albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Economically, sustainable fisheries are fundamental to achieving not only the restoration of fish stocks and preservation of biodiversity, but also improved livelihoods, trade, fish food security and economic growth. Within the framework of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing, efforts are being made to address the issue of of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. It is expressed as the percentage of fish stocks exploited within their level of maximum biological productivity, i.e. underexploited, moderately exploited or fully exploited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
On Greenland, the ice is melting even faster than predicted by any of our models. The consequences of climate change involve every nation on earth, every business and every household. The IPCC has estimated that we can keep the rise in average temperature below 2-2.8°C in 2030 at the cost of 0.12% of annual growth in the global economy or 3% of global BNP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Globally, we continue to use ever-increasing amounts of natural resources to support our economic activity. The efficiency with which such resources are used remains unchanged at the global level, thus we have not yet seen a decoupling of economic growth and natural resource use. Globally, the generation of waste is mounting. About one third of the food produced for human consumption each year is lost or wasted, most of it in developed countries. It is one indication of the pressures placed on the environment to support economic growth and to satisfy the material needs of people. The global material footprint rose from 43 billion metric tons in 1990 to 54 billion in 2000, and 92 billion in 2017—an increase of 70 per cent since 2000, and 113 per cent since 1990.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
An exhaustive list of issues to be managed by local self-governments in rural communities, municipal and urban territories is given in the Federal Law “On the general principles of local self-management in the Russian Federation”. At the federal level, the main directions for regional policy are given by the President. Sector-specific regional programmes and policies are developed and financed by sectoral ministries, and the annual budget for regional policy measures is approved by the Federal Assembly. Until September 2014, the Ministry of Regional Development was responsible for the implementation of policy measures, monitoring the effective use of budgetary funds, and inter-regional co-operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In other words, early upfront investments would have to be made to enable potential buy-downs along the learning curves. This means that large upfront investments would have to be made in currently developing countries. Indeed, again assuming that they will have the lowest costs and highest mitigation potentials, and largest opportunities for new markets, investments in the energy sector in developing countries should dominate in the coming decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This low level of irrigation results in not only lower, but also more unstable, yield levels. The share of agricultural land that is irrigated (34.6 per cent) is more than double the proportion in ODCs and developed countries (chart 2.9B). It is, however, more in line with the regional average. The proportion of agricultural land that is equipped for irrigation in the non-LDC developing countries of Asia is 40.3 per cent, which is also the highest rate among the regional subgroups of ODCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As an example, Davis (2008) empirically studies the effect of a driving restrictions program on air quality in Mexico City. In the urban economics literature, the impact of urbanisation on air quality has been studied through different urban structure indicators. One can distinguish between two categories of such indicators: (i) indicators related to the internal composition of the urban area and (ii) urban area morphology indicators.2 Urban area morphology refers to the spatial disposition of the urban tissue (e.g. dispersed urban plots, linearity of urban areas) while internal composition refers to tissue composition (e.g. wetland, green spaces).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Self-interest should be a powerful driver for companies to manage their exposure to risks and exploit opportunities. Economic theory suggests that this will lead them to adopt cost-effective adaptation strategies. However, there is only scattered evidence so far that companies are taking action on adaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The analysis of within-country disparities is based on data from household surveys. Weighting the regional mean by population, however, will centre it largely around the values of China and India. To give a clearer picture, this report uses a simple average that gives equal weight to all countries large and small. This is illustrated for 2004 the year with the highest number of poverty headcount ratios computed from actual household surveys (Figure II-1). The regional average for this 2004 data of $1.25-per-day poverty level is around 22 per cent, but across countries the poverty rate ranges from 0 in Malaysia to 55.1 per cent in Nepal. As this chart also shows, among the subregions, some of the highest poverty rates - above 40 per cent — are found in South Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Northwestern Pacific margin Japan Volcanic region Sedimentary and volcanic rocks Variable from dry to humid Variable. Mountain belt of West Asia Turkey High relief folded mountains region Crystalline, volcanic and sedimentary rocks Dry Variable. Western Australia Australia Basement region Crystalline rock, sandstone, karstified limestone and alluvial sediments Arid to tropical humid (North) Limited to moderate resources. Eastern Australia Australia Sedimentary basin region Sedimentary alluvial formations Arid to semi-arid more humid towards the coast Moderate to high, major sandstone aquifer (Great Artesian Basin), Shallow alluvial sedimentary aquifers. Islands of the Pacific New Zealand Volcanic region Crystalline and sedimentary rocks (New Zealand) Humid Variable resources, some volcanic aquifer, and sedimentary (alluvial, marine) regions have significant resources. Proposed typology of groundwater economies by Shah et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Continuous land fragmentation and the unprecedented growth in rural youth populations in many developing countries will exacerbate the difficulties of providing decent employment to millions of new entrants to their labour markets. While agriculture will shrink, if rural non-farm economies do not expand sufficiently then rural out-migration will increase, and so will the risks of conflicts, civil unrest, and protracted crises - which could further fuel migration. In the parentheses ote the numbei of countries for each legion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
With the exception of Indonesia, population groups living in extreme poverty (less than USD 1.25 per day) are mostly rural. In Colombia, more than half of the poor earn above USD 2.50 per day. In India, on the contrary, the majority (84%) of the poor live on less than USD 2.50 per day: thus, they are not only more numerous, but much poorer than their Colombian counterparts, which means that the pricing strategies of similar inclusive innovations will need to be adapted. In Indonesia and South Africa, the distribution of poverty is also weighted towards extreme poverty, albeit to a lesser extent: two-thirds of the poor live on less than USD 2.50 per day.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
On-the-job training should therefore be part and parcel of firms' efforts to upgrade their workers' skills. For countries that cannot rely on domestic structures to ensure appropriate skill formation, special economic zones (SEZ) where different trade and incentive regimes are established, may provide appropriate support for on-the-job skills in particular (UNIDO, 2009). Thus, policies dedicated to the establishment of such zones can complement the path towards the productive use of new technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The importance of cities for GDP has been growing consistently over the last five years. In 2015, Almaty City and Astana accounted for about 15% of the country’s population, and produced one-third of national GDP, due to the concentration of high added-value activities. “ Getting cities right” can provide a supportive environment for firms, entrepreneurs and institutions to innovate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The likely result is an increase in bottom-end inequality. Second, admission policies can be designed to avoid the concentration of pupils from disadvantaeed backgrounds in low socio-economic status schools. This might be achieved, for example, by admitting children in ability bands without regard to socio-economic background.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Abstract: The decentralization in Indonesia has existed since colonial era with the enactment of legislation ‘desentralizatie wet’ in 1903. Decentralization was expected to deliver good governance in Indonesia government system. But even reformation has been running nearly 16 years, problems such as corruption, mal-administration, and abuse of power still exist in Indonesia government. These problems can be solved with stategic manner, such as preparation of the legal framework of bureaucratic management by making changes to employment laws, bureaucracy should be managed professionally and separate with political party, positioning adapted to the each potential employee or technical capabilities, there should be prohibition against the politicization of the bureaucracy by political authorities both at central and regional levels, and the last one there must be political will from the government or society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It does not calculate cycling access to bus stations, as it is assumed that bus services are accessed by walking only. The main purpose of comparing CYTAL and PTAL is to highlight areas where PTAL is low by itself but can potentially be raised by including cycling as an access mode. This measure, however, does not take into account the availability of cycling infrastructure, such as parking at origin or destination, or the suitability of the cycle network for a given trip. Thus, this indicator serves TfL for strategic cycling analysis and helps identify areas for potential future cycling infrastructure investment in the Greater London Area. Most importantly, such analysis requires additional quality data on availability of cycling infrastructure, including parking and dedicated cycling lanes, and on perceived safety and overall convenience of cycling in various areas across London. However, they do not capture the actual accessibility needs of various groups of people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There were eight MDGs, of which developing countries were required to achieve the first seven goals, while developed countries were expected to support these efforts through a global partnership for development (MDG 8). However, Kiribati, PNG and Solomon Islands failed to achieve any of the MDGs (PIFS, 2015). However, very few countries made gains in reducing poverty and achieving gender equality and the empowerment of women, while there were mixed outcomes on improving maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis, and ensuring environmental sustainability (PIFS, 2015). Can these nine states achieve the SDGs by 2030?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It requires the involvement of a large number of economic actors and concerted action by all ministries whose policies affect resource productivity. Governments have an important role in ensuring that all relevant policies and measures are coherent and well integrated, and in establishing proper framework conditions. This will in turn create opportunities for investment, for new products, new markets and employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
There are also policies targeting land degradation and reclamation, the promotion of the protection of native birch woods and restoration of marshlands. A number of strategies have been adopted for various issues and sectors. Planning and taking into use national level biodiversity accounting could be set as a target in the next version of the NBSAP in accordance with the Aichi targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In fact, eight out of the thirteen Finnish respondents referred in one way or another to a need for examples of successful implementation from other countries. However, it appears that they saw such examples, not primarily as models to be implemented in Finland, but rather as a means of persuading Finnish decision makers that stratified medicine was worth supporting and promoting. Respondents were concerned that there was a lack of awareness among politicians, health care professionals and the public about the benefits that might be expected to follow from implementing stratified medicine. Consequently, they called for efforts to identify and disseminate “public success stories” and “concrete examples” from other countries which would “strengthen the view of the overall picture and benefits” of stratified medicine in general.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, the National Chemical Profile and the Persistent Oiganic Pollutants National Implementation Plan (the latter is awaiting Government approval) have been prepared. Furthermore, the Health and Social Projects Implementation Centre is developing a healthcare waste management policy and regulation as part of the Avian Influenza Control and Human Preparedness and Response Project. The Central Storage Facility for radioactive waste has been built, and part of radioactive sources have been identified and collected throughout the country' and stored therein.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Even seemingly gender-neutral policy decisions can have effects, whether intentional or not, on women’s chances of become equal participants in society. They may make it more difficult for them to find employment, secure an education, start a business, meet the needs of their family, or ensure their human rights. For example, a workplace regulation that permits both parents to take leave to care for a sick child is more likely to affect women as primary caregivers (see Chapter 17). Israel, for example, reports that several GIAs showed how sports for men and boys enjoyed greater subsidies than sports for women and girls at national and local level (Swirski, 2011). Such analysis can be conducted during the design stage of a law or regulation (ex ante) and/or during evaluations of the impacts of implemented laws, regulations and programmes (ex post).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In other words, the relation between vulnerability and disasters is explained by the lesser capacity of an individual or group to anticipate, survive and resist the impact of a disaster, and then recover. Moreover, when a disaster strikes its impact will depend on risk management and the institutional capacities associated with climate change adaptation. Both are development factors that influence the configuration of disaster risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It is important in supporting people’s livelihoods, as the sector employs 7% of the population and provides 20% of Cambodian households with at least one income (ILO, 2018a). Furthermore, the incomes of GTF workers are rapidly expanding, with the minimum monthly wage in the sector rising from USD 80 (US dollars) in 2013 to USD 170 in 2018. Given that a large part of a GTF worker’s pay is non-wage, the median take-home revenue totalled USD 225 in 2017, well above the national average (ILO, 2018b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It excludes expenditure on fees for operating licences and the use of radio spectrum. To benefit from ICT technologies, basic education and digital skills are key. Concessional finance can support greater incorporation of digital trainings and ICT solutions in the education system. It can also be useful to support the digitalisation of government systems, including tax and health systems, for improved service delivery (Dahlman, Mealy and Wermelinger, 2016(29]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The probability that recurrent emergencies will persist is high, even with well-planned and executed strategies. However, over time and with dedicated attention and often incremental action, complex disaster risks can be managed and reduced. Coordinated, collaborative action allows for organizations to play to their strengths and not extend beyond their own institutional capacity while also creating synergies and positive exchanges among actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This was on average a reduction in the amount of the Allowance. In 2009, the 30% rate was increased to 40% and “in some cases to 50%” (NIC, 2009). However the Re-employment Allowance no doubt motivates some workers to participate in the Early (re-)employment support (programme, and the PES performance target for the early re-employment rate suggests that about a third of claims end early enough to qualify (see Chapters 2 and 3, and Table 5A.1). In 1995, about 40% of UI recipients received “some form of re-employment bonus” (Mazza, 2000).101 In 2007, there were 365 000 payments of Re-employment Allowance representing nearly a quarter of the number of first payments of regular El benefit, and allowance payments totalled JPY 60 billion representing 6% to 7% of total expenditure on regular El benefit (MHLW, 2008d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Strategies range from teaching citizenship in schools and English-language training to new immigration laws.7 There are fears that immigration has produced a society too diverse to cohere and that it is undermining ‘the common values that hold British society together’ (Cheong et al., Social cohesion has become a key word in partisan as well as policy discourse. The Netherlands, shaken by violent incidents in its multi-ethnic cities, has shifted its policy perspective from one of social citizenship to policy efforts to foster, in contrast, a strong sense of Dutch identity (Ossewaarde, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While all technologies have system costs, those generated by variable renewables are of at least an order of magnitude larger than those of dispatchable technologies. In addition, they are creating a market environment in which dispatchable technologies are no longer able to finance themselves through revenues in “energy only” electricity wholesale markets. In addition, system costs tend to increase over-proportionally with the amount of variable electricity injected into the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Given a projected GDP per-capita growth of a factor of 5.7 between 2007 and 2050 in India, one would expect the growth of residential electricity demand per capita to rise by a similar amount, to over 800 kWh/cap per year in 2050. The demand would be at a similar level to the current level of Malaysia, but still well below that of Singapore. In combination with an assumed 44% population growth between 2007 and 2050, this would result, excluding any efficiency improvements, in a residential electricity demand of 1311 TWh, some 12 times the demand level of 2006/07. In total, the final electricity demand grows in the BLUE Map Scenario from 567 TWh in 2007 to 3 168 TWh in 2050.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Cambodia has a high potential for renewable energy and a fledgling solar industry, spurred in part by donor financed programmes over the past decade. Despite this, no renewable energy policy exists and no incentives are in place to spur the uptake of grid-connected renewables, and power development plans do not reflect the potential for green energy in the country. Similarly, there is no policy framew'ork in place to support energy efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Registering on ‘Google My Business’, for example, is free and ensures that businesses are ranked higher in relevant Google searches and Maps. For example, cattle farmers in East Africa use platforms to register information, such as cattle prices, vaccines, health, breed and various certifications, with traders across borders.32 Using these platforms, buyers and sellers are informed about market supply and demand and market prices, and can reach trading agreements on the platforms, without traveling long distances at great costs. This enables more efficient coordination between buyers and sellers. In a survey conducted on United States-based consumers, the vast majority of respondents reported trusting online reviews as much as personal recommendations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Use assessment strategies that are consistent with the learning objectives, the subject taught, and the national curricular framework, and allow all students to show what they have learnt. The teacher: - knows and understands the core principles and concepts involved in the subjects) or disciplined) taught by him/her. - Show high expectations about the learning possibilities and B3. Create and keep consistent regulations about classroom B4.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As of August 2014, the Open Working Group had proposed 17 goals and 169 targets to guide the international community over the coming 15 years (United Nations, 2014). With sustainable development at the nexus, the goals cover economic, social and environmental dimensions aimed at improving people’s lives and protecting the planet for future generations. The new goals and targets would also aim to fully realize the MDG agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Ecuador, the Demographic and Maternal and Child Health Survey (ENDEMAIN, 2004) found that 68% of those aged 60 to 74 had this type of difficulties, as did 82% of those aged over 75 years. According to data from Latinobarometro (see figure IV.7), problems in accessing health care are more acute for older persons with lower socio-economic status. Those of extremely low socio-economic status have no access to health care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Poverty statistics and their comparability could also be improved by greater harmonization of criteria, such as those for calculating poverty lines. The absence of this information also precludes analysis of labour earnings or of the impacts of government transfers and taxes on household welfare. The debate about relevant capabilities and the best way to measure equality in these has been wide-ranging (see, among others, Nussbaum, 2001, Robeyns, 2005), but remains open.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The region should be seen as a “laboratory” for developing research, students’ work-based and experiential learning and development projects in many different fields. For research-intensive universities, the principal driver is scientific excellence. There is a need to acknowledge the key role that HEIs can play in local and regional development and provide incentives at the institutional and individual level to mobilise the full potential of HEIs. If Malaysia wishes to mobilise its higher education system in support of regional development, the higher education policy which embraces teaching, research and community service should include an explicit regional dimension. There should be an acknowledgement that the diverse regional contexts within which higher education institutions operate and the national policies, especially funding regime, have differential regional impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Mandaue City is the only exception, requiring the 20% allocation to be built within the LGU. This statutory provision has not been given the due recognition and should be fully adhered to. In Catalonia, Spain, it is mandatory that residential developments keep 30% of total amount of dwellings for both social housing (20%) and price-controlled housing (10%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)