albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Promoting a green economy as part of sustainable and equitable development has therefore become the focus of a number of countries and local governments. For example, the European Union’s Europe 2020 strategy document aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 20% below 1990 levels (and up to 30% below, under the right conditions), produce 20% of energy from renewables and ensure a 20% increase in energy efficiency (European Commission, 2010). Such targets sit alongside its plans for inclusive growth, which seek “to modernise labour markets and empower people by developing their skills” along with the greening of work more specifically reflected in the “Resource Efficient Europe” and “An Agenda for New Skills and Jobs” initiatives (European Commission, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The term “climate finance” is distinct from the term “climate-relevant finance” outlined below. However, key outcomes and objectives can also include greenhouse mitigation and climate adaptation, and capital flows to activities with such outcomes should also be counted as climate finance. This includes, on the mitigation side, investment in renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainable forestry or agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This is true for the majority of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, for example (figure 8.3). The difference in poverty rate between women and men is highest in Colombia, followed by Mexico and Nicaragua. When living in one-person households, 42 per cent of women and 23 per cent of men are poor in Colombia, 23 per cent of women and 12 per cent of men in Mexico and 17 per cent of women and 6 per cent of men in Nicaragua.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
By way of example, the Association of British Insurers (ABI 2011), representing the third largest insurance industry in the world (after the USA and Japan) notes that of the GBP 1.6 trillion in assets under management held by its members from their long-term savings products (i.e. pensions, annuities and life-insurance) most is invested in domestic and overseas equity and bonds. Other investment and cash accounts for 7% or around GBP 100 billion. Industry estimates are that up to around GBP 20 billion of this is invested in infrastructure, and it could be estimated that maybe 10%, or around GBP 2 billion is in ‘green’ projects (mostly renewable energy such as wind farms and solar).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Mapping cardinal cases of the Israeli Supreme Court, the article will demonstrate how, in the Israeli constitutional experience, the concept of national security came to be transformed from a balancing right to a background element. Along these lines, the article will argue that while Israeli constitutionalism indeed awarded national security parameters a decisive role in the realms of the human rights balance judicial discourse, it equally embarked on a procedure of delineating the existence of national security as an autonomous consideration, in cases where national security exigencies ceased to be obvious in the Israeli reality. Compelling the examination of a national security debate under the human rights lens, the Israeli Supreme Court aligned its jurisprudence with that of other supreme courts as well as with the international thematic constitutionalism model, aspiring to interpret the different fields of laws and various provisions under the concept of the right to dignity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
According to the provisions laid down in Article 19 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties a state that consents to be bound by a treaty may not formulate such reservations to the agreement, which are incompatible with its object and purpose. This socalled 'object and purpose criterion' has long been puzzling actors of public international law. What does it mean for a reservation to be incompatible with 'the object and purpose' of a treaty? The answer suggested below is the following: a state may not formulate a reservation, if it means (i) that an application of the treaty as modified would run counter to a telos of the treaty, or (ii) that a remaining part of the treaty would be emptied of practical meaning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It coordinates energy research and development activities in Ireland. The Council prepared the Irish Energy Research Strategy 2008-13 at the request of the DoCENR, Sustainable Energy Ireland is the main implementing body of the strategy. The 2004 Environmental Assessment of Certain Plans and Programmes Regulations extended SEA to the plans of other sectors listed under the SEA Directive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
These aspects might lead enterprises to dedicate more resources to developing sustainable infrastructure. If the platform grows in size in terms of available crowdfunding opportunities and the number of investors, it may then become suitable for the full spectrum of projects and investors, from large-scale to micro-investments. Investors could be given the opportunity to securely invest in projects that would normally not be open to crowdfunding due to high administration costs (e.g. funding for a low quantity of solar panels for a local community). Identifying and addressing market, legal and regulatory issues and providing an enabling framework for investments from institutions and end consumers alike are essential. Enterprises in the energy, mobility and agriculture sectors should be approached in the early development stages in order to ensure common standards for further scalability. It is also important for regulators to set regulatory and compliance standards early on.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, the process of accreditation for example in the USA and Canada, suggests that this problem is being addressed. This includes best practices, policies, technology application, quality management and a clear view of how cooperative education fits into the overall university structure (Wessels and Jacobsz undated [1]). This is to avoid marginalisation within the academic programme, so that academic and vocational gains are seen as complementary and not as alternatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
African Americans are often rejected solely on the basis of their names (which employers glean from resumes ) and receive only half as many job offers as White candidates. Despite Nepal’s laws against untouchability, individuals considered of lower caste continue to be excluded from certain jobs and services, and Dalits earn considerably less than non-Dalits. Discriminatory treatment of persons with disabilities is widespread and has implications for their livelihoods. In Mauritius, Panama, Peru, the Russian Federation and the United States the employment gap between persons with disabilities and persons without disabilities is more than 40 percentage points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Two of the largest infrastructure industries (and emissions intensive), namely the energy and transportation sectors, represent some of the major ecosystems developing applications of blockchain technology. Blockchain-based systems and applications are being developed throughout the value chain from generation, transport, distribution, and storage to trading and retail. The project aims to build a peer-to-peer energy exchange, in which citizens trade their self-produced renewable energy with each other (Papajak, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
-T _hroughout her work, Jamaica Kincaid mourns the loss of not only individuals close to her but also larger, more abstract entities such as "home" and "the places in which something good, something you cannot forget, happened to you." Mourning the homeland is one way for the diaspora writer to maintain a connection with it, this mode of connectivity, I will argue, represents less nostalgia than an inherently political style of transcultural association. The diaspora writer remains distinct from the exile writer in that her diasporic status stems from migration patterns that characterize whole populations, often as a result of colonization. Since dislocation is a topic central to diaspora narratives, those narratives require that cross-cultural connections be made. Mourning functions as one strategy for mak-
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Different household characteristics are important to different degrees in different countries. Hence living in a large family, with a lone parent or in a household with low educational attainment is disadvantageous to a similar degree. Children living with a lone parent may be living in multigenerational households or there may be a policy to mitigate hardship for single parents, thus reducing the risk for a child who lives in a lone parent household.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The difference in life expectancy between Japan and Southern Africa increased from 18 to 31 years, mostly due to the impact of the AIDS epidemic in the latter, and remained high in Middle Africa. The gap between Japan and all other subregions has shrunk. In recent years, the decline in child mortality has slowed in South Asia, such that the regional gaps in child mortality have remained significant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
How the R2P principle might work in tandem with these norms to prevent and respond to mass atrocities, and in the context of diverse domestic, regional and international institutions, is the key challenge facing the successful operationalization of the R2P principle. This chapter asks what the R2P principle could contribute to the protection of refugees, who as a class are especially vulnerable to the commission of such crimes. Section 11.1 examines some of the key challenges and gaps confronting the international protection regime for refugees. Section 11.2 will then consider what benefits the R2P principle might have for refugees in light of these issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These include the rising age of marriage, greater social and legal recognition of a diversity of partnership forms, declines in birth rates as women are better able to choose whether and when to have children, and how many, and women's increased economic autonomy. These transformations are both causes and consequences of largescale demographic changes, dramatic shifts in women and girls’ access to education and employment, ideational and normative changes, and legal reform, often driven and inspired by women's activism. Concerted efforts to roll back the achievements of many decades of work for gender equality, by those who deny women the right to make their own decisions, have recently been cloaked in the rhetoric of 'family values'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Additionally, political instability risk and corruption were also identified as challenges for some countries. This is evident from the fact that a country, such as Singapore, with limited agricultural production capacity is ranked at the top of the list (at number 5), while such countries as Argentina and the Russian Federation, with high agricultural production capacities, are ranked much lower (at numbers 37 and 40, respectively). From table 5 and on the basis of the overall structure of the Index, it can be concluded that Arab countries with economic capacity to import food, including those of the GCC subregion, are expected to rank in positions comparable to that of Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. Arab LDCs, on the other hand are expected to be ranked at the tail of the list, comparable to that of Yemen and Sudan. Moreover, while Lebanon is expected to rank in a comparable position to those of Tunisia and Jordan, other countries facing conflicts or unrest, including Iraq and Libya, are expected to score lower, comparable to that of the Syrian Arab Republic. The rationale to limit the focus of food security on only these two elements stems from the convection of the instrumental role of agriculture to reduce poverty and malnutrition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The City of San Clemente subsidises the difference until the approximately USD 100 000 budget allocated for this pilot is exhausted. Additional sources of revenue for the programme are being explored by both Lyft and OCTA to extend the pilot's duration. The programme requires using the Lyft app on a smartphone but since not all Orange County residents own a smartphone or have an adequate data plan, City officials will help qualifying residents purchase government subsidised smartphones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, if the beating or wound was preceded with malice, or premeditation, or caused by using any arms, canes, machines or other tools, the penalty shall be detention. The penalty shall be imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years if either injury is committed in execution of a terrorist purpose (Article 241).6 If the beating or the wound does not reach the degree of gravity prescribed in the two previous articles, the perpetrator shall be punished with detention for a period not exceeding one year or a fine of no less than 10 pounds and not exceeding 200 Egyptian pounds. If it occurs with preceding malice or premeditation, the penalty shall be detention for a period not exceeding two years or a fine of not less than 10 pounds and not exceeding 300 Egyptian pounds. If the beating or wound occurs by using any arms, canes, machines or other tools, the penalty shall be detention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Support for trade-related adjustments—one of the initial objectives of the Aid for Trade Initiative—only attracted USD 253 million. Only USD 2.1 billion in OOF went to finance projects in trade policy and regulation. This is because this is largely supported through technical assistance. Most of these funds were for countries in South and Central Asia (51.1%), followed by East Asia (34.4%) and the Middle East (12.7%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, we lack knowledge of the more specific distribution of carbon stocks with various environmental properties or in relation to forest types. Hence, there are currently limited opportunities of relating the distribution of forest biodiversity to carbon stocks via specific variation in forest environmental properties. The relevant data should exist in national forest inventories and could be related to relevant environmental properties, but as far as we know such analyses are mostly lacking and only rather coarse relationships can be described at the Nordic level (cf chapters 5 and 6.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In Kyrgyzstan, estimated annual average fuelwood production during the period 2002-2004 amounted to 330,000 m3, almost 15 times more than the legal supply. This is not surprising, as 50 to 80 per cent of rural people depend on fuelwood as source of energy. They are mainly used for subsistence, and only a small amount is being marketed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In a majority of countries, redistribution has declined since the mid-1990s - in absolute terms (column 4) and often more strongly as a percentage of the market-income Gini (column 5). The same is true in Norway, although the accelerating growth in market-income inequality nevertheless resulted in a less equal distribution of disposable income. In the United States, the Gini coefficient for market incomes rose by eight points between the late 1970s and the mid-2000s, but redistribution increased only very slightly, offsetting less than one tenth of this increase (column 7). Israel and the United Kingdom are two other countries where only a small part of the increase in market-income inequality has been compensated over the period as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Most of the poor are working adults and children. Household incomes are threatened by worsening labour markets with declining employment opportunities and decreasing real wages, especially for workers in low-wage sectors. Many of those currently employed have just escaped poverty and are therefore highly susceptible to modest falls in income and economic activity, pushing them back into poverty (World Bank, 2010b). Women are especially threatened: in most countries, labour market participation of women is lower and unemployment rates are higher.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This successful partnership has created a strong platform from which discussion and action on women’s economic participation has been launched. The effects of the council have manifested across several areas. The government has also allocated financial resources to ensure women have access to adequate economic opportunities, including £1.6 million to support rural womens enterprise and £600,000 towards the ‘Get Mentoring’ initiative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2010, for example, the share of income from work was relatively high in the United States where the normal pension age is over 65. In France, by contrast, where workers who had contributed for 41 years could still retire at the age of 60 in 2010, income from work accounted for less than 10% of old people’s incomes. Capital income includes private pensions as well as income from returns on non-pension savings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, some women living in rural areas may be using family planning methods while being in a post-partum infecund state, or some may be using a family planning method during the post-induced abortion period. First of all, programme managers in Viet Nam need to offer a wider network of family planning services at the grass-root level, especially with regard to supplying spacing methods. This would help to bring down the high use of traditional methods and the number of induced abortions, which can in part be attributed to the high failure rate of traditional family planning methods. It is important to note that the findings show that 64 per cent of induced abortion seekers were using some form of a family planning method, with the predominant one being traditional.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Most countries provide asylum through domestic legislation, such as a statute incorporating the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. France, Italy, and Germany stand out as three of very few European countries specifically to guarantee a right of asylum in their national Constitutions. The origin, wording, and scope of these constitutional provisions vary, depending on historical factors specific to each country. This article examines the right of asylum guaranteed in the Constitutions of France, Italy, and Germany from a historical perspective. It discusses how this right has evolved in all three countries, especially in light of the Refugee Convention and recent European Asylum Legislation. It concludes that however unique and individual constitutional asylum has traditionally been regarded as in France, Italy, and Germany, international obligations and recent European commitments have absorbed its distinctiveness, making it a redundant, almost obsolete, concept.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Caspian sturgeons will still not be included in the 2011 edition of the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan. The assessment of species to be included has already been conducted by national experts, and has been confirmed by the Minister of Nature Protection. The new edition, which is an important achievement in itself, will reportedly use the current IUCN threat categories. However, these categories have been assigned based on expert opinion rather than the internationally established IUCN assessment criteria, a factor which reduces the objectiveness, transparency and hence usefulness of the resulting edition of the Red Data Book.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Under the Commercial Advisors Scheme of the Maori Innovation Fund in New Zealand, Maori groups can contract commercial advisors to help their business development. For this reason, many initiatives seek coaches and mentors from the same business community as the target entrepreneur, or with previous experience working with them. For example, the Innovation Fund for SMEs in China provides both financial and professional advisory support for SMEs that aim at engaging in innovative activities. Similarly, the programme for Encouraging R&D in Traditional Industries in Israel provides professional counselling in addition to grants to those firms in traditional industries that decide to engage in an R&D project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article evaluates the anti-corruption campaign instituted in Nigeria following on the post-authoritarian transition in the country, with specific focus on political corruption. The anti-corruption campaign is being prosecuted within a context where law is as critical a factor as politics. This article examines whether the judiciary, in view of its accountability deficit, can offer legitimacy to the campaign. How has its questionable credentials impacted on its involvement in the campaign to sanitise public life? What has been the impact of the judicial role on the rule of law? These are some of the important questions this article seeks to answer. The inquiry in this article demonstrates how the guardian institution of the rule of law faces an uphill task in the performance of that role in a post-authoritarian context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It aims to extend the forest biodiversity programme, improve protection of marshlands and conditions of national parks, reform the Fishing Act, create a knowledge base on underwater marine life and identify alternative sources for funding of nature protection. The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources was signed in 2011, and a review of required legislative changes was published in 2012. There is also a strategy on alien species, which will most likely be compatible with the related EU directive under preparation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It also impacts the water sector since the topography of Jamaica requires that water be pumped uphill to many communities. As a result, the National Water Commission, which is the main supplier of water for domestic and commercial use, is one of the largest consumers of electricity. Tourism is the leading foreign exchange earner, and its competitiveness depends on how rapidly, extensively and deeply it can ‘green its activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This article addresses the differences between civil liberties, civil rights, and human rights, approaching the subject from a multidisciplinary and global perspective. Among other aspects, the entry focuses on three fundamental tensions in this field: the tension between the philosophical origins of these concepts and their political and historical manifestations and influences, the tension between culture and universalism, and the ironic or ambivalent relationship between rights and state power. A concluding section discusses the special problem of terrorism and rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
African exports of manufactures and food have declined during this period, while exports of minerals and other agricultural products have risen, reflecting de-industrialization and more export-oriented agricultural production, but also heavier reliance on resources, especially mineral, particularly petroleum exports. Asia has emerged as a major trading partner while increased SSA trade integration has reduced the share of exports to the developed world from 74- per cent in the 1970s to 60 per cent in 2000-2009. The SSA export share to East Asia - which includes the ten ASEAN members plus China, Japan and South Korea - more than tripled from 5 to 16 per cent. However, much of this trade expansion is fairly recent. The growth of China's demand for primary commodities since the late 1990s has been the driving force behind this trend. Intra-regional trade also has significant development potential, if it relies on and strengthens developmental linkages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)