albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Numbers of those who consider themselves Tongans have recently been estimated at 70,000 in the United States and 55,000 in New Zealand. Australia may have a further 20,000. A broadly similar balance would probably be true of Samoans, but with the distinction that more Samoans are in New Zealand than in the United States, and many are also in American Samoa. It may no longer be quite so adventurous but the basic structure has remained remarkably constant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In particular, there is little justification for tax breaks for stock options and carried interest. Raising such taxes would increase equity and allow a growth-enhancing cut in marginal labour income tax rates. This can hamper productivity through lower competitive pressures from the entry of new firms, and can also reduce employment (Murtin et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At the same time, increased public constraints call for a mobilisation of new sources of finance and partnerships with the private sector. This working paper analyses several of these sources: public-private partnerships, tax-increment financing, development charges, value-capture taxes, loans, bonds and carbon finance. The challenge in mobilising these instruments is to design them in a green way, while building capacity to engage in real co-operative and flexible arrangements with the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Access to safe public spaces greatly informs the perceived and real sentiment of urban safety, which is itself a key prerequisite for protection against physical and sexual harassment. These safety measures in return determine the level of accessibility and inclusivity in use of public spaces, particularly for the vulnerable urban populations (including women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities). Indicator 11.7.2 aims to measure the proportion of persons who have experienced physical or sexual harassment with various forms of disaggregation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Its core elements are comprehensive pricing of GHG emissions and increased support for the development and deployment of GHG-emissions-reducing technologies. The alternative regulatory approach would be more costly and unlikely to deliver the required scale of reductions in emissions. To reduce the probability of severe climate-change impacts and costs occurring, global GHG emissions need to be reduced substantially over coming decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Local, national, and global events that dominate today's media (e.g., war in Iraq, genocide in Darfur, historical lack of confidence in national political leadership, Katrina/Rita aftermath, etc.) represent open and ever-present personal invitations to “wake up” to the complex challenges that increasingly define communities across dimensions of culture, race, ethnicity, social economic status, religious affiliation, and other parameters of multiculturalism. Related, these invitations speak to the urgent need for strong and sustained advocacy for social change and social justice. Deciding how, when, or if to respond to life's invitations is a matter of choice to which the readership is hereby also invited to examine.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The space for doing this can be increased by introducing measures to control and regulate international capital flows as well as the operations of the domestic financial sector. Countries like Chile and Malaysia have managed to follow this course for a certain period of time with some degree of success. The right mix of these policies can be applied deliberately so as to promote investment in specific industries at specific times, and especially in sectors with the greatest potential for upgrading skills, reaping economies of scale and raising productivity growth, thereby increasing the rates of return on investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This challenge is compounded by the difficulty in assigning value to the “costs” borne by local communities. The market costs are well understood and relatively straightforward, but the costs to communities are more complex. Typical concerns or “costs” cited by communities include changes to landscapes, nuisance (e.g. noise or shadow flicker), environmental impacts (e.g. wildlife and water quality) and the potential for reduced property values (Hubert and Horbaty, 2011). Many communities also feel excluded from the decision-making processes concerning the sites and technologies selected for their area (Bryden, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The analysis summarises the context, the state ofplay, and the mechanics of the complex and evolving landscape of energy subsidies in the country. In fact, Moldova imports around 90% of its energy needs. The cost of energy imports amounted to about USD 1.3 bln, equivalent to 18.1% of GDP, or 23.9% of total imports in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the watershed, there were many farms at that time that were causing serious water quality issues. The farm organisations did not want to see the names of farmers appearing in media or government reports as examples of poor agricultural practices. There is no appetite for what some see as secret payments, and in 2009 all landowners receiving a grant were asked to check off a box allowing their names and projects to be used in public.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A new body could take overall responsibility for the entire VET system at upper secondary and post-secondary levels, including the relationship with social partners. The OECD team noted a widely shared commitment across different stakeholders to work together to address policy reform and to work with industry partners, a newly established council must take advantage of this environment. An earlier Council for Human Resources established in 2000 sought to design a national training and employment strategy. According to the information available in other OECD reports and the background report provided by the local team, a significant consequence of the implementation of this strategy was the reorganisation and consolidation of VET programmes in recent years (OECD, 2010b, SPU-MoHE, 2012:37).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some concerns were raised that they were a disruptive force with regard to the WTO-led multilateral trading system, compared with the inclusive and consensual nature ofthe latter regime, these regional negotiations excluded the majority ofthe world's countries and people yet could affect them in various ways. The Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), adopted at Bali in 2013, is the biggest multilateral trade deal of the past 20 years (discussed later). The WTO-led Aid for Trade (AfT) initiative shows trade multilateralism can be responsive to the concerns ofthe most capacity-constrained members and can help address their development needs. The TFA's implementation is also directly linked to parties' capacity, with technical assistance available to help in this regard. More importantly, in today's turbulent times, the WTO still provides the best rules-based governance framework for world trade and safeguards the development interests of the world's smallest and poorest countries. Commonwealth members could lead the way by reaffirming their commitment to a free, fair and inclusive multilateral trading system that supports the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The article constitutes a review o f selected articles published in 2015 by leading Polish scientific journals dealing with international security („Bellona”, „Bezpieczenstwo Narodowe” [„National Security”], „Rocznik Strategiczny” [„Strategic Yearbook”] and „Stosunki Miedzynarodowe” [„International Relations”]). It aims to highlight main directions o f research conducted in the previous year by the Polish strategic studies community. The author presents the most important and interesting arguments in main debates undertaken on the pages o f reviewed publications adding his own analytical commentary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some responsibilities need to be further clarified and clearly delineated between agencies. Effective biodiversity work requires strong coordination between agencies within the entity' based on regular meetings of the inter-agency committee on biodiversity, as well as on cooperation between entities. Biodiversity' is not integrated into the policies and activities of other sectors either. There is a lack of guidance on MEA implementation and of capacity' among staff, as well as a low level of understanding of international processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While this process may be predicated on the idea that increases in autonomy and financial transfers will benefit the absorbed areas as well as the original city, in reality there are no guarantees that the social and physical infrastructure will be adequate for what may now be a greatly expanded and more complex area. Another concern is that, given that population density is given little regard, this results in cities paying less attention to developing dense and well-connected urban environment, by instead favouring ad-hoc development which can quickly add to their population figures. This will make the provision of public services, such as wastewater treatment, solid waste collection and mass public transport extremely costly and inefficient. In this way, the classification system may also have an impact in limiting longer-term economic investments that may suit the particular characteristics of a given city.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It is important to focus on the cultural aspects of traditional natural resource management in order to understand the manner in which culture influences use and management of natural resources by men and women. Johnson (1974:86) observed: “Analyses of the shared cognitive aspects of human ecological systems must increasingly take into account behaviour which connects a people’s idea to the external environment in which they attempt to survive.” Such knowledge and practices are preserved and transmitted to the subsequent generations either orally (folk songs/folk tales) or through shared experiences (rituals and religious ceremonies). Nietschmann (1992: 3) reported that “where there are indigenous peoples with a homeland there are still biologically-rich environments”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Employment growth in Hong Kong, China is starting to slow, with a lag in response to weaker economic growth and corporate profits. According to the last labour force surveys for the fourth quarter of 2011, the unemployment rate in Mongolia was estimated at 9%, down from 13% in last quarter of 2010. This is the result of considerable and sustained investments in education, advanced infrastructure, such as highspeed communications and broadband technology, and institutions that reward innovation and facilitate economic transactions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The institutional capacity and staff of the federal Ministry of the Environment (MMA) have grown remarkably over the last ten years. The MMA has gradually come out from its long-standing isolation from sectoral policy making and has increasingly engaged in constructive dialogue with other line ministries. This has led to recent progress in integrating environmental issues into the economic and social agendas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Although more a framework for action than a specific strategy, the Millennium Declaration has replaced the Washington Consensus as the lead for global action. While eradication of poverty is a noble aim of promoting social justice—and should be kept for that reason alone—reduction is a more realistic ambition. Each of the eight Goals derived from the Declaration reflects this more pragmatic approach. Even so, implementing these goals is a momentous task.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Yet, the policies, rules and institutions established to govern these processes are mostly national, while global mechanisms are strongly compartmentalized. Without reform, tensions will grow between decision-making processes at the national level and those at the global level. The question is how to reform the institutions responsible for global governance so as to make them better equipped to address these challenges coherently while allowing nations and their people to have the necessary space to determine their own destinies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Cote d'Ivoire was estimated to have exported 28 000 tonnes of maize over the same period, including 22 000 tonnes to Mali. Consequently, it is difficult to evaluate the growing interdependence between policies, flows and production, biasing interpretation of the real capacity of supply to meet food demand. This information is an essential contribution in food security and nutrition policies and provides the basis for calculating food energy supply. Consumption of maize H and sorghum is overestimated and H of rice underestimated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Large and still-growing populations of young people are already challenging many less-developed and low-income countries, where government capacities and resources are strained. Without appropriate investments today in youth—girls, boys, young adolescents and young adults—to prepare them for the future, these challenges of meeting the needs of a growing population will become increasingly daunting with time in many lower income countries. Most people alive today have yet to reach age 30.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Various targets emphasize the need for renewed efforts to protect the rights of workers, including migrants (8.8), the economic security of young migrants is indirectly addressed in targets 10.7 (planned and well-man-aged migration policies) and lO.c (migrant remittance costs). Equality in access to economic resources is highlighted in targets 1.4,5.4,5.S, S.a, 10.2,10.3 and 10.4. These targets are intended to guide policy efforts and programmatic interventions that will help Governments and the international community meet this Goal. Importantly, the Goal 8 targets overlap with targets for other Goals in the 2030 Agenda, most notably those relating to poverty (Goal 1), education (Goal 4), gender equality (Goal 5), infrastructure, industrialization and innovation (Goal 9), and reducing inequality (Goal 10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
While official rhetoric of multiculturalism claims to value cultural diversity, everyday multiculturalism focuses on how people of diverse cultural backgrounds live together in their everyday lives. Research on everyday multiculturalism has documented ways through which people negotiate senses, sensibilities, emotionality, and relationality across intercultural contact zones. While recognizing the importance of human intentionality and community in conditioning coexistence, this article also points to the constitutive power of practice-based learning that emerges through the coming together of human and nonhuman beings. Drawing on a qualitative study of the learning experiences of six Chinese immigrants in community gardens on a university campus in Canada, this article shows three ways of learning that foster knowing, connecting, and hybrid knowledge production across cultures: (a) learning through communities of conviviality, (b) learning mediated through nonhuman things such as land, waste, and free-fl...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article asks, “What is the way forward for single-country scholarship?” It also discusses why and how single-country scholars should adopt a more comparative approach in their research. To do this, the article presents cross-sectional and longitudinal data that illustrate the relative isolation of the single-country canon, especially nondomestic single-country studies, within the wider discipline of political science. To suggest how this be redressed, the article then discusses how single-country scholarship might build bridges to the comparative approach and the benefits this might generate. The article argues that careful and innovative use of the case study research design provides the ideal means to do this.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Using digital technology it provides information about market opportunities, tracks goods, enhances transparency and connects buyers and sellers. The platform also issues regional quality certifications and protects farmers against prices falling too low by offering storage facilities that enable them to sell their goods at more favourable prices in the future. The platform, which received a USD 4.4 million DfID grant, is implemented by the Eastern Africa Grain Council in partnership with various industry stakeholders (grain traders and buyers, policy and research bodies, trade and information agencies). Engagement with the private sector has proved critical to the success of the project {OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 70).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Disagreements frequently arise over the dominant role played by realism in the study of international relations. Even though some scholars characterize the discipline by its rich theoretical diversity, others see realist concerns overshadowing all alternative theories. John Vasquez's The Power of Power Politics (1983) demonstrated how the realist paradigm had informed more than 90 percent of the data-based articles published from the end of World War II to 1970. In this Forum, we reevaluate the centrality of realism in international relations scholarship. Reviewing 515 data-based articles published from 1970 to 2000, we find that the proportion of articles informed by realism has been declining over the past three decades. From 1995 to 2000, liberalism surpassed realism as the leading guide to inquiry. This new theoretical pluralism calls into question the power of power politics thesis as a fitting description of contemporary research in international relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Climate change is a key driver for developing an ecosystem based fishery management system as it exerts a pervasive influence over the whole fished system. Management approaches and policies should be expected to differ in detail due to regional differences. Still they will have an overarching functional similarity as a result of responding to climate drivers of change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This is in contrast to countries such as Germany, where returning foreign-born students and native students of mixed heritage were respectively 16 and 12 percentage points less likely than native students to do so. First-generation immigrant students are foreign-born students of two foreign-born parents. Second-generation immigrant students are Swedish-bom students of two foreign-bom parents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD countries. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. This paper aims to inspire and guide RFMO secretariats and member countries in how to focus their effort and investment to step up the contribution of RFMOs to the fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The health system is based on a Social Health Insurance (SHI) scheme with universal coverage, a generous benefit package, and a strong regulatory role for the Ministry of Health. In 2014, Czech adults smoked more than the EU average. Moreover, adults consumed 11.9 litres of alcohol per capita in 2014, nearly 2 litres more than the EU average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Political corruption is a massive barrier to economic development and good governance. International institutions have become leaders in the effort to combat the problem. A growing number of such institutions have crafted official anticorruption rules, procedures and policies designed to deter the abuse of power within their membership and within institutional practice. Despite these regulatory developments, little is known about the role these institutions play in influencing corruption or whether the growing set of governance rules now in place have any effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Longitudinal cohort analyses based on the INDEPTH network of demographic and health surveillance sites (www.indepth-network.org) show an association between socio-economic status and under-five mortality (Mwageni and others, 2011), but this association does not hold when other factors are taken into consideration (Debpuur and others, 2011). The country data are from the most recent DHS surveys conducted in 2005-2013 and are weighted by the 2005 population size of each ofthe 50 countries in a multivariate regression. Figure 9 presents the measured effect of household wealth on child mortality (ages 0-4 years or 0-59 months) for the three regions included in the analysis. The net relative risk of dying before reaching the fifth birthday for a child born in Africa from the richest household is 89 per cent that for a child from the poorest household in the region. In contrast, the net relative risk of dying of a child born in Asia from the richest household is only 52 per cent that for a child from the poorest household.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In this chapter, a brief overview of the Croatian antiterrorism legal framework – relevant substantive and procedural criminal law provisions, as well as the assessment of its compliance with ratified antiterrorist international treaties – is presented. Special attention is given to considerations concerning the implementation of article 5 of the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism. The Republic of Croatia has ratified this Convention and is bound by its provisions after 1 May 2008. In this respect, the author is of the opinion that the drafting of a criminal offence of public provocation to commit terrorism-related criminal offences in domestic substantive criminal law should not be treated as a purely technical issue but as a major challenge in searching for appropriate balance in efficient suppression of terrorism while preserving human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Most informal enterprises are small, with fewer than nine employees (IFC, 2013a). Companies in the informal sector face substantial obstacles, both financial - e.g. gaining access to external resources (IFC, 2013b) - and infrastructural -e.g. Nevertheless, the significant uptake of mobile phones (59% over 2006-11) among informal enterprises has a positive correlation with their sales (Paunov and Rollo, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Moreover, addressing the structural inequalities that perpetuate social exclusion and vulnerability requires integrated and coherent policies which are consistent over time. Policymakers increasingly recognize this challenge and the need to focus on immediate and near-future decisions that have longer-term impacts, while maintaining the flexibility needed to adjust to changing conditions and information. A recent report on the melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet, for example, found that sea levels will possibly have risen by as much as three feet by the end of the century, with severe implications for the world’s coastal cities (Gillis, 2016). This new estimate of the speed of sea-level rise yields roughly twice the increase expected under the plausible worst-case scenario produced by IPCC in 2013 (Church and others, 2013). Rapid improvements in climate technologies is facilitating new assessments, better environment statistics and more information, although important gaps do remain (see chaps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)