albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For men, the sole negative and significant effect is found on the probability of standard labour force participation. Labour force participation refers to standard participation and only includes those who actively search for work. Likewise, broad unemployment includes those who are ready to start working and (standard) unemployment those who have actively searched for work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article addresses public participation provisions in law making and law enforcement in select American states and federal statutes and beyond. The article describes the advantages and disadvantages of public participation in general. It then argues that U.S. law – with a particular view to California law – could be improved by emulating certain provisions of the UNECE Aarhus Convention, which is a model of public participation in national and international environmental law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Governement is planning to develop PA network through designation of PAs of Category V and VI connecting other categories I-IV to insure achievement of conservation goals in production landscape. According to the assessment conducted in preparation of the revision of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, the recent revival of animal husbandry and agriculture, which coincide with economic growth, has resulted in the transformation of wild nature - wetlands have been drained and turned into agricultural lands. Creating and maintaining small intact or managed lands between agricultural lands would prevent the above-mentioned problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, because not all of this water is accessible for human use, the term water supply is typically used to refer to “the amount of water that is accessible to a demand centre and can be delivered reliably and sustainably with respect to the environment or the finite resource base” (2030 WRG, 2009), and it is water supply that is of primary interest when addressing the risks of water shortage, at least in the short and medium term. For non-OECD countries, this typically involves increasing access to water for basic consumption and sanitation, something that is provided through investment in water supply and delivery. By contrast, in many OECD countries, the vast majority of the population already has access to a reliable water supply, and considerable water infrastructure already exists. Investment in water supply, for instance, is needed to replace ageing infrastructure, meet increasingly stringent water quality controls, and manage extreme weather events (OECD, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Therein, a succinct summary of the relevance to sustainable infrastructure development and the underlying key challenges and benefits are introduced. Secondly, the case studies contain descriptions of possible adoption scenarios and a viable way of implementing and using the technology. Each case study concludes with a proposition for a potential high-level roadmap illustrating the initiation, provisioning and operation of the described application.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This list was renewed in 2007. Successively, in 2008, 2010, 2011 and 2012, new chemicals were added to the list. As of 2016, 126 chemicals are banned and use of 31 chemicals are in limited use in Mongolia. A licence is issued for chemical use. As of 2016, five certificates for ISO 22000 (Food Safety Management Systems) were issued in Mongolia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Most basins have been subject to discussion and negotiations between riparian states, and some, most notably the Jordan River Basin, have been overshadowed by sustained political conflict. A wealth of literature exists on these disputed basins, although not necessarily on all relevant aspects. For example, the literature on the Jordan River Basin and, to a lesser extent, on the Euphrates and Tigris River Basins, is dominated by a focus on political relations, occupation and power asymmetry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
An examination of U.S. immigration policy during the early Republic from a security perspective—a common analytical focus within the field of international relations—reveals the inadequacy of traditional economic and ideological interpretations. Security concerns, based on actual threats from Great Britain and Spain, permeated the arguments both for and against immigration. Those in favor of immigration hoped to strengthen the nation, primarily by providing soldiers and money for the military, those opposed to immigration feared that it would compromise national security by causing domestic unrest and exposing the new nation to espionage and terrorism. These issues are not unlike those that beset contemporary policymakers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Furthermore, women remain severely under-represented in key, growth-enhancing fields of education such as science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). There is a persistent imbalance in the household division of paid and unpaid work. Women are less likely to work for pay, more likely to have lower hourly earnings, and less likely to obtain decision-making positions in either public or private sectors, and women are also a minority amongst entrepreneurs. In general the gender gaps of disadvantage in the labour market are more pronounced in the Asia/Pacific region than across the OECD, and women in the Asia/Pacific region are therefore more likely to experience poverty and deprivation. The evidence-base may not be as comprehensive as the information sets generally available for OECD countries which contain a wider variety of indicators. Almost half of the children in the Asia/Pacific region now participate in formal early childhood education and care (ECEC) facilities, and enrolment in primary education is almost universal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
What’s human rights got to do with it? That is, what’s human rights got to do with the June 2004 report of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Ethics Special Working Committee to the Inter-Agency Advisory Panel on Research Ethics. The disturbing answer is “not enough.” Certain key recommendations of the working committee, it is suggested, would unacceptably weaken the researcher’s legal and moral accountability to research participants. Those particular recommendations rely on misguided references to academic freedom and the nature of the non-medical research context. In fact, universal human rights, and the legal instruments in which they are embodied ought to inform the research endeavor at every stage, from problem selection to analysis and conclusions. This will lead us closer to shared truths rather than simply to the academic elite’s vision of truth. Without sufficient regard for the human rights of research participants academic freedom itself is not possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, drawn up by a group of independent human rights experts, might be of assistance to the committees in defining the global responsibilities of States in the area of economic and social rights. Concluding Observations United Kingdom Seventh Periodic Report." Joint CEDAW-CRC General Recommendation/Comment on Harmful Practices." As mentioned, the Special Rapporteur on water has noted that'while universality is about ensuring access for all, equality is about "levelling up" or working towards improving the quality and levels of service of groups that lag behind’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The hub project will identify, document and disseminate best management practices in order to inform regional and national policies and to upscale and out-scale viable approaches at the national level. Partner countries are Burkina Faso, Burundi, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Swaziland, the United Republic of Tanzania and Uganda. Availability of resources is not the only constraint many developing countries face, however.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The lower limit above which a settlement can be considered urban varies greatly, between 200 and 50,000 inhabitants, which can give rise to error when comparing urban populations (and urban areas) in different countries. For example, if India's national authorities would classify populations of 5,000 or more as urban, the country would be considered predominantly urban and not rural. In Angola, Argentina and Ethiopia, all settlements with 2,000 people or more are classified as urban.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Family allowances will be augmented by 1.9% in 2016 and again by 1.9% in 2018. Families are further entitled to a non-wastable tax credit of EUR 58.40 per month and child. This tax credit is paid out independently from the income tax regime and meets the condition of a cash benefit. The only means-tested cash benefit is a “multiple child” supplement of EUR 20 per month, granted for the 3rd and any additional child provided that the family’s taxable income does not exceed EUR 55 000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They must learn how to construct abstractions starting with what is concrete and familiar, instead of learning empty abstractions as though they were given truths. This should be the basic goal of any education reform. It must be a tool for abolishing all human relations based on fear, domination and aggression.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There is potential for programmes that provide access to complementary services such as health services and awareness- raising and knowledge on nutrition, health and sanitation to contribute significantly to better nutritional status, however, there is weak evidence on the role that the different social programme components play. The range of interventions that beneficiaries receive is important in terms of providing short-term income and consumption smoothing, grain reserves and longer-term investments to diversify income sources. Some are very closely and directly tied to food security objectives, whilst others focus on other development objectives and make less direct and less tangible links to food security. Annex 1 provides examples of how a range of DAC partners and other international agencies delivering social protection have articulated linkages between social protection and food security and how these are reflected in their programming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Categorising our children is demotivating, especially for children who are put into the ‘below average’ category. He also pointed to the fact that the DET had instructed all schools to give students mid-year assessments, and the municipality level had therefore decided to use a specific electronic tool for this solution. This case demonstrates that AfL practices have been interpreted quite differently in the various municipalities in Norway, and in some places teachers have reacted strongly to how it was developed and applied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
ABSTRACT While the end of the Bretton Woods system led to deregulation and increased international capital flows, the trend over the past two decades has been toward increased international financial supervision. Aspects for an emerging structure of global governance are congealing into a form of ‘financial governmentality’ as a means to secure society and to isolate criminal and terrorist money. Efforts to defend society from organised crime and transnational terrorism extend into financial services and introduce increased levels of surveillance over all forms of financial exchange. The paper begins with an explication for the power relations between international organisations (created by select states to manage and direct the global economy) and the non-member jurisdictions that are, in turn, subjected to their guidance. The experience of the Philippines with the international campaign against money laundering directed by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is presented as a case study for the gover...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Ebola viruses are the causative agents of a severe form of viral haemorrhagic fever in man, designated Ebola haemorrhagic fever, and are endemic in regions of central Africa. The exception is the species Reston Ebola virus, which has not been associated with human disease and is found in the Philippines. Ebola virus constitutes an important local public health threat in Africa, with a worldwide effect through imported infections and through the fear of misuse for biological terrorism. Ebola virus is thought to also have a detrimental effect on the great ape population in Africa. Case-fatality rates of the African species in man are as high as 90%, with no prophylaxis or treatment available. Ebola virus infections are characterised by immune suppression and a systemic inflammatory response that causes impairment of the vascular, coagulation, and immune systems, leading to multiorgan failure and shock, and thus, in some ways, resembling septic shock.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
I. Treaties and Individual Rights   105 II. The Treaty Power and American Federalism   107 III. Delegations of Authority to International Institutions   109 IV. Domestic Application of Customary International Law   113 In his informative and timely book, Justice Breyer repeatedly emphasizes that the Supreme Court is a domestic court, not an international tribunal, and that there is no Supreme Court for the world. Against that backdrop, Justice Breyer suggests various functions that the Supreme Court can perform as it faces an increasingly international docket, such as promoting harmonization, fostering collaboration, and helping to promote the rule of law. I do not disagree that the Supreme Court can play these roles in appropriate cases, but in this essay I want to emphasize another important role that the Supreme Court
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
People could also be exposed to it when their family members are occupationally exposed and carry asbestos fibres home on their clothes. Persistent organic pollutants (PCBs and OCP) in air and soil from Ulaanbaatar and the Lake Hovsgol region, Mongolia. Mongolian Journal of Chemistry, 12-38-2011 69-77.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, the correlation is not exact. It is useful to study child and adolescent well-being from both approaches, because this allows for the combination of different issues and the analysis of various public policy measures for childhood, and the adoption of a holistic policy perspective. Between 1990 and 2010, poverty and extreme poverty diminished by around 20% among children aged 0 to 5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The International Health Regulations (IHR) remain the primary international legal treaty specifically focused on infectious disease control. In the mid-1990s, international public health officials recognised the need to overhaul the IHR to make them more relevant to the modern world. In revising the IHR, the treaty vastly expanded the scope of reportable conditions, strengthened and widened reporting requirements, and sought explicitly to incorporate human rights considerations – all in the name of reducing transborder risks associated with infectious disease. In this article, I trace the development of the IHR as a tool for mitigating infectious disease risk and examine how well the revised version of the IHR responds to contemporary infectious disease concerns. In particular, I focus on how the IHR have expanded surveillance requirements while also recognising the need to respect international human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Energy taxes may also lead to a reduction in fossil fuel imports as responses to rising energy prices result in energy efficiency improvements and increased deployment of renewable energies. In general, poor people benefit disproportionately from environmental improvements, as they tend to live in informal settlements with poor sanitation, or in areas with poor air quality (Cottrell et al., The potential equity impacts of environmental taxation should also not be discounted, as discussed below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A limitation of this metric is that woodfuel is only renewable if it comes from sustainable sources. The analysis was conducted based on the ILO statistics database from 2016 for the employee status of own-account worker, as well as on the latest observations available for informal employment. It shows that the indicators are correlated with the Pearson correlation coefficient at 0.6.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Economic and political developments in Greece have been at the forefront of the international mass media coverage of the European financial and economic crises. Contrary to fashionable interpretations of the malaise, our findings suggest that the main causes of the many ‘crises’ hitting the country are social and political, rather than economic or financial. Employing the ‘institutional theory of generalised trust', we examine the roots of the current crises in political corruption, confidence in institutions and interpersonal trust. Data show that, for nearly two decades, Greece has consistently ranked last in Europe on almost all indicators for trust, confidence and corruption. The analysis pinpoints civic pathogenies that require immediate action. We suggest a number of policy measures that provide a starting point for further developing more concrete public policy solutions on how citizens’ trust and Greek civil society can be strengthened in order to obtain lasting societal, political and economic improvements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Equally, the expansion of productive energy use can play an important role in strengthening the electricity sector, by providing the demand needed to make investments viable, and possibly supporting the diversification of LDC energy sources. It requires proactive efforts to ensure “transformational energy access” and to promote the use of electricity in productive processes. Unless producers' energy needs are met — including in terms of adequate peak power, reliability, quality of supply and affordability — the unprecedented development opportunities offered by recent technological advances in electricity generation (and to a lesser extent storage) will be largely missed. Such investments are very long-term in nature, and may give rise to an important element of path dependency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Although this rising trend shifted into decline beginning in 2001, improvement was not observed amongst young people, who continued to report such conditions in increasing numbers. The 2012 Swedish National Public Health report has noted that the number of approved new claims has stalled and even fallen amongst people 30 to 64 years old, but has continued to rise amongst those up to 29 years old. The study suggests that a reason for the negative trends that have been observed over the past several decades may correspond to an environmental shift in which “the balance between healthy and unhealthy factors impacting the actively employed has tilted tow'ards less favourable conditions” (Danielsson et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While community-based educational structures do not resemble educational institutions in the colloquial sense, they are well-established cultural institutions in most of the focus countries. However, the available information on community-oriented ESD focuses on standard delivery non-formal education programmes (workshops, community events etc.) Furthermore, one of the challenges cited to the progress of ESD implementation has been that these traditional community-based institutions are sometimes at odds with policies and decisions related to education and ESD implementation coming from the formal sector. This suggests a need for a more systematic approach to working within these existing community structures, with full respect for the customs and approaches used for sharing of information within them, for stronger community-based ESD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Indeed, while 11 new cases were registered in 2005, 26 new cases were registered in 2016, the maximum number of new cases was 31, in 2014. Mortality related to HIV infection was also the highest in 2014, with five registered deaths. Infections transmitted through blood transfusion, medical assistance or from mother to child are not yet registered. Rodents are involved in several disease transmissions, such as plague and leptospirosis, and may be part of the tick-pathogen cycles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Some of these are outlined in the Paris Agreement, including disseminating knowledge and lessons learned, and improving the effectiveness and durability of adaptation actions. Information on progress towards national and international adaptation goals will also inform enhanced implementation of adaptation actions over time. Moreover, national monitoring exercises to generate relevant information for adaptation communications under the Paris Agreement could help to inform reporting for other development agendas such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Developing sustainable tourism policies requires the engagement of a large range of stakeholders. It has a multitude of impacts, both positive and negative, on people’s lives and on the environment. According to the UN World Tourism Organisation, international tourism receipts exceeded US$1 trillion in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Small, fragmented farms limit productivity by hindering economies of scale and do not optimise natural resource use. While land transfer regulations in general do not pose a barrier, some economies need to make significant efforts to reform cadastres and clarity' property rights. Increase investment in research and development, both public and private. Enhance the resources and human capacities of extension services and encourage private consultants to supply them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In practice, however, credits accrue to women to a much greater extent than men, given that women take on the larger share of caring work. Social pensions are particularly significant in countries where the coverage of contributory social insurance schemes is limited and the majority of the labour force is in informal employment. Because individuals with limited contributory records tend to be concentrated among low-income groups, non-contributory social pensions are essential for old-age poverty prevention. Older women have been at the forefront of these mobilizations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Eligibility criteria for project appraisal include a restricted list of preapproved equipment, as well as other standard financial criteria (a minimum end-borrower’s contribution which is different for existing and new units, a maximum debt to equity ratio, minimum asset coverage, etc.). By using simple eligibility criteria the project approval process was streamlined and allowed from loans to be approved and disbursed quickly. As of January 2017, the project was in its third phase, with phase I and II having provided finance to close to 5 000 MSMEs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This can only be accomplished with a clear roadmap involving the participation of multistakeholders, respecting the rights of local people and taking into consideration the various commitments of GMS countries to regional and international conventions and agreements. Almost all these actions require a continuous and integrated approach rather than serving as one-off activities. Agricultural expansion, infrastructure development, logging, mining and forest fires are important negative drivers affecting forests in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)