albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The rules of international humanitarian law of armed conflict are codified in a rather extensive body of treaty law. In addition, extensive research has been conducted into the rules of customary international humanitarian law. The author of this contribution will argue that there is another important source of positive international humanitarian law: principles of international humanitarian law. In this chapter, the role of the principles of international humanitarian law, the functions they perform and their legal significance as a source of international humanitarian law will be assessed. With general public international law as its starting point, the chapter discusses the sources of international humanitarian law. It explains the important role of the Martens Clause and provides examples of how the principles of international humanitarian law may be applied in contemporary armed conflicts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In order to tailor and apply this agenda to national and local contexts, policy-makers need to understand how gendered power relations enable or constrain women's rights in families, and recognize the diverse and changing nature of family forms. This has triggered some shifts in the balance of power within the home, giving women greater economic security and weight in decisionmaking processes, and helping them buffer their families from economic privation. When professional care is unavailable or unaffordable, women and girls are expected to fill the gap, which either reduces their time for schooling, paid work and rest, or results in care needs being neglected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In these cases, private investments may be activated only indirectly through, for example, the provision of finance via (green) bonds. In other cases, the private sector is more likely to be directly involved, for example through targeted investments into the transfer and development of locally adapted, climate resilient technology on the ground. The ability to attract private sector engagement is strongly influenced by the specific market conditions in each country and sector context. These can be improved through a variety of interventions including finance instruments (e.g. de-risking), policy and regulatory reforms and capacity building.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Mexican authorities also established a Reform Plan for the Health Service 1995-2000. Several changes aimed at widening access of the uninsured population to health care services were put in place, including special programmes to extend basic health care coverage such as the Coverage Extension Programme (PAC). Those states with greater capacity and resources (Tlaxcala, Nuevo Leon, Guerrero, Jalisco, Baja California Sur, Morelos, Tabasco.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Education policy must therefore identify and remedy all structural biases that lead to potential exclusion in the mainstream system. Policies and resources aimed at developing genuinely inclusive practices must take precedence over the old ways. Legislation is not an end in itself and its impact depends on implementation, the sustainability of funding, and monitoring and evaluation. More detailed policy frameworks are also needed that ensure the translation of legal norms into practical programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
AbstractIn this article, we illustrate the creation of the education policy paradigm that constitutes the framework of vocational education and training (VET) programmes, and analyse local school representatives’ perception of VET in upper secondary schools in Sweden. The education policy paradigm, established through three periods of reform during the twentieth century, undervalues VET as being less worthy than general/academic education. This paradigm generates the rhetoric used by interviewed school representatives that encourages school pupils to choose the ‘right’ (academic) programmes in order to foster a specific citizenship competence, even if this competence is not fully compatible with labour market demands. Young people who cannot, or will not, attain the ‘right’ education, and thus the advocated citizenship competence, lose out in a school system where general/academic education and higher education preparatory programmes are consistently prioritised over VET. An educational system that advoca...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In total, a fairly comprehensive set of measures has been adopted since the mid-2000s. Workers' rights to leave after childbirth have been considerably extended, and various measures have been adopted to both stimulate the provision of childcare services and reduce the cost for households using these services (Box 4). Investment in families has increased considerably, with Korea allocating 1.37% of GDP to family spending in 2013 compared to only 0.24% in 2001 (Figure 11).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Again, data are available only for a limited set of countries, which makes OECD-wide cross-country comparisons impossible. Such schemes are not yet very common, however, and only Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States have made any real use of them and even then, only sparingly. Reverse mortgages remain a comparative rarity in Europe for the time being, though they are set to become more widespread in the future, particularly to finance long-term care needs. First, housing is not only an asset, but a consumption good, too.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As in the water supply sector, there are acute organizational problems in sewerage systems in rural areas, which make for a coverage rate of only 0.2 per cent. Of the 62 cities and district centres, only 29 have sewerage systems, and in villages there are virtually no sewerage systems. There are issues with the huge amount of surface water entering the sewerage system. However, the necessary financial resources for rehabilitation, expansion and construction of new systems in order to achieve the water and sanitation objectives and goals provided in the sectoral programmes are estimated to increase to more than US$2 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Developing countries therefore need to focus on alternative governance capabilities, which can enable them to directly address key market failures. Khan describes this as a growth-enhancing governance agenda which focuses on developing governance capabilities appropriate for directly addressing a few key market failures. Good governance practice is sometimes justified for the economic benefits it will generate, and at other times as a political end.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
First, never underestimate the “wisdom” of crowds even in matters as complex as energy supply security. Second, while simple indicators have the welcome properties of simplicity and transparency, they are inevitably prone to disregard important parameters of the issue. The 2007 survey underlines that the most important energy-related issue to respondents is energy prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is because having options outside of the family gives women a degree of security in case of family breakdown. Research also suggests, however, that the simple fact of earning money is not sufficient to bring about shifts in women's control over resources. A broader range of factors, including the nature of paid work and the gender norms defining 'sharing rules' for resource distribution within the household,9 shape women's ability to "translate income into voice and agency in the home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Furthermore, it helps create new and decent jobs in new sectors. Governments around the world acknowledge that building green economies and green growth in the context of sustainable development can provide resilience to external shocks, reduce environmental risks, and protect and enhance the natural resource base of the economy, particularly in the context of small states. However, the current international discourse on green growth and the green economy has paid insufficient attention to the challenges of small states. Yet, several small states have begun conceptualising their pathways to a green economy, with different conceptualisations and approaches emerging. This chapter reviews the practical policy processes implemented in Mauritius to promote a green economy, and examines some of the benefits and challenges thereof. It consists of the main island of Mauritius and its dependencies, Rodrigues (560 km east-north-east), Agalega (930 km to the north), St Brandon (400 km to the north) and Tromelin (480 km to the north-west and jointly administered by France).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Forest cover was less than 40 percent in 1960, but this has now grown to 63.4 percent. Although the Republic of Korea has a timber industry, it relies very heavily on imported wood. Korean forests are now mainly valued for public goods rather than timber production. Reforestation was given greater priority from the early 1970s, when it was integrated with the high-profile rural development Saemul Udong movement, which was part of a broader economic development programme supporting agricultural intensification, industrialization and infrastructure development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
On the other hand, to resolve the administrative gap, a government may need, in addition to a shift towards river basin management, to enhance citizen participation and intermunicipal collaboration, collect information at basin level, and offer financial incentives to local authorities. A policy mix of several tools is often called for. Regional and local actors are already key players in OECD countries’ water policy implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the first case, movements are analysed by taking two points in an individual's life, while in the second movements between generations are examined (parents and children). The sociological tradition has stressed mobility in terms of social classes or occupational groups, whereas economists usually analyse mobility in terms of income (or education). To analyse mobility both between generations and over the life cycle of individuals, it would be desirable to have longitudinal information. Few panel data are available in the region, and they are usually from rotating panels of household surveys that are observed for a small number of rounds or collected unsystematically.40 Examples of this type of information are the rotating panel surveys of Argentina, Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Peru (Amarante, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Almost forty years ago, a small group of scholars drew on cognitive psychology to explain anomalous patterns of behavior by leaders on issues of international security. Although it made significant contributions to theory and research, that scholarship did not diffuse broadly into the field. Drawing on concepts in psychology and behavioral economics, research that uses new methods is now producing a wave of scholarship in international relations exemplified by the work in this special issue. Analysis of the use of prospect theory over the last three decades identifies the scope conditions that enable the predictions of rational choice and psychological theories. These scope conditions motivate the focus on the heterogeneity of decision makers that is at the core of current contributions. Future research will move beyond the now-sterile debate between rational choice and psychology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The data were mainly collected from the National Forest Inventory database (NAFI) but also several other sources were used. However, when Finland started the 15% restoration prioritization project in the beginning of the year 2014, the four degradation levels were abandoned. This model is briefly described in chapter 6. An erosion classification system, the AUI Farmland Database (Nytjaland),8 the Iceland Forestry Service database and expert knowledge were used for a first attempt to propose a degradation classification for habitats to this project. An erosion classification system was developed in the 1990s and all land assigned to six classes (Arnalds et al. These were no erosion (0), little erosion (1), slight erosion (2), considerable erosion (3), severe erosion (4) and extremely severe erosion (5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Implementation problems have been attributed to several factors, including insufficient funds, implemented' lack of awareness (or deprioritization) of the programme's creche provision and limited demand from women participants, some of whom may have been concerned about leaving their children with strangers (Holmes and Jones, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
By the end of the pilot, programme participants had a significantly higher likelihood to be employed than non-participants. Unfortunately, participants were not assigned randomly, however, and it is therefore difficult to judge whether this positive result was driven by the programme or by the characteristics of programme participants. First, ALMPs remain heavily focussed on the most employable workers (e.g. the most motivated, better skilled ones).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Traditionally, both national and firm accounting practices treated investment in non-market intangibles, such as internal R&D, as current expenditure rather than as investment. National accounts have now started to capitalise, even if only partially, investments in intangibles such as software and R&D. However, most intangible investment is still excluded from the national accounts. In particular, the rate of change of output per worker increases more rapidly in the presence of intangible capital, and capital deepening -tangible and intangible - becomes the dominant source of labour productivity growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Support for agricultural production and subsidies for variable inputs continue to misalign incentives to farmers and aggravate the overuse and pollution of water. In the context of climate change, the water-energy nexus is also emerging as a critical policy area. The development of non-fossil fuel energy sources, such as hydropower and biofuels, has put serious pressure on water resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Until recently, only one major purchaser had vertically integrated with providers. This situation has arisen mainly due to a political consensus around the undesirability of growing vertical integration in the Dutch context. Proposals that could expand current levels of vertical integration - for instance, the proposed set up of a co-operative in 2008 involving a regional health insurer, a regional physician co-operative and other health professionals, in order to take over a local hospital in financial distress - have been strongly opposed in Parliament, based on concerns about professional autonomy and free choice of provider by users. Insurers are free to compete for enrolees through adjustments to their community-rated premiums and this has resulted in strong price competition among insurers. Stronger competition for enrolees through policy prices quickly translated into financial pressure on insurers, whose general reaction has been two-fold (Schut and Van de Ven, 2011). First, there has been wider experimentation and adoption of measures to reduce operational and managerial costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Here, the buyers for the environmental services are city-based hotels and the sellers are farmers in villages. Farmers receive payment and guarantee the purchase of their farm products from the hotel industry if they agree to limit further expansion of their farm land. There are many successful projects ranging from Doi Chaang, the Arabian coffee produced in Chiang Rai, northern Thailand 7 to Totapuri mango produced in Andhra Pradesh in South India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The phrase 'Australian exceptionalism' is most often used these days in relation to Australia's stand with the United States in the war against terror and the Australian government's attitude to international human rights law. Australia is exceptional also in being now the only English-speaking democracy without a judicially enforceable bill of rights at the federal level. Although not unrelated, here I want to explore whether the part of Australian public law that deals with judicial review of administrative action is also 'exceptional'. I will identify the features that are commonly said to set Australia apart from other common law jurisdictions and justify Australia taking a different path in the elaboration of the principles of judicial review of administrative action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This explains why such reforms are found to be good for equity only under weak inequality aversion levels (Table 4). Future reforms could be better designed in this respect: social protection and labour market reforms to remove disincentives to work should be accompanied by reforms to promote quality jobs, preventing in-work poverty and helping people stay in work and advance in their careers. This can be achieved by well-targeted ALMPs and training programmes, including lifelong learning, with a view to raising employability and pay prospects among those with low skills and the long-term unemployed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Nai Zindagi (literally, "new life"), an NGO in Pakistan, works in close collaboration with the government at the central and provincial levels in the areas of awareness-raising and social mobilization, as well as service delivery, focusing on injecting drug users. In Fiji, the AIDS Task Force of Fiji, an NGO, provides HIV/AIDS-related information as well as counselling, education, training, skills development and capacity-building. The Network is involved in advancing and improving the health, legal and social rights of transgender people. There are also NGOs that deal with the rights and provision of services to transgender people, gays and lesbians.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Whether the commission will have a continued mandate after submitting its report to parliament in 2013 remains uncertain as its mandate covers only one year (LCG, 2013). Land administration (cont.) The team is chaired by the Deputy Minister of MOAI and the Director of SLRD is the Secretary. The team prepares reports for the Chairman of the central FAB and MOAI’s Minister to be submitted to the Parliament and the President, and implements matters included in the report of the investigation commission on confiscated farmland and other land to prevent expropriation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The comprehensive action plan for improving the environmental situation in Azerbaijan (2006-2010) has increaseed the priority given to the protection of water resources, the restoration of natural water protection environments such as forests, and the provision of safe drinking w'ater to the population. Since 2001, the Asian Development Bank has approved loans for projects amounting to USS 800 million for water and sanitation in secondary cities and periurban areas. The World Bank has approved loans worth USS 490 million to improve w'ater and sanitation conditions in 43 districts. Furthermore, bilateral cooperation with such countries as Japan and with other financial institutions is continuing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article critically examines the concept of legal empowerment as it has been used with reference to transitional justice, mapping its rise and impact based on a selection of case studies. In recent decades, international transitional justice advocacy has evolved dramatically, with practice increasingly emphasising the centrality of criminal accountability for violence, precisely as more holistic approaches have emerged that have broadened the remit of transitional justice. Post-conflict justice advocates have thus become professionalised transitional justice entrepreneurs working on issues such as democratic transitions, rule of law and human rights. A legal empowerment discourse has emerged in a number of scholarly debates that discuss legalistic and normative issues related to the implementation of retributive and restorative justice mechanisms. In theory, the concept of legal empowerment addresses the issue of social exclusion in transitions, increasing the rights of the marginalised. In practice, ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The total cost of the program, approximately US$805 000, was split between the Seychelles Government and the GEF. Marine turtles have subsequently become an important component in Seychelles tourism, which is the major economic sector of the Seychelles, with gross revenues accounting to a total of US$750 million per year. Protection of nesting beaches has resulted in increased nesting within some Seychelles protected areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Since then, the Convention has broadened its scope to cover all aspects of wetland conservation and wise use. Many of the listed Ramsar Sites concern wetland ecosystems that are shared between two or three countries. Thirteen of them have been formally designated as Transboundary Ramsar Sites, nearly all of them in Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Additional skills assessed indirectly include familiarity with and use of information and communication technologies. In this report, countries that participated in the first wave of collection in 2002 and 2003 will be referenced to 2003 in figures and tables. This includes Bermuda, Canada, Italy, Norway, Switzerland, the United States and the Mexican State of Nuevo Leon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Caceres and Caceres (2017a) found that the main determinants of self-employment in a sample of six Latin American countries were the economic growth rate and the level of remittances as a percentage of GDP. These two variables will be considered here —along with the change in the manufacturing sector’s share of GDP (D (Manu)) and a qualitative variable (Qualil) representing the drop in GDP in 2009—to be the determinants of self-employment in El Salvador. The results are shown in table 2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Domestic contributions are expected to increase substantially after 2017/18 to reach 78.5% of the total cost forecast for 2019-20. These include transfers to the urban poor, which consist principally of food assistance during holidays such as New Year and Easter. Average annual spending across the regions was about ETB 85 million between 2014/15 and 2016/17.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
From its appearance in 1993, the theory of the «clash of civilizations » of the political scientist Samuel P. Huntington has turned into one of the most spread and debated. In this article, after a meticulous reading of the book of Huntington, a series of fundamental critiques are presented to his paradigm for the global politics: his closed conception of the civilizations, his negative vision of the cultural diversity, his cultural relativism, etc. To end up by defending an alternative paradigm for the international relations: that of an intercultural dialogue based on the universal nucleus of the democracy and the human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The city penalises traffic law offences through cameras installed in areas with frequent parking violations and cameras mounted on buses monitor parked cars. If a car remains in a “no parking” zone for longer than five minutes, a parking ticket is automatically issued and sent to the car’s owner (about 3 million tickets are issued every year). Front-facing cameras on buses ensure that private cars that use the dedicated “median” bus lanes are also fined. The revenue from parking tickets is then reinvested in improvements of public parking facilities. The city government does not make any direct economic profit out of the export, since private companies are in charge of developing the hardware and software required for implementing TOPIS elsewhere. The financial burden is particularly salient in Korea where local governments have a relatively low fiscal autonomy to start with.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)