albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
According to this thesis, development policy could focus entirely on promoting economic growth, since such growth would ultimately lead to a decrease in inequality. In a comparative study of 98 countries, Barro (2000) shows that the Kuznets curve exhibits a certain degree of empirical regularity over time, but that it does relatively little to explain the variation in inequality across countries. As summarized by Castelar (2007), empirical studies, especially those conducted since 1996, show that high initial levels of inequality curb subsequent economic growth. Most of the literature on the subject indicates that a one standard deviation decrease in inequality boosts the annual per capita GDP growth rate by between 0.5 and 0.8 percentage points. However, when using panel data, the relationship between income inequality and economic growth appears to be weaker, which suggests that the empirical regularity seen in the Kuznets curve is robust for cross-sectional data but disappears when fixed country effects are introduced. Examples of these studies include those of Fields and Jakubson (1994), Fishlow (1972), Deineger and Squire (1998) and Barreto, Melo Neto and Tebaldi (2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Chinese ESCO industry grew to USD 10 billion with potential to USD 100 billion. One ofthe key responses to the Chinese regulation on electricity has been the establishment of a number of subsidiary ESCOs. China's ESCO sector is the world's largest with 4800 ESCOs investing USD 12 billion producing 17 Mtoe of energy demand reductions in 2013. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The 2006 Presidential Decree on Measures on the Realization of Investment Projects in the Framework of the Interdepartmental Council on the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol provides the institutional and legal framew'ork for the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in Uzbekistan. The Resolution established the Interdepartmental Council and its functions in overseeing the overall mechanism. It also clarified the functions of the designated national authority on the preparation of projects, the processes for submitting approved projects to the Interdepartmental Council and, following its approval, to the UNFCCC Executive Board, and the provisions on monitoring the implementation of investment plans. Lastly, the Resolution regulated the investment and taxation regime concerning foreign investors (profits exempt from taxation).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
To address a critical gap in the social work literature, this article examines the deleterious effects of racial profiling as it pertains to police targeting of male African Americans. The authors use the Trayvon Martin court case to exemplify how racial profiling and black male stigma help perpetuate social inequality and injustice for black men. A racism-centered perspective is examined historically and contemporarily as a theoretical approach to understanding the role that race plays in social injustice through racial profiling. Implications for social work research design and practice aimed at increasing the social work knowledge base on racial profiling are discussed. The authors call for attention and advocacy by major social work organizations in the reduction of black male stigma and racial profiling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Other important habitats are mudflats, shell sands, bird cliffs and coastal heaths. Ecosystems can be defined at a variety of scales, from a single pond, a fjord, an ocean or the entire globe. Functional diversity can also include differences between populations' or species' response to various stress factors. Seaweeds provide substrate, shelter and food for a rich associated flora and fauna, which in turn provide food for a large variety of animals including many fish species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Part I of this Article provides an overview of the various administrative and adjudicative entities involved in determining asylum claims to explain the resulting procedural disaster that occurred in the Alvarado case. Part II discusses the reasons why the Proposed Rule stalled within the context of the additional administrative complications resulting from post-September 11 regulations, which adversely impacted domestic violence asylum seekers. Part III discusses the impact of the Proposed Rule on these types of cases over the past ten years and the resulting disparate outcomes. Part IV discusses of the leading, large-scale reform proposals tackling the administrative woes of immigration adjudication and offers alternate, incremental, and therefore more politically viable solutions: finalizing regulations regarding gender-based asylum claims and removing the power to influence immigration policy and procedural from the attorney general's office. These incremental solutions draw on administrative law solutions to repair the immigration system for domestic violence asylum seekers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Understanding why risks are higher or lower is a basis to attach priorities to problems. The title clearly reflects Korea’s ambition to reduce the number of road deaths. This means there is a target. Deciding on a realistic and ambitious timeframe within which this halving should be realized is a key component of target setting. Experiences in other countries teach us that a halving within 10 years is possible but may also be ambitious. Halving the deaths with a 30 year target cannot be considered ambitious.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
If countries overlook the soft components of the ICT roll-out such as skills, education, local content, inclusive policies, participation and institutional accountability, the impacts of the digital revolution will fall short. In the spirit of inclusive knowledge cities, broadband infrastructure and soft-components need to be conceived and rolled out jointly, to ensure a future human-centred, sustainable city development. Although automation may lead to loss of jobs, smart and knowledge cities will lead to the creation of jobs in IT, data analysis, research and in the socio-cultural and environmental sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This German finding may be due to the procedure of according preference to women in appointment panels where there appear to be male and female candidates of equal merit, 79%, especially in Germany, thought that equality in relation to parenting has still not been achieved. More women than men claimed to know about this. Are all the activities of government, administrators and legislators to promote equity worthwhile?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Upward and downward absolute income mobility indices were calculated according to changes in adult equivalent income that exceeded 20% of initial income (Figure 1.9). Between 2004 and 2008, about 59% of households experienced upward absolute income mobility, while about 18% were subjected to downward mobility. What is remarkable is that downward absolute income mobility was more significant in urban areas (23.4%) than in rural areas (16.8%), and among the richest (38.6%). In contrast, upward absolute income mobility was more significant among ethnic minority groups (74.1%) and households at the bottom of the income ladder. However, these results needs to be interpreted with caution, as small changes in income will affect more the mobility experience of low-income households and less that of richer households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
During the two last decades of the 20th century, Norway has undertaken several commitments pursuant to international law that protect Sami lands, culture, language and way of life. Norway’s 1988 constitutional amendment framed after the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) Article 27 and the ratification of the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention no. 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries in 1990 are the most prominent of these. The adoption of the 1999 Norwegian Human Rights Act incorporating the ICCPR as internal Norwegian law should also be mentioned. This article examines how Norway complies with the international legal obligations the country has undertaken to protect the indigenous Sami culture, in relation to land-based renewal resources, marine resources, and mineral resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Both can include forward-looking projections in addition to historical trends. Variations of this NDC type include emission reductions from a base year (e.g. a 20% reduction from 1990 levels), emission reductions to a specified emission level (e.g. 300 MtC02-eq) or achievement of carbon neutrality by a given date (i.e. the specified net emissions level is zero). Some countries had previously expressed goals for carbon neutrality under the Cancun Agreements (Maldives and Costa Rica).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A promising step towards addressing cross-border transport challenges was finally achieved when the Transport Committee in the Swedish parliament announced that the government should develop a national strategy for cross-border rail traffic to reduce the vulnerability of the transport system (as part of the proposals for the National Plan 2018-2029). The plan is currently submitted for comments and will be decided in the first half of 2018. It should be noted that the national transport plans of Norway and Sweden will then cover the same planning period (2018-29).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Special attention also needs to be paid to the cutting and use of roads and gaps in the forests, the transit of vehicles and machines, management of wastes of all kind and protection of fauna. Forest stewards direct operations and, in conjunction with the management of the concessions and the specialized professionals, they handle all forest-harvest processes. Most concessions currently have their own stewards, but those without use stewards contracted and coordinated by ACOFOP. The process makes it possible to optimize the yield of the wood and helps maximize the useful life of the sawmill equipment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The massive migration of population to Ulaanbaatar results in difficulties for the city in accommodating this population and leads to the formation of ger districts in the area surrounding the city. The degraded sanitary, environmental and social conditions are more prone to the development of diseases. The proportion of the population aged 5-14 years reached 17.4 per cent at the end of 2016, compared with 26.3 per cent at the end of 1997.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Based on self-reported data, nearly one in live (19%) adults are now obese, a higher level than in most EU countries (See also Figure 5). This is of particular concern given that being overweight or obese during childhood or adolescence is a strong predictor of weight issues in adulthood. The Czech Republic has initiated several national action plans on nutrition, preventing and treating obesity, and promoting physical activity. For example, the population with the lowest level of education is more than twee as likely to smoke on a daily basis and nearly twice as likely to be obese as the highest-educated population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Furthermore, some countries also have so-called “club houses” offering prevocational training and transitional employment programmes as well as other psychosocial interventions (Rosen and Barfoot, 2001). The underlying rationale of such programmes is that clients are in need of a stepwise approach to employment, with clients needing some training in a safe environment to reach their goals. One problem of prevocational training - which normally yields substantial positive effects in a supporting environment - is that these positive effects are hard to replicate in non-sheltered environments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Brazil’s overall share of the world sugar market, although below the highs of the recent past gradually increase over the outlook period to almost 44% in 2024. Recent policy changes that include the hike in gasoline taxes while maintaining low taxes on ethanol as well as the new 27% blending requirement in gasohol (up from 25%) are expected to provide some relief in the short term to the domestic Brazilian ethanol industry by keeping the ethanol to gasoline price ratio favourable for ethanol use at least in some states. This should imply that in the first years of the projection period the Brazilian ethanol market should remain relatively isolated from the world market with producer prices above international ones. Fuel ethanol use in 2024 is expected to comprise of 17 bln L of anhydrous ethanol and 21 bln L of hydrous ethanol for fuel use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A three-year band is used in the Survey of Adult Skills to increase size and reliability of estimates, i.e. the group "adults 24” consists of the age groups from 23 to 25. The mix of countries contributing to the average in PISA and the Survey of Adult Skills differs, which may contribute to differences in countries’ average scores relative to the overall averages in either study. The learning environment is also closely related to teacher quality, as reported by principals (SNAE, 2013a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To achieve regional and global competitiveness in these areas, the Blueprint forecasts that more than 250 000 direct jobs will be created by 2025 (154 000 in tourism, 52 000 in agriculture and 42 000 in manufacturing). The region is to be known as the centre for excellence in areas such as cardiac care and oncology, possessing globally-accredited hospitals and highly-qualified medical and healthcare professionals. There is a mismatch between supply and demand of workers and evidence that universities produce graduates in fields irrelevant to the demands of the developing economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
According to these data, 80.9% of the population aged 10 and over enrolled in vocational education were doing professional qualification courses. According to the same survey, most of those who were (or had been) enrolled in such courses were doing IT-related subjects (45.5%). The second most popular subject was business and management studies (11.5%) (MEC, 2009). In 2010, there were 743 000 beneficiaries, with a total budget of BRL 304 million (MEC, 2011a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
With 38 species being part of the assessment, the common bird index for Bulgaria shows a decline in bird populations by 21 per cent between 2005 and 2013. Yet the highest proportion of species show uncertain trends, and the second highest proportion show a moderate decline, with farmland birds being a large group in these categories. The reasons for this are still unknown and require targeted research. However, the designation of Natura 2000 sites resulted in an intensive mapping programme between 2006 and 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Abstract The core of this article sets out to examine the extent to which a multicultural society can prevent cultural racism, which, like multiculturalism, is by definition based on a culture of diversity and separation. The ‘first modernity’ was organized along national lines, with a centralist state that opted to create an essentialist and uncontested national identity. Immigrants, especially those who came from ‘third world’ countries, were expected to undergo a process of assimilation, and to integrate into the dominant culture by relinquishing their particular past and tradition. Multiculturalism, which emerged historically as a criticism of that perspective, aims at creating a kaleidoscope of associations and cultural communities, which inevitably presents a challenge to the one ‘truth’ of the nation-state with the argument that this ‘truth’ favours some groups over others. Within the multicultural model, identity politics of various groups is perceived as a means to achieve recognition, acceptance...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These costs are expected to be an underestimation, as most ADEs occurring in primary care do not lead to hospitalisation, but still result in an elevated need for health care. These costs are not taken into account. Health care costs related to ADEs in this base case totaled 816 million Euros, mean costs per case were 381 Euros. All the cost studies that were identified in the literature, including the ones summarised in the table, argued that the figures are likely to be an underestimation of the direct costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They conclude that the evidence constitutes an empirical puzzle and that no general consensus has emerged so far. The redistributive impact of taxes and transfers is defined as the difference in the concentration coefficients for income before cash transfers and taxes (i.e. household market income) and after cash transfers and taxes (i.e. household disposable income). The redistributive impact and the inequality measures are for late the 2000s, except for France and Ireland, which refer to the mid-2000s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This case is about the clash between traditional community values and multicultural values in the context of same-sex couples at a high school prom. Within this context, a new principal must deal with competing personal and professional values, as well as the competing divergent views of district level administrators, school board members, teachers, staff members, parents, and students. This case addresses issues of First Amendment freedom of expression and association, Fourteenth Amendment due process and equal protection law, harassment, violence, legal liability, institutional policymaking, and ethical leadership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Evidence shows that within cities, socio-economically vulnerable groups often suffer the most from poor environmental conditions. Such poor environmental conditions in cities are often associated with other forms of socio-economic exclusion. The epidemiological literature on pollution levels also shows that intra-urban variations are even larger than variations between cities. For example, in the case of Malmo, Sweden, geo-mapping analysis outlines that the socio-economic status of the neighbourhood of residence seemed to be a strong predictor of children’s level of exposure to pollution (Chaix et al., In the United States, a University of Minnesota survey based on 2000 US census data found that minorities were, on average, exposed to 38% more nitrogen pollution than Caucasians, with a significant gap when accounting for race and/or income (Clark, Millet and Marshall, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Another factor is school reform in the 1990s, which helped to significantly improve educational outcomes, as reflected in the literacy and numeracy results of 15-year-old students in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Poland needs to move up the value ladder and become more specialised in more knowledge-intensive, higher value-added activities. Currently, Poland lags well behind many other OECD countries on the technology content of its exports (Figure 1.3), and innovation outputs such as patents and top scientific research publications cannot yet compete with the top OECD economies (Figure 1.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Spatial segregation in cities is sometimes stronger among the poorest households, as in Denmark and the Netherlands, other times among the richest, as in Canada, France and the United States (Chapter 4). Both configurations can undermine people’s chances to move up the income ladder. At the same time, cities also offer their residents the potential to break their path dependency towards their parents’ income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
If we want to compare the public health professional with an athlete and his sport, certainly the discipline that is more likely to be used as a paradigm would be the decathlon. In fact, if the decathlon is a “combined event in athletics consisting of ten track and field events”, public health incorporates a real interdisciplinary approach based on epidemiology, biostatistics and health planning. Environmental health, community health, behavioural health, health economics, public policy, insurance medicine and occupational medicine are other important and apparently different subfields, linked by the mainstream of prevention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nevertheless, the average number of physician contacts per person is not greater than the EU average. For example, home visits to patients by GPs are a regular practice and patients do not usually have to wait long to get access to GPs, although waiting times for more specialised services (e.g. mental health specialists, ophthalmologists, dermatologists) can be longer. Nurses also play a key role in providing home care services to people with chronic diseases or disability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Thus, she establishes that commodity production incorporates not only paid production work, but also unpaid reproduction work (which is incorporated into the remunerated labour force). It might be said that part of the product ends up in the hands of those carrying out the care work because of a rule of distribution of W within households, but this is indeterminate (and would exceed the specific component of the family wage). In fact, the relationship between domestic labour and the other variables (Lw, P, W, R) would need to be specified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Little progress has been made in this area despite a legal obligation that dates back more than 15 years.18 The measures needed relate essentially to agricultural pollutants. The AGE has a key role to play in delineating (and overseeing) the abstraction zones. In March 2009, the AGE published guidelines on this subject.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The CFP is under EU review because it is seen as largely failing to meet its objectives (Wakefield 2010). World class formal scientific advice is available from the International Council for Exploration of the Sea (ICES) to decision-makers who may or may not have followed the advice. The scientific advice is constructed on ecosystem scales and it is clear that a reversion from EU management to country managed EEZ would not be ecologically sound.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The domino effect and word of mouth then got other banks on board. Although the government did not provide direct risk guarantee, the margin of difference in the interest rate, as well as the organisation of training and awareness building seminars, enabled the development of trust and knowledge within the private sector, which in turn reduced the risk that they associated with EE projects. Therefore, it could easily be applied in other economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Over the past decade, the percentage of women regularly screened for cervical cancer remained flat, at around only 40%, among the lowest rates in the EU. Overall, Hungary has the second highest hospitalisation rates for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions in the EU, largely due to frequent hospitalisations of patients with congestive heart failure, COPD and asthma. Hungary fares comparatively better countries when it comes to managing patients with diabetes outside of hospitals, with hospitalisation rates about half the EU average (Figure 8). Since 2000, Hungary has had by far the highest mortality from lung cancer for both men and women compared to the rest of the EU, reflecting high smoking rates. Twice as many men as women died from lung cancer in 2014. Alcohol-related deaths in Hungary are the third highest in the EU, and death rates from road traffic accidents are well above the EU average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)