albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Objective: This paper describes the processes involved in policy development and implementation with examples of how this can be influenced by the outcomes of research.Method: The author draws on his experience in the development and implementation of Australia's National Mental Health Policy and on the literature describing public policy analysis.Results: A five-step process of problem identification, policy development, political decision, policy implementation and evaluation is described. This process identifies how issues are considered, adopted and implemented by governments.Conclusion: An understanding of this process can inform mechanisms by which scientific research can impact on the issues considered and the decisions made in each step of policy analysis and development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The first part of the analysis is to estimate how many children (persons) are (multidimensionally) poor and/or deprived under the definitions used. Knowing how many people (children) are multidimensionally poor and deprived is very important. However, multidimensional poverty research goes beyond mere adding up of individuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Strong public institutions and mechanisms to ensure accountability for fulfilling gender equality and mainstreaming commitments. Tools for evidence-based and inclusive policy making that account for potentially different effects on women and men. Effective monitoring mechanisms and reliable gender-disaggregated evidence for making informed policy decisions. For example, Mexico’s National Women’s Institute developed an institutional mechanism called “National System for Equality between Women and Men”, which co-ordinates the gender-related work of 42 federal agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This time the initiative should come from LDC governments themselves. They should collectively propose a common standard for foreign investment to which they are willing to adhere. The proposal should include arrangements for independent adjudication to settle disputes and enforcement procedures for decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In countries with strong familial kinship structures, it is possible that the presence of women is as a proxy for their husbands or male relatives. If this is the case, an increase in representation would not contribute to the transformative or redistributive dimensions of substantive equality. There is also a risk, particularly in relation to greater representation, that women might be essen-tialized and assumed to be in a position to speak for or represent all women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Viet Nam's investment policy includes incentives for investment in environmentally friendly areas such as renewable energy, afforestation and recycling. Malaysia has instated a major drive to encourage investment in green industrial development, including green technologies (renewable energy, energy efficiency etc.) While the current Cambodian Investment Law and supporting decrees provide incentives for qualified investment projects, projects that promote environmentally friendly technologies are not included in the list. A recent study shows that renewable energy technologies such as solar could provide power at close to the same price as fossil fuels in Cambodia, and could be cost competitive with additional support, such as through feed-in-tariffs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Direction de la demographie (2000), "Analyse des rEsultats du recensement gEnEral de la population et de I'habitation de 1996”, Volume 1, Ouagadougou. I. (1997), "A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Environnment". The Non-farm Sector and Rural Development: review of issues and evidence, IFPRI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Ministry of Education has responsibility for all educational institutions in The Bahamas. These levels are fairly distinct in Department of Education schools in New Providence, with slight variations in Family Island schools, where some all-age schools remain’ (The Bahamas Ministry of Education, 2012). The pupil-teacher ratio for primary is 15:1 and for secondary 13:1 (2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Other recent applications of quantile regressions that use a similar dummy variable structure to capture an individual’s education level include Budria and Pereira (2005), Budria and Moro-Egido (2008) and Prieto-Rodriguez et al. ( The results are robust to the addition of a dummy variable for having a post-secondary non-tertiary degree and a dummy variable for having a PhD degree (for those countries for which this information is available). Adding these variables to the baseline specification hardly alters the results obtained for the baseline variables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Article 3 may inspire MENA countries to adapt their national legislation. Such determination may be necessary' in a particular case such as one involving abuse or neglect of the child by the parents, or one where the parents are living separately and a decision must be made as to the child’s place of residence. See Table 2.1 for the list of countries that officially ratified this convention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the discipline of public administration, popular culture remains under-examined in scholarship and under-utilized in pedagogy. However, the field would benefit from greater integration of popula...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
We develop training for this on a local level, but trainings are not sufficient if you do not have a mechanism that ensures that the commitment of the policy makers is respected. So quotas for youth and women need to be constitutionally present in the parliament. One needs to make sure that young girls are living in good and safe areas if they are employed or going to school. There are only two MENA countries that systematically publish draft laws online (Jordan and Morocco).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The majority of water intakes, larger canals and water mains, and reservoirs are under MoWE management and supervision. For example, MoWE operates 33,400 km of internal canals which are part of the irrigation network, including the Karakum Canal, which has a length of over 1,300km, incorporates 115 hydrotechnical facilities and features three reservoirs with a total capacity of 2.4 km3. It is also responsible for overall control of remedial actions and the protection of ecosystems, prevention of deterioration of surface and groundwater resources, monitoring of environmental media and ecological appraisal of projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
▪ Abstract This review evaluates the emerging legal and political science scholarship created in the wake of the United States Supreme Court's decision in Bush v. Gore, the case that ended the 2000 Florida election controversy between supporters of George W. Bush and those of Al Gore. The article surveys scholars' answers to four central questions: (a) Were the Supreme Court's majority or concurring opinions legally sound? (b) Was the Supreme Court's result justified, even if the legal reasoning contained in the opinions was unsound? (c) What effects, if any, will the case and the social science research it has spurred have on the development of voting rights law? (d) What does the Court's resolution of Bush v. Gore tell us about the Supreme Court as an institution?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Agriculture also produces about 90 per cent of the volume of exports, featuring various coconut products and also fish. By value the main exports are car components, which are assembled from imported parts. Exports have declined in volume and value, with overseas aid and remittances becoming more significant as mainstays of the economy. Samoa has a large trade deficit. The manufacturing sector mainly processes agricultural products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Also, the vast majority of programmes target women in male-headed households as direct beneficiaries.14 As a result, it is often claimed that such programmes have an empowering effect on women based on the assumption that, as the main recipients of the transfers, women gain greater control over financial resources. Nevertheless, available evidence on empowerment outcomes is far from conclusive (de la O Campos, 2015). This is, in part, because outcomes are shaped not only by women's roles within the household and society, but also by existing gender inequalities in knowledge, skills, influence and ownership and control of resources. Similar results were seen in Ethiopia, where female- and male-headed households who were beneficiaries of the PSNP had markedly different spending patterns following the transfers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This paper analyses the role of international mobility and mutual recognition to regional community building in the ASEAN region by reviewing policy documents and international student mobility statistics. ASEAN policy directives have evolved from regional economic cooperation to ASEAN Community building despite the limited mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) on professional services, and low and unbalanced intra- ASEAN student mobility. However the non-ratification of the 2011 UNESCO Asia and Pacific Recognition Convention, and the slow implementation of various regional frameworks supporting the establishment of an ASEAN Higher Education Area have limited the potential contribution of mobility and mutual recognition to the ASEAN Community building project. Recommendations to enhance its contribution includes expanding and implementing ASEAN MRAs to all professional disciplines, the development and institutionalisation of an ASEAN quality assurance system, promoting a balanced intra-ASEAN mobility, and ratification and implementation of the 2011 UNESCO Asia and Pacific Recognition Convention (Tokyo Convention).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Programmes like the AusParenting in Schools Transition to Primary School Parent Program in Australia and Flying Start in Wales (United Kingdom), which offer comprehensive support to parents, have had positive results. As reported above, evaluations of the Australian study indicate that participating parents expressed less worry and concern about transitions than parents who were less exposed to informative activities. Similarly, a qualitative study of Flying Start reported that participating parents perceived that their children were more ready for school (Welsh Government, 2013b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For rural areas, post-partum insusceptibility reduction is slightly higher (0.7 months). On the contrary, there is an increase in insusceptibility for urban areas from 5.6 to 7.5 months between 1997 and 2002. Overall, the median duration of post-partum insusceptibility in rural areas is higher than in urban areas. The observed decline in the duration of post-partum insusceptibility tends to increase in the marital fertility rate, which might have been offset by other inhibiting factors, such as an increase in contraceptive use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is a default risk that the IPP can become insolvent, being unable to supply power to the off-taker and repay its debt to the lender. Mining companies and lenders are, therefore, more likely to partner with an experienced IPP that has strong ties to the investment community and is able to bring the project to financial closure. When looking across the array of current projects (Table 2.1), several of them, and particularly large-scale costly projects, involve well-established renewable energy developers (PWC, 2017). As an example, Valhalla, a Chilean renewable energy start-up has faced difficulties in securing USD 500 million financing required for its innovative Espejo de Tarapaca project in northern Chile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is mandatory for the Annex I parties to account for the emissions and removal from afforestation, reforestation and deforestation, forest management and use of harvested wood products (HWPs) in the second Kyoto commitment period (2013-2020). Cropland and grazing land management, revegetation, wetland drainage and re-wetting are the voluntary LULUCF activities. The net removal of GHGs by LULUCF activities in an Annex I party is rewarded by granting the party with the right to issue removal units (RMUs). For the first commitment period (2008-2012), each party is assigned with a cap for RMUs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
First, it allows the specifics of each industry to be taken into consideration. In particular, it permits precise and realistic projections based on expert knowledge and empirical evidence. Second, this approach allows considerable flexibility in the construction of the scenarios. Assumptions about the paths of the separate sectors lead to a rich set of possible scenarios for the ocean-based industries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The share of women employers is thus negligible. Public works are those activities sponsored by the Government or local bodies such as construction of roads, dams, bunds, digging of ponds, etc. While considerable proportions of women and men in rural areas are in self-employment, wage workers constitute the largest share in urban areas (Table 7-2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The push to apply corporate governance arrangements from the private sector into the public sector is a manifestation of the ongoing search for ways to improve accountability and performance. This small interview study reports on the experience of senior Commonwealth public servants and board directors trying to work within the corporate governance frameworks set out in the Commonwealth Authorities and Companies Act (1997) and the Financial Management and Accountability Act (1997). It suggests that lines of accountability can be blurred, formal authority can be subverted, and safeguards to protect the public interest, against harms such as political patronage, may be weak or absent. Many agencies do not have appropriate procedures for assessing their own governance arrangements. There is considerable resistance to the notion that a central authority should be established with the dedicated purpose of overseeing governance arrangements and practices in the Commonwealth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The three relevant Tier 1 indicators relate to the targets on access to clean water (6.1) and sanitation (6.2), as well as the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management (6.b). The Tier 1 indicators for SDG Targets 6.1 and 6.2 go beyond the indicators of basic level of access to water and sanitation that were used to monitor MDG Target 7c, indicators now include dimensions of accessibility, availability, quality (water) and safety (sanitation) (IAEG-SDGs, 2016b). As such, data are not currently available for these enhanced indicators. The ambition of the SDG targets is also much higher than the related MDG targets, which will make it more challenging for the Commonwealth Pacific small states to achieve them. The countries that achieved the related MDG targets on water and sanitation need to build on those foundations, those that recorded mixed progress need to scale up efforts, while those countries that failed to achieve the MDG targets need to undertake serious reform. The IAEG-SDGs proposed six indicators to monitor this goal, of which four were Tier 1 indicators related to the targets on access to energy (7.1), renewable energy (7.2) and energy efficiency (7.3) (see Appendix 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Immigrant women are more likely to go into occupations where other immigrant women work, regardless of their nationality, than into jobs beside co-ethnic men (Wright and Ellis, 2000). This gender-based convergence is also strongly related to value systems, as ethnic female entrepreneurs perceive and approach business ownership differently than ethnic male entrepreneurs (Baycan-Levent et al., For example, the study of Baycan-Levent et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Netherlands does not have any specific legislation pertaining to human biological materials and data collection by biobanks. Instead, these issues are governed by a patchwork of laws, codes of practices, and other ethical instruments, where special emphasis is given to the right to privacy and self-determination. While draft legislation for biobanking was scheduled to enter into force in 2007, as of mid-2015 such legislation was still under consideration, with the intent that it would focus particularly on individual self-determination, the interests of research, the use of bodily materials collected by biobanks for criminal law purposes, and dilemmas around results that are clinically relevant for biobank participants. Under the current framework, the amount of privacy protection afforded to data is linked to its level of identifiability. International sharing of personal data to non-EU/European Economic Area countries is allowed if these countries provide adequate protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Policy analysis is driven by a dominant normative stance that conflates the notion of social welfare with some notion of collective good or, even more restrictively, strictly utilitarian notions of aggregate benefit. In this paper, we suggest how this perspective leads to a strongly aggregative analysis that masks concerns of actors in their unique contexts. We examine the policies of the South Coast Air Quality Management District in Los Angeles, California, USA and argue that they have strongly furthered the status quo at the expense of communities. We illustrate alternative models for analysis in the hope that this type of dialectic might lead to a more inclusive model of rationality. We also hope to take the conversation deeper into notions of justice and not farther away from them, as some attempts to broaden the discussion by appealing to notions of democratization, civic governance, or modernization naively do.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
INTRODUCTION   The American response to 9/11 has been much criticized around the world but not always carefully understood in the context of the United States’ unique legal and political culture. The American approach, especially in the three years after 9/11, was dominated by an aggressive assertion of executive power and by conduct that was supported by dubious claims of legality. The most infamous conduct was directed at non–American citizens outside the United States. It included detentions without trial at Guantanamo Bay and elsewhere, torture and abuse at Abu Ghraib and elsewhere, and increased use of extraordinary renditions to countries with poor human rights records. Some of the extralegal activity, such as the Presidential designation and military detention of Yaser Hamdi and Jose Padilla as enemy combatants and the illegal domestic spying of the National Security Agency (NSA), was directed at American citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The economical benefit resulting from the reduction of variable cost can be estimated at EUR 72 million if nuclear production were replaced by coal, and EUR 245 million if replaced by gas.20 This corresponds to a yearly benefit of EUR 0.07 and EUR 0.25/MWh, respectively. However, this last consideration applies only to a situation in which nuclear energy is often at margins and is therefore peculiar to countries with a large share of nuclear power. Table 3.6 summarises the results for the 2007-2009 period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is often critical to rely on intermediaries who could help to identify those persons, including victims, or organizations that may be good sources of information. Intermediaries can also play a critical role in reaching out to victims and making the first contact with them to assess their disposition to being interviewed. Investigation teams should be proactive in reaching out to different types of sources and intermediaries, making sure the selection of sources and intermediaries is conducive to gathering information on women's human rights and gender issues. It is important to remember, when identifying sources, not to rely too heavily on entities or service providers that target only one segment of the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This reinforces the need for their economic diversification and transformation. For instance, the global push towards renewable energy and energy efficiency creates new opportunities in the mining sector in CDDCs with large reserves of the strategic materials embodied in clean technologies, such as solar photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, light-emitting diodes (LED) and electric vehicle batteries. One example is the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which accounted for 58 per cent of the global supply of cobalt, a key commodity used in the production of electric vehicle batteries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In this essay, we examine recent developments in battles over race- and gender-based affirmative action across a 10-year period from the California Civil Rights Initiative (1996) to the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative (2006). While affirmative action policies have historically been contested within a paradigm of redistribution, our analysis of the Michigan case suggests a new strategic emphasis on disputing the legitimacy of the state's recognition of social difference. Drawing on the work of critical race and critical rhetoric scholars, as well as social theory on citizenship in the post-soul moment, we argue that a neoliberal understanding of difference and neoliberalism's appropriations of multiculturalism have allowed the anti-affirmative action movement in Michigan to avoid racist appeals completely by invoking the neoliberal myth of free, entrepreneurial individuals against a meddling, inefficient, authoritarian state. Further, we find that these shifts have permitted assaults on the positive consi...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article explores the idea that law has become newly constitutive in a postmodern transnational system in which modernity's classic polarities have become obscured, the discipline of late capitalism has become widely if partially internalized outside of institutional domains, liberalism's foot soldiers (rights, citizenship, nation statism, 'free' markets) have gained new forward momentum despite a period of supposed ideological hybridity described by that overheated but ill-theorized concept 'globalization', and, finally, most arguments for socialist/egalitarian revolution or system transformation must now be seen as anachronisms. The article locates these processes as essential features of a particular disciplinary regime in which the grandeur of liberal legality is used to create loyalty to the wider project of liberalism within the consolidation of late capitalism. These regimes are called 'empires of law', and the theoretical framework within which empires of law are rendered intelligible as actua...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, an increasing number of countries has implemented an integrated curriculum in their ECEC programmes from age 1 to entry to compulsory education, which highlights that ECEC services for children under the age of 3 have expanded in most countries in response to a growing demand for better learning outcomes, as well as growing female labour force participation (OECD, 2011b). These two averages mask wide variations across countries, but a similar pattern emerges when the two series are analysed together. In countries where mothers’ labour market participation is the highest, such as Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia and Switzerland (above 70% employment among women aged 15 to 64 w ith their youngest child under the age of 3), high proportions of children are enrolled in formal childcare (ISCED 0 and other registered services).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)