albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This will translate into significant amounts of resource consumption, creating an important opportunity to ensure that new investment helps to support low carbon and resource efficient development, provided that obstacles to investment in these directions are removed. Public investors should set the example by integrating resource efficiency objectives into standards for buildings and other infrastructure. Private investors should be incentivised to integrate resource efficiency objectives into their investment strategies. The transition to a resource efficient economy will stimulate the emergence of some sectors and the decline of others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Attention needs to be given to entry-level jobs and skills. Education and training organisations are continuing to invest in cost effective and convenient ways to deliver green skills upgrading - with emphasis on e-learning, short courses, customised courses and local industry networks. For example, the City of Sydney is developing new models of sustainability around trigeneration systems, which integrate waste, water and energy efficiency initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The strong significance of this variable may be attributable to events during the latter years of the period, when the feminization rate climbed steeply during the upswing in growth that began in mid-2007. However this happened when women’s average wage was dropping, as was the male labour force participation rate. It can thus be inferred that, since growth was occurring while mean wages were declining, the demand-side effect was less strong than the effect of the reduction in the cost of labour in a benefit-led economy. This may have implications in terms of a reduction in the wages offered to prospective workers, which has also been seen in sectors subject to rapid feminization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A multifaceted disease-related approach is needed to reduce this excess mortality, including primary care prevention of physical ill health among people with mental disorders, better integration of physical and mental health care, behavioural interventions, and efforts to change professional attitudes. The use of individual care plans (ICPs) could help support patients, and their care providers, to secure the care package that they need over time. Across several OECD countries (notably in Norway and Japan), ICPs are not fully exploited as a tool to promote good coordination and good quality of care between mental and physical health (OECD, 2014d, 2015f). Scope exists to raise professional awareness around the need to attend to the physical health needs of individuals with mental ill-health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While there have been many studies that have identified academic stars in criminology and criminal justice, very few attempts have been made to examine these individuals and the characteristics shaping their success. In this exploratory study, the author employed phone interviews with eight of the most productive researchers in the discipline to ascertain their approach to scholarship and academic work. While responses varied, patterns correlated with high scholarly output were identified. This study thus extends the literature related to scholarly productivity and provides mentorship advice for junior colleagues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Flowever, a number of studies on the subject have raised questions in this regard, with their authors arguing that hypothesizing a linear relationship between growth, inequality and poverty can produce a misspecification that biases the estimates because these relationships may not, in fact, be linear. In that case, the OLS estimates will tend to be biased and inconsistent, overestimating the coefficient of that variable. An effort can be made to correct this bias by using the fixed effects estimator (within-groups), which generates slightly smaller standard deviations of the coefficients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Only Samoa has included reference to the likelihood of continued growing electricity demand. However, measures to improve this area are lagging behind developments in renewable energy and are not featured as prominently in sectoral policy targets. These issues increase the risks, and therefore also the costs, of providing goods, services and infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Gendernye otnoshenija v sovremennoj Rossii: issledovanija 1990-h godov: Collection of scientific articles, L.N. Popkova and I.N. Tartakovskaya, eds. Samara, Russian Federation: Samara State University Publishing House. Zhizn' migrantki v monograde [Life of a female migrant in the monocity]. Internal vs external migration in post-Soviet space, CARIM-East Research Report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Reforms undertaken in periods of crisis may not properly distinguish between effective and ineffective programmes. Cutting effective programmes aiming at attaining quick cost savings might endanger the health status of the population and result in higher costs, eventually. Greece offers a recent example of such cuts as they have resulted in an increase in HIV and tuberculosis infections along with the re-emergence of malaria (Stuckler and Basu 2013, OECD, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The author examines the current Canadian approach to the recognition of the rights of Aboriginal peoples. The discussion focuses especially on the conceptual and legal problems at the centre of the Supreme Court's cultural discourse. The Court's approach to culture, “cultural distinctiveness” and “cultural rights” does not concord with current anthropological or historical conceptions of culture. With this approach Aboriginal cultural rights tend to appear “frozen in time”. The Court's cultural ideas are based in part on expert testimony (from the perspective of Aboriginal peoples, amongst others), on human rights and on public opinion, but they also have their own inherent logic. They are essentially oriented toward political questions surrounding the sovereignty of the Crown and the claims of indigenous peoples to self-determination. The cultural discourse of the Court is inseparable from the tension between the liberal politics of equality and the specific rights and claims of distinct peoples.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Means of implementation for sustainable forest management and forest law enforcement and governance at all levels. Enhanced cooperation and policy and programme coordination, including the provision of further guidance to the Collaborative Partnership on Forests. Adoption of the report of the Forum on its eleventh session.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Not unlike in other countries in the region and around the w'orld, a 2009 UAE study involving 980 UAE residents shows that 77% would report rape attacks to the police, how'ever, the majority of national w'omen would refrain from doing so. When asked about what discourages them, 55% of the interviewed female nationals claimed concern about family honour or their own reputation, and 49% of female national respondents feared being judged by society or unjustly accused of immoral behaviour. This exposes a deep-rooted fear among women that dealing with law enforcement authorities can lead to trouble.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Abstract Though best known for its coverage of key policy areas, the Maastricht Treaty also introduced important institutional reforms. Building on the Single European Act, these pertained mainly to strengthening the legislative role of the European Parliament and extending the scope of qualified majority voting to more policy areas. Treaty-based institutional reform continued in the post-Maastricht period. Due to the twin challenges facing the EU in the aftermath of Maastricht — Central and Eastern European enlargement, and the gaping ‘democratic deficit’ — the focus of such reform shifted to the modalities of qualified majority voting and the size and composition of the Commission. The highly contentious nature of these issues thwarted effective institutional reform in the 1990s, overshadowed the work of the 2002–2003 Constitutional Convention, and dominated the intergovernmental conferences preceding the failed Constitutional Treaty and the subsequent Lisbon Treaty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Tourism can, of course, pose a risk to the natural and cultural resources of local communities. It is thus imperative that the development of tourism should include local communities from an early stage, as identified for example in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization “Tourism, culture and development in West Africa” Programme (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2004). For instance, the production of handicrafts requires traditional knowledge22 and local materials but comparatively little finance or infrastructure. Similarly, the tourism sector has much demand for traditional music and tours of local areas, which depend on traditional knowledge and skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
While the overwhelming majority of the labour force in developed and transitional economies is found in waged and salaried employment, the labour force in developing countries is distributed between waged and salaried employment and various types of self-employment. Women and men within these households engage in a diversity of activities, often migrating in search of new opportunities. While these activities are generally labour-intensive in nature, they do not fit neatly into conventional economic models of labour markets focused on waged labour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The intensity of deprivation is measured as the ratio of number of deprivations of multi-dimensionally deprived persons to the total number of possible deprivations. The product of the multi-dimensional headcount ratio and the intensity of deprivation is the Alkire and Foster multi-dimensional deprivation index. The ratio of the deprivation index of women to that of men indicates the overall gender bias in employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Normally, long-term exposure is required before harmful effects are seen. Reduced generation of hazardous wastes may indicate reduced industrial activities in a country, introduction of cleaner production in the industrial processes, changing patterns in consumers’ habits, or changes in national hazardous waste legislation. Waste represents a considerable loss of resources both in the form of materials and energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
At present, 20 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have CCT schemes in place, covering more than 120 million people, or 20% of the region's population, at a cost of about 0.4% of regional GDP (Cecchini, 2013). The recent work of Lustig and others (2013) and the studies conducted by OECD support such a comparison, notwithstanding methodological differences. Two definitions are used: the first includes all income from employment (formal and informal), income from capital, auto-consumption (where it is reported), imputed rent for owner-occupied housing and private transfers and contributory pensions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There is too little water for current and future demand for potable water to be met from local sources. At the same time, torrential rainfall during the rainy season results in frequent flooding that affects residents, houses and infrastructure. Moreover, growing water demand, overexploited local and neighbouring aquifers and basins, ageing infrastructure, lack of investment, artificial low tariffs and high operation costs, and the deterioration of water quality have taken the water system to the limits of its physical and financial operability. The largest body of water is the artificially created lake “Nabor Carrillo”, with a surface area of about 10 km2, the sixth-largest lake in Mexico (CONAGUA, 2014a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Fourteen Slovak state-owned enterprises were studied, using published data and structured interviews with management. A novel methodology is used to assess SOE autonomy, effectiveness, accountability and governance. Variations in operating conditions reflect different government objectives and different ownership models. Mixed state-private firms performed more like competitive firms than did wholly state-owned SOEs. This information was fed into an assessment of Slovak SOEs’ compliance with the 2015 OECD Guidelines on SOE Corporate Governance. There are many differences between Slovak practice and the Guidelines. This may reflect a choice to favour government interests, rather than the OECD’s inclusion of a wider group of stakeholders. One cost is foregone efficiency gains. Another is the perception that the present highly opaque governance system hides corruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Dollar a Day Revisited', The World Bank Economic Review, vol. Child Poverty Measurement in Bangladesh: Improving upon existing measures, OPHI, University of Oxford. Monitoring Progress in Child Poverty Reduction: Methodological Insights and Illustration to the Case Study of Bangladesh, Social Indicator Research, vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The crop is largely irrigated and makes use of advanced cultivation and harvesting technologies. Since 2005 production has increased steadily to more than 1.4 Mt. Over the next decade, with expanded areas and higher yields the crop could reach 1.65 Mt. Production is mostly destined to the domestic market. Among fruits varieties, melons are more dependent on world markets with around a third of production exported.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Gender inequality has been eliminated at some levels of education and in some countries there are now more women than men attending university. Even though women’s participation rate has been rising, far fewer women join the labour force than in other regions - fewer than one in three women - compared to 60% in OECD countries (see Figures 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Introduction - discourse analysis and policy discourse, Des gasper and Raymond Apthorpe reading development policy and policy analysis - on framing, numbing, numbering and coding, Raymond Apthorpe analyzing policy arguments, Des Gasper re-reading "mountainous", "isolated", "inaccessible" and "small" - the case of Bhutan, Adam Pain methodological nationalism and the misunderstinding of East Asian industrialization, Charles Gore reading Americans on democracy in Africa - from the CIA to "good governance", David Moore essentialism in and about development discourse, Des Gasper.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Priorities identified include customer service, management of small tourism enterprises and marketing. Work has commenced in collaboration with local stakeholders, including capacity building in career guidance, vocational training for the hospitality sector, language training and capacity development in planning and marketing. There is a need to explore policies that generate more and better quality jobs and address the needs of the most vulnerable members of society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In Mauritius, housing development for the economically less- advantaged population groups has increased the proportion of homeowners to 93 per cent in rural areas and 83 per cent in urban regions. By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons. Data and methodology for this indicator are not available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It calls on governments to “ensure the full realization of the human rights of all women migrants. They comprise 83.7 per cent of the inhabitants of the United Arab Emirates, 73.8 per cent in Qatar and 60.2 per cent in Kuwait.222 Although the majority of labour migration in the Arab region is in male-dominated industries such as construction, female migrants are also numerous. They typically seek employment in domestic work, education, hospitality, leisure and health care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In some OECD countries, transfers are subject to broadly the same tax treatment as wage income (e.g. Nordic countries) while in others (e.g. Japan) they are largely untaxed. Adema and Ladaique (2009) provide estimates for net public social expenditure, i.e. adjusting for the impact of the taxation of social benefits and tax breaks with a social purpose as well as for indirect taxes. This leads to a reassessment of the magnitude of welfare states and to a greater similarity in social expenditure-to-GDP ratios across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A decrease in the consumption of meat through adoption of more sustainable diets can lead to a substantial reduction in the use of land and other natural resources, thus improving the prospects of sustainable development, as illustrated in box IV.3. Public policies and programmes designed to improve health, water and sanitation services will be particularly important. Increasing individuals’ awareness of the benefits of healthier diets, through information campaigns and educational programmes, is also relevant. Poultry meat consumption level is expected to be 2.3 times higher than in 2010, while consumption of other livestock products is expected to be between 1.4 and 1.8 times higher (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The work with groups, in the Family Health Program, can be considered as a technology of assistance and empowerment of patients and community for the exercise of citizenship. Aim: to analyze in which way the work with groups can generate or strengthen spaces of community participation and social control. Methods: exploratory-descriptive research in 8 Family Health Units from Cuiaba/ Brazil. Results: nurses work with groups in current programs in the practice of traditional public health. The groups only work with collective information about diseases and treatment and consolidate such assistance strategy while the empowerment dimension for the exercise of citizenship is reduced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The question is particularly relevant in the case of poverty analysis, as inclusion of non-cash incomes can represent considerable relative changes in income to low-income households. Consider two singleperson households with each USD 1000 cash income. Person A is ill and receives public health care worth USD 200, whereas person B is healthy and needs no health care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This paper evaluates and criticizes the account of international law given in Chapter Ten of H.L.A. Hart's book, The Concept of Law. Hart's account offers a few insights -- particularly on the relation between law and sanctions. But his account of international law is moistly quite impoverished. His observations about the absence of secondary rules (rules of change, adjudication, and recognition ) in international law are quite unjustified. His exaggeration of the difference between international law and municipal legal systems is so grotesquely exaggerated, as to deprive the former account of almost all its utility in jurisprudence. What is worse, his dismissive and misconceived account of international law has tended to drive practitioners of analytic legal philosophy away form addressing this important area of jurisprudence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, land is also becoming an asset that offers portfolio diversification for international investors, such as large pension funds and financial institutions (Earth Security Initiative, 2012). In countries like Ethiopia, Mali, Mozambique and the Sudan, this development has raised widespread concerns over forced evictions, social vulnerability and dwindling water resources (Earth Security Initiative, 2012). Pearce (2012) found that in countries selling (or leasing) large extensions of land, in the largest majority of cases, local communities lose access to forests, pastures and water resources, with no major gains in employment, owing to the use of capital-intensive technology in large farms. Countries such as Argentina and Brazil have already erected legal barriers in relation to the amount of farmland that can be owned by foreigners (Earth Security Initiative, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is measured by age-specific mortality rates for selected causes of death (e.g. asthma below age 45). There is no universal definition, however, as the selection of death causes and age-limits often vary from one study to another. Nolte and McKee (2008) as well as Tobias and Yeh (2009) have proposed different lists of death causes and age-limits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Vulnerability is assessed by considering six “life-supporting sectors”: food, water, health, ecosystem services, human habitat and infrastructure. Each sector in turn represents three cross-cutting components: the exposure to climate-related hazards, the sensitivity to those impacts and the adaptive capacity to cope or adapt. Exposure is measured by projected changes in (not levels of) the following components, some of which are due to projected climate change: cereal yields, population, water run-off, groundwater recharge, deaths from climate change induced diseases, length of transmission season of vector-borne diseases, biome distribution, marine biodiversity, warm period, flood hazard, hydropower generation capacity and sea-level rise impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The World Health Organization (WHO) was intended to serve at the forefront of efforts to realize human rights to advance global health, and yet this promise of a rights-based approach to health has long been threatened by political constraints in international relations, organizational resistance to legal discourses, and medical ambivalence toward human rights. Through legal research on international treaty obligations, historical research in the WHO organizational archives, and interview research with global health stakeholders, this research examines WHO’s contributions to (and, in many cases, negligence of) the rights-based approach to health. Based upon such research, this article analyzes the evolving role of WHO in the development and implementation of human rights for global health, reviews the current state of human rights leadership in the WHO Secretariat, and looks to future institutions to reclaim the mantle of human rights as a normative framework for global health governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Government approved a supplementary budget of $35 million in September 2012. The additional spending was partly offset by reallocation of an unexpended development appropriation, which resulted in a smaller drawdown from cash reserves. Federated States of Micronesia has been enjoying budget surpluses in recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Thus, while some countries have achieved inclusive process without significant differences between the groups studied, in other cases the gaps have widened. Mapuche, Atacameno, Coya, Kawa : Guarani is only language spoken. Although the predominance of one or other of these factors varies significantly between countries, distributive changes are recognized as a key element for empowering the effect of growth on poverty reduction. Moreover, in this period, income growth in poor households has mainly come from an increase in labour income per employed person, unlike what happens when the longer-term variation is analysed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)