albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Protection of marine areas of potential national jurisdiction (extending from the coastline to 200 nautical miles) increased from 1.2 per cent to 5.3 per cent. In fact, a significant portion of the world's population depend on protected areas for their livelihoods. Recognizing the importance of both biodiversity and ecosystem services, the Convention on Biological Diversity seeks to conserve at least 17 per cent of the world’s terrestrial areas and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas by 2020 through a global protected area network that is effectively and equitably managed and ecologically representative of the earth’s natural resources. Other regions lag far behind.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The “Water for life” Strategy (Box 1.3) encourages an expanded role for the private sector in WWS and allows BOTs to be used as a possible modality. A comprehensive National Water Master Plan was adopted by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation in 2003, which helped to make Jordan one of the most advanced countries in the region in terms of an enabling environment, policies and strategic planning for the water sector (SWIM-SM, 2012). The Water Master Plan focuses on groundwater and water resources management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
May include people in institutions. Indicators of housing affordability usually focus on the ratio between housing costs and household income (AHURI, 2005). One useful and common measure of housing affordability is the housing cost overburden, which measures the proportion of households who spend more than a given share of household income on housing costs. Figure 3 illustrates the proportion of households who spend more than 40% of their income on housing costs, based on household survey data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Contracts are a tool often used by government to set a framework for long-term projects. They can be broadly defined as an arrangement that reorganises the rights and duties of governments, define mutual obligations, and agree on authority and enforcement mechanisms (formal or informal). There is indeed a trade-off between long-term programmes for economic development which provide certainty for the public and private sector, and the need to adapt to new priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
How the resources on which these people depend for their survival are obtained and used, by women and men, is largely determined by local contexts and customs. Women's knowledge and needs frequently differ from those of men, but similar patterns exist in different parts of the world. For example, timber extraction for household and community construction is often carried out mostly by men (especially in developing countries) while more complex gender roles are identifiable in the collection of non-timber forest products (NTFPs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For a long time, gender-based violence (GBV) has been viewed as a private or family matter. Over the last two decades there has been a shift in thinking about GBV, and it is now viewed as a societal problem, primarily as a human rights violation and public health problem. Although GBV is often interchangeably used with “sexual violence” and “violence against women,” it is useful to distinguish GBV from other forms of violence. GBV is a deliberately broad term in order to recognize the gendered elements in nearly all forms of violence against women and girls, whether it is perpetrated through sexual violence or through other means.      Keywords:    gender,  violence,  power,  feminism
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The CCVFV should ask for recommendations from the Ministry of Mining or the MECF if relevant and obtain MIC agreement for foreign projects. Once the application has been approved by the district FAB and the registration fees have been paid (around USD 0.57 per person), the township FAB issues the certificate. Applicants that are cultivating the land should show photos of the cultivated land and the Nay Pyi Taw Council or the region/state department office should approve the issuance of a land use right.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Such a shift will create a more transparent market for access to resources without improper interference of foreign and domestic government policy. Concurrently, as shown in other work of the Committee there is also a need to address domestic governance and management with a view to achieving sustainable fisheries. There is evidence that such developments are taking place already as some companies are setting up affiliate harvesting companies abroad (e.g. Pescanova, Austevoll Seafood, Pacific Andes).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The strength of the New Zealand dollar is driven by domestic interest rates which are high compared to other developed countries. This means that it is unlikely there will be large fluctuations in the exchange rate and the return to fishers should be stable. As fish sold in the New Zealand market is generally processed through exporting premises, most fish for domestic consumption is also covered by the Animal Products Act. However, exemptions allow some primary processors for the domestic market to operate under the Food Act 1981, by either complying with the Food Hygiene Regulations 1974 or implementing a registered Food Safety Program (FSP). Secondary fish processors are not required to operate under a Risk Management Program. Other secondary processors are covered by the Food Act provisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In-depth understanding of the technical and economic dimensions of the new technological options needs to become entrenched, through imitation, network effects and/or conscious policy measures, before industry-level economies of scale can be harnessed to create a critical mass that spurs energy transition further (Grubler, 2012, UNCTAD, 2014b). However, as discussed later in the chapter, challenges and tradeoffs remain, technically, economically, socially and environmentally. The ability of LDCs to reap the benefits of technological progress depends critically on the grid’s quality in terms of voltage levels and reliability as well as its extension.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Governments might instead choose to capture the rents associated with cheap electricity sources through state taxes, which could be used to promote green growth priorities, and encouraging a longer-term more sustainable industry structure, whilst building financial reserves to help tackle future energy-sector decarbonisation. In this sense, the dilemmas and solutions are similar to those facing oil-exporting nations (Box 3.1). The energy system comprises a consistent network of supply chains, physical infrastructure, user practices, markets and regulatory systems (Kemp, 1994).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
At the national level, the central government has standards, targets and a programme (Master Plan 7) to increase energy efficiency in manufacturing. At the city level, the Hai Phong Green Growth Strategy for Industry in 2020 (with the target for 2030) formulates a vision for modernising industry and encourages energy-effective production. Based on this plan, the city will help the 120 casting companies that use coal to transform their manufacturing process. The city is already supporting firms in energy auditing and has provided consulting solutions to save energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The cost increase due to load following operation is related to several factors: (a) additional and more stringent requirements for the plant design, the monitoring system and the fuel element design, (b) increased operation and maintenance expenses since the plant’s components need more frequent inspections and repairs, and (c) income losses due to the reduction of the plant’s load and availability factor. The load following option is therefore already “built-in” in the reactor design and it does not causes additional investment costs. Also, a number of older nuclear units have already been designed for significant manoeuvring capabilities or have already been upgraded to improve their operating flexibility, no investment or limited investment are thus required to exploit those units in a load following mode.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Before the speed cameras were put in, road signs informed drivers about permitted driving speed and the coming installation of the cameras. A CSDD representative said that while fixed speed cameras were important to road safety, portable speed cameras were also essential, along with public education and infrastructure upgrades. Thus, aside from stationary speed cameras, Latvian State Police still use mobile speed cameras procured in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
While political cycles create incentives for focusing policymaking on short- to medium-term measures, in Chile the challenge is particularly acute because of the four-year electoral cycle combined with the single presidential term. Chile’s government lacks institutions and a culture that promotes more long-term thinking and evidence-based policy-making, two key competences required for developing the sort of infrastructure that will prepare the country for the future. Source: OECD (2016a), OECD Suivey of Infrastmcmre Governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The best procedure, therefore, is to treat inequality indices as complementary to one another and analyse their results in combination. In contrast, inequality increased by half a percentage point or more annually in six countries (see figure 1.10). Although the decline in inequality has been small, and has not been enough to change Latin America’s status as the world’s most unequal region, it is nonetheless positive, especially in the wake of a prolonged period when general distributional improvements were lacking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, the leadership of regional and urban development policy has been unstable. In 2013, the creation of the Ministry of Regional Development (MRD) was announced. This had all the levers for developing and implementing comprehensive urban and regional development policies, except for the allocation of revenue authority and budgetary transfers to SNGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For more than seventy years, courts have deferred to reasonable agency interpretations of ambiguous regulations. The Auer principle, as is it is now called, has attracted academic criticism and some skepticism within the Supreme Court. But the principle is entirely correct. In the absence of a clear congressional direction, courts should assume that because of their specialized competence, and their greater accountability, agencies are in the best position to decide on the meaning of ambiguous terms. The recent challenges to the Auer principle rest on fragile foundations, including an anachronistic understanding of the nature of interpretation, an overheated argument about the separation of powers, and an empirically unfounded and logically weak argument about agency incentives, which exemplifies what we call "the sign fallacy."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is also a need to guarantee that teachers and students have the materials they need in rural schools. In addition, there are strong arguments for reorganising small schools so they better serve their students. This reorganisation, however, needs to be implemented so it does not put at risk students’ continuation in the education system. The government may consider expanding or revising remedial programmes that are in place for students who are in the transition to upper secondary education and make sure that students coming from rural areas receive special attention. However, it is not clear if all students with special educational needs are benefitting from the programme and there are some special needs that might be over-diagnosed. Failure in the diagnosis of children with special needs has high costs, both for individual students and for the education system as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The European Environment Agency reports that most EECCA countries have problems with the quality of their drinking water supplies. The percentage of samples of drinking water not complying with microbiological standards is between five and 30%, this excess being higher in non-centralised drinking water sources, primarily in rural areas. This situation leads to significant negative health impacts, as illustrated by two charts below, based on WHO data (WHO, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Essentially, two sets of chain governors exist—internal and external. In private sector-driven chains, these governors are firms, generally the “lead firms". In state-driven chains, the key decision makers include the managers of these state enterprises. Final market demand forces key actors in the chain to drive green standards systematically both down and up their value chains (for example.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There is substantial heterogeneity among the EU-SILC countries in the rates of child poverty entry and exit. Scandinavian countries tend to combine lower exit and entry rates, while Southern and Eastern European countries tend to have higher rates of both poverty exit and entry. Household-level income events, i.e. relative growth in employee earnings, are found to be the most important predictors of transitions in and out of poverty, followed by employment events (i.e. changes in the number of adult workers), while the relatively rare demographic events have little bearing on child poverty transitions in the EU-SILC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is also an important winter roosting place for many birds, especially geese. The construction of the Nove Mlyny reservoirs on the Dyje River (1976-1989), intended to provide flood retention and a possibility to enhance low flow during droughts, changed the character of the river below the reservoir, and, besides other changes, reduced spring floods of the neighbouring flood-plain. The most negative impact of river regulation works is nowadays the dredging of the riverbed, causing disconnection of the river-floodplain system, decrease of the water table, and potentially threatening groundwater sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The plans include measures to increase the progressivity of the tax system by increasing the contributions of successful state-owned enterprises, and increase the various elements of tax contribution of the richer members of society. Furthermore, minimum wages in rural areas are to be increased significantly and the household registration system is to be reformed to allow urban residents from rural areas to be entitled to the social security and other entitlements of urban-registered citizens. Despite a slowdown in headline GDP growth in China, largely as a result of a fall in investment, an increasingly consumption-driven Chinese economy would benefit regional exporters of consumer goods through increased penetration in the Chinese market. The total benefit in exports for the region would be almost $13 billion during the period 2013-2015, with export growth for the region at up to 0.5 of a percentage point above the level without rebalancing (see box 1.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
According to Fischer and Newell, "if learning is more firm-specific and less likely to spill over, policies subsidising renewables are less appropriate to compensate for knowledge externalities. In contrast, if learning is more difficult to patent to appropriate rents, then renewable subsidies may be relatively more justified" than R&D support. A more modern - and possibly more realistic - perspective instead sees technical change as a cyclical process, based on two-way feedbacks between market experiences and technical developments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As children from disadvantaged backgrounds tend to have lower educational aspirations and in turn lower employment outcomes, enhancing their aspirations may have a positive effect on reducing inequality and achieving higher social justice. The socio-economic status of the family represents the first and most immediate environment affecting children's aspirations. Other external factors may also influence children's knowledge, development and aspirations contributing to their inter-generational mobility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It coincided with the review of the Autonomous Region of Andalusia and followed the reviews of the Canary Islands and the Region of Valencia that took place during the first round 2005-07. The review report for Andalusia: Higher Education in Regional and City Development: Andalusia, Spain (OECD, 2010) has a strong focus on how to improve the relevance of educational provision and the employment and entrepreneurship outcomes of university graduates. The recommendations and good practice examples in the Andalusian report are also relevant for the universities in Catalonia, and readers interested in them should refer to this report. The OECD would like to thank in particular the lead coordinators and other active local counterparts for this review.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Changes in land use will redistribute the area of the country among the land use categories. If presented in matrix form, the information will show how an increase or decrease in one category contributes to a decrease or increase in other land use categories. Land cover statistics can also be presented in a similar fashion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Trade secret law is state law. For most of its history it was also common law. However, trade secret law was dramatically transformed by the Uniform Trade Secrets Act, which has been enacted in forty-seven states. Although now statutory law, the law of trade secrets retains the basic character of its common law roots, often relying without significant elaboration on concepts developed through common law adjudication. Harvey Perlman and I were the Reporters for the American Law Institute’s Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition, which includes an analysis of trade secret law applicable to actions under the Uniform Act. The trade secret sections of the Restatement do not of course substitute for the statutory text, but they can be helpful aids in interpreting the statute. This article examines the changes in trade secret law made by the Uniform Act as analyzed in the Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Cambodia, for instance, from 1997 to 2003, consistent condom use among police officers grew from 65.6 to 94.2 per cent in commerdal sex interactions, but only from 11.4 to 41.2 per cent in intimate relationships. More generally, "less than 20 per cent of sexually adive Cambodian men and women have ever used a condom, representing an enormous unmet need" (PSI, 2004, p. 2). Inconsistent condom use is also rife, implying opportunities for greater use of condoms if adherence could be increased. In Singapore, in 2004,45 per cent of the surveyed clients of sex workers used condoms inconsistently (Wee et al, 2004) and in Indonesia less than 10 per cent of male dients consistently used condoms though more than 50 per cent were married or had regular partners (Hudiono, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Public spending on health (1.7% of GDP) was average compared to Asian countries, but significantly below the average for all LMICs (2.6% average). Other social protection spending (cash transfers, pensions and allowances) amounted to 3.0% of GDP, which is much lower than other Asian countries (4.8% average) and LMICs globally (7.6% average). Social assistance programmes tend to cover extensively targeted groups while social insurance coverage is low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
To build up self-sustaining stocks of salmon, access must be restored to a maximum number of identified spawning and juvenile habitats in the Rhine catchment, and greater facility for upstream migration allowed. Activities to support this include work on two dams in the Upper Rhine at Strasbourg and Gerstheim by 2015 to allow access to the Elz-Dreisam system in the Black Forest, improving existing fish passages at four dams on the High Rhine and at several barriers on the navigable tributaries that are the Moselle, Main, Lahn and Neckar. Such measures arc also a feature of responses in the Moselle and Saar and in the Scheldt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In this article, I examine matters concerning justice and climate change in light of current work in global justice. I briefly discuss some of the most important contemporary work by political philosophers and theorist on global justice and relate it to various considerations regarding justice and climate change. After briefly surveying the international treaty context, I critically discuss several issues, including climate change and human rights, responsibility for historical emissions and the polluter-pays principle, the ability to pay principle, grandfathering entitlements to emit greenhouse gasses, equal per capita emissions entitlements, the right to sustainable development, and responsibility for financing adaptation to climate change. This set of issues does not exhaust the list of considerations of global justice and climate change, but it includes some of the most important of those considerations. WIREs Clim Change 2012, 3:131–143. doi: 10.1002/wcc.158        For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
According to all respondent groups, mainstreaming climate change into development planning in recipient countries is an important pre-condition for effective climate finance. One reason for this is that it is important for the core government ministries responsible for national planning and budgeting to acknowledge the contribution of climate smart and resilient activities towards mid- and long-term development goals, and mainstream climate actions and finance into the decision-making of sectoral ministries, departments and agencies. Providers also noted that this was a vital pre-condition for channelling climate finance through budget support. In contrast, the absence of an integrated national vision on climate change was reported as a contributing factor towards providers’ decisions to finance their own priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Redirecting innovation from dirty to clean technologies reduces the cost of environmental policies and can lead to higher economic growth in the short run, if the benefits from higher spillovers exceed these costs. This financial effort needs nevertheless to be sustained and accelerated, if indeed the objective of a near-zero-GHG emission electricity production is maintained. The commitment made by the 22 countries (and the EU) under the Mission Innovation, to double their public financing for low-carbon energy RD&D is therefore crucial and may need to be strengthened even further in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Paris Agreement recognises that significant capacity development will be needed through 2020 and beyond to implement the current and future transparency framework. For this reason the Paris Agreement explicitly requests the Global Environment Facility to establish a Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency. Many developing countries may have submitted only one BUR and undergone only one international consultation and analysis process by 2020, limiting the experience developing countries can draw on by the time the Paris Agreement comes into effect. Streamlining reporting and review guidelines (e.g. for national communications and biennial reports) could facilitate the technical review of reports (UNFCCC, 2015c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Section 13.3 presents a discussion of historical and ongoing efforts of regional co-operation. Finally, Section 13.4 puts forth areas of possible future co-operation and suggests ways in which this can be achieved. The four countries not only share important social-economic characteristics but they also face similar challenges in terms of the provision of energy services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)