albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The prospects for aggregate ODA are not encouraging: unprecedented fiscal pressures in OECD countries are reducing aid budgets. There is a need both to sharpen the focus of ODA onto LDCs, and to look to alternatives. While the ostensible rationale for aid is to address poverty, most aid goes to countries that are not LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Between 2000 and 2010, it increased by 86.9 million, and between 2010 and 2020 it is expected to grow by a further 109 million (equivalent to 30 per cent of the 2010 labour force) to reach 474 million (chart 15). A significant share of the 30 per cent increment in the total labour force between 2010 and 2020 will occur in Ethiopia (accounting for 12 per cent), Bangladesh (11 percent) and United Republic of Tanzania (9 per cent). However, all LDCs will experience substantial growth in their labour force during the same period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Yet remaining in school is often challenging for excluded children, especially poor rural girls. Poorer families may choose to pay school fees only for boys, or marry girls off at a young age so that they become someone else’s responsibility. Many girls still leave school to perform household labour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Crimmigration, or the intertwining of criminal and immigration law, allows whether explicitly or implicitly for local law enforcement and increasingly other government agencies, to act as enforcers of both aspects of the law. Increasingly, practices and polices implemented within this realm are characteristic of interior enforcement practices, expanding beyond border enforcement. No longer are these solely the responsibility of federal immigration agents, but now local law enforcement participates in these seemingly hidden initiatives. In the process of this merge, the scope of citizenship and the applicability of certain rights is continuously narrowing in what Juliet Stumpf refers to in The Crimmigration Crisis: Immigrants, Crime, and Sovereign Power as “a society increasingly stratified by flexible conceptions of membership.” To unwind and reform the connections between these two systems requires the treatment of them as components of a larger emphasis on exclusionary social-control ideology and practices, directed at immigrants and minorities alike.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The fourth 5-year rolling plan, the Smart Rwanda Masterplan, was adopted in 2015 and includes, among others, a target for gender digital equality by 2020. The Broadband Commission targets and policy analysis were key inputs to the formulation of this and other targets for the Smart Rwanda Masterplan. Steps have been taken to promote innovation and entrepreneurship, reduce the cost of end-user devices, stimulate the development and uptake of relevant content and diffusion of technologies into various sectors of the economy. In October 2013, the first Transform Africa Summit was co-hosted by the GoR and ITU, and culminated in the Smart Africa Manifesto as a continental agenda to leverage ICTs for Africa’s transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While subsequent case law in the area of gene patents seems to have abandoned the teaching, suggestion, and motivation test,198 the CAFC has continued applying that test in the context of small molecule patents.199 Whatever the final outcome in the United States, developing country authorities concerned with the granting of new patents for trivial improvements to existing inventions, such as combining one drug with another, should consider building upon the United States Supreme Court’s KSR decision in the context of their own laws, regulations and examining procedures. The new approach may reduce the number of trivial or dubious patents, especially in the information technology and pharmaceutical industries. Policymakers interested in special protection outside of the patent system for small-scale innovations within the reach of local entrepreneurs may wish to consider these alternatives. In practice, courts and administrators in developed countries often supplement these factors by so-called “additional” or “secondary”, objective factors (i.e. related to the invention) bearing on non-obviousness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The ministry has, since 2012, been developing strategies to strengthen and consolidate the commercial capacity and support the international promotion of SMEs in the IT and digital content industries, thereby contributing to the increase of sales in the sector, in accordance with the Vive Digital plan. From 2012 until March 2015, a total of 931 IT and digital content companies have benefited from this agreement, exporting to more than 50 countries in Europe, the Americas and Asia, for a total value of USD 166 523 099. This synergy also enabled the launch of the "Colombia Bring IT On" campaign to promote the industry abroad. The project clearly highlights the impact that the ICT and digital content industries can have in achieving the SDGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Income dispersion largely originates from the labour market, which is characterised by a still high unemployment rate, a pervasive informal sector and a wide wage dispersion reflecting a large education premium for those with higher education. Wealth, and thus capital income, is also highly concentrated. The tax and system does little to reduce income inequality. It is small and dominated by non-redistributive transfer schemes, in particular contributory pensions, and consumption taxes which tend to be regressive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It establishes management measures and harvest control rules for fisheries targeting sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the northern Adriatic Sea (GSA 17), and transitional conservation measures for small pelagic fisheries in the southern Adriatic Sea (GSA 18), further precautionary and emergency measures were established for 20152 and 20163. Since then, additional recommendations have been adopted establishing supplementary precautionary and emergency measures for this fishery in both GSAs 17 and 18 for 2017-20184 and for 2019-2021.5 The general objective is to ensure that the exploitation levels of small pelagics in the Adriatic Sea are at MSY by 2020. It started from a qualitative appraisal of alternative management measures that was later developed into a full quantitative framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As global governance appears to become more inclusive and democratic, many scholars argue that international institutions act as motors of expansion and democratization. The Closure of the International System challenges this view, arguing that the history of the international system is a series of institutional closures, in which institutions such as diplomacy, international law, and international organizations make rules to legitimate the inclusion of some actors and the exclusion of others. While international institutions facilitate collective action and common goods, Viola's closure thesis demonstrates how these gains are achieved by limiting access to rights and resources, creating a stratified system of political equals and unequals. The coexistence of equality and hierarchy is a constitutive feature of the international system and its institutions. This tension is relevant today as multilateral institutions are challenged by disaffected citizens, non-Western powers, and established great powers discontent with the distribution of political rights and authority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article compares laws and policies in Italy and the US regarding children's right to be heard and to engage in the life of the community. Italy has adopted a strong children's rights perspective, informed by the principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). The US, with its pre-modern constitution and resistance to international law, has been slow to recognise children's rights to voice and agency. The US Supreme Court has extended some due process rights to children in criminal court proceedings, but the US lags far behind Italy in recognition of children's rights to participate in civic life and collective decision-making. Child well-being rankings may reflect these differences in attitudes towards children's rights. Italy ranks significantly higher than the US on objective measures of child well-being and Italian children report superior peer and family relationships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Other pressing issues are the lack of modern slaughter points, with animals slaughtered in obsolete facilities or even outside the slaughter sites (according to the Ministry of Agriculture, existing official facilities are sufficient to slaughter only 30% of animals destined for slaughter). Another problem is inadequate equipment and staffing of veterinary and quarantine laboratories, which do not comply with international standards. The phytosanitary system faces similar problems of under-equipment, particularly at border control points, lack of staff and qualified quarantine specialists. There is also an issue of the absence of quarantine laboratories at the border.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They are the primary regulator of the global climate, function as an important sink for greenhouse gases, serve as the host for huge reservoirs of biodiversity and play a major role in producing the oxygen we breathe. The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment, completed in 2015 under the United Nations Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-Economic Aspects, provides a stark picture of the state of our oceans. Anthropogenic pressures on marine ecosystems, including ocean acidification and climate change, are challenging the resilience of the oceans and their resources, as well as their continued ability to provide important ecosystems goods and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In other words, the poverty-reducing effect of economic growth is weaker in Brazil than it is in other countries with similar income levels. It is therefore essential to gauge how much weight should be given to each of these strategies, both at the regional and state levels. The persistence of poverty dynamics in Brazil can be examined and estimated by drawing on pooled data and applying ordinary least squares (OLS) based on the within-group method and the generalized method of moments (system GMM), a dynamic panel model estimated using the two-step generalized method of moments or two-step GMM developed by Blundell-Bond (1998).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Abstract In the last thirty years, a process of global norm creation in the field of gender equality has taken place. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women marks a milestone in this process: it emerged as the first legally binding international instrument for the protection of women's rights. The 180 states that have ratified the Convention have interpreted their treaty obligations in diverse ways, ranging from reluctance to active incorporation. Beyond its original mandate, CEDAW has increased attention on gender issues within the UN human rights framework. Further, it has motivated transnational NGO activism that uses the Convention to connect local understandings of women's rights with global standards to influence national policy developments. Taking these global, national and transnational dynamics together, the article argues that CEDAW has been transformed from a ‘classical’ intergovernmental regime to a transnational network enforcing women's rights. Based ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This raises efficiency considerations as well as funding inadequacies in many areas. Greece lags behind in the implementation of the EU Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive, which required all municipal wastewaters to be treated by 2005. In 2002 only two of the wastewater treatment plants discharging in sensitive areas achieved the treatment efficiency required by the EU Directive, mainly because of capacity and funding gaps. Municipalities often execute budget only considering their own perspective and plan, and this lack of integrated approach and territorially customised water policy affects the efficiency of budget execution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The part of the system that is the purview of the state can be governed formally but the variety of mechanisms used internationally to co-ordinate even within government indicates the difficulty of the task. In Colombia, it is further complicated by the regionalised nature of the country. National innovation systems are specific not only because of differences in factor endowments, geography and culture but also because they co-evolve w ith national systems of governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Yet, with fewer than one in six persons with drug use disorders provided with treatment each year, the availability of and access to science-based services for the treatment of drug use disorders and related conditions remain limited. A significant proportion of the large number of premature deaths among people who use drugs is attributable to opioids. In addition, opioid use disorders account for the heaviest burden of disease attributable to drug use disorders: in 2015, almost 12 million DALYs, or 70 per cent of the global burden of disease attributable to drug use disorders, were attributable to opioids.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
At the outset, they should assess their comparative and competitive advantages in this green space and the scope fora green industrial strategy. High-income countries have generally been the first-movers in frontier green innovation. However, some developing country members, such as India, Malaysia, Singapore and South Africa, may also be capable of generating the conditions for the growth of green technology champions. Under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, developed countries have committed to mobilising US$100 billion of private and public money per year by 2020, although the US$10.3 billion raised is nowhere near the target.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While productivity indicators and their inverse - decoupling trends - show whether production has become greener in relative terms, they do not show w'hether environmental pressure has also diminished in absolute terms. From an environmental perspective it is useful to also monitor the presence of absolute decoupling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The independent variables available in the data included place of residence, age, age at marriage, education level, children ever born, prior experience of abortion or stillbirth, and contraceptive use prior to pregnancy, which are found to be correlated with pregnancy intention. In the ILFS data, in addition to these variables, the region of residence (four selected provinces) was added to the analysis, and "children ever bom" was replaced by pregnancy order. The ILFS further provides information that allows for exploration of the association between pregnancy intention and the outcome of pregnancy in relation to the timing of pregnancy. Pregnancies are divided into three cohorts, those that occurred at an early age (15-24 years) before 1985, during the period from 1985 to 1994 and during the period from 1995 to 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In most countries, household income also includes the imputed rental value of owner-occupied dwellings. In Chile, poverty declined slightly between 2006 and 2009, with the indigence rate remaining basically unchanged.3 Poverty and indigence rates in El Salvador did not change between 2004 and 2009. For Chile, the figures set out herein diverge for the first time from the country’s official estimates (MIDEPLAN.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, in a large group of countries, electricity is in State hands. Apart from the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (which re-nationalized the private firms), the public sector tends to dominate in the smaller economies, where monopoly situations are also more likely to exist owing to the difficulty of introducing competition between participating agents. In Ecuador and Paraguay, State domination is complete, whereas in the case of Uruguay, the public enterprise Administration Nacional de Usinas y Trasmisiones Electricas (UTE) controls transmission, distribution and all generation, except that using biomass and wind power. Although no new privatizations or nationalizations of electricity firms are foreseen, in many economies of the region private investment has increased in the markets that were open to receive this, encouraged by promising sector growth prospects and stable regulatory frameworks that are attractive for investors. Moreover, the emergence of new renewable energy sources has also opened up new opportunities for private participation (see section E).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Local farmers certainly know other trees, such as the baobab (Adansonia digitata) and acacia (Acacia), that perform well under different ecological conditions, especially during the hot and dry parts of the year. Previous studies show that mixed cropping is practised to reduce pest infestation, and serve as insurance against crop failure and improvement of soil fertility. The determination of different mixtures used on different soil types is based on indigenous knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Figure 2.1 shows R&D spending as a share of GDP for various country groups in 2015. Only a minor share of R&D resources is coming from the private sector. In many high-income countries, businesses are the main contributors towards R&D, however, with some variations across countries. In Japan, for example, nearly 80% of all R&D funding stem from businesses, while the government and R&D funding from abroad still represent the majority in countries in Eastern Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Engaging school communities in the definition of these criteria and allowing for local variation can ensure that they are sensitive to local context and can significantly ease their implementation (OECD, 2018(49]). The Netherlands has successfully implemented a weighting scheme in which schools are supplied with additional money for each disadvantaged student enrolled. Notably, there is ongoing debate over including migration status in the categorisation of disadvantage (Fleers, 2016(92]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The study generally involves about 3,000 adults aged 15 years and about 1,000 children and adolescents aged 7-15 years (e.g. Fridberg 1989, 1994, 2000, Bille etai. These indicators are of particular interest in a nature/forest context - although the latter is a good example of an indicator/variable which is not very precise as it combines numerous settings/reasons for the activity. Finally, it is worth mentioning, that some questions/indicators have been slightly changed over time, which makes comparisons over time uncertain for some aspects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This underscores the need for initiatives that focus on agriculture and climate change in combination. Without increasing adaptation and resilience, this is expected to reduce food production and cause losses to economic growth, livelihoods and well-being and make fulfilment of the SDGs especially difficult.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This paper analysis the potential use of smart meters as surveillance tools by law enforcement authorities. In assessing the challenges that the introduction of smart meters in the European Union creates for the right to privacy and data protection of individuals the paper takes a fundamental rights approach based on the existing European legal framework, case law and doctrine. The legal analysis is augmented by technical/engineering studies that show the interest that smart meter data has for law enforcement authorities. It is argued that the current EU legal framework is not adequate for addressing the challenges that surveillance via smart meter data creates for the rights of the individuals and that the existing legal gap must be taken into account and used in favour of the protection of the fundamental rights of the individuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In such cases, “business as usual” and status quo is not a major issue. However, when changes or threats are perceived, like building a new canal in one’s backyard or using one’s polder for flood storage, participation can be activated to protect one’s interest while finding alternative solutions through multi-stakeholder dialogue. In such cases more particularly, the intention of, and mutual trust between, the actors involved are key to successful stakeholder participation. Contributions to the individual themes were made by TNS NIPO, Synovate and the KWR Watercycle Research Institute.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Total final energy consumption increased by 29 per cent, with the fastest growth in transport, followed by household/services and industry. This was the combined result of structural changes, higher energy prices, EE policies and other factors. A decline in energy services relative to GDP accounted for one fifth of the reduction in energy use per unit of GDP with the rest resulting from declining end-use energy intensities (used as a proxy for EE improvements). The IEA projects that, under current circumstances, global final energy intensity will continue to fall at a rate similar to that of the last 30 years (1.6 per cent per year).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Of these, 50 have found jobs with contractors delivering retrofitting projects in London and, as demand increases amongst the newly appointed RE:NEW and RE: FIT contractors, job outcomes are forecast to increase. To date, 50% of starters on the programme are from Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic groups (generally these groups are more disadvantaged in London) with 60% being unemployed for six months or more (over a quarter of total starters had previously been out of work for a year or more). The programme has demonstrated that with short-top up courses and intensive employability support unemployed people can benefit from jobs in the emerging green economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Como (2008) explicitly distinguishes adaptive teaching from individualised instruction, noting that in adaptive teaching, teachers never adapt to individual students in a social vacuum. However, these terms are used quite differently in the literature. For instance, whereas Diack (2004) and Campbell et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Lastly, care will be strengthened and made more professional by training family and formal caregivers, with due consideration for the perspectives of gender, age, and ethnic and racial identity. This is part of the expansion of existing services but will also include new services and modalities of care, for childcare, the focus is on expanding coverage of children aged 0 to 6 years through its network of education and nutrition centres (CEN) and comprehensive care centres (CINAI), for half-days and full days, respectively. These efforts are in response to the need for a national strategy to create a nationwide network of care and development for children and older persons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For that reason, many component manufacturers are also entering the power generation segment, such as Vestas, Alstom or ACCIONA in the wind power market. In the photovoltaic solar segment, panel manufacturers such as Sun Tech Power started to invest in generation in 2008, and the trend continues today (REN21, 2011). In terms of wind power investments in Latin America, the leading firms are SN Power (Norway), ACCIONA, Abengoa and Gamesa (Spain) and IMPSA (Argentina), alongside Brazilian enterprises such as Renova Energia or CPFL Energia, in addition to most of the traditional electricity firms mentioned in the foregoing subsections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)