albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Policy reforms in many OECD countries, driven by internal pressures and international trade commitments, led to a considerable reorientation of support towards less distorting forms. For the OECD area on average, the share of the most distorting support fell from 86% in 1986-88, to 74% in 1995-97 and 50% in 2009-11. The equivalent percentage in the European Union decreased from 92% in 1986-88 to 63% in 1995-97 and 25% in 2009-11 (but from a considerably higher support level). The SCT indicates the flexibility that policies accord to producers in their choices of product mixes. For example, a payment designated for only one specific commodity implies that in order to receive payment, a farmer must produce that commodity. Alternatively, payment may be provided for any commodity in a designated group (for example, any crop within a cereal group), or simply to any commodity without distinction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The off-diagonal cases correspond to countries where the unemployment rate either responded particularly strongly to the output shock (countries in boxes above the diagonal) or particularly weakly (countries in boxes below the diagonal). Additional aspects of shock heterogeneity are captured by the letters C, X, L and H, which denote, respectively, unusually large concentrations of the decline in output in the construction and export sectors, a relatively long duration of the recession, or a sharp fall in housing prices. Even though the fall in GDP was not especially big in these countries, a sharp increase in unemployment occurred, especially in Spain, where the decline in employment was more than double that in GDP (cf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For material flows and waste there are still unresolved conceptual issues and establishing indicators requires a lot of effort, if they are based on a national physical input-output table showing interdependencies among sectors in physical flows. We have employed sectoral footprints to show the natural resource use per expenditure in sectors. Footprint accounts deliver sectoral disaggregation by expenditure categories for products of major sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Abstract   This paper demonstrates how different scientific disciplines can be successfully merged for efficient real life applications. We propose a novel approach to a social science application using artificial intelligence, by suggesting a neural network designto anticipate or predict people’s perceptions regarding the Cyprus conflict and the peace mediation process.Our novel model is based on associating people’s views and thoughts on critical issues related to the conflict together with their anticipation for securing a peace treaty by year 2020. Our database is our own and has been collected through completed surveys by the international relations department students at the Near East University. The obtained digitally-coded values of the entire database as well as the proposed associative neural predicting model can be further used in training and testing the neural model, which certainly waives the way for further research in this rare application area for artificial intelligence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For nonpartner violence, high-income countries have the highest prevalence rates, at 12.6 per cent, followed by Africa, at 11.9 per cent. Finally, table 3.2 shows that nearly one out of every two African women (45.6 per cent) have experienced some kind of sexual or physical violence during their lifetimes. All regions show shockingly high and totally unacceptable prevalence rates. Figure 3.6 shows the percentage of women and girls affected by FGM in the concerned countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Thus, a policy mix concept can be used ex ante to assess the fit or lack thereof of new policy measures as well as ex post to evaluate the performance and fit of an existing array of policies. The effectiveness of a policy instrument almost always depends upon its interaction with other instruments. These are often designed at different times and for somewhat different purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This has notably been the case since the mid-90s. In six of the eight countries where unemployment benefits appear to have tightened, at least one element of unemployment benefits became more generous. Similarly, reductions in the value of benefit ceilings (column 8) occurred in the two countries (Italy and the United States) where statutory benefit replacement rates were made more generous.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Over the past half century, the European Court of Human Rights and other core European institutions have progressively developed a set of basic principles to govern media law across the continent. Through key court decisions and treaty changes, these principles have also been constitutionalised across the divide between European economic and human rights law and knitted together through concepts of necessity and proportionality. As a consequence, the once singular European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) stands at the apex of a grand accumulation of European Union and Council of Europe instruments, which include not least the EU’s own Charter of Fundamental Rights. This body of law has moreover become familiar not just to European newspaper and broadcast editors, but also to online media providers based within and beyond Europe’s territorial boundaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although there is a very large inequality in the volume of freshwater availability between the two country sub-groups, the impact on trade is much smaller due to a relatively low elasticity. Policy conclusions for aid for trade investments should be drawn by comparing these outcomes with the cost and feasibility of actually achieving the improvements being discussed. The econometric approach, while suffering from data limitations, serves to highlight the relative importance of different constraints to agricultural development in developing countries, and the need to take into account country-specific circumstances in designing aid for trade programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
ABSTRACTHow has the new structure of European Union (EU) economic governance affected the ability of parliaments (national and European) to scrutinize and control economic policy? Departing from the premise that executive power needs to be matched by appropriate parliamentary control, this contribution argues that parliamentary powers have been compromised in EU economic governance. Although budgetary powers remain formally at the national level, governments’ decisions have become constrained and national parliaments find themselves on the losing side of a reinforced two-level game. This loss in parliamentary powers is not compensated at the European level, as at that level political authority is effectively left suspended between the national governments, who are unaccountable as a collective, and the European Commission, which lacks a political mandate of its own. Against this background, a final section identifies guidelines for organizing parliamentary accountability in settings, like EU economic gove...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Additionally, the chapter draws policy lessons to address supply side constraints in manufacturing through aid for trade, which in turn contributes to structural transformation and economic prosperity. One topic that is discussed throughout the chapter is the opportunities industrial policy offers for inclusive and sustainable development. Relevant environmental aspects, like green technologies and energy efficiency as part of a sustainable growth strategy are also considered in the context ofthe expansion ofthe manufacturing sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They allow assessing the implications of higher levels of medical-care spending and higher governmental health expenditures on economic growth, and identify what are the long-run determinants of medical spending growth. For example, a CGE model could be used to estimate the extent to w'hich increases in medical spending are driven by capital investment in health technologies. The CMS Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Model represents the U.S. economy as being composed of two markets, health and non-health products, for which aggregate demand and supply are modelled (see annex 1.21).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Consequently, the CAREC countries have refined their strategy by shifting the focus to improving the quality of logistics services and increasing the level of connectivity. For hard infrastructure, there is a new emphasis on longdistance freight movement. In services, the need to connect the six CAREC corridors and major seaports is emphasized. The refined strategy also stresses the importance of extending and completing the six strategic multimodal corridors (OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 107).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
From the impact evaluations conducted in Nepal, the strategy was recognised as being one of a very limited set of opportunities young people have had to participate in urban planning and engage with experts and officials. This work focused on a location called Kiberia, the largest informal settlement in Kenya’s capital, Nairobi. It houses around 200,000 to 300,000 people, who live in congested conditions and with few public spaces, a critical requirement for young people’s leisure, recreation and sense of freedom. It was used as a tool for dialogue in working with young people to ensure that their play space was not compromised in the new design for the community. This was particularly in relation to ensuring that a new access road that cut across the market did not result in a major loss of play space.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As part of the program GIZ co-operated with Adelphi to launch the Climate Expert website to make available tools and instruments to build adaptation capacity in the private sector (GIZ, 2017). In Asia, for example, micro, small and medium-sized enterprises make up 98% of all enterprises and employ 66% of the workforce (Asian Development Bank, 2014). At a very broad level, development co-operation providers use targeted approaches to address two main barriers faced by SMEs: limited access to finance and a lack of awareness of costs and benefits of addressing environmental issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In Germany and Portugal, the relationship between drought severity and damage to crop production is linear. In France, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmaik, Austria, Hungary and Romania, damages to crop increase at a decelerating pace as drought severity increases. Interestingly, historical data show that crop production in Finland and Norway actually increases with drought severity. The dynamic of water risks determines the potential irreversibility of their impacts and the possible responses from the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Recent policy initiatives continue to emphasise the prime role of schools in their ow'n evaluation and improvement processes. The Schools have the Initiative (School aan Zet) programme further emphasises the schools’ lead role in determining improvement strategies. As some of the stakeholders interviewed by the OECD review team said, the idea is that there is always a “Plan B” in case a school’s owm quality assurance mechanisms do not work in a satisfying way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is closely connected, in many relatively socially conservative contexts, with the need to ensure (the prerequisite of) marriage. The World Bank estimates that one year of female schooling reduces fertility by 10 percent, particularly where secondary schooling is undertaken. Not only that, but as indicated earlier, these women are less likely to undergo early pregnancy. Being better informed increases the chances of women knowing how to space their pregnancies better, how to access pre and post-natal care, including prevention of HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases and family planning in general. The World Bank estimates that an additional year of schooling for 1,000 women helps prevent two maternal deaths. An educated mother is more likely, it is maintained, to attempt to ensure educational opportunities for her children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Patriarchal practices such as the dowry system, early marriage, son-preference, purdah and segregation of women during menstruation (chhapaudi) are still widespread and disadvantage women. Nepal ranks 145th of 187 countries on the 2014 Human Development Index (HDI), placing it in the'low human development’ category,34 and the 2015 World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap report ranked Nepal 110th among 145 countries, behind Bangaldesh, Sri Lanka and India. The cases studies of 307 women migrant returnees who stayed at the shelter house run by the non-governmental organization (NGO) Pourakhi35 in Kathmandu during the period from July 2015 to June 2016 were coded and analysed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Ministry of Agriculture would benefit from developing capabilities to enhance ex ante assessment of laws and government regulations which it initiates. It would also benefit from a systematic assessment of whether existing laws and regulations within its jurisdiction support its policy goals. Such action may necessitate support by other central government authorities with expertise in policy areas such as investment, competition, environment, co-operatives and small and medium enterprises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Assuming that we are able to match similar students across waves of the PISA study, we can estimate how the reform affected students who, without the reform, would still be in vocational schools. We use treatment-evaluation nomenclature (see Lee 2005) to formally define the groups. The treatment is defined as a 15-year-old student in vocational secondary school (szkola zawodowa) in 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Race to the Top, launched in 2009, prioritises improving STEM overall and in under-represented groups - including women and girls - in the grants it awards to states. The department’s Investing in Innovation programme also has a STEM focus. It seeks to increase the number of STEM teachers from groups traditionally under-represented in STEM - e.g. minorities, individuals with disabilities, women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Women also make up the bulk of the workforce in the formal health care sector (Box 22.1). People caring for their children, step-children, nieces or nephews are excluded. Public spending on long-term care is used as a proxy for social protection: >1% of GDP = “low social protection”, 1-2% GDP = “medium”, >2% GDP = “high”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Section 1.4 proposes a strategic framework for strengthening rural incomes which seeks to reconcile the short run objective of poverty alleviation with the long-run aim of facilitating development. Section 1.5 presents some conclusions and identifies some specific priorities for analysis. These are the sectoral transition away from an economic structure based on agriculture to a more diversified one dominated by manufactures and services, the spatial tendency towards increased urbanisation, and an institutional transformation from an economy based largely on informal rules to one based on formal legislation (Jonasson, 2009). Other changes also accompany economic development, such as falling death rates and - with a lag - declining birth rates. In its 2008 World Development Report, the World Bank makes a useful distinction between agriculture-based, transforming and urbanised economies that captures the first two elements of this economic transformation.3 Countries tend to move through these categories, although they may experience short cuts in the process, such as learning from policy experiences in developed economies, or take detours due to such factors as civil war, corrupt government or a misallocation of public resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Thus, demand for these goods encourages developing countries to enter and expand low-tech industries. These industries build a solid foundation for the future growth ofthe manufacturing sector by creating formal employment opportunities, generating demand for the products and services through backward linkages and contributing to income growth, better education and infrastructure in an early stage of development. However, because these developments coincide with the country's income growth, production costs will eventually increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
So, despite the fact that fisheries do have an ultimate productive limit, we are currently at some distance from that point. All that is needed is more effective management targeting economically optimal stock levels. But its role in remote and rural areas can be very important in terms of jobs and economic activity such as in Japan, Canada and Norway. Outside of the OECD, it is an important source of nutrition and employment, especially in coastal areas of developing States and territories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Persons aged 16 years or over who participate in the projects to cope with the effects of an emergency or low demand for labour, obtain temporary income sources and succeed in improving family and community living standards. While not the programme’s main objective, one of the reasons why families seek help from that type of programme is that they have suffered damage as a consequence of a disaster. The programme’s impact was a wage that was 24% higher (in the urban version), which represented a 6.9% addition to the family budget (Chacaltana, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The care workforce is broadly defined to include care workers in the care sectors (education, health and social work) as well as care workers in other sectors, and domestic workers. These countries tend to rely on a large and highly professionalized care workforce. In other words, countries where older persons constitute a relatively large group also have a relatively more sizeable care sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This brief contribution to THE HANDBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW assesses the historiographic literature about the idea that ancient State systems predicated their relations on the rule of law. It examines ancient practices in relation to diplomatic privileges and immunities, treaty conclusion and observance, and the initiation and limitation of armed conflict. This contribution is based on the author's previous volume, INTERNATIONAL LAW IN ANTIQUITY (Cambridge University Press 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The starting point is a joint life annuity that pays one unit when either (or both) are alive. Put another way, a household with one person with the same total income as a household of two people can enjoy a better standard of living. This is captured by an equivalence scale. It is also recognised in pension systems, which pay a lower rate of benefit to survivors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Of significant concern, Czech mortality rates from ischaemic heart diseases and stroke remain the fourth highest in the OECD at 260.4 and 106.4 deaths respectively per 100 000 population in 2011 (compared to OECD averages of 122.2 and 69.1). This chapter explores the quality of these services for breast, cervical and colorectal cancer - the three cancers with the highest mortality burden in the Czech Republic for which screening is available. The quality of primary and secondaiy prevention for cardiovascular diseases (including diabetes, the focus of chapter 4) is also considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Tutoring sessions focus on homework and study assignments, as well as prepared exercises and other learning activities to help students develop as competent learners, while boosting literacy, numeracy and general knowledge. Croup mentoring is provided for Grade 9 and 10 students, while specialty and career mentoring is provided for Grade 11 and 12 students. The overall goal of group mentoring is to provide positive experiences where youth can further develop age-appropriate social skills, including problem solving, team building, communication and negotiation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The same situation occurs in Azerbaijan, and the quality of the surface water in these rivers only improves where no population is settled, as in the section between the Georgian-Azerbaijani border and Mengechevir reservoir. According to MENR, the results of monitoring over the last ten years show that DDT is not present in drinking water sources. However, some traces of DDT are still found in the Kura River, particularly after heavy rains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The results of this analysis are presented in Table 14. This result might be driven in part by a large share of single parents among long-term recipients. Interestingly, the gender pattern is reversed in Norway and Sweden, where, perhaps surprisingly, single parents are over-represented in the ‘short spells’ group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The French “therapeutic, educational and pedagogical institutions” (ITEPs) are designed for children with serious behavioural problems, those who have difficulty in school and socialising, but who do not present an intellectual disability or psychosis. The student guidance units (CLBs) offer both universal surveillance and individualised support for students with greater complex needs. A similar structure is also in place in the French community, where a number of actors are involved in providing support for students with special needs. The psycho-medical social (PMS) centres have a similar role to the CLB centres, working in a multidisciplinary team. Regular medical check-ups, on the other hand, are carried out by the “school-based health promotion services” (PSE) while school dropout prevention is primarily handled by “school dropout intermediation services” (PMS) and mobile teams (ibid.). A national mental health screening was introduced in 2012 and covers all high school students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This case study demonstrates the variability of urban patterns. Greater London is divided into 32 boroughs. Urban disparities are stark and clear 57 per cent of children in the inner London borough of Tower Hamlets live in poverty - a greater proportion than in any other borough in England. The City of Westminster has the nation's highest level of childhood obesity, while Southwark has one of the highest rates of teenage pregnancy nationwide. In contrast, the outer London borough of Richmond upon Thames shows good levels of child health and well-being, and London children overall seem to have above-average dental health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article offers a preliminary overview of a study that investigates the experiences of adult learners residing in rural communities in the state of South Australia. Online delivery of adult education is growing, allowing more individuals who are remote from learning sites to engage with further education. Increased educational opportunity to participate in learning as well as social policy developments with an emphasis on continuing education offers a chance in research to understand the developments generated by adult education. The work presented here shows a way of investigating social engagement offered through education, especially those that allow rural students to enhance their chances across the life course. It does so through engaging with the reports from adult students. Understanding the role of education through the social experiences of adult students in rural communities highlights the role of education in the areas of personal, social and community development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)