albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Taken together, the time spent by 15-year-olds in school-based instruction and self-reported instructional time outside of school (43 hours) is slightly lower than the OECD average (44 hours). Education at a Glance 2016: OECD Indicators. Table D 1.1, liltn://dx.doi.org/10.1787/cag-2016-cn. Men account for 18% of the lower secondary education workforce and only 3% in primary education, both of which are below the OECD and EU average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Teaching standards could help to give impetus to reform, but only if all stakeholders in the system - universities, administrators, supervisors, principals and above all teachers - are accountable for putting them into practice. There is also a strong perception that the teacher recruitment process is neither fair nor well designed to identify those candidates with the requisite qualities to become a good teacher. Costa Rica has already taken steps to address these challenges in the last five years, these need to be accelerated if the country is to ensure that all students are taught by a teacher that is qualified to teach. Unlike many OECD countries, most of the largely private universities providing teaching programmes in Costa Rica do not have a selective admission process, and the number of places available in initial teacher education programmes is not based on a projection of teaching needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Available at: https://assets.kpmg.com/content/ dam/kpmg/xx/pdf/2017/10/kpmg-survey-of-corporate-responsibility-reporting-2017.pdf Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation. Available at: www.mnr.gov.ru/press/ news/s_4_maya_2018_g_v_rossii_vstupit_v_silu_novaya_lesoustroitelnaya_instruktsiya Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation. Available at: www.mnr.gov.ru/press/news/ stroitelstvo_lesnykh_pitomnikov_mozhet_stat_obyazatelstvom_lesozagotoviteley Ontario Superior Court of Justice. Resolute Forest Products Inc. v. Greenpeace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Use a differentiated approach to reach out to students at different stages of their study process. Use performance assessment exercises, including regular feedback sessions with people from the business community, alumni entrepreneurs and students and to track and survey alumni with entrepreneurial careers. Build and expand linkages between research and teaching, for example by getting doctoral students to work on research topics related to entrepreneurship education. Recognise that compulsory courses may reduce genuine interest in entrepreneurship. Interdisciplinary team efforts in entrepreneurship education allow individuals to concentrate on what they know and like best and at the same time become familiar with new knowledge that can be associated in a new way of solving a problem or creating a new product or service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Target 3.7 calls for universal access to sexual and reproductive health care services (including family planning), information and education, which would help to prevent adolescent childbearing and unintended pregnancies. Globally, childbearing among adolescents declined by 21 per cent between 2000 and 2015. Central and Southern Asia made the greatest progress: the region reduced the adolescent birth rate by more than 50 per cent, largely due to advances in Southern Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The programme of making further reductions in subsidies has been halted now. The economy is estimated to have contracted by 0.9% in 2012 compared with its 4% growth rate in 2011. To promote economic self-sufficiency, the Government discouraged the export of agricultural goods, such as wheat, flour and sugar, and industrial products, including steel, aluminium and other metals. The Government is prioritizing investment in the oil and gas sectors to arrest falling output.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The CBFA came into effect in May 2010 and expired on 18 May 2013. An amended CBFA has been established since, involving seven environmental organizations (two fewer than in the previous agreement), the Forest Products Association of Canada and its 18 member companies, and Kruger Inc. (CBFA, 2014). The simplified procedures include fundamental changes to the rules for the allocation of tariff quotas on the export of spruce, pine and fir roundwood (Russian Gazette, 2013a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The community legislator’s hope is obviously to further motivate the industry to support minor uses and orphan crops through the evaluation process of new active substances in order to gain more protection on their overall investments. Within the perspective of a sustainable and equitable agriculture, AUDACE is focusing its interest on areas of practice or regulation relevant to agriculture when these seem to compromise the legitimate objectives. This includes FAO specifications which, in the past, had been regarded as benefiting farming by opening markets to more controlled productions of generic plant protection products. He explained how standards recommended by standard-setting bodies become mandatory once they are incorporated into national laws. He explained the standard-setting process followed by the FAO/WHO JMPS and pointed out some of the potential inconsistencies with how standards should be defined and the characteristics they should possess. For example, the proposed pesticide standards contain confidential information that is claimed as intellectual property.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For the six States and the District of Colombia surrounding the Chesapeake Bay area the TMDL’s will now be mandatory (Chapter 5.2) (Perez, Cox and Cook, 2009). In the TMDL process modelling and monitoring can play an important part in allocating pollutant loads to various sources, such as helping to determine the relative contributions of arable crops, intensive livestock operations and urban sources to loads of nutrients and pathogens observed in large water catchments (Helmers et al, 2007). The resulting classification for each water body is reported to the European Commission (Johnes, 2007). The ecological status ranges which can range from “high” to “bad”, is determined by a combination of biological quality elements (aquatic flora, benthic invertebrate fauna and fish fauna) and physico-chemical quality elements (such as oxygenation conditions, nutrient conditions, salinity, as well as specific pollutants).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The jobless rate in Spain in the last three months of 2012 rose to 26%, or 5.97 million people, the highest level since the mid-1970s, due to the country’s prolonged recession and deep spending cuts. Youth unemployment surged to 55%. The unemployment rate in Greece also increased in the final quarter of 2012 to more than 26.8%, the highest level in the European Union, with youth unemployment edging towards 60%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Over the last decade, numerous crime prevention programmes have been implemented across the German school sector. Although several serious violent attacks have happened in the last 12 years in German schools, the emergence of crime prevention programmes within the education sector cannot simply be conceived as a reaction to a rise in youth crime. Following Michel Foucault's writings on power and governmentality, and drawing upon extracts of a discourse analysis of crime prevention programmes and political speeches, we argue that crime prevention within German schools signifies a new mode of governing childhood. Although we focus on Germany, our findings may illustrate an international trend within education policy, which first tends to spatialise socio-structural problems and transform them into local solutions, and second seeks to create childhood subjectivities that cause children to feel responsible for their own safety, while simultaneously subjecting children and young people to wide-ranging social c...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Lastly, the administrative gap is still a concern for half of OECD countries, EU and non-EU members alike, as well as the information gap and the accountability gap, which also prevent the acceptance of water policy reform towards more integration. The “profiles” attached to this report provide in-depth analysis of multi-level governance challenges in water policy of 17 OECD countries. For instance, any country facing a sectoral fragmentation of water roles and responsibilities across ministries and public agencies (policy gap) may also suffer from the conflicting goals of these public actors (objective gap).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The surveys do not make the distinction as to whether the scholarships are of public or private origin or whether they correspond to merit-based rewards, furthermore, they tend to be of a non-transferable nature. This includes all monetary transfers by civil society organizations, in particular religious institutions and national and foreign non-governmental organizations. It was not possible to separate them in all cases from gifts by private households. These include monetary transfers in the context of public social programmes and subsidies, some of which involve not a real transfer but a reduction in the cost of access to public services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The reviews provide information on how public funds are being used and their impact. This also entails enhancing the capacity of stakeholders to interpret and use the data to inform national policy processes. Capacity building at the organisational and system levels is closely interlinked and refers to the presence of an institutional and legal infrastructure that supports the collection and reporting of data in a transparent manner (UNDP, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
While improved security and military presence may improve access to services for women (such as schools, health providers, etc.), Rape carried out by soldiers/insurgents/private military troops and military-fuelled prostitution are the most blatant examples of the negative impact of military-embedded organizations on gender. The likelihood of progressive gender change is thus mediated by CoSOs in complex, multifaceted ways, depending on identity, framework of action and political opportunity structure as well as context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These results suggest that, for some of these emerging pollutants, N BS work better than grey solutions and in certain cases may be the only solution. However, industrial applications of NBS, particularly constructed wetlands for industrial wastewater treatment, are growing. A review of 138 applications in 33 countries made clear that constructed wetlands have been used for many types of industrial effluents (Vymazal, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Shortly after its independence in 1948, the country invested in water infrastructure development, mainly to support irrigated agriculture due to the new necessity for domestic food self-sufficiency (Becker, 2013[so]). The agricultural sector was a priority water recipient, it avoided implementing demand management and its water allocation quotas could not be allocated to the industrial or urban sectors. Until 1996, the Ministry of Agriculture managed the water sector and relied on natural water resources to meet all demands, with agriculture as the primary user. The Ministry kept the political objective of maintaining low water prices for farmers (World Bank, 2017(53]). In the 1970s and 1980s, freshwater sources were fully employed and by the 1990s, a period of severe drought, focus shifted to establish new water supply in replacement of freshwater use (Katz, 2013[S2j).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In a number of Latin American countries with defined contribution pensions, joint annuities are required. For an equal fund value, married men who buy a joint annuity get a lower individual benefit than single men because the right to additional benefit (the widow’s pension) is contracted with the same fund (James 2012: 27). In contrast, NDC systems do not currently permit joint annuities. The transition from a male breadwinner model to de-familiarized pension systems raises complex policy dilemmas from a gender equality perspective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This enables large utilities to duly allow for the portfolio effect benefits of generating portfolios which includes generating technology with quite different cost and cost risk characteristics such as nuclear in comparison with portfolios dominated by “the dash for gas”. The pervasive assumption of risk management officers that the gas price risk can be largely passed on to the customers on account of revealed strong correlation between the price of gas and the price of electricity might prove costly once the gas market turns from a buyers’ market to date into a sellers’ market. Aspects in need of further strengthening include the transformation from one-period analysis into multi-period analysis building on recent work in this regard, research to improve the credibility of covariance matrices used, and segmentation of baseload, mid-load and peakload technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Are they self-regulated? Are they becoming increasingly meta-cognitive? So, inquiry teams now sharpen the focus on an area for change that has high leverage while at the same time being manageable. The next phase involves developing hunches about the ways in which the learning professionals themselves are contributing to this situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As a result, government investment in reforms and targeted assistance to increase access to public procurement can benefit women and their communities. Women lack information about government procurement guidelines, regulations and procedures. The relatively small size of their businesses hinders their ability to access large procurement contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Second, technological progress shifted production technologies in both industries and services in favour of skilled labour. In that time, trade integration - the sum of imports and exports as a share of GDP - doubled in many OECD countries. But globalisation is not only about trade in goods and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The congestion charge, increasingly applied in various metropolitan areas, has been shown to reduce congestion considerably, ranging from a 14% reduction in Milan (over 2008), 15% in London (2002-2003) and Singapore (1998) and 22% in Stockholm (January-July 2006) (Beevers and Carslaw, 2005, Olszewski, 2007, Milan municipality, 2009, Johansson et al. Not only did it create a cordon for vehicles entering the central city or the central business district, as is the case in London, Stockholm, Milan and several other cities, but it has also implemented congestion charges on expressways that are not in the central city, which Toronto might also consider. At present, there are 48 of these gantries: 30 form a cordon around the central business district, 13 others are located on selected expressway segments and five on radial arterial roads.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The National Energy Research Council (NERC) analysed the potential savings for ten Jordanian enterprises (hotels, banks, and a health centre) were they to adopt energy efficiency measures. The government currently allocates less than 0.5% of its budget to the environment (UNEP, 2011). The establishment of national green growth policies or economic development plans which integrate environmental concerns and opportunities, and the allocation of adequate public funds and other resources show government’s determination to achieve green growth objectives and can help raise investors’ confidence. Jordan is also signatory to a number of environmental conventions: the Regional Convention for the Conservation of the Red Sea (1982), also known as the Jeddah Convention, the Convention of Biological Diversity (1993), the Convention on Nuclear Safety (1994), the Convention on Combating Desertification (1996), the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2002), and the Convention on Nuclear Safety (2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Campaigning and raising awareness among young men and women, parents, teachers and employers about gender-stereotypical attitudes towards academic performances and the likely consequences of overall educational choices for employment and entrepreneurship opportunities, career progression and earnings. Encouraging more women who have completed STEM studies to pursue professional careers in these areas, for example by means of career counselling, adult education, internships, apprenticeships and targeted financial support. Designing tax-benefit systems so that both parents have broadly similar financial incentives to work. Securing availability of and access to affordable good-quality early childhood education and care as well as affordable long-term care for other dependants, including for example disabled children or elderly relatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Systems for monitoring the progress of disabled children are in place in schools where teachers were trained. There are individual plans for each child and greater emphasis on showing their achievements. The children's individual work plans are incorporated into the annual kindergarten and primary development plan. Recently, with funding from the FTI, over 100 mobile schools in tents have been established. Sixty-two per cent of new recruits to primary education are girls and from 2004-2009 girls' completion rates doubled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Within feminist debates on Islamism, many issues remain both contentious and insufficiently explored, including the relationship of fundamentalism to religion, the situation of Islamism in relation to a supposed crisis of modernity and search for authenticity, its legitimation through "democratization" and "multiculturalism," the connection between fundamentalisms and extreme right politics, and the qualitative value attributed to women's widely acknowledged centrality to Islamism and cultural identity. This article explores these issues and, in doing so, discusses three problematic discursive frameworks within which the subject is generally approached: an "orientalist" discourse, which demonizes and essentializes Islam and the Muslim world, a "multiculturalist" discourse, which legitimates even the most fundamentalist Islamic voices in the name of "cultural difference" and "women's agency", and a "pluralist" discourse, which distances itself from overtly right-wing political uses of Islam while maintaining an apologist stance in relation to Islam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The P4P approach entails consistent demand for quality food, targeted capacity-strengthening of small family farmers, typically through producer organizations, and coordination and linkage support for providers of key supply chain services (see also Box 19). A series of recent P4P case studies is also available at http://www.fao. Further, producer organizations not previously selling collectively sold another US$60 million worth of quality food to buyers beyond WFP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Comparative analysis shows that the concentration of biodiversity richness in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ranges from 54 times (in fishes) up to 246 times (in birds) higher than the mean European Species Diversity Richness. In this context, the most significant changes are occurring in aquatic habitats - natural lakes, wetlands, and in specific sections of major rivers. Grassland ecosystems have also changed significantly, with large areas having been turned into arable land. Threats to forest ecosystems are varied and include desiccation, die-back processes, forest fires, illegal logging, and various diseases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It has continued despite professed commitments by the global community to the Millennium Declaration. The situation has deteriorated with the ongoing financial and economic crisis. While the timing and sustainability of economic recovery continue to be debated, job recovery and better work conditions will lag considerably behind, with adverse consequences for real incomes and living conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In this respect, improving effectiveness may require co-ordinated and complementary efforts from all stakeholder groups, recognising too that there may be effectiveness tradeoffs between the urgency to scale-up climate finance in the near term and the need to build country capacity and readiness. Establishing domestic policy, institutional and accountability frameworks for climate finance takes time and needs to be country-led. In the meantime, bringing different communities and sectors together to share lessons learned and to build a consensus on how to strengthen domestic institutions for managing climate finance and how to improve the international architecture of climate finance will be a key step towards the effective allocation and delivery of resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Leaving environmental use rights, i.e. the right to emit CO2, with members of Group A will increase their relative income and their willingness to pay and hence climate change impacts must be economically valued in a rather modest manner. Instead, giving environmental use rights, i.e. the right to demand an end to CO2 emissions, to members of Group B will increase their income and their willingness to pay, and hence climate change impacts will need to be valued in a more substantive manner. This is the representative value of the probability distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Data for non-European countries have been estimated using social expenditure outlook aggregated data. Tax breaks for families have been estimated from on the ratio in the previous year. Cash payments -like family allowances, child benefits, working-family payments, birth grants and income support payments during child-related leave (see the notes to Figure 3.1)- account for the bulk of family support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Each donor tends to undertake its own identification missions, negotiate the terms of the projects to be sponsored, impose its own accounting methods, define its own conditions, and conduct its own monitoring and evaluation. This not only increases the direct cost of providing aid but also tends to affect the institutional capacity of recipient countries, which complicates the pursuit of coherent, long-term development policies by Governments. Aid fragmentation has also rendered the flow of resources less predictable and more volatile, thereby making the management of budgetary processes highly dependent on aid flows all the more challenging.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In 1988, the infamous ‘section 28’ inserted a provision in the Local Government Act 1986, forbidding local authorities from the promotion of homosexuality. During 1999/2000, attempts were made in Scotland, and in England and Wales, to repeal and replace this provision. Whereas the Edinburgh Parliament was successful in this endeavour, political opposition in the House of Lords prevented repeal at Westminster. This article argues that section 28 must be removed because it is incompatible with the Human Rights Act 1998. In particular, it examines the evolution of Convention case‐law in relation to issues of free expression, protection of family life, the right to education and non‐discrimination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)