albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Most of the decline in income in Spain and the United Kingdom is not explained by changes in family characteristics but refers to its “unexplained” share which largely reflects a change in conditional income “returns” for a family with given characteristics. As shown in Figure 19 Panel B, this negative “unexplained” contribution in Panel A is largely associated in Spain with a decline in disposable income of the non-employed fathers - other characteristics being the same - and with a decline in the income obtained by full-time full-year workers. By contrast, the disposable income of children with a working father remained stable, despite an increase in market income in the bottom of the income distribution which suggests the transfers received were reduced over this period for low income families with a working father. In the United Kingdom, the decline in disposable income for families with given characteristics is dominated by a drop in income associated with the mother's activity status (Figure 19 Panel B). The drop is stronger when the mother has a job (-38%), but is also significant (-26%) when the mother has no job. The drop in primary income linked to employment reflects a decline in the quality of employment for mothers of relatively poor families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, waste volume is minimized at source in less developed countries by local scavenging and recycling. Applicability or affordability with regards to decision-making on indicator systems appears to be central to choosing a set of indicators for the assessment, appraisal, comparison or monitoring of sustainability in nations or regions. Cycle economy research or sustainability research units have been established in universities or area-wide joint centres in China. Korea’s Advanced Research Institute of Science and Technology has developed a variety of environmental technologies for integrated waste management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In recent history, numerous terrestrial mammals, birds, snakes and frogs can no longer survive in the wild in targe enough populations to ensure their continued existence on Earth (eg Myers and others, 2000, Brooks and others, 2006). In these categories, the best available evidence indicates that a taxon is facing a high to extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. A review revealed that, globally, there around 800 marine species (and/or sub-populations) on the Red List that are categorised as threatened. Since we know considerably more about the diversity of life on land than in the sea (eg Pimm and others, 1995), and even less about threats to marine life (especially in the deep sea), this figure is considered conservative. It should also be noted that, while the trend in general is unfortunately for species to move up the threat ladder, for example, from Near Threatened to Extinct in the Wild, there are exceptions whereby species that were Vulnerable have dropped to one of Least Concern because numbers or populations have increased and threats have reduced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Following this resolution, a process named Streamlining European Biodiversity Indicators 2020 (SEBI) was launched by the European Environmental Agency (EEA) and the European Commission together with other European partners to develop a set of biodiversity indicators with which it would be possible for European countries to follow the progress of the member states towards the UNECE target. The result was a list of 26 indicators, which was published by EEA in 2007, cf. The SEBI indicators were subsequently checked against the 20 Aichi targets and new EU biodiversity targets following the launch of the EU strategy on biodiversity in 2011. It was agreed that the SEBI indicators can be used to measure progress also against these targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Maritime security is a major concern for Malaysia as a maritime nation. The crucial question nevertheless is whether there are adequate laws to deal with key maritime crimes that need effective law enforcement measures. The paper finds that no maritime offences are criminalised in the Penal Code, the principal criminal law of Malaysia and that there is neither an anti-piracy law nor any other special criminal law available in Malaysia to combat maritime crimes. A regretful failure to apply a more appropriate law to prosecute Somali pirates demonstrates well an urgent need in Malaysia for a law reform that can effectively combat maritime crimes. On the basis of an analysis of the laws of selected common law countries, the paper concludes with suggestions on proposed maritime crimes law to be recommended to the Government of Malaysia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The way in which taxes are collected and expenditures are allocated - the social contract - will be a determining factor in sustaining inclusive growth and ensuring social cohesion. Although 72% of total PIT revenues are generated by those in the top 10% of the income distribution, the share of PIT as a percentage of income is the highest among the poorest. First, the PIT system is designed in such a way that a majority of people benefit from tax reliefs, leaving only a few who actually pay taxes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Social injustice and systematic violations of human rights create cultures of violence and harm. This chapter explores the relationship between elements of social justice (e.g., distributive justice, procedural justice, and equity), human rights, and various elements of peace processes (e.g., negative-positive peace, peacekeeping to peacebuilding), which can be used to advocate and foster cultures of peace. The influence of globalization on the burgeoning child sex tourism trade provides a case study to examining the interplay between human rights, social injustice, and direct, structural, and cultural forms of violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Over a ten-year period they closed special schools and put the resources into mainstream. It recognises, however, that individuals are not always treated as equals and that young people with disabilities experience discrimination and disadvantage. The Council believes that segregated special education is a major factor causing discrimination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This raises some issues in Korea as injuries are not systematically reported, since injury crashes are often settled between the participants. The response was that underreporting should be addressed by the linking of data sources, in particular by linking police data and health data. Getting access to health data is necessary to better estimate the number of casualties and better understand the impact of crashes on the severity of injuries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The interpretation or ruling on international immunity cases are often surrounded by controversies, sometimes leading to inconsistencies. The British municipal court rulings on international immunity cases are not exception, and in fact are embodiments of inconsistencies. The rulings are not just characterized by controversies, they swim in controversies. Perhaps, these inconsistencies have not been more visible than in cases involving granting of sovereign immunity to political subdivisions or federating units. This was the case in the municipal court decision to deny a serving Governor of a state in Nigeria immunity from jurisdiction. The contention of this paper is that these inconsistencies are, primarily or fundamentally, due to susceptibility of British municipal courts to British national interest, and thus, not primarily due to controversial nature of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They actively use this information to tailor their education responses to individual students’ needs. The Starting Block equips teachers with resources to measure and record student progress and achievement in literacy, attendance and general conduct on a daily basis. At the end of each term, students’ families and community members attend Starting Block Awards ceremonies to recognise their achievements. The programme is designed to help children leam to set and realise personal goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, these sources of productivity gains usually do not have much connection to what is going on in the rest of the economy, and often can be utilised by relatively small number of farmers. They are like donations, better to have than not, but they depend less on a dynamic non-farm economy. However, agricultural productivity is also driven in some sub-sectors by dynamic developments in the non-farm sector, for example due to increasing demand for higher value-added products (especially in the context of the supermarket revolution), and due to reduced marketing and transaction costs from improved financial, transport and telecommunications markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Evidence shows that the realization of these rights increases the likelihood that adolescents will become economically independent, make informed decisions about sex, participate in community and civic affairs and be better equipped to obtain productive employment that will help end the cycle of poverty. As adults, they will also be better prepared to handle the global challenges facing their generation. That is the other side of the story - the Girl Effect. This is the story of girls who are counted, invested in and included in society. When a girl in the developing world receives seven or more years of education, she marries four years later. An extra year of primary school boosts girls' eventual wages by 10 to 20 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nor does her employment allow her to fulfil herself in that it is meant only to help raise the family’s standard of living.” ( The stress of balancing family life with paid employment may dissuade them from looking for a job and encourage them to stay at home, it may also lead them to withdraw from professional life. The trend is reinforced when a wife has to ask her husband for permission to wrork outside the home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In this issue of the International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior a myriad of topics are covered with an eye toward culture, change, and development in Latin America. The actual special issue theme of “Cross-cultural issues in Latin America” was somewhat broadly defined by design. Because this corner of the world has received little attention in the management and public administration literature, I thought that it would be interesting to dedicate an entire issue to this topic. As the Western Hemisphere continues to build cultural and economic bridges, it will be inevitable that many social science researchers will follow suit with more interest.1
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Why do Microfinance Institutions Charge High Interest Rates? These rates, while higher than lending rates charged by banks, are lower than consumer and credit card rates in most countries, and usually far lower than rates charged by informal moneylenders. Lending out a million dollars in 100,000 loans of USD100 each will obviously require a lot more in staff salaries than making a single loan for the total amount.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The average supply of calories for food consumption of each country or region is normalized by the average dietary energy requirement estimated for its population in order to provide an index of adequacy of the food supply in terms of calories. Analysed together with the prevalence of undernourishment, it allows the determination of whether undernourishment is mainly due to the insufficiency of the food supply or to particularly poor distribution. Aggregate calculations: FAO Statistics Division (ESS).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In this paper we focus on demand-side constraints in social reproduction terms, but it is important to emphasize that growth also comes from capitalist investment (the standard source of growth in growth models). For more on this point, see Braunstein et al. ( A key goal is to differentiate between societies that care more and/or better than societies that care less. The reason could be social norms around intergenerational obligation that induce altruistic preferences, strong social welfare sectors that create highly skilled and well-paid jobs in the care sector, or, more likely, gendered ideals that encourage women to provide high-quality care for little or no pay. To set up this framework, we begin with the demand side. If the wage share increases (meaning that the profit share declines), workers with more money to spend will increase aggregate demand and consequent output.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The SEIA can only require mitigation, repair or compensation for environmental damage. The Environmental Evaluation Service does not have the mandate to consider the larger urban system in assessing a project’s environmental impact (SEA, 2012). The result is case-by-case treatment of environmental externalities that does not consider how each effort at mitigation, repair or compensation may undermine or contribute to an urban area’s overall environmental quality. One mechanism that has been developed is the Urban Transport System Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto al Sistema de Transporte Urbano/EISTU), which sets conditions to mitigate a development’s potential impact on roadways and parking for large projects (SST, n.d.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There are some adaptation measures—the introduction and dissemination, for example, of adaptation technologies such as those involving drought-resistant seeds and solar-powered cooling systems for the home that expand access to electricity by reducing dependency on electrical grids while also reducing emissions—that align themselves well with business interests. However, in practice, kick-starting such adaptation measures requires a boost from the public sector. This being the case, the focus of the first policy scenario for increasing adaptation financing should simply be: more resources from the public sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Other structures include fixed charges per hectare for nonmetered agricultural abstraction or a price per megawatt-hour for energy production. In Belgium (Flanders region), the level of the tax varies with the quantity of water abstracted. For groundwater abstraction, water abstracted is sometimes paid through increasing block tariff (IBT): the volumetric price is higher for larger volumes. In contrast, the volumetric price sometimes decreases for larger volumes in the case of surface water, the so-called decreasing block tariff (DBT). One issue with decreasing or increasing block tariffs is that the market signal sent to consumers on the value of the resource might become misleading.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They can be significant especially if distant resources have to be connected as can be the case for offshore wind, if load factors are low or if the technology has more stringent connection requirements than for nuclear power. Connection costs are sometimes integrated within the system costs (NEA, 2012), but more often are not considered as system costs and implicitly included in the LCOE as plant-level costs. The difficulty in this assessment is that connection costs are sometimes borne by the plant developer and sometimes paid for by the transmission grid operator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Section 5-1-2 presents the recent literature on impacts and adaptation in IAMs and provides an overview of all recent IAMs. Based on this overview, Section 5-1-3 reviews the development and state of the art of climate impact modelling in IAMs, and Section 5-1-4 reviews the development and state of the art of adaptation modelling. Section 5-1-5 discusses possible ways forward for climate impact and adaptation modelling in IAMs. Section 5-1-6 concludes. General reviews were conducted by Hope (2005) and Fiissel and Mastrandrea (2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Most countries will require new institutional and governance arrangements to help align economic and environmental policies, and overcome institutional inertia in policy making. The aim is to integrate green growth into core policy processes. Information sharing and use of indicators are also important.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Because of the surge of new demands for rural electrification not identified when the programme started and for other reasons, the original LpT deadline was postponed to 2010 (Eletrobras and MME, 2009). This includes carrying out the technical and financial analyses of the connections to be installed by the service providers, the allocation of funds to these actors, and the supervision of the installations. As with LnC, the MME co-ordinates the development of the LpT programme and sets its general policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Trade can act as a mechanism to transmit a country-specific shock from one country to others. Since many low-income countries’ exports are concentrated in a narrow range of commodities, shocks to trade often translate into significant volatility in overall output. Such trade shocks can also cause prolonged recessions by leading to a decline in investment associated with the traded sectors of the economy. Although there are long-term benefits for macroeconomic stability through trade, as noted above, the vulnerability created by such shocks is an important challenge for developing countries and emphasizes the benefits to poor countries of diversifying their exports, in terms of both products and markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The effect is least significant in the Netherlands but does point towards higher odds of multiple deprivation in comparison to children who are not income poor. Similarly, the odds of experiencing deprivation in multiple domains are 1.3 to 1.6 times higher for children with two parents from a country of birth that is different from the country of residence when living in France, Netherlands and the UK. Low levels of parents' educational attainment increase the odds for children living in Germany, France and the Netherlands whilst living in low to medium densely populated areas decreases the odds of multiple deprivations in France and the UK.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moving forward, it is therefore essential that these non-economic barriers are overcome for ASEAN to meet its target on renewable energy development. In contrast, the Indian government permitted renewable energy projects to receive up to 100% funding from foreign investment as part of the 12th five-year plan (2012-17), in order to accommodate private sector investment in renewable energy (The Climate Group, 2015b). This issue could be dealt with by creating an independent body that is provided with the mandate to decide various aspects related to the FIT system including tariff levels, contract formulations and permit process (Yuliani, 2016). In Viet Nam, for instance, Article 23.5 of the Electricity Law (No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This latter advantage could be off-set, however, if means testing also results in a lower level of benefit spending. In some countries, the challenge to find the right design can also be complicated by institutional factors, such as different tiers of income assistance falling under the responsibility of different levels of government. Societal views on the respective roles of government, communities and families in providing needed assistance to the unemployed and inactive will also influence programme design choices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
With regard to the former, it is recommended that the definition of economic sectors by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities be applied. With regard to the latter, it is recommended that a distinction be made between listed companies, public interest companies, non-listed companies and small and medium-sized enterprises. At the national level, categorization of companies by size is also recommended.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Similarly, investors in the Philippines are struggling with a slow regulatory approval process. This does not only restrict project developers of renewable energy, but potential investors in any type of power plant, who are requested to sign a large number of permits from multiple government agencies before becoming operational (Pangalangan, 2016). With the Philippines suffering from frequent electricity outages and some of the highest electricity prices in Asia, there are multiple economic benefits to be reaped by simplifying permit procedures and easing restrictions on foreign investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In some cases improving coordination will require national level legislative action, in other cases is can be accomplished through better consultation between government agencies and non-governmental organisations (FAO, 2009). Multi-sector contribution is fundamental to a comprehensive approach to climate changes in fisheries and can assist in building institutions that are responsive to these broad-scale effects. Such co-ordination can usefully include international networks to share information experiences in fisheries and between fisheries and other sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Chile also needs to improve access to quality tertiary education for students from medium and low socio-economic backgrounds. Finally, in terms of activating and using skills effectively, a key goal should be to reduce skill mismatch, which contributes to low productivity growth. This requires more flexible labour markets, investing more in vocational education and training, and promoting the participation of more women in the fields of engineering and computer science.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Crustacean output rose (up 64.1% in volume and 6.2% in value) mainly because of an increase in prawn harvests. In the latter, the overall decline was due mainly to a decrease in catches of the regions’ more important species, notably tuna in the Azores and black swordfish in Madeira. At the national level, annual average prices at auctions were also found to be slightly higher in 2009 than in the previous year (up 2.7%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Family learning has been an important mode of education deployed by governments in the United Kingdom over the past 20 years, and is positioned at the nexus of various social policy areas whose focus stretch beyond education. Drawing on qualitative research exploring mothers’ participation in seven different family learning programmes across West London, this paper looks at how this type of education is mobilised, that is, how mothers are ‘encouraged’ to participate and benefit from this type of programme. Framed by a neo-liberal policy climate and Foucauldian writings on governmentality and surveillance, we explore how participating mothers are carefully ‘targeted’ for this type of learning through their children and through school/ nursery spaces, and how programmes themselves then operate as a supportive social space aimed at facilitating social networks, friendship and personal development linked to positions of gender, ethnicity, class and migrant status. It is the socio-spatial workings of ‘supporti...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)