albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In 2013, nearly half of a million women and girls under age 20 became mothers, equal to almost one in five births in Mexico. Teenagers with lower socioeconomic status and/or indigenous backgrounds are far more likely to become adolescent mothers than better-educated, wealthier, and non-indigenous teenagers (Ward et al., The percentage of households headed by women was 29% in 2014, a share that has steadily risen from 13.5% in 1976 (INEGI, 2015). These are largely single mothers. For both men and women, Mexico lags behind the OECD average in many chronic health outcomes, such as diabetes, obesity, and heart disease.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In June 2016, the Korean government decided to unify the operations and management of hydropower dams. As a consequence, hydropower dams and multipurpose dams are managed conjunctively (see Box 4.2). Multipurpose dams are owned by the government (MoLIT) and operated by K-water, they discharge water year round to serve several purposes, such as flood prevention, water supply and power generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
National policy also encourages relocation of firms to the Galilee. Under the 2006 Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investment, the state provides investment incentives to attract foreign funded high-technology or research and development activities to poorer regions of the country, designated as National Priority Areas and including the Galilee. ( The Northern District - A Statistical Report 2000-2005, Jerusalem, p.36. Ari Paltiel (ed), The Northern District - A Statistical Report 2000-2005, Jerusalem, p. 31.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The model then estimates the overall prevalence of diabetes, disability-adjusted life years, and total direct health expenditure enabling estimates of cost effectiveness, cost-utility and cost-benefit. This choice is a function of predicted health status, objective measures of health, and individual characteristics. Predicted health status is a linear combination of past health status and individual characteristics estimated via an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model. This enables examination of both the short term impact of the intervention on health care expenditures and taxes as well as a longer-term view of the impact on health, health expenditure, employment and GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Fernandez and Rodrik (1991) demonstrate that there is a bias towards the status quo (and hence against efficiency-enhancing reforms) whenever some (or all) of the individual gainers or losers from reform cannot be identified beforehand. Glazer (2003) points out that once the reform has been implemented, the pattern of beneficiaries becomes clear and there may be support for the new status quo, despite initial opposition due to the uncertainty surrounding the distribution of benefits (next section). Loss aversion can therefore help to create a status quo bias, making it difficult both to introduce a policy (and also to reverse a policy once it is adopted). However, the long term durability of reforms cannot be taken for granted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In addition, social spending needs to be expanded, but also be made more efficient and better targeted to the most vulnerable groups. The capacity of social programmes to reach out to the poor has been extended, leading to significant progress in reducing poverty and inequality, especially over the period between the mid-1990s and the mid-2000s. In 2012 the coverage of Oportunidades, Mexico’s main anti-poverty programme, reached 5.4 million families, more than 20% of all families (SEDESOL, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Available at: http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/lnformationresources/Factsheetsandbroch ures/WCMS_105036/lang-en/index.htm ILO, 2013: Decent Work Indicators. Guidelines for producers and users of statistical and legal framework indicators, 2013. The indicator relates to the quality of employment for the citizens of a given country who have worked abroad and to the efforts of combating forced labour by governments of destinations countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Source: BPS Indonesia, OECD statistical databases, WB WDI, FAOSTAT. While smallholders are also important suppliers of perennial crops, there are large private and state-owned farms operating mainly in Kalimantan and Sumatra specialised in perennial crops, in particular palm oil and rubber. Their average size is around 2 600 ha and they occupy about 15% of the total crop area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Other countries with a gender gap for migrants above 20 percentage points include the United States, Japan and Italy. The smallest differences are in Israel, Iceland and Portugal, with differences of 3-6 percentage points. Likewise, the Baltic states and Scandinavian countries all had some of the smallest differences between sexes, at around 10 percentage points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Adaptation Committee’s remit also includes sharing of relevant information, knowledge, experience and good practices. In addition, the NWP was established to facilitate and catalyse the development and dissemination of information and knowledge to support adaptation policies and practices and includes an annual exchange of views with different stakeholders via the Focal Point Forum. Further, the recently-established UNFCCC “NAP Central” website aims to provide examples and case studies, and a platform for exchanging experiences, lessons and best practices in the formulation and implementation of adaptation plans, (UNFCCC, 2015b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Furthermore, since all five insurance schemes (but perhaps less so the STAX programme) are designed to give US farmers large subsidies when the prices of the commodities they produce fall, they potentially open the gates to trade disputes, including in the case of cotton. First, cotton prices - even after crashing down from an all-time peak in mid-2011 - remain high by historical standards, and subsidies as a share of farm revenue have declined over the years.20 This means that a cotton deal will have limited impact on the world price. Simulations indicate that the highest price increase - occurring under the scenario of full implementation of the December 2008 Revised Draft Modalities - will be no more than 10 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Commodity assets managed by financial investors have increased over the past decade from less than $10 billion to $404 billion in June 2012. Loose monetary policies of the developed world, most notably quantitative easing (QE) in the United States, along with the unwillingness of governments to regulate participants in commodity markets, have continued to draw excess funds to the commodities markets due to the markets’ comparatively high expected returns. The presence of financial investors, betting on an increase in fundamental prices due to supply shortages, serves to exaggerate price increases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The planning advice certificate (icertiflcat d’urbanisme) is issued by the mairie or by the prefet and provides general planning information on a particular site. It may be best described as an “in principle” planning consent, it does not give planning permission for a particular project, for which specific approval must be sought but it does suggest that the proposed use is allowable within the current law. Planning certificates are useful documents in that they offer a strong assurance for routine developments, but they do not provide the same level of guarantee as planning permissions and they contain far less detail. In cases w'here there is a first division of land for one or more new dwellings, a special kind of consent called a declaration prealable or a permis d'amenager (where more than one dwelling) is required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
According to the monitoring and reporting mechanism within the Third NAPCC, review of the implementation status of those measures is envisaged as being undertaken every two years. In that respect, during 2015, a report containing information on the current status of implementation of the measures in all sectors covered by the Third NAPCC was prepared. The main obstacles for large-scale deployment of electric vehicles in the country are their relatively high price and limited mileage capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The aim of this GD is to minimize the impact of end-of life vehicles on the environment by restricting the use of certain heavy metals in new vehicles from 1 July 2003. The objective is to ensure that 85 per cent of an end-of-life vehicle by weight will be recycled by the year 2006, increasing to 95 per cent by the year 2015. The purpose of these two GDs is prevention of WEEE and, in addition, the reuse, recycling and other forms of recovery of such waste so as to reduce the disposal of waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
At the same time, however, the reduction of trade costs may lower the prices of imported products relative to those of domestic products, possibly generating protectionist pressures from domestic producers subject to import competition. This raises questions as to how governments, in particular those of smaller and poorer countries, can seize new trading opportunities. An important dimension of this issue is the digital divide between richer and poorer countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
One of these is the Direct Forestry Support Pilot Programme, which forms part of the Forestry Support Programme, it is implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food, and targets its actions on the upper reaches of several watersheds located in the country's central and western altiplano. The other is the Forestry Incentives Programme for Owners of Small Land Areas Suitable for Forestry or Agroforestry (PINPEP), which is being implemented by the INAB and targets small-scale proprietors and owners of land areas smaller than the 2 ha minimum specified for PINFOR. It is also aimed at persons who hold legitimate tenure of land areas but are unable to formally certify their ownership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
She was denied a legal abortion. The Committee found a violation of article 7 of the Covenant (torture or other inhuman or degrading treatment), since the State's failure to guarantee her right to a termination (which in this case would have been in accordance with Argentine law) had "caused L.M.R. physical and mental suffering constituting a violation of article 7 of the Covenant that was made especially serious by the victim's status as a young girl with a disability." The Committee called on the State party to provide the victim with redress, including adequate compensation. She requested an abortion, but the service was denied since abortion was legal only to save the mother's life but not in cases of foetal impairment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
With 1% or more of GDP, these services are important in all Nordic countries, as well as in France, Hungary and the United Kingdom (see Figure 8.1). Pre-primary education is a more important category than childcare in most countries (OECD Family Database). In countries with high enrolment rates in formal care for under 3 year olds, public spending on childcare is accordingly high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Furthermore, in all five countries, agricultural policies are normally embedded in a broader national strategy of social and economic inclusion and poverty reduction. The budgetary allocations spent on small-scale farmers in this table only consider agricultural programmes that are part of the PSE calculations. An estimation on how much of each programme is directed to small-scale agriculture cannot be obtained. "
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Thus, the timber stock volume should be compared with the annual demand for firewood. Taking into account the local climatic conditions (in particular in mountain regions), the quality of thermal insulation of houses, and the efficiency of heating and cooking techniques currently in use in Tajikistan, some sources estimate the average annual demand for firew'ood to be between 3 and 4 m3 per person. Therefore, the total timber standing stock of all forests in Tajikistan would not be enough to meet the national demand for firewood throughout a single year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In other words, the causal direction of this association cannot be determined. However, in more than a third of countries and economies, including many that compensate for disadvantage in schools by allocating more teachers to those schools, teachers in the most disadvantaged schools are less qualified and/or experienced than those in the most advantaged schools (Figure 1.2). Sometimes, the very policies that channel more resources to high-need schools might, in fact, deter more-experienced teachers from teaching in these schools. Where centrally set rules for promotion and mobility of teachers privilege teacher preferences and give priority to more senior teachers, and where teachers' pay does not vary greatly across schools or across teachers with similar experience and qualifications, it appears difficult to avoid attracting a high concentration of the most experienced teachers in the most prestigious schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In this long period several models were developed, pilot versions implemented, fundamental features modified several times (e.g. whether it should have one or two levels), and heated debates organised. The approach to the examination did not receive consensus among political parties and became an issue for political fights among some groups. Hence, this particular reform has been characterised by significant uncertainty, a fragmentation of adaptations, and the dominance of politics to the detriment of pedagogical aspects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Households in high income countries generally have access to kerbside collection. This is generally organised by local governments, who often have a statutory duty to segregate materials including plastics for separate collection from residual waste. Many models exist for the kerbside collection of dry recyclates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In an era of global turmoil generating significant challenges to global security and requiring global solutions, humanitarian intervention, and assistance become central concerns at the intersection of globalization studies and international relations. In this context, Turkey is emerging as a more proactive and autonomous actor in foreign policy and as a regional and global force in peacekeeping and humanitarian operations, making the country one of the key actors of world politics. In this article, we demonstrate Turkey's contributions to global security through its increasing involvement in humanitarian assistance in different regions of the world, and suggest that in doing so Turkey is not only contributing to global security but also creating new norms of democratic global governance that bridge several seemingly contradictory formations: European integration and Islamic solidarity, global South ascendance and NATO stabilization, Ottoman nostalgia and internationalist modernism. But the primary focus ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Much medical research including clinical or public health comes from observational studies, that represent 9 of 10 research papers published. The rigour and trustworthiness of research is, in large part, based on a priori planning and documentation of a methodical approach to conduct that is usually reported in a protocol. Scientists are used since decades to elaborate study protocols for the approval from independent ethics committee, well before the study begins. Pre-registration of epidemiologic study protocols on publicly available websites and on scientific journals, however, is a debating issue since few years.1 Among those in favour, some issues have been raised to support the importance of a clearly reported protocol: (i) it allows scientists to carefully plan an observational epidemiologic study and thereby …
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Costa Rica, Honduras, South Africa and Thailand focus on local communities and youth, while Egypt uses non-governmental organizations and targeted media campaigns. India’s Bureau of Energy Efficiency concentrates on small and medium-size enterprises and clusters because of their more limited access to information and technology. The programmes are fairly standard.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
All over South Asia, the ideal of purdah (seclusion of women) - which assigns a symbolic capital of honour and respectability to the control over women's realms of action30 - has hampered women’s mobility. Only in recent years have India (e.g., Kerala) and Nepal witnessed a feminization of international migration, linked to a global demand for domestic workers reproducing the traditional gendered division of labour.3’ The Government of Nepal issued temporary bans on women's labour migration in 2012 and 2015. This last ban was eventually lifted in 2016.32 Yet, as compared to other countries in the region (see Table 3-1), in Nepal there are fewer age restrictions, and in 2012 women officially accou nted for 13 per cent ofthe total absentee population.33 This figure certainly underestimates the magnitude of female migration, as it does not account for cross-border migration to India, and restrictive provisions on the mobility of women migrants often increase undocumented migration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the Werribee Plains 8.5 billion litres of Class A recycled water per year will be used, and almost 60% of water used by Eynesbury households is Class A water delivered via purple pipes. Together the current projects will provide over 40 000 people with Class A water (DSE, 2011b, Savewater, 2009). Five additional purple pipes projects are envisioned in the state of Victoria, as well as several more in three other Australian states, New South Wales, South Australia and Queensland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the event that the sector definitions used for the NDC are different to those used in the GHG inventory, an explanation of any such discrepancies could be provided in the NDC submission to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding. To facilitate the global stocktake, it would be helpful for such countries to report their expected peaking emissions level in addition to the date. More generally, it would also be useful for all major emitters, where feasible, to estimate the rate at which emissions are expected to decline once their emissions have peaked. This is because global average temperature rise depends on cumulative GHG emissions, rather than the emissions level in any given year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
While the results were not statistically representative, the range of values is powerfully illustrative of considerable variation in performance. In one facility, prior to the intervention, only 7% of diabetic patients had undergone an eye examination in the preceding year, at the end of the pilot, in another facility, the figure was 92%. Similarly, in one location only 8% of diabetic patients had undergone a urine albumin test in the 12 months preceding the intervention, while the rate was above 80% in another at the end of 2016 (CSIH, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In practice, some farmers directly fund small projects involving water use without getting the approval of the local government (MOAI, 2013). Agricultural products are transported by trucks, trains, and, in some inaccessible areas, riverboats (see Chapter 7 on infrastructure development for further details). The country has reasonably good primary roads and river networks, but in many areas, secondary roads are in poor conditions, particularly in the rainy season, and may require four-wheel drive vehicles or ox carts in the dry season (ARDC, 2011, HKS, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The countries with the greatest improvements in the indicator are the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, which were generally the ones with the greatest inequality in respect of durable goods in 2002. At the end of the period, the countries with the lowest levels of inequality in durable goods access were the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Brazil and Uruguay. Figure 11.12 illustrates changes in the indicator across the distribution for each country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Consequently, states tend to define their policies to be consistent with the national government approach. To address this issue, the role of a body such as the State Council for Sustainable Rural Development (Consejo Estatal para el Desarollo Rural Sustentable, CEDERS) should be strengthened, for its mission is to facilitate cross-agency co-ordination and the participation of productive agents (e.g. farmers) in the definition of state priorities. The Regional Programme of Ecological Land Management reflects this well (Programa de Ordenamiento Ecologico Regional). The Regional Programme of Ecological Management has become the main instrument for managing land use in the state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
And let's not forget that climate change cuts through all of this. Biodiversity - all the animals, plants and microbial life - is the foundation forthe health of the Biosphere we and all life on Earth constitute and depend on at the same time. This complex web of life is over 3 billion years old, and interacts together in a very delicate balance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Contents: Reorienting Legal Positivism: Democratic aspects of ethical positivism, Tom Campbell Ethical positivism and the liberalism of fear, Martin Krygier Feminist perspectives on ethical positivism, Nicola Lacey Legal separatism and the concept of the person, Margaret Davies Positivism and difference, Helen Stacy Is legal positivism committed to Intentionalism?, Natalie Stoljar A perspective theory of law, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong Legal positivism and the contingent autonomy of law, Fredrick Schauer. Assemblies v. Courts in Democratic Theory and Practice: The philosophical foundations of parliamentary sovereignty, Jeffrey Goldsworthy Legislation by assembly, Jeremy Waldron Defining judicial restraint, John Daley A patchwork quilt theory of constitutional interpretation, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong Citizenship, race and adjudication, Margaret Thornton The vice of judicial activism, Arthur Glass The role of law and the role of lawyers, Tim Dare Judicial activism and the rule of law in Australia, Leslie Zines Judicial activism and judicial review in the high court of Australia, George Williams Index.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Handbook on European Competition Law: Enforcement and Procedure sets out in detail the procedural aspects of EU competition law, ranging from fines, remedies and judicial review. It also gives unique insight into both private and public enforcement of completion law, and offers commentary on the relationship between EU competition law and national competition law, and on the relationship between competition law and private international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)