albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The crucial assumption here is that quasi-experimental groups differ only by observable covariates. This condition eliminates any bias. Typically, the difference-in-differences model is estimated using simple regression analysis, w'hen any characteristic one wants to control for could be entered into the equation and made to interact with time and treatment (Meyer 1995, Gruber 1994). Another approach is to balance covariates across groups to make them more comparable, which can be achieved through matching methods (Rosenbaum and Rubin 1983, Heckman, Ichimura and Todd 1998).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
By comparison, there is room for increased emphasis on reducing emissions in the water sector and in increasing resilience in the transport sector. Overall, Figure 5 reveals the potential for a ‘nexus’ approach with actions in energy, water and agriculture, for example, being mutually supportive in terms of development and climate outcomes. When it comes to less traditional sectors for climate action, such as health, education or access to basic services, the share of climate change finance is much smaller (reaching a mere 1% in 2014). This further supports the point that there is potential to further improve climate change mainstreaming in development co-operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Typically the required information in the text is prominent and there is little, if any, competing information. The reader is explicitly directed to consider relevant factors in the task and in the text. The text typically provides support to the reader, such as repetition of information, pictures or familiar symbols.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Gradual withdrawal of external funds in the coming years could lead to a slowdown in economic growth. To enhance economic self-reliance, strengthening of the domestic economy through better economic governance, improving the efficiency of public spending, decreasing capacity constraints and strengthening the overall business environment should be pursued more vigorously. Growth marginally slowed to 6.3% in 2012 from 6.7% in 2011, mainly due to slower growth of the agricultural sector. Growth performance of the services sector was virtually the same over two years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
One model for expanded provision is to have families make a contribution to ECEC places based upon their ability to pay - which is assessed according to a common methodology. This arrangement would provide additional ECEC funding by obtaining payments from those families with the ability to pay fees that are not doing so under present arrangements. Lithuanian preschools are responsible for assuring the quality of their provision, and receive guidance from the Ministry of Education and Science (MoES) on how to conduct an internal quality audit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
An important concept is opportunity costs, or the value foregone when a given alternative is undertaken: e.g., the cost of choosing scenario 1 over scenario 2. If we protect a resource today, the opportunity cost is the value that would have been generated had we consumed it instead. Alternatively, if we choose to consume a resource today, the opportunity cost is the value that would have been generated from protecting it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Also of concern is the reported suspension of opioid substitution treatment in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol43 since March 2014, which reportedly has had serious consequences on the patients who were receiving such treatment. Worldwide, the highest prevalence rates of persons who inject drugs continue to be found in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. Approximately 40 per cent of the estimated global number of persons who abuse drugs by injection and are living with HIV reside in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. For example, Ukraine reported a prevalence rate of HIV infection of 6.7 per cent among injecting drug users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The first section starts with a short overview of EU legislation relevant to recycling of waste plastics as this will be a binding framework also for implementing national polices in Nordic EU countries. Denmark, Finland and Sweden are EU Member States and must implement EU legislation. While not a Member State of the EU, Norway must, via the European Economic Area agreement, implement all environmentally related EU Directives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
They may also play a role in consensus building, facilitation and conflict management. The form and role of RBOs are closely linked to their respective historical and social contexts. The International Network of Basin Organisations (INBO) currently has 133 member organisations from more than 50 countries. The legal status of RBCs differs from country to country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The book contains a preface and 33 chapters that cover a large array of subjects including the basics of geopedology, implementation methods and techniques, and applications in land degradation and land use planning. Subjects addressed by the contributing authors are diverse but complementary. This shows that geopedology can be seen as a far-reaching discipline to support the inventory, scientific study, and practical management of natural resources. Geopedology aims at integrating soils and geoforms, two basic components of the earth’s epidermis. Sets of examples that use different modalities or variants of geopedology are presented, from open soilscape approach for scientific research, to a more structured survey approach for mapping purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, a consensus has emerged favouring the use of relative poverty measures, at least in the context of developed countries (Sen, 1983). One of the purported advantages of the relative measure is that it relates more closely to the concept of capability deprivation (Sen, 1992). There is considerable variation, with poverty ranging from about 6% in the Czech Republic, Denmark, Hungary and Iceland to above 15% in Chile, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Turkey and the United States. In addition, poverty varies considerably across age groups, children (individuals below 18 years old) and the elderly (over 65 years) suffer from higher poverty rates than working-age individuals.1 The poverty rate of women is higher than that of men in most OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Principal changes include modification and stabilisation of the inlets via the construction of long jetties and outer sea walls, dredging of broader and deeper navigation channels to favour tanker, cruise ship and container traffic, land reclamation on marshy areas, and fish farm development through the closing off of vast areas of the Lagoon periphery to tidal excursion. These modifications intensified during the latter part of the twentieth century to support the growth of industrial activities in the Marghera area, whose legacy left contaminants, especially heavy metals and complex hydrocarbons, in the various layers of Lagoon sediment (Capodaglio et al., Human activities, especially industrial production in Marghera, which extracted large volumes of groundwater, have caused a further compaction of the soil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They have been grouped according to the different policy options and their scope. Almost one in five 15-year-old students across OECD countries does not reach a minimum level of skills to function in today’s society, and there are large performance differences between students of different socio-economic backgrounds. Countries have adopted different policy options to respond to their equity challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Binding biofuel mandates also risks to increase price volatility on agricultural world markets. International trade in ethanol is subject to significant import tariffs, and climate-related standards are already in use on some biofuels and may become increasingly important in the future. In order not to act as trade barriers that discriminate between domestic and foreign products the development and application of internationally harmonised standards warrants close attention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The share of wind and solar in total electricity supply in OECD Europe in 2009 was thus 4.3% compared to 1.6% in OECD North America and only 0.7% in OECD Pacific. In individual European countries, the shares are such that they can indeed make a difference to the working of the electricity system. Wind and solar thus contributed 19% to the electricity supply in Denmark, 15% in both Portugal and Spain and 7.3% in Germany during 2009. First, precisely due to intermittency, the total shares of wind and solar power in total electricity supply vastly underestimate their contribution when the wind is actually blowing and the sun is shining.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Building on the substantial comparative and sectorial policy knowledge base available within the OECD, the series will result in a biennual publication (first volume in 2014). It will develop a comparative outlook on education policy by providing: a) analysis of individual countries’ educational context, challenges and policies (education policy profiles) and of international trends and b) comparative insight on policies and reforms on selected topics. They are meant to draw attention to specific policies that are promising or showing positive results and may be relevant for other countries. Editorial support was provided by Lynda Hawe and Susan Copeland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, the incidence of attempted suicide using medicine was high in the Nuuk, especially among females. The highest incidence of suicide attempts using medication was observed among females in the age group 15-19 years, who, as mentioned earlier, had the lowest self-rated health. In 2007 the first public health program in Greenland, Inuuneritta ("let us have a good life) was proposed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Given the high and growing proportion of mobile phones in LDCs, the affordability focus shifts to the mobile Internet. They are based on specific inputs (e.g., number of calls or texts, amount of data) so all things are equal across countries. The result of the basket is often converted to a proportion of per capita income. A starting point for analyzing Internet affordability is the ITU prepaid mobile broadband basket.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
First of all, employment opportunities, despite their expansion, may not be sufficient to employ all those who are willing to work. Second, certain segments of the population may not be, for various reasons, in a position to take part in the labour force and thus benefit from employment expansion and wage income. Third, even the employed may experience the need for extra protection when wages are too low, which creates the problem of the “working poor”. While most of these programmes were launched and used as ex post measures to help affected people cope with economic downturns, in more recent years, they have been increasingly used ex ante as measures to reduce the exposure of the poor to insecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Addressing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions without improving energy efficiency would worsen energy poverty. The region achieved 98% access to clean fuels and technology for cooking in 2014, up from 95% in 2000, but 23.3 million people in remote regions still relied on traditional fuels for cooking in 2014. The growth rate from 2012-14 was -2.0% per annum, almost equal to the global rate of-2.1 %. Decomposition analysis shows that changes in energy intensity since 1990 result from decoupling energy consumption from economic growth through efficiency gains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition, volatile world market prices for oil pose risks for economic and political stability, with sometimes critical effects on energy-importing developing countries (OECD, 2008). There are opportunities for co-operation with developed nations in the area of carbon financing and investment in low-emission energy technologies, to break the cycle of poverty and other risks associated with fossil fuel dependence. Renewable energy can play an important role in providing a more sustainable and secure energy supply for developing nations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Financial instruments which directly address observed finance related barriers need to be embedded in a stable and supporting policy environment and accompanied by a wider range of readiness activities including technical and capacity building measures. In many cases policy and regulatory measures are most effective to drive change and prepare the ground for investments into mitigation and adaptation related projects and infrastructure. In some sectors the business case and associated risk-return profile is much clearer and more attractive than in others. Where large scale investments in infrastructure and planning are needed, for example to increase long-term urban resilience, public investments will need to play a significant role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Consequently, there are more business options for the forest industry and forest-based raw materials than ever before. It still needs to be remembered that all four levels must be able to co-exist also in the future, even if their shares may change. All that can be produced without felling trees, e.g. carbon sinks, berries, game, tourism, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is therefore also necessary to continue to develop ways of monitoring child well-being in the round. Bringing together a total of 40 indicators for which internationally comparable data were available, the report compared child well-being across 21 OECD countries under the headings of material well-being, health and safety, education, peer and family relationships, risk behaviours, and young people’s own subjective sense of wellbeing. This experiment will be refined and repeated with new data in the next issue in this series (Report Card 11).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These include, among others, the co-ordination of policies on food security and sustainability, regulation and economic tools to correct market failures such as the lack of integration of costs related to environmental externalities, the funding and orientation of research, technological transfer and adoption, and the participation in international science and research co-operation. Governments also need to provide support to innovative experiments and outreach. There is a need for strengthened links between policy and research, where policy needs drive research activities in order to be properly informed by the research outcomes. Governments are actively involved in international standard-setting where improved cooperation is required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It should also be mentioned that the capacity ceiling established by the European Commission (EC) for the German fleet has not been fully utilised. By application, the notification gives fisheries enterprises the opportunity to make investments, modernise their fishing vessels or replace them with more efficient vessels, without suffering a reduction of the quantity of quota they are assigned. Over the period 2015 to 2016, five proceedings were successfully completed in accordance with the notification rule.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Drawing from converging areas of scholarship in higher education on the diversity dynamics of an institution and its surrounding contexts, this chapter explores how different aspects of the institution—all of which are influenced by and contribute to the campus climate for diversity—play important roles in achieving student outcomes that also enhance social transformation for a just society. The authors present a model to guide research and practice in creating the conditions for student success in diverse learning environments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In all years, average income disparities between regions explain only a modest fraction of overall inequality, with this contribution ranging from 1% (in Belgium) to 6% (in Hungary) in 2010. However, this low contribution of the between region inequality is a consequence of the use of large regions as geographic units for the analysis here presented. Moreover, cross-country comparisons of the between-region component of the Theil index are highly affected by the number of regions present in each country. It is thus more relevant to look at the evolution over time of the between-and within- components of income inequality for each country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Aware of these challenges, the government of Jordan has formulated a Water Strategy covering the period 2008 to 2022. The Strategy aims to reduce the country’s reliance on groundwater abstraction and diversify its water resources through wastewater treatment and alternative technologies such as desalination and the use of brackish water and rainwater harvesting. It defines a target of decreasing groundwater sources from 32% of the water supply in 2008 to 13% by 2022.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The fixed part of the tariff should not exceed 30% of the total. Different tariffs apply to different water quality grades (raw water, settled water, purified w'ater). Revenues that correspond to abstraction are transferred to the relevant authority (provinces and metropolitan cities in the case of river water use, or K-water in the case of dam water). Revenues generated in addition to w'ater abstraction costs are earmarked for the operation of multi-regional water supply systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Substitution of occupational care (which is partly financed by employers) or private care (with large co-payments) for public care reduces costs for municipalities. User choice, which has so far been very limited in the public system, is thereby expanded at a limited cost for public finances. However, the system produces incentives for cost-shifting between activities financed through different channels, which lead to sub-optimal decisions regarding the provision of care and large inequalities in access between socio-economic groups with different coverage and financial resources, and regions with varying health care supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Discriminatory social institutions can help to explain why girls leave school prematurely, thereby contributing to persistent gender gaps in both educational and economic participation. The OECD Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) is a composite measure of discriminatory social institutions across non-OECD countries capturing laws, social norms and practices which restrict women’s economic and social role in five areas: 1) discriminatory family codes, 2) restricted physical integrity, 3) son bias, 4) restricted entitlements and resources, 5) restricted civil liberties. This variable often reflects practices such as forcing girls into marriage or their marrying before adulthood due to discriminatory social norms with respect to the status of women in the family and the reproductive role of women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The relocation of dikes constitutes another option to improve the morphological quality of river water bodies. In the past and in flood management practice, the construction of artificial storage with the inclusion of polders have been considered more effective from a flood control perspective without taking into account the additional benefits of dike relocation in comparison. Thus, the paper presents a cost-benefit analysis of a program of dike relocation at the German part of the Elbe in comparison to an equivalent program of polder construction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Deforestation is known to cause severe floods, river-basin flooding, flash floods, mudslides and landslides (Hammill, Brown and Crawford, 2005) and leads to an increased number of disasters and extensive damage. Their vulnerability is linked not only to deforestation but also to other manifestations of climate change. Their close relationship with their natural environment makes them particularly sensitive to the effects of climate change (Baird, 2008). In the worst cases, their way of life, and even their existence, is being threatened by climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, private interests (non-governmental organisations, companies and individuals) manage almost 17 000 square kilometres (equivalent to about 12% of state protected areas) for conservation purposes. Progress has been made in recent years in setting up and consolidating a knowledge base on nature and ecosystems. Much remains to be done to ensure that the protection and sustainable use of biodiversity is fully integrated into sectoral policies (e.g. tourism, forestry and agriculture).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Abstract:The Treaty of Lisbon introduced some profound changes in the European Union. Those of highest relevance for national minorities will be considered in this contribution. First, the fact that minorities for the first time entered primary law is addressed. Secondly, the new legal status of the Charter of Fundamental Rights is scrutinised in order to determine whether this has special implications for minorities. Thirdly, the accession of the European Union to the European Convention of Human Rights is addressed, as minorities have a special interest in this. Similarly, citizen initiatives are not changes exclusive to minorities, however, using the Minority Safepack as an example, it is shown how minorities can at least potentially profit from this change in the treaties. Five years after entering into force, the Lisbon Treaty does not seem to have made much of a difference for national minorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since its beginning in the early 1990s, the empirical growth literature has extended equation A3.8 to account for a variety of long run growth determinants (as public and social capital, trade openness, financial development, quality of institutions etc.). Early works focussing on the role of inequality include Persson and Tabellini (1994) and Alesina and Rodrik (1994). Moreover, equation A3.8 can be estimated for any time interval.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
After fully mappingthe island of Aitu, they officially launched the portal in August 2014. Mongolia is currently utilizing natural and man-made disaster data and will connect the portal to the emergency operation and early warning centre. The geoportal was also used during the 2015 earthquakes as a repository for GIS and mapping data (http://drm.moha.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This co-operation between the two ministries also includes sharing resources of MCTI with funding from the MPA for research projects in the above areas. Brazil aims to develop itself as one of the world’s largest producers of fish similar to what has taken place for meat and grains. The goal of this plan is to attain a production level of 2 million tonnes of fish by the year 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, most of the research has focused on scenarios that can be quantified, such as agricultural trade liberalisation or industrial tariff cuts, or both, leaving out a wide range of development-oriented issues that promise significant gains to most developing countries. These include services, AfT and trade facilitation, technical assistance and technology transfer, special and differential treatment, and more flexible rules of origin and rules relating to TRIPS. For this reason, even the most comprehensive study is at best a partial approximation to gains (or losses) arising from a successful conclusion of the Doha Round.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)