albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Transportation of agricultural products has also promoted the cross-border spread of pests and diseases (International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development, 2009). In addition, desertification-induced dust storms can cause respiratory disorders, including bronchitis (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). Land fragmentation and limited farm size contribute to inappropriate livestock management, resulting in land degradation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The unsold recyclables are stored at the sorting plant. Daily coverage by inert material is not regular, because the landfill is lacking stable supply of inert material. Therefore there is a restriction to receive only municipal waste, and the need for supply of cover material was omitted. The Rustavi landfill is the ideal place to test new approaches on how to change the current practice of waste management on a small scale. The cost of the first phase, which includes landfill infrastructure, roads, buildings, leachate collection/treatment, gas collection/treatment, fencing, gate, weighbridge and first waste disposal cell, was US$7.85 million (15 million lari). The second phase was budgeted at US$5.47 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Involved in tea research and providing extension services. Trading in fertiliser, agrochemicals, food products, and machinery and spare parts for the sugar industry. Provision of construction and investment services for sugar mills and business warehousing. Capital invested into a number of other sugar processing companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Nevertheless, there is no national assessment/accreditation for teachers’ ICT skills. They can also decide individually on strategies for teacher education. The report specifies that despite this autonomy, their programmes integrate ICT. This new legal framew'ork is stimulating several changes and initiated several measures aimed at improving teachers’ professional situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Similarly, a number of LDC mobile operators offer unlimited access to popular social media and Over the Top (see below) applications for a certain period. On average, there are 11 different Internet bundles available in the LDCs, including variety with monthly plans where on average there are six different bundles available. This variety goes far to making at least some degree of Internet access affordable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Another result is the emigration of qualified people — the so-called "brain drain” (UNCTAD, 2012). A special focus on employment policies for younger people and first-time job holders is therefore essential, as are labour market policies designed specifically to address these issues. Given that the educational process encompasses several years, today’s students will be seeking jobs in 3, 5, or even 7 to 10 years’ time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights”, Treaty Series, vol. Enhancing social protection and reducing vulnerability in a globalizing world”, (E/CN.5/2001), accessed from http://www.icsw.org/un-news/pdfs/csdsocprotect.PDF on 5 October 2010. Human Development Report, 2010 (New York, Oxford).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Primary school enrolment has become almost universal, and the gap between LDCs and ODCs has virtually been closed (table 19). In principle this means that LDC populations are gradually becoming more prepared for the requirements of a modern production process, i.e., better skilled and more adaptable. A more educated labour force is more productive, learns more easily, is more open to new ideas and technologies and adapts more easily to new conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It also operates a long-term hedging profile which is designed to smooth currency volatility for its growers. Source: Poppe, 2009, Schadtx)lt, 2009c._________________________________________________________________________ As an institutional arrangement, a co-operative provides a secured contract for its members, which may cover a broad range of business aspects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This means that individuals/households missing a certain durable or good are deprived of this durable/good only if the reason for lacking it is that they cannot afford it. ( See for example de Neubourg et al 2012a, Guio, 2009, Guio et al, 2009, Whelan and MaTtre, 2012, Nolan and Whelan, 2010, Fusco et al, 2011, and Fusco et al, 2013). It allows identifying the individual children on the basis of whether they suffer from monetary poverty, multidimensional deprivations, both, or none of them. This allows exploring the underlying distribution of consumption or income and the relationships between deprivation, multiple deprivation, and monetary poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Abstract:  Seeking to increase transparency in the public sector, electronic trading has become widely discussed at municipal levels, as a way to enhance efficiency, transparency, economy and celerity in public spending. In this perspective, this study aims to analyze the contributions of the electronic bidding to improve the purchase of common goods and services, and consequently, enhance the efficiency and quality of public spending. The performance analysis of different methods has revealed the average percentage of savings afforded by bidding modalities. The study concluded that electronic trading is a tool against opportunistic behavior of contractual agents, because it hinders the formation of cartels, corruption and fraud thus contributing to the efficiency in the municipal public spending.    Key-Words : Public Administration, Transparency, E-government
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A much wider range of policy tools are available to central banks than are now used. These include capital management techniques, asset-based reserve requirements, and loan guarantees in the absence of restrictions on women’s legal title to assets. The review of monetary policy tools here also suggests that emphasis on low inflation via the policy interest rate is problematic on two counts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The cyber security discourse is dominated by states and corporations that focus on the protection of critical information infrastructure and databases. The priority is the security of information systems and networks, rather than the protection of connected users. The dominance of war metaphors in the cyber security debates has produced a security dilemma, which is not sufficiently addressing the needs of people. This article underlines this shortcoming and views cyber security through a human-centric perspective. Freedom of expression and the right to privacy are under attack in the era of cyber surveillance. From a human-centric perspective such rights should be understood as a critical part of cyber security. Human rights protections need to be effectively addressed in the digital sphere and gain their place in the cyber security agendas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As such, WRPs represent the first rational intervention in a basin and have a central role in orienting the implementation of the National Policy on Water Resources. Public participation is mandatory along the development of the WRPs from the early stages. River basin committees and related working groups contribute to the design process with data and interpretations, assessments, weightings, suggestions and singular views, and help with internal discussions among its members to produce consensus on specific themes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Where this document refers to “countries” or “governments”, it is also intended to include “regional economic organisations”, if appropriate. This paper greatly benefited from the experiences and insights shared during the CCXG Global Forum on the Environment and Climate Change, on 14-15 March 2017 in Paris. While relatively few countries to date have designed and implemented a national system for adaptation monitoring and evaluation globally, many more have indicated in their Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) that they are developing one or that they plan to do so.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Although the Balkans sub-region has not implemented an effective e-waste take-back system like the EU Member States, initiatives are undertaken mainly by the private recycling sector. Approximately 158 kilotons (kt) of e-waste is currently collected in the Balkans comparing to the 512 kt generated in 2016. A minimum of 6.5 kg/inh was generated in Bosnia and Herzegovina and a maximum of 16.1 kg/inh in Slovenia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In the formal sector, it seems evident that the main conclusion is as shown in table 6: mothers do not appear to experience wage penalties. In the infonnal sector, the largest motherhood penalty is found among mothers of three or more children, since the estimated predicted natural log of the hourly wage difference is significant and is eqtral to 0.32. About 47% is explained by differences in endowments, while 53% of the decomposition is unexplained.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This puts them at a disadvantage when they start school, it also prevents their mothers from working and helping their families out of poverty. The most effective measure that Costa Rica can take to halt rising inequality and give every child a fair chance to succeed in learning and life is to prioritise the expansion of quality ECEC, focusing on the most disadvantaged populations. In 2014, the government established the National Network for Childcare and Development {Red Nacional de Cuido y Desarrollo Infantil, REDCUDI) to improve co-ordination between different public and private providers. The new policy framework to guide the development of services for children aged 0 to 8 represents the first attempt to provide a truly comprehensive, rights-based approach to ECEC in Costa Rica.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Is there a right to reject mental health care, or may such care be imposed against your will? Human rights law, developed prior to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), answered this question with clear authorizations of compulsory interventions under certain circumstances: in essence, when the person has a psychosocial diagnosis, is perceived as in need of medical treatment, is unwilling to accept treatment, and/or is at risk of self-harm or harm to others. Taken at face value, the CRPD is radically different. The treaty text neither authorizes nor prohibits compulsory interventions. Instead references to equal treatment set the standard for what is lawful. This article explores the normative content of this standard, and argues that compulsory interventions need to be relevant, necessary and proportionate. It assesses States Parties’ mental health laws against these criteria, and discusses key challenges for them to comply with the CRPD. (Less)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To this end, it considers regulatory reforms and the provision of subsidies to the forestry sector (OECD, 2016a). While the creation of a formal appropriately regulated forestry sector is important to address illegal activities and alleviate pressures on biodiversity, it is equally important to ensure that this does not lead to overexploitation and depletion of forest resources. The ENBCC pursues a ‘production-conservation approach’ which seeks to increase landscape productivity, while achieving forest conservation (Jenkins et al., Peru is also tenth in the world with the largest area designated to forest biodiversity conservation, amounting to 27% of total forest cover (FAO, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
But the most important barrier was attitude young adults in particular were reluctant to take up support because of the stigma attached to poor basic skills. Also many w'ere not aware of the need to improve their basic skills to get through their course. Basic skills support was available through workshops offering drop-in and timetables support for individuals and groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Such limitations are more common among women than men: 36% of 50-to-64 year-old women in European countries - versus 31% of men - report that health problems restrict their daily activities (Figure 22.2). As for functional mobility limitations in the same age group, women are 50% more likely than men to report being affected. Elderly people of low socioeconomic status, whether male or female, ar e more widely affected by all types of limitation. People with chronic diseases are less likely to be in work and have lower earnings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Close interaction with female role models whose own position may be seen as attainable can be particularly important in engaging female participants in sport and in building their own leadership skills. When specifically designed, sport-based programmes can provide a safe environment in which young women, in particular, can develop a range of skills and experiences through involvement in coaching, officiating and a range of other roles (Murray 2016). Such programmes can also be a particularly effective context in which girls and women can build strong and mutually supportive relationships (Kay 2009, Sarnie et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If the nitrogen removal was fixed at USD 10 per kg, this would represent a NTC of USD 357 504, if it was fixed at USD 30 per kg, this would represent a NTC of USD 1 072 512. The same could be applied to another key nutrient, phosphorus. With an average of 0.04% phosphorus content in FW kelp tissues, 4.09 tonnes of phopshorus would be removed per year. With a value of USD 4 per kg removed (Chopin etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Moreover, the formulation and implementation of the global development agenda will only succeed with inclusive participation. To be truly global and reflect a shared vision, the development framework should be applicable to all countries, both developing and developed. While the present Policy Note focuses on the developing countries, the implication of the new framework for developed countries should be further explored.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Overall, urban children and rural children account for 19 per cent and 81 per cent of all extremely poor children, respectively. But the character of poverty and the nature of the deprivations that children face are quite different in urban and rural contexts, which is why disaggregated needs assessments and tailored policy responses are called for. However, there are strong reasons for paying more attention to child poverty in urban areas and for considering its specific characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There is therefore a possibility that both losses and gains from the reform have been overestimated. In any case, cities that are financially worse off than Seoul or struggle with financial uncertainty may be advised to explore alternative models, such as introducing a tendering scheme for new and discarded routes, with the possibility to expand public ownership in the future. At the moment, in an attempt to further support the reforms carried out by city governments, the Korean government is initiating efforts to improve the transparency of bus operating systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Also under the aegis of the Presidential Cabinet is the Attorney General and head of the federal executive legal office. Mexico’s current Attorney General is female, only the second to fill the job. In other cabinet-level administration offices, or Gabinete Ampliado (Extended Cabinet), women hold two of the five available posts - Director of the National System for Integral Family Development and President of the National Institute for Women (INMUJERES).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A household’s material well-being in the North is affected both by what it earns and what it harvests for consumption or sharing. There is currently no good universal measure of harvest that is regularly available. If one could be developed through survey or some other means, it could be added to the household or personal money income for an estimate of real income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Aquaculture can cause local eutrophication of rivers, fjords or coastal waters. The Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs (MOFI) has developed a strategy to address these issues (MOFI, 2009a). Compared to the total number of fish farmed, the number of escapes is particularly high for cod and, to a lesser extent, for trout.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The use values can be estimated using market mechanisms and can be observed through the activities of households, private enterprises and the government. In the present chapter, we evaluate the importance of the forestry sector by looking at its linkage with other sectors of the economy and investigate the value which it adds using input-output analysis and social accounting matrices. The input-output model is based on an analysis of inter-industry transactions and examines how industries use the products of other industries as inputs for their own products. One of the main advantages of the input-output model is that its analysis of inter-industry transactions can be used to estimate the economic impacts of any changes to the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Second, there is no system in place for monitoring the learning outcomes and achievement of socio-economically disadvantaged students. As a result, there is no clear diagnosis or knowledge at the national, regional, provincial or local level of the most pressing needs of schools that serve students from vulnerable communities. Third, there might be instances where the targeting of resources to those most in need could be improved. For instance, cash transfers provided directly to families are not necessarily targeted to the most vulnerable families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Children living in households with no income from employment, as well as in households that experience a drop in employee income of at least 5 per cent, are consistently at a high risk of entering poverty. Meanwhile, employment events have less of an impact, except reductions in the number of employed adults, which consistently increases the risk of poverty entries. Demographic events, which are quite rare in the short EU-SILC panel, have little bearing on child poverty transitions in the EU-SILC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It corresponds to 237 beaches and 325 sampling sites in 50 touristic destinations of the 17 coastal states monitored by the state health authorities. They include water boards (junta de agua), organised irrigation units (urderales) and irrigation districts (distrito de riego), the latter being the most common. Irrigation districts were first established and managed by the federal government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Telecommunication networks are interconnected on a national, regional, and global basis, and the quality of telecommunication services applied in one network or one country influences the end-to-end quality of that service, so the quality cannot be considered only at national or regional level, but also needs to be considered globally. A harmonized and common approach to regulating QoS would enable greater quality prospects irrespective of the locations of the consumer and service provider. It is intended to be used as a guiding tool for telecommunication national regulatory agencies (NRAs) or government ministries in charge of QoS and QoE (quality of experience) parameters and measurements as defined by ITU-T, as well as enforcement mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This is supplemented by a longstanding tradition of GPs, who act as gate-keepers to secondary care and play a strong role in maintaining population health. In 2007, major administrative reforms merged 13 counties (and three municipalities with country functions) into five regions whose main responsibility was to deliver hospital care and contract with physicians. These reforms also rationalised the number of municipalities from 275 to 98. Following these reforms, municipalities have a financial stake in the funding of hospital services and are directly responsible for providing long-term elderly care, rehabilitation, supported or institutional housing for older people, public health, school health services, child dental treatment and some aspects of prevention. Central government authorities provided guidance on the planning and location of certain hospital medical specialties and there have been efforts at both levels of government to rationalise the number of small hospitals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, the phrase "other status" indicates that this is an open-ended list. U N Hu ma n RightsCommittee 1989, para. See, e.g.. Organization of American States 2008 as well as several resolutions of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, including on the situation of lesbians and gays in Council of Europe member States (2000). European Court of Human Rights, case of Salgueirdo da Silva Mouta v. Portugal, Application No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Homicide investigation is among the most prestigious and challenging undertakings in modern day law enforcement agencies. Most metropolitan police departments assign the investigation of suspicious...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The aim of this article to take a look at and assess the current     situation in South Africa regarding marriages and civil unions from a Christian theological and     historical perspective. The question to be answered is: Where do churches stand with regard to     marriages and civil unions? Are they merely to accept the way current laws on face value arguing     that the state has the right to make laws and to enforce them and churches just have to obey the     laws of the state or does the human rights of freedom of religion and freedom of association as     part of state legislation give churches the options to exercise their faith identity in the     matters of marriage and civil unions?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Over the long run, the differences in hunger reduction across regions and countries are attributable to several factors. Inclusive economic growth, generating demand for the assets controlled by the extreme poor, has a much higher impact on hunger reduction. In addition, when poor households invest part of their increased income in health, sanitation and education, the impact of economic growth on hunger reduction is also stronger. In parallel, as seen in the case of Bangladesh, which is on track to reach the hunger target of Millennium Development Goal 1, higher public spending on health and education with targeted interventions increases nutritional success (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012b). Micronutrient deficiencies are also a result of under-nutrition, but in this case they are related to insufficient intake of vitamins and minerals.5 An individual may take in enough or even too many calories for daily subsistence, however, if his or her diet is not diversified enough, the result may be low levels of micronutrients, a condition referred to as “hidden hunger”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This would involve recognizing the value of care work in development plans and social policies and promoting research that examines the effect of policies and programmes on unpaid work. Men may become more willing to contribute to household and care work if it is more valued by society. The state can also provide incentives such as paid parental leave and family-friendly labour policies that encourage men to take on household work and spend time caring for their children and parents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)