albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Improving hormonal contraceptive supply: the potential contribution of manufacturers of generic and biosimilar drugs. Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2010, 4th ed. Will the global recession lead to a 'baby bust'? Available from www.abortionreview.org/index.php/site/article/ 509/accessed 4 October 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Telephone surveys are conducted in countries where telephone coverage exceeds 80% of the population. For further details on methodology and questionnaire design, see: www.aalluD.com). Table 1 details the eight dichotomous questions relating to food insecurity experiences in the preceding 12 months, used in the FIES.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Evaluation and appraisals needs to include evaluation of a school’s performance on equity. Early formative assessments need to be administered to young students as early possible, to identify the low performers and provide adequate support. Grants available for further studies need to be primarily allocated to individuals of disadvantaged backgrounds, and adult learning centres can provide customised courses for individuals of less privileged backgrounds at no or little cost.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In many countries, health workers are concentrated in urban areas or facilities serving more advantaged populations. They may be reluctant to work in remote areas because of low remuneration, lack of continuing educational opportunities, difficult working conditions, shortages of supplies and equipment, or a lack of social services for their own families. Most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and many high-mortality countries in South Asia fall well below the threshold (see Figure 1.9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This task force includes regional colleagues as well as staff from headquarters. The organization has officers that specifically deal with individual conventions and close collaboration and coordination among these officers ensures synergies among biodiversity MEA activities in the Pacific. The organization is based in Apia, Samoa, with over 90 staff. Developed through extensive consultation with members, Secretariat programme staff and partner organizations, the Plan establishes four strategic priorities, one of these is for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management. It is delivered through four priority thematic areas: Island and oceanic biodiversity (marine and coastal biodiversity and terrestrial ecosystem and biodiversity), threatened and migratory species, invasive species, and regional and international instruments. This support includes providing a focal point for the CBD who facilitates the sharing and dissemination of information, provides technical and policy advice and guidance, and coordinates regional preparatory COP meetings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The suggestion was made that the low-income net food importing countries, who particularly need to benefit from the rebalanced trade rules, stand to lose from the removal of the status quo on farm protection. In response, Mr Bhattacharya insisted on the need to protect vulnerable consumers from price shocks, but also reminded the audience not to underestimate the potential response in low-income countries. He called for stepping up the dialogue in the Agriculture Committee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
How can courts respond to the omissions by majority powers in the formulation and implementation of public policy? Based on this question, this paper addresses the State of Unconstitutional Affairs, an institute developed in Colombia and incorporated by the Federal Supreme Court in ADPF no347/DF, based on the many dialogues between South American courts. This research adopts the inductive method, in the analysis of the many decisions rendered by Colombian and Brazilian courts, in order to expose the incidental assumptions and limits imposed on the application of jurisprudential construction. This study, therefore, discusses the feasibility of judicial activism legitimized by the protection of fundamental rights, in light of the principle of the separation of powers, by the courts responsible for judicial review.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The proliferation of media content and the use of that content among various publics frequently raises the question of whether and how media might influence political attitudes and behaviors. Scholarship in political science and communication has continually tried to disentangle these relationships. Recent research has included a variety of theoretical perspectives with a focus on experimental designs, but also including surveys, content analyses, and network analyses. Moderating and mediating variables often determine the strength of the relationships between media and political attitudes, and causality is a crucial consideration when determining the directionality of these relationships. Future research should continue these lines of exploration and also consider new media affordances and user interactions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are some advantages to including modules or questions on time use in household surveys, such as lower implementation costs, as the methodology and sample design are part of a regular survey, which also ensures periodicity and comparability with other indicators in the national statistical system (Milosavljevic and Tacla, 2007). This methodology also allows cross-referencing with other survey modules. The Regional Gender Agenda has driven the gradual development of time-use measurement since the 1980s. In addition to the consensus reached by governments at the Regional Conferences for Women in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Working Group on Gender Statistics of the Statistical Conference of the Americas (SCA)8 has played a notable role in conceptual and methodological development, and in the production and dissemination of analytical documents relating to time use. Cuba pioneered the field with its national time-use surveys in 1985 and 1988 (Aguirre and Ferrari, 2014). The methodologies used were heterogeneous in terms of the objectives, legal fundamentals, collection process, classification of activities, geographic scope and calculated and disseminated indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The extent to which trade facilitation affects GDP, poverty and inequality in a country depends on the structure of the economy, therefore, it can vary across different countries. While estimating the heterogeneous effects of trade facilitation is beyond the scope of this study, it is an important aspect for future studies. It is assumed that the contract has already been agreed upon and signed by both parties. Documents required for clearance by government ministries, customs authorities, port and container terminal authorities, health and technical control agencies and banks are taken into account. Since payment is by letter of credit, all documents required by banks for the issuance or securing of a letter of credit are also taken into account.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The first section overviews key features of Mexico’s water policy. The second section provides an institutional mapping of key players in water resources management and service provision, including both official and non-official actors. The following section discusses the major governance gaps in terms of information asymmetry, divergent objectives, limited capacity at the sub-national level, poor accountability, lack of policy coherence across water-related areas, insufficient funding to carry out duties at different levels, and appropriate scale for water resources management and service provision. The fourth section identifies options for reforming water governance in Mexico based on national and other OECD member countries’ good practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Germany has not seen the same sharp increases in housing prices as the United Kingdom, where housing affordability is a major public concern. Low housing supply elasticities, due to restrictive land use, have been argued to be one of the major reasons for decreasing affordability of housing, especially in economically vibrant areas of the United Kingdom (White and Allmendinger, 2003). Moreover, there are additional challenges to uiban containment strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Participatory methods can be quick and efficient, producing data in a timely fashion for evidence-based analysis and action in ways that support empowerment. For local people, participating in monitoring and evaluation (Box 1.9) can itself be empowering when providing space for them to establish their own analytical framework, determine what changes are valued and be in a position to challenge “development from above”. Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) methods facilitated local analysis of changes in power relations, generating more than 8 000 key statements from groups within the movement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Kenya Revenue Authority 45. In essence, the conversion of these offices into one-stop-shop service centres greatly reduced the initial costs that could have gone into the construction or renting of office space for the centres. The initial coverage plan is to establish at least one Huduma Centre in each county.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
How has the discipline of anthropology studied Judaism? This review provides a brief overview of the variety of approaches the discipline has taken to the subject of Jewish religion, society and culture. By situating these approaches in their historical, political and geographic locations, I offer a comparative look at the development of a sub-discipline of the anthropology of religion. In addition to providing a comparative review of the sub-discipline, I also highlight theoretical issues which remain central to the anthropological study of Judaism. These include: reflexivity in the writing of Jewish ethnography, the conceptual problem inherent in using ‘religion’ as the category through which many scholars define Judaism, the place of Judaism in anthropological theories of Diaspora and, lastly, the overemphasis on the notion of ‘memory’ in so many Jewish ethnographies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The French word ami is a term that can refer to both a platonic friendship and an intimate relationship and in the translation from English to French this word was used to refer to both boyfriends and friends. None of the women identified rape perpetrators to be boyfriends, which was interpreted by the survey analysts as an indication of a lack of clarity that resulted from the translation (Jaquier, Fisher and Killias, 2006). Additional detail about the purpose of each question and instructions about coding should be included in the interviewers manual. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Further blockchain implementation should only move forward if there is support from the involved parties. Minimum viable” means that the functional scope of the product and number of participants should be reduced to the minimum number, which still provides enough value for the whole ecosystem. In this sense, a MVP encompasses a product, which solves a user pain, but might still be extended and improved in terms of additional functions, interface, user experience and so forth. The MVE is a network of relevant and necessary actors in order to start the pilot.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Table C 1 also suggests that GDP per capita shares a positive and significant association with the relative child poverty rate, implying that child poverty is higher when GDP per capita is higher (Table C 1 columns 5 to 8). However, this association only appears once measures of social spending and the share of social spending targeted at the 10% poorest households are included in the model specification, with GDP per capita sharing no clear association with the child poverty rate if these measures are omitted. This suggests that the association between GDP per capita and child poverty depends on the level of social expenditure per capita and the level of targeting present in social protection systems. Both the level of social expenditure per capita and the share of social spending directed at the poorest 10% of households share negative associations with the relative child poverty rate (Table C 1, columns 5 to 8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. The author is grateful to Harry de Boer, Elise Miller and Akiyoshi Yonezawa for country case studies that helped to inform this work. Collaborations, alliances and mergers among higher education institutions may seek to enhance academic performance, to achieve economic efficiencies, or to better align the network and performance of institutions to public needs. Institutional collaboration occurs less frequently and successfully in the design and delivery of instruction than in other domains, owing largely to the traditionally autonomous and solitary role of faculty in this area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It then discusses the extent to which location, ethnicity, gender and age may shape the distribution of key sodal outcomes. The chapter offers an overview of intra-generational and inter-generational mobility in Viet Nam, highlighting three important dimensions of sodal mobility: income, labour and education. Finally, it investigates ways in which rapid growth has affected Vietnamese people's relations with each other and the government, their involvement in sodal networks, and sodal norms and family values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Triangular (0, 20, 50) likely % of 20. Because of the high risk of water shortage in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia undertook reforms to implement tradable water user’s rights. Instead, because the risk of shortage is not as acute in the South Saskatchewan River Basin, Alberta only implements licencing of annual allocations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Romanian Journal of Public Affairs is aiming to promote interdisciplinary research in governance, public administration, public affairs, public policy, law, economics and finance, following the philosophy of international interdisciplinary journals.   This number of the journal contains the following articles:   1.The Role Of The President Of Romania In The Executive Power,   2.Erasmus Social Entrepreneurship. A New Formula For Exploring The Creativity And Innovation For Young People,   3. Assessment Of Public Administration Integrity Level: Between Morality And The Law,   4. Application Of The Charter Of Fundamental Rights Of The European Union In Constitutionality Review,   5. Migration Issues Between Protecting Human Rights And Security,   6. A Potential Development Program For Bucharest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, deforestation rates in these territories are among the lowest in the country: in 2014, only 1% of the total deforestation in the Amazon was within these areas. Indigenous lands are also integrated into “landscape mosaics” (Box 5.6). The Constitution also grants rights to quilombola people to collectively own the lands they have occupied since colonial times.*3 Progress in the legislation on indigenous lands has helped address social issues associated with the management of protected areas (Irving, 2010). The 2007 National Policy for the Sustainable Development of TVaditional Peoples and Communities and the 2012 National Policy on Territorial and Environmental Management of Indigenous Lands aim at promoting sustainable use of natural resources in indigenous lands, as well as defending the traditional knowledge of the communities involved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 2014 the largest media companies in Denmark were Egmont, Aller, DR, and TCD Television (Nordicom 2015a). In Denmark, people listen to the radio for approximately 2 hours per day on average (Nordicom 2015a). Compared to the other Nordic countries the Danes ranked second in the time spent listening to radio.6 DR started broadcasting television in 1951 and now DR operates two television networks funded by licence fees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Typical reflective tasks at this level require students to make a comparison or several connections between the text and outside knowledge, by drawing on personal experience and attitudes. They require demonstration of a full and detailed understanding of one or more texts and may involve integrating information from more than one text. Tasks may require the reader to deal with unfamiliar ideas, in the presence of prominent competing information, and to generate abstract categories for interpretations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Impact type indicators could include, for example, GHG emissions gains from prevented food waste. However, such indicators requires information on the detailed composition of food waste which would need considerable additional survey work. Extra care needs to be paid to the nature of the indicator and the objective outcomes that it is expected to measure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Growth patterns since the previous survey in 2009/2010 are not possible to determine as the sample size from that survey is too small. Compared with hospital connectivity, there is a lower proportion of countries with all health centres connected. Additionally, in countries without universal coverage, the proportions tend to be lower than for hospitals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This kind of forest management has also changed the forest landscape profoundly. Natural forest dynamics produce key resources and processes important for the maintenance of native forest biodiversity, in particular a rich supply of dead wood and old trees, as well as a varied landscape pattern of such resources, critical for the long-term survival of many forest species. In addition to the dead wood and old trees resulting from natural forest dynamics, forest biodiversity will also benefit from productive forests with a rich supply of temperate broadleaved trees or aspens, willows and rowans, as well as special forest types like swamp forests, forests on calcareous soil, or recently burnt forests. Several forest properties of high importance for biodiversity are monitored in national forest inventories, e.g., tree species and age, dead wood, and site productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A gendered approach to environmental assessment also examines the ways environments and environmental relationships shape, create and sustain gender norms. What are the social costs and consequences of differential gendered environmental relationships? And what is the dynamic relationship between environmental conditions and changes and gender inequality?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In addition, the observation on migrant workers’ wage is strongly selective as migrant workers would return to their hometown once they can’t make enough earnings in urban labour markets. Figure 3.4 presents the mean of earnings by deciles for both local workers and migrant workers. For low- and middle-income groups, migrant workers have higher earnings than locals, while in high-income groups they earn lower incomes. On average, the monthly income is CNY 811 for local workers and CNY 828 for migrant workers, and the two medians are CNY 624 and CNY 718, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Emergency care units in hospitals, mainly those in big cities, consult with ambulance teams to identify the appropriate hospitals for transfer and if needed, doctors are sent from large cities to care for patients coming from other regions. Emergency care is provided based on guidelines, and the compliance to guidelines is monitored. Although this is a promising achievement, it does not yet appear to be reflected in key indicators of the quality of acute care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This benchmarking helps with the comparison of waste fees between oblasts and the level of required subsidy from the central budget. Waste fees for commercial entities are higher than for residents and the practice shows that private recycling companies prefer commercial waste over municipal waste (chapter 3). But, in a situation as in Minsk, where these two activities are separated, the company operating the disposal site has to cross-subsidize operation of the disposal site from income generated by waste sorting and other activities. The “Operator of Secondary Raw Materials” initiated the campaign “Target 99”, which presents to the public possibilities of where to bring recyclables and what recyclables and waste fractions are covered by the existing collection schemes. In 2015, the same company started a competition between schools, “Planet without Waste”, on collection of paper and PET bottles. Implementation of all these international agreements is supported by legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The Chapter analyses the relation between Art. 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the procedure before the Court of Justice of the European Union. The author critically examines the relevant normative and jurisprudential framework with a particular focus on fair trial and due process issues. The degree of compatibility with the relevant case law of the Strasbourg Court is assessed considering the Bosphorus precedent. Some final remarks pinpoint the added value of the Lisbon treaty in terms of procedural guarantees and judicial protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
What were retained were specific goals, for example, achieving universal primary education by year X or eradicating a certain illness by year Y. This approach has been generalized by the United Nations in the Millennium Development Goals. The Goals are, of course, important but without a quantified macro- and sector framework, this approach has little to do with the meeting of basic needs as originally conceived. The presentation was more sophisticated than that of the basic needs strategy of the 1970s but, alas, the concept once again lacked a quantified macro- and sector framework. Nevertheless, this represented progress compared with the situation in the 1980s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The market insurance price or premium is calculated as the fair insurance premium plus a loading factor, which can be interpreted as the transaction cost in the insurance market.1 On the other hand, demand for crop yield insurance indicates the proportion of insured land that combines all the available crops. According to the demand curve in Figure 2.1, the farmer does not participate in crop insurance markets if the transaction cost of insurance is more than 8.1% of the fair insurance premium in Australia and 4.4 % in the UK. While the representative farm in Australia fully insures yield risk at 1.5% of insurance cost, the representative farm in the UK does not fully insure yield risk even when the insurance cost is equivalent to a fair insurance premium. This result is robust with respect to different levels of risk aversion. Two factors contribute to explaining this result.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The strongest effects on child labour are achieved when the transfer to the head of household is higher, thus reducing the opportunity cost of sending children to work (Hoddinott et al., On the other hand, the same study shows a reduction of school attendance rates, and a rise in the number of hours worked within the household was found for 6-10 year-old girls (Hoddinott et al., Overall, considering the programme jointly with other transfers, the authors find no effects on child school attendance and substantial increases in hours worked by girls. Slightly different results are reported by Woldehanna (2009), whose empirical analysis based on the propensity score matching on the Young Lives survey data, shows that the public work component of PSNP had an overall positive impact on the total hours children spent working, reducing especially work within the household.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)