albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Agriculture has also exerted pressure on aquatic environments (rivers, lakes, wetlands and coastal zones), from increasing levels of livestock effluents and diffuse pollution through the use of chemicals in arable farming. Other issues include the genetic erosion of maize varieties, which show a loss of 80% of local varieties compared to the 1930s, and more recently possible contamination of domesticated landraces and wild relatives from transgenic maize (OECD, 2008). While agri-environmental payments are possible under PROCAMPO for soil and water conservation, for instance, farmers’ uptake of these payments has been limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, at sub-national level, urban flood controls and ecological preservation or restoration of urban waters often conflict. In the past, exclusive emphasis on structural methods of flood control led to the destruction of habitat as well as the deterioration of water quality. When the objectives of flood control, ecological preservation and spatial planning converge, the impact on other policy areas can be minimised. This requires long-term commitment from relevant stakeholders that extends beyond political changes and electoral calendars.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
With these investments, young people are also better able to develop the judgement, values, behaviours and resilience they need to thrive in their rapidly changing and globalizing world. For example, one driver of the dividend is increased participation of women in the paid economy. Child marriage and early childbearing can erode or even erase this potential through their detrimental effects on the health, education, and earnings potential of young mothers and their children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Of course, the impact on water and trade depends on whether future demand is met by domestic production or imports. However, recent increases in meat and milk imports suggest trade may be at least part of the solution. If agriculture productivity' growth in the Northeast declines due to water scarcity, China may become less self-sufficient and increase imports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A growing number of inter-ministerial mechanisms have been introduced to increase policy coherence and enhance implementation. The scale and pace of these changes has made it difficult to ensure that high quality projects were identified and implemented, that consultation with the public and local authorities was conducted according to the spirit rather than the letter of the law, and that sufficient capacity for policy implementation was developed, particularly at the local level. The enactment of so many laws and regulations in a comparatively short period of time also resulted initially in the business community facing a complex set of environmental requirements, though this has now improved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In about half of OECD countries, TWAs must obtain a license from the relevant government authority, with the provision of sufficient financial guarantees being a typical prerequisite for obtaining the license. In addition, in order to keep the license over time, TWAs are also usually subject to regular reporting obligations, often to prove that they comply with existing regulations. Similarly, pay and working conditions are strictly framed in many countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The link between age and benefit duration should be eliminated by aligning the benefit duration for older workers to that of young workers. At the same time, the eligibility conditions should be made less stringent to extend benefit coverage, especially for young workers. The minimum wage rose significantly between 2007 and 2010, and then remained frozen at the same nominal level of EUR 485, until it was raised to EUR 505 in September 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The new system also provides for the possibility of acquiring new responsibilities within the school such as head of department or subject co-ordinator as a non-monetary benefit resulting from high performance. This examination will focus on the assessment of knowledge and teaching abilities and will be the responsibility of the Ministry of Education. It draws on the experience of the graduation test of the INICIA programme (see below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Also, from an equity perspective, while the Israeli Nil contributions do have a progressive element (Table 2.4), it is not as strong as that of personal-tax rates. As is typical in many areas of Israel policy, there are special dispensations for recent immigrants. In this instance the exemption is sensibly limited to those on low incomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Increasing wealth also means that governments can increasingly afford to address the social needs of their citizens directly. Where this is the case social objectives and policies should evolve accordingly and reflect the new-found capacity of the economy to secure greater social cohesion. Growth can be seen as a rising tide, but though it has lifted many boats, not all have risen by the same amount. Strong growth is necessary to reduce poverty and deprivation sustainably in poor countries and can substantially contribute to reducing poverty in middle-income ones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In this paper, Clas Rehnberg and Unto Hakkinen present and discuss the findings from the Nordic collaboration on productivity differences across acute hospitals. As the four countries share many administrative tools and use common standards for data collection, unique cross-country comparisons are possible. The results suggest that there is a markedly higher average hospital productivity in Finland compared with Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
To promote teaching as a career, in particular for top-performing students, job quality matters at least as much as pay. Transforming the work organisation of schools, involving teachers in school decision making, enhancing their leadership responsibilities and promoting teaching as a demanding, but fulfilling, profession are promising policy levers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Here again, the debate is open. Mention may be made here of at least three implications. From the earliest proposal to institute a family wage to the extreme of calling for the implementation of a “housewife’s wage”, the debate is wide-ranging, controversial and ongoing. Recently, as a consequence of the momentum the subject has been building up in the public policy debate, some countries have incorporated components into social security reforms that seek, not necessarily to remunerate unpaid care work, but to compensate women for the income they forfeit over the life cycle by taking on these responsibilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
But lifelong engagement with science, beyond compulsory schooling, requires more than knowledge and skills, students will make the most of their knowledge, and participate in science-related activities, only if they are also positively disposed towards science. This, of course, is particularly important for students who aspire to become scientists or engineers, or to work in other science-related occupations. Most students expressed a broad interest in science topics and recognised the important role that science plays in their world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In particular, it examines the distribution of the disbursements among the different categories that are used as proxies to measure the volume of aid for trade at the global level (i.e. trade policy and regulations, economic infrastructure and productive capacity). Next, the section looks at the countries and regions that receive these funds, and the donors who provide them. Lastly, it examines the financial terms of the disbursements. Throughout, reference is also made to trade-related other official flows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is therefore crucial that public funds share the cost of paid leave for low-skilled workers. Leave mandates may thus be expected to exert a positive influence on female employment rates and to have a stronger impact on women than on men. Such effects may only emerge over time as access to leave is what first encourages women to take short career breaks - these interruptions of employment not being always reported in employment statistics - see below' section on data issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Previously seen as the Cinderella among the United Nations’ many preoccupations, 2010 finally saw access to clean water and sanitation recognised by the UN as a human right. Not a moment too soon - OECD modelling suggests that if we continue current trends, by 2050, 2.3 billion additional people will be living in river basins that are under extreme water stress. Despite some good progress driven by the Millennium Development Goals, water statistics continue to alarm: every year, for instance, dirty water causes the death of more than 2.2 million children under the age of 14. Water, which every culture on Earth recognises as the source of life itself, is no exception. For this reason, it is increasingly moving to centre stage whenever and wherever people meet to discuss humanity’s response to the major conundrum of how to match growing needs to insufficient or dwindling resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Effective policy mixes should be based on a coherent and complementary' set of policy instruments, and avoid overlapping or conflicting interventions. This approach is now used by a majority of OECD countries for electric and electronic equipment, packaging and tyres. In France, EPR schemes exist for 14 different product groups and Japan has EPR in place for home appliances, packaging and end-of-life vehicles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Experience from committees set up to monitor other human rights treaties shows that it is far more effective to have one joint report from all parts of civil society. Articles 4 and 32 make it clear this process should be led by DPOs. A comprehensive parallel report should cover all the articles of the CRPD, identify gaps, highlight key areas of concern and make concrete recommendations for change. A brief explanation of each article of the CRPD is provided below with a non-exhaustive list of issues that may assist DPOs in identifying gaps in the implementation of the CRPD at national level. Concrete suggestions to ensure the effectiveness of parallel reports are also provided. Other reports submitted to date are from Argentina, Austria, Hungary, Paraguay, Australia, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Sweden, Azerbaijan, Mexico, Republic of Korea, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany and the UK.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The most limited use of modern contraceptive methods was reported by the Sudan and Mauritania, at 12 and 16 per cent, respectively. Such visits are to include measurements of blood pressure, weight and height, and an analysis of urine and blood (WHO. Figure 4.2 shows the percentage of pregnant women who receive prenatal care by a skilled health personnel at least once. Prenatal care rates range from 60 per cent in Yemen to 100 per cent in Bahrain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Moreover PARP co-operates with employers and employee organisations, NGOs, business-support organisations, and central and regional administrations on entrepreneurship policy, the implementation of instruments and design of new initiatives. These are either regional development agencies or institutions with adequate experience in supporting SMEs (i.e. chambers, foundations, associations). The areas focused on by the RFIs include: implementing regional enterprise development instruments and administering PARP-specific sectoral SME support instruments in the regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The improvement of housing provision in rural areas is achieved by considerable self-build construction of single-family houses. In cities and towrns, housing construction is mainly led by the private sector and aimed at wealthy customers, a decent housing market remains unaffordable for average households because of their low annual incomes. At present, how'ever, there is neither a policy nor a state programme for development of social housing and affordable housing for rent. Budget funding of new' construction projects for those recognized as being in need of housing improvements is scarce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The EDI was originally developed in Ontario, Canada, and it is a measure of children’s development as they enter school. The results are aggregated to the group level (school, neighbourhood and city) to provide a population-based measure of children’s development. The data are not reported at the child or class level, which means they are not used as a diagnostic tool for individual children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Sweden, for example, a school reform which allowed independent schools to select students by ability led to a marked increase in segregation across schools by immigrant status (Bjorklund et al., In Denmark, for example, research suggests that since public school choice was introduced in the 1990s, segregation has increased because native students tend to choose schools with fewer immigrant and low-SES students (Bloem and Diaz, 2007). Rangvid (2007b) shows that native Danes tend to “opt out” of local schools when the proportion of migrants is between 35 and 40%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In principle, municipal water utilities are treated like any other user. In practice, however, it is difficult to enforce compliance with the requirements of their licence conditions: utilities often lack both capacity and resources to carry out necessary compliance, and the co-operative governance approach prevents one state body from taking coercive action against another. Source: Quibell et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The period of registration varies but is most commonly five years. The main function of the registration process is that of certifying teachers as fit for the profession mainly through the mandatory process of accessing or maintaining “Full/Competence” status - as such, these processes ensure minimum requirements for teaching are met by practising teachers. Registration processes constitute a powerful quality assurance mechanism to ensure that every school in Australia is staffed with teachers with suitable qualifications who meet prescribed standards for teaching practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To ensure the effectiveness of such a programme, a long-term planning horizon should be used — keeping in mind that decisions and changes made in one area will have ripple effects on optimal investment elsewhere. Multilateral development agencies would need to finance a significant part of the required investment — including technical assistance for institutional and regulatory reforms, as well as management and accountability systems. Regional programmes aimed at energy efficiency and renewable energy can go a long way to channel investments in these vital areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This will prepare for the World Water Forum, to be held in Marseilles in March 2012, a large-scale celebration of this partnership, which has mobilised all water stakeholders in the territory for more than two years. The issue of a “perfect size” in water management has been a long-standing topic of debate over economic and public finance. The key question is whether an optimal size can be identified that would allow both optimal conditions for efficient water resources management and effective service delivery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
ABSTRACTThis article examines the effects of UN peacekeeping and international counterterrorism operations upon the possibilities of peace in Mali. Following the January 2013 French operation Serval, the international intervention was divided between two military missions: UN peacekeeping in Mali and French-led counterterrorism. The article explores what it means to distinguish between peacekeeping and counterterrorism for international conflict management and Malian conflict resolution dynamics. It is argued that the binaries of war and peace, and of intervention and sovereignty, are no longer opposites, but blurred into an emerging ‘new normal’ of permanent military intervention. The construction of a regional counterterrorism governance or militarisation is shown to circumvent the fundamental questions about Malian peace, state sovereignty, and nationhood. The article points to how the international ‘division of labour’ between peacekeeping and counterterrorism defines the possibilities of peace in Mal...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The following three sections discuss governmental authorities, institutional arrangements and stakeholder engagement, respectively. Finally, Section 5.5 interprets the results and provides conclusions. Nonetheless, in some instances, stakeholders were highly involved in NUP development, including in some systematic and highly participatory ways. These tended to be found in the North America and Europe, Asia and the Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The university sector has 25 institutions which are members of the Consejo de Rectores de las Universidades Chilenas, CRUCH (Council of Rectors of Chilean Universities) and which have traditionally enjoyed different treatment and a much higher status than newer private institutions. The governance and quality of tertiary education are currently the focus of reform: draft bills on the oversight of higher education (Superintendencia de Educaddn Superior) and changes in the accreditation system are under development. The Ministry of Education also sets reference fees (Arancel de Referenda) to calculate the maximum student aid package that students are entitled to receive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Basic services and infrastructure development, including transport and mobility, must be people-centred, with dearly-defined links to land-use plans and housing programmes, with the main focus on vulnerable and marginalized groups.77 Prioritizing basic service and infrastructure delivery must feature in any long-term economic and social development and environmental protection strategy. Governments must pay more attention to how, when, and with which standards70 they measure issues such as accessible and sustainable transport, adequate and affordable housing, inclusive urbanization, universal access to safe public spaces, and many other important urban targets that are strongly connected to the New Urban Agenda. The CPI provides both a metric and a framework for policy dialogue, giving cities and governments the possibility to devise indicators and baseline information, often for the first time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
0.100 SJR (2011) Q4, 205/209 Health (social science), 116/116 History and philosophy of science, 453/459 Public health, environmental and occupational health
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The differences in hazard rates shown in Figure 11 imply that the number of benefit spells per individual is inversely related to the duration of spells (Table 11). For Luxembourg and the Netherlands, countries with a significant fraction of long benefit spells, repeat spells are infrequent. Less than half of all individuals in Luxembourg who are observed for the entire observation period from 1988 to 2010 have more than a single spell.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This may notably reflect supplier-induced volume growth in the segment B - as suggested by the differences between treatments provided by salaried and self-employed specialists - up-coding (classifying patients into higher priced diagnostic codes), and excessive billing (in about five per cent of cases) (Hasaart, 2011, Douven et al., Since 2003, hospital productivity has increased by 15%, partly thanks to a 35% improvement in labour productivity of nursing personnel (Blank et al., Further scope for efficiency improvements comes from the fact that general hospitals are often operating on an inefficiently large scale, reflecting a lack of specialisation and a tight network of large hospitals that ensures most people have access to an emergency unit within less than 15 minutes (Blank et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This chapter focuses on measures to promote knowledge generation in CSID 2022 and the Law on Science and the Basics of State Scientific and Technical Policy (hereafter, “Law on Science”)-24 Institutional mechanisms concerning the regulation of intellectual property are also summarized. The follow-up State Programme for Intellectual Property 2017-2021 (SPIP 2017-2021) was developed in 2016 and at the time of this Review was under Government consideration for approval, with Kyrgyzpatent the responsible implementation agency. Since 2011, scientific research institutes in the agrarian sector are funded by Kyrgyz State Agrarian University.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
1. The mirage of global justice Chandran Kukathas 2. The law of peoples, social cooperation, human rights, and distributive justice Samuel Freeman 3. International aid: when giving becomes a vice Neera K. Badhwar 4. Responsibility and global justice: a social connection model Iris Marion Young 5. Process values, international law, and justice Paul B. Stephan 6. What's wrong with imperialism? Christopher W. Morris 7. The just war idea: the state of the question James Turner Johnson 8. Humanitarian military intervention: wars for the end of history? Clifford Owrin 9. Collateral benefit Michael Blake 10. The uneven results of institutional changes in central and eastern Europe: the role of culture Svetozar Pejovich 11. Equality, hierarchy, and global justice James M. Buchanan 12. Feuding with the past, fearing the future: globalization as cultural metaphor for the struggle between nation-state and world-economy Irving Louis Horowitz 13. Toward global republican citizenship? Waldemar Hanasz.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This means retirees will face a significantly lower standard of living than the one they had during their working lives. Source: OECD Pension at a Glance Database. People are entitled to the solidarity pillar if they have accumulated insufficient assets in their mandatory defined contribution plan to give them a retirement income above a certain income threshold.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The increased use of alternative fuels, however, tends to increase electricity consumption for pre-treatment and handling. Over two-thirds of this potential lies in the increased use of fly ash and other clinker substitutes as the current energy intensity for many plants are among the most efficient in the world. The potential for saving energy in India's cement sector by applying current BAT and increasing the clinker substitutes is an estimated 18% from current levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A strong push is needed to ensure that this number increases by another 1 billion people by 2015 to meet the MDG sanitation target. In 1990, just under half (49 per cent) of the global population had improved sanitation. Coverage must extend to 75 per cent to meet the target, up from the current level of 64 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)