albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Macroeconomic and policy assumptions (cont.) The global recovery remains modest, despite some moderate acceleration in the short term, and there are large downside risks. The growth slowdown in the emerging market economies leads to large negative spillover effects on the world economy as a whole via trade effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Government activities were divided into government expenditure (GOV) and five different kinds of taxes direct tax on domestic institutions (DIRTAX), import tariffs (IMPTAX), value added tax (VATAX), indirect or sales taxes (INDTAX) and factor taxes (FACTAX). Lastly, savings and investment (S-l) represent the capital account, while the rest of the world (ROW) is modelled as a single sector. The framework set out below is based on that prepared by Parra and Wodon (2009). Thus, in 2001, forestry and hunting contributed TSh 296.7 billion to the GDP in 2001of the United Republic of Tanzania, which translates into TSh.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Moreover, efforts have been reported by the Bahraini officials to strengthen public awareness on women’s rights and risks of violence against women. The new Constitution adopted in 2014 affirms the state's commitment to protect women against all forms of violence. A law is in the process of being approved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Government has been able to reduce the gap between supply and demand for electricity. Power generation capacity (including captive) has been increased from 4,942 Megawatts (MW) in 2009 to 13,883 MW in 2015. At present, 74 per cent of the population has electricity coverage and the per capita power generation has reached 371 kWh.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Similarly, it is equally detrimental to exclude stakeholders for being known opponents of the issue at hand, involving them can trigger some ownership and increase the likelihood that they support the final decisions. If they are excluded from the decision-making process they could be more prone to undermining the decision. Engagement processes can be most effective when they include a careful and strategic selection of stakeholders that strikes a balance between comprehensive representation and a manageable number of participants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In recent years there have been significant innovations with respect to different types of energy storage of sufficient scale to serve as back-up for the grid (see e.g., Hall and Bain, 2008, IEA, 2005, IEA, 2008). Both improved storage and grid management have beneficial consequences for the delivery of electricity services more generally, irrespective of the supply mix. For instance, they can increase the reliability of supplies in the face of unexpected shocks (i.e. due to extreme weather events or earthquakes). They can also reduce transmission losses and increase efficiency more generally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Transgender inmates provide a conundrum for correctional staff, particularly when it comes to classification, victimization, and medical and health issues. Using LexisNexis and WestLaw and state Department of Corrections (DOC) information, we collected state statutes and DOC policies concerning transgender inmates. We utilized academic legal research with content analysis to determine whether a statute or policy addressed issues concerning classification procedures, access to counseling services, the initiation and continuation of hormone therapy, and sex reassignment surgery. We found that while more states are providing either statutory or policy guidelines for transgender inmates, a number of states are lagging behind and there is a shortage of guidance dealing with the medical issues related to being transgender.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Policies in land use, housing, transportation and sustainability could be strengthened if an integrated approach to their development and implementation were adopted. The current land-use planning system could better contribute to efficient urban development if the zoning system were made more flexible, if infill development was more strongly incentivised, and if there were a national framework for designating and developing natural-hazard risk zones in urban areas. Revisiting these policies is an important step in creating and implementing a national urban vision. It then examines relevant practices in OECD countries, and recommends policy changes that national policy makers may wish to consider when designing a national urban policy framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In practice, however, it is common for several water utilities to serve the municipalities of a single ATO. For example, eight ATOs in Emilia-Romagna are served by 16 utilities. As of 2009, 58 utilities were still publicly owned and 31 involved mixed ownership companies with selected partners, while in seven cases concessions had been given to the private sector, including four private concessions awarded in Sicily.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Validators in the system - initially public and private institutions, and increasingly individual private investors and project initiators - need to have the required capabilities to host blockchain nodes. Investors and project initiators need to have the ability and resources to use internet-enabled devices such as laptops, smartphones or other mobile devices in order to access the platform through either a web browser or a mobile device application. For the purpose of committing and managing the investment, a certain level of adoption of cryptocurrencies should exist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Even in OECD countries regarded as having strong primary care, such as the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, a large proportion of doctors continue to work as solo-practitioners. The average primary care clinic in Israel is staffed by the equivalent of 3.4 general practitioners, 2.6 nurses, 1.5 practice assistants and most have a practice manager. In recent years, the United Kingdom, Australia, France and Switzerland have changed financing or provided additional payments to general practitioners to try and prioritise such services and had limited success in driving system-wide change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While the sector shifts were radical, there were also important links with previous developments. Developing a strong paper industry involved moving into pulp and papermaking machinery and developing capabilities in chemistry'. A growing ship-building industry created a launch market for heavy marine diesel engines, and so on.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The aim of this contribution is to study the material limits on the criminal legislator set forth in the Spanish Constitution and in the European Convention of Human Rights, as interpreted by the Spanish Constitutional Court (SCC) and by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Second, these production effects may have broader market implications both domestically and potentially internationally. Third, broader food security and associated indirect effects may also occur. In the absence of policy action, Northeast China’s agriculture is expected to face water shortage due to competition for water use with other sectors, possible continued groundwater depletion in parts of the region, and the uncertain effects of climate change, leading to possible pressure on field crops such as maize and wheat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is assumed that the target remains constant after 2035 and that the policy does not expire." Some low-carbon energy technologies are already competitive or close to becoming commercial and should be the first to be deployed on a massive scale. This is the case of nuclear energy, on shore wind and solar PV in certain regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Progress towards these Goals is mutually reinforcing, providing opportunities to foster improved employment outcomes for youth while contributing to the achievement of other Goals. The targets emphasize the importance of a solid macroeconomic foundation for economic growth, driven by strategic investments in job-intensive and productive economic activities. In keeping with the integrated nature of the global economy, the targets focus on promoting trade and strengthening the ability of less developed economies to tap into the economic power of the developed world (through financial aid, tourism and foreign direct investment) in terms of job creation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Long-term unemployment rate refers to unemployment duration of one year and over. Youth unemployment rate is the proportion of unemployed aged 15-24 in the labour force aged 15-24. This is considered to be key for a well-functioning youth guarantee scheme, but regrettably the Czech youth guarantee has no explicit target outcomes against which performance can be assessed (ILO, 2013). In 2012, more than 40% of the unemployed had been without a job for longer than 12 months. The concentration of long-term unemployment in regions such as the northwest and Moravia-Silesia reflects the loss of heavy industries during transition and their high proportion of low-skilled workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Neuroscientific endeavours to uncover the causes of severe mental impairments may be viewed as supporting arguments for capacity-based mental health laws that enable compulsory detention and treatment. This article explores the tensions between clinical, human rights and legal concepts of “capacity”. It is argued that capacity-based mental health laws, rather than providing a progressive approach to law reform, may simply reinforce presumptions that those with mental impairments completely lack decision-making capacity and thereby should not be afforded legal capacity. A better approach may be to shift the current focus on notions of capacity to socio-economic obligations under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This sensitive data is the basis for energy services directed towards the end customer like demand-side management or smart-home services. In future, Orange is willing to act as connection point between network elements and customers. This could lead to a greater dependence for DSOs on telecommunication companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Since 2001, there has been a period with a positive anomaly, this is a consequence of an increase in both maximum and minimum daily temperatures, especially in summer time. Several summers after 1990 are characterized by an increasing rate of minimum temperature higher than that of maximum temperature. The northern part of the coastal zone does have lower temperatures in the winter season compared with the middle and southern zones, but summer temperatures are similar across all coastal regions. There were two cases of "heat-wave days" (when, over six consecutive days, the air temperature is at least 5°C more than the long-term average temperature for the corresponding days) recorded prior to 2001.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Low salaries and difficult working conditions make it difficult to recruit and retain a sufficient number of skilled health workers. Since Latvian doctors and nurses are generally considered well-trained and highly competent many of them have found employment elsewhere in Europe, particularly after the financial crisis (Section S.2). However, the number of discharges remains slightly above the EU average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In contrast, Parteka and Tamberi (2008) and De Benedictis et al. ( Rationales specifically for territorial inclusiveness policies include fostering the development of more productive and innovation-intensive activities in lagging regions, by supporting entrepreneurship and the development of these activities. Strengthening the innovation capacities of lagging regions (i.e. the absorptive capacity of individuals and firms located there) also increases the chances of other initiatives, such investment in R&D and transport infrastructure, to have their intended effects on innovation performance and economic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Alternative or additional income generating opportunities are therefore needed to support the millions of poor families who can no longer rely solely on the land for their livelihoods. First, it has resulted in production falling short of the growing demand, with smaller stocks of food surpluses available around the world.15 Second, the decline in infrastructure investment has contributed to high production and distribution costs that in turn have kept food prices high and exacerbated the lack of access to food, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The cost of transportation and distribution will be critical in shaping strategies and policies for agriculture. Reversing these trends will require a shift in focus: what should developing countries invest into, in order that agricultural innovation results?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Results have been less satisfactory for vulnerable road users, however, there has been a reduction of only a third in pedestrian and cyclist fatalities over the last decade. In terms of killed PTW riders, here, too, results were disappointing, with a reduction of only 14% in fatalities. The safety of vulnerable road users continues to be a core road safety issue, not least in lower income countries. In Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands, the rate in terms of fatalities per 100 000 population has been divided by more than six.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Access to water is fundamental for productivity in agriculture in most of Spain, contributing 55% to total agricultural value added. While some new irrigation projects, for example in the Ebro river basin, were maintained in the revised national hydrological plan (2005-08), the government does not expect further expansion. Water abstractions for irrigation remained broadly constant until 2004. These developments resulted in a 9% reduction of irrigation water application rates between 1990-92 and 2002-04.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
From the 1648 peace treaties of Westphalia to the 1945 U.N. Charter, public international law has evolved as a system of reciprocal rights and obligations among states based on sovereign equality and non-intervention into the internal affairs of states.1 The state-centered U.N. Charter, and its collective security system established by the victorious powers of World War II,2 assert legal priority over other conflicting international treaties.3 The one-sided focus of the traditional “international law of states” on the freedom and power of governments, rather than on the human rights of their citizens is, however, increasingly challenged by national parliaments and civil society groups as being incompatible with the universal recognition of inalienable human rights and with the need for democratic legislation protecting human rights and “democratic peace”.4
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The share of teachers leaving the profession has been stable over the last 20 years (Adermon and Laun, 2018(123))- Nevertheless, a survey of trained teachers who had left the profession indicated that more than 70% of respondents cited the work environment (such as stress and heavy workload) among the main reasons for leaving the teaching profession, followed by working conditions and salary (Statistics Sweden, 2017(128]). Around 60% of those who left the teaching profession would consider returning for a more reasonable workload in relation to working hours, a greater opportunity to control the work situation and a higher salary (Statistics Sweden, 2017[m]). Teachers in Sweden also work longer hours than their colleagues in many OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This could provide an efficient and effective way to bring together different educational providers with key businesses (public and private) to provide meaningful learning pathways and sustainable employment. This would help inform education provision at all levels. The most effective region-wide graduate labour market systems are based on the collection of comprehensive labour market intelligence, on-line publication of the data in a single place to improve students’ ability to make rational choices about their studies and to help graduates and employers to come together and students to move into employment, and using the data strategically to identify regional priorities and at an institutional level, to respond to the data in terms of course provision and the provision of employer specified skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Large-scale retrofitting for residential and commercial buildings has also made a major contribution to energy conservation. A focus has been retrofitting central heating facilities, to increase household metering, install technology allowing local temperature regulation and improve heat transfer efficiency. During the 11th FYP retrofitting of this kind was undertaken in a total of 190 million square metres of residential floor space (Bao et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Penang’s institutions can play a significant role as research intermediaries to firms engaged in upgrading technology. The resources of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) and UiTM and the two research institutes - the Fishery Research Institute and the Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Neutraceuticals at USM - can contribute greatly to the upgrading of industry. For instance, USM has recently decoded the genome for rubber which can be a source of patents and subsequent product commercialisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, if they directly reward evidence-based preventative medicine and other actions designed to reduce future demands for health services, they may serve to promote the cost-effectiveness of the health system. If, on the other hand, they offer no reward for timely intervention and mitigation of future ill-health, the financial incentives may be dysfunctional and serve to exacerbate cost pressures, for example by encouraging referral for unnecessary specialist diagnostic tests, or indeed by discouraging necessary' referrals and thereby increasing future healthcare costs. In the same vein, non-financial instruments, most notably performance reporting requirements, might reinforce or work against cost containment objectives, depending upon their design. The next section examines three fundamental functions of primary care that may contribute to this objective: reducing or delaying the onset of disease, reducing the use of specialist care once a clinical condition has been identified, and reducing the intensity of use of specialist care once a need for such care has arisen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The report of the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health demonstrates the renewed salience of health inequalities within the international health policy agenda. The tobacco pandemic is characterized by an escalating burden of death and disease that is increasingly being borne by developing countries. Efforts to promote global health equity must therefore prioritize reductions in tobacco consumption. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) offers a remarkable opportunity to address the health inequalities associated with tobacco use, and represents an important innovation within global governance. But the FCTC’s failure to adequately address the health impacts of trade liberalization highlights the difficulties of ensuring policy coherence across international health, development and economic policies. Recognition of such limitations is important both to inform the further development of the FCTC and to ensure that appropriate lessons are drawn for future initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Biodiversity underpins some economic activities and a loss of biodiversity (or in broader terms, ecosystems and their related goods and services) affects the functioning of the economic system. However, the exact impact on the economic activity depends on the type of changes in biodiversity experienced as well as the economic activity in question, with sectors such as agriculture or tourism being more affected than, for instance, banking or the automobile industry. To this end we have applied the so-called DPSIR framework. It was developed by RIVM in the Netherlands and DMU in Denmark in the 1990s within the framework of a project carried out on behalf of the EEA (EEA, 1999).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the first instance, the conclusions should be awaited of an EU project currently examining this issue. The initiative for scoping and implementing PES can be left to local communities acting with other key local stakeholders, w ith potential support from international networks and NGOs. Pollution of rivers and lakes in Eastern parts of Georgia is of concern both to Georgia and to the dowmstream parts of Western Azerbaijan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Exports grew markedly, propelled by shipments of petroleum and manufactures. Private consumption growth was also solid, anchored by election spending, stable bank credit flows and an easing of inflation. Capital formation was supported by a decline in secondary-market interest rates and a steady inflow of FDI during the year. Government spending likewise expanded strongly, though less so than the previous year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In July 2008, the Swedish government also instructed the Swedish Secretariat for Gender Research at the University of Gothenburg to further develop and disseminate methods and information on gender mainstreaming, and develop a forum to exchange experiences. It published reports such as the Gender Mainstreaming Manual and the Gender Equality in Public Services Report - A Book of Ideas for Managers and Strategists, and trained central government administrators on the implementation of gender mainstreaming. The committee also elaborated a working model outlining steps to be followed for an effective gender mainstreaming process. The national gender equality strategy identified five focus areas to be addressed during the government’s term of office: i) Representation - equal access to positions of power and influence, ii) Equal pay for equal work and work of equal value, iii) Violence committed by men against women, prostitution and trafficking of women for purposes of sexual exploitation, tv) Men and gender equality, and v) Sexualisation of the public sphere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Since the passing of the Traditional Leaders Act in Zimbabwe in 1998, the state’s recognition and incorporation of traditional leadership in governance has increased considerably. This has coincided with the emerging political and economic crisis in the country, with traditional leaders being increasingly empowered as actors in local governance alongside locally elected democratic governments. Through the prism of natural resource management schemes in the Gokwe area of Zimbabwe, this chapter discusses the contested status of traditional leaders in decentralized democratic governance,1 as well as relating the specific Zimbabwean context to the wider debate over the relationship between processes of democratization, decentralization, and the recognition of traditional authority. In particular the chapter asks what are the consequences of the increased state recognition of traditional leaders for questions of accountability, governance, and legitimacy in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)