albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The Virgin Land programme of the 1950s and 1960s brought close to 25 million hectares into cultivation in the oblasts of Kostanay, North Kazakhstan, and Akmola. The southeast Almaty oblast and East Kazakhstan have mixed farming. According to the last Soviet census in 1989, the population was roughly two-fifths Kazakhs, two-fifths Russians with other ethnic groups composing the remaining one-fifth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A challenge therefore appears to be not so much to quickly move recipients off benefits, but rather to ensure that they remain self-sufficient after having left. A series of articles based on fortnightly administrative data from the Australian Longitudinal Data Set (LDS) illustrate again the high frequency of repeated spells and emphasize the importance of considering transfers across different income-support programmes. For the 1995 inflow sample of recipients of means-tested single parent benefits, Gregory & Klug (2003) show that spell lengths tend to be short with 45% of all spells lasting shorter than one year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA) sets forth an explicit federal cause of action for torture and extrajudicial killings committed under color of foreign law, anywhere in the world, on behalf of any individual, including U.S. citizens. The TVPA constitutes a modern expression of congressional support for the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction over certain egregious human rights violations. The TVPA authorizes an individual who has been subjected to torture to sue for damages and authorizes a suit for extrajudicial execution by either the legal representative of the person killed or by "any person who may be a claimant in an action for wrongful death". The legislative history of the TVPA suggests that courts look to the law of the forum state to determine who is the "legal representative" of the estate of the deceased.  Keywords: extraterritorial jurisdiction, human rights violations, Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While Poland has a national scheme to certify the origin of its own forest seeds, it is not a member of the OECD Scheme for the Certification of Forest Reproductive Material. Almost half of forest habitat protection is through laws designating national parks and nature reserves, most of the other half involves forests that the LP has designated as having a nature protective function. However, most “protective forests” are in mountainous areas and were designated for protection of soil or water, habitat protection accounts for about 4% of their area. Implementation of Natura 2000 implies a massive expansion of management effort in the protected forest area, yet as of September 2014, management plans for about 15% of the network area had been approved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Finally, Domingues gives pride of place to concreteness. It forces its way into political modernity, which tried to neutralize it. Initially featuring the nation and the people—particularly Michelet and Herder—as already concrete features of political modernity, concreteness is further discussed with reference to neopatrimonialism, social policy (with two strands: social citizenship, sectorialized policies and social liberalism) and a corresponding complexification of bureaucracy and the state by and large. Domingues stresses the re-personification of politics, once again against the backdrop of Schmitt’s ideas. Marshall plays an important role in the chapter, but many others are mobilized. The second part of the chapter grapples with methodological issues regarding developmental trends and mechanisms, in dialogue with Marx, Bhaskar and ‘path dependency’ arguments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
First, transfers from the State Treasury to the State Health Secretary have often occurred very slowly. Likewise there is limited reporting of how funds are spent, which leaves open the possibility that funds intended for health will in fact be used for other purposes. There have been several high profile allegations of corruption and misuse of state resources. There are, however, broad rules regarding how states can use their health funds, which is important given the variations in administrative and managerial capacity across states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Valid statistical data is still missing, as well as an infrastructure that provides e-waste disposal solutions. The sub-region is currently facing two major problems related to e-waste: most of the e-waste is disposed in landfills, and the current recycling and recovery activities lead to signiflcate resource losses, both cause health and environmental damage. Given the fact that the gaps between the Union and its neighbours to the East, the Southern Caucasus, and the Mediterranean sub-region are worryingly large, the EU established the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) in 2003/2004 to align interests in tackling common problems, e-waste being one of them (European Commssion, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The two specific measures focused on packaging have been the Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) Regulations introduced in 1997 and the Packaging (Essential Requirements) Regulations introduced in 2003. These placed an obligation on companies above a certain size to recover a certain proportion of their packaging, and established a system of tradable Packaging Recovery Notes through which this obligation could be discharged (see Salmons, 2002 for details). However, unless the policy is blown off course by the downturn in recyclate markets due to the recession, it seems likely that the EU packaging waste targets for 2008 will have been met.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Change in poverty is measured as the change in the logarithm of the odds ratio of being poor (log(h/(1 -h)), and export growth is the log difference in per capita real exports between 1990 and 2007. The fitted regression line has a highly significant coefficient of -0.48 with an R2 of 0.61 which is double the R2 for the overall sample obtained in the section entitled Exports and poverty. Therefore, it will not be surprising to find that the distinction between the successful countries and those lagging behind made above on the basis of poverty trends is also mirrored in relation to export performance of the two groups. To detect causality one needs to investigate the channels through which export growth is linked to changes in poverty by detailed case studies in each individual country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Human dignity functions largely as a rhetorical trope in contemporary human rights jurisprudence. In 1999 the Supreme Court of Canada began a jurisprudential experiment in which the concept of dignity was elevated to the status of a legal rule in interpreting the equality rights provision of the charter. Equality rights challenges to laws and programmes were to be judged largely on the basis of the feelings of affront experienced by claimants. This dignity test proved to be highly subjective and hence judicially unmanageable. While the politics of human dignity are effective precisely because rights claims are emotionally charged, a human dignity test based on feelings of affront has operated poorly in the Canadian constitutional context. Canada serves as a cautionary tale in the maturation and institutionalisation of the human rights movement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract   We investigate the effects of governors’ hometown favoritism on the corporate investments of Chinese listed firms. Exploiting the exogenous distribution of governors’ tenure in a difference-in-differences research design, we find that firms in an incumbent governor's hometown make higher investments by 10.26%. This favoritism effect is more pronounced when any of the following are true about a governor's hometown: has a culture background of high collectivism, has strong clan culture, uses a minor local dialect, or if the governor has strong clan ties. Additional analyses rule out the social ties generated through living or working experiences as an alternative explanation. Neither political connections nor self-interest incentives explain the effects of hometown favoritism. Furthermore, the increased investments are overall detrimental for investment efficiency.Our study contributes to the literature by applying the social identity theory in corporate research and provides novel evidence on how politicians’ social identity affects corporate investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In these cases, the role of w'omen’s movements, other civil society organisations and activists is critical. For example, in Egypt and Tunisia, civil society has prevailed in preserving as many gender equality achievements as possible. In fact, Tunisia has adopted a constitution that is very advanced in terms of gender equality, although further efforts are necessary to ensure its effective implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The coverage of sectors is not exactly the same for all countries, and the sample size varies considerably across countries. It is obtained from regressions of log wage on age, gender, highest level of education, years of experience in the firm and their square, employees in the firm, geographical location of the firm, type of financial control, level of wage bargaining, type of employment contract, number of overtime hours paid and occupation. See the text for the technical details.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Inquiries into freedom of expression and the rights of the press frequently highlight examples where ordinary individuals have taken it upon themselves to leak information to a journalist with the aim of exposing corruption, maleficence, or injustice. Hollywood films have contributed to a certain mythology surrounding whistle-blowing. All the President’s Men’s (1976) depiction of the covert informant “Deep Throat” in the Watergate scandal is an especially well-known example, others include The China Syndrome (1979), Norma Rae (1979), Silkwood (1983), The Insider (1999), The Constant Gardener (2005), The Informant (2009), and The Whistleblower (2010). In real life, whistle-blowers usually wish to remain anonymous, relying on the journalists to uphold the principle of “protecting their sources” to safeguard them from reprisals. The journalist-whistle-blower relationship can be challenging to negotiate at the best of times, and the whistle-blowing site WikiLeaks has transformed it in profound ways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The river flows between steep hills and has many rapids. It discharges into the Varangcrfjord in the Barents Sea, and is known to be good for recreational fishing, in particular of salmon. According to long-term monitoring and the Russian water quality classification, the Upper Tuloma Reservoir and the rivers Notta and Lutto can be described as slightly polluted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Social standards for the feedstock and biofuel production will impact the competitivness even more, since the legal framework to ensure working standards is often less stringent in developing countries. The US Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 for instance, provides a total volume of more than USD 1 billion for biofuel and bioenergy related projects, including specific provisions to develop second-generation biofuel production. It includes tax credits of USD 0.27/liter for cellulosic biofuel, loan guarantees for biofuel plants and funding for the establishment of lignocellulosic biomass crops.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Norway has proposed to cut its emissions by at least 40% compared with 1990 levels by 2030. Emissions reduction targets are supposed to be developed into emissions budgets from 2021 to 2030 (UNFCCC, 2015c). According to the European Commission, the accumulated surplus of unsold carbon in the system in 2014 exceeded 2.1 billion tonnes, which is more than a year's supply, causing prices to collapse to levels that do not deter coal-burning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The EPA seeks to shape a shared cultural space by utilising Cultural Routes to foster awareness-raising about heritage, education, networking, quality and sustainable cross-border tourism and other related activities. The agreement strengthens the democratic dimension of cultural exchange and tourism through the involvement of grassroots networks and associations, local and regional authorities, universities and professional organisations. It contributes to the preservation of a diverse heritage through theme-based and alternative tourist itineraries and cultural projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Our approach towards measuring and analysing IG has thus three main features, multi-dimensionality, focus on distributions and policy linkages. Our approach towards IG focuses on a sub-set of these dimensions, income, health and jobs. By its very nature, inclusiveness requires a focus on individuals and households, rather than on the economic system as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
At the national level, there is currently no dedicated mechanism for funding anything beyond the bare minimum costs of running the Department of Nature Protection and the State inspectors who deal with nature protection. It has a head office (Director, Technical Secretary) and six branch units in county seats, and includes within its structure two inspection roles - environmental protection (18 inspectors) and nature protection (10 inspectors). In respect of Protected Areas, the Council issues opinions on: (1) the identification, proclamation, management, measures, and activities for protection of environmentally important areas, ecological network, and the system of ecological corridors, and (2) the acceptability of proposals for the proclamation of Protected Areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While most universities have improved their performance over the last decade, stronger focus is needed to improve the quality of induction process, the first year experience and appropriate support mechanisms for first-generation students to help them complete their studies and acquire relevant skills for employment and entrepreneurship. Both TAFE institutes and universities in Victoria had limited information on graduate performance. Graduate Careers Australia’s Australian Graduate Survey does not provide an adequate vision of graduate employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Estimations of equations 2-5 confirm the indirect links between the level of gender-based discrimination in social institutions and income. Table 5 shows a strong negative and significant relationship between the SIGI and both total factor productivity, labour force and human capital, whatever the specification used (Annexes E, F and G present the full regression results). The SIGI coefficients remain significantly negative while introducing additional control variables, controlling for potential endogeneity and performing robustness checks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Early identification and detection mechanisms may need to be improved, and treatment strategies and products developed. The aquaculture of extractive species (using nutrients and carbon directly from the environment) such as bivalves and macroalgae may merit further focus for their positive ecosystem characteristics and potential food security benefits (Ferreira et al., Most importantly for feed-based aquaculture is its dependence on capture fisheries for fish meal and oil and growing competition for terrestrial raw material. Feeding materials and formulation strategies will be particularly important in maintaining and expanding output while containing costs and energy inputs and improving resilience to climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. As labour market participation rates are generally high already, and unemployment is low (see Chapter 1), policies will have to focus on further building up the skills of the labour force. To ensure that future generations of workers are equipped with the knowledge and skills they require to succeed, all young people - including those from less privileged backgrounds - must receive the support they need to complete a quality education. In the 2015 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), Japanese 15-year-olds outperformed their peers in all other OECD countries in mathematics and science and were sixth-placed in reading (Figure 4.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As gains are achieved, other deprivations may become more critical, and new groups may bear the burden of being left behind. Many people appear to be doing well according to measures such as minimum schooling and income, but the quality of education and of work conditions are low for many millions of people. Likewise, people are living longer and healthier lives, but many face deficits in political freedom and in opportunities for political participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It should adequately reflect what it is intended to measure, and ideally there should be wide support for the indicators chosen so they will not be changed regularly. It is critical that the chosen indicators be consistent over time and across places, as the usefulness of indicators is related directly to the ability to track trends over time and compare the well-being of regions. Any differences in data protocol in the Arctic will complicate the task of making comparisons across the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Earnings for tertiary-educated graduates are higher than those with lower levels of qualification. However, earnings for tertiary-educated men are higher, on average, than those for tertiary-educated women. On average across EU22 countries, tertiary-educated women earn 26% less than their male counterparts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Recent years have witnessed increased academic interest in the relations between  poverty, environment and place. Studies of poverty in disadvantaged urban  neighbourhoods have pointed to the contribution of despoiled local environments to  social exclusion. Work in urban political ecology has highlighted the socioenvironmental  hybridity of injustices in the city, bringing a political dimension to  debates on urban sustainability, while research on environmental justice has directed  critical attention towards the local and everyday (urban) contexts of socio-ecological  forms of injustice. This paper explores the everyday spaces and mundane forms of  (in)justice through a case study of community gardening in cities. Drawing on  materials derived from a recent study of 18 community gardening projects in  disadvantaged urban neighbourhoods in the UK, this paper highlights how these  projects are using ordinary forms of environmentalism to produce new socioecological  spaces of justice within the city.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
No exit? Have we arrived at an impasse in the health sciences? Has the regime of ‘evidence’, coupled with corporate models of accountability and ‘best-practices’, led to an inexorable decline in innovation, scholarship, and actual health care? Would it be fair to speak of a ‘methodological fundamentalism’ from which there is no escape? In this article, we make an argument about intellectual integrity and good faith. We take this risk knowing full well that we do so in a hostile political climate in the health sciences, positioning ourselves against those who quietly but assiduously control the very terms by which the public faithfully understands ‘integrity’ and ‘truth’. In doing so, we offer an honest critique of these definitions and of the systemic power that is reproduced and guarded by the gatekeepers of ‘Good Science’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, major differences are observed from one country to another. The multiple facets of poverty among children and adolescents (deprivation in the areas of nutrition, housing, access to drinking water and sanitation, education, information and household income) cause permanent adverse effects that mark them throughout the rest of their lives. To a large extent, these effects also lead to the intergenerational transmission of poverty and, in some cases, serve to deepen inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In particular, the regional specialized metrological centres in New Delhi and Tokyo, working in the framework of the WMO, are training national forecasters. At their joint session in 2015, TC and PTC members recommended the further scaling up of such training. The project uses a ‘cascading forecasting process’ to provide guidance from global and regional weather models to participating countries such as Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. In this way, national forecasters do not need to invest in expensive computing power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
International, regional and subregional organizations can also contribute by coordinating efforts on developing methodologies, collecting data and providing technical assistance to improve migration data, including those required to monitor migrationrelevant Sustainable Development Goal indicators and the implementation of the global compact on migration. As an increasing number of people live in cities, well-managed urbanization can help cities to reap the benefits of agglomeration while minimizing environmental degradation and other adverse impacts of urban growth. Urban planning is critical for the sustainable development of an urban infrastructure for providing access for all, especially the urban poor, to essential services, including safe water and sanitation, health care, education and adequate housing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As for pensions, which are mostly non-contributory and welfare-based, their impact is mostly concentrated in lower-income strata (see figure 11.12). They therefore tend to be quite regressive, except in countries where formal employment and social security coverage are widespread, as in the cases of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay (see appendix, table II. The exception is unemployment insurance, which compensates for sudden drops in households’ incomes and acts as a protective mechanism against the vulnerability in well-being terms caused by job loss. Unfortunately, they do not have mass coverage and generally protect only formal wage-earners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The waiver, which will last initially for 15 years from the date of adoption, releases WTO members from their legal obligation to provide non-discriminatory treatment to all trading partners (General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) Article II) when granting trade preferences to LDCs. It effectively operates as a new LDC-specific enabling clause’ for trade in services. As such, the waiver is meant to promote LDCs’ service trade in sectors and modes of supply that are of particular export interest to them. More favourable treatment with respect to other measures, such as those relating to national treatment, domestic regulations defined in Article VI:4 and other obligations under the GATS, requires prior approval by the WTO Council on Trade in Services (WTO 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The existence of the cheese plant makes the dairy industry in the immediate region viable because it is the sole market for raw milk. However, while fresh milk cannot be exported, it is possible to transform the milk into a stable and higher value product and ship it out to distant customers. Cheese is an ideal transformation since it results in a high value product that is easily transported and has a long shelf life. Most importantly, Mennonite Cheese is clearly a local brand that reflects the local population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)