albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
High investments in 2009 and 2010, partly supported by ENOVA’s schemes, have led to expectations of further growth in district heat consumption in the coming years. However, although district heat consumption is increasing, it only accounts for 1.6% of the net domestic consumption of energy. About half of the resources used for district heating in Norway are forest biomass and municipal waste, which are supplemented by gas, oil, hydro power and waste heat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The latter part of this chapter then describes and assesses the separate elements of the quality architecture (such as use of guidelines or professional licensing) in detail, in a format that follows other volumes in the OECD’s Health Care Quality Review series. Its approach to dealing with these issues is to forge close connections between policy making and implementation, to better respond to population need at a regional level. This section describes the governance and organisation of NHSScotland, and the state of population health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Note that there are significantly fewer CSP installations in the United States than PV installations, this difference limits the robustness of conclusions, and in particular, there are very few projects using certain CSP technologies. On average, based on evidence from the United States, tower systems have the greatest CSP land use requirements on both a capacity and energy basis. Towers use 50 per cent more direct land than troughs on a capacity (MW) basis, and use 20 per cent more on a generation basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Its importance as a pressure factor, according to Belarus, is local but severe. Chemicals are transported to the river from agricultural facilities, and pond fisheries are a major source of pollution. Industry in Lithuania is mainly located in Alytus, Kaunas and Vilnius, in Belarus mainly around Grodno (assessed as local and moderate by Belarus).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Women represent 1.1 billion of Commonwealth peoples, and form the highest number of voters in any election, yet they are the least represented in governance and political processes. Moreover, these political legacies have vested a culture of clinging to power without opportunities for grooming new leaders. Nepotism is rife and transfer of power has seen the devolution to family relatives, a form of 'political monarchy'. As a result, many women remain challenged by these limiting factors, which persistently hinder their participation. In addition, some Commonwealth countries have mainstreamed women into decision-making by recognising their overwhelming contribution in liberation struggles, civil wars and/or protest politics - in Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and South Africa - thereby sidelining academic excellence as a criteria or guarantee to participate in governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Health is a crucial factor in school attendance and performance. Healthier individuals learn more efficiently and they are more able to productively use education at any point in life. Education is a precondition for training as a nurse or doctor (as mentioned above, while there are indigenous mid-level medical staff, there are few indigenous doctors).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Both government and external imbalances have to some extent narrowed over the past two or three years, and given widespread commitments and - in some cases - market pressures for budget consolidation, government imbalances are expected to continue to diminish over the next few years. But in the case of current account imbalances, the extent to which the recent narrowing reflects cyclical rather than structural factors remains unclear. This section highlights the likely impact on budget deficits and current account imbalances of recommendations for OECD and BRIICS’ countries in the areas identified as country-specific policy priorities and reported in Chapter 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Therefore, the largest percentage of males in the Northern District (62%) require vocational/technical training at a level less than tertiary education, compared to 52% in the Haifa District, and 46% in the Central District. In contrast, 57% of the females in the Northern District are employed in occupations requiring a tertiary education, compared to 63% in the Haifa District and 64% in the Central District. Central Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract for Israel, 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The benefit function also incorporates parameters that affect all users, such as input and output prices and weather.7 For example, in a dry year, it is expected that the benefit from applying any amount of water to a crop will be larger than in a wet year. First-best optimisation would require explicit valuation of all possible environmental services associated with the groundwater resource, both now and in the future. Instead, society decides on the level of hydrologic services that is desirable and the economic problem is to achieve that level using a solution that maximises benefits to water users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Les negotiations se poursuivent en vue d’obtenir de tous les pays des engagements contraignants de reduction de leurs emissions. Compte tenu de lamplcur des reductions necessaires, il est vital que les Etats-Unis adoptent une politique globale de lutte contre le changement climatique qui soit efficace par rapport a son cout. Le gouvemement en place s’efforce d’agcncer ce dispositif, dont les principaux elements sont la tarification generate des emissions de GES et le renforcement du soutien apporte au developpement et au deploiement des technologies qui font diminuer ces demieres. There are other co-benefits of GHG mitigation policy, such as for ecosystems and biodiversity, but they are not examined here.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
An amendment to the School Education Act (2011) made attendance in pre-primary education compulsory for 5-year-olds in 2011, and granted all 4-year-olds and 3-year-olds a right to participate from 2015 and 2017 respectively. Amendments to the School Education Act (2013) also introduced a limit to the fees paid by parents, with earmarked grants from the state to local governments compensating the difference in cost. The legislation aims to fulfil the needs of preschool students by: establishing clubs to support children's social and personal development, if requested by parents and where conditions permit, enabling access to preschool institutions during the summer, especially for those who cannot attend during the regular educational term, and opening free mobile classes, particularly for disadvantaged students in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Another result of the PoW mechanism is that tampering the transaction history recorded on the blockchain requires a significant resource investment, reducing the financial viability of such attacks. Aiming at widespread adoption in enterprise settings, less resource-intensive mechanisms have been developed and implemented. Given that within business networks and enterprises, there is already an initial degree of trust between the participants, a high degree of decentralisation of trust is often traded for less resource intensive consensus mechanisms. If designed accordingly, private blockchains do not consume more energy than traditional database solutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Nowhere is this more the case than for SDG 9. ' Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure', where ICT infrastructure constitutes a goal in its own right, while driving and underpinning progress in many of the other SDGs, as this report shows. In this insight, I briefly consider the impact and transformative power of ICTs, digitalization, including the data revolution for 1) Industry, (2) Innovation and (3) Infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In comparison, mortality rates are higher in the North and highest in the South region. Interestingly, the data show slightly lower mortality rates for the Badia region. While mortality rates are highest for the lower two quintiles, they are lowest for the middle quintile, and substantively higher for the upper two quintiles. It is worth noting that the lower quintiles are overrepresented in our sample as poorer households tend to have more children than richer households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Among donor respondents, however, the same constraint is listed as the top 5,h constraint while low levels of training and skills made it to the top of the list of constraints to economic diversification. South-South partners, like donors, identified low levels of training and skills as the leading challenge, followed by an inadequate transport and network infrastructure, limited e-trade readiness, high input and trade costs and lack of standards compliance. Fundamental concepts of industrialisation have been discussed so far in view of inclusive and sustainable industrial development. The emergence of a new technological paradigm may, however, pose new opportunities and challenges. The following section therefore discusses new emerging technologies and their implications for the future of industrial development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The SCP and BTC Pipelines pass through the buffer zone of Botjomi National Park and the Boijomi-Kharaguli Nature Reserve. The current Georgian legislation does not define the methodology for calculating the environmental flow. In practice, two methodologies coexist: for the oldest dams, the Soviet standards are applied, and for the most recent ones, a more simplified methodology is adopted (chapter 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Both the Indian NREGS and the Ethiopian PSNP, for example, foresee the provision of workplace-based childcare, and PSNP theoretically offers reduced working time and less physically demandingtasks for women. These provisions have been rarely implemented, however.12 Participatory monitoring can improve programme performance and gender-responsiveness. In some Indian states, for exam pie, social audits led by women’s organizations have been successful in raising women's participation rates, wages and representation in supervisory roles. Accessible and affordable health care is particularly important for women because they have less access to income, face costly health conditions, such as pregnancy and childbirth, and are often responsible for the health care of family members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
abstract This Focus tracks some of the changes in feminism(s) in South Africa since the early 1990s, making the argument that institutional politics have depoliticised feminist politics to the extent that a feminist praxis has been lost. Three different impacts on feminist politics are analysed: institutionalisation, transnational organising and populist rhetoric. It is clear that a feminist praxis as developed by radical feminist scholars as a way of life has become seriously weakened in South Africa. A feminist praxis is the internalisation of feminist theoretical principles to the extent that these principles are used to guide feminist action and turn spaces into feminist spaces. It also means that a feminist will locate herself in a space as a feminist. A feminist praxis is the pursuit of a feminist consciousness that becomes a political practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper contributes to an understanding of the processes of contestation and localisation of norms in post-conflict societies via a Bourdieu-inspired analysis of the process of security privatisation in two former Yugoslav countries: Bosnia and Serbia. By drawing on Bourdieu’s concepts of field, habitus, capital and strategies, this paper sheds light on the ways in which, in Bosnia as well as in Serbia, a particular habitus and forms of capital inherited from these polities’ violent past have shaped the implementation of the liberal project of security privatisation. The result has been a situation in which legislation and institutions aimed at promoting a liberal model of security provision co-exist with practices that are inconsistent with liberal-democratic principles of accountability and respect for human rights and the rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If this report is printed, the reader would not see any environmental impact while reading it. Only upon reflecting on the life cycle of the report would she or he realise that the authors used computers, the Internet and electricity, that paper was needed, that a printer used ink and energy, and that there are impacts from recycling the report. Given this, the need to determine the impact of the millions of different products demonstrates that the ambitions of any sustainability metric or tool are high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Early investment in low-carbon, climate-resilient infrastructure will avoid “lock-in" to systems of markets, urban density and distribution, which confer a heavy environmental burden and constrain future options. A great deal of policy on energy generation in advanced economies has focused on the need to reduce carbon emissions, and that focus has promoted major investments in developing and deploying renewable energy. The facilities to produce renewable energy are generally smaller than those for carbon-based generation, and they offer the combined advantage of decentralized production and off-grid access that supports greater social inclusion and security in supply. The roll-out time for renewables is quick, requiring much less basic infrastructure than does energy generation based on fossil fuels and hydropower (Rwanda, Chapter 6). Renewable energy production also tends to be more employment intensive than traditional forms of energy generation (ILO, 2016). However, the take-up of renewable energy has been hindered in some countries by a policy regime that favours traditional, large electricity generating systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Both of these have metering devices attached for data collection and analysis to allow for changes can be made in meeting the building's energy demand. The IBMS monitors and manages the data with analysis and control, and regarding energy management, it monitors and manages these various systems: elevators, lighting, HVAC, power monitoring, solar energy collector metering, wind energy power generator metering, interior and exterior shade control. Rainwater harvesting system is in place in the SFPUC in a form of a 25,000-gallon cistern used to capture rainwater from the roof and children day care center's play area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This paper examines tensions in the administration of justice in Canada. These tensions arise in part from what the author describes as a ‘tripartite’ responsibility for the courts system, split between two levels of government and the judicial and executive branches. It also identifies increased tensions in recent years resulting from the introduction of ‘New Public Management’ approaches to public administration.   The author asserts that democratic principles like rule of law or access to justice may trump the imperatives of New Public Management in some circumstances. As an example, the paper examines Canadian court decisions that have limited government's use of court fees as a revenue generating mechanism. The author concludes by suggesting the application of an administrative law approach to determine “who’s in charge” in the justice system, to reduce tensions and resolve conflict, and as an alterative approach the New Public Management in the administration of justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The most positive results of this approach have occurred in Harrisburg, PA, which between 1982 and 1998 reduced vacant plots by 88% (from over 4200 to under 500), and increased total real estate value more than fourfold. Pittsburgh has had a graded property tax system since 1913, a system under which land was taxed at a rate twice that of the structures on the land until 1979. The City introduced a striking restructuring of the City’s property tax in 1979 and 1980, raising the tax rate on land while leaving the rate on structures unchanged, thus raising the tax rate on land to about five times the rate on structures. This emphasis on the land element has been maintained or increased since the initial restructuring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Broad consultations at national, regional and local levels are necessary. Stronger accountability mechanisms may be put in place at national levels by setting up national commissions that would work out the implications of the goals for policy and also monitor implementation. It also requires policies of education, dissemination of information, and institutional organization to facilitate the empowerment of weaker groups. In this regard, it is imperative to address the rules, social norms, perceptions and endowments which constrain participation and, in turn, prevent economies from reaching their full potential for development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The technology has increased their chances of catching poachers hunting antelope and rhinos at night. They are now able to capture poachers most nights the teams go out, increasing their effectiveness by over 60%. Anti-poaching teams have also been able to achieve all this with smaller numbers of patrol teams.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In Atyrau, for example, the average class size of small-class and other schools is about the same and the average size of small-class schools (134 students) almost doubles the national average. By contrast, small-class schools in Kyzylorda only have 34 students on average, which more than halves the national average, and classes are on average four times smaller than in other schools. This suggests that Kyzylorda applies stricter criteria to classify a school as a small-class one.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The organizational structure of the bureaucracy is a key determinant of policy outcomes. Bureaucratic agencies exhibit wide variation in their organizational capacity, which allows politicians to strategically shape policy implementation. This paper examines what bureaucratic structure implies for the ability of voters to hold politicians electorally accountable. It explicitly models differences in organizational capacity across bureaucratic agencies and considers a problem where a politician must decide not only which policy to choose but which agency, or combination of agencies, will implement it. The choice of implementation feeds back into the choice of policy and this, in turn, affects how voters perceive the performance of the incumbent. This creates a chain of interdependence from agency structure to policy choice and political accountability. The formal model shows that the variation in organizational capacity serves the interests of voters by improving electoral control of politicians.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Continental Free Trade Area (CFTA) is a more ambitious undertaking (see box 1.3 in chapter 1). The figures are computed by ECA using data from UNCTADSTAT. With the industrial revolution the urbanization process and its speed went through a dramatic shift—ultimately forming today’s megacities, transforming the world's population to a predominately urban one and now rapidly transforming Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Yet, there are a number of hunger hotspots, where food insecurity remains a major challenge. This subregion experienced a steady decline in undernourishment in the 1990s, followed by stagnation for some years, but the reduction has continued again at a slower speed in recent years. India, with its large population, has the greatest number of undernourished people in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Some initiatives focus on ICT adoption and use with a view to addressing specific social challenges such as climate change and aging societies. Besides national digital economy strategies, many countries have also developed national science, technology and innovation (STl) strategies, including new industrial policies, (regional) cluster policies and smart specialisation strategies, in which digital innovation is a key element. Many national digital and STI strategies still poorly support the complementarities between investments in ICTs and KBCs (in particular organisational change), and the difficulties that established firms face in investing in complementary KBCs. Also, better co-ordination between ICT-related policies with policies affecting the broader regulatory frameworks and market conditions is needed, in particular in ICT-using sectors of public policy interest such as energy, healthcare and transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As for upward mobility, there are fewer chances for people moving from the middle-income to the top income quintiles today. This is especially the case in Ireland, Austria, Denmark, Spain and Portugal. However, there is no evidence that greater inequality would bring higher income mobility of people over their life course.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A further £0.6 billion of BRS revenues will finance construction works directly, and the GLA has already contributed more that £3.0 billion by the end of 2013 through the BRS mechanism. The Crossrail BRS is expected to run for more than 25 years until the borrowing is repaid, and in the current financial year the contribution is expected to be £875 million (2013-2014). An important aspect of the BRS is that the rate increase was supported by businesses on the expectation of positive returns. In addition to the BRS, the Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL) was introduced in April 2012 as a levy on all new developments in London.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Pakistan, for example, the Lady Health Workers (LHW) programme provides door-to-door health services mainly for rural women who are unable to visit health facilities. Established in 1993, the programme has trained more than 100,000 women as community health workers (CHWs) who provide information, basic services and access to further care. The programme has been effective in improving maternal and child health care, including antenatal services and skilled assistance at birth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Similarly, despite the efforts made to disseminate market information through existing information and communication technologies (ICTs), such technologies would need to expand to better link farmers to markets and increase competitiveness. By March 2012, 235 dams, 327 river pumping stations and 8 312 groundwater irrigation projects had been completed. Over the same period, the storage capacity increased from 2.33 km3 to 18 km3, i.e. 1.7% of the estimated annual renewable surface water resources (ARDC, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Again, in contrast to the intermediaries, some local co-operatives successfully market their products directly to the large hotels. Third, Rhiney notes the role of the Sandals Resorts’ Farmers Programme25 in the provision to local famers of credit, seeds, specialist advice and access to other funding sources for irrigation and nursery facilities. The results of the latter appear to have strengthened linkages to the rural economy, provided a range of fresh vegetables and fruit to the Sandals Resorts and helped to ‘reduce the mismatch between food supply and demand’ (Rhiney 2009: 252). However, a few pages later, the policy also recommends village development of handmade local crafts to sell to tourists as part of village regeneration and diversification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)