albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Across OECD countries the range of treatments that the practitioner can employ varies. For example, in treating depression, most primary care practitioners in OECD countries can initiate and adjust prescription of antidepressants, and in most countries this includes both tri-cyclics and SSRIs. In some countries, for example Korea, primary care practitioners are not allowed to prescribe SSRIs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Moreover, there is a growing body of evidence that links export diversification to economic growth. The seminal work of Hausmann et al. ( It is also clear that countries that produce and export more sophisticated products tend to grow faster (Hidalgo et al. Consistent with the IPoA goals and targets, this section will therefore assess progress towards structural transformation of LDC economies using various quantitative indicators of export diversification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Many health indicators have improved and Costa Rica today enjoys the second highest life expectancy among countries in the western hemisphere. Health care insurance reached 95% of the population in 2014. Very low levels of catastrophic health expenditure have been achieved, although out-of-pocket payments, as a share of total national health expenditure, exceed the OECD average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Training courses and technical support provided by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture and the LP have helped private land owners prepare and implement afforestation plans. This is essentially because since 2007, meadows and pastures have been excluded from afforestation to prevent degradation of valuable grassland habitats. Furthermore, the RDP has not provided support to land located within the Natura 2000 network, unless the planned afforestation is deemed compatible with the protection plans of the areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The extent to which an intervention mobilises external resources could therefore be one upstream measure of effectiveness. Some development partners and institutions utilise results indicators for tracking resource mobilisation as part of larger monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems (e.g. CIF, UK, USAID, and CIF-CTF), as shown below in Table 1. Mobilising external finance can be a particularly important result for climate finance interventions that provide seed capital to private-equity umbrella funds or insurance and guarantee instruments, for example.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Criminology is the systematic study of law making, law breaking, and law enforcing. Criminology is a social science emphasizing systematic data collection, theoretical-methodological symmetry, and the accumulation of empirical evidence toward the goal of understanding the nature and extent of crime in society. Rooted in the larger umbrella discipline of sociology, criminology is related to, but distinct from, the more applied field of criminal justice. The discipline of criminology offers a wide range of theoretical explanations for both individual criminality and aggregate-level crime rates and utilizes both quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches.      Keywords:    Crime,  Criminology, Deviance and Social Control, Philosophy of Science,  Qualitative Methods, Quantitative Methods, Sociology of Crime, Sociology of Law
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although this has recently been described as a component of a new “second safety net”, there is a risk, when income support is available only on condition of participation in training, of participation in training without appropriate selection and motivation. With a view to promoting the transition from non-regular to regular employment, in particular for young people, the so-called “Job Card system” was set up in 2008. The Job Card itself is a document which records the education and training backgrounds and employment history of its holder, updated after any further training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Cuts in unemployment-related and disability benefits will likely hit poorer people in the first place but may have less adverse effects on inequality in the long run once employment increases in response to a better incentive structure. Cette conclusion doite Etre pourtant consideree uniquement comme une premiere etape approximative de l’analyse. Une Evaluation complete des effets de distribution de consolidation fiscale nEcessiterait de prendre en compte des mesures dynamiques, comme la distribution du revenu tout au long de la vie et l’Egalite des chances ainsi que les reactions comportementales et les interactions avec d’autres politiques. En tout cas, il existe une marge pour Equilibrer les efforts d'assainissement dans le sens d'une plus grande EquitE avec une incidence nEgative limitEe sur la croissance potentielle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Paraguay and Plurinational State of Bolivia (2011), Honduras (2010), Nicaragua (2009) and Guatemala (2006). Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay stand out with personal income tax, social security contributions and public cash transfers (including pensions) together reducing inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient) by around 13% on average. An equalizing effect was also achieved by public pension programmes in Chile, Costa Rica and Panama, and by direct taxation in Mexico.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Moreover, statistics on landings may be reported on different weight bases. Fuel tax expenditures are an important component of overall support and their inclusion will improve the quality and utility of the GFT database. Fuel-tax concessions can form a large or small share of GFTs in different countries. In Italy and Australia, FTCs comprise more than half of all measured support. The composition of catch (fish, crustaceans and algae) may also influence the analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This also entails giving difficult cases sufficient resources and conserving resources in cases where their use would be sub-optimal. Furthermore, changes in payment systems could have long-term consequences for technology use, medical practices and costs over time (McClellan, 2011). They have, however, not been effective in avoiding unnecessary referrals and offering definitive care. Between 1990 and 2008, the number of non-diagnostic referrals to outpatient specialist care increased by more than four times, while the number of patients referred to inpatient care per physician increased by almost 80% (Gaal et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Its STEM and gender advancement tools improve measurement and policies for gender equality in STEM fields. The Digital Skills for Jobs Campaign, led by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and international Labour Organization (ILO), mobilizes partners to invest in digital skills training opportunities for young women and men so that they can benefit from the opportunities offered by the digital economy, and to help countries make economic growth more inclusive. It has developed WIPO GREEN,93 a global marketplace that promotes green tech innovation and diffusion. The ITU has a large capacity-building programme focusing on strengthening skills among its membership in a wide range of ICT-related topics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2011, a team at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science reported the creation of a portable biosensor that could detect marine pollutants, including oil, much more quickly and cheaply than current technologies (Spier et al., If deployed near oil facilities, such sensors could provide early warning of spills and leaks and track dispersal patterns in real time. These tools have a range of applications, they enable the detection of genetically modified organisms and aquaculture escapees, validate the identity of species, and alert environmentalists to the presence of invasive species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As stated in the Policy Unit 3 Policy Paper, "an ineffective NUP has a weak connection between economic development policies and other urban policies, resulting in a silo approach to governance" (United Nations, 2016a). Countries can work to make direct and indirect linkages between NUPs and broader economic development policies and national development plans. It is not surprising that many NUPs address this theme, because it is widely recognised that cities are engines of national economic growth, and because maximising the potential economic benefits of urbanisation is, indeed, the main argument and the first incentive for countries to proactively manage urbanisation through national policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The actual cost of care of the groups covered through ACE, however, has not been quantified. Hence, the gap between the minimum average contribution used by the CCSS (to determine FODESAF’s transfer) and the actual cost of care is unknown. This rate dropped when looking at the most vulnerable subgroups: only 45% of the extreme poor and 35% of the lowest two quintiles of the population were covered by ACE, suggesting gaps in coverage. Questions regarding sustainability also arise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This implies a target 300 MtC02e lower than current targets. Net (2017), Law on Mandatory Installation of Heat and Water Meters in Residential Buildings Comes into Force, 2 August 2017, Censor. Net, Kyiv, https:// cn.ccnsor.net.ua/ncws/450036/law on mandatory installation of heat and water meters in residential buildings comes into force. A Review of Climate Change Legislation in 99 Countries, Climate Change Legislation in Ukraine, Grantham Institute, London.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There has been a gradual move towards recognising more diverse security issues as posing security threats to more diverse actors in broader frontiers. While the multidimensionality of security is now widely acknowledged in the discourse of security, its impacts on and challenges to international law are yet to be fully examined. Particularly, the expanded conception of security has posed challenges to the UN collective security system. This article considers the challenges posed to collective security, with respect to four different objects of security: national security, international security, human security, and regime security. It discusses the limits of collective security in effectively responding to the expanded conception of security within the existing framework of international law, and revisits alternative security approaches, evaluating their potential to complement collective security in dealing with diverse security objects and threats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is widely believed that international cooperation can arise through strategies of reciprocity. In this paper, we investigate whether citizens in the United States and 25 other countries support reciprocity to deal with climate change. We find little public enthusiasm for intrinsic reciprocity, in which countries restrain their consumption of fossil fuels if and only if other countries do the same. In contrast, we find significant support for extrinsic reciprocity, in which countries enforce cooperation by linking issues. Citizens support economic sanctions against polluters and are willing to shame them in international forums, especially when the polluters are violating a treaty. Cooperation could, therefore, emerge from efforts to link climate with other issues and to embed climate commitments in international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter describes the recent conjuncture and the centrality given to law and the judiciary in the ‘good governance’ paradigm as promoted by International Financial Institutions in postcolonial societies. It suggests the inability of this paradigm to implement democratization and equitable social change. The reason for this is the institutionalist-functionalist focus of liberal legal project and managerial solutions of the good governance paradigm. As opposed to this, the framework in this book suggests the use of Gramsci’s idea of hegemony as a political practice of state formation to analyse the discourse of the judiciary as well as to grasp the structural inequalities in the society. This chapter argues that the Pakistani state should rather be viewed through a class structural lens, and the judiciary should be seen as part of the juridico-bureaucratic structure of the state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The BBS manages the Burundi backbone and ensures access to the landing stations of sub-marine fibre optic cables via Tanzania and through Rwanda onward to Kenya through Uganda. It leases fibre-optic connections to operators and member companies. It also connects a Government network known as Comgov to the Internet and BBS is the main network provider for the Burundi Research and Education Network (BERNet).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
All African countries are prone to desertification, with the Sahelian countries on the southern fringes of the Sahara Desert being particularly vulnerable. Rapid population growth, rapid urbanization, unsustainable land-use systems and climate variation, coupled with a dearth of clear policy and legislative frameworks, weak institutional capacities and limited funding are all-important contributing factors to the rapid degradation of the continent's ecosystems and loss of important habitats. Habitat and ecosystem degradation in effect jeopardizes the provision of basic services, such as health and education, as well as water, agricultural production and productivity, economic growth and job creation, and ultimately, the quality of human life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Some Member States (for instance, Estonia and Hungary) even require sending copies of all Annex VII documents to the competent authorities, but the countries considered in this project-Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden - do not. Because the companies arrange the shipments between themselves and the authorities are not automatically involved, it can be stated that the control of shipments of green-listed waste is not very strict. On account of this low level of control, the fact that interpreting the regulations requires some experience, and the fact that several kinds of operators are active in the waste business, there is a risk that not all shipments described as shipments of green-listed waste take place "by the book". It might be that some waste requiring a notification is shipped as green-listed or that waste is shipped in contravention of an export ban.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Value capture taxes have been used to finance transport infrastructure in cities as different as Hong Kong, Miami, Milan and Bogota. Manhattan is also considering a similar tax, on new construction, only to fund the Subway line 7 extension. A value capture tax can only be applied when the property value increase can be unambiguously attributed to infrastructure investment. Value capture taxes are less useful when property taxes are assessed on a yearly or regular basis, since the annual assessment captures any increases in the property value that might result from public infrastructure investment, this does however not take place in most OECD countries (Hammer, S., et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Eight actions (about 8.5 per cent of all actions) and about US$ 721,000 (approximately 0.13 per cent of all environmental investments) were earmarked for biodiversity conservation. These investments equaled 23 per cent of the absolute minimum estimated funding needs for biodiversity management over approximately the same period, as indicated in BSAP. The biodiversity actions listed in NEAP appeared selective: for instance, two of eight actions focused on the conservation of one species (Macrovipera lebedirta) that is of little conservation concern. It was developed with the participation of a wide range of national experts and the support of the international NGO FFT, based on an in-depth country study of the biodiversity of Turkmenistan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Also, Birdsall and Londono (1997) claimed that, given asset inequality, income inequality does not improve growth outcomes (see World Bank, 2009, p. 6). On the other hand, Dollar and Kraay (2004, originally published in 2002) famously suggested that growth is, on average, distribution-neutral: “growth-enhancing policies and institutions tend to benefit the poor—and everyone else in society—equi-propordonately” (p. 30, for a similar claim, see Ravallion and Chen, 1997). Consequently, attempts to shift the income distribution are largely a diversion, and conventional policies (“private property rights, stability, and openness”, p. 57) lead to optimal outcomes both for the rich and for the poor. Although Dollar and Kraay’s and Raos arguments depart from very different ends of the policy spectrum, they suggest that significant shifts in distribution must be pursued deliberately through public policy, and that a more equal distribution of income does not necessarily impair growth performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic poses a threat not only to public health and human life, but also to civil rights and freedoms. Such a claim applies not only to authoritarian states, but also to democratic political structures. Significant restrictions on civil liberties were introduced under the pretext of ensuring security in at least several member states of the European Union. One of them is Poland. The main purpose of this paper is to examine causes, developments, and consequences of the limitations to the right to freedom of assembly in Poland influencing the activities of the social protest movement Women's Strike (Strajk Kobiet) during the ongoing pandemic. The text concludes recommendations both for the Women's Strike social movement and for the government. Their implementation should reduce the current tensions in Poland and enable the opening of constructive social dialogue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A key task of the NTF was to review and assess gaps of previous action plans, set targets, develop indicators, outreach to other stakeholders (local government, private sector etc.) In response to this finding, special attention was given towards communicating with other MEA NFPs. Members of the NTF liaised with NFPs in their respective departments, ensuring that the synergies between the different MEAs were captured. To ensure that implementation of the NBSAP is also harmonised, the NBSAP recommended that a coordination platform for different MEAs should be set up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Often they are ostracized by their own families, friends and community. First, judicial practice does not grant them redress for rape as long as graphic evidence is not brought out into the open. When the conflict was over, these women were abandoned by the militia. Because of the social stigma, their families and communities did not accept them back. In Guatemala, Mayan women who witnessed violence or lost family members have suffered from psychological and physical ailments (tristeza) such as “chronic headaches, gastritis, chest pains, visual problems, respiratory infections, and psychological manifestations such as recurring dreams and nightmares, sadness, and depression”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is fundamental for survival of normal society. These changes reflect in new institutional norms and discourse, sea changes in the lives of women previously excluded from the corridors of power, and in the 'new men' emerging to champion gender causes. They also reflect in the lives of 'ordinary women' now claiming access to land, mineral resources, finance and other means of production with which to enhance their livelihoods and those of their families. Even so, women remain the majority of the poor, the dispossessed, those living with HIV and AIDS, and daily violated as a result of high levels of gender violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
According to the battery specification, the voltage is 3.3 V and capacity is 0.8 Ah, which implies Cphone = 2.96 [12]. The final parameter is calculated as F = 0.375, derived from the average monthly charging expenses of $2.25 and the average price per charge of $0.20 [3]. Consequently, Ephone = 24.5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Each investment option must be characterised by its technical data (used fuel, net installed capacity, energy efficiency, etc.) When mixed-integer programming is applied, investment decisions can only be made in entire power plants, which means that the installation of partial capacities is not allowed. The requirements for reserves primarily depend on the generation structure of the supply system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The paper presents a political economy model linking terror and governments' respect for human rights. Using panel data for 111 countries over the period 1973-2002, we then empirically analyze whether and to what extent terror affects human rights - measured by three indices covering a wide variety of human rights aspects. According to our results, terror substantially diminishes governments' respect for basic human rights such as absence of extrajudicial killings, political imprisonment, and torture. To some extent, civil rights are also restricted as a consequence of terrorism, while we find no effect of terrorism on empowerment rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Western Australia, for example, thorough modelling was undertaken to assess the resources needed for police, road engineers and other sectors to achieve the government’s targets (Corben et al., In the Netherlands, the independent road safety data and analysis agency SWOV is charged with reviewing the national road safety programme each time it is revised, modelling the potential for measures announced to meet the targets adopted and proposing complementary measures when targets appear impossible to meet (Aarts et al., It is recommended to review the modelling techniques used in other OECD countries, and how their results impact the decision making process, budget allocation and communication with the public, and to develop a similar approach in Korea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Estimates show that just correcting for tax evasion makes a significant difference on the share of the income distribution (Lopez et al., In particular, the average participation of the top 1% on GDP over the period 2005-2009 decreases by 2.5 percentage points of GDP. This reform will increase revenues and has the potential to reduce inequality (Lopez et al., The reform could negatively affect investment and growth because it reduces after-tax returns on investment, , however this could be compensated by a positive effect on long run growth through education, if the funding is used successfully in reforming the school system. Furthermore, there is some uncertainty about the revenue yield of the tax reform, stemming from how the private sector will adapt. The envisaged gradualism of implementation is thus welcome.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
During the hyperinflation period of 1992-94, agricultural input prices increased by at least twice as much as output prices. However, the state order system remained in place until 1994, at which time it was replaced by a more flexible system of purchases for the state’s needs. The Food Contract Corporation (FCC) was established in 1995 as a state grain purchasing agency. State purchases continued to dominate marketing channels, but as procurement prices remained low, most agricultural enterprises became insolvent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)