albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Abstract The independence and equality of sovereign states are today formally enshrined in international law as principles governing the conduct of international relations. Diplomatic protocol, by symbolizing the principles, harmoniously represents the political process. Even if conflicts arising from protocol during difficult negotiations still are not uncommon, seventeenth-century practice as presented in diplomatic dispatches appears to the modern mind to be a curious and never-ending argument about lavish ceremonies arranged for visiting dignitaries. In early modern European diplomacy, the relationship between the ceremonial symbols and the mechanisms of power was closer and carried more weight. Whereas protocol is asked today to anticipate conflicts over status, in early modern Europe it was expressly designed to signify the relative status of the honoured guest and the sovereign host.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus, where housing is highly segregated, schools tend to be segregated as well. The schools perceived to be of better quality are often located in areas where property prices and rents are higher. Good quality schooling thus often has an implicit price in the housing market and migrant students from low socio-economic backgrounds may not have access to it (Field et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The ERIA-OECD SME Policy Index shows that Malaysia’s SME policy is, in all policy dimensions, ahead of most other ASEAN countries (Figure 5.10) with the exception of Singapore. The gap with the ASEAN average is the greatest for support to technology acquisition and transfer, since Malaysia has implemented well-constructed innovation policies and programmes to facilitate SMEs to embark on R&D&I activities. However, there is still room for the government to introduce and manage new promotional activities to stimulate technological upgrading, especially in the service sector (ERIA-OECD, 2014). All indicators are measured on 5 “levels” of policy development. Level 1 is the weakest level and level 5 the strongest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This chapter reviews the existing sets of indicators that help them track and benchmark their environmental performance. There is no ideal single set of indicators which covers all of the aspects which companies need to address to improve their production processes and products/services. An appropriate combination of elements of existing indicator sets could help them gain a more comprehensive picture of economic, environmental and social effects across the value chain and product life cycle. Many manufacturers have had to deal with increasing environmental regulatory measures but have also realised economic benefits by reducing resource use and waste, operating their production processes more efficiently, and promoting environmentally sound products and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
What impact will such an increase have on production and value added in upstream (input-supplying) sectors?" Figure 6 displays in graphic form the complex information potentially available from the analysis of forward and backward linkages. This prediction could be attributed to the fact that the majority of inputs into forestry and hunting are at the household level based on labour supply, consistent with the growth in household incomes that we observed in section 3.3. It follows that growth in the forestry and hunting sector is in the interests of the household sector, an argument which the forestry ministry could use in soliciting the support of the household sector in forest conservation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Austria introduced a similar exam (the Lehre mit Matura) in 2008 (Musset et al., In Korea, although vocational high schools are designed for direct labour market entry, in fact around three-quarters of graduates immediately enter tertiary education (Kuczera, Kis and Wurzburg, 2009). Upper secondary vocational programmes therefore need to be designed not only for labour market entry but also to prepare students for further education, building into these programmes a sufficient range of study skills, including basic skills - a point emphasised in OECD (2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The QICH programme has learned from and built on international example, including quality measurement initiatives such as the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set(HEDIS) of the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) in the United States (some QICH indicators are based on HEDIS definitions). As the programme is not mandated, its success is attributable to the voluntary involvement of the health funds in the conception and design of the project from the start, their active participation in the indicator development process, and the consensus developed around a scientifically robust quality measurement programme. The QICH project is an exemplar of the practical implementation of a systematised, ongoing scheme for monitoring and improving the quality of primary care, based on scientific research and guidelines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article is a  lectio doctoralis  made at the Universidad de la Cuenca del Plata, at Corrientes, Argentina, in order to earn the title of doctor Honoris Causa, and talks about criminology since the period of the middle ages and the enlightenment to contemporary times. In the opportunity, the author analyses several criminological theories that has been defended thru centuries of history, showing the evolution of studies inside the criminal law and the criminology itself, and making possible the perception of the reflexes of these vision in the punitive power and in the constitution of state forms. It’s possible to conclude that, even with the advances made in the studies at criminology and with the formation of the Social State, still seeks to legitimate a stronger punitive power to those seen as enemies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the metropolitan area, networked water supply reached 100%, although the sewage network is not complete (Regione del Veneto, 2008c). Though recent efforts have likely lowered this rate, improvements are still needed. To some extent, this reflects generic problems that affect the water supply sector in general. The water supply sector, insofar as it relies on hydraulic technologies, entails high capital costs relative to operating costs and to the tariffs generally charged for water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
IntroductionEach time users connect to the internet or make a phone call, they leave ‘digital fingerprints’ which may turn out to be useful for identifying people involved in a crime or an act of terrorism. This is why there is great interest by law enforcement authorities in gaining access to traffic and location data, relying on the forced co-operation of telecommunication and internet providers. However, the effectiveness of compelling these service providers to retain such data for the purpose of fighting crime has been questioned. Moreover, data retention obligations interfere with the right to privacy of individuals, as protected by Article 8 European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR), therefore, they may be imposed only for a legitimate objective, i.e. to protect citizens' safety, and in full respect of the principle of proportionality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The DESERTEC concept aims to develop 20 GW of renewable energy (mainly solar), with 5 GW to be exported to Europe. Despite the political and economic challenges surrounding regional energy integration, feasibility studies towards this goal are worthwhile. A study by the League of Arab States in cooperation with the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development in 2014 included three scenarios for interconnecting electricity and natural gas. '“This study can form the basis for further exploration of such integration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Private, but publicly funded schools receive direct payments for the salaries of teachers and other staff (e.g. special needs assistants) and grants to cover day-to-day running costs (e.g. heating, cleaning, maintenance). Schools can also undertake fundraising activities, at the secondary level, a small number of schools charge fees, but the majority do not. However, about 20% of schools are oversubscribed, and can apply selection criteria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There has also been a growing number of people dying from diabetes, linked to the growing prevalence of Type II diabetes, with mortality being one of the highest in the EU. The number of people dying from Alzheimer's and other dementias has more than tripled since 2000, also reflecting population ageing, better diagnosis and lack of effective treatments, as well as more precise coding. These are leading health problems that, even if not fatal, have serious life-limiting consequences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While voluntary donations have a strong tradition in Israel, higher education institutions or the authorities did not seem to well-developed mechanisms to support it. Recognising that the investment in the infrastructure of fundraising can generate real rates of return, some OECD countries, for example the United Kingdom, have sought to stimulate this activity by matched funding schemes (see Box 4.4.). The matched funding scheme began in August 2008 for a three year period. Funding was available to match eligible gifts raised by English higher education institutions and directly funded further education colleges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Due to the frequent use of upper contribution limits, and the flat payment schedule below those limits, they are regressive on average and, hence, raise cross-sectional income inequality. With the exception of Poland, the progressivity measure is nevertheless close to zero, indicating that contributions are a relatively constant proportion of market income over most income ranges. As a result, even sizable changes in the overall contribution burden change the redistributive effect by a relatively small amount (top panel).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As a less desirable (but often the only) alternative, household-level data can be used, provided that these contain either child-focused or generic household-level information that is relevant for children. Child-focused variables contain information on the issues that are primarily relevant for children (for EU-MODA for example the 2009 EU-SILC data have been used because they contain a particular child specific module). However, questions revealing this information are often not asked for a particular child, but rather refer to all children of the household regardless of their age and gender.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Mexico, over 53%% of the forests are owned by local communities - either ejidos or indigenous communities (Reyes et al., Although ownership of forests was legally transferred to rural communities long ago, establishing rights-based land tenure policies, including agrarian reform laws and recognition of indigenous peoples’ territories, would provide a sounder basis for conservation and sustainable use of forests and biodiversity. At the same time, opportunities should be sought to reflect the value of ecosystem services and environmental externalities in the pricing system, particularly for those sections of the population that can afford to pay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Capacity replacement is much larger in the North because of its huge existing stock of power plants and their substantial ageing. In business-as-usual scenarios with continuous reliance on fossil energy, especially coal in the United States, China, India and the Russian Federation among others, the total new capacity to be installed is almost 50 terawatts electric (TWe) or at least 12 times the current global installed capacity. Even under these scenarios, developing parts of the world would expand installed renewable capacity through 2030 equivalent to that of all power plants in the world today and half as much again as that in additional nuclear plants. The potential improvements of this installed capacity are truly huge in the developing countries alone, indicating important investment opportunities for the private sector. However, in this scenario their impact in terms of climate mitigation would be dwarfed by the expansion of traditional fuel sources. Capacity expansion refers to new power plants, while replacement capacity refers to the power plants that are built in place of those that are to be retired between now and 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The 4 main stages of the policy cycle are distinguished below. Successful policy requires coordination, integration and institutional change. While policymakers have gained considerable experience about eco-efficiency and cleaner production policies, particularly policies in areas where end-of-the-pipe technologies were available, this is not the case for broader transformational policies and for policies that wish to deal with over-consumption or under-consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Analyzing mass protest movements in different countries this paper argues that protests against electoral fraud in Moscow in December 2011 do not represent "Russian Spring," "Orange Revolution," or a new version of Perestroika. Rather they have more in common with the Progressive movement that fought political corruption in the U.S. during the early part of the 20th century. The author notes that protest movement can provide new chances for institutional reforms and social development but only if main elite groups are ready to cooperate in elaboration of new more open and more transparent "rules of the game".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Full integration of sustainable development knowledge, skills and values by all learners, while well in progress, has yet to be realized across all levels and types of education. The three priorities for Phase III—ESD school plans, teacher competences and ESD in TVET—are proving to be challenging but necessary leverage points in whole-system change. Recognition that ESD lies at the core of the purpose of education has increased but remains to be fully secured across all member States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In recent days, there are discussions on the introduction of school enrolment and attendance as conditionalities for receipt of the CSG. A comparison between the potential labour market effects of the OAP and the CSG, two programmes with different target populations, eligibility rules and more importantly different levels of benefits paid, allows a better understanding of the mechanism through which CTs may affect labour market outcomes. In the case of most emerging economies, where extended families are the norm, spillover effects of CT receipt on other household members can be particularly important if income is pooled in the household.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This underlines the special position that OER holds in distinction to open education. However, seeing OER in the context of Mulder’s model for open education highlights that OER are only interesting in the context of Wiley’s recent question: What can be done in the context of open which could not be done before? ( Wiley, 2015) That is to say that the learning opportunities for learners and the support services offered digitally, through other learners or through teachers determine the impact on learning outcomes, which OER can eventually have.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
An ethnography of the legal services provided in Sao Paulo's Citizenship Integration Centers allowed me to analyze the informal and formal rituals of conflict resolution practiced by the Sao Paulo State Police, the Public Prosecutor's Office and the Judiciary in the context of a service integration program. The analysis afforded a political sociology of the state management of conflicts, which emerged as a fragmented and plural field in which logics of conflict resolution and agencies dispute the meaning of extending rights and justice to Brazil's low income population. The plurality of logics aimed at conflict resolution allow, on one hand, a freedom of choice for the public involved in defense of their interests, on the other hand, it reproduces inequalities between public users and legal agents, undermining the effectiveness of state law. Rituals from the legal field also contribute to hierarchizing circumscribed bodies and vulnerable bodies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
First is the increased linkage between energy and commodity markets. As agricultural production increasingly relies on energy inputs on the supply side, and is increasingly used as feedstock for energy production, commodity prices will tend to be increasingly linked with oil prices and the volatility of energy prices will be transmitted to them. Uncertain energy futures in the context of a recovering and expanding global economy, and apparently fixed supplies of conventional fuel sources, raises fears of “food versus fuel” in times of shortages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Peacebuilding is typically viewed in international arenas as processes and activities engaged in during periods of post-conflict reconstruction, following on the heels of peacemaking and peacekeeping. The peacebuilders are often outsiders, and usually Westerners. This chapter upends those traditional notions, offering a more holistic view of peacebuilding, and one in which local women are key players. The focus is not merely on reconstruction, but also on the prevention and resolution of violence and conflict, by ensuring the socioeconomic and political conditions in which people’s rights and basic human needs can be met. This chapter looks at the roles of women in peacebuilding, and then at women peacebuilders in the Ugandan context. It notes ways in which Ugandan women at the grassroots have played and continue to play significant and often unheralded roles in fraught situations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Water Subsidies: Impact of higher irrigation rates on Central Valley Project farmers. United States General Accounting Office, GAO/RCED-94-8, Washington, D.C., 92 pages. Bureau of Reclamation: Information on allocation and repayment of costs of constructing water projects. United States General Accounting Office, GAO/RCED-96-109, Washington, D.C., 80 pages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The private sector must continue to play a vital role in technological development, particularly in developing and adapting basic inventions for actual application. For example, developing-country Governments and firms could be allowed to adapt technology but begin paying royalties only when its use has begun to yield commercial returns. Where exclusive private-sector rights of use to vital technology are a hindrance to the development of other needed technology or to widespread use, the technology regime must have a mechanism (such as exists in certain areas of public health) for granting a “compulsory licence” that places said technology in the public domain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the context of the fight against religiously/culturally motivated violence against women, a distinction must be made between two categories of international instruments: on the one hand, women-specific treaties and, on the other, general non-women-specific human rights treaties. The CEDAW Convention contains no explicit provision requiring states to counteract violence against women. The core regional and international conventions such as the European, African, and Inter-American human rights conventions, the two UN Human Rights Covenants and the Convention on the Rights of the Child contain a prohibition of gender-based discrimination and enshrine the right to life and to protection against torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment. The concept of due diligence denotes the minimum amount of state action that is required to implement the human rights embodied in international and regional treaties.  Keywords: CEDAW Convention, due diligence, human rights, UN Human Rights Covenants, violence against women
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the Fiji PETER THOMSON is President of the seventy-first session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. Spawned by the Ocean, puffy cumulus clouds propelled by the trade winds brought us the fresh afternoon rain that filled our water tanks. Fishermen replenished the market with their catch beside fisherwomen selling coconut-leaf bags of shellfish and edible seaweed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Overall, two-thirds of non-regular workers are women. Data from business and labour force surveys since the 1990s (JILPT, 2009a) indicate that an increasing proportion of employers cite reducing labour costs as the most important reason for hiring non-regular employees, regardless of their particular category. Indeed, firms can save wage and non-wage costs by paying workers less on an hourly basis {e.g. in 2006, part-time workers were paid only 40% of hourly wages of full-time workers), by paying lower or no bonuses and retirement allowances, and by using current exemptions of certain worker categories from health, pension and El contributions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Although partly financed from social contributions, Russia’s health system de facto operates along the same lines. In India and Mexico, the social health insurance programmes not only cover costs but also provide health services through their own infrastructure and staff. The Mexican programme provides free access to a sizeable number of health services, the Indian programme covers hospitalisation expenses for a large number of health problems - but up to a certain amount and for a maximum of five persons per household, and not non-surgery-outpatient care, finally, the Chinese programmes cover major diseases and hospitalisation fees, but with a much lower reimbursement rate than the contributory programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
What has worked, with regard to voice connectivity offered in LDCs and to populations with similar characteristics in other developing countries, is innovation driven by competition.13 What is likely to work with regard to data connectivity in LDCs is some variant of this solution. It is now diffusing throughout the developing world. The evidence lies in the two "snapshots" taken by Nokia in 2007 and 2009 across 77 emerging economies, where the cost of the same basket of OECD low-user voice calls, monthly rentals, l/36th of connection charges and the cheapest available Nokia handset and all associated taxes were compared.14 As illustrated in Chart 3.1 below, in 2007, the average was USD 13.16, and only four countries were below the USD 5 threshold. This included one LDC, Bangladesh.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre frangais d‘exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@c/copies.com. We owe particular thanks to Nolitha Vukuza-Linda, Gerda Magnus and Monica Koen, who were most directly involved in facilitating the work of the OECD and the mission. Promote effective college leadership by ensuring more systematic training for prospective and current college leaders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)