albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In the UK, for example, the Refugee Assessment and Guidance Unit at London Metropolitan University produced an overview identifying a considerable number of programmes in the UK designed to help refugee teachers join the UK teaching profession (RAGU, 2007). One such example is a one-year programme offered by the Institute of Education at the University of London called Pathway into Teaching for Refugee Teachers, offered free to refugees, to support their entry into the formal teaching system in the UK.19 Similarly, the Refugees into Teaching partnership, between the UK Training and Development Agency for Schools and the UK Refugee Council, offers guidance on assimilating refugee teachers into schools (Refugees into Teaching, 2007). It is even less clear how this could be accomplished in developing countries dealing with a sudden large influx of refugees. It should be noted, however, that both this and the Gottelmann-Duret and Toumier study address the formal, state system and do not address education in emergencies, which is often left to non-state actors to provide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The use of submersibles by traffickers is on the rise and presents a transnational security threat. From 2001 through 2010, approximately 175 documented drug transits from South America to global destinations occurred on self-propelled semi-submersible (SPSS)-type platforms. While transporting illicit cargo in the maritime domain is not new, the stealthy SPSS — a long-range vessel that is extremely difficult to identify and track — raised significant national security concerns. This Article examines the economic and environmental incentives that led to the development of semi- and fully-submersibles, the U.S. criminal law enacted to combat this threat, the Drug Trafficking Vessel Interdiction Act, the issues raised in the appellate cases that affirmed the Act’s constitutionality, and unresolved legal and operational issues to address the submersible threat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It was not initially funded by the Leader area but is an independent initiative. However, for the present period 2016-2020 the CSF will connect with the LAG and seek funding for further development. It is funded in part by the city, and in part by externally funded projects and consulting assignments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Thereafter, the chapter attempts to integrate a gender perspective into human rights at the international as well regional (African) levels. Finally, the United Nations Millennium Declaration and the Millennium Development Goals are also examined from a gender perspective. Ester Boserup had argued that the existing development discourse ignored women's contribution to national production. She further argued that this was the case as a result of gender-based stereotyping which located women solely within the domestic sphere: "Various colonial and post-colonial governments had systematically bypassed women in the diffusion of new technologies, extension services and other productive inputs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, the diversity of adaptation priorities and plans, as well as of possible criteria to monitor progress, may make it difficult to assess overall progress at a national and a global level in a complete and consistent manner (see, e.g. AC, 2014). The Paris Agreement only states that “(e) ach Party should also provide information related to climate change impacts and adaptation under Article 7, as appropriate”. The CMA currently plans to undertake the first global stocktake in 2023 and every five years thereafter (Article 14.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Every state government will form a State Food Commission to monitor the implementation of the Food Security Act. The composition of the State Food Commission is regulated by the Food Security Act: it will consider experience, gender and caste. The act also makes provisions for vigilance committees and grievance redress mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These numbers, however, do not necessarily point to higher failure rates for inclusive innovations, as standard innovators also show a substantial failure rate. Reaching maximum scale depends strongly on demand - which will be quite low for localised products, but may involve millions of customers for broader-based services, e.g. mobile banking. Furthermore, product-level scaling is not an absolute necessity: the very process of designing local innovations to serve local needs may support an inherently small-scale market, while also contributing to poverty alleviation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Housing co-operatives today no longer serve lower-middle income households, but rather the upper-middle groups (Wfclawowicz, 2002). Poland could learn from a number of OECD countries that have tried to enhance the housing supply through nonprofit organisations. Whereas various measures have been introduced by governments to support non-profit organisations, policy practices indicate the importance of improving the financial arrangements with them (Box 2.13). They include for instance providing matching funds, increasing non-profit organisations’ access to capital markets and setting aside a share of national housing grants for non-profit developers (OECD, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Moreover, in many countries the definition of domestic violence in national criminal justice systems remains ambiguous, such as in East Timor and Cambodia (Chapter 4). As domestic and sexual violence and harassment tend to proliferate during the immediate aftermath of armed conflicts, women are further victimized at an already particularly challenging time. In some cases the worst aspects of the male-dominated cultural norms can be rebuilt, such as polygamy, early arranged marriages and segregation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Three of the eight NEAP actions had not been implemented by 2010, while information about the extent and impact of the implementation of the remaining objectives was lacking. Against this background, the reported implementation rate of 49 per cent appears surprisingly high. The reasons for this apparent success cannot be analysed further, as no final report on progress with implementation data by action/activity is available. The mainstreaming of conservation goals among governmental agencies and decision-makers beyond MoNP remains an important challenge in terms of successful policy development and implementation in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The proactive government policies include: automatic stabilizers that sustain household consumption amid shocks, such as unemployment benefits for workers and agricultural price support and insurance for small farms'1, active macroeconomic policies to restore confidence, such as targeted cash transfers and bank deposit insurances, building and maintaining ample fiscal space, and structural and medium-term policies, such as a shift towards countercyclical fiscal policies and deepening domestic financial markets.' Panel B in figure C shows the positive impact on GDP for each country through the application of proactive fiscal and financial policies. The magnitude of the output loss arising from policy uncertainty in the advanced economies can be moderated by an average of 75%. This reduction in the adverse impact of policy uncertainty can offer significant relief to citizens in terms of preserving jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The participant survey showed that on average, half of the participants in work while on the Work Programme received in-work support. The support rates were higher for participants with caring responsibilities and those with long unemployment spells prior to employment. In-work support included advice from a personal adviser, help and support with benefits and financial advice, and contact with the employer to support the participant. However, providers did not use the sustainment payments to pay ERA-type retention bonuses. Also providers emphasised a need of in-work support for those who had been out of work for longer periods. In contrast, 30-39% of participants entering work avoided or refused the in-work support, possibly because they felt stigmatised by being on the Work Programme or wanted to feel that they had moved on from unemployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Robustness tests should be reported, to see whether policy relevant comparisons are robust to a range of plausible weights. Other inputs into the final weighting structure include national policies - often as presented in development plans - as well as participatory exercises with poor communities. The issue of weighting is no more challenging for the MPI than for other poverty indicators, such as imputing prices for non-market goods or adjusting rural and urban poverty lines for monetary poverty measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The GES lays out desired ‘institutional results’ with outputs and targets to build UNDP capacity to mainstream gender within the organization. Achieving these facilitates the achievement of gendered ‘development results’ at country, regional and global levels. ‘ Gender results’were defined for the purposes of this evaluation as outputs or outcomes that have been found to be contributing (positively or negatively) to GEWE in UNDP interventions. The evaluation therefore drew extensively on previous evaluations, publications and UNDP’s own self-reporting as the primary data source for the analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Similarly, the aggregates for natural resource extractions and foreign trade of products sum up the weight of different resources and types of products with no regard for environmental pressures. As with the example of the material consumption, a measure that contains fossil fuels as well as sand and gravel, the environmental pressures need to be assessed separately. As such the indicators should be interpreted with care and always be put into a specific context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Employers who require more skilled workers will be reluctant to consider rural locations until workforce skills improve. But at the same time it will be hard to convince people to improve their skills if they see few returns on the investment. Under the present scenario of water scarcity and stress and given the international commitments to deliver water to the US, Chihuahua’s rural development requires tackling water management and governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Incorporating such targets or commitments in legislation or government decisions would give them more weight. It identifies the institutional and legal instruments required for its enforcement, as well as gaps in the research required for appropriate biodiversity and ecosystem management. Therefore, the main aim of biodiversity policy would no longer be merely to conserve the maximum possible level of biodiversity, but would instead be to provide the sustained and optimal amount of ecosystem services for human welfare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
We are very thankful to the interpreters, Silvia Martuscelli, Ennia Cucchiarelli (Rome) and Maria Fitzgibbon (Florence), who contributed to the quality of the exchanges with stakeholders. Jessica Lagana, Stefano Catani and Carla Di Paola, at the permanent delegation of Italy to the OECD, Andrea Maccarini, member of the CERI Governing Board, and Francesca Brotto, at the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research, are gratefully acknowledged for their support at various stages of the review. The review team wishes to record its grateful appreciation to the many people who gave time from their busy schedules to inform the review team of their views, experiences and knowledge. The total number of IWBs in Italy is about 70k in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition to a longer school day, these centres stress teacher training and designing a new model for managing centres. Another example is Mexico —in the 2007-2008 school year, it began to foster a model of full-time schools that benefited nearly 130,000 children in 500 schools across the country. Currently, the full-time model is in place in 4,751 establishments and covers more than 935,000 students in all three levels of basic education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In comparison to the 40 countries covered in the OECD’s Education at a Glance study, Brazil is placed in the bottom quarter of countries with respect to expenditure on early childhood education relative to GDP (OECD, 2012a). In Denmark, France and Sweden a sizeable proportion of childhood education workers are required to have specialised training (Moss, 2000). The Brazilian Federal Ministry of Education operates a distance-learning programme for ECE educators called Prolnfantil, on which efforts to improve training could build.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This case explores public-private partnerships in Omaha, Nebraska, where substantial private donations were received for the construction of two city-owned facilities: a convention center/arena and a baseball stadium. The donors required creation of a new public authority to undertake the construction and operation of the projects. This article analyzes key issues related to the decision to enter into the partnerships, contract terms, risk-sharing, transparency, and accountability. It also identifies several important factors that have not been well addressed in the literature, including the role of institutions, leadership of individual actors, contractual modifications, and power and politics. The study helps to advance theory-building in this area and, as well, provides advice to public administrators and officeholders in governments considering private donations for public projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Building on the successful approaches of many countries, this section argues that work-based learning should be fully integrated into programmes as a credit-bearing and quality assured element. Such an approach would powerfully promote partnership between employers and training providers. Managed effectively, it delivers benefits for all participants and contributes to better labour market and economic outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The education stipend provided for each child under age 18 enrolled in school between the third grade of primary school and the third (last) grade of junior high varies by grade and gender. It rises substantially after graduation from primary school and is higher for girls than for boys during secondary and tertiary school. Beneficiary children also receive money for school supplies once a year. Brazil's Bolsa Familia and Mexico's Oportunidades, the two largest programmes in Latin America, cost less than 1 % of G0R In some cases they have been perceived as tools to provide access to universal basic rights such as health and education, but in others they have led to the exclusion of some localities due to the inadequate supply of services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Many LDCs have weaker enabling environments and governance structures, and limited formal banking functions or other capital markets, and as a result, it is more challenging to attract private climate investment in such environments. The figures here exclude unallocated amounts i.e. where the recipient income group could not be specified (e.g. bilateral finance provided to a regional fund). Source: OECD DAC statistical system, estimates are based on USD commitments for 2013 (see Annex 1). Work conducted to date under the OECD-led Research Collaborative on Tracking Private Climate Finance highlights that measuring private climate finance mobilisation is challenging due to the lack of comprehensive data on private finance, methods to estimate the mobilisation impact and the range of actors and complexity of interactions associated with mobilising private climate finance (Jachnik, Caruso and Srivastava, 2015). The study estimated private climate finance mobilised by multilateral and bilateral finance to be USD 12.7 in 2013 and USD 16.7 billion in 2014. Mobilised private financing was estimated and attributed on the basis of private co-financing directly associated with public climate finance instruments at the project, activity or fund level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The effects are particularly salient for girls. By their 19th birthday, 11 per cent of girls around the world are already mothers (WHO, 2016), while 27 per cent are married by age 18 (UNICEF, 2014). Adolescent girls and young women are one of the groups most severely affected by HIV (UNAIDS, 2014) and although gender gaps in access to primary education are closing, girls continue to be disadvantaged (UNESCO, 2015).These outcomes call for a strong focus on adolescent well-being in policies and programmes and are supported by a growing body of literature that recognizes adolescence as a critical phase for achieving human potential (Patton et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Abstract   The purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics and problems of social housing estates in South Korea, and to explore sustainable community development issues. In order to examine the social housing situation, a survey of the three social housing communities in Seoul was conducted. The survey evidence demonstrates that there is a growing stigma against the poor and social exclusion. This kind of social bias is likely to escalate the construction of social housing estates, which the poor concentrates in. Residents recognized that mixing public and private housing would be an issue and problematic. Public housing was thought to have a negative impact on the neighborhood. It is important to examine why these kinds of social problems arise. Applying the concept of social sustainability to low-income communities in urban Korea requires mobilizing residents and their governments to strengthen all forms of community capital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As urban areas become denser and rely more on public transport, walking and cycling, carbon emissions tend to decrease. The urban form of cities is not the only determinant of lower per capita emissions, but it is a critical factor among others, such as energy prices, the productive structure of urban areas or the public transport networks (OECD, 2011a). Figure 2.2 shows that when population density in built-up areas is high, motor vehicle ownership tends to be lower. Urban density is calculated based on the OECD definition of “predominantly urban” areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This article examines Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's dissenting opinion in Gonzales v. Carhart to argue that her feminist jurisprudence challenges the rhetorical genre of judicial opinion. Ginsburg's dissent undermines the rhetorical commitments to neutrality, abstraction, and universality that overwhelmingly shape the voice of the law. Instead, Ginsburg's rhetoric advances a more promising field of argument for advocates of reproductive choice and shifts the language of the law to legitimate voices, experiences, and rights of groups traditionally excluded by the rhetoric of the law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Problems of `soft budget` constraints in intergovernmental relationships are currently at the frontier of research in local public economics. This paper reviews the Italian experience in the field, starting from the mid-1970s up to the present period, compares it with that of other countries, and uses it to comment upon the state of the literature. The paper argues that the soft budget constraint problem has been a rampant one in Italian local public finance, generating efficiency losses, lack of political accountability and undermining the soundness of public finances. The paper inquires into the causes and possible solutions to the problem, and in particular describes and comments upon the decentralization process of the 1990s. Finally, the Italian debate on fiscal federalism of the 1990s is also reviewed, arguing that some of the suggestions of this debate may be of interest more generally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Promoting understanding of quality in the context of good governance can be a challenging classroom exercise not only because of the potential for hijacking politicization of the discussion, but also because of the variety of ways in which public sector goals can be defined, even in the context of a single policy. Standards of quality in the present in the contemporary practice of public administration include many words beginning with “E” in the English language. Employing the “E’s are Good” taxonomy helps communicate different aspects of good governance to students in public administration and policy courses. In this article, literature surrounding the public sector standards of quality is reviewed using this framework. Examples of discussion of the E concepts drawn from legislative discourse surrounding Canadian health and social policy designed are then considered as an empirical case study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition to general programmes, junior colleges also offer several types of special programmes (e.g. advanced specialist or customised programmes) but these represent less than 10% of junior college enrolment. But following a previous period of expansion, the number of junior college students has been falling over the past ten years, in particular in the fields of science and engineering (Kim, Woo, Ryu, Oh, 2011). The number of junior colleges has also fallen from 158 in 2005 to 145 in 2010 (MEST, 2010). Almost 95% of junior colleges are private (136 out of 145) and enrol about 97% of over 767 000 junior college students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, agricultural investments involving large scale land acquisition in developing countries have had significant negative impacts in the form of land degradation and deforestation, especially in countries with weak governance systems (FAO, 2013). However, efforts by agricultural companies to green supply chains can also be very effective in driving stronger environmental management by subcontractors in developing countries and effectively applying ‘supply chain pressure’. The situation is similar for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The IEA (2015) estimates that SMEs account for 13% of final energy consumption annually, but also, energy efficiency measures among SMEs with best available technologies could result in significant savings in final energy consumption in the order of 10 to 30% globally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Historic disputes over hydroelectricity production between Brazil and Paraguay or the Province of Quebec and the State of New York have also shown that renewable energies are not immune to political squabbling. However, even in the best of cases these relations are very difficult to predict. The issue is made more difficult by the fact that the majority of the easily accessible stocks of hydrocarbons are located in potentially unstable region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, in Andren and Andren’s (2013) analysis, receipt in a given calendar year is based on whether the sample person received SA at least once during that year. ( Their data set provides no information about the sequence of SA received during the year, only the number of months.) Hansen and Lofstrom (2011) applied a similar definition to a different Swedish administrative data source. And Hansen, Lofstrom, Liu, and Zhang’s (2014) and Konigs’ (2013b) definition of receipt of SA benefits in a given year refers to receipt at any time during that year in Canada and the Netherlands, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)