albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
ABSTRACTRecent actions by the U.S. Supreme Court and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development have reinvigorated the debate between place-based community development advocates and pro-integration fair housing advocates. This article examines the philosophical underpinnings of each side of this debate. I argue that different positions in the debate reflect different conceptions of the social meaning of housing, and these differences give rise to disparate views of how housing should be distributed. I examine several different conceptions of housing’s social meaning and argue that the community development–integrationist divide is best understood not as a duality but as reflecting 4 distinct perspectives. Despite the differences among positions, there is room for a middle-ground view of fair and affordable housing policy that acknowledges the socially constituted nature of the self and the importance of individual autonomy and choice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Though measures, such as the Fusina Waste Water Treatment Plant, will improve the sediment and water quality issues, consideration for water quality could be mainstreamed in planning processes at the watershed scale throughout Veneto. Without a far-reaching water quality approach, the availability of potable water may be compromised. For example, the integrated regional water supply network now under construction was deemed necessary because of the poor surface water quality in the southern part of the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Some benefits are likely to tail away as there tends to be diminishing returns from further investments in improving quality of water related services. Benefits are more likely to materialise if investments are appropriately sequenced, thereby lowering costs and ensuring that collected wastewater is properly treated. The Accelerated Access scenario indicates that globally an average of USD 1.9 billion would need to be invested each year between 2010 and 2030 to achieve the 2030 target in addition to what would be invested under the Baseline scenario, and an additional USD 7.6 billion beyond the Baseline would be needed annually between 2031 and 2050 to achieve the 2050 target.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Providers highlighted the importance of monitoring and evaluating the results associated with finance flows, while recipients prioritised building systems for tracking the finance flows. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), developed countries committed in 2009 to jointly mobilise USD 100 billion of climate finance to developing countries annually by 2020. The new 2015 Paris Agreement continues this collective mobilisation goal through to 2025 in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation. These expected finance flows are of similar magnitude to the current level of net official development assistance (ODA), which was USD 135 billion1 in 2014, and climate-related ODA is one of the main sources of climate finance reported to date (OECD, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This may be exacerbated by the smaller project scale of renewables which lead to disproportionately higher transaction costs and lower gross returns (although the rates of returns may still be well within attractive market standards). This is a complex area for investment and credit committees of banks to assess given that countries have differing support regimes, varying processes and legal standing for other issues such as aw arding grid connections, generation licenses and securing off-take arrangements. Financiers may impose additional costs on generally under-capitalized project developers with limited track records, and have differing risk/return expectations across the stages of the investment continuum (from R&D through to mergers and acquisitions) which may make the various stages more or less attractive commercially.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In this ethnography I examine the key features of occult discourses among middle-class Sierra Leoneans living in Britain, based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Merseyside and Cheshire between 2001-2002. It is evident that the subjects of this study are quick to engage with the conspiracy-theorising besetting Euro-American popular culture in conveying their anxieties about the civil war, poverty and corruption that have ravaged Sierra Leone, coupled to the institutionalised racism and socio-economic problems that beset the black community in Liverpool. This despair has translated into a general trepidation about West African witchcraft that has become a global metaphor for the malcontents of modernity. In recent years these worries have been added to, fuelled by the heavy responsibility individuals experience to provide financial support and moral guidance to those relatives who have been forced to leave Sierra Leone during the years of civil strife. They are secretly mistrusted by the middle-class ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this case not only manure, but also urine, which has a high nitrogen content, is distributed. In this region cattle spend the nights in the barn and they drop their manure with their urine in the barn, which rotates to new plots after three to seven days depending on the season, crops to be planted and density of the herd. Longer kraaling is exercised and required during the dry seasons and for heavy feeder crops such as maize, sorghum and potato. Shorter kraaling is often exercised during the rainy season for other small cereals (Erkossa and Gezahegn, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Thus, pk (the identification method) identifies person i as poor when the number of weighted deprivations is at least k. Since pk is dependent on both the within- dimension cut-off liner/ and the across-dimension cut-off line k, pk is a dual cut-off method of identification. The matrix is then censored (gOA), which means that the deprivations of the non-poor are excluded (they are assigned a value of zero). H=q/n, where q is the number of poor people and n is the total population. This value is then divided by the total number of poor individuals (q).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article explores the relationship between John Dugard and Gustav Radbruch. Drawing on the legal philosophy of Gustav Radbruch and John Dugard's work on international criminal law the article addresses the complex question of whether retroactive punishment is legally and morally justifiable. The article discusses Dugard's views on the question of retroactivity in three contexts: firstly, in his opinion on the legality of extraterritorial prosecution of torture in the Bouterse case, secondly, through his criticism of the Constitutional Court's decision in Azapo, and thirdly, by his support for ius cogens norms as expressed in his separate opinion in the Congo v Rwanda decision. The article concludes that Dugard's support for retroactive punishment in the specific context of serious international crimes is another example of his lifelong dedication to 'higher law' and his faith in the normative evolution of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Likely that different Parties will develop national and sub-national institutions. One option is that the current institutional arrangements shall support Patties in implementing adaptation. Another is that new international institutional arrangements such as a subsidiary body for adaptation or adaptation registry should be developed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In Chile, the national government would do well to create a definition of natural-hazard zones, and to specify the conditions for development and types of land uses applicable to them. The primary risks in continental France are floods, landslides, avalanches, earthquakes and forest fires. The PPRn indicates at-risk zones, and either prohibits construction or allows it only under certain conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The subject of water pollution and water quality monitoring was discussed at the second international symposium in Singapore in 1997. The final year of the pilot project focused on monitoring air pollution, particularly on contaminants such as aldehydes and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The theme of the second phase was discussed at the international symposium in Kyoto in 1998.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The article aims to investigate how key e-Governance dimensions related to openness, such as transparency and accountability, which are a necessary condition for reaching a high maturity of e-Government, may not be sufficient for open government. For this purpose, an interpretative framework to identify country attitudes towards Open Government is proposed and it is applied to two cases drawn from different legal, cultural and organisational backgrounds. Among the key findings of the article, the 'attitudes mapping' resulting from the application of the interpretative framework to the case studies points out the key role of different governance traditions in the path towards open government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Adolescent fertility (births to women under 20 years of age) constitutes a matter of concern for many governments, specially in regions still experiencing relatively high fertility. Early childbearing entails a much greater risk of maternal death, while the children born to young mothers tend to have higher levels of morbidity and mortality. A high dependency ratio indicates that the economically active population and the overall economy may face a greater burden in supporting the young and/or older economically dependent populations. It is also normally disaggregated into children dependency ratio and old-age dependency ratio.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Some of the indicators compile information about several species and are included in the NNI as indices. The NNI also includes indirect indicators that represent important resources for species, such as dead wood that makes up an important habitat for several forest species. During the intricate calculations, the transparency of simple indicators has been lost and the final results yield no understanding of cause and effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As a result, relative poverty, measured as household incomes below 60% of median income, has been contained. Between 1996-97 and 2009-10, the proportion of individuals with household incomes below 60% of median income fell from 19.4% to 17.7% before housing costs and from 25.3% to 22.2% after housing costs. Relative child poverty fell from 26.7% to 19.7% before such costs, a reduction of over a quarter, but short of the previous government objective of halving relative child poverty by 2010 (Jin et al., The housing cost overburden rate - the percentage of the population living in households where the total housing costs (net of housing allowances) represent more than 40% of disposable income (EU housing statistics) - is one of highest in the European Union (EU), reaching nearly 41% in 2009 for tenants in the private sector, compared to an EU27 average of 25%. Recent cuts to housing benefits and the removal of indexation on actual market rents from April 2013 will increase the burden further for low-income tenants in private rental.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The marketing discipline is repeatedly criticized for overreliance on a small set of quantitative methods which has the potential to delimit the scope of inquiries and introduce inherent method bias that undermines the trustworthiness of findings. The purpose of this research is to investigate the level of methods diversity in marketing research and to consider the impact of methods diversity on the marketing discipline. To accomplish these objectives, this study reports the results of an extensive content analysis of articles published in five leading marketing journals over a 20-year period (1990–2009): Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research, and Marketing Science. Results reveal a disturbing downward trend in methods diversity resulting from increasing reliance on two methods, experiments and modeling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Ballard, T., A. Kepple, and C. Cafiero, The food insecurity experience scale: developing a global standard for monitoring hunger worldwide, in Technical Paper. Hadley, C., et al., Gender bias in the food insecurity experience of Ethiopian adolescents. Social Science 8t Medicine, 2008. Holmes, R., N. Jones, and H. Marsden, Gender vulnerabilities, food price shocks and social protection responses, in Improving social protection effectiveness: Understanding social and economic risks and gender inequalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The present contribution is devoted to analysing recent developments in selected aspects of European Union civil service law. Such analysis will help us to assess the soundness of the prevailing approach to judicial review of legislative acts and to judicial control over individual acts affecting the rights of European Union civil service workers. Case law on the equality principle is scrutinised, with the suggestion being made that, at times, such case-law shows an excessive deference towards the European Union legislator, or that, at least, more precise reasoning could be needed in this field. A review of case-law concerning the rights and duties of temporary staff workers is also carried out, and reveals the need to strengthen the scrutiny exercised by the European Courts, and above all by the Civil Service Tribunal, in cases of alleged discriminatory dismissal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Also, stocks that were bought with the purpose of stabilising prices are not necessarily released with the same purpose and could end up in regular distribution programmes. The fact that it is hard to trace these stocks complicates the analysis. The most common causes are the unsustainable fiscal costs, conflicting objectives of the programmes, crowding out of the private sector and other agricultural investments, poor management and nontransparent working of the programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The priority areas are 1) social inclusion and recovery, 2) prevention and early intervention, 3) service access, co-ordination and continuity of care, 4) quality improvement and innovation, and 5) accountability - measuring and reporting progress. Indicators included under the first domain relate to education, employment, housing and community participation of people with mental illness as well as rates of stigmatising attitudes within the community. The third domain monitors people receiving mental health care including their pre-admission and post-discharge care, re-admission rates, primary care, emergency department waiting times and prevalence of mental illness among homeless and prison populations. The fourth domain covers standards and quality of care, service user outcomes and patient and carer experiences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The paper revisits the socioeconomic theory of the Austrian School economist Ludwig M. Lachmann. By showing that the common claim that Lachmann’s idiosyncratic (read: eclectic and multidisciplinary) approach to economics entails nihilism is unfounded, it reaches the following conclusions. (1) Lachmann held a sophisticated institutional position to economics that anticipated developments in contemporary new institutional economics. (2) Lachmann’s sociological and economic reading of institutions offers insights for the problem of coordination. (3) Lachmann extends contemporary new institutional theory without simultaneously denying the policy approach of comparative institutional analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Similar results were found by Lerner et a 1. ( The authors indicate that antidepressants might not be required for all employees with milder depression, but when prescribed, medication should start as soon as possible. However, it remains a fact that the positive employment effects are lower than the clinical effects (Frank and Koss, 2005), i.e. clinical improvement does not automatically nor fully translate into better work functioning (measured with functioning scales) and increased paid employment with substantial earnings, or in getting off disability benefit rolls. First, symptom improvements do not always go hand-in-hand with productivity improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In recent years, physical geography in Mexico has contributed to the enterprise of geographical science by integrating with fields of study closely related to topics of sustainable development. This paper outlines the contribution of the discipline to environmental public policy development, particularly ecological land use planning and integrated watershed management. In terms of applications, physical geography appears to have reached a stage of maturity in Mexico. However, it must offer a stronger leadership in areas such as ecoregional analysis (in an integrated fashion, and not only from the biological-ecological perspective) and regional vulnerability to global change processes. An excellent opportunity exists for scientists and decision makers to develop a common agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In some cases, the absorption of neighbouring municipalities seems also to be a w'ay to cope with infrastructure developments and land scarcity in a context of growing population. For instance, according to local authorities, the expansion of city borders in Kyzylorda was indispensable in distributing individual land plots for construction purposes. In both Almaty City and Shymkent, according to local authorities, such expansion was necessary to improve transport infrastructure (suburban road network, new' railway tracks, car parks and bus stations), build new social objects (schools, hospitals) and develop new housing projects (in Shymkent only). Shymkent has now' the largest territory among Kazakh cities (1 170 km2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Females are less likely to engage in vigorous exercise (Figure 10) in every OECD country, with an OECD average difference of -16.58 p.p., Successive governments have implemented policies and programs aimed at supporting families with children sometimes building in progressive adjustments to increase allocations for families with low or modest incomes. In November 1989, for instance, the House of Commons adopted a unanimous all-party resolution to strive to eliminate poverty among Canadian children by the year 2000. This commitment has been reiterated with the aim to put in place a long-term investment plan to allow poor families to break out of the welfare trap so that children bom into poverty do not cam' the consequences of that poverty throughout their lives (Lefebvre and Merrigan, 2003[9]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Support for entrepreneurship in monotowns has a dedicated budget line, but a freeze was declared on new projects requiring budget financing in 2015. On the whole, the maintenance and renewal of municipal utility and electricity distribution networks, city roads and other municipal infrastructure items account for the bulk of the monotown programme budget spending in monotowns. This has improved municipal utility networks, roads and electricity networks in monotowns, but in many of them, the lack of (formal) employment opportunities remains a pressing issue. The central criterion for assessing “anchor” projects is the forecast number of new jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Corporate Governance can only thrive in an environment where the rule of law prevails over personal power and relationships. Although one may argue that relationship-based governance plays an important role in an environment where law enforcement is weak, over time with the increase of participants in the industry and with the globalization of the Indonesian economy, one will need to embrace rule-based governance “best” practices embedded within well-functioning institutions. These widely accepted generic principles of transparency, responsibility, fairness and accountability are forming the norms in international business, while relationships will continue to play an indisputable role in ASEAN to allow firms access to scarce resources and ‘political’ connections. There is no one codified solution for all, but even Indonesia will need to implement those universal governance principles to attract investment and to remain competitive in a global context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Sub-Saharan Africa, the overwhelming majority of LDCs have a fixed broadband penetration of less than one percent. Two LDCs among the Arab States, Djibouti and Yemen, have fixed broadband penetration of more than one percent. There are four Asia-Pacific LDCs—Bangladesh, Bhutan, Tuvalu and Vanuatu—where fixed broadband penetration is greater than one percent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Between 2007 and 2010 women and girls accounted for about 75% of all trafficking victims detected globally. In general, traffickers tend to be adult males, although more women are involved in trafficking in persons than in most other crimes (UNODC, 2012). The indicator shown in Figure 4.17 is based on data drawn from Gallup World Poll referring to the following question: “Do you feel safe walking alone at night in the city or area where you live?” Answers are grouped into two categories (yes/no).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, cost sharing for soil moisture-sensing technology or for irrigation technology updates are examples of subsidies. In such cases, targeting the right users and objectives can be critical, even challenging, in situations of information asymmetries. Even if well targeted, subsidy programs can be effective but they are also costly to the regulator. Moreover, if fine-scale spatial targeting is needed to achieve desired environmental goals, subsidies may be difficult to implement as they typically involve a voluntary signup to the incentive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This ‘bird’s eye view’ of the issues provides insights that would otherwise remain hidden, useful in addressing hunger and environmental degradation in an integrated way. The overlaying of visual data representations provides a picture of the interrelation of land, people, and prosperity, and also reveals areas of causal overlap, highlighting key hotspots and areas with synergistic potential—opportunities for win-win scenarios. This method, applied elsewhere, would allow the targeting of funds to key areas, improving efficiency of resources used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In this paper, I explore the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning through the lens of transformative learning theory and critical theory. In doing so, I expand the notion of a Scholarship of Teaching so as to go beyond the solving of practical problems in teaching and the improvement of teaching effectiveness. I focus on an emancipatory Scholarship of Teaching that centres on critical reflection and action on the contexts of teaching: the discipline, the institution, the community and the state and society in which we practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Accounting for 70% of the Mexican mortgage market, INFONAVIT has over time become one of the most important actors in housing development in Mexico: one in four Mexicans lives in a house financed by the institute. An additional 31.3 million workers have an account with INFONAVIT to which they are not actively contributing, likely because presently they are not formally employed. The Assembly, its highest governing body, which is comprised of representatives of the federal government trade unions and the private sector, appoints the Director General upon the recommendation of the Mexican President.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)