albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Pratiquement tous les modeles tiennent compte des evolutions demographiques de la population et certains considerent en particulier des scenarios concemant Tetat de sante potentiel des personnes agees a Tavenir. Toutefois, les modeles consideres ici designent Tinnovation dans les soins comme le facteur le plus important de la croissance des depenses de sante. Sur ces facteurs il existe peu de resultats empiriques qui pourraient servir de base au developpement des modeles. Les hypotheses sous-jacentes aux differents modeles ont souvent une forte influence sur les resultats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, food price increases are generally beneficial for the agro-rural poor who at the very least will see their earning opportunities expand and negative for the urban poor who spend a very large proportion of their income on food and are directly made worse off by any increase in price. Moreover, the winners and losers are not always distinct groups and some people could win in some ways and lose in others. But when the poor are at the losing end of integration, they are less capable of coping with adjustment, and the effects can be long lasting, particularly when family investments in health and education are affected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It must be noted that even if 90% of government employees are in SNGs, it does not mean that the country is decentralised. The fact that local authorities, like the akims, are appointed by central government, or the oblast government in the case of rayons, means that the subnational administrations are deconcentrated units of central government, rather than autonomous self-governments. Government employees at subnational levels can thus be considered central government employees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Furthermore, the new World Bank poverty line does not seem to have considered the United States inflation rate, had it been used, the dollar a day (later $ 1.08 a day) line should have become $1.45 a day in 2005, with obvious implications for corresponding poverty estimates. Reddy argues that the Bank’s poverty line is not only flawed, but also not very useful for policy purposes. He argues that much less weight should be given to the Bank’s poverty estimates in monitoring MDG 1 to reduce poverty and hunger by half from 1990 to 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Thus, pensions often redistribute comparatively less across different individuals. Other transfers are usually more progressive, although how much depends on their design, e.g. the relative portion of flat versus income-related benefits. In most countries, family and housing benefits are either universal or means-tested, thus involving more redistribution across individuals. The data shown here exclude private mandatory spending which accounts for an important share of total social spending in some countries (in particular Chile, Germany and Switzerland).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For example, the technical aim of the Puno-Cusco Corredorproject was to strengthen rural entrepreneurship through public competitions. Institutional innovations allowed poor indigenous women and men to sit alongside government officials to manage the competition process, thus changing the quality of the relationship and giving people an opportunity to develop their leadership skills.10 Enhancing the possibility of such multiplier effects needs understanding and optimising the relations between different kinds of empowerment, as in the case of a cash transfer programme in Malawi that required women to get identity cards, leading them to gain a new sense of identity and the belief that their government could no longer ignore them (Good Practice Note 2. Women’s economic empowerment).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Various kinds of ICTs help firms in all sectors to manage their resources more efficiently, access the information needed for better business decision-making, reduce the costs of business transactions and enhance their ability to bring their products and services to customers. Consequently, it is useful to consider ways to enhance business use of ICTs in the context of private sector development. To promote ICTs within firms, governments need to provide an enabling environment that is conducive to business use of ICTs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In addition, it serves as a transition to knowledge-intensive economies (Gelvanovska et al., In Kenya, for example, the mobile money platform, M-PESA, of Safaricom, is leading a business revolution, with positive implications for faster and efficient transactions and financial inclusion. In 2016, Safaricom had more than 25 million registered M-PESA subscribers (Safaricom, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While acknowledging the importance of reducing forest-related emissions in all countries, the political interest and emphasis given to REDD+ as a key instrument to realizing forest-based emission reductions reflects the critical role of developing countries in reducing emissions from deforestation. More specifically, the section assesses the technical potential for reducing emissions through forest-related activities in developing countries based on a review of the published literature. The technical potential represents the full biophysical potential of a mitigation option without accounting for economic or other constraints (as defined in Smith et al, 2014, p. 847).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The first one is an outward-shift of the demand curve and the second is a price reduction. The shift of the demand curve can occur because of the broader penetration of high speed broadband. The price reduction is a result of productivity gains and competition. In the case of deployment of high-speed broadband infrastructures, competition becomes effective at the applications layer. This development is responsible for an increase in consumer surplus in future periods compared to former periods. In Figure 6 the consumer surplus is the area between the demand curve and the market price.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
An example is a case where the derivative significantly increases the efficacy of the medical product, thus contributing important benefits to society. This is the approach taken under the new Indian patent law. Article 3(d) of the new Indian Patent Act has pushed subject matter exclusions in the area of medicines further than most other known patent laws.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
New data sources, most notably remote-sensing satellite imagery, are offering exciting opportunities to understand the urban footprint and how it is changing over time. Moreover, “big data” sources, such as cell phone signals, can shed light on people’s mobility in and around cities, which could provide useful information for city planners. Governments need to develop policies and guidelines for the accessibility and use of such new data sources, including safeguards for privacy and confidentiality. Traditional data collection systems on migration, including censuses, surveys and administrative records, should be strengthened.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A pregnant worker is entitled to mandatory rest during the six weeks preceding the birth and the six weeks following. The wage is as agreed upon in the employment contract, but may not be less than the legal minimum wage. Internal work regulations may contain instructions for preventing occupational hazards, and for providing first aid in the event of an accident. In the event of accidents or illness, the worker will only receive the medical attention and indemnities agreed by the laws on workplace accidents or social security, under the modalities and conditions specified by said laws. Workers whose contracts end upon retirement for old age or other reason will receive compensation equivalent to severance benefits, if the pension is granted by the Dominican Social Security Institute.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Additional resources, including from access fees, will be needed to continue this expansion and to assure effective management. The ecosystems covered should be more representative, and take into account the conservation gaps identified in 2010. Further support should be provided for the establishment and effective management of biological corridors, and management programmes should be developed and implemented in all protected areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Arab spring has highlighted once more the European Union's failure to bring about democratic change in the Middle East and North Africa through its Mediterranean democracy promotion policy. However, Arab authoritarian countries engage to different degrees in cooperation on democracy promotion, giving the EU more or less influence on domestic institutional change related to political participation, respect for human rights, and the rule of law. A comparison of domestic change and cooperation in Morocco and Tunisia in 2000–2010 shows that the EU has been instrumental in supporting and potentially reinforcing domestic reform initiatives. Yet the EU cannot trigger domestic institutional change in the first place. The degree of political liberalisation determines the fit between the domestic political agenda and external demands for reforms. It reflects different ‘survival strategies’ between political inclusion and exclusion and is therefore a scope condition for rather than the result of cooperation and ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The OECD has worked for a long time on strengthening the capacity of public finance institutions in the EECCA region. This experience could become the foundation to support both EECCA countries and their development co-operation partners in strengthening the capacity of such entities to better manage internal and external finance resources. For instance, such work could help the countries identify and select investment projects, monitor the effectiveness of their projects in light of the countries’ climate and other development goals, and make use of financial resources more cost-efficient. There include: reviewing, in the light of pursuing the targets under their INDCs, the rules and procedures relating to such national (funding) entities, which govern their decision-making process and management practices, examining the predictability and reliability of their sources of finance, analysing their expenditure plans and disbursement mechanisms, and understanding criteria for identifying and selecting investment projects for financing from the funding entity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
To receive payments, dialysis providers must meet the clinical quality targets. Failure to meet these targets results in Ministry of Health warnings, followed by payment suspensions and potential withdrawal of clinical licences. A preliminary (albeit not independent) analysis of around half of all clinics revealed improvements in all quality indicators between 2008 and 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This decision formally requests members to consider certain guidelines when developing their rules of origin frameworks for least developed countries, it was, however, not legally binding. Building upon the 2013 guidelines, the LDC Group introduced a proposal on 20 October 2015 for consideration in the Nairobi Ministerial Conference. The LDC Group proposal calls for the adoption of a number of changes to make it easier to comply with preferential rules of origin. For instance, it specifies simple and transparent methods for determining "substantial transformation", and asks for additional "cumulation" possibilities. In addition, it also seeks to simplify documentary elements by, for instance, proposing to abolish certain certificates of non-manipulation, and recognizing self-certification of origin. While members have said they are ready to work with the LDC Group on the issue in a constructive manner, several have expressed concerned that the proposal appears to call for binding rules whereas the Bali Decision granted countries flexibility in the application of the guidelines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Expansion of irrigated areas without improving irrigation efficiency results in lower average yields in southern and Western Europe (and in North American vegetable yields) due to increased water scarcity for irrigation. In all other regions, the expansion of irrigation leads to greater productivity as agriculture production benefits from having a larger proportion of more productive irrigated areas. When improved efficiency is coupled with irrigation area expansion, agriculture can further benefit as the reduced demand for water per hectare reduces the constraints on water use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
But it can also be oppressive and exploitative, hampering caregivers’ opportunities and enjoyment of rights. As the feminist economist Diane Elson puts it, the fact that much unpaid care work “is done for love, does not mean that we always love doing it. Although the state may not finance or deliver all forms of support, it has a duty to ensure that such support is available, accessible and of adequate quality for everyone. But women's time is not "infinitely elastic," and coping strategies can produce unintended outcomes.4 In the context of health crises, girls can miss out on school because of time spent fetching water and looking after bed-ridden family members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The waste collection rate in rural areas is even lower and often unorganized. Most collected waste (68 per cent) is sent untreated to illegal dumpsites. There is an informal recycling sector, in which valuable waste items are recovered by waste pickers at the landfill sites. Informal recycling is practised in precarious conditions by approximately 15,000 waste pickers. The most recycled types of waste are paper, metals, plastics and glass. The estimated quantity of recycled waste is given in table 8.2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Further teclmical advances allowed for genes representing desirable traits, like drought-resistance, to be directly inserted into plants. The latter, better known as genetically modified organisms (GMOs), stripped the seed cultivation process of its randomness. Agricultural research in Nepal goes back to the establishment of the Department of Agriculture in the early 1920s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Although these outcomes vary across socio-economic groups, the disparities are small compared to other OECD countries, suggesting a relatively equitable compulsory education system (OECD, 2010a). The country also benefits from high attainment rates at the tertiary level. Because of the impossibility of using human capital as collateral, financing constraints on investments in education prevent the instantaneous flow of financial capital to where rates of return are highest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Background paper for World Economic and Social Survey 2008. Evolving structure of world agricultural trade and requirements for new world trade rules. Paper presented at the FAO Expert Meeting on How to Feed the World in 2050, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 24-26 June 2009. Sharma, Krishnan, Arun Kashyap, Manuel Montes, and Paul Ladd (2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Other estimates in the literature end up around the same level: e.g. 51% (Fischer et al, 2007) to 60% (Fraiture et al., For the manufacturing sector and for electricity production, OECD 2008 calculations were used as the starting point. While water use in different industrial sectors can vary significantly, an overall average relationship with total industrial value added was assumed per geographical region, according to assumed regional structure of the sector and technological level. Over time this relationship was adapted according to assumed structural sector shifts and technological progress. A water balance can be established for each grid cell (see Chapter 1), taking account of land-use patterns, natural vegetation, crop distribution and management, climate parameters (temperature, precipitation and CO2 concentration), and soil parameters. This shows the resulting run-off per grid cell, i.e. the amount that ends up in river systems, lakes and dams, and the volumes available for downstream extraction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In addition, primary prevention activities such as tobacco control programmes have also had a real impact on CVD mortality. A number of countries have used the so-called IMPACT model to explain the changes in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates observed in a population. This model, developed by academics at the University of Liverpool, uses longitudinal data on major population risk factors (smoking, high systolic blood pressure, elevated total blood cholesterol, obesity, diabetes and physical inactivity), and from medical and surgical treatments to quantify the contribution that treatments and risk factor reductions has made to the decline in CHD mortality (Capewell et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The long travel times involved in the coastal corridor are compounded by the lack of modem and efficient rail infrastructure. In this geography, combined with typical obstacles to cross-border integration, Western Scandinavia currently lacks a clear unifying vision for development. While Western Scandinavia mostly functions around its three large metropolitan areas, signs of grow'ing interlinkages between them underline their potential to work closer together as a megaregion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Some countries have specialised working groups or "innovation networks” - involving industiy, institutions, government, academia and experts - in thematic areas such as skills, education, sectors (e.g. manufacturing, agriculture), etc. These groups facilitate the creation of policy roadmaps and innovation agendas, which will nourish the design of strategies and policy programmes at a higher level. A corollary of this increased accountability is the importance attached to policy monitoring and evaluation in good governance practices. This, in turn, requires a sound and reliable system of STI indicators and innovation statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Security is tied to both social, political and economic growth and development of Nigeria. The negligence of the security sector is responsible for the non-performance of democratic governance and its attendant violent crimes, such as armed robbery, ethnic crisis, electoral violence, kidnapping, police brutality, etc. The relationship between democratic governance and security is not automatic in Nigeria. Therefore this paper uses available sources of data as its method or technique of data collection and analyse the missing gaps between security and development. The paper advance its findings and suggest some recommendations, some of which are, provision of an appropriate infrastructure for good governance, rule of law, overhauling the security sector to meet the challenges of law enforcement, surveillance and protective service delivery, creation of employment opportunities, and programmes to embark on total moral re-orientation of the citizens among others.   DOI:  10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n13p187
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Several interviewees expressed their satisfaction with the new approach. It might be the case, however, that the Ministry has lost a platform specifically for building more alignment across the components of the system. For instance, one of the advisers tested the conceptual framework for technology in a number of schools before it was finalised. Furthermore, in the small umbrella organisations, teachers and school leaders are often more involved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
During the winter of 2011/12, the plant bought milk for KZT 51-52 per litre, KZT 2-3 higher than at city processing plants (75 km from the village). The milk price was KZT 35-40 per litre during the summer period. The collector informs households from whom he collects milk for the month on the milk price.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, because of their geographical location, reliance on climate-sensitive natural resources and development gaps in general, developing countries, and low-income countries in particular, are at the greatest risk of climate hazards. Left unattended, climate hazards are likely to increase poverty, worsen inequalities, exacerbate food insecurity and cause health problems, among other hardships, which may reverse years of development progress in some countries. These impacts are largely determined by deep-rooted socioeconomic inequalities. As a result, they tend to be particularly detrimental to the most disadvantaged groups of society, which are hence disproportionately exposed and vulnerable to climate hazards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Asa proportion of Gross National Income (GNI)114 per capita, values range from less than one to over 100 with the median at 9.2. To put this in some context, the Broadband Commission established a target that the price of Internet access should be less than five percent of per capita income by 2015.115 In 2016, the vast majority of LDCs (30) still exceed that target. In other words, in some cases the problem is low incomes and not high tariffs. Rwanda, for example, has the eighth lowest price among LDCs for a 500 MB of mobile Internet. However, as a proportion of per capita income, the figure for Rwanda is 4.4% whereas for Bhutan, it is 0.8%. 201S. Bangladesh ICT Use and Access by Individuals and Households Bangladesh 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While economists have tools to provide proxy values for these non-marketed goods and services (e.g. contingent valuation) there application to guide policy decisions can be difficult. As a consequence the short-run marginal cost of water supply for irrigation systems can be very low except for the costs of pumping water through the delivery system. These characteristics of water supply make it likely that there will be a monopoly supplier in any given area, requiring a high degree of managerial and social control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Examples are the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Finland, Ireland, Norway, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland, as well as non-OECD countries like Morocco and Hinisia.) To be effective, this organisational framework requires strongly co-ordinated and coherent policy development and implementation. In addition, frameworks that combine gender equality with family and/or children’s affairs may risk confining women narrowly to their roles as mothers and caregivers. To oversee gender equality issues, others have independent commissions (Australia, Belgium, Israel, Luxembourg and New Zealand) and/or human rights commissions (Australia, Ireland, Mexico and New Zealand). A number of countries use “ombuds-offices” to oversee the implementation of gender initiatives and to keep gender concerns on the policy agenda (including the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Mexico, Norway, and Sweden). Such violations include issues of equal pay for equal work or equal access to education (OECD, 2008, describes measures against labour market discrimination in greater detail).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Sickness Compensation is awarded to adults 30 years old or more on much the same basis, except they are permanent disability benefits (as opposed to the temporary three-year benefit as under Activity Compensation). According to Sweden’s 2012 National Public Health Report, mental disorders - including such afflictions as depression, schizophrenia, chronic fatigue syndrome, mental disabilities, personality disorders and drug abuse -combined with musculoskeletal disorders account for 76% of all new disability claims amongst women, and 65% of similar claims amongst men in 2006 (National Board of Health and Welfare, 2012). The most commonly diagnosed issues amongst these conditions are depression, adjustment disorders, reactions to stress and anxiety disorders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)