albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The PPA also commissioned KEMA International in 2012 to undertake a study to quantify the power system energy losses in southern Pacific utilities, which included all the Commonwealth Pacific small states except Vanuatu (PPA and KEMA 2012). Following on from the recently completed Pacific Appliance Labelling and Standards Programme, which aimed to increase the importation and sale of more energy efficient appliances, the Pacific Efficient Lighting Strategy (PELS) is being implemented to assist in the Pacific’s transition to high efficiency and environmentally sound lighting by 2020. The projected electricity savings are over 2,100 gigawatt hours, with associated fuel import savings of about 720 million litres and emission savings of 1.9-2.0 metric ton equivalent carbon dioxide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As primary care expands relative to inpatient care as the authorities intend, then the scope-of-practice rules for nurses could widen if backed up by better and longer training. The bulk of the remainder comes from the MHI system where, for example, insurers may pay providers on an activity basis. Such arrangements may dilute any incentives to reduce hospital supply: if all funding came via one source (or through one channel) it would be easier to influence behaviour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The mechanisms involved are far more complex than is suggested by the argument that travel times increase with traffic volumes, as used in the basic rationale for charges. Charges are always an approximation to the theoretical ideal, so that decisions must be made on what approximation is best. Experience demonstrates that analytical approaches using disaggregated network models are more likely to produce an efficient result than prices based only on common sense.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It serves as a resource and forum for agencies, aiming to achieve a comprehensive federal government approach to policy on women and girls. Council members are the heads of every federal agency and major White House office, reinforcing the statement of former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright that in “our government, responsibility for the advancement of women is not the job of any one agency, it’s the job of all of them.” After analysing each federal agency’s focus on women, the council works to ensure that each agency is directly improving the economic status of women, as well as developing and evaluating policies that establish a balance between work and family. The council has also focused on finding new ways to prevent violence against women through co-operation with the Vice President and the Justice Department’s Office of Violence Against Women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It was based on the establishment of production-related direct aid payments and gave a prominent role to agri-environmental instruments to support farmers’ income. In June 2003, the EU decided to replace, from 2006 onward, most of the direct aid with a single farm payment scheme that is not linked to production. Beneficiaries will be obliged to accomplish certain environmental and food safety requirements, being those almost identical for irrigation and rain-fed farms. The EU Commission recognized, within the launching of the ‘CAP’S Health Check’, that a new CAP should achieve climate change and water management objectives by means of cross compliance. These authors show that the price support delivered to cotton producers in the region is largely responsible for the large benefit of water in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Monetary measures may be accurate "on average" but not at the household level. Yet the MPI requires each indicator to accurately depict deprivation status at the household level. If a relative poverty line is used for income (as in Alkire and Apablaza 2016), then the poverty focus and deprivation axioms do not hold. Having a mixture of relative and absolute cut-offs also is conceptually challenging. For example, in the case of Mexico, it appears that economic and non-economic aspects of poverty are equally weighted. But in fact, the identification procedure is designed to exclude all persons who are not income poor from having the possibility of being identified as poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Similarly, women made up 31 per cent of labour migrants from Kyrgyzstan in 2015,13.4 per cent from Uzbekistan and 9.6 per cent from Tajikistan, with the average for the CIS States being 15.7 per cent.10 Kyrgyzstan also has the highest share of women among holders of temporary and permanent residence permits in comparison with all other countries: in 2015, die share was 58 per cent while the average was 49 per cent. Among migrants from Uzbekistan widi this type of document, 45 per cent were females, for Tajikistan, the figure was 34 per cent (OECD, 2016, p. 45). For details, see OECD (2016, p. 56).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Tamiz Shahar JSC started its activities with public campaigns and an inventory of dumps currently located in the Baku area as well as an upgrade of the Balakhani disposal site, which was selected as the central and sole place for the disposal of MSW generated in Baku and in the future for the entire Absheron peninsula. The new containers are clearly labelled and waste is regularly collected by specialized vehicles. However, in cases when all waste is collected in a single vehicle, this discourages people to separate waste properly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
From 2010 to 2012, the position of women in leadership positions increased from 9.32 per cent to 14.75 per cent and is projected to reach 22 per cent by 2016. While increasing numbers are a positive factor, this example illustrates the very marginal gains women are making in leadership positions, particularly in private sector management. For example, due to heightened awareness and attention brought by MWA, the State Services Commission, in partnership with public service chief executives, has developed a centrally co-ordinated talent identification initiative for senior public servants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Action will be needed in the pre-2020 period to build capacity and strengthen the reporting framework so that Parties are ready for implementation by the time the Paris Agreement comes into effect. The process of developing BURs can help to build capacity since one of the purposes of the BUR process is to identify capacity building needs. These decisions also initiate revisions to Annex I national communications guidelines and request submission of national communications from non-Annex I countries every four years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Central determination of curricula and other institutional policy promotes uniformity and hinders adaptation to the unique needs of regions. As a consequence there is limited alignment of education provision to regional needs. Public and private institutions operate under different regulatory and financing rules, resulting in the absence of a unified education system. To date, development plans for these two sectors are undertaken separately.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A dual system of waste collection involving door-to-door and drop-off-systems should be combined in the barangays to allow for efficient collection of segregated waste based on convenience and practicality. To date, there have been a number of contracts signed among LGUs such as cities of Naga, Carcar, Lapu-Lapu, and Minglanilla with a private firm (FDR-IRRMi) to manage their solid waste collection, recycling and composting, and final disposition systems. It now runs the first integrated resource recovery facility in the City of Naga, which handles over 130 tons of solid waste a day.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Still others join caravans to engage in trade activities. The largest Saharan caravanners, the Touareg Kel Ewey (and the Kel Gres) of Niger, are farmer-pastoralists with concessions and gardens in Air or millet fields in Ader. Some cross the Tenere desert to trade their farm products for salt and dates (e.g., Fachi, Bilma and Djado).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For example, an intervention that seeks transformational change in a given sector may be judged effective at the project-level if it produces the expected outputs (e.g. off-grid renewable electricity, number of people trained in drought-resistant agriculture). However, if the intervention’s is not replicated at scale, the transformational impacts of the intervention will be limited. Climate finance programmes and projects can involve multiple actors, each with different views and objectives relating to climate finance effectiveness. There is increased pressure on public providers of climate finance in developed countries to demonstrate the results achieved in developing countries with this finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Concern for the recognition, support, and rights of victims within the criminal justice system has grown in recent years, leading to legislative and procedural changes in the administration of justice that have improved the experiences of victims. What is not clear is whether all victims have benefited from changes in the system regardless of race and social class. This study investigates the experiences Aboriginal people who are victims of sexual violence have with the Canadian criminal justice system. The authors seek to explore perspectives about their encounters with the judicial system from the point of first contact with the police through involvement with the court and community service providers, utilizing grounded theory qualitative methodology. They conclude that race is a key determinant in the manner in which a victim will be perceived by the people in the justice system and the manner in which the victim will approach the judicial process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
With further application of the ecosystem approach the CCAMLR has developed a mechanism to disperse the fishing effort once a trigger level is reached in order to avoid concentration of fishing in easily accessible areas or other negative effects on local populations of marine animals. Under Conservation measure 51-01 (CCAMLR 2008) in area 48, the Antarctic Peninsula, once a trigger level of 620 000 tones is reached the catch must be dispersed into smaller scale units. For the other side of the continent, in area 58.4.1, the catch of krill was set under the KLM to 440 OOOt and split into an eastern and western division until further scientific measures are to hand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The large uncertainties involved, which can produce results that change considerably over time or between comparable projects, are also easy targets for detractors. Others have pointed to social factors as one of the impacts that will remain outside the scope of even very comprehensive efforts. Estimates established for the social cost portion of the full costs of electricity provision will never be able to mimic the more reliable information about individual and social preferences conveyed by market prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Les programmes de developpement de l’agriculture doivent prendre en consideration l’impact environnemental des objectifs de croissance et des mesures de soutien sous-jacentes car certaines ont un effet non negligeable sur l’environnement (i.e. les subventions actuelles au titre des pesticides et des engrais, les subventions par tonne au titre du betail ou de la volatile , les projets d’investissement pour la construction de pares d’engraissement et de complexes pour la production laitiere , les subventions a l’irrigation). Ils sont soumis aussi a des prix eleves et a des risques financiers qui, ces demieres annees, sont aggraves par l’instabilite des marches mondiaux des capitaux et des produits. Les risques ont une incidence sur la capacite du secteur a generer des revenus, et a attirer le credit et l’investissement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the same vein, Article 3 of the Paris Agreement implies that developing countries, particularly CDDCs that are forced to strand their natural resources, will need assistance in implementing the mitigation and adaptation measures required to address climate change. However, given that many Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) submit information on their commitments through nationally determined contribution (NDC) documents by sector, it is possible to identify the key commodity sectors of CDDCs that will be impacted by climate change and the implementation of the Paris Agreement. By 23 June 2019, 81 of the 88 CDDCs had communicated their first NDCs to the UNFCCC secretariat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Farmers purchasing water in market transactions to finish an irrigation season or to ensure water supply for perennial crops might pay prices that exceed USD 100 per m3 for a portion of their irrigation supply (Wichelns, 2010b). It is equivalent to a water tariff a term commonly used in the domestic/urban water sector when differential charges are set. Sometimes the term water charge is replaced by the term irrigation service fee, as the term charge is disliked by some policy makers as it suggests water is taxed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Twenty-fifth Meeting of Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies, Latin America and the Caribbean, was held in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, from 5 to 9 October 2015. Among the major issues discussed were: (a) prevention, investigation and prosecution of microtrafficking and its links to transnational criminal networks, (b) border management, (c) ways to address current trends in trafficking in cocaine, and (d) curbing access to the supply of precursor chemicals. Possession for personal use will be treated as an administrative offence, similar to a traffic violation, with a 30-day period to pay the administrative fine. The amendment also allows each household to cultivate up to five cannabis plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
That is why they cannot afford the expenses to run an election campaign, for meetings and other expenditure for political purposes (Panday 2006). Education is not a requirement to become a Union Parishad member, so many women who contest elections are illiterate and may not know about their rights and responsibilities. Often relatives or vested interest groups control them (Islam and Islam 2012). Nonetheless, NGOs play a highly effective role in creating consciousness among the voters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Depression has also been shown to increase risky and unhealthy behaviours, including smoking (Naylor et al., Work in Scotland by Barnett et al. ( People with mental disorders, especially with anxiety disorders, have been found to be more likely to divorce, and to be married for a shorter period of time than populations without a mental disorder (Kessler et al., Mild-to-moderate mental illnesses have been shown to have a strong relationship with higher unemployment, higher absenteeism, lower productivity in the workplace, and a rising burden of disability benefits claims (Alonso et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Iceland, the increase in forest cover also has contributed to the increase in forest biomass stock. In Finland, even though forest cover decreased slightly between 1990 and 2010, annual increment in growing stock was far greater than annual harvest and thus the net annual increment was positive and overweighed the biomass removal due to decrease in forest cover. It is projected that in all Nordic countries and thus in the whole Nordic region, the forest biomass will continue to increase steadily until 2050.23 This corresponds to the fact that the net annual increment in forest growing stock will be positive in the Nordic countries in coming decades. Finland and Norway forest growing stock data are available already from mid 1920ies corresponding to the beginning of forest inventory in these countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This share is expected to continue to increase to at least two thirds over the coming decades. At present, 2.7 billion people continue to rely on traditional, non-commercial fuels typical for pre-industrial societies. They use only between 15 and 50 GJ of primary energy per capita, delivering about 2-5 GJ of per capita in useful energy services. Growth of per capita energy use in developing countries has accelerated since 1975, whereas use in developed countries has stagnated (figure II.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While an individualist society prizes personal control, autonomy and individual accomplishments, a collectivist one puts a premium on loyalty and cohesion and imposes mutual obligations in the context of in-groups. It has been argued that, in contrast to collectivism, individualism will promote economic development directly by sharpening individual incentives to invest, innovate and accumulate wealth. In this article, I argue that the individualist–collectivist dimension can also affect development through its impact on the quality of government. The in-group favoritism inherent to collectivist societies is likely to engender corruption, nepotism and clientelism in the public sphere. In individualist societies, the relative weakness of in-group pressures and an emphasis on personal achievement and worth will contribute towards a more meritocratic and efficient public sector to the benefit of long-run growth. Empirical evidence is provided suggesting that insofar as individualism affects economic development it does so because it promotes good governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Recommendations of the second report of the CBD HLP on Global Assessment of Resources thus include that human and institutional capacity development programmes should include an increased focus on the sharing of practical knowledge and experience in developing effective policies and instruments for mainstreaming that support increased investment in conservation and sustainable use. This is illustrated with a case study ffom South Africa in the section on reporting and information management (Case study 16, pg. The approach includes analysis of current policy and institutional frameworks affecting biodiversity and ecosystem services both positively and negatively, and quantification of related investments through comprehensive reviews of past and current (baseline) public and private expenditures. Analyses of impact, effectiveness and coherence will provide key opportunities for mainstreaming, aimed at reducing the cost of biodiversity management, such as through the removal of biodiversity-harmful incentives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, removing the charge for water does not support the objective of improving resource efficiency and supporting environmental sustainability. However, there appears to be potential for overlap in projects awarded at the central and local government level. Moreover, extension projects have a strong production focus with less attention paid to meeting demand requirements, e.g. how to market, engage in contracts, meet food safety requirements, etc. The simple average MFN applied tariff on agricultural products was 16% in 2013. The average agricultural tariff is just 3.4% and 5.4% on imports from ASEAN members and China respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This paper uses a case-study approach to describe how organizational characteristics may influence program outcomes in humanitarian aid situations. Organizational structure and human resource management are discussed as organizational factors that influence the vulnerabilities of clients and employees. Interview and archival data from a program on reintegrating refugee and internally displaced women and girl survivors of sexual violence in Sierra Leone and observations based on the author’s experience with the organization provides a relevant basis for isolating the firm as an important context within which refugee programs are embedded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In most jurisdictions, teachers reach the first level of accreditation from the relevant authority upon graduation from an approved initial teacher education programme. Currently, each teacher registration authority has its own distinct set of standards for registration/accreditation, however, from 2013 jurisdictions will be progressively introducing the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers2 (the Standards) which will provide a national measure for teachers’ professional practice and knowledge. Advancement to frill registration (or professional competence) is achieved after a period of employed teaching practice and, from 2013, an appraisal against the Standards at Proficient level. In all states and territories, after teachers have initially become registered within their jurisdiction, they must renew their registration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Further, to avoid that domestic resources get skewed towards the collection of data for externally financed programmes, providers of development co-operation may consider more flexible mechanisms for supporting statistical institutes in partner countries (Bedi et al., Lessons from poverty reduction strategies are summarised in Box 2.2. Despite this support, a number of challenges remain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In particular, spending on children and families is running at well below the OECD average in Greece, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States. And in all of these countries the lack of priority for children in national budgets shows through in the correspondingly small reductions in relative child poverty that each achieves. Both have strengths and weaknesses. Taken together, they offer two different but complementary measures and offer the best currently available comparative picture of child poverty in the world’s wealthiest nations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The framework also functions as a bridging mechanism between the narrowly construed MEAs pertaining to chemicals and waste, which include the Stockholm, Rotterdam, Basel, and Minamata Conventions. The Dubai Declaration, which expresses high-level political support forthe framework. The Overarching Policy Strategy (OPS), which contains the five key thematic objectives of SAICM: (1) risk reduction, (2) knowledge and information, (3) governance, (4) capacity-building and technical cooperation, and (5) illegal international traffic in chemicals. The OPS also lays down the scope, needs, underlying principles, and approaches of SAICM and elaborates on implementation and progress review mechanisms. The Global Plan of Action, which is an evolving and practical toolkit for implementation that currently lists more than 270 activities that can be undertaken by diverse stakeholders to operationalize SAICM.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The exception was the US-Viet Nam Bilateral Trade Agreement, signed on 13 July 2000 and entered into force on 10 December 2001. Viet Nam was granted MFN trade status, providing it with substantially better access to the United States: average tariffs fell from 40% to less than 3%. In return, Viet Nam agreed to open up some of its services sectors (banking, insurance, and telecommunications), enhance protection of intellectual property rights and improve its foreign investment regime (WTO, 2013). The Agreement was prepared on the basis of WTO principles and was regarded as a very important step towards WTO membership (Vo, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)