albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Political economy theory expects politicians to use budget deficits to engineer an election-timed boom, known as the political business cycle. We challenge and contextualize this view by incorporating the financial constraints faced by governments into an electoral framework. We argue theoretically that the extent of ownership dispersion among creditors has important effects for governments’ policy autonomy. Specifically, we contend that when highly indebted governments become more reliant on international bond markets—as opposed to traditional bank lending—politicians alter the way they respond to domestic constituents. In an econometric test of 16 Latin American countries, from 1961 to 2011, we show that financial decentralization breeds austerity. More specifically, we find that politicians exhibit more fiscal discipline when they fund a greater share of their spending through decentralized bond markets. Furthermore, we find this disciplining effect to be particularly strong during election periods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In many-metropolitan areas, smaller municipalities often lack the sheer human and technical capacity to prepare adequate plans or to update them, and require both training and funding from higher levels of government, as shown in the example of Puebla-Tlaxcala (Box 2.7). Municipalities have several planning instruments at their disposal with which to regulate and promote uiban development. However, most existing plans no longer reflect the demographic or spatial realities of municipalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These employer partnerships will then become central to the mission of training providers, while employers will see that, unless they are willing to offer work placements, the programme from which they draw their recruits may close or contract, and government funding shift to another sector or region. Many currently reluctant employers will choose to offer work placements under these conditions, assuming that they value the training programmes. Potentially it also means that some programmes which are of little interest to employers may need to consider reducing training places, or even close.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As described in section 4.1, basic education courses, formal vocational education and vocational training courses are available to all adults, and these do not require referral from the PES. Countries with fewer than 100 observations not included. Only those who report main activity as looking after family or home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Governments are advised to intervene when there is evidence of underinvestment in education and training. Repayments are not required in periods of low income and the costs of investment are repaid when the returns materialise. Spain, New Zealand, South Africa and the United Kingdom also have successful schemes. This direct funding is justified by the benefits that skills development brings to society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
India, Pakistan, the Philippines and Viet Nam have a low vehicle share per 1,000 population, ranging from five to 22. Further, motorcycles constitute a maj or share of the vehicle population in cities in South Asia and South-East Asia. India, Indonesia, Thailand and Viet Nam have very high numbers of motorcycles. Growth was between 10-14 per cent in Brunei Darussalam, China, India and Thailand, while the growth was a low 1-2 per cent in Bangladesh, Japan, Malaysia and the Philippines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These two causes — lack of demand and lack of political will— seem to have been more important than the technical and methodological problems entailed in time-use research, and it is therefore essential for this research to include an education and information component. London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Another is that having the information to hand is not enough: it needs to be converted into tools for public policy design, follow-up, evaluation and accountability. For this, data need to be turned into indicators, and indicators into programmes of action (Eternod and Medina, 2011). It is incomplete because in some cases surveys have been used to support proposals for policies or laws but have not yet translated into operational programmes, while in other cases a process of policymaking and learning is under way and the policies concerned have yet to be implemented. The satellite account for unpaid work is currently under development, with a number of ministries of State and other organizations currently promoting this type of work (the National Secretariat for Planning and Development, the central bank, INEC, the National Assembly, the Ministry for Social Development Coordination, the Ministry for Economic Policy Coordination and the Transition Commission).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Instructional leadership itself needs to be more clearly defined in terms of principals’ actions, and it is here that the work of Day et al. ( Distributed leadership focuses on leadership practices, including interactions with other leaders, teachers, staff, parents, and students, rather than on formal leaders’ traits, roles and functions, or on organisational structures (Grubb and Flessa, 2006(57], Spillane, 2006(58]). Three specific aspects of distributed leadership are: making collaborative decisions, emphasising school governance that empowers staff and students and encourages shared accountability for student learning, and emphasising school-wide participation in efforts to evaluate the school’s academic development (Hallinger and Heck, 2010(4ij).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This study is an examination of a changing judiciary in an emerging democracy. As part of the conditions mandated for European Union (EU) accession, Romania has been urged to demonstrate movement toward greater rule of law (Romania, 2008). One way in which Romania has responded to this objective is through the creation of the Superior Council of the Magistracy (CSM), a judicial body separate from the executive branch. Additionally, changes are occurring to the Romanian judiciary as a result of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) power to remand cases that are inconsistent with the European Convention on Human Rights (Janis, 2000). This qualitative research involved an attitudinal study based on semi-structured interviews of members of the Romanian judiciary. This research is unique because, although many studies of the population's perception of corruption are available, this study involves the suggestions of members of the Romanian judiciary themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This definition better captures the complexity of cities today and in particular their interconnectedness with their hinterland and other administrative units. In the case of water policy, the functional approach relates to the catchment area where cities are located, which can help map centres of water demand (urban areas where most people live) and water supply (the surrounding environments where point sources are located). Overcoming the mismatch between administrative perimeters and hydrographic boundaries is a question of governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A regression analysis also shows that the probability of attending secondary education increases with wealth. The widespread use of private tutoring may worsen existing gaps. The demand for skilled jobs is growing and a skilled workforce is increasingly central to Viet Nam's social and economic development. Evidence shows that the distribution of skilled jobs remains highly unequal and that skills mismatch is a serious and growing challenge in fast-growing Viet Nam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Without the use of a social justice lens for energy planning, large-scale renewable energy projects can be environmentally damaging and may do little tc enhance gender equality. Decision-making in the energy sector often excludes women, and policies are mostly gender-unaware. In many cases they are creating their own pathways to clean energy technology that level the playing field in regard to economic and social opportunity. It has the potential to reduce development initiatives directed at gender and energy since the deep inequalities in the energy sector cannot easily be quantified. Enabling the creation of local renewable energy user groups and co-operatives, and empowering women to fully participate all levels of decision-making, is essential for sustainable energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article examines the impact of diasporas on secessionist conflicts, focusing on the Albanian, Armenian and Chechen diasporas and the conflicts in Kosovo, Karabakh and Chechnya during the 1990s. How do diasporas radicalize these conflicts? I argue that despite differences in diaspora communal characteristics and the types of the secessionist conflicts, a common pattern of mobilization develops. Large-scale diasporic support for secessionism emerges only after independence is proclaimed by the local elites. From that point onwards diasporas become engaged in a conflict spiral, and transnational coalitions are formed between local secessionist and diaspora groups. Depending on the organizational strength of the local strategic centre and the diasporic institutions, these coalitions endure or dissipate. Diasporas exert radicalization influences on the conflict spiral on two specific junctures - when grave violations of human rights occur in the homeland and when local moderate elites start losing credibility that they can achieve the secessionist goal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This should be a key concern when selecting stakeholders to participate in advisory boards, working groups or assemblies. The relatively informal nature of meetings and workshops can foster both deliberation and build a sense of community. They provide an open atmosphere which makes participants generally more willing to discuss issues and maximises dialogues on issues that may not have come to light through more structured mechanisms. For instance, meetings and workshops are flexible in terms of timeframe and scale (from community meetings to international conferences) and can apply to a wide range of issues (e.g. from discussing a municipal sewer project to debating on transboundary basin management agreements).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The essays in Waldron’s Torture, Terror, and Trade-Offs have important implications for debates about the criminalization of terrorism and terrorism-related offences and its consequences for criminal law and criminal justice. His reflections on security speak directly to contemporary debates about the preventive role of the criminal law. And his analysis of inter-personal security trade-offs invites much closer attention to the costs of counter-terrorism policies, particularly those pursued outside the criminal process. But is Waldron right to speak of a ‘welcome the return to the criminal justice model’? This article considers the arguments in favour of prioritizing the prosecution of terrorist suspects and asks if their prosecution can safely proceed without undue hazard to the criminal law and criminal process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Between 1996 and 2013, the percentage of Governments with policies to raise fertility has also increased in developing regions, from 8 per cent in 1996 to 14 per cent in 2013), while the percentage with policies to lower fertility has remained mostly unchanged (56 per cent in 1996 and 57 per cent 2013). In 2013, the percentage of Governments with policies to lower fertility was highest in Africa (83 per cent), whereas the percentage of Governments with policies to raise fertility was highest in Europe (73 percent). Early childbearing also increases the risk of maternal death or physical impairment, and children born to young mothers tend to have higher levels of morbidity and mortality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The widespread use of pesticides is associated with the practice of minimum-tillage and no-tillage farming. Alternative pest control practices, such as crop rotation and biological control, are rare, perhaps in part because a relatively large share of farmers (78%) have only finished elementary school (IBGE, 2012a). Low education may also explain why 20% of pesticide consumers do not use protective equipment when applying them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The latter is innovation that adapts existing technologies for local uses, making those technologies more widely available (Dutz and Sharma 2012). One is the new market mechanisms that will be set up as a result of the Agreement. Under the Kyoto Protocol, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) proved to be an important mechanism for delivering investment to developing countries in areas that mitigated climate change.12 Chapter 6 of the Agreement provides for a market mechanism that will be further elaborated by the Parties in subsequent meetings (Commonwealth Secretariat, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This groundbreaking piece of legislation will greatly improve the way the United Kingdom uses its marine resources and maximises the benefits it gets from them. Through the Act UK Administrations are now in the process of introducing new systems for marine planning and licensing within the policy framework provided by a UK Marine Policy Statement adopted by all UK administrations in March 2011. England’s first marine plans and a National Marine Plan for Scotland will be published for consultation in 2013. Verified by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The Caribbean countries with low child poverty levels (Saint Lucia and Antigua and Barbuda) are in the same range as the Latin American countries with the lowest levels, i.e. Chile and Uruguay. Poverty levels in the other Caribbean countries range from medium-high (Suriname) to medium-low (Grenada and Trinidad and Tobago). These initial estimates suggest that the scale of child poverty in the subregion, at least in the seven countries studied, is similar to that in Latin America.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Gender mainstreaming pays particular attention to disseminating statistics in formats that are easily understood by a wide audience and making clear the limitations of data collected on the basis of concepts and methods that are not gender-sensitive. Mainstreaming a gender perspective in national statistical systems requires political will at all levels, not only in national statistical offices but also in the statistical services of other Government agencies and in all institutions that provide administrative data (United Nations, 2006). Sensitizing and raising the awareness of both users and producers of data is critical in linking gender statistics to policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, spending indicators should be interpreted with caution, as they tend to overestimate the level of decentralisation (OECD, 2016b). Subnational governments, for example, may be responsible for a certain economic function but not have full autonomy in exercising it. These are all federal countries, where states have a high level of autonomy in educational matters, including vocational teaching and higher education (universities).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the absence of additional sources of revenue such as capacity payments, dispatchable technologies may leave the market, reducing the security of supply in the process. Strictly speaking, the latter correspond to marginal social costs, in which case total social costs would refer to the sum of private, market-based costs and external costs. Total social costs are identical with full costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Turkey recognizes the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Footnote by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It monitors the implementation of policies that are under the authority of MSES: pre-school education, primary, secondary and higher education, science culture and technical culture, international scientific and technical and technological co-operation, protection and use of cultural resources, historical materials and heritage, archives and archival materials, and the commemoration of historical events and persons, co-operation with religious communities, information technology, and other matters of education, science and culture. It consists of three prominent scientists from abroad whose main task is to provide advice and technical assistance to improve the efficiency of the science and higher education system. Its purpose is to facilitate the hosting of foreign researchers participating in research projects in Croatia. The Code of Procedures for the Approval of Temporary' Stay permits foreign researchers to work in private and public research and education institutions without a work permit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
With the growth of the urban middle class and the working class, the State came under pressure to change its approach to social issues, and an industrialization model based on import substitution was adopted. This involved the State managing and ensuring both economic development and the provision of well-being, which was to be achieved by protecting wage-earners as key actors and constructing a segmented protection system. From the debt crisis onwards, economic stabilization and structural adjustment programmes were promoted in the region, marking the arrival of the free-market model. Social policy in the employment field was characterized by measures to deregulate contractual arrangements and improve flexibility in order to lower wage costs. Against a backdrop of high unemployment, job security worsened, and own-account work and informal employment increased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The OECD, with its Strength through Diversity project, stands ready to support Sweden in developing an education system that promotes the integration of immigrant and refugee students into its education system. Special thanks are due to Swedish team members Kjell Nyman, Veronica Borg, Asa Kallen, Charlotte Persson, Cristina Pontis, Amanda Johansson and Lovissa LH Heiberg for their guidance and support in developing this report. We are also grateful to Katalin Bellaagh, Anna Ambrose, Anders Auer, Therese Ahlqvist, Ingalill Hagglund, Camilla Holmberg, Eva Lundgren, Maria Schwartz and Isabell Zupanc from the National Agency for Education for organising the meetings with stakeholders and for their comments, and to Kjell Nyman, Peter Johansson (in early stages) and Veronica Borg for co-ordinating the whole process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This study discusses the prospect of criminal   asset forfeiture   in the Corruption criminal act as a staple criminal. The research is based on the fact that the state's financial loss recovery due to corruption crimes is not achieved, whereas the purpose of law enforcement corruption is aimed at restoring the state's financial losses. But these objectives are not manifested through proper pipetting to accomplish that goal. The purpose of this research is to assess the prospect of asset deprivation as a staple criminal in the framework of national criminal law   reform  . The methods used in this study used normative research methods with a conceptual approach as a breakthrough problem occurred. This research gain results when criminal   asset forfeiture   is placed as principal criminal, it will realise the goal of state financial recovery due to corruption crimes and will be aligned with community justice.     Keywords:  Asset forfeiture, Corruption,   Penal Reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Intelligent Transportation System technologies are developing rapidly, and it is expected that ISA could be implemented without major obstacles. The adoption of a bold vision with the safe system approach will enable Korea through its leading agencies and organizations, together with the community to fundamentally change the way it approaches road safety improvement. This will involve moving current thinking and practice from “ decisions about the next incremental improvement ” to “ decisions on how to achieve the ultimate outcome of zero serious harm and then working backwards from the ultimate to the current” to determine the next steps forward along the safe system journey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Two major aspects of this relationship are the strength and the slope of the socio-economic gradient. When a student's actual performance is not the same as would be expected given his or her socio-economic status (as when the dots in Figure 1.6.5 are far from the dark line), the socio-economic gradient is considered to be weak. When socio-economic status becomes a good predictor of performance (and the dots in the figure are close to the dark line), then the gradient is considered strong.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For more than a decade, they have been advocating for workers' rights and have supported initiatives in the mobilization of workers and the organization of trade unions within various workplaces. Women in trade unions have made links between struggles in the factory, the community, the country, and at home. They have pushed for a range of reforms by opening the debate on the links between realms usually conceived as separate: the personal and the political, the home and the workplace, and child-bearing and work-related labour. In 1981, after pressure from women who raised the issue with the National Union of Textile Workers, an agreement was reached with the company South African Fabrics to close the wage gap between women and men workers in the industry and pay women the minimum rates, equivalent to those of male workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The post-Cold War trend towards the privatization of some of the security and military functions of post-conflict and conflict operations conducted by states is extending to peacekeeping operations undertaken by the UN and other organizations. This article examines the policies behind the increased use of private military and security contractors (PMSCs) in peacekeeping, considers the obstacles to accountability and responsibility caused by this development, and suggests ways of overcoming these obstacles to provide remedies for victims of human rights abuse at the hands of such contractors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The scope for individualization differs significantly when institutional resources such as human rights, education and the welfare State can be harnessed to address the risks of individual biographies, as opposed to modem “atomization”, when such resources do not exist (Beck and Beck-Gemsheim, 2003). But it also raises the need to challenge the dichotomy between the active role of the caregiver and the passive one of the care receiver (Williams, 2002, in Roberts and Mort, 2009). It implies both a public dimension —which has to do with active participation in organizing society'— and a personal one, expressed in terms of the ability to formulate and implement one’s own life plans and to make decisions based on one’s own preferences. In both cases, autonomy is based on self-determination and the freedom to decide for oneself, even though the help and support of others may be necessary to achieve it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Young people are particularly affected by over-skilling, as the incidence of over-skilling generally diminishes with age. In addition, over-skilling has a relatively small negative effect on wages. This suggests either that most employers succeed in identifying their employees' real skills, irrespective of their formal qualifications, and adapt job content accordingly or that wages are negotiated based on skills other than literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments and how those skills are used at work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)