albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This chapter is based on ethnographic research in Silicon Valley about post-9/11 Muslim American youth activism and coalitions linking Arab, South Asian, and Afghan American college students. The chapter explores not only how campus activism related to Palestine is the object of intense repression, but also the site of cross-racial, pan-Islamic, and transnational solidarities. The experience of Palestine solidarity activism and the exceptional silencing of the Palestinian narrative in the USA, including in educational contexts, produces what the author calls ‘Palestinianization’ for Arab as well as non-Arab Americans. Furthermore, the inadmissibility of Palestinian rights as human rights forces youth to confront the limitations of liberal human and civil rights and explore alternative political paradigms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Furthermore, a portion of environmental tax revenues can be used to cover monitoring, collection and enforcement costs, and another portion used to drive green transition (GTZ, 2008). Welfare systems are poorly developed and are often implemented through wide-ranging energy or food subsidies, rather than targeted measures. This means that energy price increases due to subsidy reform can have a very significant negative social impact, and that such price increases may hit the poorest hard. Thus, great care must be taken to protect vulnerable people and ensure that environmental taxes complement social development and reduced poverty rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
At present, technical standards are often determined by Governments (unilaterally or through agreements among a reduced number of countries) or set by private companies. Wider participation of all parties in the setting of these standards, especially developing countries, should guarantee that the introduction of environmental standards (including through green labels and ecological footprint certificates) will not become a means of practising unfair trade protectionism. The Montreal Protocol process through which the substances to be banned and the pace of their elimination were identified may serve as an example in this regard. Inadequate financing has been consistently identified by developing countries as the greatest obstacle to their rapid adoption of clean technologies (figure 0.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This limits the potential of the appraisals to positively influence teaching practices and enhance student outcomes. This is particularly important for new teachers, who require more support in their first year of employment and currently receive limited initial preparation in areas essential for activating student learning, such as formative assessment. At the same time, Romania’s summative appraisals of teachers, which provide a level of quality assurance on entry to the profession and for career progression, should be revised to encourage and reward the development of important pedagogical and professional competencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper analyses Data Breach Notification Duties from a jurisprudential perspective. DBNDs impose duties on people who are victims of a crime, duties whose violation in turn can trigger criminal sanctions. To analyze what type of duties a democratic society under the rule of law can impose on victims, we need a conceptual framework that links duties to participate in crime investigation and prosecution to specific roles a person can have in relation to a crime. Duff and Marshall have developed such a theory of the criminal law, which the paper applies to DBNLs, combining their approach with Floridi’s concept of the infosphere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This study traces the rhythms of news storytelling on Twitter via the #egypt hashtag. Using computational discourse analysis, we examine news values and the form of news exhibited in #egypt from January 25 to February 25, 2011, pre- and post-resignation of Hosni Mubarak. Results point to a hybridity of old and newer news values, with emphasis on the drama of instantaneity, the crowdsourcing of elites, solidarity, and ambience. The resulting stream of news combines news, opinion, and emotion to the point where discerning one from the other is difficult and doing so misses the point. We offer a theory of affective news to explain the distinctive character of content produced by networked publics in times of political crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On the other hand, should ‘marital rape’ result in an incurable illness, the offender shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of more than five (5) years to ten (10) years. Where ‘marital rape’ results in the death of the victim, the offender shall be liable to life imprisonment. Interestingly, under Article 200: prosecution of ‘marital rape’ is instituted only upon complaint of the offended spouse but he or she may, at any stage of the procedure, apply for the termination of the prosecution, when he/she withdraws his/her complaint.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By reducing or eliminating import tariffs and non-tariff barriers for renewable goods, services and technologies, the sector can avoid bureaucratic redundancy and reduce the transactional costs of renewable energy to be deployed throughout the country. At the same time, major obstacles still remain to be overcome in order to boost investments in renewable energy further in emerging Asia. In ASEAN, China and India, grid issues are a key barrier to renewable energy generation, albeit in various ways. First, physical issues stemming from underdeveloped grid infrastructure and the lack of investment in grid upgrades are restraining investors from developing renewable energy projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This more open approach to innovation, however, is not without transaction costs (e.g. sourcing and processing of new knowledge) and even financial costs (e.g. purchasing of knowledge). Quilts of Denmark collaborated with NASA in order to optimise in-house innovation. The quilts made by Quilts of Denmark are based on knowledge provided by sleep researchers who tell Quilts of Denmark about the real needs for quilts, e.g. temperature regulation in relation to insomnia. Quilts of Denmark worked on a technology for regulating the temperature in quilts but it was not completely successful.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The DAC list of channels of delivery permits the identification of the first implementing partner of the activity. It is the entity that has implementing responsibility over the funds and is normally linked to the extending agency by a contract or other binding agreement, and is directly accountable to it.8 The channel of delivery includes public sector institutions, non-governmental organisations, private-public partnerships, multilateral organisations, universities and other research institutions, and private sector institutions. Government agencies and private sector institutions are included as categories, rather than as specific entities and organisations, e.g. distinguishing between central government entities and local government entities or between banks and pension funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There are groups with a specific advocacy focus, such as the International Coalition to Protect the Polish Countryside (ICPPC), which works to protect small, traditional farms in Poland, and the Rural Development Foundation, which focuses on non-agricultural initiatives in villages such as improving IT infrastructure. There is also a large network of formers’ associations, co-operatives and societies that represent their members’ interests.28 The National Union of Farmers, Agricultural Circles and Farm Organisations is among the largest of these groups, with around 1.1 million members. Poland has a long history of agricultural production co-operatives which help farmers pool their resources and collectively negotiate prices - functions which are particularly useful for smaller scale agricultural producers. There were approximately 1 000 farmers’ co-operatives operating in 2014, howrever, this number is declining and it bears noting that the market share of such co-operatives in Poland is lower than that of many EU countries (Matyja, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There should be clear requirements as to who is entitled to DSL support (both conversational and academic) and how this support is to be provided. Municipalities should be required to adhere to this basic set of principles and support schools in implementing them. In Ireland, for example, the education authorities have prepared Primary and Post-Primary Assessment Kits which use the Framework (www.ncca.ie). In primary school, the kit recommends that students are continuously assessed at levels Al, A2 and B1 and the kit notes that “when pupils are capable of performing in the assessment tasks at this level [B1 ], and of achieving the scores indicated, then their full integration into mainstream learning is possible” and this assessment has to be in all four separate language skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In doing so, provide the RIC with the capacity and financial means to fulfil its commitments based on a clear mandate and agenda. Tekes, the main funding agency for applied R&D and business sector innovation, has seen its R&D budget shrinking steadily since 2010. Over the period 2011-17, its budget has been cut by 51% (in real terms).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In particular, SDG 1 (End poverty in all its forms) and SDG 2 (End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture) reflect FAO's vision and mandate. This was evident at the 1992 Rio Summit, as embodied in Chapter 17 (as well as in Chapters 14 and 18) of Agenda 21, and runs through the historic 1995 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (the Code). It has been promoted most recently in the Rio+20 outcome document,21 where Members called for "holistic and integrated approaches to sustainable development that will guide humanity to live in harmony with nature and lead to efforts to restore the health and integrity of the Earth's ecosystem."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Authorities of the State of Mexico have announced they are developing their corresponding new Mobility Law and programme, but details are not yet available. This section analyses the changes introduced by the Federal District. The new legislation reflects a shift from a transport policy focused on road management, evident in Article 3 of the former Law for Transport and Roads (Ley de Transporte y Vialidad, LTyV), to a mobility policy focused on “providing the necessary means to the population so that they can choose freely between different modes of transport in order to access goods, services and opportunities offered by the city” (Government of Mexico City, 2014a: Article 6). According to Article 6, “priority for the use of road space and distribution of budget resources will correspond to the following hierarchy of mobility: I. Pedestrians, especially disabled people and people with limited mobility, II. Users of public transport services, IV.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
According to OECD (2011d), 1% of total revenues were derived from wealth taxes in the OECD in 2010. The most common form of wealth taxation is still the capital gains tax, while the other two kinds of taxes are not used as widely as may be expected. Indeed, most OECD countries are moving away from them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Box 2.4 presents some initial lessons learned from development provider efforts to work with small businesses. For climate change adaptation, development partners support projects that are building resilience capacity and piloting risk transfer approaches among firms, as well as building awareness of the risks of impending climate change on business supply chains in developing countries (Trabacchi and Mazza, 2015). One example is the "Private Sector Adaptation to Climate Change" (PSACC) programme implemented by GIZ on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), whose four-pronged approach focuses on raising awareness, providing advisory services (including on vulnerability analysis and adaptation financing), capacity building and dissemination of knowledge (GIZ, 2015a, 2015b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In 2009 85% of general high school graduates and 74% of vocational high school graduates enrolled in a postsecondary programme (MEST, 2010). Access to postsecondary education is selective and students are admitted to an institution and programme based on their performance on the Korean Scholastic Aptitude Test (KSAT). It is provided by two types of institution: junior colleges and polytechnics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The chapter uses micro data from time use surveys in 11 countries to better understand how couples share unpaid work and can do so more equally. It begins by introducing the issues to hand, then lists the chapter’s main findings before looking at couples' work, both paid and unpaid. It finds that, in many but not all countries, women do more work on aggregate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Despite enshrining the principles of non-discrimination and equality between men and women in constitutions and labour legislation, gender inequalities in the broader legislative framework and in practice continue to affect women’s effective access to employment and career development. Furthermore, some sectors where women account for the majority of the workforce are not regulated or protected by labour law provisions. But challenges remain in ensuring that women enjoy equal opportunity to participate in and influence decision making in parliaments, governments and local councils.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The ASTI report notes that, following a decade of slowing growth in the 1990s, spending on global agricultural research and development increased by 22 per cent during the period 2000-2008, from $26.1 billion to $31.7 billion (in 2005 PPP dollars). Accelerated research and development spending by China and India accounted for close to half the global increase of $5.6 billion during the period 2000-2008. Similartrends seem to be confirmed from most recent data from the ASTI database, with a doubling of agricultural spending for Viet Nam between 2000 and 2010 and more than 25 per cent growth between 2000 and 2012 for Bangladesh and Nepal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The cost of underperformance and underinvestment in education is rising. These forces also make stakeholders more demanding. Reform is more easily undertaken in "crisis" conditions, although the meaning of "crisis" might be somewhat different in education. The shock involved is likely to be something that alters perceptions of the education system (see Chapter 1) rather than an event that suddenly affects its ability to function.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Setting locally ambitious and feasible SDG targets to improve digital connectivity are an important means to build momentum. Internet usage in Myanmar jumped from 1.2% in 2013 to 15% in 2015 due to the 2013 Telecommunications Law. This created a competitive market which triggered a reduction in the cost of SIM cards from approximately USD$150 in 2013 to just USD$1.50 in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Purpose. To report on the process of implementation and dissemination of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) [] in Italy.Methods. The Agenzia Regionale della Sanita of Friuli Venezia Giulia Region (ARSFVG) is a WHO Collaborating Centre for the Family of International Classifications. It collaborated with Italian research institutions such as the C. Besta Neurological Institute IRCCS Foundation, the Medea Institute, and the National Institute of Statistics in revising, field testing and validating the ICF in Italy and in the preparation of ICF-CY (Children and Youth Version).Results. The value of ICF profiles in defining personalised programmes of interventions was explored by evaluating the link between ICF items and the UN Convention, which was taken as a criterion of clear ethical and political orientation in the evaluation of the disability condition. The first and main effort of ICF implementation was directed in the field of public health and welfare policies....
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract The political role of religious value systems poses a great challenge in the perspective of safeguarding women’s citizenship rights. This applies to all the contexts where religious law defines civil, political and social rights and obligations in a manner that systematically promotes differential treatment of women and men, girls and boys. It also applies within the framework of secular laws that protect religious freedom such that discrimination becomes a religious group right. My concern in this article is with the limits to equal citizenship that this latter kind of religious accommodation may pose. I discuss some well‐known commonalities between claims to group accommodation which follow from multiculturalism’s minority‐rights reasoning, and claims to accommodation which, quite independent of ‘minority’–‘majority’ statuses, follow from interpretations of the right to freedom of religion. Such accommodations are of particular relevance to the Norwegian state/religion regime, which forms the ‘...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Authorities also adjusted remunerations by negotiating that costs that do not increase directly with travel would not be paid if operators travelled extra. The value threshold over which vehicles are no longer eligible for the 100% subsidy is MXN 250 000 (USD 18 800) in the Federal District, MXN 350 000 (USD 26 300) in the State of Mexico and MXN 550 000 (USD 41 400) in Hidalgo. This planning instrument takes different names depending on the country. In many contexts the word “plan” is substituted by “programme”. Its contents will therefore have to be adjusted to include all the elements, in line with best practice in developing transport master plans (see Box 3.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As mentioned earlier, this can be a problem connected with the nature of an externality itself. Many respondents will indicate amounts far greater than those they would actually commit in real life. It is also easy to see, for instance, that by enumerating a large number of charismatic mega-species, total sums can easily exceed available budgets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
We present a cross-cultural comparison of newspaper coverage of global warming in France and in the United States (1987-1997) as a case study to analyze the impact of culturally bound journalistic practices on media attention cycles. Based on the results of a content analysis, we show that France's coverage was more event-based, focused more on international relations, and presented a more restricted range of viewpoints on global warming than American coverage did. American coverage emphasized conflicts between scientists and politicians. Downs's "quot,media-attention cycle,"quot, which is apparent for the American coverage, does not manifest as visibly in French coverage. Our findings suggest that research on media coverage of global environmental issues needs to move beyond studies at the national level, cross-cultural comparisons are essential to understand how different news regimes might affect public opinion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
According to field surveys, most farmers admitted that they could not know whether the fertiliser that they had bought, either imported or produced domestically, was adulterated, except for some brands selling at a 50-100% premium. A test to check fertiliser quality should not cost much relative to the price of the fertiliser and could be made widely available (HKS, 2011). Three urea state-owned plants, built in the 1970s and run by the Myanmar Petrochemical Enterprise, produce around 100 000 tonnes per year, i.e. less than 25% of their capacity and around 17% of domestic requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Past growth in manufacturing and related services sectors has absorbed large numbers of workers into productive jobs and increased the prosperity of their families and communities. Industrialisation and structural transformation remain at the core of many national and regional economic development strategies. In view of greater automation and digitisation, this chapter also discusses the implications ofthe changing nature of industrialisation and the production process for the future of manufacturing development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This type of reuse, therefore, can be considered a good way to achieve waste prevention (initiative 3,11,17,19 and 25 in Appendix A). No initiative has been identified that has a clear mandate to increase C&D waste prevention by extending the whole building's life span. However, the five identified initiatives above aim to reuse building components or reuse of excess material occurring during construction/renovation operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In addition to the national umbrella organizations and international NGOs, there are large residential social welfare NGOs, such as Home of Hope and Pearce Home, that provide social services and protection to the poor and needy. Still other NGOs, like the Home of Compassion and the Father Law Home, provide shelter and care to the elderly of Fiji. Outside Fiji, there are few public programmes designed to assist the disabled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In a quarter of the countries, self-employed workers earn significantly more than their counterparts on permanent work contracts (potentially driven by self-employed in the professional services sectors) and in the remaining quarter of the countries they earn less. The vertical axis shows the impact of the same change on the log earnings of the 90th quantile. A data point below (above) the 45 degree line indicates that the change in the composition of the workforce as regards the type of employment is associated with a fell (rise) in eamings inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It also includes allocating water resources over the long term, as well as seasonal adjustments to the amount of water available to different users, and the allocation of both surface waters and groundwater. The subsequent sections explore several elements of well-designed allocation regimes, including the definition of the resource pool, setting priorities for water allocation and the role of water permits, and governance arrangements for water allocation. Particular attention is given to legacy issues, which are an issue that will need to be addressed. Both federal, state and basin levels play a role in water allocation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Both recipients and providers mentioned the importance of tracking so called “brown” or fossil fuel intensive investments in addition to climate finance, to effectively measure progress towards greenhouse gas emission reduction across their broader portfolio of investment activities. However, considering the resource intensity of establishing and operating tracking systems and the recent focus on defining and tracking flows in the context of the UNFCCC USD 100 billion commitment, providers of climate finance were sometimes of the view that an over-emphasis on tracking per se can itself be a barrier to effectiveness, redirecting scarce resources from achieving impact on the ground. On the other hand, recipient countries claimed that domestic systems tracking finance can be useful in verifying finance reported to the UNFCCC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)