albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The international standards, mainly IEC standards, are adopted by the Solar Energy Plants Grid Connection Code and the Egyptian Transmission Grid Code. This directly contributes to the achievement of SDG 7.2: "By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix." After starting its full operation, the four substations may be disconnected separately or together. This will cause a big problem for the grid operator (Dispatch centre), as there will be a need for standby generation from conventional power plants or from hydro power plants from Aswan High Dam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For instance, empirical estimates based on past country experience suggest that an increase of 20% in childcare spending may be required to raise female participation rates by 1 percentage point (Jaumotte, 2003). This is an average result based on past experience with reforms among OECD countries. The analysis shows that countries that spend more on activation measures per unemployed worker (as a share of GDP per capita) tend to have significantly lower unemployment rates (see also Bassanini and Duval, 2006). In the short term, assuming unchanged government expenditures, private consumption must fall sufficiently relative to income to accommodate the rise in investment and exports, implying that private saving must increase by more than investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These include their long gestation periods, capital intensity, difference between private and social returns, complexity of planning and execution, the feedback loops with growth and economic development, the specificities of the countries executing infrastructure projects and the non-linear impacts of infrastructure investments (see section D). In addition, there are macro, institutional and environmental risks and uncertainties, factors that have a strong bearing on the viability and profitability of such projects. “ More broadly, infrastructure sectors are closely interdependent, and therefore it is critical that infrastructure development is approached systemically by the state, which is the only actor with the required political power and coordination capacity. Leaving the leadership role vacant and expecting the private sector to fill the gaps is likely to lead to an outcome in which a fragmented infrastructure landscape emeiges, characterized by underinvestment, sectoral concentration of resources and persistently large infrastructure gaps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Those who would like to increase their future retirement income can either leave the funds in their accounts with INFONAVIT or obtain better returns elsewhere. Each of these functions would be carried out by a separate corporate entity, although there would be some linkages between the two. As a provider of housing finance, the two most promising ways in which INFONAVIT can remain active as a supplier of low-income housing finance in the face of reduced access to low-cost funds would be to focus on lowering targets for prudential ratios and to increase the use of alternative finance techniques (e.g. through the capital and private markets, etc.). As an asset management institution, the changes in the law that are now under consideration would oblige INFONAVIT to reconsider its role in the entire Mexican social safety net and the financial system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The former refers to improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the adaptation process through the incorporation of new information and lessons learned, while the latter is about demonstrating that actions have taken place and led to a result. National systems for the monitoring and evaluation of adaptation are tailored to domestic circumstances, priorities and capacities, and reflect the context-specific nature of adaptation responses. Systems to date have focused on a diverse range of specific purposes, types of indicators or self-assessment, and taken different approaches to aggregate information from sub-national scales. While adaptation processes are most commonly monitored, adaptation outcome indicators are among the least used and most difficult to produce, although they play an important role in evaluating adaptation effectiveness over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Policies that ignore or oppose market forces tend to deliver unexpected side effects stemming from the decisions and actions of those they affect. On the other hand, policies that take advantage of the ability of markets to allocate resources can increase the efficiency, sustainability and profitability of a fishery. These systems convert fishing possibilities (individual catch quotas) into fishing capacities (individual effort quotas) and may be most appropriate for sedentary species such as crab and lobster. The situation may also arise where fishers pay non-fishing right-holders for access. This can lead to conflict and disputes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Conversely, a lack of enforcement will typically see poor wearing rates. Also included in the intermediate outcome measures are independently conducted public surveys that will test the perceived likelihood of being caught speeding, belief that an individual can predict where a compulsory breath testing checkpoint will be and admissions of drink-driving. These survey measures also provide valuable feedback to police on how effective their operations are in changing public attitudes and behaviours that cause or worsen road trauma. It is important to compare offence detection rates with known offending rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The digital revolution has already transformed our economies and society. It has transformed the way in which information is generated and accessed to such an extent that some have argued that data is ‘the new oil'. New technologies and tools have entered our daily lives at home and in the workplace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Fertility has been below replacement level—fewer than 2.1 births per woman—for years, if not decades, in 53 countries and territories (figures 29 and 30). Of these places, Taiwan, Province of China today has the world's lowest fertility rate: 1.1 births per woman. It has therefore enabled women to become economically independent (Goldin, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the late 1990s, Ontario inaugurated “Primary Care Reform” characterised by the sequential introduction of a “menu” of payment models replacing traditional FFS payment for family physicians. This reform was brought about by, in part, concerns regarding a shortage of family physicians and about access to physicians during evenings and weekends. Improving health care quality, for example increasing the payment system’s support for preventative health care and chronic disease management, was also an important goal. The FFS payment system was seen as contributing towards an excessive focus on volume-based acute care, and to lack incentives encouraging both physician and inter-professional teams (Kantarevic and Kralj, 2015). Physicians were given a choice of payment model. These newly introduced models required or encouraged patient enrollment (sometimes called rostering) with GPs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
And by creating a signalling effect as a lead user they can also influence the diffusion of innovation (the expectation of course is that an advance in innovation caused by procurement policies will translate into benefits for the domestic economy, rather than for overseas suppliers of innovative goods or services). Depending on their design, they may also help offset problems of bias against small firms in the public tendering market. The provision of a market entailed in the awarding of a contract, and the fact that a public agency has evaluated information on the firm awarded the tender, might also serve to attract additional finance from private sources for innovative activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This classification, and the way they are subsequently handled within the definitions, concepts, and thresholds established in the 1994 Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures has meant that managing fisheries subsidies through multilateral trade regulations at the WTO has been difficult to date. Negotiations to clarify and improve disciplines on fisheries subsidies were then formally started at the Doha Ministerial Conference in 2001 and, following the Hong Kong Ministerial Conference of 2005, text proposing an entirely new set of sector-specific disciplines for fisheries subsidies within the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures was proposed by the Chairman of the Negotiating Group on Rules in 2007. Disagreement within the group over many issues resulted in a systematic revision process being undertaken in 2009 but there has been no further progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In order to create drivers for such more fundamental innovations, including changes in consumer behaviour, other policy approaches and tools are required. For example, in addition to improving the fuel efficiency of automobiles there is a need to support a range of other developments, such as to stimulate new energy sources for private vehicles, to facilitate the dissemination of social innovations such as car sharing or to develop public transportation systems into viable alternatives to cars. While there is a need for dedicated SCP policies, it is also important to assess the implications of policies in other areas for SCP objectives. There is often a tension between sector policies, for example industrial development, agriculture or construction, that generally aim to boost consumption and SCP policies that seek to moderate consumption levels and shift consumption patterns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Selected provisions from Geneva Law that emphasise the humane treatment of detainees during an international armed conflict are reviewed. The legal vagaries of a non-international armed conflict (NIAC) are considered in the Iraq context following the judgement in Serdar Mohammed and Secretary of State for Defence that questioned the legal basis for detention in an NIAC. The factors and thresholds of prevalent alleged offences are analysed by reference to the International Criminal Court ‘Elements of Crime’ and international jurisprudence. The incongruent or complementary status of international humanitarian law and international human rights law, including lex specialis, is considered by reference to international and European jurisprudence. The importance of the UN Torture Convention is highlighted and contextualised with regard to domestic legislation and government policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Genuine state dependence was obtained using a basic DREP model estimated separately by subsample where applicable: Hansen and Lofstrom (2011) assume a random-effects logit (rather than probit) structure, Hansen and Lotstrom (2011) and Hansen, Lofstrom, Liu and Zhang (2014) assume mass-point rather than normal unobserved time-invariant heterogeneity. Hansen and Lofstrom (2011: Table 3): LINDA linked administrative record data set, SA receipt measured in terms of ‘benefit year’ (see above), receipt of SA based on benefit payments recorded for the sampled individual. There is moreover evidence of geographical variation in state dependence within countries (not shown).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is characterised by low salinity, low water temperatures, a long period of ice cover, low primary productivity, low levels of nutrients (particularly phosphorus), and large amounts of riverine runoff adding organic matter and industrial-sourced nutrients (Kronholm et al., The Bay lacks many of the key species of the Baltic, such as bladder wrack, seagrass, blue mussels, cod and sprat. It is characterised by a combination of freshwater and salt-water species and has low biodiversity (Fig. Common starfish (Asterias rubens) and common shore crab (Carcinus maenas) are only present in Kattegat and The Sound (0resund).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Economic resources refer to the direct factors of production such as “immoveable” assets, including land, housing, common pool resources and infrastructure, as well as “moveable” assets, such as productive equipment, technology and livestock. Financial resources refer to money-based resources, including government expenditures, private financial flows and official development assistance, as well as income, credit, savings and remittances. Both economic and financial resources have important implications for women’s economic roles in sustaining household livelihoods, in labour markets and in the wider economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In these cases, the most informative indicators for gender inequity are differentials in primary education, access to credit and property rights. Some of these studies focus on long-term determinants of productivity growth and supply, while some of them model the maximization of producers' profits based on the selection of a suitable level of human capital, whose availability is reduced by the failure of potentially productive people to enter the market (Esteve-Volart, 2004). These studies take the non-inclusion of women in employment as a distortion that reduces the total sum of talent, in the case of employees, and lowers productivity, in the case of unequal access to technology and other production resources (Blackden and others, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Whereas in Botswana, ‘there is an absence of free movement and the right to work for asylum seekers’ (Betts and Kaytaz, 2009: 18), ‘South Africa has an unofficial “no camps” policy (a “self-settlement” policy)’ (ibid. Betts and Kaytaz thus find, like Manik, that the institutional framework for processing migrants does not necessarily lead to optimal outcomes. Experienced, well-qualified teachers and head teachers end up in menial jobs, not using their professional skills (Sibanda, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Korea, cost-sharing for care including pharmaceuticals is reduced for cancer patients. In Belgium, Finland, Iceland and Norway, payment exemptions are available for certain pharmaceutical goods for patients. The extent of exemption varies across these countries, and includes cancer drugs dispensed in a pharmacy in Belgium, cancer drugs used in hospitals but copayment for pharmacy drugs in Finland, cancer drugs used in hospitals in Iceland, intravenous drugs and several pain-reducing drugs in Norway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, there is a national agreement- the so-called macro-norm (macro-standard) - which is a mutual agreement between the Dutch municipalities and the Ministry of Finance that determines the National Financial Municipal Fund. Each year, each municipality receives a financial contribution from the municipal fund. The macro-standard sets the limit of the total percentage increase of all the rates of the Dutch municipalities together, municipalities cannot transcend this standard, and if they do, their subventions are reduced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
International support will be required in this regard. Investments in basic industries may be more labour-intensive and cost-effective in terms of immediate job creation and income generation. Investments in basic infrastructure, education and health are often more effective stimuli than certain environmental initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This study investigates government quality determinants of ICT adoption using Generalised Method of Moments on a panel of 49 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries for the period 2000-2012. ICT is measured with mobile phone penetration, internet penetration and telephone penetration rates while all governance dimensions from the World Bank Governance Indicators are considered, namely: political governance (consisting of political stability and “voice & accountability”), economic governance (entailing government effectiveness and regulation quality) and institutional governance (encompassing the rule of law and corruption-control). The following findings are established. First, political stability and the rule of law have positive short-run and negative long-term effects on mobile phone penetration. Second, the rule of law has a positive (negative) short-run (long-term) effect on internet penetration. Third, government effectiveness and corruption-control have positive short-run and long-term effects on telephone penetration. Institutional governance appears to be most significant in determining ICT adoption in SSA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Better scientific information is crucial to policy development, and further progress in this area will help in reinforcing and assessing policy performance over time. However, the information base for policy development could be further strengthened through a better understanding of the main drivers of biodiversity and forest loss (at national and state level) and how they are likely to change in a business-as-usual scenario. It is largely dominated by subsidies, many of which also aim to improve the conditions of local and indigenous communities living in forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article evaluates the first four years of decentralized local governance in Malawi with special focus on accountability of local assemblies. The article mainly relies on primary sources such as newspapers, governmental and non-governmental reports and a comparative literature survey. We argue that decentralized local governance in Malawi has enhanced corruption among the local assemblies in relation to their election, awarding of contracts and other related acts. This has consequently led to, inter alia, financial mess in local assemblies, loss of citizen and donor trust as well as low-quality infrastructures. Meanwhile, the democracy and good governance that were envisaged in the creation of local assemblies through the Local Government Act 1998 and the Malawian constitution have seriously been undermined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Conversely, we are seeing the first decommissioning of 2G networks by AT&T in the US, with Verizon Wireless set to follow). At the city level, smart technologies, digitalization and data are drivers of smart urban development and smart sustainable cities. For example, for 2016, it is estimated that mobile-broadband networks (3G or above) reach 84% of the global population, but only 67% of the rural population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Threatened mammals include bats, lynx, otter, and badger. Furthermore, poaching is a threat to the brown bear, wolf, lynx, or the rare Balkan subspecies of chamois, all listed under Habitats Directive Annex II. To a large extent, these illegal activities are facilitated in some areas of the region by the absence of valid land development plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The economic dimension was discussed in the previous chapter, while the cognitive and educational components are the focus of subsequent chapters. There is also the question of how social it is understood to be, as opposed to so many traits attaching to individuals. In our view, while the measurement of well-being might often rely on charting characteristics of individuals, well-being understood in this multidimensional way is fundamentally about relationships and the nature of social relations. Such definitions as there are coalesce around the holistic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It extends ITU regulation guidelines further by introducing more hands-on information regarding the QoS and QoE big picture, as well as outlining practical approaches in QoS regulation for telecommunication/ICT services. It puts forth the case that NRAs should have the appropriate skill-set to carry out QoS regulation, and how continuous capacity building is key to adapting to market and regulatory changes. The argument for cooperation between regulators is strong, bringing substantive benefits through the sharing of good practice and mutual learning. Twenty years ago, only one per cent of the global population had a mobile cellular subscription, and 11 per cent had a fixed telephone subscription.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Source: Ministry ot Education. Internal Rates of Return (IRR) to education are a standard measure in the literature of the profitability of undertaking additional years of schooling and are used to summarise financial incentives, both costs and benefits, associated with studying. The most common methods are the discount method and the Mincerian approach. The discount method is an application of cost-benefit analysis to the decision making process regarding further educational investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Its outstanding position as a global leader in financial and business services has attracted the headquarters and facilities of a substantial number of large international firms, making the metro-region a leading employer in financial and business-related activities in the US. Chicago is the global centre for derivatives, hosting the largest derivatives exchanges, and home to 57 headquarters in the Fortune 500, including Boeing, McDonald’s, Motorola Solutions, Discover Financial Services, Abbott and United Airlines. Professional and Business Services and Financial Activities combined represented 26.2% of total employment in the region in 2010 (Table 1.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is home to a variety of economic sectors with strong export performance, both in manufacturing (the automobile industry, food industry, information and communication technologies, or ICT, and aerospace) and services (particularly financial and professional services), and it is the headquarters for by far the largest number of large companies in Canada. It houses a range of renowned universities and research institutes, and it attracts around 40% of the immigrants who arrive in the country every year. The Toronto region also has an enviable reputation for quality of life, and has positioned itself as Canada’s main economic centre, thanks to demographic and economic growth since the 1970s-1980s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In addition, the health of irregular migrants is frequently endangered by the precarious and unsafe conditions in which they live and work, as well as when they are in immigration detention. In some countries, public health concerns underlie policy decisions to provide certain services to irregular migrants, notably vaccination and prenatal care and treatment of communicable diseases. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2010), p. 258.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The DMS can be any kind of application used to collaborate on contracting, these systems are already used today in order to jointly work on contract drafts. This DMS then needs to be connected, for example through APIs, to an underlying blockchain in order to document the hashes of the latest legally binding contract agreements. Table 5 discusses the technical set-up of the underlying blockchain layer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Opioid overdoses accounted for around one-fifth of these hospitalisations and one-quarter of these emergency room visits. Medicare and Medicaid are the primary' payers in around two-thirds of opioid poisoning cases. Public outlays are also incurred through costs for policing, law enforcement and other public services in dealing with drug overdoses. In addition, the treatment of addiction represents another cost often borne by public authorities. On the other side of the ledger, lost productivity also has effects on tax revenue. Estimates of this suggest that in 2016 the combined impact would reduce Federal, State and local tax revenue by almost $16 billion, or around 3/ percentage point of current receipts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)