albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Chinese government representatives and scholars have attempted to ameliorate fears about China’s rise by portraying China as a new and friendlier kind of great power. It is claimed that this represents a new way of relating which transcends problematic Western understandings of self-other relations and their tendency to slip into domination and enmity. This article takes such claims as a point of departure, and analyses them with focus on the explicit discussions of friendship in international relations theory. Paying attention to current Chinese thinking which emphasises guanxi relationships, friendship can contribute to the development of genuinely relational international relations thinking and move beyond a focus on ossified forms of friendship and enmity centred on the anxious self. The vantage point of friendship suggests a way out of the dangers of theorising Self in contrast to Other, and re-opens the possibility to conceptualise Self with Other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The international community adopted four agreements in 2015 of major importance to development and environment. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN, 2015a) establishes out a new set of global goals to replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and seeks a balance between environmental, economic and social development in a way that ‘leaves no one behind’. Agreement on the 2030 Agenda followed the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (UN, 2015b) on financing for development, proposes a comprehensive approach to financing sustainable development in order to achieve the ambitious 2030 Agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Jurisdiction is a central concept in the framing of the legal world but it has received short shrift in mainstream legal theory. This article examines the prevailing conceptual forms of jurisdiction in order to retrieve space for the political. The study of jurisdiction is also the study of the political community that it invokes and authorises. The first part of the article examines the three forms that jurisdiction takes in contemporary scholarship (territory, community, governance) to show that each form overlooks some implication of the political community that is tethered to jurisdiction. The second part of the article flips the inquiry to demonstrate the oversight of jurisdiction in theories of sovereign exception. The emergent understanding of jurisdiction as political provides an anchor for the study of jurisdiction going forward and highlights the potential role for jurisdictional arrangements in contemporary public law and constitutional law settings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Marketability and market impact ensure polices can and will work in the global and local markets that supply energy efficient technologies, are attractive to decision-makers, and are likely to attract investment finance. The policy attributes are color coded to signify the strength of fit between the policy and the attributes. A green background signifies a strong fit between attribute and the identified policy, orange signifies a concern that should be considered and addressed if the policy is to be applied. The process of developing a national strategy is inherently a consultative process, where the different players in the economy can be drawn in to identify practical opportunities and priorities and help identify the policies and resources that will need to be mobilized in an effective implementation. Ideally grants will have a defined exit strategy so they do not displace private funds. Grants can be tailored to needs and be phased in and out to balance and synergize with other policy priorities.__________________________
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Internet speed required for a satisfactory quality of experience depends on the activities performed on the Internet, with data-hungry applications such as video and online gaming the most demanding in terms of speed. Beyond Internet speed, other technical factors such as latency might be important for users of time-sensitive applications, such as over-the-top voice applications like Skype or Viber. Quality of service parameters, such as broadband speed and latency, may depend both on the ability of the Internet service provider to deliver on the advertised conditions and on the economic capacity of customers to pay for the plan that better meets their requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
If an agreement is not reached during the mediation, parties can agree to let the mediator determine the outcome, which is legally binding. Otherwise, the dispute can be referred to the Employment Relations Authority (ERA). Parties may attend mediation voluntarily before applying to the ERA to make a determination on a matter. Reviews by the Employment Court are not appeals, but involve full judicial hearing of the original dispute.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Currently, a total of twenty-eight states are challenging the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in federal court. Their principal claims are that the PPACA's regulation of the states violates their independent sovereignty, and that the Act's minimum coverage requirement exceeds Congress's enumerated powers. This litigation is immensely important, as it concerns a hugely significant statute and raises fundamental questions of constitutional federalism. This article offers a detailed description of the claims raised by the states and analyzes their plausibility under current law. It then addresses the likelihood that the Supreme Court will ultimately sustain the states' arguments and invalidate the PPACA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Six years after its onset, in a global economic climate characterised in many OECD economies by slow growth and high unemployment, countries continue to deal with the consequences and adjust to a new reality. Furthermore, a primary focus on economic growth, often at the expense of other policy objectives, resulted in growth being considered an end in itself, rather than a means to improve the well-being of the population. A key aspect of this interconnectedness and complexity relates to the relationship between growth, environment and social outcomes (with a good understanding of the relationship between environmental policies and economic growth vital for policy-makers aiming to achieve greener growth).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the OECD or of the governments of its member countries or those of the European Union. It identifies some of the tools and techniques for targeting biodiversity co-benefits within climate change funding and discusses the key environmental and social safeguards that need to be considered. These include, for example, environmental and social impact assessments, benefit-sharing mechanisms, and transparent, participatory approaches. There are therefore likely to be opportunities to deliver co-benefits to biodiversity with climate change funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Milk capacity is regionally concentrated in Almaty oblast where the five largest enterprises accounted for over a quarter of the country’s capacity, and in the three northern oblasts and the north-eastern oblast of Pavlodar (Table 3.7). Reconstituted drinking milk, a rapidly growing share of the market, sold in 2009 between KZT 48 and KZT 61 per kilogramme. At these prices, processors reported that domestic milk was competitive as long as the price did not exceed KZT 50 per kilogramme (FAO, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This group and the 45 to 59 group contribute most to earnings inequality. Lastly, employed people aged 60 and over contribute an average of 12% of inequality, whereas they represent only 9% of those in work (see figure 1.17). These problems create feelings of uncertainty and unease among working people, particularly those who have unstable and informal jobs, possess less human capital, are in a worse socioeconomic situation and live in countries affected by severe structural heterogeneity .
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The implementation assessment focused on good practice and data on women’s participation in training, ranging from start-up training to training for enterprise growth. Finally, the monitoring and evaluation indicator focused on the impact of training and policy evaluation. To compare performance over time, the reader should focus on the qualitative/narrative parts of report. Good efforts are also being made to address entrepreneurship as a key competence. However, entrepreneurship promotion in higher education remains piecemeal everywhere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Women are over-represented among beneficiaries (more than two-thirds of beneficiaries) because they are eligible at a younger age and live longer. In addition, they are less likely to be eligible for contributory (private) pensions because of their poorer labour market performance and weak labour force attachment (Leibbrandt et al., As a result, take-up was fairly low and led to the revision of the eligibility conditions and other related requirements. The CSG changed the approach of child-related social transfers in South Africa by paying the benefit to the care-giver rather than to the child. As a result, women who were the majority of care givers were given some freedom in the use and allocation of such funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The base scenario used to present the findings is an urban household with four members, including children underage 12, headed by a man aged between 30 and 49 with complete secondary education and a paid job, and no unmet needs in terms of water, sanitary' infrastructure or electricity. This scenario is then used as a starting point to show how the household’s probability of poverty varies in the event of a change in some of the variables. According to this model, household size has the highest impact on poverty probability in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Panama and Uruguay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Their struggles underline how persistent and pervasive discriminatory social norms, stereotypes, stigma and violence remain, holding back women and girls everywhere from realizing their full potential. Militarism and violent conflicts, the global financial and economic crises, volatile food and energy prices, food insecurity and climate change have intensified inequalities and vulnerability, with specific impacts on women and girls. Dominant patterns of development have led to increasingly precarious livelihoods. The richest 1 per cent of the population now owns about 40 per cent of the available assets while the bottom half owns 1 per cent or less.3 These inequalities—among the triggers of the 2008 economic crisis—have been further reinforced by the subsequent recession and austerity measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Guidance on how climate change shall be taken into account in the RBMPs is still under development within the Common Implementation Strategy (CIS) of the WFD and is expected to be finalized at the end of 2009. It entered into force in October 2007. Member States shall, for each river basin district, or unit of management or portion of an international river basin district lying within their territory, undertake a preliminary flood risk assessment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Furthermore, higher and more diverse food consumption (see Chapter 2) was accompanied by a range of complementary interventions such as nutritional supplements and health care that also contributed to the success of the programme (Ruel and Alderman, 2013, Skoufias, 2005). For example, evidence from randomized controlled trials in China, Jamaica and Kenya, found that, over a 19-month period, children fed at school gained an average of 0.39 kg more than those who did not receive supplementary feeding (Kristjansson etal., There is also evidence showing that iron-rich school meals can improve iron nutrition, especially for adolescent girls (Ruel and Alderman, 2013). In Uganda, according to Adelman etal. ( Including certain types of foods has also enhanced the effectiveness of school-feeding programmes. For example, including biofortified orange-fleshed sweet potato, which is high in betacarotene, into a South African school-feeding programme raised levels of vitamin A intake (van Jaarsveld etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The population feed off the lake and remove approximately 400 tonnes of fish annually. The lake it is subject to major eutrophication threats (Mustonen, 2014). At the same time, species such as gannet (Morus bassanus), fulmar {Fulmarus glacialis), shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) and black guillemot (Cepphusgrylle) have not seen the same decline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
By 1995 there were 232 EBAIS in Costa Rica, mostly among underserved communities, with rates of access in rural areas rising from 64% in 1995 to 79% in 2000. Alongside EBAIS, some 15% of the population is attended by private providers that are contracted by the CCSS to deliver primary care. With at least one medical doctor, one nurse or nursing assistant and one health care assistant, EBAIS serve around 1 000 households each.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This trend has negatively affected the low-income groups, particularly since the financial crisis. The main reasons for the decline in the redistributive capacity of taxes and transfers are the reduction in benefit generosity, the tightening of eligibility rules, and the failure of transfers to the lowest income group to keep pace with earnings growth (OECD, 2015e). In this context, public policies that foster inclusiveness without imposing long-term weight on public budgets, and that increase the chances of effectiveness of public funding become ever more relevant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Research on performance-based pay for teachers is difficult and has produced mixed results, pointing to similar difficulties for the case of school leaders (see Chapter 5). Using appraisal for salary decisions may also have negative effects on the school climate, teamwork and collaboration among staff and a school leader’s internal motivation (Pashiardis and Brauckman, 2008, Pont et al., If appraisal informs pay decisions, a sound appraisal system must be in place, which includes clear performance criteria, reliable indicators, competent and trained evaluators and due attention to the particular contexts in which school leaders work (Pont et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The relationship between financial supervision and criminal law investigations is complex. How it is given shape exactly, differs from one country to another. National differences may have an impact on transnational cooperation. Whereas in transnational cases requests for mutual administrative assistance are necessary for administrative law purposes, for criminal law enforcement purposes requests for mutual assistance in criminal matters are needed. Do these different regimes for transnational cooperation pay due respect to national differences in law enforcement? To answer this question, the legal systems of Germany and the Netherlands are explored against the background of the EC Market Abuse Directive. Some alternatives for the current interstate practice are subsequently explored.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It also established the teacher performance evaluation system (also referred to as Docentemas) within the municipal school sector in 2003 following a tripartite agreement between the Ministry of Education, the Chilean Association of Municipalities and the Teachers’ Association (Colegio de Profesores). This system is complemented by a range of reward programmes which involve some type of evaluation: the Programme for the Variable Individual Performance Allowance (municipal sector only) (A VDI), the Programme for the Accreditation of Pedagogical Excellence Allowance (covering the entire subsidised school sector) (AEP), and the National System for Performance Evaluation (SNED), which provides group rewards for teaching bodies of given publicly subsidised schools. In addition to these formal programmes, private schools (both subsidised and non-subsidised) autonomously organise their own performance teacher evaluation systems and any school is free to organise extra internal systems of teacher evaluation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As a result of this bottom-up mainstreaming initiative, the Ministry of Finance and National Planning has started to make decisions based on the community needs and priorities outlined in community development plans. Many countries report financial constraints as the main barrier to mainstreaming and that these explain the lack of progress in reducing underlying risks nationally and locally.298The low level of financing reflects a lack of overall means in many countries, but it also reflects perceptions and priorities of governments and donors on where investment should be made. Historically investment that supports long-term resilience tends to lose out to investment focused on shorter-term goals. The latter is not always straightforward, as risk reduction measures are not always clearly labelled as such, take investment in forestry management in areas exposed to high levels of landslide risk for example.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For all children to have an equal chance to make the most of their potential, innovation must not only benefit those who can afford it the most. Innovators are drawing on unconventional sources of knowledge and collaboration, disrupting established processes and structures, and using available resources creatively to produce practical solutions that deliver higher quality or greater impact at lower cost. Since circumstances vary between settings, not everything will be appropriate everywhere. Innovating for equity aims to change the lives of children in need.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Policy makers, ECEC managers, ECEC staff and parents may disagree on what aspects of quality should be monitored, how frequently, in what manner, and what stakes should be attached to them. Policy makers might want to impose certain monitoring practices, such as one inspection by external evaluators at least once every two years, while management and staff may oppose this - especially when high stakes are involved in the implementation of a monitoring system. It is therefore important to take into account that inspections or other forms of assessment may cause stress to management and staff. The NAEYC (2010) noted that the purpose of monitoring should be to collect information that can be used in improving services, to ensure that children benefit from their early ECEC experiences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The largest declines have occurred in grasslands and arid lands in North America and in farmed lands in Europe, whereas widespread forest specialists show fluctuating but stable trends. Farmland bird populations declined continuously over 1990-2010 in almost all OECD countries. The rate of decline slowed over the 2000s compared to earlier decades, in some OECD countries (e.g. the United States) farmland bird populations have even been rising since the early or mid-2000s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The aim is to increase by 2020 the share of foreign investments to fixed assets by 50%, that measure will be used as an indicator of the city's ability to independently attract foreign investors, including multinational companies, in the work of the city. Towards this end, Almaty is opening a “one-stop" business service for investors that will streamline and shorten the time spent between application, approval and start of implementation of investment projects. Through the balanced integration of these three pillars, Almaty may be on the path towards becoming a model of sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Workers are willing to tolerate the negative externalities from pollution if properly compensated by firms in their wages. To do this it must catalyse investment, competition and innovation which will underpin sustained growth and give rise to new economic opportunities" (OECD, 2011a). According to the United Nations population projections, urbanisation in OECD countries will continue to slow down, requiring policy responses to foster new sources of growth (United Nations, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As a result, opportunities for people living in such regions are reduced. The concentration of various dimensions of disadvantage (e.g. lower incomes, lower skill levels, etc.) Those individuals, even those living close to innovation hubs, can be locked in low-productivity and low-income traps, unable to reap the benefits of innovation and growth produced in their vicinity. Innovation (i.e. the implementation of new or improved products or processes, or new marketing or organisational methods) is considered a key engine for growth: it enhances the productivity and competitiveness of national industries, and boosts business and job creation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This analysis highlights the need, in order to counteract the effects of the crisis and reduce child poverty, to implement policies that not only increase access to employment for parents from low-income families, but also promote greater mobility towards better quality and better paid jobs. Finally, the decline in disposable income experienced in many countries by low-and very low-income families suggests that social benefits have played a rather limited role in mitigating the effects of the crisis. There is, however, some indication that transfers may have cushioned the effects the Great recession had on the income of the poorest families in the United Kingdom and the United States (as shown also by (Bradshaw, Chzhen and Main, 2017[37]) and (Wimer and Smeeding, 2017(33]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As a result, reliance on households as the basic unit of account remains integral to almost all published poverty statistics. In determining whether a given level of household economic resources is sufficient to meet basic needs or allow participation in society, the number of people in the household clearly needs to be taken into account. The simplest approach to dealing with this is to consider household income or consumption per capita. This is the method used in the World Bank's PPP$1.90/day and PPP$3.10/day poverty lines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It should be reiterated, though, that this estimate is not strictly comparable with the measurements available from the World Top Incomes Database (WTID). Socioeconomic gaps in access to basic services have also narrowed, although lower-income households in rural areas of some countries still experience significant levels of deprivation. The access of lower-income households to new technologies has improved, but to lesser extent than that of higher-income ones, particularly with regard to Internet access.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These debates have tended to focus on whether market-led growth is sufficient to eliminate poverty and reduce inequality, or whether specific policies are necessary because untargeted growth may be insufficient or even perverse. The paper charts the degenerating outcomes of these debates, and the emergence of the inclusive growth (IG) paradigm within the World Bank. A critical examination of IG suggests that its weaknesses are best addressed through a more ambitious restatement of the pro-poor goals of economic policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Between 1949 and 1976, while the country was rapidly developing, the number of farms in Germany declined by 50%, while the average size of farms jumped from near 8 hectares to more than 30 hectares. Technological changes on the farm allowed farmers to expand production with fewer workers. Between 1971 and the 2005, average farm size fell by 50% in India from 2.3 to 1.2 hectares, with a doubling of the number of smallholders from 49 million to 108 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)