albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Taken together, they moved the proposed new poverty line closer to 50% of median income (the exact figure would depend on how the proposals were implemented). Following the NAS report, the United States Census Bureau began tentative experiments with a new poverty measure that incorporated some of the recommendations (though not the allowance for regional variations in the cost of living). Add to this the fact that the official poverty line is the responsibility of the Executive Office of the President and it is evident that any re-drawing of the line is going to be a high-profile issue subject to intense institutional and political pressures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
We analyse trends, share knowledge and promote exchange among transport decision-makers and civil society. The ITF's Annual Summit is the world’s largest gathering of transport ministers and the leading global platform for dialogue on transport policy. This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the International Transport Forum. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of International Transport Forum member countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Ultimately, the Paris Agreement suggests an opportunity integrated M&A approaches without calling for them directly. It provides a degree of flexibility in the financing guidelines, with sufficient scope for stakeholders to make explicit demands for close linkages between mitigation and adaptation. There are at least three clear examples of wording in the Paris Agreement that iterates one-way link between M and A, i.e. the M —»A or A —> M link.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The role played by the communities, and central and local governments are broadly correct, although the central government could be more active in reducing flood risk. The central government currently concentrates most of its investment in flood risk management on the response and recovery following the event. Investment in the reduction and mitigation of flood risks, i.e. in providing information, guidance assistance, and funding - would help local governments to manage flood risks more effectively and prepare for climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Russian Federation, for example, partially decriminalised domestic abuse in 2017, even though the country’s record on violence against women has been extensively criticised by civil society groups and intergovernmental organisations (Amnesty International, 2017, UN OCHCR, 2013). Government actors must build specialised human resources capacity and co-ordinate effectively to prevent VAW. When violence happens, governments must also successfully protect victims, support victims’ empowerment and reintegration in society, and hold perpetrators accountable. According to data from a survey conducted by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA, 2014a), only 14% of women EU-wide who report having been the victim of at least one serious incident of violence by a partner since the age of 15 say that they contacted the police about the most serious such incident (FRA, 2014a). Indeed, fear of reprisal accounts for 13% of women not reporting violence, on average, in the European Union (FRA, 2014a). Partners include persons with whom the respondents were, or had been, married, living together without being married, or involved in a relationship without living together.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
What differentiates one from the other is education. An unskilled labourer could be anyone from a traditional agricultural worker to someone working in the modem sector but doing menial tasks or otherwise engaged in providing some low value added services, often with little education. On the other hand, to be a skilled worker one has to undertake comparatively more—sometimes a lot more—education, involving considerable human capital investment. Note that this categorization of skilled and unskilled worker cannot but be left somewhat vague. In the early phases of development, an unskilled (in most cases, mral) labourer may well be illiterate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The last review in March 2009 concluded that Romanian authorities still had to close 65 dumpsites. The EU extended the deadline for closure of these sites to July 2017. In all, 27 new landfills compliant with EU standards have replaced closed dumps and 56 sorting plants with an installed capacity of 700,000 tons/year were put into operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The second is the relationship between inequality and sociopolitical instability. The third concerns the political economy implications of high inequality'. Finally, the fourth channel through which inequality affects the pace of output growth is related to imperfect capital markets and investment in education. And it is assumed that their higher savings will quasi automatically lead to greater investments. As discussed in previous TDRs (see, in particular TDR 2006, Annex 2 to chap. I. and TDR 2008, chap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While most countries have no limits for mortality registration, some countries impose a lower limit on gestational age and/or weight threshold for a death to be counted as a “death after live birth”. This limit is higher for the Russian Federation (28 weeks) than for other countries (see OECD, 2009). Results appear to be in the form of confidence intervals. Lower death rates reached the more problematic groups (25- to 39-year-olds) last.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As is evident from the table, the abatement costs are significant, especially for energy' intensive MSF plants. Vertical pumping requires 0.36 kWh/m3/100 m (derived in the transport section). Horizontal pumping requires much less energy, typically of the order of 0.04 kWh/m3/100 km. The energy, C02 emissions and abatement costs from the vertical and horizontal pumping components are presented in tables 8 and 9.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Designing Public Works Programmes and Cash Transfers to Promote Growth and Mitigate Violence. Terror as a Bargaining Instrument: A Case Study of Dowry Violence in Rural India. The American Economic Review: 92(4): 1029-1043. Cash for women’s empowerment? A mixed methods evaluation of the Zambian Child Grant Program. World Development, 95: 55-72.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter elaborates the local government reform process of Turkey in the 2000s and evaluates the outcomes of decentralization reforms. The chapter familiarizes the reader with the characteristics of the public administration system in Turkey focusing particularly on the relationship between central and local government. A further emphasis is given on public management reforms after 2002 that reshaped the local government. Other sections in the chapter focus on the actors in local governance, namely central government, local government, and non-state actors, and analyze their roles and functions in public governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Countries have in place, for various reasons, numerous special tax treatments of activities linked with negative environmental consequences, such as commuting by private cars, company car provisions, use of emission-intensive fuels (e.g. coal, heavy oils) and use of pesticides or fertilisers, while at the same time a number of tax preferences may concern activities with positive environmental consequences, such as public transport, cleaner and more efficient heating. The environmental effects will depend on implementation details. In countries where congestion charges or road pricing are recommended as a mean to increase economic efficiency and growth (Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United Kingdom), they are likely to also benefit the environment, with the magnitude of the effects linked to the introduced prices as well as the availability of alternatives, such as public transport, more efficient vehicles or opportunities for teleworking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Africa will account for more than half of the global population growth between now and 2050, followed by Asia, and then by North America, Latin America, the Caribbean and Oceania. Europe is expected to have a smaller population by mid-century than it had in 2015. By the middle of the 21st century, the urban population will have doubled to almost 6.5 billion, i.e. some 66% of total world population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The available evidence shows a high concentration of hunger in the ultra poor group in some countries while, in others, they are distributed somewhat evenly over subjacent and medial groups, as well. In the case of poverty, the rural areas are almost universally at a disadvantage. But when it comes to hunger, the urban areas are somewhat more disadvantaged. There are many reasons for the disadvantageous position of urban people with respect to access to food.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Figure C.8 shows the growth in the number of parcels sent domestically and internationally by postal services since 2000 with the latter growing nearly threefold over the period. For instance, 84 per cent of cross-border goods purchased online weighed 2kg or less, and almost 60 per cent of them cost less than EUR 50 in 2017 (IPC, 2018), while 46 per cent of respondents to the 2017 IPC Cross-Border E-commerce Shopper Survey stated that received parcels have been small enough to fit into their mailbox. The overwhelming quantity of e-commerce parcels is a big challenge for customs authorities. Their clearance systems are designed to tackle large container shipments, not small parcels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The job of inspecting PWE risks has been facilitated through method descriptions and instructions, by templates on how to prepare improvement notices (in case improvements are needed), and through the sharing of best-practice examples. A full impact assessment of the WEA strategy and the guidance tools has not yet been carried out. However, preliminary results from focus group interviews with inspectors suggest that the guidance tools are used widely before, during, and after inspections and that employ ers consider them veiy useful.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For instance, reforestation leading to brownification, i.e. the process of humic substances from forests and moors, which often are coloured brown due to attached iron, affects rivers and coastal habitats (Kritzberg, 2017). Indirect drivers of change, such as institutions and governance systems, refer to how people and societies organise themselves and their interactions with nature at different scales. Their effects can be beneficial or detrimental to society, partly depending on the context. These include natural climate and weather patterns, extreme events such as droughts, floods and volcanic eruptions, and specifically for the Nordic region, infrequent water exchange between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, as well as occasional epizootics and plant diseases. Some examples of anthropogenic direct drivers are those resulting from intensification or abandonment of land use for agriculture, forestry, transport, extraction of gravel from the seabed, mining and construction and development in coastal areas. Some drivers are linked to discharges of nutrients, hazardous substances, climate change produced by anthropogenic carbon emissions leading to pollution of soil, water or air.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Even within the northern part of the country, the price varied from KZT 293 in Pavlodar to KZT 375 in Astana. In July 2009, this range remained large, e.g. KZT 604 in Astana and KZT 435 in Kokshetau, even though the two cities are only 300 kilometres apart (FAO, 2010b). Such differences indicate that transactions costs of moving beef between cities were too high to permit profitable arbitrage. Transport costs would also be too high for intermediaries to collect carcasses and take them a few hundred kilometres to a large processing plant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Implementing the ideas of the "New School", creating digital classes, focusing on authentic learning, creating a digital platform for teachers to co-operate are all at the heart of the programme. Other changes related to the role of teachers and school directors are also being addressed. Based on the analysis in Figure 1.3 comparing annual workloads in Greece with OECD and EU19 averages, Greece would need to increase weekly teaching obligations approximately by four to five hours per week to reach the OECD average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Moving forward, however, ensuring the effective implementation and co-ordination of gender initiatives would require the identification of clear roles and responsibilities across governmental and non-governmental stakeholders, supported by realistic targets and both long- and medium-term strategic horizons to support the sustainability of gender equality efforts. Such an approach requires effective institutions responsible for promoting gender equality, with clear roles, mandates and co-ordination mechanisms to implement policies and practices necessary to achieve women’s full empowerment and mobilisation. These institutions are recognised globally as critical instruments for ensuring that public policy minimises different impacts on women and men and, more broadly, for creating societies free from gender discrimination, to foster national well-being and social cohesion, and mobilising the potential of every member of the society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Stare decisis allows common law to develop gradually and incrementally. We show how judge-made law can steadily evolve and tend to increase efficiency even in the absence of new information. Judges’ opinions must argue that their decisions are consistent with precedent: this is the more costly, the greater the innovation they are introducing. As a result, each judge effects a cautious marginal change in the law. Alternative models in which precedents are either strictly obeyed or totally discarded would instead predict abrupt large swings in legal rules. Thus, we find that the evolution of case law is grounded not in binary logic fixing judges’ constraints, but in costly rhetoric shaping their incentives. We apply this finding to an assessment of the role of analogical reasoning in shaping the joint development of different areas of law. (JEL: K13, K40)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Indeed, it is hard to deny that genuine development and the sort of social marginalization brought about by the Washington Consensus are incompatible. Its vision is of an economy dedicated to repairing the damage done to the world, one that prospers through creating a myriad of new business opportunities in the environmental field - in renewable energy, in low-carbon goods, in organic agriculture, in sustainably managed fisheries and forests, and in the power of innovation and invention. In this world, the power of the market is not sent back to its corner by the power of the lion-tamer’s chair and whip, instead, it is harnessed to do good.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Emirate Transport worked with the bus manufacturer to adjust the efficiency of applications, such as the air conditioning, to comply with local regulations and specifications. Numerous integrated bus power stations will be constructed that will recharge the batteries within four hours. It garners the Clean Development Mechanism to fund the project more effectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Trends in Disability Benefits in Post-Industrial Welfare States, International Social Security Association, Geneva. Topics in Economic Analysis and Policy, Vol. Theory and Evidence, Unpublished Paper, accessed at: http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/matthew. Mowat Centre for Policy Innovation, Mowat Note, September, Toronto.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The objective of this article is to subject the proposition that the office of the Indian President has been reduced to, what in India is sometimes referred to as, a “rubber-stamp” office, whereby the President is mostly a ceremonial head of state without any active participation in the inner workings of the executive or legislative business of the country to close scrutiny via a lens of constitutional law. This article is divided into two parts. Part I of this article closely examines the Ceremonial Head position as laid out in the text of the Indian Constitution and various Supreme Court opinions. The legal evidence points to several contradictions. Part II of this article attempts to square these contradictions by making the case for a semi presidential reading of the Indian Presidency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Option 4 provides a noteworthy alternative in this regard. This option would provide incentives to local innovators to find such uses, both with respect to the adaptation of foreign substances to local conditions and also with respect to stimulating investment in new uses of substances rooted in traditional knowledge. As opposed to option 3 (utility models), a system of compensatory liability would not provide the right holder with the right to deny access of competitors to the protected subject matter for purposes of product improvement. This section considers briefly a third possible exclusion from patentable subject matter, i.e. pharmaceutical derivatives of existing medical products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Overweight and obesity are often perceived as higher income economy issues, but in fact they have been on the rise, and at a fast pace, in low- and middle-income countries. Breaking down by World Health Organization (WHO) regions, in the Americas, overweight and obesity affect 62 per cent and 26 per cent of the population, respectively. On the opposite side of the spectrum, in South-East Asia, only 14 per cent of the population are overweight.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article analyses how and why political parties adopt more restrictive migration policy positions by using Paul Sabatier’s Advocacy Coalition Framework. While a number of studies have emphasised electoral factors alone to explain this anti-immigration turn, this article argues that policies and cooperation constraints with organised interests are also fundamental factors to understand change in party positions about immigration policy. Using the Swiss case as an empirical application, the article shows how parties have sought to accommodate changing voter preferences with longstanding connections with organised interests. Centre-right parties have turned to an ever more restrictive stance on selective aspects of immigration policy (third-country migration, asylum, access to citizenship), however without challenging EU free movement so central for employers. Social Democrats have had to negotiate between the preferences of their middle-class voters keen on multiculturalism and those of trade unions whose base pushes for immigration control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nevertheless, women in Switzerland are held back by a number of hurdles in the labour market - some specific to Switzerland, and some not - and by difficulties associated with reconciling work and family life. The first section focuses on education and examines how girls compare to boys in terms of attainment, opportunities and study choices. The next looks at the labour market, the transition from school to the workplace and the difficulties that women face in trying to reconcile their professional skills with their family life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A focal fuel for many countries especially in the developing world is oil. Focusing on fossil fuels, if international (world or regional) markets for fossil fuels were perfectly competitive with no dominant market shares for the largest market participants, fundamental fuel scarcity would be reflected in fuel prices. The supply side of these markets is fundamentally determined by the evolution of the aggregate volume exporters intend to offer under the given market conditions and supply flexibility, whilst on the demand side the evolution of the level as well as the flexibility of demand are the fundamental factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Indicators to measure social outcomes in Greece (cont.) Poverty measures are based on income thresholds (poverty lines) determined in absolute or relative terms. The share of people living in households below a relative threshold of income, often under 50% of median disposable income. Disposable income is “equivalised” by dividing it by the square root of household size to adjust for economies of scale in household spending.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It can also improve agricultural productivity (e.g. through irrigation), fisheries and fish farming, and enable the processing of agricultural and fish products (e.g. grinding, milling). Moreover, it may create new trading opportunities, for instance for perishable produce (by providing refrigeration). Evaluations of the impact of electrification show that the provision of lighting and power can unleash new productive activities or extend the length of the productive day. Many of these activities are undertaken by women, thereby increasing their chances for income generation and economic empowerment (Lallement, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This paper concludes with methods for accelerating standards deployment in public and personal health. Yet they do not fully assure the deployments because of insufficient or mismatching requirements between ICT providers and nearby users. In particular, this issue poses an obstacle for quick launch of e-health services in emerging nations. Such countries also tend to require a service launch that is more agile than standards’ publication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Better data and more analysis are an essential precondition for a more effective implementation of these policies. Les hommes sont trois fois plus susceptibles que les femmes de posseder une entreprise avec des employes. Les femmes possedent rarement de grandes entreprises et leurs gains moyens en tant que travailleurs independants sont jusqu'a 60% inferieurs a ceux des hommes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The "facility" can be a generating plant, a consumer, or another network. The grid code is specified by an authority responsible for the system integrity and network operation. Its elaboration usually implicates network operators (distribution and/or transmission operators), representative of users and, to an extent, varying between countries, the regulating body.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Indeed, over the entire twentieth century, energy use in industrialized countries has been persistently above the levels seen in developing countries despite accounting (currently) for one-seventh of the global population. This situation reversed after 2000. Scenarios suggest that by 2100, developing countries could account for between two-thirds to three-quarters of total global energy use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Mongolian air is very dry and not favourable for mould development. However, bad household conditions can favour mould development. In houses that do not have adequate humidity control and ventilation, cooking and heating habits can lead to mould development. Exposure to PM15 and blood lead level in two populations in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Providing greater opportunities for informal collaborative learning within schools and through peer networks will be important to support continuous professional development. The current lack of a standard process to address an unsatisfactory regular appraisal result means that weaknesses in teaching may not be addressed. Romania should set out a fair, step-by-step response to underperformance, which could include the development of an improvement plan, additional appraisals and ultimately dismissal if performance does not improve.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)