albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Development partners have focused their attention and financing on the emergency situation at hand. These factors have delayed the creation of strategies and policies for DRR, but in spite of these challenges, the CAR government has established a reflection committee focused on DRR whose primary mission is to coordinate activities and create a plan for a national strategy. The first draft of NSDRR has taken the current political crisis into account. Additionally, armed conflict features among the types of risks and disasters mentioned in the strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The United States has ratified various treaties impinging on traditional areas of state concern. Recently, in a nod to federalism, the federal government has adopted practices excusing the states from complying with some of these treaties. These practices have put the United States in violation of treaty obligations and are in tension with principles of international law. While there is extensive scholarship recommending changes to U.S. law that would potentially balance state interests and treaty obligations, almost none of it considers working solutions found in other federally organized nations. Recent reforms in Australia allow its states to consult with the Commonwealth government before treaties affecting state interests are ratified. This Article argues that adopting aspects of the Australian reforms in the United States would alleviate the current U.S. tension with international law by giving states a role in treaty making that does not prevent the federal government from meeting treaty obligations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Samoa graduated 23 years after having met the criteria for the first time, Maldives 14 years after, and Cabo Verde 13 years after. Among these first four historical cases, one was a landlocked country in Africa exporting primarily minerals (mainly diamonds), and three were small island developing states (SIDS), with primarily services exports. All four qualified for graduation by virtue of the income criterion and the human assets index (HAI) criterion (or its forerunner, the augmented physical quality of life index), while none satisfied the vulnerability criterion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Those who used to say there was no discrimination in their organizations were now keen to change the value system, re-evaluate jobs and work to create more mixed groups in the workplace. The chosen symbol shows a compass, a stamp, a runic representation and the smiling faces of two different individuals. The law therefore reflects compromises, such as the considerable flexibility allowed for the design of job classifications and other requirements among companies, although the standard must apply equally to all within the same company.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Excludes countries on which no data are available for the two points in lime taken as a reference. The gap is smallest in Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica and Uruguay. But even though there is an obvious gap in general terms, and with the exception of the countries that are furthest behind, non-wage-earner affiliation has risen in recent years, in particular in Colombia and Peru.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Indirect fees” and “revenue-only” fees are found in some of the smaller canal companies that deliver water to their members on a per-hectare or per-time unit basis. In particular, water pricing can serve as a financial policy tool by ensuring that some portion of the costs of constructing and operating an irrigation project are recovered. Water pricing also can serve as an economic policy tool by encouraging efficient use of water and motivating farmers and others to employ water in appropriately valued uses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article asks whether courts or administrative agencies have constitutional authority to narrowly construe statutes to save them from truly serious nondelegation claims. It explains why the Court correctly rejected administrative saving construction in American Trucking Ass'ns v. Whitman, and why the rationale supporting this rejection applies to courts as well as to agencies. This article also questions recent arguments that the nondelegation doctrine has found a new and appropriate home among canons of statutory construction. Judicial saving construction could lead to great expansion of judicial authority to make public law at the expense of the more democratic branches of government. A proper understanding of the role delegated authority plays in establishing the federal common law making authority of courts and agencies shows that grave doubt about the constitutionality of a statute under the nondelegation doctrine should create equally grave doubt about the constitutionality of administrative or judicial saving construction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus, a land value tax provides strong incentives to develop uiban brownfield sites. In contrast, under a general property tax that considers the value of the building and the land together, the owner of the brownfield site would have to pay much lower taxes than the owner of the plot with the skyscraper and consequently, would have less incentives to develop the land. They create a mechanism through which land owners compensate the public for the costs that they impose on the public by developing land in particular ways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Moving towards better targeted aid through in-kind benefits, cash transfers and vouchers appears thus as a more effective redistribution tool (EC, 2007, Van den Noord and Heady, 2001). The assumption of “no behavioural response” is likely to overstate the amount of redistribution as taxes and transfers typically affect incentives to work and save (Moffit, 2011). It also entails that the efficiency costs of redistributive policies -e.g. The ultimate incidence of taxes and transfers crucially depends on how individuals and firms respond to a change in relative prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There may be some arguments about what is meant by trapping and sequestering carbon. Some may argue that it should be reserved to long/geological term storage (sink) and not to transient storage (Lackner, 2003). This is, in fact, a question of how long one allows the recycling clock to run. There is no permanent storage of carbon, it happened to have been sequestered over geological time to suddenly be reused at an accelerated rate over the last few centuries. But the first law of thermodynamics, as enunciated by Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier more than two centuries ago, still applies: “Rien ne se perd, rien ne se crde, tout se transforme”, i.e. “Nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed”. If even temporary removal of carbon from the ocean until further transformation can be credited for potentially increasing seawater pH and absorbing C02 from the atmosphere and/or the cultivated animals, then we can do the following calculations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Honduras also saw a significant decrease in moderate or severe housing deprivation. A point of note is that the housing deprivation level at the start of the new millennium was 30% or more in all these countries, and in most, it exceeded 50% (see table II.6). They are followed by the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Peru (with 51% and 53%, respectively). The largest decreases were recorded in El Salvador and Nicaragua (more than 13 percentage points), followed by Mexico (more than 11 percentage points). Moderate deprivation in this area consists of access to a latrine or cesspit unconnected to the sewer system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The stronger the profit-led nature of the economy-for instance, the more open to the global economy or the more neoliberal its macro policy-the more pronounced these contradictions. The result is that policies promoting gender equality may be anathema to growth or make it unstable. Somewhat counter-intuitively, if the promotion of gender equality via higher female labour participation actually lowers female wages because of higher labour supply, growth and human capacities production may increase. In this scenario, higher wages for women lower growth because they cut into profits and capitalist investment by more than they raise human capacities investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Use of these options indicates that the entrepreneur anticipates a period of cash shortfall. Indeed, it is better to base the repayment period on the duration of the tax amortisation of the object financed. It is listed in an amortisation table attached to the deed. This interest can be calculated with a fixed rate from the beginning to the end of the loan, in this case all the payments will be of the same amount.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the low end, the Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) and Switzerland all have below-average inequality and below-average poverty. Most people receive cash transfers from the state, and income taxes are strongly progressive - in other words, higher earners lose a bigger share of their income in tax. Several factors are at work -the wage range is relatively wide, with some people on very high wages, and the state often provides less in the way of cash transfers. China and India are the most famous examples, but they’re not alone: In the 1990s, only 12 developing economies saw their GDP per capita grow at more than double the rate of OECD countries, in the 2000s that number soared to 83. Nevertheless, the impact of this shift has been profound.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Freedom of speech long has been regarded as one of the “preferred freedoms” in the United States: one of the freedoms the U.S. Supreme Court deems “implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.” However, what freedom of speech does—and should—mean is a highly charged question in American constitutional law. I will explore this question by examining how several prominent constitutional theorists have proposed particular approaches to free speech law in order to further their political objectives. I will examine the free speech theories of the nation's leading feminist legal theorist (regarding pornography), critical race theorists (regarding hate speech), libertarian (regarding commercial speech), and legal republican (regarding deliberative democracy). I also will discuss the principal criticisms of each of these theories, whether the courts have been influenced by any of them, and, in conclusion, whether it is possible to advance a nonpolitical (i.e., a purely law-based or value-free) theory of free speech.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Still, this significant increase in public spending for the water sector has not solved all the challenges. For instance, properly operating and maintaining water infrastructures is less costly than rebuilding them, due to decay, once the community can no longer access the service. Furthermore, closing unlicensed wells is usually more effective than mitigating the consequences of illegal water use, and technification of irrigation systems is also costly, but fails to contribute to water policy objectives if the water saved is used to irrigate additional surfaces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is also in each overview an Annex on state forest related institutions. For more information about sources of data and methods of estimation visit the publication's website. Over 2% of the population are reported as living in extreme poverty, defined as less than $1.90/day. However, it is envisaged that by 2019-2020, forest management plans for all forest enterprises and complete forest resource data will be available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While total current water use in Myanmar accounts for less than 10% of total water resource availability (ARDC, 2011), irrigated agriculture was the single most important water user in 2003, accounting for over 89% of total water withdrawals, with annual water withdrawals of 28 km3. This supported a sharp increase in the the cropping intensity from 140% in 1995 to 170% in 2008 (UNDP, 2004). More than 75% of the total irrigated area is sown to rice, but vegetables, pulses and sesame are also grown under irrigation (UNDP, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, compared with the size of the programme and that of the labour force, this effect is not large.73 These findings may suggest that the programme was simply not sufficiently large during the early years of its implementation to have a significant impact on the share of informal employment. The impact of Seguro Popular is identified using a difference-in-differences estimator that exploits the staggered implementation across states. The analysis makes use of two different measures of programme supply: i) the actual share of households affiliated to Seguro Popular in the total, and ii) the targeted share of households, as agreed between the federal and state governements. The econometric analysis involves relating the within-state variation in the supply of Seguro Popular to the within-state variation in the incidence of informality conditional on any common macro-economic developments across states and various observable state characteristics (see Box 2.7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The DB cooperates with EFA, which is responsible for a number of biodiversity monitoring programmes, and coordinates data collection from other institutions and agencies. The EFA is the institution responsible for gathering and processing data from biodiversity monitoring, assessment and reporting at national and international levels. State agencies and institutions on biodiversity matters is still reported to be weak. Pursuant to the main areas of work identified by the 2000 NBSAP, and also as a result of the National Programme of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA) for the period 2006-2009, the protected area network has been extended (map 8.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The role of judicial institutions in the development of international law has been an open question since the days of the Permanent Court of International Justice. Already in 1934, Hersch Lauterpacht had advanced the claim that ‘judicial law-making is a permanent feature of the administration of justice in every society’. In many respects, if the adjective ‘judicial’ can be used as pertaining to a court of law or a system of courts of law that are dedicated to the administration of justice within a legal order, understanding a judiciary’s role in law-making remains a foundational question as to the nature and form of a legal system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is also incumbent on urban planners to understand the implications of inequitable access to infrastructure (UN-Habitat, 2016). Where a large proportion of urban households without access to electricity live in informal and unauthorized settlements, efforts to extend access may be constrained by lack of legal tenure, possibly requiring resettlement and complementary measures. Rural-urban linkages also have important implications for rural electrification. Many countries in Asia and Africa have a pattern of temporary and circular rural-urban-rural migration whereby agricultural workers seek work in urban areas as domestic workers or seasonal staff in the hospitality sector during agricultural slack seasons (IOM, 2015, Srivastava and Kumar Pandey, 2017). This means that rural dwellers are by no means necessarily unfamiliar with modern electricity or electrical appliances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Current production of desalinated water is expected to quadruple by 2019 (Edwards et al., While large-scale desalination significantly increases water availability, it has potentially adverse environmental impacts in the form of greater energy consumption and subsequent increases in greenhouse gas emissions (OECD, 2011 a). Brine discharges to the sea can lead to substantial increases in salinity and temperature, and to the accumulation of metals (e.g. iron), hydrocarbons and toxic anti-fouling compounds in receiving waters (Roberts et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This paper aims at presenting some problems regarding individual prejudice, by invoking the European Convention on Human Rights. Starting from the fact that the Convention lies in the approach of positive law in the sense of creating a legal regime of rights and freedoms by establishing a system of protection through legal proceedings [1] , of the individual, acting as a guarantor, jurisprudence exercise transferred the interest for repairing damages caused by the violation of rights that require satisfaction of some compensation measures in the form of damages. So, repairing methods are achieved by equitable satisfaction.       [1]  B. Selejan-Guţan,  European protection of     human rights , Ed. A 4- a C. H. Beck, Bucuresti, 2011, p. 28.    Nemtoi, G. (2014). COMPENSATION FOR INDIVIDUAL PREJUDICE IN EUROPEAN LITIGATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS. European Journal of Law and Public Administration, Year 2014, Issue 2, December, pp. 81-86. DOI:  http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/eljpa.2014.0102.08
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This would establish the OECD as the “goto” organisation for guidance on whole-of-govemment policies related to digitalisation. It would therefore provide high value for money, by proving a coherent and integrated approach - instead of a piecemeal, fragmented one - to an issue that is rapidly becoming a major challenge in almost every area of OECD work. Source: OECD, (2016a), Proposed Cross cutting Project: Seizing the Benefits of Digitalization/or Growth and Well-Being, OECD document for official use, DST1/1ND/STP/ICCP/CP(2016)1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, because coupled parents’ relationships play an important role in child development, some countries support marriage and parental counselling services. In others, like Japan and Korea, birth rates are closely tied to marriage rates, and policy initiatives to sustain the birth rate often include measures to promote marriage. One such example is the Third Plan for Ageing Society and Population in Korea that spans the years 2016 to 2020 (Government of the Republic of Korea, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The national poverty rate is one of the core measures of living standards and it draws attention exclusively towards the poor. Progress against absolute poverty is now a widely accepted yardstick for assessing the overall performance of developing economies. Inequality in outcomes such as income or consumption and inequality in opportunities hinder human development and are detrimental to long-term economic growth. Poor people generally have less voice, less income, and less access to services than wealthier people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Out of 223 river water bodies on the Tisza River and its tributaries, 75 were designated as heavily modified (75 with final status, 4 with provisional status and 2 have unknown status) representing 34% of the total river water bodies. In the Ukrainian part, a large part of the landfills for solid municipal waste have exceeded their design capacity. Flood events, including the floods in August 2002, highlighted the problem of inundation of landfills, dump sites and storage facilities where harmful substances are deposited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This entails costs for those who lose their current job in the process. These costs tend to be minimized in countries with flexible labor markets and effective institutions for (retraining and supporting people in transition from one job to another. The growth of agribusiness sectors, for example, can generate non-farm jobs in rural areas. Manufacturing and services provide new opportunities for absorbing new entrants into the jobs market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As noted above, the sector has adopted strategies to obtain Green Globe certification and other environmentally relevant recognition. Even the tourism industry will have challenges that will require significant investments to reduce energy consumption and desist from activities that bring pressure on coastal resources, waste disposal being perhaps the most significant. For all sectors, public policy will have to consider shifting the incentive structure that remains after the current round of tax reforms to encourage investment in green technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Similar issues have been raised in the food safety area as have been raised in relation to eco-labels and certification. What are the various roles of the public and private sector in food safety governance? How are costs divided amongst the various stakeholders? And what are the impacts on small-scale operators and developing countries if they fail to meet public let alone private sector requirements?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The latter drove export growth in 2008. East Asia, particularly China, is the main export market for Japanese environmental products and technologies, followed by Europe. The New' Growth Strategy aims at enlarging the environment and energy-related markets by an additional JPY 50 trillion (USD 530 billion) (Section 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This effort will entail addressing both short- and medium-term challenges in the economy to boost productivity growth and continuously developing long-term strategies and mechanisms to build new competitive advantages at global scale. Both are fundamental for maintaining the high level of well-being and living standards of the Finnish population in the future which are threatened by persistent economic weaknesses. This will involve w'ide societal consultation and the development of new forms of governance to tackle major transitions through which societies w'ill have to go in the coming years. It has enjoyed strong economic progress over the past decades, w'hich is reflected in high living standards and well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Three states had child mortality rates of five and below (Cyprus and Malta with five and Singapore with three). The same number had rates of over 100 per 1,000 live births (Comoros, 105, The Gambia, 109, and Guinea-Bissau, 195). This represents a 65-fold difference in the relative risk of death for children under five across the 46 small states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Industry can contribute with solutions such as, for example, simplified medication regimens or packaging. There is also a scope for multi-partner initiatives to improve patients’ health literacy. Les personnes atteintes par l’une des principales maladies chroniques, en particulier, courent de serieux risques a ne pas prendre correctement leurs medicaments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The comprehensive study financed by the European Commission on the financing of grid extensions for renewables known as GreenNet-Incentives provides in its “Action Plan” a summary of the arguments (EC, 2009). This is a crucial issue in connection with renewable energy, especially offshore wind. Load factors can be very favourable, for instance, far off the coast, the only issue being that transportation costs will become quickly prohibitive as the distance from consumption centres increases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As team leaders for the OECD National Skills Strategy country projects, Andrew Bell provided editorial and analytical guidance during the drafting process while Joanne Caddy provided guidance in designing and delivering the workshops and interministerial meetings. Deborah Roseveare (Head of the Skills Beyond School Division, Directorate for Education and Skills) provided thought leadership and strategic oversight. Without proper investment in skills, people languish on the margins of society, technological progress does not translate into growth, and countries are unable to compete in increasingly knowledgg-based global economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)