albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Integrated policies and policy instruments can successfully drive actors in the same direction and can accelerate progress, and generate synergies. In all cases, open multidirectional information flows can facilitate sustainable outcomes by providing feedback on the full range of policy impacts. This helps to build the participation of critical economic actors and other stakeholders, to lower potential resistance to innovation, to increase idea generation and to allow appropriate policy adjustment over time. To begin, policymakers could consider upgrading measures of success at the systemic level that would encourage assessment of policies not only in terms of the shortterm quantity of economic wealth generated, but in terms of overall tangible and intangible value created in the entire ecological-social-economic system over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The aim of this article is essentially to discuss the intersection between diplomacy and public health policies to combat and control tobacco use, stressing the importance of cooperation in global health to achieve the foundations for the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the first internation­al treaty on health which was negotiated by the member countries of the World Health Assembly. The aim is also to evaluate the global health and the role of governance in international tobacco control as well to draw a link between the FCTC and diplomacy. It was concluded that health demands require a global commitment and the legislation establishing control of smoking appears as the first international measure included in a context of diplomacy in health and governance, aiming public policy-making for the promotion of global health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The remaining 20% is spent by either provinces or the central government, which is mainly financed from the general budget. The same applies to the benefits of the water management services by the 408 municipalities, which mainly entail installation and maintenance of local sewage systems, the benefits of which accrue to, and are paid by, local beneficiaries in the community. The beneficiaries of sewerage and wastewater treatment services extend beyond the direct users to downstream water users and the environment. The ten drinking water companies provide drinking water in the region where they are located, and users pay for their costs. This implies, in principle, that those who benefit from the provision of a water service should pay for this service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The new media rhetoric, with its emphasis on radical breaks from old media, often masks the degree to which continuity goes hand-in-hand with change. Moreover, the industry’s vision of convergence ignores the competing versions of, and struggles over, the digital future. Against this background, this article focuses on an inter-media site, broadcasters’ websites, seeks to identify the changes and continuities in the notion of the audience, and interprets these in the light of inter-media competition. Using a variant of discourse analysis, which makes hyperlinks its unit of analysis, this study has identified six understandings of the audience online: spectators, fans, consumers, citizens, students, and cybernauts. These reveal that television has merely expanded online, but not really changed its understandings of audiences, suggesting that in its struggle for dominance, television has chosen to stamp the internet with the televisual, rather than making full use of the internet’s potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although they are prescribed in legal instruments which stipulate penalties for non-compliance, in practice enforcement has been weak, with firms at times bargaining with local officials over their liabilities. A further problem has been that the levies have been too low to provide an incentive for firms to invest in mitigation efforts. During the 2000s, for example, only after a third increase did the SO2 levy exceed the average cost of pollution mitigation (Schreifels et al, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care, OECD Publishing, Paris. Allocating Resources and Burdens in Austria, Italy, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom”, Ashgate, Aldershot. American Economic Review, Vol. Social Security, Poverty and Social Exclusion in Rich and Poorer Countries, pp. The Impact of Public Services in Income Distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A minimum-cost solution is identified for the set of projects as a whole (as opposed to each project individually). All projects are taken into account by the Federal electricity commission which then undertakes technical studies to evaluate lowest-cost solutions for connection. Plans and costs are shared with the developers, who in turn shoulder these costs equally among themselves and then have to confirm commitment by making a 5% up-front payment. Transmission costs of extension are then included in the official budget, at which point developers submit 25% of the payment. Finally the Budget is officially published and bidding for construction is done, following which developers have to submit 100% of the shared costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Land Law establishes the rights of the government and of land users, stipulates the requirements of land use planning, and the mechanisms for land allocation, renting and withdrawal. It also regulates land use right registration, and land financing and pricing. The 2003 Land Law further opened the land market, and guaranteed and concretised land rights through the system of building ownership and land use certificates (BOLUCs) and land use rights certifications (LURCs), which constitute a form of “title”, on the basis of which the market exchange developed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Student performance started to fall already in the 1980s, but it seems likely that extensive reforms undertaken in the 1990s added to the decline (Holmlund et al., Decentralisation from 1991-93 (Box 2.2) devolved the responsibility for primary and secondary schools from the central government to municipalities. Poor organisation, lack of expertise and unclear responsibilities are still major issues at the municipal level, two decades after the reform (SNAE, 2011), and suboptimal allocation of resources means that weaker schools are not sufficiently supported.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Despite this increased investment in intervening early, however, in the majority of OECD countries the funding and resources available for child and adolescent mental health are yet far from those dedicated to adult services (OECD, 2014). While in some countries concerns over privacy or parental consent may hinder the integration of (mental) health and education systems (Evans, 1999) many OECD countries have implemented school-based mental health programmes in recent years due to its several benefits. Educational systems reach the vast majority of children and adolescents and provide a non-stigmatising, universal setting for prevention and targeting of children who experience (or risk developing) mental illnesses. Delivering mental health services through the school system can also contribute to solving some major financial and structural barriers that may prevent children from seeking or receiving services due to mental health concerns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Furthermore, the content could be enriched by including more practical guidance. Teachers attend a mandatory one-week training programme every three years, organized by the Minsk City and oblast institutes for education development. The elements of EE and ESD are integrated into the training programme. Model curricula have been prepared for teachers’ training and in-service training to improve teachers’ skills and competencies in the areas of ESD, innovative technologies in the education process, energy and resource efficiency and healthy lifestyle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The LDCs could also explore ways of improving access to IT products in their own markets, thereby benefitting the consumers. While none of the LDCs are currently members of the ITA expansion agreement, as part of its WTO accession package Afghanistan committed to joining the Information Technology Agreement (ITA) of 1996 (WTO, 2015b). The telecommunications services sector is one of the most committed services sectors under the GATS (van Grasstek et al, 2016). Twenty-two LDCs have not taken any commitments in the telecommunications sector under the GATS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
When caring for older relatives, women may have to reduce their income-earning work or forego promotions and training opportunities. Even so, those with intense care needs may still not receive sufficient care. It explores the contours and tensions of family caregiving and the implications these have for women's enjoyment of rights, including the right to give and receive care.5 The first part of the chapter looks at gender and other inequalities in the provision of unpaid care and domestic work within families and how these arrangements are impacted by deeply entrenched social norms, socio-economic and demographic factors and public policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Since 2016, the Central Reserve Bank has been conducting a series of household and business surveys to empirically diagnose the status and challenges of financial inclusion. This strategy is based on an evidence-based diagnosis that identifies the main causes of exclusion, proposes specific components to address the different causes, identifies the relevant actors within the framework of an institutional coordination structure led by a Presidential Commissioner for Financial Inclusion, and defines verifiable short- and medium-term goals. Nonetheless, the strategy was still awaiting implementation in early 2017. Since 2009, efforts have been made to diagnose the status of financial inclusion in the country and to formulate evidence-based government actions, based on a robust institutional framework coordinated by the National Council for Financial Inclusion, led by the National Banking and Securities Commission as of 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Additionally, agriculture plays a greater role in Albania's economy than the other assessed economies - contributing a greater share of its gross value added. The most recently available data for Montenegro and Seibia, 2003-05, reported. Seasonal average temperatures are predicted to rise throughout the region - by 1°C in Bosnia and Herzegovina by 2030, and by 1.9°C in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 2.4-3.1°C in Albania and 1.5-2.2°C in Serbia by 2050.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The parental/community attitude against educating girls has also started changing in recent times due to concerted efforts by the Government to promote the education of girl child. There was an increase of 12.5 percentage points in the share of such women between 2004-2005 and 2011-2012. The only age group that sawa decrease in the percentage of women in domestic duties was 15-24 years, as more women in this age group attended educational institutions. It was launched as per the mandate given by The Constitution (Eighty Sixth Amendment) Act 2002, which made free and compulsory education of all children aged 6-14 years a fundamental right.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In an effort to address this issue, societally in general and professionally in particular, Sweden has launched the Hjamkoll anti-stigma campaign. This effort has had a quantifiable, overall positive impact on Swedish views of mental disorders (see 4.5). In addition, it is worth noting that Swedish hiring practice features a seniority, or “last in-first out” dismissal rule under the Swedish Employment Protection Act (EPA, Lagen om anstallningsskydd.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It was originally developed for informing the investment choices of electric utilities in regulated electricity systems. Since it does not capture technology-specific quantity or price risks nor bankruptcy risk, it is less pertinent in deregulated electricity systems where the revenues and risks of different operators can vary substantially both among different technologies and from period to period over an electricity generator’s lifetime. The subscript t denotes the year in which the sale of production or the cost disbursement takes place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Table 9 below presents a summary of identified challenges and potential response options and links these to case studies presented in this sourcebook. Please note that this table of challenges and response options is not exhaustive and stakeholders may find other more relevant issues within their national contexts. Some respondents used the opportunity to point out methods to further cooperation, including improved coordination of programs of work or projects undertaken by NFPs, and the potential role of national inter-ministerial committees to oversee implementation of biodiversity relevant activities. This can also address capacity needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The technology was modified in a lengthy development project with Outlast. A producer of winter jackets now has a licence to use the technology owned by Quilts of Denmark. Networks, OECD, Paris. It offers firms a way to explore new growth opportunities at lower risk and greater flexibility and responsiveness potentially at lower costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) and the Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) focus on adaptation, but in principle they support both adaptation and mitigation projects, as does the Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund (ICCTF). The GCF became operational in 2015 and has since become the largest fund for climate finance. Figure 4.3 shows amounts pledged to the various climate funds since their establishment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These examples illustrate the gap in information that prevents a comprehensive picture of climate-related financial flows into the country. Better understanding of climate finance flows within the country, for example, could enable further discussion on how to improve the effectiveness of international public finance in mobilising broader capital resources. Such clearer information could help the EECCA countries strengthen trust w ith existing and potential providers of finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Sanitation coverage in urban areas is almost the same as drinking water coverage. Urban areas have mostly combined sewage and storm water collection networks that discharge into nearby surface water bodies. Because of poor maintenance of wastewater sewers and small pipe dimensions, leaks from these sewers often carry the risk of polluting the drinking water network. In rural areas, only a small proportion of the areas with piped water supply is equipped with sewer networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
An evaluation in 2010 (Auditor General for Scotland, 2010) found that New Ways had been fairly successful, and seemed to have improved patient experiences. Notably, New Ways was found to have stopped patients remaining on waiting lists indefinitely, and helped with the fair and consistent management of patients. Areas highlighted for further work included communications with patients regarding the timing and planning of their appointment, and filling in gaps in some recorded data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Many of local and global firms have strong links with the co-op programme. At Sybase, an enterprise software company that spun-off from the original WATCOM Corporation, with over 250 employees in its Waterloo campus alone, 15% of its current employees are Waterloo co-op students, and more than half of their Waterloo staff is former co-op students. It acts as a steady source of new hires, because firms know that the students have work experience, and they get an opportunity to evaluate their performance in the work place before hiring them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This chapter focuses on Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act, and Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act. The chapter describes how these two pieces of legislation operate and affect criminal justice agencies. The issue of police misconduct and prisoner abuse is clearly a matter of social policy and legislation requiring assessment. These laws have had a significant impact on the criminal justice system and represent a major federal government intervention into the operations of criminal justice agencies. Legislation affects policy, and administrators and officers should be aware of the mechanics of these two statutes and address changes in their agency's operations as appropriate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such examples include the G20,7 the Clean Energy Ministerial,8 the Climate and Clean Air Coalition,9 the Friends of Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform,10 the Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition11 and many others. In other words, climate change can be tackled through cooperative action in a number of sub-fields, such as clean energy development, carbon pricing initiatives, and fossil fuel subsidy reform. They have introduced a nexus thinking showing that many goals for sustainable development (where climate change is one of 17 goals) are interlinked.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, if not sustainably managed, fishing can damage fish habitats, reduce biodiversity and impair the functioning of ecosystems with negative repercussions for sustainable social and economic development. To achieve a healthy balance, fish stocks must be maintained within biologically sustainable limits—at or above the abundance level that can produce the maximum sustainable yield. Based on an analysis of assessed stocks, the proportion of world marine fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels declined from 90 per cent in 1974 to 69 per cent in 2013 and appears to have stabilized over the last few years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Blank (1989) ignores interruptions in benefit receipt of up to three months in cases where she cannot link them to changes in employment status or income, and a similar approach is taken in most of the later work on the topic. This analysis takes a different approach by defining a benefit spell as a period during which a positive amount of benefits is observed for every single month. A spell is thus coded as having ended as soon as no further monthly benefit payment is recorded. The main motivation for this approach is that a large share of the observed benefit spells are of only short duration, and that it is not obvious why short spells on and off benefits should be treated asymmetrically.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The ecosystem approach is an increasingly central concept for addressing the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. Endorsed in the mid-1990s as the primary framework of action by the Convention of Biological Diversity, it has subsequently gained traction in a variety of fields and contexts, including ocean governance and fisheries management, thanks to its promise to overcome the traditionally fragmented management paradigm, and instead facilitate holistic ecosystem governance. Not surprisingly then, the ecosystem approach is one of the suggested guiding principles and/or approaches for a future international legally binding instrument (ILBI) on marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). This article will assess the status of the debate on the ecosystem approach in the BBNJ process, to highlight and analyze risks and opportunities linked to the different modalities of its inclusion in a future ILBI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This contribution discusses the challenge to put research findings into practice in the field of crime prevention, namely to safeguard the integrity of public contracts. In 2008, Transcrime developed a risk-assessment model to support law enforcement against organized crime (OC). The aim was to provide a tool for highlighting the public contracts, which, according to different criteria, showed a higher risk of infiltration by OC. This chapter presents the model, its advantages, its limitations, and the issues related to its possible implementation. It concludes that, although this pioneer attempt did not succeed, this experience helped to develop further research in the field. In the meantime, the public administration progressively acknowledged the approach of risk management as a valuable tool for preventing crime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Data analysis, probability, and measurement - as opposed to formal operations - comprised the majority (58%) of PISA mathematics items (National Center for Education Statistics, n.d.). Some schooling systems perform at a high level on both assessments, but many fare better on one or another assessment. Many Nordic and English-speaking education systems, with curricula and pedagogy oriented towards the application of knowledge in real-world settings, perform at higher levels on PISA than TIMSS, while education systems strongly oriented towards theoretically-led curriculum and instruction, such as those of Russia and former Soviet states, demonstrate higher levels of performance in TIMSS (Wu, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In many developing countries, and among individuals with lower educational attainment in advanced countries, the Internet is still mainly used for communication and entertainment. People with tertiary educational attainment are much more likely to take advantage of E-commerce and E-banking than people with secondary educational attainment (ITU, 2016,2,,). The 2012 OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) showed that students in the highest-performing countries in digital reading were “not more exposed to the Internet at school than are students in other OECD countries”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The value of the substitution emission-credits depends highly on the individual country or even region in which the substitution takes place. If a solid lignin byproduct is co-fired to produce electricity, the emission-credit will for instance be much greater in a country/region with a fossil-dominated energy supply than for a renewable energy supply. Extrapolation of LCA GHG-estimates to other countries/regions should therefore be treated with caution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Nevertheless, both countries' economies have since rebounded from the impact of the disasters, albeit only to face another spate of disasters in the form of Hurricane Maria, which devastated Dominica, and a volcanic eruption on Vanuatu's Ambae Island in 2017. The main lessons from this comparative analysis reinforces the importance of (i) strong macroeconomic foundations, (ii) mainstreaming and implementation of disaster risk reduction and management strategies and (iii) having in place ex-ante financing arrangements. Category 5 Cyclone Pam devastated the Pacific island country of Vanuatu, causing widespread damage and loss of life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
How do we tap local agro-biodiversity potential to meet nutritional requirements? They include wild or semi-domesticated varieties and non-timber forest species that are not typically traded as commodities (Padulosi etal, 2013). Among NUS, those that are nutrition dense, climate resilient, economically viable, and locally available or adaptable offer the potential to address hunger and malnutrition. From a food system perspective, dietary and production diversity need to improve to address malnutrition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Tax-benefit policy reforms played a significant role in the weakening equalising effect of redistribution policies since the mid-1990s. Changes in tax burdens and benefit entitlements were mostly “regressive” for single individuals and childless families in particular. In a number of countries, policy changes (combined, where they exist, with automatic adjustments such as inflation indexing) resulted in more generous benefit entitlements in nominal terms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)