albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For mitigation, there is no difference made between groups of Parties regarding modalities, procedures and guidelines (MPGs) of the transparency framework, these are meant to be common and apply to all Parties. However, there are exemptions for least developed countries (LDCs) and small island developing states (SIDS), flexibility for developing countries that need it on the basis of their capacities (Briner and Moarif, 2016(3]), and a specific requirement for Parties not to report less frequently or robustly than they do at present (Decision 1/CP.21 Paragraph 92e). This represents a major shift from the simpler, binary distinctions in the UNFCCC and Cancun Agreements between the obligations for Annex I and non-Annex I Parties. This binary distinction is also present in the existing reporting system for finance, where Annex II Parties have specific reporting obligations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For example, on average across OECD countries, 12% of 15 year old boys are likely to aspire a career as a scientist, architect or engineer, while only 5% of girls do the same (OECD, 2016[30]). Similarly, a career in information and communication technology (ICT) is an aspiration for some 5% of boys and less than 1% of girls. Furthermore, parents’ expectations on STEM related careers tend also to differ significantly by gender (OECD, 2015 [3i ])- There is some evidence that this gap have declined recently (Ernst & Young (EY), 2018(32]). Still, overall, the participation of women in STEM is significantly higher than the participation in venture capital financed entrepreneurship. Regarding debt financing, female entrepreneurs face more limited access to credit and even if they receive funding, they are confronted with higher interest rates (Bellucci, Borisov and Zazzaro, 2010(33], Alesina, Lotti and Mistrulli, 2013(34]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Indonesia missing due to lack of information on formality status, urban China missing due to limited sample size, the analysis on India is confined to all workers for whom data on social security contributions is available (this effectively excludes self-employed workers and family workers). Panel B: OECD calculations based on national household and labour force surveys and the EU-SILC national files (Turkey). On the measurement of inequality", Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. The role of constraint vs choice”, Annals of Economics and Statistics, forthcoming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Collaboration at local and higher levels of government involves the promotion of common structural changes, leading to new types of investment and spatial administration for new trade procedures and promotion (Arnold, 2010). They are connected through an infrastructure network, have potential for deep economic interdependency, and have implemented policies to facilitate trade and investment and increase business opportunities. The two cities are also part of a growing transport network within the East-West Economic Corridor (EWEC) connecting the cities across the border.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The highest intensities were observed in Nicaragua, Guatemala and the Plurinational State of Bolivia and the lowest in Chile, Brazil and Costa Rica. With respect to M0, the countries with the highest and lowest values are the same as for the poverty incidence. However, there are exceptions: for example, the Plurinational State of Bolivia has a much lower headcount ratio (H) than Honduras (48.1% versus 63.4%), but the two countries have a very similar reading of intensity of poverty (46.7% and 46.4%, respectively). Meanwhile, Paraguay has a much higher headcount index (46.6%) than Colombia (23.9%), but in terms of the intensity of poverty, these two countries are very similar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
China and India cover so many production environments that each can, to some extent, smooth out internal regional supply and demand variations via internal trade. Yet even these countries can benefit from this stabilising role of international trade. Wright (2012) shows that pooling the entire world’s output variation in rice production and sharing it proportionately across countries would reduce the variation of China’s and India’s shares by about 40% and 60%, respectively. For many smaller countries the effects would be far greater.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It introduced the National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development in 2010/11 to mainstream climate resilience and low-carbon development into key sectors. Its long-term strategy, "Vision 2050", aims to transform Rwanda into a developed country, with a strong service sector, low unemployment and low poverty rates. This strategy also envisages that agriculture and industry will have a minimal negative impact on the environment, operating sustainably and enabling Rwanda to be self-sufficient in basic necessities (Republic of Rwanda, 2011). It attracts and streamlines climate finance with the national strategy and leverages private investment for low-carbon initiatives. Putting FONERWA into operation has been a strategic move to facilitate access to international climate finance, especially Fast-start Finance for adaptation. Under the National Strategy for Climate Change and Low Carbon Development (2011), there is a programme of action focusing on the Low Carbon Energy Mix Powering the National Grid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is the case of drinking water, where the protection of water sources is seen as more cost-effective than end-of-pipe water treatment. For example, starting in 1996, the municipality of Lons-le-Saunier (a town of 20 000 inhabitants) gradually introduced financial aid packages for farmers within a perimeter of 270 hectares (667 acres) of drinking water abstraction points. The aim is to encourage them to stop growing maize, make less use of plant protection products, stop using certain products, leave grassed strips, and cover the soil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It thus pays to have highly qualified teachers who address gender-specific attitudes within the classroom. Many studies and test results show gender differences in competency levels in these subjects. According to the 2012 OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), an evaluation of competencies in reading, mathematics and science for 15-16 year-olds, on average, students in OECD countries perform better than students across the Asia/Pacific region (Table 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, provoked, among other reactions, considerable commentary about the future of American federalism, particularly predictions of administrative centralization. To assess the potential impact of terrorism on U.S. intergovernmental relations and the ways the federal system should respond, members of the American Political Science Association’s Section on Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations were surveyed in late 2001. Generally, these federalism scholars believe the September 11 terrorism will have little effect on intergovernmental relations or on the U.S. Supreme Court’s state–friendly jurisprudence, and the surge in public trust and confidence in the federal government will be short–lived. The scholars tend to support a highly federalized response to terrorism, but with intergovernmental cooperation. Partisan differences among the scholars on policy options, however, mirror the party differences in Congress and the resurgence of “politics as usual” less than a year after September 11, 2001.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Three quarters of patents invented in Penang are owned by foreign organisations. This is in fact an understatement of the extent of foreign ownership of Penang’s patents, since some MNCs extend ownership of patents to the local subsidiary where the technology was invented rather than to the corporation’s headquarters. Thus almost half of Penang-invented locally assigned patents are actually owned by German company Osram Opto Semiconductors and the Japanese Nikko Group. The proportion of locally invented patents that are owned by domestic entities is low compared to Singapore, where half of Singapore-invented patents are owned by Singaporean organisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This relative measure brings the important dimension of inequality into the definition. Thus, the prime concern with the material dimensions of poverty alone has expanded to encompass a more holistic template of the components of well-being, including various non-material, psychosocial and environmental dimensions. Deficits within the other dimensions of well-being exist at levels of income well above the absolute—and even the relative—poverty lines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Children are generally very much pampered in the Culf countries, particularly mate children. I am very proud that I have managed to instil some discipline in the children under my care. I taught them to respect household work and the contribution ofthe domestic help. Both the children under my care used to help me with work. I believe that this will help them to grow up as responsible adults who respect work and workers and not look down on them." After marriage (mine was a love marriage) there was no way to study further and I was not very keen either.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As a result, Asia has been changing from the traditional carbohydrates and vegetables dominated diet to one richer in fat and proteins — a process that has been called the “westernization” of the Asian diet. In South Asia, for example, the area devoted to millet and sorghum fell, while more land was planted with fruits and vegetables. In South East Asia, the pattern was similar, with a fall in the area of land devoted to “other cereals.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, the proposal is a second-best approach since it will increase administrative costs by requiring multiple tax liability calculations (i.e. the traditional calculation, IMAN, and a simplified IMAS for employers with low income). Indeed, the first-best approach would be to reconsider the underlying tax expenditures. Moreover, the potential redistributive impact remains limited as the tax is expected to be levied only on the richest 4% of the population. Thus, the overall tax take, as a share of GDP, will remain extremely small (the reform is designed to be revenue-neutral in the short term).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Given the trends as shown in table II.9, the least developed countries, landlocked developing countries, highly indebted poor countries and small island developing States will not meet the Millennium Development Goal target of halving poverty by 2015. European Union (EU) members and the United States of America have a long-standing tradition and practice of collecting national poverty data as well as releasing official poverty estimates. The prime concern is the standard of living relative to other people in the country, hence, poverty is a relative concept in the developed world. In the present section, therefore, the poverty estimates used are not comparable to those for developing countries as published by the World Bank.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Inclusive policy making enhances transparency and public participation, while enabling governments to improve their policy performance, support economic recovery, restore the social contract and strengthen trust in institutions by considering impacts on various stakeholders and working with citizens, civil society and businesses to design better policies for better lives. Indeed, inclusive policies require integrating concerns of both men and women at all stages of the policy process and across all policy sectors, through the process called gender mainstreaming. Section 204(a) of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action states that governments must “seek to ensure that before policy decisions are taken, an analysis of their impact on women and men, respectively, is carried out.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Approximately 22 000 activities supporting research and 12 000 activities supporting ICT development for the years 2013-2016 were assessed. Common ‘filler words’ such as “the”, “is” and “are” were excluded from the analysis The most prominent keywords translated into English are shown in figures 3.1 and 3.2. The larger the text, the more descriptions included the particular word.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Population paradigms frequently attribute poverty to overpopulation, see the causes of environmental degradation and natural resource scarcity in population growth or mismanagement by poor people, and link reducing women's fertility to mitigating climate change or preventing environmental destruction (UNDP, 2011). Population policies that are coercive in their approach to reducing fertility rates compromise human well-being, dignity, individual bodily integrity and autonomy and are inconsistent with international norms and standards. Since 1994, the global policy and normative framework has made a significant shift in recognizing women's sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as the cornerstone of population and development policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Preschool education can be increased by one year. Preschool education facilities include nurseries, nursery-kindergartens, kindergartens, nursery-sanatoria, kindergarten-sanatoria and preschool centres for children’s development. Levels 1 and 2 constitute basic education. After basic education, graduates can complete their secondary education (two years) in secondary schools and lyceums.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While in the short run, these effects on inequality are likely to be dominated by the direct inequality-reducing effect that stems from the income support for the unemployed (see Joumard et al., However, cutting back on benefits may help to reduce the income gap between immigrants and natives as the former appeal- to suffer more from adverse employment effects (Causa and Jean, 2007). At the same time, the impact of product market liberalisation on labour income inequality is uncertain: while higher employment should reduce inequality, ceteris paribus, this may potentially be offset by a wider earnings dispersion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The 2005 average for public social spending in the OECD countries was around 21% of GDP, whereas the figure for private social spending was only 3% of GDP. The unification of criteria on the scope of private social spending and the universe and coverage of measurements, the social functions to be included and the frontiers existing between them, among other points, still need to resolved, both at the country and the regional level. There is also the challenge of improving the quality and availability of social statistics and the evaluation function, not only because they are a benefit in themselves, but also because this will make it possible to obtain a more complete picture of the management and results of social policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It first looks at the role of the overall investment climate in promoting agricultural investment. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how to ensure that environmental costs and benefits are appropriately included in incentives to invest in agriculture in order to promote sustainability and socially beneficial outcomes. Less has been given to how important these factors are for investment in agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These include the structure and characteristics of the higher education system, how the system is governed or steered, and its broader social and economic context. This applies when considering multiple policy levers used together. Various combinations of policy levers may be more effective in some contexts than others. This chapter concludes with an examination of how effective these objectives are co-ordinated in the Norwegian context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Unlike add-on payments for co-ordination, which can be applied ex ante to provision of services and/or are automatically applied to certain processes, P4P payments are applied ex post. They are allocated after providers have reported on the required indicators and outcomes, and are deemed to have met the required targets or thresholds. They are focussed on the degree of achievement of specific defined objectives by providers or practitioners. P4P has emerged as one potential lever to address some of the shortcomings of traditional payments of FFS, capitation, and salary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Where applicable, this information should be presented in relation to policy and legislation applicable to persons without disabilities. In all cases, it should indicate data sources. The report should provide detailed information on substantive measures taken and progress achieved and an article by article analysis of the UNCRPD in accordance with the reporting guidelines. In October 2009, the CRPD Committee adopted treaty-specific guidelines for reporting.97 DPOs must be consulted on the report, but should not write it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Hence greening is a systemic challenge and requires actions along the whole value chain, as evidenced in research by Kemp et al., ( The findings show clear signs of more energy-efficient investments being made in crop-drying methods. If energy use in the value chain as a whole is considered, however, drying technologies represent only a trivial component. The energy wasted in inefficient logistics (for example, dirty diesel combustion in the trucks hauling produce from farm to drier)— in part, a result of subsidized fuel—is far more than any marginal gains in the crop-drying component and has largely been ignored in the greening policy agenda. In many advanced economies, final markets demand the greening of value chains, and that is increasingly the case for middie-income markets in Africa and other emerging economies, a process sharpened by the rapid advance of global supermarket chains in Africa and elsewhere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Whether and how to do this depends on the skills and capacities available in firms. It also depends on signals that firms receive about the reliability of new technologies and their likelihood of standing the test of time. It is unclear whether the relevant services will satisfy the needs of exporters, in particular SMEs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Data from the slum poor were collected through observation and interviews, which were also used to determine the socio-economic status of the households. The determinants of socio-economic status included occupation, income, household size, durable goods possessed and the type of ownership of the settlement (temporary or transient settlers were worse off than long-term settlers). A small-scale qualitative survey was conducted through in-depth, open-ended interviews. During the interviews, the respondents were asked about their sources of income, health care, drinking water and sanitation, food safety and the condition of their waste disposal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Non-contributing individuals (children, pensioners and registered unemployed) account for a high share of the insured population (around half). This threatens financial sustainability, not least because the population is ageing. It makes the system particulady vulnerable to economic downturns, as happened with dramatic impact during the economic crisis in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Among other elements they require 80% removal efficiency for biochemical organic demand (BOD) and suspended solids for all sources of wastewater discharge dating from after 1984. More relaxed standards can be applied for older sources. Apparently this approach has created disincentives for investment in water supply and sanitation projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Consequently, current strategies centring on crop improvement in a limited set of staple crops would be unable to respond to climate change challenges. While the impacts of climate change vary across crops and regions, they put global food security even more at risk and heighten the danger of malnutrition in marginal regions. Smallholder farmers, who lack the resources to adapt and respond to climate change, will particularly feel these pressures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
But understanding art also means to be able to place a work of art within its historic and social context: the world in which it was created, its influences, be it artistic, political, economical or so on. Finally, understanding art means understanding the artist as well: while it would be difficult to comprehend the art of Frida Kahlo out of the context of the Mexican Revolution, that context would be insufficient if we are not familiar as well with her life, her pains, her passions and dilemmas. Programmes loaded with recreational experiences, creative work, context sensitive activities, discovery of sounds and colors, textures and harmonies that could then be used by students to communicate ideas and emotions through their artistic creations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The overwhelming perception is not that the employment subsidy component of the learnerships is necessarily ineffective, but rather that the administrative requirements around the learning component of the programme are excessive. Many firms indicate a willingness to expand enrolment of learners and/or trainees if the administrative burden were reduced. An expanded wage subsidy could in fact build on the leamerships, with simplified administration. Another way of addressing the substitution problem would be to apply the wage subsidy to net rather than gross hires (perhaps limited to workers below an age ceiling), although this would require a monitoring mechanism, which would add complexity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, protests increased rapidly after the government's decision to prolong the reliance on nuclear power in 2010 and especially in the aftermath of the Fukushima accident in 2011. Theoretical analyses and international experience suggest that despite strong policy commitment, moving away from fossil fuels without nuclear pow'er is costly, not least because other available low carbon technologies are not yet competitive (OECD, 2009). The public investment needed to reach the targets is estimated at around 1% of GDP per year (KfW, 2011). When assessing CO2 abatement cost in Germany, evaluations differ significantly. Reducing emissions by 35% by 2020 is estimated to cost on average from EUR -38/t CO2 to more than EUR 80/t CO2 (BMU, 2008b, McKinsey, 2007). The differences in estimates are mainly due to assumptions about the technological changes to be expected by 2020 which determine the cost of investment in low-carbon technologies and their performance in energy savings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The publication was prepared by Rory Keane and Margarete Jacob within the OECD Secretariat. It examines how to support the creation of security and justice institutions that are representative, accountable, rights-respecting and responsive to the specific security and justice needs of women, men, boys and girls. However, in many countries SSR policies and programming currently fail to involve both women and men in decisionmaking processes and do not adequately address gender dynamics in understanding issues - such as domestic violence or small arms violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Food crops include rice, maize, soybeans, peanuts, cassava and sweet potatoes. Estate crops include both food crops - sugar cane, palm oil, coconut, cocoa, coffee, tea, pepper, cashew nut - and non-food crops - rubber, cotton, tobacco, clove, jathropa, patchouli and kemiri sunan. Horticultural crops include chillies, shallots, potatoes, mango, banana, durian and mangosteen and root and ornamental plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)