albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Against the backdrop of a long-standing lack of official sources of reliable information on illicit drug production, trafficking and abuse among countries in the region, there have been several media and anecdotal reports regarding the widespread abuse of counterfeit Captagon tablets (containing amphetamine) among all parties engaged in armed violence in the Syrian Arab Republic. Significantly, for the first time in six years, the Afghanistan Opium Survey 2015, for which the executive summary is available, notes that there has been a decrease in the estimated total area under illicit opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan, which in 2015 totalled 183,000 hectares (ha). That represents a decrease compared with 2014, when cultivation reached record levels, at 224,000 ha.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, both face a number of challenges in implementation including the establishment 0/effective targets. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the opportunities, challenges and important considerations faced by policy makers when setting and implementing SMM-related targets. Finland attributes waste management improvements to changes in EU legislation, specifically stricter waste management standards and requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
From the beginning of the twentieth century, indigenous peoples were subjected to collectivization, industrialization, forced migration to urban centres and sedentarization, all of which failed to take into consideration indigenous cultures and ways of life. Rapid industrialization led to the contamination and devastation of landscape and wildlife and decreased access to indigenous self-subsistence activities. Collectivization destroyed indigenous community-based economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This is the first of seven planned 10 GW mega wind farms in China. The Chinese government is pursuing wind energy development with the same vigour they showed for hydro. Their approach is increasingly known as 'Three Gorges on the Land" with reference to a massive scale of development comparable to that of the Three Gorges Dam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In terms of context, these CoSOs may precede the eruption of conflict, may deal with issues not relating to the conflict (in Israel and Turkey for example) or may be established as a result of the conflict (in Bosnia, Cyprus and Thrkey). In terms of identity, the vast majority of these CoSOs are civic, post-national or multicultural. In terms of FOA the organizations work on issues directly relating to the conflict, but also on political issues that do not relate strictu sensu to the conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Job growth from energy efficiency retrofits ranges from low- to high-skilled jobs, some of which will require training. In the case of residential retrofit projects, for instance, most tasks will involve the installation of insulation and window replacement, both of which tend to be more labour-intensive than the heating/ventilation/air conditioning (HVAC) or electrical work likely to occur on retrofit projects in large commercial buildings (Schrock, 2009, Schrock and Sundquist, 2009). Insulation jobs are relatively low-skilled, while window replacement jobs involve semi-skilled carpentry experience. Regardless, on-the-job training may suffice, as formal credentials in carpentry are usually not required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Access to primary education is virtually universal, with room for improvement in timely progression and completion and in inclusion of the most neglected social groups. Access and timely progression in secondary education are substantially lower and differ more among countries. The gaps in secondary school completion rates exacerbate socio-economic inequalities by geographic area and ethnic background.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They focus on three objectives: i) to establish a clear, predictable and legitimate framework supported by competent and well-resourced authorities, ii) to ground the selection of PPPs in value for money, and iii) to use the budgetary process transparently to minimise fiscal risks and ensure the integrity of the procurement process. However, the lack of adequate planning for migration results in squatter settlements, slum areas, traffic congestion, urban poor and urban sprawl. Kazakhstan’s national and subnational authorities show little evidence that they have taken the necessary' steps to absorb newcomers into cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Child supplement in Panel B covers support which granted to low income families outside the social assistance. In so far as these additional benefits do not reduce the social assistance amount in full, they are included together with social assistance in minimum income protection. This may, for example, concern child and housing benefits as well as refundable tax-credits. If child benefits do not reduce social assistance, they are counted separately as child supplements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Renewable energy sources are developing quickly in the country', and the BMR has considerable potential in the solar and waste-to-energy sectors. The metropolis is highly exposed to floods given its topography, location and sprawling urban development. At the same time, it is highly vulnerable to future flooding or other threats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Customers must charge their cards with prepayment for a set amount of gas. These cards are then used to open the home valves connecting to the biogas grid - releasing exactly as much biogas as was pre-paid. In all, such novel and profitable business ideas hold great potential for renewable infrastructure. Indeed, the "development trajectory" of developing countries can be very different from that of the developed economies due to the possibility of "leapfrogging" and avoiding mistakes by learning from others' experiences. Neighbouring or similar countries share lessons with particular effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Its population growth is 2.5 percent per year. Forests cover 33 percent of land area, it has mixed landscapes in the uplands with interspersed trees, crops and arable land, and dense tropical forest with larger-scale agriculture in the lowlands. Guatemala is exceptionally rich in biodiversity and 70 percent of forest land comes under some form of protection. Although Guatemala is experiencing solid economic growth, poverty rates remain high and are not falling: they were estimated at 56 percent in 2000 and had risen to 59 percent in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It specifies activities in several domains related to: raising public awareness and building capacities among professionals in the health effects of climate change, upgrading the information system with a set of policy-relevant indicators for identifying and assessing climate-related health risks and the effectiveness of actions, enhancing surveillance and control of selected infectious diseases and vectors, as well as air quality monitoring, etc. Further, it outlines the tasks and capacities of the health sector in coordinated intersectoral activities on emergencies related to extreme weather events, their planning and response. The programme also contains a number of tools to facilitate the training courses for capacity-building in the area of public health emergency management at all levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This chapter looks at them in greater detail later. The seven objectives are: 1) equality in the workplace between men and women 2) reconciliation of family and work life and the sharing of domestic and family obligations 3) eradication of violence against women 4) women’s participation in social, economic and political life, 5) education, 6) development of actions in other sectoral policies, and 7) instruments for incorporating the principle of equality in government policies and action, which is fundamental for clearly understanding how to update the EOSP’s tenets across sectors and issues. In this way, Spain has developed methods of strengthening the integration of the gender perspective in all government programmes and policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, once fisheries have depleted the large, typically higher value, predatory fish at the top of the food web, they have been seen to then progressively redirect effort towards smaller, often less valuable, species at lower trophic levels (Pauly et al., This situation, referred to as fishing down the food web, can also be associated with increased fishing intensity to offset the lower value of the smaller species, which can further negatively affect diversity and productivity (see Folke et al., Once these effects take place, an ecosystem might lose its resilience and become more vulnerable (Folke et al., Once an ecosystem has shifted, the process may be difficult to reverse (Scheffer and Carpenter, 2003, Scheffer, Carpenter and de Young, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
These statistics will also form the basis for efforts to improve health-care quality in Turkey, which have already been growing in recent years. Many OECD health systems separate responsibilities for running and monitoring health-care services quite definitely, and the creation of 4 affiliated agencies under the ministry is a sign that Turkey is seriously considering the benefits of greater devolution of responsibilities for the health system. In the future Turkey might consider putting greater distance between functions such as accreditation and health technology assessment and the central Ministry of Health, especially when quality governance activities apply to public health-care services as well as private health-care services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They are planned so as to recover the cost of producing effluent to a quality level enabling unrestricted irrigation, or investment and maintenance related to the effluent pipe grid. To finance investments in wastewater treatment, municipalities receive grants and soft loans through various funds including the National Sewage Fund. It partly reflects the scarcity value of water resources, with a higher rate charged for the extraction of groundwater than for that of surface water (OECD, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This chapter examines critical theory as a way of explaining, contesting and acting upon social injustice. Critical theories, of which there are many, have been a significant source of explanatory power and motivating action for social work. As will be shown, there are a number of different generations and formulations of critical theory. What links these different theories is that they combine explanations of social reality with practical aims for addressing social injustices. The chapter explains what makes critical social science critical, and then outlines Marxist, feminist and postcolonial theory by explaining each position in relation to a theory of false consciousness, theory of crisis, theory of education and a theory of transformative action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Often indigenous peoples are included in broader categories such as "vulnerable groups" or "the poor", obscuring the particularities of their situation. Furthermore, this recognition entails the structural reforms necessary to exercise self-determination, which in the case of health, corresponds to supporting the development of indigenous health systems while also ensuring full and effective participation in the health services offered by the state. Third, there must be political will, since the mere existence of policies aimed at improving the health of indigenous peoples is insufficient ifthey are notsuccessfully implemented. Finally, there must be a conscious decision on the part of the national society to engage in an exchange and sharing of knowledge, values and customs, which, if practised on a daily basis, would overcome monoculturalist structures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Recent work demonstrates that the policy context plays an important role in leveraging private finance, the policy context can also enhance merger and acquisition activity in relevant sectors, which can in turn boost finance (Criscuolo et al., Both public finance and public policies play an important role in mobilising private finance globally (Hascic et al, 2015). The potential of domestic public policies to enhance finance mobilisation to - and in - developing countries in particular remains untapped.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Assessment and recommendations are made across health system domains -from the role of accreditation and standards, to patient voice and professional training. Cutting across these domains, the priority should now be for Wales should be looking to increase accountability for delivering good quality and improving quality, and trying to establish some more concrete levers for positive system change. This report assesses the governance model, institutions and policies in place to assure, monitor and improve health care quality in Wales.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Once it is fully operational (by 2013), it will predominantly run with a results-based payment modality. It will finance programmes that are found to be strategic and with transformational impact. The SCIP has already channelled resources to three projects (standardizing Ethiopia's Grid Emission Factor, supporting grass roots communities in local adaptation programmes, and Ethiopia's negotiations support programme).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Lastly, Ribas and Soares (2011) show that in poor areas Bolsa Familia negatively affected the hours worked but impacted positively on the participation of other household members in the labour market. Chile Solidario promotes public work projects or facilitates the process of looking for a job via enrolment at the local employment office (OMIL). Indeed, table 3 shows that the programme is successfully achieving this aim given that the share of households working thanks to Chile Solidario or OMIL (5.4 per cent) is higher than for the control group (2.5 per cent), the difference being statistically significant. A similar pattern has been observed by Galasso (2006), who showed that the programme directly increased employment among beneficiaries in urban and rural areas by 6 and 4 per cent, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
An independent economic assessment, released by the European Commission, estimated that economic gains from a transatlantic trade agreement could be significant: the EU economy could be boosted by €119 billion ($159 billion) per year and the US economy by €95 billion ($127 billion), and global income could increase by €100 billion ($133 billion) (Francois, 2013). In March 2014, the London Court of International Arbitration concluded that Canada's obligation to adjust export taxes under the Softwood Lumber Agreement terminated on 12 October 2013, the original termination date of the agreement (Kaufmann-Kohler et al., Exporters who paid adjusted taxes after that date may be entitled to reimbursement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A central temporary' storage facility for outdated pesticides has been built and pesticides are being transferred to it, depending on MEPNR availability of funds. An incinerator for medical waste has been built in Batumi and some pilot projects on municipal waste management have been implemented. Old batteries are disposed of at special facilities for metal recycling. Environmental licenses will be required for some existing activities in January 2010, but until then IEP is not allowed to enter the premises of private or public entities without a judicial order, as a result of which there is no routine inspection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This roundtable could be a continuation of the those held as part of this study. The concessions operate under different corporate structures (association, civil society and others) which makes it difficult to train, standardize and use planning and control tools. This tool was used in the second roundtable by representatives of the public sector and of the links of the value chain, to jointly determine priorities in the proposed strategies, considering each one's importance and viability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
We contend that the issues of Human Rights are central in the plays of Harold Pinter, English playwright and Nobel Prize winner for literature in 2005. By focusing on two of his early plays both published in 1957, The Room and The Birthday Party, we show features of human rights concerns which have been neglected in previous research on Pinter. While the two plays have been analyzed from the perspective of absurd drama, we argue that they exhibit latent manifestations of Human Rights features. To prove our contention, we choose three focal articles of the Human Rights Charter – Article 2 entitled “Don’t discriminate”, Article 5 named “No Torture” and Article 12 specified as “The Right to Privacy” – to show the initial stages of Pinter’s inclination towards Human Rights which became overt in his later plays.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In November 2009, a FAO-agreement on port state control was signed as a major step to reduce IUU-fishing globally. In addition, Norway has endorsed and fully implemented the regional scheme for port state control adopted by NEAFC, and has entered new bilateral arrangements with other countries in the field of resource control in the fisheries. Norway is of the opinion that there exists clear links between different types of transnational organised crime and organised IUU-fishing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Singapore has made the greatest improvements in this area, with publication intensity in the most recent period higher than both the United States and Japan. Malaysia has, nevertheless, consistently achieved the highest publication intensity among the ASEAN4 countries - Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines - and is more publication-intensive than both China and In dia. Over the last three decades, ASEAN4 countries have regularly increased their publication intensity. However, its level is very low compared to the newly industrialised economies in Asia (0.51% of world total publications for ASEAN4 as a whole and 0.14% market share for Malaysia) (Wong and Ho, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Table 4.3 thus shows that the combination of direct health impacts and climate change risks weigh heavily on the attractiveness of fossil fuels, in particular coal. While biomass is carbon-neutral if it is harvested sustainably, it can have significant health impacts due to local and regional particulate emissions. While such estimates provide indications of orders of magnitude rather than precise measurements of impacts, they nevertheless contribute to a more balanced view of the impacts of different power generation technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
E-commerce, though not entirely a new subject area in international trade discourse, is coming to the forefront now given its rapid expansion and the need for governments and the global community at large to look more carefully at the implications of this and to come up with relevant policy measures. This chapter does not purport to build the case for a particular stance by these countries on e-commerce, but rather looks at the potential benefits that could accrue from e-commerce development and at the same time the serious challenges they face, given the constraints that exist, as well as ways to address these. While the focus is on small developing countries, many of the issues covered will be relevant to the larger group of developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Direct regulation, akin to explicit rationing, requires that a drug meets a minimum cost-efficiency ratio if the regulator is to place the drug on the reimbursement list. Price caps need direct or indirect information on the cost level of the suppliers, and international price comparisons are often used effectively. Generic substitution allows or requires pharmacies to substitute a prescribed brand-name drug with a cheaper generic version with the same substance or the same therapeutic effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO, https://creativecommons. Org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) endorse any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO or OECD logo is not permitted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Those with very low fertility rates that are below' the replacement level (Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Cuba) illustrate the diverse trajectories of the decline in fertility' in Latin America. In Costa Rica, for example, the fertility rate began to decline in 1965 and has plummeted from seven children per woman in 1965 to two children per w oman at present. Declines of this magnitude entail not only significant changes in macroeconomic terms but also radical transformations in family life, family burdens and the organization of society itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Issues of conflict of interest between government officials and privatized water systems and their corporations are also widely reported (Shiva 2002). Comparative assessments do not readily support the efficiency argument, possibly due, in part, to reported corruption in awarding natural monopolies to unqualified providers (FOEI 2008, UN 2006). The question of paying the full cost of water is also much broader if ecological impacts are taken into account.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Increasing Longevity and Medicare Expenditures. Demography 38: 215-226. Mid-long Term Trends for The Pension, Health and Long-term Care Systems. The Future Needfor Care: Results of the LEV Project. Stockholm: Government Offices of Sweden. Population Aeging and the Determinants of Healthcare Expenditures: The Case of Hospital, Medical and Pharmaceutical Care in British Columbia, 1996 to 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
See Table 2.A1.3 for a mapping of these programmes relative to the innovation barriers they address.) To build up universities, educational centres and infrastructures to the level required of advanced and high-quality research and development activities. Estimated budget for the duration of the Plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Further, some within the private sector have adopted certain principles or environmental and social safeguards (e.g. IIGCC statement and Equator Principles) that are relevant to climate finance. However, the key requirement of the private sector for effective investment generally involves maximising risk-adjusted financial returns. In addition, the aims of different sources of climate finance interventions are also affected by the channels through which they flow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These include NGOs, organizations representing private industry and intergovernmental organizations. The auditors’ nationality cannot be the same as that of the President and the Executive Secretary. The sources of the Chu and Talas lie in the territory of Kyrgyzstan, where water management facilities such as dams, water reservoirs and canals are also located.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Migration thus raises sensitive and highly charged issues in most countries. The international development agenda, as already noted, has included aid, investment, trade preferences and technology—all essentially aimed at removing obstacles to the international movement of various factors of production. Yet, the international mobility of labour has largely been ignored, while it should occupy a prominent position in the international development framework. Measures should be taken to link migratory flows to the creation and diffusion of global knowledge, both codified and tacit. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)