albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This included the introduction of local employment co-ordinators, who identify the needs of local areas and match them with employment, education and training opportunities. It is a federal structure made up of six states (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia) as well as two territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory). Similar to Canada and the United States, Australia has a w'ritten Constitution based on federalism which defines the responsibilities of each level of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As a consequence, women who think they will be judged on the basis of employers’ misperceptions may under-invest in education, thereby confirming employers’ beliefs. The same mechanism may influence women’s choice of their fields of study. If employers are biased against female engineers, for instance, female students will tend to shun STEM subjects. That is also the case in the vast majority of OECD countries, although Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Portugal and the Slovak Republic are exceptions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For instance, male wages may contribute to growing overall inequality because they become more dispersed, while the composition effect, e.g. increased participation in part-time/part-year jobs, may be the main channel through which women affect overall inequality. To test this hypothesis, this section applies an analysis that decomposes earnings inequality (measured by the Theil coefficient) by subgroup (between men and women from four different employment groups, i.e. full-time full year, full-time part-year, part-time full year and part-time part year). In Australia, Canada and the United States, the increase in wage dispersion within the groups was even large enough to outweigh a significant negative (i.e. equalising) effect of the between-group component. In most countries increases were primarily driven by growing wage dispersion among full-time full-year (FTFY) workers, both male and female (except in the Netherlands where this concerned only men).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This characteristic makes policies to ensure sustainable use, in terms of both water quality and quantity, particularly important, as overexploitation may have little impact on available resources in the near term, but may require prolonged corrective action to revert. Furthermore, adequate groundwater levels ensure that rivers continue to flow in dry periods. As in other semi-arid countries, most of the abstractions are for agricultural purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
AbstractThe modern shift toward abstract review and discretionary jurisdiction has heightened perennial controversy over the role of the Supreme Court in constitutional politics. Through close analysis of the framers’ deliberations in the Federal Convention, this article seeks to shed light on that controversy. The institutional logic at work in the debate tasked the Court with settling conflict arising from the federal system and enforcing constitutional limits on the state and federal governments alike. Given that “all interference between the general and local Governments should be obviated as much as possible,” the framers opted to confine that interference to the judicial process. In this legalization of federal conflict, settling constitutional questions was not merely incidental to the process of deciding particular cases, but became an essential function of the Court. In this way, the framers laid the groundwork of modern controversy over the political dimensions of judicial review in the institut...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Other requirements exist for continued operation for a limited time, eventually at a reduced power rate, for a broader range of voltage and frequency conditions (up to ±5% in frequency and ±10% in voltage) that are supposed to occur only on a few occasions per year. All generating units should be able to provide a specific range on reactive power to assist control of the system voltage. Finally, it should be noted that extremes of grid voltage could occur at the same time as extremes of grid frequency (in particular low voltage together with low frequency), generating plants should be designed to meet these extremes simultaneously.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is one of a series of papers published in the inaugural volume of the UCLA Human Rights & International Criminal Law Online Forum addressing legal issues arising from the Palestinian Authority’s submission of a declaration under Article 12(3) of the Rome Statute. The paper considers the differing approaches to the question at hand by critically reviewing each of the papers submitted to the Office of the Prosecutor and published in the Annex to the Summary of Arguments, published by the OTP in May 2010    The paper identifies and reviews two distinct approaches, labeled as the ‘Orthodox’ and ‘Functional’ approaches, and argues that it is the reasoning followed by the proponents of the latter approach that should guide the Prosecutor when making a decision as to whether to accept the Palestinian Authority’s declaration as valid
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Progress in each of these dimensions varies by region and by country, with no single trend across the Commonwealth. It is notable that progress in parliamentary representation, and women's leadership in the corporate sector seem to be benefiting from the presence of positive action and quotas, both voluntary and legislated. The report found that during the last 20 years (1997 to 2017), women’s lower house representation in Africa has improved markedly, with the exception - barring Cameroon - of West Africa. However, on the election of women to cabinet, although progress has been reasonable in South Africa and Rwanda in Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Norway areas of intact wilderness (areas without technical infrastructure) have decreased dramatically during the last decade, e.g. during 2008-2012 decreased by 900 km2 [http://inonkart.miljodirektoratet.no/inon/kart]). Almost 90% ofthe Faroe Islands are alpine areas (Olsen 2014). There are also extensive alpine areas in Norway, Iceland and Sweden. Anthropogenic effects on biological diversity within this biome are relatively small given the sparseness of physical encroachments, however the increasing fragmentation due to infrastructure, hydropower plants, sports facilities and cabin building has negative effects on populations of migrating wildlife and ecosystem functions (Nilsen & Strand 2017). In recent years the ecologically important small rodent cycle in the mountains has been absent or greatly reduced. This may be due to grazing pressure or climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For instance, WPC-led bills on prevention of workplace harassment and domestic abuse have enabled a shift in the public-private divide, and have positively influenced women’s ‘informal’ experiences of violence and abuse. There have also been debates and discussions on the role of sociocultural practices in keeping the gender divide intact. Through regular knowledge exchange with international organisations and monitoring effective implementation of inclusive policies, WPC serves as a kind of a ‘watchdog’ in parliament, ensuring compliance with institutional measures for women’s inclusion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Such engagement is also crucial to ensure post-fraining placement, and to understand start-up potential and opportunities. Moreover, to link these training programmes to measurable outcomes, part of the funding is dispensed only upon proof of successful employment, or self-employment, of trainees. It contributes to achieving the Gambia’s development aims and employing its youth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
If the rate of change is abrupt and not predictable then governance systems will fail. In any case, success in management adaptation is measured by effectiveness, economic efficiency, equity and legitimacy all of which are at risk due to climate change (Mcllgorm et al., Consistent with this approach Martin et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Moreover, from the policy standpoint, it is fundamental to consider care as a process in public actions of major impact in the private sphere and in social relations. The conditions under which it is provided are fundamental, for example, to guarantee the comprehensive growth of children, as well as for dignified aging. Another priority is to address the situation of persons who are responsible for providing home-based care —a role that women generally play in societies that are still marked by a patriarchal culture, an unbalanced gender division of labour and gender stereotypes about who should fulfil this social function. It is culturally established as a responsibility falling on mothers, daughters, sisters, grandmothers, aunts, daughters-in-law and female neighbours, among other family and social ties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Legislative amendments in the finfish fishery have introduced a maximum legal size limit for coral trout, a net size restriction for traditional fishing and removed the limitation on holding live finfish. A trigger point for total catch was established to provide for a decision making process should catch levels significantly increase. The management plan implements quota management for the fishery and was fully implemented on 1 July 2010. Responsibility for managing these waters now lies with the commonwealth department of infrastructure, transport, regional development and local government, the department of infrastructure has entered into a service delivery arrangement with the western Australian department of fisheries for the management of these inshore fisheries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Quality has not been sidelined, as evidenced by a recently introduced performance management framework for primary care doctors. A similar system for hospitals will soon follow. Patient groups report being well involved in policy making and several intersectoral memoranda of co-operation have been agreed - including w'ith industry - on key public health issues. Medical education is also excellent, w'ith Latvian medical schools having maintained their reputation as among the best in the ex-Soviet world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Sage and Vitry introduce this collection by first elaborating how construction has been historically circumscribed as an object of knowledge serving technical, managerial, physical and financial means and ends, thus marginalized as an object for social sciences and humanities scholarship. They then critically interrogate the extent to which the ‘social turn’ in Anglophone construction management research offers a challenge to this situation. Turning then to studies of the built environment in human geography, sociology and history, they review the increasing, if still marginal and fragmented, receptivity to considering the places, people and politics of building construction within those disciplines. Sage and Vitry conclude by reflecting back on aims of the volume to propose a more integrated, interdisciplinary, social studies of building construction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This could be conducted as action research, where teachers themselves participate in trying out and evaluating different approaches. The Ministry should also explore, with embassies of sending countries the possibility of adapting literacy and language programmes that have been developed for use in those countries, to the learning needs of young people as well as adults now living in Denmark15. This section is concerned with those immigrant parents who, for example, do not speak Danish, who may not have been through the Danish education system or who have low levels of education, who live in immigrant neighbourhoods, who are from less advantaged socio-economic backgrounds, may be unemployed and who do not understand how the Danish education system works.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Regional integration facilitates mobility of services and resource flows and the free movement of people across the region. Integration further provides an opportunity for promoting synergies and the harmonization of policies within the region. It offers opportunities to synchronize health and security concerns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Neither population size nor the size of economies necessarily co-varies with river basin size, nor do conflicts over water or complexities of interactions over space.2 Variations in geography and human occupation of river basins are great. Some, such as those in Central Asia, are in semi-arid regions where water scarcities have become chronically severe and where cross-border governance has faced serious challenges in taking remedial actions. Others are facing the portent of their watersheds being below sea level as the oceans continue to rise from global warming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Stakeholder engagement tools and mechanisms work differently across places, times, objectives and stages of the policy/project cycle. They should be tailored to each context (geographic, socio-economic, cultural), type of stakeholder concerned, policy goal targeted and place-based needs to accommodate varying levels of interest and resources from stakeholders and consider other options as needs arise. Water governance systems are complex and in flux, where change is dynamic and often unpredictable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Such services and related physical infrastructure occur at multiple scales and serve urban, industrial, agricultural and rural users, as well as involving ecological considerations (Global Water Partnership, 2009). They include dams and hydropower, water supply, wastewater, sanitation and water quality, storm water systems, irrigation and drainage, river and coastal works, pipelines and canals, and natural water infrastructure (Grigg, 2017). The particular nature of water as a basic human need, in combination with its amenability to being controlled and monopolized in different circumstances, makes public involvement in its provision both necessary and fraught.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It also set different tariffs for different technological options (based on the respective cost of generation plus a reasonable profit) and guaranteed them for 20 years. Many developing countries have followed this model, comprising so-called Advanced Renewable Tariffs, since it corresponds with standard practice in respect of other private electricity plants. In most cases, although tariffs are expressed as a percentage of the retail rate, they are in effect based on the cost of generation plus profit. This creates a disincentive for producers, who fear future policy changes in case of large-scale uptake of renewable energy generation. In this regard, a FIT option can be successful in developing countries only if it is backed by an international guarantee, and internationally funded subsidies for low-income consumers. These risks are probably higher in the developing parts of the world because of their limited financial resources and institutional capabilities for establishing effective policies and measures that lead towards a new phase of growth characterized by pervasive decarbonization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The rest of the table presents a matrix showing the relative distributional positions of non-standard workers within the household context. The columns refer to quintiles of individual earnings (among workers), and the rows correspond to quintiles of household equivalised income (for the whole working-age population). More than one-third of non-standard workers who were in the bottom quintile of individual earnings remained in the bottom quintile when household equivalised income was considered, another 24% moved to the following quintile, 20% to the middle, and the remaining 22% advanced to the top two quintiles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The development of new landfills is connected with the programme of closure of old disposal sites. Feasibility studies have been prepared for sites in Fier, Elbasan, Berat and Shkodra, all financed from the State budget. The oil industry extracts 260,000 tons of crude oil and 7.9 million m3 of natural gas, and produces about 300,000 tons of oil products, annually. Cement production is developing in Albania.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Based on a 50-state survey, this article provides an analysis of the impacts of civil service reform on human resource management (HRM) systems. The most fundamental conclusion is that public employees in a majority of states are being directly affected by human resources reforms. In particular, the civil service's traditional job protections are eroding because of decentralization of HRM authority, the active declassification of workers, restrictions on due process rights, and the efforts of activist governors. The implications of these phenomena on the professional civil service—and the notion of a public management career—are examined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The difference between the production costs for ethanol and the gasoline prices are estimated at 4% for Brazil, 30% for both India and Indonesia, 40% for the United States and 50% for the EU. The production costs of biodiesel are almost 50% higher than fossil diesel prices in most countries. The simulated biofuel mandates are quantitative measures, but correspond to an equivalent subsidy to biofuel use that allows filling the mandate. A 1% reduction in this subsidy equivalent was also simulated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Therefore the following section is not a full account of all criteria in the ecolabels but simply those focusing on the resource efficiency. The categories, with some alterations, have been used to categorize the criteria in the four instruments investigated. However, the instruments contain criteria falling outside the categories in the JRC ecodesign parameters for resource efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In the first two years of GEF-6 (2014-18), grants of US$566 million have already been made available through 52 projects and programmes to enhance the economic, social and environmental value of all types of forests. In addition, the GEF has also launched a US$45 million integrated programme to take deforestation out of commodity supply chains. Multilateral funds support climate change mitigation and adaptation actions that are not covered by existing ODA-supported development programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Cost effectiveness and profit-driven objectives have often underpinned successful initiatives. For instance, public-private partnerships (e.g. the Aashkar tablet in India7) were used to support outreach to poorer communities in India or South Africa. In Kenya, the success of M-PESA would not have been possible without regulations enabling this type of service development. Private companies (e.g. Nokia and Motorola) have adapted handsets for the developing world, while MFIs have received a substantial boost from participation by commercial banks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This is not only because of the intrinsic pressures on supply but also because OPEC has learned from the price increases since 2004 that the world can absorb higher energy prices relatively easily. In the economic interests of its members, therefore, OPEC manages oil supply to minimize any incipient price weakness. They use their growing prominence in the world to influence international policies, particularly when it comes to matters they insist are internal, such as human rights and democratic governance. Nations which have hammered out “favourable” deals with oil-producing nations do not want to rock the energy boat they have just managed to board, resulting in a world in which international relations are mainly a race to ensure continuing prosperity, not the building of a more sustainable international community. Developing nations scramble to procure the energy necessary to climb the economic ladder, while wealthy nations struggle to adapt their energy consumption patterns to maintain their existing lifestyles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, an increase in revenue decentralisation from 20 to 30% leads to a decrease in the (from 0 to 1 ranging) Gini coefficient of roughly 0.01, ceteris paribus. The coefficient for spending decentralisation has about the same size. The results indicate that empirically, inequality-reducing channels of spending and revenue decentralisation tend to outweigh inequality-increasing channels, but the effect is not strongly significant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In countries with high poverty, food insecurity, poor infrastructure, and low government capacity, this may involve designating transfers and subsidies to rural areas to protect the most vulnerable populations, such as women, children, the elderly and minority groups, and to enable them to meet their basic needs in order to live productive lives (Box 8.9). In some cases, it may mean providing incentives to the private sector to provide key services in remote regions. This may mean improving the flow of information and mobility between rural and urban areas, spurring the development of intermediary cities that can absorb rural labour, providing incentives for industries to locate in rural areas and for domestic and foreign investment to flow into rural areas, encouraging domestic private firms to invest in rural infrastructure and development, and so on. In all cases, government policy should explicitly target poverty in multiple dimensions (health and nutrition, education, other hard and soft infrastructure, job creation) and combat the exclusion of certain groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This development should also be seen in the broader context of producing indicators for measuring progress in human development following the adoption of the Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development in 1995 and, later, progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals in the 2000s. Second, at the national level, there has been an increase in demand at the national level for gender statistics and indicators with a view to supporting policymaking and measuring the gender-related achievements of development projects, including the participation of women and men in such projects. Gender indicators on input, project participation and project output have been the focus of many agencies involved with development projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In another study of 1,394 men working for three Cape Town area municipalities, 44 per cent admitted to having abused their female partners. It is estimated that 76 per cent of women have experienced some form of sexual harassment, 40 per cent of whom left their jobs as a result.33 Although perpetrators can be indicted under a number of laws, including the Employment Equity Act, there have been few prosecutions. After the airplane death of Hutu President Juvenal Habyarimana on 6 April 1994, the Hutu went on a killing spree, exterminating an estimated 800,000 Tutsi (and moderate Hutu as well) over the course of 100 days in an effort to thwart the power-sharing arrangement with Tutsi to which the president had agreed under the Arusha Peace Accords of 1993. The genocide ended when the mainly Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) defeated the remnants of the interim government and stopped the carnage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
What is the picture in key emerging economies? Has the growth of income inequality been mirrored by rising inequalities of wealth, well-being and opportunity? This chapter charts the drastic rise of income inequality in OECD countries since the 1980s, examining the key drivers over the short and longer term with a focus on the role of technological change, reforms to labour market institutions and the advance of globalisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)