albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Targeted policies aim to reduce grade repetition, as in France, or to raise the age of early tracking, such as the New Middle School in Austria. Countries have also introduced policies to manage school choice, either to introduce more school options or to mitigate its negative impact on equity, as in Chile. A few countries have introduced structural changes to their systems, as in TYirkey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This in turn fuels the virtuous circle. While diversification, which is triggered by new demand, can be cultivated by global demand, the development of capabilities to produce a diverse range of manufactured products is also crucial. A number of studies has found that the variety effect dominates the price effect in terms of export share gains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The survey underlines the willingness of the private financial sector to receive training in energy efficiency. Results moreover underlined the importance for private financial institutions to get more insights and pre-emptive information into the evolution of regulatory issues. The creation of EEFAN would be useful in both instances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
According to the FAO Fish Price Index, international fish prices were 7% higher on average in the second half of 2016 compared to the same period in the previous year. Despite higher prices, consumer demand for fish was sustained, with an overall slight increase in per capita fish intake. Due to a revision of historical capture fisheries data new statistics indicate that since 2013 aquaculture has become the main global source of fish for human consumption, rather than 2014 as previously believed. Average nominal prices for both aquaculture and capture species are expected to remain relatively flat or decrease slightly up to 2020 but then begin growing up to 2026.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As protestors filled Tahrir Square in Cairo in January 2011, Western diplomats, academics, and political pundits were searching for the best political analogy for the promise—and problems—for the Arab Uprising. Whereas neoconservative skeptics fretted that Egypt and Tunisia might go the way of post-revolutionary Iran, Hillary Clinton and Madeleine Albright praised Indonesia's democratization as the ideal model for the Arab Spring. During her 2009 visit to Indonesia, Clinton proclaimed: “if you want to know whether Islam, democracy, modernity, and women's rights can coexist, go to Indonesia.” Certainly Indonesia of May 1998 is not Egypt of January 2011, yet some comparisons are instructive. Still reeling from the Asian financial crisis of 1997, middle class Indonesians were fed up with corruption, cronyism, and a military that operated with impunity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
More than two decades ago, Stanley Hoffmann described the discipline of international relations (IR) as a peculiarly “American social science” (Hoffmann, 1977). He maintained that, traditionally, analysis of the international system had been equated with the study of US foreign policy — not surprising us, given that scholars residing in the United States do much of the theorizing in IR. Ironically, however, IR scholars continue to view their discipline as a “global” social science within which theories and research methodologies can supposedly travel from one culture and location to others with little difficulty. Of late, postmodernist IR theorists have questioned the notion of IR as a “global” social science, insisting that all scholarship is radically situated within cultural and temporal frameworks. Postmodernists claim that there is no neutral vantage point or absolute standard of scientific objectivity from which scholars can observe human behavior.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, given the large uncertainties, these results are intended simply as a complement of the data provided in Figure 6.3 and should be simply considered as order-of-magnitude indications of the different weight of cost across technologies. Data for wind onshore was available only for Germany. Broader data sets were available for all other technologies. Whenever they were undertaken, they were of a very narrow scope in terms of the technology considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
At present, these usually reward discrete episodes of care. In the future, payment mechanisms are increasingly likely to reward ‘bundles’ of care, or indeed a whole year of care, for people with complex needs. It will be interesting to see whether health systems can respond to these new pressures, and whether appropriate organizations will arise to manage the challenges of integrating care for such patients. Experience in the US with the new ‘Accountable Care Organizations’, responsible for the costs and quality of health care for a defined population (with a minimum size of 5 000 people), will be of great interest in this respect (Shortell et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In this thought-provoking collection, Professor Epstein brings together the leading articles which explore the economic approach to the two major issues of constitutionalism. The first volume deals with structural protections that are afforded by the separation of powers, the use of checks and balances, and the institutions of federalism. The second volume deals with the protection of individual rights in connection with property, speech, religion, due process and equality. Both volumes focus on the extent to which assumptions about self-interest and human nature influence the choice of social institutions. They offer extensive comparisons between the classical liberal and social democratic views of constitutional law. Professor Epsteinâ€™s lengthy and careful introduction seeks to weave together the diverse approaches to constitutional law exhibited in these volumes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter sets out the case study of Victoria’s banning notice legislation. The key operational components of banning notices are explained in the first part of the chapter. The research design and methodology from which the case study has been developed are then outlined. The third part of the chapter explores the arguments and rhetoric which underpinned the passage of the banning legislation: key assumptions are examined, parliamentary discourse is analysed, and consideration is given to the effect of the underlying presumptions and justifications upon the compliance requirements of Victoria’s Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006. The final part of the chapter considers whether the claims made to justify the need for Victoria’s banning provisions have been meaningfully tested: published banning notice data is examined, media coverage of banning and its use/effectiveness is analysed, and key findings from interview research with Victorian Magistrates are presented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
First, there was criticism of the designation used by the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security to classify programme beneficiaries as “employable” or “unemployable” because it might serve to entrench a set of socio-economic differences historically produced and reproduced by inequitable and non-inclusive social structures (Campos, Faur and Pautassi, 2007). Second, there were misgivings that the “unemployable” category comprised mainly women of childbearing age with dependent children, which tended to divide exits from the programme along gender lines. Third, the fact that the solution for the “unemployable” group entailed a requirement to meet certain conditions, unlike the solutions offered to the other two groups, was a matter of concern from a rights standpoint.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This document mentions R&D, innovations, productivity improvement, strengthening the food safety infrastructure, and the sustainable use of resources in agriculture, in particular the more efficient use of w'ater (MOD, 2014). Another key agricultural policy document, the 2013-17 Strategic Plan of the Ministry' of Food, Agriculture and Livestock sets five strategic objectives: i) agricultural production and supply security, ii) food safety, iii) phytosanitary and animal health and welfare, iv) agricultural infrastructure and rural development, and v) institutional capacity building. For each of these areas, several strategic objectives are formulated, together with performance indicators and financing targets (MOFAL, 2015b). The priorities are strongly shifted towards stimulating agricultural production through subsidies, as evidenced by the dominance of the “agricultural production and supply security” component which includes price, input, and credit subsidies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Both the history of the family and of the woman have been based, in general, on grounds other than those consistent with authentic, integral humanism. They have been exclusively developed from the relationship between circumstances, life cycle, strategy, social mobility, inheritance rules, market and ideology of the ruling social system. However, such important things as love, friendship, and any other type of emotional values have been overlooked. A full understanding of the history of the family must be based on a sound reflection set in the right contextual framework, selecting not just spacio-temporal coordinates, but also the adequate reference framework. The latter is provided by each period’s views, and it is also the focus of this paper.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In countries with a poor fisheries management record or capacity to implement sustainable and responsible fisheries, globalisation may lead to increased fishing pressure, thus endangering the resource. Managing sustainably and responsibly can, in principle, be done through biological management approaches including ecosystem-based approaches to management that cap the total harvest. Concurrently, however, increased competition from external sources (alternative wild fish or aquaculture) may put price pressure on the harvesting element of the value chain. Depending on how access to the fishing sector is managed, fishers’ income may subsequently come under pressure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
A major challenge before the development community is to find the means through which a “failing” State can change into a “capable” one. However, the Millennium Development Goals per se do not constitute a development strategy. On the other hand, the recent financial crisis and recession have further undercut the validity and appeal of the Washington Consensus, and thus there is currently a vacuum, so to speak, in the thinking about appropriate growth and poverty reduction strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The NDP has a dedicated section on “Environment and natural resources”, which details biodiversity-specific objectives and interventions. Biodiversity is also incorporated in the plan’s recommended post-2015 goals and targets (Annex 3) and “Public investment plan projects” (Annex 6). Regarding the indicators, the NDP notes that the National Planning Authority is charged with the task of developing NDP performance indicators and targets in liaison with sectors. Currently, the NDP includes as a biodiversity-specific indicator the increased forest coverage area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Indigenous peoples struggle to access health services in relation to their needs and face health service disparities when compared to the majority population.1 These disparities are superimposed on the higher cost and logistics of communications, transportation and rapidly changing extreme weather related to delivering timely health care to people living in northern, often remote communities. Another of particular significance is a problem related to communication and transportation infrastructure that links regional and peripheral facilities with central or national referral centres. In addition, the harsh climatic conditions and the special needs of the indigenous populations pose significant challenges".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Achieving low stabilization levels will require early (upfront) large-scale investments and substantially more rapid diffusion and commercialization of advanced low-emissions technologies. Such investments will need to be made worldwide on the required scale, implying that effective technology and resource transfers will need to be made to those countries lacking those means (see chaps. V and VI for further discussion). These include a switch to renewable energy technologies (of which the most significant is solar energy), the adoption of CCS technologies both to curb emissions from fossil fuel plants and generally to facilitate negative emissions, the enhancement of terrestrial sinks through afforestation in conjunction with sustainable biomass use, and investment in energy efficiency solutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Evidence shows that temporary workers in OECD countries face a wage penalty, even after controlling for observable individual, family and work characteristics (OECD, 2015a). On average, a temporary contract worker receives an hourly wage that is 11% lower for men than their counterparts in standard jobs (13% lower for women). The underinvestment in human capital associated with short-term contracts can give rise to lower wages for temporary workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The context was the implementation of Agenda 21 from the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. The GoJ’s commitment to sustainable development led to the formulation of policies, the enactment of laws and the promulgation of regulations on waste management, energy, environmental management, tourism and other aspects of the economy that would later be regarded as essential to the definition of the green economy for Jamaica. In 2005, the project was extended for two years, and one of the principal focal areas was the greening of Government and the Private Sector’ (ibid).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The indicator puts emphasis on the interdependency, interconnection and complementary of these settlement systems. Currently, data can be measured for at least 108 countries with important level of thematic disaggregation, using the UN-Habitat National Urban Policy Database. This platform remains a key resource for monitoring progress on indicator 11.a.1 and the New Urban Agenda. Up to 180 countries are implementing National Urban policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In addition, Akilagpa Sawyerr (former Secretary-General of the Association of African Universities) participated in the review visit. Further details about the review team can be found in Annex 1 of this report.). Although dependent on natural resources, it has one of the most diversified economies in Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Scholarship has traditionally portrayed transnational NGOs (TNGOs) as ‘principled’ actors animated by global norms to advance human rights, sustainable development, humanitarian relief, environmental stewardship, and conflict resolution. However, scholarship has also identified instances in which TNGOs appear to act ‘instrumentally’ by engaging in resource-maximising behaviour seemingly inconsistent with their principled nature. Moreover, prior scholarship addressing this puzzle has been constrained by the limitations of small-n case studies examining relatively narrow subsectors of the TNGO community. Addressing these limitations, we reexamine the logic of TNGO behaviour in light of findings from an interdisciplinary, mixed-method research initiative consisting of in-depth, face-to-face interviews with a diverse sample of 152 top organisational leaders from all major sectors of TNGO activity. Using an inductive approach to discover how TNGO leaders understand their own behaviour, we introduce the heuristic of ‘principled instrumentalism’ and specify our framework with a formal model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These are steps in the right direction, but do not per se imply that older workers are more readily hired, and the offices of Hello Work and JEED (see below) should strengthen their special programmes targeting older jobseekers, such as training offers, second-career counselling and training seminars for firms in age management. Hello Work offices administer recruitment incentives (“job development” grants and other incentives for employers hiring hard-to-place jobseekers, trial jobs for youth and other target groups) and start-up incentives. By contrast, vocational training for the unemployed, rehabilitation and employment programmes for people with disabilities and child-care programmes are administered primarily through grants to other public organisations, particularly the Employment and Human Resources Development Organization of Japan (EHDO), and the Japan Organization for the Employment of the Elderly and Persons with Disabilities (JEED).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Beyond the determination of who does what, the challenge lies in the problems of overlapping responsibilities generated by interpretation and implementation of water policy on the ground. In addition, both ministries are required to co-operate on some areas, given the interdependence of issues such as climate change, spatial planning, roles of water districts, agencies, organisations and the need to address issues of quantity and quality collectively. On average, domestic water services usually involve the highest number of ministries, public agencies and departments, because of the externalities of water supply on other policy areas (e.g. education, health, etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For this reason, we also include education gap-squared. The effect is likely to be non-linear and thus we include age gap-squared in Model 2 as well. Because women are socially ascribed to be primary caregivers, the presence of young children is likely to have a more significant effect on wives' time allocation, compared to that of their husbands'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Partly owing to the invention of the techniques described above, partly owing to renewed concerns about the social costs of energy production and consumption ranging from local air pollution over climate change to security of supply, a number of large-scale studies on the external costs of energy were thus funded and undertaken. Estimating Fuel Cycle Externalities, co-ordinated by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and funded by the United States Department of Energy (USDOE). New York State Environmental Externalities Cost Study, co-ordinated by RCG/Hagler Bailly and funded by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, the Empire State Electric Energy Research Corp. and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). All these studies are part of a first wave of social cost accounting that had united a sizeable community of competent and committed researchers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The law enforcement authorities of Tajikistan in the same year reported the seizure of 2,590 MDMA tablets, 2,025 phe-nobarbital tablets and 10 tablets of diazepam. The total amount of pharmaceutical preparations seized in Kyrgyzstan amounted to 3,604 grams in 2014. For 2014, there were reports of significant seizures of MDMA (“ecstasy”) in Israel and amphetamine in Saudi Arabia. The quantity of reported seizures of ATS in the Islamic Republic of Iran decreased considerably.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Investment flexibility is particularly valuable in deregulated electricity markets, where electricity market prices may have higher variability. In order to continuously re-establish the balance between load and generation, a certain amount of active power is kept in reserves: such reserves are usually referred as “spinning reserves”, but definitions vary among countries (Rebours and Kirshner, 2005, Kirby, 200, Bovo et al., In Chapter 2 those reserves were subdivided into primary, secondary and tertiary reserves depending upon the time window of availability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Making Poverty Analyses Richer: Multidimensional poverty research for policy design" in Boyser, K., C. Dewilde, D. Dierckx and J. Friedrichs (Eds) Between the Social and the Spatial - Exploring Multiple Dimensions of Poverty and Social Exclusion, Ashgate Publishing, pp. Equivalence Scale Sensitivity of Poverty Statistics for the Member States of the European Community' in Review of Income and Wealth, Series 43, Number 3. Robust Multidimensional Poverty Comparisons', Working Paper, no. Ithaca, NY: Food and Nutrition Policy Program, Cornell University.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
All governments today are saddled with huge debts, and due to large public deficits, the future may not bode well for additional funding for government grants for either point or nonpoint source control measures. In this context it is important to stress that trading is not only cost effective, but it also allows for income to move from areas with large property tax revenues (e.g. cities) to rural areas with low property tax revenues. Wastewater plants will always be needed, or upgraded, and the use of trading allows income to shift, with resultant water quality improvements, without as much need for costly government subsidies that may be non-existent in the future. Several jurisdictions across Canada have discussed the trading concept with SNC, and the Federal Government produced a series of papers on water markets and trading (Policy Research Initiative, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
With two decades of experience with shared access, infrastructure funding, end-user subsidies, and most importantly market reform, the time is ripe to critically consider what strategies have worked and those that have not, particularly with respect to universal access funding, which remains a key challenge. This will enable the development of effective strategies to tackle the challenges posed by low levels of affordability and insufficient rollout of networks in "high risk," rural and remote areas on the one hand and to take advantage of the opportunities presented by advances in technology, and developments in society on the other. As a starting point, that a public financing mechanism is introduced in a liberalized market indicates the existence of a market access gap. A market access gap is a gap between what the private sector can deliver and what is needed by the public, it is arrived at through a thorough analysis of the relevant market based on national definitions of universal service and access and agreed targets in a country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It follows that the financial sustainability of water services in the region remains very weak and that no or very little resources is and will be available for maintenance and capital investment. Chapter 4 provides additional information on the reforms associated with tariff policies (for instance as regards tariff setting procedures, tariff structures and affordability issues). This clearly is not sufficient to cover operation and maintenance costs of water and sanitation services. Tariffs should be a key element of the financial sustainability of the water and sanitation sector, as they provide stable and reliable revenues to the service provider (as exposed to subsidies or even transfers from official development assistance).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Under Article 40 of the TRIPS Agreement, members may only control IP abuses that have anti-competitive effects and thereby a negative impact on trade and technology transfer. This is so because Article 40.1 covers the licensing of any IPR, such as trademarks, which is not necessarily related to technology transfer. See UNCTAD-ICTSD Resource Book, p. 557.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)