albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Furthermore, in article 6 of the PA, GHG sinks, reservoirs and forests are mentioned and a number of mechanisms are named including REDD+1 and the Joint Mitigation and Adaptation Approaches. As represented by the "plus" in REDD, this mechanism has increasingly been scoped to cover agricultural drivers of deforestation, and thus agriculture and sustainable development as such. The land management part of agricultural activity, such as tilling, soil management, and land cover is covered under the category land use, land use change and forestry, in short LULUCF. This means there is and have never been one all-inclusive negotiation track or sector-specific target, measure or rulebook on accounting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Their work consists in maintaining laboratories, preparing experiments, and assisting teachers in conducting laboratory classes. A total of 13 other professional categories are stipulated to support the day-to-day operation of schools (e.g. accountant, psychologist, nurse, librarian, clerk, secretary, repair man, guard, doorman) (See Annex 4.A1). The number of positions per category depends on the type, level of education and number of consolidated classes of the school. Norms for teachers, student-teacher ratios and “sanitary” conditions of schools mean that, within schools, most students are supposed to encounter comparable conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Myanmar, eight ministries are involved in the energy sector (Nam et al., In the absence of effective coordination, the involvement of multiple actors raises governance challenges and concerns around policy development, coherence, implementation and evaluation, and it inhibits holistic perspectives and approaches to national planning, policy formulation and sector governance. This may in part reflect a recognition of the different governance structures required for distributed systems and the need to avoid the delays associated with adapting existing governance frameworks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This diversity of flora and fauna continues to be studied, and over 17,000 taxa have been identified, of which over 900 are endemics. Some of the largest remaining European populations of threatened mammals (such as the brown bear, the wolf, the Balkan lynx, the chamois, and bats), as well as the European populations of birds of prey, survive in the mountains and gorges of the protected areas, which is a direct reflection of the quality of composition and area remaining intact. The country thus offers great potential at the European scale for conserving species on the continent. Lake Ohrid is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The EIF DiagnosticTrade Integration Study (DTIS) provides a periodic update on country specific situations. These are evidence-based analytical studies that underpin the identification of the priorities that need to guide the trade agenda, as well as the aid-for-trade needs of the LDCs. They help LDCs determine their biggest constraints to trade integration and prioritize actions to address them, through trade-related support. The list of ICT-related priorities in the LDCs is annexed to this study (Annex 9.A1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Aside from reducing costs, avoiding the need to increase generation capacity with more power plants, and more pipelines and electricity transmission and distribution lines helps avoid the range of problems that come with building big energy infrastructure, such as NIMBYism (Not In My Back-Yard syndrome). In most countries it can be a very difficult and lengthy process to obtain planning for large pieces of infrastructure like power plants. The opportunity costs associated with planning and commissioning energy infrastructure are high and are best avoided if possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
ABSTRACTRecent literature on Japanese foreign policy has focused on analysing the implications of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's security legislation reform for the bilateral security alliance relationship with the US amidst a rising China and the right to collective self-defence. Its impact on Japan's multilateral security policy, in particular, peacebuilding, has so far received little attention. In what ways and to what extent does Japan play a peacebuilding role under this change? This article examines key implications of the security legislation reform, along with the renewal of Japan's Official Development Assistance charter, for its peacebuilding efforts. By taking Mindanao, the Philippines, as a case study, it argues that Abe focuses on taking a foreign aid-centred approach while showing little interest in sending Japanese Self-Defence Force. This article provides a counter-narrative to the claim that Japan is taking a more assertive approach to international security. Abe is more risk-averse as far ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Their study adopted the same price distortions as the other studies surveyed here, and ran the same scenarios, but generated its own world price changes from the GTAP model for the multilateral trade reform scenarios. Those price changes alter border prices for the various countries in the GTAP model, a subset of which have attached to them detailed household survey data. This permits the authors to say something about poverty impacts across a range of diverse economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 1994, in his landmark article ‘The False Promise of International Institutions’, John Mearsheimer reviewed liberal institutionalism, collective security and critical theory to evaluate whether the claim that institutions cause peace is convincing. He concludes that it is not – ‘institutions have minimal influence on state behaviour, and thus hold little promise for promoting stability in the post-Cold War world’ (1994/1995: 7). Realism reigned supreme. Although I will not attempt to engage with Mearsheimer’s theory, I am nonetheless sympathetic to his attempt to critically review standard canons in international relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In fact, inequalities increase the higher up the pay scale they go. The result is that, while in OECD countries women earn on average 16% less than men, female top-earners are paid 21% less than their male counterparts. The so-called “glass ceiling” exists: women are disadvantaged when it comes to decision-making responsibilities and senior management positions, by the time they get to the boardroom, there is only one of them for every 10 men. The Norwegian experience shows that quotas can be effective in improving the gender balance at board level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Over that period, expenditure per student in primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary levels increased in most OECD countries (by an average of 19% across the OECD), with an average increase in expenditure of 15% and a slight decrease in the number of students (3%), due to smaller cohorts reaching school age (OECD, 2014). However, as noted earlier, differences in the quality of education systems can lead to significant differences in the level of skills attained by people with the same level of educational attainment. According to findings from the Survey of Adult Skills, the magnitude is such that university graduates from countries with low-performing education systems have skills levels similar to those of students who have attained only secondary education in top-performing countries (Figure 1.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It was therefore necessary to adapt the assessment to accommodate a situation in which participation was incomplete.5 The assessment was not convened in a regional framework, and a progression of solutions was outlined from the national level to the transboundary level (see below). Local experts and officials from participating countries also met for the third meeting of the Task Force on the Water-Food-Energy-Ecosystems Nexus (April 2015), and consultations were held in countries linked to the NPD on IWRM. Findings were also presented and discussed in meetings of the energy sector, most notably at the Forum on Energy for Sustainable Development (Baku, 2016 /Astana, 2017), and in the Thematic Working Group on Wa-ter-Energy-Environment of the United Nations Special Programme for the Economies of Central Asia (SPECA). Furthermore, given the challenges to cooperation in the region, nexus solutions for the Syr Darya River Basin were structured according to a logic in which action could progress from "no regret" measures taken at the national level to solve domestic problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Luxembourg, Mexico and the Netherlands, the pro-male gender gap shrank because boys performed more weakly, while girls stayed steady. However, comparisons between the performance of 15-year-old students in OECD PISA in 2003 and the performance of roughly the same birth-cohort at around age 24 in the 2012 OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) suggest that gender gaps in mathematics sometimes widen as teenagers move into adulthood (Figure 6.3). Among OECD countries with available data, the average standardised gender gap is 0.12 points at the age of 15, and 0.18 points at around age 24 - still only small. However, in Canada, Austria and Norway the standardised gender gap among those aged around 24 is greater than 0.3 points, and in Finland and the United States it is larger than 0.5 points (Figure 6.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Exploring credibility gaps in voluntary partnership agreements: a review of independent monitoring initiatives and lessons to learn. Available at: www.olobalwitness.oro/sites/default/files/IM-VPAsFinalWeb EN.pdf The Canadian Sustainable Forestry Certification Coalition. An historic agreement signifying a new era in the boreal forest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Empirical evidence indicates that movements in the stock market indices of emerging markets, especially those in Eastern Europe but also in parts of Africa, Asia and Latin America, have now become closely correlated with portfolio equity inflows (chart 4.10). Note: The following equity market indices were used: Bulgaria: SOFIX, Czech Republic: PX, Hungary: BUX, Russian Federation: INDEXCF, China: SHCOMP, Republic of Korea: KOSPI, Malaysia: FBMKLCI, Morocco: MOSENEW, South Africa: JALSH, Argentina: MERVAL, Brazil: IBOV, and Chile: IPSA. Most countries were able to smoothen much of the related adverse macroeconomic and distributional effects through countercyclical policies made possible by significantly improved fiscal positions and price stability' achieved during the previous boom years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Countries who are in the phase of building up their research capacities often begin by establishing projects with teams in scientifically advanced countries (both in the global North and South). Programmes such as the European Union’s Marie Curie grants have helped promote collaboration and mobility and created regional and international scientific networks of researchers. The STI policy review framework is being revised to strengthen the focuses on STI for the SDGs. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) carries out reviews of innovation policies in countries with economies in transition, for which the question of the absorption is particularly relevant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
At full load, 114 GW can generate 1000 TWh per year. However, in practice plants operate on average far below the maximum load. This is related partly to energy resource availability (e.g. for variable renewables) and partly to fluctuations in demand during the year. Table 3.4 shows the power capacity in the ETP Baseline and BLUE Map Scenarios in 2050 (IEA, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Without potential to produce for a market, the incentives and the scope for innovating remain more limited (FAO, 2014). Farmer contracting is a process involving many geographically-dispersed smallholders, who have to be co-ordinated over space and time. Barrett identifies four stages to this process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Whether or not women are able to be economically independent not only has intrinsic importance, but can also have indirect effects on women’s position in the household by strengthening their options beyond marriage and childbearing (Gray, 1998, Sen, 1990). The position of women in terms of socio-economic resources affects not only their own well-being but also that of their offspring. Generally speaking, the household (with special reference to the married couple at the head of the household) is where many important decisions relating to women’s position are made (Klasen, 1998, p. 437). For this reason, the third field considered is the marital position of women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
What lessons about public sector reform can be learnt from using political anthropology to study governance reform? What are the strengths and weaknesses of such an approach? I contrast the everyday working experience reported in Rhodes (2011) with the core themes of civil service reform, namely evidence-based policy making, managerialism, and choice. I use five axioms for clarity of exposition: coping and the appearance of rule, not strategic planning, institutional memory, not internal structures, storytelling, not evidence-based policy, contending traditions and stories, not just managerialism, the politics of implementation, not top-down innovation and control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To take a simplified numerical example, the annual cost of a peak power plant is 60 000 USD/MW/yr, with a variable cost of 100 USD/MWh. Building one MW of capacity to operate it only one hour would cost 60 100 USD/MWh, which is higher than the value of lost load (20 000 in this example). Therefore it is less costly not to serve this MWh and rely on load curtailment. For 2 hours, the cost would be (60 000+2*100)/2 = 30100 USD/MWh, which is again too costly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This reflects the reality that poverty reduction depends on inequality, both levels and changes, and sectoral and geographic patterns of growth. However, poor people are often not located where growth takes place (being in rural and fragile regions) and typically face constraints in moving to areas where growth is occurring. Further, political economy constraints within countries often hamper the implementation of policies of redistribution. However, unequal distribution of land ownership may constrain the poverty-reducing effect of agricultural growth.29 Similarly, since poor people usually have less skills, growth which expands sectors which use unskilled labor relatively intensively will be more poverty reducing than growth which expands other sectors. Empirical evidence from African countries supports the view that the structure of growth matters for poverty reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
They should rely on both proactive actions (e.g. public organisations like the ANA taking steps to develop permits) and reactive levels (developing a set of rules for those requesting permits). Executive powers are also key to effective planning implementation, which raises three main questions related to planning as a multi-level, multipurpose and multi-stakeholder governance instrument: planning for what (e.g. collection of charges, co-ordination, implementation), planning with whom (which institutions need to be engaged) and planning at which scale (local, basin, state, federal). It is also critical that planning factors in both short-term considerations and long-term projected impacts (e.g. climate change, Box 2.12). A strong ANA at the federal level and strong agencies at the state level are needed to balance pressures from existing public or private sector stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) report, about half of the stocks in the oceans were fully exploited and one-quarter were either overexploited or depleted with no possibilities in the short or medium term of further expansion (Pauly and Christensen, 1995). The FAO capture fisheries data show that the steady decline of mean trophic levels (MTL) of fish communities is a global phenomenon (Tian et al., All over the world, catch compositions have gone from from high trophic levels, larger size and long lifespan to low trophic levels, smaller size and short lifespan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This instability affects indigenous peoples in a number of ways especially where there is high proportion of female lone-parent families with low incomes. These families often face many challenges in their efforts to deal with urban living. Other marginalized indigenous groups also suffer poor health and social exclusion and/or exploitation such as women, elders, youth, two-spirited people, : and persons with disabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As an illustration, Mohanty (2007) states that establishing a moderately-sized laboratory in India for testing and analyzing samples of spices costs approximately 4 million Indian rupees (USD 88 000), while compliance costs range from 5 to 15% of the fob value of agricultural products in general. In Thailand compliance costs for a substantial number of firms can reach up to 5% of sales, in the case of a few firms, it exceeds 15% of total sales. Those companies often lack the internal capacity and the economies of scale to establish effective quality assurance and traceability systems (Giovannucci and Purcell, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This was reaffirmed at the WSSD (Johannesburg, 2002). Relating resource abstraction to the renewal of stocks is a central question concerning sustainable water resource management. If a significant share of a country’s water comes from transboundary rivers, tensions between countries can arise, especially if water availability in the upstream country is less than in the downstream one.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The purpose here is to capture certain key features amid all the programme detail. The system-wide renovation in Slovenia began from the understanding that past reforms had been excessively top-down so that there was insufficient ownership of them by the local actors who matter. The need for new kinds of knowledge and new kinds of schools as learning communities amounted to a veritable culture change, in particular in accepting the importance of being more collaborative and connected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is because only the ensuing changes in market production are taken into account with no allowance for the resulting decline in unpaid household service work. Further, Walker and Gauger (1973) argued that conventional statistics grossly understate the economic contribution of women to production because women perform about two thirds of all housework. In the 1980s, feminist economists criticised the shortcomings of traditional labour and production statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The Kennedy Krieger lead paint study stirred controversial questions about whether research designed to develop less expensive interventions that are not as effective as existing treatments can be ethically warranted. Critics questioned the social value of such research and alleged that it sanctions a double standard, exploits participants, and is complicit in perpetuating the social injustice.In response, we demonstrate the propriety of conducting research on interventions that can be extended to the population in need by stipulating the limited conditions in which it is ethically warranted and providing fair terms of participation. We contend that the failure to conduct such research causes greater harm, because it deprives disadvantaged populations of the benefits of imminent incremental improvements in their health conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Investment in developing the primary care information base and expediting the implementation of government policies in this area should be a priority. There is strong professional commitment in Sweden to the development and use of quality registers, and robust evidence of how they have supported quality improvement in many areas, especially in secondary care. Quality registers need to be better embedded in primary care, to optimise the potential for quality improvement across the entire patient pathway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This category includes the “naturalized” forms of gender violence implicit in the dominance of men over women. The effectiveness of this dominance lies in the ideological acceptance by both the dominators and the dominated, which stems from the enormous importance of beliefs and feelings in the production and reproduction of male superiority as a central aspect of the established order. Audiovisual productions that convey sensationalized and exaggerated depictions of violence are an insidious form of violence that contribute to its tolerance and legitimacy, and to the stigma attached to youth, with violence thus becoming part of a self-fulfilling prophecy. Hence the varied contextual origins and modes of expression of violence, depending on whether young people are the victims or the perpetrators (see diagram IV.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Confronted with higher energy prices, households can either reduce consumption, or increase the share of total household income spent on energy. Once energy consumption is reduced to a minimum, consumption of other (basic) goods may have to be sacrificed for the payment of the energy bill, resulting in substantial welfare losses (Lampietti et al., Therefore, the government can take mitigation measures protecting the poor against such welfare losses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Oceans and seas cover over two-thirds of the Earth's surface, provide food and minerals, generate oxygen, absorb greenhouse gases and keep in check climate change, determine weather patterns and temperatures, and serve as highways for sea-borne international trade. Healthy oceans and seas are thus essential to the quest for a more sustainable future for all, and in particular for small island developing states (SIDS) and other coastal developing states. Oceans and seas are, however, facing significant environmental and economic risks that can affect all states. Such risks arise from climate change, a rise in the sea level, acidification of sea water, over-exploitation and poor management of marine resources, and deposit of pollutants and fertilisers in the seas, damaging the seabed and oil, gas and mineral extraction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For example, can electricity generated by a new wind farm gain access to the transmission network on equal terms to electricity generated in an existing power plant? The extent to which rules are harmonised indicates the ease with which producers and consumers of energy are able to trade across borders. At 3, Kosovo has the highest score: structural reform is underway and arrangements for non-discriminatory access to the grids are in place. Kosovo has also transposed legislation for unbundling and third-party access, including congestion management in electricity, that complies w'ith Third Energy Package requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Heavy sulphur diesel fuel is imported for electricity generation, and in times of drought, diesel generation is increasingly relied upon. However, FEA has made efforts to increase energy supply through biomass from independent power producers, including from the state-owned Fiji Sugar Corporation, which generates electricity from bagasse cogeneration plants. Rural electrification efforts over the last two decades involving grid extension and solar home systems have increased electricity access to 60 per cent of the population (Figure 9.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)