albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The spread of violent extremism, 9/11, the rise of ISIL and movement of 'foreign terrorist fighters' are dramatically expanding the powers of the UN Security Council to govern risky cross-border flows and threats by non-state actors. New security measures and data infrastructures are being built that threaten to erode human rights and transform the world order in far-reaching ways. The Law of the List is an interdisciplinary study of global security law in motion. It follows the ISIL and Al-Qaida sanctions list, created by the UN Security Council to counter global terrorism, to different sites around the world mapping its effects as an assemblage. Drawing on interviews with Council officials, diplomats, security experts, judges, secret diplomatic cables and the author's experiences as a lawyer representing listed people, The Law of the List shows how governing through the list is reconfiguring global security, international law and the powers of international organisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Grammy and Assane (2006) showed that improvement in income distribution was the key channel for poverty reduction. Using data on sixty-six developing countries over the periods 1970-1979, 1980-1989 and 1990-1998, they noted that growth accompanied by improved distribution worked better than either growth or distribution alone, and that provision of civil liberties and political rights enabled people to participate more actively in reducing poverty. Conversely, poverty-reduction efforts have been observed to falter in countries with large inequalities, weak growth or inadequate social protection programmes (Fosu, 2011, Besley and Burgess, 2003, White and Anderson, 2001, Bruno, Ravallion and Squire 1996).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, Kazakova (2015) argues that maslikhats have no real power over the local state administration and perform a ceremonial role. Local executive bodies exercise only those powers and responsibilities that central government confers on them. According to the government, this number makes up 91.7% of akims at all levels who have direct contact with citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The challenge is not only to encourage innovation in general, but to steer the efforts and investments of innovators into fields of endeavor that are particularly critical for sustainable development. The above market and coordination failures are typically exacerbated in these fields because many of the goods and benefits to be generated by innovation have public good properties and generate positive externalities themselves. This means that the private incentives for engaging in innovation in these fields are attenuated even more than when innovation is applied to goods and services without sustainability attributes94. Moreover, because some of the benefits of innovations in fields critical for sustainable development will accrue to society at large rather than to the buyers of the respective products and services, innovations in these fields are also likely to be taken up more slowly by customers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Litigation on the patentability of isolated genes and cells in the Myriad, WARF and Brustle cases has resulted in landmark rulings from the highest courts in the US and Europe. From the patients’ and researchers’ perspective, the concerns center primarily on the adverse impact of the patents on access to science and its benefits, a universal and fundamental human right enshrined in Article 17 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and Article 15 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) respectively. The first chapter of the book sets out the context and challenges posed by the modern patent system to the right of everyone to access the benefits of science in international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Within a single country, different groups of women may occupy different positions of power within the same fish value chain, depending on how wealthy they are or on their religion and ethnicity. In general, women are concentrated in the lower levels offish value chains (De Silva, 2011). Their unpaid labour sustains fishing households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Reflecting these trends, the flow of ODA to agriculture in Africa (excluding North Africa) declined from a peak of approximately 25 per cent in the early 1980s to approximately 6 per cent by 2007. Meanwhile, there has been a noticeable drop in agricultural export subsidies. The most recent effects were seen in the Horn of Africa, in particular in Ethiopia and Somalia, and most countries in Southern Africa, but more so in Zimbabwe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For example, values and goals of such an engagement programme could be increasing social learning, citizen empowerment for decision-making, transparency or trust in government. The programme could also utilise information technologies and emerging social media tools to activate greater involvement in water pricing policy formulation and to create greater information exchange between citizens and the government. However, because some areas may occasionally suffer from scarcity issues and conflicts of use, a charge on water abstraction has been implemented in order to make users internalise opportunity costs of using water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Furthermore, in Kazakhstan, classes are orderly, without loss of time for student behaviour or teacher absenteeism. The official instructional time is provided with few disruptions and complemented with widespread after-school activities. However, there are some concerns about the management of instructional time: multi-shift teaching, which is prevalent in Kazakhstan, might reduce the official instructional time, the school calendar is not adjusted to local conditions and needs, and instructional time for students in primary grades may be inadequate for students who come from disadvantaged backgrounds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Urban density, on the other hand, constitutes only 5 points in the overall scheme. Emphasis, therefore, is disproportionately put on infrastructure development and population growth. As a result, local infrastructure development is prioritised above adherence to the AOMP and other urban strategies which place stronger focus on sustainability. In fact, some cities in Viet Nam have expanded their boundaries to rezone villages outside of the city to “boost” population growth (Chapter 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Although the plan does mention the importance of energy savings and energy management programmes, most of its financing programmes target the renewable sector. It remains to be seen whether these are indeed implemented. They are only meant to stand as an intermediary vehicle until agreement is reached on the nature of the financial architecture. The EE investment gap is still tremendous.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In most cases, families migrate as units either as skilled migrants on the basis of one of the spouses’ qualifications or, more usually, as family migrants. There are, however, flows of specific occupational categories, which are dominated by one sex or the other. For instance, Tongan women have migrated as nurses whereas Tongan men have moved overseas as soldiers and employees of private security companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While pension schemes implemented in practice may divert from these‘ideal typical’models (and other types may also exist) the classification is useful to compare policy alternatives. Pension systems typically have two main objectives: (1) poverty prevention and redistribution and (2) consumption smoothing (Barr and Diamond 2009). Not all pension benefits are intended to achieve - or capable of achieving - both.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Improving public sector efficiency can help to meet two conflicting objectives: ensuring fiscal consolidation and maintaining room for growth-friendly spending. However, the public sector lags on the application of e-government and e-procurement, insufficiently prioritizes spending, and suffers from budget fragmentation, lack of coordination between ministries and perceived corruption. The regulatory framework could also be more business friendly and the judicial system more efficient. Boosting public sector efficiency requires broad based reforms. Sequencing will be important for the effectiveness of this comprehensive reform effort, and therefore the government should put an initial emphasis on human resource management and the improvement of administrative capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Rather the overall picture indicates a shortage of female teachers, and the need to expand recruitment of female teachers, so as to facilitate the attainment of EFA and MDG goals. It is hoped that increasing the number of female teachers will"create a stimulating, participatory learning environment" (meeting at Nagarkot, Nepal in August 1997 cited in UNESCO, 2000). Section 1 provides a statistical overview of the situation in India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Objectives of this plan are to provide for environmentally sound storage and destruction of the POP wastes that are presently stocked in the country, as well as detection, survey and cleaning of POP-contaminated areas, development of the national system of environmental and human health monitoring in relation to the impact of POPs, and improvement of control over accidental release of POPs in the process of production. The plan also targets improvement of the legislation, registration of, research and public awareness on POPs management. The document refers to principles of safe management of radioactive waste defined by procedures of the International Atomic Energy Agency and specified in the design documentation of the NPP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
What is “green” about this growth is how it is stimulated: through urban activities (including policies and programmes) that reduce either: 1) negative environmental externalities, such as air pollution and C02 emissions, or 2) the consumption of natural resources and environmental services, including w'ater, energy and undeveloped land. These effects are in part the result of more readily identifiable interactions at the urban level among economic efficiency and environmental objectives. By focusing on growth, this definition recognises that polices to reduce environmental impact can only be sustained over the long term if they generate wrealth (OECD, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They do not have enough knowledge of municipal acts and rules and regulations, and they lack prior experience of dealing with urban development issues. They get little support from their senior male or female colleagues and municipal officials do not co-operate with them. Women do not have the necessary resources to contest elections and they face discrimination in party-level decision-making, which leaves them feeling insecure about political corruption and the use of 'money power'. Moreover, they lack confidence in public speaking, and family responsibilities prevent them from participating effectively (State of Women in Urban Local Government India).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Note: The boundaries and names shown on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Sampling is carried out manually following a shorter version of the programme at most stations: samples are taken three times a day, contrary to the four times required by current monitoring regulations. Owing to the low frequency of measurements and the absence of automated monitors, accidental or intentional short-time emissions into the air by polluters are not registered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The article analyzes the treatment given to migration of Haitians by the Brazilian media in the first four years of significant presence of the Haitian diaspora in Brazil (2011- 2014). Seeks to understand how are established, in the media, sense of disputes over otherness represented by the presence of these new immigrants, and the impact of media visibility of Haitian immigrants in the public debate on migration policies and processes of citizenship of international migration in Brazil. Using the concept of framing, it was analyzed a corpus of 162 media materials, events and themes mapped in media production about Haitian immigration. It was found the change of framing in the media coverage of this immigration – initially described as “escape” of Haiti and later as “invasion” to Brazil - and the emergence of a debate that rise questions on Brazilian immigration policy and Haitian citizenship processes in Brazil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It stipulates: /) developing an overarching framework of qualifications for the European Higher Education Area, notably comparable degrees organised in a three-cycle structure and a common definition of learning outcomes in this three-cycle structure, ii) a common quality assurance system, iii) the recognition of foreign degrees and other higher education qualifications. Graduate studies lead to a Specializacija (one to two years after earning an undergraduate degree in the Pre-Bologna system and does not exist in the new system), Magisterij (equivalent to the Master of Science degree in the pre-Bologna system and earned after one to two years in the new system) and Doktorat degrees (Doctor of Science). There are three main ways for continuing education and training. First, for adults who failed to or did not complete their upper secondary education, it is possible to continue vocational and Matura preparation courses, allowing them to obtain upper secondary school certificates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The non-response rate may also be higher for some income components, such as the income from self-employment and capital income (Verma and Betti, 2010). In practice, country rankings for the inequality of capital income vary considerably when moving from one household survey to another, e.g. from the LIS to the OECD database. The data typically omit those living in institutions, such as old people’s homes, military camps and prisons. They also omit the homeless.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
I of the Report on the World Social Situation 2016 (United Nations, forthcoming) for an extensive discussion on the concept of social inclusion/exclusion. If effective actions for climate resilience are not put in place, climate hazards are likely to exacerbate inequalities, leading to increasing poverty, marginalization and social exclusion. Addressing the root causes of vulnerability requires a continuum of policy interventions leading to the structural transformations that strengthen people’s opportunities and agency. Disaster risk reduction and disaster management are obviously playing an important role in strengthening the preparedness and early warning capacities needed to confront climate hazards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
On the other hand: we have the oldest monitoring system in the world when it comes to measurement of stand volumes, growth and biomass production in our forests, the Norwegian National Forest Inventory, established in 1919. Since then the whole country has been assessed nine times (Statistikk fra Landsskogstakseringen 2013). In addition the bio-diversity and biotopes in forests have been monitored systematically since 2000, based on a set of manuals, specific methodologies and indicators. The aim is to present knowledge on biological conditions for use in the development of local forestry plans (Miljpregistrering i skog 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It is particularly important to focus on the participation of youth in the labour market (UNDP, 2006, ILO, 2009, USAID, 2005). Good Practice Note 5 highlights strategies and good practice to increase employment opportunities across low income-countries. Many of these approaches are equally valid in fragile situations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Promoting outreach activities to re-engage inactive youth. The second stage is primarily concerned with bringing low-skilled youth into vocational education. The tliird one focuses on better identifying and monitoring inactive youth, and organising outreach activities that help raising their motivation to return to studies or to the labour market. In order to access support through the Youth Guarantee, participants need to register with the SEA or apply to a VET school for participation in a second chance program.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Cars engaged in parking can hinder sight distance of other drivers, causing accidents particularly around junctions and crossings in residential areas. However, traffic signal times are not revised properly according to changes in traffic conditions. In general, the initial design of traffic signal timing is not reviewed for long times.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The objectives of public and private research differ widely. Public research generally has the objective of expanding the knowledge base and obtaining recognition for this, and does not necessarily result in upgrading of the technological capabilities of industrial sectors. Conversely, private research is motivated primarily by the practical application of the knowledge that it develops.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The existence of knowledge spillovers is well documented and demonstrated (Jaffe, 1986, Griliches, 1979). As a result, specific impacts may result partly from international research rather than from national investments. Different research investments may take more or less time to have an impact on society. Particularly in the case of basic research, it may sometimes take longer for the research to generate its full impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Governments worldwide are faced with the challenge of transformation and the need to reinvent government systems in order to deliver efficient and cost effective services, information and knowledge through information and communication technologies. E-government is the use of information and communication technology (ICT) to promote more efficient and cost-effective government, more convenient government services, greater public access to information, and more government accountability to citizens. One of the benefits of using e-government is the reduce of corruption. Corruption is commonly considered to be one of the most significant impediments to economic development so, for a less corruption society transparent - governance is highly desirable. E-government can ensure more transparency and easy access to information. More transparency means less corruption.  This paper outline the role of e-government  as an anti corruption tool in Albania.  DOI:  10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n8p712
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This uncertainty is a particularly vexed issue in education because of the range of people who have a stake in education (including students, parents, teachers, employers and trade unions). Uncertainty about costs is problematic, because education infrastructure is large and involves multiple levels of government, each often trying to minimise or shift the costs of reform. Assessing the relative costs and benefits of reform in education is also difficult, because of the large number of intervening factors that can influence the nature, size and distribution of any improvements resulting from reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Most Africans live in rural areas and so do most of Africa’s young and most of the unemployed. However, among those who live in urban areas unemployment rates are higher than among the rural young. In some countries, the urban youth unemployment rate was estimated to be more than six times higher than the rate in rural areas (AfDB 2012, Figure 6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This article frames and defines the role of public administration theory in disaster planning and response. It is argued that there is little if any systematic theorizing in disaster planning and response beyond mainstream heuristics and possibly ad hoc classification schemes. By offering a basic taxonomy of existing disaster management theory literature, this article points toward opportunities for future theoretical development. Specifically, this taxonomy uses a concern for tools and a concern for process to categorize decision, administrative, economic, and social theories related to disaster and crisis management. This article highlights the Love Canal case as an example of how alternative approaches to theorizing disaster can help explain seemingly irrational phenomena.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
With a point of departure in a Bourdieusian framework, the chapter studies dynamics between participatory policymaking and the citizenry’s political agency in a gentrifying neighborhood in Amsterdam East. The analysis shows that gentrifiers, through their community building efforts and resourcefulness, are capable of creating political opportunities for the citizenry to become co-producers in the field of local policy implementation, this enabled social mobility and a creation of a civic democratic culture. At the same time, this alternative field of participation is not immune to reproducing effects related to gentrification and voluntarism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This means that children who are below the relative poverty line in France or Germany may be significantly better off in actual living standards than children who are living at the median income level in Poland or Portugal.v Or to take another example, a child living at the relative poverty line in the Netherlands lias double the income of a child living at the median income level in a country like Hungary (Figure 3). An income of 830,000 in country A, where such services are free or heavily subsidized, may imply a very different standard of living from the same income in country B where such items must be paid for at market rates. But when using this yardstick to make comparisons between countries, it is probably better to restrict the comparison to those generally wealthier countries where living on incomes below 50% of median implies a similar level of risk of social exclusion. Figure 4, for example, restricts the comparison of relative child poverty rates to the 20 OECD countries with annual per capita incomes of more than $31,000. Within individual economically advanced countries, direct measures of child deprivation are sometimes available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Focusing on the ability of financial markets to discipline state economic performance, EU fiscal federalism specifies three conditions that need to be met for it to work effectively: clear market signals, no bailout, and corrective action driven by central rules and implemented by domestic populations. While some conditions have obviously not been met in the European response to the Greek sovereign debt crisis (2009–2012), evidence suggests the explanatory power of fiscal federalism is surprisingly robust. The study raises concerns with risk-sharing in EU economic governance and has implications for theories of EU institution-building.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Tax breaks only represent 1.5% and in-kind benefits 23.9% of total spending on family benefits. Dependent children are all children aged 18 years or younger, or between 19 and 24 as long as their income does not exceeding EUR 10 000 per year. Allowances are decomposed in a basic allowance of EUR 109.70 per child and month, an age supplement and a sibling supplement (table below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The irrigated area decreased to 5,000 ha in 1998, and increased to 37,000 ha (about 10 per cent of the area under crops) in 2010. Currently, most crops are cultivated without irrigation, and crop yield largely depends on w eather conditions. In the Gobi region, the average wind speed is 3-4 metres per second or even stronger, which can cause significant soil moisture loss and erosion. It is estimated that, over the past 30 years, an average of 35-50 tons of soil have been lost per hectare of cultivated land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)