albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For example, pressure to participate in early marriage or forced marriage is often endorsed by female heads of households, who are often single mothers, as a way to uphold traditional values. This practice can be an important factor in restricting women’s chances for completing a high level of education and developing professional skills in the labour market. Over the last few decades, the MENA region has witnessed a series of demographic and cultural changes that have levelled a substantive impact on the progress of women in the region. A mixture of high fertility rates with a decreasing mortality rate have resulted in an increase in the population aged 15-64.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Third, the management of educational programmes has shortcomings. There is a strong sense among budget officials both in the Ministry of Education and in the Ministry of Finance (DIPRES) that there exist instances of multiple programmes serving similar goals and that efficiencies could be gained by either consolidating them or through better co-ordination. Fourth, regional and provincial services of the Ministry (Education Regional Secretariats, Secretari'as Regionales Ministeriales, SEREMI, Education Provincial Departments, Departamentos Provinciates de Educacion, DEPROV) appear to be large and more focused on ensuring compliance with the instructions and priorities of the Ministry than in helping schools and school providers in managing their schools. The Chilean government set as an explicit aim to have an “equality of opportunity floor” so that all students have access to quality schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is occurring in the UK, South Africa, Pakistan and some South Pacific island countries. Parental responses to surveys underline the importance of transport. A survey in Bangladesh found that parents of disabled children saw the absence of a specialised transport system from home to school in rural areas and the lack of subsidised support for rickshaw transport as major constraints (Ackerman et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
An opinion-based questionnaire handed out to workshop participants, which is aimed at comparing perspectives on resource management issues from different sectors and countries, informs this process. This leads to the uncovering of nexus storylines (more or less clear and detailed, depending on the case) that explain and connect different interlinkages. Potential solutions to priority issues emerge naturally from the nexus dialogue process. The aim of the analysis is to reveal possible solutions to increase synergies in the management of water and other resources through a number of technical solutions and policy interventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Over the last 20 years, alcohol consumption has increased by two litres per capita per year (compared to an average reduction of four litres across the OECD) and over the last decade, rates of obesity have increased by 50%, one of the steepest increases in the OECD. Of particular concern are high rates of unhealthy lifestyles in Czech children. Children who establish smoking habits in early adolescence increase their risk of cardiovascular diseases, respiratory illnesses and cancer. They are also more likely to experiment with alcohol and other drugs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The RAND Future Elderly Model [9] came the closest, by testing the potential future impact of the introduction of new technologies on both population health status and direct health care expenditures. The first is known as the “dynamic equilibrium” or “healthy ageing” hypothesis. It assumes that the morbidity period prior to death remains unchanged as life expectancy increases, so that each year gained in life expectancy corresponds to an equal increase in years of healthy life. The second is a pessimistic view called “expansion of morbidity” where by increases in life expectancy yield a longer-time spent with ill-health and reduced “quality” of life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper considers recent domestic case law demonstrating developments of particular importance in pursuing environmental claims before the courts in England and Wales. It reflects on the evolution of mainstream human rights law, specifically the European Convention on Human Rights and the Human Rights Act in engaging with environmental claims before the courts. Further discussion focuses on the development of specifically environmental rights based regimes, in particular, the Aarhus Convention and the EU provisions that partially implement it and their application in domestic law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Micro Prespa is shared by Albania and Greece, while Macro Prespa is shared by Albania, Greece and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Lakes Prespa and Ohrid are part of the same hydrogeological basin, and the Prcspa and Ohrid Lakes Aquifer (No. Status Paper - Managen lent of .he extended Tran: tbouiKlary Drill Basin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Design a comprehensive policy intervention to boost the demand for high skilled workers so as to fully exploit the existing skill supply and to generate incentives to increase it further. In particular, special attention should be paid to engage firms more systematically in the process, reach out to NEETs more proactively, align the quality of offers across regions, and allocate more (financial and human) resources to ensure an adequate service delivery. Italy is the only G7 country with a higher share of tertiary educated workers in routine occupations (tasks that can be accomplished following a set of specific and well-defined rules) than in non-routine ones (tasks that entail performing more complicated activities, such as creative problem solving and decision making).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Disparities between women and men in SA, however, remain high: for every 100 girls enrolled in secondary education there are 158 enrolled boys. Interestingly, gender gaps in labour force participation persist in every region, but to different extents: male labour force participation is 1.23 times higher than the female counterpart in EAP, compared to 3.61 in MENA. This persistence in gender gaps attests to the global nature of gender inequality irrespective of levels of income or development: eliminating discrimination requires national commitments and priorities, and cannot just result from GDP and economic growth. These values only include the 94 countries in our sample that are ranked in the 2014 edition of the SIGI and belong to the 2014 Gallup Word Poll sample.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The concept of a “right to the truth” gives the families of victims of serious human rights violations an independent enforceable right to learn the truth about what happened to their relatives. The right is rooted in those provisions of international human rights conventions that prohibit inhuman treatment and guarantee effective access to justice. This article traces the evolution of this concept, considers whether it has a correlation in international criminal law and considers some of the synergies that are created as the concept of the right to know continues to evolve as a principle of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The report also shows that newborns whose parents have little or no education are more likely to be readmitted to hospital following discharge than the babies of parents with more education. In the 2009 report Doing Better for Children the OECD stated that “Countries should invest more resources during the period from conception until entry into compulsory schooling when outcomes are more malleable and foundations for future success are laid. If interventions are well designed, concentrating on early childhood can enhance both social efficiency and social equity” (OECD, 2009, p. 179).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For admission to higher education, the successful completion of upper secondary education is a minimum requirement in most OECD countries. In most systems, the actual grades obtained only have an importance for the selection into specific programmes. The level of standards determines the passing threshold which decides on students’ progression to higher education. Higher standards in assessment for qualification and certification can form an obstacle for low-performing students and can contribute to reducing overall higher education admission rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The buildings were increasingly designed to meet the preference for electricity-driven appliances. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita has remained fairly constant in these years, with a population growth rate also just below 1 per cent per annum. Also in 2011, Jamaica’s Human Development Index (HDI) was 0.727, marginally below the average for Latin America and the Caribbean of 0.731, and placing it 79th among 187 countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
While the difficulties of such an integrated approach are significant, especially in view of capital constraints and often weak institutional capabilities, the benefits of a sustainable energy transition are substantial (Johansson et al., Alongside this historical emphasis is an analysis of how technological change is represented in future scenarios. Both sources of evidence are used to draw implications for the ongoing development and diffusion of clean energy technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Follow this and additional works at: http://arrow.dit.ie/beschrebk Part of the Economic Policy Commons, Political Economy Commons, Political Theory Commons, Public Administration Commons, Public Affairs Commons, Public Economics Commons, Public Policy Commons, Real Estate Commons, Regional Economics Commons, Social Policy Commons, Urban, Community and Regional Planning Commons, Urban Studies Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
With an estimated production of 140 Mt of milk in 2013, India is the largest producer of milk in the world.14 Milk yields remain low by western standards, and the size of the cow herd is large, consisting in 2011 of some 45 million dairy cows, 38 million buffalo cows, 32 million goats, for a total of 115 million head. This number is projected to increase to 143 million by 2023. Milk production is projected to grow to 202 Mt by 2023, growing at a rate of 3.7% p.a. However, even at this pace of growth, India’s average consumption of milk and milk products will still be below those of Western Europe and Pakistan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Negotiations on the Japan-Indonesia Economic Partnership Agreement (JIEPA) began in July 2005, was signed on 20 August 2007, and took effect on 1 July 2008. In the first phase of the agreement, Japan has provided Indonesia with duty-free access for 80% of its tariffs, including textiles and textile products, agricultural products such as tropical fruits (pineapple and bananas), shrimp and wood products. In return Indonesia has removed 35% of its tariffs, including steel, cars, automotive components and electronic goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the second phase, which will commence in late 2012 to coincide with the introduction of the ‘Green Deal’, households will become eligible for long-term tariff support. Currently awaiting Report Stage in Parliament, this bill includes provisions for a ‘Green Deal’ on energy efficiency, greater security of energy supplies and more low-carbon electricity. More detailed secondary legislation for the ‘Green Deal' will be prepared during 2011 with a formal consultation process recently completed. Secondary legislation will be laid before parliament in early 2012 with the first ‘Green Deal’ expected to be available in late 2012. This policy will be accompanied by funding for training for up to 1,000 'Green Deal' apprenticeships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In general, spending on public goods, such as infrastructure and agricultural research, can facilitate both developments, whereas direct subsidies to farm activities - notwithstanding potential benefits that are discussed later - run the risk of impeding adjustment. They have done this both explicitly, for example via export taxes and regulated food prices, and implicitly, by investing relatively less in rural areas. Since the mid-1980s, there has been a reduction in this tendency, but it still prevails (Anderson et al., As incomes rise and as agriculture’s share of employment decreases, countries find they can afford more easily to provide support to their agricultural sectors and the opposite tendency is observed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The second is the OECD’s Gini coefficient—OECD Gini—where measures before tax are used to ensure comparability with the WIOD measures. Also used is the Estimated Household Income Inequality (EHII) measure from the University of Texas Inequality Project (UTEP) - EHII Gini—which was discussed earlier (see Galbraith and Kum, 2004). Since it identifies how much more top earners are earning relative to bottom earners it is an intuitive and readily interpretable measure. The higher the ratio, the larger the inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
If the board comprises eight directors or fewer, the difference between the number of directors of each gender should not be greater than two. Listed firms are required to reach a preliminary objective of 20% minimum male and female participation. The programme includes coaching initiatives and establishes a public database of male and female candidates for directorships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
After the first frequency drop, units serving areas from 1 to 5 will increase their output under signal from TSO, provided that the grid connections have enough transport capacity to bear additional load. For instance, the construction of a new large nuclear plant may require increasing spinning reserves, which would not be needed if several smaller units are built instead. Thus, spinning reserves are potentially a differentiating factor between large reactors and SMRs and could favour the choice of smaller reactors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Identifying if adaptation is “adequate” would therefore conflate climate and non-climate factors. For example, if a country’s INDC is to develop a strategy that integrates adaptation into broader sectoral plans, a measure of effectiveness could be whether an integrated plan is established (however, adaptive capacity and resilience will only be affected if the plan is implemented). Further, adaptation actions are often integrated into broader plans, and it is difficult to assess the “effectiveness” of a multi-pronged action. Moreover, many countries have yet to develop an M&E system for adaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The aim of this work is to add reflections regarding public health issues, as an ethical framework within the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, to social perspective of bioethics. It is a theoretical study methodologically organized in three sections: (1) Georgetown principles in the analysis of social dilemmas, (2) epistemological notion for social dimension of bioethics - principles of respect for human vulnerability, equity and social fairness, social responsibility and health, solidarity and cooperation, and (3) moral perspective facing unfavorable social contexts. The Declaration’s text may show as potentiality the formulation of a duty of moral action in face of contextual situations that weaken some society groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This will involve setting clear objectives concerning training, innovation and infrastructure investment, and coordination among the different stakeholders around a concrete plan endowed with adequate financial means. This vision must go beyond an urban development plan to include economic and social aspects. It is important, then, to come to an understanding. To this end, discussion forums are needed, but it must be recognised that there are not in large supply. Paris Metropole, a study group (syndicat d ’etudes) that embraces 188 municipalities as well as the departements and the Regional Council, is an interesting example in this regard.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Description of target variables: Cross-sectional and longitudinal. Measuring material deprivation in the EU: Indicators for the whole population and child-specific indicators', Eurostat Methodological and Working Papers, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Characterising the income poor and the materially deprived in European Countries', In A.B. Atkinson, and E. Marlier (Eds.),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The OECD tertiary education review suggested that an evaluation is needed in this area. About one-quarter of the 20% went to Colciencias (Arbalaez and Torrado, 2011). The obligation to transfer resources to Colciencias ceased in 2012. Its basis is a levy/grant system for vocational education and training, yet it also has substantial innovation support functions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Also required is a LURC, meaning that documentary evidence of property must be provided, which is often difficult as the majority of land transactions occur informally. Granting processes for BOLUCs and LURCs are also lengthy and involve costs for the cadastral survey, mapping and registration in the form of taxes, levies and fees that most people cannot afford and avoid by deferring regularisation (Wilson, 2016). The complexity of land registration procedures can be illustrated by the multiplicity of agencies involved: the Land Use Right Registration Office, the tax office, the state treasury and the notary’s office.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The shift to a post-neoliberal 'social investment’ paradigm has produced a degree of convergence on the marketization of care regimes across high-income States, including Australia, notwithstanding their diverse historical and institutional legacies (Mahon et al. State policies for cash benefits, privatization and commodification of care now stimulate a market for childcare services, including those provided by migrant care workers. However, the normative assumption is that citizens, rather than migrants, are the subjects of these care regimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
According to UNICEF, in a typical developing country, each 1% increase in female secondary schooling results in a 0.3% increase in economic growth (Bartram, 2008). Besides, there is a significant negative effect of soil-transmitted helminths (i.e. worms) on education, by affecting learning and cognitive development among children (Bhargava et al., The spread of such worms can be stopped through avoiding contact with human excreta. Many workplaces also lack adequate sanitation facilities, affecting time use, productivity, and employment decisions, especially of women. A myriad of workdays are lost to diarrhoeal diseases - days lost or where productivity is reduced when the worker is ill as well as when she or he is caring for a sick child.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article examines the adoption of ILO Convention 189 on domestic workers adopted in 2011, focusing on the way in which this new framework can affect the lives of migrant women who are domestic workers. The article first overviews  domestic work, particularly the situation of female Latin American domestic workers. Thereafter follows an examination of the international law prior to Convention 189 –both in the field of international labor law and in the field of international human rights law– that allowed for the protection of these workers but that did not take into account the specifics of domestic work. Finally, the article examines some of  Convention 189’s norms that allow for the targeted protection of this vulnerable group. The article concludes that this Convention moves forward in the protection of the rights of migrant women domestic workers and thus demonstrates the need for States to ratify this new international treaty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Overall, New Zealand producers operate in a market environment guided by world market signals. This policy choice follows from the broad economic strategy which sets limits on government interventions in the agricultural system. Farmers are eligible for various types of assistance, ranging from initial emergency response and psychological help to more general types of aid as provided by the New Zealand welfare system (Table 11).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the tri-state region, key institutional players, whether in the universities or the private sector, should seek to identify and maximise the role of innovation brokers to enhance innovation capacity in priority business clusters region-wide. There are significant variations in the nature of technologies or innovations, product lifecycles, skills gaps and other factors that are cluster specific. Successful examples from other OECD countries, such as the 0resund region (Box 3.4) which builds around a range of innovation platforms, can serve as example.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
About 7% of forests are defined as natural or close to natural old-growth forests (Finnish Statistical Yearbook of Forestry 2014). Swedish forests are primarily boreal forests, although nemoral forests are found in South Sweden (Forests and Forestry in Sweden 2017). In general, the forest landscape in Sweden is dominated by commercially managed even aged forests, and old growth or untouched forests are rare (Forests and Forestry in Sweden 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For Type III cities (young cities, ageing slowly), where the demographic change will have an impact further in the future, indicators will be narrower in scope and their implementation may increase as demographic change progresses. The WHO (2009) defines an age-friendly city as “an inclusive and accessible community environment that optimises opportunities for health, participation and security, to ensure quality of life and dignity as people age”. To understand how age-friendly a city is and to compare it internationally, indicators can help explore the effect of the relevant policies after they are implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Big data modellers must therefore be especially careful when building links between the variables for their models, understanding the importance of interpretation and taking responsibility for outcomes. As the data scientist and mathematician Cathy O'Neil writes, ‘Big Data processes codify the past. They do not invent the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Secondly, immigration to South Africa and its impact have resulted from the combined effects of the proactive “white” immigration policy of successive nationalist governments with competition between its Afrikaner and British components. Finally the apartheid legislation itself, specifically on residential segregation, influx control and preferential job criteria, has impacted immigration and South Africa’s reaction as well. These different constraints, imperatives and political choices contributed to mainly coercive migration management practices and stereotyped images of foreigners that have shaped approaches to reforming migration policy well into the 21st century.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
There remains much to be done to ensure optimal coherence among the plans. The pressures around the annual budget and its associated medium-term macroeconomic plan have tended to override the requirements of the other plans. For several decades, Jamaica’s governments have focused on stimulating economic growth, and hoped that some of the benefits would accrue to the poor. Yet the economy has only been able to achieve an average growth rate of less than 1 per cent per annum for the past 40 years, and the decline in poverty during the 1990s and early 2000s is generally attributed to the decline in the rate of inflation and the growth of remittances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)