albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This study examines how income-driven governance affects inclusive human development in Sub-Saharan Africa with data for the period 2000-2012. The empirical evidence is based on the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) and Tobit regressions. Nine bundled and unbundled concepts of governance are used: political (voice & accountability and political stability/no violence), economic (government effectiveness and regulation quality) and institutional (corruption-control and the rule of law) governances. The main finding is that ‘middle income’-driven governance has a higher effect on inclusive human development than ‘low income’-driven governance. Policy implications are discussed in the light of: (i) the contemporary relevance of findings, (ii) the pivotal role of a higher income level in the post-2015 sustainable development agenda, and (iii) inconsistent strands in the literature and in foreign aid policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
abstract Representing the first two sustained literary treatments of the Cambodian genocide in Canadian literature, Kim Echlin’s The Disappeared and Madeleine Thien’s Dogs at the Perimeter employ the genre of fiction to contribute to the testimonial archive of the atrocities committed by Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge regime while simultaneously deconstructing the foreignness of this historical trauma in relation to Canada’s past. Mobilizing an aesthetics of entwined responsibility that claims Cambodia’s history as a part of Canada’s international history, the novels of Echlin and Thien prompt a consideration of the role of novels written by non-Cambodians in confronting issues of Western complicity in foreign human rights abuses and in mediating questions about alternative epistemologies of healing and trauma recovery in the aftermath of mass violence. This essay suggests that the failure of justice and accountability that has characterized Cambodia’s international human rights movement speaks to the urgency and ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The seven crops represent 65% of the value of total crop production, and the six livestock products 90% of total livestock production. The corresponding data on domestic, external reference prices, and transportation, processing and handling margins have been collected and price gaps calculated for all 13 products. For the purpose of calculating the price gaps, five products - wheat, rice, maize, barley, and cotton - are treated as exportable products over the whole period. Five commodities - sunflower, potatoes, milk, poultry meat and eggs - are considered as the importable ones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2010, the National Institute of Statistics replaced the National Employment Survey (ENE) with the New National Employment Survey (NENE) to align Chile with OECD best practices in the measurement of employment, unemployment and inactivity. This change may have unintentionally upward biased employment figures. The old survey recorded as employed only those people who spent most of the week working, whereas the new survey does it for everybody earning a salary for at least one hour per week.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Traditional project finance structures imply high transaction costs to evaluate adequately the ins-and-outs of the project. A complete risk evaluation and feasibility study of the project is conducted before any finance is actually committed. The typical deal structure of project finance revolves around USD 30 million, much higher than any of the deals currently structured for EE financing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The particular combination of pension pillars (including benefit types as well as more specific pension design features such as eligibility conditions, population effectively covered, benefit levels, and so on) shape the impacts the pension systems can have in each country on different groups of people and on women and men. On average in the European Union (EU), the poverty rate before social transfers (including pensions) is estimated at 44 per cent (Figure 2-1). As expected, the greatest impact of social transfers is found among older adults, who by and large rely on pensions as the main source of income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
One is the concentration of consumers’ food purchases, another is the concentration of food import suppliers. Table 5 shows concentration ratios, which show the cumulative shares of the most important (Cl), two most important (C2) and three most important (C3) food staples in total calorie consumption. In general, higher income countries have more diversified consumption patterns and so are less vulnerable to increases in the price of one specific staple.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Figure 1.4 shows this growth in investment in these technologies over the past decade. In most cases, this slow down is attributed to the continued declining costs of technology as the technology matures and benefits from process innovation in manufacturing production (in solar PV, for example). The economic recession experienced in many countries since 2008 has also lead to a decline in public subsidies to support renewable activities and this has also contributed to the slowdown in some countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Sava River itself rose more gradually (about 3.5 m in five days) which is why the water level in the Serbian part of the basin peaked after the rainfall event had ceased. As a result of the flooding, 34 persons died - 13 by drowning - and over 30,000 were evacuated from their homes. It was recommended that special care be taken to avoid serious environmental damage caused by hazardous wastes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Commentary, with reference to UK and US case law, considering the international legal principle prohibiting torture and the evidentiary use of the fruits of torture as established in the European Convention on Human Rights and approaches to protecting society in the context of the real risk of terrorism. Article by Dr Kern Alexander published in Amicus Curiae – Journal of the Society for Advanced Legal Studies at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies. The Journal is produced by SALS at the IALS (Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is a challenging task, given the diversity of the 2030 Agenda and related company activities. Such information includes issues related to the environment, society, employees, respect for human rights, anti-corruption and bribery. The document also provides specific key performance indicators as examples. While this chapter focuses on the indicators as a quantitative benchmark and their consistent methods of measurement, it also acknowledges that the contextual or narrative information would be needed to enhance their usefulness for stakeholders, other industry- and company-specific disclosures will be important as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For example, if an individual’s income is exactly at the mean, the ratio is equal to one and therefore its log equal to zero implying that this individual does not contribute to inequality. The sum of the log ratios is weighted by each observation’s share of total income. For instance if one calculates a Theil measure of inequality for the world and then one for each continent, there will be a remaining part of inequality that is not explained by the differences in continents (betweenness) and thus attributed to the variation within continents. For example, the share of world GDP held by the G7 countries has steadily declined in favour of seven emerging economies, in particular China and India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The main forest species are beech, fir and oak - constituting the country’s emblematic landscape, which occupied 62.0% of total land area in 2009. About 26 000 animal and plant species have been identified. As many as 850 species are endemic, and most of them live underground in karstic cave habitats.11 Slovenia is also home to animals such as the white-tailed eagle, bear, wolf and lynx.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It identifies strengths and weaknesses and key issues for innovation policy, and develops specific policy recommendations for improving Costa Rica's performance in science, technology and innovation. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita has steadily increased at rates higher than in most Latin American countries as the economy has evolved along its development path from a rural and agriculture-based economy to a more diversified one integrated into global value chains. The process of opening up to international trade and attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) that started in the early 1980s has contributed largely to this evolution, boosting exports, employment and output while increasing the well-being of people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Rebuilding and managing fisheries in a biologically and environmentally sustainable way can bring considerable social and economic benefits. Policy makers are therefore pressed to rebuild fisheries. A rebuilding plan begins with evaluating the state of the fishery including the environmental and socio-economic situation. The next steps include setting feasible rebuilding goals, deciding on mechanisms to achieve them, monitoring progress, and ensuring the long-term sustainability of the fishery once rebuilt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Previous findings suggest that the impact of immigrants on the labour market is small. Several studies find a negative effect of immigration on wages, although no consensus is reached in regard to the magnitude of this effect. According to economic principles, the negative effect on the wages of the native-bom would suggest a positive effect on employment, this is indeed suggested by some available studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This paper aims to contribute to the literature with a case study on institutionalisation of public-service knowledge-networks. It stems from a four-year doctoral research dealing with institutionalisation processes (IPs) of institutionalised nursing homes in Latin American cities. The paper will first bring a theoretical background on profound social change through network formation for community building purposes. It will draw from Giddens' structuration model from the Barley and Tolbert (1997) perspectives. This will allow observing social capital construction and its role in building networks, organisations and institutions in emerging knowledge-oriented public service contexts. The paper will depict action-learning as the main methodological approach, using a practitioner-based qualitative analysis of institutional processes. Networks that include families, nursery shelters, funding and childcare entities amongst others, would be identified and expected to link with policy-makers and authorities, in order to consistently prevent the perverse effects of homelessness: violence, abuse and social exclusion in our cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While South Africa had an Office on the Status of Women in the President's Office, it had a Joint Committee on the Quality of Life and Status of Women in parliament. With the creation of a stand-alone ministry, there is now a portfolio committee on Women, Children and People with Disabilities. The reasons they cited boiled down to demystifying the institution, feeling valued, feeling that they knew and felt strongly about issues such as gender and the plight of women in rural areas, as well as the fact that they had proprietary knowledge (Mtintso 1995, 1999a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Leaving school early has a major impact on young people’s life chances, as well as generating large negative external effects for society and lowering economic productivity. However, over the last 15 years a remarkable effort has been made to bring their number down to 19% in 2013 (European Commission). Among other measures, evaluation reports have highlighted the key role that the increase of Vocational Education and Training (VET) provision in Portugal has played in improving students’ performance and reducing dropout rates (QREN, 2009, QREN, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
ABSTRACT The international humanitarian law of armed conflict … constitutes a means to an end: the preservation of humanity in the face of the reality of war. (Kalshoven & Zegveld, 2001, p.203) If the rule of law means anything globally, it must mean that counter‐terrorism defence is undertaken consistently with international law and its institutions. (Horrigan, 2003, p. 287) In situations of war or emergency, as in the current ‘war on terrorism’, international humanitarian law clearly defines what is permissible, particularly in terms of humanitarian and human rights legislation governing state activity. There remains, however, a lack of clarity around the terms ‘unlawful combatant’, ‘unprivileged combatant/belligerent’, widely used in case law, legal literature and military manuals, though not terms used in treaties. They raise debate concerning interpretation and consequent applicable protective processes (Dormann, 2003). This article assesses the status and treatment of the Guantanamo Bay detainees, f...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Crop water requirements are defined as the “quantity of water required by a crop in a given period of time for normal growth under field conditions” (FAO, 2008). In cases where precipitation is lower than the evapotranspiration requirement, there is a water deficit. In such situations, irrigation water can fill the gap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) establishes the latest of the UN human rights complaints mechanisms. After an overview on the main key issues and functions of the Protocol, this paper examines the extent to which it may be deemed a meaningful tool for challenging systematic poverty.This paper argues that interpreting development and poverty alleviation in terms of shared responsibility would reinvigorate the importance of the justiciable obligation of international assistance and cooperation in mitigating harmful practices of inequality and exclusion. It concludes that a potentially more effective complaints mechanism could have been created. Nevertheless, the adjudicatory role of the Committee would be crucial for highlighting violations of ESCR committed by both donor and recipient states, thus enhancing victims’ participation, transparency, and accountability for any breach of the Covenant’s territorial and extraterritorial obligations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Africa has witnessed many successful pilot projects regarding maternal health at the government, private sector and development partner levels. These innovative projects were allowed to wither away without an appropriate framework for scale-up. While scale is very difficult to reach and could take a very long time to materialize, government and other stakeholders should not shy away from this vital responsibility. The strategy is to operate within local organizations to improve the health system and empower populations. Sen/ice providers work on a competitive basis, with better performance rewarded. The system also encourages transparency and accountability of health care centres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These were essentially two-dimensional plans aiming at dynamic representations of urban growth and change while in fact they were more frequently static. Master plans explicitly required professionals and the citizenry alike to fit their aspirations and their desired physical forms into the patterns they set out. The plan was the context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In exploring the impact of economic problems on public opinion, scholarship has nearly exclusively focused on personal and national economic experiences. At present, little to no research analyzes the impact of economic distress within one’s social network on an individual’s attitudes. Drawing upon network and contact theories, it is argued that financial hardship experienced vicariously through one’s friends should influence an individual’s views about the political economy, and ultimately, their economic policy preferences, such as support for redistribution. Utilizing national survey data, this article demonstrates that having economically distressed friends heightens perceived class-based bias in the political system—namely, that the rich have undue influence over politics. Further, moderated regression analysis reveals that this effect depends upon the prevalence of political discussion within one’s friendship network. Finally, mediation analysis reveals that, by heightening perceived class-based bia...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Contracts for MSW collection are agreed with individual households, and commercial and industrial clients, as well as with garage cooperatives and dacha cooperatives. Containers are located inside courtyards, away from main streets and sometimes collection is obstructed by parked cars. In the countryside larger containers (4-12 m3) are also used or waste is delivered by residents directly to a collection vehicle (bell system).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Cities have the capability to improve living and working conditions, and to create an environment within which poor people are treated equitably by political and bureaucratic systems. Unfortunately, however, many poor do not benefit from the opportunities offered by cities (www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications/wssd-neg-cochin.pdf). Urban poverty in India remains high, at roughly 25 per cent, with an estimated 80 million poor people in the cities and towns of India (source: National Sample Survey Organization’s survey report).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Each incubator project is funded for two to three years, so AFEM operates the incubators on a project basis. When one grant ends, the search for another project hinder begins. It is also negotiating its entiy into the RMIE (incubator) network of the Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST), if admitted, the most innovative projects in the AFEM incubators will be eligible for MAD 230 000 of funding support from the CNRST.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, in such countries as Tunisia, the implementation of these programmes, which are seen as a new form of public jobs, has created a serious burden on the budget. In addition, analysis suggests that while the mentioned reform programmes have generated “islands of excellence”, they have failed to initiate broader systemic changes.41 Systemic changes in terms of a structural transformation of Arab economies, diversification away from rents and a move into other technologically advanced sectors, have been on the Arab agenda for a while, and in some aspects the process is on an encouraging path. The share of the manufacturing sector, as well as of services such as telecommunications, trade and tourism, are increasing rapidly. Manufacturing is now the second largest sector in Egypt and Jordan.42 However, many manufacturing enterprises continue the low-skilled, low-value-added and low-productivity trend in the region, often using foreign migrant labour, thereby further emphasizing the comparatively low knowledge content of the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The Nordic countries Denmark, Finland and Sweden have, as well as the other EU countries, submitted the NREAPs. In the Renewable Energy Directive, Denmark has committed to a target of 30% corresponding about 16,000 ktoe of renewable energy by 2020. Wood energy is planned to constitute about 1,200 ktoe of the total amount, equaling 8% of the total target.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, a person under the influence of a severe mental disorder cannot be sentenced to prison. The individual is instead taken into custody under the Compulsory Mental Care Act. Sweden has thirty-one clinics used for forensic psychiatric purposes, and these clinics treat 94% of such patients. The remaining forensic psychiatric patients are treated at general psychiatric clinics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Such products would represent an opportunity to further develop ancillary services markets. Forward and day-ahead energy markets, by far the largest one, intra-day, balancing and reserve markets (primary and secondary) followed. Some countries have distinct markets for technical constraints (voltage control and congestion management) while others co-optimise dispatching and balancing services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Medicines that can help save a mother and baby are mostly unavailable, even before the local health station closed because of a lack of resources. She and WaitotO delivered each other's babies. She worries that the community's midwives are growing old, with no young people stepping forward to take their places. " What will the future look like once the old generation is gone?"
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Household w ell-being, in turn, depends on income and consumption levels and on decisions as to the time devoted to paid work. Moreover, households need a minimum of hours for domestic and care work, for rest and for leisure. Guatemala (2006), Honduras (2010), Mexico (2010). Nicaragua (2009) and the Plurinational State of Bolivia (2009). Doing so would produce a deeper understanding of poverty' and of gender inequality and should enhance policy design.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As such, closing gender gaps must be a central part of any strategy to create more sustainable and inclusive economies and societies. In order to identify barriers to greater gender equality and build on its expertise in these areas, the OECD launched its “Gender Initiative” to help governments promote gender equality in education, employment and entrepreneurship (the “three Es" - see Box 2.1). Greater education participation, from an early age onwards, provides better economic opportunities for women by raising the overall level of human capital and labour productivity. Mobilising hitherto underutilised labour supply and ensuring higher female employment will widen the base of taxpayers and contributors to social protection systems which will come under increasing pressure due to population ageing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Childhood starts at birth (or at pregnancy) and ends at age 18 (or even later when full biological and developmental aspects are considered). The effects of policy interventions at any given point during childhood may fade or be reinforced at a later age as they depend critically on the alignment of other policy interventions or combinations of social policies after the early years. This alignment of policy interventions is what scholars refer to as the "transformative character of social (protection) policy". It concentrates attention on the fact that single instruments seldom suffice to realise the broader intentions of the CRC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The datasets included in this study cover the key health care services provided to patients: hospital in-patient services, community health services including primary health care, emergency health care and formal long-term care (such as nursing homes and home care services). The use of prescription medicines is a key part of the health care services offered to patients that are delivered in hospital, in other care settings and in the community to be used at home. They are both tremendously useful and highly risky products and understanding benefits and risks is essential to keeping patients healthy and safe. Thus these data are a key component of health care pathways and outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)