albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The preschool teacher, the grade-one teacher, and any involved specialist (e.g. school psychologist) meet to discuss school entrants in terms of their skills, peer relations and preferences. In Norway, sharing child development information across sectors is well established at the local level. Parents play an important role in this exchange process. They can decide what information is transferred and they have to give their consent before the kindergarten can provide the information to the school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Despite this, important interdependencies between environmental, health and social factors have only recently been investigated. The delays in strengthening tobacco control legislation (finally agreed in early 2017) exemplify the challenges (see also Section 3). Notwithstanding, the Strategic Document on Public Health (2012) set long-term goals to expand traditional public health to include non-communicable diseases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The share of all women in the labour market (age 15 and over) grew from 33.9% in 1991 to 43.3% in 2014. Indeed, Mexico has the second-lowest rate of (working age) female labour force participation in the OECD, after Turkey. Mexican women also participate at lower rates than women in Colombia and Peru, two other upper-middle income Latin American countries (OECD, 2016b). There is a 35.3 percentage point gap between Mexican women and men’s labour force participation rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is a generally recognized link between governance, economic performance, and popular welfare in Africa. Authoritarian governments have generally failed to promote economic development or improvements in livelihoods. The trend toward democratization that swept the African continent in the early 1990s kindled hopes that political reform could lead to economic regeneration. However, a crucial paradox of growth without prosperity surrounds Africa’s new democracies. While political liberalization bolsters economic policy reform and enhances some of the requisites for economic performance, these improvements do not seem to foster significant reductions in poverty or inequality. This paradox presents a basic challenge for Africa’s new democracies. The paradox arises from the nature of patronage systems and institutions in countries undergoing political reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One risk to bear in mind in this respect is going too far with the expansion of social support mechanisms. In recent years South Africa has massively expanded budgetary transfers for social protection, and these have proved to be effective in combating poverty. Moving too far in this direction will, however, undermine incentives to find and keep a job, as well as compromising fiscal sustainability and thereby undermining macroeconomic stability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In the Netherlands, employees have a general entitlement to request longer or shorter working hours, which the employer can refuse only on serious business grounds. Employees may submit such requests only if they work in a company with a workforce of more than 10, and if they have worked at least 12 months in the company. In New Zealand, all employees may request a change in their hours, days or place of work, either temporarily or permanently. Employers must consider the request but can refuse on business grounds or if it conflicts with a collective agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In this article, the author outlines how the Hong Kong Chinese elderly revise, shift, and modify their health-seeking behaviors to adapt to rapid social change, presenting data drawn from three studies undertaken with elderly Chinese conducted in Hong Kong during the period 1993 to 1998. The primary data source is a qualitative survey involving interviews with 47 elderly Hong Kong Chinese men and women to ascertain their health-seeking beliefs and behaviors. The author analyzes how public policy and Confucian rhetoric constitute social guidelines, which are perceived in light of an individual's resources, gender and generational experiences and are manifest in health-seeking behaviors: seeking religious solace, preparing special food, visiting formal and informal healers, and shifting expectations of what constitutes family support. The article highlights the interface between public interpretations of old age, morality, religion, filial support, and personalized meaning as manifest in health behaviors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Income inequality and relative poverty among the total population remained broadly unchanged between the mid-1980s and late 2000s, contrasting with the rising trends in much of the OECD (Figure 2.2). Alternative distributional indicators over the period 1986-2009 confirm these findings for Greece (Table 2.1). Social outcomes are proxied by both distributional (income and poverty measures) and non-distributional indicators (including labour market and health indicators). Measures the extent to which income distribution among individuals or households deviates from a perfectly equal distribution (OECD, 2013a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Some of these shortcomings are addressed by the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), which is discussed at the end of this chapter. It is important to put in place harmonised instruments that measure other types of skills, which are critical for innovation and economic growth but also for living a good life in general (e.g. social and emotional skills1, Almlund et al., For the moment, these exist at national level only. They inform about the competencies that help individuals undertake a broad range of the activities needed to live in modern societies. These include reading, writing and numeracy as well as the skills needed to use digital technology and access and interpret information in a knowledge-based society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The author is grateful for informal feedback on drafts and ideas over the past year from Christophe Bellmann, Bernice Lee, Ricardo Melendez-Ortiz, Jean-Marie Paugam as well as from the Commonwealth Secretariat and their external reviewers. New business opportunities linked to a more sustainable global economy are estimated to reach US$12 trillion or more by 2030 (Business & Sustainable Development Commission, 2017). Global trade in environmental goods alone is projected to reach US$2-3 trillion by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In 2017, the global population was estimated at 7.6 billion people (figure 4.1) and is projected to increase to 9.8 billion by 2050. Asia’s relatively large population, 4.5 billion of the world total of 7.6 billion, coupled with rising urbanization and industrialization, is a recent driver of resource use. Africa’s total population in 2017 was estimated at 1.2 billion and projected to increase to almost 4.5 billion by 2100 (figure 4.2). The projected rapid growth rates are due to the large youth bulge, which means that even as population growth rates in other regions taper off, Africa will be the only region experiencing substantial population growth, with its share of the global population expected to increase from 16 per cent in 2017, to 20 per cent in 2030 and 46 per cent in 2100. Of the world’s 31 megacities, 24 are located in less-developed regions and five are in Africa, excluding North Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The USBR charge for water applied on land in excess of 390 hectares is either USD51.98 per 1,000 m3 or USD63.20 per 1,000 m3, depending on which version of the law is applicable. The Regional Water Authority applies a charge of USD23.64 per 1,000 m3 for delivering water through its canal system, regardless of which lands are irrigated. The District also charges one volumetric rate of USD18.44 per 1,000 m3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Another would be for TIPOs to team up with platform providers for the provision of market information and matchmaking. Any move in this direction would be aimed at ensuring that big data will ultimately be used to the benefit of small firms and in the interest of the objectives pursued by individual TIPOs. Chapter 2 shows platform providers to be increasingly bundling matchmaking services, financial services and logistics services. Some of them are already doing this (Chapter 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The reduction of costs at a national level for countries that import fossil fuels is also of value, especially in light of recent price increases and global unrest. There is considerable controversy over whether currently available biofuels (typically derived from grain or oil seed crops) are produced sustainably at this time, whether they provide much net C02 reductions, and whether they may have adverse impacts on food security and agricultural markets. The answers depend on each situation, but current biofuels do not now provide significant net benefits. There are exceptions such as sugar cane ethanol in Brazil, where at least the costs are low and C02 emissions reductions appear to be substantial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition, the higher up the pay scale, the greater the differences in career opportunities and compensation. While on average the gross wage gap in OECD countries stands at 15.7% (18.4% in Switzerland as noted), for top earners it rises to 20.9% in OECD countries and 25.4% in Switzerland (OECD, 2012a). Women also make up a small percentage of company board members, 11.6% in Switzerland for the largest firms versus a European average of 15.6% (Egon Zehnder 2012) and entrepreneurs, defined as persons taking on the risk of setting up a business. The gender wage gap is calculated as the difference between median earnings of m median eamings of men, 2010 for the Netherlands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This represents a 1.05% increase in the number of poor children in 2008, 4.04% in 2009, 4.34% in 2010, and 4.18% in 2011, all with respect to the no crisis situation. However, in urban areas, the growth rate of child poverty is very high (4.67% in 2008, 20.36% in 2009, 20.82% in 2010, and 19.24% in 2011). This growth rate is relatively low in rural areas, which initially have a large number of poor children (0.71% in 2008, 2.55% in 2009,2.81% in 2010, and 2.78% in 2011). Indeed, if we look at the additional number of children in monetary poverty (engendered by the crisis), we can see that the greatest contribution to this growth in poverty comes from 6 regions (Centre, Far North, Adamaoua, North West, Yaounde and West), the other regions having contributions below average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the construction of the Berlin Brandenburg Airport in Germany, lack of governance and complex contractor agreements have led to a cost increase from the originally estimated EUR 2.0 billion to approximately EUR 7.3 billion, delaying the planned opening of the airport for several years, while triggering hefty contractual fines (Fiedler and Wendler, 2015, Jarvis, 2018). Another example is the expansion of the Panama Canal and its cost overruns and delayed completion, which has also partly been attributed to its interrelated and multiple contracts (Robertson et al., In Vietnam, the government and developing partners have focused efforts specifically on improving contract management of civil work contracts and related processes and systems in order to enable development that is more effective (Tran and Nguyen, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, this does not rule out an eventual transition to fully liberalized systems. Gradual transition is a common feature of most successful cases of liberalization. Failure to take into account institutional, financial and human-resource capacity constraints could lead to negative outcomes and substantial economic costs in LDCs, given the complexity implied by liberalized systems both nationally and for regional power-pool arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Indicators of basic necessities say something about whether consumption or access to a basic necessity is sufficient - with “sufficient” being some predetermined level. Such a measure would compare whether a minimum standard of material wellbeing is being met across regions and communities or across time. However, what constitutes “sufficient” may vary between regions, local communities, and cultures, and between indigenous and non-indigenous households. Furthermore, what is “sufficient" may be determined in part by the availability of other financial supports, community services, and infrastructure, all of which vary considerably across and within regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This may be linked to a general lack of awareness amongst employers about the value of apprenticeship training and the public support available for those enterprises that do participate. In smaller communities, there may not be enough job opportunities available to incentivise employer participation in apprenticeship programmes, or there may be challenges related to economies of scale in delivering apprenticeship programmes. The design and eligibility criteria of apprenticeship programmes can also act as a barrier to engagement from employers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This makes it difficult to assess the risk in these investments and to understand the correlation with the investment outcomes of other sectors (i.e. whether infrastructure assets move in line with other asset classes, such as equity markets, or not). Recent developments in accounting, in particular the introduction of fair value principles, have brought greater transparency and consistency to financial statements. However, the move towards fair value has also brought a greater focus on short-term market fluctuations, and some would argue that this has been to the detriment of the long-term investment horizon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As they work in Luxembourg they are automatically insured with the CNS but, understandably, they seek care mostly in their country of residence. This group represents the largest share of cross-border patients. The second and much smaller group comprises Luxembourg residents who seek specialised health services that are unavailable in Luxembourg (e.g. paediatric cancer care, organ transplant).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In 1998, 17 States specified a waiver for a prescribed period of time (http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/isp/diverzn/chpttwo.htm). Following a series of sessions between representatives of national and local authorities, apart from the child benefits part, the reduction was roughly retracted.” ( Central governments may finance none of the benefit costs at the margin yet largely cover the average costs in other ways {e.g. through formula grants or payments for specific services).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This is seen to be necessary in order to devise integrated strategies and policies that foster synergies across different goals and explicitly address tensions and potential tradeoffs among them. The editions of the UN Global Sustainable Development Report published in 2015 and 2016 adopted the SDGs as an integrated network of goals as their basic framework (United Nations, 2015 and 2016a). Generic network maps of the SDGs were proposed in Le Blanc (2015). Systematic lists of relationships among the targets under one SDG and other SDGs have been published for SDG6 (UN-Water, 2016), SDG4 (Vladimirova and Le Blanc, 2016), and similar work is ongoing in other SDG areas (ICSU, forthcoming).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Market Price Support is net of producer levies and Excess Feed Cost. Market Price Support is net of producer levies and Excess Feed Cost. The composition of support is important because how support is provided determines its impact on the agricultural sector and the distribution of benefits to society as a whole. For example, market price support can have a large effect on production and trade, but it imposes additional and regressive costs on domestic consumers, is not effective in improving farm income and can have negative effects on the environment. On the other hand, income support not based on current commodity production is much more effective at improving farm income with less spill-over effects. Policies that directly target non-commodity criteria such as landscape elements, environmental performance or traditional breeds of animals are also typically more effective at reaching these societal objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Although the CAR is not designed for regularising land property rights, the authorities responsible for rural development and settlements can use the geo-referenced information about the location of rural plots (as declared by their owners or holders) to clarify land tenure. States are responsible for the implementation of the cadastre, but in many states less than 20% of the target rural area has been registered, especially in the North-east region (SFB, 2015a). The delay is caused in large part by a lack of staff and resources at the state and municipal levels. The federal government has invested in establishing the necessary information system and in building implementation capacity at state level. It developed a detailed plan for the implementation of the CAR, including appropriate budget, timeline and targets. More efforts are needed to raise awareness about the CAR - e.g. by launching information campaigns to encourage registration - and to develop capacities of states and municipalities to implement the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Summary   The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) provide transparent and comparable country statistics for different dimensions of governance linked to (under)development. Yet, does the public availability of governance data actually enhance performance? If investors, donor agencies, and citizens are made aware of relative governance performance, competition for inward investment, such as FDI and ODA, and domestic legitimacy become plausible mechanisms for diffusion of good governance. We test whether such mechanisms operate using the WGI for Africa, and find evidence for spatial diffusion of democracy, rule of law, and corruption control. There is no evidence for diffusion of regulatory quality and government effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the European countries for which data were available, 63% of women aged over 50 in 2009 had spent ten or more years between the ages of 18 and 64 outside education and full-time employment. The share of men was only 11%. Given the negative effect of career gaps on earnings potentials (Chapter 13), women generally stand to lose less income if they reduce or give up paid work to provide informal care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They conclude that reducing worklessness (and promoting work by raising the number of two-earner families) is unlikely to be sufficient to reduce child poverty. Instead, reducing work poverty is also likely to be a central plank of any policy strategy to reduce child poverty, in particular as policies “of encouraging employment [are] likely to be a pre-requisite for public and political support for more effective redistribution to the poor”. For single parents, a third and potentially important source of income is child support. Across OECD member countries, however, obligations for child support and the effectiveness of its collection vary widely.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These interventions are suggested to be an integral part of the New Urban Agenda as elaborated in Chapter 10. New urbanism calls for smaller lot sizes, shopping and community facilities within easy walking distance of homes, transit access, and street corridors that facilitate safe and enjoyable walking. Smart growth tools include promotion of higher-density and mixed-use development, transit use, pedestrian and bicycle-friendly design.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Environmental justice lies at the heart of many environmental disputes between the global North and the global South as well as grassroots environmental struggles within nations. However, the discourse of international environmental law is often ahistorical and technocratic. It neither educates the North about its inordinate contribution to global environmental problems nor provides an adequate response to the concerns of nations and communities disproportionately burdened by poverty and environmental degradation. This article examines some of the root causes of environmental injustice among and within nations from the colonial period to the present, and discusses several strategies that can be used to integrate environmental justice into the broader corpus of international law so as to promote social and economic justice while protecting the planet’s natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As the WHO was moving towards the code it was simultaneously declaring 57 countries (many either small island states or in sub-Saharan Africa, including all the independent Pacific island states, and therefore Samoa and Tonga) short of health workers. The code opposed the ‘active recruitment’ of health workers. While stopping short of the complex and contested concept of ‘compensation’, it emphasised that some reciprocal provisions (‘mutuality’) should be put in place - enabling and encouraging training and return migration - so that skills and skilled workers will return.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The most recent evaluation recorded a 94% satisfaction rate among participants: 41% continued their education, 15% found part-time, and 9% full-time employment (Dobrovoljc et al., Funded by one of 36 national Office of Disability Employment Policy at the Department of Labour (DOL) “Youth Opportunity” (YO) grants, public health researchers worked with Baltimore's Eastside YO Center to add a mental health intervention to the YO Center’s employment training programme. The mental health intervention included three main components: an on-site mental health clinician, a peer depression prevention curriculum, and mental health training sessions for employment centre staff (who had no formal education in mental health). The pre-test/post-test evaluation found no significant differences in depressive symptoms or coping strategies after jobseekers completed the programme (Tandon et al .,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They involve several public entities such as the Ministry of Energy and Mines in Algeria, the Supreme Council of Energy in Egypt and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources in Jordan, etc. ( An initial assessment of the current power generation capacity in the region, focusing on the contribution of renewable sources to electricity generation. The strategy also lists the several international and regional initiatives that were launched to help develop renewable energy projects in the Mediterranean region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is demonstrated in the science, technology, education and mathematics (STEM) industries, where women make up only 13 per cent of engineering and 18 per cent of technology placements at universities, yet hold 89 per cent of nursing and 85 per cent of education positions (WBC 2013a). The WBC has also created tools and resources to counteract some of these discriminatory practices. For example, the WBC website provides different interventions that have been used in order to support young girls in broadening their career goals and challenging gender biases that keep them from STEM activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)