albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The Ministry of Education has developed guidelines for a quality assurance system to be set up by each centre including figures regarding the scope, results and effects of the guidance provided, and a procedure for evaluating the services provided through user and employee surveys. Centres are also required to publish objectives, methods, planned activities and performance on die Internet. These programmes combine catch-up courses in foundation skills with vocational classes, counselling and career guidance, and often enable participants to obtain an upper-secondary' qualification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Similarly, other relevant legal instruments do not explicitly address biodiversity, but are directed at physical components such as land and water for human use, which are usually not associated with the functionality of biodiversity in the provision of human needs. Such actions could include government programmes for protecting ecosystems and their biodiversity, or mechanisms for granting “endangered” legal status to threatened species, ecosystems and their services, all within the framework of a consolidated and comprehensive national biodiversity policy (MoEP, 2008, 2009, 2010a). The decade-long efforts to develop the NBS were largely concerned with acknowledging these limitations and developing a new policy framework so that they could be addressed. The national parks legislation created mechanisms for the establishment of both nature reserves and national parks and for listing protected natural assets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
France’s approach aims to primarily track progress on the implementation of its 230 adaptation measures, on the assumption that implementing its NAP would lead to a reduction in the country’s vulnerability to climate change (Government of France, 2015). Kenya and Philippines’ approaches focus primarily on evaluating the outcomes of their adaptation plans, with Philippines even defining immediate, intermediate and ultimate desired outcomes (Philippines, 2011, Kenya, 2012). The United Kingdom’s first statutory assessment of national progress on adaptation first monitors the degree of achievement of actions planned in its NAP (Figure 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Three years learning with a high-performing teacher rather than a low-performing teacher, can make a 53-percentile difference between two students who started at the same achievement level. The negative impact of low-performing teachers is severe, particularly during the earlier years of schooling (Sanders and Rivers, 1996, Barber and Mourshed, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The finance arrangements of ministries may hinder the adoption of more coherent policies. This refers not only to the technical knowledge and expertise, but also to the lack of staff (at central and sub-central levels) as well as obsolete infrastructure. In addition, the new technologies and innovative water processes introduced in response to cost-effectiveness objectives, water scarcity and climate change (desalination, nanotechnologies, spatial technologies, recycling of water use, etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Digital technologies are integrated into the city’s social, physical and environmental policies, thus enabling centralised monitoring and decision-making. As of July 2018, SCCs had already been set up in ten cities (Naya Raipur, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat, Pune, Nagpur, Rajkot, Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, and Bhopal) and a further 13 cities had begun the process of setting up their SCCs (Hindustan Times, 2018). This design thereby grants the subnational government more responsibility, along with the associated potential difficulties and opportunities, as well as greater flexibility regarding how financing can be secured through, for instance, PPPs, user charges, multilateral funding and other taxes. In this way, such a framework provides subnational governments with a degree of flexibility in pursuing their priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Moreover, a further differentiation could be made across specific areas of activity so as to provide incentives in support of a profit-investment nexus that helps to influence the direction and speed of structural change (TDR 1997, chaps. In developing countries, taxing consumption of luxury goods at a higher rate than mass consumption, besides having a progressive incidence, may also help in this regard. By the same token, an individual regressive tax may not necessarily contribute to greater inequality if the tax yield is spent in such a manner that it has a progressive effect, for example through social transfers and improved public services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Implementation costs should be estimated, along with alternatives, comparing also to the status quo: it is important to determine early in the design phase whether a blockchain application is value-adding to its intended use case. By developing a prototype, technical and functional feasibility of the concept can be tested, and the application can be demonstrated to stakeholders. If the general concept for the prototype is approved by all decision makers, initiation of the business ecosystem of relevant stakeholders can start. Not only do the consortium participants need to decide on the type of blockchain solution they want to build, but they also need to agree on adjacent issues before going further into development of the solution. Often times, the most pressing question is around legal set-up and guidelines of collaboration. For example, agreement needs to be reached on which legal form should be chosen for initial and future collaboration, who is contributing how much in investment and resources, how governance of the project should be set up, or who owns the intellectual property created during the project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
According to the World Development Indicators, infant mortality rates dropped from 98.7 deaths per 1 000 live births on average1 in 1970 to 17 deaths per 1 000 live births in 2011. Likewise, life expectancy at birth rose from 58.5 years in 1970 to 75.2 years in 2012, with women living on average 2 years longer than men in both 1970 and 2011. In fact, literacy rates in the MENA region for females has jumped a little more than 10 percentage points, from approximately 61% in 2000 to 72% in 20112 (Figure 1.1), with significant improvements in gross tertiary enrolment in Egypt and Lebanon and in literacy rates in Jordan, the Palestinian Authority and Qatar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As a result, in 2016, 23% of girls have been married before their 18th birthday, the eight highest number of child brides in the world (UNICEF, 2016). The participation of women in the labour force is crucial for promoting and sustaining economic growth, and the gains are largest in countries where large gender gaps persist, like Mexico. In Mexico, halving the current gender gap in labour force participation among 15- to 74-year-olds by 2040 could potentially add 0.16 percentage points to the projected average annual rate of growth in per capita gross domestic product (GDP) for the period 2013-40, boosting the projected average growth rate to 2.46% per year. By 2040, this extra growth would translate into an increase of around USD 1100 in GDP per capita, relative to the baseline scenario.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Additionally, they attribute success to greater co-operation between municipalities within Finland. The programme consists of a variety of waste management strategies. Overall, the programme’s emphasis and strategies focus on the 3Rs initiative (reduction, reuse and recycling) with the central goal of changing consumption and production patterns and traditional practices of waste management throughout the country. Changing consumption and production patterns and traditional practices of waste management throughout the country is a central objective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Both rivers flow into the Aral Sea basin and provide some 55 per cent of the overall run-off into the basin. Currently, however, after a long journey through a number of countries, natural seepage, evaporation and heavy exploitation, only the Syr Darya River retains an inflow to the Aral Sea. After the confluence of the Kafirnigan, Vakhsh and Pjandj rivers, the flow becomes the Amu Darya River. They are fed by intakes from rivers and connected to the groundwater through seepage and leaks. They contain 20 km3 of freshwater and 26.3 km3 of salty or muddy water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is based on multiple lines of evidence, including on observations already made in recent decades and on the projections of a range of different global climate models about future effects. So even if global warming is contained within the range of 1,5°C to 2°C, there will be very significant health and socioeconomic effects due to increasing average temperatures. In addition, and significantly for understanding and reducing risk, humanity now faces the current reality and the future prospect of more-extreme and much higher frequency "natural" hazards - extremes of cold to heat-waves, longer and more sustained drought, more intense and more frequent storm events, heavier rainfall and more flooding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This means that one in six children is extremely poor and the scourge of poverty affects more than 28.3 million children and adolescents (see figure 11.1 and table II.2). These children experience one or more severe deprivations in terms of dwellings with unsafe construction materials and overcrowding, lack of access to drinking water or sanitation facilities in the home, general and/or chronic undernutrition, lack of access to the education system (children who have never attended school) or lack of access to communication and information systems (including lack of electricity in the home). An average 72% of children in countries with the highest total child poverty levels (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia) were extremely poor (20.2 million in these six countries). Among the countries with the lowest total child poverty levels (Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador and Uruguay), a simple average of 19.5% of children were extremely poor (2.8 million).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For instance, it is considered a major and growing issue in Western Galilee in Israel and Laguna Region in Mexico (2014 OECD questionnaire). As a result of sustained groundwater pumping, saturated thicknesses and well yields can be reduced significantly. In some cases, reductions in aquifer viability have been severe enough that there has been a gradual transition from irrigated back to dryland agriculture (e.g. parts of western Kansas in the United States). In other areas, such as north Texas, irrigation is still possible but it is clear that the current intensity (in terms of irrigated area and application rates) cannot be maintained in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is impossible to tell the history of American antitrust law and economics during the so-called formative era (1890-1915) without a preliminary understanding of the economic rationale underlying that major phase of American constitutional law commonly called laissez faire constitutionalism, or Lochner era. The essay is a preliminary effort to locate such a rationale in the almost perfect overlap between classical political economy, especially the notion of competition as the supreme organizing principle of thriving societies, and classical liberalism, in particular the notion of liberty of contract. It is argued that the well-known Progressive interpretation of the Lochner era fails to recognize the true meaning and extent of this overlap. The protagonists of our story are economists Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill and Francis Wayland, and Supreme Court Justices James Wilson, Oliver Wendell Holmes and Rufus Peckham.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The inaugural issue of the journal was replete with high-quality scholarship from prominent academics and practitioners in the region. However, despite positive responses, the journal did not proceed to a second issue due to lack of funding - one of the unfortunate casualties of limited financial support for ESD. With strong linkages to industrial and commercial sectors, and natural resource development, TVET is an important area of national ESD offerings. Through alignment with the business community, there should be a strong potential for mutual reinforcement between TVET institutions interested in ESD and ‘green businesses’ or social enterprises. With the recognition of the important role of TVET institutions in advancing sustainability through the workforce, special attention has been given to reorienting TVET through a number of international workshops and symposiums in recent years (see for instance UNESCO-UNEVOC 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It also enabled Governments to circumvent coordination challenges through centralized planning and system design. Since the 1973 oil crisis, it has also been widely recognized as a strategic resource. Energy security — defined by the International Energy Agency (IEA) as “the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price”' — is thus a major priority, whose absence threatens serious economic and social impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Advisory Councils may, in particular, submit recommendations on matters relating to the management of fisheries and the socio-economic and conservation aspects of fisheries and aquaculture to the Commission and to the Member States concerned, inform the Commission and the Member States concerned of problems relating to the management and socio-economic aspects of fisheries and aquaculture, propose solutions to overcome those problems and contribute, in close cooperation with scientists to the collection, supply and analysis of data necessary for the development of conservation measures. In addition, within the framework of the new regionalized CFP, Member States shall consult the Advisory Councils when formulating joint recommendations for achieving the objectives of the Union conservation measures that they recommend. In addition to the above mentioned seven existing Advisory Councils, the new CFP foresees the creation of four new Advisory Councils for the Black Sea, Aquaculture, Markets and Outermost regions. The value of such communication was demonstrated in the 1992 collapse of the Atlantic cod stocks in Canada.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Master service agreements, contract terms, modifications, extensions, appendices, etc. As an example, the building information modelling (BIM) guideline in Germany is to be implemented until the year 2020, aiming to collect relevant information of a building’s lifecycle in order to ensure transparent communication of all stakeholders (Bundesministerium, 2017). The visualisation of the versioning without a central counterpart creates an eco-system without any vendor locking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the case of Al and machine learning, algorithms may be less important than access to data used to develop, train and execute those algorithms. Digital assets are also scalable at very low costs, which has led to highly productive and profitable industry leaders and increased market concentration. Growing productivity gaps between firms suggest that technology diffusion has decelerated within industries, which could also affect cross-border diffusion of technologies. How these relations will play out is uncertain, but enormously consequential in an increasingly digital age, and thus calls for a better understanding of digital technology diffusion and transfer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Task Force on Commodity Futures Markets, established by the International Organization of Security Commissions to look into these matters, reviewed the available research and came to the conclusion that they “do not support the proposition that the activity of speculators has systematically driven commodity market cash or futures prices up or down on a sustained basis”. In its October 2008 World Economic Outlook, the IMF concluded that there was no evidence of a long term systemic effect due to speculation on commodity prices, although it suggested that short term expectations can be influenced by sentiment and investor behaviour, which can amplify short-term price fluctuations, as in other asset markets. On the other hand, Tang and Xiong (2010) conclude that as a result of the bundling of commodities in index funds correlations among commodities have gone up and that shocks from oil and financial factors now spill-over more strongly to non-energy commodities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Another utility, Miyahuna, was created by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation to take over the management of the water system in Amman after LEMA’s contract expired in 2006. Miyahuna is an independent limited liability company that is run along commercial principles but wholly owned by the Water Authority of Jordan. In response, the government increased public sector wages and instituted social protection measures, such as lifeline electricity tariffs that subsidise low-income users’ consumption, to counteract the impact of increased energy prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Both funds follow an active management investment strategy. The targeted investment amount is between USS15-35 million and seeks to realize strong risk-adjusted returns, particularly through investments in mature technologies. The investment horizon is between 3 and 5 years. Mubadala is involved in all aspects of the clean energy value chain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As such, the NLP algorithms rely on the source of information rather than the most appropriate terms and concepts. While several manual checks were performed to examine the activities identified by the keywords, the algorithms used in this paper could be improved by examining official STI documents, identifying core keywords distinctively from the CRS. Methods to identify STI-related activities in the CRS, by type of STI. Financing R&D and the application of new technologies in society or for enhanced production is often beyond the role of most development agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The strategies outlined in the three main planning documents are closely related. It identifies the main objectives for London: a city that meets the challenges of economic and population growth, an internationally competitive and successful city, a city of diverse, strong, secure and accessible neighbourhoods, a city that delights the senses, a city that becomes a world leader in improving the environment, a city where it is easy, safe and convenient for everyone to access jobs, opportunities and facilities. Examples of these policies are: housing densities, which are linked directly to public transport accessibility levels, maximum car parking limits that are also linked to public transport accessibility, minimum cycle parking standards for all different types of land use, requirements for electric charging provision in new developments, construction and servicing management plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The institutionalization of the role of ministerial advisers in most parliamentary democracies has transformed what was once a pas de deux between ministers and senior civil servants into a menage a trois. This article assesses the impact of ministerial advisers on the contest of policy ideas. It makes a theoretical case for paying closer attention to this issue than has thus far been the case, and assesses civil servants’ perceptions of advisers’ influence on contestability. The core conclusion, which is at variance with much of the scholarship on ministerial advisers, is that advisers pose a greater threat to policy contestability than to civil service impartiality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Policy reforms enacted in the early and mid 1990s reduced income gaps at the bottom to below their 1978 value. By contrast, no equalising effects of policies can be discerned for the upper part of the distribution. For the period as a whole, tax policy changes appear to have slightly exacerbated trends towards widening income gaps at the top.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Generally, the policies discussed above are to the benefit of single-parent families just as they are for two-parent families. Parental leave, if well-paid, and family benefits were found to reduce poverty more strongly among single parents than among two-parent families.78 Paid parental leave and childcare may help single parents to negotiate their work-family conflicts but may also improve their economic outcomes through a life-course perspective: If paid leave and childcare ensure that women remain economically active and independent when becoming mothers (including in partnerships), they will have more and better opportunities for employment if they become single parents later in their lives. Bradshaw and Finch 2002,Gornick and Jantti 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
According to the coefficient of this variable, a 10 per cent increase in penetration will result in an increase of 0.09 percentage points in regional GDP of Chile's regions. The initial regional GDP variable was included to control for the starting point of development. The coefficient sign is consistent with the conditional convergence theory. According to the model, human capital measured as the percentage of people with tertiary education is extremely important, once again corroborating the results obtained for Latin America. The population size variable controls for the density effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Helsinki, there is a large potential for electrification to deliver benefits due to the small fleet increases that would be necessary, along with the relative infrequency with which range becomes a mobility constraint. Cost savings become less significant with smaller fleets due to the necessity of recovering the additional investment costs. This is generally found to yield significant reductions in mobility costs, on the order of 50% for shared taxi and taxi-bus costs per kilometre.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As a first step, in 2014, the Ministry of Environment and Water prepared a framework document entitled "National climate change risk and vulnerability assessment for the sectors of the Bulgarian economy". Another important element to be integrated into a national adaptation strategy is insurance. The purpose of the document is to analyze the role and importance of the insurance business for the prevention of risks that occur as a result of climate change and support the development of adaptation measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As one female respondent said, “We can do things ourselves, we are not dependent on men. In the past, saying the names of our husband and mother-in-law was social taboo, but such restriction does not exist anymore.” However, programmes in Nepal by Helvetas and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) showed how infrastructure programmes can reduce women’s unpaid care work and challenge existing discriminatory gender norms. This was done through women’s representation (considered a fourth “R” in the 3Rs framework by the ILO [2018]) in the programme design phase and/or decision-making processes (see Box 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Planning is about making such choices, no guidebook can short circuit the need for planning. Often, the direct role of government has decreased— in favour of the private sector and civil society— and “Governance” has frequently replaced "government. In the past, master planners saw the plan as their central accomplishment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)