albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
While cities did not form a major monitoring element during the period of the MDGs, their monitoring has taken a central place in post-2015 development agendas, particularly the SDGs and the NUA. Most of these indicators are being monitored globally for the first time, except for indicator 11.1.1, which was partly monitored under the MDGs (MDG 7 target 7D or the slum target). Many indicators require developing and defining new concepts, piloting and refinement of their measurement methods, establishment of the appropriate monitoring systems within countries, and building new partnerships and capacities, including providing technical advisory services to State Members of the United Nations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Other similar indicators can be developed focused on a minimum intake of different nutrients (e.g. proteins) rather than energy (see NutVal.net, an initiative from the World Food Programme WFP and the UN Refugee Agency UNHCR). The cost of the dietary energy needs — the food poverty line — is estimated based on the assumption of the energy requirement for a healthy life of a representative individual in a given population (usually 2 100 calories per capita per day) and the cost of a food basket required to meet that energy requirement, taking into account the need for a properly balanced diet and the food habits of a given population. The share of the population whose expenditures (or income) fall under the food poverty line is considered food poor. This indicator captures the access dimension of food insecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The analysis combines several household surveys to provide comparable estimates for 32 countries. The empirical work suggests that, in general, a rise in the share of workers with an upper-secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary degree and a rise in the share of workers on permanent contracts are associated with a narrowing of the earnings distribution. By contrast, a shift in the sector composition of the economy is not found to have a large impact on overall earnings inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Such problems occur more frequently among children and adolescents from households experiencing monetary poverty. For instance, a time-use survey in Japan identified a number of specific problems among children and their families, revealing that many families no longer eat lunch or dinner together, and that some children go to school without having eaten breakfast. Extremely low levels of participation in physical activities were also observed, as most Japanese people use free time to watch television.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, the damaging consequences for sustainable development and food security have become apparent, with renewed attention after food prices rose sharply from late 2007, before declining after early 2008. However, many food importing African countries may be worse off without subsidized food imports while only a few African economies are in a position to significantly increase their output and exports in the short term. African agricultural production and export capacities have already been undermined by the last three decades of low investment and neglect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The final terms reflected, in large part, the priorities of the advanced countries. Market access gains were concentrated in areas of interest to developed countries including services, intellectual property and advanced manufacturing. Far less progress was made in areas of interest to the poor countries such as agriculture (including subsidies to agriculture) and textiles. The effect was to concentrate tariff reductions on products exported by the rich countries. Exporters in rich countries were able to quickly take advantage of greater market access, but the poor countries found their ability to export to rich countries was limited by a range of constraints including non-tariff barriers, weak infrastructure and supply constraints.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Austria is a secular State, which accommodates religious needs both of individuals and institutions. Religious rules are applied within the constitutionally guaranteed autonomy of religious communities. Civilly, they produce legal effects on the basis of reference by State law, including private international law. The same applies to religious adjudication. Beyond explicit reference religious communities may create arbitration tribunals according to the Code of Civil Procedure, as in private international law, the application of religious rules is limited by the public policy clause.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These pilot projects worked best where they were able to capitalise on strong existing landowner communities. A further motive for participation was the imminent risk posed to the agricultural sector, as well as important ecosystem services such as water production, from land uses such as mining, which are not optimal in such landscapes when taking a broader view of water and food security. Such land-uses would be prohibited under a biodiversity stewardship agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Social and cultural factors are the single most important barrier to women's access to decisionmaking. They often continue to hamper the effectiveness of women, even when they have a foot in the door. This is reflected in the dual burdens of home and work that women in politics continue to bear, the open hostility in some public spaces towards women in decision-making (especially at the local level), and the difficult relationship that women in politics frequently have with the media. In her study of women in the South African parliament, Mtintso discovered that most women found 'political fulfilment at the expense of personal fulfilment'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Previous housing programmes to encourage residential mobility, like the 1995 Programa de Mouilidad Habitaciona!,23 had a limited effect (Simian, 2010). This was partly due to the limited choices for affordable housing in a better location. Subsidised housing has been confined to a few municipalities and neighbourhoods in the urban peripheries. This results in an “immobilising effect” of social housing on residents, stranding tenants in marginalised communities with few possibilities of social or economic progress (Rodriguez and Sugranyes, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, Mongolia has potential sources that could favour legionella development, such as the hot water network, air-conditioning systems and hot water springs. No data are available from any study of legionella detection, so it is difficult to determine whether it is a public health issue. No data on the impact of radiation on health are reported.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This category covers, inter alia, assistance to address impacts of US management mandates and capacity reduction schemes. The Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Crab Buy Back took place in 2005 and the Bering Sea/Aleutian Island Non-Pollock Ground Fish in 2007, with no government transfer. The entire amount, of these loans, are being repaid from future landings fees, including loan interest at a market rate There was no activity in 2007. Other agencies have contributed to the Gulf Coast Disaster Relief.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Chronic under-investment in utilities, infrastructure and networks, and unbalanced tariff structures are major problems. The main networks are owned federally, but the state does not contribute much to the maintenance or improvement of local infrastructures. At the same time, municipalities’ investments are declining and tariffs are rising. However, higher tariffs are not used to cover maintenance costs or to generate funds for investment in infrastructures and networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In turn, social norms are grounded on deeper principles and values associated with just social arrangements and institutions, articulated by competing ethical perspectives. Our discussion demonstrates the relevance and significance of ethical perspectives for poverty and poverty reduction. In particular they throw light on anti-poverty programme design features heavily contested in the literature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Never before was a process of doing justice driven so strongly from the outside as in post-genocide Rwanda. Not only did the 1994 genocide lead to the founding of the International Tribunal, but it also induced intensive donor involvement in domestic attempts to ‘break the cycle of hatred’— from the work done by the national courts and the Unity Commission to the gacaca. In this sense, Rwanda became the forerunner of a much wider trend, towards a judicialization of international relations, for instance through an emphasis on international criminal law. However, the past decade of donor involvement in Rwanda in general, and the case of the gacaca in particular, show us how this specific — technocratic, de-contextualized — emphasis on justice might seem innocuous at first glance, but carries dangers within it, particularly if it takes place in an increasingly autocratic and oppressive political environment like that of contemporary Rwanda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Good quality gender-disaggregated data are required in all areas of public policy, along with a framew'ork and structures for collecting data, linkages with a gender equality vision and strategy, and the capacity to undertake research and analysis w ithin the government and outside. These tools and practices generally encompass the collection of gender statistics and the development of gender-sensitive indicators, as well as gender impact assessments, including gender-responsive budgeting. Such data is the basis of gender mainstreaming and efforts to monitor, measure and evaluate gender equality initiatives and their impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The study also finds that women and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are particularly sensitive to higher unemployment. The percentage of respondents who state that they have reduced health care use is 27% in the United States, 12% in France, 10% in Germany, 8% in the United Kingdom and 6% in Canada. The authors conclude that the level of out-of-pocket (OOP) costs combined with a drop in wealth is a major determinant in the fall in health care use during the crisis. A recent paper from the United States suggests that prescribing patterns for mental health drugs rise during times of adverse economic conditions, although this finding is only significant for the North Eastern parts of the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Within countries there are also efforts underway to ensure that the people most vulnerable to climate change, for example, women, children, the elderly and the marginalised, benefit from climate-related development finance. Analysis conducted by the OECD DAC network on gender equality (GENDERNET) as an input to COP21 reveals that 3% of bilateral climate- related development assistance targeted gender equality as a principal objective while 26% targeted gender equality as a significant objective (OECD, 2015f). Of climate -related ODA focused on gender equality, 46% targeted adaptation and 19% targeted mitigation. Support for gender equality in climate change interventions has increased rapidly in recent years from USD 4.4 billion in 2010 to USD 6.9 billion in 2013 for DAC members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There are also new requirements to provide information on the nutrient content of foods. The new rules will help consumers make better-informed decisions when they buy food, boost consumer empowerment and contribute to the fight against the rising levels of obesity and chronic diseases in the European Union. In 2011, three health claims were authorised for decosahexanaeoic acid (DHA) for children (relating to normal brain development, normal visual development and eye development).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Further, we have summarized the most relevant ICT-standards and medical-managerial Guidelines involved, enabling interoperability in contemporary home-care and assisted-living. Finally, we have created various home-care related “patent-maps”, by employing the European Patent Office (EPO) search-engine esp@cenet and other sources. By combining these three steps, we have attempted to use the early disclosing potential of published IP-documents, to reduce eventually intentional obscuring of IP-portfolios, as it will be presented in details, in the following sections. If some patented technology is “essential” for the implementation of a standard, then the corresponding patent granted is called Standard Essential Patent (SEP).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The effect of taxes and public transfers in reducing regional differences in income inequality is particularly evident in the United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium and Italy. The median reduction in the regional Gini when taking into account taxes and transfers is 30% across the 28 countries, the highest effect being observed for Finnish regions (regional Gini coefficients for disposable income 48% lower in median than regional Gini indexes for market income). Each point in the panel represents a region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Other low-income countries are those in which per capita GNI was less than or equal to USD 1 005 in 2010. Lower middie-income countries/territories are those in which per capita GNI was between USD 1 006-3 975 in 2010. Upper middie-income countriesAerritories are those in which per capita GNI was between USD 3 976-12 275 in 2010. Source: OECD calculations based on OECD (2013) “DAC List of ODA Recipients”, OECD, Paris, available at www.oecd.org/dac/stats/daclist'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
University students pursuing engineering or other scientific careers, including software and networking certification studies, can apply for special scholarships. Various training programmes are organized and financed by the Ministry of Education with private sector support. According to the Government, some 80,000 students are enrolled in IT courses offered by 77 different educational centres across the country. Meanwhile, another state policy, Conectar Igualdad, set out to distribute three million netbooks in the 2010-2012 period to each student and teacher at public high schools, special education schools and teacher training institutes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Respondents enter answers directly into a laptop computer - computer assisted self-interviewing (CAS1) - to ensure confidentiality’ and to encourage higher reporting. It provides government agencies, researchers and others working in the area with a heightened understanding of the prevalence of violence towards women, whether or not violence is increasing or decreasing, and which population groups are most vulnerable. In 2001, Sweden commissioned the Crime Victim Compensation and Support Authority' to cany out its first investigation on men’s violence against women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The inquiry stressed that monetary valuation is less reliable, or even inappropriate, in complex situations that involve a variety of ecosystem services, or where there are different ethical convictions regarding what values it is possible or appropriate to express monetarily, and that this applies especially to the supporting and regulating ecosystem services that determine the long-term capacity of ecosystems to generate human well-being (e.g. soil formation, water regulation, or pollination]. The choice of a particular world view can be associated with various types of value and relate to all the foci of value, for which particular approaches, data sources and data types are needed. The large number of possible combinations is represented here by a generic arrow linking the different sets of rows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Why has the United States, with its long-standing Liberal tradition, come to embrace the illiberal policies it has in recent years? The conventional wisdom is that al-Qaida's attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001, and the subsequent war on terrorism have made America less Liberal. The logic of this argument is straightforward: interstate war has historically undermined domestic liberties, and the war on terrorism is causing the United States to follow this well-worn path. This explanation confronts a puzzle, however: illiberal U.S. policies—including the pursuit of global hegemony, launching of a preventive war, imposition of restrictions on civil liberties in the name of national security, and support for torture under certain circumstances—manifested themselves even before the September 11 terrorist attacks and were embraced across the political spectrum. Indeed, it is precisely American Liberalism that makes the United States so illiberal today. Under certain circumstances, Liberalism itse...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Likewise, the UN Secretary-General’s Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) has increased energy access as its core goal (SE4ALL, 2013). In order to track progress in meeting its objectives, SE4ALL has developed a Global Tracking Framework that tracks progress in energy access and energy efficiency changes. The CIF’s “Scaling up Renewable Energy Program” in low-income countries (SREP) also includes indicators for measuring progress towards country-defined targets in the areas of alleviating energy poverty. These include those based on the Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index and the “number of women, and men, business and community services benefiting from improved access to electricity” due to its interventions (CIF, 2012c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Once potential opportunities are identified, industrial policy can help promote beneficial developments. To effectively deal with the challenges arising from automation and digitalisation in the manufacturing sector, policymakers should prioritise human capital and skills development. Governments and policymakers can use the changing nature of industrialisation as an opportunity for future development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This approach enables detailed analysis not only of the magnitude of poverty, but also of its intensity and its distinctive features in different groups, while also guiding the formulation of poverty reduction policies that dovetail better with comprehensive policies in support of well-being. Despite modest economic growth, employment rose on the back of job creation, absorbing the slight rise in the labour force participation rate and allowing unemployment to edge down from 6.7% to 6.4%, its lowest level in recent decades (ECLAC/ILO, 2013). The purchasing power of average wages held steady or rose in most countries with available information, in keeping with low inflation, the simple average of which fell from 7.1% in 2011 to 5.4% in 2012. In absolute numbers, 164 million people were poor, of which 66 million were extremely poor (see figure 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, when entire households emigrate outside the country, they fall out of the sampling frame making it impossible to capture them through household surveys conducted in the origin country. All operational criteria of forced labour have to be customised according to the national context in order to be relevant to the situations of forced labour existing in the country and they also have to be consistent with the national legislation on forced labour. The framework for the identification of forced labour and its elements on the basis of the operational criteria is part of the methodology proposed by the ILO.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Much of the investment is intended to contribute towards the use of renewable energy. Policies and measures within the region identify the need to create stronger power systems that take advantage of domestic energy resources, while also increasing grid capacity and resiliency. Resources being tapped for generation are numerous, though solar and wind power dominate recent developments in the sector because of broad availability of resources, rapid deployment timelines, low environmental impacts and increasingly affordable technology prices. In urban areas, rooftop systems have the advantage of locating generation supply at the demand centre. For residential, commercial or industrial consumers who are also suppliers, those systems can offer the benefit of avoided costs of electricity, and, depending on local policy frameworks, revenue from power sales to the grid. As an example, power market liberalization in Japan along with its feed-in tariff system has created a boom in small-scale solar power producers, which include individuals and small businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The present contribution assesses the case law of the European Court of Justice interpreting the provisions of the Aarhus Convention relating to access to justice. Cases have dealt with the temporal scope of application of provisions on access to justice, projects implemented by specific acts of national legislation and their exclusion from the obligations under the Convention, interim relief and the effet utile of provisions on access to justice, the range of possible pleas for judicial review, the role of procedural errors, permissible costs of proceedings, access to justice for environmental associations under different provisions of the Convention and the annulment of a permit and its relationship with the right to property. As is also shown, this case law is at the same time relevant – though not binding – for Switzerland as a non-eu Member State, but party to the Convention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The main conditions for forming a successful PPP include: common objective, mutual benefits, complementarity of human and financial resources, clear institutional arrangements, good governance, transparency and public leadership. The new legal framework for PPPs in agriculture, to be refined in two circulars that MARD is developing, should thus clearly state the respective roles and responsibilities of the public and private sectors. There are a large number of cases, e.g. in providing financial support to agriculture or in food safety regulatory regime, in which co-ordination between various agencies both at the central government level and between central and local governments is weak.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This implies taking into account profile costs, balancing costs as well as increased outlays for transport and distribution grids. Some decisions, however, will inevitably need to be taken at the system level in a centralised fashion. The previous sections have discussed at length the fundamental challenges that they pose for codification and monetisation. Needless to say, these difficulties diminish neither their economic relevance nor the high priority that they often have in policy discussions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Diplomatic representation in the community of the European diplomacy of the ‘Trente heureuses’ (1713–1740). – The study of Ancien Regime public international law compels researchers to broaden the traditional scope of legal history (treaties and doctrine). A broader understanding of normativity in international relations, inspired by sociology, cultural or international relations history leads to an analysis of diplomatic behaviour. Practice is of paramount importance to grasp the working of implicit principles, expressed in correspondence and legal memoranda. The three decades following the Peace of Utrecht (1713) illustrate how state consent-based international organisation operated in the 18th century, separate from doctrinal concepts. French and British archival material and existing prosopographic literature sketch a map of the European arena. Treaty interpretation and legal reasoning were the backbone of international relations. Consequently, jurists were more than apologists, and fulfilled an indispensable role in an interactional system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)