albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Sur la sc&ne intemationale, il a jou6 un role actif en faveur d’un accord mondial visant a limiter le changement climatique d’origine anthropique. Le nouveau gouvemement a repris a son compte les orientations des politiques anterieures dans ce domaine et il introduit actuellement de nouvelles mesures, malgre la rigueur des contraintes budgetaires. Le Royaume-Uni devrait atteindre un taux de reduction de ses emissions sup^rieur & celui de ses objectifs nationaux & court terme et de son objectif au titre du Protocole de Kyoto, et me me ddpasser nombre de pays de l’OCDE quant a la realisation de ce dernier objectif. Mais une partie de ce succes s’explique, non par des mesures explicites de politique climatique, mais par des facteurs ponctuels comme la « rude vers le gaz » et les reductions des emissions d'autres gaz a effet de serre que le C02 dans les annees 90 et la recession recente. Le rythme de decarbonisation du secteur de I’electricite a ete lent et la diffusion des technologies des energies renouvelables est encore limitee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, as benefits could not be estimated and monetised for all categories, the numbers provided were expressed as underestimates of the real benefits. The analysis showed that the estimated benefits are significantly less than the estimated costs, and that costs increase more than the benefits (van der Veeren, 2010). Source: Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, 2007, cited in van der Veeren, 2010). It also raised ethical and general liability considerations (in particular with regards to the responsibility of today’s citizens to keep an adequate state of the aquatic ecosystem for future generations) that justified the need for action even if costs were higher than (measured) benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Amartya Sen’s comparative approach to justice makes clear that notions of justice are shaped by human agency and experience, and both his focus on the ‘internal view’ of well-being that emphasizes suffering as a central feature of illness and his recognition that social and cultural factors shape perceived injustice are critical to this approach. However, Sen questionably depicts the contributions of anthropological research to this project as limited to ‘the sensory dimension of ill-health.’ Focusing on mental health in the context of global justice, I argue that Sen’s treatise on justice can be refined through an ethnographic method that synchronizes attention to (1) cultural knowledge and social relations in ecological settings, (2) fundamental human needs, and (3) levels of analytic specificity involving situations, categories, and events. This method integrates analysis of internal phenomenology and external constraints of political economy and ideology. To demonstrate I discuss three cases involving...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nevertheless, capacity credits remain low in the best of cases, usually in the 10% range or below. Furthermore, the capacity credit declines with increasing penetration of variable renewable resources, as stable 24 hour demand needs to be met and the system no longer can rely on the fortuitous matching of intermittent supply and peak demand. Their advantage, however, is that such outages are rarely correlated and can frequently be co-ordinated over time (see Chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Results of the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) show that participation in ECEC is strongly associated with better reading performance at age 15, even after accounting for students' socio-economic background. In 2012, on average across OECD countries, 41% of students with no pre-primary education performed below the baseline proficiency level in mathematics, compared to 30% of students who had attended pre-primary education for less than a year and 20% of students who had attended pre-primary education for more than a year. The difference in the share of low performers between students with no pre-primary education and students with more than a year of pre-primary education is statistically significant in all EU22 countries1 except Estonia, Ireland and Latvia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Abstract   This paper presents an innovative operationalization of world-system analysis through attributional data, and makes use of an innovative Artificial Neural Network computational tool, the Auto-Contractive Map (AutoCM), to analyze the core-periphery structure of a database including five well-known, publicly available indicators that can jointly be considered an empirical proxy of an open society formulation of Western governmentality: World Competitiveness Index, Freedom of Press Index, Economic Freedom Index, Corruption Perception Index, and UNDP Human Development Index. We find clear evidence of a core-periphery structure in the data, which is largely coherent with a benchmark version obtained through an alternative computational method, the Self-Organizing Map (SOM). Moreover, we find that the resulting meta-geography of the world-system is still shaped by the colonialist geopolitics of the British Commonwealth as the key organizational backbone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This report gives more details for specific countries to switch away from fossil fuel subsidies and to swap savings toward renewable energy and energy efficiency. Potential future SWAPs between fossil fuel subsidies and sustainable energy are provided for Bangladesh, Indonesia, Morocco and Zambia. These countries were identified based on a process of prioritizing developing and emerging economies with significant subsidies, in the process of (or facing) reform and to whom support could be directed. Itthen details support that has been lent to the issue domestically and internationally from the Nordic countries and more broadly from other organizations and venues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The previous law had a number of shortcomings, including inadequate regulatory and procedural requirements for the control and management of controlled drugs and substances (the description and categorization of drug-related offences were not clearly outlined), the absence of penal provisions for drug-related offences, the lack of a basis for determining the magnitude of such offences, and the absence of provisions on the need for and validity of drug test requirements. The new and comprehensive law restored the balance between demand reduction and supply reduction and addresses shortcomings of the Act of 2005. To improve port security and prevent the illegal use of sea containers in transnational organized criminal activities including drug and precursor trafficking, Bangladesh and Nepal joined the Container Control Programme of UNODC and WCO in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The civil rights movement in the United States drew strength from supporters of human rights worldwide. Once U.S. policy makers - influenced by international pressure, the courage of ordinary American citizens, and a desire for global leadership - had signed such documents as the United Nations charter, domestic calls for change could be based squarely on the moral authority of doctrines the United States endorsed abroad. This is one of the many fascinating links between racial politics and international affairs explored in Window on Freedom. Broad in chronological scope and topical diversity, the ten original essays presented here demonstrate how the roots of U.S. foreign policy have been embedded in social, economic, and cultural factors of domestic as well as foreign origin. They argue persuasively that the campaign to realize full civil rights for racial and ethnic minorities in America is best understood in the context of competitive international relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Within each pathway, a number of more detailed measures are defined. In addition, within the NDC landscape the Nordic countries are well positioned to help build "the financing system we need for climate action AND from the global Agenda 2030 perspective", and support the required financial sector and fiscal reforms not only in improving "conduciveness" of policies but also breaking apart unconducive policies such as the fossil-fuel subsidy schemes in an equitable and peaceful manner. Overall Nordic countries have been actively involved in adaptation funding through multilateral agencies with a strong adaptation mandate and addressed adaptation through crosscutting initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, the larger lesson is that successful agricultural development may require linking primary production to local processing in order to make the primary production a viable economic activity. These farms account for a large share of the rural population and their low income is a major factor in the large gap between urban and rural income in the state. The creation of a dual system of farmland ownership set in place the foundation for a dual structure of agriculture by removing the possibility of using land as collateral for loans for farmers on ejidos.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Among Tajik migrants (GMER 2016), again with no significant difference between the sexes, there were more respondents who wanted to live in the Russian Federation (29 per cent), 24 per cent said that they would like to come back home, 34 per cent would like to move back and forth between the countries, 9 per cent did not know, and 4 per cent said that they would like to move to another country. Males much more often expressed willingness to return to Uzbekistan while females much more often expressed their lack of specific plans (figure 21). In the last 10 years, cell phones and Internet connections became cheaper, which together with the emergence of various Internet technologies ("Voice over Internet Protocol" as well as various instant-messaging services, such as Skype and Imo) make it much easier for migrants in the Russian Federation to keep in touch with people back home in Central Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The most efficient vehicles, such as various hybrids, already come very close. The challenge will be to make the average vehicle in 2030 similar to the very best today. A related challenge will be to avoid letting vehicles get ever larger and more powerful, as this offsets the fuel economy benefits of the available technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Many citizens across the globe suffer domination and injustice in silence. It is not a silence of apathy or approval, but is another sort of silent citizenship born of deep inequality. This article attempts to come to terms with the global scope of silent citizenship as a form of domination that has become increasingly common among the worst-off in society. I argue that identifying problems of silent citizenship requires us to give priority to injustice over justice in future efforts to promote global justice. To illustrate how this might be done, I broaden the scope of republican theories of nondomination to consider how they might be applied to silent citizenship from a global perspective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Evidence suggests that current choice systems tend to favour the most resourceful parents and children. Under a new policy proposal, every guardian would be required to choose a school for their child to attend. In the National Strategy for Knowledge and Equal Opportunities Report (Nationell strategi for kunskap och likvardighet), the Swedish School Commission (Skolkommission) recognises that the term ‘compulsory’ may be too strong, explaining that guardians should never be forced to submit an application to a school, in the case a guardian does not submit an application, a school placement would be decided upon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, most countries established pre-emptive/oversight institutions for ensuring gender equality (parliaments or parliamentary committees, see Box 4.5, commissions in political executives or advisory councils to ministries or the political executive), while 68% of countries have institutions that use “corrective” methods for addressing gender equality grievances (ombudsmen or judicial commissions that adjudicate claims). Half of the 22 respondents to the OECD survey indicated that they use parliamentary committees in charge of gender equality as a tool for oversight on the progress of gender equality (see Figure 4.6). Such Committees also make an important element of gender-sensitive parliaments (see the International Parliamentary Union’s action plan for gender-sensitive parliaments, which promotes the integration of gender mainstreaming in parliamentary activities, Box 4.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are two well known rules of law which are applied by English courts when one of the parties seeks to rely upon standards found in public international law. Regarding customary international law, Brownlie suggests that this is the rule: 'customary rules are to be considered part of the law of the land and enforced as such with the qualification that they are incorporated only so far as is not inconsistent with Acts of Parliament or prior judicial decision of final authority." However, 'treaties are only part of English law if an enabling Act of Parliament has been passed.'2 Rather than being automatically incorporated like custom, treaty law must be transformed by the legislature if English courts are to be able to apply it.3
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is highest in Denmark, other Nordic countries, France and the United Kingdom at 0.8% of GDP or above. These countries are generally among the countries with the highest participation rates, except for Finland, because of the widely used entitlement to home-care leave (see above). In these countries, children often use formal childcare facilities on a part-time basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A group of some fifteen very large grain holdings had also emerged by the mid-2000s, which account for a significant part of grain exports from Kazakhstan, but exact share is difficult to estimate. Three agroholdings (KazExportAstyk, Atameken-Agro and Alibi) became public companies and issued bonds to finance their operations. Exact data on the sizes of agroholdings are not available, however some estimates indicate that the biggest agroholding controls more than 1 million hectares and at least 10 agroholdings operate arable land of more than 100 000 hectares each.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Further, members of the PAP account for just over a third of all development support to Mozambique. Some of the current members (e.g. Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain) have announced that they will end their budget support, while others (e.g. Sweden) are becoming more reluctant to provide this form of support. Lastly, some members of the PAP (e.g. the UN and USAID) do not provide budget support but rather support projects and loans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The generation gap grows wider because young people are continually recreating their identity and developing ways of seeing the world that are shaped by connectivity and risk, further distancing themselves from the adult world. All this translates into various forms of discrimination against young people and into the stigmatization of youth (ECLAC/OU, 2008). Several studies have pointed out that the frustrations felt by young men as a result of unemployment often give rise to illness, increased violence among youth gangs, interpersonal conflict and domestic violence. Among women, unemployment leads to greater economic dependence on men, which in turn can lead to increased violence against women (Moser and van Bronkhorst, 1999). The social exclusion that unemployed young people experience every day, in a context of mass consumption, accounts for a structural dimension to violence that affects young people in the economic sphere. Indeed, there appears to be some consensus that what young people receive as structural violence they return as social violence (De Roux, 1993).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Current approaches to base flow vary by region. For example, the Waikato region sets minimum base flows as a percentage of the one in five year 7-day low flow following detailed habitat and river studies. In the case of England and Wales, non-consumptive uses are included in the abstraction management system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
With 6.3 practicing nurses per 1 000 population in Italy in 2011 (compared to the OECD average of 8.8 per 1 000 population), there are concerns about shortage of nurses who constitute a relatively small group of health workers. In 2011, the ratio of nurses to physicians was one of the lowest among OECD countries, at 1.6 nurses per doctor compared to an average of 2.8 in OECD countries. Regions are today entirely responsible for legislative and administrative functions for planning health care activities with mostly all policies developed and implemented by region and autonomous province.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For instance, there is relatively little information on marine biodiversity and on invertebrate species and microorganisms, as well as how various plant, animal and micro-organism species contribute to ecological functions and health of the environment. There is need for greater communication among researchers, policy makers and on-ground biodiversity managers as w'ell as improved alignment of research with priorities for biodiversity conservation in order to make data and information readily usable by stakeholders beyond the scientific community. Accordingly, Target 8 of the NBSAP is that by 2015, nationally agreed science and knowledge priorities for biodiversity conservation guide research activities. Moreover, existing data are scattered among various institutions in and outside the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Water logics and hydrological boundaries cut across administrative frontiers and perimeters. Water governance and water resources management takes place at various spatial scales, both in their ecological and political dimensions. First, the hydrological system with its different levels from small catchments to large river basins plays a prominent role, from the individual water body to the global climate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Other short-term effects are those of the transfer on the actual beneficiary in the case of transfers to the elderly and subsequent impact on retirement age (see Piggott et al., A study by Mitra (2009) on the generous South African Disability Grant (DG) finds negative effects on broad labour force participation (includes discouraged workers who would be willing to work if an offer was made to them but would remain unemployed otherwise as they do not actively engage in job search) of older men (55-64). The study finds no significant impact on the labour force participation based on the narrow definition (which only includes the unemployed who actively search for a job) implying that less stringent screening techniques pushed out the discouraged workers from the labour force while not impacting the existing labour force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Although there are some variations in the detailed definitions that are used, the following descriptions offer a useful indication of how the terms 'formal', 'non-formal' and 'informal' are commonly applied to education and learning. Non-formal learning has many manifestations but examples would include village-based literacy classes for adults and training of coaches in a sports club. The iSpot Nature web site offers an online example of self directed and collaborative learning where users learn to identify and appreciate flora and fauna through sharing information on an online community (Box 1.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Private climate finance is expected to play an important role, both in the context of the USD 100 bn climate finance commitment, as well as more broadly, whilst also presenting an opportunity for the private sector and investors. Thus, the key requirement is to strike the right balance between investors’ appetite for risk and reward. Effectively mobilising private investments to finance climate-friendly and/or climate resilient activities therefore requires establishing enabling environments and domestic investment conditions that incentivise and align investment opportunities with the need for climate finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Poverty rates among children and female-headed households are also the lowest of the AIE group (Folbre 2008, UNRISD 2010). Higher wages for women in the public sector, for instance, would be consonant with more domestic aggregate demand and increased investments in human capacities, either through private spending or public provision financed by higher taxes. The high road supply side reinforces this result, as higher wages and market participation among women raise human capacities production. The latter threat is one that mirrors anxieties that these economies can no longer afford their generous social welfare programmes, particularly as societies age or become more globally integrated in ways that make labour costs more significant in determining absolute and comparative advantages. Recent efforts to raise investments in children among a number of European countries are one possible response (more will be said about this below when we discuss social investment).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Population growth will increase the demand for food, which will, in turn, exert pressure on the agriculture sector to increase productivity. This situation will be further exacerbated by changing consumption and dietary patterns with increasing preference for quality, food safety and convenience foods. Asian countries will experience increasing urbanization and rising middle-class incomes, which will have a huge impact on the region's future food consumption patterns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The chapter should include an analysis of customary sustainable use of biological diversity and its indirect effect on biodiversity, local livelihood and human well-being. The chapter should assess how to manage slow variables and feedbacks. An example of a slow variable is soil erosion, where time-diminished soil organic matter can result in lower productivity over time. The Nordic Assessment should include knowledge on historical ecology, natural resource management, and rural history should also be included when assessing governance options.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Economic Analysis of Land LJse in Global Climate Change Policy, Routledge, London and New York, pp. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Global Trade, Assistance, and Production: The GTAP 8 Data Base, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Purdue University, Chapter 10D. Available at https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/5668.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Available at: https://www.h2.scb.se/tus/tus/default.htm. [ Cited 6th August 2012]. Environmental awareness among Estonian population]. Keskkonnaministeerium, Keskkonnainvesteeringute Keskus, Turu-uurignute AS 2012. Available at: http://www.envir.ee/orb.aw/class=file/ action=preview/id=1187006/Eesti+elanike+keskkonnateadlikkus2012aruanne. Nature Protection Development plan 2020].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For these reasons governments should refrain from over-zoning and constraining the density of urban development, while still providing well-located industrial land and space for streets. Government intervention is also needed to foster social mixing and to reduce barriers between communities, including provision of affordable housing in a range of urban locations. Weak transport connections between industries and workers harm industrial productivity and job seekers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)