albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Building on the achievements made under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) cover more social dimensions and are universal in scope. The universality principle of the 2030 Agenda means that social progress goals and targets have been set for all countries, including the richest countries of the globe, with the explicit intention of leaving no one behind. By selecting SDGs most relevant to children, using data to illustrate how rich countries compare on these goals, and discussing the main data gaps and data coverage, this study makes an important contribution to assessing what can and needs to be done for children, as part of the process of addressing the SDGs in high-income settings. Monitoring the life chances of children is considered a necessary starting point for catalyzing social progress for and around children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The proportion of the members of poor households who were injured or killed was 6.3 per cent, while 81.3 per cent experienced damage to their house, land or livelihood. The corresponding proportions for well-off households were 2.6 and 55-3 per cent, respectively. It is poor farmers and pastoralists, however, who have been shown to be most vulnerable, given their limited ability to mobilize the resources necessary for adapting to these climate changes, which include water and land, and their lack of political power in society (Cotula, 2006, Silva, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The UN Security Council has dealt with human rights (defined to include humanitarian law) far more than anyone could have foreseen in 1945. Starting with limited action during the Cold War, the Council has greatly expanded its attention to human rights since roughly 1990. In a number of ways, there has been significant progress in trying to protect human rights through Charter Chapter VII enforcement, Chapter VI diplomacy including armed diplomacy known as peacekeeping, a renaissance in international criminal justice, and other measures. But persistent problems remain centered on a lack of agreement among the five permanent members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
He was appointed Secretary of the OECD Working Party on regional development policies in 1992, where he was responsible for country regional policy reviews and horizontal programmes. He has worked with national governments in many OECD countries and has spoken at several international conferences. At NCHEMS, he specialises in state coordination and governance of higher education and advising state governments on long-term strategies to improve the effectiveness of their education systems and linking education to the state’s future economic competitiveness and quality of life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The programmes include: purchasing entitlements from willing sellers at market prices and implementing infrastructure works (both on farm and in irrigation delivery systems) to reduce losses and improve water efficiency. State governments also undertake similar efforts. It should be noted that some responses provided information with a different metric, depending on the information available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Coal combustion leads to the formation of extremely hazardous POPs (dioxins and furans, polyaromatic hydrocarbons) and has veiy strong carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on humans. The environmental impacts of TPPs’ hazardous air emissions include acidification of the environment, bioaccumulation of toxic metals, contamination of rivers and lakes and degradation of buildings and culturally important monuments. Due to the fact that more coal-fired TPPs are currently in the pipeline in Tajikistan, an increase in effects upon the environment might be expected to take place in the future. The facility requires more than 22,000 tons of coal per month.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Therefore, capital and labour market segmentation is introduced by specifying a CET structure (Keeney and Hertel, 2005). The elasticities of transformation have been calibrated to fit estimates of the elasticity of labour supply from PEM (OECD, 2003). At this moment most sectors have the possibility to substitute between different production factors and between capital and energy. The petroleum sector has the possibility to substitute between ethanol, biodiesel and fossil fuels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This excludes woodland or forest predominantly under agricultural or urban land use and used only for recreation purposes. Includes the stem from ground level or stump height up to a top diameter of Y cm, and may also include branches to a minimum diameter of W cm. The diameters used may vaiy across countries, generally the data refer to a diameter of more than 10cm at breast height.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Similarly, the Trans-Asian Railway network comprises 118,000 km of railway tracks, of which 12,400 km are missing. This gap is preventing the network from being a solid basis for the development of international intermodal corridors reaching all corners of the region. While these missing links can be bridged by transhipments to trucks or by developing inland container depots and dry ports with rail connections, shippers are often resistant to using rail because of longer times and higher transhipment costs. The region has yet to realize its full potential. Governments and financing institutions need to be encouraged to increase investment in the sector. Nine out of the top 10 container ports are in the Asia-Pacific region, of which seven are in China.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, assuming that a pay gap exists whereby women earn lower wages, a second hypothesis is that the entry of women into the workforce lowers average wages and, hence, production costs. This implies that feminization contributes to growth but that this positive effect may be heightened by the existence of gender inequalities that may then remain in place because of the savings that they afford. The above result could be a combination of the effects of these two factors, but the findings discussed above indicate that, during the period under study, the former effect outweighed the latter except in the case of Brazil. The negative selection effects in the labour supply generated by the exclusion of some people from the labour market who could be participating in it but are not doing so (in this case, women) remained virtually unchanged during this period and, in fact, tended to increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The main town in this canton is Mostar. Neum is the only coastal municipality. As regards delimitation of the territorial sea, a treaty on the maritime borders between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina was signed in 1999, but it has not yet been ratified. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s territorial sea is entirely surrounded by the internal waters of Croatia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, while 40% of the total EU imports from Indonesia would be eligible to preferential treatment under the GSP, only around 23% are actually covered under the GSP scheme and the majority of the products are non-agricultural (Lord et al., Beyond mandatory requirements, private standards, such as GLOBALG.A.P61 certification, are now a de facto prerequisite for doing business with most European agro-food companies. The average import growth rate reached 4% in 2009 (Lord et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Household financial vulnerability: An empirical analysis”. The Financial Crisis at the Kitchen Table: Trends in Household Debt and Credit”, Federal Reserve Bank of New York StaffReports, 480. Household debt and spending in the United Kingdom”, Bank of England Staff Working Paper, 554. Income, wealth and financial fragility in Europe”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Women in the African region are overburdened with unsafe abortion. Abortion regimes that fail to translate any given abortion rights into tangible access are partly to blame. Historically, African abortion laws have been highly restrictive. However, the post-independence era has witnessed a change toward liberalizing abortion law, even if incremental for many jurisdictions. Furthermore, Article 14 of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa has significantly augmented the regional trend toward liberalization by recognizing abortion as a human right in given circumstances. However, states are failing to implement abortion laws. The jurisprudence that is emerging from the European Court of Human Rights and United Nations treaty bodies is a tool that can be used to render African governments accountable for failure to implement domestic abortion laws.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Regional and departmental councils contribute respectively with 8% and 4% (Figure 5.3). When looking at individual entities, seven actors capitalised more than EUR 1 million in 2014. Moreover, PS-Eau claims that DDC in the water sector has a strong leveraging effect: EUR 1 of DDC funds is able to mobilise up to EUR 5-EUR 10.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The innovative practice that resulted from the Ottawa Charter challenges public health knowledge about programming and evaluation. Specifically, there is a need to formulate program theory that embraces social determinants of health and local actors' mobilization for social change. Likewise, it is imperative to develop a theory of evaluation that fosters reflexive understanding of public health programs engaged in social change. We believe advances in contemporary social theory that are founded on a critique of modernity and that articulate a coherent theory of practice should be considered when addressing these critical challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They may also be used, as they are in the case of renewable energy technologies, to level the playing field vis-a-vis competing conventional goods, which are not taxed for their full environmental damage, and which on the contrary are often subsidised. As noted above, they may help firms in a new and dynamic sector to overcome significant market failures and reach a point of global competitiveness. They may be used to prolong the life of firms that are not and never will be competitive, providing unwelcome competition to others struggling to enter the market. They may be offered with local-content requirements attached as a condition, which forecloses foreign opportunities for trade and investment with the implementing country.7 For countries with poorly resourced treasuries foreign subsidies may simply be unmatchable, even if they are ‘properly’ employed in every sense.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Tajikistan joined the agreement on 17 June 1998. In 2015, Kyrgyzstan utility Electric Power Plants (EPP) considered bids to replace electrical components, auxiliaries and instrumentation as part of refurbishing the 1 200 MW Toktogul hydroelectric project on Naryn River in Kyrgyzstan (HydroWorld, 2016). It has four turbines each generating 7 MW.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
ABSTRACTFrom the early days of the printed press, citizens have challenged and modified the information environment as constructed by governments and media organizations. In the digital era, this struggle is manifested in the work of civil-society organizations calling to expand the boundaries of digital rights such as access to the internet, freedom of speech, and the right to privacy. Alongside their traditional activity of confronting governments and internet organizations, these bodies have also engaged in educating citizens about their rights. In order to shed light on such educational efforts, I examine the activities of four civil-society organizations operating in three countries (Germany, Israel, and the U.S.) by conducting a content analysis of their websites between 2013 and 2015. The results suggest that the organizations’ interactions with the public are guided by three main principles: (1) cultural informational framing: delivering accurate technological and political information, which is f...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some municipalities have also introduced postcode area policies and “central application” for registering students to a certain school on the basis of school needs and characteristics rather than giving full school choice to families (Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wctcnschap, 2008(9oi). In two other Dutch cities, Nijmegen and Deventer, the local government enforced integration as a criterion in the school choice process, with the aim of having 70% native students along with 30% immigrant students (Ladd, Fiske and Ruijs, 2009[7oj). More specifically, all primary schools in Nijmegen have agreed on a central subscription system based on the distribution of students in different categories in order to reach a share of 30% of disadvantaged students in each school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition, there is a need to restore depleted natural aquifers. The problem of water scarcity has been exacerbated in recent years by several multi-year drought cycles and the consequent over-pumping of water to meet growing water demand. Annual rainfall has decreased by 9% on average since 1993 and could decrease by a further 10-15% between 2015 and 2035, according to climate change models (Chapter 6). Increasing population and agricultural growth are placing additional pressures on Israel’s limited water resources, in terms of both quantity and quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Furthermore this may highlight the need for each country to investigate better the background of available data and their relevance. The low number for level 1 for wetlands in Norway can be explained partly by the melting of permafrost due to climate change (an indicator in NI), and this cannot be reversed by applying ecological restoration. This implies that any new disturbed land during the same time period must be compensated or restored on top of the 15%. This calls for a system to monitor or measure degradation, and not only to measure progress in restoration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For instance, if market incomes became more unequal and social preferences towards inequality remained unchanged, a given extent of redistribution would appear less costly in terms of overall social welfare and additional redistribution would be desirable. Conversely, reducing inequalities would be seen as less pressing if preferences became less egalitarian (say because of more widespread concern over adverse incentive effects of redistribution), while market-income inequalities remained unchanged. Over longer periods of time, one would expect to observe changes in both social preferences and the distribution of market incomes. The dispersion of market incomes has in fact changed considerably.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
AbstractThis report examines whether it is possible for the research and use of marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) to follow an approach based on the system that is being used with plant genetic resources in areas within national jurisdiction, as developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Part IV of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture contains the multilateral system of access and benefit-sharing. In addition, the report considers the implications of relevant provisions as contained in the Law of the Sea Convention, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Antarctic Treaty System, as well as instruments on intellectual property rights. The report concludes with an assessment of the options within existing legal frameworks for accommodating an access and benefit-sharing system for marine genetic resources originating from ABNJ, and provides suggestions to move the international debate forward.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Without diversity, these crops do not provide wholesome nutrition. According to Graziano da Silva (FAO, 2012a), dependence on a few crops has adverse consequences for ecosystems, food diversity and health. Food monotony also increases the risk of micronutrient deficiency. The world population is around 7 billion and is expected to increase to 9.7 billion by 2050 (UN, World Population Prospects, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Pesticides not only include the crop protection products but also biocides, including products for disinfestation (such as cooling water and flush water for drilling), wood preservation and antifouling (to protect ships). Accordingly, the Board for the Authorisation of Plant Protection Products and Biocides takes decisions based on the policy of four ministries: the Ministry of Economic Affairs, the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports, and the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment. Within the authorisation procedure, among other things, attention is paid to the possible adverse effect on freshwater organisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
United Nations and bilateral development agencies) and local software firms. Coded in Country identifies and establishes relationships with local firms, then helps them to develop corporate profiles and case studies to highlight their skills. Profiles are published on the Coded in Country website (codedincountry.org) and communicated through the initiative’s network of international development partners and professionals. These same channels are used to notify local partners of upcoming business opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation” (Department of Health, 1999) reconfirmed mental health as a key priority for the NHS, and set a target to reduce suicide and death from undetermined injuries associated with mental ill health by a fifth. The National Service Framework for Mental health in adults of working age published in 1999 was a 10-year strategy, resulting in a significant growth in community mental health provision with the development of early intervention, assertive outreach, crisis intervention and home treatment approaches and community “teams”. The first mental health act in England, the County Asylum Act, was passed in 1808, and was followed by the Lunacy Acts of 1845, 1890 and 1891.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Countries that have most extensively implemented prescriptions to slash wealth, top personal and corporate income tax rates also experienced the most significant rise in top income shares since the early 1980s, without registering the promised higher economic growth (figure 4). Survey-based income inequality measures, such as Gini estimates in figure 3, often rely on data samples that truncate the top of the income distribution, because top incomes are under-represented in surveys or due to top-coding method shortcomings (Alvaredo 2010). Top income shares in figure 4 are estimated using non-truncated fiscal data, but under-reporting of income to tax authorities is common and tax evasion has grown rapidly over the last decade (Palan et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There are many examples of creative approaches to navigating and managing risk, including the use of joint strategies (Box 6). Concern to minimise fiduciary risk can, for example, mean that funds are slow to arrive and that inefficient delivery channels are chosen (Marcus, 2015). Such concerns steer donors towards investing in programmes which may be predictable, but not transformative (they may indeed fail in programmatic terms, but in a predictable way). In short, the overall impact of decisions driven by a desire to avoid or minimise fiduciary and institutional risk may be that the overall effectiveness of aid investments is severely compromised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, about 40% of the fish is discarded as waste and over 20 million tons of fish wastes including liver, heads, intestine, backbones and skin are discarded into the environment around the world, resulting in pollution or a difficult waste disposal problem, and the loss of valuable nutrients (Enascuta et al., One scenario to ameliorate the challenge of feed supply is utilising more fish processing waste in the production of fishmeal and fish oil (World Bank, 2013). Already, for example, 90% of the ingredients used in fishmeal produced in Japan come from fish waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Given that PNG, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu are unlikely to meet Goal 1, achieving Target 10.1 will also be difficult without serious reform. Fiji is, however, likely to meet Target 10.1 based on its positive outlook for Goal 1. Ensuring equal opportunities and reducing inequalities of outcome (Target 10.3) are also closely dependent on the outcome of Target 5.1 to end all forms of discrimination against women and girls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In changing markets, a partner that is a strong player today may be a lame duck tomorrow. Another risk is that TIPOs entering into relationships with companies that have strong market power may end up being locked into arrangements that are no longer beneficial. This can include providing information on such platforms and their reliability, as well as training on how to use them. The TIPO then becomes a third-party quality signaller, a crucial player within any well-functioning quality infrastructure set-up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Canadian constitutional law regarding freedom of association for workers is a mess. The jurisprudence to date has taken an approach to state action and positive obligations to legislate which is inconsistent with section 15, and has failed to articulate the relationship between the abstract statement of basic rights or freedoms and the detailed statutes and regulations that instantiate and enforce them. This paper focuses on the impact of the recent decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in BC Health. The author argues that this case misunderstood Canada’s labour law history, international labour law obligations, “Charter values”, and the distinction between “freedoms” and “rights”.This paper argues that by using labour relations statutes as a starting point and applying the constitutional idea of equality, courts can protect freedom of association for workers and find a way out of the mess we are in.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Exemption from cost sharing for low income groups was not continued. Health care measures building from this programme were also included in the Strategic Development Plan of Latvia for 2010-13 (see Chapter 1, Section 2.4). Health expenditure as a proportion of all household expenditures rose following the financial crisis, having fallen in the run up to 2011, very possibly due to the prior application of exemptions. In the 2013 EU-SILC survey, of those surveyed reporting unmet need for medical examination, 23% of Latvian respondents reported that cost (“too expensive”) as an explanation (Figure 2.1). Unmet needs for medical examination where cost is a barrier appears to have increased since the financial crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
How does perceived political corruption affect electoral preferences? Scholarship of Eastern Europe addressed this question primarily through the study of observational data. This study contributes...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)