albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Other farmer groups focus on a particular issue, often supported by NGOs in their mission to empower rural people. These have generally focussed on advocating farmers’ rights over natural resources such as land and water (particularly prominent on the Outer Islands) or in helping farmers develop sustainable agricultural practices such as organic agriculture. Rather than being locally based, some farmer groups focus on a particular sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Major drivers include the potential rise in commodity prices and agricultural policies supporting irrigated crops with high water consumption per unit of agricultural land, or the increasing competition for land use across agricultural, forest and urban areas. Analysis of these major market and policy drivers is beyond the scope of this study, however, they suggest that policy approaches to managing droughts and floods are likely to take on greater importance in the context depicted by projections. Although there are several ways to define and measure these events (Sheffield et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For example, the cost of sending remittances from France to Senegal has gone up from 9.3 per cent to 12.3 per cent between 2008 and 2012 (Figure 11.2). As Figure 11.3 indicates, there are also significant variations across time and across host countries when the cost of sending remittances to Haiti is considered. The first element, i.e. the fee, appears to be relatively stable although, over the past few years since the data started to be generated, the fee charged has seen some increase for certain agents whilst it has come down for others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Research effort has been undertaken to address the problems associated with using REW, both for farmers, but also in terms of health and environmental costs. One such success story has been the use of soil aquifer treatment to ensure greater purification of REW. For Israel to move toward more sustainable use of REW, however, will further require: examining the stringency of treatment standards, investing in treatment infrastructure, and developing research, especially on the concerns related to the possible links between use of REW in agriculture and endocrine disruption in the male population. Environmental Law and Policy Center, Chicago, United States. Redesigning animal Agriculture, CAB International, United Kingdom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article introduces a novel database on investment treaties called the Electronic Database of Investment Treaties (EDIT). We describe the genesis of the database and what makes EDIT the most comprehensive and systematic database to date. What stands out besides the coverage is that treaties are all provided in one single language (English) and in one single format that is machine-readable. In the second part of the article, we provide selected illustrations on how the data can be used to address research questions in international law, international political economy, and international relations by applying text-as-data methods and by extracting and visualizing data based on EDIT.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The collapse of communism across East Central Europe was marked by a renewal of debates around reproduction, with abortion debates surfacing in Romania, Germany and Poland. Reproductive politics and more specifically abortion debates typically come to the forefront in times of crisis or societal transformation. Struggles over women's reproductive rights in Poland, as evidenced by continuing debate around the legal status of abortion, are in this postcommunist context intimately related to and bound up with ongoing symbolic and concrete re-definitions of Polish nationhood, identity and citizenship. Focusing on the connections between discourses of Polish nationhood, gender and democracy, this article offers a detailed and critical engagement with debate in the Sejm (the lower chamber of the Polish parliament) during the second reading of the 1996 liberalization of abortion amendment. Using a discourse analysis methodology, the article argues that abortion is a symbolic issue through which anxieties about p...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Moreover, because of widespread occupational segregation in the labour market, described in detail in Chapter 2, economic policies that have distinct effects on particular sectors, such as the service sector, will affect women and men’s employment differently. Demands on unpaid work may intensify during times of economic stress, increasing the burden on women. Volatility at the macroeconomic level produces outcomes that both reflect and reinforce existing gender dynamics, although the outcomes will differ depending on the context. When a crisis triggers women's withdrawal from paid employment, they return to dependent positions within the household with less autonomy and less access to incomes of their own.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This function can be implemented by using theipvsadm command. We measured AC power, that is, the output of the inverter, but not DC power, that of the battery, so that these data can be referred to in a different experimental environment, such as using commercial AC power for power supply. We compared energy-proportional control to the conventional method in which all web servers are always active, in Figure 9. The results show that there are no differences between these two methods in terms of response times.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Abstract   This paper presents the current state of public administration of Romania in terms of legislation, practice, reform and competitiveness of EU rules. Thus, public administration reform was imminent, and the introduction into national law of the provisions referring to the promotion and protection of human rights in public administration gained new meanings giving them the due importance. The public administration's mission is to provide better information to citizens, ensure transparency in administrative documents as well as to strengthen and extent the participation of civil society in decision making. Good governance requires respecting the principles of a good administration: the rule of law, non-discrimination, equal treatment, proportionality, consistency, objectivity and impartiality. The minimal respect of all of these will ensure quality public services, better information and involvement in the European community (Code of Good Administrative Behavior, Relations with the Public).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The United Kingdom’s Demonstration Test Catchments (DTC) project is a new initiative of the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) to provide a research platform from which a number of integrated ways of managing agricultural diffuse source pollution at the river catchment level can be developed. France also has launched a major research initiative by the Ministries of Agriculture and Environment, conducted through the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), to support the national Ecophyto plan that plans to achieve a 50% reduction in pesticide use by 2018. Nearly three-quarters of the UK land surface is in agricultural production and the influence of farming on water and the ecosystems it supports is significant (Table 5.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Since then, however, TFP growth has turned positive, although it has been slower than in other country groups. In the island LDC subgroup, TFP has grown very slowly since the 1960s. It has alternated between periods of positive and negative growth, with a performance similar to that of partial productivity measures examined above. The former include the relatively positive agricultural productivity performance of mixed exporters and manufactures exporters, as well as fuel exporters (chart 2.8B).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
First, they act as a disincentive for those out of work to stay on benefits, and “shake out” those who are able to move into paid work. A second intention is that they allow participants to maintain skills and enhance their employability, for example by allowing them to demonstrate that they are reliable and good workers. These schemes are particularly important for those with durations of non-employment of over three months.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Also, since 2013, more than a hundred new diagnostic and treatment protocols have been developed, with a focus on cardiovascular diseases, 20 types of cancers, paediatrics and trauma care, which are currently being piloted in selected hospitals. Although the rate for women is much lower than for men, both rates are among the highest in the EU. Alcohol control policies introduced in 2007-08, including restrictions on advertising, sales and increases on taxes, resulted in partial and short-lived improvement Alcohol policy is a focus area of the government, and new legislation is coming into effect in January 2018.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For employers, costly, complex or time-consuming legal processes can add significantly to the cost of hiring and especially dismissing workers. But equally, if it is difficult or costly for employees to pursue cases of unfair dismissal, they might be exposed to arbitrary actions from employers. More than half of OECD countries have specialised courts or procedures to handle unfair dismissal cases, making courts more accessible, reducing the time taken to deal with cases and improving satisfaction with outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Government’s essential role was limited to providing transport and communications infrastructure services and to facilitating international trade. For example, there is a proposal to convert the city of Almaty into a subregional services hub through development of transport, tourism and financial services (see box 2.1). Such developments could also stimulate modern firms to participate in global value chains because many initiatives on the proposed hubs, such as effective Internet connectivity and courier services, are also prerequisites for value-chain participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. It presents the key reform of local governance and decentralisation of environmental management since 1994. It provides insights into institutional and management challenges in selected environmental sectors, including land use and water resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While underreporting and misclassification may bias both the absolute level and the distribution of benefit recipiency, the impact on the distribution of benefits is likely to be smaller. This is akin to calculating the likelihood of benefit receipt for sub-groups of unemployed persons with particular demographic and labour market characteristics relative to the average. For the purposes of this section, the distribution of benefit recipiency is shown according to gender, age and migrant status, as well as according to the work experience and work status before becoming unemployed, and the length of time unemployed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Assessing the role of short-time work schemes during the 2008-09 recession (cont.) Countries that have modified their STW schemes as a response to the crisis are Belgium, Germany, Finland, France, Italy (all 2009 Ql), the Netherlands and Norway (2009 Q2). Data on participation in short-time work schemes are obtained partly from Eurostat and partly from national sources. Take-up of short-time work is measured as the ratio of the average number of participants to the number of employees during the crisis period or, in the case of schemes that were established in response to the crisis, during the period when the scheme was operational.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Social Science & Medicine, 68(8), 1396-1406. Worrying about the stock market: Evidence from hospital admissions. The mental health consequences of the recession: economic hardship and employment of people with mental health problems in 27 European countries. Cuts drive health system reforms in Spain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They all include more sectoral and product disaggregation than the global models, and cover multiple types of households and types of labour. All of the national studies include micro-simulations drawing on the model results. Given falling consumer prices, real household consumption would increase by considerably more in most cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This scenario assumes that world economic growth will be sluggish over the short-term, and then recover after 2013 and expand by about 4.2% annually. The recovery is assumed to have two-speeds: a first period in which growth will be modest in developed countries, reflecting the post-economic crisis effects, followed by a second period of more rapid growth in both emerging and developing countries, driven by private demand. World population growth is expected to slow between 2013 and 2025 to only 1% annually. Population is expected to grow more in developing countries, and in particular in African countries, growing over 2.3% annually whereas it is expected to decline in Japan and in the Russian Federation by about 0.2% annually.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The result is declining production growth rates through the projection period compared to the past decade. Brazil will account for the greatest share of additional beef produced through the next decade. Sheep meat production is also projected to grow faster in the coming decade than the last, driven by firm prices due to strong import demand from Asia and the European Union.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Pilot programmes and smaller systems have been implemented in Pasig City, Bangkok, Bandung and Delhi (Mateo-Babiano, 2015). Any effort to promote the use of non-motorised transportation should be developed with stakeholder engagement and public participation. Vehicle ownership can be affected through price-based measures, such as additional taxes and fees at purchase or on a recurring basis that are not affected by the intensity of use, or through non-priced-measures such as quotas on vehicle licenses that directly control the number of new vehicles that can be purchased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Where relevant, additional sensitivity analysis are used to elucidate these differences. There is one small exception from this general finding, namely that incineration appears to be the better solution than reuse in the rest of the World when assessing the contribution to marine eutrophication. This is due to the fact that incineration of polyester in the Nordic countries is beneficial for the environment for this category, while the ultimate fate of the polyester textile after reuse in ROW is landfilling, which is associated with a small impact in the category.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Part of the broader initiative is to reduce the impact of fisheries on the natural environment while not compromising the profitability and competitiveness of the sector. On-board innovations such as sustainable fishing gear and facilities to aid processing and survival of bycatch are financed. Strong emphasis on technological solutions and knowledge transfer is seen as a solution to reviving the industry. The initiatives include, for example, investments in research on fuel saving demersal gear and testing its environmental effects. The objectives within this priority are laid down in the National Strategic Plan. Part of the remaining budget is intended to fill the knowledge gap related to marine litter and underwater noise, an important issues pertaining to the marine environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The sheer volume of women adding their voices to the conversation, saying “I hear you, I understand you, I believe you”, has enabled them to find courage. Providing women with a chance to unburden painful experiences, and ultimately find relief, serves as collective therapy that is free and open to all. Women everywhere can say “me too” to someone else, whether that means “it happened to me” or simply “I believe you.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Funding for monitoring is needed to pilot test several global tools that monitor and report on the involvement and participation of various stakeholders and at various sub-national and national levels. Many national statistical organisations need capacity building and additional support to establish relevant reporting lines/channels and systems for reporting on this indicator. This includes sensitizing authorities to working with different groups, support engaging communities, running and advertising community consultations, and drawing concrete feedback and next steps from consultations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It should be the goal of public, private and non-governmental family-planning organizations to remove all programme-related barriers to family-planning use by the year 2005 through the redesign or expansion of information and services and other ways to increase the ability of couples and individuals to make free and informed decisions about the number, spacing and timing of births and protect themselves from sexually transmitted diseases. Specifically, Governments should make it easier for couples and individuals to take responsibility for their own reproductive health by removing unnecessary legal, medical, clinical and regulatory barriers to information and to access to family-planning services and methods. All political and community leaders are urged to play a strong, sustained and highly visible role in promoting and legitimizing the provision and use of family-planning and reproductive health services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
New interventions for mild-to-moderate disorders can represent good value for money. Stepped care for mild-to-moderate mental illness has been supported as a cost-effective approach with good outcomes by a wide range of clinical guidelines, and low-intensity interventions such as bibliographic and guided self-help, peer support groups, and a range of new internet-based interventions can be effectively implemented with low costs, especially when backed with support from primary carers. For cases which need higher intensity interventions, an expanded and more diverse workforce is needed, along with a wider range of available treatments. Specialist vertical programmes targeted at significantly expanding available treatment for mild-to-moderate disorders have been put in place in a small number of cases with considerable success.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Children’s regular enrolment in school is commonly the main condition for receiving the transfer. By conditioning social assistance on children’s school attendance, such interventions effectively succeed in aligning parents’ incentives with the students’ best interests. Data from PISA clearly show that even in countries where enrolment gaps have disappeared (or reversed in favour of women), such as India, Colombia, Costa Rica and Peru, a performance gap between boys and girls persists in key areas of learning, such as Mathematics and Science.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The pressure that stems from anomie operates unevenly between the different strata, having greatest effect on the most deprived. Srole and Middleton (1963, cited in Huschka and Mau, 2005) made the psychological concepts of anomie and alienation operational, thereby giving rise to many empirical studies, especially in the United States. More contemporary versions have argued that inequities and social polarization produce anomie at times of social change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The symbol * denotes countries with a priority recommendation on reducing producer support to agriculture. Data on PSE for individual EU countries is not available. Fossil fuel subsidies encourage wasteful use of energy, blur market signals and undermine the competitiveness of fuel efficient or cleaner technologies, for instance of renewable energy (IEA, OPEC, OECD and World Bank, 2011). Reforms of land planning and zoning laws and building permit procedures are likely to result in changes in the use of land and in transport patterns and various related environmental impacts such as on pollution, GHG emissions or biodiversity. To the extent they reduce the amount of land devoted to “nature”, these are likely to be negative, but the overall effect will depend on how environmental considerations are taken into account in planning procedures, transport policies, policies addressing urban sprawl and building codes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
She teaches, advises and supervises our activities and now I really know much about farming. However, with the coming of the WOLAR project, we, women farmers have been highly targeted and we are part of the greenbelt Government initiative on irrigation, where we will be growing similar crops and market them.” This process has helped to implement the Inheritance Law passed in 1999 that provides for women’s equal inheritance rights with men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Seethe UNFCCC website for the complete list of countries (UNFCCC, 2016). Three more projects - in the United States, Australia, and China - are currently in various stages of planning or construction, with anticipated start of operations in or before 2020 (Global CCS Institute, 2016a). However, the Sleipner and Snohvit projects are currently the only ones in which C02 is injected specifically for permanent storage. All other operating projects use the C02 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR),26 in order to recover costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Abortion is illegal except to save a woman's life in 13 Arab countries, and abortion is legal to save a woman's life or preserve her physical and mental health in eight.40 Only in Tunisia is abortion legally available without restriction.41 According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in the six countries of North Africa alone, nearly 1 million unsafe abortions were performed in 2008.42 Complications from these abortions accounted for 12 percent of maternal deaths in the subregion. The unavailability of legal abortion puts the weight of the state behind the existing dissonance between later marriage and the taboo on premarital sexual activity. The disconnect is especially notable in countries such as Lebanon and Libya, where the highest marriage ages combine with the strictest positions on abortion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Such punishment shows students that the use of force—be it verbal, physical or emotional—is acceptable, especially when it is directed at younger, weaker individuals. In practice, the category of external violence is a broad one and the distinction between school violence and external violence is often hard to draw. It may also be driven by general feelings of rage, frustration or humiliation unprovoked by anything the victim may have done, as in the case of violent sexual assault and random shootings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They would also like to acknowledge the participants in the FERDI International conference on "International labour mobility and inequality across nations" (Clermont-Ferrand, January 2014) and to the expert meeting on "Harnessing knowledge on the migration of highly skilled women" co-organised by the International Organization for Migration and the OECD Development Centre (Geneva, April 2014). The push and pull factors influencing this significant share of migration have typically been explained as a by-product of male migration: female migrants have been assumed to migrate mainly for reasons of family reunification as dependents of male migrants as wives, daughters or mothers. Over the years, the body of knowledge on the migration of women seeking better employment opportunities has increased, including research on topics such the role of gender discrimination in the workplace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)