albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Teaching and research ideas are improved through real-world experience with participating business partners. Associates spend two years on the project, working for a postgraduate qualification (Masters or PhD) while working in the company. It provides training for the KTP associates in the university and the company, providing significant career benefits. For example, many become senior managers in industry, for example as IT managers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Malaysia’s trade position improved, but it was outdone by a net outflow in gross transfers. In the Philippines, payments for capital and intermediate goods imports continued to drive the widening of trade and current account deficits, although this was partially offset by robust remittance inflows from overseas workers. Thailand’s large trade surplus shrank, while a deficit in primary income transfers increased. Viet Nam saw its net trade earnings rise substantially in the first half of 2018 from the previous year, and this more than matched an increase in net transfer outflows. Elsewhere in the region, Singapore’s CAB stayed healthy in 2018 on the strength of its net goods trade position, while Brunei Darussalam’s surplus decreased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This should entail positive effects for both GDP per capita and labour income equality. Programme design is key to reaping such gains, however (Martin and Grubb, 2001). Targeted policies, such as language courses, and transparent systems of recognising foreign qualifications should help to close the gap between immigrants and non-immigrants’ labour market performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The employer is responsible for obligations arising from compulsory social insurance against the risks of workplace accidents and occupational diseases. Requires the internal regulations of firms, workplaces, tasks or economic units to specify rules and instructions for prevention, hygiene and safety that should be observed in them. Establishes the amount and receipt of compensation corresponding to the average pay received by the worker during the entire term of his/her contract or of his/her last 11 years. Workers not incorporated into the pension system will be affiliated to a fund administrator. Article 236, subsection 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Chapter 2 demonstrated that sustainable forest management and the prevention of forest loss can assist progress towards multiple SDGs. For example, Burkina Faso has an integrated approach to managing agro-silvopastoral landscapes, the Tuscany region of Italy has adopted a mosaic approach to landscape management, integrating trees, woodlands, agricultural land and the planted environment, and the United Republic of Tanzania also takes an integrated approach to managing agricultural and wooded landscapes. For example there is still uncertainty about the extent to which forests can offer coping strategies or pathways out of poverty, as well as how likely payments for environmental services are to bring widespread benefits. However, these efforts will be facilitated by better socio-economic data and geospatial mapping of people and resources at national and subnational levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The figure for young people in vulnerable employment in LICs who are food insecure is 50%: 15% are even severely food insecure, meaning that they have gone without food many times during the past year. High job quality is associated with fulltime wage employment, low job quality with vulnerable employment and underemployment. In terms of material well-being, working conditions and security, the best employment status to have is full-time wage employment for an employer. These young people have the lowest food insecurity rates and the highest rates of life satisfaction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Closing these gaps is not just about education, but also about more broadly alleviating the budget constraints facing families of younger children. ( From an expenditure perspective, Korea is one of the world’s leading countries in education, from early childhood up to upper-secondary education. This fact has been considered as a critical contributor to its high education performance and human capital for economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
How diets change in the next decade may have important implications for domestic and international commodity markets. It describes projections for major agricultural commodities, set against anticipated macroeconomic, demographic and resource conditions. Finally, the chapter concludes with a review of important risks and uncertainties facing India’s agriculture over the next decade, and what these may mean for both domestic and international markets. Besides providing food to a growing population, agriculture has provided income to rural areas, released labour for downstream industry, provided savings for investment and has increased demand for industrial goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, the gap in labour participation between poor and non-poor women changed little between the start and the end of the first decade of the 2000s. Because socioeconomic and gender inequalities are closely linked, reducing any type of inequality necessitates tackling the work-family balance through public policy. Also, not all policies can promote socioeconomic and gender equality simultaneously.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This demands more knowledge exchange and gender-related discussions and should be undertaken in conjunction with a more practical approach to gender needs, for example, by providing educational spaces and practical tools to enable women to access education. This can lead to long-term strategic changes in education. This perspective can be especially useful in the context of developing countries (Moser, 1993).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Anita Gibson provided technical and logistical support to the project, the meetings of the advisory group and the workshops. Anna-Sophie Liebender led the economic modelling work on the ocean industries as well as the projections of the ocean economy, and contributed several chapters. Monique Biady, Mary-Ann Pham, Hayley Ericksen and Andrew' Pham provided valuable research support in the early stages of the project. Jennifer Allain prepared the report for publication. Thanks go also to Andrew' Wyckoff, Dirk Pilat and Dominique Guellec for their valuable comments on drafts of the report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Working-age families differ in size and composition, affecting the total labour income of households. Household disposable income covers all households and income sources, after taxes and cash transfers. It adjusts household disposable income for in-kind transfers (e.g. public spending on health, education and social housing).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The National Economic Advisory Council cited evidence from the Ministry of Human Resources (MOHR) that an estimated 350 000 Malaysians adults are working abroad in 2008, over half of whom had tertiary education (NEAC, 2010). The establishment of the Penang Skills Development Corporation (PSDC) in 1989 was a critical step in the effort to provide skilled workers for the rapidly expanding multinational corporations (MNCs) primarily in electrical and electronics (E&E). The underlying issue for Malaysia and for the Northern Corridor Economic Region and Penang in particular is the need to move “up the value chain” from a low-skill, low-production economy to a higher skill, higher wage economy. The ability of Penang to compete on the basis of low-skilled labour is increasingly limited by competition from other countries in Southeast Asia and restrictions on foreign workers. At the same time, the region faces competition from Singapore and other countries that do have the human resources and access to research and innovation needed to compete at the high-end of the value chain. As emphasised by the National Economic Advisory Council in the New Economic Model, the problem is not only an inadequate supply of graduates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Against this backdrop, this Report addresses an old question: whether rising (or high) income inequality is an inevitable outcome - or a necessary factor - of economic development, or whether it is possible, and even desirable, to reduce income inequality, in order to achieve more inclusive growth as well as to overcome the present economic challenges and create the conditions necessary for a more sustainable and rapid development process in the long run. In contemporary debates, a distinction is often made betw'een equality before the law (or formal equality), and equality in terms of income and wealth. The latter form of equality is affected by ownership structures as well as by market processes, social stratification and political systems which may deny tme equality of opportunities to a large segment of a society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Within this discussion it is also important to consider the interdependencies between the system of local taxation and finance as a whole. In the wake of the 2008 recession, the 2010 Crisis and Recovery Act was adopted in order to speed up the planning process by reducing or simplifying some of the permit requirements. At the same time, there were emerging discussions about how the spatial planning system could be further simplified and how' it might better address some of the growing tensions betw'een economic and environmental agendas that are embedded in sectoral policy responses. The national government forwarded a view that existing sectoral policies are increasingly ineffective in dealing with the interconnectedness of projects, activities and land uses. A policy brief at the time notes that “it is difficult to meet societal challenges relating to economic development, flood protection, supplies of raw materials, water and sustainable energy, housing, accessibility and agriculture while at the same time protecting environmental quality, nature and cultural heritage” (Government of the Netherlands, 2012: 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As outlined in Chapter 1, the aim is to highlight systemic challenges and recognise that all elements in an energy system are connected, similar to the interdependencies of the SDGs: human needs drive demand for services, which in turn drives demand for energy technology, and in turn drives supply investments and resource demand. The following sub-chapters look at the issues, potentials and prospects for each element of the energy system. Despite the high levels of access reported by the GTF indicators, for many consumers connection to a utility network bears little relation to the services actually received through the connection. Discrete pockets of remote settlements with limited access to grid power remain. The capacity, consistency and quality/ reliability of supply can vary considerably in established networks even with 100% connections for households and businesses. Typically, less well-off households and businesses make trade-offs, compromising quality and quantity of food,clothing or health care to maximize utility from a limited service capability while maintaining basic levels of comfort for health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The period covers the crises of 2001 -2002 and 2008-2009 and the economic boom that took place between 2003 and 2008. Shorter reference periods were selected for access to basic services and new technologies, essentially because of the limited availability and quality of survey data. Firstly, they improve the chances of access to quality employment and better wages, thereby contributing to social mobility and helping to break the intergenerational transmission of inequality and poverty. Secondly, they put people in a better position to participate in democratic processes and exercise their rights as citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Abstract      The   negative effect of the decentralization policy implemented since   2001 is   that corruption too become   decentrali  zed, especially in West Java  . This article   discusses  : (1)   patterns of corruption,   (2)  probable causes of   corruption   by   government officials  ,   and (3) proposed solution  . To do just that, the author chose a s  ocio legal research approach  . Empirical data was collected through   in depth interview  .  The main findings are:   (1)   C  orruption in West Java   mostly took the form of state budget misappropriation,   (2)   the major source of corruption is abuse of power, money politics and the tendency to misuse loopholes in rules and regulations.  Law enforcement should therefore focus on betterment of   regulation, organizational structure and legal culture of the officers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The result shows that the lower productivity of female-owned enterprises is due, in large part, to the fact that they are smaller, less capital intensive, and in sectors characterised by lower average productivity. Enterprises owned by women tend to make lower profits (around 4% less), even controlling for their size, capital intensity, age, and sector of activity (column 3). The women-owned companies included in ORBIS were slightly less likely (1.2% less) to experience an increase in the number of their employees between 2005 and 2009 (column 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The percentage of the employed population in the pension system in the region increased from 35% to 45% (as a simple average) between 2002 and 2011, although the coverage gap is still very large. An early warning sign is that the total variation in employment is accounted for fundamentally by increased employment in commerce, construction and transportation, which are non-tradable, low-productivity (commerce) and medium-productivity (construction and transportation) sectors. Labour productivity also risen over this period (12% on average in PPP dollars), but structural change made a very limited contribution to that increase. In effect, much of the increase in productivity can be attributed to gains within sectors, only a small part is explained by shifts among sectors that would amount to virtuous structural change (Weller and Kaledewi, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In 2010, a framework for regional development was set out in the National Strategy of Regional Development. It enhanced the role for regional policy and the importance of approaches to spatial development that are coherent across sectors and mutually reinforcing across scales. Regional development strategies present a diagnosis of key challenges and opportunities for the region and set medium-term development priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Production declines because marginal land is not used, less labour is expended and no labour-saving technologies are appropriate for root crop and bush crop agricultural systems on stony volcanic ground. It is a plausible argument, yet there is no real evidence of this correlation. There has also been a significant attrition of the agricultural labour force and slow rural-urban migration of youth (a migration that is even more apparent from the smaller and more remote islands of Tonga).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Insecurity and risk undermine the long-term sustainability of cities worldwide. The spread of disease in cities often occurs as a result of inadequate infrastructure and services. High incidence of traffic fatalities, air pollution related respiratory infections and premature deaths, and communicable, vector, and waterborne diseases can all be related to inadequate, poor, or inefficient urban infrastructure. The number of Ebola deaths in that slum will likely never be known, as bodies have simply been thrown into the two nearby rivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The mercenaries and mercenarism are two points of concern for scholars studying the rules of war throughout history. Both in  jus ad bellum  (JAB) and  jus in bellum  (JIB) we can find a framework of international law crafted to impede the participation of individuals motivated to take part in hostilities to get private gain. Nevertheless, paradoxically, the problem is when corporations are supported by domestic law to perform serviced in ground combats abroad. In the latter case, Human Rights Law (HRL), International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Criminal Law (ICL) present numerous gaps that make it difficult to incriminate corporations, which perpetuate the impunity among private organizations involved in human rights violations in conflict zones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
We predict the share of services trade to grow from 21 per cent to 25 per cent by 2030. The trend is likely to continue with the advent of 3D printing technology. Our estimations foresee that, in such case, developing countries' share in global trade could grow from 46 per cent in 2015 to 57 per cent by 2030. The most common provisions refer to e-government, cooperation and the moratorium on customs duties on electronic transmissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The severe floods affected over one third of the country’s territory in 2014. A drought in the summer of 2012 and a severe winter that same year stymied the agriculture sector, reduced energy generation, hindered tourism and slowed construction more than usual around the region. Policymakers in the Balkans Region continue to explore options to help avoid or, at the very least, mitigate these shocks well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
About 55% of afforestation areas are to remain as open space, with natural woodlands contributing to soil fertility and in many cases serving as sanctuaries for protected wildlife. Total production from the marine environment is small and steadily declining, partly due to the relative impoverishment of fish stocks in the eastern Mediterranean. The bulk of Israel’s fish production comes from aquaculture and mariculture (Chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Subsequently, briefcase studies on LmL4SD will be shared from low- and middle-income contexts in the following countries: the Philippines, Tunisia, as well as an experience from the United States and Canada that has global reach. Org/wiki/File:Voung_temale_students_at_ Samangan.jpg, Photo 2: Jisc infbNet. ( Social Space Seating, Dungannon Campus (Formerly East Tyrone College), South West College. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/jiscinfonet/434855667/in/album-72157600028008635/, Photo 3: Pierre Holtz for UNICEF. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To increase access of the poor to credit would require the implementation of a long list of arcane, technical fixes to the system. Although promoting institutions that make microloans would constitute one step, to date these institutions account for not even 1 per cent of the credits provided by commercial banks in Latin America. As argued in United Nations (2006a), expansion of microcredit schemes critically depends on development of broader networks of institutions, including credit unions, savings banks, development banks and special lending windows of commercial banks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This programmatic article describes how the two types of cross-cultural research (comparative ethnography and comparative archaeology) can provide a Rosetta stone to help us discover the original homelands of protolanguage groups. Here, the focus is on Proto-Afroasiatic and Proto-Indo-European. If words reconstructed by historical linguists for a protolanguage reflect cultural and environmental features, and if those features have material or archaeological indicators (which we can discover by the two types of cross-cultural research), then the archaeological record can be searched for sites that have the expected combinations of features. The likely homeland of the protolanguage should be the site or local region that has significantly more of those indicator features than other sites or local regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Lower secondary principals have, on average, 25 years of experience working as a teacher and 11 years of experience as a principal. These figures are higher than the TALIS averages of 21 teaching years and 9 years as a principal. Chile had more than double the average proportion of principals above the age of 60 among TALIS countries in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Nonetheless, care work is also driven by other inequalities, apart from gender per se. Thus, poor women, indigenous women and Afrodescendants are all over-represented in paid domestic work in nearly all countries of the region (Rico and Vaca-Trigo, 2016). Women's contribution to the total economic value of unpaid work is considerably greater than that of men, representing between 70% (Peru) and 87% (Guatemala) of the total GDP-equivalent value of unpaid work (ECLAC, 2017a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Uruguay also saw social unrest, but on a smaller scale than in Argentina, and a political crisis led to the sacking of part of President Battle’s economic team but not to the resignation of the president himself. These missions, which began in 2003, were intended to satisfy the unmet needs of low-income sectors not covered by social policies. The programmes were introduced at a time of intense polarization, the most stark manifestations of which were the April 2002 attempted coup d’etat, the shutdown of the oil sector in December of that year and the August 2004 referendum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The readily available, easily accessible technological infrastructure with improved bandwidth is the basis for inclusion and education in San Luis. Within this framework, the Information Highway is the digital infrastructure that the Government of San Luis has made available to its citizens for two decades, free of charge and with the highest quality standards, in order to ensure that the network is a key driver for progress and ensuring fair and inclusive growth. The systems and applications for Health, Safety and Education implemented on this infrastructure are the foundations for the transformation of government systems and their relationship with people. The innovative use of the network impacts agricultural and livestock production, industry, commerce and the general population. Therefore, technological development of this infrastructure is constantly updating, which allows it to adapt to the latest technological standards. This results in a noticeable improvement in bandwidth of users, from having 32 Mbps links 20 years ago to extensive fibre optic lines featuring cutting-edge technology that today allow multiple bandwidths and achieve speeds above 200 000 Mbps in trunk links.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This project was the first registered emissions reduction project under the J-VER system - Japan’s carbon-offsetting system discussed below. The first third-party certified J-VER in Japan came into effect on 10 March 2009 (Uchimura, 2009). Under the J-VER system, credits are offered for the volume of carbon sink capture and for emissions reduction through biomass energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Abstract   Social networks provide a powerful reflection of the structure and dynamics of the modern society. One of the promising areas for using the results of social networks content analysis is to reveal the hidden patterns of the social processes development and factors that determine the changing moods in different social groups. In this paper, we propose an approach to measure social tension in certain regions of Russia based on the analysis of users’ posts in the social network Vkontakte (VK). We developed a program that obtains posts reflecting negative attitudes of VK users on popular social issues such as level of unemployment, corruption crimes, and inflation. We used this program to collect statistics about the number of such posts in certain periods and to analyze common information about users who post them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)