albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
According to the International Telecommunication Union ("ITU"), Universal Service means that every household or individual in a country has the opportunity for telephone service. Universal Access means that everyone in a community can gain access to a publicly available telephone, although not necessarily in their homes. While these basic notions have stood the test of time, the concepts are evolving in light of changes with respect to technology (i.e., ICT has move beyond the 'telephone'), applications (i.e., offerings other than simple voice) and society (the development of highly mobile populations, increased urbanization, globalization, and increased levels of education in most countries). It notes that UAS is firmly rooted in the market liberalization context and that despite the changes in the environment, its rationale is fairly consistent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The correlation coefficient between the share of positive responses to this proposition and support for nuclear energy is even higher than in the case of energy source diversification, it is of 0.91 in 2005 and 0.86 in 2008. Most nuclear countries (with the exception of Estonia) can be found in the upper right-hand square indicating both high degree of awareness of the GHG avoidance advantage of nuclear power and high degree of support for nuclear generation. Importantly, one half of non-nuclear countries in Europe are found in the upper right-hand square that can be characterised as a section of improved public acceptance with improved knowledge about the strengths of nuclear energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
You cannot pick up a newspaper, turn on your TV, or review the Internet news without being aware that regulation is a key topic in the press. There are stories on regulation of the finance sector stemming from the global financial crisis. There are articles on regulation of the press (by the press!),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Community management is the prevailing business model for WSS in rural areas. At a crossroads between decentralised and centralised WSS management models, the country is considering regionalisation as another option. Although coverage rates in urban areas seem relatively high, water supply and sanitation systems are neither reliable nor safe: there are serious problems with water quality in Tajikistan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is evidence that at least some sections of the public are aware of our dependency on the marine environment. For instance, as early as 1999, 75% of people in a US survey believed that the health of the ocean is important for human survival (Ocean Project 1999). When focusing on environmental matters related to the marine environment specifically, several environmental topics are of particular interest to the public, such as climate change, chemical pollution and ocean acidification (e.g. Vignola et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The government of New South Wales in Australia introduced fixed-term tenancies in 2006, the minimum duration varies between 2 and 10 years, depending on the applicant’s circumstances. Meanwhile the United Kingdom has reduced housing benefits for households who occupy homes that are large compared to the number of occupants (the so called “bedroom tax”), which might also lead some social tenants to leave the sector. The de facto targeting of social rental housing - by which low-income households are already the majority of social tenants even in countries where eligibility is not or only loosely targeted - might mean that there is limited scope for encouraging better-off tenants to move to other forms of tenure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Treatment facilities have been constructed for waters from the Severniy, Severniy-Glubokiy and Kaula-Kotsclvaara mines in the Russian Federation. The smelter area was cleaned of heavy and non-ferrous metals, and new technology was introduced for processing coppcr-nickel concentrate. Several discharge points of industrial wastewaters will be eliminated as a result of closure of mining and metallurgical production, and their transfer to Monchegorsk. However, the “Development of a joint environmental monitoring program in the Norwegian, Finnish and Russian border area"14 project, with the objective of ensuring reliable and comparable monitoring data, was implemented from 2003 to 2006. Water quality assessment in Norway and Finland with the Russian Federation is not clear-cut.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is indiscriminate in cutting across racial, ethnic, class, economic, religious and cultural divides. As such, VAWG has numerous damaging consequences for the welfare of women and girls, impacting upon their physical, mental and sexual well-being. It is worth bearing in mind that violence against women is universally under-reported. Reporting rates are not necessarily a good proxy for prevalence rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The mean biophysical effect of the climate change shock on yields is a 17 percent decline. The economic models transfer the shock effect to the response variables. Producers respond to the price increases associated with the shock by both intensifying management practices, which leads to a final mean yield change of -11 percent, and increasing the cropping area by a mean of 11 percent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The illegal buildings and illegal connections are responsible for damage to the sewerage system designed for a capacity of 200,000 people in the 1960s. No new wastewater infrastructure has been built to keep pace with the increasing population in Tirana, which now stands at almost one million. In the new suburbs there is no sewerage infrastructure, new buildings are equipped with septic tanks which are emptied by pumping trucks, and sludge is discharged into the sewerage system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Spatial frameworks are often used to give structure to urbanisation processes typically at the metropolitan scale. In France, for example, city contracts between the national government and inter-municipal bodies and municipalities have been an effective policy instrument (Box 6.1). Spatial planning legislation is a common instrument for managing urbanisation, though this is not necessarily articulated at the national scale. Regional planning frameworks are widely applied, some of which reference national policy settings or, in the case of Europe, supra-national frameworks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Yet they are typical of the incremental cost of irrigation water in regions where farmers must pump groundwater from substantial depths, purchase water in market transactions, or obtain surface water from the State Water Project. Demand for water has increased substantially over time, with increasing development of major cities including Phoenix and Tucson. The federally funded Central Arizona Project was constructed in part to relieve pressure on aquifers serving those cities by delivering surface water from the Colorado River. In conjunction with development of the Central Arizona Project, the state passed a Groundwater Management Act in 19S0 that requires urban areas to achieve “safe-yield” management of aquifers by 2025 (Bolin et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
And household taxes are more progressive in the United States than in most EU countries.15 However, some countries (including Chile, Korea and Japan) combine a relatively low tax burden with very little progressivity. The data are available for only a few years, which makes it difficult to assess the impact of tax reforms. Furthermore, most household surveys focus on the personal income tax, social security contributions paid by employees and, sometimes, property taxes.16 They do not therefore take into account consumption taxes, employers’ social security contributions and corporate income taxes, thus leaving aside more than 50% of total tax revenues on average across the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The importance of teachers’ mental health literacy has also been incorporated in the British good care guidelines, which state that “schools and local authorities should make sure teachers and other staff are trained to identify when children at school show signs of anxiety or social and emotional problems” (NICE, 2008). The onset of mental health programmes across children in primary school (5-11 year-olds) decreased. For children in secondary school or experiencing mental health concerns prior to the establishment of the initiative, however, the evaluation showed little or no impact (UK Department for Education, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
▪ Abstract Until recently, social scientists were headed to consensus over the impact of the structural parameters of the sibling group, especially size and birth order, on educational and other status outcomes. New developments challenge this conventional wisdom, thus offering an opening for dialogue on this topic. We identify the utility and implications of studying the consequences of sibling configuration within sociology, across disciplines, and for public policy. Revisiting the association between sibship size and educational advancement, we evaluate challenges to long-held beliefs regarding this relationship. We then discuss the effects of birth order, highlighting recent declarations that these effects are more profound than previously believed. We next summarize scholarship on two less-explored components of the sibling matrix: spacing and sex composition. Finally, we consider generalizability of research done mostly in the United States to other countries. We hope examining and critiquing this r...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus, Gaini states that young Faroese adults, especially young adults from small villages, often make a rational economic decision when choosing to work within the fishing industry, whether in the form of a spare time job or a holiday job. Young adults traditionally take a job after school, this may be a regular employment or they might just help out in the family business (Gaini 2005: 18). Gaini emphasises that the concept of "youth” is fairly new in the Faroe Islands: previously, young boys in particular would start working with their father's and/or uncles as early as from the age of 12-13, thus, they would go straight from childhood to adulthood (Gaini 2006: 46).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Heating oil and natural gas are indeed substitutes in electricity generation and certain industrial uses, which induces fuel switching and price correlation in the short or medium terms. In electricity generation for instance, gas-fired plants exhibit a very high sensitivity to fuel prices as a two-fold increase in the fuel cost can augment the cost of generating electricity by over a third (IEA/NEA, 2010). On the contrary, for nuclear power plants the fuel price risk is generally much lower than for fossil-fuelled plants, since fuel costs are a small share of total cost, indeed even a doubling of the cost of uranium would only increase the share of fuel costs from 10% to about 20%, implying an increase of about 10% in the total cost of electricity produced by a nuclear plant. This translates into stable costs over the lifetime of a plant and, depending on market structure, potentially into stable electricity prices. In 2008 the ratio of spot to total deliveries in the EU-27 was 2.8% (Euratom Annual report, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These goals are consistent with goals of the Demographic Concept 2025: the return to positive population growth, increases in average life expectancy, reductions in overall mortality and, more specifically, infant and maternal mortality, a shift in behaviour towards more healthy lifestyles and increases in the quality and accessibility of health care. Some of these goals - particularly those relating to population growth and the overall mortality rate -appear ambitious. This new law aims at strengthening the insurance model of health care financing and increasing the role of markets in the payment of providers. This includes a guarantee of the completion of construction of facilities started in previous years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Creative work can build bridges of social welfare and cohesion. And this welfare can also extend across international borders, linked by creativity in cultural tourism, for example. Recognizing that agency is a key factor in worker engagement and creativity, some companies have set aside time for workers to be creative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This study aimed to identify the contributions of the discipline of “Disabilities and Inclusion” offered by the Specialization Course on Gender and Diversity at School (GDS) to promote inclusive educational processes for people with disabilities in basic education. Nine GDS students who were professionals from educational area participated in the research. The information was obtained through a focus group, recorded with the participants’ consent and analyzed based on the thematic content analysis method. The results indicated that there was a change in conception of disability, previously based in charitable and/or in biomedical conceptions, now more in line with the Social Model of Disability and with the precepts of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. In addition, the knowledge obtained by the participants contributed to the construction of pedagogical strategies more focused on the inclusion of people with disabilities considering their specificities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One strand has looked at the effects of aggregate infrastructure stocks and service flows on per capita GDP. This includes a majority of the macroeconomic studies, which look at expansion paths of per capita sectoral stocks with per capita GDP, thereby identifying countries that are outliers in terms of infrastructure investments in middle- and low-income regions (Ingram and Fay, 2008). Another strand has examined the effects of specific kinds of infrastructure interventions on growth and poverty reduction, usually focusing on particular geographical areas, enterprises or sectors (Straub, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
By creating an enabling environment for the emergence of income-generating or income-improving activities, electrification projects can directly contribute to poverty eradication policies. Benefits for agricultural production include irrigation (perhaps with the use of water pumps), increased utilization of motors, food processing, refrigeration and also better access to training through information and communication technologies (ICT). Successful electrification programmes linked to agriculture would not only result in more competitive farming and create employment opportunities, but would also improve trading opportunities and local food security, including through the reduction of post-harvest losses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Using investor characteristics can further deepen the understanding whether in the presence of asymmetric information and risks investors tend to discriminate in favour of those who resemble them, e.g. those of the same gender. A different angle of homophily could be addressed by looking at who teams with whom, as some 40% of the companies in the sample count more than two founders. Such a survey would need to be conducted in collaboration with the data supplier, but would allow to confirm or eliminate the hypothesis of gender discrimination in the funding amount. Networking is a different dimension to observe and to measure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper examines the tensions at play in three important documents involved in the 'war on terror': the "Application of Treaties" White House Legal Counsel Memo of 2001, the "National Security Strategy" document of 2002, and the 2004 Supreme Court decision Hamdi v. Rumsfeld. Reading these documents, it becomes clear that there is an overarching misunderstanding and confusion of the traditionally separate concepts of 'criminal' and 'enemy' in the struggle against globalized terrorism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Policy of Integral Attention to Men's Health considers the health disorders of man's health as public health problems that require preventive behavior and specific care actions. This issue justifies the development of this study as to analyze the actions of men’s health care performed by nurses in Family Health Strategy Units and the conditions of these professionals information about the Integral Policy of Human Health in two municipalities in full management of the Vale do Rio Pardo - RS. This is a qualitative exploratory-descriptive research with fifteen nurses who answered to a questionnaire. The data collected were subjected to content analysis. The results indicate that nurses consider important to the men’s health policy, but there are still weak conditions for implementing this policy, in particular, knowledge, encouragement and planning of specific actions for the man.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is little empirical evidence on these factors upon which models may be developed. To influence policy decisions, forecasting models must be credible. The assumptions underlying different models often have a strong influence on results. Transparency of methods and assumptions is a prerequisite for model quality, as is a strategy to validate results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
If the project is successful the ministry will seek to extend the model to doctors, dentists and perhaps others (lab and X-ray technicians being in particularly short supply), and there is also interest in Samoa in developing a similar project. Of all such initiatives, the 3x1 Citizens Initiative in Mexico is much the best known, perhaps because migrants’ efforts are matched by financial contributions from the national government, for the development of public projects (public works and community improvement), and because it has been in existence for more than a decade. Although widely considered to be ‘best practice of migration management’ (Latapi 2009), it seems to have spawned few other national parallels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Due to their proximity or historical ties, such areas may show similarities in economic development and culture, or perhaps share the need to overcome peripherality with respect to economic and political centres in their respective countries. Transnational approaches for such macro-regions have been the subject of trade arrangements around the world. They have also been considered in Asian co-operation approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Policy reforms enacted in the early and mid 1990s reduced income gaps at the bottom to below their 1978 value (as measured by the p50/p10 ratio, not reported here). But no equalising effects of policies could be discerned for the upper part of the distribution (p90/p50 ratio). For the period as a whole, tax policy changes appear to have slightly exacerbated trends towards widening income gaps at the top. The interpretation is that the tax system in the mid-2000s would have been somewhat more redistributive if policy makers had implemented no reform at all and had, instead, simply adjusted all monetary tax parameters in line with inflation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
All inhabitants of the 19 districts of Dakar are eligible (under certain administrative conditions). Loans extend from CFA 200 000 to CFA 2.5 million for individual entrepreneurs and from CFA 200 000 to CFA 5 million for economic interest groups. Loans range from 6 to 24 months with a 6% annual interest rate (i.e. 0.5% per month).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This is perhaps due to the emerging demand for domestic and healthcare-related services in many of the developed countries. However, many LDCs have not pursued this opportunity more actively because of various reasons including lack of safety and security (SAMP 2008). Mozambique, Mali, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Dedicated programmes need to be undertaken to address the attendant concerns, both at home and in host countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The strategic introduction of ICT to support the health sector is complex and requires both careful planning and multi-sectoral collaboration. An effective eHealth strategy should present the strategic context for the introduction of eHealth and the eHealth components required to meet national eHealth objectives. Central to developing a sound eHealth strategy is the recognition that eHealth represents a collaborative effort between the health, information technology and telecommunications sectors, as well as requiring active involvement from both the public and private sectors. The proposed indicator for this measure is the percentage of countries with an eHealth strategy, with the target being 100 per cent of countries by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The government has taken a number of measures to bring pharmaceutical expenditure under control. The ROHTO programme, initiated in 2003, promotes rational pharmacotherapy by involving health practitioners in workshops focussing on prescribing decisions and care processes. The program is exceptional in spreading information on pharmacotherapy independently from the pharmaceutical industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Monitoring of spatial disparities in income and nonincome dimensions of well-being is essential to establish the extent of territorial imbalances, and to support the formulation of more balanced and coherent development policies at sectorial and regional levels. There are large regional and rural-urban disparities in education, health and employment outcomes. In 2012, the tertiary attainment rate ranged between 1.99% in the Red River Delta area to 0.77% in the Central Highlands, and from 2.56% in urban areas to 1.04% in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
World Bank, (also available at http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/552891468229171088/Cambodia-Nutrition-at-a-g lance). World Bank, (also available at http//documents. Bangladesh - Nutrition at a glance. World Bank, (also available at http://documents. To tackle its underlying causes, it is important to address the problem from different angles, and link production, consumption and nutrition perspectives within a holistic food system approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the 2-degree scenario, the IEA estimates an average annual investment of more than US$1 trillion per year between 2016 and 2050 over and above the baseline scenario. Other sectors in which significant investment will be needed include waste management, agriculture, manufacturing and water. The changes will be created primarily by national regulations and initiatives aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change, which will send the driving price signals to investors and producers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It exists in some jurisdictions, but is voluntary or non-existent in others. With the exception of Denmark, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, board responsibility is not mandated in most countries. Some carbon disclosure schemes cover the largest GHG emitters, others cover the largest firms (e.g. in terms of employees) but leave out a large majority of companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In other words, even if the coverage of benefits is good - as it appears to be the case for instance for single parents (see Figure 18) - this leaves the question about their adequacy unanswered. For the measured income of a young person, her living arrangements are moreover arguably as important as the labour market situation. For young people, labour market entry is often associated with the move out of the parents’ home, financial independence from the parents and possibly with family formation. This is especially true in times of meagre entry-level wages and a high incidence of part-time work among the young employed. Finally, intra-family transfers from parents or close relatives may be an important source of revenue especially for youth in education and for NEETs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)