albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In recent times many experts and organizations have questioned the global policy ondrug control and particularly aim at least the legalization of marijuana. This documentprovides an over view of the Mexican legislative policy on drug control, which ingeneral is prohibitive and is based and inspired by the international conventionson drugs. The paper also examines the extent to which progress can be madewithin the existing framework, with the added ingredient of recent decisions of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation, which in light of human rights, have openedpossibilities for recreation a land medicinal use of marijuana. It also discusses whois responsible for legislating in this area, concluding that setting health policy andgeneral health is an all ocation off federal jurisdiction and that while states mayestablish special regulations on this issue, they cannot go more beyond or contradictthe provisions of Congress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Mainstreaming interventions encompass a variety of dimensions, including economic, ecological, attitudinal and behavioural. According to Davies et al. ( Insights on mainstreaming indicators from these areas can therefore be relevant for biodiversity mainstreaming as well. The UN Environment-Development Programme Poverty Environment Initiative, for example, proposes possible (albeit general) indicators that can be used to measure successful environmental mainstreaming (Box 5.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Some of the actions required include: filling infrastructure gaps, harmonizing technical standards, synchronizing operational procedures, developing and deploying information and communications systems, and aligning cross-border legislation. Railway freight in the region has expanded from 4.3 trillion ton-kilometres to 5.8 trillion ton-kilometres during the period 1990-2012, with the largest increase being in the East and North-East Asia subregion, where it has more than doubled from 1.1 to 2.5 trillion ton-kilometres. The World Economic Forum has found that while the road and rail network of India is among the largest in the world, its ranks sixty-first in terms of road quality and twenty-ninth in terms of the quality of its rail network (figure 3.11.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Ukraine, the business environment is characterized by slow reforms which limit greenfield investment. In Azerbaijan, FDI inflows are largely concentrated in the oil and gas sector (UNCTAD, 2017). These trends are largely reflected in telecommunication-specific FDI which, between 2015 and 2016, declined by 10 per cent in Ukraine and by 82 per cent in Azerbaijan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The report offers insights into women's labour market participation and entrepreneurship across the six countries, takes stock of countries ’ international and constitutional commitments to gender equality, and looks at women’s access to justice. It examines the existing legal frameworks governing women’s work as employees and entrepreneurs and assesses the impact of family law and traditional gender roles on outcomes. It also provides a succinct list of policy recommendations to support governments in their ongoing reform efforts to build more prosperous and inclusive societies by unleashing the economic potential of women. In the aftermath of the 2011 uprisings, governments and non-governmental actors underscored the need for a clear picture on legislative frameworks and their impact on women’s economic involvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Subsidies for agriculture were abandoned, credit policies for farms were tightened and farmers entered a market with competitive prices (including imports), however, the supply of farm inputs remained monopolised (Kowalski, 1993: 35). Unemployment in both rural and urban areas increased significantly during this initial period of transition, though less so than that experienced in most other Central and Eastern European countries during this time (Swinnen, Dries and Macours, 2005). The early 1990s was a transformative period and led to, among other things, a shift away from the extraction of raw materials and towards the production of processed goods for export (Gomulka, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Second, since a large part of the rural population consists of agricultural labourers, small farmers and non-farm workers, who are all net purchasers of food, a sharp increase in the price of food would squeeze real incomes and worsen poverty. In general, productive employment generation is a crucial link between growth and poverty (although the link is not automatic, as the remuneration for work is critical). The recent economic growth process in India has exhibited a problem which is increasingly common throughout the developing world: the apparent inability of even high rates of output growth to generate sufficient opportunities for “decent work” to meet the needs of the growing labour force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The programme, its application (to what extent the “preferable” condition is enforced) and its effect on women’s behaviour (how they might behave in the event of domestic violence) is yet to be evaluated. Interventions such as public awareness programmes or community mobilisation activities can be effective. The USAID “Safe Age of Marriage” programme in Yemen, for example, uses community education to tackle attitudes to early marriage. Initial results of the programme found an 18% increase in awareness of the benefits of delaying marriage, a 34% rise in the recognition that delaying marriage would increase educational opportunities, and a 19% increase among respondent who agreed that it would increase employment opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This should also make more explicit the roles and responsibilities of different levels of government and strengthen platforms for data sharing, providing evidence and analysis to support policy development and disseminate best practice. Databases and regular surveys should cover: health risks, primary care, health personnel (including nursing and other allied health professions) and outpatient activity, the quality of ambulatory, hospital and long-term care services, morbidity and mortality amenable to health care, and health inequalities (e.g. by income, education and other social characteristics). Cost-sharing arrangements should be designed to encourage the use of cost-effective medical goods and services and prevention. Integrated and managed care models should be promoted by monitoring and reporting on quality outcomes and their success at disease management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Department sets the policy direction for Commonw'ealth fisheries management, legislative reform/review' and negotiates jurisdictional boundaries and resource sharing arrangements and is the lead agency for Australia’s negotiations in international fisheries forums. The Australia Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) provides scientific/economic research and advice to support the Department's fisheries policy development and engagement in international and domestic issues. The Department of Agriculture also works with the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As the world’s motor vehicle fleet is expected to double in little more than a decade, road injury is forecast to become the seventh leading cause of death by 2030. Already, road crashes are the number one cause of death for people aged between 15 and 29. Vulnerable road users -children, pedestrians, motorcyclists, cyclists and older people - suffer 50% of all road fatalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, the fact that SMEs tend to trade smaller quantities implies that lixed trade costs often make up a larger share of the unit cost of their goods when compared to rivals exporting larger volumes. Given that female owned firms tend to be smaller than male owned firms, female owned firms tend to suffer disproportionally from NTMs. These barriers impact both men- and women-owned and managed businesses. This has greater implications for women-owned businesses because they are more likely to be smaller.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It has five subordinate committees: State Inspection of the Agro-industrial Complex, Veterinary Control, Water Resources, Fisheries Management and Forestry Management (Figure 2.1). It has the status of a stock company fully owned by the state. The holding was established at the end of 2006 through a merger of seven state agencies, which became KazAgro’s daughter companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The income of other household members is not significant in determining the mother’s labour market participation, but mothers in a relationship have a lower probability of participation. Living in a rural area lowers the probability of being in the labour market. Mothers who gave birth to their eldest child before the age of 20 are less likely to be in the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Abstract Adopting a comparative historical approach informed by Marxist theory of imperialism, this study demonstrates the tendencies toward conflict between past and present rising and declining imperial powers. In the present context the study compares and contrasts two types of imperialism: a highly militarised US empire based on wars and territorial occupations and a market-driven Chinese empire driven by an alliance of state, foreign and national capital. Both imperial systems are influenced by “overseas” diasporas. In the case of the USA, an internal Zionist power configuration loyal to Israel subordinates Washington's Middle East policies to the economically prejudicial interests of a militarist state (Israel), while in the case of China the overseas diaspora facilitates and promotes investments and trade enhancing China's dynamic economic expansion. The emerging contradictions between and within the two conflicting styles of empire building, point to the need for a social transformation, enhancing...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As data on market price support in the six SEE economies are currently unavailable, support indicators only include budgetary support. As a result, assuming that market price support is positive in the six SEE economies, support values are probably lower than they otherwise would be. Budgetary support to agricultural producers in the six SEE economies ranged from less than 1% of gross farm receipts in Albania to 6% in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in 2013-15 (Figure 14.11.A).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, the Russian Federation and all the Latin American countries analysed except Peru have a higher share of female executives than the average OECD country (31.6%). By contrast, in Egypt, India, Morocco, Tunisia and Hirkey the share is below 15%. In all the countries analysed, except Egypt and Peru, the share of women in top-management positions has grown since 2000. The most significant improvements, relative to the initial level, have been recorded in Chile, China, Mexico and Hirkey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Discussions related to abortion in Brazil raise reflections related to social, cultural, moral, legal, economical, ideological, religious and bioethical issues. Abortion emerged as a public health issue, because of its high rate of maternal mortality and morbidity. The study aims to address the criminalization of abortion in Brazil and the implications for public health. This is a critical review, held in the database Lilacs and SciELO. It was evident that the deficit in quality of care, specifically reproductive health of women, as the actions of planned parenthood, as well as the illegality of abortion in Brazil cause implications for women's health, since several ones look for unsafe practices and clandestine abortions. It is considered that the prohibition doesn't prevent the abortion to be performed. From the ethical point of view, the woman, just like any other individual, regardless of race, ethnicity or social class, has the right upon their bodies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Relying on a very small fraction of staple crops for our diet has dire implications for both food security and nutrition. The lack of genetic diversity within the gene pools of the dominant cultivated crops, leavesagricultural systems vulnerable to pests, diseases and other abiotic stresses. Agricultural sustainability relies on a healthy interaction between agriculture and nature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A different type of social group effect of unemployment might be its adverse impact on the size and nature of the circle of social contacts that help people find out about jobs or to get them. These effects are more likely the result of unemployment if the relevant contacts are typically found in a work environment, otherwise arguably similar effects might arise from a lack of income to afford to socialise. Most of the discussion in this section has assumed that getting a job is the route off SA receipt. But so too may be living with someone if the combined family income is high enough to remove eligibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This study examines the new and not yet fully formed field of Computational Social Science (CSS). Current literature presents differing notions of the field, so my research methodically evaluates these definitions against a set of criteria established by Economic and Social Research Council's National Centre for Research Methods in order to conclude that CSS cannot, in its current state, function as an individual academic discipline. This does not preclude CSS from acting as an important research area, and indeed, we maintain that it is essential to the advancement of the social sciences. Further, we believe that with the addition of a specific and novel object of research, as well as a body of unique theories, terminologies, and specialist knowledge, CSS may also act as an academic discipline, or at least be central to social science research in higher education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Stakeholders along the agriculture and food value chain are affected by a disconnect between production and consumption patterns and knowledge about nutrition, which results in a poor overall nutritional status among too many people. So, in order to achieve Zero Hunger, which is at the core of the SDGs, it is crucial to improve dietary patterns and production systems. This over-reliance on one staple crop is a leading cause of persistent malnutrition and low dietary diversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Overall, the gas infrastructure in both scenarios requires investment of around USD 209 billion. The capital needs for coal supply amount to USD 303 billion in the Baseline Scenario. In the BLUE Map Scenario by contrast, the use of imported coal is more attractive than the mining of domestic Indian coal, since the coal import price is lower than in the Baseline Scenario as a result of the lower global coal demand. The investments for the coal supply infrastructure of USD 115 billion in the BLUE Map Scenario are mainly related to expansion of the harbour infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The aim of the present paper is to examine the relationship among participation in voluntary association, socio-economic position, and gender. Based upon a nationally representative sample in Japan in 2005 (N = 2,827), we classify a variety of voluntary organizations in terms of membership through which social integration/cohesion and social exclusion operate among different groups – such as social class, education, age, and gender. Correspondence analysis of voluntary participation data revealed that membership is differenciated by gender. It was confirmed that the distinction between old and new organizations seems to be valid in the Japanese context. The implications of the results are also discussed in terms of gender inequality and segregation not only in the economic arena but also in the society as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Men are hospitalised annually for psychoses (especially schizophrenia) at a slightly higher rate than women. In 2007, this number was approximately 3 000 hospitalisations amongst men, as opposed to 2 600 women. Data from 2011 found that 15.1% of hospitalised schizophrenia patients were re-hospitalised within 30 days of release (OECD, 2014a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Similarly, after the Seven Years War between the British and the French (1756-1763), the British debated whether to take Canada or Guadeloupe as reparation. Several centuries later the former proved to be more successful than other economies in the hemisphere. About half the progress in development, measured by the HDI, over the past 30 years is unexplained by the initial HDI value in 1980. Countries that start at a similar level—such as India and Pakistan, Chile and Venezuela, Malaysia and the Philippines, or Liberia and Senegal—have ended up with different outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This trend has implications for declining costs in education but also lower higher education participation, a factor which may limit future economic growth. The number of female workers is higher than male workers, reflecting the opportunities for women workers in the assembly operations in the manufacturing sector. The overall working age group (15-64) increased from 55.40% in 1970 to 61.70% in 2000. It is estimated to stabilise at 68.40% in 2010, dipping to 67.00% in 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article examines the judicial reasoning of the United Kingdom House of Lords in cases touching on counter-terrorism issues that were decided between 2004 and 2009. Rather than "judging the judges" critically or bringing together the case law for the purpose of compiling empirical trends, the article uses these cases to explore the Law Lords’ approach to various issues of human rights in an age of counter-terrorism, and to investigate deeper questions about the nature of judicial adjudication. It adapts a framework devised by David Feldman two decades ago, and seeks to identify, as Feldman did in 1990, some of the "public law values" lying beneath the Law Lords’ decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Social Science Research, Vol. Few are in leading positions. Instrument: Grant for funding the propose feasibility study, covering up to 50% of eligible expenditures with a maximum of EUR 25 000. Investment to support costs of developing a business plan, building prototypes, building foreign market entry plans and/or securing third party investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Equity usually attracts investors that are looking for higher risk. Public investment per capita in 2012 fell in 15 out of 33 OECD countries, compared to 2007 (OECD, 2014a). The low-carbon transition will require the large-scale mobilisation of all sources of private sector investment and finance (Corfee-Morlot et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Although in 2012, youth represented 24.4% of the working-age population in Brazil, 46.3% of the unemployed in the same year were young. That unemployment is an issue of serious concern to youth emerged clearly from a survey of youth carried out in 2008: 61% of youth cited a lack of work opportunities as the most important challenge facing their age group, and 44% believed that youth employment programmes should be the government’s number one priority (Abramo et al., This is no different in Brazil (see Chapter 3 for further details).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It seeks to profile key quality of care policies and benchmark the extent to which policies to monitor and improve quality in the Turkish health system are being employed. In describing the quality governance structure and the role of the Ministry of Health and affiliated organisations, the chapter highlights how Turkey needs to continue steps towards more devolved governance, and work to align public hospital and public health system governance. Addressing the quality of inputs into the health system, the chapter recommends that Turkey continue the impressive work begun on quality standards and accreditation while working to build good patient safety and quality assurance systems. The chapter concludes with a recommendation that Turkey develop a coherent policy on how to strengthen the Turkish information infrastructure to facilitate the use of quality indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Although industrialized nations clearly have a critical role to play in mitigating greenhouse gases and while adaptation should be the key priority for Southern African cities, expanding urban centres such as Gaborone, Harare and Maputo are generating increasing carbon emissions through their various energy intensive activities and they too need to accept a role in mitigation. Some local governments are beginning to recognize this. These are due to historically entrenched inequalities in terms of responsibilities for emissions, as well as income disparities." Poor urban households in RSA can spend up to 75 per cent of their budgets on food and energy alone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Article 11 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights officially inserts freedom of expression in the scope of European Union Law. But this freedom was a European fundamental right already, as a part of the common constitutional traditions of the member states and also through article 10 of the European Convention of Human Rights. At EU level, freedom of expression has been mixed up with economic freedoms and competition law, as well as with regulations on audiovisual communications, on data protection, on intelectual property rights and on electronic commerce. This article analyses the situation of freedom of expression in such regulatory framework and in the case law of the European Court of Justice.  Published online : 23 December 2014
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Systemic violence challenges humanity to construct cultures of peace that embody characteristics such as nonviolence, respect for human rights, gender equality, freedom and democratization, tolerance and solidarity, and protection of the earth's resources. An international movement to build cultures of peace is underway, and the United Nations (UN) is exercising significant leadership in encouraging participation at all levels. After describing current UN efforts to build cultures of peace, this introductory article examines the role of psychologists, cautioning against approaches that result in the imposition of Western approaches and marginalization of indigenous psychologies. Drawing on the process and insights from the Sixth International Symposium on Contributions of Psychology to Peace, this issue of the journal examines the contributions of psychology to cultures of peace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Figure 3.4 plots a regional comparison of km of road per 100 km2 and km of road per 1,000 inhabitants. An 'oll-seoson rood' is a rood that is accessible oil yeor round by the prevailing meons of rural transport (typically non-four wheel drive pick-ups or trucks), occosionol interruptions of snort duration during bod weother (e.g. heavy downpours! Sweden has the highest road density (56 km of roads per 1,000 inhabitants), followed by Estonia (41 km per 1,000 inhabitants) and Iceland (39 km per 1,000 inhabitants).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)