albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The total share of the population who can be considered as poor under either line stays roughly constant at around one-third of the population. In fact, whereas the total poverty headcount under a combined measure stayed constant in Brazil, if trends continue as they have in the past in China, they may actually increase further in China. In both countries, it is clear that even once dollar-a-day poverty is eliminated, a substantial poverty problem will remain, much as the poor remain socially excluded in many OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There is a tendency for people to take sides in the argument on the merits of these different approaches to farming. Clearly there is room for both and modern agriculture, especially under the threats posed by climate change, should combine the two. Diversity should be maintained but new varieties also need to be introduced into the traditional systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Further analysis of the programme is deferred to the next section of this chapter where policies are discussed as they may affect the Outlook. With its National Food Security Mission of 2007-08, India has undertaken a number of substantive policy actions to further increase agricultural output and policies have been enhanced to promote its wider distribution. This section examines the prospects for India’s commodity sectors over the next decade and attempts to provide a framework against which the various challenges may be examined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is a governance instrument that can help achieve better outcomes in terms of efficiency, transparency, inclusiveness and equity when managing the delivery of water supply and wastewater services. Stakeholder engagement can also be a powerful tool to address territorial and institutional fragmentation, align divergent objectives, improve the accountability of decision makers and service providers, and support result-oriented action (OECD, 2011). Some of these tools are already in place in Jordan and positive changes are taking place through strategic planning, innovative platforms and communication strategies to better involve stakeholders. The following sections shed light on how some of the existing instruments in Jordan could be improved, which information gaps need to be bridged, how to strengthen the multi-stakeholder interface for informed decision making, as well as needed communication and education strategies for proper stakeholder engagement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Indeed, if the abstraction charge is set below KRW 2000 per cubic metre, then users in the vulnerable region will abstract too much water (because the price is too low for them to get the right signal) and water resources will be overexploited. But if the abstraction charge is set at KRW 2000 per cubic metre for everyone, users in the less vulnerable region will reduce their consumption below the optimal level (since they will pay a too high price for water). This could result in a loss in welfare for households and a loss in value added for industrial and agricultural users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is not an optimal choice, because it undermines the rule of law, exposes firms to costly uncertainty, impedes decent formal employment growth and leaves workers without adequate protection (Nicoletti and Scarpetta, 2005). Compliance with the law will therefore need to be better monitored and non-compliance appropriately punished. Evidence suggests that employers’ perception of the probability of being audited as well as the level of the penalty if caught matter (OECD, 2008). Tunisia has the capacity to carry out such inspections: while the ILO (2006) recommends that advanced countries should have at least one labour inspector per 10 000 employed persons and transition countries one per 20 000, Tunisia has approximately one inspector per 10 000 employed persons (i.e. in line with developed country standards).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The lack of adequate infrastructure, such as modal interchange platforms and integrated metropolitan mobility systems, limits possibilities for substantial modal shifts. Restructuring vehicle taxation on the basis of C02 emissions, and a ten-year vehicle scrapping programme, have created strong incentives to use more fuel-efficient vehicles. However, measures such as vehicle scrapping are expensive for the government and can encourage greater vehicle use, potentially offsetting gains in technical efficiency. Overall, rather limited efforts have been made on the demand side.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In light of their growing environmental responsibilities, provincial and especially local governments need to secure sufficient funding to pursue their mandates. Positive examples of capacity building by the national and provincial environmental authorities need to be scaled-up and more systematic. As a result, different requirements are applied within and among provinces. Most local authorities do not have the capacity to exercise their post-apartheid constitutional powers in land-use management and to integrate environmental aspects into spatial planning, thus, provinces continue to play a significant role. In many areas, traditional (tribal) authorities are insufficiently engaged in spatial planning and land-use management, partly because they consider that the state does not heed the communities’ historic land rights. However, the institutional barriers to its implementation have seriously limited policy effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Other economies, such as those in sub-Saharan Africa or in the Middle East and North Africa, have not followed the same pattern, however. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the ratio has flatlined. Thus, the hypothesis of the Kuznets curve is not confirmed in all cases, which suggests that the relationship between pollution and per capita income is less direct than originally thought. An explanation for this is that the two forces defining the curve (structural change and technical change) depend on policies and institutions, whose operation brings progress towards the least polluting stage to a premature halt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is after all mainly firms that innovate, from small start-ups to large multi-establishment and multinational firms. Moreover, aggregate analysis conceals their significant heterogeneity. Firms’ performance and characteristics differ across countries and within industries, and they may take many paths to innovation. The advantage of micro-level analysis lies in its effort to model the channels through which specific firms’ knowledge assets or channels of knowledge access affect their productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A tax may offer a lower administrative burden given the additional complexities associated with regulating a trading scheme, a not insignificant advantage in China given the difficulties faced hitherto. Irrespective of the approach taken to pricing carbon, given the important contribution from the electricity generation sector it is critical to allow increases in electricity prices in line with changes in generation costs (IEA, 2012e). In addition to moving ahead with carbon pricing, the system of pollution levies needs to be transformed into a system of pollution taxes with revenues collected by tax authorities and allocated to government coffers rather than earmarked to environmental projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It recognises that to manage business water risk, we have to go beyond efficiency measures and work in partnership with others to secure water resources for all water users, permanently. It puts the circular economy into practice, seizing the opportunities for our operations in minimising waste and emissions. All these approaches are business growth strategies, giving their social and environmental impacts considerable scalability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article analyzes and compares the coverage provided by two prominent newspapers on two corrup­tion cases, one in Portugal (the Freeport case in Diario de Noticias) and one in Spain (the Palma Arena case in El Pais). The goal is to know the parameters of newsworthiness of political corruption and to ensure that its coverage is con­sistent with the principles of relevance, visibility and framing as they relate to customization and sensationalism of po­litical news. For this study we rely on the principles of “agenda setting” and “prim­ing”. And, we apply the methodology of content analysis to understand the intent of what the media convey to the public. The results show that political corruption assumes a very high media visibility in both newspapers, though it is especially critical in the newspaper El Pais and more moderate in Diario de Noticias.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is important because the remedy needs to be targeted to alleviate the greatest needs especially if they are the poorest minorities with little power and influence. Even when the health data are generated by ethnicity omission of the variable in analysis means no disaggregated profiles specific to indigenous peoples or minorities as a whole. Indicators that use mortality rates measure the worst outcomes causing death thus mask co-morbidity. More comprehensive indicators and indices of health and wellness, the presence or absence of disease or risk factors, and long-term outcomes need to be developed with due consideration of the interaction with indigenous concepts of health and how to improve it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Evidence from the ground suggests that emerging partners have also provided significant amounts of AfT, although this goes largely unrecorded. In the future, there might therefore be a greater need to monitor more effectively Southern partners’ AfT activities in LDCs to capture more fully their impact on host economies. China launched a dutyfree scheme for LDCs’ exports in 2010. While it is too early to meaningfully assess the impact of the scheme, available evidence seems to suggest that it has not stimulated non-oil exports from LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The economic and social implications of the resulting ‘trust deficit’ make it an essential component for sustainable and inclusive growth. A lack of public trust can in turn affect public policies, potentially leading to short-termism and expedience rather than supporting strategic decision-making and reforms. As such tourism was not able to avoid the impacts of the global financial crisis, which apart from depressing overall tourism demand, has shifted tourism flows, with less long haul travel from major European source markets, and led to more holidays being taken closer to home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The difference is attributable to whether income variability is accounted for or not.5 Moreover some of the variation in income is predictable over the life cycle and in the short run - for example in agricultural production - so that current consumer expenditure is a better indicator of current welfare than current income and is also a better indication of long-term welfare because the smoothed level of consumption reveals information about past and future incomes (Lipton and Ravallion, 1995). Another rationale for using income measures in many countries stems from the fact that policies aimed at reducing poverty often provide some type of income support. As the report of the Canberra Group, an international expert working group which provided recommendations and proposals to the international community for improving the quality and comparability of welfare data, observed: "Policies to address problems of living standards usually focus on income in some form or other. In other words, income is normally the most objective proxy for economic well-being for policy purposes." (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Purpose – Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore’s first prime minister, who governed the country from 1959 to 1990, passed away on 23 March 2015 at the age of 91. The purpose of this paper is to assess his legacy of good governance in Singapore. Design/methodology/approach – The changes in Singapore’s policy context during 1959-2014 are described first before analyzing Lee’s legacy of good governance in Singapore by examining his books and major speeches. Findings – Lee Kuan Yew’s commitment to meritocracy, empowerment of the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau to curb corruption effectively, reliance on competitive salaries to attract the “best and brightest” citizens to join the civil service, and maintenance of the rule of law, constitute his legacy of good governance in Singapore. Originality/value – This paper will be useful to policy-makers, scholars and readers who are interested in learning about Lee Kuan Yew’s contribution to good governance in Singapore.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In September 2017, another project was launched, in partnership with a number of companies, for a lkm-long autonomous shuttle service in London. In November 2017, the first public, open road AV service (i.e. operational in traffic) was launched in Las Vegas, USA. In February 2018, another automated service was launched at Roissy-Charles de Gaulle Airport in France that uses V2X technology to co-ordinate two AVs crossing each other in open traffic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The impact of additional instruction time has been identified by researchers who have used quasi-experimental methods to examine the causal relationship between school days and student achievement. Naturally occurring and exogenous variation in amount of instructional time - due, for example, to school cancellations resulting from bad weather, or teacher absenteeism - has been shown to have a substantial impact on student achievement (Hayes and Gershenson, 2015). For example, Fitzpatrick et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
During the investigation of the 2015 San Bernardino shooting, the government asked a district court to order Apple to draft code that would bypass the password protection system of one of the shooters’ iPhones. A number of experts opined that the All Writs Act (AWA) and the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) prohibited the court from issuing the order. This request was preceded by the holding of a New York District Court, which found that those statutes indeed did protect Apple from such compulsion. Although sympathetic to Apple, I argue that those experts and the New York court misinterpreted CALEA, and that the government’s interpretation of that statute was correct. The court’s ultimate ruling in favor of Apple, however, was the right one based on the discretionary factors governing the AWA’s applicability, set forth by the United States Supreme Court in United States v. New York Telephone Co.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is especially true of healthcare and long-term care services, though countries also provide other services such as free transport, TV licences, or free participation in cultural and social activities. Publicly provided in-kind services add value to retirement: they enhance the income of the elderly by an average of 40%, compared to 24% among the working-age population. In some Nordic countries, the share of services in the disposable income of the elderly is as high as 70%. The analysis presented here also shows that services benefit the poorest retirees much more than they do richer elderly households. The contribution of long-term care, however, which by definition is focused on the elderly, is still small.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Latin America and the Caribbean, several points on figure 1.16 show a convergence between the direction of changes in GDP and in life satisfaction. But there are counter-intuitive situations, such as satisfaction rising when per capita GDP is falling, or increases in GDP while life satisfaction is declining. The classification, from the World Values Survey, defines income brackets as appropriate for the realities of each country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In several natural resource-rich developing countries, infrastructure investments have pulled the economy in the direction of resource extraction, at the expense of other productive activity. For example, Mesquita Moreira et al. ( Like the balanced growth theorists, he recognized that externalities could disrupt any desired investment sequence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This type of usage require fast and widespread mobile connectivity. This maturity level often requires fixed connections with very high speed. The levels of Internet maturity can be useful to define a framework of ICT skills, adjust education policies, and to plan for future ICT infrastructure to ensure networks has the “sufficient capacity, quality and speed to support more advanced usage. ” (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Few studies have used an ethnographic research methodology as a means of expanding the fundamental concepts of peacemaking criminology. Sixteen months of fieldwork among a Muslim‐American community in central Florida, gathering data through participant observation and semi‐structured interviews with 443 immigrant and indigenous Muslim Americans, reveal an increased climate of alienation, mistrust, anger, and fear toward law enforcement agencies, and concern on the part of some that the USA PATRIOT Act has diminished the likelihood of Muslim Americans cooperating with police agencies regarding potential terrorism. This paper also examines themes for improving domestic counterterrorism strategies, including the need for law enforcement agencies to make an effort to educate themselves on the basic tenets of Islam, along with its diverse customs and culture, to establish an open active dialogue with community members, and to sustain a relationship with the Muslim‐American community based on the foundational c...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Building viable approaches to adopting blockchain technology and accelerating its maturity, these projects have already yielded new business and market models. The technology can potentially also address the key challenges and opportunities in supporting mitigation and adaptation-related activities, especially in the energy, transport and agriculture industries. Mitigation refers to the reduction of future GHG emissions, which can for example be achieved by assuring that newly planned and built infrastructure is compliant with climate objectives. Adaptation relates to action that helps to cope with inevitable effects of climate change, for example insurances for climate-related damages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In terms of future investment needs, the most important sectors and technologies are energy (renewables) and transport (infrastructure and efficiency), followed by energy transmission infrastructure and building energy efficiency (Hohne et al. Whilst some technologies in these key sectors can be clearly marked as compatible (e.g. renewable energy) or incompatible (e.g. coal power plants) with a 20 C scenario, most investment decisions need to be considered in their particular contexts and will depend on individual pathways as well as activities in other sectors. Such investments frequently involve infrastructure with a long-expected lifetime and as such present high lock-in risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Public subsidies to operators disproportionately cover these low frequency services in thin markets. Replacing these trips with less costly and possibly more convenient options could also free up public resources for other uses. According to the survey, car-sharing and ride-services were generally seen as competing more with taxi and private car use than with public transport. Even if there were, it would be difficult to generalise at this stage on how this impact, either positive or negative, might evolve as more and more people use ride services. But at present, there seems to be evidence that in certain contexts - especially where the provision of public transport services is expensive and quality is low -well-targeted policy to replace certain poorly-performing and expensive bus services may indeed increase the overall attractiveness of public transport. In these cases, public authorities and public transport operators can start to evaluate where these synergies are strongest by undertaking inventories of existing public transport routes and services to evaluate the potential for alternative service delivery models -including those based on co-operation with ride services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Early proponents of the problem-solving workshop cast it as a method of research to study the phenomenon of social conflict, not only as a method of practice. As a research technique, problem-solving workshops can serve as both a forum for applying and testing concepts and models about conflict, and as a laboratory for inductive theorizing based on information provided by participants. Workshops can also be useful for identifying the typical barriers that hamper effective negotiation and for proposing ways to overcome these resistances. As a form of action research, workshops constitute a social intervention and serve as the central element in a program of activities directed toward social change through conflict resolution. Unfortunately, both the potential of workshops as a research method and the need for evaluating them as interventions are inadequately addressed by current practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In relation to supporting skill development and training provision for people working in the tourism sector, ServicelQ also facilitates a Sector Skills Advisory Group activity which identifies goals, strategies and actions for the tourism sector. Aligned to this, ServicelQ facilitates an Industry Advisory Group, one of the functions of the Industry Advisory Group is to prioritise projects resulting from the Sector Advisory Group activities. This has helped to enhance the visibility of the qualification and was achieved in dialogue with the training and educational institutions and industry to ensure the training programme meets the needs on the ground. These mechanisms help to identify training pathways, guide training programme design and support skills recognition, nationally and internationally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In Ethiopia, Peru, and South Africa, rural women spend more time on routine housework than women in urban areas do (39, 42 and 24 minutes respectively). Research by the OECD Development Centre in Burkina Faso (2018) found that rural women spend around seven hours per week on average collecting water and firewood, more than twice the amount of time urban women spend. This gap is mainly explained by the distance to basic services: on average urban households in Burkina Faso are within 20 minutes of a fuel source compared to 60 minutes in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The assessment should be based on performance measures that teachers consider to be fair and accurate, which could include common professional teaching standards, and should provide incentives for behaviour that supports the overall goals of the education system (OECD, 2009). For example, teachers in Romania reported to the Review Team that they would like to be rewarded with professional learning opportunities. The ministry also currently has the legislated authority to award teachers a range of decorations, orders, medals and titles, which could be used to publicly champion teachers’ efforts to increase the equity of the education system by supporting success for all students. Improving appraisal processes to support teachers’ continuing professional learning and competency development, and providing teachers with greater opportunities to make use of their higher levels of knowledge and skills will benefit teachers, students, schools and the education system as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)