albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Within the broader context of that project, the Chronic Disease Prevention (CDP) microsimulation model has been developed. The CDP epidemiological model is able to simulate the population dynamics of lifestyle-oriented risk factors for selected chronic diseases. Neither the health impact of undertaking two interventions together nor the costs of their joint production are necessarily additive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Low-, middle- and high-income countries are defined in line with World Bank definitions, see http://data.worldbank.org/aboul/comiuy-classificaiions. In middle-and high income around spending per beneficiary was about 8.5 % of GDP per capita in 2012. Among middle-income countries spending per beneficiary is particularly high in Armenia, Azerbaijan and particularly Uzbekistan where the average pension payment is close to average GDP per capita (ADB, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Furthermore, the share of local government and the education authority has been consistently increasing. On the other hand, the central government share is decreasing. A comparison of fiscal transfers from the central government to local governments among OECD countries shows that the sub-national fiscal capacity of Korea is weaker than in other OECD peer countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This allows us to explore which dimensions have the greatest impact on female emigration. First, bilateral migration data present a high occurrence of zero values, which may bias our estimations. Second, our gender inequality variable may be correlated with the error term, due to potential reverse causality, since gender inequality may be a determinant of international migration but at the same time migrants may shift gender attitudes in their origin countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Libya and Yemen, too, have more recently slid into states of civil war, with competing factions, often based on tribal and regional affiliations, vying for local and sometimes national power, although given the especially recent and dynamic nature of conflict in these countries, they are not covered in detail in this chapter. Data come from 1990 and 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This suggests that as GDP increases, a reduction in the physically and time-intensive tasks of unpaid care work (such as collecting water or fuel) can be observed for (mainly) women, but this does not lead automatically to a more equitable distribution among household members (Ferrant, Pesando and Nowacka, 2014). For a definition of income groups see http://data.worldbank.ore/data-cataIoe/world-deveIoDment-indicators. In Ethiopia, Peru and South Africa time use data is available for girls and boys from age ten, revealing that ten-year-old girls spend on average 44 minutes in unpaid care work compared to 24 minutes for boys of the same age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The article challenges the assertion that the apartheid system in South Africa was a crime under customary international law giving rise to individual responsibility prior to the drafting of the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.  The article also examines the role of the Rome Statute in the criminalisation of apartheid and assesses the current status of the crime of apartheid in customary international law with particular reference to the principle of legality (nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege).  Nothing in this article should be read as condoning the gross violations of human rights that resulted from the policies of apartheid in South Africa in any way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This should be done by updating labour legislation, but also by empowering low-skill workers and enabling them to increase their productivity, through the acquisition of adequate skills. Finally, focus should be placed on closing wide gender gaps. Since the 1990s, economic growth and poverty reduction achieved by Chile have been among the most impressive in the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is primarily attributed to the agricultural, tourism and marine transport sectors. While some of these activities have been unsustainable and have exceeded the rate of species regeneration, their impacts have been moderated in recent years through better management. Changing demographics and economic conditions, technological advances in the fishing and agricultural sectors, and continued severe pressure on water resources may increase the pressures on natural resources in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As of mid-2011 there were about 6 billion39 mobile subscriptions globally, and at the end of 2010 there were almost 4 billion mobile cellular subscriptions40 in the developing world with active SIM cards. The total IMT population coverage has increased over recent years but is heterogeneous, depending on the country. Indeed, the first areas with mobile broadband coverage were cities where the density of population is highest. Other areas are now being covered and refarming enables operators to use the bands below the 1 GHz frequency, which provides properties for larger cell radius than the bands around 2 GHz.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The gender implications of large-scale land deals. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(1), 49-79. Gender and Biofuels in Mozambique - Good or Bad News for Women? Gender in Agriculture, Gender Equality as Smart Economics, October, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ INTGENDER/Resources/October2010-3.pdf?cid=PREM_GAP-NewsEN_A_E?cid=PREM_GAPNewsEN_A_E Benjamin, A.E. (2010). Women in community forestry organizations: An empirical study in Thailand, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 25(sup 9), 62-68.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
When it comes to health care, undocumented migrants had legal access to emergency, primary and secondary health care, and specialist and in-patient treatment in six European countries in 2011. Many other European countries, however, granted them access to emergency health care only (see chapter VI). The evidence available indicates that women lag systematically behind in terms of access to social protection across all groups. The disadvantages they face, including in the labour market, curtail their entitlements and hinder their effective coverage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Mechanisms for vertical co-ordination on spatial planning (cont.) Beyond the preparation of the Spatial Development Concept, the OREK also monitors spatial development across Austria. It has developed an online tool that provides a mapping function of a variety of important indicators at the municipal and regional level and releases a report on the state of spatial development every three years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Understanding the factors that drive children's aspirations and identifying the channels through which they develop are vital to promoting inter-generational mobility. Parental education and wealth are strong determinants of children's educational outcomes. Children from disadvantaged backgrounds have lower educational aspirations and children from ethnic minorities in the poorest wealth quartile tend to adjust their aspirations downwards as they get older.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In the course of the 2015/16 tax reform, it is planned to double the tax allowance per child to EUR 440. It amounts to 0.65% of GDP, that is, approximately a fourth of total spending on family benefits. Since 2009, employers can grant a childcare subsidy to the employee of up to EUR 500 per year for children under ten years of age conditional on the use of an formal childcare facility or a licensed child minder. The subsidy can be paid either directly to the facility or to the care giver either in cash or as a voucher to be cashed in at a facility of her choice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Charter schools are the most popular form of school choice in the US. However, we know little about how these schools affect traditional public schools. I look at how charter schools affect achievement, behavior, and attendance in nearby traditional public schools using data from a large urban school district in the southwest. Unlike prior work that relies on school fixed effects, I instead address the endogenous location of charter schools using an instrumental variables strategy. My results show that when charter school penetration increases, students suffer modest but statistically significant drops in math and language score gains. However, achievement losses are potentially offset by improvement in discipline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Today, India is the largest producer of fresh buffalo and goat milk and the second largest producer of fresh cow milk in the world. Most of the milk produced is consumed within the country. Milk is an essential source of protein in the predominantly vegetarian diet of many Indians. Today, every Indian consumes about 250 g of milk per day.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The relationship between alcohol consumption and ethnic backgrounds is not straightforward as it is compounded by many other factors such as religion, acculturation, and genetics. The differences observed by ethnic group may be associated with strong ethnic identity, strong family and local community ties, continuing links with the host country and maintaining religious values (Hurcombe et al, 2010). Some minority ethnic groups may have strong religious ties that forbid alcohol drinking. Acculturation is a complex process, broadly understood as the adoption of cultural traditions and values of the host society by immigrant groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They have the added advantage of leaving the pollution rent to the polluter. However, in the area of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions in particular, a review and eventual tightening of emission standards seem warranted. Information-based measures: contrary to a frequent misconception, these measures are not minor add-ons to “real” measures but are at the heart of modern internalisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Especially in the run-up to COP 21 in Paris and in conjunction with COP 22 in Marrakesh, the last decade has seen a strong increase in non-state actors' actions to move towards climate change mitigation and adaptation. Alongside other nonstate actors, they are increasingly recognized for their potential in raising global ambitions in the face of climate change. Most initiatives were launched in 2014 and 2015, since when the number of new initiatives has continuously increased, with eleven being launched in 2017. In addition, two high-level champions were appointed to encourage the engagement of interested Parties and non-Party stakeholders and to further the initiatives launched as part of the Lima-Paris Action Agenda, among others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Thandi Shezi, who was gang-raped by the police, testified, “I thought I’d done something that I deserved to be treated like that. She explained: “Sometimes I feel like I invited the trouble myself. Many high-ranking women in government who were rape victims during the apartheid years may have worried how they would be perceived if they came forward with their stories.13 Some women in government were former MK (Umkhonto we Sizwe) soldiers who had been molested by their own comrades in training camps in Zambia, Angola and Tanzania but may have not wanted to discredit fellow members in the African National Congress (ANC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Most schools have two or three school leaders, but the largest schools generally have three or more. For example, in general secondary education, a large school of more than 1 500 students can have one principal, 2 or 3 deputy principals, and various secretaries, while a small school of less than 500 students can operate without a deputy principal. Small rural primary schools may only have one teacher that also fulfils the leadership role according to a special teacher statute (maestro director), which requires teachers to devote 25 hours of their time to teaching, and 15 hours to school leadership and management (INEEd, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In an effort to maximize their national interests, states strategically choose to go into bilateral or multilateral negotiations, engage in forum-shopping to find rules that best suit their aims and form various types of coalition. For the promotion of sustainability, it is necessary to institutionalize rules, norms and agreements that restrict some of the freedom of self-interested states. It is not always a bad thing for states to restrict their own freedom through institutions, because international institutions among states can enhance the prospect of cooperation by decreasing transaction costs and uncertainties, avoiding moral hazard through monitoring, and raising the cost of deception (Keohane, 1984). A central question for global governance concerning the management of international coordination, therefore, is the degree of centralization: the extent to which states delegate their authority by creating informal or formal institutional structures, rules and procedures for decision-making, and voluntary or mandatory agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The questions referred to the Judicial Independence in the field of international law and its impact on domestic institutions, with particular depth in the Argentine case, will be reflected in this work. To do this we make an analysis and interpretation of various international instruments and recommendations of Human Rights Organizations. We intend to demonstrate that the human right that guarantees access to an independent judiciary, becomes the starting point on the face of the effective recognition of the rights and fulfillment of the highest missions the rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All parties are left to establish their own national policy framework to achieve the commitments outlined in such NDCs. Countries are also required to report emissions, with progress reviewed by a 'facilitative, non-intrusive, non-punitive' independent review system against common metrics still to be defined, with flexibility given to developing countries in light of their weaker capacity to collect and report data. They have therefore agreed to convene a 2018 facilitative dialogue to inform the next round of commitments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This chapter looks at the 1990s, when state makers argued that the limits of earlier truth and retributive justice policies had been reached, replacing them with a new transitional justice policy based around the concept of reconciliation. Reconciliation emphasized amnesty rather than retributive justice, and was shaped by ideas around democratization that emphasized the need to reach an agreement with the armed forces lest democratic stability be threatened. It shows how in practice reconciliation was used by the state as a way to address current political conflicts, using the threat of instability to legitimize curtailing the political protagonism of human rights groups and the judiciary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, the intellectually coherent manner to proceed towards this internalisation would have been to tax the externality itself, i.e. to impose taxes on GHG emissions and the use of imported fuels, rather than to impose certain technologies on the market. Guaranteeing long-term revenues to VREs only, whether through feed-in tariffs or other instruments, is thus at the origin of the technical and pecuniary externalities that are created by the variability of wind and solar PV. This reduces the profitability of alternative means of electricity production, which nevertheless remain indispensable to ensure the security of supply and thus will require additional revenues through capacity mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The priority of road safety is still very low for most local governments. People wish to spend taxes to promote income rather than to promote safety. This is getting worse for local governments that are heavily dependent on subsidies from central government. This helps reduce criminal records, but it may not encourage careful driving.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A shared, forward-looking vision of urban transport as an enabler of economic, environmental and social opportunities will play a key role in upgrading growth and quality of life in Korean cities. This figure only includes population living in predominantly urban regions (as defined in the OECD territorial classification). The sum of the share of population living in predominantly urban regions and that living in intermediate regions is 82.7%, compared with an OECD average of 73.7%. As of 2015, roads and railways accounted for around 45% and 33% of total traffic-related public investment, respectively (Kim, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In general, the most successful PWPs have been implemented under favourable macroeconomic conditions. Their impact and cost-effectiveness depends not only on the way they have been designed, but also on the overall macroeconomic framework in which they are implemented. Training programmes for young workers generally have little positive impact on their employment prospects or post-training earnings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
There are currently 36 biodiversity hotspots worldwide which together hold the majority of the world’s endemic species, and also hold exceptionally high numbers of threatened species, including 50% of threatened mammals, 73% of threatened birds and 79% of threatened amphibians (see Myers et al., Tracking Progress, OECD Green Growth Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.oi-g/10.1787/9789264234437-cn. International Institute for Environment and Development and the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, London.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Indicator systems are costly, both directly (i.e. the cost of development and implementation) and indirectly (i.e. opportunity costs and the potential for inadvertent generation of unintended consequences). It is difficult to capture complexity with water data and indicators, which can lead to developing too many indicators rather than concentrating on a core group. Besides, it is tempting on the part of central government to substitute ex ante control of water services with performance indicators. This can lead to retaining control of how sub-national authorities implement water policy, as they will probably make choices and decisions that allow them to perform well within the parameters of the indicator system, at the expense of other elements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This has implications for policy discussions on how to achieve progress on SDG 14. The interrelationships that we highlight can be used as a tool for dialogue between policy and scientific communities working on oceans, in particular for assessing the status of knowledge on the various linkages, as well as identifying linkages that are likely to matter most for progress on SDG 14. We are grateful for the research assistance provided by Esther Lho and Nelya Rakhimova.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Population-based linkage of patient-level information opens new strategies for dental research to identify unknown correlations of diseases, prognostic factors, novel treatment concepts and evaluate healthcare systems. As clinical trials have become more complex and inefficient, register-based controlled (clinical) trials (RC(C)T) are a promising approach in dental research. RC(C)Ts provide comprehensive information on hard-to-reach populations, allow observations with minimal loss to follow-up, but require large sample sizes with generating high level of external validity. Collecting data is only valuable if this is done systematically according to harmonized and inter-linkable standards involving a universally accepted general patient consent. Secure data anonymization is crucial, but potential re-identification of individuals poses several challenges. Population-based linkage of big data is a game changer for epidemiological surveys in Public Health and will play a predominant role in future dental research by influencing healthcare services, research, education, biotechnology, insurance, social policy and governmental affairs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many people have the intuition that the failure to impose punishment on perpetrators of such serious human rights violations as murder, torture and rape that occurred in the course of violent conflict preceding a society’s transition from authoritarianism to democracy amounts to an injustice. This intuition is to an appreciable extent accounted for by the retributivist outlook of a high proportion of those who share it. Colleen Murphy, however, though she accepts that retributivism may justify punishment of offenders in stable democracies, claims in her recent book on transitional justice that retributivism is inapplicable in the circumstances of transitional justice. I argue that the four arguments she provides in support of this claim are unsuccessful and that retributivism, assuming it to be a tenable rationale for punishment, justifies the subjection of perpetrators of at least some serious human rights abuses to sanctions in at least some transitional societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter argues that that Critical Realism, a philosophy of science, when applied in combination with the morphogenetic approach in historical and social research, can contribute to a deeper understanding of social transformation and help to disentangle the structure–agency relations in the maritime disputes in the South China Sea. The ways in which a society (or a group of people) understands maritime space, adopts practices of demarcating borders, and negotiates disputes, cannot be taken as given. Making them subject to historical and social analysis is both scientifically significant and politically relevant, especially with respect to the role of self-reflexivity in social science research into peaceful transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nevertheless, they do not constitute an economic inefficiency per se but are part of the usual dynamic adjustments in a market economy. As mentioned above, the price mechanism allows a reaction by the affected parties and thus avoids the absence of a possibility to respond to a one-side impact that is typical for external or social costs. Taking the example described above, the deployment of a same amount of VRE on a pure market basis would impose the same revenue shortfall to incumbent power generation, but in this case, this would constitute a pecuniary externality and not constitute an economic inefficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In general, the adaptation options identified in the NAS are broad in scope, allowing for varying degrees of implementation. Box 5.1 presents examples of adaptation options, highlighting opportunities for mainstreaming activities. The aim of this option is to increase the resilience of forests to pests and to increase stability and forest diversity in terms of species, structure, genetics, diversity of habitats, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It reverberates in most war-affected societies. About a year ago, when I had the opportunity to travel to three provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, I saw that the story of women mobilizing for peace was the same. I met the same category of women that were part of the Liberian peace movement—the context is different, but the characters are the same: the virtues, qualities and principles they bring to their work are the same.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)