albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
According to this procedure, the employer pays the worker an indemnity equal to 1 monthly wage per year of service (with a minimum amount equivalent to 2 monthly wages and a maximum amount equivalent to 18 monthly wages), which is not subject to social contribution or fiscal taxation. This compensation could be considered as similar in some respects to severance pay. The acceptance of this transaction prevents any further dispute by the worker, that is, appealing to courts for a dismissal to be unfair or not.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The authors argue that implementing a parent questionnaire would be a useful option to collect data on family issues for PISA-D. The comparison of international surveys shows that parent questionnaires are mainly used in large-scale international surveys with younger student populations (Grade 4 in PIRLS and TIMSS, Grades 3 and 6 in LLECE) as well as in the household-based surveys ASER and Uwezo, where the head of the household is interviewed in a one-on-one setting. In this regard Willms and Tramonte (2014: 20) suggest to consider an interview approach for parents in PISA-D, which would be valuable to assess parent’s literacy skills and employment, similar to the approach of household-based surveys with an international focus (LAMP, STEP, PIAAC). This is especially relevant of an interview approach, as securing response rates through one-on-one interviews is a financial burden.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These transfers accounted for 82% of total support to agriculture in Turkey in 20132-15 as measured by the Producer Support Estimate (PSE) (Figure 5.9). Financing of general services to agriculture (the General Services Support Estimate, GSSE) constituted only 18% of total support to the agricultural sector during that same period. Within this broad range, activities supporting knowledge systems, infrastructure development and inspection and control systems contribute directly to foster innovation and productivity in the agricultural sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In low and middle income countries GERD has increased significantly from around 0.6 per cent in 2000 to 1.4 per cent in 2014. This indicates that even in developing countries more and more funding is becoming available to support innovation processes that benefit from cross-sectorial collaboration. It appears that policy makers have set up framework conditions facilitating collaboration between the two sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The distinction needs to be made between normal risks that are frequent but generate limited damage and catastrophic risks that are rare but have large consequences for individuals or regions. These latter risks should be the main focus of policy actions, keeping in mind the pre-existing policy environment and the whole set of risks affecting the targeted population. Ex ante measures for risk mitigation, in particular income tax smoothing systems for agriculture are also used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These new demands require adapting national education policies and developing new systems for adult re-skilling. The growing online community resulted in the creation of virtual currencies, with the creation of Bitcoin in 2009 as the most known example. However, virtual currencies existed long before Bitcoin, e.g. E-gold and Linden dollars used in the virtual world called Second Life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This in turn assists in planning for present and future waste management in terms of transportation and facilities required. Statistics on waste are also needed to develop strategies to encourage waste reduction, reuse and recycling. This topic includes statistics describing the amount of waste generated before any collection or treatment, by waste type, and by generator (by economic activity (by ISIC) and households).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Since almost all Korean households bear a heavy private education burden and the new administration sees income-driven growth as one of the national growth strategies, education policy makers are making a variety of efforts to reduce the private education burden. They are trying to protect a certain level of disposable income by reducing the private education expenditures of households from 2017. Unlike other OECD countries, in Korea, the central government - the Ministry of Education - is responsible for financing education. Education experts and associated institutions are firmly against a shift from the current centralisation to the decentralisation of education financing. In order to set up a stable funding plan, fiscal decentralisation on education financing should be redesigned, as in other OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Concentrated urban poverty in the United States is addressed from a dual perspective. The first viewpoint is derived from the social science literature. To advance the existing base of knowledge, reference is made to a specific research program, the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. This effort is currently in mid-course of a decade-long study of children from all major racial/ethnic, social class, and neighborhood groups in the city and is demonstrating the negative impacts on children's behavioral and social development of being raised in zones of concentrated poverty. The second perspective views urban poverty in the context of widening in come disparity and through the lens of the economic and social rights accorded to citizens of a democracy. Political leadership is urgently needed to challenge this level of disparity and to acknowledge concentrated urban poverty as an insidious violation of human rights, particularly those of African American children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Six countries in the region reuse over 10 m3/c/yr of wastewater, namely: Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, which reuse over 50 m3/c/yr, and Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait and Syrian Arab Republic, which reuse 20-40 m3/c/yr of wastewater.3 The treatment of wastewater for reuse has therefore become a mainstay of national water resource management plans in most countries in the ESCWA region. The runoff is reused by diluting it in large surface water bodies in order to provide more water to downstream cropping systems and users. With the exception of Egypt and the Syrian Arab Republic, agricultural runoff is not used significantly by countries in the region. In Egypt, almost 100 m3/c/yr of agricultural runoff is mixed with water from the Nile and reused.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Kiribati and Tuvalu, with fragile atoll environments, are particularly prone to environmental hazards as high population densities impact water supply systems, sanitation and solid waste management (see Chapter 8). These vulnerabilities will make it difficult for these countries to achieve Target 11.5 (reduce the impact of disasters). This will place immense pressure on already precarious situations in the urban centres, particularly in terms of access to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services (see Chapter 8), including transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, there is still much work to be done. On one hand, data-collection instruments must be fine-tuned to provide information that can be disaggregated to reflect situations that affect men and women differently throughout their life cycles and in different socioeconomic situations and territories. Hence, surveys such as those focusing on time use should be included in national statistical offices' planning, with the appropriate periodicity and funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The concept of justice covers a broad spectrum of human existence concerns and is defined according to established relationships that always put the human person as reference. The web of relationships that creates the conditions for the existence of justice involves the notion of law and rights that makes justice so diverse. Restorative justice and peacemaking circles are framed within the classical theories of justice, namely positive law theory, social good theory and natural right. This chapter explores two main points, firstly an exploration of the theory of justice, and secondly restorative justice (programmes, accountability and sanctions, peacemaking theory, contrasting the mainstream justice theory and justice peacemaking circles, and critics of peacemaking circles).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A UNESCO biosphere reserve (Repetek State Biosphere Reserve) was designated in 1978. The State reserves have a strict protection regime and exclude natural resource use by local inhabitants, with very few exceptions. All have management authorities, which report to the Department of Protection of Flora and Fauna under MoNP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Abstract  Background  Patient safety and professional self-regulation systems both rely on professional colleagues to hold each other accountable for quality of care.  Objectives  To understand how staff nurses manage variations in practices within the group, and negotiate the rules-in-use for quality of care, collegiality, and accountability.  Design/methods  Ethnographic case study, participant-observation, semi-structured interviews, policy analysis.  Setting  In-patient unit in an urban US teaching hospital.  Results  Explicit acknowledgment of conflicts and practice variations was perceived as risky to group cohesion. The dependence of staff on mutual assistance, and the absence of a system of group practice, led to the practice of "mutual deference", a strategy of reciprocal tolerance and non-interference that gave wide discretion to each nurse's decisions about care.  Conclusions  Efforts to improve professional accountability will need to address material constraints and the organization of nursing work, as well as communication and leadership skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Because terrorism is a phenomenon that can only be understood through the responses it evokes, the state's response to terrorism determines the effect that asymmetric political violence has. This paper argues that judicial responses to political violence, instead of being mediated through the law, are mediated through the psychological effects of fear, including desensitization. It considers the rhetoric used in two classes of cases: anti-terrorism cases heard by the Israeli Supreme Court, and habeas corpus jurisdiction cases involving Guantanamo Bay heard by the United States Supreme Court. It finds that both courts behave as expected. This study suggests that judges, too, are not immune to the Hobbesian desire for a Leviathan to protect them, and that the executive can use a Straussian insistence on blind acceptance of authority to drive judicial sanction of its actions, regardless of the legality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A shift towards heavy industries and a decline in low-carbon industries (light industry, machinery, etc.) Thus, the policies aimed at the elimination of the dominance of heavy industries plays a positive role in terms of emission reduction. These measures directly influence fossil fuel consumption, and hence the carbon emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
ABSTRACTThe study of short-term projects in policy implementation has lately gained ground among scholars of environmental governance and public administration. The increasing reliance on and preva...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Taking a simple average of 14 countries, the share of people households where at least one person had a mobile phone increased from 67% in 2008 to 86% in 2013 1.20).The poorest quintile saw the greatest absolute increase (28 percentage points) and the richest quintile lallesl (10 percentage points). The strong expansion of mobile telephony in the poorest segment has been partly its relatively low cost (Crane, 2015), while growth has been much more limited in the richest quintile because , to mobile telephony in this income bracket was already quite high in 2008. Again, mobile phone access tended to increase by more among between 2008 and 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This paper demonstrates why trade matters for boosting productivity and economic growth and explains why some countries are unable to reap the gains from trade. It does on to analyse how aid for trade can help strengthen the impact of trade on growth and poverty reduction, and which policy tools can best reinforce the impact of trade on poverty reduction. It underlines the need for a tailored, country-based approach to economic integration, and summarises the main policy conclusions and the potential gains-from-trade that are at stake. Any comments or queries should be addressed to dac.contact@oecd.org. And no country has successfully developed its economy by turning its back on international trade and long-term foreign direct investment. Virtually every country that has achieved sustained economic growth has done so by seizing the opportunity offered by more open world markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Hence, perceptions of distributive inequality correlate to a lack of confidence in political institutions. Nonetheless, and even if this correlation points to a situation that might become complex in times of economic crisis, such as the outbreak of social unrest in Argentina during the 2001 and 2002 collapses (see box 1.7), this analysis does not provide direct proof of the relationship between perceptions of injustice in income distribution and opinions that institutions are run so as to benefit only the few (in this case, members of the elites). The percentage of respondents who believe that their country is governed by a few powerful individuals for their own benefit is higher among those who also believe that income distribution in their country is unfair or very unfair.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, Article 28, paragraph 2 of the convention adopts the impermissibility principle contained in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which states that a reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of a convention shall not be permitted. It has consistently called upon states parties to withdraw them and ensure that their legal systems conform to the convention in general and to Article 16 in particular. The committee has stressed that Article 16 (among others) is “central to the object and purpose of the convention and that the reservations impact negatively on the enjoyment by women of their rights.” As such, the reservations to Article 16 contradict the convention’s core principles of equality between men and women, and can undermine countries’ efforts to achieve gender equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Government of Indonesia should progressively increase its spending on the public provision of early childhood education services that can be accessed by poorer families. The threshold licensing standards should be common across the nation. A set of minimum service standards should be developed for ECCE along the lines of those developed for the school and madrasah sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Abandoned industrial sites, usually contaminated by hazardous substances, create social injustice in the surrounding communities. Redevelopment of industrial land has brought prospects of sustainab...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The professionalization of Canadian anthropology in the first half of the twentieth century was tied closely to the matrix of the federal state, first though the Anthropology Division of the Geological Survey of Canada and then the National Museum. State anthropologists occupied an ambiguous professional status as both civil servants and anthropologists committed to the methodological and disciplinary imperatives of modern social science but bounded and guided by the operation of the civil service. Their position within the state served to both advance disciplinary development but also compromised disciplinary autonomy. To address the boundaries the state imposed on its support for anthropology, state anthropologists cultivated cultural, intellectual, and commercially-oriented networks that served to sustain new developments in their field, particularly in folklore. This essay examines these dynamics and suggests that anthropology's disciplinary development did not create a disjunctive between professionalized scholarship and civil society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Elliott Harris, highlighted the role of UNEP, along with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), in initiating the United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (UN-REDD) to support nationally led REDD-plus results-based payment processes. He also referred to the role of UNEP in helping countries to work towards achieving the Bonn Challenge through the restoration of degraded and deforested land. In addition, he said that UNEP had presented an analysis of private sector finance for forests to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Standing Committee on Finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Differences among models reviewed include the cost levels used, the economic assumptions, model approach (bottom-up or top-down), and the mitigation options considered. The economic mitigation potential for developing countries is not provided separately. However, it is highlighted that for developing countries the most cost-effective mitigation options in forestry are reducing deforestation, sustainable forest management and afforestation (Nabuurs et al., Regional breakdowns show that reduced deforestation dominates as the most cost-effective forestry option for Latin America and Middle East and Africa regions, whereas forest management dominates the Asia region (Smith et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, as the share of renewables increases, baseload plants such as coal-fired and nuclear power plants are increasingly called upon to contribute to the flexibility of the electrical system: this trend will continue in the future. However these options are frequently still more expensive than traditional back-up by dispatchable power plants. Chapter 5 discusses how these various options can be combined in order to arrive at a least-cost provision of flexibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Individuals are only willing to undertake risk and dedicate their time to innovative activity when they have confidence that their efforts will be rewarded and their actions will be able to achieve the desired results. Fundamental regulatory and banking reform and increased funding for all levels of education will encourage innovation and entrepreneurship. Create policies that distinguish the determinants for success among recipient firms, in order to delineate between innovative firms that may not generate large employment growth, and other kinds of firms in sectors where employment growth is more likely.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For these series, adoption rates for intervening years have been interpolated. Maize irrigated area is from USDA (2015g), Census ol Agriculture. Adoption rates for herbicides, insecticides, no till, tractor guidance systems, and N application rates for fertiliser are from the USDA (2015h), Economic Research Service. In 1992, about 190 000 farms had swine onsite.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Without serious and concerted action on the part of municipal authorities, national governments, civil society actors and the international community, the numbers of slum dwellers are likely to increase in most developing countries. A number of accounts of the appalling living conditions in slums and informal settlements were published during this period.53 A recent analysis examines the history and planning architecture behind various stalled attempts to redevelop the Dharavi district in Mumbai - a vast area with nearly 750,000 people. If the grand visions of master planners -referred to by many in Mumbai as hallucinations - were realized, then the social dislocations they would bring about would be unimaginable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
International evidence suggests that a population base of around 200 000 is needed. In Finland, this would mean moving from more than 330 to about 30 municipalities. Should the municipal reform fail to achieve a high level of mergers, efficient management of health care by municipalities would be difficult.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Greater use should be made of such approaches to help mainstream biodiversity in economic and sectoral policies (e.g. in agri-environmental schemes, by creating markets for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, introducing tradable fishing quotas, and establishing levies for coastal and marine protection). Policy and institutional co-ordination remains a key challenge. Co-ordination with climate change mitigation and adaptation policies, including possible trade-offs, is of growing importance. Israel has a range of useful educational and public awareness programmes, which should be continued and strengthened.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, further depreciation of the local currency and higher anticipated food prices due to drought are expected to counter the benefits from lower international oil prices and should push inflation to breach the upper end of the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) target range of 3-6%. Benefiting from its strong links to South Africa, Namibia attracts more investment than average sub-Saharan countries. However, to accelerate convergence with high-income countries in line with its current National Development Plan, the authorities need to address remaining structural bottlenecks. Having passed a new Public Procurement Law in 2015, work on Public Finance Management law must be speeded up to reinforce economic governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The objective of this chapter is to introduce the contribution that, apart from post-positivism, other sociological paradigms, such as interpretivism and social constructionism, may give to the development of research and thinking about data science in social research. These two paradigms have theoretical and methodological beliefs that seem unfitted to interpret the data revolution era because they are focused on individuals, verstehen and sense of action and have been usually associated with qualitative research. But they may be of great help in addressing the future of new data research in our discipline, especially on two important aspects: first, on how objective new data are and, furthermore, on the role of knowledge in new data use and construction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Gender issues are evolve over time and are affected by socio-economic shifts. Undertaking participatory needs assessments, and offering coaching and feedback sessions are critical to ensuring women and men can empower themselves through BDS. Successful BDS for women SME owner-operators needs to be supported by organised advocacy by women, and for women, with government officials and bankers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The tax has since remained unchanged. Given that the associated expenditures can be substantial, the Government offers payment facilities, which enable farmers to spread their contribution over a period of 17 years, with a grace period of four years, at a given interest rate. Cost recovery is also to be ensured by billing a minimum water consumption of 3,000 litres, even if the actual consumption is lower.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)