albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Transnational regulatory networks have become increasingly powerful over the past decades. For public law scholars, one of the most pressing questions raised by transnational networks is whether they respect the constitutional and administrative principles that have been developed within the context of the nation state. Although the focus of recent scholarship has been the democratic accountability of networks tasked with agenda-setting and rule-making powers, certain networks are also responsible for individualized decision-making and carry the risk of undermining liberal rights. Examples include the UN Sanctions Committee, Europol, and the administration of EU customs and agricultural policy. This contribution identifies some of the challenges of protecting rights in the radically fragmented universe of network governance and offers reflections on how these challenges might be met based on the longstanding experience of the European Court of Justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The chapter draws on the 2015 OECD-FAO Outlook (OECD-FAO, 2015) publication for the medium-term projections (2015-24).2 The commodities on which the medium-term analysis is focused are taken from the set of modelled commodities in the Outlook, and, as a consequence, some additional products that are likely to experience changes due to rising incomes, such as processed foods, or which are important for food security, such as fruits, vegetables and nuts, are not included. The possible long-term implications of climate change are assessed with the use of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) IMPACT (Robinson et al., Climate change adaptation strategies are also considered - however, mitigation is not analysed in detail in this study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Though racism in the form of blatant de facto and de jure policies and domestic terrorism is no longer the law of the land as was the case before, and during the Civil Rights Movement, an intensified dysconscious and color-blind racism has propelled itself in the post–Civil Rights United States, particularly in this “Age of Obama”, one that manifests in semantically slippery and rhetorically convoluted discourses. Consequently to illuminate this specter of American racism, critical race theory and spoken word performative poetics join forces here in an interpretive conarrated description of rhetoric that has recently emerged in the mainstream media—a discourse that attempts (a) to deny Black persons the right to human dignity, (b) to distort and invalidate Black persons’ ideas, thoughts, and feelings, and (c) to deny one’s right to claim and affirm one’s personal identity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Also, since the proponent of the change in use of land no longer holds the responsibility for the compensation once the in-lieu fee is paid, the assurance of the compensation outcome and its permanence is diluted through the implementation process. Also, the use of a transparent calculation process of the compensation fees and reforestation costs allows to further fine tune to gradually improve the equivalence of the environmental attributes to be compensated and to monitor these during the offsetting activities in the future. Another recommendation for the scheme is to enhance its MRV systems and evaluate what has happened with the land covered at some point under this environmental compensation scheme to assess environmental and economic effectiveness after the projects have concluded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Other important areas for the use of concessional finance include: support policies and implementation of initiatives for universal Internet access and the eradication of the digital divides, supporting local business and start-ups, and greater use of technological solutions to boost agricultural productivity, improve access to financial services, and strengthening systems for disaster risk reduction. Technological innovation in how development co-operation is planned and delivered can not only improve results in developing countries, but it can also strengthen international efforts in expanding data collection and improve timeliness of reporting on development activities. With increasing coverage of 3G and LTE mobile networks in most countries, the costs in utilising ICTs are fast decreasing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A salient feature of SAICM, from its negotiation to its implementation, has been the prominent engagement of non-governmental actors. These issues remain beyond the regulatory scope of current multilateral environmental agreements. In this regard, it is important to note that SAICM was established partly in response to the significant regulatory gaps in the existing international legal framework for chemicals and waste.5 In the absence of a comprehensive global agreement regulating the full range of chemicals and waste in global production and trade, SAICM can be viewed as an essential and unique vehicle for fostering international cooperation on the sound management of chemicals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
While in the past productive forest land was allocated mostly through large-scale concessions, Bolivia (Plurinational State of) is now implementing a strategy to hand over forest-use rights to smallholders. The Government is also supporting the development of integrated forest and land management plans for rural communities. Challenges include managing the trade-off between short-term revenue needs and the longer-term productivity of agricultural and forest land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Instead, a much more radical, systemic, and integrated policy approach is needed to promote sustainable food production at both national and international levels. The policy challenge is how to move beyond the recognition of a multiplicity of innovative experiences, toward the design of policies to expand, transfer, adapt and/or disseminate the plethora of existing technological approaches so as to reduce poverty, hunger, and environmental destruction. Moreover, active participation by various actors including governments, nongovernmental organizations, and multilateral organizations can be critical not only to scaling up innovations but also to disseminating knowledge, building capacity among farmers, fostering trust, and reducing the risks associated with new technology and agricultural practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
When the Australian Independent Media Inquiry (IMI) published its report most mainstream media reporting focused on the suggested statutory-based News Media Council and largely ignored any discussion of the underlying issues—public trust in journalism and news media and accountability for its practices. The aim of this study was to capture the attitudes held by the media industry toward these issues. Based on a content analysis of 33 submissions to the IMI and the Convergence Review it can be concluded that only 15 percent of the submissions addressed trust or media accountability issues. Furthermore, the submissions illustrate a disconnect between the attitudes held by some media proprietors and the trust deficit reality displayed in multiple studies of the public’s attitudes to journalism and news media.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Agricultural price, credit and insurance programmes in Brazil (cont.) There are four main programmes: the rural insurance premium programme (Programa de Subvengao ao Premio do Seguro Rural, PSR), the general agriculture insurance programme (Programa de Garantia da Atividade Agropecudria, PROAGRO) these two targeting commercial farmers and administered by MAPA. These four programmes support farmers either by paying part of the insurance premium costs or by compensating farmers for production losses due to natural disasters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In several schools visited during the review, specialised teachers, sometimes called coaches or impact coaches, had less teaching responsibilities and more time devoted to working with individual teachers on their teaching practice. This practice was largely voluntary and teachers experiencing this type of work expressed very positive feelings regarding their experiences. Pedagogues are trained in supporting all stages of human development from birth to old age and can be specialised in early childhood education and care, leisure and youth education (Skolejritidsordning og Fritidshjem, SFO), or other areas of particular interest in the school system. Depending on the context in which they work, they might be compared to recreational instructors, play workers or social workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Children, often traumatized and unable to comprehend the reasons for separation, are likely to suffer from acute emotional and developmental problems, as well as being at risk of inadequate care in under-resourced state institutions or by alternative carers. Health services in prison, which are usually not geared towards children’s healthcare needs, are inadequate to cope with the needs of babies and small children in a large majority of countries. Most often, children in prison cannot mix and communicate with children outside prison.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Transport costs, together with information and transaction costs, play the most important role, and therefore their decline has the largest potential to further bring down the overall trade costs. Lower costs associated with logistics, trade policy barriers and crossing a border can also bring substantial benefits. In the next subsection, we analyse the extent to which new technologies could play a role in the declining trend and outline the possibilities for further efficiency gains. Section C.3 then builds on this analysis and provides a quantification of potential trade gains from a technology-induced decline in trade costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In industrialised economies the number of people falling out of poverty or going homeless is increasing, while the few at the top continue to see their wealth grow. Future projections hold further demands on the environment, with serious potential consequences on human well-being. The International Energy Agency estimates that at the current rates of consumption, global primary energy demand will rise by 40% between 2007 and 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Given the Netherlands’ unique geography, flood risk has historically been a primary focus and continues to be a concern and a key cost driver of water management, especially in the light of climate change. Risk of water shortage is an emerging risk, projected to grow in importance in the coming decades, which may require new approaches. The risk of inadequate water quality is both persistent and costly, as a result of a number of factors, including a significant agricultural sector in a constrained spatial context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Education is mostly delivered by publicly funded institutions maintained by the jurisdictions while the federal government provides some funding towards post-secondary education and provides programmes that support skills development. Education on First Nations reserves is delivered by First Nations themselves, with funding assistance from the federal government. Investment in educational institutions is slightly above the OECD average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
ABSTRACTNon-state actors are increasingly participating in international climate diplomacy. The tactics employed by diverse civil society agents to influence climate policymaking are radicalizing through the adoption of more confrontational language. Activist groups have been seeking opportunities to influence policymakers regarding the rules related to transparency, public participation and accountability in the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). By scrutinizing efforts of three environmental NGOs (ENGOs) – Climate Action Network, Center for International Environmental Law and Carbon Market Watch – the analysis concentrates on what tactical shifts have occurred in the framing positions and approaches of these activists during the 1997–2015 period. After several years of legal advocacy, expertise and/or critique in an effort to reform input legitimacy of CDM governance, the selected ENGOs have recently drifted away from narratives of green governmentality and ecological modernization and,...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such firms are undoubtedly knowledge-intensive, and will obtain reputational benefits as a result of the work they produce. Hence, while valuable assets may well have been created, the benefits that from the trading value such assets produce will be exploited by others. Software, designs and other artistic originals that are produced by a company for its own use are likely to represent an important value driver that will not necessarily be apparent from analysis of IP databases. An alternative method of detecting these companies is to use national employment surveys which can provide a “horizontal” means of considering where assets may be found, to complement a “vertical”, sector-specific approach. These methods relate to their absolute size (in turnover, or employees) and their stage of development (early stage/growth stage/maturity).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Furthermore, Article 121 of the norms requires proponents to demonstrate, through these technical studies, that prevention and mitigation measures in relation to the forest resources, flora and fauna are undertaken during the implementation of the land-use change. These sectors are therefore also the main financial contributors to the CUSTF through the payment of in-lieu compensation fees. Activities are undertaken through compensation agreements between CONAFOR and landowners of deteriorated forested land who apply and meet the requirements of the CUSTF programme. This arrangement is between the developers requesting authorisation of land-use changes in forested areas and the government, which operates the compensation scheme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The EU humanitarian aid policy constitutes a paradigmatic example of how governmental and non-governmental dimensions interact directly and indirectly. This chapter is a theoretical introduction to the main arguments and is based on International Relations theories, as well as the main interdisciplinary debate. Based on the assumption that, in the current phase of world politics, the global institutions are undergoing a process of change, and that the relations among civil society organisations and institutions in public policy-making need further research, the chapter introduces the literature on the tasks and relevance of NGOs in the humanitarian actions, then discusses the innovative contributions on complex emergencies and transboundary crises, and finally combines diverse literature for postulating a more comprehensive framework that can be used to analyse empirical data and offer some preliminary conclusions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Expected average wage increase for 2017 taken into account by the Tripartite Council was around 8%, so that the minimum wage to average w'age ratio would slightly decrease. Wages have proved highly flexible during the crisis. To preserve employment, public wages were significantly cut (Chapter 1), including by decreasing or suspending payments agreed in collective agreements21.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The criteria for commitments are (1) advance one or more United Nations goal/issue, (2) include time-bound target(s) that can be measured for success, and (3) include an agreement to publicly disclose, on an annual basis, progress made to realize the commitment, throughout its duration. In all these areas issues related to innovation and collaboration were discussed. Available from http://www .unglobalcompact.org/docs/news_events/2012_CSF/Rio_CSF_Overview_Outcomes.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It may have been optimistic to presume that the frank imposition of fiscal measures, based on precisely monetisable social costs and the resulting tax adjustments that would bring social and private, market-based costs in line, could be routinely implemented in all circumstances. Yet, converging results from a number of broad-based and well-balanced studies have all implied that much stronger action than countries have been willing to contemplate - at the very least on air pollution and the reduction of climate change risks - is required to move towards economic optimality. The widespread lack of a meaningful carbon tax in many countries is a case in point. Stronger technical regulations, market creations, subsidies, improved transparency and reduced legal and institutional transaction costs, however, are all available as part of an arsenal of measures that can be used where the straightforward imposition of Pigouvian taxes remains elusive because of political obstacles resulting from distributional concerns. The well-being of their citizens and the welfare generated by their economies depend on it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Spain, Slovenia, Finland and the Netherlands, there is stickiness both at the top and the bottom of the income distribution. In Belgium, Canada, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal and Sweden, sticky floors at the bottom are combined with an average level of stickiness at the top of the income distribution. In Turkey, Korea, Greece and Chile, the challenges are different, with neither sticky floors nor sticky ceilings, but signs of large positional mobility over four years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
But, in the past decade or so, two new economic developments have emerged that make pursuing such an externally-oriented agenda even more complex. This in turn has exerted pressure on wages and wage-related entitlements, especially in labour-intensive sectors such as garments, apparel and electronics, which employ significant numbers of women (Seguino, 2000). As a result, the achievement of a decent work agenda necessary for social sustainability is compromised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Working-age households are thus net taxpayers on average. These taxes go towards financing other public expenditures, such as publicly provided services, current transfers to the elderly and own future pension entitlements. The poorest 20% are net benefit recipients in almost all countries, with cash transfers adding up to around two thirds of market income on average. For the richest 20%, benefits represent only 6% of market incomes on average and the rich also face higher tax burdens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Its work plan is flexible to enable quick response to emerging issues in the international trading environment that impact particularly on highly vulnerable Commonwealth constituencies - least developed countries (LDCs), small states and sub-Saharan Africa. Regional and Emerging Trade Issues, held in Port Louis, Mauritius. Investment and Innovation, UNCTAD 14, held in Nairobi, Kenya.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In this chapter, the author examines the "temporal dimension" of self-defense. He also looks at the questions and challenges posed by the national security strategy (NSS) regulating the use of force and in those contexts he/she looks at the relationship between self-defense and the collective security system of the United Nations. With regard to anticipatory self-defense, a right to take anticipatory action has long existed under customary international law. It continues to exist under the Charter. Long-standing State practice spanning over sixty years following adoption of the Charter, together with significant evidence of the  opinio juris  in the form of the  Caroline  criteria as a set of guiding principles, support its continual vitality.  Keywords: anticipatory self-defense, Caroline criteria, customary international law, defensive armed reprisal, pre-emptive self-defense, preventive self-defense, UN collective security system, United Nations Charter law
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If all of Antarctica's ice were to melt, this would result in a sea-level rise of some 60 m, to which the melting of Greenland's ice would add a further rise in the order of 7 m, give or take an uncertainty of a few metres. September is the month in which sea ice is at its yearly minimum and 1979 marks the first year that data of this kind became available in meaningful form. The lowest concentration of sea ice on record was in September 2002. While thick ice with a snow covering has an albedo of 90 percent, that of a thin layer of ice is 50 per cent, and that of an ice-free ocean is in the order of 6 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It begins with an assessment of the main challenges of the current system of inter-governmental relations and offers possible alternatives to improve co-ordination across levels of government and among national policy actors. It also explores local government finance and the way the current arrangements for managing local public finance act in detriment of urban development. It formulates some recommendations to ensure that local governments have access to resources to pay for urbanisation. The chapter proposes some recommendations for strengthening civil service reform with a particular focus on subnational levels of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Evidence and Data for Gender Equality (EDGE) is a three-year initiative led by the United Nations Statistics Division and UN Women, in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the African Development Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). One example is the measurement of gender pay gaps. Besides the difficulties in measuring these gaps for self-employed workers, the raw unadjusted gender pay gap, as presented in Annex 4, captures the difference between men's and women's earnings but does not tell us enough about the underlying drivers of gender inequality in pay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Those who have difficulties in adjusting, or where the costs of making adjustments are high, will have to pay more. A uniform regulation, requiring the same performance level of all companies in an industry, could entail higher overall compliance costs and would cause stronger resistance. Involving the groups targeted by a proposed policy (such as companies, consumer groups, or farmers) in the drafting process can help build awareness, understanding and support. Consultation processes can also inform the policy design process on the circumstances of targeted groups and on obstacles to compliance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Stanford was a facility for multi-national research centres, whilst the small spin-off firms began in cheaper premises such as garages and starter units elsewhere. In many US research parks, there may be some manufacturing activity also, and this in part accounts for their large scale. Some of the early European experiments in science parks followed a similar model, notably Cambridge and Sophia Antipolis, although with some minor changes. The initial Cambridge Science Park was a smaller development and with a stronger focus on local start-up firms, and did not include manufacturing firms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This would be consistent with the prescribed recommendations of OECD countries in the “OECD Tokyo Statement on Strengthening the Role of SMEs in Global Value Chains” (OECD, 2007d). Not only do SMEs find bidding for public sector contracts an expensive and complex process, but government procurement practices often do not create a level playing field for the competitive participation of smaller enterprises. The potential to use procurement to develop the SME sector by expanding the scale-of-market opportunities available to them and encouraging innovation is immense. Basically, SMEs need to be better informed about awarding processes, enabled to participate in awarding procedures, and able to participate in these procedures at a low cost (both in terms of complexity and financial burden).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)