albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Access to transportation is determinative of many quality of life indicators like health, employment, and education. Without the ability to travel within cities, individuals are effectively barred from resources necessary for empowerment, societal engagement, and productivity. Mass transit systems in the United States have long been underfunded compared to other industrialized democracies and frequently face severe constraints due to decreasing public investment in inner cities, lack of concern by policymakers about transportation equity, and the uniquely American emphasis on road-building and car ownership.  This research uses qualitative research methods including interviews with transit agency administrators and content analysis of documents publicized by the agencies to form four case studies describing how public transportation agencies can be critical players in urban community development and social engagement efforts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, a 5 MB hour plan needs to be consumed in 60 minutes. A daily Facebook plan means that users have unlimited access to the application for one day. * Actual spend on communications (%) refers to the average monthly expenditure per household on communications in Zambia in 2015 (3.4%). This in turn is tied to age and education (Figure 4.7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
ABSTRACTThis article explores human rights storytelling within two of the dominant internet companies, Google and Facebook. Based on interview with company staff as well as analysis of publicly available statements, the article examines how human rights are framed, made sense of and translated into company norms, products, and governance structures. The paper argues that the companies’ framing in many respects resembles that of the United States’ online freedom agenda, celebrating the liberating power of the internet and perceiving human rights as primarily safeguards against repressive governments. The companies see freedom of expression as part of their DNA and do not perceive any contradiction between this standard and business practices that may impact negatively on users’ freedom of expression, such as terms of service enforcement. Likewise, there is no sense of conflict between the online business model and their users’ right to privacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Towards sustainable fisheries of the Oresund Cod (Gadus morhua) through sub-stock specific assessment and management recommendations. Historia degentibus septentrionalibus ("Description of the Northern Peoples"). Aftale om Danmark i bedre balance-Bedre rammerfor kommuner, borgere og virksomhederihele landet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Furthermore, progress has been very uneven both across countries and for different groups of women within the same country, with women from the most disadvantaged social groups typically facing the widest gender gaps. They are also less likely to hold the best occupations and are considerably less likely to be in top-management positions. Many women are self-employed, but they own smaller and less successful businesses than men, as a result of credit constraints and gaps in financial literacy and business-related knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
When the researcher asked this group of students if they had ever heard of Assessment for Learning, they said yes, but only in the briefing given by their teacher before the interview. They then told the researcher that the teacher had tried to explain what AfL practices were, so they would know when interviewed by the researcher. Apart from this student group, there was no indication that their teachers or school leaders had influenced students before their interviews.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Several farm subsidy programmes that were seen as WTO-illegal - such as the Countercyclical Payment Program and the Average Crop Revenue Program - have been either scrapped or modified. Conversely, the bill introduces five new crop subsidy programmes and replenishes four disaster programmes, set up in 2008 and only partially funded through to 2011, for the next five years. The programme is an area-based insurance product where payments are triggered whenever actual average revenues at the area level fall below 10 per cent of their expected levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Through intentional alignment of biodiversity mainstreaming with development objectives, the importance of biodiversity is formally recognised in the National Development Plan, National Water Resource Strategy, the presidential Strategic Infrastructure Projects, the National Strategy for Sustainable Development, the Mining and Biodiversity Guideline and in numerous municipal Integrated Development Plans (RSA, 2014). It was realised that while the mainstreaming tools and products were definitely having an effect at a technocratic level, for a wider acceptance there needed to be a change of 'hearts and minds’ to reposition biodiversity as an integral component of society and the economy. In 2011, SANBI embarked on the development of a communications strategy, called Making the Case for Biodiversity, out of a realisation that the communications efforts associated with biodiversity mainstreaming could be more effective (SANBI, 2011). Despite the efforts towards biodiversity mainstreaming, the primary perception was still one of biodiversity in conflict with economic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD or Convention) elaborates for the first time in a legally binding international human rights convention the concept of reasonable accommodation, explicitly linking it to the realization of all human rights - civil, political, economic, social, cultural - and embedding it within the non-discrimination mandate. This chapter reviews the concept of reasonable accommodation as it is articulated in the CRPD, the human rights treaty where it makes its first appearance. This analysis is then set against the more timid manifestation of the reasonable accommodation duty in other human rights realms, including its application in the UN and regional human rights systems. The CRPD, in its design, is a roadmap for the re-integration of all human rights - civil, political, economic, social and cultural.  Keywords: CRPD, human rights, United Nation
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Up to 85 per cent of data centres offering colocation services are in developed countries, a fact that illustrates the divide which will have to be overcome if developing economies (particularly in Africa) are to reap the benefits of emerging solutions. This trend is taking place in a context of industry players transforming their business models to seek new revenue opportunities, and to streamline their cost base in response to greater levels of market maturity and intensifying competition. However, most new subscribers in the developing world will come from lower-income groups, which are likely to spend less on mobile services than wealthier early adopters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Water Producer Program, an initiative of 18 institutional partners (public, private, non-governmental organisations [NGOs] and research centres), involved over 137 farms in the programme that are raising funds to implement conservation measures in over 886 ha and restoration measures in 305 ha. The expected impact is a reduction of 40% of the original erosion and sedimentation and an increase of 5-10% of the base flow in the basin. Moreover, waterborne diseases moved from hundreds of cases per year to close to zero.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The New Zealand Treasury set up the following key principles for public management in all state agencies, clarity of objectives, freedom to manage, accountability, effective assessment of performance, and adequate information flows (New Zealand Treasury, 1987, Cook, 2004). For the education sector this means that different education agencies need to co-ordinate their strategic direction so as to ensure that monitoring of education quality is related to high level goals of system performance. The Management for Outcomes framework provides a common model of a quality management cycle for all state departments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On average, public spending on health care services amounts to around 6% of GDP, constituting the largest part of total health spending of around 9% of GDP (OECD Health Data). Total health spending is by far highest in the United States, with more than half accounted for by private health spending. Among European countries, France, Germany, Austria and Belgium are the countries with the highest levels of overall spending on health care (in excess of 10%), whereas Estonia, Poland and the Czech Republic spend the least (below 7%). Differences across countries are also substantial when only public expenditures are considered, ranging from 2.6% (Mexico) to almost 8% (Germany and France).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Source: OECD Development Centre using data from Fusion Media Ltd., www.investing.com. They partly recovered towards the end of 2018, but the depreciation pressures appear to persist. The Thai baht has outperformed the region’s other currencies during this period, while the Indian rupee and Myanmar kyat have weakened the most.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Starting from 2005, the focus shifted from a price-band policy to setting a floor or procurement price while selling subsidised rice to the poor via the Raskin programme. Evaluating the performance of buffer stocks on price stabilisation in Indonesia in the past decade is complicated by Indonesia's trade policy. Until the early 2000s, Indonesia was one of the world’s largest rice importers. To boost domestic production, it implemented an import ban in 2004, which resulted in a surge of domestic prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
One challenge is selecting an appropriate unit of analysis, as there are a variety of indicators related to education such as literacy, levels of school attainment, years of schooling and secondary school enrolment. Each of these has been plotted to determine which has the closest relationship to Internet use in the LDCs (Figure 5.4). The results show that secondary school enrolment has by far the highest explanatory power for Internet use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The SRA established the Road Traffic Inspectorate to help monitor road safety performance and stakeholder activity. A review by the Swedish Road Administration estimated that the performance indicators suggested the potential for a total reduction of more than 250 in the number of road fatalities by 2002. The 2012 summary appears in Table 3.3. Cumulative counts of people KSI compared to targets fatality rates per 100 000 population, Western Australia and Australia- moving 12 monthly data Fatality rates per 100 000 population selected Australian states and territories- moving 12 monthly data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As a result, initiatives remain on periphery of higher education institutions, e.g. developing student hostels. In the past, the state of Penang has benefited from forward thinking civic and private sector leaders, including representatives of multinational corporations. However, currently Penang as an “opposition” state has limited authority to implement initiatives to address human resource needs through higher education institutions. Furthermore, the Government of Malaysia is shifting federal funding from Penang to the Northern Corridor Economic Region and other federally-controlled entities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Corporate disclosure practices are increasingly supported (or required) by legislation or stock exchange regulations that make ESG disclosure mandatory. Experience shows that for companies above a certain size and complexity, ESG disclosure can be an important tool for identifying business risks and opportunities (Baron, 2014). Indices such as the Low Carbon 100 Europe or the FTSE4 Good Index Series permit dedicated tracker funds to offer investment opportunities for investors interested in financial products with an emissions metric. The majority of G20 countries now have some kind of corporate reporting scheme in place that requires disclosure of climate change-related information (Box 2.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In 2010, women’s labour force participation rates remain below 30 per cent in Northern Africa and Western Asia, below 40 per cent in Southern Asia, and below 50 per cent in the Caribbean and Central America. The gap between participation rates of women and men has narrowed slightly in the last 20 years but remains considerable. The smallest gender gaps are in the early adult years and the widest in the prime working ages. In the more developed economies, the labour force - especially the female labour force - is employed predominantly in services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Commission also evaluates the energy efficiency progress towards the 2030 target and propose additional measures if the Union is noton track to reach the 2030 target. This policy measure is estimated to achieve half of the energy savings required under the whole Directive. Member States can achieve the required energy savings through an energy efficiency obligation scheme, alternative measures, or a combination of both approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Labour force survey data provide information on some key socio-economic characteristics of benefit recipients which are typically not available in administrative data sources, but have limits of their own. Most importantly, information pertaining to benefit recipiency in labour force surveys is often subject to underreporting bias and misclassification (Immervoll, 2004). For this reason, the section below focuses on the distribution of benefit recipients, instead of the absolute level of benefit recipiency, according to various characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Governments often have little resource for rangers to protect the stocks of endangered wildlife species in their territories. It is a challenge to patrol expansive tracts of land, and violent confrontation with poachers can regularly occur. It is important to enhance the capacity to map wildlife trafficking routes along a global supply chain, from the poachers to the points of distribution. The CITES treaty established a program for ‘monitoring the illegal killing and hunting of elephants’ (MIKE) to systematically gather information on poaching and trends in the population of elephants in Africa and Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Concern was expressed by respondents in the OECD review visit that immigrant children’s access to specialist language support classes was too limited. Programmes were of short duration (typically one school year), and great reliance was placed on the teachers in mainstream classes and on social interactions in this setting. However, results from TALIS indicate that the Flemish Community had the fourth lowest percentage of teachers (8%) with recent training for teaching in a multicultural or multilingual setting and this dimension is usually reported as a low-importance item in teacher appraisal and feedback.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This chapter analyses the tension between a justiciable right to property and a state-led agrarian land reform program in a postcolonial context by examining Zimbabwean Constitutional law. It starts by presenting the conceptual framework that underlines the nexus between land reform, the right to property and justiciability. This is followed by a discussion of the various land reform policies adopted by the government of Zimbabwe from 1980 to 2013, focusing on the relevant constitutional and legislative arrangements. The chapter then analyses these constitutional and legislative frameworks and outlines their implications for human rights justiciability. It concludes that a national constitution and human rights norms may not realistically address the issue of land reform in a postcolonial situation such as Zimbabwe. Rather, the solution lies in a combination of constitutionalism, human rights norms and international diplomacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Chipko movement that resisted industrial logging in the Himalayas was primarily motivated by forest and livelihood protection. Similar symbolism is associated with Kenya's Green Belt Movement, founded by Wangari Maathai in 1977, which encouraged rural women to collectively plant trees for sustainable livelihoods and forest conservation. Together with cornerstone publications such as Silent Spring (Carson, 1962) and The Limits to Growth: A Report to the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind (Meadows and others, 1972), they fuelled a growing public and political consciousness of the environmental and social downsides of prevailing models.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
AbstractPresidents often give speeches about crime issues as a way to convince the public that there are significant problems for which an easy solution can be found. Studies have shown that presidential rhetoric on crime not only influences the public’s perception of the problem, but also the perception of the best solution. More recent research has demonstrated that presidents sometimes draw on the public’s fear of crime as a way to further affect the public’s perception of crime. In other words, presidents link crime with the public’s anxiety about other fearful events as a way to further impact the public’s perception of a problem (and thus further their agenda). This study examines presidential rhetoric on cybercrime to determine if executives link cybercrime with other issues such as national security. The findings provide credibility to both Cavelty’s threat frames approach as well as assertions made regarding the politics of fear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org.___________________________ The Organisation’s core mission today is to help governments work together towards a stronger, cleaner, fairer global economy. Through its network of 250 specialised committees and working groups, the OECD provides a setting where governments compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice, and co-ordinate domestic and international policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Firstly, women’s entrepreneurship represents untapped potential for PSD. While women-owned MSEs have been found to be less profitable than MSEs owned by men (Alturki and Braswell, 2010, GTZ, 2010, IFC, 2007b, IFC, 2010, llavarasan and Levy, 2010, ILO, 2008b), this gender-based difference seems to disappear for larger ventures. In fact, some evidence suggests that among medium-sized and large enterprises, those owned by women are equally or more productive than those owned by men (GTZ, 2010). This makes it important to identify and address possible barriers constraining the growth and upgrading of women-owned MSEs. Secondly, a number of key barriers to growth are specific, or particularly constraining, to women entrepreneurs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The government has made efforts to improve the legal and regulatory framework for addressing these crimes, but capacity issues remain a persistent challenge in enforcing the existing laws. The legal framework could be further aligned with international norms. In November 2015, all ASEAN member states signed the ASEAN Convention against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. In December 2015, the Lao National Assembly approved the first trafficking-specific law, promulgated in February 2016 (US Department of State, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Very few impact evaluation studies exist however on other policy instruments that are also commonly used across countries. Given the large budgetary investments, for example, of agri-environmental schemes, it is perhaps surprising that few if any impact evaluation studies exist that aim to examine their impact on the environment. Moreover, nearly all of the studies identified focus on terrestrial ecosystems, with only a very small minority of studies on marine ecosystems (i.e. three studies, namely: Ahmadia et al (2015) and Miteva et al (2015) on impacts of MPAs, and Verissimo et al (2018) on the impact of social marketing campaigns in fisheries). This could include considerations of geographic representability, ensuring a good balance between different policy instruments and of different types of terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and ideally prioritising larger initiatives that are being planned18.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Premierement, elle soutient que le Chili a besoin d'augmenter la redistribution des revenus par le biais de son systeme fiscal et de transferts vers des niveaux qui prevalent dans d'autres augmentations de 1'OCDE. Bien que les transferts sociaux existants soient efficaces dans la lutte contre la pauvrete, leur taille reste faible et de nombreux menages au bas de l'echelle ne sont pas atteints par eux. Deuxiemement, le chapitre fait valoir que les revenus du travail devraient etre moins disparate, car ils expliquent environ 70% de l'inegalite des revenus. Cela devrait etre fait en mettant a jour la legislation du travail, mais aussi en donnant aux travailleurs peu qualifies et en leur permettant d'accroitre leur productivity, grace a l'acquisition de competences adequates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper discusses how, in the first decade of the 21st century, documentary film rose to unprecedented significance in American media, succeeding not only in establishing a commercially viable niche in the filmic landscape but also having discernable impacts on public opinion, public actions and even public policy.This decade was one of unprecedented burgeoning of documentary production and consumption that entailed a great increase in output and some qualitative advances. While televisual documentary came to be associated with certain factory values that reflected the TV industry’s vast need for programming, theatrical documentary came in this period to be seen as a much more individually crafted, courageous, human-scale response against social injustice and the abuse of power. Hence, the era also raised questions about the social role of documentary, including the responsibility of filmmakers to serve the public's informational needs and to honor traditional journalistic goals, such as accuracy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The combination of consistent policy and adequate financing can stimulate private-sector engagement. Additionally, within each energy subsystem, there are a number of focus areas that need to be addressed in order to provide sustainable energy for all. Deployment of cookstoves can be done with significantly less capacity building and long-term engagement of the private sector from a technological point of view, but market strategies to create more sustainable markets are a key role in the area of philanthropy for the private sector, in partnership with governments and NGOs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Pupils are also introduced to the concept of sustainable development. The topics include, among others, the anthropogenic impact on the environment in Belarus: contamination with radionuclides due to the Chernobyl NPP accident, and local problems of air and soil pollution and surface and groundwater contamination as a result of economic activities. In grade XI, pupils are given a scientific understanding of the environment within the context of development. Topics include heat savings in residential houses, the use of alternative sources of energy (wind and hydro), and environmental problems caused by production, transmission and use of electricity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)