albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
ABSTRACTThis study analyses, in the light of peace educational theory, the presence and absence of peace elements in the Swedish national curriculum for compulsory schooling. Using the theoretical framework developed within the international Peace Education Curricular Analysis Project, content analysis and mixed methods we identify how the Swedish curriculum underscore and lack the peace elements of recognizing violence, non-violent conflict transformation and positive peace. Our analysis shows that the Swedish curriculum supports teaching and learning which may help pupils to identify violence in society and internationally, lack many aspects of non-violent conflict transformation (especially conflict resolution) and emphasize positive peace in numerous but limited ways. We find that many dimensions of peace are underscored in the syllabus of civics, making peace education primarily a concern for a few teachers. Noting how peace in education is a wide-ranging concern for all educators, we highlight how p...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This document outlines how the Blue Economy will be harnessed sustainably. It covers mid- and long-term priority areas and enablers. Those laws include the National Oil Spill Contingency Plan, Environment Protection Act, Marine Pollution Bill, Port Master Plan, Fisheries and Marine Resources Act, National Coast Guard Act, Maritime Zones Act, and Continental Shelf Act.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Both indicators are associated initially with increasing and subsequently with declining levels of emigration, corresponding to the inverted U-curve relationship. Both indicators also have an overall positive effect on immigration. Development in poor countries will help incomes grow, enabling people exiting poverty to cover migration costs, therefore these countries will initially see rising levels of emigration. Eventually, once countries reach a certain level of development and are able to bridge the income gaps, migration levels will start declining again. Caution should therefore be used in concluding definitively that all countries have had or will follow the described path.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, Penang’s stress-free lifestyle, low cost of living (but increasing prices of housing), parks, sports facilities, excellent range of local and international cuisine, lively social networks, and attitudes open to change and innovation serve as invaluable counterpoints and sources of attraction. Rich cultural traditions, ample recreational and entertainment facilities, and a more sophisticated lifestyle overall, provide enhanced pull factors. For the diaspora, family and cultural ties with strong community roots intensify re-location possibilities. The state’s contribution to the Malaysian tourist industry was the third highest in the country with nearly six million tourist arrivals 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Basin-level management, for example, may require upper-level governance to avoid inequities in water allocation within a water basin and also to ensure that the public good aspects and values of water are given sufficient recognition (OECD, 201 la). At the same time, while inter-municipal, supra-municipal and metropolitan bodies have been set up to respond to co-ordination challenges while creating economies of scale and improving the quality of service, there might be risks of duplication and overlap of responsibilities with low'er and higher levels of government. The OECD developed a risk-based approach consisting of three steps: “knowing”, “targeting” and “managing” (OECD, 2013d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There are no clearly defined standards for on-site sanitation and no means of enforcement to ensure that only improved facilities get built and are adequately serviced. In addition, LSGBs have not invested in sites for the safe emptying and handling of septage, i.e. the content of pit latrines and septic tanks. Sanitation services can be operated in an isolated manner, or combined with other services (water supply, district heating, storm water collection, solid waste collection, etc.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The steps required to include unpaid work in the SNA are: (i) quantifying unpaid work, (ii) valuing unpaid work and (iii) constructing a satellite account for unpaid household work (ECLAC, 2016a). Time-use surveys provide the information needed to quantify unpaid work. Countries have used several methodologies to value this type of work, as shown in table IV.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As a fact-based management approach, its successful implementation will require timely and reliable cross-disciplinary information in order to establish baselines, monitor changes, and support decision-making towards social, economic and environmental sustainability. Data availability and quality issues often constrain the accuracy of assessment results. Moreover, management action lags behind assessment conclusions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Under the project, the plan is to install almost 200 000 km of fibre-optic links, including 1 300 km of submarine cable, in the period 2015-2018. The project is the largest of its kind worldwide, featuring a wide range of implementation challenges such as geography, geomorphology, climate, economic and social conditions, with a wide variety of tasks to be resolved within a short time-frame (SDGs 1,8,9 and 11). Launched on 1 May 2012, the system was serving 203 government organizations as at 30 September 2014, covering 58 systems such as rice mortgage information tracking and integration, management of the women's development fund, and the strategic water resource management plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The involvement of women's organizations in the process can facilitate the achievement of gender equity targets. Furthermore, gender targets for access and tenure security should be monitored and officials held accountable for meeting them. This has helped raise awareness and acceptance among men and women of women's land rights, although several rounds of training were necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Indeed, in reviewing the literature on water demand, the ample opportunities for conserving water across the board are striking, including in the electric power sector, the production of industrial steam, residential consumption, and irrigated agriculture. In our opinion, the main reason why such substitution has not been more widespread to date is due to the absence of economic incentives for conservation. In many uses around the world, water remains virtually free.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The interest rates for these loans were 4% lower than that of commercial loans. The preferential support lasts for at most 12 months (Tran and Dinh, 2014a). Just over one million farmers borrowed VND 776 billion (USD 40.8 million) under the programme during 2009 and another VND 147 billion (USD 7.7 million) was lent to 6 424 farmers in the first four months of 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This is why there had been little investment in the people and institutions that collect, study and disseminate data on them. Thus dilemmas are now being faced in handling apparent uncertainties about the GHG baseline developed for the CRGE. We are certainly witnessing this globally. Some stakeholders see green growth as an opportunity to rapidly improve GDP growth, jobs, inward investment and other mainstream economic variables by investing in particular low-carbon technologies - in effect increasing the size and productivity of the ‘green sector’ of the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The primary domestic use of wood is as fuel, with some 67 per cent of the gross timber volume harvested in 2010 going to the fuelwood market. The remaining wood consists mainly of hardwood logs, which are processed in local sawmills (Figure 9.4). About 80 per cent of the harvested volume comes from State forest lands. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia imports more forest products than it exports, importing about USS43 million while exporting about US$7 million worth of forest products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 2008-14, only 8% of available compensation funds were actually spent. Legal uncertainty related to the compensation process is a major bottleneck for more efficient use of these resources, another is the lack of suitable projects in which the resources can be invested (Funbio, 2014a). By far the main parameter is the extension (and type) of protected areas and indigenous lands, followed by the presence of municipal waste collection services, public watersheds, and wastewater treatment (IBGE, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Not only the amount of rainfall but also the temporal distribution matters for agricultural production (Demeke, 2004, Bewket, 2009). For instance, evidence indicates that a 10% decrease in seasonal rainfall from its long-term average leads to a 4.4% decline food production (von Braun, 1991). Studies (e.g. GebreEgziabher et al, 2011, Bewket, 2009, World Bank, 2008, von Braun, 1991) conclude that the frequency and intensity of drought is likely to increase over the coming decades, which will present a serious threat to biodiversity, ecosystems, water, agricultural and human health. Due to the strategic importance of agriculture to the national economy, and its sensitivity to water availability, this sector has been given priority by the government. There is much to consider: poor people’s dependence on agriculture and their related skills, society’s dependence on farmers managing land well in order to conserve watersheds and biodiversity, the threats of climate change including increased risk of drought and more extreme weather, the unique attributes of Ethiopia’s agricultural products and its potential for green hydroelectric power, and the powerful market drivers associated with rapid urbanisation. These problems and opportunities are linked and demand systematic attention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Global Partnership for Development thus put a special emphasis on access of developing countries to new technologies. At the beginning of the millennium, the most rapid and promising technological change appeared to involve information and communication technologies (ICTs). The Millennium Development Goals therefore paid special attention to ICT, as have the MDG Gap Task Force reports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In many ways, the world has become less tolerant of exclusion. The spread of democratic ideals and the demand for equal rights have led some Governments to loosen policies that sustain unfair treatment and have created opportunities for political participation. Meanwhile, the expansion of education and improvements in information and communications technologies (ICTs) are enabling more people to make more informed choices and exercise voice. However, these advances have not been enough to eliminate disadvantage and promote inclusive societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As such, it is important to note that each of these 11 guiding elements — six framing conditions and five instruments — is consistent with the principles guiding general water resource allocation systems. At the system level, requirements for accountability and information and knowledge fit with the proposed information requirement. Furthermore, effective monitoring and enforcement, assuring the system's interconnectivity (conjunctive surface-groundwater management), and policy coherence across sectors (no price distorting measures) are mentioned above.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For example, around three quarters of civil servants and two-thirds of public utility workers were located in the top 30% of the income distribution at the onset of the crisis (Matsaganis and Leventi, 2012a). The introduction of the pensioners’ solidarity contribution (a special tax on pensions, excluding those up to EUR 1 400 per month) and cuts in pension benefits (abolition of the 13th and 14th month payments) also seemed to have been weakly progressive. On the other hand, policies affecting low-income households, such as the 2012 cut in unemployment benefits (Table 2.9), and the 2010 VAT hikes (based on Leventi and Matsaganis, 2013a), were regressive. The 2011 emergency property tax appears to be, in principle, progressive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The booked capacities were generally not used while not being available to other market entities (in three-quarters of the cases by distributors affiliated with the network operator) thus excluding small market entities from the market and permitting the network affiliates to maintain a dominant position in their traditional supply areas (Bundesnetzagentur, 2010). Now capacities are auctioned, thus removing barriers to grid access and simplifying the booking process. However, as on the electricity market, a majority of consumers are not benefiting from savings they could get from provider switching (Bundesnetzagentur, 2010). In addition, eco-innovation could also generate additional growth, thereby offsetting some of the adverse effects of emission reduction policies (OECD, 201 If).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Much depends on whether Chernobyl is viewed as the result of a singular conjunction of technical, human and institutional failures or as the indicator of an incompressible risk residual connected with nuclear power. The latter figure was derived by a WHO Expert Group based on the linear no threshold methodology adopted by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. It corresponds to a 3-4% increase in the number of cancers that would have been likely to happen otherwise in the concerned groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It outlines the basket approach for benchmarking Internet prices across LDCs. It also considers ways operators adapt pricing schemes to low-income groups within the LDCs through different Internet data bundles. Considering that prepaid Internet bundles are often linked to a volume of data, information on different data consumption patterns in LDCs is investigated. The chapter also discusses the use of Over the Top applications and zero-rated access to certain applications in LDCs and their regulatory implications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Affiliation was trending downwards in El Salvador prior to the health-care reform now under way, and has remained low and virtually unchanged in Honduras. Unfortunately, levels of health-care affiliation in Brazil could not be detected from the surveys consulted, as the country has a universal system. Affiliation to health systems among professionals and technicians in microenterprises declined (along with pension scheme affiliation) in four of the countries with the lowest levels of affiliation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, if and where additional land for biofuel production goes at the expense of naturally vegetated land, this will affect the hydrological cycle. Additional water stress can result on irrigated land, and this competition over water between food and fuel crops can affect agricultural production in drought-prone regions and potentially lead to yield reductions. Currently around 33% of the earth’s surface (excluding Greenland and Antarctica) is used for crops and livestock farming (PBL, RIO+20). Projections indicate that agricultural land use is likely to increase even further in coming decades due to population and welfare growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
According to the UNECE’s Third Environmental Performance Review' no conflicts between different water users in Georgia are reported. The MENRP is not required to be informed about conflicts between water users and is not involved in negotiation meetings (UNECE, 2016), However, this does not apply to some transboundary' rivers and groundwater aquifers. Currently, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) support Georgia in facilitating co-operation with Azerbaijan over protection and sustainable use of the water resources of the Kura River basin. The agreement seeks to resolve inter alia the issue of shared water from the Kura River for agricultural use. Since 2010, a number of bilateral consultations between Georgia and Azerbaijan took place with the objective of developing a text for the future bilateral agreement on the shared water resources (UNECE, 2016). The conflicts between the use of water for hydropower, the development of irrigation in the Alazani-Iori Basin and the preservation of water flow for aquatic ecosystems are a source of increasing concern.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
About 47 of the EE projects are being undertaken in India alone (UNER 2008b). Due to the large quantity, dispersed end-use requirements and preferences of individual owners, the third category presents characteristics of long-tail energy use. The total primary energy was inferred considering that the leaves correspond to 25 per cent of the juice and bagasse content, because good plantation practices require that half of this biomass remain in the fields to be recycled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is supported by the evidence that the incidence of poverty is, in general, less severe in off-farm or multi-activity households than in families dependent on agriculture. Many of the world’s food insecure people are low-income, small-scale farmers who are not integrated into larger productive networks and are exposed to food price shocks, natural catastrophes and climate change. Cross-sectoral and place-based policies aiming at integrating the agricultural sector with upstream and downstream markets, as well as w'ith non-farm activities, may be potentially more effective for improving rural livelihoods and FSN. Evidence obtained from a series of OECD policy reviews, as w'ell as research conducted by both the FAO and the United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF), suggests that there is need for a shift towards a broader and more holistic approach to FSN and rural development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
By building on improved climate projections and lessons learned (from initiatives focusing specifically on adaptation, as well as those focusing on climate variability and disaster risk reduction), the capacity to adapt to climate change can gradually improve (IEG, 2013). The value of monitoring and evaluation of adaptation as a mechanism for learning therefore lies in the use of the information for adaptation planning processes and for improving government performance. At the national level, it can be difficult to ensure that the lessons learned are readily available to, and used by, the stakeholders shaping the domestic policy agenda on adaptation (GEF IEO, 2013, Kato et al., In developing countries, an additional barrier to learning can be that the monitoring and evaluation systems to varying degrees may be shaped by the information required by the providers of climate finance rather than by the national authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, they find that the extent of reinstatement in the case of unfair dismissal is the most important regulatory determinant of gross worker flows, in general, and within-industxy job-to-job transitions, in particular. They also find that the length of the trial period is also a key determinant of hiring although not of separations. There is also evidence that countries with lower EPL have not only higher dismissal rates but also greater rates of voluntary quits (Gielen and Tatsiramos, 2012). By contrast, the impact of EPL on firm growth appears to be, at best, small (Boeri and Jimeno, 2005, Schivardi andTorrini, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
First, the devices are designed to use minuscule amounts of power. Such an understanding will create the environment for appropriate policy and regulatory actions by governments and also for the necessary innovations by operators and manufacturers. The necessary innovations include business process and pricing innovations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Micro-finance institutions in the NGO sector in Fiji, for example, started with the FCOSS and Aglow Lautoka in Fiji. These early NGOs assisted in the implementation of micro-credit and savings projects, providing services to communities and villages (ILO, 2006a). The FCOSS runs a Social Enterprise Development and Education (SEDE) programme that aims at “promoting and empowering communities through entrepreneurial initiatives, capacity enhancements and micro-finance services”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article examines the constitutional issues raised by the peculiar relationship between the IRS and the Joint Committee on Taxation. Under Section 6405(a) of the tax code, the IRS cannot pay a refund unless it first gives the JCT a chance to review the proposed payment. In practice, this review function gives the JCT a veto over proposed refund payments.This Article argues that, even though Section 6405(a) does not provide an explicit legislative veto of the sort declared unconstitutional in INS v. Chadha, the statute nonetheless violates the separation of powers. The Article also examines some of the procedural due process concerns raised by JCT meddling in IRS refund claim adjudication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Examples include Korea’s strategy “Creative Korea - Smart Nation” and Colombia’s “Vive Digital” strategies. Some initiatives also have an explicit focus on SMEs such as Germany’s initiative “Mittelstand-Digital” (EN „SMEs digital11), w hich aims at promoting the use of software for enhancing business processes by SMEs including skilled crafts. Others have an explicit focus on ICT adoption and use for addressing specific social challenges, such as Japan which is addressing the needs of an ageing society through its programme on the “Platinum Society”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Effort should be made to support the sharing of expertise and practices at the local level. In this regard, it will be important to establish strong public health institutions with national influence to develop strategic policy objectives and assess policy options. This need for strong public health institutions is heightened in Switzerland where cantons are of varying sizes and hence have varying capacities for policy development. Health information systems are currently limited and information on key indicators is too often left to the initiative of willing parties or health service providers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There is scope to expand the use of PES programmes and economic instruments, such as the proposed trading scheme for discharges of nitrogen and phosphorous to combat eutrophication. This would be more effective if it were implemented with partners around the Baltic Sea. Marine issues were included in the 2012 innovation strategy. The focus on the conservation and sustainable use of marine ecosystems could be further strengthened in the context of innovation policy, and in discussions about a European blue economy strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This project lays the foundation for information communication in China and plays a key role in information technology, which enhances the ability of information communication and meets the information development needs of China. This project is relevant to SDGs 3, 8 and 9. Atu Lie'er Village, located in Zhiermo Town, Zhaojue County, Liangshan, Sichuan Province of China is called the "Cliff Village", as its more than 500 villagers live on a cliff, where the traffic conditions are very bad and villagers need to climb nearly 800 metres if they go outside of the village. China Telecom Liangshan Branch and Zhaojue Branch overcame traffic difficulty and conducted network investigations there in September and November 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)