albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The framework seeks to integrate farmers with researchers, scientists, cooperatives and extension services in order to generate the kinds of knowledge that was crucial for their improved performance. This framework, promoted by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, is based on the recognition that knowledge of relevance to agricultural development has several sources and linkages. These factors have changed the face of agricultural development and rendered it intricately linked to global economic trade and knowledge capabilities of countries, but also focused the associated emphasis on the inability of economic growth to address the food security needs of the poor clearer than ever before.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Hazardous waste not stored in situ is disposed of with household and similar waste. Large international private chemical and pharmaceutical groups manage the problem of their hazardous waste internally. Companies such as ECOVAL and ECO-CIM (subsidiaries of the cement manufacturing groups Holcim and Ciment du Maroc-Lafarge-Asment Tdmara) have invested in waste treatment units for recycling and final treatment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It is also compounded by low short run supply responses to price changes (i.e. low supply elasticity), when production decisions have already been taken. Demand responses for food are often also typically low given that food itself is an essential product. Under these basic circumstances, prices often react strongly under seemingly small shocks to demand and supply. The low elasticity of supply can be compensated partly by stock holding, which enables continued supply to meet demand. Hence, stocks play a critical role, unless they are reduced to low levels which limit their cushioning effect. Low levels are associated with periods of higher price volatility [see Deaton and Laroque (1992), Balcombe (2008), and Chavas and Kim (2006)].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The emergence of motion pictures and the phenomenon of world migrations are profoundly interrelated: their threads span from social and economic history to racial politics and film aesthetics. The historical appearance of moving pictures in the West coincided, in fact, with an increasing network of commercial transactions and movement of goods and peoples that connected industrially developed countries with each other and with underdeveloped ones. Over the past half-century, migration patterns have followed ever more complicated geographical routes. As such they have more broadly and radically affected contemporary media geography and film poetics even though migrations per se have not had a comparably transformative impact on all national film cultures. Still, the world's film cultures, when read through the lens of migration, reveal overlooked historical junctures and inform fruitful revisionist takes, particularly with regard to national cinemas’ past and future significance.      Keywords:    capitalism,  cultural diversity,  cross-cultural,  development
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the proposition "Hallbart skydd av naturomraden" from 2008 it is further stated that protected areas should be managed so they are accessible and a resource for regional development, tourism and public health (Prop. In the proposition "En fornyad folkhalsopolitik" from 2007 it is emphasized that physical activity is important to safeguard a positive development of public health (Prop. The program is organized around Sweden's environmental objectives, and will accordingly also be of relevance to social values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Figure V.3 shows that South America is a net exporter of materials —mainly biomass, minerals and fossil fuels— and that the deficit in its physical trade (inflow of materials through imports minus outflow through exports) has increased in the new millennium. Failure to harness the technological and productive externalities associated with the exploitation of the region's natural resources has resulted in concentration of the associated benefits in just a few areas and in a poorly diversified production fabric (Garcia Alonso, 2017). These are rooted in structural factors, such as high levels of poverty, inequality, the absence of the State in vast areas, historical discrimination against indigenous peoples and other social groups, the lack of core services and resistance to changes in the status quo (Ramos.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This chapter discusses the potential bias of existing estimates of income inequality in China and considers how inequality would be affected by the recent changes in labour market and social policies. Taking advantage of national data, the authors calculate biased and unbiased inequality indices respectively and find that ignoring the data on migrant workers would lead to overestimating inequality. In addition, poverty trends and China’s social assistance system are also discussed. In addition to describing institutional changes in the Chinese labour market, the chapter also tests the impact of these changes on inequality, and concludes that recent labour market changes are promoting income equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, the low comparability of existing data makes it complicated to produce the international benchmarks which are essential to identifying achievable targets and understanding the effects of policy reforms. More investment is needed in harmonising data on enterprise owners and their businesses, using as much existing data as possible to minimise the burden on statistical offices and curtail associated costs. Programmes are also needed to boost self-esteem and growth expectations among potential and established women entrepreneurs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Their excellence is further underlined by Ihe fact that Singapore was one of Ihe top-performing countries in the 2009 PISA survey (Table 5.1 and Figure 5.1), the first PISA survey in which it participated. Singapore was rated as one of the best performing education systems in a 2007 McKinsey study of teachers (Barber and Mourshed, 2007), and was rated first in the 2007 IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook (IMD, 2007) for having an education system that best meets the needs of a competitive economy. At the higher education level, the National University of Singapore was ranked 34th in the world and 4lh in Asia in the Times Higher Education Supplement Rankings of World Universities in 2010 (Times Higher Education Supplement, 2010). How has this little red dot on the map, as Singaporeans frequently refer to their country, a nation that is not even 50 years old, evolved from a backwater undeveloped economy into a world economic and educational leader in such a short period of time?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This means that the explanatory values and the effect itself are correlated or, in other words, that cross-country differences are a key factor in accounting for the behaviour of the dependent variable. The within estimators are then obtained, with variables in differences and without the inclusion of moment instruments for the independent variables. These variables are instrumentalized by differences and level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter surveys the career and scholarship of James S. Coleman. It tracks scholarly usage of his work, with attention to references after 1995 and the subject areas in which its use is concentrated. At base a scholar of problems in social organization, Coleman made influential contributions that range across the sociology of education, policy research, mathematical sociology, network/structural analysis, and sociological theory. Works from several phases of Coleman's career are cited widely by scholars in sociology, education, economics, business/management, and other social science fields, during the past decade his conceptual work on social capital has been most influential. Coleman's widely debated Foundations of Social Theory is receiving increasing attention and has helped to establish a stable if limited niche for rational choice analysis within sociology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A relapse or recurrence is another potential outcome, in which case the treatment has to be re-established or modified. Sequelae, the negative consequences of a condition, can persist. Both an acute and a chronic condition may deteriorate, causing disability of some degree of severity, from mild to complete. A decline across several domains of functioning could leave the individual unable to handle their own care, and when rehabilitation is not feasible, a long-term care (HC.3) option is pursued. This aims to maintain the best quality of life and to reduce suffering and limit deterioration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This highlights the importance of clearly defined objectives and correct indicators in evaluating the performance of such agencies. A cross-country analysis of foreign direct investment (FDI) from the United States to 124 destination countries shows that each additional dollar spent on investment promotion increases FDI inflows by $189.111 Furthermore, the sectors prioritized for investment promotion experience 68% more employment than those which are not prioritized. The dataset provides scores in four areas of organizational performance: leadership and direction, resources and processes, product and service delivery, and measurement and results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
What explains the timing of the liberalization of citizenship laws? Although scholars have offered a number of competing explanations for differences among citizenship regimes, few have examined the timing of liberalization and retraction of rights for non-citizens. To investigate the timing of both liberalization and reversal, this study examines the historical expansion of voting rights for non-citizen residents (VRA). Given both the symbolic and substantive consequences of VRA, democracies may proceed slowly when liberalizing political rights and may retract them quickly. Two bodies of scholarship offer competing explanations. The “national resilience” thesis suggests that differences in cultural definitions of citizenry, political institutions, and social policies produce national citizenship regimes that evolve slowly. By contrast, the “policy constraints” thesis asserts that domestic institutions enact human rights norms that expedite convergence around a common set of political rights. This study t...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Another risk is that there is a systematic tendency for both public and private sector project appraisers to be overly optimistic (e.g. the decision for the wider roll-out of a programme is based on the findings of a well-resourced pilot, which cannot be mirrored on a larger scale due to budgetary constraints or unanticipated negative side-effects). This contrasts with economic theory for a labour market in equilibrium, in which the social value of additional work at the margin is zero, because additional output of value to other members of society is offset by the loss of leisure of value to the worker. Conducting a full cost-benefit analysis (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Plant species that have adapted to conditions within the glacial zone face specific threats as the glaciers retreat. The rate of their propagation and vertical migration cannot exceed a mere several metres a year and they simply fail to follow the process of glacial reheat, thus losing their habitats. Ultimately, they will be replaced by plant species more adapted to subalpine and alpine regions, which have a higher rate of propagation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Many of the challenges faced by local small and medium enterprises are the result of market failures and information asymmetries. These are all domains in which effective ICT applications can make a significant difference (UNCTAD, 2011). Moreover, ICT provides new and more automated means to monitor and assess progresses towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and enable evidence-base decision making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Although several countries in the region have pursued bio-diesel production from palm oil at the height of oil prices, concerns have been raised regarding the conversion of additional forests into palm oil plantations. For example, Malaysia had in the past converted forests into palm oil plantations for producing bio-fuels, but is now making more efforts to balance land utilization and taking a more precautionary measure to protect its forests. Clearly, the benefits from bio-fuels have to be weighed against the potential costs of rising food prices, thougji the balance could be altered along with technological advances in bio-fuel and crop production. Over the next 10 to 15 years, bio-fuels could provide as much as 25 per cent of the world’s energy needs (FAO 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Right holders may voluntarily provide licenses to generic manufacturers. Voluntary licenses are producing promising results in the area of HIV, but do not yet address increasing needs across a broader range of health technologies. Full incorporation and use of TRIPS flexibilities will thus continue to be important to encourage pharmaceutical companies to license their products in order to increase access while not discouraging innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Furthermore, taxation of residential, rental and social rental housing is excluded from this analysis because of limitations in the reported data.9 Overall, more work is needed to improve coverage and validate the quality of the data. The next sections provide more information on these policy instruments, on their coherence with social policy objectives and on the amount of resources invested in them. Owner-occupied housing is the dominant tenure across OECD countries (see Figure 1) and it received public support in all of the countries surveyed in OECD QuASH. The collected data show that multiple policy instruments are typically used to this end and generally include both demand-side and supply-side subsidies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Exploitation and trafficking of children is also emerging around mining, forestry projects and ports. In 2013 programmes to increase women’s literacy, knowledge of rights and legal literacy are being implemented in parts of the region as one avenue to lower women’s victimisation, but political commitment to anything more than rhetoric has yet to be demonstrated. Some mining and forestry development deals have created social insecurity due to the loss of access to natural resources and contamination of water and land (Human Rights Watch 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These issues are being addressed by the Government, which is improving access to financial services for smaller enterprises and rural households and strengthening social safety nets, but it will take time for the reforms to have an impact on household and corporate behaviour. In Japan, productivity gains are difficult to achieve due to ageing and declining population size. In the Republic of Korea, relatively low productivity in non-manufacturing sectors is a result of the favourable treatment given to the export-oriented manufacturing sector, and this situation has yet to be adequately resolved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Certain elements of it might not be feasible in the near term but could be developed with a targeted effort. For example, while not a priority in the near-term it is important to recognise the growing importance of South-South financial flows to support climate action and to anticipate adding reporting on this in future. Of course such a system must also be built up slowly, allowing reporting countries to build capacity to provide higher quality and more complete information over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Disposable income declined also which suggests that transfers were not sufficient to compensate for the loss of market income. Figure 19 panel B also suggests that homeowners were disproportionately affected by the loss of income, all other things being equal. By contrast, the income before and after tax and transfers both increased when fathers are employed, suggesting that the quality of their jobs has improved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Also, the facilitated export possibilities within the trade agreement do not alter the fact that each importing country needs to issue a compulsory license for the importation of drugs protected by a national patent. Box 6 provides an example of an LDC-dominated regional trade agreement and how it could use the new system. The Netherlands, Kluwer Law International, 2008 [hereinafter Correa/Yusuf], p. 421 ff. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Equally, existing national climate change strategies may not necessarily be integrated with development planning. Whether a LEDS is primarily a development strategy with a strong climate component, or vice versa, is likely to depend on the country’s national circumstances and priorities. Countries should consider carefully how these planning tools fit together and build upon each other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This requires that procuring authorities, public-private partnerships units, the central budget authority, the supreme audit institution and sector regulators are entrusted with clear mandates and sufficient resources to ensure a prudent procurement process and clear lines of accountability. Ensure that all significant regulation affecting the operation of public-private partnerships is clear, transparent and enforced. Red tape should be minimised and new and existing regulations should be carefully evaluated. All investment projects should be prioritised at senior political level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, line ministries have greater influence in setting NTBs. They are generally more protectionist and influenced by interest groups. Hence trade policy is a continuous battleground, and a change of key ministerial personalities can easily result in a more protectionist trade policy regime. This is the crux of Indonesia’s trade policy challenge: no minister or agency has control over the full array of trade policy instruments, and is able to adopt an economy-wide public interest viewpoint.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Ideally, this is an available resource during the policy development stage, to help formulate objectives and goals, but joint risk assessments and ongoing information sharing are key elements of integrated strategies. These include strong support for the assessment of flood and climate risk through the Adaptation Reporting Powers under the Climate Change Act, which encouraged key infrastructure institutions to consider the impacts of hazards such as flood and climate change on their business and the provision of key services. It does so through the application of scientific methods and consultative processes involving communities in CCA and DRR.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It seems clear that not all of those countries that are projected to meet the statistical criteria for graduation by 2021 will have achieved this. While they may graduate by 2024, they may thus expect to remain subject, to some degree, to some of the structural weaknesses and vulnerabilities characteristic of LDCs even after graduation. This is the theme of the present chapter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The balance between extending credit solutions to farmers otherwise excluded from commercial sources of finance and ensuring the sustainability of alternative funding programmes through stronger creditworthiness controls is not easy to achieve. It underscores the interest of targeting the SME sector, which is a major creator of employment opportunities in poor countries. The active involvement of the private sector was particularly relevant in this case, providing ownership and local buy-in consistent with the whole approach of Aid for Trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Remittances are often countercyclical, rising during economic downturns and natural disasters as migrants increase their transfer of funds in order to provide for their families' emergency needs. However, this was not necessarily the case in recent years as major oil-producing host countries suffered large terms-of-trade losses. Latest available data suggest that, while a recovery is under way in North and Central Asia in line with the rebound of the economy in the Russian Federation, this trend is not apparent in South Asian economies, which rely on remittances from the Gulf Cooperation Council region (see figure 1.20).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
They have vastly increased digital interconnectedness, digital data storage and analytics capabilities at declining cost. Artificial intelligence (Al) in particular, which allows machines and computers to learn to solve problems on their own, could have transformative effects across many sectors of the economy, making it essential that innovations are in the public interest and guided by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Addis Agenda. The rapid pace of technological change puts great adaptive pressure on economies and societies, while our understanding of their socioeconomic implications tends to develop more slowly than technology itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Similarly, Turkey has achieved the highest average reduction of 6.9% per year in infant mortality between 1970 and 2011, followed in the OECD by Korea (6.4% per year) and Portugal (6.8% per year). Financial protection has also greatly improved. Public health spending now accounts for 73% of total health expenditure, slightly above the OECD average of 72%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While developed countries have substantial resources available to spend on addressing water issues, developing countries often have far fewer resources, and as a result, water stress can be a much greater problem. In Africa, for example, despite abundant water resources at the continental scale, only 4% of the total available freshwater supply is currently accessed for human use (UN, 2007), thereby creating water stress problems in many African countries. Consequently, worldwide assessments of water resources can be misleading and measures of water stress need to be undertaken at a regional scale which accounts for both demand and supply of water, as well as the level of economic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Deforestation is responsible for up to one fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions. Markets for carbon sequestration have facilitated payments for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) on a voluntary basis, and are growing. The expansion of markets for carbon sequestering ecosystem services could have very significant local impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This suggests that negative personal income shocks are likely to result in lower private health insurance coverage. For instance, in the United States most uninsured people attribute their lack of health coverage to the high cost of premiums (OECD, 2011). Holahan and Chen (2011) report that between 2007 and 2010 the number of US adults without health care coverage increased markedly because of rising poverty rates in addition to a drop in employer-sponsored plans.14 The rise in adults without health coverage was concentrated among low-income people as they could no longer afford to buy private health insurance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)