albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Indonesia, Southeast Asia's most populous state and its largest economy, was deeply affected by the economic crisis of 1997–1998. Its economic contraction in 1998, of over 13%, was the sharpest among all four crisis-affected East Asian economies. This followed three decades of virtually uninterrupted, rapid economic growth. The country's economic crisis was accompanied by regime collapse, resulting in the departure of then President Suharto after 32 years of authoritarian rule. This paper examines the country's socioeconomic development in the decade since the crisis, in the context of the earlier growth, and the very different institutions of economic governance operating under the new democratic regime of weakened central authority and many more economic policy actors. The main conclusions are that growth and macroeconomic stability have been restored surprisingly quickly, but that microeconomic policy and the investment climate are less predictable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, in wine-producing countries wine is traditionally consumed with meals (popular in rural areas) whereas in northern European countries wine drinking is associated with modern living styles and is an element of social life (popular in urban areas) (Simpura and Karlsson, 2001). Social norms shape drinking behaviour's: they determine when, in what contexts and how often people drink, and what levels of drinking are considered acceptable (SIRC, 1998). Men and women who are more educated or have higher socioeconomic status are more likely to be alcohol drinkers in the past 12 months, but they often differ in their propensity to engage in hazardous drinking behaviours. Lower educated men are more likely than those with more education to engage in hazardous and heavy episodic drinking, while the opposite is true for women in most of the countries examined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While buffer stocks have an explicit market price objective, social safety nets focus on the provision of cereals or food at subsidised prices. Emergency stocks will not be considered as they are only released to provide emergency relief and are not intended to influence domestic market prices. First of all, most stockholding programmes have multiple purposes and often one agency is tasked with completing several objectives. Second, the goals for holding public stocks can change over time. That is, a stock that was acquired with the purpose of stabilising domestic prices can be used for food distribution programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
If land use-related emissions are included, however, the picture changes dramatically, giving it 5% of global emissions and making Brazil the fourth-largest emitter after China, the United States and the EU. The per capita figure increases to 12 tonnes per year.44 This reflects the fact that agriculture and forestry play a major role in the Brazilian economy, with deforestation responsible for over half the country's current greenhouse gas emissions, and the fact that biofuels constitute a substantial part of its energy mix. According to McKinsey45 the opportunities from land use put Brazil among the five countries with the greatest potential to reduce emissions by 2030 - and at a comparatively low cost. Nonetheless, the Brazilian economy is projected to grow considerably, and the possibility of increased emission intensities raises questions about the future trajectory of Brazilian emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The criteria for evaluating this requirement have been reduced to the turning in of the document, rather than to the evaluation of specific information and analysis in it. Analysis of the Mexico City-Toluca rail project is provided in the next section of this chapter. The Metrolinx Mobility Hub Guidelines are available at: www.mctrolinx.com/en/proicctsandprograins/mobilitvhubs/mobilitY hub guidelines, aspx (accessed 18 August 2015). The Toluca metropolitan zone is composed of 23 municipalities in the State of Mexico. See Government of Mexico City (2014d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Some of the recommendations of the expert commission are highly consistent with OECD best practices. To make the pension system more sustainable and improve replacement rates, the required contribution rates should be gradually raised from 10% to 14%. In addition, to make the system more inclusive, reforms could focus on increasing the level of the solidarity pension (available to the bottom 60% of households), to improve replacement rates, notably for women and the poor. The reform should increase the statutory retirement age, equalising the retirement age of men and women at 65 years, and periodically review the retirement age to be consistent with life expectancy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The majority of hydropower plants are in private hands and further donor investment is sought. Installed capacity' is 1,300 MW and annual projected capacity is 3.8 billion kWh. The share of energy exports is expected to increase threefold by 2012 as compared with 2007. Sewerage collecting systems exist in about 40 towns, but only 70 per cent of the urban population is connected to the sewerage system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The new control technology directly links DC components to the DC source to reduce conversion losses, leading to efficient use of the green power generated by solar panels. The power generation by solar panels is also expected to increase in the future. With the new system, excess power from solar panels can be charged in batteries without flowing into the network. The equipment can be installed in operating base stations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The simplification of development into eight goals amenable to quantitative measurement has reduced the development agenda to a plan for meeting basic material needs, leaving it stripped of the distinct vision for development found in the Millennium Declaration, one that emphasizes social justice and human rights for all. For these countries, the need to invest in the development of their human resources and generate productive employment opportunities is imperative. Other countries will experience a shrinking in their labour forces. For these countries, which also include middle-income developing countries, a major concern is whether a relatively smaller labour force will be able to support a growing dependent population at an acceptable level of welfare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Biodiversity mainstreaming can focus on enabling environments at local, national or global levels. It can also focus on development policy, legislation, land-use planning, finance, taxation, economic incentives, international trade, capacity building, research and technology. In addition, it can focus on commodity chains and certification targeted at promoting conservation and sustainable use of major natural resources. Entry points interact and are located at different levels of governance (Figure 1.1). For example, including attention to biodiversity and ecosystem services within a national or sector development plan is a key step in the mainstreaming process but will not result in changed outcomes on the ground if there is no budget allocated to implement the plan. Similarly, doing so will be insufficient if subnational and sector-level activities are not co-ordinated and aligned with the national vision and strategy (Drutschinin et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The value or income is seldom known or registered, or covers only part of the forest sector (e.g. private versus public ownership). Probably the best documented marketed services are hunting and fishing licences. About half of the reporting countries provided data on hunting licences, which are one of the most important traditional services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Similarly, in Honduras, Nicaragua and Peru, 40 percent of all agricultural producers were credit-constrained (World Bank, 2007). In part, this is also because informal credit is often very expensive (Banerjee and Duflo, 2007). In many countries, addressing credit market failures, through special programmes, credit guarantee schemes and specialized banks, is a priority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Other such FTAs are United States-Australia, United States-Singapore, and United States-Viet Nam. Later US FTAs no longer contain this limitation. United States copyright law historically contained a “manufacturing clause”, which originally limited copyright protection to works printed in the United States. The purpose was to promote the local printing industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were criticised for failing to address the issue of governance, and the associated notions of responsibility and accountability. The Sustainable Development Goals, we argue, need to recognise the structural constraints facing poor countries – the power imbalances in the global economic system that limit their ability to promote the prosperity and well-being of their people, as was clearly brought out by the Commission on Global Governance for Health, of which we were both members [Ottersen, O. P., J. Dasgupta, C. Blouin, Paulo Buss, Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong, Julio Frenk, Sakiko Fukuda-Parr, et al. 2014. “The Political Origins of Health Inequality: Prospects for Change.” Lancet 383: 630–667]. This article is divided into three parts. We begin by making the case for a global justice perspective which emphasises the responsibility – and hence also accountability – of international organisations and rule-making bodies. We next demonstrate the limitations of accountabi...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For a sample of 23 OECD countries, OECD (2011) showed that the growth in female employment tended to have an equalising effect on household earnings in all the countries studied, despite substantial differences in employment levels and type of employment and in pay gaps across countries. It then examines how changes in the distribution of female eamings and hours of work have affected the evolution of individual eamings and household income inequality for the period from the late 1980s up to the economic crisis. While most of the literature looks at aggregate employment trends, the analyses below decompose different employment types (full-time/part-time, full-year/part-year) to analyse the impact of changing patterns of women’s employment in more detail. The three pathways through which women’s labour market participation affect the distribution of household income discussed here are: first, trends in individual gross eamings, second, trends in household gross earnings, and, finally, total household disposable income (after taxes and transfers).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example in 2010, when 24 million households headed by someone age 62 and older were homeowners only about 2 to 3% actually had a reverse mortgage (Bowen Bishop and Shan, 2008, see also CFPB, 2012). For low-income households with housing equity in the bottom 20% of the distribution, the annuity from a reverse mortgage would represent 11% of their income, while for those in the top 20% it would be 35%. Low-income households with average housing equity of around EUR 300 000 could draw an annuity from a reverse mortgage that would account for 24% of disposable income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For reference, the issue has been a central part of the discussion on heat pumps in Denmark, where electricity use for heat pumps has not only been subject to payments for distribution and transmission tariffs (around 25 EUR/MWh), but also electricity taxes and PSO. There are plans to significantly reduce the latter two requirements toward 2022, when PSO (approximately 23 EUR/MWh Q4 2017) will be completely phased out and electricity taxes will be reduced to 20 EUR/MWh from the current level of around 54 EUR/MWh. It appears that heat pumps are competitive with new biomass and gas-based generation, even with the low COP used as a standard assumption. All technologies are assumed to produce 5000 full load hours per annum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Asia and the more developed regions, women’s likelihood of getting elected is 0.85 that of men. The regions where women candidates are most disadvantaged compared to men candidates in terms of the probability of getting elected are Latin America and the Caribbean and Oceania. Belarus also had a much higher election rate for women, showing a female/male election rate ratio of greater than 2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Labelling has resulted in market transformation that can be attributed both to the increased interest of consumers in EE and to changes in the models made available by manufacturers, as well as to other accompanying measures (such as rebates and information campaigns). It has been argued that Australia’s MEPS for electric motors have helped to protect its market from a flood of lower efficiency motor imports from Asian suppliers (IEA, 2006). However, in countries that do not have MEPS, such as European countries it would appear that the market share of premium efficiency motors has not risen above 15 to 20 per cent, despite significant policy efforts, such as the European Motor Challenge Programme (SEEEM, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Ill (LC/G.2488-P), Santiago, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). Evidence from El Salvador's Comunidades Solidarias Rurales", 1FPRI Discussion Paper, No. Version final" [online] http://www.oportunidades.gob.mx/ EVALUACION/es/ docs/ docs2005.php. New York, Routledge/ United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These countries are also among those with the greatest market income inequality and those in which, accordingly, fiscal policy should in fact be more redistributive. Conversely, oecd countries with a more unequal market income distribution tend to redistribute more (Joumard, Pisu and Bloch, 2012). Brazil, Chile and Argentina have high pre-fiscal inequality, which is partly corrected through public pensions, transfer programmes and direct taxes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The micro-level analysis in this paper sought to add value to the current debate in the EU and OECD context on the formulation and use of child poverty indicators by combining research on child poverty and overlap of poverty. Findings point towards a number of main conclusions and implications for child poverty analysis within the EU context. Size and group differences between children faced with income poverty and/or deprivation in other domains are considerable and underline the need to take a broader perspective in order to identify those that are vulnerable. Domain poverty rates across countries suggest an inconsistent pattern and do not point towards countries consistently faring better or worse in comparison to other countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The European Food Sustainable Consumption and Production Round Table, which has gathered European food chain partners, policymakers and civil society to collaborate on environmental sustainability for the first time, is mainly oriented to the promotion of infonnation and communication to enable informed consumer choice (FoodDrinkEurope, 2012). Sustainability criteria and targets could be introduced to existing reformulation platforms. This includes clear and enforced “rules for the game” in relation to the legal and regulatory environment governing green innovation for the protection of ownership rights. Many agro-food firms share process innovations through joint ventures or licensing agreements in order to grow their business and this propensity can be encouraged if the barriers to inter-firm co-operation in the development and use of new technologies are low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, this is explained by the fact that the central hunting records database was established in 2005. In 1999, available data were based mostly on certain hunting grounds and by no means covered all grounds on Croatian territoiy. Since 2005, the database has been input with more accurate data. The number of hunters also increased, from 43,110 in 2005 to 64,617 in 2012 (+50%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
People with only secondary level education account for 73% of the unemployed in Azerbaijan, 60.7% in Ukraine, 53.9% in Armenia, 48.9% in Belarus and 37% in Georgia. Other human development indicators, such as brain drain, female participation, staff training, technology absorption and worker-employer cooperation, have also been added to the mix. Female participation is highest in Republic of Moldova, and Azerbaijan emerges with the best ranking overall for these indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2009, wind energy accounted for 56%of global clean energy investment. Investment in solar energy follows wind’s leading position and is poised to expand as a result of declining solar energy prices and the potential of new, thin-film technologies as noted by Pew (2010). New investment in biomass, geothermal and small hydro seems to play a marginal role in the total market (see Figure 7). Financial sector new investment (incl.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It has been stated that even if model law is not domesticated it can be used for advocacy purposes and/or enabling civil society to hold government accountable. States to harmonise laws and policies including personal laws and laws on domestic and sexual violence including marital rape, reproductive health, marriage and birth registration, education, property and citizenship, and dowry with human rights standards and constitutional guarantees to ensure a minimum legal age of marriage of 18 years and to address gaps and inconsistencies that leave girls vulnerable to child marriage and limit married girls’ access to legal remedies. Enhance and encourage judicial officers to take leadership roles outside the courts of law through: advocacy, mentorship, participation as good citizens by becoming role models in communities and making an impact in their own community’s social organisations/associations, among others. Ensure the enforcement and implementation of judicial decisions and remedies obtained by girls harmed by child marriage to enforce their legal rights and due protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Due to a need for the authorities to safeguard the needs of the society, i.e. rural area development, environmental integrity and market access issues, a licence is required for the establishment and operation of each aquaculture site. Prior approval of the site environmental and area management issues are therefore of paramount importance. From 1 January 2010, the responsibility for coordinating the review process for such applications was transferred from the Directorate of Fisheries to the County Council authorities. Several other sector authorities are involved in reviewing applications for compliance with the various guidelines and regulations such as pollution, animal health and welfare, harbour and fairways, biodiversity and spatial planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This Article assesses the contributions of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to international human rights law. In particular, it evaluates the degree to which the relationship between the CBD and international human rights law has been clarified since 2014 and why this relationship matters. It also analyzes the legal arguments advanced by those CBD parties that wish to keep some distance between these two bodies of international law and identifies the opportunities that can be missed in ongoing work under the CBD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This suggests that additional measures are needed to achieve a lasting increase in lone parent labour market participation. For Australia, there are useful insights to gain both from countries with a similar stance and those w'ith a markedly different approach. Australia, together with Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, had lone mother employment rates of below 50% in the early 2000s (see Figure 1.9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It must be read in the context of the current interest in “greening” the economy, notably the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 (Rio+20). There are three dimensions of the concept of sustainable development: economic, ecological and sociocultural. Here we will focus is on interactions between the first two. The chapter deals with economic processes such as production, consumption, and investment, but also addresses elements of the economic systems, both nationally and internationally, in which these processes unfold.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This is partly driven by global economic growth and increasing demand. In the shipping sector, for example, container traffic looks set to continue to grow very fast, w'ith volumes likely to triple by 2035 (OECD, 2015). Fisheries production worldwide is expected to expand by around a fifth over the next ten years, although the main driver of overall production will be aquaculture (OECD and FAO, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The Supreme Court’s Chevron decision raises questions about why Congress passes ambiguous statutes and why courts defer to agencies rather than impose their own interpretations. This article presents a model of policymaking where the legislature chooses strategically between an ambiguous and explicit statute, and where rulemaking and judicial review follow. The analysis reveals that when statutes are ambiguous, judges gain few policy advantages by deciding strategically on the basis of their policy preferences as opposed to simply following Chevron precedent. The results shows that legislative policy entrepreneurs can frequently advance their policy interests more successfully with ambiguous than with explicit language.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This process of programming, planning and designing a public space network represents a valuable instrument for the development of cohesive and coherent urban spaces and an important tool for urban planning at a city level. The tools are now being rolled out to six additional cities in 2018: Kathmandu (Nepal), Suleja and Minna (Nigeria), Dhaka (Bangladesh), Johannesburg (South Africa) and Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia). However, there is a great demand from other cities to use this assessment tool to guide the development of citywide public space strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In contrast, tracking in Austria and Germany begins when students are just 10 years old (OECD, 2012c). Higher curricular standards with emphasis on fundamental cognitive skills can help provide disadvantaged students with the generalisable skills they need to succeed in the workplace. The quality of lower level tracks can also be improved (Hattie, 2009). For example, several German states have combined the two lower level tracks (Realschule and Hauptschule) into one, in order to increase the available resources and quality of education offered to students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)