albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This broad goal includes 19 targets addressing different aspects of global development, two of which have assigned ICT indicators. It has two assigned indicators, one concerned with science and technology agreements (which lies outside the scope of this chapter), the other with fixed Internet broadband subscriptions. Reliable broadband access is essenbal in order to use more sophisbcated ICT applicabons, including those required for scienbfic collaborabon. While mobile-broadband networks are increasingly widely available in both developed and developing countries, many developing countries have only limited fixed-broadband availability, which is considered preferable for high-volume, bme-cribcal applicabons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It affects more than half of the global population and touches the lives of every person. Inequalities are manifested in terms of unequal economic status, low political representation and power, unequal access to health care and other services, high levels of maternal mortality, high rates of violence and sexual harassment, unequal education, low social status, and subtle forms of discrimination—all of which are fuelled by gender stereotypes, roles and norms, as well as discriminatory institutions and legal frameworks. In many cases control over women and their bodies is woven into the cultural fabric of communities through traditional practices, such as early marriage, female genital cutting and virginity pledges. It is less blatantly maintained through gender segregation of roles and activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In this case, for example, the ‘routine monitoring’ and ‘risk assessment’ components correspond to the ‘pre-disaster’ right time period of Figure IV-14. While the ‘Emergency monitoring’ and ‘Damage assessment’ components correspond to the ‘during’period. Pre-disaster products, for example, cover applications for providing advice and sending messages through mobile phones and other devices. It is important therefore that they are grounded within resilient infrastructure such that they can absorb shocks and maintain services when faced with limited connectivity or increased volume of traffic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Child labour in the construction sector is most prevalent in urban areas. In 2015, most of the children working in construction were boys and had begun work aged 15-18. They did not have a written contract, many were not equipped with proper safety equipment and almost half of them suffered injuries at work. Safety equipment is used only occasionally and over half of them suffered accidents at work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The future transparency framework is likely to increase the overall frequency and quality of information on GHG emissions and climate support, for example by increasing the frequency of reporting for some developing country Parties, filling information gaps in the current system, reducing duplication and providing clearer guidance in areas such as accounting for NDCs relating to mitigation. Technical expert reviews and multilateral consideration of progress under the Paris Agreement may also provide improved feedback and assist Parties to improve their measurement and reporting systems over time. Further examples of ways in which the future transparency framework is enhanced compared to the existing system are provided in Section 3.2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The ICSID Tribunal's decision on the claim put forward by two financial institutions (Postova banka and Istrokapital) against the 2012 sovereign debt restructuring process initiated by the Greek Government ('the Greek PSI'), and their subsequent losses on their investments on Greek Government bonds, despite its main procedural finding ('the Tribunal has no jurisdiction over the dispute') provided a very interesting reasoning on its rationae materiae competence and its conclusions on the main issues of the case. Further to the new per se legal conclusions resulting from this case, there are institutional conclusions regarding the possibility of a more permanent debt restructuring scheme within the EU economic governance scheme, as well as political conclusions regarding the international institutional framework for FDI, taking into account that the countries involved in the case are all member states of the EU and that the EU has acquired competence on FDI after the Lisbon Treaty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This was supported by the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), whose Presidential delivery agreement (Outcome 10, DEA, 2010) called for maps of sensitive areas for mining. Therefore, through this process it was possible to align biodiversity mainstreaming with development objectives. Lack of clarity on environmental planning issues was a key constraint for the mining sector, which was recognised in the sector as a business risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In addition, because inclusionary housing policies rely on private developers to provide affordable housing units, the requirements need to be appealing to developers and not constrain development. This often means that the thresholds for qualify ing income levels are set high and can exclude the lowest income households. Leaving housing decisions to developers creates a risk that such a policy reinforces patterns of exclusion rather than mitigating them (Cameron, 2003, Meda, 2009). For example, Denver’s Inclusionary Housing Ordinance was initially designed to address urban sprawl and strenuous commuting costs for lower and middle-income workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This is particularly the case for smaller rural and regional health services. The Agreement stipulates that funding be provided on the basis of activity “wherever practicable”. The states provide advice to the Independent Hospital Pricing Authority (IHPA) on how their hospital services and functions meet the block funding criteria on an annual basis. For small rural and regional hospitals, this advice can be provided once every six years, or more frequently at the states’ discretion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A number of large economies in Asia and the Pacific, most notably those of China and India, which proved resilient in the early part of the Great Recession of 2008-2009, subsequently have slowed markedly, reducing the support they had previously provided to Asia-Pacific economies through the channel of intraregional demand. The output loss could be significant for the region as a whole at almost $1.3 trillion from the start of the crisis until 2017. Policies to create or strengthen alternative sources of growth should be viewed as a priority in order to prevent the onset of the "new normal" of lower growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In 2013 the two new operators Vietnamese-owned Viettel (operating asTelemor) and Indonesian-owned Telin (operating asTelkomcel) launched their respective mobile offerings. A year later mobile subscription penetration exceeded the population. The amazing impact of competition refutes the often held view that Small Island Developing States have limited market sizes that cannot sustain competition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Other priorities for Denmark include ensuring that teachers and principals have quality support, feedback and professional development opportunities and that principals take a more active pedagogical role. Completing a framework for evaluation and assessment and using the results in schools are also considered priorities. Building the capacity of municipalities and schools to implement national strategies at the local level and optimising resources in a decentralised context are key issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
23 years after the ICJ’s Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, a general treaty prohibiting the use of nuclear weapons has been adopted. It may be anticipated that the TPNW will probably not enter into force very soon, and when it does, it will neither be universally accepted, nor will it significantly influence thepractice of the nuclear weapon States. It is therefore justified to analyse the problem under consideration, not from a State-oriented perspective, but from a human and environmentally centred one. The article argues not only that any use of nuclear weapons would be contrary to the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict, in particular the principles and rules of international humanitarian law, but it would also violate international human rights law. The article further dwells upon the customary international law aspects of the problem under consideration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Ethiopia, the deforestation rate between 1990 and 2010 was 1% per year (1,530 square kilometres). The trend changed in Kenya in 2000 and in Ethiopia in 2010 when larger afforestation efforts began (Figure 10 and 11). The Kenyan reforestation programme started way back in 1996 with the development ofthe Kenya forest master plan (Luukkanen, 1996). It proposed urgent studies on new patterns of forestry administration which would put an end to deforestation and improve forest management in Kenya.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A 2012 law stipulates that the ratio of disadvantaged students in each school shall not exceed the average ratio of disadvantaged people in the settlement by more than 15 percentage points. However, the effect is likely to be limited because of the existing geographic segregation. The 2013 recentralisation of responsibilities may help in this respect as poorer municipalities often lacked resources to finance school infrastructures, while the central government may provide more funds (Box 2). The general increase in teachers’ wages may also help in recruiting and retaining more highly qualified teachers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Law relates mainly to the protection and use of surface inland waters, rather than the regulation of groundwater and coastal waters.2 Most of the provisions of the Water Law have a questionable legal validity, and subsequent legislation has not been fully consistent with it (UNECE, 2016). According to the Tax Code, charges for environmental pollution, including water pollution charges (introduced in 1993), were abolished. The Law on Licences and Permits radically reduced the number of activities that w'ere classified as environmentally sensitive and in need of special environmental permit to be issued by the environmental authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The right to import cloves has been limited since 5 July 2002 to companies approved as clove importers by the MoT. To be approved, a company can only import cloves solely for use in a production process.40 Furthermore, every shipment requires import approval from both the Ministry of Trade and the Ministry of Industry concerning the quantity, kind and timing of import. However, since September 2002 the MoT has severely limited the number of companies able to import sugar, replacing the estimated 800 private importers in operation before the decree was issued (Stapleton, 2006), and tightly controlled the import volume.42 The importation of raw sugar and industrial-grade refined sugar is restricted to those companies approved by MoT as an Import Producer of Sugar (Importir Produsen Gula, IP-Sugar). These are companies that use imported sugar as a raw material in their own facilities, e.g. sugar millers/refiners in the case of raw sugar and food/beverage manufacturers in the case of refined sugar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Although the chapter reflects on the overall performance in terms of closing the gender gap in average years of education, this measure hides any gender imbalances related to the choice of academic field (e.g. young women being less likely than young men to choose Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics (STEM) subjects as a field of study at the tertiary level), which later in life translates into occupational segregation (OECD, 2013). Furthermore, to achieve the greatest coverage in terms of time period, different data sources had to be employed, which sometimes come at the cost of jumps in the estimates. Most observations are estimates of official statistical agencies (1) or the product of historical research using the same sources and methods as these agencies (2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
From over 200 000 ha in 2005-06, rubber plantations covered nearly 300 000 ha in the following year and 522 088 ha in February 2013.7 While the bulk of planted rubber is currently located in the south, since the mid-2000s, new plantations, developed almost entirely by companies receiving investment incentives, have quickly expanded in northern Myanmar along the Chinese border to supply the Chinese domestic market (TNI, 2012). The uplands in Kachin and Shan states have been transformed by the expansion of large-scale rubber plantations. However, smallholders with less than 8 ha of rubber plantations still constitute 90% of the total number of rubber growers while entrepreneurs with rubber estates larger than 16 ha account for only 1% of the growers (Thein, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In some OECD countries the creation of co-ordination mechanisms such as inter-municipal co-operation helped to share information, build capacities and create the critical mass for investment. They should identify the priority areas for action on water resources management, on the basis of objective criteria that would take into account primarily health risks, social issues, the environment and the economy. This is only possible if quantitative information about the state of the environment is available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Both champions and critics of “neorealism” in contemporary international relations misinterpret David Hume as an early spokesman for a universal and scientific balance-of-power theory. This article instead treats Hume’s “Of the Balance of Power,” alongside the other essays in his Political Discourses (1752), as conceptual resources for a historically inflected analysis of state balancing. Hume’s defense of the balance of power cannot be divorced from his critique of commercial warfare in “Of the Balance of Trade” and “Of the Jealousy of Trade.” To better appreciate Hume’s historical and economic approach to foreign policy, this article places Hume in conversation with Machiavelli, Guicciardini, Andrew Fletcher, and Montesquieu. International relations scholars suspicious of static paradigms should reconsider Hume’s genealogy of the balance of power, which differs from the standard liberal and neorealist accounts. Well before International Political Economy developed as a formal subdiscipline, Hume was conceptually treating economics and power politics in tandem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract: Recent international relations (IR) scholarship has developed a growing awareness of this discipline’s colonial roots, prompting a search for decolonising approaches. This article is about indigenous sovereignties and how they have been occluded in the currently globalised European system of states. The method employed is a case study of two of the most impoverished and brutalised Indigenous Peoples in Brazil: the Guarani and the Kaiowa. In an attempt to transit between the world of Westphalia and non-European worlds, it starts by engaging in a conversation with Guarani and Kaiowa knowledge. Then, through a long-term historical analysis, it examines the main colonial processes that caused the occlusion of Guarani and Kaiowa sovereignty. Finally, it provides a broader perspective on how the diffusion of the European model of sovereignty, confronted with Indigenous resistance, has led to the social exclusion of Indigenous Peoples worldwide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Agglomeration economies (cont.) There is a possibility that contractual problems arising from renegotiation among buyers and suppliers will result in one of the parties losing out to the other party in a renegotiation. However, if the agglomeration is extensive enough, agents can find an alternative partner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In PPP$ terms, the range spans from PPP$ 2.8 in Sri Lanka to more than PPP$ 50 in Bulgaria, Cabo Verde and Nicaragua (Table 4.1). A number of LDCs also offer monthly prices below USD 3 per month, including Bhutan, Ethiopia, Myanmar, Nepal (Republic of) and South Sudan. It is the task of regulators and policy-makers to strike a balance between these two forces, and they have intervened in this regard in some countries, such as for instance in Sri Lanka (Box 4.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In SIDS with more diverse economies that are less dependent on tourism, the proportion of foreign workers may not be so high. As data from other SIDS are very limited, the assumption is that most SIDS employ more foreign workers when mass tourism and the all-inclusive market dominates the sector, rather than other forms of tourism. Figure 1.6 shows the number of people employed across all accommodation types in Jamaica (2009 and 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Indeed, more young women than ever before are now participating in formal and higher education in the OECD and, over the past decade, gender gaps in educational attainment have reversed. In 2000, adult men had higher tertiary-level attainment rates than adult women, but by 2012 34% of women across OECD countries had attained a tertiary education, compared with 30% of men. Among the over 100 non-OECD countries that are part of the Barro and Lee dataset (2013), the average number of years that working-age adults spend in education countries rose from around two to about eight among men and from one to eight years for women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The data are collected by examining the calculators and attached public documentation, peer reviewed research papers related to the calculators, interviews of calculator hosts, and additional data provided by the interviewed experts. Chapter 3 is devoted to the findings based on the desktop study and the interviews. In Chapter 4, we propose recommendations useful for the future development of existing calculators and new initiatives planning to make use of calculators. The report is concluded in Chapter 5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Further, the paper attempts to bring forth various debates associated with no-stakes standardised tests and it summarises empirical evidence on the effects of testing on teaching and learning outcomes. Standardised testing is often used in OECD countries as a means to assess students, teachers and schools, however across countries substantial differences exist in test purpose, design, implementation and use of test results (Kellaghan et al., The term standardised test refers to tests that are designed externally and aim to create conditions, questions, scoring procedures and interpretations that are consistent across schools (Popham, 1999, Wang et al, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Such multi-dimensional approaches to effectiveness involve a combination of objectives, such as mobilising resources, maximising broader development benefits, achieving climate-related objectives, and/or building capacity. For example, a monoculture plantation might be an effective intervention that focuses solely on maximising mitigation potential. However, interventions balancing multiple objectives (e.g. mitigation, biodiversity, development) may favour mixed plantation or agroforestry activities that provide greater biodiversity and other benefits (food, medicinal plants, etc.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For instance, Tier One in the EU-United States proposal covers energy-related services (e.g. engineering and maintenance services to optimize the environmental performance of energy facilities), and services for the design and construction of energy-efficient buildings and facilities. Tier Two covers a broad set of environmental and climate-related services, including energy, construction, architectural, engineering and integrated engineering services.45 Once the picture on the services front is sufficiently clear, the negotiators would proceed to identify the goods essential to the delivery of the selected environmental and energy services and negotiate tariff concessions using the proposed modalities and taking into account national priorities and programmes. The introduction of sustainability standards and regulations may prove important to trade in biofuels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The network is currently working to create partnerships with other universities as well as add more members from diverse subject fields as most of the members are either German or social studies teachers (Universitat Paderborn, 2016[m]). First, new teachers can benefit from support offered by mentorship programmes. Comprehensive mentoring is a proven method to support these teachers, “without effective mentoring support, many beginning teachers struggle and fail to learn the nuances of effective teaching” (Spooner-Lane, 2017[nsj)- Furthermore, mentoring is essential for teachers in disadvantaged schools as it can help them learn the necessary skills more quickly (OECD, 2012, p. 132(69]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They shift the responsibility for sustainable development away from states toward the private sector without significant regulatory intervention. Economic incentives, on the other hand, can be used to promote and reward environmental stewardship and behaviour that support the fulfilment of environmental regulation. This is often linked with injustice as it can shift resource use rights or ownership from poor people to the more powerful.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, the national climate change efforts to which Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have committed themselves in the form of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are largely insufficient, and only cover one third of the greenhouse gas emissions reductions necessary to reach this temperature goal (UNEP 2017). There is still a significant gap between 2030 emission levels and a least-cost 2°C pathway amounting to 11 GtC02e or even as much as i3.5GtC02e, taking only unconditional NDCs into account (UNEP 2017). Global greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, albeit at a slower rate, and even though the Parties must increase the goals of their NDCs overtime, it is unlikely that the emissions reductions thus achieved will be sufficient (UNEP 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For example, only in 4 of the 16 countries in Africa with available data — Burundi, Malawi, Sao Tome and Principe and Zambia — were the poverty rates for female-headed households higher compared to male-headed households (figure 8.2). The largest difference, of 8 percentage points, is observed in Malawi, where 59 per cent of people living in female-headed households are poor compared to 51 per cent of those living in male-headed households. In the other countries or areas with available data in the region, male-headed households had similar or higher poverty rates than female-headed households. In Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger and Nigeria (all in Western Africa) the poverty rates for male-headed households were higher than those for female-headed households by more than 8 percentage points. For example, 44 per cent of people living in female-headed households in Nigeria were poor compared to 58 per cent of people living in male-headed households. Greater poverty rates for female-headed households, by more than 5 percentage points, were observed in Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)