albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Compared to other European countries there are low levels of inequity in smoking rates and obesity across education level in Denmark (Mackenbach et al., Furthermore, a recently published report on social inequalities (Juel and Koch, 2013) suggests that 60-70% of the inequalities in life expectancy in Denmark are caused by smoking and alcohol consumption. The Folkesundhedsprogram 1999-2008 and Sund hele livet programmes do, indeed, focus on health behaviours such as smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity, and health education, promotion and voluntary initiatives that stress individual responsibility (Diderichsen, 2008). However little is known to date about whether local initiatives to address risk factors in health and measures to change behavioural incentives such as through “sin taxes” have yielded any effect on populations most at risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There are also significant opportunities for disaster risk reduction, response and reconstruction in cities including through land use planning, building codes and regulations, risk assessments, monitoring and early warning, and building-back-better response and reconstruction approaches. The response of cities to the challenges of climate change has been fragmented, and significant gaps exist between the rhetoric of addressing climate change and the realities of action on the ground. The critical factor shaping urban responses to climate change is government capacity, which is hindered by factors that are institutional, technical, economic, or political in character. In developing countries, where resources are particularly limited, municipal authorities might be hesitant to invest in climate change adaptation given the many competing issues on their urban agendas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
While the universal access and affordability aspects of SDG 9.C are supply side factors, knowledge how to use the Internet is a demand side constraint. For policymakers, developing human capacity to use the Internet requires different approaches than the policy and regulatory tools to spur infrastructure rollout and influence Internet pricing. Digital literacy is defined in different ways that often encompass a range of skills that increase in complexity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
More precisely 41% of the firms kept all of their apprentices while 38% kept more than two thirds of them. Among respondents, slightly more than 36% said that they would like to have more apprentices in the future and 16% the same amount. Only 12% said that they did not want apprentices in the future. In line with previous OECD findings (OECD/ILO, 2017(22]), the vast majority of respondents stated that apprenticeships contribute to maintain and improve skills levels of the firm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Differences in fertility rates can be wide, however, including between rural and urban areas, and between wealthier and poorer people. Latin America, which has a number of these countries, feces high rates of pregnancy among adolescents. Although most of these countries are not under particular pressure from population trends at the moment, they are ageing rapidly, feeing a future where fewer people are in the workforce, and costs related to pensions and health care may be high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The housing stock increased more than twofold in Astana and Almaty, and also expanded rapidly in regions with strong economic and demographic growth, such as Atyrau, Kyzylorda and Mangystau. The average housing area per person increased throughout Kazakhstan. However, there are spatial inequalities: the residents of Astana and Almaty City have more housing space per person than the national average, and Astana is now well above the national average (with 28.5 square metres per capita, compared to the national average of 23.8 square metres). By contrast, residents of poorer cities such as Taraz, or in cities experiencing rapid population growth, such as Zhanaojen, have on average less housing space per capita (18.9 and 16.4 square metres per capita respectively) than the national average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Between 2000 and 2008, Japan’s economy grew by about 1.3% annually, a rate below the OECD average (about 2% per year). As a result of the global economic slowdown of 2008, the Japanese economy contracted sharply, and w'as dragged into the deepest recession since the Second World War (Section 2). Similarly, the OECD Europe aggregate does not include Estonia and Slovenia. In 2009, Japan’s GDP per capita in purchasing power parity was USD 29 800 and the OECD average was USD 30 500.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Education is one major public service in which quasi-markets and other choice-based mechanisms are now established methods of delivery. The types of school people choose, and the extent to which their choices are realized, have a fundamental impact on the outcomes of any mechanism of school choice. In this article, we provide a comparative analysis of the school choice strategies of middle-class families in London and Paris. We draw on approximately 200 in-depth interviews carried out across the two cities. This enables us to investigate the extent to which middle-class school choice strategies transcend the institutional context provided by both the local (state and private) schools market and national education policy in England and France. We discuss these findings in the context of current school choice policy and consider their implications for future policy design.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The small variation between the coefficients of broadband impact in both specifications suggests the robustness of the following conclusion: an increase in 1 percentage point in broadband penetration would contribute nearly 0.18 percentage points to the employment rate. Of those, it is estimated that broadband deployment, which reached a penetration of 9.78 per cent, contributed in 1.76 percentage points to the employment rate, which amounts to the creation of 114,426 direct and indirect jobs. As more women entered the labor force the average schooling years of the population increased but also increased the number of women unemployed looking for jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Postmodern terrorism presents a significant challenge to global security and law enforcement institutions. Non-state actors operating across international borders, engaged in an apparent global insurgency of extremism that transects the traditional boundaries of crime and war, pose significant challenges to both intelligence and law enforcement agencies. These networked global insurgents blend political and religious fanaticism with criminal enterprises to challenge the rule of law and pose an epochal shift in the structures and relations among states. Negotiating this epochal shift requires traditional organs of national security (the diplomatic, military and intelligence services) to forge new partnerships with police and public safety organizations at the state and local (sub-national), as well as transnational levels. Significant operational, policy and cultural challenges must be overcome to forge an effective multi-lateral global network to counter global terrorism and insurgency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, Ethiopia, which is home to an estimated 2.6 million 10-year-olds, half of whom are girls, has a gender parity index of 0.6 for secondary school, a marked decline from parity in primary school. In addition to shouldering the burden of unpaid work, such as household chores, many 10-year-old girls and older adolescents also work in family enterprises or wage-earning activities. These responsibilities invariably mean less time for schoolwork, place them at risk, and may contribute to their dropping out of school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A strict concept of novelty will normally result in the rejection of product patents for new uses. This may be stated in express terms in a country’s patent law or in regulations, resulting in an a priori rejection of the novelty test for product claims of new uses of known products. As regards the protection under a process patent, however, the situation is more complex. Whether or not a new use is obvious is case-specific and cannot generally be anticipated in a domestic patent law, but has to be left to a case-by-case examination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Cancer pain relief has been defined as a worldwide public health challenge in the last decades and has recently been included in public debates as a human rights issue. However, barriers to the provision of adequate pain management continue to exist. This article analyzes the cancer pain treatment provided in a palliative care setting in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, focusing on how professionals and patients implement and negotiate the terms and adherence to the pain treatment. Based on a qualitative approach that triangulates data from semi-structured interviews and from ethnographic observations, the article addresses the way pain is measured and assessed and the strategies of health professionals in establishing pain treatment protocols. The article also describes the rhetoric regarding the right to pain relief developed by health professionals through their practice and discusses the limitations of that rhetoric.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In whole, the reforms consolidated the number of provinces or regions and created an intermediate tier of government between the national and local levels (Box 2.1). Local empowerment and decentralisation continue to be articulated as an important policy objective of the national government through its new Strategy for Responsible Development (this is discussed further in Chapter 3). While this is an articulated objective, its implementation is another matter and comes down to the regulatory role of the state and that of central state institutions. The voivodeships are based on historical regions for the most part, of w hich there are 16 in total. All told there are 314 powiats (including 65 cities with powiat status) and 2 479 gminas. Major cities can hold the status of both gmina and powiat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A lower opportunity cost of water increases the net national benefits of measures that maintain irrigation infrastructure. A higher opportunity cost does the opposite. For example, in a region where values of water outside agriculture are high, due to water-sensitive or high-valued environments, or possibly due to growing cities, then investments in infrastructure maintenance will perform weakly. In fact it is in cases such as these where opportunity costs of water outside irrigation are considerable that it may pay to never renew irrigation infrastructure, and let it depreciate to the point of zero value in irrigation. A common belief by governments is that even if the government subsidizes the development of irrigation initially, they are less willing to assign adequate budgets to keep its infrastructure in top form. The high cost of maintenance is a major reason.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Taxes and tradable permit systems that result in increasing costs over time can help smooth the transition, whereas environmental regulations based on enforcing absolute standards at individual plant level can lead to economic dislocations for those plants. Some technologies (such as the potential to retrofit end-of-pipe environmental cleanup technologies, or the ability to switch to lower-emitting fuels) can help reduce the degree to which assets may become stranded by increasing the plant’s flexibility to operate under different regulatory conditions. Some plants are also inherently more flexible than others - for example, some coal-fired power generation plant may be more readily adapted than others to run with a fraction of biomass energy and/or have carbon capture and storage plant retrofitted at a later date once the economics become favourable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As part of modernization, the process had the effect of making people more dependent on a system that could be adjusted in response to market or bureaucratic failures (Kohli, Moon and Sorensen, 2003). Greece is a recent example of where the governance of the system has failed to the point where the poor have taken to the streets to protest. A similar process of economic alienation has been intensified in many parts of the world since the introduction of neo-liberal economic policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This could happen by adding a child survey component onto existing household surveys, or by collecting household-level data through a parent survey attached to the field work described above. Existing systems, however, will likely miss accounting for some children. Children who are living in institutions, are homeless, migrating, and orphaned are at high risk for food insecurity, and are unlikely to be tapped in household-based or school-based systems [17].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Remote areas and rural areas are the most neglected and difficult to access, as providing physical connectivity to these areas is disproportionately expensive and complex. This limits SMEs’ access to service providers and logistics services, and also impedes rural development. Many rural businesses are disconnected from any business value chain due to poor transport networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, statistics show that youth are less likely to vote than older people, and that todays youth vote at lower rates than in the past (Oxford Analytica, 2014). These rights are not new and are already embodied in hundreds of national laws and dozens of international treaties and agreements (UNFPA, 2012b). According to the Population Reference Bureau, an estimated 100 million to 140 million girls and women worldwide have undergone female genital mutilation and more than 3 million girls are at risk for this harmful practice each year on the African continent alone (Feldman-Jacobs and Clifton, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The NordBio program covered three years, 2014-2016, and involved the following five Nordic Councils of Ministers: Fisheries and Aquaculture, Agriculture, Food and Forestry (MR-FJSL), Environment (MR-M), Trade, Energy and Regional Policies (MR-NER), Education and Research (MR-U), and Culture (MR-K). The program was intended to bring together Nordic experts in these fields to work on projects promoting sustainable utilisation of living natural resources, with focus on the interests of both society and the environment. Moreover, the aim was to facilitate the structuring of a competitive economy, to enable the Nordic collaboration to make a greater impact on European and global policy, and to improve the common Nordic position in the competition for European research funding, thus helping the Nordic countries to gain ground in global markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The Myanmar Agricultural Development Bank had the monopoly of providing loans to farmers until recently and was able to offer only seasonal loans covering a small share of production costs and on a short-term basis (one-year maximum). Although the new Microfinance Law that allows for the development of microfinance institutions should help fill the gap, reforming the MADB would help expand its scope and coverage and ensure that agricultural investors can access long-term credit. Open, transparent and predictable agricultural trade policies both domestically and across borders can improve the efficiency of resource allocation, thus facilitating scale economies, reducing transaction costs and boosting productivity and rates of return on investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Secretariat is also encouraged to look for funds to cover meetings and travel costs, see Annex 6 for funding sources. The structure described in the project plan might be unrealistic when it comes to attracting possible interest from science and other knowledge holders, and also in terms of safeguarding the quality of the work performed. This should be preferably be done by the Management Group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The lack of evidence-based policy making is a result of both the lack of analytical capacities in sector ministries, and the lack of relevant data. Limited coverage together with limited funding seriously hampers the poverty reduction impact. Nevertheless, it should not be forgotten that the situation would be even worse for the most vulnerable households if these transfers did not exist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The latter are faced with the risk that a high share of variable renewables such as wind and solar significantly reduces the number of hours during which a given demand is guaranteed (compression effect). This can lead to a number of operating hours for baseload technologies that is too low to repay fixed costs. The role of smart grids in this case would be to re-shape the residual demand curve.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For the same reason, it makes sense to only consider seasonal variation at a later stage in Korea. Section 3.4 discusses how these concerns can be addressed and provides recommendations on how to transition from the existing instruments managed by MoLIT to abstraction charges that contribute to water policy objectives in Korea. This is an issue in Korea, where the development of water infrastructures (dams and canals) was essentially meant to drive economic development and to provide equal opportunities to all parts of the national territory to develop.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The Climate Change Expert Group oversees development of analytical papers for the purpose of providing useful and timely input to the climate change negotiations. These papers may also be useful to national policy-makers and other decisionmakers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Aid for trade programmes have a critical role to play along all of these policies. However, the importance of agriculture varies considerably among developing countries even within one region: for example, agriculture accounts for 71% of the national GDP in Liberia, 57% in Guinea-Bissau, and 52% in the Democratic Republic of the Congo but less than 8% in oil-rich, middle-income countries like Gabon, the Republic of Congo, and Equatorial Guinea (USAID, 2011). A declining share for agriculture in national employment and GDP is an inevitable consequence of economic progress (Byerlee et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Within government, the Ministry of Health is both a supervisor and operator (Table 2.2), which is the subject of some debate. Also, as in other areas of Israeli policy, the Ministry of Finance’s powerful position means that it plays a prominent role in reform and management. As in most countries, the professionals (particularly the doctors and nursing bodies) are relatively powerful. Among the other bodies, the parallel system under the Ministry of Defence is worth noting, as the armed forces are relatively large.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The 2nd World War and the terrible experience of the Holocaust have changed the law of violence prohibition sustainable. The violence prohibition of Article 2 (4) of the UN Charter recognizes only two exceptions: the individual and collective self-defense. For the first time in the history of mankind, war was generally prohibited as a means of resolving conflicts. The concept of the responsibility to protect, in sof ar as can be seen as a paradigm shift in international relations, as the importance of national sovereignty has undergone a fundamental change.  The brief overview presented in this chapter shows that acts of torture, depending on the specific context, can be implemented as part of ethnic cleansing or genocide, war crimes or crimes against humanity. The original text of the chapter is in German.  Keywords: UN Charter, violence prohibition act, responsibility to protect, national sovereignty
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Section B discusses new forms of innovation relevant to the goal of inclusivity. Sections C and D outline two specific policy approaches - smart specialization strategies and platforms for economic discovery. Section E discusses innovative approaches to STI financing, section F the use of accelerators, incubators and technology parks to promote innovation, and section G global collaboration in scientific research. The traditional notion of “catch-up” refers to the narrowing of gaps in income and technological capabilities between a late-developing country and a front-runner country (Odagiri et.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While the federal government provided the broad criteria and objectives for management, commercial fishers were empowered to develop a system that would attain these objectives. The implementation of ITQs for all species (including non-directed catch) combined with a rigorous monitoring system provided a compelling incentive for harvesters to curtail their catch of species undergoing rebuilding. However, through the flexibility afforded by the tradability of quotas, the integration programme also allowed harvesters to achieve economic efficiencies and thus maintain a high level of economic viability. Although catches have decreased dramatically under the rebuilding plan, the landed value per vessel has decreased for some types of boats and gears while it has remained stable for others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Research can help to address fundamental scientific challenges and foster technologies that are considered too risky, uncertain or long-gestating for the private sector. The IEA tracks government research, development and demonstration (RD&D) expenditure in member countries for energy efficiency and energy sources and compares those levels with total RD&D spending (See Figure 2.4). As well, public spending on low-carbon energy RD&D for about nine technologies, energy efficiency in industry and buildings, carbon capture and storage, and smart grids are available through IEA statistics and could be useful in the development of green growth indicators for the energy sector. Information on the financing of clean energy technologies involving risk or equity capital can help to assess innovation that is moving closer to commercial application in the marketplace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
At the end of the disqualification, a driver must not drive until they have obtained an alcohol interlock licence. A driver may then only drive vehicles fitted with an approved alcohol interlock. An alcohol interlock is a device fitted to a vehicle that requires a driver to provide an alcohol free breath sample before the vehicle will start.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The fact that mayors were engaged as stockholders of service providers on the one hand, and members of the regulatory authority on the other, has led to conflicts of interest and influenced decision making. Moreover, the proliferation of appointments (presidents and members of boards of governors) has created opportunities for the consolidation of local political elites, with emoluments and benefits often equal to those of elected members of local councils. Eighteen municipal water agencies (joint stock companies) now share the ownership of water distribution and wastewater networks. Simultaneously, the four “bulk” water suppliers that previously operated were consolidated in 2007 into a single corporation (VERITAS), owned by 25 municipalities which are owners of various aspects of the bulk water distribution network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)