albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Similarly, it is reasonable to expect that in some cases, even where a NUP is given a high level of priority in national policy development, resources are still lagging or uncoordinated. This includes national-level investment in linkages between major urban settlements. In the region, waste management has been a particular priority as has been the development of durable and affordable housing. Similarly, land management has been a target of resourcing. In some cases, national-level resourcing of urban infrastructure has been used as a wider economic stimulus. This is in addition to considerable levels of urban housing, infrastructure and transport development by sub-national governments, though not necessarily under the rubric of a NUP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Potential projects are evaluated in this regard through a thorough screening procedure and, if necessary, must provide a positive environmental impact assessment. The CFP aims to ensure a sustainable exploitation offish resources. This means reducing the number of fishing vessels and the duration of the fishing period, the establishment of open and closed fishing seasons and areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As temperature rises, crop productivity is predicted to decrease at lower latitudes — although it is also expected to increase at mid-high latitudes. Warming, together with changes in water precipitation and unpredicted climate variability, affects the timing and length of growing seasons and yields, with strong impacts on farmers’ livelihoods and on food security more generally (United Nations, 2011b, pp. By 2020, between 75 million and 250 million people in Africa are projected to be exposed to increased water stress owing to climate change and as a consequence, yields in some countries could be reduced by up to 50 per cent. Agricultural production, including access to food, in many African countries is projected to be severely compromised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The reform will allow negotiations of special work conditions, without going through the DT, if the company has 30% affiliation in one or more unions. The negotiation process starts with a floor: the employer cannot offer lower benefits than the ones that already exist, with some exclusions. Therefore, the effect on overall income distribution is ambiguous. However, the fact that income inequality is larger at the top of the distribution indicates that the Gini coefficient will be reduced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These may include changes in the scale of the economy, in consumption patterns, and in economic structure — including the extent to which demand is satisfied by domestic production or by imports. Other mechanisms in the causal chain include the adoption of cleaner technology, the use of higher quality inputs, and the post facto clean up of pollution and treatment of waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In some cases, bad health may have precipitated the withdrawal from the labour force while in others bad health may have developed later on. In any case, bad health has become an obstacle for many outside the labour force to take up a job or even look for one. Not only the death toll from opioid overdoses has become a major public health issue but Krueger (2017) found some link between the increase in opioid prescriptions and the decline in labour force participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Waste targets primarily emphasise material reuse and recycling as end objectives. Timelines are set for reaching targets. If the goals and targets are not achieved at the end of the set time period, a recommendation is made, and an analysis has to be produced in order to explain why targets were not met.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
According to Gaini (Gaini 2005), the extent of this crisis was unparalleled in Europe and it radically changed the Faroese society. Nevertheless, a relatively small proportion of the labour force is actually employed in the fishing industry, whereas a large proportion of the labour force is employed in the service sector, much like the rest of the Nordic countries. Like the rest of the Nordic countries, a vast proportion of those employed in the service sector are women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition to operating as independent non-banking financial institutions, SOFOLES and SOFOMES have received rising funding from SPYME and NAFINSA to deliver programmes at the local level, which has enabled them to develop also at a period of general crisis. The reverse side is that, in spite of their original objective to encourage SME development, the range of loan size in which these institutions operate suggests that they are rather more active in the consumer credit market and that, as a result, business credit is still concentrated in a few traditional large banks. At present, there are seven large banks in Mexico, six of which are foreign-owned, that accounts for 84% of the total assets in the banking sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Injury is both a welfare issue and a cause of increased mortality, for example in seals (Allen et al. A comprehensive review of marine litter impacts on migratory species has been published for the Secretariat of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS 2014a). Brown mussels expressed stress proteins, had signs of lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, and effects on lysosomal integrity (Santana et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The stimulus packages were biased in favour of the financial sector, which caused the crisis in the first place. In practice, the stimulus packages showed little, if any, gender sensitivity. In fact, the main components of the various stimulus packages seem to still reflect “gender stereotypes” in policy- making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
On the other hand, some men may accept this increased position of women in the household and decrease IPV in order to keep her satisfied in the marriage. The items in the far-left box represent different elements of the program design that can influence its impact, such as the size, frequency and duration of transfers, and the targeting criteria, including the particular vulnerability and poverty profiles of the beneficiary population and whether or not women are explicit recipients of the transfer. We hypothesize that the specific pathways or causal mechanisms that become operative in any instance may be a function of: 1) the design features of the CT itself, and 2) how a woman's partner reacts to the transfer, and 3) the context of the CT program, including underlying contextual factors such as the gender regimes, social norms, and local laws and policies. In the following sections, we explain stylized versions of each pathway, relying where necessary on a broader evidence base than the CT and IPV literature, and analyse the degree to which data from the review either supports or refutes the hypothesised pathway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Often, this will be all the patient needs but in the case of a need for referral for acute care, this can be done in such a way that takes into account the totality of a patient health care needs. Ultimately, such a system could help in identifying resource needs and priority setting for successful outcomes. A key facet of Korea’s registration projects has demonstrated the benefits of proactive outreach both in raising awareness about risky health behaviours that might lead to the development of chronic disease and also in moderating lifestyle habits of those with established chronic disease.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
External state pressure is understood to have played a causally significant role in democratic breakthrough in Taiwan and South Korea during the 1980s. This article problematizes the international dimensions of democratization in Taiwan and South Korea by first providing a revisionist account of external agency which involved complex networks of transnational nonstate and substate actors. These included human rights activists, Christian churches and related ecumenical organizations, members of the Taiwanese and Korean diaspora communities in the US, academics and students, foreign journalists, and members of the US Congress. In forming a transnational “protection regime” during the 1970s and 1980s to protect the political opposition from repressive governments, they contributed to the development of effective democratic movements. The case studies provide us with a more comprehensive view of the international dimensions of democratization, speaking to both the country specific and general theoretical lite...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Trade regulations themselves aside, this may be attributed in part to the fact that regulatory procedures are not aligned with these new ways of doing business. Enabling trade control agencies to take advantage of the fact that the original data generated and used by private sector stakeholders are now almost always in electronic form would go a long way in facilitating trade - and increasing regulatory compliance. Development of mobile applications for completion of regulatory procedures may also be actively considered as, unlike computers, these devices have become ubiquitous in even the least developed countries of the region. Finally, establishing public-private partnerships between trade control agencies and the e-commerce, e-payment and/or e-logistics platforms may be explored to transfer part of the regulatory control functions to these private service sector providers, taking advantage of their IT capabilities and know-how, as well as their privileged access to data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Conservation translocations, the deliberate movement of wildlife for the purposes of conservation have helped protection and restoration of species. The IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) Reintroduction Specialist Group (RSG) and Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) released in 2013 the IUCN “Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations. When the war gradually broke out in Nepal in 1996 tourism dropped by 41% in two years219 and rhino numbers dropped by 1/3 in five years to only 408 in 2005 as they were targeted for profits by armed groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article, written by Teresa M. Miguel-Stearns, explores the vast differences in judicial authority not only between the common law and civil law traditions, but also among various countries steeped in the civil law tradition in Latin America. Judicial review, certiorari, precedent, and other functions and characteristics of the judiciaries of five distinctly different countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico) are compared and contrasted with each other and with the common law tradition. This evaluation demonstrates that despite their, arguably, similar distant histories and legal foundations, each country has evolved into a unique legal system with significant differences in the treatment of the judiciary and its jurisprudence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This includes interventions that increase a country’s capacity to mitigate or adapt to climate change, or that improve the enabling environment for climate responses within the country. Cost-effectiveness could also disadvantage certain types of interventions (e.g. small-scale energy-efficiency) or countries (e.g. SIDS), where transaction costs would be relatively higher. Using cost-effectiveness to assess the effectiveness of climate finance more broadly could lead to perverse incentives to channel financing to regions with lower transaction costs as opposed to greater need. These concerns underlie calls from developing countries for “needs-based” as opposed to “results-based” financing in the UNFCCC negotiations (e.g. LMDC, 2013 and remarks by the Philippines in USD, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
First, the scene is set by showing what the family poverty rate -i.e. These scenarios seem to be extremely effective to reduce poverty, especially scenario 2 when the child poverty reduction is at the same level as Denmark’s (Table 7). Under this scenario, all child poverty rates are below 8%, with the highest being the United Kingdom at 7.8%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Similarly, 84% of entrants to tertiary-type B institutions graduate, compared to the OECD average of 62%. Japan fell from first in mathematics in 2000 to sixth (among OECD countries) in 2006, from second to third in science and from eighth to 12th in reading comprehension. Australia has a Child Care Benefit (CCB), a voucher given to families to help with the cost of care. It varies with family income, the number of children in childcare centres and the type of care received.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Policymakers who value technological innovation may develop and strengthen national and multinational strategic R&D programmes. Governments may focus on demand pull (achieving improvements through efficiency standards and regulations), technology push (encouraging improvements through R&D funding and technology transfer) or, most often, a combination. Publicly funded research centres, including training, public research institutions focused on energy efficiency, and jointly funded industry-government research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition to largely one way broadcast type communications a number of countries are using communications for interactive, two way conversations. These methods may be important for building understanding, capacity and in mobilising demand for safety and the safe system. Public transport remains vital to the safe system. This can involve significant challenges but also opportunities for leadership and management as discussed earlier in this paper.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The rapid assessment takes into account the damage and losses for selected sectors such as housing, infrastructure and agriculture, with disaster risk reduction as a cross cutting sector. This will be a step-by-step guide on conducting rapid damage assessments for the selected sectors using space, geospatial modelling, crowdsourcing and other web-based technology. The manual was pilot tested following the PDNA for the 2015 Nepal earthquakes and the methodology was reviewed by experts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The public policy discretion at common law in Australia was established in the High Court case of Bunning v Cross. The discretion has subsequently been interpreted and applied to permit courts to e...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The steeper the line, the stronger the relationship. As we can see, the shape of the lines varies greatly between dimensions and areas. Utilities show also a very flat curve, with a big rural-urban gap, showing that the problem, in this dimension, lies mostly in the lack of infrastructure and access to services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
One of the most obvious examples is how tax policies affect land use is the tax deductibility of commuting expenses. Commuting expenses are tax deductible in 12 of 26 analysed OECD countries (Harding, 2014). Given the marginal tax rates in OECD countries, this reduces the costs of commuting by up to 50%, which provides incentives to people to live further away from their place of work than they would otherwise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
All firms would have an economic incentive to reduce pollution, but each would have a choice about how to do this, and over which time scale. Such schemes have been slow to emerge elsewhere, and several have been problematic and little-used, for several reasons. This calls for regular and thorough monitoring and regulation. In their attempt to control such eventualities the regulatory authorities risk adding to the bureaucratic complexity, and the costs of participation, in the schemes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The most optimal approach to ensure this was to model a Shared Taxi fleet that was 100% accessible - as is the case in certain cities around the world. International evidence also points to the potential of accessible transport systems to generate large economic benefits (ITF, 2016d). Feigan, S. and C. Murphy (2016), "Shared Mobility and the Transformation of Public Transit.1'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Landlocked LDCs are poorer than other LDCs, with an average GNI per capita more than one quarter less than the LDC average and 37 per cent less than that of other (coastal and island) LDCs (figure 2.2). Landlocked LDCs on average also have a lower HAI than other LDCs (45.7 compared with 54.7), though by a smaller margin (figure 2.3). Their average of 39.3 compares with 42.6 for non-landlocked LDCs (figure 2.3) and 52.0 for SIDS LDCs (figure 2.4), but is well above the graduation threshold of 32.0 (a lower figure indicating lower vulnerability). However, this partly reflects the inclusion in the EVI of the share of population in low-lying coastal zones, which is by definition zero in LLDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Ces deux mesures ne sont pas compatibles et risquent de compromettre la realisation des deux objectifs. Des marches plus concurrentiels requierent, au minimum, une information de bonne qualite, un financement approprie et des incitations plus fortes a l’efficience. Compte tenu du vieillissement de la population, les politiques actuelles feront plus que doubler le cout des soins de longue duree au cours des decennies a venir.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Those who participate in paid care work —for example, paid domestic workers, nurses, educators and caregivers— face more precarious working conditions, with less or no access to social security and protection, lower wages and a higher probability of falling into poverty than those who participate in other sectors of the economy (ECLAC, 2013a and 2016b). Nonetheless, women remain unrecognized or unremunerated on a broader economic, political and social level, and this situation also has consequences for the wellbeing of households and the persistence of poverty (ECLAC, 2013a). Women assume the personal cost of a social function that is crucial for guaranteeing the reproduction of societies, and even the sustainability of public policies, particularly social policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Managers of Barki Tojik will learn to identify the risks of climate change associated with hydropower, and ways to control them. By the combination of such information and its application in the company’s business activities, the project will optimize power generation and improve the dam's safety, thereby helping to move towards best international practice. The project is a pilot one which will provide outputs for future application in the hydropower sector of Tajikistan and throughout the region, and have the potential for future investment projects. The In-Depth Review of Energy Efficiency Policies of Tajikistan was released by the Energy Charter in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In contrast, some EMEs, such as Brazil, have successfully raised agricultural production through the expansion of commercial agriculture. The process of growing crops in the ground is not itself subject to scale economies. However, as agricultural productivity becomes more dependent upon technology, purchased inputs and logistics, commercial organisation starts to have advantages over small-scale farming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, recipients of homeownership grants are constrained in their residential mobility not least because the subsidized dwellings cannot be sold for 5 years. The subsidy is designed as a rental voucher targeted at young families, i.e. people aged 18 to 30 living in households of at least 2 individuals. Eligibility is based on income, household composition and current housing conditions and targets households from the 2nd to the £>h decile of the income distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They reported that cash transfers had the greatest impact on marriage-related indicators, noting that the transfers worked as an incentive to stay in school and increase financial independence, both of which could have reduced adolescent marriage. Enrolment rates were higher for children participating in the programme, and there was a slight increase in the number of years of schooling they received. The mixed results suggest that the design of transfer programmes may be important for achieving outcomes. Cash payments made directly to girls rather than their parents had the greatest impact on reducing adolescent pregnancy and HIV in Malawi’s Zomba programme (Baird et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Teachers are key actors in creating this context for learning and growth and can help establish effective learning environments. As we move into the future, new forms of educational provision will be needed that recognise the essential role that teachers play in transforming classrooms and to support them in their endeavour. This chapter explores the implications of the digital transformation on education systems and explains how teachers and policy makers can work together to harness its potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Basic version of the component-based models typically use health expenditure estimates broken down into major spending categories and age classes. All of these data requirements are generally recorded in databases in OECD countries and often cover a relatively long time span. Similarly, demographic projections are often regularly produced and updated. However, the development of more sophisticated versions of the component-based models could require additional information, such as health spending broken dowm by gender and disease categories, by descendent and survivor status or by end-of-life costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Scottish Government, ISD Scotland, and Health Boards also put in place processes to produce additional information about the management of waiting lists, for example identifying when patients are recorded as unavailable for patient choice reasons, which has helped add transparency to the process. In addition to this programme, a series of primary care indicators have been developed to identify issues around avoidable variation and health system waste. These indicators include referrals, hospital admissions, prescribing and patient experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
According to the WEF, on the 2016 trends, it could be closed within 82 years. In effect, although women remain under-represented in political decision-making, the statistics generally point to incremental progress and opportunity to build on gains achieved. It provides key facts - where women are (or are missing) in parliament, local government, cabinet and the top leadership of their countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Indeed, it has been estimated that some CDDCs could reach all or a significant share of their unconditional NDC mitigation targets through flaring reduction atone (table 4.1). Therefore, oil-producing CDDCs could benefit from an assessment of the required policy and regulatory framework to induce alternative utilization and commercialization of associated gas in the upstream oil sector. In this context, strengthening governance of the extractive sector is crucial. Increasing transparency and accountability can be powerful measures against corruption and bribery in the sector (Cameron and Stanley, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This application relates to both fresh lampreys and cooked lampreys in aspic (European Commission, 2014). Fishing and especially fish processing is traditionally export-oriented economic activity and forms a significant share of total exports (Table 8). Latvia has stable demand for seafood products and well-developed fish consumption traditions. Latvian fishers and fish processing companies provide a wide variety of fish products and canned fish for the domestic market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)