albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
On the other hand, the holder of a utility model could still block access by competitors to the specie, which could have a negative impact on product improvement and competition. Thus, the party that selected the specie from the genus would be entitled to compensation from any party using the specie for follow-on improvements but would not be in a position to block access to the specie for such purposes. However, there is a need to delineate the boundaries of the invention so that third parties such as generic producers can be aware of the technological territory that cannot be invaded without risking a suit for patent infringement.252 To do this is the purpose of the patent claims that each patent application has to contain.253 There are several ways of construing a claim to determine the literal scope of the inventor’s exclusive rights (claims construction).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Today, the preferred method to raise capital for projects, mainly by blockchain technology firms, builds on the aforementioned crowdfunding model. Since then, in the course of 2018, the ICO hype has significantly decreased due to rampant speculation and increasing instances of fraud. Nevertheless, the underlying concept of tokenisation (as described in section 1.2) still holds much potential in representing and trading value on a blockchain and can still be leveraged in many blockchain applications. Using the same investment and token trading vehicle, capital can be raised for the financing of infrastructure development in the form of debt or equity issuance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Seguino and Floro (2003) find that, fora group of semi-industrialized countries, higher incomes and more bargaining power for women are associated with higher aggregate savings rates. Rather than centre their decisions on expected profit rates, individuals invest in themselves and others based on expectations about future economic opportunities. Higher wage shares boost those expectations, as does more current economic activity as measured by output. The pathway from expectations about future opportunities to actual investments in human capacities isgoverned by what we term ‘caring spirits': the tendency - whether determined by social norms, individual motivation or public preferences as reflected in the structure of the social welfare state - to provide care (or support for care) for oneself and others in ways that add tocurrent aggregate demand and future economic productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Only in Chile, Paraguay and Peru was there a positive distribution effect, which reinforced the contribution made by the growth effect in reducing poverty. In Ecuador and El Salvador worsening income distribution curtailed the positive effects of the fall in the poverty rate caused by the growth effect. In the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela and Colombia, meanwhile, the distribution effect was nil (see figure 1.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The paper revisits participation and decentralization in relation to local clientelism, arguing that they share the personalization of links between residents and the state and the local possibility to adapt state policies. The line between decentralization-participation on the one hand, and clientelism on the other, is therefore easily blurred. The paper then argues that clientelism is not per se anti-democratic, some forms allow for local and immediate accountability of politicians. However, in most cases, it contributes to fragment or sedate local organizations or social movements and it prevents contestation of existing policies and dominant power structures. The paper thus challenges the idea that the promotion of decentralization and participatory institutions intrinsically leads to more democratic forms of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Market access and growth can be particularly daunting for women in the informal economy. The extension officers and technicians posed the biggest barriers, including women producers involved changing their vision, paradigms and approach. They had to work harder to incorporate new ideas and use participatory techniques to promote more inclusive practices and diagnostics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Attacks on multiculturalism from across the political spectrum reduce the complex history of settlement and interaction in the UK to a simple narrative of excessive British tolerance and increasingly disruptive immigrant communities. The liberal version of this ‘integrationist’ discourse emphasizes the Enlightenment values associated with secularism, individualism, gender equality, sexual freedom and freedom of expression as markers of civilizational superiority. Various efforts are made to ‘civilize’ Muslims in particular into adopting these values. What emerges is, in effect, a liberal form of anti-Muslim racism which, paradoxically, takes liberalism into an illiberal embrace of conservative themes. With the racialization of ‘Muslimness’, the conservative cultural racism that was dominant in the 1980s has been revamped and reshaped, and the language of ‘values’ rather than ethnicity has become central.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Austria and Slovenia, for example, women fill approximately 90% of the secretarial positions (see Figure 3.3). This trend is consistent with traditional job segregation, where women occupy lower-grade and lower-paid jobs. Women’s higher educational attainment has led to an increase in their representation in the professional sphere in most OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This dynamic monitoring system will be expanded to 200 cities in China. However expertise is lacking at the local level as well as a systematic approach to collecting data from enterprises. The ILO, in collaboration with the Labour Ministry and the ADB has set up a tracking system w'hich followed 2 000 displaced workers over a period of six months. The tracking system followed where they went, how they searched for new jobs, w'hether and where they found new work, how' much they earned, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These trends suggest that family composition may play an increasingly important role in influencing the risk of living in low-income families in the future. However, evidence suggests that in some countries the risks associated with being in poverty as a result of living in vulnerable families are much lower than in other countries and an important question for policy makers is why this might be the case. How, for example, do some countries such as the Netherlands and Sweden avoid high rates of poverty among lone-parent families?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Where the distribution of staff across functional categories is not directly known it has in appropriate cases been estimated by proportional allocation e.g. proportions in earlier year’s data are applied to the current year's total or PES head office staff are distributed across functional categories in the same proportions as PES local office staff. Total staff in each functional category in principle include all management and support staff. Where data for part-time staff are available they are counted as a half of a full-time equivalent. Staff hired through a labour market programme which fully subsidises their wage are not included.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The worst affected countries are the Andean countries (Ecuador, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia), some Central American countries and Haiti. As a result, over 100 million people in the region are exposed to air pollution levels that exceed WHO recommended limits (Cifuentes and others, 2005), which causes serious health problems. Particulate emissions, including precursors such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, have various points of origin. Transportation is the main source of pollution, both directly and indirectly by loosening and stirring up dust. Paving roads, reducing sulfur content and making cleaner fuels, implementing vehicle inspection systems and modernizing the automotive fleet are some steps in the right direction for resolving these problems, but they must be strengthened. The truck and bus fleet is very old and poorly maintained and growing congestion is increasing emissions, production losses and other externalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The P300 variant encompasses various measures, including the adjustment of the Philipsdam (to enable the inlet of salt water), measures to prevent salt intrusion, the dismantlement of current fresh and salt water barriers within the Krammer sluices and the Bergsediep lock, and the adjustment of the outlet sluice near Bath. Other alternatives that were examined include the p700 alternative and the Zout30 alternative, with a salt inlet of respectively 700 m /s and 100 m3/s. One of the key decisions in the national structure vision is about a proposal to restore the tides in the lake (with a tidal range of 50 centimetres).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Abstract   This paper extends the influential analysis on stereotyping from cultural studies to the realm of international assignments. Drawing on social identity theory, the paper takes the perspective of host country nationals (HCNs) as the basic units of analysis, and develops a theoretical model on the antecedents and effects of HCNs' negative stereotyping of expatriates. The paper also suggests some initiatives that, according to social identity theory, can be used to combat negative stereotyping in multinational corporations and so overcome the cross-cultural interpersonal conflicts that lie at the heart of expatriates' adjustment issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
During the Second World War, a German economist, Marie Dessauer, later Marie Meinhardt, worked with the British welfare state scholar and policy analyst Richard Titmuss on pioneering studies of social factors and health. Titmuss is remembered today for his role in establishing social policy as an academic discipline, and for his internationally-renowned works on welfare, health and public policy. Meinhardt's career as an economist has been largely forgotten. This was an unusual alliance with far-reaching consequences, as Meinhardt later bequeathed a large sum of money to the London School of Economics, where Titmuss worked, to help fund social policy students and research. This article documents the story of the Titmuss-Meinhardt collaboration, locating it in the context of Titmuss's last and probably best-known work, The Gift Relationship, which analyses the function of altruistic giving in promoting healthy and democratic social relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As the Internet has become a mainstream communications mechanism, law enforcement and intelligence agencies have developed new surveillance capabilities and been given new legal powers to monitor its users. These capabilities have been particularly targeted toward terrorism suspects and organizations that have been observed using the Internet for communication, propaganda, research, planning, publicity, fundraising and creating a distributed sense of community. Policing has become increasingly pre-emptive, with a range of activities criminalized as 'supporting' or 'apologizing for' terrorism. The privacy and non-discrimination rights that are core to the European legal framework are being challenged by the increased surveillance and profiling of terrorism suspects. We argue that their disproportionate nature is problematic for democracy and the rule of law, and will lead to practical difficulties for cross-border cooperation between law enforcement agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Social protection typically includes individual or bundled policies in the form of labour market support, social insurance, and social safety nets. Social protection policies can range from short-term targeted policies to universal coverage. Part one of the next section discusses the social challenges and vulnerabilities in PICs, while part two focuses on informal and traditional types of social protection system that exist in PICs. Part three deals with the role of NGOs and CSOs in social security and protection in PICs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Efforts to target corruption and other forms of illegality in the forest sector have been prioritised in countries like Brazil and Indonesia, with good results (Box 17.1). Safeguarding indigenous peoples’ and local communities’ rights are paramount, as is including them in decision-making processes. Org/files/Documents/PDF/lun2011/5.%20Final%20FCPF_EVALUATION_REPORTJuneX2013th.pdf. Chao, S. (2012), Forest Peoples: Numbers Across the World, Forest Peoples Programme, Moreton-in-Marsh, United Kingdom, cited in FAO (2014), State of the World's Forests: Enhancing the Economic Bene/its from Forests, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
First, an initial basin efficiency rate (BE0) is calculated on the basis of the share of each irrigation technology applied in each respective OECD country (see Figure 23). The first is the cost related to changing to the more efficient irrigation efficiency per hectare (IE cost). The second is the total irrigated area (Al) in hectares in 2050. The third component is the share of total irrigated area in 2050 equipped with the more efficient irrigation technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
International treaties and domestic legislation regulating corrupt practices by public officials have appeared in a myriad of jurisdictions and legislations. However the reach and teeth of some legislation calls into question basic principles of international law and the limits that enforcing them must adhere to. The following essay will suggest that the current international system guiding the sanctioning of corrupt practices is tilted towards the interests of hegemonic world players such as the United States. Furthermore, it will highlight that as it stands, anti-corruption legislation places unwarranted and unauthorized prerogatives in the hands of a world elite that sanctions and prosecutes according to its geo-political interests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Only if the affected individual is unable to produce any substantial work, and cannot be reassigned to a more suitable position by the employer, is there just cause for dismissal. The Employment Protection Act covers all employees and contains no derogations for disabled persons. However, there is special legislation regarding discrimination of disabled employees. Strict employment protection legislation has been shown to reduce employment and participation rates, especially in the cases of individuals who are already prone to entry problems, such as people with mental health issues (OECD, 2013b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Most states allocate most of their funding by grants to their TAFE institutes. About 20% is allocated by tender open to TAFE institutes and private providers. The second biggest state Victoria allocates all its funding in the form of a restricted voucher tenable at any TAFE institute or private provider. Private providers offer a higher and growing proportion of publicly funded vocational education in Victoria than the other states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A recent disclosure of massive money laundering in the Estonian branch of the largest Danish bank (Danske Bank) provides a spotlight on the issue of systemically important financial institutions and the need for enhanced vigilance, especially across borders. The disclosed activities took place during 2007-2015. At that time, anti-money laundering regulation and supervision in Denmark was insufficient and had substantial shortcomings as pointed out in evaluations by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF, 2017[i4j).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As international relations expand from nation-states to include more nonstate actors, and communication and commerce erase national borders, culture becomes the new frontier for defining identities as well as allegiances. Culture is integral to communication between nations and foreign publics. Cultural diversity is also a defining feature of the global communication era. This chapter contrasts the wave of interest in culture that spread across international relations studies, with the relative narrow view of public diplomacy on culture as a tool, product, or vehicle for communication. Missing is the role of culture as a force that shapes and defines a nation’s communication. U.S. public diplomacy appears to have its distinct style of communicating. This chapter explores some of the cultural features of U.S. public diplomacy and concludes with ways U.S. public diplomacy can develop a multicultural approach to help guard against unintended identity challenges with culturally diverse publics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Differences in definition, not only of land cover types but also land-use change processes, influence both the overall estimated mitigation potential and whether certain emissions result from deforestation or from forest degradation (Romijn et al., The business-as-usual scenarios in Clarke et al. ( Indeed, in scenarios that consider increased reliance on biofuels for energy generation and climate mitigation, demand for agricultural land continues to grow. Bottom-up assessments of drivers also suggest that pressures will increase (Kissinger et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The explosion in the 21st century of terrorist activities by Islamic radicals in the United States, Europe and Asia requires reforming the institutions for domestic counterterrorism (CT) and new international relations among individual national CT organizations. This paper discusses the institutional reforms for CT in the United States, focusing particularly on the changes in the FBI. These changes are compared with the way that the British CT activities of the MI5 and MI6 have evolved in response to terrorism in Britain. The paper also discusses the reasons why there is strong cooperation among the CT activities of all the major governments and with the United States in particular, even when those governments do not agree about military cooperation or about the use of economic sanctions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It also includes synthetic information on the existence of caps, reductions and exemption for user charges. Coverage for pharmaceutical spending is typically lower, due to often-higher cost-sharing and the possibility of self-consumption. Basic health coverage schemes cover about half of spending in dental care in a handful of countries (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Slovak Republic, and Slovenia) and three-quarter in Japan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Chile, International Labour Organization (ILO), 2009, ECLAC, “Women's contribution to equality in Latin America and the Caribbean" (LC/ L.2?38(CRM.1(V3)), Santiago. Chile, 2007, M. Blofield, Care, Work and Class: Domestic Workers' Stmggle tor Equal Rights In Lath America, Penn State Unwersity Press, 2012, International Labour Organization (ILO), Text of the Recommendation Concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers, 2011 (online) http://www.ilo.org/tocmsp5/ groups/public/—ed_norm/—reteonfcrdocuments/meetingdocument/wcms_157834.pdf. Previous ECLAC studies have addressed the link between this topic and internal and, especially, international migration in the region (Martinez Pizarro, 2003, Tokman, 2008). There is no room fordoubt: in many countries in the region and the rest of the world, migrant women account for a significant proportion of woikers in occupations involving domestic and care activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Investment-led green and climate-compatible innovation strategies need sectoral policies and overarching structural or industrial policies to encourage market development where this is appropriate and necessary. Such arrangements can be based on local/ individual entitlements or communal use rights, and develop collective systems of rewards, incentives and penalties in relation to the use of collectively used resources such as land, water systems, forests—which are significant in the face of the climate challenge either because of mitigation or in view of adaptation options (Ostrom, 1990). In order to make these common pool systems work, states would have to protect the rights of small-scale producers to their resources. Direct interventions include (i) public programmes (for reforestation and technological innovation) and (ii) regulatory measures such as the setting of targets or caps on GHG emissions, zoning, standards (on emissions, products and technology).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It is increasingly recognized both by policy-makers and scientists that cultural diversity and biodiversity are not only equally significant for sustainable development, but are also interrelated. International policy documents such as UNESCO’s Declaration on Cultural Diversity (2001) and Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005a), and the UN Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) (UN, 1992), refer to the linkages and analogies between the two, as do the writings of many scholars. In this context, the focus is mainly on the indigenous people, their knowledge, and their role in the maintenance of biological diversity, with cultural diversity often reduced to a few specific cultural practices or symbols, such as languages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The mudflow damaged electric lines which supply electricity to the region from the main hydropower station Pamir-1. To prevent further flooding, die water going to the Khorog HPP was blocked, and there w'as no electricity in the whole area, including Khorog town. The EBRD is supporting the Kayrakkum Hydropower Rehabilitation project, which aims to strengthen the climate resilience of Tajikistan’s hydropow'er-dominated energy sector (box 11.3). Kayrakkum Hydropower Rehabilitation Project has won the EBRD award of "Best Project in Climate Change Adaptation". The experts involved in the project have calculated the future hydrology of the reservoir under different scenarios of climate change, which was the base for selecting the most suitable design for rehabilitation of the station in the whole range of projected possible climate change scenarios. The fundamental approach of the inclusion of climate change issues into investment planning will greatly improve the sustainability of Kayrakkum HPP in the context of the changing climate of Tajikistan, as well as provide a reliable power supply for the people of the northern part of the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Women also suffer discrimination in relation to productive assets, such as the right to land and property. Women are barred from owning land because of customary laws and social norms and practices. Girls in South Asia learn domestic skills in the household and begin to take on domestic duties and child care. There are strong beliefs in rural areas that sons should be educated because they will remain in the family and support ageing parents, while daughters are likely to serve other families after marriage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The UN-REDD programme developed guidance to promote gender-sensitive processes in the preparation, implementation and monitoring of REDD+ projects and other action plans which focus on strengthening a bottom-up approach, including priority alignment to national needs and capacities (UN-REDD 2013). However, mainstreaming gender national policies, which is often interpreted as an increased number of women participating at local level, is not sufficient to realize the full potential of women and men as agents of change at community level. Several reports have suggested that gender should be carefully integrated in the design, monitoring and evaluation of REDD+ programmes, including gender-sensitive indicators and safeguard approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)