albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
If the abstraction charge reflects the opportunity cost of water in regions where water is abundant (i.e. the opportunity cost will be low), the investment is likely to materialise and could be located anywhere, including in water scarce regions, generating a cost that is not covered by the charge. If the abstraction charge reflects the opportunity cost of water-scarce regions, water availability will be protected but water abundant regions will lose the opportunity of a new activity. This measure would be an incentive for local authorities to disclose information on water use and water expenditures. It would also be an incentive to revise water entitlements so that over time they reflect actual use, thereby generating more flexibility to reallocate available water, possibly to new comers, in basins where water was over-allocated but not over-used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The variables driving willingness to pay include the rapid and efficient access to information, savings in transportation for conducting transactions, and benefits in health and entertainment. In this case, due to the data limitations, they restricted their analysis to the benefit derived from price declines, which necessarily underestimates its total impact. Nevertheless, the researchers determined that for 2009, the total Brazilian broadband surplus represented USD 7.03 billion, of which 22 per cent should be considered to be consumer driven.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The indicator provides an indication of the length of time that stocks would last if supply were disrupted. Storage capacity and critical stocks of fuel (including oil, gas, uranium) as an indicator provides a useful indication of a strategic resilience aspect of energy systems. The indicator is transparent with respect to specific primary fuels. Typically, storage capacity data is available for oil and gas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Forest composition (in 2009) is shown in table 9.1. Romania did not report on net annual increment of forest available for wood supply for 2010, but did report that fellings on forest available for wood supply in 2010 amounted to 17,232,000 m3. According to the General Directorate for Forests, forest area is growing through natural regeneration by leaving some areas to grow while others are cut, and total forest area coverage was actually 6,350,000 ha.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Abstract   The political-economy view of public policy is that policies that do not have majority support among voters arise because of a principal-agent problem that impedes voter disciplining of policy decisions of political representatives. We study a case in which voter disciplining could take place and the policy decision was a choice between electoral popularity and the prospect of winning the Nobel Peace Prize. The background for our model is the electorally-unpopular open-door refugee policy of German chancellor Angela Merkel. Our study motivates the question whether, because of the compromise of democratic accountability, it should be permissible for the Nobel Peace Prize to be awarded to politicians, either as incumbents or after they have left political office.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Safe biological limits are the precautionary thresholds advocated by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). The stocks assessed are classified on the basis of various phases of fishery development: underexploited, moderately exploited, fully exploited, overexploited, depleted and recovering. To capture fisheries in inland and marine waters, including freshwater fish, diadromous fish, marine fish, crustaceans, molluscs and miscellaneous aquatic animals, excludes aquaculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article analyzes the employment of open data as an element in improving public administration and accountability. Currently, administrations have access to vast amounts of information stored in closed databases, which is only available to a small number of individuals and organizations. This situation produces a significant asymmetry of information and frictions between governments and the citizenry, which have the potential to undermine democratic legitimacy by creating distance between governors and the governed. Digital technology and culture, which are being incorporated into society in an unstoppable process, create a world that is more transparent, and creative processes that are more participatory and collaborative. These are examined as elements that are disruptive of the democratic process. Special attention is paid to the concept of open public data as the basis of a strategy to create open government and public administration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The programme was funded at USD 16.9 million and USD 16.8 million for 2006 and 2007, respectively. The entire Sea Grant programme covers a range of activities unrelated to fisheries. The transfer amount given in this table is the share of the Sea Grant programme that supports fisheries and aquaculture science programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Legal empowerment of the poor and its relation to pro-poor growth). Donors can also directly support producers by establishing entrepreneurship development programmes and by making available new tools to gain market information, for example providing women farmers in Liberia with cell phones (see Good Practice Note 2. Women’s economic empowerment). They can also support the organisation and professionalisation of producer associations so that they are not only highly professional but also democratic and inclusive, capable of managing their own affairs and of entering into policy dialogue with the state (Good Practice Note 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Improving agricultural productivity has been a core strategy for economic development and poverty alleviation for several decades, as this type of productivity was thought to facilitate structural transformation, which enables “surplus agricultural labour” to find employment in non-agricultural sectors. However, it has now been realized that the share of agriculture in national output declines more rapidly than the share of agricultural employment in total employment, trapping millions in “unproductive" agriculture and making them relatively poorer. Understanding this process and identifying appropriate responses is critical for poverty alleviation and inclusive growth. Based on data analysis and policy reviews, in the present paper, it has been found that structural transformation processes are incomplete in many developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These regions tend to be divided into those that are highly dependent on farming as a source of livelihood and those where farming is a minor activity. The farming-dependent regions show a further dichotomy between poorly integrated regions where farming remains either a subsistence or semi-subsistence activity and regions where farming is highly specialised in the production of a major export crop that has little or no food potential, such as cotton, or is limited in its food value, such as coffee. Those that produce non-agricultural products rely on imported food, and access to food can be limited by transport restrictions, weak connectivity to external markets or by a decline in incomes if the resource price falls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The consumption of textiles has been shown by various studies to be one of the most impacting European consumption areas after mobility, food and housing (EEA, 2013, JRC, 2014, Tukker et al. Nordic consumption of textiles is relatively high by European standards: Danish, Swedish, Norwegian and Finnish and Icelandic citizens consume between 13 kg and 16 kg of new textiles each year (Tojo et al., The Prime Minister's Green Growth Initiative and the Nordic action plan for sustainable fashion and textiles Well Dressed in a Clean Environment include objectives to increase the collection, reuse and recycling of used textiles in the Nordic countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
After having investigated the facts and following the provision of information required by the court to authori[s]e polygamy, the court will take a grounded decision that is not subject to any appeal, w'ith restricted conditions in favour of the existing spouse and her children” (Article 44).15 “In case of authori[s]ation of polygamy, no marriage contract could take place before the woman (potential new wife) is notified by the judge that the man offering to marry her is already married and that she accepts that. States may also take legislative measures to abolish polygamous marriages. Since the reform of the Tunisian Code of Personal Status in 1993, the principle of partnership in the family has been established.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The unit of the normalised results is in all cases "Person Equivalents" (PE), see 3.4. Negative values indicate a benefit resulting from the treatment method following discarding by the first user, while a positive value indicates an (unwanted) impact of the treatment method. The main aim of the figures is to provide an easier overview than that found in the tables, nut it is underlined that only the tables present the full overview as defined in ILCD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The expected positive impacts of eco-labelling for primary producers come from access to new markets, price premiums or improved market position, but there is little evidence of this in practice. Rather, primary producers have to provide certified products to the food industry simply to stay in the market. The incentive for primary producers to adopt a specific eco-label is mainly a strategic response to supply chain arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Training and support for paralegals can be a very effective way of reaching more vulnerable men and women, especially in rural areas. Other measures could include support for travelling courts, the provision of legal aid, and support for CSOs that provide legal aid and guidance. Policies should be reviewed to ensure that they are appropriate and non-discriminatory, especially in the areas of pre-trial detention, sentencing and noncustodial sanctions. For instance, family responsibilities need to be taken into account for both women and men. Policies need to be supported which reduce inappropriate levels of security for women - who are often held according to stricter security classifications than necessary due to the small number of prisons for women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
When transferring responsibilities to local governments, Kazakhstan may wish to ensure that the functions are relevant to the communities. Action by city governments is particularly valuable where policies need to be tailored to local circumstances and responsive to local constituencies. Central and oblast levels of government are best positioned to act where economies of scale are possible, where cross-jurisdictional co-ordination is necessary, and where standardised approaches are needed to avoid free-riding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This research presents an analysis of Martin Vizcarra as a political actor in the framework of the political and judicial consequences related to the corruption issue he is accused of, first, as regional governor of Moquegua (2011-2014), then as Minister of Transport and Communications of Peru (2016-2017), and, later, as the highest authority of the country (2018-2021). Methodologically, the information obtained from journalistic documentation and statistics is used. The work points out that Vizcarra strategically builds a political identity with which he opposes corruption and with which he counteracts accusations or denunciations of crimes during his different actions against the Peruvian public administration in order to favor his image as a politician.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Evidence shows that earnings gaps between permanent and temporary workers are significantly larger at the bottom of the wage distribution (the so-called sticky-floor effect) (Bosio, 2014, Santangelo, 2011). As a result, a high share of temporary workers contributes to the wide overall wage inequality, since it increases inequality at the bottom end of the distribution and has a neutral effect on wage inequality at the top end. Temporary contracts provide employers with a mechanism to test workers before making a stronger commitment and adjust to business cycles by not renewing temporary contracts when business is slow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Computational issues might require forming much fewer computational units, such as creating ‘pseudo-cluster’ from random groupings of sample elements, and then random pairing of these ‘clusters’ to construct computational strata. Grouping of units and strata can help in preserving confidential nature of the data. Reducing the detail included in this manner would make unnecessary the suppression of information on sample structure as has been done in the microdata disseminated by Eurostat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Continued close collaboration is also needed to limit climate change, most immediately in the context of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC, and to address other global environmental and food security challenges. Governments also need to become more transparent and coherent with respect to their long-term strategies, including on food and agriculture. Political choices are based on the dichotomy between societal preferences and the evidence-base.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Regulators should be encouraged to see themselves as part of an integrated system of regulation and to work together and learn from each other. According to the OECD Best Practice Principles for the Governance of Regulators (OECD, forthcoming), the effectiveness and efficiency of a regulatory system depends, in part, on the extent to which potential duplication and gaps between regulators are anticipated and avoided. A systematic mapping of the lines of accountability and the shared responsibilities deriving from the new PMU functions would help clarify the potential reform needs in the mandate and functions of other authorities and the need for co-ordination mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For companies the challenge is to internalise the price of carbon and water in their business models and ensure that they are resilient and competitive as subsidies are eliminated. For governments the challenge is to sweep away perverse agricultural and energy subsidies, lead the change to a green economy through public procurement policies, and develop new macroeconomic models for societal prosperity. For forest owners, the future is bright as new values will be assigned to forests, and new markets will be developed. Yet their challenge is to build up the resilience of their forests to be able to adapt to climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They are progressive, lengthy, and difficult to control and, therefore, more costly to treat. Added to this is the higher incidence of other events, such as injuries and falls, which have major implications in terms of maintaining functionality during old age. In the developed world, the ageing process took place once societies had achieved higher standards of living, less social and economic inequality, and more equal access to health services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The article examines recent developments in social policy and its implications for social work education and practice in South Africa. It traces the changes from the birth of democracy in South Africa to the dawn of the new millennium as these crucial years marked the beginning of a new era in South Africa’s welfare history. It examines the challenges to social work and provides an example of the integrated, holistic developmental interventions, which are needed to combat social problems such as crime, AIDS and poverty. It ends with an examination of the implications of developmental welfare policy for social–work education as social workers are called to address mass poverty, unemployment and social deprivation through greater use of diverse social work methods, such as advocacy, community development, empowerment, consultation, networking, action research and policy analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Among transgender women, drug abuse, including by injection, is also common, ranging from approximately 30 per cent in the United States of America, to 42 per cent in Australia and up to 50 per cent in Portugal and Spain. Particularly vulnerable young people, such as those who are homeless, may begin injecting in their early teenage years. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In an era of increased accountability and challenging times for public finance, charter schools built on decentralization, grassroots accountability, and market forces may provide, in the spirit of "educational laboratories," lessons for increasing student achievement more efficiently through diverse and innovative management, organization, structures, and operations. Using stochastic frontier analysis, this study put that proposition to the test and found limited difference in technical efficiency, favoring noncharter public schools over charters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A start has been made to implement the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), these efforts should be stepped up as a matter of priority. Work on the feasibility of establishing a pollutant release and transfer register (PRTR) should continue with a view to setting up such a register. Further efforts should be made to ensure that small and medium-sized enterprises using hazardous chemicals have access to the information they need to handle and dispose of the chemicals safely. Information sources for consumers should also be strengthened.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The indicators used for each of the five dimensions are listed in table 6. In order to account for the production potential and trade security of the countries, a sequential method was used to generate a profile on food security for each country. Countries were first divided according to the level of their reliance on imports, with those whose food import account for less than 10 per cent of total export categorized as “trade secure”, while those above 10 per cent identified as “trade insecure”. The second screening step divided the countries according to their annual food production, per-capita level, with countries having higher levels than the mean value of the 175 sample countries classified as “high food production countries”, while the remaining countries were classified as “low food producing countries”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Founded in 1975 as a regional common market, ECOWAS later also became a political forum involved in the promotion of a democratic environment and the pursuit of fundamental human rights. In July 1993 it revised its treaty to assume responsibility for the regulation of regional armed conflicts, acknowledging the inextricable link between development and peace and security. Thus it now has a new role in conflict management and prevention through its Mediation and Security Council, which monitors the moratorium on the export, import and manufacture of light weapons and ammunition. However, it still retains a military arm, the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (generally known as ECOMOG). It is also involved in the war against drug abuse and illicit drug trafficking. There are plans to introduce a single currency, the eco, by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Female participation increases when families have land cultivated, but owning land was not significant for participation. Potentially this reflects lower incomes/asset value from landownership in rural areas. India ranks low on the OECD SIGI index measuring social obstacles to gender equality (Figure 10), and a World Bank index on governance. Cultural obstacles for participation can be created by the patriarchy in being against women's economic emancipation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Moreover, the State is in breach of its human rights obligations if it fails to respond appropriately to GBV, that is, to act with due diligence to prevent GBV, bring perpetrators to justice and ensure that victims have access to an adequate and effective remedy and full redress, including for acts or omissions by state and non-state actors and/or individuals. These can be further aggravated in conflict and postconflict situations, when GBV tends to increase, at the hands of state officials, armed groups and private individuals, due to the general breakdown of law and order, generalized climate of violence and increased availability of arms, among other factors. This may include a lack of will, a lack of resources and human capacity in the judicial system to handle claims, a lack of independence of the judiciary or protection of perpetrators by state institutions, a lack of understanding of duty bearers, and the prevalence of gender stereotypes and patriarchal societal norms that minimize the importance of crimes against women and GBV more generally. For example, gender-sensitive practices (e.g. the use of female police officers, choice of the time and location of interview so as not to expose women, etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the post-Uruguay era, trade-related assistance was stepped up through the Integrated Framework (IF) for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least-Developed Countries established in 1997 and the Joint Integrated Technical Assistance Program (JITAP) for Africa established in 1998. More broadly, to the extent that Aid for Trade covers wider assistance to developing countries to develop their supply-side capacity, much development aid over the last 20 years - including assistance in developing infrastructure and institutions and other support for integration into the global economy — has been trade-related. Without these qualities, Aid for Trade would be little more than a repackaging of existing commitments - another legerdemain on the part of the rich countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In particular after World War II, the housing associations played a key role in addressing the serious capacity shortages. At its peak in the early 1990s social housing in the Netherlands covered 44% of the Housing stock (Boelhouwer and Priemus, 2013). With time capacity shortages have decreased reducing the need for public sector intervention. In addition, public budget concerns and the belief that market provision could generate efficiency gains started a series of housing- policy reforms during the early 1990s (see Boelhouwers and van der Heyden, 1995). At the same time the housing associations that operate social housing have become independent organisations that - conditional on prior approval by public authorities- can take on commercial private activities so they can raise private capital complementary to public funding. These reforms enhanced the independence of social housing associations in the Netherlands: they no longer have to submit project/investment related to social housing for approval by public authorities in advance (Algemene Rekenkamer, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Finally, consideration is being given to raising the limit up to which companies may profit from the high rate. However, the government has recently launched two new business R&D schemes. A technology development grant is available from 1 July 2010 to firms with a strong R&D record that spend 5% revenue or more on research. A technology transfer voucher is available from 1 November 2010 to firms with limited R&D capability so that they may commission research from accredited research organisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)