albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Out of this figure, half was contributed by mothers aged between 15 and 24, and the other half by mothers aged between 25 and 29 (Iran, Civil Registration Organization, 2010). Considerable health risks are associated with unintended pregnancy and clandestine abortion where there are no routine pre- or post-abortion health-care services (Hosseini-Chavoshi and others, 2012). Among teenage women in developing countries, health risks associated with unintended pregnancy include higher rates of anaemia, pre-term labour and low birth weight (P£rez-Lopez, 2011). Moreover, in the event of an unwanted pregnancy being carried to term, the risks to the child include stillbirth, low birth weight, mental and physical dysfunction, or neonatal death due to neglect (Marston and Cleland, 2003a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Agriculture remains the largest user of water. In about half the OECD countries, agricultural water use has increased since 2000, driven by expansion in the irrigated area. But compared to agricultural production, the use of irrigation water slightly declined in the OECD overall. Most OECD countries face at least seasonal or local water quantity problems and several have extensive arid or semi-arid regions where w'ater scarcity is a constraint to economic development. In about one-third of OECD countries, freshwater resources are under medium to high stress. The national indicator may conceal unsustainable use in some regions and periods, and high dependence on water from other basins.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Sexual violence is prevalent in contemporary armed conflicts. International humanitarian law and human rights law absolutely prohibit all forms of sexual violence at all times and against anyone, international criminal law moreover provides for the individual criminal responsibility of sexual crimes' perpetrators. These three bodies of law importantly reinforce each other in this field. The discrepancy between the facts on the ground and the law is a matter of concern that cannot be explained by potential legal gaps or uncertainties. What is needed is to find new ways of improving implementation for existing laws at the domestic and international levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One may even have assumed that ecosystem respiration would exceed plant production in old forests, partly as a result of increased susceptibility of old forests to external disturbances (such as storms, insect or fungal attacks). Filling of gaps in the canopy following tree mortality will also in many cases ensure that biomass carbon stocks do not decrease with forest age. Changes in stand structure, not changes in the ecophysiological capacity of individual trees, determine changes in stand productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Structural change needs to occur in a context of rapid digitalisation and “Industry 4.0”. Over the past two decades Austria has made continued gains in the supply of science and technology graduates and trained researchers. Austria has strengths in higher technical and vocational schools and has built up a successful sector of universities of applied sciences (UAS). However, Austria still lags with regard to the share of female researchers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This case describes the struggle of a small school employee association located in a right-to-work state as it attempts to continue exercising influence after a political turmoil caused the composition of the school board to change. This case presents many elements that foster discussion of basic employee rights such as freedom of association, free speech, and due process. As such, this case is designed for usage in educational leadership programs and is particularly pertinent to provoke discussions regarding school politics, employee association authority, preferences in hiring practices, and employee dismissal procedures. Students of educational leadership enrolled in school law, human resources, and/or multicultural education courses can engage in discussion of multiple aspects of course content.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 2015, almost all regular workers were covered by the EIS, only 63% of the non-regular workers were covered (OECD, 2016b). It is essential to increase compliance with contributoiy rules and weaken incentives to hire non-regular workers. The Durunuri programme was introduced to reduce the burden of insurance premiums of the EIS for small firms in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Some 80% of start-ups have at least one founder with a Bachelor’s degree and 13% have at least a founder with a PhD. The highest share of founders with a PhD (20%) can be found in the biotechnology sector. In terms of education, less than half of the founders have a STEM degree. Within the STEM field, 20% of the founders possess a computer science degree (4 600 start-ups), 15% have an engineering degree (4 200 start-ups) and only 1 520 of start-ups have at least one founder with a natural science degree.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Kenya’s protracted reform process and periodic electoral related violence is linked to predatory politics nestled in tribalism. Kenya’s politicians’ quest to capture the state for extractive purposes has rendered the reform process ethnically polarising and, since dialogue cannot prevail among Kenya’s fragmented political class, the resort to violence becomes a means of making claims to the control of the state. This article argues that, although the promulgation of a Constitution in 2010 has the potential to address issues at the core of Kenya’s post-colonial crisis, aspects such as inequitable resource distribution, ethnic and regional inequalities, disregard for the rule of law, impunity, a political elite characterised by tribalism and kleptocracy are posing a challenge to the implementation of the Constitution, thus placing the country’s long term political stability in jeopardy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The progressivity of statutory labour tax schedules (including social security contributions) has increased in the majority of countries since 2000 (Figure 5.8). Though there has been a steep decline in top marginal income tax rates, a number of countries have cut social security contributions, and introduced or strengthened in-work tax benefits, targeted at lower incomes, thus increasing the progressivity of labour taxes. By contrast, the use of tax expenditures which often benefit high-income groups most - such as tax breaks for health and child care, tertiary education, owner-occupied housing and retirement savings - has been growing (OECD, 2010b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
One study in Pakistan found that while girls with more schooling did not delay their marriages or first births, they were more likely to use contraception and delay second births (Alam et al., Successful cash-benefit programmes to improve health and education indicators in Brazil and Mexico, for example, have helped girls overcome gender disadvantage in school (Lindert et al. Evidence suggests they may also help delay marriage (Baird et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In order to raise the value attributed to the profession and counter gender stereotypes, it is suggested that the “professional identity” of the ECEC workforce must change (OECD, 2006). High staff turnover is pronounced across studies of child care in various countries, somewhere between 30% and 50% annually (Huntsman, 2008, Moon and Burbank, 2004). Centres with low staff turnover rates have staff that engage in more appropriate and attentive interactions with children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, teachers can provide such services outside their school as an additional paid activity. Teachers can also work in after-school activities provided by education organisations other than schools. However, individual tutoring can also be organised within the context of school activities, for which teachers receive an additional compensation. Two-thirds of the country’s schools provide instruction in two shifts, and a small number of schools (1%) operate in three shifts. Elimination of three-shift schools was one of the central pillars of the “100 Schools, 100 Hospitals Program”, yet 110 such schools were in existence in 2013 - up from 71 in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Depending on the location, dynamics of temperature and precipitation changes differ. Melting of the permafrost area is expected to have effects on bridge and road constructions as well as buildings. To adapt to climate change in the water sector, Mongolia prioritizes the formulation and stabilization of a water resources management policy. The Tobol and the Ishim/Esil are transboundary tributaries of the Irtysh/Ertis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Given that Canada used to impose a standard royalty of 4 per cent of the net selling price of the drug in final dosage form on a licensee of right to use patented pharmaceuticals until 1992,639 and given that most data originators will recoup the bulk of their R&D expenses in developed countries anyway, a royalty comprising the generic producer’s own marginal costs of production plus 1-3 per cent of these costs, depending upon GDP per capita ability to pay, would seem more than sufficient. While such an approach would give only an approximation of the real costs of the originator’s R&D, it would avoid the transaction costs and possibly endless litigation that more complicated models might induce. Finally, it would also be limited in time, for instance to five years, during which the data originator would be entitled to claim compensation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Others, such as trends in door-to-needle time after a heart attack, are less reassuring. In general, however, scant data is available to assess quality of care more fully, with patient-reported outcomes and experiences being notably absent. Less than 11% of total hospital discharges are related to ambulatory care sensitive conditions with a trend declining slightly since 2001 (Guanais et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Larger interconnected areas will allow larger balancing areas with smoother variable renewable output. In general, increased levels of interconnections and cross-region co-operation in the form of market coupling and congestion management will facilitate the accommodation of variable renewable energies. As part of its Trans European Energy Networks (TEEN) initiative, the European Commission is thus driving the evolution of the current transmission grid towards a “super grid" to ensure reliable electricity supply, in particular to provide balancing services across Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The digital revolution is intensifying interactions among businesses, consumers and governments. It is also cutting transaction costs, which are among the most binding constraints for firms in developing economies. The digital era, therefore, offers developing country firms an opportunity to expand their access to international markets. Infrastructure development is critical for sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Because public authorities have a responsibility to represent fairly the interests of current and future citizens, they must find ways to correct market failures, ensure a fair balance between the interests of different groups and achieve a level playing field with rules that apply to all. Enterprises must know that they will face sanctions if they breach the limits. An effective system for monitoring and enforcement is thus critical.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition, the United States made a notification of its trade preference scheme for Nepal. Overall, 18,500 participants were trained (see page 160). Members discussed an external evaluation of the WTO’s technical assistance. Their share of world exports declined to 0.91 per cent and their collective trade deficit widened to US$ 92.9 billion from US$ 87 billion in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Increasing food production to satisfy food requirements is likely to exacerbate pressure on natural resources, such as land and water, and will require sustainable productivity gains. Measured in terms of constant prices (average 2004-2006 United States dollars), the food produced in the region increased in value from $736 billion in 1990 to $1,351 billion in 2013, an 84 per cent increase. The undernourishment indicator measures only food deprivation in terms of calories ingested.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
One monitoring and evaluation system. As a result, external stakeholders continue with unilateral project review missions, often over-loading national staff. Prevention efforts have focused on the development of targeted behaviour change interventions among vulnerable populations, and public awareness campaigns for the reduction of stigma and discrimination. As a result, the majority of 2006 reports from the Caribbean include data on a range of nine or more UNGASS indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
One way is to ascribe it to the residual after all other factors have been controlled for (“excess growth”) (see Annex A 1.6, White, 2007). Given that technological change occurs over time, a time index is another logical way to control for the effects of technological change on health expenditures (see Annex A1.10, (Di Matteo, 2005). Tw'O models (A1.3 and 1.24) among those reviewed used a direct measure of specific technologies. On average across the OECD, demographic effects are projected to have a small impact on expenditure growth of 0.7 percentage points from 2005 to 2050.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The average for EU countries in 2014, stood at 121.7 koe/USD 1 000 (PPP adjusted) (Eurostat, 2016). Moldova’s carbon intensity (measured in kilogrammes of C02 from energy use per USD of GDP, in 2010 prices) has significantly declined, from 3.43 in the early 1990s to 1.03 in 2014. Its carbon intensity is nevertheless higher than most other countries in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (IEA, 2016). With the growth of the economy, domestic demand for energy will rise, and related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will further increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It runs a shelter in Kathmandu where women migrants can receive psychological, medical and legal counselling, as well as support on how to reintegrate in their society and communities. Pourakhi also runs a migration information booth at the Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu and, over the years, has developed an extensive network including the Embassies of Nepal and Nepali associations/ groups (both formal and informal) in major destination countries. These networks are another source of information about the shelter home in Kathmandu for women migrants returnees that need a safe place of transit before going back to their homes or finding a suitable alternative. Fewer data are generally available on how the migratory experience is leveraged in order to escape and eventually alter the geographies of power that were experienced as unbearable back home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Most of the expansion is projected in the RoW group, in particular Sub-Saharan Africa. After peaking (before 2030), global food crop area is projected to decline, particularly in North America, Brazil, Russia, South Asia and China. This is based on the assumptions of slowly growing populations in the OECD and a shrinking population in Russia and China, stabilising diets (i.e. maximum caloric intake being reached) in most OECD and BRIICS countries, and increasing crop yields due to technological improvements (for a further discussion of the agricultural land projections under the Baseline scenario, see Chapter 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In 2009-2010 only in the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Peru, and Trinidad and Tobago was social spending below 10% of GDP. A number of countries had been allocating more than 15% of GDP to social spending since the early 1990s, Chile, Costa Rica and the Plurinational State of Bolivia are now part of this group (see figure 17). As a ratio of GDP, El Salvador increased the macroeconomic priority of public social spending by more than 300% (from 2.9% of GDP to 13% of GDP). Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Paraguay more than doubled their macroeconomic effort between 1991-1992 and 2009-2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Jordan and Lebanon recorded negative inflation rates in 2015. Both countries' economic activities faced conflict-related logistical difficulties. The Syrian Arab Republic andYemen suffered from conflict-related hyperinflation. Libya also experienced a rapid increase in its consumer price index towards the end of 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The progressivity index of household taxes is the Kakwani index computed as the concentration coefficient for taxes less the concentration coefficient for income after transfers and before taxes (see the annex). Data for France and Ireland refer to the mid-2000s. In Panel A, the trend line excludes Chile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As the number of older people with complex chronic medical needs increases, so does the demand for integration of care, and personalized medical treatment will grow. Whether there will be a provider response to such demand is likely to depend on the reform of provider payment mechanisms, particularly for secondary care. At present, these usually reward discrete episodes of care. In the future, payment mechanisms are increasingly likely to reward ‘bundles’ of care, or indeed a whole year of care, for people with complex needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For those covered under the public scheme Seguro Popular, all medicines included in the positive list established by the Ministry of Health are fully covered, patients pay the full price of other drugs. When patients purchase a medicine with a price exceeding the reference price, they must pay the difference. Cost-sharing per item is capped for important drugs (e.g. antibiotics, cardiovascular).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Accord also protects workers' rights by making companies legally responsible for making factories safe and protects their right to refuse dangerous work or to enter unsafe buildings. The agreement is jointly governed by companies and worker representatives and includes a central role for independent worker representatives in its implementation. This year its network of 110 independent engineers have carried out inspections at hundreds of sites, identifying more than 80,000 safety issues and suspending production at 17 factories. In the last two years about 200 new garment worker unions have been registered, where 65 per cent of the leadership and the majority of members are women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Abstract The authors draw on public and official perceptions to discuss the discontinuities between various interpretations of transparency in local government jurisdictions. The article seeks to establish a theoretical understanding of transparency in public administration literature. Transparency in the formative years of a nation is not necessarily the same idea as transparency in a globalizing information age. Likewise, the meaning of transparency in least developed countries is changing with their acquisition of sophisticated information technologies and pressures to reduce corruption. Scholarship on transparency needs to recognize the different changes in meaning ascribed to this very important administrative principle. Evidently, universal lessons might be brought to bear to help develop a coherent theoretical basis on stages and interpretations of transparency reforms in local governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The specialisation plan should address the concern amongst surgeons and policy makers in Denmark that there were certain specialist services being delivered in potentially unsafe circumstances. While it is too early to systematically evaluate the impact of these reforms, it will be important for policy makers to use changes in the supply of hospital services to drive improvements in quality of care. To help evaluate the success of the plan and monitor quality on an ongoing basis, the DHMA should seek that hospitals internally monitor data on the performance of individual clinicians, alongside system-wide efforts already being undertaken to evaluate the performance of specialist hospitals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In overseas Tongan and Samoan Polynesian households that include nurses, those most likely to return have business investments at home (Brown and Connell 2004). It is, however, possible that schemes might be devised to enable the short-term migration of those with valuable skills (see section 6.9.4). Returnees thus tend to be absorbed into the small-scale service sector, sometimes duplicating existing services, such as taxi and retail businesses, and are less obviously in export-oriented productive activities. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The adjoining areas and buildings could include commercial facilities for shopping areas, hotels, office complexes, recreational facilities and restaurants. Interchange stations in Hong Kong, China as well as Tokyo and Seoul provide thriving examples of commercial and economic activities at such intermodal transfer terminals developed through value-capture. Greater Jakarta has developed a transport master plan based on this concept.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Yet girls are still far less likely than boys to choose scientific and technological fields of study. This section looks at gender gaps in school enrolment rates, educational attainment and policies to address these gaps, including the role of aid in improving gender equality in education in developing countries. It examines gender differences in performance and attitudes in reading and maths, and the reasons why despite good performance women find it harder in many developing countries to find a job on leaving school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Dans les economies bienveillantes, les salaires eleves se traduisent par de plus gros investissements dans les capacites humaines, ce qui accroTt les possibilites de croissance a long terme. Dans les economies moins bienveillantes, I’impact des salaires plus eleves sur les investissements n’est pas assez important pour contrer leur effet negatif sur les profits, ce qui nuit a la croissance. La reproduction sociale comprend egalement deux cas schematises: La mauvaise voie correspond a une feminisation des responsabilites et des obligations, tandis que la bonne voie se caracterise par une repartition egale, plus d'egalite entre les sexes des couts de la reproduction sociale en termes de temps et d’argent. Dans le cas de la distribution mutuelle, des revenus eleves pour les femmes sont favorables a la croissance, une plus grande participation surle marcheaccroTt la production des capacites humaines.et la croissance et la reproduction sociale se renforcent done mutuellement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Additional documentation is required in an application for mineral water use. The issuance of the permit itself, and the signing of a contract with the water user, is done by the State-owned enterprise, Mongol Us ("Mongolian Water"). In the case of the utilization of water for strategically important minerals, the duration of the water use permit is the same as for the exploitation licence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
There is now an emerging literature on citizen science, sustainability science, appreciative enquiry and so on (Sayer and Campbell, 2004) that shows how modern knowledge and innovation systems can engage with traditional knowledge and link it to modern innovation systems (Asenso-Okyere et al., In general poor people are more vulnerable than the more wealthy. Irregularity and great variation in the climate created uncertainties and this made it difficult for farmers to plan which crops to plant, when they could harvest and how much production they could get every year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)