albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Qualitative research dominates political science. In the field of international relations (IR), for example, about 70% of scholars primarily employ qualitative methods, compared to 21% favoring formal or quantitative analysis (Jordan et al.  2009 ). Since nearly all of the latter make secondary use of textual and historical methods, overall  over 90% of IR scholars  employ qualitative analysis, whereas 48% use any statistical and only 12% any formal methods. This understates the dominance of qualitative analysis, for many statistical data sets rest ultimately on historical work, and IR scholars, when polled, report that qualitative case studies are more relevant for policy than quantitative or formal work. Hardly any major IR debate—whether that over the end of the cold war, American unipolarity, Chinese foreign policy, the nature of European integration, compliance with international law, democratic peace, the causes of war, or the impact of human rights norms—remains untouched by important qualitative contributions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract  The concomitance of black-skinned student-populated colleges and universities on the African continent has created a quiescence regarding whiteness, racism, and disparity in African higher education. Resultantly, scant attention has been paid to the role and possibilities for Black populated colleges across the African continent to transform the political, social, and economic realities of African nation-states. In fact, the confluence of Western imperialism, slavery, genocide, and the contemporary frame of terrorism is highly correlated with the seeming permanence of war, oppression, and poverty across the African diaspora in general and on the African continent in specific.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Wind power in Denmark is now a EUR 10 billion annual industry employing 30,000 people (Danish Wind Industry Association, 2016). The Friends were established in June 2010 to support G20 and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) leaders' commitments to phasing out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies. In April 2015, the Friends launched the Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform Communique at the annual World Bank Springs meeting along with the support of the United States and France.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Sweden’s public health policy, under the Medical Services Act, aims to provide health care on an equal footing to all, regardless of age, gender, the ability to take initiative, education, capacity to pay, nationality or cultural differences. Overall, minority groups are well-served in Sweden -both officially listed national minorities as well as other minority groups present in the country. However, there is nonetheless evidence of generally reduced mental health levels amongst Swedish minority groups, which indicates the need for culturally adapted outreach efforts. There is also evidence that such groups are more frequently prescribed hypnotic and sedative drugs than the majority population, which points to a general difference in the way their treatment is approached. Language barriers may play a large part in explaining this treatment gap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The 2030 Agenda also sets aims for the contribution and conduct of fisheries and aquaculture towards food security and nutrition, and the sector's use of natural resources, in a way that ensures sustainable development in economic, social and environmental terms, within the context of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (FAO, 1995). A major challenge to implementation of the 2030 Agenda is the sustainability divide between developed and developing countries which has partially resulted from increased economic interdependencies, coupled with limited management and governance capacity in developing countries. To eliminate this disparity while making progress towards the target for restoration of overfished stocks set by the 2030 Agenda, the global community needs to support developing nations to achieve their full fisheries and aquaculture potential. The total first sale value of fisheries and aquaculture production in 2016 was estimated at USD 362 billion, of which USD 232 billion was from aquaculture production. In per capita terms, food fish consumption grew from 9.0 kg in 1961 to 20.2 kg in 2015, at an average rate of about 1.5 percent per year. Preliminary estimates for 2016 and 2017 point to further growth to about 20.3 and 20.5 kg, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
These measures were applied in 2016 and there has been no increase in traffic congestion. The team thus identified the biggest barriers to better mobility in the city: motor vehicles and lack of space for pedestrians (including pavement obstructions in many places). It helps them to diagnose road safety problems, prioritise interventions and evaluate projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
And the fact that different countries show very different patterns indicates that some countries are making more progress than others towards 'the just society'. As die trend line shows, there is a significant correlation between the two. Figure 6a should therefore be read in conjunction with Figure 6b which compares overall government spending on protecting families (including cash benefits, tax allowances, and spending on services for families) with overall child poverty rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The project must focus on regional development (economic, social and human development) rather than infrastructure development and improvement. The project must be based on dialogue with the municipalities and the main actors in the area by mobilising non-public actors for implementation, ii) The development board: that represents a variety of economic, social, cultural and association groups which must be consulted during the preparation of the project and on final delivery of the project prior to signature of the contract. They can also be associated with the drafting of the contract.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For some minorities, and particularly many autochthonous linguistic minorities, the question of economic participation raises a number of different complexities and challenges. In this chapter, the author approaches this issue from the perspective of someone who works with some of the more threatened autochthonous minority linguistic and cultural communities in Europe. Examples are used from the experience of these communities to illustrate these complexities. The basic argument presented here is that the existing international instruments tend not to be particularly clear with regard to the impact of economic and broader social policy on the viability of minority language communities, and that relevant treaty bodies have generally not considered such impact to any considerable extent.  Keywords:language communities, language issues, languages charter, linguistic, socio-economic participation
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Moreover, only 1 of 16 countries in the region submitted form D (annual information on substances frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances) for 2014 to the Board by the annual reporting deadline of 30 June, thus affecting the Board’s ability to analyse regional precursor trends and patterns. A comprehensive review of the situation with respect to the control of precursors and chemicals frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in the region can be found in the report of the Board for 2015 on the implementation of article 12 of the 1988 Convention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Furthermore while higher education institutions expressed concern about the lack of employment opportunities for graduates within the region, many did not have robust institution-wide systems in place to monitor the labour market outcomes of their graduates or did not know where they had found employment. Considerable number of students engages in voluntary work. With the exception of the Tel Hai College, this is noncredit bearing and considered outside of the curricula. However, from the student perspective there are competing demands of community service obligations, jobs to pay for college and time needed for academic study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In authorising federal participation in water resource development projects, Congress seeks to maintain a reasonable balance between the powers of the federal government and those retained by the states, local governmental entities and private enterprise. Acts of Congress, and interpretations thereof by the Supreme Court, also clearly indicate that the federal government may participate to some degree in all aspects of water and related land conservation, development and management. However, in practice, the degree of federal participation and financing in water policy making is not very high and varies between planning, construction, operation and maintenance activities according to applicable precedent and law and the likelihood of widespread and general benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Not only do students with emotional or behavioural problems have a high risk of never obtaining an upper-secondary education qualification (Johnston et al., School-based mental health interventions can take a variety of forms, ranging from whole-school programmes to promote mental well-being, initiatives to improve teachers’ and school staffs’ mental health literacy, co-location of multidisciplinary teams to targeted interventions focussing on at-risk students. Given the strong links between bullying and students’ mental well-being, some innovative anti-bullying programmes have also been developed (see Box 3.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This might indicate that information is not yet available. Expenditure on infrastructure development and maintenance and on marketing and promotion is generally lower due to the narrower definition, focusing on primary agriculture. In the US estimate, this leads to the removal of major programmes, which results in a striking reduction of expenditures for marketing and promotion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Three climate change scenarios were considered: low emissions (RCP 2.6), medium emissions (RCP 4.5) and high emissions (RCP 8.5). Each scenario was projected using twelve different climate models, and the median result was taken as the value for the respective drought and flood indicators. Scenarios of no adaptation as well as low and high adaptation were taken into consideration. The greatest vulnerabilities are seen in areas of sub-Saharan Africa and South and South East Asia, where millions of people are likely to face greater risk of food insecurity as a result of climate change by the 2050s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This evolution could lead to dramatic changes for the Clermont metropole. It has lost its status of regional capital and its activities will be challenged by the two other cities—Lyon and Grenoble. Moreover, Lyon and Grenoble officially benefit from the enhanced status of metropoles (along with 11 other cities in France), which means that they have a comparative advantages in terms of funding and that they can control and make contracts with their hinterland in an easier way than can Clermont-Ferrand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Maintenance, leak detection, and engineering studies are currently partly subcontracted. In 1999 SONEDE conducted a study of the potential role of the private sector in supplying safe drinking water (SONEDE, 1999). As part of the study, SONEDE developed a list of activities for which subcontracting could be possible and analysed constraints to the development of contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
* School of Law, University of Manchester. 1 SW v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Adjudicator’s questions) Somalia [2005] UKIAT00037, para. 20. The Immigration Appeal Tribunal, the independent judicial tribunal in the UK with responsibility for determining appeals against initial asylum decisions of the Immigration and Nationality Directorate, was renamed as the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal in April 2005. See further R. Thomas, “Evaluating Tribunal Adjudication: Administrative Justice and Asylum Appeals”, Legal Studies 25/3 (2005) pp. 462–498. Most, though not all, Tribunal determinations referred to below may be accessed from its website  . 2 C. Blake, “Judging Asylum and Immigration Claims: The Human Rights Act and the Refugee Convention”, Public Money & Management 21/3 (2001) pp. 25, 27. Assessing the Credibility of Asylum Claims: EU and UK Approaches Examined
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In urban China too, access to residential housing has been an important equalizing factor, as the policy of providing title deeds to residents of public housing has led to a more equal wealth distribution. However, actual wealth inequality is likely to be higher because of the underestimation of other forms of wealth among the rich. Yet, in fact, it illustrates quite sharply the crucial importance of growth in agricultural incomes for poverty reduction, in a context of relatively equitable distribution of land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Per capita fish consumption is expected to increase in all continents, with Asia showing the fastest growth. In contrast with previous Outlook Reports, for the first time, a slight increase is projected for Africa. Lower feed and crude oil prices reduced production and transportation costs enhancing African aquaculture production and imports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The cost-containment scenario assumes a gradual decrease in the yearly growth of health care spending relating to price, technology and health care policies and institutions from 1.7% to zero in 2060. The cost-containment scenario assumes a gradual decrease in the yearly growth of health spending relating to price, technology and health care policies and institutions from 1.7% to zero in 2060. Demographic factors include the age structure of the population and its health status whereas the non-demographic ones encompass income, technology and relative prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It begins with an overview of the recycled plastics value chain, from initial waste collection and sorting activities through to the production of recycled plastics suitable for re-introduction into the economy. The second part of the chapter then looks at each stage of the value chain in more detail. Heterogeneous and dispersed waste generation contributes to this complexity which, for plastics, is also compounded by the large range of polymers involved. The private sector also plays a key role in waste management, providing services to businesses and citizens to treat and dispose of waste materials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This study examines contemporary crime and punishment discourse in mass media to better understand the institutionalization of hyper-punitive sanctions as acceptable forms of social control. Our principal focus is on gonzo rhetoric, or the discourse and symbolism used to promote and justify exaggerated acts of punishment. Using a content analysis of 136 broadcast transcripts, we examine the rhetorical techniques employed by Sheriff Joe Arpaio, of Maricopa County, Arizona, in order to show how this brand of “crime talk” has become a central component of modern crime control culture. We suggest that the appeal of gonzo rhetoric is rooted in longstanding cultural assumptions about crime and disorder.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Integrated Reporting is defined as “bringing together material information about an organization’s strategy, governance, performance and prospects in a way that reflects the commercial, social and environmental context within which it operates. It provides a clear and concise representation of how an organization demonstrates stewardship and how it creates and sustains value”. The assessment of an organisation’s ability to create value in the short, medium and long term depends on an understanding of the connectivity between its business model and a wide range of internal and external factors. An integrated report is based on different principles: strategic focus and future orientation, connectivity of information, stakeholder responsiveness, materiality and conciseness, reliability and completeness and consistency and comparability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
More empirical research is required to better understand whether, and to what degree, markets for phosphorous and potassium might indeed be characterised by imperfect competition, given the relative concentration of natural reserves of these mined products. Given that the model is comparative-static with a medium-term framework, the results shown in this report refer to impacts after adjustments have taken place. Furthermore, the Armington specification of trade flows tends to make the model conservative with respect to the structure of international trade. The empirical basis for some of the model parameters, in particular with respect to the newly introduced fertiliser markets, is weak.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Some of these families probably persist into deeper shelf water, being joined by some of the upper slope taxa such as the Squalidae. Thus depth, too, (as a proxy for other physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, salinity, etc.) The shelf communities are probably quite distinct from those on the slope, as described generally by Longhurst and Pauly (1987). Thus, the association of demersal fish communities with particular substratum types has not been demonstrated in the WIO, other than in a general sense by Bianchi (1992), and by Fennessy (in press) in a South African study with limited scope.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
American Indians and National Forests.  By Theodore Catton. Foreword by Joel D. Holtrop. (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2016. x + 374 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $39.95, ebook.)  This book was commissioned by the US Forest Service (USFS) and is important scholarship on USFS-tribal relationships and Indian forestry. The first part of the book brings together secondary sources to highlight conservation history and the development of the USFS-tribal relationships. These relationships changed through the major eras of US tribal policy: treaty, removal, Indian New Deal, allotment, termination, and self-determination. The establishment of National Forests co-occurred with the loss of Indian land and Catton argues Indian forestry developed in part to stop “further diminishment of the Indian estate” …   mdockry{at}fs.fed.us
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The factors contributing to low levels of participation in education are similar in developed and developing countries. Household surveys collected in 63 developing countries revealed that poverty and rural residence are the main factors behind children remaining outside of the education system (United Nations, 2013). In developed countries, poverty is often cushioned by social welfare systems, however, opportunities for learning are often limited due to the constraints of place, time and pacing of knowledge acquisition (Muller and Repo, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There are also a number of other reasons - including supply and demand mismatch in the labour market, restrictive social norms, rigid labour market conditions and structural changes in the economy-that push women away from work. The percentage of these people among those in the labour force is defined as the unemployment rate. The overall unemployment rate remained static at 2.4 per cent in both 1999-2000 and 2004-2005 and marginally declined to 2.2 per cent during 2011-2012 primarily because of a reduction in the LFPRs of both women and men in the 15-24 age group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In contrast, concessional finance towards technology is stable following a decline between 2010 and 2012. Still, technology-oriented concessional finance is scarce, representing only one-third of the amount spent on research and innovation and less than 2 % of total concessional finance. While nonconcessional and private finance represents a large share of total support towards ICTs and other technologies, greater international efforts using concessional finance could further support people’s access to ICTs and improving digital skills. However, there are wide discrepancies across countries with core research activities representing one-quarter or more of total STI resources in Ethiopia and India, but less than 5% in Indonesia and Pakistan. In Ethiopia, Kenya, and Pakistan support towards ICTs represents less than 1% of total support to STI, while more than 10% of STI resources are targeting ICT development in Indonesia and Tanzania. The sum of the two charts will exceed total support to STI because of activities contributing to both science/innovation and technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Moreover, the main distinction of the SIGI is that it focuses on rights, as well as on social institutions that often are not codified in laws, but are based on norms and values, as well as attitudes and practices, that shape women's opportunities and decisions (Branisa et al., In addition, the SIGI is a more comprehensive measure considering other dimensions of gender inequality in social institutions. It is a composite index which scores non-OECD countries on the basis of 14 variables (Table l).4 The scale of the SIGI goes from 0, meaning low discrimination to 1, high level of discriminatory social institutions. However, it may still be a good measure of gender norms governing male behaviour and opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A second tracking stage occurs at age 13/14 (6-year gymnasium). Around 13% of students in the relevant age group are enrolled in these tracks (Strakova et al., Students are selected into the different pathways by admission examinations and aptitude tests, and those with the strongest academic performance usually opt for general tracks such as gymnasium and lyceum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Like their male counterparts, women-owned businesses have a range of financing needs. For example, a recent survey of women business owners in the Middle East and North Africa showed that they were more interested in long-term than short-term capital, as well as supply chain and equity financing (Niethammer, 2013). The loan sizes are smaller, the repayment periods are shorter, and the interest rates are higher (IFC, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Because 90% of psychiatric hospitals, which are the dominant provider of mental health care, are privately owned (not-for-profit) institutions, change in care delivery is pursued principally through this payment system incentive. The Spring 2014 revision of this fee schedule included a number of important provisions for mental health care which seek to shift care delivery in line with policy objectives (see Box 4.1). This included revisions to reimbursement for mental health services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It also ensures alignment the national strategy and action plans for sustainable development with the country’s commitment in that field at European and international levels. The committee prepares an annual evaluation report on the implementation of the strategy and actions plans. The members of COAG are the Prime Minister, state and territory premiers and chief ministers and the President of the Australian Local Government Association (ALGA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This chapter outlines its demographics, economy, government and particularly its education system, including recent reform efforts and challenges. It has been free of charge since 2009 and participation rates are now high, with almost universal pre-primary and primary education. Reform efforts to decentralise administration, and increase the quality of its education to meet broader development goals have had less impact, with challenges of effectiveness, efficiency and equity remaining to be met.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)