albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Developing countries, especially low-income ones, with relatively low rates of electricity usage, may be able to “leapfrog” into electricity generation based on renewable forms of primary energy, for instance. The question is how to enable those countries to access, utilize and, above all, afford green technologies. Technologies will need to be “transferred”’ and made accessible, since most innovation takes place in the developed countries and private corporations in those countries are the main owners of the intellectual property rights covering most green technologies. The new technologies will also need to be locked into new production processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
After the conflict between India and Pakistan upon their independence in 1947, India sought to use the Indus River to rehabilitate millions of refugees, reconstruct the economy, and facilitate post-conflict peacebuilding in Punjab. But this drew on the only freshwater available to Pakistan. The World Bank's mediation averted further conflict through the Indus Waters Treaty and the construction of hydrological infrastructure in order to subsidize post-conflict peacebuilding. The treaty established a commission and conflict-resolution mechanisms to manage disputes of the development of the Indus. Pakistan is using these mechanisms to address the current Kishanganga Project dispute with India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Through Agenda 2063, Africa is committed to prioritizing urban housing, water, sanitation, energy, waste and rapid transit systems (AUC 2015) over the next five years, as stipulated in the first Ten-Year Implementation Plan (2014-2023) of Agenda 2063. This is the basis of the first Aspiration of Agenda 2063 that envisions a prosperous Africa based on inclusive growth and sustainable development, with cities and urban settlements as hubs for cultural and economic activities. As a continent with the fastest rate of urbanization, implementation of Goal 11 and its related Agenda 2063 goals and targets -through effective planning, resource mobilization, monitoring and reporting - is critical to promoting sustainable urban living and sustainable development at all levels, local, national and global. Out of the 15 indicators, only six (40 per cent) have data and sufficiently-defined methodologies to measure progress (UNDESA, 2018, ECA and others, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
If they experience at least one severe deprivation, children are considered to be living in extreme child poverty. It is important to bear in mind that the following estimates of total child poverty also include children living in extreme poverty. Total child poverty in the region affected 70.5 million children under 18 and 16.3% of children and adolescents were living in extreme poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 2018, the MSE was, for the first time, integrated with a socio-economic component. It was considered premature to use these results for scientific advice but it is generally agreed that, in the future, such analyses would provide indications on the socio-economic impacts, in addition to biological impacts, of different management measures. These outcomes form the scientific basis of Recommendation GFCM/42/2018/8 on further emergency measures in 2019-2021 for small pelagic stocks in the Adriatic Sea. This recommendation includes, among other measures, a progressive annual 5 percent catch reduction (for CPCs with declared catches over 2 500 tonnes in 2014) until 2021, and the establishment of a voluntary observation and inspection programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
After accounting for student and school-level socio-economic status, students who had attended early childhood education for one year or more scored an average of 25 points higher in the PISA science assessment compared to those who had not. However, there are limits to the interpretation of this finding, as the proportion of those who had attended less than one year of early childhood education (ISCED 0) represents on average across OECD countries of only 8% of all 15-year-olds, and is relatively low' in several OECD countries (Tables 5.1 and 5.2 on the web only). For instance, before accounting for student and school-level socio-economic status, students who had attended early childhood education for three years or more scored an average of 40 points higher in the PISA science assessment compared to those who had attended ECEC for less titan one year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
When ethanol is produced from sugarcane or lignocellulosic feedstocks, process by-products (bagasse and lignin, respectively) are used for internal heat and electricity. Here, lower range numbers refer to system designs allowing for export of electricity in excess of internal requirements. This would require 170 km3 of additional evapotranspiration and 180 km3 of additional irrigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Data show that, as activities get more complex, fewer people undertake these activities. More importantly, computer users in developed countries seem to possess more ICT skills than users in developing countries, pointing to a serious constraint on the development potential of developing countries and LDCs. This could be explained by the fact that people spend more time online, and more and more spend that time doing data-intensive activities, such as watching videos and playing interactive games.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is, however, already notably different from CDM in a few important respects. First, whereas CDM emphasized trade in emission credits from project-based activities, the reference to 'outcomes' in 'ITMO' suggests that the SDM will have encompass a broader range of activities. Second, Article 6 expressly provides that the SDM will be used to ’promote sustainable development' alongside mitigation, suggesting a balancing of objectives between exchange in least-cost emissions reductions wherever they may be, and ensuring participation by and benefits to poorer and more vulnerable countries that may otherwise have weaker capacity to participate in the scheme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Africa is the only region in which the area of certified forest declined (by 1.1 million ha, or 14%). Given that global roundwood production in 2013 was 1.7 billion m3 (FAOSTAT 2014), about 30% of the global production originated in certified forest in that year. The number of active chain-of-custody (CoC) certificates increased by 6% between May 2013 and May 2014 (FSC issued an additional 1,820 certificates in that period and PEFC an additional 328 certificates), bringing the total number of active CoC certificates worldwide to 37,838 (graph 2.4.4). This compares with an increase of 12% between May 2012 and May 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The chapter begins with an overview of national policies for rural development in Poland and how they have changed over time - from a sole focus on agriculture towards a greater focus on rural development more broadly. Following this, key areas of rural policy are discussed: agriculture, rural economic diversification, spatial, land-use and environmental policies, infrastructure, and public services. The chapter ends with a discussion of how the aforementioned set of policies could be better integrated for more effective rural development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Curriculum narrowing leads to more time spent on tested areas, like mathematics and reading, and less time on nontested content, such as history. As a consequence of accountability systems, teachers may overemphasise certain subjects that will be tested, even if they make up only a small part of the entire curriculum (Eurydice, 2009). In addition, specific subjects can be omitted from the lesson plans as tested areas are given increasing priority (King and Zucker, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, there is now criticism that such state-run job creation programmes are inefficient because they tend to favour the better connected rather than the poorest segments of the population. Moreover, these types of programmes are not sustainable in the absence of government funding. At the same time, due to capacity constraints, some local authorities cannot absorb funds allocated for specific projects, and return them to the upper level at the end of the budgetary year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This would be appropriate to the first row of purposes in the table above. To accomplish the second row of purposes would require associating scores on the household food insecurity assessment with the onset of negative developmental consequences for children. Existing research in the United States indicates that, on average, there are negative developmental consequences for children living in households that affirm even one indicator of household food insecurity. Additional research comparing different thresholds to a definitive measure of child food insecurity (e.g., interviews with children), or to proxy measures such as outcome data on child development, would be needed to determine what threshold is appropriate globally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, alongside this, it is hoped that, by incorporating other nonclassroom based activities into integration training resources can be spread further, thereby accommodating an increased number of migrants. These goals, if attained, would put Finland at the forefront of integration policy design. However, appropriate implementation - in a country where much of the practical policy design and implementation is left to local actors - will require careful thought, resources, and support. Furthermore those who undertook their training prior to the recent changes, and whose skills, in the meantime, have eroded still further, will need to be given access to support and to routes back to the labour force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Joumard, Pisu and Bloch (2012) state that the redistributive impact of taxes and transfers depends on their size, mix and the progressivity of each component, and found that taxes and cash transfers reduced income inequality, as measured by the Gini index, by about 25% on average in oecd member countries towards 2010. In those countries, direct transfers reduce income dispersion more than taxes: three quarters of the reduction in inequality between market income and disposable income are due to transfers, the rest to taxes. Moreover, countries with a more unequal distribution of market income tend to redistribute more. A second objective is to simulate the possible effects of potential reforms of tax systems, in order to demonstrate that tax instruments —and in particular that putting the resulting increase in revenue to good use— can have a significant impact on the distribution of disposable income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A micro-simulation model has been developed jointly by the OECD and the WHO, to estimate the long-term population-level effects and costs of preventive interventions to tackle chronic diseases. Modelling across several countries found that health information and communication strategies that improve population awareness about the benefits of healthy eating and physical activity are cost-effective and able to generate substantial health gains. Fiscal measures that increase the price of unhealthy food content or reduce the cost of healthy foods rich in fibre also emerged as cost-effective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
If sustained, this trend could increase the risk of refinancing and pose challenges for the financial viability even of existing projects. Power-purchasing agreements may for instance be changed to reflect increased use of refinancing as a result. Additionally, market uncertainty may lead banks to adopt a more conservative stance, potentially reducing their portfolio of projects they perceive as risky (e.g. renewable energy and energy efficiency investments, and smaller-scale projects in general). This context may also induce higher loan market concentration. All of these factors combined could likely lead to a higher cost of lending. With reduced access to long-term loans, clean energy infrastructure developers may therefore increasingly have to rely on loans with shorter maturities - and thus bear higher refinancing risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
International law lacks the kind of comprehensive framework to organize and structure its rules, institutions and functions as is provided for in nation states by their constitutional foundations. Instead, the international legal system, at least as far as treaties are concerned, can largely be seen as an ensemble of separate regimes which are equal in rank and distinct in membership, rules, institutions, lawmaking mechanisms and dispute settlement. Their interrelationship is governed by two rather different means: at one side, some political oversight may be exercised by international organizations within a number of confines and limits. At the other side, if it comes to questions of the application and interpretation of particular rules in particular cases, the international law of treaties, as mainly provided for by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 (VCLT), comes into play.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Combined with suitable opening hours and schedules, these services could also support working mothers and fathers. Conversely, without adequate responses to the tensions between work and family responsibilities, socioeconomic and gender inequalities will continue to deepen and work against equity and development in the region. Section II sets forth an analytical framework to examine these changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The share of nitrous oxide in total AFOLU emissions is small, but accounts for as much as 75 percent of global anthropogenic emissions of the gas. Organic soils (those with a high concentration of organic matter, such as peatlands) and the burning of biomass (e.g. savanna fires) account for relatively smaller amounts of emissions. Forests also mitigate climate change by removing GHG from the atmosphere through forest growth, as seen in the negative values. However, the average contribution of forests to carbon sequestration has fallen from 2.8 Gt annually in the 1990s to 2.3 Gt in the 2000s, and is estimated at 1.8 Gt in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Capital city regions also have high NGA network coverage scores, while the more rural regions continue to lag, e.g. in parts of France and Poland. The Nordic countries are characterised by having almost no differences within their territories, i.e. no large variation in terms of NGA network coverage, unlike the clear regional differences in countries such as France or Italy. All regions in the Nordic countries score in the range of 65% to 95% of households having NGA network coverage, except for Etela-Pohjanmaa in Finland which has a coverage range of 35% to 65% and the Danish statistical region of 0stjylland and the capital regions of Denmark and Iceland with scores between 95% and 100% respectively. In Denmark, as well as in the other Nordic countries, digitalisation has long been on the national agenda, and the Digitisation Strategy 2016-2020 is the fifth of this kind, marking almost 15 years of common focus on digitisation in the public sector, where the state, the regions and the municipalities have been working to increase digitisation and strengthen cooperation across administrative levels (Regeringen/KL/Danske Regioner, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
All these benefits can in turn contribute to enhanced implementation of adaptation actions over time. Increased availability of information on adaptation can also be beneficial to the global community by helping to identify and disseminate lessons learned in planning, implementing and funding adaptation. The contents of these INDCs vary greatly in terms of their scope, aims, content, clarity, timeline, link with existing policies (including mitigation actions), and “measurability”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The essay considers the record of Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh within antitrust law and related policies. Deep substantive engagement with a nominee’s record by subject-area experts—as an adjunct to review by generalist Senators and interest groups—seems desirable and missing from much of our debate, as to Supreme Court nominees of any background or persuasion. In this particular case it is uncommonly necessary, because the nominee is himself uncommon. Review of the antitrust cases, along with cases on cognate competition issues and the closely related context of net neutrality, turns out to be both stark and quite telling. It discloses a more generalized political economy and a more generalized approach to judging. In particular, Judge Kavanaugh has demonstrated a strongly ideological agenda and a willingness to pursue it with substantial disregard for precedent and statute.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some areas that are critical for lifting the quality of agricultural production and per unit returns received by farmers, such as inspection and control and marketing and promotion, receive relatively little support. The growing share of support that is provided to the agricultural sector as a whole rather than to individual producers is an important re-orientation of agricultural support spending to forms that can bring significant benefits to producers and consumers, with potentially less production and trade distortions. Despite the large increase in expenditure on irrigation, and to a less extent agricultural knowledge and innovation system, the %GSSE has remained small at 23% in 2011-13 (Tables 2.13 and 2.14).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Labeling is critical for the framing, perception, and political implications of social problems, genocide being a critical but overlooked example. For half a century social-science theory has developed increasingly sophisticated paradigms for understanding the process by which problems are recognized and addressed: social constructionism, labeling theory, politico-linguistics, problem definition, and tipping points. Yet rarely have these theoretical frameworks been applied to genocide studies. When reconsidered in light of Sudan, these general frameworks validate the constructionist argument that the recognized severity of political problems—including government-organized or -sanctioned mass killings—is a function of the socio-linguistic processing and naming of them. Anti-genocide advocates, no less than scholars of genocide, can benefit from the adaptation and application of policy frameworks deriving from constructionist analysis. The article concludes with empirical data tracing the use of the term “g...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These new partnerships arc working to provide the most cost-cfTcctivc electrification solutions, especially in remote communities that arc often the most disadvantaged in terms of electricity access. Though progress in electrification continued at the regional level, it slowed in the recent period, attributable to population growth in rural areas and the ongoing difficulty of extending services to remote areas. The rate of progress has declined in countries with the largest deficits, namely India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, while the lowest access rates arc found among a number of Pacific Island and least developed State.4 Though urban areas in most economics have achieved universal access, rural areas lag behind, and, in a few cases with growing rural populations, rural electrification rates are falling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For this purpose, the city has created a Green Steering Committee whose function is to gather the information and acquire the knowledge needed to inform future policy actions. Introducing flexibility as an integral part of the Climate Action Plan helps policymakers avoid path dependence and will enable the cost of future adjustments in response to unexpected events and the emergence of new information to be lowered. The plan was developed by the United Kingdom Environment Agency as a means of addressing sea-level rise and the threat of flooding that it poses to London.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Since doctors and nurses receive relatively high incomes, they can create demand for various types of goods and services that are available locally. To respond to this challenge, their policymakers will have to find ways to stimulate employment creation. In addition, GDP growth rates in the current decade have so far been lower than in the previous decade, and forecasts suggest that this is likely to continue over the next three to five years. Since employment creation was inadequate even in the 2000s, the LDC employment challenge in the present decade is even more overwhelming. The framework is based on the recognition that employment creation without the development of productive capacities is not sustainable. These elements are: the investment-growth-employment nexus, enterprise development and technological change, and the three-pronged approach to employment creation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Addressing the societal and structural change required to address all forms of discrimination against girls and women is, however, a long-term process, and so sport-related policy aspirations must be realistically framed (United Nations 2007). Mainstreaming gender equality throughout all policy processes benefits from well-developed systems of information gathering, communication and accountability. Such data can also be used effectively to inform capacity-building across a range of sport and development stakeholders, and to shape media strategies and campaigns to address gender inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To help do so, this section follows the typology presented in Chapter 1, which distinguishes between five country profiles: (i) fragile and conflict-affected states, (ii) rural youth employment challenges in fragile contexts, (iii) countries with development momentum, (iv) transitioning countries, and (v) aspirational destinations. The premise is that countries in these different categories have different priorities in terms of what they need to continue along their path of economic development, and this will inform how they deal with migration. The discussion begins with the policies that are relevant to developing countries with large agricultural bases, where rural migration for economic reasons is the most common, and which also constitute a major source of international migrants originating from rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As a result, there is a risk that the two processes and the criteria they use are not well aligned and do not mutually reinforce each other (Chapter 5). As there is currently no national system for teacher appraisal, monitoring the quality of school-based human resource management could be a key task of the Inspectorate, but it is not yet fully reflected in the Inspectorate’s evaluation criteria (Chapter 5). In the Netherlands, difficulties typically arise when the central authorities’ plans confront the longstanding tradition of “freedom of education” (Chapter 1), which is strongly defended by schools and school boards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is further elaborated by commitments made by Cambodia in its NDC under the Paris Agreement on Climate Change where it identifies rural development and agriculture as key focus areas for adaptation, and renewable energy and energy efficiency as target areas for mitigation, but with no explicit target for renewable energy penetration. As part of the Strategic Plan, line ministries have started to develop sector level strategic plans and action plans. Efforts have also been made to estimate and mobilise financing for these action plans. Given its geography, available land area, irradiation, large concentrations of agricultural residues and animal manure, Cambodia has considerable potential for the uptake of solar, biomass, biofuel and biogas options.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)