albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
People are not alike. This chapter introduces a mode of situational contracting that deals with diversity, reveals preferences, and fosters trust in public policy. Professionals in implementing social policy submit periodic mandates for approval to their principals to use discretion in customizing benefits offered and matching efforts required from their counterparts. Transactions concluded reveal the trade-offs between criteria of good governance and suggest their acceptability. The process clarifies who does, pays for or gets what, when, where, how, and why, as the key issues in political intervention. Outcomes are monitored and provide feed-back for responsive policymaking. Evidence is provided from earlier applications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Wall-to-wall assessments using satellite imagery are carried out annually by the National Institute for Space Research, from the Ministry of Science,Technology, Innovations and Communications. The monitoring programme's consistency was fundamental in building national and international trust in the deforestation data produced by the Brazilian government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Costs relate to repeated travel expense and potential (unofficial) payments to obtain the document. The application process itself may require repeated travel to a district centre. These direct costs together with opportunity costs may be too high especially if the result of the application is uncertain and/or the benefit is too low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Regionalverband emphasises its greater closeness to municipalities and better knowledge of details, claiming priority of regional over state planning. A Mediation Committee has been created to consolidate differing views. The Mediation Committee consists of ten members, appointed in equal number by the Regional Assembly and the Regionalverband.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The main advantage of the social insurance model is that it earmarks a relatively predictable stream of revenue - based on social insurance contributions - to health care. However, the government has generally less cost oversight over social insurance-based health care systems than over tax-financed ones as social insurance schemes are characterised by weaker budgetary controls over their funding and spending decisions. Also, contributions can have large distortionary effects on the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In this sample, 80% of the self-employed work by themselves and 20% work in firms of two to five employees. As a consistency check, we compared the two ilo definitions. In firms with less than six employees, roughly 10% of female employees obtained all legally mandated benefits. By contrast, only 21% of female employees working at firms with more than five employees stated that they lacked one or more legally mandated benefits. In other words, while 90% of women in firms with less than six employees did not receive full benefit packages, 80% of women in firms with six employees or more received full benefits. There is a significant difference between the average real hourly wages of formal women (5.26 pesos) and informal women (4.16 pesos), and this is initial evidence for a segmented labour market, with formal workers earning more on average than informal workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Media, Structures, and Power is a collection of the scholarly writing of Canada's leading communication and media studies scholar, Robert E. Babe. Spanning almost four decades of scholarship, the volume reflects the breadth of Babe's work, from media and economics to communications history and political economy. Babe famously characterized Canadian scholars' distinctive contribution to knowledge as uniquely historical, holistic, and dialectical. The essays in Media, Structures, and Power reflect this particular strength. With a clarity of vision, Babe critiques mainstream economics, Canadian government policy, and postmodernist thought in social science. Containing introductions and contributions by other prominent scholars, this volume situates Babe's work within contemporary scholarship and underscores the extent to which he is one of Canada's most prescient thinkers. His interdisciplinary analyses will remain timely and influential well into the twenty-first century.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The current account surplus is estimated to have shrunk notably to 4.3% of GDP in 2015 from almost 25% of GDP in 2014 due to declining oil and gas receipts, lower investment returns and higher imports driven by public works. The decline in global oil prices has resulted in a 56% reduction in forecast petroleum revenues for the period 2016-2022 and a 15% reduction in the country’s estimated total petroleum wealth. The position of the Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund recently deteriorated from nearly $17 billion in 2014 to $16.4 billion in September 2015, and more withdrawals are needed to finance planned expenditures in coming years. Meanwhile, growth of non-oil sectors is set to pick up to 5-5.6% in 2016 and 2017 on the back of sustained government spending and higher foreign investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Indeed, one key response to insufficient knowledge is to reconsider the types of decisions that are possible. Low availability and poor quality of data and information unfortunately add to the uncertainty in the projections. For instance, companies that focus on energy production, mining, petrochemical extraction or manufacturing, beverages, commercial agriculture or commercial transportation may have established networks to gather, monitor and analyse information that could be deeply relevant to climate change impacts and adaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There can also be gender implications, as women in some poorer communities are less likely to have mobile phones. Even in these circumstances, however, disseminating disaster warnings by text message is likely to be effective since the news will be passed on rapidly through communities and households. Nevertheless, when promoting these tools governments should be more sensitive to issues of access and marginalization. One is physical damage or loss of power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
While a generous system of paid leave contributes to supporting high participation rates among the native-born women, many foreign-born women, who are less likely to have had stable employment prior to having a child, may be more likely to drop out of the labour market following childbirth. This allowance, which is granted when a child under three years of age is looked after at home, can render staying at home more financially advantageous than engaging in training or paid employment. The CHC allowance is not targeted at foreign-born women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The average FTEs per unit remained unchanged from 2010 at 37. While the main reason for the contraction seen in the number of sea fish processing units and FTE jobs was ceased operations, other common reasons include reorientation towards processing salmon (as salmon processing is not included in seafood processing data) and processing no longer being the main income generating activity of the business. Smaller units (1-10 FTE band) account for only 6% of industry employment, whilst representing 45% of total processing units. In contrast, the largest units (101+ FTEs) provide nearly 50% of employment from only 7% of all business units.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Whilst in some parts of the world malnutrition affects maternal and infant health and child development, in other regions it contributes to an increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease among indigenous peoples. In the State of Arizona in the United States, for example, the Pima Indian tribe has the highest rate of diabetes in the world, as "some 50 per cent of the Pima between the ages of 30 and 64 have diabetes. The contamination and destruction of natural habitats and the disappearance of wildlife plants and animals have resulted in the erosion of traditional food systems and decreased food security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Youth have a disproportionately high incidence of low-paid work, while many pensioners are obliged to work in the absence of adequate pension benefits. Nearly 20% of employed youth were in low-paid work compared to 12% on average in the country (Table 1.5). A high percentage of people among the elderly (34%) are in work, reflecting the nascent form of the pension system in Viet Nam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article adopts a methodology that is close to the one proposed by Firpo et al. ( Many studies use the Gini index of the logarithm of earnings because their underlying models consider the logarithm of earnings as the dependent variable. A major drawback of this measure is that the scale independence assumption does not hold, meaning that the value of the measure changes when all earnings are multiplied by a certain scale factor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A review essay on books by (1) Efika Feller, Volker Turk, & Frances Nicholson (Eds), Refugee Protection in International Law: UNHCR's Global Consultations on International Protection (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge U Press, 2003), (2) Niklaus Steiner, Mark Gibney & Gil Loescher (Eds), Problems of Protection: The UNHCR, Refugees and Human Rights (New York: Routledge, 2003), & (3) Joanne Van Selm, Khotine Kamanga, John Morrison, Aninia Nadig, Sanja Spoljar-Vrzina, & Loes Van Willigen (Eds), The Refugee Convention at Fifty: A View from Forced Migration Studies (Maryland, Lexington, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Irrigated agriculture is the main pressure factor. Non-respect of water protection zones and unauthorized reconstruction works have affected water quality. Surface water quality is monitored on the Malyi Uzen/Saryozen (at monitoring station Malyi Uzen), with sampling during the main hydrological seasons and, monthly, on the Bolshoy Uzen/Karaozen (at the town of Novouzensk). Groundwater flow is from Georgia and the Russian Federation to the Terek.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the average human being, dozens of toxins have been identified through "body burden" analysis of samples of blood, the umbilical cord, the placenta, breast milk, urine, hair, sperm and fatty tissue, even among people who live in isolated regions of the worl (COPHES 2012, CDC 2009, Schuiling 2005). While many chemicals pose a constant risk, for both women and men there may be particular windows of susceptibility, especially during infancy and puberty and, for women, during pregnancy, when the impacts of chemical exposures can have critical health effects (WHO 2014, Kortenkamp etal. In men subfertile sperm counts are increasingly common, testicular cancer increased 400% over the last 50 years in industrialized countries and, by the early 2000s, was the most common cancer in men between 20 and 45 years old (WHO and UNEP 2013, Richiardi etal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For the naturalness and the potential for life development of these areas, they are suggested as potential areas meeting the criteria for Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs). There are also some land habitats recognized as sufficiently valuable to be included in the European Natura 2000 network. The prevailing lithologies are calcareous. Near the rocky shores, especially in shallow bays, there are plenty of seagrass meadows, while deeper subtidal rocky cliffs have peculiar coralligenous habitats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The estimated area of coca bush cultivation decreased for the third consecutive year, from 49,800 ha in 2013 to 42,900 ha in 2014, a decrease of 13.9 per cent. The production of coca leaf dropped 17 per cent from 2013 to 2014. The results are in most part due to State-led eradication programmes in the context of the national strategy for the fight against drugs for the period 2012-2016. Interventions have focused on areas that are most notably connected to drug trafficking organizations and on intensifying alternative development initiatives in those areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Publicly-insured patients with certain medical conditions and disabilities are exempted or pay reduced co-payments in outpatient primary care, outpatient specialist contacts, clinical laboratory tests, pharmaceuticals and eyeglasses and/or contact lenses. People benefitting from a disability pension are fully covered for treatment of illness and during pregnancy, except for some designated medicines and homeopathic, which are either not covered or at a lesser rate. Seniors are exempted from co-payments for pharmaceuticals. For these individuals, the co-payment per month is means-tested on household income, and is limited to 10% of the costs for a medical service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Common vector-borne diseases include, but are not limited to, malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever and Lyme disease. Some vector-borne diseases are directly affected by climate change, specifically by the change in rain patterns and floods. This topic includes health statistics such as morbidity (incidence and prevalence) and mortality of these diseases or conditions, as well as measures of the associated impact on the labour force and on the economic costs. Where available, the attributable fraction and burden of diseases, premature deaths and DALYs associated with vector-borne environmental factors are to be included in this topic. This topic includes statistics on the incidence and prevalence of melanoma and other skin cancers, and the incidence and prevalence of cataracts associated with excessive and prolonged UV radiation exposure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is predictive of severe physiological outcomes such as stunting, but also of the more moderate nutritional deficiencies that precede those severe and sometimes irreversible outcomes [3]. Child food insecurity focuses attention on food, but also on other interconnected domains of children's daily lives, highlighting the role that food plays in children's choices between school and paid work, between their own well-being and their responsibilities to siblings and parents. Children experiencing food insecurity also means that they are under stress given the important role that food has in family well-being and functioning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This also affects the boundaries between the different layers of risks that become "moving targets". Such increasing uncertainty is costly for economic agents, who are not only averse to risks, but also to uncertainty. If tools such as insurance and financial markets have been developed with success to allocate risks in an efficient manner, at least to a certain extent, it is a more complex task when deep uncertainty is present.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Each paper benefits from an anonymous external peer review process before being published in this series. We then link these regimes to groups of countries organized by economic structure and level of development and evaluate the macroeconomic consequences of a decline in gender inequality in the labour market. Social reproduction is defined in terms of the time and money it takes to produce, maintain and invest in the labour force, so it includes both paid and unpaid care work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Such DIY groups are necessarily oriented to ‘home’ and enable migrants to retain - perhaps re-emphasise -their home identities. That assistance is primarily through the transfer of remittances, but other forms of transfer are feasible. The scheme, and variants of it, has had only limited success, some of which has been in the health sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Bonn: German NGO Forum on Environment & Development. Available at <http://www.forum-ue.de/fileadmin/userupload/publikationen/ aglw_l999_ppp_engl.pdf> (accessed 2 June 2010). Global Food-Safety Governance under Review”, in C. Joerges and E.-U. Petersmann (eds), Constitutionalism, Multilevel Trade Governance and Social Regulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In any case, continued targeting of mental health care and outreach to this group will be necessary in order to minimise longer-term health problems. The national strategy for developed parental support is a positive initiative that aims to provide families with the support necessary to nurture mental health in children from a young age. Swedish minorities are also in need of additional attention in order to ensure that their mental health needs are met.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Where taking care of the environment involves additional costs, commercial organisations may be expected to oppose policies that encourage or force them to do so. They may often frame their arguments in terms related to the wider interests of society, such as jobs or international competitiveness, and these arguments will have a certain force. Where their operations cause damage to those who are not benefiting from them, they may come under pressure to pay compensation or to cut back their operations further. Whether this occurs will then depend on the relative power of the competing interests, because not all social interests are expressed equally powerfully.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Advocates of out-of-school interventions, either through public, associative or community-based programmes, argue that schools are dealing with issues that actually originate outside the classroom. They cite research showing that achievement gaps across various ethnic or socio-economic groups are formed before children ever enter school, and that one-third to one-half of the performance gap can be explained by family-environment indicators (Fryer and Levitt, 2004, 2006). These debates cannot be easily closed, which is why, in what follows, the whole range of interventions for which there is evidence of positive social impacts is presented. Schools can provide a comprehensive environment that improves cognitive skills, advances knowledge-formation and also influences ‘life skills’ and personality traits of those at-risk of dropping out.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This number includes funds provided via the Mitchell Act (16USC 755-757, 52 Stat. The Mitchell Act specifically directs establishment of salmon hatcheries, file conduct of engineering and biological surveys and experiments, and the installation of fish protective devices. The major objective of this program has traditionally been to mitigate the negative effects of lost salmon habitat caused primarily by the building of dams for hydroelectric power, and also by other factors, such as agricultural runoffs, logging, and urban development. Over the years, Mitchell Act hatchery production has changed to meet two other objectives. First, some hatchery production has shifted to areas above the Bonneville Dam in order to provide harvestable salmon under the Columbia River Treaty Indian "IYust. Second, a portion of the hatcheiy production is being shifted to fulfil a conservation role in preserving endangered salmon stocks (captive breed) and supplementing their recovery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The programme targets pedestrian safety issues through legislative measures and innovative street design, such as lowering speed limits and the reconfiguration of crossings. Launched in 2013, Sao Paulo observed a 20.6 per cent drop in traffic fatalities from 2014 to 2015. With better public awareness around road safety and lower speeds, there are 30 per cent less traffic fatalities. To ensure public understanding and support, the programme created a platform for discussion and education through multiple workshops.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Liberalisation and an increasing share of renewables created more volatile production patterns and have made load management a greater challenge. Vertical separation has brought new responsibilities and financial constraints. New technologies such as real time metering and “smart grids” offer new opportunities for clients but their integration and financing creates put the mangers of transport infrastructures to the test.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Programmes have yielded demonstrable results at the community level even in a short amount of time. In addition, girls who are pregnant are at risk of gender-based violence, typically committed by male partners or others known to them. In some places, perpetrators can avoid punishment and family shame by marrying their victims. Preventive measures are also necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
International law is the law generated by more than one state to regulate the international transactions of both states and private parties. It includes rules drawn from treaties, customary international law, general principles of law, natural law, and equity. It is applied in international diplomacy, international courts and arbitrations, and domestic courts and arbitral tribunals. Its fields include the laws of war and peace, the law of the sea, the laws of diplomatic practice, the law of treaties, the law of recognition and succession of states and governments, international trade and commerce, international human rights law, the law of international organizations, international environmental law, international business law, and international criminal law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some data linkage of the registers, including to mortality, is already underway, with significant potential for extension. Use of standardised electronic records and data linkage would also reduce the burden on primary care staff of recording duplicative data in multiple quality registers. Enhancing, standardising and streamlining the information architecture to support improvements in health care quality and coordination, including in primary care, should also be a priority. In addition to tackling some of the practical issues entailed, leadership and a culture change in primary care will also be needed to overcome resistance to data collection by promoting the potential of benchmarking data for quality improvement and supporting patients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Morocco (132nd) and Egypt (141s') rank amongst the countries with the least efficient labour markets according to the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) of 142 countries. The rules in these countries are so strict that they have a doubly negative impact on young job seekers. On the one hand, employers are reluctant to employ youth in permanent positions because of very high job protection and dismissal costs. Both sets of rules need urgent reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Gendered disaster social science rests on the social fact of gender as a primary organizing principle of societies and the conviction that gender must be addressed if we are to claim knowledge about all people living in risky environments. Theoretically, researchers in the area are moving toward a more nuanced, international, and comparative approach that examines gender relations in the context of other categories of social difference and power such as race, ethnicity, nationality, and social class. At a practical level, researchers seek to bring to the art and science of disaster risk reduction a richer appreciation of inequalities and differences based on sex and gender. As the world learns from each fresh tragedy, gender relations are part of the human experience of disasters and may under some conditions lead to the denial of the fundamental human rights of women and girls in crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nevertheless, it should be noted that differences in separate indicators exist, for instance the indicator on stunting is nearly ten percentage points higher for the children between two and four years. Also, neglect of children under the age of two is lower than the proportion of children being left alone in the second age group (17% and 35%, respectively). The differences in the household-level dimensions, i.e. water, sanitation, housing, result from differences in household composition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)