albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Meanwhile, countries need to continue to strengthen underdeveloped grid infrastructure to realize the full potential of distributed energy. A comprehensive, well-aligned, and stable policy atmosphere is needed to create a favourable investment environment. The Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy scoring methodology set by the World Banks Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), indicates that many Asia-Pacific countries are not in a strong position to effectively mobilize energy investments (figure 4.10). The uptake of renewable energy is hindered by inadequate grid systems required to transmit energy from supply to demand centres and to provide sufficiently broad balancing areas to handle the variability of generation from resources, such as wind and solar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Lastly, the lowest levels of coverage are seen in Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, where affiliation ranges from 30% to 40%. Increases were especially significant in urban areas of Argentina, in Colombia, in the Dominican Republic, in urban areas of Ecuador and in Peru, ranging from between 14 and 23 percentage points. El Salvador was the only country to record a decline (2 percentage points) and the variations were not statistically significant in Honduras, Mexico or Nicaragua (see figure 13).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Some countries even recognise the right to divorce by mutual consent or accept unilateral judicial repudiation of either spouse against compensation. The court shall decide on the compensation to be allocated to the spouse who has incurred material or moral damages resulting from the divorce pronounced in these cases. She will be remedied with a monthly financial allowance due upon the expiry of the legal viduity period, according to the standard of living she used to enjoy during her married life, including housing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Tables 1.6 and 1.7 illustrate an alternative that would establish a target of reaching the OECD and EU averages. In Greece, the evidence suggests that all too often the teacher-selection process follows rules about qualifications and seniority that bear little relationship to the qualities needed to be an effective teacher. Broader selection processes, typically including interviews, preparation of lesson plans, and demonstration of teaching skills, would give greater weight to those characteristics that are more directly related to the quality of teaching and learning than the traditional emphases on qualifications and years of experience. The accuracy of these recommendations has recently been improved though a new electronic data system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This transfer is complemented with the public provision of food, shelter and other items by government agencies. The Emergency Grant has been activated on several occasions, including the flooding and landslides in 2012 that struck eight of Ecuador's provinces (Manabi, Guayas, El Oro, Los Rios, Esmeraldas, Azuay, Cotopaxi and Loja), with a total of 109,532 people affected. Of that number, 47,221 were eligible to receive the grant (SNGR, 2012). According to Rofman, Apella and Vezza (2013, p. 10), "the most common factor in the reforms (..) is the search for ways to expand coverage", particularly for older adults that did not have a working life as formal workers making regular contributions to the pension system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Data provided by Member States corresponding to the years 2015-2017 was presented to UNDESA for monitoring of the SDGs, thereby reducing the reporting burden for monitoring of both global frameworks. This includes incorporation of possible data disaggregation proposed by OIEWG and lAEG-SDGs as well as an extended set of hazards described in the Sendai Framework, namely man-made hazards, and related environmental, technological and biological hazards and risks. Data for indicators 11.b.1 and 11.b.2 is available for a limited number of countries as the monitoring system was just launched in March 2018, with data collection projected to increase gradually over the coming months.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Drivers of redistribution: progressivity and size of transfers and taxes (cont.) This section attempts to shed more light on the role of specific policy changes. This is the primary reason why the benefit system in its entirety is more redistributive than direct taxes. Unfortunately, detailed benefit recipiency data for all relevant out-of-work benefits are currently not available.15 However, labour force surveys (LFS) provide useful evidence on the number of people receiving unemployment benefits and their labour-force status. Figure 7.4 shows that unemployment benefit recipiency rates often changed considerably.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The process could be made more effective if the performance of new teachers was assessed jointly by the school principal and a qualified external authority, such as the school supervisor or regional pedagogical advisor. Once clear terms for the probation appraisal are established, Costa Rica could introduce a requirement that all teachers must complete the probation to a satisfactory standard before being confirmed in a permanent post. In most countries, probation typically takes place alongside a structured induction programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Russians, who had been the largest group up to the 1980s, were concentrated in the then capital city, Almaty, and in northern and eastern regions bordering the Russian Federation. Among the “other” groups were large contingents of ethnic Germans and Koreans who had been shipped to Kazakhstan during World War II. About a million Russians and 700 000 Germans left Kazakhstan during the 1990s, the exodus slowed substantially with the Russian crisis in 1998, but even in 2000 annual net emigration was still over 100 000, and only began to drop substantially with the post-2000 boom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
There is minimal competing information. In tasks requiring interpretation the reader may need to make simple connections between adjacent pieces of information. Disadvantaged students tend to do as expected in disadvantaged schools and advantaged students tend to do worse than expected, but by about the same margin as in many other OECD countries. In schools with a mixed socio-economic intake, disadvantaged students tend to do better than expected, again by the same margin as in the OECD in general, and advantaged students tend to do as expected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Statistics on water resources include the volume of water generated within the country or territory as the result of precipitation, the volume of water lost to evapotranspiration, the inflow of water from neighbouring territories, and the outflow of water to neighbouring territories or the sea. The statistics are sourced from hydrometeorological and hydrological monitoring, measurements and models. Statistics on the quality of water in water bodies are discussed under Topic 1.3.2: Freshwater quality and Topic 1.3.3: Marine water quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The presence of a large number of actors involved in the renewable energy industry enriches the “learning fabric” of the region. Even when the basic technology (the scientific information) is imported from outside the region, local actors adapt such information to local needs and potentials, fulfilling a large part of the learning (or innovation, according to the definition used in this assessment) process. This activity is likely to affect the learning capacity of the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Farmers must balance between profitability and risks. This trade-off between profitability and risks also explains that the necessary investment for producing for the market takes place gradually and on a small-scale trial basis. These are important steps in increasing yields and profits and thus reducing associated risks. The example of cotton production areas, where yields for food staples are generally higher than average, shows that durable support services, combined with a marketing guarantee and stable prices can accelerate the process of agricultural intensification" (Cour, 1994).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For example, data from the PISA study administered in 2015 reveal that 76% of native-born students of native-born parents in Sweden attained at least proficiency level 2 in the three PISA core domains -mathematics, reading and science. By contrast, only 49% of immigrant students (either first- or second-generation) did so, a statistically significant difference of 27 percentage points. This difference was greater than the OECD average difference of 18 percentage points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Nonetheless, there are currently no incentive or sanction mechanisms in place to enforce gender equality provisions. The SFP has agreed to define and issue policy guidelines to promote special temporary measures in furtherance of gender parity in management positions and to include affirmative action to promote equality of opportunity and equality between women and men in its regulations. The SFP also plans to reflect those provisions in its human resources and professional career service manuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Government of the Philippines, National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. For each hazard, there should be one entity authorized to issue official warnings. Given the need for inter-agency coordination, the early warning system requires standard operating procedures (SOPs) that spell out the main tasks, roles and responsibilities in the event of an emergency.14 These SOPs need to be tested and revised on a regular basis. Unreliable or conflicting messages from official and non-official sources can allow rumours and disinformation to spread.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Categories should also be as detailed as possible in order to allow for the flexible regrouping of the data according to different analytical objectives. For international comparisons, survey questions could include categories such as no schooling, primary education, secondary education and post-secondary education in addition to a generic variable on total number of years of schooling. If relevant, data on the literacy level of respondents should also be captured.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Public service delivery protests in post-apatheid South Africa has come to characterize community life at the local sphere of government. Negative consequences of corruption, maladministration, mismanagement of public resources and poor service delivery, all negatively impact good governance in South Africa's young democracy. This paper intends to investigate the perceptions of municipal employees regarding service delivery and governance at the local government level. More often in South Africa, the assessment of the perceptions of service providers regarding service delivery has received minimal attention at the local government sphere as compared to those of service recipients. This paper fills this gap through literature analysis and an empirical survey conducted among the service providers at municipalities in the Limpopo province to obtain an insight of the perceptions of critical role-players and to provide recommendations to improve service delivery at municipalities in South Africa. The study adopts both qualitative and quantitative methodologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The $46 billion China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) also includes building transport corridors to connect Gwadar Port in Pakistan to China through the western Chinese city of Kashghar. Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and India concluded a trilateral agreement in 2016 to develop Chabhar Port in Iran to serve Afghanistan and Central Asia connecting it with INSTC. To maximize the network externalities or synergies, extended corridors following trunk route-feeder links, connecting more countries than just the members of a particular group, are more appropriate. The Asian Highway (AH) and Trans-Asian Railway (TAR) networks, developed by UNESCAP and backed by a series of intergovernmental agreements, offer the possibility of joining subregional corridors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first comprehensive systematic study of education policies at the international level. It is intended to serve as a source of information, while maintaining the premise that policy design and implementation have multiple contextual dimensions that feed into the reality of policy processes (Ball et al., Part I reviews the range of policy options across different policy areas. Part II focuses on ways to support effective implementation through analysis of reforms in evaluation and assessment, innovative learning environments, and school improvement, and also explores the engagement of teacher unions and business and industry representatives in developing and implementing education policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Using an appraisal process for career advancement in to new roles, such as the one outlined above, would be a fairer and more equitable way to give teachers incentives to build competencies in many different areas associated with effective teaching. Teachers in Romania reported to the OECD Review Team that the merit grade salary bonus is currently needed to supplement their low salaries. Policy makers should also consider instituting a general increase in teachers’ salaries, particularly for new teachers, so that top candidates are attracted to the profession. The work to revise and evaluate the assessment process should involve stakeholders, including the teachers’ unions and teachers, and all changes should be clearly communicated to the education sector to increase the likelihood that the process will be accepted as valid and reliable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, the ratio varies widely across OECD countries. It is much lower than the OECD average in the Nordic and many Continental European countries, but reaches around 10 to 1 in Italy, Japan, Korea, Portugal and the United Kingdom, between 13 andl6 to 1 in Greece, Israel, Turkey and the United States, and between 27 and 30 to 1 in Mexico and Chile (see Annex Table A 1.2). A more synthetic indicator, which takes into account the whole distribution, is the Gini coefficient.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Although progress has been made in the last few years, and despite large-scale deployment of renewables, the share of renewables in the energy mix remains low, exacerbating continued air pollution problems across the region and putting stress on emerging economies as a result of fluctuations in oil prices. Furthermore, the rate of energy efficiency uptake still needs to be accelerated in order to unlock the immense cross-sectoral benefits. Financial barriers are of particular concern as energy transition strategies require vast sums of investment In order to bridge this financing gap, governments need to leverage funds for increased private-sector investment, which requires more stability and predictability in policymaking and the introduction of financing tools that help manage the often high investment risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This led to a serious energy problem, leading Kyrgyzstan to switch the mode of Toktogul Reservoir from irrigation to power generation. The new mode required less release of water in the summer (when downstream irrigation demand is high) and more release of water in the winter (when downstream irrigation demand is low). Three agreements, specifically on the use of the Naryn-Syr Darya Cascade of Reservoirs for energy and water, were signed between Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan in 1998, 1999 and 2000 (CAWATER, 2016a). The collection rate, however, is also very low. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It develops and delivers education and training for those who work in NHSScotland, working with universities and professional bodies to define or support undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as CPD activities. A number of practical activities have been developed to support workforce development, including clinical skills centres, communities of practice (for peer-to-peer support) and degree-level programmes for primary care Practice Managers. It offers an e-portfolio to allow recording of CPD activities, available to doctors, nurses, dentists, pharmacists and other health care professionals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova arc preparing a new basin agreement on the Dniester, which foresees the establishment of a transboundary water commission. In June 2010, Romania and the Republic of Moldova entered into an agreement on the Prut. Moreover, a new intergovernmental agreement on transboundary waters between Belarus and Poland as well as Romania and Serbia are under development. Factors that have triggered revisions is the need to take into account the provisions of the WFD, the principles of integrated water resources management (IWRM) and the obligations under the Water Convention. For example, today the Finnish-Russian transboundary water Commission deals with a broad range of management issues, including joint monitoring of pressures and water quantity/quality, joint management of water resource including joint operation of water level regulation, fisheries and threatened species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The most efficient irrigation system, so-called drip irrigation, delivers water directly in the neighbourhood of the roots of a plant via a dripping pattern. Such systems increase the efficiency in water use to about 90%. Changing from one irrigation technology to a more efficient technology, or improving inefficient irrigation technology by, for instance, insulating or covering canals to reduce evapotranspiration, is a good way to prevent water loss.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Annual expenditure per student is lower than OECD averages at all education levels, particularly the tertiary level where Poland spends USD 9 7991 per student against the OECD average of USD 15 028. However, expenditure per student at primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary levels has been growing fast, increasing by more than 50% between 2005 and 2012 compared with an OECD average increase of 21%. This change was boosted by an overall fall in the number of students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Given the extent of gender segregation in labour markets generally, and within industry in particular, where women constitute only 30 per cent of the global workforce, there is a risk that efforts to green industry will not only bypass women, but actually marginalize them. Sectors targeted for green employment expansion, such as energy, construction and basic industry, are very male-dominated and recent trends indicate that sectoral segregation is increasing rather than decreasing.21 Among green jobs that already exist, women tend to have low representation and/or occupy the lower value-added rungs. In developing economies, women are highly concentrated on the low value-added end of extant green jobs, for instance as informal workers in waste collection and recycling (Strietska-llina and others, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The number of containers is not sufficient and municipal waste has to be collected several times per day. The collection system covers all types of waste generated by citizens, services and markets. This results in local overfilling of containers, especially in the vicinity of city markets, which is creating additional workload for collection companies. In areas with difficult access, municipal waste is collected by the bell system, with residents called by the collection vehicle horn to bring out their waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Among species that have decreased are common eider (Somateria mollissima), gulls, pike (Esox lucius), blue mussels (Mytilus spp.) Decreasing numbers of small-scale professional fishers and hunters have been noted. New regulations are leading to decreased quality of life in local communities in many coastal regions, e.g. Kalix, Ostergotland and Gotland. Municipal services become more centralized leading to closure of local schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This ethnography explores daily life at Milton High School, a US public school with its own specialized Homeland Security program. From ‘military grunts’ serving in distant theaters of war to Transportation Security Administration (TSA) agents defending the US borderlands to National Security Administration (NSA) technicians monitoring worldwide cyber communications, Milton’s Homeland Security program trained students for the multiple permutations of the global war on terror. Based on my ethnographic fieldwork conducted at Milton, this article offers an analysis of what I call ‘school securitization’. While growing critical education scholarship importantly investigates the intensification of militarized education evident in the rise of military charter schools and harsh disciplinary regimes, this ethnography documents how other actors like major defense contractors, security companies, and federal agencies contributed to the school’s remaking. Broadening the analytical framework of school militarization ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to neapub@oecd-nea.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre frangais d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) contact@cfcopies.com. Market prices and production costs account for an important share of the overall economic impacts of electricity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As of 2012, only 26 of the 68 national parks were officially open for tourism, the remaining received some visitors but with limited planning and control (ICMBio, 2012a). According to a survey conducted among protected area managers the same year, almost one-third of protected areas did not receive visitors at all and nearly 50% received fewer than 50 000 visitors a year. In addition, only 17% of protected areas that could receive visitors generated revenue from public visitation, with a slightly higher share for national parks (Semeia, 2012b).14 This seems to be primarily related to the lack of adequate infrastructure and service provision for visitors (TCU, 2013, Semeia, 2012b), as the case of Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park shows (Box 5.9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In addition, the directive obliges member countries to prepare action programmes for the designated nitrate vulnerable zones so that the objective of the directive can be realised, as well as to conduct suitable monitoring programmes to determine the extent of nitrate pollution in waters from agricultural sources and to assess the effectiveness of the action programmes. Instead, in conformity with the Nitrates Directive, it informed the European Commission in 1994 that it would prepare an action programme for its entire territory . Accordingly, in the Netherlands, the Nitrates Directive action programme is applied throughout the country. Even so, legislation distinguishes between soil fertility and types (in the Netherlands, the most important main soil-type regions are sandy, loess, clay and peat).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)