albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This article examines the position of groups under the African Charter of Human and Peoples Rights. The Charter does not contain a "minorities article" similar to that of Article 27, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It does, though, contain a substantive section on "peoples rights." The work examines the way in which the African Commission has interpreted human rights to non-discrimination, to take part in the cultural life of the community, freedom of religion and freedom of expression to ensure, to a limited extent, a right of cultural security for minority groups. Further, the section relating to peoples rights has been used by the African Commission to consider such issues as economic exploitation, environmental concerns, the exclusion and domination of one ethno-cultural group by another and claims for autonomy and secession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The driving force behind this increase will be a combination of rising incomes and urbanisation, interlinked with the expansion of fish production, and improved distribution channels. However, the pace of this increase will slow in particular in the second half of the outlook period, when fish starts to become more expensive in comparison with meat. Overall, per capita apparent fish food consumption will increase by 0.5% p.a. Apparent fish consumption will remain static or decreasing in Japan (-5%, from 52.8 kg to 49.9 kg), in Canada (-7%), in selected Latin American countries and in Africa (-5%), in particular in Sub-Saharan Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This paper explores the challenges of e-governance in Africa using Ghana as a case study. It notes that while e-government may promote good governance and economic growth, critical challenges such as weak infrastructure and inadequate funding remain key obstacles. The paper concludes that addressing these challenges will depend on the active involvement of the state in ICT development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, the "Because the Ocean" declaration launched at COP 21 has been signed by an increasing number of countries. The Sustainable Ocean Initiative, for example, aims to ensure the convergence of actions by regional seas organizations and RFMOs by facilitating partnerships to link various initiatives (CBD, 2018). Since 2013, CITES has listed 20 commercially exploited fish species, while the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) has listed 28.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
While the first one covers ‘the care and treatment of mentally disordered offenders’ (SOU 2006:91), the other concentrates on developing psychiatry in general (SOU 2006:100). The second report, focusing on the needs for development in the field of psychiatry, made several propositions. For instance, it suggested that government funds and ’’supports local counties to establish housing sensitive to the needs of various subgroups of people with mental health disorders”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In other cases, pervasive norms that see women’s caring responsibilities as “natural” explain the absence of claims around unpaid care work. In the run-up to finalizing the design of the Uruguayan SNIC, the government opened “national dialogues" to raise awareness and incorporate local realities into the design. Yet the dialogues saw a departure from the women’s movements’ agenda that sparked die process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As we have seen above, the largest growing market for these technologies is in the now developing parts of the world (the South). This means not only that increasing financing needs to be secured for these critical investments, but also that most of the induced technological learning, and thus cost reductions, is likely to occur in these regions. In other words, there is a strong potential incentive to invest there, assuming appropriate institutional and financing arrangements. Tariffs are the rates paid per kilowatt-hour for electricity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
When students are educated away from their home, there often is a lack of connection between the school and the home and between the school and the culture of the home community. Across North America, boarding or residential schools contributed to language and culture loss for several generations of Indigenous students. First, parents in communities without a school may choose to move to a different community with a school rather than sending their child away.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Other traders prefer to deliver their grains from the Gaya market by canoe to Malanville, a particularly economical mode of delivery. In this case, the fluvial shippers deal with both transportation and customs negotiations (Walther, 2008). The market shifted further west and was rehabilitated by the Swiss Agency for Development and Co-operation (SDC, 2017) (Figure 6.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, this may be explained by long average lengths of stay in Japan, particularly for some of the specific CVD such as stroke (OECD, 2013b). When this figure is compared to overall health expenditure from OECD Health Statistics, it shows that costs per diabetic patient are around 18% higher than health care costs for the general population. This is consistent with more detailed studies which reveal that most medical costs incurred by patients with type 2 diabetes are caused by their complications and comorbidities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, international actors have been criticised for permitting a "blame culture" in which risks were unfairly distributed along the partnership chain, with front-line responders exposed to the most significant risk. The RMU was established in 2011 to help UN agencies to better asses and understand risk. It is funded by Denmark, DFID and the Common Humanitarian Fund for Somalia. The RMU carries out risk assessments and monitoring, conducts due diligence on implementing partners, and manages a database of risk-related evidence on UN implementing partners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Yet, even these sophisticated statistical techniques cannot adequately take into account the nature of the PISA sample for the system-level analyses because participating countries and economies are not randomly selected. The system-level correlations presented here are consistent with results from earlier PISA analyses, which used more sophisticated statistical techniques. Given that the limitations of a correlation analysis using PISA data are not completely overcome by using more sophisticated statistical tools, the simplest method was used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The population growth was also marked in five cities that are oblast capitals (Brest, Gomel, Grodno, Mogilev and Vitebsk) and in almost all cities of regional significance (> 50,000 people). Cities with > 100,000 residents accommodate about 70 per cent of the country’s population, including Minsk and all oblast capitals, as well as Bobruisk, Baranovichi, Borisov, Mozyr, Novopolotsk, Orsha, Pinsk and Soligorsk. At the same time, these settlements account for only 7 per cent of all urban settlements in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Danish government should work with universities, speciality groups and regions to review the structure of medical research facilities and ensure that they evolve to make the most of the opportunities provided by larger scale specialist hospitals. For example, whilst not losing their valued generalist role, further skill specialisation amongst some GPs could be explored. Interested GPs could develop extended competencies in defined clinical areas (e.g., dermatology, ear nose and throat, paediatrics, obstetrics and gynaecology).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Both institutions may exist for the same States with partially overlapping geographical coverage. For instance, according to the Agreement between Czechoslovakia and Poland Concerning the Use of the Water Resources in Frontier Waters (1958), the Czech Republic and Poland appoint plenipotentiaries. In addition, since 1996, the Czech Republic, Germany and Poland have cooperated through the Oder Commission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Generally, women seem to represent a smaller share of more individually-oriented BDS (such as consulting) and more sophisticated BDS (such as business management training) than of group-based entrepreneurship training programmes. This in an entrepreneurship training programme supported by the ANPME in Morocco that specifically targets women entrepreneurs. The ANPME does not nonnally provide entrepreneurship training as part of its programme offerings to small and medium size enteiprises (SMEs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Modernisation of district heating is thus imperative if Kazakhstan is to reach its greenhouse gas reduction objectives (a reduction of 15% in 2020 compared to the 1990 level, and of 25% by 2050). According to data from the Committee of Statistics, water losses accounted for about one-fifth of total water output in 2014, and more than half of water output in Almaty City. A large industrial city like Karaganda does not provide hot water to residents in the summer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Establishment surveys are not usually the best sources of data for disaggregations by demographic variables except in some cases by sex, thus often preventing the calculation of the pay gap for specific subpopulation groups. Within the European Statistical System, it has been agreed to use the Structure of Earnings Survey, a harmonised establishment survey on earnings, as the standard data source for computing the gender pay gap. Worker coverage of administrative records, such as social security records, often includes workers in paid employment who are covered by the administrative system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This shows that for a relatively poor country with a large agricultural sector, even if agricultural support as measured by the PSE is low, the burden on the economy can be relatively high. This mostly reflects border protection for certain agricultural commodities as well as output price support for rice and sugar. In particular, given the importance of rice within the agricultural sector, the MPS value for rice drives the overall PSE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The variation of performance explained by students' socio-economic status is higher (16%) than the OECD average (13%). Rurality is an important aspect of disadvantage in Costa Rica. Students in rural schools are more likely to drop out and fall behind in their learning than those in urban ones, with small rural primary' schools demonstrating the lowest performance rates in the country (PEN, 2013). The large number of small primary schools has enabled Costa Rica to bring education services to every small village.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In both the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, the local content of value added is generally very small, being limited to land leases and wages, for example. By contrast, farmers and local co-operatives in Denmark have long had the opportunity to invest in wind farms and increase the local value added from the industry. These efforts eased the path for renewable energy development and make investment more politically secure (Midttun and Koefoed, 2003, Biyden, 2010). In a global context of fiscal consolidation, social, technological and environmental transformation, “adaptive” water policies in response to climate change, demographic and urbanisation pressures rely more and more on cities and regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The European Parliament approved the CETA on 15 February 2017 and Canada ratified it on 16 May 2017. National parliaments in the EU must ratify the CETA before it can take full effect (European Commission, 2017). The CETA should result in expanded transatlantic trade, including of value-added forest products (GAC, 2016). The two parties agreed on 25 May 2017 to set up a joint delegation to increase trade cooperation, including consideration ofthe future of the TTIP (EURACTIV, 2017), but no subsequent activities have been reported.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Inclusion can be central to policy dialogue with partner governments. Donors can combine this with direct support to those seeking economic inclusion, as in Box 1.6. Realising the right to a legal identity is not only socially empowering but enables individuals to participate politically and hold and transfer property.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Additionally, owners with TQL allocation are required to pay annually a specific tax calculated according to the amount of quota allocated to the owner. . Satellite Positioning System is required for small-scale vessels (more than 15m length), purse-seine (more than 12m length) and transport vessels. This will help enforce the first mile fishing zone restrictions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
According to Charbit and Romano (2017[i7j), the CPERs fall under the category of “empowerment contracts”. Empowerment contracts are tools for transferring responsibilities to subnational governments while gradually building capacities for policy implementation. It is also the intention of these types of contracts that sub-national authorities acquire in the middle-long run the necessary capacities to develop their own strategies and co-ordinate with lower levels of government (e.g. municipalities) or private actors. Central governments can include incentives as conditions for signing the contracts, such as partnering with private actors, involving neighbour local governments or adopting specific regulations, among others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The availability, quality and cost of water will be a progressively more important factor in the location and profitability of agribusiness activities. Climate change, increasing population pressures, and rising energy costs are all making water increasingly expensive, changes in the cost of water across different regions will affect the choice of where large international agribusinesses source their products, giving water-abundant areas in LDCs a potential advantage (Roepstoff etal., It therefore has a very low degree of mechanization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The global market share of standards-compliant products for some of these commodities was as high as 40 per cent. To be clear, these labels deal with more than just climate-change issues, but carbon-based criteria are central to many of the schemes, including, for example, Rainforest Alliance and UTZ certification. First, the various methodologies for calculating embodied carbon are arguably not reliable enough to use as a basis for labels that will have significant trade and market impacts (Bolwig and Gibbon 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The main objective of business and human rights dialogue is to expand somehow the (international) human rights obligations to multinational enterprises, transnational companies and other business entities. It is more than the corporate social responsibility as softly tries to create enforceable duties for companies beyond the self-regulation, and establish the grounds of their accountability for human rights violations. In constitutional legal terms it leads to the question of third party effect of human rights on the one hand and extraterritorial jurisdiction of the national courts on the other. As a related problem, the constitutional background of the application of international law by the courts can also be mentioned. The study gives an overview on the efforts of the United Nations and the European Union for responsible business, and analyses the related constitutional difficulties with regard to the landmark Kiobel decision of the US Supreme Court.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Bundling several services together helps reduce the high transaction costs from servicing a myriad of dispersed end users (e.g. information and marketing, installation, fee-collection, maintenance, after-sales customer services and nonpayment interventions). It also facilitates government regulation and oversight, and tremendously enhances the welfare and developmental impacts of projects. A study focusing on middle-income economies noted that the addition of a fourth service provides a marginal benefit about seven times greater than the addition of a second service (Reiche, Covarrubias and Martinot, 2000). Flowever, fully exploiting the benefits of bundling rural services depends on government’s ability to identify policy synergies (e.g. agriculture, energy, climate mitigation and adaptation, rural development, innovation and investment policies).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In fact, the United Nations Law of the Sea was a point of discussion during the historic first meeting ofthe Forum in 1971.'Through the Forum, the Pacific region already has a collaborative and integrated ocean management system in place. It strengthens the Pacific Islands Regional Ocean Policy, particularly through stronger provisions in the areas of coordination, resourcing and implementation. It also aspires to protect, manage and sustain the cultural and natural integrity of the ocean for present and future generations of the broader global community.5 At its heart is a desire to build pride, leadership, learning and cooperation across the ocean environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The most important in situ water use is ecological use, that is, water used as a habitat for living organisms. Human in situ water uses include navigation, fishing, recreation, tourism and waste loading (pollution dilution). As with off-stream uses, all human in-stream and in situ water uses have significant effects with regard to the ecological use of the same water resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In that context, the forthcoming initiative by the Korean government to accelerate the renewal of water supply and sanitation infrastructure can contribute to the further deployment of K-SWM at local level. Efforts to minimise non-revenue water will resonate with users’ priorities and concerns when water tariffs better reflect the full cost of supplying water, including the cost of investing in and operating and maintaining the w'ater supply infrastructure, the environmental and opportunity costs of abstracting water and preventing other uses (for industry, the environment, or else). Similarly, a municipality or utility will only be able to finance K-SWM w'hen water savings compensate investment and operating costs, that is, when revenues from water tariffs tend to reflect full water supply costs. This explains why the diffusion of SWM in Korea is directly related to issues discussed in Chapter 3, and to other issues related to tariffs for water supply and sanitation services (an issue not covered in this report).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), the biodiversity working group of the Arctic Council, has recently produced an Arctic Biodiversity report17 of interest for the Nordic Assessment. The inclusion of marine areas, both within and outside national jurisdiction, in the Nordic Assessment is important in order to be able to assess status of, trends in and threats to marine and coastal biodiversity, ecosystems, ecosystem services, and costs and benefits of utilising ecosystem goods and services in marine areas. Coastal seas are defined as areas within national jurisdiction up to the outer limit of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ),18 and open ocean or high seas are defined as beyond national jurisdiction. In the Baltic Sea, no country has a distance of more than 200 nm from its baseline without overlap. Part V - Exclusive Economic Zone, Article 56.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Several of the purpose codes capture support to upgrade ICT capacity. These codes broadly capture digital connectivity support, but do not represent the full range of activity in this area. Tracking support for e-commerce participation is similarly problematic, with relevant reporting codes capturing not only e-commerce-relevant activities but also much broader support in this category. An example here is support for banking services, while it is important as it facilitates access to e-commerce related payment systems, many of the actions funded are unrelated to e-commerce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It may be caused by unavailability of food, insufficient purchasing power, inappropriate distribution or inadequate use of food at the household level. Food insecurity, poor conditions of health and sanitation and inappropriate care and feeding practices are the major causes of poor nutritional status. Food insecurity may be chronic, seasonal or transitory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Adolescents and youths are marrying or forming conjugal unions later, and they are older when they have their first child or leave the family home (ECLAC, 2000). This change, however, does not affect all adolescents and youths in equal measure. Rather, it has become a highly stratified process. This stratification is associated with structural conditioning factors (Filgueira, 1998, p. 66) associated with divisions caused by inequality and essentially resulting in postponement of the assumption of adult roles in the more educated and higher-income sectors, as opposed to early assumption of these roles in lower-income ones (Ullman, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, when domestic fuel price is not available, IEA data on “Automotive Diesel Prices for Commercial” is used. However, comparing fuel prices submitted by countries with the IEA data reveals significant differences which can complicate analysis of the data. Part of the problem may be the definition of “Commercial” in the IEA data, which may or may not already include tax concessions available to fishers. Moreover, while the data reported in Table 2 is nominally for 2008, some of the data is for earlier years when 2008 data was not available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In the context of climate change, for instance, the impetus for low-emission development strategies was a perceived need to more cohesively pursue dual objectives of low emissions and development goals (see Clapp, Brinerand Karousakis, 2010). Similarly, just as “aligning policies for a low-carbon economy” is directly associated with mainstreaming climate objectives into other sectors of the economy (OECD, 2015a), mainstreaming biodiversity and development could, for example, also be described as pursuing inclusive green growth for biodiversity and/or aligning policies for a resource-efficient economy. A number of the lessons and insights are relevant for how to mainstream biodiversity more effectively. Earlier work on biodiversity mainstreaming highlights the need to better assess mainstreaming efforts, to use these to inform policy making and to develop learning networks at regional and global scale (Huntley and Redford, 2014). Mainstreaming biodiversity is crucial for all countries, as recognised by the parties to the CBD and the SDGs. A broad range of countries are therefore examined to ensure that various challenges are considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Through the use of blockchain technology, suitable reward systems can be established to provide transparency and to ensure secure transactions. As an example, a start-up company built an efficient plastic recycling system for developing countries. Individuals can collect and bring plastic refuse to established recycling centres, which in return repay collectors in the form of digital tokens. The received tokens can be used to buy goods like food, water or phone credit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)