albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These aims can vary, depending on the source of climate finance and how it is channelled. There are therefore different views on what “effective” climate finance is, as well as on how this effectiveness can be assessed. This paper explores how different communities view climate finance effectiveness, the policies or institutional pre-conditions that facilitate effectiveness, and how effectiveness is currently monitored and evaluated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This requires detailed, evidence-based diagnoses that identify the determinants of financial exclusion and its consequences. The cases of El Salvador, Mexico and the Dominican Republic are key in this regard, since they have conducted various specialized surveys to ascertain the financial-inclusion status of households and firms. As noted, all five countries have received clear leadership —Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic and El Salvador from their central banks, and Honduras and Mexico from their financial system supervision authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
One finding was that for every 20 visitors, birds tend to retreat by 27 metres. This led to the development of sustainability guidelines concerning visitor load regulation, fencing, appropriate signposting and the positioning of telescopes. Further research could help establish visitor volumes that are consistent with maintaining optimal numbers of various species. One of the pillars of Israel’s mitigation efforts is the development of new renewable energy sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The GCOS addresses the total climate system including physical, chemical and biological properties, and atmospheric, oceanic, terrestrial hydrologic, and cryospheric components. The GCOS is sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO),the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme, and the International Council for Science. The general principle is that a station should provide measurements that are, and remain, representative of the surrounding area, the size of which depends on the meteorological application.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This public mission, carried out by experienced local staff of the centres, consists mainly in promoting innovation in a broad sense, providing information on the available schemes, liaising on an ongoing basis with companies and academia, etc. The overarching mandate of these permanent organisations should not be technology transfer from universities to firms but the enhancement of firms’ absorptive capacities and learning abilities as a core determinant of innovation performance at firm level. In fact, the two dimensions, although distinct if only for the sake of sound budgeting, co-exist in the structure, i.e. the public mission background work and the project-based support to individual SMEs or group of SMEs (Table 5.9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Towards a Framework for Examining the Interrelationship Between Health and the Economy. Thesis, Department of Economics, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago. Port of Spain, Trinidad. Available at: http://www.finance.gov.tt/documents/publications/pub2.pdf UNAIDS (2004a). A Study of the Pan Caribbean Partnership Against HIV/AIDS (PANCAP): Common Goals, Shared Responses, UNAIDS Best Practice Collection, December 2004.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article examines several scandals in 1990s Argentina to discuss the linkages between scandals, media, and citizenship. Suggesting that media publicity is central for scandals to unfold, the article examines a particular arms scandal. An institutional approach that considers the role of different political actors in different scandals shows how and why the media and other institutions contributed to the making and unmaking of scandals. Although scandals offer opportunities for “doing politics by other means,” not all actors are similarly involved. Scandals that dealt with official corruption mainly featured political elites, whereas scandals that followed revelations about human rights violations showed a different pattern: public outrage and citizens’mobilization. In a political context of “scandal fatigue,” scandals do not necessarily trigger public action or moral crusades. Only those scandals that directly affected groups of citizens and were not simply causes d’etat were followed by public demons...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Indeed, as the rural sector develops, farmers are faced with the choice of raising farm productivity or reallocating their resources to allow other farmers to scale up operations. Enabling the latter process is particularly important in China, as historical land assignment practices have resulted in a high proportion of small farming operations relative to other middle-income countries. Following the experience of other middle-income and OECD countries, farmers commonly follow alternative routes during the adjustment phase: i) stay working the farm and raise productivity, ii) transition away from agriculture to pursue off-farm employment, or in) discontinue operating their farmland without taking up employment elsewhere (usually the elderly and less able).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The 2015 Recommendation was developed under the auspices of the OECD Public Governance Committee, in co-operation with the OECD Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Committee. The 2015 Recommendation promotes a government-wide strategy for gender equality reform, sound mechanisms to ensure accountability and sustainability of gender initiatives, and tools and evidence to inform inclusive policy decisions. It also promotes a “whole-of-society” approach to reducing gender stereotypes, encouraging women to participate in politics, and removing implicit and explicit barriers to gender equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Responses were on a scale from Oto 10, where 0=no trust and 10=total trust. Svallfors (1997), Jaeger (2009) and Jakobsen (2010) conclude that support for redistribution is greater in social democratic and conservative regimes and lower in liberal ones. But there are studies that have not observed these effects (Gelissen, 2000, Jaeger, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Of the existing indicators used at a pan-European level, FOREST EUROPE Indicator 6.10 is of most relevance to the scope of SOSIN. The indicator represents two types of information. Firstly, accessibility for recreation is perhaps the easiest measure to provide at country level across Europe, but is limited in value because it uses a simple legal definition of accessibility, which in most countries applies to nearly all forest and other wooded land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Of the remaining 24%, those who rent their accommodation at market prices account for 15% and tenants who enjoy reduced rents or free accommodation (i.e. the “other status”) represent 9%. In Switzerland, just over 40% of older people are outright owners - having paid off their mortgages - compared to more than 90% in Hungary and the Slovak Republic. In Australia, Chile and the United States, around 80% of older people are homeowners, while the figure is 70% in Canada.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The profitability of the fishing industry rose from 9 to 20% in the years 2007-08 and investments doubled as old vessels were replaced with new ones and gear up-graded, with fishers focusing on value rather than volume of catch. From that date licensed fishers have been allowed to transfer their quotas. Sprat in Skagerrak, Kattegat and the Baltic Sea. Fishing is just one of many activities that take place in the world’s oceans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Details regarding the survey method, questions and respondents are provided in Annex A. As safe primary and ambulatory care is critically important in all countries strengthened through policies -striving for - universal access to health care, this report considers where possible low- to middle-income countries (LMICs) and upper-middle and high-income countries (henceforth ‘developed countries’ or simply HICs).4 In a sense, less developed nations have the advantage of building the necessary structures and institutions into their health systems as these are built and established. Developed nations, on the other hand, have the difficult task of retrofitting safety into fully formed systems (WHO et al 2018). While the findings and recommendations will be of interest to healthcare providers and organisations, the principal audience of this report are policy makers looking to improve patient safety in primary/ambulatory care in a context of constrained resources. They are similar to the terminology in the previous report but are modified to the characteristics, priorities and specific risks of the primary and ambulatoiy setting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Since the earliest times people and communities have set rules intended to minimize the suffering caused by war. Limitations on the way conflict is fought can be found in every culture, and traditionally these rules were often agreed upon by the specific parties involved. The founder of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, Henry Dunant, started the modern codification of the laws of war, after experiencing the horrors of a battlefield and urging the international community to create binding treaties in the area. This call for humanity during war resulted in the first Geneva Convention of 1864 and the development of international humanitarian law (IHL). Today the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 are universally ratified and have been added to by many other treaties, protocols and developments in customary international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Moreover, inefficient and unplanned urban expansion has resulted in the conversion and loss of forests, wetlands and other ecosystems and has increased the already high exposure to disasters. This is important keeping in view the persistent challenges of poverty and inequality, the further risks arising from demographic transitions (risk of skills shortage among youth on one hand, and risk of old-age poverty on the other) and labour market disruptions associated with reforms and technological innovations. Understandably, tradeoffs are involved among the three aspects of social protection systems - universal coverage, sufficient benefit levels and financial sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Greater efforts are also needed to make the delivery of social services—such as education, health, housing and water and sanitation-responsive to the specific needs of women and girls. In fact, some countries, such as Argentina and China, have scaled up their investments in social protection in response to the recent economic crises.10 Even for the poorest countries, providing a basic benefit package along the lines of the United Nations SPF is within reach." It has been estimated, for example, that the introduction of universal social pensions would cost around 1 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) per year in most countries of sub-Saharan Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Organized in the Red de Genera y Familia, the first step was convening Care Dialogues, an advocacy strategy which aimed to raise the visibility of care on the public agenda.154 But in contrast to the above-mentioned cases, it was die engagement with the ruling party, Frente Amplio, and the inclusion of the SNIC as part of the electoral campaign programme for 2010-2015 that proved crucial.155 Care thus became a political, and not only a technical, public policy issue. Because the importance of unpaid care and domestic work had already been recognized, the discussion could centre on concrete policy design and implementation. These data have yielded, for example, measurements of “time poverty”168 and its relation with income poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The application layer could create a digital platform that manages identities (e.g. private corporations), emissions quotas, and the certificates themselves. The blockchain layer thus acts as the transaction layer and immutable book of accounts for certificates. These nodes in the network could be mandated to validate transactions and maintain consensus of the certificate registry and circulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
At the same time, the full commitment to long term sustainability, which strongly marks the forest sector, must be maintained -indeed, this is one area that marks the sector as particularly forward looking and thus presents an important marketing opportunity. Governments, regional authorities and trade associations can provide some of the necessary framework conditions, but the initiative has to come from market actors. This situation has been exacerbated by the move towards greater inequalities in many countries. Some of these pockets of deprivation are in forested areas, such as remote rural communities, dependent on income from logging or forest industries, or indigenous peoples living in forest areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They thus help improve the well-being of urban dwellers and build urban constituencies for nature conservation. Their establishment and operation entail specific complexities, however. Protecting urban areas involves several often conflicting interests, the areas are often potential sites for residential, commercial, industrial and government buildings and urban infrastructure such as roads and landfills. Only a few urban protected areas are under federal jurisdiction, but they are among the largest (e.g. Tijuca National Park and Brasilia National Park).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Based on current knowledge of the cost of disease treatment, future costs to the government National Health Service are projected. The model is developed in three steps: a regression analysis to project the future distribution of risk factors in the population, a microsimulation model to project the future disease burden associated with these risk factors, and an ex-post calculation to estimate public expenditures in current dollars associated with the projected future disease burden. The equations were then used to predict the future distribution of BMI categories from 2008 to 2050.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The data set contains yearly observations dating from 1999 to 2007 depending on the country. For some countries the data are completed by Population Census Data. Altogether, data on gender segregation by working status and on employment by status as share of total employment is available for 36 countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement established stronger and more universal standards of intellectual property protection, but many developing countries lack the ability to make effective use of intellectual property rules as a tool of development, or to mitigate its disadvantages. Space should be given for developing countries to adopt the system of intellectual property protection that best suits their development needs. A major challenge for developing countries, especially the smaller and poorer ones, is the diversity and complexity of the international intellectual property right (IPR) architecture and the multiplicity of negotiating forums.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The GIS Department in MoEPP has boundary information for some Protected Areas, but does not currently have a comprehensive spatial database for the entire system. However, the Department does have extensive general data and is currently preparing a revised CORINE land cover assessment of the country. Also, the legal framework provides for collaborative review of management plans of forests and Protected Areas and proposals for new Protected Areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, larger countries may have more general information overall given the more detailed monitoring of groundwater hotspots (e.g. United States). Lastly, precipitation-abundant countries for which groundwater is not as important a resource, and which have predominantly rain fed agriculture, do not dedicate many resources to groundwater quantity measurement, resulting in a general lack of information (e.g. see Council of Canadian Academies, 2013:93). Overall, groundwater represents a major portion of usable water resources, accounting for 96% of liquid freshwater (UNESCO, 2008). Groundwater reserves are estimated to be over 20 million km3, of which 40% is freshwater.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2008, 70.8% of India's total population lived in rural areas, progressively migrating to urban areas at an annual rate of 2.3%, a rate which is below that of many other countries (UNPD, 2008). While such economic development has led to an average increase in the standards of living, it has left the agricultural sector untouched, bypassing most of the rural poor. Therefore, although India has enjoyed a growth of GDP per capita, poverty remains a challenge. Poverty is also more concentrated in some states such as the eastern and north-eastern states as Figure 7 shows. In March 2007, the Indian Planning Commission estimated that over the 2004-2005 Page | 63 period, more than one-quarter of India's total population (27.5%) still lived below the poverty line (BPL), with a distribution of 25.7% urban dwellers and 28.3% rural dwellers (Planning Commission, Government of India, 2007)37 as seen in Table 17. But strong economic growth alone does not bring such amenities to the rural poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The child in Romania located in the poorest decile holds approximately only 37% of the income of the child at the middle of the income distribution. Across the OECD area, recent statistics highlight that children and young people were the groups hit hardest by economic downturn (OECD 2014). Child poverty and severe deprivation increased faster for children than for the population as a whole in many countries and notably in those most affected by the crisis (Chzhen 2014,33).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Although corruption is ubiquitous, attitudes toward it differ among countries. The U.S. had been the only country, until 1997 OECD Convention, with an explicit extraterritorial anti-bribery law. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 employs a two-pronged approach to control the supply side of corruption: (1) anti-bribery provisions and (2) accounting (internal control) provisions. I offer indirect evidence that shows that the FCPA had limited success. The OECD Convention adopts the same two-pronged approach, but is likely to be more successful since it is a multilateral treaty: the signatory nations can effectively form a cartel to reduce the cost of doing business. As with any cartel, however, each multinational corporation has an incentive to deviate. I argue that the main lesson to be drawn from the U.S. experience is that we need, in addition to internal controls, stronger and more effective corporate governance within an appropriate regulatory framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The majority of funding is allocated for structural adjustment in the industry. ( Approximately one third of the French fleet is from overseas ddpartements. ( Following the “Fishing Conclave” at year-end 2009, the French government published a memorandum in February 2010 in response to the European Commission’s CFP reform Green Paper.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In Colombia and Paraguay, the drop in labour income per employed person was offset by a rising proportion of employed persons. The factors assessed interacted in different ways in each of these countries. In Chile, the employment rate fell while income per employed person rose. The opposite happened in Ecuador, both factors declined in Costa Rica (see figure 1.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
We must ensure that the digital revolution is a revolution for development that bridges divides, strengthens inclusion, and leaves no one behind. In this respect, new technologies can be both drivers and enablers of progress for Member States in taking forward the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development - and specifically SDG 4. For this, we must support States and all relevant actors in making the most of ICTs as development multipliers, through new investment in access, skills and relevant content26.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, the percentage of computers connected to the Internet in socio-economically disadvantaged schools is lower than in advantaged schools, and is also lower in rural than in urban schools (Table 11.6.6). There are considerably more education systems (26) where school computers in private schools are more frequently connected to the Internet than those in public schools, than there are education systems (3) where computers in public schools are more frequently connected to the Internet. There is a similar number of PISA-participating countries and economies where the relationship is positive (7) as education systems where it is negative (11), after accounting for the socio-economic profile of students and schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Implementing a national payment system for mental health is understood to be a key enabler to achieving parity of esteem between mental and physical health, and is expected to help drive up the quality of mental health services. A national payment system for mental health would enable better commissioning and more efficient services by incentivising the provision of services that achieve the best outcomes for patients. A national payment system for mental health would ensure the best services, that deliver the highest quality with best outcomes, receive the most funding. Many adults receiving care are allocated to a mental health cluster based on their need, services are then tailored according to the needs of the people they treat. In some local health economies, clusters are also used as the basis of payment replacing a system of block payment arrangements, based on historical funding rather than current service provision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
That may also contribute to the fact that, only about one in ten reforms across OECD countries are followed by any attempt to evaluate their impact (OECD, 2015). And it is not only difficult to co-ordinate policy development across levels of governments, but it is also hard to link the perspectives of different government departments. However, if education is to be developed over a lifetime, then a broad range of policy fields need to be involved, including education, family, employment, industrial and economic development, migration and integration, social welfare and public finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In France, for example, the abstraction charge represents only around 1.3% of the water price paid by households and is thus unlikely to make them change their behaviour (French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, and Energy, 2012). Assessing the resource cost is also difficult since it requires measuring the benefit induced by water for all types of use (agriculture using irrigation water, drinking water supply, hydropower etc.), The former refers to methods that use market data to elicit monetary values, either as how much individual would be willing to pay for the good or service of interest, i.e. their willingness to pay (WTP), or how much they would require in compensation for being exposed to a loss of welfare, i.e. their willingness to accept (WTA).8 The latter refers to methods that use hypothetical scenarios to estimate individuals WTP or WTA. The methods have been used for a large range of non-market goods, in addition to water (e.g. air pollution, noise levels, health risks, etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)