albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These savings offer a cushion and can help reduce default on loan payments in the event of an emergency. Indeed, when providing credit to the poor they often provide other complementary services such as skills training, teaching of literacy and numeracy, health nutrition workshops, family planning advice. This diversification, which now goes beyond financial products, makes microfinance an efficient platform for the delivery of pro-poor services to its clients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Low levels of taxation hurt poor people, and poor women in particular, because they prevent the establishment of development programmes which can counteract market-generated inequalities. Where fiscal reform has involved cuts in social expenditures, or the imposition of user fees on services and utilities, women have often had to compensate by increasing the amount of time taken to care for children, the sick and older persons at home to save money, walking longer distances in search of health care or queuing for longer periods for water (Razavi, 2007). In Zambia, for example, the abolition of marketing boards and the privatization of extension services and rural credit under structural adjustment affected women farmers more than men. Local market cooperatives used to be one of the few sources of credit and extension services for women farmers (Evers and Walters, 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Whereby today some approaches exist, their restricted interoperability leads to a fragmented landscape of systems, thus hindering widespread adoption among customers and businesses. Blockchain technology can enhance the effectiveness of such solutions, by providing the overarching standard to unique identification and recording transactions of e.g. carbon certificates, their trading, and even the origin of GHG emissions. This transparent and immutable record makes it easier to monitor and incentivise, or impose penalties on, certain industrial practices. Building on existing carbon market models, more efficient and highly integrated trading platforms could be established. A detailed consideration of how these benefits can be leveraged is presented in section 3.2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The implications also need to be treated with caution as, in some instances, further research is needed for specific contexts as well as across a sufficient number of countries to be confident about the consequences of specific approaches. Further potential areas of research on school leader appraisal include, among others, school leaders’ perceptions of using separate appraisal processes for developmental and accountability purposes, the effects of using professional school leadership standards as a reference standard for appraisal, the effects of involving peer evaluators in the appraisal process, the effects of using teacher, parent and student surveys and questionnaires as a source of information, ways to strengthen links between appraisal and professional development, and the effects of using appraisal results to reward successful school leaders with a financial reward. These need to reflect country-specific governance frameworks, the allocation of responsibilities in the education system and the extent of decentralisation. The existence of national curricula and standards and the overall culture of evaluation all need to be taken into account in approaches to the appraisal of school leaders (also see Chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
I sought to establish forms of fluid contact and dialogue with citizens in the context of realizing democracy. I set out to encourage people’s participation in civil society by allowing them to participate in the creation of public policies on education, early childhood matters, salaries, pensions and a lot of other issues. This took place through the creation of advisory commissions made up of community representatives and experts from across the political spectrum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
And yet, despite the evolution of competition, regulation 2 of the evolving telecommunications industry does not appear to be getting easier. As this ecosystem grows in unpredictable technological directions, regulators today face an increasing array of challenges, reflecting the dizzying explosion of services and applications being carried over multiple digital networks - all of them subject to societal demands for regulation. The author, Dr. Bob Horton, suggested a framework for understanding the evolution of telecommunication regulation, postulating three different "generations" of regulatory practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Abstract   Despite widespread recognition of the importance of values, decision makers and stakeholders in health policy appear to disagree fundamentally over what ‘values’ essentially are. Hidden dissent about the nature of values can confuse policy deliberations. This study investigates empirically the following two questions: (1) what sorts of entities do Canadian health reformers typically call ‘values’? and, (2) how do Canadian health reformers use the idea of values in health reform rhetoric? We conducted a qualitative, interpretive analysis of 36 Canadian health reform documents published during the period 1990–1999. The values raised in Canadian health reform rhetoric vary widely not only in topic (e.g. health states, health services, equity, economic viability, etc.) but also in substance (e.g. physical entities, goals, principles, attitudes, etc.). We review the diversity of concepts underlying ‘values talk’ in health policy, and discuss implications for policy analysis and future research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter explores the linkages between international trade rules, national security, and various dimensions of human security, which includes the environment, labor, and human rights. It shows how and why such linkages emerged, describes who initiated and opposed them, and explains how they have affected the membership, terms, scope, and interpretations of global trade agreements. In contrast to several other essays in this volume, this chapter focuses not on regional or bilateral trade agreements, but on multilateral ones. It specifically explores trade policy linkages in the context of the International Trade Organization (ITO) , the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the World Trade Organization (WTO).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Chinas GDP is projected to stay flat in 2014 at 7.7 per cent, slowing to 7.5 per cent for the next two years, reflecting deleveraging and less reliance on policy-induced investment. India’s growth is projected to rise to over 6 per cent in FY 2014-15, increasing to 7.1 per cent by FY 2016-17 (World Bank 2014). China alone accounts for three-quarters of the 2011 share.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In the context of climate change, these responses are referred to as mitigation and adaptation measures, respectively. Figure 4.7.1 depicts a flowchart of climate change issues posed by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including both impacts and countermeasures. In contrast, adaptation serves to adjust human and natural systems on the assumption of ongoing climate change, e.g. disaster prevention, changes in cultivated plant species and breeding new plant varieties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Essential elements for such a planning instrument have been identified according to international good practice (Box 2.3). Transparency and predictability in development control mechanisms will increase the credibility of the city master plan and help to promote private investment under the plan. Viet Nam has a unique land ownership system with Land-use Rights (LURs) (Box 2.4), and development control in urban areas is based on zoning. Effective enforcement is another urgent challenge (see Chapter 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Until the entry into force of the amendment, the Paragraph 6 Decision will remain a valid legal basis for the facilitated export of drugs to countries in need. It is important to note that from a substantive point of view, the Paragraph 6 Decision and the TRIPS Amendment Decision are essentially the same. For each of the remaining Members, the Paragraph 6 Decision will continue to apply until each of those Members ratifies the amendment. For an overview of Members that have so far accepted the amendment, see http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/amendment_e.htm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For young people, the decisions they make about what and where to study, both within and following periods of compulsory education, have become both more important and more difficult to make. The purpose of career guidance is to enable young people to make what are good education and career decisions for them now and in their future as well. In the absence of reliable and trustworthy information and support which good career guidance should provide, such decisions become more difficult, with personal and social costs often displayed in skills mismatches and unsatisfactory employment prospects. Over recent years, the significance of career guidance services has grown. Rapid economic and educational change has led to school-to-work transitions which are now longer and more complex.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For the third report, 82 per cent of responding member States engaged at least one other government department in the compilation of the NIR: only seven member States indicated that no other government department was involved. Nearly three-quarters (71 per cent) affirmed that civil society or academic stakeholders contributed to the NIR. Private sector stakeholders were much less involved, with only nine member States indicating direct or indirect engagement with private sector interests in the preparation of the NIR. Thirty-two member States responded at least once to the annual survey of initiatives under the Phase III work plan priorities (2012: 19 countries [TVET questions only], 2013: 22 countries, 2014: 23 countries). Case studies have been slightly condensed and edited for inclusion, and in some cases enhanced with data from the NIRs. In three cases (Finland, Germany and Hungary) only an excerpt of the study has been used to highlight lessons that are relevant to a specific ESD issue, references to other data provided in the full case studies are noted where relevant in the body of the report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On the one hand, if water bottlenecks are well managed and the change of resource availability is well anticipated, all the options available to limit the effect of water scarcity will be implemented in a cost effective way. In that case, the cost of adjusting to the bottleneck is quite low for the electricity system. On the other hand, if disruptions in the electric sector cannot be avoided, they can be very costly. Therefore one needs to take into account the cost of investments to hedge energy systems against the risk of disruption, for instance by providing more back-up generation capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Marine ranches are also being established for resource conservation and environment protection.2 Twenty demonstration marine ranches have been established in 2015, with more planned in the future based on lessons learned from these. In 2015, The Fishery and Fishery Administration Bureau set out a plan to monitor and assess important marine and fresh water. The primary objective of fisheries co-operation is to ensure food security and fulfil the fisheries development strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
All grain prices decline in real terms, and they will fall below current levels at the end of the projection period (Figure 1.15). Because of the significant fall in coarse grain prices described above, a shift in land to oilseeds is anticipated in 2014/15 which should contribute to further declines in the prices of oilseeds. In the oil sector, a strong demand for food and fuel will push the price to increase as of 2015/16.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It has to be however considered in connection with the profitability of the public transport provider as well as the inhabitants'purchasing power. This will happen unless the local governments are able to take over the investment costs. Provided that the operation is above break-even point, it would give space for fare cut.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
While national and sub-national capacity is of primary importance in multi-level governance relations, the line between co-ordination and capacity is not always clearly demarcated. Co-ordination can help in disseminating good practices and spreading the benefits of diversification of water policy, thereby also building capacity. Thus, co-ordination and capacity building go hand in hand: they are synergistic processes that can be mutually reinforcing, provided there is a territorial approach to water policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This target is aligned with the European objective of halving the number of people killed in 2020 and it will be reviewed in 2015. The safety performance indicators established by Spain are shown later in this paper under monitoring. The elderly (people aged above 65) represent more than half of total fatalities. The 9th National Traffic Safety Programme covering the period 2011-2020 was launched by the Government of Japan in April 2001.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For example, labour force participation may decrease further due to the withdrawal of older workers from the labour force as a result of the lowering the statutory retirement age in late 2017. This policy may have a disproportionate impact on rural locales where there is a higher concentration of senior residents. This includes the network of national roads, railway lines, airports and harbour ports. A territorial lens on such overarching policies can help ensure that they are adequately tailored to place. Poland’s National Spatial Development Concept 2030 offers guidance on how to co-ordinate and implement public policies that have a significant territorial impact, however, in practice, its co-ordinative ability is weak (OECD, 2016b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They are therefore particularly well-suited for an assessment of how policy changes have impacted on relative inequality measures. A negative change of NRR points to incomes of the unemployed falling behind relative to those in work. Figure 12 provides a strong indication of reduced cash support for the unemployed between 1995 and 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The health care system is obligated to deliver equal care to all citizens regardless of their place of residence. This requires a large number of small, cost-effective health centres capable of providing acute care because the expenses for transport of patients and staff are very high.182 Due to their small size and isolation, towns and villages in Greenland often need to be self-sufficient and are very vulnerable to external factors.18 No private providers of health care services exist in Greenland, but private dental care, physiotherapy, psychotherapy and treatment for alcohol and drug abuse are available in Nuuk. In the past, perinatal complications, acute and chronic infectious diseases and injuries dominated as the leading causes of morbidity.184 Recently, chronic and lifestyle diseases and disabilities dominate morbidity concerns despite the fact that the "old" diseases have not decreased to the same low levels found in Western countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The SNA data on household income are first divided by the population size. They are then multiplied by the ratio of the average household income of each decile to the average household income in the IDD, to give an estimate of an average household income by decile that is consistent with the SNA totals. Unemployed persons are defined as those who are currently not working but are willing to do so and actively searching for work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In accordance with international standards, the reference population for indicators on child labour and forced labour should go beyond the group of persons engaged in employment work, covering either forms of work within the SNA production boundary or forms of work within the general production boundary, as defined in the 19th ICLS resolution on work statistics. Relevant context information for the interpretation of the indicators on child labour and forced labour includes the respective national legal provisions. In the case of child labour, important aspects may be the minimum age set by national law for employment, hazardous work and permissible light work, the coverage of this legislation and the prohibition of certain types of child labour, such as the worst forms of child labour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, currently with seven different approaches existing for such target setting,54 it is no surprise that actors are feeling lost. Beyond company target setting, there is a general lack of guidance on 20 C compatibility of investments which can support investors in their decision-making processes. Here the development of tools and criteria may be helpful.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Compared to the traditional informal mutual help networks, CBHI offers well defined ex ante protection with reliable premiums (Tabor, 2005). Such insurance allows members to cover low-frequency, high-cost events - especially hospitalisation - when health service supply is available (Jutting, 2003). Despite these advantages, most CBHI schemes remain small: from a subset of 44 schemes Carrin, Waelkens and Criel (2005) found the median value of coverage among the eligible population to be 24.9%, 13 schemes had a coverage rate below 15%, and only 12 had a coverage rate above 50%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
National-level monitoring and evaluation can also assess the degree of co-ordination between different actors, and/or between institutions/government bodies in charge of adaptation. It can also evaluate to which extent consideration of climate impacts and adaptation is embedded across different policy priorities or in operational and planning decisions, regarding for instance natural resource management or development planning. This practice, known as adaptation mainstreaming, can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of adaptation planning (OECD, 2015b). Reporting on adaptation monitoring and evaluation under the UNFCCC has been requested by several guidelines and agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Another distinct feature of the primary care system is that the majority (around 94%) of clinics are solo practices (Table 3.2). From a quality of care perspective and in the absence of a patient registration system embedded within primary care, this raises obvious questions about care continuity and co-ordination and about the functionality of the primary care system outside of normal working hours. Solo privately owned clinics are also less able to weather difficult economic circumstances, which is a compounding viability issue in a market where patients tend to prefer to be seen in a hospital setting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The open PRI model used appeared to ensure that potentially disruptive research was conducted outside the SHOKs. Adjustments were made to the way the SHOKs were operating, but the programme was discontinued from 2015 and is being phased out. Further, it exacerbates the lack of “strategic technology” research investment in Finland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In this case, a gap exists between the efficacy of the product assessed during clinical trials and its observed effectiveness in real life use. While this gap is widely recognised, the safety and effectiveness of new technologies is only rarely assessed through formal re-evaluation. Recent evidence shows that health technology re-assessment is seldom used in OECD countries. A third of OECD health care systems rely on periodic re-assessment after technologies are included in the range of benefits covered by public funding (Auraaen et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Some LDCs that have been able to attract strong operators have often witnessed stronger growth (Box 2-1). Further, the idea that market size limits the potential for competition has not been the case in LDCs with smaller populations (Box 2-2). Given that mobile penetration can be misleading due to a single person having multiple SIM cards or lapsed accounts, it is also useful to look at demand side statistics such as the proportion of households with a mobile phone. Here too Mali is a leader, as one of only six LDCs where at least nine out of 10 households have a mobile phone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Since violence by a partner can occur in any type of intimate relationship, a series of questions are required to accurately identify current and previous relationship types so as to screen respondents for modules of questions that address, for example, violence by current or most recent partner, and violence by all other previous partners (as is the case in the UNECE survey module on violence against women). The definition of “intimate partner” is subject to national circumstances, some of the questions listed below, such as those referring to living with a man without being married and being involved in a relationship with a man, may not be appropriate for all country contexts. In the examples shown above, respondents who reply that they are currently married, living with a man without being married to him or involved with a man without living together (regular or steady dating) will be filtered into modules of questions concerning violence by current partner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Overall, the OECD average water application rate per irrigated hectare decreased by 7% between the periods 1990-92 and 2002-04, while in most cases the volume of agricultural production increased (OECD, 2010b). This may induce water stress. Some states in the United States, such as California, as well as many Mediterranean countries, already battle with increasing water stress (OECD, 2010b). Figure B.2 provides more detail about the level of water stress in a selection of OECD countries. Although water stress by itself may have negative consequences for productivity, combined with a supporting set of policies it may stimulate more efficient water allocation and the adoption of sustainable water management techniques. However, OECD research (2010) shows that in many countries, farmers are only charged for the operation and maintenance portions of their water supply costs, with little recovery of the capital costs of water supply infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Institutional Theory.- Reviving State Theory.- Public Opinion, Elections, and Democratic Politics.- Neo-Functionalism and Civil Society.- Politics and the Civil Sphere.- Globalization and Transnationalism.- Elite Theory and Elites.- Conflict Theory.- Social Movements and Contentious Politics.- Guerilla Warfare and Terrorism.- Elites, PACS, and Political Influence.- The State and Economic Development.- Gender and Politics.- Globalization and Protest.- Culture and Political Protest.- Religion and Politics.- War and Democracy.- Space and Politics.- Politics and the Environment.- Ethnic Conflict and Nationalism.- NGOs and Transnational Organizations.- Democracy and Democratization.- Revolutions and Authoritarian Regimes.- Mass Media and Politics.- Elections and Voting.- The Politics of Inequality.- The Political Sociology of Criminal Justice.- Events Data and Conflict Analysis.- Ethnography and Politics.- Comparative Historical Methodology in Political Sociology.- Hierarchical Linear Modeling.- New Methods of Text Analysis and Politics.- Event-History Methods and Politics.- Social Networks and Politics.- Time-Series Analysis and the Study of Politics.- Varieties of Political Analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)