albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
As the international security forces prepare to depart from Afghanistan, this Adelphi turns attention to the ability of a ravaged country to tackle its myriad security problems, overcome crippling poverty and corruption and somehow revive its devastated economy. The government faces daunting challenges, ranging from the threat of insurgency and cross-border terrorism to the difficulty of reintegrating and reconciling former Taliban figures and combatants into a political settlement. It must do so against the background of continuing and potentially increasing regional instability, with the country's neighbours tempted to step up their interference in Afghan affairs. Stability depends upon drawing the wider Pashtun community into the ruling coalition, while simultaneously maintaining security, increasing the capability of the state and balancing the interests of its neighbours and regional powers. This volume draws together expert analysis to provide a comprehensive study of the obstacles that Afghanistan ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
When necessary, these lists are split and then grouped according to the sectors being analysed. Specifically, the governance analysis of a nexus assessment looks at the legislative, insti' tutional and policy framework of the basin, the countries and the region." For other definitions, see the Glossary of Terms in ECE (2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Clearly, inequality is much more likely to increase when absolute inequality is the yardstick. When the absolute Gini index is analysed, however, an increase is found in most of the countries, with a decline in just five (see figure 11.4). The reversal in the income distribution trend in the region's countries and the improvement that has taken place over the past decade is undoubtedly good news.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Both of these papers also conclude that the optimal generosity of UI rises in a recession, because its role in smoothing consumption for unemployed workers who are liquidity constrained becomes more important. However, this evidence must be viewed as very preliminary and weighed against the much more extensive evidence supporting a link between permanent increases in benefit generosity and duration, and increases in the equilibrium unemployment rate associated with a stable rate of inflation (the so-called “NAIRU”) (De Serres et al., In Canada, both the number of hours required to qualify for regular benefits as well as regular employment insurance (El) benefit duration automatically vary based on the unemployment rate in the region where unemployed individuals live (there are 58 economic regions across Canada). Building on the automatic features of the regular El benefit programme, a discretionary choice was made to temporarily extend El benefit duration for long-tenured workers in 2009 and 2010.54 In Israel, benefit coverage was temporarily extended through a reduced qualifying period (i.e. having worked nine out of the last 18 months instead of 12 out of 18 months) conditional on the national unemployment rate exceeding 7.5%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Data for Indonesia represent 2011 and for China represent 2010. The challenge facing Brazil in this area is largely rooted in the fact the quality of instruction and teachers lagged behind the growing number of students involving large teachers’ hiring over a relatively short period of time. The policies should be oriented at setting uniform standards for teachers, funding of teachers’ training and learning materials, linking teachers’ pay with performance more strongly rather than with the seniority status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The current Plan requirements, introduced in 2013, include specific regional targets, and several targets are also defined through the fee schedule. ‘ Health Japan 21" sets a target to prevent disease associated with adult life habits. Compliance to guidelines is voluntary and the impact of guideline developments on quality is not clear. This is because there is a lack of comprehensive and actionable indicators to support quality improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Embarking on more inclusive and sustainable business practices is pivotal for helping businesses meet sodal and environmental demands and for overcoming the challenges of socioeconomic development both nationally and globally. This approach is rapidly changing the role of businesses by placing them at the forefront of inclusive and sustainable development. Integrating the SRB agenda into business strategies and operations helps companies meet not only shareholder expectations, but also consumer and stakeholder expectations. Although there have been many successful SRB activities in the region, most Asia-Pacific businesses have not implemented SRB practices that align with international principles and national legislation. Consequently, governments should facilitate the business community's embrace of SRB practices. There is considerable room for developing stronger and more effective frameworks that can enable SRB implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The tables in appendix 3 provide information on the composition of the group of deprived children according to the European Child Deprivation Index by the characteristics of the households they live in. Analysis of the combination of deprivations that children experience and of the combination of household and personal characteristics that identifies deprived children in more detail, are the next logical step. A first approximation of the overlap analysis is given in the next section. This analysis is presented on the pooled data for all countries in table 10.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It takes a broad international perspective, but with a particular focus on developing countries, spotlighting recent developments and best practices. The chapter is divided into six sections: Section 2 addresses the changing technology and market environment, Section 3 discusses the expanding scope of public policy, Section 4 discusses the evolving role of regulators, Section 5 then proposes the shape of fourth-generation regulation, and Section 6 then points the way for next steps and best practices. This section addresses the current changing environment in terms of technology, networks, suppliers and consumer services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, although South Asia has seen a significant decrease in the poverty rate (from 61 per cent in 1981 to 36 per cent in 2008), given the increase in population size this means that the absolute number of the poor increased from 568 million to 571 million over that period (figure II. In sub-Saharan Africa, the absolute number of the poor increased from 205 million to 386 million in the same period, while the poverty rate fell from 52 per cent in 1981to48 per cent in 1981. Whereas in 1981, poverty had been concentrated in East Asia and the Pacific, with 57 per cent of the worlds poor living in that region, by 2008 the concentration of poverty had shifted to South Asia and subSaharan Africa, which now account for 44 per cent and 30 per cent, respectively, of the world’s poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This is largely due to the relatively long timeframe (e.g. 2030 and 2050) of adaptation planning and implementation, and deep uncertainties faced by decision making on adaptation-related measures (OECD, 2015c). Some adaptation components of INDCs have expressed that they will use existing systems to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of adaptation actions. For instance, Zambia will use the existing monitoring and evaluation frameworks, since the INDC is a part of the national development and planning process for climate change issues, which has already been put in place in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For example, the United States nuclear regulatory authority permits load changes only under direct control of the staff. Automatic load following or frequency regulation in response to a control signal from the grid operator is therefore not possible in American nuclear power plants. In addition, for economical considerations, many utilities prefer to use nuclear power plants as pure baseload technologies, leaving load following, frequency control and other ancillary services to generating plants with higher marginal costs of operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The scope for budget reallocation is thus strictly constrained. The very slight increase of public expenditures on education and health (as a share of GDP) in some regions since 2000, has led to an incremental convergence between developed and developing countries. Despite some progress in the deployment of social protection in developing countries over the last decade, weaker public revenue mobilization put a strain on the range of social protection programmes that can be funded, as well as on their quality and coverage, including through discriminatory conditionalities imposed on potential social protection recipients, especially elderly people and women (Razavi et al. In Latin America, for instance, the rise of left-leaning governments since 2000 facilitated the progressive move towards a more rights-based approach to social spending, including social protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Forestry will play a key role within the future green economy. The United States and Canada averaged lower declines over this period with GDP declining by 3.0%/quarter and 2.2%/quarter, respectively. The Russian Federation averaged the highest decline in GDP over this period with an average of -6.5%/quarter. The effect on the global economic meltdown and subsequent recession has had a significant impact on the forest sector in the UNECE. For example, in the United States, with the largest demand for wood products in the UNECE, multifamily unit starts fell 13.3% in July while single family homes was at a stagnant low of annual rate of 490,000 starts, down from a high of over 2.2 million starts in 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Agency’s formative approach to school evaluation has made it an explicit goal to foster school’s capacity for self-evaluation and the Agency should further pursue this direction. To begin with, it is an opportunity to raise quality expectations in initial teacher education. Accreditation processes will need to send clear signals about the quality standards initial teacher education programmes need to reach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Machines need to be able to “speak" to each other regardless of the technology used and of whether the loT, 3D printing or blockchain technologies are involved, and ITC services can enable this. Nevertheless, such progress has not been uniform across and within countries, nor between urban and rural populations. The wide adoption of digital technologies is changing the composition of trade in different categories of services and goods, and is redefining intellectual property rights in trade. Beyond facilitating trade in traditional services, digital technologies are enabling new services to replace trade in goods, ensuring the continued importance of services in the composition of trade. For example, new developments in the field of remote controlled robotics (such as telesurgery) have opened new ways to trade services and could trigger extensive changes in international trade. A further reduction in trade costs enabled by digital technologies could give rise to increased trade in certain goods, most notably time-sensitive, certification-intensive and contract-intensive goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
An important ongoing effect is the increased miniaturisation of electronics. Despite a large increase in unit sales of TVs, monitors, laptops, and tablets, the total amount of 'electronics' and, thus gold content, is rapidly declining. However, recovering a larger range of more diluted materials poses future recycling challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In Central America and Mexico, the terms of trade deteriorated and competition stiffened from Chinese manufactures (in labour-intensive sectors) in the United States market. These difficulties were partially offset by higher oil prices (in the case of Mexico) and larger remittance flows from migrant workers, the importance of which points up the inability of these countries to create jobs, skilled or unskilled. In the resource-rich countries of South America, rising terms of trade (particularly for mineral exporters) and robust exports produced a positive shock.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The EPPE study concluded that what parents do is much more important for children’s development than who they are, in terms of socio-economic status, education levels, and racial and linguistic backgrounds. When children’s early development has not progressed well in the initial years, ECEC can be effective in helping children to get back on track in their development, especially in key areas such as language. In addition, ECEC can assist children to develop other key skills such as self-regulation, empathy, trust in others, prosocial skills, gross and fine motor skills and early numeracy (OECD, forthcoming).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, while the output of a capacity building exercise on the impact of climate change on agricultural productivity can be identified relatively easily (e.g. x number of people trained), identifying the outcome of this activity (e.g. drought-resistant crops planted on y hectares of land) is more difficult to identify. The impacts of such an activity (e.g. improved food security) will be even more difficult to attribute, given time lags, natural variability in weather patterns, “shifting” baselines due to the effects of climate change, and interactions with outcomes/impacts from other related interventions. While assessing the effectiveness of an intervention in producing project-level outputs is relatively straightforward, attributing long-term, global impacts to an intervention is extremely challenging. Lamhauge, 2013, per s. comm.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Community care services would need to be easy to get to, and allow individuals to live in communities where they have support systems - friends, family, social services and health care services -, and opportunities to work, socialise, and pursue interests. When existing psychiatric inpatient facilities are geographically isolated, or difficult to reach, a transformation of their function to emphasise outpatient care will not help secure high quality community-based mental health care. To make this happen the Japanese Government will have to take a strong stance: in other OECD countries where many hospital beds and institutions were closed they were state-owned, for example in the United States and the United Kingdom, while in Japan hospitals are 90% privately owned. The Japanese Government will have the difficult task of reducing demand for inpatient care by improving community services, and reducing the incentive for keeping beds open, by cutting back on reimbursement for inpatient care. Without access to appropriate out-of-hours care, hospital care is the default option after 6pm, which can drive up unnecessary emergency admissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Many benefit from women's unpaid labour, including care for others, performed in households.19 Firms, for example, rely on the human resources that are produced and sustained through such work. The unequal distribution of the costs of care therefore supports economic growth, since those who benefit from these investments in the next generation do not pay the associated costs. The World Bank has examined this relationship and concluded that improving gender equality is 'smart economics’ that is, it contributes to growth and economic development.21 In fact, whether greater gender equality or greater gender inequality is associated with economic growth depends on the specific indicator used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article aims to assess the impact that the European Convention of Human Rights, incorporated into British law through the Human Rights Act 1998, has had on the control order regime in the United Kingdom. It will discuss recent British jurisprudence on the topical question of whether there can be a true balance between the civil liberties of an individual and the need to protect state and society from a continuing terrorist threat. The article compares the UK’s present control order system of summer 2010 with similar legislation, which the Commonwealth jurisdictions of Australia and Canada have enacted to protect their nations from the threat of terrorism. It will conclude with a discussion of possible reforms as well as other security measures which have been identified as alternatives to control orders and which form the basis of present UK governmental initiatives to limit the scope and impact of anti terrorism legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The retreat of the ice sheet formed a variety of post-glacial formations, like De Geer moraines, a specific feature of the Kvarken Archipelago. The High Coast, on the other hand, is known for its high islands and steep shores, characteristics very different as compared to its eastern counterpart that displays totally contrasting features-shallow waters and big boulders. Maintaining traditional land use forms, preserving the built heritage linked to the fishing communities, and documenting traditions like seal hunting, form the basis for displaying the rich history of the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Thus, direct hierarchical involvement in investment projects is not how vertical co-ordination issues are typically dealt with in Sweden. Instead, the different levels of government together with central government agencies and all other relevant actors engage in continuous dialogue. The OECD Review recommended that it could be fruitful to better link dialogue with the evidence obtained from the indicator system and case-specific impact evaluations, as a means to make a stronger case for co-financing arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Improvements in climate resilience can support development, while inclusive development can help to build climate resilience. Achieving this will not only mean climate-proofing existing development pathways, but also considering how the pathways themselves may need to change in light of the challenges posed by climate change. This chapter outlines the need for climate-resilient development, which provides a strategic approach to addressing current vulnerabilities while preparing for the effects of a changing climate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Without taking a position on centralization versus decentralization, this chapter reviews the local governance system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The chapter alleges that local government hierarchies in Saudi Arabia seem to suggest a higher degree of decentralization, while the actual separation of powers between local and national levels of government suggests a high degree of centralization. This raises questions about electoral politics at the local level—where little power resides. This chapter provides a thorough background on Saudi demographic, political, administrative, and economic conditions. Then, it considers the issues that are specific to local governance including local government structure and organization. The final section addresses the main claim of this chapter about the effectiveness of local governance in Saudi Arabia and makes some recommendations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Authorship is usually collective, but principal writers are named. The papers are generally available only in their original language - English or French - with a summary in the other. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD or its member countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Inequalities between groups have also been called “horizontal inequalities” (Stewart, 2009), because they result from group identities - as opposed to vertical inequalities that can be traced back to inequalities in incomes. It can have a polarising effect on society, isolating, alienating and increasing the likelihood of conflict. Civil conflicts resulting from an unequal distribution of resources do not spring from economic interpersonal inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient of income or consumption, but rather from a lack of social cohesion caused by inter-group inequality (Sambanis, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
That said, different indicators can, of course, be helpful to formulate and communicate government policy. To be precise, one would need to speak in the terminology introduced by Frank Knight (1922) about uncertainty rather than about risk. The important point is that the expected utility hypothesis breaks down in the case of uncertainty when probability functions are unknown.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Substantially transforming structural policy alone will be difficult considering various social, historical, cultural and geographical conditions. This category comprises large-scale agriculture like that in the United States. It is difficult to perform as mixed agriculture, but, because it requires energy obtained from biomass, it can produce grains on the most fertile land if high-yield technologies are implemented. On low-fertility marginal land, the zoning of food and bioenergy will progress as types of vegetation are planted that produce large quantities of biomass and do not require fertilization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
One of the most significant examples is that of NCPCs supported by UNIDO and UNEP. Among other activities, NCPCs assist companies, large and small, in professional training and coaching of cleaner production auditors. Many experts from NCPCs are also engaged in the educational and research processes of higher education institutions and participate in policy advocacy processes in their respective countries. More information on the NCPCs is given in Chapter 7.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Following the creation of modern nation states in Western Asia starting in the first half of the 20th century, most of the region's major rivers and many aquifer systems were found to cross political borders. However, their management did not emerge as a major problem until increasing freshwater scarcity exposed dependencies on internationally shared water resources. Large-scale irrigation projects boosted investments in and socio-economic dependencies on the water and agricultural sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Professor Eleanor Kinney long served as a foundational scholar at the intersection of law and public health, pushing scholarship forward across the fields explored in this special issue. Yet, while this special issue is largely confined to the domestic legal space, Professor Kinney also served as an early and influential scholar on the international human right to health, and this contribution has proven central to the field of health and human rights over the past two decades. Having worked alongside Professor Kinney throughout these years, drawing on her research in framing our own scholarship, it is an honor to reflect on her seminal works that have defined the field and influenced rights-based health policy – developing the right to health under international law and implementing that right in U.S. health policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)