albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In value terms, imports amounted to around EUR 5 billion and exports to EUR 1.4 billion, resulting in a balance-of-trade deficit of around EUR 3.6 billion (source: French Customs and Excise). This free-trade agreement, which may take some time to ratify, is the blueprint for another agreement currently being negotiated with the United States, the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As forest ecosystems continue to accumulate carbon for a long time, protection of forest carbon stocks by increasing the amount of old forest is a credible policy option that will also benefit biodiversity conservation. In managed forests, prolonged harvesting cycles will also increase forest carbon stocks. It still remains, however, to develop more complete life cycle analyses to address the sink strength of old forests or prolonged harvest rotation compared to alternative management options and systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The high performance of Switzerland’s health system is reflected in high levels of patient satisfaction. Switzerland’s population is older than that in most other OECD countries. At the same time, lifestyle changes today presage the rise of health risks within the Swiss population in the future. While still low, the prevalence of obesity is rising, particularly amongst young people. These trends, along with advances in medical technology, should result in Swiss residents being more likely to live with a chronic condition over the next few decades than they are today. Indeed, they may live with more than one chronic condition or morbidity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As a result, teachers may perform at a level lower than expected at the concerned career stage for a number of years. While it is a strength of the system that processes exist to move ineffective teachers either out of the school system or into non-teaching roles, there remain opportunities for underperforming teachers to remain in the system for long periods of time. If sustained underperformance by teachers is not tackled this has adverse consequences not only on student learning but also on the reputation of both schools and the teaching profession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Studies of its impact on total employment find negative effects in some countries and none at all in others. Much of the evidence comes from Latin America, which tends to have both more costly job security provisions (Heckman and Pages, 2000) and more available data. This suggests that measures of job protection legislation and its cost taken across countries tend to hide important differences in implementation. The inference is that the quality and details of employment protection legislation matter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The overarching model of policy implementation was applied to the public policy described in the first chapter: social and administrative renewal. the empirical model test focusses on the programs formulated in three local authorities. the local authorities differ in the extent to which political control is exercised. This chapter contains a short introduction to Dutch local authority policy making and three case studies—which provide a concise substantive overview of the policy programs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
State subsidies for education could be utilised to reduce the gap between private and social returns, internalising some of the externalities. The first one is a macro approach, drawing on the empirical growth literature. The role of human capital accumulation in explaining income differences across countries and over time is explored extensively (Mankiw etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In this sense, our analysis is best described as the initial or early impacts of the crisis on children. With this caveat, our results indicate a strong relationship between country exposure to the crisis and child outcomes, with those hardest hit showing the largest increases in child poverty. Some downward trends in well-being are observed for all countries, not just those most exposed to the crisis, this is especially true for young people’s labour market outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Women and girls with disabilities have historically been denied the freedom to make their own choices in matters relating to their reproduction. In the healthcare sector they experience multiple discriminatory practices. Women and girls with intellectual disabilities are particularly vulnerable to coerced or forced medical interventions. The present article considers the contribution the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities makes towards affirming the rights of women and girls with disabilities to enjoy reproductive autonomy, including autonomy related to reproductive health, on an equal basis with individuals without disabilities. The Convention is paradigm-setting in its maximal approach to affirming the rights of individuals with disabilities to make autonomous choices under conditions of equality and non-discrimination. The Convention is the first human rights treaty to clearly affirm that impairment of decision-making skills is not a justification for depriving a person with cognitive or intellectual disability of legal capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These enable the payer to specify the outcomes it wishes a care provider to deliver, while allowing the care provider flexibility in how services are designed to deliver those outcomes. Australia is already experimenting with advance payments for bundles of care for patients with complex needs in its Diabetes Care Project. The trial’s evaluation should inform future policy. This will oblige both levels of government and their respective policy makers to try to develop a more meaningful assessment of the needs of these communities and tailor their ways of paying them to suit the maintenance of needed services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
From a technical point of view, this provision does not clearly distinguish between the different issues of patentable subject matter on the one hand and novelty on the other hand. The extent to which countries admit the patentability of known substances in new compositions varies, ibid. The above-mentioned scenario of a known active ingredient claimed in a new composition has to be distinguished from the case where the active ingredient as such is new.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Among these resources, only shrimp stocks in NAFO 3L and 3M are in good shape. Fisheries permits are to be issued for at least ten nets at a time. This requirement entered into force in 2009. There are no restrictions for foreign capital, and foreigners can freely invest in the fish harvesting and processing sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Whereas the general dynamics of the biomass and carbon associated with forest trees up to and just beyond their harvestable age are reasonable well understood, this is much less the case for carbon dynamics in old forests and of soil carbon in particular. We also have several poorly known issues on the linkages between biodiversity and the ecosystem functions of the carbon cycle. Will mortality factors like wind throws, breakage, insect and fungal attacks reduce biomass or will gap-filling dynamics balance or compensate biomass losses?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Abstract Through a review of the scholarly and non-governmental organization (NGO) literature, this paper seeks to contribute to an emergent dialogue on the cultural citizenship of children in art museums. A comprehensive search of the current literature on this topic reveals a paucity of attention and understanding in this area, despite an increasing focus on children's services in art museums. In order to bridge this gap, the United Nations' Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is highlighted as an international vehicle for entrenching the participatory rights of children in cultural life and the Arts from birth. Lundy's model for participation based on ‘space, voice, audience and influence’ is interpreted for an art museum setting. Promoting children's cultural rights shapes museums into more democratic institutions, thereby activating the public art museum's founding principles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Other traits such as Emotional Stability, Openness to Experience, and Agreeableness are also associated with longer lives. However there is evidence that Self-Control (associated with Conscientiousness), Emotional Stability, and Agreeableness are important protective factors against criminal activity (John et al.1994, Agnew et al. Controlling for the influence of education and cognitive ability, these traits appear equally predictive of lower criminal activity (Heckman, Stixrud, and Urzua, 2006). This provides a new perspective on the direction of social and educational policy interventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Research from the 1980s reported that a large majority of El recipients received their full benefits, but the proportion receiving their full benefits must have fallen since then, because in 2008 31% of El recipients found a job with more than two-thirds of their benefit period remaining. Early re-employment is promoted by the Re-employment Allowance, which is paid to people who start work with at least a third (or in some cases, at least half) of their remaining benefit entitlement period remaining. It is a lump sum corresponding to 30% (recently increased to 40%) of the unused entitlement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This makes it possible to compare food insecurity levels among men and women. Table 4 provides the breakdown of adults suffering from severe food insecurity by sex and reveals different situations for each subregion. However, there are subregional differences, with a higher percentage of women in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and European CIS affected by severe food insecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Oromia accounted for the largest share of spending on HIV/AIDS activities (average annual spending of ETB 189 million) followed by Amhara (average annual spending of ETB 4.5 million). Oromia allocates 2%2 of operating expenditure for HIV/AIDS-related prevention, awareness creation and support to poor living households containing sufferers. Humanitarian relief accounted for the majority of spending on Focus Area 1 over this period and its share increased significantly, from 60.2% in 2012/13 to 79.2% in 2015/16.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
To date, user orientation of statistics is not sufficient. The accuracy of data on volumes produced and consumed of agricultural commodities, the value of production by commodity, farm structures in terms of ownership and use, the level and structure of rural household incomes (both from agricultural and non-agricultural sources), and on agricultural land is far from adequate. Data collection could be less expensive if combined with a revitalisation of extension and research services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The efficacy of information and the media as weapons against corruption having been documented, this chapter discusses the complementary role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Including ICT can be more effective in combating corruption than relying on traditional media alone. ICT enables citizens to access many government services online, which weakens the role of bureaucrats as intermediaries between the government and the public. Moreover, citizens can use the “social web” to communicate their opinions, suggest possible solutions, expose misbehaviour and promote ethical behaviour over long distances very quickly. Very importantly, ICT greatly facilitates investigation and asset tracking. Empirical findings reveal that ICT does indeed have a significant role in reducing corruption. Interestingly, e-government and internet penetration do a better job of explaining variations in corruption among countries than bureaucratic quality and law enforcement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These indicators can, for instance, be used to monitor trends in climate exposure and vulnerability, realised impacts of climate events, and/or assess either adaptation processes or outcomes. This in turn allows a country to improve on planning or implementing adaptation policies. A country’s learning priorities may depend on progress made in national adaptation planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The issue of death penalty under international law can be described by pointing out specific legal norms or lack of them in treaties regarding human rights (e.g. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights), humanitarian law (i.e. Geneva Conventions), international criminal law (i.e. Rome Statute). Moreover, international institutions address issue of death penalty in soft law and in judicature. Following history of those norms, abolistic tendencies are explicit and particularly strong in the post-World War II international society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. As mentioned in the competition section, opening the electricity market to independent power provision can be very helpful in promoting private investment in clean electricity generation. Keeping the energy market competitive and ensuring that the needs of end-users are met also requires careful regulation and oversight of the sector, both by a competition authority and a sector-specific regulator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In cooperation with the 10-Member Group of high-level representatives, it has undertaken joint activities in seven subgroups on the STI Forum, the TFM online platform, STI roadmaps for the SDGs, joint capacity building, new and emerging technologies, and gender and STI. Partnerships are also emerging with scientific and technological communities and other stakeholders. The IATT has continued this work and has collected inputs from over 100 contributors (box 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Foreign Ministry sets the overall strategic direction, while implementation is the responsibility of the Austrian Development Agency (Chapter 3). Funding is provided by federal ministries, the Lander and municipalities. Austria provided USD 1.11 million (0.28% of gross national income) in total ODA in 2012, slightly below the average for members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC). According to DAC figures, only USD 6.2 million of Austrian bilateral ODA in 2011 (USD 2.3 million in 2010) was identified as having climate change adaptation as a principal objective, with a further USD 8.9 million of projects having adaptation as a significant objective (USD 3.3 million in 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Those options include energy efficiency and new approaches to existing sources, as well as the utilization of new energy sources. This is followed by a discussion of the links among energy, growth and development and what is implied by ensuring income and energy convergence while meeting the climate challenge. The following section considers the big investment push onto a low-emissions growth path. Finally, some elements of an integrated strategy combining energy security, energy access, expanded capacity and research and development are proposed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Center for Global Health Policy, “WHO Regional Director for Africa Discusses Abuja Declarations”, Science Speaks: HIV & TB News, 8 May 2010, (http://sciencespeaks. African Union, “An African Common Position for the UN General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on AIDS, New York, June 2006”, Sp/Assembly/ATM/3 (I) Rev.2, (http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/conferences/past/2006/may/summit/doc/en/ UNGASS_Common_Position.pdf) (accessed 5 September 2011). Resolution AFR/RC55/R6, “Acceleration of HIV Prevention Efforts in the African Region”, 25 August 2005, Maputo, Mozambique.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Some time-use surveys in the region identify the time spent on this type of care and compare attendance at day-care centres. There is no significant difference when comparing men in the two groups, as the activities that fathers carry out with their children (playing, going for walks, transporting them from place to place) are not affected by the hours that children spend at home. Women, however, are responsible for compulsory activities that need to be carried out on a daily basis and at set times (feeding, cleaning, health care) (Batthyany, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper proposes a holistic institutional approach to provide insight into the policy reforms necessary to progressively achieve compliance with internationally recognized labor-related human rights. Drawing on institutions theory from political economy, the paper reframes international legal norms as holistic institutions, comprised of rules, social norms, and actual behaviors, the so-called rules of the game. In this way, problems in implementing labor-related human rights that may result in violations of international law are also considered as employment practices and, like other employment practices, are embedded in a web of formal and informal rules – institutions that govern work and employment. Based on the understanding that institutions contribute to violations, this holistic institutional approach also includes a framework to improve regulation and compliance based on Harold Koh's compliance theory from international law. The approach is illustrated using the example of forced obligatory overtime in textile assembly (maquilas) in Honduras and Nicaragua.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Though amounts to the South and Central Asia region declined by USD 1.2 billion, Far East Asia increased by USD 5.1 billion, mainly due to major commitments to Indonesia (energy) and the Philippines (transport and storage). It should be noted, however, that allocations to Asia fluctuate significantly from one year to the other. In general, this is caused by large biennial commitments from Japan and the ADB towards economic infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The right to privacy, being a civil and political right falls under the first generation of human rights and its importance cannot be undermined in any sense. The Council of Europe in 1950 adopted the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) for the promotion of democracy, rule of law, human rights and social development. This paper will examine the right to privacy as adjudicated upon in the case of Copland vs United Kingdom and discuss some of the principles in that case and how the said principles have laid down the foundation for the application of the right to privacy as we have it today. The privacy practice around the world and other analogous issues are also briefly discussed in this paper.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In visits with schools and with municipal officials, stakeholders described this autonomy. In some municipalities there are a minimum number of teachers required, based on the number of classes the municipality determines a school should have. Otherwise, however, the school principal can determine which types of and how many staff members are hired.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Additional funding will be provided to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to study measures to curb heroin overdose deaths and provide naloxone, which is used to rapidly counteract the effects of opioid overdose, to first responders and train them in its use. Part of the earmarked funds will also be used to offer substance abuse treatment to all eligible federal prison inmates through the Department of Justice’s Federal Bureau of Prisons. In July 2015, Health Canada announced that it was reviewing the prescription requirement for naloxone. That initiative comes at a time when opioid overdoses continue to increase across the country. As a first step towards facilitating access to the medicine, the federal Government was undertaking consultations with provincial and territorial health authorities to collect information about the use of naloxone, in particular with respect to the possibility of allowing a wider range of professionals, including first responders, to inject patients with naloxone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Completion rates of vocational education and apprenticeship programmes, which are key for at-risk youth, remain relatively low. To improve Year 12 attainment levels, programme completion and reduce disparities across groups and regions, the Australian Government as well as the states and territories have implemented various innovative and targeted strategies over the last decade. They notably leave schools and social service providers a lot of flexibility in adapting service to the local needs, but these programmes are usually short-lived.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A value under 1 indicates greater educational attainment by men. Among the economically active population, the average number of years' education was higher among women of all ages and income quintiles. However, when the population aged 15 and over is considered, men's educational attainment was higher for all income quintiles in both 1997 and 2005, but in 2013 the gender parity index stood at 1 or above for four of the five quintiles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Framing—selecting certain aspects of a given issue and making them more salient in communication in order to “frame” the issue in a specific way—is a key concept in the study of communication. At the same time, it has been used very differently in scholarship, leading some to declare it a “fractured paradigm,” or an idea whose usefulness has expired. In studies of climate change communication, frame analyses have been used numerous times and in various ways, from formal framing approaches (e.g., episodic vs. thematic framing) to topical frames (both generic and issue-specific). Using methodological approaches of frame analysis from content analysis over discourse analysis and qualitative studies to experimental research, this research has brought valuable insights into media portrayals of climate change in different countries and their effects on audiences—even though it still has limitations that should be remedied in future research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The impact of law in shaping the way in which spatial planning is conducted is often overlooked and attitudes to law are often purely instrumental. This paper looks at how the concept of the rule of law has evolved in England, and what effect it has had on public administration and on spatial planning processes in particular. It looks particularly at the role of equity within the common-law tradition and the way in which equitable judgment has coloured administrative decision-making. It concludes that by comparison with legal processes decision-making in spatial planning is often insufficiently rigorous.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On World Environment Day, June 5, 1999, former prime minister Krishna Prasad Bhattarai made a public appeal to resist cutting standing trees. But his words were later twisted into a blanket ban on felling living trees in community forests. This happened in 2010 following increased reports of smuggled goods from valuable forests in the southern plains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In addition they are able to export excess energy to BC Hydro in British Columbia, Canada, thereby generating a much needed financial input to the region. Income from state-owned transmission lines will provide the funds necessary to build the Southeast Intertie connecting all of the Southeast’s communities by 2030 thus enabling a substantial portion of the Alaskan population to have access to a renewable energy supply. Or it is small scale diesel or gas generators just connected to a local network supplying typically a municipality, a town ora village.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)