albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Unforeseen plant outages or forecasting errors related to electricity generation require that a higher amount of spinning reserves be carried out. Uncertainties in VRE power production may also lead to an increase in ramping and cycling of conventional power plants, to inefficiencies in plant scheduling and, overall, to higher costs for the system. While all generation plants may have some siting restrictions, the impacts are more significant for VRE. Also, high shares of distributed PV resources may require sizeable investment into the distribution network, in particular to allow the inflow of electricity from the producer to the grid when the electricity generated exceeds demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These areas are considered major priorities and policy instruments or programmes have been created to address them. This indicates that social policies are sometimes hand-to-hand with agricultural policies. Other key strategies for the development of small-scale agriculture are the sectorial export strategy and production incentives for domestic market, which are under auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture, particularly INDAP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Usually, its protective status is repeatedly extended, but not alw'ays. Instead, the nature preserve was w'ithdraw'n in 2003, due to the adverse results of intensive anthropogenic pressure on its broad-leaved forests, and the need for territorial development of a cattle-breeding complex. Most recently, according to some sources, the protective status of almost all nature preserves in Tajikistan (12 out of 13, the exception being Nurek) expired in 2013, and was not immediately extended.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In recent years, violations of human rights law have increasingly been perceived in a new light as perpetrators of war crimes and genocide are more often held accountable for their crimes. Influenced by precedents set at the Nuremberg trials, the development of International Criminal Tribunals, and by the recent approval of the International Criminal Court, law enforcement officials are under increasing pressure to identify and arrest human rights violators. This is an important development since the success of these recent international initiatives depends upon the ability to effectively enforce these statutes. International human rights law will ultimately fail unless appropriate and effective means of apprehending violators are implemented. Given the fact that law enforcement agencies have often been the worst perpetrators of genocide and other violations, it is increasingly clear that police are crucial to the success or failure of many post‐Holocaust legal developments. This paper explores historical...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Poor quality and insufficient electricity supplies have hampered the investment climate for decades but recent investments have reduced the reliance on imports and altered the energy mix towards cheaper options. As elsewhere in Southeast Asia, special economic zones are slowly starting to diversify sources of foreign investment, both by sector and by country'. One manifestation of this is the long delays in drafting and implementing laws. The amendment to the Investment Law and the enactment of the Law of Special Economic Zones have been debated for several years and are still pending, as is a Competition Law which was first mooted as part of WTO accession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Current reporting obligations insufficient to identify progress, important for countries whose contributions comprise a set of mitigation actions. Timeliness of information currently lacking for several developing countries. Regular, biennial reporting should allow for tracking progress with implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Students who misunderstand some important point in mathematics will find that they can identify with a student who is at the blackboard and has made a similar mistake and can, in effect, get individual attention without monopolising the teacher's time. Asian teachers often complain about class sizes getting too small to find a useful range of student solutions to a problem in order to conduct a good class, instead of complaining that the class is too large to teach effectively, as in the United Slates. It applies a learner-centred approach that places considerable emphasis on student self-assessment, in which students are expected to take an active role in designing their own learning activities and work collaboratively in teams on projects that cut across traditional subject or disciplinary areas. By the time students enrol in upper secondary school (grades 10-12), they are expected to be able to take sufficient charge of their own learning to be able to design their own individual programme where, without a grade structure, each student proceeds at his or her own pace within the modular design of the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The growing sense of urgency regarding various global environmental problems has prompted calls for global legislative processes that could produce binding outcomes. However, as law-making gravitates into international forums, questions are raised regarding the legitimacy of international environmental governance. Much law-making today occurs under multilateral environmental agreements (‘MEAs’), such as the Climate Change Convention and its Kyoto Protocol. The article examines the role of Conferences of the Parties (‘COPs’) in MEA-based law-making. It juxtaposes the standard conception of international law-making and an alternative account, which sees law-making not simply as crystallized in formal consent procedures but as continuous interactional processes. The interactional account can help build the foundations for legitimate international environmental governance, and can provide important guidance to law-makers, even as they, even as they continue to operate within a formal, consent-based framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Urban poverty and social exclusion are overwhelming concerns with more than 32% of the world's urban population living under precarious housing conditions. The paper presents findings from three studies documenting the evolution of a squatter community on the southern edge of Sao Paulo city. The qualitative data collected between the late 1990s and 2007 will highlight critical socio-environmental living conditions in the periphery. Benefits and limits of water supply and sanitation upgrading projects will also be identified. Recent directions in public policy addressing these social issues are reviewed. The paper underlines the pressing demand for more inclusive decision-making processes in the planning and implementation of sustainable community development. URBAN DESIGN International (2008) 13, 3-20. doi:10.1057/udi.2008.2
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This has been observed in northeastern Spain for instance, where irrigation modernisation has led to increased consumptive use (Lecina et al. Furthermore, increasing water efficiency can lead to reduce recharge of aquifers, reducing groundwater recharge, which further the problem of groundwater depletion in critical regions, like Northwest India (Ward, 2016) or the High Plains Aquifer (Pfeiffer and Lin, 2014). Dam or infrastructure investments also can result in conflict and lead to environment problems, and generally do not result in long term changes in the use of water. In particular, well-designed water transfers have the potential to help alleviate agriculture water risks in the United States Southwest (Cooley et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These land price differences will influence competitiveness of biofuel production. The key problem is the empirical implementation of this land supply curve for all major regions in the world, as land price data are not available on a global scale. For the EU15 countries, more information on land prices is available, and empirical estimates have been used here (Cixous, 2006). Land heterogeneity is introduced by using a Constant Elasticity of Transformation (CET) function.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They remark that the main impact of using the different samples is on the estimated impact of factors that vary with calendar time. Estimates are more imprecise with the smaller-sized samples. However, they are rarely applied by researchers fitting DREP models to SA histories. The only existing applications are Hansen, Lofstrom, Liu, and Zhang (2014) and Konigs (2013a), likely because most commonly-available software for fitting DREP models does not allow weights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Methodological choices of how to “individualise” services matter a lot. This is based on the assumption that all individuals with similar characteristics benefit from a service knowing that, in case if need, they would have access to it. In this chapter, estimates for three of the five services analysed are based on the actual consumption approach: education, early childhood education and care (ECEC) and social housing, while the remaining two (health and elderly care) are based on the insurance value approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Prices at the farm level do not necessarily follow the same patterns as world prices, although market price variability is the main contributor to price risk at the farm level. These shocks are compounded by low price elasticities of supply and demand. Isolation of domestic markets from international price fluctuation, through high transactions costs, or government policies that stabilise prices for producers and/or consumers, further aggravate volatility on international markets, and affect those who are most open to trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2012, 48.4 per cent of deaths were of females and 51.6 per cent of males. About 52.3 per cent of deaths occurred in urban populations while 47.7 per cent were in rural populations. Around one third of deaths (33.8 per cent) are related to symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings that are not classified by specific origin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Finally, a local counterpart made of a neighbourhood development council manages the programme. The phases vary in length according to the complexity and needs of the neighbourhoods. During Phase One, trust is established between the neighbours and the team in charge of the project, and their collaborative work begins. The first activity is a technical study with a diagnosis of the urban and social environment and the safety conditions in the neighbourhood. The study identifies the most important shortages and the key actors, and proposes an integrated plan of action. Simultaneously, the team helps the community diagnose its problems, promoting the involvement of all the social groups living in the neighbourhood and soliciting their demands and expectations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Early intervention teams accept referrals from GPs and other mental health teams in the community. Sometimes local early intervention teams will also accept self-referrals or referrals from friends and family. People with complex needs requiring ongoing support may be placed under the Care Programme Approach (CPA). They should then receive a care plan and regular reviews.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Strengthening the curriculum’s learning standards, and ensuring that they are used as the key reference point for national examination and assessment development and teachers’ classroom practices, will provide the foundations to ensuring assessment supports the new student-centred vision for learning. Aligning assessment practice with the new curriculum will also mean reviewing Romania’s high-stakes national examinations, including reconsidering the use of the Grade 8 examination for tracking students into different streams. In the immediate term, there is a pressing need to mitigate the negative impact of the Grade 8 examination on student learning and equity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The progress of individual LDCs in reaching SDG 9.C is categorized into different levels. Seven LDCs have achieved ubiquitous narrowband access to the Internet through universal population coverage (i.e., 99%) of 2G mobile networks (Bangladesh, Benin, Cambodia, Comoros, Guinea, Myanmar and Rwanda). Twenty-three other LDCs have reached a high level of narrowband Internet access with population coverage of between 90 to 98%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Evaluations also show that conditional cash transfers improve outcomes related to health, nutrition and education. The impact of Progresa on education enrolment in Mexico has been significant (de Brauw and Hoddinott, 2008). Even the short-lived Red de Proteccion Social (RPS) in Nicaragua, in operation between 2000 and 2006, directed funds to female household heads, significantly improving school enrolment and other education indicators, and reduced stunting by an impressive five percentage points in programme communities (Maluccio and Flores, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
If the primary goal of regulation is to address a spatial externality within a surface water-groundwater system, such as stream depletion, then targeting land retirement based on that externality (i.e. paying a premium to purchase entitlements that have higher associated marginal externalities) will be cost-effective. Note however, that if there is a strong positive correlation between the marginal benefits of groundwater use and the marginal externality of groundwater use, the optimal solution may be to retire a relatively large area of less hydrologically-damaging but low-cost land. This includes voluntary programs undertaken by users to manage or reduce groundwater use, or collective mechanisms induced by regulatory framework requirements. It is possible for local groundwater users' groups to introduce binding management policies collectively, voluntarily, often in conjunction with other higher level instruments, or sometimes set up independently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Even though the support for quota markets and individual quota rights in general is increasing in the sector, there is nothing to suggest this tension will disappear. On the contrary, recent political developments give rise to renewed debates regarding the purpose of fisheries management. However, as in other sectors, there is increasing popular opposition to this model of economic development and balanced alternatives should be better explored.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In 2007, the European Union adopted its second Hygiene Package aiming at harmonizing existing EU food and feed safety legislation, thus creating new certificates again. It led the United States to negotiate a special status with the European Union regarding the certification of fishery and aquaculture products. As a result, US exporters are still using public health certificates coming from the 2006 legislation and not from the 2007 hygiene package.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Even after relationships are established, an inordinate amount of time is often still required to develop the necessary common language and integrated cross-sector conceptualisation. Therefore, biodiversity mainstreaming can easily require 10 years of effort, well beyond the span of a single project, budget or political cycle of an institution. The continuity required within organisations to sustain long projects is often limited, with changes in staff, budget and strategies often occurring at shorter frequencies during the course of a biodiversity mainstreaming project. Successful biodiversity mainstreaming in South Africa has thus often occurred through layering interventions from a series of sequential donor funded projects. Later projects have been able to capitalise on established relationships developed during earlier projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Aust’s chapter deals with the role of domestic courts in treaty interpretation. It analyses how domestic courts make use of the rules of interpretation set forth in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. These rules belong to the category of secondary rules of the international legal order. A diverging approach among domestic courts might undermine the consistency and coherence of international law. The chapter provides an overview of what the Convention sets out as ideal interpretative programme, how this question is related to notions of the international rule of law and how the process of interpretation is dealt with in domestic court decisions. It argues that adherence to the rules set forth in the Vienna Convention can strengthen the international rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This study examined the cultural values promoted in television advertisements targeting younger and older audiences in China and the US, respectively, testing the hypothesis that ads in China would reflect a value shift caused by the open-door policy implemented in 1979. A content analysis of 566 television ads was conducted, rating the degree of individualism and collectivism, as well as the prominence of modern and traditional themes. As predicted, ads targeting younger Chinese scored higher in individualism than collectivism. Compared to ads targeting the older demographic, ads targeting younger Chinese scored higher in individualism, with no significant differences in the other three dimensions. As expected, mean scores for individualism and modernity were higher in the American ads, while mean scores for collectivism and tradition were lower. The results revealed no differences in the scores between younger and older audiences in the US.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, if 6 = p = 1/3, and n + g + 8 = 0.06 then the convergence rate would equal 0.02. This implies that the economy moves halfway to steady state in about 35 years. Hence, in a Solow model output growth is a function of the initial level of income and of the ultimate determinants of the steady state. This implies that estimating an equation as (A3.8) would allow inferring the impact of each growth detenninant on the subsequent pattern of growth.32 This is because, the coefficient a, estimated on lagged output in equation (1), allows recovering the speed of convergence: A = — ln(l — a)/s, with 5=5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Because of the prevalence of part-time work among employed women, the gender gap in fulltime equivalent employment (which accounts for the working hours of those in employment) remains large at 24.6 percentage points, compared to a gender gap of 8.5 percentage points in employment rates in Germany (OECD, 2016a). Variable hours/other” refers to women whose usual hours cannot be given because hours worked vary considerably from week to week or from month to month. The definition of "employed” and “employment” follows ILO guidelines (littp://laborsta.ilo.org/aDPlv8/data/c2e.htmll and covers those in both paid (dependent) employment and in self-employment (including unpaid family workers).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Examples of related response indicators are given as complements to illustrate their link with environmental and resource productivity indicators. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This surveys the well-being of young children in Canada and has become the largest survey tool in Canada since its inception in 2005. It may be used at the provincial level. For example, the 2013/14 Manitoba Provincial Report, entitled Tell Them from Me: Bullying and School Safety, was used to conclude that there is “an overall high prevalence in verbal, social, and physical bullying and lower prevalence in cyberbullying” (Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This document was based on discussions with the OECD ECEC Network, which brings together international policy makers and researchers, as well as international organisations such as UNESCO and the European Commission, and the Extended ECEC Network, a sub-group of countries initially interested and eventually participating in the TALIS Starting Strong Survey, as well as consultations with external experts. For instance, what are ECEC staff pedagogical practices? How do they support children’s development?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It also helps stakeholders develop government and corporate SRB agendas, which help businesses to achieve inclusive and sustainable development. The SRB Model for a Sustainable Future seeks to mitigate adverse impacts of business operations on stakeholders. It also tries to broaden shareholder considerations to include the social and environmental as well as financial aspects of business.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Budget policy was tighter because of lower government revenue but the primary deficit still reached 9.3% of GDP in 2015. The current account deficit widened (with lower oil prices) from 2.6% of GDP in 2014 to 14.5% in 2015. Overall growth should be 4.2% in 2016 and 4.7% in 2017, driven by greater oil production from new wells and by robust transport and agriculture sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This collaborative mechanism provides incentives for developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from their forest and peatland sectors. A key focus of many of these activities is to help countries establish the necessary institutional structures to reduce their national deforestation rates. Once countries can verify their emission reductions, they qualify to receive results-based payments and other financial support. To date, many countries have come a long way in getting systems and policy reforms in place to reduce deforestation, and in mapping and measuring their emission reductions. Brazil is one example: it receives results-based payments based on verified emissions reductions through reduced deforestation. Guyana - a country that has a high forest cover, but a very low deforestation rate - receives payments for emissions avoided, thanks to its continuing low deforestation (see the “In my view” box).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This suggests that in absence of technological progress and productivity gains, RES may not be a new source of growth for Germany because of its cost. The final impact on growth will also depend on the price developments in the energy sectors as well as on the net effect of the “merit order effect" and of the EEG surcharge on electricity prices. With growing demand of foreign markets for RES technologies, maintaining a first-mover advantage and a technology leadership would ensure Germany will reap the benefits of its investment in RES.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While Fiji, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu are expected to reduce the incidence of TB, it is uncertain whether they will be able to eliminate TB. These countries are also still working towards eliminating NTDs, such as lymphatic filariasis (Fiji, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu), blinding trachoma (Fiji, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu), yaws (Solomon Islands, Vanuatu) and soil-transmitted helminthiases (Tuvalu) (WHO, 2013). As a result, these countries are expected to achieve mixed results on this target.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Citizen science should be promoted and used to raise awareness. It is important to stress though that the quality of the data from those low cost sensors is in general far from sufficient to be used for drawing conclusion on the actual air quality situation and form basis for control measures. This links to the need for harmonization of practices for local measures, such as retrofit approaches and low emission zones. It is recommended to the parties to review and share their success story in the cities. It is not only a problem of scale but also of balance between sectors and other policies. Therefore local actions need to be city specific.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)