albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It will enable us to better describe, understand and predict developments and to improve management and policy decisions. Making sense of proliferating information requires a workforce with appropriate analytical, computational and methodological skills, as well as a high-capacity ICT infrastructure. They are starting to deliver flexible and on-demand computational services over the Internet, lowering the fixed costs of ICT infrastructure, to the benefit of small and medium-sized organizations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, following a large inflow of foreign investment, especially from Malaysia, the government backtracked on its initiative to open up estate crops to foreign companies. Moreover, limited reforms were taken in agriculture because of political interests (Kuncoro and Resosudarmo, 2006).2 In fact, state monopolies in rice, wheat, soybean, sugar, cloves and spices were strengthened. Farmers benefited little from these distortions: wheat is not grown in Indonesia, sugar cane had to be delivered to a particular mill so growers faced a monopsonist, and high soybean prices lowered the profitability of intensive livestock production (Anderson and Strutt, 1995). Making matters worse, the financial crisis coincided with one of the worst droughts in 50 years, which caused a significant fall in rice production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article reviews recent literature concerned with the analysis of the relationship between nationalism and economy. First, it discusses scholarship advocating a new understanding of the concept of “economic nationalism” beyond its traditional focus on protectionist state policies. Second, the article branches out to consider a more interdisciplinary body of literature addressing the nationalism-economy nexus, and it relates this literature to broader debates in nationalism studies, distinguishing between three prominent approaches in the discipline: nationalism as political movement and ideology, nationalism as political discourse, and everyday nationalism. The article concludes with suggestions for future research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This trend is more pronounced in the "more developed" countries (UNFPA, 2015). Today, however, such support is under pressure from the fall in fertility rates (which means fewer children as caregivers) and the increased longevity of older persons, as well as changing cultural norms and the migration of rural young people to cities and away from older relatives (Population Reference Bureau, 2006). This situation necessitates a change in focus on die role of primary health-care professionals (OECD, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Some countries achieve lower child poverty rates by redistributing family allowances, while for others the greater reduction in child poverty is obtained with a redistribution of housing benefits. This depends on the gains for poor families but also the potential losses for families initially above the poverty line but receiving different types of benefits. In the first group of countries, the lowest child poverty rate is achieved when housing benefits are redistributed to cover all poor children. This scenario holds the largest drops in child poverty rates in Denmark, Iceland, Ireland and Luxembourg.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The New York City's Catskills programme is an example of a local-level public scheme (The Catskills/ Delaware Watershed Protection programme (New York) Stanton et al. For example, the nitrate strategy of Switzerland encourages farmers to enhance the environment of their farmland (UNECE, 2007, pp. Similar schemes also used to payforthe maintenance of forest areas and afforestation or reforestation to ensure high quality drinking water supply for municipalities, such as the canton of Basel (see Example 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
According to estimates for 2012 co-financing represented 11% of the total budget in private-subsidised schools (Paredes et al., The recently approved Inclusion Law (Ley de Inclusion) eliminates shared funding in private-subsidised schools. The implementation of the law will be gradual and schools will be compensated financially through a new grant (see also Chapter 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
From Poverty to Power: How active citizens and effective states can change the world, Oxfam Blogs (2 October 2013). Available at https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/what-can-vietnams-excellent-schools-teach-us-about-education-quality-and-equality/ (accessed on 4 July 2018). Yet, as evinced in this chapter, common factors, such as political commitment, policy coherence, and stakeholder coordination, determine the outcomes of interventions across the social protection, health and education sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In recent studies in the Arctic region it was found that the therapist showed little awareness of their client's use of traditional healers. The future goal is to attain full independence. The conditions for health care in Greenland differ in a number of ways from the Sami in the Nordic countries, because of geographic and climatic conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Stumpage fees are based on species, quality and distance to the point of transportation. In principle, stumpage prices are set to recover the costs of resources used for timber production. In 2014, stumpage fees rose within a range of 11.5-28.8 per cent compared with fees for 2013. The highest stumpage fee per m3 for 2014 was set for curly birch (4.111 million roubles, or some €250), oak, ash and maple trees were priced at 685,220 roubles (€42.40) and pine and larch trees were available for 198,210 roubles (€12.30).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, because these are demographic variables that hardly vary over the short term, their disaggregate analysis is omitted. The survey year used differs from country to country. The period 1990 refers to the survey nearest to that year, the period 2002, to the survey available nearest to 2000 and 2002, and the period 2008, to surveys available between 2004 and 2008. In the countries that saw the greatest poverty reduction, the workforce grew in tandem with higher labour income per employed person, while in the other countries that was not the case. A simple way to illustrate these differences is to compare the poverty rate of a group of persons with a given trait with others who do not share that trait.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The National Employment strategy of Jordan acknowledges that the large supply of low-wage foreign workers creates pressure at the bottom end of the wage scale.27 The case of Jordan illustrates that wages in the informal sector tend to be at the lower end of the wage scale, significantly below those of workers in the formal sector. While wages are estimated to be around 10 per cent higher in the formal sector in the Syrian Arab Republic, the wage difference has reached around 50 per cent for youth in Morocco. In Egypt and Lebanon, the gap amounts to 30 per cent, climbing to 50 per cent for women in Egypt.28 While minimum wage legislation exists in most countries of the region, it is not necessarily always enforced. In the Arab region, almost 70 per cent of workers are not covered by social security schemes.29 Table 3.9 shows that the share of informal employment in non-agricultural sectors reached 67.1 per cent in Morocco, 45.9 per cent in Egypt, 51 per cent in Yemen and 35 per cent in Tunisia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Types of services include - among others - physician services, durable medical equipment, laboratory' tests, and outpatient hospital services. Each expenditure category is projected on the basis of recent past trends in growth per enrolee, along with applicable legislated limits on payment updates. To project future SMI part D21 costs, historical per capita spending for beneficiaries in private prescription dmg plans, low'-income beneficiaries, and beneficiaries in employer-sponsored retiree health plans is used as a projection base.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It needs to be investigated in its own right as there is not a simple one-to-one relationship between cost reduction and market effect. For example, where a measure is implemented such that the cost reduction is fully transferred to the buyer as a pure rent (for example, food aid to recipients who could otherwise not buy any food in the market), it does not change conditions in the rest of the market. In this context it was emphasised that the concept of “additionality” is crucial. It was shown, for example, in an illustrative quantitative exercise based on the OECD’s Policy Evaluation Model (PEM) how the additionality of given quantities of food aid provided could be estimated for selected countries based on particular assumptions and parameters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The participation of investors is also often limited due to misalignments between the financial or risk profile of infrastructure projects and investor demands. Secondly, efforts are often not transparent in regards to their alignment with other entities’ actions, or compliance with standards, including environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria. Thirdly, in some cases investment decisions are made without consideration to climate impact. The technology can help to to increase efficiency and transparency in global infrastructure systems. Although blockchain is regarded as an emerging technology, a plethora of working prototypes and collaborative initiatives targeting the transport, energy and agriculture industries has been developed and established to realise their proposed use cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Since the 1970s and Michel Foucault's work discipline and power, scholars of religion in the Americas have looked to prisons to track changing ideas about human behavior, wrongdoing and reconciliation, social organization, and citizenship. This article provides a brief transatlantic history of the prison and scholarship on prisons and religion. It surveys work by historians, sociologists and anthropologists, and theologians and ethicists. It shows that religions have served as not only the material from which societies construct their disciplinary forms but also a resource upon which individuals draw when labeled criminal and communities invoke when seeking reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It first emphasises the persistent fertility gap between the two countries, and looks at the disparity between actual and would-be behaviour which may explain the gap. It identifies the effect of having children on female employment and working hours and national attitudes to the division of paid work and child care as key factors behind the differences in French and German fertility rates. Lastly, the chapter discusses how partners’ educational attainment, earnings and working hours affect fertility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Government of Canada's proposed anti-terrorism legislation, Bill C-36, contemplates dramatic changes to our law, in areas as diverse as criminal procedure, international relations, immigration, individual privacy, law enforcement, and charitable giving. In this collection, Canada's leading scholars in the areas of law and public policy address the potential impact of these changes on the rights and freedoms that Canadians enjoy. Based on papers presented at a conference organized by the Faculty of Law at the University of Toronto in November 2001, the essays in this book provide a permanent record of the vital legal debate surrounding Bill C-36.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These figures raise important questions about why success has varied so much across countries, and to what extent health care systems and policies help to explain this variation. Numerous studies have shown that rising levels of obesity and diabetes are reducing our ability to make further inroads into reducing the CVD burden. Some studies are showing that the pattern of declining mortality is coming to an end or even reversing amongst some population groups, particularly younger age groups (Wilson and Siskind.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The following graph shows the marginal effects, in percentage points, of selected background characteristics. Marginal effects give the change in probability of being deprived, derived from a unitary change in a background variable, everything else being equal. The marginal effect of age is the effect of one more unit of age: a one-month difference in age reduces the probability of being deprived by 6.3 percentage points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The financing will come from the federal budget, the regional budgets, the Mill Fund and the Social Security Fund. The economic crisis has not affected the level of financing of the project, indicating the continuing high priority given to health and health care issues by the authorities. In 2010, the level of financing of the project remains similar to 2009 level and the main components left unchanged. But from 2009, the NPPH has given greater importance to prevention issues and the programmes have been restructured into four broad groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The United Republic of Tanzania has made progress in a range of areas that are part of the Warsaw Framework for REDD+, or the so-called "REDD+ Rulebook". The valuation of the country's forest ecosystems and their contribution to its economy was one of the activities that continued after its national programme closed in 2013 as part of the UN-REDD support for national actions. Approximately 38 per cent of the country's mainland is set aside in protected areas for conservation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The debate on the argumentative turn in Public Policy and Administration (PPA), as reﬂective of the inﬂuence of political-legal theory on the discipline, is reviewed with a thorough and indepth engagement with the Argumentation Theory (AT) literature. The focus in this article is in fact of a methodological nature, since we   argue   that critical scholars - who have contributed to the general and specialized (i.e. political discourse analysis and critical contextualism) literature of AT as well as politico-legal theory - pave  way to a novel methodology which will be exemplifed through the analysis of the transparency concept.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Brazil, there is practically no difference between the White and Afrodescendent populations in this respect. The study in Colombia, however, shows that indigenous and Afrodescendent peoples in areas affected by violence spend more time on personal activities, while for the population older than 50, being an Afrodescendant increases the probability of spending less time on personal activities. With a view to ensuring that the information obtained describes time use in Afrodescendent populations, race should be a focus of analysis from the design stage of measurement tools and methodologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, only a limited range of curriculum goals can be covered. It is conducted internally in the classroom and counts towards a final grade or evaluation of the student. Teacher-based summative assessments may include different types of assessments, such as teacher-made tests, classroom-embedded assignments, project work and portfolios.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This setting provides a living laboratory for university research & innovation, learning and outreach and provides ample work-based learning opportunities for university students in all study programmes. The state is a microcosm of multi-racial, multi-religious, multi-cultural and multi-lingual society. The Malay, Chinese and Indians constitute the major ethnic groups in Penang.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Thus it may be considered desirable to take into account the particular factors pertaining to some people or some groups— by designing and implementing the necessary policies to facilitate better health outcomes in groups that are disadvantaged, so as to reduce the disadvantage. In this regard, it is up to each society or nation to define what it considers as desirable with respect to the distribution of health and what people expect from their governments in terms of achieving those goals. Further examination of these issues is beyond the scope of this Note. Simply put, this Note argues that large inequalities in health outcomes, such as exist in many countries and across countries, are generally undesirable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Hence, low background individuals see their skills decrease as inequality rises even when they are compared with higher backgrounds individuals with the same amount of formal education. This suggests that part of their lower proficiency can be traced to a worse “quality” of the educational track (e.g. they attended worse quality schools/universities) or to a lower amount of effort (e.g. hours) while studying. The third evidence suggesting that higher inequality lowers the amount of opportunities available to disadvantaged individuals in the society emerges from looking at their labour market outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
ABSTRACTEmploying novel coding methods to evaluate human rights monitoring, this article examines the influence of United Nations (UN) treaty bodies on national implementation of the human right to health. The advancement of the right to health in the UN human rights system has shifted over the past 20 years from the development of norms under international law to the implementation of those norms through national policy. Facilitating accountability for this rights-based policy implementation under the right to health, the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) monitors state implementation by reviewing periodic reports from state parties, engaging in formal sessions of ‘constructive dialogue’ with state representatives, and issuing concluding observations for state response. These concluding observations recognise the positive steps taken by states and highlight the principal areas of CESCR concern, providing recommendations for implementing human rights and detailing issues to be a...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The CESCR has adopted the term ‘substantive equality’ and has said that laws, policies and practices of State parties may perpetuate inequality between men and women because they do not take account of existing economic,social and cultural inequalities experienced by women (CESCR 2005). He notes that: ‘As long as we simply recognize the role of women in the "care" economy by accommodating their specific needs, the existing division of roles within the household and associated gender stereotypes will remain in place, and could even be reinforced. This dimension is stressed by the HRC with surprising robustness in relation to under-representation of women in politicsand in the publicand private sectors, where State parties are regularly urged to institute temporary special measures to address the problem.92 Article 4(1) of CEDAW requires State parties to makes it clear that temporary special measures aimed at accelerating de facto equality between women and men should not be considered discriminatory, but they should be discontinued when the objectives of equality of opportunity and treatment have been achieved. ( This contrasts with special measures, such as those aimed at protecting maternity, which should not be temporary - article 4(2).)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The three key dimensions are still access to sanitation, quality housing and drinking water, which even retained the same order of importance between 2000 and 2011. However, as extreme poverty has declined, these three dimensions have become even more prominent, suggesting that greater strides have been made in education, information and nutrition than in sanitation, housing and drinking water. These three dimensions contribute heavily to total child poverty, too, and their significance has increased as total poverty among children has decreased —from 73% in 2000 to 82% in 2011.13 Unlike in the case of extreme poverty, education has increased in importance as a contributing factor to total poverty, suggesting that little progress has actually been made in reducing education deprivation. The fact that its relative contribution to extreme poverty has diminished indicates that more than proportional progress had been made in reducing the percentage of children with no access to schooling. The fact that the same did not happen with total poverty means that progress in reducing the school dropout rate had been less significant than achievements in other areas. Its contribution to extreme poverty also increased in 10 countries in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is also used for sugarcane, cotton, rice and nut trees in Australia (Deloitte Access, 2013), and olive trees, vineyards, and for greenhouse fruits and vegetables in Spain and Greece (Garrido et al., This exceeds previous figures from 2002, which reported that groundwater irrigation covered at least 30% in only a third of OECD countries (OECD, 2006). Shares vary from a few per cent in countries with relative abundance of surface water (e.g. Estonia, Norway), to higher shares for countries relying significantly on groundwater for irrigation (e.g. Germany, Denmark).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
An innovative example exists in France where, through a public bank, a type of trading scheme has been instituted. The scheme, CDC Biodiversite, from the Caisse des Depots, a public institution, aims to offset the residual impacts of construction work which could not be avoided or reduced. Project managers subject to legal obligations to offset, or offsetting on a voluntary basis, can be represented by CDC Biodiversite which can also organize environmental operations such as creating "natural assets reserves" likely to be recognized as offsetting measures for land development projects. The first project was launched in the Camargue, on the Crau Plain in France.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It is a consistent finding that the deprivation risks across the EU are higher in the newer accession states (Chzhen & Bradshaw 2012, Nelson 2012), which tend to have lower GDP per capita and lower levels of social spending. Since the GDP per capita is included in the MIP indicator, these results suggest that social spending explains a significant amount of variation in severe child deprivation rates, but it is not necessarily a causal relationship. Country level variables at their (t-1) levels. Stepwise inclusion of country-level predictors in Models 1 and 2 reported in Table A7 in the Annex. *** Estimated with 15 integration points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In food processing, the authors argued that energy could be saved at the processing plant level by optimising and integrating processes and systems to reduce energy intensity (e.g. through better process control, advanced sensors and equipment for on-line measurement and intelligent adaptive control of key parameters). Likewise, they proposed the minimisation of waste through energy recovery and better use of by-products. In the food retail sector they note that significant progress in energy efficiency has been made in recent years, but that there still exists potential improvements in the efficiency of refrigeration systems, “heating, ventilation and air conditioning” (HVAC) and refrigeration system integration, heat recovery, and amplification using heat pumps, demand-side participation (DSP) system diagnostics, and local combined heat and power (CHP) systems and tri-generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)