albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Some 355 million people in Africa were moderately or severely food insecure in 2015, compared with a marginal increase in moderate or severe food insecurity globally and a modest increase in Latin America, South East Asia and Western Asia. These figures compare with no change in the prevalence of severe food insecurity globally, a significant deterioration in South East Asia, with an increase of 24 per cent, and a moderate increase, of 5.3 percent, in Western Asia. A total of 161 million people in Africa were severely food insecure in 2015. By far, the majority of them, or 96 per cent, were from rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is also considered to be one of the best forms of energy commodities to deliver modern, economically viable, affordable, efficient and reliable energy services. Therefore, electricity occupies the highest position on the energy ladder and is regarded as the cleanest (to end-users) and most efficient of all fuels on the ladder (table 2.1) (Toole, 2015). It is also expected to play an even greater role in the future worldwide energy matrix as its use for transport services expands. It equals production of energy products plus imports minus exports minus international bunkers plus or minus stock changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
When wages or output decline and expected opportunities worsen, these sorts of investments decline as well,especially in altruistic societies where care resources get reallocated from long-term investment to countering the short-term effects of economic decline and wage squeeze by, for example, attending to the emotional stress of unemployment or compensating for declines in public health expenditures or other public goods. This sort of public disinvestment in human capital and the consequent pressure on the unpaid care sector has been a frequent criticism of structural adjustment (Elson 1995). The same dynamics are at work when fertility rates decline during economic recessions (Sobotka et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Canadian federal government provides financial incentives for the period 2008-2017 for the amount of litres produced in Canada under its established the ecoENERGY for Biofuels Program (Natural Resources Canada, 2012). In addition, there are programmes at provincial level in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and Saskatchewan, the duration of which varies per province (Laan et al., At federal level for example these are the National Biomass Ethanol Programme, which accepted applications until 2006, the Ethanol Expansion Programme, which ran between 2003 and 2006, the ecoAgriculture Biofuels Capital Initiative, which lasted from 2007 to 2012 and the Biofuels Opportunities for Producers Initiative, which provided grants to biofuel producers between 2006 and 2008 (Laan et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In India, Bangalore was the location of the first software centre, followed by others such as New Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune, Mumbai and Kolkata.4 Similar agglomeration trends have also been observed, for example, in Argentina, Brazil, China, Costa Rica and Kenya. At the same time, Governments may want to avoid enclave-type situations, with limited interaction between enterprises operating inside and stakeholders on the outside of the dedicated premises. The setting up of parks, hubs or labs to provide adequate facilities should ideally be located close to, and have interaction with, relevant centres of learning to build up mutual interaction and domestic technological capability in the long term. Such agglomeration economies may become less important as more software development work gets distributed over online platforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The open land example pays particular attention to the link between Drivers and Pressures. It underlines the fact that developments in agriculture seriously affect biodiversity in the areas affected by agriculture. The skylark is adapted to areas with low-growing and sparse vegetation where it feeds on plant seeds and during the breeding season also insects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Today, around 50% of the heat consumption in the Baltic countries is served by biomass, mainly wood chips and wood waste. The development of heat pumps and municipal solid waste is driven by the economic competitiveness of heat pumps and the requirement to incinerate municipal solid waste. At the same time, efficiency measures reduce overall heat consumption in district heating systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The innovation support institutions have limited presence in the region. A number of science parks and incubators provide a basis for new economic development but in most cases, links with the higher education institutions are limited. Various forms of “lock-ins” are present in the region ranging from narrow orientation of knowledge providers, to a “low wage equilibrium” including low job creation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The construction involves over 40 companies in the design and construction stages, and over 20 local manufacturing companies will be involved in maintenance, through the production and supply of spare parts and providing metal engineering and electro-mechanical services (MoFED, 2010). The development of a national railway network will integrate and empower the economic activities of local communities, such as farmers, by providing affordable and efficient transportation. At both local and national levels, it will create the conditions necessary for developing local resources and generating employment, e.g. improved access to market for agricultural products and to social services, which will raise living standards in Ethiopia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The objective of reducing landfill-destined biodegradable waste to 35% of the 1995 level by 2016 has already been achieved. The proportion of organic matter and plastics in door-to-door residual waste collection remains high (31% for biological waste, 25% for paper and cardboard, 17% for plastics). This points to an unexploited potential for reduction and recovery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A critical scrutiny of the suitability, effectiveness and efficiency of the resourcing model depends on the availability of systematic knowledge of how well Danish schools work and for whom. The basic question addressed in this chapter is whether there is enough knowledge available to guide policy at a school, local and system level regarding the use of resources and the outcomes for different schools and student groups. The chapterfirst describes how educational goals are set and how goal achievement is being measured and reported. It then analyses how the use of resources in the pursuit of these educational goals is being governed, managed and evaluated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Teachers as learning facilitators, who need professional learning for their new role, and to support students to build their own knowledge. Student autonomy becomes a pivotal factor for learning and wellbeing from early childhood throughout secondary education. Teaching and learning are social and collaborative, activities promote discussion and the co-creation of solutions, and classroom layout enhances collaboration. Predesigned learning units are used as guidance by every teacher built around specific, real world and complex tasks (problems, projects, questions, situations).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Spatial approaches can in particular help address local externalities. Five countries (Estonia, France, Korea, Slovak Republic and Mexico) and four regions (Almonte-Marismas in Spain, and NHPA, SHPA and MPW in the United States) use groundwater entitlement acquisition for conservation purposes. In Japan, Korea and the United States, for instance, there are programs whose objectives is the conservation of wetlands while reinforcing the groundwater recharge capacity of agriculture, including paddy rice system (OECD, 2010b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Anglo-Saxon countries achieve relatively high employment rates, but combined with relatively high income inequality. Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland come closer to the Nordics, even though they still display significantly higher inequality. Mediterranean countries tend to combine low employment rates and high inequality, while Eastern European countries tend to display both low employment and low inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Rural areas generally face higher costs of service because they have less dense networks, meaning that more infrastructures needs to be built and operated to serve the same number of people. Other factors affecting the cost of service include the quality of the water source (and thus the cost of treating the raw water to obtain drinkable quality), the type of technology applied and additional service elements (such as the level of water quality monitoring or the quality of customer service). In some cases, the organization of the sector can be a major factor in determining the cost of service provision: fragmentation of service provision in rural areas among a large number of small services providers prevents achieving economies of scale and results in higher average cost of service provision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Disparities in regards to entrepreneurship also persist, with only 19 per cent of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) run by women (WBC 2013a). Throughout all sectors of the UK economy, women’s economic activity remains hindered and their potential untapped. Evidence demonstrates that the economy would greatly benefit by increasing gender equality throughout the workplace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Recent times have witnessed a multiplication of hypotheses of 'precautionary' interventions, which is to say a generalized anticipation of the moment when freedoms - from personal freedom to the right to privacy, from freedom of movement to freedom of expression - are curtailed in the name of security. The work focuses, as an element of a broader scenario that sees a clash between freedom and security, on a specific aspect: Can a democratic system, founded on the recognition of rights of liberty, opt for a 'preventive' system? Is it better to prevent or to repress? The topic is dealt with through the systematic and reasoned reconstruction of an interesting parliamentary debate that in the late nineteenth century involved Italian politicians and jurists in impassioned speeches hingeing on the 'prevent/repress' dichotomy and on the different versions of the concept of prevention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such bias is especially present in reports based on general retrospective evaluations (example: how satisfied are you with your life as a whole) in which the subjects average the well-being they obtain from certain activities or domains. By contrast, when subjects report on their mood immediately (online), few memory biases are operating because the individual is reporting emotions and cognitions right then. Indicators based on general retrospective questions are modestly reliable for estimating an individual’s current well-being (Diener and Tov, 2005, Kahneman and Sugden, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In fact, while in these countries the number of renewals of assignments is not constrained, legislation, collective agreements or court practices limit the number of renewals of fixed-term contracts between the agency and the worker. Insofar as open-ended contracts between the agency and the worker are not forbidden - and actually encouraged - in these countries, restrictions on contracts only are likely to induce fewer constraints on user firms’ practices and, therefore, are not considered in the indicators reported in Figure 2.8. By contrast, there are more frequent limitations on the cumulative duration of assignments, which are found in more than half of OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Main beneficiaries are the owners, users and managers of public buildings, service providers (consultants, engineering companies), financial institutions, architects and constructors. It aims to increase energy efficiency, boost renewable energy, diversify import sources and transport routes as well as protect critical infrastructure. Furthermore, the Energy Strategy underlines Romania’s ambitions to become a major electricity exporter by 2020. The National Strategy on Energy Efficiency sets forth the objectives concerning energy efficiency for the period up to the year 2015. The main purpose of the strategy is to identify possibilities and means to increase energy efficiency at all levels of the energy chain, by implementing specific programmes in order to reach its ultimate goal: the increase of primary energy efficiency by 40 per cent by the year 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article focuses on the contribution, actual or potential, of political parties to the project of a ‘democratic developmental state’. In the classic developmental state, individual hegemonic parties often, though by no means always, played a key role. However, on the available evidence, parties make a very limited contribution to the emergence of new democratic developmental states, in terms of either democracy-building or policy-making, recruitment, ensuring accountability or policy implementation. Reasons include weak institutionalisation and the prevalence of clientelism. External assistance, nevertheless, is likely to be limited in impact and, given the importance of autonomous party development, should ideally be indirect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They acknowledge that their study does not take into account any land management and w ater use impacts of designation. Looking at all protected area types and the federal PES programme, they find all policies generated avoided deforestation from a mix of low and high cost land. They also found that there is no clear policy winner with respect to cost-effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A lack of knowledge of basic financial concepts and lack of confidence are likely to reduce women's ability to access and use appropriate financial products and opportunities. It may also reduce their ability to set up a small business, build up emergency savings, save for retirement, and choose the best financial products for their needs. Women need to improve their financial literacy even more than men in order to address the challenges they face in achieving financial well-being (OECD, 2013). The OECD/INFE data collection in 2010/11 provided a first international comparison of gender difference in financial knowledge for 14 countries (Atkinson and Messy, 2012, OECD, 2012), while the OECD/INFE 2015 survey covered some 30 countries and economies (OECD, 2016). Figure 10.1 shows the difference in the percentage of men and women who can correctly answer at least five questions out of seven on financial knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article reviews the current status of theory and research concerning the social determinants of health. It provides an overview of current conceptualizations and evidence on the impact of various social determinants of health. The contributions of different disciplines—epidemiology, sociology, political economy, and the human rights perspective—to the field are acknowledged, but profound gaps persist in our understanding of the forces that drive the quality of various social determinants of health and why research is too infrequently translated into action. Many of these gaps in knowledge concern the political, economic, and social forces that make implementation of public policy agendas focused on strengthening the social determinants of health problematic. The author identifies the areas of inquiry needed to help translate knowledge into action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The second aspect is the countervailing trends in precipitation. The global circulation models used to generate climate projections are not well suited to produce results for mountainous countries such as Austria because their coarse resolution means they cannot capture the influence of geographic features on local climates. Significant investment in the development of more detailed regional models to help fill this gap led to the reclip:century project in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The pattern of globalization of the past decades has fortified the interdependencies of the major underlying factors that have led to these multiple crises. This pattern was characterized by strong consumer demand in the United States, funded by easy credit and booming housing prices. Far-reaching financial deregulation facilitated a massive and unfettered expansion of new financial instruments, such as securitized sub-prime mortgage lending, sold on financial markets worldwide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Beyond this, users were required to purchase credit to obtain water from the meters. They argued that the amount of water provided free of charge was set too low and that it failed to consider household size. They also asserted that the policy did not consider the special needs of people who might require more water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Figure 5.6 shows the reduction in the forecast error for a German 100 MW wind farm as the forecast horizon decreases. Geographical spread will depend on the distance between windmills and the size of the observed area. Comparing Germany and Ireland, for instance, Ireland will have higher variations of wind output than Germany as the Irish land surface is smaller than Germany’s (Bach, 2010). Thus, geographical spread is less important in Ireland, which implies a greater variability of wind output.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Working Party then submitted a draft report in May 2005, a revised report in September 2006 and a subsequent revision in June 2008. This would normally signal the final stages of the accession process, but negotiations appear to have stalled at the final stage. In 2008, Kazakhstan responded to the spike in world grain prices by imposing export restrictions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It may be worth considering the creation of larger management units that could use economies of scale to put more rigorous quality assurance procedures in place. An assessment of whether economies of scale could be achieved if municipal water systems were grouped together might be made a condition for subsidies, as is the case in Austria. For example, while Dublin reduced the level of unaccounted-for water from 42.5% in 2003, it was still 37% in 2008.22 However, unaccounted-for water outside the Greater Dublin Area remains high, with levels in some localities exceeding 50% in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The water sector has certain intrinsic characteristics: natural monopolies, inelasticity of customer water demand, economies of scale, large sunk investments in networks and infrastructure, local scale of service delivery, externalities on health and environment, etc. These imply a low degree of competition, few international players and therefore high risks of abuse of dominant positions, hence the need for a strong regulator to balance the interests of all parties and prevent opportunistic behaviour. That means protecting consumers from private sector abuses, protecting the private sector from politically-driven decisions, enabling the public sector to carry out longterm policy objectives, seeking outcomes consistent with those from competitive markets and guaranteeing sufficient flexibility in contracts, regulations and standards to adapt the form of service delivery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Even in big schools, they are assisted by a deputy to deal with administrative matters but cannot assign them instructional leadership roles. Principals can pay surcharges to some teachers to take on different tasks (e.g. reviewing teaching plans, participating in a monthly committee) but none of these entail real responsibility and authority for instructional leadership in the eyes of other teachers. In practice, teachers receive little feedback and support to improve their practice either from school leaders or other peers. An increasing number of OECD countries have created such leadership positions to strengthen teacher professional development at the school level, building on research that shows teacher-to-teacher feedback and support to be one of the most effective means of improving teaching standards (See Box 3.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Prague’s spatial evolution was shaped by its changing economic function, and by its role first as the main city of Bohemia and later as a principal city in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and ultimately as a national capital. Importantly, during most of this period, land markets had played a major role in determining land uses. By the end of World War II, the result was an urban core with a variety of high-value commercial and residential buildings, built in various periods, that provided a high level of cultural and historical amenities, and a surrounding ring of manufacturing establishments and worker housing that reflected the role of the region as a major industrial manufacturing centre. Prague’s role as a manufacturing hub was further enhanced by the introduction of a socialist state that was embedded in the larger economic structure directed by the Soviet Union.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Directorate General for Schools (Direccao-Geral dos Estabelecimentos Escolar. Other services were merged to create a more cohesive governance system. For instance, the Directorate General for Education also took over the responsibilities of the Directorate General for Innovation and Curricular Development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
By leveraging the decentralised network, parties benefit especially from immutable data traces, efficient management of transactions and audits stemming from multi-party relationships and complex partnerships. Long-term / life cycle contracts and partnerships, joint funding, and similar business processes between parties can be transparently h acked and managed. Several concepts and technical prototypes have already been developed. For example, a concept for a blockchain-enabled reinsurance platform has been proposed, which reduces errors, costs and duration in the contract management process for disaster events (Deloitte, 2017b). Modem database technology’s interoperability with blockchains is generally given and performed by using standardised interfaces. Oracles, as described in section 1.2, represent data sources outside the blockchain layer that are cryptographically connected to the network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This is because ecosystem services are dependent on one another and exhibit complex interactions that generate trade-offs in the delivery of one ecosystem service relative to the delivery of others. For the ocean economy, this is relevant because these interactions determine indirectly the viability of ocean-based industries. By way of illustration: coastal run-off and eutrophication, acidification through increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and poor water quality through pollution lead to changes in fish migration patterns and even extinction of fish stocks. All are examples of how human activity indirectly intervenes in the functioning of marine ecosystems, thereby undermining the economic viability of the ocean economy .
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Moreover, this literature provides strong evidence to demonstrate how higher-level workforce skills directly affect the capacity of individuals and firms to engage in product and process innovation. Finally, it has been suggested that for a range of reasons, such as increased global competition, employers are increasingly adopting organisational innovations which require employees to attain higher level technical skills and a broader range of skills in order to implement ‘high performance work systems’. This chapter also summarises the key criticism of these three approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)