albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It is relevant for measuring the average longevity of the population as a whole and is collected using well-established standards. Life expectancy can be measured at birth and at various ages. All life expectancies measure how long on average people could expect to live based on the age-specific death rates currently prevailing. Life expectancy at birth is, however, only an estimate of the expected life span of a given cohort, as the actual age-specific death rates of any particular birth cohort cannot be known in advance. Measures of life expectancy at birth refer to people born today and are computed by the OECD as the unweighted average of life expectancy for men and women. Life expectancy indicators meet a number of criteria characterising “ideal" indicators (Table 5.1), with the exception of the availability of disaggregated information across various population groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The development of RES also necessitates public support as barriers, such as network effects or limited access to credit undermine investment in these technologies. Such market failures thus require the implementation of non market based measures. Germany implements several of those, but they could be made more cost-efficient.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Many studies have been constrained by the lack of suitably long time series, and have resorted to estimation devices that almost surely have distorted the findings—such as imposing restrictions on the lag distribution length and shape or creating estimates of past data using crude extrapolations from the present, a data step that is not always apparent to the reader of the distilled research product. The two principal areas of difficulty are (a) in identifying the component of productivity growth that is attributable to research-induced changes in knowledge and then further attributing responsibility among alternative public and private providers of R&D (the spatial and institutional-cum-sectoral attribution problem), and (b) in identifying the research lag structure (the temporal attribution problem). Similar problems arise when the analysis is focused on a particular innovation or applied to all research undertaken by a national system, but the specifics differ as does the potential severity of the problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The UK social model of disability (SSM) originated within a political context, which is both a strength and a weakness. Good social research has been conducted prior to, and outside, the confines of the SSM. The SSM is above all a brilliant tool for mobilising change. But it can be applied over‐zealously. Since the 1990s, various critiques of the SSM have been developed, exposing contradictions and inadequacies. Equally, some of the parallels between disability and other social movements may need to be tested. Identity politics and psychology explain some of the fervour of SSM debates. To move forward, a social theory of embodiment is required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The RSE scheme and the incipient raised value of remittances have emphasised the positive role of migration. Skilled migration from both countries is significant and has an impact on the effectiveness of the health and education systems, but is regarded as inevitable. Skilling of the workforce is seen as valuable in itself and for potential migration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The number of first degree Galilean students for the year 2008 was 22 564 (see Table 1.6.). Increasing percentage of students - 8.5% or 14 300 students -study in the nine colleges in the Northern District. Five regional colleges that had been established during the 1960s and 1970s as non-academic institutions - one post-secondary polytechnic school, two teachers colleges, and an inner-city college in Nazareth - were upgraded to accredited academic institutions granting bachelors and masters degrees in a range of fields. In addition, there are teacher education colleges that operate under the auspices of the Ministry of Education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, in many regions and countries, economic growth has not been inclusive enough to provide employment and income-earning opportunities for the poor. For instance, in developing regions, children living in rural areas are almost twice as likely to be underweight than children in urban households (ibid.). Therefore, economic growth should generate demand for the assets controlled by the poor (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012b), in particular the rural poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It also discusses the development of indicators, reference points and risk indices for assessing fisheries affected by climate changes. In addition, it demonstrates an approach to evaluating fisheries management from an EAF perspective. Finally, it reviews current fisheries management systems and discusses implications for management under changing climate conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
According to the Report on Drug Use in the Americas, 2015,3' annual cannabis prevalence among secondary school students in Central America was reported to be highest in Belize, at 15.8 per cent, and lowest in Honduras, with a little more than 1 per cent. Prevalence rates of less than 5 per cent were reported in Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Panama, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. According to the Report on Drug Use in the Americas, 2015, the annual prevalence of cocaine abuse among high-school students in the Caribbean ranges from 0.5 per cent to slightly more than 2 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A key future challenge in this regard is innovations that allow substituting fish meal and oil with terrestrially-produced substitutes. Another factor for the relatively modest production growth for carnivorous species is the relatively high level of externalities in production and the resulting administrative limitations to grow th. This diversity, together with poor reporting from many aquaculture-producing economies, makes it challenging to identify common features of green aquaculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Legislation in some countries may have changed since this period, and can be expected to change in the future. Such instances should be considered and factored in during any follow'-up discussions at the country level or in international fora. Eventually, this work may also call for a revised draft to acknowledge progress and impacts made. It offers policy recommendations for boosting women’s employment and entrepreneurship through changes to legislative and institutional frameworks. The recommendations are general and will need tailoring to the particular context of each country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A special fund has also been set up to compensate for layoffs in sectors undergoing capacity reduction. As a remarkable step towards universal health coverage, a health insurance scheme was introduced to cover one third of the population when people have to make hospitalization expenditures, and a universal basic income scheme is under consideration (India, Ministry of Finance, 2017a). To accommodate such ambitious programmes, the Government is reprioritizing expenditures (by phasing out fuel subsides, for instance), enhancing expenditure efficiency (such as by reducing leakages through direct benefit transfers) and pursuing tax reforms - to boost revenues by curbing tax evasion (for example, through demonetization), reducing distortions (by imposing a nationwide goods and services tax, for example) and enhandng progressivity (such as by adding a surcharge on top incomes).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Our reward practices recognize compensating our employees fairly and equitably for the skill set they possess and value contribution as a business imperative. In addition, sponsorship of Country Presidents and HR has been crucial in raising awareness and for each country to take action regarding investment required to address gaps. A key indicator of this sponsorship was the inclusion of our pay equity vision in Schneider Electric’s 2015-2017 Planet and Society barometer, clearly laying out our initial three-year ambition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The chapter begins with a discussion of the concept of material wellbeing. This is followed by a description of the organization and structure of the Arctic economy, and then a definition of material wellbeing within the context of the Arctic region. Based on this definition, a set of indicators is constructed and evaluated in terms of various criteria for assessing their strengths and weaknesses. Indeed, a brief look at happiness and well-being provides a useful point of departure in the discussion of the concept of material well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the United Kingdom, local authorities are not allowed (outside the recently permitted pilot schemes) to introduce variable waste charging which has been effective in reducing waste generation in other countries (e.g. OECD, 2007a). Even if there is no incompatibility with fundamental legal principles, existing regulations or regulatory approaches may not be conducive to the introduction of tradable permits. This would be the case, for example, where existing regulations prescribe the technologies that must be used, rather than the limit for emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is two and a half times larger than the corresponding share of the developed economies in the region. An index value of greater than one indicates that the country’s export volume to the destination is greater than the world average. The country would then have a more intense export trade relation with that partner than does the rest of the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Abstract In 1829 Lieutenant Governor George Arthur issued a series of Proclamation Boards illustrated with images of friendship, equality before the law and mutual punishment for Aborigines and Europeans alike, in an attempt to conciliate Aboriginal people in Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania). These striking images have been reworked over time, and have come to shape understandings of Australian history at national and international levels. Yet for images so regularly cited in history books they have been under researched and frequently detached from the interconnected global and imperial histories that produced them. In line with new work that seeks to trace the political and cultural networks of empire, this paper considers the boards in transnational context. Proposing that the boards be considered objects of diplomacy, the paper examines the transference of iconography, including the humanitarian handshake, found on treaty medals and British anti-slavery tokens between networked British colonies. Reflectin...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Selected activities have been highlighted to illustrate the main points of the assessment, but all member States should be recognized for the contributions they have made to advancing ESD throughout the 10 years of the Strategy for ESD. The securing of leadership and political will has been a critical factor in the success of the Strategy. At the end of the implementation of Phase III, significant advancements have been made on four of the seven Strategy issue areas: policy integration, curricula, tools and resources, and cooperation and networking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Given similar opportunities in their own country most would prefer to stay at home. At present people in some of the region’s wealthier enclaves may feel more in common with those of similar living standards in developed countries of Europe or North America than those in other countries in the region. Wide disparities between countries can reduce the prospects for greater Asian unity and integration. This stronger focus on disparities reflects an ongoing evolution of development strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
ABSTRACTThe two opening sections of this Afterword show how the studies in this collection reflect wider trends in research related to language-in-education policy and practice in contemporary contexts of linguistic and cultural diversity: namely, the turn towards interpretive research and the diversification of research sites. The third section focuses on the nature of the innovation in research design and methodology that is evident in the different articles. Attention is drawn to the fact that, in each case, innovation is achieved by locating the research at the interface between research into communicative practices in classrooms and other fields of research in education. The fourth section is devoted to the way in which the authors address the epistemological and methodological challenges that arise in research in linguistically diverse settings. Here, the discussion centres on three main challenges: first, the challenge of dealing with asymmetries in researcher–researched relationships, second, the ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If tuition fees vary across institutions and fields of study with different curricula, costs and returns, students are more likely to go into the fields and institutions that will give them better chances of success in the labour market (Oliveira Martins et al., While private returns largely reflect wage and employability premia stemming from additional years of schooling for an individual, social returns focus on productivity gains at the aggregate level. In this respect, social and private returns differ markedly, if there is a purely “signalling” role of education and/or there are substantial human capital spillovers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Each plan has been updated over the period of its implementation to reflect significant changes in the sector. A new NWMP is prepared every five to six years. A third NWMP, expected in late 2016, will cover the period until 2022. The plans cover the overall policy framework, as well as specific sectors.1 The first plan also covered capacity planning for waste disposal facilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Farmland was redistributed to farm households who were given the ability to make their own production decisions provided they met certain production quotas. Broader reforms opened up the market to both greater domestic and international competition. Agricultural production rose sharply, becoming a key driver of overall economic growth. Production quota obligations were removed and further regulatory barriers to trade were gradually lifted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Moreover, the increase in accrual rates with the length of working life could enhance the incentives for older workers to participate longer (IMF, 2012b). The risk remains of course that workers with loose attachment to the labour market (including undeclared work), and hence short insurance records, might see little point in paying contributions, but this issue should be addressed through labour market and/or education policies rather than pension ones. Discretionaiy exemptions remained, as for example, with the liberal professions (medical doctors, law practitioners and engineers) who preserved their separate schemes, effectively opting out of the reformed system. Moreover, in some cases, such as that of utilities, the acquired rights of employees hired before 1983 were protected (Matsaganis, 2011, Petsemidou, 2011). In addition, although the 2010 reform simplified the structure of the system, leaving only 6 pension funds, there are still 93 sectoral systems under these broad funds with different social security contributions. Around 30% of main pensions were above the EUR 1000 threshold in mid-2013, according to the recent EC review of the Greek adjustment programme (EC, 2013b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Only two districts of Tbilisi, nearest to the landfill, are delivering waste to it directly. Material recovery from municipal waste is not performed, except in the sorting plant at Rustavi city landfill. Separate collection has not yet been introduced in Georgia. Waste is recovered for recycling mainly through informal activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Much attention is given to reformulating and extending the legislative and regulatory framework, and the recently adopted Law on Drinking Water was a key step in that direction. Although the main principles of IWRM are set out in the Water Code, it is necessary to reorganize the water management system throughout the country, by means of a national IWRM plan covering not only the country as a whole but also individual water basins separately. Although the Government pays great attention to water-saving ideas, there is still a shortage of analyses and practical guidelines on how to save water, using both economic and technological means. To reduce the water deficit, it is possible to take measures by improving the technical state of irrigation systems and applying modem water-saving irrigation techniques and a closed system of water supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This study examines the triangular relationship between the flows of foreign direct investments (FDIs), public governance as measured by WGIs (Worldwide Governance Indicators) and economic growth in the 15 countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) between 1996 and 2011. The authors conclude that there is a negative relationship between FDIs and economic growth. More importantly, the effect of public governance was analyzed using the estimated coefficients of the variables voice and accountability, quality of regulation, government effectiveness, political stability and absence of violence, rule of law and corruption control, and the results showed that for half of these indicators, governance contributes negatively to the economic growth of ECOWAS countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, paper-making technology and machinery-supplemented the strong wood sector and ship-building became important, and is an area w'here Finland still has strong capabilities in certain high value-added segments. In the 1970s, it started to expand higher education in engineering sciences, which would become an important element of the country’s economic transformation. In the 1980s, Finland began to shift into entirely new areas of knowledge-based innovation and new sectors, such as information and communication technology (ICT), machinery, and chemicals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is primarily a producer of cereal and vegetable seeds, with a major share of its seed production taking place in other countries around the world. Local farmers who own the co-operative produce wheat and vegetables, and the firm has a large industrial bakery division. The firm is the fourth largest seed exporter in the world and its crop production has a large impact on land use in the hinterland, especially in the Limagne plain where agriculture is dominated by field crops and wheat in particular. The area is also known for the cultivation of sugar beets and has historically had a significant confectionary manufacturing industry that relies on local sugar. On some of the hillier land there has been a revitalisation of the wine industry, but the amount of land in vines remains well below historic high levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The chapter delves into the ongoing debate on e-governance, concentrating on the relationship between language use and other dimensions of social life such as identity and belonging as they are discursively encoded online. It suggests that new media communication may work as a tool of social cohesion and inclusion. By looking at linguistic evidence, it explores the issue of the discursive construction of urban identities within and across different groups, the tensions between real and imagined communities that occur, as well as the rhetoric of multiculturalism and urban regeneration across different digital platforms, from official websites to the social web. The policy impact of city branding is emphasised more than its marketing dimension to show the interconnection between the sharing of communicative flows and political culture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Both direct and student-oriented instruction methods can be used (Box 4.11). Direct instruction is built around problems with clear, correct answers that can be learned quickly. Student-centred instruction is associated with the teacher facilitating students' own inquiry by allowing them time to find solutions to problems on their own before the teacher demonstrates how a problem is solved.16 While there is no consensus in the literature on which approach is better, an over-reliance on either approach is not recommended (OECD, 2008b, Rowe, 2007). As much as possible, classroom activities related to the curriculum should develop student knowledge of real-world problems (Dumont, Istance and Benavides, 2010, Faubert, 2012, OECD, 2008a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Since then, governments and the clinical community have slowly stepped up efforts so that every hospital is today accredited against these standards. Having achieved these service standards, the challenge for Australian policy makers now is to develop increasingly robust metrics linked to their implementation and impact, ensure that standards remain relevant to quality and safety priorities and to apply them beyond hospitals. The standards form the building blocks for a national approach to quality assessment and improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Expenditure by CETP at the tertiary level is included under “secondary education” (this expenditure is a minor part of the total expenditure by CETP). The lowest level of public expenditure per student (relative to GDP per capita) is that for general programmes in upper secondary education. As a proportion of GDP per capita, public expenditure per student has grown between 2004 and 2013, even if so at a higher rate between 2004 and 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There are large possibilities to reduce material consumption through dematerialisation, however, it requires that the additional function in e.g. a smart phone does not become an addition to owning a camera or a paper calendar. Since products often are part of a large system they will affect the overall performance of that system, so the individual product's resource efficiency should be improved but also that the entire system. An example of a Directive characterised by system thinking is the Building Directive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Eurostat Methodologies and Working Papers. Available from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat /documents/3859598/5910217 /KS-RA-09-012-EN.PDF /Oldl 733e-46b6-4da8-92e6 -766a65d7fd60?version=l .0 (accessed 4 August 2017). Statistics on environmental protection and resource management expenditure for corporations, non-profit institutions and households usually require the use of specific surveys of establishments in different sectors and industries. Therefore, key factors that affect the quality of statistics produced through this type of source include the existence of updated and precise establishment registers, sampling procedures and the quality of questionnaires.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2004, the state-controlled prices and the compulsory sale of sugar, rubber and cotton to SEEs was lifted, but jute procurement and export still remained in the hand of SEEs to provide export earnings and supply state-owned factories. The production, trade and export of all crops have now been liberalised, except for rice which is still subject to some controls (ARDC, 2011). Its graduates represent a significant proportion of MOAI’s staff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)