albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Since the transaction costs are lower on a first-come, first-served basis than under competitive bidding, this approach is still widely applied, including in Viet Nam and in the Philippines (ADB, 2015). By including more criteria for selecting the projects, such as financial viability, environmental impact and grid connection access, the government could create a more stable investment environment while incentivising cost-efficiency. Another option is to combine a fixed tariff with a competitive bidding process. Under Thailand’s new FIT system, fixed tariffs will be granted based on competitive bidding (OECD, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
All national forests belong to Category 1. They include riparian forests along water bodies, protective forest belts along roads, railways and other transportation and communication lines, forests and semi-arid zones, forests of green zones around cities and other settlements, mountain forests, and forest zones of sanitary protection of water sources. Cuttings are not allowed in any forests falling under Category 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In Kyllo vs. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that the use of sensory-enhancing technology to see through traditional privacy barriers constituted an illegal search in violation of the Constitution’s Fourth Amendment protections. This article examines the history of Fourth Amendment applications involving the use of technology by government officials. The authors discuss the implications of Kyllo in light of emerging technologies available to the government as a means of gathering incriminating evidence against persons either engaging or conspiring to engage in criminal behavior. Ultimately, they argue that the Kyllo standard for the application of sensory-enhancing technology has important implications for the future of law enforcement and the ongoing fight against international terrorism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Additionally, developing more concrete timescales and descriptions of actions and associated responsibilities would facilitate the process of monitoring and evaluation (Section 6). A clear political mandate to clarify roles and responsibilities, particularly outside the BMFLUW, would be useful step in this regard. There is a need to extend and deepen political and administrative support for climate change adaptation, as interest and activity on adaptation are still concentrated in the BMLFUW and Environment Agency Austria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It is argued that aggregating information on deprivations into one index is inherently problematic in terms of weighting and for the risk of masking deprivations in particular dimensions with the performance of the other dimensions included in the index. Most of these comments are addressed within other parts of the MODA methodology (i.e., the single deprivation analysis and the overlap analysis). Moreover, the indices used in the MODA studies allow comparing outcomes between countries, regions and population groups in order to profile children and their families belonging to various groups of the population. Following Alkire and Foster (2011a), the adjusted headcount is decomposed to answer such questions as 'What is the contribution of specific population groups to the total deprivation level?'
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, all companies use scarce natural resources, such as water, air, energy, materials and land, which affects the availability of these resources for future generations. The use of human resources and development of human capital is another key concern. Therefore, stakeholders should be informed about progress in achieving a rational utilization of such resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
At the national level, strengthening democratic governance to increase representation and participation of people living in poverty and other marginalized groups in decision making is crucial to ensure that their needs are met and rights fulfilled. There could be benefits in the involvement of businesses not only in supporting implementation processes, but also in policy dialogue and the design of mechanisms to address sustainable development, as it could help persuade the private sector to consider changing the way it operates. However, there are significant risks associated with unequal bargaining power (chapter 7). Oil exploitation and mining, for example, continue to undermine sustainable development, even in countries that have attempted to craft alternative development pathways (chapter 6). At the same time, the country’s reliance on mineral revenues means that it employs environmentally harmful practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The average size of offshore wind turbines installed at windfarms across Europe in 2014 was 3.4 MW. Progress in foundation design means that installation can be considered for a range of environments, from traditional hammer piling of monopile turbines into sandy sediments in shallow waters (< 40 metres water depth), concrete gravity bases for harder seabed types and jacket structures for deeper water depths, secured with smaller ‘pin piles’. Recent developments in floating wind use tensioning cables to install turbines in water over 100 metres deep (see Figure 3.1), extending the possibility of wind farm construction to deeper offshore areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Many of the commitments made by governments in the last decade have been opaque and the amounts are re-announced several times in successive packages. Worse, the line between more general aid for development and Aid for Trade is arbitrary (how close to a port does a road need to be in order to be Aid for Trade?). This blurring of categories means that it is easy for donor countries to count development projects as Aid for Trade projects (Page 2007). It is certainly not additional to what they had previously promised to deliver.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This may be considered high, in particular as Nordhaus does not make any distinction between the private, market-based rates and the social rates of discount. The latter is, however, absolutely crucial as shown in the computation in Table 4.1 provided by Nordhaus himself. Despite their technical sophistication, their equations are also subject to much criticism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A simple scatter plot of inequality and growth also shows no link (Figure 5.9). Still, specific structural reforms that aim at raising average living standards also influence the distribution of income. Table 5.2 provides a qualitative summary of the findings of new research on the GDP per capita and inequality effects of various structural reforms. The inequality measures refer to the late 2000s, except for France and Ireland for which they refer to the mid-2000s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In some countries, UI / UA benefits for young unemployed decrease when they live with their parents (Australia, New Zealand, and Finland). In Finland the benefit is reduced with the parents’ income above a certain threshold. In Denmark, unemployed youth who joined the voluntary UI immediately after finishing their education receive a reduced UI amount (either 82% or 50% of the maximum UI benefit received by unemployed with an employment record).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Shifting the balance in favour of one of these will automatically reduce the scope of the other. Given that foreign IP right holders must be provided treatment that is no less favourable than national or other foreign right holders, (Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPS Agreement), the challenging task for governments is determining which approach is most appropriate for their country’s efforts to promote technological innovation and technology transfer. At the same time, they must ensure the pursuit of other policy goals in such diverse areas as public health and access to scientific and educational data, information and materials. See, for example, the United States-Jordan FTA (Article 4, paragraph 20).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The suppression of the left wing has remapped class struggle onto a conflict of identities designed to maintain economic inequality. The discourses of identity politics, multiculturalism, and affirmative action act to divert attention from issues of poverty, prolong class stratification, and conceal the connection between poverty and bourgeois prosperity. The psychoanalytic concepts of the narcissism of minor differences, the defense mechanism of projection , and doubling and repetition can illuminate an economy of symbolic commodity fetishism that conceals class inequalities. Whereas multiculturalism and affirmative action policies should augment a socialization of the political economy, they serve instead to replace imperative social programs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Social costs such as environmental externalities will not show up in GDP figures as they affect public rather than private goods supplied by the market. Employing the term “welfare” in a study about the full costs of electricity provision thus implies a notion of well-being that includes but goes beyond the monetised measurements of GDP. Quite obviously, such a broader notion of welfare, which includes public goods, does not allow for the construction of well-defined individual and social utility functions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Neudeli is a one-stop-shop that offers the following types of assistance: Raising public awareness (entrepreneurship education, idea scouting, consulting service, organisation of competitions and events etc.), The annual budget of approx. Main partners include the Friedrich-Schiller-University in Jena, the Microsoft Deutschland GmbH, the Hochschule fiir Film und Fernsehen Konrad Wolf Pots-dam/Babelsberg, the City of Weimar, and several regional companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This implies that the decrease of forest biomass sink in Sweden is more than compensated by the increase in Finland and Norway together. Similarly, the CO2 emissions from forest soil in Finland are more than offset by forest soil sink in Sweden and Norway combined. The sink size fluctuated over 1990 and 2000s especially in Sweden and Finland due to the fluctuating level of use of HWPs in longer lasting purposes such as construction and furniture with a dip in Sweden in 2008. For Norway, net removal in 1990-2010 is adapted from Norwegian CPA (2012) and in 2011-2020 is Indufor's estimate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Exemptions from co-payments apply to drags administered in the treatment of cancers, psychotic disorders, mental impairment, developmental disorders and some infectious diseases. Listed drags are free or with no co-payment up to the reimbursement limit for some population groups (for example soldiers, military invalids and blood and transplant donors). Also, spending on OTC products as a share of pharmaceutical expenditure is by far the greatest in Poland at above 40% of total pharmaceutical expenditure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The restrictions to access are also associated with lack of data sharing protocols, or data sharing restrictions embedded in local and international legal instruments. With different return periods by hazard types of different intensities, there is a strong need of continuous data collection, for which most cities and countries are not prepared. Monitoring target 11.5 requires not only efficient data collection systems, but also the existence of a governance framework including institutional arrangements with enough human and financial capacity and resource. Coordination between different actors and ministries has also been identified as a hindrance to disaster monitoring and management in many countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Where children decide to leave school or play truant, parents living in slums are in many cases unable either to monitor their attendance or to force them to go. Kabeer and Mahmud's (2009) respondents had particular difficulty controlling the behaviour of older sons, and one respondent did not realise his son had stopped attending until his admission was cancelled, because both parents were working all day. The heavy assessment orientation, boredom, physical punishment, and occasionally fraught relationships between teachers and students, could both worsen learning outcomes for students who stay in school and increase the risk that they will drop out before even taking their final examinations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Measuring biodiversity in monetary terms is not considered to be useful or interesting. Future developments should be based on indicator systems. In general, there is currently a strong interest in identifying legislation and other incentive systems that conflict with the goals of biodiversity protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Paraguay was most successful in reducing poverty, by 4.5 percentage points per year from 49.6% to 40.7% between 2011 and 2013, while indigence also fell at almost the same annual rate over the period, from 28.0% to 19.2%. In El Salvador poverty fell by 4.4 percentage points between 2012 and 2013 (from 45.3% to 40.9%) and indigence contracted by 1.0 percentage point (from 13.5% to 12.5%) over the same period. Poverty in Peru decreased by 1.9 percentage points (from 25.8% to 23.9%), and extreme poverty fell by 1.3 points (6.0% to 4.7%). In Chile, meanwhile, poverty decreased by 1.6 percentage points per year, from 10.9% in 2011 to 7.8% in 2013, while extreme poverty fell at an annual rate of 0.3 percentage points per year, from 3.1 % in 2011 to 2.5% in 2013. Ecuador also saw poverty contract at a rate of 0.9 percentage points per year between 2011 and 2013 (from 35.4% in 2011 to 33.6% in 2013), while extreme poverty fell by 1.0 percentage points per year (from 13.9% in 2011 to 12.0% in 2013). The remaining countries (Costa Rica and Uruguay) saw less significant reductions, of around 0.3 percentage points or less, in both poverty and indigence (see figure I.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, the Federal District should assign new BRS corridors to serve this area, co-ordinating with train schedules. This could contribute to tackling congestion, which in the case of Santa Fe has become a major issue affecting economic activity. Such a transformation would also greatly improve access for low-income residents and workers commuting to these areas. Careful analysis of full origin-destination demand patterns will shed light on the extent to which planned upgrades, such as the extension of a second underground line to reach the train station in Mexico City, can solve accessibility' problems, especially at times of high demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It is lower than official retirement age in the majority of OECD countries. In Belgium and Luxembourg, for example, this gap is more than five years. Policy strategy of increasing older people’s engagement in labour market will mainly help address the following challenges: (1) change in local revenue, (2) an ageing labour force, (5) social isolation. Labour force (net) exits are estimated by taking the difference in the participation rate for each 5-year age group (40 and over) at the beginning of the period and the rate for the corresponding age group that is 5 years older at the end of the period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Governments can also promote transparency and access to information to unveil barriers to equality and enable women to act based on the knowledge of their rights. They can stem or prevent corrupt practices that constrain women's access to public sen/ices and introduce accountability mechanisms to engage women and girls in decisions that affect their lives. The array of instruments that governments have used to foster gender equality is vast, and ranges from constitutional and legal approaches to regulatory frameworks to reform within organizations to the use of instruments such as gender-responsive planning and budgeting to broader attempts at shifting social norms. It documents various institutional mechanisms, tools and instruments used by countries to this end.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The maximum flexibility required is equal to the coincidence of a maximum decrease of wind output with a maximum increase of demand. This flexibility measure has to be compared to the maximum flexibility available, which is determined by the maximum ramp rate of controllable technologies times their availability and capacity. The flexibility margin indicator compares the maximum flexibility available with the maximum flexibility required, in proportion to the maximum flexibility required (ECOFYS, et al., This measure does not account for alternative sources of system flexibility like interconnection capacity, demand response and storage. The indicator warrants the use of assumptions for maximum ramp rates of controllable technologies. The difficulty is to take into account differences in plant availability, i.e. whether the plant is already (partially) used in the system or not, and therefore whether the plant has to ramp from a cold or warm state with corresponding ramping times.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Identify key institutions and establish cross-sectoral working groups. Delineate the national, sector and subnational monitoring systems in place and the institutions charged with co-ordinating their application and those responsible for data collection. As noted above, the national statistics office, working in close collaboration with the ministry of planning, is typically responsible for the monitoring system, sector ministries are responsible for collecting data over time for a cluster of thematic indicators. Establish working relationships with these institutions and make the case to them on the benefits of revisiting and/or adding poverty-environment indicators into existing systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, it may not be worth incurring the monitoring and enforcement costs associated with the condition that parents put their children in school if they would do that anyway. From a political economy standpoint, however, they appear to be “welfare”, whereas market interventions are often justified on other grounds (even if they are disguised welfare). In low income countries, where family and social networks are the main form of social protection, there is some wariness about potentially weakening that aspect of the social fabric.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Subsequently the section focuses on the specific value Nordic actors could jointly bring to the table and, hence what role they might play in pursuing the goals and commitments of the Paris Agreement. Solutions obviously need to be tailored to accommodate country and sector-specific circumstances, as also highlighted by the case studies (see Ch. It is therefore no surprise that from the literature reviewed, interviews conducted and the expert discussions held over the course of this project (including Nordic side-events on climate finance at Marrakesh COP22 as well as the Nordic climate finance workshop in Helsinki, Appendix 5), de-risking rises as a key activity to mobilize private climate finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Despite the programme having strong public buy-in, as a result of the government's failure to support its own logging ban, the trees themselves fell victim to logging pressures from other community members. Thus while birds were saved in the short term, the continued loss of habitat led to a failure of the programme in the long term. First, governments can help by being clear on the level of institutional support they are capable of offering PES programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The socialization process in many cultures also puts pressure on boys, on the other hand, to be tough and willing to fight or use violence to prove their manhood. Some may not develop social skills to communicate and express empathy appropriately to others, and therefore may lack these assets needed in peacebuilding. Women’s identities are complex, and shaped by multiple layers of race, class, religion, age and education, among others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In both cases, there are references to the concepts of flexibility, progression or enhancement of transparency over time, avoiding burden, and enabling confidence in the information reported. In some cases similar language is used, and in others the language used may have different meanings or applicability between the two frameworks. For example, comparability of information is a concept used to build trust and confidence in information reported, previously referenced only for information from Annex I Parties, the term is broadly applied to the entire Paris Agreement transparency framework (Decision 1/CP.21 Paragraph 92c, Art. A closer look at the provisions contained in the Paris Agreement and its accompanying decision highlight several differences with the provisions and those of the existing reporting system (Table 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Some moderate deterioration of groundwater quality is expected. Even though indirect or secondary impacts are expected to be appreciable in Armenia, water use will not be greatly influenced. The lake is Basin of Lake Jandari with a maximum depth of 7.2 m and average . Water comes mainly through the Gardaban m capacity 15 m3/s) from the Kura River, and arting from the Tbilisi (Samgori) water rcscr-quite rich in fish (carp and catfish). There are no direct wastewater discharges to the lake in Georgia. The lake is an important area for commercial fisheries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The growing general scientific consensus on the effects of heavy industrialisation and economic growth on global warming, in particular, is reinforcing the notion that ‘business as usual’ is no longer sustainable. Climate models predict changes in sea levels and severity of storms, and the patterns of rainfall, among others. Such changes will have greater impact on developing countries, and more particularly on small island developing states (SIDS), because of their inherent vulnerability. There is also the realisation that sustainable development is not just an environmental issue: the dire economic, developmental and societal consequences of issues like climate change and environmental degradation puts the economic planners and financial managers at the centre of the debate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Efforts to boost electricity generation in LDCs thus need to be complemented with upgrading of the T&D network. Moreover, the importance of the latter will be further amplified by progress towards universal access and structural transformation, and as increasing penetration of variable renewables increases the need for system balancing and flexibility of the supporting transmission infrastructure. This gives rise to a risk that the poor quality of existing grids might constrain the viability of some technologies, interfering with the choice of the most appropriate power generation mix. As discussed in chapter 1, 82 per cent of people without access to electricity in LDCs live in rural areas, where electrification rates are particularly low, and this rural predominance is likely to persist (figure 3.9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A report on the design, data and quality control of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. The AEC Blueprint 2025 forms part of ASEAN 2025: Forging Ahead Together, along with the ASEAN Community Vision 2025, the ASEAN Political-Security Community Blueprint 2025, and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Blueprint 2025. By 2014, the countries comprising the AEC, with a market of 622 million people, already represented the third-largest economy in Asia, and the seventh-largest in the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)