albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Apple now provides mobile payments through Apple Pay, Alibaba offers logistical services, Facebook has an online marketplace, and Amazon offers cloud computing services. Access to market-relevant information and customers abroad is becoming cheaper, and new ways of obtaining finance are opening up. Moreover, reputation building via the web can be more rapid than through traditional methods, and access to transport and ICT infrastructure may become more affordable in remote regions. While the benefits of using new matchmaking systems are clear, SMEs may become overly reliant on systems and algorithms they understand little and over which they have virtually no power. The data trail left by companies, including user reviews, serves increasingly to assess creditworthiness. This may help some SMEs but can stymie their ability to raise funds if they are unaware of this use of their data trail.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These technologies are converging rapidly with ICTs and the interdisciplinary and broad-based nature of these developments raises some new challenges for commercialisation, including questions about the extent to which new business models and new types of alliances and industrial organisation may be required. It is still unclear whether new or incumbent companies will be the main innovators as the field develops further. Better understanding of convergence between technologies is needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The recycling volume of each household was monitored over a six-month period as a function of recycling convenience factors. A random sample of 20% of the households was drawn for a survey on further information about individual households such as household size, age, education level, and home ownership. The results indicated that convenience factors such as higher frequency of collection, lower sorting requirements (commingling in a single bin rather than several bins), and more convenient (closer) collection location contribute to recycling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The latter elements comprise other costs (i.e. decommissioning), fuel costs, operation and maintenance costs, and capital costs. The underlying data, based on typical values for generic international power production plants, allow LCOE computation for seven different technologies: coal (with and without flue gas desulphurization), combined cycle gas turbine, nuclear, solar PV, wind and biomass. Unless otherwise stated, the default settings are applied (box figure 3.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Balance also requires the need for an individual to live in harmony with others, their community and the spirit world. Hence, indigenous peoples' idea of sickness or illness tends to refer to an absence of well-being. Indigenous liaison and caseworkers are able to offer more culturally sensitive services and are working hard to impact the policies and practices of their organizations to be more responsive to indigenous clients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
During the 11th Five-Year Plan, focus has been on states that had a heavy backlog of un-electrified villages and BPL households, as well as on special category states (such as north-eastern states, Himachal, J & K and Uttarakhand), border districts and districts led by left wing extremism. The expected completion cost is estimated as INR 330 billion (or USD 7 billion) (Ministry of Power, 2009a). All values given in this chapter are converted at this rate. Less than one-third BPL households and half of the villages had been electrified in September 2009. To avoid overlap of efforts, close co-ordination between the RRGVY and the MNRE is ensured mainly through the Rural Electrification Corporation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article investigates a redefined socio-cultural role of European public service broadcasting as an infrastructure of translation in times of globalization, migration and the proliferation of new media providers. Drawing upon research into multilingual broadcasting in Europe and Australia, and in particular a case study of Special Broadcasting Service Australia (SBS), it argues for an ongoing relevance of European public service broadcasting (PSB), albeit within wider conceptions of translingual, transnational or European citizenship. It is proposed that of the two versions of translation, institutional in the EU and mediated in Australia respectively, the mediated version has achieved higher success in communicating diversity across hybrid communities. The main point raised here is the importance of `connections' and, within the framework of `cultural diversity' and `multilingualism' in Europe, arguably at the expense of `Europeanness'. The concept of translation allows thought beyond a single langua...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thereafter, farmers selected and saved the seeds of a few prime candidates for future cultivation. They introduced increasing controls to the reproductive process, either through selective open-pollination or purified in-breeding to develop improved varieties. Eventually, they discovered that crossing two separate in-bred lines to form hybrids injected a surge of vigour into the immediate offspring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the literature on this subject, this no-roll-back requirement has been described as illegal and therefore non-enforceable through the WTO dispute settlement system. See for example S. Musungu, “A Conceptual Framework for Priority Identification and Delivery of IP Technical Assistance for LDCs during the Extended Transition Period under the TRIPS Agreement”, Quaker United Nations Office, Geneva, 2007 (available at http://www.quno.org/geneva/pdf/economic/Issues/Priority-ID-English.pdf). Musungu considers the no-roll-back requirement to be an additional substantive obligation for LDCs, one that the Council for TRIPS does not have a mandate to implement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Based on the 1% Population Sampling Survey, the average monthly earnings for people working in agriculture in rural areas are only CNY 271, and the local off-farm workers can make CNY 739 monthly (the medians being CNY 227 and CNY 636, respectively). Hence, the income difference between farm work and off-farm work accounted for most of the inequality within rural areas. Table 3.2 also presents the inequality indices in rural areas based on various definitions of the rural population (columns 1 and 4). In fact, the earnings difference among rural residents is quite substantial, and is mostly contributed by the difference between farm work and off-farm work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The United Nations Global Compact, the world's largest voluntary corporate citizenship initiative, has enrolled over 1500 companies and two dozen Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and labour groups from over 70 countries since its inception in 2000. There is, however, a vocal chorus of critics of the Global Compact (primarily from the NGO community) that focus their criticisms on: the questionable level of participating company compliance with the ten principles that define the Global Compact (which address human rights, labour, environmental, and corruption issues), the lack of transparency of actual company results to outside auditors. In this paper, I offer a coherent set of recommendations that strengthen a self-regulation regime whose purpose is enhancing the efficacy of the Global Compact and transnational corporate citizenship. These recommendations focus on implementing a systematic approach to corporate accountability and transparency that is built on a foundation of the Global Compact's ten principles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Evidence suggests that co-location in multidisciplinary health centres facilitates collaboration and integration, and ensures more efficient use of resources and competencies (Reed et al., Multidisciplinary practice teams, with clinical, IT and other support infrastructures, are able to provide a wider range of services for meeting chronic care needs on a co-ordinated basis (Goodwin et al., Several national studies of the influence of practice size on care processes and outcomes show that larger practices perform better in terms of the range and quality of services and safety management (Wensing et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It discusses the various ways in which such violence manifests itself in the lives of women and girls and how it amounts to discrimination, denying women the right to equality in all spheres of life, including marriage, property ownership and inheritance, land rights, and education and employment. Relevant human rights standards (international, regional and sub-regional) are discussed with reference to case law, and how the judiciary can apply human rights standards to address VAW. It discusses the cost implications of violence for the judiciary and law enforcement agencies that respond to VAW.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Deforestation can also exacerbate food insecurity, as forests provide food, inputs and services that support crop and livestock production (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2006). In a case-study analysis of seven developing countries, Berry, Olson and Campbell, (2003) estimated that problems of sustainable land management reduced agricultural GDP by between 3 and 7 per cent. Poor people are likely to be farming steeper land and drier, less fertile soils and in more remote areas (World Bank, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
About 73,000 credits were issued, and the credits were purchased by the World Bank’s BioCarbon Fund, which generates income for Humbo residents (World Bank, 2012). The Sustainable Land Management (SLM) programme was initiated by the Government of Ethiopia in collaboration with donors (e.g. World Bank, Finland, EU and Germany) and other stakeholders to reverse land degradation and improve agricultural productivity. This kind of programme could form the core of any local green economy - protecting the natural assets that underpin development and livelihoods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They can select, compare and evaluate appropriate problem-solving strategies for dealing with complex problems related to these models. Students at this level can work strategically using broad, well-developed thinking and reasoning skills, appropriate linked representations, symbolic and formal characterisations, and insight pertaining to these situations. In Mexico 0.7% of students reach the PISA mathematics Level 5 or higher, compared with 13% on average across OECD countries (C20 countries average 10.3 %, countries with simi lar GDP per capita average 4.9%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition, initial teacher education providers should be required to establish internal quality assurance processes to ensure their programmes are continuously improving in light of evaluation exercises and new research relevant for teacher education. First, the operational features of the National Induction System need to be further defined as it is systematically applied across the system. Second, the certification process to determine progression in the career structure, needs to be fully designed and established.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Water quality monitoring in RS has been systematically carried out since 2000, including analysis of biological, physical-chemical, chemical and microbiological parameters and specific pollution substances, as well as of parameters from the list of priority substances since 2007. Quality assessment is carried out in accordance with the Decree on Water Classification and Categorization of Water Courses (RS Official Gazette, No. The development of the environmental monitoring network and the results of parameter analysis in RS between 2004 and 2010 are shown in table 7.1 below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, it is likely that irrigated agriculture has declined in some areas. The disparity could also be the result of different methods of assessing and defining irrigated land. However, it must be noted that in Turkey as well as in northern Syria (unlike arid south-eastern Syria or Iraq], agriculture is partly rain-fed with seasonal supplementary irrigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Hard" conditionalities have had positive effects on children’s school enrolment in some contexts,51 but in others the results of conditional transfers for children are often no better than unconditional ones52 or are associated with the existence and quality of public services.55 Moreover, women’s time and efforts to meet conditionalities bring no additional social benefits.54 The loss in women’s well-being imposed by conditionalities can be greater than the cash benefit, as evidenced in the case of Guatemala.55 This provides support for the removal of conditionalities. Where sex-disaggregated data exist, statistics show that coverage for women is lower. This is particularly the case in countries with contributory pension systems, as women’s low and intermittent formal employment patterns make them less able than men to make payroll contributions.58 In contributory pension systems, a way of recognizing unpaid care and domestic work is through credits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The position is slightly less clear cut with other types of intangible asset, as they are not always separately identifiable in the same way, and there is no external register that can be consulted in order to check their status. In the case of charges, this notice mechanism is important in ensuring that the lender’s interest is maintained. It is generally considered advisable to register charges against both the company and the official record corresponding with any registrable asset such as a patent, requiring two sets of information to be filed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Moreover, despite several attempts to break with (gender) traditional patterns, the region is characterised by gender segregation. Johansson, Stenbacka and Nordfeldt find that the local conditions affect the men living in the area in different ways, and they identify two strategies: The men either choose to settle for a life with no permanent employment or a long distance commute (permanently or periodically), or they choose to adapt to the altered conditions by obtaining a (gender) non-traditional education such as those within the social care sector. These may include doing the dishes, taking care of the children - or -working as a fishing guide or social and health care assistant Gender relations are constantly changing, partly because negotiations and boundary-crossing actions that challenge the old patterns and open up for alternative gender relations occur all the time in everyday life (Johansson, Stenbacka and Nordfeldt 2005: 64, own translation). However, two issues are highlighted: Tourism is a seasonal industry and some of the local women feel that the activities connected to tourism are too focused on activities often performed by men, such as salmon fishing, scooter safaris and motorcycle tourism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In other words, the costs of these measures should be reflected in the cost of goods or services which cause pollution in production and/or consumption. Such measures should not be accompanied by subsidies that would create significant distortions in international trade and investment. While this is conceptually sound in terms of both equity and economic efficiency, it is politically and practically difficult to apply the PPP to every instance of pollution, because the regulatory burden would be immense for both governments and resource users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
At the end of December 2015, Kariba reservoir was about 14 per cent full, compared with 51 per cent a year earlier, and hydropower generation was at a minimum. Power cuts now average 10-14 hours a day, affecting industries, commerce and domestic customers. If the dry spell continues, it is likely to force a shutdown of hydropower plants (Business Report, South Africa 11 January 2016). This has led to public outcry and anger against the national utility, necessitating a fuller investigation of the cause (EIZ, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
No assurance can be given that adequate fish and shrimp resources will be available to the Group. Licenses are granted for participation in commercial fisheries on a vessel by vessel basis. The Norwegian government sets annual catch limits (quotas) based on the research into the biomass for a given species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), part of the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, have by now become a widely recognized and agreed upon set of developmental goals the world community is striving to achieve. One of the goals connected to the success and achievement of all the others is SDG 16, which focuses on public institutions. The World Public Sector Report (WPSR) reviewed here focuses on the part of SDG 16 addressing institutional principles of effectiveness, transparency, accountability, anti-corruption, inclusiveness of decision-making processes, access to information and non-discrimination. More specifically, the Report analyzes the institutional principle of anti-corruption and the cross-cutting issue of gender equality, as well as the public budget process, and risk management in public administration as instruments and tools that can advance the attainment of the SDG16 goal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) adopted in 1979 addresses the advancement of the status of women. The CRPD calls for a twin track approach in this regard: gender equality is established as a general principle, to be taken into account in the implementation of each article of the Convention, and the CRPD also includes a stand-alone article on women with disabilities, article 6. This article recognizes that women and girls with disabilities are subjected to multiple forms of discrimination and establishes that States Parties should take all appropriate measures to ensure their full development, advancement and empowerment. The CRPD further stipulates that States Parties should put in place effective legislation and policies with a focus on women with disabilities to protect them from exploitation, violence and abuse (article 16, paragraph 5), and should pay special attention to women and girls with disabilities in access to social protection programmes and poverty reduction programmes (article 28, paragraph 2(b)).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In both cases (with the exception of decoupled payments), the result is that instability is exported to world markets. This tendency of agricultural policies to stabilise domestic markets acts as a vicious circle: as world markets become more volatile, governments see even more reason to stabilise domestic markets, thereby adding further to instability in international trade. Of concern here is the extent to which the drivers are, themselves, likely to exhibit greater variability and uncertainty in the future, or to condition market responses in ways that will exacerbate price volatility in the coming decade. The main drivers are discussed individually below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Wales’ voice in the UK Government is represented by the Secretary of State for Wales in the Wales Office. There are also certain situations in which the Welsh Government works collaboratively with the UK Government on legislation that affects Wales but which is passed by the Westminster Parliament. International mattes, such as relationships with die WHO and the OECD, are also a non-devolved matter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Three inlets (Lido, Malamocco and Chioggia), 10 to 15 metres deep and 450 to 900 metres wide, connect the Lagoon and the northern Adriatic Sea. Average tidal excursion is between 80 centimetres and 30 centimetres (including spring and neap tide conditions) and water exchanges through the inlets demarcate three large-scale circulation patterns (north, central and southern Lagoon). Open waters and shallows, including the natural creeks and dug channels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The unit scale frontier of nuclear power increased fivefold in the decade that followed commissioning of the first 50 MW commercial reactor in 1956. Ultimately, these rapid increases in unit size were a contributing factor to the rising complexity that created diseconomies of scale and constrained further growth of the industry in the late 1970s (Lovins et al., In many cases, learning is facilitated by relationships between industry actors (supported by public investments in, for example, testing infrastructure) to ensure experiences feed back into subsequent designs (Garud and Karnoe, 2003). When this policy-supported process of collective learning is absent, the development of viable domestic technological capability and industry can fail (Neij and Andersen, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This chapter re-reads the neoliberal reforms of the military dictatorship from a political economy perspective. It argues that the dictatorship sent the bases for the passive integration of Chile into the world economy that would consolidate during the nineties. This integration was the outcome of the consensus between the government and the new export capitalists. The economic expansion around exports was not only an outcome of market liberalization but also the result of a deep state involvement in promoting new sectors around natural resources since the sixties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Developing countries and LDCs would be given a transitional period to implement disciplines on subsidies related to overfishing and overcapacity, as well as technical assistance for capacity-building. All have the shared objectives of reaching agreement by MC11 in December 2017 and achieving UN SDG 14.6 by 2020, similarly, all proposals call for across-the-board prohibition of subsidies linked to IUU fishing and overfished stocks, with no exemptions and some specified prohibitions (to be determined) on capacity-enhancing subsidies. Each proposal includes S&DT provisions for developing and LDC members, but to varied degrees in terms of the level of exemptions offered, transparency and notification requirements and capacity-building.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In the countries where wastewater treatment has improved, there has been a notable reduction in the incidence of diseases such as hepatitis, cholera and typhoid fever. It should come as no surprise, then, that coastal degradation and marine pollution are among the region's worst environmental problems. Population pressures, infrastructure development in general and coastal tourism in particular have done much harm to coastal and marine ecosystems. Coral reefs have also been badly affected. In the Caribbean, 61% of reefs are threatened by tourism pressure and pollution, among other factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Many other agencies have subsequently adopted the same definition, including the World Bank. It is therefore more about the way in which decisions are made (i.e. how, by whom and under what conditions) than about the decisions themselves (Moench et al., It covers the manner in which roles and responsibilities (design, regulation and implementation) are exercised in the management of water and broadly encompasses the formal and informal institutions by which authority is exercised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)