albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It would be beneficial for Central Asian railways to offer integrated freight-forwarding and logistics services across the region. Practically, this means they are organised around a significant number of terminals - which, in turn, are connected to warehouses within the urban railway network. Moving a single wagon typically requires a long series of logistics operations. The wagon is first loaded at a warehouse connected to the railways. It is then sent to the main terminal of its city to be consolidated into a freight train. It might then go through successive marshalling before reaching the terminal of destination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Teachers are to be rated in four possible categories with quotas for the top categories at the municipal level (e.g. the top category cannot concentrate more than 20% of the teachers in the municipality). The results of the teacher performance evaluation will determine access to the teaching performance allowance (only teachers rated in any of the two top categories will receive the allowance). They may also lead to sanctions for underperforming teachers, including dismissal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The same is true for Russian olive {Elaeagnus angustifolia), which is reported to have taken over the steppe landscape of Gagauzia but is a typical floral element for steppes and semi-deserts in Eurasia. This perception, however, lacks any basis, as the territorial region of the Republic of Moldova is fully covered by the ecological range of hornbeam and it is a natural representative of the typical forest type in the region. Currently, natural steppe communities have been preserved only in small and isolated areas, five protected areas (PAs) preserving steppe vegetation exist (Bugeac, Dezgingea, Vranesti, Andria§evca and Ciumai-Vinogradovca), with a total area of 148 ha, less than 1 per cent of the country’s surface.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In Italy, university graduates are less likely to hire workers on temporary contracts (Ghignoni et al., Further research is needed, including in low and middle income countries, on how education affects management practices and paying more than minimum wage. In many cities, unskilled, semi-skilled and poorly paid skilled occupations no longer make it possible to live within a reasonable commute of urban centres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The city can experiment with new' technologies at the new' landfill site planned at Gia Minh solid waste treatment complex in Thuy Nguyen district, which is 15 kilometres away from the centre and a part of the project on rain and wastewater drainage and solid waste management. Such efforts can directly improve the economic competitiveness of SMEs. Community-based action has played a key role in reducing the city’s domestic waste by setting up targets and various pilot projects that empowered identifiable groups in waste collection and sorting for recycling. For example, in Cebu, small and medium-scale businesses have identified waste treatment and recycling as a business and located a market for their end products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Microfinance can also support investments and risk management by grassroots entrepreneurs, and has been found to positively affect business size (Angelucci et al., However, traditional microfinance models need adapting to suit the needs of grassroots entrepreneurs. For instance, rigid and/or short-term repayment schedules are ill-suited to farmers, since agricultural production cycles are commonly longer than in other industries (Dalla Pellegrina, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A more systematic use of wastewater treatment, public transport and water supply tariffs and charges could help to raise more revenue while increasing the sustainability of green utility systems. Parking taxes and charges offer one such instance. The City of Bandung is considering increasing parking fees to discourage car use. This could be combined with West Java Province’s current policy of reserving some parking slots for energy-efficient cars identified with a blue sticker.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
If, for example, a government has established a green growth inter-ministerial committee, which adequately reflects biodiversity, then there is no need to convene a separate one. Embedding permanent environment or natural resource management units in various ministries, as is the case in Ethiopia and Madagascar,24 could also contribute towards mainstreaming. Vertical institutional co-operation remains a challenge in a number of countries, including Madagascar, Peru, South Africa and Viet Nam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Consequently, the closure of the SHOK programme leaves a significant gap in Finland’s research and innovation policy. The profusion of small basic research centres over the past two decades appears to have had little effect on generating quality peaks and there is no centres of excellence instrument working around innovation. Bigger basic research centres and a revived competence centres programme appear to be necessities for tackling the quality “peaks”. For the most part, universities are not in a position to fund the early-stage commercialisation of research results, a capacity gap that is filled through Tekes’ commercialisation programme “New business from research ideas”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Their effects are often transmitted through public sector accounts, especially through the effects of available financing on government spending and through the effects of interest rates on the public debt service. But the stronger effects typically run through private spending and balance sheets. Reversals in such perceptions lead to a cut off from external financing and provoke sudden increases in the cost of borrowing, inducing downward adjustment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In this paper, we focus upon the recent work of one of health policy's leading academics. We then explore policy developments and show that where 'mainstream' health policy analysis implicitly supports the managerialization of health services, our critical perspectives reveal the existence of four male power blocs: management, medicine as science, medicine as practice, and the academic discipline of political science. Finally we suggest how the use of our perspectives enhances the possibility for bringing about meaningful change in health policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A simple example captures this divergence. In many rich European economies, the poverty threshold is defined as 50 per cent of average per capita income. In India in 1973-1974, the base year for current poverty-line estimations, the rural poverty threshold was 54 per cent of average per capita income for that year, a figure similar to that for the European economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Export of shell declined between 1925 and 1940, partly as a result of a decline in the price for shell. Increasing international prices in the 1960s attracted more exports. In 1982,591 kg of raw shell corresponding to 1 182 hawksbill turtles was exported at a price of ~US$148.7/kg, yielding a gross revenue of US$87 878.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Owners need to spend money on the upkeep of their homes, costs that should be factored into their incomes. Second, housing values change over time and place, while population ageing is poised to set in motion strong social and economic shifts that will introduce considerable uncertainty into retirement planning. Third, housing owned by lower-income groups is likely to be of considerably lower value than the properties of the richest retirees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
That said nuclear plants just as coal-fired power plants require water cooling. They are therefore best built close to large rivers or to the sea which may pose siting issues of its own. In an electricity grid, supply and demand need to be balanced continuously. Intermittent sources thus need to be complemented by costly back-up technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
About 17% of the variance in PISA science scores is explained by students’ socioeconomic background, compared to an OECD average of 12.9% (OECD, 2016a). This is again consistent with results from the national SIMCE assessment. Among students in Year 4, students from high SES households score 26% higher in mathematics and 22% higher in language than students from low SES households. According to a study conducted by the Ministry of Education this difference is in part due to the fact that students in technical-professional programmes have fewer hours of instruction of general education than their peers in scientific-humanistic programmes (Ministry of Education, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Environment and Urbanization, 18(2), pp. Global Child Poverty and Well-being - Measurement, concepts, policy and action. Resources, Deprivation, and Poverty, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Using Non-monetary Deprivation Indicators to Analyze Poverty and Social Exclusion: Lessons from Europe?', Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In comparison with total employment (including vulnerable and non-vulnerable employment), the share of skilled agricultural workers in non-vulnerable employment is far smaller (11% versus 42%), and the share of service workers is also smaller. The share of all other major groups is larger in non-vulnerable employment, and differences are particularly large for professionals and plant operators. Foreign-bom workers are also overrepresented in three of the four occupational groups with relatively high growth rates in non-vulnerable employment, although this relationship is weaker for women (Figure 3.8 and Annex Table 3.A1.4b). Org/10.18128/D020.V6.5, see also Annex Table 3.A1.4a.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
To ensure sustainability, such capacity building initiatives benefit from a good understanding of the local context and partner countries’ own priorities. This does not entail a simple transfer of skills but rather sustained support over a period of time. While monitoring may be an integral component of the design and implementation of an adaptation policy, it does not capture progress made in implementing other initiatives that contribute to the country’s climate resilience. Similarly, evaluation mechanisms assessing the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of adaptation policies and other relevant initiatives may be centrally managed and external to the daily management of implementing the policy. If no mechanism is in place to ensure that findings from the two processes are readily available to each other, good co-ordination between producers and users of the various sources of information is useful. Alternatively, an independent body can be established to co-ordinate the monitoring and evaluation process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The General Ordinance develops the different regulations regarding administrative procedures, planning processes and relevant technical design standards for urbanisation and building. Technical norms define the technical characteristics related to projects and urbanisation, and construction materials and systems, in order to comply with the standards required by the Ordenanza General. The Ministry of Housing and Urbanism (Mimsterio de Viuienda y Urbanismo/MINVU), through its SEREMI (regional level offices) plays a supervisory role, ensuring that the regulations and norms of the General Law and the Ordinance are met.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Water Resources Management Agency is the State-authorized body for water resources management charged mainly with assessing water availability and ensuring water use efficiency, the management of competing water uses and for ensuring that environmental needs are met. The Basin Management Organizations are involved in developing water management plans in the five primary basin management areas. The State Hydrometeorological and Monitoring Service is responsible for monitoring surface water quantity and the Environmental Impact Monitoring Centre for monitoring surface water quality. The Regional Geological Fund assesses groundwater availability for water use permit applications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This analysis indicates that these keywords are appropriate to identify additional development activities supporting STI, which had not already have been identified in the first or second stages. This approach also captures development finance providers’ various preferences to support STI. For example, some providers may prefer to support research for which there is no sector code, e.g. infectious diseases. Other providers may prefer core funding to certain institutions, which have core STI mandates, but which may or may not be present on the DAC list of channels of delivery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In addition to agriculture and cattle ranching, pressures include forest fires, land grabbing, timber extraction, road construction, hydropower and mining projects. Together with forest fires, these activities pose a serious threat to species and ecosystems. The Cerrado has been losing original vegetation cover at a faster rate than all other biomes and it has suffered a vegetation loss amounting to an area roughly the size of Egypt. It is one of the richest xeric shrub lands in the world and the only biome exclusive to Brazil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
ABSTRACTUsing critical discourse analysis, this study assesses reader comments to newspaper articles on the Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin Supreme Court case. The Fisher case challenges the consideration of race in the college admissions process at UT. Findings show that this racial equity practice was framed as being antithetical to individualism, merit, and competition. Many comments, divorced from social and historical contexts, used colorblind rationale to justify their opposition to affirmative action yet relied heavily on popular polarizing racial discourse in their argumentation. Social policy implications related to facilitating college diversity and promoting educational equity are presented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is important to consider how these options fare relative to the other objectives possibly attributed to the policies supporting RE deployment. They reduce other pollution, increase energy security and often create local jobs (e.g. for home insulation). It usually reduces other pollution along with C02 emissions, for burning natural gas usually entails lower NOx, SOx, heavy metals and particulate emissions than burning coal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
James Tully's account of a ‘post‐imperial constitutionalism’, in his book Strange Multiplicity, wrongly rejects the ideal of impartiality in modern political theory. Pace Tully, this paper argues for a conception of impartiality called ‘justice as provisionality’. This is demonstrated by explaining the concept of a ‘contrastive hard case’. These cases, exemplified both by indigenous peoples’ struggles for recognition and ‘traditional’ justifications for violence against women, centrally involve conflicts over the cultural interpretation of value. The paper argues that the just adjudication of these cases depends on understanding two different senses of the term ‘provisionality’. These demonstrate that the post‐imperial state can give impartial reasons for the rights of parties to ‘contrastive’ claims in a way that integrates the concerns of both feminists and cultural pluralists. The two senses of provisionality are: first, that consequent upon historical injustice, the post‐imperial state should recogniz...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The study led to a broader understanding of the project. Instead, it recommended that it include: the long-term multimodal functioning of the mobility network (the Ringway carries 35% of local traffic, and a relatively small shift to the local network or other modalities could solve the congestion at the national highway system near Utrecht), the investment climate of the eastern part of Utrecht including the campus, and the connectivity between Utrecht and the surrounding rural landscape. This favoured a shift from a defensive discussion about the highway project into an opportunity and quality-driven discussion, in which infrastructure was only one element. Spatial-economic development models for the university campus, together with the A27 Highway and redevelopment of the adjacent Rijnsweerd business park.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, limiting coverage to children only will have no significant impact on coverage rates. It is estimated that less than two per cent of current beneficiaries will lose their entitlements. In 2009, the total budget spent on social assistance (including social pensions) was USD 22 million, representing 0.45 per cent of the country’s GDP (World Bank, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the absence of these, migrant workers are not able to contribute adequately to the economy of their countries of origin. Freund and Spatafora (2008) reported that recorded remittances depend negatively on transfer costs and the parallel market premium. On the other hand, it is also interesting to note that highly skilled migrants tend to remit a relatively lower share of their income to their countries of origin (Niimi and Ozden 2006, Faini 2007, Adams 2009), although the amount itself was found to be higher.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The improvement in the penetration ratios of renewables to fossil fuels, coupled with a 40% cost reduction in battery technologies since 2010 (IEA, 2017b), have further increased the attractiveness of renewable energy sources for mines. The experience from the implementation of renewable energy and storage projects, such as at DeGrussa and Weipa mines (Box 3.2), is expected to contribute to an improved understanding of renewable energy application in industrial use. Furthermore, the digital transformation of the mining sector, such as the adoption of smart grids and other internet of things-based technologies, and the use of advanced analytics and big data, have the potential to further improve mines’ energy efficiency and facilitate the integration of renewables. According to estimates, there is currently over 1 GW of on- and off-grid renewable energy capacity, installed through mining companies’ efforts, with more projects in the pipeline (Energy and Mines, 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Notably, to achieve long-term goals for delivering safe and sustainable urban environments, a coherent narrative based on integrated transport and land-use policies needs be developed. The main lessons that can be drawn from the road safety stories of Lisbon and Riga and provides recommendations on advancing good governance for delivering effective road safety policies are mentioned below. Both case studies show the considerable importance of politics and a capacity for successful creation and implementation of road safety policies. Successful implementation requires not just the political momentum to initiate policies to promote road safety, but also the enforcement of legislation in practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In 2008, for example, 20 million people were displaced as a result of sudden-onset climate-related weather events, compared to 4.6 million internally displaced by conflict and violence.126 There is, however, no global database on migratory movements related to natural disasters. At best, there are estimates that can be derived from displacement data relating to particular crises. Although the number of disasters has increased significantly over the last two decades (see map 8 showing the change in the number of natural disasters between 1990 and 2009), there has not been a major impact on international migratory flows, as much displacement is short-lived and temporary, and those who are displaced do not have the resources or networks to migrate abroad.127 This is why it is often asserted that environmental change is likely to contribute to more internal rather than international migration. For example, environmental degradation may be the result of changes in average annual temperatures or rainfall levels, but it may equally be the result of deforestation or poor land management - or a combination of these factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the case of differences by educational level, people with less schooling give less importance to inclusion criteria based on social and political citizenship (participating in political and voluntary activities, doing things that are important for others, and having something to say). This means that a setting of unequal distribution of opportunities is likely to produce perceptions and feelings of exclusion among those who are disadvantaged.32 Thus poverty-reduction policies should go beyond merely handing out compensatory monetary transfers and aim to promote social inclusion, which entails addressing aspirations for entering the labour market, gaining economic self-sufficiency (having a profession, having own income) and possessing assets (property, house, land) that ensure sustainable livelihoods. The acquisition of human capital to participate in information- and knowledge-based societies is also important to the most poor (e.g., having higher education qualifications).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
La version espanola de este articulo se puede encontrar en: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2390139 A versao em portugues deste artigo esta disponivel em: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2390775 Based on the institutional and procedural design of what is considered "administrative justice" in Brazil, and on the basis of on US judicial review, the text advocates a reinforcement of the administrative authorities, giving them prerogatives to act with effective independence, as a viable alternative to contending with excessive judicial review. Introduction. (i) Excessive judicial review of administrative disputes in terms of the number of cases and amounts at issue. (ii) Unsuccessful attempts to minimize the excessive judicial disputes. (iii) The origin of excessive judicial review of administrative disputes. 1) Are administrative decisions subject to due process of law? 2) Schizophrenic panorama of the Brazilian administrative jurisdiction. 3) Brazil's US-inspired monist judicial system and due process of law. 4) New perspectives for an effective administrative jurisdiction in Brazil. Conclusions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Surface water intake for energy production and irrigation has resulted in almost all rivers being under great direct and indirect anthropogenic pressures (e.g. reservoirs that have been built on some rivers), also, pollution of groundwater due to agricultural and forestry activities (widespread use of chemicals) threatens especially endogenic fauna and aquatic organisms. The ecosystems situated in karst landscapes are also very vulnerable to climate change, and they are subjected to other intensive anthropogenic pressures at the same time. Among them, wetlands karst fields are particularly sensitive to the impacts of climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Some of this promise can be seen in the case of waste pickers, where efforts for greening work have gone beyond patchy skill development to address informality and marginalization. But in developing and emerging economies, an estimated 15 to 20 million waste pickers, many of them women and children, driven into this work by poverty, reclaim reusable and recyclable materials from what others have discarded, providing an essential environmental service in areas experiencing rapid urbanization with limited public services (ILO, 2012, Samson, 2009). The work is largely informal, the earnings low and unstable, and it is typically associated with strong social stigma and very poor, even hazardous working conditions (ILO, 2012). For example, 20-50 million tons of electronic waste, containing valuable metals, are discarded each year, with much of the discarded equipment exported to countries such as China and India for dismantling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)