albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Since September 11, 2001, various Western democracies have reformed and strengthened their national security apparatuses by introducing new organizational structures and policies to curb incidence of terrorism by violent extremist organizations. These changes have catalyzed several prominent intelligence communities into formidable challengers against large-scale centralized acts of terrorism. These successes, however, are being overshadowed by the emerging threat of lone wolf terrorism. Many scholars and policy-makers have attempted to create typologies of lone wolf terrorists by identifying behaviors akin to some type of radicalization processes. Although these potential categorizations have effectively provided reactive analysis, their research and policy prescriptions have been problematic and failed to provide proactive solutions or recommendations for law enforcement and the intelligence community. In this paper, we examine the literature on lone wolf phenomena. We then attempt to fill a gap in the ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract The paper evaluates the changes that have taken place in the political economy of global trade, particularly the growing influence of international organizations and their rules and norms, and the institutional exclusion of the Commonwealth Caribbean that has resulted. The work begins by assessing briefly the dynamics of one of the last successful trade negotiations undertaken by the Caribbean (the agreement on a single European banana market in 1993). Since then the international trading climate has altered dramatically with negative consequences for the Caribbean's economic performance. The paper evaluates recent events in the agricultural (banana) and service (cross-border gambling and betting) sectors, which have highlighted attention on the highly influential role of the World Trade Organization (WTO). There is also a consideration of the process of diplomacy within the WTO and an evaluation of the Caribbean's efforts to secure its voice in the organization. In addition, there is an analysis...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This involves calls for tender for the construction of the work, hiring contractors and supervising the execution of the project or projects. Finally, the closing of the neighbourhood contract with the neighbourhood development council includes an evaluation of the programme, recording the experiences of the participants of the project, drawing up an agenda for the future, the alignment of the community’s commitments with the facilities’ operation and maintenance needs, and the formulation of new multi-sector projects. At a “closing event”, the neighbourhood history compiled by the project is presented to the community to promote the continuity of the social and community dynamics initiated by the project and to strengthen the community organisations formed by the programme. Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC, Ministerio de Viviendra y Urbanismo (n.d.), Programa Recuperacion de Barrios, www.minvu.cVopensite_20070212164909.aspx, accessed June 2012. However the programme has limited resources (about USD 1 million per neighbourhood).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As the Cold War recedes, it becomes increasingly difficult to imagine what might have been and to objectively assess the contribution of Gorbachev's leadership and his legacy. Quite apart from the loss of a historic opportunity to build a radically different post-Cold War international relations, it is that the West did so in large measure out of an inability to understand that this was what, at least by 1989–1990, was central to Gorbachev's diplomacy. By focusing on our victory of superior power, and ignoring the role of Gorbachev's ideas, we ensured that what followed would indeed continue to be dominated by power politics. Once again, realism helps create the world it purports only to describe. By spurning Gorbachev's potentially greatest legacy as a twentieth-century leader, we ensured that this legacy would indeed be considerably less that it might have been.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Public research and development (R&D) budgets have started to level off or even decline in many OECD countries. The rise of global value chains (GVCs), the now central role of entrepreneurship, the search for new sources of growth, and the challenges raised by environmental and social issues have introduced new objectives and instruments for policy intervention. Recent interest in "systems innovation” illustrates a shift in the policy paradigm of certain countries towards innovation policies that support large-scale socio-economic transformations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Meanwhile, there is a need for more systematic impact assessments of factors determining the rate of success of incubators, technology parks and software labs. Android for Developing, a pilot project, was launched in Mozambique in 2010 and is expected to be replicated and further developed in other contexts. The pilot project is part of the first phase of cooperation between Fraunhofer Portugal AICOS and its African partners aimed at fostering the joint development of high technology products that can respond to local demand and thereby have a potential to become commercially viable. The open source Android platform was chosen as it enables powerful applications for smartphones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Canada, many of these are recent. In New Zealand, on the other hand, the Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840 as a founding document of the country itself and so has had far longer to help define core values and practices. Among other things, it states: “Under this Treaty, responsibility for Maori language (and its revival) is shared between Maori and the Crown.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Department of Employment and the Workplace Gender Equality Agency are held responsible for the implementation of these principles. In Spain, the legislation guiding procurement provides a more flexible language stating that “contracting authorities may establish social considerations such as the elimination of inequalities between men and women’'. These instruments are useful to bring clarity to both government organisations and those seeking contracts on what is expected and how equality is determined. A number of countries such as Canada and Spain also focus efforts to develop gender expertise among procurement officials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The first target of the first SDG proposed by the Open Working Group (OWG) of Member States is to “eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere” by 2030. The second target is to reduce at least by half the proportion of people living in poverty according to national definitions. These are noble and historic targets for global progress—they deserve their status at the top of the list. At the same time, they illustrate issues affecting a considerable number of the 169 development targets proposed by OWG, such as how do we measure them and are they plausible?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Simple models of health system delivery' could help improve maternal health outcomes in Africa. Several countries have shown that this is achievable. A health system that leverages local knowledge (as is the case in Eritrea and Malawi regarding the complementarity of TBAs), networks and people is more likely to reach a very large segment of the poor in terms of maternal and neonatal services in Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Mapping should include stakeholders who have a formal responsibility and who have an impact on the decision-making process, as well as stakeholders w'ith a material interest or who might be impacted by the project/policy process or its outcomes. The mapping exercise can help: i) show' the core governance functions of identified stakeholders (i.e. policy making, regulation, financing, service delivery, w'ater resources management, etc.), It can shed light on the stakeholders who have the most influence or power over the process, for instance when they have control over decisions or how they are implemented. It also helps identify possible gaps and overlaps, and to look beyond the “usual suspects” to reflect the actual diversity of actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, because it is innovative and new (at the demonstration and early market introduction stages) the typical household in rural settings would not be appropriate for hydrogen use. There are, however, some 400 stationary hydrogen demonstrations in the world. Unlike the photovoltaic industry or solar water-heating and cooling and other alternative technology industries which have started from scratch, hydrogen is already a large business with an infrastructure that can kick-start production, storage, delivery or energy applications as the deployment process continues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Oslo Manual defines a business innovation as “a new or improved product or business process (or combination thereof) that differs significantly from the firm's previous products or business processes and that has been introduced on the market or brought into use by the firm.” The product can be either a good or a service. Innovation activities “include all developmental, financial and commercial activities undertaken by a firm that are intended to result in an innovation for the firm”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
With the recognition ofthe importance of disaster risk reduction, the initial framework evolved into the Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Risk Management National Action Plan 2006-2016 and with further recognition ofthe importance of an integrated policy response to climate change and disasters, Vanuatu's latest policy guideline is framed in its Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy 2016-2030, which was endorsed in 2015. This plan was initiated following the lessons learnt from Cyclone Pam. In addition, a Provincial Disaster and Climate Response Plan 2016 is in place to guide provincial councils to enhance coordination between the national, provincial, area council and community levels in terms of prevention of.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
While Further Education in Northern Ireland has traditionally occupied the sphere between compulsory school education and higher education, delivered by universities (OECD, 2014[ioj), it has also contributed to increasing social inclusion, removing barriers to employment and strengthening the linkages between education and industry' (Department for Employment and Learning, 2016). In terms of higher education, there are also two universities, which are independent private bodies that receive their incomes from a number of sources, including student fees but also public funds. The Department of Education is responsible for curriculum and learning development as well as ensuring the infrastructure of schools across Northern Ireland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Human geography today exhibits unprecedented vitality and diversity. This survey first charts some major lines of research in the field in light of the ascendancy of critical theory, political economy, and poststructuralist thought, including feminism, the cultural turn, consumption, urban geography, and globalization. Next, it focuses on several “cutting-edge” issues, such as race, postcolonialism, the social construction of nature, representations of space, and cyberspace. Finally, the article turns an eye toward the future, offering comments on the discipline's likely trajectories with regard to the blurring of traditional dualisms, methodological integration, and the lacunae of public policy and geographic education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Two parallel norms mandate an international duty to hold state leaders individually accountable for serious corruption and human rights crimes. The development of these new norms is poorly explained by realist and neoliberal perspectives, but there are also weaknesses in recent constructivist explanations of norm diffusion that emphasize agency at the expense of structure. Such approaches have difficulty explaining the source of and similarities between new norms, and treat norm entrepreneurs as prior to and separate from their environment. In contrast, drawing on sociological institutionalism, we present a more structural explanation of individual accountability norms. The norms derive from an overarching modernist world culture privileging individual rights and responsibilities, as well as rational-legal authority. This culture is more generative of norm entrepreneurs than generated by them. The specific norms are instantiated through a process of �theorization� within permissive post�Cold War conditions, and diffused via mimicry, professionalization, and coercive isomorphism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although Article (58) of Family Law (Part 1), requires women to stay in the accommodation provided by their husbands, women have the right to apply this article if it is so stipulated in the marriage contract or if a substantial hindrance is proven before the judiciary. This text is intended to address the husband’s responsibility of providing accommodation rather than to hinder the wife’s mobility (information provided by the government of Bahrain). Two types of custody exist in Bahrain: i) custody that gives preference to the father, related to financial issues and marriage, stated in the law of custody on financial issues, ii) custody that gives preference to the mother, w'hich is related to maternal custody and breast-feeding, stated in the Family Law Article (132) (information provided by the government of Bahrain). Physical abuse includes hitting, slapping, punching, choking, pushing, burning and other types of contact that result in physical injury to the victim.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Moreover, unemployment rates have reached record low levels. Since late 2011, the unemployment rate has fluctuated around 6% per cent, the lowest in the past 15 years. Accordingly, real wages have been rising, though their growth has recently been volatile (Figure 1.1). More than two million new jobs, accounting for 13% of total employment, have been created since 2000, half of which have been since 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper argues that cosmopolitan law has been more successfully achieved not by appeal to a supra-state authority or community, but by the development of features of existing treaty law. Specifically, it shows how the International Criminal Court's jurisdiction over serious human rights violations has been extended to the citizens and territories of non-member states – and even to otherwise immune state officials – not by challenging the sovereignty of non-member states directly, but on the basis of member states’ own territorial sovereignty and the universal jurisdiction which they delegate to the Court and to the United Nations Security Council. In light of this, the authors argue that cosmopolitanism is better conceived not as invoking an independent sense of global community that supersedes and constrains state sovereignty, but as an immanent, contingent and creative development of statist criminal law itself, rooted in its principles of state sovereignty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These traits will be able to be commercially grown in Vietnam following variety registration that will take one season to complete. All four genetically modified maize traits went through confined and multi-location field trials conducted by MARD during 2010-12. According to FAO, the irrigation potential in Viet Nam is 9.4 million ha, of which close to 50% (4.6 million ha) has been developed. Investment in irrigation and flood protection has been a major focus of the government since the 1970s, with some 80% of the capital investment funds available to the agriculture sector allocated to improving and expanding irrigation, and protecting flood prone areas from damage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Indeed, compared to the HDI, several developing countries, such as Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador, advance considerably (by 16 or more places) up the “human sustainable development index” when carbon emissions are factored in.6 Some richer countries, notably the United States and Canada, fall significantly. The success of the eco-social turn depends on whether a social and political perspective can be adopted in policy responses to environmental degradation and climate change. Section 3 analyses the social dimensions of green economy approaches and highlights the need to adopt an eco-social lens in order to ensure that economies are not only green but also equitable and inclusive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
More males than females suffer and die from diarrhoea in every region except South-East Asia. Absence or inadequate provision of public toilets for women reflects - and reinforces - women's exclusion from public power and public spaces more generally. Yet many millions of people in the world lack even the most rudimentary means of obtaining safe water, while billions do not have sanitation facilities that are protected from outside contamination (UN 2015, UN 2014, UN-Women 2014, WHO and UNICEF 2014). Water and sanitation access, demand, provision, priority, health, organization and policy are gendered, even if this is manifested in different ways in different places. The gendered dimensions of the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector are increasingly reflected in public policy agendas, but concrete results have been partial and uneven. Water was generally thought of as a physical resource whose provision was determined, for the most part, by the hydrological cycle and physical infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
That is to say, they are more costly than they need to be to achieve the stated objectives of policy. Fossil-fuel consumption subsidies worldwide amounted to USD 548 billion in 2013 (IEA, 2014). In OECD countries, budgetary support and tax expenditures benefitting the production or consumption of fossil fuels amounted to an estimated USD 55-90 billion per annum in recent years, according to a recent inventory by the OECD (OECD, 2013b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In 2015, not a single developed country offered an entry-level broadband connection with speeds below 1 Mbit/s, but a large majority of LDCs did. These differences in available speeds have an impact on the types of services and applications that users can access and benefit from. Globally, handset-based mobile-broadband prices fell from an average of PPP$ 29 per month in 2013 to PPP$ 18 in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The implementation of the polluter-pays and beneficiary-pays principles is essential to ensure that those who generate future liabilities or benefit from resources also bear the related costs. For instance, it is estimated that in Parafba BRL 2 million could be collected through water charges once the state system is fully operational, according to the volumes established by water permits. This represents ten times the current budget of the state water agency, of which only 7.5% can be spent on overhead costs for governance functions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Additionally, young people will have to live longer than their elders with the repercussions of current environmental decisions. Aside from being subjected to environmental consequences, young people are especially well-positioned to be advocates, problem-solvers, and agents for environmental change. Meaningful partnerships with young people can raise wider awareness, create capacity, and drive behaviour change that promotes sustainable consumption and protection of our natural resources (United Nations, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It has to be noted that rape in Nepal is still largely not considered as violence against women but rather as something for which women are to be blamed.49 Thus, people do not want to marry a returnee who has certainly been Arabi le bhyayeko (already used by an Arab). On top of this, they are also putting their efforts into advising prospective migrants on safe migration and preventing trafficking and exploitation. Janaki decided to migrate to escape domestic violence, after she was forced into marriage when she was only 13 years old.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
School choice is associated with greater diversification in the social composition of different schools (OECD, 2007a, Musset, 2012), parents choosing schools according to several different factors instead of academic record alone (Sanders and Epstein, 1998, Musset, 2012). Parents tend to be concerned about their own, individual child rather than about school or system-wide endeavours aimed at benefiting all children (Fullan, 2007, Hargreaves, 2000, Westbury, 2007). They may have a role in curriculum development processes - intentional and often collective activity or process aimed at beneficial educational change (Marsh and Willis, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At the end of the lease, or under the agreement according to the type of agreement signed, she usually has the option to purchase the property at a price determined at the beginning of the contract. The price to purchase the agreement or the outstanding capital takes account of the rent already paid: it is the residual value. Mortgage payments are composed of a part of the capital borrowed, the interest due on the borrowed capital, plus, if applicable, disability and life insurance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Post-conflict situations are windows of opportunity during which gender relations can and should be rethought and which, if properly utilized, can serve as the right moment to “rewrite” the rules and practices that previously served as obstacles to the participation of women in society. Overall, our book is meant to challenge the popular and often-propagated assumption that women should be supported, empowered and given a voice merely in their roles as victims. Collectively, we provide evidence in support of the growing understanding at international, national and local levels that while - and because - women are disproportionately affected by war, they can be powerful agents of positive and sustainable change if brought on board and given the chance to participate in every aspect of a society’s peacebuilding process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It also sponsors a business plan competition for women entrepreneurs, “The Women in Business Challenge” that generates women’s interest in developing new business ideas and receiving training and coaching on how to do a business plan. ( However, significant gender distinctions existed in the depth of the needs identified and how to effectively deliver business development services. Time, mobility and socio-cultural constraints on women shape the focus, content and logistics that are fundamental to successful BDS provision for women (Box 6.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While there has been an enormous growth in microfinance, with particular outreach to poor women, this has not compensated for the failure to increase access to a broad range of financial institutions for the majority of small-and medium-scale entrepreneurs (see chapter V). Fiscal space” has been restricted by the need to attract and retain mobile domestic and international capital, leading to a steady decline in the incidence of taxation on capital (ILO, 2008a). This has resulted in limited domestic resources to invest in structural policies which promote development priorities. Low levels of taxation hurt poor women in particular. Budgets at the national, local and provincial levels are an important mechanism for governments to ensure that women benefit from public-sector expenditures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)