albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
By 2014, 17 automated mini-CHP stations utilizing domestic fuels had been built. A number of incentives have been used to promote these initiatives. These include “green tariffs”, also known as feed-in tariffs (a multiplier of 1.3 to the tariff for green electricity production for a 10 year period (chapter 3)) and tax concessions for investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There are two types of public stocks that can influence prices, namely buffer stocks and social safety net stocks (dependent on their size and operation). Emergency stocks have no impact on prices since they are only released to respond to humanitarian emergencies and the stocks held are usually not sufficiently large so that acquisition or disposal of stocks has any significant price effects on markets. Buffer stock programmes influence prices directly as they aim to stabilise prices and/or alter the level of producer and consumer prices. Social safety net stock schemes aim to assist the impoverished and chronically food insecure by distributing food at subsidised prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, although growing empirical and qualitative evidence indicates that AfT can have a positive overall impact, many individual projects are failing to deliver results, in part because of the issues discussed in this chapter. This chapter has attempted to demonstrate that many of these are highly specific to AfT programming and require an understanding of the nature and causes of trade-related co-ordination failures and information asymmetries specific to the institutional structure and political economy of recipient countries and regions as well as donor agencies. Further, trade facilitation and aid to trade-related infrastructure have significant positive impacts on recipient countries’ trade costs (Call and te Velde 2011). Hallaert particularly points to the IMF’s Joint Staff Advisory Notes as well as concerns voiced at the same time by the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) that ‘only a minority of country-level plans include trade-related policies’ (UNCTAD 2009, in Hallaert 2012: 11).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Vittel paid $230 per hectare/year for seven years to cover the reduced profitability resulting from the changed management practices. Threats to water quality have now shifted from the rural to the urban areas, and Agrivair is moving its focus to programmes targeting pollution from storm- and waste- water management. ( The forest is partly located in a natural park, the "Domaine d'Henniez": 100 hectares with no intensive agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The following groups tend to be at a higher risk of poverty and/or deprivation in the EU: workless households, large families (with three children or more), lone parent families, households with lower educated adults (see Fusco et al 2010). Furthermore, there may be substantial differences between migrant and non-migrant households and between rural and urban households. The UNICEF Office of Research presents the MODA results on an interactive web-portal (the "Dashboard").24 The underlying statistics are visualised in charts and tables. Primary sampling units and primary strata are re-created in the EU-SILC user database file according to Goedeme (2013). A work intensity index value of 0 corresponds to no one being in employment - i.e. a jobless household. This helps users zoom in on the results they are most interested in.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The COVID-19 dramatically changed employment across sectors in 2020. This Viewpoint essay examines public sector labor relations during the pandemic and describes the impact bargaining process used to protect public employees. We draw on our own experience in impact bargaining negotiations and the public labor relations, conflict management, and civil service reform literatures to develop recommendations for public union labor leaders in times of crisis. We suggest that public unions have an important role in crisis management, but must act strategically in order to develop good working relationships with leadership and successfully negotiate employee protections in uncertain times. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A novel form of international order was developed in the nineteenth century by international administrative unions such as the International Telegraph Union and the Universal Postal Union. This administrative internationalism posed a striking alternative to the international society of great powers, sovereignty, and forms of imperial domination, for the members of administrative unions included not only sovereign states but also semi-sovereigns, vassals, and colonies. Members were equal and bound identically to the union treaty and its international administrative law. This article examines the structure of unions and their politics of membership in the nineteenth century, and engages theories of global governance to argue that early administrative unions present a mode of international order different from theories of both global networks and the international system of neorealism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These reservations diminish the legitimacy and implementation power of the CEDAW as a benchmark for the basic rights for women. The average female employment to population ratio in 2012 was about 27% in selected countries of the region, which demonstrates an increase from 22% in 1990 (World Bank, 2011a). This can be partially attributed to the improved educational opportunities and achievements across the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The reference category is a man aged 35-44, bom in Sweden and living in Eastern Sweden. Both he and at least one of his parents have attained tertiary education, his current or last job was in a skilled occupation. Adult education and training includes both job-related and unrelated education and training activities. Students in full-time education (any age) and youth both in education and employment and aged under 25 are excluded from the regression.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The agenda propels Thailand towards greater digitalisation, through plans such as equipping 75 000 villages with internet (digital infrastructure), digital literacy training (digital manpower) and moving towards a paperless and cashless society (digital government). Smart city strategies are highlighted under the “digital technology” component, where Thailand has identified six smart city domains (Table 2.3). Established in 2018, the committee had set and achieved a first-year target of establishing smart city action plans in seven pilot cities: Bangkok, Chachoengsao, Chiang Mai, Chon Buri, Khon Kaen, Phuket and Rayong (Tortermvasana, 2019).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
While the parametric models suggest there is a formal premium, and it remains after controlling for individual and firm characteristics, the semi-parametric tests used in this article indicate either a negative or a small and insignificant formal premium. Advances in women’s educational attainments and increased opportunities for women in the labour market have narrowed the wage gap between men and women and improved women’s representation in high-status occupations (Ridgeway and Corell, 2004). Some researchers have argued that the wage gap between men and single women is not significant, nevertheless, the differences in earnings between men and married women remain high (Gangl and Ziefle, 2009). Given the traditional role of women as caregivers, in addition to the traditional wage gap, mothers seem to be the ones who experience most disadvantages, and this “motherhood penalty” has been identified in wage differentials between mothers and non-mothers that control for other human capital factors typically explaining wage differentials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The IAEA uses ICTs to support Member States in improving the functionality, safety and security of existing and new Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) to ensure Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7) and improve Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure (SDG 9) by managing complex nuclear lifecycle technology systems. However, the applications of nuclear techniques - and the IAEA's work -in fact extend far beyond just nuclear energy. The IAEA's work extends into the education and training of health professionals in nuclear medicine techniques (SDGs 3 and 4 on health and education, respectively), monitoring of marine contaminants (SDG 14).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
When the agency in charge of the underground (STC) was created in 1967, the federal government funded its expansion and operational subsidy. After the 1997 reform, the government of the Federal District assumed responsibility for the underground system (Medina, 2013).32 As a consequence, under the current framework, the Federal District has to provide the operational subsidy for the underground in the State of Mexico, and is also responsible for the maintenance and management of this infrastructure (Medina, 2013). This is far from ideal, since better connections for population in the State of Mexico necessarily mean higher financial pressure for the Federal District, which is already operating the underground at a deficit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Between 2009 and 2015, the changes are only statistically significant for Costa Rica in science and reading. Additionally , changes were made to the test design, administration, and scaling of PISA 2015. These changes add statistical uncertainty to trend comparisons that should be taken into account when comparing 2015 results to those from prior years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. We would like to acknowledge the contribution made by Lisa Simon as part of her summer 2013 internship at the OECD. Any remaining errors are the responsibility of the authors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In this regard, the study focus will be on crops within the abundance of Neglected neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS), based on available plant genetic resources at the national level, excluding mainstream cash and staple crops such as rice, maize, and wheat. Crop-related NUS have multiple benefits and offer potential to diversify both agricultural production and dietary consumption, as well as strengthen natural environments. In the future, NUS will play a pivotal role in addressing malnutrition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At a regional level, the socio-economic benefits from rebuilding stocks include protecting a way of life, as well as maintaining employment in coastal communities where few alternatives exist. In this context, stable access to a well managed resource could decrease economic uncertainty and enable fish harvesters to secure access to capital to remain competitive, leading to the production of higher quality, and higher value fish products. The paper is based on an invited plenary lecture to the 2003 ICES Annual Conference and reviews eight case studies of successful and unsuccessful stock rebuilding programs from the US, Canada, New Zealand and the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Purpose – This article aims to present current and potential uses of innovative social research methodologies which harness emergent technologies. This article also seeks to note ethical issues surrounding emergent technologies.Design/methodology/approach – Specifically, the use of social networking sites (SNS) such as Facebook as well as their applications will be explored. The use of iPhones as data gathering devices will also be explored as an example of the utility of ubiquitous technologies to ethnographic work.Findings – This paper finds that emergent technologically‐mediated ethnographic methods are of potential value to organizational ethnographers and that methodological barriers can be overcome to best leverage new media technologies in organizational ethnography.Research limitations/implications – This article has not been designed as a comprehensive overview of these social research methods nor as a primer to implement them. Rather, the main purpose of it is to begin to explore their potential...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In countries with high interest rates and/or unstable currencies, the need for an ESCO-type mechanism is greatest, but the challenges involved in establishing an ESCO will also be particularly significant. Green” small scale entrepreneurs can be part of the enabling environment at the local level. These entrepreneurs can contribute to improved environmental performance in the energy sector by offering environmentally beneficial goods and services. The project provided start-up equipment, materials and business support to help entrepreneurs establish a sustainable business model (Carbon Positive, 2010). Other small scale business opportunities exist in such areas as production and sale of waste biomass fuel pellets, seedling production in small scale community nurseries, fabrication of other types of equipment (e.g. solar cookers), and more.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Coal plants (particularly smaller plants) are often readily available to be deployed to level out peaks and troughs in the power system. Their dispatch is, however, often outside economic or environmental considerations. Coal-fired power plants are less flexible in response to load changes because of their longer start-up/shut-down times and higher change velocity (due to thermal inertia). In addition, coal-fired plants run at a much lower efficiency when not operated at full capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Gender pay gaps are especially large among high earners. Occupation and industry segregation also play an important role. Education, by contrast, has played a positive role in closing the gender gap. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the 5th edition of the balance of payment manual, the current account components are the balance of trade in goods and services, balance of income (compensation of employees working abroad and income from foreign investments) and current transfers (workers remittances and government transfers). Along with net capital transfers and acquisition/disposal of nonproduced, non-financial assets, the current account balance represents the net foreign investment or net lending/borrowing position of a country vis-a-vis the rest of the world. Persistent current account deficits or surpluses indicate a macroeconomic instability that is not conducive to sustained economic growth and, therefore, to sustained means of implementation of sustainable development goals. A current account deficit has to be financed through an increase in financial and non-financial liabilities vis-a-vis the rest of the world or a decrease in reserve assets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Data for agricultural output for Albania is 2009-11, for the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2012-14, and for Montenegro 2012-13. Across the economies, there is some protection against imports of agro-food products, with the most commonly protected groups across the region being dairy products, and beverages and tobacco. However, tariffs on agricultural products and inputs are relatively low, especially in SEE regional agreements (where most of the SEE export agricultural products are bound) and bilateral trade agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Corruption has serious economic and social costs and can undermine government legitimacy. Economic analysis can help one understand the incentives for bribery and extortion and the deterrent effect of the law. Such analysis suggests that the law in many jurisdictions ought to be redesigned. Penalties are poorly tied to the marginal benefits of bribery. Small bribes often are more effectively deterred than larger ones because penalties are not tied to the perpetrators' gains. Economic analysis also highlights the tension between obtaining evidence to bring a case ex post and deterrence ex ante. Furthermore, enforcement programs have not incorporated bureaucratic structure in a sophisticated way, and in many countries the criminal law only applies to individuals, not firms. In short, economic analysis can help guide the reform debate by proposing workable law enforcement strategies for the control of bribery and extortion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By “support” the law refers to extending subsidies to NGOs or local authorities in partner countries and providing technical support. The text explicitly mentions the possibility of implementing projects through a unilateral agreement or within a network of LRGs as well conducting annual and multiannual projects or activities (Government of France, 2014). The law foresees that resources mobilised through this mechanism can be used to finance actions that promote access to water and sanitation services. Thus, the definition is broad and can include investments in hard infrastructure, capacity building, technical assistance or water ecosystem services protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The impact of these population projections are discussed for the relevant goals in the ensuing sections. The IAEG-SDGs proposed 12 indicators to monitor this goal, of which only two were Tier 1 indicators to monitor Target 1.1 and 1.2, respectively (see Appendix 2.1). None of the nine countries had also achieved MDG 1 on poverty, with Fiji, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu recording mixed outcomes, while Kiribati, Nauru, PNG and Tuvalu failed to achieve the goal at the end of 2015 (PIFS, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Structural change has significant impacts on the economy's development and thus offers possibilities to influence the future to be more inclusive and sustainable. This subsection discusses the impacts of this transformation on international trade, labour markets, and environmental sustainability. Finally, the limitations and opportunities for developing countries will be highlighted. While the share of industrial countries in global export markets declined during this period, emerging industrial economies in particular increased their share.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Colombia, the programme is organised through an initiative called Responsabilidad Integral, in which some 60 chemical companies have committed to work together to significantly and continuously improve their environmental, health and safety performance, and that of their processes and services and of their products throughout their life cycle, with a view to fostering responsible management of chemicals. It is active in the public and private sector alike. Since 1998, it has established alliances with 35 public and private sector institutions, had worked with over 1 400 companies and had trained over 12 000 people in cleaner production (OECD/WTO, 2011). The economic benefits to the supplier thus are no longer linked with volume of product sold. Chemical consumption becomes a cost rather than a revenue factor for the supplier, providing an incentive to optimise the use of the chemical and recycling. The National Centre for Cleaner Production and Environmental Technology began work on chemical leasing in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, concerns with regard to labour rights and migration within the sport industry means that attention must also be given to SDG targets 8.7 and 8.8. Sport-based approaches to employment training, entrepreneurship and enterprise have emerged and need to take account of opportunities within the broader economy to maximise their potential. The complexities associated with the collection of such data are magnified when recognition is given to the diverse range of economic activities that are directly and indirectly associated with sport. In countries where there are expertise and available data to undertake such economic analysis, findings have pointed to the growing economic value of sport while also indicating the financial value derived from sport-based interventions that deliver social benefit (Crabbe 2013, Fujiwara et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Thus, in high-income and developing countries there is now a large gap between their nominal rates of assistance for import-competing and export agriculture as well as a continuing large gap (albeit smaller than in the 1980s) between the relative rates of assistance in the two groups of countries. In the light of that evidence, the above question addressed here can be expressed more specifically, for any developing country of interest, as: How important are its own policies compared with those of the rest of the world in affecting the welfare of the poor in that country, and what do agricultural policies in particular contribute to those outcomes? Clear answers to this question are crucial to guiding countries in their national policymaking, and as they negotiate bilateral and multilateral trade agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In particular, sickness, disability and early retirement benefits are beyond the scope of the present exercise, they are discussed in the OECD series Sickness, Disability and Work (see www.oecd.org/els/disabilitv') and in in-depth country reviews on the situation of older workers fwww.oecd.org/olderworkersforum'). The obvious advantage is that long APW time series are available and that the concept is, on a technical level, consistent across countries. However, the proportion of workers employed in the manufacturing sector varies both between countries and over time. In particular, women are underrepresented so that the APW has become less representative over time - and less useful as a broad earnings benchmark as a result.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article presents a description of the third stage of the intelectual career of Fernando Savater. This phase, thats starts with the publication of Etica como amor propio (1988) is characterized by a strong defense of enlightenment humanismo. In this article we review the principal foundations of the savaterian humanism: ethics of self-esteem, individualism, education, democray, Human rights and universal philosophy
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The 2013 OECD Reform of Social Welfare Programmes highlights the need for a more effective system of governance of such programmes. The acceleration of the rationalisation of social security funds, and further consolidation of the remaining ones, is a critical priority in this regard as, despite steps towards consolidation, merged funds have generally retained their own structures. The recent transfer of the overall responsibility of social welfare programmes to one ministry (the Ministry of Labour) is welcome (OECD, 2013b). The recent creation of a National Register of Beneficiaries of social and welfare benefits is a positive step towards data exchange, but it needs to be accompanied by an upgrading of the ICT competencies of funds’ employees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The PES traditionally provides labour market information services and vacancy notification services for employed registered jobseekers, and further in-work support measures are discussed in Section 3. In the 1980s and 1990s, policy reforms were largely focused on recipients of unemployment benefits. In some countries the traditional model, where the labour exchange held lists of local vacant jobs and sent unemployed people to apply for them, was no longer operating effectively, and reforms introduced a new emphasis on independent job search. In other cases, ALMPs had already been expanded and diversified in response to higher unemployment, but reforms put less emphasis on the volume of places created and more on the obligations for the long-term unemployed to participate in specific programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)