albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Universal access to health insurance was achieved in a very short time span through multiple insurance funds, which were consolidated into a single fund in 2000. This has created a strong institutional framework. This helps explain the rapid growth of health care spending per capita at an average rate of 8% per year since 2002, faster than any other OECD country and more than double the OECD average of 3.6% per year over the same period. Today, Korea is one of the most competitive markets for health care amongst OECD countries with a growing hospital sector. Health care is dominated by private providers and there is little regulation on the scope of practice for hospitals and ambulatory care. The government barely intervenes to influence the location of services compared to other OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For delivery each week during a season, the subscriber pays SEK 1,680 which corresponds to SEK 175 per kilogram filleted fish. The usual wholesaler price for mixed dead and live caught whole cod is around SEK 10 to the fisher. The fishers transport the fish to a central pick-up location, provided for free by the city authorities, where there is a fridge and a small freezer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This is only speculation, however, and depends on the modalities of the future relationship between the UK and the EU. The European Commission issued a Note to Stakeholders stating, "As of the withdrawal date, the recognition as monitoring organisations of organisations established in the United Kingdom is no longer valid. They will not be in a position to carry out the tasks set out in Regulation (EU) No 995/2010" (European Commission, 2018a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
International election monitoring has become ever more important in the national as well as the international context. Plenty of (regional) International Organizations (and NGOs) send Election Observers Missions (EOMs) to countries in order to assess the quality of their democratic process and elections. Whereas the influence of EOMs is largely undisputed, their independence, impartiality and accountability have been less discussed. This paper describes the legal set-up of EOMs in order to assess their independence and accountability. It also uses accountability mechanisms as discussed in international law scholarship (ILA Report and the Global Administrative Law project) in order to analyze the accountability mechanisms currently in place for EOMs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This new system, being developed in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals, aims to measure “cross-border” finance, i.e. all officially supported resource flows in support of the objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals. Proposals are for TOSSD to include information on ODA flows (as captured by the OECD’s CRS database) and also include information on a wide range of financial instruments, from all providers, e.g. including South-South cooperation and multilateral institutions, as well as to possibly include resources mobilised (not just resources provided, as in ODA). The framework is still under development, and a TOSSD Compendium has been available for public consultation, which raised the issue of TOSSD possibly “tagging” expenditures as climate-relevant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Some are purely economic, some environmental and others embracing social issues, such as equity, affordability, universal coverage. Regulatory' functions do not necessarily have to be in the hands of a single institution. However, they need to be clearly spelled out and allocated to avoid overlap and incoherence. International experience shows that regulation of WWS can have various solutions and be embodied in a wide variety of institutional arrangements and legal instruments, depending on the particular characteristics of the country under consideration (see various publications, including Marques and Simoes, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Responsible investment (RI) and responsible corporate behaviour received a lot of attention during the last decade in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) literature (McWilliams and Siegel 2001, 2006). After the U.S. and European financial markets were being troubled in the early 2000s by several major scandals like Enron, Worldcom, Tyco and Parmalat, financial ethics received a lot of attention by the public as well. Irresponsible corporate behaviour can occur in different ways such as corruption, market abuse, fraud, insider trading, ecological harm, racial or sexual discrimination. Examples include foreign briberies to get supply contracts (Volkswagen), insider trading ahead of a profit warning (EADS), lower salaries for female employees (Wal-Mart), and worker’s conditions in Indonesia (Nike).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The CRS sector classification aims to responds to the question “which specific area of the recipient's economic or social structure is the transfer intended to foster Traditionally, only the primary sector of the activity was reported. However, it is possible that one activity can support multiple sectors. In 2016, members at the Working Party on Development Finance Statistics (WP-STAT) agreed to introduce a new system allowing multiple purpose code reporting to better track activities benefitting several sectors. The introduction of this new system will facilitate more granular reporting as activities will be able to be split upon several sectors rather than only one sector, and is expected to increase the quality of the data and provide better estimates of the aid volume targeting different sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In particular, it is not fit to study some of the important linkages between water and energy outlined in Chapter 1. First, the modelling tools can only capture systemic effects that are noticeable in the top-down frameworks, and ignore important local bottlenecks with severe local consequences that may occur over short time spans. Secondly, there are significant data gaps (see e.g. OECD, 2010) that prevent a full representation of all the bottlenecks in the baseline and counterfactual projections of the modelling tools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Many developing countries increasingly recognize that social protection measures are needed to relieve the immediate deprivation of people living in poverty and to prevent others from falling into poverty when a crisis strikes. Social protection can also help recipients become more productive by enabling them to manage risks, build assets and undertake more rewarding activities. These benefits spread beyond the immediate recipients to their communities and the broader economy as recipients purchase food, agricultural inputs and other rural goods and services. In most low- and middle-income countries, agriculture remains the largest employer of the poor and is a major source of livelihoods through wage labour and own production for household consumption and the market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
High turnover rates can have a negative effect on ECEC quality since staff provision is less stable, which, in turn, can impact child development. When staff members regularly change within a group of children, staff and children are less able to develop stable relationships, and nurturing, stimulating interactions take place less often (CCI, 2006). This is mainly because there is a complex inter-relationship between staff-child ratios, staff qualifications, quality and type of provision that makes it difficult to single out the effect of a particular characteristic of working conditions (Sammons, 2010). Available research findings focus on the effects on staff satisfaction rather than on child development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is especially true of young women migrants who have the double burden of employment and care work. The case study on South Korea’s old age care reform in this volume (Section 4.2) shows that a rights-based, community driven and individual focused intervention is possible, which may hold lessons for other countries in the region. While the region has done well in universalising education and health care, it needs to do more in terms of the depth of its social protection framework in the future. A significant portion of the island populations live in rural areas and rely heavily on natural resources for their livelihood, particularly in Melanesia where rural dwellers make up 80 per cent of the population (Government of New Zealand 2012). Melanesia holds 95 per cent of land in the Pacific excluding New Zealand and Australia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Table 4.2 summarizes some recent estimates for (mainly) economic infrastructure investment at the global level and by sector, which suggest annual needs ranging from $4.6 trillion to $7.9 trillion.11 This range includes estimates using both baseline and low-carbon scenarios. For obvious reasons, all such estimates of future needs for infrastructure investment have problems related to coverage, assumptions and methodologies. There is lack of clarity about the definition of infrastructure and types of investment considered, as well as lack of comprehensive data on current infrastructure investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Clarifying whether and how the Paris Agreement’s transparency framework covers financial support mobilised would be helpful when preparing modalities, procedures and guidelines. Nevertheless, both developed and developing countries face significant challenges in resolving the remaining gaps, particularly to be able to report in a consistent and transparent way on climate finance mobilised, climate finance received, and indicative future levels of climate finance. These challenges can be political and economic (e.g. if moving from single-year to multi-year budgets), and can also have significant resource and institutional implications (e.g. to expand the scope or frequency of data collection).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
At certain stages of the life cycle, capabilities may be restricted due to inadequate investments and attention at the appropriate times, yielding vulnerabilities that may accumulate and intensify. Consider how the lack of development of cognitive and noncognitive skills in early childhood affects labour outcomes and even drug and alcohol use later in life.2 Among the factors that condition how shocks and setbacks are felt and tackled are circumstances of birth, age, identity and socioeconomic status—circumstances over which individuals have little or no control. It also looks at how security influences choices and affects some groups more than others, with a focus on personal insecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Participants therefore drafted a recommendation that countries should establish and use NBSCs. Participants agreed that this would help to ensure continuation of cooperation between the NFPs from the different conventions. For an example of a NBSC, see the case study from Fiji in section 6 (Case study 48, pg. The two case studies below also describe examples of such NBSCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
That such targeted measures also minimise distortions of markets and trade is an additional benefit. Most environmental variables in agriculture are only loosely connected - or even negatively connected - with the volume of agricultural output. Moreover, many environmentally relevant conditions are location specific, and any environmental protection and improvement needs are, therefore, equally location specific. This means that policies based on agricultural output cannot do an efficient and effective job in pursuing environmental objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Access to energy extends far beyond providing electricity or distributing cookstoves, it must encompass the full spectrum of energy sources and uses that form the overall system, incorporating targeted applications for specific purposes at all levels - from individual households to community needs to national infrastructures. In short, it requires a "systems approach" to developing energy systems (see the Introduction for a more detailed explanation). This paper treats each demand area as an energy subsystem, and explores how UN goals can be achieved within each (Table 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
After 40 years of highly centralised government throughout the communist period, “the reconstruction of local government became one of the first and most important pillars of the 1989 political transformation in Poland” (Kulesza and Szescilo, 2012: 485). The first municipal local (gmina) elections took place in the 1990s. Further decentralisation occurred in 1998 when two additional levels of subnational government were created at the regional (voivodeship) and county/district (powiat) levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Women continue to assume the bulk of domestic chores, which can be an impediment to their engaging in a full-time work over a long period. Such notions dictate the home as the proper sphere for women’s participation. “ Even when a woman, driven by economic necessity, succeeds in obtaining a wage-paying job, she, in many cases, receives no real, substantial assistance from the man with housework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
On 12 November 2014, they jointly announced a plan to strengthen bilateral and multilateral co-operation on climate change, with the aim of adopting an ambitious climate agreement at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21). The countries made national-level pledges: China promised to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 20% by 2030, while the United States vowed to achieve economy-wide emissions reductions of 26-28% below 2005 levels by 2025.3 If carbon pricing became an element of these pledges, the coverage of global greenhouse gas emissions would increase significantly. In the case of carbon taxes, recycling tax revenues back to consumers - e.g. by reducing income or business taxes and increasing budgetary allocations for social services -can help ease resistance to implementation. Nevertheless, carbon pricing remains politically challenging and is struggling to gain momentum in many parts of the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Here, equality refers primarily to what can be considered relative equality in the distribution of incomes, rather than absolute equality in terms of civil rights. On the one hand, buyers and sellers in different markets are formally equal: they are free to accept or refuse a transaction at a given price. In addition, market institutions assure justice through the equivalence of exchanges (Habermas, 1973).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Close scrutiny shows that the acceleration of growth in these countries had its roots in a relatively egalitarian initial distribution of assets. See, for example, Morduch (1994, 1999) and World Bank (2001). On the basis of such an expanded definition of poverty, many people lying just above the poverty line will also be regarded as poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This paper takes a historical foray into the prevailing conditions that form the bedrock of collective actions and organized violence against the Nigerian authority. The analysis here presented situates the problem with the Nigerian state since independence in reference to corruption and mismanagement of the country’s human and natural resources. Thus, in the quest to understand the economic predicates of Nigeria’s current security challenges, this paper provides a general description of Nigeria’s political economy and its tendency to fuel violence—including terrorism, as presently observed in the country and threatening its very existence. Presented differently, we conclude here that the historical trajectory to date of Nigeria’s political economy has fueled terrorism in its geopolitical space through its characteristic alienation and frustration of its citizens, due mainly to the general lack of accountability and systemic corruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
With the overall movement towards more liberalized finance and trade among the higher income SIEOs after the AFC, however, and the increasingly competitive marketplace for global exports, this counter is less determinative. On balance, then, we put SIEOs in the profit-led growth category, primarily because of their global orientation. There is not quite a feminization of responsibility and obligation because of the persistence of traditional family structures and consequent contributions from men and extended family. Given the emphasis of many families on investments in children, higher incomes for women should be associated with more human capacities production, at least in terms of quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This could disincentivise investors from land banking and open up more available land for affordable housing for the urban poor. This and other fiscal measures - for example, providing incentives for development of infill sites - could also augment the overall supply of affordable housing. Previously, builders could exchange money or land instead of setting aside up to 20% of new developments for social or affordable use, a provision under Part V of the Planning Act and therefore, some developers have been able to build the social portions of new developments elsewhere. However, now social units must be predominantly on site, making it mandatory for developers to set aside up to 10% of new developments for social use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It therefore reflects in broad terms the structure shown in Figure 2.10. Under the Act, stock assessments are used to trigger regulatory action (Box 2.8). This Act also requires rebuilding to take place within ten years, with some exceptions. While this has been criticised as inflexible, such a deadline has a number of important benefits. It allows compliance with the requirements of the Act to be clearly assessed, it makes the rebuilding target real and enforceable, and low'ers the political transactions costs surrounding identifying the relative importance of stock rebuilding versus near-term economic losses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Gregg (ibid) notes that poor families often have other characteristics that can lead to low attainment, the most important being large families, less parental education and poorer psychological functioning of mothers (depression and a weak locus of control). He notes that: “whilst low income has a causal effect on children’s development, reductions in income inequality can never plausibly be large enough to offer more than a supporting role in equalising social gradients in development of children. The key rather lies in addressing the development of gradients through the home and school environments faced by children”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Exports of major items, such as garments and rice, also softened amid increased competition driven by Myanmar’s liberalization and Viet Nam’s engagement in free trade agreements. Reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers under the ASEAN Economic Community should be used as an opportunity to accelerate economic diversification, especially because the role of garment exports in driving the economy may not be as strong as in the past. In August 2015, the Government launched a new industrial development policy that is aimed at expanding the industrial base beyond garments and food processing to such areas as machinery and electrical equipment assembly and agro-industrial production. To realize such a development, it will be important to attract FDI into higher value-added sectors and channel more credit to upgrade the industrial sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Without greater energy cooperation, building regional connectivity and providing adequate infrastructure as well as regional integration, energy security will remain a distant objective for many economies. For more details, please refer to www.unescap.org/about/subregional-activities. Energy security has many aspects: long-term energy security mainly deals with timely investments to supply energy in line with economic developments and environmental needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The substantial fixed administrative burden that is associated with employment protection may make it relatively more costly to fire low-income workers, so that EPL raises the bargaining power of low-income earners more than that of their high-income counterparts (Boeri et al., The negative effect of EPL on wage dispersion has been found to be stronger in the presence of minimum wages, which prevent firms from passing the cost of EPL on to low-income workers (Koeniger et al., If EPL is much stricter for regular than for temporary contracts, this may contribute to higher inequality since workers at the margin of the labour market such as the young risk getting trapped as they move between temporary work and unemployment, with adverse implications for human capital and career progression (OECD, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD members. All of the major religions have the potential for both patriarchal and more equitable readings of their key tenets of faith, as well as for violent or non-violent, tolerant and intolerant interpretations. They can also offer locally understandable and readily acceptable models, in particular of respectable male behaviour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, the type of employment generated within this sector is relatively unskilled. This implies that, while agriculture may have a large employment creation potential in the short term, its contribution to real wage growth would be smaller than that contributed by jobs created elsewhere, and increasingly more so as per capita incomes increase. Therefore, sustaining poverty reduction in the long term requires that agricultural transformation is complemented by dynamism in other sectors, this is particularly the case in manufacturing but also in high value-added services where the synergic effects of new technological advances are higher than in agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Further potential exists to increase the capacity by modernisation of the existing system, e.g. better maintenance of tracks and signalling or use lighter materials in wagon design (Gol, 2010). Between 2006/07 and 2011/12, the 11th Five-Year Plan expects freight transport to increase from 726 Mt to 1100 Mt, and from 469 to 702 billion tkm (Raghuram and Gangwar, 2008). This represents an annual increase of 8.4%. Sea transport may ease the inland transport problem, but that would require expansion of harbour charging and discharging capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Moreover, visitors are only liable to apply environmentally friendly behaviourtothe extent they find it convenient, and they do often settle with more symbolic choices such as the reuse of towels and choosing ecological food products (Marion and Reid, 2007, Weaver, 2012). As pointed out in Tyrvainen et al. ( And people are also less likely to engage in sustainability practices if they believe that their contribution makes no difference (Lindenberg and Steg, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)