albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In a globalising world, power is often said to be shifting away from developing world states to institutions of global governance. Given its policy and institutional conditionalities, international development aid has been much criticised in this regard. The tendency towards external accountability prompted development aid partners in the Paris Declaration (OECD 2005) to resolve on establishing greater mutual accountability. The current age is one of international assistance to democratic governance. Accountability assistance is a specific component that merits examination as accountability is central to both democracy and good governance. This chapter inquires into whether governance-oriented accountability assistance for development risks furthering external accountability and lines of domestic accountability that do not optimise democratic accountability in partner countries. The argument is made with specific reference to the growing body of evidence supplied by reports on international support for legislative strengthening in Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Indeed, research suggests that civil society groups and citizens are more satisfied with policy outcomes, and can more easily legitimate policies when they feel greater ownership of the policy process (Traber, 2013, Esaiasson et al., Civil society, including women’s organisations, also has the potential to enable a more inclusive provision of public goods and improved public service delivery. Effective citizen engagement can increase the quality of inputs for evidence-based decisionmaking, improve policy responsiveness and reinforce the visibility of the national gender institutions themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The industrial sector provides significant value to the economy. The University of NSW Sydney has a School of Photovoltaic Renewable Energy Engineering and hosts the ARC Photovoltaics Centre of Excellence in Advanced Silicon Photovoltaics and Photonics, an internationally recognised leader in the field. The University of Western Sydney Richmond’s Centre for Plants and the Environment conducts research on climate change and sustainable plant production. These universities and research centres are sources of innovation that can drive the development of new technologies, products and services in the green economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Conservation credit exchanges and payment for environmental services are discussed a lot, but are still rare in practice. Forest fragmentation, degradation and the conversion of primary forests to secondary or plantation forests will also reduce the supply of environmental benefits, particularly with regard to the conservation of native biodiversity. Endemic poverty persists in many indigenous communities and other rural forested areas. Sharp declines in forest sector employment have resulted in reduced livelihoods and caused hardship to unemployed workers and their communities, particularly in timber dependent areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The length of the growing period has decreased by 15 days in Nalgonda district, leading to crop moisture stress and ultimately reduced yields (Rao and Wani, 2010). Simulation studies using the Decision Support System for Agricultural Technologies (DSSAT) predicted that the estimated 3.3°C temperature increase expected by the end of this century would, on average, reduce crop yields by 27 percent in the Parbhani district, Maharashtra state (Wani etal., With undesirable climatic conditions such as droughts and floods increasing the risk of crop losses, an approach is needed to educate farmers on the impact of climatic variation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Half of the cultivated land in Mongolia is considered to be degraded to some degree. New' land brought under cultivation is mostly fodder pasture and a significant percentage of this area is marginal and environmentally unsuitable for crop production. Of this, only 12.28 million ha, or 7.85 per cent of the country’s territory, are actually covered by forests (figure 13.1). Unstocked forest areas make up 5.63 million ha, these are areas deforested due to forestry and/or non-forestry operations, overgrazing and repeated fires, and attacked by insects and diseases. The northern boreal forests comprise 84.7 per cent of the total forested area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Nonincome poverty relates to access to basic services such as health care and education. The percentages of the population below the poverty line and in multidimensional poverty are high in most of the 20 countries for which data are available for both these indicators (see table 3). In North and Central Asia, the incidence of multidimensional poverty is much lower than that of income poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These reforms, which accelerated in the late 1990s, provided free of charge settlement for disadvantaged people on lands and facilitation to purchase land to start up agricultural activity. Established and newly settled small-scale producers received substantial credit concessions and benefitted from a range of other rural development and social programmes targeted to the rural poor. Indeed, agriculture was the dominant driver of labour productivity within the overall economy, contributing 85% to the aggregate labour productivity growth in the four sectors (agriculture, manufacturing, mining and services) between 2002 and 2007, and almost one-half between 2007 and 2012 (OECD, 2013b). Productivity improvements were in part an effect of capital replacing labour, with agriculture’s share of employment falling from 18% in 2002 to less than 13% in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As a result, it is seen by farmers as an attractive, reliable, and easily accessible source of water (Garrido and Iglesias, 2006) and is highly popular for this reason (Garduno and Foster, 2010). While agriculture is a significant contributor to the recharge of shallow aquifers, both via surface and groundwater irrigation (Taylor et al., Non-renewable abstraction reached 234 km3/year or 20% of gross irrigation demand in 2000, and had more than tripled since 1960 (Wada et al., Due in part to increased climate variability, which affects access to surface water, groundwater resources are increasingly used to the point of being exploited beyond recharge in multiple agricultural regions (Taylor et al., This situation has made groundwater use "one of the most important challenges for agriculture" (OECD, 1998, 2013e). Continued abstraction results in falling water tables, which in turn increases the cost of pumping and can create a "race to the bottom" among producers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This price gap results from a variety of policy measures that prevent domestic prices from aligning with international levels. These policies include trade measures, such as import tariffs, import quotas, tariff quotas, SPS regime, export subsidies and taxes, as well as quantitative restrictions on exports. Policies creating a price gap also include domestic measures, such as administered pricing, market interventions, or public stockholding. In emerging economies like Kazakhstan, the gaps between domestic and international prices are also created by factors that are not strictly policy-related, e.g. deficiencies in physical infrastructure, inadequate information and weak market institutions. All of this generates market inertia as it takes time and creates costs for market agents to implement contracts in reaction to market signals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The cost of these “cramming-schools” is remarkably high amounting to about 18% of median household income per student (Statistics Korea, 2017[si). Poor households often overspend on the education of their children: for example, 16.5% of poor Korean households spend at least 30% of their income on children’s education, compared to an average of 5% for households with higher incomes (Yeo, 2017(6]). Housing costs are also increasing in Korea but the dataset does not allow for the measurement of its effect on the standard of living of children in poor families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This is evident from the growing number of women who are assuming leadership roles in public offices: more women's voices are heard against the violations against them and their children thanks to new platforms made possible through technology. While recognition is important, I believe engaging women's expertise is also crucial to finding solutions to global conflicts. If we must reverse the tidal waves of conflict and insecurity globally, I believe d all hands on deck to accomplish the task.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Although in recent years some countries have made greater endeavours to place new psychoactive substances under national control, drug trafficking syndicates have responded and adapted by producing substances not yet under control, thus hindering drug control efforts. The abuse of keta-mine and its trafficking remain another area of concern for countries in the region. The total area of illicit opium poppy cultivation in the region was estimated to be 63,800 hectares (ha) in 2014, and production of opium estimated to be 762 tons. While the amount of illicit cultivation remains steady, a declining trend in the abuse of heroin in some East and South-East Asian countries has been reported.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Unified territory implies promotion of a peaceful unification and the establishment of a co-operative relationship between the South and the North. The balanced growth approach aimed at reducing disparities between regions and at favouring decentralisation from the Capital Region. ( First, the Multi-functional Administrative City, otherwise known as Sejong City, is constructed to form a self-supporting city of 500 thousands inhabitants by 2030 and a home to many of newly migrated central government ministries and institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Decision 1/CP.21, which accompanies the Paris Agreement, recommits developed countries to mobilising USD 100 billion per year by 2020 for climate action in developing countries from public and private sources. The recent OECD/CPI report (OECD, 2015c) estimated that public and private finance mobilised were estimated at USD 62 billion in 2014, up from USD 52 billion in 2013 and making an average of USD 57 billion annually over the 2013-14 period. There will be an increase in funding from this floor of USD 100 billion by 2020 to be decided by 2025.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Several countries have revised their textbooks to remove stereotypes and bias so that children of both sexes are free to explore their interests and perceive the labour market as open to their contribution. However, schools in many education systems appear ill-equipped to ease pupils smoothly into further education and training or the labour market. Nor do they seem well positioned to ensure that girls consider careers in all fields, including computing, mathematics, physics, engineering, manufacturing and construction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is followed by an analysis of cumulative deprivation. The remainder of the empirical analysis looks into child poverty profiles, assessing individual and household level factors underlying income and domain deprivation as well as cumulative deprivation. Finally, we provide conclusive remarks and recommendations on the way forward for child poverty measurement in the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The main addition to the UNICEF approach is active labour market interventions, such as skills-building and job matching. However, ILO considers both social protection and social security as largely interchangeable concepts (ILO 2017:194-5). Social security is a human right and it aims to reduce and prevent poverty, vulnerability and social exclusion throughout the life cycle. Social protection floors constitute the most innovative contribution of the ILO approach. They are nationally defined sets of basic social security guarantees - in terms of both essential health care and basic income security for children, adults and older persons - that ensure, as a minimum, that, over the life cycle, all in need have access to goods and services defined as necessary at the national level (ILO 2012). The framework also outlines urban-specific vulnerabilities to be considered and identifies some key issues in urban areas such as targeting and transfer size.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Government of Bangladesh is aware that maintaining this commitment to the education sector is imperative for Bangladesh to achieve its Education for All (EFA) goals and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (Bangladesh Ministry of Education, 2012). When implemented, the central government will be responsible for policies, financing, quality standards, and monitoring and evaluation, while administering schools and related services will be the responsibility of sub-national organisations. It was established in 1991 with 15 members, and by 2011 it comprised more than 400 organisations (Campaign for Public Education, 2012). The system caters to approximately 60,000 students annually - 28,000 at the primary level, 22,000 at the secondary level and more than 11,000 at the tertiary level. There are 23 government secondary schools in Barbados, most of which are co-educational.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Tunisian reforms induced changes in norms regarding women’s and men’s roles in the family and society and have led to women marrying at a later age (OECD, 2010a). The introduction of paid leave entitlements on a “use it or lose it” basis for fathers in a number of OECD countries has led to men taking longer parental leave (OECD, 2011c). One example of an economic incentive in a developing country context is the Indian programme called “Apni Beti Apna Dhan” (Our Daughter, Our Wealth).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A law passed in 2009 reinforced regional responsibilities. Reform in 1999 reduced the number of counties from 24 to 21 (creation of Vastra Gotaland and Skane). Further regional mergers were investigated in 2015-16 but were eventually dropped. Latvia is not included due to tire lack of data availability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These methods are based on principles such as team-work, devolution of management responsibility and high levels of workforce engagement in continuous product and process improvement. This is argued to require not only mastery of occupationally specific competencies but also an understanding of the theoretical principles and knowledge that underpin routine tasks. This broader understanding is necessary to engage in creative problem solving and experimentation (Keep and Payne 2004: 55). Other skills include literacy and numeracy, facility with computers, verbal communication skills and capacity to engage with external suppliers or customers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Over the past three decades the ethnographic-based human sciences (anthropology, social linguistics, ethnomusicology, sociology, etc.) have come under heavy scrutiny for the perpetuation of injustice and inequality, and a lack of sensitivity to indigenous epistemologies and material needs. Among the nefarious epistemological issues is that of “transcendental knowledge,” information that is presented as “fact” or through impervious narrative in the mode of so-called empirical sciences. The model of transcendental knowledge still pervades the human sciences despite critiques from postcolonial and poststructural scholars. Through a simultaneous re-evaluation of the Dialectic of Enlightenment's critique and an analysis of the pressures and perils of the academic market, we can see how Horkheimer and Adorno's cautionary analysis can be applied to contemporary ethnography in an effort to philosophize and practice writing that does not submit to the reifying pressures of grand and grave theories and represents h...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, this approach requires further testing and refinement before global standards can be established. These services also include climate change mitigation, such as carbon recycling by algae, and carbon sequestration by mangroves or coral reefs. Regarding climate change, work13 is in progress to transpose to aquatic resources the general methodologies developed for assessing carbon footprints in the agriculture and forestry sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
While there is no one single viewpoint of this heterogeneous group, there have been a number of ad-hoc platforms that have focused on issues relevant to the effectiveness of climate financing. These principles are designed to determine, assess and manage social and environmental risks and negative impacts at the project level. One of the issues assessed under these principles is the “viability of project operations in view of reasonably foreseeable changing weather patterns/climatic conditions, together with adaptation opportunities” (Equator Principles, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In Zambia, the Kalomo Social Cash Transfer contributed to achieve interesting results in terms of school enrolment, with rates increasing by 3 per cent (GTZ, 2007). With respect to CCTs, in their review of the evidence Fizbein and Schady (2009:129) report quite significantly that"(..) virtually every programme that has had a credible evaluation has found a positive effect on school enrolment". The impact differs however by age group of children whereas in middle income countries with high primary enrolment rates, the larger impact is often on secondary school (ILO, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Increased pressure for evidence-based practices in policymaking and administration has led to the growth of a new research stream of implementation science. Little is known about how this new stream of research compares with scholarship on policy implementation within public administration. This paper provides a comparative review of more than 1,500 journal articles on policy and program implementation published between 2004-2013. Using bibliometric analysis and a content analysis of abstracts, implementation articles within public affairs journals and in the emerging implementation science stream are analyzed in terms of their content, methods, and focus. Following a multi-level implementation framework, this analysis considers the level at which research is taking place within the different venues of implementation research. Through this systematic review, this paper provides new insights about the current state of research, opening up new avenues for scholars to substantively engage with and contribute to this important area of study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Matsaganis and Leventi (2012b) conclude, in particular, that a minimum income scheme could reduce extreme poverty up to 90%, depending on its coverage and payment level. Minimum income protection is currently available in most EU countries either at a national or local/regional level. But this needs to be assessed against the welfare of disabled people who might lose the entitlement to benefit and the potential cost to the budget if these individuals move to institutionalised care as a result of the loss of eligibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Entire population, excluding capital gains. Source: OECD, Income Distribution and Poverty Database-, Swedish Ministry of Finance, OECD calculations. For instance in Sweden, the Gini coefficient was reduced through taxes and transfers from 0.44 to 0.21 (hence by 0.23) in the mid-1990s and from 0.43 to 0.26 (hence by 0.17) in the late 2000s. In addition, capital gains have contributed to the increase in inequalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Of all the things you do what is the most important way you contribute to your household?" The background information about the respondents (demographically as well as for instance affiliation to the labour market) makes it possible to give an insight into how different segments of the Greenlandic population perceive they contribute the households they are a part of. As mentioned above in the Method's paragraph the answers to the open-ended question about people's perception of the most important way they contributed to their household were categorized into eight categories ranging from softer "contributions" like "emotional support" and "showing love and affection" to material "contributions" like "having a job and income and paying bills" - from providing care for the household/specific household members to being a bread winner. As this group has a more permanent labour market relation and thus income, this is not surprising. Following from that assumption one might expect that a significant part of those "working part time" or "did not work last year" would be engaged in subsistence hunting and fishing and thus consider fish and game as their contribution to the household. Sculpture by Hans Lynge (1906-1988).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This will lay the foundations for transparent, intelligent purchasing. Similarly, within SP, the role of the REPSS (Regimenes Estatales de Proteccion Social en Salud, or the representatives of SP within Mexico’s 32 federal entities) as regional purchasers of SP health services should be strengthened. The basic legal framework for REPSS to evolve into fully-fledged purchasing agencies is already in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This chapter explicates the concept of alternative realism, by emphasizing the importance of diplomacy and negotiation for IR theory, and in considering all possible alternative options. It argued, for example, that Morgenthau’s version of realism is closer to social constructionists and gender/feminism than it is to structural realism (or neorealism) or to neo-conservatism. The chapter additionally critiques traditional and neorealist interpretations of the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia that emphasize “territorial state sovereignty” by arguing that the intergovernmental system established by Westphalia actually legitimizes power-sharing and joint sovereignty—concepts that are more associated with social constructionists and gender theorists/feminists than with neorealists. On the negative side, the Westphalia Treaty also set the stage for later Austro-Prussian conflict that resulted in the Seven Years War and Franco-Prussian/German conflict that resulted in World War I and World War II.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Formally, provincial authorities were responsible for groundwater, surface water has always been the responsibility of regional water authorities. Since 2009, all groundwater administrative arrangements have been transferred to the regional water authorities, except for industrial extractions, public drinking water supply, etc. ( It may be possible, however, to do this under Section 6.13 “by virtue of water board by-laws” and under section 6.14. By provincial order, subsection 1 may be declared not applicable to extractions where the amount to be extracted does not exceed 10 m3 per hour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Box 2.2 summarises the main features for each of the 3 scenarios, which could be considered as relatively optimistic. The overall conclusion of UNEP (2011) was that without significant improvements in resource productivity, it will not be possible to meet the needs of a global population of 9 billion people (including the eradication of poverty) by 2050, while protecting the environment and providing for future generations. Key assumptions were that all countries would have a similar resource use per capita by 2050, and that there would be no negative feedback on the economy from resource constraints. Annual global resource extraction would increase three-fold.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)