albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Local Governance in Developing Countries, The World Bank, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, pp. Financing Metropolitan Governments in Developing Countries, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Massachusetts, pp. Initial Assessment, OECD Development Pathways, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264246768-cn. Measuring Regional and Local Well-beingfor Policy Malang, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264217416-en.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Challenges • The institutions of security and justice become focussed on keeping the ruling elite/party in power, instead of mediating conflict within society. • Challenges • State capacity is weakened due to low numbers of capable, skilled individuals. • Challenges • The exclusion of particular groups/regions can exacerbate socio-political tensions, compound state fragility and provoke violence. • It might be argued that in some cases this failure stems from poverty and is not a state failure at all, but a development failure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
To the extent that glass factories participate in the European Emission Trading System (ETS), which will evolve after 2013 (when the national allocation plans are to be replaced by a European quota, and all emission rights are to be auctioned), the glass factories will be driven by market incentives to reduce their C02 emissions (and their NOx emissions as well). The Euro 5 standards are more permissive for diesel vehicles (0.18 g NOx/km) than for gasoline vehicles (0.06 g/km), but the diesel standard is to be lowered to 0.08 g/km in 2014 (Euro 6). With relatively low fuel taxes and no road tolls for private cars, there is nothing to discourage the use of cars licensed in Luxembourg or elsewhere (Chapters 5 and 7). Something will have to be done about road fuel prices. The climate levy (the “Kyoto cent”) is far too low (2 centimes per litre for gasoline, 2.5 centimes for diesel) to have any impact on private vehicle use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In this case, the combustion emissions of biojet are assumed to be negated by the uptake of CO2 during cultivation of the biomass, as opposed to a well-to-wake basis where the combustion emissions are included. The functional unit reported in the table is the commonly adopted g CO2 equivalent over a 100 year period per MJ of fuel. To compare the CO2 emissions from the alternative pathways, similar estimates for conventional fossil jet A-l are also listed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Similar showcasing is required of the benefits of notifying livestock diseases as well as other issues. On the other hand, the fostering of responsible business conduct (see, for example, OECD, 2011b) and socially responsible investments is an important driver of change at both domestic and international levels. Consumer demand for new and high-quality food products or non-market goods may also create additional incentives for innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Let's not squander this momentum. Gender disparities in human development, while narrowing slowly, are embedded in social norms and long-standing patterns of exclusion from household and community decisionmaking that limit women’s opportunities and choices (box 2.2). The preference for a son can lead to sex-selective abortions and missing women, particularly in some South Asian countries. Discrimination continues in families through intrahousehold resource allocation. The gender politics of food—nurtured by the assumptions, norms and values about women needing fewer calories—can push women into a perpetual state of malnutrition and protein deficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
They are, in general, provided to projects that are commercially marginal, and they do not need to be repaid under the condition that the stated purpose of the grant funding is achieved. However, in some cases grants may be convertible to loans or equity if the project achieves commercial success. Shareholders have only a residual claim to the assets of the project company. This type of finance represents the highest level of risk, and the expected returns for equity holders are accordingly higher than for lenders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The MENA region includes Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Palestinian Authority, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen (UNDP and UNDESA, 2012). Saudi Arabia is not included in the ranking. The database includes the 14 variables of the 2012 Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) as well as the overall rankings and scores for the SIGI and its sub-indices. See Global Women’s Leadership Initiative (2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This compares with around 5.7% for the health sector, 11% for education and 0.29% for social welfare (UNICEF, 2013). Ideally, such an analysis should also be undertaken for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use more generally, including mainstreaming. The various components are highlighted in Box 2.5. The PIR also reviews the overall financing architecture for biodiversity in the country and generates specific recommendations for an improved institutional framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In most cases, however, the majority of the funding burden falls on local governments, meaning funding differs markedly depending on local fiscal conditions (Dai et al., Out-of-pocket payments are likely to be largest in those areas where local governments have the poorest financing capacity. As such, the design of the scheme may be accentuating existing regional inequities, calling for a larger role for the central government in its funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
School choice can further increase inequities if mechanisms are not in place to lessen the negative effects. Czech students who struggle in school are often streamed into special schools with reduced curricula. Streaming students based on academic ability and early tracking can negatively impact their educational outcomes if education pathways do not provide high curricular standards and opportunities to transfer between tracks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The amount of municipal waste - around 10% of total waste - has decreased by almost 4% over the past decade, meanwhile, the amount of material and energy recovery from waste has grown, thanks to efforts to treat waste as a resource. Recycling rates are increasing (by up to 80% in some cases) for important materials such as glass, steel, aluminium, paper and plastics (OECD, 2015a). More sustainable waste management has played its part: the country has used effective pricing (among other policy measures) to reduce municipal waste, improve waste recovery and reduce landfill (OECD, 2012c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
When investments required are substantial, access to external investment can be critical. Investors, however, may not have confidence in the project’s potential, may not be able to assess the entrepreneurs’ ability to manage the project and its risks, or simply may not be aware of the existence of the project. Skilled individuals can help generate new knowledge and innovations, are more able to recognise the value of knowledge created elsewhere, absorb it and apply it to new commercial ends (Cohen and Levinthal, 1990), and can support firms in identifying business opportunities and help them adapt to changing environments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Northeast Strategic Technology Centre (Centro de Tecnologias Estrategicas do Nordeste, CETENE), the National Institute for the Semi-Arid (Instituto Nacional do Semiarido, INSA), Minerals Technology Centre (Centro de Tecnologia de Minerais, CTEM), the National Amazon Research Institute (Instituto de Pesquisas da Amazonia, INPA) and the National Institute of Technology (Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia, INT) are examples of the centres that have relevant activity in the field of water. Examples of water-related programmes undertaken by these institutions include “Systems for Integrated Production in the Semi-Arid Region” and “Climatic and Environmental Monitoring” conducted by the INSA, as well as ‘Topics in Health, Climatology and Water Resources” and “Sustainable Management of Water Resources”, promoted by the INPA. Some percentage of the royalties paid by hydropower companies is allocated to research in the field of water resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This study examines the general context of the urban and regional policy-making environment in Russia by analyzing responses to a 1997 survey of local government officials. The survey posed questions such as: “What do local and regional government actors believe are their most critical problems and policy priorities?”, “How do they choose their policy priorities?”, and “How does urban and regional governance occur in this unstable environment?” Analysis of the survey responses suggests that policy makers throughout Russia have remarkably similar perceptions of their policy-making environments. Alliance building and the use of cooperative agreements among government officials at all geographical scales, business partners, and the media characterizes the general context of policy making in Russian cities and regions. The Soviet past shapes current practices and structures of regional governance. While public participation is still limited, the locus of power to act in this new political economy has dramatic...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Ministry of the Environment is currently working on how ecosystem services' value to society can be made more visible. In 2012, a decision was made to introduce clarifications and interim targets to the system of environmental objectives. The project produced a set of 26 indicators based upon the decision VIII/15 of the Conference of Parties Convention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The city has a population of about 220 000 but is ringed by smaller towns and cities. Because it was a walled city and then a free city for most of its history, it has a relatively constrained administrative area with a lot of small uibanised areas in close proximity. The city remains a major port and has some manufacturing strengths, but has been eclipsed by Hamburg.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
European Union Member States have committed themselves, individually and collectively, to the fight against impunity for serious international crimes. The record is, however, ambiguous: support for the current investigations of the International Criminal Court is uneven and Member States are reluctant to exercise universal jurisdiction and develop binding common policies under the ‘third pillar’. This article assesses the extent of the discrepancy between stated normative preferences and flexible practices. It argues that this discrepancy results from the clash of accountability with other prevailing norms and interests, on the one hand, and from the lack of effective drivers pushing Member States towards increased commitment to combat impunity through a set of social mechanisms such as rhetorical action and socialization, on the other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The total valuation of CSE portfolio companies goes beyond EUR 70 million, their total turnover of CSE portfolio companies exceeds EUR 18 million. Key success factors include close linkages between education and start-up support, recruitment and matchmaking of students and high-tech projects, action-based venture creation pedagogy and the structured venture development process and network centered around Encubator. Consideration should be given to the establishment of a business plan competition in Penang, devised around the key opportunity areas for new firms resulting from the strengths and weaknesses of the local economy. Penang has critical mass in terms of students and entrepreneurship support providers to experiment what is well-developed in the Berlin-Brandenburg metropolitan area in Germany (Box 4.5.). The privately funded BPW has been organised every year since 1996 with a duration of eight months. It receives annually approximately EUR 250 000 of sponsor’s money for activities and prizes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article is purported to show that most of J.S. Mill’s contemporary commentators failed to situate his account of women’s issues in the broder context of his political thought. In view of this, they did not see the fact that Mill supported institutional changes in order to enfranchise women and allow married women to own property and benefit from higher education, on the grounds that such changes were important in transforming marriage into a relationship between equals based on friendship and cooperation. This would cause families to become the main locus of education for citizenship and renew societies by maximizing the poll of intelectual resources available with women in public life and render them directly resposible for their choice before society. Thus, accountability is at the haert of Mill’s account of women’s socio-political  issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Second, as the situation in one country began to improve, it attracted patients from neighbouring countries seeking unoccupied beds for treatment, thus reigniting transmission chains. In other words, as long as one country experienced intense transmission other countries remained at risk, no matter how strong their own response measures were. The traditional custom of returning, often over long distances, to a native village to die and be buried near ancestors is another dimension of population movement that carries an especially high transmission risk. In past outbreaks, Ebola was largely confined to remote rural areas, with just a few scattered cases detected in cities. In West Africa, cities - including the capitals of the three main Ebola affected countries, Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone - have been epicentres of intense virus transmission. The Ebola outbreaks in West Africa demonstrated how swiftly the virus could move once it reached urban settings and densely populated slums.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The agency determined in FY 2007 that 99 percent of its facilities met those standards. They stated that the reliability index may fall below 90 percent in FY 2009 and later. Much of Reclamation's current infrastructure is now 50 or more years old, and its proper operation and maintenance are important to the sustained delivery of water services. However early reclamation cost-sharing policy resulted in repayments to the government falling short of planned levels. This led to a series of changes in the repayment provisions culminating with legislation in the 1930s that completely revised reclamation policy from total repayment of construction cost to repayment of those costs based on ability to pay basis. Since that time, charges for Reclamation supplied irrigation water have generally not been required to reflect the construction cost of water supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The same experiences are seen in Copenhagen with f0devareBanken. As it mostly are food producers in the neighbourhood to the food banks that donate food, it is quite clear that there are big amounts of food that is not covered by the food banks today, and that either is collected by the charity organisations themselves or is a potential for increased amount of food being donated. Both f0devareBanken in Copenhagen and Matsentralen in Oslo have been able to establish a large network of local charity organisations, not only in Copenhagen and Oslo, but over larger geographical areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The global average degree of implementation of IWRM was 48 per cent (medium-low), but there were great variations among countries. Modest progress is being made, but most countries will not meet the target by 2030 at current rates of implementation. If the components of IWRM are broken down, most progress towards implementation is found in cross-sectoral coordination and public participation at national level (62 per cent), but financing (33 per cent), gender issues (33 per cent) and aquifer management (41 per cent) are areas of concern.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Development economics has changed radically since 1990. The very concept of ‘developing countries’ has become antiquated as most previously poor countries have converged on rich ones, becoming less distinctive in consequence. The remaining domain of a distinctive development economics is the minority of poor countries that are not securely on a path to convergence. In addition, intellectual fashions have radically shifted. The previous focus on macro-structural issues has given way to new economic geography, quantitative empiricism, and new political economy, with considerable opportunities for economic psychology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The chapter reviews the factors that push migrant women towards entrepreneurship and that determine their different entrepreneurial behaviour compared to migrant men. In order to understand the determining factors behind the motivation towards entrepreneurship as well as gender-based differences, the chapter addresses and evaluates the results of several case studies in selected OECD countries. The chapter also evaluates the transformations in the motivation and driving forces of migrant women towards entrepreneurship over the years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The study found a correlation between the two forms of vulnerability, but further work would be required to determine whether the results apply more widely. In addition to this mapping, the NAS identifies a number of key research questions on social vulnerability that remain to be answered. This requires a long-term, planned approach. In fulfilling this objective, the NAS applies the typology of sustainable development, noting the importance of making Austria’s society, economy and ecosystems more resilient to the effects of climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Parties will meet every five years with the first meeting in 2018, to take stock of the collective efforts and to assess progress on the NDCs and towards achieving the goal of the PA (Obergassel et al., In SSA, the structure of mitigation targets varies a lot, however, the most common type is either relative emissions reduction targets (28 countries) or use of a conditional mitigation scenario (16 countries) with the majority using the business as usual baseline (31 countries) and the target year of 2030 (IGES, 2016). In addition, all of the SSA countries mention adaptation measures in their INDC/NDC, and 41 of these have quantified their financial needs, especially finance for mitigation actions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The data refer to a single individual without children at 100% of average earnings. The median income estimate is lower than, but close to, statistical significance (at the 13% confidence level). Empirical evidence on the detrimental effects of labour taxes on labour utilisation is abundant. See Causa (2009) for a short survey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The demand-for-health model provides guidance for research in all these areas. There are, however, several aspects of health-related behaviour that need further theoretical and empirical attention. A more technical criticism of the demand-for-health model that has been mentioned in the literature concerns the fact that health is treated as endogenous to the degree that the individual in effect decides about his or her time of death. Empirical estimates of the demand-for-health model have not unambiguously agreed with the theoretical predictions derived from the model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Getting energy provision right—in terms of shifting to sustainable energy production and energy consumption—is crucial as it holds the potential to mitigate climate change by shifting from fossil fuel sources to renewables and to support social and economic development by providing universal access to sustainable energy. In the case of India, which is expected to be one of the key driving forces of increasing global energy demand, the above case studies can inform decisions for sustainable and inclusive energy policies. Past experience has demonstrated that the implementation of renewable energy projects can have negative environmental and social consequences and, at times, generate strong popular opposition. Adopting social and technical innovations in energy projects can be a way to achieve eco-social benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Globalization is the integration of national economies through trade and financial interaction with the international economy. Globalization has transformed the world into a global village. Nigeria with current democratic dispensation from 29th May 1999 under the leadership of Chief Olusegun Obansanjo (GCON) has made bold efforts in liberalization and deregulation of the economy in line with current global trends. However, Nigeria is handicapped in this drive on account of the current state of poor infrastructural facilities, the hydra headed corrupt practices within the economy, very high level of wastage and leakages within the economy and the over reliance on crude oil export as the current main stay of the economy. Nigeria is yet to reap the benefits accruing from e-government, e-commerce, tele-education/tele-training, tele-medicine/tele-health, etc. Nigeria needs to clear above impediments before it can actively participate in the current globalization drive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It also assesses the participation of various governmental and non-governmental stakeholders in the design of gender equality objectives. The key findings and policy recommendations of this chapter aim to provide an important basis for the development of the Government's draft Concept on Family and Gender Policy for 2030. Setting a rationale, action plans, priorities, timelines, objectives, expected outcomes and/or targets, and effective policy planning across public institutions for promoting gender equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It impacts indirectly on the economic development of the country, particularly in the tourism sector. A World Bank study conducted in 2003 estimated the economic costs of environmental degradation in Morocco related to the poor performance of the system for managing solid waste at 0.5 per cent of GDP (about 1.7 billion dirhams), one of the highest rates in the MENA region. This legislation is implemented with the support of various national programmes -especially the National Municipal Solid Waste Management Programme (PNDM), which promotes the collection of household waste, creation of controlled landfills and rehabilitation of illegal dumpsites - designed to reach ambitious objectives over the next few years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
High growth in the converging countries played a major role in this decline, though poverty also fell in a number of poor and struggling countries. In fact, improvements in health and education were largely independent of growth. The pace and pattern of growth as well as initial country conditions matter for how much growth turns into social development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
We find that these factors combined have increased disposable income inequality in all the Nordic countries, but to a different extent and through different mechanisms. The strength and direction of demographic change, within- and between-group inequality and the responsiveness of redistribution all play a role. This article builds on previous OECD work by Robling and Pareliussen (2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)