albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In fact, the Mexican evidence suggests that total rural household income is much more sensitive to human capital and migration than to land or other agricultural assets. This is apparently due to the reduction of off-farm income associated with higher stocks of agricultural assets, while more human capital generates greater off-farm income and has a much smaller effect on shifting resources from the generation of on-farm incomes. Tannuri-Pianto, et al. ( Agricultural income grew at only 1.2% annually (in part due to the poorly performing coffee sector in the late 1990s), but non-agricultural income grew at 18.5% annually.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article deals with the revocation of wills in South African private international law with reference to other Commonwealth jurisdictions and the provisions of the Hague Convention on the Conflict of Laws Relating to the Form of Testamentary Dispositions (1961). Specific reference is made to section 3bis (1) (d) of the South African Wills Act 7 of 1953 (which is partially based on Article 2 of the Convention) and to revocation of wills by marriage and divorce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Our findings are similar to previous findings in Pakistan and Ethiopia. Interventions aimed at younger children, under age two, yielded larger effects. Hence, an integrated approach using a combination of interventions, which address all the underlying determinants at the same time, is likely to hold the most promise for reducing the burden of malnutrition in Northern Ghana. Such research should also focus on the effect of policy on the underlying mechanisms that determine malnutrition, in order to understand how public policy can contribute to different elements in the complex framework of malnutrition. Washington, DC,The World Bank.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Funding of agricultural research by non-USDA federal agencies grew rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s, and briefly surpassed extramural research funding by the USDA, before dropping sharply after 2007 (Figure 7.11). Research coordinating bodies are often established around key federal research priorities, such as the special initiatives presented in Box 7.2. To develop and exploit fundamental advances in biological sciences for plant genomics, in 1997 the NSTC formed an Inter-Agency Working Group on Plant Genomics (IWGPG). With representatives from the USDA, NSF, DHHS, DOE, USAID, other federal offices, and inputs from stakeholder groups, the IWGPG has developed a series of five-year plans and reported on the achievements of the National Plant Genome Initiative. The plan outlines the priority areas for investing federal resources and describes the commitments of each agency toward these priorities. The USDA has major responsibilities for the conservation and characterisation of crop genetic resources and broadening biodiversity in advanced breeding material for use in commercial breeding programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Cross-referencing the two sets of dimensions allows population groups to be defined according to their degree of vulnerability: the income-vulnerable group, which is subdivided into the moderately poor and extremely poor, and the socially vulnerable group. These dimensions are applied to different population groups (according to ethnicity, age and area of residence), which are used to draw up multidimensional poverty maps. Despite the usefulness of panel surveys, most Latin American countries are not yet using them. It was found that around half of those living in poverty in 1996 had exited by 2001.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It uses the Eurostat Structure of Earnings Survey (SES), the largest source with harmonised data across countries, for 2010. The focus is on workers in the financial sector which includes banks, insurance companies and firms engaging in auxiliary financial activities. The SES contains individual-level data on the characteristics of employees, including earnings, their employers and jobs in 18 countries of the European Economic Area: 17 from the European Union and Norway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Corruption plays an important role as well. According to a recent study by the Rwandan government, for example, to get from the port of Mombasa to Kigali via Kampala, a lorry has to pay USD 864 in bribes and stop at 36 roadblocks (The Economist, 2012b). Very few small and microenterprises manage to grow into large firms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
2014 was marked with several noteworthy events with particular relevance to international humanitarian law, such as the continuation of the conflict in Syria and the incidents related to the use of chemical weapons in that conflict, several key decisions in international and hybrid courts related to the adjudication of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, the entry into force of the Arms Trade Treaty, release of the US Report on Torture and a Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict. This chapter addresses a number of these issues among other events of note.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Ideally, ESD-related professional development would be undertaken alongside complementary initiatives including those mentioned above, as well as curricular and examination reforms, linking training on ESD with re-certification or promotional pathways, school improvement programmes, ESD training for principals and so on. Additionally, such professional development could come with a requirement that participating teachers pass on their training in their home schools to help expand the reach of ESD training when resources are limited. The structure is flexible and can be formalised to include scheduled topics, chairpersons and presentations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There are, with few exceptions (salmon hatcheries), no measures applied to enhance the productivity of the oceans, analogous to seeding, fertilization, or plowing and harrowing, the fisheries take what nature gives them, and nature responds in a niggardly way if the fisheries take too much. The productivity of the oceans depends on ocean climate, the upwelling of nutritional materials from the deep sea that occurs in certain areas depends on currents, which in turn depend on winds, and currents carry plankton to certain areas so the fish can thrive. The strength and even location of ocean currents can vary substantially over time, which in turn gives rise to fluctuations in the productivity of fish stocks, as well as in their migrations and location.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Mexico spends a little over USD 20 000 per student from the ages of 6 to 15. More precisely, expenditure per student is almost four times greater in higher education than it is in the lower levels of education and, because expenditure per student for each level of education is determined at the federal level, the same is true in Morelos. Studies based on PISA show that the quality of educational resources is most strongly associated with the incidence of low performance in mathematics at the country level, followed by the quality of physical infrastructure (OECD, 2013a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Have we made a mistake in validating Western experiences of individualism? This question is inspired by two years of fieldwork focusing on the interpersonal dimensions of Western-inspired development in rural South Africa. Villagers accused Western change agents of having “apartheid in their hearts,” which means that they suffered from a denial of human interconnectedness. Insights from phenomenology are used to argue that the villagers are basically right–that change agents deny the very human interdependence they depend on to feel self-complete. This article shows what ethnography can add to understandings of individualistic experiences, for it seems that these experiences are not one cultural way of being among others but ones that are profoundly misshaped.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Secondly, because, by failing to recognize this dimension, economic analysis has become lopsided and not only provides an incomplete diagnosis of system functioning, but is subject to a high likelihood of error when the real repercussions of economic policies are evaluated. Thirdly, because the way care is organized in society, i.e., the way care responsibilities are distributed between State, market and households, on the one hand, and between men and women, on the other, accounts for a substantial proportion of the inequalities that currently exist. At least two things need to be highlighted here.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In line with the growing interest for these activities as a driver of grow'th, science, technology and innovation (STI) activities became prominent in these plans and strategies in the mid-1980s. A detailed examination of the early policy initiatives - in particular since the mid-1980s when Malaysia started to develop a distinct STI strategy framework, governance structure and policy - helps to better understand some of the current strengths and weaknesses of the national innovation system and related policies. While the country was still a British colony, the increasing needs of industrialised countries for raw materials spurred the growth of Malaysian production and exports of tin and rubber. Malaysia accounted for half of the w'orld production of tin at the end of the 19th century and of rubber in the 1920s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Purpose – This article aims to place recent corporate governance reforms in the historical context of the good corporate citizenship movement that began in the US in the mid‐1990s and came to an abrupt end in 2002 when the most recent spate of corporate scandals emerged. It explores what the apparent failure of this movement portends for the recently‐enacted governance reforms.Design/methodology/approach – The paper engages in a policy analysis of regulatory reform.Findings – After offering the tale of corporate governance, a critical take on current reforms, the paper finds the skeptic's and pessimist's account of corporate good citizenship movement to be most helpful in explaining the illusory nature of corporate reforms and the resilience of the regulatory status quo.Originality/value – The paper is a critical analysis of corporate governance reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The OECD has built synthetic indicators of labour income tax progressivity, based on statutory tax schedules, over a wide income range.20 Focusing on a single wage earner (Figure 8, Panel A) shows that there is wide cross-country variation in the degree of progressivity of statutory schedules for personal income taxes and employees’ social security contributions. Progressivity at the higher end of the income distribution - i.e. income equal to 167% of the average wage - is strongest in Ireland, Sweden and Denmark. At the lower end of the income distribution - i.e. income equal to 67% of the average wage - tax schedule progressivity is highest in Hungary, Luxembourg and Belgium. Personal income tax schedules have generally become flatter over the past decades (Piketty and Saez, 2007, Sabirianova Peter et al, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Some of it is formal and some undocumented, but almost all is low-paid - for example, as factory hands, shop assistants, street vendors and domestic workers. This effect is often referred to as the 'urban advantage'. Gaps between rich and poor in towns and cities can sometimes equal or exceed those found in rural areas. Tajikistan and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), the education gap between the richest 20 per cent and the poorest 20 per cent is greater in urban than in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Far fewer women than men become entrepreneurs, and most of those who do create micro-firms that contribute little to formal employment, value added or productivity growth. However, some reservations introduced by the countries have not yet been lifted and still affect the legal impacts of CEDAW. The countries have also committed to regional standards on gender equality and non-discrimination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These results suggest that more effective labour market policy, which will encourage women to participate in paid work, is needed. Moreover, family-friendly policies and initiatives that encourage a more equitable sharing of the burden of care and household chores between males and females are required. However, levels will be underreported if there is a considerable amount of unpaid work being carried out.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For instance, both the PNAEE and the PPEC include initiatives for energy-efficient lighting in the residential sector, so that there is potential duplication of efforts and costs. Portugal will be on track to meet its objectives if implementation continues at this rate. However, the highest savings were obtained in the industrial sector and might well be due to the economic crisis, as shown by the sector’s increased energy intensity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Strong co-ordination between these bodies could help to undertake skills development more comprehensively and, in turn, should facilitate the involvement of social partners. A national steering body would be of great help for this task. However this body is not in operation and other initiatives have emerged, like the inter-institutional working group about human capital for competitiveness whose aim resembles that one of SINETEC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Grants can cover up to 30 per cent of the eligible cost of technology-driven projects and 40 per cent in the case of energy audits. Moreover, an additional 10 per cent bonus grant can be awarded for projects involving CHP or fuel switching, up to a maximum of 50 per cent of the project cost. Industrial companies can also benefit from loans from the Bulgarian Energy Efficiency Fund to finance investments in high-efficiency industrial processes, building rehabilitation, and heat source and distribution system improvements. Through this facility ,€46 million in loans have been signed w'itli six Bulgarian banks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In decentralised countries, such as the United States, Germany and Australia, it is the local authorities who decide what components of teacher performance are to be assessed and how. In England and Chile, teacher evaluations are defined by the central government, (Manzi, 2010, Sclafani, 2009). In addition, and contrary to what was believed a few decades ago, teaching performance can be assessed in valid, fair and reliable ways. More importantly, it can be carried out in such a way as to be acceptable to teachers, even when the results have an important impact on their professional careers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In contrast with the usual convention, working-age individuals are defined here as persons between 15 to 54 years of age. The reason for excluding the 55-64 age group is that many jobless households including persons in this age range are retired households which receive pension income. The empirical analysis also assumes that individuals generally do not combine the receipt of social assistance with unemployment benefits. That being said, in some countries, social assistance may act as a top-up to unemployment assistance benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Private Sector Development in the MINA Region, OECD (2012d), Untapped Skills: Realising the Potential of Immtcrant Students. Information on the number of international students (that is, students who obtained prior education abroad) is not available for all OECD countries, but the available evidence suggests a strong increase over the past decade. To make better use of this important source of skills, several OECD countries have eased their immigration policies to allow international students to work during their studies and encourage them to remain after their studies to work (Box 1.27), The overal I percentage of those who remain in the host country after their studies varies/0 averaging 25% in 2008-09 among international students who did not renew their student permits, it is above 25% in Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, France, Germany and the Netherlands. Since not much is known about the career paths and mobility of this high-skilled group, the OECD, UNESCO and Eurostat are working together in the Careers of Doctorate Holders project to provide statistics for this specific group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It represents a safety cushion for the company’s creditors, as w'ell as a skilled resource for the company itself. Each new' partner can add key strategic contributions. Its profits increase its equity whereas its losses decrease it. If losses become too large, the equity of the enterprise can turn negative. Such a situation is dangerous for the business because its stable jobs are no longer backed by stable resources. Selling the assets at their balance sheet value will not be enough to repay the debt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The fourth phase, the current one, commenced in 2013. The Huduma1 Kenya programme — the public sector innovation of focus in this study — is a critical part of this effort. This programme aims at transforming public service delivery by providing citizens with access to various public services and information from one-stop-shop citizen service centres (CSCs) called Huduma Centres and through integrated technology platforms. The decision by the current government to invest limited public resources in the programme was informed by the belief that improved service delivery would lead to realisation of the vision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The country is bordered by Russia in the North, the Caspian Sea in the West, China in the South-East, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan in the South, and Hirkmenistan in the South-West. The population of Kazakhstan amounted to 17 million people in 2013. A big surface and small population result in a low density of population, which was estimated at 6.2 persons per square km in 2013 (IAC, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Because different summary indices are especially sensitive to different parts of the Lorenz curve, country rankings may partly depend on the specific inequality measure used. However, at least for OECD countries, these measures tell a consistent story as evidenced by very high cross-country correlations between each of these alternative inequality measures and the Gini index (OECD, 2008a). The main conclusions and channels through which structural reforms are likely to impact on inequality are synthesised in Table 2.1. For some reforms, these impacts may be offsetting, with greater inequality of wage rates likely to be felt in the short term while the equity-enhancing employment channel operates in the longer run.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
They are adept at charming the child and they may ingratiate themselves into a family in order to gain the parents’ trust so that they can become closer to the child. Fact: Relative physical strength or weakness is not the issue, power and control are. Far from being a powerless victim, a woman involved in a violent relationship often displays enormous resources of strength in the way she learns to live with fear, navigate unpredictability and intuit her partner’s moods in order to protect herself and her children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Caribbean Environmental Forum-2, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, May 31-June 04, 2004.13pp. Comparative study of land administration systems’, Trinidad and Tobago, Case-study, unpublished, referenced in Johnson, S.G. (2003). ‘ Building the cadastral framework, achievements and challenges in the English speaking Caribbean’, http://www.gsdi.org/gsdiconf/gsdil0/papers/TS42.2paper.pdf Environmental Management Authority (EMA) (1998). State of the Environment Report 1998.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The guarantee fee is also expected to provide incentives for reporting water use, and to generate better data on water use. Between August and December 2011, the guarantee fee generated MXN 12 million. For irrigation districts, the prioritisation of water-saving projects gives up to 30 points (out of 100) for water user associations that renounce in their concession title to a percentage of saved water equal to the project’s federal support. For irrigation units in over-exploited aquifers, there is a prerequisite to commit to leave in the aquifer 50% of saved water, and the prioritisation of projects includes a similar clause to that for irrigation districts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, it is important to note that facilitated procedures for the grant of such licenses will only be available to the extent that the patent holder’s behaviour has been characterized as anti-competitive (Article 31 (k), TRIPS Agreement). An existing exclusive right may contribute to the establishment of a dominant position in a given market, which in turn may enable the right holder to have recourse to predatory pricing practices. Where, by contrast, the patent does result in actual market exclusivity, the rights holder might have recourse to predatory pricing after compulsory licenses have been granted to generic competitors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Law required existing co-operatives to be transformed into membership-oriented service co-operatives promoting the income of their members rather than as a delivery mechanism for government, otherwise they had to be dissolved. It also provided the option for farmers to establish new agricultural service co-operatives from scratch and broadened the scope of activities that could be undertaken (Wolz and Pham, 2010). Despite these changes, the number of agricultural co-operatives has continued to fall to around 10 400 at the end of 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Concluding Observations Republic of Korea Fifteenth and Sixteenth Combined Periodic Report.” 2011."Concluding Observations Maldives Fifth thru Twelfth Periodic Report." He notes that inheritance laws discriminate against women in many countries, but that discriminatory social and cultural norms prevail even where these are removed. He gives the following example:'Where a sister could inherit land on an equal basis with her brothers,she may accept a lump-sum payment in lieu of her portion of the land in order to maintain good relations with her brothers’. The Special Rapporteur on the right to housing has also identified the lack of equality in inheritance laws, customs and traditions that lead to harsh impacts on women’s housing rights (HRC 2011a, para. Inequality in relation to marital property has the same effect (ibid, paras.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The purpose of the study is to identify and explore existing resource efficiency parameters in the instruments and how these can be further unfolded. Further the purpose is to investigate if experiences from the ecolabels can be used when incorporating resource efficiency requirements into the Ecodesign Directive. The environmentally best performing products can be awarded with ecolabels. It is the intention that the ecolabels should represent the uppermost part (10-20%) of the products on the market in terms of environmental performance223 and stimulate the design, marketing and diffusion of products with superior environmental performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)