albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The table also lists several core LEDS elements that could meet the purposes identified, which are discussed in further detail in Section 3.2. The process of establishing a LEDS can enhance co-ordination across different ministries and communication with other stakeholder groups such as businesses and civil society, and also increase public awareness of climate change science and policy. A LEDS can help guide diversification of an economy (e.g. from a fossil-fuel basis). Clarification on economic development and climate change priorities, including plans for domestic clean energy technologies, can in turn help provide early signals to investors in the private sector as well as for new possible directions for research and development (although this ultimately depends on how a LEDS is implemented).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Moreover, SUC has a longer term focus, with goals not tied solely to valuations, but a focus on creating an entrepreneurial ecosystem. Interestingly, it includes a special programme for female-founders. Selected start-ups receive around USD 14 000 equity free and 4 months acceleration (i.e. seed investment, connections, mentorship, educational components) that culminate in a public pitch event. After the 4 months, successful start-ups may apply for the seed programme. There are two application rounds per year selecting 20-30 high potential female founded start-ups in each round. Instead of establishing a gender quota for the accelerator, SUC decided that a supported programme for less experienced female entrepreneurs would have a stronger impact on changing the low-female-founded start-up ratio.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, the city's master plan did not accommodate these trends. Car traffic intensity caused significant environmental, safety and economic consequences and required effective solutions. The aim is to strengthen the capacity of local authorities, NGOs and other stakeholders in planning for sustainable urban mobility in Polotsk, and to increase the role of the public and NGOs in adoption, implementation and evaluation of collaborative decisions on urban mobility planning in the city.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
University faculty numbers grew from 20 500 in 2000 to 21 800 in 2003, an increase of 6%, compared with an increase of 22% (18% in full-time equivalents) in the size of the student body. The proportion of African students in South African universities increased from 49% in 1995 to 63% in 2007 and is presently about two-thirds of the total number of university students. African students have a higher likelihood of dropping out: while 63% of all enrolled students are African in public universities, they make up only 57% of the graduates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At the same time, the role of federal and state prosecutors in civil and criminal environmental enforcement has increased, which has helped ensure compliance. Socio-environmental responsibility initiatives in the financial sector are important factors in promoting compliance and good practices. Since 2008 the Central Bank has issued resolutions incorporating socio-environmental concerns in financial activities, including credit restrictions for non-compliers (Section 4). However, businesses often lack enough information and incentives to adopt sustainable practices voluntarily.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Fiscal decentralization has been a major theme in development policy in Sub-Saharan Africa since the 1980s. However, the hopes that decentralization will lead to greater accountability have often been disappointed. This paper uses evidence on the devolution of tax collection in British colonial Africa to argue that corruption in local governance in Africa has a long history. The devolution of authority over tax assessments to district officers and their delegates in the early colonial period resulted in widespread corruption. These problems were exacerbated when authority was devolved further to the local level in the 1940s, a pivotal decade in the development of the local authorities inherited by post-independence governments. This evidence indicates that the tendency for decentralization to lead to corruption at the local level is not limited to recent moves toward decentralization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The capacity of citizens to see political corruption where it exists and to link such perceptions to evaluations of public officials constitutes an important test of political accountability. Altho...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, household surveys tend to be a rich source of additional social and demographic characteristics of workers which can allow the calculation of the indicator for specific subpopulation groups of employees. Worker coverage of establishment surveys is often limited to paid workers in medium to large establishments, and thus often excludes those engaged in microenterprises. They may exclude establishments in certain industries (e.g., agriculture), as well as workers remunerated predominately by a share of the profits (i.e., salaried directors and managers) and those paid on a commission basis without a retainer (i.e., outworkers, subcontracted workers).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Populations in small rural villages that are too small or too dispersed for on-grid electrification can take advantage of off-grid distributed generation solutions. In Malaysian Borneo, for instance, PV-diesel hybrid systems have been developed for 63 schools that are not grid-connected. Another advantage of DES is that the construction of the system can take place in a couple of months, whereas expansions of the centralised grids to remote areas may take years and even decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition, 47% of Mexican women who have had at least one intimate male partner report having been victims of violence. One major factor behind underreporting is mistrust in the criminal justice system (see Chapter 3). Important legal instruments protect women from violence, and the Mexican government has rolled out a multi-pronged approach to addressing VAW, entitled the Integrated Programme to Prevent, Address, Sanction and Eradicate Violence Against Women, 2014-2018. This programme proposes several strategies and policies to eradicate VAW and includes many government actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The programme has also been supported by several grants from the Directorate General for Health and Consumers of the European Commission. The contents of this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission, the OECD, or their Member Countries. This paper illustrates trends and social dispar ities in alcohol consumption and harmful drinking in 20 OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There is a persistent difference between development trajectories spanning the extremes of highly energy intensive (e.g. the United States) to highly energy efficient (e.g. Japan). The concept of “path dependency,” discussed further below, helps to explain these differences in energy use patterns among countries and regions even at comparable levels of income. The first is characterized by the emergence of steam power relying on coal that helped to overcome the constraints of preindustrial energy systems including the limited availability of mechanical power, low-energy densities, and the lack of ubiquitous and cheap transport systems (see also Landes, 1969). The second energy technology transition is characterized by the displacement of the previously dominating coal-based steam technology cluster by electricity (drives, light) and petroleum-based technologies (automobiles, aircraft, petrochemicals). This second transition is far from completed: some two billion still lack access to modern energy services provided by electric appliances and end-use devices (Johansson et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It was replaced with 2013 Resolution No. It regulates and supports the construction of new renewables projects. Under article 2, Submission of proposals relating to HPPs, there is no requirement for an initial EIA, neither is there a requirement for an initial assessment of social issues and risks which would enable the conduct of preliminary screening of projects. The lack of this assessment makes it impossible to identify the challenges and management response to proceed with a more detailed project investigation. Currently, there is no energy efficiency law in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Zhang and Zhu (2011) provide evidence that the blocking of the Chinese-language Wikipedia in mainland China reduced the contributions of non-blocked Chinesespeaking contributors in Chinese Tapei, Hong Kong (China), Singapore, and other regions in the world considerably, since the rewards, in this case the social benefits of adding content, were reduced. In other policy fields, such as environmental regulation or tax policy, such insights have led to the discussion of regulatory race-to-the-bottom developments. However, empirical support for such an outcome in these fields is limited (Mendoza and Tesar, 2005, Copeland, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Recent discussions about global justice have focused on the arguments in favor of including political and social rights within the set of human rights. In doing so, the issue of the existence of specific rights, enjoyed exclusively by citizens of a given community, is raised. This article deals with the problem of distinguishing human and citizen rights. It argues the existence of citizens' rights based on specific solidarity in each country - the stockholder principle - that is compatible with a broad idea of human rights defined by international law and enforced according to the stakeholder principle. Moreover, the stockholder principle is compatible with the psychological concept of citizenship as based on a specific collective identity and, last but not least, it leads to fair consequences at a global level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Instead, the financial technology companies generate their own scores and probabilities. For example, some models confuse correlation with causality. An entrepreneur’s education, or the type of school attended, may be correlated with his or her income and business management skills, but is not sufficient for determining his or her future income or ability to repay a loan. The past and present, however, often involve significant social, economic and historical biases that can undermine an entrepreneur's ability to obtain finance or credit.308 This raises issues of fairness and equality of opportunity, even in an environment that depends so heavily on algorithms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Expropriation powers across OECD member countries (conl.) When local plans zone areas in a way that make it impossible for a private land owner to generate a reasonable return from it, the state can be obliged to expropriate the area and pay compensation for it. However, the requirement to compensate land owners does not cover areas used for the construction of roads. Expropriation of private land for other uses is not possible, but the state can expropriate land and sell it to another private developer. While legally possible, such a procedure would face increased political challenges and legal scrutiny.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The chapter considers five types of public services, which it begins by overviewing and defining. It provides estimates for the income-increasing effect for households of in-kind benefits from public services. The chapter goes on to look at the empirical results for the services' overall distributive effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
On average, 85% are of an age that is typically active: just over half (53.7%) are aged between 25 and 44, while 30.4% are aged between 45 and 64. In comparison with workers in other sectors, there are fewer young persons aged 15 to 24 (13.9%compared with 19.6%among other workers), as well as fewerolder persons (1.9%, compared with 4.9% among the rest of the employed population) (see figure III. The proportion of young people aged 15 to 24 among care woikers fell by almost half during the 2000s, while the drop was much less dramatic among the rest of the employ ed population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper provides robust empirical evidence that government effectiveness is a key determinant of sovereign defaults. Government effectiveness is measured by a broad-based perception index of the Worldwide Governance Indicators database (WGI) disseminated by the World Bank. Public debt and sovereign default data cover both external and internal government debt. In a systematic and demanding robustness check with any possible sub-sample of a large set of control variables, the effect of government effectiveness is almost always robust. In addition, the effects of the five other main indicators of the WGI database on default risk are also investigated, showing that the rule of law, regulatory quality, control of corruption and voice and accountability are also robustly linked with default risk. Regressions with the mortality of settlers as an instrument indicate a causal effect from government effectiveness to sovereign default.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The number of traders will affect the transaction costs, but all relevant users should be included to avoid leakages. Furthermore, legal, institutional, and environmental barriers may need to be overcome (Garrido et al., For example, if the total irrigated area within a water district is constrained to be less than the total area potentially available for cropland within a district, then the right to irrigate units of land can be reallocated using an entitlement system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These terms are often used for technical purposes and do not necessarily bear any relation to size, population density, or indeed to governance structures. Most national statistics, when disaggregated by rural and urban, use such imprecise definitions. As a result, when aggregated at national level, there is seldom any pattern and it is impossible to compare one country figure with another (see Figures 7,10 and 13 of the Prologue).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Thus the benefit was universal (every older adult was eligible) but cohort-restricted (only Bolivian citizens born before 1975 were entitled). It was first paid in May 1997, only one month before the general presidential election. Shortly after, the scheme was replaced by the less generous Bolivida, but it was reinstituted a few years later in 2002. In 1997, 364,261 benefits were paid for a yearly value of about US$248.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This being so, any coherent development policy must offer a solution to poverty. But the second question is a more complex one. There is a broad range of literature that tries to define and measure poverty, and there are a great range of anti-poverty policies, which depend on the approach used to analyse the issue and the way poverty is defined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, Chile Solidario represents an innovative approach with some idiosyncratic features making it a particular case, if not a model itself (Fiszbein and Schady, 2009). Programme eligibility is defined using a proxy-means (the Ficha CAS) which ranks families according to their socio-demographic and economic conditions. Poverty is explicitly considered as a multi-dimensional experience and a capability approach is specifically adopted to ensure greater equity among beneficiaries (Barrientos, 2010, Palma and Urzua, 2005). According to some authors, the latter feature is particularly relevant as it enables social protection to address more effectively the needs of children, whose experience of poverty often has multidimensional aspects (Barrientos and De Jong, 2006). Families accepted for the programme initially cooperate with a social worker in order to assess their conditions and to agree on an action plan including specific measures to escape poverty, these formally become the “conditions” according to which they are enrolled in the programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is possible that female founders prefer to keep control of the company and continue to grow their business independently (Kanze et al., Indeed, companies with a solid business model and sufficient scale might choose to reinvest the profits in the company, and part of the profits can be distributed to investors as a dividend. Other indicators could include revenue or employment growth for instance. However, these data are not readily available in Crunchbase and particular effort should be undertaken to build such variables, possibly exploiting information contained in companies’ websites. Regressions include the following fixed effects: country, sector, company founding year, funding category.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It also addresses issues like social sustainability and indirect land use change, the latter by promoting higher agricultural productivity and the use of degraded land for biofuel production. In addition, the RED states that the contribution of second-generation biofuels will count twice toward mitigation targets compared to first-generation biofuel. Though it sets no mandatory quota for lignocellulosic biofuels as the RFS does, production of second-generation biofuels is explicitly favoured by the definition of minimum GHG savings and the doublecounting of lignocellulosic biofuels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Today, Penang is at the crossroads, in need of new strategies to revitalise its economy and attractivity. It highlights the key features of the higher education system in Malaysia and in Penang and identifies the main strengths and challenges that Penang is now faced with. It is a multi racial, multi cultural country (Table 1.1.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Since 2009, wheat price support through a transportation subsidy and domestic market interventions is observed. Price policies in the livestock sector have been increasingly protective as border protection has increased and additional per tonne payments introduced. However, with prices of wheat supported above world levels in recent years, livestock producers face higher feed costs than would otherwise be the case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This suggests that poverty alleviation efforts would be enhanced by increased ease of documentation. The Department of Home Affairs and the Department of Social Development have recognized this and are trying to implement enhanced processes. For example, if an applicant can prove that she has attempted (and failed) to get an identity document for herself and/or an birth certificate for the child, it is now possible for the grant to be processed in the interim.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article examines whether the UK Freedom of Information Act 2000 has changed Whitehall. Based on a two-year, ESRC-funded study, it evaluates the impact of FOI on five characteristics of the Whitehall model: the culture of secrecy, ministerial accountability to Parliament, civil service neutrality, the Cabinet system, and effective government. Proponents of FOI hoped that government would be less secretive, more accountable and more effective, critics feared that civil servants would lose their anonymity, and collective Cabinet responsibility would be undermined. Drawing on interviews, media analysis, case law and official documents, the article finds that the impact of FOI is modest at most. It is not powerful enough to do much good or much ill, and the feared ‘chilling effect' on candour and record-keeping has not materialized. Leaks do more damage than FOI disclosures. But ministers remain apprehensive about the effect of FOI on Cabinet records and discussions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The introduction of the eHealth system is expected to increase the quality of health care as well as system efficiency. For instance, health care providers can issue ePrescriptions so that patients can purchase their medications at any pharmacy in the country. This will also enable providers to monitor medication safety when multiple drugs are prescribed for patients. Likewise, coordination across providers is expected to improve by avoiding, for example, duplicated diagnostic tests and informing GPs when their patient is discharged from hospital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It concerns both live and dead specimens or even products made from wildlife or plants. The specimens and products are used for pharmaceutical, ornamental or traditional medicinal purposes. Illegal harvest and trade includes a range of species from iconic ones like gorillas, orangutans, elephants, tigers, rhinos, Tibetan antelopes and pangolins to corals, birds, reptiles and sturgeon for caviar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
He felt both had an ethical base in the respect for nature. Other potentially important youth groups are Junior Landcare, Red Cross Youth, the YMCA, the YWCA, community radio associations, musical organizations, drama clubs, and art, craft, and pottery groups. The centres also offer courses such as carpentry and dress-making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They w'ere developed according to EU standards, and are therefore mostly consistent with them. The most important water-related outcomes of the Midterm Development Strategy were the transformation of the water management institutions from public companies at the municipal level to water management agencies, including local offices at the entity level, implementation of the new water laws including sublaws, and harmonization of guidance, rulebooks and standards. Given that the previous strategy expired in 2007 and although preparation of a follow-up strategy is in progress, there is a policy discontinuity in this important area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Abstract Given the relative lack of research on sustainable development in Northern Ireland, this paper focuses on the tensions between environmental governance and regulation on the one hand, and the ‘post‐conflict’ imperative for Northern Ireland to compete and grow as a regional economy without continued British state subvention and subsidisation. The paper outlines how this ‘trade‐off’ between ‘environment’ and ‘economy’ is essentially misplaced. It argues that this trade‐off can be avoided if there is a shift in focus from an ‘environment versus the economy’ policy position to one in which the ‘triple bottom line’ (social, economic and environmental) of sustainable development becomes the over‐arching policy agenda. Sustainable development, unlike either orthodox environmental or economic policy, also connects centrally with the unique ‘post‐conflict transformation’ agenda of Northern Ireland. For example, promoting a human rights civic culture, tackling socio‐economic inequality and social exclusion...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 1998, she became the founding chairperson of the Commission on Gender Equality, moving from there to Deputy Secretary-General of the ANC, the sixth most powerful post in the party, before taking up posts as Ambassador to Cuba and then Italy. According to the Minister of Women, Children and People with Disability, Lulu Xingwana, 'When women came into politics in 1994, we decided we had to make a difference. We organised ourselves into a woman's caucus, and infiltrated every committee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)