albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
By 2007, UCLG ed that local expenditures in Brazil were to 8.3 per cent of its GDP - the highest n Latin America. While it has waxed and waned in many countries as central governments have failed to fully relinquish financial control over municipalities even when directed to do so by legislation, cities have emerged with generally stronger financial tools than they had going into the period. But as their growth has continued to outpace their ability to provide services for their citizens, they have had to deal frontally with one of the central issues of the Habitat Agenda: the need to provide adequate housing, particularly for the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Pesaran and Smith (1995) show that, under slope heterogeneity, GMM (and simple Least Square Dummy Variable) dynamic fixed effect estimates of the speed of convergence are usually affected by a downward heterogeneity bias. Accordingly, Arnold et al (2011) rather looked at an error correction (ECM) version of equation A3.8, using Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimators which allow the speed of convergence to the steady state differ across countries. This is a realistic approach, as both exogenous (i.e. Solow) and endogenous (i.e. Uzawa-Lucas) growth models imply that the speed of convergence to the steady state differs across countries because of cross-country heterogeneity in population growth, technical change and progressiveness of the income tax. Moreover, the approach permits to discriminate between growth theories by glancing at the estimated parameters. In fact, for plausible values of the parameters, the Solow model implies a much slower speed of convergence to the steady state than that implied by the Lucas model (the paper concludes that the estimated speed of convergence is compatible with endogenous growth theories). As mentioned, this empirical approach could not be taken in the case of present analysis due to the lack of time series variation in inequality data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Technical assistance to farmers in meeting with quality standards would help to expand their opportunities for participation in larger markets. Most of the recent stories of innovation characterized by pro-poor and positive environmental impacts have also entailed the active participation of international and national civil society organizations, which, among others, can serve as intermediaries between research and agricultural practices, facilitate collective action and creation of farmers’ organizations for the purchase of inputs and marketing of food, and strengthen the capacity of women to participate in marketing production and innovation. While any government’s policy will have to respond to the specific context of its own country, building stronger partnerships within an SAIS will require the participants to collaborate in developing a clear-cut strategy directed toward achieving the objectives of agricultural reform and ensuring that there are resources adequate for expanding rural infrastructure and supporting provision of services to small-scale farmers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Ethiopia Climate Project Receives Africa’s First Forestry Carbon Credits under the CDM, http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/10/090/ethiopia-climate-project-receives-africa-s-first-forestry-carbon-credits. Ethiopia: A Country Study on the Economic Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: World Bank, Sustainable Development Department, Africa Region. They also draw on the information kindly provided by individuals interviewed separately in the same week.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It describes the principles and practices underlying software process maturity and is intended to support software organizations in improving their software processes. A characteristic of this model is the five maturity levels for process areas ranging from level one (initial) to level five (optimizing). The scheme is most commonly used among companies that service the North American market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Studies in the mid-1990s and in mid-2000s either do not mention the strategy (Wilson et al., The finding is consistent with the falling percentage of dairy farmers diversifying on-farm operations between 1992 and 2004. Horticultural farmers indicated to the OECD that they use diversification of various kinds to manage risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Microfinance institutions are valuable channels in this respect for small enterprises to access formal credit lines. Indeed, in many LDCs, and Bangladesh in particular, such institutions have served as effective instruments for including a large group of poor people in formal financial channels. Despite their benefits, however, these channels cannot be relied on as sources of credit mobilization for productive asset creation and the development of a dynamic enterprise sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This increase can, with a fair degree of certainty, be attributed in part to climate change induced by human activity. Deforestation, degradation of natural coastal protection and poor infrastructure have increased the likelihood that weather shocks will turn into human disasters, especially in the least developed countries. Thus, business as usual is not an option. Even if we were to stop the global engines of growth, the depletion and pollution of our natural environment would continue because of existing consumption patterns and production methods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There is an interesting technical side-argument here regarding the de-optimisation of the residual system. If VREs had to earn their revenue on the market rather than receive fixed remuneration, the revenue they would earn would be lower than the average of all the prices during the 8 760 hours of the year. This is because VRE production is self-correlated and concentrated during a limited number of hours of the year during which processes are particularly low, precisely because of high VRE production. Since this effect is precisely proportional to the variability of the VREs, the negative externality of system de-optimisation would, in fact, be directly internalised through the price system (see NEA, 2012a). However, as long as VRE receive fixed FITs, which protect them against this effect, the system de-optimisation due to over-deployment of VREs, from the point of view of economic efficiency, continues to impose an uninternalised social cost or “technical externality” on the electricity system. While they can impose highly unwelcome impacts on certain parties, e.g. traditional utilities, which may raise issues from a distributional or political point of view, they do not as such constitute social costs and rationales for public intervention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
At the same time, official information on the national tests clearly repeats the message that the national tests only measure a discrete area of student knowledge and skills - providing a snapshot of student achievement in select learning targets - and that supplementary assessments are necessary to fully gauge student process. Research from different countries indicates that while assessment is primarily intended to measure the progress and outcomes of learning, it also has effects on the learning process itself (Somerset, 1996). Several authors have described this influence of assessment on teaching and learning as the “backwash effect” of student assessment (Alderson and Wall, 1993, Baartman et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They are therefore difficult to deal with in any one way. Strengthening of developing country institutions related to fisheries management institutions is critical to taking up those options effectively. If resources are in excess of domestic needs, foreign fishing companies can be brought in through licensing, FDI or as harvesting services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This includes situations where expectations have been based on misunderstood or unrealistic projections of what external investors and authorities are able to and willing to provide, as well as cases where false expectations have been created in the process of establishing the project. Conflict can also arise when realistic expectations are not met. When clear terms in the concession, agreements with local authorities or stakeholders, or oral promises are not honored, or are disputed or protracted, this can lead to disappointment and material disadvantage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Increasing the supply and demand of regionally produced greens goods and services, which we define as those that reduce negative environmental externalities, the impact on natural resources and the pressure on ecosystem services. The first is the Chicago Metropolitan Planning Agency’s Go To 2040 Comprehensive Regional Plan, which covers the seven Illinois counties surrounding the City of Chicago (CMAP, 2010a). The plan provides indicators, recommendations, implementation actions and financing strategies for four core themes: i) liveable communities, human capital, efficient governance, and regional mobility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Without the progress of these countries, the global poverty record would have appeared far less successful. Poverty has remained high in these countries partly because economic growth rates have been comparatively low (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2007). The prospects for halving poverty remain a major challenge, however, for Papua New Guinea, the Philippines and Timor-Leste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Rio markers could move towards a more exact definition and quantification by moving away from the binary classification approach and towards a percentage allocation for each project. The DAC could follow the lead of the World Bank Group, as they are currently working towards tracking the adaptation and mitigation ‘co-benefits’ of their investments, based on a percentage of each sub-sector in each investment, across their entire portfolio and all core funding sources.60 Australia is also testing such a system. For the definition of the Rio marker for adaptation: www.oecd.org/dataoecd/l/45/45303527.ndf (page 5). These will be based on a series of vetted investment activity typologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The 2011 disaster at Japan's Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear power plant poses important questions for environmental communication scholarship and practice. This forum examines questions that were emerging one month into the Fukushima crisis, when a panel examined its implications as part of North Carolina State University's second annual research symposium on Communication, Rhetoric, and Digital Media (details available at http://crdm.chass.ncsu.edu/symposium2011/). Expanding those initial analyses, we identify implications across the contexts of environmental communication, expert-public engagement, public discourses of nuclear energy, uses of new media, risk and crisis communication, and organizational and institutional communication. The first essay (Kinsella) addresses some implications of Fukushima from the perspectives of constitutive communication theory, risk analysis, and risk communication. The second essay (Ionescu) examines an effort to foster dialog between technical experts and a concerned public...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This refers to the manufacture, use and disposal of lifestyle goods such as electronics and clothing. Key sectors of high impact include food, housing and transport. In these sectors, wafer, energy and waste can be considered as crosscutting sectors affecting and affected by almost every lifestyle domain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
There are two main cannabis products found on the European illicit drug market: cannabis herb and cannabis resin. Cannabis is both illicitly cultivated in countries of the region and also trafficked, in sizeable amounts, within the region and from other regions. There is an increasing tendency for criminal groups operating in the region to run numerous small-scale cannabis plant cultivation sites, usually indoors, rather than fewer but large-scale outdoor plantations, in order to mitigate the risk of detection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These areas initially comprised less than 10% of the entire land mass, later expanded to 13%. The remaining 87% of the agricultural land was made available to the white population for large-scale operations. The Act created a system of land tenure that meant that the majority of South Africa's inhabitants did not have the right to own land which had major socio-economic repercussions (Mahlangeni, 2013, PLASS 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This implies setting up monitoring mechanisms to collect and update data from reliable sources and on a regular basis. Such data should cover, amongst others, consumption levels, the quality of drinking water and wastewater, as well as tariffs. This important information will enable “informed” citizens to take part more effectively in discussions related to drinking water and sanitation. Such an independent stock-taking and assessment exercise should clearly set out the upsides as well as downsides of change and raise awareness among priority target audiences (e.g. households) on the role, responsibility and contribution of the private actors in the water sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
She returned to Kenya to process her husband's papers under the family reunification visa category, and he joined her in Australia in 2008.They had three more children - the oldest son is now 10 years old, while the youngest is 9 months. She described her life as a cycle of ‘Study and stop, give birth, study and stop’. At the time of the interview, she was in study mode, taking a course that would qualify her to work in childcare while her older children were in school and theyoungest in family day care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Japan, the largest donor, with commitments of USD 11.8 billion directed most of its funding to Asia mainly for transport/storage and energy sectors in Asia. Other main bilateral contributors are Germany, with USD 5.6 billion, followed by the United States with USD 3.4 billion and France with USD 2.8 billion. The United Arab Emirates is also becoming an important aid-for-trade provider, with commitments in 2015 reaching USD 0.9 billion, followed by Kuwait with USD 394.2 million. Most bilateral donors provide the majority of their support in the form of grants, with the exception of Japan and Germany, which also provide a large share in loans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The two main actors responsible for the development of clinical guidelines are the government and academics (i.e. the Korean Academy of Medical Sciences). Since 2004, clinical research centres in Korea have specialised in specific Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) is responsible for quality assurance and auditing of claims for publicly reimbursed medical services. Both HIRA and KOIHA undertake public reporting on health care providers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There has rarely been a concerted approach to the implementation and monitoring of policy packages, which would multiply single-policy benefits. Such implementation demands financial resources and effective management, yet finance is scarce and planning and management skills may also have been lost through migration. Adequate finance is crucial for recruitment and training in the public sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Almost half of the Turkish basin share is cropland, and some 30% is grassland. Georgia has much less cropland (7%), and almost 30% grassland. In general, Georgia estimates the ecological and chemical status of the river as satisfactory. However, a wastewater treatment plant for Posof Municipality has not yet been planned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A microeconometric decomposition exercise presented by ECLAC (2011) notes that income per adult, and specifically earnings, were the main factor in the fall in inequality. The demographic factor was found to have had a modest effect on inequality, as the dependency ratio fell fairly evenly across all income levels. On the basis of an analysis of four middle-income countries in the region (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Peru), Lopez-Calva and Lustig (2010) conclude that two main factors account for the easing inequality in the countries: a narrowing of the wage gap between high-skilled and low-skilled workers and, to a lesser extent, an increase in government transfers to the lowest-income households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As this chapter argues, improvements in these areas have the potential to raise medium-term prospects significantly both for sustained agricultural growth, but also for economic development more widely. The South and Centre-West regions of the country have higher rainfall, better soils and more developed infrastructure. Farms in these regions use purchased inputs more intensively and are equipped with higher technologies. Central Brazil contains substantial areas of degraded grassland with potential for crop production. Most of Brazil’s grains, oilseeds and other export crops are produced in the South and Centre-West regions, although soybean production is increasing in the MaToPiBa region, containing the states of Maranhao, Tocantins, Piaui and Bahia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
More worryingly, in the countries that distributed the PISA parent questionnaire, disadvantaged parents are significantly more likely than advantaged parents to report that "low expenses" and "financial aid" are very important factors to consider when choosing a school. While parents from all backgrounds cite academic achievement as an important consideration when choosing a school for their children, advantaged parents are, on average, nine percentage points more likely than disadvantaged parents to cite this criterion as "very important". These differences suggest that disadvantaged parents may believe that their choice of schools for their child is limited, due to the cost of some schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
How do strategies of state capture adapt to tight fiscal conditions? The article uses a historical institutionalist approach and content analysis to study the case of Greece. Three theoretically relevant patterns of institutional adaptation are unearthed: first, limited resources for state capture do indeed trigger self-limitation initiatives as expected, but these initiatives replace costly benefits with less costly ones. Second, different forms of capture have different implications for the terms of political competition. Third, there is a mutually reinforcing relationship between clientelism and corruption, which becomes pronounced in the creative ways by which strategies of capture adjust to shifting opportunities and constraints. Clients are appointed in state offices and extract bribes directly from citizens. ‘Client corruption’ replaces extraction from the state with extraction through the state, which is less costly for the public finances: the benefit the governing party gives to its clients is the ‘right’ to extract rents for themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The implementation of the programmes can introduce new approaches to management in traditionally segmented public bodies as they foster sectoral links and promote joint efforts between entities from different levels with the hierarchy. To improve the population’s education and health through the conditional delivery of monetary resources, first, the relevant services must exist, and second, the supply must be of good quality. In the context of conditional transfer programmes, considerable efforts have been made to create sophisticated procedures and techniques to select the beneficiaries in order to minimize errors of exclusion and inclusion. The results have generally been satisfactory, and it can be said that conditional transfer projects are successful in reaching the poor (Fiszbein and Schady, 2009, Villatoro, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This chapter examines the legal norms governing investigations of possible international law violations during an armed conflict. It begins by setting forth those rules derived from the 1949 Geneva Conventions, 1977 Additional Protocols and customary law. Since human rights norms also apply in armed conflicts, the chapter surveys human rights investigatory standards, and how they interact with corresponding international humanitarian law rules. Since international humanitarian and human rights law on the subject lacks granularity, State practice is surveyed in order to tease out prevailing practices that may either reflect on how treaty law is applied or reveal the broad outlines of customary law. The chapter offers conclusions as to the applicable legal standards for such investigations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Interview with Christof Delatter, Director INTERAFVAL (Association of Flemish Cities and Municipalities), July 2009. Interview with Christof Delatter, Director INTERAFVAL (Association of Flemish Cities and Municipalities), July 2009. Council of the European Union, (October 20,2008), “A new framework for waste management in the EU” Available from: www.consi\ium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/misc/103477.pdf. Commission of the European Communities, (July 16, 2008) COM(2008)397 final, “Communication From the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - On the Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable Industrial Policy Action Plan”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
We argue that a focus on practices can enrich the study of global governance by drawing attention to a wealth of informal processes and their politics. After explaining the usefulness of a practice approach, we examine four pervasive practices in contemporary world politics: hosting a global conference, accrediting NGOs, mandating a group of experts, and forming multistakeholder partnerships. For each of these established â€˜ways of doing things,â€™ we provide a definition, decline its variations, and analyze its politics. Through our case studies, we show that global governance practices often generate competing social effects, by which inclusionary trends combine with more exclusionary tendencies. This common dialectic of inclusion and exclusion provides an analytical key to better understand the politics of global public policy making, including its power dynamics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
We are grateful to Dr. Sreedharan of the Public Affairs Centre, who patiently monitored and supervised the surveys by personally visiting the slums in Chennai. We thank Nivedita Kashyap, who provided assistance during various stages of the study. We thank Tamil Nadu’s Secretary, Housing and Urban Development, for extending his support to the study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Companies that make capital expenditures to reduce their energy consumption are eligible for a 100 percent investment tax allowance on the qualifying expenditure over five years. The package also features import duty and sales tax exemptions (APERC 2010a). A cost-based tax incentive offers a 125 percent tax break on investments improving energy efficiency. A performance-based incentive allows companies to deduct 30 percent of the energy savings from their taxes up to a ceiling of $60,000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)