albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Road improvement may continue to have its place in locations where it can be demonstrated to be socially and environmentally justifiable - and where proper maintenance can be provided - but only in a broader context of other measures. For these reasons, policy recommendations must embrace broader solutions to problems that are long-term by their nature while also attempting to offer short and medium term measures that can assist with increasing the quality of life in Vietnamese cities by making efforts to make transportation safer and greener. First, with road accidents being the second highest cause of death in Viet Nam (Chapter 1), urban road safety is a pressing issue that must be urgently addressed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Strict nature reserves are principally closed to the public, although some of them have marked paths for public access. Restrictions to free access apply to about 0.4% of the area of forestry land in Finland." Two fifths occur in local municipal recreation areas, which are important particularly for the residents of large cities and other built-up areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The poverty rate is defined as the share of the population whose equivalised household disposable income is below 50% of the median income. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. Consumption taxes tend to be regressive because lower-income households consume a larger share of their income. To mitigate this regressive impact, many OECD countries apply reduced rates and exemptions for goods and services that account for a large share of poorer households’ consumption basket. The evidence, however, suggests that such tax reliefs benefit high-income groups most and may thus not be an effective redistributive tool (Dalsgaard, 2000, OECD, 2010a). The regressive nature of recurrent taxes on immovable property may partly fade in a lifetime perspective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Tools used by the Private International Law system both for European Union Member States and for the European Private International Law system itself to give answers to the multiculturalism located in the territory that comprises the European Union Member States are discussed below. In particular, Art.10 of the Council Regulation 1259/2010 of 20 December 2010, implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of the law applicable to divorce and legal separation This exception (public policy) will be practically operational in general when it comes to the implementation of the national system of an Islamic countries, because it may be considered that there is a difference between men and women in everything related to family relationships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The sample is small at around 4 000 households or about 10 000 persons, and it is biased toward the low-income populations (the sample does not cover those who change residential area and new buildings which are often occupied by richer households). The RLMS does not seem to be representative at regional level, not least because of the low response rate and high attrition in major cities. Then again, the questionnaire is quite comprehensive on the income side in terms of wage and non-wage incomes of adults and on expenditure patterns including detailed questions on food consumption in the last seven days and non-food consumption over the last three months (OECD, 2011). The wide divergence in estimates may reflect insufficient screening of high-risk sub-populations. Some of the international variations may result from differences across countries in the practice of registering premature babies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Female politicians report that sexual and political harassment are a reality for women holding public office. The unpredictable and long working hours associated with high political office also take atoll on women’s health and their ability to fully engage. Societal expectations consign women to take on the brunt of unpaid care work regardless of their employment status, which is a real challenge within the current modus operandi of representative bodies (Chapter 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For instance, in Mexico, higher income households capture the largest part of the benefits in absolute terms (OECD Economic Survey of Mexico, 2011).7 In France, although reduced rates for essentials and services are usually justified on equity grounds, empirical evidence suggests this is misplaced. The 2013 OECD Economic Survey of France notes two studies that illustrate the ineffectiveness of these policies. Unsurprisingly perhaps, Ruiz and Trannoy (2008) conclude that reduced VAT rates for restaurant meals and yachts are of greater benefit to better-off households than to lower-income persons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In fact, in almost all cases, the majority of production growth for these products will be coming from outside the OECD area, where growth rates are 2-3 times larger than for OECD countries. The same situation applies for much of the consumption growth as well. As a result, the OECD area’s share in global output and use for these products continues to decline over the projection period from 2010 and 2019.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Purpose – This paper aims to investigate by what means and to what ends waste, its materiality and its symbolic meanings are legally regulated in built environments. Design/methodology/approach – The authors investigate the entanglement of law and the built environment through an analysis of waste-related legal case studies in the Canadian context. They investigate a notable Supreme Court case and three examples of Canadian cities’ by-laws and municipal regulations (particularly regarding informal recycling practices). They mobilize what Valverde calls the work of jurisdiction in their analysis. Findings – The authors argue that the regulation of waste and wasting behaviours is meant to discipline relationships between citizens and governments in the built environment (e.g. mitigating nuisance, facilitating service provision and public health, making individuals more visible and legible in the eyes of the law and controlling and capturing material flows). They find that jurisdiction is used as a flexible ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Information is needed on cost sharing arrangements between irrigators and public suppliers of irrigation, impacts on water savings at the project level as well as at the basin scale from infrastructure improvement. Research conducted for this report found almost no data on who owns what part of irrigation infrastructure in any of the OECD countries. Good data combined with judicious use of economic principles have considerable potential to productively inform decisions on why, when, and how to develop and sustain irrigation and its infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Then came World War I and later World War II which, in addition to causing enormous human suffering, devastated buildings and infrastructure and depleted forests across Europe. The Second Annual Conference of FAO, held at Copenhagen in September 1946, recommended that an international conference should examine the urgent problem of lumber supplies in Europe. Lumber was essential for the reconstruction of countries devastated by the war, and there were clear indications that the timber shortage might produce a major social, economic, and political crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In developing countries, the most affected by the global crisis were emerging market economies with current account deficits that could not withstand the drop in capital inflows resulting from the crisis (UNCTAD, 2010). But for low-income countries that had little involvement with global capital markets, and for countries with current account surpluses and/or substantial international reserves, the negative impact of the financial crisis has been shorter lived and less severe. For instance, many Asian and Latin American countries employed counter-cyclical monetary and fiscal policies, turning towards domestic sources of demand to counter declines in global trade (UNRISD, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The integration of tourism activities in domestic value chains can foster activity and productivity. Bundling attractions and services together can increase visitors’ spending by providing diverse tourism services and encouraging longer stays and facilitating access to local culture, which is the primary purpose for around 60% of visitors (see above). One way to achieve this is to improve tourist information and service centres, which rank poorly (96,h) in the WEF (2017) tourism competitiveness indicators. Tourist information centres are a hub for reliable information and offer local knowledge to create packages. Financing for information centres could come from local government, visitors and local firms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The larger imbalance may be partly due to the lower level of policy development on adaptation in many of the EECCA countries (see also Chapter 3), but also to the high investment needs for mitigation in the region’s energy sector. In addition, none of the 11 EECCA countries falls under the category Least Developed Countries or Small Island Developing States, which often have greater adaptation needs. Finally, it is generally more difficult to track finance for adaptation since it tends to be embedded into broader development projects and/or business operations, and thus, may be underestimated (CPI and OECD, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The programme is result-oriented and has four major components: establishment, management and consolidation, financial sustainability, and co-ordination, management and monitoring. It is co-ordinated by the Ministry of the Environment (MMA) and managed by the Brazilian Biodiversity Fund (Funbio, Box 5.7). It is funded by resources from the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the German Federal Ministry for Economic Co-operation and Development via the German Development Bank (KfW), WWF and the Brazilian Amazon Fund (Chapter 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Recent hydrogeological studies suggest that the Dan may have a much larger actual subsurface recharge basin area of more than 1,320 km2 (compared to an estimated 520 km2 for the Banias) as the Dan Springs emerge from a deep and productive Jurassic limestone aquifer with outcrops in Lebanon and Syria.'* This transboundary aquifer is recharged by rain and snow-melt, especially along the slopes of Mount Hermon. A combination of the surface water catchments of the Hasbani and Dan or even of all three headwaters results in more realistic estimates with a required effective rainfall of 489 or 512 mm/yr over the respective catchments. Israel (Figure 5) flows into Lake Tiberias.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The measure of wage provided refers to hourly labour cost, or gross earnings, i.e. includes labour income taxes and social security contributions as well as fringe benefits. In particular, it accounts for bonuses and executive compensation. Wage premia are calculated as the average of the wage premium for each triplet consisting of one age bracket, one education level and the gender, weighted by the number of financial sector employees in the triplet. Hence, the aggregate measure uses the relative frequency of financial sector employees in the different triplet categories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
He devoted specific attention to violations of reproductive rights. He explains that "forced sterilization is an act of violence, a form of social control, and a violation of the right to be free from torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment." He called on States to "safeguard free and informed consent on an equal basis for all individuals without any exception, through legal framework and judicial and administrative mechanisms, including through policies and practices to protect against abuses." He recommended that States "ensure that women have access to emergency medical care, including post-abortion care, without fear of criminal penalties or reprisals."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Unlike the previous IEA publication (2008a), in this current analysis toluene and xylene have not been included in the definition of HVCs. This value, shown in Table B.l, covers all steam cracker HVCs. The product of this value and the production volumes of HVCs results in a figure for the total BPT fuel use (in petajoules [PJ]) of steam crackers. The same calculation is repeated for steam, electricity and feedstock in order to calculate the total energy use of steam crackers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Europe, roughly four out of 10 establishments report such problems. The technological revolution brings challenges and opportunities with respect to skills. Given that skills predictions change every few months, this is very difficult. Nonetheless these institutions need to react even if they lack some information. Failure to adjust may put entire cohorts of young people at risk. This means that decisions about curriculums and investments in technology have to be made in an environment of uncertainty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The rapid development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has created an environment for citizens to have greater access to their government and to make citizen-to-government contact more inclusive. Previous research does not examine the impact of national public policy initiatives that expand and improve e-government services. This study examines the global divide in e-government implementation by analysing the impact of national policies on the United Nations' Web Measure Index in 174 countries. A multiple regression analysis shows that e-governance is more extensive in countries that have a regulatory authority for telecommunications, encourage competition in their telecommunication industries and invest more financially in the development of ICTs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The section then presents current practices to promote access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights for persons with disabilities, before concluding with recommendations for the way forward. Target 5.6, which is placed under the goal calling for gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls, calls for ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences. The CPRD is the first Convention to explicitly recognize the need for sexual and reproductive health for persons with disabilities. Article 25 underscores the need to provide persons with disabilities with the same range, quality and standard of free or affordable sexual and reproductive health care and programmes as provided to other persons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In most of the countries, household income included the imputed rental value of owner-occupied dwellings. These figu res largely reflect the impact of the upsurge in inflation since early 2007 and, in particular, the steep rise in food prices. The international financial crisis which began in the United States has started to affect the real economy, causing a slowdown and even a fall in the level of economic activity in the industrialized world. One of the repercussions has been a slump in the demand for commodities and their prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A dynamic and inclusive global economy is central to delivering the ambitious targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Policymakers must work to contain short-term risks from financial vulnerabilities and escalating trade disputes, while advancing a longer-term development strategy towards economic, social and environmental goals. Decisive policy actions rely on a multilateral, cooperative and long-term approach to global policymaking in key areas, including combatting climate change, sustainable finance, sustainable production and consumption, and redressing inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article advances a new framework for investigating a simple yet fundamental question: In what ways does the law on the books reflect cultural values? We analyze relations between indices of investors' legal rights - as coded by La Porta et al. (LLSV) - and national cultural profiles. These indices correlate with cultural priorities that are consistent with societal acceptance of litigation. Indices of formalism in civil procedure exhibit similar correlations. Such societal stance may be related to a heritage of British rule. Grouping countries according to legal families - the cornerstone of LLSV's legal approach - provides only a partial depiction of the universe of corporate governance regimes. Our findings cast doubt on the alleged general supremacy of statutes in common law countries. These findings have implications for understanding diversity and convergence in corporate governance systems and for a systematic analysis of the interface between law and social institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter integrates Michel Foucault's historiographic approach with media history. After describing how Foucault's work has traditionally been used and understood by media historians, four areas of work are used as examples for establishing a more holistic account of the value of Foucault's archaeological and genealogical methods of historical enquiry. They are (1) the work of German media theorist Friedrich Kittler, (2) the Stanford School of the philosophy of science, (3) cultural studies work in governmentality studies, and (4) Giorgio Agamben's application of the Foucauldian concept apparatus. After providing eight questions for orienting Foucauldian historical investigation, the chapter explains how this leads to understanding the interrelated dimensions of power, knowledge, and subjectification as they intersect with the historical establishment of media forms, institutions, and technologies.      Keywords:    Foucault,  Kittler,  Agamben,  archeology,  genealogy,  power,  knowledge,  subjectification,  media history
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In consideration of these issues, with higher production, India is projected to increase its cotton exports to more than 2 Mt by 2023, assuming no action is taken by government to limit exports. Ethanol production has risen from 1.5 billion litres in 2002 to 2.7 billion litres in 2013. Biodiesel production increased from non-existent to 300 million litres over the same period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Rapid and sustained economic growth allows the poor opportunities to increase their initial endowments (save to accumulate capital, get an education to increase human capital) and to earn better rewards for supplying their resources to others, typically through the market. Another avenue through which trade can spur economic growth is by increasing the pace of innovation by firms. First, trade liberalization increases the size of the market and the incentives to innovate. Second, to the extent that technical knowhow is embodied in products, trade liberalization makes possible knowledge spill-overs through improved access to imports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The certificate provides 'A' to 'G' ratings for the building, with 'A' being the most energy efficient and 'G' being the least. The current average score for the UK is around a D. From 2012 the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive will also require all home sale advertisements to have an Energy Efficiency Rating. Established to complement CERT, this scheme achieves aims of both carbon reduction and addressing fuel poverty by requiring energy suppliers to achieve 19.25 million tonnes CO2 lifetime savings in the most deprived areas of England, Scotland and Wales, promoting area-based and whole-house approaches to energy efficiency improvements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Conversely, authors such as Barro (2000) and Lopez (2004) do not find any relationship whatsoever between inequality and economic growth and maintain that investment levels do not significantly depend on inequality. Some income inequality data for Brazil between 1995 and 2009 are shown in table 2. These data are the Gini index, the ratio between the income of the richest 10% and the poorest 40%, the ratio between the income of the richest 20% and the poorest 20%, the ratio between the income of the richest 10% and the poorest 10%, the average per capita household income and the percentage of people below the poverty line. The ratios of the incomes of the richest 10% relative to the poorest 10% and of the richest 20% relative to the poorest 20% also declined significantly during the period, especially the former, which moved down from 67.0 to 43.8. Meanwhile, per capita family income grew by approximately 22.5%. The last column shows that the proportion of people below the poverty line stabilized at around 19%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
They rely heavily on public programmes, on asset income and dis-saving—net familial support here is minimal as older people are significant net givers of private transfers. Developing countries include Brazil, China, Costa Rica, India, Indonesia, Mexico, South Korea, Philippines, and Thailand. Developed countries include Austria, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Slovenia, Sweden and the United States of America.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Changes in consumer behaviour induce firms to upgrade and diversify their product lines. Certain essential components set off this virtuous circle and sustain it. For instance, sound infrastructure and a reliable business environment may serve as an incentive for investments in new capacities. Existing capacities can be expanded if they are not limited by poor transport facilities and an unreliable power supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
That is, FCI did not release stocks when prices w'ere high, instead, it kept accumulating stock and its releases did not keep up with accumulation (Gouel, 2013). Saini and Kozicka (2014) show that between 2000 and 2012, production of wheat and rice rose by 29%. However, net availability of food grains over that same period decreased by almost 1%. Indeed, during the years in which India imposed its export bans, this gap even increased by 64%. The level of stocks more than tripled between July 2006 and July 2014 (Figure 3.2). In July 2014, the level of public stocks was 65.3 million tonnes, which was more than double the norm established by the government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The trawl grounds for these fisheries probably coincide closely with very fine sand or mud (mean grain diameter <0.1 mm) sediment types, as described earlier for the east coast of South Africa, mud being the preferred habitat for these prawns (de Freitas 2004). Members of the family Sciaenidae (croakers, Fennessy and others, 2004) are prominent among the fishes in these mud-dominated shelf habitats, and can be considered indicators of the presence of prawns (Pauly and Neal 1985). Thus, in inner shelf waters associated with river mouths, members of the Sciaenidae and Cynoglossidae would predominate owing to their preference for turbid or muddy habitats, while Sparidae, Triglidae, Sauridae and Haemuli-dae are probably more predominant over inner shelf substrata with less mud.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As a comparison, the gap in literacy proficiency between tertiary and lower than upper secondary educated individuals is close to 50 points in most countries. The ranking of countries does not change significantly when comparing literacy and numeracy, but the age-proficiency profiles differ somewhat. In the case of literacy, the gap between young and prime-age adults are generally smaller (something apparent also from Figure 1), and are actually negative in Korea, Poland, Italy and Estonia (and virtually zero in Spain, France, Austria, Germany, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)