albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Gender gaps are statistically significant for all countries except for Ireland and Spain, when relying on friends, and excepts for Luxembourg and Slovenia, when relying on the partner/spouse. In Panel B countries are ranked in descending order of male-to-female ratio getting social support from spouse/partner when looking for psychological help. Gender gaps are statistically significant for all countries. The gap between partner’s and friends’ support is largest in TUrkey, in Slovenia and in East-European countries such as Estonia, Poland and the Slovak Republic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Yet at the same time it poses clear risks to the provision of equitable and sustainable mobility for all. These risks include replacing well-understood business models and the regulatory framework governing them with a greater reliance on services whose business models are in flux and whose long-term financial robustness is not yet proven. There is also a risk that a shift in service from traditional public transport to ride services could lead to a loss of travel options for those with mobility impediments since ride services currently do not face the same accessibility requirements as public transport. Other risks could include increased congestion and environmental degradation and an erosion of equitable access opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In a purposeful effort to encourage the employment of locals, the authorities have been providing extra hours of domestic help if households choose an Israeli carer. However, this is thought to have had only a modest impact. Given that there remain substantial pockets of low-skill Israeli labour with hitherto weak attachment to the labour force and plenty of potential carers in neighbouring economies, the continuing heavy dependence on foreign workers from far afield does suggest that further re-balancing is required. Furthermore, health promotion and education has to play a key role in narrowing inequalities in health outcomes, as they are to some extent driven by differences in lifestyle, diet, awareness of medical issues and attitudes towards accessing medical services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The latter would involve school providers allocating individual schools the amount dictated by the formula, eliminating their discretion in the distribution to individual schools, perhaps allowing a margin of flexibility, e.g. 5%-10%, to ensure horizontal equity. In other words, school providers would have very limited flexibility to shift resources across schools but great flexibility in deciding how to spend resources in each school, which could serve as the platform for giving schools more autonomy. A transparent mechanism to which all public schools in need of support have access is imperative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, as taxi markets are increasingly disrupted by ride service companies, there is an increasing realisation that public transport may be next and that authorities must re-evaluate their stance on the whole mobility ecosystem in a unified and coherent manner. There are many reasons that this will not necessarily be straightforward, not least of which is that some see emerging mobility services, and ride services in particular, as increasingly competing in the same space as public transport (and potentially for certain pedestrian and cycling trips). This, if true, would certainly counter stated policy objectives for many public authorities and would require strong action to prevent such a loss. This framing of the question - ride services and public transport competing for a uniform, fixed and possibly even shrinking market, however, belies the reality in many cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In particular, small farmers and indigenous communities are still under-represented, and greater participation of irrigation districts and units would contribute to the sustainability of catchments and the balance of aquifers. River basin organisations and river basin councils report to different constituencies and there are only limited platforms to share concerns and take consistent and mutually beneficial decisions. Coordination is currently undertaken on an ad hoc basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is key for a life of dignity for billions of people around the globe." Given that assessing vulnerability entails a predictive quality that consists of conceptualizing "what may happen" to a specific unit of concern under conditions of particular risk and hazards,4 the analysis aims to estimate the impact on vulnerable population groups in a context of scarce water resources, based on identifying mechanisms and measures that have already been put in place by local populations in different target areas. For example, water scarcity that results in crop failure could affect women and men differently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
During the first trading period (2005-07), there was an excess supply of allowances in Portugal, as throughout the whole system. Emissions by Portuguese entities were verified as 89% of Portugal’s allocation. Overall, during the first trading period there was less pressure to abate GHG emissions on the trading sectors than on the non-trading ones (IEA, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Unfortunately, patients do not generally have long-term relationships with a primary care provider. Instead, they face an almost unconstrained choice of provider and can choose between western and oriental medicine. While there is notionally a requirement to have a referral from a family medicine specialist or a general medical practitioner prior to visiting a tertiary hospital, gatekeeping is not strictly enforced and patients have relatively easy access to tertiary hospitals and their specialists (Chun et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
New information and communication technologies can make a significant contribution to the achievement of good governance goals. This 'e-governance' can make governance more efficient and more effective, and bring other benefits too. This paper outlines the three main contributions of e-governance: improving government processes (e-administration), connecting citizens (e-citizens and e-services), and building external interactions (e-society). Case studies are used to show that e-governance is a current, not just future, reality for developing countries. However, most e-governance initiatives fail. Countries therefore face two challenges. First, the strategic challenge of e-readiness: preparing six identified pre-conditions for e-governance. Second, the tactical challenge of closing design — reality gaps: adopting best practice in e-governance projects in order to avoid failure and to achieve success. A vision for change is therefore outlined of which more details are given in a related paper.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Poor people are not just victims of a misallocation of resources. They rather lack, or are denied, the resources needed to fulfil social demands and observe the customs and laws of society. This realisation led to the development of "relative deprivation" approach, under which a threshold in each dimension of poverty is envisaged, according to prevailing social norms, below which withdrawal or exclusion from active membership of society is common. Relative measures are most frequently used in wealthier societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Most of the meters that are installed are for whole apartment blocks, and distributed water is then billed on an equal per capita basis. Individual metering exists mainly for water supply and sanitation outside the household sector. Given that most households’ water supply is not metered at all, payments due for water supply and sanitation are calculated on the basis of the established price per cbm and an established "norm” of water consumption in terms of litres per capita per day (led).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The culprits are overconsumption by the rich, irrespective of which country they belong to, and the design, production and promotion of plainly unsustainable products. The impact, however, is greatest on lower income groups, as illustrated in below. Produced capital refers to wealth from the production of goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
They add up to a demanding framework as the OECD proposes that all of them should inform practice and design, whether in schools or in wider settings and systems. Instead, working on one or two - on engagement and emotions, say, or personalisation or formative feedback or horizontal connectedness - can provide the channel through which to drive the others. The tools outlined in this chapter recognise this need for prioritisation. The learning environment should actively engage all students and develop in them the capacity to understand themselves as learners with the necessary strategies to be able to leam more effectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The creation of Boards of Trustees opens up avenues for improved transparency and reporting procedures at the school level, but their roles are still unclear. Additional funds need to be spent wisely and go alongside improving the efficiency of public funds’ use. Investments should be prioritised to the early educational years as well as to equity- and quality-enhancing aspects. Another priority should be the strengthening of the performance monitoring and accountability mechanisms in the education system. Also, the budget envelope should be increased only slowly, in parallel with the increase of the capacity of the system to absorb new programmes and new approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Commission argued that the logic of globalization was driving countries into “a race to the bottom” on welfare in a bid to attract mobile international capital. It called for employment-centred economic growth to generate the resources to finance the long run expansion of social protection, and maintained that a deregulated global economy could not guarantee stable incomes or decent working conditions (ibid.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
ABSTRACTThis article addresses language rights as a legitimate political tool for language policy scholarship and activism. The article begins by engaging several critiques of language rights. It analyzes Ruiz’s language-as-right orientation to language policy, and then reviews recent scholarship challenging language rights from poststructural and postcolonial positions. The first part of the article argues that, despite considerable differences in theoretical orientation, these critiques of language rights come to a similar conclusion: that a rights-based approach to language policy deepens divisions based on language, rather than overcoming them. The second part of the article outlines a political economy approach to framing language rights. The article closes with a specific case of language education policy in Canada. This case provides an example of a political-economic approach to language rights both an analytical method and a political strategy for language policy activism
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Despite numerous studies identifying a broad range of harms associated with the use of spanking and other types of physical punishment, debate continues about its use as a form of discipline. In this commentary, we recommend four strategies to move the field forward and beyond the spanking debate including: 1) use of methodological approaches that allow for stronger causal inference, 2) consideration of human rights issues, 3) a focus on understanding the causes of spanking and reasons for its decline in certain countries, and 4) more emphasis on evidence-based approaches to changing social norms to reject spanking as a form of discipline. Physical punishment needs to be recognized as an important public health problem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is a clear violation of Article 9 of the CEDAW since although this article does not guarantee women the right to choose their nationality nor that of their children, it gives them same rights as men to pass on their nationality. Their children, deprived of the nationality of their mother, will be considered as foreigners in their own country and will be deprived of all the privileges granted to citizens, such as healthcare, free education, access to employment, etc. They will also need to acquire a residency permit, w'hich must be renewed annually.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The advantage could be some spectrum saving, or in turn, some increased capacity for broadcasting. [ Some of these devices also work with DVB-T/T2. The use of UPnP allows more types of media device to be reached, independent of their operating system. The general principle is illustrated in Figure 10.2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Against the background of Malawi having had no councilors since the second quarter of 2005, this article aims at establishing the effects of the absence of councilors on the promotion of accountability as a tenet of good governance as espoused in the National Decentralization Policy. Adopting a mixed research design with a strong bias towards qualitative research methodologies, the article finds out that in the absence of councilors, observance of accountability by local governments has been negatively affected. The article argues that in the absence of councilors there has been reversal of accountabilities whereby horizontal accountability has been given more emphasis than vertical accountability, having a secretariat that is both a decision-maker and implementer of decisions has been a recipe for abuse of power, and interim mechanisms and emerging institutions responsible for advocating accountability are limited and a mockery of good governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper, written for a conference at the Radcliffe Institute, analyzes the state of immigrant incorporation in the U.S. in the post-9/11 era. After identifying the pivotal legal and political developments in immigration policy during the last decade, I discuss five elements of the incorporation phenomenon: (1) public attitudes toward immigration and (what is not always the same) toward immigrants, as well as the diversity that immigration brings to American life, (2) the role that affirmative action and other public benefits play in the incorporation of immigrants, (3) the role of federalism in structuring immigrant incorporation, (4) emergent notions of citizenship, and (5) the nature and extent of immigrant assimilation. The analysis includes some comparative references to recent developments in Canada and western Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, despite the world economic downturn, 2009 total investments in clean energy declined by only 6.6 % from the year before, reaching 162 USD billions globally (Pew 2010). Moreover, the trend set in 2008, when the clean energy sector investment outperformed investment in fossil-fuel technologies for the first time, persisted through 2009. In comparison, according to the World Energy Outlook 2009 (IEA 2009a), the global oil and gas industry had investment declines of 19 percent in 2009. Venture capital and private equity financing have been contributing least (7% in the period 2004-2009) to investment in renewable energy, followed by the public equity markets (14%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The public sector offers better benefits (leave, pension and childcare services), higher job security, as well as shorter and more flexible working hours than the private sector. Most public sector jobs in the region now offer a secure and socially acceptable work environment that allows for better reconciliation of professional and personal life than in the private sector, which is an important determining factor for women in choosing a job. Wages and benefits in the public sector are also often more competitive and attractive than in the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Energy efficiency standards for different types of equipment can be established and the best performing technologies identified. Fuel meters and other technologies that offer feedback to fishers regarding their energy performance have a proven track record and should be promoted. But new approaches will not always be automatically adopted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It expects to provide investors with an initial dividend yield of 6% on investment, which is evidently a sufficient incentive to attract institutional public investors. The fund closed its first acquisitions alongside the IPO, purchasing stakes in four wind farms from SSE in a deal worth about GBP 140 million. The UK GIB matched Greencoat’s investment in the Rhys Flats wind farm, buying a 24.95% stake in the project for GBP 57.5 million in the first time it has contributed direct equity to an offshore wind farm. The statement was co-ordinated by the four investor groups on climate change - Ceres’ Investor Network on Climate Risk (INCR) in the U.S., the European Institutional Investors Group on Climate Change (IIGCC), the Investors Group on Climate Change (IGCC) in Australia and New Zealand, and the Asia Investor Group on Climate (AIGCC) along with the United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI) and Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The report highlights where the corruption risks are highest and what regional variations exist across focus countries that enable such risks. The nature of corruption along the chain depends on the value of the cargo and the amount of profit to be made ’ (GA-01, 2017[g2|). These link to the particular position each country occupies within the global IWT supply chain. Supply chain movements range broadly from illegal sourcing of a wildlife product to localised transit and consolidation, prior to export and international transit towards destination states. First, the chapter examines the position of each country in the broader IWT chain and the corresponding corruption risks witnessed across them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The preschool stage is more integrated with school education, in terms of both curriculum and workforce qualification requirements. Each country approaches the training of care workers depending on its understanding of care quality. Some countries construe this care as being aligned with the education system and therefore seek curricular integration, requiring caregivers to have pedagogical training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For the commercial sector, policy objectives consist of boosting production, while making it more technologically advanced and sustainable. Policy towards family farming is predominantly driven by an equity rationale. The agricultural support programmes for both commercial and small farm segments use a broad range of instruments, including price support, concessional credit and insurance support. These are complemented by various regulations on land use, agricultural zoning requirements, regulations on biofuel use and organic production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Thus the emphasis for each country depends on its specific challenges and priorities. They do however provide illustrations of the progress that countries in a variety of situations have made towards sustainable development, and the challenges they have faced in practical implementation of their forest and woodland management programmes. The case studies were prepared by national experts and summarized in a common format.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, both male and female Mexicans engage in formal banking at rates less than half of the OECD average. Both men and women face challenges to growing their business in Mexico, including inadequate access to credit. However, self-employed men are more likely to be employers and to be formally registered in the tax and social security system. Self-employed women tend to be own-account w'orkers and are more likely to work informally, often as domestic workers or street vendors. Women fill 42% of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 33.6% in the Senate, compared to 22.6% and 17.2%, respectively, in 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This allows the parent company to pursue an “asset light” capital structure, freeing up the capital invested in plants so that Hyflux can develop new projects, which is where its managers see Hyflux’s greatest value added. It has concessions to operate these under 20-30 year contracts, with minimum off-take agreements for 45% of total output. Since its establishment, it has acquired stakes in four further project companies, including both water and wastewater treatment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Originally, it was meant to hold back part of the White Nile while the Blue Nile was flooding, and to control White Nile flooding (ANDRITZ Hydro, 2013). Egypt approved the project in 1914, but construction was delayed due to World War I. In 1919, the Sudan Construction Company resumed construction, although it halted from time to time due to post-war disputes. ( Wikipedia, 2016b) Gibson and Pauling Company (Foreign) Ltd. built the Jebel Aulia Dam between 1933 and 1937. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In light of the considerable increase in generation capacity that will be needed to achieve transformational energy access in LDCs, it would make little sense to decommission existing capacity or forgo related investment plans where these remain viable, irrespective of the technology used. It may, however, be desirable to improve or upgrade existing capacity to increase its efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions intensity (IPCC, 2014). As discussed in chapter 5, investments in electricity infrastructure have very long life cycles, which makes an appropriate and forward-looking choice of technologies for new capacity critical.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The paper seeks to analyze the effects of removal of Central Bank autonomy on the Nigerian Economy. It analysed the different types of autonomies Central Bank of any country can have and the nature of Autonomy the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) currently enjoys. The methodology adopted in the study is content analysis. The study draws the conclusion that it is extremely important from the fiscal and governance standpoint that the governor of the Central Bank should be able to act and speak independently of political authority and raise alarm and concerns, give constructive criticism and advice the Government when there is need for it. But also notes that full independence is not advisable because monetary policy is part and parcel of overall economic policy. The study recommends that important as the autonomy is, transparency and accountability are needed too. So the country should strike a balance between the two.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The close involvement these critical partners often determines the success of a biodiversity mainstreaming initiative, as the objective of biodiversity mainstreaming is to embed biodiversity considerations directly into the planning and operations of such production sectors. Through a strong community of practice in biodiversity planning, a number of biodiversity priority areas have been identified for terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems at various scales. Spatial biodiversity planning is conducted at national, provincial and municipal scale, and is based on best available biodiversity science including species distributions, climate change adaptation, ecosystem services and more. Avoided loss/degradation: By ensuring that biodiversity is properly considered during development planning and decision-making, loss of biodiversity priority areas can be prevented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)