albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
We go on to discuss this in section 6. The OECD October 2012 workshop offered Ethiopian stakeholders a valuable moment for reflection on that progress. In this section, the authors again offer an independent view informed by the documentation, interviews and workshop discussions. Further practical considerations now need to be embraced - some, but by no means all, already being reflected in the CRGE and in some of the isolated ‘glimpses’ in different sectors (Section 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Furthermore, there is often confusion between converters who use recycled materials (“converters”) and true recyclers that create the starting materials themselves. Each of the three main parts of the recycled plastics supply chain are discussed in further detail in the sections below. Few municipal-led plastics recycling schemes in this context. Some mechanisation of collection, particularly in urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Despite the increased outreach and low administrative costs, locally hired managers tend to limit their work to more standardized functions, and are noted not to contribute to the strategic side of CORFO operations. Moreover, there does not appeal- to be consistency in the service intermediation model, and clients have complained that agents offer what they know rather than what local business requires to become more efficient, competitive or profitable. Using a variety of econometric methods to address selectivity bias in program participation— including before-and-after comparisons, difference-in-difference (DID) techniques and DID with common support (propensity score matching)—they found significant net improvements in total factor productivity growth (TFP) ranging from 11.7 to 22.9 percent. Qualitative analysis of the survey of PROFO beneficiaries attributed many of these gains to reorganization of the production process, implementation of joint marketing strategies, introduction of quality control techniques, and managerial training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In this article we provide an empirically grounded critique of the internationallydriven ‘Rule of Law’ policy approach in post-conflict Liberia by highlighting the consequences of policy-makers difficulties in coming to terms with the realities of legal pluralism. Informed by a ‘progressive’ intent to establish a single formal justice system for all Liberians, this approach has promoted policies that ignore or seek to constrain customary justice institutions because they are seen as violating human rights and falling short of international justice standards – even though they are preferred by most of the population. These efforts also involve a top-down approach to reconstituting and reforming the formal legal system that, to date, has largely neglected capacity-building at the local level while emphasizing narrow technical remedies (such as legislation revision) that fail to account for social, economic, and political realities. This approach has undermined the customary justice systems without improving...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Likewise, the equalising effect of benefits could be determined by comparing Gini values for net-of-tax incomes on one hand, and net-of-tax incomes plus benefits (= disposable income) on the other. The reason is that benefits and taxes interact with each other in different ways across countries. As a result, the sequence used for the Gini comparisons of the different tax/benefit elements matters, and can make a significant difference for the results (the sequence is obviously not an issue when calculating redistribution for the tax-benefit system as a whole).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, 31% of respondents also signalled that increasing dissemination in non-water related events could help reach other type of stakeholders. Lastly, 26% claimed that there is a need to increase the use of social media (Twitter, Facebook, Linkedln, etc.), It leads to reduced transaction costs and to economic savings, and has positive welfare effects on social and environmental w'ell-being and sustained economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The school stresses both theory and practice, and places a strong emphasis on the development of problem-solving skills, group-work skills, and self-directed learning skills. Also in the Dutch Radboud University Nijmegen, teaching is increasingly delivered in project-based and contextual manner to enhance skills such as communication and cooperation (OECD, 2008). In France, the students of the MSc in Management programme in EM Lyon Business School are required to create a virtual business project as part of their studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Better Life Index is part of the OECD Better Life Initiative, which aims to develop statistics that better capture aspects of life quality. In 2012, proven oil reserves stood at about 15.3 billion barrels and natural gas reserves at 450 billion m3, with roughly 90% of both resources located offshore (ANP, 2013). Conversion losses in hydropower are minimal, which makes it a much more efficient form of energy generation than fossil fuel combustion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The design of effective apprenticeship systems requires concerted action between the public and the private sector. Employers should work closely with schools (particularly, but not exclusively, with technical and vocational education and training institutions) to ensure that curricula reflect the needs of the labour market, and to design apprenticeship schemes that are well-suited to the students’ competences. The analysis covers seven of the countries considered here.19 The data show that Mexico is now the OECD country that awards the largest share of degrees in the field of computing to women (about 40% compared to an OECD average of 20%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition to strengthening horizontal co-operation among ministries, vertical co-operation with the Lander and municipalities will be needed for NAS implementation, as the subnational authorities have legislative and administrative powers in many of the key areas for climate change adaptation. The involvement of the private sector, the social partners and NGOs has also to be clarified. The NAS participatory process has in this respect already provided a valuable basis. Government funding has supported this community, focusing on Austrian issues, but has also encouraged international co-operation to leverage greater resources, particularly as part of EU-funded initiatives (Table 5.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Marriage in most OECD member countries has been in decline since at least the 1970s, although there are large variations across countries with marriage rates being highest in the United States and lowest in Nordic countries. Cohabitation remains relatively rare in the United States and southern European countries while the “Nordic family model”, of low marriage and high cohabitation rates, together with high non-marital fertility is becoming increasingly common in Canada, France and the United Kingdom. In southern Europe and Japan, both fertility and marriage rates are very low, as is non-marital fertility and cohabitation (Lundberg and Poliak, 2007). While single people are more likely to be poor than those in couples (as a result of economies of scale in consumption among couples) cohabitation too has been linked to higher rates of poverty than those among married couples.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The OECD (2009) estimates that the United States could halve its oil intensity of GDP by 2050 under various abatement scenarios (Figure 11). This reduction in oil intensity is similar to those in other OECD economies with relatively high GHG-emissions intensities of output (Canada, and the Australia and New Zealand region) and more than in European countries or Japan. The United States agreed to the Copenhagen Accord (noted by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Conference of the Parties 15th session (COP15)) in December 2009. It commits signatories to cooperate to achieve the peaking of global and national emissions as soon as possible, recognising that the timing for peaking will be longer in developing countries than in developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Having common modalities, procedures and guidelines for accounting and reporting could therefore facilitate the global stocktake. Article 4.13 and paragraph 31 of Decision 1/CP.21 establish principles for accounting for the NDCs of all Parties, including transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability, consistency, environmental integrity, and avoidance of double counting. As will be discussed in Section 5, improved reporting by individual countries on climate finance provided, mobilised and projected, as well as needed and received in the case of developing countries, can facilitate an understanding of aggregate climate finance flows in relation to agreed goals. However, an assessment commensurate with the objective of the global stocktake will require further inputs, including from a range of actors and bodies outside the UNFCCC such as multilateral development banks (MDBs) and international organisations. The global stocktake shall also “inform Parties in updating and enhancing” their actions and support related to implementing the Paris Agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
An individual automobile emits 2.5 times more CO2 per passenger than an equivalent trip by bus and five times more than by metro (ECLAC. Roughly 94% of transport uses oil derivatives as an energy source (Enerdata, 2015), which slows the decarbonization of the energy mix. Table V.1 shows that individual transport is the leading cause of pollutant emissions, with the exception of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Urban transport as a whole is a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the region, since it generates 38% of the C02 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels, compared to 21 % from electricity generation and 17% from industry (UN-Habitat, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This should be done in a way that preserves the real value of pensions, while in addition passing on part of the productivity gains achieved by the current working generation. Preserving the purchasing power of pensions would be achieved by indexing minimum pension increases at least to the inflation rate for low-income households, which has been slightly above general consumer price inflation in recent years. Beyond this inflation-adjustment, the political question is how much of the productivity gains achieved by the current working generation should be passed on to pensioners, or in other words, at which point between inflation-adjustment and average wage increases the pension indexing factor should be placed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The increased availability of and access to data and to data analysis tools can facilitate skills anticipation in the future.132 Collaboration with the private sector remains, however, crucial and may become increasingly important. In a rapidly evolving environment, firms often understand better than training or education institutions the changes in skills demand that are on the horizon. Indeed, effective technical and vocational education and training (TVET) systems in countries such as Austria, Germany and Switzerland are designed to involve considerable coordination and cooperation with firms. When everybody invests in skills, there is less of an incentive for companies to poach trained workers from competitors. Vocational training aims to make people more productive in specific fields, such as plumbing, construction and nursing. It has traditionally involved public-private collaboration, with systems in such countries as Austria, Germany and Switzerland using this type of cooperation to provide workers with the skills needed by businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Then, the technical and safety requirements specific to nuclear power plants will be described, as well as their economical effects on the nuclear plant developer and on the whole electrical system. Especially in OECD countries, a strong opposition to large thermal power plants (and in particular to nuclear power plants) and the not-in-my-back-yard (NIMBY) syndrome have undermined or slowed down the planning, construction and grid connection of new generating capacity. Undoubtedly, wide public support or acceptance of the project and appropriate co-ordination with all stakeholders are key elements to its successful and timely completion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Lessons can be learned from applying traditional knowledge, involving fishers and building on practices supported by those individuals". While not extensively discussed, the need for adequate fisheries data in light of climate change may be an important consideration given that many fisheries management practices are based on historical, single species data sets. If the ocean changes beyond our historic scientific experience, managers and scientists may have a weakened foundation for making predictions and assessing which management actions to take, and also in terms of developing ecosystem strategies. A number of developed nations are actively anticipating, designing and implementing actions to deal with expected climate change impacts on fisheries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Land consolidation and regulations on land transfer imposing minimal size constraints are used as the main instruments to achieve these objectives. The first consolidations began in 1961 in Konya province of Turkey, but it was not until 2011 when this activity became large scale (Figure 5.3). Between 1961 and 2014, almost 5 million ha was consolidated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Mandatory information includes the product name, weight or volume in metric units, composition or a list of ingredients, expiry date, production code, BPOM registration number, and the name and address of the manufacturer or importer. Specific wording is required for the labels of certain food items, including milk products, baby food, alcoholic beverages, and halal food, to indicate their content. Food additives must be identified (GAIN-ID1044, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They often treat unemployment as a transient problem and are merely effective for the short term, following an emergency or an economic shock, but rarely stimulate job creation in the private sector or offer long-term solutions to unemployment or underemployment. Often, the programmes are not located in regions with the highest rates of poverty or unemployment. An assessment of seven public works programmes in South Africa, for instance, found that some districts with very high poverty and unemployment had no labour-intensive public works projects, while other districts with low poverty rates had four or more projects (Adato and Haddad, 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Not all these women are, however, divorced or actually abandoned by their husbands - but they are certainly those who face troubles in their life. Approaching State bodies for assistance is precluded by the women's unwillingness to reveal diat their husbands have abandoned them as this might lead to the loss of their status in the community. This is also a result of their inability to provide the authorities with official papers owing to the fact diat religious marriages account for a high share of the total number of marriages (IOM, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Report, MED EUWI Secretariat, Athens. They aimed to do this by strengthening intrasectoral co-ordination and establishing medium-term expenditure frameworks and performance contracting for all public operators. Subsectoral reforms have been carried out in the areas of resource management, irrigation and water supply and sanitation, guided by the principles of integrated resource management, with emphasis on demand management and operator efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is a new feature compared with documents developed in other oblasts and, when implemented, would result in operational cost savings and enable the development of modern landfills. The estimated cost of introduction of this new system for Minsk Oblast is estimated at €8.3 million. The plan is aimed at protecting human health and the environment from the impact of POPs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Averages over the periods 2006-10 and 2001-05 were used for expenditure to capture its effects on performance and smooth its developments. Potential gains are measured if efficiency in a country were to be raised to the level implied by the estimated efficiency frontier while holding inputs constant and under the assumption of non-increasing returns to scale. Healthy competition should be encouraged, financing systems need to offer the right incentives, and better monitoring of the efficiency and quality of frontline services is required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
1. The Rights of Access to Justice under Customary International Law 2. The Individual Right of Access to Justice in Times of Crisis: Emergencies, Armed Conflict, and Terrorism 3. Access to Justice and Compensation for Violations of the Law of War 4. Access to Justice before International Human Rights Bodies: Reflections on the Practice of the UN Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights 5. Access to Environmental Justice 6. Access to Justice in European Comparative Law 7. Access to Justice for Victims of Torture
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Consequently, renewables also will have to play an increasing role to balance the network during low load situations. Figure 16 shows this issue with a modelled load duration curve corresponding to 80% of renewables in an isolated balancing area. During periods with low load or excess generation, wind and solar will probably have to reduce their output to maintain network security. As more wind and more solar power plants are coming on line, granting them priority dispatch only constrained by security of supply reasons may become highly uneconomical.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women requires State parties to take "all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in all matters relating to marriage and family relations" (art. This includes ensuring the same right to enter into marriage with free and full consent and to freely choose a spouse, the same rights and responsibilities during marriage and its dissolution and with respect to their children, and the same personal rights as husband and wife, such as the right to choose a family name, a profession and an occupation. Rights related to access to property and sexual and reproductive health, which will be examined separately in this chapter, are also covered by this provision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The appointment of directors of public health (DsPH) to the Primary Care Trust(PCT) boards to work jointly with the local authorities in addressing health inequalitiesre”ects the adoption of a multidimensional perspective of public health,and a shift inpolicy focus from treatment to illness prevention.Neo-institutional theory of change isapplied to discuss “ndings obtained from a postal questionnaire with all DsPH (n=40)and qualitative interviews with executive and non-executive board members in “vePCTs in the NorthWest of England,and to conclude that public health potential maynot be ful“lled because of pressures outside the public health area and the lack ofcapacity in the PCTs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This helped regions to see the objective in more concrete and achievable terms. For example, one region found that if 34 at-risk Indigenous students attained the QCE, the gap would be closed. Central office efforts also included workshops and leadership sessions for school leaders and regional staff to focus on why improvements were needed and how these might be realised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The government’s efforts to develop modern large-scale production should be complemented by the efforts to integrate small-scale producers into agricultural markets as well as to diversify rural incomes. Large state agencies operate on the grain, machinery leasing, and agricultural credit markets. Their primary function is to implement support programmes, but they are also empowered to undertake commercial operations and as such enjoy substantial market power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It will require a decade or more for APEA to start similar markets in Asia and, even then, specialist market operators will need to commit to carry out the commercial activities. At the same time, the activities of the APEA will be direcdy linked to implementation of physical infrastructure with high capital cost. The common practice in the PPP model is for interested parties to commence activities using their own resources (staff and funds), at the stage of financial closure these expenses are included as project development costs in the capital structure and recovered when the asset starts earning revenue. Therefore, the project development-related expenses incurred by the APEA could be recovered like other services charged to the project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Purpose – Since little research has been done on e‐government initiatives in developing countries from a government perspective, this study aims to contribute towards filling this empirical gap. It also comes at a time when Oman, like many other countries in the region are tackling issues related to transformation of public services and transparent government. E‐government is one of the tools in the process of transition.Design/methodology/approach – A theoretically derived and empirically confirmed framework of government motives for implementing e‐government is proposed. This study used a qualitative case study approach with semi‐structured interviews as the main tool of data collection and hermeneutics as the technique for data analysis. Empirical investigation was preceded by a content analysis of research and public official artefacts relating to motivation for engagement with e‐government in 70 developing countries. Identified motives were categorised through the lenses of institutional theory, info...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Recognizing that the health system is a complex and dynamic network of actors and activities, this paper seeks to push the field of bioethics to develop a more holistic approach from the health systems perspective. Expanding upon the work of existing public health frameworks and drawing upon concepts from related areas such as governance, human rights, and organizational ethics, our provisional list of ethical considerations for health systems fall under the following categories: Holism, Sustainability, Evidence & Effectiveness, Efficiency, Public Engagement & Transparency, Accountability & Feedback, Equity & Empowerment, Justice & Fairness, Responsiveness, Collaboration, and Quality. By outlining these key domains, we hope to stimulate global discussion and further development of an ethics framework that will help guide ongoing work to strengthen health systems. This will be particularly important for low- and middle-income countries where resources are highly constrained and health systems efforts have scaled-up dramatically in the past decade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is the ratio of the upper bound value of the ninth decile divided by the upper bound value of the first decile. It is the ratio of the average equivalised income of the 10% richest of the population to the poorest 10%. The inter-quintile share ratio S80/S20 measures the richest 20% of the population relative to poorest 20%. These measures (along with the P90/P10 ratio) focus on the tails of the income distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)