albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These should be incorporated into warning chains - both to take advantage of their reach and to ensure that they do not spread inaccurate or exaggerated information. In two projects supported by the ESCAP Trust Fund for Tsunami, Disaster and Climate Preparedness, the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union has developed guidelines and other warning tools for broadcasters. However, in order to be effective in an emergency the broadcast media need a formal role in the warning chain — established through SOPs. Rather than let misinformation pass unchallenged, the authorities are usually better off monitoring the social media and themselves using these platforms to reach the public with the correct information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Police administration refers to the control and operation of law enforcement agencies, and the subsequent discharge of policies that keep the peace, increase public safety, and prevent crime. From a command perspective, police administration involves setting agency policy and making operational decisions that best achieve the aforementioned goals without violating the law or the public trust. From a human resources perspective, police administration involves making ethical and lawful decisions related to the hiring, management, retention, discipline, and termination of law enforcement personnel. All of this requires accountability, both internal and external. This chapter examines the primary ethical issues relevant to law enforcement command, human resources, and related mechanisms for accountability in turn. It closes with a discussion of issues related to transparency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
First, comparatively speaking and with some differences between countries, Latin America has historically had a lower investment-to-GDP ratio than other emerging regions. In 2008, the region's investment rate was 23.6% of GDP, measured in current dollars, which was the highest level since 1980. By contrast, investment in developing Asia rose from 27.8% of GDP in 1980 to nearly 35% in the mid-1990s and over 40% today (see Jimenez and Manuelito, 2013). Several factors underlie this performance, but those related to growth variability are foremost among them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Efficiency challenges are also linked with the relative isolation of subsystems (pre-primary schools, basic schools, upper secondary schools, special needs schools) and the rather rigid boundaries between them. This makes it difficult for subsystems to share resources and also hinders the smooth shift of resources from one subsystem to another when needed and in function of demographic changes, emerging new needs, existing inefficiencies and changing policy priorities. This relative isolation of subsystems seems to be accompanied by the low intensity of communication between the administrative authorities responsible for these subsystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It examines Colombia’s biodiversity policy and institutional framework, and the priorities and actions outlined in the National Policy for the Integral Management of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. The chapter assesses progress in using various instruments, including payments for ecosystem services and biodiversity offsets. It also examines measures to integrate biodiversity conservation into other key policy areas, such as agriculture, forestry and mining. Much of the biodiversity resides in forests, which cover more than half the territory, considerably more than in most OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
According to Conagua (2010), almost two-thirds of the annual 459 mms rainfall occurs between July and September, but leaves Chihuahua as the fifth driest state in Mexico. By 2030, almost 4 billion people (almost half of the world’s population) are projected to live in areas with severe levels of water scarcity (OECD, 2008b). Although OECD countries are for the most part, not as severely affected as the rest of the world, Mexico is among the OECD countries that will be the most affected. Mexico is already one of the OECD countries with the largest per capita water consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, projections indicate a drop of almost half in the proportion of undernourished people in the developing regions, from 23.3 per cent in 1990-1992 to 12.9 per cent in 2014-2016. This is very close to the MDG hunger target. Rapid progress during the 1990s was followed by a slower decline in hunger in the first five years of the new millennium and then a rebound starting around 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Development policies can build on this principle to promote the dissemination of good practices within professional networks of women farmers and traders in the region. By modifying the architecture of social relations, their goal is to increase the social capital of individuals resulting from the combination of internal links to a community and external links with other social groups that are more diverse from a geographic, ethnic, religious or identity point of view (Walther, 2015). The addition of actors seems particularly suited to the case of agricultural sectors, such as rice, in which women are under-represented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Low" growth periods are the bottom-third growth years during 1979-2005 in each country. The use of statistical data for Israel by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Sources: Authors' calculations using data from the Luxembourg Income Study and OECD Economic Outlook database (growth data).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
By changing consumer behaviour in relation to the above, consumers can have a positive influence on the environment, these are the domains that define sustainable lifestyles. There is however, strong evidence that the above areas are highly relevant in the developing world. Next, the examples of food, housing and transport are discussed. The impacts of food start right back at the production stage, including land distribution and use patterns (as well as social tension from lack of land titles or land grabbing), use of chemical fertilisers that also kill soil microbes and emissions of GHGs that cause climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
If elasticity is high, public anti-poverty policies based on economic growth are more efficient. If elasticity is low, however, poverty reduction strategies should include a combination of economic growth and some type of income redistribution. Ravallion and Chen (1997) estimated income-poverty and inequality-poverty elasticities for 45 countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As a result, importers may seek other supply channels. In the long-run, the lack of contract discipline diminishes the ability of the chain to maintain optimal levels of investment, and in particular to support strategic areas of business development. Overall, the ability of the sector to compete efficiently on global markets is undermined, and marketing risks are increased along the whole food chain, including the farm level. Such activities may include research, information collection, analysis and dissemination, technical assistance, advice, insurance, generic product promotion, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Primary care staff, in both public and private health centres, are predominantly salaried employees. Licences are not time-limited and GPs do not have to re-apply to keep their licence. As with other health care staff, there are no formal, national systems of continuous medical education and professional development for GPs and other primary care staff, or for recertification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
See also Amarante and Jimenez (2015), World Bank (2014), Piketty (2007), Atkinson, Piketty and Saez (2011), Bollinger and others (2015), Burdfn, Esponda and Vigorito (2015) and Campos, Chavez and Esquivel (2014). The way in which extreme values are processed may also have an effect: sometimes, these figures are removed or top-coded. The share of high incomes also grew significantly in English-speaking countries, owing in part to the growth in pay among the top groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Tri-State metro-region benefits from over 200 post-secondary education and training institutions, both publicly and privately funded, that enrol over 660 000 students each year and graduate 140 000 annually. The Chicago Tri-State metro-region’s workforce is, on average, well trained (Figure 4). Educational attainment is above the national average, indeed, of the 20 most populous metro-regions in the United States, the Tri-State region ranks fourth in educational attainment ,with only Boston (37%), New York (30%) and Atlanta (31%) boasting higher percentages (US Census Bureau, 2009a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Furthermore, there is still a need to promote “openness” in the digital economy, and at the same time to address legitimate considerations of individuals’ and organisations’ opposing interests (including in particular their interests in the protection of privacy and intellectual property rights). Today, three out of four inhabitants in the OECD area have a subscription to a mobile wireless broadband service, which they use daily, and up to 95% of all businesses are now connected to the Internet, with three quarters having an online presence and almost half using this platform to do e-commerce (OECD, 2015a, 2015b). The transformation of entire economies into digital economies will intensify with the increasing number of real world objects becoming “smarter”, thanks to their embedded software and their interconnection via the Internet of Things (IoT) (see OECD, 2016i). This promise is much sought-after in current times of stagnating to declining working age population3 and productivity growth, and the resulting risk of a slowing of GDP growth or a “secular stagnation” as discussed in Gordon (2015).4 Recent OECD work by Andrews et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This could help secure an outcome whereby the WTO delivers on the trade-related SDG implementation, of which SDG 14 is just the first test. This would be a win not only for the WTO and the SDGs but also for small island developing states, which have an overwhelming economic dependence on the oceans and the fisheries sector for livelihoods and formal employment opportunities. Communication TN/TL/GEN/182 (2016). Press release of the PNAO, Majuro, Marshall Islands, 26 July.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Across 16 OECD countries, women spend on average 18% more time on secondary activities than men (25.6 hours per week, compared to 21 hours for men). Childcare in particular is often undertaken simultaneously with other tasks, so it might not be recorded among primary activities. The activities women engage in simultaneously are also different from those of men. As a result, men tend to associate more positive feelings with multitasking than women do (Offer and Schneider, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Working at the intersection of anthropological engagements with cultural citizenship and interdisciplinary scholarship on the racialization of Muslims in the United States, I examine the making and unmaking of American Muslims as both citizens and suspects. Based on my ethnographic research with young Chicago Muslims, I argue that state surveillance and multiculturalism shape U.S. Muslim claims to citizenship as rights and belonging. I chart racialization across different domains to argue that the fetish of Muslim body and behavior can actually render Muslim identity both legible and illegible. It is instances of legibility and illegibility, I argue, that illuminate how race and gender coproduce differential experiences of suspicion for American Muslims, and also different beliefs in the very possibility of, and thus desire for, citizenship. Ultimately, I contend that the experience of the American Muslim indexes the centrality of both race and gender to citizenship in the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This report presents the opinions of Michigan’s local government leaders regarding the direction in which the state is headed, as well as their evaluations of the job performance of Governor Rick Snyder and the Michigan Legislature. These findings are based on statewide surveys of local government leaders in the Spring 2018 wave and comparisons to previous Spring waves of the Michigan Public Policy Survey (MPPS).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One way to deliver on-demand in-market services with low overhead costs is to leverage embassy staff, bilateral chambers of commerce, private sector service providers, and diaspora. By significantly reducing the costs of selling across borders, digital platforms can help small TISIs to connect SMEs with international markets, both as sellers and as buyers of final or intermediate goods. In addition to facilitating the matchmaking sen/ices that some TISIs provide, digital tools offer complementary warehousing, logistics, e-payments, and credit and insurance services - in effect creating a new SME trade ecosystem. The reported variables are defined in the natural logarithm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, their combined value could be strengthened if the RSAs were more effective and there were more opportunities to share good practice across the higher education system. However, there is limited use of this practice, and no institutional plans to use it beyond a few key fields where it is well-established (Frplich etal., This type of arrangement may be constrained by the appointment and promotion regulations for teaching and research academic posts, such as the requirements of a certain minimum qualification to teach and the role of research in career progression should social partners personnel wish to stay long-term in the academic profession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In line with this approach it is the sexual exploitation that is central for the violation in sex trafficking, not the actual movement of crossing borders. The exploitation of women in prostitution is considered as the most severe form of male domination, and can according to the approach in this study, not be separated from sex trafficking. A methodological consequence of this is that both sex trafficked women and what others perhaps would define as migrants for sex work and sex workers are categorized together in the study. The thematic fields and the questionnaires that were formulated in the study reflect this approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This book tackles the important topic of the relationship between three parts of the public law regime in a common law jurisdiction: the common law of judicial review or the unwritten constitution, the written constitution and public international law. Thematic coherence is ensured by the fact that the papers were presented at a conference in early 2003 and then extensively revised and by a general focus on a path-breaking decision of Canada's Supreme Court (Baker). The book thus contains a highly productive exchange between an international group of scholars on such themes as the rule of law, judicial deference, the separation of powers, the role of human rights in common law reasoning on immigration and security matters, and the nature of legal authority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This represented a 4 per cent gain in the share over 2012. Geothermal resources are also abundant but capacity additions have not increased significantly because of technical and financial barriers, though new efforts are being pursued in Indonesia and the Philippines where the potential is high. Solar is also increasingly being used in on- and off-grid applications across countries, with Thailand accounting for 75 per cent of solar energy consumption in the subregion. Backing this development is a shift in policy stance towards supporting renewables with the introduction of targets, financial incentives, public financing measures and regulations. Such policies and measures were rarely implemented in the region prior to 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Minister of Hade Regulation 41/2009. As a member of the Association of Coffee Producing Countries (ACPC), quantitative restrictions were sometimes imposed on coffee exports. For example, for the 1999/00 harvest year (1 October 1999 to 30 September 2000), Indonesia’s coffee export quota was 5.68 million 60 kg bags in accordance with an ACPC agreement in an attempt to prop up coffee prices in the world market. However, the cartel terminated in January 2002 because of its inability to control international price, and no such voluntary coffee quotas have applied since then.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In New Zealand, the Ministry for Environment has overall responsibility at a national level, with local/catchment responsibility devolved to local government (regional and unitary councils). In specific circumstances, water management decisions may be called back into central government’s jurisdiction (administered by the Environmental Protection Authority). Other responsibilities include the allocation of potable versus recycled or sea water sources for each sector, proposing quotas, policies, regulations, and tariffs for each sector (domestic, agriculture, and industry), and enforcing all regulations, quotas and tariffs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Income inequality remains high, while poverty has declined. Source: DHA (2008 and 2009), Statistics South Africa (2012b). The increase in temporary immigration was related to the need to fill positions previously held by the white minority, but was also fuelled by students and others seeking to benefit from the end of the apartheid era.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This function can only be performed well if there is a sufficient base of gender-differentiated data, information and analysis. Such data must be collected and analysed in advance, ideally building a database of several years’ information to assess changes and take corrective action. Only one-third of countries report the availability of a govemment-wide measurement framework for gender equality and mainstreaming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Monetary incentives (or fines) can be transferred directly between wallets held by the (shared) mobility assets, its owners or users. Selling the surplus power increases efficiency and resilience of the power plant portfolio, and provides an incentive for the private sector to invest in renewable power plants. Local grid operators and integrated utilities may benefit from more efficient grid operation and decreasing demand for traditional generation assets and power transport infrastructure. However, the shift to a decentralised grid also represents tremendous disruption to traditional power and utility business models (as well as to power grids themselves which were designed to distribute power from generation to consumer, not from consumer to consumer) and requires increased awareness and knowledge on the part of consumers (Steinberger et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Public health care expenditure is expected to reach 5.8% of GDP in 2030 from an average of about 3.7% over the 2006-10 period (de la Maisonneuve and Oliveira Martins, 2013). This is the largest increase among the BRIICS countries and close to the highest among OECD countries. Around 40% of the public health care spending rise will be due to demographic trends against an average of 30 and 20% for the other BRIICS and OECD countries, respectively. The South African health care system is highly fragmented and mostly privately financed. The poor are particularly vulnerable to catastrophic health expenditure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Further information on home networking can be found in Chapter 9. The interactivity can be provided with different degree of possibilities - from simplest to maximal implementation of interactivity. Further development of interactivity in television is the combination of functionalities of digital television and the Internet - integrated broadcast-broadband systems (see section 10.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Rather, they are Secretariat information papers intended to inform Member countries, as well as the UNFCCC audience. Korea, Mexico, Chile and Israel are also members of the CCXG. Where this document refers to “countries” or “governments”, it is also intended to include “regional economic organisations”, if appropriate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The data consisted of the number of units sold and the number of units that had passed the use by date and thus were discarded. The corresponding purchasing value for units sold and units discarded were included in the data. The data basis was specified for three varieties of minced meat in 629 stores in Norway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Positive outcomes include more efficient use of resources and strengthening of the links between thematic inspectors. However, the insufficient level of cooperation betw een GASI and the Ministry of Environment and Tourism is a weak link in the new' system. The dependency of soum environmental inspectors on soum governors is another drawback. However, some implementing regulations are absent or incomplete, leading to some gaps in permitting, notably regarding air emissions and wastewater discharges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In this field, participation of women, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where women constitute a large proportion of the agricultural labour force, will also be critical to enhancing their decision-making in agricultural research and extension services and to addressing their specific needs. For instance, transformation of diverse agroecological rural economies requires the expertise of biologists, agronomists, water engineers, nutritionists, economists and social and political scientists (Lipton, 2010). Moreover, the private sector tends to invest mainly in profitable research, including agricultural chemical inputs, machinery and biotechnology, targeting wealthier economies and larger farmers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The essay looks at how to conduct better contemporary research into football hooligan gangs in the light of flawed media reporting of the phenomenon and a general move away from the rich tradition of ethnography in sociology, physical cultural studies and criminology in recent years. The essay explores some theoretical and methodological issues arising from conducting a research project into football hooligan writings. It looks at the project's utility for longer term ethnographic and historical research into the many hundreds of football hooligan gangs that can be identified in a longitudinal cultural mapping of the field. The essay presents material from a sustained archival research project where one copy of each item of a genre known as football hooligan memoirs was archived, and authors and publishers were interviewed. The essay is an audit for a contemporary and possible future study of football hooligan gangs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Extrapolating these trends was bound to exacerbate the different trajectories. Allocations are made to programmes or institutions as a proportion of available resources and/or total spending rather than the overall size of the economy. Moreover, using GDP as a denominator for projections related to social protection spending, total public spending and public revenues means that their dynamics are closely connected by a variable that is exogenous to budgetary decisions. This reflects the problem with benchmarking government spending on a specific sector as a proportion of GDP to gauge a government’s commitment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)