albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Early studies on benefit spell durations are based on annual data on benefit receipt focusing primarily on the receipt of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) in the United States (Bane & Ellwood, 1983, 1994, O’Neill, Bassi, & Wolf, 1987, Hoynes & MaCurdy, 1994).23 One common conclusion of these studies is that while there is clear evidence of long-term benefit receipt, the large majority of spells are relatively short. An obvious limitation is however that the measurement of spell durations in these studies is quite imprecise. For individuals who remain on benefits for prolonged periods, benefit spell lengths will be overestimated as no distinction can be made between single long spells and a series of recurrent shorter spells.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Better co-ordination between care providers is seen as desirable because it can improve patient care and outcomes, and/or because better co-ordination can help to generate efficiency gains and overall cost savings. This review shows how payment is used to encourage greater co-ordination and integration of care across different levels of care in France and in Germany. They were made available to three different types of multidisciplinary primary care facilities: “maisons de sante” (multi-professional medical home), “poles de sante” (multi-professional medical facilities) and “centres de sante” (traditional health centre) aiming to enhance the organisation of care and providing new services to patients, and give a financial incentive for collaborative working structures. Centres de sante have been in operation for decades and mainly serve under-privileged urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It noted that the distribution of wealth and power affects the allocation of investment opportunities often in socially undesirable ways, because “high levels of economic and political inequality tend to lead to economic institutions and social arrangements that systematically favour the interests of those with more influence. This is consistent with some basic stylized facts that are discussed in the subsequent chapters of this Report. There was strong global growth during the decades immediately following the Second World War, w ith low or declining inequality in industrialized countries and also in many developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The position may be better characterised by saying that financiers, like businesses, have not always recognised that some things they are already factoring into lending decisions are in fact members of an intangible asset class. This point is explored further in Box 4. The most clear-cut example of this trend is the widespread dependency of all but the most basic forms of hardware on software to make them usable, from highly specialised industrial machinery to motor vehicles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the deliberations on cultural diversity and language policy that have occurred in Northern Ireland since the onset of the peace process. The paper looks specifically at how policy decisions and political debate on the Irish language and the languages of migrant communities are driven by competing notions of Britishness and Irishness, despite a supposed desire in the Belfast Agreement to promote ‘respect, understanding and tolerance in relation to linguistic diversity’. The paper argues that the peace process has increased the level of policy discussion on both autochthonous and allochthonous language issues, but has also served to cement their position within ethnic conflict. While debates on new policy directions have raised discussions on intercultural awareness in policy delivery, the competing interests of the political parties have tended to act as a barrier to the development of a true linguistic pluralism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The ratio of natural regeneration to planting has increased but remains one of the lowest in Europe. Despite progress in recent years, Poland has less deadwood in its forests than most other EU countries. Some forest types, notably alluvial forests, have not been adequately protected, resulting in reduced populations of some protected forest birds, such as black grouse.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In many cases it will be difficult to move emergency food supplies into the region, because transport connections and market links are weak. Moreover, the four key challenges for implementing a spatially nuanced policy to address food insecurity and malnutrition are precisely the challenges facing efforts to implement a bottom-up regional policy. This requires identifying local impediments and opportunities for growth and engaging the local population as key actors in bringing about change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The decision of the Supreme Court in the conjoined appeals in Mayor and Burgesses of the London Borough of Hounslow v Powell, Leeds City Council v Hall, and Birmingham City Council v Frisby represents the culmination of a line of judgments demonstrating a slowly evolving acceptance, by the House of Lords and now the Supreme Court, of the European Court of Human Rights' position on applications brought by public authorities to recover possession of their properties from tenants occupying pursuant to various statutory regimes. The European Court of Human Rights has held that the protection of private and family life in Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) demands that defendants in possession applications have the opportunity to argue that a possession order would be disproportionate. Further, in any such proportionality challenge, factual issues raised relating to personal circumstances of defendants should be considered by the relevant court.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All countries should give priority to measures that improve the quality of life and health by ensuring a safe and sanitary living environment for all population groups through measures aimed at avoiding crowded housing conditions, reducing air pollution, ensuring access to clean water and sanitation, improving waste management, and increasing the safety of the workplace. Special attention should be given to the living conditions of the poor and disadvantaged in urban and niral areas. The impact of environmental problems on health, particularly that of vulnerable groups, should be monitored by Governments on a regular basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, the US state of Tennessee has passed a bill, which recognises that blockchain data and smart contracts have legal effects (De, 2018). Yet, a global coverage of this recognition will be a key success factor for blockchain-based networks. With the introduction of the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the question of blockchain technology’s compatibility with GDPR arose (Toth, 2018). The “EU Blockchain Observatory and Forum” created a dedicated working group for “blockchain and the GDPR” and launched a report end of 2018 stating that compliance can be achieved by blockchain initiatives but further investigations and rulings axe needed (EU Blockchain Observatory and Forum, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The concept of law reform in common-law jurisdictions has always been predicated upon the need for lawyers to break out of their traditional mould of commitment to and contentment with “lawyers law” or technical legalistic justice. Evidently, changing the law for the sake of change is not a good thing. Any reform must be beneficial to the diverse needs of the community or society. In the context of Sierra Leone, as a member of the international community, the needs of the nation after the widespread and systematic commission of grave violations of international humanitarian law during the decade-long armed conflict demand conformity between the country’s municipal law and the norms and values of international law. That is the focus of this chapter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
With lower wages, simultaneous industrialization would not be profitable because of a lack of aggregate demand. In their model, the rich demand high-quality goods, the production of which offers little scope for increasing productivity, by contrast, the middle class demands standardized goods produced through mass manufacturing, where most productivity gains occur. Hence, a reduction of income inequality has positive effects on economic growth because it increases demand for products with growth-enhancing properties. For example, a high level of inequality may lead to social upheaval and increase the crime rate, which create uncertainty among investors, erode property rights, raise transaction and security costs, and reduce growth (Venieris and Gupta, 1986, Benhabib and Rustichini, 1996, Grossman and Kim, 1996, Bourguignon, 1998).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Various data sources are available for urban MSW, but methodologies and samples vary enormously, resulting in different and sometimes contradictory estimates. The two most important official data sources are the 2000 and 2008 National Surveys of Basic Sanitation, conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, and the annually updated National Sanitation Information System (SNIS), managed by the Ministry of Cities. Available data are hardly comparable, however, due to methodological difference and poor statistical bases (e.g. the SNIS relies on self-reported data from municipalities, but the number of municipalities participating is low and some of the data fed into the systems are inconsistent).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
High food and fuel prices threaten the sustainability of existing social protection programmes from two sides. The costs of food assistance and energy subsidies increase, while at the same time government revenues from taxes and tariffs decrease (Ortiz et al. High consumer prices erode the value of cash transfers thereby further reducing the already meager impact of these programmes (Ortiz et al. 2011).The systems are characterized by large exclusion errors and in some countries sizeable inclusion errors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While there is no disagreement on this general notion, a look at the productivity literature and its various applications reveals there is no single purpose or indicator to measure productivity. The focus is on maximising the output with a given set of inputs and a given technology or on minimising the inputs for a given output. The focus is on minimising resource input costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The organisation of these departments underwent significant changes between 2009 and 2010 as part of the General Review of Public Policies (RGPP) conducted by the French government. On 1 April 2009, the National interbranch agency for sea fishery and aquaculture products (OFIMER) became FranceAgriMer, through the merger of five agricultural agencies (Ofimer, Office de Yelevage, ONIGC, ONIPPAM and Viniflhor). It is mandatory for the CNPMEM to be consulted on any domestic or Community measure regarding fisheries conservation or management, the conditions applicable to commercial fishing or the working of the industry as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The distinction between types of variables is important because specific statistical measures can be applied to each category, as shown in the paragraphs that follow. Computations of proportions, percentages, ratios and rates are basic statistical procedures used in describing the categorical composition or distribution of qualitative variables and serve as useful tools for the standardization of the statistics compared. It is important to keep in mind that the measures of composition or distribution should not be calculated for small numbers of observations. In that case, actual numbers (absolute frequencies) should be preferred. A proportion is defined as the relative number of observations in a given category of a variable relative to the total number of observations for that variable. It is calculated as the number of observations in the given category divided by the total number of observations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Demand-oriented innovation policies are thus part of an evolution from a linear model of policy, usually focused on R&D, to a more broad-based approach that considers the full innovation cycle.1 The focus on demand-side policies also reflects a generalised perception that traditional supply-side policies - despite many refinements in their design over past decades - have not been sufficient to bring about the desired level of improvements in innovation performance and productivity. With pressing societal needs in such areas as health, security, population ageing and the environment, consideration is being given as to how government spending might foster innovations that could lower the costs of meeting these needs. Japan for instance, has recently re-oriented its innovation strategy towards a series of demand-oriented national goals such as the transition into a low-carbon economy and tackling the challenges of an aging society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Alongside indirect monetary measures of poverty, Amartya Sen (1981) proposes using direct measures of poverty, which reference deprivations in functionings or their proxies. Direct methods verify whether people actually achieve certain functionings or satisfy certain needs. Indirect methods such as an income or consumption budget set establish people's access to the resources which might enable them to achieve such functionings—but do not guarantee them. An additional advantage of direct measures for a regional or global measure is that standardized assessments can be compared directly across regions and countries and do not require adjustments for PPP exchange rates or inflation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2000). “ Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 Main Report", available from ftp://ftp .fao.org/docrep/fao/003/Y1997E /FRA%202000%20Main%20 report.pdf (accessed 4 August 2017). Soil resources comprise the top layers (horizons) of soil that form a biological system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As affirmed by international instruments, instigation is a recognised mode of participation in international crimes. The UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide made punishable the inchoate crime of direct and public incitement to commit genocide. The Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) imported this inchoate crime. Furthermore, it included instigation as a mode of participation under Article 6(1) (which would lead to the imposition of criminal responsibility for the crimes). This double appearance of instigation under the Statute of the ICTR has been problematic to both the Trial and Appeal Chambers of the ICTR. Their jurisprudence on instigation is not just flawed, but also inconsistent and does not contribute to the evolution of instigation as a mode of participation in international criminal law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The 2015 Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development clearly identify the urgency for the global economy to shift to a low-emission climate-resilient development pathway, to avoid costly effects of climate change for sustainable development, and adapt to the impacts that have already been locked in. The mining sector is often associated with negative impact on the environment and climate, and surrounding local communities. The sector is also frequently viewed as operating in a silo, and disconnected from the rest of the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Apart from correlations at the individual level, additional correlation arises because of the common structure (stratification and clustering) of the waves of a panel (Verma and Betti 2011). The approach used in this paper was to test two different methods to produce variance estimates for three-year averaged indicators in EU-SILC, building on previous work at the University of Siena (Verma et.al 2010). A first, direct approach defines a common structure of strata and PSUs for the three waves of the sample, and applies standard JRR replications to the union of the three cross-sectional samples.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
With a combination of fast economic growth and lax environmental regulation, countries like Brazil, Indonesia and Malaysia are meeting increased food and energy demand by converting their forests to agricultural land (OECD, 2015). Deforestation for cropland is one of the major driving forces of ecosystem degradation and habitat loss across the world. By destroying carbon sinks, deforestation also amplifies the impacts of anthropogenic climate change (OECD, 2012 and 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Given that Nordic development aid donors have a long track record in supporting Ethiopia in the implementation of its green growth strategy, they could either take ongoing development support activities as an entry point to enhance existing initiatives, or provide targeted aid in an attempt to help Ethiopia overcome individual barriers, by contributing e.g. to low-cost loan schemes, micro-finance solutions, specific grant schemes or further engaging in the issuance of risk guarantees and green bonds. Consequently, energy efficiency needs to form a considerable part of Georgia's plans for pre- and post-2020 climate change mitigation action. This is articulated in the country's INDC which aims for a 15% reduction of GHG emissions by 2030 compared to business-as-usual.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
To date, MWA has commissioned three major research reports: Realizing the Opportunity: Addressing New Zealand’s Leadership Pipeline (2013), Transforming Cultures to Grow Women Leaders (2012), and Women on Boards: Why Women on Company Boards are Good for Business (2009). These publications have allowed MWA to base its strategies on a strong foundation of evidence-based research and advocacy. For example, in partnership with MWA, NZX has introduced the NZX Diversity Listing Rule, which requires listed companies to report on the gender composition of their board of directors and senior managers. The ministry has also worked with a group of private sector champions called the 25 Percent Group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Since 1990, global forests have lost carbon stored in their biomass in almost all regions, adding to global carbon emissions. The total carbon stock held in forest biomass fell by an estimated 0.5 gigatonnes annually from 2005 to 2010, primarily due to a reduction in global forest area. Stemming these damaging releases of carbon requires sustainable forest management worldwide to limit deforestation and allow forests to maintain their crucial role in ecosystem health. Impacts on natural and human systems are projected to span the globe, with varying effects region to region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Adequate international financing needs to be available, especially to developing countries and the least developed countries. Domestic sources should be tapped to the extent possible, but the size of required investments will make international finance necessary. Designing national sustainable development strategies demands the integration of complex processes across the macroeconomy, the energy sector, and the deployment of technology, policies for social and economic inclusion, and the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These principles will contribute to policy coherence at the global, regional, national and sub-national levels, and ensure that development activities are mutually reinforcing. Family planning is therefore a matter of equity and social justice. A human rights-based approach to family planning entails for more than solely protecting the right to access family planning services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Patient safety is also implemented through accreditation mechanisms, but patient safety culture and implementation of safety policies vary. These are often initiated by the Danish Patient Safety Association. Four important programmes have been set up to secure patient safety: The Danish Adverse Event Study in 2001, The Danish Society for Patient Safety (DSFP), The Danish Safer Hospital Programme, and The National reporting system for adverse events.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It would include the right to be free from poverty and hunger, the right to health and social security, and the right to participate in decisions that affect one's life. Most mainstream economic approaches that inform policymaking tend to privilege production for the market. The sphere of unpaid work is taken for granted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It leaves out much of the important economic policy agenda put forth by developing countries in international negotiations. While they do include a specific goal on the building of a global partnership for development (Goal 8), its wording is weak and lacks quantitative targets in several aspects. However, they fail to mention equity, empowerment of people, sustainability, security, and building sustainable productive capacity for economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Subject to this caveat, Table 3 shows that, like social expenditures, total government revenues have also increased on average across OECD countries (from 33 percent in the mid 1980s, to 34.7 percent in 1995 and 35.8 percent in 2005). But, unlike in the case of social expenditures, the shares of the total that are typically accounted for in redistribution studies, have gone up as well (from just under 35 percent of total revenues in 1985 to just over 36 percent in 2005). Some of these direct taxes are much more progressive than others. Personal income taxes employ progressive tax schedules (even if they have become flatter, as shown in the next section), while social contributions can be regressive, consuming a bigger part of the incomes of low-to-middle income earners than of higher-income groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In addition, as five-year budgets involve planning spending in given areas within education (e.g. staff compensation), there is greater room for stability in industrial relations with teacher unions to the potential benefit of the daily operation of schools. In fact, in this context, teacher remuneration would not need to be negotiated every year. Nonetheless, conflicts with teachers over salaries and working conditions are somewhat common (INEEd, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Recent scholarship on globalization has conflated methodological critiques of rationalism with ontological arguments. American rationalist paradigms of IPE, it is argued, are too state-centred and utilitarian to offer convincing explanations for emerging non-state forms of global governance. In response, this essay argues that rationalist theories do provide important theoretical tools to understand the political economy of globalization, even in its hierarchical forms. An examination of the changing forms of contractual relations between international organizations and non-governmental organizations, the functions of international credit rating agencies, and the growth of offshore tax havens, shows that underlying utilitarian incentives for political behaviour can be uncovered and explicated, even within these non-state forms of contemporary global governance. Consequently, the appropriateness of any given IPE method should depend upon the research question asked, not pre-existing assumptions about the i...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)