albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Based on the SWOT analysis, the LAG then convened a number of meetings with fishers to collectively create fundable projects. Some fishers did not understand why they should be innovative and what it was that was supposed to be created. Typical questions were "for whom is fishing unprofitable?", It is not that hard".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Developed country Parties” is not defined. Other Parties” are encouraged to provide support, and “should” communicate this information. Meeting the reporting provisions on climate finance provided (mandatory for developed countries, non-mandatory for “other” countries), will require historical data on both bilateral and multilateral climate finance provided for developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In all of these cases, gender-responsive or gender-transformative results were in the democratic governance focus area. Working in a country context where the government was open to or supportive of GEWE created an enabling environment for gendered development programming. This was considered a factor in some of the countries that were early winners of the Gold Seal in the Gender Seal certification pilot.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As of 1 January 2015, the urban population accounted for only 26.5 per cent of the total population of the country, and this figure remained unchanged from 2005. Three other large cities are Khujand, the administrative capital of Sughd Oblast (pop. Of these, 43 are in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast, 93 in Sughd Oblast, 133 in Khatlon Oblast and 101 in the districts under republican subordination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The data source of the most important indicator- energy intensity - is Eurostat's structural business statistics. Eurostat notes that using this data on a detailed level for small countries has to be done with a certain caution. Because of this fact we have had to choose between NACE level 3 or 4 to minimise the data loss.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Although enrolment and attendance are relevant achievements per se, the previous results say little about the consequences on children's social and cognitive capacities. This is certainly due to the difficulties of discerning a causal relation between a single intervention and an outcome which may be influenced by a number of other (often difficult to measure) factors, ranging from the quality of the education provided, to the socio-economic characteristics of the recipients. In Chile Crece Contigo has a proven positive impact on language, and the cognitive development of children older than 2 years living in rural areas (Ministerio de Educacion, 2007), though these differences are likely to disappear at the secondary level (Ministerio de Educacion, 1998). Indeed, there is evidence highlighting this from different contexts in the developing world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For policy purposes, employment-to-population ratios of youth and old are particular relevant. The indicator is based on the broader indicator ‘status in employment’ which distinguishes between three categories of the total employed. These are: age and salaried workers (also known as employees), self-employed workers (employers, own-account workers and members of producers’ cooperatives), contributing family workers (also known as unpaid family workers).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They are often focused on the adoption of a comprehensive, whole-of-government approach. Since then, Sweden has consolidated its gender mainstreaming strategy, which aims at achieving equal opportunities, rights and responsibilities for women and men, progressively into all policy areas. The initial phase included collection, analysis and dissemination of knowledge of, and experience with, gender mainstreaming. Training models for key groups within the government offices were developed and tested in 2008, and were intended to be incorporated into regular training courses given by the central government administration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Consequently, the marine litter initiatives that provide individuals the facilities and thus the ability to dispose of marine litter (e.g. floating reception barges), or recycle their fishing lines (e.g. Reel in and Recycle initiative) and make these visible, will help to strengthen these perceptions of control thus further encourage the positive behaviour (Steg and Vlek, 2009). Large-scale surveys within the European MARLISCO project showed that general public respondents perceived sectors to vary widely in responsibility. Industry and government / policy makers and commercial users of the coast were seen as high in responsibility. However, the respondents also held themselves responsible. Given the many sectors and actors in society involved in the issue of marine litter, another promising example is the programme Amigos del Mar (Friends of the Sea) in Ecuador, led by the Comision Permanente el Pacifico Sur (CPPS), which targets students, fishermen and tour operators as key influencers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Two nongovernmental organizations led the initiative to hold Jean-Claude Duvalier and his key supporters accountable for their crimes against humanity, torture, and illicit corruption. Devoire de Memoire d’Haiti (Memory’s Duty) and the Collectif contre l’impunite (Collective against Impunity) successfully had him prosecuted because the statute of limitations do not apply to crimes against humanity. DDM has held commemorations with victims’ survivors at massacre sites and grew to supporting the Duvalier litigation, as well as taking witness testimonies, providing traveling exhibits, educating students, and establishing a National Day of Remembrance. The Collectif collaborated with several international NGOs before the Haitian Court and the Interamerican Commission on Human Rights. Both have used digital platforms to document and educate on their activities and findings for the public.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The improved messaging has already shown better acceptance amongst target audiences, gaining political and policy traction quickly, deepening engagements with production sectors and improving visibility in the mainstream media (Maze et al., Thus, building robust networks of partners is fundamental to effective biodiversity mainstreaming. Establishing trust takes time and a consistent approach, but is worth the investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Review 5: Population levels of household air pollution and exposures" (Geneva, 2014), clean fuels include electricity, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas and biogas, whereas dirty fuels burnt in open fires and leaky stoves include solids such as wood, crop wastes, charcoal, coal and dung. Available at: httpWwww.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/alg/ energy-inequality.html.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, changing land distribution practices, securing property rights and creating incentives that benefit small farm holders often require the formation of political coalitions that might challenge the status quo. In other instances, the scaling up of innovative practices—inter alia, for rice intensification, for farmers’ training and in the case of India, for the watershed initiative mentioned above—was possible through the endorsement by international organizations, national non-governmental organizations and local governments of new practices in support of dissemination of knowledge, greater participation by and capacity development of farmers, building of missing infrastructure and improving access to credit, information and other supportive services. Women in rural areas face major labour constraints as a result of their multiple responsibilities: besides providing traditional family care, rural women are typically responsible for fetching water and firewood, tending animals and farming the house garden and often engage in wage employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A large literature in political economy argues that governments in the advanced industrialized states retrenched from the application of industrial policy while resisting pressure to reform in a limited number of sectors. In this article, I argue that retrenchment and resistance do not fully describe the range of choices made by governments. Through an analysis of investment in energy policy in Japan, I show that in addition to retrenching from industrial policies and resisting pressure to reduce industrial targeting, domestic actors have retained and redeployed state functions in public policy areas unaffected by the causes of liberalization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To accelerate this process, new technology mechanisms to support knowledge-transfers and strengthen countries’ STI capacities were launched at the 2015 Summit and through the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA), which was agreed at the Third International Conference on Financing for Development in July 2015. While some developing countries are on track to catch up, or even surpass, many advanced economies in research spending and the adoption of new technologies, other countries are still struggling with basic social and infrastructure needs, such as basic education and access to electricity. If these basic needs are not addressed, there is a risk that the technology gap will widen across countries in the coming years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
New OECD analysis relating to the Gender Initiative (OECD, 2012a) underscores that greater female labour participation reduces poverty risks, not just for women directly but also for their children and the family as a whole (Figure 2.3). At the secondary level, girls have higher enrolment rates than boys (90% compared to 84%) and higher graduation rates from tertiary education (university) than their male peers (21% compared to 18%). However, Mexican women continue to face obstacles to full participation in the labour market. Although some young women do not seek employment because they are engaged in child rearing, more than one-third of Mexican women aged 15-29 are classified as not in employment or education and training (NEET). This share compares with one in ten young men, a gender gap not observed elsewhere in other OECD countries. Facilitating women’s labour force participation is needed to ensure that investments in education are not lost, and sustained economic growth is achieved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The idea here is not to encourage public ownership, which would amount to returning to failed policies of the past. Rather, the idea is to ensure that the capital-mobilizing power of the State is used to provide the initial investment impulses needed to generate growth with employment. At UNCTAD, the development of the concept in the LDC context was linked to earlier efforts to understand how structurally weak and underdeveloped economies like LDCs should promote economic growth and how they should initiate and then accelerate the growth process. Such efforts also sought to understand what are the key factors or capabilities that enable such economies to produce goods they can consume or sell, and what kinds of productive activities create quality jobs that contribute to poverty reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Furthermore, the potential role of interconnections and demand response cannot be easily integrated in the indicator. Note that interconnections either can supply power to meet peak load or add additional demand to the existing peak load. Different definitions of peak generation and demand introduce some subjectivity in the determination of the indicator value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Table 3.1 and Box 3.3 present examples of existing water restriction rules, depending on the initial water allocation system already in place for "normal" circumstances. The two mechanisms can be put in place together. Typically, priority rules generally concern different water users and uses, such as agriculture, industry, and tourism, while a proportional reduction of rights are applied within the agricultural or irrigation sector. Another common mechanism to manage temporary water shortages is to forbid irrigation for a certain time period, i.e. a time quota, which can be considered an imperfect proxy for a reduction of water rights based on quantities. Such administrative pricing formulas are seldom used in practice, for different reasons: difficulty of practical implementation, unintended redistributive effects, uncertainty in the outcome in terms of reduction of water demand due to unknown price elasticity of water demand, etc. Such block-rate tariffs, when based on individual water consumptions, cannot be considered as restriction mechanisms stricto sensu, since they are not based on aggregate water supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The effect of these low screening rates is seen in the modest impact that these screening programmes have had in diagnosing cancers at an earlier and more easily treatable stage, with the exception of breast cancer. Given increasing rates of smoking, obesity and alcohol abuse, including among children, more effective means of primary prevention of ill health must be found. Additionally, although guidelines for secondary prevention of cardiovascular risk exist, nothing is known about adherence to them. In terms of preventive interventions for cancer, linking screening data to clinical outcomes held in the national cancer registers is an obvious necessary first step.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The continents’ coastal and marine resources support many economic activities such as shipping, transportation and recreation. The state of the coastal environment is an indicator of the potential economic benefit that can be derived from the natural goods and services that accrue to government accounts and their people. An analytical exploration of the future state of coastal resources is required to understand the relationship between the use and exploitation of natural goods and services and the concept of sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Such arrangements are also common in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe and Central Asia (Abdurazakova, 2010). Ministers or deputy ministers usually lead national gender institutions that function as separate ministries or those that function as part of another ministry, providing high-level support. Attention to women’s equality may be sidelined by the competing demands of other portfolios, additionally, institutions that combine gender equality with either family or children’s affairs may risk defining women narrowly in their roles as mothers and caregivers. This affords excellent access to the apex of decision making and facilitates co-ordination, monitoring, accountability and policy development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, the slow recovery of groundwater to a dynamic equilibrium state means withdrawal can easily surpass replenishment and lead to groundwater depletion. Over-drafting, especially in the regions that are becoming heavily dependent on groundwater, weakens its buffering effect, potentially making agriculture even more fragile to longer drought duration. Groundwater intensive use also can lead to major environmental externalities, from saline intrusion to land subsidence (OECD, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The lack of specialist nurses and the inability to retain nurses in clinical practice hamper hospitals to more efficiently use their resources and more generally impedes continued system efficiency gains through increased reliance on nurses. As noted in Section 4, Sweden has the lowest number of hospital beds in the EU and the average length of stay is also among the lowest Bed occupancy rates are very high, to the extent that this has caused a lot of concern among many clinicians and patients about patient safety, given very narrow capacity margins in acute care hospitals and stressful working conditions. Sweden has probably hit the limit in terms of reducing the number of hospital beds and hospital capacity more broadly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A growth incidence curve presents the growth in income of each percentile over a given period. The shape of the curve indicates the nature of pro-poor growth: a downward-sloping curve indicates that the poor benefit disproportionally more from growth, which is therefore pro-poor, while an upward curve indicates that the better-off do. As Gini coefficients merely quantify the rise or fall in inequality using a scalar measure, they thus tell the policy maker much less than a growth incidence curve about which part of the income distribution changed and affected inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Shaped by the changing nature of international conflict, the field of international conflict resolution evolved significantly throughout the latter years of the twentieth century and continues to be redefined. The end of the Cold War created space for a major transformation of the international conflict resolution field. This transformation was marked by three trends:(1) an expansion from a focus on superpower negotiating strategies to a wider peacebuilding agenda, (2) an increase in the role of nongovernmental actors as both disputants and third parties in international conflicts, and (3) a growing concern about human security in addition to state security, creating both tensions and opportunities for collaboration between governmental and nongovernmental bodies.This article presents a brief overview of each trend, as well as some concluding questions to frame the field’s further development at this important juncture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, in Finland the reduction in the number of doctors enacted in the early 1990s to curb health spending resulted in a steep drop in the number of medical students, resulting in an insufficient number of doctors in the following years that is slowly being reversed (OECD, 2012a). Drug price controls usually fix a maximum price for drugs or set a cap on the profits of pharmaceutical firms. The vast majority of OECD countries apply some form of pharmaceutical price regulation (Paris etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, these potential economic gains must be balanced against the possible environmental costs. Road and rail development can lead to deforestation and biodiversity loss. Increased traffic on new roads increases air pollution, which can affect health negatively. Even when the infrastructure is in place, operation also requires funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article argues that empirical developments in international security governance offer untapped opportunities for strengthening intellectual links between European Union (EU) studies and international relations. To uncover these links, the article first demonstrates how the EU has started to address various chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear security risks through adopting an approach conceptualized as ‘transnational security governance’. The article subsequently argues that this approach can be convincingly explained by drawing on the insights from the study of the sociology of bureaucracy and bureaucratic behaviour in international relations. In this story, the EU's approach to international security is an example of normal bureaucratic practice, stemming in particular from the bureaucracy's moral and expert authority. Importantly, the engagement with the broader social science scholarship will benefit EU studies as much as other sub-disciplines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Amongst the changes the Department of Trade and Industry is considering is an amendment of the definition of "electronic signature". Although the amendment seems to be in line with the provisions of the UNCITRAL Model Laws on eCommerce and the 2005 UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts, the amendment sets additional and more onerous requirements for all electronic signatures. The note illustrates how this amendment undermines the key principles of functional equivalence, media neutrality and party autonomy, and how this innocuous looking amendment may have very harmful practical consequences. It is suggested that amendments to section 13 would be more appropriate to achieve the objectives of the legislature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Portugal, for example, promoted a study providing updated information on the phenomenon of the sexual and moral harassment in the workplace, which aimed to support the efforts of public authorities, employers, employees and their representatives to prevent and combat harassment in the workplace (Torres et al, 2016). Others, like the Czech Republic, have embedded sexual harassment within larger national strategies on gender equality or gender-based violence. Training on what constitutes sexual harassment has been found to help workers, particularly men, identify what constitutes unacceptable sexual behaviours (Antecol, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The assessment of the individual transboundary surface waters and groundwaters in this subregion can be found in Chapters 1, 5 and 8 of Section IV (drainage basins of the White Sea, Barents Sea and Kara Sea, Black Sea, and Baltic Sea). Eastern and Northern Europe holds a number of other important transboundary wetland areas, including numerous freshwater lakes and extensive mires connected by rivers and streams, which stretch all along the Russian, Norwegian and Finnish borders and further to the south along the Russian, Estonian, Latvian and Belarusian borders. Extensive river flood-plains, temporary flooded forests, grasslands and fens are also typical for the region, as well as coastal bays, lagoons and river deltas in the Barents, Baltic and Black Seas. The northernmost part of the region is characterized by permafrost.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This often incentivises migrants that have recently arrived to the country to opt for the academic route, rather than a vocational one, which may not always be best suited to their needs (Liebowitz et al. The adult-leaming system may, in such cases, offer training in Portuguese as a second language to young migrants who have no other options in the education system. Several studies offer insights on practices for increasing participation in adult learning (OECD, 2005[igj, European Commission, 2015[i9j, Windisch, 2015[2o])-Increased participation is viewed as a key objective, based on the benefits of participation outlined in Chapter 2 (Box 2.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Thus important challenges remain to be tackled so that Riga and Latvia can reach their national targets of reducing fatalities by 50% by 2020 (European Commission, 2015). The following sections delve into governance structures of road safety and further explore specific policies and mechanisms that were introduced to improve road safety performance in the city of Riga. It sets out the main principles and governance bodies for the organisation of road traffic and the responsibilities of different administrative levels. It organises and co-ordinates the development and implementation of national policies and monitors compliance with laws and regulations concerning road traffic safety.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The value of REDD carbon credits could also decline significantly if REDD projects fail to produce their anticipated level of avoided deforestation, whether by project, by country, by region or globally. On the one hand, some agree that financial compensation is an equitable solution and the only effective way to protect forests. These risks are especially important where land tenure is insecure and therefore vulnerable to acquisitive commercial interest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)