albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This chapter briefly summarizes the current state of scientific knowledge on the potential health and environmental risks (Box 17) associated with genetic engineering in food and agriculture, followed by a discussion of the role of international standard-setting bodies in harmonizing risk analysis procedures for these products (Box 18). There is a substantial degree of consensus within the scientific community on many of the major safety questions concerning transgenic products, but scientists disagree on some issues, and gaps in knowledge remain. These foods have been assessed for increased risks to human health by several national regulatory authorities (.inter alia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom and the United States) using their national food safety procedures (ICSU).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Estimates of forest biomass and soil carbon sequestration in Finland and Norway during the past two decades are 8 and 5.6 Tg C yr1, respectively, or 39 and 46 g C nr2 yr1 (Liski et al. For Sweden, forest carbon accumulation between 1920 and 2000 was estimated to be 7.1 Tg C yr1, or 31 g C m-2 yr1 (Agren et al. The soil carbon sink was about 19% to 28% of the total carbon sink, estimated using models.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A broad policy package, which included fiscal incentives and a greater degree of economic openness, encouraged agricultural producers to diversify the commodity sector beyond coffee and bananas towards higher value-added agricultural produce for export. It also promoted the diversification of the economy towards high-tech industrial activities. This case study presents interesting lessons on how diversification can be facilitated, but also on the difficulties in achieving inclusive growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
An objective gap is often experienced in the areas of tariff setting, zoning and construction policies, electricity subsidies and irrigation. While CONAGUA and municipalities have different approaches for at-risk settlements in urban areas or the connection of new settlements to infrastructure networks (e.g. potential flooding), there is no mechanism compelling municipalities to follow CONAGUA’s guidance and declare at-risk zones as dangerous for settlement. Construction permits are issued in an uncoordinated manner, and unsafe human settlements have proliferated increasingly in recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This type of agreement could in future be strengthened by an initiative of the UN Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), which is developing an Industrial Standards Framework. The Framework will include, among other elements, an energy management standard that will link to the ISO 9000/14000 quality and environmental management systems standards. This would be a voluntary standard, available to support and strengthen industrial efficiency initiatives (UNIDO, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Since it came to power in 1997 the Labour Government has conceived of low levels labour market participation by disabled people as not just an economic concern but also an indicator of social exclusion or social injustice. This article presents some evidence about inequalities between disabled and non-disabled people in the labour market, reviews the evidence on discrimination in employment and discusses the potential of anti-discrimination legislation as a tool to reduce social injustice, discusses sources of social justice in the benefits system, and considers whether people in receipt of Incapacity Benefits should be expected to seek work. It concludes that rights and responsibilities are unjustly distributed between government and disabled people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They should continue to develop and implement measures that facilitate rural economy diversification and off-farm employment. This could include developing financing mechanisms to help smaller producers access IPARD investment funding, by allowing their co-investment to be paid in instalments instead of in full at the beginning. They should build the necessary databases including agricultural economic accounts, employment and output to inform policy analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Plans to collect regional variation in stage at diagnosis of cancer have been set out as part of the national cancer registry, but these data are not yet available for analysis (Ministerio de Salud de Costa Rica, 2016b). While standards and protocols were found to be in place, there were no systems in place to measure and track quality on a routine basis, nor to track the evolution of quality indicators over time at the time of the evaluation. Hospital infections doubled between 2000 and 2005, again with important differences amongst facilities. Dissatisfaction with perceived quality may also be an issue, more than 40% of the population report being dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with the quality of health sendees in 2014 (LAPOP 2014 as cited in Prat and Beverinotti, 2016, p. 72).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This has been done in 1976,1982-83,1990-91,1999,2006-07 with a sample of approximately 7,000 each time. These surveys provide participation data for a small selection of activities over time, i.e. walking, forest hiking, gardening, outdoor swimming, boating, fishing, backpacking and hunting. A new survey is planned for year 2013-14. The basic idea was to suggest a longitudinal program which covers data at different spatial levels to meet the needs of different stakeholders (Yuan and Fredman 2008]. The program has so far not been implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The article discusses the impact of recent military interventions in Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq on the rules governing the use of force in international law. It argues that, in spite of some egregious violations, existing rules have not been changed or fallen into desuetude. The attempt to dismantle the collective security system and the claim to relax beyond recognition the general prohibition on the use of force have found the strong opposition of the overwhelming majority of the UN membership. Furthermore, existing rules and Article 51 of the UN Charter have proved flexible enough to protect States against the threats posed by terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. Their application, nonetheless, remains extremely problematic and confirms the need for a collective control over the use of military force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
3The EU-SILC 2013 child-specific material deprivation module is optional, hence the number of countries analysed is limited. The children who are left behind, also referred to as the poorest children, or the children in the bottom end of the income distribution, are those in the poorest decile, i.e. with incomes falling below the 10th percentile in each country. This includes inter-EU migrants as well as those born outside the Union.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Sweden, among native students of mixed heritage, non-native speakers were 17 percentage points less likely to be academically resilient compared to native-speakers. The difference was at least 20 percentage points in the European peer-learner countries. In Canada, nativespeaking and non-native speaking students with different immigrant backgrounds were equally likely to attain baseline academic proficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Consolidation of polytechnics is expected to accelerate moving forward, including reducing fragmentation across campuses within single institutions. Finland also began merging government research institutes with higher education institutions in 2015, and should be reinforced through 2017-2020 performance agreements. The Strategic Research Council has also promoted greater collaborations between these bodies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is not possible to identify how to allocate human, financial and technical resources more effectively, in order to achieve desired objectives, without assessing the impact of interventions over time. The use of indicators is a key component of this. Though indicators are emerging, monitoring and evaluation of biodiversity mainstreaming is in its infancy . The Aichi Biodiversity Targets and the proposed global indicators thereunder, as well as the indicator framework under the SDGs, offer a starting point from which further indicators could be considered. A few of the NBSAPs reviewed in this report also include indicators that are relevant to mainstreaming initiatives (e.g. rate of loss of natural forests, e.g. Viet Nam, number of positive and harmful incentives, e.g. Ethiopia), and some have also been transposed into NDPs (and other national strategies). International organisations that serve as platforms to collect comparable national data (e.g. OECD, FAO, World Bank) also have an important role to play in this context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
That means that governments cannot trust linear forms of participation (representation) and communication alone (Hooge, Burns and Wilkoszweski, 2012). They would have to engage with a broader range of stakeholders than just representative organisations (see Box 4.1). In education, governments must seek ways to communicate continuously with school leaders and teachers in order to promote ownership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Lessons learned from practical experiences and from pilot programmes need to be reinvested in the decision-making process. Within the context of hazards caused by climate change and the need for resilient sustainable development, flexibility must be a key characteristic of the policymaking process if it is to be useful in situations characterized by persistent uncertainties, long time frames, emergence of new information, and the multidimensionality of the problem. Maintaining both flexibility through the various stages of the policy process and the capacity to change and iterate towards improved outcomes is crucial to ensuring that policy interventions are properly informed by the knowledge gained in the process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Thus, WHO total (recorded and unrecorded) estimates may significantly differ from OECD figures. In younger people, some data show increasing trends in alcohol consumption, in particular in low and middle income countries (WHO, 2011). Regarding European countries, the ESPAD study1 shows small decreases from 2003 through 2007 to 2011 in the proportion of students who consume alcohol, and it finds increases of heavy episodic drinking from 1995 to 2007 with some sign of downturn in 2011 (Hibell etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The national indicator may thus conceal unsustainable use in some regions and periods, and high dependence on water from other basins. The internal flow is equal to precipitation less actual evapotranspiration. It represents the total volume of river run-off and groundwater generated, in natural conditions, exclusively by precipitation into a territory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A biofoel incubator project in Limpopo province, South Africa, supported subsistence farmers and unemployed people by facilitating access to land and growing soybeans and sunflowers for biofoel production. The project fostered rural entrepreneurship and actively involved female farmers. It improved the situation of rural men and women by bringing them into productive work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For example, around 200 supermarkets and 10 hypermarkets sell the equivalent of 90,000 small shops and account for up to 30 per cent of Kenya’s food retail market (UNDP, 2012). Knowledge sharing between lead firms and suppliers will be important for upgrading Africa’s food production and its ability to compete in global markets (UNECA, 2013). Contract farming is becoming more common, but in many places small farmers face barriers to entry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, the institutional framework for coordination of SDG implementation and monitoring still needs to be operationalized. A weak point of the planning system, especially from the environmental perspective, is the non-application of the strategic environmental assessment (SEA) tool for evaluation of environmental impacts of future sectoral policies. The environmental legislation is largely consistent and coherent. Furthermore, enforcement of environmental laws and environment-related provisions in sectoral legislation often represents a serious challenge. Nevertheless, there are still a number of deficiencies. The environmental impact assessment (EIA) is conducted late in the permitting process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
North Korea marked the beginning of 2004 with a flurry of diplomatic offensives, which led to its participation in two six-party talks, two summit meetings with China and Japan, and its first-ever military talks with South Korea. However, this brisk diplomacy went into a holding pattern in the second half of the year with no substantial progress in the nuclear talks. The stalemate was reinforced by passage of the U.S. North Korean Human Rights Act, South Korea9s nuclear experiments, and hostile rhetoric toward North Korea voiced in the U.S. presidential election campaigns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Limited access to public services and social welfare benefits for rural migrants reduces their number and the length of their stay in cities. Although the Social Insurance Law, effective since mid-2011, requires all employers to pay health, unemployment, work injury and pension insurances for all their workers, including migrants, this remains an exception rather than standard practice. Therefore, migrants only stay about seven years in cities on average (Meng, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The second National Forest Inventory (NFI), which was conducted between 2006 and 2009, provides the most up-to-date forest information. Forest cover has increased in recent years, especially since 2011. In 2011, the forest and forestland area in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was 1,172,974 ha and in Republika Srpska 982,893 ha.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Victoria, Australia, for example, requires annual review meetings within the timeframe that school leaders and evaluators select for appraisal. In Ontario, Canada, school leaders and evaluators must meet at least three times within the evaluation year designated as part of the five-year evaluation cycle to facilitate professional dialogue between appraiser and the teaching professional being appraised. A continuous appraisal process communicates a more formative image based on the idea that a school leader’s performance can be improved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article has as its focus a theme that is hardly analyzed in the academic production on Human Rights: friendship and intergenerational care in popular culture. The article is based on a research that discussed friendship as mutual care and expansion of the practice of citizenship among children, youth and senior citizens. The authors discuss the importance of friendship and intergenerational care, revealing that they strengthen the right the involved actors have to live in family and community contexts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Fathers continue to be the main breadwinners in couple families, but whereas they previously did not participate in the labour force, German mothers are typically in work nowadays, albeit on a part-time basis. German women aged 25 to 34 years old are now more likely to obtain a university degree than young men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Prevalence of obesity among adults, BMI a 30, crude. In: Global Health Observatory data repository [online]. The model incorporated nonlinear time trends and age patterns, national versus subnational and community representativeness, and whether data covered both rural and urban areas versus only one of them. The model also included covariates that help predict BMI, including national income, proportion of population living in urban areas, mean number of years of education, and summary measures of availability of different food types for human consumption. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Tests for causality were not undertaken as it is difficult to be sure that all underlying hypotheses of the models are true and that all confounding variables are controlled for. As the dataset is extremely rich in quantity and representativeness of observations, and quality and diversity of explanatory variables, the statistical power of the results is naturally increased. The use of control variables also enhances the accuracy of the measures for participation decision by women. As the subject of study is of great complexity, any method/approach has its strengths and weaknesses and can provide at most provisional, partial, and conditional explanations. Therefore, the robust relationships can only be clarified through an overview of the research in the area in question and the confluence of the diverse streams of evidence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Due to their diverse characteristics and distinct production processes, different manufacturing industries exhibit varying degrees of potential automation. The heterogeneity does not only apply within the industrial sector but also across time, as Figure 3.13 reveals (UNIDO, 2017a). According to UNCTAD (2017), low-tech and labour-intensive industries do not follow an intensive automation path and thus still provide opportunities for employment generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It can contribute significantly to economic efficiency, both directly - by reducing transport costs - and indirectly, by lowering inventories. For instance, construction of new roads in China has led to increased productivity of firms, with an annual rate of return of 11 % and a dramatic reduction in inventories, saving on firms’ inventory holding costs.212 By cutting down the time and resources it takes to move goods, inputs and people, better transport systems improve SME competitiveness, help create jobs, and boost incomes. Rising wealth and urbanization in these regions are projected to increase investment in roads to accommodate more cars and public transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
An enhanced understanding of what works and why can help to scale up certain types of interventions and/or flows, which is particularly relevant for pilot or innovative approaches. Sharing lessons-learned is important both within and across institutions. It is unclear to what extent private suppliers of climate finance are prepared to publicly share their lessons learned. These results frameworks can help stakeholders build up a knowledge base of what has worked and what not, and can increase transparency and accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Ex post evaluation of the competitiveness impacts of environmental measures is one tool to assess potential detrimental effects of carbon pricing on firm output or employment, but it is currently underutilised (Arlinghaus, 2015). Pricing instruments in the combined water, waste and transport areas feature in 45 reviews, making them the second most common focus area for green growth (Figure 2.1). Ensuring the environmental sustainability of water ecosystems, reducing flood and drought impacts, and maximising access to water supply and sanitation requires sustainable financing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The implementation of efficient and effective public services on these areas in special at local level and in the family is strategic for achieving gender equality and empowering women. Infrastructure - The lack of appropriate basic infrastructure, such as transport systems, water and sanitation, energy systems, nursery system as well as sharing the household division of labor assignments and the responsibility of daily maintenance tasks limits gender equality and empowerment of the women. Increasing women’s participation in the design and implementation of family oriented infrastructure policies and projects certainly will help to overcome gender equality obstacles. Property and inheritance rights - Ensuring women property and inheritance rights empower women both economically and socially and rectify a fundamental injustice. Secure tenure to land and home improves women’s welfare, provide economic security, incentives for taking economic risks that lead to growth, and important economic returns, including income. Gender-equal land rights improve women’s rights to credit strengthening the assets of the family.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Even though Aspen Snowmass' spending on KC product was low, the case attracted a considerable amount of media attention, and as a result, KC changed their fibre resourcing practices. In the table below, are some examples of green initiatives in the Artie region. Many of the certifications focus on reducing the carbon emissions where possible as well as limiting waste, water usage etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Finally, the largest generating units owned by Italian utilities are shown in Table 6.2, in the current situation and according to the two scenarios analysed. The construction of a large nuclear unit in every area would require, on average, a 61.8% increase in spinning reserves, while the construction of SMRs would not vary the current situation. In this context the choice of SMRs would therefore result in lower system costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In high-inequality countries like the United States, Israel, and the United Kingdom, taxes and benefits compensated only a relatively small part (one fifth or less) of the increase in market-income inequality over the period as a whole. In fact, income inequality after counting benefits and taxes increased at a faster rate after the mid-1990s than in the decade before. Countries which achieved large increases in the redistributive effect of benefits did so mainly through growing average benefit amounts, while the degree of benefit targeting (“progressivity”) changed less. The relatively small change in benefit progressivity and its limited impact on the redistribution properties of cash transfers highlights the importance of spending levels for inequality outcomes. It also suggests considerable scope for strengthening existing targeting mechanisms (e.g. by preventing low-income job seekers from going without support). While receipt of incapacity benefits tended to rise, unemployment benefit receipt fell in a majority of countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Good governance enables effective design and implementation of gender equality reforms and the materialisation of gender equality objectives, while the implementation of gender equality is an important aspect of supporting good governance reforms through balanced decision making and resulting better policies and programmes, including in the area of governance. If there are no channels for the government to obtain structured input from civil society organisations and the population at large, it would have a detrimental impact on the ability of women’s organisations to influence public policies. As such, gender equality objectives cannot be attained without the support of good governance policies, and gender equality reforms reinforce good governance within the context of building a strategic state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)