albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The simulations are presented and discussed in the following sections. It is based on a number of assumptions for which other sources were used. Most importantly, these include assumptions on future developments in GDP and population, price paths for key fossil-energy carriers (crude oil, coal and natural gas), and policies in the fertiliser and biofuel sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The significant and rapid deterioration of the humanitarian situation in some countries of the region continues to pose a grave risk to peace and security, with various implications, following the displacement of millions of inhabitants. The difficult and traumatic situation of refugees escaping conflict zones, in particular in Iraq and the Syrian Arab Republic, makes them particularly vulnerable to and at high risk of exposure to drug trafficking and addiction. Lack of governmental control and a general atmosphere of lawlessness in many areas make it virtually impossible to monitor drug control activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It has since been used to monitor and improve the quality of preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic primary care services in Israel. Data quality for QICH is ensured through the use of standard indicator definitions by all health funds, and a systematic data quality audit cycle to ensure validity and comparability. It is subject to continuous development and evolution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Such investment trends are especially important in considering opportunities for strategic regional energy development and connectivity initiatives. The power sector is, therefore, expected to become a key focus for new infrastructure in the coming years and opportunities for maximizing long-term efficiencies in development and cooperation are more likely to be in this sector. Trade is always beneficial when countries are diverse.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Norway, this can be explained by an above OECD average time children spent on intentional pedagogical or educational activities, above-average contact time of teachers with children, average level of teacher salaries, and below-average estimated group size. In the Netherlands, there were above-average teacher salaries, average contact time of teachers with children, and small estimated group size compared to the average, however, these were more than offset by a significant below-average amount of time children spent on intentional pedagogical or educational activities (Figure 3.3). For example, because of Luxembourg’s high USD salaries, it has by far the highest salary cost in pre-primary education: at USD 9 729, it is over triple many countries shown in Figure 3.3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Internal risks as they apply to individual public institutions or to the institutional system as a whole are not considered in detail here. For example, although risk management is an essential component of public procurement processes, it is out of the scope of this chapter. Similarly, anti corruption, for which riskand vulnerability are key considerations for effective strategies, is not addressed here (see chapter 2 in this report for a treatment of risk i n corruption).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Although our results are robust to specifications and estimators changes, caution should be applied in their interpretation, in particular regarding causality. For example, OLS regressions of Model 1 will give results that do not correspond to the causal effect of discriminatory social institutions on subjective well-being levels: upward or downward biases are possible. Hence, we interpret our results as robust correlates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is precipitated by lack of any substantial land value capture mechanisms in urban development, meaning that the revenue local governments are receiving is significantly less than w'hat it could and should be. This is in strong contrast with other government revenues which are collected by the central government and redistributed. In the absence of a consistently enforced land policy framework, the selling off of periphery land proceeds independently of either rational development principles or an accurate reckoning of consequences immediate or long-term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
More specifically, discriminatory social institutions in origin countries may influence women's decision to emigrate in two ways. On one hand, they can be an additional determinant of emigration, stemming from women's need to escape gender-spedfic discrimination. For example, women may migrate to escape sexual violence and abuse, single women, widows and divorcees may migrate to escape sotial stigma, or girls may migrate to escape restrictions on their freedom, pressure to marry, or to remain chaste until marriage (Jolly and Reeves, 2005). There is evidence from South-East Asia of women migrating in order to escape from involuntary marriages (Lam and Hoang, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While the Northern Cape Education Department has expressed its commitment to designing a curriculum and materials that incorporate San languages and culture, the persisting lack of funding and logistic difficulties have slowed this process. As a result of decades of linguistic persecution during the apartheid era in South Africa, most San and Khoe currently speak Afrikaans as a first language, with only a few elders still speaking their mother tongue. Thus, for these groups, mother-tongue education is more an issue of language restoration than one of effective pedagogy, although it is still a crucial aspect of community development. At the same time, performance in primary- and secondary-level education is declining dramatically.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The fear of demographic annihilation haunts the Israeli subconscious and plays a key role in constructing the enemy, the ever-growing Palestinian population, as an existential threat (Jacobi, 1999). The demographic policy of the Palestinian national aspiration is equally aggressive, with the Gaza Strip sporting the highest population growth in the world and ever-increasing pressure on Palestinian women both in the territories and in refugee camps to bear sons for the struggle to annihilate Israel. Women on both sides are thus fetishized as reproducers of the ethnicity/nation, and their wombs are appropriated and mobilized for the political struggle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For instance, unemployment benefits for a family with children are slightly less progressive than transfers to those without. Long-term unemployment benefits and social assistance for people who have been unemployed for five years or more are on average as progressive as those granted during the initial phase of unemployment spells (Annex 2, Table A2.5). But the most progressive countries are not the same.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Children's experiences of food insecurity also include cognitive awareness of household food hardships, and psychological strain related not only to running out of food, but to awareness of parents' difficulties meeting household food needs [48]. Another difference is that adult experiences of food insecurity are conditioned on inadequate resources for food, but child experiences are not, and are instead grounded in the household social and food environment (e.g., quality of interactions, parental affect and behaviour, and foods available for children) [48]. Adult/child differences are also possible in the ordering of experiences. Adults in the United States (but not in all countries) generally report that worry about running out of food is the least severe experience of food insecurity, followed by compromises in quality and quantity and with hunger being the most severe level of food insecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It summarises Japan’s achievements and challenges in decoupling environmental pressures from economic performance. It analyses the use of market-based instruments, such as environmentally related taxes and charges and emissions trading schemes, to meet environmental and economic objectives, as well as steps taken to remove environmentally harmful subsidies. The level of integration of environmental concerns in Japan’s response to the economic crisis and in its long-term growth strategy is also analysed, particularly the policy mix used to take advantage of the growth and jobs opportunities arising from eco-innovation and the environmental goods and services sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Most of the debate surrounding the War on Terrorism has focused on human rights abuses, suspensions, or partial suspensions of the rule of law and the need for balance between human rights and security. While it is of great importance to discuss these matters, it is also essential to ask whether or not U.S. security measures are designed to effectively prevent and combat the current threat of terrorism. This article seeks to determine just that, by evaluating mass registration and surveillance measures and their appropriateness in dealing with the terrorist threat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This could happen if restricting eligibility increases the effective cost of recruiting workers under the scheme by reducing the pool of potential candidates. Nonetheless, the Canadian experience with the Employment Tax Credit Program suggests that restricting eligibility to unemployed workers is compatible with achieving a significant scale when subsidies are sufficiently generous. For example, small firms may not be able to hire as many workers as they would like early in the recovery because they are more likely to face tight credit constraints.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Nevertheless, it should be recognised that the multilateral trading system led by the WTO allows for such a fair system of settling trade disputes. Valuable achievements, experiences and lessons have emerged whereby trade multilateralism has promoted development, and these should be acknowledged and capitalised on. There are also areas where the negotiations have already yielded some concrete results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Abstract   Currently, governance in public administration has become a global issue as a result of the continuous stream of governance failures, fraud, inefficiency, corruption, and poor internal control and financial management. Public sectors worldwide are now under pressure to justify the sources and utilizations of public resources as well as improving the performance in their services delivery. Now it is considered as public rights to monitor the transparency and efficiency of public administration. To ensure good governance, understanding the way to improve accountability in public sector is very essential. Therefore, to enhance the accountability in the public sector, based on the literature review this study discusses on the organizational internal factors that has influences on accountability, integrity system, internal control system and leadership qualities. This study could assist policy makers to establish more accountability among different departments and agencies of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The coverage of Seguro Popular, which provides basic medical health and preventive services and protection to people without health coverage (see chapter on addressing the health challenges), has also widened to provide universal coverage in 2012. These programmes have led to a reduction of extreme poverty, while at the same time supporting access of the poor to education and health services. Moreover, they have contributed to a reduction of longstanding wide regional disparities in access to basic services. Estimates from the Consejo Nacional de Evaluacion de la Polftica de Desarrollo Social (CONEVAL) indicate that in 2010,51.3% of the total population (equivalent to 57.7 million individuals) were in patrimony poverty conditions, i.e. they did not have sufficient income to satisfy their food, health, education, housing, clothing and public transportation needs (Figure 2.1).1 That count reached its highest point in 1996 after the 1994-95 tequila crisis, when 69% of the population was classified as poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition to the creation of six PPP task forces formed by MARD around key commodities, a PPP Decree has been approved in February 2015 and covers not only infrastructure but also, more specifically, agricultural infrastructure and rural development services associated with agro-processing and the consumption of agricultural products. To ease investment, the government supports access to credit by providing producers with loans without collateral, subsidised credit for agricultural inputs and assets, and credit guarantees through state-owned banks. The absence of a strong independent Investment Promotion Agency accentuates this complexity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Informal exports to neighbouring countries were estimated at 30 000 tonnes in the early 1990s (Igue, 2008). For the same dates, FAO food balance sheets report zero exports of maize. Although there is little doubt that average maize consumption in Benin is high, it is difficult to estimate and monitor their consumption other than by food balance sheets, which are thus both conceptually and statistically at odds with reality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Patients who subscribed to the ffee-choice-of-provider option typically pay 50% of costs of tests and imaging services. Privately insured patients (Isapres) have an average co-payment rate of 34%. In a few countries, patients do not pay for laboratory tests but have to contribute to the costs of imaging.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Such movements can generate deep and lasting transformations. For example, women's specific concerns have come to the fore within Via Campesina, a transnational agrarian movement that campaigns for rural people's access to land, territory, food, water and seeds within a human rights framework (see Box 1.6). After the conference, Via Campesina women started to meet in autonomous spaces to define a common agenda. In the words of one observer: ‘as women spoke from their own experiences of working within peasant and farm organizations, a real sense of camaraderie, sharing of insights, and respect for one another permeated the discussion of potential models and plans for work within Via Campesina'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2003, 2100 people were employed in the public sector alone, and the sector is estimated to account for more than half of the total employment. Shipping accounts for nearly 20% of the total employment (Dahlstrom et al. In general, women's income is lower than that of men - an average of 82% of men's income (ASUB 2012: 4) One explanation is that more women than men are in part-time employment. Thus, the Alandic women only account for 43% of the total taxable income in the islands of the 2012 tax year (ASUB 2015: 15), however, there is a slight tendency towards bridging this gap (ASUB 2012: 17).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Background  People with intellectual disability often have few friends and experience social exclusion. Recognising this gap, supported social groups with the aim of inclusion and interdependence were created by a supported employment provider.    Methods  Interviews were undertaken with 10 adults with intellectual disability exploring their lived experiences of a supported social group. Data were analysed using descriptive phenomenology.    Results  Two themes emerged (i) supported engagement fosters wellbeing, and (ii) developing social belonging and connectedness. Participants not only acknowledged the support that they needed to participate, but also that the social group had changed their lives in many ways.    Conclusions  Adults with intellectual disability want to socialise, have friends and be part of their community. For this to be achieved, they recognise the need to seek some form of support. With appropriate and targeted support, adults with intellectual disability can move from social exclusion towards supported inclusion and experience richer lives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This study examines the moderating effect of country governance on the relationship between firm governance and firm performance in emerging countries. We employ a panel regression model on 21 emerging countries over the period 2007 to 2016. We find that poor firm governance is negatively linked to Tobin’s Q, but positively linked to return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE), while country governance has a consistent positive moderating effect on all three performance variables. Specific country governance dimensions include voice and accountability, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, the rule of law and control of corruption also have significant positivemoderating effects. We further find that only a strong legal environment can compensate for the ineffectiveness of firm governance but not in a weak legal environment and only countries with strong country governance can positively affect firm value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Social theory and the analysis of spatiality have a long and rich history. Building on earlier traditions such as Marxism, feminism, and humanistic geography, this article addresses the major lines of conceptual thought in human geography in the early twenty-first century. It encompasses the discipline's major theoretical constructs under the broad umbrella of social constructivism and political economy, largely based on the work of Foucault. These precepts serve as a guide to the role and impacts of various forms of social theory in the analysis of multiple topics, including cultural geography, critical political geography, economic geography, the geographies of cyberspace, critical cartography, and GIS, and the social construction of nature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The unemployment rate has shown a declining trend in recent years, again especially in urban areas. The urban unemployment rate declined from 26.1% in 2003 to 11.7% in 2011, owing to a boom in construction. The service sector has been a major driver of tremendous economic growth: the country’s GDP growth rate was over 10% between 2001 and 2010, with the service sector contributed to half of the total growth (Figure 2). Urban areas, contributed 62% of the GDP growth, with the service and industry sectors together now forming the major part of Ethiopia’s GDP with about 55% over the same period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In contrast, a flat rate applies to air pollution emissions. Levy rates vaiy across the country with a base rate set by the central government supplemented by an additional levy determined by local governments. In determining total levy liabilities the concept of “pollution equivalents” for a variety of different air and water pollutants is applied (McElwee, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The trend is likely to continue with the advent of 3D printing technology. Our estimations foresee that, in such case, developing countries' share in global trade could grow from 46 per cent in 2015 to 57 per cent by 2030. In this subsection, we look at the potential of digital technologies to reduce trade costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The regions with wider gender gaps in primary enrolment are not necessarily the ones with the strongest gender focus in aid to education. Country groupings are defined in the Annex II.A2. Meanwhile, only 68% of the aid to primary education targeted gender equality in Sub-Saharan Africa where, except for some countries in Southern Africa, primary school enrolment had some of the highest levels of gender disparity (see Chapter 4). There is therefore scope for DAC members to increase the gender equality focus of their aid to primary education in Sub-Saharan Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This has direct implications for trade and investment policies. Large scale Land deals lacking transparency and reducing food production for domestic markets are likely to be at odds with food security. At the same time, excessive reliance on international trade leaves many countries more vulnerable to commodity price shocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For example, it could provide the necessary data to calculate the required increase in imported food as a result of an increase in biofuels production (and the resulting substitution of food crops). Similarly, with the exception potentially of major policies, ECA cannot really serve to monitor, with any accuracy, the impacts of a specific policy over time - causal chains and proven correlations would be needed and will be very difficult, if not impossible, to establish. It may well be, however, that other tools are just as good as the ECA for doing this, especially at the local level, where further information and data could possibly feed into an analytical framework/tool.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The driver is given a defined period to fix the fault, forward evidence that the fault is corrected within 14 days, and the police will waive the fine. Similarly, an unlicensed driver who is issued a NZD 400 instant fine and is forbidden to drive is given the opportunity to commence the driving licence testing process. When evidence is presented to police, the fine is waived.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This emphasis on disaggregation helped to tailor policy recommendations for each region and product. Figure 3 presents FAO’s (2013) useful overview of the details of these three dimensions, which provide possible entry points for diagnostic analyses of specific cases and for possible policy interventions. As the FAO (2013) notes, “The first challenge for governments is to determine which factors to target, namely, which constraint or risk is holding back smallholder market participation. The second challenge is the sequencing of policy measures during the process of market transformation.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
There has been good progress in Skopje regarding water meters in houses by getting the used water amount monthly through remote data transfer or by inspectors. About 80 per cent of the people pay their water bill. Outside Skopje, most households seem to have no meters for billing, which does not encourage water saving. According to their data, drinking water quality in the public water supply systems is very good and safe to use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The secondment also provided significant opportunities for input into the department's own guidelines that were currently being produced, such as the guideline on urban densification and guideline on rural development. This was a valuable bridging opportunity, which allowed the fine-scale plans that were being finalised to be tailored to integrate directly into the department’s own guideline documents. This was achieved by standardising the terminology and language used between the two products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It is currently managing four funds investing in renewable energy projects. Its latest fund, EREF, (€75mln raised to date) will invest primarily in businesses that own renewable energy generation assets in order to aggregate between 500MW and 700MW of electrical generation capacity. It is expected that €30mln of the fund will be reserved to secure and finance a pipeline of projects still in their development phase in order to boost the fund’s returns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In 2006, the first indigenous president in the country's history came to power. His programme called for returning control of natural resources to the State, for bringing about national renewal through changes to the constitution and for modifying the Government’s land policy. In the same year, the hydrocarbons law was enacted, giving the company Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB) control over prices and production for both the domestic and external markets. Lastly, the first draft of the new Constitution was approved at the end of 2007 by the Constituent Assembly, declaring Bolivia a plurinational State.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)