albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
By monitoring stock killing patterns, they predict changes in the national flock and herd composition. The publicly-owned National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) provides nation-wide weather forecasts which are freely accessible to the public. This includes forecasts of a range of climate variables, such as soil moisture deficit days, rainfall, snow fall, hail, frost, sunshine hours and temperature, with early warnings of extreme weather events.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Recently, human rights law has been restricted increasingly by measures taken in the interest of public security. This raises the question whether there are limits in human rights protection that cannot be touched without questioning the very essence of individual rights protection itself. This article submits that the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in cases dealing with the compatibility of measures taken in the public interest with the ECHR has defined such limits predominantly in terms of procedure. Accordingly, individuals must not be deprived of the right to independent review in the light of their fundamental rights. Thus, the Court has been developing what may be called a right to invoke rights, a procedural component underlying all guarantees of the Convention. This principle has been established and upheld in three different constellations: general measures for public security, states of emergencies and the implementation of UN sanctions regimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The largest vessel group consists of the smallest coastal vessels (less than 11 meters), they account for 79% of the vessels. The ocean-going vessels account for only 4% of the vessels. All 12 vessel groups showed a positive operating profit. The total operating revenues for the fishing fleet in the population w'ere estimated to NOK 13 billion, while the total operating expenses were estimated to NOK 11.1 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The choice of indicator is informed by a trade-off between the benefits of including more detail in biodiversity measurements and the efficiency gains for transactions of simpler, more fungible indicators (Thomas, Brandao and Chomitz, 2004). Offsets programmes may allow replacement of only the specific type of biodiversity that is lost at a development site or may provide for more flexibility in weighing-up the equivalence of proposed offset exchanges. An in-kind offset may require conservation of the same type of biodiversity as measured by a scheme’s indicator whereas out-of-kind compensation may, for example, allow for the restoration of valuable upstream water flows rather than recreation of a wetland as is sometimes permissible in Wetlands Compensatory Mitigation in the United States (ten Kate, Bishop and Bayon, 2004). The distinction between in-kind offsets and out-of kind compensation is, however, highly dependent upon the complexity of the biodiversity indicator used in a scheme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
To avoid an increase in inequality, efficiency gains should be exploited in implementing fiscal consolidation. If this is not the case, new ways to improve performance should be investigated, including better management and greater regional flexibility in public sector wages. Effects of Unemployment Experiences on Wages”, Institute for the Study of Labour (IZA) Discussion Paper, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The problems as well as the needs are not homogeneous across the different green sectors: the most urgent needs are to be found in the building and renewable energy industries. At the national level, a green growth trades plan is enlisting contributions from the five Grenelle environmental colleges and a national green employment observatory has been created in the region. At the regional level, two strategic documents target training policy: one of them, the Regional Strategy for Economic Development and Innovation (SRDEI), now includes the “ecological conversion” of the economy as a priority objective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Shewbridge (forthcoming) also identifies the growing trend across OECD countries to introduce output and/or outcome measures in different government dimensions, such as budgetary procedures. In terms of the education system, efficiency and effectiveness would be measured by outputs, such as test scores and graduation rates, rather than inputs, like funding, resources and number of school days. The increased attention to quality of public outputs and the insertion of business management techniques into public sector institutions are one of the various reasons a country may adopt and administer a national test (Ball, 1998).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Several other countries (South Africa, Zambia, Cameroon, and Nigeria) are still working to achieve this in parliament. E-waste imports are prohibited by this regulation, and its enforcement has resulted in the repatriation of several illegal e-waste shipments that arrived in Nigeria stuffed in second-hand vehicles or other containers, for more information, see the chapter on transboundary movement in this report". The Kenya E-waste Act, which still awaits official approval before public dissemination, has as one of its highlights that no company will manufacture or import any EEE without indicating where its e-waste will be treated at end-of-life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
An alternative (and probably better) proxy might be child and elderly poverty rates in combination with some measure of economic mobility. These more directly reflect how the social structures of reproduction manifest in public and private preferences and capabilities. But we use the non-income HDI because it proffers a consistent time series for a large number of countries. Countries are categorized into one of three groups according to their 2010 per capita income: low and low middle income, middle income, and high income.7 We split the sample this way because higher-income countries tend to have higher human development, all else equal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Cannabis continues to be the most trafficked and abused drug in the region, mainly due to domestic cultivation. In its reporting period from July 2013 to June 2014, Australia recorded 93,000 drug seizures weighing more than 27 tons in total, the highest numbers on national record. Police and customs seizures of amphetamine-type stimulants in the country were also the highest on record.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It would be preferable to use other measures to strengthen rural areas, such as investments in infrastructure and education. Joining the EU means that Iceland would participate in the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). The EU has generally not succeeded in setting TACs at sustainable levels and faces huge challenges with regards to economic efficiency (See OECD, 2010, Commission of the European Communities, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Governments should tackle such perverse incentives through adequate land-use planning instruments: local government should address local land-use externalities, and upper-level government should address externalities with a wider geographical reach. For example, local governments in the United States count numerous property tax incentives for raising energy efficiency and renewable energy use. The Czech Republic, Italy, Norway and Spain are further examples of countries that provide property tax relief for renewable energy installations. The efficiency and effectiveness of these property tax rebates would have to be weighed against their costs in terms of a narrower property tax base and less tax revenue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This figure includes both terrestrial and marine areas. Of the 96 eco-regions evaluated, 11 were found not to be represented, 50 were under-represented and 34 were represented in higher proportions than the percentage protected at national level. In 2006, just over 50% of federal protected areas had personnel for basic operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Key factors in not completing the initial process were being disbelieved or fear of the police and the criminal justice system. For example, it is not always clear whether cases were “lost” or “dropped”. Dropped cases are those where either the police or prosecutor makes a clear and explicit decision not to proceed with a case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The situation is similar in many developing countries. Worldwide, more than 46 percent of people ages 60 and older live with a disability,101 and whether living with a disability or not, 15-30 percent of older people live alone or with no adult of working age.102 Abuse of older people is quite extensive. Particularly in countries with a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS, grandparents are usually the ones caring for AIDS orphans.104 The situation is similar for migrants. Some 69 percent of Bolivian migrants who moved to Spain left their children at home, usually with grandparents. Structural vulnerabilities are often manifested through deep inequalities and widespread poverty, which are associated with horizontal or group inequalities based on socially recognized and constructed group membership.106 Structural vulnerabilities are perpetuated by exclusion, low human development and people’s position in society, reducing their ability to cope with downside risks and shocks. And even if laws do not explicidy discriminate, the absence of effective policies can leave people excluded and vulnerable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The VGGS promotes the restructuring of the economy and improving economic institutions towards more efficient use of natural resources, thus strengthening the competitiveness of the economy. To achieve the three objectives, the VGGS defines “strategic tasks” and “targets” and lays out 17 “policy solutions”, while the VGGAP sets out 66 “activities” corresponding to the 17 policy solutions. Each activity in the VGGAP, in turn, also defines timeframes, a lead government institution and supporting institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Models such as this can enable planners, designers, and decision-makers with the information needed to assess vulnerabilities in infrastructure systems and make decisions based on likely scenarios and create high resilience infrastructure as well as plan for swift repair and recovery. In fact, all of our lives have already been touched by machine learning in one way or another and the future will bring many more applications into our daily lives. Recommendations for products from websites like Amazon and Netflix, sentiment analysis of social media embedded into several products, and Google and Tesla's self-driving cars, are just a few examples of machine learning algorithms at play. Using algorithms that iteratively learn from data, machine learning allows computers to find hidden insights without being explicitly programmed where to look71.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article unpacks the jurisprudential footprints of international criminal courts and tribunals in domestic civil litigation in the United States conducted under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS). The ATS allows victims of human rights abuses to file tort-based lawsuits for violations of the laws of nations. While diverse, citations to international cases and materials in ATS adjudication cluster around three areas: (1) aiding and abetting as a mode of liability, (2) substantive legal elements of genocide and crimes against humanity, and (3) the availability of corporate liability. The limited capacity of international criminal courts and tribunals portends that domestic tort claims as avenues for redress of systematic human rights abuses will likely grow in number. The experiences of US courts of general jurisdiction as receivers of international criminal law instruct upon broader patterns of transnational legal migration and reveal an unanticipated extracurricular legacy of international criminal courts and tribunals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Fishing is frequently portrayed as a male domain, but when the whole fishing cycle is taken into account, actually some 47% of the workforce is female. Climate change is especially threatening to coastal communities and fishing livelihoods. " Downstream" effects on fishing sector activities such as post-harvest work are often not taken into account.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It both violates and impairs or nullifies the enjoyment by women of their human rights and fundamental freedoms. In all societies, to a greater or lesser degree, women and girls arc subjected to physical, sexual and psychological abuse that cuts across lines of income, class and culture. Hie low social and economic status of women can be both a cause and a consequence of this violence.1 Violence against women throughout their life cycle is a manifestation of the historically unequal power relations between women and men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Before 1994 Eskom was responsible for the electrification of the country. Eskom held a state-supported monopoly and would electrify an area upon instruction from the government or connect a consumer if the consumer would pay. There was systematic neglect of full service delivery to the Coloured, Black and Asian communities. In 1994, after the first free election was held, it was estimated that approximately 6 million households (Department of Energy, 2009b) were without electricity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
That year, high-income countries had the highest material footprint per capita (approximately 27 metric tons per person), 60 per cent higher than the upper-middle-income countries (17 metric tons per person) and more than 13 times the level of low-income countries (2 metric tons per person). The material footprint of high-income countries is greater than their domestic material consumption, indicating that consumption in those countries relies on materials from other countries through international supply chains. On a per-capita basis, high-income countries rely on 9.8 metric tons of primary materials extracted elsewhere in the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The United Kingdom has also developed a methodology to monitor the impact of GHG emission reductions of its International Climate Finance programme. The complexities and difficulties in developing these systems has been a significant challenge, in particular for measuring benefits of adaptation and impacts of strengthening domestic policy and institutional frameworks. Interviewees from all three groups mentioned that countries’ ability to access and readiness to absorb finance from dedicated climate funds (e.g. the Adaptation Fund, Climate Investment Funds and Green Climate Fund) is an important element for the effective allocation, uptake and timely delivery of international climate finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Evidence suggests considerable progress has been made. However, the 100% and 95% controlled disposal rates in highland upper-middle income countries respectively are in stark contrast with rates that are often well below 50% in low-income countries, and 0% controlled disposal is still relatively common in rural areas in many countries. In lower-income countries, waste disposal is often in the form of uncontrolled dumpsites with open burning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Self management fisheries of Korea newly systemized the traditional management of fishing community focusing on fishing village communities. In this system, fishermen communities make voluntary decisions for them to manage and use available resources. Such community-based management fisheries can be linked with fish stock rebuilding plan to actively reflect the opinions of fishermen in establishing the plans and to obtain active participation and co-operation of fishermen in management. In particular, it is advantageous in that the efficacy of FSRP can be maximized through voluntary acceptance of restrictions for resource recovery and self control on unlawful fishing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The Nordic countries’ changing constitutional scenery is a largely unexplored paradise for theory building in the field of comparative constitutional law and politics. As the articles in this symposium illustrate, the Nordic countries provide what is, arguably, a most fitting test case for examining the impact of transnational law on domestic constitutionalism, with its patterns of global convergence alongside enduring national divergence. Likewise, the Nordic experience calls for the incorporation of comparative politics or political economy theory into the study of constitutional law. This is particularly true with respect to the empirical examination of some core insights of post–World War II constitutional theory concerning the origins of constitutionalization and judicial review and the supposedly critical role of the latter in facilitating democracy and high levels of human development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, household surveys provide little information on who benefits from these services and imputation rules reflect mainly demographic factors (age, sex and the presence of children). They do not account for whether these benefits are means-tested or for the actual use of these services. Further work to better understand the impact of in-kind transfers on income distribution would be an important addition to the existing literature on income redistribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Closing this gap would yield welfare gains for individual women and society as a whole. This view is supported by many studies based on small samples and self-reported answers (OECD/EC, 2017). However, Saridakis etal. ( Such differences can be explained in part by different motivations and the different sectors in which women entrepreneurs operate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It addresses ongoing and future water risks and identifies what complementary role governments may play in that setting. Water risks that farmers face exogenously—which will be denoted as exogenous risks—including those related to climate change and competing water demand on which an individual farmer (and food company) has limited effect. In contrast, endogenous water risks are risks to which an individual fanner (or company) contributes, e.g. nutrient runoffs leading to water pollution or intensive groundwater use leading to aquifer depletion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In particular, this study additionally considers biofuel budgetary support in Argentina and China. Not included are mandates at state or provincial levels. It should also be noted that the OECD Database has partial country coverage only and hence excludes biofuel support policies, including mandates, in other countries. More specifically this study considers biofuel mandates in Argentina and Malaysia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As a result, regular appraisal results would no longer be connected to salary bonuses. Internationally, individuals within the school generally conduct developmental appraisals because they are more familiar with the teacher and their school context, and are best placed to provide ongoing feedback (Santiago and Benavides, 2009). Romania will need to address the involvement of the school board as an appraising body, the lack of opportunities for one-on-one appraisals, and the limited role played by the principal if its regular appraisals are to become more developmental.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These are highly internationalised technology leaders in niche markets. Though the number of these firms is small (100-300, depending on the exact definition), they are a salient feature of the Austrian business innovation system. International comparison show's that relative to country size, Austria hosts among the highest number of such frontrunners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A final analysis in Figure 8.8 which takes into account both factors shows that on average across countries language and foreign qualification account for two thirds of the initial gap in literacy proficiency between similar foreign-bom and native-born persons. The educational background of parents is defined as the highest educational level between the mother and the father. A person’s education and the educational background of the parents are positively correlated wdth assessed skills but also with each other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Administrative hurdles are also suspending development in Indonesia, where project delays are attributed to the long process and difficulties in obtaining permits. According to Yuliani (2016), investors in Indonesia convey that the many additional costs and delays incurred by the various permits that must be obtained before they become operational are eroding the profitability of renewable energy projects. It is therefore essential to simplify the licence procedures and co-ordinate the responsibilities among different institutions in order to enhance the effectiveness of the renewable energy policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Unlike in other countries with ultra-Orthodox Jewish communities, for example Belgium, United Kingdom and the United States, in Israel the majority of adult ultra-Orthodox Jewish men remain outside of the labour force and are engage in fulltime religious study. Public policy supports this lifestyle by means of exemptions from military service, stipends for religious students and recently increased child allowances (OECD, 2009a, 2010a). Income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, increased from 0.25 in 1975 to 0.33 in 2003 (with strong growth since then until 2009, is likely to have increased further) (OECD, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They can be broadly distinguished by their focus on physical subsistence, basic needs, and relative deprivation. More recent developments try to extend dimensions of welfare (including wealth or time) or combine multiple aspects of poverty into one single measure. The notion of merely physical subsistence has influenced scientific practice and international and national policies for over 100 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The relationship between political theory, including the history of political thought, and International Relations theory, including the history of international thought, has been, and to some extent remains, complex and troubled. On both sides of the Atlantic, the mid-twentieth century founders of International Relations as an academic discipline drew extensively on the canon of political thought, but approached the subject in an uncritical way, while political philosophers largely disdained the international as a focus. This changed in the 1970s and 1980s, with the emergence of the ‘justice industry’ based on critiques of Rawls’ A Theory of Justice and a consequent recovering of the past history of cosmopolitan and communitarian thought. A new discourse emerged in this period – International Political Theory – bridging the gap between political thought and international relations and stimulating a far more creative and scholarly approach to the history of international thought. However, in a social scie...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The infamous term “three-day-week” was coined during the 1984 “winter of discontent” when the UK coal miners went on strike. Gittus thus unwittingly highlights that fact that domestic energy resources do not necessarily outperform imported energy resources with respect to the security of energy supply. His own statistics confirm that the longest significant energy supply interruption in the United Kingdom was precisely due to the 1984 strike (Gittus, 2004: p. 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)