albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This chapter argues that the “authority vacuum” that followed the revolutions against Arab authoritarian regimes — affecting state’s ability to deliver public services which influenced citizens’ human and state’s national security — is the symptom rather than the cause of the current turmoil. Arab populations protesting in 2011 against poverty, corruption and poor services, are now facing worse conditions than those they have protested against. The original sin is the failure/ weakness of the post-colonial Arab state in its pursuit of modernity. Arab republics, set up by revolutions/ coups in the 1950s and the 1960s, promised to establish a modern, democratic state based on socio-economic justice. Nevertheless, four decades later, Arab states were still lagging behind in economic and political development, social justice, and the provision of services. Injustices were kept silent by the heavy hand of the regimes which, once challenged or toppled, gave way to the current turmoil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Having high-profile spokespeople who are independent of police to support the rationale for the enforcement is particularly helpful (OECD/ITF, forthcoming). For example, trauma surgeons w'ho have experience in treating injuries from road accidents are able to speak with compelling authority' about the impact of alcohol, speed and the failure to wear safety belts on people’s lives. The programme features doctors, nurses, emergency workers and health professionals who volunteer their time to educate the young in the hope that their stories can help reduce the incidence of road accidents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This group includes three categories: development momentum and youth employment challenges in fragile contexts, to be followed by discussion of the priorities of fragile and conflict-affected states (as an extreme case for rural migration). It includes the majority of developing countries where net rural-urban migration is positive but rural-rural migration is also very relevant, as many countries of this category still have a considerable agricultural base. In such contexts, policies may focus on investing more specifically in generating off-farm employment through the forward and backward linkages between agriculture and the broader food system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This implies that women's time in the labour market is negatively affected by childcare responsibilities while husbands are more likely to spend more time in the workplace. Presence of older parents on the other hand decreases wives' share of household, which suggests that they are likely to help in some household chores. Its negative effect on husbands' share of market work may be explained by the cultural practice of having older parents live with their sons' families, and thus the incentive for husbands to spend more time at home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Brazil, for example, where participatory budgeting was first adopted (in 1989), municipalities utilizing such programmes appear to manage their public finances with a significantly greater effectiveness than those where the programmes have not been implemented (Petherick, 2014). Concerned experts might wish to keep decision-making power out of the hands of local stakeholders in cases where more complex matters such as climate adaptation need to be confronted, not recognizing that local stakeholders can provide different but complementary forms of expertise (ibid.). While local buy-in and ownership do contribute to successful project implementation, participatory budgeting is sometimes not sufficient to deter corruption, as vulnerable groups may become victims of elite capture or bribing. Therefore, a participatory accountability framework must be implemented alongside participatory decision-making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Building on the natively integrated and network-wide enforced transaction logic, an endless variety of applications can be developed. The blockchain can hold hashes to the original data points, which are solely managed by the related organisations. This set-up provides a high degree of flexibility by reducing the amount of data distributed on the network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A major task is to coalesce and cement notions of belonging to diaspora when that identification has faded. At least in Tonga and Samoa there is a strong sense of nationhood (rather than an association with particular regions or islands), and sport has been a key part of that. The uptake of mobile phones is as fast as anywhere in the world (and one of the principal purchases of RSE workers).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Households headed by single females fare worse than married couple households, particularly at the lower end of the wealth distribution. However, no data on wealth are currently available for international comparison of gender inequalities. Data from the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) show that single women with children are at high risk of material deprivation, with significant differences across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The first chapter provides the context, and describes why development co-operation providers are engaging the private sector, and what issues they address with their support. The second chapter maps development partner approaches - it discusses key concepts and adopts a framework to understand policy objectives, it presents examples of activities, and finally, it highlights the roles of different development co-operation actors. The third chapter presents an analysis of climate-related development finance flows supporting private sector engagement, highlighting the geographies of private sector engagement according to sector, provider, income of the recipients and aim (mitigation vs. adaptation).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Efforts should focus on increasing the availability of de-risking instruments, including insurance and guarantee products to protect investors, although limited institutional and human capacities are an important constraint. While the number of international and regional initiatives to stimulate domestic debt instruments and capital markets is on the increase, LDCs may require special attention and complementary assistance. A development process based on sustainable and inclusive structural transformation implies an increased supply of modern energy to producers in agriculture, industry and services as well as to the residential sector and community facilities. In turn, the resulting demand growth can make investments in energy production and distribution systems more viable, helping to reap the benefits of scale economies and higher overall efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
On the one hand, the diversity across and within Emerging Asian countries can pose challenges for national governments to implement smart city initiatives. On the other hand, such diversity is an opportunity for the development of innovative ideas, precisely because cities at an earlier stage of development can learn from best practices and “leapfrog" the most difficult stages, thereby avoiding the pitfalls and challenges that peer cities have already faced. The sharing of best practices on smart city initiatives is especially valuable in light of the global megatrends of globalisation, urbanisation, ageing population, climate change and digitalisation. Despite the fact that these megatrends impact Emerging Asian countries in different ways and that each country is at a different starting point in tackling their associated challenges, they pose risks to all cities. A range of subnational indicators are required in order to monitor how smart city initiatives impact the lives of citizens and to provide a benchmark for governments to develop even smarter cities. Top-down approaches that disregard or do not involve the subnational level run the risk of being exclusive and failing to meet the varied needs of all citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In spite of significant progress in recent years in a number of countries, including through extending provision of basic health-care access and income support to poor workers and households, Asia-Pacific countries still exhibit significant shortcomings in their social protection regimes. Public social security expenditure remains low at less than 2% of GDP in one-half of the countries where data are available (see figure 1.24). In addition, only 30% of persons above the retirement age in Asia and the Pacific receive a pension on average, while only 10% of the unemployed receive any benefits (ILO, 2010c) and (Bonnet, Saget and Weber, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities thus seems to be gradually releasing its grip in the climate regime. Most scientific evaluations state that if we intend to keep the temperature rise below two degrees above pre-industrial levels, global emissions should be at their highest in 2015 decreasing steadily thereafter with the legal treaty entering into force as late as 2020. In the most recent 2007 Inter-Governmental Panel assessment on Climate Change, both Polar Regions were deemed to be experiencing the ongoing impacts of climate change (as they were in the 2001 IPPC Assessment). The impacts on the Arctic are, however, much more pronounced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Notwithstanding the revenue potential, environmentally-related revenues declined as a share of GDP in most OECD countries during 1995-2014 (Figure 8). Data not available for Greece for 1995. In judging the growth impact of environmental taxes, an important consideration is the use to which the revenues generated by the levies are put.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Preface by Thomas Hammarberg Introduction: The Role of European Human Rights Monitoring Mechanisms, Gauthier de Beco 1. The Commissioner for Human Rights, Lauri Sivonen 2. The European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (The CPT), Renate Kicker 3. The European Committee of Social Rights (The ECSR), Olivier De Schutter and Matthias Sant'Ana 4. The Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (The ACFC), Gauthier de Beco and Emma Lantschner 5. The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), Lanna Yael Hollo 6. the Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (The CECL), Robert Dunbar Conclusion: A Comparative Analysis of European Human Rights Monitoring Mechanisms, Gauthier de Beco
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
From 2011 to 2014, the Human Rights Center at the UC Berkeley School of Law conducted qualitative research in Kenya, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Uganda to identify accountability mechanisms and challenges related to sexual violence committed during periods of conflict or political unrest. This article shares two aspects of that research: first, it presents key challenges related to the investigation, prosecution and adjudication of sexual violence committed during and after the periods of recent conflict. Second, it flags the emergence of specialized units tasked with investigating and prosecuting either sexual and gender-based violence or international crimes, noting the operational gap between these institutions. It notes that if not bridged, this gap may impede responses for the intersecting issue of sexual violence committed as an international crime. The article closes with recommendations for a more coordinated response and more accountability at the domestic level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Dans le cas de Sexploitation, des salaires plus eleves pour les femmes nuisent a la croissance, une plus grande participation sur le marche compresse le temps et diminue la production des capacites humaines, et la croissance repose partiellement sur Sexploitation du travail des femmes et des ressources humaines. Dans le dernier cas, la compression des revenus, des salaires plus eleves pour les femmes nuisent a la croissance, mais une plus forte participation sur le marche du travail ameliore la production des capacites humaines et la croissance est insaisissable ou instable. Asimismo, se establece una relacion entre dichos regimenes con diversos grupos de paises organizados segun su estructura economica y nivel de desarrollo, y se evaluan las consecuencias macroeconomicas de la recesion sobre la desigualdad de genero en el mercado laboral.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It does this through a range of engagement strategies and resources, blogs, industry champions and the development of a series of promotional videos for TV (http://www.4me.net.au/cateaories/careers/works-tv). Membership of the Tourism and Hospitality Careers Council is by subscription, with members drawn from industry associations, major training providers (both public and private), providers of group training services to industry, academic institutions and major tourism and hospitality operators. Seed funding to deliver the campaign was provided under the national Tourism 2020 strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Greater macro-economic, political and social instability is therefore a key implication of more inequality over time. Section 5 concludes that if markets do not spontaneously auto-equilibrate, the political economy of increasing inequality- will be crucial - but the outcomes of those processes are very unclear. Data refer to the income share of the top 1% of people. Income data are based on tax records, and refer to the concept of taxable income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While unemployment has fallen to very low levels and income is starting to pick up, other signs point to a less rosy picture. Labour force participation, including those ofprime age, has declined. Facing possible future shocks from automation taking stock of factors that help workers find jobs and remain in employment can help improve labour market performance. There are a number of economy-wide features, including providing workers with adequate skills, easing barriers to taking jobs arising from child and elderly care responsibilities, and addressing the problems of felony records and drug abuse can pose for job search.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The greater variation in the data at higher levels of mean living standards can also be seen to reflect greater variation in the social subjectivity of poverty lines at higher levels of development. Indeed, the political nature by which societies choose to set their national lines may become more salient at higher levels of economic (and institutional) development. A tendency for higher income countries to politically decide to choose a higher poverty line than what might otherwise be the most socially salient poverty line would bias upward the regressions on which Ravallion and Chen's income elasticity of the poverty line is based. Citing Fuchs (1969), he reminds us that it is desirable for the setting of the poverty line to be recognised as "a national value judgement-arrived at through the normal political process".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article analyses the impact that some of the United Nations special procedures, namely those focusing on economic social and cultural rights (ESC rights), have upon the development of international human rights law, in particular through clarifying the normative content of the rights and the development of soft-law instruments. It also examines the impact of the ESC rights mandate-holders in implementing ESC rights through promotion activities, protection work and country missions and explores modalities for improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The annual growth rate in 2004 was 28.7 per cent, while in 2014, it was only 4.5 per cent. In terms of growth rate, countries and territories in the Pacific subregion showed the strongest annual growth rate at 17.9 per cent in 2014. Despite the steady growth in the subscription rate, the Asia-Pacific region still lags behind the global average of 10.4 per 100 people in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Between 2008 and 2013, Kenya’s Tenth Parliament was responsible for the most sustained period of legal reforms in the country’s history. The promulgation and implementation of a new constitution, the establishment of a truth commission and substantial changes to the country’s judiciary, security sector, electoral system, criminal justice system and witness protection programme meant that during this period Kenya made significant progress in ending impunity. After more than two decades of taskforces, commissions, inquiries, reports, recommendations and proposals, much-needed rule of law reforms were finally implemented. To what extent can the momentum for this widespread and fundamental rule of law reform be attributed to the OTP’s strategy of positive complementarity and the commencement of trials in The Hague.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The integrated nature of the public policies is based (among other factors) on a correct definition of the beneficiaries in socioeconomic and territorial terms, which depends on the quality of disaggregated data available at the household and territorial levels, to be able to distinguish zones or settlements. The institutional framework needs the capacity to identify households and localities that are highly exposed and vulnerable to disasters, in an efficient and planned way, so that they can be included among the priority objectives of public policies aimed at increasing resilience to such phenomena among people and communities. Development Policy Review, vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The responsibility to care for the Ebola-orphaned children also falls on women. Toward the end of 2014, it was estimated that there were more than 30,000 Ebola-orphaned children in the three countries (UNDP Africa Policy Note, 2015a). Amartya Sen introduced the concept of ‘missing women’ by analysing the differences in the ratio of women to men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While marine ecosystems are generally more spatially and temporally complex than terrestrial ecosystems, the general principles for determining where to prioritise resources for an MPA should follow the same as those for terrestrial biodiversity. This implies identifying areas with: 1) the highest biodiversity benefits: 2) the highest risk of loss, and 3) the lowest opportunity costs (see OECD, 2010). This helps to ensure that the greatest benefits can be achieved given the resources available. As noted by Watson et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Typically about 200 km of track has been added per year in the past 20 years (0.23% per year), and about 250 km per year of track doubling (0.29% per year). This can be compared to a total track length of 86 937 km. The gross freight-km per track-km ratio has increased by more than 50% between 1999 and 2009 through an increased axle load, quicker turn-around times and higher train speed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Rwanda has experienced wars and massacres, culminating in the genocide committed against the Tutsi in 1994. These extreme acts of violence were perpetrated by people who share the same language, religion and cultural values. They have similar professional activities, and finally, they belong to the same nation with the same citizenship. What is the origin of the atrocious events that have characterized this country? In this contribution, we will attempt to show, through an analysis of the literature on the history of Rwanda, how the establishment of political and educational systems based on discrimination, inequality and ethnic injustice has led to suffering, rivalries, ethnic hatred and "second class" citizenship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Information on status and initiatives is currently being collected for mapping purposes. Its main focus is on protection of species, habitats and ecosystems in line with international agreements.55 It contains proposals for new protected areas for conservation of biological diversity. Increased scientific research, registering and mapping of natural history with data collected and stored in accessible databases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Much research has argued for the importance of state's administrative capacity for development. Disregard for the rule of law and failure to get corruption under control are seen as detrimental to economic and social development. The China paradox refers to the fact that in all commonly used measures of levels of corruption and the quality of government, China is a country that scores quite low. China also lacks the Weberian model of bureaucracy that is seen as central for development. It is argued that this paradox is the result of disregarding the existence of a different public administration model in China-the cadre organization. Instead of rule following, this organization is marked by high commitment to a specific policy doctrine. The argument is that while very different from Weberian bureaucracy, this organization is well suited for effectively implementing policies for economic and social development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The GSHS (http://www.who.int/chp/gshs/en/) currently has data on about 80 countries for children aged 13 to 17 years, with other surveys planned [67],1 The key topics addressed by the GSHS are: alcohol use, dietary behaviours, drug use, hygiene, mental health, physical activity, protective factors, sexual behaviours, tobacco use, and violence and unintentional injury. The questionnaire includes one item on food insecurity: "During the past 30 days, how often did you go hungry because there was not enough food in your home?" For example, for India in 2007, the (weighted) prevalence of the last three responses together was 17.1%. Some of the countries have national datasets but others have datasets only for certain areas of the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Fewer than half of households had a computer at home, highlighting that a substantial number of households accessed the Internet (also) through other means, most importantly through mobile devices, often using the data plan of the mobile-broadband subscription. Three quarters of the world's population owned a mobile phone in 2017, but in LDCs this proportion stood at 56 per cent. Given the positive impacts of mobile phone ownership on development, this is an area where quick gains can be made.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They continuously work with winglets improvements and engine core wash equipment. Based on the MyClimate Cruise calculator an average passenger on a 7 days cruise causes 2.4 tonnes of C02 equivalents when sharing a double room. Because of economies of scale regarding fuel consumption, larger cruise ships have a lower carbon footprint per passenger than smaller cruise ships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Reconciliation as a peacemaking paradigm emerged as an innovative response to some of the mass atrocities and human rights violations that marked the 20th century. It provided an alternative to traditional state diplomacy and realpolitik that focused on restoring and rebuilding relationships. To that end, those creating reconciliation processes have set themselves the difficult task of laying the foundations for forgiveness through the establishment of truth, acknowledgment of harm, and the provision of appropriate forms of justice. In 1991, the Australian government instigated a process of reconciliation between the indigenous peoples and wider society in order to “address progressively” colonial injustice and its legacy (Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation Act 1991: Preamble). This article seeks to demonstrate, however, that restrictive policy framing and a lack of political will have severely hindered the progress of the Australian reconciliation process. An alternative conceptual approach to settler...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)