albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The trend of teacher shortage is generally seen across all levels of education, but poor countries are particularly focusing their efforts in meeting the goal of universal primary education (UPE). According to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), among the 208 countries that reported teacher data for 2009, 112 countries will have a shortfall and collectively need at least 2 million extra teachers between 2009 and 2015 to meet the UPE goal. More than half of these countries (1,115,000 or 55 per cent) are in sub-Saharan Africa (UIS, 2011). Given the situation at the initial level of education, further levels up to higher education face even greater challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The study suggests that this impact works partly through improved sanitation, partly through improved nutritional status, and partly through reduction in psychosocial stress. Case (2001b) - based on the same dataset - finds that the presence of a pensioner is associated with an increase of about five centimetres of children's height for age after controlling for a range of household and individual factors. This is equivalent to about half a year’s growth for children aged zero to six. Her study uses the 1993 PSLSD data, and focuses on children aged 6-60 months.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Unlike the right to food and housing, the right to water was not expressly acknowledged in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ('UDHR') or the subsequent International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ('ICESCR'). This omission generated debate about whether a human right to water exists at international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The European Union’s system of delegated powers, ‘comitology’, underwent significant changes after the Lisbon Treaty entered into force. This paper assesses the impact of these changes on the European Parliament, European Commission and Council. It distinguishes between the changes that occurred at the level of treaty reform (which generally favoured the EP in assuming a greater role in the process of policy-implementation) and subsequent legislative reforms and developments in soft law (through which the Council and the European Commission have reasserted their powers). While the system of delegated powers has significantly changed through the Lisbon reforms, it falls short of the expectations and intentions that led to these changes. The key objectives behind the reform – a simplification of a highly complex system of centralised policy implementation and greater democratic accountability through an upgrading of the EP’s role – have only partially been achieved. To some extent recent developments indica...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A list of all the indicators and their methodologies is available at http://SDG4monitoring.uis.unesco.org. Some of the SDG 4 indicators correspond to indicators already published in other chapters of Education at a Glance. In those cases, the data are not repeated in this chapter, and reference is made to the corresponding indicator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For Target 10.4, the importance of social protection schemes in reducing equality is reiterated. However, as discussed earlier under Goal 1, traditional social protection schemes are declining, while there are only a few formal social protection schemes in place in the Commonwealth Pacific small states. Consequently, it will be quite challenging for countries to achieve Goal 10 without serious reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In those joint sites that face the most significant threats, the joint designation can add urgency to raising funds and awareness. In some sites, however, simply achieving coherent action between diverse local agencies at the local level can be enough of a struggle, without giving consideration to international treaties. The MoU of 1999 between the Ramsar Convention Secretariat and World Heritage Centre remains in force, providing a framework for synergies to this day. Its original aims continue to be relevant and useful: to promote the nomination of wetland sites under both conventions, share expertise, coordinate reporting, and collaborate on missions to threatened sites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Evidence also suggests that institutions such as public interest litigations (PIL), formed to improve access to justice through recourse mechanisms, are useful in protecting the rights of historically disadvantaged minorities. Low levels of legal literacy and poor understanding of the legal process may prevent women from seeking protection of their rights or reporting abusive behaviour. In order to effectively exercise their rights and responsibilities, individuals must first understand them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Similarly, National Development Plans (NDPs), National Sustainable Development Plans, and green growth strategies of some countries include consideration for biodiversity, though the extent varies greatly. Continuing challenges in the design and implementation of biodiversity mainstreaming measures include effective horizontal and vertical institutional co-ordination, adequate human resources and capacity, particularly within sector line ministries, collection and dissemination of policy-relevant data for mainstreaming, and tracking and mobilising financial resources for biodiversity in the context of national budgets and beyond. This is due in part to National Ecosystem Assessments (NEAs) or similar studies being undertaken in some countries, including economic valuation studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The applicability of the scoring rules (see below) has also been simplified and adapted from the European Union and Norway to the whole of the OECD. The more or less objective inputs concern the shares of different supply and demand categories (i.e. for supply: oil, gas, coal, nuclear, RES and other, for demand: industrial use, residential use, tertiary use and transport use) and the values characterising efficiency, adequacy, and reliability in conversion and transport based on the secondary energy carriers (electricity, gas, heat, and transport fuels). Figure 2.12 displays the conceptual framework of, and the elements considered in, the overall S/D Index model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Abstract The growing importance of the convention and meeting sector provided the impetus for this review of research directions and the structure of the convention and meeting field. A total of 137 convention articles published in major hospitality and tourism journals from 1990 to 2003 were collected and content-analyzed for research method and subject. Specifically, articles were categorized based on (a) nature of article, (b) research design, (c) statistical technique, (d) research focus, and (e) functional area. Findings suggest that while descriptive research dominated, more sophisticated quantitative research techniques, such as multi-variate analysis, were extensively used, particularly after 2000. Thematic review of articles reveals that associations' site selection processes, destination marketing, and the economic impact of convention activities have drawn enormous attention from researchers over the 14-year period. Discussion issues and suggestions for future research in the field of conventio...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Indicators can facilitate the monitoring of climate risks and vulnerabilities over time and between locations. Since the identification, collection, and use of indicators is resource intensive, a carefully defined set of qualitative and quantitative indicators may be aligned to the adaptation priorities identified in the country’s strategic approach on adaptation. Alternatively, the indicator set may draw on existing datasets and, where possible, on indicators used to monitor and evaluate national development plans and policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Interviews are conducted annually with all adult members of each household. Health questions include the status vis-a-vis health-related risk factors (self-reported height and weight, smoking, and drinking), whether any diseases were diagnosed by a doctor, and self-assessed health status. The PSID is directed by faculty at the University of Michigan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The expansion of technology, particularly the advent of digitalisation, presents new opportunities and challenges to prepare students to be lifelong and lifewide learners. Students now need to not only learn information but also understand how to use it, they need to interact successfully and respectfully with others, and take responsible actions and work together towards collective well-being. Equipping students with these skills requires innovation and a change in the approaches towards teaching and learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The article analyzes Russia's elite corruption from domestic and international perspectives. While corrupt proceeds make Russian elites invested in the political system, corruption also acts as a destabilizing force in Russia. I argue that corruption is a double-edged sword for the oligarchs and the Kremlin alike. As a competitive kleptocracy in which corrupt elites have the option of international exit via offshores, Russia currently lacks any clear "top-down" path toward the rule of law. Furthermore, the country's elite corruption presents political problems for the West. The article concludes with some policy recommendations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If, for example, an instance of poaching occurs in a high-trafficking area where all but one country are taking measures to reduce illegal poaching and trade, the resistant country and its hotspots can be more easily identified. The data can be used to support real-time enforcement. Countries, industries and individuals affected by wildlife trafficking and illicit trade in other goods will gain a heightened awareness of illegal activity in their regions. This will allow' them to realise the larger impact these activities have on their business and communities, and give them a greater say in policies to combat illicit trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This suggests that economic disadvantage frequently intersects with certain social identity dimensions (such as gender, age, ethnic origin, place of residence or disability status) in ways that perpetuate inequality and social exclusion (World Bank, 2013a). As more disadvantaged segments of society have fewer resources to invest in skills and education, they have fewer opportunities to access more productive and rewarding jobs. Consequently, human resources in the economy are not used to the full potential, which negatively affects productivity growth in the long run. According to estimates for 19 OECD countries, the rise of income inequality between 1985 and 2005 would have knocked 4.7 percentage points off cumulative growth between 1990 and 2010 (OECD, 2015b). In addition, widening income gaps have a negative impact on social cohesion and diminish trust in institutions, which can contribute to social and political instability (Alesina and Perotti, 1996, Keefer and Knack, 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Seeking support from the broad community, including churches, employers, sports clubs and social service groups. Working with other government agencies, including the Ministries of Social Development, Health, Pacific Island Affairs and Te Puni Kokiri (Maori Development). Working with schools in low socio-economic areas to identify and reach children who are not participating in ECEC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Increased mining activity in Chile, Australia and Mexico is primarily driving this trend. But the fact that domestic consumption of metals in OECD countries is growing more slowly than extraction (66% vs. 103%) indicates that a large portion of extraction is being exported outside of the OECD area. In most OECD countries, the economic slowdown caused material extraction and consumption to flatten or decrease (in some cases significantly).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
At the same meeting, the Forum held a multi-stakeholder dialogue among Member States, major groups and members of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests, moderated by Lambert Okrah (non-governmental organizations major group). Presentations were made by Joseph Cobbinah, (scientific and technological communities major group), Cecile Ndjebet, (women major group), Peter deMarsh, (farmers and small forest landowners major group), and Olivia Sanchez Badini, (children and youth major group). In the ensuing discussion with the presenters, comments were made and questions were posed by the representatives of Nigeria (on behalf of the African States), the United States of America, Switzerland, Malaysia, Sweden, Japan, Cameroon, Senegal, the Republic of Korea, Norway and Finland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These yield shocks are then passed to the IMPACT model, affecting year-to-year crop yields (Robinson et al., A subsequent section then review's the evidence of impact and occurrence of extreme precipitation patterns in the three regions. The Huang He, also know'n as the Yellow River watershed, contains the country’s second largest river.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Mozambique, for example, the national approach to adaptation is situated within the National Development Strategy to ensure a climate resilient future. As part of the Development Strategy, each sector is responsible for identifying individual indicators and targets on adaptation (IIED, 2013b). In order for a co-ordinating unit to be in a position to draw on this information it would ideally be connected to the national planning process from the outset and collaborate closely with key stakeholders. To illustrate, Mozambique initiated work on its monitoring and evaluation framework in 2012 when the National Strategy for Climate Change was introduced. The framework will be developed on an incremental basis, building on lessons learned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This regime can be consistent with the TRIPS Agreement, as will be explained below. It should also be noted that a totally free market policy towards new uses risks significantly lessening the incentive to explore such uses, even for potential local producers. For this and other reasons, we shall also discuss other means of protection that offer an alternative to patents that developing countries might find particularly well-suited to promoting investment in the discovery of new uses of known pharmaceutical substances. As will be further described below, the manner in which governments implement the options available under the TRIPS Agreement will determine both the extent to which the originator patentee will have control over new uses and the space available for follow-on innovators, including local companies, to produce the product in question for such uses. The first concerns the extent to which TRIPS obliges countries to protect new uses of known substances at all, as a technical legal matter. If the TRIPS Agreement does not include such a requirement, the second question concerns the benefits and detriments of choosing whether or not to protect new uses of known substances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A longitudinal survey of teachers also suggested that in 2005 about 10% of teachers had an additional remunerated job outside teaching (Bravo et al., The regular preparation of teachers does not seem to include special training to deal with rural contexts, or to provide special strategies for teaching in multigrade classes. The introduction of a mentoring process upon entry into the teaching is a positive development but it is not associated with a probationary period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There has been considerable public debate on the appropriate content framework of technical education. What is now favoured is the integration of professional-technical education with general academic education, somewhat on a comprehensive curricular approach. However, during this transitionary phase, it is not always achieved in practice, and will require more co-ordinated actions among the various departments of the MEC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They proposed five strategies - forest protection, reforestation, agricultural best-management practices, riparian restoration and forest-fuel reduction - each of which would be adapted to local circumstances. They found that increasing the rate of adoption of best-management practices on 0.2% of watershed agricultural areas from which water is sourced in the 100 largest cities would result in a 10% sediment reduction in the water supply (constituting the most cost-effective option, as shown in Figure 4.3). The same option is less cost-effective than others w'hen it comes to nutrient reduction (also Figure 4.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the United States, the New Markets Tax Credit is “a non-refundable tax credit intended to encourage private capital investment in eligible, impoverished, low-income communities” (Marples, 2012). Invitations for public participation in policymaking seem to be more widespread than ever, particularly in cities - with traditional town hall meetings but also city' governments’ increasing use of social media and crowdsourcing opportunities, on topics ranging from climate change to urban planning. Such tools for bottom-up engagement may contribute to the emergence of a new participation economy in cities, especially to remedy some sort of democratic deficit in large cities where the distance between policy makers and citizens may erode trust in institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The top environmental issues related to mining include uncontrolled chemical waste from leachate and poor rehabilitation of abandoned mining sites. An estimated 100,000 ha of land have been degraded by coal and gold mining activities. Only a minimal amount of the land degraded by mining activities has been restored.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, substantial climate-related finance appears to flow from non-DAC member countries such as the Russian Federation (Government of Russian Federation, 2015). Moreover, as of 2014, the Chinese Export-Import Bank provided about 46% of Tajikistan’s total external public debt as loans, although this was not limited to climate-related projects (World Bank, 2015). Further, about 80% of foreign direct investment flows to Azerbaijan were intended for the oil and gas sector in 2014, the OECD DAC CRS database shows the largest amounts of climate-related development finance in the country in 2013 and 2014 were committed to the waste management and road transport sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the MR the data generated by the OM are used in an assessment that generates an observed (or "perceived") stock, which is, in turn, fed into a harvest control rule resulting in a management action (e.g. a total allowable catch [TAC] or allowable fishing effort). It is the presence of this feedback control that distinguishes MSE from risk analysis or projections. Stakeholders/decision-makers must be involved in the identification of the general goals of the MSE (i.e. the management objectives) and of the management strategies to be simulated. The final results should be presented clearly, allowing decision-makers to take decisions on the final management strategy to be adopted and to make the policy call.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Several explanations can be put forward for the high incidence of part-time work among women. First, there is a pronounced lack of all-day childcare and out-of-school-hours care supply, and unsubsidised care is very expensive (the highest in the OECD). As an example, children typically go home at lunch-time since school cafeterias are rare, making it difficult for a parent or a caregiver not to be home at that time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, some results may be difficult to quantify, and/or difficult to attribute to a specific intervention. Nevertheless, increased compatibility of different results frameworks could help to improve comparisons of the effectiveness and efficiency of different climate finance interventions. The indicator options presented focus on the mitigation or adaptation benefits of GCF activities - at project, programme or “transformative” level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, there were some notable exceptions to the linear pattern. In Iceland, child deprivation rose by an amount (7ppt) that was much less than would have been expected given its surge in anchored poverty, while the child deprivation increase in Hungary was much higher (9ppt) than what would have been predicted given its moderate increase in child poverty. This suggests that in Iceland the crisis affected household incomes to a greater degree than material living standards generally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This can involve the acceleration of land registration, the harmonisation of land legislation and the recognition and protection of customary land tenure. Access to a range of finance options enables farmers to manage price shocks, invest in innovations, and take advantage of market opportunities, export and domestic. In Myanmar, for example, of all sectors of the economy, farm households are the most underserved by the formal financial system (OECD, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Low-regret interventions reduce peoples vulnerability, including to climate hazards, while contributing to the closure of development gaps that remain. This could generate a virtuous cycle of lower vulnerabilities and exposure, better socioeconomic opportunities and outcomes, and a greater resilience of livelihoods to climate. The various facets of these objectives are well reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals, which constitute an important global framework for national policy decision-making. However, meeting the goals of sustainable development and climate resilience will require a systemic improvement in policymaking systems, particularly in those countries where population groups are most exposed and most vulnerable to climate hazards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Figure B.1 gives a sense of the power of Moore's law. In the early 1970s, one could fit only 2,300 transistors into an Intel chip. Today, a single Intel quad core i7 chip contains about a billion transistors, and high-end chips used in workstations or servers (Xeon chips) can contain double that number. Over the period 1997-2015, the US consumer price index (CPI) for personal computers fell by nearly 95 per cent, while the corresponding index for all items purchased by consumers has risen by nearly 50 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This highlights the international competitive pressure existing in the aluminium industry, and underscores how extra C02 costs could intensify this trend. Most nitrogen fertilizers are made from ammonia, which is made by extracting C02 (and other chemicals) from a carbon-based feedstock (typically natural gas). Thus, in this process C02 emissions is an unavoidable by-product.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)