albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
While research spending in both donor and recipient countries can be classified as ODA, it can be debated whether potentially reallocating funds from development projects and programmes in developing countries towards research spent primarily in donor countries is justifiable. To provide more evidence on the purpose and location of research spending, it is necessary to strengthen the CRS and distinguish between research spent in donor countries and strengthening the research capacity of developing countries. For example, Norway’s 2018 Digital strategy for Development Policy aims to integrate digital solutions into its main developmental policy priority areas, especially education and health, and greater use of ICTs in the management of development assistance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The e-Environment Toolkit proposes an approach and some tools for this purpose. This readiness assessment is based on the use of indicators. Indicators of the readiness of countries are captured using the e-Environment Readiness Index (EERI). Readiness of jurisdictions, communities, regions of a country, organizations and other than country scale entities have to be calculated to derive an equivalent EERI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Biodiversity and forest monitoring systems that comply with international standards and would provide reliable, accurate, comprehensive and regularly updated information on the state of ecosystems (including forests) and species are still lacking. No central database, no harmonized databases and no unified information system on biological diversity and forest and non-forest ecosystems exist. The lack of reliable data and information on natural resources, including forests, is an obstacle to proper management planning and prioritization of measures to be taken.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The closer the country points are to the vertical axis, the higher the contribution of changes in market price support to the change in PSE, while the closer the country points are to the horizontal axis, the higher the contribution of budgetary payments. The more modest changes in support to producers in Korea, Tbrkey and the European Union (increase) and in Iceland and the United States (decrease), are also mainly due to changes in market price support. In Canada, lower producer support can be attributed to the decrease in both market price support and budgetary payments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Recent events have been unkind to a doctrine that defined global economics and politics during the 1990s. That doctrine, often termed “neo-liberalism” or “the Washington Consensus,” was defined by the belief that free markets and international economic integration would lead the world toward prosperity, liberal democracy, and peace. The failure of neo-liberal development policies in countries such as Indonesia and Argentina, and the new prominence of elite and popular nationalism and fundamentalism whose most vivid expression is terrorism, have together shown the insufficiency of the neo-liberal program. In Part I of this essay, I present the major features of neo-liberalism, as a program and as a view of development, and argue that it embodied a distinctly optimistic and rationalist theory of modernity. After sketching the events that led to the decline of neo-
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They suggest that socioeconomic development has a decisive effect in lowering fertility in the long rim, but in the short run, and for specific households, the effect is not conclusive. The study concludes that education, especially of women, reduces fertility, though its effect may take years to appear. Improved health and lower mortality also contribute to lower fertility through both biological and behavioral channels. The effect of female employment, in contrast, is uncertain and undependable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Indeed, the country has reaped the benefits of improvements in access to drainage and wastewater treatment. Households with access to public sewerage systems increased from 60% to 83%, and 82% of those households are connected to a wastewater treatment plant. The majority of the remaining situations are solved through individual solutions such as septic tanks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Source: OECD Income Distribution and Poverty Database and OECD Economic Outlook Database. Their explanation is based on the emergence of human capital accumulation as the prime engine of growth, replacing physical capital accumulation. Yet, Bertola and Lo Prete (2008) and Bertola (2010) argue that although across countries larger government redistribution is associated with deeper economic integration, globalisation erodes the capacity of governments to redistribute over time. Alesina and Giuliano (2009) show that preferences for redistribution vary greatly among countries. Differences in religion, culture and macroeconomic volatility affect them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The third-most significant indicator in terms of the number of instances of deprivation was that of “disposal of household waste” (14 million people), followed by “school attendance”, “child labour” and “overcrowding” (over 10 million people each). The totals for the other indicators varied from slightly more than 8 million people (household assets) to less than 1 million people (material used to construct the walls of the house). The rest of table 5 gives a more detailed picture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As a result, both the trade and current account deficits increased in 2012. Large current account deficits, despite the slowdown in economic growth, are symptomatic of demand-supply imbalances and a pointer to the urgent need to resolve supply bottlenecks. However, capital flows have been adequate to cover the current account deficit thus far.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In India, the approach of the Total Sanitation Campaign (a nationwide programme to boost sanitation coverage, particularly in rural areas) was revised in 2004 to make the payment of the subsidy to below-poverty line (BPL) households dependent on the entire village reaching Open Defecation Free (ODF) status.14 OBA mechanisms have also been considered by bilateral donors, such as the AFD in Morocco and South Africa,15 but they are yet to apply those principles on a significant scale. This mechanism works as follows: a fixed subsidy amount is paid to a private operator for each new water connection installed in a poor neighbourhood. A significant risk with such approach, however, is that the newly connected users might not receive adequate service from the operator after the connection has been installed. To enhance the sustainability of the schemes, a portion of the output-based payment can be withheld until several months of service delivery have been made.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The state and municipal levels have been growing in importance in the last decades, as they have asserted their powers and are increasing their share in the distribution of tax receipts. Figure 3.1 provides an overview of the directions of the key financial flows in the Mexican water sector. Further information on the organisation and role of federal institutions for water management is provided in Chapter 1. In some cases, they directly provide water and sanitation services, which have to be funded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The latter include an Interstate Council, Inter-Parliamentary Assembly and the Community Court of Justice. Interstate Council unites national heads of state and the heads of government. Its role is to define the overall strategy and set directions for the Community policies, including policies related to the agro-food sector, food safety, transportation, energy, labour, and international activities of the EurAsEC. Inter-Parliamentary Assembly consists of delegates appointed by each member country according to the size of the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Informal employment is not exclusive to low-productivity sectors, where 70.5% of wage workers have no formal contract, for 30.8% of wage workers in medium- and high-productivity sectors are also in that position. Moreover, 63.7% of male wage workers have formal contracts compared with 61.8% of women, although a slightly lower proportion of men have long-term contracts (see table II. Its variations are linked to the behaviour of human capital and patterns of productivity, the competitiveness of the sectors providing the employment, and the level of protection and negotiating power of workers, which in turn is related to factors such as the degree of unionization and the possibility of collective bargaining.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In fact, early childhood education has been found to be one of the strongest determinants of a child's readiness for school, in both high-income and low-income countries. Participation in organized learning one year before the official entry age for primary school has risen steadily over the past years. At the global level, the participation rate in early childhood education was 69 per cent in 2017, up from 63 per cent in 2010. However, considerable disparities were found among countries, with rates ranging from 7 per cent to nearly 100 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It also helps to valorise skills development, while the classification of skilled trades and adoption of occupational standards can increase awareness of viable career options. Through the Red Seal Program, the Canadian government works with the provinces, territories and industry partners to provide national standards that define the scope of the trade and what needs to be done to demonstrate competence in that trade. These standards are developed and validated by jurisdictions with input from industry. The programme recognises bakers and cooks as Red Seal trades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Scholars debate whether states or markets drive economic policy in the context of internationalization. Unpacking the market–state dichotomy, liberal pluralists and institutionalists alike conduct sectoral analysis to examine economic policies and outcomes. They debate the relative importance of sectors versus factors and the impact of sectoral coalitions, structural characteristics, and institutional trajectories. Building on previous scholarship, this article argues that state imperatives, such as national security and technological advancement, are an important guide to understanding dominant patterns of economic policy, defined as state goals, government–business relations, and state methods. Beyond that, the organization of institutions and structural sectoral attributes influence the ways in which actual policy outcomes vary across sectors and time. Case studies of the liberalization and subsequent reregulation of foreign direct investment across subsectors of telecommunications in China substantiate this argument. Evidence from other industries further validates this explanatory model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Answers are grouped into two categories (yes/no). Mental health is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as “a state of well-being in which the individual realises his or her abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community”. It is calculated using mortality statistics and data on self-perceived disability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A large literature suggests that countries with better governance have higher growth rates. We explore whether this is also true at the sub-national level in Indonesia. We exploit a new dataset of firm perceptions of the quality of economic governance in 243 districts across Indonesia to estimate the impact of nine different dimensions of governance on district growth. Surprisingly, we find relatively little evidence of a robust relationship between the quality of governance and economic performance. However, we do find support for the idea that structural variables, such as economic size, natural resource endowments and population, have a direct influence on the quality of local governance as well as on economic growth. This suggests that efforts to improve local governance should pay greater attention to understanding how such structural characteristics shape the local political economy and how this in turn influences economic performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This links the PDNA process with the ‘building back better’ approach. This is used as a basis for developing a comprehensive immediate and long-term recovery framework and for mobilizing assistance from donors and development partners. These can use the PDNA methodological framework, and retain a sound scientific base, but need to be downscaled to meet local needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Urban sprawl, pollution, deficient delivery public services (utilities), housing gaps and weak intra-city connectivity are all problems that derive from the lack of appropriate land-use planning and the implementation of regulation. The most urgent need is for urban policy packages promoting efficient use of land for proper allocation of real estate development, as well as the provision of efficient public transport (Ryser and Franchini, 2015). The misallocation of land resources is leading to a shortage of land for sustainable development of a city and its adjacent neighbourhoods. The main local-level actors responsible are direct representatives of the central government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Mixed processing units account for the largest concentration of activity in all regions with the exception of Humberside, where primary processing accounts for the majority share of processing units. Although there has been a drop of 15% in overall number of units since 2010, the drop in number of mixed processing units is just 6%. This system is continued in the reformed Common Market Organisation, however, financial support would only be available to temporarily remove items from the market and store them for later release for human consumption. Purchases of w’hite fish fell 11% on 2009, 16% since 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In 2014, almost a quarter of adults (23%) who had not completed their secondary education were daily smokers, compared to only 10% among those with a tertiary education. Likewise, almost 20% of people without a secondary education were obese, compared to only 10% among those with a higher education. Compulsory health insurance is executed through six private, not-for-profit national associations of sickness funds and one public sickness fund.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The relationship between governments and universities is increasingly marked by target setting and performance requirements. Higher education institutions have gained autonomy in financial action to reach the defined goals. Tuition fees have been abolished in most Lander, with Lower Saxony the last Land to drop fees in autumn 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2008, the Government of Rwanda (GoR) embarked on a nationwide roll-out of fibre optic as a backbone infrastructure for broadband. This optic fibre connected different parts of the country and provided high-capacity cross-border links with onward connectivity to submarine cables. The network is currently over 90% population coverage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The different changes it has engendered are transforming our understanding of higher education today. This chapter analyses these issues in two parts. The first section delimits and reviews the concept and evolution of "e-learning" from the more traditional forms of "distance education" to the current modalities of virtual education. It also examines the global expansion of e-learning in higher education and some of its most recent developments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Policies during this time restricted the opportunity for farmers to expand the size of their farms and farm inputs were under state control. Alongside Poland’s transition to a democratic political system came market deregulation and the privatisation of former state industries. This represented a major change in the market conditions for farming and for rural development more generally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Least developed countries, however, often do not have the resources or critical mass needed to build such networks. These countries should therefore form regional R&D networks and engage in South-South collaboration to leverage the resources of all members. For example, several Central African nations recently formed a university network of researchers engaged in work in the medical field (Cannady, 2009).4 Regional networks could also offer valuable opportunities to leverage resources of wealthier countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This chapter articulates the idea that, rather than discussing when force is justified or how force is authorized, it is time to re-imagine and expand the parameters of the prohibition on the use of force contained in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter. In returning to the prohibition, I use structural bias feminist approaches to consider how the law on the use of force has fared in the first two decades after the advent of feminist approaches addressing international law.2 Structural bias feminism
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These problems are not unique to the Negev, but nonetheless may harm the development of fruitful cooperation between research and industry. Bio-Negev, with the BGU as a key actor, is one of the first Israeli experiences in cluster initiatives and offers a basis to build on. There is no coordinating actor in the Negev as a whole, MOITAL is in charge of coordination. However, this holds back co-operation and strategic thinking in the sub-cluster.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The article argues for a closer relationship between studies about the body, more specifically corporeal feminism, and environmental scholarship in philosophical and cultural studies. Because of the traditional association of nature with essentialism, the significance of materiality has tended to be overlooked in feminist theory. Through the use of the concept of “trans-corporeality” – the time-space where human corporeality is inseparable from “nature” or “environment” – as a theoretical site or epistemological space, richer and more complex modes of analysis may bring together “the entangled territories of material and discursive, natural and cultural, biological and textual”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Among these are the urgent need to halt uncontrolled urban sprawl, reverse the growth of urban slum populations, institute smart, safe and efficient urban transport systems, improve urban environments through creating safe public spaces, manage air pollution and municipal solid waste, as well as promote sustainable buildings, ecosystem corridors and consumption and production patterns.. All the targets and indicators of SDG 11 require sufficient planning and informed strategies, which are largely articulated in the need to have well-informed national urban policies. Many of these indicators build on the notable achievements registered during previous global agendas especially MDGs and the Habitat Agenda, including the notable fact that some targets now have reliable baselines to work with, many others are new and come as a response to the challenges and opportunities that urban areas face today in search of sustainable development outcomes. These periods are sufficiently long for the global community to have learnt a lot about the existing challenges of implementing the SDGs and how to deal with the teething problems in monitoring and reporting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Anderson and van Wincoop (2003) refer to these effects as “multilateral resistance”. Different empirical approaches have been applied in order to control for MR in the gravity model. One of the first approaches was to control for MR by including country fixed effects. However, introducing country-specific variables in the econometric estimation precludes the use of fixed effects to control for multilateral resistance in the estimation (Behar etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Yet to understand the causes and consequences of monetary child poverty and to design effective anti-poverty policies, it matters if the same group of children remain poor or if every child experiences one brief poverty spell. Adverse consequences of experiencing poverty are well documented and the length of time spent in poverty amplifies its negative impact on key child outcomes (see Brooks-Gunn and Duncan 1997), including cognitive and behavioural development. A recent comprehensive review of income mobility in the European Union by Van Kerm and Pi Alperin (2013) does not focus on children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Section 4 looks at specific challenges that could arise during the implementation of these policies and how best to address them. Income disparities have risen to unprecedented levels in some countries over the past three decades, with the richest 10% in the OECD area earning almost ten times more than the poorest 10%. Wealth is even more concentrated than income: in 2012, the richest 10% controlled half of all total household wealth, while the poorest 40% held only 3% of the total across 18 OECD countries3 (OECD, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The system of evaluation should provide links between evaluation for improvement and evaluation for career progression. Furthermore, evaluation is the only consistent way of distinguishing among teachers. In a fiscal situation that leaves little room for rewards, it is very important to make sure that the most diligent and effective teachers are compensated fairly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, Belgium is an exception because short-time work was already being used quite extensively prior to the start of the crisis. This means that the jobs impact of crisis-related short-time work in Belgium may be overestimated substantially. Unfortunately, it is not straightforward to correct for this as this would require detailed data on take-up during the pre-crisis period which are not available for most countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These studies resulted in Report ITU-R RS.2178: The essential role and global importance of radio spectrum use for Earth observations and for related applications. It is stressed that information about climate, climate change, weather, precipitation, pollution or disasters is a critically important everyday issue forthe global community. Earth-observation activities provide such information, which is required for daily weather forecasting, climate change studies, environmental protection, economic development (transportation, energy, agriculture, and construction) and for safety of life and property. These systems are described in a number of ITU-R Recommendations. In particular, WP 7C has developed Recommendation ITU-R RS.188316 on the use of remote sensing in the study of climate change and its effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Information on future availability of funding is particularly important to provide certainty and to enable planning activities of developing countries. The Subsidiary Body of the Convention (SBSTA) has been mandated to develop modalities on accounting of financial resources provided and mobilized by public interventions. Ongoing efforts by financial institutions on the tracking of climate finance will provide the basis, however, they may be affected by different perspectives of Parties regarding, for example, questions of additionality of climate finance versus ODA and the role of public versus private support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)