albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Our overall motivation in exploring the relationship between the capability approach and human rights is to enhance our understanding of both as theoretical paradigms, and as public policy framewor...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Because malnutrition, ill health and the overall burden of disease are typically concentrated in the most disadvantaged populations, providing children in such settings with essential services can help to reduce disparities within countries and accelerate progress towards the achievement of health-related development goals (UNICEF, 2010, Carrera and others, 2012). Ensuring equal access to health care services can improve maternal and child survival in settings where health facilities are far removed from the dwellings where people reside (Mulholland and others, 2008) and for subpopulations that remain at high risk of death from preventable conditions (WHO, 2015a). The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 includes persons with disabilities as beneficiaries and as agents of change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The top three donors—the EU institutions, Japan and the World Bank—provided close to half off all disbursements during that period. It includes fibre connectivity projects with regional and national submarine backbones, policy interventions to promote open, transparent and non-discriminatory access to ICT networks, and simplified licencing procedures for networks and e-applications. An AfDB assessment found that while considerable progress has been made in the area of broadband connectivity, about 87% of the African population is still unable to connect to the internet (AfDB, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Transforming high-carbon, resource-wasteful societies and econom ies requires such measures. At the centre of these measures is the adoption of national GHG reduction targets and the preparation of an emissions trading system to take effect in 2015, as well as consideration of a carbon tax. The OECD/ European Environment Agency database on environmental instruments lists more than 1 500 exemptions to environmentally related taxes in OECD countries and about 200 tax refund mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These investors may be involved in the daily management of the company. The principle is simple: the entrepreneur tries to raise funds from ordinary citizens recruited through websites, including social networks. Any citizen can invest in a given project, in exchange for shares in the company. Think of the degree of autonomy you want to maintain because you will not be the only one to decide! The investment fund redeems your shares or those of other shareholders wishing to dispose of their stakes. The investment fund directly redeems your shares but does not bring new funds into your company.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A long-term perspective is essential to understanding gender inequality within and between countries. In addition to allowing us to understand where and how gender inequalities emerge and persist, a long-term perspective should also allow better exploration of the relationship between gender inequality and economic development (Lagerlof, 2003). This chapter therefore seeks to address three interrelated questions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The service is intended for users wishing to have Internet access at home, at work or on the move, without any volume limitation. This opening up to global connectivity and visibility will make for the availability of constructive high-class solutions using tools based on free software, with minimal investment and high levels of security and confidentiality. It is an appropriate solution for facilitating and meeting the requirements of start-ups and providing the computing infrastructure they need as a service on a cloud-based platform. A package of such services and resources for a limited period (e.g. one year), free of charge, is available to start-ups. This service, tailored to the needs of the user, provides constant and ubiquitous access to intranet and Internet resources. Each government agency's tasks include service delivery to citizens, making issues relating to information-storage reliability and uninterrupted information systems operation critical.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This process, however, has not developed and deepened enough. The state plan is outdated, the state agency lost qualified staff and struggles to promote water reforms, the legislation for collecting water charges was approved but has not been implemented yet due to the drought and administrative burdens, river basin committees have lost connections with the State Water Resources Council, some segments of civil society are mobilised but water users are not fully active. Past attempts to implement the State Water Resources Management System failed, leaving behind harsh recriminations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It also encourages opportunities of: (1) new innovation and technologies, (2) new business models and investment strategies, (3) remodelling of the existing housing stock. This demographic change is occurring in both the rural and urban United States. Providing appropriate health and social care services to low- and middle-income seniors in rural areas is particularly difficult. Most senior households in rural areas are in scattered single-family homes, rather than communal settings. Transport to and from health and social care services such as hospitals, senior centres or meal programmes is a key challenge, given the lower housing density and service coverage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As a result, this intense questioning reflects the current stage and evolution of the Brazilian society and new requisites brought by economic growth and social development. From the point of abstraction of water for any sort of use, up to the extremities of the river basin (and beyond), there is a full span of administrative and political boundaries that correspond to institutions that are relevant and have a say in the management process. In this context, clearly mapping of the responsible authorities and their duties is essential, as is the effective management of their interdependences and interactions (Figure 2.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Addressing this source of GHG emission should greatly improve Indonesia's GHG profile. Prohibiting land clearing by burning, improving logging practices so that less timber is left to rot, reforestation of areas degraded by logging practices and rehabilitation of peat lands are examples of initiatives that would support sustainable, pro-poor development. Such initiatives would enhance long-term economic value and limit high GHG emitting activities. East Kalimantan, for example, can raise its GDP growth from 3% to 5% per annum by encouraging higher value-added activities and promoting less carbon-intensive sectors. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
On balance, their positive characteristics outweigh the negative ones, in particular because the market entry issue can be addressed by standardising long-term contracts and thus rendering them tradable. Similar considerations apply to the question of unbundling vertically integrated energy companies that operate the gas or electricity networks through which they transport their energy. From a pure security of supply point of view, rather than from a market efficiency point of view, some degree of vertical integration can provide stability and market power in negotiations with importers for domestic energy companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Also, if the measure is collected by survey, the sample size may be too small, making a chosen indicator less reliable and with some data being unavailable for smaller regions. All this means that we may need to make compromises if we want to achieve good indicators that are obtainable at a reasonable cost in terms of time and resources. Such compromises may come at the cost of constructing an ideal, yet probably unattainable, indicator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Gross capital formation (investment) is defined as the total value of gross fixed capital formation plus changes in inventories and acquisitions less disposal of valuables. Gross fixed capital formation is the total value of produced assets used in the production process for more than one year. Acquisitions of capital goods provide important information on future economic performance of a society by widening and deepening the capital stock.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Policy implementation is under-researched, especially in rentier absolute monarchies. This thesis provides an empirical study which is explorative and descriptive on the implementation of Negara Brunei Darussalam's national public housing policy. It does not aim to question the merits of the Brunei government's policy. Rather, it identifies factors that affected implementation of the Government's stated policy. It provides valuable new insights into the implementation problems of a wealthy rentier absolute monarchy, one of the world's wealthiest countries. The findings of this qualitative case-study research were profound. It revealed that public organizations mandated to implement a significant public policy did not have sufficient capabilities to undertake that task. Finance management issues also emerged unexpectedly as well as the lack of proper monitoring and accountability systems which resulted in the shortfall in the delivery of public housing to the public.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Projects are often designed to respond to the needs of new or anticipated environmental legislation. In some cases, the national level work is coupled with support for local level or industry specific demonstration projects. This program was part of the preparation for a reform of the Pollution Control Act of Botswana. We do not explore this extensive history here, but simply provide some information on recent projects focused on chemicals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The inter-generational and spatial tradeoffs that need to be made are complicated, compounded by the short-term horizons voters use to judge their political officials and short-term market realities (OECD, 2011). But the consequences of holding back until tipping points are reached would be grave for human and economic conditions. Environmental assets operate in interdependent systems. Assessments from Rockstrom et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This plan lies alongside the health sector measures that are being implemented and monitored under the EAP. Box 6 captures some of the measures in place to allow effective scrutiny and to help make decision making clearer and less open to influence. They should also help address corruption in procurement contracts and tendering processes, which, although they are being tackled, are not completely eliminated and continue to be of concern.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
AbstractThe field of criminology has helped to inform research and debate on the causes and prevention of terrorism. It has also provided important insights into understanding and tackling radicalization and violent extremism. In this paper the criminological field of crime prevention is drawn on to highlight how lessons from crime prevention policy and practice can help inform the ways central and local governments, authorities and community-based organizations programmatically (at the level of planning, designing and implementing policy or strategies) respond to radicalization and violent extremism. The five key lessons/insights covered are (1) the possible iatrogenic effects of interventions, (2) the need to use credible voices, (3) limits of diversion, (4) tension between central and local priorities, and (5) sustainability and capacity building. The aim is to highlight how various pitfalls in programme design and delivery can be overcome in the field of deradicalization and countering violent extremi...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The first Global Conference on Sustainable Development of SIDS was convened in April 1994 in Bridgetown, Barbados. The Johannesburg Plan of Action, from the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002, which reiterated the relevance of the BPOA, and the Mauritius Strategy to Review the Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States of January 2005. Over the years, the following UNWTO declarations related to sustainable tourism have been articulated. For example UN-WTO (2004). Detailed local area plans should be the responsibility of local, municipal or state governments, and should be consistent with the goals, objectives and strategies of the master plan. Government of Jamaica, September 2002, 61pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
As incomes rise, the population moves up the energy ladder, with significant impact on the environment. Similarly, though the Region has made impressive progress in eliminating poverty for millions, there still is a very large pool of energy-poor people in the Region. Overall demand for energy (Figure 2.1) is expected to grow significantly for three reasons: to support economic growth, to meet the demands of an ever larger and growing middle class, and to provide universal access to energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Journal of Economic Inequality, vol. Beyond Headcount: Measures that Reflect the Breadth and Components of Child Poverty', in A. Minujin and S. Nandy (eds.), Global Child Poverty and Well-being - Measurement, concepts, policy and action. Sub-national Disparities and Inter-temporal Evolution of Multidimensional Poverty across Developing Countries', OPHI Research in progress, University of Oxford. Multidimensional Poverty Reduction in India between 1999 and 2006: Where and How?' Indice de Pobreza Multidimensional para Colombia (IPM-Colombia) 1997-2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Australian High Court has stated that the federal Parliament may not abdicate its legislative powers. However, the Court's concept of abdcation only prohibits an abdication or renunciation of the power of Parliament to repeal or amend a statute. This concept of abdication is so narrow that it has not proved to be a meaningful limitation in practice. This paper argues that the Court should modify its abdication doctrine so that a delegation of power to amend statute law by regulation would constitute an abdication of legislative power. Subordinate legislation must at least be subordinate to primary legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In order to promote systematic development of transit centres, the Multi-Modal Transit Center Development Master Plan is established every five years. The plan incorporates development strategies of multi-modal transit centres at national, regional and local levels. Efforts for wider adoption of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). In the past, the ITS were largely confined to road and car traffic management, and thus opportunities to improve inter-sectoral synergies through these technologies have been lost. The ITS Master Plan lays the groundwork for sectoral ITS plans as w'ell as local ITS plans, which altogether aim to facilitate all-inclusive smart traffic management. Through a five-year national plan, efforts to develop advanced traffic technologies will be made at the national level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The answer to that question is “no”. The definition of “access to improved water” is quite minimalist - i.e. water that is not shared with animals! A more stringent definition reveals that 2 billion human beings continue to have access only to unhealthy water, and between 3 and 4 billion - roughly half the human race - continue to drink water of dubious quality. In addition, as urban environments expand, the supply of water and sanitation infrastructure will not be able to keep up with population growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It includes health services consumed at the family home and in other individual or collective residences where the individual is located on a permanent basis (e.g. prisons, convents, boarding schools). Health care received by persons residing in a health care facility (e.g. a residential long-term care facility) is to be considered as inpatient care. Greater detail within a class does not necessarily imply more detailed reporting, but rather greater clarity about the content of the aggregates. As with other classifications, the greater the detail presented, the less uncertainty there is while classifying, and the more comparable the results. Additional benefits can be found when breakdowns of the HC classes are compatible with those in other available classifications. The division into general and specialised health services for inpatient and outpatient care should be compatible as far as possible with the COFOG (UN, 1999).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
▪ Abstract This review critically surveys an extensive literature on mining, development, and environment. It identifies a significant broadening over time in the scope of the environment question as it relates to mining, from concerns about landscape aesthetics and pollution to ecosystem health, sustainable development, and indigenous rights. A typology compares and contrasts four distinctive approaches to this question: (a) technology and management-centered accounts, defining the issue in terms of environmental performance, (b) public policy studies on the design of effective institutions for capturing benefits and allocating costs of resource development, (c) structural political economy, highlighting themes of external control, resource rights, and environmental justice, and (d) cultural studies, which illustrate how mining exemplifies many of society's anxieties about the social and environmental effects of industrialization and globalization. Each approach is examined in detail.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The forecast GDP growth rates are taken from the International Monetary Fund’s World Economic Outlook database (April 2016 edition).4 It is also assumed that the CDP will follow the standard practice of using data with a two-year lag. Projections for the 2018 review, for example, were based on GNI per capita for the 2014-2016 period. Given the current very low inflation rate internationally, the income thresholds for graduation for 2015 were assumed to apply in both the 2018 and the 2021 revision (that is, no corrections for inflation were made either to the thresholds or to projected GNI per capita). Following CDP practice, the thresholds for graduation for 2018 and 2021 were assumed to remain at the levels set in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Despite the presence of legislations to combat trafficking in women, the phenomenon continues to be prevalent as does prostitution and sexual exploitation. Wars, armed conflicts and the occupation of territories may also lead to new forms of prostitution and trafficking in women. New forms of sexual exploitation such as sex tourism, domestic labour of women from developing countries to developed countries or organised marriages between women from developing countries and men from developed countries have also increased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Participants are also given bridging support (PLN 7 500 for a six-month period) to cover the operating costs of the new business. Poland’s employment office has featured participants in a television series about the project to promote entrepreneurship among older people. This makes self-employment more attractive for older people, because the insurance costs less and there is a guaranteed minimum coverage. One such example, Cologne’s multigenerational Living for Help programme, helps students find accommodation in the homes of older people. This project serves the needs of both generations, offering students housing and older people services and support at home. Meanwhile, it helps build community awareness and mutual support networks and provides services within a community that are not currently addressed by existing government programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These include insufficient professionalisation and an artisanal approach to management, sub-optimal involvement of SMEs, weakness in technology transfers, a shortage of international projects, a modest performance in eco-product and eco-technology exports, complex governance that hobbles the development of public-private partnerships, and conventional financing approaches and still-limited participation by investors and venture capital. The central government could facilitate this process by designing a framework conducive to such collaboration and initiating an SME eco-technologies pact. The region, for its part, could institute a sovereign fund to stabilise the most innovative SMEs, as has been done in the Loire Valley. Public research vouchers could be granted to small enterprises working in the area of green technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These regions, within the scope of their competence, ensure planning and co-ordination of regional development and co-operation between local government and other parts of the administration. In accordance with the Law on Regional Development, the Riga planning region as an institution is a derived public entity supervised by the Ministry of Regional Development and local government. Its decisionmaking authority is the Riga Planning Region Development Council, whose 18 members are appointed at a meeting of all heads of municipalities in the planning region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Nordic countries could help ensure increasing finance is targeted for adaptation and most vulnerable countries but also help build the capacity and processes of these funds to engage private sector finance and expertise for resilience building. Improved screening and MRV processes, should support more effective use of climate finance and secure continued learning of climate action within the broader set of SDGs. These measures would also contribute to developing required approaches and instruments for engaging the private sector in adaptation (see second part of roadmap, below). Reference is made, among other, to win-win options and "the triple leverage potential" of public finance (UNEP, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The labour force participation rate for less-educated women tends to be counter-cyclical whereas for those who are highly educated, it is pro-cyclical (Bhalotra and Aponte 2009). The former situation is due to the 'added worker effect': more participation to compensate for household income shocks, and the latter is to protect against the 'discouraged worker effect' (withdrawal from the labour market). The 'collective' household labour supply model is explicitly based on individual preferences, and control over resources influences the bargaining that occurs within the household. This model implies that women's greater control over household resources may increase their welfare by enhancing their bargaining power. But empirical evidence on the 'collective model' in developing countries has hinted that women actually receive fewer productive resources within households and therefore have less bargaining power (Mammen and Paxson, 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Using both methods has helped to triangulate the obtained estimates. In this case, quantification will rely on a number of methods mostly derived from the Producer Support Estimate and Consumer Support Estimate (PSE-CSE) framework that OECD initially developed for the agricultural sector. In each case, guidance can be taken from the manuals and publications dedicated to this work (OECD, 2010b, OECD 2013a, Jones and Steenblik, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)