albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In addition to the fact that feminization contributes to growth, when there is a sharp slowdown, such as occurred in the second and third quarters of 2009 or the early months of 2010 in some countries, and male unemployment is higher, the response of the female labour supply is positive. If this result is found to hold true over the long term, it could provide corroboration for the theory advanced by Erturk and Cagatay (1995) regarding the relationship between a high rate of feminization and long per capita income levels. Thus, the participation gap is narrowing and the feminization rate is climbing, which is in keeping with the result of the model. However, the unemployment gap widened in 2007 and 2008, which means that the rise in participation has not been balanced out by employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This has often left them dependent on male provision to meet some or all of the needs of their households. Locating these policies within a framework of rights ensures that women’s access to and control over resources is part of their entitlements as citizens, rather than left to the discretion of male providers, the largesse of the State or the vagaries of the market. The range of livelihood strategies of low-income households does not fit neatly into conventional economic models of labour markets. The pace of change has been slow and uneven.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. New England Journal ofMedicine ,355:2725-2732. 25-Year summary of US malpractice claims for diagnostic errors 1986-2010: an analysis from the National Practitioner Data Bank. Lost productive life years caused by chronic conditions in Australians aged 45-64 years, 2010-2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Diabetes is a syndrome constituting a general public health problem and it’sdifficult fordiabetic individual, their family to adhere to self-management and person with diabetes may face many barriers to perform optimal diabetes self-management. Theaim of the studywas to assess barriers to self-management among patients with type 2diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and method: Descriptive research design was utilized to conduct this study. Sample: convenience sample of 100 adult patients from both sexesdiagnosed with T2DM conducted in diabetic unit and clinicat specialized medical hospital in Mansoura University Hospital. Data were collecting using two tools, first tool was patient’s health relevant information interviewand second tool was patient's barriers to self-management. Result: There are many barriers affecting type 2 diabeticpatientsto participate in self-management and majority of the patients have insufficientor lack of adherence to self – managements and facing many barriers as educational, physical, psychosocial, financial and cultural barriers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Each radioactive element has its characteristic half-life (t1/2), which is the time taken for half of its atoms to decay. In the classification scheme of IAEA two kinds of radioactive waste are distinguished: short-lived waste, whose predominant activity is defined by radionuclides with t\a < 30 years and long-lived one, where iiri > 30 years. See Appendix 1 for further details.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
These efforts usually take place through women’s affairs ministries which have limited connections with economic ministries, although evidence is emerging that economic ministries are acknowledging that the needs of women entrepreneurs require special consideration. In addition, there is no evidence of any policies to support women in growth-oriented enterprises. Growth-oriented women entrepreneurs certainly exist in the region, but they are few in number and largely invisible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Thus, all countries and economies contribute equally to ESCS scores. However, for the purpose of reporting, the values of the ESCS scale are standardised to have a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one for the population of students in OECD countries, with each country given equal weight. In order to allow for trend analyses, in PISA 2015, the ESCS was computed for the current cycle and also recomputed for the earlier cycles using a similar methodology (see PISA 2015 Technical Report (OECD, forthcoming!).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Fourth, the impact of broadband on small and medium enterprises takes longer to materialize due to the need to restructure the firms' processes and labour organization in order to gain from adopting the technology (this is called "accumulation of intangible capital"). Finally, the economic impact of broadband is higher when promotion of the technology is combined with stimulus of innovative businesses that are tied to new applications. In other words, the impact of broadband is neither automatic nor homogeneous across the economic system. See further references in Sections 2.2 and 8.1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While approximately 55% of the households in the highest income quintile (average for 13 countries of Latin America) have a computer connected to the Internet, only 26% of the households in the first income quintile do.5 In general, studies show that despite this segmented access to technology, children and young people are entering the world of technology in greater numbers. In households with 13-to-19-year-oIds, connectivity is rising at a faster rate than in households where all members are over 20. A look at the figures shows that in the countries of the region where technology is more market-driven (such as Brazil, Chile and Uruguay) the class gaps foryounger-generation users are not narrowing. They are widening (see figure II. In Uruguay, for example, the connectivity gap between households with younger members in the highest and lowest quintiles is more than 80 percentage points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, for a firm spending more than 1% of its gross sales on R&D, the double deduction scheme gave no incentive for increasing R&D spending, since the firm already enjoyed tax exemption as a result of its high-tech status. Similarly, for a firm that undertook investments in a manner qualifying as strategic, the double deduction scheme was redundant, and thus an ineffective incentive for increasing R&D spending in firms (WB, 2007). Efforts to diversify production activities and increase training and R&D activities and seek greater market penetration into higher value added activities were strengthened with the Human Resource Development Act and the creation of the HRD Fund (HRDF). The HRDF was operational in 1993 and manufacturing firms with an employment size of 50 or more were required to pay 1% of their payroll to the HRD council, which they could then reclaim for approved training expenses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Therefore, poverty lines are different across countries and over time, and are based on national currencies. Great success was also achieved by Thailand, where poverty declined from 58.1 per cent in 1990 to 13.2 per cent in 2011. In the early 1990s, during the period of transition from centrally planned to market economies, several countries of the North and Central Asian subregion experienced a high incidence of poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A national programme should be started to support citizens’ use of renewable energy (primarily solar) by, for example, providing subsidies for solar panel and battery purchase. Equipping the housing stock with communal heat metering instniments will make people accountable for their actual consumption and improve the financial resilience of heat providers. Actual heat consumption data will encourage energy-saving measures in housing. To this end, there will need to establish a programme for targeted assistance with utility payments and funds targeted from the national budget.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The average kit to equip a classroom cost therefore about EUR 1 600 in 2010 (Abbondanza, 2011, Consip, 2011). In the involved regions, over 90% of lower and upper secondary schools, and 95% of primary schools, have been touched by this action (Ferraris, 2011). The number of schools involved in each school year is given in Table 4.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Bed density is also markedly low, with 1.6 beds per 1 000 population in 2013, compared to 4.8 beds per 1 000 OECD-wide: again, the lowest amongst OECD countries. Although per capita total spending is now broadly similar for individuals with and without social security (at MXN 3 429 per capita for those without social security in 2013, compared to 3 505 for IMSS and 3 945 for ISSSTE affiliates), differences in entitlement persist, involving some common and devastating illnesses. Heart attacks in those aged over 60, strokes, dialysis after renal failure, multiple sclerosis and lung cancer are not, for example, covered by SP. Some differences in access are also apparent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Furthermore, a corresponding upper threshold is estimated to be around 40% for the share of intermittent generation capacity in both a 2030 and 2050 perspective (with 5% uncertainty). Beyond this share, costly additional preventive measures will have to be taken in order to guarantee power system stability. While these objectives do not yet have the force of law, they provide the basis for current discussions about the contours of the European electricity sector.5 Attaining the decarbonisation of the electricity sector with a majority of production stemming from intermittent renewables seems to pose very considerable technical and commercial challenges at the current state of technology as 100% of dispatchable back-up would frequently need to be mobilised in time frames of less than 24 hours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Informal safety nets are increasingly fragile: many households simply cannot afford to extend support to others for long periods, while community-based support is frequently minimal and precarious.19 Social transfers can mitigate these risks and lessen the effect of market-induced inequalities. A recent review of pre- and posttransfer poverty rates in 27 high-income and 10 middle-income countries shows that in developed countries, social transfers reduce by around 60 per cent the proportion of women and men living in poor households and in Latin America, they decrease female and male poverty by 30 per cent.30 In South Africa transfers bring poverty rates down by 37 per cent. In Guatemala, for example, women's poverty rates are 4.2 percentage points higher than men's before transfers but almost 1 percentage point lower after transfers. But women's personal income continues to be substantially lower than men's everywhere, indicating that existing social transfers are insufficient to fully redress the disadvantage arising from gender inequality in labour markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Thus the Atkinson Commission Report "Monitoring Global Poverty" (World Bank, 2017) rightly observes that the MPI is less data intensive than monetary measures: "The creation of the overlapping poverty measure, or of the more general measures of multidimensionality developed by Alkire and Foster (2011a), in one sense raises the stakes with regard to data requirements. In order to ascertain the extent of overlap of deprivation across dimensions, it is necessary to have a data source at the level of the individual or household covering all relevant dimensions. At the same time, the number of questions required per dimension may be considerably less in the case of nonmonetary indicators than is the case with the measurement of consumption for the monetary policy indicator. The information required to calculate consumption is typically much more extensive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This essay explores relations between discourses of sexuality and race in US society today through an analysis of recent sex scandals, in a manner informed by Foucault and provoking further critical development of his theory. Sex scandal narratives demonstrate how sovereignty, discipline, and biopolitics currently combine to form a systemic correlation of power-technologies. This power matrix, in turn, enables strategies of racial domination through the war on terror, immigration control, and economic crisis management. Sex scandals both help bring these racial power-dynamics into view and reproduce them by fortifying the concatenation of power-modalities on which they rely.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The largest loads of phosphorus originated from point sources (56%), with municipalities as the main source, constituting 90% of total point source discharges in 2000, with 44% from diffuse sources. For some Baltic countries, such as Finland and Sweden, agriculture is the major contributor of phosphorus into the Baltic. Three-quarters of nitrate leaching into groundwater is estimated to be from farmland, leading to some eutrophication problems and breaches of drinking water standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Droughts, floods, pollution and deforestation all put a significant burden on women, who see their water collection time increased, firewood and fodder collection efforts thwarted and ability to provide for their families and cope with disasters disproportionately impacted. By contrast, where women and girls are denied rights and opportunities, progress will inevitably falter and the 2030 Agenda as a whole will be in jeopardy. The systematic mainstreaming of a gender perspective in the implementation and monitoring ofthe Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is therefore crucial. The only exception to this approach is SDG 5, which is comprehensively covered at the target level using corresponding indicators with available data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The proportion of poor children in a large family (3 or more children) has increased since 2007 in in ten countries including especially Canada (+4 percentage points), Belgium (+4.6 pp), Hungary (+7 pp) and Luxembourg (+3.3 pp). However, the age distribution of poor children varies considerably from country to country. Also, unlike the average, more than half of poor children under the age of 6 in Canada, Finland and the United Kingdom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It shows the variety of practices adopted by OECD countries for multi-level co-ordination of water policies and capacity-building at sub-national level. The chapter gives an overview of governance mechanisms currently used by OECD countries to bridge previously identified gaps (Chapter 3). A specific focus is then made on a series of instruments fostering horizontal co-ordination across ministries, horizontal co-ordination across local actors and vertical co-ordination between levels of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
France makes substantial public investments and its stock of public capital is large. In particular, France’s infrastructure network is well developed and ranks favourably in international comparison. Yet, the capital efficiency of existing infrastructure may have been hampered by a lack of maintenance and upgrading investments in some sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This chapter outlines how, and the extent to which, the new disability human rights paradigm introduced by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) alters the balance between the protection of disability and copyright. It observes that changes to this balance have manifested primarily in the context of international copyright protections, which have traditionally precluded persons with a visual impairment from accessing not only the vast majority of the world’s written works but also visual art and films. The chapter explains constructions of disability and copyright in international law and the real medical conditions and information on which they are based. It also explains how the CRPD has drawn on these models to transform the concept of disability in international law and thus introduce a new disability human rights paradigm. The human rights agenda of the CRPD substantially transforms how international human rights law approaches persons with disabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Any findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Transport Forum or the OECD. Neither the OECD, ITF nor the authors guarantee the accuracy of any data or other information contained in this publication and accept no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the ITF.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The first payments were made in April 2011 and hence data on the coverage and expenditure are still limited. Any labour-market-related moral-hazard effect is likely to be less relevant in the case of CTs to the elderly who are anyway out of the labour market, especially in countries where life expectancy is substantially lower than in the OECD. Other types of medium to long-term effects include the impact of the existing pension system on the incentives to contribute throughout one’s working life. However, this issue may be less relevant in the emerging economies, where frequent major reforms of the pension system take place and hence there is little certainty with respect to the existence or not of the current programmes in ten or twenty years later.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In 2007, average wages were over 30 times the statutory minimum wage. With the onset of the crisis, the Egyptian administration raised minimum wages by 30% in 2008 and then again in October 2010, setting them at EGP 400. The 2011 election in Thailand saw both main contenders enter into a bidding war, with the Democrat Party promising a 25% increase in minimum wages over two years and Puea Thai (who eventually won the election) promised a 40% increase. The elected president of Peru, Ollanta Humala, also ran on a platform that included a substantial 25% increase in minimum wages. Political debates on minimum wages seem more likely when, as in the Peruvian case, minimum wages have stagnated in real or even nominal terms for a number of years while the economy has grown. In the Russian Federation and Belarus, for example, minimum wages are not just low relative to national income, they are insufficient to sustain a family - as indicated by national poverty thresholds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) was introduced in 2004 to address these problems (Cashin et al., In 2011/12 there were a maximum of 1 000 points available to practices for meeting set targets, their attribution weighted for different indicators, with practices paid an average of GBP 130.51 per point. Although uptake of the QOF contracts is voluntary for general practices, virtually all practices in England are represented by QOF contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This data will help in tracking progress and highlighting areas for action and innovation. The UN’s guide on gender-inclusive elections identifies the key role EMBs can play in this issue in terms of collecting and managing data on aspects such as voter registration, candidate registration, voter turnout and staffing (UNDP and UN Women 2015). Disaggregating such data will help improve the responsiveness of the EMBs by identifying key areas of entry. In particular, concrete strategies should be devised to address (prevent) electoral violence and monetisation of elections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Between 1997 and 2006, the two upper secondary education options were Technical Vocational School (TEE) and the Integrated Lyceum (Eniaio Lykeio). Before 1997, four upper secondary routes existed ranging from entirely vocation to entirely academic. To this date, all available studies on vocational education refer to this earlier structures. First, Greece is one of the countries in the OECD with the lowest age of compulsory schooling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The UN Atlas 2010 records that today about one in every three people on the planet lives w ithin 100 kilometres (km) of the sea, and 44% of the w'orld’s population (more people than inhabited the entire globe in 1950) currently live w'ithin 150 km of the coast. Overall, average population density in coastal zones is three times higher than the w'orld average, and in recent decades the overall growth of coastal populations has outstripped that of inland populations (Crawford Heitzmann, 2006). In deltas and flood plains, i.e. areas most exposed to flood risks, the population is expected to increase rapidly - by 50% between 2000 and 2030 according to Neumann et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The diagram shows: the proportion of children who are deprived but not poor, poor but not deprived, both poor and deprived, and neither poor nor deprived. It illustrates the extent to which the deprivation rate dominates the poverty rate or vice versa. Figure 3 illustrates a scenario where most poor children are multiply deprived, using a particular deprivation cut-off and a monetary poverty threshold, but the vast majority of the deprived children are not poor, with very few children being poor but not deprived. It assigns X to the first adult in the household, 0.5 to every subsequent adult, and 0.3 to every child under 14 years of age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
But lack of success under earlier programmes has also partly stemmed from a lack of financing to carry out the programmes successfully and continuing lack of compliance by drivers with safe driving practice. Drinking and driving remains a particular problem. A number of policies have been put in place. Over 500 health centres were opened as part of the implementation of NPPH.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In practice, therefore, achieving universal access — and still more transformational access — will be critically dependent on ODA and other official external financing, mainly in the form of grants, given most LDCs' debt sustainability constraints. Securing this financing will require a very considerable increase in such financing for the power sector (chapter 5). Official grant financing is particularly appropriate to investment in renewable electricity generation. While there are some local environmental benefits from such technologies in terms of reduced ambient air pollution, the primary reason for preferring renewable technologies to fossil-fuel generation is the reduction in GHG emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For the purposes of the SHI scheme, “formal sector” refers to enterprises that employ more than ten individuals, a definition which excludes a large proportion of the population. Total expenditure increased steadily from ETB 0.1 million in 2012/13 to ETB 47.9 million in 2015/16. Management and administration initially accounted for the majority of expenditure but the system development’s share of spending increased after 2014/15 and accounted for over 57% of total SHI expenditure in 2015/16.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
We have called these Ethiopian initiatives ‘glimpses’ of a green economy: they are isolated examples from a growing range of experiences in different sectors - some representing established broad-based policies, others newly-initiated pilot projects, but they could be improved and increased in number given the right conditions and sufficient incentives. These ‘glimpses’ offer a good basis to pursue some elements of green growth. However, unless real incentives for programmatic change can be provided to both consumers and producers in the country, real impacts on the economy and on environment will be minimal. The CRGE offers the potential to provide incentives beyond the project level to encourage programmatic and systematic changes that offer an alternative development path to suit particular Ethiopian circumstances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)