albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In Costa Rica, data from the time-use survey have been used in the various areas of action of INAMU to raise public awareness and strengthen the demand for more equitable services, especially as regards care. In Ecuador, when the survey was applied for the first time it was realized that there was a need to generate installed capacity in the country so that the information could be analysed and used, this actually being one of the time-use survey goals. Accordingly, workshops were held for the public sector, academia and civil society (especially women's organizations) so that they could begin to familiarize themselves with the data and the issue of unpaid work, while also relating these subjects to the development of the national system of statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The phosphorus concentration decreased markedly in the latter half of the 1990s, and has since remained consistently at the same level (figure 2 below). Its implementation is supervised by the Commission, to which the Parties report on implementation, discuss implications and, in some cases, agree on compensation. The changes would be the greatest for the winter season. Thus, winter floods arc expected to become more severe in the Vuoksi Basin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Indeed, land above many geothermal reservoirs has remained in service for its previous use, apart from the surface covered by the plant itself (Mock et al., Wells and pipes are very significant, accounting for them can increase land use by three times (Tester et al., The precise impacts on land use and ecosystems are difficult to attribute, however, as areas with hydrothermal potential are often prone to high levels of natural seismic activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Both demand and supply side pressures are on the rise, driven by economic development, population growth, deteriorating water quality and climate change. The OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050 highlights that water resources are already over-used or over-allocated in many places. This is the case where current levels of abstraction exceed the sustainable level (“over-use”) or where existing water entitlements (e.g. licenses or permits) to abstract water exceed the sustainable level (“over-allocation").
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This accelerating change is matched by an even more rapid release of labour out of the sector. In Korea, agriculture’s share of employment fell from 40% to 16% in just 14 years - a transition which took 53 years in the United States and 68 years in the United Kingdom (the first country to go through the industrial revolution). Figure 1.6 compares agriculture’s share of GDP with agriculture’s share of employment for recent years in a large number of developed and developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This inventory' covers all productive and non-productive forests and forest lands as well as other areas within the forest stock which serve or can serve for the purpose of forestry, or for other applications for forestry', or for the purpose of forest protection. All field work was carried out betw een 2006 and 2009 and the data is currently being processed. The final results will be available by the end of 2010 or in early' 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Importantly, the exchange of goods and services, methods, ideas and technologies, as well as capital and investments, has the potential to raise both incomes and productivity. This has clear benefits for food security, while effects on farmers, biodiversity or GHG emissions are more nuanced. While regulations generally help to achieve important policy objectives by responding to a range of societal concerns, often related to market failures, differences in regulations and their enforcement lead to increased costs related to administration, the gathering of information, conformity assessments, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Still, given the large number of variables affecting future agriculture productivity, including irrigation efficiency, crop shifting, improvements in crop yields, variability in global markets, and demand generally, it is extremely difficult to project the possible economic impacts of long-term drought and water reallocations beyond the region. The objective of the simulations is to assess the possible national and international market effects such risks might have in the future. These four scenarios (SO, SB, SG, SD) are then combined with the introduction of two global climate change simulations using regional climate projections RCP 8.5 IPSL SI and Hadley SI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In  White World Order, Black Power Politics: The Birth of American International Relations , Robert Vitalis presents a critical disciplinary history of the field of international relations, and the discipline of political science more broadly. Vitalis argues that the interconnections between imperialism and racism were “constitutive” of international relations scholarship in the U.S. since the turn of the 20 th  century, and that the perspectives of a generation of African-American scholars that included W. E. B. Dubois, Alain Locke, and Ralph Bunche were equally constitutive of this scholarship—by virtue of the way the emerging discipline sought to marginalize these scholars. In developing this argument, Vitalis raises questions about the construction of knowledge and the racial foundations of American political development. These issues lie at the heart of U.S. political science, and so we have invited a range of political scientists to comment on the book and its implications for our discipline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, the income distribution can only remain stable if the growth rate of income is equal at all percentiles of the distribution. This paper compares long-run levels of real income growth at the very top, and for the bottom 90% and bottom 99% in the United States, Canada and Australia to illustrate the uniqueness of the post-WWH period of balanced growth (and consequent stability in the income distribution). The ‘new normal’ of the United States, Canada and Australia is ‘unbalanced’ growth -specifically, over the last thirty years the incomes of the top 1% have grown significantly more rapidly than those of everyone else.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Mexican parents of boys are more than 20 percentage points more likely to expect their sons to work in STEM occupations, compared to Mexican parents with daughters. Although it is a small area of study, women account for 40% of bachelor graduates from computing in Mexico, compared to 20%, on average, across OECD countries (Figure 2.4). The fact that women are nearing gender parity in this field is a promising sign, given the importance of computing in the growing and globalised digital economy (OECD, 2015c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The focus is then more on initial skills provision rather than on up-skilling. One particular issue with the involvement of firms in VET is the fear that trained people leave the firm or the area after completing training. There could be more information to employers on the benefits of skills development for service quality and competitiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, to support long-term on-farm adaptation, the focus should be on helping farmers assess and manage their risks rather than on removing or reducing risks. Additionally, a choice of well-defined indicators may help to measure the progress and success of specific adaptation measures. These caveats notwithstanding, the assessment provided in review paper, and the resulting observations, can be used as input to help governments to design, implement and adjust their adaptation strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Countries such as Cuba, the Republic of Korea and Thailand joined the expanding group of countries with fertility below replacement level in the 1980s and 1990s. At around the same time, countries of Southern, Eastern and Central Europe with low fertility saw their total fertility rates fall even further, sometimes as low as 1.3 births per woman, and stay at that level for decades (Kohler et al., The five countries or territories with the world’s lowest total fertility rates are in East Asia and South-East Asia. In the largest cities in China, fertility was as low as 0.8 in the 1990s and 2000s (Guo and Gu, 2014). Some studies suggest that a long-term “great divergence in fertility” across more developed countries has taken place (McDonald, 2006, Rindfuss et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Recent research (Flues and Thomas. Taxes on heating fuel and electricity tend to be regressive. By contrast, as a percentage of current spending, taxes on transport fuels tend to be progressive in the lower half of the income distribution, reflecting the lower rate of vehicle ownership among poor households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Crime, terrorism and security are in the forefront of current societal concerns. This edited volume presents research based on social network techniques showing how data from crime and terror networks can be analyzed and how information can be extracted. The topics covered include crime data mining and visualization, organized crime detection, crime network visualization, computational criminology, aspects of terror network analyses and threat prediction including cyberterrorism and the related area of dark web, privacy issues in social networks, security informatics, graph algorithms for social networks, general aspects of social networks such as pattern and anomaly detection, community discovery, link analysis and spatio-temporal network mining. These topics will be of interest to researchers and practitioners in the general area of security informatics. The volume will also serve as a general reference for readers that would want to become familiar with current research in the fast growing field of cybersecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Often, the penalty takes the form of a proportion of nominally attributed funds being withheld. This is the case in the hospital P4P scheme of Norway. The payment covered by the P4P programme is capped (approximately NOK 500 million), and covers a small part of the block grant each region receives annually.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The commitment of organizations in a variety of fields, such as development, trade, disaster prevention and security, are needed for an all hazard responses. To ensure such a commitment from a diverse range of organizations, this commitment must be endorsed not only at the level of the health minister but also from the top national level. International organizations active in the field, such as UNDP and UNICEF, need to acknowledge that enhanced IHR core capacities contribute to the overall strengthening of the health systems in developing countries, and play a role in monitoring whether the IHR requirements of core capacities are met in each country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Work to date has demonstrated the importance of greater granularity in data collection and analysis, for example in assessing different mobile generations and broadband speeds, in disaggregating user data according to gender and other socio-economic categories, in differentiating between urban and rural areas, and in differentiating between LDCs and other developing countries. The nature of the digital networks and devices which deliver ICTs means that the volumes of data which could potentially be used to analyse and understand evolving ICT environments are constantly growing. Opportunities to build more sophisticated indicators and analytical models will increase, and ITU will work with other stakeholders to enhance the quality of available data sets and the sophistication of analysis throughout the implementation period for the SDGs. It is held every four years and sets the Union's general policies, adopts four-year strategic and financial plans, and elects the senior management team of the organization, the members of ITU Council, and the members of the Radio Regulations Board. For further information, see: http://www.itu.int/en/plenipotentiary/2014/Pages/default.aspx.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Increases in precipitation in winter and spring could translate into higher river flows, w'ith eventually more frequent and severe flood events. Alternatively, lower precipitation in summer is likely to reduce river flows, with potential risks of temporary w'ater shortages during critical phases of crop grow th. Such shifts in the seasonality of river flows are, for example, projected in most parts of Europe, except for most northern and southern regions. Figure 1.4 presents an illustrative example of projected changes in river flows in the case of four European rivers: the Rhone (Switzerland and France), the Danube (Central Europe), the Indalsaelven (Sweden) and the Guadiana (Spain). Water stored as glacial ice is a region’s hydrologic insurance (e.g. during the 2003 European drought, the flow in the Danube River was three times higher than the long-term average flow). It is believed that glacial mass has been affected by long-term climate changes, with a trend towards glacier retreat, especially since the 1980s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The cost of investing in apprenticeship training for employers depends greatly on the sector - for example, there are higher costs associated with engineering relative to other sectors such as hospitality, retailing and business administration. In the retail sector, the net cost of training is particularly low and some firms are able to recoup their whole investment by the end of the period of training (McIntosh, 2007). This is especially true if employers are able to retain apprentices, because the majority of associated costs are incurred in the early stages of the training period (McIntosh, 2007). Employers can obtain a range of benefits by investing in apprentices, including securing a supply of workers with applied workplace skills, potential replacement of an ageing workforce, lower recruitment costs, and lower labour turnover.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Enforcing nature protection regulations is the responsibility of the Service for Nature and Environmental Protection (SEPNA) of the National Republican Guard.6 The IGAOT and the SEPNA are authorised to carry out inspections, investigate non-compliance and initiate administrative offence procedures. They also function as law enforcement bodies, as set out in relevant legislation. For example, the IGAOT carries out inspections and applies enforcement measures to implement the EU Large Combustion Plant, Waste, and Hazardous Waste Directives, while the SEPNA works with the National Institute of Nature Conservation to impose sanctions for violations of legislation related to the EU Birds and Habitats Directives.7 The National Authority for Civil Protection (ANPC), part of the Internal Administration Ministry, is responsible for preventing collective risks and serious accidents, protecting cultural and environmental assets, and rescuing and assisting people in danger.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Germany, the tariffs and the degression rates are usually revised every four years but some additional adjustments are possible and have been recently used for photovoltaics. In response to the increasingly rapid deployment of solar power, the government introduced a volume responsive degression system in 2009 for photovoltaics.8 The system was revised in 2010 and in 2011 as solar generation capacities continue to expand at a high pace. These adjustments have been insufficient to control the development of photovoltaics and the government is revising again the support measures. Feed-in tariffs should be cut further and the degression system could be made more efficient by basing it on an analysis of price elasticities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The pastoralists are also vulnerable to HIV/AIDS due to negative cultural practices and low levels of literacy. The negative cultural practices are FOM, early sexual debut and early marriages for girls and the low social status of women. In his report the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples noted that the government of Botswana has made efforts to address the situation of indigenous peoples through the Remote Area Development Policy of 1975, which has been revised over time in line with new developments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Schools have less autonomy than the OECD average in both resource allocation and responsibility for curriculum and assessment. Teachers have at least a bachelor’s degree and one year of pre-service teacher training, which includes teaching practicums. Teachers have heavier teaching workloads than in other OECD countries, with more teaching time at both primary and secondary levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This could be done via grants from international financing institutions to fund, for example, municipal housing stock owned by local authorities. Energy-efficiency requirements should be set for these private developers, as well as other requirements. This can include communal and private housing stock, as well as low-rise buildings with few apartments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It deals with educational outcomes for these groups and analyses the main programmes targeted at them. The chapter places particular emphasis on areas of priority for Chile such as effective ways to use extra resources for disadvantaged students, the monitoring of the learning outcomes of specific student groups, and reflecting Indigenous cultures in the Chilean education system. The chapter also reviews strategies for rural education and the provision and funding of special needs education. First, it describes educational outcomes for these groups of students. Second, it considers the main programmes targeted to specific groups and analyses their strengths and challenges. Finally, the chapter provides some specific policy recommendations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper advances the conjecture that Social Research is becoming a discipline in its own right, independent of substantive disciplines such as sociology, social policy or political science. In the first part of the paper I briefly examine the historical foundations of research and the factors that led to its growth in the last two decades. In the second part of the paper I discuss the implications arising from an increased demand for methods training, in particular the potential impact of autonomous degrees and pathways in Social Research on traditional social science disciplines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Despite evidence of under-reporting, there were 1,630 reported cases of sexual offence between 2000 and 2010 according to the Royal Grenada Police Force (Ministry of Social Development 2012). In 2011 alone, 388 females reported cases of domestic violence (Government of Grenada 2013a). Sylvester Quarless, former Minister of Social Development, acknowledged in 2009 that GBV was the foremost cause of female death in Grenada (Spice Grenada Newspaper 2009 cited in Kimalee 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The second round (which was ultimately cancelled) targeted a further 600 MW of solar generation capacity. The plants also needed to be grid connected and required the endorsement of the relevant state or territory governments. In terms of funding requirements, the Commonwealth funding to the successful proponent was to be awarded through taxable capital grants. Applicants needed to seek 2 for 1 funding for the project and were expected to access other government (state government) funding sources. Each project had an Educational Infrastructure Fund component (to support university research and training activities) and this funding was subject to separate legislative and funding requirements. It was anticipated that the round one project would be selected in 2010, to be fully operational by 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
After collection, medical waste is transported to a treatment facility where it is sterilized in a hydroclave and then transported to a disposal site where it is disposed of together with general municipal waste. Considering that infectious waste represents about 15 per cent of total medical waste, they manage about a quarter of all infectious waste generated in Albania. Seven hospitals have in-house sterilization units and dispose of their waste independently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Furthermore, the risk of accidents and errors increases and miscommunication and poor decisions are more likely (Dembe et al., Workers’ health suffers (Virtanen et al., Confronting excessively long hours requires cultural shifts within organisations, as well as sufficient policies protecting workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
One major reason for this in rural China has been the relatively equitable distribution of land, which has tended to offset other inequalities. While this has been a major factor in poverty reduction as well, as discussed below, there are some areas of concern relating to recent tendencies in displacement of the peasantry as land is converted for non-agricultural uses. Provincial and local governments in some of the more economically dynamic provinces have played a growing role in this.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Outlook studies indicate that total wood supply would have to increase by 40-50% in all parts of the region to achieve the official targets for renewable energy. This intensive wood production might have negative consequences for biodiversity. This implies changed harvesting methods, and certain ecological risks, notably removals of nutrients from the sites and release of carbon though increased soil disturbance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Submarine canyons, particularly in northern South Africa and northern Mozambique (Parson and Evans 2005, Green 2011), are also a common feature at the shelf edge and upper slope. Estimates of continental shelf areas of the WIO to the 200 m depth contour, ie FAO Area 51. It is now thought that the majority of these features do not actively transfer sediment to the adjacent deep ocean basin (Green and others, 2008). There are few available studies on shelf sediment distribution patterns in the WIO, qualitative reference is made to muddy sediments off river mouths, such as on the Sofala Bank in Mozambique, and Malindi-Ungwana Bay in Kenya (Munga and others, 2013). Detailed studies have been confined to the east coast of South Africa, and were undertaken by Flemming and Hay (1988) and Bosnian and others (2007), surface sediment distributions described in the latter have been recently improved and expanded by Green and MacKay (in press) and Figure 8.3 below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
And the rights of women have therefore not been honored in some places. But some countries, like Bangladesh, have made major strides in meeting the unmet demand for services. Bangladesh, which has seen declining fertility rates, has also made great progress in educating girls and in meeting other targets within the Millennium Development Goals. Evidence from a Social Experiment in Matlab, Bangladesh, 1977-1996.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While the development of digital infrastructure are often led by private investors, development providers can support the digital transformation by focusing on education and strengthening citizens’ digital skills, provide capacity building to governments and businesses, and support the development of innovation-friendly policies and strategies. Development providers can also examine how digital tools and other technologies can improve their planning and implementation of development projects for improved results and better monitoring and evaluation. While additional funding towards research aimed to tackle challenges in developing countries is encouraged, there is a risk of dilution of resources aimed for development projects and programmes in favour of research, which is often conducted by universities and research institutions in donor countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)