albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Statistics do not show improvement. In 2000, US President Bill Clinton signed a law, enacted in February 2011, stating that the federal government should source at least 5% of its procurement from women-owned small businesses. Yet, according to the Uniled States Small Business Administration, only 4% of federal spending was awarded to women-owned small businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The experts were also involved in a peer review of data sets and. Where relevant, they contributed references and technical information.4 Modified information packages were then compiled and used in the consultation with countries (Box 2). Any relevant information subsequently received from the countries was incorporated into the chapter drafts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Between 1995 and 1999, about 2% of all taxes were shifted from distortive taxes on labour towards a taxation of pollution and resource use. The highest taxes are paid by the household and the public sector, followed by the transport sector and space heating, which together account for 64% of energy taxes paid in Denmark. In 2009, households and the public sector paid electricity taxes of EUR 0.09 per kWh. In 2009, a general tax reform was adopted by the Danish parliament which included a number of changes for energy taxes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Selection is generally based on upper-secondary grades, Matura scores and/or an aptitude test. The first cycle includes undergraduate professional and academic programmes, and the second and third cycles involve master’s and doctoral programmes, respectively. Before the 2004 amendment to the Higher Education Act, which introduced the Bologna Process31 compliant study programmes (to better integrate the Slovenian higher education system with the European system), higher education programmes were binary in terms of their levels: undergraduate and post-graduate. Currently, 47 countries, which are also party to the European Cultural Convention, participate in the process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) is the first international public health treaty to address the global spread of tobacco products. Ethnographic research at the fourth meeting of the FCTC's Conference of the Parties in Uruguay highlights the role of the FCTC in recalibrating the relationship between international trade and investment agreements and those of global public health. Specifically, we chart the origins and development of the Punta del Este Declaration, tabled by Uruguay at the conference, to counter a legal request by Philip Morris International, the world's largest tobacco transnational, for arbitration by the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes over Uruguay's alleged violations of several international trade and investment treaties. We argue that medical anthropologists should give greater consideration to global health governance and diplomacy as a potential counterweight to the ‘politics of resignation’ associated with corporate capitalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Governments, communities, policymakers and service providers should work together to create an environment and polices that foster the ecosystem of start-ups. It should be easy to establish a new company. We need creative solutions that help start-ups grow and ease their access to finance, legal counsel and trade. What could we do to bridge such gaps?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Data for Australia and Canada are for 2012 rather than 2013. For both diagnostic categories, data for Australia and Canada are for 2012 rather titan 2013 and for the United States 2010 rather than 2013. For both diagnostic categories, data for Australia and Canada are for 2012 rather than 2013 and for the United States 2010 rather than 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The government provides tools to support assessment through the asTTle (assessment tools for teaching and learning, now available in a 4"' version). The government lias also published exemplars focusing on curriculum and formative assessment principles. The government lias published exemplars focusing on curriculum and formative assessment principles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The case of Singapore, which is at the forefront in building technology-driven traffic management mechanisms in ASEAN, provides some noteworthy examples. Based on most recent information, the expressway and tunnel networks that form part of the ITS stretches about 164 km with a total lane length of 1107 km (LTA, 2018). It is equivalent to about 12% of the total length of road lanes in the country, incorporating arterial, collector and local roads. Notable thoroughfares included are the Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway, Marina Coastal Expressway, Central Expressway, Fort Canning Tunnel and Woodsville Tunnel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the context of some of these innovations, public funds could be used in order to leverage market-based repayable financing so as to increase the overall amounts of finance available to the sector. In the water sector, this has been done at the level of specific projects, like in Maputo (Mozambique) for the financing of the urban water and sanitation program or via the establishment of financing vehicles, which aim to combine diverse sources of finance (such as in FINDETER in Colombia, a public-private financing entity which rediscounts commercial bank loans for local infrastructure development, including water and sanitation). Such blending can take many forms: ODA grants can be provided as interest rate subsidies, seed financing for revolving funds or contributions to the establishment of project preparation facilities. The main objectives of blending are to attract funds that would otherwise not be attracted by a given project while ensuring that basic public policy goals, such as increasing access and serving the poor, are met.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This has the potential to lead to low prices, presuming there is no monopoly producer. Private sector medicine prices are determined using external reference pricing. Generic substitution is required in the public sector, although in the private sector there are no incentives for doctors and pharmacists to prescribe generics. There are also clinical guidelines to discourage overprescribing, although no formal auditing system is in place to monitor compliance. There have been many reasons for delays, including a lack of political wilL In addition, there has been stakeholder resistance at times among public sector workers not wanting to lose their civil servant status, private sector workers concerned about income losses, private insurers wanting to be included as part of the new system, and employers and employees unhappy about their proposed contribution rates. For example, the basic goal of the new national health system is to bring together the public and private sectors under a single, competitive system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In this book, the author outlines three independent bases for the existence of legal limits to the veto by UN Security Council permanent members while atrocity crimes are occurring. The provisions of the UN Charter creating the veto cannot override the UN's 'Purposes and Principles', nor jus cogens (peremptory norms of international law). There are also positive obligations imposed by the Geneva and Genocide Conventions in situations of war crimes and genocide - conventions to which all permanent members are parties. The author demonstrates how vetoes and veto threats have blocked the Security Council from pursuing measures that could have prevented or alleviated atrocity crimes (genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes) in places such as Myanmar, Darfur, Syria, and elsewhere. As the practice continues despite regular condemnation by other UN member states and repeated voluntary veto restraint initiatives, the book explores how the legality of this practice could be challenged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Furthermore, it is not possible to provide a full overview of the economic well-being of women, as historical data on indicators such as female labour force participation and female wages are scarce or not systematically available on a cross-national scale.14 It is also not possible to capture the unequal allocation of time use in the home, which is closely related to the well-being of women outside the household, linked as it is to political participation and labour force participation (Verba et al., However, although a within-country comparison on gender equality between different socio-economic groups might shed further light on the causes for and mechanisms perpetuating gender inequality, the point of this study is to analyse such trends at the macro level. Individual or group level analysis is beyond the scope here, and so it is left to others to take up this gauntlet in future research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They thereby also affect the ability of economies to reallocate scarce resources needed for digital innovation (such as ICT-related skills) to more successful firms, and are thus an important determinant for business dynamics. Differences in framework conditions may explain the relative sluggishness of some countries to capitalise on the digital revolution. Many national digital economy strategies put a strong emphasis on the promotion of ICT-related knowledge diffusion, including between large firms and SMEs or towards disfavoured social groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Food price inflation (cont.) While those listed in Figure 1.3 follow the general global or regional trends, they exhibit variation that may also be the result of local factors such as exchange rate movements, higher domestic inflation or adverse weather events. For example, while food prices fell in the United States and Japan during the recession, India witnessed its highest inflation rate. Retail food price inflation in China has fallen from high to low levels in the past year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
By comparison, households of couples with or without children in the same region that are headed by women tend to have lower or similar poverty rates compared to those headed by men (figure 8.3). For example, in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, households of couples with or without children have a poverty rate of 18 per cent when headed by women, considerably less than the 36 per cent poverty rate when headed by men, in contrast, households of lone mothers with children have a poverty rate of 34 per cent, higher than the 17 per cent poverty rate for lone fathers with children. Their proportion in total households varies from 15 per cent in Belize to 28 per cent in Haiti. They may include de jure female-headed households, where women do not have a male partner, or de facto female-headed households, where the male partner is temporarily absent and may or may not contribute remittances to the household's welfare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In this context, quality education and skills formation that equip individuals with labour market-relevant skills are more important than ever. This report finds that the progress different countries have made in providing educational and skills development opportunities to disadvantaged individuals has varied widely. Only a few countries have been successful in providing lifelong learning opportunities. Most have offered sporadic interventions at certain stages of life, rather than continued support over the course of an individual’s lifespan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Although over half of the total international tourist arrivals in Malaysia are from Singapore, only 1.3% fly into Penang (arrivals by land are not included in the figures). A considerably larger proportions of visitors from Indonesia (14%) and Japan (12.3%) end up in Penang, possible thanks to the availability of educational institutions (Indonesians) and the presence of Japanese manufacturing plants. The state government stresses its cultural and ethnic diversity reflected in the language, costume, custom and cuisine and its historic links with the neighbouring countries such as Singapore and Indonesia. The listing of Penang by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site has become a major tourist feature as do its natural scenic beauty and popular beaches which, however, suffer from environmental degradation. The Penang Investment Tourism Office was established in 2010 to consolidate the shift from promoting Penang as a sun, sea and sand destination to higher value-added segments, such as leisure tourism, medical tourism, education tourism and heritage tourism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Although the maritime AIS system was primary developed to increase safety at sea, it also provides maritime authorities a better way to monitor water traffic and movements and to identify vessels. Fishing vessels are exempt from this regulation, but those of a specific size may be required to carry AIS by national regulations (for example in Norway, the United States of America and the European Union). Unlike traditional communication stations, satellites are not limited by the horizontal range of signals. They are able to relay AIS communications over vast distances. Luckily, in parallel with vast advancements in cloud technology and infrastructure, various organizations are now able to process and analyse such immense amounts of data. In fisheries, the use of AIS data through applied machine learning and artificial intelligence provides new ways to estimate fishing effort, socio-economic indicators and fishing patterns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In the reservoirs of the Dnieper cascade, a decrease in mean annual cesium-137 and strontium-90 concentrations is observed. According to the classification of water resources adopted in Belarus, 76.1% of water in the basin is classified as "relatively clean", 19.7% as "moderately polluted", 1.4% as "polluted" and 2.8% as "dirty". Main pollutants are nutrients (nitrogen compounds), organic substances (including phenols) and heavy metals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Figure 3.7, the tariff for solar power in Indonesia illustrates the ceiling price in the solar reverse auction, which was set at USD 250/ MWh. However, this level would only be receivable in the unlikely event that all project developers bid above the ceiling price (Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2014). The price premium was therefore de facto lower owing to competitive bidding, and insufficient to spur significant growth in solar power deployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Given the above analysis of odds ratios, it can also be observed that even though a Dutch child is less likely to experience double deprivation than a UK child, once deprived in one domain a Dutch child is not more or less likely of deprivation in another domain than a UK child. Firstly, at domain level, financial strain is the most prevalent problem across all countries. As a result of the relatively high incidence rates of financial strain, the proportions of children experiencing overlap between financial strain and any other domain are also higher.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Most countries are relying at least partially on the international trade of energy and will continue to do so. However, the issue of self-sufficiency does assume a particular significance in electricity markets, where a certain amount of domestic generation is required by the fact that electricity can neither be stored nor transported over long distances at reasonable costs. In island countries such as Australia and Japan or de facto geographically isolated countries such as Korea, domestic power generation must be able to cover demand on its own. This is not the case for storable resources such as coal or oil, where countries can enjoy high levels of security of supply even if they have no domestic production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There are three categories primarily aimed at nature protection: the one identified in 1928, forest habitats of protected species (so-called animal sanctuaries) and forest seed stands. Seed stands are important for nature protection as they allow native species and ecotypes to be included in forest renewal and afforestation. Most are in mountainous areas and have soil and water protective functions, though significant shares are designated near cities and in areas affected by industrial pollution. There are 65 000 ha of protective forests in private ownership, covering less than 4% of private forest area, and 25 000 ha in municipal forests, mostly peri-urban forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Splitting tenders into smaller bids leads to supply fragmentation, which entails processing more bids, assessing and monitoring the quality of several different lots and organizing transportation. There are also the costs of providing training programmes to cooperatives and the higher default rates among farmer groups, as they are more vulnerable to risks. However, these costs can be reduced with appropriate investments in capacity building targeted at producer organizations. Bureaucratic systems and burdensome requirements make it difficult for small producers to participate without effective targeting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In some countries, however, pay penalties are larger among low-wage earners, suggesting the presence of “sticky floors”, that is the barriers that prevent women from moving up from lower level jobs (Christofides et al., The indicator shown in Figure 4.7 is based on data drawn from the Gallup World Poll referring to the following question: “Are you satisfied with your job or the work you do?” Answers are grouped into two categories (yes/no). Overall job satisfaction can be thought of as a combination of different levels of satisfaction with the various characteristics of the job.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter offers an auto-ethnographic account of my experiences of working as a critical social work educator and trade unionist in contemporary academia. In doing so it provides insight into the increasingly neoliberalised higher education sector, and some of the challenges this context can pose for academics who adopt a critical stance and conceptualise education as having the potential to contribute to a more socially just, equitable and democratic society. The chapter reflects on a managerial system that is wholly implicated in supporting and normalising bullying. The paper seeks to contribute to critical scholarship on higher education by theorising a considered, ethical response to neoliberal managerialism within universities. Critical pedagogy, collective action and collegial solidarity are suggested as practices of agency and resistance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Europe’s poorer regions tend to receive most support, although all European regions are eligible for funding under the policy’s various funds. The Structural Funds invoice a “performance reserve”, an inventive mechanism intended to encourage performance improvement by attaching explicit financial incentives to indicators and targets. The mechanism was implemented in a broader context of monitoring and evaluation activities by the EU that included a mid-term evaluation process. The reserve set aside 4% of a programme’s total budget and distributed it only if specific objectives were achieved. In consultation with the European Commission, member countries selected their own indicators, chose their own approach to assessment, and each used the mechanism differently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Schools are evaluated every seven years by teams of external evaluators who are recruited, selected, and trained by NASE, and who follow evaluation policies established by the MoES. Schools are assessed within an evaluation framework covering five domains - school culture, teaching and learning, student achievement, support for students and school management - and linked to 67 performance indicators. The conclusions of the external evaluation are presented to the school in a detailed report that outlines school’s strengths and weaknesses and provides recommendations for performance improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Making this assessment required indicators with suitable variables at the local level. Does the framework increase understanding of the transition at the local level and, if so, in what areas? And if not, what are the important missing elements and how might we start to fill the gaps, whether with proxies or suggestions for further data collection in the future. These factors need to be considered in designing the local indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This represents almost half of additional meat produced globally by 2023. A high feed conversion ratio, short production cycle and simple production process has made poultry the low cost alternative which consumers in developing countries demand first as their income level rises. Currently, pork accounts for the greatest share in world total meat production, however, a comparatively slower growth rate through the next decade will result in it being surpassed by poultry by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The media plays a very important role in the promotion of good governance and in minimizing corruption. It raises awareness of the public about corruption. The media can be effective if it has access to information and when there is freedom of expression, as well as professional and ethical cadre of investigative journalists.This paper examines the concepts of fraud and lies, the concept of corruption, the media, categories of media and the media’s current role in combating future frauds and corruption. The papers considers, too, the benefits journalists gain by attending anti-corruption trainings/events and highlights some notable corruption and money laundry in Nigeria, Kenya and Cameroon, Methodology use in arriving at the conclusion was content analysis, which employ review of relevant books and articles on the subject of discussion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These real and perceived risks generally result in financing that is more costly than that which is available to more traditional generation sources.9 As the IPCC (2011) points out, to operate effectively, markets rely on timely, appropriate and truthful information. But energy markets are far from perfect, and this is especially true of markets in technological and structural transition, such as the RE market. Thus, as a result of insufficient information, underlying project risk can tend to be overrated and transaction costs can increase as compared to conventional fossil fuel technologies. Often, the viability of a specific investment is dependent upon a particular policy regime remaining in place, and this is a major risk that equity and debt (banks) investors will need to evaluate before deciding on the financing parameters for the project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The abuse of methamphetamine is also increasing in Kenya. West Africa did not play a key role in the synthetic drug market until recent years. The reasons behind the change, part of an overall increase in global illicit demand for amphetamine-type stimulants, may be explained by weak controls on legal imports of their precursors and the socioeconomic situation in the subregion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In doing so, special attention should be given to the anticipated changes to the natural environment brought about by climate change and the need to adjust crops to these new conditions. There is an urgent need to make agricultural production environmentally sustainable, while at the same time substantially raising productivity. Commodity exporters, in particular those exporting fuels, metals and minerals, face considerable challenges linked to the volatility of their real exchange rate, Dutch disease, high income inequality, strong dependence on imported food, environmental degradation, and lack of diversification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)