albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Consequently, entrepreneurs do not have to comply with regular payments to the investor, instead, the investor participates in the gains when they occur and has losses when the business performs badly. For example, Ireland's Competitive Start Fund for Female Entrepreneurs programme provides equity investment to women entrepreneurs to support costs associated with developing the business plan and making progress on key technical and commercial milestones, including salaries, travel expenses and consultancy fees. Successful applicants receive an equity investment of up to EUR 50 000 from Enterprise Ireland for a 10% shareholding in the company. Another example is in Sweden, where the government created a state-owned venture capital company to support firms in the country’s northern regions with growth potential but facing difficulties in accessing finance due to their peripheral location (Inlandsinnovation AB, currently being integrated under the national development company Saminvest AB).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Around 80% of JSC participants find a solution (either employment or retraining) within a period of seven months, and this high number was sustained even during the crisis of 2008-10. Counselling services are provided during the notice period, preparing workers for their displacement. When the planned dismissals are of particular importance to the local community, additional funds are available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The ten new member states that joined the EU in 2004 were poorer than the existing EU15 and had high expectations of support for their fishery sectors. If it is to be successful, either the reform must take account of the existing institutional framework, or the framework must be adapted to support the desired reform. An appropriate and conducive institutional framework is a key factor in determining the success of an economic instrument.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The implication is that the yardstick for educational success is no longer simply improvement against national standards, but against the best-performing education systems worldwide. The first volume - Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education: Lessons from PISA for the United States (OECD, 2010) - high I ighted insights from the education systems of a selection of top scoring and rapidly improving countries as measured by the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). The following reports analysed Ihe contexts, recent reform paths and performance of the education system, drawing lessons for Mexico (OECD, 2011), Greece (OECD, 2011), japan (OECD, 2012), and the Canary Islands, Spain (OECD, 2012). The focus of these reports is on how countries are reforming their education systems not only to produce better learning outcomes, but in particular, to ensure that their students acquire Ihe skills needed for the unpredictable labour market of the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Over the last two decades, thanks to the implementation of four consecutive comprehensive programmes called ProAire (Box 4.1) there has been a dramatic reduction in local air pollution (Figure 4.5). Since 2003, the levels of SO2 and CO have not been above the limit established by the Mexican Official Norm (NOM) of 0.130 ppm average per 24 hours and 11 ppm average per 8 hours respectively. The levels of lead (Pb) have been below the accepted limits since the component was removed from fuels in 1997.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Only 10% of single women (with or without children) in Finland said they were finding it difficult to make ends meet in 2010, but this share goes up to 69% for single women in Greece. Total income is defined as the sum, at the household level, of the following components: 1) wage, salary and self-employment income of household members, 2) capital and property income, private pensions, private occupational pensions, and all kinds of private transfers, and 3) social security transfers from public sources. Total income is expressed in terms of “equivalent” household member, by dividing it by the square root of household size.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
With this paper we aim at t investigating interrelations between open government data (OGD) and corruption, in particular, the potential of OGD to reduce the level of corruption and to stimulate the creation of public services. For this purpose, we delve into the case of Ukraine. Ukraine is an example of an efficient use of open data for the creation of data-driven public services and anti-corruption tools. First, we provide an overview of major OGD initiatives in Ukraine. Second, we have conducted interviews with leading open data stakeholders and experts from Ukraine. The analysis of these interviews aims at understanding in how far OGD eradicates corrupt behavior. We present the findings from this analysis in terms of the categories of government accountability, cultural issues, abundance of data, intrinsic data issues, the role of e-services and the relationship of OGD implementation and communication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Europe is set to witness a ‘constitutional moment’. At issue is whether illiberal democracies become part of the European public order as laid out in Article 2 TEU, or are opposed by it. In the first case, the conventional self-understanding of Europe can no longer be maintained because the European rule of law would accept what is happening at present in Poland, where the wilfull subversion of judicial independence is uprooting the separation of powers. In the second case, the European rule of law would be supplemented by ‘red lines’. This paper shows how European institutions should react, not least in the LM case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A number of the countries in the weakca ring spirits list have been plagued by ongoing political turmoil and war, making investments in human capacities difficult to conduct. If we drop Botswana, Namibia and South Africa (all of which have high mortality asa result of AIDS-related deaths) from the sample-si nee the poor human development performance in these three countries is exerting a lot of influence over the placement of the trendline - the trendline gets steeper and the overall fit is much better.8 Argentina makes it to the strong caring spirits list and Turkey and Venezuela drop off (though they are still above the trendline). Mauritius and Thailand are added to the weak caring spirits list.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper argues that human rights-based approaches to human security overlook the importance of caring values, relations of care, and care work in the achievement and long-term maintenance of human security. It outlines an alternative approach to the ethics of human security which combines a feminist ontological and normative position on the centrality of caring values and practices in sustaining life with a feminist account of the gendered political economy of contemporary globalisation. Moreover, it argues that a critical, feminist ethics of care can provide a comprehensive ontological and normative framework for integrating economic exclusion with violence, and thus for understanding and conceptualising human security in a way that is sensitive to the role played by gender identities and other types of power relations. This, I argue, can be achieved through an interrogation of the relationship between neoliberal globalisation and hegemonic forms masculinity in the context of contemporary global gover...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Further reductions in traffic volume in urban areas could be achieved through the implementation of a Vehicle Quota System, to directly control the growth of the vehicle stock (as is the case in Singapore). To increase the political acceptability of these types of fiscal disincentives, complementary measures to improve public transport should also be implemented so as to limit redistributive inequities. Fees collected could be invested for improvements in public transit, as in London.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
On the other hand, many countries have run into difficulties over sub-national government debt, arousing justified concern that cities and other subordinate governments may operate under soft budget constraints if they are perceived to enjoy implicit or explicit sovereign guarantees. The main challenge, therefore, is to create mechanisms that ensure economic stability and sound fiscal management. Meanwhile, the lower levels of government must be granted sufficient flexibility to cope with unforeseen events, as well as sufficient financial capacity to deliver public services and finance essential investment (Vammalle and Hulbert, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
ABSTRACT In the last few years, a growing number of individuals whose basic rights are violated have filed transnational human rights claims in foreign countries. By placing the individual as a holder of basic rights at the core of the process of development, the capability approach, as put forward by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, provides a fertile theoretical framework to assess translational human rights litigation. The paper shows that transnational claims are problematic in two regards: 1) they undermine development by discouraging foreign companies from investing in countries that are sources of transnational claims and by weakening local governments and judiciaries, 2) the conflict resolution process is inadequate because financial and practical constraints prevent stakeholders from directly participating in the process, and because assessing damages and enforcing award judgments will most likely be unfair. The path to be taken involves developing a stronger rule of law, stronger local instituti...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, on the old list we had Aluminium production, Copper production and Other non-ferrous metal production in three separate categories. In the new list, we have had to group these together (in Aluminium and copper) as we would lose too much data if we looked at them individually. Since 2008 the average energy intensity of the industries on the 2012 list has dropped 28%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article examines the origins and development of citizenship and equal rights by the Reconstruction Congress (1865–1875) to determine if it created a new constitutional order that is color blind and thus prohibits the use of racial classifications by government to achieve school desegregation and affirmative action programs. The theory of color-blind constitutionalism, although pursued relentlessly by a small cadre of radical Republicans, stood in marked contrast to the views of the moderate-conservative majority, a group virtually obsessed with the ways in which race affected fundamental questions of citizenship, civil equality, and political power. Only through a multiethnic history can we comprehend the variegated and profound ways in which racial ideology shaped the beliefs and behavior of the Reconstruction Congress and the ways in which Congress carefully crafted the meaning and intent of citizenship and equality in the new constitutional order, one that serves as the legal foundation for contem...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This section, however, focuses on those supports that provide new and existing enterprises with access to knowledge, capital, market development, and support for producer or sectoral groups to make the most of joint efforts. There are many government initiatives that could be said to provide such support - some of which are territorially specific (e.g. those included in the Operational Programme for Eastern Poland) and others that are targeted at economic sectors which are showing strong potential, such as the food-processing industry. In other cases, national or regional policies are adapted to reflect the needs of rural enterprises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
About 63% of the Turkmen population is supplied w'ith w'ater through centralised water supply systems (84.5% of the urban population and 42.1% of the rural population). Therefore, increasing access to safe potable water has been officially recognised as a national priority. Water supply coverage in rural areas is estimated to be as low as 15%, and these are usually settlements benefiting from neighbouring urban WSS infrastructure. The rest of the population draws water from individual wells or irrigation canals, in some rural settlements, community-based organisations play a role in managing the provision of WSS services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A large number of developing countries with relatively neutral pricing policies are at a critical juncture in terms of agricultural policy development. Do they spend scarce resources on supporting farmers directly, or do they invest in the broader underpinnings of agricultural development and economic development more generally? Smallholders in developing countries often underpin the rural economy, yet they face systematic adjustment pressures as a necessary corollary of the development process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, by convention they are recorded in HC.5 when consumers acquire them from retail sellers, because the purpose is not usually identified. This includes medicinal preparations, branded and generic medicines, drugs, patent medicines, serums and vaccines, and oral contraceptives. Fluids required for dialysis, as well as gases used in health care, such as oxygen, should also be included when the patient or relatives purchase them directly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In Colombia, disastrous floods in 2010 prompted immediate high-level support. In Ethiopia, political action is driven by the direct link between climate and economic development, combined with the intention to become a “sustainable development leader” and the prospects of attracting international resources and investments. But while it is an important precondition, political leadership alone will not be sufficient to build climate resilience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
At the same time tertiary education in technical fields tends to be significantly more expensive than in the social sciences, which makes expansion of such faculties more challenging for public education institutions. Private providers of education could fill this void, leaving the government with duties of quality control and oversight. As is shown in the preceding discussion of youth in NEET, unemployment rates vary by field of study. At the same time these latter fields have much higher enrolment and graduation numbers (Table 6.1.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This data comes from Barro and Lee (2010), as their dataset - to the best of our knowledge - has the highest level of global coverage on human capital by gender.11 Data on average years of schooling for the male and female population aged over 25 is employed.12 To highlight the educational differences between men and women, the ratio of women’s to men’s average years of schooling is used. The data on the percentage of women in parliament comes largely from the Women in Parliament 1945-2003 dataset (Paxton et al., This data was extended back until the beginning of the 20th century in 1907 when the first woman MP was elected in Finland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They are available upon request from the authors. A region dummy (urban or rural) is included because time use patterns may vary by region type as rural areas are more likely to have agricultural-based economies. Education as proxied by years of schooling is included as it provides a person the necessary skills and credentials for high productive activities and better jobs, and thus affects his or her willingness to spend more time in the labour market. In the case of wives, education is likely to change women's attitudes towards their own role in the household and in the workplace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A number of plans also include targets and indicators, such as those related to deforestation, land use and degradation (Colombia, Ethiopia), increase in forest cover (Nepal, Uganda), species in danger of extinction, and the number and size of protected areas. Most countries have devoted separate thematic sections to biodiversity, ecosystems or environmental protection more broadly. China’s 12th Five-Year Plan (FYP) (2011-15) for example, addresses biodiversity under ecosystem protection and accelerated restoration, as part of the plan’s overarching strategy to build “a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society through green development”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
An earlier survey (Encuesta de Satisfaction al Usuario 2012-2013) found that users ranked hospital and outpatient care as “satisfactory.” Issues of geographical distribution as well as number and speciality of physicians have been persistent challenges in Costa Rica, and despite several work force planning initiatives, ensuring adequate supply of workforce remains challenging. However, the incentive has been insufficient to attract doctors to more distant localities, and is particularly problematic for specialists such as anaesthesiologists and ophthalmologists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Additionally, industrial facilities, harbours and shipping routes may occupy large areas. Following an amendment of the Aquaculture Act in 2009, relocation of sites may be enforced by the central authorities, i.e. the Directorate of Fisheries, when necessary due to environmental or socio-economic concerns. Furthermore, a licence may be withdrawn in accordance with the Aquaculture Act if production at a particular site is no longer considered to be environmentally appropriate, e.g. when investigations show that ecosystems have been adversely affected by farming activities. Withdrawal may also be performed if the disease situation or awareness of disease or fish welfare conditions have changed significantly since the licence was granted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Appreciating the depth and breadth of these changes is critical to help governments reap the benefits that these technologies create and address the challenges that may arise. Finally, the ability to turn many forms of information that once existed solely in analogue form into digital information and to collect, store and analyse it has expanded enormously. The loT can improve consumers’ quality of life, for example by helping to track physical fitness and health or to better manage household tasks and supplies through smart appliances, such as connected refrigerators. For businesses, the loT can help to improve operational efficiency through better preventive maintenance of machinery and products, and can also provide opportunities to sell new digital products and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The European Union (EU) has ratified, as have most European countries. Among countries that have not signed, smaller countries predominate, this is also true within the Commonwealth. Article 32 requires states parties that have ratified to collaborate internationally and this is happening in some parts of the Commonwealth, with Australia and New Zealand supporting South Pacific countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The cabinet and the prime minister are responsible for their actions to the Riksdag, the parliament. The current government was elected in 2006 and is a coalition of liberal and conservative parties. The extensive social safety-net of the Swedish welfare state covers all Swedes as well as inunigrants who have access at an early stage to a basic level of protection and afterwards enjoy the same rights to the social insurance system as Swedish citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Rates vary by use, commercial and industrial users pay more than drinking water users and farmers, while hydropower companies and fish farmers pay the least. Large state companies have challenged the enforcement of this decree. Individuals and companies wishing to further their CSR programmes and/or reduce their carbon footprints were encouraged to make donations to fund PES programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Relatively little research has examined conceptions of the transition to adulthood in young people from Asian backgrounds. Korea is of particular interest as it has experienced rapid economic growth and social change. We compared perceptions of adulthood in relatively collectivist Koreans and Asian-Australians in comparison to more individualistic European-Australians. Participants were comprised of 188 Korean, 272 European-Australian and 118 Asian-Australian university students aged between eighteen and twenty- nine years. Young Koreans embraced criteria related to interdependence, norm compliance, and role transitions congruent with their traditional collectivist perspective. At the same time, they also embraced individualistic values as reflected in their endorsement of independence criteria. The Asian-Australians also highly rated criteria related to interdependence, role transitions and family capacities in comparison to the European-Australians but also embraced individualism to some extent, which could be due to the effects of acculturation and influences of the majority individualistic culture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the context of social segregation, expansion of symbolic access to consumption and weakening of adult authority figures, there is an important relationship between, on the one hand, the "lack of a future" and the "weakness of consecrated benchmarks of belonging" and, on the other hand, belonging to groups operating semi-legally or in anomie (or, to systems of belonging with their own rules and laws, or breakdown without replacing the previous system of rules) and institutional disaffiliation. Through a number of mechanisms, families, markets and public policy (the State) help mitigate risk, fight vulnerabilities and ultimately mitigate the damage when vulnerability has materialized into events. A last pillar or, putting it another way, a kind of action that cuts across these pillars, refers to assistance or palliative policies and support when violations or risks have already materialized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By 2010 their projects amounted to 13.8 TWh, of which 5.1 TWh has been completed (so they are below their target). Large investment in climate change mitigation technologies allows ENOVA to support several RE sectors. Since the parliament’s 2008 Climate Agreement, public spending on climate change mitigation has increased substantially.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In many countries, significant efforts have been made to promote girls’ and women’s educational enrolment in sciences and technology as a way to break occupational segregation. Germany’s Girls’ Day and New Paths for Boys initiatives have been successful in influencing the vocational and careers choices of boys and girls.9 Spain has enacted a specific action plan for equality between women and men in the information society (see Box 3.2). Like those in the private sector, women in the public sector are more likely to work part-time than men (although male participation in part-time employment has also increased in OECD countries (Ibid). Legislative changes (the Constitutional Act 3/2007 of 22 March for Effective Equality between Women and Men), followed by a concrete action plan (the Strategic Plan for Equal Opportunities 2008-2011), have greatly contributed to those results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)