albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Newly created green jobs will not only require high level skills. Whilst it is true that higher-level skills will be needed for some jobs this will not be the case for all jobs. For instance, a recent study in London estimated that around half of the existing low carbon jobs in London would require either intermediate or low level skills47 (see learning model). Enabling people to participate is crucial in this regard and more effort is needed to help young people and those currently out of work to benefit from the opportunities associated with the green economy. Moreover, facilitating access to employment opportunities for the low skilled and vulnerable in society also plays an important part (i.e. ensuring public transport routes are well designed and enable the unemployed or inactive to reach areas of high levels of job growth within a reasonable time). In fact, the transition should be seen as part of a wider economic restructuring of the economy over the medium to long-term, similar in nature and pattern (if not considerably smaller in its potential) to the shift to a knowledge economy that has been ongoing in developed economies for decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The country has by far the lowest penetration of generic drugs in the EU (11% of the total volume of reimbursed pharmaceuticals versus 49% in Member States with available data in 2015) (Figure 14). To increase the use of generics, the Ministry of Health introduced a generic substitution policy in late 2014. Although there is no gatekeeping and outpatient contacts are low, it does not seem to lead to elevated numbers of hospital cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Infrastructure and uiban form need to be redesigned to increase the attractiveness of and well-being in cities. New innovation and technologies will be fostered to retain the autonomy of older people. Development of new business models and investment strategies will be explored to bring innovative technologies to the market. The need for remodeling the existing housing stock will stimulate the housing market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Big gender differences persist in mathematics and science. Women are less likely than men to be in managerial positions, but the picture is diverse: the female share of managers in Latin America is higher than the OECD average, while the opposite generally holds for other emerging economies. They are Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Morocco, Mexico, Peru, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Tunisia and Turkey (OECD, 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This figure is a compilation of paleo sea level data (purple), tide gauge data (blue, red and green), altimeter data (light blue), and central estimates and likely ranges for projections of global-mean sea level rise from the combination of models for Representative Concentration Pathways for a scenario that corresponds to above 700 ppm C02-eq but below 1500 ppm) (blue) and a worst case scenario (red), all relative to pre-industrial values. These data confirm that the rate of rise has increased from low rates of change (on the order of tenths of mm/yr) to rates of almost 2 mm/yr averaged over the 20th century, with a likely continuing acceleration during the 20th century. Payne, W.T. Pfeffer, D. Stammer and A.S. Unnikrishnan, 2013: Sea Level Change. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The two top panels of Figure 5 summarize trends in SA benefit receipt by plotting annual receipt rates for working-age individuals in the eight countries. The presentation is split by data source, because the method used for defining the benefit variable depends on the type of data. Specifically, rates of benefit receipt calculated for administrative data reflect benefit receipt at any time during the given calendar year, while benefit receipt in survey data sets is measured at the time of the interview only.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
To some extent, all work could be categorized as indirect care in that its ultimate purpose is to enhance or support human life (ibid.). For the purposes of this discussion, however, care refers to either direct care services or indirect services that support care. Such a perspective emphasizes how essential indirect care services are for providing direct care.a particularly significant point for developing countries, where infrastructure and public services can be so limited (Razavi 2007). This conceptualization is similar to the notion of reproduction used by Marxist feminists, where the labour force is reproduced both in the long run in terms of preparing the next generation to enter the labour force as well as in the short run as the daily care given to paid workers to enable them to resume their paid work (Folbre 1994, Picchio 1991).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In particular, the proportion of workers with short job tenure may tend to fall during an economic downturn. This results from both reduced hiring and lay-offs of newly-hired workers, therefore, it does not indicate a "true" improvement in job quality. Job tenure indicators and the share of workers with fixed-term contracts are two complementary approaches of employment stability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The database is available at http://ieep.unido.org. A list of policies is in Annex 14. The World Energy Council (WEC 2010) reports that as of2009,70 countries (or two-thirds of surveyed countries) had adopted national energy programmes with national and sectoral quantitative targets for energy-efficiency improvements, twice as many as in 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition, detailed information will be available in the near future from forest inventories and taxations on the forest district level, which are implemented as the basis for 10-year management plans. Only 20% of the total forest area is available for wood supply, but according to the legislation these areas also have to fulfil erosion control and water protection functions. Nearly 10% of the total forest is conserved for protection of biodiversity in protected areas, but the conservation of biodiversity is also considered in the management of forest areas outside the protected area system. One study (Garforth, et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There are different explanations for this, including its unpopularity with citizens, the administration of the tax, and the demanding process of property valuation. The large intergovernmental transfers also allow governments not to raise property tax rates. In Kazakhstan, most rayow-level governments and even the two cities of republican significance do not have the technological capacity and the personnel to administer property tax.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The global context, too, is important, and the discussions on systemic drivers and some of the more central BAU scenarios relate Africa to the rest of the world on key aspects of green growth and industrialization. The methodology is explained in box 5.3 with detail in Annex 1. Their operations also are often inclusive of small farmers who help to improve productivity and maintain economies of scale (Sheahan and Barrett, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Young people from poor or vulnerable families are more likely to have informal work than middle-class youth. Informality rates are slightly higher for young women and for younger workers than among older youth and adults. Crucially, and in line with existing evidence, less-educated youth experience higher informality rates (68% for young workers with primary school or less vs. 24% for workers with a university degree).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Innovation can breathe new life into slowing stagnant markets, and act as a mechanism to enhance any organisation’s ability to adapt to changing environments (Damanpour and Gopalakrishnan, 1998, Hargadon and Sutton, 2000). Both innovation policies and theory have mainly focused on the business sector (Lekhi, 2007). Businesses need to innovate in order to keep up with competition by introducing new products or services, improving the efficiency of their production processes and organisational arrangements, or enhancing the marketing of their activities in order to guarantee their survival.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The number of pre-school institutions was 8 392 units in 2013 with a net enrolment of 631 489 children, a significant increase from 232 925 children enrolled in 2007 (MESRK, 2013b). The duration of lower secondary education is 5 years, followed either by 2 years in general upper secondary education or 3 or 4 years in technical and vocational education. Students that successfully complete general or vocational upper secondary education can attend either post-secondary technical and vocational training programmes or continue to higher education (OECD, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This allows policy makers to anticipate future spending pressures. Where programmes are predominantly financed by donor sources, this exercise also demonstrates which interventions might be most vulnerable to a withdrawal of external support. Given the broad range of stakeholders involved in social protection, the exercise also sheds light on where there might be cost-savings from a more systematic approach to social protection that exploits economies of scale, common administrative mechanisms or broader policy coherence across the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As countries reduce extreme absolute poverty, concerns of social inclusion, better represented by relative poverty lines, become increasingly relevant. Anchoring the poverty line to median welfare makes the poverty line dependent on distributional parameters beyond the mean, thus allowing for poverty lines that differ across countries with the same level of income per capita. The paper derives and presents relative poverty headcount ratios from publicly available grouped data for 114 countries. An examination of the trends in absolute and relative poverty in Brazil, China and the United States uncovers commonalities that are not apparent if the analysis focuses on national poverty lines or different concepts across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, lower tariffs are applied to days of care above and below standard duration thresholds within each DRG group. Tariffs also vary between public and non-profit and private hospitals, where physicians' fees are paid separately. In particular, the number of DRG groups increased from 700 in 2004 to about 2 300 in 2009, and duration thresholds have been regularly adjusted. For example, since 2010, some short stays are paid using a fixed fee and a daily tariff. Moreover, public hospitals have some leeway to adjust the amounts charged to complementary insurance plans and households, such as the per-diem tariffs (tarifs journaliers de prestation). Such differences blur the incentives of public payments and do not ensure equal treatment for patients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Finally, the proportion of threatened plants is high (from 42% to 55%) in aquatic habitats, along watercourses and ponds, in wetlands and grasslands, and on meadows and dry moors (Table 4.2). Of these, eight are “priority habitats” that are under threat. They include certain types of dry meadows, alluvial forests and ravine forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Initially, most ofthe panel components were imported, but today, all the parts are produced domestically. In this regard, Rahimafrooz, a local firm that initially manufactured lead-acid batteries for the systems, has expanded its operation to include exports to Nepal and Bhutan. More recently, Rahimafrooz set up the first solar panel assembly plant in Bangladesh (Parvez, 2009) and has begun to export panels to Africa (Ahmed, 2011), in addition, it has signed a memorandum of understanding with TATA BP Solar on building a 5 megawatt (mw) solar power plant in Bangladesh (Daily Star, 2010), thereby further building international linkages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Cappellari & Jenkins (2008a, p. 14) however report that the large majority of recipients were paid income-based JSA. The analysis below focuses on the programmes listed under ‘principal social assistance variable’ for able-bodied, working-age individuals. In Germany and the United Kingdom, this includes programmes that are formally labelled as unemployment benefits but, following the typology in Section 1, share key characteristics of SA programmes. For Germany, Latvia, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United Kingdom, results are also provided for HB.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Given the lack of a culture of shared care responsibilities and of suitable public policies with a gender perspective, these changes in demand for care exacerbate the family responsibilities taken on by women (Rossel, 2016). Time-use data is key in this analysis, considering that it helps identify people who require care and the services being provided at present. Mostly importantly, it helps determine the social organization of care and estimate the impact of future demographic changes on existing supply conditions. The modalities with respect to the type of activities surveyed and the persons receiving care vary considerably from one country to the next.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The cadastre has introduced performance standards to motivate staff to work more efficiently. Staff exceeding the average can receive a salary increase of up to 25%. A customer asked about his recent experience reported having to wait in line outside the cadastre for 4 hours in the summer heat—but considered that a huge improvement over a few years ago, when transferring property took several months.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This paper examines Alfred Schutz’s insights on types and typification. Beginning with a brief overview of the history and meaning of typification in interpretive sociology, the paper further addresses both the ubiquity and the necessity of typification in social life and scientific method. Schutz’s contribution itself is lacking in empirical application and grounding, but examples are provided of ongoing empirical research which advances the understanding of types and typification. As is suggested by illustrations from scholarship in the social studies of social science, studies of social identity associated with membership categorization analysis, and constructionist social problems theory, typification can be found to be central to social research whether it is taken up as a largely unacknowledged resource or whether it is addressed by different names. The overview and illustrations suggest the continuing, widespread, and indeed foundational relevance of Schutz’s insights into types and typification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Instead, renewable plants could participate in the market by providing a dollar per MWh bid below which they are no longer willing to generate. These bids should reflect the marginal cost of production of the plants (which is close to zero). To that end, a locational marginal pricing framework would be helpful to attain the least cost dispatch and curtailment decisions should reflect the impact of different renewable generators on losses and congestions on the network. Active power control algorithms can limit wind plant output during curtailment events.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The CODI identifies, plans, implements, manages and coordinates inter-agency priority projects of high impact for the economic development of the state. Inter-agency collaboration is sought to respond to the limitations faced by the CODI related to budgeting and programming functions. The state’s two key projects are related to the Industrial Corridor and Logistics Platform of the Metropolitan Area of Cuautla in the East Zone, and the public-private Sante Fe Biosphere and Health City (Ciudad Salud), both private investments in the services sector, as urban development projects in the south of the region and based on the services sector, mostly medical services, higher education and S&T research, developed to take advantage of the state government's construction of a S&T park and a Centre of Congress and Conventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Achievements include eliminating the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in refrigerator manufacturing and the manufacture of polyurethane and polystyrene, halting halon imports for use in fire extinguishers, prohibiting the use of methyl bromide in agricultural applications and eliminating the use of carbon tetrachloride and imports of methyl chloroform (UNEP, 2013). Licences for the production and import of ODS have been required since 1993 (under article 52 of Law 99). A dozen regulations have been issued to broaden and strengthen measures designed to meet international treaty commitments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Indeed, several countries have already established adaptation plans or strategies aiming to mainstream adaptation -independent of requests in the UNFCCC framework. For example, in 2009, Caribbean Community (CARICOM) members established a regional adaptation strategy that aimed to mainstream adaptation into development strategies (CCCCC, 2009). More recently (2011-13), several countries (e.g. Cambodia, Mozambique, Samoa, Tonga, Zambia) have developed a “strategic plan for climate resilience” in the context of the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, PPCR (CIF n.d.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This provision is in tandem with Article 16(2) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which strictly states that marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. The Organic Law instituting the Penal Code (OLPC) in Article 275 prohibits forcing a person to marry or not to marry a person of his or her choice. Article 274 prohibits kidnapping or confinement of a person with intent to live together as husband and wife. Article 194 prohibits living with or attempts to live together with a child as husband and wife, and a person who commits this offence is liable to life imprisonment. This article also makes it an offence to live with or attempt to live with a person, as husband or wife who has attained eighteen years of age but is below twenty years of age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Thus, in the high road supply regime, higher output and female labour force participation are associated with a higher profit share. But both women and men contribute time and money to social reproduction, either directly or indirectly through taxes and charitable contributions. How they split these responsibilities is correlated with whether the high or low road regime prevails.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Recipients and some supporters emphasised that external funding should match national priorities, rather than matching donors’ own priorities, to maximise the impact of finance on the ground. Country specific priorities, needs and opportunities based on geographical and socio-economic conditions are best known to domestic stakeholders. For example, considering supra-national priorities was cited as necessary in demonstrating and advancing key low-carbon technologies along their learning curves and to successfully scale up approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Among developing countries, the largest pass-through is observed in the countries of Latin America, which are largely open to international trade. In Sub-Saharan Africa the pass-through of rice and wheat prices to countries importing these cereals has been relatively fast, but the transmission of international maize prices has been much weaker. In Asia the transmission of changes of international rice prices to local prices differed significantly by country during the 2007-08 food price spike.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The financial return on water is often higher than on many crops. The tourism industry is estimated to contribute 11% to Spanish GDP. It is geographically highly concentrated and has become a fundamental economic activity in some regions along the Mediterranean. Although its water demand is non-consumptive, it may compete with other uses of water, such as agricultural use, which is often supplied by dam reservoirs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Mental health services are an integrated part of health and medical care (see section 3.1). The general provisions on the content and execution of psychiatric care are found in the Health and Medical Services Act (1982:763) and in the Health and Medical Services (Professional Activities) Act (OECD Mental health questionnaire, 2013). This Act underlines the key principles of the Swedish health care system: universal, easily accessible and good quality services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This is not only because South-South migration represents more than 50% of migration stocks flows comparing to South-North migration (Ratha and Shaw, 2007), but also because discriminatory social institutions in non-OECD countries are different and more restrictive than those in place in high-income areas (such as female genital mutilation, early marriage, inheritance laws). First, the empirical analysis adopts a Heckman two-step procedure to deal with the high occurrence of null bilateral flows in migration data and the selection process. Then, 2SLS estimators are used to overcome potential endogeneities, due to reverse causality and unobservables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Spring 2011 Budget committed £3 billion in funding, with borrowing powers available from 2015-16 (conditional on government deficit reduction targets being met). It will initially provide long-term tariff support in non-domestic sectors. Limited support for households, capped at £15 million, will be available through Renewable Heat Premium Payments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
At the same time, disparities in various aspects of economic and social well-being within groups, among groups or between countries have increased, and environmental degradation has also intensified. Due to an expanding network of external and internal stakeholders, the intensified and growing inequality and the continued deterioration of the environment, corporate strategy needs to balance the interests of economic profit with the social and environmental welfare of a globalized society. The model aims to increase our understanding of the origins of SRB and the way SRB principles, practices and enablers interact with other aspects to create value for a sustainable future. Moreover, this model meets the needs of both private and public stakeholders by bridging the gap between the theory and practice of SRB.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Judicial officers ensure the authoritative adjudication of controversies over the application of laws in specific situations, make law and public policy, especially when they exercise their power of judicial review to declare laws, government actions or omissions as unconstitutional, act as administrators for out-of-court settlements, and ensure enforcement of decisions. Judicial officers are barometers of a society’s conscience and must be seen to take restorative steps with impartiality and professionalism to address VAW by establishing and enforcing social and behavioural norms in line with the principles of the rule of law, as embodied in the law applicable and the practice before adjudicating institutions, and educating within and outside the court system. Failure to hold perpetrators accountable makes victims lose confidence in the institution of the judiciary and in the ability of the state to protect them from violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)