albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Ce papier suggere en outre de renforcer l’usage des connaissances, aussi bien les connaissances tacites des etudiants, entre autres, que les connaissances emanant de la recherche. Verslag van het Rekenhof aan het Vlaams Parlement., Governing Education in a Complex World, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264255364-7-en.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Prespa Park Coordination Committee has been established as a non-lcgal entity. Work coordinated by the Committee has led, among others, to the joint preparation of a Strategic Action Plan, adopted in 2004, providing a direction for sustainable development in the basin. An official agreement on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Prespa Park Area was signed by the Environment Ministers of the three countries and the EU Environment Commissioner in 2010, setting out detailed principles and mechanisms of transboundary cooperation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Research has found that the quality of teachers and their teaching are the most important school-related factors in student outcomes (Darling-Hammond, 2000, OECD, 2005). Teachers are also at the front line of any education reform movement, ideally providing input when policies are being developed, and tasked with understanding and implementing the new vision (OECD, 2005, Jensen et al., As a representative of Thailand’s Office of the Basic Education Commission (OBEC) said to the review team, “teachers are the heart of the matter”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They are not allowed to subcontract these services to specialised firms. The drinking water management system leaves the communes with the choice of relying on their own water supply sources (this is the case for 25 of the 116 communes in Luxembourg), of relying, through the communal syndicates, on water from the Esch-sur-Sure Syndicate (SEBES), or of having a mixed arrangement. Four inter-communal syndicates* and Luxembourg City are members of SEBES and deliver drinking water abstracted from the Esch-sur-Sure reservoir. For sewage, there are 11 syndicates, each covering several communes. Some communes manage their sewer networks and treatment plants on their own.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Agriculture is by far the largest user, accounting for more than 60% of abstraction in 2012 and more than 70% of the increase over 2000-12. Human and industrial water use, by contrast, increased only moderately (Figure 1.15). Losses in water distribution relative to total abstraction have decreased slightly since 2000 but still amounted to more than one-third of abstracted freshwater in 2012, and more than 50% in several northern and north-eastern states, primarily because of obsolete water supply and sanitation infrastructure. Per capita water consumption averaged 167 litres per day in 2013: it ranges from 126 litres in the North-east region to 193 litres in the South-east, reflecting differences in climatic conditions and consumption patterns (MCid, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Economic instruments for mainstreaming biodiversity in agriculture are generally underutilised, though mechanisms such as payments for ecosystem services are being increasingly implemented in a range of countries. Additionally, significantly enhanced efforts to identify and reform environmentally harmful government support to agriculture would contribute to mainstreaming efforts. An increasing number of countries are reporting to the OECD Producer Support Estimate database on agricultural support, which is a step in this direction.11 Large-scale community engagement in natural resource management in the agricultural sector has been undertaken in certain countries such as Ethiopia and Australia, which contributes to raising awareness and enables adoption of improved technologies and practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In selecting the appropriate indicator we need to balance the information it provides with the cost of constructing it. As in the case of other indicators of human development in the Arctic, we face important trade-offs in devising the material well-being indicators. Compromises will need to be made to achieve good indicators that are obtainable at a reasonable cost in terms of time and resources, and these may be made at the cost of constructing an ideal yet probably unattainable indicator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Histories of the role of public health in nation building have revealed the centrality of hygiene to eugenic mechanisms of racial exclusion in the turn-of-the-20th-century United States, yet little scholarship has examined its role in the present day. Through ethnography in a Mexican migrant farmworking community in California's Central Valley, we explore the role of oral-hygiene campaigns in racializing Mexican immigrant parents and shaping the substance of their citizenship. Public health officials perceive migrant farmworkers' children's oral disease as a “stain of backwardness,” amplifying Mexican immigrants' status as “aliens.” We suggest, however, that the recent concern with Mexican immigrant children's oral health blends classic eugenic concerns in public health with neoliberal concerns regarding different immigrant groups' capacity for self-governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This requires that they set objectives, create reporting mechanisms and fiscal rules, audit and monitor cities’ finances, and eventually, take corrective measures if necessary. The design of such systems is likely to vary a great deal from country to country as a result of the enormous differences in fiscal systems, municipal competences and constitutional architecture. Since states/provinces/regions are usually responsible for setting fiscal rules and monitoring local governments’ finances in federal and quasi-federal countries, there can even be differences within them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This continuity between the school and the surrounding community helps to create a consistency of experience that reinforces messages about sustainability, resource use, consumption and other related concerns. A number of organisations involved with ESD activities are implementing packages of complementary activities, which are creating synergy between experiences in and out of school. Working across several sectors and levels in this way contributes to a coherent picture of what sustainability might mean in the lives of growing school children. Another programme, of broader geographical scope but narrower technical focus, is Sand watch, one of the flagship projects of UNESCO’s global Associated Schools Project Network (ASPnet). While some of the Sandwatch activities are school-based, the emphasis of the programme is on student and teacher involvement in the monitoring and preservation of coastal areas. As with the work of LLEE, the connection between what gets perceived as important at school, and what gets perceived as important outside of school, contributes to the success of the Sandwatch programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In particular, surface water interactions with groundwater, and the diffusion of pollutants at the regional level, are not always perfectly known. They do not explicitly cover risks to ecosystem resilience, subsuming them instead in the others. For example, flood control and water storage may rely on flood plains, wetlands or groundwater recharge, and water quality and wastewater treatment affect freshwater system resilience. A fourth subsection will discuss partnerships as a mechanism for implementing rural-urban co-operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The employer’s role is largely associated with the obligation to act as a model employer. There is an expectation that the public sector, by the excellence of its modern employment policies and practices, will act as a leading force and as an example for the rest of the country’s employers. Therefore, it is crucial that the public sector embeds and exemplifies gender equality in its own employment policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While GPs can choose whether or not to accept new patients, individuals seeking to register do not legally have to prove their identity or immigration status. Consequently, migrants should be able to register for primary care irrespective of their immigration status. With several partner organizations, the Mayor of London has published a leaflet explaining how excluded groups, and particularly migrants in an irregular situation, could access primary health care in London. Examples of such initiatives are the "Checking for Change" programme in Scotland, United Kingdom, and the "Migrant-Friendly Hospitals" network, which is sponsored by the Directorate-General for Health and Consumers of the European Commission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In this paper, this coverage is considered to be a “secondary source of coverage”. Depending on the scope of basic health coverage, on country-specific regulations and on demand for additional coverage, VHI as a secondary source of coverage covers cost-sharing left by basic coverage and/or benefits that are not covered by basic coverage. Hence, the boundary between what is “basic” and what is “additional” is not universal and varies across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In Thailand, Viet Nam and China, early commitments to providing basic health care, education, and other public services played an important role in rapidly rising incomes and living standards. Thailand made its first attempts at reducing rural poverty in 1980 using rural employment generation programmes and basic needs policy. In addition, it launched an agricultural production restructuring policy, which reduced the production of crops for which prices were declining, namely rice and cassava. More recently, Thaksin Shinawatra’s administration in 2001 marked a return to rural-oriented programmes such as debt deferment, the provision of cheap credit and rice price guarantees to raise farmers’ welfare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Information Technology today is recognized as an effective tool for catalyzing the economic activity in efficient governance and in developing human resource. As the era of Digital Economy evolves, the concept of good Governance assumes a greater significance. It is expected that in this context the Electronic Governance will result in improved transparency, speedy information, dissemination, higher administrative efficiency and improved public services in sectors including transportation, education, power, health, water, security and the state administration and municipal services. The analogy of e governance is also true for an organization other than the government, where alternatively we can call it as "e-Administration". Our main objective is to apply the e-governance in education (e e governance) by focusing on one of the components 'Faculty Appraisal System' (FAS) in the 360° approach so that there will be complete transparency and highly administrative efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
An established definition of gender budgeting refers to “a gender-based assessment of budgets, incorporating a gender perspective at all levels of the budgetary process and restructuring revenues and expenditures in order to promote gender equality” (Council of Europe, 2009). The nature and quality of these approaches appear quite variable, ranging from a pro forma statement of impacts on gender equality attached to all new policies coming before government, to more structured and systematic “gender impact assessments”. A few countries reported that gender equality is “mainstreamed” in the sense that the responsibility rests with line ministries to advance this agenda within their respective policy domains, and consequently no particular role for the budget process is envisaged as necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The study examines the role of governance in modulating the effect of capital flight on industrialisation in Africa. The empirical evidence is based on Generalised Method of Moments and governance is bundled by principal component analysis, namely: (i) political governance from political stability and “voice and accountability”, (ii) economic governance from government effectiveness and regulation quality, and (iii) institutional governance from corruption-control and the rule of law. First, governance increases industrialisation whereas capital flight has the opposite effect, and second, governance does not significantly mitigate the negative effect of capital flight on industrialisation. Policy implications are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Regulations permit fishing for anadromous salmonids in rivers and lakes with rod and handline during fishing seasons decided by the county governor. There are different fishing seasons for different areas and rivers. The policy is to fulfil this obligation within the existing fisheries management system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
To complement Zhumasultanov’s estimates for the recent period, Table 1.4 provides a corrected urbanisation rate that neutralises the effect of Shymkent and Almaty City’s territorial expansions in 2013 and 2014. The main conclusion is that without this large reclassification of rural inhabitants to urban status, the urbanisation rate w'ould have grown at a much slower pace, reaching an estimated 55.6% at the beginning of 2016 (w'hile the official urbanisation rate was 57%). In 2015 and 2016, the new urban residents in Shymkent and Almaty City were subtracted from urban population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As discussed in Chapter 1, OOP in Peru represented 29% of total health expenditure, a figure significantly above the OECD average, although similar to other LAC countries. But this does not mean that SIS, in practice, can rely on resources that are consistent with the number of its affiliates or the actuarial cost of providing benefits. In 2015, SIS’s average expenditure per affiliate was S/.82.81 (including all regimes) (equivalent to USD 31 or EUR 24), which represents a mere 23% of the estimated cost. Similar gaps between the expected cost and actual allocations to SIS have been identified almost since the inception of SIS (Prieto et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The different cuts that are made depend on the characteristics of the log and customer needs, and may include the use of an edger, a squaring saw, and a plank and board saw, and lastly, trimming. The final product consists of wood of different levels of quality, corresponding to the sawn lumber classification. This process makes it possible to reduce humidity to 12% or 14%, and its duration depends on the environmental conditions of the site, the season and the species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, if most people are potentially entrepreneurial risk-takers, when and where property rights are well guaranteed, then they will not be constrained by lack of access to credit, one would then expect to find a lack of people willing to work, as most people would want to start their own businesses. In reality, close to 75 per cent of the working-age population in developed countries are employees, not employers (entrepreneurs). The creation of stable and decent jobs through appropriate policies and institutional support is far more likely to contribute to poverty reduction, as recognized by the Millennium Development Goals. The welfare reform consensus of the mid-1980s converged on the notion that mandated work and job training could best alleviate poverty. Neoliberals are keen on making welfare contingent on work, and want to discipline welfare clients, while liberal welfare reformers want to deliver more training, health care and childcare to the underprivileged. However, almost everyone seems to think that the best way to proceed is with programmes targeted at the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Where this document refers to “countries” or “governments”, it is also intended to include “regional economic organisations”, if appropriate. The authors would like to thank the following OECD and IEA colleagues for their helpful comments on this paper: Simon Buckle, Jane Ellis, Takashi Hattori, Christina Hood, Takayoshi Kato and Raphael Jachnik. This enhanced transparency framework will play an important role in tracking progress towards the individual and collective goals agreed at COP 21 and in understanding achievement of nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement. This paper unpacks the transparency-related provisions within the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21 relating to mitigation and support. It also explores the relationship between the existing and future transparency framework, information required to track progress towards nationally determined contributions for mitigation, and fulfilling reporting provisions on finance provided, mobilised and received.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the 1990s the European Union extended its regulatory state model (Majone 1994, Lodge 2002, Moran 2002, Lodge 2008, Levi-Faur 2011) to the utilities sectors, and began to liberalize its gas market. As this process got underway, the EU began to pursue a parallel process: extending the reach of the single market beyond its borders. In fact, the EU sought to guarantee security of energy supplies primarily by extending its regulatory governance beyond its jurisdiction. These efforts included enlarging the EU (thereby expanding the direct reach of its regulatory apparatus), establishing the European Economic Area (EEA) (making key energy-supplier Norway comply with EU rules), and setting up policy agreements such as the Energy Charter Treaty with former Communist states — notably Russia (which currently supplies the EU with 30 per cent of its gas and 35 per cent of its oil) (Eurostat 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is now evident that digital inclusion is necessary for sustainable development. The delivery of broadband in urban, as well as rural, regions has become a major political and regulatory objective for many countries. The availability of broadband infrastructure worldwide has been recognized by the UN as an essential prerequisite to the economic development of countries8.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A considerable potential for increasing the nutritional status of people and the efficiency of the whole food chain lies in encouraging changes in diet and consumption patterns, as well as designing pro-nutrition policies in other sectors, such as health and education. In addition, reducing food losses is a cost-effective means of increasing the availability of safe and nutritious food for all. Preventing food wastage would also reduce the challenge of how to increase production in a world with limited natural resources. In particular, the livestock sector, which has grown rapidly to meet the increasing demand for meat, is a prime contribution to water scarcity, pollution, land degradation and greenhouse gas emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
To date, most evaluations of the effect of training programmes on re-employment rates of unemployed youth have been quite disappointing. Job-search training is the only measure that has been shown to work. Unfortunately, only about 1 000 unemployed Greek youth choose to participate in such a measure each year. Job-search courses should be the top priority in individual action plans drawn with the help of personal advisers and participation should be mandatory after a period of unfruitful independent job search.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It has also benefited from inputs from OECD divisions working on job quality, skills and local development and from ILO divisions working on tourism, skills, SMEs and statistics. We would particularly like to thank Dr. Wolfgang Weinz, ILO Senior Technical Specialist Hotels, Catering and Tourism, for his contribution to the development of this work and for coordinating the ILO's involvement in the project. Tourism offers strong potential to support job-rich growth, employment in hotels and restaurants grew on average by 1.4% per year in OECD countries over the period 2009-13, compared with growth of 0.7% in the economy as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
At the same time, generous tax exemptions have supported firm-level collective contracts that offer, on average, more extensive coverage with reimbursements recently capped at a high level (Bruant-Bisson and Daude, 2016). In addition, collective employer-sponsored plans became mandatory for private-sector employees in 2016, enabling care coverage to be extended. The separation of individual from collective contracts, however, limits risk pooling between employees and riskier households. Indeed, the generalisation of collective plans for employees concentrates individual contracts on higher-risk households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The experience of poverty is often multifaceted and deprivations are interrelated in many cases. This highlights the necessity to clearly separate the different concepts of poverty and to study their overlap. The paper also makes a distinction between household poverty and child poverty, recognising that children may experience poverty differently to adults and that people's needs differ depending on their age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Credible information is an indispensable first step in this process. The preceding sections indicated under which conditions private or public action will be most effective. However, it is useful to emphasise the complementarity of the two modes rather than their opposition. Private action, such as envisioned by Coase, has to be supported by a government delimiting and enforcing private property rights in new spheres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
And finally, it is also important globally due to Brazil’s role as a leading supplier on international markets. At present, Brazil’s trade opportunities are affected by slow' growth in developed economies, loss of momentum in key emerging economies, and greater competition in global agricultural markets. Brazil’s broadest challenge today is to sustain high agricultural growth in the conditions when its past powerful supply and demand drivers have weakened. This puts the sector’s cost competitiveness into the foreground where increased innovation will play an essential role in achieving it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In other words, increased access to a sewerage system would have a direct effect in reducing the level of deprivation associated with this indicator, and may also have an indirect effect that would be reflected in a reduction in the levels of deprivation associated with the indicators of deaths of live-born children, water, the collection of household waste and/or school attendance, among others. For example, households registering the indicator “deaths of live-born children” were, in most cases, households with one-dimensional profiles. The next-most common were four two-dimensional profiles in which that indicator was combined with the indicators for “sewerage system”, “disposal of household waste”, “school attendance” and “overcrowding”, in that order.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In recent years, American treaty behavior has produced growing concern among both allies and less friendly nations. On such fundamental issues as nuclear proliferation, terrorism, human rights, civil liberties, environmental disasters, and commerce, the United States has generated confusion and anger abroad. Such a climate is not conducive to needed cooperation in the conduct of foreign and security policy. Among U.S. actions that have caused concern are the failure to ratify several treaties, the attachment of reservations, understandings, and declarations before ratification, the failure to support a treaty regime once ratified, and treaty withdrawal. The structural and historical reasons for American treaty behavior are deeply rooted in the United States' system of government and do not merely reflect superpower arrogance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)