albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The EU15 comprised the following 15 countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Source: OECD Health Data 2010 and Rosstat. Taken individually, different categories of NCDs and injuries make up the ten leading causes of death in the Russian Federation and account for 90% of deaths in the Russian population as a whole (Rosstat, 2008). Standardised mortality rates (SMR) for cerebrovascular diseases and ischaemic heart diseases are twice as large as the OECD average and are ten times larger than the best performing OECD countries (Figure 3.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In South Africa, the government of Gauteng province opened a centre for the treatment of substance abuse in Soweto in May 2015. The centre offers free assistance to alcohol- and drug-dependent persons. The region of Central America and the Caribbean continues to be used as a major trans-shipment area for consignments of drugs originating in South America and destined for North America and Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In 2003-08, Brazil accounted for over 70% of the global new terrestrial area placed under environmental protection. The National System of Protected Areas (SNUC), established in 2000, laid the groundwork for this remarkable expansion of official protected areas, or “conservation units” as they are known in the country. It consolidated the pre-existing highly fragmented assortment of federal, state, municipal and private protected areas into one consistent framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A stronger consultative role of the river basin committees and greater devolution of deliberative and executive powers to water agencies would match decision-making to capacity and accountability lines, and result in less unimplemented decisions. This does not imply deflating the role of the national and state water resources councils or overlooking the role of basin committees. It would require water agencies to consult with the “advisory” councils and the committees, and give thorough explanations when they do not follow their advice, in order to guarantee transparency and accountability. Another requisite is that water agencies be totally neutral and independent from any vested interests from water users in order to have such deliberative roles. Water charges in several cases are applied and governed at both state and federal levels. The issue of scale includes differences in terms of charge rates across states and federal waters, the cost of inaction and the related consequences on water quantity and quality when charges are not applied, and the lack of harmonisation for audit and accountability processes across levels of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Some offer the rationale that green water cannot be captured and moved to a higher valued use in the same way that water in a river, aquifer, or canal can be delivered to one or more potential users. Some suggest also that surface water and groundwater often are used to produce higher valued crops, while soil moisture often is used to produce lower valued grains and pasture. At least four points seem pertinent: 1) There is no fundamental principle suggesting that the opportunity cost of soil moisture is always less than the opportunity cost of surface water or groundwater, 2) The incremental value of soil moisture can be quite high in many rainfed situations, 3) The incremental value of surface water or groundwater can be quite low in many irrigated settings, and 4) Relative opportunity costs (comparative advantages), rather than one’s own opportunity costs, must be considered to determine optimal trading strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Further, an active rental market can help reveal the value of both the rights and the resource to users. Policy makers can minimise the risk of criticism by ensuring that the initial rights allocation is perceived as fair and that the rental market is transparent and accessible to all. However, proper impact assessments (which themselves contain uncertainties) may be too expensive compared with the reform’s overall budget. As an alternative, managers can draw lessons from successful implementation of market mechanisms in other jurisdictions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
A wide variety of formal conflict analysis models and their applications to environmental conflicts are examined and put into perspective. In particular, the history of game theoretic models for conflict as well as their use in mitigating or resolving environmental conflicts is studied. The models and problem types are categorized to allow for a better understanding of the contrasting areas of environmental conflict management. Finally, the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (GMCR) is applied to a generic conflict between developers and environmentalists to illustrate the usefulness of GMCR in environmental applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some localised efforts to improve collection of indicators of mental health care quality have been started, but are not rolled out nationally. Japan should look to establishing national collection of some key indicators that are still presently lacking. A better information infrastructure is essentia] for building stronger mental health care systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Soil erosion releases fine particles of soil and nutrients into rivers and lakes after precipitation and floods. The accumulation of soil in rivers and lakes reduces the capacity of water basins to store water. In the Khomyn Tal area in the western part of the Mongolian sands, a large sandy desert land with brown soils was brought into cultivation, though it is not suitable for cropping.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Chart 1.2 compares access to fixed and mobile telephone and broadband subscriptions in 2014 between developed countries, developing countries (including LDCs) and LDCs. The data for Internet use and household access to the Internet, which are discussed in section 1.3, show very similar digital divides. This is illustrated by the data for mobile phone and broadband subscriptions in Chart 1.3 and for Internet users in Chart 1.4.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It provides the motive power for machinery, enables delivery of multiple inputs into production, is required in the processing of industrial outputs and is critical to the distribution and use of industrial goods and services. Industry uses a variety of energy sources, and its choices are largely determined by price. The greening agenda, which focuses on mitigating global warming and climate change, requires a sharp cut in the use of fossil-fuel energy sources in the absence of efficient capture and sequestration of all greenhouse gas emissions. The first set is the capital cost of providing the energy-generating capacity, which includes the cost of infrastructure, the cost of equipment and the cost of construction. The second set includes those costs involved in running the capital equipment—the recurrent costs of production. Finally, the third set, and the most difficult one to measure, are the environmental externalities generated in energy production and use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In particular, we focus on the unforeseen effects of government policy on non-ICT markets. Designed for the pre-Internet era, these policies remain largely frozen in time and may now be limiting the beneficial effects of ICTs. The above definition implies that the test for any new sustainable development policy is whether it will enhance the well-being of those in the present, without harming those in the future. This is presumably what governments should focus on to achieve sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, the burden of mental ill-health is challenging to measure, especially across countries, and efforts to measure the prevalence of mental disorders, and the burden of mental disorders, vary across OECD countries. Countries have not been successful at addressing unmet need partly because it is so difficult to identify and quantify. A starting point to identifying unmet need is household surveys that use a variety of screening instruments to identify individuals at risk of or suffering from mental health problems. These instruments are not standardised, however, and estimates of the prevalence of mental health problems can vary widely within the same population. Such surveys suggest that around 5% of the working-age population have a severe mental disorder and a further 15% have a common mental disorder (OECD, 2012). Some, but not all, OECD countries report having a national survey to measure the prevalence of mental disorders (Table 4.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Hence, to avoid duplication, this Review will not go into detail on these issues. Directly elected mayors in England”, Cahiers du MIMMOC, http://mimmoc.revues.org/2288 (accessed 22 November 2016). Problems of Economic Transition, Routledge, Vol. Kazakhstan 2050: Toward a Modern Society for All, Nazarbayev University, National Analytical Centre, Oxford University Press, Group Centennial International, Astana, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The enactment of the Electricity Act 2003 in India eased the regulations for industrial concerns building power plants and allowed industry-owned plants to feed electricity into the public grid (Gol, 2003). As a consequence, captive power capacity grew by 57% between 2002 and 2009, compared to a growth of 41% in public capacity (Figure 1.6). Most of the coal capacity has been added over the last three decades (Figure 1.7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This chapter examines Poland’s institutional and policy framework for integrating forestry and biodiversity policies and the key role played by State Forests in managing public forests. It analyses the instruments adopted, progress achieved and further efforts needed for the conservation and sustainable use of forests and forest biodiversity. It also examines how biodiversity and forestry objectives have been mainstreamed into other key policy areas, such as agriculture and land-use planning, and provides recommendations for a more co-ordinated and coherent policy framework. Thus there are good reasons to make forest and biodiversity policies coherent and consistent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The coefficient of variation is computed using grouped data having information on the income share of each decile. The data for Greece, Hungary, Mexico and Turkey are net of taxes. Where the solid line falls inside the OECD average, the solid line is outside of the OECD average, inequality is greater.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Note: Data from SWIID (version 4.1) and UNPOP. Regions are defined according to the UN definition (see http://unstats. Regional trends represent population-weighted within-country Gini coefficients averaged at the regional level, based on data that is interpolated and extrapolated in order to keep the pool of countries identical overtime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The aim of the introduction of the DMPs was to improve the care process and the quality of medical care for people with chronic conditions. Currently, DMPs exist for six conditions including diabetes type 1, diabetes type 2, breast cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and coronary heart disease. The type 2 diabetes DMP is by far the biggest DMP with 1717 accredited programmes/contracts and nearly four million enrolled diabetic patients (BVA, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A good example is the case of Medellin, Colombia, which being spread over a valley and overhanging hills is one of the most spatially divided cities in the world. Since then, five cable car lines link the poor barrios located on steep inclines to the rest of the city, providing quick, safe transit for commuting workers and vendors and providing a sense of civic belonging to one single urban space. For instance, informal settlements or slums are not just an expression of economic exclusion (the poor unable to afford formal land/ housing), but can also be produced at the intersection of these various forms of exclusion (Chapter 5 “Just” Environmental Sustainabilities).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Article 25 defines this further as the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his or her control. Underlying the Declaration is the belief that people’s ability to achieve socially acceptable standards of living for themselves and those who depend on them should not be determined solely by market forces or by the unevenly distributed capacity to provision for themselves. Yet 60 years after the adoption of the Declaration, approximately 80 per cent of the world’s population is still without access to social security (ILO, 2008d). The provision of social security in many countries, however, shrank as markets were deregulated and the role of the State was cut back. The frequency of financial crises drew attention, however, to the need for more broad-based social protection measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Users of the service are paying for collection and a clean environment and accumulation of waste in the nonpaying neighbour's yard impacts the users who regularly pay for the service. For example, street sweeping and safe disposal are public goods, since consumption of the clean environment cannot be restricted, the consumption of door-to-door collection is individual but the use is again common, so this is mainly a public good, the extraction, trading and processing of recyclables are examples of private goods. So in the case of waste management, the boundaries between public goods and private goods are blurred.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Washington, DC : PAHO, 2015. I. Legetic, Branka (ed.), Cecchini, Michele (ed.). Publication is available on the OECD web site (www.oecd-ilibraiy.org) and PAHO web site (www.paho.org). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate this publication should be addressed to the Communication Department (CMU), Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.(www.paho.org/publications/copyright-forms).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Total area' is defined as the physical project boundary, and 'direct area' is the area covered by mirrors, turbines, thermal storage and any other systems as well as any structures that encumber the land. Direct area is always smaller than and within the total area. The capacity-based average results represent capacity-weighted averages. Fgure 6.8 shows the distribution of results for CSP land use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
By inducing and exacerbating landslides, mudflows and slope erosion and by releasing hazardous substances to the surroundings, the impact of these activities on the environment in general, and on water in particular, is considerable. The most important mineral deposits being exploited are gold, but also other minerals such as coal, mercury', uranium and antimony'. Coal output diminished from 2.5 million tons in 1992 to 0.4 million tons in 2003 and 0.3 million tons in 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
ABSTRACTThe number and diversity of civil society or third sector sustainability organisations (TSSOs) have increased in recent decades. TSSOs play a prominent role in local approaches to sustainability. However, the contributions made by TSSOs are not fully understood, beyond a limited suite of quantifiable outputs and impacts. In this qualitative study, we examine how four TSSOs from two Australian regions, Tasmania and Queensland's Sunshine Coast, contribute to social transformation beyond discrete outputs. We examine the operation, ethos, scope and influence of these organisations over time. In so doing, we identify three common ways in which these organisations facilitate social change: by (i) enhancing social connectivity through boundary work, (ii) mobilising participatory citizenship and (iii) contributing to social learning. We conclude that TSSOs contribute significantly to the systemic social conditions that enable change for sustainability and the development of community resilience and well-b...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are limited formal mechanisms to ensure the use of citizens’ inputs in the policy- and law-making processes, and to respond to citizens’ concerns, including those of women and women’s organisations. In fact, after the recent incidents last year, the government launched a big crackdown on NGOs and stipulated new rules and regulations on the work of CSOs, and put new restrictions on their activities and their methods of financing. Getting permission or approval from the government on foreign funds is a long and very complicated process in which projects are not always properly implemented as scheduled and planned. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Rice is an excellent product because it contributes to all self-sufficiency rates (food, energy, nitrogen and feed) and to income. Conversely, vegetables such as onions, carrots and sweetcorn are ignored despite having high economic values. Additional energy: no additional energy sources were considered when obtaining biomass energy from rice straw, hull, livestock excrement and willow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article traces the development and transformation of the human rights movement in Israel/Palestine, focusing mainly on the situation in the West Bank and Gaza. The conflict is, at its core, a struggle          over rights, pitting the prerogatives of the Israeli state against the national and human rights of the Palestinian population (i.e., to self-determination, legal protections, civil liberties). Since the          creation of the Palestinian Authority in 1994, however, rights-violating practices have continued.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It can be argued that the United States is currently engaged in a moderate form of austerity, a reversal from its previous expansionary policy stance. This equates to total loss in GDP of $870 billion. However, the analysis shows that governments in the region could fortify their economies against the impact of such economic uncertainty by implementing pro-active policies. This could on average, moderate the negative effects on GDP for countries by around 75%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
According to the Enuironmental Outlook Baseline, this will probably have to be achieved with less water, mainly because of pressure from growing urbanisation, industrialisation and possibly climate change. The directive has a number of objectives. The key ones are general protection of aquatic ecology, specific protection of unique and valuable habitats, protection of drinking water resources, and protection of bathing water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Therefore, the ten most important cities of the region, which concentrate 82% of the total population, mainly rely on the 14 (overexploited) aquifers to extract water resources rather superficial waters. On average 90% of total water consumption (and more than 96% of groundwater) is devoted to agriculture creating related significant challenges for the sustainability of the agri-food industry. Water scarcity is even more exacerbated by the bilateral water transboundary agreement signed between Mexico and the United States, the State of Chihuahua has been the main net contributor providing 431 million m to the US, without benefitting from the 1 800 million m3 given by the US to other Mexican states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In lower income groups, women may have lower access to bicycle both due to lower ownership of vehicles as well as inequality amongst men and women in households. Men have the 'first right' over the vehicle owned by households. Lower use of public transport by low income women is also due to cost implications of public transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This chapter is entitled “Discipline and the Selected Manifestations of Employee Behaviour”. It discusses psycho-social and organisational causes of counterproductive behaviour, as well as the selected manifestations of unethical and criminal behaviour such as sabotage, theft, financial fraud and corruption. The author also describes types of behaviour harmful to employees, for example, mobbing, stalking, harassment and blackmail. Every sub-chapter contains information concerning manifestations of various types of unethical and criminal behaviour, as well as methods of preventing such behaviour. The author indicates the limitations of various forms of preventing unethical behaviour and problems with their identification. The chapter ends with conclusions concerning possible further research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thursday marks the 20th anniversary of the death of Baltimore-born Thurgood Marshall, the civil rights lawyer and first black Supreme Court justice who was instrumental in ending Jim Crow segregation. His representation of schoolgirl Linda Brown resulted in the landmark 1954 Supreme Court ruling Brown v. Board of Education, which ended separation practiced in a wide variety of public facilities and institutions. Yet Marshall sought more than just desegregation. Explaining his vision, Marshall proclaimed that "a child born to a black mother in a state like Mississippi … has exactly the same rights as a white baby born to the wealthiest person in the United States."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) has closed hundreds of investigations into alleged ill-treatment of detainees by British troops in Iraq. This article probes one reason given for the closure of these investigations: the assertion (without further evidence) that the allegations were ‘less serious’, ‘lower-level’ or in the ‘middle’ range of severity. These terms usually appear without reference to international law, and are once defined with reference to the English criminal law of assault, so that investigations were closed if the alleged treatment resulted in less than grievous bodily harm. The MOD's terminology is wrong-headed and conceptually underinclusive: it fails to grasp the threshold of inhuman or degrading treatment in international human rights law (IHRL), and largely neglects the investigatory obligations in IHRL, international humanitarian law (IHL) and international criminal law (ICL).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Taking advantage of scale economies could also be appropriate in serving large markets and accessing inputs and credit. Increased agricultural productivity raises rural incomes and frees labour for the industrial sector. Water conservation, soil protection and biodiversity enhancement need to form part of an integrated approach aimed at sustainable management of land and other natural resources and also need to build on synergies between the forest and agriculture sectors. In the context of competitive land uses, many solutions, involving difficult choices, will be reachable only through open and inclusive negotiation and discussion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Zambia envisages establishing a computer assembly plant through a public-private partnership to produce at least 250 000 computers annually (Zambia, 2017). The purpose of the ITA expansion is to eliminate tariffs on 201 new-generation information and communications technology products, including telecommunication satellites (WTO, 2015a). This Agreement can potentially help LDC producers find access to new export markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)