albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The list of licensed products included live animals, dairy products, oilseeds, flour products, vegetable oils and margarine. In 1995, the export licensing and quota system for agricultural products were abolished. All export contracts had to be registered with the KIAE, mandatory minimum prices were set by the government for different grades of grain to prevent foreign exchange losses, and the KIAE controlled compliance of export contracts with the minimum price requirement. A 10% export tax was imposed on grain exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The debate on decentralization in Chile has taken a new impulse, mainly through the demands of many regionalist collective actions that took place since 2011. These social movements have established a “new cycle”, redefining, at some point, the relations between state and society. This period has confronted different positions on how to achieve decentralization that should accomplish two important objectives: developing the necessary autonomy and competences that would avoid the capture of subnational entities by local mafias and, at the same time, generate a decentralization process that prevent cooptation and control from the central government. Therefore, this article is an exploratory-descriptive research based on theory, which seeks to identify the key elements of success for a non-cooptative decentralization process in Chile. In that sense, we conclude the main three central pillars for this purpose are: strengthening and financial autonomy, participation and territorial democratization, and the process of institutionalization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The pipeline project is intended to establish interconnecting arrangements of electricity and natural gas in ASEAN to ensure greater security and sustainability of energy supply in the region, while connecting existing and planned pipelines and regasification terminals, minimizing the environmental impact. This work is led by the ASEAN Council on Petroleum, which is comprised of the head of the national oil company in each member country. The partnership focuses on regional economic cooperation and institutional capacity-building, with the aim to promote development of energy resources (including hydropower), facilitate energy trade in the region, develop renewable and alternative energy resources and promote energy efficiency and conservation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Moreover, female migrant entrepreneurs can act as role models and potential employer for other migrant women. Indeed, family migrants, who, due to immigration rules, usually do not depend on benefits, are often neglected by integration policies - such as active labour market policy measures — which are designed for and sometimes even restricted to benefit claimants. Underlying the neglect is the assumption that female family migrants are cared for by their sponsor, who can provide them with all necessary support, and that the women therefore have less or no need for professional counselling on integration services. Some countries even explicitly target less educated women with regional programmes to help them develop new skills and increase their participation in the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A new standard for tracing wood to sustainable sources is now in development. Available at: http://www.iso.org/iso/home/news_index/news_archive/news.htm?refid=ref1971 Jonsson, R„ Giurca, A., Masiero, M., Pepke, E., Pettenella, D„ Prestemon, J. and Winkel, G. 2015. Assessment of the EU Timber Regulation and FLEGT Action Plan. From Science to Policy 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Currently the pension is only available to senior citizens aged over 77 years who are frail or disabled and without either regular support from their family or other pension benefits. In the Plurinational State of Bolivia, for example, Renta Dignidad has helped to make pension coverage almost universal—a significant achievement in a country that previously had very limited social protection for old age. Women are the majority of recipients of Renta Dignidad as well as of Mauritius' Basic Retirement Pension and Chile's Pension Basica Solidaria. Still others make access conditional on a means test with varying income thresholds, usually defined at the household level (e.g., Bangladesh, Chile, South Africa and Ukraine).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This introduction to this Special Issue of International Relations dedicated to Karl Deutsch makes the case that his scholarship was transformative in more ways than is typically recognized in the discipline. Besides being a theoretical and methodological innovator, Deutsch also envisaged that research must have transformative qualities for the future of human relations. The latter in particular deserves attention of International Relations (IR) students because it opens up possibilities for novel empirical and theoretical research of international politics. Deutsch clearly believed that social scientific research must be normatively grounded and serve normative purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Despite the importance of M&E, however, the Global Environment Facility (GEF), for example, has noted that though billions of dollars have been spent on biodiversity mainstreaming outcomes, there is very little robust, credible evidence on the efficacy of these actions (Huntley and Redford, 2014). Other challenges include ambiguous definitions,2 lack of monitoring methodologies and indicators, lack of baseline data, lack of capacity and technical expertise - especially at regional and local levels - a limited understanding between natural science and social science, and a lack of adequate reporting (OECD, 2015a, Davies et al., These are further compounded by an intrinsic mismatch between the short time frame of funding cycles and the longer time frame required for M&E of changes in outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the United States, for example, developers are offered a number of incentives to build mixed-income housing, including low-interest financing tools, density bonuses, tax abatement programmes, rehabilitation assistance, fast-tracking of plan reviews and permits, and reduced or waived fees. Emerging and middle-income families living in these units receive an extra subsidy bonus. One of the first projects to be developed through this programme, San Alberto Casas Viejas, has been set in the outskirts of Puente Alto, a municipality with among the highest concentrations of social housing in the Santiago Metropolitan Region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
About 23 percent of child labour in developing countries occurs in low-income countries, with the largest numbers in Asia and the Pacific. Over 2000-2012 the number of child labourers fell by 78 million, or almost a third. Progress was greatest among younger children and children in hazardous work. It includes work or services exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which that person has not offered himself or herself voluntarily.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Insofar as is possible, this method follows WCMC recommendations on calculating protected area coverage (as discussed in the user manual, see UNEP-WCMC, 2016). Figure 4 shows the WCMC approach, and describes the modifications required to include a breakdown by IUCN management category. The method is inspired by, and is conceptually the same as, that demonstrated by the Digital Observatory on Protected Areas (DOPA) in their ‘Explorer’ web application (Dubois et al., The area of the buffer is Reported Area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
With an average of 16.2 children per teaching staff in ECEC programmes, Belgium was ranked above the average in the OECD where the average children-to-teaching staff ratio is 14.5 (OECD, 2014). In terms of total expenditure on ECEC, Belgium spent an equivalent of USD 6 333 per child in 2011, compared to the average of USD 7 446 across the OECD (OECD, 2014). The European Commission (2014), among others, has drawn attention to the importance of focussing not just on the quantity of places but also on the quality and adequacy of ECEC provision in responding to the needs of an increasingly diversified population. As shown in Figures 3.2 and 3.3, Belgium is among the countries offering the lowest student-to-teacher ratio and class size at the lower secondary education across countries participating in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There may also be amounts incorporated as part of outpatient care from prescribing physicians (part of HC.1.3). This would imply that the consumption of pharmaceuticals involves not only the cost of the products (directly) purchased but also the cost of the complementary distribution services. Some other partial classes, such as pharmaceuticals under procurement, generics and ATC classes, may also be of interest for national purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A more realistic growth projection would be about 4%, slightly lower than that achieved in the previous year. The economy of Afghanistan is projected to grow by 6.5% in 2013, assuming normal weather conditions and agricultural production. Industrial growth may be boosted by improved electricity supplies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Utilities are obliged to purchase renewable energy electricity from different sources according to pre-defined ratios in order to foster more cost-efficient renewable energy technologies. Experience in Poland and Sweden shows that the legislator needs to set a sufficiently high penalty payment to enforce compliance with the quota obligation. The penalty should exceed the marginal generation costs for renewable electricity. Quota-based mechanisms sometimes operate without certificate trading and can also be combined with tender mechanisms or feed-in tariffs (FiT).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Previous chapters have highlighted opportunities for ICT production and use by enterprises to contribute to poverty reduction. The principal question addressed in this final chapter concerns what policymakers can do to seize these opportunities in ways that bring tangible benefits to the poor. There is now more than sufficient evidence to warrant greater attention to the interface between ICTs and enterprises and to how it can make real contributions to economic growth and poverty reduction. At the same time, there is still a need for more hard data and research of the kind required to enable comparative analysis of different ICT interventions targeting the poor and to ensure that strategic interventions reflect the specific needs of potential beneficiaries. In this new context for ICT policymaking, national governments have a renewed incentive to work together with development partners and other stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The purpose of this document is to review, in a summative form, liberalism and conservatism as ideologies that were expressed in projects of modernity subsequent to the French Revolution. It seeks to understand their influence, both in historical configuration and epistemological conception of public administration, as a social science inherited from the Enlightenment. It suggests that progressive liberal thought has predominated in the manner of arguing the disciplinary endeavors of the administrative sciences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This reform package includes the formation of an effective state apparatus, ensuring the rule of law, facilitating industrialisation and economic growth, developing national identity and unity, and enhancing government accountability. However, Kazakhstan cannot enjoy its full economic and social development if the strategy does not acknowledge and enhance the role of urban centres. The experience of OECD countries shows that no country has become rich and developed without successful cities (OECD, 2015a). Cities are the engine of economic development, and their productivity and sustainability is at the core of their success.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A sensitivity analysis has been conducted, comparing the "realistic" scenario shown in Table 10 with the assumed best case for chemical recycling (assuming a smaller input of energy for production of the same output of chemicals for substitution), see 6.2.4. The small differences relating to national transportation distances are not considered in the calculations, but the nature and amount of energy produced in the reference scenario (incineration) is substituted by different technologies in the Nordic countries, leading to national differences in the incineration scenarios. This is illustrated in Table 11, depicting the impacts and benefits from incineration in the Nordic countries. When the impacts and benefits from incineration are compared to those from reuse and recycling (Table 10), the national differences seems to be less important. The ranking of the scenarios is in general the same in all countries, but as an example it can of course be argued that increasing the reuse of Finnish textiles will be better for the environment than increasing the reuse of Danish textiles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Introducing universal tuition fees along with loans with income-contingent repayment would help to address such issues. This Working Paper relates to the 2011 Economic Survey of Slovenia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Slovenia). La proportion de la population Slovene agee de 25 ii 64 ans ayant achev6 au moins le deuxieme cycle de l’enseignement secondaire est parmi les plus elevees de la zone OCDE et le pays est tres bien place dans les evaluations internationales du niveau des eleves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The absolute number of doctors has continued to grow in most OECD countries during the 2008-09 recession and afterwards, although the rate of growth has slowed down in countries such as Greece. This result can, in part, be explained by the policy to reduce the number of temporary staff and replacement staff, although it should be noted that Greece still has the highest number of doctors per capita among OECD countries. In Ireland, a number of changes that affect the medical workforce have been introduced, including non-replacement of staff on leave, end of temporary contracts and voluntary redundancies as well as reduced agency and locum staffing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
1. Six Senses of Strict Liability: A Plea for Formalism 2. Is Strict Liability Always Wrong? 3. Wrongs and Faults 4. Strict Liability, Justice and Proportionality 5. Whose Values should Determine when Liability is Strict? 6. Strict Liability, Legal Presumptions and the Presumption of Innocence 7. Strict Liability and the Presumption of Innocence 8. Strict Liability for Criminal Offences in England and Wales Following Incorporation into English Law of the European Convention on Human Rights 9. Imposing Constitutional Limits on Strict Liability: Lessons from the American Experience 10. Approaches to Strict and Constructive Liability in Continental Criminal Law
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Respondents from the survey underlined the riskiness and lack of trust in EE technologies as key barriers in explaining the large gap between economic potential and project realisation for energy efficiency. As one investor argued, "the reasons why the energy efficiency market has not caught the imagination of the financial institutions are because they are still perceived as too risky." An effective means of tempering this high risk perception is an increased diffusion of laymen information on EE project advantages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This Article argues that, as far as Hungary and Poland are concerned, the use of term “illiberal constitutionalism” is justified. It also claims that, without denying that other states could also be considered illiberal democracies, Hungary and Poland display unique and distinctive features. These features include populist politics, which lead to the relativization of the rule of law and democracy principles, and human rights protection, which captured the constitution and constitutionalism by constitutionalizing populist nationalism, constitutional identity, and created new patrionalism and clientelism. All these features are supported by the ideological indoctrination of political constitutionalism. In the course of this process, formal and informal constitutional amendments are used, and a formal sense of constitutional democracy is maintained. Overturning these illiberal democracies by constitutional and legal means, at this time, seems doubtful, if not impossible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They have a strong track record in providing technical and policy support as well as advancing innovative finance instruments such as results based payments schemes in the energy and forestry sectors and green city level bonds for related infrastructure development. Table 2 presents a summary of the key aspects of the sector case studies focusing in particular on the identified barriers and potential solutions to address these.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This has led to a world fishery that is characterized by falling productivity, economic inefficiency and stagnant incomes for fishers. Recent work by the World Bank indicates that the economic benefits from rebuilding and effectively managing fisheries are substantial, estimated at around USD 50 billion a year (World Bank/FAO, 2008). In particular, at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002, governments committed to an ambitious goal of rebuilding fish stocks to levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield by 2015. Recognizing that rebuilding international fish stocks must occur within a cooperative governance framework, the UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA, December 2001) has enabled RFMOs to address the overfishing of straddling and highly migratory stocks fished primarily on the high seas. The primary motivation for the OECD work on the economics rebuilding fisheries stems from a recognition that policy makers need to not only ensure that rebuilding paths are scientifically well-founded and achievable, but also that the programs are cost-effective and efficient in achieving their objectives. This requires the integration of a broader amount of economic information in decision making processes than is generally the case in many OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For small agricultural producers in particular, e-commerce provides an opportunity to gain direct access to more consumers and renders prices more remunerative, as intermediary costs are eliminated. However, business training, access to credit, targeted online promotions and effective distribution networks are a necessary condition for these economic gains. Given that time and mobility constraints are often greater for women, particularly those with children, technological developments like e-commerce can have an important impact on women's work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A textbook regulatory environment also costs money and is typically funded by operators through various taxes, contributions and fees who then pass this on to consumers. The case of Mozambique offers insights into A4AI's policy considerations (Box 4-7). However, this has not translated into low prices. In 2016, a monthly price for a 500 MB mobile broadband bundle was two times higher than the ITU Broadband Commission target of 5% of per capita Gross National Income (GNI).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Nevertheless, it remains the third lowest in the EU after Bulgaria and Lithuania (Figure 1). In 2015, life expectancy at birth of the Latvian population was 74.8 years, nearly six years lower than in the EU as a whole (80.6 years). Furthermore, there is a considerable gap in life expectancy between socioeconomic groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Not only are financial and human resources often scarce, there is also low flexibility with respect to how resources are allocated and used. This is detrimental to a city’s ability to increase the quality of life for its residents. For example, an evaluation of 2011 sub-national financing dimensions relative to cities that scored in the top five for quality of life based on the Universidad Catolica's Quality of Life Index signals a moderate to strong correlation between higher rankings and a municipality’s ability to generate own-source income and the amount of income budgeted per resident (Table 4.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Source: UNESCO, UIS.Stat and OECD estimates based on PNAD (Brazil). Only two decades ago, the situation was very different, with sizable gaps still present in a number of countries at all levels of schooling. The most remarkable improvements have been recorded in Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia, China, South Africa, TUrkey, Indonesia and India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Therefore, these policies need to be supplemented with capital flows management measures and trade, investment and other structural policies as noted at various parts in this chapter. Fiscal and monetary stimulus should be directed towards enhancing productive investments in infrastructure, in particular in rural areas, labour-intensive SMEs and agriculture as well in green technologies. As argued in the ESCAP 2009 Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP, 2009a), the support measures should be designed in such a way that they also address longterm structural impediments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Beyond investing in children, labour market policies have taken on a new sort of prominence as a delivery mechanism for social welfare, at least in Europe, and there is a shift in philosophy from passiveincome maintenance to encouraging participation in paid work (ibid.). For instance, the 'flexicurity' approach, which first emerged in Denmark, combines labour market flexibility with social security for unemployed workers and active labour market policies designed to retrain and reskill workers and get them back to work {Heintz and Lund 2012). At the same time, cash benefits to families to help with the costs of raising children have been increased. Combined with the emphasis on early childhood education and care as a tool for investment rather than a way to mobilize female labourforce participation, the result is a lot of part-time work among women (Daly 2011, Jenson 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
From the Publisher:  "Cybercrime focuses on the growing concern about the use of electronic communication for criminal activities and the appropriateness of the countermeasures that are being adopted by law enforcement agencies, security services and legislators to address such anxieties. Fuelled by sensational media headlines and news coverage which has done much to encourage the belief that technologies like the Internet are likely to lead to a lawless electronic frontier, Cybercrime provides a more considered and balanced perspective on what is an important and contested arena for debate. It will provide an understanding of the basic issues relating to cybercrime and its impact on society." "This book will be essential reading for students of criminology, public administration, politics, sociology and social policy."--BOOK JACKET.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Between 2007 and 2013 a 55% tax deduction offered in the Energy Efficiency Tax Rebate Programme scaled-up investment in new appliances and equipment by EUR23Bn in 1.8 million applications. The cost of the scheme was EUR 13 billion. ( Org/W/ bookshop/463-Energy_Efficiency_Market_Report_2014 South Africa. The Income Tax was amended in 2013 to include regulation 12L, which sets out tax incentives for any energy efficiency project that reduces energy use in any way, and is claimable until 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)