albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The European Convention on Human Rights guarantees freedom of education, including opportunities to create and operate faith-based schools. But as European societies become religiously more diverse and ‘less religious’ at the same time, the role of religious schools increasingly is being contested. Serious tensions have emerged between those who ardently support religious schools in various forms and those who oppose them. Given that faith-based schools enjoy basic constitutional guarantees in Europe, the controversy surrounding them often boils down to issues of public financing, degrees of organisational and pedagogical autonomy, and educational practices and management. This introduction to a special issue on controversies surrounding religious schools in a number of Western European countries briefly introduces structural pressures that affect the position of religious schools and sketches the relevant institutional arrangements in the respective countries. We then go on to introduce some of the main ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Despite this, considerable uncertainty still remains over i) which policies work best in delivering safe, effective health care that provides a good patient experience, and ii) which quality-improvement strategies can help deliver the best care at the least cost. The findings presented in this synthesis report were assembled through a systematic review of the policies and institutions described in each OECD Health Care Quality Review, to identify common challenges, responses and leading-edge practices. This material was complemented by OECD health statistics and other OECD reports where appropriate. Governments should encourage, and where appropriate require, health care systems and health care providers to be open about the effectiveness, safety and patient-centredness of care they provide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The SDGs on poverty, gender and inequality indicate the focus of the UN’s equity concerns, indicating (hat greater weight is to be given to the well-being of some of the most disadvantaged portions of the population. Reducing financial hardship helps to potentially avoid other trade-offs and, over time, offers greater capacity to finance compensatory transfers to those most in need. We take these as given criteria for evaluating the outcome of government policy and choosing between alternatives. Instead, we will focus our attention on the SDGs highlighted in the remainder of the diagram.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In France, a national study was undertaken to evaluate the public subsidies that are harmful to biodiversity (Sainteny et al., Assessing the “appropriate” amount of the national budget to be allocated is based on comparing what is required to achieve the objectives specified in the NBSAP and what can reasonably be mobilised from alternative sources (e.g. from the private sector, ODA). Very few countries have been able to make such comparisons, however, due to a lack of robust, comprehensive and comparable time series data on public biodiversity expenditure across national and subnational budgets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The key to their success is that they offer service packages tailored to local companies' needs. More-complex logistic services include freight forwarding, which involves the coordination of multiple carriers to move goods in an optimal manner. In Central Asia, an important component is also the provision of assistance in the process of customs documentation (customs broking).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Its higher education sector performs well below OECD averages with respect to research and innovation, and it remains weakly engaged in international research collaboration (Figure 4) and student mobility. Final Report MORE 2 to the European Commission, https://cdn2.euraxess.org/sites/ default/files/policv library/report on survey of researchers in eu hei.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Austria, at the federal parliamentary level, members of parliament will be excused to take “maternity leave” when appropriate. There is no provision or practice that allows a member of parliament to take parental leave (that is, and have a substitute for his/her absence from parliament during that period). It is noteworthy, however, that some regional councils in Austria have adopted maternity, paternity and/or parental leave for parliamentarians. In terms of paternity leave, seven respondents (46.7%) noted that the provisions are the same as those prescribed by national law, while two parliaments had adopted their own policies (Latvia and New Zealand).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the past, floods and investments in flood protection were mainly concentrated in the Valley of Mexico and the Southern Border, but the Central Gulf and Yucatan Peninsula are now also at risk. The hurricanes in 2010 affected 118 municipalities in Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas, 138 municipalities in the states of Campeche, Puebla, Veracruz, and 56 in the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca. Approximately 200 cities with a population of more than 10 000 inhabitants are located in river basins with high flood risks. However, policy implementation is uneven, river basin councils are not yet fully operational and the regulatory framework for drinking water and sanitation is fragmented. There is a particular need for efforts to increase the water productivity and the cost-efficiency of water policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2009, the AUS Law adopted the so-called semi-contributory regime. This tax regime was created as an incentive for independent workers to file taxes, and hence increase the tax base. Affiliation to SIS is automatic through this mechanism, since SUNAT provides the list to SIS of the population enrolled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Moldova has eliminated direct consumer subsidies and does not pursue a prosubsidy policy, either in relation to consumption or production. However, a combination of the bottom-up approach to subsidy identification and price-gap analysis has revealed several fossil fuel subsidy schemes in Moldova. The numbers given as the sum or the intermediate sums in the tables and those in the text may thus not always correspond to the arithmetical sum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The primary need is for investments in public goods that can support agricultural and rural development, such as agricultural research and rural infrastructure. Raising rural incomes is central to the near-term target of the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG1), which calls for the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, with specific targets that include halving between 1990 and 2015 the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day. Income growth is essential for sustained poverty reduction in developing countries, although the distribution of income (and income growth) matters too. And while food security has many facets, most of the world’s hungry are chronically hungry and they are chronically hungry because they are poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Examines, following the Supreme Court ruling in R. (on the application of DA) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, the use of the “manifestly without reasonable foundation” test in domestic judicial review challenges. The application of this benchmark in a series of human rights based challenges to social welfare reforms – such as the high profile “bedroom tax” and “benefit cap” policies – has been pivotal to their outcome. This paper argues that the application of the test is problematic as it is a formulation derived from the margin of appreciation doctrine and does not transpose to domestic application. In the alternative – even if it is the correct test to apply in some circumstances – it is to be applied far more flexibly than currently and that a “very weighty reasons” benchmark applies for some classes of discrimination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
An organisation’s overarching goal should be to adjust workplace culture so that managers value prioritisation of tasks, time management, and efficient output over hours in the office. It is important for organisation leaders to recognise that long hours are not necessary for high-quality work and, at a certain point, may run counter to it. Such traits (e.g., co-operativeness) may be unfairly biased by the physical presence of employees, whereas outputs like the number of projects or project quality are arguably more objectively measurable across employees with varied hours in the office (Elsbach and Cable, 2012). Reconsider scheduling practices and job design, and introduce health protection programmes for employees in jobs that often have overtime hours (Dembe et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are seven classes of water quality according to the WPI, from I (very clean, WPI < 0.3) to VII (extremely dirty, WPI > 10). These include the Chatkal, Ugam, Aktashsav, Kyzylcha and Chimgansay Rivers in different years ranging from Class II (clean) to Class III (moderately polluted) due to heavy anthropogenic pressures in the Chimgan tract. In all but a few areas, this water meets the Uzbek 2000 state standard (O'z DST) 950 on drinking water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Smoking rates have also started to decline, most strikingly among the young, but initiatives fail to reach the least advantaged (see Section 3). In 2014 the 'sober and healthier' programme started its activities to raise awareness about alcohol-related harm. Currently, Parliament is discussing limiting alcohol advertising and having sales restrictions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Recent research confirms that large numbers of premature deaths are due to air pollution linked to small particles and mercury in emissions from coal-fired power plants. There is preliminary evidence that women, children and older adults are particularly vulnerable to PM10 and to PM25 (particulate matter 10 and 2.5 micrometres or less in diameter) (Villeneuve et al. Replacing polluting fossil fuels with renewable energy sources can reduce premature mortality and the number of lost workdays, thereby lowering overall healthcare costs (Machol and Rizk 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To cope with all scenarios, the system operator must have a range of ancillary reserves in the generation portfolio to maintain system stability, regulation, load following and to prepare for the worst-case scenario. Scheduling and dispatch of ancillary reserves is a complicated exercise. Ancillary reserves are generally divided into three categories according to how quickly they can ramp up or down its production to meet the demand. ( They can ramp up or down production very quickly (within a few seconds to minutes) to respond to frequency disturbances. It compares the plant's actual production, over a given period of time, with the amount of power the plant would have produced if it had run at full capacity for the same amount of time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These companies pay lower tariffs because they are Moldova’s largest consumers, and as such, have lower distribution costs. The rest have a common meter for multi-residential properties. Moldovagaz is progressively switching all consumers to individual meters. Under the new Law on Heat and Cogeneration (Law No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The project investigates the possibility for using policy actions to support and expand the market for waste plastics in the Nordic region. This has the objective of increasing the recycling of plastics and minimising the down-cycling and incineration of plastic waste. Separately collecting and recycling this plastic waste would have significant economic and environmental benefits. For example, recovering and recycling half of the plastic waste generated in the Nordic countries corresponds roughly to a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to the total emissions from cars in the Nordic capitals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Strategies should be adaptive, their success or failure should be monitored, and the strategies changed, if necessary, in the light of experience. The ECE Region forests are at present a major carbon sink and this situation should be maintained or increased. The rate of carbon sequestration can be increased by expanding forest area. The carbon stock should be protected from unintended carbon releases, through fire, insects, windthrow or other causes. At present the carbon store in products is estimated at 5000 million tonnes. The size of this stock can be increased, by increasing consumption of forest products, as well as by lengthening the life in service of wood products, although there are limits to this expansion, and countries should realize that under conditions of increased harvesting, the sink in the forest would decline for some time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The very simple explanation for this is that incineration of polyester in Denmark has a better environmental profile than incineration in Finland, and the Danish benefits from increased reuse or recycling are correspondingly lower. The real benefits should be examined by looking at the difference between scenarios on the national level. The Nordic average, however, gives a good indication of the benefits in general, taking into consideration that the marginal energy scenarios for individual countries is determined with some uncertainty (see 4.1.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
These results may also indicate that price rises have a more immediate impact on people taking up smoking. Policies will also have an impact on passive smoking. For example, the ban to smoke in public places is likely to reduce the exposure of non-smokers to harmful tobacco smoke. In fact, numerous evaluations have linked the ban to smoke in public places with a reduction in heart-attack admissions among non-smokers and smokers alike (Pell et al., It is not straight forward to predict how individuals respond in terms of their risky behaviours when faced with loss of income or greater financial stress. Increased stress may arise due to greater employment uncertainty which, in turn, induces depression or anxiety which, in turn, may invoke some people to engage in more risky behaviours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Moreover, progress towards other SDGs could also have a broader economic impact. For example, increases in sport-based participation associated with SDG 3 can reduce the direct and indirect costs of physical inactivity, which are projected to reach US$7.5 billion and US$26 billion in India and the United Kingdom, respectively, by 2030. Employment in all of these areas can contribute to SDG target 8.5, and the particular properties of sport make it suitable for contributing to SDG targets 8.3 and 8.6 - associated entrepreneurship and youth unemployment, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Among the reasons for limited data sharing could be the fact that it is not easy to use the school-wide data to extract data about individual students. Also, the lack of a data sharing tradition may take time to overcome. Schools are required to report annually on their progress to the Ministry of Education. Based on the interviews conducted during the OECD review visit to New Zealand, the OECD review team formed the impression that there was room to further clarify the purpose and use of this type of reporting information at the level of the Ministry. Several stakeholders we interviewed questioned whether the data reported by schools to the Ministry was actually used purposefully for accountability or improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development specifically calls for disaggregating poverty-related indicators by population group, to highlight those being left behind. To analyse the circumstances that act as barriers to escaping poverty, the analysis below uses latent class analysis (LCA) and data from the Gallup World Poll. Governance, Corruption, and Economic Performant :e (Washington, DC, International Monetai y Fund, 2002), pp. Individual country profiles can be produced upon demand by interested ESCAP member States. For a full list of country membership in income groupings, please see Annex Table 5.1. Almost eight out of ten poor people also have young children and two out of three people are below the age of 50.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the 1990s several countries that had been divided by episodes of mass violence or gross human rights violations instigated projects of national ‘reconciliation’. Reconciliation initiatives sought to provide an alternative to traditional state diplomacy and realpolitik by focusing on restoring and rebuilding relationships in novel and context sensitive ways that promoted state legitimacy, forgiveness and social stability. In 1991 the Australian parliament unanimously passed the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation Act, which heralded the start of a process of reconciliation between the indigenous peoples and wider society. The Preamble to the Act founded the need for a reconciliation process on the injustice of colonial dispossession and on the continuing dispersal of indigenous people from their traditional lands. Yet, as this paper will show, the notion of ‘justice’ was deemed inappropriate from the start, and the resulting process was framed in a nation building discourse that placed a definite ceil...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At the time, the World Health Report 2002 estimated that achieving the millennium goal of “halving by the year 2015 the proportion of people who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water” would yield a gain of approximately 30 million DALYs worldwide. Achieving universal access (evaluated at 98% coverage) of improved water supply and basic sanitation plus disinfection at point of use would result in an additional 553 million DALYs. A catastrophic drought in 1834 meant that water availability dropped from 75 litres per capita per day to 1 litre per capita per day and triggered a cholera epidemic. This in turn led to the construction of a canal to bring water, which allowed augmenting water supply to 370 litres a day after its completion in 1848.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This chapter starts by relating the relationship between the law of armed conflict and human rights law as reflected in contemporary jurisprudence of the international courts. The impracticability of current interpretations of this relationship is then explained. After briefly considering the sources of international law and how the notion of lex specialis might assist the development of a new, practically applicable understanding, the chapter proposes an alternative framework for the application, respectively, of law of armed conflict and human rights law norms. The suggested framework is then applied to the conduct of hostilities and to Article 5 tribunals, while examples of matters that should be jointly regulated by both bodies of law and matters that should be regulated by human rights law alone are considered in turn. The effect of emerging approaches to warfare is considered and the relevance of stagnation in treaty law development is assessed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
State control of ventures means the monitoring of the whole chain of food production, inspecting sanitary-hygiene norms, and organoleptic checks of ready products. The programme takes into account previous results and non-compliance cases. Large enterprises are inspected every year and, in the event of non-compliance, the enteiprise will be inspected again.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The majority of FCC’s purchases are made in the spring and fall. Grain purchased during the fall season goes directly to the elevators, while spring season purchases are made under forward contracts. This provides producers with financial resources at the time of sowing as under forward contracts advance payments are made (risks are shared with commercial banks and Social and Business Corporations because the producer needs to provide a bank guarantee to receive payment).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The magnitude of some of these differences suggests that new teachers may require more support to develop effective pedagogical strategies for teaching content in some countries than in others, possibly due to limited pre-service or in-service training. In countries such as the Czech Republic, Iceland and Sweden, the gaps between the proportion of new and experienced teachers feeling "very well" prepared in classroom practice in the subject field(s) are greater than 30 percentage points. However, in France (4 percentage points) and japan (7 percentage points), the differences between the groups are much smaller, and there are no statistical significant differences in Finland and Korea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However they are beyond the scope of this paper and, as explained in Box 1, they have not been surveyed in the OECD QuASH (2014). This complexity makes the classification of policy programmes difficult, nevertheless a classification is necessary to collect and monitor information. One useful and common classification divides subsidies into supply-side and demand-side. Supply-side subsidies are directed at producers of housing and can consist of direct government grants or subsidies, as well as land and tax concessions for provision of housing or urban renewal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Previously, drug trafficking used to be dominated by foreign nationals. Trafficking of heroin into Sri Lanka has been steadily increasing. The main trafficking routes were by sea, from southern India (for Indian heroin) and from Pakistan (for Afghan heroin). Heroin is smuggled into the island in sea containers and fishing boats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It notes the inadequacy of the treatment given to this subject over the years by the different schools of economics, before going on to set out just why this dimension is essential to an understanding of system functioning. It also deals with the conceptual, methodological and economic policy implications of incorporating this dimension of analysis, and with its relevance to the effort to carry forward an agenda that addresses the economic dimensions of gender inequity. In order that everyone might understand it, the world has been represented in stylized and simplified forms. Capitalist societies are thus understood as a system of relationships between households, firms and the State.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Variations exist in the targeted age groups, the governance of centres, the funding of services, the type of delivery (full-day versus part-day attendance), as well as the location of provision, either in centres/schools or at home (OECD, 2017(4]). The distinction between these two categories is explicitly shown in Figure B2.1 and in Table B2.4. Informal care services (generally unregulated care arranged by the child’s parent either in the child’s home or elsewhere, provided by relatives, friends, neighbours, babysitters or nannies) are not covered in this indicator (see Definitions section at the end of this indicator for more details). This average hides great differences across countries. The length of parental leave also influences the age at which children enrol in ECEC services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Renewable energy sources such as wind or PV are directly sensitive to climate variables in obvious ways. In the case of wind energy, changes in seasonal wind patterns or strength would likely have significant positive or negative impacts because wind energy generation is a function of the cube of the wind speed. For PV systems, potential impacts require further research, however some experts anticipate that climate change could cause a decrease in global solar radiation which would lead to a corresponding decrease in solar cell output (US DOE, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)