albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The Bank also admits that most poor countries have failed to match their growth performance in the pre-reform period. Finally, these reports acknowledge that rapid growth in China and India has been responsible for most poverty reduction in the world during the last generation and note, in passing, that these countries did not follow conventional policies. While Economic Growth in the 1990s avoids tackling this issue head-on, the CGD has invited representatives from both countries to contribute to its report. Second, the reports recognize that the mainstream has tended to exaggerate the advantages of small Governments (CGD, 2008, p. 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It has the responsibility of overseeing activities related to biosafety- and LMOs in the country and meets four times a year and as necessary. The Committee is headed by the Minister of Environment and Tourism, has a Secretariat providing technical support and is comprised of representatives of the ministries responsible for the environment, agriculture, health, foreign affairs and education and science issues, GASI, the General Intelligence Agency, NEMA, the National Centre for Communicable Diseases, National Centre for Zoonotic Diseases, National Centre for Public Health, Food Safety Council, scientific organizations and NGOs. Mongolia's legal framework is generally fit for implementation of the Cartagena Protocol, how'ever, it requires revision in order to comply with the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress, as the country does not yet have the necessary administrative and legal instrument to provide a response to damage to biodiversity resulting from LMOs. The National Biosafety' Committee is currently working on drafting legislation and intends to ask for international technical and financial assistance for the process. Mongolia currently has four standards detailing methods of analysis for detecting LMOs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
One significant challenge is the accumulated debt in the sector, especially by the distribution company in Chisinau. These debts accumulated due to the increase in gas prices, as well as tariffs set below cost-recovery levels. The Cahul reserve is in operation, but the Cantemir reserves have not yet been exploited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Given the limited capacity of cities, especially the smallest ones that lack the capacity to develop complex studies, support on how to develop cost-benefits analyses would enable cities to do more. Supporting local policies with national and international ones is essential. It is crucial not only to focus on measures in affluent countries but also measures that can be implemented in low(er) incomes countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They face additional challenges of access to health services. This can be seen from the view of a President of an African country who said, "How can you have a stone-age creature continuing to exist in the time of computers? If the Bushmen want to survive, they must change, otherwise, like the dodo they will perish".’”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Rising domestic supply is sufficient to keep pace with demand and imports remaining relatively flat. With the import price increasing an average of 6.4% per year, imports of 6.6 Mt in 2024 are slightly below the base period value of 6.7 Mt. Wheat stocks in 2012 fell to very low levels which were replenished in the subsequent two years. There may have been overshooting and in 2014 stocks are estimated at 1.8 Mt yielding a relatively high stocks-to-use ratio of 16%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Technical abatement opportunities up to a cost of €60 per ton of C02e include: energy efficiency, low-emissions energy supply, terrestrial carbon (forestry and agriculture) and behavioural change (figure II.3). The first three options generate a total abatement of 38 Gt CO,e per year in 2030 relative to annual business-as-usual emissions of 70 Gt C02e. Abatement opportunities in these three categories are spread across many sectors of the economy: with approximate figures of 29 per cent for the energy supply sectors (electricity, petroleum and gas), 16 per cent in the industrial sector, 22 per cent in transport, buildings and waste, and 33 per cent in land-use sectors (forestry and agriculture).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In France, as in other OECD countries, centralised planning models had largely failed to end regional economic inequality. In the process, while communes have maintained the ultimate responsibility for developing and managing land use plans, these plans have become more constrained by laws, regulations and other actions taken by higher levels of government. The specific process of devolution in France has been seen as analogous to a three act play. The Chevenement law of 1999 established new structures through co-operative institutions (EPCI) and facilitated the pooling of services and projects among communes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Pursuant to the judgement, individuals licensed to possess and consume cannabis under the Marihuana for Medical Purposes Regulations may now possess cannabis derivatives for their own personal use, in addition to or instead of dried cannabis herb. Also in June 2015, Health Canada announced amendments to the Narcotic Control Regulations and the Marihuana for Medical Purposes Regulations to further strengthen public health and safety. The new measures respond to requests from medical licensing bodies for increased information on how doctors are authorizing cannabis use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These figures highlight that overall spending in developing countries remains insufficient, although they mostly account for public spending and do not include private sources of finance. The financial crisis is likely to have a two-pronged effect on government transfers to the water sector, as set out in OECD (2010a). A potentially negative impact is that, during times of crisis, there are many competing demands for limited public funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The largest recipient by ESCAP subregion was South-East Asia, followed by South and South-West Asia. By sector, the top five were energy, transport, real estate, logistics and metals, in that order. The emphasis seems to have shifted in recent years from securing raw materials towards broader productivity cooperation and infrastructure development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Moreover, some of the indicators in Thailand’s INDC seem to have linkages with their national disaster risk management plans (e.g. strengthen disaster risk reduction measures and reduce vulnerability to climate risks. Since the NAP processes may include a monitoring and reporting component, its content could inform countries’ effort to communicate adaptation-related information. More adaptation components refer to existing adaptation plans at the national level. In Belarus’s INDC, the adaptation component is linked with the country’s Strategy for Forestry to Climate Change to 2050, and the Strategy for the Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change. Adaptation actions listed in some INDCs build on projects communicated through National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Finally, after 3.5 months and having miscarried, she had the surgery but she is currently paralysed from the neck down, having regained only partial movement in the hands. The Committee found a violation of her right to health, since the decision on the abortion had not taken sufficiently into account the damage of the decision on her mental and physical health. Her health would have required access to both the surgery and the therapeutic abortion, especially given the circumstances (her age, the suicide attempt and sexual abuse).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is an increasing trend of a higher share of arts graduates in comparison to the technical and science streams. At the same time technical and vocational schools are producing a declining number of graduates. There is a growing recognition of the need to strengthen these training programmes in Penang. For example the Penang Skills Development centre (PSDC) was established as early as 1989.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The recent opening under the 30-year rule of official papers concerning the Industrial Relations Act 1971 makes it possible to reappraise the conventional view of this short-lived statute and also more general implications of the process of policy making at a time of acute political crisis. The papers shed new light on the relationship between the government and the judiciary, in particular the President of the National Industrial Relations Court, Sir John Donaldson. They provide empirical evidence of how the judicial and political arms of government dealt with social and industrial upheavals and they prompt reflections on the nature of the separation of powers in the United Kingdom's constitutional arrangements. It is argued that, in examining the nature and extent of judicial independence, constitutional law scholars have hitherto concentrated on executive influence on the judiciary and tended to ignore the extent to which judges may secretly influence politicians.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The concept of globalization has gradually permeated criminology, but more so as applied to transnational organized crime, international terrorism and policing than in addressing processes of criminal justice reform. Based on a wide range of bibliographic and web resources, this article assesses the extent to which a combination of neo-liberal assaults on the social logics of the welfare state and public provision, widespread experimentation with restorative justice and the prospect of rehabilitation through mediation and widely ratified international directives, epitomized by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, have now made it possible to talk of a global juvenile/youth justice. Conversely it also reflects on how persistent national and local divergences, together with the contradictions of contemporary reform, may preclude any aspiration for the delivery of a universal and consensual product
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the European Commission's analysis, the emission intensity of this sector is too low to be included. We do, however, find that the energy intensity in Denmark is rather high (on average 14% in the period 2013-2015). For the other Nordic countries energy intensity in this sector is low. It is in particular the processing of potatoes that is energy intensive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados are not members of the PetroCaribe agreement. It should be pointed out that the PetroCaribe deal is vital to Haiti, given that there are no alternative financing sources and little progress has been made in reducing structural vulnerabilities in the energy sector. Subsidy schemes such as the PetroCaribe deal help support the existing, high fossil-fuel share in the Caribbean energy sector and act as a barrier to renewables. Energy subsidies in the fossil fuel sector hold back the region’s long-term growth and competitiveness, both by diverting resources away from other spending priorities and by discouraging efficiency-enhancing investment in the energy sector and distorting incentives to innovate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The government has made considerable investments in boosting leading-edge research and innovation: over a ten year period, 1999-2008, AUD 620 million was spent on the Science, Technology and Innovation Initiative. Their combined knowledge base has a considerable potential for new business formation and attraction of external firms. In 2007 Victorian universities received a total of AUD 653.9 million in external research income. Victoria’s two largest universities, the University of Melbourne and Monash University, accounted for 82% of research income for the region. The main expenditure on research by the universities has been in medical and health sciences. It has contributed to winning competitive national funding and has boosted the knowledge generation in universities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Abstract   This article offers a critical examination of the court judgements in a recent Belgian case against Yahoo!. It examines the challenges related to the establishment of jurisdiction for Internet-based services and the role that procedures of mutual legal assistance should play. Belgian law obliges providers of “electronic communications services/electronic communications networks” to cooperate with Belgian law-enforcement authorities and to handle over communication and personal data. Although the terms are derived from the EU Electronic Communications Regulatory Framework, a much broader interpretation to them was finally given by the Belgian Supreme Court. Seemingly this implies that, from now on, a US-based company such as Yahoo! is, at least under Belgian law, under a legal obligation to directly comply with an order issued by Belgian law-enforcement authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, other countries are still catching up with Northern Europe, whose collection rate is 49%, the highest in the world. The directive is meant to regulate the collection, recycling, and recovery of e-waste. It includes the provision of national e-waste collection points and processing systems, which enable the proper disposal and treatment of e-waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Yet in all three regions, continued groundwater depletion also shows that endogenous water risks have not been satisfactorily addressed by farmers or companies. In the above section, the behaviour of companies and farmers was analysed separately to understand the type of incentives they may respond to facing a possible but generally known risk. However, the risk is not only uncertain but it may also be perceived differently by different fanners and companies depending on their level of infonnation and degree of risk aversion. For instance, fanners may believe that water risks are higher than companies do.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
At the most extreme, lakes such as Lake Chad can dry up in particular years. Impacts of climate change have been found in Lake Baikal, with significant warming of surface waters and long-term changes in the lake's foodweb, and corresponding increases in chlorophyll a and some zooplankton grazers (Hampton et al., In the deep African Rift Valley lakes, such as Lake Tanganyika, climate change has been associated with increases in surface water temperature, reduced vertical mixing of water, reduced primary productivity and reduced fish catch per unit effort, which has driven fishers to other lakes (Verburg et al., In Lake Tanganyika, the surface water temperature has risen over the last century. This has increased the stability of the water column, which along with a regional decrease in wind velocity has contributed to reduced mixing, decreasing deep-water nutrient upwelling and entrainment into surface waters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The full-cost fees charged by private higher education institutions for similar programmes would range from USD 9 434.0 to USD 26 415.1, depending on their international-local components. Higher education analysts have voiced concern regarding the amount of government subsidy and the extent to which it is sustainable, given that higher education costs will continue to rise universally. R.M. (2010), Access and Equity in Higher Education, Malaysia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A similar argument holds for security of supply (Chapter 8), employment effects (Chapter 9) and the impacts of technology innovation (Chapter 10). These are specific, rather technical issues. Contrary to system costs, however, they do possess their own, although limited, constituencies that ensure that they are taken into account, and their partial, if imperfect, internalisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The second document that formulated a vision and consecutive policy actions is the Age-friendly Manchester programme, which was launched to bring the city’s policies in line with the World Health Organization’s Age-friendly Cities approach. Toyama and Yokohama have adopted a legal approach through a “Local Autonomy Law”. The process of formulating a vision for development followed a similar pattern in all of the cities assessed. Each included engaging the wider public and the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
He suggests that the small effect reflects the fact that insurance cannot absorb the non-pecuniary cost of unemployment. However, it may also reflect the possibility that unemployment insurance has a similar impact on the employed and the unemployed as suggested by other studies discussed in the main text. When jobs and workplaces combine these factors, people are more apt to manage work pressure and difficult tasks, they also tend to be healthier, more satisfied with their job and more productive. But working conditions may also impinge negatively upon an individual’s personal life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Reduced purchase tax rates for flex-fuel cars have stimulated sales of these cars, which account for the majority of all passenger cars. Only a few states have implemented water abstraction and pollution charges, but unit prices are low and have had limited effect on decisions about water allocation and use (OECD, 2015a). There are no other charges on natural resource use and pollution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Government and international actors should also be more proactive in providing policy and support signals to the private sector, to create the enabling conditions for them to play a more significant role. This could be done through: easing access to loans or tax concessions when green business proposals can bring about positive economic and environmental outcomes, and making training and capacity development opportunities available so the near-term green skills gaps can be more effectively bridged. For example, Ethiopia’s railway sector has already explored potentials for more inclusive approaches to transport, and is showing how environmental issues can be handled constructively, throughout the construction cycle and the railway’s value chain. Agriculture also offers opportunities to bring together inclusive, profitable models that realise value from natural assets and also build climate resilience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It cannot simply be assumed that, when environment is better treated by policy, then people will automatically enjoy the income, health, safeguard and livelihood benefits, or that the poor will benefit proportionately more because they are correspondingly more dependent upon the environment. The ability to predict these should be an important component of any strategy that attempts to shift policy and investment towards environmental options. This meant fast-tracking the work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This article examines the asylum seekers' relocation scheme laid down in the framework of the European Agenda on Migration, and its implementation in Portugal – a country that has strongly endorsed the initiative since its inception. Portugal's attitude is certainly commendable when compared to the xenophobic reactions that have occurred in other EU countries. However, the self-promoting narrative of generosity and solidarity reiterated by Portuguese institutions is at odds with the voices of beneficiaries, who recurrently express frustration and criticism. Engaging with their perspective, I show that relocation, beyond the humanitarian rhetoric with which it has been presented in Portugal and elsewhere, is consistent with a broader project of border-making. Drawing inspiration from the scholarship on migration containment, I propose to consider 'emplacement' as a further strategy for producing specific forms of life and subjectivity associated to subaltern citizenship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Robotics includes approaches in which an Al system engages with and responds to environmental conditions. Symbolic systems attempt to represent complex concepts through the logical manipulation of symbolic representations. Samuel Butler's Erehwon is sometimes identified as the first literary work to allude to artificial intelligence. In the 20th century, authors such as Isaac Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke wrote compelling works of science fiction on the subject of Al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The nearshore sediments are thus younger than those on the outer shelf (Flemming and Hay 1988), typically being produced by deposition of sand, silt, and clay from rivers, with subsequent redistribution by longshore currents (Flemming and Hay 1988). However, where these riverine clastic sediment inputs are small, biogenic (bioclastic) sedimentation, produced by erosion of the skeletal carbonate remains of marine organisms, can dominate. The type of sediment can thus change substantially along and across a shelf, depending on the relative contributions from carbonate and/or clastic sediment production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Expecting one organization to perform both roles could leave serious gaps and weaken accountability. These secretariats and centres have considerable knowledge and experience, so an alternative could be to improve their functioning and make them results-oriented. However, given the history of these secretariats and energy centres, it would be a considerable challenge to convert them to autonomous organizations that would work on areas beyond the subregion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Many people have limited or insecure access to land and property, due to a lack of legal protection and/or the risk of seizure of land by the more powerful. Commonly excluded groups include women, pastoralists and indigenous people. Securing land rights for these groups is particularly important for their empowerment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Since then, fare and ticketing has been generating sufficient revenue to fund the system back and revenues in excess are given back to public shareholders. According to the National Planning Department, under an agreement made in 2000,66% of the infrastructure costs are covered by national government public funds and 34% are provided by Bogota City Hall. The projected cost of the buses and fare collection equipment is financed by private investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The government announced £1 billion of capital funding for the first full-scale CCS demonstration project in the UK. The government has also committed to a further three demonstration projects on gas- and coal-fired power stations. However, final details of the funding mechanism for these three additional projects are yet to be announced. Released in draft form in March, the Carbon Plan is a government-wide carbon reduction plan, including domestic and international emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Emphasising prevention is important, for example by issuing strong statements of zero tolerance (Hersch, 2015). It is crucial to ensure that victims have access to safe, straightforward mechanisms for filing complaints, which should include being able to report harassment to a range of colleagues and having effective protection from retaliation by co-workers or supervisors. Sexual harassment goes underreported by victims, as evidenced by the low rates of legal charges filed relative to the levels of sexual harassment reported in surveys (McCann, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)