albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This percentage was similar to that recorded in 2013 and means that at least 133 million workers were informal in 2015. As the slowdown in regional economic growth has persisted (and some economies have actually shrunk), it is highly likely that informal employment has spread further in 2016. The latter have few workers, little capital and a small scale of operations, which makes it difficult for them to achieve an adequate level of productivity and sufficient production volumes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
With moderation in growth of the tourism sector due to the global economic slowdown, GDP grew by 3.4% in 2012 as compared with 7% in 2011. Higher growth in 2011 was underpinned by strong growth in the tourism sector and related sectors, such as transportation, construction and communications. However, GDP growth improved to 4.5% in 2012 from 3.8% in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
They also show a fall in real wages for unskilled labour, the group with the highest rates of unemployment. At the level of the economy as a whole, therefore, for the period since the mid-1990s, there is little sign that employers overall were pushed up their labour demand schedules. The evidence suggests that since the early 1990s outward shifts in the labour supply schedule and/or inward shifts in the labour demand schedule, combined with some feature(s) of wage determination that prevented market-clearing, left overall real wages little changed but unemployment much higher.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Male-headed households generally have larger livestock holdings (FAO 2016, FAO 2011). In the Lake Faguibine area of northern Mali, for example, as the lake has dried up men have migrated as an adaptive strategy. Women who stay behind have perceived this change as increasing their vulnerability since livestock herding, which has become more risky due to climatic changes, has been added to their workloads (Djoudi and Brockhaus 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
All three deal with outdoor air pollution due to fossil fuel combustion and focus on policy-relevant, global headline figures. The WHO report, for instance, states: “Air pollution represents the biggest environmental risk to health. In 2012, one out of every nine deaths was the result of air pollution-related conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This strategy makes it possible to offer a significant degree of protection to children even in times of economic crisis. And it also illustrates the usefulness of deploying both a relative income measure and a direct measurement of deprivation in the struggle to monitor and mitigate the impact of economic forces on the lives of children. In previous Report Cards, some basic principles for the cross-national monitoring of child poverty have been proposed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
More recently, the twelfth Five-Year Plan of China (2011-2015) and the China National Programme for Women's Development Plan (2011-2020) reaffirm the Government's commitment to gender equality by stipulating the strengthening of labour protection, social welfare, health care, poverty relief and legal assistance for women. Women have increased their educational attainment from an average of 5.5 years in 1990 to 8.4 years in 2010, and the gross enrollment ratio for tertiary education has increased from 12.5 per cent in 2000 to 34.5 per cent in 2013 (Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, 2013). According to the World Development Indicators, female labour force participation has declined from a high of 79.1 per cent in 1990 to 70.4 per cent in 2014, reaching a low of 69.4 per cent in 2010 (Figure 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A consistent amount of the transfer is directed to the student's guardian, while a smaller part (around 30 per cent) goes directly to the schoolgirl. For secondary students, school fees are paid directly to the schools upon successful fulfilment of the enrolment. The only condition applied to the transfer is that students must attend school for at least 80 per cent of the time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
But labour taxation was especially high on low-wage workers, with a tax wedge about six percentage points above the OECD average for minimum wage earners (Figure 3.6, Panel B). This depends on a number of factors, namely: i) the presence of a net wage floor (i.e. a binding minimum wage), ii) the extent to which workers value social protection or public services provided by taxes, iii) the relative bargaining power of employers and employees, and iv) the relative generosity of possible replacement revenues (OECD, 2008|3i|). The effects of labour taxes on labour demand are thus likely to be particularly large at low wage levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
An activity is classified as related to climate change adaptation if it intends to reduce the vulnerability of human or natural systems to the current and expected impacts of climate change by maintaining or increasing resilience, by increasing ability to adapt to, or absorb, climate change stresses, shocks and variability, and/or by helping reduce exposure to them (OECD, 2016a). The DAC CRS also tracks flows from some South-South co-operation sources. This database does not include financial flows at the activity-level from some non-DAC member donors such as the People’s Republic of China (hereafter “China”) and the Russian Federation (hereafter “Russia”) or private sector sources, which are presumably prov iding a significant amount of finance to the EECCA region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It must be regarded as a peculiarity that the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (the Charter) makes no specific mention of prisoners' rights and that these rights have to be inferred from an overall reading of the Charter, and in particular Articles 4-6. The reasons for this lie in the history of the drafting of the Charter and the political context at the time and will not be the focus of the discussion here. Other regional instruments are more specific, for example, the American Convention on Human Rights, state "[a]ll persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person". With regard to the Charter it must therefore be concluded that prisoners' rights are weakly defined and much room is left for interpretation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Productivity is a measure of output divided by a measure of input (see Feenstra et al., As for income, three-years averages (2009-11) also are used for total factor productivity, labour force, human and physical capital accumulation to reduce the impact of short-run variations. The quality of the labour force is traditionally captured by the stock of human capital and TFP, while the size is proxied either by the employment rate or the labour force participation rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter examines the power relations between traditional authorities and youths in the context of liberal peacebuilding in the post-war Sierra Leone. Youths have drawn on certain tenets of the liberal peace including human rights and good governance to create spaces for exercising ‘resisting power’ and negotiating with chiefdom authorities. This has not been very effective since traditional authorities receive support from state elites and possess material and coercive power, which they have used to control the youth. The chapter argues that it is crucial for critical peace research to move beyond examining power relations between international actors and local actors to also examine power and power relations between various local groups as this also has an influence on the nature of peace being established in a post-war situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Most building outside of these enclaves and sectors is non-engineered, most urbanization is unplanned and local governments have weak capacities to promote or enforce standards. Xynthia combined a storm surge with a high tide, and the large waves caused flood defences to fail all along the coast from the Gironde near Bordeaux to the Loire Estuary. Over 50,000 hectares of land were flooded and 47 people died. Some 10,000 people were forced to evacuate their homes on the Atlantic coast.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Several decisions of international investment tribunals can be read as suggesting that fair and equitable treatment may oblige governments to consult foreign investors in the course of developing new laws and policies. This position would significantly expand the concept of fair and equitable treatment, and goes far beyond what most domestic legal systems require of governments. Generally speaking, there may be sound instrumental and normative reasons for engaging in consultation with affected stakeholders in the course of legislative and policy development. However, with the exception of treaty provisions that otherwise so provide, no duty of consultation in the lawmaking process arises from fair and equitable treatment clauses, customary international law or general principles of law. Therefore, industries such as the tobacco industry are unlikely to succeed in a claim of failure to properly engage in consultation in the process of lawmaking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It could aim to investigate innovative long term financing options and more directly engage the local business community, community groups, labour and environmental advocates around a vision for green infrastructure that will generate good-paying jobs and reorient investment towards green growth (see Box 9). Move Sydney Green would be a forum to hold the NSW and federal governments accountable for delivering sustained and strategic infrastructure investment to the region. For example, the Australian Conservation Foundation and Australian Council of Trade Unions identified renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable water systems, biomaterials, green buildings, and waste and recycling as six growth markets in their Green Gold Rush report.140 The NSW Government’s Metropolitan Plan for Sydney 2036 sets forth a goal of w'orking with “councils and business to develop a renewable energy design and manufacturing cluster and a sustainable housing service cluster. The effort should avoid being overly broad.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It should also outline the methodologies and approaches used in the assessment, including its approach to the use of different knowledge systems, and outline how the assessment identifies and addresses uncertainties and gaps in data and knowledge. It should identify relevant stakeholders, for which the regional assessment could be useful, and their respective priorities. As an introduction, this chapter should highlight the specific nature of the Nordic countries in terms of environmental policy, public planning and management The Nordic context can be described in terms of social, cultural, legal, as well as abiotic and biotic environmental aspects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Even before the most recent round of planning reforms put in place by the French government that now require better co-ordination of planning, local governments in this region took advantage of earlier legislation that allowed the formation of intercommunal organisations to facilitate co-operative activities including land use planning. Managing the Loire estuary and local streams and wetlands cannot be done on a commune by commune basis, and this common issue provided an early impetus for collaboration. Similarly, historical competition between Nantes and Saint-Nazaire over shipyards and port facilities evolved into co-operation when both places were forced to come together in order to build a more efficient port complex that could compete with other port cities in Europe. Thus, the governance and regulation of land use are as much a political project as they are a reaction to social, economic conditions and urban-rural morphologies. The preceding discussions of the area’s spatial planning objectives illuminate several major challenges and opportunities. These are discussed in turn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Rural populations also traditionally use a range of natural products for construction, utensils, dyestuffs, etc. Some, such as foothill steppes and deserts, have practically disappeared, and the area and species composition of other ecosystems has been drastically altered. A number of ecosystem types are very fragile and threatened by any human activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It incorporates lessons from other international studies, inputs from the participating countries and many elements from the PISA questionnaires. For example, questions about school infrastructure and teaching and learning materials are related to student performance in high-income countries, but are often unrelated to differences in performance in middle-income countries (Lockheed, Prokic-Breuer and Shadrova, 2015). In addition, the measure of economic, social and cultural status used by PISA does not adequately capture lower levels of parental education and income or the risk factors associated with poverty that are more frequent in low-income countries. For example, the questionnaires collect more detailed data on students' language of instruction at school, language at home and their socio-economic status, as measured by home possessions and parents' education, literacy skills and participation in the labour force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This contribution describes the International Law Commission’s Draft Articles of 2011 on the Effect of Armed Conflicts on Treaties. The Articles in question begin by defining the notion of “armed conflicts” which, in the commission’s view should include internal armed conflicts, at least if there is outside participation. The Commission takes the contemporary view that extinction and even suspension is no longer the rule, it defines the factors to be used to decide on the survival, termination, or suspension of conventions, and it lists types of treaties that tend to survive. The contribution stresses that treaties do not necessarily survive—or lapse—en bloc. It also comments on a number of provisions to ensure that the Draft Articles will not affect the system of collective security embodied in the Charter of the United Nations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The growing importance of ecosystem services in global policy development can be seen in the Paris Agreement on climate change, emerging REDD+ activities,1 and a range of global and regional initiatives, commitments and programmes. These include the Global Goals of the United Nations Forum on Forests, the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Aichi Biodiversity Targets, the Bonn Challenge, the New York Declaration on Forests, and the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Goal 15, which refers to sustainable land and forest management. The need to ensure the sustainability and enhance the supply of goods and services from forests and other tree-based ecosystems is gaining increasing policy attention and work on the ground.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article draws on data collected during a funded research project on undergraduate teaching within a single discipline, social policy. Starting from observations drawn from analysis of the interview transcripts, the article develops the concept of ‘integrity of practice’ from the literature on reflective practice and the scholarship of teaching. Integrity of practice enables the lecturer to explain and justify decisions about teaching and learning activities to his or herself, as well as to students, colleagues and institutional and other policy makers. It provides for core stability in times of great changes in higher education and enables innovative practice to be justified and disseminated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A national action plan needs to be adapted to the historical and legal circumstances of the State where it will be developed and implemented. It is up to each State to decide what policies, programmes and activities it will put in place to achieve its general goals in the fight against racial discrimination. The plan is part of a long-term process of enhancing national observance of universal standards that should survive changes of government and be above political dispute. In particular, it should be in accordance with the provisions of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and other relevant international human rights instruments, the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action and the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Silo approaches in water policy result in incoherence between subnational policy needs and national policy initiatives and reduce the possibility of success for implementation of cross-sectoral policy at the sub-national level. If individual ministries or public agencies operate independently, rather than undertaking cross-sectoral initiatives, the opportunity for “whole government” approaches is minimised. At the same time, possibilities for maximising efficiency and effectiveness in cross-sectoral public services may be lost, and sub-national development adversely impacted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In all OECD countries, the performance of 15-year-olds in mathematics is strongly associated with the location of their school (in rural or urban areas) and with their socio-economic background. These levels of socio-economic inequity have remained the same for the last decade in the majority of countries. The ESCS parity index refers to the ratio of the value for the bottom quartile over the value for the top quartile of the ESCS index. Location parity is measured using the PISA definition of rural and urban areas (see the Definitions section at the end of this chapter).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The most widely used global population projection of the UN is the “medium” variant. But in fact, the UN develops several different scenarios which point to the possibility of very different population outcomes over the period under consideration here. For example, under the “low” variant of the UN’s 2010 projections, the global population would, in fact, peak just before 2030 and start declining thereafter. The “high” variant, on the other hand, would see a very considerable increase in the global population over the coming decades (Figure 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Starting from the 2010s, one of the mainstream economic commentator’s topics on Russia has been the growing participation in the national economy by the Russian Government, its increasingly non-liberal and thus ineffective economic policies and poor perspectives of Russia’s full integration into the world economy. After 2014 when sanctions by the United States and European Union were imposed on Russia, the theme has been broadened by the discussion of the amount of damage from these sanctions to the Russian economy. At the culmination of it, Obama stated that Western sanctions had left Russia’s economy “In Tatters”, not only pointing at the impact and power of Western sanctions themselves but also implying the ineffectiveness and hopelessness of the Russian economic policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Rewards are distributed among teachers and education assistants within each rewarded school. Regulations specify that 90% of the Subsidy for Performance of Excellence is to be distributed to teachers in proportion to the number of individual contract hours. The remaining resources may be distributed according to special incentives programmes designed by individual schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As a proxy for long-run socio-economic status, such an index has in fact been shown to outperform more traditional income and expenditure measures in terms of explaining differences in health outcomes (Rutstein and Johnson, 2004). However, while it is a valid concern in high mortality contexts, this effect should not be overemphasized for a middle-income country like Jordan that has already made great progress in reducing child mortality. While this does not tell us anything about causalities or the exact magnitude of a correlation and its statistical significance, it provides a first overview of the incidence of early childhood mortality in different contexts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Through the Drina assessment, the nexus gained momentum in the Western Balkans, and the project has contributed to the debate on trade-offs related to the development of hydropower potential, while also raising awareness about related environmental considerations in the Energy Community, among others. The regional round table "Operationalizing the Water, Food, Energy and Environment Nexus in South-Eastern Europe (SEE)" held in June 2017, used key inputs from the Drina assessment. The project "Promoting the Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in Southeastern Europe, through the use of Nexus approach", carried out in cooperation with GWP-Mediterranean, contributes to the South-East Europe 2020 Strategy, which includes "advancing the water, energy and food nexus approach at national and transboundary levels" as one of its objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In countries where overweight and obesity have increased, diets have typically shifted towards higher intake of energy-dense foods which are high in fat, salt and sugars but low in vitamins, minerals and other micronutrients. Women with better education are more aware of the importance of adequate diets and can secure access to better-paying jobs. In developed countries, it has been observed that poorly educated women are 2-3 times more likely to be overweight than those with high levels of education (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2012a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Public transport remains underdeveloped in Malaysia: only 10% of population take public transport, compared to 60% in Singapore. Only 60% of the population resides within 400 metres of a public transport route. In the past, the national policy has increased cars on the road in support of the local car industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While family structure cannot account for rising poverty rates over time or differences across countries, it is clear that in many countries a strong association between family type and poverty exists. The extent to which this relationship is causal is unclear, for two reasons. Firstly, groups such as lone parents or teenage mothers may have a greater risk of being poor not because of their family status per se but because they have other characteristics, such as low educational attainment and low employment rates. Secondly, family structures may also be a consequence of poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This research arises as a result of the thesis for obtaining the degree of Doctor, and aims to contribute to the strengthening of a culture of peace in Mexico, by proposing to implement peaceful conflict resolution like mediation strategies, considering it as a social policy that affects the positive transformation of conflicts. The ideal tool, dialogue and values: tolerance, cooperation, active participation of society, solidarity and justice approach to citizenship, will be the essential elements to solve conflicts of the 21st century society in effective, faster, economical and equitable manner. Mediation satisfactorily meets the requirements to be able to be considered a social policy that encourage the active participation of citizens in the solution of their conflicts, helping to undermine the crisis of justice systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This implies that the two are interrelated and may serve as complements to one another. This implies that economic expansion raises energy consumption, but the process could possibly produce inefficiencies and a reduction of demand for goods and services, including energy. This hypothesis considers energy consumption to be a small component of GDP expansion and thus to have little or no effect on growth. Their findings are summarized in figure 2.7.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)