albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In a survey taken in 2007, across all European countries - when asked to rate whether they allocated too much, too little, or the right amount of time on paid work, contact with family, other social contact, and personal hobbies, women reported lower satisfaction with their allocation of time than men. These differences in perceptions of imbalance and stress can be due to the fact that women maintain general responsibilities for the household’s operation. Data refer to 2009 for Mexico, to 2005 for Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, to 2003 for Spain and the United States, to 2002 for Italy, to 2001 for Denmark and Germany, to 2000 for Norway, Slovenia and South Africa, to 1998 for France, to 1992 for Austria, and to 1991 for Israel. In general, women have larger and more multifaceted networks than men, report having more friends and provide and receive more support from members of their network than men do.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In general, recent government reforms and policies have tried to address these issues in order to strengthen the contribution of education and skills strategies to inclusive growth, competitiveness and people’s well-being. The overall satisfaction with the education system and schools has increased in Korea since 2007, but remains very low among the poorest population groups. Between 2007 and 2015, the general level of satisfaction with the education system has increased by 4 p.p.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
How Social Protection Can Tackle Child Malnutrition and Promote Economic Opportunities. London: Save the Children. New York: United Nations. Integrated Child Development Services: Identifying Critical Gender Concerns. New York: UN Women, http:// www2.unwomen.org/~/media/field%20office%20esea-sia/docs/publications/southasia/reportstudies/04_na-tional%20planning9620budgetinf^icds%20pdf.ashx?v“l&-d=20141202T120133.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Of even greater concern is the evolution of food prices in recent months, with the FAO food price index of key commodities increasing to near record levels on the back of weather-related shortages in key producer economies. Likewise, minimum wagesb have fallen into neglect in some countries and they are often insufficient to meet workers’ basic daily necessities, including health care. With adjustments in minimum wages lagging behind rising GDP per capita, economic growth has not translated into higher wages, especially in relatively richer countries in South-East Asia and South and South-West Asia (see figure A).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Consequently, women's experiences were until relatively recently not adequately addressed by the human rights framework. The work of activists, human rights mechanisms and States has been critical in ensuring that the human rights framework has grown and adjusted to encapsulate the gender-specific dimensions of human rights violations in order to better protect women. Effectively ensuring women's human rights requires a comprehensive understanding of the underlying societal structures and power relations that define and influence women's ability to enjoy their human rights. These power structures have an impact on all aspects of life, from law and politics, to economic and social policy, family and community life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Women and girls are subject to human trafficking and forced labour on board these vessels, primarily for sexual exploitation rather than as fishing labourers. Women are also reported to be victims of trafficking in the land-based fish processing sector (ILO 2013). When fishing rights are transferred or eliminated in these ways, the indigenous and traditional fishing rights of both women and men can be easily overlooked or misunderstood (Coope SoliDar R.L/ICSF 2015, Madrigal-Cordero and Solis-Rivera 2012). " Ocean grabbing" has gender-differentiated effects (Bennet ef al. Groups who are already marginalized, including women, are especially vulnerable to "grabbing", moreover, women fishers and gleaners whose work is concentrated in foreshore and reef areas are often within sight of communities and open to surveillance and regulation for IUU "violations" in ways that other types of fishing is not (Bennet et al. They have primary responsibilities in many countries for performing jobs such as smoking, salting and drying, as well as selling fish and seafood products in local markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The acceptable levels of water risks are set based on environmental quality objectives (e.g. water quality standards, maximum and minimum river flow). By explicitly considering the risk of undermining the resilience of freshwater systems, a risk-based approach aims to develop water management practices that enhance such resilience. Market-based instruments can play an important role in this policy mix as they can fundamentally alter the incentives facing water users, provide explicit signals about the likelihood and potential cost of water risks, and provide mechanisms for offsetting risks. This can be considered in the context of water supply, demand, quantity and quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The authors analyze public higher education policy in Texas during the current era of fiscal austerity in the state through Morgan’s (2006) images of organizations. Scarce resources have led to cuts in educational funding and a refocusing of faculty work using statistical methods designed to enhance the status of teaching over research. In the name of efficiency using “reinventing government” rhetoric, politically appointed Regents and their ideological proponents in the Texas Public Policy Foundation have made attempts to turn what is commonly thought of as a public good into a consumer one. Faculty and their supporters have resisted these initiatives. The authors employ Morgan’s (2006) images of organizations as political systems, cultures, and psychic prisons as modes of understanding the conflict and lack of consensus between these affected groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Minneapolis and Saint Paul have successfully re-positioned their cities as green leaders in the US and supported the growth of new green industries, generating jobs and economic growth. Throughout Minneapolis, electricity and natural gas usage was lower in 2010 than in 2008. This leadership was pivotal in ensuring other parties were engaged and sent out a strong message about the seriousness of the initiative to key stakeholders and businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Under pre-independence customary law, women’s access to land was primarily through their husbands, fathers or some other male relative. Under the Communal Land Reform Act of 2002, there are no bars to gender equality in the allocation of communal land - but there is no direct articulation ofthe principle of non-discrimination, nor any affirmative action for women. Land continues to be allocated by traditional leaders, with the allocations being ratified by community land boards, about one third of whose members should be women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, it creates considerable distortions of market conditions in which the sector operates and is unlikely to increase producer incentives to employ production factors more efficiently. In the longer term, this results in a less productive agricultural sector. Other productivity-enhancing areas, such as knowledge and inspection and control systems, constitute a small share of support to general services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While each topic covered could merit much deeper analysis on its own, this paper takes a broad overview of these implications of Paris on trade. A crude picture can be drawn. The European Union and the USA, industrialised historic GHG emitters with emissions caps under the Kyoto Protocol, sought to broaden the agreement to require all states to make mitigation commitments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Depending on the results of this risk assessment process, they may decide that it is necessary to implement explicit risk management strategies. Each successive level builds on the results of the preceding one. The key question for them is what their risks are now and how these will evolve over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
1. Introduction: Andrew Buchwalter.- 2. Hegel on Cosmopolitanism, International Relations, and the Challenges of Globalization: Steven V. Hicks.- 3. Beyond Leviathan: Hegel's Contribution to the Critique of Human Rights: Robert Fine.- 4. Between Statism and Cosmopolitanism: Hegel and the Possibility of Global Justice: Thom Brooks.- 5. Toleration, Social Identity, and International Justice in Rawls and Hegel: Maria Kowalski.- 6. Hegel, Civil Society, and Globalization: Peter G. Stillman.- 7. A Hegelian Approach to Global Poverty: Lydia L. Moland.- 8. The Coming World Welfare State Which Hegel Could Not See: Clark Butler.- 9. The Citizen of the European Union from a Hegelian Perspective: Paul Cobben.- 10. Hegel on War, Recognition, and Justice: Gary Browning.- 11. Hegel, Global Justice, and Mutual Recognition: Andrew Buchwalter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The indicator may further distinguish between primary and other forests. The primary forest area is defined as “Naturally regenerating forest of native species, where there are no clearly visible indications of human activities and the ecological processes are not significantly disturbed”. A continuing and fast decreasing forest area in a country might be an alarm signal of unsustainable practices in the forestry and agricultural sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The paper also estimates that the majority of private climate finance is employed within developed countries, suggesting the discrepancy is partly due to a difference in maturity of the financial services industry between different income groups. Domestic resources were also estimated to far outweigh cross-border investment for renewable energy, which highlights the need to strengthen domestic policy frameworks for low-carbon and climate-resilient investment in partner countries. Similarly, Buchner et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Some are mainly involved in the production of knowledge, others are more closely tied to firms and industrial innovation, and still others deal with public goods, such as standards, weather forecasting or developing test methods. Ideally, evaluation should help determine the economic effects of public investment in R&D and innovation, such as the contribution to growth, and the social impacts, such as better health outcomes. Moreover, policy makers increasingly want public investment to help meet global challenges, such as energy, security and climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The results of these focus groups will provide information about any major gaps in the program before it is rolled out. It is important to note that receiving a text message on a mobile phone in a normal day is different from sitting down to read a number of text messages on paper. It is best to conduct testing under the conditions in which the programme will ultimately be received, although this is not always feasible or practical.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Because poor consumers are more responsive to price changes than affluent consumers, tax and subsidy policies may have disproportional impacts on different population groups. Moreover, many foods contain a combination of nutrients that may be beneficial or harmful depending on the amount consumed and the nutritional status of the consumer. These and other factors pose challenges to the effective use of nutrition-specific taxes and subsidies to improve dietary choices and nutritional outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For instance, because of difficulties in meeting relevant employment or contribution conditions, the number of young people without a job can influence coverage rates. Interestingly, however, the middle and lower panels of Figure 11 suggest that coverage has generally moved in the same direction for those with and without prior work experience. Other relevant factors include the dynamics into and out of unemployment. For instance, high inflow rates into unemployment at the beginning of a recession can increase the share of benefit recipients among the stock of unemployed as recent job losers are more likely to qualify for benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, school organising bodies hold ultimate responsibility for determining if, when and how to appraise their school leaders. Appraisal typically involves an external expert. It typically takes the respective local quality management programme into account and school principals are often rated according to 4 grades (exceptionally suitable, suitable, less suitable, not suitable).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Critics of human rights are hesitant to reject them outright for fear of undermining the work they may do in resisting oppression. This pragmatic justification is central to celebrations of human rights as well, but is it more than a failure to move beyond liberal hegemony? I argue that human rights have radical potential because the act of claiming such rights uses the ambiguous but universal identity of ‘humanity’ to make claims on the established terms of legitimate authority. The potential of human rights to fight for social change is examined by looking at the movement for a human right to housing in the USA. I explore how homeless individuals, public housing tenants and low-income urban residents realise their human right to housing through eviction defences, the occupation of ‘people-less’ homes, and attempts to remake the structure of home ownership through community land trusts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Indicators that directly measure the skills of individuals are therefore needed. For this purpose, an indicator of reading skills of 15-year-old students is used here. This indicator captures reading literacy, defined as the “understanding, using, reflecting on and engaging with written tests, in order to achieve one’s goals, to develop one’s knowledge and potential, and to participate in society” (OECD, 2010c). The 2009 wave of PISA tested 470 000 students, representing 26 million 15-year-olds in the schools of the 65 participating countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The category could be relevant for other product groups setting criteria for e.g. conflict minerals both in the voluntary instruments but also in the IM of the Ecodesign Directive. Setting this type of requirements in the Directive would require that supply of sustainably sourced materials could keep up with an increase in demand. An example is the Nordic and EU Ecolabelling criteria for imaging equipment, where a more efficient use of paper and ink cartridges is promoted. These types of requirements are already included in the draft of the Voluntary Agreement for imaging equipment within the Ecodesign Directive (duplex availability, default duplex setting, and information requirements targeting resource efficiency).270 However, the category is also highly relevant for other product groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The research concluded that: 'The representation of women is not only politically and theoretically justifiable, but the evidence available about the working of parliament after 1994 suggests that a more representative parliament is a more effective institution' (Albertyn et al. If the answer is yes, then there should be women in all spectrums of society'. This framework, which has been elaborated for the purposes of this chapter, is illustrated in Figure 2.2. She argues that once women have entered political decision-making, it is necessary to remove the barriers to their effective participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As shown in Figure 2, the size of the two groups is affected by such a change with the group of self-employed increasing and the group of employees shrinking in size.2 As there are now more individuals in the economy that earn the lower earnings of self-employed, the median earnings of the entire population decrease. In the example shown in Figure 2, median earnings decrease by 3, from 36 to 33. The constant cannot easily be interpreted in the case of UQRs and is therefore not shown in the figure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In 2015, the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted the Paris Agreement, while the United Nations General Assembly adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). There is no shortage of available capital globally (OECD, 2015b), but a drastic shift in finance that flows from “brown” to “green” will be essential at the global and national levels. However, finance needs to be substantially scaled up from the current level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The earnings mass is estimated from this ratio and SNA wage data and compared to GDP. While the operating surplus could be treated as a proxy for private sector corporate saving, the increase in its share of GDP does not fully correlate with the rise in this type of saving, since in many countries (the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Chile, Colombia and the Plurinational State of Bolivia) the public sector has a very important role as a producer of raw materials (see ECLAC, 2013a). One is relative inequality, which refers to proportional differences in incomes, while the other concerns income gaps in absolute terms and is usually called absolute inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Sponsored by the U.S. Department of State and facilitated by the American Alliance of Museums (AAM) through the Museums Connect program, Identities: Understanding Islam in a Cross-cultural Context is an exercise of community development and public inclusion from the perspective of cultural diplomacy. The 2009-10 project was a cooperative endeavor between the Museum of History and Holocaust Education (MHHE) at Kennesaw State University, Georgia, USA and the Ben M'sik Community Museum, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco. Drawing on interviews conducted with the AAM managers and project participants, as well as relevant literature, the discussion considers the more important mechanisms of American museum missions and practices as means of achieving American foreign-policy objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 1960, the average Korean could look forward to around 51 years of life. By 2009, life expectancy for the average Korean had risen to 80.3 years - a 57% increase to a level that is today above the OECD average of 79.3. As with many OECD countries, life expectancy gains for people aged 65 in Korea have been similarly substantial, with Korea outpacing every OECD country (for which data are available) in gains that have been achieved for this age group since 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper offers a theory to explain cross-national variation in administrative law doctrines and practices. Administrative law regimes vary along three primary dimensions: the scope of delegation to agencies, agencies’ exercise of discretion, and judicial practices of deference to agencies. Working with a principal-agent framework, we show how cross-national differences in institutions’ capacities and the environments they face encourage the adoption of divergent strategies that lead to a variety of distinct, stable, equilibrium outcomes. We apply our model to explain patterns of administrative law in the United States, Germany, France, and Commonwealth jurisdictions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Law schools today increasingly devote more of their resources to international legal studies, including study abroad program and international legal institutes or center, and international legal issues are often examined in substantive legal subjects, such as contracts, torts, environmental law, and antitrust. As a result, many law schools have developed international legal research curriculums and even require or recommend international legal research as a course. A very difficult topic for students in an advanced legal research course in international law is the use of travaux preparatoires and treaty interpretation as articulated in the Vienna Convention. Because the processes and controversies surrounding statutory interpretation and treaty interpretation are very similar in the United States and abroad, it makes sense to introduce them at the same time in an international legal research course and strengthen students’ understanding of both topics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Therefore, financing commitment for renewable energies is ensured by the government. In addition, the government will formulate and implement rural renewable energy tax policies and regulations that encourage public and private investment in renewable energy service companies (RESCOs) and that ensure extensive renewable energy applications in the vast rural areas of China. China will also provide tax incentives on renewable energy technology development and utilisation, on technical research and development and on equipment manufacturing (NDRC, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For simplicity, the number of hours worked in the survey year is used as a proxy for the number of hours worked in the preceding year - an assumption that appears reasonable given the strong link between the number of hours worked and the earnings variable as given by the quantile regressions. Individuals of working age (defined as individuals aged between 15 and 64) are included in the analysis if their selfdefined economic status is “working” and if their earnings are positive (although rare in the datasets, negative earnings may occur if self-employed individuals make a loss on their business). For instance, this includes part-time workers but excludes students that regard a job as a secondary activity. The sample covers both dependent and self-employed individuals (restricting the analysis instead to employees hardly affects the results).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The main change is due to the need to allocate programmes under Inspection Services and Marketing and promotion into new sub-categories. In particular the inspection and control programmes implemented by the inspection agency SENASICA include inspection, pest and diseases and input components. Good budgetary information for the allocation of this expenditure to different sub-categories was not available and allocation was provisionally done in equal amounts. New information is being collected with the view of improving this allocation in the next monitoring cycle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Dans le secteur de la production vegetale, cette politique de prix consiste principalement en des mesures visant le secteur du ble, qui, depuis le milieu des annees 90, alternent limitation et soutien des prix a la production. Depuis 2009, les prix du ble ont ete soutenus au-dela des niveaux du marche exterieurs par le biais de subventions au transport et d’interventions sur le marche interieur. Dans le secteur de la production animale, la politique de prix est d’inspiration de plus en plus protectionniste, avec le renforcement de la protection douaniere et 1’introduction de nouveaux paiements par tonne.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)