albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The political thesis of the universalization of basic education is discussed on the basis of a political pamphlet by Kant and the legal hermeneutics proposed by Bobbio for the doctrine of Human Rights. Thus, the article presents the Enlightenment’s political-educational thesis that citizenship is the condition for an individual to have rights. It briefl y examines the critique of individualism in the modern view of citizenship and of the state’s role in basic education. With this theoretical basis, the article analyzes the universalization of basic education proposed in the Brazilian educational legislation. The confrontation between theory and legislation makes it possible to propose a political, theoretical and practical defi nition of universalization, establishing criteria to examine the universalization of basic education in the municipality of Canoas/RS and showing the distance between that political thesis and the performance of the educational systems
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since not all OECD countries are covered, the indicator on civic skills is considered here as a secondary indicator. Data for Denmark, Switzerland, New Zealand, Norway, Belgium and the Czech Republic met guidelines for sampling participation rates only after schools that refused to participate in the study were replaced by others. Data for the United Kingdom nearly satisfied guidelines for sample participation only after replacement schools were included.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Looking forward, further research could be undertaken to identify which types of discriminatory social institutions may have the most detrimental effects and which specific interventions should thus be pursued. The case of rich vs. poor countries", World Bank Policy Research Working Paper. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2,222-246. Estimates for the Balkans and Turkey", World Bank Policy Research Working Paper.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Belarus, there is also a good potential for further development of nature tourism. In Ukraine, there are several ancient villages with typical Polissyan architecture, and good examples of the traditional use of local construction materials (wood, reed and cattail). The area also has numerous religious buildings, architectural monuments and memorials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This data should be transferred between school levels to guarantee early preventive measures and selective interventions. Completing upper secondary education makes for a greater number of citizens that cost society less and produce more. High investments in dropout prevention strategies is money well spent. The benefits in terms of higher tax revenues, less public spending on health, public assistance and criminal justice largely outweigh the costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Law is an essential tool for improving public health infrastructure and outcomes, however, existing state statutory public health laws may be insufficient. Built over decades in response to various diseases/conditions, public health laws are antiquated, divergent, and confusing. The Turning Point Public Health Statute Modernization National Collaborative addressed the need for public health law reform by producing a comprehensive model state act. The Act provides scientifically, ethically, and legally sound provisions on public health infrastructure, powers, duties, and practice. This article examines (1) how statutory law can be a tool for improving the public's health, (2) existing needs for public health law reform, (3) themes and provisions of the Turning Point Act, and (4) how it is being used by public health practitioners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
An estimated 821 million people were undernourished in 2017, the same number as in 2010. The prevalence of undernourishment has remained virtually unchanged in the past three years at a level slightly below 11 per cent. Updated figures on undernourishment, food insecurity and malnutrition will be released in The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2019 (July 2019).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These include very high demographic growth in most sub-Saharan African countries, climate change, and new technological opportunities in a variety of sectors. The high level of diversity across developing countries and the highly dynamic nature of the new global system mean that rural development strategies must be tailored to country-specific conditions and capabilities and must consider external conditions. Women are often invisible in government budgets, agricultural and rural development spending, and budget decision-making processes. Women are not only marginalised from government budgets, but also from foreign aid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Even after accounting for socio-demographic factors such as gender, age, foreign-born status and the number of years the respondent has been working for a current employer or has been self-employed, a gap in literacy skills remains in all countries participating in the survey (OECD, 2016a). The gaps are particularly high in Israel, the United Kingdom (England), the United States, Greece, the Slovak Republic, Poland, Slovenia and Chile (OECD, 2016a). This suggests that adults with more educated parents have benefited from much better learning opportunities and support than those whose parents who are not as well educated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Temporary protection measures may not be affording adequate protection of the invaluable biodiversity the country currently supports. Examples include: (a) development of management plans for all Protected Areas within two years of proclamation (Articles 98, 99), and (b) establishment of a system of Protected Areas to form an ecological network that provides representation of the diverse habitat types and ecosystems that exist in the territory of the country, that protect the habitat of Red List species, and that contribute to the international ecological networks of Protected Areas (Articles 65, 66). Re-evaluation of existing Protected Areas to ensure conformance with IUCN categories (Article 66) is progressing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
An absolute poverty line refers to a set standard of what households should be able to have in order to meet their basic (mostly food) needs. A relative poverty line is defined in relation to the overall distribution of income or consumption in a country. For example, the main poverty line used in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the European Union is a relative poverty measure based on “economic distance,” a level of income usually set at 50 or 60 per cent of the median household income. However, as a result of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, conflicts, shocks such as recurrent droughts and rapid urbanization, many older persons in sub-Saharan Africa have become primary sources of support for their families and/or caregivers for grandchildren because prime-age adults have fallen ill, died or migrated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Over the same time period, middle income countries (MICs) have benefitted more than twice as much as low income countries (LICs) from aid-for-trade funding. To date, more than three-quarters of total aid-for-trade disbursements have financed projects in four sectors (Figure 11.5): transport and storage (28.6%), energy generation and supply (21.6%), agriculture (18.3%), and banking and financial services (11.1%). Most of this non-concessional funding has been for projects in economic infrastructure (47.5%) and for building productive capacities (51.6%), it has been invested almost exclusively in MICs (91.6%). Asia, the main beneficiary of trade-related OOF, has received USD 103.3 billion or 41.6% of this total.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As a second advantage of this system the decentralised and independent control of the grid can be mentioned. These multiple units act as a single entity in order to gain sufficient critical mass to participate as a larger player on the electricity market. It may also enable the group to provide a more balanced generation portfolio.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Requests to utilize larger portions or the full publication should be addressed to the Communication Unit at f I ore nee @ u n icef .o rg. Trends in Child Well-being in EU Countries during the Great Recession, Innocenti Working Paper No.2014-10, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. The prime objectives of the Office of Research are to improve international understanding of issues relating to children’s rights and to help facilitate full implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in developing, middle-income and industrialized countries. Through strengthening research partnerships with leading academic institutions and development networks in both the North and South, the Office seeks to leverage additional resources and influence in support of efforts towards policy reform in favour of children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculhtre were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production, aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD. Data on aquaculture production were sourced from the China Statistical Yearbook 2016, differences with FAO total figures are under review.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
At the same time, globalisation and trade have had an uneven impact across regions (Deloitte/Kraka, 2017(58]), although the current gap in unemployment rates across regions is among the smallest across OECD countries. While projections should be taken with much care, cross-country analysis suggests that around 10% of jobs in Denmark face high probability of automation, which is among the lowest in OECD countries (Figure 24). This partly reflects an already high level of digitalisation and use of industrial robots compared to other countries (see Chapter).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The International Violence against Women Survey (Johnson, Ollus and Nevala, 2008) included a set of questions aimed at assessing the extent to which victims of violence report incidents to the police or other judicial authorities or seek help from health or social services or informal sources of support. As acknowledged in the International Violence against Women Surveys, questions designed to assess the extent to which women seek help from health or social services will need to be modified according to the national context, as the availability of such services varies greatly from country to country. The International Violence against Women Survey included a question on this (Johnson, Ollus and Navala, 2008). It may need to be modified to suit national circumstances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Experiences from other countries suggest that it works well to introduce the PLC concept first in relatively competent and receptive schools. In a ‘change catalyst’ model, these schools would theoretically work towards systematically implementing ESD school-wide, eventually becoming demonstration sites of effective ESD that could support other nearby schools. This is to say that despite national policies and available resources or supports, it seems to be at the school level where ESD is either brought to life or not.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The indigence rate in Panama increased by 1.5 percentage points, while the other countries with information available (the Dominican Republic, El Salvador and Paraguay) did not register significant changes in their poverty and indigence rates (see figure 1.3). Panama is an exception, as despite the absence of significant changes in the poverty rate it registers an appreciable rise in the poverty gap squared index, revealing a worsening of the situation among the poorest. The poverty gap squared index also rose by slightly more than the poverty' rate in Mexico.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Gender-asymmetric effects can be expected from the wide differences between women’s and men’s leave take-up. Because women are more likely than men to claim all their leave entitlements, their labour supply curve will rise slightly. Labour demand may not entirely adjust to such an increase in supply, however, because the provision of leave raises the non-wage costs of labour if employers need to change the production process or hire, and possibly train, temporary staff. Employers may even grow disinclined to recruit female workers. This pattern is, of course, more likely to be true for skilled and qualified workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The CFU data focus on dedicated multilateral climate funds, which have been expressly set up to address climate change. For climate finance directed towards the agricultural sector, the CRS include many, but not all, of the dedicated climate funds considered by the CFU. The CRS data also include the climate-related portion of general development funds from multilateral institutions, whereas the CFU data do not include any finance from general development funds (see Table).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Unlike other GHGs, methane is the primary component of natural gas and can be converted to usable energy. The reduction of methane therefore serves as a cost-effective method to reduce GHGs and increase energy security, enhance economic growth, improve air quality and improve worker safety. The programme achieves this objective by supporting the creation and sharing of knowledge, approaches and practices related to climate change adaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The third irrigation scenario is designed to test the effects of interaction between the irrigation efficiency and irrigation expansion scenarios. In addition, there are also international spill-over effects. World prices for maize and wheat are lower by 3% and 1% respectively compared to scenarios where the improved varieties are adopted only in the United States, and by 4% and 2% respectively when adopted throughout the OECD (Figure 13). For those regions that are currently battling water stress, e.g. the Mediterranean, irrigation efficiency measures contribute to improved yields on the order of between 3% and 5% in irrigated areas growing mainly maize and vegetables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As noted previously, the WGSS of questions was developed for adults and may not be capable of identifying children with learning or mental health related disabilities, leading to probable underestimation of the overall prevalence of child disability. Furthermore, the GBD calculations for disability prevalence are unusually derived from estimations of injury and disease prevalence, each of which is associated with an estimated distribution of disability severity. Consequently, the GBD estimates of disability prevalence are associated with three sources of major uncertainty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Other vessel classes may receive capacity-enhancing subsidies if targeted stocks are not overfished and are well managed by international standards and if a management plan for the subsidised fleet is presented to the WTO Secretariat demonstrating that subsidies will not contribute to overfishing. Finally, the EU wants all WTO members to notify the WTO on any subsidies directly or indirectly supporting marine fishing activity. Like the EU, the ACP group calls for prohibition of subsidies to IUU fishing and fishing vessels/activities affecting overfished stocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Out of the 18 countries for which a comparison could be made, 11 countries significantly improved scores between the two rounds, and none showed significant declines (Schulz etal., Country scores on the index increased significantly between 2009 and 2016. Female students, those with greater interest in civics and political matters and those with greater civics knowledge held more positive attitudes (Schulz et al., An analysis using 2009ICCS data had shown that students who perceived the classroom environment as open and valued participation in school were more likely to endorse equal rights for all ethnic groups (Trevino et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These results indicate that, while poverty has not trended steeply upward in the various states that make up Brazil, it has been persistent. These coefficients were -0.7813 for P0 and 0.8607 for Pexl. This means that a 10% rise in mean per capita household income in Brazil will translate into a 7.81% reduction in the poverty headcount index and an 8.61 % drop in the extreme poverty headcount index. While for Kakwani and Pernia (2000), this does not constitute pro-poor growth, it does qualify as propoor growth when using the definitions advocated by Ravallion and Chen (2003), since growth has lowered poverty levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It complements the analysis of contemporary SA systems in OECD countries, which took a cross-sectional perspective and looked at a snapshot of countries’ benefit systems at given points in time. The section provides an analysis of aggregate trends of benefit receipt rates and transition rates into and out of benefit receipt. It also provides an overview of the most important recipient groups, to the extent that this is possible given data limitations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Next, debt should be exclusively used to finance capital projects with a long life, and not to cover budget gaps for current expenditure. The third critical aspect would be to impose a hard budget constraint on borrowers, to eliminate the possibility of a costly bailout by higher levels of government. A central-govemment-mandated borrowing framework would need clear rules about who can borrow, how much, for what purpose, from whom, with what instruments and with what restrictions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Companies can receive grants for providing Trial Employment to freeters aged 25-34 and unstable workers in their late thirties, and further subsidies when they give these workers full-time positions after Trial Employment. Further measures include the extension of intensive counselling for this group of workers. As has already been mentioned, older freeters are also a target group of the Job Card system (MHLW, 2009a). In the context of the financial and economic crisis, a system of grants (again, JPY 1 million per person for SMEs and JPY 0.5 million for large companies) was introduced for employers who hire older freeters (aged 25-39) by allocating certain job openings to them (MHLW, 2009a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The concept of “common but differentiated responsibilities” (CDR) is receiving increasing recognition in international law. “Common” suggests that certain risks affect and are affected by every nation on earth. These include not only the climate and the ozone shield, but all risk-related global public goods, including peace, public health, and terrorism. In reducing the mutual risks, all nations should “cooperate in a spirit of global partnership.” Responsibilities are said to be “differentiated,” however, in that not all countries should contribute equally. CDR charges some nations, ordinarily the Rich, with carrying a greater share of the burden than others, ordinarily the Poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Mismatches have above all a skills dimension, with an excess of low-skilled workers and a possible lack of skilled workers in certain domains. Reducing the high tax wedge on low salaries and avoiding excessive minimum wage increases would support demand for low-skilled labour. In the longer term, upgrading the labour supply requires improving educational outcomes, especially of disadvantaged students, and making the school-to-work transition less abrupt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The following examples illustrate some interesting experiences in the OECD region. The STOWA (institute of Applied Scientific Research) is leading the drive toward standardisation of monitoring systems for water quality, water quantity and ecology. The Union of Water Boards organises a benchmark of the Water Boards every two years, and the benchmark is made public in the publication Waterpeil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Factories shut down, eliminating many jobs and reducing the domestic demand for raw nuts. The additional income accruing to the farmers was around USD 5.3 million, or USD 5.30 per year for the average cashew-growing household, but 90% of the cashew processing workers appealed still unemployed in 2001. By 2002, production had recovered to only 50 000 tonnes, or 5% of the world’s total, of which none were processed locally, and the Mozambican cashew industry was worth around USD 80 000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Urbanisation also implies greater dependence on purchased food without recourse to alternative household production. It has also raised political sensitivity to consumer food prices through a stronger consumer voice (public mobilisation and demonstration). For example, imports to China soared in the aftermath of the melamine milk adulteration incidents as consumers lost confidence in domestic products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The United Kingdom’s Care Quality Commission (see Section 1) offers a model to consider. Arrangements in Italy are a model of particular interest. There, the National Observatory on Good Practices for Patient Safety has been established that identifies transferable learning from adverse events in hospitals and clinics, and organises workshops and materials to share good practices. The Observatory has been very effective by raising awareness among health care professionals and nurturing a culture of change across the w'hole country (OECD, 2015c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Feasibility is supported by the experience of one health plan in the US that conducted a "virtual all-payer" PCMH pilot. Their approach could serve as an inspiration also for policy-makers and health care administrators in the Nordic countries. Thus, health care has to be rationed in one way or another. This article by Luigi Siciliani reviews the relative merits of three different forms of rationing: i) price rationing, which takes the form of a co-payment or a coinsurance rate, and two forms of nonprice rationing, ii) rationing by waiting, when a patient is placed on a waiting list before receiving treatment, and iii) explicit rationing, when the patient is explicitly refused treatment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This requires actions along three pillars: developing, activating and using skills effectively. In terms of developing skills, Chile still has a lot to do to catch up with OECD standards (Brandt, 2010). The performance gap with respect to the OECD average is the equivalent of 1.7 years of secondary schooling, with large differences based on gender and socio-economic status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A more professionally based recruitment of water professionals and mandates based on medium- and long-term consensual strategies may help stabilise the activity of state agencies. Ideally, state agencies and basin agencies should replicate as much as possible the high standards of the ANA. A new version of the national plan, emphasising its strategic nature, based on a vision for the next one or two decades and addressing explicitly the very distinct conditions of the various regions of the country, could be a very useful tool for building consensus on strategic water issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
England has a growing private health sector, which individuals can choose to access on a personal basis, perhaps using private medical insurance (OECD Mental Health Questionnaire England, 2012). Following the 2012 NHS reforms, non-NHS mental health care providers can also be commissioned directly by any of the commissioning bodies (usually a CCG or NHS England) or may be sub-contracted by an NHS provider. The Government is also committed to ensuring that patients and service users are able to choose “any qualified provider” in certain community and mental health services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)