albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Women often miss out on crucial labour market mobility opportunities during the early stages of their careers as this period coincides with the arrival of children in the household. Policy can limit the loss of labour mobility opportunities by taking measures that facilitate employment and make work financially attractive even when combined with care commitments. Child and out-of-school hours supports, in-work credits and policies that promote leave-taking among fathers (Chapters 16-18) can help to reduce gender participation gaps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Furthermore, such a standard for emissions can avoid a large increase in electricity prices in the early stage of its introduction, which would otherwise be necessary to trigger low carbon investments. The associated argument against this approach is that, it may be less effective at reducing electricity demand than a carbon price. Although it is not clear whether this proposal would create a more stable investment framework and will be applied in the United States (see Box 3), electricity sector mechanisms may be an interesting instrument. They can address the price uncertainty associated with industrial demand of quotas in an economy-wide cap and trade mechanism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This raises the issue of market integration, and the degree to which prices of key commodities in India follow or cause price movements in international markets. The evidence presented in Box 2.2 suggests that for some commodities, such as rice, Indian markets impact on global markets, but for the most part the connection between the domestic and international markets is weak or non-existent. Weak connection between markets is due to policy structures in India, such as market support prices, intervention programmes, export restrictions and tariffs which sever market linkages (Gulati et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Photovoltaic systems for direct electricity generation. For example, while photovoltaic is useful if the end-user needs electricity, thermal technologies are appropriate for heating water for residential, domestic and industrial sectors and for steam-based energy uses, such as turbines and power plants. Other considerations when making a selection are presented in a scorecard in the module on increasing knowledge of technological choices. Solar water heating technology for the residential sector is widespread in many Arab countries, with the biggest success stories in Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine andTunisia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To change this situation, the association of private forest owners "Nasa Suma" (http://www.nasasuma.com) was established in 2006 in Celinac with the mission of improving the situation in private forest management. The Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining has provided support to the private sector in the form of subsidies to export-orientated companies in the wood processing industry' (mostly on improvement of facilities, but also for achieving required standards). The total amount of suppport provided in the period 2006-2013 was around 27.5 million KM (106 companies received subsidies in 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Circular issued by state institutions in the framework of the freies ermessen principle. Circular in administrative law is known as policy regulation/ belleidsregel. The Supreme Court as a state institution also has the authority to issue circular letters. This paper focused on the standard circular issued by the Supreme Court. This paper was legal research that was carried out with the statute approach and conceptual approach. Based on the analysis, circulars issued by the supreme court contained restrictions, namely that they should not influence the judge in examining the case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Various functions of the Union Parishad are executed through these standing committees, and women from reserved seats would head one-third of them. The bill also provides for the formation of the Samaj Unnayan Committee in every ward consisting of the member of the reserved seat, who shall also be its chair (The Local Government (Union Parishads) (Amendment) Act, 2001). Panchayat raj is a system of governance in which gram panchayats are the basic units of administration. It has three levels: gram (village, though it can comprise more than one village), janpad (block) and zilla (district).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Israeli wells further inland are less prone to seawater intrusion, with a net outflow of 20-23 MCM/yr45 of groundwater from the Coastal Aquifer Basin to the sea occurring in the Israeli part of the basin. In the Sinai Peninsula, groundwater levels have also dropped below sea level in the vicinity of major population centres like Arish and Rafah. In Israel, lateral hydraulic connections to older saline groundwater exist in the hinterland. As the salt front has moved from inland areas towards the coast, salinity has increased considerably over the past 70 years (Figure 6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Students trained to become teachers often obtain very low scores, compared with other students, on cognitive tests such as Saber PRO (Baron and Bonilla, 2011). Third, despite recent reforms introducing some elements of performance-based compensation and promotion, and the possibility to fire low-performing teachers, there is still a high degree of teacher absenteeism (estimated at 10% on average, and reaching 40% in rural areas). Experience in India suggests that monitoring coupled with financial incentives based on teacher attendance can reduce teacher absence and raise educational outcomes (Duflo et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
‘Conceptual Framework and Research Methods for the Israeli Legal Field in the OPT’ by Maayan Geva introduces Bourdieu’s sociology of the field as means for unpacking international law’s past and present in the Israeli/Palestinian locality. Focusing on key Israeli legal institutions and agents, namely the military legal system (MAG Corps) and specifically its International Law Department (ILD), the High Court of Justice, human rights, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), legal academics and the Ministry of Justice, it investigates the making of ‘law’ and ‘legality’ as a historically situated, dynamic, power-driven process in the making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter focuses on what it would take to make innovative mobility services accessible and acceptable to, and useable by, older people and people with physical, sensory or cognitive impairments. This is due to a close correlation between age and disability, as populations age, disability becomes more prevalent. Virtually every country in the world is experiencing growth in the number of older people in their population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, when comparing findings across research, a number of caveats need to be raised. First, broadband exhibits a higher contribution to economic growth in countries that have a higher adoption of the technology (this could be labelled the "critical mass" or "return to scale" theory"14). Second, broadband has a stronger productivity impact in sectors with high transaction costs, such as financial services, or high labour intensity, such as tourism and lodging. Third, in less developed regions, as postulated in economic theory, broadband enables the adoption of more efficient business processes and leads to capital-labour substitution and, therefore loss of jobs (this could be labelled the "productivity shock theory").
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This commitment is reflected in Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG5), the standalone goal on gender equality, and in the gender-specific targets included across the other SDGs, such as SDG8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth (United Nations, 2015a). Persistent challenges include stagnating female labour force participation, gender wage gaps, entrenched discriminatory social norms and stereotypes, and high rates of violence against women and girls. All have detrimental effects on women’s rights and well-being and on national development outcomes. Ferrant and Kolev (2016) showed that reducing gender-based discrimination in social institutions could - depending on the chosen scenario - lead to an annual increase in the global GDP growth rate of between 0.03 and 0.6 percentage points by 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In contrast, public health funding accounts for more than 8% GDP in Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, France, Japan and Germany. Health spending, however, only increased by 3.0% annually, less than the OECD average of 3.4%. Between 2009 and 2013, the Latvian recovered more quickly from the financial crisis than other OECD economies, with annual GDP growth of 4.3% on average, compared to the OECD average of 1.1%. Growth in health spending during this period was, however, no different to the OECD average at 0.6% during the same period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as the liberal AIEs more generally, this defamilialization has been largely market-based. By contrast, Northern Europe has transitioned via an expansion in the public provision of care (see section 3.1.3 on social democratic AIEs). Both regimes are consistent with higher rates of female labour force participation and fertility, though with markedly different results for the distribution of social reproduction. Getting back to the question of social reproduction and growth, higher wages for women are good for growth, but highly familial, privatized structures of care mean that higher wages and market participation among women may pose a threat to human capacities production and ultimately compromise growth. Geographically, these regimes are concentrated among the countries in Northern Europe. Labour market policies promote full employment and wage equality across different groups of workers, ensuring ample tax revenue and lower reliance on the welfare state (Esping-Anderson 1996).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Missed diagnostic opportunities and English general practice: a study to determine their incidence, confounding and contributing factors and potential impact on patients through retrospective review of electronic medical records. Literacy and health outcomes: A systematic review of the literature. Cost-Effectiveness of a Computerized Provider Order Entry System (COPE) in Improving Medication Safety Ambulatory Care ,Value Health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Increasing the minimum wage may also have a small effect on reducing poverty among the working poor although, as the earlier review noted, wage increases are by themselves usually insufficient for poverty avoidance. This form of support is likely to become increasingly important if events unfold as in the “Golden Age?” While labour supply is likely to be the focus of policy under the Golden Age?”,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
They also provide a means for the participating education systems to measure their progress towards better student outcomes. While academic success is important, progress on student well-being, participation and engagement in learning both benefits students directly and supports improvements in student achievement. This is evidenced by the range of new initiatives and programmes being put in place across participating jurisdictions and the focus on Indigenous students within each ministry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Analysis of this ‘big data’ can, give immediate indications of population movements, for example, or other behaviour that can be useful before and after disaster events. Cell phones can also be valuable for general disaster management — receiving text messages and warnings of incoming disasters, and also transmitting crowd-sourced imagery of damage and impact. But taking full advantage of these is difficult for governments. A specific application might only have a lifespan of five to ten years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, it may reflect a higher proportion of jobless households at the bottom end of the distribution, which are not directly affected by cuts in minimum wages. In fact, lower minimum wages may raise the job prospects of low-skill individuals, improving at the margin the income of these households. In contrast, cuts in minimum wages may have more detrimental income effects on workers whose earnings are closer to the median wage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This may require a component of community education, as some MoEs have indicated that there is often parental pressure for schools to maintain a strong focus on preparing students for exams. However, the success of a number of initiatives focused on introducing sustainable livelihoods in the curriculum, as well as attitudinal surveys, such as one which UNESCO has carried out on HIV/AIDS education, suggest that a focus on life skills may be a good entry point for bridging school-based and community-based ESD. Under this programme, the Education Development Centre (EDC) has assigned interested CSOs to particular schools to work with students on a selected ESD-related project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The following introduction reviews the gaps in extant International Relations theory regarding foreign intervention in ethnic and ethnonational conflicts, proposing ways in which Rationalist and Constructivist approaches to International Relations could contribute to our understanding of such phenomena. The introduction then provides an overview of the special issue's five articles, which draw upon evidence from Africa, the Balkans, Northern Ireland, and the Basque Country to highlight the benefits and drawbacks of third-party intervention in ethnic and ethnonational conflicts. In doing so, they highlight many of the most salient issues affecting the practice of intervention and peacebuilding today.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It has broad appeal to female audiences and is suitable for adaptation for countries facing similar trends. Associated with SDG 16, governance systems for sport also need to be fully accountable in addressing issues of gender-based violence and harmful practices, in order to command the confidence of all girls and women involved in sport. The scale of the gender equity issues associated with sport calls for strong enactment of a range of policy options. These options include recourse to wider systems of regulation and involve gender-sensitive systems of funding distribution and re-distribution, and various approaches to data and information gathering and dissemination that build awareness and ensure accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The large parks are complemented by: 1 strict nature reserve (I), 58 small nature reserves (IV), and 1185 natural monuments. The management of two protected areas has been contracted out to third parties. The Secovlje Salina Landscape Park, at the southern end of the coast, is managed by a private company (Box 2.3), while the DOPPS was granted a licence to manage the nearby Skocjanski Zatok Nature Reserve.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The service can be booked by telephone, fax, post and email. This service is not free of charge (EUR 20/hour for older people), but half of the cost can be deducted from annual income tax. Persons who are accompanying older people are also required to show them how to travel safely, to guide them in the city and to explain the basics of public transport and networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Introduced in 2003, it is a compensation programme whereby developers causing biodiversity loss in forested areas are charged an in-lieu fee which is paid into the Mexican Forest Fund, managed by the National Forestry Commission. The fees are then used by the commission to carry out the compensatory restoration activities. This chapter reviews the design and implementation features of the Compensation for Land-Use Change in Forested Areas Program. It discusses the key reforms to the programme over its ten years of implementation, the lessons learned and concludes with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities that exist for the future of the programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Landslides and landslips are also great threats in the region. The local farmers led the process themselves with support from CIAT-CIRAD2 at first, which was then continued by CIPRES. Researchers and farmers work together to develop stronger and better food plants that are better suited and resistant to droughts, pests and diseases, with good plant size, greater yield, better quality of final product in term of taste, nutritional qualities and forage for animals. The work has been done with local varieties of maize, beans, sorghum and millet that were gathered and introduced into different agroecological conditions at different elevations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The level of education is captured by two dummy variables, the first one being equal to unity for all individuals who have at least finished upper-secondary education, and hence also takes value one for those who have a tertiary degree. The second one being equal to unity for all individual who have finished tertiary education. Hence, the coefficient on the first dummy gives the impact of an upper-secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education relative lower-secondary education or less and the coefficient on the second dummy gives the impact of tertiary education relative to upper-secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education. Since this technique is still fairly new, the more established approach by Koenker and Bassett (1978) is also used by Fournier and Koske (2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In this article, we consider the conduct of post-apartheid health care in a policy context directed toward entrenching democracy, ensuring treatment-adherent patients, and creating a healthy populace actively responsible for their own health. We ask how tuberculosis treatment, antiretroviral therapy, and maternal services are delivered within South Africa's health system, an institutional site of colonial and apartheid injustice, and democratic reform. Using Foucauldian and post-Foucauldian notions of governmentality, we explore provider ways of doing to, for, and with patients in three health subdistricts. Although restorative provider engagements are expected in policy, older authoritarian and paternalistic norms persist in practice. These challenge and reshape, even 'undo' democratic assertions of citizenship, while producing compliant, self-responsible patients. Alongside the need to address pervasive structural barriers to health care, a restorative approach requires community participation, provider accountability, and a health system that does with providers as much as providers who do with patients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The unabsorbed demand may be balanced by imports from non-affected producing regions. But even a significant shock in a smaller (price taker) market may result in relative entry of competing regions products that have acquired a cost advantage. When extreme weather events hit regions that are significant exporters of agriculture commodities, international food prices can soar on spot and future markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Do countries identify clear funding sources and adopt a multi-year budget approach? Is the role for the private sector, international donors or agencies specified, and to what extent? Do the plans address specific constraints, such as in the areas of skills, resources, capacity, legislation, environmental impacts and financing sources? Is a detailed pipeline of projects provided, and life-cycle analysis of project preparation?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
By this measure, Japan averaged 28.1 children per primary school class in 2008, compared to the OECD average of 21.6. For middle school, Japan had 31.2, compared to the OECD average of 23.9. As one expert wrote, “One has to think of education in Japan as an enormously elaborated, very expensive testing system, with some educational spin-offs, rather than as the other way around” (Dore, 1982). The government does not conduct surveys on high school students’ participation in out-of-school education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This also helps tackle the immense investment needs in the sector. Savings from reduced energy-related social subsidies after eneigy-efficiency investments are implemented creates a revenue stream, which is consolidated through the newly established Energy Efficiency Fund. Parliament recently adopted the Law on the Energy Efficiency Fund (2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The presumption of innocence, which places the burden of proof in criminal  proceedings on the prosecution, is to be found in most declarations of human  rights and constitutional bills of rights. But it is under attack, and the purpose  of the lecture was to examine the justifications for confining the presumption,  for eroding it through exceptions, for evading it, and for side-stepping  it. How strong are the various arguments of public policy and crime control  that are often said to support these threats to the presumption of innocence?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Why have some democracies made considerable progress in elucidating and prosecuting human rights violations committed by preceding dictatorships, while others still have amnesty laws that prevent —or at least hinder— the approval of such policies? We aim to demonstrate that, during democratization periods, the more legal the previous dictatorial repression, and the more direct judicial involvement in it, the more resistance there will be to apply policies of transitional justice. We will compare the Spanish case with those of Chile and Argentina. The establishment of democracy following a right-wing dictatorship responsible for the systematic violation of human rights forced all three countries to consider how best to confront this violent past. Once democracy has been consolidated, additional explanatory factors will account for the presence or absence of judicial accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, while the programmes in place could achieve their objectives in the short term, it is likely that in the long term they do not contribute to structural transformation as this type of support encourages agricultural activities regardless of whether they are economically viable or not. Furthermore, for the majority of programmes in these countries an “exit mechanism” does not exist in which farmers can “graduate” from the programme, which may create a condition where farmers benefit from the resources allocated by the government even if they do not meet the requirements anymore (i.e. do not need it). This can lead to situations where farmers lack incentives to diversify their income or to increase their productivity (OECD, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This is not true of those applicable to the sphere of occupational safety and health, however, or of the commitment to offer minimum guarantees in the different branches of social security. Nonetheless constitutional guarantees, as a fundamental framework, generally recognize and provide for protection of the rights analysed. Yet there are situations in which a right is protected by the Constitution, but the relevant convention has not been ratified. Lastly, labour codes usually address each of the risks indicated with specific rules, although the contents vary from one country to another.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)