albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
But there are many others. For example in 2014, Park Geun-Hye is the current and first female President of South Korea while Sheikh Hasina is the current prime minister of Bangladesh and she and Ms Khaleda Zia have alternated as prime minister since 1996. Chandrika Kumaranatunga was President of Sri Lanka (1994-2005) and Jenny Shipley (1997-99) and Helen Clark (1999-2008) both served as prime minister of New Zealand. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was President of the Philippines from 2001-10 and Pratibha Patil was the first female President of India (2007-12).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is important to note that the framework is circular, with achievement influenced by well-being, participation and engagement and, in turn, influencing them. At the same time, we see a natural progression, considering student well-being through educational participation, through engagement in learning, and through enhanced achievement. Each component frames the conditions and opportunities for the component that follows, providing the structure and the sequence of the report, with chapters on well-being, participation, engagement and achievement (Figure 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
What does the Rule of law contribute in the frame of global governance? While addressing metamorphoses of law and the multiple legalities in the global context, this paper shows that the rule of law can consistently be extended externally being cherished internally. It takes seriously the concurrence of different legalities in their diverse ‘formats’, and the challenge of the “global administrative law” theoretical and empirical model. At the meta-level of the relations among legalities, the Rule of law has an essential role to play: it affects interactions and interdependence, and can cause content-dependent assessments to develop, without supporting self-closure or monistic dogmas. This originates from the normative implications of the rule of law ideal (between couples like accountability and responsibility, the right and good, justice and power) but appears to open a forward looking research agenda on global governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Cotton is cultivated in South Kazakhstan and rice in Kzylorda, both of which depend on irrigation systems based on the Syrdarya River. Almaty oblast has mixed farming with both irrigated agriculture in the south and rain-fed agriculture in the eastern foothills. For example, wheat yields vary strongly within the northern grain region, in the parts of North Kazakhstan and Kostanay adjacent to the Russian border, with more reliable rainfall and better soils, wheat yields are two to three times greater than in the southern part of Kostanay oblast or in Akmola oblast. From 1993 to 1998, there was a pronounced downward trend in both crop and livestock output. The only years when positive growth occurred were the good grain harvest years of 1992 and 1999.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Efforts to align financial flows with climate objectives remain incremental and fail to deliver the radical transformation needed. This report looks at how blockchain technology can be applied to support sustainable infrastructure investment that is aligned with climate change objectives. It focuses on three key points: the financing of infrastructure initiatives, the creation of visibility and alignment of climate action, and the provisioning of awareness and access for institutions and consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Clear leadership from central authorities to provide a national, consistent approach towards measuring quality in mental health was a key enabling factor. In England, patient level mental health data are collected in primary, community and secondary care settings, including process and outcomes measures for the service user. These include, for example, data on hospital admissions for mental illness, patient experiences with community mental health services, access to psychological therapies and recovery rates, and waiting times. By contrast, a national strategic approach to measuring quality in mental health care is still lacking in Japan and Korea (OECD, 2012b, 2015f).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The MFIs would usually be well established in the community, which gives them an edge in terms of assessing a borrowers’ ability to repay and enables them to rely on peer pressure and community cohesion to obtain repayment. It can help address the affordability constraint at household level, as it enables them to spread investments over a longer period of time and reduces the impact of the initial cash outlay. From the experience to date, there appears to be a remarkable potential to develop, although this is likely to require support from governments and international financial institutions, in the form of financial support and capacity-building.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Furthermore, Stiglitz et al. ( Examples are health, education, personal activities, political voice and governance, social connections and relationships, environment and economic and physical insecurity. Other studies also show that wellbeing is not just a function of income at a point in time, but adapts to changes in income. If GDP growth slows, life satisfaction can decrease (Di Telia et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The second largest group, however, believes that “jobs are only given to people who have connections”, reflecting frustration with a system that is perceived as unfair, because connections depend largely on personal background and access to privileged circles that most youth do not have and cannot obtain. At the same time, the practice of distributing jobs on the basis of connections is a clear indication of the scarcity of good jobs. In a robust labour market, employers compete for workers and have to cast a wide and open net to attract the workforce they need.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Other modalities should also be used: community radio, mobile vans, and information points or boards at the entrances to health or education facilities, among others. Alternatives such as scheduled appointments could be offered to improve participation by poor households and self-selection into registering for available programmes. They rely more on income earned from employment rather than self-production, so they are more vulnerable to unemployment and underemployment, low and erratic incomes in the informal economy, and rising prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Similarly, in France and Luxembourg, asset testing includes the value of the home converted into a revenue stream (e.g. akin to the concept of imputed rent). Finally, the total value of the home is included as part of the means test in some countries, including Denmark, Israel (in principle, cannot be a homeowner) and Portugal. The rationale for including assets in the means test is that it better reflects the distribution of economic welfare among individuals, leading to a fairer allocation of public support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In the 1990s, developing countries on balance made that switch, with their average nominal rate of assistance (NRA), which measures the degree to which domestic farm gate prices are above adjusted border prices, becoming positive (Figure 1.8).12 On average, they thereby joined high income OECD countries in providing protection to their agricultural sectors. Note that this measure only takes account of relative prices, and ignores subsidies to farmers or other aspects of agricultural spending. The horizontal axis of Figure 1.9 shows agriculture’s share of total employment, while the vertical axis measures the NRA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
All these emerging areas are important, but the take-up and adaptation of technologies and practices is a key issue that has not been sufficiently emphasised. In a landmark report on skills for sustainability41, a key finding was that, “in order to be effective, implementation of climate change strategies requires a broad skill set and mechanisms to diffuse knowledge about sustainability technologies and practices across the economy. Up-front investment in R&D is necessary although not sufficient. More emphasis needs to be given at all levels of the economy, not only in research laboratories”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The case studies below provide examples of different approaches to biodiversity financing in different countries and regions, in particular in the context of the National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAP) process. Examples of collaboration among National Focal Points (NFPs) on financial needs assessments, financial resource mobilisation and utilisation are also presented. Furthermore, some context is included to provide information on specific approaches, initiatives or funding opportunities which can support the coherent implementation of multiple Biodiversity-related Conventions. As in most developing countries and despite significant efforts, current sources of financing are inadequate for biodiversity conservation in Uganda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Asymptomatic cases (n = 1997), Minor depression without mood disturbances (n = 696), Minor depression with mood disturbances (n = 176), Major depression (n = 49). This was the case for 10% of all depressions at baseline in the study by Broadhead et al. ( For example, higher self-esteem and emotional stability are strongly associated with better work functioning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The duty to cooperate, therefore, is a central feature of the Convention. Both the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 (the Part XI Agreement) and the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (the Fish Stocks Agreement), reflect the ability of the international community to cooperate towards further developing UNCLOS and addressing gaps and newly emerging issues. Of note in this regard is the ongoing process established by the General Assembly through its resolution 69/292 on the development of an international legally binding instrument under UNCLOS on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Indeed, the CRGE itself does not seem to have been subject to an assessment, it seems to be assumed that the CRGE is good for the environment as a whole. In addition, there are inadequate guidelines for, and practice of, strategic environmental assessment (SEA), which is the more appropriate mechanism for assessing both negative impacts and social and environmental potentials of new policies. We do not know what the government spends on environmental investment or protection: the budget is not coded for environmental expenditure. Neither do we know about changing environmental values and the costs associated with environmental risks - public expenditure review processes do not ask specific questions about environmental costs, benefits or risks. Consequently, the pros and cons of green growth projects cannot be highlighted. It is not surprising that government procurement - the purchasing of buildings, equipment, supplies and services - also pays no attention to sustainability issues, indeed, it is currently not allowable to include environmental conditions in ‘requests for proposals’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In 2002, it sold Red Electrica de Espana (REE) the electricity distributor in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, and it sold its holdings in the Dominican Republic’s energy distributors to that country’s government. The purchase of Union Fenosa by Gas Natural, decided on shortly before the recent financial crisis, required it to sell assets in the region to comply with competition regulations, and it also had to reduce the level of its debt. As a result, a new round of sales was launched, including EPSA in Colombia, for US$ 1.1 billion (2009), the combined-cycle power plants belonging to Gas Natural in Mexico, for US$ 1,465 million (2010), and the distribution companies in Guatemala for US$ 345 million (2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The accountability gap for conduct of International Organisations (IOs) conflicting with their members’ human rights treaty obligations undermines the acceptance of IOs as a forum of international ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition tells us that unobserved components are important but do not account for the bulk of wage differences. Nevertheless, the decomposition does not reveal whether what is at issue is classic discrimination by employers or unobserved heterogeneity in productivity associated with the performance of mothers. First, we select one mother from the sample without replacement. Second, we select all non-mothers who share the same characteristics as the mother selected in the first step.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Women and girls must have equal access to financial services, infrastructure, the full range of health services including sexual, reproduction and health rights, water and sanitation, the equal right to own land and other assets, a safe environment in which to leam and apply their knowledge and skills, and an end to discrimination so they can receive equal pay for equal work, and have an equal voice in decision making. ( First, it outlines women’s employment trends in the MENA region, including in the public sector. Next, it assesses the legal framework for labour force participation, including its conformity to international standards. The chapter also examines policy measures used in MENA and OECD countries for improving female participation in the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To fully address all needs and challenges for children in urban settings, urban planning must simultaneously address the different scales of possible spatial intervention. However, it actually covets good design for all. In this sense, applying universal design helps create buildings, tools, spaces and learning or communication systems that are useful and usable for everyone. Universal design accommodates diverse literacy skills, and promotes designs that are safe and easy to use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The longer version may be downloaded at www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2009doc.nsf/LinkTo/NT00006E9E/$FILE/JT03274406.PDF. Policy reform (as opposed to incremental change) in the environmental arena almost always requires the use of economic instruments, albeit often in conjunction with other instruments. This may be due to the central place in environmental economics of the concept of the “externality”, with the advice that this should be “internalised” into the price, and the most obvious and often the most efficient way to this is through an economic instrument.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Abstract The practice of human rights elicits a range of theoretical positions and problems in relation to advocacy across Southeast Asia. This raises questions about the universal nature of human rights, the problem of cultural imperialism and the dynamic of the local and the global. These questions become heightened when connected to queer or LGBT issues. This paper focuses on the intersections of queer scholarship, activism and human rights in relation to LGBT asylum seekers from Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia in order to explore the potentialities, possibilities and difficult challenges queer activists and scholars face in translating human rights principles, values and actions across and between modes of activist communication. A special purpose of the paper is to explore how the discipline of cultural studies and its attention to everyday lives, identity, self-reflexivity and socio-cultural context offers a scholarship that is specifically attuned to the problematics and complexity of human right...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The risk remains that citizens forego effective care that can have long-term adverse health outcomes. A further aspect of co-payments that will require careful monitoring are the potential incentives they create for patients seeking care in parts of the health care system where their costs can be minimised. For example, higher primary care co-payments may increase incentives to seek care in the emergency department. However, these incentives may not always align with delivering care in the most appropriate place. This would entail that the co-payments become distortionary and act as barrier to efficient care provision. The strongest evidence can be found in the rate of hospital admissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The multidimensionality of well-being can be positive in that it is more comprehensive than single measures, but it may be negative if it results in approaches that become fragmented into multiple but unconnected components, rather than the holistic approach intended. It has been conceptualised and informs the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015 (Borgonovi and Pal, 2016). Five dimensions of students’ well-being are captured, and these align closely with definitions in other studies and w'ith the coverage in this report. Measuring Well-being, http://dx.doi.ora/10.1787/9789264121164-en.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Attention to the inter-linkages between tourism and other related policy sectors such as land use planning, infrastructure and services, environmental management, public health, education and transport has not typically been a high priority. However, there are significant long-term benefits to be gained from taking a broader inter-linked policy perspective where a range of public agencies can participate in policy discussions so that the needs of the tourism industry are incorporated into each stage in the PPRR approach. The organisation seeks to provide leadership and counsel on an individual and collective basis to over 80 government tourism agencies, 50 international airlines and a large variety of travel and tourism industry, media organisations and education and training stakeholders (PATA, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Within the health system there are two different models for assessing the construct “functioning/disability”: the “activities of daily living (ADL)” approach (or Katz/Barthel model), and the “Functioning” (ICF) approach developed by WHO. The ICF was developed to provide a more comprehensive framework, based on the view of a health condition or disease as the interaction of body function and structures, activities and participation, which are in turn impacted on by social and environmental factors. The importance of participation as an outcome is also highlighted (WHO, 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Preschool and pre-primary teachers do not have sufficient knowledge and skills to detect and understand individual needs and to individualise education content and methods even after receiving diagnoses and recommendations from specialists. In Lithuania the health care system plays an important role in ECEC, by providing a first point of contact for children with special needs, and in rural areas carrying out the monitoring of ECEC facilities and providing information on ECEC to expecting parents. Focusing on opportunities to improve points of contact - now more limited than they could be - can improve children’s well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the United States, 7% of students can be considered resilient, in the sense that they come from the 25% of the most socio-economically disadvantaged students but nevertheless perform much belter than would be predicted based on their socio-economic background (7% is also the average in the OECD) (Figure 2.7). However, in Korea, Hong Kong-China and Shanghai-China, the share of disadvantaged students who excel at school despite their disadvantaged background is about twice as high. Using economic modelling to relate cognitive skills - as measured by PISA and other international instruments - to economic growth shows (with some caveats) that even smal I improvements in the skills of a nation's labour force can have large impacts on that country's future well-being. Bringing the United States up to the average performance of Finland, the best-performing education system among OECD countries, could result in gains in the order of USD 103 trillion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the Caribbean, countries have begun playing an increasing role as secondary distribution points for cocaine shipments to Europe.26 Impunity, corruption and weak institutions undermine drug control efforts and the rule of law in the region, despite attempts to reform law enforcement and judicial systems. Drug trafficking activities are often carried out under the protection of local gangs (maras) operating in border areas, especially in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. There are indications that links have been established between drug cartels and criminal organizations operating in the region. Drug trafficking has become a major security threat and is contributing to an increase in drug abuse in the sub-region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
One of the components of this project was the promotion of environmental management systems (EMS), especially market-based ones, in both government and the private sector. Greening’ was defined as ‘adoption of measures to conserve the natural environment’ (Planning Institute of Jamaica [PIOJ] 2001, chapter 18, 18.1, USAID 2005). In addition, CWIP sought to encourage consumers to purchase energy-efficient products (NEPA 1999, 23).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
They not only create the overall policy framework, they also set specific targets for production, consumption, employment, etc., While the overall direction of policy is set out in five-year strategic plans, adjustments are made in response to significant crisis events: the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis and the sharp rise in food and oil prices a decade later being obvious examples. Co-ordinating policy development, implementation and monitoring among a large number of central government agencies, regional and local governments, business/private sector, farmers, community and other related parties, is a significant challenge for officials. There is a strong inter-relationship between these objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Secondary teachers on the other hand may have contracts ranging from 20 to 48 hours, which exceptionally may reach up to 60 hours per week. A teacher can also complement his or her teaching position with other functions in the public sector as long as he or she does not exceed 60 hours per week. Secondary teachers who additionally teach in a non-public school may exceed this maximum of teaching hours per week. Also, in a given school year, if the teacher is not able to have enough hours to complete a single teaching unit (20 hours or 40 hours), he or she can work a few hours in a supporting function (e.g. support teacher, pedagogical counsellor teacher, bibliographic counsellor teacher).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Most migrants living and working legally in Cyprus have private insurance coverage. The benefits package is comprehensive, the only explicitly excluded services are some dental services such as orthodontics for those over 18 years old and fixed prosthetics. When services are either not available in the public sector or there are long waiting lists, the Ministry of Health subsidises care provided to beneficiaries either in the private sector or abroad in rare circumstances, eligibility for these subsidies is based on an individual’s financial and medical needs. Proposals over whether to include a service in the benefits package are made by the relevant department in the Ministry of Health and the final decision is taken by the Minister of Health, in some cases the approval of the Minister of Finance or even the approval of the Council of Ministers is required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)