albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The combination of quantitative (technical) and qualitative (policy) information provides the user with a systematic and reproducible assessment and ranking tool to quantify trade-offs between various technologies. Table 6 shows a proposed scorecard with the elements to be evaluated for each technology. The biggest criteria for choosing a technology are commonly economic, especially for wastewater.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Both waiting times and copayments can help contain excess demand, though the demand is generally inelastic with respect to waiting times and co-payments (elasticities of -0.1 or-0.2). This does, however, defeat the very objective of health insurance, which is to reduce out of pocket expenses when the need arises. Information problems imply that it is not always easy for the patient to know the true benefit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Boys who learn to think and act in non-discriminatory ways can educate their parents on behalf of their sisters, for instance. They may be less likely to perpetrate violence against girls, such as through bullying or sexual harassment, and may uphold egalitarian notions once married. Champions of positive norms, such as local leaders and religious figures, including influential women, can be powerful and convincing voices for change in these cases. Men and boys may be well positioned to persuade other men and boys to discard discriminatory ways of thinking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is due in the main to sedimentation, pollution and over-fishing. These practices have now spread to the high seas, where, if left unchecked, are likely to result in the commercial extinction of a significant number of fish species, including many that are crucial for the sustenance of millions of people. The European Commission estimates that for stocks with sufficient data for assessment, 78.5 per cent are exploited unsustainably with 43 per cent outside of safe biological limits. A review of 48 stocks managed by regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) found that 32 (67 per cent) were overexploited or collapsed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It reviews the drivers behind the development of a testing scheme, the purposes associated with its implementation and different criteria that feed into the test design. While it is difficult to discern exactly which driver may have distinctly played a role in a nation’s decision to administer standardised tests, it is nonetheless important to identify the underlying currents and intersecting trends steering assessment systems (Mons, 2009). The primary drivers identified are: 1) New Public Management, 2) Standards-based assessment, 3) International competition, 4) Increasing demand for 21st Century Skills, 5) Test industry pressure. There has also been a growing emphasis on quantitatively measuring outcomes and objectives and reforms towards decentralisation and autonomy which have contributed to the need to develop new means to monitor education systems (Mons, 2009: 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These young people raised three main concerns over the health status in their respective countries: the deteriorating health status among women, the lack of awareness of health risks and differential health service provision between the public and private sectors (annex 2 table A.14). In Iraq, the rate rose by around 6 per 1,000 population, while, in Syria, it surged almost fourfold. In both cases, the increases may be attributed to the continuing conflicts in the two countries. In the other Mashreq countries, the rates fell, notably, in Lebanon, where the rate dropped in 2012 to almost one ninth the rate in 1990.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Production and consumption patterns have imposed severe stress on the earth’s natural resources and its resilience. The biodiversity and development linkages are particularly acute in developing countries, where the poorest populations rely disproportionately on ecosystems and natural resources for their livelihoods and well-being. The World Bank estimates that natural capital accounts for an estimated 36% of total wealth in developing countries (World Bank, 2016), compared with only 2% in OECD countries (World Bank, 2011).3 Ecosystem services are estimated to account for 47% of gross domestic product (GDP) of the poor in India, 75% in Indonesia and 89% in Brazil (TEEB, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This can be seen from the middle graph of Figure 7.3, Panel A, which expresses the size of benefits in terms of a “tax rate” measure (and therefore shows negative values for benefits, see Box 7.1). In general, where benefits did become more or less targeted towards the poor since the mid-1980s, this did not change the overall trend in redistribution that would result from trends in average benefit rates alone. That said, benefits in the United Kingdom did, however, become less redistributive despite being now more tightly targeted towards the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Comparing child well-being in OECD countries: concepts and methods, Innocenti Working paper 2006-03, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence. An index of child well-being in the European Union', Social Indicators Research, vol. Child Well-being in Central and Eastern European Countries (CEE) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Springer Science. Subjective well-being in rich countries, Innocenti Working Paper, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For producers, these trade connections are becoming increasingly essential for incomes and livelihoods. Of the products traded on world markets, vegetable oils - palm oil in particular - are the most important agro-food export, accounting for the largest share of agro-food export value from the region as a whole, followed by fisheries and aquaculture (WITS, 2016). One commonly used measure, the prevalence of undernourishment, reveals a general fall in rates since 1992 (FAO, 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Both rural incomes and food supplies would improve as a result of well targeted investments. To achieve that vision, a reorientation of policies is necessary in most of the countries covered in this report. Creating an environment in which farmers have the greatest possible freedom to respond to market signals will allow farmers to become more innovative and competitive and will reduce many of the distortions associated with the current policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The survey was repeated in 2015, capturing more patients and extending to primary care (results not available at time of writing. The programme, run by the Ministry of Health and applying to CCSS as well as private facilities, focuses on accrediting health care providers. Accreditation is at a basic level, however, and essentially comprises verification that the facility complies with minimum requirements around staffing levels, equipment and documentation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Most of the options come with uncertainties or downsides. Rules and regulations can cut greenhouse gas emissions substantially, but targets can be unrealistic and legislation too inflexible to adapt to rapidly evolving technological change. A governance structure is indispensable, yet it can also become a source of red tape and corruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Several governmental and civil society organisations are actively involved in raising awareness of the relevant legislation and they provide legal advice in this regard” (CEDAW, 2012). Such a procedure could ensure women greater access to financial assets. Land may also be divided among male heirs before the father dies, as it is possible to make living bequests and donations. Women are then put under pressure not to claim their share.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A flag state—a state in which a vessel is registered—has to ensure compliance with a series of environmental requirements for ships operating under its jurisdiction. This power of inspection has provided a growing source of revenue to Mauritian port-based companies. It covers pollution that is accidental and that happens through routine operations, such as pollution by oil, sewage, garbage and noxious liquid substances from ships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This lack of common definition represents a major challenge in establishing a MRV framework of climate finance because there is no agreed basis for measurement or methodology for tracking climate finance flows. Following Corfee-Morlot et al. Consistent with the terms of the Cancun Agreements, these may be either international public or private financing flows, and thus may be either concessional (public) or non-concessional flows (where the latter concerns private as well as some forms of public finance flows).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In fact, this report shows that professionalism depends on collaborative learning and design, and active networking. It is precisely through the idea of teachers as designers of learning that innovation at the level of practice can be seen as a normal side of the teaching profession to solve the daily challenges in a context which is in constant change. The framework incorporates a particular philosophy and precepts for action that are holistic, and works as an alternative to the fragmented and disaggregated research and policy perspectives that often prevail in addressing pedagogy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There is also evidence that the housing supply is adequate for commercial premises and vast, expensive housing units, while there is a shortage of affordable, smaller flats. The correlation is not as good when including smaller cities of district significance. Housing prices for existing dwellings declined after the 2007 housing boom, which was fuelled by the introduction of mortgages and led to a banking crisis (OECD, 2016e).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It was decided to strengthen the CP model, as recommended by the Project, to revitalise CPs and improve the provision of credit to rural areas. The new model, revised by the ACC in May 2011, aims to strengthen the legal framework and structure of CPs, change the interaction between ACC and CPs towards more decentralisation in the decision-making process, but at the same time strengthen ACC control on the financial stability of CPs. Thus, CPs and local ACC branches will be able to make independent decisions on issuance of loans (up to a certain limit). The proposed changes are expected to simplify and shorten the process of loan provision, and increase the financial robustness of the system by expanding its membership to larger agricultural producers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The concentration of population growth in the poorest countries will make it harder for their governments to eradicate poverty and inequality, combat hunger and malnutrition, expand education enrolment and health systems, improve the provision of basic services, and implement other elements of a sustainable development agenda to ensure that no one is left behind (UN/DESA, Population Division, 2015). It showed that while African farm-level costs were comparable to those in Brazil and Thailand, this "competitiveness” was based on: (1) soil mining (the depletion of soil nutrient reserves, leading to soil degradation), and (2) extremely low returns to labour, reflecting few alternative employment opportunities for workers — hardly a model for poverty reduction (World Bank, 2009). Increasing the percentage of irrigated land in sub-Saharan Africa to the Indian levels of 1960 would cost approximately $114 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Renewable energy sources averaged about 21% of primary energy supply and 38% of electricity generation in 2009 (Figure 5.1), far above the OECD Europe average (10.5% and 23%, respectively). Hydropower has long been the major domestic source of electricity. However, hydropower generation is subject to large annual variations linked to rainfall levels, which have caused major fluctuations in overall energy supply and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Only in Sweden, in reading literacy, can a major change in results be observed, which might be related to the amount of time students spend on the Internet. Even if it is not possible to clearly show whether the change of test mode in PISA 2015 has influenced the results, the authors warn that there are reasons to be careful when comparisons are made of PISA results from 2015 with results from earlier PISA studies. The comparative link between the PISA studies from different years might be weaker in 2015 than earlier.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This chapter summarizes the findings from the previous analyses and discusses the overall legitimacy of the IANA transition process according to the selected normative criteria. The results suggest that despite the IANA transition’s success in removing US government oversight, it neither consisted of nor produced an improved model of multistakeholder governance. Based on the IANA transition case, the chapter concludes that multistakeholderism risks resulting in misleading rhetoric that legitimizes power asymmetries, rather than being a performative concept leading toward the democratization of transnational policy-making. Finally, the chapter calls for a reform of multistakeholder governance toward a model of digital constitutionalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
La mise en oeuvre de l'enquete se fait de maniere optionnelle dans les ecoles echantillonnees du PISA (lien TALIS-PISA). Ainsi, ce cadre conceptuel TALIS 2018 se fonde sur les deux cycles precedents de 2008 et 2013 et met l'accent sur les conditions pedagogiques et institutionnelles efficaces qui favorisent l'apprentissage des eleves, qui sont au cceur de l’enquete, tout en decrivant leur variation au sein des pays et entre eux, et dans le temps. Ce document foumit une base scientifique a chaque domaine, ainsi que les principales influences de la recherche connexe en lien avec l’education a I'OCDE et au-dela. Enfin, le cadre conceptuel foumit un aper?u general des operations de l'enquete et de son processus de mise en ceuvre a travers ses differentes etapes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The more a country is able to reduce poverty and social deprivation, the more resilient it becomes, and the more likely it is to withstand or recover from a crisis with lower social, economic, and human loss. Emergency response is always more expensive than preparedness and risk mitigation. The framework cites four priorities: understanding disaster risk: strengthening disaster-risk governance to manage disaster risk, investing in disaster-risk-reduction for resilience, and enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and “building back better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. The framework relates direcdy to the UNFPA mandate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Advocacy groups such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have made a historic contribution to the cause of international human rights by publicizing the need to prevent mass atrocities such as war crimes, genocide, and widespread political killings and torture.1 However, a strategy that many such groups favor for achieving this goal—the prosecution of perpetrators of atrocities according to universal standards—risks causing more atrocities than it would prevent, because it pays insufacient attention to political realities.2 Recent international criminal tribunals have utterly failed to deter subsequent abuses in the former Yugoslavia and Central Africa. Because tribunals, including the International Criminal Court (ICC), have often been unable to gain the active cooperation of powerful actors in the United States and in countries where abuses occur, it is questionable whether this strategy will succeed in the long run unless it is implemented in a more pragmatic way. Trials and Errors
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As described in the assessment of the Daugava Basin, a review and development of the groundwater monitoring network in Belarus is planned. A NATO project launched in late 2009 aimed at upgrading flood monitoring and forecasting capacity in the Pripyat Basin, involving setting up automated monitoring stations on tributaries in both countries (-20 in total). A draft management plan for the Pripyat River Basin was developed in the framework of the TACIS project “Transboundary River Basin Management: Phase 2 for the Pripyat Basin”. The chemical regime of the rivers in the basin has remained "stable" for the past five years. According to the classification adopted in Belarus, some 76% of water bodies are characterized as "relatively clean", and some 21% as "moderately polluted”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Uruguay, Brazil and Chile, for example, employment in the care sector accounts for more than 8% of total employment (9.2%, 8.5% and 8.3%, respectively in 2010). At the other extreme, in 6 of the 14 countries analysed (Honduras, Peru, Ecuador, Mexico, El Salvador and Nicaragua) the sector represents less than 5% of total employment (see figure III. On average, 5% of all care workers are domestic workers, 1.7% work in other care-related occupations, [no queda claro por que no suma 100%] This breakdown is a major factor in defining this group of workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Social Assistance and Minimum Income Benefits in Old and New EU Democracies, International Journal of Social Welfare, 19(4), 367-378. The Social Assistance and Minimum Income Protection (SaMip) Interim Data-Set. Counteracting Material Deprivation: The role of social assistance in Europe, Journal of European Social Policy, 22(2), 148-163.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The lack of monitoring and/or reporting on pumping in many countries also plays a significant role, especially in agriculture. Different types of monitoring tools can lead to divergent results, as observed in the case of irrigation in Arizona (Cohen et al., At the same time, recharge measurement is very difficult given the differences in situation, soil profiles and soil covers, and connections with surface water bodies.10 In many cases, field crop activities are known to actively participate in the recharging of groundwater, even sometimes more significantly than natural ecosystems (Taylor et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These structural changes significantly impacted rural dw'ellers and economic migration increased as people sought opportunities further afield. The EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), structural funds and other instruments have supported a multidimensional view of rural development. The focus of rural policy thus shifted towards a wide range of policies that are important to rural life - education policy, infrastructure, entrepreneurship, environmental protection, etc. This is a positive development, however, as this chapter will discuss, more could be done to further integrate the two policy areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Cultural diversity has returned to the communication and cultural policies agenda since the adoption of the UNESCO Convention on the protection and promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions in 2005. Nevertheless, research about its implementation reveals that the treaty has been interpreted in very different ways. This article analyses the way in which the concept of cultural diversity was applied to audiovisual policies in Spain and Argentina. The main idea to prove is that the vagueness of the Convention has allowed governments with different political orientations to support policies that promote cultural diversity from a rhetoric point of view but that do not, for instance, question their existing positioning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
When investigated further, it was found that 82 of these 283 schools were not actually participants in the programme. The researchers therefore suggested that some schools have started their own school development programme in AfL, despite not being formally involved in the initial Directorate project. These schools thus believed they were part of the official DET programme (Vibe, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It gives more time to fathers to spend with their children which also supports child development, while it gives mothers more scope to pursue their labour market aspirations and career opportunities, strengthen their long-term labour force attachment and pension entitlements, enhancing both their financial independence and their families’ resources. It could also have benefits for the economy and society as a whole as a better allocation of labour market resources can spur on economic growth. Both are in a similar work situation and are eligible for paid leave.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Inputs into the social reproduction function are of three types: time, commodities and infrastructure.” They are combined to produce human capacities, which in the short term refer to the daily maintenance of the labourforce and in the longer term to investments in both quality and quantity. Even where the household receives in-kind services that it does not directly pay for, these services are paid for by others (e.g., governments or non-governmental organizations) and hence are treated as commodities in the model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A strategic analysis of the ongoing conflict between Nevada and Utah, over groundwater allocation at Snake Valley, is carried out in order to investigate ways on how to resolve this dispute. More specifically, the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution is employed to formally model and analyze this conflict using the decision support system called GMCR+. The conflict analysis findings indicate that the dispute is enduring because of a lack of incentive and opportunity for any party to move beyond the present circumstances. Continued negotiations are not likely to resolve this conflict. A substantial change in the preferences or options of the disputants, or new governance tools will be required to move this conflict forward. This may hold lessons for future groundwater conflicts. It is, however, increasingly likely that the parties will require a third party intervention, such as equal apportionment by the US Supreme Court.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The target population for this indicator is the set of working-age employees below the statutory pensionable age, for example, 15 to 64. If data sources are used that do not provide information on employee age, the full set of data should be used. The scope of the numerator for this indicator is the set of employees contributing to an unemployment insurance scheme that provides entitlement to periodic cash unemployment benefits in case of unemployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Community-based approaches to medicine and medical education would also benefit the region and improve students’ learning outcomes. Medical students will spend far less time in hospitals and far more time in communities. Students will leam from an early stage to work in multidisciplinary teams alongside nurses, social workers, psychologists and other allied health professionals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is a condensed and updated version of the OECD Education Working Paper No. Parts of the analysis may be reproduced in individual country notes or the Final Synthesis Report of the OECD Thematic Review on Migrant Education. Often their access to high quality education is restricted by a range of factors, including residential segregation, selective mechanisms and resource inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Since then, more communities have joined, and by June 2017 the 12 indigenous territories of all ethnic groups in the Republic of Panama (Bribri, Bugle, Embera, Kuna, Naso, Ngabe, and Wounaan) had joined. During 2017 there have been exchanges of experiences with the Republic of Guatemala, the Republic of Paraguay, the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Peru. In 2012 this figure fell to 60 percent of the area (4.5 million hectares).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)