albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This may be a sensible approach to building on current practices to save resources for developing INDCs. Nevertheless, given that Parties now recognise that adaptation is a key component of the long-term global response to climate change (Paris Agreement, Art 7.2), all Parties would also be encouraged to consider establishing long-term adaptation actions to enhance adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce vulnerability. Evaluation of the progress is also important to regularly revisit and improve the effectiveness of such measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
But they can make a real difference in reducing the effects of poverty and bolstering Children in Supaul, a flood- families and economies. As households spend the transfers they receive, their impact is multiplied in the local economy and the benefits transmitted to others in society. In Brazil, for example, Bolsa Familia, one of the largest cash transfer programmes in the world, was paired with Beneficio de Prestagao Continuada - a combination social pension and disability grant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Commodity and derivative traders design tools to deal with risk and volatility on a daily basis. The secondary financial market offers various tools to handle the risks faced by EE projects. In the current situation however, these same traders cannot capture the financial opportunities of EE projects because they do not understand the physical realities of these projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Chile, under the new postnatal leave legislation, the mother can transfer up to a month and a half of leave to the father. In several countries, the leave may be extended for multiple births or in the case of illness, and often varies from the public to the private sector (Pautassi and Rico, 2011). Tronto (2012) and Williams (2012) examine interesting aspects of these contemporary tensions. Belize, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Brazil. Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
When Luis Moreno-Ocampo was sworn in as the Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (‘ICC’), he commented that ‘the absence of trials before this Court, as a consequence of the regular functioning of national institutions, would be a major success’. He was referring, of course, to the Rome Statute’s complementarity principle, which permits the Court to exercise its jurisdiction over a serious international crime only if no State is willing and able to prosecute the crime itself. If States somehow prove willing and able to prosecute every act of genocide, every war crime, and every crime against humanity – an unlikely possibility, to be sure – the Court will be obsolete before it hears its first case. There is, however, a shadow side of complementarity, one that should temper our enthusiasm for the withering away of the Court: its effect on the likelihood that defendants will receive due process
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, this form of layered interventions can be difficult to plan and implement. Large funders are often reluctant to fund projects in the same areas with similar objectives to previously funded projects. For this reason, biodiversity mainstreaming initiatives often have to be completed within short funding cycles, with little chance of extension or further funding, despite the lengthy nature of biodiversity mainstreaming. In many cases, the success of biodiversity mainstreaming projects can be significantly attributed to a particular champion or leader.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For this reason it is better to define the poverty threshold using deprivation in two dimensions, in line with other recent multidimensional measurements (Alkire and Santos, 2010, CONEVAL, 2009, Gordon and others, 2003). The countries with the highest multidimensional poverty rates (Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and the Plurinational State of Bolivia) are also those with the highest monetary poverty rates. At the other extreme, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay (urban area) are the countries with the lowest multidimensional poverty rates and the lowest monetary poverty rates (see table 1.4). Refers to the latest survey available between 2006 and 2009. The only cases where multidimensional poverty did not decline was in some countries where rates were below 10% (which is to be expected because some of the indicators used are probably at the minimum threshold level).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Prior to BIOFIN, the expenditure towards biodiversity by government agencies (especially non-core) and other institutions was not known. There was also a knowledge gap on the cost of the PBSAP and the financing gap needed to implement it. Knowledge on potential investments that both the country and the private sector may look into was also lacking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The practice of using different forms of media campaigns and censoring unfavourable stereotypes of women in mass media is also common in OECD and other countries. This type of campaign can target demographic groups that are not part of the education system. For example, in France, the Ministry of Women’s Rights recently sponsored the “Festival International des Tres Courts”, a short-film festival in which a specific prize was awarded to films promoting awareness and understanding of women’s rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Cultural aspects linked to family are equally challenging for addressing the vulnerability to disaster in poor families of Niger, where the role of women is considered of very little importance, and where the sale and marriage of child brides is a widespread financial coping mechanism for families, particularly in times of hardship. This has resulted in dispersed risk management initiatives, duplicated efforts, and multiplied the need for contacts and negotiation with different parties. It also makes scaling up good practice more difficult. There are two main reasons behind this lack of partnership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A key focus is to support schools and school boards to include the principles of equity and inclusive education in all policies, programmes, operations and learning environments. The Ministry supports effective implementation of the strategy through board-led implementation networks and diverse education and community stakeholders working to deliver evidence-informed tools, resources and professional learning opportunities. Parent and community engagement are essential components of the strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, they might sell their working or breeding animals or agricultural or fishing equipment. Or they may take out high-interest loans. As a last resort they may pull children out of school.23 They can also reduce the quantity or quality of food, forego medical treatment, or overexploit natural resources.24 All these measures can perpetuate poverty and reduce the incomes of future generations. Different communities in the surrounding areas coped in different ways. Some felt they could not rely on the Government or anyone else and a feeling of mutual distrust emerged, so they resorted to the kanya-kanya syndrome - everyone for themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, there is no well developed vocational training system in place (National Economic Council, 2007). For Israel as a whole, there are significantly less non-Jewish workers employed in academic and administrative positions than Jewish workers. Even Arabs holding academic degrees have difficulty in obtaining suitable employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
First, it analyses the share of financial sector workers at different points in the distribution of labour income, with a particular focus on top earners. Second, the paper confirms previous findings that on average financial sector workers receive substantial wage premia, or earnings in excess of their profile. It then extends the existing literature by relating these wage premia to the position of financial sector workers in the overall earnings distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
What influence will a continuation of these trends have on low-income families in the future? Here we look at how a continuation of demographic trends, trends in jobs and earnings, and in household employment patterns might influence trends in inequality and poverty into the future. Further increases in the share of both these groups in the population will lead to an increase in the proportion of families at risk of poverty into the future. Among the current working-age population, increasing numbers are saving for their retirement and so by 2030 it is likely that a much higher proportion of the pensioner population will be in receipt of private pensions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Governments should therefore be cautious in subsidising activities fostering the continued expansion of cities past their period of increased returns (OECD, 2011, OECD, 2015a). National Urban Policies (NUPs) are helping to co-ordinate action on productive, inclusive and resilient urban development. Myanmar moved the government to a new capital city, Nay Pyi Taw, in 2005, congestion in Yangon was a stated reason for the move. Its population is now close to one million. In 2017, the Indonesian government commissioned a survey by the Indonesian Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS) on the possible relocation of the capital from Jakarta. Governments in the region have also moved some government functions outside of large capital cities without moving the capital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In considering the morality of public policy, including child protection policy, one must go beyond the logic of the content underlying moral judgments. It is at least as important to discuss the breadth of the circle of care—the scope of application of norms of human dignity, as illustrated by human rights law. In essence, we must exercise due care in determining not only what human decency demands but also to whom the Golden Rule applies. This point was vividly illustrated by the Trump administration’s barbaric policy of separation of parents and children as a deterrent to illegal immigration to the United States. In building more sensible and sensitive child protection policy, we must remain vigilant in affirming the humanity of children in general and, in particular, those who live in exceptionally difficult circumstances or whose families are in groups especially vulnerable to injustice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such financing usually comes from the budgetary funds of ministries or agencies whose representatives work in a joint body, and this funding is often very limited. In cases where a Party wishes to entrust another Party with implementation of water management and protection measures or designing works, or when such measures and works are to be implemented jointly, this should be subject to separate contracts or agreements (see, for example, agreement 1 in table 1). Results of G8-initiated survey 2004-2007, prepared by GTZ (deutsche Gesellschaft fur technische Zusammenarbeit). For example, the Agreement between Czechoslovakia and Poland Concerning the Use of the Water Resources in Frontier Waters (1958), still in force for the Czech Republic and Poland, prescribes that proposals adopted by the plenipotentiaries shall not be binding until they have been approved in accordance with the law of each Party. The agreements may not provide for the need of such approval. However, the implementation of joint bodies’ decisions, in any case, usually requires the adoption of some documents by national authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Together, these regions accounts for about half of total groundwater depletion in the United States since 1900 (Scanlon et al., As shown in Figure 1.10, both systems have been subject to serious groundwater overdraft, with water tables lowered by up to fifty meters or more for some portions of the aquifer during the studied period. However, Figure 1.10 shows that the reduction in water levels depends on the location within the affected areas. Similarly in California, the southern San Joaquin (SJ) and Tulare (T) counties are the main hotspots for groundwater level reduction, while the northern part of the valley, with better water endowment and surface water, is not really subject to groundwater depletion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Finally, protection against discrimination and/or violation of civil right legislation is in all cases granted in these countries. In the Russian Federation, a worker can also be fired in the case of insufficient skills, but this needs to be proved by an internal certification. The latter requires establishing a special internal regulation on the certification procedure, informing the workers concerned that a certification regarding them will be issued, and establishing an attestation committee that includes a trade union member (if a union organisation exists in the firm). Even if a worker is found not suitable for a job at the end of this procedure, the employer has to offer him another job before he/she can be dismissed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Some countries have reached the economic limit in terms of sewerage connection and must find other ways of serving small, isolated settlements. In the BRIICS countries significant improvements have been made over the past two decades with an average of 89% of the population of the BRIICS having access improved drinking water sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The chapter also needs to consider long-term visions in policy documents, such as the EU's biodiversity strategy to 202040 and the strategies and policies of Nordic countries and regions. Scenarios employed may, however, need to cover much longer time spans than above, to be able to address the question of long-term sustainability. In forestry, for example, the rotation period is 70-100 years, and several rotations may be needed to evaluate sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The costs for mitigation of reduced deforestation vary depending on the (i) cause of deforestation, (ii) returns from alternative forest/non forest uses, (iii) any compensation paid to landowners to change land use practices. The cost of emission reduction for plantation and conservation projects varies between 1 Euro and 5 Euro per tonne C02. An abatement cost study by consultants McKinsey28 suggests costs up to EUR 25 for forest and plantation related activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the Pacific, their presence is particularly valuable in rural and remote areas, where they also reduce travel costs for patients, in Fiji at least, it was a requirement that they be based in rural areas. This has been successful and has constantly been extended. It is not evident that this practice is yet being taken up in Samoa or Tonga, despite tentative steps in that direction, as both countries began new programmes for the training of nurse practitioners in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The sewage treatment fee is relatively low (only 15% of the clean water price) (City of Hai Phong, 2015). Waste collection service covers all urban districts and approximately 90% of rural districts in the city. The Department of Construction (DOC) is in charge of domestic waste in urban areas, and the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development is in charge of domestic waste in rural areas. The volume of urban waste per person per day generated in Hai Phong has increased from 0.7 kg in early 2000’s to 1.3 kg in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Rules regarding formulation may be included directly into the Patents Act or into subsequent administrative implementation guidelines. The advantage of the latter is that is allows the government to quickly adapt its policy on claims formulation to changing needs and experiences. It is not the objective of this Guide to provide for detailed rules on claims construction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition to conventional gas, India has estimated coalbed methane (CBM) resources between of 1.4 tern and 2.6 tern, mainly in the east in the area of the coal resources. Just 0.05 bcm of CBM have been produced in 2008/09, but it is planned to expand production to 2.7 bcm by 2015 (Srivastava, 2010). The Damodar basin in West Bengal and the Cambay basin in Gujarat are, according to the state-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation of India (ONGC, 2010), promising formations for shale gas. In November 2010, the US and Indian governments announced that the US Geological Survey will help India to assess its shale gas reserves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The latter is a rehabilitation and vocational training centre for boys in Fiji. It provides accommodation to young boys who are placed in the custody of the state for juvenile delinquency, and rehabilitates them with the assistance of their families and communities. Women are engaged in various informal income-generating activities: child protection, community awareness/building, conflict resolutions, peace-building and maintaining social cohesion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Unlike the MPS, which is “financed” by consumers of agricultural commodities, this support originates from taxpayers. Budgetary transfers are an increasing source of the overall support to producers in Kazakhstan (Figure 2.25). The complexity of budgetary flows in Kazakhstan was discussed in Section 2.1 and illustrated in Figure 2.3 (section on financial arrangements for administering policy).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article analyses the Treaty of Lisbon, a Treaty whose fate hangs in the balance following the Irish ‘no’ in June 2008. It is structured as follows. First, the processes leading to the adoption and ratification of the Treaty are examined. Second, the structure of the Treaty and the institutional framework are explained, together with changes to the social provisions. Third, the possible impact which the Treaty, if ratified, would have on labour law is discussed. Particular attention is devoted to the changes in the values, aims and objectives of the Union and to the European Union's proposed accession to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. It is argued that these changes may influence the internal market case law of the Court of Justice, which, as the Viking, Laval and Ruffert cases demonstrate, represents a significant threat to national labour laws and practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Estimates for 2009 show a slight increase from the previous year. Compared with production figures a decade ago, the current amount represents a growth of more than 28 Mt. This additional supply is mainly due to increases in aquaculture production. Capture fisheries production, which reached its peak in 1996 with 93.8 Mt, has stabilised within a range of 85 and 94 Mt, with variations mainly caused by the El Nino climate pattern phenomenon. In the last three years, capture fisheries production remained close to 90 Mt. Forecasts indicate that any major increase in future supply will come from aquaculture. Aquaculture production is already playing a substantial role in supplying fish for human consumption, growing from a share of 17% of per capita fish consumption in late 1980s to an estimated 46% currently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In particular, cooperation in improving trade-related procedures, infrastructure and services could be enhanced in line with the recent trade literature which finds non-tariff trade costs to be significant determinants of trade flows.” Of the 2,025 completed projects under grants or interest-free loans, 390 were in transport, power supply and telecommunications.' Technical cooperation, export credits and special loans for SMEs are other important contributions related to trade. The findings clearly indicate the potential of South-South cooperation to enhance the trade capacity of low-performing developing countries. In line with recent trade literature, the ESCAP analysis uses the Logistics Performance Index (l=low to 5=high) as a proxy for trade costs and assumes an export-cost elasticity of 0.5. Taking East Asia as a benchmark, the analysis assumes that South Asia, Africa and Latin America and Caribbean would each narrow the differences in LPI scores by one-fifth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Overall, the results document the detrimental effect of rents to financial sector employees on social welfare and labour income inequality. Their origin is likely related to too-big-to-fail guarantees to financial institutions and imperfections in the financial sector labour market. In an extension, the next subsection uses numerical simulations to estimate the contribution of these rents to labour income inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
To date the development has been uneven and internships have benefited only a small proportion of students. Closer partnerships between universities and industry could ensure quality work-based learning opportunities for students. Contract research is, however, not well developed. University-industry interactions in research and development remain limited to consulting arrangements and “troubleshooting” contracts. In the last three years, only 12% of firms surveyed in Penang have collaborated with a research institute when upgrading or acquiring a new technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some countries experienced a rise in segregation between public and private schools in the 1990s, followed by a decline. This group includes Chile, the Dominican Republic and El Salvador.22 The comparison between maximum and minimum values for these countries is ambiguous and depends on what index is used. In all the other countries in the sample, changes were small (Brazil, Costa Rica and Honduras) or the indices give contradictory results (Mexico and Paraguay).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The country is also diversifying into diamond cutting and polishing as a way to add value to its extractive industry. Combined, these policies have contributed to macroeconomic stability and relatively improved poverty indicators. In Sierra Leone, the diamond sector has contributed little to human development, owing to different policy choices and challenges specific to the country. Such policies can be risky, as they affect investor confidence and can have adverse effects on markets and prices. The study on Nigeria’s oil sector describes the country’s attempt to establish deeper linkages with the national economy by stipulating that foreign oil extraction companies meet local content requirements in order to generate economic opportunities through focal procurement and promote local entrepreneurship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
But it has been difficult to sustain these gains and to translate them into an adequate standard of living. Economic policies have either undermined women's social gains or failed to support them through improved labour market opportunities. Gender gaps are narrowing in some domains, but entrenched and growing wealth inequalities mean that poorer women are being left behind. To sustain and amplify women's hard-won gains requires a different set of economic and social policies, as the following chapters will elaborate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They represent, nevertheless, one of the key pillars of a place-based approach to FSN and poverty in developing countries. Informal institutions in particular play a critical role for FSN and its determinants, and include components such as norms, traditions, social capital and culture. Under a spatially blind approach, the importance and context-specific nature of informal institutions is frequently overlooked - due to the partial, incomplete comprehension of institutions in such approaches, which tend to over-emphasise formal dimensions. Spatially blind approaches prefer to promote agglomeration and urban expansion in order to overcome institutional weaknesses inherent in developing contexts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)