albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This problem is somehow circumvented, since most existing water-supply systems have difficulties in meeting these standards, and the new ongoing constructions mentioned in previous sections are in line with currently less stringent international accepted standards (e.g. WHO or EU). It also identifies a list of 341 chemical substances for which sanitary maximum allowable concentrations are established, including ammonia, fluorine, sulphates, (heavy) metals and organic micropollutants. In accordance with the 2000 Law on Water Supply and Wastewater, drinking water sources should be protected through pollution prevention measures in order to meet the requirements of sanitary and environmental legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In particular, the authors conducted an analysis of six cases concerning national water policies from Australia, Brazil, New Zealand and South Africa, the European Union’s Water Framework Directive and the Lisbon Charter on Water and Sanitation3 (IWA, 2015). The paper did not compare the existing policy frameworks with each other, but rather their “performance” against the 12 OECD Principles. The analysis of what influences the implementation of the OECD Principles provided a basis for further recommendations, in relation to both water resources and water services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As the price of mobile phone ownership continues to fall, many more people, including in extremely impoverished areas, are likely to own and use a mobile device. A growing number of projects have shown that mobile technologies provide an excellent medium for extending educational opportunities to learners who may not have access to high-quality schooling. This technology helps ensure that students are not held back or left behind by larger groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production, aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Other experts have suggested royalties comprising the marginal cost of production plus 5 per cent of the compulsory licensee’s selling price, see Reichman, UNCTAD paper, p. 20, quoting A. Engelberg. A general royalty rate of 4 per cent is suggested, as representing the average royalty rate for pharmaceutical products in the United States market. Second, the general royalty rate is adjusted according to each country’s capacity to pay, as reflected in relative per capita income or, where a disease affects a country in an unusually high degree, the relative income per person needing treatment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, being one of the instruments of the water resources policy, the fundamentals, concepts and guidelines to be followed should be consistent with those that guided the formulation of the Water Resources Management Systems - both at the national and state levels - especially in terms of decentralisation and participation. Should the national plan or the state plan be understood as a sum of the river basin plans? Conceptually, the answer is no. From this perspective, on the top of the tendency for “accommodation” and transfer of responsibilities, and resistances in the implementation of charges for water use, there will be a conceptual inconsistency leading to the substitution of an effective decentralisation by a deconcentration of tasks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Community type” where a group of farmer households pool their rights and undertake unified planning, production, operation and management of the land. Collective leasing type" where farmers entrust the operation rights to a collective cooperative which then may re-organise the land before issuing it for public lease. Joint operating type" where farmers transfer shares to a rural land joint-stock company, which is often a larger agricultural enterprise with modern technologies and skills. Farmers retain a share of the profits derived from the land. The first such trust was CITIC Trust Co., Ltd which was established in 2013 in Yongqiao district, Suzhou, Anhui province. As part of this arrangement, in return for their operation rights, farmers receive rent and a share of the net profits of the trust (dependent on the area of land they initially contributed).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The establishment of EE institutions, such as national EE agencies, may be useful for the design, coordination, implementation and evaluation of EE programmes and measures. For example, several initiatives were launched at the 2002 World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD), such as the EU Energy Initiative for Poverty Eradication and Sustainable Development and the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership. Another example is the Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund, a global risk capital fund that mobilizes private investment in EE and renewable energy projects in developing countries and in countries with economies in transition. For example, certain EE improvements in developing countries may be considered as part of “nationally appropriate mitigation actions” by devel-oping-country parties to the Convention in the context of sustainable development, which, according to the Bali Plan of Action, may be “supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary teachers have a common salary scale but a different salary scale exists for upper secondary education (the rationale for this differentiation relates to the level of initial qualifications required, i.e. bachelor’s or master’s degree). In addition, a great number of salary scales coexist for upper technical and vocational secondary education. Teachers in management functions have separate salary scales.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Digital innovation refers to: (i) in a narrow sense, the implementation of a new or significantly improved ICT product (good or service), i.e. ICT product innovation-, and (ii) in a broader sense, to the use of ICTs to implement a new' or significantly improved product, process, marketing method, or organisational method, i.e. ICT-enabled innovation. Data are an infrastructural resource - a form of capital that cannot be depleted and that can be used for a theoretically unlimited range of productive purposes. Available evidence suggests that firms using data-driven innovation (DDI) have raised productivity faster than non-users by around 5-10%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
An important component of the initiative is the engagement of local villagers. The project is mostly administered through village committees with significant participation by local residents: 60% of villagers are involved in some aspect of the redevelopment. Reforms have recently been announced to establish a three-tier pricing system for urban households that would raise average prices and more closely align the income share spent on water to levels observed in other countries. Such water pricing regimes should be closely monitored, not least because such schemes can have unintended redistributive consequences such as penalising larger families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It builds on the understanding that people care for the environment, sustainability and future generations, but they are also busy, and do not have the time to carefully think about how these issues connect with each other. These widespread concerns have formed a sound basis for the Good Chemistry campaign from the Danish EPA, which highlights nine good habits for pregnant and nursing mothers regarding chemicals in cosmetics, in products for children and in toys. According to the third good habit, consumers are advised to buy products with Swan label and the EU flower. The study from the Danish EPA suggests that the Nordic Swan ecolabelling has significantly increased its market share in the personal care sector in Denmark as a result of this campaign.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
On the other hand, Sweden has a regressive mandatory pension scheme, due to the U-shaped profile of the replacement rate.9 Some of the southern and eastern European countries, as well as Finland and the Netherlands, also show little progressivity. Among these countries, Italy and Poland now have defined-contribution second-tier pensions, which have been specifically designed to forge a strong link between contributions and benefits - i.e. redistribution over the life-cycle instead of across individuals. Low-income earners tend to die at a younger age than high-income earners {e.g. Waldrom, 2007, Christia, 2007, Marmot and Shipley, 1996). Pension income is in general taxed at lower rates than work-related income because: i) the personal income tax is progressive and gross replacement rates are generally below 100%, ii) pensioners are often exempted from certain types of social security contributions or pay them at a reduced rate. The effect of taxes on pension progressivity can be gauged by comparing the gap between gross (before taxes) and net (after taxes) replacement rates for low and high-income earners.11 Figure 6 shows that taxes and social security contributions slightly reduce the progressivity of retirement-income schemes on average across the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Although the use of surveys in social science research is not new, growing computerization and widespread availability of Internet access has made it increasingly possible to conduct these surveys online. However, populations in the social sciences  and particularly in e-government  are not always well defined, and their boundaries are fuzzy. Therefore, additional challenges need to be considered in the research process, extending from the initial planning stages to the survey administration and beyond. Based on the existing literature and our experience conducting a national Web-based survey on information sharing with public health and criminal justice practitioners, this paper highlights some of these challenges and presents a series of lessons useful for digital government research. The lessons highlight aspects related o the nature of Web-based surveys, as well as particularities of working with government practitioners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In other countries, like Australia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, the Netherlands, Norway and Switzerland, they enter paid work earlier, with a dual work/education approach (e.g., apprenticeship) playing a crucial role in bridging educational and professional aspects (Figure 13.A 1.1 in Annex 13.A1). The way women and men enter the labour market differs and impacts their future career evolution: women are much more likely to begin their careers in temporary jobs in Australia, Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands and Luxembourg (Figure 13.1). For Japan, data provided by R. Kambayashi based on the Japanese Labour Force Survey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In sectors less exposed to competition, there may be more market failures that have to be addressed. And reform of the energy transformation sector is critical to reduce the large amount of energy simply wasted through inefficiencies in turning primary energy supplies into final consumption. Another element to be aware of is the rebound effect, where paradoxically increasing energy efficiency can lead to greater overall energy use (Box 12.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Men can divorce unilaterally by repudiating their wife before a notary civil servant without having to justify their decision, while women have to go to courts and can only file for divorce on a number of specific grounds. These grounds are specified in the family codes and require women to provide evidence that they have suffered a prejudice from their husband. Judicial procedures may take years while repudiation before a civil servant takes only a few minutes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
One of these was that NBSAPs should be an instrument for implementation of all the Biodiversity-related Conventions, hereby being a means to promote coherence in national implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). National Focal Points (NFPs) of the Biodiversity-related Conventions and other key stakeholders engaged in their implementation should therefore cooperate to work towards the best possible outcome of current and upcoming NBSAP development, revision and implementation processes. Parties agreed to translate this overarching international framework into revised and updated NBSAPs by 201561.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The article deals with the implementation, as mandated y by the New Brazilian Civil Procedure Code, of a system of binding judicial precedents and the consequent need to adapt the collegiate voting procedures of the Federal Supreme Court and the others courts of our country so that the decisions generating precedents are the result of full collegial deliberation, with institutional recognition of the precedent. The models of collegiate decision  seriatim ,  per curiam  and  majoritariam practice  are analyzed, concluding that the latter is more appropriate to the Brazilian courts. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate that if the is not adapted to the aforementioned model, the deliberative procedure of the courts will result in inefficiency of this system of precedents. The method adopted is hypothetical-deductive, through a critical analysis of the need for improvement of the creation and respect of precedents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Learning" and "education" are considered synonymous with formal schooling. Auxiliary organisations, such as education publishers, examination boards and teacher-training organisations are seen as extensions to arrangements set by governments. Such a framework of understanding has become increasingly inadequate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Young people with no education are more likely to be discouraged or working. While this pattern holds for almost all African countries, unemployment rates among the educated tend to be much higher in MICs than in LICs (Table 6.2.). In IXinisia the unemployment rate among university graduates in 2008 was 33% among men and 46% among women (Stampini and Verdier-Chouchane, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
With their USD 71 trillion in assets, institutional investors - including pension funds and insurance companies - potentially have an important role to play in financing clean energy projects. Clean energy projects can in particular provide institutional investors with investments which may combine these sought-after characteristics. Sovereign wealth funds are another type of institutional investor increasingly being approached to fund green investments (see Box 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Based on Q.3 2010 figures, developing markets accounted for 3.98 billion of the world's 5.15 billion total connections - almost four out of every five mobile connections are now made in the developing world, as handset and air time prices continue to fall. As Rwandan President Paul Kagame pointed out, "in ten short years, what was once an object of luxury and privilege, the mobile phone, has become a basic necessity in Africa. When private capital faces regulatory uncertainty - where the rules of the game can change overnight - a risk premium is priced into the cost of capital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Implicit in this method is the acknowledgement that everyone, including the poor, is free to make bad choices, but must then face the consequences of his or her decisions. The ramifications of, and possible objections to, such an assertion have been taken up above in the context of the composition of the prescribed, as opposed to actual, food expenditures and intakes, and they apply here as well (see box 111.1). While dietary requirements are calculated on a "scientific" basis according to bodily needs, the non-food component of the poverty threshold is not calculated on such a needs basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Further, monitoring and evaluation can help to ensure that resources earmarked for adaptation, or mainstreamed through other initiatives, contribute to agreed objectives in a cost-effective manner. The nature of this accountability mechanism, however, depends on countries’ approaches to adaptation, the governance systems in place, and the financing mechanisms used. Theoretical frameworks have proposed how monitoring and evaluation can achieve the twin objectives of learning and accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Much significant work on the topic of privacy and identity on social network sites (SNSs) stems from the realms of media, information and cultural studies, and sociology eschewing language-based disciplines almost entirely. To redress the balance, this article draws on discourse-centred online ethnography, an approach which blends online ethnography with discourse analysis, to explore how self-presentation on Facebook is regulated by means of privacy. To this end, I analyse a dataset of statuses, comments, links, photographs and interviews from five Greek users. The findings highlight users’ creativity and criticality in combining software affordances with linguistic signals and textual practices to manage their privacy and hence their identity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
But unlike similar benefits in other countries, unemployment allowance is also subject to a minimum employment requirement in most cases. Eligibility conditions, i.e., behavioural requirements for those with a benefit entitlement based on their past employment, are relatively strict and include active job search, also during participation in ALMPs (Figure 9, Panel B). Meetings with the job counsellor must be attended at least once a month.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The National Council for Women in Egypt has created good governance units that work as a network to produce a road map and strategy for a good governance development framework that incorporates gender equality as well as other good practices. The Palestinian Authority, with significant support from donor agencies, has successfully crafted a series of strategic plans that are evaluated on a two-year basis and open to public consultation with a large selection of actions in key sectors and organisations, including civil society. While suffering from budget restrictions, the Palestinian Ministry of Women’s Affairs has been able to conduct, in collaboration with partners, a series of gender audits and advance mainstreaming of gender equality initiatives in both the public and private sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A possible fossil fuel discovery in Ethiopia would alter the economic case behind the CRGE, lowering fossil fuel prices and discouraging investment in renewable energy sources. Hence in section 6 we go on to suggest that institutions, capacities, systems and incentives are given top priority in green growth strategy development. It would not be helpful to promote the CRGE’s proposed set of technologies and investment projects alone, if people and their institutions are not ready for them, and if prevailing economic signals make them unattractive and unsustainable over the long run.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Shaping one's own life and feeling equal in society is an essential aspect of participation. Based on the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the Social Security Code IX and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), participation is relevant for the German health system. The cross-sectional discipline of participation research investigates conditions for self-determined and equal participation in society. Research results can reinforce and promote the participation of humans with disabilities. Participation research uses established quantitative and qualitative approaches. Moreover, participatory research is a relevant approach that demands involving persons with disabilities in decisions in the research process. In the future, it will be important to concentrate findings and to connect researchers. The participation research action alliance (Aktionsbundnis Teilhabeforschung), which was established in 2015, aims to make funding accessible as well as strengthen and profile participation research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
During the visit the OECD team was told that literacy and numeracy problems were common among those undertaking VET courses. This means that some people may start their training despite literacy and numeracy problems, and as they are not identified for targeted support, they may not be able to complete their course. Some employers reported to the review team that certain apprentices are unable to complete the final (more sophisticated and academic) phases of their training because of their weak literacy or numeracy skills, and it is very difficult to help apprentices at such a late stage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This stimulated the establishment of new agencies: the National Water Council, the State Committee of Water System, the Public Services Regulatory Commission and the Dispute Resolution Commission. Since then, the Public Services Regulatory Commission implements the tariff policy and balances the interests and relations of the utilities and their customers, and effectively plays the role of an economic regulator. It projects to set up an independent regulatory body for the water supply and sanitation sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In light of this problem, the college is pursuing targeted initiatives to improve the qualifications of unemployed teachers emphasising: empowerment, behaviours in job interviews, writing of resumes and job seeking. These include master's degree programmes in business administration and engineering fields, a bachelor's degree in geo-information and certificate programmes in fields such as real estate studies, interior design and computer studies. The Technion medical school, through its clinical department, collaborates with hospitals throughout the region and provides continuing education programmes in family medicine and dentistry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In this favourable context, heavy state intervention in the process of development, and World Bank and other international support for infrastructure and capital-building projects in poor countries, fostered the expectation that capitalist economies could deliver growth, poverty alleviation and international convergence, at least as rapidly as their socialist rivals. It was difficult to find evidence that equality-generating processes would eventually prevail either in the global economy or within most developing countries. The ensuing debates were, inevitably, framed by controversies surrounding both economic theory and policy in rich countries, especially the disputes between the Keynesians and the monetarists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Online communities blur the lines between consumers and producers, making consumers part of the co-production process.22 YouTube and Facebook are filled with user-generated-content. New business projects now involve consumers in product design, production and delivery. Open-source coding communities cooperate in creating algorithms for various businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)