albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
International relations scholars have garnered a good deal of evidence indicating that binding arbitration and adjudication are highly effective means for brokering agree- ments and ending conflict. However, binding third-party conflict management is rarely pursued to resolve interstate disputes over contentious issues like territorial or maritime control. While states value the effectiveness of binding procedures, they are reluctant to give up the decision control necessary to submit to arbitration or adjudication. The authors identify three factors that influence the willingness of states to give up decision control: issue salience, availability of outside options, and history of negotiations. An analysis of attempts to settle territorial, maritime, and river claims reveals that disputants are less likely to use binding conflict management when they have a greater need to maintain decision control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The other sector of tertiary education is called higher education and comprises ISCED level 5A - first stage of tertiary education (theoretical) and level 6 - second stage of tertiary education (Table 4.1.). Technical and Further Education (TAFE) institutes are public providers of vocational education that are managed and mostly financed by the six states and two territories. The scope of privately funded vocational education is uncertain, because Australia has limited robust data on it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Individuals with tertiary education are more likely to be employed than those with an upper secondary education who in turn have a greater chance of being employed than those without an upper secondary education (Figure 1.8). The proportion of the population that has attained at least upper secondary education grew from 56% for the generation aged 55-64 in 2011 to 88% for the generation aged 25-34 in the same year. Lower secondary education is now virtually universal and enrolment rates for 15 to 19 year olds grew from 64% in 1995 to 76% in 2011 (OECD, 2011b). Student learning outcomes in Chile, as measured by PISA, while still considerably below the OECD average, have remarkably improved over the past decade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
How to get affordable housing is the primary concern of many peasant migrants working in Shanghai. Although the central government has issued a series of policies regarding migrant housing in recent years, they are merely rhetoric and incapable to meet migrant workers' needs. This article aims to interrogate why the public housing policy cannot solve migrant housing problems and what neoliberalism means in housing provision. It is argued that the neoliberal approaches embedded in public rental housing implementation show that the government prioritises public rental housing for the middle class, which is considered important to the economy, and ignores the others. The prioritisation gives rise to the failure of providing affordable housing to peasant migrant workers. Living in safe and affordable housing is vital to their well-being and the sustainable economic growth in urban China. Policy advice is addressed in the conclusion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The chapter illustrates actors’ claims in the South China Sea dispute from the perspective of international law and subsequently discusses approaches to conflict management. After examining the historical background of the dispute including its major actors and their respective interests, the chapter assesses the claims of the actors involved under international law. Of particular interest in this regard is the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Finally, the chapter introduces what might by called the “Spitsbergen Plus Approach” and thus offers an innovative approach to conflict management in the South China Sea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
New technologies are the result of a complex process of scientific advances, learning by doing, and directed and spillover efforts in the private and the public sectors (IPIECA 2006). Dominant energy users and equipment suppliers jointly determine the development of new technology. And transitions in major energy technologies often take decades, requiring massive infrastructure investments, even for superior technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Furthermore, many remaining forest areas are either diminishing, severely fragmented or degraded (FAO, 2011, Chaudhury, 2009, Stibig etal., Economic growth supported by excessive extraction of resources and conversion of forest area for agriculture, plantation estates, infrastructure, and mining pose some of the greatest threats to natural forests in the region (Xing, 2013). Foreign and domestic land-related investments in GMS countries represent a major immediate driver of forest change. Meanwhile, demand from China, Thailand and Viet Nam for natural resources, timber and agricultural products is also driving forest change in GMS countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It shows how fisheries can contribute to the overall GGS for a country, and how the GGS as a strategy can be applied to fisheries itself It emphasises the need for a strong, science-based approach to stock management as the foundation of resource sustainability, combined with a transparent and reactive policy development cycle to ensure that fisheries deliver maximum possible benefits. The GGS offers a structured approach to help policy makers identify and overcomes current problems and establish a policy development process that is focussed on achieving clear objectives through pragmatic reforms. Identifying current problems and risks is the first step in demonstrating the potential gains from improvements. Overfishing and illegal fishing, overcapacity, waste and inefficiency are problems faced by all countries to some extent, and this section w ill discuss the costs of these problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
There are two issues for university management to follow up: i) teaching methods and teachers and ii) interests and needs of students. Although “externals” with business experience are generally involved in teaching by providing personal testimonials, giving guest lectures and acting as member of competition committees, there are relatively few examples of entrepreneurial practitioners engaged in the full curricula experience. Linkages between research and teaching should be strengthened, for example by involving doctoral students in research topics that a linked entrepreneurship education. Inviting international visiting entrepreneurship professors on a regular basis could also strengthen the research base, the students’ learning experience and the efforts to “train the trainers”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Effective implementation of such approaches requires better sex-disaggregated data and analysis on the impacts of policy on women and men. Crucially, it also requires strengthening women's agency, voice and participation in macroeconomic decision-making to increase the responsiveness and accountability of national and global institutions in charge of economic policy design and implementation. But the macroeconomic framework within which other policies are implemented either enlarges or constrains their scope to advance substantive equality for women. This chapter begins by highlighting ways in which current approaches to macroeconomic policy reduce the possibilities for realizing women's economic and social rights. It discusses how lack of attention to social goals, failure to integrate unpaid care and domestic work and an insufficient focus on employment creation and resource mobilization severely limit the potential of these approaches to advance substantive equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Data are sampled from the operating model to mimic collection of fishery dependent data and research surveys (and their inherent variability). These data are passed to the assessment model, which estimates parameters such as indicators of current abundance. The assessment model can explicitly calculate stock abundance, or may focus on a simple indicator such as standardized CPUE - whatever will actually be used in the decision rule.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
There are also structural challenges, such as the domination of subsistence-oriented producers in key product sectors, the weak integration of domestic food chains, and difficult access to external markets. Qualified labour is scarce, commercial credit markets are narrow, and much of the credit resources, especially for long-term investment, depend on state provision. Public resources should be shifted to remove significant deficiencies in transport infrastructure, water and land management, plant and animal health and food safety systems, information, research, education, and knowledge dissemination. Policy reform should not only include a stronger emphasis on the provision of public goods, but would also require developing new policies to manage risks in agriculture and promoting sustainable use of agricultural resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This is currently one of the main indicators used by WHO to assess the extent of its work with member states in the eHealth domain. A dedicated directory has been created on the Observatory's website6 to list countries with national eHealth strategies, as well as making available the details of the strategy. The baseline for the number of national strategies in 2009 was 55, this had grown to 85 by the end of 2013 and represents growth from 28 per cent to 44 per cent of all WHO member states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Bl assumes a “convergent world with rapid change in economic structures toward a service and information economy, reductions in material intensity, and introduction of clean technologies. The emphasis is on global solutions to economic, social, and environmental sustainability, including improving equity, but without additional climate change policies”. A2 and B2 have a stronger focus on self-reliance and local solutions, with slower economic growth and technological change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
To ensure the effective and independent exercise of its functions, the United Nations is endowed with ‘immunity from every form of legal process’, as Section 2 General Convention phrases it. The Supreme Court of the Netherlands perceived this immunity as absolute, clearing away assertions that the UN’s immunity should not be impervious to alleged ius cogens violations and for the failure to subsequently provide alternative dispute settlement. However, a critical examination of both of these arguments reveals that the UN’s immunity in relation to its legal accountability is a proverbial Gordian knot: seemingly impossible to smoothly disentangle so that the UN’s functional capacities in the realm of international peace and security are effectively protected whilst the need for greater accountability is satisfied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
According to data from Destatis (2015a), the share of children (0-to-l 7 year-olds) living in two parent families declined by almost 6 percentage points between 1996 and 2014. This is entirely on account of a drop in the number of children in families with two married parents, which fell by more than 10 percentage points between 1996 and 2014. Over the same period, the share of children living in families with two cohabiting parents more than doubled from 4% to the 9% - mirroring an increase in cohabitation in the adult population (see Box 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This essay considers the relationship between piracy, terrorism, and post-9/11 U.S. foreign policy as it is outlined in the National Security Strategy of the United States (NSSUS). The NSSUS's discursive formation undertakes two noteworthy rhetorical maneuvers: It confuses piracy with terrorism, thereby shifting focus away from piracy as theft toward the threat of terrorism at sea, or "floating bombs," and it nationalizes terrorism, thereby making terrorists subject to retaliation by the U.S. military. Because post-9/11 distinctions between terrorists, those who pursue violence for political ends, and pirates, those who pursue violence for profiteering ends, have become increasingly difficult to substantiate in the American social imaginary, the collapse of these two categories signifies a final conflation of state power and economic power into one homogenizing, all-consuming force called empire. At the same time, piracy has become a formidable form of global capitalism sharing many characteristics with t...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For this reason, it’s important to look at the fine print of any measure of wealth to see what’s included and what’s left out. For example, in OECD countries average household disposable income per capita is $25,908 a year but average household net financial wealth per capita is $67,139. Wealth can, in itself, generate income, and so as wealth inequalities widen, they, in turn, fuel income inequalities. And as wealth is a source of investment, widening inequalities mean a growing gap between rich and poor in their abilities to take advantage of investment opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In Belgium, the unions are authorized to pay the benefits to their members, and, in the Netherlands, several public agencies (local governments, hospitals, schools, universities, the army) transferred delivery of the extra unemployment benefit ("bovenwettelijke WW-uitkering") to private firms.15 Lastly, in Switzerland public and private agencies jointly administer the benefits and collect the contributions. Another very common instrument is unemployment assistance, which is used in conjunction with unemployment insurance in 13 of the 40 countries studied (see annex table I.A1D). In most of those countries, the unemployed person can apply for unemployment assistance benefits when he or she ceases to be eligible for unemployment insurance, either owing to insufficient contributions or because the maximum benefit period has been reached.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
There have been many and varied efforts to train public officials, and/or to include capacity-building on violence against women in the official curricula for these professions. Such trainings and capacity-building efforts have been found to be most effective, and implemented rigorously, when they are mandated in law and developed in close collaboration with non-governmental organizations. Under article 7 of the Albanian Law on Measures against Violence in Family Relations (2006) the Ministry of the Interior is charged with training police to handle domestic violence cases, and the Ministry of Justice is responsible for training medico-legal experts on domestic violence and child abuse and training bailiffs on service of protection orders. Draft legislation on protection orders in the Netherlands, if passed, will mandate a training programme for police. The quality of police and prosecutor work is crucial in determining whether court proceedings are instituted or a person is convicted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The methods Discrete Choice Experiments method (CE) and Contingent valuation (CV) are used for the valuation. The results indicate that there is a significant positive willingness to pay for groundwater protection, where the willingness to pay for drinking water quality exceeds that for surface water quality. The value of groundwater protection exceeds that from purification, and this result supports the current Danish groundwater policy and the aim of the Water Framework Directive that aims at a holistic management government of the aquatic environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Because investment is both the binding constraint and the mechanism for social reproduction on the demand side in our framework, we do not give further details on savings dynamics. But there might be some interesting gender dynamics to consider at some point in the future. Erturk and Cagatay (1995) propose that increases in the intensity of women's unpaid work in the household raises savings rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Specifically, the participation rate of Arab women is very low and stagnant: only 17.8% in 2005, when in 1995 the rate was 18.3% (National Economic Council, 2007). Employment by industry and occupation in the Galilee differs from other regions of Israel with higher levels of employment in traditional industries and lower levels of employment in occupations that commonly require education at the tertiary level. Even more significantly, employment patterns are different for Jews and Arabs, and within the Arab population, for men and women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Urban development is regarded as part - and not as a complement - of the regional policy of the country. Before 2016, there were plans for the development of the urban agglomerations, but they stalled because of the financial difficulties the country is now facing. Only the action plans for Shymkent and Aktobe, and interregional action plans for Astana and Almaty City are in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Steps already taken, including the introduction of a groundw'ater model bill, suggest a w illingness to move in the right direction. From project impacts to effective responses: Who, what and how to confront future water risks? This chapter analyses and identifies solutions to respond to such risks. The proposed responses will be assessed generally and are applied differentially in the three identified hotspot regions and in others projected to face high agriculture water risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Combining this with the rapid growth in international trade, there is concern that "carbon leakage" may have undermined climate policies. This has motivated the study of consumption-based emissions (carbon footprints) in climate policy, with the initial motivation to assess the extent of "carbon leakage" (Wyckoff and Roop, 1994, Munksgaard and Pedersen, 2001, Ahmad and Wyckoff, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Experimental evidence in Sri Lanka shows that women who have less autonomy in household and business decisions invest a smaller portion of their grant in assets that are easy to capture (De Mel et al., For Ghana, Fafchamps et al. ( Capital injections significantly raised profits only for a subset of high-ability women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Although public and private dialogue has increased, it needs to be further expanded and systematised to establish a new market. Rather than being seen as an obstacle, the current financial crisis should be seen as an opportunity for a paradigm shift: moving away from considering energy efficiency as a liability, and instead starting to view it as a hedging insurance tool that could be used against price volatility of petrol, for instance. Such a paradigm shift could lead to the emergence of an unprecedented reassurance market. As such the study makes four key conclusions, discussed below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Sustainable management of water and sanitation underpins wider efforts to end poverty, advance sustainable development and sustain peace and stability. The world is not on track to achieve the global SDG 6 targets by 2030 at the current rate of progress. National governments must decide how to incorporate SDG 6 targets into national planning processes, policies and strategies, and set their own targets, taking into account local circumstances. Data underpin good water governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the Republic of Korea, for example, since 2000, the government has significantly expanded social care provision in the form of universal long-term insurance schemes for the elderly and publicly subsidized childcare. Though most contemporary growth models incorporate some measure of human as well as physical capital, human capital is rarely treated as a component of investment.27 And while growth prescriptions almost always call for investment in skills, such calls are limited to increasing formal education. This approach to growth and development ignores the significant amount of unpaid and paid care work that goes into sustaining people from day to day and from one generation to the next. The service sector is the largest employer of both women and men in high-income countries, and an increasingly important contributor to productivity growth in developing economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The skills premium has fallen clearly and consistently across the region's countries, as expressed in smaller gaps in relation to the group without education. Concurrently, educational attainment levels have been rising among the population (and among employed workers). However, it is difficult to say whether this evolution in the wage gap is primarily the result of changes in relative demand for skilled workers or changes in their relative supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Economic viability and technical feasibility determine whether or not these resources are exploitable. The parameters were used as criteria to delineate exploitable areas within the identified aquifer systems, as explained below. The Middle East Geological Map Series (MEG maps) were used to determine the depth to the top of these formations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Another important barrier is the beliefs of clinicians, who underestimate their patients’ needs for vocational services (Bond et al., Similarly, Bell et al. ( This longitudinal study reinforced former, cross-sectional studies concluding that work might improve cognitive dysfunctions (e.g. McGurk and Meltzer, 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, at 35 per cent, Rwanda has a much lower proportion of women in cabinet than in parliament (64 per cent). Examples include Kenya (30 per cent in cabinet versus 20 per cent in parliament), Sierra Leone (30 per cent in cabinet versus 13 per cent in parliament) and Swaziland (26 per cent in cabinet versus 7 per cent in parliament). Rebecca Kadaga currently serves as the first woman speaker in Uganda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Within the theory are four major supporting sub-theories: innovation decision process theory, individual innovativeness theory, the theory of rate of adoption and the theory of perceived attributes. The innovation diffusion process on the supply side of the public service is seen in the increase of adoption of the programme service delivery platforms by the various government department and agencies. This study focuses on two dimensions of diffusion theory: innovation decision process theory and the theory of rate of adoption. The first stage is knowledge. Here, government departments and agencies, as potential adopters, must first learn about the innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Individuals, groups or co-operatives are eligible to access this program with maximum credit amount of IDR 500 million (USD 55 000) per customer. For agribusiness, the eligible fields range from production inputs to the procurement of agricultural tools and machineries, on-farm activities, and processing and marketing of the agricultural products. Only 16% of the credit taken out through KUR is used for agribusiness activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In this sense, distinguishing trade in waste for material recovery and trade in waste as residuals intended for energy recovery would be particularly important despite the potentially challenging task. Two WTO notifications were made on 18 July 2017 and 15 November 2017. While trade effects are in question, these measures have potential consequences in two ways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)