albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Social scientists have demonstrated how transparency and democratic accountability can help control political corruption. Whereas this research has had much to say about how an open media environment produces constraints on politicians, the problem of how a politically ignorant public can enforce accountability has received much less attention. In this article, I argue that effective citizen monitoring of government officials depends on accurate corruption perceptions, which depends on the degree to which citizens are politically informed. An analysis of 10 Latin American countries with varied levels of corruption shows that better informed individuals have more accurate perceptions, even if, like their less informed neighbors, they still tend to underestimate the amount of corruption in their societies. The importance of citizen political awareness in the analysis strongly suggests that policy recommendations targeting corruption control feature tools that increase civic engagement along with those that increase government transparency and press freedoms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While concentration in school is often linked to residential and housing policies, it is sometimes reinforced by the structure of the education system. Policy options to integrate rather than segregate migrant students include effective management of school choice, rethinking of ability grouping practices and ensuring high curricular standards in all schools. Additional resource inputs can be necessary to bring their schools up to parity and finance additional programmes to address the particular linguistic and other needs of immigrant students. Research indicates that funding for equity will be most effective at the earliest levels of education, and that both universal programmes for low socio-economic status (SES) students and targeted measures for immigrant students are necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Also that year, for the first time, doctors replaced a dying man's heart with a mechanical one. And a human egg was fertilized in a test tube (Edwards and others, 1969). Worldwide, child death rates plummeted from 215 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1950 to under 160 per 1,000 just 19 years later (United Nations, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Yet, none of the parallel causes of malnutrition are independent of income. The overall level of national income is a determinant of the state’s availability to pay for key public services, while individual incomes also determine the household’s uptake of education, and its access to health, water and sanitation.11 The composition of income growth matters as well as the overall rate, as it is increases in the incomes of the poorest that have the greatest impact on nutritional outcomes. Moreover, in many countries, the rural poor are discriminated against in terms of the provision of basic public services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In spite of the fact that there are more female than male pensioners, the total income of female pensioners is lower than that of men (ASUB 2014: 5). In 2011, women's average pension was 1,220 Euro per month as compared with 1,744 Euro for men (ASUB 2013: 23). A more detailed review of the pay gap measured on the basis of different principles and parameters may be found in the ASUB report (2013:21).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This study examines the power and potential of marketing in the proliferation of health discourses in society. More specifically, drawing on a Foucauldian bio-political framework, it undertakes a discourse analysis of a commercial weight-loss program and the service marketing managerialism it actualizes, focusing on the interactions between service workers and consumers. The study contributes to recent discussions concerning the governmentality of marketing and its effects on consumer well-being by showing how people are invested in identity work in which the body becomes a site of collective control in consumer culture. The study reveals how service marketing is infused with bio-power, which simultaneously spurs people to lose weight and constructs them as cautious consumers that embody increased levels of self-care, control, anxiety and stress. Finally, it is argued that this continuous creation of bodily distress functions as a key mechanism of the contemporary market economy under neoliberal capitalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Religion, as social construct and institutional reality, has played a pivotal role in shaping European societies. In spite of the impact of Enlightenment theories in the formation of European modernity, institutionalized religions and established churches have managed to maintain their influence in the public domain. Educational systems, the par excellence institutions of modernity, represent an interesting example of the peculiar coexistence between tradition and modernity in European societies. The implications of the persistence of religion within the institutions of modernity are both epistemological and political. While the foundations of modern knowledge on reason are challenged in several aspects of school knowledge, fundamentalism, nationalism and social exclusion can result from school systems that encourage catechism and religiosity. The aim of this paper is to discuss the role of religion in contemporary European education systems and to reflect on the sociopolitical implications of this relati...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As districts of higher standards have signalling power below their actual level of performance, they are likely to adjust standards to the lower. For employers and higher education institutions, these effects reduce trust into certification and make a comparison of certificates between regions unreliable. It raises standards in low-achieving districts but lowers standards in high-achieving districts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Moreover, the subordinate status of women in the household has been argued with reference to time use and violence against women.18 Women work longer hours than men and they may have fewer chances in the formal labour market because the domestic tasks are not equally distributed in the household (see Chapter 4 — Work), and significant proportions of women are victims of domestic violence (see Chapter 6 — Violence against women). Women experience more disadvantages when they live in poor households. For example, in countries such as Pakistan and Yemen, girls and boys from the wealthiest quintile have relatively similar net school attendance rates in primary education, but in the poorest quintile the net school attendance of girls is lower than that of boys by 17 and 25 percentage points respectively.19 In households with poor access to clean water and energy, women bear most of the resulting work burden and harmful health effects (see Chapter 7 — Environment).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, in order for respondents to be asked questions about intimate partner violence that are relevant to their particular situation, they must first be asked whether they currently have an intimate partner and whether in the past they have had an intimate partners with whom they are no longer involved. The format and design of the questionnaire will also depend on the mode of interviewing and method of data capture. In paper questionnaires, skip instructions and filter questions must be simple enough for interviewers to follow them without error and without causing long delays in the interview. In computer-assisted questionnaires, there is no limit to the number of skip instructions or filter questions that can be included because they are programmed into the computer program in advance and therefore allow interviewers to move through the questionnaire smoothly and accurately. However, excessive use of filter questions nested within other filter questions can cause confusion to data analysts when they attempt to convey the survey results in clear, straightforward messages and may yield results that are unusable owing to the fact that multiple filters have resulted in very small sample counts. Filter questions should therefore be used only as necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Unfortunately, several oases are suffering from the abandonment of traditional agricultural practices because of the soil salinization and water quality degradation, allowing desertification to proceed. In the southern Ouarzazate region, 80 per cent of soils are affected by salinization. Certainly, between 80 per cent and 90 per cent of economically accessible surface water resources have already been regulated through dams and inter-annual storage reservoirs in Morocco.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Latin America’s federal countries, regime change produced a paradox: although, at the federal level, the transition to democracy was largely successful and has gradually consolidated, at the subnational level, some authoritarian regimes and repressive practices survived. It has been argued that neopatrimonialism allowed these subnational authoritarian elites to remain in power. By tapping into different sources of legitimacy and combining arbitrary power, tradition, and rule of law, these elites have constructed political intermediation monopolies in extremely heterogeneous societies (Durazo Herrmann 2010). Nevertheless, this same social heterogeneity forces neopatrimonial elites to construct large social coalitions, including the maximum possible number of both traditional and modern social sectors to guarantee local governance. These coalitions are complex and fragile by nature, since they depend on a continuous flow of material resources to survive (Eisenstadt 1973, Medard 1991).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In part, this rise is likely to reflect the growing incidence of diabetes as well as improved access to dialysis care. Nevertheless, the increasing number of patients on dialysis also indicates the potential for reducing the burden of disease through effective preventive actions aimed at reducing disease incidence as well as better management of disease to minimise the risk of serious complications such as ESRF. There is a much greater reliance on dialysis in countries such as Greece, Italy, Japan and Korea, where over 75% of patients are treated this way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Rethinking Trade and Finance: Wigleyand Cary (2018), The Future is Decentralized: ITC (2018), Unblocking cross-border trade. She is also co-founder and CEO of the Digital Citizen Fund, which helps girls and women in developing countries gain access t< technology, connect virtually with others across the world, and obtain the skills needed to succeed in today's expanding global market. The company began as part of the Herat Information Technology Incubator Program and then grew quickly as I hired many women programmers and bloggers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These are part of a scheme involving 10 planned hydropower projects along the main river in a cascade style. The last one of the Lower Coruh projects is under construction. The Middle Coruh projects are in final design stage and investment programme, and the Upper Coruh projects arc in different planning stages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Currently vehicles for trading energy savings will be left to participants who will be allowed to buy compliance from over-performing participants or to negotiate action on their behalf. For more information on the scheme, see the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources consultation document. From January 2013, obligations to present white certificates will be imposed on utilities selling electricity, natural gas and heat to customers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition, corporations also bear costs and establishing new trading electronic platforms entails expenditure. At first glance, these costs may appear relatively limited compared to the expected benefits of new measures. However, public spending is coming under increasing pressure and many member countries must streamline their administrative processes. Improving existing market design and standards and procedures (options A and C) are incremental evolutions and their costs are easier to predict and lower.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The third sector (religious, charitable and other non-governmental bodies) also plays an important role in providing some aspects of health and social care. The national junta (committee) for social protection dates back to 1845 and uses income from its national lottery' to fund a variety of health promotion programmes, palliative care programmes, drug and alcohol treatment programmes and support for disabled people and the elderly, amongst other things. This is particularly true of die hospital sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
To build on that, in 2010, the company developed their 5by20 initiative to highlight both the challenges faced by women, and their economic potential. Through 5by20, the company addresses the most common barriers women face when trying to succeed in the marketplace. This initiative offers women access to business skills training courses, financial services and connections with peers or mentors—along with the confidence that comes with building a successful business.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Students’ experiences in class should be discussed and evaluated in specialised training courses in teacher education programmes to help students develop the skills that they will need to help their pupils succeed in class. Over time, becoming a mentor for student teachers could become an interesting career step for motivated teachers. Given the strong stratification of the Chilean school system, many teachers will confront schools with a large number of poor students in a difficult learning environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Redistribution of shared taxes is made through an equalisation mechanism. The current decentralisation programme is expected to increase the financial autonomy of lower-level governments by assigning new shared taxes and own-source tax revenues. Whereas in OECD countries, income tax is a principal source of revenue for the national budget (for instance, 50% of the U.S. federal budget comes from income tax), income tax in Kazakhstan only accounts for 7.3% of the total revenue of the state budget (Kysykov, 2013: 91).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Elements related to an increase in survival rates of exporters are good overseas coverage, and the capacity of overseas offices to provide an understanding of the local business environment, culture and opportunities. In addition to the contribution that TIPOs make to overcome the constraints and risks of exporting, there is a more informal role of ‘handholding’, given that exporters must deal with unfamiliar business environments, foreign languages and in some cases high financial risk. These countries could consider alternative ways to build an ecosystem of in-market support abroad, however.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In term of place cs variation is more flat and is within the interval of 40toalmost 300 places per lOOOf with the mean of some 130 and a median of 120 places. Looking at the bus service (figure 2.21.), As i n other cases, relatively large differences exist between cities. In general, cities that offer relatively high total place capacity have also a relatively high number of circulating buses during the peak hours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
History of Gender and Social Control in the CJ System Corina Schulze Female Crime and Theory Alana Van Gundy Criminal Justice as a Male Enterprise Jeffrey W. Cohen The Cycle of Intimate Partner Violence Carly M. Hilinski-Rosick Sexual Assault and the Evolution of Rape Danielle Romain Domestic and International Sex Trafficking Michele P. Bratina and Kelly M. Carrero Cybercrime Catherine D. Marcum Violent Women Tina L. Freiburger Role of Women in the War on Drugs Amy Poland The Female Thief Doshie Piper and Georgen Guerrero Prostitution Katherine Winham and George E. Higgins Mothers Who Kill Kimberly D. Dodson and Leann N. Cabage Incarcerated Women in the United States Susan Marcus-Mendoza Women in Law Enforcement Wendy G. Perkins Women in the Judicial System Stephanie J. Kirven Women in Corrections Beverly Crank
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In other words, AfL practice should be expected, but without controlling too much and risking losing teachers’ trust and motivation. It would also be useful to show teachers how the different centrally initiated programmes can support each other, instead of competing with each other. It might also be useful to rethink how many programmes it is efficient to have running in Norway at the same time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Two of them, Kanesathasan et al. ( All of the studies involved multiple types of interventions and outcomes, so that it is difficult to disentangle the impact of a specific type of intervention on a specific outcome. An example is the “12+” model being tested in Rwanda with support from the United Kingdom and GirlHub. The programme aims to educate young girls before the age of puberty on reproductive health as it applies to them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is inherent to the very nature of this pattern that it is very unpredictable. A ship may be mobilized to sail half around the world for picking up cargo, and then sail again half around the world for delivery. For example, port service vessels such as tugs, pilot boats, port ferries and similar are stationary in one port.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The role of international public finance, as well as other international development co-operation actions, is however significant, and expected to remain so. For 2013 and 2014, the annual average climate finance is estimated to be USD 57 billion, of which over 70% (USD 41 billion) is estimated to be public finance, either bilateral and multilateral (OECD, 2016). Bilateral climate-related ODA commitments, as reported by donors to the OECD DAC, have been on an increasing trend since 2007, and reached USD 25 billion on average per year in 2013-14, multilateral public climate finance reached USD 25 billion on average per year (OECD, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The World Bank estimates the figure to be between 26% and 43%, depending on the methodology used. This may explain, partly, why remittance flows were not affected by recessions in advanced countries and political developments in the Middle East. If this is the case, then a generalized slowdown in the region may adversely affect remittance flows. For the top remittance-receiving countries, such as India, China and the Philippines, remittances surpassed ODA and FDI inflows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, the roles of the public and private sectors in research funding are less clearly defined than they were before the biotechnology area and governments and their agencies now have a much more direct role in applied medical scientific research (Stevens et al., Recent studies have looked into the relevance and impact of public and private research investment (Families USA, 2008, Malinowski, 2012, Zycher, 2010) and concluded that in general terms both public and private stakeholders play a significant, complementary role in the delivery of innovative therapies. These rewards materialize from innovations which are largely generated through fundamental research projects at universities and other public research institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Only one centralized heating system remains in Dushanbe. The old Dushanbe CHP plant and the eastern and western boiler facilities, with total capacity of 190 MW, can cover only 60 per cent of the overall need for heating in the city. Because of the lack of gas and furnace fuel, the Dushanbe CHP plant runs on only 20-25 per cent of its designed capacity and its equipment is obsolete and outmoded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This paper presents the initial findings from six rounds of research conducted between 2012 and 2016 on livelihoods and social change in rural Myanmar, undertaken as part of the Qualitative Social and Economic Monitoring initiative. These data provide unique insights into the ways in which broad processes of democratization and globalization -- put into effect following Myanmar's historic reforms beginning in 2011 -- are experienced at the village level. The analysis focuses on three key aspects of the "social contract": local governance mechanisms, shifting expectations of the state, and changes in the types of networks connecting villagers to regional and global markets. Remarkable social progress has been made in Myanmar since 2012, yet there are no grounds for complacency. Managing ongoing transformations in these three domains, in ways perceived to be locally legitimate and effective, will be crucial if the initial gains are to be consolidated and expanded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Tasks involving social interaction (for example within healthcare or sales) are less easily outsourced or replaced by technology, even when they require fairly low skills. Empirical studies generally find less pronounced effects from globalisation than from technological change, but globalisation can have persistent negative effects in affected regions and communities (Forster and Toth 2015, Eurofound 2017 and OECD 2017b). A much more diverse picture can be found in European countries, with polarisation in some countries (e.g. the Netherlands, France and Germany), and upgrading in others, with growth mainly in high-paying occupations (e.g. Italy, Portugal and Luxembourg) up until 2007. During the recession years from 2008 to 2013, polarisation was more widespread across European countries (Eurofound 2017). This development was accompanied by increasing employment shares in high-paying occupations in Sweden and Denmark, and by growth in low-paying non-routine service sector occupations in Finland and Norway (Goos et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Government appoints a five-member Management Board and a Director of the Public Institution for each national park. All Protected Areas are to be protected by a ranger service, with responsibilities that include visitor education and monitoring. Management and protection of the designated multipurpose area are to be carried out by a Public Enterprise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Finance for biodiversity can be mobilised through government budgets, through economic instruments (and in some cases voluntary approaches) that apply to the private sector, and through civil society via philanthropy for example. In developing countries, support for mainstreaming from development co-operation can play an important complementary role to the government and other stakeholders. It is important to also note that the biodiversity financing challenge is not only about mobilising additional resources, but also about a) avoiding future costs, b) spending existing resources more effectively and efficiently, and c) reallocating existing resources as appropriate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Equipment imports have generally been low, except in a few South-East Asian countries. For example, India and a number of other countries have relied mostly on indigenous solar and wind turbines. Their increase in GDP provides them with the necessary resources, often coupled with high levels of foreign direct investment (FDI), to develop and produce such equipment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)