albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
During the transition, the political, economic and social institutions in these formerly centrally planned economies underwent major changes which affected the distribution of public and private resources, both across and within countries. In particular, public social services crumbled in most of these countries (Bandara, Malik and Gherman, 2004), which contributed to the rise in poverty and inequalities as well as greater regional disparities, especially between rural and urban areas (Cukrowski, 2006, Anderson and Pomfret, 2004). On average, within-country income inequalities rose faster in this region than in any other between the early 1980s and the late 1990s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Freedom of information is one of the fundamental human rights, the right of every citizen to express his or her opinion through the written and the spoken word. The technology of communication has revolutionized the spread of information, making it instantaneous and allowing it to reach an ever-widening public. Thus a new power is born, the power of global journalism and social media. This paper seeks to describe the role of global journalism and social media in applying both good political and corporate governance practices as well as identify some problems arising due to global journalism. There is no freedom without freedom of expression, and global journalism and social media should strive for the highest ideals of journalism: to denounce all forms of injustice.      Article visualizations:
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Schools developed a small resident training structure with focal teachers, who were the first to be trained and became responsible for replicating and disseminating the training in the school. Still, education colleges and university departments kept a role in monitoring and supervising the way the programme was carried out. Its focus on the school and classroom are most likely the key to its success.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
How these resources are used—and the extent to which they support social objectives, including improvements in gender equality—depends on how the financial sector is organized and regulated.94 Central banks have a key regulatory role, setting out the rules and incentives and determining how the financial sector channels and allocates its resources. By changing these rules, central banks can channel credit to uses that support the realization of rights and promote gender equality. Credit allocation policies extend the toolkit available to pursue a range of objectives and should be considered as part of an alternative approach to macroeconomic management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It includes cost of public stockholding related to market interventions (intervention storage) and storage of strategic reserves (stockholding for food security purposes, state reserves). This category does not include public expenditure related to export subsidies or buying into intervention stocks. In such cases all efforts should be made to get more information concerning the implementation of the policy which will allow classifying in the categories mentioned above. Changes between the 2013 and 2014 editions reflect two factors: a) changes in the methodology, and b) data improvements facilitated by the clarification of definitions. In addition, the estimates in the 2014 report contain updated information across all agriculture support categories, in particular for recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They can be either pro-active or reactive. They include career information provision (in print, ICT-based and other forms), assessment and self-assessment tools, counselling interviews, career education programmes (to help individuals develop their self-awareness, opportunity awareness, and career management skills) and job shadowing, work experience tasters and short internships (to sample options before choosing to pursue them) (definition based on OECD, 2004). For these purposes, this paper reviews the available scientific literature on career guidance, and looks more specifically at the characteristics of effective and innovative policies and practices, and how employers can be involved to best effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
But such a policy may not be sufficient to contain rare but severe international shocks. The worst case scenario is one where domestic and international shocks reinforce each other, for example when the domestic harvest fails and the government needs to purchase large amounts of imports, and there is a price spike on the world market. The priority under these circumstances is to ensure that poor countries are provided with the instruments to address this rare but potentially disastrous scenario.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While providing access to required infrastructure and stakeholders, they may convey the necessary knowledge and experience needed to establish measures on a global level and support the timely alignment with regulatory stakeholders. Partners of the working groups can therefore develop concrete approaches to adopting the technology and validate concepts. The working grous need also to ensure careful consideration and analysis in order to assess whether there are clear benefits of deploying a blockchain-based solution rather than utilising existing infrastructures and databases. While moving towards a global standardised system, hybrid standard models may be required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The minimum wage indexation, a relatively high tax wedge on labour, and the policy focus on consumption stimulus have contributed to a fast rise in labour costs in Brazil. Labour regulations emphasise conditions of work and pay and are quite rigid. This sometimes impedes the establishment of mutually beneficial labour agreements, resulting in discrepancy between common practice and the law and posing legal risks to companies. Policies for the unemployed or those who are at risk of losing their jobs consist predominantly of compensation measures, although there are efforts to enhance market insertion measures. Skills improvement and self-employment as part of the labour market insertion programmes receive more attention, particularly for young people who account for the majority of the unemployed. However, the training component of the labour programmes seems to be inadequate in terms of the resources involved and its outreach, whereas it could play an important role in labour market adjustment to support the innovation process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Pricing signals often favour investment in unabated fossil-fiiel intensive activities over LCR alternatives since the social costs of emissions are not adequately reflected and even commercially viable LCR projects can be associated with higher risks and transaction costs. As governments work to meet their pre- and post-2020 emission reduction pledges, they will need to make efficient use of public funding to mobilise much larger amounts of private investment in LCR infrastructure. A GIB is a publicly capitalised entity established specifically to facilitate private investment into domestic LCR infrastructure and other green sectors such as water and waste management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2013, health expenditure (excluding investment in the health sector) represented 6.9% of GDP in Korea and is estimated to have increased further to 7.1% of GDP in 2014. Still, the health spending share of GDP remains much lower than the OECD average in 2013 (8.9%). This was about two-thirds of the OECD average and half of the G7 average. Health expenditure per capita in real terms (adjusted for inflation) more than doubled between 2003 and 2013, whereas it increased by only about 1.5 times across the OECD on average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
More than one in five elderly homeowners in Europe are still paying off their mortgages. In Switzerland, only 40% of older people are outright homeowners, compared to more than 90% in Hungary and the Slovak Republic, and around 80% in Australia, Chile and the United States. Yet, even among the poorest 10% of the elderly, almost 70% are homeowners. In Canada, more than 90% of over-70s in the highest income decile own their homes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The general approach is that a violator of the legislation is subject to criminal and administrative liabilities based on the nature of the violation and the scope of the damage. The inspector assesses violation and, for administrative offences, issues a notice of violation to the perpetrator, who can acknowledge it or not. If a fine is imposed and the violator acknowledges the violation, the violator simply pays the fine within 14 days.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Abstract   This paper investigates the effects of governance quality on exports in sub-Saharan African countries. We include the six worldwide governance indicators (i.e. voice and accountability, political stability, regulatory quality, rule of law, control of corruption, and government effectiveness) as explanatory factors for exports and its components in a sample of 45 countries over the period 1996-2019. System GMM method is privileged for estimations. It is observed that total exports and exports of services are positively affected by the six governance indicators, while manufactured goods are positively associated with those indicators except government effectiveness. While political stability, voice and accountability, rule of law, and control of corruption have positive effects on exports of goods, only voice and accountability impacts positively primary commodities. This indicates that sub-Saharan African countries should focus on strengthening political governance and improving business environment to boost exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper examines the discourses and modes of representation embodied in educational historiography from the 1970s to the present and their implications for intellectual identity construction in SA. The paper shows how the theoretical foundations of the liberal and Afrikaner nationalist discourses, which vacillated between race and ethnicity, shifted to social class and gender in radical and neo‐Marxist discursive formations of the 1980s. It highlights how the decline of radical scholarship has resulted in a synthesis of constructivist and postmodernist discourses that privilege nation‐building, identity and cultural diversity after apartheid within a predominantly neo‐liberal paradigm. It argues that the transition to post‐apartheid education came to be thought about within a horizon of possibilities different from the rigid paradigmatic tradition of the short‐lived neo‐Marxist school of the 1970s and 1980s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As expected, up-skilling is found to boost long-term levels of GDP per capita and average household income. Total household incomes effects are also positive across the distribution, and with the same order of estimated magnitude - which suggests the absence of distributional implications. The decomposition of total household income effects indicates that beyond positive effects channelled via GDP, there are no additional benefits from education at the household level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Given the broader effect of pre-schooling on disadvantaged children (Hopkins etal. Despite a real spending per pupil increase of 4.8% annually between 1997 and 2010, assessments of cognitive improvements are mixed. Unlike national indicators, international data report a sharp fall in the productivity of education for the United Kingdom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, income differentials are not enough to understand the female (male) situation in a given labour market and to capture the complex process of gendered migration. Including unemployment rate by sex therefore controls for gender discrimination in the workplace. Moreover, a measure of networks in the destination country is included to deal with family reunification factors and diaspora effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Abstract British American Tobacco (BAT) has made concerted efforts since the late 1980s to establish a major presence in Vietnam, among the world's 10 fastest growing tobacco markets. Until 2000, Vietnam's tight regulation of the industry has been largely driven by trade and investment policy, resulting in a stronger domestic industry but increased production and consumption of tobacco products. BAT gained market access, and achieved a dominant market share among TTCs, through leaf development, licensed manufacturing, and the contraband trade. With impending trade liberalization in Vietnam, the company is now well placed to further expand sales. The ambitious National Tobacco Control Policy, adopted in 2000, signals a shift in political priority towards the protection of public health. Effective implementation and enforcement of its comprehensive measures will depend on the public health community's ability to draw support from regional and global experience, notably the Framework Convention on Tobacco Co...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This implies that about 5.6 billion people in the world are vulnerable to various degrees. Despite working, they cannot earn enough to get out of poverty. In many developing countries, most poor adults have to work, if only to survive, especially in the absence of adequate social protection. Of the world’s poor, 75 per cent live in rural areas where agricultural wage workers suffer the highest incidence of poverty, largely because of seasonal unemployment and the low wages paid by small farms (World Bank, 2009b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
One is that agriculture is a low-paying sector. According to the national Statistics Agency, the monthly average salary in 2010 was KZT 36 332 (USD 246), compared to the national average of KZT 77 482 (USD 524) and to KZT 93 043 (USD 629) in industry. In addition, living and working conditions in rural areas are much less favourable than elsewhere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This will establish or maintain sustainable, community-based natural resource management in hilly or mountainous lands, prone to erosion and resource degradation. It also fits the'Additionality'criterion, which refers to the need to show that achieved levels of services would have not occurred in the absence of PES. In this case natural regeneration was prevented by excessive grazing of goats, so the regeneration can be shown to be additionality as a result of the PES scheme. The activities included in the project are expected to sequester a total of 0.14 Mt C02eq by 2012 and around 0.25 Mt C02eq by 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
An additional poverty line is based on 60% of the median income measured in 2005 (income reference year 2004) and is then uprated with inflation for all the intervening years. Contemporary poverty lines are sensitive to sudden shifts in the income distribution: median household income may fall during an economic downturn, reducing the poverty line and resulting in an artificially lower child poverty rate even if the number of poor children remains the same. " Anchoring" the poverty line in 2005 (in real terms) helps circumvent this limitation by keeping the threshold fixed at a moment in time rather than allowing it to move with the current income distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As an example, constructing roads will have limited effects on growth until and unless some road networks are developed. For instance, in the case of the Internet, the greater the number of Internet users, the greater the possibility of providing various online services. But different infrastructure investments also exhibit network effects between themselves, because achieving economies of scale in infrastructure provision is often not just a case of providing for one kind of infrastructure but also entails complementarities between several other kinds of infrastructure investments (Agenor, 2010, Jiwattanakulpaisam et al., For example, energy to promote production in rural areas would not necessarily lead to an increase in the rate of return to enterprises in the absence of other investments, such as roads or telecommunications. Thus, the recent large-scale electricity roll-out in Rwanda did not seem to have a laige impact on micro-enterprises because of additional obstacles, such as inadequate transport links, that limit their expansion (Lenzetal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Those in the informal sector are often hit hardest by external shocks, lacking effective social protection coverage, they rely on the flexibility of shifting between different, if low-paid, tasks. When adversity strikes they are more isolated, with less access to networks and relationships of support. They can also be disadvantaged when it comes to emergency relief.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Data refer to 2000-10 for Estonia and Finland, to 1999-2010 for France, and to 2002-09 for Mexico. Data refer to 1997-2006 for Australia, to 1995-2006 for the Netherlands, to 1995-2005 for the United Kingdom and to 1992-2002 for Germany. For details on the definition of unpaid work and total work see Miranda, V. (2011), “Cooking, Caring and Volunteering: Unpaid Work around the World", OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This demonstrates that innovation is the main driver of growth in advanced economies. Firms constantly change products and processes, collect new knowledge, and develop new ways of working. Basic aggregate indicators from innovation surveys show that the share of firms developing a product or process innovation ranges from over half of all firms in Austria, Germany, Luxembourg and Switzerland to less than a third in France, Japan and Norway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Data is the most recent available. This suggests there is scope for fruitful collaboration between policymakers in the ICT and education sectors to work closely and leverage mutual resources to improve digital skills. By early 2017,92% of the population was covered by the latest 3G mobile broadband technologies so access is not a significant barrier.142 In terms of affordability, Rwanda boasts the eighth cheapest mobile Internet price among LDCs at US$2.54 for 500 MB per month according to the ITU basket.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The work is regarded as voluntary, and working conditions are casual.91 In the case of South Africa, the pay levels of ECEC workers do not allow them to move out of poverty. Sometimes ECEC workers enrol in training, topping up their incomes with the EPWP stipend. However, when the training ends, they have higher skills but the same remuneration as before 92 Poor worker remuneration is also common in ECEC programmes in other African countries, like those reviewed in Kenya95 and Nigeria. Improvements in national legislation in South Africa and Uruguay, and the ratification of the ILO’s Domestic Workers Convention (No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, the ability of an intervention to mobilise or leverage financing does not necessarily imply effectiveness in a broader sense. For instance, some analysis has highlighted the possibility that high leverage or mobilisation rates may indicate a strong perception of commercial viability amongst private investors who may have invested without public intervention (Stadelmann et al., In addition to its narrow focus, one of the difficulties in using financial mobilisation as an indicator in assessing effectiveness is that there are wide differences in how mobilisation and leverage are defined and measured between different institutions (see Caruso and Ellis, 2013 for a more detailed discussion). Even in the absence of methodological differences, mobilisation rates will vary significantly across financial instruments, technologies, sectors, and countries (UN AGF, 2010, Smallridge, et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
School principals were also given a 30-minute questionnaire that covered the school system and the learning environment. In some countries and economies, optional questionnaires were distributed to parents, who were asked to provide information on their perceptions of and involvement in their child's school, their support for learning in the home, and their child's career expectations, particularly in mathematics. Countries could choose two other optional questionnaires for students: one asked students about their familiarity with and use of information and communication technologies, and the second sought information about their education to date, including any interruptions in their schooling and whether and how they are preparing for a future career.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Significant research has been pursued in the academia and the public and private sectors on these issues. A further goal has been more effective land policy implementation. The role of these land policies, when coordinated with planning and zoning tools, may be very important for eliminating informality, since the authorities can monitor ownership rights and land use, plan more effectively and eliminate illegal occupation of public land. While these measures have not explicitly targeted the informal settlement problem, in general terms they have provided better spatial data infrastructure for urban planning and management with respect to general compliance with the existing planning and building regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Building on Keynesian theoretical insights, Governments made employment, stability and growth important subjects of public policy and took responsibility for assuring their citizens a degree of economic wellbeing, with such steps leading to the creation of the welfare state. In Europe and Japan, industrial policies were key elements in post-war reconstruction. Poor countries would need to move away from a dependence on primary exports and the rural economy and develop manufacturing industries in order to foster more dynamic growth processes, major investments in infrastructure and new activities would be needed to create the right initial conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Although the signed negotiated agreement was meant to enter into force on 1 January 2010 for Indonesia, the government delayed ratifying the agreement because of concerns it would negatively impact local producers. It was eventually ratified in late 2011 and came into force on 10 January 2012. While discussion have occurred with potential partners such as the United States, the European Union and Chile, Indonesia has established only one bilateral trade agreement, with its largest trading partner Japan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This paper utilizes a unique dataset of 500 firms in ten Cambodian provinces and a natural experiment to test a long-held convention in political economy that the predictability of a corruption is at least as important for firm investment decisions as the amount of bribes a firm must pay, provided the bribes are not prohibitively expensive. Our results suggest that this hypothesis is correct. Firms exposed to a shock to their bribe schedules by a change in governor invest significantly less in subsequent periods, as they wait for new information about their new chief executive. Furthermore, the amount of corruption (both measured by survey data and proxied by the number of commercial sex workers) is significantly lower in provinces with new governors. Our findings are robust to a battery of firm-level controls and province-level investment climate measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)