albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This introduction considers the constraints on politicians aiming to pursue an ‘ethical’ foreign policy. It proposes that the social class and the informal social networks of state officials should be included in the analysis of foreign policy-making. It argues that the Foreign Office and business leaders shared a common outlook, regarding the Pinochet regime in Chile and the Argentine junta (1976–1983) as beneficial to the interests of British companies and banks. It considers the ways in which social movements, such as human rights groups and the Chile Solidarity Campaign, can influence policy-makers. It argues that social movement theorists have overlooked the pro-business bias of state officials stemming from their informal social links with the private sector. It also considers Britain’s economic and strategic interests in the Falkland Islands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Despite having a very small number of services for which there are co-payments, very limited exemptions to co-payments on these services appears to represent a barrier to care, and Section 4.6 recommends that co-payment exemptions are re-examined and made the subject of greater policy consideration in Denmark. The principle of equity underpins the health care model across the Nordic countries, and indeed reflects the wider societal view that social security and protection should be provided to all citizens (Vallgarda and Lehto, 2009). Health financing in Denmark is a mix of proportional taxes at national and local level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Capital productivity growth would lead to rising profit shares and allow for higher savings to finance domestic investment. In many instances, new industries also tended to rely more heavily on imports than on inputs provided by other domestic sectors, thereby limiting the coming into play of employment dynamics through inter-industry linkages. Furthermore, the focus on industrialization led to an urban bias and a relative neglect of agriculture, despite the fact that most of the population would depend on agriculture for employment and income. The newly industrializing countries of East Asia also relied on import substitution and imported technologies at the initial stage of their development. However, unlike those in Latin America and Africa, their industrial policies tended to be more selective and oriented towards the building of export competitiveness and the creation of domestic linkages, while raising agricultural productivity, which was a central policy objective in the early stages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It will also provide an opportunity for the Secretary-General to keep climate change in the public spotlight and to stress the urgency for action at all levels, from the local to the global. The UN Climate Change Secretariat has been detailed to deliver direct support to its implementation and to transform itself into an Office "fit for purpose" and for the long haul.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Enrolment in ECEC settings has continued to rise over the last decade, partly because of the extension of the legal entitlement to a place in ECEC, and efforts to ensure free access, at least for some ages and selected population groups. This chapter is a general review of a range of socio-economic and other factors that may determine the need for ECEC, policy on ECEC, the kinds of ECEC provided and uptake of what is on offer. This chapter also includes a summary table with a full overview of the ECEC systems and provision across OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Parents are free to choose and are guaranteed access to a school of their choice within reasonable distance from their home. In principle, funding “follows the student”, which lays the foundation for potentially strong competition among schools to attract students. At the same time, the Flemish authorities are encouraging school collaboration through the promotion and funding of collaborative partnerships ("school associations”) between schools in the same geographical area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Even when the jobless do find work, the periods of unemployment they endure reduce life satisfaction (Clark et al., Self-employment is often a poor substitute for salaried employment when the economy fails to generate enough jobs. The average life satisfaction levels (Figure 6.1) of full-time employees are remarkably higher than those of other categories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The education system has a number of features that promote equity, including a high proportion of students enrolled in early childhood education, low grade repetition and comprehensive schooling until age 16. Upper secondary graduation rates are high, as are enrolment rates for vocational education and training (VET), but dropout from VET is also high. Tertiary education is accessible to all, through policies such as a publicly funded grant and loan scheme. In the OECD Survey of Adult Skills, adults in Denmark demonstrate below-average literacy skills and above-average numeracy skills compared to the average across participating countries, with younger adults scoring around the average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Nevertheless, we still lack a robust explanation of the precise effects by sector and the specific drivers in each case. However, given that the sectoral composition varies by regional economies, the deployment of broadband should not have a uniform impact across a national territory. While Gillett et al. ( This finding may support the existence of a saturation effect. Coincidentally, Shideler et al. ( This would indicate that at a certain point of broadband deployment, the capability of the technology to have a positive contribution to job creation starts to diminish.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, a severe limitation of these FIES estimates is that because we are using the GWP, they are derived from responses from individuals aged 15 and over, leaving out individual-level responses from the world's children below age 15. The FIES module itself, however, can be applied to any population group and at the individual or household level. Food insecurity has both nutritional and non-nutritional consequences on child well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Lapland also utilises local wood fuels, peat and waste liquor from the forest industry. Wood pellets have become a worldwide commodity inspired by Finland, and have also become an important resource in the boreal parts of the North (see box 35). In the future, energy consumption in Lapland will primarily be dependent on the development of industry and the service sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the past, they were not often known for being very dynamic or innovative. This report argues that such institutions need to fully embrace change and become ‘cautious revolutionaries’ to remain relevant. Such a development would not necessarily benefit SMEs and inclusiveness, as weaker economic players are most likely to suffer from market failures and malfunctions that non-profit service providers can address but private sector players are free to ignore. For this purpose, they can create their own online platforms to facilitate contacts between local businesses and potential buyers in foreign markets, modernizing their traditional matchmaking services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Meanwhile in LMICs the cost of providing health literacy to an entire population may be lower, and the dividend greater given the likelihood of less reliable access to care and thus greater emphasis of self-care in these settings. Nevertheless, involving patients in their care and in helping measure and assess the safety of their care is very important, and is supported by the literature. The care experience predominantly concerns the quality of communication. The previously cited study by Tsang et al (2013) suggests a long-standing relationship between patients and providers improves safety over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
According to development scholars, legal reforms should provide litigants with new rights, enhance efficiency, and increase citizen trust in legal institutions. I investigate whether some of these normative claims have been realized through Chile's landmark criminal law reforms occurring after its transition to democracy. I find that Chile's criminal law reforms have improved defendants' rights by reducing the percentage of individuals incarcerated prior to sentence. This reduction signals a significant change in the treatment of criminals who once languished in jail for long periods without adequate due process and in violation of international human rights standards. Although the reforms have been viewed positively by citizens, opinions about Chile's judiciary have not changed significantly since Chile's return to democracy. While the Chilean government's focus on criminal law reform has not been misplaced, similar reforms with substantial government support are needed to significantly change citizens' ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On the other hand, the per capita consumption of ICTs is higher in denser areas, indicating the possibility of a different scenario when telecom usage is associated with a more compact living modality. In any case, what is clear is that ICTs increase the degree of choice available when deciding which type of habitat to opt for. Literature is rife with references to dystopian risks associated to the authoritarian control of ICTs (e.g. Huxley, Orwell).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Some policies, including for green investment, are pro-growth. Hence, concerns related to fiscal balance, inequality or growth should not be used as an excuse to delay policy action on climate change. On current trends and policies, greenhouse gas emissions over the next 50 years will cause damaging changes in the world’s climate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Indeed, the introduction of new technologies and the promotion of income-generating opportunities can create or exacerbate social fragmentation. Truly bottom-up and participatory approaches are therefore crucial. Pilot projects already implemented illustrate how investments in electrification can and should be utilized to promote the emergence of local sustainable markets and microenterprises. For instance, energy and utility services (lighting, water for drinking and irrigation, and energy for cooking) and microenterprises are created simultaneously with the power plant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In some cases, there can be a failure to demonstrate ‘financial additionality’ i.e. that the private finance mobilised would not have occurred without the public intervention (CAFOD/Oxfam/ActionAid UK/Eurodad/WWF/BOND, 2015). In regard to climate finance, Nakhooda and Norman (2014) attribute part of the lack of evidence to the absence of a clear, consistent approach for measuring the impact of climate finance more broadly, and private sector engagement for climate change, in particular. The lack of consistent monitoring is compounded by issues related to attribution of impact and to the establishment of baselines for the analysis. In the case of adaptation, for example, it would be valuable to know to what extent the private sector needs to be supported in its risk management in order to provide economic stability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As a response to Fortney and Atwood’s “Teaching with understanding while teaching for understanding” (this issue), this paper challenges definitions of equity that do not explicitly deal with oppression and injustice. I argue that in order to address the problem of inequity at its roots, we must re-center the historical, political, and moral dimensions of equity to disrupt dominant assumptions about the goals of science education. The justice-centered approach I advocate requires understanding inequity as one component of social injustice and necessitates that science education be linked with larger movements for social change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Goal 14 on the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and seas and marine resources provides strong guidance for action by the international community. Interaction between instruments seeking the conservation of wild fish stocks and marine species on the one hand, and the trade regime on the other, will shape the way in which we harvest, process and trade fish. Fish stocks conservation is an urgent concern that cannot continue unaddressed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The chapter is finalized by a short discussion and conclusion of the main results. The aim of the EU ecolabelling scheme is to "encourage sustainable production and consumption of products by setting benchmarks for the good environmental performance of products and services based on the top performers on the market"228 The EU ecolabelled products should be among the 10-20% best performing products on the market, and the environmental performance should be seen in a life cycle perspective.229 The EU Ecolabel is to be consistent all over the EU and EEA countries, and the target is that national schemes should be harmonized with the EU Ecolabel. The EU Ecolabel has been approved by all Member Countries and is a result of a common policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It is here that the transformative dimension should also come into play. Social security schemes that depend on contributions from continuous, full-time participation in the paid workforce will not benefit women with interrupted careers due to childcare obligations or women in precarious work or the informal sector. This aspect is sporadically highlighted by the various bodies. Improved worker rights, access to employment, childcare and access to land, extension services and finance are crucial to address discrimination against women in relation to their rights to food (HRC 2012a). The CERD Committee has noted that forms of racial discrimination may be specifically directed at women because of their race and gender.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Age 19 estimates come from the Elmira site, (a) Is based on group reading and math achievement test scores and is in percentile units, (b) Uses student self-reports on domains such as anxiety, depression, somatisation, and withdrawal to assess if students pass a clinical threshold, based on the Achenbach Child Behaviour Checklist (Achenbach and Rescorla, 2001). ( Attains 5% significance level. The Jamaican Supplementation Study (JSS) was one of the few with a long-term follow-up.9 Like NFP, JSS targeted health and parenting skills. This randomised programme consisted of a two-year nutritional and stimulation programme for stunted children (low height for age), aged 9-24 months at the start of the programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
But it is also important to consider what other benefits may have resulted from the measure. It may be that additional energy consumption can be explained as a consequence of achieving those other benefits. While some multiple benefits can be seen as a result of energy savings and should be counted in addition to energy savings achieved, others can occur independently of energy savings and could provide a different measure of success of energy efficiency programmes, to be considered where energy savings are low. Policy-makers should consider any such trade-off between reduced energy savings and socioeconomic welfare gains arising from particular energy efficiency measure and how the balance should be struck between energy savings and other benefits in designing energy efficiency policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Self- or other-directed violent behaviours associated with alcohol and drug use are also significant problems. The period of adolescence and young adulthood is a time when violence is often given heightened expression. Any preventive measures envisaged must be flexible and tailored to the characteristics of young people and their environment. Understanding when and under what conditions violent behaviour typically occurs as a person develops can be helpful in planning interventions and policies for prevention that target the most critical age groups (WHO, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In contrast to these and similar developments throughout the world over the last decade, the Israeli system of higher education has been lagging behind in implementing a policy of co-operation between higher education, industry, the individual employee and government. Reported reasons were the competition among institutions for a limited pool of students and the lack of a credit transfer system. Higher education policies emphasise the important objectives of differentiating the missions of institutions and discouraging unnecessary programme duplication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The volume of aquaculture production increased by 10% from 75 188 to 84 605 tonnes, accounting for 36% of total Australian fisheries production. Output controls with a total allowable catch and individual transferable quotas and input controls (limited entry, closures) applies. Longline trial started in the Macquarie Island Toothfish Fishery in 2007 for a period of four years. A trigger point for total catch was established to provide for a decision making process should catch levels significantly increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The concept of full supply-cost pricing enacted in this legislation, presented a significant departure from prior reclamation law. The full supply-cost rate is an annual rate intended to repay over time the portion of the federal government's expenditures for project construction allocated to irrigation, including the operation and maintenance expenses, with interest. Since the 1982 Reclaimation Act, the 1986 statutory requirement and the 1992 Central Valley Project Improvement Act have generated notable increases in irrigation prices in California's Central Valley (Wichelns, 2010b). For example, the Australian irrigation sector has found it harder to communicate to the wider population the economic benefits of irrigation. So irrigation water suppliers are examining better ways to communicate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Only three per cent of the MoFSC’s total budget in 2010 was spent on management. Forest officials caimot participate in all activities such as meetings, assemblies, to silvicultural practices and marketing of forest products that CFUGs undertake,” describes a 2010 paper critical of the proposed Forest Act amendment, co-written by Khatri. “ The limited capacity of the government to provide the needed services and putting controlling provisions against CFUGs to limit their autonomy will eventually hinder CFUGs from being active and innovative." This was evident in Chaubas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Public policy helps, especially by means of the rapid development of policies to reconcile work and family responsibilities (e.g. childcare) which facilitate parental employment and maternal employment in particular. However, Korean workers frequently experience low quality and/or unstable employment conditions with limited coverage and/or only limited income support provided by the employment insurance and social assistance system. Societal changes have also contributed to rapidly evolving changes in the profile of poor families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The result is restrictive fiscal targets, and this has led to a decline in public investment/GDP ratios in many countries (Roy et al. Some of the benefits a re more immediate, but many are evident only in the longer run.23 The time frame for generating measurable returns to this type of spending (and thus in many cases borrowing) may be as long as 5 to 10 years. By that time, appropriate public investments will have begun to expand the productive base of the economy, generating (taxable) incomes with which to pay down the debt. Such investments then are both fiscally sound and sustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The availability of such information is particularly crucial for potential investors as this will shed light on resource supply risks, thereby reducing their due diligence costs. To ensure non-discrimination between foreign and national investors, this information should be available in multiple languages, ideally in an electronic format so as to also be easily accessible from outside the country. However, the grid has not always been extended to accommodate clean electricity generation. In fact, renewable energy resources may not necessarily be located close to the existing grid network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The purpose of this chapter is to consider how criminological interest in migration and crime has been taken up by critical scholars within an emerging part of the discipline known as ‘the criminology of mobility.’ Drawing together theoretical and empirical accounts, authors in this subfield focus on the non-citizen and the global governance of and through migration control. The control of mobility, in this view, has become not just an adjunct to crime control, but intertwined with it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At lower secondary stage (Years 8 tolO), teachers award marks for each subject twice a year. In upper secondary school, teachers conduct continuous assessment, and students sit cnd-of-ycar examinations (UNESCO. The central authority on evaluation advises that assessment should be used as an instrument for managing learning, and not as a tool for selection. There is an increasing emphasis on assessment of skills rather than knowledge and facts (UNESCO, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A growing population with higher average income requires more food, more industrial products, more energy and more water, thus placing additional strain on the earth’s material resources and the environment. As production and consumption have become displaced with increasingly globalised value chains, questions also arise about the distribution of the environmental burden associated with resource use. This includes actions and investments to support technological change and innovations, and integrated life-cycle-oriented management approaches, such as 3R policies, sustainable materials management and circular economy initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Figure IV-11 provides estimates for AAL for selected countries, by type of disaster and sector. This indicates that in large continental States including Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan, the main drivers of AAL are floods. It also shows that China, Nepal and Pakistan are at greater risk of losses from earthquakes, while Bangladesh is more exposed to cyclonic winds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Government expenditures to stimulate demand and full employment can be at least partially if not fully self-financing if we consider a longer-run time horizon. Economists and policymakers have not typically thought about the gender effects of countercyclical or full employment policies—but they should. Evidence suggests that in many countries, women and racial/ethnic subordinate groups are at the back of the job queue during economic downturns, making strategies to promote full employment part of the toolkit to achieve gender equality (Seguino 2003, Couch and Fairlie 2010, Seguino and Heintz 2012).'* The ELR is a type of government-funded programme that employs all of the jobless who are ready, willing, and able to work in a public-sector project at a base wage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, providing safe water supplies and sanitation, and the resulting health benefits, is a much more effective approach to enhancing food security than imposing tariffs on staple foods. Initiatives to raise awareness about adequate nutrition and childcare can help to overcome nutritional deficiencies. Using international trade to make food available and affordable on domestic markets is beneficial for food consumers, while negative implications of open trade for producers and for market stability can be counteracted through appropriately targeted policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)