albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Shared patterns exist alongside notable differences such as in teacher beliefs (as charted with the Teaching and Learning International Survey [TALIS]) and in school time use. Since the 2005 study, Teachers Matter, much OECD work has analysed the characteristics of learners and learning, teachers, and how to improve school leadership. Data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) have permitted specific analyses of aspects of schooling, such as student attitudes towards and knowledge of the environment. Work on the educational role of technology has shown how important is home use for educational outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As the majority of the poor rely on the public sector for their health needs, it will be crucial to ensure that public services, especially when decentralized, are of a comparable standard to private services to avoid inefficiencies of creeping market segmentation. More efforts should be directed at expanding the outreach of activities to rural areas and other less-served areas, addressing supply and demand side barriers to reduce socio-economic disparities in contraceptive security. Payment systems, especially in the public sector, also require reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The strategy also recommends clarifying the processes for stakeholder engagement. The NFPs are fairly active, well-informed and collaborating, partly because the National Coordination Strategy embraces communication between NFPs, and the fact that the MEAs-NCC meets at least quarterly. National Coordination Strategy on Implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements in Lesotho (2013-2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Toolkit can, therefore, be used to benchmark progress. The results of this assessment will also help communicate the advantages of ICTs for abating environmental change, including climate change. At the same time, the Toolkit aims to help countries design appropriate tools and approaches to leverage the benefits of ICTs for sustainable development, that is, for e-sustainability. The concept is based on the work undertaken by Pamlin and others on using ICTs for sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Nevertheless, some groups are exempted from these user fees, such as children under the age of 6 and people over the age of 65, low-income groups, pregnant women, people with severe disabilities and people with many different medical conditions. Concerns are growing regarding individual regions' ability to provide the services that the benefit package defines at the national level. When the first Essential Levels of Care were published in 2001, the legislation only provided a general description of the sublevels of care that regions had to provide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, the ARS could set funding of medico-social services through bundles of goods and services for a network of providers and develop payments for joint structures to encourage co-operation. The implementation of a paper-free health system and shared electronic health records has progressed slowly. Hospitals are developing their IT systems (DGOS, 2016), and electronic pharmaceutical records (DP) are widespread in pharmacies, but the implementation of shared DMP designed to promote prevention, quality, continuity and coordinated patient care due to take place in 2014 has been delayed, with only 600 000 records by end-2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The 2009 OECD Rural Policy Review recommended that more formal contacts should be established between the various ministries and agencies that design rural policy in China. Looking forward, further initiatives that promote such coordination will be important. A number of policy measures provide assistance to China’s agricultural producers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Poor learning environments can also result in negative early childhood outcomes (see Box 3.1). In addition, an unfavourable start can have a lasting impact later in life. Children who do not receive adequate educational attention and care early on have a higher risk of grade repetition, incompletion of a school degree, unemployment and earning low wages (Barnett, 1995, Heckman, 1999, Leseman, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Water abstraction charges were introduced in Mexico in 1982 (OECD, 2003). Their level varies according to the type of user and the geographical location (see Tables 3.2 and 3.3). The main categories of users are general (which in practice corresponds with industry), agriculture, urban, hydropower, aquaculture and recreation (e.g. spas).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Overexploitation has required wells to become deeper. They range up to a depth of 400 metres, where a depth of 70 metres was sufficient for older wells.6 Due to the soil composition, extraction from deeper wells tends to be less efficient. World Bank, Washington, DC, available at: www.agua.uiiam.mx/sacinex/assets/docs/AcuaUitoana ValleMexic o.pdf. Reduction in water in the clay soil that supports a large part of the city leads to densification of the soil and subsidence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Countries reported the lack of the will and commitment to implement the decisions in some ministries, thus hindering the gender units, a limited number of qualified staff, capacity and skills in gender mainstreaming, as well as inadequate budget allocations. With the University Reformation Act 4/2007, universities also started to create equality units. Nearly 30 equality units have been formed in different public universities. In addition, the Women’s Institute organised a summer course in August 2010 to evaluate progress on gender equality' at the university level (presence of women and men in educational centres’ control and governing organs, introduction of new subjects with a gender perspective, creation of specific postgraduate courses, etc.). On 28 July 2008, based on a request from the MoWA, Decision No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some metropolitan regions may have a significant food-processing sector, but mainly rely on raw materials from outside the region. While locally produced food is limited in quantity, these regions have good access to a wide variety of imported food, either from other regions in the country or imports from other countries. In developing countries, connectivity to foreign markets happens first in large cities, and these urban agglomerations have the densest networks of connections, largely because markets develop first and in greater complexity in cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
More precisely, it suggests that the price of unskilled labour-intensive goods falls in more advanced countries that are assumed to have abundant skilled labour, when these engage in trade with developing countries that are assumed to have abundant unskilled labour. In the more advanced countries, this decline in the price of unskilled labour-intensive goods causes a shift in production towards more skill-intensive goods and a decline in the real w'ages of less educated workers, both in absolute terms and relative to better skilled workers. The latter effect is usually described as an increase in the so-called “skill premium”, which represents a growing gap in wages between skilled and unskilled workers and a worsening of wage disparities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The aftermath of the crisis saw large increases in unemployment rates across the United States. In comparison with previous expansions, subsequent job creation has been more concentrated in the larger urban areas (Brainard, 2017[is]). Furthermore, labour force participation is stronger in the larger metropolitan areas as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This has led to calls for a tax-financed universal basic income as a key pillar of social protection floors (basic social protection), complemented with social security contributory schemes, (see also chapter III.A and its discussion on social protection). To date, the use of robots remains concentrated in just a few countries and sectors, such as automotive, computers and electronic equipment. In low-skill and labour-intensive sectors such as textiles, automation is not yet economically profitable, nor is it socioeconomically desirable in countries with high numbers of unskilled workers. Available from https://ideal.com/ai-recruiting/, McKinsey & Company, “A labor market that works: connecting talent with opportunity in the digital age” (Washington, D.C., McKinsey Global Institute, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Scientists agree that there is only a very low risk of domesticated crops becoming weeds themselves because the traits that make them desirable as crops often make them less fit to survive and reproduce in the wild (ICSU, GM Science Review Panel). Weeds that hybridize with herbicide-resistant crops have the potential to acquire the herbicide-tolerant trait, although this would only provide an advantage in the presence of the herbicide (ICSU, GM Science Review Panel). According to the GM Science Review Panel, "Detailed field experiments on several GM crops in a range of environments have demonstrated that the transgenic traits investigated - herbicide tolerance and insect resistance - do not significantly increase the fitness of the plants in semi-natural habitats" (GM Science Review Panel, 2003:19). More evidence is required regarding the effect of fitness-enhancing traits on invasiveness (GM Science Review Panel).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Unless otherwise noted, comparisons of student performance refer to the performance of students on the mathematics scale. The analysis is conducted both before and after accounting for the school systems' per capita income (i.e. per capita GDP). The analyses are undertaken first for OECD countries and then for all countries and economies that participated in PISA (Tables IV.1.1, IV.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For instance, if more open trade raises food availability in importing countries, this may reduce incomes for net food sellers, and specific measures may therefore be required to help negatively-affected households and prevent hardship (Brooks and Matthews, 2015). Within the Individual scenario in particular, which by default is characterised by a lack of international co-operation, little focus on coherent food regulations and hence comparatively high trade costs, a reduction of regulatory heterogeneity could increase average farm incomes in South and Central America by around 9% by 2050. Brazil is found to increase average farm incomes by about 12% in that scenario, demonstrating its prominent role as an agricultural exporter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Pursuant to the requirements of the Waste Framework Directive,5 MoEF has developed and is currently implementing the NWMS, the NWMP and RWMPs, which are the reference documents constituting the main implementation tools for EU policies in this field. The key driver of change in terms of waste management in Romania has been the need to achieve compliance with EU legislation. This process is supported by the development of strategies, RWMPs and EU funds for investment in new waste management infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For example, within the classification system, cities must achieve a score of 70 out of 100 in order to move up in the ranks. Each of the six elements in the criteria is weighted differently. The highest weight of points target urban infrastructure, GDP, and population (55, 15, and 10 points respectively).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Another motivation for load following with nuclear power plants is the large-scale deployment of variable energy sources in some countries, like Germany. In the following, we provide some examples of load following operations by French and German nuclear power plants and how nuclear energy contributes effectively in balancing the fluctuations of total power generation. The American NRC, for instance, does not allow any automatic load following, nuclear units therefore cannot provide primary and secondary frequency control services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The limited recourse to such services may negatively impact firm development and expansion. Efforts to improve the provision of business development services are hampered by the large number of businesses operating in the informal economy. Female business owners in the informal economy only have limited access to formal support providers such as women's enterprise centres, women's business resource centres and business incubators. In addition, fewer than 5% of MENA adults are exposed to entrepreneurship content in the education system and fewer than 14% after formal education (IDRC 2010). The implication is that the low percentage of MENA women who are starting businesses (relative to the average in GEM economies) are doing it without the benefit of entrepreneurship training, information, and professional advice that would increase their know-how.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Ad valorem equivalent trade costs are converted into index number with 1998 = 100. Indeed, the liner-shipping connectivity index (a high value indicates better connectivity) and trade costs are strongly and inversely correlated (Figure 18.5). Even with improvements in shipping connectivity, unfavourable geographical location combined with small consignments may indicate limited trade gains (Figure 18.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Policies that regulate private transportation or household energy consumption have little impact on international trade flows, and would be implemented regardless of whether a territorial or consumption (footprint) system boundary was used for policy. Border carbon adjustments to improve the economic efficiency and environmental effectiveness of unilateral climate policies effectively change international trade flows, and thus directly affect the international component of an environmental footprint. Even though a policy on domestic transportation and a border carbon adjustment may both reduce an environmental footprint, we focus here only on the policy domain that is "additional" when switching from a territorial to footprint perspective (that is, policies that address imported flows from other countries). The term "carbon footprint" is also often misused, particularly in the media, to refer to territorial carbon emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The most recent ones were conducted in 2012, 2010 and 2008. Outdoor recreation possibilities in nature offered by hiking and study trails are still popular. More than half of the respondents (61%) have visited different nature trails in the last 12 months. Forests should offer economic benefits (timber, mushrooms, berries and other forest products) and also socio-cultural benefits like recreation, hiking possibilities and cultural-historical sites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Retirement benefits can be defined as deferred payment for work performed in the past, based on a system of contributions to a social security fund managed by the State or the private sector (ECLAC, 2010a, p. 98). A pension includes a set of benefits that may or may not provide a direct return to the employee and that may be contributory or noncontributory (referred to in this book as "social pensions"). The use of both terms varies among countries in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
When environmental reporting started in the early 1990s, for some the business rationale was initially to demonstrate compliance with the new environmental laws and regulations, as well as to demonstrate their ‘license to operate’, while others used their environmental report more like a marketing tool. It was especially the more polluting industries and organizations in consumer products that started to report on environmental performance. Later the reports were extended with health and safety information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Inner city residents, once shunned and ignored by city planners, are now seen as a vital resource in United States urban redevelopment plans. This shift in perspective has come at a time when municipal elites routinely champion the neoliberal strategies of privatization, marketization, and consumerism across the urban policy spectrum. In this article, I draw upon ethnographic fieldwork conducted in a gentrifying neighborhood in Philadelphia to illuminate the ways in which race, power, and neighborhood participation shape urban governance. Against the governmentalist approach, which tends to present a totalizing vision of neoliberal rule, this article emphasizes the failures and instabilities of urban governance under contemporary conditions. In particular, I direct attention to the overlooked dynamics of racial politics as they play out at the neighborhood level, where attempts to encourage self-governance on the part of inner city residents are predicated upon post-civil rights era notions of diversity a...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Agreement does not define this notion. However, national legislation in developed WTO members has traditionally excluded, inter alia, discoveries and scientific theories.115 The reason for the exclusion of discoveries stems from the basic rationale of patent protection: to reward human ingenuity and creativity as a contribution to the advancement of humankind. The inventor, in exchange for his/her efforts and readiness to make his/her invention available to the benefit of society is granted a reward, i.e. a monopoly to exploit the invention over a limited period of time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
At its summit held in Ufa, Russian Federation, in July 2015, the Shanghai Cooperation Organizations Council of Heads of State decided to accept the accession of India and Pakistan to the Organization. The Organizations main goals are the provision and maintenance of peace, security and stability among its members, including drug control. At the summit, the Organization adopted a development strategy outlining priority areas until 2025, including issues related to regional stability and drug control, and plans to address drug challenges were incorporated into the declaration of the Council of Heads of State issued at the summit. The Organization’s member States expressed concern at the scale of narcotic drug manufacture in Afghanistan, which posed a threat to development and security in the region. The Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre, a standing intergovernmental body for combating trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors, continues to serve as a regional platform for exchanging information and experiences on countering drug trafficking and promoting law enforcement cooperation. In June 2015, the Board participated in the 11th international conference on drug control, organized by the Dubai Police.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This decision was also in line with the commitments entered into at the Grenelle Environment Forum on the Sea. This ecolabel must comply with FAO guidelines on ecolabelling as w’ell as new additional criteria (social and quality criteria). Four themes have been selected by the professionals, namely: “resource,” “environment,” “social” and “quality.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Pathways also provides a financial incentive to participating students in the form of a CAD 1 000 bursary for each year during high school to a maximum of CAD 4 000 for post-secondary education or training. Roughly two-thirds of Pathways volunteers are university students, while the others are professionals and community residents. Local school boards also help facilitate monitoring results over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As a result, the incentive mechanisms for generics are costly (Cour des comptes, 2014c). Re-balancing part of the current support for generics towards more payments to pharmacists for care-services such as counselling, co-ordination between care providers, patient monitoring and coaching, would reduce the dependence of their income on pharmaceutical sales and would reward their counselling function. This could be associated with further expansion of their public health-care missions, notably for following up patients with chronic diseases, as foreseen in a 2009 law (Loi hopital, patients, sante, territoires), which remains to be fully applied. The CNAMTS introduced such incentives through their pay-for-performance scheme in 2009 and enhanced them somewhat in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In recent decades, the rapidly rising share of the very top end of the distribution of market income has reflected a new normal - unbalanced growth. Unequal income growth rates imply changes in savings flows which accumulate to changed stocks of indebtedness, financial fragility- and periodic macro-economic crises. Ever increasing income gaps also imply increasing top end spending on political influence and child human capital and ever increasing incentives to advertise the luxury consumption goods that fuel envy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Understanding the channels through which monetary policy affects economic variables has long been a key research topic in macroeconomics and a central element of economic policy analysis. At an operational level, a ‘tightening’ of monetary policy by a central bank implies a sale of bonds by the central bank and an accompanying reduction of bank reserves. One question for debate in academic and public policy circles in recent years is whether this exchange between the central bank and the banking system has consequences in addition to those for open market interest rates. At the risk of oversimplifying the debate, the question is often asked as whether the traditional interest rate or ‘money view’ channel presented in most textbooks is augmented by a ‘credit view’ channel.1
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Because it does not conform to national accounting and overlaps with the modern sector, studies (such as those of PARSTAT) still underestimate its real size. In practice, this economy is defined essentially by default: "informal" covers any economic activity that does not comply with the obligations to register, keep accounts and pay taxes - even in recent studies, such as PARSTAT. The rapid urbanisation of sub-Saharan Africa is not based on the demand for industrial labour or, more generally, the supply of modern employment arising from industrialisation and external trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Finally, we would like to express our greatest gratitude to the participants of the learning seminar who shared their experiences and insights with great openness and sensitivity to the Flemish context. The paper shows that accountability mechanisms are not highly developed, specifically to the Flemish government and to the public. As a result, it proved hard to examine if resources were used effectively and efficiently. The paper argues that a long-term perspective and step-by-step approach is needed to create a culture of evaluation and accountability. It is emphasised that a long-term strategy should start with building horizontal and more specifically professional accountability mechanisms, based on a clear picture of how accountability relates to the overall aims and vision of education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)