albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
At the initial stage, active consultation with all parties takes place, including within the National Adverse Events Committee, and information is gathered and assessed. An important point in the process is to determine the scale of the adverse event, i.e. to categorise it as a small, medium or large event. The criteria applied are as follows: (i) availability of risk management options, (ii) likelihood of the event occurring again, (iii) geographic scale of the physical damage, (iv) geographic scale of the economic impact, and (iv) geographic scale of the social impact (Table 12).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Given that global production of conventional crude oil will be declining by 2035 (IEA, 2011c) and in light of other related supply constraints, energy efficiency will be increasingly important measure to relieve pressure on scarce resources. At the same time, oil demand is projected to increase along with economic growth, particularly as a result of needs in the transport sector. As options for fuel substitution are limited, energy efficiency will again provide an important response in this sector, reducing emissions of black carbon and other internationally monitored toxic gases, through measures such as fuel efficiency standards, eco-driving, public transport and logistics efficiency. Energy efficiency is also a vehicle for environmental protection at the local level, helping to reduce waste and emissions detrimental to local air and water supplies and to delicate ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, there is a federal mandate - the No Child Left Behind Act - which requires that all 8th graders be technology literate. Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Teacher Candidates: Teacher candidates understand the relationship of content and content-specific pedagogy delineated in professional, state and institutional standards. They have a broad knowledge of instructional strategies that draws upon content and pedagogical knowledge and skills delineated in professional, state and institutional standards to help all students leam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For the purposes hereof, indicators of perception were taken as dependent variables because public social spending patterns can be shaped by factors that are endogenous to institutions and because evidence from other regions shows that public opinion “reacts” to changes in the socioeconomic environment (see box II.2). Replicating this in institutions (n=177), greater distr with a decline in public social spend pO.OOO***). In the past few years, the role that these orientations and perceptions play in initiatives for shrinking the welfare state has also been examined, amid pressure to cut spending sparked by economic crises in developed countries and mounting demographic pressures associated with population aging and rising economic dependence rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As in other countries, counsellors in Liberia say it can take much longer for a man to seek help. Liberian women, many of them from among the market stallholders who are the backbone of much West African commerce, demonstrated in 2003 that the seemingly impossible could be achieved by a mass peace movement that relied heavily on broad solidarity, persistence, song and prayer, but almost no money. Their story, told in the dramatic documentary Pray the Devil Back to Hell shows how women were able to demand an end to civil war.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While the share of the population in extreme poverty in each region has fallen since 1990, with important variations across countries, the decline has been faster in South Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa looks set to be the only region that will not achieve the first Millennium Development Goal target of halving extreme poverty at a S1.25/day level by 2015.10 Of the remaining extreme poor, 161 million live in East Asia and the Pacific — with the largest number in Indonesia. Other regions together account for less than 50 million (just 3.5 percent) of the world's extreme poor."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
National regulatory reforms have been adopted to drive and regulate electronic transactions, including laws to protect personal data, protect consumers, and fight cybercrime. The government has created a Ministry of Posts and Digital Economy, and has opened an academic institution that focuses on new technologies. E-commerce is gradually taking hold and online businesses are tapping into burgeoning consumer demand. Nevertheless, the growth of e-commerce is still limited by issues such as limited logistics and payment services, and high costs for electricity and broadband.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These were clustered into four categories of collective empowerment as well as effectiveness and self-sustainability. Some 132 indicators were mapped onto this matrix as a baseline for annual participatory M&E, prompting an action plan for making better progress on those indicators. While empowerment is a process that never ends, donor support is finite.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This can make it harder for companies to effectively communicate how they are adapting to climate change. This contrasts with mitigation actions, such as greenhouse gas reduction goals or carbon offset policies, which have global and public benefits to society and are therefore easier to communicate as part of standard CSR strategies. Additionally, information regarding companies’ climate vulnerabilities may be sensitive, because it could indicate potential weaknesses to competitors or negatively affect competitiveness or market valuations, so companies may not publicise the climate risks they face or the actions they have taken to manage these risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Since countries collect data on ethnicity in different ways and for different purposes and since the ethnocultural composition of a country could vary widely from country to country, no internationally relevant criteria or classification can be recommended. Religion can be defined as either religious or spiritual belief of preference, regardless of whether or not this belief is represented by membership of or affiliation with an organized group having specific religious or spiritual tenets. For the purposes of international comparisons, each sect should be shown as a subcategory of the religion to which it belongs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
On average across OECD countries, about 13% are foreign-born NEETs. Long periods of inactivity can have negative consequences. The longer individuals spend time as a NEET, the more likely they are to lose their skills, which affect their chances of finding employment. Being a NEET can also have a negative impact on the mental and emotional health of young people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Although coffee is a major agricultural export, the branding possibilities of these unique assets have not yet been fully exploited, along with value added possibilities such as certified shade-grown, organic and fair trade. With approximately 50 million cattle, livestock in Ethiopia provides income for farming communities and a principal means of household saving. Livestock confer a certain degree of security in times of crop failure, as they are a ‘near-cash’ capital stock. Furthermore, livestock provides farmyard manure to improve soil fertility and is also used as a source of energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The first two sections address the legal and governance structure and the setting for introducing policy measures. The next four focus on information policy, innovation and technology support, and market-based and financial policy instruments for improving industrial energy efficiency. The last section examines policy design and implementation considerations that are important in developing countries. A 2006 review of policies in Asia found energy conservation laws in China, India, Japan, Thailand and Viet Nam (UNEP 2006c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
How additionality is more precisely defined remains unclear. There is no internationally agreed methodology or baseline from which to measure additionality - is it above the 0.7% GNI commitment to aid agreed by a certain number of countries during a specific year, support above 2009 ODA levels, or financial support from sources other than ODA? Given political sensitivities around this issue, it is unlikely to be addressed in the near future.11 Existing reporting systems, if improved, could at least provide the necessary information that can serve as a basis for analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
According to the report “Assessment Schemes for Teachers’ ICT Competence -A Policy Analysis”12 (May 2005), several curricula exist to become a teacher (depending on education level and specialisation in a given subject or a range of subjects). Moreover, in certain initial teacher education curricula, ICT has been included as a compulsory subject. The country report dedicated to Hungary specifies that ICT is included in initial teacher education as a subject called Computer Sciences. Each individual institution determines the structure and the curricula of the courses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, some of the countries studied in this report have already bypassed the Finnish benchmark. Hence, for these countries the scale-up potential could not be realized (see below for further information). Eurostat data (2015) regarding buildings heat consumption (residential, services, and unspecified other) was used to estimate the share of biofuel in total heat consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In particular, a variety of new contractual arrangements are leading to uncertainty about the boundary between self-employment and wage employment. An example of an ambiguous case is when employed persons are working as sub-contractors (thus sharing some characteristics of the self-employed), while being economically dependent on one single client (similar to employees). Aspects of security that are directly related to the (type of) contract - such as duration of employment - are only relevant to employees, while other dimensions of security concern the self-employed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This total change is then decomposed in different components showing how variations in family and work characteristics have influenced the evolution of income percentiles. Household income is equivalised using the square root scale. The term ‘standard of living’ refers to the equivalised disposable income. A positive (negative) sign shows a gain (a loss) in income associated with the characteristic between 2007 and 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A third of them are open to general start-ups, irrespective of sector. The number of spaces available for start-up enterprises/teams in each incubator ranges from 10 to 48. The throughput of enterprises through the incubators on an annual basis depends on the number of incubating spaces and the policy on tenure of incubator tenants. For example, the SFD incubators in Egypt and the Dubai SME incubators allow the start-ups to remain in the incubator for up to 36 months, whereas, the IN5 Incubator in Dubai seeks to spin out 15 new enterprises per quarter (from entrepreneurial teams of three members), this would produce 45 new start-ups per year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Such schemes are more likely than flat-rate payments to prompt high earners and men to claim part of their entitlements. However, as leave payments do not fully replace the leave-taker’s wage, and since women often earn less than their partners, they are still more likely than men to take up all, or most, of the leave entitlement. Figure 5 shows the differences in public expenditure per childbirth when all types of leave and “birth grants” are considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This reaction is often focused on single events and circumstances rather than complex indicators. For that reason, this chapter analyses the evolution of public attitudes towards nuclear energy, and especially how security of supply issues affect how people view the role nuclear energy. In recent years, several opinion polls, in particular in Europe, have gauged the level of concern about these issues. The results are of interest because they shed light on one way of strengthening the political feasibility of increasing the share of nuclear energy in OECD countries, using the driver of improving the security of energy supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Children who live in these households are exposed to an overall household context that presents developmental challenges, likely through nutritional (diet quality and quantity) and non-nutritional (parent/child relationship, psychosocial stress) pathways. For instance, research shows that children have negative developmental consequences in households in which a parent worries about food access but has no actual compromises in food quality or quantity [7]. This suggests that the household food situation is an important context for children's development, and that in the broadest sense any child in a household with any degree of food insecurity may be at some risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Healthcare services in many cases need to proactively break down barriers that marginalize adolescents and youth, such as through free and confidential services, specially trained counsellors, and the dissemination of information through new technology or in places where youth may congregate. One priority would be programmes to meet young peoples contraception needs, since unintended and early pregnancy can derail education and possibilities to move into the paid workforce. Among other international commitments, this aligns with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This has resulted in significant variations in the criteria and processes used to evaluate eligibility for the payment across provinces. Consequently, a number of reports of corruption in the administration of dibao have surfaced, leading to more rigid policies being outlined by the Ministry of Civil Affairs (Golan et al., One of the most promising remedies is allowing rural citizens to apply directly to the county government for dibao. However, county governments may lack the capacity to administer and thoroughly evaluate these applications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Road traffic death rates in 14 countries (including China, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Russian Federation, Thailand and Viet Nam) were higher than the global average. However, of these, four countries brought down the death rates from their previous levels in 2007. For the other ten countries, the death rate increased further over this period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Finally, it concludes with proposals to cultivate dialogue with citizens and make them active contributors to the urban planning process. Its major cities are also modernising, as their institutions make the transition from a young post-Soviet country to an established independent nation. If urbanisation is to be effective, it should ensure prosperity, social cohesion and environmental protection, but how to guarantee those benefits presents a major challenge. Existing institutions, state budgets, and administrative and cultural practices are not fully ready to transform urbanisation into one of Kazakhstan’s major assets. Given the traditional concentration of skills and resources in Kazakhstan’s central government, the resources, responsibilities and capacities available to local governments are limited. The underlying issue is not whether Kazakhstan has the right local government structure, but rather how well-co-ordinated the different levels of governments are, and the equity and efficiency in the distribution of responsibilities, decision-making powers and resources for urban development that each level of government is granted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Political theorists have long argued that low information levels among average citizens provide the rationale for public policy to be guided by experts and elites. Other scholars counter that deference to elites perpetuates and even exacerbates the problem. Here we look at school choice programs as an environment to elucidate this important debate. Theories of school choice suggest that parents need to and can make informed decisions. Choice parents should have more incentives to gather information about their child’s schools than parents without schooling options. Alternatively, a lack of any increase in information levels among school choosers would suggest that having choices per se is not sufficient motivation to overcome the costs of information gathering. Analyzing data from an experimental evaluation of the Washington Scholarship Fund, we find that presenting parents with choices does lead to significantly higher levels of accurate information on measures of important school characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, they may have a more comprehensive view of the policies that have been enacted over the long term, which may be difficult to perceive at the school level. Despite the importance of the government’s role in ensuring equitable educational opportunities and outcomes, many government ministries and departments work within silos, implementing fragmented policies and services and frequently revising public policies as a result of changes in govemment. This can become a barrier to lifelong learning opportunities and continued support for all (Froy and Giguere, 2010, OECD, 2012b). To ensure continued support from one stage in life to another, policy makers, local authorities and schools can collaborate on a joint strategy and action plan for achieving a common goal in a coherent manner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Per capita levels of gross domestic product (GDP) vary widely. While for the European Union (EU), the average GDP per capita at prices and purchasing power parities is about 30,000 USD, the average for countries in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia and the Balkans is around a third of that, and for several countries in the Caucasus and Central Asia the GDP per capita can be less than a sixth of this figure. Countries with transition economies experienced a major collapse in economic activity in the early 1990s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Underpinning both approaches is the view that Government inefficiency has contributed to a wide range of macroeconomic dislocations in ESCWA member countries. One view maintains that this has happened because of excessive protectionism, misallocation of resources and the introduction of restrictions to the workings of the market, as if markets alone could be relied upon to resolve spontaneously the large disequilibria in the ESCWA labour markets. However, when compared to other developing regions, labour markets in the ESCWA region are not as rigid as they may appear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
By contrast, it has increased slightly in recent years in France, the Czech Republic and Ireland, and to a greater extent in Brazil, Portugal and Turkey. Increases of 5 percentage points or more were recorded in Chile, Colombia, Hungary and Latvia. Full-time employees are defined as those individuals with usual weekly working hours equal to or greater than 30 hours per week.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the present report, these types hove been aggregated into the three piliors of sustainable development: social, economic ond environmental (see clso UNECE, 2012). Transport systems should be also affordable for societies, therefore, public expenditure in a sustainable form as well as alternative funding options should be also evaluated. In order to evaluate transport safety, particularly in the road sector, the current situation, trends and controlling factors (e.g. speeding and drink-driving) of traffic accidents should be assessed. Finally, transportation negatively affects the environment through the consumption of non-renewable fuels, local and GHG emissions, noise and ecosystem degradation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Wage inequality and the contribution of capital, differential labor quality and efficiency to economic growth in Korea, 1965-2007. Seoul Journal of Economics, 25(1): 1-23. Evolution of the industrial wage structure in China since 1980. Columbus, Ohio, Ohio State University. Available at: http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/Fleisher/work-ing_papers/l WS%2012_22_ 11 .pdf. International trade and American wages in the 1980s: Giant sucking sound or small hiccup?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This makes their relative scarcity as an industrial resource a short-term economic issue rather than a long-term geological issue. Economic activity and growth depend not on materially available but on economically recoverable resources. Available resources are, of course, finite in some abstract physical sense, however, they also far exceed what will ever be used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This would aim at keeping curricula current and training students in line with the state of skills and knowledge in the industry. As the domestic market represents the natural starting point for local software firms to provide services, local demand is particularly important in the early stages of the industry’s development. Moreover, once software companies have developed a certain level of capabilities, demanding clients in the domestic market can spur local software developers and firms to innovate and improve their process and outputs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The EmPower Partnership Programme is structured to ensure that these conditions are met. Ltd. launched its 100-Village EmPower Partnership Programme for Araria District in the state of Bihar in February 2005. These 100-kW plants were each expected to create at least 50 direct and indirect jobs in each village and eradicate poverty in the participating families. Since the launch, projects have been completed and operational in three villages. A governmental subsidy and the selling of C02 emissions savings (shown as a likely source of capital for the villagers who have no capital of their own) are used for “leveraging” capital by convincing ethical investors to provide the external equity or loan. Discussions with commercial and development banks indicate they would be prepared to consider 50-60 per cent of the project cost as a loan if the other funds are assured.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Serbia, the rate of mineral fertiliser application is above the EU average, encouraged by fertiliser subsidies based on payment per hectare. However, the lack of comprehensive monitoring of nutrients and pesticides prevents a broader assessment of nutrient flows and balances. Only in Bosnia and Herzegovina did emissions jump in 2009 due to increased use of commercial fertilisers (FAO, 2017a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
On the other hand most of the sub-Saharan African countries in the lower ranks of the figure have either witnessed increased poverty or relatively slow progress towards poverty reduction. The divergent experiences within the group of countries recording mass poverty are of paramount importance in understanding the problem of persistent extreme poverty at the global level. The comparison of the experience of this group of countries with those at less extreme levels of poverty, as defined by international poverty lines, can also be instructive. Figure 29 shows examples of typical country experiences in relation to their poverty trends and the effect of changes in income distribution on poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)