albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Recent scholarship assesses the impact of the European Union's conditionality on democracy in Central and Eastern Europe in a contradictory way. On one hand, the EU is perceived as a key agent of successful democratic consolidation and on other hand, the return of nationalist and populist politics in new member states has been explored in the context of the negative consequences of the hasty accession that undermined government accountability and constrained public debate over policy alternatives. This article explains this puzzle of the ambiguous effects of the EU's politics of conditionality, which promoted institutions stabilizing the horizontal division of powers, rule of law, human and minority rights protection,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter gives a short, historical sketch of the development of legal guarantees of religious freedom in Europe - finally culminating in Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Then it deals with two fundamental questions involved in the application of this provision: how to define freedom of religion, and how to determine what restrictions of religious freedom are justified. In Europe Article 9 of the Convention is of far greater importance than Article 18 of the Covenant, especially because of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights - a supranational court giving a binding interpretation of the Convention. Therefore, the author only discusses Article 9, and in particular the case law of the European Court. Finally the chapter address the question whether an autonomous right to religious freedom is justified.Keywords: Article 9, European Convention, European court, human rights, religious freedom
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Latvia is moving in that direction with a Primary Health Care Development Plan that strives to improve quality and accessibility of health services, and enhances preventive activities to keep people out of more expensive hospital care. Latvia has demonstrated that it can use its workforce innovatively to improve access to primary care, but needs to strengthen the role that GPs and other health care professionals play in health promotion, particularly educating patients about chronic disease self-management. Section 3.1 describes the structure of the Latvian primary health care system, and workforce and other challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Treatment satisfaction and recovery in Saami and Norwegian patients following psychiatric hospital treatment: a comparative study. [ Transcult Psychiatry, 42(2), 295-316. Self-rated health among Greenlandic Inuit and Norwegian Sami adolescents: associated risk and protective correlates. [ Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The European Court of Human Rights has consistently reiterated that positive obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights arise when state authorities knew or ought to have known about risk of harm. This article attempts to describe and assess the role of state knowledge in the framework of positive obligations, and to situate the Court’s approach to knowledge about risk within an intelligible framework of analysis. The main argument is that the assessment of state knowledge is imbued with normative considerations. The assessment of whether the State ‘ought to have known’ is intertwined with, first, concerns that positive obligations should not impose unreasonable burden on the State and, second, the establishment of causal links between state omissions and harm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Pollution reaches the receiving seas, e.g., considerable nutrient loads get transported into the Adriatic Sea via the Drin River. Related impacts were reported for many groundwater bodies as well, e.g., in the Neretva andTrcbiSnjica hydrogeological basin, the Stara Planina/ Salasha Montana and Tara. Although industrial activity has significantly declined in the Skadar/Shkoder sub-basin, unsustainable industrial wastewater management affects the quality of the lake, including sediments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Women and girls sometimes eat last and least within the household. These deprivations are linked strongly to patriarchal social norms and attitudes that impede equitable gender relationships within households. They have consequences for health, education and community participation. A girl between her first and fifth birthdays in India or Pakistan has a 30-50 percent greater chance of dying than a boy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The concept of accountability reflects the growing importance that transparency has assumed in Italy and elsewhere. The evolutionary path of transparency in the Italian public sector from the post-war period to the present day emerges as in increasingly pervasive transparency, both in form and substance. The general, specific, and prospective guidelines are aimed at: strengthening the constitutional principles of impartiality and the good performance of public administrations, increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of public administration activities, safeguarding public finances and preserving public management legitimacy, measuring and externally communicating the value created, producing and organising meaningful data in support of open government policies to increase the welfare of the economy   .
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This index controls for the impact of a country’s own tariffs on its imports. It represents the uniform tariff that, if applied, would leave a country’s imports at their actual level. It is compiled as the sum of a country’s tariffs lines weighted by its import shares and demand elasticities. Data used in the paper is based on Kee, Nicita and Olarreaga (2009) and Kee, Neagu and Nicita (2010)3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
To a large degree, jurisdictional issues which impact on accessibility to health services stem from the decades of a "tug of war" over which level of government is responsible for provision of services. Although provincial governments are required to provide equal access to health care services under the Canada Health Act for all residents of the province including indigenous peoples living on reserves, the provincial governments often take the position that the federal government is responsible for certain health services to indigenous peoples who are registered as Status Indians under the Indian Act. As a result, some health services not covered by the Canada Health Act but otherwise provided by the provinces through the Regional Health Authorities may or may not be provided to indigenous communities. The provincial government's position is that the federal government has responsibility for certain health services to indigenous peoples as Indians under the Indian Act.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
North Cameroon had an estimated 9 306 km of roads in 2010,8% of them paved, and a density of 0.057 km/km2. Unpaved roads link areas of production to urban consumption centres. The dynamics of market creation have determined a spatial configuration that depends on the quality of the road network, unpaved vs. paved roads.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This empirical information is used to calibrate a microeconomic model to simulate farmers’ responses to different risk environments and policy changes in the UK and Australia. This stochastic simulation allows for estimates to be made of the policy impacts on the distribution of farm income, farm welfare and farming risk management behaviour. The yield risk at the farm level tends to be greater than at the aggregated level and is comparable with price risk. In many cases, farmers benefit from the negative price-yield correlation and imperfect correlation of yields and prices of different crops through output diversification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Noting that globalization has produced both winners and losers, this chapter argues that poverty and inequality lead to social exclusion and discrimination of large numbers of people in the world, making them vulnerable to massive abuses of human rights. This has been the case particularly among rural folk, linked to unjust agrarian structures, most notably in the Third World countries. As a glaring example of the structure of injustice, the situation of Latin America’s indigenous peoples is examined. Throughout their history since the colonization of America, the indigenous have been exploited, oppressed and discriminated against. In modern times, governmental policies attempted to assimilate them into the larger society, thereby violating their cultural and collective rights. In recent decades, emerging indigenous organizations have struggled for recognition of their rights as peoples, which have been progressively accepted in national legislations and in international human rights instruments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, the sector should become more “green”, indeed take the lead in certain respects. The Rovaniemi Action Plan for the Forest Sector in a Green Economy, was drawn up through a transparent international multi-stakeholder process, and was adopted by COFFI and EFC at “Metsa20i3”. It is now in the implementation phase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This paper develops a critical feminist theoretical analysis of the significance of the homeplace in explaining the experiences of adult women learners. It argues that current discourses in lifelong learning are shaped by neoliberal influences that emphasize individualism, competition, and connections to the marketplace. Critical educators, drawing upon a Habermasian analysis, make some valid critiques of problems with developing an educational agenda shaped by neoliberal values, but their assessment is insufficient for explaining the persistence of gender inequalities within adult education. This is because critical theory does not adequately take up other ‘medias’ of power, such as patriarchy. A feminist lens is used to explore and complicate the perceptual divisions between the ‘public’ and ‘private’ spheres through an examination of three focal points in the homeplace, identity, relationships, and labour. Drawing upon a social science and humanities (SSHRC) research study that looks at women's learnin...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, any of the main components may be of crucial importance for a country, more or less independently of the level of the other components. It is then relevant to use an averaging method that reflects this limited substitutability between components, either by a quadratic average of the components or by a reversed geometric average (as discussed in Guillaumont 2009a,b). The progressive shocks cover those due to the sea level rise and the trend in average rainfall and temperature. For each of these four main components, an exposure index (marked on Figure 8.1 in italics) and a shocks index have been computed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, as a butterfly, the small copper introduces another explanatory challenge as butterflies are associated with flowering plants of certain species. Butterflies may have an acceptable dispersal ability provided suitable habitats are available, but many plant species show a very poor dispersal rate. This means that plants - and hence butterflies - in many cases respond poorly to habitat improvements in a fragmented landscape (as is often the case in farmland landscapes).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This lack of change further emphasises that changes to structures of unskilled labour migration are unlikely to be imminent. It is also argued that neither PICTA nor GATS (Mode 4) will lead to more migration from countries such as Samoa and Tonga in the foreseeable future, at least in part because there are already mechanisms for this to happen, and/or that any movements that do occur will be insignificant. I’d rather people go overseas with some skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This section provides examples of programmes that aimed to kick-start an ESCO industry (through, e.g. pilot ESCOs in China, a state-owned ESCO in Ukraine) or to support the growth of an existing ESCO by facilitating its access to finance (Bulgaria). The project supported the establishment of three new pilot ESCOs (or Energy Management Companies (EMCs) as they are called in China), as well as their efforts to adapt and develop Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) in the Chinese market. The project included (i) $5mln of GEF grant support to each company for development of initial projects and (ii) $21mln of IBRD loan funds, on-lent to the companies, for scaling up their business.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
From Platos Laws through common law and until modern legal systems, preambles to constitutions have played an important role in law and policy making. Through a qualitative analysis of the legal status of preambles in different common law and civil law countries, the article highlights a recent trend in comparative constitutional law: the growing use of preambles in constitutional adjudication and constitutional design. The article also explores the theory of preambles and their functions. It examines the legal status of the U.S. preamble and shows how the U.S. preamble remains the most neglected section in American constitutional theory. The article then presents a typology for determining the legal status of preambles: a symbolic preamble, an interpretive preamble, and a substantive preamble. While focusing on Macedonia, Israel, Australia, and the Treaty of Lisbon, the article discusses the sociological function of preambles in top-down and bottom-up constitutional designs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, with the focus on the attainment of the SDGs, their paths have crossed. The development community is increasingly interested in research, innovation, and the use of new technologies to improve development results. And vice versa, the STI community is increasingly interested in assessing their impact on development and the SDGs. Measuring progress in these areas are crucial and of great policy relevance, however, any new measure should be the result of a consolidated effort by both policy communities to understand the rationale for each system, including their benefits and limitations, and build upon their combined strengths.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
At the same time, African governments need to consider and weigh a wide range of policy recommendations and priorities that come from multiple sources -the governments themselves, the international community and African regional organizations. Taken as a whole, African governments must address the challenge of reconciling multiple policy and programme prescriptions and courses of action at the national level. This organizational framework is in line with the argument that accelerating gender equality and women’s empowerment simultaneously represents a practical operational approach for African governments to tackle the challenge of achieving the SDGs as well as move forward on the AU’s Agenda 2063. To the extent that gender inequalities are being addressed, then, in effect, progress is being made across the wide spectrum of development goals found in the SDGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Also, carbon stocks of forest soil and dead organic matter (especially coarse woody debris] appear to increase with stand age. Forest soil carbon stocks are driven by site productivity and soil type (primarily driving litter production but also influencing decomposition), litter quality, and local topography and disturbance history. The relationships between external drivers and soil carbon stocks are complex, and it is therefore difficult to describe clear patterns in the response of soil carbon stocks to such drivers. Generally, variation in soil carbon stocks with environmental drivers is most pronounced for the organic layer, less so for the mineral soil and total soil carbon stocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The regional context statement is adopted as part of the OCP by the municipality and must be submitted to the regional district Board of Directors for acceptance. There is a dispute resolution process prescribed if the two parties are unable to agree. The regional context statement must be submitted to the regional district within two years of a new regional growth strategy being adopted, and must be renewed every five years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Alongside the students, teachers and parents that play a role in all education systems, labour market actors such as employers and unions are critically important. Nationally and regionally the involvement of the authorities and social partners helps to ensure that the overall design of the system, the content of programmes, and the mix of training provision meet labour market needs. Some degree of consensus among the different stakeholders is important, but needs to be balanced by effective leadership to ensure that consensus does not become a formula for inertia, with a multiplicity of stakeholders each holding an effective veto on necessary reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The support that students could rely on at home, and in particular their parents' ability to pay for private tuition and coaching, were centrally important to their learning and examination results. They could pay for transport if necessary to access schools over a wider area. For middle class students there was a sense of inevitability, that whatever the obstacles they would stay in school until at least completing their secondary school certificates. For students from slums this was far from certain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The paper focuses on the conspiratorial relationship between Accounting Officers and Political Appointees in Nigeria and how this merge has affected public accountability. The conspiratorial relationship has led to flagrant and deliberate abuse of best practices and due process all in a bid to steal public funds. The absence of public accountability has also increased the chances of corrupt practices by both the political appointees and civil servants. This paper advocates administrative reform and good governance, encompassing public accountability to ensure that the people are held accountable for their behaviours as a deterrent to corrupt practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The few existing studies yield mixed results partly due to differences in the structure and quality of VET across countries. Data comparability across countries, the breath of countries involved, and the almost unique presence of information on assessed skills, training, earnings and employment makes this survey especially valuable to study the different facets of VET as compared to more academic education. Focusing mainly but not exclusively on upper secondary, post-secondary and tertiary education, we assume that individuals are exposed to four alternative treatments: 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the absence of a coherent national policy to address global climate change, there was an emergence of new scales of environmental governance in the United States. They include regional initiatives that configure binding agreements between individual states within the United States that in some instances also involve cross-border collaborations with Canadian provinces. There are currently three such initiatives: the Northeastern Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, the Western Climate Initiative, and the Midwestern Regional Greenhouse Gas Reduction Accord. Combined, they include twenty-four states representing over half of the U.S. economy and four Canadian provinces representing almost three quarters of the Canadian economy. These initiatives are an interesting and unprecedented experiment in environmental governance. As such, they inform current conceptualizations of scale within human geography. They also evidence the need for geographers to enter into public debates on climate change governance and e...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Within food-scarce households, women and men typically use different strategies to cope with food insecurity. Such approaches can reduce the environmental impacts of agriculture, promote participation and decision-making by women and men, and so contribute to both food security and food sovereignty. The gender gap exists for many assets, inputs and services, including land, livestock, labour, education, extension and financial services, and technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The primary responsibility for implementation is given to States, while other stakeholders are also tasked with roles and responsibilities so that the broad objectives of the Guidelines may be achieved. It is essential that women fishers, fishworkers and their representatives intervene early in the implementation process in order to have a voice in charting its direction, goals, methods and outcomes. This must then be followed by the translation of the Guidelines into policy and practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The time spent on household work depends not only on the strength of bargaining power, but also on conditioning factors such as household composition, life cycle stage, and the person's educational level as well as the resilience of gender norms and institutions that limit women's access to for example resources, employment and promotions. This is in contrast to running separate Ordinary least-square (OLS) regressions, which introduces bias due to the likelihood that the error terms of the equations are related to one another. However, this study focuses on the household division of labour with respect to market and non-market work and the regression results on leisure and rest are not included in this paper.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It was first established in 1960 as a moral obligation for employers, and became a legal requirement in 1976 (Matsui, 1998). The main features of the policies currently in place to support the labour market participation of people with disabilities appear in the Basic Programme for Persons with Disabilities, which runs from FY 2003 to FY 2012. In addition, already in 2003 MHLW formulated a Five-Year Plan for increasing the number of people with disabilities who can find a job through the PESOs (JILPT, 2006). However, the employment of people with severe physical or intellectual disabilities counts double in the calculation of the fulfilment of the quota.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Traditional nomadic lifestyle in open plains in fact follow's the zero-waste approach. Data for the period 2002-2004 are not available. Data from the Ministry of Environment and Tourism were reviewed, revised (replacing outliers by estimates) and reorganized to comply with international standards (table 10.1). These data are available since 2005, but only data from 2012 show' a certain stability and may reflect the real situation in waste management in Mongolia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In the short term, a lock-in effect for those who enter training might approximately cancel out a positive impact for those who do not enter training. Job brokerage is easier during an economic expansion, when there are relatively more vacancies per unemployed job seeker. But it is also possible during recessions, since a considerable number of job vacancies continue to be opened by employers even when business conditions are generally bad. Other countries claim even higher market shares of up to 60%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Other recommendations included strengthening the WTO notification process and considering an exemption for humanitarian purchases of food. Instead the G20 ministers had called for more work on this topic. According to the agencies involved in the price volatility report, evidence showed that the large increase in demand for agricultural raw materials in the production of ethanol contributed to price increases and to price volatility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)