albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This is connected to a focus in the Millennium Development Goals on averages without an accompanying consideration of trends beneath the averages. Many contributions in the education consultation, as well as in the other thematic consultations, highlighted the lack of attention to marginalized and vulnerable groups. Post-2015 consultations suggest that overcoming inequality requires a goal that makes national governments accountable for providing minimum standards and implementing country specific plans for basic services, including education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the Wesf Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Prepared jointly by the African Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the European InvestmFfentBank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank Group - April 18, 2015 Development Committee meeting. Climate finance: is it making a difference? A review of the effectiveness of Multilateral Climate Funds". Making Partnerships Effective Coalitions for Action".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Today’s public administrators and policymakers face challenges of climate change, global health epidemics, terrorism, migration and economic failure while still retaining the charge of providing sound government and services at the national, state and local levels. This chapter explores that context by turning the focus to the public servants whose daily work makes public policy possible. It reviews the literature on cultural intelligence (CQ) and global leadership and draws upon in-depth interviews with 23 opinion leaders working with Australia’s public service to offer a capabilities framework for a globalised public service. This framework sets out the skills, capabilities, knowledge and experiences that will support effective public administration leadership in the twenty-first century.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Grouping by ability in one or a few subjects is the most flexible form of selection. In fact, in systems with more academically selective schools, the impact of the socio-economic status of students and schools on student performance is stronger (OECD, 2013a, Table IV. Results from PISA also show that in most OECD countries, students' attainment is significantly lower in schools where most of the students come from disadvantaged backgrounds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Reform of market regimes for key agricultural commodities moved domestic prices in the European Union close to the border price levels, with the price differential between internal EU prices and world prices falling from 33% in 1995-97 to 5% in 2011-13. The reduction in the price difference is also significant and gradual in Israel, where the price differential fell from 19% to 8% between the two periods. More importantly, producers in Australia, Chile, Mexico, New Zealand, and the United States receive at present prices which on average are either fully or closely aligned with international levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Many commodity-exporting countries, notably fuel exporters, are continuing a gradual recovery, although they remain exposed to volatile prices. The impact of the sharp drop in commodity markets in 2014/15 also continues to weigh on fiscal and external balances and has left a legacy of higher levels of debt. Economic activity at the global level is expected to expand at a solid pace of 3 per cent in 2019, but there are increasing signs that growth may have peaked.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, REDD+ (Reduction in Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) is a framework through which developing countries are rewarded financially for forest protection actions which lead to a measured decrease in the conversion of forests to other land uses. The program now also includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries. Financial incentives are not yet compelling enough to drive forest-friendly development in a number of countries, however.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Operational Programme (OP) for allocating this funding is targeted towards achieving both key national development priorities and the EU’s Europe 2020 objectives. It will support the reform of the EU's Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) and implementation of the EU's Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP) in Germany. A comprehensive range of outcomes are being pursued within these objectives and include greater technological development, competitiveness, efficiency, safety, and environmental performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The competent state agency controls products in Group 2 on the basis of relevant technical regulations as well as by producers on the basis of applicable standards. Different ministries are responsible for the control of quality of products and goods under their responsibility, and for issuing lists of products and goods that can cause "unsafety" and are subject to mandatory inspection. These were removed for tea and coffee in 1995. However, coffee beans remained subject to line management by MARD requiring their approval before export. Export quotas on rice were introduced in 1992 to ensure food security and price stability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The status of human rights in Southeast Asia is under increasing scrutiny as the process of community building culminates in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR). National, regional, and external civil society actors now populate the ASEAN “human rights space” pressuring member governments and ASEAN institutions. This article investigates the status of human rights in the 10 member states of ASEAN by presenting the patterns of ratification, reservation, and fulfillment of the core global human rights treaties. This analysis suggests that, despite a growing number of treaty ratifications, compliance with the standards those treaties include remains elusive. Reservations, resistance to the optional protocols, and nonsubmission of reports to the relevant treaty bodies suggest that ratification has not led to full compliance. The article concludes that Southeast Asian states will continue to diversify with regard to human rights, placing great...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Questions remain open as to the legal nature of the "Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law" (BPG), and this chapter examines what legal quality is attached to the propositions enunciated therein. It is obvious at first glance that the adoption of the BPG could not, as such, produce binding international law. The Commission on Human Rights enjoys no decision-making power. The BPG attempts to regulate all the consequences that may flow from the commission of grave violations of human rights and international humanitarian law (IHL), without drawing any distinctions between criminal law aspects and other aspects which one might call "civil aspects" in as much as they affect the status of individual victims of such violations.  Keywords: BPG, human rights, InternationalLaw Commission (ILC), international humanitarian law (IHL)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Despite the notable progress in including disabilities in measurement tools in order to understand the potential demand for care, determining the supply of specialized care continues to pose a challenge, especially the care provided by households which is not included in statistical records. There are other factors that complicate measurement, such as the fact that the care available is not only dependent on demographic factors, but includes political and social components that affect the division of responsibilities in the household (Dur£n, 2008b). In households with disabled persons, other members spend a significant amount of time meeting their care needs, which are demanding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These studies are based on household data for Ethiopia (Chamberlin et al., They observe that the distance to a passable road and the cost of transporting rice significantly decrease the use of fertilizer in rice production. Controlling for soil fertility, they demonstrate that crop yields for the three major staples in Madagascar — rice, maize and cassava — are lower in isolated areas. In other words, reducing travel time to major cities has significant effects on agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. It has been found that investments in corridors have a limited effect on smallholders and agricultural production. A study of corridors in Mozambique and United Republic of Tanzania suggests that these routes are likely to be “corridors of power” that benefit relatively few, rather than “corridors of plenty", with 90 per cent of smallholders likely to be left out of value chains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Over the last several decades, law and social science scholars have documented persistent racial inequality in the United States. This review focuses on mechanisms to explain this persistent pattern. We begin with policy making, a mechanism fundamental to all the others. We then examine one particularly important policy, the carceral state, which can be described as the most important policy response to the civil rights era. A significant body of scholarship on employment discrimination presents a site for explaining the transformation of law on the books into the law in action. Finally, we review scholarship on the persistence of segregation and concentrated neighborhood disadvantage and their attendant impact on racial inequality. We conclude with two themes that deserve special emphasis: the need for theory drawing these fields together and our need, above all at this moment in our history, for public scholarship changing the discourse, politics, and law perpetuating racial inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Municipalities are obliged to include the construction of biogas plants in their municipal planning, as well as the allocation of grants for selling biogas to co-generation plants and the natural gas net. The scheme became effective as from the 2010 planting season. The grant can be given to areas in normal operation, in which planting results in a large reduction of nitrogen, and at locations where a reduction in the nitrogen burden can contribute towards meeting the requirement of the Water Framework Directive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
While the international community will play an essential role in providing overall leadership, bringing stakeholders together, channelling international financial support, and providing technical assistance, real solutions to the economic and social challenges facing youth will begin and end at home. Governments should therefore support those youth initiatives and activities at the grassroots and national levels that contribute to the realization of the 2030 Agenda. Spotlight on Sustainable Development 2016: Report of the Reflection Group on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Akazi Kanoze Youth in Rural Rwanda. Akazi Kanoze Youth Livelihoods Project, Final Evaluation Report prepared by the Education Development Center, Inc. Washington, D.C.: United States Agency for International Development. Available from http://idd.edc.org/ resources/publications/report-randomized-controlled-trial-akazi-kanoze-youth-rural-rwanda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It is well established that the endowments of the area explain a substantial proportion of the poverty of people living in it, controlling for individual and household characteristics, such as age, household composition or ethno-linguistic group (Jalan and Ravallion, 1997)14. Regional imbalances in poverty rates are often persistent, as internal migration processes tend to be selective with poorest people facing higher migration costs. The regional income distribution and poverty indicators discussed in this paper send the clear message that national averages mask important intra-country variance in poverty and inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) should be seen as key partners in this, as they can complement local government action to support sustainable consumption objectives. The educational campaign through innovative yet impactful messages should aim to target each demographic group and ensure effective household waste practices. Furthermore, residents can be encouraged through information outreaches to reconsider lifestyles and consumption patterns by buying eco-products or reusable items such as shopping bags.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
To provide certainty over their longevity, offsets should be supported by legal mechanisms that secure site tenure and financial assurances to ensure that the resources will be available to conserve biodiversity for the life of the project. Land acquisition for biodiversity offsets has proved difficult in a number of jurisdictions where land scarcity is a significant issue (e.g. England, the Netherlands and Switzerland) and in developing countries where development and food security priorities are prohibitive so securing offsets from existing landowners is often favoured (Morandeau and Vilaysack, 2012). In the BioBanking programme in New South Wales, Australia and the Native Vegetation Regulations in Victoria, Australia, offsets are legally secured by amending the land title and recording land-use restrictions in the public Land Registry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This includes the merger of the two operators of combined heat and power plants CHP-1 and CHP-2, with Termocom, the state-owned company that owns and operates the district heating network in Chisinau. This means that the company may be private, but has some additional social obligations. For example, it is subject to certain restrictions on cutting supply to customers in case of non-payment of bills by customers. Source: Energy Community (2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Other consequences of such misallocations may include labour market distortions (e.g. a large-sized informal economy), firm-level challenges in recruiting staff with appropriate skills, and high gender inequalities (OECD, 2016b). All of these are visible in Latin America. Estimates show that nearly 55% of workers in the region are informal (Bosch, Melguizo and Pages, 2013), and more than 35% of firms in most countries report difficulties recruiting adequately skilled labour, significantly above rates in other emerging regions such as East Asia and Pacific, Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Offshore bottoms are usually viewed as receiving compartment, dependent on primary production in the water column. Benthic compartment regulates mineralization, affecting pelagic production. Sea floor integrity is therefore cmcial to the Adriatic Sea and the productivity of its coastal areas, as in the case of the Bosnia and Herzegovina coastal area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, reported methane emissions are often based on production volumes and standard emission factors (in large part derived from US EPA work) (IEA, 2013). The 100-year global warming potential cited here is most commonly used, but in scenarios where climate change impacts become severe already in the near term, one could argue that a higher value / shorter time scale should be used. According to the industry itself, this is not primarily the result of a specific focus on reducing methane leakages, but rather due to strict safety regulations and high-quality equipment (Statoil, 2013). All oil and gas production in Norway also takes place offshore, which requires greater attention to pipe sealing and equipment durability than onshore production. We do estimate what the impact of this would be, but do not use it as the main scaled abatement potential for this solution. By 2010, this had gone down to 2.8kgCH4/TJ, an average reduction of 2.3% peryear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Brazil's cotton production is expected to grow even faster than the world’s largest cotton producer, India, which has a greater potential for higher yield growth as it starts from a low base. During the course of the next ten years, Brazil is expected to draw-down cotton stocks. Changing competition for resources to produce other commodities is also expected to influence the outlook for cotton markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Moreover, specialised professionals work directly with students and collaborate with classroom teachers so that they acquire teaching skills that respond to students’ specific special needs. Altogether, these efforts can better facilitate effective integration of students with special needs into mainstream schools. Also, Chile has an initial teacher education programme for learning disabilities in place. This is a particular strength as schools can have access to qualified teachers that respond to students’ needs. Qualitative evidence suggests that schools select the type of special educational need they respond to depending on their resources for both diagnosing the educational needs of students and attending to the students’ special needs. As a result, mainstream schools tend not to work with students with permanent disabilities as these imply more specialised resources, greater teaching materials and additional investments in infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
With the appearance in 2010 of an essay by Martin Shaw, ‘Palestine in an International Historical Perspective on Genocide’, Holy Land Studies has taken the hermeneutic initiative in bringing together into the one field of analysis two areas that have usually been kept separate, genocide studies and studies of the history of Palestine-Israel. In an important challenge to contemporary scholarship, Shaw makes a cogent critique of the notion of ‘ethnic cleansing’ as euphemistic and perpetrator-inflected. I follow Shaw in translating ‘ethnic cleansing’ as ‘genocide’ of a group or society by deploying the terms and argument of Raphael Lemkin, the creator of the concept of ‘genocide’ and prime mover in the 1948 UN Convention on genocide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The re-orientation of the direct payments system gives farmers more flexibility in their choice of production, but continues to distort market signals. Mexico’s new policy framework re-links support to the adoption of farm practices to improve land productivity, with potential risk of distorting markets and reducing income transfer efficiency. It covers seven OECD countries or regions (Canada, the European Union, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Switzerland, the United States) and models six commodity markets (wheat, coarse grain, oilseeds, rice, milk and beef) and input market, and it represents policies according to the PSE classification. It is a partial equilibrium model that measures impacts in the medium term. In Canada, supply-management continues to generate significant levels of market price support, in particular in the dairy sector. Although market price support has been reduced significantly in the European Union, tariff quotas and domestic measures continue to protect some sectors significantly, and most direct payments are not linked to specific income criteria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Vertical co-operation and co-ordination is all the more important in this perspective. The national government should take an active role in the creation and management of the MCDA and work with all relevant LGUs even before the application process to ensure full success of the application. Local governments need funding tools, capacity building in terms of effective public investment, and planning professionals need a working knowledge of how to prioritise and implement the plans they develop. In addition, the reliance of LGUs on national grants through the IRA, as well as the weakness of the proposed MCDA legislation regarding financing, indicates a real need for a more robust funding strategy and understanding of how to successfully achieve integrated public investment across levels of government. In this context, creating a more effective public investment framework is crucial (Box 4.4). For example, central government’s earmarked transfers could be better aligned with CLUPS for the entire Metro Cebu, so that national funds contribute coherently to local strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
After the extreme price spike was over, markets calmed again and continued their secular decline in real terms (Figure 1.1). More recently, in 2007 and subsequent years, the world experienced another extreme price spike on international markets for cereals. This time, however, the subsequent development of markets differed notably from the usual episode of a transitory price spike.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Attempts to systematise health technology assessment, w'hich is not generally carried out in Costa Rica, have also failed. The inability of the Ministry of Health to hold the CCSS and its providers to account has already been discussed. In turn, the ability of the CCSS to reform is significantly constrained by professional groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It was not so long ago that scholarly writings pointed to the vast chasm that existed between criminal justice and public health approaches to understanding and controlling interpersonal violence. Other scholarship of the day examined how criminal justice and criminology could benefit from adopting elements of the public health approach. For sure, there still exist many differences in how the two disciplines approach the violence problem, but over the years there have been some promising developments at the intersection of public health and criminology. This paper surveys the evolving link between public health and criminology, with a special focus on serious youth violence. It is concerned with both research and practice and how these efforts—across primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies—are contributing to improved public health-criminology collaborations or public health-influenced programs that have a discernable impact on youth violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In coastal areas, sea level rise will exacerbate water resource constraints due to increased salinization of groundwater supplies. Weather events are increasing in number and frequency, and the developing countries are especially vulnerable. When poor and disenfranchised communities are at risk, it is even harder for them to overcome their low economic status, making progress in poverty reduction efforts almost impossible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The CCSS does have a system in place to monitor, respond to and prevent hospital-acquired infections. A national monitoring and learning system for other adverse events is not, however, in place. The ministry’s 2015-2018 National Health Plan established a health care quality programme that focuses on wider implementation of the EDUS information system and reduction of waiting times. It also, however, aims to systematise measurement of patient experiences and establish quality standards and indicators, initially around organ donation and transplantation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)