albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These water challenges contain both environmental (e.g. depletion of local water resources, untreated wastewater) and economic dimensions, (e.g. cost of inaction to catch up with expanding infrastructure needs, water losses, lack of resilience to floods) and in this regard, are critical green growth obstacles. While there is increasing recognition, in particular by the Metro Cebu Development Co-ordinating Board (MCDCB), of the urgent need to tackle these problems in order to ensure the sustainable long-term development of the Province, this section proposes alternative or complementary policy recommendations to the existing WSS strategies, following OECD and non-OECD countries and cities’ experience in this sector. However, MCWD only serves 57% of the population (1.2 million residents) in its franchise area, the remaining population being served by Community Water Associations or private suppliers (JICA and MCDCB, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The first phase of the INDH, 2006-2010, had total budget support of some US$1.7 billion, which was raised to US$2.1 billion for the second phase, 2011-2015. Among the activities of the INDH is improving the conditions of access to basic infrastructure services such as education, health, roads, water supply and sanitation, and environmental protection. Pilot projects were developed by the private water companies in Casablanca, Tangier and Tdtouan as well as the public utility in Meknfcs, using output-based assistance. This project was also supported by subsidies from the Global Partnership for Output-based Aid, a World Bank programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The papers are generally available only in their original language - English or French -with a summary in the other. We thank Michael Forster for helpful discussions as well as Tony Atkinson, Brian Nolan, Markus Jantti, Timothy Smeeding and colleagues from the OECD Economics Department and the Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs for providing us with valuable comments at different stages of the drafting process. This working paper should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Indeed, a more demand-driven approach to policy interventions adds importance to the development of effective partnerships between governments, donors, the private sector and civil society. Section A describes the ecosystem for effective policymaking concerned with ICTs, enterprise and poverty. It also discusses the changing policy environment for ICT and ICT4D intervention, highlighting the importance of moving towards a more demand-driven approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A final section is dedicated to the newly-created Council for Human Capital, a regional governance body aiming to address the interconnectedness of such policy challenges and promote an integrated vision of regional development. A skilled human capital is at the essence of regional development and competitiveness. A region that benefits from a high-skilled workforce able to learn, create knowledge and rapidly adapt to changing labour demands and technologies will be able to use those skills to drive innovation and achieve a sustainable form of economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
ABSTRACTThe United States Supreme Court has significant influence over the development of legal policy, yet it must rely on external actors to bring to fruition the desired effect of its decisions. Among the most important such actors are state high courts who are often motivated to issue decisions promoting policies at odds with the U.S. Supreme Court and who have mechanisms to legitimize such decisions. This study builds on existing work on state court compliance with U.S. Supreme Court precedent by introducing a new theoretical framework that accounts for the impact of state-specific precedent vitality, or the degree to which the high court of a specific state has positively treated a U.S. Supreme Court precedent, on state high court compliance. Our analysis of state high court treatment of Miller v. California provides strong evidence for the importance of state-specific vitality as a determinant of state high court compliance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Therefore, in order to reconcile the objectives of social and economic development with the preservation of biological diversity, development models that work with biodiversity, and not at its expense, must be sought. This requires land use planning policies that support the selection of protected nature reserves, areas where productive rural areas maintain a medium level of biodiversity, and high-diversity corridors —biological corridors—interconnecting protected areas. The result is a mix of areas that offer different types of use and various levels of diversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Entries include: Abortion Apartheid, politics Bill of Rights Business ethics Capital punishment Child abuse Civil rights (non-US) Cultural relativsm Discrimination, social Drugs Euthanasia Feminism and psychoanalysis Freud, Sigmund Gender, constructions of Homelessness Human rights, law Industrial revolution Islamic fundamentalism Justice Keynesian economics King, Martin Luther Labour parties League of Nations Locke, John Marx and Marxism Military dictatorship Nazism Obesity Paranoia Political theory Racism Rousseau, Jean-Jacques Sexuality Slavery, law Third World, economic Totalitarianism Underclass and social policy Urbanization, sociology War Women and the law and many more.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Palestinian Authority has designated its emergency protection centre as the primary referral centre for women escaping or at critical risk of domestic violence. Lastly, several awareness-raising activities are conducted by the staff in response to local and/or personal areas of concern raised by participants. Professionals in the healthcare system and the police are often the first to notice and register cases of violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They can also be afflicted by humanitarian crises due to conflicts or extreme natural events. Farm households and agricultural producers can experience production shortfalls due to bad weather conditions such as insufficient rain or too much rain in the wrong season, extreme temperatures, or animal or plant diseases. They can also suffer from sudden reductions agricultural prices if they are net sellers of food staples, or sudden increases if they are net buyers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For example, companies could automatically be fined a certain amount if their acquired allowances do not cover their emissions for the compliance cycle (EC, 2016). At this point, it is possible to establish revised political requirements, for example when decreasing the overall amount of emissions certificates in order to reach the set climate goals. Table 4 summarises a possible technical set-up based on the outlined trading cycle. Given blockchain technology’s nascent state of maturity, several factors may have to be adjusted while developing the technology together with the stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As in past years, the largest share of support is directed to agriculture which attracted USD 9.6 billion, a USD 1.2 billion rise or 15% growth from 2014. Further increases are noted in the fishing, industry and mining sectors up USD 13.4 million, USD 391.3 million and USD 86.8 million respectively. In contrast, the business and banking sectors fell by USD 291.4 million and USD 9.3 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The decisions of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom are binding on all lower civil and criminal courts in England and Wales and in Northern Ireland, and on Scottish civil courts if the appeal emanates from Scotland. The Court decides fundamental questions concerning judge-made law (the ‘Common Law’) and questions arising from statute, including human rights legislation. The Court is not overwhelmed because it must give permission for a case to proceed to this final chamber. The main challenge facing the court is to write shorter judgments which are easier to apply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
More connected stakeholders are better able to mobilise their resources (financial, human) and bring multiple and diverse perspectives to solve water problems. The level of connection between stakeholders can vary from place to place, and such differences can help understand questions related to the diffusion of information, trust, consensus-building and solidarity. The closer stakeholders are, either through interactions in person (e.g. via regular meetings) or through regular communication channels (e.g. online discussion platform), the more likely information will flow easily among them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Faced with the extraordinary global public health crisis of COVID-19, governments across Canada must decide, often with limited and imperfect evidence, how to implement measures to reduce its spread. Drawing on a health and human rights framework, this commentary explores several features of the Canadian response to date that raise human rights concerns. Our discussion focuses on criminal law, fines, data collection, and so-called snitch lines. We argue that the approach of governmental and public health authorities must be grounded in the best available scientific evidence and align with human rights standards. Our aim is to encourage dialogue within the public health community in Canada about the importance of human rights-based responses to COVID-19.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This does not signal a return to a complete reliance on the market as in the 1980s and 1990s but a better balance between the contributions that come through interventions by the State or through the market. They are important because they constitute, in many respects, a challenge to many of the premises underlying the poverty eradication efforts that became mainstream in the early 2000s. They call for caution where the MDGs demand acceleration. They call for attention to process where the MDGs demand results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article takes seriously the proposition that ideas and concepts, both good and bad, have an impact on international public policy. It situates the emergence of governance, good governance and global governance, as well as the UN's role in the conceptual process. Although 'governance' is as old as human history, this essay concentrates on the intellectual debates of the 1980s and 1990s but explores such earlier UN-related ideas as decolonisation, localisation and human rights, against which more recent thinking has been played out. A central analytical perspective is the tension between many academics and international practitioners who employ 'governance' to connote a complex set of structures and processes, both public and private, while more popular writers tend to use it synonymously with 'government'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
After preceding discussion it is obvious that this can again be only a partial input to the ongoing discussion about what energy supply security means for different countries and different stakeholders. This index is normalised to range from 0 (extremely low security) to 100 (extremely high security). It covers final energy demand, energy conversion and transport and primary energy supply and, hence, in principle the entire energy system.1 The S/D Index is also at the basis of the SSDI employed in Chapter 3 of this publication to track the evolution of the energy supply situation in selected OECD countries over the past 40 years in a systematic manner. The difference in the SSDI and the S/D Index is essentially that the SSDI was adapted to be able to work with the only available consistent data available for the past 40 years, i.e. the IEA Energy Statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Drawing on field research in Tyre, Mollica addresses conflicting loyalties and legitimate illegality. In the Lebanon, the idea of a ‘co-cultural’ architecture does not work because the electorate acts, and votes, according to ethno-religious interests. Hezbollah—a political legal entity and a paramilitary illegal entity—does much illegal policing and enjoys legitimacy within and without the local community. Its (illegal) use of power is not seriously challenged by legal powers—the Lebanese Army and the peacekeeping United Nations Interim Forces in Lebanon—that cannot guarantee the security of the religious community. This ethnography raises questions on the definition of ‘citizenship’, as belonging is conceptualized by reference not to the nation state but to (religiously defined) groups, acting in an (ethno-religiously defined) area to pursue (ethno-religiously defined) interests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All nine countries have ratified the Paris Agreement, with Fiji the first country in the world to ratify. In addition, the majority of the Commonwealth Pacific small states have identified climate change as one of their key national priorities, as well as adopting national climate change policies (see Chapter 9). Given the integrated nature of climate change and natural disasters, many countries have also integrated their climate change and natural disaster policies. An integrated approach to address climate change and disaster risk management is also undertaken at the regional level through the 2016 Framework for Resilient Development in the Pacific.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Since evaluations can have significant consequences for those assessed, it is important to develop competencies and define responsibilities for successful feedback mechanisms in the evaluation process. A strong emphasis on teacher evaluation for the continuous improvement of leaching practices in the school could reinforce such a link. Another lever is to involve teachers in school evaluation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Reporting requirements include disclosure on policies, outcomes and risks, and relevant non-financial key performance indicators concerning environmental and social matters, human rights, anti-corruption and bribery issues, and diversity of directors. The Directive will apply to approximately 6 000 EU entities (up from 2 500 companies currently reporting). The amendment came into force in 2014, national governments have two years to incorporate it into national law. The first corporate reports under the scheme will relate to the financial year 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Examples of indicators used for performance-related payments include national waiting time targets, preventive services, patient experience, registration in national quality registers and efficiency (e.g. prescribing of generic drugs). Fee-for-service payments, on the other hand, are said to provide little incentive to improve the quality of care and reduce use of services. The government’s expectation is that the reforms in primary care - with their focus on promoting choice, competition and transparency, supported by performance-related incentives- will reduce these negative effects and improve the access, responsiveness, quality and value for money of services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Such institutions will not be able to deliver on their intended objectives unless they are empowered to do so. It is perhaps timely for governments to review the existing mandates of such committees and to evaluate whether and how they can be improved so as to foster biodiversity mainstreaming. For example, in Ethiopia, environmental units are embedded within various sector ministries with the intent to mainstream environmental issues across sectors. Targeted capacity building can support gaps in technical capacity, and should be focused at both national and subnational levels. This includes developing tools and guidance to support mainstreaming at national and subnational levels, providing technical support to ministries in target countries, and promoting learning among different countries. Biodiversity-related data are often unavailable, or are unreliable and/or of insufficient quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The standard for embodied carbon and life cycle assessments (LCA): BS EN 15804 and environmental product declarations (EPD) for construction products. Webinar delivered by Jane Anderson during the United Kingdom Embodied Carbon Week 2014. Lacey Act amendments impact wood products. Available at: www.bdlaw.com/news-51 l.html Brack, D. and Leger,C. 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In trade negotiations, such as current efforts to revitalize fisheries subsidies at the World Trade Organization (WTO), knowledge of fisheries issues and awareness of the interconnectivity of the various policy frameworks applicable to the fisheries sector are necessary to assess challenges, opportunities and concerns and to avoid the creation of unnecessary barriers to trade. Technical assistance to trade negotiators has become essential for bridging possible knowledge gaps. Greater weight is placed on the role of fisheries as sources of livelihoods (e.g. income, food and employment), sites of expression of cultural values and a buffer against shocks for poor communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This has created fiscal space and freed resources for spending in other areas. Subsidy reform has been an enabling factor for the planned expansion of renewable energy. The most recent data available has shown 4.4% GDP growth in 2013 and 2.6% in 2014, higher than the MENA average of 0.5% in 2013 and 2.2% in 2014, perhaps showing better than average management of the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The instrument is flexible, in the way that they can meet the vessel owmer’s individual needs. The principle of user pays -user gains is important, as it gives the vessel owners who utilise the instruments a direct benefit from their initial investment. In order to also balance between the different political objectives, there are some restrictions in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Despite a growing interest in the rise in top incomes, there is still substantial disagreement about the causes and their relative importance. Studies suggest that in a country with a top marginal tax rate of 50%, a cut in the marginal tax rate by 1% would boost taxable income by 1%. For example, capital gains are often taxed at a lower rate than other income and, in a few countries, they are not taxed at all. Stock options also benefit from preferential tax treatment in many OECD countries (OECD, 2006a) and the same is likely to hold for carried interest arrangements. Why are top earners getting a growing share of the cake? ( Outside options which include jobs overseas may explain why the top income shares of some countries influence those of others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The IBMS also controls additional areas such as demand response, building performance analytics, alarm management and public information and education. The data in the IBMS is transformed onto dashboards. Visualization of the data is paramount and there are over 450 dashboards being developed to provide the facilities team, building operators and even the public, with information that are specifically catered to their needs. The model of organization and collaboration developed by the Spanish Network of Smart Cities (RECI) has facilitated an exchange of experience among municipalities and cooperation with the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
AbstractHarry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the fifth book (and film) of the record-breaking J. K. Rowling series, has been heralded as a catalyst for resurgence in literacy and demonized as an attack on traditional values. Using a cultural studies framework, this article suggests that Order of the Phoenix provides fertile ground for understanding the contemporary socio-cultural context and its relation to contemporary issues in education and education policy. The Harry Potter series consistently revolves around the young wizard’s experiences in school, with this fifth installment focusing on issues of curriculum and the control thereof. The author suggests that an analysis of the text could provide a particular reading that serves to critique current moves toward standardization, high-stakes accountability, and curriculum control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Contract production loans” of the Ziraat Bank provide working capital to individual producers who have contracted their output or to the companies-contractors. The amount of interest subsidies provided by the government has been rapidly increasing in the past years and rose from TRY 372 million (USD 138 million) in 2008 to TRY 1.3 billion (USD 481 million) in 2015, which in real terms corresponds to more than a doubling. The amount of support is established by decision of the Cabinet of Ministers which, on the basis of a proposal by MOFAL, determines the products, regions, risks and size of businesses to be supported.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The consortium needs to be established in such a manner that will entice others to participate. Usually one company or one entity should not have the position to have more power than the rest of the participants. This can be tied to certain criteria in the realms of technical feasibility, business feasibility or collaboration model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
By incorporating ICTs into the goals and targets of the MDGs, the UN captured the attention of both the public and private sectors, which were encouraged to find new ways to work together. The Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative (HINARI)22 began by making the equivalent of a major medical school library, in electronic form, available for free or nearly free to health researchers and workers in 113 low- and low-middle income countries. Today, the partnership, now known as Research4Life23, includes UN agencies, academia and 185 publishing partners contributing essential knowledge resources on health, agriculture, environment, science and technology. In 2005, WHO's governing body, the World Health Assembly, recognized that eHealth was transforming health services and systems around the world and urged Member States to plan for appropriate eHealth services in their countries24.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Regular events and milestones could also provide opportunities to monitor progress and celebrate achievement. The OECD average by indicator is between 0 and I. No data available on indicator 9 in Norway. Firms derive much of their competitive edge from their ability to use modem infrastructures, while societies depend on good infrastructure to ensure equal opportunity and equal access to services for citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Sugarcane farmers across the region have been suffering in recent times, given the low price of sugar on the international market. The possibility of growing high-fibre sugarcane as an energy crop holds some attraction to the agriculture sector. Biodigesters have been used for decades in many parts of the world and offer a way of effectively treating animal and human sewage, as well as waste from the agro-processing industry (breweries and distilleries). Energy crops, such as napier grass and sugarcane, can also be used, offering a cleaner alternative to cogeneration that ensures the vital nutrients are returned to the ground rather than being combusted. Development of this resource in Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Nevis, Saint Lucia and St Vincent and the Grenadines is currently being explored and could dramatically alter the energy balance of these islands - and even the Caribbean as a whole if regional grid interconnections are developed to enable renewable energy exports. Currently, no CARICOM state has developed geothermal power (Guadeloupe has operated geothermal plants since 1986 - now up to 15MW, with plans for more capacity).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)