albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It welcomes the efforts of cities and local authorities, and invites them to "scale up their efforts and support actions to reduce emissions and/or to build resilience and decrease vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change and demonstrate these efforts. For this reason, the United Nations Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management has developed the Strategic Framework on Geospatial Information and Services for Disasters.376 This approach offers urban areas and cities options for strengthening risk governance, enabling these localities to access and utilize nationally generated geospatial information as well as feeding local information back to the national level. This mitigates consistent challenges regarding the provision of geospatial information and strengthens informed decision-making and monitoring, before, during and after hazardous events. However, the reality is that integrated implementation is not consistently pursued across countries or within States and regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This is a key responsibility of regional governments, which provide training, employment services and facilitate access to credit for youths. Average annual spending by regional governments on the promotion of employability, employment services and access to finance was ETB 1.1 billion between 2012/13 and 2016/17 (Figure 1.10), loans grew substantially towards the end of this period. It also supports informal social protection mechanisms and strengthens their linkages to the formal system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The literature on ocean energy has, to date, largely focussed on technical, environmental, and, increasingly, social and political aspects. Legal and regulatory factors have received far less attention, despite their importance in supporting this new technology and ensuring its sustainable development. Building on the social sciences research agenda developed by the International network for Social Studies of Marine Energy (ISSMER) and published in Energy Policy, a complementary agenda for legal research linked to ocean energy was set out. Key directions for future research structured around the core themes of marine governance: (i) international law, (ii) environmental impacts, (iii) rights and ownership, (iv) consenting processes, and (v) management of marine space and resources were identified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many of these farmers live in places where markets - for agricultural inputs and outputs, labour, and other goods and services such as credit and insurance - are lacking or do not function well. The uncertainties of weather, particularly with accelerating climate change, and the lack of affordable insurance are at the heart of the vulnerabilities of households dependent on agricultural livelihoods. As a result, they often adopt low risk, low-return, agricultural and other income-generating strategies, and may seek to obtain liquidity or diversify income sources in casual labour markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They could help reduce congestion in cities and along road networks, with benefits including fewer accidents and lower GHG and air pollutant emissions. Brazil has leading innovative firms and high expertise in selected high-technology fields such as renewables and agro-technology. Green research and development (R&D) expenditure is estimated to account for about 3% of total R&D expenditure (Frischtak, 2011). Eco-innovation performance has improved and Brazil has been developing a specialisation in environmental technology compared to other BRIICS economies. The number of patents in environment- and climate-related technology has grown, accounting for about 9% of all patents filed in Brazil in 2009-11 (the BRIICS average was 7.8%). Brazil has generated the world’s third largest amount of certified emission reduction credits under the Clean Development Mechanism, which has been a key driver of technology transfer and has also encouraged domestically driven innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Out-of-pocket payments generate additional welfare losses for risk-averse individuals. Health care financing is no exception. Abstracting from any tax incentives, private insurance, out-of-pocket payments and medical saving accounts are likely to entail less deadweight losses than general taxation and social insurance contributions as they reflect personal choices (Glied, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A more ambitious reform of the insurance system could separate medical goods and services covered by statutory and complementary insurances (Askenazy et al., This could ease negotiations with care providers for goods and services. Complementary insurance plans would then specialise in “supplementary” medical goods and services, such as optical care, some dental care and hearing aids.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Government Financial Transfers (GFT) database measures and classifies support provided to fisheries, an important indicator of either government commitment to the sector or the potential for reform. The key principles suggested by the OECD may help the selection of relevant green growth indicators (Box 1.11). Indirect indicators can be useful when direct ones are impractical or ambiguous. For example, measuring the availability or use of energy audits demonstrates increases in environmental awareness on the part of fishers and indirectly measures energy efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Par ailleurs, le rapport examine dans quelle mesure la riposte du Japon a la crise economique et sa strategic de croissance a long terme tiennent compte des preoccupations environnementales, en s’attachant tout particulierement a l’etude de la panoplie de politiques et mesures appliquees pour tirer parti des possibilites de croissance et d’emploi dont l’eco-innovation et le secteur des biens et services environnementaux sont porteurs. Ce document de travail se rapporte a VExamen environnemental de l'OCDE du Japon, 2010 (www.oecd.org/env/examenspays/japon). The paper is an updated and extended version of Chapter 2 of the OECD Environmental Performance Review of Japan published in November 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. It considers the balancing role of international and regional trade, the benefits and costs associated with open markets, as well as the ways in which governments can manage shocks emanating from both domestic and international markets. This section considers the role of trade in ensuring stable food availability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Clusters such as Otigba computer village in Lagos emerge and grow organically, and show immense resilience, but their expansion or transformation is often limited by a host of challenges beyond their collective effort. They would benefit from policy support. Big data can inform transport planning and how investments are prioritized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The calculators are potential tools to show the order of magnitude of actions (e.g. the importance of energy use at home), and help motivated people to focus their efforts on high impact actions. Calculators can also include features, informational or social, aimed at encouraging users to take action. We highlight good approaches and features of carbon footprint calculators and interventions. At the same time, we discuss the shortcomings of existing approaches. Based on the examined calculators, literature and our experience as a calculator developer and a host, we make recommendations about calculator development and use in interventions aiming to reduce consumption footprint.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
A utility token can be issued with immediate rights to services or as a loan type, whereby the service can be accessed upon completion of the infrastructure project. During the investment phase of a project, funds are held in a smart contract and reimbursed automatically to investors in the case of insufficient fund collection and resulting inability to start the project or otherwise inflicted failure of the project. Additional features like loans with automated interest payments or insurance contracts can be added over time, enabling the platform to grow in features and adapt to new requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
By 2019, the price of the benchmark US maize (No. A noteworthy feature is the drop in wheat to maize price ratio to a low ratio of 1.1-1.2, compared to 1.3-1.6 in the past, indicating a stronger upside potential for maize prices than for wheat. Continuing instability will be a factor for all cereal markets as the linkages are strong enough to influence them all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In other large cities some informal separation and collection of materials for recycling occurs. Other informal recycling occurs at disposal sites where unauthorised groups scavenge for metals, plastic, paper and wood. About 60 private companies are dealing with recycling of a broad range of waste fractions, but predominantly of scrap metal. Not all of them have an environmental permit from MoEFWA. It is estimated that about 65 large uncontrolled sites and numerous small sites are currently in operation in Albania.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The proportion of renewable energy in Jordan is consistent with the Middle Eastern average of less than 5% (USAID, 2011). However, some analysts project that by 2050, about 50% of the region’s electricity will be generated from renewable sources (Menon, 2010) and were Jordan to fully exploit its solar resources now, it could become a global leader and exporter of renewable energy in the future. Currently, renewable energy is estimated to contribute 2.5% to 4% growth to Jordan’s GDP and to create at least 3 000 new jobs (USAID, 2011). Because renewable energy projects are more labour intense than conventional energy sources, there are reasons to expect a net increase in employment from renewable energy, which could be significant at a time when jobs in the hydrocarbons sector are minimal (OECD, 2012 forthcoming b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It promotes the implementation of a strategy that considers both consumptive uses of water and the protection of the environment within a framework of public participation. The plan also lays down the principles of a management of water at the river basin scale with a priority regarding the conservation of land and aquatic ecosystems as part of the large hydrologic cycle, covering the extraction of water to its discharge. The strategy explicitly underlines the need to set official prohibition for maximum extraction to ensure water balance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The CCFs also finance culture, tourism and commercial activities and own supermarkets, theatres, hotels and other facilities. Yet there is little evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of the services the CCFs provide (Aim and Lopez-Castano, 2005). A 2% contribution finances traineeship programmes, in particular for young workers and displaced persons, through the Semcio Nacional de Aprendizaje (SENA). The SENA also finances assistance to firms for technological development and information systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Australia's National Strategy for Ecologically Sustainable Development, in place since 1992, aims to improve total quality of life now and in the future while maintaining ecological processes (see section on “mainstreaming of biodiversity into sustainable development, green growth and other relevant strategies”). Under strategic dimensions, the importance of biodiversity in achieving sustainable development is explained, and links with tourism and exploration of resources are made. Under sector-level programmes, a separate programme with explicit budget is set out for biodiversity-related work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They show that in the medium term - that is, until about 2030 -the positive and negative effects on yields could offset each other at the global level, the balance after this date would be increasingly negative as climate change accelerates. The data also show that projected impacts of climate change on yields of maize, wheat and rice in the second half of the 21st century are more often negative for tropical regions than for temperate regions. However, in many locations in temperate regions, as well, crop yields may decrease (Porter et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Investors enjoy an easy regulatory framework. According to the 1997 Law on Electricity and Natural Gas, tariffs for HPPs built after 1 August 2008 and for existing HPPs of less than 13 MW capacity are fully deregulated. Tariffs for HPPs built before 1 August 2008 with more than 13 MW installed capacity are regulated by GNERC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The product of this equation gives an ni x ni matrix decomposing the value added embodied in exports according where it ultimately originates. By summing the non-diagonal elements of this matrix across column nations a metric of the foreign value added of exports can be obtained. Presenting this value as a share of gross exports then gives the measure of backward participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Most OECD governments have also sought to better understand what is happening in the wider STI policy system through periodic stocktaking exercise and to identify bottlenecks and gaps and improve players’ broader awareness of activities elsewhere. This becomes increasingly important as systems become more complex, cross borders, and require partnership and co-operation. Successful mobilisation will depend on factors such as the available power bases (e.g. monetary resources, persuasive arguments, etc.),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The EDF measures what the service frequency would be if the service were available without having to walk. This allows a comparison of routes according to service frequency: routes with the highest service frequency score are assigned a weight of 1, while all others have a weight of 0.5 (TfL, 2015). A separate accessibility indicator (Al) is initially calculated using this methodology for various modes, including bus, rail, underground and tram.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The only countries that require a master’s degree to teach pre-primary school are England, France, Iceland and Italy. This level of education is required to teach primary school in 11 of the 35 countries for which data are available, to teach general studies in lower secondary school in 16 countries, and to teach upper secondary school in 22 countries (see Table D6.1 a, b, c and d). In contrast nearly 40% of teachers feel inadequately prepared for the pedagogical aspects of teaching, which is the highest proportion in any of the 34 countries taking part in the TALIS survey (see Chart D6.a). In France, the proportion was lower (76%), and even lower still at private schools (only 69%, versus a TALIS average of 86%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Rights advocacy does not have to wait for a fully-fledged democratic regime to emerge. Activists can employ them as a tool to monitor policies or do advocacy work in order to advance the effective reach of acknowledged human rights. Public debate, political campaigns and collective organizing around human rights are also important means to question discriminatory social norms, unequal power relations and unequal distribution of resources and to encourage poor and marginalized women to see themselves as rights holders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Doctors are twice as likely to migrate as nurses because wage differentials are greater, and because most nurses are women and men are often the primary decision-makers regarding migration (Brown and Connell 2004). A growing shortage of skilled workers in the region has also contributed to increased intra-Pacific migration, with workers migrating to countries offering better work conditions and salaries, such as Samoan nurses moving to American Samoa and tourism workers to the Cook Islands, and various skilled workers going to Nauru (including health workers from Tonga). There is some weekly commuting from Samoa to American Samoa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While direct infrastructure investments have a number of characteristics which can appeal to institutional investors such as allowing for asset-liability matching and helping hedge the risks for long-dated liabilities, making direct investments in projects is generally complex and resource-intensive. It can be prohibitively expensive due to the costs of developing and maintaining a direct investing team in addition to transaction costs and legal fees. Thus, many investors might consider using intermediaries because they do not have this expertise, or the scale that would justify creating an internal team. However, of these institutional investors, many have decided against investing in infrastructure or have withdrawn from contracts because they have determined that the transaction costs, in particular management fees, are prohibitive. Nevertheless, some firms have started to explore ways to reduce transaction costs for sustainable energy investment or otherwise faciliate or enable these transactions to be made more efficiently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The learners and the teachers who are being assisted with the materials for identifying, describing and presenting cases, give visibility to new models of SCP. They further discuss the identified examples with families, neighbours and friends and by doing so initiate broader social learning. The overall premise of the partners is to shift from reliance on awareness and knowledge transfer ('learning to change’) towards direct engagement of people and organisations into learning practices ('changing to learn').
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Each GMA must define its “desired future conditions by 2060” based on actual withdrawal data and projections of groundwater availability. A groundwater management plan must be set accordingly. Water has a higher economic (extractive) value in Region H (Houston area), where water mostly serves municipal and industrial water needs, than in the farming Regions O and A. As a result, the economic cost of unmet water needs (groundwater as well as surface water) is much higher in Region H (Figure C.19).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Only in 2015, the Government of Thailand approved measures that allow for the registration of Vietnamese workers at the OSSCs,9 while a Memorandum of Understanding between Thailand and Viet Nam was signed in the same year (IOM, 2016). The contribution of highly skilled immigrants in Thailand should be seen in the context of the investment that is made by companies. For example, much immigration from Japan is linked to this country’s foreign direct investment (FDI), which accounts for around a third of all FDI in Thailand.10 FDI adds to national investment, creates employment for both foreign-born and native-born workers and contributes to the stock of knowledge and competitiveness of Thailand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This need of new infrastructure can provide fresh impetus for regulation that is directly relevant to small scale, decentralised generation. As opposed to megaprojects, multiple small-scale investments will require a systems approach to regulation and grid development that is decentralised and can adapt to a variety of circumstances and technologies. Progress in roll-out will need to be incremental so that lessons and evidence can be drawn from practice and incorporated on an ongoing basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
By 2012, female literacy was almost equivalent to the male rates attained in 1994. It had reached over 70% in Tunisia and almost 100% in Jordan. But the gap is still significant in some countries. In Morocco only 57% of women were literate, compared to 76% of men, and in Egypt only 65% of women could read, compared to 81% of men (Figure 1.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Using this information to convert land use in advance of infrastructure deployment can help reduce the time needed by developers to acquire land use clearance. Similarly, mapping could help increase co-ordination between different levels of government (e.g. federal-state, central-local). Policy support to renewable energy should for instance be consistent and harmonised at both the federal and state level, so as to provide investors with coherent signals and incentives. Resource mapping can moreover inform policy design by central and local authorities, and help ensure that these policies are complementary rather than duplicative (see question 5.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Employed persons (age 15+): Employment is defined according to the resolution of the 19th ICLS in 2013 (see glossary). In the absence of Labour Force Survey records, some of the data can also be obtained from the administrative data on child care. Data from labour force surveys should be used for the denominator of the indicator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This essay explores the shift from 'human rights ' to 'community development* in the framing of Koori (or Indigenous) health policy research at the University of Melbourne in the 1990s. It provides an overview of the recent history of rights-based discourses in international health, contrasting cosmopolitan claims of rights with older civic reference points for health intervention: such as 'citizenship* and 'community development. * In particular, it considers the relations of the conjunction 'health and human rights * to the global emergence during the past twenty years of nongovernmental organisations and their challenge to the power of the nation-state. This account draws heavily on the author's observation of the institutionalisation of rights discourses in health research programs at Melbourne and Harvard, vantage points that provide at best a partial perspective, but one that may nonetheless reveal some salient historical features.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
An important debate in International Relations and International Law is whether states are persons. In this article, it is argued that they are. That is, they are real persons-as-status. Furthermore, state personhood is argued to be an ideological category, marked by ideological variety. Roughly, one can tell apart liberal and republican conceptions of state citizenship. In a case study, the conceptual toolkit of state citizenship is put to work to assess the liberal credentials of modern international society. While modern international society rests on firm liberal principles, expressed most clearly in the Charter of the UN, important republican elements can be discerned, not in the least in the constitution of NATO.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It threatens the basic elements of life for all people: access to water, food production, health, use of land, and physical and natural capital. Inadequate attention to climate change could have significant social consequences for human well-being, hamper economic growth and heighten the risk of abrupt and large-scale changes to our climatic and ecological systems. The significant economic damage could equate to a permanent loss in average per-capita world consumption of more than 14% (Stern, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the Southern Ocean, uncontrolled industrial exploitation of these natural resources has taken place for centuries, generally following a “boom or bust” cycle until the 1980s with several species hunted almost to extinction. In the Arctic, the human presence in the region over thousands of years has ensured that coastal fisheries and marine mammals have been exploited for generations. This however has predominantly been small-scale coastal and regional fisheries in harmony with the ecosystem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)