albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
On the other hand, it can also address the offer side of the problem by increasing capital availability and adequacy for private sector projects dealing with green growth and climate action (e.g. small-scale adaptation-related projects, innovative green growth projects), through direct financing (e.g. grants, challenge funds), risk sharing mechanisms which improve the risk-return profile of investments (e.g. guarantees), provision of medium to long-term finance to cover the longer payback of relatively new green technologies, etc. The global average is computed by taking a simple average of country-level point estimates. For each economy, only the latest available year of survey data is used in this computation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It guided and gave coherence to the reconstruction of severely affected localities. Projects are financed through various sectoral sources (primarily from the MINVU and MOP) and the FNDR. There were 138 strategic urban plans carried out: 111 urban renewal plans (Planes de Regeneracion Urbana, PRU) of small- and medium-sized cities, and Sustainable Reconstruction Plans (Planes de Reconstruccion Sustentable, PRES) in major urban centres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Of the 63 developing country respondents to the 2017 aid-for-trade monitoring exercise, 54 (84%) state that trade facilitation has risen to the top of the list of their aid-for-trade priorities. Among donor respondents, a similar story emerges: 27 out of 42 submissions (65%) indicated that trade facilitation is a priority in their aid-for-trade programming (Figure 2.2). Trade facilitation was noted as a priority in the national development strategies of 85% of the respondents -up from 45% in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The economic performance for active vessels peak fishing concessions (TFC) has had important positive effects on hundred and twenty-five people are directly employed in Danish a production in Denmark is mainly focused on rainbow trout. Key fisheries indicat Panel A. Key landings in value, 2013 Million U ^ 4 500 xT^\ 3500 2500 “I A h \z y 1 ooo 500 Panel C. Evolution of government financial transfers for marine capture fisheries fisheries mackerel and species for reduction to fish meal and oil), hrimps, herring, flatfish, fishmeal and oil. Other EU countries purchase 72% of Danish exports central and Eastern Europe and China, are increasing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, land registration has been slow and only around one-third of privately-owned land parcels have been registered over the last forty years. Most rural households have unregistered land rights acquired through inheritance from parents and relatives. This creates a significant barrier to accessing credit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Abstract   The present research investigates the effects of voluntary hostage posting by organizations—with the provisions of monitoring and self-sanctions—in order to restore public trust after adverse events. The results of the first two studies demonstrate that voluntary hostage posting raised participants’ perceptions of the trustworthiness of organizations that had caused incidents, whereas imposed or involuntary hostage posting did not result in more positive evaluations. The third study revealed that voluntary posting affects not only the perception of trustworthiness but also respondents’ behavior when their interests are at stake. These findings are consistent with a study by  Slovic (1993) , which suggested that the best way to increase public trust in a nuclear power plant was to delegate authority to shut down the plant to an outside monitor. Implications of these results for a theory of trust and management policy for restoring trust are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
When the programmes were kicked off, migrant workers were not included in them. Since the global financial crisis, China has been implementing a more active labour market programme, with the migrant workers as the focal group. These post-crisis active labour market policies can be expected to help reduce income inequality, since they will promote employment and help labourers to find jobs. In 1996, Shanghai City began to require SOEs to establish re-employment service centres, and in 1998 the central government issued a regulation providing a basic living subsidy for laid-off workers, and promoting their re-employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The government has adopted a wide range of measures to restrict the promotion of alcoholic beverages and on-and off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (e.g. to minors and in petrol stations). However, compared to other OECD countries, France maintains lower levels of tax on alcohol, particularly on wine (OECD, 2015c). It is also noteworthy that taxation has been independent of the degree of alcohol since 1990 (Panel B).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Communication “Europe, the world’s No. Jobs, wages and inequality: the role of non-standard work. Defining, measuring and assessing job quality and its links to labour market performance and well-being. Global Dialogue Forum on New Developments and Challenges in the Hospitality and Tourism Sector - Final report of the discussion, Geneva, 23-24 November 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Thirdly, it explores issues related to women’s awareness and understanding of legal rights. Finally, it highlights social considerations in accessing justice. In particular, they shall give women equal rights to conclude contracts and to administer property, and shall treat them equally in all stages of procedure in courts and tribunals. ( However, in practice, gaps remain and lead to discrimination against women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Country' Groups 2, 3 and 4, the characteristics of the partner share little or no association with the probability of an employed mother working full-time. In Country Group 2, there is a negative significant association between an employed mother having a high-earning partner and the likelihood of the mother working part-time, but the marginal effect is only small. Employed mothers with a high-earning partner are only about 2 percentage points less likely to work full-time than otherw'ise similar mothers with a low-earning partner. Otherwise, the partner’s characteristics appear to have no effect on the probability of full-time work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However the full legislation required to implement the Act has not been completed. Universities are publicly funded adhering closely to government direction, unable to take full advantage of a more agile corporate approach. Government-linked universities such as Multimedia University, however, and private universities such as Limkokwing University are able to function as corporate entities. The last made way for the Malaysian Qualifications Agency Act 2007 which develops the Malaysian Qualifications Framework to unify and harmonize all Malaysian tertiary qualifications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The number of categories chosen can range from 6, as in the case of the United States, to 33 in the case of Japan. Some industries may be excluded from the ocean economy in one country but not in another. Moreover, there are significant differences among countries in the delineation of the classifications and categories used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Energy and water input to the agriculture sector is often measured by MONRE and MOIT, and forests being converted to agriculture activities are measured by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD). However, having these data measured outside GSO using different methodologies creates a fragmented picture of green growth, making it difficult for the national and local governments to set reliable green growth targets and to monitor the progress. More generally, this is a governance challenge due to lack of capacities in national and local administrations to collect and produce the data. The lack of acknowledgement of the importance of green growth also creates difficulties in unlocking resources to produce such statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Small fluctuations from one year to the next may reflect issues with data and calculations rather than underlying economic realities. However, small changes that are sustained over time may indeed be significant. “ Because the Gini is a sluggish measure, even 1-2 Gini-point increases annually are a big deal,” Branko Milanovic, a World Bank expert on inequality, has written. One of the biggest problems lies simply in gathering basic income data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The share of the latter in total agricultural land utilised increased from 0.6% in 1990-92 on average to 52% in 2009-11. The most drastic shift in the factors concerned livestock inventories, which fell to marginal levels in the agricultural enterprises during the 1990s, leaving rural households the principal agricultural units that kept livestock. If in 1990-92 households kept slightly less than one-third of the total livestock inventory, this share rose to 80% in 2007-09.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Respondents are asked to explain how each of their final responses was chosen. Respondents can provide the rationale behind their selections either in real time, as they complete the survey, or retrospectively in a debriefing session. These exercises help to identify potential sources of error resulting from misunderstandings, unclear questioning or word choice and problems with the sequence or flow of questions or with skip or filter questions (Statistics Canada, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Here, the scenarios in which employer contributions fall either on the employer or the employee are assessed. Generally, self-employed contributions are larger than employee contributions but smaller than the sum of employee and employer contributions. Conversely, self-employed workers tend to do better than employees if the actual incidence of employer contributions falls on employees. However, there are some significant exceptions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
They like to diversify their portfolios and SMEs offer a large and diversified base of customers. This helps in the overall risk management of the lending portfolio. In 2010, it signed a memorandum of understanding with the UAE Ministiy of Economy, committing USD 100 million towards SMEs and extended it to a further USD 100 million this year. Another UAE bank, Mashreq Bank, offers a free business account with no minimum balance, business credit and debit cards, access to its internet banking service for businesses and a dedicated relationship manager.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The statistics bear this out. Globally, women control about $20 trillion in annual consumer spending and this number is expected to rise to nearly $28 trillion in the next five years (GEM, 2015, p. 10). By 2028, women willcontrol nearly 75 per cent of consumer discretionary spending worldwide (Ernst & Young, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article acknowledges the trend toward federalizing aspects of corporate governance (as evidenced by, among other things, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002) and offers a model for institutional choice in federal corporate governance rulemaking. Specifically, the article suggests a way to determine whether the components of a specific substantive rule of corporate governance should be legislated by Congress, regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or established by the federal courts. Both the thesis of the article and the specific analytical framework it promotes are foundational in corporate governance scholarship and draw from previous research and scholarship in law (including constitutional law, administrative law, corporate law, and securities law), political science, and economics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract From 1998 to 2003, the Solomon Islands found itself in the grip of ‘the Tensions’, a violent civil conflict that left some 200 people dead, more than 20,000 displaced, and countless others subjected to torture, rape, fear and intimidation. In the aftermath of the conflict, two dominant approaches to post-conflict justice emerged. The first, implemented by the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI), favoured a ‘rule of law’ approach according to which large numbers of militants on both sides were arrested and processed through the criminal justice system resulting, in many cases, in the imposition of lengthy period of imprisonment. The second, ‘reconciliation’ approach, favoured local, grassroots, traditional and indigenous justice processes and were routinely implements by community groups, women's organisations and the churches. This article demonstrates that in the absence of a formally planned transitional justice process, these two approaches to post-conflict justice have ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In order to meet this deficit, ESCWA member countries can manage their existing water resources more efficiently through demand side management tools or by increasing their supply of freshwater through the development of conventional and non-conventional water resources. A combination of both water supply and demand side options is often pursued in order to fill the gap in the water balance. The renewable amount of freshwater is the volume of water that is replenished on a yearly basis, and of both surface water and groundwater that is recharged. Non-renewable sources of water include non-renewable groundwater (fossil aquifers) and groundwater that is withdrawn at rates faster than recharge (overdraft).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Some scholars and activists have suggested that discourses of environmental sustainability do not include sufficient attention to social issues or environmental justice. Since social inclusion is a prevalent masterframe among activists and in social policy circles in Canada and elsewhere, our research explored the extent that English-speaking Canadian environmental non-governmental organisations (ENGOs) incorporate discursive aspects of social inclusion into their website communication. Social inclusion includes such issues as multiculturalism, gender inequality, low income and racialisation. We analysed mission statements, programmes and policy analysis presented by a sample of ENGOs drawn from the membership of the Canadian Environmental Network for evidence of a variety of indicators of attention to social inclusion. We conclude that environmental groups remain locked into an “environmentalist” frame that often ignores such issues. This has major implications for partnerships with other Canadian social...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Israel's recent war in Gaza ('Operation Cast Lead') has both exposed Israel's defiance of international law and provided the occasion for increasing support for an organised transnational boycott, divestment and sanctions (BDS) movement. The BDS movement is aimed at challenging the Israeli state's illegal military occupation and a host of corresponding repressive policies directed at Palestinians. However, the BDS campaign, and in particular the call for an academic boycott, has been controversial. It has generated a counter-response emphasising, variously, the goals of the movement as ineffective, counterproductive to peace and/or security, contrary to norms of academic freedom and even tied to anti-Judaism and anti-Semitism. Utilising a Gramscian approach, and drawing from Charles Mills' concept of 'racial contract', we examine the history of the divestment campaign and the debates it has engendered. We argue that the effectiveness of BDS as a strategy of resistance and cross-border solidarity is intima...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Table 2 outlines what information is collected in selected climate finance systems or reports, and highlights how this fits with information needs under the Paris Agreement. Three surveys were carried out by the DAC Secretariat between 2013 and 2015 with the objective of developing methodologies to report and measure in the DAC system, avoiding double counting.6 From 2017, reporting on amounts mobilised from guarantees, syndicated loans and shares in common investment vehicles will be included in the regular DAC data collection. A further survey, launched in July 2016, is pilot testing further methodologies for credit lines and investment in companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
If we look at how the average life expectancy of Eastern European men (67.4 years in 2000) ranks against that of men in other regions of the world, only two regions score lower (Sub-Saharan Africa at 50.13 and South and Southeast Asia at 65.3). Western European men live almost ten years longer than their Eastern European counterparts, wheras the gap for women in the two regions is just under six years. Ours would not be the first study to show that Eastern European men are at a heightened risk of mortality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Abstract This essay critically examines the evolution of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) in Taiwan. The ‘American-style’ EIA was originally introduced in Taiwan as an economic policy-making instrument. During the 1980s, grassroots environmental protests rose. The state first met the popular opposition by denying their professional status, and then sought a more peaceful resolution by upgrading the EIA. In 1994, owing to the combined effects of more accountable parliamentary and environmentalists' lobbying, the EIA was finally codified. Democratization also made the codified EIA more powerful and professional, as environmentalists preferred. The latter part of this essay examines the actual practice of the EIA since 1995, with special attention to some controversial cases. The current EIA failed the proclaimed standard of “science and objectivity,” as politics lurked in the disguise of professionalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The creation of instructional leadership positions within schools, with clear responsibility for individual and school-wide teachers' professional development (e.g. classroom observation, mentoring, appraisals), is critical to improve the pedagogical knowledge and practice of in-service teachers. Further involving school boards in academic matters would also help raise school outcomes, especially if boards are successful in engaging parents and the local community. Focus school supervision on quality improvement. Costa Rica needs to establish standards and criteria to guide school evaluation practices so that they are consistent, draw on a wide evidence base, and support schools in developing their own internal evaluation and improvement practices. Given pronounced disparities in school quality , supervision should focus on the lowest performing schools where needs are greatest. Strengthening the school supervision profession and creating supervisory teams could enhance the quality of evaluations and build greater trust in the process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Interdisciplinary scholarship has highlighted the coloniality of knowledge: The idea that mainstream research is an integral component of racialized modernity that reflects perspectives of the powerful and reproduces domination. To counteract the coloniality of knowledge, decolonial theorists advocate research strategies of accompaniment that draw upon local understandings as an epistemological basis for rethinking mainstream research. To illustrate these strategies, I briefly describe observations from a program of research that compares experience of relationship across diverse West African and North American settings. Qualitative methods of accompaniment help illuminate forms of marginalized knowledge that not only make visible the political economy of relationship research but also suggest directions for sustainable ways of relating that reflect and promote the interests of broad humanity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The certificate is valid from 10 February 2009 to 9 March 2013 and is subject to annual inspection. In March 2007 the State Government of BiH, together with ministries of both entities and the World Bank published a manual which provides a practical methodology for defining HCVF based on the toolkit adopted in 2006. This methodology made possible the provision of FSC certification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This chapter argues that far from being in flight from the motive forces of history, Kipling’s most famous short story closely interrogates the archive of colonial historiography, exposing the driving contradictions of liberal imperialism in India, its early theocratic investments, and its evolving ‘despotism of law’. Inspired as much by orientalist scholarship on Mughal political theology as by proto-imperial concepts of ‘Christ as legislator’, Kipling’s recension of British despotism and Nabobery in this text comes to resemble the kind of discursive bricolage and political-theological critique of empire commonly found in an earlier and more radical age of British metropolitan rhetoric.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These strategies establish the general direction that the United Kingdom takes in skills development, setting targets and introducing new policies and agencies to assist in achieving these targets. For instance, the Leitch Review (2006), which was tasked by British Government to address the UK’s long-term skill needs, cast a vision for the United Kingdom to become a “world leader in skills” by 2020, and established targets to enhance educational attainment. The Leitch Review also recommended the creation of a commission to co-ordinate skill needs assessment work and skill policy more generally, leading to the introduction of the UK Commission of Employment and Skills (UKCES) which replaced the former Sector Skills Development Agency (SSDA) and the National Employment Panel (OECD, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Household mobility is now at an all-time low, with the mover rate 11% of the population in 2017. Past strong inter-regional migration flow's have declined, partly due to ageing as older people typically move residence less frequently. Declining willingness of workers to undertake job transitions is another factor inhibiting this adjustment mechanism (Molloy, Smith and Wozniak, 2014(23]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
There is also more accountability and demand for results across the different levels of education systems to deliver good quality education. From 2005 to 2011, expenditure per student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary educational institutions increased by 17 percentage points on average across OECD countries, but between 2009 and 2011, investment in education fell in nearly one-third of OECD countries as a result of the economic crisis, resulting in a decrease of expenditure per student in a few countries. Evidence on student performance shows that efficient investment and distribution of resources, according to countries’ needs, priorities and capacities, is important at both system and institutional level (OECD, 2012b, OECD, 2012c, OECD, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
If established as a right with no waiting lists and easy application procedures these types of schemes can also limit discretion in benefit allocation and clientelistic use. In one way or another, they all address the protection of women in old age while considering their role in the family. However, the basis for the entitlement and the family model they assume and promote differ among them. Most contributory social insurance systems offer survivor pensions, but there is substantial cross-country variation in the types and amounts of benefits they provide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)