albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It is therefore necessary to adjust international comparisons to get an accurate picture of the workload. One of the areas in which school directors have the least authority compared to other countries is in managing human resources. Strengthening school leadership is one of the most crucial challenges for education reform. However, the third year counts as two in term of points gathered as an incentive, which also means that at the end of the third year, teachers in undesirable/remole schools are more likely to leave and be transferred to big urban centres, since they will have accumulated more points than other teachers in more desirable schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Total cost recovery level is also 64% for all uses. With a couple of notable exceptions, water companies do not cover their costs. Furthermore, not even financial costs are covered with the collected revenues. Average water tariffs have been calculated by dividing the total amount of revenues paid by farmers and the amount of water used in each water region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For the same reason, the uncertainty surrounding the conditions for the United Kingdom leaving the EU (Brexit) continues to be a downside risk. Rising housing wealth combined with continued very low interest rates, resulting from the currency peg to the euro, could trigger a boom in private consumption, resulting in overheating w ith higher wage and price inflation. A faster and larger-than-expected interest rate hike, on the other hand, risk prompting large property price drops in some parts of the country with macroeconomic spillovers and financial sector losses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Regional NGOs include the Pacific Regional Non-Governmental Organizations (PRINGOs), the Pacific Islands Association of NGOs (PIANGO) and the Foundation of the Peoples of the South Pacific International (FSPI). Examples of international NGOs are Helpage International, World Vision International, the Save the Children Fund, and Educational International. All provide social protection services at various and appropriate levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, every year wildlife trade generates an estimated USD 15 billion worldwide, excluding large-scale commercial trade in fish and timber (OECD, 2008). While it is difficult to estimate both the financing needs for optimal biodiversity and ecosystem service provision, and the existing financing flows, it is clear that the financing gap is large. Annual financial flows for biodiversity have been estimated at USD 36-38 billion per year, about half of which is delivered domestically in the European Union, the United States, and China (Parker and Cranford, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Three of the targets - those concerned with disability, innovation and partnerships - require qualitative assessments of policy environments, and indicators for these are also under development. The greatest difficulty lies with those targets in Goals 3 and 4 which require further conceptual definition and agreement on indicators on which reliable and internationally comparable data can be gathered in a wide range of countries. Even where appropriate indicators have been agreed, the data sets available to national administrations and thereby to ITU vary in a number of respects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The independent variables are: a dummy variable for sex (1 for male, 0 for female), a dummy variable for race/colour (1 for white, 0 for black), dummy variables for cohorts (the youngest cohort was used as a point of reference), five dummy variables for levels of schooling (the least-educated group was used as a point of reference) and a dummy variable for the year (1 for 2008, 0 for 2003). The first corresponded to the data for 2003 and the second to data for 2008. The third referred to aggregate data (an analysis similar to an analysis of panel data with random effects) and the fourth to the variations between the values for 2003 and 2008. Monetary poverty and deprivation as measured by the other indicators are more prevalent in households headed by persons of African descent and by women, even when other variables are controlled for.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Such relationship recognition may open the possibility of extending other rights to same-sex partners, including the right to adopt children and the right to family reunification in the context of migration. Meanwhile, in developing countries where education has expanded, secondary school attendance is correlated with declines in early marriage and adolescent childbearing. Curricula that promote gender equality and healthy relationships are essential, as well as ensuring that schools are welcoming to and do not discriminate against pregnant girls and young parents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These three effects act simultaneously, whereby the productivity effect and potential loss of jobs due to outsourcing are neutralized by the innovation effect and gain of outsourced jobs from other regions. The third effect may induce two countervailing trends. On the one hand, a region that increases its broadband penetration can attract employment displaced from other regions by leveraging the ability to relocate functions remotely. While we are gaining a better understanding of these combined "network effects", the research is still at its initial stages of quantifying the combined impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While in South Africa labour force participation rates of men and women have been slowly converging, in 2011 there was still more than a 7 percentage point gender gap. Furthermore, as argued by De Brauw and Russel (2014), women’s labour market experience might also be affected by possible time outside the labour market due to childrearing or other domestic tasks (the responsibilities for which often fall disproportionately on women, see Blau and Kahn, 2013).1 Therefore, in the analysis in this chapter, women’s labour market experience is adjusted downwards by four years (see De Brauw and Russell, 2014). They may receive commission in return for the work or service they perform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This could, at least partly, be because in rural zones, the male partner often migrates or works away from home for lengthy periods (e.g., seasonal agricultural work). Seven countries have achieved a faster reduction in incidence among male headed households, specifically Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama Paraguay. In these countries, the gap between the two groups of households ranges from 10 percentage points in Mexico to 50 in Argentina and also in Paraguay, a country where female headed households have recorded the only increase in extreme poverty in the region. In contrast, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Bolivia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Peru and Uruguay display progress among female-headed households ranging between 11 and 47 percentage points higher than those headed by men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Finally, in Korea, only about 10% of poor children live in a single-parent household (compared to almost 40% on average in the OECD). From 2006 to 2013, both primary and disposable incomes of single-parent families increased at all income levels, largely driven by an increase in the educational attainment of single parents. Among all factors, differences in trends regarding paternal and maternal employment rates and job quality are the most important factors explaining cross-national differences in the evolution of income for low-income families. By contrast, the decline in the proportion of children with a working father contributed to a sharp drop in income in Spain, however, the largest contribution to the negative trend in income comes from the drop in income workers get from employment, and from full-time full-year employment in particular.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). Comments on Working Papers are welcomed, and may be sent to els.contact@oecd.org. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is among the international agencies that offer credit-enhancing PCGs to private companies. These partial guarantees have the special feature of being able to be issued in foreign or locally denominated currency. This feature has the advantage of eliminating the foreign exchange risk for local borrowers, which means that they can be used to issue bonds in local currency for example.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Progressively, MCDA should be granted increasing fiscal authority on numerous matters that require metropolitan management, in particular mobility, solid w aste and water management. Giving more weight to MCDA in managing finance in Metro Cebu could also help to ease the negative effects of revenue inequalities as show'n in Figure 4.2. As an example, Metro Vancouver’s revenues are mostly built through water sales (37%), sewer levy (29%) and solid w'aste tipping fee (12%) (Box 4.3). Similarly, 43% of Barcelona Metropolitan Authority’s (AMA) budget - at around EUROS 280 million - are built through the waste management tax and the mobility tax, and 13% from PPPs for w'ater supply and night bus service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the sample used for econometric analysis, storage patents represent on average only 0.2% of total patents. Nevertheless, in order to avoid any concern over possible endogeneity, regressions are estimated on the difference between the patent total and the dependent variable. Renewable Electricity in the Grid, Earthscan, London. Renewable Electricity in the Grid, Earthscan, London.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This assessment is consistent with remote sensing data on land degradation. It suggests that improved livestock management may be necessary to keep livestock development sustainable (Chapter 8). Since independence, the official hunting economy has ceased to exist. Legal amateur hunting appears to be sustainable. However, illegal hunting continues to exert pressure on some species of mammals and birds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
At the class or school level, however, weaker or disadvantaged students are often intentionally grouped and placed in smaller classes so that they receive more individual attention. At the school level, therefore, the observed relationship between class size and student achievement is often positive, suggesting that students in larger classes perform better than students in smaller classes. At higher levels of aggregation, the relationship between student achievement and class size is further confounded, by the socio-economic intake of individual schools or by factors relating to the learning culture in different countries. Therefore, to interpret the indicators, it is important to fully understand the relationships between them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Among other tasks, NFA Romsilva is responsible for developing and implementing national forest policies, ensuring the sustainable management of forest resources, and conducting forest resource monitoring. It also deals with nature protection, preservation, nature tourism and sustainable development issues. Subordinate to it are 41 forest directorates, one directorate in each county and the Forest Research and Management Institute.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There was one instrument, the policy rate. Central bank policy for employment creation should therefore focus on enabling aggregate demand expansion, making credit available for investment and maintaining a stable and competitive real exchange rate to support export demand. Possible remedies include tripartite or collective wage bargaining and fixing mechanisms, backed by increased government social spending and directed credit allocation to employment-generating sectors and firms. While the former dampens wage demands and thus helps avoid wage-price inflationary spirals, the latter can protect employment from the effects of a general credit crunch that would be triggered if policy were to rely solely on the rather blunt instrument of interest rate hikes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, responsibilities are often not well defined and incomplete, therefore limiting local actions. Taking down a tree requires the approval of the national government, for instance. As a result of the lack of a clear national policy framew'ork and w'ell-defmed responsibilities, LGUs have taken some critical responsibilities in the management of urban utilities, such as water supply, without efficient legislative framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As an illustration, households’ net worth in France is five times higher than GDP and it has grown by over 7% on average per year and in real terms between 1997 and 2007, compared to a 1.7% increase for GDP (Conseil des Prelevements Obligatoires, 2011). Taxing wealth at a rather low rate should thus generate large and rising tax revenues. Second, real estate accounts for a large share of household net worth (Fredriksen, 2012) and the tax can thus hardly be avoided. Third, inheritance and gift taxes, not only on immovable property but on all net assets, could offer an alternative to the taxation of lifelong saving.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The fact that socio-economically advantaged students attend a private school contributes to more than 40% of the explained differences in countries such as Greece, Canada and Brazil. Ability grouping and selection criteria for schools contribute to 22% of the explained differences in students by socio-economic background. Which school policies explain the gap in student achievement by background?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The task force could also examine whether and how men's high level of responsibility could negatively impact countries’ competitiveness. Although international and domestic laws prohibit discrimination in the recruitment process, working conditions and remuneration, these norms are not always respected in practice. Regulations that are intended to protect women may unintentionally bar them from certain types of work or from engaging in certain industries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The conference was attended by 38 donors, of which 22 pledged a total of about $170 million for five years. There is confidence that the full funding target of $250 million for the period 2007—2011 will be met. These figures relate to the multilateral IF Trust Fund, not to additional bilateral contributions that donors may make in the future to projects derived from the EIF process (see box II.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Raymond et al (2014] analyzed black carbon (BC] emissions and found a proportional relationship with the aromatic content of alternative jet fuels. The RF of aviation BC emissions is approximately 34% of the aviation CO2 RF (Stettler etal., The results indicate a need for further research and development of a holistic framework for quantification, as an extension to the current GHG metric, before absolute comparisons of the climate impact of alternative jet fuels can be fully trusted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They thus create a dynamic whereby: i) recruitment is based on objective, non-discriminatory criteria, thus increasing the chances of recruiting the workers that are best suited for each job, and ii) future investments would be targeted to most efficient activities, regardless of the group undertaking them, thus making those investments more sustainable in the long run. Individuals suffering discrimination also suffer from lower incomes and poorer health status, stemming from higher psychological distress, lower self-esteem and related mental health problems (Choi et al., In turn, firms that discriminate narrow the pool of employees considered in recruitment processes, resulting in lower productivity and profits (Lanning, 2010). At the aggregate level, discrimination can lead to depressed wages and underemployment for a high share of the discriminated population (Baldwin and Johnson, 1996).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Differences up to 2050 are relatively limited however, and are not quantified here. The largest difference between the Baseline and this scenario is brought about by reducing water demand from electricity generation (down by 37% in 2050), followed by domestic and manufacturing demands (each down by nearly 30%). Human nitrogen (N) emission is the N emitted in wastewater by households and industries that are connected to the same sewerage system. Dividing by D results in a value that applies to the total population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In fact, these references reinforce the idea of work as being paid work outside of the home. As discussed above, the CEDAW Committee has tried to address this gap in the Convention in two general recommendations. The second focuses on measuring and valuing women’s unremunerated domestic activities in national accounts (CEDAW Committee 1991b), but it fails to consider mechanisms to address the imbalance between women and men in the household or to remunerate women for such work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The United Nations Climate Change Conference in Doha, Qatar, prompted significant steps in the right direction by forging a consensus on a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol—from 2013 to 2020. Efforts are ongoing to strengthen national mitigation efforts under the Climate Change Convention and its Kyoto Protocol. The goal is to complete these negotiations by 2015 and begin implementation in 2020, thereby taking decisive steps towards averting irreversible changes in the global climate system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It is not a major concern for upstream oil and gas production, except possibly in the case of gas processing plants located far from extraction sites, since oil and gas fields are usually associated with the type of sedimentary formations needed. However, where needed for other industries, the new method developed in Iceland to incorporate injected C02 into basaltic rocks shows great promise, and is thought to be even cheaper than more traditional options. For most use cases apart from EOR, most of the C02 is practically guaranteed to be released over the short or medium term. Innovative, large-scale CCS projects may also help attract talent to the country or municipality hosting them, and may help growth in the local economy. Five are located in the United States, with one more in each of Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Australia, and China.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Data for Australia, Canada and Korea are for 2001 rather than 2000. Data for France and the United Kingdom are for 2012 rather than 2013. Data for Italy are for 2014 rather than 2013. On average in Korea, adults consume 8.7 litres of alcohol per year in 2013, a level that is comparable to the G7 (8.9 litres) and OECD average (8.8 litres).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
During the 1950s and 1960s, a campaign was conducted in order to eradicate sources of disease, and over 1 million marmots were exterminated. Losses in prey species have in turn affected predators such as bears, wolves and snow leopards, as well as large predatory birds such as vultures (including Egyptian, black and griffon vultures). Declines have also been reported in many indigenous fish species in Lake Issyk-Kul as a result of overfishing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
On their own, however, indicators cannot explain how the change came about. Reporting on, and using indicators, is resource intensive. They must therefore be carefully defined, and when possible, draw on existing data sources. This information may be particularly useful when resources are specifically earmarked for adaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Addressing market failures in banking and financial services, and in other business services, received USD 54 billion and USD 9 billion respectively. Pro-active industry-specific policies in the area of manufacturing, agriculture and mining received USD 40.1 billion, USD 10.8 billion and USD 10.6 billion respectively. The main recipients of these flows were MICs in Asia (37.6% of total), Latin America and the Caribbean (21.8%), and Europe (22.5%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In addition, students are more dependent upon their parents and their parents' resources when they are younger. In systems that track students early, parents who are more socio-economically advantaged may be in a better position to promote their child's abilities than disadvantaged parents. In systems where these decisions are taken at a later age, students play a larger role in deciding their own education pathways, and teachers and parents have enough information to make more objective decisions. While the median age of first formal selection is 15 years in OECD countries (OECD, 2010a), in Finland and Spain, students are not separated into different tracks until the end of lower secondary education. However, in a few countries, such as Austria and Germany, selection takes place very early, when students are just 10 years old. Among the various academic selection systems, tracking is the most rigid because students are taught substantially different curricula.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Lower earnings as well as the buffer role played by their partner’s earnings underlie this result. The loss of the income previously provided by a partner, the (potentially) increased difficulty of combining work and care commitments, the change in taxes paid and benefits received can lead to substantive income drops after a relationship ends. Frequent career interruptions help explain at least part of this observed gap: life and career events impact women’s income mobility and earnings profile in ways they tend not to for men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
First, annual aggregate data usually do not allow determining for how long individual recipients remain on benefits. Second, aggregate transition rates into and out of benefits say little about whether benefit leavers are likely to return to claim benefits again later on (and if so, how quickly). Section 3 therefore focuses on five countries for which high-quality longitudinal data were made available, allowing individuals to be tracked month by month over a longer period of time: Latvia, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
During the past half-century, shrinkage in the availability of natural resources occurred more rapidly than in any comparable time in history, driven in great part by human intervention in the environment in the form of agricultural activities. Although vital to the production and supply of food, feed and fuel, these have had negative environmental and socio-economic consequences, such as land degradation, water pollution, climate change, biodiversity loss, reduced long-term productive capacity, poverty, migration and ill health (International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development, 2009). Defined as a long-term decline in ecosystem function and productivity, land degradation is driven mainly by poor land and water management, including over-cultivation, overgrazing, deforestation and inadequate irrigation (Berry, Olson and Campbell, 2003). While agriculture contributes significantly to the problem of climate change, it is also vulnerable to its effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This year, we have established a new taskforce on SMEs and entrepreneurship to enhance the visibility and impact of SMEs on the B20 platform. We aim to unlock one of the greatest areas of untapped potential in global markets, namely SMEs. Our vision for Turkey’s G20 legacy is also tar-reaching. It stretches far beyond the membership of the G20 to include those nations hardest hit by the 2008 financial crisis and that have found recovery the most difficult.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)