albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In addition to the magnitude and duration of low income status, attention should be paid to the extent to which poverty is recurrent (Fourage and Layte, 2005). The higher income mobility or volatility and the shorter the duration of poverty, the higher the proportion of people experiencing poverty at least once during the reported period, thus the higher the reported poverty rate will be. In the Republic of Moldova during 1997-2002, a decomposition of poverty into chronic and transient components revealed that poverty was mainly chronic, accounting for as much of 90% of the people classified as poor (Beegle, 2004). That is, despite transitions among households in terms of rank, a very large fraction of the poor in any year are likely to remain poor in the next period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
With that aim, Reporting Item (HC.RI.3) equates to HC.6 in SHA 1.0, and is within the boundary of health care. The proposal is to keep them as is, so as to promote a continued reporting practice, notably during the transition to SHA 2011 (see Table 5.2 for a mapping of these categories). This includes basic medical treatment, such as dental treatment, if provided as an integral part of the public health function. It excludes, however, remuneration-in-kind of health care goods and services that constitute household actual final consumption rather than intermediate consumption of business. As the health care components of long-term care are contained in HC.3, the complementary social components are included as a health care-related category that is further subdivided into in-kind and in-cash components. The health and social care components, HC.3 and HC.R.l, can be summed up to obtain a total value of long-term care (LTC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In total, BEERECL provided €155 million of EBRD funds, which were on-lent to eight participating banks with a €35.2 million grant fund from the Kozloduy International Decommissioning Support Fund. With sustainable energy' lending increasingly seen as a core business line, competitive pressure led nine Bulgarian banks to sign up for the facility. Financing was provided to these banks on market terms, with a medium-term tenor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The results suggest that, in comparison with a situation in which no immigrant workers are employed, production increases considerably due to the additional immigrant workforce. Production attributed to the immigrant workforce expands over time, in accordance with the increasing numbers of immigrants, but also in line with the shift of workers to the relatively productive service sector (see Chapter 3). Due to the different methodology, the estimated contribution of immigrant workers in 2011 is higher than the estimate presented earlier (Figure 5.4), and suggests that the contribution of immigrant workers is above their share in employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The vast majority of households do not have the capacity to pay for such services. For households that do report care spending, the actual market demand expressed in monetaiy terms depends on total household income and on the range of needs they need, want and are able to meet. Spending on health care inside and outside the household was grouped together, showing that most of this spending goes on older persons in the household, the sick and persons with disabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The design of the PoMs required distinguishing which measures were necessary to reach good status from others, based on the specific issues faced by each individual member state. In particular*, the principle of cost recovery was explicitly put forth as part of the WFD through the PoMs. Pricing was required to cover abstraction, distribution, and treatment costs, it was also required to account for resource value and environmental costs, including in agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Climate change can increase the importance of maintaining natural assets and thus increase the urgency felt both for mitigation and adaptation objectives. Therefore, the two components of the CRGE Initiative need to be carefully aligned to avoid conflicts and unexpected consequences. We do not yet face a significant clash of perspectives in Ethiopia, but robust debate can be expected quite soon, and ways to forge an Ethiopian approach to green growth that realises all potential benefits (and manages the potential downsides) might need to be explored.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
On the other hand, poorly managed urbanisation generates significant economic, social and environmental challenges. Urbanisation is a complex process, requiring a coordinated policy approach. As such, a National Urban Policy can bring together national sectoral policies which affect urban development and help to clarify roles and responsibilities across ministries as well as between the central and local governments. The role of National Urban Policy was widely recognised during the Habitat III process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The most targeted way of addressing work incentives affected by childcare costs would be to increase the refund rate for eligible childcare costs. Potential cost-driving effects on childcare provision should be considered. The rate was lowered from 80% to 70% in the 2010 spending review, with estimated savings of £350 million a year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As a result, regions holding the greatest concentrations of innovative sectors tend to outperform other regions in terms of employment and overall economic growth. Connectivity constraints and (more frequently) the weak absorptive capacities of individuals and firms located in these regions hamper adoption of new technologies and innovations produced elsewhere. For instance, firms located in northern regions of Sweden have been found to have more limited access to finance compared to those in the south of the country (Inlandsinnovation AB, 2014). At the European level, for instance, innovation capacities are particularly high in Denmark, Finland, Germany and Sweden, and relatively low in eastern and southern European countries - and that gap does not seem to be narrowing (Veugelers, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The argument may be less applicable for rural areas in Central Asia. In all four countries for which we have data, the working poor make up a significant share of the total poor. Although children in families with working parents are usually better off, especially if the parent is highly educated, the share of the working poor remains significant due to low wages in many sectors, especially in agriculture and the public sector. The salaries are not sufficient to lift families out of poverty (Baschieri and Falkingham, 2007). In Uzbekistan, 50 per cent of the poor are either working in the public sector, are low-paid employees or self-employed (UNICEF 2009a). In Kyrgyzstan, 70 per cent of the poor are living in a household where the head is employed (World Bank, forthcoming).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, a proper legal framework for community -based management of SPAs is lacking (chapters 1 and 11). The 1994 Law on Protected Areas is currently being revised. The reports are elaborated with the contribution of a broad range of stakeholders, such as line ministries, academic institutions and NGOs working in the field of biodiversity conservation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This chapter could be linked to a country’s obligations to CITES and their CITES targets. Annex IV [of the guidance] contains a set of suggested methods for mainstreaming CITES objectives into NBSAPs. The CITES Management Authority could also propose to be on the committee/working group for NBSAPs. This will ensure that the update and revision will include CITES considerations in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Subnational implementation of human rights law has been the subject of increasing interest among scholars and litigators in recent years, building on the call for independent state constitutionalism and the rise of New Federalism. The Supreme Court's decision in Medellin v. Texas may have the effect of limiting the space for this kind of independent state level initiative. This Essay examines the conditions under which state courts have engaged with the international human rights treaties the United States has signed or ratified, and considers whether and how these treaties will be affected by the Medellin decision. I conclude that because state courts have been more receptive to arguments based on treaties as non-binding persuasive authority, even the broadest reading of the decision will not end this type of human rights advocacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Lower fertility rates reduce women’s burden of unpaid labour and facilitate their greater participation in the labour force. Moreover, as fertility rates decline, the working age population grows at a faster rate than the overall population, thus lowering the dependency ratio and helping to boost savings and investments (including investments in children), with positive effects on per capita growth - the so-called “demographic gift”. Narrowing the gender gap in employment also results in positive externalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Howeverthe Programme has not been effectively implemented, due to limited financial resources, limited technology, weak coordination among the relevant sectors and limited capacity. Additional measures include improving the national monitoring network for land degradation by including the three land degradation neutrality (LDN) indicators (i.e. land cover and land cover change, land productivity, and carbon stocks above and below ground).___________________________________ Land possession is not equivalent with land ownership, rather, it is the temporary lease of land in accordance with its purpose of use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Structural reforms in Sweden over the past decade have seen a shift of care from the acute hospital sector towards primary and community care, which has helped to further improve quality and contain health care costs. The growing demands on health and social care services, a tight fiscal environment, and rising public expectations, means this process needs to go further. Moreover, the growing complexity of health care needs and technologies, rising prevalence of multi-morbidities, and the increasing duration for which most people need health and care services, has made care co-ordination and integration of paramount importance. They offer considerable potential for further improvements in the quality of care, through both primary and secondary prevention, and a stronger role for primary care in co-ordinating care across different settings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While noting the challenges involved in calculating the amount of these transactions, it provides a number of estimates culled from international organizations, national authorities and the financial reports of some prominent technology firms. These estimates show the remarkable effects that technological change is having on the magnitude of economic transactions both within and across national borders. In the next section, the report looks more closely at the trade impact of these digital technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Large investments in new buildings were unnecessary, with emphasis instead turning to a smart use of existing infrastructure. An under-occupied nursing home was converted to be used as part of the DMC facilities, for instance. An analysis of the region’s demographics prompted a replacement of one of the region’s maternity units with intermediate beds for acute admissions, post-discharge recuperation and specialist rehabilitation, to better reflect the needs of the local population and increasing elderly population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
How to improve the relevance and quality of education? How to strengthen and diversify the existing industries and improve the absorptive capacity of the SME-based economy? There is a need to balance the current strong focus on talent attraction with nurturing talent at home and by improving the access of new immigrants to tertiary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Available at: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO :12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312283:NO ILO, 1999: Worst Form of Child Labour Convention, ILO Convention No. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO :12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312528:NO ILO, 2008: Resolution concerning statistics of child labour, adopted by the 18th ICLS, 2008. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/standards-and-guidelines/resolutions-adopted-by-international-conferences-of-labour-statisticians/WCMS_112458/lang--en/index.htm ILO, 2008: Report III - Child Labour Statistics - 18th ICLS, Geneva, 24 November - 5 December 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The purpose of this article is to determine the correspondence of the princSixty years after the signing of the first bilateral investment treaty, investor-State dispute resolution regime is under a process of change and strong criticism, particularly the disputes in which investors question State measures that protect human rights (access to drinking water, public health, and environment among others). In this context, this paper aims to analyse if there is a confluence or bifurcation of roads in investor-State disputes involving human rights. The answer to that question will be given through the selection and analysis of the two cases, Eco Oro versus Colombia and Bear Creek versus Peru, clear examples of fragmentation of International Law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is a perverse logic that deprives people of services that they provided to others throughout the course of their own lives (G6mez, 2008). This means recognizing and determining the value of the contribution made by men and women to the country's overall output through unpaid household work. Nonetheless, the limited definition of the System of National Accounts (SNA) production boundary excludes the domestic and care services produced or consumed by members of a household from the central framework of macroeconomic analysis. This conceals the importance of these activities for the economy, and perpetuates economic and power relationships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Usually, meat is delivered to the central market early morning in order to conduct laboratory testing, meat is then sold by retailers that same day. Feedlots also operate as agricultural enterprises, fattening cattle for sale on domestic and foreign markets. Large processing companies usually have their own brand that is widely known in the domestic market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The fact that some indigenous groups consider education a luxury presents a challenge for teachers. To cater for the needs of the children, teachers use the alternative basic education system which responds to the special needs and constraints of pastoral life. The system provides flexible school hours, which allows pastoralist children to fulfil their household responsibility for herding cattle towards water and pastures while still having time for school (Sewunet, 2014). Further, there is continuous enrolment throughout the year as a means of encouraging children to attend school, as well as campaigns aimed at convincing parents to send their children to school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The estimated dietary energy consumption for the period from 2006-2010 was 3 019.32 calories per person per day which is above the FAO-WHO determined requirement of 2 200 calories per person per day to meet the basic nutrition needs. It is evident from the dietary energy contribution that the intake of nutrients is limited and the diversity of food composition is very poor. Within cereals, the demand for maize and buckwheat is fulfilled by domestic production and the rest is met through imports. In 2010, Bhutan imported 50 percent of its rice, 20 percent of its millet and 64 percent of wheat and barley.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The evidence that is gathered tells schools how they can change their pedagogy if they want to make more of a difference for their Maori students”. Note that this tool is optional, which means that no information is collected nationally, and the number of schools using it is unknown. They are also now embedded within the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers, w'hich specify what teachers should know' and can do in order to teach Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students and to teach Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages, history and culture to all Australian students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Given ever rising levels of local water stress (see Prologue, Section lii), combined with the fact that there are 286 international rivers and 592 transboundary aquifers shared by 153 countries (UN, 2018a), it could be expected that water-related conflicts have been increasing and/or are likely to increase in the future. However, current evidence does not fully support this hypothesis. Conflicts are often difficult to attribute to a single reason, however, water is often one among several contributing factors. They can also be categorized based on the use, impact, or effect that water had within the conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is the most important breeding site for Dalmatian Pelican, with more than 1,100 pairs, about 18% of the world population of this vulnerable species included in the IUCN Red List. This affected natural ecosystems and made shoreline areas less attractive for tourists. Combined with increased nutrients input, this has led to increased eutro-phication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There was an understanding amongst the journalists, women and men that these questions were meant for the men around me. On the last question then one of the female journalists brought the microphone to me and said, "Miss Mtintso, in your new responsibility, what are you going to do for women?'". Examples include 'COPE's eager new girl on the block' (Lynda Odendaal) in The Sunday Independent (Ngalwa 2008), 'Woman with her heals on the ground' (Wendy Luhabe) in The Sunday Independent (Forde 2008), 'On campaign with superwoman' (Helen Zille) in the Saturday Star (Warby 2009) and 'Die-hard had to eat her words' (former Deputy President, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka) in The Sunday Independent (Forde 2009). During the swearing-in ceremony after the elections, the then Minister of Defence (now Minister of Public Service and Administration) Lindiwe Sisulu was said to have added 'a touch of glamour to the proceedings' (Smith 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Safer City Streets initiative has brought together road safety experts working in cities since its launch at the UN Habitat III conference in 2016. The scope of the initiative includes data collection, with the development and maintenance of a city-level database on mobility and road safety statistics. This work also benefits from the guidance and support of the ITF's International Traffic Safety Data and Analysis Group (IRTAD), who organised the pilot stage and established the methodological framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In labour-abundant countries, trade liberalization is expected to switch production from capital-intensive and inefficient import-substitutes towards labour-intensive exports. In addition, the Stolper-Samuelson (SS) corollary to HO posits that such a shift leads to the convergence in the prices of goods and remuneration of factors. Thus, domestic inequality is expected to decline in countries endowed with an abundant labour supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Supply chain management in the tourism industry, on the other hand, has not received as much attention and is not as well understood. There are a number of reasons for this, many of which relate to the characteristics of the tourism industry. Traditional supply chain management research has focused on manufacturing industry, rather than the service sector, of which tourism is a part (Zhang et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Turkmen gas has high hydrogen sulfide content and therefore requires considerable processing to be marketable and more environmentally friendly. Apart from the southern Korepzhe-Kurt Kui pipeline (a spur to the Islamic Republic of Iran, with relatively low capacity, that was constructed after independence) the only export route was an old pipeline via Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. Turkmenistan remains confident that it has enough gas reserves to serve all potential customers in the medium to long term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There appears to be a reasonably high degree of compatibility between IP and acquisition finance, for two reasons: firstly, a substantial proportion of the assets ultimately acquired through acquisition are intangible, and deemed to be of utility and value, secondly, intangible assets may, in some circumstances, be a decisive contributor in the appetite of the purchaser to buy, and the price they are willing to pay. Each of these two aspects is briefly considered below. Past research into these filings conducted by Deloitte (2007) and KPMG (2010) has found that the identifiable intangible assets component can represent a substantial part of the value attributed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The situation with forest management is not expected to change in near future. As a result, the CO2 removal by the forests in Iceland is expected to increase at a constant rate till the end of current decade. In 1990, the removal was about 80 million tonnes of CO2 which increased to just over 120 million tonnes in 2010 It is projected that in the rest of the current decade, the total removal will continue to increase steadily to reach near 140 million tonnes of CO2 in 2020 for the monetary value of the CO2 re-movalj.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This equation measures the total effect of gender-based discrimination in social institutions on income and is used to estimate the income loss associated with discriminatory social institutions. Male and female human capital and labour force may be considered as separate factors of production (Knowles, Lorgelly and Owen, 2002, Klasen and Lammanna, 2009). This empirical analysis tests whether the strength of the relationship between gender-based discrimination in social institutions and income may vary with the country's level of economic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The country reports are sorted according to the chronology by which the countries have introduced variants of market-based instruments in their fisheries management. Beginning with the herring fisheries in 1979 the Icelandic ITQ-system has sincethen been mainstreamed to include most species and Icelandic fisheries. The Icelandic system is characterized by a liberal approach, which has stimulated growth in the sector, but also led to national disputes on the distribution of wealth and access to the fisheries. In the following decades the large-scale fleet grew and capital investments in the fishing sector increased more than output.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This has ensured ownership of the Framework across all eight jurisdictions. Following the negotiation of new national goals for schooling2 in 2008, the rationale for the Framework was updated in 2009. The changes to the Framework were agreed by all education jurisdictions. The Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA), established in 2009, is charged with developing the new Australian Curriculum from Kindergarten to Year 12 in agreed learning areas4.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)