albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Court of Justice – Discrimination on the basis of disability – Article 21 and 26 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights – UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities – Employment Equality Directive – Relationship between different sources of law protecting the right of persons with disabilities – Charter as interpretative aid – Charter as a parameter of validity – Scope of application of the Charter – Constitutionalisation of the UN Convention
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Self-regulation by business is increasingly common internationally, but the effective implementation of international rules often continues to be seen as something that only states can carry out. We argue that more exclusively private forms of effective implementation can be constructed in self-regulation. Drawing on research in private international law, public policy implementation and self-regulation, we identify four distinct implementation sequences: monitoring, compliance, adjudication, and sanctioning. These sequences are sometimes constituted in response to deliberate integrated plans, but also come together in a decentralized manner. Many international business actors devise ways to carry out the sequences in order to implement rules that are important for them, reflecting a functional logic of implementation that is creative and pragmatic, and together constitute an important stage in the policy process of self-regulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is particularly relevant for dairy and meat commodities where there are few traders (for dairy, in part reflecting the past history of single seller export arrangements). For the principal crop commodity group, horticulture, the establishment of futures trading is also problematic due to the lack of a standardised product. Agro-food business in New Zealand must turn to commodity futures markets abroad (e.g. in Australia and the United States) in order to hedge commodity price risks. However, without being involved in price hedging as such, farmers use price information from international commodity futures. For example, wheat farmers use movements in the United States and Australian wheat futures prices as a guide to the prices they might expect in the future. Some analysts indicate that the disparities in movement of overseas futures and domestic market prices may be substantial in such trading, creating important basis risks for hedgers in New Zealand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
More than 2,000 patients are registered for the online service for video consultations and prescriptions. Doctors can access medical records as well as heart rate, blood pressure and other biosignal data, which are uploaded to the system by various devices. Patients access the Ningbo Cloud Hospital website to make appointments, and the system refers them to hospitals that provide optimal medical services digitally (see figure 14).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In particular, it called for measures of innovation in the public sector, including in the education sector. Measuring innovation in education responds to this call, offering new perspectives on measuring innovation in education. Thebook gives readers new international comparative information about innovation in education compared to other sectors, and documents change in a variety of dimensions of school practices between 1999 and 2011. It is a key resource for readers interested in educational innovation, but given the variety of practices covered, it also provides material of interest to a wider audience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Private sector enterprises in Dushanbe, as well as in other cities of Tajikistan, do not have access to the centralized heat supply system. Heating and hot water supply in residential areas are provided mainly through the burning of liquid, fluid and solid fuels in various types of stoves. Together with the other water reservoirs, this HPP's water reservoir, with a capacity of 13.3 km3, would be able to ensure multi-year regulation of the runoff into the Amu Darya basin to increase the sustainability of water supply for about five million ha of land in the riparian countries in low-water and drought periods. The main purpose of these studies was to evaluate the viability of the Rogun HPP, to provide an independent and objective assessment of the proposed project based on technological, economic, social and environmental factors, and to suggest potential alternatives to the Rogun HPP. All interim and final reports of the Rogun assessment studies were made public on 1 September 2014, which marked the end of the assessment process. Five rounds of meetings in the region were conducted with the participation of the officials from riparian countries, the diplomatic and development community and hundreds of civil society organizations over the four-year period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The goals reflect principles of universality that no one and no country should be excluded and that everyone and every country share a common—albeit differentiated —responsibility for the outcomes of all. Global momentum is thus in place to enable policymakers and advocates to move in ways that may have been much more difficult in the past. However, the measures used to monitor progress in human development often cover only countries and not individuals or groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Less than 11% of pupils attending public schools are entitled to a full teaching day, compared with 46% for those attending private schools (Barrera et al., Since private schools cover predominantly pupils from well-off families (and more so in Colombia than in many other countries, OECD, 2012c), many pupils face a double liability of coming from a disadvantaged background and attending a lower-quality school. Second, the poor selection and training of teachers affect education quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Although there are isolated examples of increased efficiency and water savings, there is currently no comprehensive and solid assessment of the overall effectiveness of these investments. An allocation frameworic was developed, which identified the capacity for reducing the water entitlements of existing white farmers and reallocating that water to black farmers. While a framework was developed, it has not yet been implemented due to technical and political challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Applied to exports, it rebates any climate-related charges imposed on goods that are destined for foreign markets where such charges are not imposed on their producers. It has been proposed a number of times and has consistently been rejected in the legislative or regulatory process. But as Parties implement increasingly forceful Paris Agreement commitments, they will inevitably consider the competitiveness and leakage impacts of their policies, and BCA will undoubtedly be weighed as one option for addressing them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This applies both to stand-alone initiatives related to women’s empowerment and to mainstreaming gender across all government plans and policies. Centres of government, such as cabinet offices and ministries of finance, should have the capacity to ensure that line ministries and agencies take into account gender impacts, among other considerations, when designing their policies, initiatives and budgets. Gender-specific agencies, such as gender equality ministries, usually provide gender-related advice to line ministries and the centre of government. Independent monitoring mechanisms, such as gender equality or human rights commissions, have the responsibility to provide independent recourse to complaints related to gender-based discrimination and oversee the implementation of gender equality commitments of the government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Although Blockchain technology presents interesting features in terms of security, immutability, transparency, traceability and automation, its wide-scale deployment currently hinges on various challenges. Scalability remains limited, existing blockchain networks and platforms do not “talk" to one another, and there are a number of unresolved legal issues, ranging from the legal status of blockchain transactions to the question of liability. Companies also rely increasingly on artificial intelligence (Al) and big data to analyse consumers' online shopping experiences in order to profile preferences and adapt products accordingly. Digital technologies such as 3D printing are making it feasible to supply customized goods and services to consumers who show a preference for personalized products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As discussed in Chapter 2, following the intervention in Kosovo and the subsequent publication of The Responsibility to Protect optimism abounded regarding the capacity of human rights advocates, and global civil society in particular, to influence the behaviour of Western states and, more ambitiously, alter the norms governing international relations. The prescriptions advanced by the ICISS tallied significantly with the goals expressed by global civil society and those generally concerned with promulgating the human security agenda. The intervention in Kosovo and the publication of The Responsibility to Protect thus appeared to respectively constitute a precedent and a blueprint for the new interventionism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Caribbean’s vulnerability, however, originates not from episodic external events, but - more importantly and persistently - from idiosyncratic internal inertias. Challenging and changing this status quo in small states will require nothing less than a paradigmatic shift and systemic transformation to build resilience based on the needs of a sustainable future rather than accepting or reacting to a multiplex of challenging institutional and market conditions by means of traditional interventions. In essence, the Caribbean will need to innovate its way out - led by the private sector in partnership with public institutions and regional agencies. It concludes that, despite considerable policy intentions and interventions, and beyond financial and market cycles, structural innovation deficits in small states in the public and private sectors are persistent and worsening, consequently leading towards an unsustainable path for building resilience and improving economic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There is a need to strengthen regional cooperation through confidence-building measures in order to ensure food security. Technical cooperation is also important, which can be provided through capacity building and technical assistance in terms of food production and distribution. With growing food demand and future food supply uncertainties, the trade system has to play a critical role in managing both short-term and long-term imbalances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The level of agricultural subsidies also dramatically increased in Indonesia, from $5.5 billion in 2009 to $25.7 billion in 2014. In this context, strengthening research and development is crucial to ensure the realization of that goal. Only limited cross-country comparable data are available to measure research and development in the agricultural sector in Asia and the Pacific. A recent publication on Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) provides statistical information on that topic.a Based on International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) estimates, total research and development spending for the agricultural sector represented $40.1 billion (2005 PPP dollars) in 2008, of which 79 per cent was from public spending and 21 per cent from private-sector research covering spending by seven agricultural input industries: seed/biotechnology, agricultural pesticides, fertilizer, farm machinery, animal health, nutrition, and breeding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Students and teachers do not learn and teach in a vacuum - they learn and teach something! There is no trade-off to be made between learning knowledge and applying processes of learning, metacognition and the like because both are fundamental. However, particular pedagogies may be more appropriate than others for particular types of knowledge and competence areas. Hence, the report also explores questions about pedagogies for particular subjects or competence sets. Questions about what is worth learning and how best to teach it often lies at the heart of approaches termed “innovative”. Innovative approaches are inherently nested to content and may even be based on new content such as robotics, dance, design, or computation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Poorer countries are unable to provide comprehensive unemployment benefits to affected population groups, in part because of the magnitudes involved, low revenue collections and costs to the treasury. Africa (excluding North Africa) has been increasing its coverage over the years (an average of 19 per cent) (see FIGURE 2.n). The challenge has always been the sustenance of such programmes by most Governments and development actors in the face of economic downturns or cutbacks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In other words, ensuring that the tool is used in the correct context matters just as much - if not more - than the choice of the policy support tool itself. Recent OECD analysis seems to show, however, that price-based support schemes such as FiTs and premiums might be more positively correlated with investors’ ability to raise private finance than quota-based schemes (renewable energy certificates, obligations and targets) (Cardenas-Rodriguez et al., When used in combination with FiTs or TGCs, they can stimulate clean energy investment.13 However, because of their fiscal nature, these mechanisms can create uncertainty for investors as they are influenced by national budget fluctuations and political priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This enterprise also provides funds for projects on sustainable forestry' (up to 20 projects a year). The Law on Forests stipulates the designation of a reporting and forecasting service w ithin the Forest Agency to monitor the health of forests. This inspectorate has six territorial divisions with a total of 17 inspectors. It carries out forest control measures for both public (24 estates based on the 10-year and annual forest plans) and private forests (based on municipal management plans).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The simulations change the loading factor of insurance for all the available crops at the same rate in each country. However, the transaction costs associated with contracting and enforcement may lower the net forward price to be lower than the contracted price for farmers. This transaction cost is expressed as the percentage of expected price. The simulation changed the transaction cost of forward contract for all crops at the same rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This strong decrease in the proportion of infected mosquitoes should translate into an important reduction of transmission in the field. The use of multiple effector molecules, each acting by a different mechanism, should greatly reduce the probability of selecting resistant parasites. The inhibition of parasite development was equivalent when using an African mosquito (Anopheles gambiae) and an Asian mosquito (An.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It gives member states considerable flexibility in terms of which elements are included within the SEA process, provided that the process achieves the overall objective of assessing (and, where necessary, addressing) environmental considerations. Again, the use of SEAs in Austria does not specifically require consideration of climate change adaptation, other than indirectly through the requirement to assess the likely evolution of the environment in the absence of the programme or plan being assessed. However, the absence of a requirement to assess adaptation does not preclude this step if it appears to be relevant. The test, applied whenever federal regulations were proposed or revised, covered both climate change adaptation and mitigation. Introduced in 2008 as part of the implementation of the Climate Change Strategy, it was supported by a range of capacity-building activities co-ordinated by the BMLFUW. The test started with an initial screening process to determine if climate change was likely to be relevant, if so, this was followed by an assessment process and then the consideration of options to address any negative impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The estimated health impact of air pollution in Kazakhstan is sizeable: premature mortality attributed to air pollution was estimated at 16 117 deaths for the 2008-2010 period, with the highest mortality estimate due to air pollution in Almaty City (Kenessariyev et al., This last study also concludes that the impact of air pollution on premature mortality in Kazakhstan is notably higher than in Russia and Ukraine. However, environmental monitoring systems are not sufficiently funded, and environmental statistics do not always reflect the current pollution load on the environment (World Bank, 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Although the ECA approach in itself has not been applied, a whole range of the accounts and data sets on which it rests have been used in different contexts and hence already undergone a verification process. While the ECA approach is not yet widely accepted, the need for the tool and its importance is widely recognised and the expert community is keen to see the ECA develop and be applied. The rationale behind the ECA and what its uses are can however be easily illustrated and communicated to non expert audiences. Hence, it may be used to identify the use of resource that indirectly result in biodiversity loss as far as the resource extraction that has impact on biodiversity is captured in the land use cover maps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Open defecation rates are declining almost everywhere except Sub-Saharan Africa, where rates are still increasing, however, it is the only resort for about a billion people in the world (UNDESA 2014). A gender-responsive approach to sanitation is required which acknowledges that people's intimate needs are socially intertwined and culturally embedded (Tilley ef al. Such an approach is necessary not only in order to address the specific needs and preferences of women, but to create spaces where taboo personal activities can be carried out without exposure to danger and shame. In most of the world women do not have the same access to toilets as men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The selected individuals were asked to complete an online questionnaire and could also ask for a paper copy. Participants were offered an incentive to complete the questionnaire, with their names being entered in a draw for prizes. Those who were particularly difficult to reach (e.g. early school leavers) were followed up by telephone initially and then face to face.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Israeli Water Authority permits water pumping and purification operators the freedom to minimise their energy demands during these peak daytime hours. To minimise costs and maximise profits, operators pump larger proportions of the daily water quotas during the night hours, and store these in numerous reservoirs throughout the country. They thereby reduce energy costs, while helping homogenise energy demands across the day-night cycle. In another instance, the Israeli Water Authority issues tenders for the construction of large-scale desalination plants that are as energy-efficient as possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Although climate change is expected to have a negative impact on yields in the majority of cases, in a few cases a boost in yields may be expected, as shown in Figure 6. Figure 7 presents the changes in land allocation relative to the Reference scenario. In irrigated areas, the negative impact of changed precipitation and increased temperatures is reduced by the availability of irrigation water, making yields more resistant to climate variations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Roelen, Gassmann, and de Neubourg (2011)28 compare child poverty outcomes in Vietnam on the basis of an absolute monetary approach with a country-specific multidimensional approach that aims to be a direct measure of child poverty beyond economic resources. The degree of overlap between the two methods of identification was found to be limited. The analysis also reveals that targeting of policies on the basis of monetary poverty potentially has unfavourable effects for those identified as multidimensionally poor, and vice versa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For some tasks of the global stocktake (e.g. determining the effectiveness of adaptation and of support for adaptation), some of the information needs will be difficult to meet in a comprehensive and objective manner. However, by itself, this information may not be sufficient to meet the eventual demands of the global stocktake and other international aims such as learning lessons on the effectiveness of seeking and using adaptation support. The Paris Agreement states that all Parties “should” submit and update an “adaptation communication”. The Paris Agreement indicates both what country adaptation actions could comprise and what information could be included in an adaptation communication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The increasing use of forced displacement as an objective of conflict, rather than a consequence of conflict, reflects that intra-state conflict has replaced inter-state conflict as the dominant form of conflict worldwide (Orchard, 2010: 38). The aim of these “new wars” is to control population and territory by killing or expelling those of a different ethnic, religious or political identity (Kaldor, 1999: 100, Orchard, 2010: 39). First, “facts of displacement frequently become acts of mass atrocity” (Orchard, 2010: 39).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
But given the severe strain on the w'ater resources in the Valle de Mexico, investment in leakage reduction is likely to create significant returns. Tariffs are for 2015 and converted from MXN to USD using the average exchange rate for 2014. The pressure at which water can be supplied is constrained, to avoid bursting pipes. This means that water w'ill not be available to all households in the affected part of the network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
At almost 30%, growth of employment in the ocean based-industries over the 20-year timeframe is expected to outpace that of the global workforce (around 19%). Table 1.2 presents a sector-by-sector comparison of the results of the projections to 2030 for the annual average growth rates of value added and employment for the ocean economy. The main drivers for these alternative scenarios were defined in an internal workshop with the Project Steering Group in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Adequacy is related to the long run characteristics of an electrical system. In the last decade the long-term adequacy of the electrical system has been becoming an issue in many OECD countries due to a progressive slow-down in the investments in new dispatchable capacity, a growth in peak demand and increasing doubts about the ability of variable renewables to contribute to long-term system adequacy. The reliably available capacity takes into account the average availability of the power plant due to outages and maintenance shutdowns, the limitations to power output due to natural conditions (such as wind speed and direction, water temperature, precipitation and the solar irradiation factor) as well as the reserve capacity used for short-term balancing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)