albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These can be targeted at the general public or at students in schools and universities. The Programme to Support Research Activities of Female Researchers in Japan, mentioned above, promotes research careers in STEM for women in high schools and colleges through promotional materials and events allowing girls to meet female senior staff in research positions. For example, Sweden’s Women Ambassadors programme encouraged voluntary women entrepreneurs to act as “ambassadors” and share their experiences with other women. The ambassadors participated in events and made presentations about their backgrounds and success stories as entrepreneurs to high school, university and vocational training students, career advisors, and women with an immigrant background.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This chapter examines trends in materials use and waste generation, as well as related policy and institutional frameworks. It discusses the reform of municipal waste management and investment in treatment facilities. It also analyses the performance of extended producer responsibility programmes and reviews progress in managing industrial, hazardous and construction waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The TRQ aimed at securing employment and ensuring income stability for these farmers (WTO, 2006). G/AG/N/VNM/2 of 3 November 2011. At present, VAT is levied on goods and services according to the Law No. A fourth rate of 20% applicable to some specific services was also established as part of the original VAT structure but this was abolished on 1 January 2004. Other categories subject to a 5% VAT rate are medical equipment and medicines, teaching and learning aids, children’s toys and books, scientific and technological services, special purpose machinery and equipment for newsprint, products made from jute and bamboo, and cultural exhibits and sports activities (World Bank, 2014). It supersedes the Viet Nam Food Ordinance approved in 2003.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
When fully implemented, the CNUC could be an important source of information for evaluating effectiveness of protected areas (Prates and Sousa, 2014). Most protected areas, however, do not systematically conduct such monitoring. More than half the managers of Amazonian extractive reserves and sustainable development reserves have reported that they lack the tools to monitor the results of social and environmental development activities. It has monitored coral reefs in marine protected areas since 2002.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These have been of particular importance in fostering social identities approving of bicycle cultures, facilitating a co-evolution of behavioural and infrastructural change. For bicyclists, positive perceptions of safety, speed and comfort have been key in achieving high bicycle trip shares. To justify infrastructure costs (bicycle tracks, etc.), The analysis revealed the net social gain for each cycled kilometre to be EUR 0.16, compared to the net social cost of EUR 0.09 per km driven by car.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Looking at 155 series of domestic cereal prices (maize, rice and wheat) from 52 countries in 2007-08, Sharma finds that domestic prices rose by more than the change in the world markets (over 100% transmission rate) in 48 of the 155 series, with transmission of between 50% and 100% in 50 cases, and transmission of less than 50% in 57 cases. The transmission rates were significantly lower during the second spike (2010-11). One might expect the least developed countries to be less integrated with world markets, suggesting lower rates of price transmission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They are also able to participate in political life. But not all forms of economic empowerment are equally empowering. It is women in relatively regular work in reasonable working conditions outside the home that have made the most progress on the indicators that matter to women themselves and to society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Inclusive innovation policies are complementary to other policy tools, particularly to education policies that ensure equal access to high-quality education, labour market policies that support opportunities for disadvantaged groups and good quality public services. Section 1 discusses how the unequal distribution of capacities and opportunities to participate in innovation activities hampers inclusive growth. Section 2 analyses the role innovation policies can play in tackling social, industrial and territorial inclusiveness challenges, while Section 3 argues why such policies should be a priority in OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These estimates were based on Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and, in the case of Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada and Saint Lucia, on surveys of Iving conditions. The surveys were conducted between 2005 and 2008. The estimates give an initial idea of the child poverty situation in the Caribbean from a multidimensional and rights-based perspective. As the surveys were prepared using the same methodology as for Latin America, they allow child poverty in the Caribbean to be compared with that in the rest of the region, something that cannot be done using monetary poverty statistics, which are constructed using different methodologies. This variability is very similar to that observed in Latin America. In the Caribbean countries with the highest child poverty levels (Guyana and Belize), the percentages of poor children (total and extreme) are in the same range as in Latin American countries with high child poverty, such as Nicaragua and Peru.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the Czech Republic, 20% of apprenticeship schools do not offer any kind of training with local employers, in 40% of schools less than half of the student population receive training with local employers and only in 40% of apprenticeship schools the majority of students carry out training with local business. Provision of training in technical VET is even lower, but this might be because in these programmes traineeship is provided to students older than 15 year-olds who are not covered by the PISA study. These results may be overestimated. The questionnaire was sent to 173 VET schools, and only 83 schools responded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While it is ultimately disposable income inequality (ideally adjusted for publicly-provided in-kind services) that matters, labour income inequality is one of its major sources and thus warrants a distinct analysis. The focus on labour income implies that important population sub-groups (such as retirees) and income sources (such as capital income) are ignored in the discussion. Moreover, tax and transfer policies are only briefly touched upon in this paper, as a thorough elaboration of their inequality effects can be found in Joumard etal. ( The authors would like to thank Jprgen Elmeskov, Jean-Luc Schneider, Peter Hoeller, Romain Duval, Isabelle Joumard, Mauro Pisu and Kaja Fredriksen for their useful comments and suggestions and Susan Gascard for excellent editorial support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Without greater national self-sufficiency, migration will be encouraged in one form or another. The ministers of health from PICs agreed in 2005 to develop a Pacific Code to provide a mechanism to facilitate recruitment of health workers between and from PICs within a framework based on ‘mutuality of benefits’ for all, a form of managed migration (see section 6.10). This so-called Samoa Commitment recognised that the loss of skilled health workers through migration, where there was already a shortage, had serious implications for the health of Pacific people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Leadership in public policy making is challenging. There is tension in gaining commitment from competing stakeholder groups, in sustaining public engagement in technically complex areas and securing broad-based support. Our paper illuminates these challenges through a case study of health policy development in the UK. We go beyond individual roles and leader–follower exchange relationships to develop the concept of distributed leadership using a sociomaterial approach to reveal how and why leadership is distributed across sociomaterial practices which together (re)configure policy coalitions and context. In so doing we also show how legitimacy and trust are sociomaterially enacted and shape leadership in public policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To assist with the cost of their studies, the government has also recently announced that quota students will receive a stipend of BRL 400 per month (Souza, 2013) - Bolsa Permanencia (Staying-On Scholarship) - rising to BRL 900 per month for indigenous and quilombolcr32 students. The states of Rio de Janeiro and Bahia have previously introduced quota systems. An evaluation of one such scheme at the University of Brasilia (Francis and Tannuri-Pianto, 2012) found that it raised the proportion of black students at the university and that the displacing students were from lower socio-economic status families on average. One of the key issues is that the Brazilian higher education system is highly regressive. Free, highly selective public universities are attended primarily by richer students, while poorer students are forced to attend fee-charging, private institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The novelty resides in the new angle from which they are conceived: they are designed to facilitate the participation in research, innovation and entrepreneurial activities of those groups that currently have fewer capacities or opportunities to do so. Policies addressing social inclusiveness proceed either by building the innovation capabilities of disadvantaged groups, or by facilitating their access to opportunities to participate in innovative activities. The focus is on strengthening their innovation capacities, as well as on building the adequate business environment for innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Contextual review is a judicial method that rejects doctrinal or categorical methods to guide judicial supervision of administrative action. Judges are invited to assess the circumstances of a claim in the round without any doctrinal scaffolding to control the depth of scrutiny, in other words, intervention turns on an instinctive judicial impulse or overall evaluative judgement. This paper identifies and explains the various instances where this method is deployed in judicial review in Anglo-Commonwealth administrative law. The efficacy of this style of review is also evaluated, using rule of law standards to frame the analysis. Its increasing popularity is a worrying turn, in part because its reliance on unstructured normativism undermines the rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
When the demand for a programme exceeds the supply, a lottery can be used to select the treatment group within the eligible population. Gertler states: When a programme is phased in, randomisation of the order in which participants receive the programme gives each eligible unit the same chance of receiving treatment in the first phase or in a later phase of the programme. As long as the last group has not yet been phased into the programme, it serves as a valid comparison group from which the counterfactual for the groups that have already been phased in can be estimated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Developmental scales were used for tracking changes in six areas: the motor, emotional, social, communication, creativity and functional skills needed for independence. An ecological curriculum using resources from the community was adopted. It is a process or a journey - every journey begins with a first step. An inclusive education programme that does not work with families will not achieve very much.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Bycatch and discards work plan applies. The 2009 statutory management plan provides for the grant of individual transferable quotas and statutory fishing rights. The AFMA commission endorsed the management policy and entered into a memorandum of understanding with the Norfolk Island government to maintain a monitoring and advisory role in the fishery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Australia has a generally progressive approach to mental health law, reflective of international trends in human rights. Responsibility for most legislation is vested in the six States and two Territories, a total of eight jurisdictions, such that at any given time several new mental health acts are in preparation. In addition there is a model mental health act that promotes common standards. Transfer of orders between jurisdictions relies on Memoranda of Understanding between them, and is patchy. State and Territory legislation is generally cognisant of international treaty obligations, which are themselves the preserve of the Federal Parliament and legislature. UK legislation has had a key influence in Australia, the 1959 Mental Health Act in particular, with its strong emphasis on voluntary hospitalisation, prefacing deinstitutionalisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By the end of 2010, the customs duties collected on goods originating outside the CU were distributed according to an agreed formula of 4.70% for Belarus, 7.33% for Kazakhstan and 87.97% for Russia. In July 2010, a common customs code, customs rules and common external tariff came into effect. Customs clearance and control procedures at the Kazakh-Russian border were abolished on 1 July 2011. The work on the CU legal framework continues: in the agro-food area it is focused on further harmonisation of SPS and technical regulations between the CU members and with the WTO requirements. A Eurasian Economic Commission was created within the framework of the CES on 1 February 2012. It took over the duties of the CU Commission to become a single permanent regulatory body of the CU and the CES.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Honduras (2006 and 2010). Paraguay (2008 and 2013), Peru (2007 and 2013), the Plurinational State of Bolivia (2008 and 2013) and Uruguay (2008 and 2013). Next came the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (23 percentage points) and Brazil and Chile (20 percentage points each). The countries where the situation of the poorest quintile improved the least were Honduras, El Salvador, Mexico and Paraguay, with increases of 0.5 percentage points, 2 percentage points, 3 percentage points and 4 percentage points, respectively (see table I.A1.6). The countries with the largest absolute increases were Chile, Uruguay and Costa Rica (26, 22 and 21 percentage points, respectively), while in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras the change over the period was less than 1 percentage point.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The cases of El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras confirm this: up until 2000, young adults (aged 30-44) displayed a slightly higher level of participation, although the difference was not statistically significant (Figure 3.32). In the last decade, as general violence has been increasing, rates of participation for some segments of the youth population have increased in tandem. Mass media most often highlight organised forms of urban violence among the young (usually males) in gangs by the name of pandillas, maras, clicas or combos, depending on the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Due to their limited resources and sensitivity to price and availability of supplies, MSMEs are especially susceptible to the effects of climate change. In its first phase, the programme focused on the tourism sector. These efforts include promoting new business models for sustainable growth and entrepreneurship, influencing business behaviour - for instance, by promoting corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities - and improving access to finance to encourage uptake of green technologies (DCED, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Accordingly, TRAI has identified '112' as the single emergency number through which all emergency calls will be routed. The system will prioritize calls made to the single emergency number. These calls from fixed or mobile phone/devices will be routed to a Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) which will obtain subscriber-related details (e.g., location) so that help can be sent as to the location as quickly as possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They may also generally be of interest in shaping up a global agenda on e-commerce with a development dimension. Broadly, e-commerce can be defined as the buying and selling of goods and services through computer networks such as the internet or other electronic means. In the context of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Work Programme on E-Commerce, it is defined as ‘the production, distribution, marketing, sale or delivery of goods and services by electronic means’ (WTO, 1998).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Some assets are those that individuals and households accumulate and own, such as livestock, tools, houses, stores, equipment, capital and land. Equitable distribution of these assets, even more than income, is critical if economic growth is to produce poverty reduction (Horrell, 2008). Decent Work and empowerment for pro-poor growth).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 2000, in an effort to improve effectiveness of protected areas and to better preserve its tropical rainforests, Brazil established the National System of Protected Areas (SNUC), or conservation units, as such areas are known in the country.1 SNUC integrated the heterogeneous landscape of protected areas, including those established by federal, state and municipal governments as well as those proposed by private actors (individuals, companies, non-government organisations), into one national system. It provided a common definition of protected areas and a framework for co-ordinated management and implementation at different levels of government. It also introduced the National Register of Protected Areas (CNUC) in 2006 as the official national database to consolidate information about protected areas at all levels of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Abstract   The potential use of strategic conflict management (Wilcox & Cameron, 2006, Cameron, Wilcox, Reber, & Shin, 2008) as a health advocacy tool in US African American and mainstream newspapers, arguing that escalation of conflict can increase effectiveness of health-related news releases. For health communicators focusing on at-risk populations with poor health outcomes, such goals would include increased awareness of health problems and solutions, along with increased motivation arising from indignation over health disparities. Content analysis of 1197 stories in 24 Black and 12 mainstream newspapers showed that more conflict factors were present in Black vs. mainstream newspapers, suggesting a way to strategically place health messages in news releases disseminated to newspapers that motivate at-risk publics to better health. The findings suggest that conflict factors such as racial disparity data regarding health issues may enhance media advocacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The investigated locations in the Artie region can only be reached by airplane or boat. Below, we have estimated the carbon emissions of the international tourists for the Arctic islands. With by far the highest number of tourists, Iceland also has the highest estimated carbon emissions of approximately 750,000 tonnes of C02 equivalent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Certified production increased slightly in the CIS in 2015 and decreased in Asia. In the 12 months to May 2015, the number of CoC certificates increased by 1,258 for the FSC and by 513 for the PEFC (graph 2.4.4). It was the third part of a four-part round of negotiations to be completed in Paris in 2015, there, Parties to the UNFCCC are to adopt the "Paris Protocol" to replace the Kyoto Protocol (Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, 2014). An additional 1,002 projects are undergoing validation and 11 have requested registration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Vegetation loss, erosion and degradation of such large sw'athes of land spur the ever-present threat of desertification. It is estimated that, in Mongolia, there are four times more vehicle tracks than necessary, causing 0.7 million ha of land degradation. Mining is the largest industry and a major contributor to the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
With its notions of consensus and harmonious interaction by different groups, social capital is in some senses the practical tool to achieve social cohesion’ (Zetter et al., What makes social networks even more interesting, however, is that they also have implications for bystanders. So while one can point to no end of studies in which a variable that is asserted to proxy for social capital has some effect on individuals or groups, it is very difficult to treat the finding as establishing a causal role for social capital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Thus, between 2008 and 2013 the trend was for a more marked increase in home Internet access in the more developed countries. In the case of Brazil, for example, the absolute difference between the two in 2008 was 65 percentage points (70.52-5.36). In 2013, it was 60 percentage points (80.76-21.05). Thus, 60-65 = -5 percentage points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
An Israeli study found that the health care costs for diabetes patients on dialysis were almost six times greater than diabetic patients not on dialysis (Chodick et al., As dialysis and kidney transplant are highly substitutable treatments for many ESRF patients, a number of studies have looked at their cost-effectiveness. Many studies found that kidney transplant is more cost-effective than dialysis across countries including Australia (Howard et al., According to a cross-national review (Winkelmayer et al., It should be noted that these treatment options are not alternatives for all patients but depend on medical and other eligibility criteria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Ihese variables have been transformed so that they have a mean of 2 and a standard deviation of 1 across the pooled sample of all participating countries, thus allowing meaningful comparisons across countries. While this transformation implies that the levels of use cannot be easily compared across skill types, such comparisons would be conceptually difficult to make anyway. For example, is using ICT skills every day equivalent to using learning skills every day in terms of how intensively ICT and learning skills are used at work? For example, the reading and writing indices are derived from a large set of questions concerning the frequency with which several types of documents (directions, instructions, memos, e-mails, articles, manuals, books, invoices, bills and forms) are read or written during one's regular work activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Abstract The Black Legend of the Inquisition is part of a larger Enlightenment narrative that celebrates modernity and its institutions as a darkness overcome. However, torture is not just a relic of the past. It has emerged as a tool of state that will exist as long as the “war on terror” divides the world. We must denounce terrorism, but in doing so we should not create new Inquisitions of our own. The way to do penance for the Inquisition is to resist torture as it is practiced now, and in doing so establish real dialogue among people of all faiths.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)