albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Overall, a clear indication of a rising trend in extreme precipitation events during the period 1957-2006. Groundwater recharge is expected to be the most intensive in the Pandivere Upland, which is the most important groundwater catchment area in Estonia. Maximum river runoff will be reduced and will occur earlier.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Overall, the Projected Costs series is one of the few sources of plant-level electricity generation cost information across a variety of technologies across a variety of countries. The LCOE indicates the discounted lifetime costs averaged over the electricity generated. The LCOE thus provides a handy and transparent tool for assessing and comparing different technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Consequently, a combination of macro- and micro- analyses is needed to fully capture the effects of the global financial and economic crisis on developing countries and to help formulating policies to mitigate their effects on households and children. Given the magnitude of the shocks engendered by the crisis, a computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework is required to incorporate the structural aspects of the economy and capture the many and varied direct and indirect interactions between factor markets, good markets, households, government, private firms and the foreign partners. However, CGEs generally cannot distinguish the impacts on individual households and their members, as required to evaluate the poverty, nutritional, educational and health impacts on children. The effects of the global economic crisis on households and individuals can be felt in terms of changes in employment opportunities and earnings, commodity prices, private and public income transfers, and the provision of public services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Several studies point to the importance of family engagement in monitoring service quality practices (Edwards et al., Research has indicated that family involvement in early education has a great influence on children’s learning and development. Hidalgo, Epstein and Siu (2002) found evidence that family involvement is highly important in helping children succeed in education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Furthermore, making the teaching profession more attractive and more competitive would improve quality. Inequalities stem first and foremost from the urban-rural divide and secondly from social stratification, while, age, gender and regional differences contribute to a lesser extent. More central funding at the compulsory level would ensure minimum quality. Migrant children should be provided access to public schools or given vouchers to private schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition, when analysing hypothetical accidents, countermeasures effectively taken to mitigate radiation exposure have a strong impact on the total dose received by the population and therefore add further uncertainty on the a priori estimates (for example, effective evacuation minimised the collective dose after the Fukushima Daiichi accident in comparison with the Chernobyl event). While radiological effects are generally characterised as cancers and leukaemia, recent focus has been on the psychological effects caused directly or indirectly by the accident and by radiological protection choices. Dealing with these effects has a strong subjective component, including the establishment of scope and boundaries for the analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
With regard to these goals, there are various linkages to tourism, as tourists both increase transport demands in cities, though they are also likely to have a great interest in alternative forms of mobility. Bicycle travel speed should increase by 10%. Since 2002, when the first bicycle policy was published, Copenhagen has made considerable progress towards these goals, largely on the basis of command-and-control measures, i.e. the development of bicycle infrastructure, in combination with soft policy campaigns framing the bicycle city as a desirable future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The same procedure was used for severe deprivations and for moderate or severe deprivations. As the weight of the dimensions is irrelevant to the identification process, owing to use of the union approach, its relevance is confined to the aggregation process, reflecting greater intensity, depth and severity of poverty when a deprivation affects a small group of children. The usual headcount index (H) is obtained by breaking down M0.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In line with the Archimedes' principle, this ice displaces a volume of sea water whose weight is the same as its own. Were it to melt, the water thus produced would constitute exactly the same volume of sea water as the volume previously occupied by the ice, without any consequent change in sea level. The melting of sea ice in and of itself does not play any part, therefore, in rising sea levels. Antarctica contains 30 million km3 of ice, which represents 2 percent of the world's water, but 75 per cent of fresh water and 90 per cent of ice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The suppliers of biomass fuels, and specifically the small producers and vendors in the informal sector, will generally have extremely low environmental management capacity. They are unlikely to have knowledge of environmentally improved technologies, nor the means to adopt these technologies. Suppliers of renewable energy equipment and energy efficiency services are typically under-represented in developing countries, and may lack access to the latest technologies and expertise, and to business capital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
On average, adolescent participation in schooling is increasing in terms of numbers and duration (seeTable 3), a trend that at one level reflects the aspirations of adolescents and parents for greater educational opportunity. The associations between sustained secondary school attendance and lower HIV risk have prompted research to investigate the potential for cash grants and/or social support (including feeding schemes, covering costs of uniform and school-based helpers) to support retention and reduce vulnerability to HIV. Girls in rural Kenya are subject to sexual harassment by both teachers and students (Mensch & Lloyd, 1998).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These gender differences exist to a large extent because women still bear the brunt of the unpaid domestic tasks, such as childcare and housework, because of shortage/high costs of childcare facilities, and because of family-unfriendly work conditions (OECD, 2012a, World Bank, 2011b). Table 3.1 shows differences in the availability, affordability and quality of childcare services across regions of the world (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2012). Moreover, gender differences in the labour market can have longer-term consequences affecting women’s and men’s ability to save for both short and long-term needs (as mentioned in the previous chapter), and may especially impact women’s outcomes in retirement. Box 3.1 highlights the experience of New Zealand in addressing women’s lower outcomes in retirement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Women are also over-represented in poverty statistics. Policies must be renewed and reinvigorated to ensure that girls and women are empowered to fulfil their aspirations - not only for their benefit, but for society and economies overall. Refers to the OECD average. The OECD average is the unweighted sum of 28 countries. The OECD average is the unweighted sum of 32 countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Also needed are productivity improvements along the commodity value chains in the agricultural sector, which will eventually result in a reduction of food and income poverty in these countries. Second, there is still room to improve donors’ support approach through some stand-alone projects. With the increasing efforts that are made by the donors, having a unified approach towards development support amongst these partners would enhance progress in agricultural and rural development in the LDCs. This would also help to reduce duplication of projects, wasteful spending and, in some cases, outright conflicts among donors, and also between recipients at community levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
By drawing on this interrelated set of arguments and evidence, MWA presents a business case for why gender diversity and increasing women’s leadership must be a priority.3 Through this evidence-based and business framework, MWA aims to increase the percentage of women in leadership roles and their representation in management. The ministry also recognises that measuring success in terms of increasing women’s leadership does not just depend on increasing women on boards, but through a variety of decision-making and leadership positions across society. The realisation of these goals is still hindered by social institutions and discriminatory norms, which deter women from reaching their leadership potential. These manifest in demand and supply side constraints, where women are either perceived as unqualified or have faced barriers to enhancing the skills needed for leadership roles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Moreover, the laws of both countries need to establish enabling provisions that fulfil the requirements of the TRIPS Agreement, in particular draft Article 3 Ibis. This notification should include information concerning the beneficiary licensee, the products covered by the license, the quantity(ies) for which the license has been granted, its duration and the name of the beneficiary country(ies). Thus, the drugs produced under a compulsory license in the exporting country may be exported to several countries, provided these are all mentioned in the notification. The Annex contains a number of procedural requirements for the use of the draft Article 31 bis system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Various stakeholders are involved in the Bulgarian strategy as energy agencies exist at the national as well as local level. The Danish NEEAP has comprehensive sectoral coverage and sets a target of becoming independent of fossil fuels by 2050. The centrepiece ofthe NEEAP is the Danish Energy Agency (DEA), which links the country strategy with the regional activities of the DEA. As such, the DEA has multiple roles including: a) sharing information with consumers, b) receiving reports from companies on savings, c) organizing the market for energy obligations, and d) coordinating government and research activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Norwegian pupils in grade 5, which was the main population in 2015, had an average score of 549, which was higher than both Finland and Denmark. Again the Norwegian scores are significantly lower, mainly due to their lower age. With the change of main population to grade 5, the Norwegian score in Science was 538, which was slightly below the Swedish score of 540. In 2015, the Norwegian students in grade 9 had an average score of 512 in mathematics and an average score of 509 in science. These students are the same age as the Swedish grade 8 students. As shown in Figures 5-7, all the Nordic countries except Finland have had results with rather small variations around the OECD average during the whole period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The present analysis takes the same approach from the perspective of care redistribution, examining the potential offered by social welfare policies for a shift towards a concept of care as a universal right, and thus as a State duty and a responsibility shared not only between women and men, but between the different institutions in society as well. The role inevitably played by care in social protection creates an opportunity to mainstream this foundational aspect of gender relations in social policy and use its potential to take further steps towards equality. This potential does not loom large, however, for most analysts and policymakers. The care economy and unpaid care services do not usually feature as something to be acknowledged, regulated or safeguarded in social protection systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is not a case for public subsidies, but rather due consideration of the equity principle for water management financing. The Equity principle should not be tied to the Polluter Pays principle, as this can result in second and third best solutions to pollution challenges. Policies in agriculture, energy, urban development or trade are often responsible for ever growing pressures on water resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Network theory and methods are becoming increasingly used to study the causes and consequences of conflict. Network analysis allows researchers to develop a better understanding of the causal dynamics and structural geometry of the complex web of interdependencies at work in the onset, incidence, and diffusion of conflict and peace. This issue features new theoretical and empirical research demonstrating how properly accounting for networked interdependencies has profound implications for our understanding of the processes thought to be responsible for the conflict behavior of state and non-state actors. The contributors examine the variation in networks of states and transnational actors to explain outcomes related to international conflict and peace. They highlight how networked interdependencies affect conflict and cooperation in a broad range of areas at the center of international relations scholarship. It is helpful to distinguish between three uses of networks, namely: (1) as theoretical tools, (2)...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Hence, we propose introducing the energy-proportional concept—the idea that the power consumption of a system should be proportional to its workload—to the server cluster by matching the number of active servers to the load. We also present the design and implementation of a prototype of the server cluster and evaluate it by examining power usage and response times to some kinds of traffic patterns. As a result, our scheme reduces power consumption effectively under low load, succeeding in saving over 50% energy compared to the conventional management policy where all servers are kept in service whatever the workload, without affecting the response time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This combined atmospheric-oceanic phenomenon, usually occurring around every two to seven years, is known as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Many weather and climate extremes are the result of natural climate variability (including phenomena such as ENSO), and natural decadal or multi-decadal variations in the climate provide the backdrop for anthropogenic climate changes. Even if there were no anthropogenic changes in climate, a wide variety of natural weather and climate extremes would still occur.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. It explains how a more gender-sensitive approach can enhance statebuilding outcomes. It also shows how a more politically informed approach to gender equality can improve the effectiveness of interventions. While many donor countries display higher levels of gender equality than FCAS, no society has yet reached full gender equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the context of international migration, gender shapes integration patterns in the destination country (Hagan, 1998, Franz, 2003), as well as transnational practices (Boehm, 2008), including remittance behaviour (De Jong and others, 1996), it also influences reintegration trajectories in the case of return to the migrant's country of origin (Guarnizo, 1996). Surprisingly though, die gender approach is rarely applied in studies of migration in die area covered by die former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Rather, migration is still often perceived by default as a male phenomenon, thus, gender is an issue rarely taken into account in such studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The decree of the State Council (Rada Panstwa) of 12 December 1981 on martial law imposed martial law in Poland and ended Solidarity period in Polish history. Many Solidarity activists were imprisoned and sentenced on the basis of this decree. The penal provisions from this decree were often applied by judges on retroactive basis. The text analyzes the responsibility of judges for these commitments. The Supreme Court passed a sentence on this issue in 2007. The Supreme Court expressed an opinion that judges were obliged to apply retroactive rules. The author does not share this opinion. He analyzes Polish legal acts and the Convention on Human Rights (art. 15). A part of the text is dedicated to Gustaw Radbruch’s views about human justice, which in critical situation should have been applied despite the fact that written law is different.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Subsequently, variations in the proportion of immigrants across skill cells are used to assess the impact of immigration on labour market outcomes (see Annex 4.A1 for methodological details). One can imagine a broad range of other meaningful labour market indicators which can be similarly analysed, including unemployment or underemployment rates, vulnerable employment rates, wages, or hours worked. The degree to which these indicators can be analysed depends on the quality and availability of data, which in the case of Thailand is challenging. As unemployment data were not recorded in the 2010 Thai census wave, it was not possible to look at immigration impacts on unemployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
They conclude that: ‘our findings support the two-stage hypothesis we outlined at the beginning: more social cohesion leads to better institutions, and that better institutions in turn lead to higher growth’ (Easterly et al., In such recommendations they join with proponents of ‘fostering social cohesion’ via social inclusion, such as the Council of Europe. It was a major locale (although by no means the only one) that led to what has been termed the ‘new conventional wisdom’. This position is based on a stance also visible in policy perspectives of the EU at least since 2000 — that economic performance depends on good social policy, including policies promoting territorial, social and economic cohesion (Beauvais and Jenson, 2002: 21, European Commission, 2004, Turok, 2006: 353).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Despite the rhetoric, central governments generally do not undertake decentralization reforms in order to enhance efficiency or accountability. They do so in order to promote complex and varied political agendas. As a result, the best intentions of decentralization reform advocacy can easily be frustrated if it does take into cognizance the political goals and incentives that structure the decentralization process. This paper seeks to highlight the political economy dimension of decentralization and how the incentives frame the course of the decentralization reform design.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Deliveries to millers increased from 1.8 million tonnes in the 2000/01 marketing year to 4.1 million tonnes in 2010/11. Due to the relative simplicity of milling and the scalability of investments, it became an attractive activity for local entrepreneurs. Mills actively procure wheat either directly from farmers or through local traders. Almost half of Kazakhstan’s flour is produced by mills in the northern grain region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This requires strong institutional capacity and regulatory frameworks, which are often lacking in many developing countries. By adding local content to projects and by adapting RETs to local conditions, it is possible for developing-country first-mover manufacturers to benefit from domestic and international demand for RETs. Trade in RETs has in fact been brought into focus, for instance, as a possible contribution of the WTO to global climate mitigation efforts (see Vikhlyaev, Fliess, Zhang and Jha in this Review).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The city-region of Amsterdam then changed from a form of mandatory co-operation into the voluntary partnership of 15 municipalities that it is today whose primary function is the provision of regional transportation, excluding rail (Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal, 2012). The group has created a tool (Trans form City) that integrates stoiytelling, data-sharing, co-creation, participatory' democracy, crowdsourcing and crowdfunding. The project aims to engage citizens, businesses, organisations and the government directly in order to exchange information and ideas and collectively plan and change their city or neighbourhood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
By extension, co-financing and conditionality mechanisms could be useful tools to bolster fiscal relations across levels of government. Finally, there are opportunities to give a more strategic role for the existing fora for sharing information, good practices and analysis on urban challenges in Mexico, SEDATU could follow up on the outcomes of these discussions. Modernising the municipal administration and, where appropriate, developing metropolitan governance arrangements, will be central to better urban planning and management. Measures could include enabling municipal re-election and/or longer terms in office for mayors (recent federal legislation has already paved the way for this change, to be determined at state level), in addition to creating incentives for urban planning and introducing city managers (professional civil servants to guide the day-to-day administration within municipal administrations).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Apart from drought vulnerability, where the data often need to be presented at a regional or global level, the most useful geospatial information should be on much smaller scales and at high resolution. Flood risk maps, and urban classification for earthquake risk mapping, for example, should be on scales of 1:2,000 to 1:10,000, with a spatial resolution of one to five metres per pixel.34 Landslide hazard assessment mapping can be at a 1:50,000 scale, with a spatial resolution of 10 metres. Another issue is the frequency of updates which in both these cases might be every five years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The total area of all nurseries is 140 ha. Today, it is one of the organizational parts of the Public Enterprise "Sume RS". The basic activity of the Centre is development of forest management plans for state and private forests, game management plans, projects for civil engineering and building construction, development of investment-technical documentation, and other projects and programmes. In addition to the main activity, the development of forest management plans, the Centre produces design projects for about 40-50 km of forestry truck roads annually.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities" (IPCC 2014a:5). Mitigation, in contrast, "is a human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases" (IPCC 2014b:4). Vale Encantado is at risk as Rio plans to upgrade and remove favelas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
World per capita fish consumption is estimated at about 17.1 kg, with fish providing about 3.0 billion people with 15% of their average per capita intake of animal protein. Trade of fish and fishery products has significantly increased in the last decades, reaching a record USD 102 billion in 2008. In 2009, following the global economic recession, there was a contraction in demand, with a slight decline of fishery trade in both value and volume terms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)