albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Agreements reached in Cancun, Mexico, at the 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference recognised the need for deep cuts in global GHG emissions in order to limit the global average temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius (2 °C) above pre-industrial levels (UNFCCC, 2011a). A temperature increase of more than 2 °C is likely to push components of the Earth’s climate system past critical thresholds, or “tipping points” (EEA, 2010). Are current emission reduction pledges enough to stabilise climate change and limit global average temperature increase to 2 °C? If not, what will the consequences be?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Unit labor cost represents a direct link between productivity and the cost of labour used in generating output. A rise in a country’s unit labour cost represents an increased reward for labour’s contribution to output. However, a rise in labour cost that is higher than the rise in labour productivity, especially in tradable goods producing sectors, may indicate a decrease in international competitiveness, if other costs are not adjusted in compensation. The non-agricultural sector includes industry and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This required the conversion of conifer plantations to deciduous broadleaved forest. The effect has been that, afterlO to 12 years, on average there has been an increase in the annual volume of available water of the order of 800,000 litres per hectare. V. organizes the process of creating new drinking water forests together with public or private forest owners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Official open unemployment rates are generally low in these countries. For example, the unemployment rate was 6% in Pakistan and 4.5% in Sri Lanka in 2011. Therefore, in South Asia far more important is the persistence of low productivity and low paying jobs, which are mostly found in the agricultural and urban informal sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
More often than not, system dynamics model-based public policy analysis is limited to testing parameter changes instead of designing and testing new stock-and-flow policy structures. That is problematic because improvements in behaviour require improvements in structure. This paper considers how the public policy implementation literature could improve the operational thinking skills required for designing policy structure for public sector models. A familiar model of a public health problem is used to illustrate the recommended approach. And an instructional training strategy is offered for teaching and learning to think operationally during the policy-design stage of modelling. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The prohibition against torture is a well settled, absolute right in international law and human rights. As such, it presents an ideal case to understand what is at stake in human rights generally. The chapter considers the definitions of ‘torture’ contained in the UN Convention Against Torture and the Rome Statute, and then attempts to distill their essence into clear explanatory texts in Minimal English. This offers a way of thinking about the being at the heart of human rights: the human person.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The latest three volumes focus on quality, monitoring and transitions from ECEC to primary school. They have been influential in the development of the TALIS Starting Strong Survey and have informed this conceptual framework. The analysis and reporting of the survey data will be embedded in the policy insights from the Starting Strong series, drawing on contextual information and concrete examples, as applicable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There is recognition that it is a fundamental right and obligation for parents to be involved in their children’s education. And parental partnership is critical in enhancing ECEC staff knowledge about their children. Furthermore, research has shown that parental engagement - especially in ensuring high-quality children’s learning at home and communicating with ECEC staff- is strongly associated with children's later academic success, high school completion, socio-emotional development and adaptation in society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Contemporary American society seems fraught with concern over our lack of “safety” – whether in the form of national security (USA PATRIOT Act, fighting terrorism internally and abroad, building the nation’s economic underpinnings, etc.) or individual security (identity theft, Child Internet Protection Act, criminal background checks available online, etc.). We are both fascinated and frightened by the growing global community and the global information infrastructure, and we are struggling to find our place in it: individually, socially, ethically, and legally. Safety has turned from an American assumption into the consuming American question, and this change is transforming our culture, for good and for ill.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, LGUs do not allocate sufficient resources, lack the capacity to forecast, procure or deliver contraceptives and/ or oppose performing this task on religious grounds (Rauhala, 2008). A large percentage of total requirements (skewed towards contraceptive pills and sterilization kits) have historically been provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), but since its phase-out in 2008, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) has provided pills and injectables as a stopgap measure on a cost-share arrangement with local governments. Commercial suppliers focus on the top end of the market, while social marketing organizations, often supported by USAID to reduce the burden on LGU budgets and ensure availability of contraceptives, are interested in lower-middle and upper-low income families, leaving the low-priced segment less well served (Connell et al, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Technion, as a globally competitive technical university draws highly qualified students from throughout Israel and other countries, but also has a number of targeted initiatives at the secondary and pre-academic level for students in the Galilee, including Arab students (see Box 2.2.). The Tel Hai Academic College, which describes its role as a "national college located in the region," has developed to a scale and a level of prestige that it now recruits substantially from the centre to the extent that 60% of its undergraduate academic students come from outside the Galilee. However, with the exception of Arab colleges, the enrolments remain largely Jewish.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Further, some documents cannot be approved without a public inquiry'. This is case for the SCoT, PLU/PLUI and SRADDET. Alternatively, a land use authority can also decide to organise more open and participatory forms of engagement to obtain some of the inhabitants and users’ opinions through such practices as citizen conferences, focus groups, opinion polls, public meetings and information leaflets. This latter path has the potential to achieve a consensus among a full set of stakeholders, but it is much harder to organise, and there is always the possibility that no mutually agreeable resolution will emerge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Although a number of countries, mostly in Europe, that have adopted such measures have experienced modest increases in fertility between 2000-2005 and 2005-2010 (United Nations, 2013a), the implementation and effectiveness of such measures have been difficult to ascertain. While the percentage of Governments with policies to raise fertility has increased steadily from just 9 per cent in 1976 to 27 per cent in 2013, the percentage of Governments with policies to lower fertility increased from 27 per cent in 1976 to 42 per cent in 1996, and then remained at 43 per cent in 2013. During this time, the percentage of Governments that did not have policies to influence fertility has declined steadily from 52 per cent in 1976 to 13 per cent in 2013 (table III.l). In 1976, only about one in every five Governments in more developed regions had policies to raise fertility, but by 2013 this proportion had risen steadily to more than two thirds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It also contributed to the emergence and rapid expansion of the middle class in Kazakhstan, with almost two thirds of the population falling into this economic category in 2013 (Figure 1.2). The rich group is not shown as the size of the group in sample surveys is very small and not representative of that group. The regions are divided into 175 administrative districts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Relatively little went to Africa (16.2%). Most of this (USD 4.8 billion) has been for technical support to trade ministries for building capacity in trade policy and management, and for implementing trade agreements (including addressing technical barriers to trade, sanitary and phytosanitary measures). This is followed by support for trade facilitation (USD 2.8 billion), for active participation in regional and multilateral trade negotiations (USD 1.1 billion and USD 239.5 million, respectively), and for training and education (USD 209 million).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Each was responsible for producing thematic contributions for use in the synthesis report. An evaluation consultant supported the process by providing research, data collection and analysis, and synthesis of the report, and a part-time consultant assisted in data analysis. These data gathering and analysis strategies are described in more detail in Annex 5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Public administration suffers from the problem of the logical division between facts and values if modernity is seen as the thoughts of logical positivism and instrumental rationalism. The instrumental rationality of modernity presented the concepts of efficiency, effectiveness, expertise, professionalism, accountability, and democracy and other issues in PA. On the other hand, interpretivism is based on the belief that there is no objective reality out there and reality is socially constructed. Reality is not something that exists outside the researcher as is the case under the positivist perspective. This article discusses how the two different theories, positivism and interpretivism, influence the way of thinking and practicing in the field of public administration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The unemployment figures given for Peru are for the city of Lima. In most of the countries, it refers to industrial workers in the formal sector only. The regional aggregate is the simple average of the different rates of variation. These percentages represent 165 million poor, including 69 million living in extreme poverty (see figure 1.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Morelos, for example, specific programmes are in place for taxi drivers and microenterprises related to tourism, a growing sector in this state. In Queretaro a programme called credito a la palavra (i.e. trust loan) has been set up to cater for the self-employed through microloans up to MXN 10 000 and repayment within six months. Interest rates are competitive compared to those offered by private microfinance institutions and rates of default in the range of 5-6%, which is very low for microcredit programmes. This is the result of close monitoring on the use of the loan and repayment terms, with visits to the enterprises and repayment deadlines that can be even on a weekly basis in some cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The EU-SILC is the main source of information on living standards in the EU, collecting nationally representative and cross-country comparable statistics on income and social inclusion.6 Since income poverty and material deprivation estimates produced by Eurostat are derived from the EU-SILC, this paper uses published indicators for descriptive statistics wherever possible, while all multivariate analyses rely on the micro-data from the user database.7 The 2008 wave is used as the pre-crisis baseline in this study because the EU economy only slipped into recession in 2009. However, the income reference year in the EU-SILC is the calendar year before the interview (for all EU-SILC countries except the UK and Ireland). Thus, child poverty rates estimated using the 2008 wave of the survey refer to 2007 incomes, while the material deprivation indicator refers to 2008. Therefore, when it comes to the last year for which the survey data are available, i.e. 2012, the material deprivation indicator is more up to date.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A Global Environment Facility project in India found that more communication was needed among private sector players (steel re-rolling mills, domestic equipment manufacturers, trade and industry associations and others) for uptake of industrial energy-efficiency technologies (Verbeken 2009). Agreements were established with local institutions hosting the project training courses, which could then offer the courses beyond the project’s lifespan. The networks helped participating South African firms identify more than 5 million rand in energy-efficiency investments, with a payback of less than a year (Spalding-Fecher 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Intentional releases happen primarily for safety reasons if needed to vent pressure, or during start-up or wind-down of production. Most intentionally released methane is burnt on release (flaring) and converted to C02, usually because the production site is too far away from a major demand centre to make transporting and selling the gas unattractive. Large but poorly quantified amounts of methane also escape through leakage from downstream distribution networks, as well as from refineries and various methane-consuming industries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The exceptions are France, where 92% of pre-primary teachers are women, the Netherlands (87%), Norway (91%) and Spain (93%) (see Table 1.1). Source: OECD (2017a), OECD Online education database, OECD, Paris, wvvw.oecd.org/education/database.hmi. However, the duration of teacher training for pre-primary education varies more than for any other level of education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Fiji, for instance, estimates show that the cost of domestic violence was equivalent to about 7 per cent of GDP in 20027 Australia estimates that violence against women and children incurred a financial cost of AS 13.6 billion in 2008/09. Impunity in the violation of women's and girls' human rights is, however, evident in the absence or limited amount of legislative protection against, for example, sexual harassment, domestic violence and/or rape in some countries in the region, including Afghanistan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Thailand,Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. As indicated in the figure, country-level data/ spanning the period 2005-2013, indicate relatively higher rates of marriage or union before the age of 18 years among women and girls in South and South-West Asia as compared with other subregions. In Bangladesh, for example, 65 per cent of women/ girls were married before they reached 18 years of age, with approximately one third being married before reaching 15 years of age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Fostering positive attitudes can result in significant improvements in performance at little cost (Dweck, 2006). The value of greater student engagement, perseverance, motivation and self-confidence cannot be overstated. Both of these strategies require some changes in students’ beliefs and self-beliefs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Whereas the exact count of individual streams remains unknown, in the absence of government process mapping, the Huduma Kenya programme, which is in its nascent stages, has selected some 45 streams to be delivered in its service centres. Viewed through the prism of diffusion theory, the first 26 public agencies and departments that have started offering their services within the service centres qualify as early adopters of the innovation. These agencies and departments are those that have been easy to reach with information from the Huduma Kenya Secretariat on the operational merits and economic and efficiency benefits of relocating their services to the Huduma Centres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Eco-labelling and green certification should be clearly defined and consumers should be educated. This will ease the identification of products and increase demand for green products. Institutional capacity is also essential. Public authorities and managers of labour market institutions should be well informed of the definitions, objectives and vision, as well as being formally trained (possibly through ESF Funds) to ensure the effectiveness of policy implementation and better support business development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This variation decreases comparability, hinders aggregation, and will in turn influence assessments of effectiveness. The choice of a baseline is particularly difficult for adaptation interventions. This is because uncertainty surrounding the future effects of climate change can result in the baseline “shifting” over time, which further complicates assessing impacts (see Lamhauge et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Recent world events have created international security concerns and a demand for counter-terrorist measures. Information fuels counter-terrorism. "Data mining" has been touted as a means for acquiring needed information. This article describes data mining, explores its social, political and personal risks, then assesses its impact on the  Charter -protected right to privacy. The author proposes a framework for the constitutionally appropriate regulation of data mining. Data mining is portrayed as a potentially valuable counter-terrorism tool which must be governed responsibly, if its costs are not to exceed its benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Following inspection of fishing practices, existing methods for exploiting hake have been modifed, while the distribution of individual quotas per vessel has been maintained in light of previous catches reported. Furthermore, as mentioned in the section on structural adjustment, plans to adjust the way certain stocks are fished have been adopted. Given the smaller size of the fleet associated with this fisheiy, it was felt that vessels should not be decommissioned but that reductions should be made in other areas to ensure the viability of fishing operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This also applies to migration to neighbouring areas. In all GMS countries, migration to urban areas continues unchecked. The significant differences in per capita income, GNI per capita (see Table 1), the dependence of economies on various resources and the high degree of inequality pose various threats to natural systems such as forests. An increasing trend towards industrialization has been driven largely by trade, driven in turn by the extraction of natural resources (ADB, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In contrast, in Argentina and Ireland, where vocational programmes are not offered at all at this level, as well as in Brazil, Canada and India, more than 90% of upper secondary students are enrolled in general programmes (Table B1.3). These include apprenticeship programmes that involve concurrent school-based and work-based training, as well as programmes that involve alternating periods of attendance at educational institutions and participation in work-based training (see Definitions section at the end of this indicator). On average across the OECD, 11% of students in upper secondary education are enrolled in this type of programme, although they are offered in and data are available for only 21 OECD countries. In Hungary and Latvia, all vocational programmes are combined school- and work-based programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
AbstractThe term ‘respect for diversity’ has gained prominence in many policy and curricular developments aimed at promoting reconciliation and pluralism. To explore the understandings of ‘respect for diversity’ held by children in a society that has both emerged from conflict and is increasingly multicultural, 15 group interviews were conducted with 7–11-year-old children in Northern Ireland. The behavioural aspects of respect for diversity articulated by the children were identified as: attention, offering time, equality of treatment, and acts of solidarity. Affective motivations for these actions were empathy and the pursuit of friendship, cognitive motivations were: a moral norm of inclusion, curiosity, internalised human rights principles, and egalitarianism (a belief that all persons are equal in fundamental worth or value). Findings are discussed in relation to theories of children’s prejudice development and moral development, and implications for the teaching and promotion of respect for diversit...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Development that rides on the back of depletion of forest resources is unsustainable and measures must be taken to use, manage and protect forests in a sustainable manner. It was found in India and Nepal that empowering women in local decisionmaking with respect to the conservation of forests and fisheries leads to better resource efficiency and conservation. Pathways to the sustainable management of forest resources could benefit from the knowledge and capacities that women have honed through their interactions with forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
After a decade of policies that deal directly with water resources management, much still needs to be done in developing the institutional capacity to monitor and enforce these policies, and ensure consistency in other policies that indirectly impinge on water resources management. Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI): Provisional indices and profiles for Trinidad and Tobago’. State of the Environment Report 2001 & 2002.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
When Cyclone Pam struck Vanuatu in 2015, for example, it affected about 80 per cent of schools. Some were damaged and others were turned into evacuation centres.173The problem exists throughout the Pacific region, where many schools in small island states are unavoidably located near coastal areas. Throughout the region, climate change and weather-related emergencies have hindered efforts to provide children with good-quality learning opportunities. Less than 2 per cent of the funds raised by humanitarian appeals went to education.176 This figure suggests that education is considered a low priority in humanitarian contexts, a viewpoint that is curiously out of step with the aspirations of parents and children affected by crises.176 For them, a return to school can help restore a sense of security, normalcy and, above all, hope for a better future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, one of the most remarkable peace-making initiatives by women in the Pacific has been the work of the Kup Women for Peace (KWP) in PNG (Dinnen, 2003). For example, the traditional forms of social protection such as reciprocity such as duties during ceremonies are also formal. There exist clear linkages between formal and informal social arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)