Roma, pro-LGBT, and feminists in nine national case studies. A major contribution of the book is the analysis of the transformation of actors into activists and of vulnerable individuals into self-empowered actors claiming rights, focusing on innovative practices of inclusiveness as politics of solidarity and “acts of friendship”. Civic activism is mapped in the coordinated system of contestatory vs. solidary citizenship and their impact on both politics and policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Labour market regulations are seen by many as detrimental to job creation, growth and innovation. It is argued that employment protection legislation in developing countries tends to reduce the creation of formal sector salaried jobs, encourage the growth of the informal sector, and thus slow investment and growth. Therefore, reform of labour market institutions is needed to increase labour market flexibility to provide incentives for job creation. Pressure to make labour markets more flexible has been reinforced by the transfer of production and jobs to emerging economies, especially in Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Upgrading production, e.g. from harvest of raw agricultural produce to processed foodstuffs (FAO, 2016). Table 2.4 provides examples of energy use patterns according to stages of agricultural value chains. First, manufacturing — the foremost component of industry — represents a small share of GDP: 2.4 per cent in island LDCs, 8.1 per cent in African LDCs and Haiti, and 15.7 per cent in Asian LDCs in 2014, as compared with 20.7 per cent in ODCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
If appropriate and co-ordinated follow-up is provided after discharges, patients are not usually re-admitted to hospital within 30 days. A high rate of unplanned re-admissions is therefore an indicator of the quality of several dimensions of the mental health system. In order to monitor quality of mental health care and mental health system performance, unplanned 30 day hospital re-admission rates are used by organisations in various OECD countries such as the Canadian Institute for Health Information, the Care Quality Commission in the United Kingdom and the National Mental Health Performance Monitoring System in the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
After adjustment for baseline sewerage coverage and other confounding variables (such as education and type of housing), it was found that diarrhoea prevalence fell on average by 22% (from 9.2 days per child-year before the intervention to 7.3 afterwards) and by 42% in areas with high prevalence of diarrhoea prior to the intervention. Most of this reduction was explained by the increased coverage of the sewerage system that has been constructed during the intervention. The intervention had an even bigger impact on other diseases, According Shankland et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Using a generalized ordered probit model, we offer statistical evidence in favor of the political economythesis. This thesis states that government parties in power group-led precarious democracies, in which drug trafficking and clientelism are allies and seek to co-opt government at the local level, systematically undermine the quality of public policy. We choose the potable water sector in the Colombian Pacific because local democracies in this region, besieged by clientelistic structures linked to drug trafficking, have shown a logic of electoral and government behavior consistent with theory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Major reductions in the costs of renewable technologies for electricity generation such as solar PV, geothermal, and wind are expected during the period 2010 to 2025. Also, a subsidy limited in time would give countries a strong incentive to accelerate electrification and reach a level of energy consumption compatible with a high development level by the end date for the subsidy. By then, they could presumably assume the lower costs of national feed-in-tariffs with no or less need for assistance from the international community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)