albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Since September 11, 2001, al Qaeda has attempted to morph into a popular movement—what some have called “al Qaeda 2.0.” If the United States is fighting against a global campaign of terrorism and classic insurgencies (or an attempted global jihadist insurgency), then it should employ a global counterinsurgency strategy to combat al Qaeda 2.0. This article recommends such a strategy, including the following suggestions: develop the military, intelligence, and language capabilities needed to win the conflict, improve counterinsurgency strategy in Afghanistan and eliminate safe havens in Pakistan, expand counterinsurgency strategy in Iraq, manage “blowback” and monitor ungoverned regions, develop an Internet-based strategy to attack the jihadis, start fighting the “war of ideas” like we mean it, adopt a more proactive foreign policy, and better secure the U.S. homeland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The programme introduced measures to select candidates with the highest chances of succeeding in their entrepreneurial venture. Applicants had to submit a written application, undergo an interview, and make a short oral presentation about their business ideas and motivations. Selected applicants were provided with 150 hours of training during which they developed their business plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In West Africa these infrastructures are generally unilateral stations where the government offices are localised in one or the other of the countries, as opposed to juxtaposed posts where border controls are exercised in one of the two countries depending on direction of travel, or straddling posts that sit astride the border (Mao 6.1). Inaugurated in 2014, this post did not become operational until 2018 due to financial interests that the effective operation of these controls could have brought into question. In order to reduce wait times at borders, the plan is to harmonise and make police and customs procedures more transparent between Benin and Niger, to stop the under-registration of merchandise and informal relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Pistachio also plays an important role in conservation of biodiversity, since it represents a feed source for many herbivorous and predatory animals. Forest Resources Management in Turkmenistan in the Climate Change Context, Ashgabat, February 2011. Pistachio can prove very profitable for organizations and farmers who choose to cultivate this species and sell its products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Such efforts can also include the organization of joint capacity building activities - either at the national or regional level (for an overview of the different forms of capacity building see section 5 on capacity building). A notable exception is the funding provided by the GEF for National Capacity Self-Assessment (NCSA) and the subsequent drafting of MEA coordination strategies. Coordination should be an integral part of the governance structure in the country, which for the sake of more efficient use of existing resources, should be covered by a permanent budget.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The reduction in target numbers to 18 is a reassuring signal of this healthy balance. A new approach to measuring and understanding waiting times came into effect at the beginning of 2008, called the “New Ways of Defining and Measuring Waiting Lists” (known as “Afew Ways”) (ISD Scotland, 2007). New Ways sets out new guidance on how NHS Boards should manage patients’ waits and how' to measure and report waiting times consistently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The difference was as large as 26 percentage points in Switzerland. A school’s learning environment does not uniquely involve school climate, it includes any interactions among members of the school community. Parental involvement can help create a socially connected school where students, teachers, parents and principals work together to create a positive learning environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, Frey and Stutzer (2002) noted that gains in subjective well-being level off once GDP per capita tops US$ 10,000, and Diener and Biswas-Diener (2002) found that the correlation between income and subjective well-being is far smaller in more developed countries. Diener and Suh (1999) observed a correlation of 0.62 between mean purchasing power12 and life satisfaction in the countries under review. But they did note outliers like Japan (high income and low subjective well-being) and poor countries whose population did not report extremely low satisfaction levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Additionally, the age difference between partners appears to influence bargaining power (Mabsout and Van Staveren, 2010). This is because age confers authority especially in many cultures like China where elders are respected (Yue and Ng, 1999). There is also some evidence in the case of China that increases in age gaps tend to lower the likelihood that women will have a dominant role in household decision-making (Poston, Yang and Farris, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is driven by the intersection of hazards, exposure and vulnerability. Water shortage arises from conditions of scarcity, which can be defined as “an imbalance between the supply and demand of freshwater as a result of a high level of demand compared to available supply, under prevailing institutional arrangements (including price) and infrastructural conditions" (Winpenny, 2011). Economic scarcity exists when there has been underinvestment in water infrastructure to supply sufficient amounts of water. Absolute scarcity exists when there is no affordable source of additional water, or where the costs of additional water supplies exceed the benefits of their provision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Preventing the use of residence-based criteria for admission and encouraging the entry of new schools would be warranted as recommended in the OECD Economic Survey of the United Kingdom 2011 (OECD, 2011a). The number of young people neither in education nor in employment or training (NEETs) has swelled during the recession and is among the highest in the OECD. The government’s commitment to raise the compulsory participation age to 17 in 2013 and 18 in 2015 will increase participation in education and training. What is most important, though, is that students are equipped with the adequate skills to enter the labour market. Available evidence suggests that some vocational training has a low or even negative impact on future returns (Machin and Vignoles, 2006), with the exception of some high-quality apprenticeships. Reducing the complexity of the system and the fragmentation of the programmes, while increasing the quality and the number of available positions, may enhance the attractiveness of vocational training, having a positive impact on labour market outcomes and productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Among other actors, the media in Mexico widely contribute to perpetuating gender stereotypes, inequalities, and the ‘"traditional” role of w'omen (Aguilar, 2012). Young Mexicans are more gender progressive than their older counterparts across many measures, but especially so in acceptance of women’s equal role in the labour market and access to education. When similar survey questions are asked in consecutive waves (e.g., the question on priorities regarding boys' versus girls' higher education, and on child well-being when mothers work), there is also evidence that attitudes are evolving with time across age cohorts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Actors involved in the production or use of educational sciences also mediate their conceptions of these. This lean manifest in standards containing specific references to certain research domains (e.g. developmental psychology in the Estonian standards, see Section 4). Sivell (2005|so)) argues that the exchange among individuals or groups with different backgrounds in the process of developing standards can be characterised by a highly uncomfortable level of cognitive dissonance - using Rogers’ concept.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Lending activities through the Development Bank of Japan began in 1995 and continued throughout a period of at least ten years, during which time it is reported (Relecura, 2015) that 260 companies benefitted from IP-backed loans totaling JPY 16 billion. Its primary target could therefore be said to be addressing information asymmetry, though this form of support also has the effect of driving down transaction costs associated with the assessment of intangible assets. The scheme is led by the Japan Patent Office (JPO) and was developed in discussion with the country’s Financial Service Agency, and is targeted specifically at SMEs as defined in Japanese law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This paper examines nine innovations in American policing since the report of the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice (1967) - community-oriented policing, problem-oriented policing, signs-of-crime policing, hot-spots policing, mandatory arrest for spouse assault, enhancement of internal discipline, external oversight, COMPSTAT, and increased diversity of personnel. These innovations occurred from the top-down within policing and were not the product of collaboration with the rank-and-file. In all but two cases, innovations were not instigated by the police themselves but were formulated by people outside the police and brought to the police for adoption. I conclude that innovation occurred because of a system of collaboration between police and civil society that is unique in the world and was itself instigated by far-sighted police leaders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such definitions have not yet been agreed. Further, National Communications, adaptation communications or other country-specific adaptation information would need to clarify what levels of international support for adaptation are needed. ( At present, adaptation support needs presented by countries are patchy and/or out of date, and for those INDCs highlighting quantified support needs, it is not always clear which part of these needs are to be met from national and/or international sources). These are outlined further in Table 11.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The WTO's specific contributions to the SDGs also include: ensuring access to affordable medicines in developing countries (SDG 3.b): implementing the principle of special and differential treatment to help reduce inequalities (SDG 1Q.a): and ongoing discussions on eliminating subsidies that cause overfishing and overcapacity (in order to help achieve SDG 14.6). In addition, the WTO's work on the reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers on environmental goods and services can facilitate the diffusion of green technologies and therefore directly contribute to environmental sustainability. In this way, the WTO can ensure that the multilateral trading system contributes to building a more favourable global environment for inclusive growth and development. Over the past twenty years, international trade has undergone major changes due to a variety of economic, political and technological factors. Undoubtedly, one main leading factor of change has been the unprecedented pace of technological innovation, which has transformed traditional ways of conducting trade. Advances in ICTs have led to reduced costs and increased speed and efficiency of economic transactions, with significant productivity gains for the global economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The principal driver of research-intensive universities is scientific world class excellence. While the TAFE institutes usually have close links to the labour market and also local and regional development, they are constrained by their limited capacity to move in this direction. For example, the Tertiary Education Innovation Fund in the United Kingdom has considerably increased locally relevant activities of tertiary education institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The region's fertility patterns, characterized by high rates of adolescent pregnancy and large fertility differentials by educational level, further complicate this situation of high childhood poverty relative to the average and raise questions about the possibility of breaking the intergenerational cycle of poverty reproduction. However, although these gender-based differences are evident, the income poverty measure is not a good indicator of the gap between men and women because it is based on the assumption that total household income is distributed equally among household members. A more telling indicator is the percentage of women without income of their own in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Abstract   In this manuscript, we integrate work on political public relations research, strategic management, and multi-track diplomacy (from international relations scholarship) to advance the concept of citizens’ political public relations (PR), defined as strategies and choices devised by organized, local citizens to enhance inter-group and/or intra-group relations among conflicting groups. We demonstrate citizens’ political PR in action, using a case study to show how one activity planned by a group of organized everyday Ghanaian citizens, a football (soccer) tournament, helped promote better relationships among conflicting communities. We articulate the impact of not only a deliberate strategy devised by the group, but also of an emergent strategy that became evident through the choices made by the citizens in organizing the tournament. Theoretical implications of this new integrative conceptualization of citizens’ political PR for public relations scholarship are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The self-reporting system and periodical expert inspections should be operated more stringently, by for example increasing penalties for non-compliance. In addition, financial support for SMEs to improve their emission treatment system should be considered a top priority. Energy-efficient production systems can cut the cost per unit of production and increase price competitiveness, in addition to consuming less energy. Energy efficiency in industry in the city can also reduce electricity consumption at the national level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The lack of articulation between the chain and the rest of the national forestry industry, discoordination between primary and secondary industries, technological shortcomings, the low skill-level of the labour force, lack of financial instruments designed for all organizations comprising the chain, poor application of research and innovation practices, and the prevalence of low value-added products are some of the factors that hamper its performance. Moreover, the weakness of linkages between all stakeholders the chain, in terms of the planning, implementation, monitoring and control of operations, make it impossible to generate the synergies needed to achieve the expected competitive level. Sistema de Contabilidad Ambiental y Economica Integrada de Guatemala", Serie divulgativa, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Nevertheless, the Brexit situation is a reminder of the risks associated with large trade exposure to a single country. In future, it might be beneficial for Cambodia to diversify its export destinations. Merchandise exports expanded at a more modest rate than the previous year, muting production in the agriculture and industry sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Abstract   This paper presents an alternative empirical approach for evaluation of the institutional system's development in transition economies and the impact it has on economic performance. We suggested an operational indicator of institutional system dynamics to observe the “institutional reforms-economic growth” interdependence in transition economies. The empirical work reveals a certain dependence between institutional development and economic recovery. An application of the approach to the problems of international economic integration of transition economies in the context of EU accession allows us to assess the role of democratization and the rule of law in particular.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is key to choose tools in a way that meets the goals ofthe monitoring practice and is appropriate to children’s developmental stages. Most practices are locally defined rather than nationally regulated. Many tools are used, covering a broad range of developmental domains. The tools used range from locally designed approaches to standardised tools validated in and adapted to the needs of various countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 1993-1994, those below the vulnerability line had constituted 81.9 per cent of the population. If other households experienced poverty or vulnerability in the interim, a large majority of the population lives in poverty or in its shadow. After all, the gap between the income that defines the extremely poor and that defining the vulnerable, Rs 11 per day, is approximately equivalent to the price of any of the following: a ticket in a municipal car park, half a litre of bottled water, a bus ride or a mini-sized snack from a street food vendor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Tbilisi landfill was developed according to EU standards, including the waste reception area, treatment of leachate by reverse osmosis and landfill gas utilization. The landfill can serve Tbilisi until 2035. In the event that waste is sorted prior to disposal, the landfill could operate until 2055. The Gldani site was rehabilitated, fires were extinguished and waste was covered by a soil layer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The inspection checklist includes, among other matters, the verification of selfmonitoring reports. The data cover only a limited period but show' a steep decline in the total number of inspections of legal entities and citizens, from 20,469 in 2013 to 10,263 in 2014 and 4,351 in 2015. Over the same period, total fines and compensation dropped from 977 million tugriks to 614 million tugriks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Similarly to OECD countries where transitions from school to work can take time and include spells of unemployment and short-term contracts (OECD, 2015a), Latin America also has many young people who struggle to integrate into the labour market. Over the past 25 years, average educational attainment in Latin America has increased (see Chapter 4). The fact that youth are older when leaving school should have improved the transition to work and led to greater success once employed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Measures to prevent and punish terrorism must be conducted with respect for human rights. Nonetheless, when counter-terrorism methods shift from law enforcement to transnational armed conflict, the applicability and effect of particular positive human rights norms may change. If European states find it necessary to pursue the military model of counter-terrorism, then European human rights jurisprudence may need to modify its rigid opposition to military trials. The right to take proceedings before a court for determination of the lawfulness of detention provides an important procedural safeguard against torture and disappearance, but in some narrow circumstances derogation from that right may be strictly required by the exigencies of combating terrorism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As a mechanism to pool resources and capacity across municipalities within the metropolitan area, metropolitan governance can help handle interdependencies across authorities and reduce fragmentation to manage water resources and water services more efficiently. In a context rife with financial constraints, this form of governance arrangement gains traction. Central governments have a role to play in incentivising cities to explore it more systematically among the range of options for co-ordinating cross-scale water management. Where established, they are seen as an institutional arrangement that can address several of the governance gaps identified above, promoting transparency, policy coherence and co-ordination, continuity, predictability and credibility of decision-making, and accountability to users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Since payment is by letter of credit, all documents required by banks for the issuance or securing of a letter of credit are also taken into account. Documents that are renewed annually and that do not require renewal per shipment (for example, an annual tax clearance certificate) are not included. The time calculation for a procedure starts from the moment it is initiated and runs until it is completed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Where questions diverge considerably from the definition, countries should be encouraged to align questionnaires. Cost sharing between governments and households can be efficient and equitable if there are no credit constraints. But even if returns on a university degree make private expenditure worthwhile, poorer students must still be able to afford it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Currently, $38 billion in child support payments is due custodial parents in the United States. The purpose of this study is to investigate the public policy and theoretical economic implications associated with tax incentive proposals for child support payments. Institutional theory and economic modeling theoretically support this investigation. Overall, the study suggests that a tax incentive associated with child support payments would enhance tax progressivity and reduce income inequality while also enhancing non-custodial parent  ability to pay  their child support legal mandates. A tax incentive may also enhance child support payer perceptions of procedural and retributive justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Moreover, irrigation is becoming an important measure for adapting to climate change, given the expected increase in air and soil temperatures and lower rainfall. However, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro have very low shares of land equipped for irrigation: just 0.1% and 1% respectively. While irrigation systems are being modernised and most commercial farms use drip or low-pressure sprinkler irrigation, many small-scale farmers still use less efficient water conveyance and application systems, such as open canals and surface irrigation. Across the economies, irrigation infrastructure is addressed in either or both their strategies on water, and on agriculture and rural development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Recent events in these markets - such as the oil price collapse and structural decline in coal markets - were not caused by climate change policy, but they give us some indication of the potential risks that more stringent climate policy poses to the sector. Importers and exporters will, for different reasons, need to manage carefully the implications of the eventual structural decline of these sectors for their own economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This paper considers social roles and relationships of the patrons, staff and owners of bars as critical factors determining adherence to public health policies, and specifically California’s smokefree workplace law. Specific elements of social organization in bars affecting health policy include the community within which the bar is set, the unique identity the bar creates, the bar staff and patrons who enact this identity, and their bar society. These elements were found to contribute to the development of power relations within the bar and solidarity against the outside world, resulting in either resistance to or compliance with smokefree workplace policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)