albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In the Asian and Pacific region, almost 87 per cent of children 1 year of age or younger are immunized against measles. However, this aggregate masks differences between subregions. East and North-East Asia (98.7 per cent), and North and Central Asia (96.7 per cent) have close to a 100 per cent immunization rate. South and South-West Asia has the lowest rate (78.5 per cent), followed by the Pacific (81.7 per cent).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
1: Constructing Pirates, Piracy, and Governance: An Introduction, Michael Struett and Mark Nance Section 1: Constructions through Law 2: Cicero's Ghost: Rethinking the Social Construction of Piracy, Harry Gould 3: A Global War on Piracy: International Law and the Use of Force Against Sea Pirates, Eric Heinze 4: Maritime Piracy and the Impunity Gap: Domestic Implementation of International Treaty Provisions, Yvonne Dutton Section 2: Constructions through Institutions 5. Security Communities, Alliances, and Macrosecuritization: The Practices of Counter-Piracy Governance, Christian Bueger and Jan Stockbruegger 6. Conflicting Constructions: Maritime Piracy and Cooperation under Regime Complexes, Mark Nance and Michael Struett 7. Frame, Humanitarianism, and Legitimacy: Explaining the Anti-Piracy Regime in the Gulf of Aden, Kevin McGahan and Terence Lee Section 3: Rethinking the Construction of Global Governance for Maritime Piracy 8. The limit(ation)s of International Society? The English School, Somali Pirates and the burdens of interpretation, Brent Steele 9. Conclusion, Bruce Cronin
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article examines the role of treaty bodies in the development and enforcement of international human rights law. It explains that there are now nine core human rights treaties and each of them provided the establishment of its own monitoring committee which includes the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) Committee, the Committee against Torture and the Committee on Enforced Disappearances (CED). This article discusses the composition, functions and the decision-making process of these committees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
ABSTRACTRadio audiences are today a mix of traditional radio broadcasting audiences and networked publics (boyd, d. [2007]. Why youth (heart) social network sites: The role of networked publics in teenage social life. In D. Buckingha (Ed.), MacArthur foundation series on digital learning–youth, identity, and digital media volume (pp. 119–142). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Ito, M. [2008]. Introduction. In K. Varnelis (Ed.), Networked publics (pp. 1–14). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Varnelis, K. (Ed.). [2008]. Networked publics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Varnelis, K. (Ed.). [2008]. Networked publics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, boyd, d. [2011]. Social network sites as networked publics: Affordances, dynamics, and implications. In Z. Papacharissi (Ed.), A networked self identity, community, and culture on social network sites (pp. 39–58). London: Routledge). This not only means that new media is changing the nature of listeners/viewers, transforming them into interactive users, but also that radio publics, once orga...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This user group also causes a number of fatalities among other VRUs. At the other end of the spectrum, buses are the safest way of travelling along the road network. This should be nuanced, however, by observation of the lower number of fatalities per unit of population in those cities where people cycle the most.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A World Bank-funded youth employment program in Liberia that included vocational and life skills training, along with job placement help, increased young women’s employment by 50% and weekly earnings by 115%. In India these types of policies could help find jobs for the often highly skilled unemployed women in urban areas, along w ith other enabling policies discussed above. The training programme (STEP) initiated by Ministry of Women and Child Development for marginalised and asset -less rural and urban women across the country is w'elcome.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Following the independence era in Africa, there was a brief period of democratic ambition, but centralized governments remained the norm throughout the continent. As transition movements were launched across the region in the 1990s, decentralization became a key element of democratization. In West Africa, those states that failed to pursue inclusive constitutionalism and decentralization, failed to democratize. After decades of centralized government that routinely ignored the needs of the Malian population, particularly of the geographically remote Tuareg population and the rural majority, the Malian National Conference had paved the way for decentralization. Conference participants overwhelmingly agreed that democracy would depend on the incorporation of local interests and concerns into government and that the top down governance approach of the past would not lead to a sustainable democratic future for the country. As a result, delegates to the conference incorporated decentralization into the constitution of the Third Republic (articles ninety-seven and ninety-eight).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Opinions about how biodiversity offsetting and alternative land rehabilitation actually work differ among governmental officials and international and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and activists. Guidelines for biodiversity offsetting and rehabilitation of alternative land are insufficient. Practical implementation of environmental audit has been rather slow and experience is limited to date.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In addition, a number of initiatives such as the Teacher Vocation Scholarship are likely to stimulate the decision to engage in initial teacher preparation. However, initial teacher education raises some concerns. First, there is evidence indicating that initial teacher education is not attracting the best candidates from school education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some ecosystem services provide//na/ value to end-users (e.g., trees give wood production), while others are /nfermed/ate since they provide a basis for a final "valued" product (e.g., soil supports forestry). That is, there is no existing economic production or household consumption where these services are inputs. Examples are by their nature rather abstract, but include those services that are valued for reasons of what is usually termed "non-use" or "passive- use".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Similarly, female labour force participation rates have often changed dramatically within countries over time. While Tunisia’s female labour force participation rate is low by OECD standards, it has increased significantly in the past 50 years. In addition, women in Tunisia are considerably more likely to be active than women in other most other MENA countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Based on the assumption that aptitudes are equally distributed across the genders, educating more boys than girls, it is argued, causes “selection bias” and lowers the average quality of those educated. The result is an inefficient allocation of labour, with negative effects on economy-wide labour productivity and growth. On the other hand, gender equality in education has been shown to lower fertility rates and enhance children’s well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, if the number of hours worked in all jobs is unknown as in the Switzerland survey, the number of hours worked in the main job is considered instead. In the case of Chile the number of hours worked is used, with no details provided on which jobs are included in this definition. The survey that is used for the United States builds the number of hours worked on several very detailed questions, and the high number of hours worked may be due to this particular set up that is not comparable with other surveys. In the case of Korea and Japan, there is no information on whether the reported working hours refer to the main job only or all jobs held by the individual.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Peacemaking, peacekeeping, and peacebuilding may not have the punch and the means of national security, but they are receiving an increasing amount of attention in education, research, and politics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, a Capital Area Traffic Center was founded in 2005 with the objective to facilitate consultations on metropolitan transport matters between Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi. The centre is composed of 48 members (19 representatives from Seoul, 18 from Gyeonggi and 11 from Incheon) and operates with a common budget based on contributions from the three local governments. One of the most representative projects is the metropolitan artery express bus rapid transit (BRT) links. However, the role of the centre is limited to BRT construction/operation and conducting National Household Travel Surveys.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It also demonstrates that individuals with similar levels of educational attainment vary in their information-processing proficiency, which may reflect differences in innate ability as well as variation in the quality and degree of skills acquisition, both in and outside the education system. All other things being equal, educational attainment and specific skills related to field of study have a strong effect on entry wages, although the education-wage relationship weakens somewhat with age/experience. College graduates receive sizeable wage premia, although those who have degrees in the humanities or in teacher training and education earn less than social science graduates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is important therefore that the reforms are structured to foster co-ordination rather than fragment care further. Such policies do not of themselves facilitate co-ordination, and can present real or perceived barriers to integration. Choice and competition in primary care, and the resulting loss of a geographical responsibility for population health, have the potential to exacerbate fragmentation of care and impede the ability of local agencies to work together to provide seamless health and social care in the most cost-effective way - especially in urban areas with a multiplicity of providers. The risks of fragmentation and poor care co-ordination are greatest for older people, complex and frail patients, and people with mental health problems, these are also the groups least able to navigate the system and exercise informed choice, hence they can be disenfranchised from the reform process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A typical weekly load curve is shown in Figure 2.1: it represents the demand from the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) during three weeks in 2005. In Texas the peak load occurs in summer, around mid-day (orange curve), while demand in winter and spring ranges between 35% and 70% of the peak value. The timing of the peak demand depends on geographical location, meteorological conditions and the degree of industrialisation relative to activities in the commercial, service and residential sector of an area/country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The fossil fuel-based energy sectors - oil, gas and coal -generate significant GHG emissions both upstream and downstream (Figure 1.3). By way of comparison, the downstream emissions from mining and metal industry, such as steel, iron or aluminium production, may be up to 30 times higher than the mining sector’s own upstream operational emissions (Soliman et al., For example, the extraction of bauxite ore generates relatively low emissions compared to the electrolysis to aluminium, which is an extremely energy-intensive process (Schlosser et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Only groundwater abstraction was charged since the goal of this policy was to increase the price of groundwater so that surface water would be used instead. The tax was administered by the Ministry of Finance and the Central Environmental Tax Unit. The system also raised complaints from water-intensive industries since the groundwater tax was different for industries supplied by water companies and for those with selfextraction, hence raising competitiveness issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The last model, which is the framework for an analysis of differences in indicators over time, yielded statistically significant negative coefficients for deprivation as measured by at least one indicator, the results in all other cases were not statistically significant. Even though the results suggest that female-headed households are worse off in respect of this indicator, in this case a slight trend towards the levelling of non-monetary deprivation is observed. The social policies recently implemented in Brazil (e.g., policies that have increased six-year-olds’ access to schooling), which have been particularly effective for these types of households, may have exerted a positive effect in this respect. The lower the level of schooling, the higher the percentage of households experiencing deprivation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Third, an increase in the degree of openness of an economy will typically enhance product market competition. The increase in productivity means more output or income can be obtained by society, and therefore also by the poor, from a given amount of resources. Trade opening changes relative prices in both product and factor markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Clear roles and expectations must be defined to optimise teamwork in ECEC settings. Low wages are, as mentioned above, related to high staff turnover rates (Moon and Burbank, 2004), which influence children’s language and socio-emotional development as well as the relationships they form with practitioners (Whitebook 2002, Torquati 2007). Low wages are also correlated with the perception that working in the ECEC sector is not a high-status profession (Ackerman, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Therefore, at the country level, despite having a large share of forests protected, the release of atmospheric CO2 from the Canadian forests due mainly to decay of organic matter and harvesting exceeds the removal due to forest growth (Environment Canada 2012). If this trend continues, the Canadian forests will act as a carbon source in this decade. Even though it is rather a theoretic estimation, the value gives a good approximation of what the Nordic forest carbon sink worth monetarily and the theoretical size of a possible Nordic sink market, With a constant price of €5/tC02 and 3% annual market interest rate, the present value is estimated to be just under 900 million Euros in the beginning of 1990ies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, the hospital result is in contrast with the results for the pharmaceutical indicators, where there is no evidence of lower consumption in high expenditure cut countries. This would indicate that the high expenditure cut countries have been able to protect the volumes of pharmaceutical consumed. This paper has provided an overview of the recent literature that examines the links between economic downturns and health outcomes and health care use. It has also summarised some of the main policy instruments that OECD countries have used to reform their health systems and reduce health expenditures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Par ailleurs, les resultats suggerent que l’effet des services de la petite enfance sur l’emploi des femmes est renforce lorsqu’ils sont associes a d’autres mesures favorisant les meres qui travaillent (comme par exemple le conge paye parental), mais que celles-ci reduisent l’efficacite des incitations financieres a travailler pour le partenaire.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These include the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, Millennium Development Goals and the recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals. In 2006, the Government of Kazakhstan developed its Strategy for Gender Equality for 2006-16, which served as the main reference for the state gender policy for the past decade. In 2009, the Parliament enacted two important laws: the Law on State Guarantees of Equal Rights and Equal Opportunities for Men and Women and the Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence. Notwithstanding, many planned elements of the Gender Equality Strategy for 2006-16 were only partly implemented, often due to uneven presence of indicators and government capacities to measure real-time progress in tenns of gender equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Changes have been made, but on average only once every 10 years”. They improved responsiveness and increased community participation for setting priorities and health-related performance targets. A network of almost 150 local users’ groups {juntas) is well-established, which actively collaborate with the CCSS to discharge a wide range of responsibilities. As well as mediating public queries/complaints and generally seeking to improve relations between the CCSS and users, juntas' activities include identifying local service needs and assisting in procurement decisions (for a new ambulance, pain clinic or mammography kit, for example), assisting in local epidemiological surveillance (particularly of infectious disease such as dengue), organising blood donations, and, organising local health promotion activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Estonia provides a positive experience on how to use payment methods to promote preventive care by primary care doctors (IMF, 2010). Also “sin” taxes (e.g. on alcohol and tobacco) change relative prices. They are the most intrusive form of government intervention as it encroaches on people’s choices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Twenty-eight measures of political attitudes were validated on a sample of 388 undergraduate students from Northern Ireland. Confirmatory factor analysis showed the scales to be unidimensional, discriminantly valid, with generally excellent reliabilities. The pattern of intergroup differentiation between Catholics and Protestants conformed to Social Identity Theory, with maximum differentiation on important issues, Catholics adopting a social change ideology and Protestants defending the status quo. Catholics and Protestants resolved their respective group associations with violence by condemning both it and terrorism, and also reported interdenominational friendships. The utility of these new measures of political attitudes in terms of measuring changes due to political initiatives, cross-community reconciliation programmes and in assessing changes in attitudes as a result of integrated or segregated denominational schooling within the Province is outlined. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter reviews and discusses some of the key considerations including thresholds and coverage, equivalence, additionality and permanence, robust monitoring frameworks, and compliance and enforcement, as well as transaction costs. In principle, the coverage of a programme should be as broad as possible to ensure that the value of biodiversity to society is generally reflected in development decisions. Development projects are only covered by an offsets programme when the level of project-related biodiversity loss exceeds a certain significance threshold, but coverage is sometimes restricted to only certain economic sectors (Table 4.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Kick-starting collaborative initiatives around tangible projects on key public services can help rally forces at the initial stage and progressively lead to setting a “bigger picture”, as success breeds further success and trust (OECD, 2015a). Flagship projects or events can also serve as catalysts for social change and stakeholder engagement. For example, the Capital of Culture experience in Marseille brought the society together in an unprecedented way. In a context of extremely high institutional fragmentation, this project laid a major foundation for the construction of the new metropolitan authority, which became operational on 1 January' 2016 (Box 5.16).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Mukdahan has experienced a lesser spatial reorganisation in comparison to its partner, Savannakhet. Third, smart trade would benefit from further administrative collaboration, especially given the cultural connections across the border. The two cities are close to each other along the Mekong river and the Thai-Lao border with an increasingly consistent infrastructure network and new urban facilities. Smart trade can facilitate cross-border transportation between border cities (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Most of them live in developing countries, and slightly more than half are girls. Two approaches with potential for reaching large numbers of out-of-school adolescents—although not necessarily as stand-alone programmes for preventing pregnancy—involve the use of the mass media and interactive radio instruction. Some reduced the number of partners for women, decreased their frequency of casual sex or sex with “sugar daddies” and increased abstinence. An evaluation found that, compared with those who did not view the programming, viewers were 87 per cent more likely to use condoms, and 67 per cent more likely to have used a condom the last time they had sex.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina have the most room for improvement in putting frameworks in place. No area is significantly more or less advanced across the six economies. Although basic rural infrastructure is largely in place in most areas in the region, it may not be fully used for agricultural purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Italy, New Zealand, Portugal and Spain provide income-tax concessions to highly skilled nationals returning to their home country. Some policy measures are designed to encourage international students to come and study, others make it easier for these students to stay after graduation and enter the labour market. Austria and Germany, among other countries, have largely opened their labour markets to international students after their studies. Similarly, the Czech Republic has made it easier (or international students who have completed secondary or higher education to enter the country's labour market. These graduates no longer require a work permit. In addition, family members of students taking courses are allowed to work full-time, while the students themselves may work part-time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Table 2.3 matches the clustering of states done for the implementation of the National Pact for Water Management and that for water charges. The Paraiba do Sul River basin was the first pilot for water charges implementation in Brazil, which provided insight into how to fill important legislative and operational gaps. In the PCJ River basin, a Consortium of 40+ municipalities and major water users applied a water charge voluntary' scheme (cobranga voluntaria pelo uso da dgua) as a pilot experience that paved the way for the implementation of water charges in 2006. The State of Rio de Janeiro was the first state, after Ceara, to implement water charges as foreseen by the SINGREH.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)