albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Similarly, Adelaide’s demand has diminished following the construction of a desalination plant with the capacity to supply 100 GL per annum. In total about 2% of consumptive water in the MDB would meet current urban demand. The volume of water required to meet domestic demand is very small and has not resulted in major trade-offs between cities and agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They are both entering a phase where they need assessment and reflection upon system-wide issues of effectiveness and efficiency, the trade-offs between national coverage and specialisation, and the potential need for further competition amongst providers. As the evaluation of Enterprise Connect begins in 2012-13, it will be timely for the administration in Mexico to engage experience in Australia. The GORs provided a renewed regional map of public administration which had been removed in the 1980s following the abolition of the Metropolitan Counties and the Regional Planning Councils.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This article examines counter-terrorism efforts in the EU as it matures as a field of law. It sets out three critiques of EU counter-terrorism law: that of ineffectiveness, of anti-constitutionalism, and of contrariness to human rights and the rule of law. It considers these critiques in light of the development of policies and legal initiatives—against foreign terrorist fighters and against radicalisation. It concludes that there are both persistent problems, and some improvements, in the law. The EU's capacity to meet the challenges posed by terrorism and the counter-terrorism imperative, and how it does so, has global impact. The article concludes with an argument for better law-making in the EU to ensure it serves as a better exemplar of transnational law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Case studies are based on the group work during the Regional Seminar on Integrated Approaches for SDG Planning: The Case of SDG 6 on Water and Sanitation, (28-29 November 2016) and follow-up research work of the ESCAP team. There is a need to develop the scientific, technological and social innovations necessary to build this new resilient city and to manage our transition to a more liveable and sustainable future. Only recently, however, has research begun to develop an integrated analysis of urban services at the system level to increase the efficiency of the resource streams and improve the resiliency of the overall urban system .
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The water quality impacts may be caused by the use of agrochemicals in intensive bioenergy feedstock production systems, such as the use of fertilisers which pose a risk for eutrophication. In addition, the feedstock processing plants to convert raw materials to bioenergy can also have impacts on water quality, although this will vary depending on a range of factors, including for example, biorefinery technology, effluent controls and water recycling practices (FAO, 2008, Fingerman et al., As a result sediment and nutrient pollution from agricultural land is likely to increase, particularly where maize is cultivated on marginal agricultural land which contributes to the highest nutrient loads.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Animal livestock dropped dramatically as well, between 2006 and 2008: bovine dropped by one quarter, pigs by some 45 per cent, sheep and goats by 10 per cent and poultry by 25 per cent. Small farms are the most vulnerable and these trends will probably push more rural families into poverty and further intensify migration away from rural areas to the types of extreme climate conditions expected to become more frequent and severe with climate change. The provision of irrigation in appropriate areas within these two zones would provide significant benefits even under current conditions, potentially increasing yields by 1.5 to two or more times as compared with yields without irrigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Just a decade ago, in some parts of the globe, prioritizing access to ICTs was considered a luxury. Today, it is widely acknowledged that investing in affordable, universal and unconditional access to ICTs is necessary to drive progress on global priorities, in particular, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Various successes and failures of the transformative potential of ICTs have shown that the technologies themselves are neither positive, negative nor necessarily neutral.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Slovakia’s SPA inventory had identified 40 areas eligible for special protection, but six were not actually designated as SPAs and five that had been designated were significantly smaller than recommended. As for the landfill directive, the Commission sent a second warning letter to Slovakia in March 2009 for inadequately transposing the EU legislation on the landfilling of waste into national law. In October 2009, the Commission notified Slovakia that its national legislation was not entirely in line with the directive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Abstract After decades of corrupt post-colonial governance, African leaders collectively acknowledged that good governance was a prerequisite for African renewal and required an unprecedented fight against corruption prevailing on the continent. The Constitutive Act of the African Union (CA-AU) features good governance among its objectives and principles. Good governance was stressed further in subsequent AU instruments adopted within the framework of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and its African Peer-Review Mechanism (APRM). AU leaders’ commitment to fighting corruption culminated in the adoption of the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (AUCPCC). As Africans prepare to commemorate the first decade since the adoption of the AUCPCC, this article reflects on AU member states’ compliance with this instrument, the challenges, and the prospects for a successful fight against corruption. It argues that despite some progress made, this scourge remains unabated...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Contents: Series preface Introduction, Luc J. Wintgens and Philippe Thion Part I Theory of Legislation: Legitimacy and legitimation from the legisprudential perspective, Luc. J. Wintgens Lawmaking: between discourse and legal text, Wojciech Cyrul The rule of law as the law of legislation, Tatsuo Inoue. Part II Legislation, Rules and Norms: Legislative techniques, Peter Wahlgren Questioning alternatives to legal regulation, Philippe Thion The emergence of new types of norms, Pauline Westerman A peacekeeping mission as a new category of war? An institutional analysis, Hanneke van Schooten. Part III Legislation and the Disciplines: Grounding behaviour in law and economics, Bruce Anderson and Philip McShane Legislation and informatics, Marie-Francine Moens Nulla poena sine lege Parliamentaria? Democratic legitimacy and European penal law, Linda GrA ning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At present, the Department of Nature has 8 staff, all located in the headquarters office in Skopje. For example, two PAs have been established and are managed by non-governmental bodies: Strict Natural Reserve Ezerani is managed by the Bird Study and Protection Society (further to a Governmental Decision), and Natural Monument Matka Canyon is managed by the Speleological Society ‘PEONI’ (further to a Decision of the Council of the City Skopje). This includes the establishment of Public Institutions - National Parks, a separate entity for each national park, which are responsible for management and protection of the parks. These are the Public Institution Mavrovo National Park, the Public Institution Pelister National Park, and the Public Institution Galicia National Park.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
ABSTRACTThe adverse impact of economic sanctions on human rights is well documented in the literature (Peksen 2009, Wood 2008) and so are the consequences of sanctions for democracy (Peksen and Drury 2009, 2010) and for the survival of leaders (Escriba-Folch & Wright 2010, Marinov 2005). Using data from the Targeted Sanctions Consortium (Biersteker, Eckert, Tourinho, and Hudakova 2013), we analyze whether sanctions that target segmented groups within the leadership fare any better with respect to human rights protection. The analysis focuses on the universe of targeted sanctions against African countries, between 1992 and 2008, and finds that the adverse impact of this coercive instrument—though unintended—is not statistically distinguishable from the adverse consequences already identified by the literature with respect to conventional sanctions. All else equal, the protection of rights to physical integrity (the right to life and the prohibition of torture) in the targeted country is 1.74 times more lik...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, the travelers, mostly hiking but also cycling, need proper guiding about the route and the different alternatives when it comes to accommodation, food and other services (figure 6). The natural environment of the archipelago is fragile, and any development effort needs to take this into account. Using existing paths and small roads is helpful in this regard.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The few that exist are predominantly based in the public sector and in urban areas. Given the high population growth and low economic growth rates, it is inevitable that young people in the Pacific will end up in the informal sector (ILO, 2010b), and the education system does not increase a young person’s employability in the informal economy. This results in a large number of school leavers — for example, half of school leavers in Fiji in 2005 — not having a job in the formal sector and not having any skills to use in the informal sector (World Bank, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Good panel surveys that follow individuals over time and provide data on the longer term impact of evaluation and the dynamics of movement between different segments of the labour market are even rarer. Where LFSs exist, they are often outdated (more than five years old) and do not contain adequately disaggregated data (by age, gender, location). In the country expert survey only six respondents considered the government to have very good knowledge of the situation of youth in the labour market. The governments of 14 countries are considered to have only little or no knowledge. The lack of data makes it difficult for policy makers to understand the nature of the employment challenge and take informed decisions on how to support young people in the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The UNICEF poverty rates for six countries with near universal maternal/parental leave, preschool and national health insurance, range from 2.4% in Denmark to 10.2% in Germany. The UNICEF measure for the US is at least double these rates at 21.9%. Report Card 10 is based on the direct elaboration of household survey microdata for 33 economically advanced countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Several of the Jewish settlements were developed to accommodate new immigrants many of whom came from the former Soviet Union, North Africa and the Middle East who continue to face language and cultural barriers in assimilation. Arab and Jewish populations generally live in separate communities, for example, the populations of the towns of Afula, Karmi'el, Kiryat Shmona and Safed are largely Jewish while the populations of towns of Nazareth, Shefa 'Amr, Shaghur and Sakhnin are Arab (in each case predominantly Muslim but with some Arab Christians). Of the people who migrated in the Northern District almost half migrated within the district (48%) (CHE, 2009). This fact reflects the reality that the Arab population is less mobile than the Jewish population and, when Arabs migrate, they tend to move within the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The final standard is expected to be approved in June 2011. The NPOA-Seabirds sets out a strategic framework to reduce seabird bycatch to sustainable levels. However, the NPOA-Seabirds is currently under review to ensure integration with the environmental standards framework (which includes a seabird standard) currently being developed by the Ministry of Fisheries. A number of regulatory and non-regulatory best practice mitigation measures currently apply in New Zealand trawl, pelagic longline and demersal longline fisheries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In March 2011, the Government announced the first review of the scheme. The review will be completed by the end of 2011 and current tariffs will probably remain unchanged until April 2012. The review will examine all aspects of the scheme with a focus on large-scale solar projects, which have been more popular than envisaged, and a review of tariff rates for farm-based Anaerobic Digestion plants, as fewer of these plants have been accredited than expected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Where is the study of work in the discipline of International Political Economy (IPE)? If the discipline aims to break away from International Relations (IR) (Watson 2005: 14) by establishing its own categories of analysis that differ from the questions that originally drive the discipline of IR, that is, security and war, then we have to establish exactly which questions IR is not addressing and, furthermore, the issues IPE must address to become a defensibly contrasted, albeit complementary, entity to IR.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is a key source of food, energy, minerals, health, leisure and transport upon which hundreds of millions of people depend. However, the maritime industry landscape is poised to undergo a profound transition. Long considered the traditional domain of shipping, fishing and - since the 1960s - offshore oil and gas, new activities are emerging that are reshaping and diversifying maritime industries. While traditional maritime industries continue to innovate at a brisk rate, it is the emerging ocean industries that are attracting most of the attention. These industries include offshore wind, tidal and wave energy, oil and gas exploration and production in ultra-deep water and exceptionally harsh environments, offshore aquaculture, seabed mining, cruise tourism, maritime surveillance and marine biotechnology. The long-term potential for innovation, employment creation and economic growth offered by these sectors is impressive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Their exercise suggests that SSA is likely to experience welfare losses, even assuming the absence of macroeconomic shocks. The region is likely to experience worsening trade balances and increased debt problems, while any short term gains in income and employment could evaporate quickly under pressure from such strained balances. By endogenizing output, employment and the current account in a CGE framework, he estimates future risks and past losses due to trade liberalization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Human rights are the ultimate embodiment of what it means to be a just society and, as such, they have acquired the status of master narrative. However, the human rights doctrine has come under pressure from resistant narratives that span the entire political spectrum. Focusing on the presence of right-leaning counter narratives in the UK national press, this chapter seeks to interrogate how ‘counter’ these oppositional narratives are. Considering their underlying criticism of the welfare state, immigration, multiculturalism and equality more generally, such narratives are often hard to reconcile with the interests of oppressed and marginalised groups. In conceptualising dominant and counter narratives, sufficient consideration should therefore be given to the possibility that narratives challenging the status quo are not invariably progressive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Biodiversity Conservation Index indicates that biodiversity in the North region is generally better preserved, owing to the larger native vegetation cover and extension of protected areas and indigenous lands, while many states in the South-east and South display lower index values (MMA, 2015). The index, however, does not consider the actual status of ecosystems within protected areas (Chapter 5). Its immense forest resources extend almost 5 million km2 and almost two-thirds of its territory is covered with forest or other wooded land. Nearly all of Brazil’s forests (98.5%) are natural, non-planted forests. While the rate of deforestation has significantly declined, Brazil is the country with the highest average annual reduction in total forest cover (Figure 4.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Indeed, no lasting structural transformation could be achieved without export diversification. A classic argument is that diversifying out of commodities could help exporters escape a longterm decline of their terms of trade (the so-called Prebisch-Singer hypothesis). This argument, however, does not seem to hold any more since many LDCs have actually seen a steady rise in the prices of the commodities they export. Nevertheless, there is strong evidence that a well-diversified economy is resilient to external shocks and creates enhanced opportunities for inclusive growth through better jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It would also be necessary to create a pattern of growth that may lead to the relaxation of structural constraints emerging from the availability of a limited basket of endowments for the poorest. Depending on country specific characteristics, such policies may encompass changing the sectoral pattern of growth, balancing its geographical distribution, making use of appropriate technologies and undertaking similar measures. These policies would be designed to change the nature and distribution of opportunities created by growth in a manner that die poorest would be able to take advantage of an increasingly larger share of opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In doing so, MAGNET accounts for differences in wages and returns to assets between the agricultural and the non-agricultural sector. The module also contains a dynamic component that takes into account the fact that the differences are larger in the short term than in the long term. Land heterogeneity is introduced via a nested constant elasticity of transformation (CET) function.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Cars and other vehicles have also been sent as remittances, especially in Samoa, after the change over to driving on the left in 2009, and are distinguished as a separate category in national remittance data. It was generally accepted that remittances were an important part of the benefits of migration for all Pacific islanders. As early as 1962, Pirie and Barrett (1962: 95) predicted that emigration and the resulting remittances would become central to Samoan economic planning, and quite quickly the predicted level of remittances formed a crucial element in the formulation of early national development plans. More than 50 years ago, Pirie observed that Samoans in New Zealand had remitted some US$15 million and that this was of major assistance to Western Samoa in meeting its overseas payments (1960: 596).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Examples of questions aimed at capturing data on these variables are provided in annex VIII. Additional details about the characteristics of all women respondents are needed to identify groups of women who are at higher risk. This information is critical for developing appropriate responses and interventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As a start, there is a need to reconcile national laws and make them more regulatory, clear, and implementable, so that possibilities for ad hoc decisions related to child marriage are limited. As one example, unifying the minimum legal age of marriage to correspond with the age at which citizens can vote or obtain a driver’s license would provide a clear standard. There is also a need for strict disciplinary mechanisms to hold perpetrators, including judges and family members, accountable for facilitating child marriages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The targeted sanctions adopted by the UN Security Council against individuals and entities suspected of association with terrorism are managed through procedures that infringe fundamental human rights, and there are no mechanisms for actual accountability. With the exception of the ECJ in Kadi, municipal and regional courts tend to consider the UN Security Council's resolutions and domestic measures implementing them outside the scope of judicial review. This article argues that the Security Council is bound to observe human rights even in the context of international security action, and that States are not exonerated from international responsibility for violations committed under the umbrella of Chapter VII resolutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Surface water resources in the territory of the Russian Federation arc estimated to be approximately 0.593 kmVyear, and groundwater resources are 0.0219 kmVyear, fora total of0.6!49 kmVyear in the Russian Federation, or 53,700 mVyear/capita. Of the withdrawal, 87% was for domestic purposes and 13% for agriculture. Flooding is reported to have a widespread but moderate influence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
With regards to the working status of the household head, household financial vulnerability is the lowest amongst self-employed household heads (20 percent), followed by people who work for someone (31.4 percent). A detailed comparison of financially vulnerable households with other households is provided in Table 4.4. The dependant variable is the status of household’s financial vulnerability i.e. if the household is financially vulnerable (1) and otherwise (0).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Portugal is one of the few OECD countries in which electricity intensity (electricity consumption per unit of GDP) increased between 2000 and 2007. From the point of view of energy efficiency, a higher share of diesel vehicles in the fleet means less energy is consumed for the same transport activity (expressed in passenger-kilometres or tonne-kilometres). From the point of view of pollutant emissions, there are strong indications that a larger number of diesel vehicles could result in increased emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Elderly people who volunteer can provide a solution to fill this growing gap, which is particularly pronounced in adult social care services. In London, the funding gap between the supply of and demand for local care services is giowing rapidly, and is expected to rise to GBP 907 million by 2017/18 (London Councils, 2013). Volunteering can play a significant part in creating a more sustainable approach to health and social care. The United Kingdom’s health and social care system already relies on 3 million volunteers and 5 million unpaid caretakers (Naylor, C. et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Such inventions fit our instincts about what "new technology" should look like: unlike paper and shipping containers, they are mysterious and complex, like the organic robot Rachael. Electricity should, by rights, have blossomed in US manufacturing in the 1890s, but in fact it wasn't until the 1920s that electric motors really delivered on their promise, and productivity surged. The older, steam-powered factories had delivered power through awe-inspiring drive-shafts, secondary shafts, belts, belt towers, and thousands of drip-oilers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)