albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
With regards to unresolved issues in the negotiations, he called for the agreement to strike a balance between the leadership role of developed countries and the increasing responsibility of developing countries to take action in line with their capabilities and respective levels of development. This meant that the vexing issue of differentiation should be applied differently across the various pillars of the agreement in a manner that did not undermine the integrity of the collective effort. He also insisted that the agreement needed to be credible in responding to rapidly escalating climate impacts, and called for the inclusion of regular, five-year cycles for Governments to review, assess and strengthen national commitments overtime in line with science.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Cities do not function in isolation, they exist within river basins and what happens in cities affects others downstream and vice versa. Unemployment across many Arab States has worsened in recent years as rural incomes have fallen due to drought, land degradation and groundwater depletion, resulting in low agricultural productivity. This has fuelled rural to urban migration, expanded informal settlements and increased social unrest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Moreover, each medical student has to spend at least one of his/her six semesters of training in a GP’s practice as from 2017. However, CESP subsidies were given to only 236 students, including 172 in general medicine, out of 7 700 new students in 2016 (Anguis, 2017), and demographic forecasting and training capacity planning are mostly done at the national level using quotas covering the number of students admitted to medicine, pharmacy, dentistry and midwifery (and physiotherapy in part), and other health-related education programmes such as nursing and speech therapy (numerus clausus). In the French context education and training are provided through public universities and professionals have freedom of location choice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These differ from the general policies reviewed in previous chapters which concern agriculture and other sectors as parts of the overall economy. This chapter presents the objectives of Turkey’s agricultural policy, it examines domestic price policies and payments based on various parameters of agricultural production, as well as based on environmental criteria. Trade policy measures associated with domestic agricultural policies are then examined, followed by an overview of land consolidation and rural development programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Source water protection reduces water treatment costs for urban suppliers, contributes to improved access to safe drinking water in rural communities, and can potentially also provide water of adequate quality for other uses such as agricultural irrigation. For example, a recent modelling exercise by Abell et al. ( More than 1.7 billion people (over half of the world’s urban population) living in the 4,000 cities in the area covered by this study could therefore potentially benefit from improved water quality as a result of NBS applied to their source watersheds, including “780 million people who live in watersheds located in countries in the bottom-tenth percentile of the Human Development Index (as of 2014)” (Abell etal., Forested riparian buffers serve to prevent pollution of rivers while providing shade that helps to reduce thermal pollution (Parkyn, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is partly explained by the availability of renewable energy sources which is high for instance in Nordic countries, benefiting from large hydroelectric capacities. In Germany, wind and biomass account for two thirds of the RES electricity production, while hydropower and solar remain limited (20% and 7%). Uncertainty regarding environmental policies hampered the development of RES in other OECD countries (OECD, 2011a). Some studies also show that feed-in tariffs were more efficient than other policies in increasing RES penetration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The present article provides an overview of findings from the UK Economic and Social Research Council's Youth Citizenship and Social Change Project on how young adults experience control and exercise agency in differing socioeconomic environments. The research builds on previous Anglo-German and UK studies (Bynner & Roberts, 1991, Evans & Heinz, 1994, Evans et al ., 2000), which have contrasted the regulated German and unregulated British approaches to transitions into the labour market. In the present new study, the ways in which social changes have impacted on the lives of individuals have been central to the rationale. The Eastern and Western parts of Germany shared a common culture but operated totally different socioeconomic systems during communism. West Germany and Britain had different versions of the same socioeconomic system, but different cultural histories. Britain and Eastern Germany have experienced, from different starting points, strong effects of market forces and deregulation of previous...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Total government revenue is projected to reach ETB 498 billion by 2025/26 under the high revenue scenario and the budget deficit is projected to decline to ETB 34 billion. Four scenarios correspond to different assumptions regarding the level of social protection expenditure relative to GDP, three of these four include humanitarian relief while one does not. These are analysed with reference to low- and high-growth scenarios for GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Ministers and other senior policy officials can champion the importance of monitoring and evaluation and ensure that findings contribute to a transparent, evidence-based adaptation policy planning and implementation process (Segone, 2008). There is also scope for greater exchange among countries of lessons learned on effective adaptation approaches and on methods used to monitor and evaluate them. Answerability is primarily based on political will to justify decisions and actions based on the monitoring and evaluation of adaptation interventions. Enforceability, on the other hand, refers to the ability of governments to ensure that national policy commitments agreed upon (e.g. in their annual or periodic development plans) are being met and that corrective measures are undertaken when they are not.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The same sort of historical arch is not present in other fields of external costs, including climate change. While this history of research and regulation makes local and regional air pollution one of the most recognisable types of external costs from electricity provision, research continues. In particular, epidemiologists have begun looking at the various components of PM10 and PM25 as these components have been shown to have differential health damages and lifetimes in the atmosphere. Chronic effect deaths are between 88% and 99% of the total.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Under this initiative, between 2014 and 2018, the government launched the construction of five large dams, which will allow irrigation of around 8 000 farms covering 40 000 ha in the central and northern regions, for a total investment of USD 1.3 billion. The Public Works Concessions mechanism is used to support construction. Under this plan, the state finances a part of the total cost, private investors build, exploit and maintain the dam, and the end users pay the license holder for water stored. There, future beneficiaries criticized the programme because they considered that the water would have a “high cost”, and “it was not fair” compared to other areas where the state was building directly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Between 1996 and 2013 labour productivity grew at an average rate of 2.6% per year. This performance has been concentrated in the sectors where only 30% of Dominicans work: mining (4.7% growth per year), manufacturing (5.1% growth per year) and transport and communications (6.8% growth per year). In contrast, labour productivity in only “other service sectors” (i.e., Education, Health and social services as well as services in private households), where the highest proportion of Dominicans work (24% of total jobs), decreased by -1.5% between 2005 and 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In terms of industry collaborations, EWF, MOBI, B3i and RiskBlock, amongst others, represent the leading initiatives in the energy, mobility and insurance sectors, respectively. However, this number needs to be compared to the USD 21.2 billion that was raised from the beginning of 2018 through the end of October 2018 via 3,252 Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs), a new funding mechanism through which organisations receive funding by issuing coins or tokens on a blockchain (Momtaz et al., Use cases have emerged in disparate areas in nearly all industries, from the basics of payments solutions and identity management to more complex uses. Chemical, pharmaceutical, and food companies can track perishable goods and check their preservation status along the chain of custody. Artists and media operators can leverage blockchain technology to manage copyrights and to enable seamless flow of micro-payments for downloads, streaming or licensing — and the list goes on. By taking the example of mobility as a service (MaaS), otherwise highly isolated industries like the energy and automotive sectors are increasingly collaborating.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
What can we learn from schools that partner with businesses, educational services and cultural bodies in their community and excel at driving business and social innovation in their communities? How can schools engage the local community and contribute to social responsibility? These are some of the questions for the first session of the 2018 International Summit on the Teaching Profession. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The rationale leading to the development of the mid-term strategy as well as its targets and objectives are presented, together with the progress achieved and the challenges and opportunities faced during the first phase of implementation. In particular, the role of the GFCM has been crucial in promoting common rules and strengthening regional cooperation in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. However, fisheries in the region still face serious challenges: around 80 percent of scientifically assessed stocks in the region are considered to be fished outside safe biological limits (see Chapter 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, sustained penetration will depend on continued technological advances aimed at reducing high capital costs, space requirements and maintenance needs (IRENA, 2015, Kempener et al., The availability of appropriate storage technologies and energy-efficient appliances will also be important to support SHSs for productive uses and rural nonfarming activities. While different off-grid devices provide different levels of energy access (table 3.1), many appliances for productive use, particularly in higher value added stages of production, require medium or high power, and thus upper-tier access.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In short, the model aims to integrate the interests of future generations with the necessity of the present. Based on the triple bottom line approach (i.e., economic, social and environmental), the proposed model increases our understanding of the principles of SRB (i.e., corporate governance, corporate social responsibility and corporate sustainability), the major practices (i.e., corporate philanthropy, socially responsible investment and social enterprise) and the SRB enablers (i.e., technology, innovation, interconnectivity, metrics, stakeholder engagement and government support). In addition, this model addresses the limitations in the existing models and approaches to business, which fail to account for the dynamic interactions between the foundations, principles, practices and enablers of SRB.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Availability of sanitary facilities in the household and outstanding credit per capita represent proxies of the district stage of development. They allow for distinction between average income per household and the overall wealth of the district. The district level product, an equivalent to state and national level GDP would serve this purpose better, but as its availability is limited the model needs to rely the aforementioned proxies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The government has launched various welcome initiatives. Trainees with no university degree would be paid at 75% of the minimum wage. The proposed law would also enable companies to develop training programmes supervised by the National Training Service (SENA). Second, a Public Employment Service is being designed and implemented in order to match supply and demand for labour, with a regional view. Third, while there is no fully-fledged unemployment insurance system, the government is considering introducing a system of individual Unemployment Saving Accounts complemented with a solidarity fund. Empirical evidence for OECD countries suggests that raising graduation rates from upper secondary and tertiary education and increasing early childhood care and education coverage reduces income inequality (OECD, 2012a, Koske et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Specifically, realised capital gains, employees’ mandatory and voluntary pension contributions are treated in the same way in the IDD as they are in the national assessment made by the Danish government.12 As a result, these differences are theoretical and do not de facto impact the comparison between OECD and official Danish data. It remains unclear whether the Gini coefficient under full compliance with the OECD standards would be lower or higher since the inclusion of realised capital gains tends to increase inequality whereas inclusion of voluntary pension contributions (among current transfers paid) tends to decrease inequality (see above). A tax reform in 2009 restricted the tax deductibility of some pension contributions, which resulted in lower contributions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is something policy-makers must be more sensitive to. Others point out that the fragmentation process of services has hardly begun yet.4 These future developments are likely to be of particular interest to many Commonwealth small states. Effective value-chain governance requires the alignment of incentive structures for firms taking into account public policy and developmental objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Citing international law and the European Convention's intention, the Court stated that remedies must be effective not illusory, noting that many civil and political rights had social and economic implications involving positive obligations. Accordingly, there is a right to legal assistance if legal assistance is indispensable to have effective access to the courts. Furthermore, the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law call for "proper assistance to victims seeking access to justice" including legal aid and ensuring adequate, effective and prompt remedies for victims of serious or gross violations (General Assembly resolution 60/147).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Ministry of Tourism heads the Secretariat. These working groups identify and work on issues of transversal public policy importance with the aim of progressing Mexico's National Tourism Policy. More than twelve government agencies participate in the working groups with the private sector and civil society organisations invited to participate where appropriate. In 2010 the Travel Promotion Act was passed into law, which established a non-profit corporation, known as Brand USA, for the purposes of promoting travel to the United States and improving the image of the United States as a destination. This Strategy seeks to address a lack of co-ordination through a reinvigorated interagency Tourism Policy Council (TPC), with representatives from over 18 agencies and offices of the government. The TPC is comprised of high-level representatives from key agencies, and its aim is to develop commitment and policy coordination across Federal agencies, with the private sector, with state, territorial, tribal and local governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
While domestic infrastructure comprises about 40% of transport costs in the trade of coastal countries, for landlocked countries, domestic and transit country infrastructure together account for an estimated 60%.208 Poor road conditions can similarly hold back the growing online retail sector. They can be a nightmare for SMEs selling on e-commerce sites and for the logistics companies that make their deliveries. Transport costs can account for as much as 50%-75% of the retail price of goods in areas where quality road and rail networks are lacking. Some 14% of the continent’s population have no access to postal services, while only 21% have the benefit of home mail delivery.211 Removing the high costs of transport and logistics resulting from inefficient transport infrastructure would undoubtedly facilitate the last mile delivery of items.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Fuel excise taxes are applied in all Emerging Asian countries except in Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia and Viet Nam. Subsidies in the region reduce fuel prices, encouraging greater use of motor vehicles. These subsidies, while considerable in several Emerging Asian countries, have been reduced or eliminated in recent reforms, though rising global oil price is still a challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Gangwong is a top performer in safety and access to services compared to other selected OECD TL2 regions (Figure 1.13). Approximately 97.2% of the region’s households had a broadband connection. Moreover, the region had about 4.5 percentage points lower unemployment rate than the average of selected OECD TL2 regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Informal sector often still plays a key role. There is also confusion over terminology (e.g. variations over what constitutes a “recycler”). This lack of data restricts evidence-based strategic decisions and interventions. Three main systems exist for collecting these materials: kerbside collection, communal collection, and deposit return systems. The informal sector also plays a key role in waste collection in low and lower-middle income countries and is discussed separately below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It is at this local level that citizens tend to experience exclusion, arbitrariness and dispossession from the state, which in turn can lead to fear, frustration and disempowerment (Haar, van der, 2009). In some cases, these institutions may provide valuable routes to empower poor people and can act as building blocks to gradual engagement with the state as its capacity grows. Opportunities for external actors to enable empowerment processes are likely to be limited, but it is essential to act to protect the livelihoods and assets of poor people, to reduce tensions and promote ongoing exchange and co-operation between different parts of society. Historically, elites have used coercion to build states, popular resistance has forced them to exercise constraint and provide protection, (Tilly, 1985) and marginalised groups have used violence to challenge state authority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This is not intended to be an exhaustive list of strategies and reports, the point here is to illustrate that a multitude of different strategies and reporting channels already exists in many countries. This can help to clarify what elements may usefully be included in a LEDS versus what may be redundant of other exercises and thus left out to avoid duplication. For example, while many existing national climate change strategies may also contain forward-looking components, they may not adequately integrate economic development with climate change, so this could be a core objective of a LEDS.7 Moreover, several of the existing national climate change strategies prepared to date only plan forward for the short-term, i.e. up to 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Upon request of the PETI Committee, the Policy Department on Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs commissioned the present analysis, which examines the situation in relation to openness, transparency, access to documents and information in the EU. Case law and developments in the jurisprudence of the CJEU are examined, notably for legislative documents, documents relating to administrative proceedings, to Court proceedings, infringement proceedings and EU Pilot cases, protection of privacy and international relations. Current and future challenges, as well as conclusions and policy recommendations are set out, in order to ensure compliance with the Treaties’ and Charter of Fundamental Rights’ requirements aimed at enhancing citizens’ participation in the EU decision-making process, and consequently stronger accountability and democracy in the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, analysis by the type of clinician shows that the disparity was much less with regard to the supply of GPs specifically, with 106.4 FTE GPs per 100 000 population in major cities compared with 110.1 FTE per 100000 in inner regional areas and 112.2 FTE GPs in outer regional areas. The supply of GPs in remote/very remote areas was the highest of all areas in 2013, with 134.7 FTE per 100 000 population (AIHW, 2015b). However, this equates to only about 600 GPs working across a very broad geographical area consisting of many small communities and a total estimated population of more than 500 000 people (AIHW, 2014d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While school choice can be seen as an end in itself, it can also be used as a tool for accomplishing agreed upon goals of the education system (Miron et al., In the case of the Flemish Community, school choice is primarily seen as an outcome or end in itself. As will be explored in this chapter, the goal of ensuring school choice may compete with the goals of quality, equity and efficiency. In the section discussing policy recommendations, this chapter will highlight design features of school choice that could be established to help pursue quality, equity and efficiency rather than compromise these other goals. Estimated for reference year 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Increased use of information technologies and the generation of big data on market transactions through platform providers is likely to have profound impacts on TIPO business models and services. They offer services across the spectrum that are needed to promote and expand exports. As their main job is to attract investors, their focus is on ensuring that foreign companies have all the support, and in some cases the incentives, necessary to make investment decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The article examines the legal framework, characteristics and main components of politics and public administration in the context of globalization and the crisis of the negatives of modern Russia, economic, organizational and information framework the integration of the state policy in the globalization processes and the practical implementation of the state policy of crisis and contractional orientation. Analyzes General, special and private in the process Manager’s specific anti-crisis actions in view of the potential opportunities and prospects out of the country on the path of sustainable socio-economic and political development, represented basic components of the mechanism of public crisis management, the most effective forms, methods and means of effective political and administrative activity in the conditions of crisis and unprecedented external unfriendly to Russia sanctions pressure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)