albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
There are priority areas under each funding perspective of the ESI funds. These funding agreements take place in seven-year blocks, referred to as the multiannual financial framework. Poland is presently taking part in its second such programme.15 In the 2014-20 programming period, 11 thematic objectives were established from which national governments could choose to direct support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The conclusion of bilateral agreements and establishment of bilateral joint bodies for boundary waters is important, however, it should not be regarded as a substitute to cooperation on the entire transboundary basin(s). This presumes the existence of decision-making, executive and working bodies, including a permanent organ to support the activities of a joint body. It also presumes a clear definition of tasks and functions for each element of an organizational structure. The majority of joint bodies in EECCA need to establish small but permanent secretariats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For instance, the withdrawal of the United States from the agreement casts these global efforts into doubt. Investigating precise market conditions for all industries is a very big task. Therefore, most studies on carbon leakage risk focus on a selection of indicators which reveal important aspects of the market conditions in which the industries operate. However, such indicators need to be supplemented by a deeper analysis for some industries to evaluate the true risk of carbon leakage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There are important mineral resources as well as shipbuilding and aerospace industries. Large-scale enterprises could overcome diseconomies of distance and invest in productivity improvements and modern technology. Although productivity increases led to a fall in direct employment in timber production and processing, the industry's recovery had a "multiplier effect" on related sectors such as transport and logistics, as well as on the broader development of other sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Systematic joint efforts should be made by the authorities, educational institutions and key stakeholders to raise the levels of education attainment, particularly among the Arab population. Authorities should provide adequate support for the existing Arab colleges and allow colleges of education to diversify their provision according to the needs of the local industry. Investing on Arab colleges would generate mid- to long-term benefits for the regional economy in the form of tax revenues and job creation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Discontinuation of cost sharing in Uganda", Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. Abolition of cost-sharing is pro-poor: evidence from Uganda" Health Policy and Planning, vol. User fees and managed revenues were determined at the local level, but often were in the range of US$0.25-0.45 per visit.b After the introduction of the user fees, outpatient attendance dropped by more than 20 per cent in some districts, while the opposite happened in some remote areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Not only is the tax burden different, but the tax structure is too: in the Latin American countries the structure relies heavily on indirect taxes, while in oecd countries a significant proportion of tax is levied directly, particularly through personal income tax, which has a greater redistributive impact. For example, the revenue raised by personal income tax averaged 8.4% of gross domestic product (gdp) in oecd, compared to just 1.4% in Latin America and the Caribbean.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Families with three or more children have the highest poverty risk (UNICEF and ISAE, 2009). Young families also have a higher probability of living in poverty. This may be related to the lack of affordable day care and kindergarten options. Once a child is bom into a family, usually the mother has to reduce her employment in order to take care of the child.1 Family income is reduced while, at the same time, the available income has to be shared with more members. In Kazakhstan, for example, households where the head is between 30 and 44 have the highest poverty risk (World Bank, 2009b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In this way, it attempts to value NEETs’ unpaid household work in monetary terms. Time devoted to non-market production by youth NEETs in Argentina is almost constant across the three age groups, but much higher among young women than young men. There are three possibilities within the input approach. First is the "opportunity cost” wage that a person could be paid for working an extra hour in a market job rather than an hour of unpaid household work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The notion of “checks and balance” is a fundamental tenet of American democracy that assumes that each branch of our government has powers that allow it to limit—check—the power of the other two branches. This system is based on the assumption that power is balanced between the three branches of government, and this balance prevents one branch from dominating policymaking. In part because of its highly professionalized legislature, Michigan’s government closely resembles the national system based on three co-equal branches of government. But under term limits, its highly professionalized legislature could be overshadowed by its professional bureaucracy headed by a strong governor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Agriculture is a significant source of GHG emissions, as a result of both land-use change and considerable growth in livestock inventories, which rose by almost 40% between 1990 and 2010 in cattle equivalents, among the most important increases globally (USDA, 2013). The expansion of inventory doubled livestock density, from 3 heads per hectare of agricultural land in 1990 to 6 heads in 2011. These levels are comparable with those in New Zealand where a pastoral system prevails, but are low compared to world regions with more intensive livestock production (e.g. the European Union with an average total cattle number per hectare of 9.6 heads).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This may be reflecting a lower rate of successful entry into the labour market for younger generations. Our understanding of this aspect of the situation may benefit from further research in the future. On the other hand, the analysis of deprivation as measured by at least two indicators demonstrates that the values are higher for older cohorts, suggesting that multidimensional deprivation is more prevalent among older adults.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In effect, the frequency and percentage of individuals that go through different judicial processes and use legal services are not the same for men and w'omen. International evidence suggests that civil and family matters are likely to be the most relevant for women. New Zealand, for example, provides sex-disaggregated data in its Family Court Statistics, w'hich show that in 2007, 91% of applicants requesting protection orders against violence were female, 61% of applicants requesting custody of children were female, 62% of applicants requesting the division of property were female and 51% of applicants requesting one-partv dissolution of marriage or civil union were female.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In France, municipalities and inter-municipal bodies are the primary actors for drinking water supply and sanitation, while regional and departmental bodies as well as irrigation groups are in charge of aquifer and river management. Who implements central government water policies at the sub-national level? A first category includes countries where implementation of water policies at the sub-national level essentially relies on a single type of actors, i.e. representatives of central government in regions, and a second category includes countries with a combination of several sub-national authorities’ responsibilities in the implementation stage. This often, if not invariably, reflects how decentralised water policies have become across OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Political and practical support to ensure that women, including women's civil society organisations, are included in peace processes is a crucial entry point to make sure that the security needs of women, men, boys and girls are taken into consideration. It is therefore critical that the negotiation/mediation teams draw on gender expertise from the outset of a peace process. Briefings on gender issues can be provided to negotiating/mediation teams and others with decision-making power. Civil society organisations, including women's organisations, should also be included in track two processes and can play an important role in monitoring the implementation of peace agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Moreover, public opposition and environmental concerns about shale oil, natural gas, nuclear energy and some projects like the Red-Dead conveyance project must be taken seriously to ensure the sustainability of these government initiatives. There is a lot of room for improvement in Jordan’s green growth agenda. Having taken some concrete steps already, there is reason to believe that Jordan has a good foundation on which to build.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Where direct payments that had been introduced in the context of policy reforms were terminated recently under favourable market conditions, the question arises whether this was based on the view that compensation for past policy reforms was no longer needed and justified, or whether a re-instruinentation was chosen that promises larger benefits for farmers when market prices decline. In other words, behind the apparently positive trend towards lower support levels and less distorting policy structures there may be developments that are not in line with a desirable progression towards better-performing agricultural policies. At the same time, government support for the production and consumption of biofuels in the OECD area and the resulting policy-induced additional use of agricultural raw materials as feedstocks has had the opposite effect of raising world market prices of these commodities (OECD, 2008c), possibly by more than the price-depressing effect of the traditional support policies. Given that the price level on world markets for agricultural products is higher now than in the past, the price-lifting impact of biofuel support policies has, among other tilings, raised concerns regarding implications for food security in poor countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article examines the conceptual and historical relationship between constitutionalism and development. It argues that the communities that represent these two ideas have had little engagement, and yet there is a good deal of overlap between their areas of concern. Given that the Sustainable Development Goals 2015 have strongly embraced good governance, accountability and the rule of law, and we have become adept at defining and articulating the rule of law, the time seems ripe for development to engage with constitutionalism, and for constitutionalism to use “developmental operativity”, as I call it, to advance its objectives in practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As a concept, development and good governance are not neutral, but they bring domination and interest. Currently, in era of globalization, there is a trend that shows democratization and the agenda of good governance are suspected to become a neoliberal project aimed to strengthen the domination of market over the state. Therefore, in order to prevent the agenda of good governance serving the interest of global corporations, democracy should be able to guarantee the individual rights, and the government continuously plays its crucial role in pushing the realization of social justice. In the context of maintaining democracy and civil society, the agenda of good governance are not only implemented by public institutions, but also they are done by both global corporations and global governance institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
How it is built, investigated and polemic on cars as a privileged object of the industry and society in the Western market. The car on their own dimension of individuality, but also an object of consumption can be read while it is used, one could say that the car is the social object that represents the individual, in that form of discipline and social control. While the symbol, too, of this enormous machine that is power. Ultimately, it is an object showing the tensions between the individual and the social. Then, we affirm in this work is not just a machine, but also the most complete example of social technology, political representation and performativity of today.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
With few exceptions, for example, all OECD countries have a nationally established list defining which medications are covered by their insurance schemes. Secondary insurance plays a role in almost all OECD health systems. Of particular note given structural similarities to Mexico, secondary insurance in Israel is very common.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
To assess the quantitative impacts, two different scenarios altering China’s economic growth rate were implemented: an optimistic one in which economic growth each year is 25% higher than in the baseline, and a pessimistic one in which annual growth is 25% lower than in the baseline. The impacts occur not only directly through bilateral trade, but also indirectly through changing world prices, which are to varying degrees transmitted to domestic markets of all countries, including Brazil. Figure 2.11 shows the extent to which China will import more (less) agricultural products from all suppliers, including from Brazil if the economy grows faster (slower) than in the baseline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Section 1.1 presents global, regional and subregional figures of hunger and introduces a new indicator of food insecurity that goes beyond hunger to include moderate levels of food insecurity. Section 1.2 presents the latest figures for seven nutrition indicators, including three SDG 2 indicators of child malnutrition (stunting, wasting and overweight), with a spotlight on the rapid rise in overweight and obesity. The links between food insecurity and nutritional outcomes - particularly overweight and obesity - are explored in Section 1.3. Rising mol body-mass index is ihe mein driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The question on economic activity status of intimate partners should be consistent with the question on economic activity status developed for respondents (see paras. Measuring substance abuse is a complex undertaking which, for diagnostic and screening purposes, can involve several lengthy test items. For a survey on violence against women, where the purpose is to identify frequency of intoxication, one or two questions that can be easily understood by respondents and for which they have accurate knowledge are sufficient.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Data on education services in Greece, Luxembourg and Hirkey refer to 2005. Other social services” include services to survivors, disabled persons, the unemployed, social assistance and housing services, though estimates of social housing are not included. Cash benefits” encompass cash transfers to the elderly, survivors, disabled persons, families, the unemployed, as well as transfers for social assistance. Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care, OECD Publishing, www.oecd.org/healthAongtermcareAielpwanted-, OECD (2014), Women and Pensions, OECD Publishing, forthcoming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
AbstractThis paper considers the factors that currently shape and direct public policy formation in the United States. The paper begins by articulating the general position of institutionalists with regard to the purpose of public policy analysis and formulation. Next, a discussion of Thorstein Veblen’s view is presented focusing on his rejection of meliorative tendencies in the economy and the meaning of his concept of blind drift as applied to the likely direction of ongoing social processes. Then, we explore a contemporary analysis of the belief in the role of meliorative trends in contemporary social and economic policy analysis and discussions by James K. Galbraith. Then, we examine Philip Mirowski’s recent analysis of the shaping of the direction of public policy debate by what he refers to as the neoliberal thought collective as a mitigating factor to the blind drift suggested by Thorstein Veblen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Likewise, young people without a strong skills foundation are more likely to drop out of school and face difficulties finding jobs while those who drop out and are jobless can hardly maintain and enhance their skills. Policies can influence the dynamics between skills, education and employment, and ensure that a larger share of youth follow the virtuous circle of skills which leads to graduation and employment and henceforth to better skills. The OECD Employment Outlook 2014 shows that educational attainment and skills affect the probability of finding a job and its level of pay (OECD, 2014b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Data show that there are substantial differences between developed and developing countries, and within regions, in terms of both the proportion of the population with fixed-broadband subscriptions and the speeds delivered by these subscriptions. While some countries, such as the Republic of Korea, Denmark and France, have fixed-broadband penetration rates of around 40 per cent and almost exclusively high-speed connections of above 10 Mbps, many low-income economies have less than 2 per cent fixed-broadband penetration rates and exclusively lower-speed connections of below 2 Mbps. Another target under SDG 17 is to enhance society's use of technology, including ICTs. This is measured by the proportion of individuals using the Internet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Building on the latter, the first two high-level champions to be appointed from the COP presidencies of France and Morocco launched the Global Climate Action Agenda (GCAA) and the Road Map for Global Climate Action, which led to the creation of the Marrakesh Partnership for Global Climate Action at COP 22 in 2016. The Marrakesh Partnership for Global Climate Action, focusing on immediate climate action until 2020, supports the implementation of the Paris Agreement by facilitating and catalysing collaboration between governments and non-state actors and by raising ambitions overtime. The work programme of the Partnership for 2017-2018, which covers the seven thematic areas of Land Use, Oceans and Coastal Zones, Water, Human Settlements, Transport, Energy and Industry, includes a number of activities, including establishing a Climate Action Collaboration Forum and organizing high-level round tables on interaction between selected SDGs and climate action. This is designed to support achievement of the sustainable development goals in all countries, in particular developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Paris Agreement requires all Parties to undertake and communicate national mitigation and adaptation measures to respond to the threat of climate change. In addition, developed countries are required to provide and report on financial assistance, technology transfer and capacity-building support to developing-country Parties to the Agreement. For their part, developing countries are expected to provide information on the support needed and received.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For instance, irrigated areas in Armenia dropped in half between the 1980s and 2014 - from 300 000 ha to 150 000 ha, which may be partly due to a changing climate (Melkonyan, 2015). Source: IEA (2016), World Bank (2016). Seven INDCs (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan) also include sections on adaptation plans and/or actions, although their contents, format and timeframes differ significantly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This has consequences for the validity and limitations of the indicators that need to be gathered. Ideally, innovation indicators in the education sector should be linked to specific social and educational objectives such as learning outcomes, cost efficiency, equity or public satisfaction. Innovation should also be measured at different levels and, where no objective measurement can be made, according to different stakeholders’ perspectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Furthermore, the causes of and possible solutions to unsustainable foreign debt, the widening gap between rich and poor and the absence of equitable multilateral trade, investment and financial systems implies that it is increasingly impossible to assume that the Governments of developing countries can act in isolation to eradicate poverty. The insistence of affluent countries on asymmetrical protection of their markets through tariffs, quotas, anti-dumping duties, export credits, as well as subsidies to domestic producers greatly impairs export opportunities for poor countries and regions. The Economic Journal, vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Intolerance, exclusion and inequality are nonetheless common and are on the rise in some cases. Overcoming these barriers will require finding ways to link collective interests to equity and justice (see chapter 3). They retire comfortably with private pension funds and savings. They send their children to the best schools for advanced tertiary education. And they have the means to influence the political process in their favour. The top 1 percent of the wealth distribution holds 46 percent of the worlds wealth.128 Much of the income gain in recent decades has been at the top: 44 percent of the income earned between 1988 and 2008 went to only 5 percent of the population.129 Such income inequalities influence inequalities in other dimensions of well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The plans have often focused on attracting Jewish population and international companies to the region with the help of tax breaks. Interventions at the regional level have been largely defined and implemented in a top-down fashion from the centre of Israel. This is in line with Israel’s centralised administrative structure which leaves little scope for regional initiative and capacity building.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Accidents that took place in the past at the Bor tailings pond have deposited tailings at the rivcrbanks. An accidental pollution incident resulted in severe contamination of over 40 km2 of the most fertile agricultural land along the banks of Borska and Timok Rivers in Serbia and in Bulgaria (4.5 km3) by heavy metals and other toxic substances. Old plans for the re-cultivation of the contaminated soils have not yet been realized due to financial constraints.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
See above, box 1. Finding a new, more efficient or less invasive way of administering a known drug is also a case of new use. It is important to emphasize that a new use by definition results from the same chemical entity, i.e., a known pre-existing substance. The new drug prescribed for the new use thus makes no change to the chemical structure of the existing product (as would be the case of derivatives, which are discussed later in this Guide). This is particularly true in countries where knowledge of traditional medicines exists, and new indications might be found through targeted research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Operating under Law 16/1992 concerning animal, fish and plant quarantine, and subsequent Government Regulations 82/2000 concerning animal quarantine and 14/2002 concerning plant quarantine. Minister of Agriculture Regulation 37/2006. Minister of Agriculture Regulation 89/2012. Minister of Agriculture Regulation 64/2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)