albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In the wake of 9/11, Canada was among a number of Western states that instituted a wide range of legal frameworks designed to more efficiently prevent and suppress transnational terrorism. One of the defining features of its national security policy has since been the integration of a selection of intelligence agencies into a global counterterrorism network. Operationally distinct agencies, such as  the RCMP, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), the Communications Security Establishment, and the Canada Border Services Agency have been centrally coordinated towards the end of facilitating intelligence exchange within and across our borders. With few opportunities for public scrutiny or parliamentary and judicial review, the flow of information has gone on largely unregulated and, in a selection of notable cases, has contributed to serious human rights abuses both at home and abroad.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Moreover, polluters are given an on-going incentive to reduce adverse environmental impacts, whereas regulatory command-and-control approaches are static: once the target is reached, there is no incentive to make further improvements. Economic instruments can offer incentives that impact on drivers of biodiversity loss, and hence are also instruments for mainstreaming. As with regulatory instruments, their effective design and implementation will also depend on the institutional and governance capacity within a country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The controversy over railroad rates regulation represented a fundamental component of the jurisprudential trajectory that, culminating in Lochner v. New York, led to the era of so-called laissez faire constitutionalism. Constitutional protection of property required that regulation be such as to preserve the value of the regulated business. The paper builds on Siegel 1984 to argue that, by indicating in Smyth v. Ames (1898) reproduction cost as the correct technique to calculate the value of a railways, the Supreme Court retained its allegiance to the fundamental tenets of classical political economy even in a period of massive economic transformations, when classical economics was increasingly viewed as unable to capture the new reality of American industrial life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The causes of such issues are therefore both institutional and political (OECD, 2016a). For example, in 2015, MOC worked with the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) to develop a comprehensive set of Urban Green Growth Indicators, with 40 indicators under four categories: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, social inclusion, and institutional responsiveness. The indicators span across key green growth sectors including energy, w'ater, air quality, waste and transport (Table 3.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The management of many protected areas struggles to meet objectives, a problem that, as previous sections have shown, is linked to limited human and financial resources. Management effectiveness improved mainly in extractive reserves, ecological stations and national forests, as well as in protected areas in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes. The better performance was directly linked to the result-based approach of the programme, the considerable financial resources invested in ARPA areas and the fact that both federal and state governments are required to contribute human resources for managing these areas (WWF and ICMBio, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article examines the neo-conservative critique of global liberal governance. It provides a theoretically oriented assessment of the neo-conservative case against international law and human rights regimes, and draws out the main political and ethical implications for American democracy and American foreign policy. It is argued that the neo-conservative critique of global governance rests upon an interpretation of the normative order that weaves together democracy, individual rights and national autonomy through a volatile identity politics which is fundamentally at odds with both the pluralist character of ‘Westphalian diplomacy’ and the universal order of rights envisaged by advocates of global governance. More than just the policy autonomy of the US, what is really at stakes in those debates for neo-conservatives is the whole structure of cultural and socio-economic interests that is tied to the substantive interpretation of democracy upon which their domestic commitments to neo-liberal capitalism and liberal freedoms are predicated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, USAID has built or rehabilitated more than 3,000 kilometres of roads in Afghanistan, provided technical assistance for the 2010 Afghanistan-Pakistan Transit-Trade Agreement (APTTA), and supported the Cross-Border Transport Agreement (CBTA) between Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan (USAID, 2014). The infrastructure strategy of the World Bank Group is structured round three pillars: interventions to ensure access to basic infrastructure services, regional projects in the areas of power grids, broadband, transportation corridors and renewable energy, and mobilising private capital. The Bank also manages the Global Infrastructure Facility (GIF), a partnership among governments, multilateral development banks, private sector investors, and financiers to design and implement infrastructure projects that a single agency cannot handle on its own.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, psychosocial services that only target women and girls may not be good sources of information on trauma suffered by men or boys. While the documentation of human rights violations will often require interviews with surviving victims and direct witnesses, care should be taken to contemplate and reach out to other available sources of information. This could also contribute to preventing the conduct of unnecessary interviews, which is particularly important when dealing with traumatized persons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
International academics have variously extolled the country as having “one of the world’s most successful systems” (Alterman, 1997), as being a “world-wide lead” in the co-ordination of spatial and transportation systems (Hall, 2007), as “the most planned country among the European nations” (Dutt and Costa, 1985) and as no less than a “planners paradise” (Burke, 1966). Fainstein has dubbed Amsterdam a “grounded utopian actual city that, w hile not, of course, really utopia, offers a picture of possibility, at least in relation to the Anglo-American city” (2005: 127). In sum, there is strong consensus among many experts that there is much to leam from the Netherlands’ oft-studied spatial planning system. What some view as success - such as “the containment of open space in the Green Heart and buffer zones between agglomerations” - others view as problematic (Roodbol-Mekkes, van der Valk and Altes, 2012: 378).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Anthropology and cognate disciplines have long addressed the complex and troubled relations of public and private life, supplying insight into such matters as identity, politics, and civic life. In the multiple, interconnected settings of an intricately globalized and mediatized twenty-first century, how secrets are made, maintained, and broken remains vitally important to social science and its publics. The special issue we introduce here brings together anthropologists and social scientists working in health, museology, media, and cultural studies to interrogate secrets and secrecy, the private and the public, in diverse yet interrelated domains and national contexts. Our introduction explores ways to think critically of secrets and secrecy and related ramifications for private and public life by highlighting some key ethical, intellectual, and epistemological complexities. We consider the contemporary forms of life of the secret in social settings and public institutions and then consider how secrets d...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, 80% of the projected emissions from the power sector in 2020 are inevitable, as they come from power plants that are already in place or are being built today. The world is locking itself into carbon-intensive systems more strongly every year. Prematurely closing plants or retrofitting with carbon capture and storage (CCS) - at significant economic cost - would be the only way to reverse this “lock-in”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The main interpretation issue with relative poverty lines is that poverty rates based on them may remain constant or even fall if all households (including the poorest ones) experience a decline in their incomes . Moreover, people identified as poor in one country might not be considered poor in another, given the substantial differences in median incomes across OECD countries. Figure 5 shows the interregional dispersion of poverty headcounts w ith the poverty line defined at 60% of the national median income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Social welfare officers cite anecdotal evidence that temporary public works programmes have worked well for some of the most disadvantaged jobseekers, providing participants with valuable work experience and contacts that lead to regular employment. More systematic assessments of Workplaces with Stipends, a major public w orks programme introduced during the crisis, have shown that they effectively mitigated the impact of job loss resulting from the crisis and, in the short term, significantly raised incomes in participating households (Azam et al., Subsequent monitoring of job search activities and unregistered employment also points to possible positive impacts on formal employment after programme completion (Ministry of Welfare, 2011). The suitability of direct job creation for addressing more structural labour market problems is not well documented and is difficult to assess based on these results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This section has analysed land-use and transport policy. A key lesson-learned indicates it is unlikely that m2aking more land available to accommodate the increasing population and the increasing traffic will solve the transport and spatial challenges. Sustainable solutions will require diversified policy instruments, particularly addressing land-use efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These have done much to stimulate public awareness of evaluation and assessment and to develop an evaluation culture within school systems. It includes national student assessments at key stages of education, a range of user surveys, a web-based School Portal, and a range of tools for schools’ self-review (e.g. diagnostic “mapping tests”). With the establishment and development of NKVS, policy makers aimed to move policy attention away from inputs and processes to focus more on the outcomes of education (Nusche et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Evaluating success is highly problematic, especially if it focuses on a narrow set of expectations related to a linear technology transfer approach. Universities expect science parks to help them commercialise scientific results, while entrepreneurs are looking for high quality accommodation and access to business services on site. Multi-nationals seek flexible accommodation for short-term projects with university partners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) exploits the temperature difference between cooler deep and warmer shallow or surface seawaters to run a heat engine. Wave power uses a variety of methods to convert the motion of ocean waves into electricity. While life-cycle GHG emissions are low, nuclear power poses serious challenges in terms of radioactive waste management, risks of nuclear contamination and security-related concerns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Panel A of Figure 1.17 shows that the increase in the number of UB recipients typically did not match the increase in the number of the unemployed, potentially leaving an important share of the “newly” unemployed to rely on family or community support and/or the lower tier of income assistance. In a number of countries, the extent to which the expansion in beneficiaries matched the increase in unemployment was relatively higher during the second year of the crisis than during the first year. This is the case in Chile, France, Hungary, Japan, Luxembourg and the United States as part of its “regular” UB programme. This suggests that at the outset of the crisis, dismissed workers (e.g. self-employed or working on a temporary/intermittent basis) were less likely to have sufficient previous work experience in a recent period to qualify for UB than were workers dismissed at a later point in the crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
They can play an important role in keeping young people connected to the labour market or in education, thereby preventing the scarring effects arising from long-term unemployment, including those related to negative wage effects. The success of youth guarantees crucially depends upon the strength of underlying institutions (like the public employment service and the apprenticeship system) and coordination mechanisms between the various stakeholders. In countries where such institutions and mechanisms are not yet well-developed, the success of youth guarantees is likely to be limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Since 1970,85 per cent of disasters in the region have been minor but recurrent. They have cumulatively affected 2.24 billion people and caused more than $400 billion of damage by triggering ongoing erosionof development assets, such as local infrastructure, dwellings, schools, health facilities and roads. While hazards and exposure dominate the risk equation for intensive risk, extensive risk is more closely associated with such factors as inequality and poverty. As indicated by figure II, the range of major floods, droughts, cyclones and typhoons in the region since 2009 have had the worst sectoral impact on the housing and agriculture sectors, resulting in 23 and 21 per cent of the total loss in these cases respectively. Comparatively, over the same period, major disasters in the Asia-Pacific region have resulted in losses of 14 per cent in the transport sector and 7 per cent in the tourism sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Similarly, pollution charges are explicitly included in the wastewater bill in the Handers and Brussels regions in Belgium, in Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Portugal and Spain. Other taxes are levied in Denmark, France and Spain. Different economic signals are sent to both consumers and producers: VAT and other taxes can affect final demand and the affordability of services, but do not contribute to cost recovery. This information is not comprehensive, as tariff structures are often decided at local the level and are not consistent within a country, other structures could be found in countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It will be important for developed countries to signal clear and transparent pathways to achieving the USD 100 billion goal in order to give confidence to developing countries and to enable medium to long term planning. The survey contributes to better informed decisions on future aid allocations by individual donors and for partner countries, and reveals opportunities for improved co-ordination among development actors. It is considered an important tool for international accountability and improved predictability (OECD, 2014). The survey could also be designed to collect information on predicted shares of ODA targeting climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This will accentuate the vicious circle of chaotic growth and low urban productivity. The infrastructure deficit will increase as will the deficit for maintenance of infrastructure and facilities. Co operation would be rewarded and isolationist or sectarian approaches penalised. At present, inter-municipal co operation for infrastructure funding in Canada does not explicitly provide a bonus for a horizontal partnership, but it will not reward the absence of such partnering.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Indonesia implements dualism of judicial review system because there are two different judicial institutions that are granted the authority to review laws and regulations, namely the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court. This research aims to analyse the problems caused by the dualism of judicial review system. It found two main legal problems of the current system. First, there is an inconsistency of decisions concerning judicial review cases for the same legal issues decided by the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court. Second, there is no mechanism to review the constitutionality of People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR) decisions and regulations under the level of law. Based on these findings, this research suggests that the authority to review all laws and regulations should be integrated under the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court.     Keywords    :        Constitutional Court, Constitutional Review, Judicial Review
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The role of the public sector in establishing a supportive environment for private operators is absolutely essential, as set out in the OECD Checklist for Public Action (OECD, 2009d). Experience shows that private operators can play an important role as the “agents of positive change” in the institutional and legal frameworks. For example, while data on the performance of private operators in the Russian Federation do not show a superior performance by private operators vis-a-vis municipal water utilities, private operators have in many cases been “agents of positive change” in the sector (see Box 3.5 above for more details).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Thus, adequate measures to ease these constraints are crucial for industrial development and discussed in the following sections. This process of structural change absorbs low productive surplus labour from the primary sector providing access to better pay jobs. Consequently, the economy's overall productivity grows. Due to increased employment in a sector in which the relative wages are higher compared to the agricultural sector, the country's aggregate disposable income rises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This has led to a sharp decline in the RVCC scheme, and reset the focus on schemes that combine the recognition of skills with new coursework, however at the cost of a significant decline in enrolment (Figure 2.15). Estatisticas da Educaqao 2012/2013, DGEEC/MEC, Lisbon. Moreover, the education system should put more emphasis on providing training options to less academically-inclined students, by expanding the vocational education and training (VET) system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Krentzler (2009) examined the impact of the geographical location of institutions of higher education on the residential patterns of the college-educated population in Israel and concluded that the newly-founded colleges generate migration from the country’s centre to the periphery, including to the Northern District. Change Versus Stability for Yong Palestinian Women in Israel”, Journal of Israeli History, Vol.21, No. The Book of Arab Society in Israel, Van Leer Jerusalem Institute, HaKibbutz HaMeuchad Publishing, Jerusalem, pp. Development Towns, Yad Ben Zvi, Jerusalem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This treatment of the status of violence against women under international human rights law by Dr Alice Edwards is a tour de force of erudition and rigour. The book succeeds on three levels: first, it offers an exceptional synthesis of the current state of international law in this area, second, it provides an excellent entry-point into feminist theoretical scholarship to explain clearly why this terrain is so difficult to traverse, and third, it offers a way forward which is strategic and underpinned by the author’s lived experience as a practitioner and advocate for women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Shorrocks (1982, 1983) questions the decomposition of the Gini (or concentration coefficient) by income sources on the grounds that results are sensitive to the specific decomposition rule adopted. After imposing additional assumptions, he shows that the decomposition of the squared coefficient of variation {i.e. the variance-to-squared-mean ratio) is independent of any specific decomposition rule and recommends using this approach. Overall, results using this alternative methodology (shown in Annex 2) are similar to those presented in Figure 6.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
If any safety concern is identified, the risk associated with it should be characterized to determine its relevance to human health. This begins with the description of the host and donor organisms and the characterization of the genetic modification. The subsequent safety assessment should consider factors such as toxicity, tendencies to provoke allergic reaction (allergenicity), effects of changed composition of key nutrients (antinutrients) and metabolites, the stability of the inserted gene and nutritional modification associated with genetic modification. If the entire assessment of these factors concludes that the GM food in question is as safe as its conventional counterpart, the food is then considered safe to eat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Multilingualism constitutes an integral part of post-national citizenship, in which political argumentation may defy linguistic barriers. And yet at a political level, the interplay between language, citizenship practices and translation needs to be emphatically thematised and investigated. This chapter revisits the nexus between multilingualism and politics, with a focus on multilingual publics, translation and citizenship practices, political translation and activism. It calls for a reconsideration of publics in the current historical moment of the multilingual condition, with new modalities of multilingual communication and new forms of deliberation, which may heighten inequalities. It also highlights the need to broaden our research beyond the European/Western focus and beyond spoken languages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Happiness and Alleviation of Income Poverty: Impacts of an unconditional cash transfer programme using a subjective well-being approach, Innocenti Working Paper No.2016-23, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. Effects of a Large-Scale Unconditional Cash Transfer Program on Mental Health Outcomes of Young People in Kenya. Journal of Adolescent Health 58(2): 223-229. The effect of a conditional cash transfer for HIV prevention on the experience of partner violence for young women: Evidence from a randomized experiment in South Africa HPTN 068. Journal of International AIDS Society (in press).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The judicial officers should engage in extrajudicial efforts to address CEFM. At the regional level the legislative instruments include: African (Banjul) Charter on Human and People’s Rights (1981), Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (2005), African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990), African Youth Charter (2006), and the Kigali Declaration (2013). For the purposes of this paper, focus is on the following international laws: CEDAW, and the Convention on the Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriage (1962), and the following regional laws: The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990), African Youth Charter (2006), and Kigali Declaration (2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)