albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For example, while the earliest project from CIDA considered in this analysis started in 2001, the earliest from JICA started in 1988. The geographic distribution is in part explained by the type of activities implemented. For example, most flood prevention and control activities are located in a few countries particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events, such as Indonesia and Bangladesh.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Tendering for new generics could allow more downward price pressure to be exerted. Generics manufacturers would bid on the price of a given pharmaceutical, and pharmacies would have no choice but to stock the product of the winning manufacturer. These competitive processes have been used in New Zealand, the Netherlands and Germany with some success. Pharmacists have been the main force for the promotion of generics since 1999 (Autorite de la concurrence, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
On the other hand, effective use of many (though not all) technologies requires capabilities such as literacy, as well as financial and other resources which are not universal or equally distributed. Policies that seek to take advantage of ICTs to support internationally-agreed poverty reduction targets therefore need to address deficits in these capabilities as well as in infrastructure and connectivity. Human resource development, including formal and informal education, is crucial to supporting a growing ICT sector, and vice versa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This essay examines the structural economic reform measures undertaken in the Arab world in the past two decades. Developmental projects in the region have attained growth in gross domestic product, higher levels of human capital, and stable governments. These, however, have been accompanied by corruption, structural economic problems, social exclusion, and negligence of good governance and the rule of law. This essay suggests that the juxtaposition of economic reform and liberalization with corruption, authoritarianism, and absence of good governance were a recipe for the social tumult that became the Arab Spring. Social unrest will remain the rule rather than the exception in the Arab region for the foreseeable future, especially in countries that have undergone regime change, such as Egypt and Tunisia, due to the lack of expected economic and political reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the post-disaster phase, they can also use field-based methods to estimate damage and losses. Pre-disaster risk assessment, or to be more precise, the use of information in ‘normal’ times, is thus needed to generate risk awareness for development planning purposes. This assessment can guide DRR policies, strategies and investment programmes. The qualitative approach is useful as an initial screening process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
First, tariffs should be lowered as carbon prices on the EU ETS should increase creating additional incentives on the energy market to develop low carbon power sources. In Germany, the feed-in tariff for photovoltaics was eight to ten times higher than the electricity price and more than three times the feed-in tariff paid to wind in 2009. Significant reductions have been implemented over the past two years but tariffs remain two to three times higher for solar compared to wind or hydro power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Supreme Court recently decided the case of Board of Education v. Earls (2002). The case affirmed the constitutionality of drug testing for public school students who participate in extracurricular activities. The case represents an expansion of the use of drug testing in public schools and may prove to be the impetus for increased drug testing in public school systems around the United States. Moreover, the constitutional basis for the case outcome represents a protean doctrine applicable to a variety of quasi-law enforcement situations. This article examines the current nature of drug testing in the United States. Next, the legal doctrines and precedents that led to the Earls case are explored. Finally, the case opinion and its policy implications are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Note: Comments provided by the experts do not necessarily imply the endorsement of suggested indicators. Inadequate information about risks can lead to mispricing of assets and misallocation of capital and may give rise to concerns about financial stability. The report provides a number of recommendations on how to facilitate disclosures on climate-related issues, including by considering metrics on climate-related risks associated with water, energy, land use and waste management, where relevant and applicable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Moreover being well informed about the recycling programs is significant and positive for all the materials but food/yard waste. As for the policy instruments, mandatory recycling with kerbside collection with or without bag-based system were most effective however, only kerbside collection had a positive effect only on cardboard recycling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
How to enhance national/local co-operation on urban water governance? However, equal attention needs to be paid to the trade-offs that such co-ordination efforts imply as it takes time and (institutional) effort, and it can generate multiple types of costs. Given that cities often seek value for money, the cost dimension needs to be factored in and compared with benefit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This chapter examines freedom of religion in the Canadian constitution. After locating the modern protection of freedom of religion within Canadian constitutional history, the chapter explores the Supreme Court of Canada’s interpretation of that right, drawing particular attention to how constitutional law defines and understands religion itself. The chapter then turns to three themes that have emerged as central in the freedom of religion jurisprudence, but that also reflect broader issues within Canadian constitutionalism: the instability of the public/private divide as a means of analysing constitutional problems, the tension between individual rights and regard for collective and community interests, and the paradoxes involved in the aspiration for state neutrality. Ultimately, the chapter argues that freedom of religion offers a unique avenue into understanding the deeper themes, tensions, ideologies, and politics at work in the Canadian state, and the history and logic of its constitutional order.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Each year in developing countries, there are 89 million unintended pregnancies. About 43 per cent of pregnancies are unplanned. Because people in these countries often marry later, women may have difficulty becoming pregnant, and assisted reproductive technology, such as in vitro fertilization, may not be readily available or affordable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This indicates that dam or multi-regional water is supplied at a tariff level that is cheaper than the full supply cost. Both tariffs increased by 4.9% in 2013, and by 4.8% in 2016. At the same time, Consumer price index increased by 27.5%. Change in dam and multi-regional water tariffs has been restrained by the government’s price stabilisation policy (which applies to public utility charges) (MoLIT and K-water, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Applying life-cycle thinking which considers the impacts from all life-cycle stages of the production and consumption process. Guarding against the re-bound effect, where efficiency gains are cancelled out by resulting increases in consumption (UNEP 2011). Green Growth is a policy focus for the Asia-Pacific Region that emphasises environmentally sustainable economic progress to foster low-carbon, socially inclusive development" (UNESCAP n.d.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Alway (2003) showed that the older formulae, which SNC first relied upon, could be altered with no serious social, grant, or regulatory consequences. In fact, the new formulae are more precise in estimating P removed. Therefore, by not updating the formulae, SNC runs the risk of using out-of-date science, to the detriment of the programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Cities are essential actors in stimulating green infrastructure, and urban finance is one of the promising ways in which this can be achieved. Cities are key investors in infrastructure with green potential, such as buildings, transport, water and waste. Their main revenue sources, such as property taxes, transport fees and other charges, are based on these same sectors, cities thus have great potential to “green” their financial instruments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
National government agencies will therefore need to define their role in such system, be it as a facilitator or federator of responses, a complementary actor, an investor or funder, or by assuming a regulatory oversight role. The scope of action is differentiated for the hotspot region, the market directly' impacted (Is1 tier), and the indirectly impacted (2n tier) countries—reflecting the three layers of impacts discussed in Chapter 3. Priority should be given to mitigating agriculture water risks in identified hotspot locations (1), not only for effectiveness and efficiency reasons, but because the more risk mitigation is conducted at this level, the lower impact there will be outside of the hotspot location.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This framework is fully consistent with the results of the EEL research programme in New Zealand, it recognises, for example, the importance of information networks, as well as the essential nature of professional development, to update information on industry changes and post-school courses of study and training and to expand knowledge on new, relevant technology. Thus members of CAANSW are natural allies for disseminating knowledge to young people about emerging opportunities and requirements for participation in the green economy. The science leader for the project is the author of Chapter 3, who can be contacted at Paul.Dalziel@lincoln.ac.nz.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Wind production capacity and demand profiles are readily available. The contribution of nuclear power plants to the flexibility margin and therefore to provide system flexibility is very limited as ramping of nuclear power plants comes at prohibitively high costs. Two indicators are available to measure utilisation rates: the energy interconnector margin and the peak interconnector margin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is not clear in what time frame these obstacles will be overcome. It takes advantage of the fact that like the majority of higher organisms, including mammals and humans, the mosquito carries a significant microbiome (symbiotic bacteria) in its gut (Pumpuni et al., The idea is then to engineer these symbiotic bacteria to produce interfering products (effector molecules) that arrest parasite development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These reforms had a significant impact on the overall subsidy level but left some of the most significant subsidies in place including most of the diesel subsidies, subsidies to butane and petroleum fuels. In 2014 the total allocation was DH 41.6 billion2 (~4.2 USD billion) of which DH 36.6 billion (~USD 3.843 billion) was allocated to petroleum products. Between 2012 and 2014 the overall subsidy cost fell by around 25% (see table 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Both UIS Indicators were classified as Tier I/ll since data for both indicators are collected by UIS, based on an established methodology. Some countries from across different regions -including Armenia, Barbados, Malaysia, Mongolia, Oman and Uruguay - reported achieving 100 per cent access to computers in both secondary and primary schools as early as 2012. Others reported significantly lower figures at such earlier dates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Civil society’s participation as a component of public policy formulation, implementation, evaluation, and monitoring is not a recent issue. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 21: “Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives”. Article 1 of Brazil’s 1988 Citizens’ Constitution 2 recognizes this new institutional framework when it states: “All power comes from the people, who exercise it through elected representatives or directly”. Twenty-five years after passage of the 1988 Constitution, Executive Order n. 8,243 3 of May 23, 2014, created the National Policy for Social Participation (PNPS) and the National System for Social Participation, aimed at the creation, strengthening, and linkage of existing democratic structures for participation and their interface with the Federal government administration and civil society. The Executive Order thus regulates an existing Constitutional provision and does not extrapolate its own function.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The second trend is the increase in the use of biomass. In 2012, four times more biomass was used by the residential sector than in 1988. This trend is also supported, although to a much smaller extent, by the increasing gasification of households. The principal objectives of climate-related policy are the development of a highly efficient and green energy sector and establishment of a single internal energy market, while overcoming the high energy and carbon intensity of the economy and dependency on energy1 imports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As a result, informal child care usually provided by older household members in these countries will become scarcer, imposing care-related constraints on labour force participation of mothers and other adults in the household, which may have to be taken into account when designing care policies. However, for conditionalities to work and be translated into longer-term improvements in human capital and labour market outcomes, certain conditions need to be met. Both vary greatly across programmes and countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is the basic precondition for starting to record the waste amounts delivered to the site and obtaining accurate data on MSW waste amounts, which was not possible until now. In parallel with the rehabilitation and improvement activities at the Balakhani disposal site, preparatory' activities for its closure in future will be conducted. What is more, the closure and rehabilitation of other disposal sites on the Absheron peninsula will be financed by this project. The World Bank has lent US$ 29 million for the project, which is to be provided through the International Reconstruction and Development Agency, with the balance to be contributed by the Azerbaijani Government. Public hearings were conducted and the comments were taken into consideration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Consequently, the productive season for flora and fauna remains short as well. The low temperatures also slow recycling and decomposition processes, increasing the risks of pollution (Prowse et al. In Iceland, for instance, environmental pressures are in most cases highly local and not intensive, pollution is primarily caused by lack of wastewater treatment. On the other hand, general atmospheric circulation patterns transport air pollutants to the Arctic from lower latitudes. Moreover, Arctic ecosystems are strongly affected by climate change, with warming estimated to be greaterthan the global average (IPCC 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The concepts known as the rule of law have evolved from varied legal traditions. And, while the rule of law is often considered eWestern,” in at least a general sense, the idea of the rule of law flows from origins of democracy in Athens. Most generally, the rule of law is a group of values or ideals relating to the law and its operation. The goals of the rule of law are to promote justice and to reduce the chance of the arbitrary use of official power. The rule of law is central to and guides the implementation and maintenance of a democratic government. The rule of law promotes respect and application of the law and generally produces respect for equality among individuals, respect for basic human and civil rights, community partnerships, public accountability, and government transparency.      Keywords:    democracy,  human rights,  rule of law
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition to his partnership with Presidents Hollande and Humala and Chancellor Merkel, he regularly engaged with other key leaders, including President Jacob Zuma of South Africa (South Africa was president of the G-77 and China negotiating group), President Recep Tayyip Erdogan of Turkey (President of G20), President Xi linping of China and President Evo Morales of Bolivia. Rather than leave high-level engagement at the conference to the end, as had been done at Copenhagen, the first day of COP 21 was devoted to a Leaders Event, which brought together over 150 Heads of State and Government. This approach had been proposed early in 2015 by the COP 21 Presidency and backed by the Secretary-General, with the goal of generating high-level political momentum without the contentious and messy conclusion evidenced in Copenhagen. In effect, the event aimed to provide a mandate from the highest political level—something which would obligate negotiators to seek consensus.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This talk on judicial precedent and Aboriginal title combines legal history and current law. The legal history is important because it informs the current law. It also reveals the racism in Canadian law that retarded the development of the concept of Aboriginal title until the 1970s.    My discussion of the early case law focuses on St. Catherine’s Milling and Lumber Co. v. The Queen, decided by the Privy Council in 1888. It was the leading judicial precedent on the source and content of Aboriginal title right up to the Supreme Court of Canada’s 1973 decision in Calder v. Attorney General of British Columbia. The question in St. Catherine’s was this: Did the Crown in right of Ontario or the Crown in right of Canada benefit from the surrender by the Saulteaux people of the Anishinaabe Nation of their Aboriginal title by Treaty 3 in 1873?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Current efforts to reduce the negative impacts of seals on fishing include protective hunting and the development of new equipment (Lunneryd & Konigson, 2017, Naturvardsverket, 2017a, 2017b). Participants at the workshop commented that seal-proof equipment is expensive for small-scale household fishers and that protective hunting from a boat in open water is extremely difficult. Naatamo is an Atlantic Salmon river with its source in Finland, flowing northward into Norway ending in the Barents Sea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In recent years, efforts have been undertaken to construct and rehabilitate schools in needy areas. The "100 schools, 100 hospitals” programme, announced by the President of Kazakhstan in 2007, has constructed 106 new schools providing more than 86 000 additional student places throughout the country. The purpose of the programme, financed largely through Republican budget targeted development transfers (TDTs), was threefold: (i) to reduce reliance on three-shift education, (ii) to reduce the number of schools in emergency condition, and (iii) to decrease the deficit of student places in schools (IAC, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It has not been possible or relevant to suggest specific thresholds at this point of time. Agreed thresholds are likely to differ for different kinds of fibres and different types of products e.g. relevant requirements for underwear will differ widely from relevant requirements for outdoor jackets. The same could also be true of a requirement to state the recycled content of products provided that consumers positively favoured products with recycled content. As well as providing environmental benefits increased collection (reuse) and recycling oftextiles and other products for use in new products could potentially bring new sorting and waste recovery industries to Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
To further consolidate the evaluation and assessment framework, there is room to embed evaluation and assessment approaches with broader education goals, continue to build on teacher professionalism, and build networks and capacity for effective and forward-looking evaluation and assessment, in particular in the areas of classroom-based student assessment, teacher appraisal and school-self-evaluation. Following this overview, the succeeding chapters (3-6) will analyse the issues regarding each individual component in more depth. The term “assessment” is used to refer to judgments on individual student performance and achievement of learning goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The study examined the effect of e-government on service delivery in Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State Nigeria. Descriptive research design was adopted to guide the study, two hypotheses were formulated and tested. Chisquare non-parametric statistics was used to test the hypotheses. The study revealed among other things that e-government has strong positive effect on service delivery by enhancing the performance of workers. This is because the use of ICT in work-relate activities reduces waste of time, delays and mistakes on the part of workers in the discharge of their duties. Based on this, recommendations were made major among them is that the Institution should improve on the current ICT infrastructure and strategy and continue to improve on the internet access and digital divide among staff in order to continue achieving their organizational goals
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Those who run a sufficiently large and vertically integrated business - “from paddock to plate” - will undertake hedging as would any company as part of general risk management activities. In contrast, farmers who sell at the farm gate typically do not hedge. For producers who are members of a co-operative, the co-operative hedges on behalf of its members on a “same price for all” basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
An array of mechanisms with large fundraising potential has been proposed over the past decade. Out of these initiatives, a tax on transactions in the financial markets has gained new political momentum and is already being implemented in a few countries. It is estimated that this mechanism, if implemented in G20 countries, could make available over USD 50 billion for development every year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP) approved and declassified this paper on 16 March 2017. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authors. Comments on Working Papers are welcomed, and may be sent to Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is organised under the auspices of the EU Water Framework Directive and the French national organisation for the development and management of water resources (the Schema Directeur d’Amenagement et de Gestion des Eaux, or SDAGE) and is mainly funded by the European Regional Development Fund. Achieving a shared diagnosis, on the basis of six workshops held in the region in the fall of 2009 and the first restitution workshop seminar held in December 2009. A forward-looking phase, to define and analyse a combination of plausible scenarios for water policy by 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This work is contributing to SDG target 16.1, aimed at significantly reducing all forms ofviolence. Citizens are encouraged to keep active and healthy through the Play for Life programme, which also aims to help keep some of Sierra Leone's traditional sports alive and pass them on to future generations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)