albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These challenges have been analysed in more depth in the OECD Guidelines for Cost-effective Agri-environmental Measures, with several recommendations that are sufficiently general to apply to the domain of flood risk mitigation (OECD, 2010b). Uncertainty in outcome is certainly undesirable for objectives such as bird conservation, but becomes socially unacceptable when it is about flood risks that can cause huge damages in cities, as well as injuries and loss of life. This may appear to give the advantage to structural measures which, despite their limitations and defaults, could offer more safety.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In contrast to incumbent operators, new market entrants are deploying gigabit fibre networks in cities, as they are not restricted by legacy investments in copper networks. This is the case with Gigaclear and CityFibre in the UK, and Google Fibre in the United States and Africa. Mobile broadband penetration in developing markets is still quite low, however, with a penetration level of 21 per cent in 2014. But mobile broadband is growing fast in these regions - in fact, growth rates are twice as high as in developed regions6. Figure 1.4 shows that 308 operators have launched or are planning various LTE deployments worldwide, 138 of these operators are in developing markets, which form a significant proportion of the global operator base. Figure 1.5 shows that 40 operators have launched or are planning various LTE-A deployments worldwide, 35 of these operators are in developed markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
AbstractThe most recent global wave of democratic reversal is marked by executive takeovers. Politically motivated interventions in domestic markets aimed at restructuring the underlying power dynamics in society have been part and parcel of these takeovers. This article investigates the new political economy behind the AKP’s competitive authoritarian rule in Turkey as an example of this larger trend. The article argues that the AKP government has built a loyal business class through an elaborate system of rewards and punishment since 2002. With the aim of consolidating its business constituency, the AKP politicized state institutions (debt collection, tax authorities, privatization, public procurement) and eroded the rule of law to distribute rents and resources to its supporters, transfer capital from its opponents to its supporters, and to discipline dissidents in business circles. These mechanisms allowed the party to skew the political playing field in its favour through its access to private resourc...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Risks have arisen even in protected National Parks, such as the Tablas de Daimiel, which are now fed by artificial surface water supply. Eighty-seven per cent of wetlands are, moreover, unprotected (Garcia Novo et al., While 97% of abstractions for human consumption comply with the nitrate regulations (MARM, 2008b), 25% of measuring stations reported very high concentrations of nitrates (more than 50 mg N03 per litre) in Spain in 2008. This share is larger than in almost all other European countries for which data are available from the European Environment Agency.2 Nitrate pollution mostly reflects diffuse pollution from agriculture and cattle-raising, although the consumption of nitrate-based fertilisers has fallen by about 25% since its peak in 2003.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This means that, in general, the benefits of trade are not distributed equally, creating “losers” and “winners” within countries. Institutions and policies that work in one country will not necessarily work in another. Hence, developing countries need to pursue and be ready to experiment with different types of policies, institutional designs and growth strategies (in terms of both pace and pattern). Rodrik (2003) identified three fundamental principles for economic policy: markets, institutions and macroeconomic stability. These principles are not sufficient to induce growth individually, but they are needed in combination. No one should expect it to be unconditionally fair to all by design.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In any event, while personality explains part of subjective well-being, living conditions are also an influence (Schmutte and Ryff, 1997, Dolan, Peasgood and White, 2008). These differences may be expressed in differing concepts of happiness or satisfaction, in the use of different kinds of information and even in different forms of self-conceptualization associated with specific cultural norms. A life satisfaction score of 6 on a scale of 1 to 10 does not mean that the individual is twice as satisfied as another individual with a score of 3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The effects of carbon pricing in China are examined here using a computable general equilibrium model of the Chinese economy developed jointly by the State Information Center of the Chinese government with help from Monash University. The model is based on the 2007 input-output table of the Chinese economy and features 137 production sectors. Production is based on inputs of capital, energy, labour and land, where labour is differentiated to account for workers with different skills while primary energy is supplied as either coal or a hybrid of oil and gas. There is substitutability between different factors of production including different types of energy. In each scenario full pass-through of carbon pricing to electricity prices is assumed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The upturn was evident in the United States, the eurozone and Japan (figure 1.1), along with continued strong performance by China and gradual recovery in major commodity exporters. This momentum is expected to be largely sustained, although there is an element of uncertainty. Global output is projected to grow by 3 and 3.1 per cent in 2018 and 2019 respectively, on par with an estimated 3 per cent growth in 2017, slight easing in growth in developed economies is expected to be offset by a rebound in developing economies, including commodity exporters in Africa and Latin America (figure 1.2). The eurozone is expected to further transition from recovery to expansion (European Commission, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Methamphetamine was nevertheless the main drug produced in laboratories detected. Australia also saw a 10-ton seizure of benzaldehyde, a precursor used to produce methamphetamine. There were 1,035 detections of amphetamine-type stimulants precursors in the period 2013/14, a slight decrease from the detections in the previous reporting period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Evidence that psychological stress is causally related to birth weight comes from quasi-experimental studies that exploit natural disasters (Glyn et al., Conley and Bennett (2000) use panel data (PS1D) from the US and apply grandmother fixed effects to control for unobservable family factors to estimate the heritability of child birthweight. They find that a child born to a mother who was born with low birthweight (LBW) is 6.6 times as likely to be of LBW compared to a relative whose mother was not born with LBW. Currie and Moretti (2007) revisit the same question using individual birth records from California and show substantial intergenerational correlation in health i.e. that women who were low birth weight are more likely to deliver low birth weight infants, and this effect is greater if the women are living in a low income neighborhood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
-Can increase car commuting and related emissions if people move further from thei r work places and public transport availability is not sufficient. Going for Growth recommendations, with their focus on national policies and national growth outcomes, will often be hard to assess in such contexts. In principle, this implies that emission reductions are not strictly necessary in each single country and some countries may have, or develop, a competitive advantage in emission-intensive production, within the limits of the overall sustainable environmental burden. In fact, from an overall economic efficiency perspective, it would make sense that reductions are made where they are least costly. While in principle, natural conditions and societal choice can imply varying valuations of environmental externalities across countries, this can underlie co-ordination failure in terms of management of global or regional environmental resources and risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Migration is a rapidly emerging field of study for disciplines such as political science, public policy, public administration, international relations (Hollifield 2008, 183). A few political studies of immigration were conducted in the 1970s (Castles and Kosack 1973, Freeman 1979), however, migration studies remained on the margins of political science until the 1990s. Recently studies have focused upon questions such as how to control immigration (Brochman and Hammar 1999, Cornelius et al. 2004), how immigration impacts international relations (Rudolph 2006), and the effect of immigration on citizenship, national identity and rights (Freeman 2004). Some migration studies have been comparative in nature
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Benefits from such investments for society as a whole are equally substantial. Yet, most systems are underfunded with dire consequences for water and sanitation users, especially the poorest. Providing sustainable drinking water supply and sanitation services (WSS) requires a sound financial basis and strategic financial planning to ensure that existing and future financial resources are commensurate with investment needs as well as the costs of operating and maintaining services. Access to clean drinking water and sanitation reduces health risks and frees up time for education and other productive activities, as well as increases the productivity of the labour force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Usually for monetary poverty, household income or consumption is assessed. But in this case sex disaggregation, for example, cannot be meaningfully performed. In multidimensional measures, the unit of identification is normally the individual or the household. When the unit of identification is the individual, it is possible to meaningfully decompose by gender, age, occupation, and other characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These difficulties are due to the fact that no long-term strategy and policy documents for protected areas have been agreed upon by all stakeholders and, as a result, the necessary basis for corresponding, and the needed institutional reforms and legislative framework, is lacking (see section 8.5). Most of the national experts in biodiversity conservation consider this document as outdated, and consequently there is a need to revise, update and produce a new strategy and action plan for biodiversity conservation. Only about $10 million is envisaged from the State budget, and the gap is expected to be covered by private investments, donors' ftinds and additional budget funding. This policy document outlines current status of fishery and main issues, defines the goals and objectives and describes the mechanisms of its implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Some use competition policy to level the trading field for firms and to address the effects of "winner takes all" dynamics. Differences across domestic regulatory regimes may pose a challenge for their interoperability across countries. There may also be a risk of a regulatory race to the bottom, for example with regard to privacy protection regulations, or of the use of regulation as disguised protectionism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
According to the latest PISA report on students’ well-being (OECD, 2017), 44% of students reported that they expect to complete tertiary education on average across OECD countries. Only 26% of students in the bottom quarter of PISA ESCS index reported that they expect to complete university, as compared with 66% of students from the top ESCS index on average across OECD countries. In Germany, the Netherlands, Slovenia, less than 10% of students reported that they expect to attain a university degree.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In such countries as India and Thailand, a large net positive contribution was more a reflection of weak domestic demand, particularly investment, rather than strong exports. In particular, Bangladesh, Cambodia and Myanmar have benefited from increased inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) in recent years, partly due to relocation of production from China. The inflows have supported relatively strong manufacturing growth in these economies (see figure A).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
One of the significant achievements of early years of twenty-first century is the establishment of International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2002. During its journey of 15 years, it has indicted, tried, and prosecuted a number of war criminals, and those committing genocide and crimes against humanity. In 2015, its Statute was reviewed in Kampala after which it seems that the crime of aggression would also begin coming to its docket very soon. In this chapter, the establishment of ICC has been revisited and the early hesitance of South Asian nations to sign Rome Statute of ICC has been examined. It analyses the subject matter, personal jurisdiction of the Court, and the concepts of individual criminal responsibility and complementarity under international law. It also evaluates the functioning of the Court by examining the cases decided by it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, social norms and barriers may keep women from joining business networks. Balancing home and work responsibilities was seen as a major or signiticant barrier by 44% of women business owners in Nigeria and 37% in Argentina. This challenge was more difficult for women managers, executives and professionals. Fewer women reported difficulty in Argentina - perhaps because 51% reported no children at home, while only 28% of Nigerians reported no children at home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The model splits the estimated trade weight between centroids into different transport modes. The main mode is designated by the longest route component (i.e. sea has always some access and egress travel, either by road or by rail). The latter is applied for the maritime port selection to accelerate convergence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There are 67 stocks of known status comprising over 52% of the total landed catch. Over 82% of these stocks are at, or near, target level. It was estimated for the 2006-07 fishing year that i) 29 stocks were almost certainly near or above their target biomass, ii) 14 stocks were probably near or above their target biomass, iii) 12 stocks were possibly near or above their target biomass and iu) 12 stocks were almost certainly below their target biomass.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In 1957 the establishment of the Mekong Committee was the first ever involvement by the United Nations (UNECAFE, now UNESCAP) in cross-border river basin planning, its purpose was to embark on a large-scale irrigation and five-dam hydropower project, the Development of Water Resources in the Lower Mekong Basin (Jacobs 2002). Only one dam, the Nam Ngum, was the outcome of intergovernmental cooperation, however, as the four riparian countries (Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam) did not give their consent to other projects involving cross-border agreements. In 1975 attempts to rejuvenate cross-border efforts took the form of a Joint Declaration of Principles for Utilization of the Waters of the Mekong Basin that prohibited the “unilateral appropriation” of water without “prior approval” and “extra-basin diversion” without unanimous consent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
By approving prohibitions on genocide and embracing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the United Nations in 1948 sustained a theory premised on the centrality of people—both in their collective and individual capacities—that enjoyed primacy over the claims of the sovereign state. This affirmation of human rights dovetailed with the UN’s earlier endorsement of the Nuremberg principles with their emphasis on personal accountability. The melding of privileges and responsibilities gestured toward, although it did not fully encompass, that philosophical line strenuously espoused at the time by the eminent legal theorist, Hersch Lauterpacht: the state is not a sanctified end but merely the custodian of the welfare and ultimate purpose of human beings.This analysis examines the Genocide Convention and the UDHR and brings into conversation their drafting histories, politics, and diplomacy. It traces the saga of two seminal documents and their tandem fates in Cold War America. The collectivist proj...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The role of forests in climate change mitigation is well recognized. Deforestation is the second leading cause of climate change after burning fossil fuels, and accounts for nearly 20 percent of all GHG emissions - more than the world's entire transport sector. As much as 24-30 percent of the total mitigation potential can be provided by halting and reversing tropical deforestation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There is growing consensus that assessments of economic performance should not focus solely on overall income growth, but also take into account income distribution. Some see poverty as the relevant concern while others are concerned with income inequality more generally. A key question is whether the type of growth-enhancing policy reforms advocated for each OECD countiy and the BRIICS in Going for Growth might have positive or negative side effects on income inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It should be noted that the government treats guarantees as public debt with regards to the debt ceiling. This creates clarity about a key component of the liabilities from the sector. Given the difficulty to address cost recovery in the short term, the key from a budgetary point of view is to ensure budget transparency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Information from Markets Near and Far: Mobile Phones and Agricultural Markets in Niger.'' American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2 (3): 46-59. New cloud-based digital health models are emerging in a number of countries and providing better services at lower cost. Most LDCs face great challenges in making broadband Internet access available and affordable for all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This paper analyzes the bond as a strategy for practices of care in public health policies. The analysis was structured around the Foucauldian tools of truth and forms of government that constitute policies of subjectivation. The discussion surrounds the correlation between the National Policy of Primary Health Care and other documents of public policies as part of this approach that makes it possible to consider the articulation of the bond with practices of care. This reflection has considered the bond as a focus of experience constituted by the correlation between formation of knowledge, normativity of behaviors and forms of subjectivation with regard to a pragmatic of the subjects in their different modalities of relationship with themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The scheme is recognised as an effective intervention, it is also important, however, that such teachers should not become a substitute for goal that all teachers be able to adapt their teaching to immigrant students. Training opportunities, materials and funding for extra resources are mostly ad-hoc and dependent on the size of school budgets and/or the amount of support provided by the municipalities or counties. School leaders play a key role in promoting the participation of teachers in training where necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Today, there are 18 hunting farms (four more licences have been issued to fishing farms) but they do not operate effectively and only some of them have approved extraction quotas. It is thought that the trout has been affected the most. However, detailed study of this issue has not been carried out recently. Illegal fishing on the migration routes of species such as sturgeon, together with the dams constructed along those routes, is also a big problem for the survival of these species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, where this is not already in place, environmental taxes and their revenues can contribute to processes to improve fiscal governance (GTZ, 2008). If administrative capacity is lacking, enforcement of even relatively simple environmental taxes may be lax or indeed non-existent (Speck and Datta, 2007). Policymakers should thus choose a path where administrative capacity to enforce environmental taxes exists, or can be put in place relatively easily.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The first session is organised in September and includes a test of student knowledge. The last one takes place in April and also includes a test. The tests are used in two ways: they allow the assessment of student needs and the subsequent preparation of a plan of educational activities tailored to specific students, and they also allow the assessment of student progress during the school year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Therefore, according to the present level of wastewater discharges, the “polluter pays” principle is not implemented. As a result, companies have no incentive to reduce the pollution of the wastewater or to clean up and reuse the water. Furthermore, users do not have to pay for the water abstraction, which results in a very unsustainable use of the water resource.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Against this background, this section uses the results from this study and previous OECD work on the drivers of growth - most of which has been published in various editions of Going for Growth - to assess possible policy trade-offs and complementarities between growth and income distribution objectives. In doing so, growth-enhancing policy reforms are classified into three categories: 0 those that are likely to reduce income inequality, ii) those that are likely to raise it, and Hi) those that seem to have an ambiguous effect. While the discussion focuses on labour income inequality, any fall in labour income inequality should translate into a fall in disposable income inequality, all else equal (in particular the tax and transfer system).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This paper investigates the quest for legitimacy conducted by hereditary, traditional leaders in dual legitimacy systems. We theorise that traditional leaders engage in meta-constitutional bargaining, i.e. bargaining among constitutionally and traditionally defined actors within the meta-constitutional space. This process resembles constitutional bargaining in federations over the institutional balance between the members and centre, and among members. We thus propose a parallel between the theory of federal bargaining, on the one hand, and, on the other, the process of institutional balancing between agents in constitutional and traditional authority structures in dual legitimacy systems. Evidence from narratives of institutional balancing between constitutional and traditional authorities in Southern Africa suggests that actors’ strategies in dual legitimacy systems accord with the framework here. The narratives also disclose that both constitutional and traditional authorities rely on the state's courts for adjudication. The paper enriches social science scholarship on traditional authority, political economy and federalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)