albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Practitioner buy-in - through programmes that are user friendly, time flexible, interactive, and respond to practitioner needs - will maximise the impact of CPD programmes. In a number of OECD countries, incentives for CPD are in place. In Austria, core mental health training for primary care practitioners is quite limited, but some primary care physicians have undertaken additional psychotherapeutic medicine training at different intensities. Training results in the accreditation of psy-1, psy-2 and psy-3 diplomas which also allow primary care physicians to deliver certain treatments (in total, some 5 000 general practitioners in Austria hold one of these diplomas).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The overwhelming emphasis of research is on employment gains, profit and learning opportunities for individual firms, as well as the benefits from foreign exchange earnings. Few conclusions can therefore be drawn about the potential benefits from GVCs for entrepreneurship, the sustainable expansion of industrial bases in LDCs or sustainable development, without considering the ownership of GVC beneficiary firms. The initial stages of upgrading, namely process and product upgrading, are typically the initial steps of structural transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Although this centralised system usually involves an objective third party to verify and settle transactions between unknown or distrusted parties, it creates dependency on the third party and some level of inefficiency. With blockchain, a common, tamper-proof ledger is held by each party to the network. As all parties have a shared single “source of truth” of the transaction data and agree on its veracity, they do not need an intermediary to validate transactions in the ledger.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, strategies for eliminating the cost of access to benefits, medicine and tests can be universal (public supply and/or full subsidies for private providers) or targeted (expansion of the public supply in areas of high vulnerability or partial subsidies and co-payments, according to ability to pay). As for information and awareness about pregnancy care, targeted proximity-based and social assistance strategies can be used, as can mass media and universal sexuality education campaigns. As will be seen below, the increase in contributory coverage in health systems has made for greater access and, especially, better quality in terms of maternal and child benefits. It is true that part of this increase in contributory coverage is not due to a net increase in contributors through pension plans or payroll deductions in contributory models, but rather to flexibility mechanisms or the incorporation of the non-contributing population into contributory formats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The strategy could incorporate important elements of legal, regulatory and institutional reforms in a comprehensive and coherent manner in order to ensure that obstacles to equitable, sustainable development are removed. This strategy also may incorporate the participation of women in strategic areas and positions of power as well as facilitate support for gender impact analysis and the collection of gender-disaggregated data. Together with concerned ministries, women’s associations and organisations from across Spain participated in the preparation of the strategic plan in order to incorporate their views in a collaborative policy making process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Education Superintendence is also integrated within the National System for Quality Assurance (Sistema Nacional de Aseguramiento de la Calidad, SAC), which provides the potential to link the monitoring of resource use to the quality of education. The SAC provides a very useful institutional framework to promote a more effective use of resources. It is a relatively new system that complements other mechanisms for institutional accountability Chile has developed over time, including a system of teacher evaluation, evaluations by the Ministry of Finance (Direccion de Presupuestos, DIPRES), detailed data and information distributed to the public, among others. As it grows and develops more fully over time, the SAC’s effects will be more fully felt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In some countries it becomes institutionalized as a consultation body for the planning of social policy and legislation. It prevents disputes at their origin and resolves labour problems de facto, without a court ruling. Moreover, the ability to sanction according to their own judgement means that their action has the potential to be doubly effective. While its essential function is to enforce the rules and provide technical advice and information on the subject, the preventive role also forms part of that task. In most countries, inspectors articulate preventive and repressive approaches de facto, since their action tends not so much to look for infringements and sanction them, but rather to achieve respect for and application of the regulation. This does not mean that advice replaces the control function.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
At a meeting of the Grenada Sustainable Development Council,7 Grenada’s chief negotiator at the Rio+20 negotiations process while calling for greater national involvement stated, ‘It is not enough to simply accept what others will decide for us in the future we want’ (Sustainable Development Council [SDC] 2012). It was recognised that increases in the quality of life, poverty eradication and a more equitable distribution of wealth and income were important elements of the green economy conceptualisation. Recalling absorptive capacity and carrying capacity limitations on the national level, the call therefore was for more sustainable national-level production and consumption as the key factors in the green economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Fourteen years after the demise of the last serious attempt to revise California’s much maligned Constitution, the effort has been renewed again. California Forward, a foundation funded bipartisan coalition, has proposed a slate of structural reforms that could be adopted as either legislative (LCAs) or as initiative (ICAs) constitutional amendments. Reform California, sponsored by the Bay Area Council (a business sponsored public policy advocacy organization for the nine counties of the Bay Area) has proposed a radical new form of constitutional convention that would bypass the legislature and rely on delegates chosen by local government and lottery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Collection is organized mainly in urban areas, while rural areas are less well covered. The majority of local governments have equipment and vehicles for waste collection, but various vehicles are used, ranging from specialized waste collection vehicles with a press to ordinary trucks and tractors with a trailer. Only the bigger cities have specialized waste management companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The basic model also assumes competition in the market for the commodity and the absence of any other market distortions. A general result is that the main effect of a market distortion in this context is to change the distribution of research benefits, with comparatively small effects on the total benefits. Similar results apply to the other types of extensions to the basic model that may be introduced to allow for multiple markets or proprietary technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
World Bank Working Paper, No. Available from http://documents.worldbank.org/ curated/en/433701485148442974/pdf/111772-WP-PUBLIC-COMBINED.pdf. Paper presented at the conference on Migration and Development: Transformation of Paradigms, Organisations and Gender, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Bielefeld, Germany, 10 July 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The constitutional crisis in Poland in 2015-2017 affected the rule of law and human rights' guarantees. The purpose of the paper is to analyze what are the methods of protection of human rights in Poland, when the judicial review is not guaranteeing independent control of legislation. The paper analyzes role of the EU, as well as other international organizations in securing remedies in case of human rights' violation, with special emphasis on the CJEU and the ECtHR. In addition, the reaction of domestic actors is subject of reflection, including the direct application of the Constitution, role of the Ombudsman, independent press and non-governmental organizations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is a tier 1 or tier 2 indicator - see Table 3.1.) At the same time, we argue it cannot stand alone as an indicator of material well-being, and that serious data and measuring issues need to be addressed before such an indicator can be relied on for an acceptable proxy. ( This is a tier 3 indicator, one that would require primary data collection, and hence cannot be measured until primary data becomes available - see Table 3.1.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Tourism business owners have indicated that the burden of staff training and development is currently too great (Khowala, 2015). The World Travel and Tourism Council (2015) also maintains that tourism firms globally and across Africa should invest significantly in employee training to address skills shortages in the tourism sector. For instance, only about 3 per cent of African students are enrolled in technical vocational education and training courses, compared with 18 per cent of Chinese students (UNCTAD, 2014d). This could contribute to young talent being available to both large- and small-scale tourism enterprises and promote greater youth entrepreneurship in tourism. The section also discusses differential impacts of tourism on women and men to better understand the gender dimension of the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A deeper understanding of the challenges confronting 10 to 14-year-olds is urgently needed, and pregnancy prevention and support for very young adolescent mothers must be advanced to the top of the sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights agenda of governments, development institutions and civil society. It is with this group that the greatest need lies and that the obstacles have been thus far insurmountable. But interventions at this critical stage of their development, characterized by profound physical, cognitive and social changes that occur in puberty, are needed to ensure girls’ safe and healthy transition through adolescence into adulthood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The statistical analysis has benefited from excellent assistance from Alessandro Tondini. The analysis on urban China has benefited from precious statistical support from Ms Zhe Liang. The OECD Job Quality Framework is also fully consistent with the OECD Better Life Initiative (OECD, 2013), which builds upon the work of the Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Commission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This was an attempt to provide a dual response to the emergency: while rubble was removed or precarious urban spaces were brought back into use, steps were taken to improve the satisfaction of basic needs by distributing new incomes (Lamaute-Brisson, 2013, p. 47). Firstly, “cash for work” programmes were implemented, consisting of a daily payment of the minimum wage to workers employed on highly labour-intensive projects to remove rubble and restore roads, footpaths and irrigation and community infrastructure systems. The “16/6” project (which aims to relocate people from six camps in their neighbourhoods of origin) had community participation in defining the works, which resulted in lighting for various public spaces to safeguard the integrity of women and children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
His Excellency Judge Raul Pangalangan currently serves as a judge of the International Criminal Court – the first Filipino national to hold that position. Judge Pangalangan is a Professor of Law and former Dean of the University of the Philippines Law School and he specialises in Constitutional Law and Public International Law. He was educated at the University of the Philippines (AB  cum laude  and LLB) and at Harvard University (LLM and SJD). He has taught at the Hague Academy of International Law and as Visiting Professor at Harvard Law School, Melbourne Law School and Hong Kong University, and has lectured at the Irish Centre for Human Rights, Japanese Society of International Law, Thessaloniki Institute of International Public Law and the International Committee of the Red Cross. Judge Pangalangan was a member of the Philippine delegation to the Diplomatic Conference to negotiate the Rome Statute to establish the International Criminal Court.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
UNESCO Associated Schools (ASPnet) hold great potential for addressing issues of violence whether at the school or community level or beyond. This study of ASPnet schools in Brazil, Canada and Mozambique suggests that these schools’ focus on strengthening the mechanisms of democracy, inclusive citizenship, and conflict transformation that creates a particularly effective dialogic space for critically and collectively engaging with conflict. The study contextualizes the UNESCO ASPnet projects in relation to creating a culture of peace, provides current data collected through interviews with over 100 school teachers, administrators, parents and students. The investigation suggests that UNESCO ASPnet schools provide ways of overcoming violence and transforming conflict through attention to human rights, democracy, respect for diversity, and global perspectives on sustainability and world issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is a need to give space to women, their knowledge and capacities as well as their priorities in this sector, especially in sustainable water resource management, water-related disaster management and the design of sanitation policies. Huge data gaps remain in Asia and the Pacific for measuring the status quo as well as progress in improving access to drinking water and sanitation, thereby seriously impeding evidence-based policymaking. The Asia-Pacific region accounts for 84 per cent of people working in fisheries and aquaculture and 94 per cent of people engaged in fish farming. Of them, 66 per cent of the workers in large-scale marine fisheries and 54 per cent in small-scale inland fisheries are women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Volatility in commodity prices strongly influences the business cycle in these countries. Strongly booming world market prices of primary products, especially from 2006, and their subsequent collapse from the start of the global financial crisis, have made this fate once again painfully clear. Figure 1.8 shows that long-term growth rates of countries at the lower end of the global value chain are well below those at the higher end, and hence have been a source of perpetuating global inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As described in the country reports for japan and Shanghai-China, the teacher uses these differences in strategy to develop a class discussion that focuses on the underlying concepts involved in problem-solving, and thereby promotes a deep understanding of the topic under discussion among both the quickest and the slowest students in the class. Nothing could so vividly demonstrate the point that instructional practice matters. Students are not whiling away their time when the teacher is dealing with a small group in the classroom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The views expressed are those of the authors. Dimensions and indicators for three age groups (0-5,6-14 and 15-17) were selected as the result of a broad consultative process with key stakeholders convened by UNICEF Armenia. Based on nationally representative data from the Armenian Integrated Living Conditions Survey 2013/14, the study finds that 64 per cent of children under 18 are deprived in 2 or more dimensions, with a substantially higher rate in rural than in urban areas. The highest rates of deprivation are in access to utilities, quality housing and leisure activities. More than one in four children are both multidimensionally deprived and live in consumption-poor households, while more than one in three are deprived but do not live in poor households. The findings suggest that to target the most vulnerable children, policies should concentrate on closing the rural/urban divide in infrastructure and on strengthening social safety nets, especially in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In recent years water charges have risen, as a result of the transfer of irrigated areas operated by the DSI to water user associations. A study of cotton and grape production in the Gediz Basin, for example, showed that where these transfers have occurred and water charges increased, irrigation water productivity showed significant gains. Many of these projects are financed by international development agencies and donors (e.g. the World Bank), as national funding is limited. The South-Eastern Anatolian Project (GAP) (1983-2001), which was financed mostly by national resources, is the largest regional development project in Turkey covering 10% of the total land at an estimated cost of TKY 50 (USD 32) billion. For the World Bank- funded Anatolian Watershed Rehabilitation Project (DOKAP), with funding of TKY 65 (USD 45) million over 2004 to 2012, the aim is to restore degraded soils to increase farm and forestry production. Even so, the GAP project is increasing the supply of domestically produced hydroelectricity and has brought socio-economic welfare gains to villagers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
International lawyers practicing human rights and the law of armed conflict may be understood as particular kind of expert community. Building on that community's self-understanding of their craft, this paper argues that humanitarian legal experts play a role that is not only different, but diametrically inverse, to the role played by other communities of experts when interacting with power. Where experts frame issues and influence policy makers, legal experts justify. And they do so, because their expertise leaves them no other option. Using the example of the so-called "shoot-to-kill" policies, the author addresses the role of legal expertise in the war on terror, and uses it as a proxy to asses the role of international law, as such, in anti terrorist policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nevertheless, the conflict was regarded by the media as a blow to climate policy, and may have some bearing on what NDC policy options are available to countries within the existing trade rules. C. (November 20.2015). ' Global coal imports heading for second year of 'dramatic' drops-Mining.com - http: //www.mining.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There is no national legislation corresponding to the Good Samaritan Law principle in Sweden. The provisions states that prepacked foods labeled with "best before date" or "use by date" and which are not re-packed due to, for example, damages on the wrapping, must not be re-labeled with a later date. If prepacked foods labeled with "best before date" or "use by date" is treated in a way that extends its life it is allowed to relabel with a later date. If the foodstuff is deep frozen this must be done before the foodstuff is transferred to a premise that sells the foodstuff directly to consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Furthermore, while in many EU countries, income growth has been fairly uniform across deciles between the second and the ninth, in Sweden, growth has been faster the higher the income decile, pointing to some polarisation of the income distribution (Figure 3, Panel B). Relative poverty has increased with those w'ithout a job and children now facing a higher risk of poverty (Figure 3, Panel C). The authors would like to thank Miige Adalet McGowan, Olof Aslund, Andrew Dean.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
More autonomy for NTTC staff to market patented technology could make NTTCs more effective in increasing the utilisation rate of university patents. The East China University of Science and Technology for instance managed to build up a patent-transfer and commercialisation system and reached a 53% utilisation rate (Luan et al., Zhejiang University established its own Science and Technology Development and Transfer Office in the early 1980s and maintains close contacts with local governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Nonetheless, the absence of multi-annual budgets does not facilitate the integrated financial planning of the implementation of the reform. School financing is based on objective criteria (number of students being the most important one, but with adjustments for other factors which affect schools’ per-student costs) and not the result of negotiations between the government and school providers. Moreover, the existence of a clearly defined and objectively measured formula as the basis for allocating resources imposes a hard budget constraint to providers and creates the conditions for basic spending discipline. Also, by using the same formula-driven grants to finance public and private schools, the system facilitated the growth of a diverse network of service providers and enabled a high degree of choice among households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Comprising 11 board chairs and chief executive officers (CEOs) from a selection of private and multinational companies, it promotes the goal of 25 per cent women on private sector boards. Finally, MWA has worked with NGOs, such as Global Women or Diversity New Zealand, to increase leadership and governance capacity across a range of different industries in New Zealand. Instead of only addressing the deficiencies of women candidates, MWA focuses on broader societal and organisational change to foster encouraging environments for women to be able to realise these leadership goals. Mechanisms such as the New Zealand Census of Womens Participation or MWA’s annual Gender Stocktake are used to collect statistical data. New initiatives, such as the NZX Diversity Listing Rule, will be used to monitor private sector progress. Finally, commissioned research and additional publications (including from NGOs and other sources) are used to bolster the evidence base on women’s leadership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It also involves making two assumptions. First, it is assumed that the average value of FGTS among formal-sector job losers with less than six months of tenure in their previous job is negligible. This is reasonable given the short average level of tenure and the high incidence of temporary workers for whom monthly contributions are much smaller.1 However, it may lead to a slight underestimation of the impact of unemployment compensation systems on labour market outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Fresh water resources may be adequate in particular regions, but a number of regulatory and infrastructure impediments often obstruct their use for productive purposes. For example, fresh water resources, including local groundwater or surface water are often transboundary, so that their management is seriously hampered by the lack of coordinated regional strategies (Nin-Pratt et al., In developing countries, markets for agricultural inputs and outputs, finance and other services, are often poorly developed, with small volumes traded, prone to large seasonal variability in demand and supply and significant difficulties in enforcing interpersonal contracts (Poulton et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)