albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Energy consumption by the manufacturing sector is significant only for PNG (29%), Fiji (20%) and Samoa (10%). The remaining consumption of energy is likely to be biomass for cooking, fuel for cooking, lighting and heating water, and electricity production through individual diesel power generation. Transport in the Pacific is mainly operated by the private sector and is used for moving people and goods for work, education, health and trade as well as evacuation and disaster assistance relief. The sector is beset by high costs due to a lack of economies of scale and powered mainly by fossil fuels as development of renewable energy alternatives is limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This pattern is common and plausible for populations experiencing a fertility decline. It occurs during the fertility transition when older women, who are more likely to have reached their desired family size make a greater effort to limit their births than do younger women, who are have not yet achieved their desired family size. Age-specific fertility rates remained lower in urban areas than in rural areas, particularly for almost all the age groups in VNDHS 1997.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the future, the people of the world will continue to require industrial products, but they will demand cleaner and more environmentally friendly products. Greenland can deliver this, and even though the new industry will increase the country’s own emissions of CO., Most of the Canadian Arctic region is populated sparsely by indigenous peoples.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Similarly, in their study of the state of Kentucky, Shideler et al. ( According to this, a critical amount of broadband infrastructure may be needed to sizably increase employment, but once a community is completely built out, additional broadband infrastructure will not further affect employment growth. For example, in a study conducted in Germany by this author (discussed later), it was not possible to identify a saturation point for broadband penetration18. Furthermore, even if that were to be found confirming evidence of saturation with regard to contribution to GDP or employment creation, that would not put into question the need to achieve universal broadband in terms of the social benefits it yields to end users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2011-12, sesame accounted for 52% of the area harvested in oil crops, with a further 29% taken by groundnut, 18% by sunflower and 1% by palm oil (CSO, 2012). From 1990-91 to 2011-12, according to CSO data, rubber production was multiplied by ten and yields increased around two fold to 650 kg per ha as old unproductive varieties were replanted with high-yielding varieties (ARDC, 2011). The government has established a 30-year rubber development plan which sets the goal of reaching a production area of 607 000 ha and an annual production of 300 000 MT by 2030. According to the MOAI data, the planted area has grown tremendously in recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In regional terms, over the 1990-2012 period, and more intensively in 2003-2008 and 2010-2012, consumption was the demand component contributing the most to growth (see figure 1.10). This stands in contrast with weak contribution made by consumption in the 1980s, amid sharp adjustments in response to the external debt crisis and its fallout. The recent growth in consumption may be linked to two factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Its members include staff from a number of different ministries, including the NFPs to the Biodiversity-related Conventions (as above) and also to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). A specific sub-committee charged with the review and harmonisation of the implementation of Biodiversity-related Conventions will be set up in 2015. This council is formed under the UNFCCC focal point, but includes different ministries which are focal points to other conventions, the Hon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Electricity tariff adjustments and improvements in cash collections allowed Barki Tojik to make significant progress towards cost recovery, as well as improve the transparency of its operations in recent years through conducting an annual audit and making its results available to the public. The bulk of electricity meters supplied under the project were installed and the balance of the supplied meters, as well as the completion of a billing system and development of commercial management systems, was supported under the Tajikistan Winter Energy Project. These activities will help Barki Tojik make further progress in reducing losses and improving the transparency and accountability of its operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For instance, South Africa’s National Strategy for Sustainable Development and Action Plan (2011-14) highlights the importance of ecosystems and natural resources in sustainable development, setting out five strategic objectives, particular interventions and indicators w'ith the aim of integrating socioeconomic goals with ecological sustainability (DEA, 2011). The importance of biodiversity and ecosystems is also recognised in the sustainable development strategies of France and Australia. Priorities under this strategy include maintaining capacity of territories to provide and benefit from ecosystem services and developing a more resource-efficient new industrial and agricultural policy (MEDDE, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Clearly, this problem gets worse with further disaggregation of the data for instance, the number of professionals by specialty or age group. Without it, more resources (both public and private) would probably have had to be devoted to training, for instance. In addition, this influx of professionals almost certainly put the authorities in a stronger position in bargaining on pay and conditions than would otherwise have been the case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Studies from the Mediterranean have found, however, that only one of every three MPA boundaries are marked at all (MedPan, 2013). Advances in technology can help in this context: to help recreational fishers keep track of their position in Parks Victoria in Australia, the agency introduced a recreational fishing guide app for mobile phones in 2013. This uses the geolocational ability to show fishers whether they are in a no-take zone (red warning message), close to one (orange message) or safely clear from one (green message). In 15 MPAs in Italy, for example, only 3 were identified as having high levels of enforcement (Guidetti et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Continued decline of the bladderwrack, Fucus vesiculosus, in the Archipelago Sea, northern Baltic proper. Boreal Environment Research, 21(5-6), 373-386. Vikingsson, G. A., Pike, D. G., Desportes, G., 0ien, N., Gunnlaugsson, T., & Bloch, D. (2009). Distribution and abundance of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Northeast and Central Atlantic as inferred from the North Atlantic Sightings Surveys 1987-2001.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These modules can be thought of as independent building blocks that can be arranged in a 'mix and match’ approach, choosing the most suitable options from each module to create a more effective, efficient, and equitable financial system. [ Online] Available from: http://globalcanopy.org/sites/default/files/LittleBiodiversityFin anceBook_3rd%2oedition.pdf [Accessed: 26 January 2015]
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 2011 Mexico reported one of the lowest rates in the OECD (at just over 1 000 consultations1 per doctor, compared to nearly 2 500 OECD-wide). This is despite Mexico having significantly fewer doctors per capita than is typical in OECD countries. To take another pertinent example, day-case rates for cataract surgery are lower than the OECD average, whilst rates of caesarian section are the highest in the OECD, which may be due to a lack of guidelines encouraging international best practice, and/or the inadequate implementation of such guidelines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
And if the goal is increased exports, farmers should not be prevented from producing higher-value crops. Bribery and the lack of transparency constitute significant impediments to investment. Social conflicts and corruption in the land administration may be reduced by developing participatory land use plans to clarify land allocation, limiting compulsory land conversions, and allowing direct transactions between land users without state involvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The initiative and plan provided a mandate for Nordic countries to work together on both fossil fuel subsidy reform and linking up environment and climate change work within development aid programs. The Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) of the International Institute for Sustainable Development (USD) worked with the NCM on a number of projects. For example, in 2015 the GSI-lntegrated Fiscal (GSI-IF) model was developed to evaluate the impact of fossil fuel subsidy reform on greenhouse gas emissions: it was applied to 20 countries within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to enable a better country-level understanding ofthe link between fossil fuel subsidies and climate change (see Figure 5) (Merrill, Harris, Casier, & Bassi, 2015, Merrill, Bassi, Bridle, & Christensen, 2015). The information was shared with UNFCCC country negotiators through policy briefs and publications and side events. Ultimately, 14 countries included the issue of fossil fuel subsidy or energy sector reform within their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) (Terton, Gass, Merrill, Wagner, & Meyer, 2015). A UNFCCC Technical Experts Meeting also covered the issue briefly - technical papers prepared by the Secretariat have also pointed to the issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Le faible nombre d’inscrits dans les filieres courtes de l’enseignement professionnel et dans certaines branches de l’enseignement superieur comme les sciences et les etudes d’ingenieur se traduit par un deficit de competences dans certains metiers, d’ou la necessite de rendre ces formations plus attrayantes. Dans l’enseignement superieur, les taux de reussite et les depenses par etudiant sont faibles par rapport aux moyennes internationales et les etudes durent trop longtemps. De plus, la modicite des droits de scolarite et l’acces a des aides financieres genereuses, conjugues au traitement preferentiel dont b^neficiait jusqu’H une date r6cente le travail des Etudiants, ont pour effet de creer des « faux etudiants », tout en incitant ceux qui font vraiment des etudes a rester trop longtemps dans l’enseignement superieur.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Better incentives for both insurers and insurees are required to encourage managed care products that are successful in improving quality, efficiency and care co-ordination. Managed care products should encourage care providers to work as teams to deliver co-ordinated care, driven by incentives for quality and evidence on best-practice medicine. They could also be used to encourage the introduction of alternatives to fee-for-service payment arrangements. In Switzerland, the health insurance benefit package is centrally determined and the Health Insurance Law requires effectiveness, appropriateness and efficiency for inclusion of goods and services in the benefit basket.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, analysis was carried out to report on the percentage of national forests that are managed for the following specific objectives: coastal stabilization, clean water and erosion, avalanche and desertification control. It adopts the proportion of the population relying on woodfuel for basic energy services (cooking and heating). Woodfuel and hydropower are currently the two major forms of renewable energy sources most relevant to forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Furthermore, Indonesia plans to realise its estimated 29 GW of geothermal potential, from the installed capacity of 1.3 GW in 2013. Indonesia has considerable further potential for biomass amounting to 13 GW of electrical output, of which less than 0.08 GW had been exploited in 2012. Because of their geographical constraints, Singapore’s and Brunei Darussalam’s technical potential for renewable energy is more limited, although Singapore is targeting a rapid development of solar PV.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
ABSTRACTThe advent of visual technologies and digital media has elevated the status of images as an important platform for studying human rights. Focusing on eyewitness video as an increasingly central vehicle through which human rights claims are made public, this article maps out (1) how human rights organizations utilize eyewitness video as an investigative tool in their advocacy work, (2) how eyewitness video configures within global news crises coverage, and (3) how eyewitness footage operates as a form of legal evidence in courtrooms. In doing so, the article proposes a conceptual framework that accommodates the unfolding role of eyewitness video at the crossroad of the cultural, political, and legal mechanisms that together ferret out human rights violations. The article also suggests that new developments in ethnography provide fruitful methodological grounds for studying the relationship between visual media and human rights from within the institutional networks that render images meaningful.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Les prix implicites du carbone varient selon les secteurs et devraient etre harmonises pour une meilleure efficacite economique. Ces disparites refletent la proliferation des mesures et leur chevauchement et il serait necessaire d’en simplifier la structure. Un changement radical dans le rythme de reduction des emissions est necessaire pour engager le Royaume-Uni sur la voie de la realisation de l’objectif ambitieux qu’il s’est fixe a l’horizon 2050.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, public policies alter income inequality even when no interpersonal transfer takes place. For instance, a progressive tax reduces inequality by itself, even if the proceeds are not used to finance transfers, while a lump-sum tax increases it. One would generally expect a fairly close correspondence between benefit expenditures and tax revenues needed to finance them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In addition, “the cumulative gap between the level of finance needed and finance actually delivered is growing” (Buchner and others, 2014, p. 5). The present study is not intended to provide a comprehensive overview, but instead report on key figures to provide a broad view of the current situation. Despite still lagging far below the levels needed to limit warming to two degrees Celsius,5 climate finance flows have increased when compared to the 2013 level of $331 billion. In 2013, climate finance flows were directed almost equally to developed (OECD) and developing (non-OECD) countries, with each group receiving $164 billion and $165 billion, respectively (Buchner and others, 2014). North-South flows accounted for $34 billion in 2012 (Buchner and others, 2014). Developing countries invested $2 billion in developed countries and $10 billion in South-South cooperation (Buchner and others, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Local authorities could develop some legal framework to support the purok system and unlock some resources for its functioning. Rapid and uncontrolled uibanisation resulted in a range of environmental issues in the city by the mid-2000s, including solid waste pollution due to unsorted garbage and open waste disposal. The city also suffered from lack of clean water supply and wastewater treatment system, and periodic floods, creating critical health hazards such as dengue fever and diarrhoea. The creation of a waste bank and 24 composting houses in the city were two important measures taken by the municipality, but raising public awareness was the keystone of the programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There is a uniform rate nationwide whatever the quality objective or diluting capacity of receiving waters (OECD, 2008c). Under the principle of compensation recognised under Korean law, revenues collected from downstream beneficiaries are used to compensate upstream residents for losses due to land use regulation, an important step towards truly integrated water and land management at the river basin level. In the EU and the United States, farmers are paid for a variety of environmental stewardship measures, including reducing nitrate contamination. While these have been primarily funded through public budget allocation - implicitly recognising society as a whole as a beneficiary - it is possible to design alternative funding mechanisms with specific fees or levies on water bills, fees for recreational uses or fisheries and levies on flood plain dwellers, so as to allocate costs more directly to direct beneficiaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The type and quality of jobs can have direct effects on health through occupational hazards, or may affect health indirectly through income security or through psychological and social mechanisms. In Central and Eastern Europe, the Roma people routinely suffer deprivation.16 In Bulgaria, for example, their life expectancy at any age is five to six years below the rest of the population, while their infant mortality rate is six times the national average. In Hungary, infant mortality among the Roma is nearly four times the average for the country, while in Romania it is two and a half times greater.17 In Indonesia in 1995, mortality among non-Javanese children was 36 per cent higher than among Javanese, while non-Chinese children had mortality rates nearly four times higher than the rate observed among Chinese children (whose parents are likely to be wealthier). Social Determinants of Health, New York, Oxford University Press, 1999. The widening gap in mortality by educational level in the Russian Federation, 1980-2001", American Journal of Public Health, vol. In Latin America, the prevalence of child diarrhoea and maternal mortality is significantly higher among indigenous people than among non-indigenous.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Dietary energy requirements differ by gender and age, and for different levels of physical activity. For an entire population, the minimum energy requirement is the weighted average of the minimum energy requirements of the different gender-age groups in the population. Particularly in countries with a high prevalence of undernourishment, a large proportion of the population typically consumes dietary energy levels close to the cut-off point, making the minimum dietary energy requirement a highly sensitive parameter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Third, poor multi-stakeholder engagement is often a serious obstacle for developing effective SRB initiatives. Not surprisingly, an inadequate understanding of stakeholders' needs significantly reduces the effectiveness of SRB initiatives. Therefore, governments can play an important role by promoting more effective stakeholder dialogue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For the United States, those no longer entitled to UI have seen net replacement rates drop by 2 percentage points between 2002 and 2007. The SNAP increases in 2009 have compensated some of this loss, but net replacement rates for those on GMI nevertheless declined over the 2002-2010 period as a whole. Importantly, the results shown for long-term unemployed can also be seen as a good approximation for the situation of non-standard workers and others with limited or interrupted employment records and no access to unemployment insurance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Of these, nearly 1.3 billion people live in extreme poverty, subsisting on less than $1.25 a day. They also face social or economic discrimination. The global financial crisis of2008 exacerbated the employment challenges facing both men and women. Women continue to face a greater degree of poverty, under-employment and unemployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The infamous term “three-day week” was coined during the 1984 “winter of discontent” when the UK coal miners went on strike. Gittus thus unwittingly highlights that fact that domestic energy resources need not necessarily outperform imported energy resources in their contribution to the security of energy supply. His own statistics confirm that the longest significant energy supply interruption in the United Kingdom was precisely due to the 1984 strike (Gittus, 2004, p. 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The reason why collaboration was difficult between those departments within WHO needs to be further explored, however, it is conceivable that the heads of the respective departments did not communicate well, or that there were delays in issuing decisions and instructions by supervisors in both departments. However, because intervention was called for after the situation had acutely worsened, and because the humanitarian community was not familiar with the Ebola virus, it was determined that a response would be difficult using the cluster approach with OCHA at the core. In addition, rapid access to a large amount of funding was imperative at that time, but that would have been difficult using the usual funding process of OCHA, the Humanitarian Programme Cycle consisting of five elements (needs assessment and analysis, strategic response planning, resource mobilization, implementation and monitoring, and operational review and evaluation). It was assumed that more time would be required to reach a consensus on using the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) for the Ebola virus disease response, which is different than what is used for ordinary natural disasters and armed conflicts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the past 50 years, political philosophy has witnessed an unprecedented development, going from strength to strength, indeed one could argue that this discipline has never been as vibrant as it is today. Yet, not all is well with political philosophy. For many years Brian Barry warned us that the discipline of political philosophy could be running the risk of becoming the victim of its own success. As debates among professional political philosophers become increasingly sophisticated, the point of political philosophy becomes more obfuscated, lost in the thick fog of technicalities. In his last book, Barry (2005) aimed to reverse this trend, Why Social Justice Matters is not only an outstanding work on both social justice and social injustice, but also a powerful and indispensable reminder of the point of political philosophy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Psychological therapy and similar therapeutic interventions for mild-to-moderate disorders have been significantly developed in recent years. Investment in such therapies can be seen somewhere between primary care services (GP services, primary care clinics) and specialist services, historically concentrated on severe and enduring disorders, as they are generally offered as secondary service, but not by CMHTs. Community services have developed over the last ten years, however, there is a lack of data about how they work (Audit Scotland, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The American Convention on Human Rights has become a cornerstone of Latin American transformative constitutionalism. Worldwide, the Convention is perhaps the most important international instrument of this nature. The article explains how the Inter-American system received its mandate for supporting transformative constitutionalism and provides a glance into its social legitimacy today. It will show the common law of human rights it has developed and study the safeguards for its legitimate exercise. Lastly, it will sketch yardsticks to assess the system’s success and end with a note on the value of critique.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)