albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The ongoing challenge is to explore ways of incorporating these groups into current social protection schemes. This is a particularly sensitive area that has received little attention in the debate on social protection, in a region where formal sector employment is in short supply and there are many deep-seated problems in expanding it. This component of social protection encompasses a set of regulations and standards designed to promote and protect decent work, that is to say, work in conditions of freedom, social justice, security and human dignity (ILO, 2008d). This set of regulations includes those aimed at formalizing contractual relations, guaranteeing rights to form and join trade unions and to occupational safety, regulations and prohibitions on child and adolescent labour and regulations on employment and the minimum wage (World Bank, 2001b), as well as regulations to prevent discrimination at work, especially against women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
National injustice has been linked to lower national happiness. We predict that national religiosity will mitigate this negative influence of injustice on happiness. We test this hypothesis analyzing national-level data from 121 nations, using a single-level moderated regression analysis. To capture various aspects of national injustice, we combine four national measures associated with injustice, namely: indexes of group grievances, political terror, rule of law, and corruption perceptions. The results show that national religiosity has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between injustice and happiness, such that higher levels of religiosity mitigate more of the negative effects of injustice on happiness than lower levels do. The results hold when religious affiliation and indexes of economic prosperity, education, and social support are controlled for. These results indicate that people in religious cultures may successfully utilize religious faith to deal with adverse conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While densification and congestion charges are not the only effective tools to reduce energy demand and carbon emissions, they are important as they do not have a detrimental effect on long-term economic growth, when innovation is taken into account. The employment multiplier associated with a particular regional economic stimulus is designed to yield an estimate of the total employment attributable to the stimulus per job or man-year of employment directly created. There is a possibility that different sources of renewable energy are developed in sequence and in this case the impact on the labour market is larger and does not decline immediately. Extremadura (Spain), for example, began with the development of photovoltaic power between 2007 and 2009 and then started developing high-temperature thermo-solar, maintaining the high momentum for the construction and manufacturing industries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The majority of agricultural households in Asia grow rice and there is a correlation between the human intake of rice and the areas that produce rice. In Lao PDR, for example, 81 percent of the daily food supply consists of cereals. Agriculture has concentrated on a few staple crops, which in turn make up the bulk of people's diets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These are nurses who undertake postgraduate education qualifying them to take on some of the duties that previously only doctors could perform. Compared with some other countries, Australia was late in creating these roles. The United States and Canada established nurse practitioners in the mid-1960s (Delamaire and Lafortune, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The major problems are caused by the filtration beds of sugar factories, wineries and electronic enterprises. There are plans to create water basin management offices for two watersheds (the Dniester and Prut Rivers) (map 7.1). The slowing down of economic activity and a focus on transboundary rivers has resulted in the stabilization of the level of pollution of the big rivers (Dniester and Prut).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For example, every second employer has no guideline on when to contact an occupational physician in case of sickness absence. Employer sanctions are frequent: in one in five sickness absences longer than two years employers fail to meet their obligations and, as a sanction, have to continue sick pay at the same level for a third year. For example, it is important that the employment system and the employment service providers identify mental illness of jobseekers early on to prevent long-term unemployment and the sliding into disability benefit dependence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Similarly, in cases where biodiversity benefits are exceptionally high, when the adverse environmental impacts (i.e. social costs) are high (e.g. the pesticide DDT*) and/or when benefits are poorly understood (due to lack of scientific understanding and thus uncertainty) which may call for a precautionary approach, then prohibitions or restrictions on access, such as via the creation of natural parks, may be the best form of government intervention. These instruments will also have distributional implications which need to be considered and addressed as appropriate. Their purpose is to provide “correct” price signals to producers and consumers (to alter their production and consumption patterns) so as to close the gap between the marginal private costs and benefits and marginal social costs and benefits of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Le PISA 2015 montre que les resultats obtenus par les etudiants immigres sont bien pires que ceux des eleves autochtones en termes de resultats scolaires et de bien-etre. Les conclusions de ce rapport sont basees sur les travaux actuels de l’OCDE dans le domaine de l’integration des immigrants dans l’education, sur des donnees de l’OCDE et nationales, sur un questionnaire sur l'eventail des politiques et des pratiques en Suede et sur des exemples de bonnes pratiques d'integration des systemes de formation par les pairs dans des pays et regions apprenants [Autriche, Allemagne, Pays-Bas et Amerique du Nord (Canada et Etats-Unis)] qui revetent une importance particuliere pour la Suede. Le rapport inclut egalement des indications sur les politiques et les pratiques que la Suede pourrait adopter pour repondre aux defis actuels de l'integration dans les quatre domaines prioritaires. Since 2015, the very large influx of new arrivals with multiple disadvantages has put a well-developed integration system under great pressure and highlighted a number of challenges for education policy, given current institutional frameworks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Ensure that new teachers receive more support to develop professionally. All new teachers should have a mentor, be closely monitored and receive regular feedback to develop their teaching competencies. The current teacher portfolio should be developed into a formative tool that includes evidence of new teachers’ work with students, to be discussed w'ith their principals and mentors and to encourage selfreflection. Improve initial teacher education so that new teachers are adequately prepared to teach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Indeed overall there is a general trend towards strengthened regional and South-South cooperation as well as building international frameworks. Indeed the more countries that use the same system the better, because this will make it more valuable and sustainable for all members. On their own most countries would be unable to afford a comprehensive tsunami early warning system, for example, but they can achieve more if they share the costs with other countries and relevant regional and international organizations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Food processing is particularly important in this regard, not only because of its potential scale, but also because of its key role in rural structural transformation, as a critical part of the non-farm economy and a facilitator of agricultural development (UNCTAD, 2015a). Some energy-related activities may also behighly conducive to women’s entrepreneurship and employment, especially in the conception and design of end-use equipment, such as cook stoves and other electrical appliances (Puzzola et al., This may also provide an entry point into a much wider range of other (often male-dominated) small- and medium-scale manufacturing activities. Technological capability acquisition is all the more critical in the context of the ongoing penetration of renewable-energy technologies, which have witnessed rapid technological advances and whose performance is often determined by site-specific conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It can be assumed that electricity consumption in rural areas is considerably lower than in metropolitan areas. This holds particularly for the household sector where poverty levels are higher and overall population is low. Only in the remote areas of the Amazon, which cover about 45% of the Brazilian territory but with only 3% of the national population, grid electrification has been in part replaced by decentralised electricity supply alternatives: mainly small diesel plants supply isolated villages and towns at a total nominal capacity of only about 3 GW (Andrade, 2009a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
But teachers who work in schools with higher proportions of students from socio-economically disadvantaged homes or who work in rural areas are even more likely to have principals who report a number of shortages or inadequacies in human or material resources in the school. Upper secondary principals are 52 years old on average. Principals report spending nearly half of their time on administrative tasks (44% on average), and one-fifth (20%) of their time on curriculum and teaching-related activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This then raises the second issue: the treatment of children. It would be inappropriate to apply a full life cycle annuity calculation to the children in a household as well as the adults, since they are expected to leave the household and set up on their own. It is therefore assumed that children share in the household’s wealth until they reach majority (which is taken for the moment to be 18 years of age).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These figures are usually attributed to such factors as the absence of schools within the vicinity of indigenous communities, the prohibitive costs of education according to the standards of indigenous peoples, the lack or inadequacy of specialized infrastructure and teaching staff, discrimination and exclusion of indigenous interests from curricula. There is a need for improved State and civil society engagement with indigenous peoples at local and national levels. National curricula and materials should be intercultural and include accurate information regarding indigenous peoples, their cultures, histories and experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It has therefore decided to engage in a project dedicated to ‘Advancing the aquaculture agenda’. The overall project objective is to examine the policy challenges for a competitive and sustainable aquaculture sector in OECD countries. In addition, the project fully embraces the vision of the recent OECD Declaration on Green Growth (OECD, 2009) which states that 'the OECD can, through policy analysis and identification of best practices, assist countries in their efforts to respond to the growing policy demands to foster green growth and work with countries to develop further measures to build sustainable economies’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The leaseholder accumulated a large debt (about UAH 8 million or EUR 700 000) for power supply and purchased water, tax arrears and other payables. As a result, water supply continuity dropped from 24h hours to intermittent supply. In 2008, user charge revenues covered 73% of the average costs of water services and 85% of the costs of sanitation services. Because of the poor quality of service, consumers refused to pay their water bills in full.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The OECD guidelines for good practice set forth a number of options that could be considered to support efforts to move toward the sustainable management of water quality in agriculture. The greater use of economic instruments (e.g. water quality trading, pollution taxes) to address non-point source pollution can improve the cost effectiveness10 of measures. While water quality trading has the potential to lower the cost of achieving improved water quality, in practice, experience w ith such programmes remains fairly limited to date.11 Design features (e.g. scale, compliance requirements, transaction costs) have an important bearing on their overall performance in reaching environmental and efficiency objectives. Current efforts to advance sustainable agricultural practices (including, for example, “precision agriculture”) could be considerably scaled-up and provide opportunities for green growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Moreover, the concept of services for the children under the age of 3 is broadening in many countries from a labour market perspective to the inclusion of quality objectives, especially in integrated systems. Increases in the access to ECEC are not limited to children under the age of 3 and pre-primary education now begins for most children well before they are 5 years-old. However, universal access is not a guarantee for high-quality ECEC and inequities still persist in many countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These functions remain underdeveloped in Mexico (Figure 14.7), and would benefit from greater clarity about their allocation. The necessary accompaniment to increased autonomy of water operators is the establishment of appropriate accountability mechanisms, such as a consolidated monitoring framework for water supply and sanitation (involving performance indicators agreed by all) and strengthened users’ participation in the consultative bodies of water utilities and in water decision making. Tariff regulation, while not the only determinant of the financial sustainability of water operators (Figure 14.8), is an important one.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Thus, the volume of finance committed does not directly translate into how the needs of each country are being met, or into the difference in levels of readiness of each region to access international climate finance. Dots represent climate-related development finance flows per capita per year (USD per person, average between 2013 and 2014). The figure excludes some trans-boundary projects across countries/regions to avoid double counting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
J. (2015) 'Throwing sand in the Wheels: How protectionism slowed export-led growth for the world's poorest countries'. Report prepared for the Government of Sweden (revised version). However, the 2030 Agenda is silent on many of the potential role of regional integration in promoting inclusive growth and sustainable development.13 Regional integration is not only about promoting regional markets through tariff preferences. It is also a process whereby deeper and effective regional cooperation allows free movement of goods, services, investment and people to enable competitive production of exports, and participation and upgrading in regional and GVCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A national rural development programme that, among other areas, supported the development of local rural infrastructure expired in 2010 and was modest in scale. Local infrastructure issues are now included in the framework of territorial development programmes. It is important to ensure that the new territorial policy maintains concerted action on rural areas and the momentum created by the previous rural development programme is not lost. To allow for improvements in these areas, the regulations have been modified to comply with international standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Latin America, indigenous peoples make up 8 per cent of the population but 14 per cent of those living in poverty (ECLAC, 2016a). In China, for instance, ethnic minorities would require twice the amount of income as the majority just to reach the poverty line and thereby escape poverty, in Gabon, indigenous peoples would require three times as much income, while in Viet Nam, it would take seven time as much income for ethnic minorities to escape poverty (Hall and Patrinos, 2012). In many cases, the rate of poverty reduction has been slower among those groups, and they suffer more often from chronic poverty—poverty that is passed on from generation to generation (ibid.). Available from www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html (accessed 18 December 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A number of alternative approaches and agreement models can achieve the same goal, such as rent, leasehold, freehold, conditional freehold, or transient rights, including rights that vary according to seasons, for example. In many cases, a hybrid approach can be recognized whereby land disputes are first addressed through customary means, and - in the absence of a suitable resolution - they can then enter into the statutory process. They may complement a specific land dispute mediation process or they may represent a more appropriate tool. Public consultations can be employed to provide inputs in the development of a new land policy, or used to initiate a review process of a particularly contentious policy issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Tugliq sells the electricity generated under a long-term PPA to Glencore. Operating in severe climatic conditions of up to -40 °C, the project is a first-of-its-kind, and was completed in a record time within a short Arctic summer. It costs nearly CAD 19 million, with a front-end engineering design (FEED) study worth further CAD 2 million (NRCan, 2016a, 2016b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The 130,000 solar photovoltaic panels installed are expected to reduce the mine’s fuel consumption by about six million litres per year and its C02 emissions by nearly 18,500 tons per year.51 Many more renewable energy installations for mining sites are at different stages of planning. Examples for technological and process-based approaches in this context include improvements in energy monitoring and management, in-pit crushing and conveying, and haul truck payload optimization. Furthermore, autonomous technologies for loading, hauling, crushing and drilling have the potential to reduce fuel consumption, while also improving safety and productivity. For instance, it is estimated that driverless technology could lead to a 10-15 per cent reduction in fuel use and an 8 per cent reduction in maintenance costs (Cosbey et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Sexual violence against women is a serious problem worldwide. In this study, we organize and critically review previous empirical studies on sexual offenses against women through the lens of environmental criminology. For this purpose, we use the questions asked by environmental criminologists/crime analysts in the study of crime events, that is the: who, what, where, when, and how this phenomenon typically occurs. Based on the current state of the criminological research literature, we then provide a discussion on the prevention of sexual offenses against women drawing on a situational crime prevention framework. By engaging in this exercise, we argue that environmental criminology can substantially contribute to understanding and informing prevention practices in the field of sexual offenses against women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
AbstractThis paper explores the relationship between the protection of property rights and the effort to embed constitutionalism in South Africa since 1994. While the question of land will be central to the paper, property must be understood more broadly to include government’s distributive efforts in the democratic era beginning with the Reconstruction and Development Programme through the provision of various social-grant programmes to the adoption of affirmative action, black economic empowerment and preferential government procurement rules. Finally, the paper will focus on the re-emergence of the demand for land. While I acknowledge that a number of factors might hinder or promote post-colonial constitutionalism – including legal education, the need for constitutional ideas to be articulated in indigenous languages and the extent of participation in the political process – the paper focuses on the underlying political economy of colonial and post-colonial society, including the legacies of continued ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nearly 60% of Mexico's working women hold informal jobs, with little social protection and low pay. Mexico's adolescent pregnancy rate remains five times as high as the OECD average, and the share of young women not in employment, education or training is nearly four times the rate for young men. Across all age groups, Mexican mothers are less likely to be employed than mothers in most OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
2012."Institutional and Demographic Explanations of Women's Employment in 18 OECD Countries, 1975-1999.”Journal of Marriage and the Family 74, no. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 37, no. Women's Earnings and Household Inequality in OECD Countries, 1973-2013.”Acta Sociologica 60, no. 2016.“Has the Potential for Compensating Poverty by Women's Employment Growth Been Depleted?”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is also the case of several mid-sized FUAs (Taraz, Uralsk, Atyrau, Aktau and Aktobe).10 In contrast, in the other two metropolitan areas of Kazakhstan (Astana and Shymkent), the city cores grew' more rapidly than the commuting zone between 1999 and 2009. In OECD countries, suburbanisation has been particularly strong in large metropolitan areas (of more than 1.5 million people). Figure 1.10 shows the contributions of commuting zones and city cores to overall FUA growth during the 1999-2009 period. Beyond Astana, the fastest-growing cities are in the southern and western areas of the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Abstract This article seeks to provide a conceptual framework to complement and guide the empirical analysis of civil society. The core argument is that civil society must be understood, not as a category of (post)industrialized society, but as one of individualized society. Civil society is characterized by individualism that is sustained and protected by the civil values of autonomy and emancipation. This, accordingly, implies that empirical data of civil society can be understood most fruitfully within the framework of individualized society. Classical sociology, however, perceives this very individualism and its values as being antagonistic to its own civic vision. Hence, the crucial question is whether there can be any scope for citizenship, classically understood, within civil society. This article begins with the conceptual reconstruction of the social organization of civil society. Thereafter, two distinct civil society perspectives—mediating structures and Tocquevillianism—are explored to see how...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These unused packets are reserved for future use (the so-called FEFs). The packet of such FEFs could be used to carry broadcast content in LTE mode. The MPEG multiplex would thus carry the broadcast signal twice (in time multiplex): once as conventional programme elements, and once as an IP-based signal. A slightly modified mobile device such as a tablet computer would trigger on these repetitively occurring FEFs and thus extract the broadcast content.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)