albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
:     This article outlines various explanations for singling out the right to work from the roster of human rights, and emphasizes the dilemmas associated with regulating the labour market as a barrier to the development of the right. It compares two frameworks that address these concerns from the contrasted perspectives of human rights and employment policy — namely, the General Comment of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the European Employment Strategy. While these approaches are not natural allies, they can complement each other and construct an institutional system guided by the right to work as a superordinate norm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since 1994, for example, an annual ecosystem status and trends document has been prepared to inform the fishery management process - especially with respect to stock assessments. Definition of a longer term apparent Pacific Decadal Oscillation (Mantua et al., These and other studies have led to detailed multi-national efforts to document climate variability in the Northeast Pacific through Fisheries-Oceanography Coordinated Investigations FOCI (Macklin, 1998), the North Pacific Science Organization (PICES), and the North Pacific Anadromous Fisheries Commission (NPAFC) (Beamish, ed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This represents an increase of 24.3 per cent compared with the beginning of 2005. The total urban population is 2.215 million and the total rural population is 6.136 million. Over the past decade, urban and rural areas have seen an increase in their population of 24.45 per cent and 24.25 per cent, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Several of the economic instruments, like energy taxes, have fund raising properties the revenues of which could be channelled back or “recycled” into funds for climate-related activities. Regarding the latter, national governments could decide to voluntarily make available funds in relation to their own GDP (a voluntary “GDP tax”), or there could be GDP-related transfers based on an internationally agreed rate (analogous to ODA commitments), or there could be a multilateral collection of such “GDP taxes”. In terms of intertemporal reallocation, a dedicated international financing facility could stimulate front-loaded investments in mitigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Decentralisation policies have "normalised" nomadic areas by ending a situation that had persisted since the colonial era, a type of administrative exception. Indirect military governance became established in nomadic areas through tribal leaders, without territorialised administration. The colonial management model was based on a surveillance system known as the "law and order" approach (Gagnol, 2009), differentiating between the administration of nomadic zones and "useful" sedentary zones (Marty, 1999).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Producers who have already paid fixed costs such as those on machinery, buildings, and land are committed to owning these resources for the forthcoming period. The producer incurs some fixed costs associated with these resources regardless of whether any production occurs. Fixed costs include depreciation and insurance on machinery, equipment and buildings, interest on machines, land, equipment, and buildings and land taxes. Many producers sooner or later confront the problem of failing to recover all their costs for an irrigation enterprise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, such choices would be more informed if they were supported by broader empirical analysis of the trade-offs between the two strategies. A commodity principle is at the heart of their organisation, with the result that an individual farmer producing several commodities is served by several bodies, each concerned with specific product. This limits the approach to management of farm risk in an enterprise with multiple activities and interactions between these activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Since 2008, the importation of an extensive range of processed agricultural products has been limited to registered importers only, who become registered by submitting among other things a one-year import plan. Similar controls were put on live animals and animal products in 2011. Quantitative limits on beef imports are imposed as part of the suite of measures introduced for the purposes of achieving self-sufficiency in beef by 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As such, this is an area that warrants further attention to attain Target E of the Sendai Framework. In many respects, the DRR community is leading the way, as illustrated by the initiation of GRAF, for example. This will require adopting "good practice principles in risk-informed development" such as inclusive and transparent, phased and iterative, flexible and adaptive, continuous learning and reflection approaches.470 Making development choices that support development trajectories that harness benefits for reduced complex risk, avoid risk creation and better manage residual risk, must be the way forward. Regional platforms for DRR and other innovative regional multi-stakeholder partnerships play an important role in DRR awareness and cooperation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Since many of the factors that are found to be relevant for how labour earnings are distributed among the working population can be influenced by policy makers, the article also draws some tentative policy conclusions from the empirical results. As far as possible, the analysis is based on comparable individual data for this wide set of countries, providing a unique country-by-country assessment of the drivers of earnings inequality. The empirical analysis mainly makes use of the unconditional quantile regression technique proposed by Firpo eta I. (2009). This method allows estimating the effect of the potential determinants on all parts of the earnings distribution and is thus better suited to answer questions about the drivers of earnings inequality than standard least squares techniques that only allow estimating effects on mean earnings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At the end of 2015, about 63 per cent of rangeland was severely overgrazed. In recent years, herders have paid more attention to goat breeding, due to increasing market demands for and the high price of cashmere. The proportion of goats in the total number of livestock had increased from 19.3 per cent in 1987 to 42.1 per cent in 2015, while that of other livestock, including sheep, cattle, horses and camels, continually declined. The arable land in Mongolia has declined from 1.334 million ha in 1987 to 1.067 million ha in 2016 (figure 12.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Between 1980 and 2010 domestic material productivity of OECD economies improved, rising from 1 dollar per kilogram (2005 USD PPP) to over 1.8 USD/kg. Today, OECD countries generate 50% more economic value per unit of material resources used than in 1990 and 30% more than in 2000. Relative decoupling has occurred across all material groups and OECD regions, but there are only a handful of instances of absolute decoupling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The scientific output of universities also grew' rapidly. Austrian science, for example in the field of quantum communication and information, has world renown. Vienna is a major biotech hub in Europe, as is Linz in mechatronics and Graz in automotive and production technologies. Austria is also home to a number of firms which are world leaders in certain technological fields and niche markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is likely that substantial quantities of waste plastics are not collected, and instead escape into the wider environment. If each of these individuals generate 0.25 kg of waste per person per day, and if 10% of the w'aste stream is plastics, then this leakage would amount to around 15 million tonnes of w'aste plastics per year. These systems can be considered as an extension of household collection systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Equity between present and future generations in a perspective of sustainability' should be promoted. Thus, disaggregated data on gender, age economic status and the level of impact of proposed policies and measures is crucial. Clarifying the goals and reasons for engagement is key to building mutual understanding and trust of how stakeholders may be involved in the process, and for informed stakeholders to provide quality contributions in line with expectations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme was introduced in 2008, and its objective to improve energy efficiency and decrease CO2 emissions covers about 5,000 organizations, 10% of national emissions. Participating organizations must monitor their emissions and purchase licenses for each tonne of CO2 emitted, thereby creating incentives for improving energy efficiency. Analysis shows markets respond to energy efficient buildings with higher rentals and longer tenancies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Instead of directly appraising teachers, a more appropriate role for the school board would be to ensure that school staff are complying with the legislated requirements of the appraisal system. They might also determine how' to make the appraisal process more relevant to their school, for example by supplementing common professional teaching standards with other appraisal criteria that are particularly important to their context. This is not a good setting for open feedback.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Management buy in and leadership are also critical. One of the key challenges is often the lack of sex-disaggregated data within portfolios and client bases, however, using proxy data can assist financiers to assess the opportunities. Internally, exploring where (if any) prejudices lie and understanding the status of women in the existing portfolio - from product and service use differences to repayment rates and portfolio shares - and comparing this to the broader market status quo are first steps towards identifying opportunities. The next step, through consultation with managers and staff across the institution, is to identify the target market and carry out an assessment of where this sits within the existing strategy, set aside resources (technical, physical and human), identify capacity-building requirements and set goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is expected that if energy prices rise further, the link with food prices will be stronger. In terms of policy, according to Chavas and Kim (2006) the removal of stabilisation policies and the reduced public stocks of food grains have created conditions favorable to greater price volatility. This last point is particularly important with respect to China, which has greatly reduced its stocks over the last 10 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At the same time the European Union has been adamant to make sure that vessels flying the flags of its Member States comply with management and conservation rules of RFMOs. The Conference on Regional Fisheries Management Organisations RFMOs “Fit for the future,” (Brussels, 1 June 2012) was the opportunity to enhance dialogue between RFMOs and to identify key areas that determine the performance of RFMO. Political will and commitment by the parties, co-operation across RFMOs, compliance, robustness of data and science, capacity-building, the fight against IUU fishing, the need for transparency and better communication were recurrent themes during the day.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Moreover,full employment is a prerequisite to address the problem of male unemployment. This will help to avoid gender conflict, resistance, and, in some cases, backlash as more women enter the labour force in a global context in which men’s access to paid work has been falling. Public investment should be directed at expenditures that reduce women’s care burden and allow for care to be more equitably shared by the state and men and women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This near universal access means that televised educational content has the greatest chance of reaching the most students in disadvantaged and rural areas. As of December 2014, Thailand had 97.7 million mobile subscribers (Leesanguansuk, 2015). It currently has the third highest mobile broadband penetration rate among Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries, around 50 million users, and will become the second largest mobile broadband subscriber in Southeast Asia after Singapore once the rollout of the high-speed, fourth generation (4G) network is complete. Thailand should continue its digital investments in both, making sure it balances spending between expenditure on devices and Internet access, and expenditure on technical maintenance costs for schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Women in elite economic and social groups often discriminate against and oppress other women whom they consider to be placed lower than themselves in the social hierarchy. Within a patriarchal framework, women’s capacities for peacebuilding differ from men’s in at least four ways: how women are socialized, which concerns and issues they bring to peacebuilding, which social networks they are part of, and how their gender identities allow them to do some peacebuilding activities that are denied to men. Women are not, by nature, more advantaged or disadvantaged at building peace than men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The southern saxaul forests cover 15.3 per cent of the country’s forested land and consist primarily of saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendrori) and other species such as tamarix (Tamarix spp.) The saxaul vegetation is a unique feature of Mongolia’s semi-desert and desert ecosystems and has important ecological, cultural and economic functions. These forests protect the land against erosion and desertification, and provide fodder for livestock and fuelwood. Siberian larch is the dominant species in terms of both area (62.5 per cent) and volume (78.6 per cent).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The investment cases provided do not represent an exhaustive list of examples, but they have been selected carefully to present a wide a range of cases from around the world, allowing investment trends to be identified. Fixed and wireless telecommunication operators and higher-layer service providers - whether in developed or developing markets - have had to adapt to local conditions. Consequently, they have developed a range of different strategies to remain competitive and to invest in broadband infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Government institutions, DFIs, NGOs, companies, users, and any other entities could be linked to such a platform. The transparent, but pseudonymous, tracking of data flows and access management allows the data owners to manage their transactions and interfaces efficiently, without compromising data privacy protection. Blockchains enable the tracking of compliance with technology standards. For instance, infrastructure owners or operators may be legally required to report status information and changes to their infrastructure. Air quality stations in urban locations could be standardised in terms of data quality, identification and software.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The basin committees are deliberative bodies in charge of the administrative management where negotiations and participatory decision making take place to debate on water issues, arbitrate use conflicts and design basin management plans. The basin agencies are the “executive arms” of the committees, providing technical support and implementing their decisions. The latter are financed through the collection of bulk water fees with the objectives to i) better balance water demand and supply, and ii) provide the necessary funds for the adequate operation and maintenance of existing systems and new projects at the basin scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Poor mental health affects workers’ productivity by reducing workers’ marginal productivity when they are at work (presenteeism) and increasing the rate of absence or reducing the numbers of hours worked (sickness absence). Workers lose an average of one hour per week owing to depression-related absenteeism and four hours per week due to depression-related presenteeism (Stewart et al., Mental health problems are a predictor of both short-term and long-term sickness absence, increasing the probability of short-term leave by 10% and that of long-term leave by 13% for severe disorders and 6% for mild-to-moderate disorders (OECD, 2012). Also, depression symptoms have a significant and large effect on sick-leave duration, since they account for an additional 7 days of annual sick leave (Knebelmann, 2014). This is problematic since long-term absence acts as the main pathway into disability benefits (e.g. Karlstrom et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It benefitted from comments by Stephane Carcillo, Michele Cecchini and Peter Wyckoff (all from the OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affaris). The chapter benefitted from comments by Gabriel Gomes from the OECD Economics Department. This chapter has benefitted from comments by Sebastian Schich from the OECD Directorate of Financial and Enterprise Affairs and Herve Kieffel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Policies are needed to make institutional credit available to all farmers, including tenants, women farmers and those without clear land titles (if necessary with some subsidies to cover the higher risks and transaction costs associated with such lending). In order to achieve higher agricultural yields and stronger productivity growth, farmers need to learn and adopt innovations in theircultivation techniques, water management, choice of seeds and/or crops, warehousing, etc. This calls for Governments to provide support services, such as rural extension services, which diffuse new knowledge to farmers and help them learn and adopt innovations. Ideally, such services should actively involve local communities and use traditional or indigenous knowledge systems that are appropriate to smallholder farm sizes, including scale-neutral technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Figure 2.6 presents eight studies of the cost-effectiveness of the collaborative care model. Each of the points shows the relative effectiveness of collaborative care model for the treatment of moderate depression. The chart shows that there are a vast number of studies demonstrating the effectiveness of collaborative intervention, all of the studies show that collaborative intervention improves clinical outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As result, the vast majority of the urban housing stock is now in private hands: in 2014, only 3.2% of the housing stock was in public ownership.22 Moreover, while the public housing stock has been fairly stable since 2004, the private sector accounted for almost all the growth in the urban housing stock between 2004 and 2014 (an increase of 38%). The public housing stock accounts for less than 4% of the overall housing stock in almost all large cities, including Astana and Almaty City, except in Rudnij and Pavlodar. According to Kazakhstan’s law on individual housing construction and the Land Code,23 every citizen has the right to receive a land plot for individual construction purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Soon after, a nation-wide consultation enabled us to develop a strategy that aimed even higher: we would seek not just to protect our forests, but to shift our entire economy onto a low-carbon trajectory with economic growth coming from new sectors, and with our country’s economy powered almost entirely by renewable energy. This plan had a simple proposition at its core: those who benefit from our standing forests must contribute to their maintenance. We realised that most efforts to maintain our forests would continue to come from the people of Guyana, including our Amerindian (indigenous) communities. Yet we felt that international citizens must also pay their share, given the immense benefits our forests contribute to stabilising the global climate, securing carbon sequestration, and maintaining water and other ecosystem services. In 2008, however - even before the REDD+ mechanism had been agreed - we wanted to show that progress was possible. Norway was one of the first developed countries to recognise that protecting tropical forests was both an essential and highly cost-effective way to combat climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In PISA 2012, student performance in mathematics showed some variations across provinces. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick show smaller differences between high and low performers compared to the national average, while Alberta and Quebec have the largest differences. The impact of socio-economic status on student mathematics performance in Canada (9.4%) is below the OECD average (14%) (Figure 3). Every province and territory has publicly funded pre-primary education for 5-year-olds, and Ontario has full preprimary education provision for both 4-year-olds and 5-year-olds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The government has assured us that it can justify any infringement of fundamental rights effected by Bill C-36 on the basis that the Bill's important purposes would trigger judicial deference. This paper questions that unsupported assertion. Our Charter's mode of rights protection was specifically designed to prevent repetition of past excesses by the executive in the exercise of plenary emergency powers in times of danger and uncertainty. In anticipation of stringent judicial review, the government should re-draft Bill C-36 to meet the judicial tests of prescription by law and proportionality. It should also include in Bill C-36 the political safeguards set down in the Emergencies Act, which are modeled upon the derogation power in the international human rights instruments. The transparency and accountability ensured by these safeguards legitimate the creation and exercise of exceptional powers in free and democratic societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Corrective measures are then required before the DoE releases more funds. In order to accelerate implementation and quality delivery, the DoE has established guidelines for all the stages of the electrification programme and occasionally provides one-off capacity building support to weaker municipalities. In the case of non-grid electrification, non-acceptance of renewable energy systems as a solution for the provision of electricity is slowing down the electrification process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There are now 11 transport card companies (including KSCC), operating in different cities and provinces through direct service contracts with subnational authorities. Beyond these conventional pre-paid sendees, ten commercial banks nationwide also topped their own credit or debit cards with a public transport card function, with deferred payment. Transfer discounts are applicable for up to 4 times a day, within a transfer time limit of 30 minutes (up to 1 hour from 9 pm to 7 am the next day). The user simply needs to tap his device on the sensors as he/she gets off the bus or exits the subway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Firms may also learn by engaging in exporting activities, which can expose firms to new ways of doing business in the international arena. Another potential channel is learning and upgrading through vertical supply-chain relationships (Gereffi, 1999). In addition, SMEs can also gain access to valuable knowledge flows by getting trained and certified in global best practices, such as ISO 9001 and 14001, as well as sector-specific certifications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)