albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Some exceptions to this include the United States, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain, where the employment declines relative to output have been faster than historical norms (see Box 1.1 for a discussion of the US case). In the case of Spain, labour shedding has been so great relative to the fall in output that productivity, which typically falls during a recession, actually rose sharply, while it was essentially constant in the United States. Although the link between a smaller employment response to recessionary shocks and a larger fall in labour productivity is purely algebraic, it does provide a useful reminder that measures to preserve existing jobs in a recession are likely to imply significant costs and need to be subject to careful benefit-cost assessments. Who bears the costs resulting from productivity declines during recessions is also important and depends in large part on how real wages adjust (see discussion below). Why did Okun’s law break down in the United States during the 2008-09 recession?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The surveys generally contain observations on households with incomes close to zero, which, in addition to households that have scarce resources, also include those who did not respond to income questions or misreported extremely low values. Given that the income declared in the survey is scaled up under the simulation, the presence of observations with income equal or very close to zero can affect the results significantly. On the one hand, three countries in the region (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay) already have extreme poverty levels below 3%, and Costa Rica and Peru would need less than 1.5% growth per year, without distributive change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Emotions have remained under-addressed in scholarship on public memorial art, particularly with sexuality content. This case study on the Amsterdam-based Homomonument attends to this gap by differentiating emotions according to multi-scalar, multi-temporal and multi-semiotic dimensions of everyday lived experiences of sexual citizenship. Based on discourse analysis of secondary materials and social media coverage, supplemented with auto-ethnographic experience, the study explores how present-day feelings of respect, agitation and celebration about Homomonument are mediated at intersecting levels of the body, local community, broader society and emergent virtual community spaces particularly. Such understanding requires critical interfaces with reminiscences, contemporary values and normativities, and future imaginaries. Specifically, this paper puts in perspective how Homomonument operates as queer micropublic: a space for intercultural encounter and ‘queerying’ sexual difference. This appears to be a multifaceted meaningful process, too: Homomonument ambiguously holds contesting, reconciling, indifferent and empathic sentiments alongside belongings and sexual identity expressions in quotidian life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Separate willingness to pay for nature protection has been elicited in other studies. Locally, these activities do lead to conflicts between recreationists and forest managers requesting compensation, as these activities might damage timber production. Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For instance, OECD (2010) expected cyclically adjusted deficits to account for more than three quarters of 2012 deficits in the OECD on average. To address structural challenges, all countries need to seek ways to maximise the value for money that public services and transfers provide. Recessions cause a slump in a range of important revenue sources, and are often followed by periods of sluggish revenue growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Only a small share of all financing from foundations is aimed towards ICT development, of which a large share is support to increase access to ICTs at public libraries. Foundations sectoral priorities show similar patterns as official development providers. In 2015, the health sector received 47% of foundations’ research spending and 27% of all support relating to ICTs and other technologies, with significant investments in vaccine development and Infectious disease control. Foundations’ second research priority is the agricultural sector, with significant support provided by Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Due to other priorities, fisheries subsidies did not make it into the Nairobi Package, raising serious questions about the ability of WTO Members to support SDG target 14.6 by 2020 (Global Ocean Commission, 2015a). In a statement issued in Nairobi, a group of 28 countries2 reiterated their view that subsidies contributing to the exploitation of overfished stocks and illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing should be phased out. It remains to be seen whether this will be sufficient to enforce the 2020 SDG 14.6 deadline for harmful fisheries subsidies elimination. It also impacts other SDG 14 targets due to be achieved by 2020, in less than five years, such as Target 14.2 on coastal and marine ecosystem management, Target 14.4 on IUU fishing and Target 14.5 on marine protected areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This may in turn spur expenditure growth and prices, excluding more vulnerable groups. Indeed, the joint reimbursements by statutory and complementary insurance plans for the same basket of medical goods limit incentives for more efficient health-care spending, as households cannot easily distinguish reimbursement rates and as some complementary contracts also cover all forms of co-payment (Table 2). Better coverage by complementary insurance plans appears to have increased demand for high-fee specialists (Dormont and Peron, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These benefits arise from the regulating, supporting, provisioning and cultural services that biodiversity and ecosystems supply (MA, 2005) (Figure 2.1). Use values refer to benefits derived directly in the form of consumables (e.g. timber, fuelwood, genetic information, tourism and recreation), indirectly through non-consumables (e.g. water purification, soil conservation, flood protection, as well as cultural and spiritual values), and option values (e.g. potential future benefits from genetic material). Non-use values comprise bequest and existence values. While valuing the magnitude of biodiversity and ecosystem service benefits can be resource-intensive, it does enable making a case to other stakeholders, such as those in finance and agricultural ministries, of the size of trade-offs that are likely to be involved. And indeed, estimates of the size of biodiversity and ecosystem service benefits suggest that these are considerable. For example, the worldwide economic value of pollination services provided by insect pollinators was estimated at USD 192 billion per year in 2005 (Gallai et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, among surveyed developing countries, the Ministry of Land, Natural Resource and Environmental Protection in Zambia monitors GHG emission reductions through the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA). In particular, the vast majority of bilateral providers of finance were interested in monitoring results and progress towards achieving impacts on the ground. The prime reason cited for this was to demonstrate “value for money” of their international climate finance and for reasons of accountability towards their own taxpayers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Creating ex-outs in national nomenclature may serve to address the former problem, but not the latter. Experts tend to agree that for the vast majority of renewables, dual use is a function of their ubiquitous nature, whereby they can be employed for uses other than environmental. Therefore, using ex-outs to “drill down” to single use from dual use does not seem a viable option (OECD, 2006). This problem has led to disagreements among trade negotiators as well as between customs authorities and traders, to the point that some analysts are questioning the relevance of the Agreement and the technological assumptions it was based on.39 If there is an overall lesson to be drawn from the ITA and other sectoral agreements, it is that ex-outs have been - and should remain - the exception rather than the rule.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The UVF had wide-reaching competencies in policy planning and implementation for many specific-purpose functions at the local level. Membership of the 43 municipalities with about 1.6 million inhabitants was compulsory by law. The assembly (Veibandskammer) of the UVF consisted of non-elected delegates from member governments. In 1990, the UVF proposed a new expanded transport association that incorporated several smaller transport associations and municipalities that did not belong to any transport associations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the 2014-20 programming period, the regions with the largest per capita funding allocations are Zachodniopomorskie, Swtytokrzyskie, Lubelskie and Podlaskie respectively. Among all ROPs, social inclusion is the largest priority in terms of funds allocated, followed by the transition to a low-carbon economy and network infrastructure in transport and energy, while climate change, technical assistance, and information and communications technologies receive the smallest funding envelopes (Figure 2.6). These programmes are therefore a major impetus for endogenous development and in large measure rely on the engagement of public and private actors to mobilise activities and investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, in the case of more complex requests for particular data on the environment (e.g. on transboundary watersheds) requiring the collection of specific data, the Ministry may not have the capacity to do so and may not be in a position to fulfil the request. Requests to NAMEM for multiyear data on air quality' can be responded to upon payment (a rate is applied per digit of data). If the request asks for information about a person or a company, such information is considered confidential and is not provided to the requester.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
From 1990 to 2000, global CO2 emissions increased by an average of 1.1% per year. It jumped to a 3% annual growth rate over the next 7 years. Two main factors contributed: rising energy demand in coal-based economies, and an increase in coal-fired power generation in response to higher oil and natural gas prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The data contains detailed information on expenditures and transfers (based on diaries), and data are adjusted in a complicated and non-transparent manner to account for sampling and non-response biases. The only source of data on aggregate incomes of Russian households is the balance of monetary incomes (and expenditures) of Russian households, Rosstat compiles this dataset on the basis of all available sources of information (including wage surveys) for both national and regional levels. These two sources are then “combined” to estimate an income distribution on the basis of the HBS data assuming that average household income is equal to that estimated on the basis of the balance of monetary incomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Although the mode of interviewing will determine the complexity of the questionnaire, all good questionnaires should be designed to balance clear, understandable, easily answered questions for respondents in a format that is easily followed by interviewers and suitable for subsequent analysis by data analysts (Statistics Canada, 2003). Questionnaires that are overly complex or contain design flaws may require additional probes on the part of interviewers which can be time-consuming. Long or complex questionnaires may also decrease the willingness of respondents to cooperate or result in coding errors. Certain specific principles must be followed to ensure that the topic is reliably measured, although country-specific adaptation may be required to ensure that question wording is culturally acceptable and easily recognizable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Rapists do not rape because they want to have sex and many rapists may also have partners with whom they engage in consensual sex. Sexual deviance and character traits form the motives for rapists’ behaviours. Their sexual deviance may cause them to be aroused by exploiting the physical and/or psychological vulnerabilities in their victims, whether they result from intoxication or physical or mental disabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It will also be necessary to strengthen the capacities to negotiate commonly agreed objectives through building upon single-group interests. More broadly, policy systems as a whole will require systemic changes to enable the more coherent and more flexible design of integrated policies for climate resilience, with participation from all relevant stakeholders. For many developing countries, these changes will not be possible without global partnerships. Despite overall convergence in average per capita income across countries, within-country inequalities are on the rise. This important trend along with others, such as globalization and technological change, demographic dynamics, rapid urbanization and climate change itself, will exert additional pressures leading towards increasing inequalities both among and within countries. Moreover, if investment in green technologies is inadequate, if population growth continues to be high, if investment in human capital is low and if current socioeconomic inequalities remain, then income poverty and inequality are likely to increase in the future under scenarios where current unmitigated emissions are high. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A specialised knowledge and counselling organisation (Videns- og Specialradgivningsorganisation, VISO) within this board provides advice to municipalities, institutions and citizens across the country in the area of special needs education and rare special needs free of charge. Examples for the areas of expertise include, autism, cerebral palsy and diffuse brain injuries, hearing loss, and self-harm. Typically, teachers and school leaders should in the first instance discuss their needs with their local educational-psychological advisory service (PPR), which should then decide if VISO should become involved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Allegations of criminal conduct have been made against UN peacekeeping personnel. While only a small number commit criminal offences, these personnel must be held accountable for their actions. Ensuring accountability is difficult due to jurisdictional issues, including in which jurisdiction (host state, sending state, or third state) to prosecute offenders. However, the possibility of the International Criminal Court exercising jurisdiction over peacekeeping personnel (civilian or military) has not really been considered. This article will examine the potential applicability of the substantive law of war crimes and crimes against humanity under the Rome Statute to crimes committed by peacekeeping personnel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
First introduced commercially in 1958, up-scaling potential was largely saturated in 1969 with the Boeing 747 (see Figure 3.2). During the formative phase, technologies are repeatedly and iteratively tested, modified, improved, reduced in cost, and adapted to market demands. This often takes place in market niches that offer some protection from competitive pressures (Kemp et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These funds were used mainly to collaboratively disseminate technology-supported education to more (diverse) student populations. The Catalyst Initiative also provided non-financial support for collaboration including opportunities for face-to-face meetings, online communication infrastructure, training and coaching, regular monitoring, feedback and communication. Design of the HP Catalyst Initiative (cont.) The structure of the Catalyst Initiative was designed to promote collaboration for innovation in STEM+ education at three different levels. First, at the project level, the 50 Catalyst members carried out core research and development work on technology and STEM+-education. Second, at the consortium level, full and associate members were grouped together to enhance collaboration and innovation around specific themes such as informal learning, assessment or teacher professional development (Box 4.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Contrary to other sub-sectors, such as irrigation, direct federal funding in support of capacity building activities for river basin organisations is currently prohibited by the federal programmes’ rules of operation. However, in recent years some progress has been made towards more capacity building for river basin councils and organisations. When CONAGUA was created in 1989, it inherited 35 000 employees, including 2 700 middle management positions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In general, the VET systems in the EESC countries lack standards, cannot supply the growing demand and are unable to meet modern requirements. Little is done to ensure that the VET institutions cover all territories and respond to all occupation needs. Inadequate financing, deteriorating infrastructures and ineffective mechanisms for building social partnerships all contribute to the lack of credibility of VET systems. Importantly, the countries must improve their systems for monitoring labour market developments and anticipating future skills requirements and must consult with industry and potential employers. Although in Belarus and Ukraine tertiary education significantly reduces the likelihood of being unemployed, all five countries have very high percentages of unemployed with post-secondary non-tertiary education, with particularly high figures in Belarus and Ukraine (compared to the OECD average of 1.6%). At the other end of the scale, only Belarus has a significant percentage (10.7%) of unemployed whose education ended at or below primary level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In cases Page | 8 where RE would be driven by the C02 price alone and RE incentives were to persist, the additional support only creates windfall profits. It depends on the cost of the promoted RE sources and on the amount of C02 they avoid, and on the cost of avoiding same quantities through other measures that would have been mobilised, had renewables not been promoted. Electricity generation from renewables is particularly challenging: it requires an assessment of the C02 content of the kWh they displace, which depends on the merit order (i.e. the last production capacity required to fulfil the demand at every moment).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This section concentrates on the specific channels through w'hich, with given macroeconomic and labour market policies, trade globalization and technological change have exerted pressure on income distribution. It starts with a brief review of the trade-inequality debate of the early 1990s. In its simplest form, it predicts an increase in real income of acountry’s abundant factorwhen that country engages in trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This reflects customs agencies’ efforts to encourage compliance through increased communication and confidence between the administration and the traders. Limited progress is also noted as regards the publication of rulings of general interest to the trade community. The analysis conducted in the OECD Trade Policy Paper 114 (Moise et al., Analysis of cross-sectional data demonstrated that the main predictors of the number of advance rulings, in order of importance, were the average tariff levels, the number of tariff lines, the per cent of trade entering under a preference program and the number of importers. Trade volumes do impact advance rulings, but only modestly and only in selected sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A different example is furnished by the Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology (Greece), which initiated a research collaboration with the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN), the aim is to create a business incubator to diffuse CERN’s existing technologies to the region’s private sector. The main purpose of innovation vouchers is to build linkages between SMEs and public research institutions, which will: i) stimulate knowledge transfer directly between public research and business, and ii) act as a catalyst for the formation of longer-term, more in-depth relationships (OECD, 2010d). Voucher programmes have been implemented in many countries, including Germany, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. While the outcomes of collaborations also vary, there are many examples of successful collaborations that have led to the introduction of new or improved products, services or processes by SMEs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They also enable farmer groups to bulk their crop into economic lot sizes that can be sold further down the marketing chain to processors, millers and other large traders, developing a greater direct involvement of smallholders. Used as collateral, warehouse receipts provide easier access to commodity finance, help reduce trade margins and seasonal price variability and enhance the involvement of the financial sector in agricultural marketing. Confidence in the reliability of the receipts is an absolute prerequisite for such schemes to succeed and the lack of confidence has led to the failure of previous attempts to introduce a warehouse receipt system in Zambia92.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Developing countries are therefore required to actively participate in international standard-setting meetings for the harmonisation of standards and legal requirements. As such there are important benefits from further globalisation in the fisheries sector. Concurrently, increasing cross-border trade through the fisheries supply chain also carries risk when food and food products, both fresh and frozen, are moved around.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Involving stakeholders in policy development will create a sense of empowerment and enable policymakers to take their concerns into account in policy design, for example by providing suitable support or capacity building for the installation of new technologies, or introducing a tax escalator to give business time to respond to new policies. The underlying rationale of environmental taxation is not clear to many stakeholders: why increasing a tax on a particular good or service improves environmental quality is rarely understood. The strategies in table 5.1 may help to improve communication of environmental taxes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Recent assessments show that countries' NDCs are not ambitious enough to close the gap (UNEP 2018a). However, the Paris Agreement's review cycle is aimed at assessing collective efforts by countries to implement their NDCs and increase ambition over time. The first important test of this will be if countries indeed offer more ambitious NDCs by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Nevertheless, they raise questions in terms of action co-ordination and coherence. The previous SCoTl was built on the basis of local PLUs and POSs. But now there is a need for greater congruence between the orientation of the new SCoT and the next generation of PLUs, especially the PLUm of the Nantes metropole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The accompanying map simplifies a range of biodiversity information into four categories of decreasing sensitivity to mining: ‘Legally protected', ‘Highest biodiversity importance', ‘High biodiversity importance' and ‘Moderate biodiversity importance'. The guideline, map and spatial data are freely available online through SANBI's Biodiversity GIS website (http://bgis.sanbi.org). A large number training sessions have been held since the guideline was published, well attended by representatives of the private sector, government, academic institutions and nongovernmental organisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)