albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It aims to connect the various parties involved in international trade in order to cut the filing, verification, processing and coordination costs associated with cross-border transportation - according to Maersk, documentation and bureaucracy can represent up to one-fifth of the total cost of moving a container. Many start-ups are developing autonomous robots that operate alongside humans and track inventory on shelves in warehouses, factories and distribution centres. A German online retailer that uses machine-learning algorithms to predict what customers are going to buy has developed a system so reliable that it can predict with 90 per cent accuracy what will be sold within the following 30 days (The Economist, 2017b). This results in better supply management by cutting down inventory, and reduces the time required for delivery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In addition to this, school-based homework clubs or teacher-supervised study time could help those with insufficient home support. Research evidence shows positive effects of organised summer schools offering remedial or enrichment activities. Students’ regular attendance, parental involvement and programme design are the key predictive factors of success of such programmes (Gromada and Shewbridge, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Discussions began with an overview of the four main areas of work which were agreed by the G20 agriculture ministers: agricultural production in the long run, transparency and information in international markets, international coordination and risk management and financial markets. The G20 discussions had led to the establishment of the new Agriculture Marketing Information System (AMIS), a joint OECD/FAO initiative that seeks to provide up-to-date data on agriculture markets to as wide an audience as possible. The agencies represented on the panel highlighted the various fora that are available for countries to discuss approaches for achieving food security and the types of changes these organizations are making to contribute to global food security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In doing so, it also helps schools to retain effective teachers and makes leaching an attractive career choice. While research has produced mixed results, there seems to be agreement tbat the design and implementation of performance-based rewards are crucial to their success. Challenges include developing fair and reliable indicators of performance, training evaluators to fairly apply these indicators, and articulating how, and against what criteria, teachers are assessed. The Creek authorities should pursue their initiative for school evaluation, and all school units should lake part in this process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Bureau of Statistics is mainly responsible for the collection of this data. No monetary accounts exist at the moment. There is a need for economic models which would show how economic activities are dependent on ecological services or goods produced from ecological services. A merging of ecological and economic models may be fruitful in order to identify interactions and interdependencies, for example, to show the change in production of goods or services as a function of ecological services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The section also discusses the methodological and data challenges involved in trying to measure the value of digital transactions and digital trade, and provides estimates culled from international organizations and national authorities, as well as financial reports from a number of well-known firms. This technology-driven revolution has not yet run its course and continues to this day, transforming the way business are run, the way production is organized, the way countries and firms trade, and the way people work and communicate. These three trends are Moore's Law, Gilder's Law and the digitalization of information, as explained below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This is important for unlike mobile phones, use of the Internet requires a certain degree of skills. The indicator, which refers to "the percentage of inhabitants living within range of a mobile-cellular signal, irrespective of whether or not they are mobile phone subscribers or users" (ITU, 2015), reflects the infrastructure availability aspect of the target since it measures the possibility to subscribe and use mobile cellular services. By including the breakdown "by technology", the indicator is flexible in terms of technological development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Past experience has shown, however, that such an approach can result in agricultural policies that are dominated by distorting forms of support, including price support, which in turn threaten the food security of poor consumers. These negative consequences are particularly acute when food shortages occur for other reasons, like an economic downturn or a natural disaster. The APEC Policy Partnership on Food Security (PPFS), formed in 2011, is a forum for discussing issues related to food security, bringing together individuals from the private and public sectors to help facilitate investment, liberalise trade and market access, and support sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Over 80 per cent of the land in Samoa is under Matai control, and about 65 per cent of the population derive their livelihoods from Matai land. The Aiga (descent group) in rural Samoa is redistributive social and political units, pooling resources of both cash and food allocation by the Matai chiefs according to individual needs (WB, 2006b: 73). The traditional system in Samoa, however, has been undergoing dramatic changes as a result of modernization and socio-cultural transformations (ILO, 2006c: 89). In Vanuatu, nakamal is a community of related households that are headed by a chief.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Agency of Protected Areas (APA) has identified gaps in different aspects of protected area management, developed a list of research needs and submitted it to respective scientific and educational institutions. At present, the number of photo traps is insufficient to create a comprehensive picture, and in some protected areas there are no photo traps in place, in others, there is a lack of trained staff. With the support of CNF (Caucasus Nature Fund) umbrella species monitoring is underway in several Pas. As for allowing hunting of the species included in the Red List, quite ambiguous wording was added to the legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Estimates of the internal rate of return to public investments   agricultural research (conf.) The aggregate changes in agricultural productivity described in previous chapters are the cumulative effect of the adoption of such innovations. Adoption is largely driven by the desire of producers to increase the profitability of their farm operations. Market forces and price signals serve as powerful instruments to spur rapid adoption of productivity-enhancing technologies and practices. Extension and education activities, provision of financial and risk management services, and access to commodity and input markets improve the flow of information and uptake of innovations by farmers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A one-off compensation payment may still be due if trees on the land have been prematurely cut. It equals the difference between the estimated commercial value of the forest stand at optimum rotation age, specified in the forest management plan, and the value when it was cut down. Instead of reflecting the actual or projected timber value of converted forest land, conversion fees should be based on the biodiversity value of stands, with higher rates for threatened ecosystems. It fails to consider the opportunity cost of not converting the land, i.e. the development risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It combines an international comparison of traffic safety trends with a detailed analysis of Korean accident data. The analysis on Korea uses a novel data set that contains more than 1 800 records of individual road traffic accidents with more than 6 500 affected individuals and data from the detailed analysis of 1 000 accidents around “accident hotspots”. The analysis of accident data is complemented by an in-depth assessment of the complex traffic safety governance arrangements in Korea and an identification of key areas for further improvement. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Moreover, on the west coast indigenous coal is more expensive than imported coal due to the cost of rail transport from the coal mines in the east. It also has a vast under-utilised solar potential. Other renewable potentials, such as biomass, wind and geothermal energy, are rather restricted. Only 1% of the global uranium resources are found in India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In countries like India, where publicly provided childcare services are lacking, such programmes have often been provided by private actors and NGOs (World Bank, 2012). Childcare can also be made more affordable through tax deductions. In emerging economies, that is only the case in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico (WBL Database, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Ownership of cell phone is more likely among persons with disabilities living in urban areas than in rural areas, although ownership is less likely than for persons without disabilities: in urban areas, 62 per cent of households with persons with disabilities own a cell phone compared to 69 per cent of households without persons with disabilities, in rural areas, 46 per cent of households with persons with disabilities compared to 50 per cent of households without persons with disabilities own a cell phone. Four selected indicators on education, health, employment and access to ICT, by disability status and area of residence. For example, the Swedish Building Code requires all units in residential buildings of three levels or more to have wheelchair access, large lifts and kitchens and bathrooms of certain dimensions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The reference group in both cases is the total working-age population. All else equal, rates of benefit receipt calculated from administrative data will therefore be higher than those from survey data. Calculations based on these annual / annualised data suggest a remarkable degree of convergence in rates of benefit receipt over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The series features research commissioned as background papers for publications by leading researchers from different national and regional contexts. Each paper benefits from an anonymous external peer review process before being published in this series. The views expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of DFID, and IDRC or its Board of Governors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Following the 2013 revelations on the extent of intelligence gathering through internet service providers, this article concerns the responsibility of internet service providers (ISPs) involved in disclosure of personal data to government authorities under the right to privacy, by reference to the developing, non-binding standards applied to businesses under the Protect, Respect and Remedy Framework. The article examines the manner in which the Framework applies to ISPs and looks at measures that ISPs can take to fulfil their responsibility to respect the right to privacy. It utilizes the challenges to the right to privacy to discuss some aspects of the extension of human rights responsibilities to corporations. These include the respective roles of government and non-state actors, the extent to which corporations may be required to act proactively in order to protect the privacy of clients, and the relevance of transnational activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, it faces a growing number of challenges, including deteriorated main routes and worsening traffic congestion. Service quality has declined as the system has not been able to keep up with demand, which has encouraged greater use of alternatives, including private vehicles. Programme implementation needs careful monitoring and analysis, as such regimes can create incentives to increase the private car fleet. Bogota also closes road segments for selected hours on holidays and weekends, creating an additional 121 km of pedestrian and bike path called Ciclouia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Some reporting provisions are also contained within Articles 9.5,9.7 and 11.4 (see Table 2). The modalities, provisions and guidelines of the transparency framework will likely interact with the accounting modalities for financial resources provided and mobilised (under Article 9.7). The transparency framework modalities will also cover information on support needed and received (paragraph 94d), and so could be informed by work focused on assessing adaptation needs (paragraph 42b). Various work programmes will also assess whether support for the technology mechanism and adaptation has been “adequate” and “effective”, even though this may be technically difficult.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The forest soils have generally been a source with a constant rate of emissions and the enormous removal by forest biomass practically determine the size and trend of the forest sink in Finland between 1990 and 2010. There were dips in early 1990ies and late 2000s linked to poor economic growth and thus lower demand for forest products by industry. Overall, the removal of CO2 between 1990 and 2010 has been governed by the annual increment and the drain of growing stock. Due to effective and sustainable forest management practices in past decades, the annual increment of growing stock in Finland has increased steadily.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Irrigation charges are likewise very low but this is part of more general problems in this sector. Institutional weaknesses, compounded by chronic mismanagement and under-investment have resulted in the major degradation of irrigation and drainage infrastructure. However, the environmental damage is estimated according to methodologies dating back to the Soviet era.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The adoption of public accountability institutions has become a crucial aspect of rule of law projects worldwide. This article focuses on National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) in order to explore the process by which such legal models and ideas are adopted and borrowed from global actors, and the reliance on regional and sub-regional networks. Through case studies of Indonesia and Myanmar, it examines several possible meanings and sources of ‘Asian legal transplants’, particularly the role of regional networks as sources of legitimacy. It argues that the sub-regional NHRI network in Southeast Asia has evolved as an alternative site of legitimacy, and that the extent to which a NHRI in Southeast Asia may rely on it depends not only on the regime it operates under, but also on the relative position of the NHRI within the regional network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper is about two stories. The more reassuring one states that byestablishing that a norm is valid because of its source, not its merit, legal positivism is, in its various forms, perhaps one of the greatest achievements in Western legal theory and practice. From constitutionalism to human rights policies, from criminal to international law and free trade agreements, from contracts to torts and e-commerce, legal validity, predictability, and coherence have found their most powerful ally in positivist thought. This contribution argues that it is time for a different, neorealist story: the metaphysical, ontological and biopolitical essence of its language demonstrates that legal positivism has in fact played a fundamental role in the substitution of action with behaviour, and consequently, in the normalisation of humankind’s self-annihilating animality as post-historical and post-political ‘form-of-(non-)living.’
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A Science Boost for science teachers has also been developed. The register will be governed by a council of 24 representatives. This council will define the professional status, the standards and criteria for (re-)registration and development. The registration process will start on 1 st August 2018. One year later the process of re-registration will follow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
We examine how local political corruption affects firm innovation in the United States. We find that firms located in highly corrupt areas are less innovative as measured by their patenting activities. The results are robust to the inclusion of a broad set of regional characteristics, instrumental variable analysis, matching analysis, difference in differences test, and alternative proxies for local corruption. Further analysis shows that reduced innovation incentives due to high extortion risk and decreased threat of competition could be the possible economic channels through which corruption affects innovation. Overall, our results indicate that local political corruption impedes corporate innovation in the US.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Even though the women in the region may wish to lower the family size, they are often unaware of these methods. On the contrary, the South-East region is well developed, with more than half of the population living in urban areas. In this environment, women tend be better educated, the family sizes are usually lower and among the population, there is greater knowledge and supply of modern contraceptive methods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The average discharge of the Mustajoki River is 0.8 m3/s and of the Karkisillanoja River 0.2 m3/s (determined by random measurements). The water level of Lake NuijamaanjSrvi is regulated in favor of waterborne traffic. It has definitive upper and lower levels of water and water level variation is narrow, with an annual fluctuation of some 20 cm during the year. The volume of water in the Saimaa Canal affects water flows in Lake Nuijamaanjarvi.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The typical approach has been to add new regulations to fix issues resulting from other regulations. Uncertainty over the future pace of these policies and continuous regulatory changes can push the attractiveness of the industry down. It must be easy to understand, as far as possible use existing procedures and IT tools, and should aim to replace old policies rather than adding a new layer of regulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Poorer developing nations get limited support for resource management and development of capabilities. In 2027 China and the US propose new environmental rules for global trade. By 2025, New York, Los Angeles, Beijing, Shanghai, and many big European cities ban the internal combustion engine within city limits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In other countries, mainly in East Asia and Eastern Europe, fertility rates have fallen well below replacement-level fertility of roughly 2 children per woman. However, the population is not yet declining in most of those countries, owing to population momentum, except in countries such as Japan that are most advanced in the demographic transition (Fischer, 2014). During the period from 2005 to 2010, the 75 countries with below-replacement fertility made up 48 per cent of the world's population (United Nations, 2013c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some of these measures can be considered as earnings replacements for individuals with no (or weak) labour market attachment (e.g., unemployment insurance, maternity leave payments, disability benefits). Others operate mostly as income top-ups and may be available irrespective of work status (family benefits, housing allowances). Earnings-replacement benefits can be categorised into one of the following categories: unemployment, social assistance (guaranteed minimum income benefits, GMI), family support, disability and early retirement.5 Figures 7 and 8 summarise recipient numbers and spending levels for each of the main categories, while Table 4 provides more detailed information on amounts, benefit durations and the main entitlement criteria. Maternity, care and parental benefits together covered about 3.3% of the working-age population in 2014, and another 2.4% received unemployment benefits (Figure 7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Further, within health budgets there is even less standardisation and transparency on allocation decisions. Improving the capacity of district hospitals and managers of district health offices in budget formulation would be an important first step to ensure their needs are better reflected in budgets, and ultimately more strategic purchasing. However, despite good aggregate spending levels, there is great disparity in the way provinces execute their budget. Giving health facilities greater decision-making power, and clarifying and simplifying the delegation framework could help health facilities increase their responsiveness to changing needs during the fiscal year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Some countries, such as Afghanistan (27.7 per cent), the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic (25.0 per cent), Australia (24.7 per cent), Viet Nam (24.4 per cent) and Kazakhstan (24.3 per cent), arc approaching the target. This is partly a result of quotas and reserved seats for women in parliament. Women’s representation in the Pacific lags significantly behind both other Asian and Pacific subregions and the world average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
People often choose where to spend their leisure time based in part on the characteristics of the natural or cultivated landscapes in a particular area. The report includes examples of studies of economic value or assessment of economic impacts of recreation and nature tourism (see: http://www.ieep.eu/work-areas/biodiversity/financing-biodiversity/ 2013/01/socio-economic-socio-economic-importance-of-ecosystem-services-in-the-nordic-countries-syn thesis). It supports the EEA contribution to the revision of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) which is currently being led by the United Nations Statistical Division (UNSD). The idea of a common international classification is an important one, because it was recognised that if ecosystem accounting methods were to be developed and comparisons made, then some standardisation in the way we describe ecosystem services was needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The flexibility associated with PES design allows policymakers to mix public and private participation in a way that maximizes service delivery in each specific context. Box 2 outlines approaches to financing of the Costa Rican PES programme. The evolution of these management strategies ultimately led to their pioneering of a national level PES programme, facilitated by the recognition of ecosystem services in forest protection legislation in 1996.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the United States, most air pollution policy is undertaken under the authority of the Clean Air Act (CAA), first passed by the US Congress in 1963 with amendments in 1970 and 1990 that significantly expanded its purview. The CAA sets out two types of NAAQS: primary standards that provide public health protection and secondary ones that provide public welfare protection against decreased visibility and damage to animals, crops and buildings. In the power sector, the hugely influential Large Combustion Plant Directive required member states to limit emissions of particulate matter, S02 and NOx from combustion plants having thermal capacity of 50 MW or more.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)