albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Income and Living Conditions in Europe, A. Atkinson and E. Marlier (eds.), The subjective well-being of rural-urban migrants in China” [online] http://economics.ouls.ox.ac. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol. Pobrezay poblacion: enfoques, conceptos y vinculos con las politicas publicas”, Notas de Poblacion, No. United Nations publication, Sales No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The essay aims at discussing the classifications of rights with a view to clarify the meaning of the general categories used to identify contested concepts such as right/liberty/freedom/fundamental right. The Author analyses the national and the international dimension of the protection of rights with a view of underlining the tensions and the interplay between the two levels and their consequences for the theory of rights. He then argues that contemporary scholarship needs to search for points of intersection between domestic constitutional law and public international law. Finally the Author identifies at least four junction points: 1. the qualification of a right as fundamental, 2. The recognition of group rights, 3. The codification of rights at the infra-State level, 4. The treatment of international law and its different sources in the domestic legal system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Where this document refers to “countries” or “governments”, it is also intended to include “regional economic organisations”, if appropriate. The paper benefited from direct funding for the work of the CCXG programme in 2013, including from Australia, the EC, Germany, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland and the United Kingdom, and in-kind support from the OECD and the IEA. The authors also gratefully acknowledge information provided by Inka Gnittke, Eric Haxthausen, Anton Ililber, Dima Reda, Marianne Tegman, as well as presenters and delegates at the September 2013 CCXG Global Forum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The main ones are located in the states of Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul. To improve the rural extension support, especially to those fanners still not linked to the ATER system, the Federal Government created a National Agency for Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (ANATER) in 2013. Its role is more oriented to the supply of inputs and technical assistance to the farmers but agricultural research in the private sector is also growing (seeds, equipment, machines, feed, agrochemicals, etc.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This report structure could alternatively be used for the adaptation chapter of a country’s NC. This includes a review of the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation and support for adaptation. As countries are not explicitly asked to report on adaptation effectiveness (and as effectiveness is challenging to measure in an objective manner), this renders it difficult to use national communications or adaptation communications to develop a robust assessment of this aspect of the global stocktake.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
China’s absolute PSE (in USD) is now more than 50% larger than that of the European Union, and Indonesia’s farm support comes close to that of the United States. At the same time, some emerging economies are large participants in international trade with agricultural products, either as exporters or importers. It is conceivable that agricultural policies in emerging and developing countries now affect price formation on international markets at least as much as do OECD countries. For all of these reasons, the nature and evolution of agricultural policies in emerging and important developing countries has become a focus in the OECD’s work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In some cases, however, disaffected youth are lured into joining by the promise of money and the sense of empowerment that comes with possessing a gun. In the aftermath of war, former youth combatants feel dispossessed, as they no longer have weapons and cannot find decent employment and sustainable livelihoods. In developed countries about 10 per cent of all migrants were youth, and the corresponding figures for developing and least developed countries were about 15 and 21 per cent respectively. These figures point to the economic pull of migration, especially for youth from least developed economies, and the willingness of such youth to assume the burdens and risks associated with leaving their homes and social networks to seek work in other countries so that they can provide for themselves and their families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Figure 2 shows trends in the Gini coefficient for household disposable income, which increased since the early 1990s by almost eight points in Sweden, five points in Finland and four points in Denmark. By contrast, inequality in Norway was at a comparatively higher level in 1995 and remains about the same level in 2014, interrupted by a temporary increase in the mid-20oos, to a large extent driven by extraordinarily high dividends in response to a capital taxation reform in 2006 (NOU 2009).3 Lastly, a substantial decline in inequality since the crisis broke out in 2008 has shifted Iceland from near the OECD average to the most equal OECD country in 2014. This was also the case for Finland, while Denmark and Sweden have experienced more persistent upward trends in inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
One example of their work is a recent discussion of a synthesis report on sustainable development to be sent to the Ministry of Planning. The members of these committees include experts from both government and NGOs. Steering committee fatigue can be a challenge resulting from the fact that often committees and/ or working groups are made up of the same members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Environmental injustice and the social exclusion of Roma communities in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) has roots in historical patterns of ethnic exclusion and widening socioeconomic inequalities following the collapse of state socialism and the transition to multi-party parliamentary governments in 1989. In this article, we discuss some of the methodological considerations in environmental justice research, engage theoretical perspectives on environmental inequalities and social exclusion, discuss the dynamics of discrimination and environmental protection regarding the Roma in CEE, and summarize two case studies on environmental justice in Slovakia and Hungary. We argue that, when some landscapes and social groups are perceived as ‘beyond the pale’ of environmental regulation, public participation and civil rights, it creates local sites for externalizing environmental harms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many countries have adopted national plans of action to combat child trafficking, but the lack of reliable statistical information remains a significant obstacle - most data focus only on the cross-border trafficking of girls and women for sexual exploitation. She has been working in the city's mass transit system selling hairpins and other products since she was 3 years old. Many of those engaged in child labour experience its worst forms - including forced and bonded work, illicit activities, armed combat and domestic labour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
If individual ministries or public agencies operate independently, rather than undertaking cross-sectoral initiatives, the opportunity for “whole government” approaches is minimised. At the same time, possibilities for maximising efficiency and effectiveness in cross-sectoral public services may be lost, adversely affecting sub-national development. In the past few decades, this trend has been exacerbated by the increasing involvement of local and supranational actors whose concerns for water differ. This can be at the origin of resource and supply gaps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Particularly large differences between boys’ and girls’ expectations for their future are observed in some countries. In Finland, for example, boys (at 6.2%) are more than four times as likely as girls (at 1.4%) to expect a career as an engineer, scientist or architect. These findings indicate that the career paths of boys and girls are already starting to diverge before the age of 15, and well before important career choices are actually made.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The discipline of International Relations (IR) for a long time of its history has developed in the form of Great Debates that involved competing paradigms and schools. More recently, it has been described as a cacophony of voices unable to communicate among themselves, but also incapable to provide keys to understand an ever more complex reality. This collection aims at evaluating the heuristic value of a selection of traditional paradigms (realism and liberalism), schools (constructivism), and subdisciplines (security studies and international political economy) so as to assess the challenges before IR theory today and the ability of the discipline to provide tools to make the changed world still intelligible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Those rural areas, which averaged more than 51 inhabitants per kmJ, accounted for 58% of the total rural population. Settlement dynamics in West Africa (cont.) Rural areas that are well connected to urban markets have more diversified local economies, with a higher share of off-farm employment and income from non-agricultural activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This relationship should be developed and formalised in order to make it more effective and proactive. At present, there are limited mechanisms with which the state government can express its expectations in relation to higher education institutions. The same is true of the local government in relation to higher education institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Nevertheless, as in many other countries, an institutional culture of multiple silo-type ministries still prevails. Ensuring high-profile leadership or co-ordination would help improve policy coherence and enable a whole-of-government approach to sustainable development. For instance, about a quarter of municipal environmental councils were inactive in 2013 (IBGE, 2014). Many state agencies face a significant challenge to attract and retain qualified technical staff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAP) require countries to set targets for 2020 or 2030. A legal framework without tangible action plans and strategies will hinder effective change and growth in national economies. National integrative strategies should describe their objectives for adopting renewable energy (at national security, environmental, social and economic levels) and clear lines of action to follow to achieve their targets. After the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Royal Committee on the National Energy Strategy found that a diversified national energy mix was required to safeguard against oil supply vulnerability. The Jordanian government decreed that renewable sources should meet 10 per cent of national energy needs by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To capture the breakdown across consumptive uses, respondents were asked to provide a general estimate of the percentage of mean annual inflow/recharge6 that is consumed across specific categories (agriculture, domestic, industrial, energy production (not including hydropower), environment (evapotranspiration), transfer to the sea or another system, or “other”. Figure 3.8 summaries the proportion of examples according to the dominant type of water user. The Czech Republic, Estonia, France and Mexico indicated energy production as the dominant water user. In the Sao Francisco and Sao Marcos Basins in Brazil, and the Province of Manitoba in Canada most of the water is available for environmental purposes (with a portion consumed for evapotranspiration).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It involves activities and measures for prevention, mitigation and preparedness (UNISDR, 2009). A green growth development strategy integrates environmental considerations and the value of natural capital into economic decision making and development planning (OECD, 2013). As part of a wider agenda to integrate development and sound environmental management, climate resilience is an integral component of green growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In Switzerland, working in sheltered employment is normally restricted to the disability pension recipients. To help patients obtain work is what relatives most frequently demand from mental health care - 70% of the relatives request this (Angermeyer et al., The fear to not be able to accomplish the tasks at the workplace prevents many people with mental disorders from looking for a job in an active way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Section 4 ties the case studies together by providing a roadmap for the implementation of ideas and creating pilot programmes. Financing platforms that collect and distribute investment for infrastructure projects, such as renewable power plants, transport infrastructure (e.g. bike roads, community car sharing), sustainable food sourcing and supply chains, as well as natural capital, pose a promising model. However, the associated operational inefficiencies and high transaction costs currently offset the benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
By linking up jobs into a coherent system, they help make the labour market more transparent which facilitates supply and demand matching, as well as providing a basis for adult careers advice and the co-ordination of local education and training (Froy and Gigu£re, 2010). Such approaches are important in a complex and fragmented labour market like tourism where employees move vertically and horizontally around a set of jobs. The Department of Labor has identified 16 career clusters by classifying specific jobs and industries into similar categories based on the knowledge and skill required. Within each cluster are job, industry and occupation types known as pathways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Despite initiatives to put these activities on a more legal basis, subsistence mining is still widespread. This is equivalent to less than a tenth of the territory covered by mining titles (about 8% of the continental land). Out of some 14 000 enterprises operating in the sector, about three-quarters had no environmental authorisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Innovation that harnesses these new opportunities will benefit from the exchange of knowledge and practices on how to successfully implement reforms. This research particularly emphasises the need to use diverse strategies for teaching and learning in different circumstances. This means that even if this report is focused on OER - i.e. on educational resources and particularly educational media - it will attempt to keep in focus the interaction of organisational processes and infrastructure, the means of using networks and collaboration, and insights (given and missing) from research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Recent developments in the political economy of public finance literature have focused on the features of budgetary institutions that facilitate budgetary discipline — a sub-discipline of constitutional economics. In this literature, there has been no attempt to trace the development of economic thought on the relationship between budgetary institutions and fiscal discipline. This may be because debt accumulation in peacetime is seen as a late twentieth-century phenomenon. As a result, Edmund Burke's contribution, in his speech ‘On Economical Reform’, seems to have been forgotten. This paper highlights Burke's contribution and identifies the extent to which it captures those features of budgetary institutions that are currently recognized as facilitating budgetary discipline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Stakeholder engagement through inclusive water governance is increasingly recognised as critical to secure support for reforms, raise awareness about water risks and costs, increase users' willingness to pay, and to handle conflicts. Striving for consensus through collaborative governance can pave the way for action provided safeguards to enable participation and equal representation of all stakeholders are provided for. Policy instruments to address point source and diffuse source pollution are different due to their different characteristics’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Susan Christopherson (Cornell University, United States), Ellen Hazelkom (Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland), Karen Maguire (OECD/GOV Regional Competitiveness and Governance), Jose-Gines Mora (University of London, United Kingdom/Valencia University of Technology, Spain) and Maria Helena Nazare (former rector of the University of Aveiro, Portugal) contributed to the report. Further details about the Review Team can be found in Annex 1 of this report. Rachel Linden supervised the publication process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Publishing subnational estimates with confidence intervals is important for their correct interpretation and use. Despite the development of software routines for the computation of standard errors, users of household survey data with complex design can often only approximate the variance of their regional estimates. This is due to limited infomiation on the survey’s sampling structure in the microdata available to researchers. As discussed in detail in Annex 2, the provision of ‘computational strata and PSUs’ variables in the public-use files would improve the capacity of users to correctly estimate the sampling variance, with limited confidentiality issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This is underpinned by a bold public health vision that states that by 2020, everyone will live longer, healthier lives at home. Scotland has demonstrated keenness to play an internationally leading role in promoting health care quality, as evidenced by its innovative patient safety initiatives, world-class training programmes, and a clear desire to learn from patients ’ experience. Scotland is also taking steps to integrate health, social care and other services for local populations, and has an abundance of data to measure the progress in achieving health system and outcome goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The main driver of increasing connectivity has been the decreasing costs of Internet access, mobile phone services and personal computers. In many LDCs, this quiet revolution has been led by mobile phones, which are allowing people, even in remote areas, to connect better with each other and with the rest of the world. Products and services enabled by information and communications technology (ICT) range from mobile payment systems to health services in remote regions where doctors are not always able to be present in times of emergency (Box 9.1). The most recent Enhanced Integrated Framework (EIF, Box 9.2) analytical study, conducted by the government of Nepal, prioritised incentives to attract investment in the information technology (IT) and ICT sectors, such as corporate income tax holidays until 2020, a 0% excise tax on imported telecom and computer equipment, and 100% ownership and dividend/capital repatriation for foreign investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is assumed that land use will be allocated to maximise profit. In the Alternative SSP scenario, lower average incomes and higher population growth rates are assumed. Compared with the Reference scenario, prices of agricultural commodities in the Alternative SSP scenario are lower, albeit with some exceptions (Figure 3). Prices of staple commodities, especially those that have relatively high market shares in Africa and Southeast Asia, where the highest population growth is assumed to occur, are higher under the Alternative SSP scenario.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
One of them, the Enhanced Industrial and Innovative Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2010-14 (PEIID) aims to transform the heavily oil-dependent industrial structure into a more diversified one by promoting competitive and export-oriented activities. The agro-food sector is identified as one of the eight priority sectors for diversification. Sectoral programmes were developed to implement the PEIID, including the current programme for Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex for 2010-14, which was succeeded by the next one for 2013-20. In the short-term, strategic plans of state bodies are adjusted to priorities set out in the President’s Annual Address.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In a bid to become more self-sufficient, Australia has also made efforts to increase the number of locally-trained doctors and has provided incentives for doctors to relocate to areas of need. Other policy levers Australia has experimented with include task delegation among health professionals, and the use of technology to facilitate access to health services for people in the most remote parts of the country. There are on average three Australians for every square kilometre of land, a density similar to Iceland and Canada (OECD, 2009). As a result, the spatial concentration of population in Australia is the highest in the OECD - almost two-thirds of the population live in 10% of the regions with the largest populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
List of Tables and Figures Preface Notes on the Contributors Glossary Acknowledgements Introduction: The Ownership of Regeneration and Peacebuilding M.Pugh PART I: DIMENSIONS Conceptualising Peacebuilding: Human Security and Sustainable Peace J.G.Cockell International Security Assistance to War-torn Societies A.S.Hansen Raising the Costs of Conflict, Lowering the Price of Peace: Demilitarisation After Post-modern Conflicts N.Cooper Bargains for Peace: Military Adjustments During Post-war Peacebuilding F.Tanner The Rule of Law of the Rule of Might? Restoring Legal Justice in the Aftermath of Conflict R.Mani The Social-Civil Dimension M.Pugh From Statehood to Childhood: Regeneration and Changing Approaches to International Order V.Pupavac PART II: CASES Peacebuilding, Hegemony and Integrated Social Development: The UNDP in Travnik P.Peirce & P.Stubbs International Law and National Reconciliation in Peacebuilding: Transcaucasia S.Albert Dilemmas of Accommodation and Reconstruction: Liberia C.Ero The Post-war Nation: Rethinking the Triple Transition in Eritrea E.Garcetti & J.Gruber Select Bibliography Index
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The learning areas that receive most focus in official curricula - particularly in countries where child assessments are used shortly after entry into primary school - are literacy and numeracy. Countries in the social pedagogy tradition do not exclude emergent literacy and numeracy but seek to maintain an open and holistic curriculum until children enter school and, sometimes, well into the early classes of primary school. On the other hand, countries in which early education has been part of, or closely associated with, primary school tend to privilege readiness for school and a more academic approach to curriculum and methodology. It can ensure more even quality levels across provisions and age groups, contributing to a more equitable system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, preliminary information points to a non-negligible impact of this sector, both in biological and economic terms. Here, too, the contribution of these fisheries to local tourism has enormous potential. This chapter seeks to review current available knowledge on SSF and recreational fisheries, and provides an overview of the actions being taken at the regional level to address these two important fishing subsectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)