albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The key challenges are the high upfront cost, particularly in the case of thermal storage systems and dry clean technology, the lack of national expertise (know-how is limited to a certain number of companies in Europe and the United States), the need to develop Solar Atlas, and a monopoly in manufacturing some ofthe main components of the solar field. Given these challenges, photovoltaic technology could be an attractive option to CSP technologies. The mean annual global solar radiation for Al Khor was 1,858 KWh/m2yr in 1987. Because of possible fluctuations in solar irradiance, a backup solution exists for electric generation, using molten salt storage units to store heat for later use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Programmes are usually successful with a high percentage of students placed in industry for which they were trained. Some states such as Morelos and Queretaro, however, are targeting higher education as an economic growth strategy to overcome such barriers and work with local industry in designing course, including on provision of entrepreneurship education at tertiary level. By 2011 this had risen to 18 000, rising to 19 000 in 2012, with an overall target of 25 000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This is longer than the average length of teacher salary scales in OECD countries (24 for lower secondary education, see OECD, 2014a). The maximum salary of a pre-primary, primary or lower secondary teacher is approximately 73% greater than the beginning salary, whereas for upper secondary teachers the maximum salary is about 76% greater. The salary scales for Flemish teachers look slightly "steeper” than the OECD average (OECD, 2014a). Compared to most OECD countries, the Flemish Community puts a heavy emphasis on length of teaching experience in determining individual teachers’ salaries. Teachers with the same levels of qualifications and teaching experience receive essentially the same salary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
One of the objectives of RMK is to offer outdoor recreational possibilities and introduce sites of protection value through the nature tourism system based on everyman's right in recreational and protected areas. In total there are 13 RMK recreation areas across Estonia and since February 2009, RMK is also dealing with visitor management in five national parks and in approximately 40 other protected areas. In 2008 RMK published the manual "Visitor monitoring in nature areas" (Kajala et al. In April 2009 RMK took into use a new application KOSI for entering and processing the visitor information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the Jim Crow South whites disfranchised blacks by extralegal and legal practices. The latter included the “white primary,” which allowed a political party to nominate its candidates for the general election. Blacks were excluded.  Pursuing “the Negro's right to vote,” the NAACP battled suffrage restriction in Texas. Its initial case,  Nixon v. Herndon  (1927), convinced the Supreme Court to overturn Texas’ law excluding blacks from primary elections. The legislature changed it by allowing the Democratic Party's executive committee to determine its eligible voters, but the Court disallowed the change in  Nixon v. Condon  (1932). The Texas Democratic Convention, a private body, thus restricted participation in primaries to whites-only. Enlisting black Houston dentist Dr. Lonnie Smith as plaintiff, NAACP counsel unsuccessfully contested the party's racial exclusion in state court. He appealed and the Court overturned the “white primary” in  Smith  8–1. Black voter registration and voting increased in southern states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A greater female presence in these areas could have a positive effect on Mexico's economic performance. See Source section for more information and Annex 3 for notes (www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance-19991487.htm). In 2011, 63% of Mexican women over 15-years of age declared that they had been victims of some kind of violence in their lifetime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Routes, transfer stations, schedules and ticketing are poorly co-ordinated and integrated in the Agglomeration. Changing this and developing a long-term perspective for system improvements will necessitate political, economic and organisational measures (Solodkij and Gorev, 2013). An integrated and efficient transport system will need to be built on clear rules and close co-ordination among different stakeholders of the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For example, a report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on the most recent Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) study focuses on both 'excellence' and 'equity' (OECD, 2016a). There is broad agreement on suitable measures of excellence. The most commonly used measure for this purpose is mean test scores, sometimes supplemented by the percentage of children who have reached a specific threshold of proficiency. There is much less agreement on what equality is and how best to measure it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Soft compliance measures are also used as the starting point in the Native Vegetation Regulations in Victoria, Australia. If contractual commitments or management actions are not being met by the offset supplier, the regulator will work with them to improve the situation, but if this is unsuccessful, subsequent payments may be withheld until the necessary land management actions are completed. Non-compliance with the land management contract may result in a requirement for payments received by the landowner and associated costs being paid back to the regulator (DSE, 2012). Conditional payments have proved to be a useful tool to align the incentives of the offset supplier and the regulator in order to improve supplier compliance (Box 4.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This difference is very important and is attributable to the human capital associated with traditional skills and knowledge, not obtained through attending educational institutions. In this chapter we discuss both human capital accumulated through formal schooling and human capital based on local and Indigenous knowledge (LIK). Certainly, measuring the latter is a more challenging task given the difficulty of quantifying the value and scope of LIK. It is worth noting that the lack of one (e.g., formal education) may be partially compensated, albeit indirectly, by another (LIK) in terms of human development. First, human capital is the most important ingredient in the "knowledge sector", which includes technologically advanced industries and services (e.g. information technology, high tech manufacturing, financial services, etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Income inequality increases, and children from low income families participate less in formal child care. Gleichbehandlungsbericht des Bundes 2014”, Vienna. Arbeitsmarktlage und Lebenssituation von Frauen und Mannern auf regionaler Ebene in Osterreich”, Study commissioned by Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As mentioned above, the overall biodiversity rating is good for the coastal zone of mid Norway according the Nature Index of Norway (Gundersen et al., Expansion of kelp forest and associated species has led to an increase in the index, however a decline in coastal populations of (e.g. coastal cod), mammals (e.g. grey seal, Halichoerus grypus) and birds (e.g. common eider), has led to an index decrease (Gundersen et al., The mean depth of the Baltic Sea is 55 meters and the deepest parts are approximately 400 meters. A strong salinity gradient effects both biodiversity and ecosystem function.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The breakdown of land use between pasture and arable land in agricultural enterprises and individual farms (Figure 1.36) illustrates this connection. Agricultural enterprises have a larger share of their total land classified as arable compared to individual farms and they exploit little of the available pasture, which is in part used by rural households through formal or informal arrangements. Individual farms dispose of smaller portions of arable land, with pastureland constituting almost three-quarters of their lands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For energy projects, they reached USD 9.5 billion, up almost USD 781.8 million compared to 2014. Information and communications technology (ICT) disbursements totalled only USD 443.1 million, mostly in the form of technical assistance for regulatory reform (Figure 11.14). During the same period, 41.2% of cumulative disbursements went to the LMICs, followed by the LICs with 30.7% (LDCs 28.2% and OLICs 2.9%). The UMICs received 21.7% of total disbursements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Globally, one in every three women has experienced some form of GBV. Men and boys are also victims of GBV and may face even greater barriers than women in reporting it and seeking justice. Due to the high prevalence and costly impact of these crimes, GBV merits a high priority within SSR policymaking and programming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is exemplified in Rwanda, which achieved the highest percentages of women in parliament after the introduction of a quota system in 2002. With 44% of its parliamenterians being women, Rwanda outperformed even Sweden, one of the few countries that has made continous progress towards closing the gender gap in parliament (without a quota system). This composite index is available from 1950 to 2003 (Figure 12.10). After a slow start in the 1950s, the gender equality measure exhibits a steady trend upwards, which can be observed for all the world’s regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Juniper forests are found on more arid sites than Picea schrenkiana and grow at higher elevations, up to 3,200 m. Broadleaved forests in Central Asia are walnut and wild fruit forests, or pistachio forests. The former contains walnut (Juglans regia), mixed with several other wild fruit tree species (see sections on Kyrgyzstan, page 44, and Uzbekistan, page 52). The main extent of these forests is found on the slopes of the Tian Shan north of the Ferghana Valley in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan (figu e 2) where high annual precipitation occurs (up to 1,200 mm).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This paper discusses the ways in which the sharply increased danger of bio-terrorism has made infectious diseases a priority in defence and intelligence circles. Against this background, the author sets out a central principle of global public health security: a strengthened capacity to detect and contain naturally caused outbreaks is the only rational way to defend the world against the threat of a bio-terrorist attack. He then discusses the three trends that underscore this point: vulnerability of all nations to epidemics, the capacity of a disease such as AIDS to undermine government and society, and the way in which the determinants of national security have been re-defined in the post-Cold War era.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The data comes from Paxton et al. ( Based on this information, a dummy variable was created where a score of 1 was given for the years where women have the right to vote. This information is then mapped for 1913,1950 and 2000 to give an idea of changes in female suffrage over the past century. In order to have a better overview of gender inequalities related to suffrage, data on male suffrage has been gathered from Przeworski (2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This means ensuring that schools comply with national education policies on administrative, technical and legal matters, and advising principals on compliance with school planning, management, and evaluation regulations. School supervisors are in regular contact with schools, visit them at least once or twice per year, and request from them a variety of reports (e.g., time arrivals, attendance). In 2010, the MEP clarified the roles of school supervisors to ensure greater consistency in supervision practices across schools and prevent unnecessary interference that could limit school leadership and autonomy (MEP, 2014). The 2012 initiative More Education and Less Paperwork {Mas Educacion, Menos Papeleo) sought to identify processes, controls and requirements that could be simplified or withdrawn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This growth slowed in the 2000s. Energy use by transport has been relatively stable since 2005 (Figure 5.1), as the total number of vehicles and distance travelled per vehicle have stagnated. Emissions in 2008 were about 3% above the assigned amount (76.39 Mt C02 eq per year) under the Kyoto Protocol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Comparing the salaries of primary teachers and nurses in more than 20 developing countries reveals that in 2009, many were near the poverty line (Chai, Ortiz and Sire, 2010). The terms and conditions of employment for care sector workers need to be better regulated and improved (Folbre, 2006). This requires effective regulation and monitoring by states, but also a critical role to be played by the organizations of care workers and of care-users, who need to build public confidence in such services and sustain their adequate financing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The first is the Duncan index or index of dissimilarity (see methodological annex), which reflects the proportion of students from the minority group, classified in this case as poor, who would have to switch school type to be distributed homogeneously across the different schools. Values range from 0 to 1, with 0 representing nil segregation and 1 maximum segregation. The second index is the index of isolation, which can be interpreted as the likelihood of a member of the minority group (students from the first quintile in this case) coming across a member of their own group at school (see methodological annex).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Export taxes were first introduced in 1979 because of the scarcity of palm oil as a raw material for cooking oil. Palm oil exports dropped significantly, in the first year alone falling from 84% of production in 1978 to 55% in 1979. In June 1991, the government abolished the tax in order to increase exports and attract more investments to the palm oil sector. However, concerned by a large increase in the price of cooking oil, the government imposed an export tax on palm oil products (CPO, RBD PO, CRD olein and RBD olein) in September 1994 (Figure 2.12).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
We explore how participatory monitoring can help communities and community partners define local governance, identify governance issues and problems, and improve women’s participation, based on action research from 2011 to 2015 to improve women’s participation in decision-making in indigenous communities in Nicaragua. The findings are based on experiences in developing a participatory monitoring governance tool and the lessons learned, observations about the process and results from the monitoring. We found that participatory monitoring of governance provides a mechanism to identify obstacles to community governance by creating a space for community members to evaluate local governance, identify issues and present solutions. It also created tensions with leaders who were concerned that monitoring would focus unwelcome attention on their activities. While we have yet to see if the tool actually improves women’s participation and governance—a longer-term impact—participants said that the process helped them define good governance and explore improving participation and accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It thus permits identifying “gainers” and “losers” of policy reforms. The advantage of the simulation is that it can hold “everything else” constant (unemployment levels, market-income inequality, household composition, etc.), For instance, it can show whether families at the bottom, middle and top of the income distribution are now better or worse off than they would have been with unchanged policies. This leads to “automatic” changes in redistribution mechanisms, if no policy action is taken (OECD, 2008b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Although it is difficult to make cross-country comparisons, this is far below those of many of China’s East Asian neighbours in 2010, such as Japan ($32), the Republic of Korea ($16.6) and Taiwan Province of China ($8.36). For qualitatively similar estimates, see Ceglowski and Golub, 2011. The reason is that these exports contain little of the exporting country'’s own technology and production factors, apart from low-skilled labour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The unsatisfactory demographic situation in European countries, in particular the reduction of fertility, actualizes the issue of reproductive rights. Reproductive rights include the human ability to make free and independent decisions about their reproductive health, including the birth of children, the time and intervals between their birth, the right to decide on procreation without discrimination, threats and violence, as well as recognition of the right to receive relevant information. The article is devoted to the analysis of some problematic general theoretic, criminal law and criminal procedure aspects in the field of reproductive rights. In particular, issues of assisted reproductive technologies application, their regulation at the international and national levels, as well as in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter – ECHR) are considered in the article. Special attention is paid to the specificity of the legal and practical factors of surrogacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A number of OECD countries measure the quality of mental health care in primary care settings using a range of indicators. Sweden monitors the use of inpatient somatic care for patients with a mental disorder diagnosis that could have been avoided if primary care and/or primary or secondary prevention was sufficient. Finland tracks total mental health visits to primary care which sometimes include visits to specialists (psychiatric nurse, psychiatrist) who work within primary care as well as mental health related visits to a primary care physician.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It looks at the LDC-related policy aspects of digital connectivity and reviews examples of recent reforms that have allowed greater integration of LDCs into the evolving trading environment, where e-commerce plays an increasingly important role. The chapter highlights existing initiatives that have shown some promising results, stressing, nevertheless, that there is no "one-size-fits-aH" solution. Ultimately, users in the LDCs will guide markets and governments, demonstrating to them what they most urgently require in terms of digital connectivity. It underlines that affordable access to information is crucial for enhancing trade and sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Some children going online for the first time find themselves in a digital space where their language, culture and concerns are notable by their absence. Those with access to digital technologies and the skills to make the best use of them will have the advantage over those who are unconnected and unskilled. Adults without ICT experience, even if employed, were likely to earn less than those with ICT skills.8 Other studies of adult populations in countries such as India9 and Tunisia10 reflect similar findings. Consider mobile technology, which has become embedded in every aspect of daily life - and at a singular pace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2010 the High Court delivered several judgments with potentially significant implications for the protection of human rights in Australia. It invoked the doctrine of the implied constitutional freedom of communication in Aid/Watch, found that offshore processing of asylum seekers must comply with procedural fairness and natural justice, invalidated elements of the SA government's control order scheme as it encroached on the independence of the judiciary, and invalidated amendments to electoral laws that shortened the period for enrolment. In this review we evaluate the implications of these decisions in the wider context of the protection of human rights in Australia. We argue that while these decisions have made an important contribution to restating the boundaries of rights protection, there are significant limitations in relying on judicial review as a mechanism of rights protection within the Australian constitutional framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To this end, electricity exports continued to increase steadily over the last five years, and a notable increase of 62 per cent took place in 2014. Nevertheless, actual electricity exports reached 1,552 million kWh in 2014, representing only 22 per cent of the projected electricity export potential outlined in the Programme. This may indicate that the methodology used for the forecasting of electricity export was rather optimistic and not fully aligned with the present realities of Tajikistan’s export potential. A new Ministry of Energy and Water Resources was established on the basis of the former Ministry of Energy and Industry and former Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Mexico, support based on farm input use accounted for 45% of the PSE, while market price support was the second largest component with over one quarter of producer support. Input subsidies in this country are directed predominantly at the lowering of energy, insurance and price hedging costs for farmers, as well as for investments. Amongst these, energy subsidies are the most distorting support, although they are provided within an overall support level which is around 12% of gross farm receipts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This work stands out because of its emphasis on literature, culture and citizenship, as opposed to the more directly environmental approach to ESD common in much of the Caribbean. Also notable in this regard is an undergraduate course in teaching Caribbean poetry, which was designed in collaboration with Cambridge University, and integrates a sustainability focus through a strand on literature and the environment. In addition to these courses, the university is also exploring ESD possibilities campus-wide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These inequalities were exacerbated by the structural adjustment programmes of the 1980s, the liberalisation of the economy in the 1990s, and the rapid growth of financial services after the liberalisation of financial markets in 1991. On the advice of the international financial institutions, governments have opted to offer targeted assistance to poor households rather than generalised subsidies on basic goods (e.g. staple foods) and services (e.g. water and electricity). Towards this end, the government has tracked the incidence and prevalence of poverty, and conducted poverty mapping to be able to identify the vulnerable households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Cleantech to market benefit scientists as much as students | R&D Mag.” R&D, May 17, 2010. Students test clean energy by degrees - FT.com.” Business Education, March 20, 2009. It is a strategy for governments that contains recommendations on policy instruments and tools for achieving economic growth in line with the sustainable use of natural resources and a measurement framework for progress towards these goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Equally, if prices suddenly fall (as does happen, see Figure 5.1 below), then the private operator may (temporarily or permanently) withdraw, leaving the public authority to ‘pick up the pieces'. The different drivers for the different activities often create tension between public service providers and businesses that may compete for the same waste stream. If ownership rights over materials and responsibilities for cleanliness and service provision are not clearly defined and delineated the tension may lead to vulnerable or underperforming systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)