albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Such aspects include the increased flows of refugees and migrants, the region has the largest global number of IDPs, at 17.3 million. Urban slums are not a significant feature in the Arab and North Africa region as a whole, but certain countries in North Africa have very high levels of informal settlement. The complex nature of the evolving risk landscape is most articulated in coastal areas, which are particularly susceptible to flooding, as well as seismic and climate risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This is partly because public funding is low in Latvia, accounting for 3.2% of GDP, much lower than the OECD average of 6.5% in 2013. Among OECD countries, only Mexico spends as little as Latvia, and Chile, Turkey and Korea spend less than 4% of GDP on health through public financing. Real GDP growth in Latvia averaged about 9% in 2002-07, then contracted sharply by 3.6%, 14.3% and 3.6% between 2008 and 2010, finally picking up again at around 3% annual growth until the recent slowdown. Prior to the global financial crisis, between 2005 and 2009, health spending in Latvia increased by 3% per year, slower than the OECD average of 3.4% annual growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Specially, younger people living in urban areas create larger discrepancy in age at marriage by postponing marriage towards higher ages. Getting married as an early age often results in childbearing at an early age and high fertility as women who marry early will have, on average, longer exposure to the possibility of becoming pregnant. Very few children are born outside marriage in Viet Nam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Delaying the age of first childbirth can increase the chances of young women staying in education and securing decent work. Sexual and reproductive health education can also provide information on how to prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, leading to better outcomes for youth. Reducing harmful substance use (target 3.5) increases the likelihood that youth will stay in education and secure and retain decent work. Achieving gender equality is a prerequisite for realizing all the Goals, including positive educational and employment outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
How often does a book reviewed in the British Yearbook of International Law also get covered in dailies across the world and glossies such as Vanity Fair? How often does one read a book on international legal concepts overnight, and subsequently buy it as a Christmas present for dozens of friends and relatives? How often do books on international legal concepts inspire BBC radio shows, a documentary and a theatre production?  Philippe Sands’ East West Street: On the Origins of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity is an exceptional book, even by Sands’ own standards. Some of his previous books on international law, in particular Lawless World (2006) and Torture Team (2008),...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On an international scale, public administration is undergoing considerable restructuring as principles of private enterprise are becoming the orthodoxy. At the same time, economic instability (or crisis) is gripping both national and global financial markets, suggesting a flaw in the system or even that capitalism has reached it limits. Crises in capitalism are frequently met with shifts in the rhetoric of management. In this article we mobilize an emerging research program (Relational Administration) to argue that contemporary discourses of school leadership in Australia have a hybrid—part normative part rational—management rhetoric as a result of the unique economic conditions compared with many developed nations. With particular attention to the role of accountability in constituting and sustaining this hybrid rhetoric, we craft an argument for greater attention to sociogeographic location and temporality when thinking of, with, and through leadership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Each of these three dimensions works interdependent^ with the others and influences the overall impact of a capacity development intervention. Capacities need to be strengthened at the individual level, the organizational level and at the level of the enabling environment." Female farmers and the use of ICTs for agriculture In Uganda: experiences from WOUGNET.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Results for other reference countries are available from the authors upon request. While the rates of return are assumed to be homogenous within each sub group, they are allowed to differ between the two sub groups. However, in case they differ, the results depend on the reference group, reflecting the path dependence of this decomposition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The different impacts of HIV/AIDS for women and men call for gender-specific health strategies. But African women are now facing a new form of health hazard in the modem formal workplace. Entering the formal work world, especially at a managerial level, has subjected African women to the same levels of stress, bad diets and lack of exercise as men, leading to a rise in the kind of diseases that were commonly associated with men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the case of the Kyrgyzstan and of Tajikistan this was partly done from scratch as they were left with only branches of Soviet companies. The newly created railways have responded to the transition period by reducing costs, reforming pricing policies and creating marketing departments. To illustrate this, Figure 35 and Figure 36 present key indicators illustrating the performance of Central Asian railways compared to selected countries in the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, instead of bringing together far-flung networks and integrated (if virtual) urban expanses, ICTs instead splinter physical space into highly unequal, fragmented environments. The new feature is the juxtaposition of high-income enclaves with slums. Medellin, Colombia is segregated between the affluent South and the poor North, whereas in Mogadishu the polarization works the other way round.62 Inequality is more visible under a spatial than any other (e.g. income) perspective and the contrast of the “citadel" with the “ghetto"63 can generate mistrust, alienation, tension or unrest. Today, videos carry the voices of local stakeholders to planning offices and federal agencies, giving them a reach, which would not have possible without the use of technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Extensive data from productivity enhancement studies in Africa and Asia demonstrate the enormous potential to enhance green water-use efficiency as well as increase the availability of green water (Wani Pathak and Tam, 2002, Wani, Pathak and Jangawad, 2003, Wani, Joshi and Raju, 2008, Wani, Sreedevi and Marimuthu, 2009b, Wani, and Rockstrom, 2011c, Rockstrom, Hatibu and Oweis, 2007, Barron and Keys, 2011). Of the 1 338 million poor people worldwide, most live in the developing countries of Asia and Africa in dryland/rain-fed areas (Rockstrom, etal., The reliance on rainfed agriculture varies regionally. In sub-Saharan Africa, more than 95 percent of the farmed land is rain fed, with almost 90 percent in Latin America, 60 percent in South Asia, 65 percent in East Asia, and 75 percent in the Near East and North Africa (FAOSTAT, 2010). A large proportion of the global expansion of cropland areas since 1900 has occurred in rain-fed regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For example, initiatives related exclusively to food security or poverty reduction are excluded. Further, some initiatives have been excluded due to limited information availability. Due to the focus on developing countries, especially SSA, initiatives from these regions have been prioritized. Some also provide concrete recommendations and advice to farmers, e.g. on practices and tools, establishes pilot projects on the ground, or distributes materials, seeds, or other goods to farmers. Less prevalent are those initiatives that finance research, provide insurance, or finance projects on the ground with farmers (Bager et al., The majority of the initiatives include both adaptation and mitigation elements (26 initiatives) although many of them focus more on one of them, for example adaptation, but identifies potential mitigation co-benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Government subsidies in the fisheries sector can also have severe negative social and economic impacts for the most vulnerable countries and communities. The adoption of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations General Assembly in September 2015 brings hope of addressing this unfair situation, specifically thanks to Target 14.6, whereby the international community has committed to prohibit fisheries subsidies that contribute to overfishing and to IUU fishing. Considerable resources would be saved if harmful fisheries subsidies were prohibited and spent to secure the implementation of other SDG14 targets for the conservation and sustainable use of the ocean, for example through a Blue Fund that would be established to that effect. Inaction on fish subsidies at the latest Ministerial Conference of the WTO held in December 2015 - three months after the adoption of the SDGs - is not an encouraging sign, but the upcoming High-Level United Nations Conference on Oceans and Seas in June 2017 may provide a new opportunity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Although a limited number of these collapses may have been caused or exacerbated by natural phenomena (for example, climate variability), human activities and overfishing - essentially non-sustainable management - are the primary culprits (Pauly et al., It is important to understand that fish constitute not only biomass in the ocean but a potential economic input into society. Together, these two elements imply that fisheries are an economic activity by which fishers can catch fish resources in perpetuity if they are managed sustainably.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Les prefectures et les municipalites offrent maintenant certains services pour l’emploi, tels que des cours preparatoires pour les meres seules et des centres de ressources pour les jeunes demandeurs d’emploi. Cependant, l’obligation de cotisation est desormais etendue a des contrats de duree relativement courte qui furent exempts auparavant, afin d’elargir la couverture sociale des travailleurs non reguliers. La plupart des periodes d’indemnisation sont courtes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Economic growth in 2014 was 3.3% (compare to an average 1.7% in OECD countries). A combination of intensive investments in infrastructure and human skills and of the rapid and pervasive application of information and communication technology (ICT) on productive sectors has been extraordinarily effective in growing the economy at impressive rates. Since the modernisation of the Korean economy, the shares of urbanisation and industrialisation have been closely correlated (Figure 1.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Simple measures include ensuring that design codes consider pedestrian and cyclist safety and convenience as well as destination accessibility. Other initiatives include the establishment of public bike sharing schemes, which originated largely in Europe and the Americas, and are becoming more popular in the region. There has been particularly strong growth in China, a large-scale system in Huangzhou has 66 000 bicycles and 2 435 stations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Pilot research on community conflict resolution, conducted in a local government area in southern Sydney in late 2006, revealed paradoxical findings: the simultaneous presence of both high levels of cross-cultural mixing and appreciation of the area's culturally diverse population, and the prevalence of prejudice against Arab and Muslim residents and visitors to the area. Many respondents, who supported cultural diversity, saw Arab and Muslim Australians as an exception and even a threat to harmonious community relations. Particularly striking was the anxiety and anger caused by their apparent large numbers, seen to be taking over certain public recreational spaces. This paper explores the contradictions in these findings in light of other contemporary Australian research and identifies complex and difficult issues to be addressed by research and by local government. In particular, the paper discusses the need to address the interconnections between both everyday multiculturalisms and everyday racisms, to...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The opportunity cost approach is used to estimate the value of the benefit (Frick et al., Using information from those households living in the private (non-subsidised) rental market, a rental value for all property of tenants in the social rental sector is estimated. It is based on a hedonic regression estimation of the logarithm of rent actually paid by main tenants on the private housing market (so excluding social housing and any other reduced rent payments), correcting for selection bias when appropriate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While the dimensions are the same as for children in the third age group the indicators on education and child labour differ. Whereas children of 15 years and older are not obliged to go to school, the education dimension focuses also on schooling outcomes, rather than just access. The school enrolment indicator is combined with primary school attainment, meaning that children who are not going to school, but have completed primary school are not deprived. In addition, there is an indicator measuring quality, identifying a child as deprived if he/she cannot read and write in any language.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Both these impacts should have a clear effect on the present model, but will not be explored here. If one imagines that, at the beginning of the development process, all workers are unskilled and earn an unskilled wage (which is most likely to be the reservation wage) and that at the end of it, all become skilled workers and earn a skilled wage, then over the process, when an increasing number of workers must move from the unskilled to the skilled sector through education, income inequality must first rise and then fall. Thus, if one accepts the characterization of the essence of a full development process as embodied in the model, then the Kuznets hypothesis is clearly right. The key point here is full development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, based on the platform, the China Unicom Xingkong Big Data research team published over 50 technical papers (El/Chinese key journals) and applied for 34 patents. This project is relevant to advancing SDGs 8, 9, 10, 11,12 and 13, and has been developed in partnership with the Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications and Beijing Polygon Prism Info. With the development of informatization in China, big data, loT and artificial intelligence are applied in many fields.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The connections between the new governance in education and new procedures of social exclusion and inclusion in Finland are examined. The main focus is on the emergence of a specific discursive formation constituted by an intersection of the myths of competition, corporate managerialism, an educational clientele and social democracy with images of rational choice makers and invisible clients (pupils) and individual-centred learning professionals (teachers) in a mass institution. The research material is extensive, including national statistical data, education policy texts, interviews with educational actors at the national, municipal and school levels and a survey of pupils. The conclusion of the paper outlines a new system of reason as a historical shift of responsibilities in the national education system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Self-employment is more important in Greece, the Czech and Slovak Republics and Turkey. Temporary employment is largest in relative size in Poland, Portugal, Korea and Spain. Youth and workers with a lower level of education are over-represented in NSW - close to half of temporary workers are under 30 years of age, and the incidence of temporary employment is 30% higher for those with lower level of education than for those with medium education. Non-standard workers are also more likely to be found in small firms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The experience of the current RTI Strategy as well as international experience indicates that a duration of ten years is too long, at least if no mid-term review is foreseen. Programmes tackling societal challenges require new forms of governance and funding. With a larger focus on mission-oriented funding to address societal challenges in the upcoming Horizon Europe, it will become important to prioritise societal challenges in Austria that are well-aligned w'ith Horizon Europe. This will help create synergies between national and EU funding on these challenges, and help to make better use of resources from the EU. This process could well be a cornerstone of the new RTI Strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The key sectors identified for this integrated approach is energy, transport and telecoms. And a major way in which transport will be transformed is through investing in a country-wide railway network project, which will ultimately cover 5000km. The Ethiopian Railway Corporation has the responsibility of realizing a railway network, and is adopting a green economy approach -optimising multifaceted economic, social, and environment benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Cities and countries reporting on this indicator are encouraged to promote better design and use of streets as public spaces. The fact that the indicator measures the share of the built-up area allocated to open space makes it sensitive to the definition of what constitutes a city and its built-up area. The indicator does not include measurement on safety, and it partially covers the notion of inclusivity by reference to access should be available "for all? Definitions on what constitutes public space, public use and the notion of open were agreed upon by experts through consultative meetings.35 Disaggregation of information by sex, age and persons with disabilities remains a key challenge which requires conducting comprehensive surveys in cities on public spaces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Even so, the most recent health expenditure data shows an increase in out-of-pocket payments as a percentage of total health expenditure in the majority of European countries. However, this statement needs qualifying, as in several countries the provision of services is determined at the local or provider level, subject to resource constraints. As budgets are tightened, in these countries, it is possible that there have been changes in coverage, but in a manner difficult to quantify. Section 2 of this paper defines what is considered as “health coverage” in the sections that follow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As technologies develop and become cheaper, they might be able to substitute for workers of all skill levels, and since the supply of smart robots and 3D printers can potentially become unlimited, this would lead to an equalization of labour endowments across the globe. At the same time, robots do not generate additional demand. As a result, trade flows driven by differences in labour endowments could potentially run dry with considerable consequences for current trade patterns. On the path to this extreme outcome, it is likely that trade patterns will evolve with the skills and adoption of additive manufacturing and robots in production across sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Western Australia, for example, has implemented a mandatory review of all deaths that occur in public hospitals and private health facilities that provide services for public patients. Queensland conducts an annual “Bedside Audit", where clinicians collect information on certain elements of care to gauge whether expected standards have been met. At a national level, the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons makes it a requirement to participate in the Australian and New Zealand Audit of Surgical Mortality as part of the college's Continuing Professional Development programme. The ACSQHC also conducts audits to assess compliance with standards. Most data is focused on volumes of care and resources within the system. Clinical data is also gathered almost exclusively by specific registries (organised by disease, targeting specific group of population, or hospital based).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This applies to applications (e.g. streamlining data collection and availability with user journeys) as well as the organisational set-up (e.g. agreement between application owners and node operators) (Glaser, 2017). Through this, financial flows could be made visible and can thus be better aligned, as stipulated in Article 2.1.C, and Article 6 of the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC, 2015). For example, under Article 6 of the Agreement, parties are authorised to negotiate the transfer of some portion of a signatory nation’s NDCs to another signatory' nation (deemed to be Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes, ITMOs) (CLI, 2018a). In this respect, blockchain can encourage agreement on methodologies to track investment flows, and to ensure robust carbon accounting standards. Today, this advanced degree of corporate collaboration is already in full swing. Within several industries alliances and consortia have been formed, consisting of leading private corporations, public and private research institutions, and technology start-ups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Objective:  this article is intended to expose the present situation of sexual violence in Colombia from the perspective of a gender-based public health approach.   Methods:  identifying, compiling and t he documentary analysis of a set of studies carried out in Colombia 1993–2006 and other sources concerning sexual violence and public health in this country. The studies were selected through reviewing electronic databases and library catalogues.   Results:  this article displays some concepts about sexual violence and women’s rights, it characterises the problem amongst Colombian children and women. It discusses current public policy in Colombia regarding this issue and targets some critical areas for future action.   Conclusions:  the above is aimed at encouraging ref lection, investigation, analysis and inter– disciplinary, effective and sensitive action regarding related gender matters. Although this issue is of the utmost importance, it has lagged behind in the midst of the complex panorama of public health in Colombia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Korea, a working visit visa programme for ethnic Koreans from other Asian countries, primarily China, has drawn a large number of women into domestic work, especially childcare. In 2014, there were more than 120 000 women with such visas, working primarily as cleaners or domestic workers. This disadvantage appears to be driven chiefly by the gender differences in labour market behaviour, although there are wide variations from country to country. Country rates vary considerably, with only 28.1% of migrant women in Turkey in work and as many as 78.5% in Iceland. In countries such as New Zealand, Canada, Australia and the United States, rates among migrant women are all equal to or higher than the OECD average (Figure 21.4). Population in Korea aged from 15 to 59 years old.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Land degradation can have numerous impacts on local communities. These include the direct impacts of loss of income and employment, resulting in deterioration of the material standards of living, and diversion of time from education and social opportunities to production activities to increase labour input and compensate for deterioration in land productivity. There are also indirect impacts in terms of undermining the rural economic and social base, and health impacts from risks of exposure to degraded land, as well as changes to the way of life of local communities engaged in semi-nomadic pastoralism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)