albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Spot prices may not exceed a cap of AUD 12 900 per MWh. As can be seen, very high prices are rare, with prices sitting within the range of AUD 0-40 for around 90% of the time. Flowever, views differ on the adequacy of high but capped wholesales prices as a sufficient incentive to invest in marginal supply. Reducing carbon emissions associated with power generation is a central challenge in the project to reduce overall emissions from human activity. This is the case not only because stationary energy currently accounts for 40% of global energy-related C02 emissions, but also because reducing emissions from sources such as the transport sector will involve further electrification - since many of the most promising low-carbon energy technologies are those that produce electricity (wind and solar being two examples).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Second, to its credit the index accounts for the importance of energy demand within the economy. Yet in the modelling structure of demand is separated from supply. Ideally, the index model would identify the impact of potential supply disturbances in an integrated supply-demand chain setting (ECOFYS, et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The reform focuses on fisheries sustainability, in response to the state of the main national fisheries most of which are overexploited. One of the main elements incorporated in this reform is a changed structure of the decision-making process, which will be firmly based on scientific information, compared to the current system, in which stakeholders are involved, leading to sometimes socioeconomic criteria being prioritised over sustainability. In addition, the reform strengthens fisheries research, introduces new inspection elements for small-scale fisheries (setting VMS and catch certification for large vessels), upgrades the industrial and small-scale fisheries access system, and introduces mechanisms for the establishment of a rebuilding programme in accordance to the OECD guidelines, among other elements. Two other legal initiatives are currently under discussion: the regulation, control and sanction of discards, and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Traditional modes of global economic governance are increasingly challenged by two rather novel drivers of international relations: emerging powers and anti-establishment voters in Western countries. The election of Donald Trump and the Brexit vote, on the one hand, as well as the growing assertiveness and new institutions of the BRICS emerging powers, on the other hand, exemplify the new developments. Since both challenges share a preference for nation-centred politics and demand a higher share in international power and resources, an order seems nascent which shows distinct features compared to traditional global governance shaped by universal rules, supranational and international organisations. The development of parallel orders can be countered by better including the demands of the challengers into a reformed conduct of global economic governance which aims at stronger legitimacy through improved accountability and inclusiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
AbstractIn the year 2013, it seemed like all New Jersey was marching against the Mount Laurel anti‐exclusionary zoning doctrine and how it was to be put into effect—the governor, the legislature, many developing suburban municipalities, and even the independent agency established to oversee its implementation, the Council on Affordable Housing (COAH). Indeed, COAH itself, ignoring minimal procedural due process, would attempt to seize the monies municipalities had set aside in municipal affordable trust funds collected from development fees on residential construction to help the production of low‐and moderate‐income housing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Dostyk railway station in Almaty oblast is the point of exit for the sole rail line between Kazakhstan and China. It should be noted that transportation costs change considerably over time, for example, between 2007 and early 2012 rail freight for 1498 km from Tobol to Aksarayskaya station (the station belonging to Kazakh railways situated in Russia) increased from USD 19.6 to USD 25.9 per tonne. Table 3.4 shows the main components of these costs based on data for exports passing through Novoishimskaya rail station, a major crossroad in the northern wheat region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article explores the themes of trust and ethical conduct in social research, with particular attention to the trust that can develop between the members of a research team as well as between researchers and the researched. The authors draw upon a three-year empirical study of destinations and outcomes for young people excluded from alternative educational provision. They also make reference to a contemporary exposition of Aristotle's writing on friendship in order to explore two sets of relevant distinctions that have a bearing upon our understanding of relationships that emerge in the context of social research projects. These distinctions are between impartiality and selectivity on the one hand, and between universality and particularity on the other. The authors attempt to demonstrate that these distinctions influence the development of trust and the conduct of ethical research, arguing that the latter is not synonymous with compliance to ethical guidelines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It may be commonplace to state that the world will never be the same as it was before 11 September 2001. Yet, it is obvious that the magnitude and audacity of the horrifying events of that day have presented international terrorism in an unprecedented way, namely as a real and potentially catastrophic threat to human security and international peace. This raises the question with regards to the role of international law, and to what extent current public international law provides an adequate framework for combating international terrorism. Are further development and adaptation of principles and rules of international law necessary to deal more effectively with the threat of terrorist attacks and with those who do not play by these rules? These issues will be addressed in section 2 of this article.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
When the water supply decreases for any of these reasons, competition will increase, as may the risk of conflict. The risk is highest when institutional mechanisms are not in place, especially at the transboundary level, to deal with such variations in supply and to help resolve related disputes. When this impacts local livelihoods (farming, fishing, hunting), tensions can erupt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
After the measure, less than 10% of jobseekers still receive unemployment benefits and incentives to maintain contact with the PES have weakened. This leaves almost no scope for a system of gradual sanctions to promote active job search. Overall, the duration of unemployment benefits should be increased somewhat. Longer unemployment benefits should be accompanied by adequate monitoring and enforcement of job search requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This has given rise to calls to remove regulatory and tax biases that give incentives to replace workers by machines, or even to tax robots (Box 1.3). In addition to the direct effect on employment, others have worried about the ability of the government to raise revenue and the scope it can give for tax avoidance (Abbott and Bogenschneider, 2018[ 13]). For example, Bill Gates has raised concern about taxation shortfalls when robots replace workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A tool central banks could use to meet their now mul-tipletargetsin addition to the short-term interest rate is asset-based reserve requirements (ARRs).25 ARRs would require private banks to hold a certain proportion of their loans in designated high-priority areas or else hold the same proportion of their total assets in non-interest bearing reserve accounts. This system would incentivize but not require banks to lend in priority areas, given that they would incur a cost of holding reserves in reserve accounts that do not pay interest. This is a flexible method for directing credit to priority areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The existing appraisal system is not used as a genuine development opportunity, over 98% of teachers receive an “excellent” or “very good” rating, despite clear evidence of knowledge gaps. The low level of teaching knowledge in core subjects points to serious weaknesses in the initial selection and preparation of teachers. Just 19 out of 259 initial teaching programmes are quality-assured through accreditation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For this we show the figures using the lower bound poverty line as this is where the trends are clearest. All tables also include population estimates across the categorical groups. Tables that use alternative poverty lines mentioned in section 1 and include the mean poverty gap ratio and its square are available in the annex III. The dominance analysis that follows shows how the conclusions of this type of analysis can be extended across a continuous range of poverty lines, without the limitation of a number of discrete choices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This text contains Professor Benoit Pelletier's speech presented as a plenary at the British Association for Canadian Studies 35th Annual Conference, Democracy as a Work in Progress: The Intellectual and Cultural Dynamics of the Canadian Idea, University of Cambridge, 6–8 April 2010. Further updating of the text occurred prior to going to print (December 2010). Benoit Pelletier reminds us that, since its creation in 1867, Canada has provided a part of the answer to one of the major challenges confronting us today, which is the challenge of managing interdependence and enhancing diversity. The author also examines some of the components of Canada's identity. Among these are federalism, constitutional monarchy, parliamentarianism, constitutionalism and the rule of law, the independence of the judiciary, the constitutional and quasi-constitutional protection of human rights and freedoms, a cumbersome constitutional amendment procedure and democracy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Priority crops include grains, oilseeds, sugar beet, forage crops, horticultural crops, cotton and potatoes. They vary depending on the term and purpose of the loan, as well as the origin of credit resources (i.e. different interest rates are set for loans sourced from budgetary funds, own capital of KazAgro agencies, and funds borrowed from commercial sources). In 2011 short-term loans for sowing and harvesting were provided at interest rates varying from 4% to 12% per annum, which compares with a commercial interest of 12.3%. Longer term loans for 3 to 7 years are typically given at interest rates that range between 4% and 9.5% with a commercial interest rate at 10.5-11.5%. Since 2009, resources for concessional credit were substantially reoriented towards crediting of state-supported investment projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
With the exception of South Africa all of the BRIICS countries experienced large increases in material extraction when average income rose indicating that material extraction rises rapidly at relatively low levels of income when average income grows. This is likely attributable to the high rates of population growth typical of lower income countries and to the strong connection between the size of the population and the use of materials, especially those required to fulfil basic needs. But there appears to be two distinct trends for OECD countries with average incomes exceeding 20 000 USD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The verification of endogeneity is conducted by means of a regression, in reduced form, of these variables for economic growth (see annex A2). In macroeconomics, this specification is used in order to highlight a cause-effect relationship, since the explanatory variables have been lagged and differentiated in order to overcome the endogeneity caused —in this case— by the bidirectionality of the relationship (which has been found to exist in the studies discussed above). The interpretation, after testing for the absence of endogeneity, can be based on the fact that a change in the labour-market feminization variable has a given effect on the rate of economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Experiences of international and national tests in Norway and Sweden], Chapter 6, in T.N. Hopfenbeck, M. Kjtemsli and R.V. Olsen (eds.) “ Intemasjonale og nasjonale undersokelser av lasringsutbytte og undervisning ” [Quality in the Norwegian School. International and National Tests of Learning Outcomes and Teaching], Universitetsforlaget, Oslo. Evaluating Educational Reforms Scandinavian Perspectives, Information Age Publishing, Connecticut.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They are vital for providing benefits and services such as drinking water, water for food and energy, humidity, habitats for aquatic life, and natural solutions for water purification and climate resilience. They contribute to addressing competing demands, mitigating risks and promoting stability and trust-building measures, if they are managed well. They are therefore essential for sustainable development, peace, security and human well-being. They endure effects from pollution, infrastructure development and resource extraction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Neither eligibility nor benefit levels depend on other income received at the family/household level. In Australia, there is only a single means-tested unemployment assistance programme for all unemployed working-age individuals. The programme supports job losers for an indefinite period of time, as long as eligibility criteria are met.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The State of Europe’s Forests 2011 reports that, during 2005-2010, Romania’s forest coverage increased slightly, by 0.56 percent. It is planned to submit a proposal to the European Commission for financial support for virgin forest owners in the 2014-2020 programming period. Meanwhile, the Ministry and WWF will explore alternative financial mechanisms for compensating virgin forest owners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
See Chapter 14 on accounting rules for more detail on the selection of allocation keys to apportion expenditure. The aim is to protect health and to reduce mortality and morbidity due to health hazards through in particular field epidemiology as well as training in technical standards. This would involve e.g. the capacity to acquire or expand resources very quickly, and preparations for changing the handling and referencing of patients, such as patient triage and restructuring coverage in line with the nature of the emergency. However, in all cases health rules and a health infrastructure should be prepared to cope with emergency health care needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The initial process of identifying schools for participation in DEIS was managed externally by the Educational Research Centre (ERC) on behalf of the Department for Education and Skills. More recently, the Department's statistics section has assumed responsibility for the assessment of schools' level of disadvantage under DEIS. About 20% of schools in Ireland are eligible for DEIS support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is assumed that sufficient, direct and in-kind funding, as well as technical support, will be available for the preparation and implementation of the assessment, but this is a risk, see further under "Risk Assessment". They should interact with each other, with similar groups undertaking global, thematic and methodological assessments in order to ensure conceptual and methodological coherence. They should also work as closely as possible with the IPBES-rele-vant task forces, expert groups and the ECA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, notwithstanding the Bali success, in the absence of a significant change in the border policy environment a ‘business as usual’ approach is unlikely to yield results that are radically different from what WTO members have achieved so far. Mindful of this reality, several members are exploring new ways of conducting negotiations, as already hinted at by ministers at the December 2011 Ministerial Conference. Under this scenario, the single undertaking principle is likely to be further questioned and pushes for plurilateral approaches will probably intensify.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The market analysis reviews the current status of the country’s existing bus fleet (ownership status, age, fuel type used), the market for compressed natural gas and liquefied natural gas as transport fuels, domestic production and import of buses, bus fares for urban transport, and the co-financing available for investment projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Health of Indigenous Circumpolar Populations. Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. Emergence of obesity in indigenous Siberians. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, vol. Rapid changes in cardiovascular risk factors associated with economic development and lifestyle change in an indigenous circumpolar population from Siberia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Diarrhoeal diseases, including dysentery, typhoid and other diseases, are one of the causes of morbidity. A zone consists of a 50-100 m diameter circle around the spring, depending upon its flow rate. However, in several cases, the protection zone is not well defined and implemented and pollution sources can be present.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In Slovakia, foreign investors came after 1999, but the subsequent path was similar to Poland’s. In Bulgaria and Albania, foreign investment began after 2002, and the surveys were undertaken too early to identify the consequences. Processing companies signed contracts with supermarkets, which imposed quality demands but also opened up national markets which allowed greater specialisation by processors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Such work is unpaid, consumes a lot of the women's daily discretionary time, and significantly reduces their power of having a voice in the political sphere (Kabeer, 1999). Industrialisation and the subsequent affordability of improved household technologies facilitate women's entry into the labour market, thus opening up new opportunities in favour of inclusive development (Becker, 1965, Woersdorfer, 2017). Studies suggest that technological progress may account for over half of the observed rise in the labour force participation rate of females in the US between 1900 and 1980 (Greenwood et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It also seeks to help streamline smart sustainable cities' action plans and establish best practices with feasible targets that urban development stakeholders are encouraged to meet. The U4SSC is supported by 16 United Nations agencies, programmes, funds and secretariats.6 It has also developed key performance indicators for measuring progress towards achieving the objectives of smart sustainable cities. The key performance indicators are being implemented by 50 cities globally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The first node to solve the puzzle adds the block to the chain and is rewarded with newly created coins. In comparison to PoW, PoUW uses computational power to generate overall new value while also validating the next block. This leads to an incentive to follow the network rules, therefore securing a high value of the owned stake. Many more examples exist including proof-of-weight (PoWeight), where the probability to validate the next block depends on a user’s ownership of a specific “weight” of a pre-defined unit other than the stake as in the case of PoS (e.g. reputation).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This paper attempts to put European media freedom and pluralism into the context of European legislation and law-enforcement. It analyses how the European Convention on Human Rights can protect media freedom and pluralism, and whether and how the European Union has the obligation and the competence to do so. It argues that protecting media pluralism in Europe is an even more urgent need than reacting to individual violations of freedom of expression, because structural distortions to media markets have reached a level constituting a deficiency in European democratic processes. The legal insecurity around social network sites increases the extent of the crisis: which involves the failure of the media’s functioning as the watchdog of the governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although the Swedish health care sector has advanced IT systems, and 100% of primary care providers have electronic patient records, several different IT systems are in use and there is a lack of uniform information standards and classifications. County councils, regions and municipalities use different information systems and have adopted different IT solutions that are not always compatible across or even within county councils and levels of care. While there is ample evidence of the use of quality registers for quality improvement in hospital and specialist care, there is less evidence of their application in primary care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A number of other Decisions encourage Parties to report on support efforts, including in the context of the framework for capacity building in developing countries (e.g. Decision 2/CP. Table 1 provides an overview of reporting requirements on technology and capacity-building support provided to non-Annex I countries. See also Box 1, which addresses the use of the terms technology transfer and capacity building in the UNFCCC context (see Section 1), and Annex 1, which provides an overview of Annex II country reporting in these areas to date.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In LDCs, a fixed-broadband plan with a minimum of 1GB of data per month still corresponds to over 60 per cent of GNI per capita. The service is sold at over USD 300 a month in Uganda, Chad and the Central African Republic, and remains very expensive and clearly unaffordable in some of the small island developing States. In developed countries, the minimum speeds of entry-level fixed-broadband packages have increased considerably in recent years. Developing countries, on the other hand, are only gradually upgrading broadband infrastructure to offer higher speeds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In response, one of ANPME’s initial efforts was to implement “Moussanada for Women”, which involved hiring consultants to proactively identify women entrepreneurs with the potential to be Moussanada clients and then helping them to qualify for the Moussanada and other ANPME programmes. This initiative targets women entrepreneurs in the early post-creation phase of their businesses, aims to strengthen women entrepreneurs’ managerial capacity and ability to direct the daily operations of their businesses, and is delivered in partnership with Morocco’s regional investment centres (CRIs). The GIZ funding was very important because the core ANPME programmes only apply to existing SMEs with at least one or two years of operation, thus the incremental outside funding allowed ANPME to work with women in the start-up phase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)