albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Unusually, perhaps, for a discussion of the political economy of policy reform, it begins with a look at the role of evidence and analysis - reflecting the fact that much of the pressure for environmental policy reform arises not from the complaints of agents currently suffering the consequences of the status quo, but from forward-looking scientific analyses of the impact of human activities over a long time horizon. This is followed by a relatively simple sketch of other influences on behaviour and the policy process and a look at environmental policy processes. Five cases of environmental policy reform are then analysed in some detail in order to assess the impact of some of the factors that appear to explain the success, or failure, of environmental policy reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Of these, Norway has emphasised that its approach is not a monitoring and evaluation framework in the traditional sense. Rather, Norway is using existing systems and initiatives to track adaptation and to continuously learn what approaches to adaptation are effective in reducing climate vulnerability and risk (GIZ, 2013). Some of the frameworks outlined in Table 1.2 specify desired outputs and outcomes (e.g. the Philippines and France).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Manufacturing jobs tended to move from the Northeast and Midwest to the West and South up to the late 1990s. Some of the affected workers were able to move to the higher-end of the job distribution, but many had to take up jobs in the lower-wage service sector, potentially displacing lower-skilled workers. This shock was especially strong in the Western states, which lost about 8% of construction jobs between 2007 and 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In 2012, about 10% of the variance in mathematics score to PISA test was explained by the socio-economic background of students in Korea. On average across the OECD about 15% of the variance in PISA mathematics score is explained by socio-economic background reaching more than 15% in countries such as France and Germany. As in most other OECD countries, the variation in PISA mathematics score is higher within schools than between schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Equally, there is a substantial amount of research that shows economic downturns are strongly associated with worse health, particularly in the area of mental health and some causes of mortality. These surprising, and seemingly contradictory, results have led to a body of research that seeks to provide a better understanding of how macroeconomic conditions can influence health outcomes. This paper builds on these existing studies by first undertaking a review of the available empirical research and, second, undertaking a new piece of analysis using well-tested methodologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Immigrants perform better in import/export industries than generally in independent business. The usual explanation addresses their overseas social networks. Extensive network connections abroad enable immigrants to reduce the daunting transaction costs that otherwise bedevil SMEs in international trade. Accepting that prevailing view, this research obtains evidence regarding the actual social network ties that Iranian immigrant entrepreneurs in Los Angeles had with trading partners abroad. However, instead of looking at connections between the Iranians and their homeland, we examined instead their social connections with other locations in the Iranian international diaspora. Although preliminary and sketchy, this evidence tends to confirm the importance of personal social contacts abroad, but it also shows that Iranian traders still reported many collection problems overseas and, as a result, had undertaken legal strategies of self-protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, this very same nuclear production is a contribution to the diversification of power supplies at the European level. It is, however, increasingly recognised that the national level may not be the appropriate level to deal with the issue. In Europe, for instance, the creation of a single market for goods and services as well as the creation of a European-wide market for carbon emissions is driving an evolution that sees energy and security of supply issues more and more as European issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Around 75% of principals in intervention schools estimated that the project led to collaboration between teachers in unusual and positive ways, and that the project provided professional development opportunities that their teaching staff would not have otherwise had. The survey instruments measure both the local contexts in which the intervention takes place and the effects of the intervention on a series of outcomes of interest for students and teachers, including the change in teachers' pedagogical practices, attitudes and beliefs, as well as the effects of those practices on their students' tests scores, their understanding and attitude towards creativity and critical thinking, their engagement in school, and their scores in standardised creativity tests. While the results are tentative, the initial analysis of the pilot student data shows that the intervention has promising effects on the outcomes of interest. The next phase of the project should entail a validation (or efficacy) study before countries scale up the effective approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
ABSTRACTSince its early years, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has based its strategy on the promotion of multiculturalism. However, despite UNESCO’s declarations and recommendations on cultural diversity and multilingualism, some member states have adopted different and unreceptive national cultural policies. In fact, the principles and objectives of UNESCO were widely disregarded or produced partial and contradictory results. A case in point is the political and cultural context of North Africa. This paper analyses the changes to the linguistic rights policies of UNESCO and its North African member states following the 2011 revolutionary developments in the Maghrib.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Third, and most significantly, it is important to build up women's agency and capabilities to create better synergies between gender equality and sustainable development outcomes. Ensuring women's access to and control over agricultural assets and productive resources is important for achieving food security and sustainable livelihoods (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2011). Women's knowledge, agency and collective action are central to finding, demonstrating and building more economically, socially and environmentally sustainable pathways to manage local landscapes, adapt to climate change, produce and access food, and secure sustainable water, sanitation and energy services. Further, certain aspects of gender equality, such as female education and women's share of employment, can have a positive impact on economic growth, although this impact is dependent on the nature of growth strategies, the structure of the economy, the sectoral composition of women's employment and labour market segregation, among other factors (Kabeer and Natali, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Over the past two years, sales in metropolitan France have fallen substantially, amounting to a 9% decline in constant Euros. National expenditure, which was strictly controlled, primarily related to research, fisheries inspection and, exceptionally, the payment of compensation to the victims of natural disasters. These efforts will continue in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In accordance w ith the Regulation on Forests, which was valid until November 2011, the funds have been transferred into a special budgetary' account of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (20 percent) and the budgets of the cantons (80 per cent). In 2015,929 ha were afforested, less than the 1,163.3 ha planned. The area under all kinds of silviculture works has been continuously decreasing in the past five years (table 12.15).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In Asia, as well as globally, China is making its mark, accounting for most of the global alternative finance market, while Africa and the Middle East show potential for growth. One of the main advantages of these solutions is that they can be tailored to specific contexts, promising growth even for SMEs with a limited digital footprint. Strong logistics services are a sign of a dynamic business ecosystem. Developing countries in particular assign these services great importance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
We are witnessing the disappearance of the traditional paradigm that viewed the structural position as the determining factor in shaping collective action and social actors. Because of the structural and cultural changes that have occurred in the world and the region -the transformation of Latin America's weak national Statecentred industrial society and the break-up of the traditional relationships between State and society- collective action is tending to take shape mainly along four axes: political democratization, social democratization or the struggle against exclusion and for citizenship, the reconstruction and international reintegration of national economies or the reformulation of the economic development model, and the redefinition of a model of modernity. As a result, social actors are becoming less wedded to single causes, more concerned with sociocultural issues than politico-economic ones, and more focused on demands concerned with quality of life and inclusion than on projects of broader social change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Ibis can help public employment services to identify the most appropriate course of action for each job-seeker, particularly at the start of a period of unemployment. Economic rewards for greater proficiency provide an incentive for investing in developing and maintaining skills. Greater proficiency in information-processing skills appears to be more generously rewarded in some countries than others, where wage-setting and other labour market arrangements may limit those incentives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Every year in this category counts as two years in the scheme, with the maximum reduction being from five to three years. Includes remote locations, small communities, very difficult community attributes, and high Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people need. Also includes demonstrated requirement for advanced practice skills, special services, and extreme climate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Open innovation not only increases the speed of exploitation and captures economic value from ideas through inward licensing or spinning out unused ideas, it also creates a sense of urgency among internal innovators to use or lose internally available knowledge and technologies. Other motivations for using external sources of innovation are to increase the number of ideas for new projects, to attract and retain talent, and to increase external funding of ideas and technology development (OECD, 2008b). Some of these firms performed in-house R&D, which indicates that they contract out new products or processes not because they lack in-house capability, but in order to find complementary capabilities (OECD, 2010a). Human resource management and the management of different partners are an important aspect of open innovation, since success often depends on involving external partners in the company’s innovation activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Many developing countries lack the legal and financial framework to enforce the complex contractual models required for ESCOs (Sarkar and Singh 2010). International ESCOs, while initially eager to operate in developing countries, acknowledge that many prospective customers require more time and capacity-building to adequately understand and accept such models, and customer credit-worthiness and local credit are not assured (Sarkar and Singh 2010). Preparing information and building the institutions needed to formulate, institutionalize and implement industrial energy-efficiency policies and programmes all have costs, something not always considered in policy measure discussions (UNEP 2006a, WEC 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Most of the new equilibrium tariffs are slightly below 0.30 dirham (USS0.0037) per m . But the supplementary charges due to energy costs for pumps, were they to apply, are in some cases higher than the “equilibrium tariff” (table 4.4). The tariffs for irrigation water were progressively increased over the past decade or so, and bill recovery rates have apparently improved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The text of this Recommendation can be accessed at htln://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/recommendations/General%20recommendalion%2025%20(English).ndf. The share of women in par liaments in the Arab region has generally increased since 1995 (Table 2). It has reached above 25 per cent in Algeria, Iraq, Mauritania, the Sudan and Tunisia, showing a significant rise after the adoption of gender quotas in these countries. However, there remain large dispar ities in women’s participation throughout the region, and women’s presence in parliament is close to zero in at least seven countries (Comoros, Egypt, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar and Yemen).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This also reflects the pervasiveness of island social mores, and perhaps some discrimination in destinations that increases the desire to maintain island social ties. For whatever combination of reasons, there is room for some degree of optimism that remittance flows will not decline significantly in the near future, but alongside pessimism that this will not continue indefinitely, especially for non-migrant generations. Thus far at least, the migration-remittances nexus has proved sustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The following section sets out what may happen to low-income families under the alternative “Golden Age?” These two scenarios share some common trends. In both future worlds, economic growth is expected to be slow to modest (on average) to 2030, both expect to see rising social inequalities, and both predict continued pressure on public spending with the generosity of welfare payments declining. But there are important differences between the scenarios with differing implications for poverty and social cohesion. As a result, while the numbers living in absolute poverty have declined, the continued rise in inequality has meant that relative poverty has continued to grow, albeit at a relatively slow pace. While incomes have risen, so too have costs, particularly for housing, education and transport and those at the bottom of the income distribution scale are increasingly excluded in these domains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Other aspects of risk - including how to target extensive, everyday risks - also need to be better understood. Risk management and resilience criteria should be part of all budget allocation processes. A 'tagging and tracing' methodology, that allows the tracking and calculation of allocated funds, could, therefore, be beneficial. Building resilience aspects into concessional loans may provide a useful additional funding stream.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In October 2015, the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration declared the third global coral reef bleaching event, the previous two took place in 1998 and 2010. These global shocks, brought on by climate change, and coupled with events such as the El Nino phenomenon are the largest and most pervasive threats to coral reefs around the world (NOAA, 2015). Many areas of boreal forests have experienced biomass productivity declines that have been attributed to warming-induced drought (Williams el al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Albanian authorities have intensified cooperation with their Italian counterparts in mapping illicit cultivation areas through aerial surveys. The quantity of cannabis seized in Albania in 2014 (101.7 tons) exceeded the total quantity seized during the previous nine years (96 tons). Seizures of cannabis plants in a country may indicate the production of the drug in its territory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
From the middle of the 20th century to today, there have been drastic changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations and dynamics in many marine areas. Currently there are over 500 hypoxic systems covering over 240 000 km2 around the globe related to human activities. The great future challenge will be to integrate agriculture and other land based activates with aquaculture in a manner that addresses the multiple needs of humans but also protects ecosystem services and function that humans depend on.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Programmes for the development of the agro-industrial complex represent the main mid-term agricultural policy framework in Kazakhstan. The succession of agricultural programmes since the beginning of the 2000s shows that this process has largely been driven by changes in ministerial leadership. Policy adjustments are necessary to respond to evolving situations both within and outside the agricultural sector, but this should not create undue policy instability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2015, ODA disbursement on forestry was about USD 800 million, or just under 1 percent of total ODA. While net ODA disbursement on forestry has increased since 2000, there is annual variability and it has decreased as a proportion of total ODA. There is a lack of reliable information from official statistics about the informal forest sector, although it has been estimated to provide between 40 million and 60 million jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While monetary poverty gives a good picture of 'the financial resources needed to support household members at a subsistence level ofit is incomplete when measuring whether all household members have access to the necessary goods and services. As argued above, having enough financial resources does not always mean that this access is guaranteed. This can be due to lack of services or infrastructure, lack of information, administrative restrictions, discrimination and other reasons. At the same time, it may well be that the access to certain goods and services is guaranteed without the need of the financial resources at the household level because, for instance, the goods or services are available for free or almost free (e.g., partially subsidised).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, given that the broader reform involves a shift in the composition from corporate income tax towards consumption tax, it also reduces the price of domestically-produced goods relative to imported goods (the so-called fiscal devaluation effect), possibly boosting thereby net exports and the current account in the short run.26 Considering that the competitiveness effect may partly eroded by nominal exchange rate adjustments, the effect could be stronger for euro area countries. By favouring new firms’ entry, price reductions and higher demand, a more competitive environment can stimulate investment, in particular if this is accompanied by a lower regulatory burden (Alesina et al., At the same time, by reducing internally-generated funds, lower mark-ups may depress investment, at least in the short term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Analysis of the South African Child Support Grant”, Working Paper, School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal. Evidence from South African Pensions”, NBER Working Paper 8495. Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch. South African Economic Policy under Democracy, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
An estimated amount of $320 million is available for Tier 2 activities. For instance, at WTO, in addition to regional courses, LDCs are entitled to participate in three national activities per year such as training and technical assistance activities, compared to two for other developing countries. Apart from regular participation of LDCs in general WTO-related training, an introduction course on the WTO is organized in Geneva exclusively for the LDCs. It articulates policies and measures by LDCs and their development partners to promote sustained economic growth and sustainable development of LDCs and their beneficial integration into the world economy. Accordingly, it addresses the following cross-cutting priority issues: poverty eradication, gender equality, employment, governance at national and international levels, capacity-building, sustainable development, special problems of landlocked and small island LDCs, and challenges faced by LDCs affected by conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While access to potable water in urban areas is now almost universal, 56% of the urban population had access to sewage collection systems in 2011, with large regional variations. In some areas, environmental and health impacts resulting from insufficient sanitation and high levels of fertiliser and pesticide use are significant (MMA, 2010, 2015). The main nationwide policy-making body is the National Environmental Council (CONAMA), established in 1981, a high-level advisory and deliberative committee that brings together representatives of all government levels and principal stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The remaining aid flows which were not screened against the marker were mainly attributable to the United States’ reporting. The other 23 DAC members combined a total of 92% of their aid. Canada stands out as the exception in this regard, with 42.4% of its aid targeting gender equality as a principal objective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The review' of models in this paper highlights emerging systems of models where different modelling approaches are designed to work together coherently. In this way, techniques w'ith different strengths are amalgamated and a broader range of policy questions may be explored. Examples include the system of models developed by the U.S. Congressional Budget Office and by the University of Canberra and Monash University in Australia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Efforts to collect this data at a city level are underway in countries to ensure its availability in the coming monitoring rounds for this goal. This target has two indicators, data and methodology, both of which are available. Weak land-use planning, informal settlements often located on high-risk areas and limited disaster response capacities in African cities exacerbate disaster vulnerability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The MIS approach for example, tries to blend the best of the methodologies for developing budget standards in the United Kingdom - the Family Budget Unit (FBU) and the Consensual Budget Standard (CBS). Under the FBU approach a panel of professional experts constructs budget standards, while the CBS is drawn up by ordinary people. The CBS approach considers that negotiation and agreement are necessary to defining a minimum standard.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The increased frequency and expansion of hypoxic and anoxic deep water has affected the structural and functional diversity of benthic communities. Phytoplankton productivity has increased and there has been a shift from dominance of diatoms to dominance of dinoflagellates in the phytoplankton spring bloom (HELCOM, 2009). Changes have also occurred in the zooplankton community where copepod biomass and the mean size of zooplankton have decreased, with consequences for the weight-at-age in herring stocks, Figure 26 (HELCOM, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)