albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Besides, the definition has been applied to Colombia, where 54 FUAs have been identified (Sanchez-Serra, 2016). The new typology classifies TL3 regions into metropolitan if more than 50% of the regional population live in a FUA of at least 250 thousand inhabitants (and as Large metro TL3 region (MR-L), if more than 50% of its population lives in a FUA of at least 1.5 million inhabitants or Metro TL3 region (MR-M)), and non-metropolitan otherwise. Non-metropolitan TL3 regions (NMR) are further classified according to their level of access to FUAs of different sizes into: With access to a metro TL3 region (NMR-M), With access to a small/medium city TL3 region (NMR-S), and Remote TL3 region (NMR-R).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Regarding the actions to be taken by the LDCs (seven actions) and the development partners (nine actions), those related to climate change are essentially focused on adaptation (see Annex 8.1). However, monitoring the recommendations about climate change is rather difficult since the actions of the IPoA on this topic do not refer to monitoring indicators, either measurable or observable. Neither is the need for additional resources to finance adaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This network comprises 116 cities with a common objective: placing creativity and cultural industries at the heart of development plans, and cooperating actively at the international level. Citizens have been empowered to engage with local government and exercise their rights and responsibilities by developing MIL skills through a range of adult literacy programmes, in particular considering the needs of vulnerable groups. A number of public Internet access points have been established. The Beijing Declaration on Building Learning Cities defines a learning city as one which: promotes inclusive learning from basic to higher education, revitalises learning in families and communities, facilitates learning for and in the workplace, extends the use of modern learning technologies, enhances quality and excellence in learning, and nurtures a culture of learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Contributions of Community-Based Monitoring and Traditional Knowledge to Arctic Observing Networks: Reflections on the State of the Field. Arctic, 68(5), 28-40. Temporal and spatial large-scale effects of eutrophication and oxygen deficiency on benthic fauna in Scandinavian and Baltic waters: A review.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The LDCs view agricultural subsidies as one of the factors that make their commodities non-competitive in the global market. As developed countries provide subsidies to their farmers and traders, their goods tend to become cheaper than those produced in the LDCs. Elimination of such would thus imply that a ‘level playing field’ would be created that would enable traders and farmers from both the developed countries and the LDCs to compete. As a follow-up to the 2003 Maputo Declaration, the CAADP Ministerial Council for Science and Technology resolved in 2006 that African countries should strive to allocate at least 1 per cent of their GDP to research and development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Third International Conference on Financing for Development and the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA) no longer list trade as a source of development finance. Instead, they emphasise the role of international trade as an engine for inclusive economic growth and poverty reduction. Aid for trade is referenced for its potential contribution to achieving these goals. In addition, developing countries received USD 80.6 billion in other official flows provided by public bodies at close to market terms. Private finance at market terms amounted to USD 137 billion and private grants reached USD 35.6 billion. Remittances stood at USD 427.7 billion (Figure 11.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The inability so far to deal with these pressures in an effective, timely way is attributed in large part to what is historically a sector-by-sector management of marine activities. Much as a response to growing pressures, recent years have seen a significant increase in the number of countries and regions putting in place strategic policy frameworks for better ocean management within their EEZs. However, many obstacles stand in the way of more effective integrated ocean management, which w'ill need to be addressed in the near future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
While all conditional transfer programmes are intended to reduce poverty, either by raising families’ consumption levels through cash transfers (short-term goal) or by building human capital (long-term goal), they differ in terms of their emphasis on one or other of these goals. This is reflected in the relative importance attached to the various programme components. To that end, various types of benefits are established depending on the specific sectoral goals, and transfers are differentiated according to the opportunity cost of different segments of the target population at the time when they gain access to the public services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, this practice is very recent (in effect since 2011), and has so far been mainly focussed on fruit and vegetable products. Other per hectare subsidies are set for groups of commodities, such as grains, vegetables and melons, fruits and berries, and feed crops, and therefore are not included in the SCTs. These developments were linked to the difficulties of ginneries to attract credit for forward-contracting cotton growers. This was due to the 2007 local banking crisis, and also to the regulations introduced that limited the ways ginneries could attract finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The adoption of broadband within firms leads to a multifactor productivity gain, which in turn contributes to growth of GDP. On the other hand, residential adoption drives an increase in household real income as a function of a multiplier. Beyond these direct benefits, which contribute to GDP growth, residential users receive a benefit in terms of consumer surplus, defined as the difference between what they would be willing to pay for broadband service and its price. This last parameter, while not being captured in the GDP statistics, can be significant, insofar that it represents benefits in terms of enhanced access to information, entertainment and public services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The government formulated the quantitative target that 95% of teachers in Denmark should be certified in all the subjects that they teach by 2020. As mid-term objectives, this certification goal should be achieved for 85% of teachers in 2016 and for 90% of teachers by 2018. To facilitate goal achievement, the Ministry for Children, Education and Gender Equality has made available additional funding of DKK 1 billion for teacher competency development along with evidence-based recommendations on how this funding could be spent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Such modelling tools can be a useful for comparing sustainable transport policies and assisting policy makers to select the most effective measures to reduce C02 emissions in the inland transport sector. Pilot exercises for the model and organization of regional and national capacity building workshops are planned, which will provide opportunities to learn about various emission measurement methods and mitigation policies as well, as to apply model. Over 90 per cent of this air pollution is attributed to vehicle emissions, with older vehicles, poor vehicle maintenance, inadequate infrastructure and low fuel quality exacerbating the situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This is referred to as “Authentic Mixed-Method Assessment”, which involves analysis of all the pieces of available assessment evidence when measuring deep learning design, conditions and outcomes. This disagreement is expressed most sharply in the following two extracts, the one emphasising the importance of praise, the other emphasising the need to avoid excessive praise. The important aspect of a KIP class is to encourage students and to praise the different skills held by the students, as an important and necessary part of the group ” (network leader and practitioner).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Also, data can be provided at country scale or at basin scale. Some indicators are from experts and national governments, while others are provided through international statistical services. Some information depends more on personal perspective and is provided through the opinions of the participants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There are nevertheless debates on how necessary and appropriate these strong downward adjustments in wages were as an answer to the crisis (Sommers, Woolfson and Juska, 2014[29j). In any case, from the workers’ side, the high wage flexibility' implies strong cyclicality in incomes and periods of hardship for Lithuanian employees. Employees should be informed and consulted before its adoption and for any modification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Using Canadian data, Zhang et al. ( For example, Massari et al. ( Similarly, Joliffe (2006) adjusts the poverty rates in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas of the United States using a spatial price index based on the Fair Market Rent (FMR) data: based on his estimates, the poverty rankings between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas get reversed when using the spatial index, with approximately 20 percent lower poverty headcounts in non-metro areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
At present, they are institutionally separated from Brasil sem Miseria, and a full integration could improve the awareness of households about the social assistance programmes for which they are eligible. Increasing this aw'areness could trigger additional strong demand for some of the assistance services offered and lead to bottlenecks in their delivery, such an integration would nonetheless enhance the transparency of social assistance policies and help identifying programmes or municipalities that should receive more resources. In fact, in many countries, the progressivity of taxation is a significant redistribution instrument, even though public expenditures typically account for three quarters of the overall redistributive impact in OECD countries (Joumard et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Indeed, the results from TALIS 2013 show that teachers' perceptions about how much society values their profession vary significantly across countries and economies. A key step is to move teachers' career pathways from what can be described as a "semi-profession" to a true profession (Table 1.1). Qualifications frameworks: Qualifications frameworks can help clarify the specific formal qualifications that a teacher (or another occupation or profession) can receive within a specific education system in relation to other professions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. This chapter presents evidence on different approaches to education system evaluation at both the national and sub-national levels. It examines governance issues, different procedures used, the capacity for undertaking and using the results of education system evaluation and the reporting of results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This report is an initial insight into the skills challenges ahead for Asian economies but also of the originality of the approaches and the pathways they are choosing. The report was edited and prepared by Dr. Cristina Martinez-Fernandez and Dr. Kyungsoo Choi of the OECD LEED Programme. Dr. Sylvain Giguere, Head of the LEED Division, provided valuable guidance and comments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This chapter begins with a discussion on draft resolution relating to the crime of genocide, proposed by the delegations of Cuba, India and Panama. It presents an amendment proposed by the delegation of Chile to the draft resolution on the crime of genocide. Draft resolution on the resolution of the general assembly concerning the draft declaration of human rights and fundamental freedoms are described in the chapter. Prevention and punishment of genocide Comments of governments on the draft Convention prepared by the secretariat are provided at the end of the chapter.Keywords: genocide, secretariat draft
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since 2009, the radical Muslim movement in northern Nigeria known as Boko Haram has become widely known in Western media for both its militant actions and its ultra-fundamentalist programme. This analysis examines Boko Haram from a historical perspective, viewing the movement as a result of social, political and generational dynamics within the larger field of northern Nigerian radical Islam. The contribution also considers some of the theological dimensions of the dispute between Boko Haram and its Muslim opponents and presents the different stages of militant activity through which this movement has gone so far. The article shows that movements such as Boko Haram are deeply rooted in northern Nigeria’s specific economic, religious and political development and are thus likely to crop up again if basic frame conditions such as social injustice, corruption and economic mismanagement do not change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
More recent systems make use of a middleware that supports the IBB systems described above. Nowadays, such middleware is usually an integral part of any connected TV set. This allows effective interaction at different layers - physical, link, application layers, etc., Depending on the location of the desired content (within either the broadcast or the IP signal), the terminal used by a consumer switches to the respective network (see Figure 10.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Optimum use of land resources and more opportunity for urban-rural linkage - Conservation of farmlands - Higher quality of life due to and natural biodiversity more recreational activities - Fewer CO2 emissions due to shorter food travel mileage  - Rural economic development (urban agriculture, renewable energy, etc.) Better access to a diversity of local services and jobs - - Higher quality of life due to access to local services (shops, hospitals, etc.) They also can reduce automobile dependency through more economically viable public transport systems and by encouraging the use of walking, cycling and public transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Purpose – The aim of this paper is to examine the influence of group composition in cultural values on conflict management styles in groups.Design/methodology/approach – A field study using data from 125 groups was conducted.Findings – The results show that in groups where members feel they are equal and connected (horizontal collectivism) cooperation is better, and contending and avoiding conflict management styles are used less. When people view themselves as unequal and independent (vertical individualism (VI)) the avoiding style of conflict management is more frequently used. Within‐group similarity (low variety) in VI leads to more cooperation and less avoidant conflict management strategies as well as less third party interventions. High group variety in views of being unequal, but interconnected (vertical collectivism), as well as in the views of being equal but independent (horizontal individualism), leads to more cooperative conflict resolution strategy.Practical implications – The results show t...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper discusses different means of regulation, taking the example of post-crisis financial markets regulation. It is remarkable that the general discussion about reforming financial regulation centres on the substantive standards of the new rules and neglects the problem of choosing the right regulatory instruments. The paper focuses on four basic instruments of law enforcement (administrative sanctions, civil liability, corrective taxation, criminal sanctions) and takes three examples of regulatory choice in financial markets regulation. Using a number of different yardsticks for comparison, it analyses the relative strengths and weaknesses of the four instruments and employs a cost-benefit analysis.It turns out that civil liability – while limited in its scope – exhibits the best cost-benefit ratio. Criminal law, by contrast, seems very inefficient. Administrative law and corrective taxation come in second best. The return from using these instruments has to be assessed on a case-by-case basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Trends in frontier technologies, which are fundamentally enabled by the Internet and ICTs, are superimposed on a world with existing technological divides both between and within nations. This is vital to understanding who is lagging how far behind and to identifying measures to mitigate such divisions. Responding adequately to such challenges will require capabilities. Increasing R&D intensity remains a long-term objective worldwide. In the European Union, for example, the Europe 2020 target for R&D is 3 per cent of GDP.3' In 2014, only four European Union member countries (Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Austria) met this target (Eurostat, 2016). While it has increased significantly in some regions, R&D intensity in most developing countries is much lower than either the world average or that of developed countries in Europe and North America, which exceeds 2 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The exposure component is related to the size and frequency of the shocks during past years (or the past rainfall and temperature instabilities). The shock component here is the risk of an increase in the size of the recurrent shocks as a result of climate change, and is more forward looking, it is reflected by the trend in the frequency and size of past shocks (or the trends in rainfall and temperature instabilities), supposing that these trends are determined by climate change and are likely to continue in the future. These two components are measured in the same way as for rainfall and temperature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It seeks to avoid double counting active contributors who contribute to more than one scheme. This right to income security after retirement is guaranteed by the prior payment of premiums or contributions, i.e., before the occurrence of the insured contingency. Depending on the country, this prior payment of a premium or contributions concerns persons in employment or a sub- group. Combined with other indicators of security of employment, contribution to social security forms part of the set of criteria suggested to define formal employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
After converting this from minutes into hours, we divide the total monthly income, as calculated using the midpoint of the income category group, by the total monthly hours of market work to obtain the estimated hourly wage. Non-working individuals are assumed to have zero hourly wage. For example, if the wife reports 5 hours of market work a day and has a monthly income of 1,000-2,000 RMB category, we calculate her hourly wage as: 1,500/(5x22) = 13.64 RMB.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is a basic tension between the principle of democracy and the rule of law. This becomes obvious whenever the Swiss citizens accept an initiative that is incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights. First, we discuss the traditions behind these two principles before we survey the empirical papers about the relation between direct democracy and minority rights in the US as well as in Switzerland. Then we discuss the literature on the relation between direct democracy and death penalty. There, the conflict becomes rather obvious. Solutions, which will always involve compromises between these two principles, necessitate some  role  of  the  Supreme  Court,  at  the  cost  of  some,  but  only  minor  limitations  of  direct popular rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the Netherlands, for example, the provision of support and information on pollution-control technologies by RIZA significantly reduced the transaction costs for industry (Andersen, 2001). In addition, fears about the social consequences and structural dislocation for particular regions or communities (e.g. rural communities) have impeded subsidy reform and the introduction of water trading (Ridgeway, 2006, Kraemer, Interwies and Kampa, 2002). All environmental policy interventions create winners and losers - at least from an economic perspective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The project was implemented over the course of 15 years using a community forestry approach both to generate income and to stabilize slopes that had become exposed as a result of environmental degradation and were consequently at risk of landslides. The assessment of the project was conducted in close consultation with communities and the results encompassed a greater diversification of livelihoods and improved watersheds, together with a decrease in the risks from landslides. This highlights the importance of management of ecosystems and livelihoods as the basis for an integrated strategy for climate change adaptation and development (Renaud, Sudmeier-Rieux and Estrella, eds.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
When excluding China the signs of progress between 1990 and 2005 diminishes sharply, with 5 of the 10 reported importers showing a decline in their Pll figure during this period. The results show that across the ten importers fuels play an insignificant role in the PII calculation, with trends in growth between 1990 and 2005 the same across all importers, and actual Pll figures at most declining by just over 5% (for Canada) with this exclusion (see table 19). The poor within LDCs, although the very poorest and most in need of revenues from abroad, in fact receive only a miniscule share of the money spent by developed countries on imports, an un-weighted average of 14 US cents per $100 of the imports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Contribution to economic growth ("positive externalities"). Contribution to employment and output of broadband deployment ("countercyclical effect"). In reviewing the literature, it will become apparent that there is no single approach to assess broadband's economic contribution. Each methodology that has been utilized so far (input / output analysis, econometric modelling, measurement of consumer surplus, and microeconomics case studies) will be reviewed and the robustness of the evidence generated will be assessed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Moreover, enforcement is highly challenging, given the low numbers of PA personnel available to monitor such large areas. Furthermore, there seems to be a problem of coordination in terms of enforcement and compliance. A number of different laws regulate hunting (and fishing), and these should be harmonized and their application coordinated between MoEF and other institutions such as NEPA, NEG, NARW and NIMRD. In the Danube delta, for example, there are eight institutions which control illegal fishing or illegal hunting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)