albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Designation of a nature preserve "Panj", with an area of 18,000 ha within the boundaries of Tajik national park, was planned for 2007. However, none of these planned activities has so far been implemented. It implied the establishment of some 150,000 ha of industrial forest plantations. If die Programme were successfully implemented, the afforested area in Tajikistan would significantly increase, and the share of forests in the overall territory of the country (currently 2.95 per cent) could extend to 4.0 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In all cases, a much lower percentage of persons aged 15 and over with one or more types of disability are economically active than those who have no disability. This situation impacts heavily, both emotionally and financially, on family well-being, and highlights the shortfall in the supply of care services provided by the State, the market and civil society organizations. The governments of a number of Latin American and Caribbean countries have also developed programmes of integration and inclusion in education for children with disabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, adopted in 1966, states in article 10(2) that marriage must be entered into with the free consent of the intending spouses. In its general comment No. It also notes that States parties are obliged to prevent third parties from coercing women to undergo traditional practices, such as female genital mutilation. In addition, the Convention contains specific provisions in relation to forced marriage (article I6(l)(b)) and early marriage (article 16 (2)).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Summative assessment measures learning that has taken place with the purpose of presenting a summary of students’ achievements over a defined period, in this case upper secondary education. Hence, summative assessment reports on students’ learning achievements for judgement at a specific point in time. It is often described as “assessment of learning” and contrasted with “assessment for learning”. For a comprehensive literature review on summative assessment, see Nusche (forthcoming).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
ABSTRACT The study of international security and political economy are two sides of the same coin. Yet the disciplinary fields of security studies and political economy too often maintain a deliberate distance from each other. The three books discussed in this article are a welcome departure from such an artificial division between (inter)national security issues on the one hand, and economic issues on the other. Furthermore, like much political economy scholarship, they each aim to incorporate an analytical focus on domestic politics that many international security scholars still eschew. Such a broader (re-)integration of the domestic political economy dimension of security into international relations scholarship provides a comprehensive theoretical and empirical understanding of how and why national security, like all areas of public policy, is riddled with the pursuit of political agendas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In May 2003, the 192 members of the World Health Assembly, the decisionmaking body of the World Health Organisation, unanimously adopted the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) (WHO, 2003). The WHO (2010) describes it as a ‘milestone for the promotion of public health’ and ‘one of the most widely embraced treaties in UN history’. It marks the first time that the WHO has used its powers under Article 19 of its Constitution to develop an international public health treaty (WHO, 2006). As of September 2011, it had 174 ‘parties’ (see note 9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Substantial progress has already been made to curb GHG emissions from fossil-fuel combustion in a number of countries, including large emitters like the People’s Republic of China,1 the European Union or the United States. Current efforts are, however, unlikely to be enough to avoid average temperatures increasing by 4°C above pre-industrial levels by 2100. The IPCC’s latest assessment finds, for example, that scenarios in which the average temperature increases by less than 2°C over the 21st century involve global GHG emission reductions between 40% and 70% by 2050 compared with 2010 levels (IPCC, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This study examines the impact of corporate governance on earnings predictability (future cash flows) for banks operating in 71 countries over the period 2007 to 2016. We find that board structure and CEO power have a significant influence on future cash flows. In contrast, risk governance variables have no significant influence. These findings vary between developed and emerging countries, common and civil law countries, and different sized banks. Board structure is more effective in predicting future cash flows in civil law and developed countries than in common law and emerging economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Lone Christiansen and Per Tronsmo present Norwegian approaches to leadership, and national programmes for school leadership professional development and the Advisory Team programme for mentoring principals and local providers. The South Australian and Israeli examples presented by Susanne Owen and Dorit Tubin feature the work ofparticular sections of the education ministries looking to drive innovative learning and provide conditions to support it. This layering of networked learning opportunities helps to sustain and extend their leadership influence. Both CIEL and the earlier programme have been informed by international research on school leadership development, in particular the work of Stefan Huber and Viviane Robinson.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some 6 600 birds have been killed in collisions with aircraft. Bird movements have been mapped to avoid such collisions. As a result, two aircraft were lost in 1984-2004 compared with seven in the previous 15 years and the number of collisions has been reduced by 76%. The air force estimates that it has saved USD 690 million in avoided damage cost since 1984.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Despite major progress in social science helping policeto prevent crime, federal funding for police research is atits lowest level in thirty-five years. Only a majorrestructuring of the political economy of criminology seemslikely to revive research with and for the police. Forabout $1 per American per year, federal funding for“Centers for Crime Prevention” could be established inall sixty-seven cities of more than 250,000 people and ineach of the twenty states with no cities that large. Bycreating much stronger grassroots engagement in research,both the consumption and the production of socialscience could be greatly strengthened to improve theeffectiveness and fairness of police practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is usually complemented with additional opportunities to learn and be assessed. In many countries, repetition cannot be applied in transition grades, when students' poor performance may be due to a short-term failure to adjust. Repetition may be limited to grades considered as fundamental for consolidating basic skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Among all 15 to 49-year-old females in Mexico, only about half report currently using any type of contraceptive method. Mexico’s rate of unmet need for family planning is higher than rates in many other OECD countries with available data, and Mexico’s adolescent pregnancy rate is the highest in the OECD. Access to abortion is prohibited or severely restricted in most of Mexico.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, this is at the cost of ending the win-win situation where patients choose relatively cheaper cash benefits (worth 75% of the cost of in-kind care) that improve their own welfare thanks to a greater choice of providers and also encourage competition across home care providers. Thus, it would be preferable to keep a cash benefits scheme for home care but to improve screening and monitoring to avoid unintended use. One way of reducing the need for monitoring could be to provide cash benefits in the form of vouchers directly payable to professionals, like in the Nordic countries (Colombo et al., To be effective, such vouchers should be designed to cover less than the full costs of care, where the implied copayment on each service purchased would give patients incentives for cost-efficient use of the vouchers. Such a focus could risk impeding the excellent Dutch results in terms of equity and access to health care facilities. However, the increasing role of competition has not had a negative impact on equity so far.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In Mexico’s public sector, however, few efforts have been made to address pay inequality. The predominance of women versus men in job classes has not been identified, there are no regular pay assessments to ensure equality in pay, and there are no audits to ensure pay equality as well as equity (i.e. in promotions or to ensure gender balanced representation in job classes). Should a public sector employee wish to lodge a complaint challenging a gender gap in wages or inequity between male and female employees, there is no specific procedure for doing so. These rates have changed little over the past decade (Figure 2.8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Sistema Integral de Salud (SIS), provided by governmen t, has been the main source of this expanded coverage. Despite such progress, however, much remains to be done. An efficient and sustainable health insurance scheme should: i) ensure effective and financial access to health services, ii) use resources efficiently through strategic purchasing, iii) generate sufficient and sustainable resources, and, iv) manage population health risk and institutional financial risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Official development finance can contribute towards strengthening the business environment to drive further investments, support key infrastructure projects with concessional or non-concessional financing, and use blended finance to mobilise additional resources from the private sector. Fixed assets should include tangible assets such as buildings and networks, and non-tangible assets, such as computer software and intellectual property. The indicator is a measure of investment made by entities providing telecommunication networks and/or services in the country, and includes expenditure on initial installations and additions to existing installations where the usage is expected to be over an extended period of time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Shares remained roughly stable for LDCs but increased slightly for the other three groupings. This evidence suggests that, for food-importing developing countries in general, meeting the cost of food import bills has become less onerous over time. Konandreas (2012) conducts a more disaggregated analysis for the period 1990-2009, looking at individual countries in the LDCs and NFIDC groups and at their average, maximum and minimum shares of food import expenditure in both total merchandise imports and exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the “cost pressures” scenario, a 'full Baumol' effect is assumed implying that LTC costs per dependant will increase in line with overall labour productivity. In the “cost-containment” scenario, policy action is able to contain the cost pressures associated with the Baumol effect. In the latter scenario, governments would deploy a continuous effort to generate productivity gains and/or contain upward pressures on wages of staff providing long-term care. For health care: the size of the income elasticity, the magnitude of the residual, as well as factors underlying health status scenarios and demographic projections were tested.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is up to the investor to take the suggested comments on board, in case of negotiation, he must reply to the authors in written form. The Service of Licenses and Permits Department within MEPNR receives the application and all required documents describing activities (review of documentation, preparation of written statements by the experts, establishment of an expert commission, and preparation of conclusions). An Ecological Expertise (EE) is then performed in not less than 10 and not more than 15 days.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Those schools and projects that participate in innovation programmes with additional funding may be required as a condition of their participation to write up their approaches and materials into handbooks to be shared with others, as in the “experimental” schools chosen by the Experiments and Entrepreneurship Division of the Israeli Ministry of Education. The identified longer-term impacts included the value of literature and research as the basis for discussions about innovative practice, the validation of innovative practices, and in general for enhanced understanding and better design. In the case of the Austrian NMS Reform this was achieved through the creation of the National Centre for Learning Schools (CLS). Similarly, in Slovenia, the National Education Institute has been crucial to the reform - in partnership with the ministry and the consortia of gymnasia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
If they do not, the answer is considered favourable. The Directorate of Planning is the strategic advisory body of the MOP in matters of planning, policy definition and general co-ordination. It is in charge of proposing policies and development plans in such infrastructure as roads, ports and airports, or water resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
At the macroeconomic level, the contribution of remittances to the economy of a country is often measured by the share of remittances in a country's GDP. In addition, the development impact may be discussed in terms of human capital, considering remittances as an instrument for providing additional opportunities for the recipients. In this respect the link between remittances and poverty and between remittances and inequality will be revisited to clarify the meaning of the realized and unrealized development potential of remittances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This applies for the entire chain of activities necessary for achieving climate-resilient development: collecting, processing and interpreting climate data, climate forecasting and projections, using the data to identify sector and local climate vulnerabilities, and identifying priority areas for policy action. Development cooperation providers can help establish regional partnerships to pool resources and support national governments in incorporating regional forecasts into national disaster-mitigation programmes to provide warnings. For example, the Regional Integrated and Multi-Hazard Early Warning System works with governments across South and East Asia to incorporate regional forecasts into national disaster-mitigation programmes (Webster, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Consistently, a larger percentage of girls than boys reported internalizing characteristics on question items related to sadness or hopelessness, feeling lonely, and feeling nervous. In addition, a greater percentage of girls than boys indicated the presence of psychosomatic symptoms (headaches, stomach aches, feeling irritable or bad tempered) at least once a week during the past six months. Across survey administration years, the percentage of students rating high life satisfaction varied from just above to just below half of all students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Information on regulation for collective dismissals is not available in this period. This section draws heavily from Venn (2009), although underlying data have been revised and updated. While this chapter focuses mainly on the costs of procedures of dispute resolution, corruption and evasion mean that laws are not always adequately enforced, regardless of the cost.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Too often, school science is seen as the first segment of a (leaky) pipeline that will ultimately select those who will work as scientists and engineers. Not only does the "pipeline" metaphor discount the many pathways successful scientists have travelled to reach their career goals (Cannady, Greenwald and Harris 2014, Maltese, Melki and Wiebke 2014), it also conveys a negative image of those who do not end up as scientists and engineers. Because knowledge and understanding of science is useful well beyond the work of scientists and is, as PISA argues, necessary for full participation in a world shaped by science-based technology, school science should be promoted more positively - perhaps as a "springboard" to new sources of interest and enjoyment (Archer, Dewitt, and Osborne 2015). Expanding students' awareness about the utility of science beyond teaching and research occupations can help build a more inclusive view of science, from which fewer students feel excluded (Alexander, Johnson, and Kelley 2012). Achieving greater equity in education is not only a social justice imperative, it is also a way to use resources more effectively, increase the supply of skills that fuel economic growth, and promote social cohesion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the mid-2000s, migrants from Central Asia represented about a third of all labour migrants (Tyuryukanova, 2011, p. 1,12), in 2015, the share of their citizens among those who explicitly indicated employment as their purpose of travel was about 66 per cent (Table 1). Available from http:/ /xn—blab2a0a.xn—blaew.xn—plai/about/ activity/stats/Statistics/Svedenija_v_otnoshenii_inostrannih_grazh (accessed 1 May 2016). These data include the number of foreign citizens of all ages who appeared to be within the territory of the Russian Federation for a range of reasons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
On the other hand, resource and waste processing firms do not internalize in their supply plans the consequences of the reflux of material to the waste pile" (Pittel et al., Each major actor type has its own decision node in the circular economy where his decision can break the circular flow of the recycling process in figure 6. The producers' decision node contains the choice between virgin and recycled plastics as input to production and then to sell goods to consumers (or industry).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The number of poor grew in 2014 to 168 million, of whom 70 million were indigent. The increase was basically in the number of non-indigent poor, which rose from 96 million in 2013 to 98 million in 2014 (see figure 1.1). The number of poor in the region increased by about 2 million between 2013 and 2014, this being the outcome of a recorded or projected rise of 7 million poor persons occurring mainly in the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela, Guatemala and Mexico, and a decline of 5 million occurring mainly in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Table of Cases Table of Legislation List of Abbreviations List of Contributors 1. Repetition, Revolution, and Resonance: An Introduction to New Technologies and Human Rights 2. Human Dignity, Ethical Pluralism, and the Regulation of Modern Biotechnologies 3. Regulating Human Genetics in a Neo-Eugenic Era 4. Constitutional Patriotism and the Right to Privacy: A Comparison of the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights 5. New Technologies, the Precautionary Principle and Public Participation 6. The Texture of Reproductive Choice: Law, Ethnography and Reproductive Technologies 7. The International Law of Genetic Discrimination: The Power of 'Never Again' 8. Individual Human Rights in Genetic Research: Blurring the Line between Collective and Individual Interests Index
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The government of Turkey undertook comprehensive public administration reforms in the first decade of the twenty-first century. These reforms were a new phase in the long history of the public administration reforms in this country. The reforms of the early 2000s were more comprehensive than their predecessors. In this latest phase, the government undertook both “managerial reforms” (improving the efficiency and effectiveness of public service delivery and adopting businesslike management techniques) and “governance reforms” (improving transparency, accountability, and responsiveness in public service delivery and citizen engagement in them) (Sozen 2012, p. 168). In this chapter we discuss the historical background and contents of these reforms and assess their effectiveness, particularly in two areas: citizen engagement in governance and reducing corruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At the same time, gender relations in the localities of origin regulate whether females will respond to these demands. Overall, perceptions of women's mobility among Kyrgyz people are more conducive to female migration than among Tajiks and Uzbeks. Among die important differences observed between females and males are marital status and migration regime. Among those who have children, women more often take the children with them to the Russian Federation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It does not have the negative connotation of the word “subsidy”, sometimes interpreted as government handouts. “ Government support” also has a broader scope and defines a variety of government policies that benefit various types of energy. This report uses the terms “subsidies” and “government support” interchangeably.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Other incidents recorded in the COG reports demonstrate examples of electoral violence. This typology expands the traditional categories of electoral violence monitoring and research efforts to encompass the nuances presented by women's experiences. Research from Amnesty International suggests that post-election violence in Kenya included 40,000 incidences of sexual and gender-based violence, confirming the findings of Commonwealth observers of increased ‘levels of violence perpetuated against women’. In the case of Swaziland, the levels of intimidation experienced by female candidates was noted to have been encouraged by traditional leaders, because a female candidate ‘wore trousers’ and in one case because the female candidate in question was a ‘widow’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A major change at the municipal (and provincial) level is the adoption of one plan for the entire territory that will incorporate all applicable zoning regulations and pertinent administrative laws. All existing zoning plans will be transferred to the environmental plan and local governments will have a period of ten years to transform them. It is anticipated that some areas will have a high degree of protection, such as heritage sites, while others will have far fewer rules and constraints and be more open to experimental uses and spaces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Almost 40 million people were affected. First, large-scale humanitarian support is required to assist food-insecure populations, institutional arrangements and coordination. Second, they highlight the need for all countries to be well prepared for such emergencies, including through strengthening climate-smart agricultural practices, investing in irrigation and building emergency food reserves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
One of the most interesting extensions is the inclusion of disparity, the “distance” between different options. For instance in a gas-based electricity system, it is one thing to diversify into oil and another one to branch out into nuclear, as the second option could be considered more “diverse”. Capturing disparity adequately, however, is problematic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)