albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Benefit levels were also temporarily increased, as was the COBRA subsidy for health insurance premiums available to some groups of job losers, although most of these measures have already expired. ( Section 2 discusses these policy changes in greater detail.) Since the number of unemployed requiring assistance has expanded much more sharply in some countries than in others, it is interesting to consider how well prepared the hardest-hit countries were on the cusp of the downturn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Consequently, we are unable to assess whether EPWP is reaching poor households. Instead, we look at whether EPWP is reaching the less educated as a weak proxy for socio-economic status. This runs counter to the stated objective a strategic EPWP document which identifies unskilled unemployed individuals who lack secondary education as the target group for temporary work and skills training (DPW EPWP Unit, 2006, cited in Hemson, 2007). Under these conditions the income received per work opportunity has declined. Figure 3.2 show's that the total w'age earned per “work opportunity” between 2004/05 and 2006/07 declined by 43% in real terms. In summary, then, the current EPWP transfers fairly modest amounts of income into a relatively small number of households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Some flexibility over pay may help adapt pay levels to the market situation in each city. This will result in pay differentials across different governments and cities, but not necessarily across individuals. The experience of OECD countries in this respect is wide and mixed. One issue for consideration is affordability, and whether SNGs have the resources to pay competitive salaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
To correct these failures, dedicated financial facilities and investment vehicles are increasingly being used, as part of agroterritorial development, to support farmers and agribusiness. For example, the Beira Agricultural Growth Corridor initiative in Mozambique envisioned three types of financial facilities for companies and farmers in the corridor: working capital to support agricultural production, social venture capital to promote pioneer investments, and long-term capital for agriculture-supporting infrastructure within the corridor. As part of the corridor's investment greenprint, several agribusiness firms collaborated with the Norwegian University of Life Sciences and the Sokoine University of Agriculture in the United Republic of Tanzania on a research project that examined the effects of best practices in sustainable farming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2011, the best performing countries recorded risk below five deaths per billion vehicle-kilometres. In the absence of data on vehicle kilometres for many IRTAD countries, the fatality rate per registered vehicles may be used as an approximation of exposure in order to describe risks and make comparisons between countries. Data on fatalities are usually reasonably complete, although police records miss a certain number of deaths resulting from crashes in all countries, and in all IRTAD member countries based on the same definition (death within 30 days of the crash), and therefore adapted for international comparisons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Other social services include services to survivors, disabled persons, unemployed, as well as those in respect of housing and social assistance (estimates of social housing are, however, not included). Cash transfers to the elderly, survivors, disabled persons, families, unemployed, as well as those receiving social assistance. Private mandatory spending, which accounts for a large share of total social spending in some countries (in particular Chile, Germany and Switzerland), is not included here.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The sector emits three types of anthropogenic greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), the hydrocarbon methane (CHJ and nitrous oxide (N20). The main sources of those emissions are deforestation, enteric fermentation in livestock, manure left on fields, applied chemical fertilizers and rice cultivation practices. Carbon dioxide and methane account for 49 and 30 percent, respectively, of the emissions generated by agriculture, forestry and land use. This represents 14 percent of total anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and 42 percent of all methane emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
International comparisons of inequality based on measures of disposable income may not be valid if the size and incidence of publicly provided in-kind benefits differ across the countries considered. The benefits that are financed by taxation in one country may need to be purchased out of disposable income in another. We estimate the size and incidence of in-kind or "noncash" benefits from public housing subsidies, education, and health care for five European countries using comparable methods and data. Inequality in the augmented income measure is dramatically lower than in disposable income, with the effects of the three components varying in importance across countries. Adapting equivalence scales to take proper account of differences in needs for health care and education across population members reduces the scale of the effect, but does not eliminate it. © 2010 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The transformation of ecosystems has been driven by a number of developments, notably habitat loss due to land use change. Conversion of forest to pasture for livestock grazing, and to a lesser extent conversion for crop production, continues to be the primary driver of deforestation. Other key drivers include degradation and fragmentation of habitats due to development of infrastructure, extractive industries and hydropower, overexploitation of biological resources due to subsistence and artisanal activities, invasive alien species, and pollution. Yet, lack of information remains a key obstacle to decision making, better information is particularly needed on habitat change outside forest ecosystems. More precise information on a finer scale is needed to facilitate action in the decentralised environmental management system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The second is to improve the coherence and transparency of the delivery' network to increase trust in the system. Lastly, expanding recent efforts to develop a robust outcomes monitoring and evaluation system could help improve the effectiveness and efficiency of adult learning. Stakeholders described the SNQ as supporting the transparency, stability and navigability of the education and training supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
2015 is a symbolic turning point for “development” as eight UN MDGs are superseded by even more SDGs with a focus on global partnerships. This paper exploits the “post-2015” mantra to ask whether the rise of the BRICS and myriad non-state actors/coalitions, let alone the difficulties of the PIIGS in the Eurozone, suggests that “development” has become passe: Does the rise of “emerging” economies/powers in the current decade mean that we need another paradigm, such as “global governance” along with “new regionalisms”? This overview seeks to identify some of the parameters of international relations/organization/law/political economy for the embryonic Palgrave Communications network for its first 5 years, informed by our new US PhD in Global Governance & Human Security at UMass Boston.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All public and private projects located in PUD areas within Mandaue City are obliged to comply with this ordinance (with heritage or cultural buildings and post-disaster infrastructure exempted), while other projects have the choice to comply with the ordinance, or not (IIEE, 2015). The city lias also employed the use of the Building for Ecologically Responsive Design Excellence (BERDE) Green Building Rating System as a tool to measure, assess, verify and monitor the environmental performance of building projects in terms of management, use of resources and mitigation of emissions. The Green Building Ordinance requires building owners to use environmentally-friendly construction methods and resources that would have less damaging effects on the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Gini index is probably the most popular summary statistic of inequality as it is widely available due to its easy computation and comparability across countries and over time. A zero coefficient characterises perfect equality, whereas a coefficient of one represents perfect inequality, that is, all income is held by one individual or household. At the same time, the Gini has well documented drawbacks: two very different distributions, and thus different inequality patterns, may yield the same Gini coefficient (see, for example, Bellu and Liberati, 2006), and the Gini is more sensitive to changes in the middle of the income distribution, rather than the extremes which are of more interest from a social welfare perspective (see, for example, Atkinson, 1970).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), and Producer Responsibility Organisations (PROs) schemes. In this regard, many countries are currently receiving advisory, technical, and financial support from several UN agencies, other development agencies, the private sector, and especially from the alliance of Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) in Africa. Europe, Switzerland, Norway, and Sweden show the most advanced e-waste management practices across the globe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This article argues that many contemporary e-democracy projects, particularly in the United States, have at their heart a model of atomistic, independent, rational, and general-interest citizens. As such, these projects, variously grouped under the labels of e-governance, online deliberation, open government, and civic technology, often assume a broad shared consensus about collective definitions of “public problems” that both does not exist and sidesteps debates over what these problems are and what potential solutions can and should be. Drawing on recent theories of political parties, social identity, and cultural cognition, this article argues that e-democracy efforts need to account for the fact that the citizens practitioners appeal to see themselves by default as members of social groups, and that this has implications for politics and what Jasanoff calls “civic epistemology.” Presenting the case of attempting to change Republican opinions about climate change, I argue that e-democracy initiatives s...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The dumping of waste at sea is controlled under the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter of 1972 and its 1996 Protocol. If these are effectively and consistently implemented, that particular source of inputs of harmful substances will be satisfactorily controlled. However, there are serious gaps in knowledge about their implementation: over 50 per cent of the contracting parties to those instruments are not reporting, and it is consequently not known how effective the instruments are (chap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Narrowing the achievement gap by bringing all students to a baseline level of proficiency for the OECD (a PISA score of about 400) could imply GDP increases for the United States of USD 72 trillion, according to historical growth relationships (OECD, 2010b). Longitudinal studies have also demonstrated that student performance at school is a good indicator of subsequent successful education and labour-market pathways (OECD, 2010a). This is not to say that efforts should not be directed towards mitigating the short-term effects of the economic recession, but it is lo say that long-term issues should not be neglected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
According to data from the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) based on time-use surveys, women perform between 71% and 86% of all unpaid work needed by households (ECLAC, 2016b, p. 62). Moreover, between 12% and 66% of women between the ages of 20 and 59 years in Uruguay and El Salvador, respectively, are out of the labour market for family reasons (ECLAC, 2016b, p. 60). First, those who require care should receive it through quality services, access to care in the market should not intensify poverty in the home, and care work should not create barriers to education and employment under equal conditions between men and women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2008 the Australian government announced the introduction of the Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme (PSWPS), modelled on the New Zealand RSE scheme and almost identical to it. See section 4.6 in Chapter 4 for a discussion of the PSWPS. It is discussed in some detail in section 4.6.1 in Chapter 4, with a more fragmentary analysis of other Samoan and Tongan contexts, developed in discussions or from general overviews.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Until the 1920s or 1930s, they assumed the police were there to protect them and their property from the ‘riff-raff and became angered when the police treated them as perpetrators when it came to traffic offences (Setright, 2003). He argues that the relationship never quite recovered and the vociferous attacks on speed cameras in the United Kingdom and the constraints on their use suggest there is merit in this argument. Having high profile, educated, supportive spokespeople available that are independent of police to support the rationale for the enforcement is particularly helpful.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In September 2000, the export tax rate was set at 5% in view of Malaysia’s decision to eliminate its CPO duty, and India’s decision, the major importer, to raise taxes on edible oil imports. It was further cut to 3% in March 2001 and to 1.5% in October 2005 as the international price of palm oil gradually decreased. As international palm oil prices began rising in 2007, producers were motivated to export more rather than to supply the domestic market causing the price of cooking oil on the domestic market to rise. Concerned with this, the government increased the export tax to 6.5% in July 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The programme also promoted the upscale of local practices with the objective of incorporating them into local, subnational and national strategies. A tangible impact was seen in Malta, where the National Water Management Plan included NCWR solutions as part of the water security7 strategy of the country. Another example was seen in Australia, where governance reforms to allow for improvements in conjunctive management of surface and groundwater leading to a reduction of risk of too little water (Practice No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Global Child Poverty and Well-being - Measurement, concepts, policy and action. The EU 2020 Poverty Target. Amsterdam, AIAS, GINI Discussion Paper 19. The State of the Poor: Where Are The Poor, Where Is Extreme Poverty Harder to End, and What Is the Current Profile of the World's Poor? The World Bank, Economic Premise, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network, Oct 2013, No. Child Monetary and Multidimensional Poverty Analysis in Madagascar', Working Paper 2014-X, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The reports were sometimes incomplete, or had not been sent to the Land Transport Safety Authority (LTSA), which was at that time responsible for the data entry, coding and analysis of crash reports. Injuries were often inaccurately recorded, if at all. Crash locations were often imprecise and Blood/Breath Alcohol levels, and pre-crash speeds, were not recorded in all cases. This combination of under-reporting of casualties and missing data resulted in important crash data not being captured, understating both the actual levels of road trauma and crash contributing factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The UK inwork benefits were significantly more generous than the EITC, with per-family expenditures on average about four times as high in the early 2000s. While many other OECD countries have introduced some form of in-work benefit in recent years, their sizes and their redistributive impact are currently small so they are not covered here in detail (see Immervoll and Pearson, 2009). Unlike out-of-work benefits discussed above, other types of child-related support (family benefits, Annex Table A5) have also become significantly more generous since the mid-1980s. In Australia, Germany and Japan, benefit amounts per child have risen more strongly than earnings levels, while the United Kingdom and United States have introduced new child-related tax credits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There have been 16,054 fauna species recorded, 758 of which are chordates. In 2005, the Red List was compiled for the first time, resulting in the incorporation of 197 species of which 141 are animal species - 29 species of mammals, 35 birds and 11 reptiles - and 56 are plant species. The Red List is already out of date. In 2014, the Caucasus Red List of Plants has been published and the assessment resulted in the first comprehensive list of plants endemic to the Caucasus region (about 2,950 species/subspecies).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These coverage percentages may be compared with the over 30 per cent of land covered by exploration licences in 2008 and the current aim of raising it again to 20 per cent. The Ministry estimates that about 30 per cent of the licensed area is being used, with the remainder idle because of low commodity prices, poor infrastructure or the risk of environmental impact. The number of licences for oil and gas and radioactive minerals is two orders of magnitude lower. Such permits are issued by soum and district governors based on the conclusions of NAMEM’s departments at local level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For instance, compulsory' health insurance with community rated premiums (e.g. the basis of the Swiss health care system) offers a high degree of risk pooling with minimal income redistribution. The presence of many social insurance funds results in fragmented risk pools, which lower risk pooling, but risk-adjustment mechanisms (e.g. Switzerland, Netherlands, Germany) can mitigate this problem. Community' rated premiums allow for a larger degree of risk pooling than risk rated ones as the latter enable to pool people with approximately the same level of risk, only.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The relationship between population density and the concentration of specific air pollutants is also analysed. Due to these differences in emission sources, urban areas do not face the same patterns of concentration of different air pollutants. The choice of the appropriate empirical specifications is hereby guided by a state-of-the-art econometric model selection method (Bayesian Model Averaging - BMA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Available analyses of the situation in other countries, such as Russia or Poland, suggest that energy saving measures could be a more immediate and cost-effective way to reduce emissions than electricity generation from renewable resources (McKinsey, 2009). The 1991 Law on the Protection of the Environment, which represents the key legal reference in this area, sets the main environmental standards and introduces the basic instruments to achieve them. It stipulates the modalities for granting permits for the emission of pollutants into the air, waste water emissions and deposits of waste, based on standards established for emission limits by particular pollutants, and sets up respective payment schedules.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Having their own bank account increases the autonomy of women within a household. Making access to finance easier may also facilitate start-ups or self-employment among women. Infrastructure is another significant positive determinant of female labour force participation, while labour market regulations lower female participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2007/08, 21% of pupils in primary school had a mother tongue other than German and around half of these pupils held Austrian citizenship. The major mother tongues other than German are Bosnian, Croat, Serbian and Turkish (Table 1.3). But there is a significant performance advantage for pupils with both parents bom in Austria. Pupils with neither parent born in Austria perform well below international averages in mathematics and science.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On the 27 May this year, more than 50 countries gathered in Oslo to establish a global partnership on climate and forest, which will improve transparency and coordination of financing in this field. The partnership may also be a stepping stone to agreement on REDD+ in the climate change negotiations. The partnership established in Oslo is the first of its kind, and the first partnership between developed and developing countries in the battle against global warming. Norway has worked actively on international policy development for REDD+, including through its secretariat role of the Informal Working Group for Interim Finance for REDD+, through the REDD Options Assessment Report and other studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Mitigating the possibility of capture requires broad general stakeholder agreement about any comprehensive plan. This includes key government stakeholders at the central, regional and local level, in order to minimise the possibility of obstacles during the approval process, as well as to build a sense of “ownership” by local, external stakeholders (e.g. civil society, citizens and the private sector) to ensure local support for implementation. Such local-level support can also put pressure on elected officials to move ahead with the process, not block plans, and push for speedier approval, further easing implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Islamic banks are banks that carry outtheir business activities based ons hari a principles. At thet ime of theeconomic crisis in 1998, many conventional banks had collaps edwhile Islamic banks were not affected. After thecrisis, Islamic banking experienced significant developments in Indonesia. What is the strategy in the management of Islamic banks in Indonesia basedon Law Number 21 of 2008? The methodused in this study isnormative legal researc husing the statutory approach. The results of this study explain that from 2008 to 2018 there were no Islamic banks that experienced legal problems, while conventional banks existed, namely Century Bank and IFI Bank. Based on Article 34 of Act Number 21 of 2008 it is affirmed that Islamic banks mustimplement good governance that coverstheprinciples of transparency, accountability, accountability, professionalism and fairness in carrying out their business activities. So, thestrategy in managing Islamic banks in Indonesia applies the principles of good corporate governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Looking at the headcount ratio for both poverty lines it seems clear that poverty has fallen slightly over the 15 year period. The changes in the mean poverty gap and the squared mean poverty gap ratios suggest that when taking the depth and severity of poverty into account, the gains over the period have been slightly higher than indicated by the headcount ratio. We report poverty headcount ratios and the associated poverty shares of each of the various groups in tables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)