albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Since it is difficult to establish an arrangement that would exempt residents from paying tourism taxes, external cost efficiency and equity considerations make the discriminatory treatment of tourists a controversial issue. According to Leask et al. ( In some cases, economic instruments, such as various types of taxations or concessions, are restricted to the so-called flagship attractions of a destination. These kinds of attractions are often used to promote a destination and generate income to support the management of less popular attractions and the infrastructure of a destination (see e.g. Martin-Lopez, Montes, and Benayas, 2007). Revenue management can also entail the use of market segmentation for flexible and dynamic pricing, promotions and capacity allocation (Leask et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Cities are also key to finding solutions for new and emerging challenges, which the world is facing, from stemming the rise of plastic waste in our oceans to the introduction of new technologies as part of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The NUA addresses more specifically the means and approaches on how cities need to be planned, designed, managed, governed and financed to achieve sustainable development goals, focusing on the three transformative commitments: Social Inclusion and Ending Poverty, Sustainable and Inclusive Urban Prosperity and Opportunities for All, and Environmentally Sustainable and Resilient Urban Development. Cities of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network, currently have 180 cities across 72 countries, that are committed to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda and the New Urban Agenda integrating culture and creativity across a number of their goals and targets. It is worth noting that the NUA does not have a standalone framework for monitoring the targets, but serves as a framework for the means of implementation for global agendas in cities. Therefore, it relies heavily on the urban monitoring systems that are already in place such as the SDGs monitoring framework and the comprehensive City Prosperity Initiative (CPI) tools developed by UN-Habitat".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This example demonstrates that successful heat projects often tend towards close and professional partnerships between industries and governments. Private participants co-operate at arm's length with public entities, through programmes such as guaranteed loans and risk guarantee funds. Financial support such as loan guarantees coupled with technical support can offer risk mitigation for investors and have proved to be very effective (T'Serclaes, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
One of the largest and most compelling pieces of research to address this question was conducted in Ontario, Canada and published in the Lancet, a renowned medical publication. It concluded that: ‘Traffic-law enforcement effectively reduces the frequency of fatal motor-vehicle crashes in countries with high rates of motor-vehicle use. Inconsistent enforcement, therefore, may contribute to thousands of deaths each year worldwide.’ (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The online basic skills test for ICT covers the core skills that teachers need to fulfil their wider professional role in schools rather than the subject knowledge required for teaching. The test requires them to demonstrate the ability to make changes to slides in presentation software using a web browser, to use email and various functions within email, to use a text editor and email, to update a spreadsheet and to download resources from the internet and register for a newsletter. All trainee teachers are required to pass this online test in ICT competence before they can be awarded Qualified Teacher Status. The “Initial Teacher Training National Curriculum in the Use of ICT in Subject Teaching” which was introduced in teacher education institutes in 1998 in England consisted of over a hundred statements of competence in ICT, and extended to 17 pages of print, but it was found to be overly bureaucratic and difficult to assess in practice, hence the move to a more succinct formulation of the ICT competences which trainee teachers are required to possess (country report24 dedicated to England, last updated and revised in October 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Kanaiaupuni (2000) studies whether the determinants of migration differ by sex, using Mexico-US data. She finds that high-skilled women are more likely to migrate than high-skilled men or low and moderate skilled women. This may be explained by higher gender discrimination faced by women and few occupational rewards in their home country, and thus they benefit more than men from migrating internationally, whether their skill level is high enough to allow them to meet the job demand. Recently, Baudasse and Bazillier (2012) suggest that non-wage motivations for emigration include gender equality in the workplace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Contributing to the ongoing debate about policy feedback in comparative public policy research, this article examines the evolution of healthcare financing policy in Ghana. More specifically, this article investigates the shift in healthcare financing from full cost recovery, known as 'cash-and-carry', to a nation-wide public health insurance policy called the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS). It argues that unintended, self-undermining feedback effects from the existing health policy constrained the menu of options available to reformers, while simultaneously opening a window of opportunity for transformative policy change. The study advances the current public policy scholarship by showing how the interaction between policy feedbacks and other factors-particularly ideas and electoral pressures-can bring about path-departing policy change. Given the dearth of scholarship on self-undermining policy feedback effects in the Global South, this contribution's originality lies in its application of the novel theory to the sub-Saharan African context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Territorial authorities issue licences under the Food Hygiene Regulations and monitor compliance. Truth in labelling is regulated under the Joint Australia-New Zealand Food Standards Code and the Fair Trading Act 1986. The government does not intervene to regulate matters which are perceived to be commercial risk for processors, such as managing post-harvest loss or waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Until 2011, it operated the Invitations to Technological Innovation and Development, a programme that funded innovations and technological developments intended to improve productivity and foster world-class industry. The “invitations” go primarily to the sectors that participate in the PTP. Vocational education and training makes up 89% of the training delivered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Therefore, AfT is likely to be most effective if constraints are identified through a comprehensive analysis and data collection process, and context-appropriate interventions are prioritised and costed. A government-led consultation and negotiation process including the private sector, civil society interests and donors should determine a clear implementation and financing strategy that is integrated into the national development plan and contains measurable targets and a clear lead agency or ministry (Table 6.1). There has been a broad spread of AfT coverage but, as a result, some areas are undersupplied, whereas shifting donor priorities mean a lack of funding consistency for recipients. Recent movement towards more pooling of funds, more transnational and corridor approaches to AfT and a greater focus on effectiveness is likely to have helped address some of these concerns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
That there is an expanse of connections between multilateral institutions—and multilateral processes—with the defense and promotion of democracy in different parts of the world is increasingly apparent. A wide range of international organizations, most notably the European Union (EU), the G7/8, the Organization of American States, the Commonwealth, and international financial institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank have attached political conditionalities focused on democratic accountability and good governance to economic assistance. In a similar vein, the United Nations (UN) has been increasingly occupied in projects devoted to the promotion of democracy. A host of civil society groups and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have dedicated their time and energy to a wide variety of democracy assistance initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To achieve the model proposed for law, there is a need to advocate a specific play of democracy and human rights, but what is it? According to what has been said, a procedural democracy would be no good to us, as, in the constitutional rule of law, the human rights operate a primary transformation insofar as they refer to the operation of the democratic mechanisms with regard to their scope and limits, this means that democracy is not always a possible result in morally acceptable conditions, nor is it always an appropriate or desirable result. In contrast, what we know as material implies the consideration of a series of values as belonging to democracy, these values are, because of their link with liberalism, freedom and formal equality and, because of their link with ethical socialism, material equality and solidarity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Jobs and income growth of top earners and the causes of changing income inequality: Evidence from U.S. tax return data. Working paper, Williams College, William-stown, MA. Cash transfers for older people reduce poverty and inequality. In: Bebbington AJ, Dani AA, De Haan A, and Walton M, eds. Institutional Pathways to Equity: Addressing Inequality Traps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Cutting down on investment costs may also be achieved by lowering service standards to levels that a country can afford: for example, many developing countries have adopted Western standards without tailoring them to their own circumstances, resulting in unnecessary investment costs. Each country is likely to adopt a different mix of the 3Ts to meet WSS’s financing needs. Most countries have used public transfers (either from their own government or from external sources) to fund the development of WSS, particularly for capital expenditure. As countries develop and WSS become more mature, there tends to be a shift towards more use of commercial finance, reimbursed by growing cash flows from user charges {i.e. tariffs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Net replacement rates (NRR) are a useful way of quantifying the net effects of these changes. These indicators express the net incomes of unemployed people relative to those in work. This measure of relative income maintenance during unemployment accounts for changes in the net incomes of both working and non-working individuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It has set clear targets for emission reductions consistent with international goals of limiting global warming and has pioneered statutory underpinning of target-setting. On the international stage, it has been an active protagonist of a global deal to limit human-induced climate change. The new Government has endorsed the direction of previous policies in this area and is introducing further measures, despite heavy fiscal pressures. The United Kingdom is likely to reduce emissions by more than its near-term domestic targets and its target under the Kyoto Protocol, outperforming many OECD countries in the latter respect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A World Bank study cited in The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015 found that almost half of 155 countries examined lacked adequate data for monitoring poverty. And in sub-Saharan Africa, where poverty is most severe, 61 per cent of countries lacked data for monitoring poverty trends. Vital statistics disaggregated by geographical region, ethnicity, disability and other characteristics are also lacking. Overall, in spite of progress made in the last 15 years, systematic statistics are lacking on the size, geographical distribution and characteristics of vulnerable populations in developing regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The high-cost power producers in the above example may now make efforts to deliver electricity at lower cost or the electricity consumers affected may increase their energy efficiency and demand, which in return will affect quantities, prices and profits through the price mechanism establishing new equilibrium levels for all involved. This is not to say that the affected parties will not suffer a decline in their profits or wellbeing. However this is the result of new inescapable realities in an evolving economic system characterised by “creative destruction” in Schumpeter’s expression.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The IPCC AR5 (Smith et at., Forests hold large carbon stores within their living biomass (above and below ground), in dead organic matter (litter/dead wood) and in soil. Enhanced mitigation action could involve enhancing carbon stocks in new or existing forests, changes to forest management, and increased reforestation and afforestation. This is followed by a review of the range of available forest-related mitigation options.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Figure 4.2 shows change in inequality as measured by the Gini index over the period 1990-2007: while inequality increased dramatically in China, India and South Africa, it declined markedly in Brazil - albeit from very high levels. Over the past decade, inequality has increased in Russia, as well. The dotted line in the China series post-2002 indicates a change in the income indicator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Thus, this component of the global stocktake is more likely to be qualitative rather than quantitative. This can take less time and fewer resources than preparing detailed adaptation-related information such as National Communications. Using a scorecard to assess progress towards a global goal may therefore lead to greater participation and more timely results, and therefore to an approximate assessment of trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
While it is desirable for predictive models, like weather forecasting models, to produce projections that are as accurate as possible, the most important feature of a longer-term health forecasting model should be its ability to influence policy makers. To do that, health expenditure projections not only need to be scientifically sound, but must also be considered credible (Zucchelli et al., The credibility of health expenditure forecasting models, in turn, relies on their validity, accuracy, tractability and transparency (Harris et al., The validity of a model refers to its ability to address the request of policy makers. A model is valid if its structure reflects relevant features of the policy environment and avoids nonessential elements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article explores the mediatization of epidemics as object of public discourse through content analysis of news coverage of the A (H1N1) influenza pandemic of 2009 in Argentina, the United States and Venezuela. The results indicate that newspapers followed efforts by public health authorities to create public engagement and, simultaneously, to contain a sense of alarm and control discourse about the pandemic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The present article seeks to draw attention to and explicate the concept of friendship in a discipline which has long ignored it: International Relations. It examines the ways in which major political thinkers and international treaties addressed the concept in the process of the emergence of the Westphalia state system. The article traces correlative changes between the shift from vertical to horizontal friendship and the emergence of internal and external princely sovereignty which signified the new era in international politics. It argues that the recognition of formally equal statuses of political friends prepared the grounds for the regime of external sovereignty. It also suggests that friendship was a key concept describing political order, included or not in the friend/enemy antithesis, in early Modernity. The subsequent ambiguity of the modern concept of friendship in international politics springs from its constant reinterpretation in the context of royalist and republican ideological polemics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Though one of the most naturally rich protected a in the world, Virunga National Park is situated in one c poorest regions. Existing between these extremes of nomic poverty and natural wealth, the park i for those looking to make vast personal profits. Poaching has become rampant, as has the clearingof protected rare forests for charcoal. This exploitation also leads to deadly conflicts and threatens not just local populations, but the very existence of the park.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Ill health is both a consequence and a cause of poverty. Yet, globally adult well-being. This is the grim picture for the general public, the situation among youth is likely worse. The relationships can be controlled by adults or youth, or the control can be shared. For example, a variety of youth-led initiatives have been developed in the Arab region such as the Y-Peer network, the Arab network for Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, and the Middle East and North Africa Youth Network of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Comments and review by OECD colleagues are much appreciated and acknowledged, including Nathalie Girouard, Tomasz Kozluk, Eva Hiibner and Michael Mullan. Members of the Network on Environment and Development Cooperation (ENVIRONET) under the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) also provided substantive comments and are gratefully acknowledged, in particular Austria, Germany, Sweden, United States and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Laura Jenks provided editorial support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, it is still reported in a number of countries at high levels. Whether for burning the food, venturing outside without telling their husband, neglecting children or arguing with their husband, in quite a few countries a very high percentage of women consider such behaviour sufficient grounds for being physically hit. More than half of rural households and about a quarter of urban households in sub-Saharan Africa lack easy access to drinking water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Career mentoring is designed to support students in pursuing their post-secondary goals, including through formal connections with the high school graduates for two years after high school. Each student is assigned a Student-Rjrent Support Worker (SPSW), who monitors school attendance, academic progress and programme participation while helping the student build stable relationships with parents, teachers and other students. Pathways' financial aid, such as bus tickets and lunch vouchers, was designed to remove financial barriers that hinder school participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Bureaucracy in Indonesia can be said as not optimal yet, so that there is still massive increase in corruption crime rate. Therefore, government conducts bureaucratic reform to reduce corruption practice. This research aimed to describe the implementation of bureaucratic reform in the attempt of suppressing corruption crime rate occurring in the organization of government in Indonesia. Analysis was conducted using library study providing descriptive qualitative data. Considering the data obtained from library study, it could be seen that Ministry of State Apparatuses Empowerment and Bureaucratic Reform has issued integrity zone policy in realizing corruption-free region (WBK)/ clean, catering-on bureaucratic region (WBBM).      There are some important points in integrity zone development: change management, management arrangement, human resource management arrangement, accountability reinforcement, and public service quality improvement. Integrity zone policy is expected to give implication to the reduced corruption crime in government organization
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Also, while many Parties have made significant improvements in recent years to their domestic measurement, reporting and verification systems, further ramping-up of capacity is needed in many developing countries in order to be ready to implement the enhanced transparency provisions under the Paris Agreement. Transparency in the context of the international climate change negotiations generally refers to the measurement and reporting of information relating to mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology and capacity building, together with processes for the subsequent review and consideration of some of this information. Transparency is important because it helps to build trust between Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), increases confidence that Parties are meeting their obligations under the UNFCCC and doing what they say they are doing, helps countries identify gaps in climate change policies, and informs stakeholders of the importance of climate change action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
After more than thirty years of feminism and dramatic changes in the number of women entering the legal profession, legal scholars and researchers continue to debate the impact of women's presence on the administration of justice. Central to this debate is the question of whether gender affects legal outcome. Using data collected from state trial judges (N=195) in Pennsylvania, this study examines whether the gender of the litigant and/or judge affects case outcome. Findings show that while litigant characteristics do not affect judicial decisions, the gender of the judge does.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The importance of this prediction for macroeconomic policy planning in the United Republic of Tanzania should be self-evident: the performance of aggregate GDP in that country is intimately linked with the well-being of the forestry and hunting sector. In terms of elasticity, (defined as the percentage change in aggregate GDP caused by a 1 percentage point change in the sector's production (i.e., in its supply), the forestry and hunting sector has one of the lowest elasticity values. In conclusion, the model predicts that increases in output from the forestry and hunting sector would have a huge impact on the GDP of the United Republic of Tanzania. To reiterate, and as noted in figure 8, the following sectors have a comparatively large impact on GDP: real estate, agriculture and food processing, and they are identified as key sectors in figure 6.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These plans are not necessarily implemented by the GORE, but it is conceivable that Intendentes will try to combine these central-level strategies with the Regional Development Strategies developed by GORE. The central government’s Strategic Regional Plans lack a solid connection to the regional government’s own development strategy, and having been prepared for the four-year presidential term, could run into obstacles associated with the electoral cycle. The responsibility for regional planning was transferred from the Ministry of Planning. While consultative or participatory processes are often included as part of the planning cycle, as in many countries, the robustness of this process has been questioned by actors at various levels in Chile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In this case, the packaging gas was changed from high oxygen (70% 02/30% CO2) to 60% C02/40% N2. In general, high oxygen gives an actual shelf life of 9-10 days for minced meat, while the CO2/N2 gas mix gives an actual shelf life of 18 days. In this case study, the durability displayed on the package was prolonged from 10 days to 18 days for minced beef and to 14 days for minced pork.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)