albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The dematerialisation of the document flows received and sent by the public administrations (PAs) is one of the main cornerstones of the Italian e-government programme. The empirical data relative to the diffusion of the new document management systems reveal that today less than half of Italy's central PAs have attained an adequate level of project advancement in terms of the Computerised Correspondence Register (the system whereby each document is automatically filed and retrieved), despite the fact that the deadline for compliance was 1 January 2004. The paper develops a number of reflections to understand the idea of change that guided first the legislator and then the monitoring authority. The thesis advanced is that also when implementation seems problematic, the rhetoric of managerialism dominates the e-government discourse. Through our reconceptualisation we argue that e-government reveals its organisational implications only when the statements of principle are translated into concrete actions and decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the electricity sector, as of early 2017, the Russian Federation’s InterRAO owned generation assets in Georgia and Moldova. Azerbaijan’s state-owned company SOCAR and Kazakhstan’s KazMunaiGas both played a significant role in the natural gas sector in Georgia. Gazprom’s subsidiaries were active in both natural gas and electricity generation in Armenia, and Gazprom was a key player in the natural gas sector of both Moldova and Belarus, in particular controlling the transit gas pipeline to the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This practice is mainly widespread in the coastal zones of Aden and Hadramawt, El Malira and Hodeidah, Although the Health Ministiy lias released a public decision for banning the practice of female genital mutilation in official hospital facilities, the Yemeni government continues to turn a blind eye to cutting practiced by traditional community women in particular locations. Articles 342-349 and Articles 291, 293 and 293 bis of the Algerian Penal Code of 8 June 1966. Algerian Penal Code of 1966.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A look beyond the averages shows the reality of the employed population with a double working shift consisting of two types of work: paid and unpaid. In all countries, women have a heavier total workload and while they are overrepresented in the unpaid work category, they are underrepresented in the paid work category. The overburden of unpaid work lessens women's participation in decision-making and progress in their professional careers and employment opportunities, which in turn reduces their income and prospects for access to social security which is still directly linked to formal wage employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Both on-site and off-site offsets may be secured in this way, and the regulator again requires a funding endowment to accompany the conservation servitude to guarantee the availability of funds for the management, monitoring and auditing of the site in perpetuity. Purchasing or attaining rights to land that contains in-kind habitat: The proponent may demonstrate security of tenure by either purchasing land for conversion to an offset site or by securing certain land-use rights from a third-party offset provider. Where an offset is secured from a third-party provider, the developer must demonstrate with a legally enforceable commitment that the site will become subject to a conservation servitude in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Conversely, countries with the highest overall employment rates for 25-64 year-olds - Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland - also have some of the highest employment rates among women. Comparable information on occupations is available only for European countries and the United States. In these countries, at least half of all working women are concentrated in 11 of the 110 occupations listed by the International Labour Organization (ILO), while half of men work in more than twenty of them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Students entering higher VET programmes need to have the Bachiller certificate, the same award required to enter university, but some weaknesses in academic skills may remain. The intermediate and higher level curricula include practical training and teaching of the theory associated with the vocational field, but little direct teaching in maths, literacy, or other academic subjects. This means that there is no direct test of numeracy and literacy although these skills may continue to be developed in the context of the theoretical part of the vocational programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For instance, the OECD Climate Fund Inventory lists 91 climate funding sources, and contains detailed information on their focal areas, region(s) of activity and application procedures.54 The UNFCCC Climate Finance Data Portal contains data on resources that have been provided to fund adaptation and mitigation activities in developing countries.55 The Climate Funds Update is an independent website that provides data on currently 23 multilateral climate finance sources, including pledged amounts to these sources.56 Developed countries provided a total of $33.6 billion in climate finance through bilateral, regional and other channels in 2016. As figure 4.2 highlights, the focus of these funds has been for mitigation in developing countries, which accounted for 72 per cent of the total, compared with only 15 per cent for adaptation activities. The Clean Technology Fund (CTF), the Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund (GEEREF), the Partnership for Market Readiness (PMR), the Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program (SREP), as well as a series of funds targeting reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD), such as the Forest Investment Program (FIP), support GHG mitigation activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Generally, accessing property is a tedious and difficult process that necessitates engaging with corrupt and procedure-heavy bureaucracies and paying multiple fees. High land values in the sub-region have stimulated land speculation. This, in turn, reduces the means available for the upgrading of public services. Accurately compiled and updated data on housing settlements are deficient in the absence of formal systems, hence efficient municipal tax collection is virtually impossible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
After Kiobel, we should no longer expect the Alien Tort Statute to become the principal federal statute deterring overseas corporate rights violations. That distinction rightly belongs to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, an anti-bribery statute that rests on undisputed principles of corporate liability, contains a clear congressional statement of extraterritorial application, and routinely collects penalties from multinational corporate defendants. Scholars have not associated the FCPA with the human rights agenda, owing principally to an impoverished understanding of rights theory. But freedom from corruption can and should be understood as a human right, one that is as old as social contract theory but new to federal and international law. With specific amendments – one modeled after environmental law and the other after intellectual property - the FCPA can become a more powerful statutory tool for deterring overseas corporate rights violations than the ATS ever was or will be.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The majority of Americans (64.2% in 2012) are privately insured, either through privately purchased insurance or through insurance provided by their employer or an employer of one of their family members. The government provides various public insurance schemes for low-income groups, older citizens and high-risk groups: Medicare (which covers 15.6% of the population) provides health insurance to residents over 65, people with disabilities and people with end-stage renal disease. In addition, Tricare and the Veteran Health Administration provide health coverage for military personnel, veterans and their families (4.5%). States’ Medicaid programmes cover low-income people (17.3% of the population ).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Perfecting these technologies, and finding new ones, will require a clear price on carbon, targeted government-funded R&D, and policies to reduce the financial risks. Carbon pricing and support for innovation may not be enough to ensure all energy-efficiency options are adopted or accessible. Additional targeted regulatory instruments (such as fuel, vehicle and building-efficiency standards) may also be required. If designed to overcome market barriers and avoid costly overlap with market-based instruments, they can accelerate the uptake of clean technologies, encourage innovation and reduce emissions cost-effectively. The net contribution of the instrument “mix” to social welfare, environmental effectiveness and economic efficiency should be regularly reviewed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Around Asia and the Pacific such systems save thousands of lives and many millions of dollars. An effective warning system combines science and technology with practical local approaches and is fully integrated into broader national and regional strategies for building resilience and reducing disaster risks. In disaster risk management, this will mean combining scientific information with practical approaches. But many hazards cut across national boundaries and affect multiple countries simultaneously - those that share coastlines, for example, or mountain ranges or rivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The proportion of women experiencing physical and/or sexual violence in their lifetime ranges from 6% in Canada to about 40% and above in Mexico (47%), Hirkey (43%) and India (37%). Data refer to 2005-06 for Finland and India, to 2005 for the United Kingdom, and to 2004 for Chile and Poland. Data refer to 2003 for the Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Ireland and Switzerland, to 2002-03 for Australia, to 2002 for New Zealand, and to 2000-03 for Japan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
More generally, in England the mortality rate from dementia and Alzheimer’s disease has increased steadily since 2006, reflecting several factors such as increased awareness of dementia, historical NHS policies encouraging GPs to diagnose, and changes in death certification practices (PHE, 2018b, PHE 2018c, ONS, 2018d). Coding changes from 2011 also led to increased recording of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease on death certificates, with deaths reallocated from some groups including cerebrovascular disease and pneumonia eg deaths from vascular dementia would once have been coded to circulatory disease but are now coded to dementia (PHE 2018c, Campbell, 2017). This, along with the examples given earlier in relation to influenza/pneumonia, suggests that death certification practices have changed in recent years, with some deaths being classified as dementia that would not have been in the past.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, this frequently does not filter down to individual project and programmatic support at a country level. Frequently, the level of donor co-ordination also depends on the main trade advisors in the country and their relationship with other donor officials and their recipient country counterparts. However, there are few clear structures in place to facilitate the development of donor co-ordination groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These ministries and the activities they undertake need to be co-ordinated at the national level to minimise duplication and ensure co-ordinated action in reducing fossil fuel dependency, increasing access to energy, increasing clean energy and reducing GHG emissions. While the revised IPESP and FAESP recognise the need to strengthen co-ordination in the energy sector, progress has been slow. There is a need to raise the awareness of all stakeholders on the benefits of moving to a clean energy supply system based on energy conservation, energy efficiency and renewable energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
See also General Comments adopted by the UN Human Rights Committee,such as No.28 (2000) and No. Moreover, this principle has been further expanded by the work of the supervisory bodies dealing with the two Conventions specifically aiming at the prohibition of discrimination: the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD). Thus, to assess whether or not there has been discrimination in the enjoyment of rights related to the family, it is necessary to understand the scope of the principle and the way in which it has evolved over the years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Several authors have noted that among couples a low propensity of women partnered to unemployed men to work (Layard et al., Recent evidence, particularly during the recessionary period, has shown that this link between partners’ employment may be weakening as women’s labour market position improves. Figure 2.7 shows wide variation in employment rates by educational attainment across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
One reason is that non-regular workers have less access to social insurance benefits (OECD, 2018(2]), another is that prevailing norms limit the use of the social insurance system. For example, women are still expected to leave employment upon having a child rather than using parental leave provisions, while fathers fear the career repercussions of making use of their entitlements (OECD, 2017(8]). Take-up of social assistance benefits is lower in Korea (13% of the working age population is covered by the Basic Livelihood Security Programme) than in any other OECD country and far below the OECD average at 30% (OECD, 2018(7]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In this case, Kubler’s (2007) discussion of types of negotiations might suggest that a more limited set of objectives might be desirable. While Prague will be entering into an evolving long-term relationship with the municipalities, it needs a limited framework agreement from Central Bohemia that gives the municipalities in the Prague East and Prague West districts permission to negotiate with Prague without the regional government of Central Bohemia blocking the process. Further, the development principles of both Prague and Central Bohemia should align on strategic spatial objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Degraded forest landscapes are more prone to landslides and avalanches” (Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection, 2014). It was stated that 267,000 ha of the protected areas are covered by forest (9.46% of total forest area). Until now only three NWFPs (Cones/seeds of Abies nordmaniana, bulbs of Galanthus woronowii and Cyclamen coum) are commercially collected and marketed under a licence system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As pointed out in the OECD report on the Mexican economy (OECD, 2012b), a re-evaluation of the numerous special business tax regimes that subsidise foreign direct investment in Sonora should be undertaken. While this centre has developed into Malaysia’s leading skills learning institution that meets the immediate human resource needs of the business community, it is also a one-stop human resource development entity geared towards the promotion of shared learning among the manufacturing and service industries (NHERI, 2010). The centre plays a critical role as a broker between the needs of employers and higher education institutions and other sources of training capacity. Over a 20 year period, the centre has improved the knowledge and skills of every level: operators, technicians, supervisors, engineers and managers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article explores the impact of domestic norms on regional security practices in a pluralistic security community in the transatlantic area. A security community is considered to be ‘a group which has become integrated, where integration is defined as the attainment of a sense of community, accompanied by formal or informal institutions or practices, sufficiently strong and widespread to assure peaceful change among members of a group with “reasonable” certainty over a “long” period of time’ (Karl W Deutsch, Sidney A Burrell, Robert A Kann, Maurice Lee Jr, Martin Lichterman, Raymond E Lindgren, Francis L Loewenheim and Richard W Van Wagenen (1957) Political community and the North Atlantic area: international organization in the light of historical experience (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press)). Recent studies have aligned the concept of security community with the practice turn in International Relations theory. Although practice theory is able to explain peaceful conflict resolution...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Weak sub-Saharan African states use international law and its institutions to legitimate their actions and delegitimate their internal enemies. In this essay, I argue that during internal armed conflicts, African states use international criminal law to redefine the conflict as international and thereby rebrand domestic political opponents as international criminals/enemies who are a threat to the entire community. This in turn sets the stage for invoking belligerent privileges under international humanitarian law (IHL).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Australia's Murray-Darling Basin, groundwater use is conditional on the assessment of third party impacts, an environmental impact assessment, and current and past uses (OECD, 2014b). In France, the authorisation to abstract groundwater is dependent on an impact assessment conducted by the Prefet that can be revoked in case of water shortage (OECD, 2010a). The moratorium was originally supposed to end in 2003, but has been extended several times.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The 2004 amended National Water Law (NWL) restructured CONAGUA key functions through the transfer of responsibilities from the central level to subnational entities. These are playing an increasing role in the water sector, limiting CONAGUA’s role to the administration of the NWL, the co-ordination of water policies, the conduct of national water policy, and planning, supervision, support and regulatory activities. The Technical Council of CONAGUA is an interministerial body in charge of approving and evaluating CONAGUA programmes, projects, budget and operations, as well as co-ordinating water policies across departments and public administration agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In these countries and economies, policies need to increase the overall level of resources while also ensuring that resources are allocated equitably between advantaged and disadvantaged schools. Even if two countries have similar levels of educational resources overall, one may allocate those resources more equitably than the other. Thus, in countries and economies that have already attained a certain level of resources, policy should focus on allocating those resources equitably, rather than just on increasing the overall level of resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The management and trade-off across various interests justifies public intervention. The quality of water has strong impacts on public health, w'hich justify the involvement of the ministry of health to define and set the quality standards for drinking water and wastewater treatment. The way wastewater is treated can also impact the environment, and, if ignored or badly managed, generate pollution and negatively impact other productive activities (farming, fishing and tourism).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Abstract   In Malaysia, there is no single comprehensive legislation that relates to bio-diversity conservation and management as a whole, especially wetlands. Much of the legislation is sector-based. Other international laws that are relevant include the Langkawi Declaration, the Rio Declaration, and also the Ramsar Convention. This paper is part of an ongoing PhD thesis on wetlands conservation. The objectives of this research are to investigate the adequacy of the current legal framework in Malaysia, and its application concerning the conservation of biodiversity of wetlands. This is a qualitative research and an exploratory research to explain and identify the conservation of biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Even though the strategy is to buy low' and sell high, this is a tactic that often does not work and as a result the country can be left with massive stockpiles and/or a fiscal deficit. They can lead to higher consumer prices, tend to lower w'age competitiveness, and can reduce agricultural diversification (World Bank, 2012b). The fact that consumer prices often rise as a result of buffer stock schemes is in direct conflict with any food security objectives of the programme. This is mainly due to the fact that buffer stocks are more adept by nature at preventing price drops than curbing price hikes and are more often used to raise prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Chile and Colombia’s gender gaps in LFP are around 22 percentage points, which is still worse than the OECD average but closer to the estimated average of about 25 percentage points across the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region (ILO 2016). Recent improvements in female labour market participation (and reductions in gender gaps) in the LAC region have been tied to greater female education, decreasing fertility and increases in the provision of subsidised childcare (ILO 2016). Data from Peru come from selected urban areas. Other countries’ samples are nationally representative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Transnational administration is the routinization and bureaucratization of global governance. Concepts of transnational administration move beyond methodological nationalism and absolutist understandings of administrative sovereignty vested solely with nation-state authorities to articulate various administrative arenas of global policy. Transnational administration is a new “third scale” of public administration. The first two scales of public administration are national administration, and its internationalization due to globalization, and the international public administration located in the secretariats of international organizations. Transnational administration incorporates nonstate actors in decentralized, devolved, or delegated interactions within and between policy communities operating in global and regional spheres. Organizations such as the Bank of International Settlements, the Kimberley Process, the Global Health and Partnership Model, and Transparency International highlight the actions of transnational administrative actors. Critiques of these and other organizations have raised new concerns about accountability, representation, and transparency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As a national agency, the EDA is subject to the US Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), which requires all federal agencies to report to Congress on the achievement of specific goals. As the results of EDA investments often materialise over a number of years, the administration projects and reports on indicators that track outcomes three, six and nine years after programme investments have been made. However, these and other data produced for the GPRA have limited use for short- to medium-term decision making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
An alternative view, however, favoured by the United States and the Australian Law Commission, is to hold that patent incentives to medical treatments are too important to exclude them from eligibility. Instead, while broadly allowing the patentability of medical tools and techniques to encourage investment in R&D, the United States has adopted a narrow exception to shield medical practitioners (and, for example, the hospital employing them) from patent infringement when carrying out “pure medical methods”. Integra sued Merck for patent infringement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)