albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Further, the Abu Dhabi Declaration1 adopted by the High Level Event on the Blue Economy in January 2014 stressed the contribution that an oceans economy can make towards the alleviation of hunger, poverty eradication, creation of sustainable livelihoods, and mitigation of climate change. Oceans and marine ecosystems have also been discussed in the Open Working Group set up by the UN General Assembly to prepare the sustainable development goals. Oceans matter for the environment. They also matter for the economy and for humans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In addition, given the often limited budget available for biodiversity, information that can help to target and prioritise biodiversity interventions to areas where they will have most impact is also important. Ideally, investments should be prioritised towards areas with highest biodiversity and ecosystem benefits and with highest risk of loss/degradation. Cost-effectiveness is also enhanced by prioritising areas with lower opportunity costs (Wunscher, Engel and Wunder, 2006, OECD, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Environment Agency Austria contributed technical expertise to the design and implementation of the NAS. It also established an adaptation website4 and managed the stakeholder participation process (see below). In the late 1990s, the government created two groups addressing mitigation policies. Their remit was later expanded to encompass adaptation policy as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These forward looking analyses suggest that new approaches may be needed to improve safety for all road users. The SRA and its partners have established databases to identify and monitor final and intermediate outcomes against targets and the results are published annually. The SRA uses the Euro NCAP and European Road Assessment Programme for monitoring the safety quality of vehicle fleet and aspects of road network safety.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
According to different sources, collection of medicinal plants growing either in the wild (over 60 plant species) or cultivated in special forestry farms (some 22 species) yields revenue between 2.5 million and 5.6 million somoni per year. However, if immoderate and not effectively controlled, this activity can lead to the extinction of these valuable species (as has happened to at least two rare plant species included in the Red Book). Each year, the Committee on Environmental Protection receives requests submitted by hunting organizations and makes enquiries of the Academy of Sciences for scientific opinion on the number of animals that could possibly be removed without harming the viability of the species population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, there has also been historical provision made for SMEs to receive a separate contribution towards the costs of developing and implementing their IP strategies, with patenting costs reclaimable at 80%, up to a maximum of EUR 140 000. This may be viewed as a more explicit acknowledgement of the contribution intellectual property may make to business growth. In addition, the UK Intellectual Property Office (UK IPO) sponsored research into the issues around IP-backed finance with its Banking on IP report (Brassell and King, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
But as more people attained higher levels of education, skills have become less scarce and skill premiums have declined accordingly (Figure 12). The wage premium for a completed tertiary education, for example, fell to 31% in 2012. Concretely, this meant that even people that were not able to improve their educational attainments personally saw their earning opportunities rise with the emergence of more skilled labour. In other words, improving access to education has had positive externalities on low-educated individuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Kiva-school programme aims to prevent and decrease bullying in schools. The programme consists of general measures where information is disseminated through various means with proactive material (assessment of school environment, classes, online games, booklets for parents, etc.), The first evaluation of the Kiva-school programme showed that the programme has reduced self- and peer-reported bullying and victimisation. As a result, the Kiva-school model is being progressively implemented in schools within the country' (Kama et al., Reviewing 53 different anti-bullying school programme evaluations in developed countries, researchers found that the effectiveness of initiatives is generally associated with the intensity and duration of the interventioa Moreover, some programme components were also found more effective than others in reducing bullying, most important being parent involvement, or the use of disciplinary' methods (ibid.). Whole-school initiatives involve introducing, and integrating, typically non-traditional educational and information services to all actors (teachers, students and support staff) in the school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Poor countries import almost no EGs, which points to the need for environment-related technical assistance projects to focus on poor countries, especially in Africa. Nevertheless, trade in almost all categories of EGs is found to be highly sensitive to growth in GDP and FDI as well as with the presence of technical assistance projects. For instance, policies to promote viable domestic consumer markets for EGs as well as policies to improve the general competitiveness of exports may have a more crucial role to play in enhancing trade in EGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Nonetheless, there are several ways in which public infrastructure spending can be more directly employment-generating and can have higher multiplier effects within local economies. Infrastructure works are doubly blessed, in that they create and sustain employment while at the same time improving living conditions and laying the foundation for long-term growth. Indeed, there is much greater scope than is generally recognized for developing infrastructure by using available surplus labour in LDCs. In urban areas, for example, labour-intensive techniques can be used for such works as improving streets and access ways, water supply, sewerage, sanitation and waste management, flood protection measures, and repair and maintenance of a range of public infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
No specific data are available on the impact of UV on the health of the Mongolian population. Despite traffic jams observed in Ulaanbaatar and noise around mining activities, this environmental factor is not taken into account, though its negative impact on public health is well known. In January 2017, alcohol selling and distribution was temporary banned in response to one death and four hospitalizations due to methanol poisoning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Recent analysis has shown, for example, that the economic cost of outdoor air pollution, in terms of the value of lives lost and ill health, is much higher than previously thought. While costs were estimated at 4% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in OECD countries on average in 2010, China faced costs that were estimated at the equivalent of 12% of GDP. Further work is underway to assess the economic consequences of risks posed by climate change, air pollution and the link between land, water and energy. Cost-benefit analysis that includes economic valuation of environmental externalities is a key tool available to comprehensively consider both the economic and environmental consequences of policies. Securing sources of finance to support green growth is even more challenging in developing countries (2014c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Investments in physical ICT infrastructure are mostly undertaken by the private sector once the regulatory framework is in place and operating effectively. Regional and global programmes received USD 970 million (Figure 11.15). The UMICs were the largest recipient group, with a share of 29.3% of total disbursements during the period 2002-15, the LDCs share stood at 24.6%, OLICs at 2.0%, and LMICs at 21.2%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For planning purposes, regions will pursue integrated planning and broad economic development strategies, departements will focus on providing social development and related services, and communes will focus on land use plans and local public services. The argument for consolidations follows both a cost-savings approach (eliminating about half the regional governments) and a scale approach (creating bigger regions that can be more efficient providers of services and investments). However, it is a contentious project and, as the map below indicates, some former regional capitals will lose their status along with the attendant public sector employment, services and other associated advantages (a point returned to in Chapter 2 in the case study of Clermont-Ferrand).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For instance, the realization of sustainable integrated intermodal transport connectivity will contribute directly to target 2.a, to increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation in rural infrastructure, target 3.6, by 2020, halve the number of road traffic deaths, target 7.3, by 2030, double the rate of improvement in energy efficiency, target 9.a, facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure, and target 11.2, by 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all. It will also contribute indirectly to Goal 1, reducing poverty. Physical connectivity and operational connectivity are required to achieve seamless transport connectivity that allows goods and people to travel efficiently across modes and national borders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The second analysis introduces additional operational constraints such as a minimum load level and limits on the speed of the power ramp rates. Of course, this exercise only applies to the highly volatile day-ahead spot price. Prices in the electricity forward markets, in which a substantial share of electricity is traded, include some measure of capital costs, display much more stable price curves and do not offer any scope for economic load following.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The safety of medicines is increasingly becoming an issue of public concern, and calls for more transparency and public involvement abound. However, the notion of “public” is inherently ambiguous and loaded with values and normative expectations, which may have significant consequences for communicators involved with medicines safety. This chapter illustrates how methods and insights from two disciplines, rhetoric and science and technology studies (STS), can elucidate issues related to the publicity of medicines safety communication. In the first of two case studies a rhetorical analysis of a public hearing is presented and subsequently related to existing discussions of public hearings in STS scholarship. In the second case study an STS-driven analysis of a medicines safety controversy in the media is presented, and afterwards rhetorical insights are leveraged to discuss the meaning and implications of the controversy in medicines safety communication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Energy Efficiency in the Public Sector identifies where the energy efficiency potential lies in the public sector, and how governments can capture it. Policy measures are described for public buildings, transportation, utilities ranging from public lighting to heat providers, and other facilities. The Policies and Instruments section covers crosscutting energy efficiency programmes, procurement, facilities construction and retrofitting, operations and maintenance, utility management, and capacity development programmes. It covers six municipal sectors: passenger transport, municipal buildings, water and wastewater, public lighting, solid waste, and power and heat in three modules: an energy benchmarking module which compares key performance indicators (KPIs) among peer cities, a sector prioritization module which identifies sectors that offer the greatest potential with respect to energy-cost savings, and an intervention selection module which functions like a "playbook" of tried-and-tested measures and helps select locally appropriate interventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Arab population is characterised by diversity consisting of Muslims (majority), Bedouins, Druze and Christians. Most of the population in the Galilee lives in rural settlements. In 2005, the percentage of the population participating in the civilian labour force in the Northern District was 59.7%, compared with the national average of 67.1% (Paltiel, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Algorithmic selection understood as a process that assigns relevance to information elements of a data set by an automated, statistical assessment of decentralized generated data signals, plays an increasingly important role in communication primarily through social media. The number of goals and tasks filled by different types of functional algorithms significantly impedes the assessment of their impact and importance on individuals and society. The economic benefits of using them are related to threats to basic civil rights, including the right to privacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
From sixty-nine varieties of local rice landraces, after a participatory varietals selection, they came up with eight improved varieties that are expected to be adapted to several climatic impacts, such as rainfall and long droughts. However, this also puts farmers in a situation of risk as they have fewer choices and they become dependent upon companies for provision of the improved varieties. Awareness, knowledge and dependence on a broader range of agricultural techniques reduces the risk of climate related losses from farms and increases the capacity to adapt income generating activities to changing weather conditions. Farmers have to adapt to changing situations in order to be able to survive and compete with others. They often have to shift from land-use practices based upon organic subsistence farming towards modernization and intensification. These modern systems can raise productivity of crops, but at the same time they are costly for local communities and expose them to risks of disruption of supplies of inputs or failures to access markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
There are theories to suggest that worsening economic conditions can have deleterious impacts on health outcomes but, equally, there are many hypotheses that predict the opposite. These mechanisms are termed: (1) stress, (2) effect budgeting, and (3) frustration-aggression. Increased stress may arise due to greater employment uncertainty which, in turn, induces depression or anxiety (OECD, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This shows the existence of ethnic and gender inequalities, but on a different level. It is important to note that the coefficients remain unchanged when the regression is not controlled for time effects, which means that despite the reduction in the level of multidimensional poverty, the level of inequality did not change between 2006 and 2010. One additional point on the household dependency ratio is associated with a multidimensional poverty level that is 0.6 points higher. A single-parent household has, on average, a level of multidimensional poverty 0.7 points higher than that of a household with two parents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Penang State Government has a reputation for its proactivity and entrepreneurial strength, effective administration, innovative policy-making, strategic liaison and communications with international investors, and development planning. One of its most successful agencies is the semi-autonomous Penang Development Corporation (PDC) established in 1971 as the government’s implementation arm, charged with overseeing economic growth and spearheading industrialisation. In the 1970s and 1980s, PDC monthly meetings included USM-related activities as a regular item on its agenda, giving its research activities a high profile. After significant restructuring in 2004, the Penang State government downsized PDC, creating InvestPenang which is the chief agency currently facilitating investment and fostering industrial development for the state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The advantage of a cap-and-trade system versus priced-based mechanisms, such as a carbon tax, lies in the fact that a cap puts a legal limit on pollution, while the tax sets a price under the assumption that quantity will adjust, based on the higher price. A carbon tax has the advantage of raising revenue for the government. The 2007-2008 financial crisis revealed the ease with which financial markets could be manipulated, even in the most advanced markets, hence, the risk of manipulation, market failures and distorted incentives would be extremely high in most developing countries. Moreover, with respect to getting prices right, it is likely that both carbon taxes and cap-and-trade programmes would have to be so large as to be politically infeasible (Mowery, Nelson and Martin, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The result of these land-use changes is that significant quantities of C02 stored in the soil are released. Certification systems also emerge to promote sustainability of both first- and second-generation biofuels. A key advantage of second-generation biofuels is that energy yields are much higher, particularly outside the tropical regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Nordic countries are part of the IPBES specified sub-region Central and Western Europe, in the IPBES-specified Region Europe and Central Asia. The Nordic region includes Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Aland, see Figures 6 and 7. The Arctic portal16 has interesting material and maps of the Arctic region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They include the federal corporate income tax for the United States. Assuming that the incidence of the US federal corporate income tax falls entirely on capital income, they find that the corporate income tax is progressive. Roach (2003) reaches the same conclusion but notes that if 25% of corporate taxes are allocated to consumers and another 25% to workers, then the progressivity of corporate taxes virtually disappears. Duncan and Sabirianova Peter (2008) focus on the personal income tax only. Unweighted average excluding Chile, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Israel, Mexico, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
About 10 000 people live in the reserve, where crab harvesting is the main economic activity. The inefficient transport of crabs results in the deaths of many crabs, which ordinarily are sold alive. Uma modelagem financeira para as Unidades de Conservagao do Arpa [How much does the Amazon Protected Areas Programme cost? Financial modelling for the ARPA protected areas], Brazilian Biodiversity Fund, Rio de Janeiro.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The emphasis is on the provision of schooling, and it is incumbent upon governments and educational institutions to ensure that schools are available locally and that educational policies do not create barriers for attending school. In practical terms, however, access is gauged simply by measures of school attendance (e.g. UIS, 2006). This approach takes into account not only the supply of schooling, but also the cultural, social, religious, political and economic factors that affect the demand for schooling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
India's priority partner countries are its neighbours in South Asia. Between 2009 and 2015, Bhutan received 61% of India's bilateral development co operation, followed by Afghanistan (9%), Sri Lanka (7%), Nepal (5%), Bangladesh (3%), Myanmar (2%) and the Maldives (2%).Co operation with Africa has increased, with the majority of new lines of credit being allocated to Africa in 2014. The main sectors of India's development co-operation are health, education, energy (hydropower) and information technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The south and south-east of the country is dominated by small-scale farming with mixed agriculture. This is where most of the country’s horticultural production is concentrated, and all of the country’s cultivation of cotton and rice. The long-term trend in employment is less clear due to a change in the definition of employment which has substantially increased the number of employed in agriculture since the 2000s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A major challenge ahead both for UNIDO and the Montreal Protocol is the implementation of national or sectoral Hydrochlorofluorocarbon Phase-out Management Plans (HPMPs), which approach the development of elimination plans holistically. So firm goals and legally binding targets might more appropriately fall to national energy programmes. But a wide variety of international actors can encourage those at the national level to set and meet such targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The first aspect has to do with the variety of private sector participation modes and their conditions for success. The second relates to the financial viability and fiscal sustainability of private sector participation in the water sector. The third concerns ways of improving the mechanisms for transparency and stakeholders' engagement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It could also shed light on the quality of small primary schools, and ensure that learning considerations are at the forefront in the rationalisation of the school network (see Policy Issue 3.2). A school census assessment could also provide a more reliable indicator of student learning for supervisors to prioritise their interventions, and assess the progress of school. An example is Mexico's new National Plan to Evaluate Learning (Plan Nacional de Evaluacion de los Aprendizajes, PLANEA), which alternates full cohort with school and national sample assessments in different years and grades to provide useful, timely and reliable data for national and school needs (see Table 3.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On a pro-rata basis, funds from the sale of biodiversity credits are paid into the BioBanking Trust Fund to cover land management costs in the future and any additional proceeds from the sale of credits are paid to the landowner as a lump sum. The landowner receives annual management payments from the Trust Fund to implement the management actions, and submits an annual report detailing the management actions undertaken and monitoring of site conditions. Annual payments from the BioBanking Trust Fund are withheld from a landowner until the regulator assesses the landowner’s annual report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
At the early stage, the central government stipulated a minimum participation fee of CNY 10 per person (CNY 30 in some rich coastal counties), which is subject to a CNY 20 match from various local governments (CNY 40 in rich coastal counties) and CNY 20 from the central government (restricted to poorer provinces). The government input to NCMS has been increasing over time. The Suggestions on Consolidating and Developing NCMS issued by the Ministry of Health in 2009 requires that financing for each person should reach CNY 100 in 2009 and CNY 150 in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The subsidies were categorized with an intuitive traffic-light system, which helped directing corrective measures toward those which are the most harmful (Finnish Ministry of Finance, 2016). In Norway, electric vehicles are exempted from VAT, which (among other incentives) has made Norway a global leader in electric car use - electric vehicles now have a 23 per cent market share of all new cars sold in Norway (IEA, 2016b). The country has operated a feed-in tariff system for wind power ever since the 1990 (International Renewable Energy Agency [IRENA], 2013), lifting the share of wind power from 3 per cent to 42 percent in electricity production (IEA, 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)