albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Do not be fooled by the modest, precise, and careful tone of Yomi Braester's prose. In Witness Against History, he makes a powerful contribution to the transformation of scholarship on modern Chinese culture. In recent years, scholars such as Leo Ou-fan Lee and David Der-wei Wang have argued that the focus on the May Fourth movement has been too singular, obscuring important schools and authors that do not fit that agenda. Braester takes this argument home to May Fourth culture and its inheritors in literature and film. This work has been assumed to uphold the standard of modernity as nationalism, realism, rationalism, and humanism. This makes it part of a larger reform or revolution effort to reinsert China into “history,” understood as Hegelian progress. Braester understands the shock of the modern new as trauma, and this is reflected in all the works he has chosen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Among the components of welfare is the variety of possibilities, including opportunities for recreation, but no measurable indicators are presented. To get feedback tourism related visitor surveys are conducted, although the tourism related information gathering methodology needs to be improved and harmonized and there is a need for a national database. The improvement of tourism research and the development of a database could also benefit the measurement of indicators related to nature-based tourism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Some States party to the agreement may meet domestic NDC targets through establishment of emissions trading regimes. As of 2015, 35 countries and 22 cities, states and regions have established some form of emissions trading scheme.5 The Paris Agreement will recognize traded credits when such domestic emissions trading programmes link and arbitrage credits between themselves. Trading member states will be able to determine domestically what constitutes an emissions credit, but trade in such credits between member states will have to meet UNFCCC established guidelines. Shared standards will ensure that credits with different emissions values can be harmonised, and help to prevent double-counting between a state producing emissions reductions and one acquiring them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Investment in electricity grids and storage may be necessary to reduce losses and accommodate energy produced from intermittent renewable sources, such as wind or solar. Average over 2008-09 for Canada and the Slovak Republic. Similarly, improved, more efficient water distribution and sewage treatment infrastructures can reduce water leakage and improve water quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These interactions focused on how to create an enabling environment for e-commerce to allow all companies, regardless of size or location, to enjoy access to the global trading system. Enhancing the quality and affordability of telecommunication services and facilitating investment in ICTs and related sectors are especially important for creating better conditions for online trade. Reducing regulatory barriers and ensuring regulatory coherence are also important to enable SMEs' participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The feasibility of such a programme and the main challenges to its implementation are also discussed. This chapter summarises the main elements of the Green Public Investment Programme in Kazakhstan that was designed as part of this study, and provides information on how and why the project team arrived at the solutions proposed. Phase 1 (pilot phase) covers two cities - Kostanay and Shymkent, and Phase 2 is extended to cover most major urban centres in Kazakhstan. In this case, the decision was made by the Ministry of Energy in discussion with main stakeholders in the country, both governmental and non-governmental.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Changes both in policy and markets - such as the structural transformation of many countries over the last twenty years due to shifting wealth - affect the income distribution through different channels. The evolution of inequality within countries is the result of policy changes as well as of changes in individual and household endowments and resources, returns to those resources, labour market participation behaviour, and demographic characteristics. Differences between market incomes and disposable incomes are sizable in many OECD countries, which points to the important redistributive role of the state. The role of taxes, cash, and in-kind transfers is markedly less important in many developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At the moment, 8.3% of the total population of Italy are immigrants and most of them are relatively young (40% under 29). Between 2011-2015 the average yearly increase in the inflow of migrants was 4.9% (OECD, 2018(24])- This population should be considered in the development strategies of Inner Areas in order to harness their potential contribution to the local economy. Among OECD members, Sweden consistently ranks in the top in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, and it maintains one of the lowest GINI indices of regional disparity in GDP per capita. This strategy is coupled with efforts to build urban-rural linkages that promote greater inter-municipal cooperation in public service delivery, and regional development strategies that prioritise planning based on functional regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A key challenge was the lack of available data specifically on indicators representing water renewability (SDG 6.3) and its sustainable management (SDG 6.5), which could hinder valid policymaking. This challenge was addressed in two ways. First, ESCAP provided training on the UN-Water’s Integrated Monitoring Guide for SDG 6: Targets and Indicators, which informs ministries on how data collection can occur. Second, it became evident during the National SDG 6 Workshop that many of the Interagency and Expert Group’s SDG indicators were not feasible under Sri Lanka’s national context. As a result, stakeholders and policymakers consulted in small working groups to consider more valid indicators and how to approach data collection and analysis. Encouraging official financial flows (SDG 10.b) can promote greater economic risk diversification (SDG 8.2) and inducing sustainable food production systems (SDG 2.4) and water-use efficiency in the agriculture sector (SDG 6.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Empirical studies also show limited overlaps between deprivations in different indicators. Deprivation in one indicator does not necessarily proxy deprivations in others. For example, the next table shows the deprivation rates of 10 indicators across 101 countries in the second row and second column.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article uses social movement theory to analyze environmental justice rhetoric. It argues that the environmental justice frame is a master frame that uses discourses about injustice as an effective mobilizing tool. The article identifies an environmental justice paradigm and compares it with the new environmental paradigm. In addition, the article discusses why the environmental justice movement grew so fast and why its adherents find the environmental justice frame so appealing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In both New Zealand and Australia, improvements have been led both at the system level and by individual communities and schools. Where these efforts are aligned and mutually reinforcing, the impact is more positive than reliance solely on system-wide efforts or solely on interventions by individual communities or schools. The rationale behind compulsory education is that learning occurs primarily, (although not exclusively) in school, and that higher enrolment and attainment rates benefit both individuals and society as a whole (Lleras-Muney, 2002, Oreopoulos, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The reasons are complex but linked to a long history of legal and social discrimination. Discrimination accounts for an estimated one-third of wage disparities, all else (including education) being equal.3 This indicates that policies are needed to ensure that skills and education are rewarded equally. Social pressures within the African American community can limit choices and later life chances among adolescents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The poor energy efficiency performance of the existing building stock is a considerable economic, social and environmental issue in Georgia, which uses approximately 50% more energy per unit of floor space than EU countries with a similar climate (Kochladze, 2012). Energy consumption in Georgia would be far higher still, if it weren't for considerable fuel poverty. Despite encouraging developments at the policy and planning level, domestic policy efforts have been, up to now, unable to affect a significant improvement on the status-quo in the building sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The reliance on existing data sources leads to three data measurement issues that need to be borne in mind when interpreting the findings of this paper. Data availability: This report draws from two types of data sources: i) country-level indicators published on a regular basis through administrative or statistical series by bodies such as, for example, Eurostat and the OECD, and ii) nationally representative micro-data from household- or school-based surveys, such as the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey. Where data is not already available, no efforts have been made to collect this data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The digital platform revolution has ushered in a new era of doing business. From firms that own and control their resources to firms that manage and orchestrate them, technological change has revolutionized production, connectivity and distribution. A key feature of this revolution is the digital platform - an online intermediary that links producers, consumers and service providers, and takes advantage of its reach and network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
If CM are initiated, increases in emission levels would be more moderate (Figures 5.4 and 5.5). Some of the sectors where CM could be significant and effective include transport, green buildings, adoption of energy-saving equipment, switch to natural gas and renewable energy sources, and smart power plants. In Viet Nam, policies to improve the public transport system and encourage the introduction of less polluting and noisy motorcycles - the main form of private transport in both major and small cities - would lower urban pollution and noise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
See, e.g., art. Such preferential treatment is not considered to be discriminatory when it has as its purpose to diminish or eliminate conditions that cause or help to perpetuate discrimination.55Thus.any law, programme or practice that seeks the amelioration of disadvantaged conditions of individuals or groups cannot be considered discriminatory. International human rights instruments prohibit discrimination as to "race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status” (see, e.g., art.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, CONAFOR has no mandate to continue supervising or monitoring the restorations and reforestations of completed projects. The permanence of the environmental compensation is therefore not ensured afterwards. Furthermore, as the scheme is only funded by the Forest Fund, CONAFOR has limited resources for field officers to carry out the supervision of projects (Garcia, 2014). These reports are limited in scope, however.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They were in fact direct translations of the English items used in the English-medium sector. The Ministry is now collaborating with Maori assessment experts to develop a national monitoring study for the Maori-medium sector. However, it remains voluntary for schools to purchase and implement student management systems. In a 2006 survey, almost a third of the responding primary school principals reported that they had no SMS yet (Hipkins et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While being far from an exact science, a comprehensive body of knowledge about airborne pollutants and their health impacts has now been assembled and continues to improve. Economists and public health researchers have long focused on mortality when investigating the costs of air pollution. The basic methodology to estimate mortality from air pollution is the formulation of CRFs, also referred to as dose-response functions (Caiazzo et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is particularly the case for industries in which embedded software plays a prominent role such as automotive, robotics, mobile phone, household appliances, etc., Consumers can have a vision of overall supply and demand and of their electricity consumption in real time and thus adjust their consumption based on price signals. For the electricity provider, the smart grid allows operators to stabilise demand by monitoring and influencing consumption in real time either through technical intervention or variable demand-based pricing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG5) recognises gender equality as a universal driver of sustainable development and asserts the need to accelerate efforts to end gender inequality. Agenda 2030’s universal scope applies to all countries - including OECD countries - and presents a sober reminder that all countries have a way to go to reach gender equality. Despite this positive trend, significant underinvestment persists in areas key to meeting the gender equality commitments of the Sustainable Development Goals, which include the economic and productive sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some criteria can be introduced nationally and some can be set by regions to better fit local needs. The optimal set of selected indicators is the one that provides a good picture of performance without creating an excessive administrative burden. Achievement of the right balance between these two objectives may be difficult.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, 29% of the respondents didn’t know whether respective activities or initiatives have taken place, while others suggested that activities to implement the Strategic Plan or revise NBSAPs did not help to increase cooperation. Identifying synergies and overlaps among conventions at national level could thus foster the operationalization of the conventions at the sub-national level - in particular in case of limited resources. Several case studies will be presented here that illustrate the variety of approaches taken by countries, reflecting national circumstances and, in particular, the institutional environment. The case studies highlight outcomes deriving from synergistic approaches and the extent to which particular objectives and activities related to the other Biodiversity-related Conventions (other than CBD) have been addressed in finalized NBSAPs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, it is important to recognize that there have been changes as well in terms of shifting from primary forests to naturally regenerated forests (or secondary forests). Another change is the increase in plantation forests in most GMS countries. These changes have not been equal in all GMS countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Total catches declined from about 40,000 t in 1991 to 8,500 t in 1997 and have partly recovered since, to an estimated 15,000 t in 2008. Because of the limited data available, it is impossible to assess whether fisheries management in the Turkmen sector of the Caspian is currently sustainable. Overfishing of kilka and other bony fish in the Caspian Sea has been a problem since at least the 1970s, its effect on stocks may be aggravated by pollution. Throughout the Caspian Sea, catches of the species declined by more than 58 per cent between 1993 and 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Thus, total producer cost of delivering, receiving and storing grain before it is sold came to USD 59 per tonne at harvest time in 2011/12. Assuming that the grain was sold to the FCC at its purchase price of USD 170 per tonne (KZT 25 000 effective in October 2011), the price at the farm gate is USD 111 per tonne. Alternatively, assuming that the grain was not sold to the FCC but to private buyers at an average market price of USD 108 (KZT 15 900 October 2011 price), the price at the farm gate would be USD 49 per tonne (KZT 7 200). Given these costs, farm gate price was reduced by over a third (the FCC option) and by over one half (the private channel option) compared to the wholesale price. Each contract is 10 000-100 000 tonnes. Each contrad is 10 000-100 000 tonnes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
But disentangling the different effects of these forces is not easy. Technological progress may, for instance, be enhanced by closer trade integration while, at the same time, better communication facilities and technology may lead to greater trade integration. The wage-inequality effect of trade appears neutral even when only the effects of increased import penetration from emerging economies are considered - a finding that runs counter to the expectation that trade flows should drive down wages of workers in manufacturing and/or services in OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Notwithstanding some increases in seizures of cannabis resin, the amount of cannabis seized declined slightly over the period 2010-2015 as whole, although they showed an upward trend from 2012. The remaining 96 per cent is stored on the “deep web”. A part of it, the darknet, contains information that is intentionally hidden and only accessible using special web browsers.130 The darknet is used for all kinds of activities, illicit included, particularly drug trafficking. In 2014, the question was asked specifically in relation to the Silk Road, the then dominant darknet market, as the survey was conducted just after the Silk Road's closure, from 2015, the question was asked in relation to all darknet markets. Sources: Global Drug Survey 2017 findings (www.globaldrug-survey.com), and Global Drug Survey 2017, detailed findings on drug cryptomarkets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They include character qualities such as perseverance, empathy or perspective, mindfulness, ethics, courage and leadership. Developing those kinds of characteristics is often what distinguishes elite schools. But for the majority of students, character formation in school remains a matter of luck, depending on whether this is a priority for their teachers, since very few education systems have made such broader goals an integral part of what they expect from students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To mark the fiftieth anniversary of NZJES, this invited paper examines possible education policy and policy scholarship futures. It is argued that in order to predict the future, one needs to appreciate how socio-historical struggles of the past have contributed to present education policy settings, and to identify the continuities and discontinuities between the past, the present and possible policy futures. Public policy in New Zealand in the twentieth century was dominated by struggles between social democratic and neoliberal conceptions of the good society. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, neoliberalism remains in the ascendancy. However, the major social, economic and environmental challenges of the future will include climate change and sustainability, technology and work, and population growth, inequality and living harmoniously. The paper considers the role of public education policy in assisting society to frame and address these equitably.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The rise of women’s education raises their minimum standards for acceptable matches, lessens their economic need for marriage and, in theory, increases the chances that they may choose not to many (van Bavel, 2012). Less well-educated men are likely to be the main losers, as they are more likely to remain single than any other group (De Hauw et al., Married couples and civil unions are the most common arrangements, but about 10% of people aged 20 and over OECD-wide - i.e. one in six of all partnered adults - cohabit informally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The impact of environmental and climate constraints on global food supply. In: Economic Analysis of Land Use in Global Climate Change Policy, edited by T. Hertel, S. Rose and R. Tol, Routledge, USA. Land Use Policy, 24,562-575. Assessment of Fertiliser Use by Crop at the Global Level 2006/07-2007/08.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They have greatly diversified the services they provide, from primarily matching buyers and sellers to a host of complementary services and connections. They have expanded the sectors they cover and the business models they use. Successful platforms have overhauled the traditional pipeline business model that was based on controlling a linear set of activities - the classic value-chain model. E-commerce is now the 10lh largest industry worldwide in terms of market value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
States to establish institutional framework and enforcement mechanisms such as specialised Children’s Courts, and Child Protection Police Units. Institutions such as National Human Rights Institutions, the Office of an Ombudsperson for Children, National Commission for Children, responsible for coordinating the implementation of children’s rights must also be established and operational. States to conduct further research into the prevalence, causes and consequences of child marriage and endeavour to have disaggregated data. This could be further enhanced by establishing, at national level, an EAC Data Collection Centre on CEFM in readiness to compile such disaggregated data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It wasn’t unusual for a single national airline to have a monopoly on certain routes. In the decades since, most OECD countries have reformed the rules covering products, services and employment, with the aim of making their economies more dynamic. In the past, wage rises were sometimes negotiated at a national level and there was relatively tighter regulation of how and when companies could let workers go. Today, market forces are generally allowed freer rein.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Cross-basin water transfers raise the cost of supply significantly and can have a substantial environmental impact (see e.g. Barcelo, 2009). Several cross-basin water transfers exist and fall under central government competence. Users play an important role, mostly through user associations, as their representatives (the users' assembly) directly participate in some management tasks and elect members of RBA decision-making boards, contributing a third of their members. In most RBAs, consumptive users, especially from the irrigation sector, dominate the users’ representation, reflecting their large weight in consumptive water use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is based on an exhaustive compilation of data on the distribution of VME indicator species, including published and unpublished data, and new data gathered during the project from areas where information is sparse. An overview of the approaches and methodologies for mapping of VME distribution is presented. Eleven VMEs are identified based on management goals for coral and sponge communities present in the study area. A risk analysis is conducted based on the modelled distribution of VMEs and its co-occurrence with high fishing intensity. The report discusses the uncertainty associated with modelled distributions and fishing pressure estimates and management implications. Areas where information on VMEs is lacking are identified and the need for more detailed knowledge on the distribution of human activities is discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)