albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Feminist movements, in the broadest sense, are collective efforts to improve the situation of women, and they have emerged in most parts of the world, beginning in the mid-nineteenth century and continuing into the present. Feminism has also influenced other social movements, such as the peace, environmental, global justice, reproductive rights, and gay/lesbian movements, through its ideologies, collective identities, tactics, and organizational forms. Scholarship on feminist movements has focused on their origins, different waves or cycles, feminist ideologies, collective identities, tactics, and organizational forms across time and place, and the impact of feminism on other social movements.      Keywords:    equality,  feminism,  gender,  movements,  women,  United States of America,  Europe,  Eurasia
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Care plans tend to be more common for individuals with severe and enduring mental illnesses, and/or complex health and social care needs. Many OECD countries report that psychiatrists, psychologists, mental health nurses and mental health social workers are working in primary care practices. A small study of integrating psychologists into primary care practices in Ontario, Canada, suggested positive outcomes for primary care physicians and patients (Chomienne et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The self-employment dummy takes the value one if the individual declares in the survey that he/she is self-employed. In the case of Japan, no weights are available in the survey and, hence, unweighted data are used. In the case of Chile, the so-called regional expansion factor is used as a weight, which corrects for the share of the population that participates in the survey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In addition, no incentives or specific rules exist to encourage companies responsible for pumping, purifying and transporting water to consumers, to produce relevant data on the quantity and quality of the transported water and the remaining water reserves. At present, such companies sometimes do not supply data when requested, in order to avoid the subsequent additional restrictions that would occur on the basis of the information in the data (vested interests). The idea was mooted of setting up a separate independent monitoring team to collect such data, but with insufficient funding, it seems unlikely that independent monitoring programmes can be set up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the absence of dedicated indicators on integrity (the development of which remains a challenge), INTES relies on sets of standard education indicators and context variables (including PISA contextual data) for each substantive dimension of assessment, and interprets them in the light of their relevance for the integrity of the policy area in question. Very few of these indicators are unequivocally positive or negative and, taken alone, they do not allow for final statements on system integrity in the INTES assessment dimensions. The figures give preliminary indications of integrity concerns in selected policy areas, which need further analytical attention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The indicator tries to compares the distribution of care responsibilities of mothers and fathers. A lower employment rate of mothers as compared to fathers indicates that mothers more frequently stop work due to family responsibilities and may potentially face disadvantages regarding different aspects of quality of employment (e.g., income, career prospects). The comparison of mothers and fathers to women and men without children under compulsory school age gives an impression of the share of mothers and fathers who resign from employment for a certain time in order to take care of their family, which will potentially be accompanied by disadvantages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Review teacher compensation, advancement, and retirement policies to support career circulation between school and work. Ensure that sectoral practical training centres are financially sustainable, and improve the accessibility of the centres through a system of student support that meets living costs, is easily accessible to all eligible students, and is well-publicised through web resources and school-based advising. Improve opportunities for upper secondary vocational students to make full use of the pathway to tertiary education through focused efforts to raise the quality of general education teaching made available to secondaiy vocational students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some quality indicators are available at a national level, and should be able to be broken down to a hospital level, but it is not clear that these indicators are consistently used by policy makers, managers, or health care professionals. Infonnation on care quality at primary care level is also weak. For example, Latvia conducts only a few health-related surveys, while many OECD countries use surveys as important tools to collect a wide range of information including on patient experience, care co-ordination and patient safety.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This underpinned the view that women should be harnessed as sustainability saviours, based on the assumption that women are especially close to nature. Women-environment connections, especially in domestic and subsistence activities such as collecting fuelwood, hauling water and cultivating food, were often presented as if they were natural and universal, rather than as the product of particular social and cultural norms and expectations. First, policymakers should avoid making broad and stereotypical assumptions about women's and men's relationships with the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Transparency also enables the tracking of progress towards individual and collective climate-related goals. The Paris Agreement contains global long-term goals on mitigation, adaptation and climate finance. At its core are cycles of nationally determined contributions (NDCs)2 and provision of the support (finance, technology, capacity building) needed to implement them from 2020 onwards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Separation of powers is a doctrine according to which the legislative, executive, and judicial functions of a regime should be exercised by distinct departments in order to protect the individual from exposure to arbitrary power at the hands of a single authority wielding the entire power of the state. It has been described, alongside representation, as a foundational element of western constitutional thought. The doctrine is the symbiotic product of several strands of western thought as well as of the political development of western states.      Keywords:    checks and balances,  civil liberties,  constitutionalism,  mixed constitution,  rule of law
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Young people are now virtually excluded from state support as benefits for those under 25 have been removed. Pensioners and the ill or disabled are still supported by pensions and welfare payments but the low levels of these benefits means that they increasingly rely on private insurance or pension payments. Among the working age, in-work poverty is a substantial issue and income is increasingly unstable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Population -10 635 (45 inhabitants/ km'). Recharge area is both in Croatia and Slovenia, the discharge area is in Slovenia. Possible drainage to surface water systems, groundwater covers the total of the water used in the Slovenian part, groundwater flow direction from Croatia to Slovenia. Spring water quantity fluctuates significantly due to the karstic geomorphology, water scarcity in summer, possible problem regarding the surface stream hydrological minimum during drought.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The ruling outlined the ‘horrific consequences’ of child marriage and said there had long been a 'lack of common social consciousness’ on the problems faced by girls who marry early. The case defines ‘child’ pursuant to Article 81 of the Constitution to mean a girl or a boy under the age of eighteen years. Therefore, no child i.e. a boy or a girl under the age of eighteen years, has the capacity to enter into a valid marriage in Zimbabwe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Human Rights Committee recently confirmed that States Parties should provide "safe, legal and effective access to abortion" under certain circumstances and has called on States to end the criminalization of providers and women who seek abortion (see Box 3.4).’ As Chapter 4 shows, having an income of their own puts women on a more equal footing with men in their intimate relationships, strengthens their bargaining position within families, and enables them to exit partnerships if they need to. Putting economic resources in women’s hands is also associated with lower rates of poverty and greater investments in children's health and education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Currently, two different types of collective bargaining co-exist: one with the right to strike, and the other without the right to strike. It is this last category that has grown during the last 20 years (to almost 31.4 per cent of the total of workers covered by collective bargaining). Furthermore, those workers who do have the right to strike can be replaced from the first day of the strike under certain conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The balance of such trade-offs, and the options for managing them, are assessed in this paper. Those options include alternative non-trade policies, such as social protection and help with risk management, but arguably the need to defer trade reforms or retain the option to deploy trade policy instruments under specific circumstances. Section 2 examines the links between trade and food availability, while Section 3 considers the links between trade and food access. The two issues are closely linked, because while food may simply be unavailable, a lack of availability is more commonly resolved through higher prices - making the issue one of access for those who cannot afford food.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Indirectly women play an even more important role through their support for poor family members in rural areas. A garment worker received an average monthly wage of USD 60 in 2004. Such workers send about half of their monthly wages to their families back home, typically supporting another four or five members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Second, increases in the minimum wage often result in the compression of wage differentials rather than all wages growing by the same rate. This is particularly relevant for specialised low-skilled workers with earnings close to the minimum wage. An obvious consequence of wage compression is to greatly diminish incentives to specialise through formal schooling or other means to develop new skills. In this regard, the minimum wage hikes might hurt enrolment in short vocational and technical programmes that help low-skilled individuals specialise in certain occupations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The graph however shows a significant difference in development terms at the national level between the Nordic countries. Iceland has the highest share with more than 95% of households having NGA network coverage in 2016, closely followed by Denmark with 93%, both are well above the European average. These differences between the Nordic countries can best be explained by variations in geography, i.e. in the size of the country and in the concentration of the population to the largest urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The institutions in charge of water management are at different developmental stages in different LAC countries, but common challenges, including in the most advanced countries, can be diagnosed ex ante to provide adequate policy responses. Although common problems can be identified, there is no universal solution. Institutional architecture, prerogatives and local conditions must be taken into account in the policy design. To do so, there is a pressing need to take stock of recent experiences, identify good practices and develop pragmatic tools across different levels of government and stakeholder groups to engage in shared, effective, fair and sustainable water policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Many of these are relevant to terrestrial and marine biodiversity (see https://www.environmental-auditing.org/). Causal impacts are unit specific, where / can refer to locations, firms, households, individuals, species, etc (Ferraro and Hanauer, 2014). This can be illustrated by a formula that the causal impact (d) of a programme (P) on an outcome (7) for unit / is the difference between the outcome (7) with the programme (in other words, when P = 1) and the same outcome (7) without the programme (that is, w'hen P = 0).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Many of these countries remain heavily dependent on exports of primary commodities and have lost market shares in world trade. They also have suffered from larger adverse trade shocks as primary commodity prices have been more volatile than those of other export products (United Nations, 2008). Yet, diversifying into high-technology exports may not be an immediately feasible option for many developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It affects every continent, hinders sustainability, and limits social and economic development. Although the global average water stress is only 11 per cent, 31 countries experience water stress between 25 per cent (when stress begins) and 70 per cent, and 22 countries are above 70 per cent and are seriously stressed. The highest stress levels occur in Northern Africa and in Western, Central and Southern Asia. Levels of stress are likely to increase as populations and the demand for water grow and the effects of climate change intensify.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Such investments are therefore more properly classified as social infrastructure spending rather than government current consumption or even simply human development expenditures. Social infrastructure refers to the fundamental social, intellectual, and emotional skills and health of individuals—or level of human development—a country relies on for its economy to function. Unlike physical infrastructure—such as bridges, roads and, telecommunications systems— whichtendto bepubliclyowned.social infrastructure is embodied in people, and enhanced via social spending by governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In South Africa, government training programmes have had limited success in helping youth with no job experience. To help reduce youth unemployment, the government is proposing a youth employment incentive that takes the form of a wage subsidy to help young workers into the unionised formal sector where entry wages are relatively high. For example, adequate industrial policies (such as investment in labour-intensive industry), technology and infrastructure are required, especially in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
On average, health care and education services account for 5 to 6 percentage points each. The remaining 2% are made up mainly of childcare and elderly care services, the latter being particularly important in the Nordic countries, Australia, and Japan where they exceed 1% of GDP. Countries such as Mexico, Korea, Iceland and Canada spend much more on services than on cash transfers while many EU countries, especially Austria, Italy and Poland, have a far stronger focus on cash transfers. In a first analysis, OECD (2008a) found for a year around 2000 that education, health care and social housing significantly lowered income inequality in 17 OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Such technological changes are occurring at a very rapid pace for an industry accustomed to planning on a 30-40-year time horizon, creating significant uncertainty (Bharath Jairaj, 2016). At the same time, the entry of actors new to the electricity sector, and the active engagement of consumers as a result of these new technologies, raises multiple technical, commercial and regulatory issues, requiring a “whole-system" approach and fresh thinking about electricity supply chains. The loT is defined by the International Telecommunications Union as a global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things, based on existing and evolving interoperable ICTs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is important to mention that the autonomous adaptation responses that result from cost-minimisation by farmers are already taken into account by the LPJmL and DSSAT crop models used in this analysis. Specifically, crop management techniques such as changes in cropping season, changes in management techniques and choice of crop varieties are assumed to be available to farmers and to be implemented in an optimal way. Without these autonomous measures, the impacts of climate change on yields would be greater.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For the more developed regions, the urban population has been exceeding the rural one already since 1950 (figure 2.2.) Both of these trends show uninterrupted continuation since 1950. The latter ones saw urban population exceeding in number the rural population in late 1950 in Central and Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia and only in mid-1980 in South Eastern Europe. The situation in the sub regions is nevertheless impacted by its most populous countries, like e.g. the South-Eastern Europe byTurkey. Most of these countries have been seeing decreases in both rural and urban population, with the latter one being even steeper, which resulted in lower rates of urbanization in 2010 compared with 1990. The explanation for such a development can be the migration of population related with the collapse of the communist system and the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the early 1990, and in later years, for countries that joined the European Union, the job migration to Western Europe and for the Eastern European and Central Asian countries, the job migration to Russian cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It brings together knowledge about waste and energy systems, green consumption, food security, farming practices and international food markets along with practices for avoiding food waste. That is hardly surprising as new, more environmentally and socially benign consumption requires an understanding of available alternatives, their impact along the supply chain and ideas of how the consumption system could evolve and how learning would support such evolution. Such interventions, in the form of campaigns (e.g. engaging celebrities or opinion leaders), may contribute to drawing attention to the problems. However, accepting responsibilities and most importantly, linking them to actions requires a set of policies that provide structure and incentives for securing more sustainable lifestyles. There is a need to start changing processes based around local resources and capacities, learning throughout the process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Contributors.- Introduction Christopher J. Peters.- 1 The Dialectic of Stare Decisis Doctrine Colin Starger.- 2 Did Casey Strike Out? Following and Overruling Constitutional Precedents in the Supreme Court Larry Alexander.- 3 An Epistemic Defense of Precedent Deborah Hellman.- 4 Private-Rights Litigation and the Normative Foundations of Durable Constitutional Precedent Maxwell L. Stearns.- 5 Group Formation and Precedent Neal Devins.- 6 Stare Decisis and the Selection Effect Frederick Schauer.- 7 Methodological Stare Decisis and Constitutional Interpretation Chad M. Oldfather.- 8 Constitutional Method and the Path of Precedent Randy J. Kozel.- 9 Originalism, Stare Decisis, and Constitutional Authority Christopher J. Peters.- Index.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Ministry of Finance, through the General Directorate of Customs, coordinates and ensures the arrival and departure in the country, on the basis of authorization issued by CNCAN, of all goods which require authorization under Law No. Ill (1996) on the Safe Development of Nuclear Activities, as amended by Law' No. Approximation of legislation to EU standards has set stringent requirements for Government, municipalities and waste management companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Using the computer-based approach it has been possible to log students’ feelings, reactions and decisions across the course of the learning task. It is evident that interactive software such as this provides great potential for educational research to probe more deeply the way students interact with tasks. These studies demonstrate the capacity of ICT to provide insights into the sequences that students follow when they complete a task.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
During the first five years, as the organization is growing and building capability, the Asia-Pacific Energy Centre will be unable to attract voluntary contributions or earn revenue from the sale of publications like the IEA, so contributions from members will need to cover the full annual budget. An annual contribution totaling $10 million from 53 APEF members is considered reasonable considering die role diat die autonomous organization will be vested with. The existing power pools —oil and gas trading hubs — are markets diat have a revenue stream based on the transactions that go through them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This paper reports on the findings of a study that explores the ways in which civil society organizations use new media to engage in campaigns of political action. Focusing on campaigning by the environmental movement in Tasmania around the protection of native forest, the study investigates how stakeholders on this issue utilize the functionality of digital media to mobilize public engagement and, ultimately, influence the formulation of policy. Analysis of the study’s network data suggests that central positioning within social movement online network structures arises from strategic linking practices. These strategic communications practices enhance not only movement cohesion but also the visibility of those actors best placed to influence public debate and the formulation of policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This progress occurred despite the addition of some 94 million people to India’s population during that time frame, indicating more rapid progress in reducing food insecurity. However, with about one-quarter of the world’s food insecure people within India, improving its nutritional status remains a significant challenge. Undernourishment has a significant impact on child development, which in turn influences adult productivity and economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Simon, the Argentine Supreme Court held that two amnesty laws, adopted in the late 1980s in order to shield authors of serious human rights violations committed during the so-called `Dirty War` (1976-1983), were unconstitutional and void. Although the Argentine Congress had already repealed the two laws in 2003, uncertainty about the validity of this parliamentary decision had led to some controversy. With its decision in Simon, the Supreme Court puts an end to the legal uncertainty concerning the prosecution of serious human rights violations committed under the military regime and definitively clears the path for judicial actions against their authors. Setting aside deeply rooted national legal principles - such as statutory limitations, the principle of legality and amnesties - the Argentine Supreme Court has confirmed the role of human rights principles and of public international law in general in dealing with the most heinous crimes against humanity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)