albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Despite the much vaunted triumph of human rights, amnesties continue to be a frequently used technique of post-conflict transitional justice. For many critics, they are synonymous with unaccountability and injustice. This article argues that despite the rhetoric, there is no universal duty to prosecute under international law and that issues of selectivity and proportionality present serious challenges to the retributive rationale for punishment in international justice. It contends that many of the assumptions concerning the deterrent effect in the field are also oversold and poorly theorized. It also suggests that appropriately designed restorative amnesties can be both lawful and effective as routes to truth recovery, reconciliation, and a range of other peacemaking goals. Rather than mere instruments of impunity, amnesties should instead be seen as important institutions in the governance of mercy, the reassertion of state sovereignty and, if properly constituted, the return of law to a previously lawless domain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This would enable more targeted policies and agricultural extension activities to the level of education. In regards to agricultural higher education, an assessment of agricultural graduates’ early careers would help understand the factors which cause them to stay in or leave the agriculture sector. The agro-food system regulation sub-dimension uses two qualitative indicators to assess the presence and degree of implementation of: 1) regulation of natural resources, such as land, soil, water, air, climate and biodiversity, and 2) regulation of inputs, such as seed, fertiliser, and agricultural machinery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Even if, at first, the ecological development of this new freshwater basin seemed to develop favourably, from the beginning of the 1990s, this water body was confronted with unexpected water quality problems. Especially during summer, these circumstances culminate in extensive blooms of toxic cyanobacteria, which severely destabilises the ecosystem and poses a danger to human and environmental health. It can also pose a health risk to inhabitants, and makes the water unsuitable for swimming and drinking water for cattle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Support for such technologies in the past has proved both cost-effective and successful, thereby generating high social returns on investment (Fri, 2003). Much greater emphasis needs to be put globally on improving end-use energy efficiency, complemented by behavioural change and limits imposed on energy, land, water and materials use. Such a programme would promote cooperation among countries, communities and individuals so as to achieve lower primary energy use and lower greenhouse gas emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Most recently, the second European Report on Development (2010) argues that social protection plays an important role in reducing inequality even in the poorest countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Bourguignon and Morrison (2002) reconstruct historical income distributional data going back to 1820 using Angus Maddison's historical statistics. They show that at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution the bulk of global inequality was due to differences among citizens within countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Fuel quality standards, which are in use across the region, may raise fuel prices in addition to the typical goal of reducing pollution. By region, average household expenditure on transportation varied between 9.3% and 15.9% of non-food expenditure, with between 45.3% and 57.8% of this is spent on fuel, among households owning cars (Figure 2.10). As a share of nonfood expenditure, average household transport expenditure was the highest in the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), Cordillera Administrative Region and Northern Mindanao.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In Canada, women account for 60% of migrants in the family class and many of the family migrants who accompanied labour migrants. They make up considerably lower shares among principal labour migrants (42%) and refugees (50%), based on the 2014 Longitudinal Immigration Database. In Australia, women account for 68% of recent family migrants, compared to 49% of recent refugees and 45% of recent labour migrants, based on 2013 Australian Bureau of Statistics data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is common to see increasing returns to human capital in a well-functioning labour market (Acemoglu, 2002). Although the trend to rapid economic growth could enlarge the income gaps between well-educated and less well-educated workers, policies cannot be proposed to stop that trend. Returns to human capital explain about one-seventh of total income inequality among urban households in both years, and is the largest contributor to income inequality in 2001 and the third-largest in 2005 (Table 3.8). The best policy here should be to equalise the opportunities for human capital accumulation, rather than to undermine returns to human capital. On the one hand, the unemployed and those laid off can find work and earn money in the informal sector. This employment effect could reduce overall income inequality by increasing the incomes of low-income groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In response, China announced a proposed list of 128 products imported from the United States, valued at about $3 billion as the target for the "tit for tat" tariffs, followed by a further list of 106 products with an import value of $50 billion which would face a 25 per cent tariff in retaliation for the second wave of tariffs. However, there are several points worth noting, including how current accounts are measured and what factors really drive current account deficits. Second, the current account deficit may not indicate competitiveness levels but rather a low level of national savings relative to investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The reasons for this increase in the number of labourers have not been thoroughly studied. Fluctuations in catches and catch composition can play a role in explaining this increase. There has been a slight increase in the number of part-time workers in Iceland since 2008, but data on how much of that increase is in the fishing industry are not readily available. The government has introduced various measures to work against the migration from the countryside to the capital area. The fisheries management system has partly been used to that effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
There was insufficient public investment in the improvement of infrastructure in order to restore good services. Water charges were raised before service delivery was improved - charges were raised by a factor of 12 at a time when the condition of infrastructure and water supply remained very poor. Also, the organisation of the client based collapsed with the demise of the AAs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The share of children under the age of 3 enrolled in ECEC is on the rise in most countries and has increased on average from 25% to 31% between 2010 and 2016 (Table B2.1b). This is particularly marked in many European countries, as a result of further stimulus by the 2010 objectives set by the European Union (EU) at its Barcelona meeting (to supply subsidised full-day places for one-third of children under the age of 3 by 2010) (OECD, 2017(4]). More globally, the rise in ECEC provision over the last decades has greatly contributed to the increase in women’s participation in the labour force, particularly for mothers with children under age 3. Countries with higher enrolment rates of children under age 3 in 2016 tend to be those in which the employment rates of mothers are highest ([OECD, 2018,1]] [OECD, 2018(7]], Figure B2.1). In countries such as Norway, for instance, not only do more than half of the children below age 3 attend ECEC services, but they also attend programmes integrated within the education system from below age 1 until the beginning of primary school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This text falls within the scope of the research field known as "Multiculturalism, Human Rights and Education: the tension between equality and difference", which has been developed since 2006, having as one of its objectives the study of issues related to intercultural education in Latin America. In the research process, special emphasis was given to the production of the "Modernity/Coloniality" working group for its critical potential in the discussion of the relationship between interculturality, ethnic-racial relations and education in Brazil. Firstly, a brief analysis of the main concepts, which are the basis of their work, is carried out. Then, the notion of decolonial pedagogy and critical interculturality is presented. Finally, the possible intersections between the propositions of decolonial and intercultural pedagogy and the National Curriculum Guidelines for the education of Ethnic-racial relations and for the teaching of Afro-Brazilian and African History and Culture are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The absence of sufficient policies and infrastructure supporting mothers deters many mothers from entering (or re-entering) the labour force and can prevent children from receiving good-quality care and education. While even childless women do more unpaid care and housework than men, the arrival of children in the household makes it even harder for women to compete equally in the labour force given gender stereotypes, barriers in the labour market and lack of quality child care support. When mothers do engage in paid work, the “motherhood penalty” - meaning that mothers receive lower wages than childless women - remains persistent and strong in OECD countries even after accounting for a woman’s decision to become a mother, which may influence her other behaviours (Budig and England, 2001, Gough and Noonan, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Labelling students according to their assessment outcomes, and particularly making students repeat a grade, stigmatises them, and it has been shown how students' self-perceptions and their ideas about others' perceptions can negatively affect their motivation and learning (Hoff & Pandey, 2004, Schunk, 1985). At the same time, schools and teachers need to acknowledge that examination success continues to be important for students' life outcomes, and take on joint responsibility for their students' learning, for instance by offering more support to struggling students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As implementation progresses and renewable-energy-based electricity generation increases, a re-orientation of incentives to promote improvements in grid quality will become increasingly necessary to accommodate a larger share of clean electricity generation. Is the regulation easily accessible and understandable to all investors? This is particularly important from an investor’s perspective since energy infrastructure is a fixed, long-lived and illiquid asset. High long-term visibility of the policy signal is particularly important for clean energy infrastructure: lower visibility increases the chances that a conventional power plant will be refurbished rather than replaced by a clean energy power plant (Blyth et al., Longer-term financial support reduces financing costs for renewable energy projects (Varadarajan et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The trafficking of persons around the world is a serious violation of human rights and manifestation of social injustice. It disproportionately affects women and children worldwide. Given the values of the social work profession and the prevalence of trafficking, it is essential to understand the current literature on human trafficking in social work journals. Using the PRISMA method, this systematic review (n = 94 articles) of human trafficking in social work journals found the following: more focus on sex trafficking than other forms of trafficking, a lack of a clear conceptualization and definition on the entire spectrum of trafficking, a lack of evidence-informed empirical research to inform programs, practice, and policy, and a dearth of recommendations for social work education. Specific implications for social work policy, research, practice, and education are highlighted and discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It provides financial assistance to producers to install and maintain conservation practices on eligible agricultural and forest land. Energy conservation projects occur as part of the On-Farm Energy Initiative. Landscape AgEMPs have been available since 2009, and take a more holistic view of on-farm energy use, addressing issues, such as water use and erosion. Once the initial energy audit is complete, EQIP helps farmers develop a plan for implementing conservation practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Poor quality of infrastructure (for example, sub-standard transport connections or unreliable telecommunication grids) is an additional challenge developing and emerging countries face in the development of their manufacturing sector. According to the OECD (2018), early adoption of digital infrastructure such as a reliable telecommunication infrastructure (high-speed internet access) or more sophisticated technologies (for instance, the Blockchain), may lead to 'leapfrogging' within the manufacturing sector and thus promotes an inclusive and sustainable future development. The shrewd use of automation technology may have two substantial effects on the characteristics of the goods produced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Two additional elements are usually included in definitions of gender mainstreaming: the institutionalisation of gender concerns in order to transform “attitudes, culture, goals, and procedures,” and gender empowerment, w'hich is aimed at “promoting women's participation in decisionmaking processes, as well as having their voices heard and the power to put issues on the agenda. By ensuring that institutions, policies and programmes respond to women and men equitably, gender mainstreaming also contributes to good governance. If the needs and priorities of women and men are considered at each phase of the policy cycle (design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation), achieving substantive progress on addressing remaining gender gaps is much more likely. As such, applying gender mainstreaming to both the existing and new laws and regulations is of critical importance to close these gaps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Goal 11, which is related to sustainable cities, captures many of the concrete priorities needed to realize Goal 12 targets. Targets such as sustainable urbanization in a rapidly urbanizing world are key to ensuring overall SCP patterns. Tackling many of the challenges outlined under Goal 12 and other green economy targets can also be the source of significant job creation - an objective of Goal 8 (decent work and economic growth) and Goal 1 (poverty reduction).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The common finding of positively sloped age-earnings profiles is generally attributed to accumulation of human capital with work experience over the life cycle.3 Taken at face value, these results suggest that the relationship between literacy skills and age does not follow the pattern displayed by other forms of human capital. A 35-year-old in 2012 may differ from a 25-year-old in 2012 both because she is older and because she comes from an earlier birth cohort. Those born in different time periods may experience differences in the nature and quality of schooling and work experience, as well as differences in the contributions of other influences on skills such as parents and peers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Thus, if a beneficiary with health problems chooses to monetise the health benefits, and opts to spend it on alcohol instead of relevant pharmaceutical products that is regarded as his/her free choice. That public resources expressly allocated towards health purposes are used in this manner does not seem to cause major concern. However, it is as yet unclear to what extent this reflects an increase in transparency of costs that were thus far hidden, or whether citizens who were entitled to in-kind benefits but who had hitherto never been able to validate their right to access (because of capacity-constraints in service provisions, shortages in subsidised housing, lack of public transport in rural areas, etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Results show the % change in agricultural incomes induced by each policy measure equivalent to 1 %, as explained in the text. With multipliers at around 1.0, marginal changes in biofuel policies seem to be greater impacts on global farm incomes than fertiliser policies. This is consistent with the earlier finding that biofuel support tends to increase crop prices - and hence farm incomes - in all countries, whereas income benefits in countries providing fertiliser subsidies are partly offset by losses in other countries. Multipliers for individual countries can be significantly higher than 1 (such as in the cases of Brazil or China for biofuel budgetary support), reflecting significant trans-border impacts of these policies: such high multiplier values do not indicate net gains, but reflect impacts on national farm incomes from policies in other countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Norway can do more to makes sure that quality of mental health care is not uneven across the country, that co-ordination between services is good, and that all mental disorders are appropriately treated. Governance responsibilities for mental health care are an area for attention, and there is a need to ensure that responsibilities for commissioning and delivering services are fulfilled, and that co-ordination between administrative bodies is strong. Section 4.3 then looks at available information on mental health care, and suggests that whilst Norway has a quite impressive array of available indicators, there is the potential to further improve data sources to give better information on quality of care. Finally, the chapter takes a system-level perspective, and addresses the need to improve co-ordination of service provision and care delivery across governance bodies, and to better define service responsibilities, so as to maximise the use of existing resources , to guard against gaps and duplication in care provision, and to promote high-quality care at all levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Green Growth Working Group of the Donor Committee for Enterprise Development (DCED) has brought together lessons learned in Green Growth and Private Sector Development: Stocktaking of DCED Experiences (DCED, 2014). For example, small businesses that engaged in an Asia-wide program on sustainable production and consumption did so to improve their competitiveness and reduce costs (EU Switch Asia Network Facility, 2013). Investors face several barriers when investing in green growth, particularly in the context of infrastructure projects, including the real and perceived risks of investing in developing countries, lack of medium-term to long-term finance, and a lack of bankable projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The main challenges are the uneven distribution of doctors across the country with especially fewer GPs available in rural areas, the ageing of the health workforce and emigration. Primary care providers function as gatekeepers. Efforts to strengthen the role of primary care, particularly in disease prevention, were attempted for more than a decade, with incentivised services and programmes for prevention and treatment of major chronic diseases constantly expanding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The follow'ing section describes framework conditions for improving the effectiveness of public investment, focusing on the greater role to give to socio-economic efficiency considerations to help prioritise investment projects, the role of the private sector in the provision of infrastructure, and institutional and fiscal decentralisation reforms that could help make the most out of subnational investment and foster growth. The third section concentrates on two sectors where the stock of capital is extensive in France - transport and energy - and where investment priorities should be geared tow-ards maintenance and meeting environmental objectives. Finally, public support to foster the transition to a digital economy and to boost research and innovation are discussed in the last section.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Perceiving dynamics around women's exclusion as the sole power struggle within community forestry risks overlooking differences and inequalities among - or affecting - women and men based on various other socio-economic factors such as ethnicity, class, age and religion. This underscores the importance of both understanding gender as a contextual and intersectional concept and viewing women (like men) as individual agents, constrained by structures of varying flexibility, whose identities, preferences and aspirations cannot be reduced to simplistic, general and often empirically unfounded stereotypes. In an analysis of the Green Belt Movement in Kenya and Community Forestry Programs in Nepal, Boyer-Rechlin (2010) highlighted the importance of taking account of pre-existing gender roles and cultural contexts, as well as investing in civic education and building women's skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Costs are comparable to other countries with institutionally similar health care systems (market mechanisms in regulating both insurance coverage and health care provision) such as Germany and Switzerland, but relatively high in comparison to most other OECD countries with different systems (Joumard et al., More specifically, hospital care exhibits mixed efficiency scores, while quality is high in preventive and outpatient care (findings that predate the effects of recent health care reforms). Other studies have emphasized the high equity and access in the Dutch health care system (Davis et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Is the discrepancy between the cultural and linguistic rights of immigrants on the one hand and national groups on the other justified, with the latter group typically enjoying a fuller set of such rights than the former category? Patten presents a case for accepting some modest departures from neutrality in the treatment of immigrants’ cultural rights and that of majority and minority national groups. I challenge his thesis by asking whether such departures are justified with respect to already settled (as opposed to prospective) immigrants, whether the situational argument for unequal treatment is inconsistent with the theory of culture offered earlier in the book, and whether contexts of historical injustice against immigrant groups might complicate judgements about the national minority/immigrant dichotomy with respect to minority cultural rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nearly 3 out of 10 adults in these countries performs at or below the lowest level of proficiency (Level 1) in both literacy and numeracy. Indeed, a closer look at the results reveals that more than nine-tenths of the overall variation in literacy skills observed through the survey lies within, rather than between, countries. In fact, in all but one participating country, at least one in ten adults is proficient only at or below Level 1 in literacy or numeracy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Growth will be particularly high in Japan, Korea (Rep. of) and the United States (which are the world leaders in terms of LTE take-up and data usage), but also in some European markets (as LTE gains traction). Incumbent and alternative fixed operators in developed markets also have been investing in fibre networks to create ultra-fast broadband networks capable of speeds of up to 1 gigabit per second (Gbit/s). Capital expenditures on fibre infrastructure (expressed as "fibre to the x" or "FTTx," with x standing for "home" or "premises") are expected to total USD 144.2 billion between 2014 and 2019.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)