albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Ces donnees montrent que le niveau global des inegalites de revenu de l’Afrique du Sud a continue d’augmenter entre 1993 et 2008. Cette meme realite des inegalites se retrouvent egalement dans chacun des quatre groupes ethniques d'Afnque du Sud. La pauvrete a legerement chute dans sa globalite, mais persiste gravement parmi les groupes ethniques africains et interraciaux.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The first, the Republic of Korea Temporary Workers Programme, is a government-to-gov-ernment initiative. Timor-Leste is the 15th Asian country to join the Korean Employment Permit System for youth ages 18-35. In 2009-2015, this programme enabled 1,886 young Timorese, 5 percent of whom were women, to work in Korea (Wigglesworth and Fonseca 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The main limitation of these models is their neglect of differentials within a particular social class. Thus Solow deals with a representative agent and Ricardos economy is populated by homogeneous groups of land owners, capitalists and wage earners who receive the same remuneration at the same rate. While it is important to pay attention to changes in factor shares, the empirical evidence shows that a large part of income inequality and of its evolution over time is explained by variations in the distribution of income among wage earners, rentiers and profit recipients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Introducing a more flexible repayment schedule - which also offers a longer return on investment - can have positive impacts on business investment and creation (Field et al., Based on such experience, pioneer innovators can develop hybrid models that make the involvement of the private sector in public activities much more viable by offering business opportunities. Prahalad and Hart (2002) have popularised the business case for social-value creation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Building on good practices and evidence of what works, the 2015 OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Public Life (hereinafter the GEPL Recommendation) confirms that a whole-of-govemment approach to gender equality is the most effective strategy for achieving gender equal societies for inclusive growth. It sets forth important benchmark policy recommendations necessary to set in motion well-functioning gender machineries (see Box 1.1 in Chapter 1). As such, these institutions facilitate a consistent whole-of-govemment response to gender equality, provide advice and guidance to centre of government and line ministries, monitor the status of gender equality and help formulate and implement policies throughout the government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Strong household income growth in the Nordics has lifted incomes from the bottom to the top of the distribution from the mid-1990s to 2014 (Figure 3). This contrast with developments in Germany and the United States, were stagnating incomes at the bottom of the income distribution imply that material living standards have improved very little relative to the mid-1990s. National sources report an increase around four Gini points from 1990 to 2014 (Statistics Norway), but the applied household income definition is not fully comparable with the one used for OECD figures (see Causa et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Internet access may be via a computer, Internet-enabled mobile phone, digital TV, games machine etc. Location of use can refer to any location, including work. As an information distribution system, the Internet and its usage provide opportunities for bringing education and information within the reach of all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The omitted category is lower-than-secondary attainment. In this section we present a brief description of wage inequality in the countries that participated in the Survey of Adult Skills. This does not constitute a major limitation to the above analysis, given that the much of the rise in inequality observed in the past decade can be traced back to a widening in the dispersion of labour income (OECD, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In future the commercial collection of additional NWFPs will be exclusively done by the forest management bodies. The study captured data on rural household income and forest use. The findings from the survey demonstrate that forests are an important resource in rural areas for people that use wood-based products in their daily lives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In other words, the statistical results should be interpreted with caution and in light of all evidence/knowledge available. For example, if different castes have different determinants of FLFP and/or different average marginal effects of the determinants of FLFP, and there is a huge gap between two regions with respect to the shares of the population belonging to the different castes, the differences of these shares can bias the results. A great gap exists, for instance, between the Western and the Southern Region: the percentage of the population belonging to the upper caste in these regions are 34% and 21%, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, better work incentives for lone parents and second earners are needed. The Work Programme supports return to work for benefit claimants facing significant disadvantages, including disabled people. Still, earlier, independent work capability assessments could reduce sickness-related absences and prevent more people from falling into disability benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
More detailed information on the policy context and trends children’s living standards is provided in Annexes A and B of this document. Measuring and comparing child poverty (or any other population group) requires arbitrarily defining an income threshold below which all members of a household will be considered poor. This level of income is meant to synthesize differences in purchasing power and standard of living between households and for this reason is used as a proxy to categorize household members as poor or not.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Raising awareness of existing supports and introducing a well-functioning feedback system - w hich would also help potential beneficiaries identify their needs - would improve the maintenance and actualisation of the database which is key to its effectiveness (Bah et al., Ultimately, the system could evolve into a rights-based social protection system that provides social benefits where they are needed. Its development was driven by the ADBs social protection strategy and key questions such as how much is spent on social protection in any given country', what are the programmes, who is covered and how can the implementation of social protection programmes be monitored (ADB, 2006, 2013 and 2016). As a rule of thumb, social spending totals calculated in line with the ADB methodology (as below) are likely to be a little lower than OECD data as the ADB data do not capture all public health spending for all countries - the SPI does not account for free universal public health services financed out of general taxation - and does not account for the impact of tax systems on social spending (Adema et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Lee KuanYew, Singapore's first Prime Minister, set out two overarching goals: to build a modern economy and to create a sense of Singaporean national identity. He recruited the best and brightest people into his early government and sought to promote economic growth and job creation. In the 1960s, the emphasis was on attracting labour-intensive foreign manufacturing to provide jobs for its low-skilled workforce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It has paid a great deal of attention to identifying the future labour market skills that will be needed and making sure they are covered by the education system. Table 4.1 presents a skill typology realized in Rwanda when that countiy and Timor-Leste were at a similar stage of development. Some are employed as agricultural extension workers, but more aspire to attend university and study agricultural science, although there are even fewer jobs available for agricultural scientists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Although most of the headline indicators of How’s Life? Therefore, this chapter uses a few additional metrics that capture gender-relevant differences in well-being. Some differences between the two sexes are inevitable - only women experience pregnancy and childbirth, for example - but many others stem from institutional, cultural and social influences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Amongst families in urban informal settlements in Cape Town, this is expressed in the daily negotiations around who does what in terms of household chores and the explicit efforts by mothers to respect the preferences of their older children (Bray et al., In rural families in northernTanzania, reciprocity is expected and expressed through young people's obedience (in ways that demonstrate respect to the parent and social respectability) and a parent's willingness to meet the child's need in return (Wamoyi & Wight, 2014). Fathers were particularly vocal on this topic, perhaps because scarcity of employment or other sources of status means they rely more heavily on inter-generational reciprocity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the first subperiod, the number of people living in poverty decreased by 2.6% per year, while the number in extreme poverty declined by 2% annually. Between 2012 and 2014, the number of people living in poverty and extreme poverty decreased at annual rates of just 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively. Lastly, in 2015 and 2016, the region's per capita GDP contracted by 1.8% each year, while the proportion of people living in poverty and extreme poverty grew by 5% and 12%, respectively (see figure II.2). Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For these countries, it will be extremely challenging to assess and communicate progress towards the aspirational, qualitative or non-time bound aims outlined in e.g. their NCs or INDCs. In addition, as adaptation is very context-specific, countries have different needs and objectives. Barriers to obtaining a clear view on progress towards national adaptation goals may not be a problem at a country level, but would impede the global stocktake from producing an assessment of progress on adaptation at a global scale, if this stocktake is based purely on information submitted by individual countries and is to be conducted in an aggregated manner (see Section 4). For developed countries, it will be important to show progress towards targets relating to climate finance, as well as to the balance of climate finance between mitigation and adaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A partnership was recently established with the Chamber of Commerce. By bringing together multiple stakeholders, Paris Metropole may be a first step towards the emergence of a new form of inclusive governance and a forum for negotiating a shared vision for green growth. Provided the process can be kept transparent and open to all (from large companies to SMEs), it would be desirable to involve a variety of private sector representatives in public consultation for defining calls for proposals and to offer businesses the possibility of responding in an integrated way, through tendering for a combination of urban services (water, waste, Internet, etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Article 19 of the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities requires states to ensure that persons with disabilities have access to a range of support services, including personal assistance. The Convention is an agreement between state parties and the UN. However, in practice, disability services are often implemented at the local level. Drawing on the findings of qualitative research in Iceland, Norway and Sweden, this paper examines a paradox whereby states commit to ensure access to support services, but decentralize responsibility to autonomous and independent local governments. A multi-level governance framework is applied to analyse the findings of qualitative inquiry with policy-makers, local government officials and leaders of independent living organizations in all three Nordic countries. A multi-level analysis highlights the tensions and contradictions between decentralization and human rights commitments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It has provisions on the mediation, arbitration, application and acceptance of labour disputes, on hearings and awards, etc. The law enhances protection for the lawful rights and interests of the two parties to the employment relationship through lawful procedure and guarantees that the Employment Contract Law will be implemented effectively. The 1994 Labour Law included some regulations on the minimum wage, although they were very simple. In January 2004, the enactment of the Minimum Wage Regulations indicated the overall implementation of a minimum wage system in China’s labour markets. According to this regulation, minimum wage standards refer to the lowest remuneration paid to employees by employers on the premise that employees provide regular work during official working hours the working hours agreed by their labour contract with employers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The reason is that the distribution of incomes within those groups is subject to change as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is reflected in the simple mean of the sample, which is of the order of 13, 7 and 22 in the 2010 round for the lower, medium and high education groups, respectively. These values are interpreted as the percentage of each group's population that would have to be redistributed geographically to achieve zero segregation, which would be when the territorial distribution of the two groups being compared is identical. These figures confirm the exclusive location pattern of the best-off groups in the region's cities, tending as they do to live in areas that are fairly well connected to the commercial and financial centres of their cities, are fairly self-sufficient in services, and have high land and housing prices, which have the effect of expelling poor households or impeding the entry of poor individuals or households. The extent to which these well-to-do groups are sealed off has serious implications for their connections with the rest of society, and it is also a powerful mechanism for reproducing wealth and concentrating economic power. The text presents the results for the more aggregate scale, the messages being in agreement in both cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These barriers include transmission congestions and the lack of long distance transmission lines, resulting in severe curtailments in some regions. In 2016, China accounted for 30 per cent of the $277 billion in global spending on power grids and storage, while India and South-East Asia accounted for 13 per cent (IEA, 2017a). These forms of investments will need to continue and expand across Asia-Pacific countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Accordingly, sections D and E look in depth at care workers and their employment conditions, highlighting not only the sharp disparities within the sector but also the gulf that separates care woikers from other workers. Section F takes a closer look at domestic employment because it accounts for such a large share of the care sector, addressing aspects such as labour regulation and the link with migratioa The final section provides a review and summaiy. The topic was first covered in the sociological literature on the division of labour, but it was a later addition in other disciplines, especially economics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The carbon from logging debris and natural litter production will partly be incorporated into the soil organic matter, and partly be released to the atmosphere as CO2. It is less clear how soil carbon stocks respond to the harvesting event as such. After the first rush of logging residues, little additional litter will be produced in a clear-cut stand for some decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A cette fin, il est divise en trois sections. La premiere section (chapitres 2,3 et 4) examine le concept de la famille en vertu du droit international relatif aux droits de I’homme. Elle presente ensuite une critique de deux politiques orientees vers la famille aux fins de la reduction de la pauvrete qui ont suscite beaucoup d’at-tention dans les ODD: les programmes de transferts de fonds et les politiques en matiere de soins non remu-neres. Cette etude examine combien la conception et la mise en ceuvre de ces politiques tiennent compte de I’interpretation contemporaine des droits en lien avec la ■famille tels que cites dans les traites relatifs aux droits de I’homme et de I'engagement a parvenir a I’egalite des sexes et a I’autonomisation de toutes les femmes et filles telles que prevues par le Programme de 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While becoming closely integrated into the European and global economy, Slovenia has kept a strong sense of national identity placing high value on its language and culture. Already before 1991, Slovenia had been at the economic forefront within former Yugoslavia. In the two decades that followed, bold decisions, sound economic policy and hard work yielded success and resulted in stability as well as a strong position of this small country of two million inhabitants in Central Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This paper analyses the issue of whether or not article 1771 of Civil Code, with the text stated by the Statute of Persons with Disabilities, keeps its validity face to the advent of the 2015 Civil Procedural Code. The majority of scholars has claimed that the rule of the Civil Code was revoked by the CPC, whose term began after the SPD. Which is stated in this paper is that, differently from what is assumed by the majority of scholars, a teleological interpretation, focused in the constitutional status of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, should lead to the conclusion that the text of article 1771 of Civil Code established by the SPD keeps its validity, even after the advent of the Civil Procedural Code of 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Affordability remains a barrier to those who have coverage but cannot afford the Internet or cannot afford to use it as much as they would like. Eleven LDCs have mobile Internet prices of less than 5% of income. The biggest gap is with skills: only three LDCs have a gross secondary school enrolment higher than the world average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Tables 2.7, 2.8 and 2.9, below', provide a more detailed analysis of the factors influencing inequality by decomposing the contributions of the various income sources to overall inequality in any given year. It is important to be clear that such decompositions are comparative static exercises, explaining factor contributions in each of the three years rather than exploring the role of changes in factors on changes across years. Thus, they do not explain changes over time but are helpful in showing whether changes have happened over time by comparing the situation in each of the three years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Other key institutions include the network of Servicios Estatales de Salud, or government-funded State Health Services (SHS), for those without employment-linked insurance. Prior to Seguro Popular, these individuals would have had access to SHS but been liable to a user-fee. Now, nearly all Mexicans have access to a health insurance plan. The significant increase in SP affiliation represents an important step towards universal health coverage (UHC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, broadening and strengthening regional economic integration is necessary as this will improve access to Asia-Pacific markets. There is some uncertainty tied to this issue. Policymakers in China have stated that their long-term aim is to improve the “quality of growth” by reducing the excessive dependence of the economy on exports and increasing the role of domestic demand, and within domestic demand, reducing the role of investment, both in infrastructure and recently in the housing sector, and instead boosting the disproportionately small role of consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At the same time, this project formed a set of FTTx network construction specifications applicable to the local conditions in India, covering the entire project life cycle, including planning, survey, design, construction, supervision and acceptance. While the project was implemented, the project team compiled training materials covering the whole process of FTTx construction for the local environment in India. The training materials include classroom training and on-the-job training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Civil defence means actions aiming at protecting population, industrial plants, utility companies, and cultural goods, saving and helping the injured in times of war, as well as cooperating in fighting natural disasters and environmentas threats and in deletion of their effects. Vivil defence should function on the basis of the principle of generality, obligation, unvariability of organizational structure, complexity of operation, adequacy, readiness, decentralization of management, planning, support, and interterritorial solidarity. The central organ of government administration for civil defence is the Chief of Civil Defence of the Country, who is appointed by the Prime Minister. The motion is put forward by the minister of internal affairs. Provincial governors, starosts, borough leaders, presidents of towns or cities are local organs of civil defence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The AEF project is a work-in-progress "data revolution" targeting all the 17 SDGs and is intended for implementation in the Digital state of Cumberland, United States. It does not constitute a governmental ortechnology plan, but rather a multistakeholder commitment and social inclusion agenda. The strategy also states that, in order to build a knowledge-based society, it is important in the long term for Qatar to create an open, transparent culture where knowledge bases are kept current and easily accessible, which, in turn, develops the capacity and culture for routinely processing, sharing and interpreting information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the case of climate action, the focus on mobilising private climate finance has been driven largely by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiations and financial commitments made by developed countries to address climate change in developing countries. This has resulted in high visibility for tracking the amounts of private capital mobilised, but less attention to the effectiveness and impacts of these efforts. In particular, some authors note that there is no clear consensus among development co-operation policies and practice regarding the overarching ‘theory of change’ in engaging the private sector for sustainable development (Kindornay and Reilly-King, 2013, Vaes and Huyse, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The International Labour Organization and the OECD have undertaken major efforts to collect and standardise global wages data. However, in many countries collecting data by means of surveys is difficult, and administrative records cover only parts of the labour force. In addition, further efforts are needed to fully harmonise concepts such as paid and unpaid overtime, benefits and non-financial rewards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)