albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
An important distinction amongst enterprises for policymakers is that between those that are growth-oriented and those that are subsistence-based. Policymakers must be aware of the different needs and circumstances of these types of enterprise, of their different capabilities to make use of various ICTs and of the different impacts that ICT interventions may have upon them (chapter IV). There is growing evidence from low-income countries that ICTs - particularly mobile phones - can enable small and micro-enterprises outside the ICT sector to increase productivity, diversify production, develop markets and generally enhance commercial viability (Donner, 2009a, Donner and Escobari, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While approaches differ widely, competition is most frequently introduced in generation and marketing (also known as retail). Competition in distribution is limited for the reasons outlined above. As such, government agencies are tasked with ensuring that the quality meets community expectations and prices are kept at acceptable levels. If investment is inadequate to meet demand then customers will experience electricity shortage and rationing of electricity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It focuses on data collection, reporting and review, and how the transparency of information on climate finance provided, mobilised and received could be improved from current arrangements in order to meet the aims set out in the Paris Agreement. This leads to significant data, institutional and resource challenges in tracking inflows and outflows accurately and comprehensively. It is therefore challenging to ensure that all climate finance is counted, while double counting is avoided. Multiple systems exist at the country and organisational level to collect information on climate finance, including in the UNFCCC context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Women entrepreneurs are a heterogeneous group in terms of age, background and education and they are active in a wide range of sectors. However, they often work in professions where the opportunities and conditions for entrepreneurship have been limited, such as healthcare, nursing and education. There is no big difference between men’s and women’s entrepreneurship in Sweden but an interesting difference is observed in the level of education. The level of education of women is higher than that of men. This fact is also reflected in the number of women engineers and the patents taken out by women in recent years. In 2006, 5% of all patents in Sweden were taken out by women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This amicus brief was filed before the United States Supreme Court in United States v. Quality Stores, Inc., No. 12-1408, to discuss whether Chevron or Skidmore provides the appropriate standard for judicial review of IRS revenue rulings. The brief summarizes and expands upon arguments made in some of my past scholarship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Organisation's interest in EHS goes back to Objective 1 of the OECD Environmental Strategy for the First Decade of the 21s' Century that was adopted by OECD Environment Ministers in May 2001, and which already stressed the need to “remove or reform subsidies and other policies that encourage unsustainable use of natural resources — beginning with the agriculture, transport and energy sectors” (OECD, 2001). Objective 2 of the statement also emphasises the importance of “green tax reform”, which is of particular importance for tax concessions encouraging the production and use of fossil fuels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The first edition of the OECD Frascati Manual, the international standard on collecting resources devoted to research and development (R&D), was released in 1963. The same year, the first Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Recommendation on Financial Terms and Conditions was agreed, setting out initial conditions for what later would become official development assistance (ODA). The definitions, statistical standards, and reporting directives of these concepts have since evolved through discussions and agreements within their own policy communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The economic and environmental costs associated with groundwater overdraft include foregone revenues from extractive uses and the loss of in situ values (Table C.7). Most large-scale assessments of the cost of groundwater overdraft are restricted to direct extractive uses. Indeed, the complex relation between aquifers, surface water and wetlands makes any attempt to assess the in-situ values difficult.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Another WFD daughter directive focuses on groundwater.5 The Bathing Water Directive6aims to protect the health of the public using Europe’s inland and coastal bathing waters. The Flood Risk Management Directive' aims at improving Rood prevention and Rood damage reduction in river basins. In particular, the requirement to develop and publish, by December 2009, River Basin Management Plans (RBMP), and to establish programmes of measures by the same date, has been a strong driver for this approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
We first present the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) as measure for social institutions (III.l) as well as our data and estimation model (III.2). We start our empirical analysis by estimating the impact of the SIGI (and its five sub-indices) on women's labour market participation (III.3) to see whether social institutions generally affect women's activity patterns. Then, to test our hypothesis that social discrimination against women leads to an overrepresentation of women in "bad jobs" and an underrepresentation of women in "good jobs", we estimate the impact of the SIGI and its sub-indices on the gender segregation by sectors (III.4) and on the gender segregation by working status (III.5). The five components of the SIGI — ownership rights, civil liberties, son preference, family code and physical integrity each measure one dimension of the underlying concept.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In particular, municipalities have been found to show a high degree of flexibility in granting land use authorisations. The decisions of municipal authorities that are incompatible with state planning may find several roots. The economic returns for municipalities and their mayors of delivering land use authorisations may also be identified as a reason for municipalities to grant permits that are undesirable from a state territorial planning perspective. A final political aspect may also be envisaged, that of the mayor who, after three non-renewable years in office, would take advantage of his authority to facilitate projects that may put him in a better position in a political party or group. Ejidos make up 75% of the urban territory of the state of Morelos (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2016a). Three types of property exist in Mexico: private property, which accounts for around one-third of the country’s land area, social property, which makes up more than half of the country’s territory, and public/federal property, approximately 10% of the total, which includes national parks and waterways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Mainstreaming efforts to date have focused on policy design, while the other areas have yet to be addressed. In particular, the government could explore how adaptation is integrated into procurement and budgetary allocation. Given the fact that many key responsibilities lie at state level, it will also be important to extend mainstreaming into Land systems and processes. As of 2013, it contains 312 examples of adaptation projects, most of them undertaken at national level (185), with 79 projects at Land level and 48 projects at EU level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In Bolivia, households receiving a social pension in poor rural areas experienced an average increase in food consumption of almost 165% of the value of the transfer. Without access to markets, or if prices are raised, the purchasing power of cash transfers is significantly lower. The challenge is to maintain their real value when markets are volatile. There is very little evidence on the effect of long-term cash transfers in economic downturns or crises, but in emergencies, short-term transfers can help to increase access (and utilisation) of food (Bailey & Hedlund, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At the beginning of the crisis, households adapt mostly by increasing their labour supply and consuming past savings. Past economic crises have been shown to be detrimental to children in various dimensions of their well-being. As shown by the table below, past (local or regional) economic crises had strong impacts on household welfare. For example, past crises led to an increase in poverty ranging from 1 percentage point in Brazil (1989) to a dramatic 12.2 points in Venezuela (1994) (Lustig 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
India granted patents only to processes, not to products, which encouraged firms to reverse engineer and become world leaders in generic drugs.24 Similar tales of capacity building can be told for India’s automobile, chemical and service industries, now vigorously tapping into world markets. For long stretches, Brazil also experimented with inward-oriented economic strategies. But when they did so, they were able to rely on capacities built up over decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is important to document and use case studies which feature successful SME women and men in traditional and non-conventional economic roles. Examples of this are found in many countries that are more advanced in serving the women entrepreneurs’ market. Box 6.2 highlights examples in the United States and Canada where governments have supported networks of women’s enterprise centres, as well as other government-led business support good practices in Germany, Sweden and Turkey. Women clients report that these centres offer a safe, warm and nurturing environment for them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Domestic food and fuel prices have thus stopped rising in the region, and some are even falling, thereby alleviating inflation. This trend is positive in terms of its effect on expected poverty trends, since the factor that is thought to have worsened the poverty and indigence situation in 2008 is no longer in play. Weaker demand for the goods exported by the region and a reduction in migrant remittances are factors which, to a greater or lesser extent, will undermine aggregate demand in the region’s countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Some 30-40% of the people with a mental disorder suffer from at least two mental disorders (Wittchen and Jacobi, 2005, see also Chapter 1). Co-morbidities of mental and physical disorders are also frequent (Harter et al., In the United States, for example, persons with a severe mental disorder, in combination with a physical health problem, have a benefit recipiency rate of over 70% - twice the recipiency rate of people with severe mental disorders who do not suffer from a physical problem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This normally refers to equity of education outcomes. One way to look at this is to compare student achievement in different schools in the education system. For example, in the 2009 PISA reading literacy scale performance variation between schools in Finland was 7.7% compared to the OECD average variation of 42% (OECD, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2009, the programme started in 34 primary schools, by the 2014-2015 school year, all (350) primary schools of the country participated in the numeracy programme and almost half of them (149) participated in the literacy one. They also train them in how to transfer knowledge to other teachers and how to support them. Members of the RLTs then act as guides to their peers in their own schools observing and monitoring their work using “fidelity tools”, gathering data, providing formative feedback to teachers and helping them improve their practice through the use of innovative learning methods and techniques.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Regarding labour-related information, the survey covers the following topics: Employment status, Main reason for early retirement, Reason stop working, and Whether received public benefits. The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey is a yearly household-based panel study which began in 2001. The survey is designed and managed by the Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research (University of Melbourne). Unfortunately, no relevant information in this wave was found for our study, wave 3 was not used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The maximum amount of RMUs or the Kyoto forestry credits all Nordic countries together can issue for the first commit-mentperiod is 21.81 million tC02 (Table 3.2). The baseline represents the forest management reference level (FMRL). All forest carbon sequestration exceeding the FMRL but below or equal to the cap constitutes the RMUs for a country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It also prepares technical documentation related to chemical safety that can be downloaded from its website. The documentation includes government manuals, SDS and information on the GHS and other UN initiatives. There are ten ARLs - effectively insurance companies that cover workplace injuries and illnesses, each with a different focus.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Climate variability may exceed the design limits of any disaster prevention programme, and the exponential rise of health hazards due to thermal and other stresses can extensively challenge health systems. In recent years some Japanese studies have quantitatively reported the likelihood of increased risk of drought and torrential rain, loss of natural habitats such as beaches and forests, increase in regional variability of rice yields and more deaths caused by thermal stress and other factors. These adverse impacts cannot be ignored (Project Team for Comprehensive Projection of Climate Change Impacts, 2008: 96, 2009: 38, MOE, 2008: 70). However, the major objective of countermeasures, as indicated under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, must be to ensure that global warming stays below a dangerous level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Plastic debris can pose a risk to the marine environment, by causing physical damage in marine organisms via ingestion or entanglement and also due to potential toxic effects caused by inherent plastic constituents and complex mixture of external contaminants adsorbed onto plastic (Derraik 2002, Rochman etal. Marine litter is now recognized by a wide range of stakeholders as an environmental issue, and is included in for instance the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD 2008/56/EC) as one of the eleven qualitative descriptors which describe what the environment should look like to achieve or maintain good environmental status (GES) in the marine environment by 2020 (European Commission, 2008). However, it has also been recognized that as of today there is only a limited amount of information about the regional differences in sources, levels, composition, fate and impact of marine litter in the marine environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Hong Kong provides an interesting case study on the increasingly dynamic interaction between international law and domestic public law regimes. In a trilogy of cases, the Hong Kong courts have examined the domestic application of the international law of non-refoulement. These decisions addressed the potential influence of international law on constitutional rights, statutory interpretation, principles of judicial review, as well as the scope of the common law doctrine of incorporation. Having regard to common law dualist principles and Hong Kong constitutional law, this paper critically assesses the judicial use of international law in fashioning a domestic law duty of non-refoulement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Jamaica and Guyana, emphasis has been on curriculum linkages and locally relevant content, and evidence suggests also that both resource materials and training are strengthened when they are paired with one another. In both the School Environment Programme (SEP) (Jamaica) and the Mangrove Management Programme (Guyana), teacher training was provided with resource materials in order to ensure that teachers were comfortable with using the resources in their classrooms. Where MoEs have been involved, the work has tended to be on an ad hoc basis, or through broader training programmes with only tangential relevance to ESD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The financing requirements could create undesirable macroeconomic hardships and may be politically unattainable. In the case of Uganda, for example, the scenarios show that financing new infrastructures through higher direct-tax revenues spurs GDP growth and household consumption relatively less than does, for example, financing them through foreign resources. However, the use of foreign resources affects export growth negatively, owing to real exchange rate appreciation. The feasibility of this scenario will depend, however, on the political conditions for improving the efficiency of government spending and/or reallocating resources towards the agricultural sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This quantitative and exploratory study analyzed violence against Amazon women presented in print media according to type and severity, and whether aggressors fell under the Maria da Penha law. A total of 181 issues of a regional newspaper were consulted. Based on content analysis, 164 items addressing violence against women were selected and 46 were included in the corpus of analysis. Results were gathered in three thematic groups: women killed with cruelty, sexual violence against women regardless of age, and violence against women and the limitations of the Maria da Penha law. Violence against these women varied in terms of form and severity, including up to homicide. Women are submitted to sexual violence from childhood through adulthood. The enforcement of this law shows the community it has a means to cope with this social phenomenon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The equalisation system does not have the ambition to completely equalise the economic situation in all municipalities, conditional on socio-economic status, but to reduce major differences. Although there is evidence indicating that homework may improve student achievement (Falch and Ronning, 2012), homework also has distributional effects, since students from a high socio-economic status typically receive more help with homework than students from a low socio-economic status. It may be particular challenging for immigrant parents to support their children with the homework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The natural economic choice of analytical technique is cost-benefit analysis (CBA). However, the use of CBA in environmental policy raises a number of difficult issues (Foster, 1997). Quantitative analytical techniques in general, and CBA in particular, find it difficult to adequately treat the ethical dimension of environmental policy making, which may make them controversial or inappropriate. Issues where this dimension is prominent may be more amenable to participatory and deliberative forms of analysis (Stagl, 2006), which may in turn lead to what Zerbe and Dively (1994) have called a "cost-oblivious” model of environmental decision making. Agents in breach of these regulations cannot defend themselves by showing that the benefits derived from so doing exceed the costs of the damage incurred, however great the margin between cost and benefit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Moreover, in view of the emergence of new technologies, the chapter also discusses the implications of the changing nature of industrialisation and production processes for the future of manufacturing development. For example, greater automation and digitisation may create uncertainty about future paths of development. This chapter demonstrates that latent uncertainty arising from the new emerging paradigm can be transformed into an opportunity for countries across all development stages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This exclusion — which is the result of administrative restrictions — can be easily addressed by a Government that has the political will to undo the restrictive regulations. Together with its smaller numerical size, a minority group is often characterized as such on the basis of distinct ethnic, religious, linguistic or cultural characteristics. The population of many countries is multi-ethnic, multilinguistic and multireligious. Religious minorities have also been subject to discrimination and outright persecution. The right of minority groups to be considered equal is normally guaranteed constitutionally, although their social integration requires strong political will to enforce the relevant laws. In addition, the population at large needs to accept minority groups as equal members of society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Paris Agreement is ambitious in its scope, aiming to limit climate change to as little as 1.5°C global mean temperature change, targeting a 'balance' of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) by the second half of the century, and expecting progressively more ambitious mitigation commitments from all states party to the treaty over the coming decades. It is also novel in its approach: all member states will be legally bound to make commitments, but each state will determine the nature of its commitment and is not legally bound to deliver the policies that they comprise. The agreement's novelty has led some critics to question whether it will deliver against its ambition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They receive compensation under the same policies as other teachers in the education system. Teachers in Lithuania can be considered a highly qualified workforce compared to that of many OECD countries, an asset that can be further developed to continue strengthening the ECEC system. Moreover, Lithuania views professional development for teachers as a required part of their ongoing service, on par with other European Union countries that invest in professional development (European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice/Eurostat, 2014). Invest more time in training teachers in classroom settings as part of initial teacher training, with emphasis on training teachers in interacting with young children and using the curricula and methodological guidelines available. Partner with teacher training institutions to develop coaching and mentoring models for teachers already in classrooms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It emphasized the need for policy-makers to focus on analogue complements to digital development, in particular 'a favorable business climate, strong human capital, and good governance.' The outcome document from that review called for 'close alignment' between the WSIS process and the 2030 Agenda, highlighting the 'crosscutting contribution of information and communications technology' to the SDGs and poverty eradication,' and called on governments and international organizations to integrate ICTs in their implementation of sustainable development. The review expressed concern about continued digital divides which could slow progress towards sustainable development, with particular reference to the gender digital divide."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)