albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The 2007 Water Services Act consolidated earlier legislation and updated standards of public health and environmental protection in the area of water services provision. Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC), which Ireland transposed in 2003, has enhanced co-operation among local authorities within specified river basin district regarding preparation of river basin plans. Adoption of the Water Services Act, which deals comprehensively with the needs of the industry, is a major step in the right direction. However, much of Ireland’s water-related legislation is in the form of regulations under a variety of laws, including the European Communities Act, the Local Government (Water Pollution) Act, the Environmental Protection Agency Act and the Waste Management Act.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Social policy alone cannot change the economic environment or the underlying elements in the structure of the economy that are contributing to poverty and volatile employment and income conditions for vast numbers of households. In this sense, there has been a return to early development theories which implicitly assumed the existence of strong developmental States capable of carrying out the suggested coordinated investment programmes. However, times have changed and the tasks that are contemplated for developmental States today are much more complicated than those conceived in the 1950s. However, policy space cannot be of much use unless there is a Government capable of using it. Wade (1990) has documented the important role that States played in “governing the market” in the first-tier East Asian newly industrializing economies as they went about achieving catch-up growth and poverty reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The 2010 Kampala Review Conference raised challenges for the Obama administration’s  reengagement with the International Criminal Court. The authors—  leaders of the U.S. Kampala delegation—assess the treaty amendments adopted  by the states parties. Those amendments could, after January 2017, enable the  Court to exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression. As that period  approaches, the authors consider key issues regarding the definition and nature  of the crime, complementarity, state consent, the role of the Security Council,  the conditions for amending the Rome Statute, and how best to prevent the  important new jurisdiction over the crime of aggression from perversely chilling  legitimate uses of force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The project is also financed by a grant of $2.74 million from the Global Environment Facility (World Bank, 2015). Efforts have centred on policy development, institutional strengthening, information and land-use planning systems, and strengthening regional forest inventory and pest management organizations. The project's development objectives are to improve forest fire prevention and suppression efforts in select forest ecosystems, including targeted protected areas, and to enhance forest management in pilot regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Online platforms are increasingly providing such services as logistics and finance (Chapter 2). In particular, export promotion agencies may want to create partnerships with logistics and/or financial service providers to offer a package of services to national exporters. These initiatives involve close collaboration between TIPOs and the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Several developing countries view their financial support as horizontal co-operation activities between countries providing assistance to each other as partners, including through emphasising investment in productive sectors (notably infrastructure), technical co-operation and training. This would recognise the contribution of other climate finance providers that do not necessarily provide funds that match these definitions or specific categories. Over the past several years, improved transparency of public climate finance provided by developed countries and multilateral development banks has helped with understanding what types of projects and sectors are being financed, in which countries, and to which actors they are being channelled (OECD, 2015a). Having a more complete overview of such information would help identify gaps, needs and ways to improve the provision of funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
ABSTRACTWilmien Wicomb from the Legal Resource Centre states that the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 marks the first time that customary law was recognised as a law equal to its common law and even statutory law counterparts. Whilst this recognition is implicit in chapter two of the Constitution, the Constitutional Court’s jurisprudence in 2000 placed such recognition beyond doubt to make sure that the legislature and executive entrench the understanding of constitutional recognition of customary practices. This article considers the following research question: Is the interface of the interplay of local government, traditional leaders and society possible to restore transformation and community development where there are traditional leaders’ presence? To answer, qualitative methodologies were explored. The study found that traditionality and modernity, lack of clarity of the role of traditional leaders, parallel administrations, power struggles and court battles needed resolve to ens...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It may be significant that in the UK, which has a cooler summer than Georgia and therefore less evapotranspiration, the Abstraction Charge for certain types of agriculture (spray and trickle irrigation, and water for horticulture) incurs a higher charge than that for any other purposes, due to its high “loss factor” (Winpenny, 1998). The rates should bear some relation to typical consumptive losses, and should be at a level high enough to register with abstractors when they consider how much water to withdraw. This conclusion is timely given the active consideration being given to the development of a series of hydropower projects in Georgia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Mobile money represents real opportunities for people and small businesses and has been shown to have long-term effects on poverty reduction, gender equality and employment opportunities, as well as to reduce inequalities (SDGs 1, 5, 8, and 10) (GSMA, 2017). Mobile money services have opened up new business models and services for governments, businesses, and consumers, including in the area of micro-insurance, agriculture and transportation. Mobile phones have helped to increase agricultural productivity and address specific challenges faced by farmers, including female farmers. Cambodia's pink phone project helps women using mobile technologies to exchanges ideas, expertise, and access agricultural resources virtually.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
AbstractThe colorblind individualism that pervades American politics and society keeps schools segregated although Americans support integrated public education. While the 1954 US Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education has never been overruled, later cases and policies have encouraged its retrenchment. We argue in this multi-disciplinary review of published literature that there are two different versions of Brown—the iconic, pro-integration symbol supported by most Americans, and a formal, juridical requirement that permits continued school segregation. The formal, juridical Brown is supported by the implementation of multiple educational policies, particularly neighborhood schools, magnet schools, and charter schools, all built on the firm belief that there is no violation of Brown. Rather than promoting a vision of Brown that champions a strong integration goal, these policies bolster the second interpretation of Brown: one that allows segregation to occur, so long as it is not outwardly de...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Looking at the trajectories of people of Muslim origin in Egypt who express religious doubts, I argue in this article that doubt and nonreligiosity are not necessarily a child of a Christian genealogy of the secular and definitely not alien to Muslims. Instead, we have to understand them as an intimate moral discontent with the contemporary age of Islamic revival, even if their shape and some of their positive claims are borrowed from notions of Western origin and global currency—most notably, human rights and feminism. There are reasons and ways to become a nonbeliever in a society profoundly affected by a religious revival, and these reasons and ways can be telling about the nature of doubt and certainty in general. They also offer a perspective on the problematic of secularism that focuses on issues of belief and existential trust rather than governmentality and discursive power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The number of second-tier governments has risen sharply, from a little over 250 during most of the Suharto era, to approximately 500: 399 districts and 98 municipalities. The range of services under the second-tier local governments’ responsibilities expanded from a limited set of construction projects, maintenance of local infrastructure and regulation of firms to 11 key functions including agriculture.4 Decentralisation was motivated by a fear of territorial disintegration, due to widespread inter-communal and ethnic violence. It was also pushed as an antidote to widely acknowledged corruption at the central government level (Barichello and Patunru, 2009). Before decentralisation, the agricultural development planning function was characterised by central command and control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Food losses are highest in North America and Oceania, reaching close to 300 kg per person. The focus would need to be on addressing the financial, managerial and technical limitations in harvesting techniques, as well as ensuring adequate storage and cooling facilities in often challenging climatic conditions. Quantifying postharvest losses in Sub-Saharan Africa with a focus on cereals and pulses Presentation at the Bellagio Workshop on Postharvest Management, 12-14 September 2017. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) has developed a methodology to improve the measurement of food losses across the value chain, as well as to factor in deterioration in quality that result in economic losses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
When looking at non-OECD countries, researchers from PSI underline that the fatality rate in China is one order of magnitude higher than in the other non-OECD countries and therefore should be analysed and reported separately. The comparison between data for 1994-1999 and these from 2000-2008 shows that the fatality rate is steadily declining, indicating that safety levels in the Chinese coal industry are improving and approaching that of other non-OECD countries. Instead, the number of fatalities appears to have increased in non-OECD countries other than China.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The report is largely based on the original contributions from the following 15 countries: Australia, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. We are grateful to the contributors and government departments who collaborated on this report (see list in Annex A). Our gratitude to Ms. Shiho Ono, International Affairs Division, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan for her revisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In fact, there is a disincentive for the municipality to strongly advocate for its priorities. This puts municipal planning in a passive role, and in the worst case, can undermine the municipality’s autonomy and credibility for planning with citizens and businesses. Antofagasta will have to continue working within these constraints moving forward. While it cannot change the frameworks, it can be more strategic in what it implements, take a better approach to prioritising its initiatives, identify strong mechanisms by which to advocate priorities and build multi-stakeholder interest and support for its programming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Effective engagement also implies that the participatory processes themselves must be accessible and gender-sensitive (see also case study 1 on Brazil and case study 6 on Rwanda). Quotas meant to support women’s participation must also be adequately enforced. Afro-Brazilian women represent the poorest and are the majority of those living in poverty. Informal settlements cover vast areas ofthe city.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There can also be linkages between such monitoring exercises and other work streams under the UNFCCC, such as work under the Nairobi Work Programme on development and dissemination of information and knowledge. It also outlines some of the national and international benefits from identifying, collating and reporting adaptation information. However, information contained in these adaptation components varies greatly in terms of: timescale, focus areas/sectors, overarching objectives, qualitative or qualitative indicators about adaptation actions, financial needs, references to other documents (e.g. National Adaptation Plans), and monitoring and evaluation provisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It has mainstreamed climate change across a number of areas to promote climate-resilient sustainable development. Adopting a resilience approach has important policy and governance implications as it requires not only the coherence and coordination of policy design and implementation across different (social and ecological/environmental) domains and scales, but also the recognition of decision making under conditions of uncertainty and the need for experimentation and innovation in building resilience. Resilience promotes participation, learning and sustainable resource management, and stresses the role of governance and institutions in managing social-ecological systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A Decree of 27 January 2012 sets out the procedure for obtaining the ecolabel. In particular, it provides for the creation of a stakeholders’ committee, composed of professionals representing the entire fishing sector (upstream to downstream) as well as representatives of government, civil society (including NGOs), consumers and independent experts, notably scientists. The Decree also establishes the framework for inspection by accredited certification bodies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The “monetisation reform” has improved the reporting of social spending (for example, see Table 3.3). Nevertheless, experience with OECD countries that have a federal constitutional set-up suggests there is likely to be under-reporting of social spending by lower tiers of government (Adema and Ladaique, 2009). In the case of disabled children up to 15 years, this is 120 calendar days. For example, there are benefits for war veterans and disabled children, while the pension fund of Russia also pays old-age, survivor or disability pensions based on employment records to people who are categorised as disabled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Protecting the environment and fighting global warming were mentioned by 29% and 13% respectively. Again, the price and security of energy supply concerns are uppermost in the minds of Europeans when they consider the desired priorities for their countries’ energy policy. More importantly, the evolution of public opinion between 2007 and 2010 shows that more and more Europeans consider nuclear energy as an option to help the energy supply situation faced by developed societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Across the globe, community-oriented protected areas are increasingly recognised as an effective way to support the preservation and maintenance of the traditional biodiversity related knowledge of indigenous peoples and local communities. We argue that guaranteed land security and the ability of indigenous and local peoples to exercise their own governance structures is central to the success of community-oriented protected area programs. In particular, we examine the conservation and community development outcomes of the Indigenous Protected Area program in Australia, which is based on the premise that indigenous landowners exercise effective control over environmental governance, including management plans, within their jurisdiction (whether customary or state-based or a combination of elements of both), and have effective control of access to their lands, waters and resources.   Key Words: community-oriented protected areas, Indigenous rights, conservation, Australia
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These independent immigrant women reject passivity and dependence on the welfare system and their husbands to a great extent, they are able to have a career and manage to employ their qualifications in the business, and they exhibit tendencies similar to native entrepreneurs in choosing branch and niche. This example can be also considered as the second category of immigrant women entrepreneurs defined by Abbasian and Bildt (2009). This category includes women who, despite a certain level of independence, are still dominated by men in their business, their decisions and actions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Using information already existing in national accounts, this involves a series of adjustments, recognising the consumption of own-use production work of services as an income in-kind, to arrive at an adjusted value for household disposable income. While not explicitly recommended, countries can use this information to analyse a number of issues relating to income inequalities and poverty. Finally, the Guide recommends a number of areas for further research work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Later in 2009, it was decided to go further with consolidation, with one new integrated national company replacing the two companies. But most of them did not have the necessary organisational and financial capacities to manage water supply and sanitation services, especially small municipalities. Partly as a consequence, the provision of WSS nearly collapsed in many settlements and municipalities. Two years later, the process of enlargement of service areas started.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, the scope for further productivity gains on this score will diminish over time, as the urbanisation rate approaches that in more advanced economies. Gross enrolment rates at the primary level have long exceeded those in OECD countries, while at the pre-school, upper-secondary and tertiary levels there is still a gap to fill (Figure 1.2.D). Encouragingly, however, enrolment at the preschool level has increased rapidly, to 67.5% by 2013, exceeding the 2015 target of 60% (Table 1.1). In the pre-reform era when the wage structure was administratively determined and the state sector provided most employment, returns to education were low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This whaling quota is within a range that researchers believe provides adequate security with regard to protecting the whale stocks. Moreover, the quota is based on scientific evidence from the IWC scientific committee. The quota for 2010 was composed of a basic annual quota of 885 and the addition of unused quota from 2009. In 2010, Norwegian whalers were permitted to catch up to 1 016 animals in coastal areas: the North Sea, along the coast from Stad to Finnmark, in the Barents Sea and around Svalbard. The rest of the quota could be caught in the zone surrounding Jan Mayen island. Conservationists feared that legalising any form of commercial whaling would open the door to other nations and ultimately lead to more, not fewer, whale deaths (Morell, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Abstract Interculturality may be something normal which everyone possesses to a degree. However, dominant neo-essentialist theories of culture give the impression that we are too different to easily cross-cultural boundaries. These theories support the development of academic disciplines and the need for professional certainty in intercultural training. There is an illusion of neutrality in established cultural descriptions such as collectivism and individualism. The criticism of this position is that such theories and descriptions may instead be ideologically constructed, and represent an idealised Self and a demonised non-Western Other. This denial of ideology results in a liberal–essentialist duality which also underpins multiculturalism. A critical cosmopolitanist approach and a social action theory of society project a different picture of culture which resides in realities which respond to personal circumstances. A cultural realism not only acknowledges the influence of national structures but also ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Both of these rates are relatively low compared to other middle-income economies, which is often attributed to a large informal economy in Thailand as well as considerable underemployment in private and public service sectors (Fry, Nieminen and Smith, 2013). Considering the entire decade (2000 -10), the increase of the foreign-born EPR was more than 20 percentage points. It can be expected that this drastic change is related to other indicators such as the level of education or the nature of jobs taken by immigrants in Thailand, and these indicators will be discussed in the following sections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Studies on terrorism have often taken the usual bias towards studying and analyzing phenomena from a male-dominated perspective. The current article looks at jihadi feminism as a growing trend in contemporary terrorism. The paper argues that there is an increase of women from both traditionally Muslim and traditionally non-Muslim regions joining ISIS and taking part in the Syrian war on the side of Islamic extremists. The paper argues that women from Western countries, because of their understanding of feminism, are more combatant in championing religious terrorism than are women who have been brought up in Islamic role, who see their role mainly as that of helper of terrorist activists rather than active participants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The goal is to encourage the uptake of energy-efficient technologies in buildings and increase the numbers and scope of refurbishment that would otherwise not take place. Therefore it is important that tax relief be targeted at new and innovative technologies with little market access and high upfront costs (Geller 2006, pp. Surveys of free-riders for various former US tax incentive programmes in the buildings sector have indicated possible rates between 53% and 94%. The number of free riders clearly depends on the design of each programme and in order to address the issue, the US federal government is now targeting incentives at only the most efficient measures and appliances with a market share below 5% (Neuhoff et a!.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Social policy innovation in Canada remains stunted despite recent attempts at social policy renewal via intergovernmental agreements. The fusion of accountability and policy learning is typically blamed, yet this ignores other potential factors. This article examines the Labour Market Agreements for Persons with Disabilities to highlight impediments to social program expansion and reform within governments as well as between governments, and how the design of recent agreements serves to reinforce those impediments. We find that the linkage of accountability and policy learning means that learning gets caught up in long-standing federal-provincial disputes over jurisdiction, and leads to a perverse form of learning. We also find significant barriers to innovation in the nature of federal government funding, which provides neither incentives for “have provinces” to expand their programming nor sufficient funds for “have not” provinces to successfully transform their programs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)