albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. Research shows that a mix of instruments is needed to address the rebound effect, but that instruments that ensure high prices must be part of the policy package (EC, 2011b, pp. The optimal tax rate may differ depending on the goal pursued by the tax (e.g. revenue raising, carbon pricing, promoting energy efficiency or slowing rebound effects). The objective of environmental taxation must be clear and may depend on the country context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This underlines the potential to expand irrigated agriculture, which already for a number of countries generates a high and growing share in total agricultural production value (in excess of 50%) and value of exports (more than 60%), for example, in Italy, Mexico, Spain and the United States (crop sales only) (OECD, 2008). This is being achieved in many OECD countries through better management and uptake of more efficient technologies, such as drip irrigation, and adoption of other water saving farm practices. In addition, many countries are undertaking agricultural and water policy reforms that seek to transmit the value of supplying water to irrigators by lowering support for water supplied to agriculture, which in some cases has led to allocation of water to higher valued commodities which frequently require less water, such as vines and horticultural crops (OECD, 2010a). Australia stands out as the OECD country making the largest improvement in irrigation water application rates consistently over the two decades from 1990 to 2010 (Figure 8.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Regionally, large increases in irrigation water demand are projected as a result of climate changes. Areas in which runoff is projected to decline face a reduction in the value of the services provided by water resources (very high confidence). Meanwhile, the beneficial impacts of increased annual runoff in some areas are likely to be tempered by negative effects of increased precipitation variability and seasonal runoff shifts on water supply, water quality and flood risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This can be especially useful in cases of handover of a specific part of construction. If the pre-defined requirements are fulfilled, the smart contract is executed automatically. To give an example, the engagement between the main contractor and a sub-contractor could be automatically extended if the subcontractor meets all pre-defined requirements in the agreed timeframe. A cryptocurrency or token could be created and used to settle payments between the parties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Furthermore, the differences in returns to education between the 90lh and the 10th percentiles appear to be much more dispersed than differences in returns to skills, a point on which we will return in Section 4. Returns to the share of secondary-educated and tertiary-educated individuals. Mean, 25th and 75th percentile of country coefficients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Compared with only a few years ago, there is greater scope for policymakers to catalyse progress in this area through a clear vision and supportive policies, laws and regulations. Other stakeholders - donors, the private sector and civil society - should also contribute to this process. Governments should seek to adopt policies that can help expand such learning especially in new industries that offer wide learning opportunities (Cimoli et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Astana and Almaty City are now allowed to issue bonds to cover budget deficits. To reduce the level of dependence on transfers from higher levels of government, certain taxes could be allocated to the local level. Moreover, more efficient and clearer property taxation in rural and urban areas is essential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The prominence of increasingly regressive tax structures leads to a discussion of factors subverting progressive revenue mobilization, such as slashes in wealth, top personal and corporate income tax rates, the increased use of regressive indirect taxes, and growing tax abuses, including harmful tax competition, tax avoidance and evasion by high net worth individuals (HNWIs) and transnational corporations (TNCs). The section also highlights redistributive policies that positively contributed to equity and sustainable development, especially in Latin America. Section 4 discusses possible steps for moving towards a framework enabling redistributive policies promoting equity and sustainable development. It also emphasizes the limits of domestic policy initiatives and the need for increased international cooperation, notably regarding the taxation of mobile capital income and financial wealth of HNWIs and TNCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While the causes of this growth are hard to pinpoint, long waiting times are reportedly an important issue, as noted earlier. Growing demand of medical tourism services may also explain part of the increase. This way, the CCSS offers health services either within its own premises or through the private sector where public-private partnerships (PPP) have been negotiated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Employment by industry and occupation in the Galilee differs from other regions of Israel with higher levels of employment in traditional industries and lower levels of employment in occupations that commonly require education at the tertiary level. Even more significantly, employment patterns are different for Jews and Arabs, and within the Arab population, for men and women. These differences stem not from discrimination against Arabs in the labour market as well as the lack of tertiary education opportunities relevant to available employment opportunities. Unemployment, non-employment and under-employment, as well as lower earnings may alienate the Arab population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Moreover, the new law stipulated that at least one of the top three candidates to proportional seats was to be female. In case of non-compliance, COFIPE foresaw that the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE, Instituto Federal Electoral), responsible for organising federal elections, refused parties the right to register their candidates in the respective district. The law, however, contained a loophole as it exempted parties from applying the quota when candidates were elected by direct vote using a primary system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Even if school leader appraisal results successfully feed into a school leader’s professional development, opportunities for professional development may fail to support school leaders in the improvement of their leadership practices and behaviours and the development of their pedagogical leadership. School leaders in various OECD countries have often reported a feeling of inadequate preparation for their roles, a lack of continuous feedback on their performance, and a lack of opportunities for professional development (Pont et al., To give an example, the management of resources needs to be sufficiently aligned with pedagogical purposes to improve teaching and learning. However, school leaders in many contexts often lack adequate training opportunities to enable them to do so (Pont et al., The Czech Republic, for instance, passed new legislation in 2012 that changed the regulations for the dismissal of head teachers. While school organising bodies could previously only dismiss head teachers in the case of gross violations or their failure to fulfil their legal obligations, school organising bodies now decide on head teachers’ reappointment after a term of six years, as informed by the appraisal process (HE [Institute for Information on Education], 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Accordingly, multiannual management plans include a number of management measures (e.g. spatio-temporal restrictions, effort and catch limitations, technical measures) and adaptive mechanisms to be implemented in order achieve objectives within a desired timeframe and maintain them (Table 29). It is important that management plans be drafted at least within a precautionary context and be adaptable to changing and evolving stocks, fisheries and environments. In the context of the GFCM, management plans are based on extensive technical work, such as the compilation of available scientific evidence useful for scientific advice, the identification of the management plan scope and objectives, and consultation with experts and national representatives on potential management measures to be established for particular fisheries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
At the institutional core of governance systems based on the rule of law is not only a strong independent judiciary but also an effective prosecution service committed to upholding the rule of law and human rights in the administration of justice. There are many aspects in the responsibility of prosecutors to promote and strengthen the rule of law, including their duty to combat impunity and ensure the lawfulness of State actions. This paper reviews some of the challenges that prosecutors can anticipate in performing their responsibility to uphold the rule of law. It also touches upon some of the issues that have emerged in recent years in relation to the performance of that important function in the context of emergency situations (e.g. counter-terrorist activities), within the global regime of international cooperation in criminal matters and in the context of post-conflict reconstruction and peace-building initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Swedish municipal federations are legal entities, whose tasks and obligations are formally agreed upon by their members. These inter-municipal co-operative organisations are usually run by boards, whose members are not directly elected but instead nominated by the member municipalities. Over the years, inter-municipal collaboration among Swedish municipalities has increased steadily: in 2005 there were 80 municipal federations and by 2011 the number of federations increased to 110 (Regeringskansliet, 2005[26]) (OECD, 2017[25]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
But the quality and usefulness of the reported social data are doubtful since they primarily are based on interpretation of national survey data on recreational behaviour from Statistics Norway. Such data have limited value on the regional and local level concerning practical forestry and forest management in relation to social goals and interests. In other words: Norway has the perfect conditions for outdoor recreation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Too often, educational institutions are run by experts sitting somewhere in a distant administration who determine the content, rules and regulations affecting hundreds of thousands of students and teachers. Few are able to figure out how those decisions were made. I am always struck by the power of "collaborative consumption" where online markets are created in which people share their cars, and even their apartments, with total strangers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This may be related to a preference for maternal care or lack of trust on formal childcare, but it may also be due to information barriers. About 24% of mothers qualifying for free access to childcare for their children through the well regarded programme Chile Crece Contigo had never heard of it, according to the 2012 ELPI survey. The government should keep publicising childcare options, thereby effectively expanding parental choice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The remaining substances will be phased out over the next 15 years. As a result, the ozone layer is projected to recover by the middle of this century. In addition, because many ozone-depleting substances are also potent greenhouse gases, ozone protection efforts have significantly helped to mitigate climate change by averting more than 135 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. Other important continuing issues include prevention of illegal trade in ozone-depleting substances and the sound management of those substances still in use, such as in refrigerators, air conditioners and firefighting equipment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This chapter describes directions for feminist scholarship in communication today, what these directions mean for the state of the art in feminist scholarship, and how research can be advanced to expand the understanding of feminism and communication. Nine streams of research are highlighted: historical and prediction essays, methodological and epistemological issues, knowledge and identity, media representations and political economy, the audience, interpersonal discourse and rhetoric, workplace issues, pedagogy and academia, and new technologies. The chapter concludes with specific suggestions for moving research toward accomplishing diverse methodology and improving women’s lives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, this inventory will improve inspection of current disposal practices and significantly limit uncontrolled dumping. The cleanup and remedy of these sites have not yet begun, as all efforts are concentrated on improving the central site at Balakhani. Currently, the fencing of the site is being completed, allowing full control of access to the site and monitoring of incoming vehicles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Of the seven countries for which child poverty can be estimated, the World Bank classes Guyana as lower-middle income, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Lucia and Suriname as upper-middle income, and Antigua and Barbuda and Trinidad and Tobago as high income. However, neither national income nor monetary poverty fully explains the variability in child poverty levels. For example, although Trinidad and Tobago has the highest per capita gross domestic product in the Caribbean, it does not have the lowest level of child poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Annapurna also runs daycare centres for the children of domestic servants and other self-employed women in the slums. Today 16 such creches are functioning in Pune and 2 in Mumbai. Research has shown that women’s income has gone up as a result of placing their children in a safe environment while they work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Group (or horizontal) inequalities and exclusion limit the political influence of some groups, even if they are the majority of the population, as with the poor. Horizontal inequalities can lead to elite capture of policies that favour certain groups and not society as a whole.107 This magnifies vulnerabilities for the excluded by limiting the quantity and quality of public services they receive. The exposure of some groups and the way society treats their inherent characteristics produce adverse outcomes.108 Shocks also create new vulnerabilities or new groups of vulnerable people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This analysis helps to inform policy choices by disentangling the contributions of average skill levels, how skills are distributed across the workforce, the extent to which skills are used on the job, and the return they command on the labour market. The chapter also shows that putting skills to better use can help reduce wage inequality, by strengthening the links between workers’ skills, productivity and wages. These findings provide important insights into the role that skills policies can play within a comprehensive policy strategy to reduce wage inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Nonetheless, the planning of a city or region needs to engage with organisations above neighbourhood level. For instance, collection and disposal of solid waste and sewage in Almaty, Astana and Shymkent can lead to large-scale environmental and social problems that require civil participation as well as state action. Special strategies for targeting groups that are hard to reach (the disabled, youth and the elderly) would be implemented to ensure their participation in public events and forums.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As a result, the fertility level in this region is lower than in other regions over a long period. Women who complete higher secondary school have the lowest fertility while those with no education have the highest fertility, showing 1.97 children per woman in 1997 and 1.39 children per woman in 2002. Specifically during the period 1997-2002, reduction in fertility was found to be highest among women with no education (1.21 births per women).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In response, the Director-General presented a report "Reform of WHO’s work in health emergency management: WHO Health Emergencies Programme.” The High-level Panel submitted a report "Protecting humanity from future health crises” (A/70/723) to the Secretary-General. These include, among others, (a) a review The Neglected Dimension of Global Security: A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Crises by the National Academy of Medicine (NAM),2 (b) a joint initiative by Harvard University and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (Moon and others, 2015), (c) a review by an independent panel set up by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and (d) a review by MSF (2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Monetary policy must be part of the overall macroeconomic policy directed towards these targets, rather than operating on a separate track of addressing monetary variables only. It should be coordinated and aligned with fiscal and exchange rate policies. Since the chosen target must be met within other constraints, interest rate management will not suffice, other instruments will have to be used by the central bank, including directed credit. Policymakers should avoid being fixated on one particular target and should be prepared to adjust targets and instruments depending on the requirements of changing situations. This is especially critical for MSEs and farms that cannot provide collateral for credit and are thus deemed not creditworthy by the banking sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For instance, the company experts were responsible for the plant's operational work, real estate, production planning, development work, risk management, environmental issues, water resources, security issues and maintenance of the electricity grid. Hence, it was possible to obtain a comprehensive view of future changes, risks and opportunities. However, the energy source and some units of the power plants were examined in more detail than the distribution network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Instead, this chapter focuses on the role of structural transformation in reducing poverty as the title of this report indicates. The total number of people living in extreme poverty, based on the purchasing power parity (PPP) yardstick of $1.90 per day, declined from a peak of 144 million in 1999 to 44.6 million in 2015. Today, the average poverty headcount ratio in these economies is 11.1 per cent, compared with 45.7 per cent in 1999.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article explores how linguistic categories affect boundary work in scholarly knowledge production. Whereas the German language knows the unified concept of Wissenschaft for all branches of scholarship represented at universities, the English language separates science from the arts or humanities and does not commonly engage an overarching concept. This has had consequences for American social science, which are traced both in the discourse shaping its development and in the deployment and distribution of institutional resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The student support system (ICETEX) provides students with loans, which include a grant element whose amount depends on the beneficiaries’ income level. The number of loans has almost tripled between 2003 and 2011. However, because of the increase in the enrolment rate, a lower proportion of students receive loans (OECD, 2012b). In addition, ICETEX is not targeting all its resources on those most in need, because of serious flaws in the way income is assessed through the Estratos system (Box 1.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A large share of the school leadership profession in Chile is considerably older than in other countries, but also has more years of experience. According to the OECD 2013 Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS),2 30.2% of lower secondary school principals in Chile are at least 60 years old, compared to a TALIS average of 15.0%. On average, Chilean lower secondary school principals are 53.7 years old, also older than the average across countries participating in TALIS 2013 (51.5 years) (see Table 4.1, OECD, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The chapter ends with a reflection on how the various policies examined can be better integrated across sectors and levels of government and be geared to the needs of rural residents and their communities. This multidimensional view of rural economies and hence, rural policy, is increasingly recognised across OECD countries (OECD, 2016f). There remain, however, markedly different approaches to mral policy across the OECD in terms of how these ideas are instrumentalised by national and regional governments. A general delineation can be made between narrow or broad mral policies (i.e. those that are targeted versus those that are overarching in nature).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is crucial to report the reference period together with the figures, as well as the international and national criteria for forced labour. The data collected should be comprehensive and their compilation sufficiently detailed, to facilitate international comparability based on the concepts and definitions provided in the ILO methodology concerning statistics of forced labour. Utilisation of the ILO methodology should help to facilitate the international comparability of forced labour statistics by minimizing differences across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This is 2008 for all countries with the exception of Israel (2005), Brazil (2006), France, Korea and the United States (2007) as well as Australia, Chile and Japan (2009). The reference year for data on earnings is the preceding year. Although this generally also applies to other variables that capture an individual’s job characteristics, there are exceptions. Most notably, in the case of the SILC survey, the number of hours worked refers to the year the survey was conducted, which leads to time inconsistencies with respect to the earnings data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The major objective of the TNMN is to provide an overview of the overall status and long-term changes of surface water and, where necessary, groundwater status in a basin-wide context (with particular attention to the transboundaiy pollution load). Data are integrated into the ICPDR database and are available for the stakeholders. Examples of information systems from Spain and Danube River (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A new vision for 2022 has been developed with the following targets: growing revenue to USD 5 billion and creating 200 000 jobs. Sri Lanka's goal is to move up the value chain, shifting from a focus on cost to one based on value. For this purpose, the IT sector has constructed its strategy around three targets: 1) building capacity by tripling the number of IT graduates by 2020 (there were only 6 000 graduates in IT and related fields in 2015), 2) innovating by encouraging the creation of 1 000 start-ups and promoting links between academia and the private sector, and 3) fostering regional development by taking the IT/BPM industry to the regions, promoting linkages with universities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)