albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In addition, poor land delimitation and signposting in some areas create uncertainty about the protected area boundaries and associated restrictions on activities. Only 25% of protected areas in the Amazon biome are delimited and signposted (TCU, 2013). Staff is largely insufficient to manage extractive reserves. Overall, this mix of issues goes beyond the responsibilities of the MMA and other environment authorities and necessitates stronger intersectoral co-ordination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These trends were particularly clear during the times of the import substitution industrialisation strategy (ISIS) (Rodriguez-Clare, 2001). During the first phase of ISIS (1963-73), the availability of skilled labour offered comparative advantages to Costa Rica w hich enabled the country to derive greater benefits from market opportunities and global integration than others (e.g. adhesion to the Central American Common Market). The agricultural sector also improved, as increased yields and diversification fostered by research and technological diffusion activities were developed by government and academic research centres (Rodriguez-Clare, Trejos and Saenz, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Looking at growth rates among developing Asian economies over the last 20 years, the report extrapolated that at such rates, by 2030 developing Asian countries will comprise about 43% of worldwide consumption. These are typically urban lifestyles, fortified by a high rate of rural-urban migration. The growing concentration in cities demands many things, including more transportation, more convenient foods (processed and packaged) and more energy. Relocating to urban areas for employment also means that some people maintain two houses - one which is the family house in the village and a second, usually a rented apartment in the city, for work - which is materially more demanding. In emerging economies, economic growth is lifting many people out of poverty, however a large number of people remain under the minimum sustenance line, and keep slipping behind.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Leadership on the part of the regional authorities is equally important to clearly articulate where the regional development needs are and where support from educational institutions can be most effective. Higher education institutions in turn are engaged in regional development in several ways. However, the nature of the engagement between higher education institutions and the local development authorities is very often informal and voluntary and driven by entrepreneurial academics or departments rather than higher education institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In this article, I analyze emulations of state legal culture in local labor and land tenure arrangements among Bugis migrants in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, to challenge the assumptions of a World Bank report on nonstate justice in Indonesia. I focus, in particular, on how and why nonstate actors emulate aspects of the governmentality of the state to construct a new realm of participation in the region and the state as well as of rights and citizenship. In contrast to conclusions reached by the World Bank, I find that this tendency may increase rather than reduce legal pluralism and does not guarantee that those involved acknowledge the state's ideal of the rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Analysis of various underground networks globally shows that quality improvements have higher demand elasticities than lower fares (UITP, 2014b). Introducing this mechanism will be an important asset for authorities to shift from negotiations based on ensuring fixed levels of profits and instead set remunerations based on cost structure. Public transport fare policies need to strike a balance between economic and social sustainability. Service provision should move away from granting generalised subsidies and instead set public transport prices at or near cost-recovery levels, while granting targeted subsidies to certain segments of the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The MCDCB has been successful in developing and expressing a strong and coherent regional vision, synthesised in the JICA Mega Cebu Roadmap study, and as such has set the stage as a strong advocate to the national government in terms of capital funding, policy implementation, and LGU capacity building. While it is still ‘early days’ in terms of buy-in and trust, the MCDCB continues to actively demonstrate success in collaborative dialogue and advancing plans and projects in a way that co-ordinates, but does not prejudice the autonomy of affected LGUs. The MCDCB model is also unique in its explicit engagement with, and leadership from, the private sector and civil society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As a result of lower earnings in the middle of the income distribution, the median income has fallen, thus resulting in a lower poverty threshold and less poverty in relative terms. Individuals that used to be poor in 2009 may have ceased to be so in 2012, not due to an improvement in their incomes, but simply because the poverty threshold declined together with median incomes. Using this measure, and applying the modified OECD equivalence scale and the 60% of median income threshold for 2009, poverty has increased from 17.9% to 24.7% between 2009 and 2012 (Table 1). The use of this different definition is necessary because 2012 data are available only in this way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Government social assistance grants are found to be increasingly important in the composition of household income of low-income households. While their impact on povert}' incidence remains negligible overall, they succeed in reducing the poverty gap, especially among the poorest households. That said, households without children have become relatively poorer, most often linked to a lack of successful integration into the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Similarly, an inventory' of land contaminated by hazardous waste is essential before a systematic programme of clean up and reclamation is undertaken. These should be high priorities for the Government. More efforts could be made to make this information accessible to the public, through, for example, issuing bulletins or information sheets, particularly as the issue relates to human health and the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Norwegian Coastal Haddock (5 000 metric tons) included. Due to disagreement regarding the allocation of the Norwegian Spring Spawning Herring stock, the states involved - EU, Norway, Iceland, Faeroe Islands, Greenland and Russia - have not yet adopted a management regime for this stock. Quotas for the 2004/2005- and 2005/2006-seasons. Due to disagreement regarding the allocation of the blue whiting stock, the states involved - EU, Norway, Iceland, Faeroe Islands, Greenland and Russia - have not yet adopted a management regime for this stock.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The impact on the cost of electricity produced by coal would vary in the range of 15% if the price of coal varied by 50%. Once a nuclear plant is up and running, it reliably produces electricity at foreseeable cost, clearly an attractive feature for investors. Doubling the carbon price, for instance, from USD 30 per tonne of CO2 to USD 60 per tonne would increase the total average cost of coal-produced power by 30%, more than doubling its variable cost in the process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The valuable efforts that have arisen in recent years to document attacks against healthcare workers and infrastructure during armed conflicts have brought this issue to the forefront of the policy agendas of many health, public health, humanitarian and human rights organizations. However, although professionals and activists have highlighted the importance of accountability in deterring these attacks, considerations of international criminal responsibility in data-gathering efforts remain underexplored. This paper suggests an approach that could direct further accountability efforts for organizations interested in engaging in documentation. Such non-governmental organizations should aim to gather not only information about the nature of the attack but also data that help establish specific characteristics about the victim, the intent of the attacker and the patterns of violence. Additionally, these efforts to document attacks on healthcare workers, facilities and patients should involve a systematic, rigorous and demonstrable methodology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The case studies were carried out for six products to develop and test side flow quantification methods and to obtain results for relative side flow amounts for the products in the Nordic countries. In the project we introduced a new term-sideflow-to capture the flows of food waste and production losses in primary production. These case studies are presented in this report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In Portugal, the Regional Health Authorities and the Central Administration for the Health System produce annual reports showing the results achieved by FHU and traditional primary health care centres. Invariably, FHU achieve better access to care, and clinical performance and higher efficiency. For example, recent data from 2013 show that hypertensive patients and diabetics are better controlled by USF than traditional health care centres. Nonetheless, in Portugal as in other voluntary P4P schemes, the influence of self-selection should not be discounted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Unprecedented and worldwide coordinated measures are needed to transform the global energy system into an almost carbon-free one by 2050. For example, following the discovery of the giant Groningen natural gas field in the Netherlands, the natural gas share went from 1 per cent in 1958 to 5 per cent in 1965 and to 50 per cent in 1971. Portugal increased its share of renewables, including hydro, from 17 to 45 per cent in a matter of five years, from 2005 to 2010, and plans to become the first country to inaugurate a national network of charging stations for electric cars in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Figure 9 shows the personal income tax and overall tax wedge (which also takes into account both social security contributions and transfers) progression on average in the OECD, at different income levels and for different family types.10 Looking at Panel A, progressivity is highest at the bottom of the income scale and declines with income for all family types. Tax wedge progressivity is generally lower than PIT progressivity since the tax wedge includes social security contributions, which are typically levied at a flat rate. Moreover, tax wedge progression is lower than the average PIT progression for families without children because the latter tend not to receive benefits, which also tend to be targeted at low income levels. This explains in part the higher rate of tax wedge progressivity than of personal income tax at low levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The Agency also estimates that over 8.1 million jobs exist in the renewable energy sector across the world. According to ILO (2016a), in Brazil, 2.9 million people were employed in sectors with low carbon emissions, equivalent to 6.6% of the formal job market. In Mexico, 1.8 million jobs are related directly to low emissions, 4.4% of the employed population in 2011 (ILO.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It may also reflect a low awareness about the role played by groundwater resources, even though groundwater is locally very important in some areas. In Kazakhstan, positively, a comprehensive review of transboundary aquifers has been carried out. The situation is particularly severe in Afghanistan. The Central Asian Regional Water Information Base Project (CAREWIB) database, maintained by the Scientific Information Centre of ICWC, is a recent effort to make information on water resources openly and readily accessible to all the countries in Central Asia, even if access to this information system is differentiated among users with different levels of accessibility of data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Therefore, the relative use of local building materials and resources in the construction industry has a substantial effect in the way in which the construction industry can be harnessed to enable growth in the local economies of LDCs. The development of local sustainable building materials and technologies may also boost the associated retail and consulting industries. Data on shares of ODA that goes into the construction industry is one of those areas that need setting up of new systems to support data collection and requires establishing new partnerships at the national levels and local authorities' levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
An advanced charter for the Directorate has been developed, providing for effective management and for economic instruments to ensure additional financial resources. This is based on the regulations adopted at cantonal level, for example on the content of the management plan. A similar situation exists at cantonal level. The management bodies of certain protected areas - directorates including rangers - are bigger but require additional training and investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Consider then a reform in which these notification requirements are lifted and a simple notification to the worker is left for individual dismissal, while procedures remain unchanged for collective dismissals. There is no doubt that this would represent a relaxation of employment protection against individual dismissals, albeit perhaps very weak. It would also increase the number of additional restrictions on collective dismissals (with respect to individual dismissals). The overall stringency of employment protection for regular workers should however go down (or at best remain unchanged).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Target E, to be met by 2020, is a small indication of what is required to accomplish the goal and outcome of the Sendai Framework. It is a stepping stone towards achieving this by 2030. Again, there are good examples of countries implementing this at national level, but so far, there has been insufficient time and information to determine whether these measures are affecting the outcomes of development planning, in particular to prevent the creation of new risk. The evidence gained from country practices is that it has not been undertaken by many countries so far (Chapter 13).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
All data are processed starting from the aggregation level at which they are supplied, and are aggregated or disaggregated using mappings towards the lowest aggregation level that MAGNET uses. This implies that for example tariff data is considered at the HS6 digit level and aggregated (weighted averages) according to the chosen commodity aggregation scheme for a particular study. Input and output prices are endogenously determined by the markets so as to achieve supply and demand equilibrium.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
According to United States Federal Circuit jurisprudence, patent applicants may not easily avoid this restriction by merely referring to some trivial use.213 The patent applicant would have to disclose the particular function for which use of the EST or SNP is intended, and the scope of the patent would be limited to this specific use. In the public health context there are several cases under which the choice of a broad or a narrow approach will have important implications on the availability of pharmaceutical substances for generic production. These cases will be presented in the following sections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This supports sustainable economic development and a competitive advantage (see also the chapter on sustainable consumption). Governments have an interest in promoting corporate responsibility because it is key to sustained competitiveness in a globalizing economy. Full information for consumers is a basic economic tenet of successful markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This decline is even more dramatic when compared to a reduction of more than 4 percentage points simulated in the absence of the crisis, such that the total effect is an increase of more than 10 percentage points by 2011 relative to the no-crisis scenario. Impacts in Burkina Faso and Cameroon are more modest at roughly and 4 and 2 percentage points, respectively. In contrast, child welfare in Burkina Faso is mainly affected by the fall in incomes in the agriculture sector while, in Cameroon, the impacts are more diffuse.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It discusses the different mechanisms through which learning support staff can have an impact on teachers’ work and student achievement and reviews the related empirical evidence. While the available research provides mixed evidence on the impact of learning support staff on student achievement, it suggests that learning support staff may improve teaching and learning as long as adequate strategies for their training, deployment and use are implemented. There are several ways through which learning support staff may have a positive impact on student attainment. Students receive more individualised help and attention from either the support staff or the teacher, and the learning environment can be made more flexible possibly leading to increased engagement and inclusion of children in classroom activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Loans are granted in exchange for a mortgage collateral or security. Its loans are mostly granted for projects in agriculture, domestic services and artisanal activities. It provides microloans of up to EUR 20 000 for investment or working capital. It relies on partner banks, such as the Lebanese Bank of Commerce, Societe Generate de Banque au Liban, Credit Libanais, as well as the European Investment Bank (EIB). Some programmes specifically grant loans to women: for example, the Palestinian Business Women’s Association22 (100% of its borrowers are women), FATEN23 (99% women) and Palestinian Agricultural Relief Committees-PARC24 (100% women). It gives its loans without requiring collateral or personal guarantees at an annual interest rate of 5%, which is the lowest in the market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It may be seen from table 2 that forestry and hunting contributed TSh 297 billion to the country's GDP in 2001, which translates to TSh 6,168 per hectare per year (2001), equivalent to Tsh 29,234 per hectare per year (2013). To begin with, the cut hectare will not contribute to current GDP, meaning the TSh 6,168 per hectare per year (2001) mentioned in the preceding paragraph will be lost. In addition, forestry adds value in other sectors of the Tanzanian economy, the magnitude of which was estimated in table 11.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The social impact of technologies is evident among both teenagers and young people. Youth now experience and engage in most aspects of daily life “online” through the use of social media, mobile phones, and the Internet. This has led to a host of concerns, from parents, educators, advocates, and law enforcement regarding the ways in which this technology is being used, with the debate focused primarily on the issue of “sexting” or sharing of naked and semi-naked selfies. This paper explores sexting behavior from a critical perspective, examining the individual and institutional narratives that continue to shape and influence opinion and policy. Drawing from narrative criminology I argue that there are competing narratives surrounding the sexting debate that serve to amplify the deviance associated with these behaviors, resulting in the criminalization of youth and masking the more insidious social problems, such as gender-based violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Over the 1990-2015 period, there was a reduction in maternal mortality by 45 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa and 59 per cent in North Africa. Despite the progress of the last two decades, however, there are still major risk factors for women’s health. More than 60 per cent of the world's maternal deaths occur in the African continent. In 2015, there were 546 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in sub-Saharan Africa (70 in North Africa), compared to the world average of 216 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, with developed countries having achieved an average of 12 deaths (WHO, 2015: 17,20).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Presentations focused on the challenges of a carbon-neutral industry, and pointed in the direction of the greening of the industry (Orrain 2008). The concept is referred to in several places as a major objective of the plan, but with little elaboration of what a green economy will mean for Jamaica. When agriculture stakeholders were consulted, there was a general sense that the green economy concept was related to sustainable development in its attention to holistic development, environmentally-friendly economic processes of production and consumption, and socioeconomic equity (Rhiney 2012). At the same time, there was a widely shared scepticism that the term was just a new name for sustainable development, which was the current (2012) buzzword in the international community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Up to 60-100% of the vegetation has been lost over the last century in some areas, e.g. along the northern part of the Swedish west coast (Baden, Gullstrom, Lunden, Pihl, & Rosenberg, 2003, Waycott et al., The biodiversity of seagrass communities are essential for ensuring high levels of ecosystem function (Duffy, Moksnes, & Hughes, 2013). Declines in seagrass abundance and distribution have negative effects on the biomass of fish and the sequestration of nutrients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In Edwards v Chesterfield Royal Hospital N.H.S. Foundation Trust the majority of a seven-justice Supreme Court held that a common law claim for breach of express contractual disciplinary procedures was pre-empted by the statutory right to claim for unfair dismissal. Further, they held that one express term (the notice clause) should be prioritised over another (the contractual disciplinary procedure). In this article we argue that the application of the idea of statutory “trumping” of the common law misunderstands the complex evolution of the common law in this field and its interplay with statute. We also argue that the traditional pre-eminence given to notice clauses over all other express terms needs to be reconsidered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explain why corruption is a serious problem in Myanmar and why the anti-corruption measures initiated by its military government are ineffective. Design/methodology/approach – The paper describes Myanmar’s unfavourable policy context and analyses the perceived extent and causes of corruption in Myanmar before evaluating the effectiveness of its anti-corruption measures. Findings – Myanmar’s location in a bad neighbourhood surrounded by corrupt countries, its vulnerability to the natural resource curse and ethnic conflict, as well as more than five decades of ineffective military rule have hindered its anti-corruption efforts. Corruption remains a serious problem in Myanmar because of the military regime’s lack of political will and failure to address these causes: low salaries, red tape, weak rule of law, and cultural factors. The Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC)’s performance during its first two years cannot be assessed because of the lack of information on its ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)