albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Finding an analytical framework to understand the complex dynamics of the international system after September 11th, 2001, has turned to be the main challenge for the discipline of International Relations. The systemic current of the geopolitics has faced this complex task by stating an interconnected and interdependent world system where agents compete against each other in different arenas in order to establish dominant positions that enable some influence on others’ behavior. Thus, taking into account some tenets drawn from Gerard Dussouy about the systemic geopolitics and the South American subsystem considered as a testing ground, this paper addresses this topic by proposing a model for further analysis to approach the role of non-state actors in the international system, as well as the interconnection between fields of action as a principle of empowerment within global relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although the level of women's political activism has peaked and ebbed since 1893, women have continued in a variety of ways to work within their communities and politically for recognition of the equality of women and their right to fully contribute to all aspects of the society in which they live. The key factors that provide women with agency to advance their interests in modern day New Zealand are: (1) the high level of education for women, (2) changes in the electoral laws, and (3) the political activism of women through community organisations and political parties. The main barriers to women's political leadership have been comparatively a lack of access to political institutions (the political parties and the parliament), limited legal rights, and economic dependence. The underlying commitment to the values of enlightenment brought to New Zealand by many colonists in the nineteenth century included a commitment to equality, the rule of law and democratic decision-making through an electoral process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The electrical and electronics industry (E&E), which accounts for 64% of manufacturing export and 42.6% of FDI, cluster around Penang and Kulin. However, the share of FDI directed to Malaysia within the South East Asia region has diminished from 31% to 11% over the 1985-2005 period. The reduction of FDI flows point to the need to improve the attractiveness of the country and Penang in order to regain competitiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On the other hand, affirmative action by imposing gender quotas in the labour market can entail greater efforts of firms to identify qualified women (Holzer and Neumark, 2000) and can encourage more women to participate in the competition for jobs (Niederle et al., It distinguishes between “legitimate” differences in outcomes due to different choices made and “illegitimate” differences in outcomes that arise from discrimination or other impediments beyond one’s control (Robeyns, 2006). The pursuit of equality of opportunities between the genders means to strive for equal access to education, health and the labour market, and, in a nutshell, the elimination of any barriers that may hamper men and women to realise their individual aspirations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The capacity building activities to promote ESCO and awareness campaigns have been organized in the framework of various energy efficiency promoting projects that are implemented and/or in process of implementation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Due to that fact, both public and private sector become familiar with principles and benefits of ESCO concept. This Law regulates generation, transmission, distribution and supply of electricity, organization and functioning of the electricity market, transmission, distribution, storage, trade and supply of petroleum products and gas, and the production and distribution of heat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A 500 kilometre-long coast, a population of 5 million and an aggregated gross domestic product (GDP) of USD 200 billion may only have a limited impact if no effective governance is in place to help local partners identify a common goal: leverage their combined spending power and implement their action plans together. Conversely, governance alone can do little to empower a territory where there is no compelling economic, social and institutional rationale for collaboration - a political construct on its own is bound to hit its limits soon enough. To accomplish its objective of becoming a strong and attractive megaregion in the global arena, Western Scandinavia needs to work on achieving a clear agreement about its own vision and collectively define the concrete steps to take. First, it maps the institutional landscape in Western Scandinavia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This expectation in turn was associated with high rates of child marriage.57 But data show that the age of marriage is rising, fertility rates are declining, and an increasing number of women are not marrying at all, which suggests that attitudes about both universal marriage and high fertility have shifted over time, giving girls in particular more opportunities to pursue education. As societies relax expectations concerning both universal marriage and child marriage, girls in particular may have more opportunities to pursue education. But what of girls who do not excel in school?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The study of space politics is presently inhibited by a paucity of available data. This paper introduces spaceTexts, a new dataset of speeches in the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. These yearly statements in the preeminent forum for space diplomacy shed new light on the positions and preferences of state and nonstate actors on a topic which has received relatively scant political science attention. The corpus is described and explored through unsupervised machine learning methods, namely structural topic models. The dataset is relevant to space policy and natural language processing research, as well as any scholar interested in the employment of textual data to better understand UN politics, the formation of international law and arms control regimes, and the evolution of dimensions of diplomatic conflict in international relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This proportion is lower than most studies that are subject to the data limitations pointed out by Park (2008). As the parameter a increases, the GE measures become less sensitive to inequality at the lower end of the distribution and more sensitive at the upper end. The cases of special interest are a values of 0,1 and 2. When a =0 it corresponds to the mean log deviation, a = 1 corresponds to the Theil index of inequality and a = 2 corresponds to one half the squared coefficient of variation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Government of India has the intention to implement a direct transfer of subsidy to the farmers in the next few years in place of the current system of transfer through the fertiliser industry. This will encourage the industry to take independent commercial decisions and focus on innovation in fertiliser products and services to the farmers. This box is based on inputs provided by the Fertilizer Association of India, under the direction of Director General Satish Chander.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, taking advantage of these opportunities, and ensuring the efficient operation of energy systems, depends upon the availability of the necessary skills. The mining segment appears to generate more jobs than the utilities segment in less than one third of the 41 LDCs, reflecting on the one hand the uneven distribution of fuel resource endowments, and on the other the capital-intensive nature of extractive industries, especially in the case of oil and gas. In statistics these are part of wholesale and retail trade employment, but detailed data are not available. Looking to the future, progress towards universal access and a transition towards a more modern energy sector have important implications for employment in the energy industry (as is also expected to happen with its value added generation).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The EIF is also assisting South Sudan in producing its first national trade policy and is supporting the country’s WTO accession process. In addition, the EIF is financing the preparation of e-trade readiness assessments in Liberia, Nepal, Samoa, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. New projects have been approved in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Djibouti and Guinea to finance the development of pharmaceutical products, electronic commerce, tourism and quality standards. Through better farming practices, farmers are able to receive double the market price for their products and increase their exports by working collectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Norway, a review of community mental health services found that GPs generally are regarded as competent, involved and accessible partners by the community mental health workers (Slettebak et al., This is a good base on which Norway should build. However, given that GPs will likely remain at the forefront of diagnosing and treating mild-to-moderate disorders, there is an on-going need to assure a high quality of care for mental disorders. The availability of training for CBT, and reimbursements for GPs delivering CBT, is an interesting development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Consumption of fuels in sectors such as agriculture and industry remains largely untaxed. The economy-wide effective tax rate on CO2 emissions is, therefore, one of the lowest among OECD countries and the BRIICS group of emerging economies (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China, South Africa) (OECD, 2015c). The finance ministry has undertaken a comprehensive assessment of carbon pricing options, including a carbon tax and a cap-and-trade system, with a view to providing policy recommendations in 2017. This is a step in the right direction and could build on previous attempts to introduce subnational GHG emission trading systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author!s). The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). Authorship is usually collective, but principal author(s) are named. The papers are generally available only in their original language -English or French- with a summary in the other language. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Analysis of overlap in income and domain poverty suggests considerable mismatch across the board, regardless of the particular country under consideration. The lack of overlap between groups of deprived children in Germany, France, the Netherlands and the UK points towards a considerable breadth of child poverty in these countries. In other words, deprivation in monetary and nonmonetary terms does not seem to be concentrated on a few particular groups but rather spread out across the population. Hence, instead of a small number of children experiencing deprivation in large numbers of domains, large numbers of children are likely to face deprivation in a few domains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Agency’s classification better reflects the diversity of Sweden’s rural landscape because it captures better the reality of the large size and internal differences within administrative regions and the fact the rural Sweden is characterised by a dispersed population with settlements of various sizes. Functional economic areas measured by labour market interactions provide a better way to capture this reality. These functional geographies are identified through the analysis of journey-to-work data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Collection of excess mortality and suicide after discharges will continue, as will research and development work on inpatient suicide. For those indicators that are being reported publically Norway’s data collection appears to be improving year-on-year, which is very promising. However, there are clear shortcomings, as identified in Table 4.3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
To this end, we estimate poverty elasticities relative to income and inequality, specifying two dynamic econometric models estimated via the generalized method of moments (GMM) system developed by Arellano and Bond (1991), Arellano and Bover (1995) and Blundell and Bond (1998). The model-estimated results prompt the conclusion that the income growth effect on poverty reduction is smaller when the initial development level is low. The same is found when the initial inequality level is high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
One solution can consist in creating networks to explore opportunities to enhance uptake of localised solutions through customisation. In India, the Honey Bee Network helped license the Groundnut Digger - a groundnut-sorting machine developed by a farmer - to an entrepreneur for the purpose of cleaning beaches. Such networks are particularly relevant to the discussion of policy options supporting inclusive innovation (Chapter 3), as national-level support for small-scale projects is difficult to obtain, while policy support for reaching scale can be substantial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Combining the duration curve with data on fixed and variable costs of different generating technologies, it is possible to derive the optimal generation mix to satisfy a given electricity demand. The residual load curve is obtained by subtracting the electricity produced by the low marginal cost technology from the electricity load. Once calculated the residual load curve for a given amount of renewable energy, it is then possible to derive the “new” optimal generation mix, which satisfies that specific load at the least-cost.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The network connects more than 1 200 companies (www.erfolgsfaktor-familic.de/). They bring together stakeholders (employers, unions, local authorities, foundations, churches, employment agencies, universities, child care providers, etc.) The independent Hertie Foundation audits companies - assessing their processes, identifying their goals, and, where necessary, suggests new workplace arrangements - then certifies them “family-friendly” if they meet criteria. Large firms make the widest use of such audits - 42% of companies with more than 1 000 employees are certified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The survey took place in January 2011, just months after the largest oil spill in history, the Deepwater Horizon, took place in the Gulf of Mexico, between April and July 2010. It can be speculated that this may well have influenced the respondents concerns. Frequency of responses is illustrated by the size of the text, with pollution noted most often (reproduced from Buckley and Pinnegar 2011). A number of sectors were chosen, including: design and manufacturing, maritime industries, policy makers, media organizations, education and environmental organizations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In this era of political conditionality and good governance, anti-corruptionhas emerged as a top priority (at least in theory) for all major donors. Thisis almost always linked to support for democratisation efforts, with onenotable exception – the World Bank. The Bank is constricted by anon-political mandate which forbids it supporting one particular politicalsystem through its lending and other activities. Nonetheless, the languageit uses (e.g., accountability, transparency, participation, etc.) and theprojects it supports seem to endorse the spirit of liberal democracy. I arguethat the Bank's mandate is in conflict with a politically sensitive issue likeanti-corruption, and that it is impossible to separate economic issues frompolitical ones in this instance, however, given the lack of consensus on therelationship between democracy, development and corruption, this may bethe best state of affairs for now.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This study aims to explore the relations between governance and agricultural performance of countries. Data Envelopment Analysis was used to find out agricultural performance of 81 countries at first stage. Panel data regression was employed in the second stage to assess the relations between performance levels of countries and their governance. Six governance indicators namely, voice and accountability, control of corruption, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and political stability and violence were analyzed in this stage. Findings show that firstly, governance indicators are highly correlated with each other. Secondly, developed countries are more efficient and have better governance than developing and undeveloped countries. Finally, a quadratic form of regression was the fitting model that is the marginal effects of good governance on performance are increasing in high values of governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Pacific SIDS see the imperative for a concrete pathway for States, with specific timelines, targets and milestones to facilitate the sustainable management of oceanic resources and increase the share of benefits from their utilization. This should include enhanced direct economic participation and capacity-building. The cooperation and assistance of the international community is also necessary to enable SIDS to realize their development aspirations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Environmentalists, for instance, led the charge for improved transparency of WTO negotiations and dispute settlement and spurred many governments to take more seriously the need for stakeholder participation in domestic trade policy-making processes. Since 1999, failed efforts to launch a Millennium Round of negotiations at the Seattle WTO Ministerial have served as a reminder of the power of environmental constituencies to alter the political feasibility of new trade deals. The views expressed in this essay are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the Commonwealth Secretariat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This has resulted in higher inflation and a higher current account deficit. Mongolia is the only exception, it has a large current account deficit due to its imports of machinery for the mining sector and strong domestic demand because of the economy’s double-digit growth. In 2012, the current account as a share of GDP remained positive at about 2.6% in China, 1% in Japan and 3.9% in the Republic of Korea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Notwithstanding the fact that an integrated policy process can benefit greatly from the recognition of diverse interests, circumstances, sociocultural contexts and expectations, in practice integration remains an immense challenge (IPCC, 20l4d). While improvement of womens livelihoods, for example, is undeniably a necessary condition for inclusive and sustainable development, such an initiative sometimes clashes with social norms and cultural values. In some communities in India, for example, participation of women in the labour force has decreased, in spite of rapid economic growth in recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Preferential trade agreements have become a tool for the external institutionalisation of a state’s preferred economic governance model, with the US and EU at the forefront of exchanging market access for acquiescence of their preferred rules. The institutionalisation and codification of the relationship with the TTIP was intended to create the world’s largest market and largest regulatory institutional arrangement, whose structural power and gravitational pull would bring other states towards it and its rules and norms. It should have been the Treaty that would bring an end to bilateral treaties. However, the underlying differences in EU and US preferences on this, as revealed in the comparison on recent agreements in this chapter, the potential for politicisation and contestation, and the importance of power asymmetries in negotiations have derailed negotiations. Yet these challenges were severely underestimated at the highest political levels, when the original ambitions for TTIP were set out.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, the level of violence varies greatly between and within countries. The review referred to levels of violence perpetrated by intimate partners affecting, according to the data, women ranging from 68 per cent in Kiribati to 6 per cent of women in Canada. It will also reviewdata available on girls aged 15 to 19 reporting forced sex before turning 18, and the experiences of married or co-habiting girls dealing with emotional, physical or sexual violence committed by an intimate partner during the last 12 months.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It could increase the risk of not meeting the potential energy production by the Tabqa hydroelectric station due to the upstream river flow regulations (Tilmant, 2007). Due to lower than expected water flow from Turkey, as well as lack of maintenance, the hydroelectric station only generates 150 MW instead of 800 MW. This almost led to a war between the two countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Students who successfully complete their programme and pass rigorous assessments, should obtain a credential that is recognised by employers as a meaningful proof of occupational skills. Depending on whether a unitary system is chosen or not, this may be called a NQ or a degree, the crucial point is that junior college graduates should hold a credential that is widely recognised in the labour market. To address these issues, the chapter recommends further enhancing the career information provided to prospective students and balancing student choice with signals of employer needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Location of population far away from large cities, industrialized regions and connecting major transport routes also limits human impact on natural ecosystems. In 2015, areas under roads, networks, cities, villages and other settlements constituted only 0.8 per cent of the country’s territory (figure 12.1). Furthermore, some 580 species of moss, 1,033 species of lichens, 2,003 species and subspecies of algae and 574 species of fungi were present.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Even though poverty rates do not differ significantly between men and women when the comparison is made for the total population, the result is different when the comparison is made for adults with the highest probability of participating in the labour market. In practically all the countries of the region, the poverty rate is higher for women than for men. The poverty incidence is highest for persons who have had no more than three years of schooling and it diminishes gradually as the number of years of schooling of the population increases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Whereas the rational choice approach to international law has been widely accepted in legal scholarship and international relations theory, challenges to the rational choice paradigm in economic analysis of international law have hitherto not been systematically explored. Nevertheless, behavioral law and economics and psychology have been successfully applied to national law constellations. Behavioral economic insights have furthermore been used in international relations scholarship under the heading of political psychology but international norms are neglected. Building on all those insights, the article explores the potential and challenges of extending the behavioral law and economics approach to public international law and thus to further refine our understanding of international law. It looks specifically at treaty design problems and compliance questions. This ties in with increased use of empirical research in international law: a clear desideratum for evidence-based international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)