albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The PME must contain technical and pedagogical support and initiatives that specifically respond to priority student needs and implement pedagogical strategies for students with low academic achievement (see Chapter 2 for the role of the SEP in the funding system and Chapter 4 for the use of school improvement plans in schools). As a complement to the SEP and conditional on participating in the SEP, school providers can receive a Grant for Concentration of Priority Students (Subuencion por Concentration de Alumnos Prioritarios). This grant provides an extra amount per student which depends on the proportion of disadvantaged students in the school. School providers with schools enrolling students in extreme poverty can also benefit from a Grant for Retention (Subuencion Educacional Pro-retencion). The grant is provided for each disadvantaged student belonging to a family which participates in the programme Chile Solidario, a part of Chile’s social protection system designed to address the needs of vulnerable families, individuals and geographical areas (also see Chapter 2) (MINEDUC, ACE and ES, 2016). Teachers in difficult working conditions receive a Difficult Conditions of Work allowance (Asignacion por desempeno en condiciones dificiles).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
One lesson for all because teachers can only do so much in one time period. Use of Bloom's Taxonomy of Cognitive Domains:322 Move from the simple and basic to the more complex, ensuring all feel comfortable and have their needs met, i.e. for knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and finally evaluation. Examples of how to adapt lessons for African classrooms are suggested in the video clip 'Differentiated Teaching' (DVD 2). Strategies to be used here fall into three groups. The first is developing peer support as a reasonable accommodation through buddy rotas, collaborative learning and co-operation on completing tasks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Most cannabis resin destined for Europe is smuggled from Morocco. According to the European Drug Report 2015, in 2013, the European Union countries reported 431,000 individual seizures of cannabis herb and 240,000 seizures of cannabis resin. The total amount of cannabis resin seized in the European Union in 2013 (460 tons) was much higher than that of cannabis herb (130 tons). Spain, a major point of entry for cannabis produced in Morocco, reported more than two thirds of the total quantity of cannabis resin seized in Europe that year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
I realized that social media could give women in conservative countries a digital voice. Digitization can connect them with other parts of the world and change their world - allowing them to live beyond the borders they have always known. In addition to helping free women from restrictions in conservative societies, technology upgrades our operations and raises productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Portugal registered the third highest unemployment level in the European Union at 16.7% by the third quarter of 2012, a record for that economy. In that case, these countries may not continue to be accepted as members of the euro zone. If such a worst-case scenario of a disorderly debt default or countries exiting the euro zone were to play out, the impact on the global economy as well as on Asia and the Pacific may be severe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This contribution demonstrates that territoriality has lost its moorings. Formal reliance on territorial jurisdiction cannot hide that a person’s territorial presence may be used as nothing more than a useful nexus to influence that person’s global or foreign activity, or more incisively, and possibly invidiously, to limit third countries’ regulatory freedom. EU regulation of transnational economic operators and ECHR/EU conditional extradition practice are cases in point. In this scenario, territoriality serves as a mere trigger to effectively exercise quasi-universal jurisdiction. This begs the question as to whether territoriality, as the jurisdictional manifestation of the principle of non-intervention and the sovereign equality of States, can still be a legitimate principle of world public order.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Their ability to consider multiple independent criteria in evaluating the acceptability of a given policy strategy does not require the heroic assumptions necessary for formulating an aggregated welfare function in policy optimization models. Because the algorithms applied by policy guidance models are similar to those of optimization models, they also require a highly simplified representation of dynamic system components. Optimizing models either apply global averages or distinguish a limited number of geopolitical regions. Most policy evaluation models, in contrast, determine climate impacts on a geographical grid (often 0.5° latitude by 0.5° latitude).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This effectively puts limitations on the local freedom to change the tax rate (Lotz et al., Setting the grant level is important for the overall fiscal policy of the central government, while agreeing on changes in the local income tax rate is important for the budgeting process of the individual municipalities. Such a sanction system was institutionalised by a budget law from 2012 (Houlberg et al., Even though these sanctions are related to the overall economic performance and not the economic performance in individual municipalities, Lotz et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Once the appropriate cost estimates have been established, governments would then need to internalise the value of such resources into the full costs of the economic activities that deplete them. Quite obviously, issues such as climate change or tropical rainforests, which constitute a vital link in the global oxygen cycle, transcend national boundaries and need to be internalised through cumbersome, but indispensable, international negotiations. A well-known study on the full costs of energy prepared for the European Commission by Ecofys consultants (2014) is a case in point. The study included in its calculations the social costs for non-internalised resource depletion at a level ranging between EUR 9 and EUR 14 for gas, coal, oil and nuclear per MWh produced (Ecofys, 2014: p. 37) - see Figure 7.3. Nuclear power fared actually rather well in this comparison, given its good performance in terms of climate change risks and air quality (particulate matter formation). Not only have proved reserves for all four resources been rising rather than decreasing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Despite the centrality of harm to crime and criminalization and increasing interest in harm as a basis for crime-control policy, there has been little systematic reflection within criminology on criminal harms or their identification, evaluation, and comparison. In this paper, we review the literature on the harms of crime and related concepts, i.e., the perceived seriousness and cost of crime, impact of criminal victimization, and drug-related harm. Each of these related bodies of work suggests either a reason, by way of inadequacy, or a means, by way of insight or analytical method, to advance a harm-based approach. We then identify substantial challenges in assessing the harms of crime and conclude that, despite these challenges, a systematic empirically-based assessment of the harms of criminal activities can serve important roles in policy analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To arrive at detailed insights about cooperation decisions an in-depth analysis of the application cases was conducted12, by doing so the crucial decision criteria were investigated and highlighted. The relative importance of decision criteria varies with the field of cooperation that is evaluated, for example, for smart metering, different factors appear to be of importance, whereas for network operation other factors come into play. In addition, stakeholders have their own focus regarding the importance of specific criteria (e.g. for DSOs exerting control on an ICT network that is used for grid operation is of great importance13).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Therefore, obtaining accurate demographic data is difficult. Among the Maasai community obtaining accurate data on maternal and infant deaths is a challenge, as they may never be reported. Further, among the Maasai it is difficult to know which woman has never had a child because the practice is for every married woman to be called the mother of a child. Therefore, in cases where a woman has no child, she is given one by a family member to raise as her own.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The objective of SWITCH was to develop new solutions with regard to increasing the efficiency of urban water systems and their resilience to a range of future climate change scenarios. The project’s approach was one of strengthening the connections between experts and stakeholders, and decision makers, so as to facilitate knowledge-sharing. The directed spiral (with arrows), whose origin is the point of intersection of the x- and y-axes, represents an ideal policy path.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For many years, I have begun my courses in comparative law by explaining to students that, because of its subject matter, comparative law is different from any other discipline taught in law schools. It does not deal with a body of law as, for example, civil procedure or labor law. Rather, it is a method, or a variety of methods, used to compare different bodies of law. In this perspective, it is not difficult to see the difference between comparative law and international law or between comparative law and foreign law. Indeed, international law itself can be studied comparatively such as in much of the work devoted to comparative private international law that has been produced in the U.S.-immigrant tradition of Comparative Law, from Ehrenzweig to Fritz Juenger. But can comparative law be studied comparatively? Is there such a thing as "comparative-comparative law"?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The aim of this study to analyze enforcement of disciplinary rules and implementation of civil service disciplinary sanction in Dinas Pendidikan Kota Surakarta based on Government Regulation No. 53 Tahun 2010 about discipline of civil servants. The type of this research is qualitative descriptive. Technique of data collecting used direct observation to the main object, held interview with informant to get comprehensive information by asking some question about the main problem. Study of literature by reading books, magazine, newspaper, documents, legislation and other information that relevant with the object of research and supported by secondary data. The result of research showed that enforcement of disciplinary rules in Dinas Pendidikan Kota Surakarta is still not optimal whereas the application of disciplinary sanctions in accordance with the rules of discipline of civil servants is Government Regulation No. 53 Tahun 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
See In the Matter of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania I977-as amended from time to time [Cap. The practice can be used in the proposed new law on CEFM. Inside Courtroom - EAC Courts can replicate a Protocol set up by the Bosnian Court with necessary modifications, see Anna Kithaka ‘Enforcement of the Sexual offences Act Kenya’ (Pambazuka News) www.pambazuka.org/ governance/enforcement accessed 1 July 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
But changes in the ecological and institutional landscapes in Rajasthan marginalized the availability of grazing land, which largely affected their pastoral lifestyle and forced them to sell animals and take up low-paid labour in towns. Hence their knowledge is irrelevant and thus the changes in their livelihood led to the disappearance of valuable breeds and associated knowledge (Practical Action, 2009). For example, farmers in semi-arid parts of south Tamil Nadu use ploughs made of neem tree timber (Azadracta indica) as one of the integrated methods to control Cyperus, a notorious weed in cropped fields. Currently, ploughing is carried out using tractors and thus the traditional knowledge of using neem ploughs has become obsolete and its relevance is limited under the changing production practices. The cultural value placed on crop diversity and local selection techniques is also declining in many areas and the skills that contributed to evolution of landraces are slowly disappearing, as in the case of specific culture in the Philippines mentioned earlier. Changing socio-cultural practices make the knowledge irrelevant and reduce sharing and communication at the community level and into the next generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A major wilderness area is identified as biodiverse if it has 75% of the original vegetation remaining in pristine condition and a low human population density (< 5 people/km2). Wilderness areas are based largely on the world’s terrestrial ecoregions (see Olson et al., It includes life expectancy, literacy, education and standards of living for countries worldwide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Reforms to the Swedish Penal Code regarding violence against women, introduced by the “Kvinnofrid” package in 1998, emphasize the importance of collaboration between the police, social services and health-care providers. In many societies, women belonging to particular ethnic or racial groups experience gender-based violence as well as violence based on their ethnic or racial identity. It is important that legislation, or subsidiary legislation, where necessary, make specific provision for the appropriate and sensitive treatment of women complainants/survivors of violence who suffer from multiple forms of discrimination. Title VI of the United States of America Tribal Law and Order Bill (2008), if passed, would enact specific provisions regarding the prosecution and prevention of domestic violence and sexual assault against Native American women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Fragmented and complex nature of contemporary public policy problems require governments to change their traditional public administration approaches and force public administrators to provide involvement of all actors such as private firms, non-profit organizations, and citizens in policy making and implementation. In this diverse policy environment, using governance tools such as contracting out some public services, building networks, and establishing citizen participation mechanisms are considered as essential components of this new approach. Public administrators should not act as the only problem solver, but they should be facilitators in collaborative problem solving to mobilize the other actors. Along with the benefits of using these tools, there are some challenges for public administrators. Considering these difficulties, appropriate use of these tools provides public administrators to effectively address contemporary complex problems such as terrorism, drug abuse, emergency management, and healthcare crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many of them are used in ceramic kilns or bathhouses as fuel, which causes a great deal of air pollution. Tyres are also incinerated in cement plants, and a certain quantity is imported for this puipose (100,000 tons in 2009). At present, there is no centralized or even organized waste collection for this type of waste. The quantity generated annually is insufficient to ensure the economic performance of a dismantling and recycling centre, the sale value of the recovered metals would not support the operating cost. For that reason, this waste is mainly disposed of with household waste, waste pickers collect and disassemble some discarded electrical and electronic equipment and recover the materials of value. An electronic waste recycling project at the Guemassa site involves separating and recovering the precious and non-ferrous metals in electronic boards in order to produce blister copper and gold and silver alloys.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
While the federal government began to incorporate housing quality and liveability concerns in its policies and programmes prior to 2013 - notably in terms of improved construction materials, the elaboration of a Certified Development initiative (Desarrollos Certificados, formerly Desarrolios Urbanos Integrates Sustentables [DUIS]), and incentives for green building - housing policy objectives meanwhile remained quantitative and focused on furnishing individual houses with basic equipment (e.g. piped water, drainage). As will be seen, programmes like DUIS (and now Desarrollos Certificados) in many cases paid insufficient attention to housing location and access to urban services and infrastructure (see Box 2.6). In a review of housing policies in Latin America focusing on the experiences of Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Mexico, Rojas (2014) finds that housing policies throughout the region have lacked a place-based approach and have been poorly co-ordinated with other policy domains affecting urban development (e.g. economic development, transport, etc.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The creation of non-contributory programmes alongside existing contributory programmes enhances social protection coverage, notably for health, but may discourage working formally. This is less likely to be the case if the non-contributory programme is designed in a way that allows a smooth transition towards the contributory programme. This can be done through means-tested fees with a subsidy component which decreases with income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Since its collateral registry came online in 2010, Ghana has registered 60,000 loans totaling approximately $14 billion. Moreover, it explicitly states that the elimination of gender discrimination in laws, customs and practices related to land and property is a guiding principle of land management. While considerable progress has been made, there is still, however, a significant gender gap when it comes to ownership and control of land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If vulnerability is defined as monthly income between 1.2 and 1.8 times the poverty line, then a very high percentage of the Latin American population —over 50% in many countries— lives in poverty or vulnerability (see figure 1.18). These individuals have limited capacity to ride out growth and employment cycles, since the majority do not have savings or access to social security and do not own their homes. They also exhibit high dependency rates and low levels of education, which impairs their ability to progress in the job market and get ahead during times of economic expansion, while heightening the risk that they will sink back into poverty when the economic cycle takes a turn for the worse. Accordingly, with growth forecast to slow in the years ahead, the fact that such a large portion of the population lives in vulnerable conditions should be cause for concern.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The school was renamed in 2008 as the Danish Media and Journalism School. The Danish Union of Journalists has about 17,500 members and in 2013 women made up 45% of the journalists in the union (Andreassen 2016: 85). Three Danish media companies were surveyed in EIGE's report: two public companies and one private.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
So this section looks in turn at these different aspects of the ‘waste management industry’ as a public service, as a business delivering waste services and as a resource recovery business, while also examining the shadow business of waste crime. One rationale for this is the ‘public good’ nature of MSWM. It is difficult to control access to MSWM sen/ices,36 and if some citizens escape from their responsibilities for MSWM, they themselves may escape some costs but will cause harm to others and to society as a whole.37 Unlike other public or utility services that run on separate meters such as energy or water, waste management is a utility sen/ice that does not allow for disconnecting users who do not pay without impacting on others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This chapter offers a detailed analysis of the so-called ‘memory laws’ passed in Rwanda to punish the denial and the trivialization of the 1994 genocide. In particular it discusses the Rwandan law 47/2001 on discrimination and sectarianism, law 33 bis of 2003 punishing the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, and law 18/2008 on the crime of ‘genocide ideology’ in the light of international human rights standards. The nefarious impact on Rwandan society of these laws curbing freedom of expression and of the related jurisprudence is elaborated upon, with particular attention to the cases of Victoire Ingabire, one of the main opposition leaders, and of the Rwandan journalists Agnes Uwimana-Nkusi and Saidati Mukakibibi. The chapter concludes that post-genocide Rwanda emerges as another context where state authorities have recurred to ‘public use of history’, exploiting the memory of the past violence in order to strengthen their grip on power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All the preconditions for growth generated in the previous phase should already be in place. A disciplined labour force and sufficient levels of technical and managerial expertise should have been attained in the process of economic development in the previous phase before the manufacturing export phase can start to kick in. In both the commodity and manufacturing export phases, foreign trade can also play an important part in transfer of new technologies trom more advanced countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The percentage of the population with some level of deprivation in work and social security was 84% in 2010, showing that this dimension requires special government attention and an increase in the coverage of the social security system. The indigenous population has the largest deprivation gap (see table 3). Lastly, the work deprivation gap for indigenous people decreased from 32.7% in 2006 to 15.6% in 2010. This reduction cannot be interpreted in the same way as a headcount ratio (i.e. a reduction in the number of poor people), but the important thing is that it shows that the level (severity) of multidimensional poverty in the country has fallen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The paper concerns contemporary trends and issues of transparency, participation and collaboration in governmental activities in Russia. Building an 'open government' is based on the institutionalisation of access for citizens to the sphere of governmental activities and transformation of government. Its implementation, however, has resulted in a certain gap between the three major clusters of the movement for open government: governmental, presidential and civil. The paper analyses the structural and ideological movement for open government in Russia. Using a network approach, the author describes the main clusters of the movement for open government, and particularly the structure of political opportunities they create for civic engagement in public policy but also for authoritative control over it. The paper is based on a study of 154 actors of open government using network analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The total generation of household, commercial and manufacturing waste in Ulaanbaatar exceeds 1 million t/y. Updated figures show practically the same waste generation from ger districts in summer and winter, because a lot of waste generated by ger residents in winter is used as fuel. In contrast, analysis of monthly data in 2013-2014 shows peaks of waste generation during the summer months, w'hich is attributed to commercial activities, mainly construction activities and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)