albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
On MDB finance (concessional and non-concessional) flowing to climate change is the most difficult to estimate because there is comprehensive data set from which to draw and available estimates are now dated. Drawing on World Bank (2006), it is estimated that just over 4 bn USD flows to support climate action, remaining constant as what was reported in 2006-7, this is considered to be a minimum estimate. Export-credits vary widely from year to year, for this reason the authors use an average year estimate, drawing on data from 2002-2009, the low estimate of mitigation flows is estimated to be about 0.2 bn USD. Total funds pledged for adaptation are estimated to amount to $1 billion, of which a little over half has been committed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Basically, it represents a combined operation of relatively high-powered transmitters in broadcast configuration (large cells serving each a large area of the order of 50-70 km of diameter), and of relatively low-powered base-stations in a mobile network configuration (small cells serving each an area of up to a few kilometres). Programmes that attract a large audience are transmitted via the high-power broadcast network whilst programmes that are followed by a smaller audience make use of the small-cell configuration. The switch may be dynamic with time as audience levels change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Because of the interconnectivity between ecosystems across scales, land degradation triggers destructive processes that can have cascading effects across the entire biosphere. Loss of biomass through vegetation clearance and increased soil erosion produces GHGs that contribute to global warming and climate change. Land degradation and desertification affects biodiversity and global climate change through soil and vegetation losses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Within this context, in 2009, the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) signed the Green Skills Agreement (GSA) to ensure that skills for sustainability are an integral component of all vocational education training29. As defined by the COAG GSA30, these include technical skills, knowledge, values and attitudes needed in the workforce to develop and support sustainable social, economic and environmental outcomes in business, industry and the community. Initiatives are being implemented under the Green Skills Agreement Implementation Plan which was presented to the Ministerial Council for Tertiary Education and Employment (MCTEE) in June 2010. The focus is on skills in emerging industries and occupations (as analysed in Chapter 2), as well as on improving sustainability skills within existing skills and occupations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Project was recognised as the best practice at the 2010 United Nations Public Service Award Ceremony. Yet, most countries responding to the OECD survey rated their ability to integrate gender considerations into their policy-making processes rather highly. In areas such as treatments for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and some forms of cancer, gender analysis has been pivotal in improving women’s health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They are all scaled from 0 to 100 and scores are derived from annual surveys conducted among Londoners or users of particular parts of the transport system (as appropriate). The six indicators are: 1) public transport customer satisfaction, 2) public transport crowding (satisfaction indicator), 3) road user customer satisfaction, 4) perception of journey experience, 5) perception of noise, 6) perception of the urban realm. It is expressed as a percentage score.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Torture is one of the most serious violations of fundamental human rights. Torture not only destroys the bodies and minds of individuals and their communities, but also undermines the rule of law and democratic institutions in civil society. This chapter addresses one of the most critical factors in torture prevention, accountability, and redress – effective investigation and documentation. Ending impunity for torture and ill-treatment requires effective legal investigation and documentation practices. In addition, effective forensic medical investigation and documentation of torture and ill-treatment often provides one of the most powerful forms of material evidence in corroborating a victim’s allegations of abusive treatment. This chapter reviews the development of international standards for the effective investigation and documentation of torture and ill-treatment known as the Istanbul Protocol, practical application of Istanbul Protocol standards, and examines future directions for Istanbul Protocol implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, in Sweden, the two-year maximum cumulative duration of contracts applies for each type of contract, so that one worker can be employed on fixed-term contracts for more than two years by changing the reason for a fixed-term contract, provided that these reasons can be successfully defended in courts (see Engblom, 2008). In Japan, however, even if there are no limits for the cumulative duration of FTCs, each contract cannot be concluded for a term exceeding three years, except if concluded for the completion of a specified project (Labour Standards Act - - Article 14). According to Boston Consulting Group and CIETT (2012), when questioned about the added value of agency work, user firms make reference to both a higher degree of flexibility (76%) and a much faster hiring process (47%) compared with fixed-term contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Similarly, as labour market regulation might become less important for comparative advantage, the regulation of data flows will become more important. The importance of regulation is reflected in recent trade agreements or trade policy announcements that include substantive chapters on IP protection and e-commerce, and these will be discussed in Section D. How these new areas will affect comparative advantage in digital intensive tasks and sectors will determine trade patterns in these activities in the future. For example, Goldfarb and Tucker (2010) show that the tightening of European privacy laws in 2004 decreased the effectiveness of online advertising in Europe by 65 per cent relative to the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Abstract This article examines the impact of international conflicts involving the Muslim world upon Australia's multicultural society by studying the Howard government's responses to tensions between Islam and the West since September 11. Specifically, it surveys the Howard government's participation in the ‘War on Terror’, other aspects of Australia's foreign and security policies, including the relationship with the United States, the emergence of immigration and refugee flows as national security issues, and the subsequent impact of all this on multiculturalism and in particular on Australia's Muslim community. At a broader level, the article challenges the argument that foreign policy is inconsequential for social policy, intercommunal, inter-ethnic and inter-religious relations. The internalization of the ‘War on Terror’ has reinforced a negative portrayal of Islam and Muslims in Australia by blurring the dividing line between ‘Islam’ on the one hand and ‘extremism’ and ‘terrorism’ on the other. The...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Equation (2) also shows that any investment in infrastructure that increased national benefits by more than the cost of the investment is justified economically. In fact the economic value of these improvements are what can be used to pay for the investments. From the private financial view, it is the net present value of additional net farm income minus the cost of developing the infrastructure. For a national economic view it is the net present value of additional benefits from all water users minus the cost of developing the infrastructure. In irrigated systems, the optimum level of irrigation infrastructure differs for different levels of water availability, but only one level of irrigation capacity can be maintained in the short run once that capacity has been established.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The marginal effect of ownership status on the probability of adoption is approximately 0.06 to 0.10. The effect relative to households who do not pay for their water at all is similar in magnitude to the effect of being an owner rather than a tenant. If the respondent stated that they took the appropriate environmental label into account in their purchasing decisions, this also increased the probability of adopting indoor water-efficient equipment, particularly for water-efficient washing machines and water flow restrictor taps. There are, of course, likely to be significant interactions between these three factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The OECD small (TL3) regions are contained in a TL2 region. The capacity of less productive firms to learn from leading firms might also have diminished, as the cumulative and frequently tacit and localised nature of knowledge makes it progressively more difficult for laggards to catch up with innovation leaders (OECD, 2015h, OECD, 2016a). This is frequently referred to as the “dual economy” problem, i.e. where the innovative, technologically advanced and highly productive sectors coexist with the traditional, low productive sectors that benefit little from new technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It benchmarks key indicators on quality, access and financing of health care, pinpointing where serious gaps or performance issues prevail. Alongside bilateral meetings between NDOH and specific provincial health departments, a forum of the 9 provincial health chief financial officers (CFOs) meets with the NDOH CFO to discuss these results and specific budgetary challenges. Participation in such forums is voluntary and designed to find policy consensus, with any agreed decisions on a non-enforced basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The CBD national report could also complement, contribute to or facilitate preparation of the CITES biennial report on measures taken to enforce the provisions of the Convention. Establish contact and collaboration with the national CBD and the other Biodiversity-related Conventions NFPs. Become familiar with CBD decisions, work programmes, targets etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In addition, courts often lack the infrastructure, capacity and expertise to prosecute crimes such as gender-based violence. Supporting the development of special measures to address gender-based violence can include: effective witness and victim protection programmes, including safe houses and protective orders, preventing the submission of evidence on the prior or subsequent sexual conduct of the victim, specialist courts focusing on sexual offences or gender-based violence, staff specially trained to give support to victims, properly-equipped forensic labs and trained personnel, and involving women's organisations and social and health workers in providing assistance to victims. In order to increase women and men's access to justice, paralegals can be used to promote legal literacy, assistance and access.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The need for contraceptives to prevent unwanted or unintended pregnancies, however, remains, especially among women with economic constraints. Initiated in the 1960s, the Indonesian Family Planning Program has been hailed as a demographic success contributing to the expansion of modem contraceptive use and halving the total fertility rate. Today, Indonesia is close to replacement level while the program has been scaled back, but the maintenance of the small family norm remains a priority in view of the still significant increase in population discussed in the previous section.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This Working Paper relates to the 2010 OECD Environmental Performance Review of Japan (www.oecd.org/env/countryreviews/japan). Ce rapport evalue les progres accomplis par le Japon vers une croissance respectueuse de l’environnement de cet ordre. De plus, il analyse comment sont utilises les instmments economiques, notamment les taxes ou redevances liees a 1’environnement et les systemes d’echange de permis d’emission, pour atteindre des objectifs environnementaux et economiques, ainsi que les mesures prises en vue d’eliminer les subventions dommageables pour l’environnement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This same principle has been applied by inter-regional collaboration within the same country as well, as evidenced in the greater Chicago metropolitan area. The Milwaukee Seven is a label that brands the seven counties to attract business and talent together. Multinationals such as Philips also collaborate and compete in these cross-border areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Singapore, however, has used cordon charges in its current ERP scheme since 1998, when it replaced the ALS, introduced in 1975. Under the ERP, cars entering the city centre are automatically charged as they pass through gantries into the city centre during peak hours. Rates are reviewed and adjusted on a quarterly basis with the goal of maintaining speeds of 20 km/h to 30 km/h on arterial roads and 45 km/h to 65 km/h on expressways, and vary by vehicle size, entry point, day of the week and by half-hour period during peak hours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In general, public pension systems also contribute to a more equal distribution, except in three countries where pensions increase inequality (Colombia, El Salvador and Paraguay). This finding —that public transfers play a greater redistributive role than direct taxes— is consistent with those of other regional studies. The Gini coefficient of market income (i.e. before transfers and direct taxes) in Latin American countries is initially slightly higher than the oecd average (0.50 and 0.47, respectively).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The institutional and political will to change frameworks, plans and curricula needs to be backed up by the political, fiscal and human resources support that will give them continuity, coverage and depth. But barriers remain, and policies have failed to translate into improved quality of life for all people and the effective exercise of their rights. A UNFPA (2010) research project reviewed studies of sexuality education programmes and the impact they have had on target populations. The review ascertained that sexuality education programmes do not increase sexual activity. In fact, the research confirmed that most programmes reduce misinformation, increase correct knowledge and provide tools that improve decision-making and communication. Specifically, the review found that 37% of the programmes delayed initiation of sexual intercourse, 31% reduced the frequency of sex, 44% reduced the number of sexual partners, and 40% increased the use of condoms/contraception (UNFPA, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Various initiatives for curating and guiding quality in producing OER and for assigning use-related meta-tags exist, including an initiative in the United States to ensure alignment to the standards of the common core curriculum. As stated by Wiley, it is not necessarily the open licence that guarantees the resource will be fit for purpose, but how the original resources can further be adapted with the aim of improving learning (Wiley, 2013). The dynamic characteristics of OER lead to questions regarding how the process can be made transparent and how quality can be maintained over time. Therefore, openness should lead to continual improvement. As OER are continuously being improved, remixed, repurposed and eventually republished, there is no point in time when they reach their "peak of maturity” (Richter and Veith, 2014:206).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article intends to show how the pandemic caused by COVID-19 has developed the rethinking of the liberal view of human rights. In which invalidated discourses about their interdependence and indivisibility by legitimizing the limitation of freedoms. While they are weighing the urgency of ensuring an adequate standard of living for all. The emergency shows the postponement of which social rights are the object of the legal model in force since Modernity. The primacy and fundamentality of rights related to an adequate standard of living. They were postponed by a right that gave them for budgets. The crisis presents a new opportunity for their claim. As a condition of realization of any other right, as a condition of any social coexistence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Kelp forests and eelgrass meadows are also of high importance for carbon storage and sequestration, while blue mussel beds and bays and inlets are of medium importance for this service. This is an example of a study that aims to identify, describe and demonstrate the values of ecosystem services in different areas of the Nordic coastal waters. This report focuses on a few regulating services from the ecosystem, particularly the peatlands' contribution to carbon storage and sequestration, and gives us information about how this service is connected to the size of peatlands in different countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It should be noted that these indicators require careful interpretation, as differences between population subgroups cannot necessarily be attributed to discrimination. The results should therefore be interpreted together with adjusted estimates controlling for certain personal characteristics, such as level and field of education, employment biography and years of work experience, that may differ between subgroups. The underlying assumptions in the models used should be made transparent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Their findings indicate that the methodology that is generally used in empirical studies on growth, poverty and inequality usually overestimates the effects of growth on poverty. This implies that economic crises or economic booms have less of an influence on poverty than they are generally assumed to have. This supports the focus on raising incomes which has been the preferred strategy for fighting poverty in Brazil. They find that the growth of mean income and income distribution are sufficient to account for a large part of the variations in poverty rates observed at the state level in Brazil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Working Paper No.9, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Country Support Team for the Arab States. A surveillance summary of smoking and review of tobacco control in Jordan. Prenatal care in developing countries: the World Health Organization technical working group on antenatal axe. Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The courses last from a few days up to 1-3 years. Some folk high schools provide Swedish tuition for immigrants as well as, among other courses, second-chance education where students can obtain the equivalent qualifications to the compulsory school leaving certificate and the upper secondary school leaving certificate. Liberal adult education receives government grants with the aim to develop activities that contribute to strengthening democracy and people participation. Besides these general guidelines the state does not steer their activities and folk high schools can design their own courses and profiles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Migration was also used as a means to escape early marriage. The repayment of family debts (e.g., health-related expenditure, gambling debts or investment loans) was a driver for 6 per cent of the sample. A common problem reported is drudgery and long working hours, including night shifts, which are particularly hard for Nepali women who are used to working from early morning but also going to sleep early.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
New OECD evidence tentatively supports this premise (OECD, 2011 a and Table 1). In many countries, the increase in inequality was more pronounced among men than among women. At the same time, despite some convergence between men and women, gender differences in labour market performance are still striking in most countries. Women are less likely to be employed than men (on average across countries, 76% of men of working age are in employment compared with 67% of women) and those who are working typically earn less than their male counterparts (on average across countries, women earn one-third less than men). While this might be due to the omission of important variables in the regression,32 it may also capture gender discrimination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At the 10th meeting, on 15 May 2015, the Rapporteur (Finland) introduced and the Forum adopted the draft report, and entrusted the Rapporteur with its finalization in collaboration with the secretariat, for submission to the Economic and Social Council at its 2015 session. The United Nations Forum on Forests held its eleventh session in Istanbul. Turkey, on 19 April 2013 and at United Nations Headquarters from 4 to 15 May 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Three different types of arguments were used to justify the 2003 Iraq War. The first was based on the requirements of national security. Iraq was believed to be developing deadly weapons which it might use against neighbouring states or hand over to terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda. A second argument was based on international security. Iraq was supposed to comply with a series of UN Security Council Resolutions and was failing to do so, thereby undermining the credibility of the leading international institutions. The third argument was based on human security. The Iraqi people had suffered too long under a tyrannical regime and this was an opportunity to overthrow it and replace it with something much better.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Bowman v. Monsanto, the Supreme Court declined to apply the principle of exhaustion to limit the patentee’s ability to control the reproduction of self-replicating inventions. This decision was justified from a patent law perspective on the basis that patent holder has a right to prevent others from making the invention. But what happens when we take other perspectives into account? For instance, a farmer might have human rights or other rights that may need to be balanced against the patentee’s right. Since globalized intellectual property standards were established through international agreements and much of the resistance to intellectual property laws is taking place at the international level, this Article turns to international law for guidance. Taking into consideration the competing regimes that touch on intellectual property rights, this Article concludes that we must continue to look for solutions within intellectual property law itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
According to FRA 2015 fellings exceed annual allowable cut by ten times, a clearly unsustainable position. More than two thirds are managed for its protection functions, although different terminology is used by the Forest Code of 2005 (Kocharyan, 2005). For more information about sources of data and methods of estimation visit the publication's website.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Household surveys and censuses offer a picture of poverty but only at five and ten year intervals. Poor and marginalized people and communities are among the most likely to be missed by official statistics. Alongside improving official statistics, therefore, policy-makers are turning increasingly to ICTs to facilitate "big data" solutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Section 3 focuses on Kerala where the teaching profession is feminised. It highlights the socio-cultural factors which have facilitated this process, in particular the gendered expectations of women. It discusses how women's choices are further constrained within the teaching profession. Gender relations in present-day Kerala are touched upon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)