albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Against several recent interpretations, I argue in this paper that Immanuel Kant's support for enlightened absolutism was a permanent feature of his political thought that fit comfortably within his larger philosophy, though he saw such rule as part of a transition to democratic self-government initiated by the absolute monarch himself. I support these contentions with (1) a detailed exegesis of Kant's essay “What is Enlightenment?” (2) an argument that Kantian republicanism requires not merely a separation of powers but also a representative democratic legislature, and (3) a demonstration that each stage of a democratic transition can potentially be in an absolute monarch's short-run self-interest. I conclude the paper by defending Kant's theory of democratization against charges of consequentialism and paternalism and by pointing out its similarity to other accounts of democratic transitions (for example, those of Samuel Huntington and Guillermo O'donnell), suggesting a previously unnoticed opportunity ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the last few quarters of the period under study, there was a turnaround in this trend, however, and the recession was coupled with increasing feminization, since male unemployment was on the rise. In other words, as has been observed in all the countries analysed in this study, feminization has occurred as a consequence of an economic slowdown. The increase in the number of hours per week is associated with an 8% drop in GDP. On the one hand, the presence of more women (as represented by their participation rate) relative to men has a positive effect on growth, but, on the other, an increase in labour intensity (more hours spent working in the labour market), which can be assumed to reduce the hours devoted to domestic labour, is not.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Large car and airplane producers have been extensively using 3D printing to manufacture replacement materials rapidly, while experimenting with 3D printing the entire product. Decreased reliance on specific subcomponents and decreased relevance of labour costs make it easier for firms to decentralize production and thus get closer to consumers. For instance, sports shoes are 3D-printed in new automated factories in Germany and the United States. These so-called "speedfactories" are supposed to shorten the time between completion of the shoe design and its delivery to shops to less than one week (The Economist, 2017a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Much scholarship in the political economy literature has investigated the influence of the democratic advantage on sovereign bond ratings by credit rating agencies ~CRAs!+ Missing from earlier work, however, is inquiry into the effects on bond ratings of factors that lower political risk, such as adherence to the rule of law, the presence of a strong and independent judicial system, and protection of property rights+ Using panel data for up to thirty-six developing countries from 1996 to 2006, we find that rule of law, strong and independent courts, and protection of property rights have significant positive effects on bond ratings+ Policymakers wanting to obtain higher bond ratings and increased revenue from bond sales would do well to heed the message contained in these findings+
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
High-skilled immigrants (consisting of the first three groups in Figure 2.5), are mainly from a limited number of countries (Figure 2.7). Immigrants from Japan, which is the largest foreign direct investor in Thailand, and to a lesser extent China dominate the number of immigrants over time. In 2015, more than 36 000 high-skilled immigrants from Japan and almost 19 000 from China together accounted for more than half of the number of high-skilled immigrants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
While underperforming schools are typically found to use the feedback from inspection visits for quality improvements, there are indications that schools labelled as achieving basic quality are often less engaged in using evaluative information to gain insights into their own challenges and plan for improvement (Dutch Inspectorate of Education, 2013). Evaluation and assessment in the Netherlands operate in a context where the majority of schools are “owned” by non-public bodies (e.g. religious or professional communities pursuing particular pedagogical philosophies) and even public schools are typically operated by semi-autonomous boards, similar to those in the nonpublic sector (see Chapter 1). As described above, the size and composition of school boards, as well as the evaluation competencies of school board members, are highly variable. In its 2011/2012 report on the State of Education in the Netherlands, the Inspectorate notes that “quality assurance is an area in which many school boards could improve” (Dutch Inspectorate of Education, 2013, p.27).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While relatively few countries to date have designed and implemented a national system for adaptation monitoring and evaluation, many more have indicated in their Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) that they are working on developing one, or intend to do so._________________________________________________ Evaluations are partly based on the information monitored, but also draw on other relevant information such as stakeholder consultations and expert reviews. The monitoring and evaluation can take stock of the implementation of adaptation measures, which can spur learning on their effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The absolute number of people living in poverty has not declined at the same rate as the poverty headcount as a result of strong population growth over this period (OECD, 2017(3]). The number of people living in poverty increased from 25.6 million in 1996 to 27.5 million in 2005 then declined to 21.0 million in 2016. Although the rural poverty rate is higher than in urban areas (25.6% versus 14.8% in 2015/16), rapid urbanisation means that the number of poor individuals in urban areas is likely to grow (OECD, 2017[3j).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Some of these functions can be temporary and performed at the request of the school leader. School management has the autonomy to distribute specific, temporary functions to teachers within the school. In other countries, such “Learning Support Staff’ typically assist teachers in their instruction, provide support for students and contribute to the overall learning-related activities of schools. The most common learning support staff in Kazakhstan is laboratory assistants for subjects such as physics, chemistry, biology and computer science.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Water supply lines were repaired, leaks were found and plugged, the production of polyethylene pipes started - they are widely used nowadays for construction of new pipelines and replacement of old ones. The computer control system for water supply to the city and automatic pressure monitoring were introduced. The water company pays special attention to communication with consumers, meetings with condominiums, motivation of accurately paying consumers, provision of benefits for veterans, sponsor aid, information about the company operations became customary for residents. Water Resources - Marketing, LLP is now evaluating the opportunity of attracting a long-term loan to implement its investment programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Europe, intra-national disparities in educational attainment and achievement are often larger than disparities across countries (Balias and others, 2012). Often, spatial inequalities account for a significant proportion of within-country inequalities. They constitute more than half of total income inequality in China, for instance, and over 30 per cent in India (ADB, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Other Parties providing resources are also encouraged to provide forward-looking information on climate finance provided and mobilised. The ease of such voluntary reporting will also vary by country and similar fundamental challenges may be encountered. This is because there are data limitations and work to develop common definitions and methodologies remains at an early stage (see OECD, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This category refers mainly to negative obligations of States to refrain from acting, such as the obligation to refrain from unlawful or arbitrary interferences with the family life (e.g., art. In practice, there is no watertight divisions between these categories of obligations. All human rights impose a continuum or spectrum of obligations of different types. See Sepulveda 2003, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
When the process leads to course exemptions, the costs of education or training to the individual are reduced, as the person will need to spend less time off work and may have their tuition fees reduced. Finally, when a person has nearly all the skillset required by the target qualification, and can obtain it just by passing an examination, the direct and opportunity costs are greatly reduced compared to pursuing a full training programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Cultural Studies’ academic good fortune owes little to the Frankfurt School. From its origins in early 1970s until earlier this century, the discipline consistently failed to engage with Critical Theory on a more than superficial level. On the few occasions when Cultural Studies’ theorists examined Critical Theory, their focus usually dwelled Dialectic of Enlightenment’s ‘Culture Industry’ chapter or Adorno’s subsequent cultural criticism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article questions whether the law of the European Union (EU) can impose jurisdictional constraints on so-called intra-EU investment arbitration proceedings. Would an arbitral tribunal hearing an intra-EU case under either a bilateral investment treaty (BIT) or under the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) have to declare itself incompetent to conduct the case proceedings owing to the operation of EU law? This article subjects that proposition to criticism, finding that, for a number of reasons, connected either with the drafting of the BIT or the ECT or the operation of general principles of international law, it does not withstand scrutiny. An arbitral tribunal seized of a treaty claim under a BIT or the ECT cannot rely on EU law to negate rights expressly granted under the instrument providing for its jurisdiction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Astana’s core city experienced faster population growth than its commuting zone from 1999 to 2009. Astana’s commuting zone includes 35 rural districts (selski okruga) and 2 posiolki (rural settlements) scattered around a relatively large territory in the Tselinograd, Arshaly and even Ereymentau districts. Two municipalities (corresponding to three settlements on the map below) in the North of Karaganda region are also part of Astana’s commuting zone (see Figure 1.A2.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For the first time in history, the population living in rural areas equalled the population living in urban areas. The world's population is becoming increasingly urban. According to the 2014 Revision of World Urbanization Prospects produced by the Population Division of UN-DESA, 54% of the world's population now lives in urban areas, a proportion that is expected to increase to 66% by 205061.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The European Union has nine biogeographical regions, with distinct vegetation, climate and geographic characteristics. Under the Habitats Directive, "Natura 2000" sites are selected on the basis of national lists proposed by the member states. The boreal region might need better resolution, at least south boreal, middle boreal and north boreal. See Annex 3 for examples of the Nordic countries' laws and commitments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Only female founders with past CEO experience see no gap in amounts relative to men. Addressing general policy failures and some of the specific bottlenecks in access to finance could potentially remove barriers to innovative entrepreneurship, and by extension to female entrepreneurship. Governments have aimed to reform framework conditions such as tax policy and labour market regulations in order to encourage reallocation of financing towards potentially high-growth firms (OECD, 2019[58]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Indeed, Brewer and O'Dea (2012) and others (see Noll, 2007 for a review) argue that it is preferable to consider the distribution of consumption rather than income, on both theoretical and pragmatic grounds. However, there are a number of reasons why many countries prefer income based poverty measures. The pros and cons of each approach are discussed later in this chapter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Under authority of the Fisheries Act, the AAR provides greater environmental assurances and regulatory stability for businesses. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production, aquaculture lias also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD. Fish stocks data were sourced from Canada's 2015 Sustainability Survey for Fisheries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, more information is needed to understand the status of the profession and to evaluate the impact of recent measures on the perception of school leadership. As stipulated in the Teacher’s Statute, school principals’ main role is to oversee and lead the schools’ educational project, which includes setting and monitoring school goals, study programmes and implementation strategies, organising and guiding the technical-pedagogical work and professional development of teachers, and ensuring adequate reporting to parents about their children’s progress. The General Education Law emphasises school leaders’ responsibility for promoting the quality of their institution and for promoting the professional development of their teachers to achieve pedagogical goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A large percentage of the middle management staff lacked planning and management knowledge, experience and training. In 1990, with IMTA support, CONAGUA started a postgraduate training programme to develop in-house expertise, and by June 1992, more than 100 professionals had graduated. At the time, the programme’s focus was on technical supply-driven management rather than the consolidation of a system-wide, long-term capacity building programme that goes beyond ad hoc initiatives (Tortajada, 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In turn, shifting taxes to immovable property could pose serious transitional challenges as vertical and horizontal inequities could arise, as well as spikes in tax liabilities for some households. For instance, in Sweden, Sorensen (2010) reports that reforms in 2008 increased the bias in favour of investing in housing relative to other assets largely due to strong political opposition to property taxation. As noted, with property taxation in many countries a principal source of sub-national government revenue, shifting the tax mix toward immovable property taxation can often encounter resistance at the sub-national level. Where sub-national governments receive transfers from the national treasury, increasing taxation of immovable property can be unattractive if such an effort results in reduced budgetary transfers or revenue sharing from the centre (e.g. Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This chapter addresses Australian legislative and juridical responses to acts officially defined as terrorism, briefly summarising counter-terrorism measures from the events of September 11, 2001 to 2016. We argue that counter-terrorism measures since the 2001 attacks contravene principles of due process, separation of powers and human rights. Moreover, being pre-emptive and granting extraordinary discretionary power to police and security agencies, they have shifted the burden of proof and have criminalised vaguely defined “preparatory acts”. The anti-terrorism laws have produced wrongful terrorism charges and have labelled as “terrorist” several isolated actions of mentally disturbed perpetrators such as in the Martin Place siege of 2014. Additionally, such laws have been used disproportionately against Muslim men. The record shows that these counter-terrorism measures are neither proportional to nor consistent with the actual threat of terrorism in Australia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The tax rates applied to the four components of the air pollution tax are too low for achieving this. The water pollution tax has been awaiting the adoption of secondary legislation required for its implementation. The excise duty on motor fuels has not been used as an instrument for more rational use of petrol and diesel. Insufficient tariffs for recovering costs are also a barrier for greater private sector involvement in the provision of these services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Nearly one-half (44%) of the length of principal levees (4 180 km) does not meet regulatory standards for levee height. Former flood plains accommodate one third of all arable land, as well as 32% of railroads, 15% of roads, and over 700 settlements with 2.5 million inhabitants. Four extraordinary flood events have happened in the Tisza River Basin area between 1998-2001, causing considerable damage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Despite these obstacles, no company decided to withdraw from the region, with the partial exception of EDF (which maintained just a single generating plant in Brazil). This situation has now changed, however, and in recent years these companies have announced ambitious investment projects in the region, generally targeting the organic growth of the markets in which they were already present — except for Argentina, where transnationals operating in the country (Enel, Duke Energy and AES) have not announced any expansion plans. The projects in question cover transmission, distribution, and generating businesses alike, and include a substantial increase in renewable energy projects (apart from hydroelectric power plants). This means that Latin American assets are now extremely important for the firms in question, since they are in markets with growth prospects offering generally high returns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Having more households with women in paid work, especially full-time work, means less income inequality. Therefore, policies that focus on increasing the earnings potential of lower-paid women can reinforce the equalising effect of women's labour market integration. It does not discuss the impact of women’s non-market or unpaid work, which has a non-negligible impact on household’s income inequality as discussed in Folbre et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Policies targeted at vulnerable consumers directly through safety nets were much less common. However, OECD (2010) points out that for a number of large agricultural trading countries examined, many interventions were in the form of a reinforcement of existing policy measures rather than new measures per se. However, given such interventions were made by a number of countries, the cumulative effect of these on world prices meant that the effectiveness of such measures for any one country, particularly for smaller producers, was significantly lessened. Similarly, Headey (2011) suggests that trade policy related decisions were a major driver of the observed price spikes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Most of the funds are leveraged in the water supply and sanitation subsector (MXN 17.7 billion in 2010 and MXN 19.3 billion in 2011 in constant 2009 prices). However, in 2011, leverage rates in the irrigation subsector were higher. The additional resources leveraged by CONAGUA reached 93% of CONAGUA’s support in the case of investments in water supply and sanitation and 155% for investments in irrigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This was done through external consultancies by universities (Sao Paulo and Campinas, for example) and private companies such as Macroplan, from Rio de Janeiro. In addition, Embrapa has been training its staff on strategic planning methodologies, in some cases together with state R&D organisations. This strategic planning system is nationally coordinated at Embrapa by a central unit named Strategic Management Secretariat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At the same time, the land frontier was closing and it became harder to add new land. Consequently, agricultural growth slowed to about 2%-3% per year, although productivity increased notably. Given opportunities in both domestic and international markets, new activities emerged such as rubber, cassava, pineapples, and high value perishables for the fast-growing cities. Most farm households have diversified their income sources, while some have become more specialised in higher-value agricultural products sold into more sophisticated marketing chains. The rural non-farm economy has grown to the point where it provides around half of all rural jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Since the mid-1990s, the proportion of Governments that viewed adolescent fertility as a major concern has risen steadily in all major world regions, except in Northern America. Such programmes also include innovative educational approaches, including peer counselling for young people and orientation for parents, as well as strengthening education on reproductive and sexual health in non-formal settings, vocational training programmes and youth clubs (United Nations Population Fund, 2007). In 2013, 94 per cent of Governments in less developed regions had policies and programmes to reduce adolescent fertility, compared with 77 per cent of Governments in more developed regions. All Governments in Latin America and the Caribbean, Northern America and Oceania, and all but one Government in Africa, had policies and programmes to reduce adolescent fertility in 2013, whereas 23 per cent of Governments in Europe and 19 per cent in Asia did not have such policies or programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
According to a study published in 2012 there were eight districts in the Slovak Republic where the proportion of the Roma minority was close to or higher than 20% (Matlovifiova et al., In such districts the proportion of Roma children can be very high. Both the definition of “special educational needs" and the age range for compulsory education differ across countries. See the source of the data for further details.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At a minimum, these frameworks should incorporate the suggestions made by the UN Special Rapporteur {Box 6.1). Eliminate legislative or constitutional barriers to the inclusion of children and adults with disabilities in the regular education system. Ensure that one ministry is responsible for the education of both children and adults.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is below the 25 per cent withdrawal threshold that defines the start of physical water stress, but this global figure masks large differences between regions and within countries. In 2011,41 countries experienced water stress, up from 36 in 1998. Of these, 10 countries—from the Arabian Peninsula, Northern Africa and Central Asia—withdrew more than 100 per cent of renewable freshwater resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)