albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Cooperation agreements for the Lake Skadar/Shkodcr, Prespa Lakes and Sava River Basin have been established, with the Sava cooperation proving the most advanced so far, covering most aspects of water management as well as navigation. Another promising example is the initiation of a multi-stakeholder dialogue process between countries in the “extended” Drin River Basin aiming to create a sound framework for cooperation in the whole basin. Also, cooperation in the Danube River Basin is an example to follow: more than half of the countries in South-Eastern Europe participate in this effort and can use the experience gained in this framework for cooperation in other river basins.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It analyses the administrative and institutional fragmentation affecting urban governance and explores institutionally based governance models, including those for metropolitan areas. Finally, it examines mechanisms to reinforce strategic planning and public service delivery capacity based on the country’s own context and international experience. The government may wish to consider promoting obligatory, city-wide multi-purpose (i.e. not limited to only one activity) joint authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Concerns about health care expenditure growth and its long-term sustainability have risen to the top of the policy agenda in many OECD countries. As continued growth in spending places pressure on government budgets1, health services provision and patients" personal finances, policy makers in OECD countries have launched forecasting projects to support policy planning. This study presents a comparative analysis of health expenditure forecasting methods through examination of leading methods that have been used by health policy makers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Its medical doctors are also recruited from abroad (because there is no medical school in Luxembourg) and are ageing. Although Luxembourg residents tend to come back after professional education and training abroad, this creates a strong dependency on neighbouring countries and competition for scarce health professionals. Cost-containment measures focused on capping hospital expenditure by introducing global hospital budgets, substituting pharmaceuticals with less expensive alternatives and temporary freezing of service providers' tariffs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Student selection and sorting may also create stereotypes and stigmas that could eventually affect student engagement and learning. Vertical stratification refers to the ways in which students progress through school as they become older, horizontal stratification refers to differences in instruction within a grade or education level. School systems determine which specific programmes to offer (vocational or academic, for example), the age at which students are admitted into these programmes, and the extent to which students' academic records are used to select students for their schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Policies to support innovations through early research and development can be undermined by an absence of support for their demonstration to potential investors and their subsequent deployment in potential markets. Thus technology policies need to adopt an integrated approach, stimulating both the development as well as the adoption of energy technologies. R&D initiatives without simultaneously incentivizing users to adopt the outcomes of innovation efforts (e.g. promoting energy efficient building designs without strengthened building codes, or CCS development without a price on carbon) risk not only being ineffective but also preclude the market feedbacks and learning that are critical for continued improvements in the technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Sectors that are crucial for the livelihoods of poor people are likely to need particular attention because even small changes in productivity can have large impacts on vulnerability. Fast-growing sectors still have time to avoid choosing new activities and infrastructure that could be vulnerable to future climate change. Guidance produced by the Least Developed Countries Expert Group on developing NAPs recommends complementing the analysis of urgent needs with a focus on structural and longer-term vulnerabilities (LDCEG, 2012). An important step is to review adaptation options in light of national development policies and identify overlaps and/or tensions between adaptation and development goals or priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, which reviewed 72 articles on the impact of macroeconomic adjustment policies, including SAPs, found both positive and negative consequences on health outcomes. In sub-Saharan Africa, however, it found mostly negative consequences. Accordingly user fees, many of which were introduced during the 1980s, have been found to be a barrier to access to health services, particularly for the poor, thus exacerbating health inequalities between poor and rich.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Over 50% of MSW is biodegradable, which permits its usage as potential feedstock for production of biofuels, bioenergy, commodity chemicals. A person living in the OECD area generates on average 520 kg of waste per year, this is 20 kg more than in 1990, but 30 kg less than in 2000 (OECD, 2015). With separated waste collection mandatory in Europe by 2023, the model for other countries could be established. To date, hardly any food waste is utilised in this fashion, despite an estimated annual global deposition of about 1.3 billion tonnes of food waste in landfills (Hao et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The government needs to make sure that the demand for health personnel is met, to guarantee the supply of quality health care and limit pressures on costs that could arise from resource shortages. Increases in the admission targets for medical education are part of the development plan for education and university research for 2011-2016 adopted by the government on 15 December 2011. As noted earlier, payment incentives could encourage health professionals to increase their level of activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Establish working relationships with these institutions and make the case to them on the benefits of revisiting and/or adding poverty-environment indicators into existing systems. Analyse existing monitoring and reporting systems. National monitoring systems often ignore linkages with the environment, while environmental monitoring systems tend not to consider the poverty impacts of environmental changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In fact, as ITU has long been highlighting, this can only be the case where an enabling environment with flexible and adaptive ICT regulatory frameworks are in place, to capitalize on the benefits of the digital revolution. Indeed, ITU organizes the annual Global Symposium for Regulators (GSR) to debate new and emerging ICT regulatory issues in ICT. Real-world drivers and constraints cannot be neglected at the expense of the virtual world - we need concerted efforts to harness the power of ICTs and the online world to enrich people's lives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The ‘war on terror’ has marked the existence of exceptional measures involving military action abroad and the introduction of counter-terrorism legislation in the United Kingdom. Within this context fear, risk and insecurity have been intrinsic in legitimizing the measures created as being necessary to maintain national security. This article presents the findings from a study investigating the impact of the ‘war on terror’ on British Muslims’ emotions. The study revealed how facets of the ‘war on terror’, including ‘human rights and policing’, ‘What if? and pre-emption’, ‘geopolitics and reflexive fear and risk’ and ‘fear from inside the binary’ impacted participants’ emotions. Through exploring how thepolicy measures implemented in the ‘war on terror’ have influenced British Muslims’ emotions, the article takes a small step in addressing the analytical gap in criminological research on emotions in the ‘war on terror’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Through this agenda, the countries of the world have committed themselves to achieving, by 2030, 17 sustainable development goals that will result in economic prosperity, within planetary boundaries, for all. Fostering innovation is one of these goals. Innovation is also recognized as a key means of implementation for achieving the 2030 Agenda as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The successful experience with capital account management in a number of countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Malaysia, Republic of Korea and Thailand, to name a few) shows that developing countries can and should shield themselves from these external shocks. Where inflows are concerned, instruments can include minimum stay requirements, unremunerated reserve requirements, differential tax rates on returns to portfolio capital and taxes on new debt inflows. For dealing with capital outflows, instruments can include taxes on capital outflows and regulating the amounts of non-profit capital which foreigners can send abroad.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In these aspects, there are no statistically significant differences between female and male migrants. The only difference is in situations when respondents were taken from the workplace to die Federal Migration Service, which happened to 23 per cent of male migrants and 8 per cent of females.18 Agadjanian and others (2017) showed diat 34 per cent of female migrants from Central Asia had faced ethnicity-based harassment. Migrants in the Russian Federation do not settle in ethnic neighbourhoods but are spread out across cities (Vendina, 2012) so there are no places to avoid discrimination in the "mainstream" housing market (Agadjanian and Zotova, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Fees and, in some cases, public support measures do also vary across regions or municipalities in some countries. For Canada, fees and regulations as applying in Ontario is taken into account. The responsiveness can be ensured first of all by the adoption of clear and transparent rules concerning the allocation of places in childcare services for young children primarily to single-parent families and/or with a parent looking for work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In January of that year, Kazakhstan banned imports of meat from Russia and set a prohibitive customs duty (200%) for six months on meat imported from Uzbekistan and the Kyrgyz Republic because the devaluation of those countries’ currencies sharply reduced the cost of their meat. On 25 June 1999, after devaluing its own currency, Kazakhstan withdrew these restrictions. A six-month ban on food and grain imports from Russia was also in pace in 1999 to protect domestic market from low-cost Russian exports. The countries may unilaterally impose a temporary non-tariff measure if it, among other specified cases, is aimed at the “protection of life and health of citizens, environment, life and health of animals and plants”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is grounded in the fact that there is a correlation between the weather index and insurees' losses. This is especially true in the case of systemic risks, i.e. risks that are highly spatially correlated in a given area, which is often the case of droughts. The main advantage is to reduce administrative costs linked to the monitoring of insurees' losses, as well as moral hazard costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Legally binding treaties and optional protocols33 further delineate specific human rights protections, creating a comprehensive normative human rights legal framework. This came to the fore during the first World Conference on Women (1975, Mexico City), the United Nations Decade on Women (1976-1985) and debates on international norms, such as CEDAW.35 The 1979 adoption of CEDAW established a critical reference point underscoring the importance of gender equality36 in development with an explicit focus on reducing discrimination against women. Gender, on the other hand, focuses on socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men or women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Of the new jobs created via investments in the childcare and preschool sector, 73 per cent would go to women, compared to roughly 6 percent of the new jobs created via expenditures on public infrastructure and housing construction. The authors find that those jobs are more effective at reaching disadvantaged workers, and people from poor households with lower educational attainment. Thus, women are more likely to get these jobs, and amongst women who are employed, more disadvantaged women benefit the most. In terms of efficiency per dollar spent, social infrastructure spending is likely to have a larger job multiplier and greater effect on gender employment gaps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Mexico is also seeking to link activities with other institutions working on nutritional aspects of food. Products representatives are involved in the definition of strategies and promotional campaigns which are carried out every year. These events were attended by over 30 000 visitors, around 3 000 of whom were producers and 538 members of the System Product Committees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The main focus of this legislation was to regulate the development of asylums, to which admission was for the most part involuntary. Since the 1959 Mental Health Act, which switched the decision to compulsorily detain a patient from a judicial one to an administrative one, legislation has focused on balancing the tension between protecting the rights and promoting the safety of patients with mental health problems, and protecting the safety of the communities in which they live, rather than expressly facilitating involuntary incarceration on mental health grounds. Mental health legislation today allows an individual to be detained against their will on the condition that they present a danger to themselves or others, including within the wider community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The policy focus on innovation was reflected in the fact that Tekes’ budget was consistently much larger than that of the Academy of Finland. Finland’s policy contributed to the rise of Nokia (Box 6.1). An alliance with Microsoft in 2011 was followed by substantial lay-offs in 2012, and while Nokia continues to be a strong contender in mobile phone infrastructure, its failure in handsets took on a symbolic value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The first source is statistics of the former Federal Migration Service4 of the Russian Federation as well as data of international organizations. The second block comprises data of projects conducted by the authors as part of the Group for Migration and Ethnicity Research (GMER) of RANEPA as well as the doctoral thesis of Rocheva (2016). However, this method has limitations which are connected with missing non-users of the Internet and social networking sites and those users of social networking sites who have no identifiable attributes tying them to specific countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Generally, this is an elected position, and it requires a high degree of backing from the individual’s party. Women are slowly reaching for the top. Several countries -Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria and Zambia - have had women (albeit few and on the margins) participate in the race for the presidency. This trend is not limited to the larger parties, but also occurs in smaller parties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Large farmers also enjoy the benefit of the programmes and sometimes are main beneficiaries. For instance, fertiliser subsidies dominate budgetary support. These payments are channelled through fertiliser companies and have been found to be costly and the extent to which benefits accrue to farmers has been questioned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This implies a need to plan and manage not only at stand and local spatial scales, but also at regional as well as national and even international levels. A key challenge is thus to build bridges in a geographical area among actors involved with different SFM dimensions, actors in different sectors at different societal levels, and different disciplines to facilitate knowledge production and mutual exchange of experiences (e.g., Barbour et al. Communication, education and public awareness are therefore important to support implementation of SFM, as is the case for its different criteria including ecological (e.g., Convention on Biological Diversity) and sociocultural ones (e.g., European Landscape Convention) and spiritual ones (e.g., the IUCN/WCPA “Delos Initiative”). The term landscape approach captures this integrated approach to learning for sustainable development and sustainability (e.g., Dudley et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Les pays declarants consacrent 0.6 % a 1.8 % de leur PIB aux allocations de logement. Presque tous ont recours a cet instrument d’action , dans la moitie d’entre eux, les allocations sont reservees aux locataires - et sont generalement disponibles aussi bien pour les locataires du secteur privd que du secteur social -, mais dans l’autre moitie, les menages proprietaires de leur logement les pergoivent aussi. Elies sont generalement accordees sous condition de ressources, mais les criteres d’eligibilite et les baremes varient considerablement d’un pays a 1'autre.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The UK is agog with modernisation. The dissolution of the House of Lords, devolution and a potentially Parliament-trumping Bill of Human Rights, no British political institution appears to be sacrosanct. Nonetheless, as the following paper argues, it as yet unclear whether such modernisation will affect deep-seated historical trends within the British polity, trends which stubbornly survived even the 'constitutional moment' of the post-war creation of a democratic welfare state, and which continue to perceive of the individual Briton's relationship with the British State (that is, British citizenship) in implicitly hierarchical terms. The modern Briton is no 'fellow-traveller' in a state constituted exclusively for its needs by its citizenry. Rather, the 'British subject' retains a feudal flavour, still linked, by simple virtue of common law and the constitutional 'non-definition' of modern British citizenship, to an outmoded monarchical Sovereign. And yet, such antiquinarianism may also bear the seeds of...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Mobility Management is a concept to promote sustainable transport and manage the demand for car use by changing travellers” attitudes and behaviour. This can be done by full-service agencies spreading information and also providing possibilities to choose a suitable and sustainable alternative to private car use (Project 13). Sustainable modes can also be favoured by using economic policy instruments like road tolls, congestion taxes, and taxes on motor vehicles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
While member countries are free to choose the energy mix they prefer, the combination of fixed feed-in tariffs (FITs) and grid priority for renewables, means that the latter have no incentive to adjust their load to overall market conditions. Utilities already make an increasing share of their profits in the balancing and adjustment markets for primary, secondary and tertiary reserves to adjust load to the variable production of renewables. While this may alleviate short-term commercial pressures, it is an inefficient manner in which to run an electricity system, creating additional costs that ultimately have to be absorbed by consumers through higher tariffs for transport and distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Cases also involving hazards to human health and well-being require more co-ordinated efforts and are treated by the MoEP in co-operation with the NPA and other ministries, including the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the Ministry of Health. Efforts to limit several outbreaks have included monitoring, awareness-raising initiatives, and targeted treatment and eradication of invasive species. They are reflected in Israel’s guiding principles for sustainable development and are an important part of the National Biodiversity Strategy (NBS).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This helped reduce water consumption, water leaks, production costs, and increase collection rate. In Yerevan, Armenia, a metering programme reached more than 80% of connections. This has significantly driven down consumption, which is now in line with Western Europe averages. Yet the problem of how to accurately meter water use in multifamily houses/ apartment blocks persists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
He placed high priority on HIV prevention, as well as on treatment, care and support for HIV/AIDS patients. The NASCP was replaced with a broader AIDS control programme, comprising the Presidential Committee on AIDS and the multi-sectoral National Action Committee on AIDS (NACA) to coordinate HIV/AIDS programmes at the federal level. Nigeria was also able to attract funding from the World Bank, the United States Agency for International Development, the UK’s Department for International Development, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Ford Foundation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Washington D.C.: National Academic Press. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Equity of access to and utilization of reproductive health services in Thailand: national Reproductive survey data. Reproductive Health Matters, vol. Family planning policies and programmes in eight low-income countries: a comparative policy analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nonetheless, they are not the only things that matter (box 3.1). Indeed, what are the drivers of transformation? Indeed, they challenge preconceived and prescriptive approaches: on the one hand, they set aside a number of collectivist, centrally managed precepts, on the other hand, they diverge from the unfettered liberalization espoused by the Washington Consensus. This new perspective recognizes that development does not happen automatically and that transformation cannot be left to markets alone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Since 1961 the European Social Charter (ESC) has been the flagship of international instruments dealing with social rights broadly defined. It constitutes a benchmark against which other international standards and supervisory arrangements in this field have come to be judged. This paper identifies a range of initiatives designed to make the Charter's supervisory arrangements more effective. It consists of four parts: (i) situating the ESC within the overall European human rights regime, (ii) a comparison with the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, (iii) an examination of the ESC's strengths and weaknesses as demonstrated by a case study of Italy, and (iv) specific recommendations for enhancing effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As a result, unlike in most public social insurance pensions, both effective retirement ages and life expectancies on retirement are taken into consideration. Although this has been changing in recent decades (with women’s retirement ages often rising to the men’s value), differences remain in some countries, including several of those that have implemented individual accounts." In countries where women used to retire earlier than men with no adjustment made to their pensions, the new systems come at a cost. In defined contribution systems, estimated life expectancy on retirement is used to transform accumulated assets into a monthly pension benefit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)