albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In Mexico, around 3.5 million households with children between 1 and 4 years old (i.e., more than 50% of all households with children in this age range) do not have access to public childcare centres and cannot afford private care. Mothers either do not work while their children are young or they work leaving their children in the care of relatives, neighbours or friends, or in some cases they end up taking children to work. In January 2007, the Mexican government launched a national child day-care programme - Programa de Estancias Infantiles para Madres Trabajadoras (PEIMT) -which aims to provide parents in paid work and/or study with access to child day-care services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This led to severe macroeconomic imbalances, including large fiscal deficits and strong pressure on the balance of payments. However, the increase in fiscal deficits was reversed by measures to enhance revenue and reduce expenditure (including on wages and salaries), cutting the deficit from around 10 per cent of GDP between 1990 and 1993 to less than 5 per cent from the late 1990s until 2004. This allowed Maldives’ strong growth performance of the 1980s to be maintained during the 1990s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
They specify the name of applicants to the programme by federal state, the amount of resources requested, the area covered by each intervention, as well as the list of successful applicants, the amount of funds and area approved for each project. There is, however, limited assessment regarding the overall environmental effectiveness of the scheme. Moreover, since the environmental impacts from land-use change are estimated based on a score that is translated into financial terms during the determination of the compensation fees by SEMARNAT, it is not possible to compare specific environmental impacts directly with the outcomes obtained through the compensation activities of the CUSTF programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
New Zealand has reported that although it still sees a large amount of pseudoephedrine, it appears that ephedrine is now the precursor preferred by traffickers. Ephedrine continues to be the main precursor seized at the border. Seizures of those substances were on the decline for a couple of years, but the amounts seized in 2013 were significantly higher, attributable to interceptions of ContacNT and ephedrine by the Organised and Financial Crime Agency of New Zealand and customs officers during Operation Ghost in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The court ruled that: the investments made by the squatters in the Nariva Swamp were destroying a protected area, that they were not property improvements and therefore could not give rise to an equitable interest in the land. The Main Ridge Forest Reserve in Tobago has the distinction of being the oldest forest reserve in the western hemisphere, having been declared in 1764. The reserve was established expressly for watershed management purposes (Toppin-Allahar, 2001). However, the forestry legislation, as noted by Toppin-Allahar (2001), is directed at the regulation of production forestry on publicly owned lands and weak on the issue of deforestation on private lands and watershed management, including the control of forest fires.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Multiple mechanisms are in place at all levels to monitor progress towards the national objectives and ensure compliance with the system of norms. In general, the Ministry reports to the Executive Office of the President and is monitored by the Ministry of the Economy and Budget Planning (which, as of August 2014, became the Ministry of the National Economy) on its performance, and the Ministry of Finance on the execution of the budget. The exact expenditure responsibilities of oblasts and rayons were only clarified in the Budget Code in 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It has adopted many innovations in station design and construction to ensure environmental and social sustainability. In 2011, its operation created a reduction of 630,000 metric tons of GHG of C02 equivalent and kept 390,000 vehicles off the urban streets of Delhi. In addition, jabodetabek Airport (JA Connexion) provides bus services from Soekarno-Hatta International Airport to several hotels and malls in Jakarta.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Mexican government corruption prevents effective law enforcement against drug traffickers and the violence associated with drug trafficking. This article reviews the nature and scope of government corruption, including a first-hand account by a Mexican state police commander, then suggests how and why an international treaty establishing United Nation (UN) inspectors who are empowered to investigate corruption at all levels of government could be effective in deterring corruption and restoring the rule of law in the U.S.–Mexico border region. The article suggests that the Rome Statute provides a model for establishing this type of treaty and a precedent for all of the powers envisioned for UN inspectors, and suggests that government leaders may be compelled by their own citizens to sign and ratify such a treaty if it is posed as a public litmus test of their leaders’ willingness to fight corruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Both are key ingredients for economic growth and human welfare. Many forms of energy production require ample and reliable water supply, a resource that is already in short supply in many parts of the world. Water is used at various stages of the power generation cycle, including fuel extraction and processing (mining and refining, liquefaction and gasification of oil, gas, coal, uranium and in the production of biomass/biofuels through agriculture) and generation (coal, gas, oil, nuclear and biomass plants).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The creation of co-operatives and producers’ organisations should rely on a bottom-up approach and be actively supported by extension workers through appropriate trainings. These groups can play a major role in linking farmers to markets, providing them with necessary inputs and increasing their bargaining power. Greater public funding needs to be provided to R&D. The intensity of research in Myanmar is low compared to other neighbouring countries. Partnerships and consortia between national and international research, extension and farmers would enhance access to best practices and the utilisation of mature technologies and increase uptake by farmers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Ireland is on track to achieve the EU and domestic targets on renewable electricity by 2010. Some environmentally related taxes were introduced or revised in the 2009 fiscal package designed to respond to the economic crisis. The vehicle registration tax and annual motor tax were restructured on the basis of C02 emission levels. The growth of energy consumption in the transport, residential and tertiary sectors has resulted in C02 emissions per capita well above the OECD Europe average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Without this approval the Ministry does not include the school in the network. A basic school with Years 1-4 can be established if the expected number of students is at least 30, and a basic school with Years 1-9 if the number of students is not lower than 150. In special cases (for example, if the closest basic school is difficult to reach) a lower number of children can be accepted. When the Ministry evaluates the applications it takes into account local and regional needs, the language of instruction, the number of students and the financial and technical conditions of schools. The Ministry can also take the decision to close schools through a similar process but a proposal to close a school can also be made by regional state authorities and the Inspectorate. There are a number of inherited inefficiencies which have been reinforced by the public administration and public funding reforms, creating too many and too small founder units and leading to a fragmentation of the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The inspectorates report 10-15 serious cases a year while small-scale illegal cutting by local people for personal needs (predominantly firewood) is common (an interview revealed a price of KM 30-40 per m3 for illegally cut firewood in a rural area). Information on damage (in monetary form in KM) from illegal logging and on cases brought to court is incorporated into general reporting on violations (presented in reports on the state of the forests in both entities). Forestry bodies are aware of the processes and developments at the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE), and of the Forest Law Enforcement and Governance (FLEG) process, and to a limited extent participate in their activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For island countries like Vanuatu and the Philippines, the risks are much higher from storms and cyclonic winds. For some countries, those worst affected are poor households — as in Myanmar, Pakistan and Fiji, where they experience around 40 per cent of the income loss. For others, the brunt of expected disaster losses, around 70 per cent, is felt in commercial and industrial sectors - as in Bangladesh, China, Nepal and Thailand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Accessing international capital markets can also be difficult for many developing countries. These challenges can be further exacerbated for clean energy infrastructure projects, as lenders may be reluctant to lend due to an insufficient knowledge of local markets and a higher technology risk. Ensuring access to affordable finance will require developing country governments, in particular, to combine a short-term strategy of facilitating access to international financing and a longer-term approach. The latter would need to address the full range of risks and limitations that increase the cost of financing for clean energy, including: the shallowness of the domestic financial market, key informational, social or behavioural risks related to clean energy financing, and the limited number of financial products that are available and suited to the sector’s financing needs. In some countries, like Brazil or China, bank lending has played a predominant role, with state-owned and/or national development banks being the main sources of long-term financing. In China for example, banks hold around 80% of the total loan portfolio for infrastructure (Walsh et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The definition and creation of contract law is entrenched in a common understanding of the strong role of the modern state in the administration of justice. This article argues that this understanding is currently subject to a fundamental transformation as a result of the increasing demand for legal certainty in cross-border transactions. Traditional concepts of private international law, mainly the law of conflicts and multilateral treaty harmonization, have proven unable to keep pace with globalization, allowing private actors to step in and gain a dominant position in providing legal services to international commerce. The resulting privatization of lawmaking leads to concerns regarding the legitimacy of transnational contract law. This paper suggests using the concepts of "rough consensus" and "running code" to reconceptualize the ideas of democratic lawmaking under the rule of law in order to adapt them to the reality of transnational lawmaking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Torture is prohibited by customary international law. Yet the practice widely persists. Beneath the rhetoric of human rights talk the utilitarian justification of torture commands a good deal of support among police and security agencies and is detectable between the lines of the discourse of denial. Can torture be justified on utilitarian grounds? Close examination of Bentham's defence of torture, and the reasoning of the Landau Report in support of `moderate physical pressure' in Israel, suggests that it cannot. The practice of torture will arguably best be countered by confronting the subterranean utilitarian justifications of torture on their own terms: in the long term it does not work but, rather, undermines the legitimacy of the state itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Forcibly displaced persons comprise refugees, asylum seekers, persons in refugee-like situations and internally displaced persons. The Convention relating to the Status of Refugees defines a refugee as someone with a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons related to race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, who resides outside their country of nationality and who is unable to return to it. In Africa, persons fleeing armed conflict and violence are also considered refugees (see box 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In particular, conflicts can emerge when communities in upstream locations want to change land use practices in a manner that affects water quality or quantity for downstream users (e.g., by converting forests into agricultural areas). One approach for resolving such conflicts is through the use of the Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) model, where the user of an environmental service, such as water purification, pays the landowners who provide that service by maintaining the forest cover in the upper watershed. The basic logic is simple: those providing ecosystem services by foregoing alternative uses of the land should be compensated by the beneficiaries of the service. For PES to function, there must be a clearly defined user and supplier, as well as a number of other necessary conditions, such as land tenure security, systems for monitoring, enforcement and compliance, and an enabling legal framework. Remote sensing tools offer an effective way to equalize access to a common information base without needing to rely on direct information-sharing between the parties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For years, Roma children have been put into special, segregated classes or schools where they have been taught a limited, low-level curriculum. The experience has left these students unqualified for all but the most basic jobs and has trapped generations of people of Roma ethnicity in a cycle of poverty and hopelessness.Since 2007 the European Court of Human Rights has examined six cases which addressed the compatibility of segregated education of Roma children with the rights enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights. This working paper illustrates the approach the Court has adopted in this recent case-law and its possible repercussions for future litigation and development both for Roma children but also for those who have experienced discrimination in education and in other areas protected by the European Convention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By law, every ten villages (called a cell) have a mediation committee made up of ten members, at least 30 per cent of whom are women. They tend to be respected members ofthe community, so their decisions have weight. The abunzi are therefore much more accessible to the community than a traditional court (see also case study 6 on Rwanda).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A trade-off arises from the perspective of constructing green growth indicators. The choice fell on indicators of green innovation such as patenting activity in environmental technologies but their specific nature has to be kept in mind when discussing the role of innovation in green growth. The data covers a selection of relevant technology fields and all countries over the last 30-35 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The temperature increase on the Earth's surface has been 0.8 ± 0.2°C since 1870. It differs markedly between the two hemispheres, being more accentuated in the North and in the higher latitudes. Variability among continents is also observed. There has been a constant upward trend since 1870. According to NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS),1 the globally averaged combined land and ocean surface temperature data as calculated by a linear trend show a warming of 0.99 °C from 1880 to 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, based on the criteria used, the analysis can be considered to both under and over-estimate the available amount of resources. The quantitative data here presented is indicative (or best effort), due to the lack of precise identification of STI in the underlying statistical classification. While lots of detailed information exists on development activities through the CRS, the lack of adequate classifications that conforms to official STI definitions and standards pose a challenge in assessing the portion of development finance targeting STI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Through these rights, they ascribe access, ownership and use of resources, based on membership of the local community (Sunde and Isaacs 2008). Unfortunately, similar initiatives to those of the Vezo have been eroded due to factors that include societal dynamism in the WIO, population growth, materialism and the proliferation of new value systems regarding resources (Cinner and Aswani 2007, Masalu and others, 2010). This has made their contribution to the sustainable use and conservation of coastal and marine resources questionable, and difficult to integrate into legalised conventional management practice (Sunde and Isaacs 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The review process is designed to facilitate partnership building in cities and regions by drawing together higher education institutions and public and private agencies to identify strategic goals and work together towards them. The principal objective of the OECD review is to examine the links between the higher education institutions and the city of Wroclaw and the wider region, and to strengthen these links to the benefit of both. The two key questions in this respect are: How can the city and the wider region benefit from a stronger higher education system? In what ways can higher education institutions individually and collectively contribute to the economic, social and cultural development of Wroclaw and Lower Silesia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) is responsible for the supervision of the entire education system and plays a role in all components of the evaluation and assessment framework, including developing binding student learning objectives (Framework Education Programmes, FEPs), determining the career structure for teachers and monitoring the performance of schools and the education system. The MEYS also designs, implements and monitors education policies, including the establishment of Long-term policy objectives of education and development of the education system. Some of its agencies have key functions in the framework. Prominent among these is the Czech School Inspectorate (CSI) which takes responsibility for the external evaluation of schools and contributes to system evaluation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Numerous proposals have been made including more research produced in the classroom or starting from practice (e.g. action research, design-based research), as well as making research on education more relevant and accessible for practice and so on (Cordingley, 2008(55], Hiebert, Gallimore and Stigler, 2002[igj, OECD, 2007(56]). The discussion also extends to how to make educational evidence cumulative (Goldacre, 2013(2oj, Hargreaves, 1996[i7]). Systems/schools required to use the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers in identifying highly skilled teachers to supervise professional experience, and work with higher education providers to ensure rigorous, iterative and agreed assessment of preservice teachers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Respondents were first asked a series of questions to obtain background information on a range of variables thought to influence the formation of skill and in turn impact on a range of educational, social and health outcomes. Annex B describes in more detail the survey design used for ALL, including details about survey methods, coverage, sample sizes and key indicators of quality. If the respondent failed to complete two of these tasks correctly, the interview was adjourned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Complementing the theoretical approach outlined in the previous chapter, this chapter focuses on the practical and strategic side of implementation, considering the multiple dimensions of successful implementation. Effective policies therefore often have to be developed in collaboration between line ministries. It is important to have effective mechanisms in place to support such collaboration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Those with the least education have higher mortality rates and a greater incidence of avoidable hospitalisation. For example, survival rates for breast cancer are lower in women with low education, and rates of potentially avoidable hospital admission and amenable mortality are about double among people with lower educational status compared to those with higher education. This is illustrative of other differences in health status and outcomes between socio-economic groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For them, subsidies include all government interventions, or even lack of intervention, that affect the fisheries industry and that have an economic value. This covers services, direct financial transfers and indirect transfers (such as tax exemptions), regulations (such as import quotas, foreign direct investment regulations, gear regulations), and lack of intervention (for example, free access to fishing grounds, lack of management measures, inadequate enforcement). It is hard to compare these estimates, given the different data sources, methodologies, timescales, geographical areas and definitions used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Separate contributions have been levered out of BAA Pic (£230 million) and the City of London (£250 million), and from Canary Wharf and Berkeley Homes (£300 million). The projected tax receipts are of a broadly similar scale to some of the estimates of the productivity and agglomeration benefits expected from the project (Worsley, 2011). The supplementary tax on commercial property covers a quarter of the investment cost and reaching this agreement with the local business community ended three decades of delay in finding finance for the project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
She comes from a long line of strong, well educated women, who have always played a prominent role in making decisions on the family farm. So when she decided to investigate using ICTs to streamline the management of her own organic farm, she had no hesitation in taking a step that might be viewed with misgivings by some of her neighbours. Gender and ICT: a good mix. Officials at the company that sold her the farm management software programme were themselves surprised to be approached by a woman, especially one so adamant about the kind of ICTs she wanted to use, and the benefits she expected to see.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This association has historically been strengthened considerably by federal irrigation subsidies. With the passage of the Reclamation Reform Act of 1982, the U.S. Congress increased the number of acres that a legal entity, such as a partnership or corporation, could irrigate with water from federal projects from 160 acres to 960 owned or leased acres. However, owned land above this limit could not be irrigated with federal water, and the act required irrigators to pay the full supply cost for water delivered to leased land over the limit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)