albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Besides, they argued, the Japanese family supported its own and made public assistance unnecessary. Whereas Western families were portrayed as collections of autonomous individuals, in Japan — according to one senior official - “it is a family shame to send one of its own out to bother outsiders and to depend on others for assistance ’’. Abe (2007) cites estimates from the late 1990s that about 8% of households below the income criteria for entitlement to means-tested public housing actually live in public housing, and that 10% of households whose annual income is below JPY 2 million (certainly below the income criteria) live in public housing. The Public Assistance law of 1947 was influenced by conditions imposed by the occupying powers, which included governmental responsibility to provide social welfare, and a guaranteed social minimum: “[T]he new law did not link eligibility to inability to work like the old one did” (Estevez-Abe, 2008).122 In 1951 and 1952, Public Assistance was paid to roughly 4% of all households, and in the early 1950s it absorbed 50% of social security expenditure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Regional differences in income inequalities are high in all large OECD countries and in some small countries with a dominant urban centre (e.g. Belgium). The regional dispersion in the Gini index of disposable household income is highest in the United States, while the largest levels of the Gini are observed in Mexican and Chilean regions. Conversely, the two regions of New Zealand have an almost identical Gini index,and low differences in the Gini are observed across regions of the Slovak Republic and Finland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The 1974 World Food Summit defined food security as “availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices”.21 The discussions in the subsequent two decades introduced an economic element to access food and thus made a distinction between chronic food insecurity, related to poverty, and transient food security, associated with natural disasters, conflicts or economic downturn. As such, food insecurity is the state when people do not have adequate physical or economic access to food. This cross-cutting nature of food security poses a difficulty in trying to measure it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Total ecosystem service benefits of achieving 10% coverage of MPAs have been estimated at USD 622-923 billion over the period 2015-50. This includes substantial efforts in enhancing the design and implementation of MPAs, as evidence suggests that in many cases they are not meeting their intended objectives. This report therefore considers the benefits and costs of MPAs, key issues in effective design and implementation, scaling up finance for MPAs, and the need for effective policy mixes. Clearly define the goals and objectives of the MPA, and the required level of protection to achieve these.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
These inequalities in expenditure and resources are a cause for concern both in terms of the capacity of sub-systems to deliver effective care, and as a real problem in unequal care quality and availability for the population. Financial allocations to state health services from federal revenues are based on historical precedent, not according to need. Furthermore, once received by states there are few mechanisms to ensure that they are spent in ways that best meet local health care needs. There are marked differences between states in the per-capita resources available for providing the public health care services, with rural areas facing particular problems of access.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Programmes for facing the development challenges of the poorest and the hungriest have also been expanded. This includes the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and Enhanced HIPC Initiatives, Education for All Fast Track Initiative (EFA-FTI), and other similar measures. The international assistance programmes have begun to focus on the poorest countries and peoples to complement the BPoA. The World Summit (September 2005) reiterated the commitments of the donors to fulfil the BPoA target of providing 0.15-0.20 per cent of GNI as ODA to the LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
To foster such expansions through investments, one precondition is access to finance based on an effective financial system and financial intermediaries. Governments play a special role in supporting such developments. Moreover, high taxes, inflexible regulations and business laws as well as corruption strongly influence investment decisions through the production cost channel (UNIDO, 2013). From a trade policy perspective, developing countries and their trading partners may additionally benefit through bilateral, regional or multilateral opening.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
By contrast, women in the informal sector experience a statistically significant motherhood wage penalty in all of the specifications. We find that the wage penalty is not the same for all mothers, as having more children increases the estimated penalty (7.8% for one child, 15.5% for two children and 26.3% for three or more children). The coefficient estimates for the motherhood wage penalty, as reported in table 3, appear to be relatively stable over time, showing a higher penalty in the period before the shock (10.1% versus 5.7% for one child, 16.4%versus 13.1%fortwo children and 27.3% versus 26.0% for three or more children). The estimated coefficients associated with motherhood and children are non-significant across all the formal-sector regressions. As in the ols results, formal-sector women workers do not experience statistically significant motherhood wage penalties. Across the full time period of the data, two different specifications of motherhood (one by the number of children and one by their age) show no significant wage penalties for mothers working in the formal sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While arrangements vary across countries, school boards usually embrace leadership, management and strategy functions. Costa Rica has taken a welcome step in requiring principals to include school boards in the elaboration of school plans. Yet further measures are needed to effectively empower them to contribute to school governance by providing their members w'ith clear guidelines on their roles, training opportunities and information about the performance of schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The cost of holding such large reserves is the interest that could be earned from investing funds in higher-yielding financial assets as well as the potential for otherwise foregone public investment to "crowd in” private investments and reduce inequality. The CTTs and FTTs discussed in the previous section on tax policy can be categorized as capital management techniques.) Tools differacrosscountriesand include reserve requirements on inflows of capital as well as diagnostic tools, such as early warning systems that trigger regulation of capital flows. There is no one-size-fits-all toolkit to manage capital flows, and the approach to the use of such tools has often been dynamic—-that is, countries have flexibly adapted these tools to changes in the internal and external environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Meanwhile, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) facilitates capacity building and promotes good practices that provide useful references in the MENA region. In the Central Asia RND, particular focus is placed on transboundary challenges found in the Aral Sea Basin. The Water Convention's Syr Darya nexus assessment supplied input and orientation regarding relevant concerns and possible solutions, and has contributed to raising awareness, thereby facilitating further nexus work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While they were absent from the previous development agenda, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), they are included in the SDGs, mainly under SDG 1 and SDG 5, respectively. To achieve these goals in the design and implementation of specific country programmes, policymakers should ask themselves several questions, including: Do these policies recognize the diversify of families in the country concerned? Are they tailored to the explicit needs of these diverse families or are they based on traditional roles and stereotypes? Do they recognize and ensure equal rights for all family members?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Limited game species include species listed in the Red Book in the category "threatened by extinction". No subsidiary legislation has been put in place to facilitate the implementation of the Law, except for the technical regulations that touch upon GMO labelling of foodstuffs and fodder (2014 Resolutions of the Government No. Both the Law and the Resolution are not clear on the inclusion of forests in the scope of environmental monitoring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Findings are summarized in a dedicated chapter in an ECE publication from 2017 titled Assessment of the water-food-energy-ecosystems nexus and benefits of transboundary cooperation in the Drina River Basin. Used most frequently during the first stages - that is, during the desk study - are non-spatial indicators and thematic maps of the countries and basins. During the workshops, information based on the opinions of participants is key.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As a result, some smallholder farmers doubled or even quadrupled their market volume, demonstrating how responsive smallholder farmers can be, given greater certainty and assured of a fair price1. Digital technologies can help farmers, fishers, collectors, pastoralists, women, youth and traditional communities to be more productive, sustainable and resilient. This enables smallholder producers to make informed decisions about what to grow, volumes required, storage, processing, markebng and investment opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The level of energy subsidy for any economy is clearly inversely related to the consumption of coal (and lignite) used in electricity production. Given the potential welfare gains and improvement to competitiveness, as well as the reduced strain on public finances that could be derived from removing these subsidies, subsidy reform is a strong motivation for diversifying energy sources, specifically towards renewables. However it is undeniably a difficult policy choice which requires strong political support and the willingness to take a long-term view.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The transformation process is necessarily long term. With governments elected for five years, there is an inherent tendency to postpone addressing long-term development issues that is all the more difficult in the context of a highly partisan political tradition that resists consensus over development strategies. Progress in mainstreaming the environmental dimension of sustainable development strategies has been slow. Such policies address cross-cutting issues, and in the Westminster system of sectoral portfolio ministerial responsibilities, such issues tend to fall between ministerial responsibilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Examples are the National Report on the State and Development of Education, The Results of the Monitoring Study of fifth and ninth grade Student Performance Evaluation, Analysing Results of the External Assessment of Student Achievement of ninth grade Students and Analysis of Unified National Test Results 2012. There are no formal schemes for school leaders to engage in supporting their peers in other schools (e.g. exchanging best practices, mentoring new leaders, supporting those in low performing or isolated schools) and the concept of system leader who can not only lead his or her school but also contribute to system-wide improvement is rather incipient. There are few mechanisms to share resources between schools in order to make a more efficient use of their physical infrastructure, equipment and instructional materials, or their human resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
ABSTRACTIn Part 1 (this issue), I deconstructed IPE, past and present, to reveal the Eurocentric foundations of the discipline. This second part completes my critical historiography by revealing how Open Economy Politics, which dominates the latest phase of American IPE, is Eurocentric. However, some readers will, quite rightly, want to know why Eurocentrism poses a problem for IPE and what an alternative non-Eurocentric approach might look like. Accordingly, this article lays out some of the basic properties of what I call ‘inter-civilizational political economy’. To this end, deconstructing OEP is undertaken in tandem with reconstructing a non-Eurocentric inter-civilizational account of trade regime change in the last few centuries. From there, I proceed to specify some key empirical areas that an inter-civilizational research agenda would examine, focussing on three types of politico-economic systems change: the rise of capitalism, the rise and development of globalization, and changes in the distribut...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Most funds for river basin management come from federal programmes that target sub-sectoral problems (such as infrastructure development construction) without an integrated, basin-wide perspective, this renders river basin organisation entirely dependent on the federal budget. For example, in 2012, depending on how water expenditures are classified, CONAGUA will spend between MXN 10 to 20 billion on water resources management. Furthermore, river basin organisations have no revenue-raising powers and their river basin plans fail to guide funding for projects: water abstraction and pollution charge rates are set at federal level by the Federal Duties Law, collected by CONAGUA, but proceeds go back to the federal budget. This goes against the tentative Water-Pays-for-Water principle, the Law on Contributions for Improvements Generated by Federal Public Works of Water Infrastructure (Ley de Contribucion.es de Mejoras por Obras Publicas Federates de Infrastructura Hidraulica), which establishes the regulations and procedures for recovering the cost of public investments in water infrastructure, in Mexico this has not yet been applied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
An individual is considered poor if deprived of at least 33% of these 15 variables, taking into account their relative weights. The indicator portrays the incidence, intensity, severity, and nature of deprivation. This poverty rate shrank by half, from 60% in 1997 to 29% in 2011 (Figure 1.1, Panel D), mainly thanks to wider health care coverage, increased school attendance among 6-16 year-olds, better access to early childhood services and reduced long-term unemployment. The rural/urban gap is higher for the multidimensional than the income approach, partly reflecting the critical lack of infrastructure (in particular water provision and sewage), low education achievement and the prevalence of informal employment in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In hindsight, this appears to have been sound policy advice, since it is highly unlikely that LDCs will achieve economic and social development and halve their poverty levels in line with internationally agreed goals without a sustained period of growth. In fact, in recognition of this likely scenario, the IPoA states (United Nations, 2011 ,para. As explained in chapter 3, however, it is now evident that economic growth, although necessary, by itself neither guarantees job creation nor automatically results in inclusive development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This paper considers the relationship between patent law and plant breeders' rights in light of modern developments in biotechnology. It examines how a number of superior courts have sought to manage the tensions and conflicts between these competing schemes of intellectual property protection. Part 1 considers the High Court of Australia case of Grain Pool of Western Australia v the Commonwealth dealing with Franklin barley. Part 2 examines the significance of the Supreme Court of the United States decision in JEM Ag Supply Inc v Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc with respect to utility patents and hybrid seed. Part 3 considers the Supreme Court of Canada case of Harvard College v the Commissioner of Patents dealing with the transgenic animal, oncomouse, and discusses its implications for the forthcoming appeal from the Federal Court case of Percy Schmeiser v Monsanto.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Girls perform somewhat less well in mathematics than boys, yet the gap between female and male school performance is smaller in mathematics than in reading. Findings from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) in relation to science have shown little or no difference in average science performance between girls and boys, with girls outperforming boys in 12 countries and boys scoring marginally higher than girls in 8 countries (OECD, 2009). Data on healthy life years refer to 2010 for Ireland and Norway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Such incentives are currently granted on a case-by-case basis. Investors should be aware of which incentives they would be granted prior to investing which requires clarifying the current design and implementation of such incentives. Facilitating access to credit by producers requires the development of a much stronger and more competitive financial market, for instance by supporting the development of Co-operative Banks. Efforts to establish credit reporting systems, credit and assets registry systems (both for movable and fixed assets) and to develop financial services such as equipment leasing and warehouse receipts, should be sustained, while public subsidies should be reduced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Agriculture is given a strong prominence in both. The RPJMN for 2005-09 identified agriculture revitalisation as one of the six economic development priorities and the current RPJMN identifies food security as one of eleven national priorities. The relevant ministries prepare their strategic plans in line with the RPJMN for the same five-year period, and the vision and direction of the RPJPN.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The women's peace movements in the 1970s and 1980s synthesized concerns about sustainability, environmental protection, women's equality and environmental health. One of the best known of these was the Greenham Women's Peace Camp in the United Kingdom (1981-2000). In India the Chipko movement to protect forests essential for community livelihoods against destructive logging began in 1973, the Indian scientist and environmental activist Vandana Shiva's work on food and agriculture, including food sovereignty and biodiversity conservation, is widely recognized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The indicator might be difficult to interpret in countries in which the reduced access to sick leave entitlements is compensated through a higher hourly pay. However, the following variables may be used: • Target population: WSTATOR = 1 or 2 • Disaggregation: NACE3D, ISC04D, FTPT, TEMP, STAPRO The variables HWUSUAL, YSTARTWK and MSTARTWK may also be useful for identifying the entitled workers. Nevertheless, some workers may not be entitled to paid sick leave, such as temporary workers, part-time workers or workers in special statuses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Many committees still have to define their operating rules to ensure effective stakeholder participation and resolve and prevent conflicts. The MMA has approved 14 mosaics, but there is no evidence that they have helped improve management effectiveness. For example, Brazil’s protected areas significantly contribute to the conservation and provision of water resources and have high economic potential (Medeiros and Young, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It does not compel Parties to take any specific measures related to mitigation or adaptation such as, for example, phasing out fossil fuels. Rather, it commits them to deriving their own individual nationally appropriate plans for achieving the overall objective of the Agreement and the Convention. Another is inherent in what the agreement does not say: what sorts of unilateral actions are Parties free to take, given the lack of specific direction the Agreement provides the Parties in terms of achieving their NDCs?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This serves as a key lesson for Commonwealth countries, indicating that despite constitutional, legislative and/or electoral reforms, political parties have to endorse these reforms and implement the required changes before women can actively participate in politics, leadership and decision-making roles. Recognising the resistance to change in specific political architectures has resulted in the imposition of fines and rewards by legislation on political parties to ensure implementation. Capacity building initiatives - Gender awareness training programmes should be established within educational and political institutions, and provided to women candidates to connect political aspirants to opportunities for leadership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In this class, household final consumption involves the acquisition of consumer durables, meaning goods that may be used for health primary purposes of consumption repeatedly or continuously over a period of a year or more (SNA 2008, 9.42). Household improvements are to be accounted for as investment: automatic staircase lifts for patients with mobility limitations, bathtub lifts and similar devices for adapting the housing situation of patients with transitory or chronic impairments, and hire of therapeutic equipment. For information on whether the fixed equipment described here is to be accounted as capital formation or current expenditure see Chapter 11.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The amount of tax is calculated by multiplying the cadastral income of each property by the rates voted by each beneficiary local authority for the year in question. For residential premises used as the taxpayer's main home, compulsory relief for dependents or optional relief (general relief on the base, special relief on the base, relief for disabled people) is deducted from the notional rental value. The amount of tax is calculated by multiplying the income from the tax base by the rates voted by each beneficiary commune or public establishment for intercommunal co-operation for the year in question.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Chile was the first Latin American country to address sexuality as a public issue (1967), following the installation of international family planning programs. Since then, public policy on sexual and reproductive health has followed a fluctuating trajectory, and different emphases and frameworks of interpretation can be identified: linked to demographic control, Catholic religion, public health and, more recently, human rights. Although the itinerary of this policy is more extensive, this article proposes a comparative analysis -from the review of political documents and interviews with key actors- on the initiatives undertaken by the last four governments (2000-2018), integrating a gender perspective. The purpose is to identify emphasis, continuities and ruptures, in each presidential term, in the guarantee of sexual and reproductive rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)