albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
New initiatives are required at state and national level to strengthen the Regional Innovation System. First, policy measures should be taken to improve HEI services to firms and to develop communication policies about research results. Second, an incentive system should be established to favour the development of contract research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Counterfactuals are usually established to facilitate the impact evaluation of an intervention by comparing the treatment group with a control group that closely resembles the treatment group but that did not benefit from the intervention (Gaarder and Annan, 2013). When focusing on a national approach to adaptation, however, it is not possible to distinguish between treatment and control groups. Similarly, the proposed monitoring and evaluation framework for adaptation in Kenya’s Climate Change Action Plan (KCCAP) examines climate vulnerability and institutional adaptive capacity (Republic of Kenya, 2012a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Between 2007 and 2011, about 590 000 children received health care, nutrition, care, and early education services. As part of this strategy, interventions targeting poor households with children between 1 and 2 years of age have been recently launched. Households, benefitting from Familias en Accion, have received a micronutrient supplement and support to develop cognitive and language skills of children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As the characteristics of successful adaptation actions are likely to vary site to site, institutional and process lessons relating to adaptation activities may be more transferable than information about the specific actions. Before creating a new institution or arrangement, it will be important to identify what gap such an institution would fill, and whether a new institution is the most efficient way of filling such a gap. Table 12 (below) provides an outline summary of characteristics of current proposals for new international adaptation institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Building democracy at the supernational level is an unprecedented task, but so once was building democracy at the level of the modern state. By today's standards we would not likely classify France, Britain, or the United States in the nineteenth century as "democratic," but in the time they were in the forefront of democratic development. The same can be said for the European Union today, and the progress of the EU in the last half-century has been remarkable. Recent advancements by the Brussels Convention—reflected in the resulting draft treaty for a European Constitution—represent significant steps forward for entrenching the rule of law, the separation of powers, and the people's input and participation in Europe's supernational institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Two plants producing biodiesel by using tilapia waste were opened in Jaguaribara and Morada Nova in March 2013. The National Department of Works Against Drought (DNOCS) announced this new facilities will produce around 8 000 litres of biodiesel per day. These plants are expected to provide added value and sustainability to the tilapia fisheries producers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
But they also acknowledged that the reproductive health needs of adolescents as a group had been “largely ignored,” and they called on governments to make information and services available to help protect girls and young women from unwanted pregnancies and to educate young men “to respect womens self-determination.” Governments, in the ICPD Programme of Action, also underscored the need to take actions to promote gender equality and equity. The ICPD Programme of Action points the way forward in helping girls face these ongoing and emerging challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Like catchment analysis, the indicator measures accessibility in terms of travel time to jobs, education, health services, retail and open spaces. Unlike catchment analysis, which shows access to the nearest destinations, ATOS reflects the degree of choice by measuring, for example, access to the nearest three schools or doctors' surgeries. A "basket" of key services is used to calculate the indicator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Learnfare closed the enrolment gap between baseline dropouts and school attendees by 41%. Currently, 38 states have similar policies that link school attendance and welfare receipt. Similarly, in Mexico the conditional cash transfer programme Progressa, created in 1997 (and replaced by Oportunidades in 2002), significantly increased the number of years of education of children among poor households (by about 10%, Schultz, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The reduction in income inequality, among others, remains one of the key challenges associated with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Therefore, in this paper, various transmission mechanisms and drivers of the increasing level of income inequality are identified and possible forward-looking development policies to reduce income inequality are given. Thanks are due to the workshop participants, especially Peter Pauly. I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to Johannes Prochazka and Candice Branchoux for their excellent research support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Ms. Eni was relieved when she found a job in Hong Kong as a domestic helper, but her happiness was short-lived. She was denied wages for the first few months, cut off from the outside world, and was given no holidays. She found herself trapped with no support network, living in a foreign country with an abusive employer. Yet she stayed because she was the main breadwinner for herfamily back home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Simulations show that Georgian children living in households in extreme poverty would have doubled without pensions, and the percentage of children living in poor households according to the national poverty line would have increased from 28 to 38 per cent. In the case of Georgia, social pensions have a higher impact on poverty reduction for households with children than targeted social assistance. In Kyrgyzstan, for instance, expenditure is around 5 per cent of GDP, while spending on social assistance and child benefits reaches only 0.5 per cent of GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The aims of this chapter are to highlight the legal prohibition of torture and to illustrate judicial decisions in cases relating to its prohibition in order to assess how far the European Convention on Human Rights and the UK Human Rights Act 1998 are designed and deployed to prevent contemporary abuses of the ideals of the rule of law and essential civil liberties as enshrined by Article 3 of those statutes. The chapter discusses mechanisms for evading the law on torture and cruel and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and the circumstances in which this occurs and highlights such practices around the world. The relevance of human rights law will be assessed, and the effectiveness of legal challenges over the torture and ill-treatment of detainees held by the UK and US abroad will be highlighted as will the current complex moral and ethical dilemmas surrounding its use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Figure 27.1 shows that almost all adult women in high-income countries have a formal account, while there are wide disparities in the financial inclusion of women across low-income countries (Demirguc-Kunt and Klapper, 2012). For example, 1.5% of women in Niger had formal accounts with and/or obtained loans from financial institutions in 2011, while 12% of women in Mauritania had an account and 7% received a formal loan. The differences in the proportions of men and women who hold an account also tend to diminish with countries’ income per capita, even if, once again, the size of the gender gap varies significantly across poor countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, there may be opportunities to consider biodiversity objectives within climate finance that flows through the GCF. As this is likely to be a comparatively centralised approach to allocating climate finance, the transaction costs of considering biodiversity objectives in relevant climate change projects are likely to be lower. Discussion here focuses primarily on ways to integrate biodiversity considerations into REDD+ funding mechanisms, as well as in funding for ecosystem-based adaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Bahrain Development Bank27 has specialised in SMEs since 1992, and provides them with various conventional and Islamic bank loans, the bank also offers a financial education programme to its customers. Through this initiative,31 the number of loans to women grew by 55% and the number of bank deposit accounts held by women by 17% (December 2012). At the same time, we are also demonstrating that there is a considerable commercial advantage in providing women with concrete means to access financing for their businesses.” (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, as referred to earlier, in recent years, enrolment trends have led some surpluses in CEIP’s budget to be transferred to CETP’s budget. There are no stakeholders voicing major criticisms about the approach followed by education councils to distribute resources across schools. While the distribution criteria are not made public and information on the amount of public resources each school receives is not disclosed, there is the perception that education councils distribute resources so as to ensure some horizontal equity across individual schools (i.e. similar resources are given to schools with similar type of provision).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This could raise total agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5-4%, which could in turn reduce the number of hungry people in the world by 12-17%. Research commissioned by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation also shows that by increasing women’s participation in smallholder sourcing and support programmes, international food companies can improve crop productivity and quality, grow the smallholder supply base, and improve access to high-value markets (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 2010). The sub-sectors of agricultural education and research and forestry had a particularly strong focus on gender equality. Technologies such as fuel-efficient stoves or motorised scooters and other time-saving products are particularly important.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To make the most of cities' growth potential, it is important to facilitate transport links among metropolitan areas and between metros and smaller urban centres. Governments may set targets for cities to fulfil different roles, (e.g. "Innovation Cities", "Enterprise Cities", "Eco-Towns") or increases linkages between metropolitan areas and smaller cities in a greater region (e.g. proposals for the Seine valley axis between Paris and Le Havre). Are cities' incentives aligned with the need to reduce the reliance on automobile transport?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Today, there is little debate that a paradigm shift is occurring in the field of international conflict resolution, where experts laud the effectiveness of peaceful means ending disputes compared with the use of force or violence. This paradigm shift is reflected in the increasing number of peacebuilding academic and applied programs in Eastern Europe, Latin America, Africa, South and East Asia, and the Middle East, including conflict resolution workshops, projects for building civil societies, and nonviolent resistance mobilization. In peacebuilding contexts, scholars and practitioners are seeking to integrate authentic, indigenous and local cultural methods of conflict analysis and intervention, which are replacing the generic conflict resolution applications developed by western practitioners in United States and Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is also the wubao programme that aims to maintain the basic living standards of the elderly, the disabled and some children (those with no supporting family, no income and no ability to work) often through the provision of in-kind services. Benefits usually include food, clothing, medical care, housing and burial expenses. Depending on the physical condition of the person, care can be given either separately or collectively. Such policy instruments are important for safeguarding the living standards of vulnerable members of the rural population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The regional governance reform is particularly ambitious, and tactful steering will be needed to realise the expected benefits in terms of reduction in inequalities and improved coordination and access. Many stakeholders have expressed doubts that the government can achieve its ambitious stated objectives of increasing access to care for the whole population, efficiency and cost control. However, important disparities in life expectancy by gender and socioeconomic status remain: in 2015, the life expectancy at birth of Finnish men with a tertiary education was more than six years higher than for those who had not completed their secondary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The first one is the extent of health protection, i.e. the share of the population who may potentially receive benefits from the programmes. The second is the scope of health protection, that is the range of health services that are covered. Finally, the level or depth of health protection corresponds to the proportion of the costs of the services that is covered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The few references to media, like those mentioned above, have tended to be focused on particular issues, with no broader plan for systematic awareness raising on sustainability in more comprehensive terms. As evidenced by the climate change quiz programme, in popular programming formats such approaches can generate considerable excitement and interest. However, there is always a danger of trivialising important issues that warrant more critical analysis, and therefore such approaches need to be carefully considered and thoughtfully implemented. While the two examples mentioned above were television-based, good opportunities remain through the development of engaging online platforms, as well as radio and newspaper content.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Their first initiative was to obtain the legal status of “fisher’s wife" in order to ensure professional rights to small-scale fisheries and secure social security benefits. After several years of campaigning, on 18 Novem ber 1997 the Fisheries’ Orientation Law was passed, which granted wives of fishers the status of "collaborative spouse”, with retirement benefits and rights to represent their husbands in economic councils. Following this, eight regional women’s organizations formed the Federation Interregional des femmes du Littoral (FIFEL - “Interregional Federation of Coastal Women”) in May 1998 to further promote the role of women fishers as agents of economic development, and to promote a global vision of social, economic and environmental development for the small-scale fisheries sector (Roux. The social security benefits granted to the newly formalized role of collaborative spouse were in line with Para 6.3, which calls upon States to promote social security protection for workers in small-scale fisheries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However private forest owner can apply for state subsidies for harvesting of energywood from young forest stands, EUR7/m3. The support system is called KEMERA-"Fund for sustainable forest management'-scheme which is targeted to fund forest improvement operations and conservation of valuable biotopes. Within the same fund, subsidies used to be provided to chipping of energywood but this stopped in the end of 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Written as a short personal reflection, this article explores the development of political science as an organized professional discipline in the United States. At its inception, political science in the United States was principally concerned with political thought and constitutionalism, and it was taught with the public-spirited purpose of educating for citizenship in a constitutional democracy. Twentieth-century methodological trends at one time threatened to remove political thought and constitutionalism from the curriculum of political science, but recent disciplinary trends suggest that American political thought does have a place in twenty-first-century political science.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This seems to be the case for many of the US-based pilot programmes. As part of this provision, real-time mapping system would need to be able to locate and book the nearest accessible vehicle. In all circumstances and situations, an adequate pool of accessible vehicles would need to be available at all times so that people with disabilities did not have to wait (much) longer than other people to make their trip. There is some experimentation underway (e.g. Uber in New York City) on mixing short-term leases for accessible vehicles, a flat incentive payment for drivers undertaking those trips and reduced commissions by the ride service platform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The wild crop relatives occurring there are important genetic resources. Fifty Important Bird Areas (IBAs) of international rank have been identified in the country. Following Turkmenistan’s accession to the Ramsar Convention, Turkmenbashy Bay was the first area of Turkmenistan to be designated as a wetland of international importance, in 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Examples of biodiversity-related climate funding initiatives are highlighted in Table 7.1. Most notable examples are the multilateral and bilateral initiatives to support REDD+ such as the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), UN-REDD Programme, Forest Investment Program (FIP), Amazon Fund, BioCarbon Fund, International Climate Initiative (ICI), International Climate and Forest Initiative (ICFI), and Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) (see Annex B for a short description of these). A total of USD 446 million has been approved and USD 252 million has been disbursed for REDD+ finance between 2008 and 2011, representing 13% of total climate finance (Heinrich Boll Stiftung and ODI, 2011). Buyers of verified emission reductions have demonstrated considerable interest in the co-benefits of carbon projects and in some cases are willing to pay a premium for them (Ecosecurities, 2009, Karousakis, 2009, Peters-Stanley et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This creates a new set of challenges for the design of the welfare state. In particular, there is growing interest in the behavioural effects that welfare-state provision may, in many cases inadvertently, produce. Provision of generous benefits may lead to changed behaviour: for example generous maternity pay may increase fertility or result in longer leave for new mothers, unemployment benefits may reduce job seeking among the unemployed, and pension provision may reduce savings for retirement and employment among the retired.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In this article the authors address the impact which post-September 11 counter-terrorist legislation has had on human rights and civil liberties in a number of common law jurisdictions. The authors conclude that the counter-terrorist legislative regimes in the countries discussed in the article do impinge significantly upon human rights, and argue in favour of a ‘balancing approach’ towards reconciling such legislation with domestic, regional and international human rights obligations. The authors conclude with some general guidance for legal and policy decision-makers on how to balance the (frequently opposed) interests of national security and human rights protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Impact of Chinese Imports on Innovation, Diffusion and Productivity”, AEA Annual Meeting Paper. Panel Data Evidence for OECD Countries”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. Ruiz-Valenzuela (2014), “Gross Eamings Inequalities in OECD Countries and Major Non-member Economies: Determinants and Future Scenarios”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. Evidence from OECD Countries”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. Handbook of International Trade, Malden, Blackwell, MA, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While focusing on skills training combined with basic education (to remedy shortcomings in reading and math) and vocational training (usually linked to local employers’ needs), these interventions typically feature various post-programme placement, housing and mobility services, as well as individual coaching for orientation and motivation. Participants usually obtain the equivalent of a high-school diploma or a recognised certification by the end of the training period. Some programmes give the participants the opportunity to reside at the centres during the training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
By the late 1990s, the intervention stocks had been drawn down. In fact, many developed countries that implemented farm income support policies, accumulated stocks as a by-product of these policies. Maintaining these stocks put a financial strain on a country’s budget and guaranteeing that prices remained stable required some degree of isolation from the market, often in the form of import tariffs to protect domestic producers from international competition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This contribution discusses the importance of trust for cooperation in criminal justice in the European Union. As a result of Schengen and the open borders within Europe, the freedom of movement comes sometimes in conflict with the fight against crime and terrorism. Political considerations often favour mutual recognition and criminal-justice cooperation over legislative harmonisation of national laws and regulations. Increasing trust between the EU member states in criminal law is difficult because criminal justice systems have remained nationally anchored. Herlin-Karnell recommends that the EU give greater weight to the proportionality principle in criminal justice cases. The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights represent the minimum requirements for EU legislation and greater attention to those documents increase trust in the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, adding environmentally related tasks to women's productive and reproductive responsibilities without considering social structures and norms (and the economic pressures associated with these resources) may overburden them. Very large numbers of people also benefit indirectly from forests' environmental goods and services (FAO 2014). For indigenous and other peoples who live within or near forests - and have historically been responsible for protecting and managing them - the resources essential to meet basic needs include food, fodder, timber, fuelwood, charcoal and medicinal plants (APF and UHCHR 2013, WWF 2012, Aguilar et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The bottlenecks revealed by the taskforce’s analysis included, for example, the absence of trading standards, poorly coordinated market information, the need to transport produce over long distances, small volumes and consequently high marketing margins. The taskforce also identified five distinct supply channels linking cassava producers with various final markets, ranging from subsistence consumption to the commercial sale of industrial starches and related products. Instead, the taskforce adopted a demand-led strategy, focusing on market development in both trade and upstream processing industries, all of which stand to benefit from access to low-cost, cassava-based carbohydrates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)