albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This territorial and administrative mismatch of responsibilities has a direct negative impact on road safety matters, which often are not co-ordinated between the municipalities. The city administration has over 8 000 employees spread across 15 municipal directorates and 46 departments. It is also responsible for all matters related to traffic management and safety on this network, except for river bridges and the urban highway system. Boroughs are the lowest tier of local government in Portugal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The country has developed a range of progressive environmental legislation and policies that establish a sound basis for biodiversity mainstreaming (OECD, 2013, Huntley, 2014). The global financial crisis prompted a reappraisal of South Africa’s carbon and resource intensive growth model, with a renewed focus on expanding the Green Economy (OECD, 2013). Although other national departments may have a small number of environmental staff in advisory roles, environmental issues generally fall outside of their primary mandate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
High CDS rates indicate lower investor confidence in the government's ability to re-pay debt and, therefore, higher government borrowing costs. The data also show that countries were affected differently in terms of intensity/magnitude of the shock. Among affected countries, the total cumulative slump in real GDP per capita from peak to trough (2009) ranged from around 2-3% in countries such as the Netherlands, Portugal or Switzerland to an impressive 18% in Estonia and Latvia. Countries were also affected differently in terms of duration of the crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
First, SNGs must have a strong base of own-source financing. Treating these regions and cities under a different transfer regime and granting them more power to set and collect taxes and fees would be essential. If local agencies have instruments for managing local budget revenues, local borrowing for capital investment would be expedient (Makhmutova, 2006). If infrastructure is to be maintained and debt obligations are to be met, regional and city governments need to be able to control their level of budgetary resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
One way to measure inequality is to look at the ratio between different income percentiles. The ratio between incomes at the top of the distribution (the 90th percentile) and at the bottom (the 10th percentile) is abbreviated as the 90/10 ratio. A fall in the 90/10 ratio means that inequality is falling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Compared to other types of statistics, few manuals and training resources have been dedicated to the development of gender statistics. The United Nations Statistics Division led many of the technical developments in the field of gender statistics, mainly during the period from 1975 to 1995, before the Fourth World Conference on Women (United Nations, Economic and Social Council, 2010). The Division provided leadership in the production of technical materials and the compilation of statistics on women and men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is followed by an overview of France’s spatial and land use planning system and how it has changed over time. Finally, the purpose and scope of various spatial plans at the different levels of government are elaborated, including a discussion of how they are intended to integrate with each other. But each country implements these tools in its own way and uses its own framework of subnational government to assign different tools and functions to specific levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Aims    To determine preferred content and format for online education modules in aged care among inter-professional learners, to develop resources that meet user preferences.        Methods    Stakeholders were interviewed. A survey was administered to all health/medical students and teachers at The University of Western Australia. An iterative process was used to develop modules, and user feedback was collated.        Results    The educational needs of each discipline related primarily to foundation level knowledge in major aged care topics. Stakeholders sought modules incorporating communication skills, cultural and social issues and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to aged care. Students from all disciplines sought online materials that are interactive, engaging, case-based and locally relevant. Online modules were developed. Evaluation of the modules by users has been strongly positive.        Conclusion    There was consensus regarding the major curricular areas that online resources should encompass. The e-ageing modules developed in this project have been evaluated positively by users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Now they work to change the attitudes of other men in their communities. At these schools, married men get information about women's reproductive health. For example, they learn about the importance of spacing pregnancies, of regular examinations during pregnancy, and of giving birth with the assistance of a qualified midwife.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is some economic logic to this, since industry creates greater economic value per litre of water. Agriculture must take its share of the blame. This has weakened price signals, tempting farmers to withdraw too much water from rivers, over-pump groundwater, and generally use freshwater resources.5 Moreover, farmers usually lack the financial resources and information to invest in more expensive water-saving technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Storage assumes a particular importance in this context, as it can provide a temporary buffer for variations in supply and demand. Two issues have particular bearing on this trade-off. First, social preferences for either a low cost-high risk structure of supply or a high cost-low risk structure of supply need to be translated into policy action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The formal economy is characterized by the dominance of the primary sector in the industrial economy, with significant large-scale natural resource exploitation activities. In some cases the transfer sector is sizeable, some northern local governments are highly dependent on the annual transfers from central governments. Most northern residents also rely on the traditional or subsistence-based sector to provide for some of their material well-being. The exclusion of the informal economy is a major weakness considering the importance of informal activities in many parts of the Arctic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Beer drinking continues to decline, and cannabis consumption is at the lowest level reported by students over the past 20 years. Around four in ten students said that they were not physically active in the week prior to the survey, and only a third of Indigenous students reported regularly taking part in competitive team sports (Table 4.3). Schools are a significant focal point of every NWT community, often serving in capacities that are additional to their mandate.” Youth in the Northwest Territories reported poorer results in most mental health indicators than students in the rest of Canada.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The responsibility of integrating a gender perspective falls on the whole team. When Gender Advisers are part of the team, they have the primary responsibility to provide advice and inputs on all sections of the report in order to ensure the consistent integration of a gender perspective. Addressing women's concerns in each section, including the background/context, methodology, legal analysis, findings and recommendations, allows for the proper representation of the experiences of the entire population. As stressed above, disaggregated data is particularly important in this regard, but is only one element that allows a gender analysis to be undertaken.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Second, GTEs generally do not follow' established intervention rules for purchasing and releasing stocks and rarely commit to floor and ceiling prices (Poulton et al., This lack of transparency and predictability’ is detrimental to the well-functioning of the scheme as it diminishes the confidence of consumers and private traders in buffer stocks (Jayne, 2012). In addition, they also hold stock for food security and famine relief.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Compliance with the more sophisticated standards may in addition require equipment for internal testing and controls, laboratory testing, analysis and certification of products, all of which are in short supply in most developing countries. Lack of testing and inspection services or their concentration in capitals far from the border and food producing areas is an additional cost factor, especially for SMEs. Shortage in required equipment will call for specific investments which introduce a capital-bias into the food processing export sectors of developing countries (Jayasuriya et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The MENA-OECD Initiative on Governance and Competitiveness for Development (OECD, 2017a) has been following these developments and supporting stakeholders in their actions to reform policy, with the MENA-OECD Governance Programme working on gender equality in public life (OECD, 2015a), and the MENA-OECD Competitiveness Programme addressing women’s economic empowerment and entrepreneurship (OECD, 2013a, 2014, 2015b, 2017b forthcoming). Despite great progress in reducing gender inequalities in education, women do not generally enjoy equal participation in or access to opportunities in employment, entrepreneurship and public life. Further reform is therefore essential if gender equality principles are to translate into concrete policy reform and practice on the ground. Gender gaps in adult literacy rates are gradually falling and, in many countries, they have mostly closed among the young (Figure 20.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
International standards recommend measuring imputed rents on a net basis, i.e. subtracting associated costs for homeowners such as mortgage interest expenses and real estate taxes. The OECD IDD database excludes imputed rents from owner-occupied dwellings due to the poor cross-country comparability of existing data. By contrast, the Danish government includes imputed rents in its income measure (Box 1). This is computed as 4% of the estimated value of the owner-occupied dwelling and is defined on a gross basis by the Danish government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Targeted transfers can counteract the resulting increase in the regressivity of the tax system and reduce the severity of the trade-off. Personal income taxes, wealth and inheritance taxes all tend to be progressive. The distributional impact of a move from income to wealth or inheritance taxes would thus depend on the relative progressivity of each tax but may be broadly neutral.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The federal government complements these programmes through support to biophysical research and other activities. Most farm-level environmental programmes are designed and administered by provincial governments. Major support policies continue to be delivered under the heading of business risk management. Those measures provide support in case of income declines, co-finance savings, support production insurance and provide assistance in case of natural disasters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
textabstractMobilising International Law for 'Global Justice' provides new insights into the dynamics between politics and international law and the roles played by state and civic actors in pursuing human rights, development, security and justice through mobilising international law at local and international levels. This includes attempts to hold states, corporations or individuals accountable for violations of international law. Second, this book examines how enforcing international law creates particular challenges for intergovernmental regulators seeking to manage tensions between incompatible legal systems and bringing an end to harmful practices, such as foreign corruption and child abduction. Finally, it explores how international law has local resonance, whereby, for example, cities have taken it upon themselves to give effect to the spirit of international treaties that national governments fail to implement, or even may have refused to ratify.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Among the 638 entrepreneurs from the region that regularly crossed the borders, nearly 6 out of 10 (58%) mentioned that their economic efforts were hampered by diverse obstacles (Figure 6.1). Men were proportionally more numerous in reporting obstacles (64%) than women (46%). Nearly one-third of women and 40% of men indicated that these payments limited their commercial activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Colombia, the Subsidized Compulsory Health Plan (POSS) for older persons enables all those aged 45 and over to undergo a complete medical examination and laboratory tests every five years to detect preventable diseases in good time. Although these packages are not the solution for the major diseases, they are undoubtedly examples that can be replicated and extended to countries that still have a long way to go in upholding the universal right to health. According to WHO (2003), it is therefore vital to reinforce health systems and establish priorities for developing health systems if such gaps are to be addressed. Diagnosis and treatment of medical and surgical emergencies (max.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
From the public sector perspective, there may be an interest in starting with a few tenders of limited capacity, or in limiting the size per bidder so as to avoid committing too much too fast.19 Under such “one-shot” tendering circumstances however, actors can be reluctant to bid as the learning and transactions costs of bidding cannot be amortised over time. Integrating tenders within a long-term infrastructure strategy can help improve visibility over the pipeline of upcoming projects and increase willingness of investors to participate in the bidding process, this would in turn allow for more competitive bidding and result in lower tendered prices (see competition section for more details on tenders). Governments should therefore ensure that the appropriate human resources and capacity development programmes (in construction, operation and maintenance of clean energy infrastructure, management of the processes for tendering and permitting, co-ordination within government and interaction with the private sector, as well as technology and skills upgrading) are put in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is labeled as the “productivity effect”. In this sense, the introduction of broadband allowed workers with digital literacy skills to signal their computer knowledge to potential employers and then use those skills in the workplace in return for a higher wage. We call this impact the “skill signaling effect”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
He also noted that, while such assessments “may be graded and used as part of the judging and classificatory function”, it is much more effective “if it is separated from the grading process and used primarily as an aid to teaching” (p. 48). Assessment is central to effective learning, therefore, because even if learners start in roughly the same place with respect to a particular piece of learning, they will very quickly be at different places due to the differences in what they have learned. In other words, assessment functions as the bridge between teaching and learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Through this paper, the author proposes to examine this phenomenon of television-based and televised social activism in India. Since 2011, large scale public protests have gripped India on issues of corruption, freedom of speech and expression and now sexual violence against women. this paper examines these protests, their success and failure and the direction for future engagement on social change by Indians.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, an ECO channel used to broadcast environment-related programmes, however, its content changed recently and it no longer includes such programmes. The total number of cable TV users has increased from 89,689 in 2007 to 458,735 in the third quarter of 2017. At the local level, TV broadcasts are not used to transmit information about public consultations organized as part of EIA for mining, construction or other projects planned in the area, with a view to offering an opportunity for participation and better engaging the nomadic population in decision-making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition to the social variables presented in Box 7.1, Ellen (1979) has added kinship affiliation, ideology and literacy as additional variables influencing traditional knowledge in simple societies. In many parts of the world, women farmers are most knowledgeable about natural resources because of their constant close interaction with them (Berlin, 1992, Samal and Dhyani, 2006). Women farmers in resource-poor marginal farming systems have deep knowledge that includes ecological, agronomic and consumption characteristics about local landraces, crop improvement, agricultural practices, and the entire value chain and environment. It is argued that in traditional agricultural communities, this experiential knowledge gave women an important role in decision-making both at the family and community levels, consequently contributing to equitable power relations between genders (Rengalakshmi et al., The activity profile of millet cultivation requires women to stay for a long time in the fields, providing them with opportunities for closer observation that enables them to gain deep knowledge about the process of millet farming systems (see Box 7.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Ethical and legal issues arise when a patient who is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive lacks decision-making capacity and the HIV status must be disclosed to a surrogate decision maker to allow for informed medical decision making. This article discusses the special exceptions to confidentiality built into the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act privacy protections, the limitations on claims of common-law marriage, and public health laws that often require informing individuals who are either sex partners or needle-sharing partners of newly diagnosed HIV-infected individuals that they have been exposed to HIV infection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It introduced a nationwide harmonised electronic patient record, the national Patient Data Repository (referred to as KANTA). It also includes mandatory electronic prescription and a health portal allowing citizens to review their own information. These electronic patient records cover all the population since September 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
To support its implementation, a National Advisory Commission on Industrial and Technological Risks was established as an informal working group. One current activity involves updating the 1999 National Contingency Plan for Responding to Spills of Oil Products and Harmful Substances in Marine Waters, Rivers and Lakes. The policy requires public and private entities undertaking industrial activities to perform risk analysis of the possible effects of natural disasters on their infrastructure, to establish contingency plans and to take risk reduction measures. Specific regulations have been developed that apply to these activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This article argues that research into preventive and pre-emptive crime control in the United Kingdom has marginalized the historical persistence of the power to arrest and convict on justified suspicion of intent. It traces the genesis of this power in statute law (particularly the Vagrancy Act of 1824) and demonstrates its consistent use in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It shows how this pre-emptive power was fiercely defended by police authorities, particularly during the rise of the ‘civil liberties’ agenda during the 1930s, only losing ground when use of these powers became entangled with debates about race relations in the 1970s. Overall, the article argues that ‘pre-emptive’ arrest and conviction on suspicion of intent have been a significant component of UK police powers since the later eighteenth century, and seeks to demonstrate the value of historical criminology in problematizing contemporary debates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
More than half of the Commonwealth members ranked on the World Bank's Logistics Performance Index (LPI)5 improved their overall scores between 2014 and 2016. Some Caribbean and Pacific SIDS regressed slightly, underlining their trade capacity challenges. These five countries offer valuable experiences and best practices in trade facilitation. Fellow Commonwealth members could draw on these lessons to improve their trade competitiveness and enable greater participation in the global value chains (GVCs) that characterise today's world trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It was found that 85% of all possible comparisons between pairs of observations were robust to these 98 variants. When the alternatives were restricted to a narrower range of three k values, 20%, 30% and 40%, the proportion of robust pairs of combinations rose to 91 %. » It was found that 84% of all possible comparisons between pairs of observations were robust to these 196 variants. When the alternatives were restricted to a narrower range of three k values, 20%, 30% and 40%, the proportion of robust pairs of combinations rose to 90%. It was found that 81 % of all possible pairs of comparisons were robust. When the alternatives were restricted to a narrower range of three k values, 20%, 30% and 40%, the proportion of robust pairs of combinations rose to 88%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Furthermore, GMS governments have designated more areas for forest protection and conservation such as national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves and so forth. At the same time, there has been an increase in awareness of the importance of maintaining the remaining natural forests and more information has become available on the protective functions of forests and the value of ecosystem services. While it is difficult to obtain concrete data on financial aspects, it could also be true that governments may have increased budget allocations for forest protection and conservation compared to the outlay 20 years ago. This is also intended to ensure that they can benefit from forest management, e.g. enhanced livelihoods and income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The tax for depositing biodegradable waste at landfills was removed from 2015 in Norway. The Directive requires diversion of biodegradable (or organic) municipal waste from landfills as well as landfill gas collection and use. If the collected gas cannot be used to produce energy, it should be flared (99/31/EC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Large farms ranging from 100 or more to 1 000 hectares represent 2% of all units and make up 26% of all farm land. The largest class of farms comprises a mere one-tenth of 1% of production units but holds 10% of land. That is, less than 2.2% of farm units, over 100 hectares, are producing on more than one-third of all agricultural land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It implements an extensive pest control programme to reduce bovine Tb. Farmers and the public can obtain free data on movements in the national average yearly milk solids price for up to 20 years from its publication New Zealand Dairy Statistics, available on its website,. Information is also provided on how to cope with adverse conditions arising from drought and floods based on previous experience. Since its launch in 1998, the Group has grown to be one of the world's largest online foreign exchange companies by offering competitive exchange rates, technology and service. The company is structured as a farmer cooperative and is owned by about 20 000 farmer suppliers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)