albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In April 2009, the Delaware legislature enacted a statute that allows sitting Chancery Court judges to hear and resolve confidential arbitrations. The law, entitled Arbitration Proceedings for Business Disputes, provides that the "Court of Chancery shall have the power to arbitrate business disputes when the parties request a member of the Court of Chancery, or such other person as may be authorized under rules of the Court, to arbitrate the dispute." 10 Del. C. §349. This paper examines an ongoing lawsuit, filed in October 2011, by the nonprofit watchdog organization Delaware Coalition for Open Government Inc. ("DelCOG"). DelCOG sued the five judges on the state's Chancery Court to open these confidential arbitration hearings to the public.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The United Kingdom (UK) Labour government elected in May 1997 introduced a major programme of constitutional reform. This programme embraced a wide range of measures including commitment to the reform of the UK Parliament, the creation of an independent central bank, the introduction of freedom of information legislation, the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) into UK law and measures for devolution. Taken as a whole, this programme was ambitious and radical in its implication. One of the world’s most ancient systems of parliamentary government, which had evolved into its contemporary characteristics over many centuries, now faced substantial restructuring on a wide front. True, reform had been undertaken in the past, but the breadth of the Labour programme made this one unique.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is accompanied by a training package to maximise the benefits of the programme for both SMEs and researchers, while assuring smooth integration of the researcher into the business environment. The H2020 SME Innovation Associate programme also offers all SME applicants the opportunity to benefit from publicising their job vacancies in the EURAXESS portal - the European Commission’s researcher mobility portal. This increases the visibility of their job vacancies and increases the chances of finding good matches for the advertised positions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
More intensive M&E approaches are also outlined such as cost-benefit analysis and impact evaluation. With respect to the Bank’s M&E system, the review concludes that there has been an uneven record in strengthening the quality of performance information needed for a better assessment of results. To achieve improved results, the World Bank needs to better track indicators for projects across sectors, strengthen monitoring and reporting of outcomes, and build the capability to collect information at the country, regional, and global levels (World Bank, 2009c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For these countries, both the balancing and the stabilising role of trade will become increasingly important over time. Trade flows can partially offset local climate change productivity effects, allowing regions of the world with positive (or less negative) effects to supply those with more negative effects. This stabilising role is illustrated by a simulation of an extended drought in South Asia, which begins in 2030 with a return to normal precipitation in 2040 (Nelson et al., The analysis shows how substantial increases in trade flows could soften the blow to Indian consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is generally more straightforward to identify and attribute short-term outputs to an activity than their longer-term outcome or transformational impact. It may also be more straightforward to identify and attribute results at the project or programme level, rather than more broadly at national or global scales. Such a focus on concrete projects and programmes and their results risks skewing funding decisions to discrete activities with more immediately-quantifiable results rather than investing in enabling activities or activities that are mainstreamed into broader development plans and could have greater longer-term impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It also looks at factors that parents regard as obstacles hindering their participation in their child's school activities. The data are based on the PISA 2015 assessment, and the figures and tables cited refer to PISA 2015 Results (Volume III): Students' Well-Being (OECD, 2017a). This positive relationship holds in various disciplines, across ethnic groups and gender and over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
She built a methodology identifying people's needs using travel survey data, including data on mobility patterns and people's satisfaction with their trips in terms of travel time (Box 4). A lower value indicates that people's need for a certain activity (e.g. access to employment, school or hospital) is not met due to long travel times related to poor transport provision. By eliciting users' unmet needs, the indicator also served to identify the transport user groups (that are particularly vulnerable due to limited accessibility to activities. With 62% of retirees assessing their satisfaction negatively, analysis showed that retirees' need to reach health facilities by public transport is largely unmet, while 53% of housewives feel their need to do daily shopping is unsatisfied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These four agreements recognise the need to move towards greater coherence at the international policy level, as they all orient towards sustainable development and recognise the respective roles the other processes play in delivering this vision. The next challenge is to reflect this improved coherence at the national level through plans that integrate these interlinked agendas into mainstream planning at sectoral and sub-national level. Analysis of the four outcome documents reveals common themes (Table 1) and a move away from the siloed approaches and sector goals that characterised the MDGs (Weitz, et.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In a similar vein, policymakers need to target interventions beyond the (arbitrary) borders of administrative jurisdictions and seek to formulate and implement regional development policies over more meaningful functional economic areas. Food that is produced tends to be of high value and often perishable, such as dairy products, fresh fruits and vegetables, and other specialty crops. Basic commodities, including most meat, grains, and fruits and vegetables produced for processing, are imported.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A provincial authority cannot impose its spatial plan on the province’s municipalities, it can only comment on municipal IDPs and try to achieve a consensual alignment of provincial and local SDFs. In the positive example of Johannesburg, a special municipal tribunal considers any proposed development that does not conform to the IDP, soliciting views from the public. If the project is approved, the IDP is amended accordingly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Switzerland Global Enterprise designed Export Digital, a digital platform to help exporters acquire useful information about consumer behaviour. The programme is run in cooperation with Google and several private sector partners. Hong Kong's Support and Consultation Centre for SMEs (SUCCESS), for example, is an e-platform that offers free business information and consultation services for SMEs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article reflects on the recent Chilean experience of accountability actions, particularly the attempted prosecution of perpetrators of past human rights violations. While acknowledging the undoubtedly substantial impulse provided by the dramatic October 1998 UK arrest of former dictator Augusto Pinochet, it focuses on domestic actors and drivers in a post-1998 revival of such attempts. The article examines the extent and limitations of recent change in the area of prosecutions in Chile, noting that these have been undertaken at the insistence of private actors rather than the state. It also notes that the self-amnesty law of 1978 is still textually intact despite advances in restricting its application with regards to certain categories of internationally proscribed crimes. Finally, the article examines some explanatory factors for both recent advances and remaining blockages in the Chilean human rights accountability scenario.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Policy co-ordination and synergies among support programmes would be enhanced and policy fragmentation reduced as the agency would implement SME support programmes in enterprises that are presently carried out by different actors in the system. According to the proposed scheme, the SBD w'ould retain responsibility over financial instruments for SME support measures such as subsidised loans and guarantees. The executive board of this new agency would be constituted of a minister or vice ministers from relevant ministries.47 The agency’s autonomy would facilitate the flexible management of resources and personnel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The use of information technology (IT) in public administration is seen as a significant tool for improving efficiency, transparency and accountability and in popular rhetoric, and is often heralded as a necessary and sufficient condition for this. We study the use of various forms of IT such as computerization, public management information systems (MIS), a digital ID and biometrics in two welfare programmes in India. Using publicly available administrative data, we look at some performance metrics of welfare programmes, try to understand whether and which IT intervention has been beneficial to programme implementation and comment on the extent to which IT has fulfilled its potential to enhance transparency. We find, as others have earlier, that there is no automatic link between the use of IT and enhanced transparency or accountability, and the use of IT may reinforce existing power imbalances. We argue for unbundling IT interventions in their evaluations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Water quantity demand in agriculture includes water for irrigation and water for livestock. Water quantity demand in agriculture includes water for irrigation and water for livestock. Hence, there is much need for improvement in the physical efficiency of water use in agriculture in all irrigated regions of the world, to help toward meeting the projected global increase in agricultural commodity production, and also to release water for other uses. Some of this improvement is included in the Environment Outlook baseline scenario projections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The industrial development that was behind high tariff protection and other Government support also led to substantial average welfare increases in Latin America during the 1950s and 1960s, followed, however, by relative stagnation starting in the 1980s and 1990s. Yet, the many instances of failure to create industries in developing countries that could survive on their own after decades of state support, to effectively overcome foreign-exchange constraints, to generate sufficient employment and to reduce poverty and inequality, led to reassessments of development policies and cooperation. The “basic needs approach to development”, for instance, suggested reorienting Government intervention towards more direct support for employment generation and securing access for all to social services (ILO, 1976). Similar approaches emphasized interventions on behalf of the poor to reduce income inequality and increase gains from aggregate economic growth (Chenery and others, 1974).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Only very few countries (including Uganda and Rwanda) have any formal official government policy documents specific to e-waste management. In addition, despite the fact that almost all African countries have ratified the Basel Convention, most have not domesticated this in the form of appropriate legislations for various waste streams. As yet, only Madagascar (2015), Kenya (2016), and Ghana (2016) have formally passed a draft of e-waste bills into law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Each member state should calculate the 1.5% annual energy savings target for 2021-2030 by multiplying 1.5% with the energy sales (to final customers by volume) average over the previous three years prior to 1 January 2019. The savings should have a cumulative effect with 1.5% saved in 2021, reaching 15% in year 2030 (1.5% times 10 years). In practice, member States have a flexibility to ensure the achievement of their energy savings overthe whole period as long as the total amount is achieved by 2030. ( In new buildings of or when a building undergoes major renovation, individual meters shall always be provided - the proposal does not in this case include a clear cost-effectiveness criteria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Additionally, regional governments were established in 2002, which started creating their departments for natural resources and environmental issues. To coordinate efforts on biodiversity relevant policies, the Commission on Biodiversity started bringing all related national governmental actors together with NGOs, private actors and scientists in order to discuss the relevant issues and to generate trust and stimulate collaboration. The department for biodiversity in MINAM, where the CBD, the Ramsar Convention, CITES and other biodiversity-related issues are managed, coordinated the development of Peru’s NBSAP 2015-2021, which was adopted in November 2014. An extensive participative process, involving governmental, non-govemmental, scientific and private actors from all 25 political regions has been undertaken in order to ensure informed policy-making and create ownership across society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Nonetheless, in developing countries revenue can be recycled to keep the overall tax burden on companies relatively stable, while incentives in favour of environmental improvement and energy efficiency are increased. To ensure that marginal cost and therefore the incentives for efficiency are not reduced, such compensation should be granted on the basis of the number of employees or the economic output, rather than consumption of energy or resources. In this way, efficient companies will gain, as they receive more compensation than they pay in tax, while inefficient companies will lose out. The sector itself will not be affected by any outflow of capital, but will retain capital for reinvestment, research and development. This approach maintains strong incentives for the entire economy, while ensuring the industrial basis in a country is maintained.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
J. and Trumper, H. (2014), “Safer speeds: public acceptance and compliance”, Research Report 563, NZ Transport Agency, Wellington, New Zealand. Traffic Engineering, 11 (41). This paper reviews mobility and safety challenges of an ageing population and describes and describes measures that can contribute to keep up or to enhance the safe mobility of older citizens. It was 24% in 2001 and this rose to 36% in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As has been highlighted, industry good bodies are one of the principal providers of market information and analysis for farmers (section 1.5). As discussed earlier, these bodies are part of the National Adverse Events Committee and participate in the assessment of adverse events and the establishment of any eventual government assistance to farmers. Finally, in the wheat sector the only function of the industry' good body is to act as the farmers’ agent in contracting yield insurance with the commercial insurer. The primary role of the government has been to develop and enforce basic rules and regulations, and to ensure that the economic system remains competitive and the macro-economic framework stable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In general, high consumption of meat (especially beef) has a large climate impact while a vegetarian diet based on seasonal products grown locally is the most climate-friendly. Since food production is resource intensive, and treatment of organic waste generates greenhouse gases, waste of food is a major loss for society. For example, in the UK it has been estimated that the environmental benefit of reducing food waste from households to zero would be equivalent to reducing the number of cars by 20 per cent (WRAP 2011). The risk for burden shifting can be illustrated by the case of an energy efficient product that requires more materials for its production than a conventional option with lower energy efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
While part of this process can be led by teacher training institutes, it is important also that guiding policies which govern teacher certification, hiring and promotion paths complement such course requirements. The STEEP project was notable for the fact that it went well beyond curriculum development to look at how environmental principles were upheld at the institutes themselves. More commonly, ESD is present only in optional components focused on environmental education or related issues. This relies on interested students to capitalise on the available ESD entry points, which is unlikely to result in a broad reorientation of teacher education unless policies are changed to incentivise or require ESD coursework. For its part, UNESCO (2007) has published a compendium of good practices in ESD from teacher education institutions, in addition to supporting the international network mentioned above. However, Jamaica is the only one of the focus countries whose primary teacher education institute is a member of this network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
ABSTRACTThis article will critically interrogate the relationship between Human Security and Ontological Security from a broadly postcolonial perspective. The dislocation engendered by successive waves of neo-liberal globalisation has resulted in the deracination of many of the world's inhabitants, resulting in a state of collective ‘existential anxiety’ [Anthony Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991]. Under such conditions, the search for ontological security becomes paramount. However, conventional understandings of Human Security as ‘freedom from fear and want’ are unable – from a post-colonial perspective – to provide ontological security since they operate within a culturally specific, Eurocentric understanding of the ‘human’ as ‘bare life’ [Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, Daniel Heller-Roazen (trans), Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998]. It will then be argued that post-secular conceptions o...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At a minimum, this could be through demanding the collection of better measures. This could be financed through further slowing or redirecting funds paid through fees. The creation of a performance framework in which GPs report on a broader range of indicators would also provide a mechanism for GPs to be benchmarked against their peers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, barriers to trade in clean technologies and the entry of new firms must be removed. Most ASEAN countries do not have the resources to fund a comprehensive approach to green growth so private sector participation is critical. However, many environmentally sustainable projects are risky and not undertaken because the returns are low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Even if sufficient oil, gas, coal or uranium is available, it still requires important levels of technological competence and equipment to extract the primary energy and to make it available to the market. Timely investment in production capacity in producer countries to match demand is thus important. Typical examples concern oil production in the Middle East, gas extraction on the Jamal peninsula in Russia, investment in liquefaction facilities for LNG in Qatar and elsewhere, and for exploiting uranium mines in many different areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The latter which concerns sustainability is necessitated by the current overexploitation and poor management of marine resources, resulting in lost opportunities to improve livelihoods, heightened risks to global food security, and diminished economic opportunities especially for the world's fisherfolk and coastal populations. These developments have made possible access to, and use of, marine resources that were out of reach a few decades ago such as marine bio-prospecting, renewable marine energy and rare metal mineral extraction in the seabed. These include small populations, a limited natural (land-based) resource base, high dependency on development assistance and international trade (especially for imports), susceptibility to external shocks, remoteness from major markets, recurrent natural disasters and they are highly vulnerable to the consequences of climate change, especially rising temperatures and sea-level rise. The fact that oceans surround them makes many of these vulnerabilities more evident especially in environmental terms, in high transportation cost and in low connectivity terms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The initial report will be submitted to the Council of Ministers in 2015, but the system will not be fully operational until 2020 (IIED, 2013b). Similarly, the statutory duty of the UK ASC was identified in the UK Climate Change Act 2008, but the first report to the parliament on the UK National Adaptation Programme is scheduled for 2015 (ASC, 2011). This ensures that the results are useful for domestic policy-makers, while also making it more likely that the process will be sustained over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
ABSTRACTIn this article, we outline the place of Russian criminology on the world criminological map during the pre-Soviet, Soviet, and post-Soviet eras. We examine the external institutional and economic pressures experienced by the field of criminology in past decades and assess its current development against the backdrop of other social sciences in Russia. Further, we interface these arguments with data drawn off Russian academics’ perceptions on whether criminology as a discipline has significantly transformed in Russia after the breakdown of the Soviet Union, how relevant Russian criminology is for the practice of law-enforcement and state crime control policy, and whether criminology has appropriate placement within law schools which serve as primary residence for the discipline. Finally, we conclude with some reflection on the current state of Russian criminology and the future directions of the discipline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It can be questioned, however, whether the most talented students of the country attend these schools as disadvantaged students have more limited access to extracurricular classes to prepare for admission. Moreover, the proportion of top-performing students in international assessments remains very small while a large number are falling behind their peers in other countries. The most rapidly improving education systems in PISA show that improvements at the top and bottom of the performance scale can go hand in hand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The harvesting and extraction of some of these resources, such as timber, are known to potentially have significant adverse impacts on biodiversity. So, to the extent that information on the impacts on biodiversity associated with these different resources exists, indirect links with resource use and biodiversity loss can be established and trends in the use of these resources monitored. The SEEA also allows linking the flow of resources to specific sectors of the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This is expected to be completed by 2015. In other words, making health insurance compulsory for all Vietnamese. Notably, in the past years, few of the people working in the informal sector have voluntarily joined the health insurance system, and based on this alone, reaching the goal of universal health insurance coverage by 2015 will require a change in mindset among informal workers and non-working family members towards health insurance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)