albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Waste incineration (tyres, used oil and treated wood) in kilns and bathhouses is a major source of air pollution. A large portion of the waste is still disposed of in illegal dumpsites, often in or along stream or river beds and areas where water resources are vulnerable, which causes water pollution. However, no studies have been undertaken to identify possible impacts from the leaks of uncontrolled landfills to groundwater and surface water, and there is no basic frame of reference for setting the objectives that need to be achieved, the thresholds that should not be exceeded and the corrective measures that must be applied. Liquid waste from handicraft activities and most industrial activities are discharged directly into surface water. Groundwater is also affected by the pollutants present in the soil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Of the total EUR 6.4 billion budget available from the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF), France was allocated the second highest envelope, with EUR 588 million at its disposal between 2014-2020. Regionalisation means that management authority will be delegated to French coastal regions for some measures of the EMFF. For Outermost Regions, compensation schemes for additional costs are integrated in the EMFF.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It does not consider the use of appraisal results for contract renewal or rewards purposes. Countries where the design of appraisal procedures is at the discretion of local education authorities, school boards or school organising bodies are not included. Countries with various requirements for the appraisal of school principals and countries with multiple jurisdictions have been included in all respective cells to reflect differences across sub-national jurisdictions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The push factors that determine the patterns of rural to urban migration include unemployment, poor social and economic conditions, boredom and low quality of life, overcrowding due to scarcity of housing, health facilities and educational opportunities. Many indigenous cultures have traditionally understood sexuality as part of creation, connected to ancestry and cultural traditions and the cycle of life. In some indigenous cultures, sexual diversity was accepted and celebrated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
International tensions often result in environmental priorities being severely neglected. A telling illustration is the plight of the South China Sea. With political attention distracted by competing claims of sovereignty and construction work on vulnerable reefs, scant attention is paid to the serious deterioration of the marine ecosystem and the potential consequences for the food security of millions of people (The Economist, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For example, the son bias, which seems important in India (see Figure 2.10), can be influenced by the tradition of Dowry payments for girls, which continues despite the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 abolishing it. Another area of weak implementation is inheritance laws (World Bank, 2012), while the equal pay laws were already mentioned above. The monitoring of the implementation of many existing laws on gender equality should be reinforced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The first (2003-10) aimed to establish 180 000 km2 of new protected area in the Amazon and to start the consolidation progress in 70 000 km . Both targets had been exceeded by 2010. The programme invested USD 83 million over the first phase, half of which was used for operating costs. It also aimed at raising USD 70 million for the Protected Areas Fund (FAP, established under the first phase).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The following article is an attempt to position Rahim Razali's films in the context of the evolution of the new Malaysian cinema since the heydays of P. Ramlee. It is argued that his works usher into Malaysian cinema a new phase — the beginning of neo-realist imaginings on the question of Malay identity in post-colonial Malaysia. Rahim's films remain the earliest critical commentaries on the culture and values of the new Malay corporate class, whose emergence followed closely the Mahathir-led 'Malay modernization' project of the New Economic Policy. By way of utilizing Rahim Razali's films as an 'ethnography' on the 'New Malay' (and combined with narratives based on the author's interview with the film maker), the essay critically examines Rahim's portrayal of Malay modernity and his representation of Malayness in both the urban and rural culturalscape of a transforming nation-state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All regressions include country and period dummies and a control for beginning of period GDP per capita. M1 and M2 are the p-values of the tests for first-order and second order serial correlation in the differenced error terms, Hansen denotes the p-value on the Hansen test of over identifying restrictions. **, * The negative effect of bottom income inequality on growth proves robust.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Identifies the communication strategies available to companies when dissolving cross‐cultural inter‐organisational relationships to achieve effective (cooperative) outcomes. First, addresses the importance of communication dissolution, and proposes a typology of available communication strategies. Second, emphasises the importance of understanding cultural diversity in business relationships in general and dissolution in particular. Third, proposes two related theoretical frameworks. The first addresses different conflict management styles that bridge the gap between dissolution communication strategies and the cultural context in which the actors are embedded. The second is a theoretical model for analysing dissolution process in a cross‐cultural business relationship context. Proposes the independent variable, culture, as providing a frame of reference by which meaning and intent are assigned by the foreign company to the communications of the terminating company (disengager), thus affecting the choice of dissolution strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The 1996 Law on Ambient Air Protection is the legislative base for implementing measures for climate change mitigation. Several articles relate to GHGs. For example, according to Article 6, the State Committee for Nature Protection (SCNP) sets the atmospheric air protection standards for all kinds of objects, ozone preservation and climate change. Article 24 focuses on enterprises and lists their responsibilities in terms of mitigating the adverse effects of GHGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Lifelong learning can also play an important part in helping adults to define and shape their own identities by exploring their past biographies and framing their aspirations. The priorities for action set at Confintea VI in Belem, Brazil in 2009 provide an indication of key global policy trends. Learning itself can take place in so many different ways and it has become common to recognise a distinction between Formal, Non-Formal and Informal Learning. These distinctions are used widely in policy and there have been some bold attempts to offer formal recognition for the outcomes of informal and non-formal learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is emphasised by OECD (2005). At the same, they estimate that across the whole group that became eligible for the subsidy (including those who were not hired), the subsidy had no significant impact on exit rates to unsubsidised employment or job stability. Permanent payments are often lacking in active character, and only those that compensate for partial (or complete, but potentially temporary) loss of work capacity are counted as active programmes in the OECD/EC Labour Market Programme Database (Eurostat, 2013). However, permanent in-work benefits that are phased out in line with eamings can have a large impact on the labour market: see Immervoll and Pearson (2009) and the discussion of UK tax credits and Universal Credit in OECD (2014a). The Norwegian inclusive workplace agreements date back to 2001 and are a central framework for tripartite co-operation between the government and employer and employee organisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Long before the state of Israel was established, Zionist leaders in Europe made the quest for water in Palestine a priority, with plans to transfer water from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean coastal plain for irrigation and drinking purposes. Israel invested millions of dollars in the construction of the National Water Carrier (NWCI. Besides the water it diverts through NWC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While indicators for the security of supply had been discussed before, their application to consistent data had so far been lacking. Despite such progress, monetisation remains elusive. Since the security of energy supply is tied closely to broad, high-level policy issues such as national sovereignty as well as to complex social attitudes towards risk, monetisation is currently not a viable option.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Exchanges between tertiary education institutions and the Victorian state departments can be organised as round-table meetings and could feed into the state-level policy making. The most informative results for policymaking come from effectively merging geographic information system databases (GIS) with socio-economic data. The Community Indicators Project (VCIP) is a good model to follow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In reality, cultural beliefs about mathematics affect teaching practices and influence immigrant students' participation in the classroom and learning (Gorgorio and Planas, 2005). Immigrant students might differ not only in their background knowledge, but also in the strategies they use to solve problems. For example, mathematics teachers can choose among many different representations of the algorithm of division, and this choice is often culture-specific. Teachers who are not fully aware of these differences in approaches to mathematics problems or who "play down" cultural differences, arguing for general notions of ability and equity (Abreu, 2005), are ill-equipped to build on their students' knowledge and experience with mathematics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Additionally, it can be difficultto isolate environmental factors from other drivers of migration. In the Middle East and North Africa, for example, it has been predicted that environmental degradation will reduce the amount of fertile arable land and thus compound a shortage of employment for a youthful population expanding quickly as a result of demographic trends, a proportion of whom may thus migrate to look for work.131 In this case, environmental degradation, demographic trends and economic factors (a lack of employment) combine as potential drivers for migration. There is no agreed definition or defined category and no explicit legal or normative framework pertaining to people moving as a result of the effects of environmental change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Other studies of the nuclear power sector find that indirect labour is approximately equal to direct labour (see IAEA, 2009 for Korea), i.e. this method identifies about 75% of the indirect labour with 25% of the indirect labour supplying the needs of the nuclear construction supply chain, e.g. in supplying materials to the machinery manufacturing industry (NAICS 333). For 50 years of operation, annually there are approximately 600 administrative, operation and maintenance, and permanently contracted staff, or about direct 30 000 labour-years during operation. To understand how these jobs are distributed locally, regionally and nationally, Table 9.3 breaks down the 15 largest categories of spending during the operation of an NPP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These policies will need to be synchronised and implemented in parallel with the initiatives of the Council for Human Capital. These drivers, also called “framework conditions”, are largely endogenous to the region and include agglomeration effects, sectoral specialisation, human capital, accessibility and infrastructure, innovation and institutional factors. To strengthen its regional economy, Morelos w'ill need to leverage its diverse set of assets and comparative advantages by adopting a territorial, comprehensive approach to different challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Most of these users pay inadequate tariffs to local utilities because the concessions for their water sources were federally issued concessions (Barkin, 2006). The limited mandate of mayors (three years, without possibility of re-election) is another factor that undermines the continuity of public policy at the local level, and requires strong incentives for long-term planning (e.g. through multi-annual budgeting and investment plans), contracts across levels of government and capacity building. The declaration’s objective was to strengthen the National Water Resources Management System and the State Water Resources Management Systems within a structured governance framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is lower than the total impact for EU15 countries (2.6% of GDP) and for the 10 “New EU Member States" (2.0%)." In Poland’s case, those challenges seem to be manageable, given the tight grip on the supply of health services and the currently low level of and controlled growth in health-related public spending relative to other OECD countries. Public health spending is also low relative to total general government outlays (Figure 18), which suggests that public finance consolidation efforts should, as needed, be directed towards other expenditure items.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Although there are superficial attributes in common, such as large populations covering substantial geographical areas, regional diversity, relatively high rates of growth over the recent period and so on, the institutional conditions in the two economies remain very different. India was a traditional “mixed” developing economy with significant private sector participation (including a large private corporate sector) from Independence onwards, and even during the “dirigiste” period, the emphasis was predominantly on the regulation of private capital. Indeed, one of the problems of the so-called “planned economy” in India was the inability of the state to make the private sector behave in ways that fit in with the plan allocations of the state, leading to mismatches between production and private demand as well as periodic macroeconomic imbalances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Australia, IFM Investors is co-investment platform owned by 30 Australian superannuation funds and collectively represents AUD 52 billion in assets under management across a variety of sectors. Inderst and Della Croce, 2013). Pension funds often have widely varying strategies, diversification targets, and exposure limits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The aggregate rate hides large differences by gender: while the male employment rate is among the highest in the OECD, the female rate is only around average. Another factor increasing total employment is the high share of men who work after the age of 64 (see below). Nevertheless, at 5.1% in 2009 and with an annual low of 3.9% and high of 5.4% over the past decade,9 the LFS unemployment rate in Japan is still within the lowest third of rates in a ranking of OECD countries and has remained, with few exceptions, below the rate for die United States. In the mid-2000s, the average number of unemployment benefit recipients (600 to 700 thousand people) was slightly less than a quarter of LFS unemployment, but in 2009 it rose rapidly to around 1 million, and by end-2009 remained significantly above its 2008 level. In 2008, almost half of those currently unemployed had been out of work for over six months, and one-third for over a year. The share of part-time employment in total employment, 20.3% in 2009, is high by OECD standards, with one in three women and one in ten men usually working less than 30 hours per week in their main job.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Education and training policies should be pursued to improve social cohesion and productivity in the state. They should seek to attain inclusive growth by increasing student education performances and improving the alignment of skills supply with skills demand. Investing in innovation is also critical to regional competitiveness. Morelos should better mobilise its innovation infrastructure for knowledge diffusion and exploitation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The first one is the time frame (the shorter the involvement, the more unlikely an investor will commit vessels and crew) and security of involvement in harvesting (better managed fisheries are likely to be more attractive to foreign investors). In short, long-term access to secure user rights of well managed resources is often seen as an operational parameter which encourages investment and reduces risk. Some companies “go global” because domestic possibilities are limited (for example, a cap exists on quota holding in Norway and Iceland) and hence investing abroad in quotas is the only way to expand the resource base for processing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Leisure is based on the "books at home" and "games" indicators, while social refers to having celebrations on special occasions and having friends around to play, as two separate indicators (see Annex 1 for a detailed description of indicators and dimensions for each age group). Although it would also have been preferable to keep leisure and social as separate dimensions for 17-18-year-olds, there is only one item in the EU-SILC relevant to each of these domains, so they are combined in one dimension. It uses two indicators: unmet medical needs and unmet dental needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Providing access is often perceived as the core function of water and sanitation services and therefore considered to be the area where most benefits materialise. In addition, access to those services can confer many additional benefits, ranging from the easily identifiable and quantifiable - such as time saved from collecting water closer to home or from defecating in a household latrine rather than in the open- to the intangible and difficult to measure - such as convenience and well-being. The latter are collectively referred to as “non-health” benefits. This is partly due to the fact that measuring the impact of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions on health is difficult and highly location-specific. The World Health Organisation estimates that the total economic benefits stemming from achieving the sanitation MDG for the most off-track countries would amount to USD 35 billion, out of which 90% would be generated from time saved from not having to travel long distances and queue for obtaining water or defecating (Hutton and Haller, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Reported cases of violence against women need to be prosecuted in a timely manner and vigorously punished with pertinent sentences. Governments may review the efficiency of the current proceedings and punishment system. The frequency and reasons for abandoning the prosecution of reported cases of violence should also be analysed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The increase has been sharpest among rural women, where self-employment now accounts for nearly two-thirds of all jobs. But it is also remarkable for urban workers, both men and women, among whom the self-employed constitute 45 and 48 per cent of all usual status workers respectively. All told, therefore, around half of the work force in India currently does not work for a direct employer. This is true not only in agriculture, but increasingly in a wide range of non-agricultural activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
If tall oil or waste-oils are used as a feedstock, the climate impact of HEFA/HEFA+ will likely be comparable to the FT-SPK from the second scenario around an 80-90% GHG reduction per MJ fuel. Avinor 2013 is one of them, with a listed value of an 80% CO2 reduction relative to fossil jet A-l (no LUC or ILUC included in this estimate). For FT-SPK fuel using energy crops, such as willow or switchgrass estimates are comparable in the range of 80-90% reduction (SWAFEA 2011, Partner 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Slovenia has one of the highest shares of the population aged 25 to 64 to have completed at least upper secondary education, and ranks high in international educational achievement tests. Nevertheless, in some areas, reforms could significantly improve performance and equip the labour force with the skills most in demand in a rapidly changing economy. In particular, low student-teacher ratios, small class sizes, and a high share of non-teaching staff suggest that there is room for improving spending efficiency. Rationalising teaching and non-teaching staff would also free up valuable public resources that could be redirected towards underfunded aspects of the education system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Kiribati is one of the most remote and geographically dispersed countries in the world, consisting of 33 coral atolls spread over 3.5 million square kilometres of ocean - an area larger than India. Solomon Islands is geographically splintered with 1,000 small islands and atolls. It has a low population density, with half a million people dispersed across 90 inhabited islands, 78 per cent of whom reside in rural areas, and is the poorest country in the Pacific when measured in terms of Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. Apart from PNG and to some extent Solomon Islands and Fiji, they have limited natural resources, narrowly based economies, large distances to major markets, and vulnerability to exogenous shocks - all of which can affect growth and have often led to a high degree of economic volatility. They are also some of the most vulnerable states in the world to the effects of climate change and natural disasters. Given this, it is generally recognised that sustained development progress will require long-term co-operation between international partners and governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Because of the Bay Management Area Plan, put in place to create a fallowing period and contain diseases, only 2/3 of the sites (i.e. 64 sites) are active in any given year. If each site was designed to have eight seaweed rafts (38 ropes of kelps, 35 m long and supporting a biomass of 15 kg/m), there would be 512 rafts producing 10 214.40 tonnes fresh weight (FW) of seaweeds. With an average of 0.35% nitrogen content in FW kelp tissues, the harvesting of kelps would equate to the removal of 35.75 tonnes of nitrogen from the ecosystem per year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
An integrated perspective that works operationally is needed - one that makes economic, social and environmental sense and that inspires stakeholders. The holistic approach that the Ethiopian Government has recently developed aims to tackle the problems inherent in growth paths that produce environmental problems, and to realise potentials from investing in Ethiopia’s natural assets. For example, the country’s agricultural products and potential for green hydroelectric power are unique attributes that could drive development in ways that are environmentally sound and provide new jobs and satisfying livelihoods. Ethiopia’s leadership, and its early attempts through greening its economy to achieve more inclusive growth, are of real interest for a world in which alternative growth models for long-term sustainable development and social equity have rapidly become a priority in government, business and civil society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)