albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
According to chapter 1.3.1 the cost sector represents 53% of all meals served within the hospitality sector in Finland). There are also some key figures from the survey performed in this project used as a supplement to data from other sources. Some reports only focus on food waste that is source separated and ignore thus the fact that food waste also is disposed together with residual waste even though recycling has been introduced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, the 2008 evaluation of the programme concluded that, despite progress observed in the capacity of competent authorities, much remains to be done. While it might still be too early to assess long term impacts, because capacity building programmes need time to generate effects on the ground, it appears that the project was insufficiently endowed with financial resources in view of its extremely ambitious objectives. Important delays to the programme’s implementation until the second quarter of 2006 led to the compression of some activities for a much shorter implementation period and the impossibility for others to be completed before the end of the project, foreseen for end 2007. Implementation of technical assistance activities requires a long-term commitment and needs time for planning and delivery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Agreement explicitly indicates that it applies to transboundary waters of the Narva River Basin, including Pskovsko-Chudskoye/Peipsi Lake. Over time, the competence of joint bodies has expanded to include fishing and fisheries, water allocation, irrigation, power generation, construction of water facilities and bridges, and the protection against floods. For example, in the agreements concluded between or with participation of EECCA States from the early 1990s, groundwaters are included in the competence of some joint commissions (agreements 2, 8, 20 in table 1) and plenipotentiaries (agreements 1, 4, 9, 18 in table 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This chapter will examine how Australia receives and approaches international law, and explore and assess Australia’s position within the schema of monist, dualist or a hybrid of both. This chapter will briefly examine the development of the Australian legal system, a common law system that developed as a result of Australia’s colonisation by the British in 1788. The chapter will then look at the Australian approach to and reception of international law, including the differing roles of the executive, judiciary and legislature. The chapter will examine how these branches of government have dealt with international law in treaty and customary form, and how the judiciary has negotiated and reconciled the complexities and ambiguities that arise out of the interaction between Australia’s international law obligations, and its domestic legal system. Finally, the chapter will then assess Australia’s relationship to international law within the monist-dualist dynamic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
We are proud to present the second issue of   feminists@law  .  Our first piece in this issue is Madhumanti Mukherjee’s alternative feminist judgment in the Indian Supreme Court case of  Sakshi v. Union of India . The issue will develop over the next few months to include papers on Nordic Feminist Perspectives, Feminist Engagements with the Commons, and Latin American Feminism and Constitutionalism. We will also be publishing new articles and video material. We hope you enjoy the issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Those factors include mother’s age, urban/rural residence and key characteristics of the child, such as sex, birth order, length of previous birth interval. Therefore, health policies that focus on reducing inequalities, as proposed by the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF), seem more likely to yield large returns on the investments being made by countries, averting more child and maternal deaths than policies focused on improving overall levels of health and mortality without attention to the role of inequalities. While it is important to invest globally in maternal, adolescent and child health (Every Woman Every Child, 2015), it is critical that these efforts target the most economically vulnerable children and their families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Thirty-seven surveys saw inequality grow in the 2000s, while 39 experienced drops. Clearly inequality is not on the rise all over the world. The choice of welfare measure (e.g. income, wage earnings, consumption expenditure, wealth) and the unit of analysis (e.g. individual or household, per capita, or adult equivalent) impact greatly on any conclusions drawn from the data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A man testified that his trauma resulting from the rape was such that he could not talk about it to the doctor who was treating him for another medical condition." [ Domestic legislation might lack legal protections for male victims of sexual violence due to gendered definitions of rape that exclude male rape. The guidelines are designed to assist criminal justice and human rights investigators, reporters and monitors to fully ana properly monitor, document and investigate sexual violence against men and boys that may amount to war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide and other egregious violations of international humanitarian, criminal and human rights law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The most important and climate active naturally occurring GHGs are: Water vapour (H20), carbon dioxide (C02), nitrous oxide (N20), methane (CH4), and ozone (03). There are also manmade GHGs that also contribute to global warming.38 The most important contributor to global warming through the greenhouse effect is made by C02 followed in descending order by methane, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), ozone and nitrous oxide.39 With time, and especially over the past 50 years or so, rising concentrations of GHGs in the atmosphere have increased the level of absorption of the outgoing radiation. This has led to more heat being trapped in the atmosphere and consequently, in an increase in the average temperature of the earth's surface.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The United States Federal Government has repeatedly put the people of Vieques, Puerto Rico in harm’s way due to the injurious after-effects of air-to-ground weapons testing. Most of the harm happened during the Navy’s 70 years on the island. Yet, the harm continues today considering that aspects of the cleanup count as continued acts of environmental injustice, viewed within the context of the island’s colonial history. Usually, this harm deals with public health issues, but the remediation protocols do not account for considerations such as cultural identity and heritage. This paper shows how the procedures for environmental remediation in Vieques qualify as a case of environmental injustice according to Robert M. Figueroa’s ‘environmental justice paradigm.’ The aim of employing this kind of approach is to pinpoint the underlying reasons why this is a case of environmental injustice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper examines the complex relationships between gender, education, extremism and security. After defining extremism and fundamentalism, it looks first at the relationship of gender to violence generally, before looking specifically at how this plays out in more extremist violence and terrorism. Religious fundamentalism is also shown to have gendered concerns. The paper concludes with drawing together the educational implications of these analyses, arguing for a politicised education to promote both national and personal security. Five components are proposed: acceptance of ambiguity rather than absolutism and single truths, a secular basis in human rights, breaking down ‘otherness’, reconciliation rather than revenge, and free speech and humour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Concentration of practical training in workshops serving a few schools is another way of lowering the cost of VET provision. Better co-ordination between different levels of government is a necessary condition to improve the planning of VET provision according to the principles presented below. Suppose, for example, that engineering skills drive innovation and economic growth in a manner which is very helpful to the economy but where the benefits are not captured in the wages of engineers. This would mean that the incentives to pursue engineering qualifications would be limited and there would be fewer VET engineering students than would be socially desirable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It will also provide standards for sustainable management and conservation of natural aquatic resources including for fish stocks. Among other activities this will be coordinated with the private sector, banks, financial institutions, and others for promoting development partnerships in the fisheries sector. The first Aquaculture Lab was accredited by the Indian National Authority in 2014. With the decision by the Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories (NABL) as per ISO/IEC 17025: 2005, the Central Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory of the Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA), under Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) will perform as the sole accredited aquaculture lab.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Some countries are raising the relevancy of career guidance services by developing indicators of labour market outcomes of alumni by institutions and programmes (Box 3.12). These indicators have to be of good quality and easy to understand. To ensure transparency, they should exist at institution and programme levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They then add to the personal contribution of the financing plan for the project. Finally, in some financing plans, including specific loans or the intervention of a mutual guarantee organisation, a minimum personal contribution may be imposed. In addition, this contribution will help to fund the start-up costs or certain investments not covered by bank loans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climote Chonge. Combridge, UK, ond New York, USA, Combridge University Press. Locally Weighted Regression: An Approach to Regression Anolysis by Local Filling. Journol of the American Statistical Association, 83(403): 596-610.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, many businesses, in particular SMEs, but also governments and individuals - in particular those with low or no formal education - lack the necessary skills and know-how, and financial resources to take advantage of ICTs, and to introduce the changes needed for their productive use in businesses and across society. Established businesses, in particular, may have too low incentives to invest in ICTs and in the necessary complementary KBC (in particular organisational change). One reason is that investments in ICTs can take scarce resources away from sustaining the most profitable business units, in particular when ICT investments have to be complemented with additional investments in organisational change and human capital. In addition, these investments are risky: they may not be profitable enough in the short run and are often associated with sunk costs (that cannot be recovered often due to a high degree of organisation specificities).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As discussed in the Report on the World Social Situation 2016: Leaving No One Behind—The Imperative of Inclusive Development (United Nations, forthcoming), the term social exclusion refers to both the inability of individuals to participate fully in the economic, social, political and cultural life of the community to which they belong and the processes leading to their exclusion. The structural inequalities that result in social exclusion are reproduced by the economic rules, institutions and social norms that govern societies. People and communities are relatively more exposed and vulnerable to climate hazards when their livelihoods depend on natural resources and they have few options for diversifying their income sources, when they are without appropriate access to insurance and financial markets, and when they have low levels of education and inadequate access to health services or inadequate access to appropriate facilities for persons with disabilities and older persons. This Survey will strive to delineate the structural inequalities that most increase vulnerability and exposure to climate hazards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Agricultural processing in Bangladesh accounts for a relatively large share of RNF self-employment income (21 per cent), in contrast to the more dominant manufacturing sector, which represents 31 per cent of RNF wage employment income (chart 26F). The authors identify rurality via the domicile of the household, and not the location of the job. Participation is defined as the receipt of any household income (negative or positive) by any household member from that income-generating activity. All the charts are based on the mean of shares which is defined as the income shares calculated for each household, and then the mean of the household shares of each type of income is calculated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Their profit will also depend on prices for finished products which could be unrelated to water risks. Relatively larger companies may also be subject to different types of impacts, beyond future production losses, not responding to endogenous water risks may affect their reputation, reducing their sales and the confidence of their financial investors. Larger operating companies that rely on a broader market may not suffer significant losses from production risks in hotspot located farms, therefore, other things being equal, their threshold for response is higher. Smaller companies are more vulnerable to losses and will need to find ways to adapt more rapidly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Quality of legal frameworks signifies the ability to produce the regulatory reforms required by policy makers. Effective legislation must have a clear purpose and introduce consistent and well thought-out rules and enforcement mechanisms, and unambiguous rules and obligations. Finally, it must allow for systematic monitoring and evaluation of the results of legislation. Implementing an evidence-based NUP process requires investment in civil services, research, university curricula and educational opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Teachers typically enjoy helping children develop and making a contribution to society, and have no reason to shy away from the challenges of teaching disadvantaged students. But teachers are also more likely to want to work in disadvantaged schools if they feel they have support from principals, can collaborate with colleagues, and are provided with adequate resources to deal with the problems they face. School leaders who support and empower teachers can not only attract more and better-qualified teachers to work in disadvantaged schools, they also have a positive impact on the school climate more generally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The International Labour Organization has shown active involvement in the operations of the SAICM Quick Start Programme Trust Fund Implementation Committee. The ILO has also supported relevant activities in the SAICM's Global Plan of Action (IOMC 2015), for instance regarding the chemical safety of workers. In addition to the ILO, the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), for instance, has participated in the work of SAICM.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Compared to an average employment growth rate of 3.2% across all occupations, growth rates of high- and medium-skilled occupations were relatively high in South Africa. Together with the slight underrepresentation of foreign-born workers among plant and machine operators and agricultural workers, the slowest growing and shrinking occupations, this pattern suggests that labour immigration is to an important extent demand driven. Black foreign-bom workers are overrepresented, compared to their South African-bom counterparts, in all the major occupational groups exhibiting growth except among clerks, professionals, and plant and machine operators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Much of the expected urban growth will take place in countries of the developing regions, particularly Asia and Africa. As a result, these countries face numerous challenges in meeting the needs of their growing urban populations, including for housing, infrastructure, transportation, energy and employment, as well as for basic services (such as water, electricity, drainage, and waste management). Sustainability and resilience in physical infrastructure are now critical.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A study of energy-efficient motor systems in China noted that the purchasers of electric motors within a company are generally not the end-users (Yang 2007). Often, people without the knowledge, information and incentives to minimize operating costs are responsible for procuring equipment, and energy management staff might not have the time to check their decisions. Maintenance staff, too, might have incentives unrelated to running costs, including energy consumption, focusing instead on minimizing capital costs or repairing failed equipment. Efficiency experts suggested that the company also link its personnel policy (promotions, salaries) to energy conservation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Since Nuremberg, the ethics of scientific research involving human beings has been for decades the source of concern and controversy. Profit-driven experimentation sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry has progressively migrated to the South, turning into a widespread phenomenon imbued with ethical challenges and dilemmas. The protection of vulnerable communities from the risks of unethical behaviour and exploitation, often associated with the outsourcing of clinical trials in developing countries, calls for respect of internationally agreed standards. This Article argues that massive experiments conducted in disregard of universal bioethical principles and human rights may amount to crimes against humanity under international criminal law. It also suggests that, in such cases, the International Criminal Court would have jurisdiction over a broad range of liable individuals, including public officials of host and sponsoring States, physicians and researchers acting in their private capacity, as well as officers and directors of pharmaceutical corporations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The t-tests show that Korea’s average pedestrian fatality rate between 2000 and 2013, 5.2 fatalities per 100 000 inhabitants, is statistically significantly higher than in any other country with a margin for error of less than 0.1%. A p-value of less than 0.05 indicates a difference that is statistically significant at the 5% level. Korea ranked highest in the elderly traffic fatality rate, w'ith a rate of 3.6 per 100 000 inhabitant elderly traffic fatalities, i.e. fatalities among the over 65 year olds, on average from 2000 and 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Canadian security & intelligence community’s historical development and scope reflect the country’s relatively favourable geopolitical circumstances. Since 9/11, anti-terrorism has been the country’s clear security priority, possibly to the point of ignoring other critical issues. Because responses to terrorism involve both criminal law and intelligence-led preemptive activities, Canada’s chief police and intelligence agencies now overlap in their investigations to a considerable degree, creating conundrums for both operations and accountability. This article traces the impact of these developments on the Canadian management of national security, and the institutional design of Canada’s S&I community and accountability mechanisms. It concludes with a series of questions Canadian policy makers must ponder in deciding how best to address Canada’s operational and accountability national security challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By doing this they counteract eutrophication and improve water quality. They support a high diversity of associated species such as amphipods and snails and are an important nursery grounds for fish. The salinity gradient across the Baltic region creates functional differences in biodiversity and food webs in seagrass meadows, showing a decline in the number of species but an increase in the biomass of mesograzers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Sustainable development implies a radical reconfiguration of patterns of production and consumption, and changes in the relationship between societies and the natural environment. It therefore requires the structural transformation of economies, especially in LDCs, which need to transition to high-productivity economic activities and sectors in order to tackle the traditional challenges of economic and social development in a new way that mainstreams environmental considerations. The concept of sustainable development links three dimensions of sustainability — economic, social and environmental — and the 2030 Agenda emphasizes the unity of, and mutual support between, these dimensions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For climate change adaptation, regulators were required to assess possible climate impacts in four areas: human health, infrastructure and location, land use, landscape, ecosystems and biodiversity, and water resources. The presumption was that the most climate-friendly alternative would be selected. Legislative texts were required to include a statement on the climate relevance of the act and alternatives considered, and, if the alternative chosen was not the most climate-friendly among those considered, a short statement of justification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Across the countries and economies that participated in PISA 2015, only in Belgium and the United Kingdom the PISA index of Economic, Social and Cultural Status (ESCS), which is based on occupational prestige, education levels and home possessions, is higher among rural than among urban families. Only in six countries, namely Costa Rica, France, Germany, Israel, Switzerland and the United States, there is no socio-economic gap among rural and urban families (Figure 4). In all other countries, particularly in Hungary, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, Tunisia and Turkey, socio-economically disadvantaged students are more frequently found in rural than in urban schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The approach to municipal mergers is a combination of voluntary and forced. Voluntary mergers include some that cut across county boundaries (0stfold/Akershus and Akershus/Buskerud). Sweden has established a parliamentary committee in charge of investigating ways to strengthen the capacity of municipalities to meet new societal needs, which is scheduled to submit its proposal by 2019.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The clusters can be organised and combined in different ways to enhance their effectiveness and to create unique approaches to teaching and learning. Combining the approaches means moving beyond the fragmented focus on specific pedagogical innovations to highlight the importance of the creative work of teachers and schools w'hen adjusting, adapting, mixing and updating the clusters of innovative pedagogies. This pedagogical approach blends student work and teaching for understanding, adapts their sequencing and draws heavily on digital learning resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The point of making the discussion about an acceptable level of water risks explicit is to ensure that these decisions are informed by both a robust evidence base as well as an informed public debate in order to ensure that policy responses are proportional to the risks faced. However, given that only 63% of the flood defences currently meet those standards, the actual level of protection is lower. Safety' standards for regional flood defences ultimately remain an administrative decision by the provinces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)