albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Of these amounts, governments contribute about 0.1% to 0.2% of GDP. Employers are the main flinders of adult learning, typically providing around 0.4% to 0.5% of GDP. Individuals spend around 0.2% to 0.3% of GDP. Countries achieving relatively high participation with lower expenditure tend to target funding for a smaller group of people (the most disadvantaged).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Despite this growing knowledge, information on the links between migration and discriminatory social institutions has been neglected in the economic literature. The causes, processes and impacts of migration on women and men are expected to be different. By defining which decisions and behaviours are acceptable for each gender, as well as restricting women's access to power and resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
An average annual GDP growth rate of 7.6% prior to the global financial crisis placed the country among the world's fastest growing economies. This achievement is largely attributed to the Doi Moi (renovation) economic reform process, initiated in 1986. This launched a series of structural transformations that moved Viet Nam towards a decentralised and market-oriented economy through the encouragement of private sector development and foreign investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In other words, a 10% decrease in income inequality translates into a 20.56% reduction in the poverty headcount index and a drop of 22.50% in the extreme poverty headcount index for Brazil. In short, all the results for both subperiods (the years leading up to the Real Plan, which were marked by spiraling inflation, and the years that followed it, when inflation rates were low and stable) are similar and fit in with the results obtained for the study period as a whole. Nonetheless, the income and inequality elasticities of poverty, both for the poverty and extreme poverty headcount indices, are lower (in absolute values) for the pre-Real Plan period that for the other two periods that have been analysed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
But the ICPD has not yet changed daily realities for the hundreds of millions of people who want to avoid or delay pregnancy but are unable to either because they still have no reliable access to quality contraception, information and services or because they face insurmountable social, economic and logistical obstacles. The post-2015 sustainable development agenda will likely be based on the fundamental principles of human rights, equality and sustainability. In 2012, realizing this right for all seems increasingly within our grasp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A dialogue with country experts could be undertaken with the objective of suggesting some harmonisation in the aggregation and sampling methods, e.g. in terms of share of population covered, possible differentiation across geographical areas based on preidentified characteristics, etc. The method currently used (including in the OECD 2007-08 Survey) asks for a lot of data and relies on uncertain definitions. It might be easier to collect information about subsidies and transfers (from outside the water sector) received by utilities. These considerations could be organised in a checklist for policy makers, which would build on the analysis herein and on best practices in OECD and non-OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The article considers the bodies of constitutional justice as a significant subject of legal relations in the sphere of limited activity of public authority. The principle of separation of powers as universal is taken as a basis of classification. In modern states, the bodies of constitutional justice, exercising their special powers, are subject to limiting legal regulation, like any other public authority. The completeness and quality of functioning of various constitutional justice bodies guarantee the rule of law in the state. In addition to state-oriented tasks, the bodies of constitutional justice are an important link in the human rights system, ensuring the rights and freedoms of the individual. Within the framework of this work, the authors characterize the subjects of limiting legal relations taking a special place in the systems of state power bodies of the developed countries of the modern world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The OECD review team was impressed by the professional commitment of the teachers in the schools it visited, but stakeholders reported that there were not enough resources to ensure teachers receive the necessary support and training. The context is also fast changing in many schools with growing and changing groups of students with immigrant backgrounds. They are therefore ill-prepared to address the needs of an increasingly diverse population. This saw the recruitment of many student teachers with immigrant backgrounds but either without a formal teachers' qualification or with a foreign teachers' qualification, but they are given opportunities (through a scholarship scheme) to obtain the Norwegian formal qualification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Box 1.3 summarises an example of mutual accountability in Mozambique and the possible limitations. Through the PAF, PAP members identify 35 socio-economic targets to be achieved within a set period of time, usually three to four years. The targets are based on national development objectives identified e.g. in the national poverty reduction strategy and Mozambique’s Five-Year Programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
From  the  process  of  globalization  of  law,  the  comparative constitutional law has gained a leading role for a better understanding and solving old and new constitutional national and international challenges. Therefore, some assumptions and considerations to take into account are presented for the development of the national constitutional order within the framework of the comparative constitutional law, such as universality and relativism of human rights, the concept of power and constitutional democracy, standards of free elections and judicial independence, freedom of expression, media pluralism and access to public information, the economic,social and cultural rights, the new fundamental rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The only difference between a tariff surcharge and a tariff was that the rate of the surcharge could be changed by administrative decree, whereas tariff rates could be altered only by an act of the legislature. Under this measure, domestic dairy processors were permitted to import material inputs (such as skimmed milk powder) only after they have absorbed all domestically produced milk. When first introduced the ratio was 1:25, which means that for every 1 litre of domestic production that is absorbed, processors were permitted to import 25 litres of milk (or milk equivalent), indicating that the local content was only 4%. The ratio was gradually strengthened over time and was 1:1.7 for the second half of 1997 just prior to its removal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Two socioeconomic variables are used: the level of education of the household head and the socioeconomic level of the household (on the basis of household equipment). In the case of education, the age of the household head is controlled for to ensure that the segregation pattern observed was not due exclusively to an exogenous age effect.24 Ten countries with available microdata from the 2000 and 2010 census rounds are considered.25 In these countries, a selection was made of cities with over 1 million inhabitants (the exception being Cuenca in Ecuador, which has no more than 500,000 inhabitants) that had different urban situations and could thus be taken as representative of the different metropolitan dynamics in each country. In all the cities,25 higher levels of segregation are found in the group with a high level of education (tertiary education or above).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It has about 20 members, including UNESCO and the National Research Council (CNR), presided over by the President of the Region. To some extent it overlaps with the Town Council's land use planning remit, and it has been accused of causing bureaucratic delays. Its decision-making parameters are dominated by aesthetic rather than technical considerations. It decides strategy, co-ordination and control of the implementation of all measures to safeguard Venice and the Lagoon, especially how to divide the budget.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In this essay, I address the multiple experiences of the public (such as public policy, public health, public opinion or the publics), many of which we experience in a fragmented manner, as if these experiences of the public had no relation to each other. However, my premise is that what initially appears as a non-cohering adjective -the public in, for instance, public policy- might be understood in a comprehensive and innovative way when we unearth its shared semantics articulated by the substantive -the public. Furthermore, such nucleation of meanings around the noun allows us to conceive critical and innovative forms of response to a society historically polarized by social inequalities and violence, with elevated processes of bureaucratization and high levels of corruption and inefficiency, which is intimately connected to the global economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The substantial gap in living conditions prevailing in the world could thus, in part, be attributed to differences in resource endowments and wealth creation capabilities. Climatic conditions, access to social services, hunger and malnutrition are all factors that tangibly demonstrate the geographic dimensions of development. The wealth produced must be distributed equitably as remuneration of labour used in the production process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For example, several programmes acknowledge the fact that older people, mainly grandmothers and extended family members, are the primary caregivers of orphans’57 or other vulnerable children (e.g., the Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) programme in Kenya and the Child Support Grant in South Africa). See, e.g.. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Arts. In Namibia,South Africa and Zimbabwe,60 per cent of AIDS orphans live with their grandparents (UNDESA 2008, p. 24). Nonetheless, other types of cash transfer program mes - such as non-contributory pensions (e.g., in Chile, Nepal and South Africa) and social transfers for working age adults (e.g., disability grants)-might provide support to such families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The UAE’s Office for the Co-ordination of Foreign Aid, which was established in 2008, started reporting activity-level data to the CRS database in 2009. It is the first and only country outside the DAC’s membership to have done so (Tirpak et al, 2010). At present, only DAC Members - 23 countries and the EUI — use the climate change mitigation marker (see footnote 46 for a full list). However, once a country reports data al the activity level in the format required by the CRS, using the Rio markers is a relatively straightforward next step.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Consumer price inflation eased in 2012, mainly due to the decline in global food and fuel prices. Budget balances deteriorated in most of the economies due to increased public spending. On the external side, current account surpluses of the economies that are net energy exporters contracted, and the current account deficit of the net energy importers widened. Owing to slower economic growth in Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, the remittances of overseas workers from these countries to net energy-importing countries in the subregion started slowing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
First, the Guide recommends the replacement wage over the opportunity cost. Internationally, the latter approach is discounted as it can lead to counterintuitive results, for instance, that an hour spent looking after a child is more valuable when carried out by a lawyer compared to a secretary. Arguably, the skills required for these occupations have little bearing in the care of children, or other forms of household work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
They argue that non-vocational learning can often produce learning outcomes which are beneficial in the workplace and conversely vocational training can often satisfy broader individual needs for personal fulfilment. For instance, lifelong learning provides a vital opportunity for adults to 'catch-up' on elements of their initial education and training that they have missed. It can also prepare adults for a new life stage, for example: new employment, preparation for retirement or accepting new family or civic responsibilities2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Open government is definitely not a new concept. For almost a decade, countries around the world have been implementing open government initiatives as a way to increase transparency, improved accountability, fight corruption, or foster economic development. However, there is still no consensus about the constitutive dimensions of open government and how they are perceived by public managers in different contexts. Based on a systematic literature review and a survey administered to Spanish local governments, this paper discusses the concept of Open Government (OG) and its dimensions. According to our results, public managers working on OG initiatives perceive OG through three different lenses: a) democratic values of co-responsibility, b) technological innovation, and c) availability and access to information. This new categorization of OG perspectives provides a valuable contribution to the scientific debate about what OG is and how this new public management strategy is perceived by local government managers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To monitor the impact, indicators, such as the number of green jobs, the contribution of green businesses to GDP, GHG emission by strategic sectors and spending on green technology research and development, will be used. The finance ministry has identified economic instruments, such as environmental tax and green budgeting, while the central bank has included environmental performance in bank credit policy. These are part of the Government’s strategy to move away from the current high rate of per capita energy consumption and reduce energy intensity by 45% by 2035.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This isolates renewable energy producers from the additional costs they generate in the balancing market. Another option is to make renewable energy producers under the FITs regulatory framework take some of the balancing costs by exposing them to balancing signals. In Spain, for example, all electricity generators with an output capacity of more than 10 MW must guarantee their daily schedule 30 hours in advance, imbalances are imputed to all electricity generators regardless of their technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Climate change, invasive alien species and threats caused by economic sector activities are specifically highlighted. With regard to the latter, CMS NFPs are encouraged to promote sector integration in the NBSAPs and to get fully involved in the dialogues with the different sector authorities to provide relevant information and ensure that migratory species threats caused by sectoral activities will be properly addressed. It is hosted by the Secretariat of the CBD, UNDP and UNEP. The purpose of the NBSAP Forum web portal is to support countries in finding the information they need to develop and implement effective NBSAP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
If general taxation does not play a more important role, social insurance contributions will have to be increased, with the attendant large distortionary effects and lower “official” employment rates. The Indonesian health care system is still underdeveloped. As a per cent of GDP public health spending, at 1%, is among the lowest in the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Reinold and Heupel’s introductory chapter articulates the volume’s overarching research question, surveys relevant International Relations and International Law scholarship, proposes a conceptual framework for answering the volume’s question, and presents the structure of the book. The guiding question is whether the coexistence of (partially) overlapping and sometimes competing layers of authority, which characterizes today’s global order, undermines or rather strengthens efforts to promote the rule of law on a global scale. Summarizing the volume’s findings, Reinold and Heupel argue that whether multi-level governance and global legal pluralism have beneficial or detrimental effects on the international rule of law depend on specific scope conditions. Among these are the mobilization of powerful states and courts, and the fit between soft law and hard arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Subsequently, incomes from rural non-farm jobs and remittances from migrants have become important. Not only has poverty fallen, but the reductions have been similar across the provinces. The figure below shows how, from the late 1980s onwards, land and labour have started to leave farming, while productivity growth of these two factors has accelerated. Thailand’s agriculture: Transition and sustained growth (cont.) Agricultural land and economically active population in agriculture, left scale, value of production per hectare and per worker, right scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The problem is rather the existence of a large number of people in emerging countries that depend on farming for a living but whose farms do not generate enough income to attain a minimally acceptable level of income. This paper aims to identify the main obstacles that constrain smallholders in emerging countries from accessing commercial structures and, ultimately, improving their standard of living. The study begins with contextual information about dualism, and then goes on to focus more specifically on the challenges and constraints facing smallholders, including through five country case studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A growing body of interdisciplinary scholarship addresses the issue of global constitutionalism. Scholarly contributions analyze the allocation of power within rule-systems of international law, how it affects subsequent international practice and its connection with political institutions. This article questions the validity of the use of constitutional concepts as a means for interpreting international law. An argument is made that current contributions on international constitutionalism are grounded on unstated assumptions. It is maintained that in order to restore coherence and unity within the international legal system, interpretations of international law should be carried out through interpretive means that are specifically conceived for international law. This article shows that although constitutionalism may be featured as an autonomous concept of international law, it is not able to restore coherence and unity within the international legal system. Therefore, it cannot be regarded as a remedy to the phenomenon of fragmentation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In general, the literature suggests that a significant reduction in poverty rates is a consequence of economic growth combined with policies to reduce income inequality. The joint result of these two effects is that poverty reduction feeds through directly into improvements in the average income of the poorest. According to this author, the reduction that occurred in the early years of the decade was a consequence of several factors that had differing regional impacts, including distributive changes in labour yield and the expansion of welfare benefits. The proportion of poor people (P0) fell from 38.70% in 1995 to 23.50% in 2009, a figure that, while still high, represents a reduction of 15.20 percentage points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
New public management denotes a renewed stress on the importance of management in public services that was observed in several OECD countries from the 1980s. The term is distinguished from the US ‘New Public Administration’ movement of the late 1960s, some of the different and conflicting elements it comprised are discussed, and some earlier ideas on the same lines are identified. Some of the different themes in New Public Management scholarship are discussed (advocacy and criticism, morphology and analysis, evaluation, and case history). It is suggested that the term has outlived its usefulness, since it is too crude to denote different varieties of contemporary public-service managerialism, but it continues to be heavily used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
L’ instauration de droits de scolarite universels, parallelement a des prets remboursables en fonction des ressources, pourrait apporter une solution & ces problemes. Ce Document de travail se rapporte a VEtude economique de l'OCDE de la Slovenie 2011 (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/Slovenie). The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. However, the system faces important challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
African Union Commission, July 2013. The country’s National Implementation Strategy for MEAs responds to the country’s obligations and development challenges, and proposes a strategy to increase the effectiveness of implementation of the MEAs through organisational structure and functions, particularly to improve coordination, improved preparation for COPs and reporting after meetings, increasing capacity for implementation, and exploring funding opportunities for implementation and increasing participation in the COPs. The Strategy sets out that as part of the organisational structure, the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) will convene the function of a MEA Coordinating Committee, reporting to the environmental affairs council. The role of the committee includes information sharing on activities to be implemented, formulation of projects addressing multiple MEA objectives / synergies (e.g. GEF), Review reports to the COPs to ensure synergy between related MEAs and act as a clearing house for all MEAs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The assumptions on exchange rates during the next decade are characterised by a stronger US Dollar compared to other currencies in line with the recovery of the US economy. Nominal exchange rates adjust in line with inflation rates. However, currencies of some, especially resource rich, countries will appreciate relative to the US Dollar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Feminist criminologists are well acquainted with how their research on sexual harms and gendered forms of victimisation may serve as powerful levers for punitive agendas. In recent years, culturalist interpretations of sexual violence have become key themes in debates on migration and integration in liberal welfare democracies, such as Denmark, Norway and Sweden. In this, complex issues of gender, ethnicity and power are involved, and the balancing of these, both analytically and ethically, poses a challenge to feminists in their attempts to contribute to social change. This chapter will, based on examples from debates in Sweden, present and discuss how argumentation about sexual freedom and integrity is enlisted in attempts to reinforce borders and ideas about dangerous Others, and outline how a fruitful meeting between criminology and feminism can advance the scholarship on sexual violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Population growth rates are stabilizing or declining in all except Burkina Faso, Guatemala and the United Republic of Tanzania, where growth rates are still high. Its population growth is 1.5 percent per year. Forests cover 50.6 percent of the land area and largely comprise equatorial rainforest, concentrated in the Amazon basin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)