albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
We analyze ethical policies of firms in industrialized countries and try to find out whether culture is a factor that plays a significant role in explaining country differences. We look into the firm’s human rights policy, its governance of bribery and corruption, and the comprehensiveness, implementation and communication of its codes of ethics. We use a dataset on ethical policies of almost 2,700 firms in 24 countries. We find that there are significant differences among ethical policies of firms headquartered in different countries. When we associate these ethical policies with Hofstede’s cultural indicators, we find that individualism and uncertainty avoidance are positively associated with a firm’s ethical policies, whereas masculinity and power distance are negatively related to these policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
But contrary to other commodity markets, in the case of a disturbance in supplies, nuclear reactors operate without refuelling for 12 to 18 months (thus securing months of electricity supply before halting), and if delivery of fresh fuel is delayed, a reactor can still be operated for two to six months beyond its scheduled shut down, at gradually lower power, whereas strategic oil stocks correspond in most EU countries to 90 days’ forward requirements. Thus shortages due to geopolitical or economic factors are far less harmful in the nuclear fuel market rather than in other commodity markets. In 2008, the EU-27’s gross inland consumption consisted of 36.4% of oil, 25.1% of natural gas, 13% of nuclear energy and 12% of coal, for the most-used energy sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
After engaging in these activities, students show a stronger sense of personal and social responsibility and improved self-esteem, which has a strong impact on later social and labour market outcomes (Drago, 2008). However, one of the main challenges is to get youth from the most disadvantaged backgrounds to participate in these activities, perhaps through linkages with school and other social programmes. Mentoring programmes can also help fill the gaps for youth who may lack guidance and positive role models at home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Tariff data cover 2005, 2008 and 2009, and are aggregated to the industry detail of the OECD ICIO model, weighting each 6-digit product by its share of bilateral trade in the corresponding industry as reported by the importer. Lastly, the data are aggregated at the country level by weighting with respect to intermediate imports when it comes to backward participation and exports to forward. The weighted average corresponds to a rough measure of the revenue from tariff expressed as a ratio of total trade of intermediates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This, in turn, alleviates the pressure to reduce emissions and decreases the incentive for companies to invest in cleaner technologies. Security and legal aspects are increasingly significant given the instances of theft of certificates, fraudulent carbon trading, tax fraud and tax evasion within the EU ETS. Central authorities can create bottlenecks that could be avoided by implementing decentralised systems. For example, the international transaction log (ITL) connects registries involved in the emissions trading mechanism and validates all transactions before final processing by the national registries (UNFCCC, 2018). The EU ETS has undergone reforms to address structural problems (e.g. market stability reserve - MSR), resulting in rising emissions quota prices, but proper further impacts of reform are still to be seen post 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There are no pending proposals to use it. However, as Parties implement increasingly forceful Agreement commitments, they will inevitably consider the competitiveness and leakage impacts of their policies, and BCA will undoubtedly be considered as one option for addressing them. Subsidies - in the form of grants of land or cash, low-interest loans, tax preferences, price floors or premiums, mandatory purchase regimes or other support - may be used to address market failures that prevent the growth of infant industries in the new markets discussed above.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The water quality of the Pregel at Tsernyahovsk (3.72-3.86) was "very polluted” during that period, but at Kaliningrad (1 km from the rivers mouth) it was clearly worse, falling in the “extremely polluted” Russian quality class, with the value ranging from 5.36 to 7.25. There is a great anthropogenic load on the Pregcl, especially in the part close to the mouth of the river. In the Polish part of the basin, 93% of the population is not served by public sewerage networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This lost decade of gains from trade potentially poses an even bigger loss to small states. This is because of the amplified effect of trade on their growth and development, their small size and their greater reliance on external trade as a result of limited domestic markets. Exacerbating this is the growing prevalence of protectionist measures and discontent about globalisation and trade liberalisation, which are causing heightened policy uncertainty and leaving small, poor and vulnerable countries most affected (Razzaque et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In addition to this recommended minimum disaggregation, further disaggregation would in many areas be of policy relevance. For example, the child population could be disaggregated into smaller age groups as there are often significant differences in poverty rates between these age groups. Different rationale can be applied to this, for example related to policy objectives (for example pre-school, school age, secondary school), or age groups (0-4, 5-9, 10-14, and 15-17).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, xanthan gum, from the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris, is widely used in foodstuffs and cosmetics. It is used in large quantities during drilling for oil, particularly in horizontal drilling, as a mud thickening agent with excellent rheological properties. Marine bacteria are expected to be a valuable source of new exopolysaccharides with diverse and useful functional and structural properties. Marine-derived silica may be used as a carrier or stabiliser of manufactured products, can confer unique properties to adhesives or paints, and may be used as an insulator or filler of materials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Under the NBI initiative, a Co-operative Framework Agreement (CFA) was prepared, based on the 1997 UN Convention, and opened for signature in 2010. This would create the Nile Basin Commission. Seven states have ratified, so the agreement has come into operation, but Egypt, the Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo are still opposed. In particular, they vary as to the parties (whether they are bi-lateral or multilateral, and include all riparian states or only some), as to subject matter (ranging from data collection to allocation, planning, construction, ecological management), territorial extent (whether they cover the whole basin on only part of it) and intensity of co-operation (from duties to inform to development and implementation of joint programmes) (Kliot et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Reducing avoidable food waste might also be regarded as part of this overall strategy. The aim has been that the project will have a lasting impact, and that it will progressively extend its scope within Europe, reaching as wide an audience, and raising awareness among the greatest number of citizens possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Typically, the types of jobs women gain during such crises are insecure and of low quality (Kabeer 2012). Another 19.1 percent neither agree nor disagree. Targeted spending to reduce bottlenecks—on physical infrastructure, roads, and communications, but also social infrastructure, such as spending on public health—can reduce production costs and therefore inflation. This is important for achieving the goal of full employment since, in many countries, central banks respond to inflationary pressures by raising policy interest rates, thereby reducing business investment and aggregate demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
I show that female educational attainment has surpassed, or is about to surpass, male educational attainment in most industrialized countries. These gaps reflect male overrepresentation among secondary school drop-outs and female overrepresentation among tertiary education students and graduates. Existing evidence suggests that this pattern is a result of a combination of increasing returns to education and lower female effort costs of education. A widening gender gap in education combined with recent wage and employment polarization will likely lead to widening inequalities and is linked to declining male labor force participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Growth in expenditure on research and development across groups at all income levels is significant (Fig 4). In low, lower-middle and upper-middle economies, annual growth in expenditure on research and development was between 7.8 and 12.9 per cent from 1999 to 2013. The next largest spender on research in the region was Japan with expenditure of $141 billion in 2013, an increase of one third over the $107 billion spent in 1999, a far smaller increase than that of China. Other countries in the region that invest significantly in research and development include the Republic of Korea ($65 billion in 2013), India ($43 billion in 2011) and the Russian Federation ($25 billion in 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Brazil provides a valuable model of how to succeed in integrating small-scale farming into agri-export business without incurring huge losses. A 2007 study looked at the impact of the programme on food security and focused particularly on two feedstocks: sugarcane and coconut. As expected, value-added in food processing declines, but by a lower amount compared to the increase in the sectors producing feedstock. This suggests that, due to the change in relative prices, variable inputs tend to move towards the production of biofuel feedstock.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The National Credit Guarantee Fund programme was launched in 1994, followed by the first local and regional guarantee funds in 1995. The local and regional guarantee funds are funded largely from the ROPs. The Eastern Poland Development Fund will have EUR 23.5 million available for guarantee funds for early-stage SMEs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The rural dimension is reduced to agricultural production, it is assumed that rurality is naturally trending towards extinction and that the migration of the rural population to other cities in the country or elsewhere is an inevitable fate. Accordingly, there is little appreciation of the new role of rural territories in combating climate change. Statistics underestimate the importance of the rural world and may overstate the real extent of urbanization in the region. A disaggregated analysis shows that many of the populations that are officially considered urban actually function around rural dynamics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The basis for assessing the property tax on undeveloped land is 80% of the notional rental value of the property resulting from valuations regularly updated by the authorities. To encourage owners to put their land up for sale in order to increase the volume of buildable lots, an increase in the notional rental value of buildable lots is applied in zones w here real estate pressures are the strongest. Agricultural lands, including those left fallow, are exempt from any increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Assessing the relative costs and benefits of reform in education is also difficult because of the large number of intervening factors that can influence the nature, size and distribution of any improvements. The investment may be expensive over the long term, while in the short term it is rarely possible to predict clear, identifiable results from new policies, especially given the time lags between implementation and effect. Teachers also tend to command greater public trust than politicians, so any resistance to reform on their part is likely to be effective. Even when parents have a poor opinion of the education system, they will generally view their children's school and its teachers positively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
1 Research Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, University of Antwerp, Belgium2 Unit of Health Policy and Financing, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium3 Institute of Public Health, Bangaluru, India4 Institute of Development Policy and Management, University of Antwerp, Belgium5 Herman Deleeck Centre for Social Policy, University of Antwerp, Belgium
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, educational attainment levels and professional capacities in public service remain low. Despite the recent increase in the number of students in Brazil, very few people between the ages of 25 and 64 have completed higher education. In 2008, only 11% of people in this age group had received tertiaiy education, as compared with 24% in Chile and the OECD average of 28%. The quality of public secondary schools tends to be lower than that of private schools, resulting in easier access to high-quality public tertiary education for graduates from private secondary schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The companies included in the OECD-ORBIS Database were classified as men or women-owned enterprises using information on the gender of the shareholders. However, the relatively low measured differences in productivity (4.8% for all countries’ enterprises taken together, once sector, size and age of the firm are controlled for) suggest that policies should not generically give preferential treatment to women entrepreneurs. The industries they operate in also account for a substantial share of the productivity disparity (22%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Trade rules would be crafted with these objectives: to provide policy space for Governments and other local agents to be the drivers of development, to cater to diversity of circumstances, and to allow for developmental learning. One way to approach this issue is to revisit the regime of Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) as established by the WTO agreements and their counterparts in North-South FTAs. But political will and a truly development-friendly orientation are needed among negotiating parties. However, this remains one of the most difficult issues addressed by the Round and negotiations have not made much progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These are the basis for annual publications with indicators on education at the national and regional levels. Both the central government and regions prepare annual editions of the Status Report on the Development of the Education System to assess progress towards their respective Long-term policy objectives. Also, international benchmarks of student performance provided by international student surveys such as PISA and TIMSS have been influential in driving policy development at the system level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The 2003 Geneva phase of the WSIS resulted in a Declaration and Action Plan that, among other things, called for the development of national e-strategies.1 Figures show that 163 national e-strategies had been developed by 2011 (ITU) and 151 national broadband strategies by 2016 (ITU/UNESCO). A majority of donors (23 out of 38) indicated that ICT connectivity and e-commerce were prioritized in their national development policies. These priorities consisted of ICT development, e-government and e-commerce development, together with other digital strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Cirera and Winters (2014) find that aid for trade has a positive impact on exporting and importing times in sub-Saharan African countries, but other factors explain differing experiences in structural change. They find that a 1% increase in aid-for-trade facilitation could generate a USD 415 million increase in global trade. An USAID (2010) evaluation of trade assistance focusing on expansion of exports, trade policy reform, increased participation in trade agreements, and efficiency gains from trade facilitation assistance, finds that each additional US dollar increases the value of developing country exports by USD 42 two years later.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This chapter examines the targeting and coverage of these benefits and their incentive effects and role in the labour market. The chapter first considers the Employment Insurance (El) system, focusing mainly on the cash benefits provided.69 A distinctive characteristic is that contributions to the regular El system are not payable on earnings from some types of non-regular work, in particular until 2009 any work expected to last for less than a year. Japan provides the clearest OECD-country example of an unemployment insurance (UI) system that allows for the continuing existence of an uncovered sector, and its detailed provisions merit careful study by any other country that is considering the introduction of a UI system that may at first cover only workers in relatively stable and long-term employment -although Japan’s recent reforms aim to extend coverage to short-term employment. The chapter then examines the management of Public Assistance, with a focus on the entitlement features and management practices that keep the benefit caseload particularly low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, funding from international co-operation is likely to gradually decline in the years to come. The MMA and ICMBio envisage the shift of the ARPA programme from donation based to government financed over 25 years and has set up a transition fund for the purpose. Brazil would benefit from developing a comprehensive financial strategy for the SNUC and for biodiversity policy more generally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As shown in the table below, and as explained further in section E of this chapter, the figures are even higher among adolescents aged 15 to 19. For a summary of these approaches, see Ru2 and others (2005). So far, 45 surveys have been conducted in Latin America. For Lath America, the figure is 21 children per woman. During the 1950s, most countries recorded high fertility levels and a slow rate of change, and fertility even rose in some cases such as Costa Rica and Argentina. In others it remained stable (Uruguay) or dropped slightly, causing a slight rise in the regional average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
So far, EU treaty law does not encapsulate any individually justiciable rights to a clean environment or to health. The article explores whether individuals can rely on the environmental duties embodied in the European Union Charter of Human Rights (EUCHR), and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in cases falling within the scope of EU environmental law. Moreover, it takes a close examination of the case law of both the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights regarding the standing of individuals whose environment is impaired. © 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This constraint has negative effects on fathers, who lose valuable time with their families, and negative effects on mothers, who are more likely to leave the labour market to care for children. In these households, working mothers face double duty: long hours of paid work followed by intensive hours of unpaid work. ( In many higher-income households, however, domestic workers help reduce the unpaid work burden.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This highlights the importance of investing in training workers in labour-intensive industries to boost manufacturing labour productivity. Parents are still keen to send their offspring abroad to gain foreign experience and get exposed to different education environments. The number of Chinese students in higher education institutions the United States soared over the past ten years, to around 270 000 by 2013-14, making up half of the total number of China’s overseas students, according to Project Atlas estimates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Mapping the flow of finance to water security investments can identify the ultimate sources of capital, the level of investment and who are the different players at different stages as well as the different channels and vehicles to access investment in water security (e.g. green bonds). The study will also identify the sources of available finance in each country, to develop an assessment of financing capacity. This work could be extended to a broader range of countries. It is a well-recognised barrier to scaling up private sector investment across infrastructure sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A determination would need to be made about the age at which a child is able to accurately report, and the best proxy reporter for children at younger ages. It may be, for instance, that for children age 5 and younger, parent report is most appropriate, or it may be that an older sibling or other primary caregiver is the best reporter, depending on who spends most time on, or is most responsible for, the focal child's feeding. This approach would be most expensive, and would involve implementation challenges related to parental consent, protection of child privacy, and the interviewer skills necessary to survey younger children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A comprehensive migration policy and legislation could help cities prepare for and respond to emerging problems. Developing a system in Kazakhstan that makes it easier for migrants to register, and that allows for accurate data on migration flows for urban planning, should be a top priority. This could be done by using citizens’ identification numbers rather than their registration status as the basis for access to public services. Strengthening the public administration of subnational governments will be central to “getting cities right”. Intergovernmental relations are based on hierarchical subordination of lower levels of government, so that the level immediately above exercises considerable influence over local decisions. This is evident both in the appointment of akims by the upper executive power and the degree of dependence on transfers from the upper level of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The chapter then takes a detailed look at specific aid-for-trade programmes that are building trade-related infrastructure and digital connectivity, making use of the case stories submitted in the context of the 2015 and 2017 OECD-WTO monitoring exercises. This is followed by a brief overview of academic findings on the results of aid-for-trade investments, as well as recent evaluations of donor aid-for-trade strategies and programmes. Finally, the chapter provides an analysis of 2015 aid-for-trade commitments and of the prospects for 2016, closing with a series of conclusions. It calls for an equally broad and ambitious financing strategy. The resources required are immense—as much as USD 4.5 trillion per annum according to some estimates (Sachs et al, 2014). The first International Conference on Financing for Development (2002) highlighted that in many cases trade is the single most important external source of development finance (UN, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the current wave of skilled-biased technological change, opportunities arise for those having adequate capacities to participate in innovation, as new jobs require their skills and new entrepreneurial opportunities are emerging. In addition to these barriers, digitalisation is a source of scale economies and winner-take-all market structures. Such concentrated markets are a source of innovation-based rents, which are then redistributed to shareholders, senior managers and key staff, hence increasing the income share of the top income groups (Paunov and Guellec, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)