albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Because context is key in the process of policy design and implementation, results may vary from one education system to another, and a specific policy from one country might not have similar results in another. Across many countries, greater decentralisation has devolved responsibilities to regional or local authorities, and schools and ministries of education and their related institutions have taken on a guiding and support role. This has affected policy-making dynamics and incentives for regional and local governments. In these systems, consistency, capacity and leadership at the municipality level are crucial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This should be done in tandem with institutional reforms to strengthen the effectiveness of market incentives although by virtue of raising the opportunity cost of offering exemptions or forgoing fee collection, raising prices will in itself strengthen the incentive to ensure that all water users meet their financial obligations. In response to water shortages farmers often resort to sinking tube wells, which facilitate access to groundwater, increasingly on a private rather than collective basis. The shift towards private ownership of these resources, which offer a finite supply of water, appears to promote more efficient as well as higher value added farming methods (Wang et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Secondary prevention thereby increases opportunities for less costly and invasive interventions in order to prevent the progression of the disease and the emergence of symptoms, or the "stock of illness”.30 Examples include screening for diseases such as TB, diabetes and breast cancer. One characteristic of secondary prevention is that it occurs before the diagnosis has been made. Often these early case detections involve laboratory and imaging services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As a result of fiscal stimulus and currency depreciation, inflation increased to 10% in 2015. Domestic demand would continue to support expansion, as merchandise exports and remittance inflows are likely to be weak amid low global prices for oil, gold and cotton as well as subdued economic activity in other subregional economies. Prudent macroeconomic management in past years, as reflected in favourable fiscal positions and large external buffers, helped to enhance the country’s ability to respond to external shocks. Nonetheless, further efforts are needed to accelerate privatization and promote a more diversified, private sector-led economy that can generate productive jobs and sustain inclusive growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In order to be successful, it is crucial that there is public awareness about the need to take measures as well as acceptance of the measures by society. Assessment of actual health effects also requires consideration of actual exposure, using exposure indicators next to assessment of air quality limit values. It is then up to the authorities to assess the actual situation to choose forthe measures that fits best to the local situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Multicultural education usually arises from a concern that schools prepare young people for constructive public participation as citizens in a diverse society that is struggling with equity issues. Conventional multicultural education, which I will critique, tends to assume a liberal conception of citizenship that is based on individualism and a simplistic analysis of how power works. I will argue that the growing reach of neoliberalism requires reframing multicultural education and citizenship education. Neoliberalism can be understood as a ‘restoration of elite power’ in which increased privatization and market competition is eroding a sense of the public, linking education more firmly to the needs of large corporations, and facilitating the flow of wealth and power to a small global elite. Multicultural education conceptualized as a political project of social justice that embraces a diverse public, and that links local with global struggles for equity and human rights, offers a potential counter-narra...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Surinamese Javanese diaspora includes distinct Surinamese Javanese communities living in Suriname and the Netherlands. Inspired by the success of diaspora policies launched by the Indian government recently the Indonesian and Surinamese governments have started to consider the introduction of similar initiatives. As a result the Surinamese Javanese diaspora has been confronted with requests to contribute more substantially to their homeland and contemplate “going back home.” This article argues that the Indonesian and Surinamese governments have no reason to set their expectations too high. Jakarta and Paramaribo are reluctant to take necessary legal action which negatively impacts the effectivity of their diaspora policy. Overall Surinamese Javanese in Suriname are unwilling to settle in Indonesia, whereas Surinamese Javanese in the Netherlands contemplating return to Suriname carefully weigh their chances. For most of them, family, friendship and community ties and concomitant socio-cultural, spiritual and religious motives override economic motives as pull factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Brazil, for example, contracts are signed between the National Water Agency (ANA), states and river basin committees (water pacts) to enable the joint implementation of water resource management instruments through the establishment of goals, activities and deadlines for each party. There are no exchanges of financial resources among the parties, each one being responsible for supporting the implementation of its activities in the pact. The results achieved are related to the reduction of compliance costs and the adoption of an integrated approach for the implementation of water resource management instruments in those river basins.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In response, international organizations such as the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have promoted the exchange of policy initiatives, action programmes and practices among member countries, industrial associations and academic institutions. For example, UNEP introduced cleaner production (CP), which promotes a shift from end-of-pipe treatment to pollution prevention, while the UNDP has appealed for environmentally sound technology in technology transfer programmes and assistance to developing countries. In the follow-up meeting after the Rio Declaration and Agenda 21, the International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP) was established as a collaborative platform for social scientists and policy-oriented academics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This paper begins by noting the centrality of the issue of working-class school failure within the sociology of education in Britain. It argues that recent government policies have taken insufficient account of sociological work on the impact of social class on educational success and failure. It also suggests that sociologists should pay more attention to middle-class education. The importance of this is illustrated through reference to research on the trajectories of pupils receiving different forms of secondary education. The paper then argues that social inclusion policies need to address a variety of forms of middle-class self-exclusion from mainstream public provision as well as working-class social exclusion. It concludes that education policy needs to be located within a broader social policy framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the emerging economies covered in this report, this type of policies already assumes a relatively important part in their expenditures on agriculture. On-going discussions in the G20 are also favouring a comprehensive set of actions to improve the global food and agriculture system in both the short and long term. Building on the success of past policy reforms that have restructured and improved the way support is delivered to the agricultural sector, designing these new frameworks provides a unique opportunity to further improve efficiency and equity of support and to invest in a strong and competitive agricultural sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This is typically a semi-formal value chain because prices are more attractive with a shorter value chain than those offered by processors. The animals may be slaughtered by the farmer himself and sold to a meat trader who will then sell it to a grocer or a restaurant. Cattle traders also buy live animals and organise slaughter. Individual farms sell cattle to feedlots and meat processing plants, and, like household producers, sell meat on the domestic market directly or through intermediaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The methodology for the surveys is available at: www.enterDrisesurvevs.ora/~7media/GIAWB/EnterDriseSurvevs/Documents/Misc/lndicator-DescriDtions.Pdf. Development cooperation can assist the private sector in identifying risks and opportunities presented by green growth and the transition to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy, as well as disseminate knowledge and stimulate preparedness on these topics. One clear finding is that there is currently no clear typology among the terms and definitions used to describe these activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
But, when a change in land use is desired then these regulations come into effect and the proposed new use may, or may not, be compatible with the regulations. In France, in every instance the landowner has to apply to the commune for permission to alter the use. Because land use plans in France are statutory they are subject to all the usual due process requirements applicable to any law'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The effect of education on participation is negative except at the graduate level, and slightly stronger on lower education levels. Having a graduate degree raises the probability of being in the labour force in urban regions. The absolute value of the effect moves around 16pp, but remains negative up to the secondary level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Lake Issyk-Kul, declines have also been linked to the introduction of perch-pike. Overcollection of wildflowers and medicinal plants close to towns and villages has led to substantial declines in these species. In many areas, tulip species (including Greig’s tulip), early crocuses and other plants have recently disappeared.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Iceland, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway had the lowest NEET rates in 2008 (4-6%), while the share of youth in NEET was the highest in Turkey and Mexico at 42% and 22%, respectively. Among NEET youth, two in three were already clearly outside the labour market, either because they had been unemployed for more than a year or were inactive and were not seeking employment. On average, the increase was 2 percentage points, a little more than half due to the increase in short-term unemployment (less than one year).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Data are available from the FAOSTAT-Forestry database (FAO, 2017d). Labelling also provides information for customers who want to buy sustainable forest products. In aggregating certification data from FSC and PEFC, account is taken of the double counting that can arise when certificates are required from both schemes due to different customer requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It is unclear, though, how effective this fund has been. In June 2009, the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) launched a project on "sustainable tourism" to raise awareness among entrepreneurs and travellers on global warming. The project was in response to a finding made by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) that the global tourism industry emitted in 2006 the equivalent of 1 307 million tonnes (MT) of GHG or 5% of the world’s GHG emissions. Air transportation accounted for 40% of this total, ground transportation 32% and accommodation 21%. These include, among others, raising traveller awareness of the environment and global warming, environmental conservation and management, and energy saving transportation logistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In practice, the best way to monitor food security is to look at outcomes — that is, to count how many people are going hungry. There are two principal measures used in this case, and they are also used as food targets for MDG: (i) proportion of the population undernourished, and (ii) prevalence of underweight children. On either of these measures, a look at the Asia Pacific region presents some disturbing facts. The most comprehensive data on undernourishment are available up to 2005-06, which is prior to the most recent food crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In order to survive and achieve success in dynamic world markets, a country needs to constantly diversify and upgrade the range of products that it can produce. However, such diversification and upgrading are not possible without commensurate enhancement of the skills of the workforce. Mention has already been made above of the potential of cash transfers to mothers, tied to children’s school attendance, for enhancing household demand for schooling and for ensuring visits of mothers and children to health centres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, the long-term economic growth effects of Hurricane Mitch in Honduras were such that six years after the hurricane struck in 1998, GDP was estimated to be 6% to 9% below what it would have been without the hurricane (CDKN, 2012a). Without measures to manage these risks, the losses from natural disasters and extreme events in low and middle-income countries may even rise faster than their economic growth rates (CDKN, 2012a). Many developing countries are already locked into energy sources that emit high levels of pollution and greenhouse gases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This indication came at COP16 in Cancun, when a senior member of the Chinese delegation declared that there had been some rethinking on transparency: "Now we think: if we have done something, why not say so?"121 Having formerly refused international monitoring of domestic mitigation efforts, this statement suggests a loosening of a tightly held position. While the implementation schemes have not yet been agreed, this development does signal a change. On the one hand, as the Copenhagen pledge has been incorporated into the twelfth five-year programme, the central leadership feels reassured that China will meet its target and thus not risk being exposed as a weak and unreliable actor in the international regime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Gl can thus result in higher prices for local agricultural products, foodstuffs, handicrafts, wine and spirit drinks, for example, compared to those from other regions, generating resources for regional development and facilitating the integration of previously excluded groups in innovation systems. They might also have spin-off effects, for example in the areas of tourism or gastronomy. Success stories such as Cafe de Colombia, Roquefort cheese in France and Rooibos Tea in South Africa illustrate their potential (El Benni and Reviron, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The rural poor need to overcome many obstacles in order to reap the benefits associated with national growth, which include: high transaction cost differentials between rural and urban areas and their buying and selling prices, barriers to accessing technology, finance and public services, and widely differing capacities to participate in non-farm income generating activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Special employment support navigators, usually private-sector experts and experienced workers, have been assigned to the PESO to provide individuals with detailed support in their re-employment efforts. Services targeted at this group include enrolment into specialised programmes, help with CV-writing, guidance on career paths and weekly counselling by appointment by the same officer, and job referrals made by officers. Jobseekers can receive this service for only three months.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The report is the result of combined efforts and strong co-operation between local authorities and local and international experts, in particular Dr. Lutz Franzke, Mayor of Konigs Wusterhausen and partner of the study. Maj Munch Andersen (Denmark), Hans Bruyninckx (Belgium), Ariane Konig (Luxemburg), Klaus Rovsing Kristiansen (Denmark), Hans Mooren (Benelux Union), Alwine Woischnik (Ministry of Environment, Chile) and Martin Bradbeer (MBA, Technical University of Applied Sciences, Wildau). Robert Strauss (European Commission, DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion) and Carmen Avellaner (green energy policy Consultant), provided valuable revisions to the report. Samantha Sharpe (Consultant) of the University of Technology, Sydney provided research and editorial assistance. Bertil Haack of the Technical University of Applied Sciences, Wildau, local expert on the project, prepared the second, thud and fourth chapters, with chapter contributions from Pere Suau-Sanchez as well as Keith Mason (both from the Department of Air Transport Cranfield University, United Kingdom).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The first form of intensification is generally labour intensification (Box 4.4I.? A survey of three Nigerian villages in 1973, one with high population density, one with medium population density and one with low population density, showed that yields were higher where population density was lower. The same three villages where analysed again 20 years later. By then, yields in the high-density village had doubled, and they had declined by 15% in the low-density village.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Riders noted that the service was attractive because it was less expensive than alternatives. Survey evidence six months into the pilot found that riders used the service instead of a car trip (~30%), a bus trip (~30%) or a ride service (in this case, Uber - ~22%) (Marshall, 2017, Shaheen et al., Following on the demise of Kutsuplus, the closure of Bridj, which had been highlighted as one of the more innovative start-ups in the ride-service and public transport field, underscores the difficulty that app-enabled on-demand micro-bus shared ride services face at present.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For example, evidence shows that more equitable property distribution within the family can have a range of benefits, such as increasing female labour force participation and boosting education for girls. For example, when families have few resources, children might be forced to work rather than go to school and girls might be forced to marry or denied an education because their families cannot afford it. For example, the equal right of women and men to decide freely the number and spacing of their children (e.g., art. It also requires ensuring that women and men have equal rights to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Abstract   While rights and freedoms of sexual citizenship have been foregrounded in geography, vaguer attention has been given to questions of political obligation. Feminist work on political obligation, grounded with a framing in political ecology of disease, however, provides a means to correct this neglect. Empirically, I narrate a story of local public health politics in Seattle, WA. There, a cultural panic played out in the media over the alleged failure of political obligations by gay men around sexually transmitted infections. Political obligation and ecology usefully extend the concept sexual citizenship on its own terms by moving beyond a rights-versus-obligation polarity, highlighting the biophysical realities of sex, recognizing the spaces in which sex occurs, and noting the social relations inherent in sex and sexuality. Thus, this paper contributes to deeper thinking for activists involved in working through these questions as well as bolstering the notion of sexual citizenship in political geography.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If a TIPO with an average budget for new exporters of around $5-$15 million, such as the organizations PROCHILE, PROMEXICO or Turkish IGEME, reallocate another 10% of their budget on supporting new exporters ($0.5 million to $1.5 million) the number of new exporting companies or companies exporting to new destinations would increase by 4.6% per destination market. A cross-country analysis of foreign direct investment (FDI) from the United States to 124 destination countries shows that each additional dollar spent on investment promotion increases FDI inflows by $189. Furthermore, the sectors prioritized for investment promotion experience 68% more employment than those that are not given priority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These approaches have been fully assumed by ECLAC, which has declared that "living in poverty does not involve just not having the income necessary to cover basic needs, being poor also means suffering social exclusion", which prevents one from participating fully in society. " Ultimately, poverty is not being entitled to rights, the negation of citizenship." ( Barcena (2010, p.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The concessionaire can now issue bonds backed by toll revenues (or infrastructure charges in the case of rail), as this “securitisation” can spread the risks that can now be much better assessed as the infrastructure is in operation, and all the preconstruction and construction risks have been accounted for. Pension funds and insurance funds can be used to purchase these long terms bonds, and the securitisation widens the access of PPPs to capital markets. Despite the theoretical ideal match between a large source of capital and an asset class in need of investment, the uptake of institutional investors has been slow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Citizens and businesses may avoid taking risks, delaying decisions regarding investment, innovation and labour mobility that are essential to jump-start growth and social progress. Education will be key to reconciling the needs and interests of individuals, communities and nations within an equitable framework based on open borders and a sustainable future. This is a moral and social obligation, it is also a huge opportunity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Next-generation ICT infrastructure will power many digital solutions, from smart cities to public & financial services. And policy-makers need assistance in strengthening digital development strategies and adopting an enabling environment. An ITU/UNCTAD survey found that less than 25% national broadband strategies include details on infrastructure investments8.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As a consequence Indonesia moved from a position where it imported almost a third of the world’s traded rice in some years, to self-sufficiency by 1984, a goal that had been thought unattainable by informed commentators (Temple, 2001). A “transmigration” programme resettled farm families from densely populated Java, and elsewhere to these regions. A “nucleus-estate scheme” (NES) provided corporations with subsidised capital and long-term leases to public lands for estate crop production, on condition that these companies provide technical and marketing services to smallholder estates surrounding the company plantations (Fuglie, 2010). In 1981, BULOG was given full monopoly over the marketing and distribution of sugar, both domestic and imported, and set prices at all levels of the supply chain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2011, Congress extended contracts until 2067, after setting aside 5% of Hoover Dam’s power for sale to Native American tribes, electric co-operatives and other entities. This created difficulties for housing, feeding and general care for the workers, as well as transportation and supply of equipment, water and electricity. Safety and health issues of construction workers were intensified by the extensive number of simultaneous operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)