albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It finds that these programmes have little adverse impact on labour market outcomes of recipient households. There are a number of reasons for this: cash transfers in emerging countries are usually not conditional on labour force status (unsurprisingly, given the high rate of in-work poverty), due to administrative constraints, the means-tests benefit eligibility are often loosely and irregularly applied, implying that additional income from work is not taxed away as a result of benefit withdrawal, and levels of transfer are usually low relative to household income. As a result, the implicit tax of cash transfers on working tends to be rather low in emerging economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The country recognizes the advantage of diversification to strengthen its energy supply structure, and is also looking to increase the number of small and medium hydropower producers (Government of Japan, 2014). Planning and integrating a large number of small power generation plants utilizing different resources, and dispersed over broad geographic regions, has helped support a more stable supply that incorporates variable renewables in some areas. Furthermore, the introduction of increasingly affordable battery storage enables variable renewable energy, such as solar and wind, to become “dispatchable” resources, which are able to store surplus generation and then supply power systems when demand is present. Technology for battery-based energy storage systems is improving and costs are projected to continue to fall, pointing to the growing potential for increased renewable energy uptake.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This fell to about one in five workers in 2012, according to The Employment Bureau of Africa (TEBA), an employment agency. With the adoption of the Refugee Act of 1998, which entered into force in 2000, asylum in South Africa was formalised, and throughout the 2000s applications have increased rapidly. Part of this increase is due to the fact that asylum seekers had full access to education and employment, and asylum procedures risked serving as a back door into the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It will take until 2028 to reach Goal 4 globally at the current rate. The pace of reduction would need to quadruple in the period from 2013 to 2015 to meet the target of a two-thirds reduction in the under-five mortality rate. Between 1990 and 2012, the world neonatal mortality rate fell by almost one third, from 33 to 21 deaths for every thousand live births.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The final report was publicly released in December 2009. In August 2011, the government released its response to the review as part of a broad package of reforms for Australia’s national environment law. In volume terms, Australian fisheries production increased slightly, by 476 tonnes to 237 540 tonnes. Over the past years, rock lobster and prawns remained the highest value wild catch production. The two species contributed 48% of the gross value of wild catch production in 2012-13.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Women in many countries have moved from victimhood to become agents of social change despite complex social and economic challenges. Women are playing important roles in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan and Uganda, including participating in dialogues for peace, contributing to post-conflict governments and mobilizing a critical mass of women to advocate for women's rights. This statement re-echoes and reaffirms what women activists have been saying over the last decades, "If given the space, women can change the dynamics of war and peace." In my own country, Liberia, we. The devastation of the Liberian conflict on the lives of thousands of women provoked us to organize and agitate for an end to the war.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The fact that female labour force participation rose substantially in the rural employment (NREGA) programme (see below), that provides equal pay with men, suggests that this can be the case. However, “own-wage” information is not available for the self-employed, which constitute about half of the female labour force, which makes testing this hypothesis more difficult. It was enacted in 2005 and guarantees 100 days of work per year, for a minimum salary fixed by the state (same for men and women), for all members of rural households willing to do unskilled manual labour with quotas for women. According to existing literature, this programme has had a significant impact on rural employment, increasing both public and private employment and casual wages (Imbert and Papp, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The overall benefits, in the words of the United Nations Commission on Population and Development (2014), are “wealthier economies, fairer societies, and stronger democracies.” For young people, access to decent work and improved living conditions is a gateway towards empowerment, and a protective factor. What the International Labour Organization (2013) terms a “global youth employment crisis” is worsening.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The following section analyses current practices, and examines the extent to which Ethiopia’s teacher recruitment practices align with the standards proposed in the Commonwealth Teacher Recruitment Protocol (CTRP). Fair and ethical treatment in the international recruitment of teachers is an important cornerstone of the CTRP. The African Union (2006) also acknowledges the usefulness of the protocol as part of its Plan of Action for the Second Decade of Education, encouraging a similar arrangement to be made in the continent. This case study examines important issues in the process of international recruitment of teachers in Ethiopia, which can become a useful input for planning future management of teachers nationally, regionally and globally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Programme of Action lists several actions to be undertaken regarding urbanization, as well as internal and international migration. The 2030 Agenda has given further prominence to the role of urbanization and international migration in sustainable development. The New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants provides important guidance to Member States in addressing the challenges of large movements of refugees and migrants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Policy optimization models are designed to determine the “best” climate policy as defined by an aggregated welfare function over time, possibly considering user-specified climatic constraints. Their complexity is severely limited by the numerical algorithms used to solve optimization problems. Furthermore, wide-ranging subjective assumptions are necessary to aggregate all consequences of alternative policies in a social welfare function to be maximized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Reframing concepts and redefining traditions around female genital mutilation are strategies used by several countries. In Kenya, for example, alternative rites of passage have been developed to preserve the positive sociocultural aspects of the ritual without requiring girls to undergo female genital mutilation. Most countries, even those with high levels of child marriage, have established legal minimum ages for marriage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Primary school teachers major in education, and they may specialise in teaching one or several subjects in their minor subject studies. Upper-grade teachers major in specific subjects and do their pedagogical studies over a five-year programme or as a separate module after graduation. With strong theoretical and practical content, teacher education is research-based, with emphasis on developing pedagogical knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Abstract   This commentary amplifies the rising spate of human rights violations as laid bare by the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa. It notes that while governments in the region have declared restrictions on social gathering, in a bid to upend the deadly contagion, rights violations of vulnerable groups by law enforcement officials are on the increase. It argues that the underlying rationale for such flagrant abuse of power stems from the dearth of a rights-based approach to police-public relations, indifference of political actors, and a grossly inadequate public health and social care infrastructures for undervalued and powerless groups. Policy implications are laid out while suggestions are offered to social work professionals given their longstanding commitment to national security and development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Land tenure is the relationship, whether legally or customarily defined, among people, individuals and groups, with respect to land. According to general comment No. Regardless of the type of tenure, all persons should possess a degree of security of tenure which guarantees legal protection against forced eviction, harassment and other threats. In rural communities, ownership of land determines both social status and the way in which control is exercised over a household's resources and income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Road safety action plans should be integrated or linked to SUMPs, since road safety is critical to making active travel both popular and inclusive. Governments should establish a framework for the collection and reporting of relevant urban mobility and casualty figures. Such urban mobility and road safety observatories should also be integrated into the development and review of SUMPs. This would make it easier to analyse and interpret road safety trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Such guidance could facilitate looking across a wide range of reports, which would in turn facilitate adaptation-related tasks of the global stocktake (discussed in Section 4, below). This structure highlights information specifically mentioned by the Paris Agreement in the context of adaptation communications, and also includes (in italics) other information that could facilitate clarity and understanding. Clarifying what the INDC is proposing, and what adaptation actions are currently being implemented is particularly important, given the current lack of clarity on these topics in the adaptation components of many INDCs at present.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
To do this, countries should improve MEPs for existing buildings and implement policies to increase the rate of energy performance renovations. Factoring in energy performance at the building-design and construction stage is highly cost effective and needs to be at the forefront of building energy efficiency policies. All IEA member countries should periodically set stronger energy efficiency requirements for buildings. But only Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom have energy efficiency requirements that are approaching the optimal 30-year least life-cycle cost level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the scenario with an 80% renewable share, electricity prices are considerably lower compared to the other scenarios and the number of hours with electricity prices equal to or below zero rises to an astonishing 2 850 hours. A reduced occurrence of electricity prices higher than variable costs in combination with reduced utilisation hours means lower infra-marginal rents for recovering capital costs. Consequently, it is highly questionable whether conventional power plants can be profitably operated with high shares of renewables in energy-only markets with price formation being based on marginal costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In November 2000, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC or Convention) and its three protocols on human trafficking, migrant smuggling, and firearms. These instruments are the product of three years of diplomatic negotiations, and they represent a substantial contribution to international lawmaking in the area of transnational criminal law. UNTOC has attracted almost universal participation, with 190 states parties at present. Nearly two decades after the adoption of these instruments, however, remarkably little is known about whether states parties have implemented UNTOC and its protocols in their national legislation, whether they enforce such legislation, and whether they make use of UNTOC's provisions concerning international cooperation (e.g., extradition and mutual legal assistance). In other words, the influence of these instruments in practice remains largely unknown.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Decisions about infrastructure should consider relevant uncertainties to ensure resilience across a range of potential future scenarios. Uncertainties should be clearly communicated and valued, and there should be access to the tools needed to support decision-making under uncertainty. The use of platforms and online tools can provide accessible, credible and transparent information on past and future climate behaviour. The risks from climate change are diverse, vary by national circumstances and there are multiple possible metrics for measuring progress in addressing those risks. Nature-based, flexible or innovative approaches to climate-resilient infrastructure may even be cheaper than traditional approaches. Global studies find that the benefits of investing in resilience outweigh the costs with high benefit-cost ratios, for example of investment in flood defences for coastal cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The model enables firms to deliver long-term value to their direct and indirect stakeholders without compromising their ability to meet the needs of future stakeholders, with a particular focus on the creation of social, environmental and financial value.42 The model comprises four key components: foundation, principles, practices and enablers. It is the foundation of the model and posits the economic, social and environmental spheres as the three core elements for formulating strategies to achieve inclusive and sustainable development. These practices are achieved by integrating societal concerns in companies' business models, operations and interactions with stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Using data from 4 000 households in rural Indonesia, Gibson and Olivia (2010) showed that improved access to roads and electricity positively affected both employment and income for nonfarm enterprises. The Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (PNPM) Mandiri Rural Infrastructure Support helped villagers of Trimulyo to develop the local economy by constructing an all-weather road. The new road lowered transportation costs, which allowed greater use of fertiliser and in turn increased outputs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Dimensions and indicators for this study were selected as the result of a broad consultative process with key stakeholders convened by UNICEF-Armenia. See Annex A for the full list of dimensions and indicators. The sustainable development goals set by the post-2015 Development Agenda make a clear statement in Goal 1.2: "By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Those oneM2M standards have been widely used in loT and vertical areas, e.g. the Smart Cities Project in Busan, Republic of Korea. This work remarkably contributes to the convergence of global loT standards and the alignment of work, as one of the ITU-T strategic objectives is cooperation and collaboration. Furthermore, Industry and Member States of ITU-T can benefit from converged and aligned standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Originally aimed to disburse 75 million pounds per year up to 2019, the 2015 United Kingdom research review agreed to extend the programme up to 2021 while also doubling the investment to 150 million pounds per year by 2021. The Ross fund, named after Sir Ronald Ross who proved in 1897 that malaria is transmitted through mosquitoes, will invest in research and the development of new products and prevention and response to future disease outbreaks. The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF). The aim of the Global Challenges Research Fund is to address challenges faced by developing countries, whilst benefitting from the research capacity in the United Kingdom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Subsidiarity entails a clear definition of responsibilities across public and private players, for instance in the area of risk management systems. It also concerns the regional level of action which strongly depends on the type of problem at hand. For instance, the environmental performance of agricultural production has local, regional and global dimensions, and responses in terms of policies, technological or method developments need to be found at the corresponding levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Western researchers often do not incorporate the voices of African women in their research endeavors, and a serious engagement in women’s health activism in Zimbabwe cannot happen without this preliminary step. Endarkened feminist epistemologies have theorized a social science that refuses to sidestep African women’s perspectives. As a corrective to conceptual quarantining of Black (African and African diasporic) feminist thought, the exciting body of literature in the field broadly characterized as Africana feminism has helped to legitimate the languages, discourses, challenges, unique perspectives, divergent experiences, and intersecting oppressions and privileges of African women’s and girls’ lives. In this article, we develop an emerging Africana feminist methodology to propose building a scholarship and activism database as well as guide an exploratory discussion of health activism in Zimbabwe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This approach may clearly overestimate initial hunger rates to the extent that it underestimates quantities actually consumed. Initial levels of hunger reported for Burkina Faso and Ghana should be then treated with caution, although the subsequent variations -which are our prime interest - should be less affected. The approach followed to simulate the impact of the crisis on hunger strictly refers to caloric intake and its changes over the simulated scenarios.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Realism is widely regarded as the most influential theoretical tradition in International Relations, even by its harshest critics. Its ancient philosophical heritage, its powerful and original critique of liberal internationalism, together with its influence on the practice of international diplomacy have secured it an important, if no longer dominant position in the discipline. No other theory has given as much form and structure to the study of international politics, especially to the sub-fields of Security Studies and International Political Economy (see Donnelly 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is no reason why the level of education should be lower for teachers at pre-primary, primary and lower secondary education given similar professional demands. In the context of changing demographics of the Flemish student population and the current policy towards greater inclusion of students with special educational needs in mainstream schools, it is of key importance that all teachers are adequately prepared to work in diverse classrooms and differentiate instruction effectively. Also observed was Belgium’s internationally low profile in the proportion of immigrant children in remedial language classes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Changes in trade and manufacturing specialisation will potentially have significant effects on global supply chains. Transport activity is inseparably intertwined with international production and consumption patterns and their evolution, including changes in the location choices of multinational companies. The location of global production and consumption, and the structure of trade in terms of the nature of goods trade and transport costs, all influence the volume of freight as well as the related mode and route choice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Unpaid household service work consists of two elements - own-use production work of services and volunteer work. Own-use production work of sendees is activity to provide services for own final use, whereas volunteer work is non-compulsory activity to provide services for others. As iterated earlier, this guidance is focusing on own-use production work of services. The Guide recommends that the measurement and valuation of volunteer services be considered as an area for future research work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Other countries do not allow the use of factory vessels within their EEZ, transhipments, or the use of foreign vessels for harvesting. Such regulations - although they may offer other benefits - may insulate the fishing fleet from certain opportunities offered by globalisation. Seen from the perspective of the fisheries management authorities, however, regulations are essential for ensuring a proper functioning of the fisheries management system and adherence to national and international standards. Following the extension to 200 miles, and the associated loss of foreign fishing grounds for Distant Water Fishing Nations (DWFNs), they had to negotiate access to marine resources within the 200-mile limit of third countries or fish on the high seas. At the outset, these fleets were most often re-deployed in those countries’ waters where they had previously been fishing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The Strategy estimated that such a shift requires investment of approximately USD 20 billion. However, much work remains to be done to overcome barriers such as access to finance. The Ministry of Regional Development, Construction, Housing and Communal Services has been exploring the potential for improved efficiency in public and residential buildings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This chapter presents EU framework decision on combating terrorism. The European Union is founded on the universal values of human dignity, liberty, equality and solidarity, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. The European Union has adopted numerous specific measures having an impact on terrorism and organised crime. This Framework Decision respects fundamental rights as guaranteed by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and as they emerge from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States as principles of Community law. EU has adopted this framework decision on 12 articles. The articles focus on terrorist offences and fundamental rights and principles, offences relating to a terrorist group and offences linked to terrorist activities. The articles also deal with inciting, aiding or abetting, and attempting, penalties for legal persons, jurisdiction and prosecution, implementation of reports and territorial application.Keywords: EU framework decision, human rights, terrorist offences
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It does this first through a literature review of economic development theory and findings from past empirical studies. It then looks at different policy instruments currently used in five countries: Brazil, Chile, Indonesia, Mexico and South Africa. The results suggest that the focus of agricultural policies in these five countries has been on input use subsidies, whether these are for variable input use, fixed capital formation, or on-farm services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Applied research is directed “primarily towards a specific, practical aim or objective. ” It often uses findings from basic research, but aims to find applications of the knowledge. Experimental development is “systematic work, drawing on knowledge gained from research and practical experience and producing additional knowledge, which is directed to producing new products or processes or to improving existing products or processes. ”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)