albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This paper identified and analyzed some interactions on the internet in the daily of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHA) in Brazil. As methods we made interviews with PLHA analyzed by content analysis and a virtual ethnography of a secret group of PLHA on Facebook. These are the following results: sociability produced in the internet helps to reduce suffering in relation to prejudice, there are not many welcoming zones for PLHA on the internet, PLHA linked to social networks have more encouragement to not give up the medication, negotiations about medication and symptoms take place in social networks. We conclude that there is a need to have welcoming zones to PLHA on the internet guaranteed by public policy, medical education needs to cover issues related to the internet and health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 2013/14 the emergency admission bed day rate was 71 895 emergency bed days per 100 000 population. Since 2008/09 the rate has shown a steady reduction. Note that the 2013/14 figures are provisional and likely to be slightly lower than the final figure. The proportion of the last six months of life spent at home or in a community setting was 90.8% in the year ending March 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These combined obstacles can create substantial “sunk costs”, which single firms may not be able to address. A limited provision of inclusive innovations may also result from co-ordination failures, wherein government fails to play a critical role in aligning the required actors to address the various challenges. As a critical provider and regulator of these services, the government is automatically a relevant stakeholder in related innovation activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Fish hatcheries have been set up by both countries. Albania has also taken some measures to limit illegal fishing. The alteration of the reed zones has caused deterioration of habitats, also threatening the spawning and wintering grounds of fish species. Three hydrological stations exist in the territory of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonian, while the Hy-drobiological Institute monitors the lake’s system for biological and chemical quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
That was strongly opposed by the fishery sector. The main argument was that an ITQ regime would concentrate the cod quotas on a “privileged few”. The critics aimed to maintain the existing fleet structure but did not take into account the vessels’ poor economy and the potential for changes in ownership - a situation that amounted to an invitation to big institutional investors to take over most of the trawler fleet in northern Norway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Only in the Dominican Republic and Uruguay did GDP rise by more than 2% (see table 1.1). The countries drew on solid macroeconomics built up during the economic and financial boom, applying countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies. The simple average inflation rate for the region as a whole was 4.7% in 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This collective financial commitment requires a system to measure, report and verify (MRV) the relevant financial flows across a variety of sources. However, the existing effort to track climate finance lacks transparency, comparability and comprehensiveness. The paper suggests tracking information along a multi-dimensional structure. This structure is aspirational, to be achieved and added to over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Using a model with a CES production function and capital market imperfections, the authors show that the decline in the relative price of capital goods can largely explain the observed decline in the labour share assuming an elasticity of substitution between capital and labour significantly larger than one. In the model, the strength of capital market imperfections determine the extent to which firms rely on their own saving to fund investment, leading to “excess” corporate savings. The conclusions from the comparison between the two specifications are qualitatively unchanged whether the trends are assumed to be common or country-specific.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The financial crisis in the United States is affecting —and will continue to affect— the growth of exports and the remittance flows the region has benefited from in recent years. Some current features of the Latin American economies, such as their lesser external vulnerability, greater fiscal solvency and high levels of reserve, should make it possible to implement countercyclical policies to mitigate the effect of external developments on the region’s performance. Nonetheless, although it is better prepared to cope with this international situation than in the past, one should not assume that Latin America and the Caribbean is immune to the changes that are taking place, and trends in the second half of 2008 and in 2009 will reflect developments in the current setting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the immediate aftermath of independence, Algeria pursued a militant anti-imperialist policy of Third World solidarity under presidents Ahmed Ben Bella and Houari Boumediene. The 1976 National Charter sets forth the rationale for such a foreign policy which was marked by Algerian leadership in the Group of 77, the Nonaligned Movement and the effort to create a New International Economic Order in North-South relations. During the 1980s, President Chadli Benjedid gradually shifted the focus of Algerian diplomacy from Third World leadership to a regional policy focused on the Maghreb and the establishment of the Union du Maghreb Arabe. The severe internal crisis of the 1990s led to a further retrenchment of Algerian foreign policy. Despite his role in the revolutionary years, President Abdelaziz Bouteflika has continued the evolution of the state's foreign policy towards national interest pragmatism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The AUD 40 million programme “Boosting Highly Innovative SMEs” has been designed to achieve this goal. To ensure that TAFE institutes are well positioned to help upgrade and diversify existing industries, i.e. help existing firms to expand into a new line of business, their current focus on skills provision should be balanced with sectorally and locally focused comprehensive support for SMEs across Victoria. Recognising the need for more integrated response to industry, the nine universities in Victoria have developed Unigateway, a web signposting service for SMEs to access university expertise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Cash transfers have little redistributive impact because they are small in size and often largely insurance-based. The size of tax systems is also small in most of these countries, although some embody more progressivity than on average in the OECD. Overall, both inequality in household disposable income and the poverty rate are well above the OECD average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Available from http://www.fao.org/ worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en. Although higher prices provide incentives to increase production, many small farm holders are unable to respond owing to lack of access to finance, agricultural inputs, markets and technology (United Nations, 2008a). Nevertheless, in developing countries with a large share of net producing households, high food prices boost demand for rural labour and incomes (Chant, McDonald and Verschoor, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
No empirical studies are available on this topic in Ghana, yet studies undertaken elsewhere often suggest limited effects of immigration on native-born labour market outcomes. These jointly determine skill cells, which are at the centre of the empirical approach adopted in this report. The impact of immigration on labour market outcomes, including the real wage, the employment-to-population ratio and the proportion of employed in paid employment, is measured by the variations that exist in the proportion of immigrants across skill cells. Furthermore, on average, a decline in employment rates is observed across all education groups at younger and older ages due to cyclical unemployment or early retirement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Moreover, several empirical studies have found that economic instruments such as water pricing or tradable water rights offer a more cost-effective water management strategy than command-and-control policies, thanks to the heterogeneous nature of users’ marginal benefits from water consumption (Olmstead and Stavins, 2009). The overall equity implications of economic instruments depend on their precise design: whether the water-pricing scheme is linear or block-rate (see Chapter 2 for a more detailed discussion of equity in water tariffs), how water rights are initially allocated, whether water trading may refrain low-income farmers from receiving enough water to sustain their livelihoods in water-stressed regions, etc. They should therefore be considered when determining how to promote the acceptability and long-term stability of the reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Inter-Departmental Co-ordination Group assumes responsibility for: promoting co-operation between ministries, adopting a federal plan of action, preparing an intermediary' report and a final report at the end of the term, and exchanging good practices and promoting instruments useful to enforcing the law. The representatives of the ministries participating in the co-ordination group are also appointed as gender focal points in their respective entities. They receive compulsory' training on gender mainstreaming and are tasked with ensuring follow-up on the diverse measures foreseen by the law (e.g, gender statistics, gender-responsive budgeting and the “gender test”).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Populist rhetoric frequently includes allegations about political corruption, these allegations are often vague and unverifiable. In this chapter we explore the meaning of “corruption” for populist politicians, and we explore the normative implications of populist corruption talk. We contend that social scientific analyses of corruption do not provide a sufficient response to populist corruption talk because they lack a normative element. We propose that linking corruption to the vice of sloth provides a more constructive means of countering populist allegations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Results are robust to the use of non linear regression model (probit). The coefficients associated to both categories of start-ups are remarkably stable across specifications and in particular is not significantly reduced once founders’ characteristics are included. Returns cannot be calculated for start-ups in the data because of a lack of information about the VC contracts offered to start-ups in exchange for funding.8 Furthermore, for acquisitions, acquisition price is usually not disclosed publicly and for IPOs, information on money raised is also missing in most of the cases. After an acquisition, when the venture is sold to a third party, founders usually leave the company.9 On the contrary, after an IPOs, the entrepreneur usually remains involved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article examines the developments in Indonesian family law in the aftermath of the political transition that occurred in 1998. Its focus is on the position of the Islamic courts and the role of the women’s movement as a driver of reform. Combining literature on gender, Islam, and the state in Indonesia with new material such as divorce rates, cases of the Constitutional Court, and law reform initiatives, the authors argue that the family law reform processes already underway before 1998 have not changed much and have continued to lead to more state control of Islamic family law. Yet, even though the reforms since 1998 have not directly targeted family law, they have unleashed processes of liberalization, democratization and decentralization that have emboldened Indonesian women in the exercise of their rights and have invigorated debates over further reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The first is a distinction between old and new capital - often described as a ‘putty-clay’ model. However, for new power plants, modest increases in capital expenditures can result in significant water savings, as one moves from open to closed loop systems and from wet to dry cooling technologies. Using the estimates taken from Bhattacharya and Bijon (2013), Figure 11 is created which shows a marginal cost of abatement schedule to which a CGE model could readily be calibrated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Include the contribution of higher education institutions to local and regional development in their annual evaluations. Mobilise the resources of higher education institutions in the preparation and implementation of regional and urban strategies. Help identify areas of research for regional development. Between 1970 and 2010, the share of the Malay population living in Penang increased from 30.6% to 43.0%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The availability of extracurricular activities and services is seen as a strength of school education in the Slovak Republic as this sector plays an important role in the production of social capital. It also allows increasing the role of local revenues and parental contributions, especially when public support to this sector is targeted to the most disadvantaged student population. In turn, investments to support school education through the Integrated Regional Operational Programme, which are funded by the European Regional Development Fund, are aimed at the improvement of school infrastructure, the provision of material and technical equipment in classrooms, laboratories, and resources for language teaching, and the creation of centres for dual vocational education and training. There is a special emphasis on the infrastructure needed to expand pre-primary education provision, especially in those municipalities with marginalised Roma communities (Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Family of the Slovak Republic, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Furthermore, low quantity, quality, and reliability of the power supply is a challenge in many places, as is legality and affordability. Coordination and integrated planning between various government actors responsible for planning national grid extensions or rural and off-grid electrification remains inadequate in many countries. Addressing that requires not only the removal of barriers regarding institutional inefficiencies and overlaps, but also the creation of comprehensive, predictable policy frameworks that improve the investment climate. However, this binary measure - either a household has a connection, or it does not - fails to capture relevant aspects of quantity, quality, reliability and affordability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Since a large proportion of all unemployment spells will probably fall under these two categories, the average entitlement duration for new benefit spells is likely to be considerably below 6 months, which is short relative to systems in other OECD countries. Only a minority of benefit claims are likely to qualify as “unemployed as a result of bankruptcy, dismissal, etc.”, However, in Japan workers tend to be described as “difficult-to-employ” due to age, disability or the depressed state of the regional labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This cadastre would help differentiate forest land from agricultural or other land uses. For example, protecting these forests against illegal logging and enforcement of other regulations is problematic when ownership boundaries are not clearly marked. Due to a constant effort of research and classification, varying numbers of species by taxonomic group and their status have been reported. Analyses of biodiversity richness for individual countries within the European continent rank the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia at the very top of the list of countries considered to be European “hotspots.” Forest communities dominate with more than 55 per cent of the land cover, followed by grass communities, lake and river vegetation communities, while swamp communities and temporal communities occupy the smallest areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Furthermore, the regulation establishes an annual quota level for live cattle and beef based on the estimated shortfall between domestic supply and demand. This quota is allocated by MoT to importers in two six-month tranches: 1 January to 30 June and 1 July to 31 December, based on historical volumes. The quota has been introduced as one of the policy measures to achieve beef self-sufficiency. In practice officials have significantly overestimated domestic supply relative to demand and prices have risen sharply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Oportunidades in Mexico has already made some steps towards that by including the Programme Apoyo para Adultos Mayores in the main programme targeting poor households. There are certainly other ways of exploring synergies across the different programmes, such as the use of common means-tests and administrative offices, as is the case in Chile, Mexico and Brazil (Grosh et al, 2008). Overall, special attention should be paid to ensuring equity in the case of unique programmes targeting the poor by, for example, making the level of the benefit paid a function of household characteristics and structure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These studies examined the increasing participation levels of Asian women in business ownership. An interesting finding of the researches in the United Kingdom (Dhaliwal, 1998 and 2007, Ram and Jones, 1998) is that Asian women are not strongly represented in self-employment because there is a tendency for some women entrepreneurs to be “invisible” and their existence unacknowledged. These “hidden” women (Dhaliwal, 1998) say it is their husband, father or brother who run the business and they are masking the extent of their role even if they are playing a pivotal role in the management of the business.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The federal republic owns less than 4% of the forest area. German federalism and the resulting division of powers assign power of legislation in forestry to the German federal states. They set up states forests and nature protection acts (Landeswaldgesetze, Landesna-turschutzgesetze), which govern forest management on state level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There have been major improvements in conceptualizing, collecting and analyzing time-use information. Many countries are now collecting time-use data, but many more improvements are needed to address the practical difficulties that face developing countries in implementing data collection instruments. But by capturing both market and non-market economic activities, the time burden of women and children in household production and care activities, and not only that of men, is more accurately measured. For example, the level of response to an employment stimulus or workforce training programme for women is likely to be constrained by lack of affordable quality care services for young children or older persons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Occupational segregation by gender, discrimination, women’s multiple roles as workers, mothers and wives, lack of access to information networks and to capital account for much of women’s disadvantage vis-a-vis men (Zhou and Logan, 1989, Gilbertson, 1995). Cultural factors play also an important role to foster this tendency. In general, women are expected (and expect also themselves) to earn wages in ways that do not conflict with their family obligations. Depending on cultural values, the welfare of the family and community may have more priority than individual achievement (Dhaliwal, 1998 and 2007, Low, 2003, Zhou and Logan, 1989).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Hence, in the statistical analysis the outcomes of those individuals can be related to Ineq19g0. This procedure allows running panel regressions (country c, period t) accounting for country fixed effects (pc) and common shocks (pt). Hence, the parameters ft can be estimated accounting for time-invariant country determinants that might bias simple cross-country estimates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Real power is the net transfer of power to the consumer, whereas reactive power is stored in the system and returned to the source. In an electric power system, a load with a low power factor draws more current than a load with a high power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred. Thus, higher currents increase the energy lost in the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There are also concerns that inequality may dampen educational opportunities and social mobility. But for most people, the issue boils down to this: is rising inequality good or bad for growth? Those who believe it’s good, or at least necessary, argue that it provides incentives to entrepreneurs and a source of overall investment for the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
If supported by extension services they could more effectively help farmers access agricultural inputs, training, technology, and market information. While the waiver of irrigation service fees has increased farmer income, it has reduced the incentive for farmers to save water, made the national budget fully responsible not only for capital investment, but also for financing operation and maintenance costs, and diminished incentives for irrigation and drainage management companies to provide quality irrigation services. While the government could remain responsible for all capital investment in the irrigation systems, farmers should cover all operation and maintenance costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Consistent with a plan to increase child and youth care workers from 800 to 10,000 by 2018, more than 5,500 had been trained by May 2016 (Roby, 2016). Improving city planning and service delivery in line with SDG targets 11.1-11.3 is critical for improving informal settlements and anticipating the projected increase in urbanization. It requires capacity building for strong urban planning institutions and well-trained professionals who can deliver on the new urban agenda (UN Habitat, 2016a). In India, only 21 universities offer postgraduate town planning programmes, only 5 offer them at the undergraduate level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
How such dilemmas are addressed has profound implications for who gains and loses, both among social groups and between local, national and global interests. There are many examples around the world of alternative development pathways that move towards sustainability with gender equality. This recognition is evident in a number of international norms and agreements, including principle 20 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, adopted in 1992, in its statement regarding the full participation of women being essential to achieving sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Social assistance pensions were included, but no other social assistance transfers. Imputed rents and irregular incomes, such as lump sums and capital gains and losses, are not included in LIS household disposable income. Incomes are adjusted for differences in household size, using the square root of the household size, which represents the half-way point between the two extreme assumptions of no economies of scale and perfect economies of scale. Throughout the analysis, weights are used to make the samples nationally representative. These are complemented by brief references to additional tables available in an online appendix. Table 1 presents the percentages of women and men who have an income from employment of their own (or short-term insurance-based income replacement that was tied to their employment).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)