albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Next, municipal employees used smartphones to photograph the disaster area and then saved these to the MDRU's server. This enabled the mayor to look at the stored pictures to gain a visual understanding of the disaster. Ultimately, the mayor instructed municipal hall employees to provide relief goods to the affected area before he reported the situation to the central government. At an the earlier briefing session in San Remigio, project participants discussed the technologies used in the MDRU project as well as the feasibility study's importance of the MDRU feasibility study with the engineers. Additionally, to facilitate operation of MDRU applications, the unit will need to be equipped with a power although some MDRUs have already been equipped with Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Significant disparities in access to social services within countries are also stratified by area of residence and by gender. Many economies in the region have failed to raise sufficient tax revenue despite rapid growth, as demonstrated by their low and stagnant tax-to-GDP ratios (see figure 1.21). The stagnant tax-to-GDP ratios when the economy was growing indicate lack of sufficient progressivity of the tax structure. Declines in formal employment and the consequent rise in vulnerable employment are also contributing to the growing inequality through the falling share of wages in GDP. There is a clear negative relationship between the tax burden of countries in the region and their levels of inequality (see figure 1.22).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This results in high levels of entrepreneurship in LDCs according to the former, but low levels according to the latter. However, since own-account workers and family workers comprise 97 per cent of self-employment, only a small fraction of the self-employed can be considered truly entrepreneurial. The prevalence of informal enterprises is difficult to measure, the scale of the shadow economy, at around 35 per cent of gross domestic product, provides a conservative indicator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Organisational cultures that remain “male-biased” - where individualism and the separation of work and family are central aspects of an institutional culture - can be problematic in pursuing gender equality goals (Moser, 2005, p. 584). Resistance to gender mainstreaming efforts may arise if gender mainstreaming policies pose a challenge to existing structures and procedures. Similarly, 43% of countries cited a lack of awareness of gender mainstreaming in the public sector among the top barriers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Family physicians, for example, have no budgetary oversight over the nurses working under their supervision. Whilst strongly divergent views between government and professional groups are not unique to Turkey, consensus has had a notably minor role in steering refonn in Turkey. The Turkish Medical Association remains opposed to the HTP, especially as payment arrangements place considerable pressure on doctors to deliver higher volumes of services. Although some elementary self-regulation of the medical profession is in place, strong disagreements exist between the profession (as represented by the Turkish Medical Association, Turkish Nurses’ Association and Turkish Midwives’ Association) and the government on mutual roles and responsibilities. While the Ministry of Health is taking some such steps to devolve responsibility, for example by devolving the responsibility for delivering hospital services, progress on shifting focus to its regulatory, oversight, and quality governance functions, has been rather slow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, it is argued for a decrease in food loss and mentioned that it is important to make people aware of the food's value. The aim of the group is to work for prevention of food waste using the options possible for each party. The organisation is a consumer movement founded to raise public awareness about the food waste subject and hopefully to eliminate avoidable food waste in Denmark.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The law on Veterinary Services, Phytosanitary, Food and Feed was enacted in 2010 to attain EU compliance of related Turkish legislation. Improved border inspection, animal identification and preparedness to respond to human- and animal-disease pandemics are amongst the recent actions taken. Completion of this process is envisaged for 2012, and until that time national systems remain valid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In late 2015, an increase in the number of infants born with microcephaly in poor communities in northeast Brazil prompted investigation of antenatal Zika infection as the cause. Zika now circulates in 69 countries, and has affected pregnancies of women in 29 countries.Public health officials, policymakers, and international organizations are considering interventions to address health consequences of the Zika epidemic. To date, public health responses have focused on mosquito vector eradication, sexual and reproductive health services, knowledge and technology including diagnostic test and vaccine development, and health system preparedness.We summarize responses to date and apply human rights and related principles including nondiscrimination, participation, the legal and policy context, and accountability to identify shortcomings and to offer suggestions for more equitable, effective, and sustainable Zika responses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The fact that the zones of the country with an abundance of wind are not well connected to the transmission network considerably raises the costs of wind power projects. In any event, wind farms are expected to be built as legislation comes into force making it compulsory to generate 10% of energy using non-conventional renewable sources by 2024. Unlike what happened in Europe, where this technology was developed on the back of public subsidies, Brazil, Mexico and other Latin American countries have offered the conditions needed for it to compete on price with other energy sources. The most recent wind power projects presented in Mexico, Uruguay and Brazil have undertaken to sell their electricity at USS 67, USS 62 and USS 56 per MW, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Thus our use of the same equivalence scale for both cash and in-kind expenditures is a reasonable middle-of-the-road solution”. Applying the standard OECD equivalence scale, which is the square root of household size, this is converted to USD 20 000 of equivalent income attached to each individual (column 1). The child of 8 years is enrolled in primary school (value estimated as USD 3 000), whereas the 13-year-old is in lower secondary education (value USD 5 000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It is targeted at managers and practitioners from government agencies that are responsible for post-disaster relief, response, recovery and reconstruction. This exercise has been carried out, for example, for the 2015 Nepal earthquakes. The pre-disaster assessment was based on the SEismic Loss EstimatioN model (SELENA) which was piloted by ESCAP in Nepal.23 The model was run for future earthquakes at magnitudes from 5 to 8. The GDP loss per capita was anticipated to be greatest in the central hill and eastern mountain districts — which was confirmed by the actual outcome (Figure IV-10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
While all the Commonwealth Pacific small states are engaged in some invasive species management activities, more concerted effort is required to address biosecurity issues (SPREP, 2016b). As the lack of resources has limited past implementation efforts, considerable investment of resources in combating invasive species will be required to achieve Target 15.8. The IAEG-SDGs proposed 23 indicators to monitor this goal, of which six are Tier 1 indicators (see Appendix 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There are emerging concerns for the vulnerability of senior citizens in rural areas with non-communicable diseases, in particular diabetes. In 2008 it was measured at US$470 million, equal to around one third of overseas development assistance (ODA) allocated by those countries in that year. The remittance figure is also understated: money is frequently carried in person when traveling ‘home’. In Tonga and Samoa, remittances far exceed ODA receipts: in Samoa in 2008 remittance flows were US$135 million and ODA was US$39.5 million, in Tonga the figures were US$99.5 million and US$27.5 million, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Additional EU funds have more than replaced this subsidy in 2012-13, although they may also involve more administrative costs. Reinstating a subsidy for training costs could be considered, in which case it should preferably be kept partial to reduce deadweight costs and potential misuse. The significant size of the informal economy may also hamper lifelong learning, as informal employers have less incentive to train workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
We examine whether the level of deference shown by the Israeli Supreme Court to military decisions has changed over time by empirically analyzing the entire body of Supreme Court decisions in petitions against the military commander between 1990 and 2005. Setting forth a number of different factors that might generally affect the degree of deference to state agencies, we hypothesized that there would be a decrease in deference in the relationship between the Court and the military commander during the examined period. Our findings show that deference to the military commander has indeed diminished significantly. We argue that this is best explained by the continuation of the armed conflict (and its aftermath, namely, the routinization and increase in the number of petitions by the civilian population) and also—to some extent—by the rise of a substantive rule-of-law legal consciousness, central to which is the importance of human rights. lsi_1209 919..956
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article examines how international law in form of treaties deals with the intersection of the three concepts. Our hypothesis is that international law, in the form of treaties, has been reluctant to engage with national security when dealing with migration, leaving this to national law. Instead, the intersection of national security—most commonly in the form of concerns about terrorism and migration—takes place in political discourse, which acts as a passerelle for various types of state violence against people classified or suspected of being migrants. We examine this mechanism that we call an insecurity continuum driven by the politics of fear in a European context. This is a politics that takes place outside of international law but has the effect of limiting access by individuals to international law protections, particularly in the case of people who claim international protection against persecution or torture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
How likely are African countries to realize even the paltry $16 billion projected by this model for developing countries? Developing economies’ aggregate nominal GDP, according to the UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2008, was just above $14 trillion in 2007 - making $16 billion, or one tenth of one per cent, look fairly negligible rather than the big boost to development the Doha Round is touted to be. Its estimates suggest that SSA could gain substantially because "farm employment, the real value of agricultural output and exports, the real returns to farm land and unskilled labour, and real net farm incomes would all rise substantially in capital scarce SSA countries with a move to free merchandise trade” [Anderson, Martin and van der Mensbrugghe, 2005: 26). According to the simulation results (Anderson, Martin and van der Mensbrugghe, 2005:38, Table 2), SSA excluding South Africa would gain $3.5 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Many of the actions are mentioned already in the literature overview and all those actions should be appreciated. Below we discuss some common findings in the Nordic countries, we have also lifted some country specific issues that we think are of interest for all the Nordic countries. Therefore for example the suggestion to stop with "buy 3 for 2”-offers (which doesn't create food waste in the shop but more likely generates food waste in the households) at least for fresh products has not been accepted by most of the persons interviewed. Some persons interviewed said that if this is asked for by the consumers and a market option could be seen then it would be considered but not otherwise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
And with the world's population clock1 indicating just over 7 billion people - increasing by the hour - issues of how and what to regulate are becoming more relevant. Governments are facing increasing social and economic issues. Pressures are building on the provision of health care, education, and policing, as well as on goals for employment, environmental protection and economic growth. Since the late 1980s, market liberalization and advances in technology have driven the digitalization of all aspects of national economies. In moving to a competitive telecommunications model, strong regulation and regulators have been required to enable new entrants to compete against dominant players with significant market shares.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, there is one major methodological disparity between the 1993 and 2008 instruments. In 1993, one respondent answered a survey for the entire household4. In contrast, the 2008 survey had questionnaires for all of the members of the household. Clearly the 2008 data will be less prone to measurement error on income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Again this is mainly driven by migrants from the Asia and Oceania region and the between OECD countries, though the number of highly-educated women doubled among migrants from sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Oceania and non-OECD European countries. Central Asia, Nepal, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Paraguay, Afghanistan and Lithuania also saw enormous growth - over 250% - in the number of highly-educated migrant women who emigrated to the OECD between 2000-01 and 2010-11 (ibid.). Development and changing economic structures in developed and developing countries have led to an increase in female educational attainment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The interviews demonstrated that the more closely teachers and school leaders worked with the DET, the stronger this perception was. Some teachers and school leaders even said that due to the AfL programme they had a better impression of the Directorate than ever before. Some school leaders stated that they felt that, for the first time, someone from the central level was actually interested in what they were doing. One school leader was also actively involved in a DET resource group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Crop losses are also higher for female-headed households in Lao People’s Democratic Republic, amounting to 10 per cent of total rice production, compared with 4 per cent for male-headed households (FAO/SIDA, 2010b). Globally, FAO (2011) estimates suggest that providing women with the same access to productive resources as men could increase yields on their farms by 20-30 per cent, raising total agricultural output by 2.5-4 per cent. This suggests an important distinction between gender inequalities that arise directly from gender norms and what might be called contingent inequalities — those which arise indirectly from the interaction between the resulting disadvantages and those due to poverty. They may, on average, have more limited educational opportunities because of gender biases in household decision-making and/or differential provision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These measures are meant to correct some of the obstacles, especially institutional and systemic barriers, that still prevent women's equal access to politics. Moreover, they require adaptation to the local context. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has explained that the Convention's article 7 extends to all areas of public and political life and is thus not limited to those specified in the article itself. According to the Committee, the political and public life of a country is a broad concept, and can refer to the exercise of political power, in particular legislative, judicial, executive and administrative powers, all aspects of public administration and the formulation and implementation of policy at the international, national, regional and local levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The survey provides information on the prevalence of selected lifetime and 12-month mental disorders by three major disorder groups: anxiety disorders (e.g. social phobia), affective disorders (e.g. depression) and substance use disorders (e.g. alcohol harmful use). The survey also provides information on the level of impairment, the health services used for mental health problems, physical conditions, social networks and caregiving, as well as demographic and socio-economic characteristics. In 2012, the Canadian Community Health Survey (Area Specific Version) focused on mental health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The poverty rate should also fall if average household income remains unchanged, but income inequality decreases. It is important to analyse the impact of both these elements in the period 2012-2017 when poverty reduction slowed. This also complements similar analyses carried out in the previous edition of Social Panorama, which encompassed the periods 2002-2008 and 2008-2016 (ECLAC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The estimated total fertility rate (TFR) is probably smaller than the actual one and the difference between the two has narrowed over the period. Three major components affecting population growth are fertility, mortality and migration, and among these components, fertility plays the most important role. A number of factors, such as social, cultural, economic, health and other environmental factors, directly determine fertility. Davis and Blake (1956) first introduced the term intermediate variables of fertility to describe the biological and behavioral mechanisms through which social, economic and cultural conditions can affect fertility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Conservation Consortium is an informal group comprised of representatives from government agencies and civil society, including traditional leaders, who come together about once a month to update each other generally or discuss specific issues or projects when requested by a consortium member. The Consortium supplements the work of formally-established national committees such as the Palau National Resources Council. Civil society members include, for example, the Palau Conservation Society, which helps sponsor and facilitate meetings. Membership is open to any interested group or individual and the format is informal and flexible to accommodate the different interests of stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The involvement of numerous stakeholders results in a multiplication of evaluation and assessment mechanisms. For example, schools report information to their board, to the Windows for Accountability website, to the Inspectorate, and to the Ministry of Education. They receive evaluative feedback from the school boards, the Inspectorate, external consultants of the Schools have the Initiative project (for participating schools) and, in many cases, other experts and service organisations hired to support internal quality care and school development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The paper’s focus is The Dakar framework for action—education for all: meeting our collective commitments, which presents the UNESCO, G8, World Bank and International Monetary Fund’s blueprint for the ‘development’ of education globally by 2015. Taking a discourse analytic approach, discussion of the Dakar framework make two claims. The first is that the Framework has a Matrix‐like effect in that it potentially closes out other ways of thinking about and practicing education. The second argument is that the apparent contradiction between its deployment of a human rights centered discourse and neo‐liberal discourse that establishes this Matrix‐like effect, must be understood as something more than simply an exercise in lies, deception and rhetoric. Rather, the Matrix‐like effect of the Framework succeeds not because the Framework lies, but because it doubly exploits the very same ambivalence in liberal‐humanism that facilitated the European control of ‘Others’ in an earlier era of globalisation. Gandhi who...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The implication is that, more than elsewhere in the OECD, German women work short paid hours per week. For the United States, the full-time equivalent is calculated from usual working hours for dependent employees only. For Korea, data reflect actual rather than usual weekly working hours. Most men work full-time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This will enable schools to identify where insufficient support is being offered as well as helping national authorities to and scale-up those interventions found to be effective. However, in practice, initial training has placed a heavy emphasis on language learning. Language skills are central to the success of integration across OECD countries, strong language skills facilitate not only access to employment, but access to education, to social interactions and, hence, to further acquisition of language skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is often based on misperceptions -for example one DAC donor in Niger stated that non-DAC donors never made the effort to go to joint donor meetings on development and aid, whereas a non-DAC donor complained that they were not invited to events or kept in the loop about different donor initiatives. There is at times a feeling in donor meetings or fora that whoever mobilises the most funds and has the largest projects, de facto, are a more important actor with a larger say in matters, regardless of how they are spending their budgets, whether their programming is high quality with great impact, or not. Some very large multilaterals also seem to feel that they have everything 'under control' and that they don't need to form partnerships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Today, two-thirds of the local population drinks water from the Allier River’s aquifer. There are new concerns about the impact of run-off from farming on w'ater quality (e.g. manure and pesticide and fertiliser impacts). Similarly, the threat of contamination from spills by mining operations remains a concern. For example, there is competition over agricultural lands between different categories of users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Teachers might focus on higher performing students and thereby direct less effort to lower performing students. Schools tend to group students by ability, a practice that doesn’t improve the overall performance and can be particularly harmful if lower quality teachers are allocated to lower performing children. In addition, schools that cater to gifted students, such as the Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools, receive considerably higher levels of funding than mainstream schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)