albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Investments in energy efficiency will reduce energy costs, creating fiscal space for other governmental priorities. Opportunities for energy efficiency improvements in existing buildings are significant. However, there are a number of factors that discourage investment in energy efficiency, including a lack of capital for the up-front costs, a desire for very rapid payback periods, and financial risk aversion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
ABSTRACTDriven by the failure of internationally led top-down peacebuilding interventions, international donors have increasingly posited that civil society actors can play a crucial role in peacebuilding and conflict resolution. This has led to a notable increase in the support for civil society in order to integrate local perspectives into peacebuilding and statebuilding interventions over the past decades. Using the case of Cyprus, this paper challenges this premise and argues that this support continues to create homogenized discourses that are not representative of the diversity of local notions of peace. Rather, most types of international support cause civil society actors to adapt their agendas to external priorities, and exclude alternative, less professionalized and critical voices. Local peace actors who resist liberal governmentality have access neither to the monetary support needed to sustain their peace work, nor to international protection for their cause. At the same time, those actors wo...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Moreover, the poor quality of power supply from the grid (network surges, frequent interruptions) may prevent use of the advanced electronic controls that come with many imported technologies. Compa energy generation accounts for up to 20 percent of installed capacity in Nigeria and 6 percent across sub-Saharan Africa (Steinbuks and Foster 2010). Private generating facilities are costly to establish, operate and maintain, and they drain capital that could go to more productive investments (Okafor 2008, Steinbuks and Foster 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Attention to the concept of illicit financial flows (IFFs) is growing in the political debate together with the connected fight against harmful activities as tax avoidance, money laundering, drug trafficking, corruption, and terrorism financing. While the concept was introduced in the context of development economics, it is now used also in the field of tax studies, criminology, and policy evaluations. Still, there is ambiguity with respect to the actual interpretation and understanding of IFFs. This chapter provides an overview of how the literature defines and conceptualizes IFFs and, ultimately, advocates for their partial rethinking and clarification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The overarching purpose of the risk characterisation process is to produce the best possible estimate of the broader economic, social and environmental implications of the risk. This is one of the most challenging and controversial tasks in the risk management process (Klinke and Renn, 2012). Indeed water security touches upon the issue of allocating water risks between residential, agricultural, industrial and environmental uses, a significant political economy question, as each will define essential or adequate in different ways.s For instance, much of the current policy debate in Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin is about reallocating water from irrigation to sustaining the ecosystems. The reallocation of water among users can be seen, in effect, as a reallocation of water risks. In this example, the shift in allocation increases the risk of shortage to irrigators in an effort to decrease the risk to the resilience of freshwater systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These standards have been defined through a project by Storbynettverket (a network of large cities), which is partly funded by national authorities. The defined standards distinguish four different levels of quality through description of practice. The standards are based on topics covered in the Framework Plan for kindergartens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Factors to keep in mind include a programme’s or policy’s additionality, i.e. the extent to which desirable outcomes would have occurred without public intervention. Additionality may concern inputs, outputs and behaviour (OECD, 2006a). While governments collect and standardise data on inputs into the innovation process, measures of outputs remain limited (except for outputs such as scientific publications and patents).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Related schemes are partial credit and partial risk guarantees. Guarantee schemes in both developed and developing countries have mobilized private resources and facilitated access to capital. Created by governments and development financial institutions, these facilities can be effective finance mechanisms if carefully designed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Significant at the 1% level. The mobile sector has also been subject to more incentive regulations rather than obligations imposed, as in the case of fixed networks. These are well-known facts remedied by regular reviews and upgrades of existing policy and regulatory settings, as well as by the adoption of new measures and policy initiatives to address the changing nature of the digital ecosystem. It is worth noting, nevertheless, that the impact of urbanization on the take up of mobile-cellular services is lower than on fixed-broadband penetration levels, mobile-cellular being less infrastructure-intensive and thus deployed at a lower cost beyond urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These usable "materials" include energy carriers (gas, oil, coal), metal ores and metals, construction minerals and other minerals, soil and biomass. Ecosystem inputs and pollutant outputs are not considered. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In Canada, Career Bridge3 is a national internship programme run by the Toronto-based non-profit Career Edge Organization and designed to address the dilemma of getting a job for those without work experience. The 4- to 12-month internships for skilled immigrants are paid positions that provide a crucial bridge between the international and Canadian workplace. In Finland, pre-vocational preparatory education for immigrants, known as VALMA,4 seeks to help immigrants improve language skills and other abilities that are needed for studying, according to individual study plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (hereafter the CRC) is a human rights treaty that covers many different areas such as civil rights and freedoms, family environment, health and welfare, education and child protection.1 But none of these areas have been so much elaborated in international guidelines and standards as Juvenile Justice.2
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
First, it reviews different configurations of governing transport and spatial planning in OECD metropolitan areas. It then discusses possible institutional arrangements to achieve more effective integration between transport and spatial planning. While there is widespread consensus that better connecting transport and spatial planning decisions helps prevent costly consequences of urban sprawl and promotes harmonious development, institutional barriers remain slow to dismantle and co-ordination mechanisms put in place on an ex post, ad hoc basis may take time to become fully effective. The responsibility for transport planning and spatial planning occasionally lies within the same institution, but more often within different entities, as illustrated in the experience of the different case study regions (Table 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The aim is to familiarise readers with the aims and context of the project. It includes acts that inflict physical, mental or sexual harm or suffering, threats of such acts, coercion and other deprivations of liberty’.2 As such it is a type, cause and consequence of discrimination. Five categories are usually distinguished within a definition of VAWG, although these are not exclusive: sexual violence, physical violence, emotional and psychological violence, harmful traditional practices, and socio-economic violence.3 VAWG occurs in the home, in state institutions and in the community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article advocates for expanding general personal jurisdiction over transnational corporations so that where Congress has provided for a cause of action for extraterritorial violations of law, such as in the area of human rights and terrorism, victims have an opportunity to obtain a remedy. The article discusses the history of general personal jurisdiction over corporations, the recent decisions of Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, and Daimler AG v. Bauman and their impact on victims’ ability to obtain a remedy for extraterritorial business-related human rights violations, and recommends that Congress enact a statute requiring that transnational corporations doing business in the United States consent to the general personal jurisdiction of U.S. courts in those instances where Congress has provided a cause of action for claims that arise extraterritorially.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Furthermore, there is strong path dependency arising from the history of the sector and from previous policy reform attempts. Decisions are often irreversible, some policy and production choices cannot be undone once made (ibid.). The advantage of this approach to review past policies is that it emphasises the role of interactions across actors and institutions, thereby providing a realistic depiction of decision-making. Yet, at the same time, the approach makes it harder to draw cross-reform conclusions, as it focuses on specific institutional features of the country, region or policy, without considering changes in others. There is evidence that water and agriculture reforms are influenced by pressure group competition. For instance, discussions around the management of the increasingly saline Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in California have opposed groups representing environmental interests to groups using upstream watercourses for irrigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In addition, the land a wind farm occupies can often be used by and large just as it had been before, e.g. for grazing or agriculture. Indeed, it can be considered the major land-use change for offshore wind farms, which critics say detract from landscape and coastal views and lower the value of homes in areas with recreational value and, in particular, on the seaside. The first is the dominant source of solar power (139 GW of installed capacity compared to 3.4 GW of the latter) and has been the focus of studies on land requirements (REN21, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The 13th five-year plan (2016-2020) for fisheries development has come into effect and provides the main policy directions for fisheries'. It sets out policies for the "‘transformation and upgrading” of the fisheries sector, which means accelerating the reform of fisheries management and providing a new industrial policy for the structure of the sector. The introduction of output controls in the form of Total Allowable Catch (TAC) is a priority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
They mainly cater to geographical areas with high levels of poverty and deprivation, often rural remote localities. The rational for both programmes is the need to bring in outside inputs to complement scarce local resources and help overcome bottlenecks and constraints to the optimal use of those resources. Ultimately, the yardstick for success is the level of welfare benefits that accrue to poorest populations as well as the potential of the programme to bring about positive transformation of the local economies where those populations live.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Institutions that teach educators should also be asked to regularly revise their programmes to make them current and relevant to the schools their graduates work in, as well as to ensure their programmes to reflect national education priorities. At present, there is no national framework that guarantees the outcomes or quality of these courses. Teacher educators are not required to take responsibility for the preparation of their students either. Practice or in-service teaching, as well as induction programmes, are currently serendipitous rather than the norm. The proposed programmes for practice teaching and induction must be centred in pedagogy and strongly linked to high-quality' teacher preparation in terms of knowledge, skills and professional practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Conventions Team also advises on measures and helps with implementation, including through thematic meetings. It provides a holistic overview of conventions and international cooperation on the Environmental Agency website. The participants of a recent Pacific Joint Preparatory Meeting to the CBD COP 12, CMS COP 11 and the Ramsar Convention COP 12 (Case study 39’ P9■ 96)' concluded that NBSCs are a useful mechanism to promote greater cooperation between the NFPs of the conventions to which a country is a Party.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Providing workers with a larger, more broad-based skills set would therefore be important to increase their employability in other industries. Thus, for former employees of multinational enterprises, the combination of training and their experience in such enterprises could help create competitive firms or firms able to supply parts of products which meet the standards of multinational enterprises (Fosfuri, Motta and Ronde, 2001, Gorg and Greenaway, 2004), provided that adequate entrepreneurial policies are implemented in the country. Yet, at the same time, significant increases in productivity, particularly in labour productivity, have also taken place in the region. Since the 2008 economic and financial crisis, economic growth and productivity growth have, however, been on a downward trend.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The maximum level of subsidised savings is set at COP 885 000 per year (i.e. USD 485) and the benefit at retirement cannot exceed 85% of the minimum wage. The BEPS will help broaden pension coverage and should be implemented swiftly. Familias en Action is the main conditional cash transfer programme. Created in 2001 to protect the rural poor during the severe crisis of the late 1990s, it has since been expanded to urban areas and now benefits poor, displaced and indigenous households. It covers 98% of the municipalities and benefits roughly a fifth of the population - a higher proportion than many similar conditional cash transfer programmes in Latin America (Figure 1.22) - for a fiscal cost amounting to 0.2% of GDP in 2011. The average benefit amounted to about COP 110 000 per household every two months, which annually represents about 5% of GDP per capita.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The obligations undertaken by the developing countries as part of the Uruguay Round significantly reduced the policy space for developing countries. It made, for instance, the imposition of infant industry/economy protection more difficult, even though many developed countries had used such instruments in earlier stages of their own development, and even though advances in economic theory had shown the desirability of such policies, e.g. in the context of ‘learning by doing’ (see, for instance, Greenwald and Stiglitz 2006 and Stiglitz forthcoming). Development, it was increasingly recognised, required a transformation of the economy (see, e.g. Stiglitz 1998), a structural transformation that market forces were unlikely to accomplish on their own, and which could be facilitated by well-designed trade interventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article examines the relation between the rise of neoliberalism and accountability in education. I argue that the contemporary accountability system of high-stakes standardized tests and privatized school choice is a manifestation of the neoliberal project of cultural reconstruction and moral reform. This study situates neoliberalism in the context of the accountability movement that emerged in the United States around 1970, and examines the implications of the philosophy, culture, and ethos of neoliberalism for educational thought and practice. I argue that resisting neoliberal forms of accountability is crucial, not only to defending the right of students to a genuine and equitable public education, but to refusing the extension of market values and culture to education. I conclude that neoliberal accountability fails to engender the cultural ideals it professes to value, and that this failure makes it possible to challenge the self-evident nature of neoliberal discourse and practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela, Chile, Costa Rica, Honduras and Mexico, its importance diminished steadily during the decade under consideration, reflecting improved provision of household waste treatment methods. However, the contribution of the drinking water dimension to total child poverty was found to have increased in 11 countries. A notable case is Costa Rica, where it increased from 20.8% in 2002 to40% in 2011 (see table 11.8). In this country the drinking water dimension contributed even more to extreme poverty, rising from 42.8% in 2002 to 67.6% in 2011, as table II.7 shows. In the case of Jamaica, it shows some of the deprivations for which data are available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
River beds and their surroundings are under the authority of CONAGUA, while land use and urban policies are the responsibility of the municipalities in 60% of the country’s territory and are often designed with very little link to information about environmental risks. The establishment of FOPREDEN also demonstrates the federal government’s commitment to a comprehensive risk management approach. Prioritisation of investments in prevention and mitigation should be performed based on the National Risk Atlas, and with a wide consultation and co-ordination of the policies among key federal agencies, including CONAGUA, SEDESOL, SEGOB, CFE, SEMARNAT, the states and the municipalities to prioritise and channel prevention funding accordingly. In this respect, the development of the 2030 Water Agenda indicates a major shift in CONAGUA’s approach to flood risk reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
If poverty is defined in relation to income or material deprivation, social exclusion is defined in relation to such social rights as the right to work, the right to housing, the right to health services, or the right to education (Lister, 2004). For Sen (2000), social exclusion means denial of freedoms. People may be unable to take advantage of an opportunity because of deliberate policies or social practices (active exclusion), or as a result of complex webs of social processes without intentions from anyone (passive exclusion). Social exclusion assigns a central role to social relational and unequal power relationships (Stewart et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Global Fund and the World Bank are the major international investors in HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean, and along with the European Union, these loans and grants affect the relative significance of national expenditures reported under this indicator. Support is also received from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). In June 2001, the bank approved a US$ 155 million lending programme for the Caribbean to help countries finance their national HIV/AIDS prevention and control projects. Under this programme, the bank has approved loans to Barbados (2001), the Dominican Republic (2001), Jamaica (2002), Grenada (2002), St Kitts and Nevis (2003), Trinidad and Tobago (2003), the Caribbean Community's (CARICOM) Pan Caribbean Partnership Against HIV/AIDS (PANCAP) (2004), Guyana (2004), St Lucia (2004) and St Vincent (2004). As of December 2006, all countries reporting to UNGASS for the 2006 review receive assistance from the World Bank in support of national AIDS responses, except Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Cuba, Dominica and Suriname.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The study covers dairy farms only and may reflect a certain bias related to this sector. New Zealand dairy farmers strongly rely on cooperative marketing and therefore may not rate marketing techniques as high as farmers in other sectors. In the meat, pipfruit" and grain sectors, primary producers are relatively less integrated with downstream activities and individual farm marketing strategies may be more important than in the dairy sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Investors also communicated a mistrust and wariness in EE technology. Through this MoU, HSBC commits to work in collaboration with the Indian government on the former Energy Efficiency Financing Platform (EEFP) to promote EE projects through the development of "risk-sharing strategies" as well as "capacity up-gradation of financial institutions" (news release announcing the signature of the MoU in March 2010). Although it is of course too early to gauge the effects of this initiative, it is a significant step in the right direction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
National human rights institutions (NHRIs), quasi-governmental agencies intended to protect human rights, constitute one of the most common institutional innovations advocated by the modern human rights movement. Among other things, they are intended to facilitate government compliance with human rights standards. This article examines the extent to which one particular NHRI, Australia's Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC), has performed this function by using its authority to intervene in litigation that involves claims of unlawful discrimination or human rights violations. Focusing on cases in which both the HREOC and Commonwealth government participated, it shows that the HREOC's rate of intervention has varied relative to the party in power and that the HREOC has experienced limited success in leveraging law and courts as a means of challenging the government's policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Turkmenistan has not yet acceded to the CMS, AEWA or CITES. However, MoNP and other national stakeholders participate in several specific activities relating to these conventions. It defines protected natural territories and objects (among them, PAs), and defines the responsibilities of the Government regarding the establishment of State reserves and other PAs, and the maintenance of the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan. More detailed guidance is contained in other laws.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It was nevertheless considered important to include it here so as to allow policy makers to understand the broader economic impacts of energy policy, beyond cost factors coming first in mind. Innovation is perceived as a key enabler for the transition to low-carbon energy systems, illustrated, for example, through the launch of the Mission Innovation initiative announced in November 2015, as world leaders were coming together in Paris for the COP21.1 Innovation that curbs or eliminates emissions with harmful effects on human health and climate, by promoting clean ways of energy production and use, as well as energy efficiency, support the decoupling of economic growth from damages to the environment and hence relax an important long-term constraint on growth. Modelling needs to be improved and enlarged, to provide policy makers with tools allowing them to take informed decisions on energy investment strategies that best promote global growth and competitiveness in a sustainable future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)