albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It consists of mostly consolidated alluvium increasing in thickness towards the sea. Groundwater originates from the recharge areas inland and generally flows towards the sea where it discharges. Both Egypt and Israel have invested in alternative water supply options for the coastal areas through inter-basin transfer and the use of non-conventional water resources. The Gaza Strip does not have access to alternative water resources and depends almost entirely on the Coastal Aquifer Basin for its water supply. However, as the aquifer in the Gaza Strip is severely threatened by over-abstraction and pollution, desalination is currently being explored as a major alternative source of water supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Book synopsis:     The thirteen specially-commissioned essays in this volume are written by philosophers at the forefront of feminist scholarship, and are designed to provide an accessible and stimulating guide to a philosophical literature that has seen massive expansion in recent years. Ranging from history of philosophy through metaphysics to philosophy of science, they encompass all the core subject areas commonly taught in anglophone undergraduate and graduate philosophy courses, offering both an overview of and a contribution to the relevant debates. Together they testify to the intellectual value of feminism as a radicalizing energy internal to philosophical inquiry. This volume will be essential reading for any student or teacher of philosophy who is curious about the place of feminism in their subject.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
We use the narrow definition here and this unemployment rate is shown to be decreasing as we move up the income deciles. The unemployment rate is higher for every decile in 2008 than in 1993 and is particularly severe amongst the bottom five deciles. The previous three tables show clearly that, in the initial post-Apartheid period, participation rates increased faster than absorption rates with a consequent increase in unemployment rates across all deciles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Resistance among people living in risk zones to moving to secure places is another example. Citizens are aware of environmental problems, but not of their role both in creating the problem and resolving it. The strategies for development and climate change in both Mexico City and the State of Mexico promote the need for public consultation in forums and seminars, but there is little evidence of a strategy to actively engage the public in policy decisions, and the voluntary sector’s involvement in climate change actions is limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In this sense, open means free to access and free to change. It is for this reason that one of the central characteristics of an OER is the liberal licensing (e.g. through Creative Commons), which facilitates this process. They include learning content, software tools to develop, use and distribute, and implementation resources such as open licenses. The learning content is educational material of a wide variety, from full courses to smaller units such as diagrams or test questions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The initiatives could focus on enhancing student pathways among institutions, increasing the percentage of students from low-income and minority populations gaining a tertiary education certification/degree or increasing opportunities for adult/mature students to pursue and complete tertiary education. Within this context, Malaysia is encountering difficulties to translate scientific knowledge into technological capabilities. Although an important player in knowledge diffusion and S&T activities, universities have not yet enlarged the national research potential and reached the quality of R&D performed in the OECD countries. The country has been over-performing in terms of publication intensity, but among ASEAN economies, its scientific publications are less frequently cited and its researcher population less numerous.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
By enabling local financial institutions to provide financing to stakeholders in partner countries, DBs and DFIs have been able to reach out to a wider group of beneficiaries. Credit lines have been used extensively to address financing needs of disaggregated groups of stakeholders, such as SMEs and smallholder farmers. ' Green' credit lines distinguish themselves from regular credit lines by requiring the financing to support projects that address environmental and climate issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In R (Evans) v Attorney General, the Supreme Court quashed the Attorney General's statutory veto of the Upper Tribunal's original determination made under freedom of information legislation. The Upper Tribunal had held that so-called ‘advocacy’ memos should be published after a full hearing on the merits. The Supreme Court split five to two, with the lead judgment of Lord Neuberger using constitutional rather than administrative language and focusing on the rule of law. This note raises four objections to the lead judgment. First, it argues that the Upper Tribunal was acting in an executive not judicial capacity and the veto was not therefore a breach of the rule of law. Secondly it suggests the veto clause is best understood as a variant Henry VIII clause. Thirdly, it suggests Lord Neuberger's judgment is founded on a paradox. Finally, it argues that the judgment undermines parliamentary sovereignty. Future implications are then considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Therefore, the guidelines and action plans in the strategy provide a platform for all stakeholders to mobilize, and appropriately use, financial resources for biodiversity conservation in Uganda. While discussions are ongoing in several countries to formally join the Initiative, the following 19 countries are already fully engaged: Botswana, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Fiji, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, Seychelles, South Africa, Thailand, Uganda and Zambia. Further countries can be supported as additional resources are leverages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
New Working Conditions: improvement of teacher compensation, creation of incentives to work in disadvantaged schools, and regulation of non-teaching time as part of contract hours. Training for Development: Entitlement to free and pertinent professional development, individual professional development plans informed by the needs of both the teacher and the school, and school principals empowered to define professional development plans for their teaching bodies. These were performing a range of duties as described in Table 5.1. The distribution of teachers by type of school provider in 2015 was as follows: 43.9% in municipal schools, 45.7% in private-subsidised schools, 9.4% in private non-subsidised schools and 1.0% in schools with delegated administration (the equivalent shares in 2004 were 51.1%, 35.7%, 11.7% and 1.5% respectively).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There was swift recognition that while strong prices offer long term benefits for farmers, the short to medium term impacts on poor consumers are predominantly negative. The current emphasis on the harm that high prices inflict on developing country consumers, as opposed to the harm that low prices inflict on farmers with net sales, has led to charges of inconsistency being levelled at international organisations in general (e.g. Swinnen, 2010), although OECD was always careful to note that price changes in either direction create winners and losers. Distortionary policies are inefficient as well as being inequitable in terms of their domestic effects (OECD, 2001, OECD, 2003), and globally they prevent resources from being allocated in an efficient way - even if concerns about the pattern of winners and losers have shifted compared to the period when prices were low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This paper studies the health policy measures taken by the local government of Xalapa to prevent cholera morbus from causing serious harm in the city. The fact that Cabildo assumed control of preventative sanitary policy was evidence of a new vision of society, in which the State sought to take a leading role in actions. Before the outbreak of the disease, the municipal authorities implemented a series of measures designed to preserve public health, such as public announcements and the creation of commissions to preserve public order. However one of these - the decision to change the location of the hospitals, including the military one - led to conflicts with the military authorities. The dispute over the possession of the Military Headquarters, which many groups considered their own, revealed a power struggle, as the civil authorities sought to impose their decisions on the military.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The collaboration between the national and provincial levels on environmental compliance and enforcement is viewed quite positively by both sides (Box 6.6). The Human Capital Development Strategy for the Environmental Sector (2009-14) lays down a strategic objective to “address the scarce and critical skills that currently exist in the environmental sector to enhance vertical and horizontal governance” (DEA, 2009). In particular, it calls for an urgent national initiative to strengthen environmental skills in the local government sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Estimates for 2009 suggest that poverty and indigence rates might increase by 1.1 and 0.8 percentage points, respectively. This would raise the number of poor persons in the region by almost nine million, over half of which would be indigent. During the 1995 Mexican crisis, per capita GDP dropped by 1.2% at the regional level and by at least 2% in Argentina, Mexico and Uruguay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This was not the result of political capture by powerful districts: in the example of South Africa, the allocation of projects was determined using presumably objective criteria, however, local authorities in richer communities had better means of, and more assistance in, preparing their applications. In practice, recruiting workers for programmes offering remuneration below the market wage has been challenging. In many cases, wages are raised during implementation of the programme through workers’ collective bargaining (Adato and Haddad, 2001, Subbarao, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It covers 27 EU member states as well as Norway and Iceland. Most of the 14 child-specific items available in the EU-SILC 2009 refer to children5 aged 1-15, apart from the two items related to school education that apply to school-age children only. The EU-SILC 2009 methodology specifies that if one child in the relevant age category lacks an item, all children in the household are flagged as lacking this item.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This was timely, as the "Western Balkans regional hydro-power master plan"was prepared in parallel. The bilateral agreement on waters shared by these two countries in the Kura River Basin, currently under negotiation, would also provide a framework for some intersectoral action. One of these projects wasthe Drina GEF project devotes significant attention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
During the past decade, the share of the population using 3G mobile networks in Africa has been converging with the rest of the world. Consequently, policy and decision makers need to make efforts to expand the coverage to rural and remote areas in Africa where access is relatively lower. Looking at historical trends, major progress was registered in infrastructure development, but manufacturing and industrial sector development stagnated in terms of contribution to both value addition and job creation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
But this is not to say that our societies can’t - or shouldn’t - respond by trying to make growth more inclusive. This may mean rethinking policy goals to better balance the pursuit of prosperity with broader social and environmental progress and to ensure opportunity is widely spread. This sort of approach asks us some fundamental questions about how we measure progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Secondly, water is used for volume control of chemical and radiological liquid wastes produced during normal operation. Nuclear power plants currently being built have a thermal efficiency of about 34-36%,12 while modern coal-fired power plants achieve almost 40% and combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plants reach 60% thermal efficiency. Higher thermal efficiency means not only a reduced cooling requirement but also more electricity for a given amount of fuel. As an example, according to a French government study, siting an EPR near a river reduces the electricity output by 0.9% with respect to a location near the sea. Siting the planned new Hirkish nuclear project on its Black Sea rather than on its Mediterranean coast would allow for a 1% gain in electrical output since average water temperatures in the Black sea are about 5 ®C lower.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
On the other hand, sudden episodes of large pest emergence could generate important regional shocks which are not well buffered by the international and trans-regional trading systems. Strong climate change adds abiotic risks which are related to extreme weather events. Systemic risks may also originate in very large multinationals in the food chain if some of these encounter significant economic difficulties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Similarly, the shift from voice to data services is also taking place in the fixed-line business, as growth in fixed-telephone subscriptions is stalling while fixed-broadband subscriptions are on the rise. The analysis will depict the impact of such transformations on the financial performance of service providers, along with the influence of over-the-top (OTT) providers on the mobile industry, particularly on traditional messaging revenues. Lastly, the chapter concludes by providing some policy suggestions based on data findings. As a result of this M&A activity and major private spending in mobile-broadband and FTTH infrastructure improvements that year, telecommunication-specific FDI in South Africa increased by 332 per cent from 2015 to 2016. In 2016, IHS Holding acquired Helios Towers Nigeria's portfolio of 1 211 tower sites throughout the country, while Bharti Airtel acquired Econet's 4.2 per cent stake in Airtel Nigeria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
ABSTRACTPolice corruption has emerged as a serious security challenge in Kenya. Where police corruption is persistent, it represents a systemic failure of governance in which the principal institutions responsible for ensuring police governance, the observance of ethics and integrity standards, and enforcing the rule of law are compromised and may themselves be infested with corrupt individuals and syndicates. This work discusses and provides an analytical survey of police corruption in Kenya, drawing on the available data to provide a coherent picture and understanding of the problem and its link to, influence on, and implications for national security in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While the reform in Seoul had undeniable positive outcomes, these also came with a cost. According to an analysis carried out by KOTI, public expenses related to the bus system were multiplied by two to five in Seoul, Daejeon and Daegu between the year before the reform and the first year after the reform. In particular, the city of Seoul had to spend KRW 2.3 trillion in bus subsidies during the first decade following the reform and the amount is increasing each year. However, it is difficult to distinguish to what extent such positive or negative outcomes are attributable to the bus system reform itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Whilst the speciality of general practice or family medicine has yet to take root in Japan, efforts are underway to establish a more holistic and co-ordinated system of community-based health care. Out-patient care is provided by both hospitals and community clinics. With regard to the latter, there are just under 100 000 community clinics in Japan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Road accident fatalities per 10 000 vehicles decreased from 3.3 in 2006 to 2.6 in 2010, railroad fatalities per billion person-kilometres fell from 1.1 in 2006 to 0.2 in 2011 and the fatalities per billion air shipping-kilometres from 0.4 in 2006 to 0.3 in 2011. Only the number of sea accident related fatalities increased from 134 in 2006 to 176 in 2011. Between 2006 and 2011, the number of the accidents increased by 1.2%, fatalities decreased by 2.6% and total injuries increased by 0.7%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Based on 301 indicators from nine main ecosystems and defined by 85 specialists, the NNI was established in 1990 as an aggregated index that has been compiled by means of data from monitoring, model estimates and expert assessments. The majority of the indicators represent indicators of species population levels and the number of indicators vary between the nine ecosystems. A number of public institutions provide the data, whetherthey are monitoring data (approx.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Article 23 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) provides for the right of EU citizens to diplomatic and consular protection by Member States other than the State of nationality in the territory of a third country. But what are the concepts of diplomatic and consular protection embodied in that Article? Are those typical of public international law or rather novel concepts with autonomous meaning derived from EU law? This paper addresses this question and examines what are possible effects of Article 23 in terms of opposability of the concept of EU citizenship to third states as well as in terms of justiciability of the EU citizen’s right to obtain protection from a non national Member State in a third country. The paper concludes that political and legal practice of the EU and of Member States has yet to provide clear answers to these questions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since 2015, ITU's Study Group 20 on loT and its applications has developed various standards on smart cities and communities. Recommendation ITU-T L.1600 provides an overview of key performance indicators (KPIs) and indicators for a global framework of city indicators with reference to the UN Habitat's City Prosperity Index. Recommendation ITU-T L.1601 defines these KPIs. Recommendation ITU-T L.1602 focuses on the sustainability impacts of ICT for smart sustainable cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
To achieve this goal, universal policies and those focusing on the most marginalized must work in tandem. The sustained involvement of gender equality advocates will be critical to turn promises into progress for women and girls on the ground. Comprised of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 169 targets and 232 indicators, it aims to address the economic, social, environmental and political dimensions of sustainable development in a comprehensive and integrated way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It can be seen that movements in consumer price inflation in many economies of the region substantially track movements of global food and fuel prices (see figure 1.5). Global oil prices since the nadir of the global recession in 2009 have increased dramatically in a volatile manner. Driven by geopolitical instability-related supply concerns in the Middle East, prices remain at over $100 a barrel for Brent crude.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The implementation of the 2009 EU Renewable Energy Directive will provide an opportunity for regioas to become involved in a national RE strategy. It will be important to address both the social concerns around wind, bioenergy plants and transmission lines by engaging fully with local and regional actors. It lies between 68 and 70° north, approximately 350km above the Arctic Circle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The right to strike was severely limited by procedural rules and a right to lock-out was granted to employers (Reinecke and Valenzuela, 2011). Currently, two different types of collective bargaining co-exist: one with the right to strike, and the other without the right to strike. It is this last category that has grown during the last 20 years (to almost 31.4% of the total of workers covered by collective bargaining). Furthermore, those workers who do have the right to strike can be replaced from the first day of the strike under certain conditions. As a result the power of unions and collective bargaining mechanisms has been greatly reduced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These models can generate valuable information on the prospective cost-effectiveness of nuclear as well as its contribution to future supply security. The indicator aims at identifying short-term actions that can obtain results within weeks rather than months. The indicator combines an assessment of a member country’s risk to be confronted with sudden supply interruptions and its potential impacts, the risk assessment (RA), and the capability of that country to mitigate these impacts, the mitigation assessment (MA). If the risk is high, more emphasis should be put on effective crisis capabilities than when this risk is low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, there has been a trend of increasing sea surface temperatures in Korean waters, which has accelerated in the last decades. This recent warming trend is associated with a decline in cold-water species (e.g. walleye pollock) and an increase in warm-water species (e.g. common squid and bluefin tuna). It is also associated with changes in the distribution offish stocks such as chub mackerel in Korean waters. It discusses how an EAF can contribute to understanding the impact of climate changes on fisheries and the development of adaptation strategies. It reviews the reported major impact of climate changes on fish and fisheries from an EAF perspective, introduces the integrated fisheries risk analysis method for ecosystems (IFRAME) model as an EAF assessment approach, and identifies the management objectives and attributes of an EAF.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In Mexico, social security covers more than half the population. Second, those not covered by health insurance have open access to a public provider network, financed out of general taxation. This appears to be the case particularly in India, where the public health infrastructure is underdeveloped, and, given that health expenditures are decentralised at the state/local level, very inequitably shared across states and regions (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2007). But lack of physical access in some regions is observed in many countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In this sense, it was based on natural resources that were transformed into cement using energy-intensive processes. Again, the viability of this industry assumed cheap energy supplies. Demand for middle-class housing, hotels and physical infrastructure drove the rapid expansion of the construction sector in the 1950s and 1960s. The supply of housing and hotels was also dependent on imported building materials and construction equipment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Abstract   What are the responsibilities and limitations of government? By drawing on insights from normative public finance, public choice, and new political economy, Arye L. Hillman's textbook on public finance provides an engaging, clear, and well-organised introduction to the subject and defines a framework within which answers to this question can be given. The book will not only be of value to undergraduate teaching in public finance, but will also appeal to graduate students, academics and policymakers who want a concise and up-to-date overview of the main ideas and developments in the area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)