albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For instance, just prior to the onset of the crisis, Sweden, United Kingdom, Hungary and Switzerland all implemented structural reforms that have resulted in a downward trend in their recipiency rates. The share of lost income that was compensated by the tax/transfer system was largest at the bottom of the income scale and smallest between the middle and top of the income scale: ranging from an 89% off-set for the first quintile to about 60% for households in the third, fourth and fifth quintiles. Despite the strong cushioning role played by the fiscal system, average real disposable incomes fell significantly for households in all five quintiles (see the numbers in parenthesis below each quintile in Figure 1.22).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Critical race scholars have called into question the objective neutrality upon which much positivist social science rests, arguing that it discursively masks how whiteness underpins the normative purview of research design and findings. As the scholarly securing of whiteness takes shape through explicit and discursive mechanisms, this article examines how it is manifest in criminological research through an intertextual analysis of contemporary peer-reviewed scholarship. Examining 558 articles in five recognized journals, this paper documents how blind spots towards race and racial stratification surface in criminological research, arguing that most of the articles analyzed do not simply ignore White privilege, they actively uphold it. Findings suggest that they do so through two means: first by whitewashing race, that is, disregarding how race and racism can differentially affect acts and trends of crime and deviance, and secondly, by narrowly representing race as merely explanatory variable without quer...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It reduces environmental degradation caused by non-renewable energy sources, contributes to the mitigation of climate change and reduces the depletion of natural resources. Improving energy efficiency has beneficial effects on energy security and reduces pressures from economic activities on the environment. The generation of hazardous wastes has a direct impact on health and the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Abstract International law development theories fail to determine the legal nature and effect of decisions made by treaty bodies. An example that demonstrates this is the ongoing evolution of a mechanism to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). REDD+ was incorporated into the UNFCCC negotiating agenda on further implementation by the Bali Action Plan in 2007. Although using classical interpretation of the making of international law there is no REDD+ legal agreement, REDD+ has permeated many areas of law in a number of ways, from the international to the local level. This article examines the cumulative effect that REDD+ is having on related forest law and policy making, as well as indigenous peoples and human rights. It concludes with consideration of the potential linking role that REDD+ safeguards could have, and the problems with this approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The 3Cs for Responsible Banking in Asia and the Pacific: Corporate Governance, Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Sustainability. Corporate Agenda of Sustainable Development: Toward Responsible Business 2.0. Toward Socially Responsible Business in Asia and the Pacific: A Review and Countiy Studies, an unpublished working paper at the Trade, Investment and Innovation Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Korea has become the world E-government leader, employing ICTs to improve the openness, transparency, and accountability of government operations, yielding $1 billion in annual savings. E-government legislation wouldn't been possible without Korea's prior democratization, which altered incentives facing politicians, making it riskier and costly to abuse public office for private gain, while rewarding leaders for introducing reforms to reign in bureaucratic corruption and effectively deliver public goods to constituents. This study demonstrates the constraining effect of democracy on corruption through objective, comparative statics analysis of industrial policy corruption and through examination of perception polls and experience surveys of corruption before and after the democratic transition. Application of process tracing techniques reveals that E-government was introduced as part of a broader democratically-motivated drive within Korea to reduce corruption and improve government policy performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This deprives the LGUs of the needed funds that could have been invested on other social interventions or infrastructural developments. In Cebu City for instance, according to the city ordinance 1361 which is currently under review, garbage fees are paid quarterly and fixed for majority of businesses while some business and all residential houses are charged based on floor area. Such a measure can provide the financial resources needed for service improvement and shift the financial burden away from municipalities. Metro Cebu would need to reform its waste pricing mechanism to be better resourced to improve and expand upon its waste collection service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Norwegian state also operates two upper-secondary Sami schools with a special focus on Sami education, including integrated or specialized traditional knowledge programs (arts/craft/reindeer herding/music), and there are multiple county upper-secondary schools throughout the country delivering Sami language programs. While boys outperform girls on a few individual subjects, overall girls are doing better in terms of formal schooling. This holds true across the Circumpolar North.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The target has in fact been exceeded, and energy efficiency has improved by 28% vis-a-vis 1990. Since 2004 several agreements have been concluded with Valorlux for large-scale use of reusable shopping bags in the retail sector. The target (a use rate of 38% in 2006) has been surpassed, and a new agreement calls for maintaining the rate achieved in 2007 (51%) and extending the project to other sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These include systems that monitor official development assistance, other official flows, South-South flows, and foreign direct investment (Tirpak, Stasio and Tawney, 2012, Tirpak, Brown and Ronquillo-Ballestros, 2014). Second, existing financial monitoring systems can be built upon for more accurate monitoring and tracking of international climate finance specifically. Several countries have in fact begun bringing public sources of climate finance (national and international) into national budgeting and planning systems (Thamrin, 2016, Ministry of Finance, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As noted in Chapters, secondary school enrollment is more closely correlated to Internet use than other educational indicators. It is forecast that gross secondary education enrollment, which refers to the number of students enrolled in secondary education as a percentage of the official school age population in secondary education, will only be two percentage points higher in 2020 than it was in 2016 (Figure 6.1, bottom right left). Average narrowband mobile coverage (i.e., 2G) stood at 88% in 2016 meaning that 12% of the population in LDCs still has no access to the Internet at all. Twenty-nine LDCs have 2G coverage of at least 90%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Climate change adaptation involves major global and societal challenges such as finding adequate and equitable adaptation funding and integrating adaptation and development programs. Current funding is insufficient. Debates between the Global North and South center on how best to allocate the financial burdens associated with adaptation programs. How to "mainstream" adaptation into development programs is another topic for debate, as is the question of whether market-based approaches offer the right tools for both development and adaptation. Sociological insights on topics such as the political economy of development, disaster risk reduction, human migration in the face of environmental change, institutions, social movements, and public participation in environmental governance are applicable to the study of adaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The lack of evidence on the costs and benefits of adaptation actions in Austria makes it generally difficult to justify additional spending in this area, relative to other budget priorities. In an effort to address this issue, Austria plans to conduct an economic assessment of the cost of inaction and arrive at an estimate of adaptation costs by mid-2015. Austria has already made good use of collaboration though EU and Alpine initiatives to leverage additional funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Van Doorslaer, et al. ( Nevertheless, both central and state governments in India have become increasingly remiss about ensuring such minimal expenditure and taking basic precautions.. Health expenditure of central and state governments taken together declined from more than 1 per cent of GDP in the mid-1980s to only 0.9 per cent in the mid-2000s. Central government expenditures on health alone have been completely flat at only 0.1 per cent of GDP, which is one of the lowest ratios in the developing world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The authors recognised that the survey did not necessarily reflect the latest activity in this area due to time lags between policy development and reporting to the UNFCCC. In addition to that, national adaptation planning is likely to have progressed markedly (at least in the most active countries) over the six years since the paper’s publication. These have primarily focused on European countries but some have also included non-European OECD countries - for example, Australia and the United States (Bauer, Feichtinger and Steurer, 2011, Preston, Westaway and Yuen, 2011). The review identified several typical strengths and weaknesses in adaptation strategies - the strengths include targeted research and good planning for implementation, review and funding, while weaknesses included a lack of co-ordination between sectors and unclear allocations of responsibilities between different administrative levels. Preston, Westaway and Yuen (2011) further highlight the institutional and capacity challenges to implementation. Bauer, Feichtinger and Steurer (2011) focus particularly on co-ordination and integration in ten OECD countries, both horizontally across policy sectors and vertically across jurisdictional levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The EPA also provides a number of other opportunities for schools, including in-school presentations and support for field trips, as well as other non-school-based activities. While students’ day-to-day experiences may still be dominated by rote learning in many cases, it is clear that there are a broad range of opportunities which schools and teachers are capitalising on to provide exposure to ideas around sustainability through extra- and co-curricular activities. In addition, there is evidence that student-centred approaches to learning are becoming more common, including research activities, discussions, project-based rich tasks and whole school approaches, thus contributing to an increasingly diverse and authentic learning experience for students. The provision of one-off experiences through field trips and special events are likely to have limited impact on students and may even serve to trivialise important issues, as they are outside their daily routines. Part of the issue is that such ‘add-ons’ tend to be organised from outside of the education systems, initiated by CSOs or multilateral organisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These stations collect real- or near-real-time data on river levels and rainfall and related issues - which is disseminated through a web-based platform. This Regional Flood Information System may now be integrated into the operational flood monitoring and early warning systems in the respective countries. For this purpose, there are two important enabling steps. The first is to fully understand the transboundary risk - from regional to local levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Traditional fisheries and fisheries management in this shifting system need to be similarly adjusted thereby incurring increasing costs for administration, science, monitoring and observation systems as well as rising uncertainty and input costs to the commercial fisheries. These aggregate changes as a result of the changing climate are expected to increase in intensity in the coming decades of the 21st century (Grafton, 2009, FAO, 2008a, 2008b, 2007b). That said, the combined effects of rising prices and climate change are complex, and they affect a very large number of fisheries and aquaculture operations in a mosaic of natural, social and economic contexts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The options for conducting independent macroeconomic policy are particularly constrained in post-conflict countries (see Box 4.7). Effective macroeconomic management requires that certain key institutions are in place, but in post-conflict situations those institutions have often been damaged or destroyed. Macroeconomic strategies for post-conflict countries must therefore rebuild many of the institutions that are often taken for granted elsewhere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Examples include projects or programmes on regional electricity transmission network improvement, flood management, better ecosystems and agriculture management for trans-boundary river basins, regional forest management, and international road transport infrastructure. Selected examples of such projects and programmes are listed below. The committed amounts to some regional projects were allocated to each participating country and recorded in the OECD DAC CRS, and are thus reflected in the figures by country. Others were unallocated and recorded as, for instance, “Europe regional”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The reason for these difficulties is primarily the multitude of other factors that come into play over greater spatial scales and time horizons, a problem particularly acute for funds whose objectives are longer-term, transformational impacts. For example, some funds’ objectives are focussed on bringing down the costs of low-carbon technologies, demonstrating their technological or financial viability, or introducing them into new markets (e.g. CIF, 2012a). These programmes or funds focus on transforming the economics of low-carbon technologies at different scales, with a view towards transformational shifts in investment patterns from carbon-intensive production and consumption to low-carbon, climate-resilient investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Part 1: Framework 1. Globalization and the Citizenship Gap Alison Brysk and Gershon Shafir 2. Citizenship and Human Rights In An Era of Globalization Gershon Shafir Part 2: Producing Citizenship 3. Constituting Political Community Ronnie Lipschutz 4. Latitudes of Citizenship Aihwa Ong Part 3: Constructing Rights 5. Agency on a Global Scale: Rules, rights and the European Union David Jacobson and Galya Benarieh Ruffer 6. International Law and Citizenship: Mandated membership, diluted identity Peter Spiro Part 4: Globalizing the Citizenship Gap 7. Deflated Citizenship: Labor rights in a global era Gay W. Seidman 8. The Globalization of Social Reproduction: Women migrants Kristen Hill Maher 9. Children Across Borders: Patrimony, property or persons? Alison Brysk Part 5: Reconstructing Citizenship 10. Citizenship and Globalism: Markets, empire and terrorism Richard Falk 11. The Repositioning of Citizenship Saskia Sassen 12. Globalizing Citizenship? Alison Brysk and Gershon Shafir
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Other feedstocks include coal, naphtha and petroleum fuel. Over the next decade, virtually all new ammonia projects will be based on natural gas. Feedstock supply for the manufacture of fertilisers has become a decisive factor in the competitiveness of large producing and exporting countries, in terms of relative costs and security of supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
If the distribution of income had remained unchanged, the same observed decline in poverty would have required average incomes to rise by 89%, instead of the 32% observed between 2001 and 2011 (IPEA, 2012). Between 2002 and 2012 the middle class increased by 14% of the population. This increase is the net result of 21% of the population joining the middle class, and 7% leaving it - the vast majority of which upward.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The results are registered in the individual folder of the Digital Mosaic, to which parents also have access. Inquiry-based learning: Time and the activities are organised around inquiry using different modalities such as the “World Reading”, “Individual Research”, “Projects” and ‘Workshops”. Participative management: The students, parents, educators and staff decide on the most important issues, especially through the weekly “circle” in which every participant has equal rights to listen and to be heard.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The challenges are due at least in part to the centralised administrative and financial system in Chile. Local governments in Chile depend largely on central government transfers and have limited sources of own-revenue, leaving few resources available for additional investment measures. Only the wealthier localities can afford to use their own-source revenue to invest in local economic development initiatives (OECD, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The many dimensions of inequalities - socio-economic circumstances, ethnicity and geography- are often interconnected and mutually reinforcing. This makes it difficult to directly relate inequities to specific causes. At the same time, specific population groups also face health issues that are independent to other factors that cause inequality more generally. Poorer health outcomes often reflect broader economic inequalities in Israel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The present research verified if legislation created after World War II was able to inhibit maleficent behavior from medical doctors in the improvement and cover-up of torture. It was demonstrated the medical involvement in experiments with human beings during World War II and it was confirmed that medical maleficence was and still is part of our reality, allowing doctors to involve with torture since the Cold War until current days, especially in the United States’ war on terrorism, violating the basic principles of Bioethics. In the end the objective was to propose solutions, in light of notions of Bioethics, rules of International Law and Human Rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Environmental impacts from the same substance or activity may vary across space (e.g. ecosystem, medium, topology, human population) and time (e.g. season, weather). It is also the case that environmental issues interact, so that, for example, water-security policies may need to include policies for the adaptation to, and mitigation of, climate change, as well as the provision and protection of water resources. For example, an economic instrument that affects prices will not be effective if consumers are not aware of prices, or the means by which they can respond to price increases.3 That said, instrument mixes are not always either necessary or efficient (OECD, 2007a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This work is a chapter for a forthcoming book on The Essentials of International Criminal Law to be published by Aspen Publishers as part of its Essentials series. This chapter discusses the contested concept of terrorism under international law, with a focus on efforts to criminalize the phenomenon. In particular, it discusses the major obstacles to achieving an omnibus definition of the crime with a particular emphasis on the intersection of the prohibitions against terrorism and international humanitarian law. Additional chapters in the text address the history of ICL, the sources of ICL, the major international crimes and defenses, and ICL reasoning and rhetoric. Publication is expected in October 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Complainant alleges violations of Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 a.k.a. The Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Title 42 Chapter 21 Subchapter I § 1983. Civil action for Deprivation of Rights. In addition Fed. R. Civ. P. 5.1 Constitutional Challenge to a Statute. In addition Title 28 Part VI Chapter 161 § 2403 (b). Intervention by United States or a State, constitutional question. The United States Constitutional Amendments violated by the Defendants (State Actors) include, but are not limited to, I, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XIII, XIV. Plaintiff contends The Public Employees Fair Employment Act, Article 14 of the New York State Civil Service Law, a.k.a. The Taylor Law was, is, and will be facially and as applied unconstitutional under said Amendments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article examines Escraches, a new form of political demonstration in post-dictatorial Argentina where hundreds of torturers and assassins, responsible for the torture and disappearance of 30,000 people, have benefited from amnesty laws. The lack of truth and accountability has had social and cultural consequences. The demonstrations, which challenge legalized impunity, engage with contemporary issues of memory and communication concerning the ‘Dirty War’ of 1976-83. The research focuses particularly on public sphere reactions to these communication strategies among young people with no direct personal memory of the violent repression that took place. The analysis is based on empirical data collected during 1998 through extensive interviews with young people from Buenos Aires.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is noteworthy that recent analyses confirm that these challenges are not limited to developing countries: OECD countries are facing similar (although different) issues, and efficient responses require, inter alia, that water-related services are priced in ways which contribute to a range of environmental, social, economic and financial objectives. Some regions, such as parts of South and East Asia, Australia, Africa and the Middle East, do suffer from actual physical water shortages. Dry” areas may not be water scarce if use remains within the limits of local availability. Conversely, “wet” areas may be stressed if use approaches the limits of availability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
One possibility is that women are more willing to report more extreme responses than men, which would be consistent with both higher average scores on life satisfaction and a lower affect balance (Boarini et al., The Cantril Ladder is measured on a scale from 0 to 10, where 10 stands for the highest satisfaction. Data refer to 2011 for Brazil and Chile, and to 2009 for Switzerland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The training is then deployed at the company location, at one or more of the technical colleges or at any five Quick Start facilities located around the state. In North Carolina the provision of free, employer specific workforce training began in community colleges in 1958. Currently, North Carolina Legislature provides USD 12.4 million a year for its customised training programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)