albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
There is some evidence that this difference is smaller for job losers in households with liquidity constraints and larger for job losers who become self-employed (as opposed to informal salaried). This suggests that some formal-sector job losers tend to wait before returning to formal work until their benefits expire. However, the spike is not statistically significant for any of the groups. The hazard ratios are estimated using a complementary log-log model with group-specific baseline hazards that controls for random effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Through dialogue, consultations and collaborative research, IPES-Food will work with local partners to explore how agroecology is understood and can be applied in a West African context. This include identifying its performance in the region, as well as the opportunities and potential barriers for such activities. Other examples of initiatives focusing on agroecological practices are the Promotion of Smart Agriculture Towards Climate Change initiative, which aims to support the transition towards agroecology in West Africa in order to increase the resilience of vulnerable populations and the "4 per 1000" initiative (see Appendix B).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Demographic dependency ratios (the ratio of the number of people of working age to the number of dependent persons) may vary as well, and public policy reforms may alter the benefits provided, which may in turn sparic intergenerational conflicts (Colombo and Mercier, 2012, OECD, 201 la, p. 12). These issues are analogous to the ones surrounding pension-system funding and benefits, which, with some adjustments, may inform the discussion (on pensions, see Barr and Diamond, 2008). In Latin America and the Caribbean, however, the social protection systems for pensions and health are so unequal and have proven so hard to reform that funding for long-term care should not be aligned with existing social security schemes.14 A network funded in this manner should ensure that care sendees (health and social assistance) interact effectively with the existing network of social protection providers, with regulations that prevent market skimming and safeguard quality by aiming for universal access and equal care opportunity. Bertranou and others (2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Etisalat first used femtocells in 2010 and is committed to deploying more 3G cells in public areas around the country to improve capacity. In fact, the rise in consumer data consumption may drive the need for further Wi-Fi investment. Mobile operators consider public Wi-Fi a necessary service, although it risks cannibalizing their mobile data revenues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Nevertheless, when comparing two households with otherwise identical in terms of composition and income, except that one of them includes a disabled member, the latter is expected to have a lower standard of living. The additional costs faced by that household may be in terms of treatment costs, higher costs due to specialized transportation, diet or equipment required. Hence, non-poor households having members suffering from disabilities may actually be poor in terms of resources left to spend on basic needs, after deducting medical expenditures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In recent years, X–ray body scanners have been introduced at airports, penitentiaries and other places with considerable movement of people in order to combat drug trafficking, the entry of illegal materials and terrorism. However, although the application of this equipment in the national security area is indeed relevant, its use has caused a great deal of controversy, especially with regard to the doses absorbed and to the cancer induction risk associated with these exposures. The aim of this study is to use the Monte Carlo MCNPX code and the male adult voxel (MAX) and female adult voxel (FAX) phantoms, to evaluate the absorbed dose, effective dose and risk of cancer incidence attributable to exposures of individuals submitted to transmission X–ray body scanners in several projections. The effective dose values were calculated as recommended by the ICRP Publication 103 and the risk of cancer incidence were estimated through the BEIR VII Report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It disaggregates this spending by source of financing: national and regional governments, contributory schemes and external support. The inclusion of regional spending data is a key innovation and represents an important way in which this report builds on the World Bank’s recent public expenditure review of social spending (Kiringai et al., It also shows the proportion of spending by source of financing and identifies trends both in spending and financing over the past five years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Palermo Conference represents an important paradigm of civic responsibility that holds important global lessons for the kind of solidarity and cooperation necessary to transform the harsh reality of private and even public tyranny into the higher ideals of civic decency. It is the predicate that defends the rule of law precept as a stabilising and transformative component of a world order that honours and respects the dignity of all the people. The theme of the symposium where this paper was first presented was, of course, the rule of law in the global village. More specifically, the title here is ‘The Rule of Law: Lofty Ideal or Harsh Reality?’ How then does the UN convention against Transnational Organized Crime, in general, impact on the major themes just specified? What does the convention have to do with the rule of law and the earth‐space community, visualised as a global village?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Imperfect information on the costs and benefits of different pollution abatement choices is further complicated by multifaceted production relationships, such as the response of farmers to weather, climate change, and market uncertainty (Doole and Pannell, 2009, National Audit Office, 2010). But because information is imperfect, decision making under uncertainty will be unavoidable. In the light of information and data deficiencies policy makers need to rely much more heavily on modelled information approaches, both economic models and bio-physical models, to inform policy design, choice, monitoring and evaluation (Cabe and Herriges, 1992, Doole and Pannell, 2009, Schreiber et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, this goal should not be seen as the end, and it should not be viewed merely in the narrow context of LDCs graduating out of the LDC status. However, the IPoA only implicitly refers to this objective when it calls for a doubling of LDCs’ share of trade. This remains true even of LDCs that have graduated and moved up on many dimensions of human development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
To be more precise, it includes policies and programmes that aim to reduce poverty and make people less vulnerable to unemployment, social exclusion, sickness, disability and old age by helping them to manage these risks and shocks. This is one of the most important innovations in recent social protection policy and is a reaction to the problem of how to find and target the poor. While most social protection programmes do include administrative mechanisms for reaching the poor, increasingly policy makers recognise the high costs associated with poverty targeting, and are aware of the important trade-offs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It increases individual incomes that are critical to satisfying basic needs and is a source of resource mobilization for Governments to invest in development. For the world as a whole, the period from 2000 to 2007/08 was a time of rising economic growth as well as increasing macroeconomic stability. The increased policy space of this period represented an opportunity for economic policies to enable progress towards achieving development goals. An important number of countries increased social public expenditure both in absolute terms as well as relative to total government expenditures, signalling that the economic bonanza made room for development policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Compact, mixed-use cities with high quality infrastructure, combined with policy measures that facilitate inclusion of all stakeholders in decision-making processes, along with charging the true social cost of using private motorized vehicles to secure an increased modal share of sustainable modes—are components of sound strategies for achieving of sustainable urban mobility in cities. For example, the improvement of rural accessibility in Viet Nam has been associated with significant poverty reduction (UNECE, 2012). Nevertheless, significant challenges still exist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Some of the inherent conflicts that may need to be overcome in the previous two models are not necessarily present and the potential contribution of ride services to an overall vision and objectives for transport can be more objectively assessed and acted upon. This is in theory at least, because in practice, public transport organising authorities in Europe have been particularly loathe to seek out partnerships with ride services and most of the innovation in this field comes from North America. This may stem from the strength and effectiveness of traditional public transport service in European countries as well as from an institutional bias in favour of traditional public transport service delivery models.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Armed groups have a predominant role in the violations of international humanitarian law (IHL) and human rights committed in conflict settings during the last decades. Although there is a consensus on the IHL obligations applicable to armed groups during non-international armed conflicts, there is no regulation of the legal consequences of their violation. This article analyses the answers given by the international law to the issue of the international responsibility of the armed groups, both in terms of individual members as well as collectivities. The study will conclude with a reflection on a new model of international responsibility applied to armed groups themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The bulk of financing for public higher education institutions comes from Federal funds channelled through the Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE). Only one university - Universiti Kuala Lumpur - is financed by a state government, the state of Selangor. A few older universities, such as the University of Malaya, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Kebangsaan and Universiti Putra Malaysia, have a proportion of self-generated income with some revenue generated by tuition fees, training fees, commercialisation of products, research grants from international or national bodies, and consultancies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As such, indusive growth refers to the pace and distribution of economic growth. During recent years, Viet Nam has enjoyed high rates of growth in excess of those prevailing in OECD countries as well as a continuous increase in household consumption and a remarkable decline in consumption poverty (Table 1.1). However, concerns have been raised about income inequality and the employment intensity of growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Regions with moderate groundwater stress present the highest rates of fulfilment on most of the proposed elements and instruments for agriculture groundwater management. At least some of the five most stressed groundwater regions checked the main conditions. In contrast, a number of the least stressed agricultural groundwater regions did not comply with the list of conditions, with the exception of conjunctive management and the use of direct instruments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The clearest exception in this regard is Nicaragua, where income growth in the top quintile is entirely due to an increase in transfers. In Costa Rica, Ecuador and Mexico, differences in income growth in the first and fifth quintiles broadly reproduced the trends in labour income for those same groups. A similar pattern can be seen in the Dominican Republic, Guatemala and Honduras, where the income gap between the wealthiest and poorest quintiles widened.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Up to 1% of the total subsidy will be allocated to research and technology development, capacity building and, inter alia, the financing of pilot studies and complementary projects under the rural electrification scheme. Table 25 shows the cost norms defined by the Ministry of Power for village electrification. In line with current practice under the RGGVY, the MNRE also offers a 100% capital subsidy for BPL household connections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
During the latter two decades, protected areas have gradually become more closely connected to their economic and social environments, with an emphasisto integrate national parksto wider regional and local development processes (see e.g. Puhakka and Saarinen (2013). In peripheries, closer connections between the tourism industry and national parks are used as tools. While the original biocentric conservation policy used to be characterized by top-down governance, stakeholders of the local communities and the tourism industry are today increasingly involved in adaptive management strategies. During the last three decades, international tourist arrivals to Iceland have generally increased, including by 25% over the past six years. The number of international visitors to Iceland was approximately 2.3 million in 2017, which is almost seven times more than the entire Icelandic population. Tourism is now one of the main pillars of the economy and represents the country's largest export sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Nevertheless, there is a high degree of uncertainty concerning the status of several species, with 83 Data Deficient (DD) species, additionally, the population status of 38 per cent of CR species, 36 per cent of EN species, 23 per cent of VU species, 30 per cent of NT species and 26 per cent of LC species is presently unknown. This represents a total of 299 species of unknown population status. The Biodiversity Strategy observes that, of some 7,000 floral species, 930 are endemic. In comparison with other Mediterranean countries, Morocco has the highest percentage of endemic reptile species and the highest number of European relict reptile species, as well as harbouring centres of diversity of certain reptile genera (the Biodiversity Strategy puts the figure of endemic reptiles at 21, out of a total of 92 species).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
At the same time, the significant increase in self-employment and new forms of employment call for adapted and strengthened employment and social protection policies. To address continued gender disparities and enhance inclusion of marginalized groups, such policies should emphasize the equitable participation of women and all social groups in decent jobs. But opportunities will only be available to those who are connected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Individuals benefit from education in a variety of ways: education has a strong positive impact on the material living conditions of people, as higher education leads to higher earnings and greater employability (OECD, 2010c, Boarini and Strauss, 2010, Sianesi and Van Reenen, 2003), more educated people generally have better health status, as they have a healthier life-style and an increased chance of doing a job in a working environment with fewer hazards (Miyamoto and Chevalier, 2010, La Fortune and Looper, 2009). Education also raises civic awareness and fosters political participation (Borgonovi and Miyamoto, 2010, OECD, 2010a). Finally, education provides individuals with the skills necessary to integrate more fully into their societies. Education and skills bring important economic returns in the form of higher productivity and economic growth (Hanushek and Woessmann, 2010, Sianesi and Van Reenen, 2003), higher macro-economic and political stability, lower criminality and stronger social cohesion (OECD, 2010a, OECD, 2011a, Grossman, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In this case, the formulation of the target itself clearly reflects that the definition of the subsidies that should be included in this target is very contentious. As discussed below, there are many types of fisheries subsidies, and their impacts vary widely. We chose to label this target simply as “fisheries subsidies”, being understood that this limits the inferences that can be made based on the tables. Some are local in nature, others are national, still others are regional or global.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Table D in the Appendix shows the regional average measures of the five SIGI sub-indices. Data on the SIGI and its sub-indices are based on observations for 44 countries. Sierra Leone, Yemen, Iran, Pakistan and Iraq are the five countries with the highest social discrimination against women, Paraguay, Croatia, Kazakhstan, Argentina and Costa Rica are on the bottom of the list.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In his assessment, much of this has to do with perverse incentives whereby planners deliberately miscalculate costs and benefits to have their projects approved. However, this assessment is project-based and therefore appears not to include the linkages and externalities. In the later planning stages, a multi-year budgetary' approach is necessary to reduce disruption. Procurement practices could be used as a tool to strengthen industry linkages, in addition to serving the purpose of cost reductions. The costs involved are not just those of fees for banks or consultants on financial engineering, or upfront financial incentives but, equally important, the contingent liabilities that build up in the course of a project (TDR 2016). The latter are hard to anticipate fully, often impacting on future fiscal capacity to maintain support for infrastructure development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2005, the 167 member states of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the 2005 Protocol to the 1988 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA). The resulting 2005 SUA Convention is a comprehensive treaty on maritime security that streamlines and integrates efforts to prevent and disrupt maritime terrorism. In the decade since its adoption, however, many states have not acceded to the new treaty, and most of those that have done so have not taken the steps the treaty requires to implement it effectively, even though the need to do so is perhaps even greater today. This article provides a road map for implementation of the 2005 SUA Convention to realize the vision for an effective global regime to combat maritime terrorism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Considerable innovation follows and, as a result, the impact of water shortages on productivity is reduced. In well-designed regimes, local allocation trades can be completed within one or two days and, if conducted in a manner consistent with pre-agreed rules, are not subject to appeal. Entitlement trading, often called “permanent” trading, allows efficient planning for long-term changes in demand and supply conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Individual transferable quota came into effect from 1 May 2012. The revised harvest strategy introduces detailed catch limits and triggers for key commercial species and for species identified through the ecological risk assessment framework. The revised harvest strategy introduces detailed catch limits and triggers for key commercial species and for species identified through the ecological risk assessment framework. For example, Northern Prawn Fishery vessels must now use turtle excluder devices and bycatch reduction devices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This suggests that descriptive representation can actually translate into substantive representation for women. There are multiple causal pathways: elected women pay more attention to women’s needs, they are more effective in bringing these bills on the agenda and they can indirectly (or directly) influence male legislators’ priorities (Schwindt-Bayer, 2007). In Latin America, the presence of female legislators lias helped prioritise children and family affairs, as well as on sexual abuse and family violence issues in Argentina, Colombia and Costa Rica (Schwindt-Bayer, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Its mandate is to foster cooperation between its 53 members and 9 associate members. It supports Governments of the region in consolidating regional positions and advocates regional approaches to meeting the region's unique socio-economic challenges in a globalizing world. The ESCAP head office is located in Bangkok, Thailand, with subregional offices in Almaty, Kazakhstan, Incheon, Republic of Korea, New Delhi, India, and Suva, Fiji. Please visit our website at <www.unescap.org> for further information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Moreover, they will not cover small-scale project developers who are most in need of insurance and guarantee. Pricing is typically 1% of the project cost or stipulated savings, with a wide range (0.1% to 1.5%) depending on the caliber of the bond purchaser. One example identified bond costs for a USD 200 000/year energy saving guaranty (USD 1.8 million cap cost project) were USD 3 000 to USD 4 000 annually (1.5% to 2% of the project's lifetime savings)." The case of risk-guarantee mechanisms have led to sustainable changes by granting local financial stakeholders time to familiarise themselves with the specificities of EE project financing and learn the technicality required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Infonnation on the quality of care is also limited on this website. For example, it reports on preventable hospitalisations, unplanned hospital readmissions and separations for falls resulting in patient harm in hospitals by remoteness. However, data on sentinel events, adverse events and episodes of Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA) bacteraemia in acute care hospitals are not provided by remoteness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Performance categories should be redefined to provide a more detailed picture of student performance at the lower proficiency levels. To track equity, sample-based assessments should be large enough to monitor outcomes across different population groups and regions. Costa Rica should consider applying the assessment to the school census so that individual schools can benchmark their performance against national standards and similar schools, and the MEP has better data to inform school policies and resource allocation. These changes should be reflected in a framework or policy document that details the puipose. The MEP would benefit from stronger research, analytical and statistical capacity to support strategic planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
First, we include all reasons why children lack access to goods and activities in our item-specific measures of poverty, rather than non-affordability only, because we think that they all reflect a violation of a child's right, even if this is by (children's/parents') choice. Moreover, for dimensions more related to local infrastructure, such as leisure, information and housing, there may be 'supply-side' restrictions8 that are separate from the 'demand-side' issues of affordability or preferences. Although Guio et al. ( Although the seven dimensions load on one latent factor both in the combined sample and in each country separately in the 2014 sample, suggesting that they do measure one underlying construct, we are interested in dimensional deprivation prevalence, relationships between individual dimensions and the degree to which some of them may drive the overall multidimensional poverty rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)