albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
ABSTRACTLeadership research in early childhood education and care (ECEC) is a relatively new undertaking. It combines leadership concepts from school research as well as from business. There are common aspects in the leadership profession, but the context and the mission define the content of leadership tasks and responsibilities. Data in this cross-cultural study were collected in Finland, Japan, and Singapore from 2012 to 2014. Questionnaires were used as the data collection method and content analysis as the method to explore how leadership tasks define leadership in the different countries. The project included 100 participants in each country. Analysis in this article focuses on leadership tasks in ECEC settings in Finland, Japan, and Singapore. The study revealed that the tasks of ECEC leaders in all three countries are similar—the two most important leadership tasks are pedagogical leadership and human resource management—though implementation of tasks varied based on cultural context. In practice,...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, whereas labour market opportunities in rural areas are likely to remain dominated by food and agriculture (a highly water-dependent sector), employment opportunities in urban and periurban areas may evolve rapidly as the result of current technological changes and the digitalization of the economy (or ‘Industry 4.0’). However, in terms of both the number of people affected and (especially) the number of people killed, the impacts of floods, droughts and conflicts are grossly outweighed by the number of those affected or killed by inadequate drinking water and sanitation services (Figure 1). However, there are no data available estimating what proportion of these people were ‘affected’, nor what the resulting overall economic damage would equate to. This steady rise has principally been led by surging demand in developing countries and emerging economies (although per capita water use in the majority of these countries remains far below water use in developed countries — they are merely catching up).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
More interdisciplinary work, involving scientists, economists and others is required in order to shed more light on this region-specific question, and hopefully better and more conclusive information on this will become available in the coming years. Other examples are the development of new technologies or business models, or changing habits related to food consumption. In addition to these fundamental drivers, sudden and unforeseen events of natural or human origin may disrupt developments and it is important that these are also considered (Box 3.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They are involved in producing staple food crops that are among the top ten crops grown in the region (in acreage): millet, sorghum, cow peas, maize, groundnuts, cassava, rice and yams (World Farmers' Organisation website accessed on 26 February 2016). The horticulture sector mainly employs female labour as well. Cereals, roots and tubers, fruits and vegetables are essential for food and nutrition security and have a growing regional market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Belgium, pollution fees are based on measured concentration or conversion coefficients for organic matter and suspended solids, heavy metals, nutrients (N and P) and cooling water. In Mexico charges are linked with discharges’ quantity and strength (in excess of permissible biochemical oxygen demand [BOD], chemical oxygen demand [COD] and total suspended solids [TSS] levels) and with the carrying capacity of recipient bodies, which is differentiated for industrial and municipal wastewater discharges. In Hungary, the “environmental load charge” applies to all activities that require a discharge permit (e.g. wastewater companies) and takes into account both the vulnerability of receiving waters and the technologies used for wastewater treatment and sludge disposal, to strengthen the incentive nature of the measure, a rebate applies for polluters that adopt approved pollution reduction measures (pre-treatment) and fines apply for discharges in excess of permits (OECD, 2008a). In some instances (e.g. Czech Republic and Slovak Republic), revenues are collected nationally but allocated to specific national environmental funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Building on the success of the PPCDAm, the government launched a similar programme to control deforestation in the Cerrado biome. In addition to strict monitoring and enforcement, further reducing deforestation will increasingly require making sustainable agriculture and forest management more attractive than illegal logging and land grabbing, and ensuring that sustainable practices provide a viable income source for traditional communities (CEPAL et al., Concessions still cover less than 1% of the eligible forest area, mainly because of red tape, high transaction costs, lack of infrastructure and land tenure conflicts. Many rural communities do not have the knowledge or means to adopt sustainable forest practices or to compete in concession processes. Much of the international finance is used through extrabudgetary funds, including the innovative Amazon Fund. Established in 2008 and managed by the BNDES in co-ordination with the MMA, the fund invests in deforestation prevention and sustainable forest use, thereby contributing to reducing GHG emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Financial requirements of businesses by investors and lenders often influence the adoption of a short-term focus, rather than long-term strategic investment in sustainability-based competitiveness. Governments, particularly ministries of finance, need to examine lending and investment regulatory schemes to ensure that long-term investment strategies are rewarded in the marketplace. Specific policies that reward green business concepts and strategies can be developed through partnerships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Hence, with the declining costs of renewables over the past few years, their use as an alternative energy source offers significant cost-reduction potential, as well as an opportunity to mitigate GHG emissions. In this context, some emission mitigation measures, in particular those that improve energy efficiency, have been shown to lower costs or even result in cost savings. In South Africa, for example, 66 per cent of the GHG mitigation potential in the mining sector could be realized at negative marginal abatement costs, so that these emission reductions would pay for themselves (Department of Environmental Affairs, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Programme participants (manufacturers, vendors or resale agents) that sell designated energy-efficient products that meet the specifications of the programme can register to use the ENERGY STAR. The right to use the logo is based on self-declaration (products can be tested in participants' own facilities or by an independent testing laboratory). The standard will provide organizations and companies in various sectors (including utility, manufacturing, commercial building, commerce and transport) with a framework for integrating EE into their management practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Furthermore, gender units can play an important role in gender sensitization training as well as in training on how to avoid gender bias in data collection. Through their contacts with national machineries for women and non-governmental organizations, gender units and gender focal points can facilitate communication between the producers and some of the end users of gender statistics (United Nations, 2006). These units can provide information to users and help them to understand the uses of existing statistics. The development of methodological materials on gender statistics has a rather short history.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Over twenty years ago, the Supreme Court in Albright v. Oliver acknowledged “an embarrassing diversity of judicial opinion” on “the extent to which a claim of malicious prosecution is actionable under § 1983.” This embarrassment continues, seriously impeding the vindication of the Fourteenth Amendment and other constitutional rights. In Manuel v. City of Joliet, No. 14-9496, the time has come to resolve the fundamental issues raised by the Question Presented in this case, which necessarily include whether the elements of the common law malicious prosecution tort — and the favorable termination element in particular — apply to plaintiff’s § 1983 claim.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Its development should be a collaborative effort between the national and sub-national level, and the information it yields ought to cover inputs, processes and outputs that are relevant for ongoing activities. To use such information optimally, clear objectives for the data need to be established and proper indicators selected. Systems are needed to generate, validate and distribute the data, the information needs to be used in a suitable and timely fashion, incentive mechanisms are needed to encourage actors to follow a particular course of action, and appropriate use of the performance information must be planned for.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Protection Action Plan for Merig-Ergenc Basin (2008) assesses the effects of development projects and economic activities on the environment, and provides for a short, medium and long-term action plan in terms of water resource management. There is also a land use plan for the Merfe-Ergenc basin. Water demand management measures in Bulgaria include water abstraction control. The Arda/Ardas has its source in the Rodopi Mountains (Bulgaria) and discharges into the Merig River. The Aterin-ska River is a tributary shared by Bulgaria and Greece.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) in the United Kingdom and the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IqWiG) in Germany are two technology assessment agencies that advise decision makers on reimbursement and formulary placement policies based on available clinical and economic evidence. Many countries are engaged in comparative effectiveness research and much of the work centers around people with multiple chronic conditions. Comparative effectiveness research offers tremendous potential to provide evidence for people with multiple chronic conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Single-year and multi-year goals may require different accounting guidance and different information to track progress under the Paris Agreement (Prag, Hood and Barata, 2013). The use of single-year goals increases the uncertainty associated with estimates of national and global cumulative emissions. To date, most Parties have expressed their INDCs as single-year goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
If property rights are clearly delineated, then the owner of the wheat field will consider the change in the land’s value in the real estate market when determining whether to grow wheat, construct apartment buildings or sell the land to the mining company. In practice, of course, it is more accurate to say that the owner will internalise only some of the costs. For instance, the land owner will not consider the costs of a road that will be built to the plant that will subsequently destroy a breeding ground for an endangered forest bird.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
With per-person GDP of only $380‘, the proportion of the population below the poverty line in 2010/11 was 30.4% in rural areas and 25.7% in urban areas. Poverty has declined substantially according to the national Household Income Consumption Expenditure Survey. Between 2004/05 and 2010/11, income inequality measured by Gini Coefficient was changed little - from 0.3 in 2004/05 to 0.298 in 2010/11.2 While urban inequality declined from 0.44 to 0.37, rural inequality increased from 0.26 to 0.27 (MoFED, 2012a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Table 1 summarises all of the selected dimensions, indicators and the thresholds (see Table 2.1 and Appendix 2 for more details). This method is insensitive to the depth of deprivation within a given dimension. However, the indicators are selected on the basis that they complement each other in explaining the (non-)realisation of a child's right (see Appendix 3.1-3.4 for correlation tests).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Situated 60 km from Ngaound6r6 on the old route, its supply of Ngaoundere was based on two practises: urban wholesalers and semi-wholesalers came to the weekly market (Wednesday), while motorists and travellers made day-to-day purchases as they passed through the village. Roadside stalls had sprung up along the road through the village, bringing local residents additional daily income. Traffic on the unpaved Tchollire-Touboro regional road, which used to carry 80% of foodstuffs from Touboro, has fallen by over 70% in favour of the new, paved road (Touboro-Ngaoundere), making Ngaoundere a major redistribution hub between North and South Cameroon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Grenadian officials interviewed on this issue were quite passionate and had great expectations that once the policy and associated strategy and plan were implemented, then the well-being of the most vulnerable - in particular, rural communities, women and youth - will be enhanced. It was also pointed out that government has limited fiscal space given its mounting debt burden, high unemployment and slow growth. The issue of national absorptive capacity, in particular human capacity at the individual and the institutional levels, was flagged as a major area of concern. It was pointed out that there was no budgetary flexibility to engage the necessary human resources, at the same time, optimal use has not been made of existing capacity, as a result of inadequate collaboration and co-operation mechanisms and evidence of ‘turfism’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Bringing together theoretical and methodological resources, as well as concerns, from Asian area studies, comparative literature, modernist studies, American ethnic studies (most especially Asian American studies), and postcolonial studies, transpacific literary and cultural studies encompasses in its general scope the different nations, peoples, and cultural traditions making up the Pacific Rim region, with a particular focus on examining the diverse material and conceptual roles that they (or ideas about them) have played both in the very constitution of western modernity and in its subsequent global spread. This essay offers a brief genealogy of this emergent scholarly formation and discusses recent scholarship that seeks to chart the reciprocal interactions and tensions among the intertwined domains of Pacific Rim geopolitics, cultural production (especially poetry), and racialization that have underwritten and accompanied the rise of Euro-American modernity and its unevenly contested effort to shape the rest of the world according to its own image.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are few activities in the public health arena, though standard deployment in public health ushers in widespread acceptance. We introduce an ecosystem targeting public health, expecting sustainable operations. We then discuss a portable health clinic with body area network technologies (BAN-PHC) for affordable healthcare and telemedicine. A BAN-PHC targets mass medical examinations and treatments because of its easy-to-use and mistake-free features.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Pre-crisis assessments in Yemen demonstrated that women in food insecure families often eat less in order to provide for their children. Displaced women may not have access to hygiene or dignity items, forcing them to remain out of sight. Lack of life-saving response services and safe refuges for survivors - who often fear stigma or rejection - compound the problem. These informal ties are subject to erosion as assets are depleted, income sources cut, law and order collapsed, and people's psychological strength exhausted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Natixis is in the process of raising a second similar fund, Euro-Fideme 2. They provide diagnostics, technical solutions, procurement and implementation services and they can also finance projects. Few countries have managed to spawn a flourishing ESCO market, due to a number of well-documented barriers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Site productivity is primarily related to climate and soil nutrient status. Forest soil carbon stocks are driven by site productivity (primarily driving litter production but also influencing the microbial community and activity), litter quality, and local topography and disturbance history. The relationships between external drivers and soil carbon stocks are complex, and it is therefore difficult to describe clear patterns in the response of soil carbon stocks to such drivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The concept of the CRP was introduced to Congress well before the legislative decision of the 1985 Farm Bill, allowing for adequate discussion and understanding of the proposed programme (Cook, 1989(76])- Additionally, in the months before addressing the proposed 1985 Farm Bill, public concerns began to arise over sustainable agriculture and environmental issues, to then reach Congress for discussion. This was due to the increase in production, encouraged by the USDA, under the then belief that higher foreign demand was a long-term trend. Grain prices rose during the early 1970s because of large purchases by the Soviet Union, encouraging increased production. The RCA required reports from Congress on status, condition, and trends relating to the nation’s soil and water resources. The passing of RCA acted as a shift in mentality, encouraging agriculture programmes to consider and target water quality concerns (Cain and Lovejoy, 2004(77], Helms, 1990(83]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As he UN-OHRLLS points out, all major players in the African telecommunication sector are from other developing countries.11 Box 3.1 below introduces the case of the telecommunication industry in the three LDCs of the Arab region, examining the role of FDI in this development, among other factors. Sudan is the most populated country among the three, with a population of 40.6 million, followed by Yemen and Mauritania at 22.8 million and 3.3 million, respectively. Their economies are mostly based on the agriculture, fishery, livestock and the service sectors, although Sudan has a rapidly developing oil industry as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The success of reforms to the curriculum and testing were seen as dependent on prior reforms that would have an influence on who teaches and how they are educated. Denmark faced this problem when it proved difficult to synchronise reforms to strengthen national testing with the pre- and in-service education of teachers employed by municipalities. Local and regional entities often do not have sufficient capacity to implement national policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Recently, progress has been made to harmonise reporting methodologies used by bilateral and multilateral development banks, as well as national development banks in developed and developing countries. A common standard and system for tracking international climate finance between its providers and recipients is yet to be developed (Forstater and Rank, 2012). Most respondents regard the development of a monitoring system and impact measurement framework as a pre-condition for effectively allocating finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Piracy is both an historical and a contemporary problem. In the past decade it has also proven to be a legal problem. Under international law, many of the attacks against ships that are commonly characterized as piracy actually fall outside of the legal definition of piracy. This has widespread implications for States seeking to undertake law enforcement activities to combat attacks and address maritime security concerns in order to establish a safe maritime environment for shipping and seafarers. This chapter examines some of the challenges presented by the current legal framework for ‘piracy’ and ‘armed robbery against ships’. It first sets out the applicable international law and distinguishes between the two terms. It then provides an overview of piracy and armed robbery against ships in two regions of the world that have been subject to a large number of attacks in the past decade, Southeast Asia and Somalia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are 293 species of birds, representing 21 classes. Up to 600,000 birds are recorded annually to be wintering in the waterfowl habitat of the Khazar State Reserve. There are more than 100 fish species and subspecies, of which the most famous are four species of Caspian sturgeon: the white, stellate, starlet and Russian sturgeon. Currently, fishing possibilities are rather limited, as there is no legal fishing for sturgeon in the Turkmen sector of the Caspian Sea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
If the reefer is running as expected, only a quick visual inspection is performed prior to release - which is now the case for around 70 per cent of reefers, meaning faster turnaround times, better asset utilization, and operational savings for Maersk (Murison, 2016). The savings generated by the RCM system have led Maersk to launch a pilot project recently to extend the monitoring system to other types of containers. This allows for corrective actions to be taken in case the container is not operated optimally during any of the various stages of the cold chain, from the supplier's proper pre-cooling of the cargo, to the trucker ensuring that the reefer is plugged in, from accurate performance during the ocean leg, to the correct handling at destination and to final delivery to the end-customer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In this context, low-wage public servants earn a higher wage “premium” (i.e. ceteris paribus are better paid) relative to their skills compared to higher-wage counterparts (Giordano et al., Papapetrou (2006) concludes that earnings differentials in the low quintiles cannot be attributed to individual characteristics, whereas at the highest quintiles, pay differentials reflect differences in the employee’s skills. Fournier and Koske (2012) conclude, in particular, that a (marginal) rise in public employment would tend to raise earnings at the lower end of the distribution, while leaving those at the top broadly unchanged, thereby helping to reduce overall inequality (Figure 2.9). It should be noted that these are partial equilibrium effects, ignoring possible changes in the relative earnings of the public and private sector that would result from such shift.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Instead, while maintaining fishing activities through restrictions on individual fishery resources based on ecological system and fishery resources, the system allows effectively and quick recovery of resources. As a result, suspension or contraction of fishing activities due to resource recovery can be minimized. Accordingly, fishing business can be maintained with relative stability while promoting resource recovery at the same time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Another common assumption is that victims of sexual violence have suffered only this form of violence and may not be regarded as good sources of information for other types of violations. At a later stage of the interview, order the interview chronologically and return to points that need clarification. Be aware that, if the person being interviewed experienced trauma, it may affect their ability to coherently or fully recount an event.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)