albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These can be considered as part of the complex systems of governance that society uses to ensure the effective operations of institutions. In a narrow sense, governance can be defined as ‘the exercise of authority, control, management and power of government’ (World Bank 1991). However, public and private sector organisations, non-governmental organisations (NGOs, sometimes referred to as not-for-profit), charitable bodies and other less formal citizens’ groups all depend on various internal systems of effective governance in order to achieve their objectives. With regard to organisations concerned with the production or use of plastics, governance includes producer responsibility for the sustainable use of resources, minimising material loss and energy usage, and effective design to reduce end-of-life waste generation (Chapter 11). Resolution 70/1, Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’ was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 25 September 2015. It represents a plan of action which encompasses 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs, Box 2.1) and 1 69 targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
At the end of 2016, Tonga and Vanuatu had no women in parliament. Across the countries, there are prevailing traditional views that leadership is for men. To address this issue, some states have considered reserved seats (PNG, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Vanuatu), although only Samoa has been successful in amending its constitution to introduce a 10 per cent quota of women representatives into the national Legislative Assembly (PIFS, 2015a). Tonga is one of the few countries in the world, along with the United States, that have not yet ratified CEDAW.8 The biggest challenge for these countries, though, will be to eliminate violence against women, as recent studies for Fiji, Kiribati, PNG, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu reported that over 60 per cent of women had experienced physical and/or sexual violence (PIFS, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The PCP identifies the main opportunities and constraints for advanced industrialisation and uses this analysis to design and develop a holistic programme for enhancing the host country's industrial development. Moreover, the PCP facilitates the mobilisation and coordination of public and private investment to support large-scale industrial projects for prioritised industrial sectors. In 2019, new PCPs will be formulated for Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Rwanda and Zambia. This sector is thus the engine of growth for transitioning from a low- to a medium-income stage. As regards inclusive development, the emergence of labour-intensive industries in the early stages of industrialisation generates a large number of formal jobs that women and youth can perform. However, overall female employment in manufacturing industries tends to fall during the transition towards medium- and high-tech industries (UNIDO, 2017a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This subjectivity in risk perception is caused by a variety of informal, experiential factors called heuristics. Heuristics refer to behaviours, reflexes and view points which are deeply ingrained in codes of conduct and perceptions that are particularly hard to change and overcome. A specificity of these heuristics is their foundation on irrational intuitive behaviour, by contrast to reasoning or objectivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For instance, in 2014, India accounted for 13% of global secondary steel production despite limited supplies of domestic steel scrap which implies that trade in waste and scrap for material recovery has played an important role (McCarthy et al., Further studies emphasise that imposing trade restrictions on waste and scrap can even potentially undermine production efficiency in emerging economies (in particular advanced developing countries) by limiting the supply of feedstock material at low prices (Higashida and Managi, 2014). In other words, available information on trade in waste and scrap does not easily enable to distinguish how these materials are treated at their destination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, while formal employment presents better opportunities to the employed population, informal employment provides essential income to most. Due to a high rate of population growth and urbanisation, Indonesia has a huge labour force, especially in urban areas, which can be absorbed in the labour market through informal employment. On the other hand, to survive, the poor tend to have to take on any kind of activity even if a job is characterised by a very low wages, irregular working hours, uncertain job tenure, and other similar conditions. These links between the informal sector and the poor mean it is important to learn more about the different aspects of the sector, such as its production processes, the social, economic, and demographic characteristics of its employment population, and the enterprises that compose it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Their impact may be nonsecuritizing/holding, but the inclusiveness of their claims may have transformative effects in the long run, building a more equal and violence-free society. An interesting example of this can be found in Turkey. An organization’s focus on honour crimes, away from immediate Turkey versus Kurds debates, has allowed the CoSO to establish good relations with both Kurdish and Turkish actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Access to justice is both a topic of engaged social-legal research and a key component of legal professional ideology. There is a relationship between the two. The more committed the organized legal profession to the issue of access to justice, the higher the profile of scholarly research on topics that relate in one form or another to access to justice. The organized bar's commitment peaked in the 1960s and 1970s, waned in the 1980s, and has not regained the position it once had on the domestic U.S. agenda. In contrast, however, access to justice has recently emerged strongly on the reform agenda that U.S. and multilateral foreign aid organizations – along with the U.S. legal profession – are promoting abroad as part of the renewed post Cold War effort to build the rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is especially the case for advanced economies which are highly dependent on electrified infrastructures and information technologies. The last channel concerns regions with little access to electricity: water scarcity can be an additional obstacle to the delivery of access. This is particularly relevant for regions where the development of electricity is projected to be based to a large extent on hydropower technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
One country where final users receive this signal is Korea, where laws were passed in the period 1999-2002 to set up river basin authorities financed by bulk water use charges, which are passed on to consumers through tariffs. This information was provided by national experts as part of the response to the OECD 2007-08 Survey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the same year, UNDP's Executive Board reported that “.. .since 2008,UNDP has invested great efforts in strengthening capacity for gender mainstreaming, and requests UNDP both to continue to maintain and to increase its investments to accelerate the strengthening of capacity and the delivery of programming for gender equality and the empowerment of women in line with the Gender Equality Strategy.” It also co-chairs the United Nations Development Group subgroup on accounting for resources and will serve on the UN-SWAP Gender Marker Help Desk in 2015. The Global Gender Team also provides technical support to the World Food Programme in its development of a certificate of excellence similar to the Gender Equality Seal and has advised on its gender policy. The vast majority of this support was policy advice and advice on piloting new approaches and tools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Balance-of-power politics have shaped how countries, especially the United States and China, have responded to the covid-19 pandemic  The manner in which geopolitics have influenced responses to this outbreak is unprecedented, and the impact has also been felt in the field of international law  This article surveys how geopolitical calculations appeared in global health from the mid-nineteenth century through the end of the Cold War and why such calculations did not, during this period, fundamentally change international health cooperation or the international law used to address health issues  The astonishing changes in global health and international law on health that unfolded during the post-Cold War era happened in a context not characterized by geopolitical machinations  However, the covid-19 pandemic emerged after the balance of power had returned to international relations, and rival great powers have turned this pandemic into a battleground in their competition for power and influence  © 2020
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the United Republic of Tanzania, the Southern Agricultural Corridor Land Use Dialogue (SAGCOT) takes an integrated approach to managing agricultural and wooded landscapes, thereby potentially contributing to SDGs 8 and 15. These case studies illustrate the benefits of a landscape-scale approach to integrating forestry, agriculture and other goals such as watershed management and climate resilience. However, the case studies - such as those from Nepal and the United Republic of Tanzania - also highlight the potential difficulties of reconciling a broad landscape-scale approach with a fully decentralized one that empowers local communities and villages, as well as the need to overcome these difficulties through cooperation between community groups and authorities operating on a landscape scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Although the polarised education pattern of foreign-bom employment remained, a vast improvement in educational levels can be observed in 2011 particularly among young South African-bom workers. The share of tertiary educated youth almost tripled to 5.7%, while those with a primary education or less halved to 9.6%. While black foreign-born workers are still overrepresented among lower education groups compared to all other foreign-born workers, the share of these workers with a secondary or higher level of education has grown much more than for all other foreign-bom workers. The same trend is visible among the South African-bom population, suggesting that education levels among the entire black labour force rose substantially between 2001 and 2011, compared to the rest of the labour force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, there are no monitoring data for substantiating the state and impacts of reservoirs. Lakes Ohrid, Prespa and Shkoder are, possibly, at risk of not achieving the WFD criteria for "good" status. Most groundwaters appear to be still of good quality, although there are insufficient monitoring data to assess their possible pollution with pesticides or heavy metals, among other things. Milestones include the adoption of the Law on Integrated Water Resources Management No. However, secondary legislation to implement the WFD is still lacking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For Mexico, the data in Figure 22.2 were derived from the Economic Census 2009. For Japan, the figure refers to the number of men and women sole-proprietors with and without employees, and not to women and men-owned sole-proprietor enterprises. Japanese data are thus not fully comparable with other countries, given that a single sole proprietor can own more than one enterprise and that there might be gender differences in the propensity to own more than one enterprise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
China, India, Turkey and Arab partners provided about 13% of total official support for infrastructure through South-South development co-operation. Seeking to address inefficient and costly infrastructure delivery, many governments over the past two decades have turned to public-private partnerships (PPPs) to build and operate infrastructure. The key characteristic of PPPs is the outsourcing and "bundling" of project delivery components (e.g. design, building, financing, operations), to incentivise the builder-operator to incorporate long-term operating-cost considerations into the design and construction phases of a project, and to reduce co-ordination costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
But as the types of deprivations captured in the HDI and MPI are reduced for individuals and societies, other deprivations become more prominent. People have more choices and freedoms, but there are still constraints that limit life potential. For example, the My World global survey being conducted by the United Nations in support of the 2030 Agenda assessed development issues that matter most to people.108 More than 9 million responses have prioritized action issues from 16 options, ranging from securing a good education and ensuring political freedom to tackling climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This action must begin now - with the increasing intensity of climate change impacts, building resilience will become ever more difficult. Delaying the transformation of the agricultural sectors will force poorer countries to fight poverty, hunger and climate change at the same time. Wide adoption of practices such as the use of nitrogen-efficient and heat-tolerant crop varieties, zero-tillage and integrated soil fertility management would boost productivity and farmers' incomes, and help lower food prices. By one estimate, the number of people at risk of undernourishment in developing countries in 2050 could be reduced by more than 120 million through widespread use of nitrogen-efficient crop varieties alone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Policy makers generally regulate the GHG emissions over which they have jurisdiction, leading to the use of territorial emission accounts in climate policy (Peters et al, 2009). Since in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol applies "common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities", climate policies are most prominent in developed countries. Since the developed countries represent a decreasing share of global emissions, climate policies have had limited effect in reducing the growth in global emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The largest reductions occurred in manufacturing and in the construction sector with a decrease in emissions of more than 40%, one third higher than the average decline in the EU 15. In addition, contrary to many other OECD countries, emissions w'ere reduced in the transport sector, notably in road transportation. Mitigation was less pronounced for electricity and heat production but still slightly higher than the EU15 average and contributing strongly to the GHG abatement, given its large share of total emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This reflects the fact that adaptation is context-specific and changing over time. Only a limited number of adaptation INDCs have specific actions or aims, and quantitative indicators by which progress toward these aims will be assessed. Several other INDCs include qualitative indicators to measure progress and/or indicate that a monitoring system will be developed, but it is not yet clear how progress will be measured through such indicators and systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For the non-indigent poor, the figure was 15%, and it was even lower in the two other groups (13% for the at-risk group and 6% for those not at risk). These data point up the complexity of the situation to be addressed by anti-poverty policies, in the broad sense of the term, w'hen dealing with sectors w'here ethnic identity' is a significant factor, since, in these cases, policy initiatives have to focus on basic needs satisfaction, recognition, and social and cultural inclusiveness at one and the same time. Among the indigent and the non-indigent poor, minors (up to 17 years of age) make up 51% and 45%, respectively, which means that children account for nearly half of the poor population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There are 12 institutions in the Netherlands that offer heroin and/or methadone treatment for long-term addicts. A quarter of opium addicts live in social isolation and has multiple interrelated psychological issues (Loth, 2009). These sustained substance-dependent patients remain a vulnerable group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Although smaller in volume, species such as Swordfish, Giant Squid, Toothfish, King Crab, Sea Urchin, Southern rays bream and Loco are important sources of revenue for the small-scale sector. Catches by industrial vessels in international waters are mainly Jack mackerel from the area of the South Pacific RFMO and Patagonian toothfish in the area of CCAMLR. For artisanal vessels, swordfish is the main species targeted in international w'aters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Since the end of military government in Brazil, civilian governments have sought the accumulation and exercise of power to the detriment of the citizenry. Since the 1990s they have started to implement information technology in the public sector to regulate and run the country in a command-and-control way through technological or bureaucratic dictatorship rather than democratic process. While it is evident that there is a high level of investment in information technology in the public sector (e-government) in Brazil, there are also clear signs of the violation of human rights in terms of privacy. It is alleged that thousands of individual files have been accessed in the public administration, despite the privacy protection offered by the national constitution. This paper shows how information technology (e-government) in Brazil could lead to violations of human rights, including invisible electronic surveillance that affects civil liberties and individual rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Conversely, in Italy and Ireland, severe material deprivation increased at the same rate for the most deprived regions (Sicily in Italy, Midland and Western region in Ireland) and for the country as a whole.10 These severe material deprivation rates calculated at regional level are highly correlated with the relative income poverty headcounts in some countries (in Italy, in particular), while the correlation is not statistically significant in others (e.g. Spain). Statistics to monitor multiple dimensions of material deprivation have been developed through a harmonized survey for Europe, but comparable data are rarely available for non-European OECD countries. A policy-relevant ranking of regional material deprivation can also be obtained through composite indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Adding incrementally founders’ characteristics such as age, education level and education field, past professional experience, and patent ownership decreases the coefficient of interest in Model 1 to 3 percentage points (Table 1, Columns 2-5). This change is robust to the decrease in sample size. By contrast, in the case of the amount of funding received (conditional on receiving funding at all), including founders’ characteristics as controls do not affect the difference in the amount received by male and female-founded start-ups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Fuel imports accounted for 6 per cent of GDP and 14 per cent of merchandise imports in 2014. The transport sector and the electricity sector are the largest users of fossil fuels (Figure 9.3). Roads are being upgraded and Port Vila has a unique minibus service that serves as the main public transport system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
An exception to this is the evaluation and monitoring of the CEIBAL Plan, which has an internal department dedicated to these tasks. Some programme evaluations are also carried out by CODICEN’s Division for Research, Evaluation and Statistics (INEEd, 2015). Some controls are performed to ensure this budget is spent on the items allowed (INEEd, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Even if these static and dynamic gains from trade openness do not also benefit the poorest households in the country directly, the gain in national income provides more wherewithal for the government to assist them indirectly. This could come via public goods such as investments in rural infrastructure to reduce trade costs in and to/from the poorest regions of the country. It could also come via social protection instruments such as conditional cash payments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Strong national and international leadership needs to send clear and consistent signals that abuses will not be tolerated in peacekeeping missions. Measures need to be put into place to adequately address the needs of women, men, boys and girls who have been forcibly recruited and suffered gender-based violence. Initiatives can be made to recruit female former combatants into the police and armed forces. Male former combatants should be provided with counselling and programmes aimed at preventing gender-based violence on reintegration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, caps on sales established on the basis of past consumption could be reviewed, the participation of dealers could be allowed and regulated third-party access to private infrastructure introduced. The requirement not to sell water to users considered to be of lower priority in the law could be reconsidered. On the other hand, owing to the environmental effects that trades may have on parties that are external to the trading partners, trades will need to remain subject to control by the RBAs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It implies that she gives compensation to her husband, the amount of which is generally determined by the courts. In Egypt, she renounces all of her financial interests and returns her dowry. For Egyptian women who can afford to return the dowry, the procedure is easier than fault-based divorce, in the case of poor women, the value of the dowry is quite low, but a woman may be rather dependent on the dowry and it may be difficult for her to give it back.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While it is correct that, aside from hydro (the potential of which is low but of high quality) and wind (which provides low-quality power), modern renewables continue to be significantly more expensive, economic limits are ultimately a lesser constraint, as they can be overcome with political will and special efForts. In fact, most energy technology debates completely disregard associated socio-political limits. In pluralistic democracies, the “not-in-my-backyard” (NIMBY) attitude is a powerful factor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A fair and transparent regulatory and policy framework helps to secure and promote private-sector involvement. It is up to governments to ensure that the poor benefit from ICTs whenever and wherever possible. This can be ensured by formulating policies that specifically focus on the interests of the poor, encouraging network operators to channel part of their investments towards less commercially attractive regions, encouraging and co-financing ICT applications that directly benefit the poor, such as information points in local community centres, and investing in ICT applications in the public sector. Velde te et al (2013) confirm that aid for trade, in general, is effective at both the micro and macro levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Stakeholders from all six neighbouring economies have joined the initiative, focusing on market coupling and cross-border balancing at the regional level. Cross-border electricity markets based on the regional co-operation of system operators in terms of capacity calculation and making capacity available to markets will increase efficiency and benefit all consumers. However managing congestion over the interconnectors w hile ensuring the reliability of transmission networks poses considerable challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)