albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Humans are driven to pursue and preserve social relationships, and these motivations are reinforced through biological systems. In particular, individual differences in the tuning of biological systems that respond to social threats may motivate individuals to seek out differently structured social environments. Drawing on a sample of adolescent males who underwent fMRI brain imaging (n = 74) and contributed Facebook data, we examined whether biological responses to a common scenario – being excluded from an activity with peers – was associated with their social network structure. We find that neural responses during social exclusion in a priori hypothesized “social pain” regions of the brain (dACC, AI, subACC) are associated with the density and transitivity of core friendship networks. These findings suggest that neural reactivity to exclusion may be one factor that underlies network “safety”. More broadly, the study shows the potential of linking social cognitive tendencies to social structural properties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The independent "observe, reflect, act" schools, which are tailored specifically to the needs and culture of indigenous children and are supported and promoted by the European Union, UNICEF and WFP, were taken into account in the development of the national education strategy. Although there has been some improvement, rates of access to services by indigenous peoples is two to three times lower than those of other groups: their school enrolment ratio is 44 per cent, while their civil registration rate is 32 per cent (United Nations Children's Fund, 2013). However, although the Khoe and San languages are recognized, they are not official languages and thus there is little Government funding available for their development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Results also confirm that grid-level system cost may increase significantly with the penetration level of renewables. However any accurate assessment of these effects would require a specific in-depth study using similar assumptions and methodology. Grid-level system costs on a country-by country level are reported in Table 4.6 including their breakdown in different components.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Institutions and Policies to Manage Global Market Risks and Price Spikes in Basic Food Commodities, FAO, Rome. Challenges and Possible Adjustments for the Multilateral Trading System”, Issue paper for the E15 Expert Group on Agriculture and Food Security, ICTSD, Geneva. Background paper prepared for OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Cameroon’s Inter-ministerial Biodiversity Committee was created in response to the Minister of Environment’s coordination mandate, and the National Committee on Biodiversity and Combat Desertification of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was created in 2012 to tackle the national responsibilities of biodiversity protection. The committee has since functioned in an ad hoc manner and is yet to have statutory or permanent status by a decision of the Prime Minister. However, the Minister of Environment, Protection of Nature and Sustainable Development has the mandate to carry out consultations on cross-sectoral issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Steering Committee provides support and guidance for the Coalition and the Working Group oversees its cooperative actions. In addition, there are Task Forces that are specialized in certain issues, a Scientific Advisory Panel that keeps the Coalition informed of the latest scientific findings, and a Secretariat that has administrative tasks. The establishment of a similar model was perhaps even the idea behind creating SAICM in the first place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Central banks and other financial regulators, if they have authority, may need to take action to examine the risks that climate change poses to the real economy. Stock exchange regulations could, for instance, demand more precise disclosures of carbon content in listings. This would increase the overall costs of implementing ambitious climate policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The fact that the required degree for primary-school teaching can be obtained at the secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary level and that there is an oversupply of initial teacher education programmes raise concerns about its quality. There are also indications of an oversupply of graduates, which in 2013 corresponded to 11.4% of the entire teaching workforce. Other concerns relate to the high level of specialisation of degrees which limits the flexibility of the teacher labour market, the lack of specific assessments to identify teaching potential and assess motivation for the profession as the basis for entry, and the limited autonomy of institutions of teacher education in designing their teacher education programmes as these are regulated at the central level (e.g. specialisations, curriculum, structure of programmes). The frequency of professional development is questionable, as teachers are only eligible for external-to-the-school professional development activities once every five years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It discusses supply chain management and identifies existing local supply chains, who the main players are, what level of contribution is made along the supply chain, and the level of local supply and procurement along the tourism value chain. The economic linkages of tourism in small states are explored to reveal their extent and, in particular, the effect on the backward and forward linkages in the tourism sector. The chapter introduces this topic more generally before analysing tourism supply chain issues using case study material from Malta,16 Seychelles and Jamaica.17 Finally, the associated topics of niche products and services are examined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
A huge leap in enrolments took place after 2000 so that by 2005 19.4% and by 2007, 24.4 percent of the 19-24 age group was placed in higher education institutions (Table 1.5.). According to the Ninth Malaysian Plan (2006-10), it is expected that 1.6 million students or 40% of the relevant age cohort in tertiary education would be enrolled in tertiary education in 2010 and 50% of these would be studying at private institutions. By 2008, the 214 941 number in 2002, the year from which electronic data are available from MoHE, increased to 933 728.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This may lead to increasing ramping and cycling of conventional power plants, to inefficiencies in plant scheduling and, overall, to higher costs for the system. Sometimes, the variability of VRE within the scheduling interval of power systems (one hour or less) is also accounted for balancing costs. While all generation plants may have some siting restrictions, the impacts are more significant for VRE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The lesson its leaders have drawn is that a high income doesn't compensate for shortcomings in education. But that isn't the case. For example, one in four 15-year-olds in the United States does not successfully complete even the most basic tasks in PISA. So even high-income OECD countries would gain significantly if all of their students left school with at least basic knowledge and skills. For this group of countries, the average future GDP would be 3.5% higher than it would be without this improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Such projects usually involve development partners providing concessional finance to public and private financial intermediaries in order to set up and demonstrate green financing, and technical assistance to finance institutions and related stakeholders to build capacity and raise awareness of green finance (Box 2.7). Natural resource related sectors (agriculture and forestry) are less targeted by bilateral DFIs and dedicated private sector operations within bilateral and multilateral development banks. Where natural resource sectors were targeted, they received the majority of support from bilateral agencies and public sector operations of development banks, largely towards value chain development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
First, not all the inward FDI is in fixed capital formation that expands productive capacity and employment, and neither does all of it go to the manufacturing sector. Second, the size of the manufacturing sector in the host country in relation to the existing stock of FDI plays a role: if that stock is small and the industrial sector is large, even a high growth rate of FDI may have little impact on employment. Finally, many factors unrelated to FDI may explain job creation in manufacturing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
First of all, irregular migrants may face numerous hardships, including detention, unsatisfactory housing, poor access to water and sanitation, difficult working conditions, and the stress and insecurity caused by their situation.55 Secondly, their mental health may be affected by the social isolation they experience as a result of being separated from family and social networks, as well as by job insecurity, difficult living conditions and exploitative treatment. Finally, many irregular migrants experience sexual and gender-based violence, become vulnerable to illness, or lose access to essential health documentation in the course of the often long and precarious journeys they make to reach their countries of destination. The Special Rapporteur on the right to health has noted that irregular migrants "may face extreme health risks during transit owing to hazardous conditions such as being cramped or hidden in boats or trucks. They may also face physical and sexual violence during transit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Moreover, by virtue of being less adversarial than court proceedings, mediation can avoid damaging the relationship between employers and employees prior to a resolution being reached. This is especially important in light of the risk that retaliation by employers may occur after a worker lodges a complaint. Designing a transparent structure of sanctions for wrongdoing and effectively enforcing them is the first step in the right direction. Equality bodies and labour inspectorates should be empowered to conduct investigations on their own initiative, so as to compensate for the fact that victims of abuse are often unwilling to file a complaint or cannot afford the costs of legal action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Theoretically, LDCs’ current share (0.5 per cent) of the global services market presents enormous potential to export to the rapidly growing market34 and, in principle, the services waiver can help LDCs’ exports of services to flourish in some sectors. However, little is known about LDCs’ potential to export services and, too often, it is simply assumed that LDCs cannot export services just because they have not done so in a significant way until now. However, the LDC group has stepped up efforts to develop a set of commercially meaningful requests in view of operationalising the services waiver. It should continue to do so and focus on presenting such a request to potential preference-granting countries as a first step in the preparation for the high-level meeting envisaged by ministers in the Bali decision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Unclear land tenure has historically exacerbated deforestation pressures, but the new Forest Code and its implementation mechanisms (notably the Rural Environmental Cadastre, see Chapter 4) promise to reduce illegal logging for land-titling purposes. Other threats to biodiversity include alien species and exotic diseases, overexploitation, pollution, fire and climate change (MMA, 2015a). In 2012, 62% of the territory was covered with forests, double the OECD average (see Basic Statistics).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 176 villages, the programme has created youth groups and resource centres where adolescents can learn about sexual and reproductive health, receive services and enrol in training for future livelihoods. The programme also trains local health providers in youth-friendly care, organizes volunteers to distribute modern methods of family planning, deploys peer educators, organizes counselling sessions, and provides a forum for young people and adults to come together to talk about youth’s role in society. My girlfriend panicked, which I fully understand. But I actually think we managed the situation well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This would facilitate training for local government and provide an opportunity to embark on consultancy services and to provide the skill basis for more proactive local government with strong commitment to sustainability. Basic foundations for stronger university involvement are already in place: the Universiti Sains Malaysia has issued a blueprint on housing and environment, while the Socio-Economic and Environmental Research Institute (SERI) is a useful think tank. Scale up their efforts to provide learning and further education programmes for “green” jobs and to act as a source of expertise through research, consultancy and demonstration. Provide analysis of the benefits and costs of controlling emissions from the wide variety of emissions sources, for example multinational corporations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Policy evaluation models (also known as simulation models) evaluate the effects of specific policies on various social, economic and environmental parameters. Since these models are not subject to the computational constraints of optimizing models, they can include a much higher level of process and regional detail and provide more detailed information on the consequences of alternative policies. Policy guidance models determine all policies that are compatible with a set of subjectively specified constraints (“guardrails”).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Share of population with access to electricity. Each indicator was normalized to the 0-1 range using the min-max method. To net out the effect of non-energy commodities, mining-related data have been weighted by a coefficient reflecting the overall weight of energy-related commodities in total minerals exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This sum, it was stressed, was only for subsistence and allowed nothing for the "cheering luxuries which gladden life. Published in 1901, Rowntree's 'poverty line' (he was the first to use the phrase) claimed to be "the first attempt to fix a poverty line on scientific lines." Surveying living conditions among 10,000 working class families in the city of York, he proposed a minimum income level to ensure "adequate nutrition and other essentials "6 Rowntree proceeded to divide those judged 'poor' (about 25%) into two groups. The first group he defined as living in 'primary poverty' because they simply did not have enough income to meet their basic needs. Those in 'secondary poverty', on the other hand, were failing to meet their needs not because their incomes were too low but because they spent money on non-essential items (beer and tobacco being judged particularly non-essential).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For the application to the Central and West Coast Basins, expected emergency benefits of artificial recharge are dominated by reduction of potential subsidence costs (Figure 2.4). The extent of damage to the distribution system, and the time and cost required to make necessary repairs could be represented probabilistically. These extensions of the analysis would allow assessment of the benefits of investing in additional well capacity for emergency supply purposes and improvements in the resiliency of the water distribution system. The approach demonstrated in coastal Los Angeles could be applied to assess the emergency benefits of these conjunctive use strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Such analysis identifies which skills are needed in each sector and how the social partners can jointly assess and provide them. This ensures skills and quality apprenticeship programmes align best with the labour market and serve the needs of SMEs. These attest that products and services meet defined requirements imposed by authorities or requested by buyers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The character of the basin ranges from mountain terrain, with an elevation from 2,200 to 2,700 m a.s.l., Also the protected areas of Ghare Boulagh wetland. Sari Su wetland, Eshgh Abad wetland and Siah Baz wetland are located in the Iranian pan. Some 28% ofTurkey’s territory in the basin is cropland (20% of it irrigated).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, because of their large output, the additional costs per MWh remain limited. This is why the topic of system effects has attracted much interest since VRE technologies have reached significant penetration levels in many OECD countries. These characteristics, which are intrinsically linked to their nature, affect the VRE contribution to the power system and are a key element to explain and understand the associated system costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Information on the amount of spending in Switzerland has not been included because restricted to the city of Basel. Household survey data show that social tenants account for between 1% of recipients (in Norway and Portugal), 30% in the United Kingdom and 50% in Finland (Figure 15). The proportion of recipients among home-owners is lowest in Germany (11%) and rises to over 90% in Luxembourg and Portugal. Eligibility to housing allowances in most countries is based on the household’s income, the amount of rent paid and the composition of the household.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Through fourteen in-depth interviews1 conducted in February 2013 with women from Boeung Kak Lake—a high-profile community under threat in Phnom Penh—this article argues that the occurrence of, and activism against, forced eviction is an embodiment of “intimate geopolitics.” The article demonstrates the manifold relationship that forced eviction reflects and ferments between homes, bodies, the nation-state, and the geopolitical transformation of Southeast Asia. Forced eviction is framed as a geopolitical issue, one that leads to innermost incursions into everyday life, one that has spurred on active citizenship and collective action evidencing the injustices of dispossession to diverse audiences, and one that has rendered female activists’ intimate relationships further vulnerable. In doing so, it charts how Boeung Kak Lake women have rewritten the political script in Cambodia by publicly contesting the inevitability accorded to human rights abuses in the post-genocide country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Introduction Gillian Brock and Harry Brighouse 1. Principles of cosmopolitan order David Held 2. Territorial justice and global redistribution Hillel Steiner 3. International justice and the basic needs principle David Copp 4. Cosmopolitans, cosmopolitanism, and human flourishing Christine Sypnowich 5. Global justice, moral development and democracy Chris Bertram 6. A cosmopolitan perspective on the global economic order Thomas Pogge 7. In the national interest Allen Buchanan 8. Cosmopolitan respect and patriotic concern Richard Miller 9. Persons' interests, states' duties, and global governance Darrel Moellendorf 10. The demand of justice and national allegiances Kok-Chor Tan 11. Cosmopolitanism and the compatriot priority principle Jocelyn Couture and Kai Nielsen 12. Beyond the social contract: capabilities and global justice Martha Nussbaum 13. Tolerating injustice Jon Mandle 14. Cosmopolitan hope Catriona McKinnon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 2008, there were only 429 Batwa students throughout the country who were attending high school, out of a total of 289,000 students. In 2006, just seven Batwa students were enrolled in university. Batwa women and girls in Burundi have reported being sexually harassed at school by male teachers or students or on the way home from school, resulting in unwanted pregnancies, poor academic performance and increased school dropout rates (Warrilow, 2008, p. 14).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Commission meets annually to review member activities over the past year and for the next year, to review compliance and conservation measures and to review existing regulatory measures. Important decisions are made by consensus in CCAMLR and become legally binding in international law on members after 180 days should no objections be lodged. Working groups are also convened for important issues, for example the ad hoc Working Group on the Incidental Mortality Arising from Longline fishing (WG-IMAF).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This paper explores corruption in global fisheries. While reducing corruption is critical for the effective management of the fisheries sector and the fulfilment of the UN’s sustainable development goals (SDGs, and SDGs14 and 16 in particular), to do so, it is necessary to first have a systematic and comprehensive understanding of what corruption is and how it is manifested in the sector. There is literature on illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing, but not much on corruption. The paper proposes an analytical framework and applies it with six revelatory cases to improve the conceptual clarity of corruption in fisheries. Specific corruption problems found in licensing, negotiating access agreements, lax enforcement, extortion, political corruption, money laundering and tax manipulation, human trafficking etc. can therefore be better identified through this analysis, which lays a base for systematic responses to tackling corruption in fisheries and accordingly furthering the sustainable development of the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The same effects may arise from ALMP-driven improvements in skills and job matching - to the extent that they benefit disproportionately marginal labour market groups. Ideally, the higher labour supply elasticity of women should be dealt with by taxing them at a lower rate than men. Since this is not feasible in practice, policies to improve the availability of formal care for children and the elderly can serve as a second best solution. Such policies should help to reduce gender differences in working hours and pay, and at the same time improve long-run living standards through higher participation rates. This should reduce inequality between men and women with a positive effect on GDP per capita through better allocation of resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Peace psychology in North America has been shaped by geohistorical forces emerging during the Cold War, a period when the United States and Soviet Union were engaged in an arms race and competed for global hegemony. But the roots of peace psychology are much deeper. This article will use a historical lens and identify the contributions of North American psychologists to peace psychology. More details can be found in Christie, Wagner, and Winter (2001).      Keywords:    William James,  “the moral equivalent of war”,  peace and conflict: journal of peace psychology,  morale,  clinical psychologists,  human factors psychologists,  social psychologists,  psychologists' manifesto: human nature and the peace,  seville statement on violence,  authoritarian personality,  systematic desensitization,  deterrence,  diabolical enemy image,  security dilemma,  mutually assured destruction,  contact hypothesis,  nonviolent disposition,  civil rights,  women's movement,  groupthink,  effort justification,  limited nuclear war,  evil empire,  ethnopolitical conflict,  cycle of violence,  terrorism,  principled negotiation,  unofficial diplomacy,  direct violence,  structural violence
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)