albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In particular, the Ministry of the Economy has taken a broad view of learning and innovation, both in terms of apparent technological sophistication as well as of a wide range of needs for firms of different sizes and stages of development. To a considerable degree it has also been thoughtful in identifying the supports that each different target requires. At the same time, having incubators that specialize in the development of business ideas that can involve traditional, medium- or high-technology sectors suggests that ‘innovation' is being understood not simply as the result of scientific research centers, but also involves leveraging site- and tradition-specific knowledge toward further economic development. In addition to the hotels, restaurants and other services consumed by tourists, visitors commonly seek out traditional crafts produced by skilled artisans. Manos a Morelos is an association of craftsman, formed and supported through a combination of the SME Fund and state-level funds, bringing together artisans from around the state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The countries receiving the largest volumes of support for private sector engagement for climate change in 2013 (in absolute terms) were Turkey, India, South Africa, Chile and China. The large share of finance going towards private sector engagement in middle income countries, particularly UMICs, is driven by finance provided by bilateral DFIs and private sector operations of bilateral and multilateral development banks, directly to private sector actors. Such financing usually targets countries where there is a relatively strong private sector, with functioning capital markets in place that can absorb financing at non-concessional terms, and where there is strong policy direction to address climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Nevertheless, gaps within the protected area network remain, with some ecosystem types being underrepresented at present. These include wetland areas, coastal areas and Saharian ecosystems, in the latter case, it was noted that the south of the country remains poorly represented in proportional terms, within the national network of protected areas. However, Morocco has been involved in initiatives to better its protected area system in recent years. A number of recommendations of these studies are worth pointing out, notably (i) more coordinated management of the protected area system, (ii) improved governance at various levels, (iii) providing more resources for park management, and (iv) enhanced autonomy for protected areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This is not the place to go into an extended methodological discussion. Economics in general is more comfortable in analysing static optima than dynamic change. However, the economic approach allows at the very least to provide a conceptual benchmark and a rigorous starting point for discussions about policy instruments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Book synopsis: This new work explores the impact of globalization on the international legal system, with special reference to developing countries. The onset of the current process of globalization brought about momentous changes to the rules and processes of international law. These changes, studied within this book, include a radical expansion of the scope of international economic law, an increase in the power of international economic organizations, a new, more informal approach to law-making, a greater reliance on judicial and arbitral mechanisms for conflict resolution and a proliferation of international human rights instruments, many of which have a direct bearing on international economic relations. The contributors to this book are prominent experts in the fields of international law and international political economy, from developing and developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is also a major reason for the practice of fallowing of aquaculture facilities (O’Connor etal., As aquaculture moves into offshore and deeper waters, oxygen will be a limiting factor in many areas around the globe that seasonally develop severe bottom water hypoxia. Offshore areas that may be risky places for aquaculture include the northern Gulf of Mexico off the coasts of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, much of the Danish straits, the northern Adriatic Sea, the northwest Black Sea, the East China Sea off the Changjiang River (Rabalais et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This chapter succinctly discusses the personal and professional journey that led to the fruition of this book, and makes clear the case for studying homicide and organised crime. In addition, it charts the research methodologies utilised in the empirical investigations and provides an outline of each chapter. Towards the end of the chapter, a brief account is offered on why the content of this book offers a unique contribution to criminology and wider aspects of social sciences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Concerning HED, results were more mixed. Education was negatively correlated with HED for men. Similarly, higher education leads to lower HED among women in higher income countries, whereas the opposite is true in lower income countries, possibly due to the diffusion of innovative patterns of HED among women (Grittner et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The net advantage regarding C02 is under discussion, but ideally up to some 25 per cent reduction may be realized. The current downturn has been characterized as one of the longest ever. Shipyards, largely in the Far East, are running out of business. Some evidence shows that there are cases of ships being recycled at an age as early as seven years. Thorough analysis, taking into account regional factors, shows that a strong case for gas-fuelled ships does exist. Figure 7 shows how clusters of year build, distribution of demand over areas, fleet composition with concentration of energy demand and seasonality need to be assessed in order to evaluate whether there is a justification to use LNG as fuel for shipping.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Radio news analyst William S. Gailmor was blacklisted in the late 1940s for presenting a “popular front” perspective on the air. The popular front, a mass social democratic movement in the 1930s–40s, reached its height after World War II, embracing the causes of anti-fascism, labor rights, civil rights, civil liberties, economic democracy, and media reform. From November 1950 to November 1952 Gailmor returned to journalism, writing a regular column on “Human Welfare” issues for the New York tabloid the Daily Compass. Examining Gailmor's columns—especially those highlighting the tension between human needs and the demands of the national security state—reveals how a minority of popular front journalists continued to challenge the prevailing Cold War narrative, even at the height of the Red Scare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As such intangible assets become strategic factors in firms’ value creation, their role in the economy has become as important as that of tangible assets, accounting for up to 12% of GDP (Figure 2.1). In Finland, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States, investment in intangibles is now equal to or even superior to investment in tangibles such as machinery and equipment and structures. Over the past decade, investment in intangibles has grown as a share of GDP in many OECD countries while investment in tangibles has stayed the same or declined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This chapter analyzes the role of human rights treaty bodies in monitoring, interpreting, and adjudicating health-related human rights obligations, facilitating accountability for the realization of human rights in health policy. With each core human rights treaty having its own corresponding human rights treaty body, these international institutions influence states and galvanize advocates to take action to realize human rights across a range of global health issues. Describing treaty body efforts to monitor state implementation, interpret human rights, and adjudicate individual complaints, this chapter reviews the evolving composition and functions of these treaty bodies and analyzes their effectiveness in facilitating the implementation of human rights as a basis for global health. Given recent United Nations efforts to strengthen treaty body functions and streamline monitoring processes, treaty bodies provide complementary approaches for public health practitioners to support accountability for the implementation of health-related human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
His method was criticised chiefly for the choice of goods and services (other than food) in the basket. Orshansky calculated her poverty threshold by multiplying by three the cost of a minimum food budget - as determined in the Economy Food Plan - for different family sizes. She borrowed the multiplier of “3” from the Department of Agriculture’s 1955 Household Food Consumption Survey, which estimated that families of three or more spent about one-third of their income (after tax) on food in that year. This poverty threshold is still indexed every year to the consumer price index and has not changed in any major way since it was initially formulated (Orshansky, 1965,1969). One is the unit of analysis retained, i.e. the family.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Concrete measures are needed to improve energy productivity, rationalize energy use, optimize energy resources, and deploy sustainable energy technology and infrastructure. Already the 2017 GTF results are a wake-up call for greater effort on a number of fronts. Increased financing, bolder policy commitments, and a willingness to embrace appropriate technology on a wider scale are urgently needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Understanding the housing conditions of households is therefore crucial to assessing their level of wellbeing. In European OECD countries, for example, 36% of residents report feeling “heavily burdened” by the cost of housing (EU-SILC 2012). This is a sizeable 18% increase in the share of households that feel heavily burdened since before the Great Recession in 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
We also consider how Sweden’s skilled primary care sector can be further developed to improve the quality and co-ordination of care for the Swedish population. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. These pressures on the demand side, compounded by the unprecedented linancial constraints facing most countries, are major challenges for the Swedish health care system in delivering high quality care and meeting rising patient expectations. The concomitant need for services that are well-co-ordinated, both within and across health and social care, and covering the full spectrum of services from prevention and early diagnosis to treatment of established disease, provision of long-term health and social care, and services for palliative care, is an additional challenge for the Swedish primary care sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Poverty: a study of town life. Comparative Perspectives on Child Poverty: A review of poverty measures, Journal of Human Development, 4(3), pp. School enrolment (15-17 years): deprived if child is not attending school in the current school year and if he or she has not obtained his/her primary school certificate yet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Devolution is seen to be a means for enhancing democratic control and accountability in the British political system (Scottish Office, 1997). Proponents of such change have presented it as offering the prospect of a more consensual, transparent and inclusive form of governance, in effect a ‘new politics’, with less executive dominance than at Westminster. This would be delivered in part by proportional representation, by strengthening the role of the legislature, and by adopting a more consultative approach to decision-making (Scottish Constitutional Convention, 1995). This article focuses on expenditure politics in the budget and audit processes of the Scottish Parliament.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Feminist scholarship changed the study of welfare states, influential policy experts have taken off from the feminist critique, incorporating it as they crafted their own social investment strategy, (mis-)translating (and transforming) feminist arguments into an economic rationale. Social science mattered as well: it helped to create a new policy paradigm that is influential across a number of political spaces. Public policy analysis thus needs to pay attention to intellectual processes, emphasizing the role of knowledge in politics, in policy-making, there is puzzling, not only powering. But nobody masters her ideas, or her political actions: actors can deploy "frames," or discourses, but cannot control what happens to them politically.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Paris Agreement indicates both what country adaptation actions could comprise and what an “adaptation communication” could include, along with the channels through which an adaptation communication could be submitted, while leaving the form of an adaptation communication open. Thus, this section summarises: what types of adaptation-related information are already reported to the UNFCCC, how reporting on these different topics can help countries improve their adaptive capacity and increase resilience, how an adaptation communication could be structured to maximise its utility while minimising the extra work needed to develop it. The Paris Agreement strengthens several provisions relating to information provision on adaptation (Table 5 below), and is applicable to all countries. Indeed, the LEG (2015) indicates that “undertaking comprehensive climate risk and vulnerability assessments is necessary to be able to design adaptation plans for the medium and long term.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In all these cases, private foresight is not sufficient to internalise the impacts of a supply interruption and public action is warranted. One can attribute this need for public intervention to the existence of informational asymmetries or transaction costs. One aspect of this is that, in technical terms, energy supply risks do not follow a well-defined probability distribution function that would let private insurance markets take care of the issue. Another aspect of the issue is that the action of one actor in an energy system impacts the well-being or profitability of another, without taking this impact into account. Frequently, this is unavoidable for technical reasons. Gas and electricity are grid-bound and even oil and coal use common infrastructures such as dedicated ports, shipping lanes etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Throughout the night, he conducted informal consultations to assuage those unhappy with the Copenhagen Accord. Agreement was finally reached to take note of the Accord, but providing it no official status. Leaders had certainly proved unable to reach agreement on an ambitious, universal post-2012 climate regime. Some characterized it as the end of global environmental multilateralism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The country co-ordinators would distribute the standard questionnaire to their selected respondents, collect and collate the responses, and forward them to social science researchers at the ESRC Genomics Network for analysis and write-up. Initially nine countries agreed to participate, but subsequently two countries pulled out on grounds of lack of resources at a time of global economic down-turn. The seven remaining countries were Finland, Israel, Luxembourg, Mexico, United Kingdom, China and South Africa. In April 2012, the respective country co-ordinators, along with four social science researchers from the ESRC Genomics Network, formed a project steering committee, supported by members of the OECD secretariat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This information was previously requested on a voluntary basis, and may be challenging to provide. The Paris Agreement also includes various qualifiers related to climate finance. For example, financial resources provided must be “scaled up”, and take into account developing country needs and strategies. Mobilisation should also represent “a progression beyond previous efforts”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Wales also principally draws on the clinical guidelines developed by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), with some established collaboration around pharmaceuticals and medical devices (see Chapter 1 on England). In 2014-15 a grant of GBP 15.1 billion was made to the Welsh Government, of which GBP 6.4 billion was allocated to Health and Social Services, representing 42% of the expenditure of the devolved responsibilities of the Welsh Government (Welsh Government, 2014a). The block grant from the UK Government to Wales is made based on the population allocations covered by the Barnett formula (which is also used to calculate grants to the other devolved nations).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A review of literature in entrepreneurship and public policy suggests that the level of political freedom, corruption, and education are important antecedents to the rate of entrepreneurial activity in nations. However, empirical analysis of the effect these factors have on entrepreneurial activity across nations remains ambiguous. This study proposes that the cultural context of nations moderates the effect of these factors. Consistent with this argument, it investigates the role of individualism-collectivism in moderating the effect of political freedom, corruption, and education on entrepreneurial activity across nations. Macro-level data on 84 nations is obtained from multiple reliable sources and used to test the hypotheses. Results support the theorized arguments and suggest that individualism positively moderates the effect of political freedom, negatively moderates the effect of corruption, and positively moderates the effect of education, on the rate of entrepreneurial activity across nations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
ABSTRACTAlthough the Canadian legal system has many virtues, it has at least one major weakness – its judicial appointments and promotion systems. The paper begins by identifying six key values that need to be considered in order to assess the legitimacy of a judicial appointments process – independence, impartiality, representativeness, transparency, accountability and efficiency. In the following sections, through the use of three case studies of appointments to the Supreme Court of Canada, the superior courts of Nova Scotia and a promotion to the Federal Court of Canada, we demonstrate that Canada has failed to live up to these values. We conclude by suggesting that recent reforms to the judicial appointments processes by the current government are an improvement, but that more radical reforms are essential to enhance public confidence in the integrity of Canada’s judicial appointments and promotion systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Formal curriculum guidelines reflect prevailing understandings and political will, and help to shape the resources available for implemented curriculum. The understandings embodied in such public curriculum reinforce patterns of social violence and injustice, yet at the same time may provide diverse students with opportunities to develop commitment and critical citizenship capacity to handle social conflict. This paper examines the discourse about conflict, social diversity, and (in)justice in the mandated English Language Arts, Health, and Social Sciences curricula of three Canadian provinces. On one hand, all these curricula acknowledge the existence of bias and multiple viewpoints, and encode expectations for conflict management and critical inquiry skills, recognition of ethno‐cultural diversity, and awareness of international interdependence and justice concerns. Thus a significant proportion of the knowledge, skill, and pedagogy called for by international peace and conflict educators is already inc...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
High (low) income earners are defined as having earnings 50% above (below) the national average. The Geneva Papers, 34, The International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics. Replacement rates are computed using the OECD pension models and refer to workers entering the labour market in 2008. The calculations are based on national parameters and rules applying in 2008 and include the effects of pension reforms already legislated and that will be phased in over time. The gross replacement rate is computed as the ratio between gross pension entitlements and the average of life-time gross pre-retirement earnings (revalued in line with economy-wide earnings).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Hence, the survey offers the possibility to estimate model (1) using as dependent variable one of the available measures of skill proficiency. These are a potentially better measure of Human capital than standard indicators of the highest level of formal education attained. One obvious concern, however, is to what extent they actually reflect skills acquired while in education. On one hand, proficiency in literacy and numeracy as accumulated at school is likely to depreciate with age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In urban areas of Vanuatu, extended networks are usually based on kinship ties among individuals originating from the same island or village. Various urban informal settlements around Port Vila and Lauganville tend to be inhabited by migrants from the same island of origin (WB, 2006c). Migrant families and relatives living overseas provide cash and in-kind support periodically to friends and relatives residing abroad as well as in their home country. Wantok association exists abroad as well. An example of such association would be the Solomon Islands Wantok Association in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.5 There are a number of diaspora associations which currently exist overseas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Whether an individual receives SA is the result of an administrative decision about eligibility where, by definition, eligibility depends on the income of the claimant’s family or household. Low income arises from low pay or especially unemployment. Also, SA benefit levels in most countries would give SA recipients an income lower than or similar to the official poverty line, so most SA recipients are also poor (see Section 1). Furthermore, eligibility for SA also depends on household size and composition, so there may also be a role played by demographic changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A range of variables can be used, such as resource availability, consumption trends, climate change, population growth, or policy frameworks. Scenarios can help parties to understand the competition between various sectors, including irrigation, drinking water supply, hydropower generation, flood control and other ecosystem services, as well as the evolution and implication of existing and potential conflicts. Closely related to scenario-building is a technique called “back-casting", which envisions a future desirable outcome, and then tracks backwards, allowing parties to identify the steps that would be needed to achieve it. Agreement on a desirable future can then translate into agreement on the steps needed to get there.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
According to methodology used, other specific characteristics of each region that could have an impact on the labour market are controlled by the fixed effects of the panel data. Thus, the model results are as follows (see Table 25). The coefficient of broadband penetration is significant67 and positive in both specifications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)