albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Overall, women are still less likely than men to be in the workforce across the OECD although their educational attainment tends to be higher. Equal access to quality and senior jobs and levels of pay remains uneven. Women still hold the majority of part-time jobs and work for lower pay. Important strides have been made in recent years towards enhancing pay transparency, such efforts are slowly bearing fruit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By 2009, it had dropped to 3.5, which is below the OECD average and on par with Germany, Belgium and Italy (OECD, 2012a). In seeking to measure the impact of the health care system, it is important to look at its impact on areas within its influence. The OECD’s Health Care Quality Indicators project measures specific health care outcomes in areas where the health services can make a major difference to life and morbidity outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Additional benefits of an economic and non-economic nature could be derived if new hydropower projects were designed as multipurpose water systems, i.e. in ways that benefit other areas of activity besides energy generation, such as flood protection, forestry, agriculture or tourism. Besides this, preparations are being made for investment in about 200 micro hydro plants (for instance in high dams or water pipes). In the past, JP Elektroprivreda Mostar prepared extensive technical documentation, which was to serve as a basis for planning and construction of hydropower plants with an emphasis on the investigation of possibilities for construction of micro hydro plants. These documents include the 2007 Water Management Conditions for Power Plant Construction: the Upper Cetina River Basin - Basic Data, and the 2007 Water Management Conditions for Construction of Micro Hydro Plants: Tihaljina-Mlada-Tihaljina River basin and the Listica River basin -Basic Data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Despite this significant improvement, the ambitious target of a two thirds reduction between 1990 and 2015, as contained in Millennium Development Goal 4, was not achieved at the global scale (United Nations IGME, 2015). In 2010-2015, the under-five mortality rate in the less developed regions was 54 per 1,000, more than nine times as high as in the more developed regions, where it stood at 6 per 1,000 live births. Among other countries of the less developed regions, the risk of dying before age five was 45 per 1,000 live births, slightly more than half the level of the least developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Roe (2010) examined the degree to which biodiversity-poverty links have been recognised in NDPs (predominantly PRSPs but including other development plans listed by the World Bank as the equivalent of PRSPs) and found that just over 25% show a relatively high level of recognition of the importance of biodiversity, just under 25% have a low level of recognition and 50% fall in between). Just under half of the PRSPs reviewed have a relatively narrow interpretation of biodiversity - the focus being on wildlife, forests or protected areas - but some interpret biodiversity in a broader sense, noting the importance of genetic resources (e.g. Dominica) and agricultural biodiversity (e.g. Bangladesh, Nepal, Viet Nam) and others recognise the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services (e.g. Cambodia, Lao, Liberia, Uganda, Zambia). Following liberalisation, Myanmar has faced the need to revisit its policy directions and formulate new short-term and long-term strategies (OECD, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In this paper we contend neo-liberal education policy which supports the creation of schooling choices in public education systems is reshaping, conflating and branding ethnicity. We make these points in reference to school choice in Toronto, Canada, and the establishment of an Africentric ethno-centric school. We argue that one of the registers within which education and ethnicity in Toronto operates relates to the conflation of commodification, ethnicity and geography, and that this conflation indicates one of the limits of school choice as a possible way to redress Black student disadvantage. We suggest education policy, which enables the establishment of ethno-centric schools, enters the realm of other debates about race, equity and difference that include the practices of marketing and branding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is well known in the literature that state crimes frequently culminate in socially harmful behaviors that violate fundamental human rights (Ross 1995, 2000). Massacres, police brutality, torture, disappearances, and summary executions are among those practices committed by the state (the elected and appointed officials and the bureaucracy), which are frequently documented by civil liberties associations, human rights groups, and even official national human rights commissions (Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, National Lawyers Guild, among others) worldwide. Other state crimes, according to research conducted largely in the advanced industrialized countries, involve other illegal and socially harmful practices such as cover-ups, corruption, bribery, tax evasion by politicians, and illegal domestic surveillance (Ross 2000:1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Effective participation can be defined as attending meetings and speaking up during them, but it can also be defined by the share of women in office-bearing positions. The interface between gender, participation and community forestry has impacts on pre-existing gender relations and on relative participation by women and men in community forestry decisionmaking processes. Although both women and men in forest-dependent communities possess traditional knowledge of use of forest ecosystems, enhancing women's roles in the biodiversity conservation and the protection of forest ecosystems is crucial, including through preservation of indigenous seeds and medicinal plants (Mulyoutami etal. However, providing policy advice to promote equal participation without carefully understanding local and non-local economic, cultural and socio-political processes should be cautioned against.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Extractive companies may be directly or indirectly involved in human rights abuses, either related to negative economic, social and environmental impacts on communities mentioned above, or with regards to their own staff and security providers. The United Nations Special Representative on human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, John Ruggie,34 has outlined the ways in which businesses can abuse human rights. For example, this can be done through child labor, forced labor, discrimination, restrictions on unions, forced displacement, and as a result of the actions of both public and private security forces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Indeed, labour’s share of output has declined in recent years for the region as a whole, and this situation has contributed to rising levels of inequality - of incomes and opportunities - that had taken place in the region since the 1990s, and has suppressed aggregate demand. Moreover, in many economies in the region, rising levels of debt have been supporting aggregate demand. Clearly, economic growth supported by sustained increases in real wages would be better than accumulation of private debt, as the latter tends to aggravate inequalities and often leads to severe economic instability with attendant consequences. Indeed, with the global financial and economic crisis of 2008 highlighting the Asia-Pacific region’s vulnerability to external shocks due to its excessive reliance on exports, policymakers should view the overhang of the crisis as an opportune impetus for making a catalytic shift to such a development model - one that is intrinsically more stable and more sustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Stronger agricultural growth and public sector consumption have failed to compensate for sluggish industrial production, investment and exports. This is a substantial slowdown compared to previous years, and the question is whether and when recovery will occur. Persistent high inflation and low productivity have contributed to a loss of competitiveness. High government transfers through social security schemes also raised wages, especially in rural areas, rural real wages that had been flat earlier showed a substantial rise after 2007 when high food inflation and rural employment programmes set in. Real INR depreciation combined with a projected increase in external demand should increase exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The rationale for requiring a research-based dissertation is that teachers are expected to be able to have a holistic view of teaching and learning process, and be able to engage in continuous professional development in their career as a teacher. Traditional teacher-preparation programmes too often treat good pedagogy as generic, assuming that good questioning skills, for example, are equally applicable to all subjects. Because teacher education in Finland is a shared responsibility between the teacher education faculty and the academic subject faculty, there is substantial attention to subject-specific pedagogy for prospective primary as well as upper-grade teachers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In surveys on subjects such as sexual violence, some level of under-reporting is to be expected. Differences in results across countries may thus in part reflect social climates that are more or less conducive to women speaking openly about such experiences. What is clear is that sexual violence is experienced by girls in ail countries and appears widespread.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Whilst most people with common mental disorders are in employment, the rate of employment for those with a common mental disorder (CMD) is 10 to 15 percentage points lower than the population without a CMD (OECD, 2012). Depression has been found to be highly correlated with poverty (Brown, 2012) (Figure 2.1). A wide number of publications underline the financial losses as a result of reduced output related to mental disorders, including Chapter 1 in this publication (Centre for Mental Health, 2010, OECD, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The payment for public school tuition and the fund for private-school students do not cover other charges, such as textbooks and school trips. Such regulations cover inter alia total area per child, play areas, kitchens and safety features. The minimum standards set by national governments are upgraded in some municipalities. For example, local governments in the Tokyo area established a system of “certified” centres in 2001 to reduce waiting lists for licensed childcare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In general the MEP it is not engaged in direct oversight or enforcement issues, which are primarily the domain of local environmental protection bureaus (EPBs) which report to MEP but are ultimately controlled by local governments. The main mechanism by which national environmental goals and targets filter down to local authorities responsible for implementation and enforcement is the “Target Responsibility System” which is an agreement between one layer of government and its subordinate units specifying actions to be taken and targets to be achieved. This then forms the basis on which local officials are evaluated on environmental performance. Local EPBs are subordinate to local government directives and their ability to execute enforcement functions have at times been stymied when environmental concerns have been overridden by other imperatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is evidence indicating that climate change, climate variability and extreme environmental events and natural disasters result in women, due to their social roles (Carvajal-Escobar etal. Their extensive knowledge and expertise should also be used in climate change mitigation, disaster reduction and adaptation strategies. And at the national level, evidence suggests that countries with higher proportions of women in political leadership perform much better on climate change mitigation than governments with fewer women, possibly due to women being more concerned than men about the impact of climate change in such countries (Women's Environmental Network and National Federation of Women's Institutes 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The amended Moroccan Penal Code of 1962 expressly punishes the various forms of sexual exploitation, and also includes severe penalties for all forms of abuse and sexual exploitation of children, ranging from fines and imprisonment in cases of breaches of decency, to life imprisonment in cases of incest of rape. Moroccan Penal Code of 17 June 1963, as amended in 2013. Tunisian Penal Code of 1913 as amended in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The legislation should recognise such diversity and provide for both individual and customary rights. Finally, a special court for agrarian conflicts could be set up as an independent institution to solve the rising number of land conflicts. Significant efforts have been made to accelerate licensing procedures, but there remains scope for further improvement. The Indonesian Investment Co-ordinating Board (Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal, BKPM) licensing authority should be strengthened and cover sectoral licenses currently administered by other institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Spatial integration of youth constitutes a major challenge in Africa, where poor and low-income youth are marginalized or excluded from employment opportunities and are often “trapped” within their neighbourhoods by virtue of ethnic, class, religious and other types of segregation. For example, the colloquial Swahili adopted by Tanzanian youth, especially in Dar es Salaam, should be drawn into the culture of the city rather than disparaged. Despite their critical role in African urban food security, informal urban agriculturalists are mostly tolerated rather than supported. In this respect, the protection of valuable urban agricultural lands from encroachment is a linked challenge, one which requires a response to the broader challenges of unplanned informal settlement growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Accelerating sea surface warming in the waters surround Chinese Taipei since the 1980s has not only diminished winter migratory fish stocks year on year, but also caused such changes as displacement of fishing grounds, species regime shifts and increased the vulnerability of the marine ecosystem. The marine ecosystem and fisheries have to face the problem of the expansion offish stocks from the south and withdrawal offish stocks from the north. In addition, the numbers of large fish at high trophic levels have decreased under pressures from several decades of fishing activity while small pelagic fish have shown a relative increase. Meanwhile, frequent extreme-weather events and climatic variability during the warming process will damage the Chinese Taipei fishery more. Under such circumstances, traditional fishery management measures will not be able to adapt to the problems caused by climate change. External precautionary and adaptation measures need to be introduced to reduce its impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It is possible to work during this period, but the benefit amount is reduced if earnings exceed the minimum benefit amount (31% of the average wage in 2014). In principle, this should make part time work attractive for members of Group C, but part time working is uncommon in Estonia. As discussed in Section 4.1, this arises both because of the minimum social tax for employers, which makes it expensive to hire workers part time - though this does not apply to workers with children under 3 years old - but also for cultural reasons. Generous maternity leave provisions give women a strong incentive to gain work experience before starting a family. However, Estonia’s parental leave benefit is not conditional on prior work experience: those who are not in paid work when they become pregnant: those who did not work in the year prior to the birth receive the minimum level of parental leave benefits until the child is 18 months old, which weakens this incentive. A stronger link between parental leave benefit entitlement and previous work history would strengthen the incentive for women to gain work experience before starting a family, which might strengthen their subsequent labour market attachment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Zgi is a recentered influence function on the quantile of interest of the distribution of disposable equivalised income. The group differences in the predictors are weighted by the coefficients of families’ characteristics in 2014 to determine the endowments effect, the so called explained component. In other words, this latter measures the expected change in 2014 income quantiles, if those families had mid-2000s predictor levels. By contrast, the second term estimates the portion of the evolution of income that is due to changes in the association between poverty and household characteristics applied to 2014 predictor levels, and it measures the income difference resulting from variations in the “returns” that family and work characteristics from one period to the other, differences which are mainly due to changes in the distribution of market income and in the structure of social transfers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The following sections provide as least one case study or example for each type of PPP investment approach. They also discusss the role of the regulator in attracting broadband infrastructure investment and list key lessons to be taken from each project. The infrastructure typically is made available to other service providers and Internet service providers (ISPs) on a wholesale and open-access basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The volume of fisheries production in the Pacific region7 is around 1.7 million tonnes, with an estimated value of US$3.6 billion dollars, 75 per cent of which is accounted for by Commonwealth Pacific small states (Table 5.1). The larger proportion is accounted for by offshore tuna fisheries, mainly by foreign-based vessels,8 particularly in Kiribati and PNG. However, the importance of coastal fisheries should not be underestimated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Shifting to natural gas has been indentified as part of the solutions for climate change mitigation. This has been the main reason why Qatar, in its submission to WTO, has proposed liberalizing natural gas and natural-gas-related technologies as a way to reduce GPIG emissions. A coal-fired power plant is more carbon-polluting than one which uses natural gas, but if coupled with carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, it is more climate-friendly than a natural-gas-fired power plant without CCS. Besides, a country’s choice of fuels and technologies depends to a large extent on its resource endowments and their relative prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Of significant concern, these had worsened substantially between 2013 and 2014: 74% received thrombolysis within 30 minutes in 2014, compared to 85% the year before. This figure was 30% at the secondary level. The same study found that 42% of providers could cite less than five of the recommended ten steps in taking blood pressure measurements, and that this share was higher at the primary care level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The existence of gender inequalities may bolster an economic recovery if their effect on costs outweighs the negative implications of inequality in terms of effective demand. The second section contains a review of the literature on the links between growth and gender inequality. The third covers the methodology used in this study, while the fourth presents the results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Then the feasibility study is approved, followed by the general EIA conducted by the Ministry of Environment and Tourism. Following the conclusions of the general EIA, a detailed EIA is prepared, if deemed necessary. The Ministry of Environment and Tourism has a Professional Council to review the quality of the detailed EIA. The detailed EIA includes the environmental management plan (EMP). No company can operate without an EIA. In a way, the "permit documentation" for a mining activity in Mongolia includes an exploitation licence, a detailed EIA and an EMP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The plan includes Marine Mammal Sanctuaries in which rules regulating non-fishing activities (tourism and mining) apply. The Ministry of Fisheries monitors the effectiveness of these measures through data collection and will review the Threat Management Plan in 2013 if necessary. Fishers are, like all other members of society, entitled to standard social security provisions. All fish exports (about 90% of New Zealand’s commercial catch) are regulated by the Animal Products Act. Moreover, because fish sold in the New Zealand market is generally processed through exporting premises, most fish for domestic consumption is also covered by the Animal Products Act. However, exemptions allow some primary processors for the domestic market to operate under the Food Act 1981, by either complying with the Food Hygiene Regulations 1974 or implementing a registered Food Safety Programme (FSP).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
First, there is the need to integrate (or mainstream) adaptation objectives into longer-term development processes, with careful consideration given to the uncertainties inherent in forecasting under the climate change scenarios and the hazards created by a changing climate. Second, a participatory approach is fundamental to acquiring a better understanding of risks and vulnerability and the various priorities and interests of stakeholders, particularly at the local level. Direct engagement of local communities and stakeholders leads to a better identification of problems and an improved policy design in accordance with people’s needs, and allows local problems to be addressed through local solutions, thereby increasing policy ownership and implementation. Third, in the context of a changing climate, policymakers must fully embed uncertainty into their long-term plans, using iterative and adaptive processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The money was to be paid to the primary caregiver of the child. Applicants for the grant were required to pass a means test (based on household income), produce certain documents, and demonstrate efforts to secure funds from other sources. The strict nature of the requirements prevented many genuine caregivers of in-need children from applying for the grant, and in June 1999 the rules were changed. The means test was changed to make use of “personal income” (see below) rather than household income and the requirements to produce documents and other evidence became less onerous.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The move to the demand-based funding system may, however, bring unintended results to the detriment of such industry-links. Consideration should be given to developing collaborative programmes between TAFE institutes and universities at undergraduate and graduate level. As part of this system, the Victorian Government should establish a tertiary education co-ordinating body which will help define state-wide goals, policies and priorities, in line with the recommendations of the Review of Australian Tertiary Education, Report of the Review of the national Innovation System Powering Ideas: an innovation agenda, for the 21st century, and the Victorian Government’s own objectives and targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)