albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It should be noted, however, that the effects on deforestation of biomass utilization by rural communities are very location-specific. While wood burning is not always a primary cause of tree cutting (as women carry mostly twigs), it can exacerbate other existing environmental problems. But in some instances (e.g. in Africa), fuel wood collection does constitute one of the causes of tropical deforestation (Modi et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article reviews publications on public administration in the Australian Journal of Political Science (AJPS). A distinction needs to be drawn between public administration as a discipline and as a field of inquiry that engages specialists from several areas. The latter has been more significant in Australia in contrast to Europe and the United States. The questions discussed in the AJPS cover changes in the field and practice of public administration, the state and government, the structures of local government, public organisation and federalism, interfaces between public administration and other sectors and institutions, and issues with public sector reform and accountability. Despite the emphasis on governance in discourse and practice, the role of government continues to be central, and what emerges from experiments in new governance is that the authority of government and the significance of hierarchy (compared to markets and networks) very often remains pivotal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These include spot market development, cross-border balancing, regional capacity allocation, and cross-cutting measures which include increasing the effectiveness of national administrative bodies. Since the 2015 summit over 50% of soft measures have been implemented by the six governments, with Seibia and Montenegro implementing over 60%, Albania. Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo 40-50% and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia just under 40% (ECS, 2017a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It takes a bottom-up approach that relies on the actions of individual countries to rein in their respective emissions and climate risks, while also acknowledging the different circumstances and needs of developing countries. Even so, it does leave open the possibility that international trade in GHG emissions allowances will play a material role in the future. While most of these potential conflicts are surmountable with a sophisticated understanding of environmental law and policy, the trade community has a contentious record on this historically. States with both an interest in seeing robust climate action and a deep involvement in trade negotiations are in an important position to ensure harmony between these two regimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Nonetheless, the country’s employment rate rose by 2.8 per cent. Growth linked to changes in the share of population of working age (demographic structure) was significant only in Nepal and to a lesser extent in Bangladesh, Cambodia and Ethiopia. Nepal appears to be successfully exploiting its demographic dividend, since its working-age population as a share of the total population is rising (i.e., fewer dependants per working-age adult) and accounted for about 42 per cent of the change in GDP per capita during 2000-2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The national economy has a narrow base, centred on tourism, with exports including agriculture, fisheries and forestry products, although none of these have flourished in this century. Samoa consists of two main inhabited islands and two small inhabited islands. The population balance is gradually shifting towards the Apia area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These more targeted campaigns often include complementary activities that increase the availability and accessibility of healthier choices. Campaigns to encourage increased consumption of fruits and vegetables have been undertaken in several developing countries including, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and South Africa as well as in high-income countries in Australasia, Europe and Northern America (Hawkes, 2013). In Chile, the "5 al dia" programme led to increased awareness of the health benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption among participants, but little change was seen in their consumption of such foods (Hawkes, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Data from six African countries indicate that the average youth underemployment rate was approximately 15 per cent in 2011 (ILO, 2017a). Figure 14 shows that youth unemployment is especially a concern in Northern and Southern Africa. In these subregions, young people also constitute a higher proportion of the total population than in other subregions, having already begun developing a significant demographic dividend. For the rest of Africa where youth populations and corresponding youth unemployment has yet to swell, there is a need to prepare accordingly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The board regularly meets and evaluates the existing training programmes together with the Employer Federation of Pakistan. Based on the assessment results, they develop and implement short training programmes to fill the identified skills gaps. The council’s financial position allows the body to provide training for the poor free of charge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Sprawling cities shift fringe areas towards new land uses (including residential, industrial and business areas) and away from their traditional social and economic functions (Seret et al, 2014). Land use planners need to balance diverse interests in such areas, such as the need to protect open green space and natural amenities, to protect agricultural lands, to provide critical infrastructure and transportation for growing urban areas and to meet housing demand. The push and pull between these various uses is inherently tied to questions of how this space should be governed and how' to define the public interest in questions about how’ land should be used and developed (or not, as the case may be).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
New specialized courts have emerged in many countries, both in response to international pressure for legal reform and reflecting states’ own choice. Among these courts are specialized anti-corruption courts. The Indonesian Court for Corruption Crimes in Jakarta, originally established by statute in 2002, gained prominence and notoriety for its near-100 % conviction rate in over 250 cases. However, in 2010, exclusive jurisdiction over corruption cases was ‘decentralized’ to special corruption courts established in Indonesia’s 34 provincial capitals. The prudence of this has been strongly criticized, with questions raised about whether these regional courts have maintained the professionalism of the sole Jakarta court. This paper examines the rationale for the establishment of these courts and whether conviction rates are useful indicators of their performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. This chapter will use the terms middle school and high school, which correspond best to the Japanese terms tp^jx and . The tuition deduction ranges from 118.8 thousand yen to 237.6 thousand yen (about $1 500 to $3 000) depending on household income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Train the investigators in the data collection tasks. Perform the statistical analyses of the data collected. Provide a public-access information base to engage all stakeholders, including national policy makers and health systems planners, in planning and decisionmaking processes about mental health care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Between 2002 and 2020, Sydney’s (unconstrained) traffic volumes are forecast to increase by 33%l3. The challenge is how to coordinate policy and action across industry, households and government agencies. In relation to government, climate change policy straddles all tiers of government, departments and agencies including water, energy, waste, industry, education and environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This could help to answer the vexed question of the potential for competition between climate and development finance, which continues to cause a political divide between developed and developing countries. The development co-operation community could also consider further research in a number of areas including country level studies of financial flows to identify ways of maximising the effectiveness of finance for climate, development and disaster risk reduction. In addition, country level studies of the measures being taken to roll out the 2015 agendas in a coherent way at the national level would provide valuable insights and learning to share with development co-operation providers and partner governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Particulate matter measuring less than 2.5 micrograms (pm) in diameter (PM2.5) is a major concern among all air pollutants for human health since they can penetrate the lungs, impacting respiratory health. In 2015, Northern Africa and Western Asia, and Central and Southern Asia, recorded the highest PM2.5 concentrations estimated at 49 and 48 pg/m3, respectively (Figure 18). The Oceania subregion recorded the lowest concentrations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Some of the decisions required, notably regarding technology choices and business models, may arguably be decentralized to economic actors, such as independent power producers or household themselves, but some degree of central planning is needed to anticipate and address the system-wide implications of their investment choices and to fully exploit the potential synergies and complementarities across different technologies in integrating each country’s power generation mix. The multifaceted challenges of strengthening LDC energy systems thus call for a combination of system-wide long-term planning and flexibility. Grid extension inevitably leads to increased electricity demand. If generation capacity fails to keep pace with this increase, this will be reflected in reduced reliability of supply, impairing the developmental benefits of grid extension, and leaving producers and households to resort to higher-cost (and possibly more polluting) options. The planned pace of increase in access and electricity production also needs to be realistic, taking into account not only the availability of finance and construction times, but also logistical and human-resource constraints, as well as likely delays in decision-making, access to finance and project implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the lead up to Pakistan’s national elections scheduled for 2013, the judiciary and the legislature have clashed over the reopening of corruption cases against President Zardari. Prime Minister Gilani was forced from office, and the crisis abated due to his successor’s actions. The Supreme Court ruled that military intelligence illegally interfered with an earlier election. Fiscal crises, sectarian violence, insurgency, and slow economic growth continue to pose serious challenges. U.S. aid was resumed after NATO supply lines were re-opened, but tensions remain over U.S. drone strikes. The Pakistani rupee sank to a record low. The country’s democratic transition is still young, and consolidation may promote solvency and improve governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The final decision by the Commission is expressed in an Individual Evaluation Report. The Commission also holds the responsibility to manage and decide on appeals made by teachers on the result of their evaluation. School directors and the Heads of Technical-Pedagogical Units in the school are responsible for providing the third party reference report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, there are also many places where serious household affordability issues prevent further increases, unless social protection measures are being introduced (OECD, 2009a). This is especially true where household affordability is an important constraint. In order to be efficient and effective, however, subsidies should be predictable, transparent, targeted and ideally taper off over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A key feature of a legal system is the set of institutions used to aggregate the citizens' preferences over the harshness of punishment, i.e., the legal tradition. While under common law appellate judges' biases offset one another at the cost of volatility of the law, under civil law the legislator chooses a certain legal rule that is biased only when he favors special interests, i.e., when preferences are sufficiently heterogeneous and/or the political process is sufficiently inefficient. Hence, common law can be selected only under this last scenario. This prediction is consistent with a novel dataset on the lawmaking and adjudication institutions in place at independence and in 2000 in 155 transplants, many of which reformed the transplanted legal tradition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Is foreign aid effective in reducing terrorism? The existing evidence is mostly negative. We argue that this pessimistic outlook on the efficacy of aid as a counterterrorism tool is partly a function of focusing on only one type of aid: economic aid. Governance and civil society aid can dampen the participation in and support for terrorism by altering the political conditions of a country. We expect countries that receive high levels of governance and civil society aid to experience fewer domestic terrorist incidents than countries that receive little or none. Using a sample of aid eligible countries for the period from 1997 to 2010, we find that governance and civil society aid is effective in dampening domestic terrorism, but this effect is only present if the recipient country is not experiencing a civil conflict. Our findings provide support for the continued use of democracy aid as a counterterrorism tool.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Digicel found that money transfers between Apia and other parts of Samoa were effective and sought to make such national transfers international. Digicel launched its Mobile Money service in Fiji in mid-2010 and in both Tonga and Samoa in 2011, at the same time reducing the cost of mobile phone ownership dramatically, making it available to a much larger number of people, and setting up networks of agencies to provide credit services etc. Money on the phone can be used as a mobile wallet to buy food and household goods, pay bills or send Digicel Top Up credit or withdraw cash and purchases and cash withdrawals can be made at over 300 participating stores and service agents throughout the Pacific islands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The definition of the time period is discussed further in Annex 4.B.) In sum, the nature of the data available prevents more detailed examination of which type(s) of state dependence are the most important in the context of SA receipt dynamics. Bhuller, Brinch and Kdnigs find however that estimates of the level of state dependence can vary significantly with the level of time aggregation. Some researchers fitting DREP models to annual unemployment histories have taken a practical approach to try and identify Markovian state dependence separately from duration dependence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Since renewable energy sources often are located far from the demand centres, the underdeveloped transmission and distribution grids in the region hamper the development of renewable energy sources of electricity. In Viet Nam, a lack of grid upgrades and unclear technical regulations for grid connections have particularly hindered wind power deployment under the FIT system (Wind Power Monthly, 2015). In addition to discouraging investments in new projects, the lack of grid connections also affects renewable energy plants that have already been developed and increases the risk of stranded assets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Less than 30% of business expenditure in R&D takes place in the periphery, the Galilee and the Negev. In 2008, the total investment in R&D was ILS 35.2 billion or4.8% of GDP compared to 2.3% for an average of OECD countries. By comparison, other small countries with a GDP comparable to that of Israel that have attained high economic development levels had lower rates of R&D investment: Ireland (1.43%), Denmark (2.72%) and Finland (3.73%). Investment in civilian R&D grew between 1995 and 2008 at an average annual rate of 12.2%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
An assessment of demand-side management programmes in Thailand notes the greater success of programmes aimed at households than of programmes encouraging firms to adopt more energy-efficient equipment, largely because of a lack of investment financing. The gaps are concentrated between the demonstration and the deployment stages (MacLean et al. Soft loans, often as special-purpose energy-efficiency funds, are the most common form of finance (Box 6.8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Measures that support international collaborative research activities across countries can be a helpful mechanism to encourage the development and diffusion of climate mitigation technologies internationally. The policy approaches have varied across Europe, leading to a wide range of policy experience. It must be embedded in wider energy policy, and be stable across the lifetime of projects. Investors need to be confident, in a policy-driven market, that governments are serious.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Direct taxes, at 28.5%, represent a much smaller component, although this represents a notable increase over the average for 1990-2001 (23%). Taxes levied on income, assets or transfers of capital assets (including inheritances and bequests as well as one-off real estate transactions) are valid and useful instruments for collecting more from those who have more, which results in a fairer tax system. Again, the region has moved in this direction, although its tax-based redistribution capacities are still very limited, due to the preponderance of indirect taxation (see Gomez Sabafni and Rossignolo, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The motivations of the Arab Spring that have marked the history of humanity over the last few months have left political economists, researchers, governments and international policymakers pondering over how the quality of political institutions affect consumer welfare in terms of commodity prices. This paper investigates the effects of political establishments on consumer prices in the African continent. Findings suggest that in comparison with authoritarian regimes, democracies better provide for institutions that keep inflationary pressures on commodity prices in check. As a policy implication, improving the quality of democratic institutions will ameliorate consumer welfare through lower inflation rates. Such government quality institutional determinants include, among others: voice and accountability, rule of law, regulation quality, control of corruption and press freedom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Co-ordinated by the Ministry of Water and Energy, the project was designed by the Ethiopian Government in collaboration with the Netherlands Development Organization (SNV). Lessons could be learned from this example for greening rural economies at scale. However, rural households that use open woodfires to cook household meals suffer health problems associated with indoor air pollution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
But (he widely diverging evolution of food and non-food prices led to the use of different deflators starting in 2007. The indigence line is updated using the food consumer price index (CPI), the non-food component of the poverty line is updated on the basis of the variation of Ihe CPI for the relevant goods and services. Accordingly, the figures may not match those published in previous editions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Reductions in the agricultural land use tax by 50% is provided for: organisations which manage and use agricultural land, and land holdings in excess of the land limits which are used for agriculture and forestry by households and individuals, including land allocated by state-owned enterprises. Reductions in land use taxes have also been used to encourage commercial investment in agriculture and incentivise infrastructure development.46 The 2003 policy change resulted in most farm households and organisations either being exempt from paying agricultural land use tax or having the amount they pay reduced (Figure 2.4). Extension stations exist in 641 out of 703 districts. Almost all of the districts without a station are completely urban.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the urban core and surrounding districts, a balance must be stmck between efficient land use through mixed-use development of housing, public and commercial facilities, and compact development that respects factors such as building winds, a right to sunlight and residents’ health. In peripheral areas, better access to urban cores and low-density development can be achieved through public-transit system and pedestrian-friendly urban design (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, 2007). Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The first begins with a description of the post-Soviet migration system and the place Central Asian States and the Russian Federation take in it. The second covers a discussion of gender ratios of the migration flows from the three countries being studied to the Russian Federation, the gender-specific factors driving the migration and general characteristics of female and male migration. The third and fourth sections are devoted to the gender dimensions of integration in the destination country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It guarantees a yearly average release of 16 BCM [at a minimum annual average of 500 m3/sl from the Euphrates at the Syrian-Turkish border." Turkey and Syria signed 52 agreements in a Strategic Cooperation Council meeting on energy cooperation, transportation, trade and security. Negotiating mechanisms between Iraq and Turkey were created or revived and in 2009 a new water protocol was signed along with many other protocols on trade and security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In order to lift the financing constraint on enterprise development, several alternatives can be considered by LDC policymakers. Such banks can provide long-term financing to domestic companies (including SMEs, start-ups and innovative firms), possibly on more favourable terms than market institutions. They can supply other financial services like short-term loans and co-financing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Fortunately this can now be done more effectively through a variety of information and communication technologies - print, radio, television, the internet, and mobile and smart phones. Social media platforms are also proving invaluable in facilitating the exchange of information in times of crises. In addition, communities need to be prepared to react to disasters such as flash floods or earthquakes that can occur without warning. A variety of programmes within the Asia-Pacific region seek to inform, encourage consultation, and empower communities to respond during times of crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is often argued that low taxation of capital income encourages risk-taking, investment and entrepreneurship, as well as foreign capital inflows, with beneficial effects on growth. However, the impact of low or preferential taxation of capital income on growth is subject to debate and other trade-offs are relevant as well. See Johansson et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)