albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The two vertical axes are scaled proportionally based on the 2008 values, so that a 10 per cent increase in subscription penetration on the right axis takes the same range as a 10 per cent decrease in prices on the left axis. The two vertical axes are scaled proportionally based on the 2008 values, so that a 10 per cent increase in subscription penetration on the right axis takes the same range as a 10 per cent decrease in prices on the left axis. As a result, the structure of telecommunication markets depends to a large extent on their decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Rural poverty and food insecurity are frequently the result of “institutional failures” (including coordination failures, land insecurity, gender discrimination and marginalization of indigenous populations), which prevent the development of more dynamic food production systems. To a large extent, low income and food insecurity among small-scale farm holders can be traced back to the lack of adequate access to land. Traditional land reform designed to improve access to land and provide support to different forms of association among farmers would help to effect economies of scale in production and, most importantly, in the marketing of food crops.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre ffangais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@c/copies.com.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Given the more integrated and comprehensive data infrastructure in hospitals, safety in that setting is potentially seen as more inviting for researchers. Despite these difficulties, a number of highly innovative studies have examined safety in primaiy and ambulatory care. But the lack of consistent data and a range of methods used to measure harm have delivered very wide-ranging results. Systematic reviews suggest that safety lapses occur between 1 and 24 times in every 100 primary/ambulatory care consultations. The hann most commonly stems from diagnostic errors (and subsequent delays in treatment or therapy) and adverse drug events (ADEs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While personal choices play an important role, women may face certain barriers to pursuing research careers, such as the existence of gender stereotypes, insufficient measures to facilitate the work-life balance, inadequate facilities for childcare, and non-transparent nomination and appointment procedures. Between 2009 and 2013, women in the European Union were half as likely as men to be new business owners (1.8% vs. 3.5%) (OECD/EU, 2016). Evidence also shows that more women than men decide to become entrepreneurs out of necessity (e.g. due to difficulties in entering the labour market otherwise).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Below the surface waters, the deep layer where sunlight penetrates with insufficient intensity to support primary production is called the mesopelagic zone. This zone is a particularly important habitat for the fauna controlling the depth of C02 sequestration. Below the mesopelagic zone, about 1,000 m deep, is the largest layer of the deep-sea water column and by far the largest ecosystem on our planet, the bat-hypelagic region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In March 2019, the Committee and the Digital Economy Promotion Agency convened to launch an event, “Smart City Thailand Takeoff”, which marked the country’s first open call for smart city proposals - with the definition of the application process and qualifying criteria - as well as the announcement of a new city data platform for smart city implementation with an expected launch date by the end of the year (Smart City Thailand Office, 2019). The event also established the committee’s new targets for the upcoming years: the development of 24 total smart city plans in 2019, extending to 76 by 2022. Moreover, it was announced that the Digital Economy Promotion Agency, under the supervision of the National Smart City Committee, has initiated the establishment of a national Smart City Thailand Office in Bangkok (Digital Economy Promotion Agency, 2019). With this budget, high-speed internet services with at least 1 000 Wi-Fi hotspots are planned in 100 areas in Phuket.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
ABSTRACTEcuador’s recently adopted conflict resolution techniques have aggravated the always tense encounters between Amazonian indigenous communities, oil companies and the state. The state’s governmentality project portrays these socio-environmental conflicts as mere technical–managerial issues while societal coalitions re-politicize them through territorial defense struggles. The Cofan Dureno case highlights how the self-proclaimed ‘Citizen’s Revolution’ government seeks to redefine socio-natural relationships and territorial identities, devising ‘communities of convenience’. These correspond to the state’s own images, political structure and ideology, promoting ‘community participation’ to facilitate oil extraction. Ecuador’s constitutionally recognized Rights of Nature (paradoxically installed by the same government) are analyzed with a focus on their potential for resisting socio-environmental injustice. The internationally celebrated inclusion of these rights in the Constitution was advocated by no...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Based on the data available, the Republic of Korea had the highest rate of researchers per million inhabitants (6,457), followed by Singapore (6,442) and Japan (5,201). Males involved in research still exceed females in most countries in the Asia-Pacific region, especially in Nepal whereon Iy8per cent of researchers were female in 2010, Japan (15 per cent female in 2013) and the Republic of Korea (18 per cent female in 2013). However, females are more prevalent in this line of work in certain countries, such as Azerbaijan (53 per cent of researchers being female in 2013),Thailand (53 per cent female in 2011), Georgia (52 per cent female in 2013) and Kazakhstan (51 per cent female in 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The tables presented in this section have been constructed under three different scenarios: for UB, the claimant is assumed to be 20 years old and to have a one-year unemployment insurance (UI) contribution record. For Table 4, which presents information on the availability of SA, FA, HB and UB, the claimant is assumed to be 20 years old, to not live with her parents, and to have no sufficient UI contribution record. The benefits specifically available to young people living with their parents or to young parents are presented in separate tables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
External cost accounting, by its very nature, will always allow for alternative viewpoints. Coal, for instance, does emit a higher level of radionuclides than nuclear energy. The estimate of the impacts of hydroelectricity on biodiversity seems small when compared to anecdotal evidence. Such uncertainties show that more systematic as well as policy-relevant research on the external costs of power generation is needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A person living in Asia and the Pacific is almost twice as likely to be affected by a natural disaster than a person living in Africa, almost six times more likely than someone in Latin America and the Caribbean, and almost 30 times more likely than a person living in North America or Europe (ESCAP, 2012a). All regions of the world are projected to experience varying impacts because of climate change. In Asia and the Pacific, increases in flooding, heat-related mortality, and drought-related water and food shortages have been identified as the main risks. If current climate change and development patterns continue, by 2100, hundreds of millions of people, most of them in the coastal areas of East, South-East and South Asia, may be displaced unless adaptation measures are put in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
National economic performance as reflected in productivity growth and international competitiveness deteriorated. Moreover, the Finnish economy was subject to shocks associated with Nokia’s decline and downsizing in the forestry sector, which brought the issue of Finland’s diversification into the limelight. The role of national institutions that played an important role in Finland’s rise - such as the Science and Technology Policy Council (now the Research and Innovation Council, RIC) and the Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation, Tekes - has diminished. Against this backdrop, and the urgent need to revive the economy and achieve high and sustainable economic grow th, research and innovation remain critical for Finland’s future success in economic and broader social development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The earlier mentioned study from the University Aarhus estimates the amount of avoidable food waste to be in the range of 40-75% of the total. Combining these data with the key figure 125 g food wastes per meal we find a total of approx. This includes both private and public service industry and retail sale. The service sector exclusive retail sale will include both horeca - industry, canteens and catering and therefore more or less corresponds to hospitality sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Relative to larger nations, in SIDS national energy generation and use are therefore relatively small, but domestic demand is increasing over time as populations develop and new industry is created. Trinidad and Tobago has the highest rate of energy use per capita, at over 15 tonnes of oil equivalent per year. In global terms, the energy use and CO, emissions of SIDS are low, with CO emissions averaging 4.7 megatonnes per year, however, there is an extreme difference between the highest and lowest emitters. Higher-income countries are the highest emitters, they include Trinidad and Tobago (the highest emitter, with 50 megatonnes per year), Dominica and Jamaica.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is because countries are not explicitly asked to report on adaptation effectiveness, and effectiveness is challenging to measure in an objective. Further, decision 1/CP.21 gives flexibility to developing countries in reporting on the scope, levels of detail and frequency of i.a. Therefore, it is unlikely that information reported will be consistent or timely across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Journal of Economic History. Reference Architecture for the Telecommunications Industry: Transformation of Strategy, Organization, Processes, Data, and Applications. Impacts oftransport infrastructure on productivity and economic growth: Recent advances and research challenges. Transport Reviews: A Transnational Transdisciplinary Journal. In: Cockbum J, Dissou Y, Duclos J-Y and Tiberti L. Infrastructure and Economic Growth in Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The chapter provides a description and rationale for each of the SMM policy principles along with suggested strategies for implementation and examples of national applications by OECD member countries. Products of consumption illustrate the principle that “waste equals food”. Their degradation can support life in ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It seeks to explain patterns in these outcomes based on the characteristics of the countries and their immigrant populations. What is the value added of the project? This project, implemented from 2014 to 2018, aimed to analyse the economic impact of immigration in developing countries across a variety of dimensions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Access to health care, although relevant for all children, is only used for adolescents aged 17-18 for data availability reasons.12 Conversely, the nutrition dimension, although relevant to all children, is only included for the two younger age groups due to the lack of relevant data for the oldest age group. Although there is information about compulsory school enrolment for children up to the age of 12, nearly all attend compulsory school for at least one hour a week. The MODA guidelines (de Neubourg et al 2012a) advise using the same number of indicators per dimension, if possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Journal of Urban Economics, http: //dx. A quasi-cohort analysis using PISA 2000 and the OECD survey of adult skills”, British Educational Research Journal, pp. Differences- in-Differences Evidence Across Countries”, Vol. Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. Org/10.1023/B:JOEG.0000031426.09886.bd.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The downside risk to the economic outlook is low natural gas prices, which would reduce export revenues and potentially lead to lower-than-expected foreign investment inflows in the energy sector. However, the 2015/16 budget outlines cuts in capital expenditures, which is somewhat in contrast to the priority given to infrastructure development in the country’s medium-term plan. To enhance fiscal resources, there is room to improve the revenue potential of the extractive industry, for instance through centralizing the collection of gas-related revenue and increasing transparency. Tax administration can be strengthened, building on recent progress, including the operation of a large taxpayer office.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These reforms are likely to require longer lead-in times before they have the desired effect but can have important implications on the long-term efficiency and productivity of the health care system. While it is too early to assess the impact of this measure, 85% of hospitals can now report complete DRG reimbuxsement data (Polyzos et al., It has also effectively merged all existing individual health insurance schemes into the central EOPYY (the National Organisation for the Provision of Health Services), with the intention to merge inherited assets into EOPYY as well as streamline administrative and medical staff (EC, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
More open trade contributes to mitigating the key drivers of volatility by increasing the size and scope of markets and diluting the magnitude of shocks, effectively by facilitating wider supply and demand response. Yet, international trade has also been seen as a threat, both to the well-being of individuals suffering from the pressure of international competition and to price stability on domestic markets. Markets have long been highly distorted not only by trade policies but importantly by production-linked domestic support regimes which have encouraged excess supplies in international markets. A well functioning trading system, with transparent rules and disciplines is essential if all countries are to discover the benefits of trade, and if its potential benefits in reducing price volatility, both on domestic and international markets are to be realised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Protecting water resources directly at the source by limiting pollution from catchments also generates indirect benefits, such as avoided (investment and treatment) costs and can be overall more cost-effective. Increasingly, countries are recognising the benefits of managing water resources using a whole of basin or river basin approach, given that reducing pollution at the source tends to be a cheaper option than treating water before supplying it to consumers. The degree of certainty with which water is supplied is an important factor in determining the benefit that water users derive from the service and strongly influences their willingness-to-pay. Increased reliability of water supplies avoids the need for households to store water for shortage situations and therefore induces cost savings. Water reliability is also an important parameter for economic activities (industries, but also agriculture and services) which use water in their processes or as a non-substitutable input. Benefits from WSS investments are not equally shared amongst users, whereas benefits from water services are usually experienced at household level, benefits from sewerage services are shared by a community as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Elinor Ostrom and her colleagues in The Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University in Bloomington conducted fieldwork in metropolitan police departments across the United States. Their findings in support of community policing dealt a blow to the popular belief that consolidation and centralization of services was the only way to effectively provide citizens with public goods. However, subsequent empirical literature suggests that the widespread implementation of community policing has been generally ineffective and in many ways unsustainable. We argue that the failures are the result of strategic interplay between federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies that has resulted in the prioritization of federal over community initiatives, the militarization of domestic police, and the erosion of genuine community-police partnerships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Backman and Ferrarini, 2010[8]) point out two mechanisms by which family transfers contribute to reduce child poverty: a direct effect via the support in-cash provided to traditional one-earner families, and the support to dual-earner families which operates by enabling both parents to work and raise market income. ( For instance, they point out the low efficacy of social spending in reducing child poverty is in Southern Europe countries due to scarce social services and modest family benefits. By contrast, pensions are found to have a noticeable impact on child poverty in countries where family and kin continue to play an important role in providing welfare, while other types of transfers are much more limited (Chzhen and Bradshaw, 2012[10]), (Petmesidou et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There is a pressing need for further investment on waste infrastructure to meet requirements of the Waste Framework Directive. In the operational programme on environment, EUR 434 million (including EUR 369 million in EU funding) is allocated to waste management for 2007-13. In 2006, the average annual fee was EUR 35 per household, amounting to 0.6% of household income (GHK, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The ultimate goal of the discussion is to provide policymakers in the region with an understanding of the state of climate finance and recommendations on approaches for mobilizing climate finance in the light of global efforts, regional trends and successful initiatives. The author would like to acknowledge the ESCAP Environment and Development Division (Rae Kwon Chung, Aneta Nikolova, Riccardo Mesiano, Hala Razian, and with support from Yohan Hong). A peer review was conducted by the Climate Policy Initiative (Mia Fitri and Leela Raina).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Galilee has 25% of the population of Israel (and 17% excluding the Haifa sub-district), but a negative migration balance. Young Jewish population from the development towns relocate to big cities in the Central District where commerce and electronic/high-tech companies are concentrated. Evidence of the deceleration process is also manifest in development plans that emphasise tourism and dependency models between the Galilee and the central areas and coastal region. At subregional level, there are a number of fragmented initiatives. One of the most important developments is the gathering of all municipalities in the Eastern Galilee to work together for the development of the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In many war-torn countries such as Bosnia, Cambodia and Rwanda, women continued to experience high levels of stress and anxiety in their daily lives and display typical signs of trauma, including depression, listlessness, chronic fatigue, anguish, psychological disabilities and recurrent recollections of traumatic incidents. Despite severe emotional trauma, these women demonstrated remarkable resilience and courage in surviving. Their sufferings often remained unvoiced, however, and were sometimes expressed through abusive relationships with their spouses or children. Most of these women continued undertaking their normal responsibilities, and this clinging to routine work may have helped them to cope with the trauma. Interestingly, in post-Soviet Georgia internally displaced women appeared to adjust better than their male counterparts. Although men became passive and moody, women took outside work to feed their families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. The agreement is to be adopted by 2015 and come into effect from 2020. An effective agreement would include quantitative mitigation commitments from all major emitters and result in concrete actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while catalysing long-term transformations to low-carbon and climate-resilient economies. The aim of this paper is to explore what mitigation commitments put forward under the 2015 agreement might look like, what guidance might be agreed regarding the type of commitments proposed, and which “rules of the game” would need to be agreed before draft commitments for the post-2020 period are put forward.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These often involve standards or regulations designed to take into account customer expectations, industry standards and national policy objectives, such as public health or national security. Collectively these are often known as ‘quality infrastructure’. The returns on investment are likely to be significant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The coastal fisheries take place during the summer months (May to August), with a common pool quota. The total pool quota is allocated for each month to four geographical regions. The vessels that can apply for a coastal license are small vessels using hand lines only, fishing mostly cod, haddock and saithe. Coastal fishing boats are not allowed to take part in the general commercial part of the management system during the coastal operational season. In 2016 the total quota for the coastal fisheries amounted to 8 600 tonnes (a fixed amount that is not related to the TAC). This quota is allocated to communities deemed to be in a vulnerable position regarding population development, coastal fisheries, or to areas that experience sudden or drastic declines in fishing opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Shocks to trade patterns and markets leads to benefits from diversification in products and markets (Daw et al., The resilience of fishing communities depends on robust markets for seafood products to support the economic base. Regulations that strengthen the economic and biological condition of the fisheries will also provide the basis from which the fishery will be resilient to climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Both spouses are responsible for managing the family and bringing up the children, and a wife with financial resources must contribute towards providing for the needs of the family. Any agreement to the contrary' is deemed null and void. Article 23 of the 1956 Tunisian Personal Status Law as amended in 1993. Article 4 of the 2004 Moroccan Family Law. Article 51 of the 2004 Moroccan Family Law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)