albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Finally, gender inequality cripples economic growth by reducing women’s contribution in the economic, social and political spheres (Bandiera and Natraj, 2013). A gender analysis needs to take account of both gender perspectives and how policies can affect men and women differently. In 1985, at the Third World Conference on Women in Nairobi, participants agreed to develop or reorganise their national information systems to compile and disseminate statistics on women and men in order to better address gender issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The initiative focuses on producing new analysis and policy recommendations to address unpaid care work combined with inclusive dialogues at the regional and global levels. The SIGI comprises country profiles (information on laws, policies and action plans promoting gender equality and women's empowerment), a database (with indicators on levels of discrimination in legal framework, social norms and practices) and a cross-country ranking. These dimensions look at the gaps that legislation, prevalence and attitudes and practices create between women and men in terms of rights and opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Cloud-based services are required to cope with much larger data storage needs at the point of creation. The prime examples of such "big data" are the huge datasets from satellites that monitor the environment, but video and data from mobile phones also require a software solution that can easily be adapted to an increasing volume of data or users. The big-data approach will change the understanding of natural and human processes, such as the growth and distribution of species or the spatial planning of fisheries and aquaculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
These initiatives help to integrate women-owned businesses in international markets and value chains. This chapter showcases successful examples, and demonstrates the linkages among barriers and solutions. Government action also often includes legislative actions to improve women’s access to finance and land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This requires programmes that target behavioural and equipment specification modifications. Interruptible service riders, time-of-use rates and energy efficiency education are some of the tools that may be considered. There is a real need to educate the population about the individual’s role in sustainable development, renewable energy and energy efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In that case, the minimum price is specified in the contract. Svenska Kraftnat activated the reserves during 30 days during winter 2009/2010, and during 8 days during winter 2010/2011. This is a straightforward, quick and effective means to bring in new capacity when supply adequacy forecasts show a lack of capacity a few years in advance and if old plants have to be closed. This mechanism has been used to build a CCGT power plant in France in Brittany.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
(2001). A cosmopolitan discipline? Some implications of 'globalisation' for legal education. International Journal of the Legal Profession: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 23-36.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since compound fertilisers are used widely in crop production, establishing private fertiliser compounding plants should be encouraged (ARDC, 2011). Prior to 1993, fertiliser prices were heavily subsidised. When subsidies were removed, domestic market prices rose to international levels and the government allowed the private sector to import and distribute fertilisers, providing import tax exemptions. Despite these measures and a lack of competition in the fertiliser market, most enterprises find it difficult to be profitable in fertiliser production (ARDC, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Research into the deliberative dimensions of democracy has been remarkably productive over the last decade or so, spawning new insights into how deliberation functions within the many political venues that constitute contemporary democracies. Normative theories of deliberative democracy have justified and sometimes inspired a wide range of new institutional developments, from citizen juries, stakeholder meetings, deliberative polling, and deliberative forums to the Freedom of Information legislation that enhances public deliberation (Chambers, 2003, Gastil and Levine, 2005, Parkinson, 2006). The key claim of deliberative theories of democracy is simple and compelling: deliberative approaches to collective decisions under conditions of conflict produce better decisions than those resulting from alternative means of conducting politics: coercion, traditional deference, or markets. The decisions resulting from deliberation are likely to be more legitimate, more reasonable, more informed, more effective, and more politically viable (Cohen, 1996, Habermas, 1996, Gutmann and Thompson, 1996, Bohman, 1998).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The process was launched in 2011 and will be phased in over 14 years. It will involve significant changes to existing administrative and management systems. Various aspects of the NHI are being tested in ten districts. To attain a high degree of risk pooling and equity the plan envisages the creation of a single NHI fund (in 2014/2015) with contributions being based on ability to pay (with no opt-out) and health benefits determined by medical needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, the umbrella organisation for the business community, the Private Sector Organization of Jamaica, participates actively in national consultations and other fora on sustainable development and matters of relevance to the transformation to a green economy. The most recent example is the national consultation organised by the Government of Jamaica to prepare for Rio+20, in which attention was focused on the green economy, especially with respect to energy and agriculture. The priority assigned to the energy sector implicitly includes the bauxite and alumina industry, which is the largest consumer of energy, and the transport sector, particularly ground transport, which consumes about 20 per cent15 of the national energy supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, the prevalence of underweight children aged 0-6 months increased from 6.9 per cent in 2005 to 8.4 per cent in 2010. In 2014, low birth weight was more common in rural areas (particularly the western region, at 6.6 per cent) than in urban areas (3.8 per cent in Ulaanbaatar). A first list of banned and limited use toxic and hazardous chemicals was approved by the Government in 1997.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Scientists are seeing greater and faster change, with more rapid declines in ocean health than had been previously anticipated. Today we live in an age of a changing climate, and no part of the ocean is unaffected by human influence. Some areas, particularly those near large population centres, are strongly affected by multiple pressures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Inactivity is somew'hat less widespread among women aged 40 and over in the second group’s Eastern European countries (Lithuania, Poland and Slovenia) than in the Southern European ones (Portugal, Spain and Greece). Unemployment is nevertheless high in those countries and seems frequently to result in early retirement. Figure 4.2 shows high rates of inactivity only among younger w'omen, while most of those aged 40 and over work full-time. As a consequence, the gender gap in w'orking hours is narrow in all age brackets in the active population (Figure 4.3, left-hand panel). As for the population of working age, the gender gap in working hours is significantly narrower among older age groups, as many women have swdtched from inactivity to full-time work (Figure 4.3, right-hand panel).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A recent study by the RIO+ Centre and the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network which looks at the complex relationship between gender and climate-smart agriculture (CSA) emphasizes the need for both gender-smartness and people-smartness in achieving CSA's aims of food security, higher farmer incomes, and low-carbon agricultural practices (Perch 2015). Nevertheless, food security, as the World Health Organization (WHO) points out, is "a complex sustainable development issue, linked to health through malnutrition, but also to sustainable economic development, environment and trade" (WHO 2016a). Greater gender equality is essential to achieve global food security (Carliez 2015, FAO and ADB 2013, Sachs 2013). Food sovereignty is "more fluid and nuanced than the concept of food security" (Sachs 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In April 2010, Kyrgyzstan experienced another "revolution," the latest of the postcommunist "color revolutions." The authoritarian regime fell and transitional leaders began a new democratic transition. The 2010 events illustrate the importance of agency and strategic learning in causing authoritarian collapse and initiating democratization. Prodemocratic activists and party leaders, who had learned from both the successes and failures of the 2005 "Tulip Revolution," mobilized popular discontent to topple President Bakiev's regime. They ushered in a democratic constitution and widespread liberalization and held Kyrgyzstan's freest-ever elections. However, political violence, especially politically motivated ethnic conflict, corruption, and calls for superpresidentialism threaten democratic deepening.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Forest law did not allow concessions on forests and forestland. Currently, users of forests (public forest management enterprises) pay a fee for use, in accordance with the provisions of the legal regulations at the cantonal level. Private forest owners face numerous problems in managing their forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This chapter outlines this complex financial landscape and the potential for countries to take action to tap the potential synergies among growing new sources of environment finance and traditional sources of development finance. Transitioning to loiv-carbon, climate-resilient and sustainable development pathways requires a holistic approach to finance and investment, shifting public and private finance from “brown" to "green” investments, scaling-up "green” finance, and integrating environmental considerations into all relevant investments and government activities. The impact of these changes may fall indiscriminately across countries, population groups and generations, affecting in particular the poorest, the most vulnerable and those who have limited control over, and responsibility for, possible solutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In other words, the presence of increasing returns to scale, along with forward and backward linkages, allow firms to purchase intermediate inputs at lower costs. Several firms specialise in producing complementary products, reducing overall production costs. This refers to the idea that an industry gains from having a constant market for skills. If there are market shocks, firms can adjust to changes in demand if they have access to a deep and broad labour market that allows them to expand or contract their demand for labour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Yet, market developments indicate that blockchain technology is gradually moving towards more business-related use cases. Prominent examples of big enterprises experimenting and developing blockchain applications include Microsoft, Goldman Sachs, and Maersk. Companies are also increasingly joining consortia in order to explore the potential of DLT.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Thai government and international partners have provided assistance to train and share knowledge with local governments, but their capacity could be further developed, including results-based monitoring and evaluation systems. The BMA has developed key performance indicators (KPIs), but no such mechanism exists at the level of the BMR. Similarly, data is not consistently produced at the scale of the BMR.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
By contrast, the interaction term with middle-income countries is not significant, meaning that for this income group, the negative impact of discriminatory social institutions on income is not statistically different than the average impact. However, the size of the coefficients indicates that the negative effect of gender-based discrimination in social institutions is more detrimental for low-income countries than for high-income countries. Similarly, in the quintile regressions, irrespective of the set of controls included, the SIGI coefficients are significant in all specifications and decreases with income: the richer the country, the lower the negative impact of discriminatory social institutions on income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Two dimensions are considered: rights [deprivations) and well-being (income). Rights are measured through six indicators: the education gap, access to health care, access to social security, quality of living spaces, basic services at home and access to food. Premised on the indivisibility of social rights, a person is deemed to be deprived in this dimension if he or she registers at least one of the six social deprivations. The two dimensions are aggregated through cross-tabulation (CONEVAL, 2010). From a rights perspective, the poor are not persons who are deprived or needy but rather citizens and rights-holders (chapter II, which discusses the multidimensional measurement of child poverty, expands on this perspective). From the perspective of capabilities, poverty measurement based solely on resources is inadequate, since it does not provide information on the things that people can do or actually do with these abilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
To encourage N runoff reductions by farmers, the government set up a cap to current loads and a buy-back 20% of the quotas. Farmers received allocations and were encouraged to reduce their nitrogen emissions to gain from selling water discharge allowances. Reducing soil erosion brings longterm soil-productivity gains and additional benefits, mainly improving water quality by reducing agricultural nonpoint pollution in drinking water (including fertiliser runoff, leaching, and nutrient contamination). Other conservation programmes that were initiated alongside the CRP included Swampbuster, Sodbuster, and Conservation Compliance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Plusieurs dispositifs d’assistance bilaterale et multilaterale sont prevus pour remedier aux deficits d’information et aux contraintes de capacites et de ressources, qui font partie des facteurs susceptibles d’entraver l’etablissement de systemes nationaux de suivi et devaluation de l’adaptation. Les procedures et resultats des syst&mes nationaux de suivi et devaluation de l’adaptation peuvent apporter des informations utiles pour evaluer les progres realises vers 1’objectif mondial d’adaptation dans le cadre de la CCNUCC, mais il est encore difficile de dire dans quelle mesure cela pourra se faire. Prior to adoption of the Paris Agreement in December 2015, only Non-Annex I Parties were explicitly encouraged to provide information on and evaluate adaptation strategies and measures, via guidelines on National Communications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This translates into donors and local policy makers identifying strategies and programmes that seek to level the playing field between men and women in FCAS and that provide direct support for the empowerment of women in key areas of statebuilding. However, it is important that those pursuing gender equality goals recognise that gender is a fundamentally political issue requiring an in-depth understanding of local political and institutional contexts and dynamics. Promoting gender equality calls for particular attention to the interests of women and girls within any social group because prevailing formal and informal institutions (or “rules of the game”) will otherwise tend to disadvantage them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Among the 62 countries where at least 5 per cent of the population practised open defecation in 2015,18 countries are currently on track to meet the 2030 target. In another 36 countries, the current rate of progress is too slow to reach the target. For the remaining eight countries, open defecation rates have actually increased since 2000. It can contaminate drinking water sources and limit opportunities for safe and productive reuse of water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is not the space to consider all of these multiple perspectives, therefore, the focus of this chapter is on summarising the approaches and findings of what are arguably the three dominant and distinctive schools of thought on the topic. These are firstly, human capital theory and a more recent variation on this theory that argues major changes in the labour market of developed economies, notably the rising demand for higher skills and qualifications, is a response to ‘skill biased technical change’. Secondly, comparative international studies find that the acquisition of high-level intermediate skills by a large proportion of a workforce depends on a set of interlocking institutional arrangements governing not just training but also industrial relations, industry policy, education and welfare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Action in the energy sector to ensure sustainability is tied very closely with action on climate change. There are many co-benefits of climate change action that flow to the energy sector, which include access to clean and safe sources of energy and ensuring climate-resilient infrastructure. If the identified responses, solutions and contributions to combating climate change (NDCs) can be financed and implemented at the same time as extending access to energy to all of their populations, Commonwealth Pacific small states will achieve real independence through energy and economic security. Building local employment capacity to undertake these tasks, and reducing the need for imports, especially through local food production, will also assist in strengthening the economy and reducing fuel import bills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The recent growth in research on "good governance" and the quality of government institutions has been propelled by empirical findings that show that such institutions may hold the key to understanding economic growth and social welfare in developing and transition countries. We argue, however, that a key issue has not been addressed, namely, what quality of government (QoG) actually means at the conceptual level. Based on analyses of political theory, we propose a more coherent and specific definition of QoG: the impartiality of institutions that exercise government authority. We relate the idea of impartiality to a series of criticisms stemming from the fields of public administration, public choice, multiculturalism, and feminism. To place the theory of impartiality in a larger context, we then contrast its scope and meaning with that of a threefold set of competing concepts of quality of government: democracy, the rule of law, and efficiency/effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
After a series of amendments in 2008, the Act requires that import declarations accompany certain plants and plant products, including a wide range of wood and forest products (USDA, 2012). The amendment provisions require increased due diligence by businesses that source and sell wood and wood products (Beveridge and Diamond, 2009). In September 2013, company offices were raided, based on allegations of links to illegal logging activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Train services are usually scheduled and use a small number of stops for loading and unloading. In Western Europe, intermodal freight is a rapidly growing market, unlike block trains and single-wagon services. Kazakhstan alone has about 30 container terminals, all handling a small number of containers. About ten terminals are in the Almaty area alone, the biggest handling a volume of about 30 000 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) per year, or about a train a day.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The attestation process requires the teacher to submit a portfolio containing information about their participation in further training and other pedagogical activities (e.g. development of teaching methods and curricula), as well as information about the educational achievement of their pupils (e.g. winners of Olympiads and other competitions). Those candidates who want to apply for attestation for a category update before the mandatory period of five years is over must also take an examination developed by the National Testing Centre. The examination consists of 60 multiple choice questions (20 questions on Kazakhstan laws and regulations, 20 questions on the basics of psychology and pedagogy, 20 questions on subject knowledge).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The goal would be to provide a rapid response forum, composed of senior officials close to ministers, with timely access to relevant information for managing potential crises. The technical group of member countries of AMIS would work on short-term forecasts, initially in the area of wheat, grain rice and soybeans. Web-based dissemination would ensure that the information reaches as wide an audience as possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Layers of procedures and customs regulations can be big impediments to the flow of goods, and this is especially true of small firms. Time and resources spent in documentary compliance can sometimes be bigger impediments to trade than traditional barriers such as tariffs. The study also showed that the impact of customs-driven delays is more pronounced for sales to newer buyers, of time-sensitive goods, and to countries that are harder to reach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Morocco spouses may make such an agreement in writing in a document separate from the marriage contract.28 In Algeria, a clause can be included in the marriage contract, or the community of assets can be established later in a separate document.29 In Egypt, Libya and Jordan, spouses may also opt for communal assets in the marriage contract. In Jordan the portion of assets registered in the names of both spouses seems to be increasing somewhat. It allows them access to markets, employment, business activities and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This essay offers a consideration of how the affect of chronic disappointment contributes to the formation of extreme beliefs. It debates how the disappointment in question is a matter of social class and the desire for self-betterment, contesting the assumption that fundamentalism constitutes a simple rejection of modernity. The essay also attempts to theorize the ways in which chronic disappointment can lead to the establishment of what is formulated in terms of ‘pariah elitism’. In moving from a consideration of Al Aswany's The Yacoubian Building and Herzl's Alteneuland to a consideration of colonial and postcolonial situations in Southern Africa, it broaches the question of how chronic disappointment serves to challenge both the othering of extremism and extremism's otherings. Finally, the essay suggests that there is a distinction to be maintained between the idealism of extremism and a praxis of good faith.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The situation is even more worrying for young women since nearly 40% of them are neither in employment nor in education or training (which is the second highest rate among OECD countries after Turkey). Overall, nearly 47% of Mexican women are employed or seek employment, an employment rate which is 34% lower the OECD average (OECD, 2014b). Against this background, the informal sector might naturally constitute a preferred alternative for both women and youth in Mexico.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)