albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
ABSTRACTPangle and Ahrensdorf's Justice Among Nations: On the Moral Basis of Power and Peace has become one of the classic studies of international political thought. The account Pangle and Ahrensdorf provide of the Socratics resembles in places the concerns of constructivists, even though they never discuss the international relations theory of constructivism. With this in mind, I argue that their account enables one to glimpse what a Socratic teaching of constructivism might look like. What comes to the surface is that Socratic constructivism shares with contemporary constructivism a concern with rhetoric and the role of ideas, norms, and rules in international politics while nonetheless expressing reservations over the goals of general enlightenment and emancipation that some contemporary constructivists espouse. Instead, Socratic constructivism urges the practice of generosity in the realm of politics, whether domestic or international. This emphasis rests on the Socratic understanding of human nature...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By contrast, in the Philippines and Uganda, children from the wealthiest households and the best-performing regions are close to universal school completion. Therefore, efforts in those countries would best be concentrated on the poorest and most disadvantaged children (see Figure 2.8). The needs of each group, in turn, will have far-reaching implications for how governments frame policies and allocate resources to specific regions, schools and children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Interactive educational activities were organized in several Bulgarian schools and kindergartens. The Agency coordinates data supply and data collection activities for the preparation of the GHG inventory. The sectoral experts manage the collection of data, choice of methods, data checking and compilation of estimates that conform to the data quality objectives of the historical time series. The Agency ensures adequate resources for the collection and use of the data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Nearly all students continue learning in upper secondary education, beyond compulsory education. All of this is accomplished in a schooling system that provides wide autonomy to school leaders and teachers, and it is achieved on comparatively modest levels of spending. Continuing declines in the size of the school-age population challenge authorities to efficiently manage the nation’s school network. The nation’s capacity to replenish its teaching workforce is hampered by unattractive conditions of employment, an unclear vision of what good teaching practices are, and what sort of training can best promote good teaching.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The issues of State and diplomatic immunity in cases involving persons employed by foreign States in embassies or consulates or engaged directly by diplomats remain controversial. The focus of this article is on recent developments in European law, in particular under the European Convention on Human Rights, the Brussels I Regulation and the Charter of the European Union, the effect of which has been to enhance the rights of employees of foreign States. Analysis is also made of the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property and the current domestic practice of States with the aim of identifying the present international law standard on State immunity and embassy and consular employment. Employees of diplomats, however, remain inadequately protected and this article considers possible strategies for improving their position.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nevertheless, the country would greatly benefit from having a more flexible set-up to translate these initiatives in the budget document. In principle, the HIV/AIDS conditional grant, which is based primarily on the disease burden, should help ensure an equitable distribution of government funds. For example, although Mpumalanga province has the second highest HIV prevalence, its provincial government is ranked 7 out of 9 for per capita spending on HIV/AIDS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It puts forward a working definition of the ocean economy which encompasses not only the ocean-based industries but also the natural assets and ecosystem services that the ocean provides. Focusing on the ocean industries, the chapter outlines the findings of the OECD Ocean Economy Database and briefly presents the estimates of the current value added and jobs provided by the ocean economy worldwide. Turning its attention to the future, the chapter describes the principal forces driving the ocean economy forward, and estimates value added and employment in the global ocean economy by 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The most severe problems are in South and South West Asia, where some 21 per cent of the population was undernourished in 2003-2005. Indeed, South Asia alone is home to more than one third of the food insecure people in the world’s developing countries (von Braun 2007). Here, on average, 42 per cent of children are underweight.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For example, while the elimination of farm subsidies in New Zealand was accompanied by a lowering of tariffs on farm inputs, the latter proceeded at a slower pace. The resultant short-term hardship for the sector could have been avoided with better co-ordination of the respective reforms (Vitalis, 2006). This can often reflect uncertainty about, or a lack of understanding of, the severity and causes of an environmental problem or the benefits of action (OECD, 2008a). This was the case, for example, with the Water Reform Framework in Australia, where the economic and environmental benefits of the reform were diffuse and poorly understood by the public (OECD, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As the coordinating agency, Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) contracts local people and pays them for their labor as well as outcomes in terms of the number of nests protected. Starting with four villages in 2002, six years later this project had expanded to 21 villages and protected more than 1,500 nests. The area receives especial attention from bird-watchers but hunting and degrading forests are threats to rare bird species. Under this community-based eco-tourism project, villages sign contracts under which hunting would be banned and land use planning with the NGO and government supported.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the rural context, there is a broader range of options and, in order of increasing consumers connected, the following options are available: stand-alone installations, micro-grids and grid extensions. Benefits might, however, trickle down to the general population by making a grid connection possible, leveraging the infrastructure installed for the industrial purposes to enable wider electrification initiatives. It should be noted that electrification is not enough though to increase access to electricity as the connection cost can be a barrier for low-income families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Production has been growing steadily over the years, driven by gains in yields. The area harvested actually declined since the early 2000s due to climate shocks (e.g frost and drought) as well as damage caused by pests and diseases. Total coffee production and consumption in Brazil has increased over the last decade by 3.7% and 2.7% respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The report gives a broad definition of IDRIS, listing requirements for qualification as IDRIS and possible additional features. Different organisational forms exist with or without legal identity, but a key point is that IDRIS should have clear added value. The OECD reports provide relevant information for IDRIS, summarising issues on road mapping and single-sited large international research infrastructures that may also be applicable to IDRIS. Often, only parts of these entities (as opposed to entire entities) collectively constitute the infrastructure. The agreement need not necessarily define a new legal entity, or be legally binding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Moreover, a UK survey revealed that 50% of farmers did not recall any guidance on how to comply with the Nitrates Directive (National Audit Office, 2010), although this could be associated with the fact that only 55% of the agricultural land area is designated to comply with the Directive (Chapter 5.1). But there is evidence that farmers are willing to accept further education and advice on nutrient and pesticide management on their farms in the interests of protecting the environment and that overall awareness is increasing and leading to improved management practices to control pollution (European Commission, 2010, Perez, 2010). Building social capital in a water catchment so that that farmers and other stakeholders are better informed of the processes impacting on water quality can be beneficial (Morton and Weng, 2009). The impacts of diffuse source pollution can depend: on the quantities of pollutants released, how easily the pollutants are transported into water systems, and how sensitive the water environment is to pollution (Environment Agency, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This might seem contradictory, but it is more likely to reflect a nuanced understanding of the fragmented tourist market visiting Malta (and Gozo), so that it is pragmatic to offer both branded goods and handmade local products to different tourist markets. An attempt was made to produce a local stamp for souvenirs, ‘Made in Seychelles’, but there were problems in implementing this (McEwen and Bennett 2010: 43). State encouragement and some start-up funding from SENPA (Small Enterprise Promotion Agency) are available for local Seychellois wishing to develop handicraft businesses. Other materials are imported, but the proportions are unknown.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Ecological footprint analysis is not sufficient for determining optimal policy alternatives, however, as it does not account for the net benefits generated as resources are consumed. Water is one of many inputs in those activities. Hence, estimated water footprints are somewhat one-dimensional, as they depict the use of only one resource.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
On the other hand, the study finds little or no effect in terms of employment and income generation. Interestingly, Galasso (2006) also shows that the provision of psycho-social support has increased communities’ awareness of social service provision and has contributed to raising people’s confidence concerning the future. The evaluation analysis by Larranaga et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Importantly, countries that have had a historically low burden of CVD disease, such as Switzerland and Japan, have still managed to make substantial gains. This suggests not only that other countries can also make further gains, but also raises important questions about why success has varied so much across countries. All countries have been successful in improving life expectancy at birth and at age 65. In percentage terms, life expectancy has improved even more once a person reaches 65 years of age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Countiy Group 4: France, Iceland, Norway and Sweden Source: OECD calculations based on European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU SILC) 2012. Country' Group 2: Italy, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Lithuania, Poland and Slovenia. Country Group 3: the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia and the Slovak Republic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Similarly, the Green Climate Fund has developed an initial results management framework (2014). Although these fund level frameworks may not be directly applicable to national approaches to monitor and evaluate adaptation, they can inform partner countries’ domestic frameworks. For example, in Mozambique, the results framework for the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR), under the Climate Investment Funds, has been used as a basis for developing the national monitoring and evaluation framework for adaptation (IIED, 2013b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Town living is sometimes fleeting and seasonal. Cyclical migration is developing between the bush and the town, either at the regional level (Faya, Agadez, Kidal, Atar, Ouarzazate, Tamanghasset, Sebha, etc.) The economic diversification of nomadism is therefore ushering in small-scale urban trades, such as retail commerce, animal guarding, and to a lesser degree, tourism" and crafts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Our projections predict that trade could grow yearly by 1.8-2 percentage points more until 2030 as a result of the falling trade costs, amounting to a cumulated growth of 31 to 34 percentage points over 15 years. Trade in information technology products has tripled in the past two decades, reaching US$1.6 trillion in 2016. We predict the share of services trade to grow from 21 per cent to 25 per cent by 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Collective learning grounded in local heritage, scientific information and analysis of different options might, as it has been shown by the example of RCE Tongyong (Box 13:4), be successful. Regional Centres of Expertise on ESD (RCE) Tongyeong, brought together several partners under the “Clean Plate Movement". The Movement begun in schools, universities and later included other organisations outside of the educational sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Experts expect this policy to have a “significant impact on the future promotion of China’s domestic industry’s technology innovation, improving competitiveness and building domestic branding in the long run” (Global Energy Council, undated). This allowed them to get established in the domestic market and gain experience in the production of larger turbines. However, the Chinese manufacturers soon found out that foreign firms were reluctant to license their most recent, state-of-the art technology, instead they preferred to license turbines that were technologically outdated for fear that the transfer of advanced technology would lead to knowledge spillover, thus undermining their competitive advantage (Liu, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Agricultural Market Informabon System (AMIS)2 is an inter-agency platform designed to enhance food market transparency and policy response for food security. By enhancing transparency and policy coordinabon, AMIS helps prevent unexpected price hikes and strengthen global food security. Farmers make up almost 80% of the workforce in Myanmar and Site Pyo helps to improve producbvity and increase earnings, given the country's high smartphone penetrabon rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Abstract   The task of studying the impact of social class on physical and mental health involves, among other things, the use of a conceptual toolbox that defines what social class is, establishes how to measure it, and sets criteria that help distinguish it from closely related concepts. One field that has recently witnessed a wealth of theoretical and conceptual research on social class is psychology, but geographers' and sociologists’ attitude of diffidence toward this “positivistic” discipline has prevented them from taking advantage of this body of scholarship. This paper aims to highlight some of the most important developments in the psychological study of social class and social mobility that speak to the long-standing concerns of health geographers and sociologists with how social position, perceptions, social comparisons, and class-based identities impact health and well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Efforts that align with the OECD Council’s recommendation on Integrated Mental Health, Skills and Work Policy are also evident (see Box 2.1 in Chapter 2). The rights of people aged over 65 are set out in a dedicated law that specifies rights to participate in the economic life of the country, as well as cultural, sport and recreational activities. The Cornejo Nacional de la Persona Adulta Mayor (National Council for Older People, CONAPAM) is a dedicated unit within the Office of the President.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They note, however, that the impacts may vary considerably depending on the type of aid-for-trade intervention, the income level of the beneficiaries, the sector to which the support is directed and the geographical region of the recipient country. In the case of sectors, for example, Ferro et al. ( Cali and te Velde (2011) examined the impact of aid for trade on trade costs and exports, they found that a USD 1 million increase in aid-for-trade facilitation is associated with a 6% reduction in the cost of packing, loading and shipping to the transit hub. Busse et al (2012), using panel data on 99 developing countries covering the period 2004-09, show that aid for trade is closely associated with lowering trade costs, and therefore may play an important role in helping developing countries benefit from trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This trend can be seen for instance in Australia where the 1991 Fisheries Management Act mandates management effectiveness and cost efficiency as explicit objectives for the Australian Fisheries Management Authority. Both groups value the stock, but the conservationists will place a much lower value on the harvest, if any at all. Boyce (2000) showed that this had implications for their respective acceptance of regulation. In view of the low levels of current stocks and the impact of fisheries on the environment, the effectiveness of conservation groups in terms of political influence and affecting bargaining outcomes is open to debate. The groups are no doubt gaining public support and enjoying some policy gains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The public transit system helps the Chicago Tri-State metro-region rank high on attractiveness indexes, but underfunding for maintenance and expansion risks squandering this asset, losing with it the opportunity to fight congestion and greenhouse gas emissions, and provide jobs. Congestion charges and on roadways and value-capture taxes should be considered as part of a comprehensive financing package. Water and waste service delivery is costly and does not sufficiently take into account environmental impacts, which calls for a restructuring of rates to incentivise conservation and recycling. Skill shortages are evident across the regional economy, and particularly in the green sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Available through www.oecd.org/social/ministerial and in the IZA Policy Papers series. Taking Stock of In-work Benefits and Related Measures across the OECD”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. Economic Crisis, Employment and Income Distribution (Research in Labor Economics, Volume 32), Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Unraveling the Unemployment Insurance Lifeline.” New York: National Employment Law Project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This section looks at why there are fewer women entrepreneurs than men, the different reasons they have for starting a business, and the different skills they bring to the job. It also looks at the reasons why women-owned businesses have lower profits, and why self-employed women work less, and earn less, than self-employed men. It asks whether women find it harder to finance their business than men and haue less innovative enterprises. Finally, it examines policies that support female entrepreneurs in micro- and small businesses - particularly in developing countries - by encouraging entrepreneurs to exit informality and by addressing their specific needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While all countries in South Asia have ratified the United Nations conventions on the rights of women and of children, they have lacked the level of political will and administrative effort that is needed to implement the provisions. For example, laws to prevent sex-selective abortions and VAW have been in place for several years with varying degrees of success across countries of South Asia. Public pressure and collective action facilitated by an active media can put pressure on the political, administrative and legal systems to act to enforce the law. However, women face discrimination in various forms when they go to seek redress, especially when those institutions such as the police, judiciary, religious and tribal councils are male dominated, reinforcing the underlying power structures in a society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, it is difficult to assess to what extent the knowledge generated from these projects contributes to strengthening the institutional research capacity of developing countries. It is also not possible in DAC statistics to precisely determine the shares of research spending allocated to the in-donor country institutions and the partners’ institutions in developing countries. Therefore, it is not possible to precisely distinguish between ODA funding aimed to strengthen countries’ domestic STI capacity and funding for more specific research activities, which often are conducted in donor countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
We propose a dynamic model of precedent in a judicial hierarchy which incorporates a “bottom-up” informational component. When a high court establishes precedents, it has uncertainty regarding how they will play out when applied to future legal disputes. Lower court implementation of these precedents can inform the high court about the contemporary policy implications—i.e., the ideological location—of the precedents. If lower court usage of a precedent is informative, the high court will consider the revealed location of the precedent when contemplating reducing the precedent’s authority and applicability to future cases. Using data on U.S. Supreme Court precedents and U.S. Courts of Appeals citations to these precedents, we estimate a model of the Court’s negative treatment of precedent. We find lower court usage of precedent can provide new, useful information on the policy content of a precedent, helping the Court shape law in a way consistent with its preferences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Initially, reforestation measures were applied to some 4,500 ha each year, and the seedling survival rate varied from 72 per cent in the period 1960-1982 to 68 per cent in the period 1982-1994. Since 2013, reforestation activities are annually applied to some 2,100 ha, and the seedling survival rate is estimated to be between 60 and 70 per cent. Such a low seedling survival rate results not only from the unfavourable soil and climatic conditions but also improper species selection and lack of plantation maintenance. The majority of seedlings planted are of non-native species, fast growing (e.g. sequoia) and/or yielding fruit, but not necessarily best adapted to the local conditions. Simultaneously, according to official statistics, activities aimed at enhancing the natural forest regeneration have been completely abandoned in recent years. This might not yet allow' a significant increase in the forest coverage of the country, but could probably offset the current deforestation trend.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The programme is called “Energy efficiency 2020”. It aims to achieve a reduction of energy intensity by 10 per cent by 2015 and by 25 per cent in 2020. The programme will incorporate nine areas, among which are energy-efficient enterprises, energy-efficient construction and transport, energy-efficient society as well as the innovative energy sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Also, since the introduction of the NHI system, Clalit’s dominant position in terms of market share has been eroded (Figure 2.8), which is perhaps a sign that there are adequate long-term market forces at work. Some (for instance Shmueli et al., For example, funds might purposefully limit the scope and quality of primary-care facilities in poorer areas and have ways of manipulating waiting lists for treatments, though it is not believed that these techniques are widely used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)