albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
We protested against political parties requesting huge sums of money as part of the party nomination process.' In 2016, the organisation signed an agreement with the Cameroon government to empower hundreds of youth and women in elections participation. This process involved building capacity to reinforce leadership and civic education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper is a response to Pan Wei's rule of law regime reform proposal. It agrees with Pan that the direction of political reform taken and discussed inside China is indeed different from the democratization that has been pushed by outside pro-democracy activists, including Chinese dissidents. While some Chinese scholars and think-tank analysts talk about political reform, they are not proposing to democratize the polity but to make the single party rule of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) more efficient or to provide it with a more solid legal base. They have looked upon political liberalization without democratization as an alternative solution to many of China's problems related to the extant authoritarian system. Pan Wei's proposal for building a rule-of-law regime is a representative work of this group of Chinese intellectuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
From an equity perspective, the concern is that disparities in science performance related to students' socio-economic and demographic backgrounds might extend to students' attitudes towards science, including their expectations - or lack thereof - of a career in science or their appreciation of scientific approaches to enquiry. Students' attitudes towards science and their self-beliefs about learning science are discussed in greater detail in Chapters 2 and 3. In PISA, a student's socioeconomic background is estimated by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS), which is based on information about the students' home and background (Box 1.6.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These are vivid examples of how AfT is helping LDC exporters integrate into GVC or upgrade their products to capture greater value. Policy actions to streamline administrative procedures and rationalise export taxes could be particularly fruitful. Over the long term, governments can help build a national quality culture aimed at improving product competitiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This was later supplemented by the addition of cash crop agriculture, particularly cocoa and (to a much lesser extent) coffee (Gocking, 2005). To a very large extent, the trade patterns created from the late 15th century onward continue to this day. The British formally declared the Gold Coast a colony in 1874, which was accepted by the time of the Berlin Conference in 1884-5 (Boahen, 2002).3 At the Conference, the British reserved a rectangular area which consisted of about 500kms of coastline and about 1000km forest and savannah hinterland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In Koulikoro 46% are poor, 41% are deprived, and 24% of the children who are simultaneously poor and deprived are found in this region. For Tombouctou the deprivation rate is remarkably high at 75%, but this region has a lower poverty rate (33%). Since the region has a low population density rate only 5% of all children poor and deprived are living in Tombouctou. As a result of data limitations no indicators on nutrition and health are included, though both are acknowledged to be important aspects of well-being for children regardless of their age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Gender-sensitive concepts and methods should be used in data collection in all statistical fields. In order to provide reliable comparisons between women and men, gender statistics need to correctly measure women’s and men’s participation in and contribution to society (Hedman, Perucci and Sundstrom, 1996). Conventional concepts and methods used in data collection are often inadequate to reflect the realities of women and men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Introduces requirement for water prices to reflect costs. Requires riparian states to co-operate in the management of transboundary river basins.______________________ Sets criteria to assess groundwater chemical status and to identify pollution trends. Commission comprised of: (a) Conference of Heads of State and Government (b) Council of Ministers, (c) Technical Advisory Committee, (d) Sectoral Advisory Committees, (e) Secretariat. Establishes the Indus Basin Development Fund Establishes supplemental contributions to the Fund. International Water Law Project (http://intemationalwaterlaw.org/documentsL Lake Chad Basic Commission Perspectives (www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/atriob/contribution/cblt.htm~): Mekong River Commission (www.mrcmekong.org~): Nile Basin Initiative (www.nilebasin.org/newsite): Organization for the Development of Senegal River (www.omvs.org/fr/omvs/Dresentation.php): Office International De L’eau (www.oieau.fr/spip.php7articlel 181): Institute For Water And Watersheds -Oregon State University (www.transboundarvwaters.orst.edu/database/interfreshtreatdata.html): International Joint Commission Canada-US (www.iic.org/en/background/iic cmi nature.htm) and Pakistan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In urban areas near international borders, the implementation of smart trade initiatives can help to improve cross-border transportation and trade (Box 2.8). Co-ordination is needed across different levels of government to develop spatial and strategic planning that will foster synergies and avoid duplication and conflict in planning within and between cities and regions. Among OECD member countries, spatial planning considerations are increasingly important, while in some countries, such as Denmark, Finland and Norway, spatial planning takes into account land use and other related matters (OECD, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The main data source in this chapter is the 2008 NIDS data. Applicants had to prove that they had made efforts to apply for private maintenance from the other parent but been unsuccessful in doing so. There were several conditions attached to receipt of the grant, including ensuring that school-age children were in school. There were limitations not only on nonparents’ receipt of the grant, but also on eligibility in respect of children bom outside of marriage. As a result of significant differences in both rules and how the rules were applied, very few African children and their caregivers received the grant. In December of 1995, the democratically elected government of South Africa established the Lund Committee in order to evaluate the existing system of state support and to explore new alternative policy options targeting children and families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In northern Israel, however, intensity of pesticide use (0.07 tonnes/km2) is more in line with the OECD average. In 2007-08, one or more pesticides were detected at around 35% of the Water Authority’s monitoring sites in coastal aquifers, although none had pesticide concentrations exceeding Israeli drinking water standards. There is some evidence that pesticide use has begun to decline in response to wider adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)22 and the need to meet the pesticide residue standards of the European Union, a key export market for Israel’s horticultural products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
To date, development plans for these two sectors are undertaken separately. There is also a lack of incentives for regional engagement of higher education and for collaboration among institutions and limited pathways for students through the education system. There is a need for stronger credit recognition schemes, course and programme articulation agreements, clear and enforceable policies related to credit transfer and increased support for joint and collaborative programmes. Increase regional dimension in student experience through problem-based learning, internships, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
We adopt this as the degree of implementation, which we will require other countries to achieve by 2030 (although the base to which the percentage is applied varies depending on assumptions, see below). Thetype of geological formations used forstorage is also usually found where oil and gas are found, so availability of storage is not likely to be a significant limitation. The economic incentive to implement CCS is the major obstacle, but we assume that all governments of Annex I countries ofthe UNFCCC, will have the financial and organizational muscle to implement the incentives needed (see section 3.1.7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Falls are a major problem for the elderly, both on pavements and in public transport vehicles, however data is seriously lacking. Initiatives such as Silver Zones, where the presence of older pedestrians is also indicated by road signs, can increase the safety of areas frequently visited by vulnerable road users. A major study was conducted by Liisa Hakamies-Blomqvist in Finland and Sweden (Hakamies-Blomqvist et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Variation between Australian local areas was evident across all interventions and conditions. There was also wide variation compared with other countries. For example, hospital non-surgical admission rates were twice as high in Australia, at about 12 000 per 100 000 population aged over 15 years, than in Spain, Portugal and Canada, where they stood at below 6 000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Abstract The present article describes the arbitral proceedings in the investment dispute between Italy and Cuba, with special regard for the Final Award rendered in 2008. The arbitration has raised a number of interesting issues in the application of customary international law, including the admissibility of claims in diplomatic protection in investment disputes under a BIT, the application of the rule on the exhaustion of local remedies, the attribution of acts of State-owned enterprises to the State and the use of general international law as a means to interpret treaty provisions defining the scope of the BIT. Some of these aspects have proved particularly controversial, as shown by the thorough dissenting opinion attached by arbitrator Tanzi, and they are critically analysed. The arbitration confirms the profound interdependence of bilateral treaties and customary international law in international investment arbitration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Integrating promising NUS in farming systems can reduce the build-up of pests and diseases when they are grown in rotation with the main crops. Depending on their characteristics, NUS can also increase soil fertility, prevent soil erosion, reduce evaporation and suppress weed growth. They can be more resistant to biotic stresses and provide dependable harvests under unfavourable climatic conditions or depleted soils. For instance, DeFries etal. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, boys were more likely to report being involved in team sports (Gariepy et al., Figure 4.2 permits comparisons of Maori and non-Maori against the international averages on these dimensions, and also indicates where statistically significant differences are found between Maori and non-Maori young people. On the more positive side, both Maori and non-Maori students have greater motivation to achieve than OECD 15-year-olds as a whole. So while the Maori students have lower motivation to achieve than New Zealand students as a whole, they have somewhat greater motivation than their peers in other countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Given the importance of water as an essential resource as well as a potential threat, climate change impacts on freshwater will affect not only water and flood management per se, but also a number of key policy domains (e.g. energy, agriculture, infrastructure, biodiversity, and health). Despite the ever-expanding scientific basis, reliable information about the nature, magnitude and timing of impacts at the scale needed for practical, site-specific adaptation is generally lacking. Adaptation decisions need to accommodate significant uncertainty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Private Finance batches follow the ‘‘Design, Build, Finance and Operate” deliveiy model with an operational period that generally lasts 25 years. The criteria should explicitly avoid introducing preferences resulting from accounting rules for financing assets off-budget or off-balance-sheet. Currently, in Chile, decisions regarding whether to propose the concessions model for a particular infrastructure service are taken by the same unit that is responsible for the delivering the project, the CCOP. The decision to proceed with a concession, PPP or a traditional procurement process should, ideally, be taken by a body that is independent from the delivery units.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Indeed, the World Economic Forum recently argued that some more advanced developing countries could leapfrog into Industry 4.0, and that its impact could be far-reaching for possibly attaining - within a generation - inclusive and sustainable industrial development. Once again, this clearly underscores the role of international organizations, including UNIDO. To address these challenges, UNIDO is closely partnering with other development organizations, including many of the lOs represented in this report. Partnerships are a fruitful way forward to make the best and most productive use of ICTs for ISID, and to ensure that everyone benefits equally from the opportunities brought about by ever-sophisticated advances in ICTs and their application in modern manufacturing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Judicial decisions focusing on equal educational opportunity involve significant issues of educational governance and often involve explicit questions about the extent to which authority to make educational decisions should be centralized or decentralized across various institutions and entities. This review aims at clarifying scholars’ understanding of court-driven reform of educational governance to leverage equal educational opportunities across the major fields of school desegregation, school finance reform, and school choice. Issues of centralization and decentralization have particularly emerged in courts’ approaches to these fields with respect to both the judicial process and the substance of the policies themselves. An examination of these issues reveals a movement toward the decentralization of authority away from the courts that, at times, has reflected a growing judicial awareness of the courts’ strengths and weaknesses. Based on this examination, a more effective role for the courts in reform...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is particularly true of PWPs, where, too often, programmes provide only short-term, periodic employment of a month or so. Programmes that demonstrate the most substantial effects on food security are those that run for decades, not years or months. Social protection programmes can certainly contribute to shock response, but they can only buffer households against emerging shocks if they are already in place. Too often, agencies deal with this complexity by incorporating too many objectives into a single programme, rather than working in a co-ordinated and cross-sectoral way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The implication is that the aspiration of VET students to enter tertiary education is quite consistent with the experience of OECD countries. It also implies in Egypt as elsewhere that vocational programmes need to prepare students not only for direct labour market entry, but also for a range of further educational and training programmes including tertiary education. This implies sufficient emphasis on core literacy and numeracy skills to underpin further learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2017, Loon’s balloons helped deliver basic connectivity to thousands of inhabitants in Peru affected by flooding and 200 000 people in Puerto Rico following the hurricane Maria. The private sector is also increasingly partnering with development providers to improve the use of technological solutions in development co-operation. For example, in September 2018, the Famine Action Mechanism (FAM) was launched as a coalition between the World Bank, the UN, International Committee of the Red Cross, Microsoft, Google and Amazon. The aim of the FAM is to use new technologies and predictable analytics, e.g. Al and machine learning, to improve early warning system to be able to identify areas where there are increasing risks of famines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Quebec and Prince Edward Island managed the introduction of full-day kindergarten with a comprehensive transition plan that refocused childcare operators to provide services for younger aged children. For instance, as the federal increased payment under the NCB supplement, the provinces and territories agreed to ‘reinvest’ the amount saved in other programs and services for low-income families with children, such as early learning and child care services, supplementary health care, income-tested child benefits and earnings supplements. As a consequence, the Early Childhood Development Initiative (ECDI) adopted in 2000 and was accompanied with CAD 500 million annually for programs to promote infant and maternal health, improve parenting and community supports and strengthen early learning and child care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Against this background, the provision of equal opportunities in a legalistic sense may not be sufficient to achieve gender equality as women’s access is limited de facto. One example is the option for parents to work part-time until the child’s 7th birthday. While this option addresses both fathers and mothers, it is mostly taken up by women (Chapter 1). For instance, while reduced working time may be individually preferable, myopic behaviour may not fully internalise long-term effects on pension entitlements and risk of old-age poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
More specifically, additions to 2011 OECD Guidelines: • Human rights, due diligence on human rights and supply chains • Increased role in influencing suppliers • Stakeholder consultation • Greater emphasis of disclosure on all “material” issues • Shift in terminology in employment and industrial relations to be consistent with ILO MNE declaration • Instruction that enterprises should not only seek to improve, but also take due account of their social and economic effects on developing countries. • Ample reference is made to relevant United Nations/OECD conventions and agreements, however no direct reference is made to instruments such as: ISO 26000, Global Compact, GRI. An amendment was made in 2004 adding a tenth principle for anti-corruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This paper focuses on a concept, direct effect, which has been at the heart of Marc Maresceau's own intellectual journey, the subject of his own PhD, later turned into a marvellous monograph which continues to repay close study. It explores, prospectively, what the status of the Convention in EU law could, and should be, once the EU has become a Contracting Party. The paper does so, at one level, on the basis of the existing principles regarding the effects which international agreements have in the EU legal order. It analyses the scope of the ECJ's jurisdiction to interpret and apply the Convention, once it is concluded. The paper examines the potential legal effect of the Convention in EU law. It analyzes the following question: what will be the effect of judgments of the ECtHR in the EU legal order?  Keywords: ECtHR, EU legal order, European Convention on human rights, Marc Maresceau
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A number of the review countries are also currently reporting to the OECD Fisheries Support Estimate database (e.g. Australia, Chinese Taipei, Colombia, France and Indonesia), enabling the tracking of government support to this sector over time. Marine spatial plans, which aim to take a systematic and comprehensive approach across sectors in the oceans space, are also beginning to proliferate and have been implemented in Australia, China, Colombia and Mexico, are under development in South Africa, and are being discussed in Brazil, Chile, Madagascar, Thailand and Viet Nam. Many developing countries, such as Madagascar and Ethiopia, have identified the availability of external funding as an important factor in successful implementation of their NBSAPs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
No conveyance facilities are involved in the Feather River service area and no pumping is required. Hence, the contracting districts in that area are charged only for capital repayment and operations, maintenance, and rehabilitation. Substantial conveyance and pumping are required in delivering water to coastal and southern portions of the state. Irrigators would also be required to pay the operation, maintenance, and capital replacement costs of their local water agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Smartphones and tablets are displacing basic mobile phones and traditional PCs for many users, making connectivity both more mobile and more capable, in a process that will be strengthened by the spread of LTE networks. Social media services, in their infancy at the time of WSIS, have become crucial drivers of demand for connectivity. Others, particularly those concerned with gender, cybersecurity and environmental impacts, require new data sets, which are currently in the process of development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Already, Latvia does have some mechanisms in place that prioritise services for those with the greatest need, for example children and pregnant women (Mitenbergs et al., Nevertheless, the fact that the quotas for services are exhausted by the end of the year may suggest that quota levels are insufficient, and that investment is needed to raise the threshold. Carefully assessing the relationship between demand, waiting lists, and the rate at which quotas of services are consumed is a first step.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The institutions administering the expenditure programmes should also have sufficient capacity to manage them - including the capacity to bear the financial risks some forms of support can involve (e.g. loans and loan guarantees). Neither debt nor, contingent and implicit liabilities (e.g. loan guarantees) should be incurred without explicit and prior approval from fiscal authorities. For example, subsidies to water-efficient irrigation equipment can increase the irrigated area, leading inter alia to increased water shortage and pollution problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The emphasis in these reports is mainly on identifying the relevant ecosystem services in Nordic freshwater and marine waters. These reports may act as "check lists" to see which ecosystem services and benefits may be affected by socio-economic activity and should be taken into account in decision-making. This report further gives an overview of the importance of ecosystem services from these coastal ecosystems, see table 4.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The impact of corporate governance on banking firms has been widely documented in the literature. Noticeably absent is an extensive examination of the impact of country governance on the efficiency of banking firms. This limitation is surprising, given the fact that the banking sector remains the most important channel for savings and allocations of credit in the economy. By using data on 454 Islamic and conventional banks from 19 countries offering Islamic banking and finance products and services, this chapter attempts to fill this demanding gap. We find that voice and accountability positively influence the efficiency of both Islamic and conventional banks. On the other hand, we observe the negative impact of political stability, absence of violence and control of corruption. The findings indicate that government effectiveness, regulatory quality and rule of law negatively influence the efficiency of conventional banks, but not so in the case of Islamic banks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)