albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It was created in 1994 to assess households’ eligibility for the subsidised health care system. In 2010, 8 institutions and 31 social programmes were using the Sisben score as eligibility criteria (including Familias en Action and SENA). Sisben aims at assessing households’ quality of life, based on interviews (29 million people are covered) with questions along 5 main dimensions (health status, education, housing and access to public services, individual vulnerability (mainly age and disability), and social vulnerability (environmental and public health risks, security conditions). On the basis of their answers, households are grouped into one of the six Sisben levels - level 1 is the most deprived group, levels 1 and 2 are entitled to the subsidised health system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The overarching objective is nevertheless to reduce energy and water demand in tourism. In order to achieve this, a programme of certification and best practice will be developed. Two studies of GHG emissions in the tourism sector and the potential to participate in carbon markets will be carried out, and strategies to increase the use of renewable energy in accommodation will be developed. Moreover, a Working Group with the National Commission for the Efficient Use of Energy has been established to encourage the reduction of energy demand in the tourism sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
With a few exceptions, in the developed world these solutions are often inefficient and many of them are neither economically viable nor environmentally sustainable. Water losses through evaporation from conventional water storage devices are also significant. The amount of water lost through evaporation from water reservoirs is higher than the total amount of water consumed in industrial and domestic uses (Shiklomanov, 19991. By 1995, as a result of efficiency gains in water supply and demand management, total world water withdrawal was only about half what planners had predicted thirty years earlier based on historical trends iGleick, 1998).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Civil rights in this sense refer to aspects such as legal protections and free speech, political rights to voting and standing as a representative, and social rights to education, health and welfare. Of these, the final category is the most controversial, and in most countries they have been very imperfectly realised to date. There are ‘maximal’ and ‘minimal’ positions on the extent of rights accorded to citizens (McLaughlin, 1992), with socialists advocating very extensive rights including social ones, and at the other extreme libertarians advocating the protection only of property rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Purpose – This paper aims to explore the governance and performance reporting practices of Scottish charities at a time of unprecedented legislative and regulatory reform. Such reforms include the revision of the SORP governing charity reporting and the Charities and Trustee Investment (Scotland) Act which led to the establishment of the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator. Design/methodology/approach – This paper provides a descriptive examination of the Trustees' Reports (TRs) produced by a sample of Scottish charities, this assessment was facilitated by means of a content analysis of these documents following the introduction of the new regulatory regime. Findings – The findings indicate that the regime change had a significant impact on the provision of performance, governance and accountability-related information in Scottish charities' TRs. Originality/value – The paper provides the first detailed descriptive account of reporting practices across a range of charities in Scotland at a time of un...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The projection also assumes that robust growth of 6-8% will be sustained in Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, the Philippines and Viet Nam where domestic demand is generally buoyant on the back of rapid real income and credit growth and foreign investment. Downside risks include negative trade and financial spillover effects from China, slow progress on economic stimulus and reform measures and adverse weather conditions. However, this trajectory is subject to various factors, such as global oil prices, fuel subsidy reforms, tax reforms and currency movements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This study has sought to identify and analyze the key agents, relationships and processes characterizing the evolving of micro-drug traffic-king and retail-drug dealing as the present phase of drug-trafficking in Colombia. We build an analytical model in a sequential network game-theoretic structure, which takes into account the trafficker’s corruption strategies. The most important finding is that Higher levels of reprisal could can be counterproductive due to the strategic responses of traffickers leading them to invest more resources invest in corruption activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Therefore, they affect larger shares of population (for instance in Switzerland and the Netherlands). In countries where health coverage is mainly linked to occupation, policies ensuring universal access to health coverage are all the more important in times of crisis. Countries have to make sure that people who lose their job do not lose health coverage at the same time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
All countries have supported improved forest management (related to SDG15). In Bolivia (Plurinational State of) for example, a forest-rich country with a history of inequitable land ownership, one key policy has supported land redistribution (including forests) to indigenous people, potentially addressing SDG Target 1.4 regarding improved access to land, especially for the poor. In Burkina Faso the priority was to support more sustainable woodland, agriculture and pastoral land-use practices following droughts and famine, potentially addressing SDG Target 13.1 on climate resilience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The lack of readily identifiable and realisable value in the assets created via expenditure on innovation increases the risk that such investments could become “short-termist” and cyclical, especially among resource-constrained SMEs, which are likely to be juggling many conflicting priorities. A recent study shows that 40% of SME applicants at the European Patent Office applied for a patent in order to facilitate securing external finance, compared with 15% of applications from large firms (de Rassenfosse, 2012). In France, SMEs rely more on internal funds for their R&D expenditure than large enterprises, according to data from BPI France.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Immediate action is needed to make Vietnamese roads safer through better regulated motorcycle traffic, address noise and air pollution through promoting the use of e-bikes and e-scooters, and allocate a greater proportion of the real cost of car usage to the owners of the vehicles themselves, particularly through fiscal measures such as congestion and parking charges. Longer-term transport investments should explore such financing means as public-private partnerships and value capture mechanisms. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) initiatives in Ha Noi and elsewhere require specific efforts to harmonise with the principles of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) and intermodal connectivity to ensure ridership and maximise the investment benefit. Nonetheless, under the unprecedented urbanisation process, access to affordable and high-quality housing is one of the foremost challenges for Viet Nam’s urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These include SDG 5 (’Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls’): and also, via the strong association this goal has with many of the other SDGs. By assessing women and girls' health and well-being (SDG 3). The SDG indicators are classified by tier, with the following definitions: Tier 1: indicator is conceptually clear, has an internationally established methodology and standards are available, and data are regularly produced by countries for at least 50 per cent of countries and of the population in every region where the indicator is relevant. However, it is expected that indicators remaining at the Tier 3 classification in 2020will be removed from the SDG monitoring list.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In this regard, as mentioned above, the initial $1-a-day poverty line was based on the common (national) poverty lines of 6 of the poorest countries out of a sample of 33 developing countries studied by Ravallion, Datt and van de Walle (1991) who used 1985 Penn PPP values. However, Chen and Ravallion (2001), after having recomputed this line using 1993 Penn PPP values and taking the median of the lowest 10 national poverty lines of the same country sample, suggested a poverty line of $1.08 per day. They later switched to a new set of PPPs (for 2005) computed by the World Bank and suggested a poverty line of $1.25 per day based on the mean of the poverty lines of the 15 poorest countries of the sample (Chen and Ravallion (2008)).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Benefit durations may be limited, but more often are not. Compared with UI, changes since the mid-1980s to unemployment assistance rules were fewer and smaller. Benefit amounts tended to become less generous, while employment or contribution requirements (where they exist) changed little. For the purpose of the present study, an attempt was made to assemble data for 1995 and 1985 for selected countries in a similar format. This section draws on the resulting policy database, and on various editions of the “Benefits and Wages” series, to summarise relevant policy changes since 1985. To keep the discussion focussed, it is limited to able-bodied prime-age workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In 2014, Indian law enforcement agencies seized 32 kg of ketamine, a significant decrease from the 1,353 kg seized in 2013. Seizures indicate that ketamine trafficking may now be declining as a result of the authorities’ stringency that followed the recent amendments to the Act. Most countries in South Asia do not regularly carry out national drug surveys, information on abuse and prevalence therefore needs to come from other sources. Cannabis is the most common drug of abuse in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The first is to contribute to the Sustainable Forest Management program and to the following integrated approaches to be piloted in GEF-6: Taking Deforestation out of Commodity Supply Chains, and Fostering Sustainability and Resilience for Food Security in Africa. Alternatively, the NFPs of the Biodiversity-related Conventions (and the GEF OFP) would need to coordinate their efforts prior to the ECW in order to enable the CBD NFP to present and discuss the integrated project concept at the workshop (or in the margins of the workshop).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The OECD study by Sauvage (2014) indicates that, in 2011, 9% of global trade in environmental goods concerned those related to the management of solid and hazardous waste and recycling systems. To this end, international trade could possibly contribute to the transition towards a circular economy. The magnitude of such effects could be further investigated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Identify possible synergies with other policies or public investments (e.g. opportunities to bundle public services or to equip public buildings with RETs). Identify and exploit multi-stakeholder platforms at the regional and international levels for providing advice on appropriate RET deployment strategies in combination with job- and income-generation programmes. Combine financial support with consumer education, and managerial and technical capacity-building. The poverty and gender impacts of rural electrification investments have been poorly integrated into projects so far, and while the poorest households tend to benefit from electrification as coverage expands, effectively reaching the most vulnerable remains a priority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A growing proportion of initiation ceremonies are being devised by Christian groups to teach young people about what is expected of them as they enter adulthood - including pre-marital sexual abstinence - as an alternative to the alleged sexual focus of teaching in traditional practice (Munthali, 2007). Ncaca, 2014).The last decade has seen increasing public debate about whether and how male circumcision should be continued following media reports of problems including commercialisation, malpractice by guardians, and deaths or permanent injury from botched circumcision (Ntombana, 2011b). However, studies also report the beneficial role of circumcision against sexually transmitted infections (Lagarde et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, it is also an issue of methodology. A focus on the implementation of actions in the NAS is important, but it is not sufficient to inform the revision of future iterations of the strategy. Some other OECD countries, including Germany and the UK, are developing systems that also provide information on key trends in climate-sensitive sectors, for example losses from flood damage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Residential segregation cannot occur without social inequality, because a society that is wholly egalitarian in its socioeconomic make-up will contain no groups (classes or strata) that can be differentiated by their geographical location. Conversely, high levels of socioeconomic inequality may be found in both segregated and unsegregated cities. The territorial character of segregation means, however, that people's geographical mobility is a key factor, as it can alter their residential situation and, in the aggregate, change the levels and patterns of residential segregation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Recently, the West African Economic and Monetary Union launched connectuemoa.com, a platform offering information about business opportunities within the region and providing a directory of relevant companies so that members can connect and network with potential partners. The latter can be cheaper in the short run and can provide automatic access to the most advanced technologies. Yet services obtained this way may be less tailored and TIPOs may lose some control over data, information and the services offered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This has been borne out by countries that have proved successful in reducing poverty despite rising income inequality during periods of growth acceleration, with China being the most prominent example, along with Viet Nam. Close scrutiny shows that the acceleration of growth in these countries had its roots in a relatively egalitarian initial distribution of assets. Of course, the poverty reduction effect of rapid growth is greatest when both initial and current inequalities are relatively low, as was the case, during their early development stages, of other East Asian countries and areas such as the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China. Their experience also shows that it may not be necessary for inequality to first rise with development before falling, thereby contradicting the Kuznets hypothesis of an inverted U-shaped relationship between income level and degree of inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The current chapter and the two that follow share a common aim: to examine FBO engagement in various controversial issues at the UN. Chapter 4 engages with the topic of women’s sexual and reproductive health rights (SRHR). The issue is especially controversial as both conservative and liberal FBOs lock horns on this key human rights issue: that is, “a woman’s right to choose” versus the “rights of the unborn child.” As the quotations above indicate, what Bob calls “conservative religious groups” focus on “family policy,” incorporating a range of issues, including “feminism, abortion and gender politics.” The second quotation, from a recent Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) report, emphasizes that the SRHR “health policy” issue straddles the intellectual and conceptual division between secular and faith, bringing together both conservative and liberal entities at the UN in pursuit of certain goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In a number of countries, government spending on cash transfers to working-age individuals and families has remained more or less constant over the entire period (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Japan, Korea, Portugal, Spain), despite sometimes sizable trend increases in total spending-to-GDP ratios. As discussed above, public spending on income support for the non-elderly has, relative to GDP, dropped significantly in a few countries. A similar comparison can be made on the revenue side. However, while OECD Revenue Statistics indentify the revenue components that are most relevant in the context of studying income redistribution (personal income taxes and social contributions), it is not possible to approximate the share of these taxes that are paid by “non-elderly” households only.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The authors analyze the content of the concept of “health protection” in international law, taking into account the fundamental importance of the right to health in the system of basic human rights. There is a lack of a uniform interpretation of this term, as well as a difference in the approaches to its understanding in the most important regulatory legal acts, which creates certain difficulties for law enforcement practice. In addition, the interpretation of the concept of “health protection”, according to the authors, is of decisive importance in the process of legal consolidation of the fundamental human right in the field of health, and also determines the meaning of the entire health care of states and their cooperation in this area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Yet, as shown in the previous chapters, gender gaps still exist - namely in employment, unpaid work, violence, and access to decisionmaking positions. A fundamental piece of the puzzle is establishing a system than can deliver Mexico’s commitments to gender equality. In addition to building a gender perspective into the policy process (Chapter 6), Mexico’s capacity to overcome gender gaps depends on the quality of the institutional framework for designing and, most importantly, implementing gender-sensitive policies. This chapter seeks to complement Chapter 6 on gender mainstreaming and to single out the key elements of effective governance for gender equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Sources of energy like geothermal, tidal power, hydrogen, nuclear fusion and so forth will require a more visionary approach and even greater scientific and technological advancement. These advances, in turn, will require substantial investment which, at present, is not forthcoming from public and private sources on a large enough scale. Only by ensuring a reliable, affordable supply of energy will it be possible to chart a stable course for economic recovery and growth. Addressing energy insecurity and transforming the global energy system must therefore constitute a major priority for any long-term programme of economic and climate stabilization in advanced countries. Such a course will simultaneously address the climate challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The operations considered and sources of data used are given in Table A.2. Such activities were isolated using a keyword search of project descriptions, followed by a manual review to validate the findings of the keyword search. Support to state-owned enterprises were also included within this category, where they could be identified using the keyword search.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It also promotes a greater interaction between the budgetary plans and the programmes of various state agencies in order to ensure that interests converge towards common tourism development goals. However, Morelos’ tourism policy is being implemented through the use of instruments that are common to all Mexican states in their relationship with the federal government. These include agreements with the Tourism Promotion Council of Mexico (marketing) and its counterpart at the state level, but also agreements and reallocation of resources from the Ministry of Tourism of Morelos with its national counterpart (SECTUR). Spreading and promoting more effectively information on the strong tourism assets that exist in many areas of the state should be a central concern to Morelos’ destination development policy. Employment in the tourism sector in Morelos benefits 66 000 people, representing 8.1% of the economically active population (Ministry for Tourism, 2016a). The state is host to approximately 361 hotels, which are ranked 23rd in a national ranking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The global rate of decline in MTL in the three oceans is about 0.1 trophic level per decade. Climate change may affect the seasonality of biological processes and alter marine food webs with unpredictable consequences for fish production. For small pelagic fish stocks, such as anchovy, sardine, pilchard and squid, the effect of climate variability is decisive over that of fishing mortality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In a context where smart applications are plentiful and originate in a variety of sectors (energy, water, transport, health and safety, media, etc.), This creates business opportunities for telecommunication operators, IT companies, or metering companies: in developing cloud services for smart metering, they all are potential competitors in this market. Alternatively, smart systems can come with their own management interface, which may be controlled by a different company. There is ample evidence of energy and telecommunication companies moving up the value chain, not just delivering connectivity and energy, but also actively managing devices in the home or in businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2012, only 39% of wastewater was treated (MCid, 2014) and only a fraction of that received treatment to remove phosphorus, hormones and antibiotics, which affect both ecosystems and human health. Other major pressures on water quality include mining, industrial effluent, diffuse flows from urban and agricultural soil drainage, and solid waste discharge. The indt 'moderate' (36-51), “poor’(19-36), "very poor' (£19). The last two categories (index values £ Source: ANA (2013), Conjuntura dos Recursos Hidricos no Brasil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Ultimately, return migration has not solved labour shortage problems and, like the Cook Islands, Fiji, Palau and other Pacific island states, Samoa and Tonga have turned towards Asian labour markets for replacements, although not without tensions and social conflicts. The most obvious means of preventing international migration of skilled health workers (SHWs) is simply to ban migration, and refuse to recognise or issue passports. This has never been discussed in Samoa or Tonga for obvious reasons, and outright bans on the emigration of SHWs, and others, are implausible for ethical, political and, above all, economic reasons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The organic load of the industrial treated wastewater discharged into natural receiving waters represents 3.142 per cent of the organic load of urban wastewater discharged into natural receiving waters. Council Directive 76/464/EEC of 4 May 1976 on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment of the Community has been transposed into Romanian legislation by MO No. Annex 2 of this amending GD sets limit values for pollutants in surface waters which are highly toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative, in addition to stipulating environmental standards and quality standards. Annex 6 contains guidelines for developing an inventory of emissions, discharges and losses of priority substances and specific pollutants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)