albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, within this group of other countries, the growth in Thailand’s exports to the European Union, India and the United States has been robust. Exports of Thai electrical machinery to other countries as a collective has been fairly subdued at a time when exports to China are contracting, yet there appears to be budding momentum in export growth of these goods to Japan and the Philippines. Similar to Thailand’s exports of vegetables, the adjustment speed of exports to other countries is slower than the adjustment of exports to China. Nonetheless, at the country-level, data show a marked uptick in exports to Italy and Lao PDR, and to a certain extent, to Australia and the United States. Growth in Viet Nam’s exports of computers and electronics to other partners as a group has gained momentum since late 2018, helping to offset the weakness in exports to China albeit the average growth from September 2018 to May 2019 is still weaker than the average growth in the prior eight months. Key markets providing the boost include Italy, Russia and Panama.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Tariffs on products on the Sensitive list will first reduced to 20% by 2012 followed by subsequent reductions to the 0-5% tariff band by 2018. For Highly Sensitive products, tariffs have to be reduced to no more than 50% by 2015. The Indonesian government has included 400 products on its sensitive and highly sensitive lists. The “highly sensitive list” includes rice, sugar, soybeans and maize, along with motor vehicles, motorcycles, ethyl alcohol and ceramics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Through technology transfer, developing countries should be assisted in building their capacity to produce generic drugs for the domestic market and to ensure the wide availability and accessibility of such drugs. To meet the substantial increase in demand for vaccines, antibiotics and other commodities over the next decade and beyond, the international community should strengthen global, regional and local mechanisms for the production, quality control and procurement of those items, here feasible, in developing countries. The international community should facilitate regional cooperation in the manufacture, quality control and distribution of vaccines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Private foundations can act as "source or resources". For example, the Haus der kleinen Forscher (Little Scientist’s House) association promotes nationwide early childhood education in the natural sciences and technology. Its goal is to promote interest in natural phenomena among 3-6 year-olds. The foundation develops workshops and teaching materials for educators, hosts annual promotion days and provides comprehensive background information and experiments on the Internet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Furthermore, the allocation of the elements to the three levels will to some extent depend on the institutional and cultural context. Taking the perspective of the individual worker should not be confused with establishing indicators only at the micro level. Any assessment of quality of employment will to some degree depend on the point of view taken.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Some experts argue that computers and robots might be able to perform a significant portion of work at some future point, leading to widespread unemployment, others strongly disagree, underlining the job-creating potential of new technologies. There is, however, broad agreement that innovation may result in temporary job losses. Effects will be context specific, differing greatly among countries and sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is estimated that this reform helped to reduce the Gini coefficient, and thus inequality in personal income distribution, by 2 percentage points, without having any discernible disincentive effect (Martorano, 2012). A progressive tax system affects all income groups and their relative incomes, including the income gap between the middle-class and top income earners. On the expenditure side, social transfers and the free or subsidized provision of public services are often directed at specific groups, such as the poorest, families with many children, the elderly and the unemployed. From this perspective, social expenditure is better suited to preventing or reducing poverty and to protecting social groups that are particularly disadvantaged or vulnerable. However, to what extent public expenditure aimed at reducing inequality should be targeted to specific social groups, and how, has been subject to debate (UN/DESA, 2008). It has also been argued that targeting requires administrative capacities and involves transaction costs, and that the selection of the groups to be targeted may often be influenced by political interests (Mkandawire, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Scotland has a dedicated tourism innovation programme and in Quebec, the Tourism Intelligence network was developed in collaboration between the University of Quebec in Montreal and the public and private sector. For example, the Tourism Research Circle (TRC) of Univeristy Sains Malaysia helps the state government to develop and improve the Homestay Programme which has become an important feature in Penang. Higher education institutions could help SMEs to better access global markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Because the MPI reflects poverty directly, it does not require adjustment (such as for urban-rural prices, inflation, nor imputation for rent. In practical terms, after the MPI is initially designed, a country can release its updated official national MPI two weeks after it receives the cleaned dataset. It can also be done transparently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, 20 countries that are not DAC members also provide the OECD with data, including nine non-Annex I countries. For example, AidData gathers information on financial flows provided by China, Saudi Arabia and Qatar to other developing countries, for China, some limited information is available at the project level.19 Gallagher, Kamal and Wang (2016) used information on Chinese development bank finance in Latin America and Africa, to analyse project-level data on USD 128 billion in energy finance provided by the China Development Bank and the Export-Import Bank of China from 2005 to 2014. They find the banks provide finance to all regions of the world and help to expand access to finance for energy, since borrowing countries generally do not overlap with World Bank borrowers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Taking its cue from the Supreme Court of Canada's constitutionalization of the criminal law's unwritten general part, this article illustrates the interaction between criminal law theory and constitutional law that process implies. It does so by applying a criminal law theory of why and when force in self-defence is justified in order to assess the constitutionality of the self-defence provisions of Canada's Criminal Code. The assessment concludes that, though frequently criticized for excessive complexity, the Code's provisions on self-defence accurately track the nuances demanded by the theory of self-defence best qualified to interpret the provisions. That theory, I argue, puts dignity rather than self-preservation at its centre.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As in previous practice, each block in the module is planned to have green spaces for recreation, inbuilt groundfloor spaces for social-household services and educational and operational premises, and inground parking. This project is expected to last five years and involves three cities (Novogrudok, Novopolotsk and Polotsk) as pilot projects for realizing some elements of a "green city” approach to urban development. The results of these projects are expected to provide best practices that will be adopted in at least five other cities in Belarus.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Thus, urban-rural differences in the case of hunger are different from those relating to poverty. Among the Asia Pacific LDCs, Lao PDR has an incidence of 60.8 per cent, while similar incidences are 3.0 per cent in Bangjadesh and 33.0 per cent in Timor-Leste (see, Ahmed et. The results for Bangladesh show that, while food energy deficiency is a major problem for the country, low quality diet affects much fewer people. When it comes to diet quality, rural households are at a clear disadvantage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Government should also support information sharing, research studies, seminars, and promotion campaigns. A special funding line could be initiated at the SCWS for such studies, which should be administered in a competitive manner. The Government, with I FI support, should support several carefully chosen ICU pilots for sanitation, in order to demonstrate the accrued benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
First, levels and trends of spatial segregation of people by income are computed and compared across OECD metropolitan areas. Second, the chapter discusses the implications of spatial segregation on future earnings and inequality. Finally, it assesses the main factors that are associated with higher spatial inequality in OECD metropolitan areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For instance, groundwater management districts in California charge between USD 18 (Santa Clara Valley) and USD 140 (Orange County) per acre-foot pumped in agriculture and up to over USD 600 to 1000 over a cap (Hanak et al., Germany applies a charge of EUR 0.0025 - 0.0026 per m3 used in agriculture in Bremen, Lower Saxony, while the state of Schleswig-Holstein applies a rate 100 times higher, of EUR 0.11/m3 for non-domestic uses (OECD, 2015c). Despite the important advantages that groundwater markets can have (Casey and Nelson, 2012, Garduno and Foster, 2010), there are only a few organised functioning markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In one important strand of the philosophical debate, human rights are seen as a practical benchmark to evaluate and orient matters of national politics, international relations and global governance. The article investigates the possible benefits and problems of this approach. Problematising the well-established distinction between moral and political human rights in philosophical human rights debate, the author follows Paolo Gilabert's attempt to alternatively discuss human rights under the perspective of rights having both an abstract and a specific dimension. Discussing the (self-)understanding of the contemporary human being as representing the subject of human rights, Axel Honneth's recognition theory is applied to concretise Gilabert's humanist claim to do justice to the ‘essentially social’ nature of the human being. While holding on to the traditional idea that human rights are in first instance to be understood as individual rights human beings have in virtue of being human, the important interna...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In many landlocked developing countries, such as Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Mongolia, income poverty headcount ratios were less than 2 per cent in 2015. In several least developed countries, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, the Lao People's Democratic Republic and Nepal, the rates of extreme poverty declined by more than 20 percentage points between 1990 and 2015. Papua New Guinea also recorded a sharp fall in the poverty rate, from 64.5 per cent in 1990 to 28.4 per cent in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In primary education, for the same school year, about 25% of teachers did not have a higher education degree (NCESE, 2013a). As a comparison, the average proportion of teachers with no higher education qualification in education systems participating in the 2013 cycle of the OECD’s Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) was 2.3% (OECD, 2014c). This might reflect some ageing of the teaching profession. However, the teaching workforce remains younger than the average in the OECD area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2012, the forest sector accounted for 2% of GDP, employed over 300 000 people and had an annual turnover of nearly USD 25 billion. About two-thirds of the flora and fauna found in Poland are associated with forest environments. The Bialowieza Forest is the only primeval forest remaining in Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Currently, the students in matriculation programmes comprise about 90% Bumiputra and about 10% non-Bumiputra. While the different pathways increase access they do not ensure quality at entry. Students in these schools may choose to prepare for qualifying examinations leading to Australian, UK and US universities or the International Baccalaureate. A small but effective segment of privately-financed Chinese-medium secondary schools exists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Along with these goals, Korea also sought to enhance its contribution to developing countries’ attempts to build green growth. And yet in spite of enhanced efforts directed at climate change mitigation, Korea is still working on finding a functional carbon pricing mechanism such as a carbon tax or emissions trading, this in large part due to objections raised by industry and other stakeholders. There has, however, been significant progress in the reduction of GHG emissions from fossil energy use in major sectors such as power generation and transportation. These micro and sector-specific regulations have been effective in many areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Moreover, this is also reflected in the institutional structure of MoEFWA, in which both land uses are among the competencies of one department, the Directorate of Forests and Pastures (DFP). Therefore, timber consumption by households has always been higher than by industry in Albania. In 2003, some 415 wood processing plants processed about 360,000 m3 of timber, while simultaneously the documented level of fuel-wood consumption was 1.6 million m3 per year. They result from the subsistence needs of the rural population and commonly understood traditional right to use the natural resources of the area, to a large extent tolerated by the authorities despite the legally imposed sanctions and fines for such law infringements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Figure 3.3 shows food import shares expressed relative to total merchandise imports over the period 1961-2010 for a number of developing country groups. For the world as a whole, the importance of food imports in merchandise imports is falling, from around 15% in 1961 to around 5% today. The shares for LIFDCs and for SIDSs follow broadly the same trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Governments and the pharmaceutical industry are implementing risk-reduction techniques, permitting stakeholders to remain successfully in drug development. Performance-based risk-sharing arrangements (risk-sharing schemes) involve a plan by which the performance of the medicine is tracked in a defined patient population over a specified period of time and the amount or level of reimbursement is based on the health and cost outcome achieved. However, long dmg development timelines can diminish the potential retum-on-investment after entering a market, as a firm may have only a limited number of years remaining on a patent when the dmg is approved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In Poland, Poleski National Park offers good opportunities for nature tourism, an Educational Center and Natural Museum have been built at Zahicze Stare. In Belarus and Ukraine there are a number of health resorts. A long history of sustainable natural resources use has led to the formation of a specific landscape that includes both natural and semi-natural habitats (both ofhigh conservation value).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Determinants of participation Community-Based Health Insurance Schemes in Rural Senegal, by Johannes Jutting, January 2003. Lessons from Emerging Markets for EU Accession Countries, by Jorge Braga de Macedo and Helmut Reisen, November 2003. Funeral Associations in Ethiopia and Tanzania, by Stefan Dercon, Tessa Bold, Joachim De Weerdt and Alula Pankhurst, December 2004.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Recent scholarship points to governors losing budgetary influence to legislatures. A survey of executive and legislative budget analysts from thirteen western states is used to test hypotheses derived from Abney and Lauth's theoretical propositions regarding the end of executive dominance over the budgetary process. This article finds that the legislature's ability to independently access budgetary information, a separate legislative budget agenda from the governor, the addition of detailed language in appropriation bills, and consensus revenue forecasting all decrease the likelihood of gubernatorial budgetary influence. Pork barrel additions and the ability to item veto appropriation language increase the likelihood of gubernatorial influence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This might include using the media channels that are most widely used among the members of the target group, general awareness raising campaigns and role models. Role models (e.g. successful women entrepreneurs or researchers) can also play a key role in encouraging potential benefitiaries to engage in programmes. This includes the creation of online platforms where different actors in a community can interact to identify local challenges and possible solutions. For example, the Thuthuka Programme in South Africa could not receive the necessary number of applicants as the eligibility criteria were very demanding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
On the other hand, in some countries, such as Bangladesh, training of women has been critical in building the green technology sector (see box V.2). The gross enrolment ratio (GER) is defined as total enrolment at a specific level of ed ucation: regardless of age, expressed as the proportion of the population in the official age group corresponding to this level of education. These innovative approaches supplement the formal education system and focus on the skills necessary for green jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This act has given private investors access to all power sector operations. As a consequence, state governments encourage the private sector to invest in rural electrification projects. To do so, many state governments have established administrative mechanisms to facilitate the process of approval and clearance for the setting-up of small and medium-sized industries. Those specifically targeted are industries that seek to use local resources for decentralised generation projects and stand-alone systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Figure 5 presents “synthetic” NRR that are calculated as an unweighted average of NRRs in each month of a Tong’ unemployment spell (60 months), at two levels of previous earnings (67% and 100% of average full-time wages, due to benefit ceilings, NRR are lower for individuals with above-average earnings) and for four stylised family types (single persons, lone parents, one-eamer couples with and without children). Calculations consider cash incomes (excluding, for instance, employer contributions to health or pension insurance for workers and in-kind transfers for the unemployed) as well as income taxes and mandatory social security contributions paid by employees. Where benefit eligibility is subject to behavioural requirements (such as active job-search or being available for work), these requirements are assumed to be met.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Over the past decade alcohol-related violence in and around licensed premises has given rise to significant legislative, regulatory and operational policing developments. In Australia, the State of Victoria introduced police-imposed banning notices as part of a range of provisions and new powers targeting alcohol-related disorderly behaviour. Banning notices exemplify a broader shift towards discretionary, pre-emptive, regulatory, summary justice which circumvents the criminal law, dilutes individual rights, and reconfigures expectations of balance in the administration of justice.The legal principles upon which banning notices are based and the way in which they were enacted by the Victorian Parliament challenge both the purpose and specific requirements of Victoria’s Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006. Detailed analysis of the application of the Charter compliance processes to the banning notice provisions point to a notable disparity between the expectations of formal human rights po...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One exception is butter (ghee), the production of which has been growing quickly at 3.7% p.a. Butter production is projected to grow 4% p.a. This growth will also provide excess nonfat solids which will result in additional skim milk powder production that will be exported, primarily to Asian markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As outlined in previous analysis for the CCXG, there is no agreement to date on which activities, flows and interventions are to be labelled “climate finance” (see e.g. Clapp et al., Similarly, there is no common understanding of what is meant by “effectiveness”. While there is overlap in views between different stakeholders on what climate finance effectiveness is, there are also differences. These differences relate to the aims, sources, and channels of finance for the intervention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Sao Tome and Principe has the second highest Internet penetration among youth compared to other African countries where similar data is available and the country has the best gender parity in youth Internet use and Internet user penetration is the highest among African LDCs. Sao Tome and Principe - Second Phase of Quality Education for All Project. Washington DC: World Bank.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Meanwhile, with support from the Commonwealth Education Fund, ACAMO aimed at developing a curriculum for children with special needs and bringing it to the attention of the Ministry of Education. Unfortunately, the work on a new curriculum was not completed due to CEF's lack of funding. At policy level, ACAMO participated in the preparation of Mozambique's annual plan for special needs education. There are only five special schools in the country and this should be used as an opportunity to develop inclusive education, not build more, as in donor aid programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Subsidies - in the form of grants of land or cash, low-interest loans, tax preferences, price floors or premiums, mandatory purchase regimes or other support - may be used to address market failures that prevent the growth of infant industries in the new markets discussed above. They may also be used, as they are in the case of renewable energy technologies, to level the playing field vis-S-vis competing conventional goods, which are not taxed for their full environmental damage, and which on the contrary are often subsidised. As noted above, they may help firms in a new and dynamic sector overcome significant market failures and reach a point of global competitiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Regulations for agricultural inputs are largely in place, w'hile those for encouraging efficient natural resource use and preventing pollution are being developed. Basic rural infrastructure is accessible. While agricultural extension services are operational, policy frameworks to facilitate agricultural research and development are at an early stage. Monitoring and evaluation activities are limited - indeed, a few economies lack key agricultural statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)