albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Recent decades have witnessed the emergence and spread of a broad range of liberal norms in global governance, among them sustainable development, gender equality, and human security. While existing scholarship tells us a lot about the trajectories of particular norms, we know much less about the broader patterns and sources of commitments to liberal norms by international organizations (IOs). This article offers the first comparative large-N analysis of such commitments, building on a unique dataset on IO policy decisions over the time period 1980-2015. Distinguishing between deep norm commitment and shallow norm recognition, the analysis produces several novel findings. We establish that IOs' deeper commitments to liberal norms primarily are driven by internal conditions: democratic memberships and institutional designs more conducive to norm entrepreneurship. In contrast, legitimacy standards in the external environment of IOs, often invoked in existing research, mainly account for shallower recognition or "talk" of norms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Salaries influence decisions to enrol in teacher education, become a teacher after graduation (as graduates’ career choices are associated with relative earnings in teaching and non-teaching occupations and their likely growth over time), return to the teaching workforce after a career interruption, and/or remain a teacher (in general, the higher the salaries, the fewer people choose to leave the profession). Other benefits, such as regional allowances for teaching in remote areas, family allow'ances, reduced rates on public transport, and tax allowances on the purchase of instructional materials, may also form part of teachers’ total remuneration. There are large differences in taxation and social benefit systems in OECD countries, which should be borne in mind w hen comparing statutory salaries across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In both cases, fertility' is expected to drop to 1.6 births in Brazil and 1.9 births in Colombia over the next 20 years. But the main conclusion drawn from this analysis is that the findings support the prediction that low fertility levels will increasingly shape the demographic and economic future of the region. At present, fertility levels are below the replacement level in five countries in Latin America: Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba and Uruguay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This question of respective roles of private and public players is also relevant to the issue of certification. For example, for a similar and equitable treatment of all renewable eneigy sources in terms of subsidies and research and development efforts. Some participants noted that, in this context, the forestry sector should have a more prominent place in the decision-making process, whether at national or international level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Efficiency should be assessed by considering the contribution of health inputs to the ultimate goal of improving the population’s health status, rather than the mere production of health services, which in some cases might not be provided in an optimal way or may even have limited effect on health. The analysis estimates that if Finland reached the efficiency frontier - the performance achieved by the most efficient OECD countries - life expectancy could be more than 3 years higher for the same level of spending (Figure 2.10, Panel B). A scenario assuming a move towards the efficiency frontier over a ten year horizon suggests that health spending could be about 2 points of GDP lower at the end of the period compared to a no-reform scenario.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Next to these market fundamentals there are other factors that may contribute to price volatility. For more information see Chapter 2 Special Feature: What is driving price volatility? While weather shocks, pests or other natural calamities and limited access to technologies play an important role, those factors are exacerbated by often poorly functioning markets that could smooth out local production shortfalls. Poor infrastructure, high transport costs, absence of credit or insurance markets may compound the initial difficulty. For exporting countries heavily dependent on agricultural commodities, exceptionally low prices will have immediate balance of payments impacts, but beyond that, uncertainty may curtail investment and affect capacity utilization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is suggested that these initiatives should have dynamic allocation criteria and flexible components to deal with the new risks arising from the disasters. The adaptive social protection proposal combines pre-existing protection tools and climate change adaptation approaches, in addition to generating strategies for reducing disaster risk associated with environmental changes. Common objectives are thus synthesized, such as reducing disaster vulnerability (promoting the incorporation of a long-term vision in government definitions of social and disaster protection) and formulating differentiated policy recommendations to prepare settlements for potential catastrophes and avoid situations of further harm (World Bank, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In general, a pension scheme will be more redistributive the larger the difference between the replacement rate of low and high pensions. Although this is a rough progressivity measure, as it does not take into account the inequality in personal earnings, the correlation coefficient between this progressivity measure and the progressivity index used for Figure 6 is 0.85. On average in the OECD, 22% of households with a disabled person receiving benefits live in poverty, compared with around 14% for other households. This gap is especially high in Australia, Ireland, Korea, the United Kingdom and the United States (OECD, 2010d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These tend to dominate the passive transport of any floating objects. The ocean circulation is driven by the complex interaction of atmospheric forcing (winds), the Coriolis force due to the Earth’s rotation, density differences (temperature and salinity) and deep-water formation in the Arctic and sub-Arctic seas and Southern Ocean (Thermo-Haline circulation due to the sinking of cold, dense water, produced through the formation of freshwater ice) (Lozier 2015). Within these broad patterns the circulation is highly complex and variable, on multiple scales in space (mm - 100s km) and time (s - decades) (Figure 6.2). This will have a significant influence on the distribution of floating plastics, providing an explanation for some of the spatial and temporal variability in concentrations that have been observed. The water column is not uniform in temperature and salinity. The upper few metres of the ocean will be mixed by wave action episodically.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Washington, DC, World Bank: 60-66, available at: www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/esmap/energy_report2000/ch7.pdf. Favorable tailwind, initiate on China High Speed (Buy), Goldwind, October 23, available at: www.e696.com/articles.aspx?id=1057653&gateid=011203. Socio-economic impacts of rural electrification in Bhutan. London, The Royal Institute of International Affairs and Earthscan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This paper refers to some experiences of public archaeology done at Quebrada de Humahuaca’s educative institutions which help us to visibility archeology’s role in the construction of local past. Our objective was to observe appropriations and significations about of an archaeological local site in relation to socials’ dynamics of construction of heritage and identities, which have done in the farmer of Estate multiculturalism politics in this region.  For this purpose, we generate multivocals’ spaces for re-construction of knowledges about the archaeological discipline and this contribution to the understanding of local past.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, the government of Canada recently embarked on a policy of “Fisheries Renewal” with renewed objectives for the fisheries management system. In the European Union, the objective of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is “to provide for sustainable exploitation of living aquatic resources and of aquaculture in the context of sustainable development, taking account of the environmental, economic and social aspects in a balanced manner" (Holden, 1994). As in Canada, recent reform of the CFP also seeks to improve fisheries governance - a common lament given unrealised objectives - through enhanced stakeholder engagement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This is particularly relevant in the context of Chile which is characterised by high working loads and a considerable proportion of teaching hours. The 2016 Law that creates the System for Teacher Professional Development improves teachers’ working conditions and gives further recognition to activities other than teaching. It increases the proportion of non-teaching hours within the regulated working hours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Consequently, they can be used as an effective social protection instrument to strengthen the adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable households, consisting of one or more older people or persons with different capacities (Bene and others, 2014). Accordingly, non-contributory pensions would be a valid mechanism for special cash transfers targeting older adults in situations of poverty and vulnerability. This is a housing assistance subsidy, consisting of a transfer of US$ 2,360 to buy materials to repair the property, and, in the case of a disaster officially declared by the government, it amounts to roughly US$ 3,150 (Reyes and Bronfman, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
With finance” is the Gini coefficient in the raw data. “ Without finance" is the Gini coefficient when all financial sector employees are removed from the sample. “ Without financial sector wage premia" is the Gini coefficient when the earnings of all financial sector employees are corrected for the wage premium.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is largely because i) meat and dairy product demand is more elastic than demand for crop products, leading to greater impacts from income and domestic price variations, and ii) macroeconomic uncertainty has an impact on feed costs, which are directly linked to production. For meat, uncertainty from macroeconomic variables affects traded volumes much more than yield uncertainty, particularly in the case of pork (Figure 1.18). Accordingly, the effect of yield uncertainty on world market prices is very low compared to macroeconomic uncertainty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Finally, through their data and process optimization technologies, digital platforms are reducing the cost of logistics services and increasing their reliability and speed. This enables SMEs to better manage their supply chain and decrease their input costs. These include a rise in the power of platform businesses on the one hand, while SME competition intensifies on the other, triggering a role for regulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Health spending as a share of GDP was only 7.2%. This is a much lower share than the EU average of 9.9%. Further mergers and reorganisation in 2015 made the National Healthcare Service Centre the umbrella organisation for other formerly independent authorities. It is now the leading organisation for health provision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Pensions at a Glance: Retirement-Income Systems in OECD countries. The Age of Austerity: A Review of Public Expenditures and Adjustment Measures in 181 Countries.” New York and Geneva: Initiative for Policy Dialogue and the South Centre. The Return to Social Policy and the Persistent Neglect of Unpaid Care.” Development and Change, 38, no.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Building on these papers the WWC intends to prepare an analysis describing ways of overcoming political-economic obstacles to greater regional benefit sharing (WWC, A New Water Politics). To date there are some 83 member organisations from some 34 countries. Buzas (1999), Inventory of transboundary groundwaters, Vol. Case Study of transboundary dispute resolution: organization for the development of the Senegal river (OMVS)”, Oregon State University, www.transboundarvwaters.orst.edu/research/ case studies/Documents/senegal.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They indicate there has been a consistent improvement in prescribing. The group provides advice on clinical evidence and cost-effectiveness, considering new and existing technologies. The group also works closely with the Health Innovation Partnership Board to streamline the pathway for new health innovations. Its pilot Innovative Medical Technology Overview (IMTO), for example, takes weeks rather than years to assess a new technology. It provides early intelligence of the nature, potential budget and service impact of health technologies in development. The NFP is represented by all 22 NHS Boards and the Scottish Government, as well as other stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These measures exclude mothers from decision making on the welfare of their children. As a result of this uneven treatment, women may receive a smaller share of the husband’s or father’s property at his death than would widowers and sons. In some instances, women are granted limited and controlled rights and receive income only from the deceased’s property.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Since Chile devotes little public spending to active labour-market policies by international standards, more spending on this area can contribute to reduce the gender gap in labour force participation. Programs like MdsCapaz are a step in the right direction. This should be accompanied by steps to reduce the opportunity cost of joining the labour force, such as family benefits and child-related entitlements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Policies that can strengthen rural incomes along these development pathways are discussed in Box 4.3. These include i) a declining share of agriculture in GDP as the economy develops and diversifies, ii) a release of labour from the sector driven by a combination of the “push” of labour-saving technical change in agriculture and the “pull” of growing labour demand in non-agricultural sectors, and iii) rising agricultural output. This means offering multiple development pathways for farm households: improving competitiveness (i.e. productivity) within the agricultural sector, diversifying income sources among household members, and, for some, leaving the sector for better paid jobs. Most of the relevant expenditures would need to be made at the economy-wide or sectoral level rather than in the form of payments to individuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Responsibilities are still not clear between state, municipalities, headmasters and teachers, and resources and responsibilities are often poorly aligned. While the starting salary for a Swedish teacher is around the OECD average, the wage progression, and thus the possibility to make an attractive career out of teaching, is very limited. The highest teacher wages are only 33% higher than starting wages, compared to the OECD average of 58% (OECD, 2014d). More flexibility on working hours outside the classroom, increasing autonomy on ways to reach learning targets, enhancing coaching and feedback and increasing influence on issues concerning pupils and workplace are all factors which have the potential to raise teacher satisfaction and the attractiveness of the profession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It decreased at an average annual rate of 2.9% over this period, although there was considerable volatility between years. Multilateral assistance accounted for the largest share, averaging ETB 21.5 billion per year between 2010/11 and 2015/16, bilateral assistance averaged ETB 16.5 billion. External assistance as a percentage of GDP decreased at an annual average rate of 11.4% between 2010/11 and 2015/16, falling to 4.3% of GDP in 2015/16.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Together with an expected overall decline in summer precipitation, these changes could lengthen the periods of low flow in summer, although elsewhere there are expectations of higher summer rainfall. Where intensive rainfall events become stronger and more frequent, greater flushing of diffuse agricultural pollutants to both surface water and groundwater could result, and the frequency and severity of polluted urban siormflows could increase. Overall increases in annual rainfall could have the effect of diluting diffuse pollutants. Joint EEA-JRC-WHO report. Rising water temperatures will increase the likelihood of cyanobactcrial blooms, and hotter and drier summers would deplete river (lows, reduce dilution capacity and lead to higher pollutant concentrations and possibly fish deaths (temperatures above 25°C can be fatal).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Drivers involved in crashes may fail to recognise or acknowledge the effects of fatigue and the symptoms of fatigue may not be evident to police or witnesses at a crash scene. Additionally, crash investigators often do not have a sufficient understanding of fatigue and do not collect the information needed to investigate its possible role. These regulations specify maximum driving hours, work hours, minimum rest periods within a working shift, minimum rest breaks between shifts and maximum hours of work over a week.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, expanding economic activity, population growth and rising living standards are increasing the need for energy, food, minerals and other resources, amplifying environmental pressures in both rural and urban areas. Based on indicators from national and international sources, the chapter reviews progress against national policy goals as well as international commitments and targets, focusing on the period since 2000. To the extent possible, it compares the state of the environment and key environmental trends with those of OECD member countries and the other emerging economies in the BRIICS group (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Much of what is at the heart of social disorganization theory’s approach to neighborhood crime prevention has been ignored in favor of policies that are more closely associated with deterrence and rational choice theories. Specifically, ideas of informal social control and collective efficacy have often been translated into policies of community surveillance and the reporting of suspicious behaviors to the police. While these policies may make neighborhoods less attractive to offenders because they create higher certainty levels of recognition, and subsequently arrest, social disorganization theory, at its heart, suggests crime prevention policies of a very different nature: policies that are more closely associated with restorative justice, re‐integrative shaming and peacemaking criminology. These associations are highlighted and provide a conceptual model for a community crime prevention program that is more consistent with the underlying nature of social disorganization theory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Accordingly, the standard threshold was set in accordance with the traditional metrics of deprivation in rural areas, while taking care to avoid distorting the degree of rights enforceability (overly strict). This means that each depriv, as an indicator of poverty because it violates or infringes at least one right. By ratifying the Convention on the Rights of the Child, States undertake to devote the maximum available resources to comply with all child rights —which includes defraying health-care and other costs that households find difficult to pay— and to ensure that no discrimination exists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It may be measured by the share of the first city's population (or the first two) in the total urban population. This applies in particular to Nigeria, in which Lagos, Ibadan and Kano each has a population of between 2.5 million and 10 million. Macrocephaly is higher in the small coastal countries that trade directly with the rest of the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Since 1980, global disaster related losses account for a total of USD 3.8 trillion, of which 74% can be attributed to weather extremes.7 Adverse impacts are projected to grow - including major shifts in local and regional climate conditions, changes to water availability, sea level rise, heat waves, drought and inundation with severe consequences for human life. Significant investment will be needed to increase the resilience of vulnerable communities, mainly in sectors such as agriculture, water and coastal protection. The Agreement emphasises the need to balance support provision between mitigation and adaptation. It also emphasises that to support adaptation, public and grant based resources are particularly needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In particular, they get little of the fully discretionary funding that they need, such as is provided by budget support. In the donor perception there is a tension between the need for aid and the ability of governments to use it. This then faces donors with an impossible choice: provide aid to needy environments where it will be badly used, or provide it to environments where it will be better used but where it is not really needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In some situations, such as voluntarily quitting a job, a large number of OECD countries impose an extended waiting period before benefits can start, or in some cases complete disqualification from the benefit. In countries with unlimited duration of benefit entitlements, a termination of entitlement may not be possible, but in the United Kingdom a loss of benefit for up three years may apply for repeat offences (OECD, 2014a). There is some expectation that additional requirements will apply if skilled and employable jobseekers do not fairly quickly find work by their own efforts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Suicide rates in a number of EU countries increased following the 2008 recession and the EU financial crisis of 2009, mainly among men, and were associated in part with rising unemployment levels - but this trend did not persist in most countries (OECD, 2016). Mortality rates at these “midlife” ages have been increasing since the 1990s, a trend attributed primarily to drug overdoses, alcohol related liver disease, and suicides ("deaths of despair"), and to decelerating improvements in mortality from heart disease and cancer (Woolf et al, 2018, Bernstein and Ingraham, 2017). The death rate from drug overdoses more than tripled between 2000 and 2016, with a sharp rise from 2014 (Hedegaard et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These hotspot images w'ere aggregated from various open-source publications and information contributed to the OECD TF-CIT Information Sharing Platform (ISP). This suggests that there is more that could be achieved by the ISP and its partners, which are seeking to provide timely data for analysis from multiple sources and from granular data tracked as incidents come to light. New technology, like the International Fund for Animal Welfare’s mobile reporting app, can pass on trafficking data to a platform that centrally aggregates rich information, so that a broader group of organisations, and possibly law enforcement, can use it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Most involuntary mental health admissions are under the Mental Health Act 1983. Importantly, this Act codified the professional roles of those with the power to apply for the detainment of a patient, specifically those powers held by an Approved Social Worker (ASW), and stipulated specific staff training for any individuals administering the act (Rapaport and Manthorpe, 2009). The Mental Health Act 1995 then gave authorities new powers over those discharged from hospital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)