albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Within academic research, more and more scholars reveal the ambivalence of NGOs—the sometimes constructive, sometimes destructive role they play in solving societal problems. In this paper, we present a discourse analysis that illustrates how NGOs’ campaigning may undermine their reputation and advocacy function. We conclude that such discourse failures are frequently not merely an accidental by-product, but rather a not-intended consequence of deliberate NGOs’ campaigns. By applying ideas from political economy, we make particular note of probable discourse failures when campaigns attempt to deal with complex issues in an environment rife with wide-spread prejudices and where the NGO’s work is transparent. We present collectively institutionalized commitments for NGOs and commitment services enforced by political organizations as instruments that are suitable for increasing public accountability of the NGO sector. In conclusion, we argue that further research can benefit from systematically analyzing the interdependencies between discourses and institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Counsellors might be psychologists, special educators (defectologist), pedagogues, social pedagogues, special and rehabilitation pedagogues, social workers and others. The counselling service implements different activities with different stakeholders, including parents, social work centres and medical centres. Personal data on children needing support and counselling are collected with the agreement of the parents or legal guardians, with the exception of cases where children are endangered by their families and need protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Compared to the Nordic countries, the Baltic countries show higher electricity prices in the long term. The main explanation for this is a lower penetration of renewable energy and the strong connection to Continental Europe (through the reinforced LitPol interconnector), which exhibit higher electricity prices. Renewable energy resources, especially wind power, and balancing options are better in the Nordic countries compared to the Baltic countries and Continental Europa. Therefore, options for electricity import from the Nordic countries to the Baltic countries appear favourable in comparison to imports from Continental Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Ensuring equal opportunity for students in both private and public education can make Chile a more equal society - one that can seize upon the unique talents of all its citizens. Ensure a shared vision across the system concerning what students should leam and why. Make effective instructional and school management practices visible across the entire school system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On average, in the countries covered, 19% of women (compared to 14% of men) reported getting support from their spouses in looking for a job, while 14% of them declared relying on a friend (compared to 21% of their male counterparts). However, significant variation exists across countries. In France, Finland, Ireland and Italy women tend to rely equally on both partners and friends, while in Austria, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom women report getting far stronger support from their spouses than from friends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For preventive activity such as the general health check, however, they are paid an additional fee, incentivising them to offer this service. This focuses on improving health and reducing health inequalities across four priority areas: investing in a life-course approach, tackling the major non-communicable and communicable diseases, strengthening health systems and creating resilient communities. Most of the content around tackling non-communicable diseases, however, focuses on implementation of existing declarations and strategies such as the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control or the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In 2014, Bhutan witnessed the highest number of drug cases ever registered by the authorities (644 cases). The great majority (90 per cent) were related to the possession of controlled substances. Cannabis, which in addition to being cultivated also grew in the wild, was the most common drug of abuse.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Other potential damage costs include losses resulting from decreases in tourism due to polluted beaches and losses incurred through damage to fisheries. Former dumpsites, particularly those that have received hazardous waste, are a major category of contaminated site. However, the evidence suggests that in a middle- or low-income city, the costs to society and the economy are perhaps 5-10 times what sound solid waste management (SWM) would cost per capita. It is dramatically cheaper to manage waste now in an environmentally sound manner than to clean up in future years the ‘sins of the past'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For example, in Poland the mean family transfer is $799 and the proportion who receives it is 39%. A targeting of this transfer to poor children would greatly increase the take-up rate among poor children as well as the amount per poor child to $2969.9, helping to raise these children out of poverty while having a minimal adverse impact on children above the poverty line, as the proportion receiving the benefit was already low, as was the amount. Similarly, the proportion receiving family benefits is comparatively low in Canada (48%), Czech Republic (47%), Greece (48.8%), Lithuania (45%), and especially Mexico (6.2%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Costa and McCrae (1980) found links between extraversion and positive affect and between neuroticism and negative affect. This was confirmed by subsequent studies and explained by the joint operation of genetic, biological, psychological and social mechanisms (Diener and others, 1999). The problem is that because of their correlation with personality traits, measures of well-being could reflect individual differences beyond the reach of policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Cocreation, the active involvement of stakeholders in the development of policies, presents an attractive strategy to cope with the demand for better and more responsive policies. Co-creation can take place during different stages of the policy cycle and take a variety of different forms. The conceptualisation of participatory mechanisms requires careful considerations. One-size-fits-all solutions are not feasible, because the interplay between public officials and stakeholders depends on the national and policy sector context. However, by comparing co-creation mechanisms in social innovation across seven EU countries (Denmark, Estonia, Germany, the Netherlands, Slovakia, Spain, the United Kingdom), Voorberg et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, in National Parks public access by feet is generally accepted to all parts of parks and berry picking is allowed, while camping may be allowed only in limited parts of the park. In Finland, public access and human activities are most restricted in the so-called strict nature reserves, which are in total 19 different sites in Finland. The purpose of these sites is to protect biodiversity values, but they can also have scientific and/or educational importance. In general, people are only allowed in specific designated paths or areas and without specific permit all other access is prohibited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Especially when intermittent generation is taken into account, the generation margin indicators do require much data. Concerning the prediction of future situations, any assumption about future generation decreases the robustness of the system adequacy prediction. The indicators can bring out the value of nuclear in that this generation option tends to make for high availability and stability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Patenting it would have meant misappropriating genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, and losing an important source of nutritious food and medicine for communities which have traditionally used it. Without such a protocol, patents would grant companies - and other actors - full rights to certain genetic resources without the free, prior and informed consent of communities who traditionally use them (Forest Peoples Programme 2016), meaning that these resources become private property. In the case of Rooibos and Honeybush in South Africa in 2010, a big multinational corporation had five pending patent applications (Box 2.6.8) (Amusen 2014, ICSTD 2010). In an analysis of the Green Belt Movement in Kenya and Community Forestry Programs in Nepal, Boyer-Rechlin (2010) highlighted the importance of taking account of pre-existing gender roles and cultural contexts, as well as investing in civic education and building women's skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Hence policies oriented to improve gender equality in old age need to be carefully designed considering country-specific features, including labour markets, demographic patterns,institutional configuration and fiscal space, as well as family structures and women's life-course patterns. A key gender-relevant policy choice regards the link between contributions and benefits (in other words, how tightly work histories should be coupled with pension entitlements) and the policy tools available to offset gender differences in paid work, earnings and unpaid work (such as contribution credits). All these policy choices naturally involve setting goals and priorities over the distribution of rights and resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If one assumes that the top three occupational categories (technicians and association professionals, professionals, and legislators, senior officials and managers) are those requiring some level of formal tertiary education, only 23% of the occupations in the Northern Corridor Economic Region and 19% in the Northern Corridor Economic Region not including Penang require this level of education. Most of the occupations continue to require only basic education and training at the secondary level or less. While precise data were not available, the level of highly skilled labour in Penang is likely to be at or slightly above the national average and the level for the remainder of the Northern Corridor Economic Region significantly below that level. Within these, the areas of development most relevant to Penang are manufacturing, especially increasing the "value added" in electrical and electronics (E&E) and in services, especially tourism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While Education at a Glance 2015 and 2016 included editorials on the SDGs, this is the first edition to devote a chapter to this universal education agenda. Global indicators are a small set of globally-comparable indicators that will be used to track progress by all countries towards the targets. Thematic indicators are a larger set of indicators from which countries and organisations can choose in order to complement the global indicators in monitoring each target (see Note below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For comparison, the average predicted differential in literacy score with the Medium PEB group amounts to 15 points. Low PEB: neither parent has attained upper secondary education, Medium PEB: at least one parent has attained secondary and post-secondary, non-tertiary education, High PEB: at least one parent has attained tertiary education. The bars indicate 95% confidence intervals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In technical education at least four weeks of practical training (praxis) should include practical ‘hands-on’ experience (on the example of the educational framework for Mechanical Engineering 26-41-M/01), but again schools can provide it either in companies or run it in school workshops (NUOV, 2008c). Therefore provision of workplace training in apprenticeship and technical VET depends very much on individual schools. The authors estimate that only 35% of students in apprenticeship programmes receive any practical training in a company (Czesand et al. In four year technical programmes around 90% of students do receive training in companies but the majority of work placements last no more than three weeks (Czesana et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
China’s employment and compensation costs in manufacturing through 2008. Bureau of Labor Statistics Monthly Labor Review, March: 39-52. Changes in the demand forskilled labor within U.S. manufacturing: Evidence from the annual survey of manufactures. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 104(2): 367-398. Implications of skill-biased technological change: international evidence. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(4): 1245-1280.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This share crossed the 1 per cent mark in 2008 but fell slightly to 1.02 per cent in 2009. Since then, the share has climbed up 0.1 percentage point, reaching 1.12 per cent in 2011 (Figure 7.1). This is a small but positive development, considering that it occurred at a time of sluggish growth in world trade beset by the global economic crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The results are similar for water-flow restrictor taps/low-flow showerheads and for water efficient washing machines. The reason for the higher investment in water efficient appliances is clear for those who pay by volume of water consumed. This may indicate greater level of water conservation awareness when there is at least partial cost recovery, even if there are no incentives to reduce consumption. Ownership status always has a positive impact on adoption of water-efficient equipment, and its marginal impact generally exceeds that of the household size and income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Under this project, the Puhovichi rayon was selected as a pilot rayon, where an inventory of disposal sites, a waste management strategy and a modem landfill project were prepared. The EBRD is considering financing the construction of an EU-compliant regional sanitary landfill, together with a sorting facility, composting facility and vehicles and equipment for improvement of the waste collection system for the Puhovichi and Cherven rayons. Under the project, national and international experts work on improving environmental legislation on biodiversity conservation, MSW and water management, and ecological certification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Thus, the wage gap, overall but especially in finance, is highest precisely in that part, the top, of the distribution where women are already represented the least. This pattern, albeit not universal, holds for a majority of countries (Figure 14). It may indicate gender-based discrimination in highly paid positions that is particularly strong in the financial sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
To gauge the reaction of visitors to various fee levels, Rivera-Planter and Munoz-Pina (2005) carried out a contingent valuation survey and constructed aggregate demand for several parks. They explored the benefits and costs of differentiating fees, looking at both revenue maximising and welfare maximising fees. In Cancun, for example, during the high season, revenue maximising fees would be as high as USD 36 for a foreign visitor and USD 20 for a Mexican visitor (see also Section 4.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Professors at institutions that grant teaching certificates should be required to have closer contact with schools, and to support and mentor their teacher trainees in their teaching practice and first year of schooling. Institutions that teach educators should also be asked to regularly revise their programmes to make them current and relevant to the schools their graduates work in, and to reflect national education priorities. In 2008 the government launched its Programme to Promote the Quality of Initial Teacher Training (Programa de Fomento de la Calidad de la Formacion Inicial Docente, PFID).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Higher education plays an important role in providing people with skills for innovation, but a number of important questions remain as to what kind of higher education teaching can be conducive to the strengthening of skills for innovation. Problem-based learning typically requires students to work in small groups to solve real-world problems. The report explores the extent to which problem-based learning can be an effective way to develop different discipline-specific and transferable skills for innovation. By contrast, no clear difference between problem-based learning and traditional lecture-based teaching emerges as to performance in tests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes arbitral decision on  jurisdiction over claims that Uruguayan public health measures violated bilateral  investment treaty
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
More than 70 per cent of the drinking water supply of Azerbaijan depends on the Kura River. The Araz River water entering Azerbaijan is reported14 to have MACS in excess of one hundred times for copper, molybdenum and other heavy metals- it should be noted that in some parts of the basin, natural geochemical background levels for some heavy metals are elevated. As a result, river water microflora and fauna disappear, preventing the self-cleansing process. This situation is caused by mining, leather and fertilizer industries along the rivers, and the lack of wastewater treatment facilities in Georgia and Armenia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The process has been difficult at times considering that it requires a common language to eliminate institutional mistrust, strengthen the capacity of the institutions involved and enable both to take ownership of the process and the results that will be disseminated and used. The economic value of unpaid domestic work in Mexico in 2014 stood at 24.2% of GDR which was higher than the individual contribution of any other economic activity in the country. El Salvador is now creating a satellite account for unpaid household work, while Costa Rica and Uruguay have made significant progress in studying methodologies and exercises for the valuation of unpaid work using the data collected from their respective time-use surveys.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Rather, even when the activities of the modern sector expand, their employment-generating potential is often limited because technological choices (and thereby capital-labour ratios) are driven by global competition and thus largely determined exogenously. One of the characteristics of this different type of structural change is the transfer of labour from low-productivity agriculture to low-productivity service activities in urban areas. This entails a proliferation of low-productivity employment in non-tradable activities as workers move out of subsistence activities in agriculture, even at relatively low levels of per capita income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This can be achieved through a variety of measures, such as improved forecasting, more rapid scheduling, ancillary services and demand response and storage. Greater focus must be placed on building national technical capabilities in Asia and the Pacific for more sophisticated grid management. More attention must also be directed towards establishing institutional arrangements and coordination between grid balancing authority areas, including cross-border coordination. Through multilateral market integration, unevenly distributed regional renewable energy could be delivered more broadly, while wider balancing areas can be created to enable an increased uptake of renewables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article analyses processes of international policy transfer and diffusion in an understudied aspect of security sector reform: prisons. It looks at how Latin American countries, especially Brazil, have responded to a growing security crisis of capacity, effectiveness and violence within their prison systems by adopting, adapting and even resisting reform models available globally in three reform areas: prison administration (state-run versus forms of privatisation and public-private partnerships), control (the technologies of super-max versus the intelligence- and relationship-centred approach of dynamic security), and governmentality (the ethos underpinning state and societal treatment of offenders as subjects and objects of penal discipline). It also examines how Brazil has produced its own home-grown models of penal governance—prisons run by civil society in partnership with the state—which challenge some of the current dominant tropes in prison reform. The globalisation of neoliberal modes of gov...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Ministries of education and ministries of foreign affairs often did not co-ordinate their registration processes for migrant teachers, even in non-emergency environments, yet establishing a co-ordinated and consistent plan of action would increase efficiency. The role of institutions is clear: ‘Stringent eligibility requirements, inconsistent application of rules and restrictive laws result in many refugees being undocumented, in some cases because they are forced underground’ (UNESCO, 2011: 152). Among these are improving organisations’ preparedness, strengthening institutional policies and inter-agency co-operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
All LDCs and SVEs are engaged in free trade agreements (FTAs) with countries both within and outside their geographic regions. At the regional level, Table 13.4 shows that small and least-developed countries are engaged in RTA negotiations, in many cases in multiple theatres: for example, the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), Pacific Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) and East African Member States are also engaged in both sub-regional and regional trade negotiations, Afghanistan is a member of the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) but also pursuing FTA negotiations within the framework of its membership of SAARC. Outside their regional groupings, SVEs and LDCs have either signed, or are in the process of negotiating, bilateral trade agreements with both developed and developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Respondents were asked about the most suitable ways to systematically measure the incidence, nature and impact of patient harm in primary and ambulatory care. Responses for developed countries are presented in (Figure 2.1). Measurement as a foundation of improving safety is discussed further in Chapter 4. Please choose three from the options provided. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In a number of countries, policy changes resulted in more generous benefit entitlements in nominal terms. But benefit recipients nevertheless mostly lost ground in the income distribution as benefits for the lowest-income groups did not keep pace with earnings growth. At the other end of the income spectrum, tax policy resulted in gains or in comparatively smaller losses. Redistribution strategies based on government transfers alone would be neither an effective nor a financially sustainable way of restoring incomes at the bottom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The complex nature of both primary care settings as well as capturing patient harm in these settings may be explaining the knowledge gap. Some studies on medication and diagnostic errors have been identified. In Indonesia, a study identified ADEs in 226 out of 229 prescriptions in the outpatient setting, out of which 99.12% was due to prescription errors (incomplete prescription error the most common), 3.66% dispensing errors and 3.02% pharmaceutical errors (Perwitasari et al, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)