albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
From 2000 to 2010, the shares of both foreign -and native-born workers with less than a primary education decreased, but the remaining levels rose. While the immigrant workers had a larger increase in primary education compared to native-born workers (35 and 20 percentage points, respectively), the opposite was witnessed when considering secondary and tertiary education. However, the overall share of foreign-bom workers with a tertiary education remained above that of native-born workers by 3.4 percentage points. These increases in educational attainment may partly be driven by supply, while also being linked to a prospering economy and competition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Also following the 2009 economic crisis, the central government imposed an obligation to adopt regional recovery plans in regions with the largest deficits (Piani di Rientro), which have proven to be effective in reducing deficits. In this context, and under a set of assumptions regarding the health of the population and future economic growth, Italy's public spending on health care as a share of GDP is projected to rise modestly to 6.7% of GDP in 2060. More recently, the 2014 Pact for Health went a step further towards care integration, requiring regions to establish ‘primary care complex units' comprising GPs, specialists, nurses and social workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As the supply of affordable housing is also expanding more slowly than demand, social renting is an increasingly restricted alternative. Fiscal consolidation since 2010 initially reduced inequality, as tax increases hit high-income households the most, but phased-in benefit cuts may have the opposite effect going forward (Jin et a I., 2011). The council tax, which is regressive, should be replaced by a property tax based on market values, with safeguard mechanisms for housing rich but income poor households. As well as reducing inequality, this could improve the stability of the housing market (OECD, 2011a, Chapter 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As part of this analysis, these variables are disaggregated by gender so that the differing responses of women and men to deindustrialization can be tracked. The level of remittances as a percentage of GDP was one of the independent variables that has been factored into the equations with a view to determining what role it plays in the labour market within a deindustrializing economic system. Section IV presents the results of estimates arrived at using cointegration equations to gauge the impact of deindustrialization on the behaviour of the labour market. Section V explores the role that deindustrialization may play in heightening social exclusion and the prevalence of violence. Over the period 1990-2013, the agricultural sector’s share of value added in GDP fell from 14.6% to 10.84%, while the services sector’s share expanded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Wellington Koo (1888–1985) is a prominent jurist and diplomat in the Republic of China. The article examines his contribution to international legal order and Chinese diplomacy. It argues that Koo’s involvement in international jurisprudence and Chinese foreign policy validated the universality of international law and reinforced the normative foundation of global governance. First, the article sheds light on the historical background of Republican China and assesses Koo’s decisions as a judge in the International Court of Justice, including high-profile disputes over South West Africa and the Temple of Preah Vihear. Second, it examines Koo’s impact on Chinese diplomacy based on assertive legalism. In particular, it focuses on Koo’s efforts to deal with the Japanese aggression to Shandong and Manchuria, to end China’s unequal treaties and to contribute to the forming of the United Nations. Hence, Koo left a rich legacy in the evolution of modern Asia’s approach to international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Figure 1 illustrates different patterns of urban areas. The ongoing debate on the environmental benefits of compact urban areas partly originates from the fact that the notion of compactness covers various dimensions. Findings and conclusions may well vary with the studied urban structure indicator, air pollutant, and measure of pollution (i.e. concentration or emission levels). In addition to environmental improvements, continuous urban areas may induce benefits such as energy savings, lower costs of maintenance for energy and transport systems, improvement of quality of life through local services and jobs, and more efficient infrastructure investments (OECD, 2012a). In this respect, a compact urban area, given its proximate development, is expected to produce lower emissions of transport-related pollutants compared to a fragmented urban area (e.g. Urban area 2 and Urban area 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In a ‘business as usual’ scenario with current population growth, continued migration to urban areas, growing energy demand, and little improvement in regard to access, energy efficiency and renewable energy, Commonwealth Pacific small states will increase fuel imports and become more dependent on petroleum, increase their vulnerability to macroeconomic impacts (GDP decline), and generate greater GHG emissions. In a scenario with moderate population growth, some migration to urban areas and other countries outside the Pacific, subdued energy demand, and some improvement to access, energy efficiency and renewable energy, Commonwealth Pacific small states are likely to moderately lower their dependence on petroleum, mitigate macroeconomic impacts to some extent and generate moderate levels of GHG emissions. In the more optimistic scenario of maintaining population at current levels, including urban and rural population ratios, some migration to neighbouring states, reduced energy demand, and escalated action on access, energy efficiency, and renewable energy, Commonwealth Pacific small states will significantly lower their dependence on petroleum, have greater economic independence (GDP increase), and will achieve SDG 7 and the NDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Ecological restoration can moderate flooding in these watercourses and reduce flood peaks downstream of restoration sites by making use of retentive measures in the catchment, riparian zone and in-stream channel. With further climate change, mean annual discharge is likely to increase in many streams and rivers in the northern parts of the Nordic countries, although with more restricted water-level variations. A higher frequency of extreme rain storms may, however, lead to more large floods in the future, especially in small streams (Nilsson et al. A proactive approach to large floods in the future, with a focus on the sustainability and services of free-flowing river ecosystems, means that certain land use practices have to move away from the most flood prone areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
General systems are responsible, for example, for overseeing labour and employment conditions, along with issues related to the work environment and labour relations. In some cases, they are also responsible for vocational training, migration and social security. In contrast, specialized systems are targeted toward specific contents and are usually supervised by one or more central units. Between these two categories, there are systems based on interdisciplinary teams, in which a single inspector has the professional competencies needed to provide a multifunctional service in each local labour inspection service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In the case of micro-states, even one additional competitor may be enough. Whether it will be possible to extend the BTNM to data connectivity is yet to be seen. The release of 3G frequencies capable of supporting high speeds occurred late in the large developing countries.21 The business models have not settled and device prices are still in flux, though they will come down as take up increases in the mega-economies of China and India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This includes creating feeding, breeding and sheltering sites in green, grey and blue areas. Establishing parks and gardens is a common tactic, but activities can also include creating green roofs, walls, facades and balconies. But urban biodiversity has become a sustainability indicator and the importance of urban green governance is increasingly apparent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This organization receives product fees and distributes payments for collected recyclables and packaging. Waste disposal norms are defined depending on the amount of recyclables present in the generated waste. On the one hand, this approach creates a baseline against which waste generators are inspected, but on the other hand, it may lead a waste generator to report waste “as expected” by the established/normed amounts. Collection companies operating in an oblast have to calculate and report a cost-based waste fee for collection and disposal in relation to the subsidized waste fee actually collected from the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In general, this ratio tends to be higher in less developed countries, reflecting the fact that the median wage earner is relatively low-paid (Chapter 1). In 2014, about 9% of employees were earning the minimum wage, down from above 13% in 2010, a level close to that in France, slightly above Latvia (8%) and much higher than in Estonia (3%).20 After some decrease in 2015, that share increased again in 2016, reaching about 10% of full-time employees. But minimum wages can also come with efficiency loss if set at a level that keep workers away from employment, which might especially be the case in labour-intensive industries competing in international markets. In general, minimum wage studies on Central Eastern and South-Eastern European countries tend to find some disemployment effects, although strong conclusions cannot be drawn (Raei etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The article begins with a question about the value of revitalising the equation between sexual/intimate violence and terrorism in the current neoliberal/post-feminist political and epistemological landscape. We argue that the intensifying international interest in sexual violence, and an accompanying hyper-visual imagery, is implicated in the cauterisation of critical thought about sexual violence. We offer the more mobile and expansive concept of sexed violence to “unthink” dominant narratives that reproduce heteronormativity and white, Western hegemony. Through an analysis of the film Unwatchable, we consider why non-white raced bodies consistently materialise as less “comprehensible” as violatable than white bodies. We further suggest that a move to sexed violence can help to think more critically about both sexual violence and feminism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This includes agreements between individual countries and regional fishery agreements that cover the high seas also known as regional fishery management organisations (RFMOs). In the Antarctic, the fisheries sector is managed under a single international system. The key issues here concern the implementation of the ecosystem approach, the management of IUU fisheries, and the intensification of industrial fishing for krill, a small but protein-rich shrimp that lies at the centre of the Southern Ocean food web.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As such, the study calls for the creation of an Energy Efficiency Action Network (EEFAN),38 an international platform to enable regular co-operation and information sharing between the public and private sectors. The absence of micro-level data on energy use and investments significantly undermines policy-makers' abilities to take informed decisions and implement most effective policies. This study was able to provide insights into the realities of EE markets by conducting a series of surveys and one-on-one interviews with financial institutions and stakeholders in the market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These kind of data are needed for all stages of planning, especially the early ones, to identify problems, develop and guide policy and monitor progress (Greed, 2003a, Larsson, 2006). In two OECD countries, Greece and New Zealand, more than 50% of students graduating from architecture and building courses are women (OECD, 2009b). However, studies show that the presence of women in the planning process does not guarantee gender awareness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
And it is important for governments to obtain knowledge from business on what is possible in practice. During the last year or so, climate change has moved to the very top of the global agenda. We are seeing pictures of starving polar bears, new warming records for months and years, more violent rains and floods in some parts of the world and widespread drought in others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This study's goal is to uncover the contradictions inherent in the philosophy and practice of the learning organization. Through a Marxist-feminist analysis of recent shifts in adult education and workplace structure, this study attempts to uncover the function of the learning organization in the capitalist political economy, the location of workers in relation to the learning organization, and the role of learning rhetoric in maintaining the status quo. This study argues that the learning organization model can be seen both as a mechanism for the extraction of surplus value from workers and as a method of social control. The learning organization model is often associated with progressive, even emancipatory, claims of inclusion and collaboration in the work-place. However, this study argues that the educational legacies of feminism, trade unionism, antiracism, and revolutionary struggle are better places to seek the learning interests of the workers that make up the learning organization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The chain of inequality is thus reproduced through the education system itself. In addition, this level of education is still not compulsory in many countries of the region, so States cannot force young people to stay in school. The regional average barely exceeds 50% (see figure II.4). The difference in attainment between males and females begins to widen in the intermediate socio-economic levels (see figure II.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
AbstractThis article examines the school choices of families who have recently experienced downward mobility during the economic crisis in Spain. Based on semi-structured interviews we analyse the educational strategies of the families in a Bourdieusian framework, focusing on how they cope with the loss of their perceived social status. Prior to the crisis, these families of working-class origin improved their social position as a result of their success in economic capital accumulation with a humble increase in social and cultural capital. Our research suggests that the concerns of families confronted with downward social mobility are manifested in tensions related to their school choice in terms of their strategies of resistance and negotiation with regards to the ownership, social composition and corresponding perceived quality of the school. School can symbolically represent the last resort, an indispensable investment in one’s own future and that of the next generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The poorest creditable person of either sex would be ashamed to appear in public without them. Book 5, Chapter 2, 1776. Household income is taken to mean 'disposable household income', i.e. after taxes and public transfers. This is then 'equivalized’ to take into account the economies of scale available to different sizes of households (using the square root of household size).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The limited changes of HB receipt rates over time could be explained by different, and often higher, income thresholds than are used for ‘core’ SA. Low-income families may therefore receive HB regardless of employment status, which could explain a lower responsiveness to cyclical changes in employment levels. Rates of benefit receipt at one point in time, and even the changes in these rates over time, say very little about how often people move on or off benefits. In particular, from looking at the rates of benefit receipt alone, it is not possible to tell whether the recipient population changed completely from one period to the next or whether the same group of individuals remained on benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
From 2016, the scope of the grant has been extended to include tuberculosis. The grant operates in 33 hospitals across the nine provinces. The urban areas of Gauteng and Western Cape receive the largest shares of the grant because they provide the largest proportion of high-level, sophisticated services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is the only firm in Mexico operating in the transmission and distribution segments, following its takeover in 2009 by Luz y Fuerza. Its articles of association explicitly prohibit any investment abroad. Under these modalities, the private sector share has gradually expanded to account for 45% of all electricity produced in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Each type of innovative financing instrument is examined in turn, starting with a short description of the instrument, an evaluation of its current use in the water and sanitation sector and an evaluation of the role that ODA can play in developing the use of such instruments. The list that appears in this table is clearly not exhaustive, as there is almost unlimited potential for innovation in this area. Besides, such innovations are often combined as financial structures need to be tailored so as to adapt to the critical mismatches that materialise in each case. Table 3.3 at the end of the section evaluates the applicability of these financial mechanisms to different sets of circumstances. The main purpose of blending is to use grants so as to allow attracting repayable financing that would not have been provided otherwise, whilst ensuring that the resulting project is not so expensive that the poor are excluded from the service. For example, ODA grants can be provided as interest rate subsidies (Section 3.2), seed financing for revolving funds (Sections 3.2 and 3.5), contributions to the establishment of project preparation facilities (Section 3.9), etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The reforms began with a reduction in gasoline and diesel subsidies. To manage the impacts of reforms, fuels that place a disproportionate burden on the poorest were originally excluded. The reduction in subsidies to fossil fuels has been coupled with a commitment to increasing the role of renewable energy, particularly solar energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Each region participating in the OECD Local Indicators Project ranks the variables within the framework according to the relevance of an individual indicator to their region. Each variable is rated low, medium or high in terms of its ability to contribute to the green growth assessment at the local level. The effectiveness of policy responses in encouraging these green economy opportunities and ensuring that the net economic benefit is captured for Schonefelder Kreuz is also seen as an important measurement variable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
More specifically, an agreement between the OECD and the Mexican Ministry of Education (Secrelaria de Education Publica, SEP) was established to support the design and implementation of education policy reforms to improve the quality and equity of the education system in Mexico (2008-2010). Support was requested specifically in the areas of teacher career paths, school management, leadership and social participation. Three types of contributions include comparative analysis, communications (workshops, conferences and country visits) and recommendations (presented in this report), delivered by the OECD Mexico Steering Group on School Management and Teacher Policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Elsewhere in the region, these rates are 30 per cent for Kazakhstan and the Republic of Moldova and 19 per cent in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Romania and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (UN-HABITAT 2005a). Although urban areas reportedly have higher levels of service, close to 3 million people in European cities lack access to piped water and 8 million to sewerage (UN-HABITAT 2005a). Data indicate that the situation regarding piped water supply in the housing stock in the EECCA4 countries is particularly problematic in Republic of Moldova and Uzbekistan, with services available in one third of the stock.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A 2009 amendment to the scheme requires child beneficiaries to attend school. Research has shown the grant is being used overwhelmingly to pay for food: 51 per cent of households always use it for food and a further 23 per cent often or sometimes do. It is also used to pay for school fees and uniforms: 38 per cent always use it for school costs and a further 27 per cent often or sometimes do (Patel and Hochfeld 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Women who speak an indigenous language spend about half as many years in schooling as non-indigenous men. Across the total population, indigenous women spent 4.5 years, on average, in school, compared to 5.6 years of school for indigenous men, 8.5 years for non-indigenous women, and 8.8 years for non-indigenous men. Indigenous women are also the least likely to be in school between the ages of 15 and 19 (61.3% were not enrolled in school in 2010, compared to 42% of non-indigenous women).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The only difference is that, with a tax, one obtains price stability, while quantities may vary somewhat according to electricity demand, and that with an emission market, quantities will be fixed but prices can vary strongly. The key condition for an emissions trading system to make a difference is, of course, that the sum of quotas given out by governments is sufficiently low. Such support could be seen as remunerating the provision of the public good of GHG emissions reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In some cases, even new laws lack key elements such as definitions, precision of rights and obligations and setting of standards, and also fall short in terms of determining procedural stages. Many are framework laws and require the adoption of secondary legislation and a set of regulations, steps have been taken, but there is still a long way to go. Overlapping competences and fragmentation of responsibilities among different institutions and management agencies often occurs and so docs a lack of effective coordination among the different ministries/authorities. Insufficient human, financial and technical resources are an additional barrier.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The college seeks advice of employers for the design of its courses. Through internships with local employers, students gain both practical experience and increased chances for employment. Because an industry supervisor and a faculty member mentor each student the internships also provide a means for interaction between the college's faculty and employers on the design and relevance of curricula.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Beyond these types of partnerships, Poland has a wide range of NGOs and foundations that support rural development through their activities and that produce analytical studies on the conditions of rural development. The approach has been so successful in rural areas that it was subsequently expanded to three additional EU funds under community-led local development (CLLD) (these are the ESF, the EMFF and the ERDF).29 In rural areas, local action groups (LAGs) have been established at the initiative of local governments, entrepreneurs and civil associations within a certain territory or community in order to implement objectives related to the EU LEADER programme. In the coming years, Poland should further focus on enhancing the vertical and horizontal consolidation of producer groups and of their associations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)