albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The chapter analyses the regime applicable to damages for infringements of human rights under Italian law, including the treatment of historical injustices. Before focusing on human rights violations, the essay addresses the case of infringement of constitutional rights, underling the different set rules applicable to it. Finally, it remarks the interplay between principles of domestic jurisdiction and international human rights law, with specific attention to the ECtHR case law. The essay argues that the current regime for human rights infringements resembles a complicate patchwork of separated rules, which are also characterised for a “double standard” of protection of rights, foreign States’ violations of human rights deserving a stricter treatment when compared to domestic violations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The United States Department of Justice's own statistics indicate that Native American and Alaska Native women are more than two and a half times more likely to be raped or sexually assaulted than women in the United States in general and that 86 per cent of the reported crimes are committed by non-Native men. Health Service providers have a key role to play in providing survivors with medical attention they may need. Trends in Indian Health, 2000-2001.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This chapter focuses on the challenges of ensuring the accountability of peacekeepers in peacekeeping missions. Accountability for criminal misconduct involving corruption and resource exploitation is briefly discussed, but the main focus of the chapter is on sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) by United Nations (UN) peacekeepers—one of the most widely documented areas in which lack of accountability for the transgressions of peacekeepers is most evident. The chapter includes a comprehensive and systematic survey, both empirical and theoretical, of the problem of sexual exploitation and abuse, as well as a discussion on the difficulties of policing peacekeepers. It concludes with suggestions and scenarios for transforming the current climate of impunity for peacekeepers into a culture of accountability and justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Social norms and the relative weakness of women’s networks may also play a role. Most notably, these theories are unable to explain why male and female workers with similar characteristics have similar wages upon entering the labour market but experience a divergence later on in their working lives (with men’s earnings growing faster). Pregnancy, childbirth, recovery and child caregiving increase women’s need for flexibility and make it more difficult for them to work long hours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The latter figure translates into a global cost of US$1.4-2.1 trillion. A recent study estimates a cumulative output loss due to non-communicable diseases, for which overweight and obesity are key risk factors, of US$47 trillion over the next two decades, on an annual basis and assuming a 5 percent rate of inflation, this is equivalent to about US$1.4 trillion in 2010 (Bloom etal., The partial estimates reported above can be summed to provide a rough estimate of global costs. Deficiencies in micronutrients can slow intellectual and physical growth among children, reduce adult labour productivity and lead to disease, premature death and increased maternal mortality (UNICEF and The Micronutrient Initiative, 2004, Micronutrient Initiative, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Spending on educational institutions as a share of GDP, for all levels of education has decreased from 8.5% to 7.5%. ( Budgetary spending per child (aged 0-17) in Arab localities is only half of Jewish communities’ expenditure per child (Sikkuy, 2008). Authorities are aware of the discrepancies, and have started to increase investment. For example, over the 2007-11 period 8 000 new classrooms are scheduled to be built and subsidised, of which 40% are for the benefit of minority populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Consultants will have to review these terms of reference and make comments and recommendations on how to improve them. In order to complete it, terms of reference for developing the regional master plan for managing non-hazardous industrial, medical and pharmaceutical, residual, agricultural and inert waste are currently being drafted. The reform provides for local communities to establish local taxes better designed and easier to recover.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The lack of domestic supply leaves families, especially children, vulnerable to "life-threatening diseases, dangerously low water consumption levels and very poor sanitation standards and hygiene practices, in the home and at school"47 It is estimated that 50 to 55 per cent of Sana'a is connected to public sewage, while the rest relies on individual solutions, which negatively affects the underground water reservoir. “^The combination of dwindling domestic water resources with poor access to sanitation is a catalyst for enteric illnesses that drive malnourishment rates upwards. Importantly, water scarcity affects sub-populations of the city differently, with the most vulnerable being refugees, asylum seekers, IDPs, migrants and, more broadly, poor residents in informal settlements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It would also examine how, and to what extent, policies are addressing this transformation, and offer guidance for countries to further capitalise on digitalisation to meet the broader societal goals of inclusive growth and better lives. In particular, the work will harness OECD’s horizontal capabilities to explore how the digital transformation is affecting policies. For example, as ICTs change both the mode and delivery of educational instruction decoupling it from a specific location, what will be the implications for school funding based on local taxes?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It highlights the benefits and challenges of four approaches, namely cap and trade, special taxes, ecological budget and tax reforms and removal of subsidies. It highlights the benefits and challenges for each of the approaches and discusses opportunities for their use in developing and transition economies. This suggests that resource efficiency should become a priority of national governments’ policy planning and should also play a major role in strategies in the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Designing integrated and coherent policies will strengthen the resilience to climate hazards of the most vulnerable, not only by addressing issues crucial to their livelihoods, but also by taking advantage of potential co-benefits, while avoiding unintended consequences and maladaptation. The success of interventions aimed at building resilience depends on the participation of all stakeholders, especially stakeholders representing those groups. A broader participation can help policymakers identify development objectives and assess how to achieve them through building synergies and addressing the underlying causes of vulnerability. Policymakers must fully embed uncertainty into their long-term plans, using iterative and adaptive processes. This requires a more flexible policy process, capable of incorporating the new information and emerging knowledge needed to scope, assess, implement and monitor policy interventions. Integration implies vastly different policyframeworks, policies, institutions and capacities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Policies to close the gender pay gap need to be developed in tandem with policies to reduce inequality overall, promote social justice and extend state support for working parents. When women are reliant on their own wages for subsistence, they often fall into poverty,1 not able to provide a decent standard of living either for themselves or their children. Women should have the same rights as men to develop their capabilities, but pay discrimination limits their choices and impacts on their lifetime earnings. Women's unpaid work responsibilities restrict their access to jobs and careers, and conversely unequal pay also limits the scope for individual families to change the domestic division of labour. Women may move from un paid care work into formal employment, only for new gender divisions to emerge within formal employment, or women may enter high-level and hitherto male-dominated occupations, only for gender divisions within the occupation to intensify.' However, there are some disadvantages in focusing too literally on this measure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There would also be academic colleges, two-year community and vocational colleges. The system would facilitate an easy transition for students from one tier to another. This report recommended that the decision-making authority and accountability of existing colleges should be enhanced, mainly in areas pertaining to regional needs. The report also envisioned a new role in life-long learning for higher education institutions. Tertiary education in Israel would encompass post-secondary studies (associate degrees), academic studies (colleges and universities) and life-long learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Abstract This paper describes the use of a simulation to teach new social work students about social injustice, discrimination and oppression. The group exercise “Community Build” contributes to students and faculty expanding their dialogue about oppression and promoting students' sense of responsibility to effect social change. One hundred and ninety-three new graduate students participated in this exercise during the 1998 and 1999 fall orientations. At the end of the fall semester the students who participated in the exercise were compared to students who had not attended the simulation. Quantitative findings showed that students who had participated in this exercise felt more personal responsibility for social issues and more power to create change, while also being more perceptive to the effect of one's community than the students who had not participated in the exercise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is also important to understand the dynamics within the shift in the indicator, since a decline may result from a fall in the number of women without incomes of their own or from a rise in the number of women aged 15 and over who are not studying. For the other countries, the decline in the indicator is explained solely by the rise in the number of women aged 15 and over who are not in education. The drop in the proportion of women without incomes of their own is much greater than the rise in female labour force participation (in fact, the female activity rate held fairly steady, see chapter III), which means that much of the decline in the indicator is due to income from State transfers. As analysed in Cecchini and Madariaga (2011) and in ECLAC (2013c), a hallmark of the conditional cash transfer programmes implemented in the region's countries in the first decade of the twenty-first century is that they are "feminized", insofar as mainly women receive the benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The author of this article examines the case law of the Lithuanian courts of general jurisdiction and administrative courts related to the reopening of domestic criminal, civil, or administrative proceedings when the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter – the ECtHR or the Court) finds a violation of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and/or Protocols in the cases against Lithuania.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Unemployment is particularly high among youth (15-24 years old), with an important gender gap: in 2007, almost half of all young women in Egypt and Jordan were unemployed compared to 17.2% of young men in Egypt and 23.7% in Jordan (World Bank, 201 lb). Various trends in nationality restrictions and in the prevalence of foreign workers can potentially impact women’s vulnerability in employment. In the last quarter of 2010, Algeria witnessed a female unemployment rate of 19.1% compared with a male unemployment rate of 8.1%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, countries may consider making the operations of the legislatures more gender sensitive to support women’s access to public office (Box 3.7). Supporting the establishment of women’s caucuses and networks could also provide a support net to women seeking legislative mandates (OECD, 2014). Its mandate is to support equality and gender mainstreaming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is strong leadership from within and outside the UNECE managing to impose hard policy measures. It will act as the main mechanism involving developing countries in the achievement of common goals. The world sees relatively low economic growth and only a modest increase in conventional energy demand growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article compares the European tendency toward 'conflict negotiation' with the USA's 'conflict resolution/ elimination' approach to terrorism. Historical/social experiences, political strategies and arsenal sizes impact their different perspectives on terrorism that also impact their different approach to managing Islamic terrorist threats. In the European Union, the Islamic threat is perceived differently from country to country. On the other hand, the USA generates a uniform ideological perspective. The USA has the military and diplomatic resources to fight for its interests abroad while also practicing isolationism in the homeland. Because of its close proximity to the Middle East, its greater sensitivity to cultural differences in the area, its large, relatively unintegrated Muslim population and limited military resources, Europe is more willing to pursue a mixed strategy of appeasement and aggression within the homeland. Language: en
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These deaths mainly resulted from people drink-driving, driving at excessive speed and not wearing their safety belts. Other driving errors such as not giving way, not stopping and not keeping left were also a contributing factor. Estimates of the total cost of the road death tragedy to New Zealand society was around NZD 3.6 billion (Ministry of Transport, New Zealand, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They manage some job-matching services, including Job Cafes for young jobseekers, employment and work preparation centres for single mothers, and the Silver Human Resource Centres for retired workers. Also, about half of all cities and towns report that they run separate offices dealing with job-creation issues. Moreover, recent supplementary budgets for dealing with the jobs crisis in FY 2008 and 2009 included over JPY 1 000 billion (more than total expenditure on ALMPs in FY 2007) for programmes managed by lower-level governments, including the “Hometown Employment Revitalization Special Grant” (to conduct projects for local job creation), the “Emergency Job Creation Programme” (temporary jobs of less than six months, created by prefectural governments or Silver Human Resource Centres) and the “Emergency Human Resource Development and Employment Support Fund”. Although details of these programmes are sketchy, the implied transfer of central government funds to local and regional governments for employment policy measures is clearly substantial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Policy developments in education are guided by a multitude of planning documents and strategies, notably the State Program for Education Development 2011-20. A number of strategies and planning documents ensure consistency and guide policymaking in the short-, medium- and long-term. All major strategies are considered as part of the legislative framework. Other strategic documents include the National Action Plan for the development of school children’s functional literacy for 2012-16 (from 2012), the State General Compulsory Education Standard (from 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2009 and 2011, when grain crops were abundant, the FCC withdrew from the market around one-quarter of the harvest, with FCC’s purchases considerably exceeding its sales. In the 2010 drought year, the operations were reversed: the FCC released additional volumes of grain onto the market that equalled nearly 40% of that year’s crop. In addition to domestic operations, the FCC is involved in international grain trading. As an operator of state grain resources and commercial trader, the company uses its own funds to purchase grain for exports. Export sales are closely linked with its domestic operations and more likely represent an activity to balance the company’s grain stocks than a regular trading business. Thus, FCC exports have been extremely variable, ranging in 2001-11 from 1 000 tonnes (2005) to 835 000 tonnes (in 2003), as was their importance relative to FCC’s domestic sales and Kazakhstan’s total grain exports (Figure 2.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While it is not possible to identify the nature of the indirect mechanisms at work, the empirical results in Table 6d show a negative link between the level of short-term net unemployment benefits and the impact of individual socio-economic background on student performance, while the level of long-term net unemployment benefits has an opposite link. Long-term unemployment benefit dependency may also be associated with social stigma, in turn harming children’s cognitive development. This result is consistent with the findings of child development studies relating parent welfare dependency to children’s outcomes (Corak and Heisz, 1999, Corak et al, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Such funding can be deployed for boosting secondary school connectivity, as is the case in Uganda (Box 5-1). Telecommunication operator corporate social responsibility initiatives are another possibility, which have funded connecting schools to the Internet in Cambodia and Sao Tome and Principe. Another example is IT firms such as Google, which pledged to provide digital skills training to one million youth in Africa.151 Computer training should also be incorporated into the secondary school curriculum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Given that land rights are a contentious issue at the best of times, large-scale reforms are likely to be most feasible in post-conflict situations and situations of improving governance. However, broader reforms such as land registration, planning rules and communal practices may be possible in all fragile situations. Good Practice Note 1 outlines good practice to secure poor people’s rights to natural resources and land across low-income countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Thus, proper sustainable management of forest ecosystems is key to the implementation by Turkmenistan, as a party, of all three Rio global conventions, namely the CBD, UNFCCC and UNCCD (Chapter 4). Forests under Category 1 are used for implementing exclusively protective functions. This is why main cuttings are not allowed and are not being implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It is widely believed that the structure of free expression adjudication varies dramatically between the United States, on the one hand, and Canada, South Africa, and the European Convention on Civil Rights, among others, on the other hand. Under the conventional wisdom, American freedom of expression doctrine is largely about categorization and about efforts to exclude categories of expression from any constitutional scrutiny, while the approach in other liberal constitutional democracies is more honest, more open, and more straightforward about balancing freedom of expression interests against other social values. On closer analysis, however, it appears that the differences are less than they appear, and what differences that exist are largely a function of differential experience with freedom of expression problems and differential commitments regarding the substance of freedom of expression and also regarding the role of the courts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Viet Nam News, 16 October 2016. All but five LDCs (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kiribati and Tuvalu) now have competition in the mobile broadband market. The challenge has moved from the simple existence of more than one operator to the intensity and quality of competition. A number of LDCs suffer from market concentration where one strong operator dominates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The payments can be made ex post or ex ante and are directed towards activities expected to improve co-ordination, notably establishment of a care plan, collaborative care meetings or improvements in the management of a health care structure. These types of payment can also be made to meet other health policy objectives. Additional payments for extended consultation hours to improve access to health care, for example, exist in a number of countries, but are not discussed here further.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Strategic imports such as energy and food are therefore very important. However, this openness to trade means that small states are highly vulnerable to changes in the patterns of world trade or the prices of commodities. This distance raises the costs of importing and exporting by increasing the costs of transportation. For some archipelagic states, this can also result in high transport costs within the state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
But it suggests that rather than holding national stocks, it would be better to develop regional stocks or make food reserve agreements. And in March 2004, the ASEAN+3, which includes China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea, expanded this as the East Asia Emergency Rice Reserve. This reserve has been used to provide relief to victims of floods in Indonesia and Cambodia, to victims of volcanic eruption and mud slides in the Philippines, and to victims of Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
If food security' objectives are to be realised, all four dimensions must be recognised. While agricultural development plays a key role in the achievement of food security in developing countries, a sectoral approach is not enough. In Africa and Latin America, 30-60% of rural household incomes are from non-farm sources. Livelihoods of rural communities increasingly depend on identifying and exploiting diverse new local economic drivers, which can be connected with the agricultural sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Citizenship has a political and a legal dimension. In his opening contribution, Costica Dumbrava only marginally addresses the legal dimension of citizenship, acknowledging its importance, but suggesting that it is replaceable with alternative arrangements, such as a universal status for children. But in reality much legal baggage is attached to citizenship, and one cannot simply shake it off, even if this appears normatively attractive. The whole human rights movement can be seen as an effort to separate access to legal rights from possessing a status of political membership, and this attempt has not reached its goal (yet). Citizenship is still the ‘right to have rights’. Avoidance of statelessness is therefore not just a legal whim, it is a human rights failsafe mechanism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)