albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Nevertheless, fulfilment of this obligation has been very limited, as has the extent of the resulting technology transfer to LDCs (Moon, 2008, 2011). A more rigorous implementation of this provision of the TRIPS Agreement in respect of energy-related technologies (including end-use technologies) could provide a means of operationalizing the technology-transfer provisions of the UNFCCC. This could usefully be supported by a more systematic approach to monitoring WTO Members’ compliance with their obligations under this Article 66.2 (UNCTAD, 2016b). South-South and triangular cooperation mechanisms can also help to facilitate the sharing of technological learning and knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Even though deposit-refund systems generate the first best solution in resource allocations they have relatively high transaction costs and is in general more costly to administrate (monitoring and verifying for charging and refunding). This implies that large waste flows or other economies of scales in waste management systems (e.g. standardised product design such as a beverage bottles) are often needed for cost-efficiency. It is therefore not surprising that deposit and refund systems are usually implemented for goods with large waste flows such as packages and specifically beverage containers. There exist also several empirical studies in the economic literature on household responses to policy instruments and how household waste generation and recycling behaviour are influenced by attitudes and socio-demographic attributes in the context of present policy instruments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Some statistics have been developed by the ILO to measure outcomes of labour inspectorate. The same survey also show that punishment for such cases is perceived to be high in Lithuania (11% very high and 44% high), the highest in the Baltic Sea region. Some conferences were organised during the New Social Model process to which social partners where convened, together with researchers and representatives from public institutions, during which they could express their opinion and possibly influence the experts. Source: European Working Conditions Survey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Hours required to qualify for benefits remains at 600h in the past 12 months. Mothers will also be able to start maternity benefits up to 12 weeks before the birth of their child but the total weeks of maternity leave is still 15 weeks. Parental leave insurance benefit can be received by parents returning to work, up to a certain limit. Until August 11, 2018, a “Working While on Claim” pilot project is in place which changes the way the weekly EI parental benefits is treated for parents returning to (part-time) work. Under this pilot project, once the parent has served the waiting period, he/she is able to keep 50 percents of the EI benefits for every dollar earned, up to 90% of the weekly insurable earnings that is used to calculate the EI benefit amount. Any money earned above this threshold is then deducted dollar for dollar from the parental benefit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The main objective of NPRT is to establish public access points in municipalities where there is no 3G coverage. This will lead to greater IT infrastructure centralization and to several autonomy gains through interconnection using IP routing and optical fibre connections. The geographical distribution will take place in an evolutionary way and according to a set of socio-demographic criteria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The duration of the fund’s stake in a company is five to seven years. It also provides them with advice and technical assistance, and develops studies to serve as the basis for equity investments. This type of financial stake is open to any unlisted company in the start-up or growth stage, with high growth potential, excluding those involved in real estate and trading activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If the transparency framework is to provide clarity on whether these features are met, Parties need either a common understanding of “progression”, “scaled up”, and how country strategies are accounted for, or each would need to provide an explanation of how they interpret these requirements. By itself, aggregation of the information requested from individual Parties on mitigation and support will be insufficient to meet the objectives of the stocktake.1 This is because there are information gaps regarding the expected overall effect of NDCs, aggregate financial support provided and mobilised, and whether mitigation actions and finance flows are consistent with low-emission and climate-resilient development pathways. These information gaps are partly due to the lack of common methodologies for estimating the expected effects of mitigation policies, unresolved and divergent views on the definitions and methods to estimate mobilised climate finance, and limits to aggregating country-level information on climate finance provided and mobilised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Introduction of the invasive species Marenzelleria spp. Reasons behind the change are thought to be climate variation and overfishing (Alheit etal., Fish communities are also affected by other human pressures, for example, the abundance of perch and cyprinids have been associated with increased eutrophication in many coastal areas (Adjers et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As in other Latin American countries, this momentum mainly benefited from the impulse given by international organisations such as UNESCO (Finnemore, 1993) and support from multilateral financial institutions. The very limited number of non-academic public research institutes, or for that matter public technology centres (with the exception of the health and agricultural sectors)5 highlighted in Chapter 4, is a Costa Rican peculiarity which will prove to have a negative effect on technology diffusion activities that universities w'ere less prepared to assume. In 1974, the four public universities increased their co-ordination in budgetary and planning tasks, thus opening the way to extending their academic autonomy to a progressive control over budget appropriations guaranteed by the Constitution and to be formally managed by the National Council of Rectors (Consejo Nacional de Rectores, CONARE) established in 1977. Since then, CONARE has played a dominant role in all decisions concerning public funding of research characterised by the overwhelming prevalence of institutional funding (as discussed in Chapter 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Forestland in Republika Srpska is divided into two main categories: areas appropriate for afforestation and management (168,851 ha or 16.9 per cent) and areas not appropriate for afforestation and management (63,108 ha or 6.3 percent). In addition, some public forests w'ithin the protected areas are managed by public institutions responsible for management of protected areas (e.g. national parks, protected landscapes). Financial resources for forest management come mainly from selling wood and wood products. The largest surface area of karst, 144,061 ha or about 83 per cent of uncovered forestland, could be suitable for afforestation and management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These include improving quality information to enable performance-based contracting, creating room for providers and health insurers to develop alternative payment methods based on performance and financial risk-sharing (e.g. risk-adjusted capitation payments) and allowing (limited) vertical integration of health insurers and providers. In addition, hospitals’ access to capital markets could be expanded by revoking their mandatory non-profit status, a move that should be accompanied with measures to secure the orderly exit of bankrupt hospitals, notably in terms of providing essential services, and to ensure an effective and transparent merger control. They could also encourage patients to make choices that take price and quality into consideration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, specifically in urban areas, the predominant factors that contributed to the fertility decline that occurred between 1997 and 2002 were, in order of magnitude, an increase in induced abortion, duration of postpartum infecundability and postponement of marriages. During the same period, the leading factors responsible for the fertility decline in rural areas, in order of magnitude, were postponement of marriages, increase in induced abortion and contraceptive use. Among women living in rural areas, the declining role of post-partum infecundability is of concern if it is not compensated by increased use of effective family planning methods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The light blue indicates the 12 countries with a lower poverty rate in the individual category, the mid-blue denotes the average performers, while the dark blue marks the 12 countries with the highest levels of poverty. Overall, the country composition of the groups is quite stable, as expected, but with some exceptions. Thus Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands and Norway are among the best performers as might be expected (for the total child poverty rate, in the first column, and also for the individual risk categories) while Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania and USA are stable in the group of the worst performing countries on relative poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
That information is used to manage dams and water bodies, minimising risks of floods and droughts. This application enhances K-water’s capacity to deliver its mandate on water quantity management and prevention of scarcity and flood risks. It can serve similar purposes abroad, where other agencies have a similar mandate. Water suppliers in Korea are confronted with the need to renew existing infrastructure, as ageing affects its performance, in particular as regards leakage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Political and social violence includes cultural, economic, and structural subtypes. Social violence includes discrimination, domestic violence, rape, and murder. Economic or structural violence keeps groups entrenched in poverty or limits their ability to improve their working and living conditions. Cultural violence prevents people from perpetuating their cultural heritage. Political violence includes denial of citizenship, wrongful detention, enslavement, forced eviction, and statelessness. The health effects of political violence are extensive: death, disability, adverse birth outcomes, infectious and chronic diseases, mental illness, and damage to healthcare systems. Violent environments can be healed through accountability, reconciliation, and a commitment to human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Experiences in other economies reveal that much more aggressive policy and programme initiatives to assist women in their marketing efforts are possible. A good practice from Pakistan in supporting women exporters is profiled in Box 6.6. They further stressed the importance of expanding cluster linkages for women-owned SMEs and including them in value- and supply-chain initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The volume of fertiliser is in turn determined through a bottom-up process. In each village a definitive plan needs group (Rencana Definitif Kebutuhan Kelompok, RDKK) of farmers establishes their fertiliser requirements. This is aggregated up at the district and provincial levels to obtain a national volume of fertiliser demand. For non-urea fertilisers, the subsidy is presented to offset the fertiliser selling price.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While a sectoral approach to FSN policy and strategy is necessary, it is not a sufficient condition to impact rural livelihoods and reduce inequalities (between rural and urban areas, across rural areas or across individuals). In addition to the availability dimension, there is a need to address the issues of access to food (both economic and physical), the nutritional quality of food (utilisation), and the stability of both the availability and access dimensions in the long run. Other causes of food insecurity' are generally attributed to low incomes, unemployment, health, education, nutrition status, natural resource degradation and weak political commitment, which exacerbate vulnerability to risk. As noted by the FAO, fighting rural poverty and food insecurity will require resilient and diversified rural economies that offer employment and income opportunities. Helping small farmers improve farm productivity can help, but in most contexts, it is not enough to lift all rural poor out of poverty (FAO, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
See Koch (1984) for detailed results of time dependent variations and trends in the car-borne recreational use of the four selected forest areas. Also detailed description of the methodology and discussion of counting errors are given. In 2006, the measurement scheme was expanded to include social indicators related to the recreational use of the Danish forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Women's election to urban local government has increased their social respectability and provided them with the ability to solve the problems of ordinary people (Ibid.). In Chennai, too, several Resident Welfare Associations concerned about the absence of educated middle-class citizen's in public life, fielded their members, including women, as candidates. Regardless of having a number of prominent and powerful female politicians, women's participation in politics in both countries is very low. Despite the provision for reservation of one-third of the seats in local governments, women members are not able to participate effectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The UN Convention Against Corruption is the only truly global convention in corruption control. Separate and rather difficult negotiations were conducted on a mechanism for the implementation of the treaty. These negotiations broke ground by providing, for the first time, peer review of a United Nations treaty. This article, which is based on the authors' close observations and interviews with key participants, seeks to show how the dynamics between technical experts and diplomats led to a resolution that would not have occurred if either the technical experts or the diplomats had acted alone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This aligns with research by Maldonado, Najera and Segovia (2005) from Mexico that showed that significant income increases to women may threaten men’s status causing husbands with more traditional gender views to reassert control through violence. Overall, however, the risk of increased IPV could also decline over time as both men’s individual attitudes and broader social attitudes become more accepting of women’s increased economic activity and financial autonomy (Ahmed 2005). For example, some participants in the South African IMAGE intervention reported that the increased self-confidence, social support and communication skills gained from being part of a combined micro-finance and training initiative resulted in improved partner communication, preventing any conflict escalating into violence (Kim et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Concentrating first on associations with changes in expenditure on social cash transfers, results from Table 3, Panel A suggest that, ceteris paribus, many social cash transfers frequently share no real clear and systematic association with changes in relative child poverty rates over time. Given a certain level of pre-transfer child poverty produced by market earnings, changes in per head spending on unemployment benefits, on parental leave benefits, on family allowances, on social assistance, and on other cash benefits share no clear and significant association with changes in the relative child poverty rates. Only three social expenditure programmes share an association with changes in child poverty rates (Table 3, Panel A).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These can be broadly summarised as single stream (comingled), dual stream (two separate mixtures), and multi-stream (separate compartments on vehicle for each material). In the absence of services being provided by local authorities, private contractors may provide the only alternative. In these situations, waste may be stored on the premises of the house owner, dumped or burned in the street, or transported to informal dumpsites further away. These methods of uncontrolled disposal, lead to increases in disease vectors and environmental pollution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Remedial measures are adopted within the process of continuous assessment when students arc not progressing at an appropriate rate. All decisions regarding student assessment arc made jointly by the leaching team (within the framework established by education authorities). At the end of each year, all the teachers of the group jointly decide on each pupil's promotion after considering the attainment of the objectives of the year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On average, school associations comprise between 6 and 12 schools. In 2010, the vast majority of schools (96.7%) belonged to a school community, and most of the schools that have not joined a school community provided special needs education. The key goal of this initiative is to strengthen schools’ organisational and leadership capacities through increased co-operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A number of local and international partners provided some 20% of the required investment, mainly covered through a grant, jointly applied for. North Sailing supplies researchers with boats and sometimes the researchers come along on the tours to tell about their research. North Sailing also cooperates with the whale museum in Husavik, providing its researchers use of their boats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This general behavioural pattern limits the employment of women, whose professional occupation may be viewed as “optional” vis-a-vis men’s duty to be the breadwinner. This factor, in turn, may contribute to an increase in women’s unemployment relative to men’s. Each spouse retains individual ownership of assets brought into the marriage, and assets obtained during the marriage are registered in their individual names.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A data point below (above) the 45 degree line indicates that the change in the educational composition of the workforce is associated with a fall (rise) in earnings inequality. The Drivers of Labour Earnings Inequality - An Analysis Based on Conditional and Unconditional Quantile Regressions", OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. An upper-secondary degree is today typically considered the minimum needed to find a decent job (OECD, 2010a).17 Moreover, while the returns to lower-secondary education have declined over time, those to post-secondary education have surged (e.g. Lemieux, 2006/?, A simple panel regression analysis that regresses the average rate of return to a tertiary degree on the share of employed and unemployed individuals holding such a degree and country-fixed effects lends support to this negative relationship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Box 4.2 describes three idealised scenarios of efficient water allocation between urban and rural consumers (for the case of a renewable resource). Policy makers might in some cases favour the equity and fairness of the resulting allocation profiles over their economic efficiency. For example, low-income farmers in water-stressed regions may not receive enough water to sustain their livelihoods, an equitable allocation would therefore require shifting water resources to the more vulnerable groups in society at the expense of economic efficiency. Chapter 5 will further emphasise procedural equity, i.e. participation of all stakeholders in the way water is managed as a whole, especially when it crosses urban and rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The International Criminal Court (ICC) came into effect on 1 July 2002. This article gives an account of the historical background to the ICC and an overview of the Court's Statute, remit and powers. It is argued that the ICC is a highly politicized legal institution which will only be effective through inter-state cooperation. Despite its lengthy historical antecedents and legal precedents, prudence suggests that — due to the nature of international politics — the establishment of the ICC should be viewed as the beginning of a cumulative process of reforming the politics of international justice rather than the end of a process of transformation in international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These studies represent a large and important knowledge base, and they have influenced education policy development globally. The Nordic countries represent a unique "laboratory" for in-depth analyses of the outcomes of these studies because of the many cultural similarities combined with clear national characteristics with respect to results and policy development. The biannual Northern Lights publications aim to present highly policy-relevant analyses in a Nordic context in order to enhance the use and understanding of the data from large-scale assessments, and to stimulate Nordic cooperation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Herwartz and Theilen (2010) suggest that the income elasticity could be directly correlated with age. Such an assumption is introduced by the Dutch CPB, the Italian RGS model and the USA CBO long-term model, among others. In the CBO case, the assumption is labelled as “Excess Cost Growth (ECG)” and refers specifically to the percentage points by which the growth of various components of health expenditure (e.g. Medicare, Medicaid, or health care generally -per beneficiary or per capita) are assumed to exceed the growth of nominal gross domestic product (per capita). Under the assumption that excess cost growth rates for spending on Medicare, Medicaid, and all other health care continue increasing indefinitely at their average values from 1975 to 2005, federal expenditure on health in the United States could reach 99 percent of GDP by 2082 (Orszag, 2008) (Figure 6). It is obvious that such a long-term forecast is totally implausible and therefore the validity of the GDP+X growth hypothesis is questionable for long-term projections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There is also a flyway through the West Plain, part of the Tisa Plain, shared with Hungary and Serbia, which is used by cranes and Passeriformes. The secondary flyroutc passes through the Transylvanian basin, from northwest to southwest. The most recent CoP adopted the Protocol on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Black Sea from Land-Based Sources and Activities and a revised Strategic Action Plan. The entry into force of the Protocol is still pending and there are implementation problems related to financing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, the progress achieved has been uneven and many people are still being left behind. Prom the Millennium Development Goals, which established a target of halving the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water2 to the General Assembly’s recognition of water and sanitation as a human right, the United Nations has laid the foundations. This goal, as well as other related goals and targets, aims to address all issues related to the water cycle, including access to adequate water and sanitation, improving quality and efficiency of water delivery, sustainable water management as well as strengthening international cooperation. At the upcoming high-level political forum on sustainable development, we will learn of progress being made on SDG 6, including at the national level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)