albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
People, enterprises and destinations with the right skills mix can share in the potential economic benefits. Jobs which provide opportunities to gain experience, up-skill and move into higher level positions promote economic mobility and lead to better outcomes for people. Workforce development initiatives that specifically target existing workers often aim to promote employment sustainability and career progression for low paid workers which better meet industry needs (Froy and Giguere, 2010). High skilled workers have access to more jobs as well as better quality jobs, while the opposite is true for both youth and low skilled workers across all three dimensions of job quality (earnings, labour market security and quality of working environment).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The insurance format resembles that found in Germany and some other European countries, while the fund-based delivery structure has echoes of the US system (see Joumard et al., The NHI structure has many welcome features, including: choice of provider, checks on cream skimming and funding arrangements that incentivise efficiency. Take-up of VHI is extensive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The program focuses on the supply side of product markets. Stringent energy efficiency standards have been established for 21 product categories including passenger vehicles, air conditioners, refrigerators and television sets. Instead of setting a minimum energy efficiency standard, the current best energy efficiency of a product in an exact category is taken as the standard (the ‘Top Runner').
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Journal of Southern African Studies, 39(1), 151-170. A Mixed Methods Mapping of Church versus Secular School Messages to Influence Sexual Decision Making as Perceived by Zimbabwean Orphan Girl Students. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 8(4), 363-376. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 11(3), 150. Paper presented at the AIDS and Economics Symposium. Social and Structural Factors Associated with Vulnerability to HIV Infection Among Young Adults in South Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Available data shows that Europe and North America - the two regions that represent the majority of developed countries - account for 11 per cent and 25 per cent respectively of SPS measures in force in 2013 (Figure 7.15). Conversely, Latin America and the Caribbean, and East Asia - two developing regions - together account for 49 per cent of all SPS measures, and each applies more such measures than Europe. More generally, NTMs are often perceived as beyond-the-border constraints imposed by the importing country. In reality, a whole range of ‘behind-the-border’ measures, such as pre-shipment export inspection, certification required by local authorities, export licensing (or prohibitions), export taxes and charges, and foreign exchange regulation, tend to constrain LDC exports and raise the cost of exporting. For example, the ITC survey of Malawian exporters registered 58 NTM cases applied by the government of Malawi compared with 48 by importing partners (ITC 2012). Indeed, to the extent that domestic NTMs affect exports to all countries (perhaps some more than others), they are a more serious concern for exporters than are NTMs applied by importing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Yemen is experiencing a politically and economically tumultuous period, with both the public and private sectors having failed to address food, water and energy insecurities facing the country. The goal of this case study is to understand the processes that have led to water scarcity inYemen and, specifically, in its capital, Sana'a. Population vulnerability to water scarcity is being examined and identified, and particular focus is placed on the urban poor and those living in informal settlements within the city's peripheries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The level of discriminatory norms and attitudes, as well as the prevalence of discriminatory practices, will also depend on their legality. New legislation and incentives, in turn, influence informal laws and social norms, as well as attitudes towards gender discrimination, regardless of the level of development of a country. All data sources and definitions are presented in Table 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Revenant aux reorientations plus recentes de faction publique, nous calculons ensuite les gains et pertes de revenu imputables aux reformes mises en ceuvre peu avant et peu apres la Grande Recession en differents points du spectre des gains. Les resultats obtenus montrent qu'aux Etats-Unis, les effets conjugues des inflexions de faction publique a caractere automatique ou discretionnaire ont sensiblement reduit l’ecart qui existait avant la Grande Recession entre la capacite de nivellement des revenus du systdme americain et celle resultant des mesures de redistribution en vigueur en Europe ainsi qu'entre les capacites respectives des systemes americain et europeen a attenuer les effets des crises economiques sur le revenu des menages. Selon nous, il n'est toutefois guere probable que cela annonce une convergence a long terme et il faut s'affranchir, dans les comparaisons entre Europe et Etats-Unis, de la tendance a se polariser sur les differences entre les niveaux de redistribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The rate of loan recovery is very high, making the fund self-sustaining. All skills training programmes offered under this project are NTA accredited. The objective was to offer women and young people the opportunity to increase their skills, giving them the tools to seek employment or become self-employed at the end of their training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This article explores the models through which political autonomy and language diversity relate to each other. Hence, it constitutes an approximation to the relation between different forms of autonomy (territorial, non-territorial) and educational models which separate or bring together students with different linguistic backgrounds (through immersion policies). It reflects on two longstanding notions: the imagination of a homeland and that of the mother tongue (where language is the essence of a particular group). It uses four parameters: the principles of territoriality and personality concerning autonomy and language rights on one hand and the principles of separation and immersion concerning public language education policy on the other.  Following the idea that contact between different ethnic groups promotes integration, it advocates for immersion-based educational systems which promote integration with due respect to the linguistic rights and national, ethnic or linguistic identity of both minority and (relative) majority students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Performance appraisal is frequently seen as one of the hallmarks of the ‘new managerialism’ in public sector human resource management. It is also commonly represented as a device for individualizing the employment relationship. Yet even appraisal offers scope for employee voice/participation, both individually and collectively, and for varying degrees of management–union cooperation. This study examines an unlikely case of management–union partnership in performance appraisal – that applied since 2000 to teachers in Australia's largest public schooling bureaucracy, the NSW Department of Education and Training, whose teachers have a long history of union solidarity and industrial militancy. The experiment can be seen as a union retreat from confrontationism, a concession to managerialism, and a resignation to the dominance of individualism over collectivism. However, we argue that it has also widened the scope for both union and employee voice at workplace level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Figure 1 below shows a simplified presentation of the value chain for food with a focus on the 4 major links in the chain, the food producers, the hospitality sector, the wholesale and retail sector and the households. According to Norwegian reports the producers deliver 57% of the food and the wholesalers 43% to the hospitality sector, see chapter 1.4.1. The hospitality sector represents one third of the consumption of food in Denmark, see chapter 1.2.1. Some water evaporates during cooking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Cost-recovery assumptions for electricity can also be subject to debate. Further, a price-gap analysis will not reveal producer subsidies that arise when energy producers are inefficient and make losses at benchmark prices, nor consumption subsidies provided through, for example, fuel vouchers or other payments made directly to low-income households (Koplow, 2009). Similarly, if applied at the level of the entire market rather than individual groups of consumers, the price-gap approach can fail to capture the value of possible cross-subsidies among, for example, industry and households. For subsidy quantification in inventories, the first-choice and most straightforward way is deriving an estimate from the values reported by governments themselves. Such estimates can be found in budget laws and reports on budget execution, tax expenditure budgets, explanatoiy notes of ministries of finance, and documents of other government agencies. By combining the inventory and the price-gap approach, the research team could also quantify a subset of those fossil-fuel subsidies that were identified in the analysis, while the others were not quantified, due to data limitations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Its use in agriculture in Australia is estimated to contribute AUD 11 billion annually to the economy (Deloitte Access Economics, 2013). Second, it flows at a much slower pace than surface water (OECD, 2013e). Third, its quality is generally superior to that of surface water, in particular with regards to bacterial contamination (hence its importance for drinking water).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As expected, low birth weight is associated with higher infant mortality, as is being part of a multiple delivery. Mortality rates also vary with birth order: infant mortality is highest for children of birth order four or higher and is lowest for children of birth order two or three. While this is in line with other studies on infant mortality, it contrasts with the findings of an earlier study on Jordan by Shakhatreh, Abbas and Issa (1996). Analysing mortality statistics for the period 1980-1990, these authors find that infant mortality rates were lowest for first-born children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
With an average nitrogen content between 0.3% and 0.5% in the tissues and a nitrogen removal cost between USD 10 and USD 30, the harvesting of 1 million tonnes equated to between 3 000 and 5 000 tonnes of nitrogen removal for a NTC value between USD 30 and 150 million! Additional NTCs of USD 1.6 million for the removal of 400 tonnes of phosphorus, and CTC of USD 900 000 for the removal of 30 000 tonnes of carbon should also be factored in. In 2009, there was another green tide event covering at least 17 400 km2 of the Yellow Sea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
There are other vulnerable population groups, such as minorities and people with disabilities. As these groups constitute large shares of the population, tackling their vulnerability can make major contributions to inclusiveness. These groups are also given special consideration in national development plans focusing on tourism (see chapter one).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Some researchers have incorrectly described virtual water as analogous to, or consistent with the economic theory of comparative advantage. The virtual water concept is applied most often when discussing or comparing water-short and water-abundant countries. By focusing on the water resource endowment alone, virtual water represents an application of absolute advantage, rather than comparative advantage. For this reason, policy prescriptions that arise from virtual water discussions will not maximise the net benefits of engaging in international trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Our recent efforts have included the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Gender Equality in Education, Employment and Entrepreneurship, the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Gender Equality in Public Life, and the report Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now. An overview of our data and ongoing work can be found online at the OECD “Gender Data Portal”. The OECD also recently contributed to the G7 “Guiding Principles for Capacity Building of Women and Girls: Towards Sustainable, Inclusive and Equitable Growth and Peace”. We are indebted to the President of Chile, Michelle Bachelet and the Ambassador of Chile to the OECD, Claudia Serrano, who were instrumental in supporting this project and to Maria de la Paz Lopez Barajas of INMUJERES in Mexico, who offered feedback on this report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Several studies show a much broader range of benefits, in financial, reliability, system and network, market price and marketing terms, which could accrue to energy providers, but work is needed to refine approaches to measuring these. Energy is one of the highest operating costs in most offices, for example, so the net present value of future energy savings can be added to the resale value. Studies demonstrate that the market is increasingly reflecting this reasoning. From a business point of view, energy efficiency can provide a valuable stimulus to growth, especially in income properties where any reduction in operating costs directly translates into an increase in net operating income (NOI).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Its production possibilities would thus be only 600 tons of cotton lint or 2,400 tons of wheat. While the production possibilities change for Country A, the opportunity costs of production remain the same. Producing one ton of cotton requires Country A to forego producing 4 tons of wheat, just as producing one ton of wheat requires Country A to forego producing 0.25 tons of cotton (Table 2). Given this information, Country A retains its comparative advantage in cotton production, while Country B retains its comparative advantage in wheat production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Identifying the full scale of interlinkages of SDG7 with other goals and harnessing their benefits is complex and requires further investigation, which is outside the scope of this report. This section aims to shed some light on this complex nature of interlinkage in order to promote discussion in the research and policy-making communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Instead remedial support for established migrants whose foundational skill requirements exclude them from educational and labour market programmes must be built into the integration infrastructure and systematically available for those that need it. In December 2017, a new curriculum guideline to create literacy training for adult migrants within the education system was issued by the Finnish National Agency for Education. The new training is part of a more extensive refonn transferring responsibility for literacy training to the Ministry of Education and Culture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Even these often carry out activities which are not strictly related to waste management, for example they are responsible for park maintenance, urban sanitation and the management of cemeteries. In 2008, there were only 11 PUCs that were specialized in waste management. In recent years, the process of privatization of these companies has begun and private or public-private companies are being formed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, such quotas work better in more stable contexts with inclusive political parties and strong civil society (Good Practice Note 3. Empowerment through local citizenship). In some countries, for example Peru and Bolivia, donors have enabled marginalised populations to realise their right to vote and gain access to information about the election process (Good Practice Note 6.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This has corresponded with improvements in diversity indicators in companies. Denmark, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom are good cases in which the majority of the population knows that hiring discrimination is illegal, in part because of public measures like the publication of statistics on discrimination, information campaigns to change public opinion, the publication of good codes of practice for employers and information campaigns to inform the public of their legal rights (OECD, 2008). Raise awareness of violence against women, take measures to prevent assaults on women and improve women’s access to justice when they are the victims of violence. Mexico’s National Commission to Prevent and Eradicate Violence against Women, for example, has a cross-cutting mandate which includes a comprehensive set of policies aimed at the prevention, treatment, punishment and eradication of harassment and violence against women in workplaces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Adequate tools to identify jobseekers’ mental health problems and the resulting labour market barriers are key to ensuring early intervention. The profiling procedures currently in place across the OECD do not systematically identify mental ill-health (OECD, 2015b). In a good-practice example from the public employment service (PES) of Flanders in Belgium, caseworkers screen jobseekers systematically for reintegration barriers, including mental health issues, albeit not necessarily at the start of the claim. They can request a referral to a PES in-house psychologist or an external centre specialised in multidisciplinary screening (OECD, 2013c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Data for road density refers to 2011. Since the mid-1990s, it has undertaken important institutional and regulatory reforms in the infrastructure sectors, and in the mid-2000s public investment in infrastructure was significantly increased through various federal and state programmes. Governments at the federal and state levels also introduced various tax and credit incentives to increase private investment in infrastructure (Box 5.1). Several projects implemented by the Ministry of Transport and the Secretariat of Sea Ports are not specific to agriculture but have high potential to improve the capacity and the time involved in the handling and transport of agricultural commodities. This includes projects such as “Intelligent Logistic Chain,” “Port without Paper,” “Port 24 Hours,” and projects to improve port perimeter zones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Key changes in the new definition include: i) the inclusion of the value of goods produced by households for their own consumption, as an element of self-employed income, and ii) the deduction of current transfers paid by households to non-profit institutions and other households (e.g. alimonies). The new income definition implies a break in OECD historical series that makes it impossible to use for analyzing long term trends. For this reason, we used data available for at least one common year (typically either 2011 or 2012) based on both definitions to correct the most recent data so that they match the data series obtained with the old definition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Only in Panama did the headcount ratio decline, but the gap diminished by less than the poverty rate and severity was unchanged, suggesting that the households exiting poverty were the ones with the highest incomes among the poor. In Honduras, moreover, the relative situation of the poorest was worse at the end of the period, since the gap as measured by the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) method grew more quickly than the headcount ratio (H). This indicator is used to compare the percentage of poor women aged between 20 and 59 with that of poor men in the same age group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Take the United Nations Millennium Development Goals as an example: of the 8 goals, 6 can be linked more or less directly to female empowerment, with the last two also having elements that can be achieved only through tackling female empowerment. See United Nations (2013) for an overview of how the UN perceives the gender dimension of the MDGs. For the World Bank’s take on the matter, see the Gender Equality as Smart Economics Project, World Bank.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This time trend is not as apparent among secondary and higher educated workers, though among these workers in all years the share of paid employment falls considerably with increasing experience. Figure 4.4 seems to suggest that many, particularly tertiary educated, workers do not stay in paid employment until retirement, and paid employment is not the same as a stable job. Figure 4.5 shows monthly income (in real 2005 ZAR) of South African-bom workers by levels of education and experience for each of the two census waves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This means, on average, one public servant per 700 km2 of federal protected areas. In 2010,305 people were employed in state-level protected areas in the Amazon region, but with large variations across states. Medeiros and Young (2011) estimated that, in the late 2000s, staff density was among the lowest in the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Income-support programmes, in the form of unemployment benefits, social assistance, family benefits or housing allowances, have played an important macroeconomic role as automatic stabilisers during the recent crisis. Many OECD countries face high and often growing needs for social policies at times of shrinking fiscal space, which restrict the capacity for an effective response. In the early phases of the global financial and economic crisis, social spending — which accounts for about half of total public outlays in OECD countries - increased. Moreover, large fiscal stimulus packages were put in place in many countries often including greater resources for social measures. But in many OECD countries, a shift in the fiscal stance is now taking place to tackle unprecedented deficits and debt-to-GDP ratios. Social spending is part of many fiscal consolidation plans, and pressure on social spending is set to increase further.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
AbstractPost-war situations can present an opportune context for white-collar crime in resource sectors – including corruption, tax evasion, land dispossession, and illegal resource exploitation. This paper investigates various forms of white-collar crime and associated human rights abuses, and points at biased processes of ‘criminalization’. Whereas white-collar crime is frequently legitimated under the guise of reconstruction and economic growth strategies, the victims of corruption and resource grabs often become ‘criminalised’. Such selective forms of criminalisation reflect a securitisation of resource sectors characterised by repressive forms of resource enclosures and increased socio-economic inequalities, putting resource-related white-collar crime at the core of negative peace economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Committee looked at implementation of ministerial instructions on duty-free and quota-free market access for least-developed countries. Both governments and the private sector need to be more active in ensuring trade's full potential in contributing to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Forum heard. There are also references to the value of the trading system itself in supporting economic stability, which is essential for growth and development. Ministers declared that monitoring should be on the basis of written inputs or submissions. However, no written submissions had yet been received. A notification under the Enabling Clause was also circulated on behalf of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay and Uruguay, members of the Latin American Integration Association.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)