albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, if political realities do not allow for it, generalised per-unit support for low-carbon generation can be a second-best alternative. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, Table SPM.5, p. 15, and 4.3.4.1 Electricity, Figure 4.19, www.ipcc.ch/pdf/ assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4_wg3_full_report.pdf. Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. While major accidents are an issue closely followed by policy makers and the general public alike, actual costs are comparatively low as Chapter 6 shows. System costs (see Chapter 3) are relatively high but since they remain confined to the economic sphere, they fail to arouse the passions of the media, the public and policy-making circles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The article analyzes the relationship between federative coordination and the evaluating State and the ways in which the central government has used collaborative agreements to promote evaluation and accountability measures on subnational units. It is characterized as an exploratory research in which are used as procedures the bibliographic and documentary survey with a qualitative approach. In a reading of the educational legislation, it presents the pacts and the strategies of the Union towards states and municipalities that have made the evaluation a path of intergovernmental relations. It concludes that the relationship between evaluating State and federative coordination is being forged insofar as the evaluation systems are signified by the particular features to a new function of the State, in a scenario of decentralization in which the control of the Union makes possible the federative coordination from results-based agreements, large-scale evaluations, quality of education, public transparency and accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As family-building often starts with a marriage, the consequences for fertility is obvious. Globally, fertility declined to 2.5 births per woman, but women who bear more than five children are still common in countries where women marry early. Early marriage and high fertility limit such women’s opportunities for education and employment and can severely diminish their chances for advancement in life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For nearly half of the gender-specific indicators, the methodology is developed but country-level data are limited. As of December 2017, the framework contains 93 indicators classified as Tier I, 66 as Tier II and 68 as Tier III. In addition, five other indicators are classified as multi-tier, with different components of the indicator classified into different tiers. Additionally, the lAEG-SDGs is currently liaising with custodian agencies to discuss available data sources and methodology to improve the availability and quality of country-level data related to Tier II indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
New initiatives and programs while certainly appealing, address conditions at the margin. For instance, changes to the regulatory framework or the education system would certainly encourage innovation and entrepreneurship however may not address more fundamental concerns about trust, legitimacy and culture. Moreover, smaller reforms may weaken demands for more fundamental and transformational reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The plan is then detailed in two parts, Section 4.4 outlines policy options to mitigate agriculture production risks at the hotspot location, and Section 4.5 describes measures to reduce broader sector risks, and to limit chain reaction that would affect non-hotspot countries. Section 4.6 closes the chapter with a discussion of implications for three pre-identified hotspot regions. This section analyses the incentives for reaction and possible responses of farmers and agro-purchasing food companies in hotspot regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Backsliding on the rule of law and control of corruption in several EU countries is a threat to EU cohesion. It not only undermines solidarity between EU member states, but also puts a brake on investment and economic growth. Such developments reinforce the centrifugal forces of popular dissent with the EU. To counter these disintegrating forces, the EU member states need to engage in new measures to counter negative developments in governance. One such measure would be to give individuals the right of appeal in European courts. However, any move towards better governance in the EU would require treaty changes, as the existing tools (Article 7, in particular) are not effective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such a tool could help credit institutions perform more effectively, as they would evaluate both women and men on the grounds of their entrepreneurial talent. Financial literacy programmes are particularly relevant since women often have lower levels of financial knowledge than men (Chapter 10). One example of these integrated financing schemes is the Inter-American Development Bank project “Strengthening Women Entrepreneurship in Peru”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Self-reported surveys, self-reflection reports or journals, and checklists are most frequently used in the process. The most common consequences are that the centre or staff are required to take measures to address shortcomings, conduct a follow-up inspection or other monitoring practice, as well as the more drastic sanction of closing ECEC settings or not renewing their license to operate. It is not common to attach funding consequences, whether increases or decreases in funding, to monitoring service quality outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Falling student numbers result in declines in educational efficiency as student/teacher ratios fall and facilities are underused. Declining enrolments threaten the quality of student programmes as course offerings and instructor numbers decline. Falling student numbers exacerbate a pre-existing problem of scale facing Lithuanian public university institutions, which are numerous (14) and small.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2015, the annual felling was lower than the annual allowable cut by 0.57 million m3 or 81.5 percent. Misdemeanour charges refer to illegal cutting or trafficking of up to 2 m3 of wood, whereas criminal charges apply to more than 2 m3 of wood. According to Information on Forest Management in 2015 and Plans for Management in 2016, based on the amount of illegally harvested timber in 2015, 36,897 m3 were damaged, to the value of 2,560,595 KM (data received from cantonal forest offices).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
At NCHEMS, he specialises in state coordination and governance of higher education and advising state governments on long-term strategies to improve the effectiveness of their education systems and linking education to the state’s future economic competitiveness and quality of life. Prior to joining NCHEMS in 1993, he was a senior staff member for 17 years at the Education Commission of the States (ECS), one of the principal sources of policy advice on education reform for state governments. On the international level, he has served as examiner for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) reviews of education policy in the Dominican Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Ireland, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, the Russian Federation, and Turkey, He is currently a consultant to the World Bank on governance of technical/engineering in India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Abstract   This article analyses the dissolution of the Baha'i local assembly of Los Angeles in 1986–88 by the National Assembly. Official explanations for this move focused on lapses in morality and administrative discipline, but local interviewees, as well as some official pronouncements, suggest that the conflict had two roots: the globalisation of the community and resultant ethnic conflict among whites, African–Americans and newly immigrant Iranians, and national/local conflicts over power and money. Low-information elections, the unaccountability of elected officials, censorship and difficulties in acknowledging social conflict were the causes of these episodes in the Baha'i religion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It comprises 42 railway connections with 390 stations and 943 bus routes with 11 900 stops. On average, it handles some 2.5 million passengers per workday, with an average length of travel of 10 kilometres. In terms of revenue per trip, it achieves a top value in Germany, covering its costs at 57%, with the remainder coming from federal regionalisation funds passed through the state budget, and from municipalities via state financial equalisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
We expect to find a negative relationship between poverty and this variable. It is worth noting that the Brazilian economy showed growth in income per capita over the period 1995-2009. Thus, the absolute poverty indicator used is the proportion of poor people (/>0). This index is frequently used to express income inequality and may be linked to the so-called Lorenz curve, which is defined by the set of points obtained by plotting income shares against population shares in ascending order. On the basis of this curve, we then calculate Gini coefficients for each of the states between 1995 and 2009. As discussed in the previous section, the relationship between the Gini coefficient and poverty must be positive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
At the same time, DARD’s also give effect to the socio-economic development plans of the PPC. For example, the annex to the Tam Nong resolution on agriculture and rural development lists almost 20 distinct government agencies with roles to play. The Agency of Foreign Trade (Department of Export and Import) is responsible for issuing import, export, duty exemption and quota certificates, and managing tariff-rate quotas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, as the need for more comprehensive data on food waste generation increases it is expected that governments will invest in collection of more reliable data in a longer term perspective. Trends in food waste generation by households will be influenced by changes in diets and household income. Trends in food waste generation by the food production industry in Nordic countries would be affected by increased import of finished food products or economic downturns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The key strategy at this time was to foster the “growth pole”, which geographically corresponded to the so-called Gyungbu corridor linking Seoul to Busan and Ulsan. The government used public resources and external borrowing to finance the work, focusing first on manufacturing and services in Seoul. It then went on to create the heavy industry base along the southeast coast by building such industrial cities as Ulsan, the construction of which began in 1969, and a number of other industrial estates in that region. During the 1960s and 1970s, to improve efficiency, the government’s investment was concentrated on the high priority areas of Seoul, Incheon and Ulsan, so as to facilitate accessibility to human resources, subsidiary material, product sales and infrastructure. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It reflects multiple deprivations faced by poor people in education, health and living standards. The index for each country indicates the percentage of the population that is multidimensionally poor adjusted by the intensity of the deprivation. Populations with a score of 50% or more are designated as suffering severe multidimensional poverty. It can also lead to violence when accepted roles or norms are threatened.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It therefore addressed not only stakeholders in the ten partner countries, but equally policy makers and other interested parties in other low- and middle-income countries with mid-sized to large immigrant populations. What is the added value of the project? ( Leading migration researchers provided their perspectives on suitable methodologies at an international expert meeting that took place at the OECD in Paris on 23-24 February 2015.b Data constraints sometimes made it impossible to analyse all aspects in every partner country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This is because Brazil is finally approaching the hard core of extreme poverty - those who are lacking in everything. Limited access to infrastructure and public services, low levels of education, precarious relationships with the world of work, minimal and unstable income, and little or no knowledge of their civil rights are some of the characteristics that combine to keep these people in poverty. Left to themselves, they do not have the necessary tools to break this perverse cycle, nor do they possess useful skills to offer the market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, short innovation cycles in the IT industry add pressure on software enterprises to upgrade their capabilities. In the Indian software industry, formal training programmes exist in all large enterprises, especially those catering to the export market (Vijayabaskar and Suresh Babu, 2009). Such programmes typically aim at equipping new employees with programming and problem-solving skills, as well as exposing them to organizational procedures and routines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Around 55% of the Icelandic alpine habitats are sparsely vegetated. These areas were formerly largely covered with heathland vegetation, which has been degraded in historic time due to grazing, combined with harsh environmental conditions and volcanic activity (Arnalds 2015, Agustsdottir 2015). There is growing pressure for development of the highlands, especially from the energy sector (construction of dams and hydro and geothermal plants) and tourism (Ministry for the Environment and the Icelandic Institute of Natural History 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A national centre of expertise in assessment could work to build capacity on a large scale. It could also support cooperation between researchers and facilitate the development and implementation of assessment models. As knowledge and capacity grows, new high-quality tools and networks can be developed and promoted by and for teachers and school leaders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In fact, the investment volumes in ESG / SRI assets are a multiple of those in ‘pure’ green investments. For example, some estimates see SRI assets as high as EUR 7 trillion (two-thirds in Europe),30 but this would include screening of stocks on ‘relative’ rather than absolute ‘green’ definitions, and therefore drawing the definition very wide. When ‘green investing' comes through the door of SRI or ESG, it may not be particularly focused on green or climate change investments as SRI/ESG is most popular as an ‘overlay’ process to standard investment policies without targeting particular green assets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Importantly, it is expected in a drought year that all inputs will decrease, but that both crop and vegetation water demands will increase, leading to reductions in streamflow for rivers that are hydrologically connected to the aquifer, as well as reduced water availability for other groundwater-dependent ecosystems. These spatial externalities may include stream depletion and local water table lowering. For example, ongoing pumping by well B will lead to stream depletion and reductions in streamflow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For marine ecological impacts from emissions to water, robust impact assessment methods are in the early stage of development. In general, unresolved issues may be exemplified by contradictory results for toxic effects of long-term metal releases, as discussed in Pettersen and Hertwich (2008), and effects of particle emissions in (Veltman et al., This is unfortunate for LCA research on offshore wind power, as there are operations associated with offshore wind power taking place in ocean waters that must be modelled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A number of factors have resulted in great structural changes in the food web of the Black Sea: climate change, natural annual fluctuations, anthropogenic impacts including changes in river discharge quality resulting in a rise in eutrophication and pollution, overfishing, and the accidental introduction of exotic species from aquaculture projects. The highest negative impact is caused by comb jellies. Since 2010, no achievement can be reported, this is a topic where there is a lack of data and financial and capacity-building needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They may have enough to pay for the regular use of electricity but may not be able to afford the connection fees. In such cases, any subsidised electricity is useless for them. When connections are free of charge for the very poor, as in South Africa and India, this first problem is tackled. The second hurdle is setting the tariff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As such, IBCC has been helpful in co-ordinating between various local conservancy districts with state-level agencies and local stakeholders. This is useful in so far as there are so many conservancy districts in Colorado that almost none have jurisdiction over an entire a river basin. In order to account for all alternatives, co-operation is therefore necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the first place, they need to actually know that financial institutions offer such policies at reasonable rates, particularly for low-income clients, since the annuity value declines as the interest rates increases and rises with declining life expectancy.31 Homeowners should also feel able to deal with the red tape that converting their home equity would pose. The y-axis shows percentage reductions in the risk of poverty for the over-65s and measured with reference to the 60% of the household equivalised income drawn from the SHARE survey. Financial assets encompass deposit accounts, bonds, stocks, mutual investment funds, life insurance, and investment and financial assets that include pensions.32 Drawing on two main sources, this section analyses such financial wealth and the part it plays in adequate retirement incomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
With enlarged Ul coverage, social assistance could target those who are further aw'ay from the labour market. According to theoretical models, the benefit should decline over time to provide optimal job-search incentives. Furthermore, similar models show7 that indexation of unemployment benefits on previous earnings tends to foster wage moderation and thus leads to higher employment (Heer and Morgenstem, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In some countries this has been difficult, but creative approaches to encourage consolidation of small companies or partnerships with foreign companies can help. The private sector also can be encouraged to provide auxiliary services (such as concessions) and advertising to help pay for the costs. Without such private sector involvement, it is unlikely that BRT could thrive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It can be a driver of change if it provokes successful interventions to mediate solutions. The Australian Mekong Resource Centre (AMRC 2005) identifies three principal means of transforming conflict into collaboration: technical, legal and political. “ Technical” covers modelling of water flows and quality, information processing, and access to data and information. “ Legal” involves formalizing rights of use, laws and regulations that shift conflicts to courts or other mediating institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
I and II, Washington, DC, World Bank, November. Environment Protection and Sustainable Development of Kazakhstan, 2004, 2008,2010. Land designated for agricultural use does not include agricultural land in the Land Reserve, Forest, and Water Reserves, in special protected areas, agricultural land of urban and rural settlements, and industrial and transport entities. Statistical data on farm machinery and equipment for agricultural food processing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Various efforts to tackle waiting lists have been taken, including additional budget allocations to fund overtime work in the public sector and ‘coupons' for some patients to obtain care in the private sector. However, these projections assume a continuation of the currently low priority given to health, which is not likely to be sufficient in the long term given that expenditure levels are already unable to provide coverage to the entire population and there are long waiting times for some services. This became particularly evident during the recent economic crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The category “labour-intensive manufactures" includes leather, textiles, clothing and footwear. However, the two sources of productivity growth result from substantially different corporate behaviour: while technological progress relies on investment in innovation and the associated dynamic gains in an enterprise’s long-term growth strategy, substituting lower-cost imported intermediate products for higher-cost domestic inputs achieves productivity growth through cost reductions from the globalization of production. The ways in which the different corporate strategies may affect changes in income distribution are addressed in more detail below. The manufacture of parts and final goods in different countries entails not only costs of transportation and tariffs, but also of coordination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The simulation is conducted to estimate the impact of a single farm payment (SFP) on farm risk management strategies and welfare under uncertainty in the UK (Table 2.1). A level of GBP 199 per hectare is chosen for the payment based on the average per hectare receipt of SFP in UK cereal farms in 2007. However, the expenditure for direct payments does not necessarily result in equivalent increase in farm income. According to the previous estimation in OECD (2003), the impacts of single farm payment on the mean income (transfer efficiency) are assumed to be 50% of the simulated impacts.7 The simulation result shows that certainty equivalent income increases slightly more than the increase in mean income, and the coefficient of variation of income falls by 19%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For example, in both temperate and tropical regions, farming system diversification and crop-livestock-tree integration would increase resource-use efficiency and reduce GHG emission intensity (Soussana, Dumont and Lecomte, 2015). A number of technologies can help to raise production efficiency and harness co-benefits, including precision-farming, advanced breeding, judicious use of organic and inorganic fertilizers, and better use of legumes, genetic resources and landscape biodiversity. Agroforestry, forest regeneration, plantations, conservation agriculture, organic farming and grazing management can all contribute to those goals, although options will not apply equally across all farming systems and regions. According to the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report, deforestation and forest degradation account for nearly 11 percent of all GHG emissions: more than the world's entire transport sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
One school leader emphasised the importance of being trained specifically for the role of school leader, but until the early 2000s, Norway did not have any particular development programme for school leaders. Since then, national Masters level courses have been developed, and some of the school leaders interviewed had participated in these programmes. The OECD’s Teaching and Learning International Survey (OECD, 2009) highlights the importance of team teaching in Norway. Teacher teams offer opportunities for teachers to reflect on their work and discuss their teaching practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)