albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Only a few studies have presented much in the way of formal theoretical justification for the particular lag models they have employed in modelling returns to agricultural research. This table represents a reworked version of Table 5 in Alston et al. ( Until quite recently, it was common to restrict the lag length to be less than 20 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Law provides for the designation of ecological corridors ensuring ecological connectivity and continuity, by linking natural areas and protecting species migration routes. The joint forest management approach, previously tested under several pilot projects implemented with the support of international donors, is also reflected in the Code. However, such issues are regulated by the Law on Wildlife. The Law divides game species into unlimited and limited ones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Treated wastew'ater for reuse supports crop production, the irrigation of green spaces and golf courses, groundwater recharge and industrial cooling. However, in order to expand developments in this sector, the adoption and enforcement of wastew'ater treatment standards for specific uses is essential. Its importance is evident when considering the use of w'astewater in agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Once again, the politically volatile Middle East and accompanying rhetoric has escalated the risk of a major nuclear exchange. Diplomatic efforts have failed to make the medical consequences of such an exchange a leading element in negotiations. The medical and academic communities share this denial. Without exaggeration, the harsh reality of the enormous consequences of an imminently conceivable nuclear war between Iran and Israel will encompass an unprecedented millions of dead and an unavoidable decline in public health and environmental devastation that would impact major populations in the Middle East for decades to come. Nuclear deterrence and the uncomfortable but real medical and public health consequences must become an integral part of a broader global health diplomacy that emphasizes health security along with poverty reduction and good governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Africa's municipal authorities have growing knowledge of what they can achieve by rethinking how they design buildings, public spaces, and energy, water, transport and waste systems. The city of Durban, South Africa, shows what can be done by careful planning for resilience to climate impacts in ways that generate jobs and security for the urban poor. Starting in 2004, Durban's Municipal Climate Protection Programme has prioritized the need to tackle the challenge of climate risk within the context of poverty, escalating urbanization and deteriorating environmental conditions, and has become a national and international leader in the field of climate change adaptation planning and implementations (Roberts, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Such health care services are integral to minimising the morbidity associated with such events. This implies both financial access, so that cost does not impose unnecessary barriers to care, and physical access, to ensure that care is timely, and 3) the health care system delivers high quality care. The analysis in this report examines the pathways by which OECD countries deliver the programmes and services related to CVD and diabetes, namely health promotion, public health, primary care and acute care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Support programmes can also be adapted to the time constraints of women. For example, distance learning may afford women greater access to training since courses can be taken at times suited to their schedules. Policy initiatives in the areas of information campaigns, training, and reducing the care burden offer a potential double dividend - greater women’s empowerment and more productive businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The changes have hardly affected the incidence of poverty, since most of the affected households already had incomes below the poverty line. However, the reforms have made the poor poorer. The poverty gap, defined as the difference between the median income of those below the poverty line and the value of the poverty line itself, expressed relative to the poverty line, has increased by almost 6 percentage points (Table 2.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Most of the action on universal access has to be focused at individual household level, provincial and national governments and utilities are the key players for this connectivity. However, regional cooperation will help some countries in the Region that have weaker capacity to enhance energy networks and thus improve energy access. This option is made possible by eliminating trade restrictions on energy and providing incentives for expanding energy networks beyond national borders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Marriage, Motherhood and Masculinity in the Global Economy: Reconfigurations of Personal and Economic Life, IDS Working Paper No. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Drivers of Female Labor Force Participation During India's Economic Boom, IZA Discussion Papers 6395, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The paper attempts to analyse the nature and extent of decentralization in the Gram Panchayats, lowest tier of the local level governance in the rural areas of West Bengal. On the basis of the results of a large scale survey conducted across all the districts the paper highlights the fact that the so called success stories of decentralization of West Bengal, the pioneer in the country, has remained limited more to a political movement than translating into part of the system in the sense of administrative set up. In terms of fiscal and administrative variables GPs are by and large dependent on the government machinery. However, it is also revealed that some indicators pertaining to broader measure of decentralization as well as service delivery have stronger role in explaining variations across the local level governments than conventional indicators as extension of public finance or public policy. This has strong policy implications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, LDCs’ combined installed capacity for medium hydro nearly doubled between 2000 and 2016, from 257 MW to 495 MW, while small hydro also increased from 45 MW to 63 MW. Electricity output from medium hydro rose by more than 80 per cent from 9,723 GWh in 2000 to 17,887 GWh in 2014, while small hydro output increased from 159 GWh to 203 GWh. At the forefront of this increase have been Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nepal, Rwanda, Uganda and Zambia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The goals also emphasize that no country is immune to the impact of poverty, underscoring the fact that ending child poverty is a universal challenge. Failing to do so in this generation will transmit the human, social and economic costs to future generations. Another time, a child-mother from the streets of Colombia who had been trafficked, raped and enslaved, asked me this: "I have never had a dream.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In successful programmes, mentor teachers provide guidance and supervision to beginning teachers in close collaboration with the initial teacher-education institution. These mentors provide on-the-job support, identify deficits in subject-matter knowledge, classroom management strategies and other pedagogical processes. Often, schools that would need to provide the most support to beginning teachers are the least capable of delivering high-quality induction programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Judicial independence is traditionally deemed to ensure citizens about the impartiality of adjudication and, by doing so, to guarantee the legitimacy of the authoritative allocation of power that is exercised by a non-elective actor, that is, the judge. However, despite its relevance, this concept in itself cannot cast a proper light on the dynamics and the logics of action judicial actors follow in prosecuting and adjudicating cases. In this paper, the author retains this judicial accountability, with its multiple dimensions, and argues that this may provide promising insights on judicial governance and, accordingly, on the type of constitutionalism exhibited by a country or, as proved in the last section of the paper, in a multi-level system of governance, as the EU. The paper associates the reconstruction of judicial governance with the assessment of democratic quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In its 2007 decision in BC Health Services the Supreme Court of Canada invoked international law in support of its conclusion that the Charter’s guarantee of “freedom of association” included collective bargaining. In its 2011 decision in Fraser the Court returns to the issue of the role of international norms in Charter cases and was presented with the opportunity to clarify its position and respond to criticisms thereof. In this article we argue that the Court both missed an opportunity to correct and clarify its approach to the use of international law, and has, remarkably, sought to respond to its critics by shifting to the even more unstable ground of international legal “thought”. We also discuss the implications of the Court’s international turn on some other constitutional basics, including well established rules on the impact of treaties in domestic law, and the distribution of powers in the Canadian federation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Indonesia’s 1999 decentralization law gave local governments in Indonesia an unprecedented opportunity to adopt pro-development policies. In this paper we study whether decentralization has in fact generated improved economic performance in Indonesia. Using a synthetic case control methodology, we argue that that Indonesian decentralization has had no discernable effect on the country’s national-level economic performance. To explain why not, we use subnational data to probe two political economy mechanisms—interjurisdictional competition and democratic accountability— that underlie all theories linking decentralization to better economic outcomes. Our findings suggest that extreme heterogeneity in endowments, factor immobility, and the endogenous deterioration of local governance institutions can each undermine the supposed development-enhancing promises of decentralized government in emerging economies such as Indonesia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They have to continue to perform tasks such as cooking, washing clothes and caring for children as well as spending more hours on farm work or other jobs. In Bosnia, Cambodia and Guatemala the workload of women drastically increased in the aftermath of mass crimes. Many children lose their parents during mass crimes, others are separated from their families during conflict and forced migration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Adolescent-friendly services should also offer low-cost or free contraception, including male and female condoms, emergency contraception, and a full range of modern methods, including long-acting reversible methods, according to adolescents’ preferences and needs. However, services tailored to adolescents’ specific needs in many areas are limited, even though 78 per cent of the countries surveyed indicated they are committed to increasing access to comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services for adolescents—married or unmarried (UNFPA, 2013e). Even when adolescent-friendly services are available, adolescents may not have access to them for reasons including inconvenient locations or opening hours, cost or the stigma they may experience in their communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, a country's population will tend to have a higher proportion of children. Especially in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia, urbanization rates are high and must be coupled with better efforts in urban expansion planning and slum upgrading. Based on the concept of the demographic dividend, however, this rising urbanization phenomenon could be called the urban dividend, urbanization as a window of opportunity to improve people's well-being when planning is properly undertaken.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Reforms introducing such “quotas” have proved to be efficient in encouraging fathers to take some period of leave. Nordic countries (with the exception of Denmark) and Slovenia grant the longest father-specific leave, with Iceland and Slovenia allotting up to 13 weeks to each parent and replacing 80% of earnings -100% in Slovenia below a certain threshold (Figure 4). However, the leave taken by fathers is less than the maximum authorised by legislation: despite the various schemes designed to encourage fathers to claim their father-specific rights, their overall take-up falls between 20% and 30% short of their entitlements (Moss, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Production costs of hospitals amount to just under 98 billion SEK. Expenditure on the 7 regional hospitals accounted for 42 billion SEK, on 21 county hospitals for 42 billion SEK and on 28 smaller hospitals for 13.5 billion SEK. As regards to the expenditure on outpatient and inpatient care on smaller county hospitals, 7.7% was spent on general psychiatry (including forensic psychiatry), and 0.9% on child psychiatry. For county hospitals, the corresponding figures were 13% and 2.5%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Preparatory work is done by specially trained teachers who closely co-operate with PES counselors working in the BIZ. The visits include a presentation of PES services for young people, including an emphasis on the importance of starting to think about career choices early on. Opportunities for second chance education and flexible education pathways are needed. Given that Norwegian employers often complain of significant problems in recruiting young people (Challenge 7), it is important that all of Norway's skills potential is being developed, activated and used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A total of 60 per cent of the worlds preterm births are found in only 10 countries, 6 of which are in the Asian and Pacific region: Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, and the Philippines. The countries in the region with the highest preterm birth rates in 2010 were Pakistan (16 per 100 live births), Indonesia (15 per 100 live births), the Philippines (15 per 100 live births), Bangladesh (14 per 100 live births) and Nepal (14 per 100 live births). Estimates of this indicator are produced from data collected from such surveys as demographic and health surveys and multiple indicator cluster surveys. Interpretation should therefore be considered with caution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These systems are becoming more popular globally and in the region, similar congestion pricing systems are being planned or considered in other large Emerging Asian cities, including Beijing and Jakarta. While the number of vehicles entering the city each day in Singapore increased by 22.1%, from 246 000 to 300 400, between 2004 and 2014, average speeds on expressways and arterial roads remained mostly unchanged and within their target ranges (Table 2.8). However, the design and pricing of these systems can create unintended consequences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This chapter examines key features that need to be considered for biodiversity mainstreaming at the national level. These are: the extent to which mainstreaming of economic development and where relevant, poverty alleviation objectives are reflected in National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs), the extent to which biodiversity is reflected in National Development Plans (NDPs) and other relevant strategies, institutional arrangements in place to foster mainstreaming, the role of data and information in mainstreaming, and the extent to which biodiversity is reflected in national budgets. It is important to note that these issues should be considered in the broader context of assessment frameworks that have been developed for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, which include the need for mainstreaming (Figure 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Does information about rampant political corruption increase electoral participation and the support for challenger parties? Democratic theory assumes that offering more information to voters will enhance electoral accountability. However, if there is consistent evidence suggesting that voters punish corrupt incumbents, it is unclear whether this translates into increased support for challengers and higher political participation. We provide experimental evidence that information about copious corruption not only decreases incumbent support in local elections in Mexico, but also decreases voter turnout, challengers' votes, and erodes voters' identification with the party of the corrupt incumbent. Our results suggest that while flows of information are necessary, they may be insufficient to improve political accountability, since voters may respond to information by withdrawing from the political process. We conclude with a discussion of the institutional contexts that could allow increased access to information to promote government accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The report is also a timely addition to the calls made by the Commission on Global Poverty, the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development and others for incorporating quality of life dimensions into the way we understand and determine human deprivation. But all the best data in the world won't do us much good if they sit on a shelf collecting dust. They must be used to influence decisionmaking and accountability, and ultimately to transform the lives of the world's most vulnerable people. The last 15 years have shown us that progress on poverty is possible. But we also know that it is not inevitable— nor has it been universal. My hope is that this report will catalyse the global community to ensure that, this time, no one is left behind.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These gaps have a tendency to widen over time as less advantaged children encounter more barriers to choice, such as: the need to opt out of school and join the workforce to contribute to the household, inability to pay school fees, and lack of access to quality schools (Bradbury and others, 2012, Heckman, 2006). For example, Majumder (2010) found intergenerational educational mobility in India to be much lower for disadvantaged and excluded groups than for advanced classes. Education can mediate the association between the socioeconomic status of parents and that of their children, a persistence present in many country settings (Hertz, 2008). As Chapter 5 highlights, policies to promote universal quality education are important.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For the North Sea, the advice is given on about 60 stocks and is available publicly. According to the 2016 advice, most fished species are fished sustainably, following the goal of harvest at maximum sustainable yield (MSY). One exception is European sea bass. To address this issue, EU-wide measures have been undertaken, including lower catch limits for 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Most notably the booming shale oil and shale gas production has substantially increased the scope of fossil fuel resources. Shale gas and oil production require hydraulic fracturing (fracking) which consumes a lot of water and large quantities of water are needed for releasing and processing bitumen. At the global level, there is way less w'ater used for fossil fuel extraction than for power generation (IEA, 2016), but this part of the nexus can be crucial for many reasons. Therefore, the w'ater intensity will be pushed up and in the absence of water regulation it might significantly increase water w ithdrawals and consumption from the fossil fuel sector, although IEA (2016) argues that water consumption may not have to increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Through such mobilization, organizations with little experience or prior knowledge could take a great leap forward into the world of formal inter-gov-ernmental negotiations, with considerable success.14 Feminists learned formal negotiation methods and language and became creative in mixing effective advocacy with technical sophistication, using insider-outsider methods and strategic and tactical lessons that they learned on the job. Equally, it could creatively address new issues and learn from its own diversity despite an increasingly difficult policy environment. In feet, the need to challenge those policies provided grist to the mill of women’s organizations during this period. The ability to do so effectively was enabled by the welcoming environment that the UN provided to civil society at a time when its own role was under attack.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Various school leaders had decided on a topic for their school-wide professional learning (e.g. “visible learning” based on the work of John Hattie [2012, 2009]) and schools were planning workshops that all teachers were to participate in. Challenges with this type of professional learning include a lack of differentiation based on teacher need, a lack of teacher ownership over their learning and often a lack of connection to the learning needs of students. More generally, as interviews during this and a previous OECD study as well as international data suggest, professional development is not always planned systematically at the school level, is not based on sound teacher evaluations and knowledge about teacher’s development needs to better meet the needs of their students (more on this below), and lacks strong links with wider school development planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Common carp production fluctuated around approximately 5 300 tonnes (CAGR of -0.8%) between 2011 and 2015. Its value followed a similar pattern to that of rainbow trout, increasing from EUR 17.1 million (USD 23.8 million) in 2011 to EUR 18.3 million (USD 24.3 million) in 2013 before falling back to EUR 16.1 million (USD 17.8 million) in 2015. Blue mussel production changed more substantially, falling 62% in volume between 2011 and 2015 and 70% in value over the same period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, evidence consistently suggests that these proximal processes of children’s everyday experiences, i.e. process quality, are the primary driver of children’s development and learning in ECEC (OECD, 2018). There is also a lack of consistent descriptive data on the general work and working conditions faced by ECEC staff, including, for instance, the work climate, professional development opportunities, and other staff and centre characteristics. The roadmap identified a significant need for better and new data on ECEC to help countries make well-informed policy choices - in particular staff-level data on process quality (OECD, 2018), learning and well-being environments (namely, the ECEC environment) and child development, well-being, and learning outcomes (also referred to as child outcomes).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Welfare-state spending on cash benefits typically takes two forms: spending, which redistributes income horizontally over the life course with the aim of smoothing consumption rather than redistributing from rich to poor, and vertical redistribution, which targets the poor. Horizontal expenditure makes up the largest share of spending varying from around two-thirds of spending on transfers in the United Kingdom to 82% in Sweden (Esping Andersen and Myles, ibid). This “paradox of redistribution” says that policies that heavily target the poor tend to be ungenerous and stigmatising, often with little electoral support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)