albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Such complexity leads to significant difficulties in monitoring and verifying environmental impacts and outcomes. The Busan Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation agreed four principles to ensure aid effectiveness: ownership by partner countries, results focused efforts, inclusive partnerships, and delivery of aid within an environment of transparency and accountability. Garside et al (2016) translates this into four elements of effective aid-business partnerships for sustainable development, based on a review of 11 existing partnerships: ensuring additionality of private sector efforts (i.e. going beyond what business would have invested in anyway), financial sustainability of approaches, mutual transformation (i.e. changing of attitudes and business models), and risk-sharing, all within a transparent manner without market distortion. These four elements could provide a structure for further assessment and guidance for good practice recommendations for development cooperation efforts in private sector engagement for the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Encouraged by early successes, these companies then pushed the regulatory agencies to approve the use of these approaches in their regulatory guidance for business plans. This phenomenon was largely attributed to pastureiand-related activities. The company therefore considered the possibility of working to improve land management, but the problem was that they did not own the land. The solution was to work with a third-party organisation to get landowners to launch a new initiative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Studies of 15 countries by three research groups found the price elasticity for industrial energy demand to be between -0.77 and -0.88. Industrial energy use, in other words, provides fertile ground for the application of price incentives for emission reductions. Indeed, industry lowered its energy use much farther and faster than any other sector in response to the oil price shocks of the 1970s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Cross-country analyses in Africa (Anyanwu and Erhijakpor 2010) and in Latin America (Barham and Boucher 1998) indicate that remittance is related to greater income inequality.9 It has been argued that when professionals and skilled workers migrate it creates important gaps in their country of origin, undermining the cause of structural change that the higher flow of remittances was expected to contribute to in the first place. This ‘brain drain argument is a powerful one, particularly for countries with an acute shortage of skilled and professional workers. The ‘Dutch disease’ effect originating from high remittance flows has also been noted as a concern (Fajnzylber and Lopez 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For 2009, the administration requested US$139 million, with US$92 million for Haiti and US$20 million for Guyana. The balance of the request for other countries is through the child survival and health (CSH) foreign assistance funding account. In the Caribbean, USAID provides HIV/AIDS assistance through both bilateral and regional programmes, and is an active member of the Pan Caribbean Partnership Against HIV/AIDS. As part of its Caribbean regional programme, USAID has initiated a programme focusing on Caribbean countries that do not have a permanent USAID presence: Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and Grenadines, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica and Barbados.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This study explores the framing practices employed by mainstream mass-media outlets in the United States in their coverage of the Global Justice Movement during two major episodes of contention: the World Trade Organization protests in Seattle in 1999 and the World Bank/IMF protests in Washington, DC in 2000. A content analysis of prominent and influential newspapers—the New York Times, the Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, the Wall Street Journal, USA Today, and the Boston Globe—and television networks—ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN, and FOX—rendered five predominant frames: the Violence Frame, the Disruption Frame, the Freak Frame, the Ignorance Frame, and the Amalgam of Grievances Frame. These frames emerge from the interactive relationship between social movements and the mass media, which is bracketed by journalistic norms and values, and results in a dialectic of escalation whereby dissidents feel pressed to radicalize their tactics and rhetoric if they want to gain mass-media attention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is discussed later in the report (Chapters 5.6 and 7.3). The Convention also requires Parties to: 'ensure that the generation of hazardous wastes and other wastes are minimised.’ The Rotterdam Convention covers the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade13, and forms another important restraint on the unregulated trade in waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
But is a growing issue in developing countries where women’s enterprises tend to be clustered in the informal economy with limited access to capital, financing, business support services or markets. Lengthy, costly and bureaucratically complex business registration procedures hinder the development of formal enterprises and hence the capacity of many women’s enterprises to grow beyond the subsistence microenterprise level (ILO, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Logs of Chilaune tree, Utis (alder), and Painyu (wild Himalayan cherry) from private forestland wait to be trimmed and dr ied. Slimmed of any branching limbs, then wide, sturdy chests will be sawed at NPR 60 per cubic feet, on dieselgenerated power. A 2001 study of the area published in the Journal of Forest and Livelihood found that the rate of increase in tree diameter drastically declined from one centimetre a year until the age of six, to 0.2 centimetres by the tenth year — an estimated annual loss worth NPR 20,000. “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Second, due to a significantly narrower tax base in emerging economies than in most OECD countries, a switch towards general taxation might not be as advantageous in terms of reducing the distortionary effects of taxes on labour. Raising income and corporate taxes, which weigh mainly on the formal sector, would limit the reduction in disincentives to formality. There is thus room for more risk pooling, as it would reduce the overall cost of contributoiy programmes. Risk pooling refers to the collection and management of financial resources in a way that spreads financial risks from an individual to all members of the programme. From a policy perspective, risk-pooling arrangements attempt to manage the need to subsidise care for people with the highest health risks (horizontal redistribution), the lowest ability to pay (vertical redistribution), or both when facing a health shock (Baeza and Packard, 2006). Besides, by exploiting economies of scale, risk pooling can reduce the average cost of the benefit package compared with multiple programmes, each with their own administrations and information systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Before presenting these results, it is useful to note that children’s living standard is difficult to capture for the reason that the statistics on income are provided at the household level w'ith no information on how resources and expenses are actually shared across family members. In this perspective, income quantiles are defined as values of household income w'hich divides the frequency distribution into equal groups, each containing the same fraction of the total population of children. Panel A, the round marker shows that children in couple families at all points of the income distribution saw a relative increase in both market and disposable income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These authors have also reviewed studies indicating that an inverse relationship between shareholder maximization and innovation applies in several developed countries. Draca and van Reenen (2011) find a strong and positive correlation between European industries that w'ere more exposed to competition from Chinese imports (e.g. furniture, textiles, clothing and toys) and technological change. The evidence indicates that increased trade w'ith China accounted for about 15 per cent of the technological upgrading in Europe during the period 2000-2007. Half of this effect w'as due to genuinely faster technological change, reflected in a larger number of patents and resulting from greater spending on research and development (R&D), while industry dow'nsizing accounted for the other half of the 15 percent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There are, of course a range of positions to be taken on this continuum. These initiatives encounter the obvious problem of the absence of a global state to which formal citizenship might correspond - and therefore relate to the ‘feeling’ and ‘practice’ elements of the Osier and Starkey (2005) scheme, rather than ‘status’. When these initiatives are channelled through state education systems, there may be tensions with national interests, although theorists like Appiah (2006) are confident that different levels of identification (local, national, global) can be maintained simultaneously.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
More research is needed to shed more light on the link between financial decision making within the household and financial literacy. The female labour force participation rate is relatively high (72%) and the gender pay gap is among the lowest in the OECD (the difference in median eamings for male and female full-time employees was about 8% of male eamings in 2009) (OECD 2012b). Similarly, there is virtually no difference in access to basic formal financial products (Demirguc-Kunt and Klapper, 2012). Life expectancy in New Zealand is relatively high with respect to the OECD average, making retirement issues particularly salient.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Greater financial standardisation would reduce investment costs and facilitate allocations by institutional investors into infrastructure investment. New technologies can be leveraged to support greater data availability and quality, particularly when considering the possibilities of IoT, Al, geospatial (satellite), and blockchain in infrastructure systems. In particular, the management of political or currency risks associated with infrastructure could be improved by enhanced transparency, accountability, improved regulatory oversight, and enabling frameworks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The balance of such trade-offs, and options for managing them, is assessed in this paper. Such policies include micro and macro level responses. This group could potentially include the food insecure, although the main beneficiaries of price protection tend not to be smaller food-insecure farm households but rather more commercial farms with significant food surpluses to sell. The challenge is to either raise productivity and thereby redress a lack of competitiveness, or create new opportunities in other sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Thus we consider the impact of the programme on household decisions concerning human capital investments for the year 2006 only. Regarding children specifically, those of pre-school age have to attend an institute, and all family members under 15 years old should attend school. Taking into account the number of children within each household, table 4 reports consistent increases in school enrolment for children aged 6-14.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
With China's rapid economic development, the income of Chinese residents has risen steadily. In 2008, the gross national income per capita per atlas method amounted to USD 2 770 (global country ranking 130 out of 210 countries) and accordingly purchasing power parity amounted to USD 6 020 (global country ranking 122 out of 210 countries) (World Bank, 2009d). A total of 40.07 million people in rural areas lived below the poverty level,23 defined as CNY1 19624 (approximately USD 75) per capita per annum (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Nobody else will do it for me. The coming world belongs to me and young people of today, so we have to make it the best we can." They are an indivisible part of broader human rights. However, prevailing inequalities in income, living standards and, more generally, opportunity remain at the root of economic, social, environmental and political segmentation, with 8 per cent of the world population accumulating 82 per cent of global wealth as part of a trend of steeply rising wealth inequality for the past 20 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In a way, the reform helped the Directorate to improve their status and gain trust among many teachers. These teachers did not experience the programme as a top-dow n measure, but instead believed that that their opinions were being heard and taken into account. In addition, some school leaders were not fully aware of the programme, for example stating that they did not know how to use the DET w'ebsite and tools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The broader shift from ‘government’ to ‘governance’ has been seen from the 1980s in many Western countries, linked to the legitimation crisis’, by which an organization does not possess the necessary administrative capacity to achieve its objectives (Habermas, 1975). Part of this transition has also been in conjunction with neoliberal policies and greater reliance on the contribution of the private sector (Pierre, 2000). At one level, it has become clear that the government alone is not able to take on the full responsibility and development challenge of‘providing1 water supply and sanitation services to all citizens, especially in low-income settings (Franks and Cleaver, 2007, Jimenez and Perez-Foguet, 2010). This relates closely to the general change of governments' role towards policy setting and regulation, with the actual provision being carried out by non-state actors or increasingly decentralized or independent departments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Our survey showed that there have not been many examples of the direct application of the Aarhus Convention by the courts in SEE countries. In situations where the Aarhus Convention could be applied, the courts would rather apply the rules of domestic legislation that are relevant to the merits of the case, or the provisions of the EU directives that regulate access to information, public participation in decisionmaking and access to justice in environmental matters. In addition, in many environmental cases the Aarhus Convention will not be applicable, since it does not contain any substantive rules regarding the right to a healthy environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Often, fixed-services operators control the gateways and their prices reflect a de facto monopoly. Because global Internet services require international connectivity, a lack of competition in gateway services can have a direct impact on the cost of the internationally leased circuits used by Internet access providers. Licenses are technologically neutral in Cambodia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Rwanda,Tanzania and Uganda. Fiowever, Malawi, Nepal, Tanzania and Uganda have a separate international gateway license and fee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Research outputs have various impacts, and it may be difficult to identify them all in order to evaluate the contribution of a specific output, 1 et alone that of the research investment. In many cases, it is difficult to give a monetary value to impacts in order to make them comparable. Even if non-economic impacts can be identified, they may be difficult to value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Each right has a corresponding duty. The African Children's Charter, under article 31, imposes a range of duties on children. Understandably, it could become contentious when an instrument on the rights and welfare of children expressly imposes duties on them. After setting the platform for discussion by highlighting international experiences and outlining the African concept of human rights, this article critically examines and attempts to clarify the precise meaning, content, conditions of compliance and application of those duties for children. By way of conclusion, it suggests that article 31 represents a valuable addition to the international human rights agenda, and that a purposeful interpretation of its constituent parts reveals that children should be required to play a role at family, community, national and continental levels, in accordance with their age and maturity as they grow up, as part and parcel of their heritage, empowerment and developing citizenship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Task Force will prepare a first set of reporting instructions with the overall aim to seek an international agreement on TOSSD in 2019 and the integration of TOSSD in the SDG monitoring framework in 2020. This can include purchasing knowledge, technology, machinery, or provide trainings for individuals to learn about new products or adapt to new processes or methods. Trainings and capacity building exercises can therefore be considered innovation if they lead to a new way of working. The AAAA recognised the importance of creating enabling environments which incentivise innovation, including having “adequate, balanced and effective protection of intellectual property rights” and “voluntary patent pooling and other business models, which can enhance access to technology and foster innovation''. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is the United Nations specialised agency leading the development of a balanced and effective international intellectual property (IP) system, which enables innovation and creativity. Intellectual property is protected in law through patents, copyright and trademarks to ensure inventors earn recognition or financial benefit from their inventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A good Chilean education system should provide opportunities for social and economic participation and active citizenship to all people living in Chile. It should engender social cohesion and economic growth that all members of the community can benefit from. This chapter discusses structures and practices to improve student, school and system management in Chile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the case of the United States, there is abundant evidence of health disparities along racial lines, while such factors as place of residence, occupation, education, and income are considered to be secondary to ethnicity. The life expectancy of African-Americans in the District of Columbia is 63 years, compared with 80 years for whites in neighbouring Montgomery County (Maryland). A life expectancy of 63 years is below the average found in a large number of developing countries, including the Philippines, Egypt and all Latin American countries. In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the ratio of people of Bangladeshi and Pakistani origin who reported “not good’’ health in a survey was around 1.8 times higher than the average for all of England and Wales.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The proportion, however, is lower in the LDCs and landlocked developing countries (LLDCs), with an access rate of only around 70 per cent. Meanwhile, the Pacific developing countries are even further behind, at 49 per cent. Progress has been slower for sanitation. This section looks at some of the emerging threats to sustainable agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Public safety is concerned with hazards in the home, in travel and recreation, and in other situations that do not fall within the scope of occupational safety. Although safety involves a risk relationship that can be linked to health and to prevention, its uses are not universally included in that boundary but have to do with a collective nature in such a way that specialised principles, structures and social involvement generate a field that itself deals with each of those risks. Health-related management is thus restricted to components with an implicit mention of a health purpose. An example of the health approach to these problems is found in the Global Status Report on Road Safety released by WHO in 2009. The change from SHA 1.0 is considered to reflect a more accurate approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Based on a survey of OECD countries the incidence and severity of flood and droughts has been increasing for the majority of countries (Figure 1.2). Many of these countries also project that with climate change the incidence and severity of flood and drought events may continue to increase, while other research also supports an ongoing intensification of the hydrologic cycle (Huntington, 2006, IPCC 2008). This applies to rain fed farming systems, but is especially relevant to irrigated areas where upstream extractions and storage reduce the quantity available for environmental services, floodplains, and other uses downstream, including irrigation (Productivity Commission, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
People planted a diversity of varieties of a crop species to include those adapted to shorter or longer growing seasons, resistant to different diseases and local soil conditions and so on (Boedhihartono, 2004). This meant that they “evened out” the volatility caused by higher yields in years with “good” weather but lower yields in years of extreme drought. The knowledge, crop varieties and management practices employed to deal with climate variability are a valuable foundation upon which to build in dealing with climate change. But alone they are not adequate, as the direction and magnitude of future changes will greatly exceed the variability that traditional practices have evolved to address.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As a matter of fact, WHO estimates that meeting that goal would yield annual average benefits of $91 billion worldwide (cited in IEA, 2006: 440, table 15.6). However, these costs concern exclusively biomass and cooking fuels, and not the costs of providing other types of energy (e.g. electricity). In fact, other than project-specific information, there seems to be little information available on the costs of RETs as a source of household energy relative to fossil fuels. Moreover, the training, technical assistance and capacity-building that are needed to support rural electrification schemes add to capital costs. Given large capital costs and high associated risks, service providers would need to charge high connection fees and monthly rates to recover their investments, which would undermine the affordability of electrification for poor consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
According to these data, the teacher shortage index is 2.3 times higher in rural areas, and the index of quality of educational resources is 3.6 times worse in rural areas compared to urban areas (OECD, 2013b). Also, according to PISA 2015 data, the index of science-specific resources (resources for science such as laboratories and materials for science activities) is significantly lower for students in rural areas than students in urban areas (OECD, 2016b). When looking at time of instruction devoted to different subject areas, the main difference is in time spent in regular school lessons in science: 246 minutes in rural areas, in contrast with 298 minutes in urban areas (OECD, 2013b). In order to continue into upper secondary school, the majority of rural students need to change schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The result is that urban agglomerations to tend to generate higher levels of productivity and output. For an over view of the many mechanisms involved, see Duranton and Puga (2004). The City of Chicago has approximately 31 recycling and reclamation facilities for various C&D materials and another 40 are located within Cook County.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)