albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The aim of TVET is to develop a skilled workforce and, if this objective is achieved, this will in turn enhance the public perception of TVET so that it is no longer seen as a second-rate source of education. Skills recognition is a mechanism for facilitating the incorporation of informal and non-formal modalities because it gives credit for learning gained through any number of pathways. Skills recognition can also provide a pathway into formal programmes and can support the mobility of the workforce across the region if mutual recognition systems are in place in the various countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Progress was made with Complementary Law 140/2011 and Presidential Decree 8437/2015, which clarified the boundaries of federal, state and local jurisdiction over environmental issues. However, implementation and co-ordination challenges remain. Co-ordination bodies are abundant but often lack the decision-making tools, capacity and resources to get to grips with vested institutional interests. Addressing their weakness and the low capacity of most subnational authorities would help establish a nationwide level playing field in setting and enforcing environmental requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Recent years have seen further internationally pioneering activities related to patient safety, such as the Danish Safer Hospital Programme. Another important component is the Danish system for adverse event reporting, co-ordinated by the National Agency for Patient Rights and Complaints (NAPRC). In doing so, many actors across the health care landscape have concurred in making quality of care a key priority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Micro-regions in Hungary are statistical sub-regions. There are 149 micro-regions in total and Budapest is not included in the system. Day care comprises health care services delivered to patients who are formally admitted to hospitals, ambulatory premises or self standing centres but with the intention to discharge the patient on the same day.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Next, employment and welfare officers develop an individual action plan for the client through a joint interview. The client is registered for work at the PES office and is referred to vacancies once his or her job preparation is completed. The Employment Support Programme for welfare recipients (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Amenable mortalily refers to cremature deaths that could have been avoided through trnely and effective health care. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in men and the second highest for women after breast cancer. Deaths have increased over the past few years and are now higher than the EU average (62 per 100 000 population versus 54 in 2014). While mortality rates are lower than the EU average for women, the picture for men is quite different, recording significantly higher mortality (110 deaths per 100 000 versus 85 in the EU). Although male smoking rates are higher, the figures may also suggest issues around utilisation of care. However, enforcement has been weak and the ban appears to be widely ignored except for on public transport and in medical facilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Some programmes prefer the use of coarse measures of biodiversity to facilitate simpler exchanges whereas others have opted for more a detailed representation of biodiversity through more fine-scale measurement of individual characteristics (Thomas, Brandao and Chomitz, 2004). Successful indicators capture the key components of biodiversity that must be protected, according to regulatory requirements, or in the absence of such requirements, that society wants protected. These choices may be informed by the types of biodiversity and ecosystem services that are valued by stakeholders, the latest scientific understanding and the availability of data to populate the indicator at a reasonable cost/benefit ratio (Figure 4.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It should also be recognised that not all reforms have gone to plan. As outlined in the regular reviews conducted by the European Commission and European Central Bank, there have been delays in implementing some reforms and in some instances have led to unintended consequences including, for example, shortages in medical supplies and continuing arrears in paying providers of health care. The following discussion provides examples of some of the main instruments used by countries in their efforts to reduce health care expenditure and restructure national health care systems. While a substantial number of papers have been written on crisis-related reforms, the literature does not provide complete coverage. The summary reported here does not attempt to list all reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Recently, the burden of such discrimination on economic growth has been estimated to cost up to USD 12 trillion for the global economy. Yet, using standard economic indicators such as GDP as a measure of social progress is inherently limited. What is equally important is assessing the impact of gender inequality on other measures of well-being. Using subjective well-being indicators, for instance, allows a broader perspective of the complex consequences of gender-based discrimination in social institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While the instrument was initially designed for flood risk assessment, it can be adapted to reflect risks of scarcity or the costs of supplying water in a water scarce region. If they do not, there is a risk that the supplier overspends in infrastructure development. This is one of the major roles of the economic regulator in England and Wales (see Box 3.2). In the Netherlands, recent discussions on financing flood protection by the Regional Water Boards indicate that expenditures should not be driven by the capacity to raise funds (OECD, 2014b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The law of international responsiblity serves two main goals: providing reparation of individual states (or other victims) and the preservation of public order. Traditionally it has been held that despite these quite different aims, the law of of international responsibility is of a unitary nature, consisting of a single set of principles that applies to all breaches of all rules of international law. The article argues that in present international law thus unity cannot be maintained. On the one hand there is need for more refined principles of reparation and compensation. On the other hand there is a need for better accountability principles. Just as domestic law does not treat tort law and constitutional or administrative law under one set principles, international responsiblity must be more differentiated if it wishes to remain relevant in the 21st century.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, comparing the labour tax wedge for a single individual at 67% and 167% of the average wage, this wedge increases by only a tenth in Brazil, compared to an increase in the labour tax wedge by one quarter in the average OECD country (Gandullia et al., Social security contributions are currently capped at about twice the average wage, and this could be reconsidered to achieve more progressivity. This is not unique to Brazil, in fact consumption taxes tend to have less favourable distribution effects than personal income taxes in most countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
According to ECLAC estimates, disasters dating back to 1972 have caused approximately 311,000 fatalities, displaced 34 million people and caused US$ 140 billion in damages and US$ 70 billion in losses (at 2000 prices) (see Bello, Ortiz and Samaniego, 2012). Analysis of the vulnerability and exposure of coastal regions in Latin America and the Caribbean to the potential alterations of climate change has identified countries in which almost the entire population lives in flood-prone areas. These include the Turks and Caicos Islands, the Cayman Islands, the Bahamas, Barbados, Grenada and Dominica.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A more stable and credible policy environment is particularly conducive to private investment. Generally, a large number of international organisations and NGOs are active in the above case study countries. Nordic actors have shown to be particularly engaged in the energy and forestry sectors, for example in Peru and in Ethiopia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Economic planning and physical planning should be co-ordinated. Move from administratively constrained, short-term subsidising policies to co-operative, multi-actor-based long-term investment strategies. This would make it possible to create mobile, resilient and green environments for residential and economic activities, while reducing the costs of development. Nowadays, rural communities adjacent to large cities are excluded from the official procedure of planning and management of urban development. Cities are treated separately from the neighbouring rural and other urban areas. Regional and urban development instruments are not coherent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A small number of NCls and NC2s from Annex I Parties were submitted in hard copy only and the submission dates of these reports are not available on the UNFCCC website. As of May 2016, one non-Annex I Party (Mexico) had submitted its fourth and fifth national communications. Over the past decades, Parties have gained experience that may be useful in designing the future transparency framework under the Paris Agreement. The quality and breadth of emissions inventories has generally been improving over time, including improvements in the quality of underlying data and emissions factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As agreed by 23 international organisations and 192 countries in 2000, MDGs include 8 goals and 18 concrete targets that support sustainable development. Accomplishing this goal would help to tackle most development issues. Access to water is a vehicle to eradicating poverty and hunger, addressing gender equality (women’s empowerment and girls’ education), and reducing child mortality and major water-related diseases. Water accessibility cuts across sectors and is affected by policy decisions in multiple areas, lack of access to water can result in many cumulative impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There were co-payments for outpatient services across all programmes, except for SSK pensioner and dependents who had to pay TRL 0.8 per outpatient visit. For inpatient services there were no copayments. For outpatient pharmaceuticals, coinsurance rates for active workers and dependents under SSK, Emekli-Sandigi and Bag-Kur were 20%, while for pensioners and dependents they were 10%. At the centre of the Health Transformation Programme was a consolidation of multiple health insurance schemes into a single payer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Today, the pastoralists are Arabophone, including the Shuwa and Fula Mbororo from central Nigeria to the Central African Republic and to the northern Democratic Republic of the Congo in the case of the latter. This can create problems with other pastoral populations and farmers who have no tradition of complementary co-existence with nomads (Map 6.2). Unwelcome among the local population, they often carry weapons to deal with livestock raiding and are sometimes taken (rightly or wrongly) for militia. The situations are too complex to speak of simple wars between nomadic pastoralists and farmers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
During 2013 for example, more than 43 000 inspections were carried out in workplaces to verify the fulfilment of social security obligation (OECD, forthcoming). Together, these policy reforms are encouraging moves to tackle informality in Mexico. First, evidence suggests that public social spending is reduced by informality because informal workers do not contribute to social protection and insurance. Second, the quality of social protection is one of the forces driving informality. A lack of social protection (such as unemployment benefit) might create incentives to search for work in the informal economy, to avoid falling into poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Roach (2003) shows that US estate and gift taxes were the most progressive elements of federal taxation because they applied only to large estates/gifts and because rates were progressive. Among the countries that reduced or abolished wealth taxes since the mid-1990s, some have increased the taxation of top incomes (Germany) or capital income (Luxembourg and the Netherlands). Spain introduced a wealth tax in September 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The monitoring of behaviour, perceptions and attitudes among city dwellers could also add value. It seems natural, however, to focus on casualties as the measurable outcome which matters the most to people. This material should be used to support a more vigorous approach to road safety management, with a goal of closing the gap and matching the best-performing cities. It should also be noted that no single indicator could capture all aspects of performance: a city may perform well on some aspects and poorly on others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As ODA-supported activities potentially relevant to building capacity for climate change activities can be quite extensive, reporting in BRs may only present a partial picture of such support. Capacity-building support in adaptation is increasingly linked to support for broader development priorities, for example, recognising the need for enhanced capacities across a broad set of economic actors. Donors integrate capacity-building into all funding programmes as a matter of good development practice, making support for climate-related capacity-building more difficult to independently track and report (Ellis et al., Germany notes in its third BR that “technology transfer and capacity-building are components of virtually all of the German government’s bilateral cooperation projects and cannot be categorised separately” (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, 2017[i7]). Denmark raises this challenge in the context of its biennial reporting, its second BR does not distinguish between public and private sector activities (UNFCCC, 2016(igj).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Creative cities act as loci of experience, exchanging good practices and cooperating on an international level. Aligning with SDG indicator 11.3.2, the "proportion of cities with a direct participation structure of civil society in urban planning and management that operate regularly and democratically',' creative cities have successfully utilized local partnerships and fostered civic participation. The cultural and creative industries account for over 30 million jobs worldwide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Details on the aggregate budget and the funding sources to implement the cross-cutting strategy are also provided. In addition, environment and climate change are incorporated into the plan as one of six cross-cutting issues. Targets under this section include developing the forest sector (including identification, demarcation and conservation of forest resources, increase in forest cover, and increase in socio-economic benefits of forests) and wildlife conservation and development with targets for PAs (including demarcation of new wildlife zones, monitoring illegal wildlife activities, development of benefits of wildlife zones, and participatory actions in demarcation, conservation, and benefit from PAs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The development of “managerial and entrepreneurship skills” are also required for higher education programme accreditation. Despite the progress made, the results are still at a low level. In 2004, only 30 out of 2 275 graduate respondents chose to get involved in entrepreneurship either by running a business on their own or by being part of a team. Several universities participate in the government’s incubator programme MTDC, the National Unipreneur Development Programme (NUDP) that stimulates technology-related start-ups and university-industry relationships, and the annual business plan competition (MIBPC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Stronger female labour participation, in particular in full-time jobs, increases family income and improves career prospects for women. Higher income for women fosters their financial independence, reduces individual, family and child poverty risks, improves resilience against adverse financial shocks and increases retirement entitlements and wealth. The model is based on a growth accounting framework that allows for adjustments in structural parameters that reflect changes in the work-life balance between women and men, namely the transition towards a more balanced dual-earner dual-carer model (Box 2.2). Results suggest that full-time employment of women is likely to benefit most from spending on leave and birth grants, spending on childcare services in general and an the increase in the coverage of formal childcare facilities for children aged 0-2 years in particular.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The post-revolutionary population control policy and the availability of contraceptives through urban health clinics and rural health houses (Salehi-Isfahani, Abbasi-Shavazi and Hosseini-Chavosi, 2010) have been instrumental in the rise in the contraceptive prevalence rate from around 49 per cent in 1989 to around 72 per cent in 2000. The total fertility rate also declined from around 7 children per women in 1980 to around 1.8 children in 2011 (Abbasi-Shavazi, McDonald and Hosseini-Chavosi, 2009, Abbasi-Shavazi and Hosseini-Chavoshi, 2014). In response to the low level of fertility, there has been a population policy reversal towards a pro-natalist approach in recent years. The proponents of the new policy argue that contraception has had a strong impact on fertility decline and, thus, contraceptives should not be provided freely under the new pro-natalist policy (Abbasi-Shavazi and Hosseini-Chavoshi, 2014, Roudi, 2012). This may lead to an increase in the level of unintended pregnancies and abortion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In Chicago, the city’s Climate Action Plan recognizes the uncertain nature of the challenge and is expected to evolve as new information from assessments and changing priorities comes to light. All three initiatives exemplify clear-cut approaches to avoidance of path dependence, constant re-evaluation of information and redesign of policy interventions so as to improve outcomes. Under the programme, research was conducted and pilot projects were implemented which demonstrated the importance of learning from experiences and from stakeholder dialogue and knowledge exchange.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This has not changed, although youth employment programmes have an indirect impact on these possibilities. Unlike in many Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, there are no robust State policies for subsidized rent, cooperative housing or scholarships for tuition and room and board. Importance of supply in the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The use of European Union Structural Funds in Slovenia, for example, illustrates how too much local control can lead to a focus on local amenities and needs, to the neglect of wider regional growth objectives (OECD, 2011c). This can make it difficult for cities to budget and plan effectively, to ensure public service delivery and maintenance, and to invest in more strategic long-term priorities. In Antofagasta (Chile), for example, local projects are often designed with little certainty as to whether or not funding will be available, making it difficult to manage funding flows, and ultimately, discouraging potential investors (OECD, 2013g).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It analyzes the social model of disability approach that is adopted by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Unlike the medical model, disability shall be understood as the interaction between the limitation or natural deterrent suffering person in their physical functions, mental and / or intellectual and social barriers. The paper follows qualitative analysis, basing on bibliographical and documentary research that showed the change in paradigm of international documents on human rights, focusing on the inclusion of people with disabilities and mitigation of social barriers to participate in community life, social and politician.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
ABSTRACTThis article analyses the migration of the common law doctrine of precedent to civil law constitutionalism. Using the case study of Mexico and Colombia, it suggests how this doctrine should be tailored to the civil law context. Historically, the civil law tradition adhered to the doctrine of jurisprudence constante that grants relative persuasiveness to precedents, once they are reiterated. However, the trend is to consider single constitutional precedents as binding. Universalist judges are borrowing common law concepts to interpret precedents joining the global trend while particularists consider such migration a foreign imposition that distorts the civil law theory of sources. This article takes a dialogical approach and occupies a middle ground between universalist and particularist approaches. The doctrine of precedent should be adopted, but it must also be reconfigured considering three distinctive features of the civil law: (a) canonical rationes decidendi, (b) precedent overproduction, and...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This has developed into a separate field of knowledge, which it is crucial that leaders are aware of and that becomes an integral part of the exercise of leadership in academia. The strategy is to concentrate more research resources on large units, programmes and elite environments. In particular, the top-level leadership at the centres of excellence in all of the Nordic countries is highly male dominated (see Table 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As the end of a highly favourable cycle for the region draws near, there are a few warning signs on the horizon: although employment and productivity have grown, profound changes in the production structure have failed to materialize. Female workforce participation remains highly stratified (see figure 1.16): women from low-income sectors show much lower participation and employment rales then women from upper-middle- and high-income sectors, with the gap being wider than for men (especially in the case of the participation rate). The high degree of differentiation in female workforce participation by income quintile is associated with the gendered pattern of division of labour, limited capacity to pay for care and household services, and maternity at early ages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Introduction: security failure versus state failure Paul Kenny and Monica Serrano Part I: The Background 1. The Mexican state and organized crime: an unending story Paul Kenny and Monica Serrano 2. Transition to dystopia: 1994-2008 Paul Kenny and Monica Serrano Part II: Security Failure at Home... 3. Arbitrariness and inefficiency in the Mexican criminal justice system Ana Laura Magaloni 4. Accounting for the unaccountable: the police in Mexico Ernesto Lopez-Portillo 5. Security versus human rights: the case of contemporary Mexico Alejandro Anaya Munoz Part III: ... and Abroad 6. Drug trafficking and US-Mexico relations: causes of conflict Jorge Chabat 7. Mexico's war on terrorism: rhetoric and reality Athanasios Hristoulas 8. The Mesoamerican dilemma: external insecurity, internal vulnerability Raul Benitez and Arturo Sotomayor Conclusion: Authoritarian evolution Paul Kenny and Monica Serrano
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)