albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The COVID-19 pandemic forced higher education institutions to reexamine their modes of instruction for the Fall 2020 semester. Some institutions chose to re-open for in-person instruction, others chose online or hybrid modalities. While it is assumed that institutions took into account public health concerns when making the decision on how to reopen, other factors may have played a role. Leveraging mode of instruction data for 2,938 colleges and universities, this paper examines the political, epidemiological, economic, and social factors related to Fall 2020 reopening plans. Surprisingly, it finds no discernible relationship between that county-level or state-level COVID-19 case counts and college or university reopening plan. Furthermore, campus demographics - such as White student enrollment - and state political characteristics - such as Governor's party - were related to campus mode of instruction decisions for the Fall 2020 semester.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Setting clear, long term, and legally binding frameworks to mainstream and encourage green growth are also key to attracting private investment. It also signed the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species in 1997. On commitments related to climate change, Cambodia ratified the Kyoto Protocol on greenhouse gas emissions in 2002. More recently, the country submitted a Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the UNFCCC in 2015 and signed the Paris Agreement in 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A considerable number of fossil fuel power plants are located near large cities in Emerging Asia (Table 3.4). In terms of total annual generation, the 27 coal plants near Shanghai produce an estimated 161 519.1 GWh per year, while Bangkok is highly exposed to gas-fired generation, 17 plants near the city produce an estimated 83 039.9 GWh. The countries in the region with coal-fired power generation (i.e. all except Brunei Darussalam) have established emissions standards for particulate matter, nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This process of academisation would be accomplished by better connecting these UC programmes with research activities based largely at universities, to support the development of research competencies among students. Additional goals of the associations included improving the efficiency of programme offerings and reducing overlap, sharing infrastructure, and increasing student mobility to strengthen equity in access. The policy was not seeking to promote mergers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In particular sport programmes, and sporting role models, can reinforce health education and messaging to reduce risk factors for NCDs. Sport programmes for female empowerment can include sessions where health information is discussed and participants are educated on sexual and reproductive health, HIV and AIDS, and nutrition and hygiene (Kay 2009). • Research has shown this can be more effective than conventional approaches in improving knowledge and attitudes amongst young people through the use of alternative communication and peer leader support (Delvaa et al. It is also a major focus within the SDP sector, especially in the area of HIV and AIDS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Members also agreed to develop methods for full and effective implementation of the LDC modalities, including appropriate mechanisms for according special priority to sectors and modes of supply of export interest to the LDCs. The Ministerial Conference adopted five LDC agreement-specific proposals. The most significant of these decisions was the agreement to provide LDCs with duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for at least 97 per cent of all products originating from LDCs (defined at the tariff line level) by 2008, or no later than the start of the implementation of the Round, in a manner that ensures stability, security and predictability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In this regard, the mobilization of the diverse potential of small and medium-sized cities and their surrounding territories is important, since small and medium-sized cities make up 94 per cent of the country’s urban settlements and are more evenly distributed throughout the country’s territory in contrast to the more peripheral location of oblast cities. They represent a backbone of the country’s urban settlement system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Introduction: Transnationalizing Legal Scholarship - A Decade of the German Law Journal Theorizing Transnational Law Comparative Law - The Openness of German Public Law Comparative Law - German Private Law in the World International Law and War without Borders European Constitutional Law
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
AbstractHigh prices and lack of innovation have placed expert legal services beyond the reach of too many Americans and Canadians. Is legal services regulation exacerbating common law North America's access to justice problem? Does regulatory maintenance of a unified legal profession, and insulation of that profession from non-lawyer influence, make it more difficult for people here to meet their legal needs? This article argues that, although regulatory liberalization is not a magic bullet for the accessibility of justice, there is strong evidence of a link between regulation and access. North American lawyer regulators need to understand, and work to reduce, the effects of their policies on the accessibility of justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are no charges for surface water abstraction, and fees for ground water abstraction are low. Pollution charges were abolished in 2005. As already noted, tariffs for water supply and sewerage for households are low and not cost-reflective, and a large proportion of households have no water meters and pay a flat fee per person.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In particular, regulatoiy-induced misalignments between the time horizons of investors and the need for long-term infrastructure financing would undermine the low-caibon transition. Greater transparency and harmonisation of corporate disclosures on climate risks and liabilities could also encourage climate-friendly investments. Public finance and investment could be powerful catalysts for the low-caibon transition, yet they are not fully aligned with climate goals. Although its share has been rising over time, less than one-fifth of official development assistance (ODA) is climate-related. Public support to private investments in coal and gas is still significant. National and international public financial institutions could more systematically lead the way by reconsidering their support to greenhouse gas-intensive projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In Belarus, Orsha, Mogilev, Rechytsa, love, Borisov, Minsk (especially Svisloch area), Gomel and Bobruisk are among the main sources of industrial wastewaters. Nutrients are the most important pollutants. Belarus assesses the impact of municipal wastewaters as widespread but moderate. The Dnieper is among the biggest recipients of pollutants in Ukraine, where until at least until recently (2004) metallurgy was the biggest wastewater producer, followed by the coal industry and the chemical and petrochemical industries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is still room for technical improvement regarding the implementation of specific CEP components. This expertise may offer an opportunity to develop a functional countrywide system of biodiversity monitoring in the near future, building on the ongoing basic monitoring of State Reserves. The development of such a monitoring system would benefit from the application of international good practice in biodiversity monitoring, and from a clear definition of the way in which monitoring results are published and used to support conservation decisionmaking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For instance, Brown and Matsa (2017) found evidence that job seekers are less mobile when they own a home in a distressed housing market. The positive relation between housing prices and participation found above could reflect the impact of housing costs on mobility from cheap to expensive states. However there does not seem to be any clear relation between housing restrictions or house prices and state mobility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
There has been complexities arising from distinguishing between ‘civil liberties’, ‘human rights’ and ‘fundamental freedoms’ in Nigerian human rights law. This paper explores the differences and connections between these concepts. The paper further examines whether they mean the same thing or they interdependent on each other. Furthermore, the paper examines the connectivity between economic and social rights with political civil rights. The paper seeks to draw on arguments on whether social, economic and cultural rights provided for under the Chapter II the 1999 Nigerian Constitution (as amended) are connected with fundamental rights of Constitution and whether they are guaranteed to the citizens of Nigeria. In order to do this the paper charts the different perceptions and interpretations of the Apex courts in Nigeria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In contrast to numerous studies on exogenous mechanisms of human security – such as the provision of human security by international actors – this study examines the role of informal networks in providing ‘freedoms from want’ and ‘freedoms from fear’ to the population. With the primary focus on post-communist South Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) this article conducts a rigorous examination of informal networks’ critical function as sources of human (in)security since the breakup of the Soviet Union. Based on a combination of open-ended elite (expert) interviews, field observation and closed-ended survey data, this study demonstrates that apart from the informal networks’ crucial role in generating social capital and functioning as indispensable social safety nets, they also exacerbate human insecurity by cementing the traditions of clientelism and corruption that are deeply entrenched in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper reviewed the literature on ethics, ethical theories, ethical principles, as well as the implications of unethical practices in organizations. The study revealed that unethical business practices have devastating consequences on organizations, since they result in poor corporate image, financial losses, market failures and sometimes complete corporate collapse. It was further observed that corruption, bad leadership, poor corporate governance, conflict of interest, lack of accountability, inadequate CSR, abusive and intimating behaviors among others are common in most organizations. The paper concludes that it is beneficial and in the enlightened self -interest of organizations to adopt good ethical practices. The paper also recommends that managers’ should ensure that ethical standards are crafted in their business philosophy and strategic intents in order to build and maintain a good corporate image.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Food security is an important social work issue historically, and social work educators are responsible for teaching a curriculum that ensures social workers advance human rights, social justice, and economic justice. Contemporary food justice work focuses on the intersecting issues of policy, health, social justice, economic development, and the natural environment. The long-term global public health and environmental threats posed by the mainstream food system in combination with increasing poverty and food insecurity have led to questions about the ability of communities to sustain a nutritionally adequate and equitably distributed food supply. This paper provides examples of social work courses, units, and assignments that focus on educating students about food and environmental justice issues. Much of this work is based on service learning, which is an effective pedagogical tool for fostering connections between classroom concepts and practice. Courses that help students understand the contextual env...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Methods applied in the different countries are either means-tested or community-based. Ideally, one targeting method should be applied to all income-dependent transfers. The presence of large informal sectors, widespread dependence on subsistence agriculture and inflow from remittances influence the applicability of the different methods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This effect has been observed in the past, not only for renewable electricity technologies such as wind and solar PV, but also in other fields such as information technologies.8 Thus, we would expect cost projections for the various renewable technologies to have the usual hyperbolic shape, with unit costs decreasing at a declining rate over time. Technical potential is defined as the total amount of energy (final or primary) that can be produced taking into account the primary resources, the socio-geographical constraints and the technical losses in the conversion process. Technical potential is defined by natural and climatic factors, land use and land cover limitations, as well as technical limitations. Economic potential and limitations, which are also considered in the study, are not used here. Many recent studies on these issues exist, but no two studies seem to be strictly comparable, due to differences in the scope of renewable technologies considered, the choice of the base year, the factors incorporated in the calculation of costs and the related assumptions concerning interest rates and other economic factors influencing those costs, the number of years for which projected data are available, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The strengths of this model are that 1) it is based on utility maximisation, 2) it gives a first-order approximation to any demand system, and 3) by means of restrictions on parameters, it embodies and can test ideal properties of demand such as homogeneity of degree zero in prices and symmetry of reactions to price changes across commodities. The parameters a*, Yij> and Pi are, respectively, the share-specific constant, price effect and expenditure (or income)" effect. The more familiar properties of demand functions (price and income elasticities) are functions of these share parameters and other data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While it was introduced to help encourage industrial and urban development, it resulted in a sharp increase in highly contentious land disputes. Farmers are not only involuntarily losing their base for farming, but also they receive very low compensations. However, the essential points of controversy in land disputes remain largely unaddressed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Occupational health and safety controls that include the vehicle as part of the workplace and systems of controls for organisations that use the road network to transport people and goods are also important contributors. Criminal justice systems are designed to deter and punish behaviours that transgress society’s norms and values as reflected in the laws to a considerable and conspicuous extent. It is not intended to respond to less than perfect behavioural transgressions to which the majority, if not all of citizenry are prone. Many of the behavioural shortcomings contributing to road trauma are of the “less than perfect” type of error and misjudgement, wandering attention of human beings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Health disparities are directly and indirectly associated with or related to social, economic, cultural and political inequities, the end result of which is a disproportionate burden of ill health and social suffering. There are major differences in the socioeconomic circumstances and lived world experiences of First Nations, Inuit, and Metis peoples, between status and non-status, on-reserve and off-reserve, as well as urban and rural indigenous peoples. At the same time, census data and other research show a persistent gap in socioeconomic status and well-being between indigenous and non-indigenous peoples in Canada. ’ For example, indigenous Canadians are overrepresented in HIV infection rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The plight of the undocumented in the United States elicits strong feelings on both sides of the debate. One viewpoint takes a strict immigration policy perspective and opposes the ability of the undocumented to access publicly financed programs and services including access to health care. Without the sanction of law, those taking a more flexible view must find persuasive arguments to permit the access to public services. The choice of arguments includes reframing the concept of citizenship, accepting the premise of basic human needs that invokes a human rights perspective and concerns about social justice, developing an ethic of care, or invoking a “common good” perspective that acknowledges the role of public health. This article frames the option of using a public health approach to argue for health care for the undocumented in the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In contrast, the share of the world’s extremely poor people increased in South Asia, from 29 per cent in 1981 to 43 per cent in 2005. The share of poor people in sub-Saharan Africa more than doubled over the same period, having gone from 11 per cent in 1981 to 28 per cent in 2005. These changes are partly accounted for by high rates of population growth in the absence of strong economic and productive employment growth, as well as by the failure in both regions to achieve significant structural change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Oceans, for example, contain nearly 300 000 identified species (though actual numbers may lie in the millions) and have absorbed one-third of the carbon dioxide resulting from human activities (Bijma et al., Today, 60% of the world’s major marine ecosystems have been degraded or are being used unsustainably (UNEP, 2011). Many fisheries are over-exploited, with some stocks on the verge of collapse, and coral reefs are bleaching due to exposure to high temperatures and other pressures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This opportunity might motivate students for higher achievements than without such assessment. As assessment for qualification and certification is expected to increase the overall level of achievement, the proportion of students proceeding into higher education may be positively affected. But findings on incentive effects are diverse in international and cross-regional comparative and national studies (more on this below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is a major achievement and the Internet provides a potentially unique platform for innovation, creativity, economic opportunity and social inclusion, which can make a major contribution to achieving SDG 9. Bridging the digital divide is crucial to ensure access to information and knowledge to all, as well as to foster innovation and entrepreneurship. The issue of "big data analysis also raises challenges concerning data privacy and security, while governments and other stakeholders will need to build capacity and resources to maximize its value" (ITU, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Available evidence suggests that this tendency is likely to have contributed to the rising share of workers on fixed-term contracts in OECD countries (see Box 2.3). Are the partial reforms of EPL in the 1990s - whereby hiring on temporary contracts was largely deregulated while maintaining stringent restrictions on regular contracts - responsible for this expansion of non-permanent - and often precarious - forms of employment? Identifying a significant relationship between changes in regulations and the stock of workers on fixed-term contracts is typically difficult (see e.g. OECD, 2004, 2010), in particular because substitution across types of contracts is likely to occur only over time through the process of hiring and separations (see e.g. Boeri, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
One approach to realize a sub-A switching network is all-optical time driven switching (TDS). In TDS network, optical bursts are all generated at the scheduled time-slots based on the precisely-sy nchronized global clock. The TDS architecture provides fine bandwidth granularity by the time-slot division and reduce pow er consumption by at least 40% since OEO conversion is not needed at the optical node[2].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Furthermore, the students in grades 9 and 10 have a mandatory project assignment that gives the students the opportunity to complete and present an interdisciplinary project. The project assignment is assessed in a written statement based on content, the working process and the presentation of the final work. The assessment of the project assignment can be indicated in the leaving certificate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Giving no ‘weighting’ to the individual items is not a neutral approach - it is a judgement that all the items on the list are of equal importance and that this is true for all of the countries being compared. A personal computer, for example, was originally included in a list of necessities proposed by the European Union but subsequently dropped when it was shown that only 30% of the population considered a computer to be ‘absolutely necessary’ or ‘necessary’.71" If the poll had been conducted among young people, as opposed to the population as a whole, it is reasonable to suppose that a much higher proportion would have categorized a computer as a necessity. First, both the child deprivation measure and the relative income measure must confront the question of where and how the threshold should be drawn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The practices in China, presented by a steel company, a synthetic fertilizer company and a cement company in Beijing, proved that cost-effective measures for energy saving, recycled resource utilization and waste minimization were both applicable and feasible for developing economies, which require shortterm returns from investments. Advanced technology transfer has become a “hot” topic in discussions related to the development of the CDM (clean development mechanism) or other “win-win” systems directed at combating global environmental threats. Bottom-up recycling practices were introduced during a seminar convened in Zhejiang in 2008. Bottle-to-bottle PET recycling in the Beijing area was also discussed, with emphasis on how it symbolized a new step for resource circulation in China.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
If it later turns out that the international market price attains a higher level than expected, then the “satisfactory” domestic price can be achieved with a lower tariff. From that perspective, if the level of world market prices for agricultural commodities turns out to be around 30% higher than originally expected, then ad valorem (equivalents of) tariffs could be reduced by around 30 percentage points without threatening the attainment of “satisfactory” prices on domestic markets. On that basis, it could be argued that the now higher level of international prices should reduce the perceived “need” for tariff protection - and hence facilitate agreement on the tariff cuts considered in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Water and Waste Disposal grant and loan funds are usually combined based on the income levels and user costs. However, separate stand-alone grants are provided for solid waste disposal and technical assistance and training. The 2016 Budget provides a total water and waste disposal programme level of nearly USD 1.7 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)