albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
A wide range of private stakeholders could find commercial interest in the provision of such capital, assuming a conducive political and economic enabling environment, such as energy distribution companies, energy service companies (ESCOs) suppliers of energy efficient materials, and commercial lending services. However, models that mobilize private sector finance for building retrofit have proved difficult to implement in countries worldwide, with the situation in Georgia particularly challenging, due largely to several existing private investment barriers. Key among these is the lack of an adequate legal framework for energy efficiency investments and implementation. In addition, high interest rates and limited delivery of low-cost credit lines from public and private banks have posed challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
I examine the American use of international law on torture to legitimate its torture policies and practices in the 2000s. The case shows a problem in how much international law and political science scholarship conceptualizes compliance and non-compliance with international law. The gap between the legal commitments and the practice of the US is not captured by the suggestion that the US was choosing to violate rather than comply with its obligations under the Convention against Torture and other instruments. Instead, the US used the international law against torture to justify its policies of torture. International law was used as a tool in the legitimation contests of the US and others. I suggest that this is a common practice, which opens a more political understanding of the nature and power of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Manufacturing and construction, however, could not eliminate negative growth in real wages even by 2011-2012. The real wages of such workers in 2011-2012 were lower than those in 1999-2000 in all segments of economic activity (Table 11-19). In other words, the real wages of over 82 per cent of the workers did not increase in this period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The proliferation of local forms of governance problematizes the well‐established and highly normative idea that power and democracy in Denmark are organized in terms of a ‘parliamentary chain of government’, according to which the sovereign people elect the parliament, which in turn controls the government that governs the public administration through bureaucratic control. Consecutive waves of devolution have decentralized the Danish welfare state, and the power of local governments is now being challenged by the emergence of new forms of local governance that involve a plethora of private stakeholders, such as business firms, interest organizations, community groups and individual citizens, in the formulation and implementation of public policy. This article argues that participation of private stakeholders in public policy‐making cannot be reduced to an inferior supplement to traditional forms of representative democracy. The supplement is taking its revenge as the interactive policy arenas are expand...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A large share of this funding from other sources is directed to the so-called co-operative sector, including AIT, JR and ACR as well as the COMET centres. In 2015, more than a third of total direct government funding of business R&D went to the co-operative sector.4 For the (non-cooperative) business sector, tax incentives are therefore the most important government funding source, contributing more than two-thirds of total public funding of business R&D. From 2006 to 2015, about 75% of the increase in government funding of (non-cooperative sector) business R&D came from the Research Premium. At the same time, levels of business investment in R&D in Austria are broadly comparable with international competitors, although they have risen sharply over the last decade. As the rate of subsidy offered by the Research Premium has been increased in recent years, and the volume of business R&D in Austria has also increased, government spending on the Research Premium has grown sharply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Initiation of national level work to reform and maintain institutional arrangements requires energy and cost, and financial support for such work is often difficult to find. Regulatory barriers and weak collaboration among state agencies and ministries is another key challenge to collaboration. This echoes responses to the question on benefits of cooperating, indicating that all respondents know that benefits of cooperation exist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Around 2 billion people worldwide are still unbanked—lacking accounts at banks, other financial institutions or mobile money service providers. Some may be helpful in promoting harmonious coexistence, but others may be discriminatory, prejudicial and exclusive. In employment recruitment in the United States White job applicants are often systematically selected over African American and Latino job applicants, even when the minorities have equal or higher qualifications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Most of this is to support CRGE energy and forestry initiatives. It will predominantly be result-based financing, with some upfront grants for enabling activities such as MRV, and capacity building to the sectors (particularly Ministry of Agriculture, EPA and the Ministry of Water Resources). It will seek to build over time an overall approach to the energy sector on renewable energy and energy efficiency policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For example, the Euroagri Foodchain programme promotes products and technologies developed by its participants through the EuroAgri FoodChain's network, to ensure that they do not go unnoticed abroad. Centres for Creative Economy and Innovation in Korea provide assistance to business startups to help them find investors and enter the global market. The Envoy System in China, for instance, promotes the adoption of advanced technologies in agriculture, by providing technology demonstrations and technology training by experts, among other support services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
One step in the right direction would be to set up a single body responsible for co-ordinating the promotion of women’s enterprise development - similar, for example, to the Office of Women’s Business Ownership in the United States or the German National Agency for Women Start-up Activities and Services (OECD, 2012c) - as well as to develop a comprehensive policy to tackle the core barriers to developing female entrepreneurship. Depending on the exact barriers identified, interventions could include: raising awareness of successful female entrepreneurs and women role models, training programmes to build women’s financial literacy and their ability to develop sound business plans and pitch them to potential lenders, promoting businesswomen’s associations and including more women on the boards of chambers of commerce and industry to get the voice of women entrepreneurs heard in policy circles, and improving women’s access to finance. In this respect, practices in Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Pakistan and Turkey could be useful models for Tunisia to explore (OECD, 2012c) - although many MENA countries have also introduced measures recently (see Box 3.10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The MoES is responsible for the development of education policies and strategic plans approved by the government and also co-ordinates municipal education departments in the implementation of the state education policy. It co-ordinates the distribution of school funding from the state budget and the allocation of the EU structural funds. The Ministry is also responsible for quality assurance, the accreditation of the general education curriculum, and school-leaving examinations. Outside of the Ministry a key role is played by the National Audit Office of Lithuania, which regularly conducts financial audits of budget institutions in the field of education, and reviews MoES activities through planned performance audits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This chapter addresses the question of how that bill is divided between the public sector and individuals or firms. This is difficult, given rapidly changing skill demands. Forms of public-private collaboration, such as those inherent in technical and vocational training systems, are likely to be instrumental in ensuring that workers get the right skills for the job. This chapter considers what does and does not work, and what can be done differently thanks to new technologies. For customers to trust new technologies, quality, safety and security must be guaranteed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Unlike in many other countries the gross quantity of available water appears to be ample1 and water-saving is not an overriding priority for most users and use sectors, though shortages recur in some Eastern regions of the country. There is also a sizeable non-consumptive abstraction of water for hydropower at a number of plants on the Kura River and its tributaries, and for cooling in the thermal power station at Gardabani. Although largely non-consumptive, these operations in the power sector do have an impact on river flow, hydro morphology and the transport of sediments, which affect w'ater use elsewhere. Irrigation demand has also fallen due to the collapse of some large-scale operations, the total area of irrigated land fell from 370 000 ha in 1990 to 167 000 in 2003, and has fallen further since then.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It shows that the prospects for sustained growth are good if reforms along the lines suggested by the OECD Green Growth Strategy are undertaken. Well-managed fisheries can deliver billions more in value and millions of tonnes more fish each year, while aquaculture has the potential for continued strong growth to supply the food requirements of a growing world. An integrated policy view that takes in the whole of the “blue economy” of marine and coastal spaces and which evaluates itself against clear and measureable objectives is required to secure this vision ofgreen growth for fisheries and aquaculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The concept is accredited to Charles Booth,5 who undertook to classify London's society statistically into four categories on the basis of daily income. Measurability and quantification were crucial for the success of this approach. Since Booth's work, many countries have adopted different criteria for the definition of poverty through income grouping. The World Bank played a major role in establishing the first unified international standard for the measurement of poverty in the 1990s with reference to those earning less than $ 1 a day.6 In 2000 the United Nations consolidated this approach by adopting the Millennium Development Goals, particularly goal 1, aimed at the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It also includes ITU's esbmate for the number of fixed-broadband subscripbons for each region in 2016, including esbmates for other countries which have not provided data. The number of broadband subscripbons at speeds at or above 10 Mbit/s in Europe25 is 21.8 per hundred inhabitants, more than three-quarters of the total with fixed-broadband subscripbons in that region. Thirty-two countries in Europe and sixteen economies outside that region reported that more than half of their subscripbons have speeds at or above 10 Mbit/s, while only one country in Africa (Mauritius) reported more than 1 per cent of its subscripbons at that level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Yet these policies - largely driven by quantitative objectives - came with high qualitative costs for the country’s urban development. Housing development had been identified as an integral component of the country’s development in previous National Development Plans (2001-2006, 2007-2012) and conceived as a question of ensuring housing in sufficient quantity at a minimum level of quality, particularly for populations in poverty and with lower incomes. Federal housing finance programmes, including subsidies for low-income populations offered by the National Housing Commission (Comision Nacional de Vivienda, CONAVI), the National Trust Fund for Popular Housing (Fondo Nacional de Habitaciones Populares, FONHAPO) and the Ministry of Social Development (Secretaria de Desarrollo Social, SEDESOL) and publicly backed mortgages offered by INFONAVIT, FOVISSSTE and others, have been integral in supporting the push to expand housing access.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Amy Allen’s insightful and nuanced feminist critical-theoretical account of the politics of our selves could be strengthened with a more complex and differentiated account of power and of gender, and of the social as a site of multiple conflicting and contesting relations. Such an account would adhere more consistently to Allen’s own project of understanding subjects to be constituted through both relations of power and relations of interdependence and mutuality, care and solidarity. The development of this account, and of a situated account of desire or motivation, is essential for a feminist critical theory of self and social transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
With the current stalemate in the Doha Round, it is unlikely that an agreement on NTMs will emerge any time soon. Significantly, NTMs have never been an active area of negotiations, which may reflect both a focus on more pressing issues and a tacit acceptance among trade negotiators of the fact that NTMs are here to stay, and so the best strategy is to adapt to them. In this regard, development partners, through the AfT initiative, are making significant efforts to help LDCs design and implement national quality policies, enhance human capacity through training and build the infrastructure needed for testing, accreditation and certification. These include improved quality and food safety standards for Burundi’s coffee producers and Tanzanian cashew processing plants, helping Cambodian rubber obtain international accreditation, and setting up national quality infrastructure in Malawi, Myanmar, Sierra Leone and Zambia, among others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Global Energy Assessment (forthcoming) has estimated that the required share of zero carbon energy in 2030 would need to be about 22 per cent, in order for the target of staying below a 2° C increase from pre-industrial levels to be achieved with a probability of at least 50 per cent. Only the most ambitious technology-optimistic scenarios achieve such a high share, as illustrated by a literature review of renewable energy scenarios (Hamrin, Hummel and Canapa, 2007). The most technology-optimistic of the IEA scenarios (IEA ETP tech plus) barely reaches this level, the others include the EU World Energy Technology Outlook-2050 (WETO-H2) scenario with C02 constraint, and the Greenpeace “revolution” scenario. Assumptions in these scenarios are heroic indeed, requiring unprecedented technological progress, international cooperation and transfers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Since August 2013, children aged 1 year or older have been legally entitled to an ECEC place. The number of guaranteed preschool ECEC hours varies widely across the Lander (regional governments) w ith, for example, four hours per day in Berlin and ten hours per day in Saxony-Anhalt (BertelsmannStiftung, 2015a). Federal, regional and local governments (Kommunen) project a further expansion of ECEC, aiming to provide 810 000 ECEC places for the under-3s by 2018, compared to 662 701 in 2014 and 286 905 in 2006 (Destatis, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Authorship is usually collective, but principal authors are named. Such a model should restore public finances and long-term growth while preserving environmental quality and ensuring a sustainable use of natural resources. This paper assesses Japan’s progress in moving towards such an environmentally friendly growth pattern.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Nevertheless, the successful implementation of existing management plans, and the elaboration of plans for remaining protected areas, depend on the availability of state budget resources and further support by international donors. In Tajikistan, this work was followed up with the support of WWF in the framework of the project "Integrated river basin management and nature protection in the Tigrovaya Balka" (2008-2012) w'hich resulted in, among other things, development of a management plan for an Econet cluster that included the Tigrovaya Balka state nature reserve as the core area and the surrounding territories ecologically connected to it. The 2014 Fifth National Report to the CBD mentions that the document "Eco-Nets Development System of the Republic of Tajikistan on the Basis of Econet" was adopted by the Government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Notably, the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) founded the original Mekong River Committee in 1957, and continues to support the Commission established in 1995. It assists in the development and strengthening of multicountry river basin institutions, fostering policy and legislative reforms, and promoting broad stakeholder involvement in addressing key threats and priorities. It has allocated USD 9.2 billion, supplemented by more than USD 40 billion in co-financing, for more than 2 700 projects in over 165 countries. For example, GWP has been leading since 2000 the Dialogues on Effective Water Governance with the International Council for Local Environment Initiatives (ICLEI).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They now live in the Sahel rather than the Sahara. Nomadic herding has shifted southward from the Sahara Desert to the tree steppes for the camel herders, and from the Sahel to the savannah and even to the tropical forests for the cattle herders, particularly the Fula. This is a long-term movement that intensified during colonisation and during the climatic and political crises of the late 1960s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Some good practices were identified, but there is not enough critical mass to transform the economy in a homogeneous way. There is therefore a need to provide entrepreneurs and small business owners with tools and support schemes tailored to the green economy. Access to finance is also an important aspect. Private capital, but also public funds (for instance through R&D lines or ESF), should be made available more easily to businesses. Subsidies and giants should also be considered. Targeting key sectors (such as those identified in this report) and their supply chains could prove effective in expanding businesses in the green economy, and thus, in creating jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Furthermore, the nature of abusive behaviour, especially that of physical and psychological violence, varies greatly among countries and regions. Survey questions should be formulated in such a way as to capture commonly occurring acts in a local sociocultural context. It is recommended that questions on psychological and economic violence should apply only to intimate partners. As discussed in chapter II (see paragraphs 57 to 59), women may experience a wide range of physically abusive acts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Failing to take into account the initial condition problem will lead to overstating the level of state dependence. Indeed, controlling for initial labour market status, demographic characteristics and hoasehold income leads to large drops in the coefficients of the lagged labour market status. This indicates that not controlling for initial conditions would seriously bias the estimates. The coefficients for NSW at time t-1 should be interpreted as the difference in the likelihood of being in standard work at wave t as compared with being unemployed at t-1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
From 2011, MINVU carried out several reforms to improve the targeting of the project. Neighbourhood selection is based on a system that combines the selection of priority zones based on a set of social and housing vulnerability indicators (both quantitative and georeferenced), and bottom-up municipal demand within the priority zones. The final selection of the qualifying zones is made by a jury composed by the intendente, SERVIU, MINVU, GORE, a representative from the Chilean Association of Municipalities, SEREMI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This chapter explains how the future success of the Arab Spring in reaching a modern, democratic states, as well as security of the US, European and other Middle East and North African states will require collaborative efforts to improve their effectiveness for aligning and integrating the necessary diplomacy, defense and development capabilities. Integrating the instruments of power in the case of the recent revolutions in MENA will not be an easy goal. That, however, does not address the ends of a new policy based on critical theory and human security. For insights on the objective we can return to President Obama’s own words in his speech in Cairo in 2009. Whether the US can substantially implement the 3D’s of diplomacy, defense and development, given the current geopolitics of the Middle East, in new and creative ways to address the issues of the Arab Spring remains the test of US leadership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As shown in Panel B of the figure, the share of households receiving some income from social grants has increased substantially in the past eight years and even more so for black African households. Grant recipiency has risen sharply among the black population, from just below 30% in 2002 to above 50% in 2008, whereas this share has remained fairly stable for the non-black population. The impact of the social grants on limiting the extent of poverty has been substantial. According to Woolard and Leibbrandt (2010), without government grants poverty would have worsened between the end of apartheid and today, mainly because unemployment has increased and hence labour income has become less important for a large number of households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, in relative terms, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty has been declining since 1990 in both the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and in the least developed countries. However, the numbers of people living in extreme poverty have been on the decline since the early 1990s. Small island developing States will also have to redouble their efforts, given the slackened pace of poverty reduction they experienced between 1999 and 2005, which was considerably slower than that experienced between 1990 and 1999.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Increasing available resources for education, especially in remote areas, should be coupled with advancements in education quality and with graduation strategies and productive inclusion. Young people also need an array of formal and non-formal instruction adapted to their situations, including non-discriminatory programmes that accommodate special needs (e.g. young people with disabilities, pregnant adolescents) and reduce segregation. Modules should encourage young people to stay in school or to return if they have left, and to reconcile their studies with the demands of caregiving and other roles. Linkages among the various educational and training subsystems should accommodate a suitable transition between training, technical education, vocational education and university programmes (Espejo and Espindola, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Tariff methodologies vary across the distribution system operators (DSOs). One exception is Energocom, a state-owned monopoly for electricity imports, which supplies electricity directly to free-market consumers at unregulated prices. Tariff calculations include planned operational costs and capital investments for new lines, as well as for modernisation, rehabilitation and loss reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)