albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Detailed research on what motivates entrepreneurship amongst older people in the United Kingdom shows that women are more likely to take on this form of economic activity, for positive reasons related to opportunity or lifestyle, whereas men are more reluctant to engage in it (Hudson et al., Across OECD countries, a variety of strategies to cultivate the participation of older people in entrepreneurial activities have been developed. In one project on demographic change in the Netherlands, the OECD/LEED has identified policy tools that can help support entrepreneurship among older people (Box 3.2). Such strategies serve both for older workers and for younger workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
First, levels of human capital track regional income levels well. The world's richest regions (OECD, EECA and LAC) have the highest levels of human capital (with a human capital index ranging from 2.6 to 3.0) and high educational attainment (people is these regions spend nine years in school on average). Second, capital stock per capita is lowest in regions located at the bottom of the world's income distribution (USD 9 100 in SA and USD 8 100 in SSA), while top income regions have the highest accumulation of physical capital (USD 11 500 in OECD).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Pharmaceutical spending may be reduced by making more effective use of public procurement practices and encouraging the prescription of generics. Hungary reports among the highest mortality rates for both preventable cancers (e.g. lung cancer) and treatable cancers (e.g. breast, cervical and colon cancers). National programmes are in place to promote regular breast and cervical cancer screening, but the screening rates among women in the target age group remain low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In some it is about building capacity, in others it is about establishing the platforms for a range of stakeholders to build their own capacity and share practice and knowledge. Some are based on digital technology while others address particular groups of learners or have a specific content focus such as well-being or futures competence. Some only cover a relatively small network of schools while others have gone or will go system-wide, with many between the extremes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, such discretion should not result in a systematic erosion of the credibility of the rights-and-responsibility framework for specific benefit claimants or in specific regions. Continually improved profiling methods and ALMP resources that are more adequately responsive to labour market conditions should be primary channels for relieving caseworker pressures in this respect. Before the introduction of the Youth Guarantee in 2014, there were only about 40 career counsellors country-wide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In the current set-up, UI fund member fees are linked to the unemployment rate in the sector and are partly state-financed. In theory, this should encourage UI funds to monitor their members' eligibility' for UI benefits, and employer and employee confederations to internalise the impact of their wage negotiations on unemployment as they have close links with these funds. This is mainly because unions are in fact in charge of paying UI benefits for only a limited number of unemployed who are likely to be relatively close to the labour market. The fact that UI funds stop to pay benefits after 300 days of unemployment (at which point the state takes over) entails perverse incentives for wage formation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
If we consider only deprivation, 48 per cent of children are deprived, while their head of household does not consider the family to be poor. In fact, the mismatch is quite substantial. And secondly, adults can have a different opinion of a child's well-being that may disregard the objective situation and most importantly children's rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A study on this is likely to be commissioned in the near future. The strategy focuses on a few priority areas for conservation of biological diversity and sustainable use of resources. The strategy contains actions to strengthen the knowledge base for conservation of biological diversity and to improve monitoring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This required co-ordination, negotiation and a certain amount of compromise on all sides. The final endorsement and co-publication of the guideline by the Department of Environmental Affairs, Department of Mineral Resources and the industry body, the Chamber of Mines, was a significant achievement that lends much credibility to the guideline. An important feature of the guideline is the focus on the mitigation hierarchy, which directs decision-makers to first avoid, then minimise, rehabilitate and finally offset biodiversity impacts from mining.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Whole milk prices are subject to seasonal variations, and in 2011/12 the farmer received a high winter price of KZT 81 per tonne. Maximum farm gate prices are observed from November to March and decrease from April to September due to mass production of milk. A collector takes milk from neighbouring producers and sells it to the nearest dairy in Akmola oblast at the price of KZT 103 per tonne, the average price of a one-litre Tetra Pak is around KZT 205.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The lack of Commonwealth government funds for public housing has encouraged state governments across Australia to develop ‘Affordable Housing Strategies’ to address the problems that result from the shortage of housing available for low-income households. However, to date there has been limited discussion of the implications of these affordable housing strategies and their significance as a form of policy intervention. This article highlights the Tasmanian Government's ‘Affordable Housing Strategy’ as a case study to illustrate the obstacles that confront state housing policy makers. These include difficulties in securing partnerships with the private sector, an inability to influence macro-economic policy settings, fluctuations in the property market cycle and a reliance on small and uncertain budgetary allocations. However, there is limited scope to address some of the problems that have undermined previous state and Territory housing policy initiatives by reaching agreements with local government to ea...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As custodian of the child and despite some rights to act as guardian over certain decisions in case of divorce, the mother must keep a reasonable distance from the guardian to enable him to fulfil his duties, or she may lose custody.54 This may prevent divorced women from accepting work opportunities in another city for fear they may lose custody of their children. Hence, insurance companies, for instance, systematically reimburse the father for medical expenses incurred due to a minor child’s illness or accident, even if the mother has paid the bills. The father is also considered to be in charge of a child’s bank account even if the mother opened and manages it. Guardianship may be awarded to the mother in cases of incapacity of the father.62 A woman who remarries loses custody, except in some exceptional circumstances.63 In Egypt and Jordan, in the event of divorce, the father must pay alimony until the child reaches adulthood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Brazil and Mexico, where homicide rates are relatively high, women make up only 10% of all homicide victims. In contrast, across European countries, where homicide rates are relatively low, women on average account for 35% of all homicide victims.23 This different gender structure indicates a different typology of homicides in different regions of the world, with higher shares of men victims associated with larger shares of firearm and organised crime-related deaths. Intimate partner/domestic violence is likely to be more devastating for victims than violence outside the home, as it might leave victims without a safe place to live, with no one to trust, and anxieties about the safety of their children (Robeyns, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Additional fuel costs also result from lower thermal conversion efficiencies at reduced power levels. Finally, ramping load up and down adds to the wear and tear of equipment and implies higher operating costs, items that are summarised under the term “ramp costs”. Variable renewables increase the fluctuations that have to be managed by the system and therefore make balancing more difficult.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, the Storm-Water Zoning Plan aims to: i) limit the amount of stormwater discharge into the River Seine, ii) minimise the stormwater that overflows wastewater control plans, and Hi) prevent flooding in the city. The purpose of the Zoning Plan is to provide urban planners and construction operators with recommendations and guidelines on new “alternative” techniques. These will include green roofs, gardens, lagoons and other green spaces, to encourage reuse and filtration of stormwater and to co-ordinate decision making in urban stormwater management processes. The aim is to collect the first inch of rainfall on 10% of the impermeable areas over the next 20 years. When it rains in New York City, the most densely developed city in the United States, a vast amount of runoff from rooftops, streets and other impervious surfaces is produced. If the key cause of runoff, impervious surfaces, is not kept in check, the DEP will have to spend more on tanks and tunnels to store stormwater flows, which will further swell with climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
That said, we could outline the broad "real" (as compared to monetary) targets any inclusive macroeconomic framework might want to achieve, based on identifying key social and economic problems to be addressed by policy. Four components, in addition to gender equality in capabilities, livelihoods, agency, and security, are key: i) full employment, 2) class/caste and racial/ethnic equality, 3) economic stability, 4) and the promotion of a green economy. These components are likely to be interlinked and to reinforce each other. We know from many years of research that women’s access to employment and livelihoods is central to improving their well-being and their bargaining power within the household. The principles of inclusive macroeconomic policy identified here also reflect the fact that growth based on inequality, as it has been in the previous two decades, is not sustainable. Needed, instead, are macro policies that make equity compatible with development and growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Given current trends it is likely that they will remain at considerably greater risk than other households in 2030. Young people have fared particularly poorly in recent decades with their entry into the labour market being increasingly delayed, their relative earnings falling and their access to alternative incomes, and in particular benefits, being eroded. By 2030 it is highly likely that in many countries access to benefits for young people will have disappeared and they will be increasingly dependent on their families, loans contingent on education and employment for their income. As education expands, those who fail to keep up are increasingly likely to find themselves marginalised. Similarly, those whose families are unwilling or unable to support them will find it considerably harder to make ends meet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, the importance given to these topics fades away quickly when the crises are over. Thus, it is important to sustain the momentum, which requires support from proactive stakeholders. Inter-municipal cooperation around water-relevant issues, including land-use and flood management, should be encouraged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The potential of plural legal systems to both stimulate and stymie development for women and societies at large needs greater focus.56 The challenge of confronting negative gender stereotyping of women and their integration into cultural and religious norm creation and interpretation is huge, but it must be undertaken, consistently and persistently.57 Finally, an intersectional approach which embraces women's diversities is crucial. The conceptual interaction between these three reflects underlying common motivations and is presented as follows. Human development as such extends further to cover areas such as participation, security, sustainability and guaranteed human rights. The above-mentioned areas are deemed necessary for promoting creativity, productivity, self-respect, empowerment and a sense of belonging to a community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. It presents an overview of how different OECD countries allocate instruction time. It also develops a model to understand the effective use of allocated instruction time and examines how different OECD countries compare on this. The paper confirms the value of sufficient instruction time as a key educational resource, but the key conclusion is that what matters the most is the way in which allocated time is used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Comments on Working Papers are welcomed, and may be sent to the Statistics Directorate, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This measurement framework builds on the equivalent income approach to develop an indicator of Multidimensional Living Standards (MDLS) that combines monetary (income) and non-monetary (health and jobs) benefits from economic growth and aggregates them across individuals with different characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The provision of public Wi-Fi areas enables anyone with a wireless or card device (PC, smartphone, tablet, etc.) In the short term, it is expected to achieve 60 000 connected devices per month and some 15 to 30 access points per province. It is also in line with SDGs 4 and 11 by working towards inclusive and equitable quality education, promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all, and fostering inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities. The goal of this project is to build human capacity with a high level of specialization in telecommunications and ICT.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Although public funding has seen some reductions due to the economic crisis, expenditure per student continues to be above the OECD average. High dropout and youth unemployment rates require efforts to consolidate basic skills and better match labour market needs, focusing on quality of education and provision of vocational education and training. At the same time, quality of teachers and school leadership can be improved through more targeted initial and continuing training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Summary   The right of a person to make their own decisions but be protected from serious harm should cognitive capacity decline poses ethical and practical challenges for the law. The principle of supported decision-making enshrined by the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2006 has fuelled the search by law reform bodies for new statutory models or principles capable of better respecting autonomous choice and avoiding undue paternalism in the name of protection of the vulnerable. This paper selectively reviews some law reform models across the spectrum from guardianship and supported decision-making to durable powers of attorney or support. It argues that across these different legal settings there are shifting (and delicate) balance points to be found between competing ethical principles (such as autonomy and protection), adequate accountability and freedom from undue regulation, and “workability” (fidelity of practice to intended objectives).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, the Lesotho Child Grant Programme (CGP) had especially strong messaging on expenditures on children's clothes, shoes and related expenses, which is claimed to have resulted in particularly large impacts on these expenditures (Pellerano eta/., 2014). Often, these types of transfer are targeted at vulnerable demographic groups, such as the elderly (social pensions), orphaned children or schoolchildren. The third entails a much lower level of subsidy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Since the financial crisis, this line of thinking has come under fire. Many now argue that stock options can promote short-term thinking among managers, who may try to boost the firm’s share price in the short run to make a quick killing, even if it hurts the firm’s long-term prospects. And these days, finance is not short of critics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Previous impact evaluations of the programme - as summarized in part 2.2 -have highlighted well the multidimensional nature of its benefits among participating households (Galasso, 2006, de la Guardia et al., Our evaluation also emphasizes the cross-sectoral impact of the programme on its beneficiaries. In addition, besides looking at the household as the main unit of reference, we also measure the impact of Chile Solidario on some specific dimensions of child well-being. Our results show that the percentage of beneficiary households which escaped extreme poverty status is 7 percentage points higher than that of matched control group households (Table 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Data will be collected in 2014 and the results will be released in 2016. Getting the best returns on investment in skills requires good information about the skills that are needed and available in the labour market. It also requires policies that ensure that skills are used effectively to generate better jobs that lead to better lives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This contribution analyses the relationship between the role of democracy in international law and UN Peacekeeping missions. It concludes that a right to democracy has not become a legal norm yet but is widely accepted as precondition for peace. It is therefore included in the mandate of robust, integrated UN peace-keeping missions. An analysis of the development and impact of five UN peace-keeping missions to Haiti informs about the UN peace-keepers relevance in the Haitian conflict resolution and regime change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Jennifer Cannon and Elisa Larrakoetxea provided administrative support and prepared this working paper for publication. It describes how skill recognition can benefit individuals, employers and society as a whole, and identifies in which contexts skill recognition has the highest potential to bring benefits. The focus is on three tools that are commonly used to shorten the path to a formal qualification: admission into a programme, reduced programme duration and qualification without a mandatory programme. For each of these tools, this paper sets out country approaches, discusses common challenges that arise in their implementation and advances policy messages to support policy design and implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Alastair Wood co-ordinated the production process, Maria Consolati and Louis Scott provided invaluable secretariat assistance. For example, the majority of poor people are principally dependent on agriculture but, in turn, society is dependent on farmers managing land well to sustain water supplies, biodiversity and other environmental services. Such relationships are dynamic and increasingly intense: climate change, rising population, resource scarcities and price volatilities put them all under pressure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It also describes the AfDB's activities in support of international fibre connectivity, national backbone initiatives, policy and regulation, and e-applications (OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 16). A key target of this initiative was that by 2015 all countries would have a national broadband policy or strategy, or would include broadband in their universal access/service definition. Five priority projects have been identified in the Cambodian ICT Master Plan, such as e-government framework developed since 2004, cybersecurity, e-education, e-commerce and e-tourism. Mobile penetration will reach 100% from the current 30%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A working group of experts and practitioners is tied to each of the four funds. In the case of the structural fisheries fund (ESSF), this group consists of professional fishers, representatives from the County Administrative Board and a project leader. The funding 2014-2020 from the ESSF is MSEK 8.2 (approximately EUR 820,000). This provides good possibilities and incentives for sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As a result, networks services are provided commercially by single parties and the revenues from these services must be regulated, to ensure the provider does not abuse their monopoly position. This means that the retail price and end customer pays for electricity does not increase when the wholesale price for electricity is highest, even though the cost of that electricity may change substantially. The differences in the cost of supply are generally averaged and spread across all users, so price signals do not communicate information about the scarcity of electricity at particular times. As a result, customers are unable to ration supply in response to the value they place on it and will continue to demand electricity even when its underlying cost is at peak levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To this end, the Teaching for the Digital Age Advisory Group and its Reference Group have been established by AICTEC to provide advice on a co-ordinated and coherent approach to teacher professional development in the use of ICT in teaching and learning. This Work Plan will focus on the teacher professional development required to integrate ICT into pedagogical practice to meet students’ needs and harness the resources of the DER. The DER Strategic Plan and Road Map together provide the broader context within which the various Australian state and territory DER-related government initiatives are being implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Courts and lawmakers trust psychiatric expertise when making judicial and public policy decisions concerning mental health, but is this trust well placed? This paper adopts a philosophy of science approach informed by medical research to evaluating the validity of psychiatric classification. This provides the basis for an interdisciplinary critical analysis of civil commitment law and use of psychiatric expert witnesses in light of legal evidence standards. This analysis demonstrates that involuntary civil commitment as it now stands is incompatible with broader due process and civil rights concerns and affords an unjustifiable evidentiary status to psychiatric diagnosis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Special Rapporteur explained that these incidents are not isolated but represent the ultimate act experienced in a continuum of violence by women living under conditions of gender-based discrimination. The Special Rapporteur added that a holistic approach to preventing gender-related killings must be emphasized in all the measures taken by States to investigate and sanction violence, in particular in designing, implementing and evaluating legislation and policies. In addition, the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment argues for the torture protection framework to be applied in a gender-inclusive manner with a view to strengthening the protection of women from torture. According to the Special Rapporteur, State obligations under the Convention against Torture clearly extend to the private sphere as well, in addition to violations committed by public officials (A/HRC/7/3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)