albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The penicillin allergy label has been consistently linked with deleterious effects that span the health care spectrum, including suboptimal clinical outcomes, the emergence of bacterial resistance, and increased health care expenditures. These risks have recently motivated professional organizations and public health institutes to advocate for the implementation of penicillin allergy delabeling initiatives, however, the burden of delabeling millions of patients is too expansive for any one discipline to bear alone. This review presents the unique perspectives and roles of various stakeholder groups involved in penicillin allergy diagnosis, assessment, and delabeling, we emphasize opportunities, barriers, and promising areas of innovation. We summarize penicillin allergy methods and tools that have proven successful in delabeling efforts. A multidisciplinary approach to delabeling patients with reported penicillin allergy, bolstered by evidence-based clinical practices, is recommended to reduce the risks that associate with the penicillin allergy label.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The analysis will utilise a range of measures reflecting basic barriers on the one hand, and assistance on the other, to women's engagementas productive economic agents in Commonwealth countries. According to the World Bank (World Bank 2018a). These restrictions encompass decisions affecting their movement, in gettingajob. For many women, these decisions cannot be made without their husband's permission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Waste management and recycling policies are still relatively new. It is estimated that the valorisation rate of waste in Chile was approximately 10% in 2009 (CONAMA, 2010). The main objective of the policy is to manage solid waste in an integrated manner so as to minimise health and environmental risks while ensuring a sustainable and efficient development of the waste sector (MMA, 2011). On a national and regional level, executive secretaries (Secretarfas Ejecutiuas) were created to oversee waste management throughout the life cycle of products (creation/use/disposal).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The class given should be part of the learning unit planned in the portfolio. The class should contain two or more activities. Issues addressed include analysis of the sequencing of activities, time management and the interaction in class. It requires the teacher to undertake the analysis of the learning progression of a single student, an account of student performance within the class, and an assessment of own strengths and weaknesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The government has worked to improve the participation of children in education, but participation rates in early childhood education and care are low compared to the OECD average. Turkey has a higher-than-average proportion of underperforming students, and academic achievement is particularly low amongst disadvantaged students from low socio-economic backgrounds. System-level policies, such as the use of academic selection to select and sort students into specific pathways at an early age, hinder equity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Prevention of atrocities should also lessen the likelihood of internal displacement. It is recognized that prevention of violations of international humanitarian law can reduce armed conflict-induced IDPs (Ojeda, 2010: 60). But the protection of IDPs and other civilians incountry should not be at the expense of the right to seek and enjoy asylum (UN Commission on Human Rights, 1998: Principle 2.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
On the other hand, while overall alcohol consumption is high, binge drinking1 rates in Austria (19%) are slightly below the EU average (20%) Among adolescents in 2013-14,20% of 15-year-old girls and 27% of 15-year-old boys reported having been drunk at least twice in their life - shares similar to the EU average. While this share is still lower than in most other EU countries, it has increased substantially since 1999, when only 9% of Austrian adults were obese. Austrian adults are among the most physically active in the EU, but physical inactivity among 15-year-olds is relatively high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These provisions take basically two forms: special benefits for divorcees or regulations for pension sharing (or ‘pension splitting’) after divorce. On the other hand, some countries that have a pension model based on individual rather than derived pension rights, such as Finland and Sweden, and protect divorcees in a different way by making everyone eligible for a pension benefit independent of past or present family situation (Choi 2006, European Commission 20i3:Tablei4.4). However, they may not be sufficient where there is unequal distribution of unpaid care work between women and men. Foster (2010) points out that in the United Kingdom, for instance, children are on average 4-5 years old at the time of divorce so caring responsibilities are still likely to reduce mothers’earnings for some years afterwards. These gaps in earning history can thus continue to compromise women’s pensions even after sharing the pension rights and contributions accumulated over marriage (see, for example,Ginn 2006: Frericks et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At one end of the spectrum, the Nordic countries have high earnings mobility and low inequality, at the other side, Chile and some other Latin American countries as well as South Africa and emerging economies have low mobility and very high inequality levels (Figure 1.13). The picture is, however, more nuanced for some European countries: Hungary, France, Germany and Austria combine both lower inequality and lower earnings mobility. At the same time, there are no countries which combine high inequality with high mobility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Furthermore, the lack of women in the justice system discourages the use of judicial services by women, while historically law enforcement authorities have tended to divert women from accessing justice. Fear and stigma of accessing the state justice system frequently creates barriers for w'omen to access justice. Some countries in the MENA region have taken positive steps tow'ards addressing this issue, yet more support for civil society organisations and clear steps for reducing barriers to access to justice need to be taken.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Whether they manage to find those skills will depend on the capacity of training and education institutions to adjust. Standard-setters and regulators may play a special role here. The figure also indicates one particularity of the fourth industrial revolution: it is very much driven by the private sector, and private sector players also play an important role in changing the business ecosystem in which SMEs operate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Legislation approved in June 2017 paves the way for establishing a national health system with universal coverage by 2020, which will have profound effects on how care is financed and organised. Some 80% of the population reports to be in good health, though there are notable socioeconomic inequalities. Life expectancy gains are mainly due to fewer deaths from cardiovascular diseases, though they remain the leading cause of death.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Some countries are dedicated towards one sector or theme. For example, the United States is committed to the global fight against infectious and other diseases, and many of its programmes include STI-related components. France’s focus is on agricultural and environmental research, while Japan and Korea’s main support is directed towards the ICT sector and other technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In October 2013, the European Court of Human Rights in Delfi AS v Estonia upheld a decision of the Estonian Supreme Court to impose liability on the owners of an internet news portal for defamatory comments which had been posted on their website by anonymous third parties. This note suggests that the decision is important in the context of publications with a ‘public interest’ element to them, because it appears to afford more protection to the right to reputation (deriving from the Article 8 right to privacy) and less to freedom of expression than was formerly the case. It is further argued that the Court's emphasis on the positive obligation of states to protect this right to reputation may mean that the existing English law in this area, including, potentially section 5 of the Defamation Act 2013, is inconsistent with the ECHR jurisprudence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The most egregious example of hyperfragmentation of water policy is the United States (see Box 2.3). In some countries (France, Spain) the intervention of ministries and public agencies is focused on strategic planning and priority-setting, as well as policy making and implementation, while in others (Canada, United States, United Kingdom), it is more oriented towards environmental regulation. Naturally, the role of central government in water policy is less important in federal countries that have either devoted most of the responsibilities to sub-national governments or totally decentralised their water policy making, as in the case of Belgium.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Some maternity benefits are provided by a conditional cash transfer scheme - Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY) - for pregnant and lactating women as a pilot in 52 districts since 2010. Cash is conditional on health checks for mothers over 19 years of age and first two births via bank transfers. Any national policy for social security, healthcare, childcare, and housing should be linked to efforts to modernise the stringent labour laws to avoid the duality problem in working conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Understanding the direct and indirect influences among the SDGs can support their attainment. The research group applied a transdisciplinary systems thinking approach to explore the relationships among all 17 SDGs and between the eight targets of SDG 6 (on water and sanitation)—in the Australian context. This allowed the group to identify relevant government administrative agencies, through which to identify priority SDGs for action and investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is estimated that some 25 to 30 animals are illegally hunted (mainly for local subsistence use) each year. Should this trend continue into the future, the current small population might experience further decline, seriously threatening its survival. In the period 2000-2002, due to repeated dzuds, the saiga population significantly decreased by over 80 per cent to 1,020 at the end of2002, and further declined, due to poaching, to 750 in 2004.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Despite relatively low levels of industrial disputation in 2007, the AIRC delivered some significant decisions in relation to the `genuine operational reasons' exclusion to the unfair dismissal jurisdiction, and secret ballots for protected industrial action. However, arguably the most significant decisions in 2007 came from the Supreme Court of New South Wales and the Federal Court of Australia. These decisions illustrate that the common law contract of employment provides (increasingly) robust protections to employees from workplace injustices. This article examines recent developments in relation to the implied duties of good faith and of mutual trust and confidence. It also considers the prevalence of workplace policies in modern workplace relations and the circumstances in which workplace polices might give rise to enforceable contractual obligations and common law remedies for breach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Half a percent of GDP in the United States amounts to just over USD90 Billion. In Japan it is 2.6 trillion Yen. But given the different disease and demographic profiles of the US and Japan respectively to Australia, these figures may be higher. Despite all the limitations and assumptions built into the presented calculations, the cost impact of safety lapses in primary and ambulatory care is substantial enough to warrant attention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Jones and Kierzkowski (1990), in a non-theoretical paper, allude to a similar effect. They argue that offshoring, which is also akin to technological progress, can lead to instances where workers whose jobs have relocated offshore rise as is predicted in Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg (2008). The productivity effect occurs not so much because of the additional units of unskilled labour that can be offshored in reaction to falling offshoring costs (second order effect) but because of the costs savings associated with the part of the low-skilled tasks that had already been offshored before (first order effect). The productivity effect would then be large when the extent of offshoring is already large. The labour supply effect would be large when the share of skilled labour in total costs is large and when high-skill tasks substitute poorly for low-skill tasks in the production process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Testing Population Dispersal Hypotheses Pacific Settlement". London: UCL Press, 2005.31-52. Whereas the health disparities and vulnerabilities experienced by indigenous peoples in Australia can be considered as having their roots in the history of colonization, present-day perpetuation of indigenous peoples disadvantage owes much to contemporary civil society turning a blind eye to the disparities. Education, employment, income, housing, access to health services, social networks, connection to land, racism, and incarceration are issues where indigenous peoples are experience substantial disadvantage. Like most indigenous peoples in the world, indigenous Australians' perspective of health is holistic. It encompasses everything important in a person's life, including land, environment, physical body, community, relationships, and law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
I. Justification of punishment and EU law: Introductory remarks. - II. Offenders’ rehabilitation according to national law, international legal instruments and the limits of EU criminal competences. - II.A. Offenders’ rehabilitation and fundamental rights: Domestic legal orders and international law. - II.B. The root of the notion of offenders’ rehabilitation in EU law: The role of the Charter of Fundamental Rights. - II.C. The structural limits of the Union’s criminal system and the interplay with national legal orders. - III. EU substantive criminal law: Is there room for rehabilitation goals? - III.A. EU choices regarding criminalization and their rationale. - III.B. Harmonization of criminal penalties and its impact on enforcement and execution. - IV. EU procedural criminal law. - V. National criminal law and Union citizenship rights. - VI. Conclusions. One notion in bits and pieces?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Over-medication has been reported as an area for concern in Japan, and is an area on which the ministry is taking fee schedule-based action through adjusting prescribing fees and prescription fees when more certain drugs are prescribed simultaneously (in cases where more than three anxiolytics or sleeping drugs are prescribed, or more than four anti-depressants or anti-psychotics). Such policy, and indeed quality efforts more widely, would be very much supported by a broader arrange of relevant quality activities, for example systematic collection of data on prescribing practice and good clinical guidelines. A number of quality indicators are in fact under development by a small but impressive group of hospitals, led by National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry, and such efforts should be promoted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Thus, for example, functional income distribution and absolute income inequality did not show the same favourable evolution over the decade. This means a broader perspective is required to find out what is happening with the concentration of wealth and the appropriation of the fruits of growth. The foregoing pages show that overcrowding is on the decline, the divides between socioeconomic groups are narrowing and income is being distributed in a more egalitarian way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Turkey and the Russian Federation display high shares of employees in strained jobs. While not presented here, the decomposition of job demands suggests that strong time pressure is an important work stressor. Hence, using very long hours as a proxy is a reasonable option for measuring the quality of working environment in emerging economies, where information on working conditions is often scarce and limited in scope41. Turkey, Colombia, Indonesia and India perform rather poorly when the quality of working environment is proxied by the incidence of working more than 60 hours a week (Figure 7, Panel B).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Classrooms and schools with more disciplinary problems are less conducive to learning, since teachers have to spend more time creating an orderly environment before instruction can begin. More interruptions within the classroom disrupt students' engagement and their ability to follow the lessons. The disciplinary climate is indicated in PISA by how often student do not listen to the teacher during lessons on the language of instruction, there is noise and disorder, the teacher has to wait a long time for students to quiet down, students cannot work well, and students do not start working for a long time after the lesson begins.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The planned extension of the training system to the unemployed and vulnerable workers through the public employment service will reduce the inequalities in access to worker training. The new auction of the Bolsa National de Empleo (BNE) is a step in that direction, however, it should be integrated with training opportunities. Efforts to further reform SENCE may increase its ability to deal with its ambitious mandate of co-ordinating worker training and activation policies and the addition of quality assurance requirements to training providers may increase the efficacy of worker training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
During the response period, for example, these include impact assessments, humanitarian needs assessments and the coordination of resources and capacity. Each has its own information requirements. These include DRR actors, relief agencies and development practitioners who in turn may be operating at the international, regional, national and local levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The strong desire to remain at home is outweighed by the need to alleviate poverty and overcome vulnerability. Emigration destinations of those in PICs are largely connected to past and present political affiliation of the countries. For example, there are more Niuean in New Zealand (about 20,000) than Niue (1,500). Similarly, about 6,000 Tokelauan are in New Zealand and nearly 8,000 Cook Islanders are living outside the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Research suggests that women are more likely to purchase a variety of financial products from the same provider and are less likely to switch between providers (IFC 2011a). For financial institutions, this trend reduces acquisition costs of a new customer base and offsets the somewhat higher costs associated with the risk of providing services to under-banked or unbanked women entrepreneurs. The portfolio of loans to women-run businesses tends to be lower than the share of these businesses in their target markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nemet's analysis does not invalidate the policy prescription based on deployment-led cost reductions which is included in IEA ETP projections to 2050. The projections are also based on analyses of the cost reduction potentials to be mobilised in future learning phases, and milestones towards competitiveness in progressively broader electricity markets (see IEA Technology Roadmaps, in particular IEA, 2010c). Resource exhaustion - when good sites get more scarce or remote, or if the proportion of variable sources in electric generation pushes up integration costs - can slow deployment and progress along the learning curve, but would not modify its slope.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
When a disaster occurs, based on the functions and tasks of the branches and units, the Committee is responsible for co-ordination, creating favourable conditions for the effective collaboration of all agencies in the response activities. Members of the committee are heads of Hai Phong departments, agencies and government units. Every year, they are asked to prepare local plans for natural disaster prevention and submit them to the committee so it can prepare a master plan for the whole city.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
If consumers and the growing middle class go online to purchase goods from abroad in a number of countries, the overall net effect may be of a slow loss of purchasing power abroad. In this sense, the development of Ali Baba in China and Flipkart in India represent significant steps in enabling domestic firms to sell to domestic consumers. Today, Internet and ICTs are enabling and underpinning an explosion in research, scientific collaboration and innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While economic prospects at the global level have improved over the past two years, several large developing countries have seen per capita income decline. Further declines or weak per capita income growth are anticipated in 2019 in Central, Southern and West Africa, Western Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean—homes to nearly a quarter of the global population living in extreme poverty. While unemployment rates are at historical lows in several developed economies, many individuals, notably those with low incomes, have seen little or no growth in disposable income for the last decade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The example of the Yunnan Province demonstrated that rural end-users limited their monthly electricity consumption to a level that makes it completely unattractive to the electricity company to invest further in infrastructure and maintenance. According to the Chinese "one county one supplier" policy, the supplier is to provide the full range of services at a given price. Market access by other investors is difficult if not impossible. This, along with rigid rules on production, supply and marketing of electricity, prevents innovation, competition and reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is a positive development. Yet such rights - and particularly women’s rights - are unlikely to be rigorously enforced by law enforcement agencies, as the institutions and personnel that are meant to safeguard human rights are in reality very difficult to change, especially in traditional societies where women have not previously enjoyed social and political equality (Chapter 3). They become aware of their political rights and the responsibilities they can and should shoulder in post-conflict settings (Chapter 3). Post-war constitutions and laws should thus provide for formal gender equality and the legal underpinning for assuring women’s right and duty to participate in the political life of society. Modest and sometimes symbolic steps taken to increase women’s access and participation should translate into more significant and visible decision-making roles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Although they are generally open to and compulsory for formal employees only - in part because employers contribute to them as well - the system, much like defined-contribution pensions, could be opened to informal workers on a voluntary basis, at least. Conversely, unemployment insurance pools risk across workers and firms, and therefore has a redistributive role. The objective of unemployment benefits - whether in the form of UISAs or traditional unemployment insurance - is more akin to consumption smoothing than poverty reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)