albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These remittances are used to buy food and support family healthcare and education, thus, reducing significantly the incidence of extreme poverty (Neak and Yem, 2006). Nevertheless, risks remain as the garment industry can easily be relocated to other countries and there are limited job opportunities in other areas of the formal sector for the unskilled. Furthermore, workers in smaller garment factories remain susceptible to health and safety risks due to frequent resort to overtime to increase income (Neak and Yem, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Under this scheme a grant covering up to 20% of the investment in the plant can be provided. The remaining funds are provided by a 60% loan that is guaranteed by the local municipality and 20% of own financing. Municipalities are obliged to include the construction of biogas plants in their municipal planning, as well as the allocation of grants for selling biogas to co-generation plants and the natural gas net. Under the Directive, all EU countries are required to use energy more efficiently at all stages of the energy chain from its production to its final consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This may also indicate that a gain in productivity (or a greater amount of effort devoted to work, in line with our earlier discussion of the lack of a counterbalance for the labour-income elasticity of supply) may correlate with a reduction in the number of hours of labour supply but may boost production and growth. This may mean that the gender bias in the labour market is greater than the male/female wage gap that is based on observable characteristic (education or experience, for example) and that the wages of women entering the workforce, on average, should be higher than the wage that the market is currently paying. Among factors relating to worker skill levels, the mean level of educational attainment of the EAP correlates positively, although fairly weakly (about 1 %), with the growth rate for all the specifications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Of Kaskelen’s employed population, 31% commuted to Almaty City in 2009. The Almaty metropolitan area also includes the cities of Talgar (35% of employed population commuted to Almaty) and Essik (21% of employed population commuted to Almaty City). The share of employed population commuting to Almaty City was even higher in Boraldai (51%), Otegen Batyr (45%) and Pokrovka (46%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In response, many countries have started sustainable initiatives to improve the access to mental health care in general, as well as to specialist care and psychotherapy, for example Australia and the United Kingdom. But this is not the full story. Not only are many people with a mental disorder not seeking treatment or not able to access mental health services, but among those who do, a very high proportion receive inadequate treatment.6 Kessler et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A better-designed approach could help win support from the city government and citizens. Diverse approaches to congestion pricing, including value pricing and area pricing, could be examined with a view to diversifying congestion fees in Korea, reflecting the characteristics of different urban development patterns (Boxes 2.20 and 2.21). The United Stales, by contrast, charges congestion fees by value pricing for travellers on a particular segment of a facility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The young men attend Centres or outreach sites close to their homes and provide their respective outreach managers with reports on their activities. It notes that ”[s]pecial efforts should be made to emphasize men's shared responsibility and promote their active involvement in responsible parenthood, sexual and reproductive behaviour, including family planning, prenatal, maternal and child health, prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, [and] prevention of unwanted and high-risk pregnancies" (paragraph 4.27). Effective campaigns generally go beyond merely providing information to encouraging boys and men to talk about specific issues, such as violence against women. Some effective campaigns also use messages related to gender-equitable lifestyles, in a sense promoting or reinforcing specific types of male identity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The interest on the enterprises' loan was subsidised 50% by the commercial bank. This special loan supported the promotion of the small-scale wind turbine industry and off-grid wind power. But today, centrally planned rural electrification programmes using decentralised renewable energy applications are entirely financed either by the central government or through a cost-sharing scheme which features a financial contribution by the respective provincial government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In its report From Decline to Recovery - A Rescue Package for the Global Ocean, the Commission identified the role of government subsidies in the fisheries sector as a key issue requiring urgent action by the international community (Global Ocean Commission, 2014) According to calculations by the Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, such subsidies amount to some US$30 billion worldwide, of which 60 per cent (US$18 billion) are estimated to contribute to fishing overcapacity and overfishing (Sumaila et al., The third of these covered fisheries subsidies and called for a three-step approach: first, full transparency and disclosure of all fisheries subsidies, second, classification of fisheries subsidies in order to identify and distinguish those that are harmful -i.e. The point is that the tuna, the swordfish and the rest of the fish do not know that we humans have drawn a line at 200 miles from shore beyond which regulation, governance and control over living marine resources is either weak or non-existent.'
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is assisting the Government of the Republic of Macedonia to implement a Global Environmental Facility (GEF), which aims to create an enabling environment for PA establishment and management in terms of policy, governance, institutional capacity, and management know-how. The objective of the project is to conserve the country’s biological diversity by strengthening the management effectiveness of the country’s PA system as prescribed by its recent Law on Nature Protection. The proposed project will develop the institutional and systemic capacity of the country’s PA agencies to: (i) strengthen the national knowledge systems and apply appropriate technologies to support the design and development of a more representative and viable PA network, (ii) strengthen the decision-support tools needed to secure the legal tenure of, and expand, the PAs in the network, and (iii) locally test these decision-support tools and mechanisms in the formal re-proclamation processes of two pilot protected areas. The project will seek to ensure that PA lands in the country graduate in status from poorly managed to well-managed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Regional multilateral regimes have become important instruments for promoting and defending democracy around the world. The novel nature of these regional instruments has generated a cottage industry in social science scholarship. Yet, none of these works compare the democracy promotion and defence regimes of the Organization of American States (OAS) and the African Union (AU). This article is designed to fill this gap. We argue that the unique constellation of actors that are members of each respective organization have reinforced two distinct democracy promotion and defence paths. The state-driven regime evolution characteristic of the Americas contrasts with Africa's expert-driven process of regime construction. The state-centric process of the OAS regime has bolstered a narrow interstate multilateralism that upholds traditional sovereign state prerogatives and minimizes the role for non-state actors in the promotion and defence of democracy in the Americas. The expert-driven process of AU's regime con...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As for what constitutes having'strong' caring spirits, we simply list those for which the increase in the nonincome HDI is greater than one half of one standard deviation above its predicted value. But it is instructive in that it shows how a wide variety of institutional arrangements and rates of economic growth can be consistent with different levels of investment in human capacities as measured by achievements in health and education. Conversely, Rwanda and Yemen made the strong caring spirits list largely because they began the period with such low levels of human development (though the trendline does control for initial levels, one imagines it is fairly‘cheap’to boost human development on this side of the distribution).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the world’s least developed countries, every year about 15 million young people enter a labour force in which the large majority of workers suffer from unemployment, underemployment, or vulnerable employment (UNFPA, 2011, International Labour Organization, 2011). The rate of youth unemployment worldwide remains at very high levels, both in developed and developing countries (International Labour Organization, 2013). Youth unemployment is highest in North Africa and Western Asia (United Nations, 2014b). Almost everyone works some kind of job, but these are typically subsistence activities characterized by very low productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To some extent, it may bring w'orking-time legislation closer to practice, as undeclared overtime appears to be common in Lithuania. But this may come at the cost of work quality and work/life balance for employees and so changes in working-time practices should be monitored closely following the reform. In the 2002 Labour Code, workers with specific problems or characteristics, such as health issues testified by a health institution, disability, mothers of young children, workers aged less than 18, and carers of a sick family member could request part-time work. This is still the case in new labour code, but all workers with job tenure of less than three years are also entitled to request part-time for a temporary period of less than a year, which the employer can refuse only for valid reasons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Empirical studies show that there has been an increase in protected area coverage since the introduction of the ICMS-E in a number of states, although other factors may have contributed. This approach is potentially more effective in encouraging good protected area management, but entails additional cost, including for periodic inspections. Overall, the degree of success in expanding protected area coverage appears correlated with technical and institutional capacity at the state and municipal levels (Peters, 2012). International finance contributes a minor share of the total budget available to SNUC (8% of the federal protected area budget in 2008), but has helped leverage domestic resources and improve resource use effectiveness by addressing some of the most pressing bottlenecks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Les prestataires non publics de logement locatif social sont essentiellement des organisations sans but lucratif ou des cooperatives, mais il s’agit egalement, dans certains pays de l’OCDE, de proprietaires a but lucratif qui mettent a disposition des logements sociaux en vertu de contrats temporaires speciaux. Le logement locatif social n’est pas toujours reserve aux menages a bas revenus, mais ces menages constituent la majorite des locataires dans de nombreux pays - surtout dans les regions qui soufffent d’une penurie de logement locatif social. Par consequent, les prestataires doivent rechercher d’autres formes de financement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela showed the sharpest poverty reduction: by 5.6 percentage points (from 29.5% to 23.9%) in the case of poverty and by 2.0 percentage points (from 11.7% to 9.7%) in the case of extreme poverty. In Brazil, poverty diminished by 2.3 percentage points (from 20.9% to 18.6%), while extreme poverty declined by 0.7 of a percentage point (from 6.1% to 5.4%). Peru recorded a 2.0 percentage-point decrease in its poverty rate, while in Argentina and Colombia, the reduction was slightly above 1 percentage point. In these three countries, extreme poverty did not show any appreciable variation compared with the 2011 levels (see figure 1.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For instance, Antigua and Barbuda sets such targets as “By 2025, increase seawater desalination capacity by 50% above 2015 levels” and “By 2030, all buildings are improved and prepared for extreme climate event”. However, some adaptation components of INDCs do not include any indication (e.g. proposed indicators) against which progress can be assessed. Indeed, depending on the characteristics of the indictors, it might be challenging for some of the countries to properly monitor progress in their adaptation actions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In March 2011, nearly 80% of the population lived in an area where the waiting time for a GP consultation was over two weeks and this proportion was rising. For a dentist consultation, the waiting time was over four weeks in 85% of health centres. Such a situation creates inequalities in access to health care as employees can use occupational health care and private consultations are available to those who can afford large co-payments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Regions may freely choose an area for smart specialisation. Nine of 16 Polish regions have chosen support for high-quality food production as smart specialisation in their strategic documents. It is important to note that the smart specialisation framework in regions and the implementation measures/resources in the mentioned programmes tend to be focused on scientific research and innovation in Poland, which can neglect rural innovation. In a review of the impact of rural development programme measures for economic diversification over the 2003-17 period, it is found that such measures had the most significant impact in the Wielkopolskie voivodeship and in the northern part of the region of Mazowsze (at the border of the Mazow'ieckie, Podlaskie and Lubelskie voivodeships) and in the western part of the Warminsko-Mazurskie voivodeship (Biczkowski and Biczkowska, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, the subjective nature of establishing baselines means that choices of baselines can vary widely (see e.g. Clapp et al., At a project or portfolio scale, analysis has highlighted that estimated emissions reductions can vary by a factor of three for renewable energy and more than a factor of ten for energy efficiency projects across different MDBs carbon foot-printing tools (Bossard, 2012, pers. The wide variation in assumptions and models to establish baselines will lead to wide differences in the estimated results of an intervention when compared to that baseline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Recent joint public commitments highlight convergence around key principles and greater ambition. All new operations are to be screened for short- and long term climate change and disaster risks and, where risks exist, they will be addressed with appropriate resilience measures. Screening tools have been developed for the national policy level, along with project-level tools and a specific sector tool for agriculture. The tools are designed to help increase the effectiveness and longevity of investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The project was topped up with EUR 9.4 mln. The “top-up” includes geographical extension of the project (including to Transnistria, Gagauzia and Taraclia) and reinforcement of sustainability of the biomass market in Moldova. Under this project, nine priority school and three priority hospital thermal renovation projects were developed to an advanced stage (feasibility study and conceptual design). A further 20 projects were developed to the project fiche stage, and roughly 30 more were identified in the Regional Sector Programmes for Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings as priority projects. Of their total cost of EUR 2.7 mln, the EU contribution is EUR 2 mln and the rest is contributed by the communities concerned. The projects will support investments in energy efficiency and renewable energy in five municipalities: the towns of Ungheni, Orhei, Ocnita, Soroca and Cantemir.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The majority of Metro Cebu population (80.4%) owns pour-flush toilets, the remaining population uses flush toilets (4.4%), pit latrines (8.7%) or do not have any toilet at all (6.5%). Only 3.4% of households evacuate black w'ater (i.e. wastewater w'ith human wastes) through sewers, while 86% is evacuated into septic tanks and 10% through drainage and therefore have no treatment. In addition, only 7% of grey water (i.e. wastewater without human wastes) is evacuated through sewerage, most being evacuated through drainage with no treatment (80%) or into septic tanks (13%) (Figure 3.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Copyright: © 2013 Mancini C. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. It is with great pleasure that I share the following editorial, “Sex Offender Treatment: Two Promising Approaches” published in the inaugural issue of Sociology and Criminology. This innovative openaccess journal promises to appeal to a wide range of audiences interested in criminology and criminal justice. The OMICS Group Special features of the journal ensure rapid dissemination of high quality studies in the discipline. This commentary focuses on an important and controversial public policy issue in our field—sex offender treatment. It argues that in conjunction with punishment, treatment efforts should also be considered for sex offender management in the U.S.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Looking at these two types of deprivation in tandem suggests that French children who are monetary poor are also considerably more likely to be financially strained. However, it should also be noted that 65 per cent of children experiencing union poverty are financially strained but not monetary poor. Finally, children living in the UK are more likely to be either monetary poor, domain deprived or both with relatively high rates of union poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In September 2015, President Xi announced additional commitments of USD 2 billion for South-South co-operation and to implement the SDGs (IDS, 2016). Moreover, Chinese investments in Africa are expected to increase: the Johannesburg Action Plan for comprehensive strategic and co-operative partnership with Africa provides for USD 35 billion in concessional loans and credits in 2016-2018, as well as USD 10 billion for the China-Africa Production Capacity Co-operation Fund, it also increases in the existing China-Africa development fund (for equity investment) from USD 5 billion to USD 10 billion. China's main priority sectors are public facilities, industry and economic infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
But unfortunately, this is not the case in all parts of the world. I was shocked to learn that every second minute a woman dies during pregnancy or while giving birth. These alarming facts led to my involvement and desire to contribute to improving conditions for women during pregnancy and childbirth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The initiative outlined in the government programme emphasises a strengthening of competitive funding for basic research, and increased funding for excellent junior scientists, but also an overall expansion of competitive instruments to stimulate research excellence in universities and PRIs. This initiative could substantially reinforce and complement measures Austria has recently taken to promote research excellence, in particular with regard to strengthening competitive funding of basic research, increasing international visibility and sharpening the profile of Austrian science at the international level. An Austrian excellence initiative should addresses this issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Regulatory agencies are also required, and they must be credible, legitimate and efficient. This must not be underestimated when it comes to contemplating private sector participation since it raises the issue of how such entities are going to be financed to avoid the economic and financial “capture” of the regulator by the granting authority or the operator. They often lack the competence and information to monitor contractual arrangements, investment plans, etc. The issue of accountability to and independence from the political power is also important to prevent decisions based on vested interests. Some MENA countries lack basic water institutions - others display fragmented institutional structures or overlapping decisionmaking structures, which often exclude users’ demands and civil society. Moreover, water is a matter of regional co-operation with many MENA countries facing similar challenges, and many sharing basins and rivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Marriage shifts responsibility for the young person's well-being out of the birth family and towards a new broader network of family on which to draw, "forming an important safety net in a time of widespread deaths" (ibid.). Without ready recourse to marriage, boys may remain without relatives, with little education and without work, a situation that offers little in the way of immediate support or connections that may assist future integration into new social networks. Earlier in the paper we presented the example of adolescents' participation in a form of casual wage labour in Malawi that has recently expanded into urban areas. It is evident from recent research that adolescents make ganyu arrangements independently of parents who have no influence in these relationships (Mkandawire et al., They draw attention to the hierarchical relationship between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, yet at the same time showed their 'equivalence' in the sense that both were incomers to a patrilineage to which they have or will contribute work and children. These qualities are now replaced by deteriorating neighbourhood social support that forces every individual to earn what they can each day to meet basic needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They have examined universities’ and tertiary education institution’s contribution to human capital and skills development, technology transfer and business innovation, social, cultural and environmental development, and regional capacity building. The review process has facilitated partnership building in cities and regions by drawing together tertiary education institutions and public and private agencies to identify strategic goals and work together towards them. It complements the reviews that have taken place in the strategically and economically important US-Mexico cross-border region, such as those of the Nuevo Leon, the Paso del Norte Region and most recently Southern Arizona (2011), right next to the state of Sonora.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is also important for the EMB to undertake an assessment of staff performance and identify needs for professional training and capacity-building, including in relation to gender sensitisation. As part of this process, the performance of such agencies during the election, and their capacity-building needs, should be carefully reviewed. Several COG reports note that women have been discouraged from participating in the electoral process because of the levels of violence perpetuated against them. Research undertaken by the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) indicates that political violence against women affects their effective and sustained participation in the electoral process as voters, candidates and party supporters, and as electoral officials (Bardall 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)