albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The publication of a series of cartoons by a Danish newspaper that depicted Islam in a derogatory manner and which were accompanied by an editorial criticizing Islam, ignited significant emotions about both the freedom of speech and the freedom of religion or the respect for religion. This chapter examines how international human rights law helps us to understand the cartoon controversy of international proportions. This is the case, even though the controversy is predominately political. As the controversy took place in a multicultural society, international law provides some guidance, particularly as to how the state authorities might have responded. Moreover, had more attention been paid to the guidance provided by international law, it is suggested that, this controversy could have been defused at an early stage.  Keywords: Danish cartoons, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, international human rights law
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This report addresses the question of how that bill is divided between the public sector and individuals or firms. Forms of public-private collaboration, such as those inherent in technical and vocational training (TVET) systems, are likely to be instrumental in ensuring that workers get the right skills for the job. Such collaboration has been successful in countries such as Germany and Switzerland, but it has not always been easy to replicate elsewhere. There is uncertainty over whether they will be able to do so in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The role of equity and equitable principles in international adjudication has long been subject to debate in international legal scholarship, one of the main reasons being the obscurity in properly identifying the normative foundations of equity in international law. This study addresses this issue in specific by providing a three-tier analytical discourse with a view to delineate equity's normativity. In this sense, it is, first, acknowledged that equity has been envisaged as forming part of the wider  corpus  of positive international law, then, equity is examined  vis-a-vis  the doctrine of “sources”, finally, the analysis turns to the “routes of entry” of equity in international law, i.e. via treaty, custom, and, most prominently, equitable principles, themselves “general principles of law” of Art. 38(1)(c) of the I.C.J. Statute.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Ultimately, growth and distribution are inter-related and can work at cross purposes - as this analysis makes clear. Beginning with wage-led growth, gender inequality constrains social reproduction and growth through the time squeeze channel for both LIAEs and conservative corporatist economies. For LIAEs, low levels of development combined with the traditional gender division of labour mean that raising women’s incomes as a tool for gender equality is insufficient for delivering the types of investments in human capacities that will foster sustainable growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
According to the evidence presented in Chapter 1, in the state of Morelos, the schools located in the smaller cities that are at the periphery of metropolitan areas seem to concentrate poorer student performances and may require greater attention. Increasing the quality of the teaching and learning that children benefit from in basic education directly affects the rest of their scholastic journey. Despite the existence of scholarship programmes intended to incentivise attendance, improving the transition from basic education to upper secondary education in the state of Morelos is an uphill battle. The relationship between schools’ educational resources and mathematics scores in PISA is significant. Evidence also shows that, on average across OECD countries, higher-performing students generally attend schools with better educational resources (OECD, 2012a, OECD, 2013a). Educational resources tend to refer to science laboratory equipment, instructional materials/computers and/or qualified teachers in key areas, whereas physical infrastructure tends to refer to school buildings, heating and cooling systems, and instructional space.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As Chapter 3 of this report depicts in some detail, ocean warming, rising sea levels, acidification and declining biodiversity all present a threat to wild fish stocks. In the case of offshore oil and gas, these range from weak market demand and oversupply and concerns about safety and the ocean environment, to the new momentum gathering behind efforts to decarbonise the economy, as most recently demonstrated by the COP21 agreement. The sector’s future therefore is hard to judge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In Wisconsin, the Wisconsin Wind Works, a consortium of suppliers and vendors to wind energy counts 300 companies, with 40 companies joining in 2010 alone, and a high concentration of firms around Milwaukee (Wisconsin Wind Works, 2011). A main driver for the growing wind industry in the United States is a favourable investment environment, supported by tax credits, feed-in tariffs or grants, which attracts and spurs private investment. The Illinois Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard promotes wind energy by requiring that 25% of the state’s electricity be provided by renewable sources by 2025, and that 75% of that amount come from wind power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The weakness of Brazilian infrastructure is recognised by the government, which since the mid-1990s has undertaken important institutional and regulatory reforms in the infrastructure sectors, and from the mid-2000s introduced various federal and state programmes. Governments at the federal and state levels have also introduced various tax and credit incentives to increase private investment in infrastructure. Other activities include the development of electronic systems to facilitate the control of shipments in ports and other border points, and financial support for private and public storage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Given the eminently regulatory nature of policy in the region in the twentieth century, twenty-first century policy must incorporate economic instruments more firmly to effectively produce the desired changes in both producers and consumers and usher in more egalitarian and sustainable patterns. In this framework, the central message of United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) was the need to fully integrate environmental considerations into development approaches. The greater the number of species in an ecosystem, the greater its genetic differentiation, and the more likely that it will be stable, resilient and resistant to extreme changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In OECD countries, a large part of logistics is now outsourced to third-party logistics (3PL) providers. Despite the shortcomings presented previously, local professionals are more satisfied with their local trucking and railways services than their peers in middle-income countries. This is not the case for warehousing, freight forwarding, custom broking and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This will be all the more necessary the greater the distance separating production and consumption zones: for example, in the case of wind power in Brazil, concentrated in the north of the country, while consumption is mainly in the south. Estimates of the additional cost vary between USS 2 and USS 13 per MW. In addition, there is a further USS 1 to USS 7 per MW needed to improve the systemic balance through flexible generation, energy storage, or smart grids. To contextualize these investments, it is worth noting that just 3% of all investments foreseen in transmission and distribution from now until 2035 will be destined for adjusting the increase in intermittent renewable energies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
If unable to satisfy their basic needs or to enjoy the freedom to function, people will not be in a position to demand their rights, and this will deepen and reproduce poverty. The available information on the surveys of households make reference mainly to lack of resources or deprivation, many of which may be interpreted simultaneously as proxies for infringements of rights, constraints on meeting needs or obstacles to the achievement of functionings. A direct measurement of these concepts would require information which often cannot be adequately obtained through surveys or which, when they can be, are generally not available (for example, the nutritional status of the population or actual food consumption) (Santos and others, 2010). This subset of indicators can be used to explore other deprivations that can help to identify the poor, such as those relating to insufficient monetary resources and those that point to deficiencies in social participation or in linkages with institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, the question of what is sustained for whom is often difficult to clarify (Mowforth and Munt, 2015, Hall et al., Since there is no single and generally accepted definition of sustainable tourism development, the concept is often reduced to rhetorical use (Gossling et al., On the other hand, tourism companies often find it difficult to incorporate sustainability in theiroperations duetoa lack of specific tools, standardsand methods (Ruhanen, 2008, Lew, Ng, Ni, and Wu, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The brokers overcame this by engaging directly with front-line advisors locally and developing a range of marketing tools outlining the offers and scale of the potential future job opportunities. Currently there is a strong focus across the city on retrofitting “brown” buildings and investing in the infrastructure to improve energy efficiency. For instance, in the City of Sydney Authority alone there is a particular focus on installing new photovoltaic sites and a commitment to further lowering the carbon footprint of large commercial and public buildings through the Better Buildings Partnership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Governments in developed regions were more likely to have adopted such measures than those in developing regions. In developed regions, 98 per cent of Governments had adopted both legal measures and policies to prevent domestic violence, compared to 65 per cent among Governments in developing regions. Report of the Secretary-General on intensification of efforts to eliminate all forms of violence against women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, it has contributed to social welfare by systematically managing livestock waste that would otherwise produce odour and water pollution. Complaints about livestock odour increased by 52.3% from 2,838 cases in 2014 to 4,323 cases in 2015. With a growing interest in animal welfare and sanitation, there is a demand for more rigorous sanitary management of livestock facilities and a change in livestock-raising practices and facilities management (e.g. hygienic status of cattle sheds).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In April 2015, the US Congress made progress on the Trade Priorities and Accountability Act, which aims to advance such trade agreements. This led the EU to tighten supply in the €40 billion ($50 billion) emissions market. The use of wood and the management of the forest resource from which it is derived have influence across policies, markets and economies. The growth of the gieen economy depends on the development of policiesand market-based instruments that support further innovation and diversification of forest product markets while also addressing environmental concerns and social needs. Policy developments include Europe 2020 (a strategy for growth and jobs), the Resource Efficiency Roadmap, the Rural Development Policy, the Industrial Policy, the Climate and Energy Package (with its 2020 targets), the Plant Health and Reproductive Materials Strategy, and the Biodiversity and Bioeconomy strategies (European Commission, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Other important issues relate to, inter alia: whether or not the planning is done in a co-ordinated manner with incoming flow of projects on electricity generation from renewable resources and whether the planning is done in a way that reflects natural resource endowments. These are treated in the public governance section of this report. In Tanzania, the state-owned utility company TANESCO has passed through an excessive fraction of purchase costs to consumers, causing electricity tariffs to rise by 70% between 2008 and 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Existing activities of Turkmenistan in the field of ex situ conservation include the collection of genetic material of wild crop relatives at the Magtymguly Scientific and Experimental Centre of Plant Genetic Resources of MoA, collections of autochthonous plant species at the Ashgabat Botanical Garden, and efforts aimed at the captive breeding of mammal species by several State reserves. There are nine IBAs, key fish wintering grounds and habitats of the Caspian seal in this region. The area also contains major fishing grounds (predominantly for kilka, Clupeonella spp.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
With its “Burma law, ” Massachusetts joined a procurement boycott of companies doing business in Burma. In Crosby v. NFTC, the U.S. Supreme Court held that Congress preempted the Massachusetts law, even though Congress was silent on preemption. The Court relied on actions by executive-branch, foreign, and corporate actors to find that the state law was an obstacle to implied objectives of federal Burma sanctions. In doing so, the Court diffused congressional accountability for preemption and constrained the “constituent diplomacy” by which states and local governments use their purchasing power to influence national policy and multinational corporations. Crosby shifted the burden to Congress to express its intent not to preempt such measures. Congress has several opportunities to meet this burden if it wants to preserve the diversity and balance that constituent diplomacy brings to the federal system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It also recognises that environmental policies that do not support economic growth and wealth creation are not sustainable in the long term. The OECD Green Growth Strategy (2011) defines the concept as follows: “Green growth means fostering economic growth and development while ensuring that natural assets continue to provide the resources and ecosystem services on which our well-being relies. To do this it must catalyse investment, competition and innovation which will underpin sustained growth and give rise to new economic opportunities." A need for new sources of urban growth: given the negative externalities generated by urban agglomeration and cities' urgent need to reduce their energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, urban areas have the opportunity to conduct environmental policies that can foster these new sources of economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Second, political backing must support projects that are necessary at the national level against excessive delays, through appropriate regulatory processes and zoning laws, as well as provide effective mechanisms for consultation, mediation and compensation. The challenge is always to combine pertinent indicators with relevant, consistent and comparable data. In 2010, the NEA published The Security of Energy Supply and the Contribution of Nuclear Energy which developed a consistent methodology for all forms of energy and electricity to deliver quantitative metrics for the security of supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the short-term, this can highlight what is possible to monitor and evaluate and how existing mechanisms can be rationalised to meet emerging needs. Examples include the termination of data collection activities no longer useful, the consolidation of activities carried out by more than one agency, or a reduction in the number of data platforms used (Bedi et al., In Niger, for example, such diagnosis found that there were 10 distinct databases and other government information systems in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In 2011, programme accreditation regulations were revised to include criteria on academic and discipline relevance (Kantardjiev and Haakstad, 2017). Section 4.2 of the regulations requires higher education institutions to describe the relevance of each programme for working life and/or continued studies by outlining the skills developed in the programme and how those skills align with the labour market (Nord University, 2011). The assessment of the labour market relevance of programmes is often informed through dialogue with employers, but there are concerns about the robustness and validity of this consultation process (Kantardjiev and Haakstad, 2017). Programmes now “must be professionally updated and clearly relevant to further studies and/or work life” (Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research, 2017b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For instance, a technology transfer project might not be successful in itself in the absence of local knowledge on how to utilise and maintain the technology. In such cases, financial or in-kind support for appropriate capacity building activities might be complementary inputs to an intervention. While these terms are defined in Box 4 and outlined below, they are not always easy to apply in practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The pillars of public administration rest on balancing the triumvirate of traditions, managerial, political, and legal, in developing and implementing public policy. The normative concept of leadership has consistently surfaced as an important dimension in the policy process. However, scholarship exploring the importance and relevance of leadership in public administration has been sporadic and limited in scope. This article elucidates the disconnect between the study of leadership and public administration. To validate the relevance of leadership in public administration, future empirical studies must embrace the long-view, heuristic inquiry, and the lifecycle of leadership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Regarding digital skills, ITU distinguishes between basic skills, intermediate skills and advanced skills (Figure 26). Many experts advise that basic digital skills should be included in the compulsory school curriculum. Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education in the compulsory school curriculum prepare students for the advanced digital skills they will acquire in tertiary education. They also need a thorough understanding of the platform economy, including the role of financial information in that environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Chapter 2 reviews the specific characteristics of aquifers, and the main issues they currently face and will face in the future. Chapter 3 reviews groundwater management policies based on a 2014 OECD country survey. Chapter 4 reports the policies in place in OECD countries, and the final chapter identifies gaps and proposes potential improvements for agriculture groundwater policies. On the discharge side, natural uses and flows operating both vertically and horizontally in aquifers increase the complexity of the picture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A quick comparison of these criteria with the present global indicators to measure progress on drinking water and sanitation, one could notice that the access to improved or unimproved water and sanitation services (accessibility) is the only criterion currently used, and the other criteria (availability, quality, acceptability, affordability, wastewater treatment and wastewater reuse) are not measured. In comparison, the MDG+ Initiative measures, in addition to JMP accessibility indicator, indicators related to the availability, water quality, affordability, wastewater treatment and wastewater reuse. The MDG+ Initiative indicators thus move in the same direction as the United Nations Human Rights Council recommendations. Third Committee draft resolution (A/C.3/68/L.34/Rev.l).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The World Health Organization (WHO) was intended to serve at the forefront of efforts to realize human rights to advance global health, and yet this promise of a rights-based approach to health has long been threatened by political constraints in international relations, organizational resistance to legal discourses, and medical ambivalence toward human rights. Through legal research on international treaty obligations, historical research in the WHO organizational archives, and interview research with global health stakeholders, this research examines WHO's contributions to (and, in many cases, negligence of) the rights-based approach to health. Based upon such research, this article analyzes the evolving role of WHO in the development and implementation of human rights for global health, reviews the current state of human rights leadership in the WHO Secretariat, and looks to future institutions to reclaim the mantle of human rights as a normative framework for global health governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As of 2010, the Latin American countries had made considerable progress intliis field, with ratification of the eight basic conventions increasing from 93% to 97% (ECLAC, 2011). Furthermore, fear of becoming unemployed was lower among men and older people (see table I. A-4 in the annex to chapter I). The calculation excludes those stating they were currently without work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This represents a very large improvement for boys, 26% of whom had reported repeated drunkenness in 2001-02. Based on 2014 self-reported data (which tend to underestimate the true prevalence of obesity), about one in six (16.1%) adults in Portugal is now obese, which is nearly one percentage point above the EU average. Consistent with the pattern in other EU countries, the obesity level among those with the lowest level of education is more than twice as high as the level among the highest educated. Rates of physical inactivity for both adults and 15-year-olds are among the highest in EU countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
When asked “Have you no morals?” Alfred Doolittle in George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion answered: “Can’t afford them governor. Neither could you if you was as poor as me.” The modern concept of human rights underpins a moral society and holds governments responsible for fulfilling these rights. From informed consent to the right to privacy civil and political rights have dominated the human rights focus of the HIV-1 epidemic. Yet the economic and social rights of people with HIV-1 infection in particular the rights to health care and to share in scientific advances are glaringly disparate between rich and poor countries. This disparity has become the focus of debate in transnational HIV-1 vaccine research. (excerpt)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In all cases, special measures should be instituted to address the particular justice needs of victims of sexual and other forms of gender-based violence. These might include special hearings on violence against women and/or men, boys or girls, victim support, prosecution procedures that uphold victims’ rights, and reparations that include health care services. Bratislava: UNDP, DCAF.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To understand whether the interventions represent efficient uses of resources independently or in combination requires assessing their costs and health effects independently and in combination. Only then is it possible to account for non-linearities in costs and effects. Most cost-effectiveness studies have been undertaken in developed countries, but not even the richest countries have been able to evaluate the full set of interventions required to undertake a sectoral analysis specific to their own setting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)