albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Dysfunctions in ADL and IADL are considered to be activity limitations within the ICF framework. In the past, many documents related to functional dependency produced by European experts on ageing have used the ADL approach, while in most recent legislation and policy documents European countries and agencies have adopted the ICF model.27 The use of a classification of dependency or personal functioning is itself a means to assess the need for services, rather than part of the HC classification itself. However, it should be borne in mind that the ICF is an official classification adopted by an increasing number of countries (Salvador-Carulla and Gasca, 2010). In some countries, payments may start on day one but be restricted to certain conditions. Other country’s records would allow measurement only based on the primary purpose of the provider- that is, whether the facility is primarily a medical or social facility. In other systems, insurance protection typically covers only part of the LTC, and sometimes carer relatives receive some compensatory transfers, which may include training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The provisions in the Paris Agreement relating to climate finance provision are for “developed country Parties” (reflecting language of the Copenhagen Accord), as well as for “other parties” (see Box 1). These are not always consistent or clear. Only the term “Annex II” is defined. Identical wording is used in the Kyoto Protocol (1997) regarding which Parties are to provide new and additional funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The targets increased from 8 per cent in 2012 to 35 per cent in 2016 in the case of packaging waste (table 10.4) and, in the case of WEEE, from 8 per cent to 20 per cent in the fifth full calendar year since the beginning of an operator’s operations. Operators are also obliged to process a certain share of the separately collected waste, ranging from 5 per cent to 30 per cent in the case of packaging waste (table 10.5) and from 50 per cent to 80 per cent according to the type of electronic or electric goods in the case of WEEE. The Fund has prepared the database of potential subjects to the rules (which contains approximately 4,500 companies) and receives the biannual reports submitted by the companies on the fulfilment of their obligation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It is less a coherent theoretical concept and more an umbrella term for classroom learning settings in which individual learners receive different instruction (Breidenstein, 2014, Wellenreuther, 2008). In the German context, a related term has become widespread over the past 15 years, “Individuelle Forderung”, which may best be translated as “individualised support” (Klieme and Warwas, 2011). It also describes the idea that teachers’ instruction should be responsive to the individual needs of students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Targets 8.3 and 8.10 highlight the need to promote entrepreneurship and the improvement and formalization of SMEs and to bolster access to finance for this core engine of job creation. Other targets address the unique role that sustainable trade (8.a) and tourism (8.9) play in fostering job-oriented growth in developing countries. These are echoed in calls for greater industrialization (target 9.2) and the promotion of SMEs in industry to support job creation. Sustainable tion (4.3) and possess job-relevant skills (4.4). Target 8.S calls for full and productive employment and wage equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The Principles have been applied across different scales, stakeholders and sectors, either as a tool to understand how' water governance systems are performing at local, basin or national level, or as a reading template to guide decisions for w'ater stakeholders and institutions on specific water functions (e.g. service delivery, water resources management, flood risk prevention, etc.). In January 2018, the journal Water International published a peer-reviewed set of articles reflecting such examples in its special issue “The OECD Principles on Water Governance: From Vision to Action”. Some of these applications are summarised hereinafter and should neither be considered as the views of the authors of this report nor of the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Stories of Change: Home gardens and fishponds for nourishment and empowerment. International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa. Neonatal exposure to low doses of diazinon: Longterm effects on neural cell development and acetylcholine systems, Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(3), 340-8. Spicer, J. (2015). "
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The ECA does not allow monitoring the resilience/health of specific ecosystems via the monitoring of specific species - similarly, none of the accounts are suitable to monitor the status of biodiversity of species over time. This information is provided separately via biodiversity indicators. If methods improve to be able to better measure ecosystem degradation / ecological debt and associated loss of value, then there is potential to estimate a value for degradation/depreciation of the natural capital stock that could be used to adjust GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The rule of law has become a global ideal. It is supported by people, governments and organizations around the world. It is widely believed to be the cornerstone of national political and legal systems. It is also increasingly thought of as a fundamental principle of international relations and international law. In the 2005 World Summit Outcome document, the heads of states and government of the world agreed to recognize ‘the need for universal adherence to and implementation of the rule of law at both the national and international levels.’ A year later, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution on ‘the rule of law at the national and international levels.’ Few, if any, ideals have achieved such widespread acceptance and broad application.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although the population in Arab countries is mostly made up of Muslims, they are also composed of Christians, Jews and other small religious communities. Most of these countries have no unified family law. However, some of them have established a unified legislative and judicial framework for all their citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This result is significant, and it is quite high compared to other factors. The marginal effect is less important than having technical or vocational education, but NREG is particularly well fitted for rural female work. It gives a local (computed on the household who did enter the programme) evaluation of the effect, which is more accurate. The average treatment effect on the treated (part of the programme) is 0.095.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article analyses the Dutch practice on the prosecution of international crimes with a view to determining whether this practice has been inspired by or has informed developments at the international level and more generally to analyzing how Dutch practice interrelates with international developments. The article singles out three episodes. First, a prelude of frustration in which the extradition of the German Emperor was refused (1918-1920). Subsequently, two periods of engagement, which were to some extent inspired by international proceedings (1946-1951 and 1994-today). In these periods, Dutch courts demonstrated commitment to the project of international criminal justice and they have produced insightful judgments which have even served as a source of law and a source of inspiration to contemporary international criminal law adjudication. The article has been written on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Netherlands Society of International Law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The section concludes by presenting examples of specific policies aimed at changing initial socioeconomic and gender inequality. Specifically, they enable individuals to alternate time spent at work with time spent on caregiving within the family (Duran, 2004), transfer family care to services partly provided by the State, or regulate the purchase of private care by families. These types of State intervention are sequential, “defamilializing” (Martinez Franzoni, 2008, Orloff, 2009) and regulatory, respectively,4 and often addressing work-family tensions is not in fact their primary purpose, this is the case with preschool childcare services, for example.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Social security contributions paid by employees and employers. Unweighted average excluding the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia. Compared with those derived from household surveys, such measures have the main advantage of being unaffected by cross-country differences in the definition of household taxes and by differences in responding to household surveys. The OECD has built synthetic indicators of labour income tax progressivity, based on statutory tax schedules, over a wide income range.18 Focusing on a single wage earner, Figure 12 (Panel A) shows that there is wide cross-country variation in the degree of progressivity of statutory schedules for personal income taxes and employees’ social security contributions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The potential for countries in transition is provided in the following table. The numbers in the table are total numbers for the whole region. For example, potential of forestry measures in Central and South America is 3,145 Mt C02/year, in Africa 1,925 Mt C02/year and 1,915 Mt C02/year in East Asia. In countries of transition, the potential is 1,685 Mt C02.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article explores the space that emerges between language and citizenship when language can no longer be assumed to be the direct expression of a precise national, cultural, and geopolitical identity. In the modern uncoupling of identities from fixed homelands, the sense of belonging finds itself caught up in a continual process of translating and being translated. In an emerging configuration that interrogates the subject-centered perspective of occidental humanism, we are invited to consider the transit of language, whether in literary expression, television realism, or musical rhythm, as the site of an ongoing elaboration that is irreducible to a single point of view or to the transparency desired by a unilateral politics. Where no culture, history, or identity remains immune to the interruptions and interrogations of a multiple modernity that no longer merely mirrors the First World, the rights and responsibilities of citizenship need to be reconsidered radically. (IC)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On average, Indonesia is scarce in agricultural land at just 0.23 ha per capita, which represents only a third of the world’s average, similar to Italy and Germany, below China and above India (WB WDI, 2012). But it is relatively abundant in renewable water resources at 8.5 thousand m3/capita/year, slightly less than the United States, but four times more than China and eight times more than India (FAO Aquastat, 2012). Although the contribution of agriculture to GDP has fallen from 19% in 1990 to 15% in 2010 and its share in total employment from 56% to 38% over the same period, the sector continues to provide employment to about 42 million persons. Improvements in labour productivity have increased at roughly the same pace as total production, with the result that total employment in agriculture has remained relatively stable. In the countries with strongest growth in labour productivity, such as China and Malaysia, employment in the sector has tended to fall. This is not yet the case in Indonesia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Having established near universal literacy by the end of the 19th century, its economic and social development has been and remains deeply intertwined with a commitment to education. As the economy has developed in recent decades, the education system that helped propel the country to upper middle-income status now needs to evolve to respond to rising expectations and changing demands for skills. New challenges are emerging: economic growth has recently slowed, inequality is widening and productivity growth is weak.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
ABSTRACTIn 1956, southern Congressmen signed the Southern Manifesto, rejecting the Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education ruling. This moment, in the general American consciousness, marked the rise of White massive resistance to Black advancement, a racist foray doomed to be swept aside by civil rights forces and a determined federal government. The reality is more complex. In the case of education policy in Mississippi, White hardline resistance stretches from the end of the Civil War through the modern school choice debate. The advocates and opponents of school choice should know this history of racist education policy in Mississippi.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In recent years, a large body of theoretical and empirical research has examined the inherently complex conceptual and measurement problems related to a broader concept of wellbeing. Research has been facilitated by the development of internationally comparable wellbeing indicators (World Value Survey, Gallup World Poll). However, these polls remain unofficial and are at times criticised for covering limited samples and changing excessively between waves. Furthermore, these surveys have no variables on housing, although it can be an important determinant of wellbeing. The types of wellbeing measures developed include expanded GDP, weighted averages of life satisfaction indexes, and self-reported subjective assessments of wellbeing based on survey data (Boarini et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
At the national level, the Department of Environmental Affairs spent 13% of its budget (around ZAR 576 million) in 2011-12 on biodiversity-related projects. The bulk of the expenditure for biodiversity comes from the provincial level, where all but two provinces (Gauteng and Northern Cape) allocate more than half their environmental expenditures to biodiversity. The provincial-level biodiversity-related expenditure amounted to ZAR 1.3 billion in 2012-13 (nearly double compared with the 2007-08 expenditure).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These disposal sites are developed with bottom sealing of disposal cells and the system for collection of leachate, waste is disposed according to an approved operation plan and access to them is controlled. The disposal site Trostenets was remediated after completion and landfill gas from this site is currently used for energy generation. It envisages implementation of extended producer responsibility for selected recyclables, development of economic measures supporting collection and processing of recyclables, and increasing demand for secondary materials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For example, the cement industry could reduce emissions by switching to alternative fuels for cement kilns such as municipal solid waste and sewage sludge, provided they are guided by stringent environmental standards to limit any health or environmental risks. Such practices can, however, be limited by technical standards for cement, construction material preferences, and air pollution and solid waste regulations. The approach can significantly reduce emissions and energy use. First, there is a lack of centralised data on installed capacity, its distribution among sectors, the type of fuel used, and the amount of power and heating and cooling generated. This limits understanding the potential for CHP and required efforts to support a deployment program.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the 2014-20 funding perspective, Poland is also one of 19 member state beneficiaries of the Youth Employment Initiative (YEI). The programme could help limit child poverty, but it may also lower female labour force participation, which in rural areas of Poland is already low, due to a lack of well-paid jobs (OECD, 2016c: 24). More generally, the structure of social welfare policies in Poland creates various disincentives to take up work, especially for second earners (Kurowska, Myck and Wrohlich, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Once introduced, the cap also served to support the emerging water markets in the Basin, which in turn helped accelerate the movement of limited water resources towards higher-value uses. A broad basin-wide framework underpinned individual Basin State implementation of these reforms, it contained the possibility of funding being withheld if desired outcomes were not achieved. The NWI recommitted governments to the national water reform objectives that commenced in 1994 and which sought to improve management of water resources and water infrastructure, and to increase national cooperation via financial incentives and other mechanisms. The NWI also committed jurisdictions to defining water rights (water allocations and water access entitlements) in a manner which would encourage greater compatibility and facilitate more trading across state borders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They simply do not appear on the map. Slum dweller populations will continue to grow and many countries are not prepared to address the challenge with affordable housing, basic services and security of land tenure." Sub-Sahara African and Southeast Asian countries, where slum urbanization is accelerating, often have weak or only recently-emerging planning capacities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Such indicators relate quantities of generated food waste to flows of inputs such as final consumption or the total production of food measured either in physical or economic units. Input versus output indicators are suitable for measuring food waste prevention due to the relatively rapid throughput of food materials which can span from several days to few years. It is more appropriate to use physical rather than economic variables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In Mozambique, Embrapa is engaged in three large projects i) Platform with the United States aimed at training for technological innovation and development of agriculture, ii) Food Security with the United States to strengthen family and/or subsistence horticulture, and iii) ProSavannah with Japan to adapt Brazil’s successful experience in the Cerrado for agricultural development of the Mozambican Savannahs in the Nacala Corridor. Both public and private contributions are supporting parts of this very large and long term project. Brazil’s role in promoting South-South co-operation (cont.) Beginning in 2010 with the Brazil-Africa Dialogue, the idea of providing support to partner countries to adapt Brazil’s policies to promote agricultural development has attracted interest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Households not taking part in the Green Deal will face higher energy bills, as the cost of subsidies and administration are expected to be passed through to customers by energy suppliers. To ensure that fuel-poor households are not left behind as overall energy efficiency improves, it is essential to ensure that enough ECO subsidies go to Affordable Warmth. Providing quality information to households will also be essential to encourage take-up (Bowen and Rydge, 2011). Many consumers have complained about poor quality, failure to provide the most suitable form of insulation, mis-selling and difficulty to get redress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Mensalao trial was Brazil's most important political corruption trial ever and an emblematic ex post accountability success. More than 28 individuals were convicted in relation to a legislative vote-buying scheme, many by the very officials they helped appoint. We relay the trajectory of the scandal cum trial, explain its successful prosecution and assess its implications. The article argues that the Mensalao has proved pivotal for Brazil's institutional and legal advances and asks – more than a quarter of a century after a new constitution – whether the country is entering into a stronger, more enduring relationship with the rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is likely to reflect selection effects, because only 18% of the claimants assigned to job-search assistance participated in it and participants will have been a sub-group with relatively low employability. The authors however argue that the job-search assistance programme may have had a lock-in effect, similar to training programmes. Although job-search assistance programmes are often estimated to have a large positive impact, especially relative to their low cost, experimental implementations may divert scarce resources such as PES job vacancies away from the control group, resulting in overstatement of the impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In case of electric systems, this level refers to avoiding blackouts. In the case of gas systems, it refers to avoiding sudden gas-delivery cuts. In order to guarantee that systems continue to function under extraordinary circumstances they require sufficient back up and redundancy beyond the requirements of normal operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
We construct a three-period overlapping generations model in which corruption, mortality and fertility rates, and economic development are determined endogenously. We consider a less developed economy suffering from a high degree of corruption and high mortality and fertility rates in a poverty trap. We focus on two policies: raising public sector wages as a means of reducing corruption and increasing public health spending as a means of improving the mortality rate. Our aim is to examine what effects each policy has on an economy and how governments can achieve economic development using one, or both, of these policies. Our theoretical analysis shows that implementing both policies simultaneously is essential for less developed economies to escape from the poverty trap and achieve economic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The International Energy Agency, for instance, has compiled a number of “golden rules” for exploiting natural gas in a sustainable way, such as treating water responsibly and surveying the geology of the drilling area (IEA, 2012). Figure 5.2 illustrates the breakdown of the investment needs. For instance, the USD 1.4 billion needed for renewable energy is a fraction of the USD 14 to 18 billion needed for the energy sector overall during the same period. Also, while energy efficiency requires up to USD 150 million in investments, it could lead to important financial savings as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Countries will therefore see their export baskets develop and reflect these changes. The current evidence points to the fact that technological change has been mainly routine-biased, which means it reduces the demand for employment in routine activities. Manual and complex tasks, on the other hand, have benefitted from innovation. However, the evidence collected in WTO (2017d) also points to the fact that digital technologies increasingly touch upon a wider set of activities and push demand towards high-skilled labour. In addition, by substituting labour to some extent, digital technologies are also considered to be capital-biased, as the discussion surrounding the falling labour income share in the 2017 report shows. As a result, high-skilled digital-intensive products are mainly exported by economies that have high levels of capital and educational attainment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The heterogeneous characteristics and needs of the areas made it difficult for the responsible government agencies to reach consensus. There is evidence that human resources are insufficient, however. According to ICMBio (2014), 1079 civil servants were directly involved in the management of federal protected areas as of August 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)