albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The variables are usually significant in both urban and rural areas, but their magnitudes (size of the coefficients) differ, e.g. marriage has a stronger negative impact on labour force participation of women in urban areas. Overall the impact of socio-economic and cultural factors is stronger in urban than rural areas potentially explaining some of the lower urban female participation. In regressions by religion Muslim women have constantly lower probability of taking part in the labour market. There is no clear trend observable for this variable over time, although it shows a distinct one-off decrease in the latest survey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Among international and regional organizations, the Organization of American States (OAS) was the first to adopt a binding treaty dedicated to anti-corruption. In 1996, it passed the Inter-American Convention Against Corruption (IACAC), which was subsequently signed and ratified by the vast majority of member states. The document established a definition of corruption and committed states in the Americas to preventing and punishing it. Moreover, it provided the starting point for a mechanism of regional cooperation (MESICIC), which was established in 2001.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Aggressive smart metering roll outs approved by regulators may or may not deliver the demand response potential that can contribute to ensuring security of supply during periods of scarcity. In the United Kingdom, the ongoing nuclear policy began in 2008 and the first new nuclear reactors are not expected before 2018, if the reform proceeds successfully. After two years of active consultations, several barriers must still be removed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Relatively high wages at the bottom of the wage distribution make it costly to hire professional household service providers (Albrecht et al., In Sweden, both men and women spend more time on household services than in the United States since their high cost and social norms against buying household services encourage people to perform their own household tasks rather than relying on market provision. Policies to improve wage flexibility at the lower end of the wage distribution, as proposed earlier in this paper, would lower the cost of in-house child-care. In 2007, a tax deduction for up to 50% of expenses for domestic household-related services was introduced, mainly to reduce the extent of informal economic activity. The fact that the tax deduction covers various domestic services including house renovation makes it hard to assess its impact on female employment outcomes. The impact of the tax deduction on female employment outcomes should be monitored.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The 391-km long river has its source in the Main Caucasus Mountain Range (elevation 2,600-2,800 m a.s.l.). The Alazani/Ganyh flows for a substantial part of its length along the Gcorgia-Azcrbaijan border, and discharges into the Mingachcvir Reservoir in Azerbaijan. There is currently some concern about worsening conditions for generating baseflow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Commitments could be quantified in terms of a GHG-related metric where possible. This would help to inform estimates of future global GHG emissions and assessments of progress towards the 2 °C long-term global goal. It would also facilitate assessment of progress towards individual country commitments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These goals, established for the next 15 years, are rightly ambitious with full support of the Commonwealth. However, this should not obscure the scale of the challenges ahead. Urgent actions are required to advance this development agenda. Sustainable Development Goal 14 urges the international community to “conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources”. This points to a pressing need for the international community to address the issue of the conservation and the rebuilding of global fish stocks that have been so quickly depleted as a result of the industrialisation of the fisheries sector to date.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This article delineates community education by exploring the wider contexts underlying the field. It associates community education with adult education, popular education, and community development. It reviews the historical bases from radical workers' education to empowering self-help. It depicts the facets of community education arising from these sources, and links praxis – the dynamics of methods and knowledge bases – with critical citizenship and democracy. It provides an overview of the applications of community education, from community building to consciousness raising, and from health education to human rights, to illuminate its scope and use, with examples drawn from the South and North.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Box 1 provides details on scope and measurement choices. There exist several recent and detailed national studies of redistribution trends (e.g., Riihela et al., Multi-country comparative studies that consider the entire tax-benefit system are rare, and mostly limited to a particular point in time (Immervoll et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Valuable comments were received from Denny Lewis-Bynoe, John Connell, Garry Wiseman and Anthony Polack. Cook Islands and Niue are self-governing states in free association with New Zealand. Although New Zealand is a member of the Commonwealth, Cook Islands and Niue are not included as Commonwealth Pacific small states in this Report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It further highlights the fact that by 2030, there will mechanisms to facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support, particularly to help least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States overcome such large differences that these countries face in terms of infrastructure development vis-a-vis developed and other developing countries. In this context, Goal 9 further emphasizes the need to support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring that the policy environment is conducive to, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to the export of raw commodities. In doing so, the Forum should improve "alignment and coordination among established and new infrastructure initiatives, multilateral and national development banks, United Nations agencies, and national institutions, development partners and the private sector".3 This will also help to promote linkages between Goal 9 and the process of industrialization and innovation, especially for CSN.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Contextual factors can also increase the incidence of child poverty, including the way poverty is distributed in a country. The child poverty situation in the region calls for a study of inequalities broken down to lower geographical levels within countries, in order to target public policies and sectoral projects for improving the living standards of children and adolescents in different areas defined on a geopolitical or territorial basis. This allows priority clusters to be identified for public policy implementation, as they have high concentrations of children and adolescents suffering deprivation and can even cross national and geographical boundaries, attesting to a reality that affects several subregions in Latin America and the Caribbean. Geographic information systems are specialized computer programs for analysing spatial patterns in information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As a result of birth control policies established in the early 1960s, Korea also has one of the lowest birth rates in the world. These demographic extremes set the stage for significant health care challenges in the foreseeable future. It is already evident that chronic disease is a major challenge to the health care system, the expected rise in the prevalence of multi-morbidities that accompanies this will present a further challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It follows that the cut hectare will also not match the value added, estimated at TSh 10,599 per hectare per year (2001). Are the net benefits of such a small magnitude as to justify their being ignored by development policy? Or are they of such a colossal amount that they necessitate the immediate attention of policymakers? The present value of costs from deforestation to the Tanzanian economy amounts to TSh 420 billion (US$ 263 million).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Anodier important overall determinant is by sex. For children in most countries, the rates of underweight are the same for both sexes. The exception is South Asia, where the rate for boys is 44 per cent, compared to 47 per cent for girls. For adults, there are indications in some countries that women are more likely to be undernourished than men because of how food is distributed within households. This has serious implications for the food security of households that depend on female earners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2013, environmentally-related taxes accounted for 13.7% of total tax revenue in India and 7.3% in China, but only 1.4% in Malaysia and 1.3% in the Philippines.2 A new law in China that came into effect at the beginning of 2018 introduced new taxes on polluters. It will likely affect these rates in future, although its main purpose is not to raise revenue. For example, the building sector - including space heating and cooling, water heating, lighting, appliances and cooking equipment in residential, commercial and industrial buildings - accounts for 55% of anthropogenic emissions of fine particulate matter, 5% of all nitrogen oxide emissions and 7% of sulphur dioxide emissions globally (IEA, 2016). Reducing emissions from this sector requires replacing kerosene lighting with electricity, and improving access to clean cooking facilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It also recognizes the land rights of children and youth {see also case study 2 on Namibia). To a lesser extent, women may also gain access through government or other social programmes (for example, via land reform), or through access to markets. This means that many types of laws will be relevant to the protection of women's land rights, including marriage and family law (which addresses issues of marital property, inheritance and divorce) as well as land law (which may address issues of land reform),and personal status lawand property law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Past approaches to gender equality have focused on the micro-level—education, health care access, support for ch i Idea re, a nd a ccess to prod ucti ve resou rces. While those initiatives are important, they are not sufficient. For example, policies to increase women’s education and labour force participation will only yield their full benefits with sufficient aggregate demand to generate employment demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Constant changes in law, structure and leadership as well as the lack of investment in human and technical resources had a negative influence on the forestry sector of Georgia. Due to a lack of a clearly defined strategy and action plan the establishment of a sustainable forest management system was impossible during this period. In December 2013, the Parliament of Georgia adopted the National Forest Concept - Georgia's first national forest policy - which was developed with strong stakeholder participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Since SEA-U is primarily staffed by marine biologists this has proved to be of added-valueto the business model, since marine biological competence is regarded among the public as a sustainability guarantee. The basic idea was to increase local sales of locally caught fish, and to increase the economic value of the catch for coastal fishers. The brand "Oresundsfisk" was created and this brand is owned by the economic association "Oresund fran bat till bord" ("Oresund from boat to table") managed by professional fishers. The brand criteria are articulated based on quality, traceability and sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Estimating the baseline elasticities with these controls included in the household income equations yields a different assessment on the long-run association between GDP per capita and household incomes across the distribution (Figure 5).20 In the case of (country-specific) time trends, the elasticity of average household disposable incomes to GDP per capita is estimated to be close to one. It is assumed that GDP per capita drives long-run levels of household incomes across the distribution. This finding would confirm that survey-based income measurement issues and underestimation have been growing over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
By 2010, “KiwiSaver” had built up coverage to 55%. Coverage of funded private pensions (cont.) The United Kingdom introduced an automatic enrolment scheme in October 2012, so it is still too early to evaluate coverage. They apply to age, income, gender, type of employment (full-time or part-time), and type of contract (permanent or temporary). The OECD analysis shows that coverage is uneven, particularly in voluntary private pension systems, and some population groups have very low enrolment rates in private pension plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Creating platforms for women to network and exchange ideas which can stimulate innovation and provide women with a sense of support and confidence can also enable them to be better prepared and succeed. To some extent, this is being driven by the plethora of regional and national business plan competitions and the implementation of initiatives, such as Startup Weekend." As part of the emerging eco-system for entrepreneurship, a burgeoning number of motivated new entrepreneurs is seeking incubation support to take their business concepts to the next level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Retrieved from http://www.imshealth.com/deployedfiles/imshealth/Global/Content/Corporate/IMS Institute/RUOM-2013/IHII_Responsible_Use_Medicines_2013.pdf Ascertaining Barriers for Compliance : policies for safe , effective and cost-effective use of medicines in Europe Final Report of the ABC Project. ( Pharmaceutical Expenditure And Policies: Past Trends And Future Challenges. In OECD Health Working Papers (Vol. Medication Adherence: WHO Cares? Mayo Clin Proc, 86(4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Finally, countries in the bottom-right quadrant (IV) show below-average levels of homeownership among the elderly combined with above-average public pension expenditure. In this group, Austria and Germany stand out. First, private pensions play a very important role in many of those in the first and third quadrants, while public pensions account for much of retirement incomes in most countries in quadrants II and IV.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It should be supported by well-trained staff and marketing professionals to help move beyond awareness raising and toward communication strategies that take into account consumers’ needs and existing knowledge, attitudes and behaviours. It successfully influenced the integration of water concepts in Jordan’s curriculum reform and contributed to increase the knowledge levels of Jordanians on critical water issues. Research has shown evidence of residual effects of WEPIA five years later.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The deployment of weapons of mass destruction, and particularly chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons, looms large worldwide with profound population health ramifications, yet international humanitarian law is inadequately structured to address the complexity of these threats, and particularly the social determinants that allow them to sustain. This work articulates the precise role of international criminal law in promoting, protecting, and validating the inextricable linkage between health and human rights, challenging a status quo that has heralded trade and national security as the preeminent and arguably exclusive factors of international intervention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Our company specializes in sourcing, processing, packaging and exporting raw cashew nuts and supplying groundnuts and peanuts locally to exporters. Mira Impex has an annual turnover of $900,000. We are planning to move up the value chain by expanding into processing cashew kernels, cashew jam and cashew juice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Given the considerable heterogeneity of the sector, targeted and tailored approaches to reducing emissions from agriculture (which may vary per region and type of production) are needed. Current efforts to manage the negative impacts on water quality of agricultural practice could benefit from increased stringency and wider application. While voluntary agreements can be used to encourage co-operation from agricultural producers, they are insufficient on their own to achieve water quality objectives effectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, in spite of the recent efforts, public expenditure on education remains considerably below the OECD average and below the equivalent expenditure in other Latin American countries. In international comparison, public expenditure appears to be particularly low in public general upper secondary programmes. This relatively low level of spending translates into inadequate spending on teacher and school leader salaries and on learning materials, and challenges to meet the demand for pre-primary education places. While there have been considerable efforts to increase the salaries of public teachers in recent years, the relative salaries of public teachers remain low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2013, total program funding was $5.46 billion. Although the IHS budget has increased over time, funds are not equally distributed across facilities and they remain insufficient to meet health care needs. As such, access to services through IHS varies significantly across locations, and American Indians and Alaska Natives who rely solely on IHS for care often lack access to needed care. Indigenous peoples often use their own words that translate roughly to "living well' which combines beliefs in the importance of balance. The four elements of life: physical, emotional, mental and spiritual are all are intricately woven together and interact to support a strong and healthy person.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the 1970s, mounting evidence of hunger and malnutrition in the United States led to increased funding for human nutrition research by the Federal Government. Since 1983, human nutrition research has been coordinated by the Interagency Committee on Human Nutrition Research (ICHNR). The ICHNR is co-chaired by the USDA and the DHHS and includes representatives from eight other federal departments and agencies as well as the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. The ICHRN has been instrumental in strengthening procedures for the monitoring of the nutritional status of the US population and improving the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The development of a human right to water and sanitation under international law has created an imperative to implement human rights in water and sanitation policy. Through forty-three interviews with informants in international institutions, national governments, and non-governmental organizations, this research examines interpretations of this new human right in global governance, national policy, and local practice. Exploring obstacles to the implementation of rights-based water and sanitation policy, the authors analyze the limitations of translating international human rights into local water and sanitation practice, concluding that system operators, utilities, and management boards remain largely unaffected by the changing public policy landscape for human rights realization. To understand the relevance of human rights standards to water and sanitation practitioners, this article frames a research agenda to ensure that human rights aspirations lead to public policy reforms and public health outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
abstract  In a cross-cultural experiment, we examined how task interdependence influences the importance of organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) in employee performance evaluations in China and the USA. A total of 150 graduate students in China and 154 in the USA (a total of 304), who serve as evaluators, participated in the experiment. Participants were exposed to a task interdependence manipulation and then rated the importance of OCB in their overall performance evaluations of employees. Results support the moderating effects of national culture (both using a country proxy and as a measure of collectivism) on the affects of task interdependence. Although among evaluators from the USA perceptions of the importance of OCB increased as task interdependence increased, the effects of task interdependence were significantly attenuated among evaluators from China. Implications of these results for research and practice are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One option, following the OECD study on regional development policy would be to start with a modest set of indicators and gradually adjust or expand them if necessary (OECD, 2009). For example, citizens that can at present consult regional documents on the web site might be given the opportunity to comment on educational plans before they are approved by the regional authorities. Schools decide whether training is provided in school workshops or in a company and some students receive all their practical training in the school (Education Act No 561, section 65/2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Asia-Pacific Environmental Innovation Strategies (APEIS) - Research on Innovative and Strategic Policy Options (RISPO) -Good Practices Inventory - Shift from Leaded to Unleaded Gasoline in Thailand. Available from http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/contents/APEIS/RISPO/inventory/ db/pdf/0097.pdf. An analysis of economic instruments for GHG mitigation in Thailand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Many estimate that this will result in care that is of higher quality, safer and more responsive to patients’ needs as well as more efficient (appropriate, available, and less wasteful). In areas with large rural or remote populations, broadband is enabling increasing use of telemedicine to overcome the impact of the shortage of physicians and improve access to care. This is particularly important as the percentage of the population over age 65 rises significantly. Electronic health records can make medical information on individual patients readily available and can be used to follow the effects of disease and therapies on the patient over time and to detect and prevent medication errors (OECD, 2010c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, high-school teachers licensed in a particular state will often have to re-apply for licensure to be able to teach in another state.18 Nunn (2016) and Johnson and Kleiner (2017) have found evidence that licensed workers are less likely to change states than non-licensed workers. See for instance the analysis by Goldhaber (2015). Licensing would hence potentially weigh on participation in the low licensing states by reducing the mobility of displaced workers to other states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)