albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In the spirit of William G Demas, addressing this innovation deficit and developing the requisite transformability will be crucial for the future of the Caribbean. In challenging the status quo and developing the requisite transformability and flexibility to adapt and innovate, this chapter concludes by outlining innovation pathways for systemic transformation and building the resilience of small states, in which private sector leadership is essential in developing institutional innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystems. Emphasising the need to innovate systemically across the private and public sectors, in addition to elevating and engaging (regional) innovation across small states, the innovation pathways underline the importance of strengthening institutional trust and thrusts, and deepening emerging business ecosystems. Facilitating capital, connectivity and capacity - financial, social, digital, human and creative - is thus pivotal in the pathways for innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Teachers create greater connections to the broader community and to elders, and make explicit how what is being leamt influences the self, the family, the community and the land. Teachers are activators, while students become active in the design, implementation and measurement of learning experiences. Partnerships enjoy high partner equity, transparency, mutual benefit and accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
With the exception of scolarisation precoce, some of preschool child care places may, on occasion, be used by a child aged 3 or over. The OECD Tax-Benefit Models incorporate child care costs. They can, for example, calculate the net child care costs of full-time care for two children aged 2 and 3 in a typical child care facility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The fact that few outcome indicators have been developed at the national level can be partly explained as in many cases adaptation policies and programmes lack measurable targets or clearly defined expected outcomes necessary to assess their effectiveness using indicators (SBSTA, 2010). Almost half of the (I)NDCs detailing planned adaptation policies and programmes include a mention of the need to monitor and evaluate progress, but where this need is mentioned, the indicators used are mainly qualitative as mentioned in section 3.2 (Kato and Ellis, 2016). Article 7.14 (c) requires the global stocktake to “review the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation and support provided to adaptation”. While national-level evaluation of adaptation is useful to assess adaptation effectiveness (Craft and Fischer, 2015, 2016), such national assessment would not be available for all countries. Furthermore, as these systems would be developed in different ways, they would be difficult to compare and therefore aggregate to inform a global review. Finally, there might be subjective components to “effectiveness”, and the issue of “adequacy” can conflate climate and non-climate factors (Kato and Ellis, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, it sets out strategic goals for the sustainable use of biodiversity (4.2), equitable sharing of the benefits from biodiversity and geodiversity resources (4.3), decreasing threats to biodiversity (4.4), and development of financial mechanisms for sustainable management (4.5). In addition to the strategic goals this document provides a plan of action with a specific set of activities, timeline for implementation, accountable authority, budget and source of funding. Total allocations from all sources for the five components related to biodiversity are planned in the amount of KM 34.35 million. Key responsibilities stay with the Ministry of Environment and Tourism in FBiH and the Ministry' of Physical Planning, Civil Engineering and Ecology in RS. Numerous agencies are lacking integration and information exchange.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Baseline cases are ESCAP projections when minimum wages did not rise in 2012 or 2013. In fact, unemployment has fallen marginally in Thailand since the new minimum wage was first introduced in six provinces in April 2012, ahead of nation-wide implementation in 2013. Additionally, any price eifect of the new minimum wage is likely to be short-lived and relatively small in size.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Second, many studies have shown that the exit rate from unemployment exhibits a spike around the time benefits expire. The spike at benefit exhaustion, in principle, suggests that recipients tend to wait until their benefits run out before returning to work. However, there are a number of reasons to suggest that the evidence on the labour-supply disincentives of UI needs to be qualified, particularly in the context of emerging economies. Based on a survey of the literature and new estimates for Austria, they conclude that the vast majority of job seekers does not wait until their UI benefits are exhausted to return to work. Moreover, moral-hazard effects due to UI receipt are likely to take a somewhat different form in emerging economies, since UI not only increases the value of not working but also that of working in the informal sector. In the context of widespread labour informality and weak enforcement capacity, it is difficult to ensure that individuals do not take up a job in the informal sector whilst receiving UBs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
But it raises challenging questions for policy makers: how to increase the awareness of the risks, to influence decisions of property owners, businesses and municipalities about exposure and vulnerability to risk, and thereby reduce the expected cost of damages in a flood event? How to make the public more aware of what is needed to keep the country dry and habitable, and to secure willingness to pay for flood safety? Key enabling elements of a society resilient to future shocks include the density of social interconnections between authorities, social players and the population in general, confidence, trust and a sense of community, and technical capabilities and political vision and leadership. This means independent oversight for performance and compliance (which does not necessarily have to be carried out at national level), as well as balanced and action-oriented stakeholder engagement that does not override the interests of the “unheard voices”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While Danish residents currently experience low unmet need for medical care, this 'skills mix' provides opportunities to expand the scope of practice of nurses to better respond to growing and changing requirements. Many nurses work with more advanced tasks under delegation from a physician in a legal framework established to improve the scope of practice for nurses. This and other possible extensions in scope of practice will require revision of curricula or investments in more postgraduate education and training for nurses in Denmark, as scope exists in the Danish primary care payment schedule for nurses to perform some tasks traditionally done by physicians (OECD, 2017a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Fourth, amenable mortality, like longevity indicators, does not account for health care interventions aimed at improving the quality of life without prolonging it (e.g. pain relief therapies and mental care). To reduce this data gap, the OECD's Health Care Quality Indicators (HCQI) project, that started in 2001, is developing a set of indicators (Garcia Armesto etal., The 2009 edition of Health at a Glance presents a selection of 23 HCQIs, including screening, survival and mortality rates for selected cancers, vaccination rates and avoidable in-patient admission rates for several chronic conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In other OECD countries, private health insurers supply different types of “secondary coverage” for health spending (see Box 4 for definitions). Depending on the country, it may include services that are uncovered by the public system such as luxury care, elective care, long-term care, dental care, pharmaceuticals, rehabilitation, alternative or complementary medicine, etc., Typically, duplicate cover does not exempt individuals from contributing to public health insurance. In the HSC Survey, only five countries - the Czech Republic, Estonia, Iceland, Norway and Turkey - reported that private health insurance does not provide a secondary source of coverage for health and the share of private health insurance in total health spending is null or almost null.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Customary international law is law that “results from a general and consistent practice of states followed by them from a sense of legal obligation.” “International agreements create law for states parties thereto and may lead to the creation of customary international law when such agreements are intended for adherence by states generally and are in fact widely accepted.” Does customary international law (CIL) exist in tax? There are over 3,000 bilateral tax treaties, and they are about 80% identical to each other, but do they create CIL that binds in the absence of a binding treaty, like for example the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties binds the US, which has not ratified it? This chapter will argue that the answer is yes, using four examples: jurisdiction to tax, the permanent establishment (PE) threshold, the arm’s length standard, and non-discrimination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The studies also show that many newsrooms have gender equality policies regarding parental leave and prevention of sexual harassment. At Yle specific newsroom teams also have team goals that are set annually, and many of these include gender balance. When meeting their goals the team gets a monetary reward. Some journalists at Yle also do self-reflections on their news work from a gender perspective. Von Weissenberg says Yle could still do more to train staff in gender awareness: "Some journalists are very gender aware and think a lot about diversity, but this is a field where we could definitely do more."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Pre-grant flexibilities constitute a pro-active tool for a government to design generally applicable IP laws, whereas post-grant flexibilities are usually limited to particular cases where the government considers an existing monopoly right to be too broad. Governments interested in limiting exclusive rights on medical substances are advised to pay particular attention to the pre-grant flexibilities, as these may reduce the need to utilize post-grant tools. This is particularly important in light of the possible tensions surrounding post-grant tools such as compulsory licenses and parallel imports. Overall, national policy makers should be aware of and may wish to take full advantage of both pre- and post-grant flexibilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Selected final bound, MFN applied and preferential tariffs for MPS commodities, 2013 (cont.) Source, WTO Tariff Download Facility, http://tariffdata.wto.org/Default.aspx. Bentzen and F. Tarp (2006), “Vietnam’s Accession to the WTO: Lessons from Past Trade Agreements”, Discussion Paper No. Org/docrep/009/ag089e/AG089E00.htm#TOC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
First, women tend to live longer than men. Second, they have less access than men to land and other assets that could help them maintain an adequate standard of living in old age. In India, for example, 60 per cent of women compared to 30 per cent of men have no valuable assets in their name, and few widows can count on family or community support.97 Even in countries with good pension coverage, women are significantly more likely to suffer poverty in old age than men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
AbstractThe recent publication of a special number of the SAJP dedicated to a discussion of Samantha Vice’s thoughts on being a white South African prompted this reflection on justice, equity and the modern idea of the state – against the background of moral feelings of guilt and shame, cultural diversity and merging identities. Its aim is to provide a perspective on the unity of the public legal order of the state, the distinct meaning of citizenship and affirmative action in terms of the distinction between constitutive and regulative legal principles also helping white South Africans to understand how affirmative action relates to injustices of the past. The classical understanding of equity will play a key role in this discussion, aimed at showing how we can avoid the apparent impasse of equality before the law and of “fair discrimination.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Uruguay for example, data is collected on care provided to dependent persons aged 65 or older and questions focus on care for adults who require assistance with personal hygiene, feeding or medical care, including transportation to health centres. The national time-use survey in Mexico collects information on the time spent caring for persons aged 60 or older, including support in the use of information technology, transportation and accompaniment, even when the older person is not dependent or does not have a disability. In households where persons in this age range are present, women spend 18 hours per week on average caring for them, compared with 15 hours spent by men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper analyzes the development of political science in Argentina taking into account the social, political, cultural and economic processes in which the discipline developed during the twentieth century. Analytically, this paper emphasizes actors, scientific-academic products, teaching and research institutions, and networks. The process of institutionalization and professionalization initiated in the eighties is studied based on the conformation of disciplinary areas, including: State, administration and public policy, institutions, political processes and comparative politics, and international relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The challenge for other ECE countries is to support them in this effort. A necessary first step is to ensure that national development plans recognise the importance of forest sector issues. Governments and society as a whole should recognise both the dangers from unsustainable forest management and the potential contribution of a sustainably managed forest sector to social and economic development. Sustainable forest management should be addressed at the highest policy level, because of, not despite, the low forest cover in many of these countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In many OECD and non-OECD countries, local governments can also play an important role in this regard. In decentralised governance systems, local authorities may be authorised to raise taxes and/or incur debt, usually within prescribed limits (OECD, 2009b). Mature capital and financial markets may provide creditworthy municipalities with capital for investment in water and sanitation infrastructure. Fiscal transfers from central budgets are also a source of investment capital in some countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Minimum wage reductions could also generate broader wage moderation effects spreading up the income distribution.41 This would be consistent with the finding of positive and statistically significant effect of minimum wages on mean and median incomes. This indicates relatively weak transmission from policy reform to household incomes. One of the highest ranked growth-friendly tax reforms,43 shifting the tax burden away from income taxes to consumption and property taxes, may in principle have adverse effects on inequality through various channels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The cooperation is regulated by contracts signed between the Almaty City and Astana governments and their respective regional governments. The city of Shymkent is left under the same regional oversight as South Kazakhstan oblast, dealing with the same administrative and fiscal constraints that second-tier cities face. Shymkent is the second most populous city in the country and the largest in territorial area, but has a much lower budget than Astana and Almaty (Table 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The rationales behind the Regional Development Investment Agreement are to enhance the local governments’ autonomy and capacity on their own regional development agenda and to break the policy silos among central ministries which dominate regional policies through sectoral approaches. In order to meet the goal of improving the efficiency of policies and the regional autonomy, the new agreement system is equipped with powerful tools. Financially, large amounts (approximately 15 billion KRW for each pilot region) of government support will cover 30-80% of the costs of projects in the agreements over up to 3 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Consideration of such possibilities provides a sense of how whole school systems might be reoriented to push forward the agenda of sustainability conceitedly. This emphasis on teaching content continues to characterise the practice of ESD. However, in most of the focus countries there also exist good examples of educators going beyond teaching ‘about’ sustainability and the environment to create a more active engagement of students with sustainability issues, which will result in more authentic or transformative learning. The broad range of extra- and co-curricular approaches includes clubs, field trips, special events, research activities, project-based rich tasks and whole school approaches. A small sampling of these initiatives will be illustrative of their diversity. In Guyana, the state Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been increasingly active in the school system, and establishes and registers school environment clubs, providing a number of supports and resources for club supervisors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Control is always charged in Finland and control costs would be too expensive for these premises with the consequence that they could not operate. Every food operator in food producing chain who donates foodstuffs to charity purpose has it's responsibility of the food safety. Also food banks and charity organisations are responsible for the safety of the foodstuffs they handle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Depending on the size of a VPP, a small nuclear load following power plant could be part of it. More interestingly, however, a VPP would deliver dispatchability to a system and could thus complement the constant output of baseload nuclear plants by absorbing the fluctuations of demand and variable renewable production. Here, geographical smoothing can be enabled by building sufficient transmission capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Labour market shortages, structural problems and unfavourable demographics have all prompted governments to act, often by focusing on high-skilled immigration. However, policy responses have been very different. Some countries were able to adopt quite open high-skilled immigration policies, while others did not. This article provides a political economy explanation for this. It argues that, despite similar pressures, high-skilled immigration policy outputs vary due to shifting coalitions between disaggregated sectors of native high-skilled, low-skilled labour and capital. To probe this argument, the article examines coalitions in four countries (France, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom) from the late 1990s to present, and draws on original interviews with policy-makers, unions and employers' associations, official documents and the literature on immigration, political economy and public policy. The varying labour market organization of actors informs differences in coalitions which in turn has resulted in different high-skilled immigration policy outputs, cross-nationally and over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, has been in office since 1991. The Executive Office of the President exercises strong control over the Government, all branch ministers, and regional governors. Independent scrutiny of Kazakhstan’s political system reveals the limitations of the democratic process and insufficient freedom of public discussions (ICG, 2013, Heinrich, 2010, Bhuiyan, 2012). Oblast governors are appointed by the President, serve as his representatives in oblasts, head the oblasts and are responsible for implementation of the President’s policy decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has broad health implications across the globe, being overlooked in response and policy debates is the impact on women's reproductive rights and violence risk. This is especially salient for minoritized women. In this commentary, we describe the potential negative impact of mandates such as shelter-in-place for domestic violence victims, and how public reproductive health policy is being shaped to disadvantage women, especially minoritized women. We argue that now is the time for violence prevention leaders to advocate for bold action. This includes prioritizing the needs of women (especially minoritized women) in medical, social and legal settings using innovative intervention and service engagement (e.g., e-filing for protection orders, virtual advocacy services), urging policy makers to pass legislation to support women, and shining an accountability spotlight on leadership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Trade flows can partially offset local climate change productivity effects, allowing regions of the world with positive (or less negative) effects to supply those with more negative effects. This stabilising role is illustrated by a simulation of an extended drought in South Asia, which begins in 2030 with a return to normal precipitation in 2040 (Nelson et al., The analysis shows how substantial increases in trade flows could soften the blow to Indian consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In order to better understand these gaps and the differences between countries, further analysis should be conducted in the light of the specific characteristics of the labour markets of the region and how they are regulated. The significant socioeconomic differences between domestic woikers and other care workers reflect the existence of a dual model of labour regulation and protection in the regioa The low profile of domestic employment on the policy agenda and in labour regulations in Latin America is an indicator of entrenched patterns of discrimination against women and the undervaluation of what is traditionally regarded as women’s work and caring for others. The flows of female migrants performing care work heighten the lack of protection and discrimination in the sector. Caring is a task for women, and serving one for poor women”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Turning to mobile coverage, 450 million people still live out of reach of a mobile signal without access to the digital world6. Regulation can enhance innovation and investment as well as infrastructure development, and can impact ICT services uptake and, in turn, affect economic growth and social development due the spillover effects of ICTs on other sectors of the economy. While there is no unique recipe for effective regulation, countries that have created an enabling policy and regulatory environment by following market developments and adapting and reforming their policy and regulatory frameworks to meet the requirements of the changing ICT environment are generally those that have shown higher levels of ICT adoption (see Figure 1.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Fewer girls are forced into early marriage, more women are serving in parliament and positions of leadership, and laws are being reformed to advance gender equality. Despite these gains, discriminatory laws and social norms remain pervasive, along with harmful practices and other forms of violence against women and girls. Women continue to be underrepresented at all levels of political leadership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)