albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This article examines the discourses on the fragmentation and diversification of environmental governance through frames offered by the English School (ES) of International Relations (IR) scholars in order to apply their frame to climate change governance. It argues that the ES approach emphasises the pluralist starting-points of international law and governance. This article does not try to analyse pros and cons of fragmentation and diversification, rather, it examines whether the society is ‘thin’ or ‘thick’ regarding climate change governance. To what extent can the climate change practices established be spoken of as primary institutions? This is significant in order to weigh the future developments of governance. In the last section of the article, this discussion is realised by examining the developments of climate change governance both within and without the context of the UN Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It first describes the project on Assessing the Economic Contribution of Labour Migration in Developing Countries as Countries of Destination (ECLM). It then addresses the economic impacts of immigration on the country. The chapter presents the report’s key results regarding the foreign-bom population in Ghana, such as the labour market and fiscal impact of immigration, and regarding the broad contribution of immigrant workers to gross domestic product. The chapter ends with policy implications related to how immigrants affect Ghana’s economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The current long-term plan (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional, or RPJPN) covers 2005 to 2025 and is translated into the National Medium-Term Development Plan (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional, or RPJMN), currently in its third period (2015-19). Most of the SDG targets are aligned with national targets (under the President’s agenda, known as “Naw'acita”, and the Medium-Term Development Plan), thereby securing resources for their achievement. Related tourism planning is also well established (see above).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The authors, in a brief description, address the issue of racism in Brazil, from its origins to contemporary forms of manifestation. The Brazilian Supreme Court’s understanding of the issue is mentioned. The court has been responsible for broadening the institutional concept of racism into a more sociological scope, which has been determinant in the recent criminalization of homophobic acts. The text also addresses normative aspects, including Brazilian affirmative action laws, regional conventions and measures taken which reflect international influence, specifically with regard to the work of the UN Human Rights Committee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Funding responsibilities for public schools are divided between the Lander (for recruitment and remuneration of teachers) and local authorities (typically for non-teaching staff and material costs). A few Lander support local authorities through lump-sum allocations (such as for school construction). The Lander can take over responsibilities from local authorities for special schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Impact evaluations are expensive and it is neither required nor possible to undertake impact evaluations of all programmes or policies. The use of impact evaluation has, however, garnered substantially greater attention in the field of development economics, health and education (Sabet and Brown, 2018), and is being used to inform and adjust policy-making in these fields (World Bank, 2009). Moreover while the costs of an impact evaluation can be high, designing or adjusting programmes without information on whether or not they work can be significantly more costly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Aging is a growing process in the nowadays society and the elderly arise as a collective contemporaneous demand. They find a society different from that when they were born. The ancient social system based on social structures loose strength for a new social organization, not anymore based on status and social roles of their individuals,  but rather as a function of subjectivity, thoughts and actions that transform them in social actors. Their subjectivity is manifested when they show the capacity to nominate, that is, when they present emancipating narratives. We searched for fundamentals in Honneth, Touraine, Habernas, Huyssen, Beyme, Aronowitz, Laclau, Mouffe, Bell and Heller. The article was delineated assuming the conceptualization pointed out by theoreticians on demographic changes and the main subordinations that the aging process engenders and reflects on the subjectivity of the elderly and on their cultural and political actions in the post-modernity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The OECD average has also declined over this period. Denmark, Norway, and Sweden have had scores around the OECD average, while the Icelandic results have declined and are now significantly below the OECD average. Strengthening of goals for knowledge and skills also led to changes in pupils'assessment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
International human rights law refers to a collectivity of international legal agreements that are designed to promote and protect human rights. In a narrower definition, international human rights law includes only legally binding international treaties. A broader conceptualization would include declarations, resolutions, and other international instruments that do not have binding authority but serve as customary international law in some contexts. In international human rights law, the concept of human rights typically includes civil and political rights, and economic, social, and cultural rights. While collective rights, such as indigenous peoples' rights, are emerging as a new frontier of international human rights law, especially with the adoption of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2007, the primary focus of international human rights law is protection of individual rights.      Keywords:    civil rights,  equality,  equality of opportunity,  inequality,  liberty,  minorities,  rights
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The development of the port is expected to revive Afghanistan’s historic and natural role as a crossroads connecting Central Asia to South Asia, while making it easier for Afghan goods to reach the lucrative Indian market. Upon completion of the work, Chabahar's capacity should increase to 8 million tons, as compared to the current 2.5 million. Although the project has potential to become a game changer in the region, the political and security situation in Afghanistan and the region may hinder progress (OECD-WTOaid-for-trade monitoring exercise2017, Public sector case story 61). To rehabilitate the Bonriki International Airport in Kiribati, one of the most remote countries in the world, Chinese Taipei committed USD 15 million to the World Bank's Kiribati Aviation Investment Project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This percentage accounts for 20 per cent of all outer island households and 30 per cent of the households on the South Tarawa (ILO, 2006b: 45). Similarly, remittances from abroad in Kiribati, Tuvalu and Vanuatu are limited, but in recent years remittances are on the rise in these countries due to labour migration to New Zealand under the “Recognised Seasonal Employer” (RSE) Scheme. There is also evidence of “reverse remittances”, where families send money from their home countries to relatives living abroad to help them cope with growing hardship (ADB, 2010b: 9). These “local remittances” are quite common in the Solomon Islands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The concept of religion as an anthropological category and the idea of race as an organizing principle of human identification and social organization played a major role in the formation of modern/colonial systems of symbolic representation that acquired global significance with the expansion of Western modernity. The modern concepts of religion and race were mutually constituted and together became two of the most central categories in drawing maps of subjectivity, alterity, and sub-alterity in the modern world. This makes the critical theory of religion highly relevant for the theory of race, and both of them crucial for ethics. It follows from this, not only that religion and race have been profoundly intertwined in modernity, but also that any ethics that seeks to take seriously the challenges created by modernity/coloniality has to be, at least to some extent, decolonial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
She opined that it was wise to involve women at the local government, [but they should be assured of] security and equal opportunity. Politics involves round-the-clock duty, travel and contact with strangers, while women may also face sexual harassment by their male colleagues. Courting arrest and facing police brutalities are more personally problematic for young women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Already at that time the area was an emerging metropole and centre of trade and politics (the name Copenhagen refers to "Harbour of trade"), which it continues to be to this day. The high density potentially results in corresponding pressures on the environment, such as through sewage discharge. Recently (2000), Denmark and Sweden constructed a bridge and a tunnel across the Sound, which has also involved construction of the fourth artificial island (Peberholm) inthe Sound.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Using a questionnaire, AGENAS monitors compliance with the recommendations and seeks to understand the barriers that R&AP encounter in implementation. High-quality care is care that is safe, effective and patient-centred, and should never be taken for granted. Health care systems face tremendous challenges -complex care needs and care processes, increased health care demands (especially for chronic conditions), and, crucially, an economic landscape in which health care systems will have to achieve more for less.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Although the use of military force for humanitarian ends seems utterly divorced from the use of such force to combat terrorism, both uses answer to similar descriptions. Both appear to encourage nations that are not necessarily themselves under attack to set aside the reigning conventions of national sovereignty and territorial integrity for the overriding purposes of international law enforcement and protection of vulnerable noncombatants. Both involve offensive rather than purely defensive uses of military force. Both answer to criteria of justification that can be derived more readily from the normative moral principles of the classical just war tradition than from purely descriptive revisions of the 'legalist paradigm' in international relations, because the latter is deeply wedded by precedent to notions of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and a purely defensive use of military force. Most significantly, the justification for both kinds of military action depends essentially upon a notion of 'the ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Self-employed professionals are identified as those who have completed higher education. The figure also shows that, although self-employment plays an important role, about 20% of workers in the middle income bracket are informal employees in each of the countries. Self-employed workers usually have the option of voluntarily accessing the social security system under a special regime. Da Costa et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This requires capacity-building and trade facilitation to ensure that regulations do not become barriers to trade. To this end, with a view to reducing costs of trade for developing countries and LDCs, the WTO membership negotiated, ratified, and brought into effect the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) for trade in goods. The negotiations for the TFA were concluded at the Bali Ministerial Conference of the WTO in 2013, and the Agreement entered into force in February 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Such resilience requires network diversity, redundancy and proactive investment. In an effort to understand how these considerations affect the communications networks in the region, ESCAP and ITU have partnered to create a regional map of the terrestrial fibre optic backbone. Provided to ESCAP by NDRCC, 2015. The boundaries and names shown and the design?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
To offer workshops throughout Germany, the foundation established local networks. For example, in Japan, Sony established the Sony Foundation for Education. Its Early Development Activity Centre conducts an extensive programme of activities in its quest to make science widely known among the public, to foster w'ell-balanced personality development in young individuals and to educate the general public about the importance of building a healthy relationship between parents and children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Other emerging economies (for example Brazil) should consider setting up their own DFQF scheme. On the other hand, greater AfT resources should be directed at support efforts at deepen regional integration or co-operation, especially in Africa. Development partners should support research into LDCs’ ability to plug themselves into value chains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Led by UN Women and the UN Statistical Division, EDGE is a dynamic partnership of UN member countries, the World Bank, OECD and other stakeholders. It aims to improve the availability and use of statistics that capture gender gaps in economic activity. It capitalises on the May 2011 OECD Ministerial Council Meeting on development which called on international organisations to agree on a harmonised set of gender equality indicators in order to measure progress in education, employment and entrepreneurship for presentation at the Busan HLF-4.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article presents a critical analysis of the judicial precedent of the Colombian Constitutional Court when protecting the Right to Education of persons with disabilities. After contrasting the Human Rights standards enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities with the main decisions of the Court, we conclude that it has promoted special and segregated education and therefore it has fostered discrimination on the basis of disability and the violation of other constitutional rights. The article closes identifying the main challenges that judges may face in the future for effectively protect the Right to Inclusive education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Recognizing values of ecosystem services implies that we are aware of the ecosystem services we receive from the sea, the lake or the forest, and that these benefits are relevant and important for people's well-being and should be taken into account. For example, we want to say how important the fish and shellfish production in the Baltic Sea is, describe the magnitude of recreational activities and timber production in Nordic forests, or the value of the drinking water we receive from Norwegian lakes. As we will see below, these values may be demonstrated in different ways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Since the full capacity is not likely to be utilized, we multiply the projected emissions by the reported average ratio of captured C02 to total capacity for Sleipner and Snohvit from 2008 to 2014 (75.9%). The capacity of each project is scaled according to the average capacity utilization at Sleipner and Snahvit 2008-2014. In orderto calculate the net abatement potential, we subtract the baseline in Table 7 excluding EOR-based projects, since C02 used for EOR is not guaranteed to be permanently sequestered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The international commitment to peace and human rights is laid down in the Charter of the United Nations (UN) of 1945. Based on this foundational contract and on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, a considerable number of international human rights treaties has been adopted, above all the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). These treaties build the fundament of the human rights regime with — in theory — political rights and civil liberties at the same level as social, economic, and cultural rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The OECD has conducted extensive research into how women’s paid employment positively affects macro-level outcomes like economic growth, socioeconomic equality, and fertility rates (OECD, 2012, 2015a). But bargaining theory’ suggests the stakes are just as high at home for individual women, their partners, and their children. Germany has a gender wage gap that is slightly wider than the OECD average, though the gap has narrowed since the year 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Experts will intensively train the workers and we aim to have women make up 70% of our workforce. Our intention is to train and provide employment to rural women who do not have formal education. There is global demand for processed cashew products and our main target markets are Africa, the United States, the European Union, and Arab Gulf countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Often these concern social assistance type payments that are phased out or withdrawn against other sources of income (e.g. earnings or pension payments) but not with basic pensions in China and the Philippines (OECD, 2013). In eight of the 19 Asian countries with a non-contributory' pension (for which data are available), beneficiaries receive less than USD PPP 1.25 (purchasing power parity) a day, and in 11 out of 19 countries, this is less than USD PPP 2 a day (ILO, 2015a). Nevertheless, these programmes can play a role in poverty' reduction. For example, in Thailand, the old-age allowance (Bia Yung Cheep) contributed to a decline in the poverty rate of elderly singleperson households (from 5.8% to 2.5%) and a fall in the poverty rate of all households from 9.6%tto 8.3% (ILO, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In parallel to operating budget-funded leasing programmes, KAF also provides leasing on market (“commercial”) terms. By 2010, agricultural leasing accounted for around 92% of the total leasing market in Kazakhstan. After the collapse of the Soviet machinery service system, the lack of this type of service became a major problem, more so given the increasingly depreciated machinery park.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In addition to interfering with aquaculture and spoiling beaches for tourism, such algal blooms can lead to dead zones (anoxic zones) and low-oxygen zones (hypoxic zones). Such zones occur when algal blooms decay and the bacteria breaking up the dead algae use up the oxygen dissolved in the seawater. The zones drive mobile species away and kill the seabed (benthic) wildlife.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In 2012, direct payment decreased by 61%, and cost-reducing transfers increased by 209% compared with average from 2005 to 2010, while total GFT decreased 8.4%. The vast majority of support is for general services (Panel C). In 2012, it was reported that the number of fishermen decreased by 21% from the base period (2005-10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
They serve as refuges and produce seeds and seedlings for specific reintroductions or reinforcements, as well as for storage in the IGB. The purpose of the 2006 botanic gardens law is to support and strengthen these gardens, and to allocate financial resources for their activities. About 15 botanic gardens currently qualify for this support. In 2007, the Center treated 1169 injured terrestrial vertebrates, mainly birds (88%) (MoEP, 2008, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In other words, ICLs provide a mixture of consumption-smoothing benefits and insurance against the uncertain outcomes of risky educational investments. As the name suggests, in risk-pooling ICLs, default risk is assumed by the cohort of borrowers ex post, while the public sector takes on the default risk in risk-sharing ICLs. Graduate taxes involve paying a certain fraction of future incomes for an agreed period of time regardless of the amount borrowed, making it a very progressive debt collection mechanism. Human capital contracts are private contracts in a form very similar to graduate taxes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The agenda confronting the Conference was considerably large, covering short-term problems, long-term problems, and further steps. From this simple and purposeful aim, the cooperation has evolved into the sustainable management of forests and ensuring the provision of many other goods and services provided by forests. Through, this report you will become aware of the long and impressive list of accomplishments that 70 years of cooperation has produced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
General observation of these studies show that though unadjusted data show inequality was reduced between rounds 50 and 55, if one uses (comparable) adjusted data, rural inequality in fact went up in India between 1993-94 (50th Round) and 1999-2000 (55th Round). Striking evidence about increased inequality in India in the post-reform period comes from Sen and Himanshu (2005). Based on indices of real mean per capita expenditure (MPCE) on a uniform reference period (URP) basis by fractile groups, whereas the consumption level of the upper tail of the population, including the top 20 per cent of the rural population, has gone up remarkably during the 1990s, the bottom 80 per cent of the rural population has suffered during this period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The commentaries are designed to be of value as free-standing reports, but are also prepared so that they can become the first phase of a full review, should a country so wish. The OECD study, Skills beyond School, is addressing the range of policy questions arising, including funding and governance, matching supply and demand, quality assurance and equity and access. The study will build on the success of the previous OECD study of vocational education and training Learning for Jobs, which examined policy through 17 country reviews and a comparative report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Finally, it is important to state that the evidence presented in this review - which is based exclusively on quantitative analyses - is produced by adopting different methodological approaches, ranging from studies based on face-to-face interviews or focus groups with relevant stakeholders to more sophisticated econometric analyses. The latter approach lead to issues linked to the reliability of comparing findings based on simulations or on before-and-after analyses which often fail to capture the casual relationship between the programme and a given outcome with experimental approaches, such as randomized trials, which can give a more realistic estimation of the impact of a programme. Besides the intrinsic limitations of this kind of analysis, heterogeneity in the quality and extent of existing empirical methods makes comparison across similar instruments in different contexts, or over time, difficult, undermining the extent to which we can extract normative conclusions from this study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The enabling law for this in Algeria is the 2004 Law on Prevention of Major Risks and Disaster Management. In Uruguay, a special decree, the National Response to Climate Change and Variability, was passed in 2009. Implemented by the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, its purpose is to coordinate actions among all institutions relevant to achieving risk prevention in the whole territory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)