albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The final section suggests various reforms of the health system with potentially large impacts on its efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Both health-adjusted1 and raw life expectancies at birth are among the lowest across the OECD and about six years less than OECD averages (Figure 4.1). In terms of potential years of life lost (PYLL),2 Hungary was ranked among the countries with the highest number in the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, PISA shows that, in nearly all countries and economies, students who had attended pre-primary school tend to perform better at the age of 15 than students who had not attended, even after accounting for students' socio-economic status. Fifteen-year-old students in 2012 were more likely than 15-year-olds in 2003 to have attended at least one year of pre-primary education. But the rate of increase in pre-primary enrolment is higher among advantaged students than disadvantaged students, which means that the socio-economic gap between students who had attended pre-primary education and those who had not has widened over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Abstract Legal systems' provisions for recognizing religious groups as legal entities are important because they facilitate public interaction, shape views of the state, and, when faulty, hurt human dignity and restrict contributions to society. Rule of law should replace rule by law. The European Court of Human Rights' decisions demonstrateinternational consensus on the right to legal recognition based upon freedom of religion and freedom of association. Necessary features of religious association laws include eleven attributes such as neutrality and impartiality. Limitations are permissible only if they are imposed by law, they further critical social interests, and they are genuinely necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The welfare costs that this imposes on society are high and pressures from human activities are projected to grow. Though no single definition exists, MPAs are generally described as any defined area within or adjacent to the marine environment which has been reserved by legislation or other effective means so that its marine and/or coastal biodiversity enjoys a higher level of protection than its surroundings. In addition to protecting habitats, and buffering against storms and erosion, MPAs can help ensure the provision of multiple other ecosystem services that are fundamental for human well-being, including for fisheries, tourism, recreation and carbon storage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Within the NSO, national accounts and government finance statistics also contribute to the development of government expenditure statistics. The statistics are expressed in monetary units, typically with annual periodicity, depending on the availability of resources. The environmental goods and services sector."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
According to the traditional view, preventive uses of force between states and preventive killings of individuals, to be legal, have one basic requirement in common, namely, the requirement of the immediacy of the threat posed. The U.S. National Security Strategy of September 2002, the so-called Bush doctrine, and the so-called Israeli policy of "targeted killing" challenge precisely this core requirement for the preventive use of force against states and against individuals. The author argues that abandonment of the traditional standard is unwarranted, even when taking into account the new kinds of threats that have arisen in recent times. Such abandonment, he argues, would risk transforming indispensable foundations of the international law on the use of force and on human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It remained relatively constant until the early 2000s when the share began to decline, hitting a low of 17.8 per cent in 2011 as the consumption of fossil fuels to meet growing energy demand increased. A key factor behind this downward trend was the rapid increase of coal supply in China, which, in 2014, accounted for more than 30 per cent of the entire region’s primary energy supply. In the following years, consumption of renewable energy began to gain traction, with its share in the energy mix climbing to 18.3 per cent in 2014 (figure 4.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The proportion of the region's population living in slums fell from 34% in 1990 to 21% in 2014 (see figure V.19). In terms of absolute numbers however, although 2 million people left the slums, over 100 million still live in such settlements. This is exemplified by the negotiation of the New Urban Agenda, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III), held in 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Following the upward trend in domestic oil consumption, the country’s import dependence on oil deliveries mostly from Russia and Kazakhstan has increased. Oil and gas exploration and production are dominated by the state-owned Naftogaz. Prospective fields situated in the Carpathian basin and offshore in the Black Sea-Azov Sea will be more difficult to explore than the existing sites (e.g. in Dnipro-Donetsk) and will require deploying more advanced technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
If the planned reform succeeds, the Swedish “hourglass” will change, particularly at the subnational level, as a stronger county level could be a better partner for municipalities in regional development issues. The County Council’s responsibility for regional development became permanent in 2010 and at that time two additional regions received development competences. Six years later, ten more County Councils have the responsibility for regional development (including public transport and culture), on top of public healthcare. The result has been a strongly context-dependent approach to regional governance rather than a “one-size-fits-all” approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Systems to date have focused on a diverse range of specific purposes, types of indicators or self-assessment, and taken different approaches to aggregate information from sub-national scales. Several bilateral and multilateral channels of support aim at addressing information gaps, capacity and resource constraints, which can be one of the limiting factors to building national systems for adaptation monitoring and evaluation. The processes and results of national adaptation monitoring and evaluation systems have the potential to provide relevant information to assess progress towards the global goal on adaptation under the UNFCCC, but the extent to which this can be done is still uncertain. Si jusqu’ici relativement peu de pays ont elabore et mis en ceuvre un systeme national de suivi et devaluation de l’adaptation, beaucoup ont indique dans leur contribution determinee au niveau national (CDN) qu’ils s’y attelaient ou prevoyaient de le faire.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It is located at the crossroads of several biogeographical regions and therefore has specific environmental, climatic and geomorphological conditions. The entire country hosts 252 ecosystems and unique biotopes that are important from both a European and global conservation perspective. The large variety of land, freshwater, marine and underground habitats has resulted in an abundance of species and subspecies, with a high number of species including endemic examples. Bosnia and Herzegovina is part of the wider Mediterranean Region that has been identified as the third most important biodiversity hotspot in the world with respect to the number of endemic plant species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Source: OECD Income Distribution Database. For example, over the period 2005-2010, the proportion of low-income Canadians is halved after one year, and only 1.5% of them lived in low-income for up to 6 years based on the Low-income Cut-Offs (LICO) after tax (Government of Canada, 2016|ij). However, poverty is often assessed by measuring the number of Canadians with low-incomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Ignoring the possibility of repeated participation, this puts annual participation among the skilled in the range of 4%. Second, they ask about lifetime participation, not that during a reference period, such as the previous 12 months. Direct costs include tuition, other fees, books, materials, transport and living expenses. Student loans, grants, subsidies and scholarships offer financial support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A factor that would determine whether or not people are in the poverty culture is social participation, since ignorance of the forms of organization and functioning of groups outside the family would cause integration attempts to fail and thus generate despair (Miller, 1976, Lewis, 1969). Nonetheless, criticisms also began to be made of some of the implications of hypotheses such as the culture of poverty, and the need to “culturally rehabilitate” the poorest people to overcome deprivation. Doubts also emerged about the causal role of cultural and psycho-social factors. In the historical-structural perspective, it was argued that marginality was not the outcome of a lack of integration, but represented a way of participating in dependent capitalism, the survival strategies of the poor were thus forms of adaptation and not expressions of a subculture. Social regulation is defined as the moral demands imposed on the individual as a result of group membership, whereas social integration is the extent to which social relations expose people to the moral demands of the group (Bearman, 1991).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Global impacts of climate change are increasingly being felt, with communities dependent on fisheries and rain-fed agriculture possibly the most vulnerable to climate change impacts (Yap, 2011), Within such communities, however, the impacts of disaster are not evenly distributed. Women and girls are more likely to be negatively affected than are men, and face greater barriers to reducing their vulnerabilities and coping with the effects of disasters (UN Women, 2015). It is important to understand that disasters occur because of the impacts of hazards, either natural or human-induced, on vulnerable people. A hazard becomes a disaster when people are affected, or costs (such as property losses) are incurred. An estimated 92 percent of all disasters worldwide occur in countries with low and medium development indexes (Yap, 2011). Gender is a powerful source of vulnerability, and women in small-scale fishing communities are highly susceptible to disaster risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, even after projects are prepared and approved, disbursing funds and bringing projects to fruition can also be a challenge. Readiness funds and programmes may help strengthen the capacity of national and regional entities to receive and manage climate financing. This also applies to policies and programmes dedicated to the prevention and management of specific climate risks and vulnerabilities, such as increased rainfall variability, extreme weather events and upsurges in plant pests and animal diseases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Rudiger Wolfrum has long been a champion of international organisation, and the UN in particular, emphasizing its instrumentality in developing an internationalised approach to matters of common concern to the international community. International law in general can be normatively evaluated against a number of standards such as peace, security, prosperity, or solidarity. The standards that the UN has recently been formulating for the institutional set up of its member states apply across its membership, and, in the last instance, they are enforceable by the Security Council operating in conjunction with regional organisations and-through the UN Human Rights Council-the UN General Assembly. A state or government failing to fulfil its primary responsibility by using force will be deemed to have lost the consent of the governed and thereby open itself up to collective enforcement action by the UN Security Council.  Keywords:international organisation, legitimate institutions, UN member states
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Geneva: International Telecommunication Union, 2015 (http://www. Cole-Lewis H, Kershaw T. Text messaging as a tool for behavior change in disease prevention and management. Epidemiol Rev 2010,32:56-69. Preventing chronic diseases: a vital investment: WHO global report. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2005 (http://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/full_report.pdf, accessed 1 August 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Therefore a dedicated expert database was developed for identifying appropriate experts who can evaluate new project proposals from the scientific, innovative, financial and business points of view. • In the case of the United Kingdom, the geographical coverage of the data is limited to Great Britain (excluding Northern Ireland). For more insights on barriers to SMEs’ access to international markets, see OECD (2008) and OECD (2009a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
With an average of 3% carbon content in FW kelp tissues, 306.43 tonnes of carbon would be removed per year. With the value for carbon removal often cited to be around USD 30 per tonne (Lackner, 2003), this would represent a CTC of USD 9 192.96: a large amount of carbon, but for a much smaller financial amount, underlining the difficulty in removing dissolved nutrients from aquatic systems and the acute issue of their presence in coastal systems. In the case of shellfish, accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon should be considered both in meat and shells, especially rich in calcium carbonates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Section B defines this segment of the labour market, conceptually and empirically, on the basis of the international literature, a review of the regional situation and data from household surveys. Section C examines the size of the care sector in Latin America and how it has changed over the past decade. Although it is useful for analytical purposes to treat all care woikers as a single, homogeneous group, there are, in fact, two veiy different subgroups: domestic woikers (providing services directly to households) and all other care workers (most of whom work in health and education services). Particular care is therefore taken to differentiate between these two subgroups, while also analysing the sector as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In other countries, subnational governments are in charge of paying the salaries of administrative and technical staff and teachers. Health-related responsibilities fall most often under the responsibility of central government or social security bodies and subnational governments have no role, or a limited one. At the same time, there is considerable variety across OECD countries (e.g. the subnational government share exceeds 60% in Italy, Spain, Switzerland and the Nordic countries).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As in other countries, China uses a grading system for monitoring and reporting the quality of freshwater across the country, with grade I water the highest quality and grade V-plus the worst. Water meeting at least grade II is deemed useable for drinking and water quality grade IV or worse inappropriate for contact with human skin. The situation remains especially serious for major rivers in the north of the country which pass through large cities, including the Huaihe and Liaohe, where well over half of monitored sections were deemed to be grade IV or worse (Table 2.2). Recent data confirm that other parts of the freshwater system also suffer from serious pollution, with 85% of lakes deemed to have water quality grade IV or worse and over half of all lakes and reservoirs assessed as suffering from eutrophication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For instance, the “language and language communication” area has seven objectives such as “gaining the self-confidence for public performance and for cultivated expression as a means of self-assertion”. For example, in mathematics, for stage 2 of basic education, expected outcomes are organised in four areas (numbers and variables, dependencies, relations and working with data, planar and spatial geometry, and non-standard application exercises and problems). For each area, between 2 and 13 expected outcomes are proposed, for instance “seek, evaluate and process data” and “sketch and construct basic bodies”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Information systems could be strengthened by further disaggregating information on different sub-groups of Pasifika students and other ethnic groups in regions where such information is relevant. As mentioned above, work towards developing a culturally relevant version of NEMP for Maori-medium education is ongoing. Implementing a revised version of NEMP in Maori-medium settings has the potential to produce highly valuable system-level information. They could provide useful information on the impact of language and culture in the cognitive processes involved in Maori students learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Patients could be referred to the teams by general medical practitioners or after assessment by the local authority for support for social care needs. The study found that the intermediate care group had a higher number of unscheduled admissions into hospital and the integrated care group showed no difference. Both interventions led to higher rates of mortality than what is seen in their matched control groups. The authors found that over a six-month period, the costs were greater for the virtual outreach consultations than for conventional outpatient appointments - the equipment used, which might be expected to have reduced costs over time, only accounted for some of this greater cost, with increased consultant and general practitioner time accounting for the rest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Directorate-General of Customs and Excise offers a facility whereby eligible exporters can reclaim import duties within seven days (WTO, 2007). It had previously become a contracting party to the GATT on 24 February 1950. As part of its URAA commitments, Indonesia agreed to bind 100% of its agricultural tariff lines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At federal level, DEHOGA funds the German Seminar for Tourism, which specialises in providing further education courses for SMEs which last for up to 6 days and are targeted at staff already working in the tourism sector. The German Travel Association also has a training initiative which aims to motivate companies to offer more vocational training places to young people and to invest more in continued training and enhancement of employee loyalty. It also targets young people to draw attention to training opportunities in the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In areas such as basic science, private investment may be limited or absent because of the time before results are obtained or because of the lack of direct applicability for products and services. This chapter examines various dimensions of investment in innovation: public research, investment in knowledge infrastructure and general purpose technologies, knowledge networks and markets, and the role of the public sector in fostering innovation. These institutions include world-class research universities, small regional universities, colleges of technology, public hospitals and clinics, government research laboratories and government establishments engaged in activities such as administration, health, defence and cultural services as well as technology centres and science parks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A “new” model of employment (rather than job) security is the Danish system “flexicurity”. The Danish regime advocates security for individuals rather than jobs, with high employment turnover permitted but workers being protected with generous benefits being paid to displaced workers and substantial investment in job-search assistance and worker retraining. While Denmark has limited the duration of its generous unemployment benefits, the system is the “most expensive labo[u]r-market policy in the world”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The task of the Rapporteur is to monitor, together with the UN Human Rights Council, the adverse effects that the generation, management, handling, distribution, and final disposal of hazardous substances and waste may have on the full enjoyment of human rights. The SAICM 2020 goal is essential in this respect (OHCHR 2014).26 More generally, SAICM explicitly and implicitly embraces human rights principles and norms.27 The Special Rapporteur has also invited SAICM to adopt a more strategic approach to achieve its potential to reduce the grave impacts of toxic chemicals on human rights (OHCHR 2015). For this reason, from time to time, states have suggested that an independent United Nations Panel on Chemicals should be created.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
A carbon footprint (CF), which is defined as the total direct and indirect GHG emissions caused by a person, event, organization or product, is an important tool to monitor the environmental impacts of our activities. The development of an international standard for the concept of a “carbon footprint” may facilitate input-output analysis of material flows and resources accounting at the corporation and/or national level. In 2008 the OECD hosted its second workshop on sustainable materials management and analysed the major initiatives on this topic within the public and private sector and in international organizations (OECD, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The sample consists of 527 companies based in the EU and 1473 companies based elsewhere. The total R&D investment of these companies is estimated at more than 90% of the total expenditure on R&D by businesses worldwide. Data relate to patent applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The strategy proposes a flexible policy framework that can be tailored to different country circumstances and stages of development. Samantha Sharpe of the University of Technology, Sydney contributed research and editorial assistance. For the case study on CIUDEN we thank Olga Torres of Carbunion, Dolores Haro, FEDIOJ Coordinator of the Consejo Comarcal del Bierzo, Eva Alonso of the County Council of Leon, Ma Puy Dominguez from EREN, Manuel Roman, Claudio Miguez Gomez of IDAE, Jose Angel Azuara of the Spanish Ministry of Industry and Tourism, Luis Jimenez and Pilar Alvarez-Uria of OSE and Jose Luis Fuentes-Cantillana of AITEMIN. Virginia Robano of the OECD/CFE provided useful comments for this paper. Jennifer Allain prepared the manuscript for publication. This means that the development potential of the renewable industry is also being shared with many more countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Engaged anthropology, public anthropology, and public ethnography are names for a long tradition of trying to make a difference beyond the academy. The passionate and polarized responses of both nonacademic publics and engaged scholars in adjacent fields to my attempt to intervene in public debates about Muslim women's rights raise questions about the ethics, politics, and potentials of ethnography's travels across fractured global publics. They illuminate the geopolitical terrain of current debates about feminism and Islamophobia and reveal that ethnography may be most effective in interrupting or unsettling hegemonic representations and political formations when it makes available alternative accounts of lives and communities that can then authorize and give substance to critics’ arguments. Does this instrumentalization of ethnography benefit those whose lives anthropologists share through fieldwork? [engaged anthropology, public ethnography, rights, ethics, feminism, Islamophobia, Muslim women]
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)