albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It results from enhanced economic activity and population pressures within a relatively small country (Box 5.1). In addition, wildfires due to negligence or arson have caused widespread damage to forests and woodland and are a major cause of habitat degradation. They usually occur in the Mediterranean region (central and northern Israel).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They can also generate new deprivations. Millions of people around the world are exposed to climate-related natural disasters, droughts and associated food insecurities and subsist on degraded land. Children are physiologically and mctabolically less able than adults to adapt to heat and other climate-related exposure and are more likely to be injured or killed during natural disasters.90 They may also be kept out of school following disasters. During the Ebola outbreak in 2014 an estimated 5 million children were deprived of education in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone because schools were closed for months.91 Women were also disproportionately affected by the Ebola outbreak: they faced higher risks of infection because of their role caring for the sick, and they suffered from less antenatal, perinatal and postnatal care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The analyses on couples are run on the sub-selection of heads and spouses/partners, which preserves consistency between countries and overtime. A variety of household types is distinguished between. A single-mother household is defined as a household with children below age 17 and no male adults (18+) residinginthis household. The measure of living standard used is disposable household income, which is defined as the sum of income from earnings, capital, private transfers, public social insurance and public social assistance—net of income taxes and social security contributions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
United Nations Environment Programme: Geneva. In the absence of such a framework, the lack of coordination can be wasteful, inefficient, damaging to the environment, and harmful to state relations. A unitization agreement consolidates competing claims to an oil or gas field into a single production plan that takes into account the field's natural geology, and establishes the best conditions for extraction regardless of national boundaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
An example is the German city of Brunsbuttel, where the Kiel Canal enters the North Sea. Pollution by ships is a serious issue and reduction of emissions is needed. As a result of well planned and executed communications, the possible future local storage of LNG was not objected to by the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Most are endogamous, although exogamous family structures and others also exist. Although Islam dominates today, some nomads remain animists. During recent conflicts, a mistaken assumption created an association between the nomad identity and the Muslim religion, yet nomads have only been Islamised relatively recently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Providing information on impacts and vulnerability in national communications is mandatory for Annex I Parties, and is also requested for non-Annex I Parties (UNFCCC, 2002), and an assessment of main vulnerabilities is included in NAPAs. Identifying and assessing information on climate vulnerabilities are also two suggested steps described in the technical guidelines of the NAP process (LEG, 2012). Nevertheless, country reporting on how they have gone about conducting assessments of impacts and vulnerability could help other countries learn lessons as to how to improve such assessments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Acknowledgments Introduction: Responding to Government Lawlessness: What Does the Rule of Law Require? Nasser Hussain and Austin Sarat 1 Vindicating the Rule of Law: Prosecuting Free Riders on Human Rights Claire Finkelstein 2 Guantanamo in the Province of The Hague? Daniel Herwitz 3 Universal Jurisdiction as Praxis: An Option to Pursue Legal Accountability for Superpower Torturers Lisa Hajjar 4 The Spider's Web: How Government Lawbreakers Routinely Elude the Law Stephen Holmes 5 Democracy as the Rule of Law Paul Horwitz 6 Justice Jackson, the Memory of Internment, and the Rule of Law after the Bush Administration Stephen I. Vladeck About the Contributors Index
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is crucial to make the connection between gender responsiveness and operational benefits. Rewarding and publicising 'gender champions' -women and men who have shown dedication to integrating gender issues - has the added advantage of providing role models to other personnel. What are the advantages of using a gender lens?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Governments interventions on the Internet have grown into importance after Edward Snowdens revelations about secret state mass surveillance programmes, along with content censorship and the partial or the complete shutdown of the Internet in times of turmoil. This paper sketches the sociopolitical perspective on State Surveillance, Censorship and Internet Intermediaries practices by evaluating the different points of view of several computer scientists, law and journalism specialists in regards to social and political implications of these interventions on individuals privacy, freedom of expression and freedom of opinion in social media and cloud computing platforms. It concludes that serious abuses of the jurisdictional power and attacks on several human rights especially freedom of expression and freedom of opinion buried using claims of threats to public order, national security, or speech defamation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Oxford, UK, University of Oxford, Y. Kebede. Quarterly, Journal ol International Agriculture, 31: 269-284, M. Morro, DJ. The economics of risk, uncertainly ond leorning in the adoption of new agricultural technologies: where ore we on the learning curve? Agricultural Systems, 75(2): 215-234. Ex ante ond ex post labor supply response to risk in o low-income oreo. Journal of Development Economics, 64(2): 371-388, M.R. Rosenzweig ond O. Stork.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
All SOEs were required to establish these centres, which were progressively set up nationwide. Re-employment centres are responsible for providing a basic living subsidy to laid-off workers and for paying unemployment insurance, basic pension insurance and medical care insurance premiums, which in principle are jointly funded by central and local government, enterprises, and social contributions. Newly unemployed workers were no longer sent to re-employment service centres, but directly entered the unemployment insurance system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In response to the increasing worldwide concern for the survival of Venice, CNR established the Institute for the Study of the Dynamics of Large Masses in 1969, now incorporated within the Marine Sciences Institute (ISMAR). First created as a laboratory, it has spread from basic research in oceanography and geology to applied research. The other Venice-based branch of CNR-ISMAR is the Institute for Marine Biology, established in 1946 as the National Centre of Thalassographic Studies, which focuses on pure and applied biological oceanography, marine and lagoon biology. Hydro (electricity), Italgas (gas) and Telecom Italia (telephones), Insula is now wholly owned by the municipality and is responsible for urban maintenance and, more precisely, measures such as dredging canals, restoration of canal walls, foundations and fa9ades of buildings lining canals, restoring bridges, rationalisation of underground utility lines (and sewer system), maintenance and renovation of paving, raising of footpaths to reduce the frequency of flooding. The Institute also supports special research projects that concern Venice and the Veneto, and which are addressed to the international community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Specific tax relief may also provide tax avoidance instruments for the top-income earners. In particular, there is little justification for tax breaks for stock options and carried interest. Raising such taxes would cater to equity objectives and allow a cut in marginal labour income tax rates. Empirical evidence suggests that recurrent taxes on immovable property are among the least distortive taxes, followed by consumption taxes (Johansson et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
National authorities rightly recognise this to be particularly important in Scottish context, given the emphasis placed on local collaboratives and learning cycles in Scotland. If such links are not made from national studies, there is a risk that important findings will not be acted upon. Denmark has been pursuing this approach in recent years, and offers a model to consider (Box 2.5). This is essential to build a full picture of the activities, costs and outcomes of care across complete patient journeys.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
With the increasing population pressure, the availability of freshwater for food production is a concern. An estimated 6 700 and 15100 km3 y' of freshwater is used by croplands and grasslands, respectively, to generate food and animal protein for human consumption. This quantity is 30 percent of total green water flux on the Earth (Rockstrom and Gordon, 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In England, the “Enclosures” deprived many poor peasants of access to land their families had used for centuries. The conflicts and misery generated were even worse than those that will inevitably accompany any solution for fisheries. For example, in one incident in 1607, known as the Newton Rebellion, a battle between the gentry and peasantry left around 50 people dead, and the peasant ringleaders were hanged and quartered. Access to some resources is controlled, notably in EEZ, and there are attempts to extend control to the whole “territory”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It is estimated that roughly two-thirds of protected areas received visitors in 2012, often in limited numbers, although not all protected areas track and report the number of visitors. However, less than 20% of the areas generated revenue from access fees and other public visitation charges (Semeia, 2012). This is mainly due to regulatory constraints and red tape, the lack of adequate management plans, and limited resources and capacity on the part of the park management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While disability benefits are often the primary source of income for people with mental disorders, other public assistance schemes, such as unemployment benefits or social assistance, also play a role, especially for those with mild-to-moderate illnesses. These multiple sources of income have important implications, as the lack of a co-ordinated approach and well-defined responsibilities may create incentives to move these individuals from one public assistance scheme to another for cost-shifting purposes. Administrative data on the mental health status of job seekers or unemployment and social assistance recipients is scarce and rarely collected across OECD countries, which hinders employment and social service providers’ abilities to take preventative measures and intervene early.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For this reason, it should be highlighted as an exception. However, It is important to keep in mind that this is done to ease our discussion although the shock was different across these countries. Alternative definitions of exposure to the crisis were considered. Further details are reported in Annex 2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A number of tax incentives are provided for construction of HPPs (2012 Order of the Tax Committee, No. The Law identifies the obligations of state authorities, owners and operators of hydrotechnical structures. In order to implement this Law, in 2014 the Government established the Service for State Surveillance over the Safety of Hydrotechnical Facilities subordinated to the Ministry of Energy and Water Resources. The aim of the Service is to regulate the safety' of these facilities w'ithin the country, as well as to enforce state control in this area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A more decentralised solution is the Regional single payer system supported by the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). The main objectives and elements of these proposals are described briefly below. A number of advantages are put forward. The proposed system would remove the perverse cost-shifting incentives created by the parallel financing system, which should improve efficiency and co-ordination of care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
National parks had a “physical plan” which the Government recognized was inadequate in providing management solutions. The management authority and protected area directors are now responsible for developing protected area management plans. Protected areas in Croatia are obliged to have management plans. Of the eight national parks, five have management plans, tw'O have plans in the final consultation phase and one is establishing a draft management plan. Eight of the eleven nature parks have management plans. Visitor management is included in the management plan framew'ork.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It stresses the need to pay special attention to those who are especially vulnerable to the most serious decent work deficits in the informal economy, including young people. From this perspective, it is important to note that Recommendation No. Therefore, in a context of poverty and multifaceted vulnerabilities, policy efforts to facilitate the transition to formality should go hand in hand with ensuring opportunities for income security, livelihoods and entrepreneurship. Interventions are more effective when they are combined, given that this practice allows them to address diversity as well as the scale of the informal economy and informal employment in the formal sector (ILO, 2014b). Evidence indicates that the greatest reduction in informality rates occurs when the set of instruments used is broader and more comprehensive (ILO, 2014a). The first includes measures or incentives for the creation of formal jobs and conditions for their development, such as subsidies for the development or expansion of enterprises and of employment, and programmes designed to increase skills of the labour force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
New regulations on the pricing methodology, prepared by the MESP in 2011, contain provisions on reporting requirements that will enable indicator-based comparison between the utilities aiming at improving cost-efficient services and quality assurance. Better co-operation among municipal water utilities should be promoted to achieve economies of scale. Opportunities to associate smaller and poorer communities in such arrangements should be sought.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This pollution, coupled with the effects of hypoxia, algal blooms, the introduction of invasive alien species and climate change, are having a devastating impact on freshwater biodiversity. Policy responses to these complex water quality challenges are required to protect freshwater ecosystems and the services they provide. What qualifies as “good” water quality depends on the purpose of use and the value society holds for water quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Nonruminant livestock (e.g. horses, mules, asses) and monogastric livestock (swine) produce lower methane emissions. During the structural reforms, rice crop areas decreased from 14,100 ha in 1988 to 1,417 ha in 1999. There has been a restoration of rice crop areas since 1999, reaching 10,214 ha in 2013. In Bulgaria, rice is produced under the continuously flooded water regime with a season length of 103 days and one harvest per year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The prevention of chronic diseases should be viewed as a means of improving broader social welfare. Chronic disease prevention can improve employment prospects, wages and labour productivity, and decrease sick leave, disability benefit claims and early exit from the workforce. They should consider investing further in prevention policies targeting chronic diseases and associated risk factors, in order to make the workforce healthier and more productive, which can lead to potentially substantial gains in economic production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the export, import, and total trade determinants using reduced form equations for six Pacific Island countries (PICs) with an institutional focus.Design/methodology/approach – A fixed effects model, controlling for AR(1) errors, using panel data for selected PICs is utilized. Controlling for common determinants of trade, four indicators of institutional quality: government effectiveness, rule of law, regulatory quality, and control of corruption are tested.Findings – The empirical results indicate that improvements in institutional quality variables matter for improved levels of trade. The results also provide confirmation that the appreciation of currency does not significantly harm trade, higher levels of technological diffusion are vital for improved trade, and that gradual liberalization of trade through tariff reduction strongly facilitates more trade.Practical implications – This study clearly points out that the institutional quality in the selected...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Communities with a high density of households would be ideal candidates for mini-grids, while for places that have sparsely settled households standalone systems, such as solar home systems, would be appropriate. Figure 22 presents a decision-making process for the selection of technology for access to electricity. A biogas digester offers a range of benefits, such as creating a better local environment with improved manure management, as free bio-slurry would replace the need for chemical fertilizers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The governments also agreed to continue with the distribution quotas set during the Soviet era. Adaptive responses by households to floods and droughts tended to take two main forms: (i) shelter, communication and other physical infrastructure, and (ii) livelihood strategies that either de-linked income from water resource conditions or moderated the impact of resource scarcity and climatic variability on income streams. Sudostasien Aktuell 4: 31-55.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Some of the most negative aspects of women’s reintegration into society post conflict entail a need to hide their past participation in war from the Sri Lankan governmental authorities’ (Jordan & Denov 2007: 59). Thus the peace-building involvement of Ugandan women tends to reflect their traditional roles as “background workers” and actors off the scene. They are rarely involved in officially recognised - or “forefront” - formal peace negotiations, rather, they participate in the informal processes around the official meetings’ (Binder et al. She has been a key actor in the conflict-resolution process since 1994.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This study aims to determine the implementation of the concept of good governance public services Malunda District Government. This can be seen in the District Government Performance Accountability Report. The duties and functions of the Malunda District Government apparatus are based on the Majene Regency Government Regulation on the main duties of the function and job descriptions. The implementation of the duties and functions of the Malunda District Government apparatus involving public and private participation can be seen through participation in the field of hygiene and environment, community development and empowerment, services, and provision of goods to sub-district government officials in supporting government administration activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All wage variables are in log form. See OECD (2014) for more details of how the levels are constructed and how they relate to proficiency scores. The cut-off points defined by these groups are then applied to each one of the other countries (creating groups of different sizes, depending on the relative supply of skilled labour). Table 2.A3.1 shows the proportions in each of these skills group by country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
City akimats are mainly accountable for the rational use of land, construction permits and the provision of land for different uses in the city. However, in practice, land-use allocation is sometimes separated from their jurisdiction because it is also the responsibility of the territorial branches of the Committee for Land Management under the Ministry of Agriculture. This duplication of tasks by local government and by representatives of the central government presents many difficulties for land-use management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The case of Bangladesh is important because it highlights the role of supportive technological innovation, investment and rural infrastructure policies in promoting rural non-farm employment and diversification. However, a lack of investment in public goods, especially in remote rural areas, high barriers of entry for the poor or vulnerable groups to various dynamic RNF markets, high transaction costs for access to existing markets, and a general asymmetry of market information may limit this potential. The services sector has accounted for a greater share of the LDC labour force over time, and that share is probably under-reported, since much of the sector is composed of informal activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This article highlights the challenge of environmental inequality in France within the framework of social-ecology, an approach relating ecological crises to social issues, especially inequality. It starts by defining the notions of environmental inequality and environmental justice within the framework of the ‘capability approach’ and then reviews recent empirical studies that show how air pollution, chemical and noise pollutions, access to environmental resources and exposure to social-ecological disasters are socially differentiated in France and can be understood, under the definition adopted in this article, as a form of injustice. It concludes by reviewing issues raised by environmental inequality in France and exploring policy solutions able to address this challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The scale of development projects included in offsets programmes can vary considerably. In some cases, offsets may be required for relatively small-scale local government planning applications whereas in other programmes, offsets focus only on very large developments with major impacts on biodiversity. The legislative requirements for biodiversity offsets in the European Union, for example, have in recent years covered approximately 10% of the area of land used for development (ICF GHK and BIO Intelligence Service, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, these activities are not the result of higher education policy rather resulting from ad hoc initiatives driven by individual researchers or departments. First, the Technion research covers a large spectrum of engineering fields and does not target specifically the industry segments and specialisations in the Galilee. The second and more important reason is related to the business structure in the Galilee: small business rarely performs R&D activity in the Galilee and larger firms are branch plants or assembly industries. They are more focussed on manufacturing, their research and development is process-oriented and their research labs located in the centre of Israel or on the coastal regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)