albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Most indicators included in the proposed poverty measure are already considered as "core indicators" by Germany's official reports on poverty and wealth (e.g., Bundesregierung, 2013). These indicators themselves have been selected based on scholarly advice (Arndt and Volkert, 2007). The poverty index is calculated for three points of time (spanning 2001-2012) and comprises 6 dimensions: education, health, housing, employment, material deprivation, and social participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For different conceptions of citizenship, these attributes will be correspondingly different. The ‘knowledge’ element is the bedrock of traditional schooling, but can also be acquired through independent learning with books, the internet and other sources of information. Skills are distinct in that they require actual practice of the activity, rather than solely abstract understanding, and therefore some of these can be developed in a classroom context - e.g. analysis of texts, oral communication - and others, such as campaign organisation, cannot. Values are the most complex of the three, since it is hard to determine the extent to which these can actually be ‘learnt’, particularly after early childhood, and the means by which this might happen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Non-governmental organizations such as BRAC in Bangladesh provide basic education in rural areas using innovative methods. These are all potentially positive developments for poverty reduction efforts. The potential for increased productivity will remain mostly unrealized in the absence of demand-side factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A paired kidney exchange will help find compatible donors amongst registered pairs of donors/recipients. Such initiatives expand the pool of kidney donors by extending donor eligibility to a wider group of potential recipients within the chain (for more information, see, for example Roth et al., For instance, countries such as the United States provide a compensation to donors through a tax credit of up to USD 5 000 for kidney donation to compensate for the unreimbursed costs and lost wage (Library of Congress, 2009). Australia has a pilot project to cover the cost of taking a leave of up to six weeks from work to recover from organ donation until June 30th 2015 (Australian Government Department of Health, 2014). Kidney transplants are higher in countries with presumed consent laws in which no explicit consent is needed to become potential donors and the change of law from explicit consent to presumed consent actually increased transplant rates in countries such as Belgium (Roel and Rahmel, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example a number of regions still reimburse providers on the basis of a fee-per-outpatient (polyclinic) visit or pay by bed day in the hospital sector, thereby encouraging over-use of the system and reducing incentives to enhance prevention (Figures 1.8 and 1.9). Private insurers will act as purchasers of health care services for their insurees and competition among providers will be largely based on quality. Money will follow the patient and payment of providers will be fixed nationally, leaving the regional funds the possibility of providing supplements.28 Under the new arrangements, consumers will have free choice of insurer, doctor or care institution (e.g. polyclinic or hospital). Nonetheless, Tompson (2007) and Smith (2008) argue that introducing and sustaining competition in health care markets is a particularly daunting task and existing experiments in OECD countries do not appear conclusive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Many (possibly most) informal firms are fundamentally different from formal ones and they would be unable to compete in the formal economy, even if the costs of formalisation were low. This is why forcing these firms to enter the formal economy may simply drive them out of business. Ultimately, the best way to reduce informality is to encourage economic growth, since the general process of development tends to reduce the size of the informal sector (La Porta and Shleifer, 2014). It will also be important to foster skill accumulation, especially entrepreneurial skills, which are a fundamental driver of development. Using the extended framework, the chapter provides the first comprehensive analysis of job quality in twelve emerging economies for which the required data are available. Most notably, the labour market security dimension of job quality is extended to cover the risk of extreme low pay while employed, which is significant in most emerging economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Naturally, computers have become widespread and are used for a wide variety of purposes beyond solving computationally difficult problems. Gilder's Law", a conjecture like Moore's Law, predicts that total bandwidth — a measure of the carrying capacity of a communication system — will grow at least three times faster than computing power (Gilder, 2000). Thus, if computing power doubles every 18 months, as projected by Moore's Law, then Gilder's Law predicts that bandwidth will double every six months.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A Norwegian study has investigated the mobility pattern of doctoral students. According to this study, there are few gender differences in the international mobility of this group or among male and female students with caregiving duties (see SIU 2011). Today all of the Nordic countries are expected to adopt gender mainstreaming as an overall gender equality strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Many people feel insecure in their homes and communities. One billion girls and boys ages 2-17 worldwide experienced physical, sexual or psychological violence in the prior year, according to one study.94 Some 25 percent of children suffer physical abuse, and nearly 20 percent of girls are sexually abused at least once in their life.95 Elder abuse remains a hidden problem:96 10 percent of older adults were abused in the prior month.97 Homicide is also a major social concern. Physical security and freedom from the threat of violence were particular concerns among female respondents (box 2.7). For women, real or perceived physical and emotional violence is a major barrier to meeting their full human potential and feeling free to move about.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This requires improving the data and monitoring of their clean energy investments, including international harmonisation, performance measurement and rating approaches for alternative investments more generally and green investments in particular. Energy and Environmental Ministers need to work with their Finance colleagues to ensure that the investment and regulatory environment is supportive and that institutional investors are offered appropriately structured financing vehicles. How can successful experience with such tools and mechanisms be scaled up and applied more widely?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They are a collection of services provided by state and non-state actors including communities to individuals for overcoming poverty and vulnerability and includes transfers in cash or kind, subsidies, and welfare (ILO, 2006a: 7), and aim to prevent poor and other vulnerable groups from falling into poverty, or being caught in a poverty trap when affected by temporary shocks, such as natural disasters or economic downturn. Social “safety nets” can take several forms: targeted or untargeted, conditional or unconditional cash or in-kind allowances such as conditional cash transfers, child allowances, food stamps, food rations or school feeding programmes (ADB, 2010b: 1). Generally speaking, the higher the social development, the greater is social security and in turn, the greater the social protection. Similarly, stronger social security measures foster stronger social protection which, in turn, raises the level of social development and vice versa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Aquaculture production is expected to surpass total capture fisheries production (including that utilised for non-food uses) in 2021, a year when capture production is assumed to be lower as a consequence of El Nino, and then continue to increase in absolute terms until the end of the outlook period. Global aquaculture production is anticipated to exceed the 100 Mt mark for the first time in 2025 and to reach 102 Mt in 2026. Production of selected freshwater species, including catfish/pangas, tilapia, and carp are expected to grow fastest over the next decade, all by more than 35%, while salmon/trout and shrimp will grow by around 27% and 28%, respectively, and molluscs by around 24%. Efficiency increases, that are enabling greater quantities of oil and fishmeal to be recovered from fish waste, mean that the reduced share going to crushing is not expected to affect total world fishmeal and fish oil production, which will be relatively stable (except in El Nino years).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The WTO moved towards setting tighter common rules designed to reduce barriers to international trade. Under the WTO, trade negotiations were broadened to encompass issues of importance to development prospects, such as trade in agricultural products heavily subsidized by developed countries, and some types of industrial policy for development, especially for the poorest countries, were permitted. While the WTO has become a near universal body, negotiations under the so-called Doha Round have stalled not only owing to disagreements over the issue of creating more space for developing countries to enable them to use subsidies and other measures in support of the buildup of their export industries, but also because of the question of how to level the playing field for developing countries in respect of intellectual property rights so as to ease their access to technology, among other controversial areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This proportion is slightly above the average of 9.5% of teachers in TALIS who said they regretted joining the profession (OECD, 2014). This ISCED classification defined tertiary-type A education as ISCED level 5A and tertiary-type B education as ISCED level 5B. According to this classification, tertiary-type A education programmes (ISCED 5A) are largely theory-based, but are not exclusively offered at universities. They aim to provide sufficient qualifications for entry to advanced research programmes and professions with high skill requirements. These programmes have a minimal cumulative theoretical duration of three years, although they typically last four or more years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This requires government involvement in creating standards. On the one hand, they can ensure that the process of how personal consumer information is shared among companies is transparent.190 On the other hand, public bodies are well placed to ensure the delicate balance between security and the necessary openness of cyberspace.191 Cybersecurity is increasingly viewed as a public good that can only be generated through binding regulation. While SMEs that can meet standards will benefit, creating an additional requirement for participating in trade means firms that cannot comply will be left further behind. Microsoft developed and shared good practices in the secure development lifecycle.193 The Open Web Application Security Project, a non-profit organization, develops voluntary security standards that are open and free to use.194 In Switzerland, the Reporting and Analysis Centre for Information Assurance MELANI, a government agency, provides support for the security of computer systems, the internet, and protection of critical national infrastructures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For pork, which is a marginally exported commodity subject to import tariffs, the price gap has been set to zero. The average import unit value at the Vietnamese border is used for maize. For the remaining four commodities, a variety of alternative reference prices are used because of the limited volume of imports into Viet Nam: the average Thailand FOB price for refined sugar, the average Australian FOB price for beef and veal, the average Chinese FOB price for poultry and the Chinese farm gate price for eggs. For all but one product, coffee, margins were calculated as a fixed percentage of the farm gate price based on discussion with MARD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Responding to calls for increased accountability regarding performance of students in public schools and concerns over the capacity of public schools to improve outcomes, school choice has become a mainstream and often controversial issue in public education, it is also a priority of the current federal government administration. Given the mixed evidence of effects on academic performance of charter school enrollment, along with the common perception that charter schools fail to meet the needs of special populations of students—including students with disabilities and English language learners (ELLs)—this study examined the performance of these subgroups across traditional public schools and charter schools. Specifically, we reviewed five recent large-scale studies that assess the impact of charter schools on academic performance paying particular attention to how students with disabilities and students identified as ELLs fare in charter schools relative to their peers served in traditional district schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Growth of workers’ remittances slowed in 2012, partly due to a high base effect, but remained a major source of income generation, accounting for more than 10% of GDP. There was some improvement in oil production and that helped in raising GDP growth to 2.2% in 2012. Agricultural, construction and services sectors also contributed to improved growth. Nevertheless, this pace of growth is still much slower than its long-term trend. Sluggish growth in the major destinations for oil exports, namely the euro zone and China, also kept growth of the economy below its potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, while it was stronger than in Indonesia, India and the Philippines and equal to that in Thailand, it lagged behind China and more recently also Malaysia, reflecting a slowdown in the 2000s compared with the highest rates registered in the 1990s (Fuglie and Rada, 2013). By 2011-13, Viet Nam had become the world’s largest exporter of cashews and black pepper, the second largest exporter of coffee and cassava, the third largest exporter of rice and fisheries, and the fifth largest exporter of natural rubber. Annual exports for these commodities were well above, or very near to, USD 1 billion in the early 2010s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
What do we know about climate finance and what are the current knowledge gaps? Further, the exact amount of financing needed to address climate change will depend on many factors, including the level of ambition of mitigation goals and adaptation objectives, and the extent to which “correct” price signals are provided (OECD 201 la). Yet there remains international debate about what role private finance should play in fulfilling those commitments and how it should be measured when assessing progress towards the climate finance goals laid out above. This report addresses questions of private climate finance throughout. How do we measure performance and in particular what (lows of capital need to be tracked to answer this question? It is useful at the outset to outline a number of key definitions for use in this report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
San Francisco has collected more than a million tons of food scraps, yard trimmings, and other compostable materials and turned it into compost that is used by local fanners and wineries in Napa and Sonoma counties. San Francisco diverted nearly 80% diversion in 2012 - the highest rate of any major U.S. city Source: EPA (2016), "Zero Waste Case Shidy: San Francisco, CA”, www.epa.gov/transfomiing-waste-tool/less-wastc-casc-studv-saii-francisco-ca. As identified by the JICA Roadmap study, a comprehensive study and formulation of a masterplan for solid waste management at the metropolitan scale needs to be prioritised. The proposed MCDA bill makes provision for the establishment of public commissions of which Solid Waste Management is included.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Background: The 1997 American Thoracic Society (ATS) statement “A Framework for Health Care Policy in the United States” outlined core principles for the Society's activities in the public health arena. In the succeeding 10 years, profound changes have taken place in the United States health care environment. In addition, the 2005 publication of the Society's Vision highlighted some differences between the original Statement and our current priorities. Therefore, the Health Policy Committee embarked on a re-analysis and re-statement of the Society's attitudes and strategies with respect to health and public policy. This Statement reflects the findings of the Committee.Purpose: To outline the key aspects of an internal ATS strategy for the promotion of respiratory and sleep/wake health and the care of the critically ill in the United States.Methods: Committee discussion and consensus-building occurred both before and after individual members performed literature searches and drafted sections of the documen...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, if prices are set too high or too low, they can easily overshadow the incentives in payment mechanisms. It builds on newly commissioned case studies and lessons learned in calculating prices, negotiating with providers, and monitoring changes. Recognizing that no single model is applicable to all settings, the study aimed to generate best practices and identify areas for future research, particularly in low-and middle-income settings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Portugal, Italy and Sweden should also foster leadership of PCPs in prevention programmes (OECD, 2013b, 2014c, 2015d). These countries lack measures to support PCPs to take on responsibilities for managing chronic conditions. England’s QOF is one of the largest programmes worldwide to embed evidence-based measures for secondary prevention in chronic disease management in primary care. The programme gives GPs a financial incentive to provide evidence-based care for a wide range of LTCs, including diabetes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Ten questions allow the reader to self-assess driving performance in difficult situations (intersections, dense traffic and reversing), incidents of failing to see other road users, experience of fatigue and vision problems when driving, slowing of reactions in critical situations, and negative feedback from the driver’s friends and family, or from other road users. Respondents are recommended to see a doctor if they experience any of the listed problems, and to undergo a detailed assessment of their fitness to drive. As for most self-assessment tools, no scientific evaluation is available. However, one main result of the EU-Project SIZE was that a most important barrier for agreeable outdoor mobility of older persons stems from difficult interaction with (other) car drivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Examples of more direct benefits are those of avoided flood damages in Paris through construction of lake-reservoirs (estimated to be EUR 300-700 million), and those of preserving bathing water quality in tourism resorts (estimated to be EUR 1 billion). A final example is the potential of river navigation in the Nogent-Le Havre corridor to reduce C02 emissions from freight transport - the current configuration allows a reduction of 28% and an improved configuration would allow a further reduction of 55% of C02 emissions. The water bill also supports urban sanitation, taxes on domestic pollution, basin governance, maintenance of the aquatic environments and the public waterways and production of knowledge. Several funds (poverty relief, welfare-to-work, small irrigation and water conservation, special fund for shortage), in the special fund, central government financing to poorer regions (west 60%, central 40%), in richer regions (east) only local government and farmers. In Germany, the RBMPs have been established at the level of the Lander. The task of the competent authorities was to estimate how much the different measures would cost, and to identify financing options.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Reports for public consumption and other forms of self-reporting were also used as sources of information, keeping in mind the inherent limitations that such reports do not generally offer critical analyses but tend to focus on successes and change stories. This served to confirm and give context to some overall trends in UNDP’s performance on gender equality globally. Accordingly, this report provides snapshots and high-level trends of UNDP’s results in GEWE, it is not intended to comprehensively cover all of this work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The transition to low-carbon economies requires the mobilisation of investment in green energy infrastructure, renewables and energy efficiency. Transport policy, through measures to increase the share of electric transport in urban areas. Environmental policy, through measures such as raising awareness and shaping consumer behaviour to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality and reduce energy intensity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To reduce the consumer burden of adopting e-mobility, a technology venture named Share & Charge has proposed a blockchain-based charging experience. The platform promises to provide open access to any charge pole, including a P2P sharing model. The utilisation of charging infrastructure can be increased to cater to more consumers, reduce costs and due to its technical flexibility, allow integration with adjacent services such as smart grids.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The chapter makes the case for reducing the use of grade repetition and early tracking, identifying at-risk students and intervening early on, providing a continuum of support for struggling students, and holding high expectations for all students. Other countries respond to diversity by grouping students, whether between schools or between classes within schools, with the aim of serving students according to their academic potential and/or interests in specific programmes. Teaching in these schools or classes is adapted to students with different needs, class size and teacher assignments are determined accordingly. Often, the assumption underlying these policies is that students' talents will develop best when students reinforce each other's interest in learning, and create an environment that is more conducive to effective teaching.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Careful planning and protocols are needed to ensure that questions are phrased appropriately and that women feel safe to answer honestly. Instead, countries should regularly collect their own data to serve as baselines for measuring progress. For countries that have carried out multiple waves of surveys with questions on sexual harassment and/or violence against women, it is possible to observe changes over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The same study found more time poverty in urban than in rural areas, indicating that increasing participation in paid work has not resulted in a concomitant decline in the demands of unpaid work, as the time squeeze scenario would predict. A close review of the programme found improved nutritional outcomes for children who attended, both while at day-care and at home, a result that is associated with long-term cognitive and educational benefits (Leroy et al. The reach of the programme is extremely limited, care is underfunded, day-care workers are not well trained and less time is spent on educational activities than anticipated (Ruel and Ouisumbing 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)