albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Well-advised policies and strategies backed by strong research programmes will be of paramount importance in overcoming production constraints. Especially in more-affluent markets, consumers are increasingly requiring high standards of quality assurance and demanding guarantees that the fish they purchase are produced sustainably. Stringent quality- and safety-related import standards, together with requirements for products meeting international animal health and environmental standards and social responsibility requirements, might act as barriers to small-scale fish producers and operators attempting to penetrate international markets and distribution channels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
But on its own such training may be too narrow to meet the interests of students (Cornford and Gunn, 1998, Kilpatrick, Hamilton and Falk, 2001, Smits, 2006). Even if a firm has an interest in providing high quality training, their interest may differ from those of students (Smits, 2006). According to the classical economic argument, in a perfect market firms have no incentives to provide transferable skills, as employees might then move to another company and the company that provided the training will not benefit from it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
U.S. Supreme Court opinion on constitutionality of statute implementing Berne Convention on literary and artistic works
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While LLDCs lack direct access to the sea, which often makes international connectivity more expensive, many SIDS have numerous islands and some are very small with few inhabitants. Some LDCs a re very rural, and others have large, sparsely populated land areas, which makes the rollout of terrestrial communication infrastructure more difficult. The 2015 review of the LDC inclusion threshold was set at US$ 1,035.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This is the approach used for one-off and biobanking offsets where prices are determined through the exchange process. The other is to require payments in-lieu from firms which cause biodiversity loss through development projects and then use the proceeds of the payment to meet the environmental objectives of the scheme. Each approach has different consequences for the evolution of offset prices and the overall cost-effectiveness of outcomes. In general, the level of competition in the offsets exchange process plays a central role in the cost-effectiveness of outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Household food insecurity, its determinants and consequences [20] adapted from Habicht et al. [ The relationship between poverty and food insecurity is complex. For instance, in the United States in 2013 more than 55% of poor households (those below 100% of the Federal Poverty Line (FPL)) were food secure, and 24% of all food-insecure households had incomes at or exceeding 185% of the FPL [calculated from 22]. The relationships between poverty and food insecurity vary across contexts and population groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is hoped that the large scale of the pilot project, the partnerships developed and the high level of support received thus far will help to embed the principles of ecological infrastructure within those institutions responsible for water security. This will provide evidence for the approach, which if successful, could then be expanded to other catchments within South Africa, and could influence broader policies related to water management, water pricing, land use management and regulation. Due to aridity, only approximately 12% of the country’s land area is suitable for planted crops, which include primarily maize, wheat, sugar cane and sunflowers (GCIS, 2014). However, much of the remaining land area is used as glazing land for cattle and sheep.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
ABSTRACT Deliberative democracy has been promoted as a way of improving legitimacy and political equality. This article seeks to understand how deliberation takes place within the intersection of two unique spaces: regional civil society groups in the Caribbean and communication in online forums. Specifically, I explore how various forms of participant diversity influence deliberation. Using both content analysis and interview data, I argue that occupational and country diversity contribute to the use of reasoned arguments. The results suggest that online deliberative spaces could be useful in international public policy arenas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The 2011 Budget also included measures to improve teacher quality. These reforms go in the right direction but may take time to deliver benefits and should therefore be monitored closely. On-the-job training helps students acquire the skills required by employers. In this area, the Swedish system lacks flexibility and co-operation between schools on the one hand, and employer and labour market institutions on the other hand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Assuming that 5 million workers were paid less than THB300 per day before the wage increase,d the scenario analysis indicates that employment growth would accelerate by up to 0.6 of percentage point by 2015, while real GDP growth would increase by 0.7 of percentage point above the level without the minimum wage increase (see figure C). More importantly, the initial adjustment costs, the reason for which minimum wage laws are often criticised, are likely to be insignificant. The net negative impacts on employment and GDP growth are estimated at just under 0.1 of percentage point in 2013, implying that an increase in labour costs resulting from minimum wage increases would be offset by, or, in most cases, dominated by positive employment impacts due to a boost in domestic consumer demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The same characteristics that make cities socially and economically progressive spaces also generate complex environmental and social challenges that can only be met by active public interventions at multiple scales, at the household (e.g. housing subsidies), city (e.g. planning) and national levels (e.g. trade and employment policies). If these challenges arc not dealt with effectively, the welfare of individuals, communities and entire nations can suffer. These are no inevitable consequences of rapid urban population growth, rather, they are a consequence of political and institutional failure that inhibits effective urban planning, policymaking, investment and regulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As a result of lower earnings in the middle of the income distribution, the median income has fallen, thus resulting in a lower poverty threshold and less poverty in relative terms. Individuals that used to be poor in 2009 may have ceased to be so in 2012, not due to an improvement in their incomes, but simply because the poverty threshold declined together with median incomes. Seasonally adjusted harmonised unemployment rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For instance, across OECD countries, eight out of ten students report that their teachers tell them what they have to learn in every lesson, and seven out of ten students have teachers who ask questions in every lesson to check that students understand what they are learning. However, according to students, this practice is used only occasionally, as fewer than one in three students in OECD countries report that their teachers use this practice frequently in their lessons. Figure 3.4 shows the reported frequency of both teacher-directed and student-oriented instructional strategies for mathematics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Statistical Office (Monstat) states that 79 per cent of households were served in 2011. Municipalities report data on MSW management to Monstat but, due to the lack of waste management infrastructure (weighbridges), reported data on collected MSW, especially older data, may be of lower quality. An overview of MSW management data is shown in table 8.3. These may include street cleaning, road, park and cemetery maintenance, paid parking service, and quarry operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Bob Jessop is Distinguished Professor of Sociology at Lancaster University, United Kingdom. He has worked for many years on theories of the state and state power, critical political economy (including the regulation theory), critical realism, critical discourse analysis, and questions of governance and governance failure. He currently holds a 3-year professorial research fellowship from the Economic and Social Research Council (UK) to study the crisis of crisis-management in relation to the N...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Rising oil prices in recent years meant that ethanol production costs became cheaper than world oil prices after 2004. Flexible fuel engines have been highly successful, reaching 81 per cent of the light-vehicle registrations by 2008 (Brazil, Associagao Nacional dos Fabricantes de Vefculos Automotores, 2008). In this context, it should be noted that, in January 2009, gasoline prices were again lower than ethanol production costs owing to the global recession, but this had again been reversed by January 2011. In 2007, the United States Congress passed a bill that mandated the production of 140 billion litres of corn ethanol by 2022, which would be equal to about 13 per cent of United States gasoline demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While the central FAB may allow cultivating other crops than paddy on paddy land, it should conduct close scrutiny to ensure that “rice self-sufficiency is not diminished as rice is the staple crop” and regional/state FABs should “constantly supervise crop change cultivation to ensure food self-sufficiency”. If these conditions are breached, the land use right holder should pay a fine, remove the buildings built without permission or be evicted. If he does not comply, he should be imprisoned for a period ranging from six months to two years. It should not be mortgaged, given, sold, leased or transferred without government approval.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Access to dialysis treatment or a kidney transplant can be more limited in remote communities, because there are no hospitals in proximity to these areas, or there may be difficulties in accessing transportation to travel to health services. However, in 2011, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with kidney disease were less likely to receive a functioning kidney transplant than their non-Indigenous counterparts (13% compared with 47%) (AIHW, 2014b). It is estimated there were 21 370 new cases of end-stage kidney disease in Australia between 2003 and 2007, about 21 new cases per 100 000 population. In all age groups up to 60 years, more than 90% of cases were treated, but the rate fell substantially among older age groups. Data provided for five jurisdictions suggest the age-standardised ratio of treatment rates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians was 0.96, indicating that Indigenous Australians had slightly lower treatment rates (AIHW, 2011). Between 2007 and 2011, they were most likely to die from circulatory conditions (26% of all Indigenous deaths), followed by cancer (19%) and external causes such as suicides, falls, transport accidents and assaults (15%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Though less is known about the impact of unintended parenthood on young fathers, the limited evidence we have suggests that effects on their earnings potential are also negative. All capitalized on their potential demographic dividends through economic policies as well as social investments in health, education and gender equality. Girls’ enrolment rates in secondary school increased substantially from 1965 to 1980, and gender inequities in enrolments diminished. Trends towards fewer children and later marriage resulted in more women entering the work force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The erratic issuance of rice export quotas18 creates uncertainty, thereby adding a risk premium and undermining Myanmar’s reliability as a rice supplier. This lowers export prices as compared to other exporters, even for rice of the same quality (HKS, 2010). The stock requirements set at 10 000 tonnes of stored rice (in addition to rice to be exported) have been lowered to 5 000 tonnes, but it means that traders still need over USD 1 million in inventory at present prices (HKS, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
We act as a platform for discussion and prenegotiation of policy issues across all transport modes. We analyse trends, share knowledge and promote exchange among transport decision-makers and civil society. The ITF's Annual Summit is the world's largest gathering of transport ministers and the leading global platform for dialogue on transport policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This research solicited the views of criminology and criminal justice scholars regarding the most significant books in the field. Overall, the research found that the work of early theorists such as Beccaria and Lombroso were considered among the classic works in the discipline. Scholars associated with the Chicago School of Sociology (Sutherland, Shaw, and McKay) also produced books that received considerable nominations. In more recent times, books devoted to social control theory received the most nominations. In general, the research contributed to the nearly three decade‐long attempt to identify the key publications in the field.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, wheat, rice, and cooking oil - products that are imported on the African continent - exhibit lower price volatility than the prices of domestically produced staples. Efforts to increase the tradability of these less traded commodities even regionally would help to lower their high domestic price volatility. Specific data on policy changes may be the most informative. In a study of 14 developing countries, Balzer (2013) notes that in 2007-08 export restrictions were applied to food staples by eight (China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Malawi, Viet Nam and Zambia), import tariffs on one or more staples were waived by five (Bangladesh, Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria and Senegal).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Every employer is required to apply the measures needed to effectively protect the life, safety and health of its workers, for which it must provide suitable premises, provide work equipment and adopt methods aimed at reducing and eliminating occupational hazards in the workplace. Specifies the just causes that allow the worker to terminate the employment relationship, with entitlement to compensation for unfair dismissal. The wage is unattachable up to the amount of the legal minimum wage. Also unattachable, among other things, is the full amount of the sums received by the worker in respect of retirement and pensions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The major thrust of this essay lies on appraising ‘whether there exist a right to withdrawal from United Nations’. It summarizes those exceptional circumstances when that right could be exercised and also lays the bare procedure which ought to be kept in mind while exercising this right, as it cannot be unilaterally exercised. The role of Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties, 1969 and Customary International Law has also been appreciated in context of giving meaning as well as dimension to this unique concept. The charter of United Nations is also juxtaposed with some well-known treaties, so as to infer what practices are laid down, in reference to this subject, under those treaties. Though many path breaking scholarly work have been completed, on this subject, but finality to this debate seems to be ongoing and never ending, especially in light of no concrete legislation in this regards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All monetary' amounts are expressed in 2010 constant dollars. Model results were found to be within the ranges reported in the literature and in conformance with the theoretical expectation that small firms would have a more elastic demand for health insurance than would larger firms. Sensitivity analysis, where different combinations of potential covariates were used to estimate firm utility, was undertaken and the base case model specification was determined to be the most appropriate. A sensitivity analysis was undertaken where the probability of offering a new insurance option (one of the options available through the new insurance exchanges) estimated from the model was adjusted downward to match other estimates in the literature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Where local government are responsible for a greater share of own source revenues, they face a distinct pressures to increase their local tax bases. Depending on the nature of local taxation, this can lead to a push for residential expansion in order to increase the amount of property taxes available to a municipality, or attracting businesses to the area in order to increase business tax contributions. Both Nantes and Saint-Nazaire are increasingly relying on own source revenues to fund operating expenditures. In Nantes, the contribution of local taxes to total operating expenditures between 2009 and 2014 increased by 16% while in Saint-Nazaire it increased by 22% (Figure 3.9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
To find an explanation of existing barriers and recommend alternative or additional measures, this article will be focused on the issue of the development potential of remittances in North and Central Asian countries in several ways. First, it is crucial to identify what kind of development impact is expected from remittances. At the microeconomic level, the development impact of remittances is evaluated from the perspective of improving the financial well-being of receiving households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The annual land take in 36 European countries was about 1 120 km2 in 2000-06. In the 21 countries for which data are available for both 1990-2000 and 2000-06, the annual land take was 9% higher in the second period. The composition of the land areas taken changed from pasture and mosaic farmland to arable land and permanent crops, and to more forests, grasslands and open spaces. The results show that geographic information data are a key and underexploited resource for monitoring the state of local environmental assets in regions and cities of different sizes and for producing internationally comparable indicators with the largest possible coverage of OECD and non-OECD countries. However, a more detailed picture of the distribution of natural vegetation within countries, obtained by superimposing the MODIS Land Cover dataset onto boundaries of small regions, shows that inter-regional differences are higher than 60 percentage points in half of the 38 countries considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Innovation policies also need to be consistent over time by using a portfolio approach with a long-term perspective. Driven by this insight, applied economic research on external effects, externalities or social costs have frequently taken the electricity sector as a starting point. In the 1990s and early 2000s, a series of broad, well-funded studies with dozens of high-level experts from different fields took on the full costs of electricity. Many of the results produced from these studies remain relevant today. While estimates of social costs inevitably display large uncertainties, the studies converged in the identification of key problem areas. However, decision makers never properly implemented the policy conclusions from these studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Pharmaceutical companies do not always seek patent protection in every country, due to, inter alia, a perceived lack of market size. Therefore, it is possible that in some countries, despite the existence of a national patent law, certain pharmaceutical substances remain off-patent and may be freely used, made and imported in that country. Should the original inventor change his/her mind seek patent protection at a later point, the application would be rejected for lack of novelty if the substance at issue has been made available to the public prior to the filing of the patent application.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Further, the implementation of European Development Fund (EDF) programmes has been hampered as a result of lack of national level support, co-ordination and communication for regional level priorities. Moreover, the integration of aid with the negotiation of trade agreements creates the potential for conflicts of interest, as the perception of aid being tied to negotiation outcomes is hard to avoid if the donor is also one of the parties to the trade negotiation. The North-South corridor in Africa and the Greater Mekong Initiative in Southeast Asia serve as examples. The North-South corridor provides the physical and institutional support for the movement of goods, services and people in three overlapping developing regions and common markets: the East African Community (EAC) Common Market, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In recent years, there is a growing use of algorithmic law enforcement by online intermediaries. Algorithmic enforcement by private intermediaries is located at the interface between public law and private ordering. It often reflects risk management and commercial interests of online intermediaries, effectively converging law enforcement and adjudication powers, at the hands of a small number of mega platforms. At the same time, algorithmic governance also plays a critical role in shaping access to online content and facilitating public discourse. Yet, online intermediaries are hardly held accountable for algorithmic enforcement, even though they may reach erroneous decisions. Developing proper accountability mechanisms is hence vital to create a check on algorithmic enforcement. Accordingly, relying on lessons drawn from algorithmic copyright enforcement by online intermediaries, this chapter demonstrates the accountability deficiencies in algorithmic copyright enforcement, maps the barriers for algorithmic accountability and discusses various strategies for enhancing accountability in algorithmic governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Police violence is not uncommon in America, and the risk of civilians’ being killed by police is considerably higher here than in similar countries, making it a major public health issue. For Black Americans the risk is significantly higher. In this study, we analyze the political determinants of police killings of Black Americans, with a specific focus on corruption in American states. Our evidence suggests that police can kill Black Americans with impunity because of a lack of accountability – exemplified by corruption – that is largely determined by political influences. Our findings point to ways in which the responsibility for police violence and killings is deeply rooted and influenced by the values of the wider society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Consequently, there is a significant gap in objectives between the urban and rural elements of the metropolitan region. This suggests that a collaborative agreement to jointly manage development in a way that provides benefits to both Prague and the proximate municipalities would be in every party’s interest. Prague’s 2008 update of the Strategic Plan articulates this as a major priority, it recommends forging stronger links between Prague and Central Bohemia through the creation of a permanent working group on transboundary development (Stanilovand Sykora, 2014: 155). Meanwhile, Central Bohemia’s Regional Development Program (2006, updated 2009) articulates similar goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)