albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In Honduras and Mexico, the poverty rate rose by between 2% and 3% a year (see table I.2). The poverty gap indicator weights the percentage of poor by the average gap between their incomes and the poverty line, thus, it considers how poor the poor are. The squared poverty gap or poverty severity index shows something similar, while also considering how this income is distributed among the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
State and Territory' education departments are responsible for implementing the Australian Curriculum. In 2009-2010, ASIC made one of its key priorities the integration of financial literacy in relevant learning areas of the national curriculum. In partnership with relevant professional associations, and with the support of the Australian Government Financial Literacy Board, ASIC participated actively in the consultation process on the draft curriculum for Mathematics, English and Science. As a result the integration of financial literacy content in these curriculum areas is strengthened. For example, there is a sub-strand in the Mathematics curriculum called ’Money and financial mathematics'. For example, the content of the draft Economics and Business curriculum, due for Ministerial approval in December 2013, includes significant content about consumer and financial literacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, using FUAs instead of administrative data suggests that, while medium-size cites are indeed larger than expected, Almaty’s size is not lower than it should be under Zipfs Law. Almaty’s FUA is indeed much larger than the population of Almaty City alone (see Table 1.3). Overall, the city size distribution of Kazakhstan’s FUAs conforms better to Zipf s Law than statutory cities, both in 1999 and in 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As Chapter 9 points out, however, this does not mean that other CoSOs should be excluded. The European Union needs to engage with as many organizations as possible to maximize its understanding of the conflict: its context, actors, timing and CoSO actions that can impact on the conflict. In terms of gender this means paying attention to all gender actors and issues, including LGBT and masculinity issues, as well as women’s rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Many attempts have been made over the last several decades to improve communication among law enforcement agencies. This article is a case study of a “low-level” data sharing project in Florida that could serve as a national model. The Florida Law Enforcement Data Sharing Consortium is a partnership between the University of Central Florida and more than one hundred law enforcement agencies. It offers an inexpensive, yet technically advanced alternative to the proprietary data sharing model. Its distributed architecture was endorsed by the Markle Foundation, the 9/11 Commission, and the 2004 National Security Act. Civil liberties concerns raised by this and other types of data sharing projects are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If a head of household dies without a will, the law requires an equal distribution of property among the next of kin. In practice, the general custom is for the eldest son to inherit the parental home and the largest portion of the family property, particularly land. Younger sons will often inherit some land or other assets of value, while daughters receive only small symbolic items (CEDAW, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
With little in the way of practical policy guidance on how to navigate changing conflict contexts, many countries find the legislative approval of DRR laws halted - as was the case for Fiji and Nepal.431 In other contexts, increased insecurity can lead to DRR programmes being temporarily suspended. This has been the case in the Central African Republic (CAR). The violent conflict and political crisis that began in 2013 has provoked humanitarian impacts that have led to large-scale human displacement, degradation of the education system, negative impacts on sanitation and access to water, and food insecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Within this framework, NUPs are highlighted as being a primary tool for governments to articulate the implementation of such global commitments and the definition of a national vision for sustainable urban development, by engaging, coordinating and leading multiple actors across different sectors and scales. It aims to record the global advancement of NUPs as an indicator of the implementation of global agendas and to provide national governments, and other stakeholders involved in the NUP process, with more information and perspective for the successful development of a NUP. While it would be beyond the scope of a global report to provide a detailed blueprint for NUP development, as this should be tailored to national needs and aspirations, this report still highlights general opportunities, challenges, trends and best practices of NUP development at global and regional scales.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Such impunity ends up normalizing this type of violence and undermining the rule of law. All sectors of society need to play a role in changing the cultural and social acceptance or discounting of this violence. The criminal justice system has a leading role in efforts to prevent and respond to violence against women. Criminal legislation sets the standards for what society deems unacceptable conduct, and provides criminal justice officials with the authority to investigate, prosecute and punish gender-based crimes. The objectives of any criminal justice system in cases involving violence against women and girls should be to ensure the victim’s safety while holding the perpetrator accountable for his actions, and to send a clear message to society that violence against women will not be tolerated. Prosecutors have a crucial part to play in ending impunity for violence against women and girls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This Introduction contextualises and overviews articles published in this special issue of Policing and Society. These articles were originally presented at a symposium entitled: "Policing and Accountability in Europe: Designing European Police Networks", held at the European Institute of Public Administration in Maastricht in September 2001. In democracies, the operational performance of the police is always accompanied by the quest to account for them. In this Introduction I argue that, given the nature of the Third Pillar arrangements for the governance of police co-operation in Europe, the most natural way to achieve police accountability in the European context is through national parliaments. This is not a position with which all scholars in this field agree. Therefore, this special issue of Policing and Society contains some lively debate. Contributions include articles by Erwin Muller on police accountability in the Netherlands, Willy Bruggerman on the accountability of Europol, Monica den Boer, I...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
AbstractThis article examines opinions concerning fūfubessei (a married couple retaining their birth surnames) posted on an online forum. Recently, the topic of fūfubessei has once again come under a spotlight, since the Japanese Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Civil Code Article 750, which stipulates that a married couple must choose either the husband's or wife's surname upon marriage registration. Owing to the large number of women forfeiting their surnames, the fūfubessei issue has often been researched from feminist perspectives, which may have hindered the voices of others. This article analyzes, using text mining (quantitative analysis) and discourse analysis (qualitative analysis), a large number of opinions from people of various cultural backgrounds. The results of this study reveal a diversity of beliefs and attitudes towards Article 750, reflecting the complexity of the issue. In general, proponents of reform claim the law violates equality, rights and liberty. From opponents...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is also true for standards, which risk becoming obsolete if they fail to keep up with technological progress and more general energy-efficiency trends. A first step in addressing this concern is initiating and harmonizing efforts to obtain energy-intensity data. Once data are collected, country energy performance can be assessed and explained, and cross-country comparisons made - to know where progress is considerable and where it is not.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Johansson de Silva, Kokko and Norberg (2015) describes the ideal ‘win-win-win’ relationship in multi stakeholder partnerships, and the different strengths donors, the private sector and civil society bring to them, based on a review of Sida’s private sector collaboration programmes (Table 2.1). The private sector is not monolithic, hence development co-operation approaches to private sector engagement need to be tailored to specific private sector beneficiaries (e.g. multinational companies, utilities, local SMEs, commercial banks) and contexts, taking into account potential multipliers which can contribute in disseminating information, approaches and state of the art concepts (e.g. business associations, chambers, business developers, industrial zone management). For instance, many development co-operation providers focus on greening SMEs, either directly or through the use of financial intermediaries (e.g. local commercial banks, private equity funds, state-owned banks, national development banks).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Following a comprehensive participatory process, it has elements relating to regulatory and legal frameworks, stakeholder participation, training stakeholders, promoting legal activities, strengthening information systems, preventing and controlling illegal activities, and implementing a forestry information programme. The programme included amendments to regulations in a number of areas (following stakeholder discussions with smallholders) including improved management of fuelwood and timber transport and protected area management. Other successes include better informed decision-making and incorporating sustainable management of forests and trees into development plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
How much is available for long-term investment? To start with, they narrow the definition of institutional investors which have the capacity to invest for the long-term down to USD 27 trillion — coming mostly from life insurance companies and defined benefit pension funds, but also sovereign wealth funds, endowments, foundations and family offices. The OECD see this number as potentially higher as defined contribution pension funds (representing 60% of the USD 28 trillion of total global pension assets)22 are also seen as having the ability to invest over the long-term (as evidenced by defined contribution style funds in regions such as Latin America and Australia investing in infrastructure projects). Insurers and pension funds have largely a well defined set of liabilities, some of which have to be met in short-term time periods, which ultimately lead their investment decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Lake Taupo is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is the largest freshwater lake in Australasia located in a highly scenic area of New Zealand’s North Island. It is a tourist destination and highly valued by environmental groups. However, the quality of water has declined over the past three decades due to increased nitrogen inflows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As a result, members of LGBTI communities are often reluctant to disclose their sexual orientation or activities to health providers, inhibiting their ability to receive quality care that is reflective of their needs. This population continues to be marginalized within the family planning movement, reflecting both direct prejudice and the perception that reproduction and reproductive matters are not relevant to them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Jordanian minister of Water and Irrigation and Israeli water commissioner periodically attend JWC meetings and oversee the institution. For instance, the 1997 desalination dispute and the 1999 drought required emergency meetings between the state leaders of Jordan and Israel. See section on Water Resources Management above for detailed information on the plans. Jordan was the driving force behind the agreement and was motivated by its ambition to build a dam on the Yarmouk - a structure discussed in the various development plans that preceded the Johnston Plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Accordingly, clearing a hectare of forest translates into a total loss of TSh 16,767 per ha per year (2001) in terms of direct losses and losses incurred by other sectors, which is equivalent to TSh 83,771.70 per ha per year (2013). In this section we consider the question: “What is the contribution of the 17 industries modelled in the social accounting matrices to aggregate GDP?" Table 2 presents the contribution to GDP by sector (in descending order), highlighting the value added by the sectors of forestry and hunting, and that of wood, paper and printing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
When teachers work together regularly, collaboration becomes a tool for recording, learning and sharing good practice. This is in line with the development of professional learning communities for teachers, which collaboratively analyse pedagogy and lesson content in order to continually refine practice. Much of the professional learning is embedded in daily activities, such as team teaching, curriculum building (multidisciplinary teams of teachers working collaboratively to design an integrated, multidisciplinary programme of study), collaborative lesson planning and team meetings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In pre-primary education, 25% of teachers are at least 50-year-olds, on average across OECD countries. The proportion is equal or exceeds 35% in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, the Netherlands, Portugal and the Slovak Republic. The bachelor degree has become the minimum qualification required to be a teacher at the pre-primary level of education in 27 of the 37 countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper argues the case for closer attention to media economics on the part of media, communications, and cultural studies researchers. It points to a plurality of approaches to media economics, including the mainstream neoclassical school and critical political economy, but also new insights derived from perspectives that are less well known outside of the economics discipline, such as new institutional economics and evolutionary economics. It applies these frameworks to current debates about the future of public service media, noting limitations to both "market failure" and citizenship discourses and identifying challenges relating to institutional governance, public policy, and innovation as public service media worldwide adapt to a digitally convergent media environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These dams are controversial, especially because of their potential impacts on water flows and on ecosystems (Section 3). Some parties have claimed that not enough consideration was given to alternative strategic options in the assessment procedures, the need for dams in terms of broader energy policy, or impacts on river basins (along with river basin plans) and the ecosystems where they might be located. On the other hand, it is argued by some that the dams will provide additional benefits in terms of flood and drought control and fire risk mitigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Nowadays, sexuality, youth pregnancy and parenthood are subjects of great complexity and are relevant for education, in the global modernity debate, concerning rights, regulation and public social control issues. This paper focuses girls’ biographical narratives, with seventeen to nineteen years old, living in social protection institutions due to youth pregnancy and maternity. Therefore, their perspectives produced inside the institutions reveal their subjectivities and paths lived before and during the custody experience. The argument establishes the relations between (sexual) citizenship and education, based on each singular path and its social relationships.      There are obvious manifestations that relate gender and power, such as: the disconnection prior school, sexualities unprepared, the difficulty in negotiating safe sex.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Ghana and Burkina Faso, the cash transfer roughly entirely offsets the effects of the crisis on school participation and child labour, while Cameroon has negligible effects as crisis impacts there were already negligible in this dimension. As we put no limits on the number of beneficiary children living in the same (poor) household, it follows that a cash transfer targeted to children is a progressive policy response, as households with more children, which are usually poorer, benefit proportionately more. Only Ghana may be in a position to rapidly implement a cash transfer programme to respond to the crisis, as it may expand the existing Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The risk of shortage is largely borne by low-priority users. Economic incentives to reduce pollution are generally weak. In weighing such “risk-risk trade-offs”, the value of ecosystem services is often overlooked and not taken explicitly into account. By setting standards for flood protection and implementing projects to meet those standards, the government bears flood risk up to a level set by the standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Thanks to the work done by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), there has also been progress towards a multidimensional measure of child poverty in the world (Gordon and others, 2003). They concern housing quality and adequacy in aspects such as type of floor, access to potable water and sanitation, availability of electricity and crowding (Feres and Mancero, 2001). To capture shortfalls in education, the approach was similar to the one followed by Alkire and Santos (2010), linking attendance rates for school-age children to educational deficiencies among the adult population.5 Box 1.4 explains the selected satisfaction indicators and thresholds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The carbon tax does not apply to electricity, as the cost of carbon is already built in to the price. The document also informs businesses on options to reduce energy use, pointing to relevant documents from the Environmental Protection Agency (www.greenbusiness. Businesses are also encouraged to contact the Environment Unit of Failte Ireland for further advice and support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This paper integrates insights from public administration and political science scholarship to develop original propositions about the influence of key elements of the political context and responsibilities of agencies on the conduct of government strategic planning. The propositions highlight the importance of external shocks, legislative involvement, an agency’s political support, and an agency’s reliance on collaboration and capital investments in shaping whether an agency conducts strategic planning purposefully, passively, politically, perversely, formally, or informally. A brief examination of strategic planning by U.S. government agencies that operate in the area of national security provides support for several of these propositions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The establishment of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) in 1999 has led to the creation of a whole range of bureaucratic bodies in Brussels and the national capitals. These bodies support the crisis management operations of the European Union. This review article presents the state of the art of academic research on the role of bureaucracy in this recent policy area. It argues that the growing institutional complexity and the constant interaction between actors at the national and European level require scholars to go beyond the dominant approaches of International Relations. Using insights from comparative politics, public administration and multi-level governance, this article considers four important questions: who these civil servants are, why they matter, how they interact, and how they are controlled politically and democratically
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The most important capture zone is the Pacific Ocean near the California Gulf with 88% of the overall catch (18 710 tonnes) while the Gulf of Mexico accounts for the remaining 12% (2 490 tonnes). Fishing takes place mainly in costal lagoons, estuaries and marine shoreline on both coasts with the majority of landings being in Sinaloa (11 361 tonnes) and Sonora (4 644 tonnes) in the Pacific Ocean and Tamaulipas (1 724 tonnes), Veracruz (4 104 tonnes) and Campeche (2 718 tonnes) in the Gulf of Mexico. In the states surrounding the Gulf of California and in those in the Gulf of Mexico the fishery is exploited at MSY and only those states in the Pacific outside the Gulf of California have some potential for increased catch. All holders must comply with the Official Mexican Standards (NOMs) and respect fishing bans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
If urgent measures are not taken, this will be a recurrent event for years to come. Green tides are not the cause, but the unintentional consequence of coastal eutrophication. With the presence of sufficient nutrients and solar energy, these opportunistic species, with a well-adapted anatomy, morphology and physiology, will proliferate. Obviously, it would be beneficial to reduce nutrient loading at the source, but this may not be possible in the present context of economic development along the coastal zone of China.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Identifying bottlenecks and binding constraints are important prerequisites for designing successful aid-for-trade interventions. It is also important for the various interventions to complement each other. Mobilising the support of the private sector and civil society remains critical to effective implementation of trade-related reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As highlighted in the literature for Asia, there are cases of internal migration leading to international migration, but there are also cases of equally important international movements from rural areas without prior internal migration.4 Migrants may also transit through countries before reaching their final destination country. While international migration flows are relatively well documented, data on migratory movements to and from rural areas - both within and between countries - are much more difficult to come by. Definitions for statistical and other purposes differ widely from country to country, making cross-country comparisons problematic."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, the 'knowledge cities' vision goes far beyond increasing efficiency. Indeed, these new digital technologies could and should help boost urban governance processes through greater inclusion and participation. This would help render education accessible to all, empower women and girls, and promote cultural diversity and creativity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Persons who wish to acquire or rent an agricultural holding do not need to provide proof of qualification. To become eligible for certain subsidy programmes and to benefit from investments under the rural development programmes, a fanner has to be a member of local Agricultural Chamber and be registered in MOFAL’s Farmer Registry System. To obtain such membership, producer needs to submit an application and a declaration of the land-deed and to pay a membership fee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)