albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The government’s role is to ensure that the relevant information and necessary risk management tools are available to them (OECD, 2011c). This implies broadening the scope of information services beyond the basic price and market information currently provided and the development of systems that allow easy on-farm access to this information. In addition, general tax and social security provisions could be developed to support the management of normal risks by producers, for example, tax incentives to save in good years and spend in bad years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The paper presents a reflection on the path of awareness of human rights, to promote the participation of women and give them full citizenship. The debate on the status of women and gender-based violence, has embraced the issue of human security as the protection of freedom vital, stimulating political systems, international law and a culture of peace and equal opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In contrast, in 2011 the value of “dried, salted and smoked fish” was down on the previous year. The prices of whole Atlantic mackerel and whole Spanish mackerel also increased. The price of whole cuttlefish did not change, and neither did the prices of dogfish and anglerfish. The producer prices of tuna supplied to industry fell by 4%, to EUR 1 200 per tonne.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Escalating demand for, and pressures on land and natural resources from increasing population growth, rapidly rising unemployment, internal migration and developments in infrastructure and other economic sectors, combined with weak legislation/law enforcement, have exposed the forests to deforestation and led to conflicts over rights of access and use (Kingdom of Cambodia, 2010). In addition, there are policies and legislative framework for the development of the forestry sector, key statutes being the Forest Law (2002), Law on Protected Area (2008) and Guidelines on Community Forestry (2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The authorities are also able to provide safety measures and preparedness in assisting the communities where the properties and assets may be damaged. The authorities are able to manage traffic flow for the public commuting in and out of Kota Belud District before and after floods. The project started in 2015 and was fully completed in June 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Additionally, the Brazilian Institute for Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renovaveis) (IBAMA) has initiated a satellite monitoring programme for the other terrestrial biomes in the country. Although the data on the other biomes are not yet as precise as the forest monitoring system for the Amazon biome, INPE and IBAMA are collaborating to develop monitoring systems across the country which can provide data on deforestation and land use that is comparable and continuous (OECD, 2015b). Such information on the status and trends in ecosystem change can enable prioritisation of policy action in sectors and activities which have the most impact on these resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Up to December 2008, 360 301 concession deeds were registered in the REPDA. It is important to note that 30% of total concessions are in the Lerma-Santiago-Pacific region. In free extraction zones users are free to extract water given they keep a record of extractions, and in zones with strict extraction zones no concessions can be given.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Some OECD governments go further, seeking to direct growth to particular regions (e.g. outside a capital city) or to particular areas within a city (e.g. inner-city development). Korea, for instance, has attempted to address regional disparities by directing growth to less-developed regions and alleviating agglomeration pressures on major population and industrial centres. While most often implemented by lower levels of government, these tools often require legitimation through national legislation, and may be motivated by national strategies for sustainable urban development. They can include the public acquisition of land, regulation (e.g. zoning provisions, development moratoria, urban growth boundaries, green belts) and fiscal policies (e.g. development impact fees, infill or redevelopment incentives).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
What steps is the government taking to reduce barriers to entry for renewable energy providers? Mechanisms that allocate the entirety of the costs of interconnection and network upgrades to the generator (“deep cost allocation”) can be prohibitively costly for investors in clean electricity generation, and therefore constitute a barrier to entry. By contrast, only allocating the costs of the enabling facilities to the generator (“shallow pricing”) will be attractive for developers but can constitute a challenge for the transmission operator (Madrigal and Stoft, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Short-term contract periods (contracts usually cover three to five years but in some cases even shorter periods) present a big problem for the operation of such companies because they cannot plan in the long term and therefore they do not invest enough in equipment, i.e. the quality of collection is not improving. Delayed payments by local authorities for the delivered services also increase uncertainty in the operation of w aste management companies. Expert estimation is that the countrywide bill collection rate is around 60 per cent, while in Tirana it was 65 per cent in 2015 and increased to 85 per cent in 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Some institutions (e.g. UK-DFID’s International Climate Fund and Government of Zambia) also track direct jobs created by mitigation and adaptation interventions (UK DFID, 2013 and Mulenga, 2013). The Experimental Approach to Development Economics”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab, Cambridge, MA, http://econoinics.mit.edu/files/3159. Presentation at the CCXG Global Forum, September, 2013, Paris, http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/2a%2005-2013%20Sept%20CCXG%20Effectiveness%20Duarte.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Nevertheless, without an emphasis on policy coherence across government, especially in gender equality policies that affect all sectors of society, the implementation and “whole-of-government” approach remains hampered. In fact, OECD countries emphasise establishing “whole-of-government” frameworks to deal with gender equality issues, such as the Family Violence Initiative in Canada (Box 3.9). In addition, all OECD countries with sub-national governments employ vertical co-ordination methods, such as co-ordinating bodies or committees (e.g. Australia, Austria, Mexico, Switzerland, etc.),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While violent extremism, terrorist attacks and state and non-state civilian targeting undoubtedly directly cause migration and displacement, public opinion in high income countries has come to overemphasize the reverse - that migration is associated with terrorism (Crabtree and Kluch, 2017). This is despite the fact that such a relationship is very tenuous, attacks by foreigners amount to a fraction ofthose by nationals, and repressive measures in host countries, rather than migration per se, can be a cause of violent extremism (Dreher et al., These interact in complicated ways, there is no single or even typical path to radicalization. However, in principle, education can affect both radicalization and reactionary responses. The collapse of the education system in the Syrian Arab Republic during the war means many young Syrians find it impossible to disengage from armed groups through education. Although host countries have taken many steps to include all Syrian refugee children and youth in their education systems, lack of education opportunities d ue to initial discrimination or lack of documentation has resulted in feelings of helplessness and desperation, increasing young people's vulnerability to exploitation and radicalization (International Alert, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The experience of a number of developing countries, many of them in Latin America, which have bucked the trend of growing income inequality shows that it is possible to reduce income inequality through economic and social policies while remaining integrated with the global economy (UNDP, 2013a). In 2010, high-income countries that accounted for only 16 per cent of the world's population generated close to 55 per cent of global income, low-income countries, by contrast, created just over 1 per cent of global income, even though they were home to 72 per cent of the world's population. The average GDP per capita of $2,014 in sub-Saharan Africa stands in sharp contrast to the average GDP per capita of $27,640 in the European Union and $41,399 in North America (United Nations, 2013b). For example, high levels of inequality within countries make it harder for societies to reduce poverty through economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the same time, the review shows that parents and others charged with the upbringing of adolescents in the region share similar goals and aspirations for those in their care. Their parenting toolkits reflect both local and more global modern ideas and practices. A recent meta-analysis investigated the effectiveness of parenting programmes developed in the United States and Australia for children aged 3-10 years in Western and non-Western countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The question also asked countries to specify the type of Internet access, such as broadband, narrowband, mobile broadband etc. As only a few countries provided this information, without data to the contrary, it is assumed that the type of access is broadband. The chart shows that the majority of responding countries (79 per cent) have between 75-100 per cent of their public hospitals connected to the Internet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) process was organized with decision makers who were given the full information/ data on externalities. Such differences are a robust finding across MCDA carried out among utilities and policymakers, both in Europe and in China (Hirschberg and others, 2006, 2009). Such results do not bode well for full-cost pricing solutions to clean energy, because the binding constraint will be socio-political rather than techno-economic. In 2009, most of global fossil fuel consumption subsidies amounting to $312 billion were in developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Excreta management is gender-segregated and often racially differentiated. A 2014 Human Rights Watch report on the caste and gender profile of manual excreta cleaners in India revealed that 95% of private and village latrines were cleaned by women, both women and men cleaned open defecation from roads, open areas and open gutters, while men typically cleaned septic tanks, closed gutters and sewers (HRW 2014). These systems range from natural approaches such as the use of ponds and constructed wetlands (which are low-tech and low-maintenance) as filters and for cleaning wastewater, to high-tech vacuum biogas installations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The respondent has to reason from a meta-perspective, taking into account an entire system of problem solving states and possible solutions. Often the criteria and the goals have to be inferred from the given information before actually starting the solution process. The study design combined educational testing techniques with those of household survey research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The cultural and social links between Ghana and Nigeria are therefore historically strong, and migration between the two countries has been taking place over the last 100 years. In addition to the economic incentives mentioned before, there were significant political incentives to immigrate to Ghana. Ghana was nominally independent as early as 1951,5 and adopted pan-Africanist political and immigration policies designed to attract other Africans to Ghana. Several later African presidents visited or lived in Ghana in the 1940s and 1950s, including those of Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In practice, in at least one province this condition is not observed (Budlender & Woolard, 2006). The grant is sometimes awarded in respect of children who are ill with AIDS. The estimate of the number of children benefiting from child grants in the 2008 NIDS data is 8.6 million which is very slightly lower than the actual number of recipients in April 2008, namely 8.7 million. Figure 3.4 below indicates how many orphans under the age of 15 are currently receiving social assistance according to the NIDS data.16 What is most striking is the high number of paternal orphans receiving grants, particularly the Child Support Grant, and the low number of maternal orphans receiving grants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Across ASEAN countries, with the exception of Singapore, around half of national experts surveyed by GEM saw government policies and regulations as constraining factors for entrepreneurs — with the highest levels of dissatisfaction in Viet Nam (83 per cent) and Indonesia (71 per cent).' In Cambodia and Lao People’s Democratic Republic it can take more than 70 days to set up a business, compared with 2.5 days in Singapore (Figure 17). Similarly, while it takes 16 procedures to set up a business in the Philippines, it only takes three in Malaysia and Singapore (Figure 18).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Most importantly, it instituted a voluntary programme, CPH 45 (Certified Pre-Conditioned for Health), to provide assurances to buyers that they would be purchasing high-quality calves that would perform well when on feed. Participants are required to follow recommended weaning and inoculation practices and provide records to the sales facility. At designated dates and places a number of producers agree to bring cattle to a specific sales facility where they are grouped into uniform truck-load lots and sold collectively as CPFI-45 certified. Since the calves have ear tags that identify the producer any subsequent problems can be traced back to a specific farm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, the interactions helped to create good foundational relationships that allow for ongoing contributions to policy processes, thus enabling SANBI to make inputs when the CARA revisions do occur. While intentions to create a biodiversity-friendly red meat label were hampered by a limited market for such products and a complicated value chain, broader aspects of biodiversity good practice have been successfully implemented. Subsequent projects, such as the Meat Naturally Initiative implemented by CSA, have learnt important lessons from these pilot projects. These initiatives are showing promising financial returns for biodiversity-friendly grazing practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It argues that green growth is a powerful means to improve economic growth, employment and wellbeing through sustainable management of natural assets and tackling climate change as well as other local and global environmental risks (OECD, 2011). More recently, the OECD has been sharing perspectives and lessons on how green growth approaches have been applied in developing countries, in part through its work on Putting Green Growth at the Heart of Development (OECD, 2013). The OECD was particularly keen to learn from, and share with its members, Ethiopia’s recent high-profile and extensive work in preparing a Climate Resilient Green Economy strategy (CRGE).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre fran^ais d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Some countries go further by providing payments that are countercyclical with respect to prices or revenue, and provide subsidies for insurance policies or futures contracts. Support for income diversification strategies is rare, but in some countries rural development and social policies may provide alternative sources of incomes. Typically countries with lower levels of price support have larger shares of risk-related payments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Supported by a strong demand for vegetable oils and protein meals, oilseeds consumption will increase by 26% through the ten-year period, more than any other commodity. Both are important components in human diets and especially in many developing economies constitute a crucial source of energy. The annual per capita food consumption of vegetable oils in developing economies is expected to grow by 1.3% p.a.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Although all Swedish citizens are entitled to subsidised mental health care, flat-rate charges are set by the counties, and variation can be significant depending on the region. Nonetheless, outpatient care covered by this system has a relatively low individual payment cap (nationally applied) on what people can be required to pay out of pocket (about EUR 100 per year). Inpatient care operates slightly differently, and this payment ceiling does not apply in such cases, although there is a national cap on daily charges (about EUR 9 per day). Private care - operating completely separately from the public sector - has no regulations or limitations on what can be charged (Melke, 2010). The growing concern is that this is not only financially unsustainable, but also harms overall quality of care, as rotating doctors leads to a lack of treatment continuity, and creates more difficult working conditions, which in turn discourages individuals from seeking a career in psychiatry (see section 4.l.i) (OECD, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Under the Australian Better Access initiative, following the preparation of a Mental Health Treatment Plan, GPs are able to refer patients to clinical psychologists, allied mental health professionals, or appropriately trained GPs providing focused psychological strategy (FPS) services. Whilst the "Better Access” initiative has met some challenges this is a good example of building greater capacity for effective treatment from a primary care level, promoting co-ordination between primary carers and specialists to provide good treatment, and promoting psychological therapies as an appropriate treatment for primary care practitioners to refer to. In many cases, services at different intensities are likely provided slightly outside of primary care settings, with or without co-ordination or management by a primary care practitioner, and require some investments in new interventions, especially at the lower intensity end.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The CCXG (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) is a group of government delegates from OECD and other industrialised countries. The aim of the group is to promote dialogue and enhance understanding on technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Though no formally agreed definition exists, LEDS are generally used to describe forward-looking national economic development plans or strategies that encompass low-emission and/or climate-resilient economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Climate risk screening is now applied to all IDA projects, and will be extended to other World Bank operations in early 2017. The Bank's 2016 Climate Change Action Plan recognizes climate change as a threat to its core mission of poverty reduction, and makes a commitment to moving from early screening to ex-ante planning with a climate lens, in support of countries' INDC/NDC implementation (World Bank, 2016). A key challenge, and one which will be exacerbated by expected increases in climate variability, is the inability of both farmers and financiers to fully manage the impacts of seasonality on cash flows. This requires not only a significant increase in the amount of capital available but also longer maturities (of 5 to 7 years) and more flexible repayment schedules that are adjusted to cash flows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Students may prefer to enrol in the same courses as their peers, and some students will opt for easier courses to improve their grades or chance of passing. However, where enrolment options do not lead to ongoing education pathways or meaningful qualifications, they can result in dead ends for students tracked into these options. These negative impacts are stronger the earlier tracking occurs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Istanbul Technical University Women’s Studies Center and the Levy Economics I nstitute. Unconventional Monetary Policies—Recent Experience and Prospects.” How Can a Currency Transactions Tax Stabilize Foreign Exchange Markets?" Agriculture, Gendered Time Use,and Nutritional Outcomes: A Systematic Review." Women's Economic Empowerment and Inclusive Growth: Labour Markets and Enterprise Development.” Gender Equality and Economic Growth: Is There a Win-Win?"
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This includes direct costs of services, lost productivity at work and reduced quality of life. The cost of poor mental health to business is just over GBP 1,000 per employee per year, or almost GBP 26 billion across the UK economy (Centre for Mental Health, 2010). For periods preceding 2011, commissioning authorities should be taken to mean Primary Care Trusts, under the authority of Strategic Health Authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Second, the very high returns of higher education for government suggest that a large amount of the returns to higher education may be taxed away in Portugal (OECD, 2017|2]). Third, stakeholders cited economic reasons that have dampened interest in pursuing higher education, both during the crisis, due to the costs of participation, but also in the recovery period. Other countries have tuition for adult education programmes, even for basic training, which are waived for people demonstrating financial need, typically those who are eligible for social benefits. Examples of these two approaches are included below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At the same time, the diversity, balance and regeneration capacity of forest ecosystems must be preserved. Owing to the long term of the Strategy, the desired trends of changes were set as indicators rather than particular target levels. Data for 2005 was set out as the base level. In a broader meaning, coherent landscapes constitute networks (complexes of landscapes) whose composition includes ecologically functioning units of various structures, which ensure the existence of valuable habitats and the preservation of social and economic values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Most young women she sees marry between the ages of 18 and 25, she said, although in urban Ismailia, where she grew up, 16-year-old brides are not uncommon, in violation of the law. At any age, young women and their husbands know very little about what to expect sexually, since premarital chastity is strongly guarded. She must wait until after marriage to dispense them because she said a bride's virginity must be intact on her wedding day. But by then the woman has been informed about choices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)