albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For a household situated close to the 20lh percentile (aversion to inequality close to 5), the losses involved by income and ages at death inequalities amount to 44 and 41% of income, respectively. Thus, health inequality appears to weigh as much as income inequality on living standards. The next task is to examine the evolution of living standards over time and to identify its drivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Monsters gave birth to modernity: those unnamable figures of horror and fascination shadow civilization as its constitutive and abjected discontent. In Europe, from the late eighteenth century on, the term monstrosity mobilized a set of discursive practices that tied racial and sexual deviancy to an overall apparatus of discipline, and, later in the nineteenth century, to the emergence of biopolitics. This article draws a history of monstrosity through overlapping discourses, tying the contemporary figure of the monster-terrorist to the sexual and racial deviancy of what Michel Foucault termed the ‘Abnormals.’ Beginning with an engagement with Deleuze's and Foucault's notion of ‘biopolitics,’ this article follows the emergence of the monster-terrorist in that subfield of policy studies known as ‘terrorism studies.’ This article argues that specific and implicit conceptions of the civilized psyche, linked to norms of the heterosexual family, ground the figure of the Islamic terrorist in an older colonial d...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some countries and regions are still not on track to reach the Goals and require intensified efforts to reduce poverty and child and maternal mortality rates and to improve access to drinking water and sanitation. Globally, the 2015 target for income poverty (Target 1 .A) and the target for safe drinking water (Target 7.C) are on track to be met, while steady but insufficient progress has been made for other targets, including universal primary education (Target 2.A), reducing child mortality (Target 4.A), and combating malaria and other global diseases (Target 6.C). Furthermore, there has been either stagnation or regress for some targets: the proportion of people who suffer from hunger (Target l.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In terms of innovation outputs, Finnish firms mostly generate product improvements rather than “new-to-the-world” innovation. They seem to have encountered some difficulties in generating intellectual property rights (patents, trademarks, etc.) Earmarked Tekes funding for strategic centres for science, technology and innovation (SHOKs) - PPPs for collaborative research led by industry clusters - was discontinued in 2016, although the SHOKs, as private limited liability companies, are still operating independently under business law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Les mesures d’austerite ont, semble-t-il, conduit au declin des admissions hospitalieres mais pas a la diminution de la consommation de produits pharmaceutiques. La reduction des depenses pharmaceutiques qui a suivi les mesures d’austerite recentes s’explique principalement par les efforts menes pour faire baisser les prix et pour encourager le recours a des medicaments generiques bioequivalents, moins couteux. There is overwhelming evidence that higher incomes and wealth are strongly associated with better health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Policies could put more focus on skills and individual needs. The impact of reforms and policies could also be assessed more regularly. Youth skills are of little value if youth remain outside or on the margins of the labour market, or if their skills are not used effectively in the workplace. Youth typically face many barriers to gel into the labour market, and those with low social capital find it even harder.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Integrating pedestrian and cyclist needs is therefore a key part of providing equitable and sustainable transport. The specific requirements of women - who often need to juggle a (non-paid) job at home and a (paid) job outside - are also not fully understood by planners. To drive change, the voice of those left behind has to be made heard, here, non-governmental organisations have an important role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Moreover, about a fifth of the software associations surveyed for this report stressed that the general business environment in their countries constituted a barrier to growth. Given the variety of issues that can be considered under such a broad area, a discussion of relevant policy options needs to remain fairly general. The status of the ICT infrastructure was noted in chapter II to be of high relevance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Additionally, for some targets, there may be potential links to other targets that cannot be characterized simply. This is especially the case with targets relating to international law. While the latter may potentially impact many of the other targets, it may not have been sufficiently developed for such impacts to be felt in practice, it may not be implemented, or may be implemented differently across locations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In 1857, indigenous men were allowed to renounce their indigenous status and the right to live on reserve lands in order to assimilate into non-indigenous society. Indigenous women, on the other hand were not given the same choice. In fact, in contrast to traditional indigenous matriarchal family structure the post colonial indigenous women's status was determined by the choices made by her husband or father.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Most plans also identify clear funding sources and a role for the private sector in infrastructure development. However, these plans score considerably less well beyond these broad features. Less than 40 per cent of such plans address the important issue of infrastructure interdependencies, just above 20 per cent make clear references to central decision-making and only about 15 per cent include multi-year budgets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Formal social protection that is more predictable and reliable can complement informal social protection arrangements. There is no doubt that spillover occurs in both the formal and informal social protection systems, making both systems mutually reinforcing. Community and civil society groups contribute in significant ways to the maintenance of peace and good order at local levels and thus provide important support to the formal sector (Dinnen, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Wood provides more than half of national primary energy supplies in 29 countries, of which 22 are in sub-Saharan Africa. Overall, forests supply about 40 percent of global renewable energy in the form of woodfuel - as much as solar, hydroelectric and wind power combined. The wood processing sector has made good progress in increasing the efficiency of wood utilization. Although sawnwood and wood panel production grew by 8.2 percent per year between 2000 and 2015, this required only a 1.9 percent growth in input from industrial roundwood. Meanwhile, per capita consumption of wood-based panels (which are more efficient in terms of wood utilization) grew by 80 percent, while sawnwood consumption remained static. Meanwhile, the share of wood products that FSC and PEFC certify as coming from sustainably-managed forests has also increased, now representing 40 percent of global industrial roundwood production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Placing the costs and process of repeal into the framework of U.S. civil governance and military power reveals the faltering state of civilian control over, and understanding of, contemporary military institutions. The excessive delays, repetitive studies, and lack of judicial oversight that characterized the process of repeal expose a military unmoored from the constitutional and democratic constraints of civilian control. The end of Don't Ask, Don't Tell is more than a civil rights triumph. It is also a lesson in the steep costs and troubling consequences of excessive civilian deference to the armed forces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Empirical results from the multivariate analysis are discussed in Section V. Section VI displays estimation of the well-being reduction associated with gender-based discriminatory institutions and potential improvements in life satisfaction associated with more gender equal social institutions. Section VII concludes with some policy implications and directions for future research. Broadly, on the one hand, the so-called bottom-up approach described by Wilson (1967) embraces the notion that given basic and universal human needs, if a person's circumstances allow him or her to fulfil these needs, he or she will be happy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Expected sources of radioactive waste are aerosols trapped in air filters protecting controlled zone, drain water and solid waste from NPP operation. It is expected that the NPP will generate annually about 33 m3 of waste from waste water per each of two reactors with reserve for emergency situation of 57 m3. Generation of solid waste is estimated to 40 m3 of very low and low activity waste, 5 m of medium activity waste and 0.5 m of high activity waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Festivals and events of this type often provide opportunities to showcase sectors such as culture, music, gastronomy, and the arts. In addition, the economic impact of urban tourism more generally can extend to surrounding rural areas through supply chains to meet growing demand for locally produced food, wine, arts and crafts. It thus presents important economic benefits to rural areas and constitutes an increasingly important market segment, providing significant opportunities for rural businesses to diversify income opportunities (e.g. farm stays) and participate in local supply chains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The main measurement instrument, the Adult Mental Health Benchmarking Toolkit, presents performance indicators in a scorecard format, combining structural, process and outcome indicators. Mild-to-moderate disorders (such as depression and anxiety) are typically understood not to require highly specialised treatments delivered by psychiatrists or in inpatient settings in the vast majority of cases. Rather, they require strong primary and community care. Even though primary care is overwhelmingly the first point of call for individuals experiencing mental distress, PCPs do not always have the right skills and treatment options to effectively respond to need.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Instead, they propose a concept of sustained growth which holistically captures and takes account of concepts of growth, poverty and inequality at the same time and promotes also stability of growth to reduce vulnerability and economic insecurity of poor. For instance, high levels of poverty and/or inequality may make it hard to sustain fast economic growth in the long-term. Therefore, this Report opts to treat inclusive growth in a holistic sense, linking it with: the principles of equality and social responsibility, poverty reduction, enhanced economic security, reduced vulnerability, and improving general well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The vast majority of the additional milk is projected to be produced outside the OECD area. World production of WMP, butter, cheese and SMP is expected to grow from the base period by 31%, 28%, 20% and 9% respectively, by 2019. The OECD area continues to dominate global cheese consumption, accounting for nearly three-quarters of the total consumption which is expected to increase by 20% over the Outlook period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The development of supply chains in the region will have to overcome the extra-regional trade biases that these figures suggest. As Table A 11.1 indicates, the importance of manufacturing (in total output) and of high technology exports (as a proportion of total exports) vary much more widely across East Asian nations than across South Asian nations. In fact, even relatively industrialised India exports a lower proportion of high-technology goods than unindustrialized Mongolia. However, this may be balanced by the fact that the export of manufactured goods is already dominant for all but two of the South Asian countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
They have also conducted a variety of research projects pertaining to the status of women and girls. For instance, the National Commission for Lebanese Women initiated a campaign to lobby for legal reform in the field of economic rights and published a study on women’s rights in Lebanese law. Morocco is often cited for its commitment to gender-responsive budgeting. It releases an annual budgetary report that provides all details about its spending disaggregated by sex, and recently went a step further with an Organic Law of Finance (2014) that enshrines gender equality as a key principle in the objectives and performance indicators of the Moroccan national budget.51 Moreover, Egypt has created an Equal Opportunities Unit within its Ministry of Finance, and Palestine has formed a National Committee to oversee the development of more gender-responsive budgets in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the same time, the creation of local hospital clusters encourages co-ordination among hospitals, with a view to limiting geographical disparities in access to innovative services (Drees, 2016d). Local hospital clusters (GHT) should allow the creation of joint medical services, notably for public procurement, and some efficiency gains. The maximum top-up is worth 0.6% of their activities (capped at 500 000 euros a year).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is a particular challenge to build models that can employ a combination of quantitative and qualitative data as input, and that will capture the complexity of the real systems. It is not self-evident what the dependent variable of such models should be, that is, what are we looking for. Should it be human well-being, aspects of biodiversity, or quality and quantity of ecosystem services? For all of these a range of different specific measurements would be available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Partnerships should include local community bodies, businesses, and cultural institutions, including museums and libraries. Partners drawn from higher education are critical for extending the learning horizons of both students and staff and offering additional expertise in the constant process of development. Equally important are partnerships with other schools and learning environments through networks and professional learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Project is financed by Swiss confederation and Greece, and co-financed by Macedonia, with total amount of EUR 9.5 mln. Due to their high discharge of organic and trophic material, they cause significant pollution in the rivers, which has a very bad impact on the aquatic ecosystem, with its aquatic communities such as fish fauna, macroinvertebrates and macrophytes. Dead river sections and decline in aquatic species have been reported.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The growing agricultural debt led the government to adopt a USD 2 billion financial relief package in 2013. At the same time, protectionist tendencies in trade policies strengthened. The recent period is also marked by the Eurasian integration, with the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia coming into effect in 2010 and Common Economic Space in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is essential to develop an information system that feeds into care policies, guides the allocation of resources and makes it possible to include paid and unpaid care work in the system of national accounts. It grounded in the need to spread the risks and work towards higher-quality sendees. The rationale is analogous to the reasoning behind health insurance (Arrow, 1963 and 2000, Sojo, 2003): it is important to make sure that long-term care is guaranteed because fortuitous events can exacerbate dependence, and it is difficult to predict the degree of dependence that older persons will have to face, regardless of their socioeconomic status and any preventive measures or provisions for self-care they might have made during their lifetime in order to mitigate dependence. Child care, on the other hand, is a desired situation, not an unpredictable one, and bound up with a temporary need relating to this stage of development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Again, neither government has been able to stem the migration of skilled workers, and both have come to accept this as equally normative. Instead they have focused attention on developing a more skilled local workforce (see section 6.8.3) that may or may not migrate. A recent study of migration and remittances in Tonga (and Fiji Islands) revealed that as many as 60 per cent of all households in Tonga had at least one overseas migrant and remitter and 90 per cent of households received remittances (Brown et al. Similar percentages are evident in Samoa, where there is a widespread assumption that at least 90 per cent of households are remittance recipients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This aspect is very important, because policies tend to be more effective when targeting the causes of gender inequality and the structures and practices that perpetuate inequalities, not merely the outcome of gender inequality in an unjust and unsustainable development process (United Nations, 2002). Gender statistics have a crucial role in gender mainstreaming in development and poverty reduction policies. Policies and measures tend to perpetuate and exacerbate inequalities when not adequately tailored to existing gender differentials (Hedman, Perucci and Sund-strom, 1996).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Tobacco control clearly falls within the remit of human rights law. Yet the potential for the regulation of e-cigarettes is understudied from a human rights perspective. This chapter shows that there are good reasons to assume that the use of e-cigarettes may pose certain health risks and possibly undermine the regulatory efforts directed against use of conventional tobacco products. Employing doctrinal legal research, the chapter explores different approaches to the regulation of e-cigarettes in terms of the right to the highest attainable standard of health included in Art. 12 of the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights and the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child. It develops a human rights framework applicable to regulating e-cigarettes as a device harmful to health, as a potential harm reduction tool, and as a gateway product.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In multicultural societies, governments may want to create a skilled and knowledgeable workforce and prioritise shared values for building a sense of community. Meanwhile, some people may be concerned with transmitting specific languages and customs to children while respecting specific beliefs on child rearing. In the context of New Zealand, some of these considerations are given more specific weight and shape by the relationship between the Crown and Maori defined by the Treaty of Waitangi, and the unique status of Maori as tangata whenua (indigenous). Curricula can contribute to balancing different expectations of early childhood development in the curriculum and ensure that expectations and needs of different stakeholders are met (Bennett, 2011, Siraj-Blatchford and Woodhead, 2009, Vandenbroeck, 2011). A focused curriculum with clear goals helps ensure that ECE staff cover critical learning or development areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is very important that the commitment to gender equity and equality in the SSF Guidelines be reflected in this process, and that women in fishing communities and their legitimate representatives be integrally involved. The example from Brazil in Case study 28 is a good illustration of this process. There should be monitoring mechanisms that define gender-sensitive outcome and process indicators, and measure compliance in participation with the various stakeholders. Therefore, a balanced and equitable partnership approach and cross-sector collaboration are prerequisites for successful implementation (FAO, 2015b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
ABSTRACT This article examines the United Kingdom's Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 and the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Act 2002 (Cth) from an international human rights law perspective. It argues that both pieces of legislation raise serious concerns in relation to international legal obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Both international treaties allow for ‘derogation’ from certain provisions in times of ‘public emergency’. While the United Kingdom has officially derogated from some of its treaty obligations, Australia has yet to submit a similar notification. This article argues, however, that the United Kingdom's derogation is unlawful. Likewise, current circumstances in Australia would not permit lawful derogation from the ICCPR.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Workers with general skills and more education experienced better labour market outcomes, including shorter unemployment spells (Rutkowski, 2007). On the one hand it needs to make short vocational programmes more attractive to prospective students. On the other hand, the education system has to become more focused on providing students with easily transferrable general skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Prospects for many others worsen: routine middle-skilled tasks are increasingly being automated, while jobs at the lower end of the skills distribution are seeing increased demand but are associated with low wages and low levels of job security. This growing polarisation in the labour markets may further exacerbate inequalities (Berger and Frey, 2016, OECD, 2011a). For purposes of this discussion, “social inclusiveness” is defined as the extent to which individuals in a country, independently of their socio-economic background, gender, age, ethnic origin, religion or place of residence, have the capacity and the opportunity to participate in innovation activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Spill over effects have also been seen across sectors outside the current government or private sector board focus. For example, MWA assisted the New Zealand Defence Force to evaluate its pipeline of women in military service, and New Zealand Customs to establish a diversity council and career pipeline for women working in customs. One of the main goals of MWA’s programmes has been to change organisational cultures in order to foster environments that encourage women’s leadership roles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Figure 6 uses a graphical format to summarise changes in net transfers between 2002 and 2007, and between 2007 and 2010. For each period, changes are shown as a percentage of household net (or disposable) income, and at six different earnings levels. At the bottom of the earnings distribution, and subject to relevant income limits, families are assumed to be receiving means-tested assistance benefits (i.e., unlike in the earlier replacement-rate results, the calculations now relate to families who do not, or no longer, receive any unemployment benefits that depend on a previous employment history). The income values shown at zero earnings are therefore mostly driven by the value of GMI benefit, as well as by other transfers (for children or housing) that may be available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This takes place in the framework of the programme of innovation for fisheries sustainability which will develop guidelines for access to markets. This increase is explained by a 19% increase in the quantity and 10.3% increase in price. Seventy per cent of the exported value is provided by aquaculture, representing 45% of the quantity exported.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)