albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Introduction: The Capability Approach: Transforming Unjust Structures S. Deneulin et al. Part I: The Capability Approach: Theoretical Discussion.- Capabilities and Rights P. Ricoeur.- 'Necessary Thickening': Ricoeur's Ethic of Justice as a Complement to Sen's Capability Approach S. Deneulin.- Structural Injustice and Democratic Practice: The Trajectory in Sen's Writings S. Alkire.- 'Capable' Individuals and Just Institutions: Sen and Rawls N. Sagovsky.- Justice for Women: Martha Nussbaum and Catholic Social Teaching L.S. Cahill.- Part II: Transforming Unjust Structures: Five Case Studies.- Narrative Capability: Telling Stories in the Search for Justice T.G. Phelps.- Promoting Capability for Work: The Role of Local Actors J.-M. Bonvin, N. Farvaque.- Enhancing Students' Capabilities?: UK Higher Education and the 'Widening Participation' Agenda M. Watts, D. Bridges.- Enter the Poor: American Welfare Reform, Solidarity and the Capability of Human Flourishing V. Rougeau.- 'Patent Injustice': Applying Sen's Capability Approach to Biotechnologies J. Clague.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As noted in chapter 4, information on grid connections can help identify taxpayers and businesses for tax collection purposes, while the availability of electricity for productive use could reinforce the incentives for microenterprises to join the formal sector. Wider access to electricity can also help unlock the development potential of ICTs, which play a growing role in financial inclusion through “mobile money" systems like Kenya’s M-PESA and in disseminating market information and knowledge of productive technologies. The economic viability of investments in electricity generation, transmission and distribution is highly dependent on an adequate level of demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
With the reform, the bus network has been fully reorganised into a trunk-feeder system, and buses are now classified into five types, which are serial-numbered and colour-coded to make it easier for users to recognise them. Traffic accidents have been halved during the last decade and citizens’ satisfaction has improved by 32% since the city government introduced an evaluation and incentive scheme (Seoul, 2016d). First, the city seeks to improve citizens’ accessibility to public transport. The Seoul Urban Railway Comprehensive Enhancement Strategy proposes to build two additional subway lines to connect the districts that are currently outside the catchment area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The most effective schools improve teaching practices by encouraging their teachers to discuss their professional learning plans with each other so that they can support each other’s growth (Cole, 2012). Professional learning is most effective at sustaining improvement to teachers’ competence w'hen it is collaborative and embedded in their work, including activities such as classroom observations, group discussions, and collective preparation of instructional material, coaching and mentoring (Schleicher, 2011). However, it was reported to the OECD Review Team during interviews that the pedagogical circles tend to be formal and are mainly used to transmit information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Being explicit about the other things that need to happen, beyond social protection programmes, in order for food security outcomes to be improved. Examples include actions in the agriculture, health, education and trade sectors. Establishing more (effective) co-ordination mechanisms both within and across individual agencies (so that social protection and food security speak to each other and perhaps to other sectors).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For instance, it gave the central authorities the right to choose the location of large infrastructure projects. This led to ambiguity about the roles of the national authorities and CARs. The law allows territorial authorities to adopt "contract plans” whereby they agree to co-finance large, strategically important projects - but no definition of “large projects" is provided.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is important to maintain the quantity and quality of water in the aquifer, that is, the integrity (resilience) of the aquifer, so that it has the ability to yield water now and in the future. Risks to aquifer integrity can arise if abstraction alters the aquifer’s water quality (e.g. through saline water intrusion). Risks to aquifer integrity can also occur through subsidence, where the removal of water from the aquifer leads to its compaction. The level of risk to groundwater-dependent ecosystems from abstraction depends on how much they rely on groundwater, their sensitivity to changes in the quantity and quality of groundwater and their significance as ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Ministry of Communications and Transportation of the Federal Government in Mexico adopted the principles of the Strategy of Opening Government data. So in this poster we describe "Follow Public Works and Infrastructure", an initiative for Public Administration, based on a web application that foster transparency, accountability, collaboration, and citizen participation in the Federal Government of Mexico. The application is the result of the commitment of the Ministry of Communications and Transportation with the Open Government Partnership. The application generates better monitoring processes and accountability by allowing citizens make inquiries. Furthermore, facilitates reducing construction time and costs, which generates social benefits and better accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Emphasis on the increased transparency of public budget is another commendable achievement of Peruvian government, allowing tracking public spending on a variety of issues, and the relative prioritisation of different spending categories. For instance, biodiversity-related public spending features in a number of PpR categories, such as ‘0035 sustainable management of natural resources and biological diversity’, ‘0057 conservation of biological diversity and sustainable use of natural resources in protected natural areas’ and ‘ 0130 competitiveness and sustainable use of forest resources and wildlife’. As an example, the National Protected Areas System (SERNANP) has an estimated annual deficit of around PEN 115 million (CARETAS, 2015), compared to its annual budget of PEN 59 million in the last 5 years (MINAM, 2016c) (Box 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This is one of the highest rates in the OECD. Similar to other Latin American countries, income inequality in Mexico is also very high: in 2012, the average income of the top 10% in Mexico was 30.5 times greater than that of the bottom 10%. This is the largest difference in the OECD, and compares unfavourably to an OECD average of 9.6 to 1 for the highest versus lowest decile (OECD, 2015d). Poverty is more pronounced in female-headed households (USAID, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Additionally, Afghanistan has problems involving corruption, security, technical skills, labour and infrastructure. Cultural barriers, which limit free movement of women in their daily lives, also affect their professional activities. I made it a priority to hire women, but many others would not work with a woman or company mostly made up of women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, while many of these activities are not defined as "economically active employment" in national accounts, they are essential to the well-being of rural households (Doss, 2011). The main research question is whether there is any relation between per household number of females engaged in domestic duties and family size in the rural agricultural household. In this context, the paper examines the relationship between land ownership and the extent of domestic duties performed by females adjusted by family size in the rural agricultural household.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the case of Oportunidades, the Mexican government took important initiatives to increase the supply of schools in specific areas of the country by rehabilitating old rural schools and constructing new secondary schools (Levy and Rodriguez, 2004). Further progress towards ensuring an appropriate supply of services could require strengthening collaborations with non-govemmental organisations and community groups (see also Chapters 6 and 7 on education and health challenges, respectively). One particular source of concern in this complex environment is that many public assistance programmes overlap in terms of objectives, benefits accrued and beneficiaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This higher prevalence of risk factors among disadvantaged groups contributes greatly to disparities in health status. Over 300 municipalities (local authorities) are responsible for the provision of basic services, such as education, health and social care, to their residents. Municipalities fund and organise (often jointly) the provision of primary care, and form 20 hospital districts to fund and provide hospital care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Microalgae are productive photosynthetic organisms on this planet that can double biomass on a daily basis. Under optimum conditions, commercial algae farms can produce 5 000-10 000 gallons (equivalent to around 19 000-38 000 litres) of oil per acre, compared to just 350 gallons (about 1 300 litres) of ethanol biofuel per acre grown with crops like maize. Replacing all US biofuel production with algae oil would need around 2 million acres (almost 8 100 km ) of desert, however, it w'ould potentially allow 40 million acres (equivalent to around 161 874 km2) of cropland to be planted with human food, and save billions of litres of irrigation water a year (Brennan and Owende, 2010, Chen et al., Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and discarded catch (by-catch, also called unused catch) are part of this problem and are all potential threats to the sustainability of fisheries (FAO, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
To what extent does the separation of powers affect congressional roll call voting behavior? To answer this question, I offer a strategic model of congressional decision making that asserts members of Congress pursue public policy goals when casting roll call votes. From the equilibrium predictions of a formal model, I generate testable hypotheses by computing the expected net amount of sophisticated (nonsincere) congressional behavior given changes in decision context. I test the predictions of the theoretical model with data from all civil rights roll call votes from the 83d to the 102d Congress. The results demonstrate that both the other legislative chamber and the Supreme Court profoundly constrain House members and senators when casting roll call votes. This is strong evidence of the importance of policy outcomes to members of Congress when voting on the floor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some countries, such as Peru, have set specific targets to make progress towards natural capital accounting. One of the targets featured in the Peru Bicentenary Plan 2021 under biodiversity objectives is the increase in the share of regional governments that have conducted an evaluation and valuation of their natural resources and to increase the number of environmental variables in the national accounts. However, so far only a few countries have taken steps tow'ards natural capital accounting, and these generally focus on areas where demand for accounting is clear and linked to specific policy questions (OECD, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Where the more stringent water quality requirements of designated pearl mussel populations are not met, action must be taken under the WFD to restore waters to the required condition within a prescribed timeframe. In 2009, the DoEHLG released regulations on the freshwater pearl mussel. The regulations i) set environmental quality objectives for the habitats of freshwater pearl mussel populations, ii) set out the duties of public authorities with respect to achieving the objectives, and iii) require the formulation and implementation of sub-basin management plans and related measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While not radically different from similar economies Bulgaria, Slovenia and Turkey, this is particularly significant for the six assessed economies given that access to natural gas supplies is patchy at best, with Albania, Kosovo and Montenegro not connected to gas pipelines. This uncertainty in energy supply is detrimental to consumer welfare and, crucially, undermines national competitiveness. Reliable energy supplies are critical to the competitiveness of local industries and businesses, and an important signal for potential investors. The pipeline of investments in energy infrastructure in place aims to improve energy security further, address remaining historic weaknesses and accommodate rapid technological change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
An effort is also made to identify difficulties in availability and quality of information, for contributing to the generation of better data for the multidimensional measurement of poverty. Therefore, the indices presented here in this section are basically exploratory in nature and are not presented as a definitive multidimensional measurement of poverty in the region. Next, different dimensions and thresholds are considered, bearing in mind the selection of those that are most relevant and feasible for measurement in the regional context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The economic slowdown in 2009 is largely due to difficulties faced in agriculture, in particular the cotton sector. In fact, agriculture has suffered from poor spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall and flooding in several regions, resulting in disappointing growth rates in the primary sector: 0.9 per cent and -0.5 per cent, respectively, in 2006 and 2007. Most dramatically, cotton production fell by 33 per cent from 649,400 tons in 2006/2007 to 434,000 tons during the 2007/2008 campaign.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Cogeneration, which enables up to 85 per cent of the energy input to be converted into useful energy (much more than combined cycle power generation, the efficiency of which is close to 50 per cent), is still much below its potential, because the legal framework hindered self-generation (i.e. typically by the users themselves, such as solar panels in households) and the rates applied to large consumers of high voltage that were often subsidized. One third was used for domestic and rural activities in a fairly sustainable way, while the remainder was used for industrial purposes. While the overall chain of transformations and uses of wood in Brazil is poorly understood, it is clear that the overall efficiency of biomass is very low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Those recommendations included recognizing the Major Groups Partnership on Forests as a legitimate coordinating body for major group involvement, granting the Partnership official permanent observer status in the post-United Nations Forum on Forests process, having major group representation on the governing body of the Forum (or its successor), and reviewing how the Economic and Social Council rules govern major group accreditation and engagement. During the interactive discussion, the participants thanked the major groups for their presentations and discussion paper. Many participants stressed the critical importance of broad and inclusive stakeholder involvement in safeguarding and sustainably managing the world’s forests, noting especially the role of indigenous peoples and local communities in supporting the management and conservation of forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There are also signs that the net impacts may be most unfavourable for women. Fears about short-term adverse effects of digitalization and automaton on empbyment may be exaggerated, particularly if labour and educatbn policies promote complementarity between skills available in the workforce and newtechnologies. Since the impact of technology depends on the structure of each country's economy, the impact at the national level cannot be assumed to be necessarily negative, but rather requires a balanced analysis of the net effects of technological and market forces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article deals with the concept of modernity upon which one of the most interesting contemporary theories about modern social change is based—Peter Wagner's theory of successive modernities. Wagner understands modernity as a double imaginary signification which entails a basic tension between liberty and discipline. This conception is almost directly taken from Cornelius Castoriadis. I argue that this tension exists in two versions in Castoriadis' philosophy and that the two versions are incompatible. It is further claimed that the two versions reappear in Wagner's theory, which makes his theory of successive modernities partly inconsistent. A stance is taken for one of these versions and it is argued that the theory of successive modernities should appropriate that version as its point of departure in order to grasp the history of modernity in a consistent way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Two main concerns underlie recent changes in groundwater policies in some OECD countries: long-term aquifer depletion and surface water-groundwater interaction (e.g. McCarl et al., In the United States, concerns about groundwater pumping externalities are manifested in ongoing litigation over water resources and rapidly changing water management institutions (Hathaway, 2011, McKusick, 2002). Surface water-groundwater interaction has also been a major driver for changes in groundwater policy (Kuwayama and Brozovic, 2013, Palazzo and Brozovic, 2014), surface water flows are the subject of both transboundary legal challenges over river basin allocations and potential environmental impacts to instream habitat and other groundwater-dependent ecosystems (e.g. McKusick, 2002, Delaware River Basin Commission, 2008). These entitlements are the cornerstone of most regulatory approaches for groundwater management, "the central element of groundwater laws" (Mechlem, 2012), and have been found to be critical in reducing groundwater overdraft (Kemper, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As a matter of fact, in addition to constituting a tool for climate mitigation, renewable energy technologies (RETs) can also be combined with rural electrification strategies to offer leverage for trade and investment growth, innovation, and employment creation. Fully seizing this momentum depends on government’s ability to identify policy synergies between agriculture, energy, climate mitigation and adaptation, rural development, innovation and investment policies, to name but the most important. This requires strong institutional capacity and regulatory frameworks as well as financial support, which are often lacking in many developing countries. A second is policy coordination and coherence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Contingent Valuation and Choice Experiments dominate among the methods, but also deliberative or participatory valuation approaches, production function/damage function as well as Contingent Ranking, Hedonic Pricing and Travel Cost have been applied. With a larger base of valuation studies, it would be possible to calculate the intervals and standard values by more advanced methods (e.g. quantitative meta-analysis). Many studies are done of recreational benefits, but these benefits do not present the whole picture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This chapter therefore focuses on those linkages where maximum benefit can be derived in terms of water for people, for a healthy environment and for the economy. This reflects the integrated, indivisible and interlinked nature of all SDGs. Water and sanitation have a particular role to play in the 2030 Agenda, because of their centrality to each of the three dimensions that cut across all SDGs (society, economy and environment).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It begins with an overview of the historical evolution of science, technology and innovation policy in Lithuania. It then examines the main policy actors and governance arrangements under the light of observations made in earlier chapters and outlines areas in need of dedicated policy attention. At the same time, the plans lacked sufficient commitment and financial investment for implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
If we disentangle this result by type of facility we see that in Ghana a higher percentage of consultations for ill children occur in hospitals or health clinics (more than 65 per cent), deemed as high to good quality health facilities, and only 4 per cent to traditional healers. In contrast, in Cameroon a relatively high percentage of ill children receive health services from traditional practitioners. Consistent with results for monetary poverty, our simulations suggest that in the absence of the crisis, Burkina Faso would have registered a slight decrease in the demand for health services, while in Cameroon and, to a larger extent Ghana, there would have been an increase. Numbers in brackets refer to the base-year values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Engagement in education is a necessary precondition for student learning so that students can develop their skills and enjoy education. Better understanding how to improve student engagement can help support students to remain in education and do well at it. This chapter investigates the role of student engagement in education and the indicators that reflect it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The most affected areas are concentrated in the Apurimac, Ene and Mantaro river valleys and in the province of La Convention and the Lares district of Calca province, which together contain 68 per cent of the country’s coca bush cultivation. The shrinking supply has affected the purity levels of the coca base and cocaine, which showed a slight decrease in prices from 2013 to 2014. In the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, authorities reported that cocaine seizures amounted to about 26 tons in 2014. Seizure totals have been relatively stable since 2010, when about 25 tons of cocaine were seized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This poses a threat to the global economy and the welfare of millions of people. Continuing on a conventional growth route that undervalues natural capital will at some point run up against planetary boundaries which will limit growth prospects. Key pressure points include freshwater limits, ecosystem destruction, atmospheric aerosol pollution, biodiversity loss, climate change and chemical pollution (OECD, 2011). The way in which these problems manifest themselves is often unpredictable, involving a complex web of interlocking problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Mobile telephony has, for the first time, made immediate interactive communications readily available to the poor in low-income countries. Access to the Internet has grown more slowly and has had a substantial impact mainly on governments and larger businesses. Its relevance to the poor is currently more limited but may grow as the Internet becomes more accessible through mobile phones. Much attention is now being paid to the deployment of broadband infrastructure, which will enhance the capacity of fixed and mobile networks alike and has the potential to make faster, cheaper Internet accessible to the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)