albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It estimates the total funds required to implement activities, the funding available and the financial gaps. Bhutan has also initiated projects on integrating PES and REDD+, and eco-tourism. Although these are new biodiversity related instruments, they have been included as potential mechanisms for financing the implementation of the NBSAP. The aim is to mainstream the NBSAP into the national economic development plans (five year plans), as a response to the current lack of coordinated approaches to resource mobilisation and allocation. The National Biodiversity Center will coordinate the development of the resource mobilisation plan, as well as all the strategies under target 20. A participatory and inclusive stakeholder approach will prioritize the national targets that will guide the plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Figure 2.1 summarises the dimensions that affect a country's capacity, and that of the sector in question, to manage increasingly complex forms of PSP (as the transfer of responsibilities and risks to the private partner rises). These dimensions have to do with the sector's financial sustainability (the extent to which the sector can ultimately cover its costs, and the role of pricing), its financing needs, and the public’s perception (in particular, its willingness to pay for service). Additional facilities are needed, including the development of new' water resources (from non-conventional sources) and water treatment plants, but the domestic network is fairly well-developed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Furthermore, there is a lack of streamlined regulatory and governance frameworks between tertiary education institutions (including both VET and higher education), which also creates duplication and inconsistency. Currently, 27% of upper-secondary students enrol in a vocational college, where after five years they can acquire both a vocational diploma and the upper secondary school leaving certificate giving access to university. After several years of professional experience, graduates from technical and agricultural vocational colleges can be granted the title "engineer". The vocational colleges are also accessible for graduates from other upper secondary programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These ‘raw’ rates are averages across recipients and non-recipients, respectively, and do not take account of differences in characteristics between these groups. The magnitude of genuine state dependence in contrast is defined to be the difference between (i) the SA persistence rate were all individuals to have received SA last year, and (ii) the SA entry rate were all individuals not to have received SA last year. To arrive at this difference, persistence and entry probabilities are predicted for each individual using the estimated model and then averaged across all individuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Using REDD+ as an example, if avoiding deforestation in two different forest areas would yield the same carbon benefits, then biodiversity co-benefits would be enhanced if the area prioritised for funding were that with higher biodiversity co-benefits. Identifying areas with both high carbon and high biodiversity benefits can therefore help target finance to locations that can deliver higher total ecosystem services. The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) for example, produced a Carbon and Biodiversity Demonstration Atlas in 2008 and has developed other spatial tools such as Interactive Maps, an Interactive Carbon Calculator, and a Multiple Benefits Toolbox.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Following the 2014 Folkeskole reform and the introduction of a new arrangement for the utilisation of teachers’ working time, teachers are expected to teach more hours. As a result, teachers experience less time for preparation and other tasks. Resources have overall been reprioritised from preparation and other tasks to teaching. This requires an adjustment from teachers to prepare for their lessons and work in another way (e.g. to a higher degree sharing teaching materials) to fulfil other tasks required of them by their school leadership. According to the Folkeskole Act, the school principal is responsible for the school’s quality of teaching as well as the overall administrative and pedagogical management of the school. As a result, the main responsibility for designing, introducing and organising teacher appraisal procedures within the school lies with the school principal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Although 40 per cent of young men or more participate in the labour force in 11 of the 15 countries, fewer than 25 per cent of young women do in any of those 15 countries. In Mauritania, just 2 per cent of young women participate, followed by 9 per cent in Jordan and Iraq. The largest absolute difference between the labour force participation rates among young men and women was reported for the State of Palestine, at 41 percentage points. In Bahrain and Kuwait, the relative difference between rates for men and women is the smallest, the youth labour force participation rate among women there is more than half that of men. In general, most men outside the labour force are students and most women outside the labour force are homemakers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Systems like these are in use in some form within most developed nations for daily operations and especially during crisis situations. Besides building sustainable and resilient infrastructure through better planning and design based on the understanding derived from computational and ML models, the implementation of systems like these within developing nations can help prevent natural events from turning into disasters. It is normal for most developed countries to require contractors to provide a complete set of BIM data for any infrastructure built using public funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Resource mobilisation will include the ability to mobilise the resources (financial, institutional, human and technical) and be well positioned to access, absorb and make use of them effectively. In particular, developing countries face significant challenges in implementing the Biodiversity-related Conventions with the limited resources available. Additional resources need to be mobilised at different scales, from existing sources as well as new and innovative ones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Cependant, le developpement de mecanismes de remuneration a la capitation qui permettent d’avoir moins d’incitations a multiplier les actes et d’encourager les professionnels de sante a s’occuper plus longtemps des patients, tout comme les paiements en fonction des resultats dans les soins primaires doivent etre renforces afin de faire face a la prevalence croissante des maladies chroniques et de reduire la demande induite par 1’offre et les disparites sociales en terme d’acces aux soins. Various measures of life expectancy are among the highest in the OECD, notably for women (Figure 1, Panels A and B). These measures have also shown steady improvement (Blanpain, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In Bangkok, policies to restrain the use of private cars were never implemented (although they were often proposed). In contrast, Tokyo has prevented car dependency with travel demand-management strategies. One of the most stringent is requiring buyers of cars to secure a night-time parking place before they are granted permission to register a car.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
American pacifists first heard of Mohandas Gandhi and his struggles in South Africa and India after World War I. Although they admired his opposition to violence, they were ambivalent about nonviolent resistance as a method of social change. As heirs to the Social Gospel, they feared that boycotts and civil disobedience lacked the spirit of love and goodwill that made social redemption possible. Moreover, American pacifists viewed Gandhi through their own cultural lens, a view that was often distorted by Orientalist ideas about Asia and Asians.2 It was only in the 1930s, when Reinhold Niebuhr and other Christian realists charged that pacifism was impotent in the face of social injustice, that they began to reassess Gandhian nonviolence. By the 1940s, they were using nonviolent direct action to protest racial discrimination and segregation, violations of civil liberties, and the nuclear arms race.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The signing of the NAFTA agreement in 1992, which came into force in 1994, allowed the Toronto region to integrate into a wider and cross-border regional manufacturing system, and stable fiscal and macro-economic policies have sustained its relatively low business costs. Federal immigration policies have encouraged a steady inflow of highly skilled labour into Canada. This has sustained the Toronto region’s economy, which is heavily integrated with the United States, thanks to its proximity to US markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The market for paintings by well-known artists is booming despite widespread concern about art crime and difficulties in establishing provenance. Public law enforcement is imperfect, and court cases often are deemed problematic. So how is the thriving art market governed in practice? We analyze the protocols used by the top auction houses to identify and resolve problems of illicit supply—fakes, forgeries and items with defective legal titles—through the lens of institutional analysis. We uncover a polycentric private governance system in which different actors govern distinct but overlapping issue areas, motivated by profit, prestige, or the search for truth. When the financial stakes rise, opportunistic behavior undermines the credibility of private governance. We argue that as litigious, super-rich investors entered the art market, the interaction between public law and the traditional private governance system restricted the supply of “blue chip” art, driving the escalation of prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
During the second half of the XVIII Century, close to the structural changes generated by the Borbons’ reforming institution, there appeared new social control mechanisms that tried to hold individuals so as to assign them a role within a circle of civil institutions with persuasive, preventive and and/or coercive character. Cordoba del Tucuman jurisdiction, the southernmost of the Empire at that time, was also subjected to the impositions of these mechanisms, implemented by its first Governor, Mayor Rafael de Sobremonte since 1785. This paper will enquire into the characteristics these mechanisms acquired as regards women in Cordoba del Tucuman under the goverment of Mayor Rafael de Sobremonte since 1785.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Those with such access are 195% more likely to report good health than those with limited access. This underscores the importance of one of the key goals related to well-being and health into old age: the ability to access comprehensive health services and the adaptation of services to people’s needs and economic conditions. Also included in the model were place of residence and marital status (non significant).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In Luxembourg, 60% of all spells are longer than 12 months and close to 40% last two years or longer. In Norway, where mean and median spell lengths are shortest, about 2% of all spells last for at least 24 months. The observed spell duration until the end of the observation period will therefore generally be an underestimate of the true spell length.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The New Urban Agenda insists on the necessity for capacity development, described as "a multifaceted approach that addresses the ability of multiple stakeholders and institutions at all levels of governance, and combines individual, societal and institutional capacity to formulate, implement, enhance, manage, monitor and evaluate public policies for sustainable urban development" (United Nations, 2016b). In the context of NUP development, capacity development entails making sure that governments have the means to engage in the development of the policy and to acquire the sufficient human, technical and financial resources to carry out their redefined responsibilities in the NUP process. Two factors of capacity are considered: commitment of resource and policy instruments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Valuable administrative support was provided by Ms. Tatyana Skritskaya, Assistant to the Group on Road Transport, ITF, and Ms. Anna Chahtahtinsky and Ms. Eugenia Klimenka, Assistants within the OECD Eurasia Division. Potential growth of GDP as a result of transport policy measures, from 2015 to 2050 . They are dependent on relatively inexpensive but reliable transport links, among other factors. Freight transport is a derived demand, directly dependent on the trade of commodities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Quilts of Denmark then learned in a scientific journal that NASA had solved this problem and invented a technology called TempraKON®. When Quilts of Denmark contacted NASA, NASA was surprised that a small company from Denmark was interested in their technology and was ready to share its knowledge. However, it had taken Quilts of Denmark two weeks to contact the right person at NASA, so persistence was important. The company Outlast had bought the rights to this technology for use in materials for house insulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Land-embodied technical change is equal to the sectoral exogenous yield shift factors (source). Empirical results indicate that the assumption of uniform technical progress across sectors is generally not realistic. Studies indicate that TFP growth in developed countries is highest in agriculture, followed by manufacturing and services (Dollar and Wolff, 1993 and 1997, Kets and Lejour, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Polish PEFC standards were accredited in 2008. Decisions to opt for FSC or PEFC certification are left up to the RDSFs. Because of their small size, private forests are not subject to certification (Koziol and Matras, 2013). Key regulations on land conversion and tree cutting have been used to protect the forest cover from destruction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A country has an absolute and exclusive sovereignty for its airspace. Sovereign country has right to manage flight routes and its airspace, regarding the fact that airspace is very strategic for its defense and security. Violations of Indonesiaâ€™s airspace sovereignty by either civilian aircraft or state aircraft often occur. The problem discussed is: how are the legal arrangement and law enforcement related to the violations of a countryâ€™s sovereign territory according to international law and Indonesiaâ€™s national law. The research method was normative legal research with statute approach, historical approach, conceptual approach, and comparative approach. The research finding was presented in the form of descriptive analysis. The result concludes that neither international nor national law is strict enough in determining the legal status parameter of an aircraft, whether it is civilian or state aircraft. Such thing can result in a serious conflict related to the regulations for such aircraft.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this article I identify and analyse the legal instruments that allow international courts to contribute to the development of international law. I explain how these contributions are linked to a process that I call autonomisation, and by which I understand that international courts form and sustain an autonomous interpretation of what the law is within their jurisdiction. The aim of this analysis is to be able to identify the legal format that international courts use to respond doctrinally to the overall socio-political context of the legal disputes that it aims at settling through its decisions. It is, I claim, in this cross-field between law and politics that courts unfold a specific form of diplomacy: legal diplomacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The world’s nations annually contribute over $1 trillion to subsidies for agriculture, energy, water and transport. This is 12 times the amount needed to bring official development assistance up to the 0.7 per cent target set in 1966, it is 15 times the amount that was estimated to be necessary if the Millennium Development Goals were to be fully implemented, and it is even 8 times the massive amount that the architects of the Earth Summit calculated would be needed to implement the ambitious Agenda 21. Subsidies to irrigation, for example, lead to massive wastage of scarce water resources, subsidies to coal production and consumption invalidate efforts to move towards cleaner energy, subsidies to fishing fleets lead to the devastation of fish stocks, and subsidies to transport fuel lead to wasteful use of energy in transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A sea level rise of only one metre would inundate half of the rice land in Bangladesh. A one-metre rise in sea level will not happen overnight, but if ice melting continues at today’s rates, at some point such a rise in sea level will no longer be preventable. In 2007, reports from Greenland indicated that the flow of glaciers into the sea had accelerated beyond anything glaciologists had thought possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Thus, low labour force participation and lack of access to employment are an important component of the dominance of the labour market in driving South African inequality. This very low contribution arises because of the low correlation between the rank ordering of transfer income as well as the low Gini coefficient for state transfers. In 1993 and even more so by 2000, state transfers were heavily concentrated in the middle of the distribution as access to a State Old Age Pension or Disability Grant was sufficient to lift most households out of the bottom quintile, while the means tests for these grants excluded households at the upper end of the income distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Their plans seem commercially feasible given the lower cost of satellites and the development of the broadband market. Mobile network operators (MNOs) need scale to compete for 4G licences, invest in mobile network infrastructure and develop services that rival their competitors'. But there may be additional benefits to both BT and EE from synergies in subscriber acquisition costs (SAC) and lower customer churn, as evidence from quadruple play offerings in other European markets shows. On the negative side, however, "inmarket" mergers and acquisitions can be expensive and b'me consuming, and success is uncertain. When network coverage becomes less of a competitive differentiator, operators may need to consolidate networks (through network sharing) as a means of moving away from infrastructure investment and toward developing innovative services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The licence had to specify the volumes of water abstracted, the location of the abstraction and the purpose, together w ith any conditions to protect the rights of existing abstractors and the needs of the environment. Although the act required eveiy licence to be assessed according to its reasonable need and its impact on the aquatic environment, over time the former has changed and the latter is now much better understood. In addition, changing patterns of demand have left many licences under-utilised, with no straight-forward mechanism for trading resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Other fish species have also declined, and the piscivorous Caspian seal may be affected as a result. This instrument includes a section on the conservation of Caspian biodiversity with the general intention to reduce pollution of the Caspian, manage fisheries sustainably, fight poaching (particularly of sturgeon) and develop PAs along the Caspian coast. It is not clear what implementation mechanisms for this part of the action plan have been created since.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The reality is likely a complex combination of the two, combined with a range of possible external factors. The suicide rate in Norway in 2011 was marginally higher that of neighbouring Sweden, and more significantly higher than that of Denmark. Suicide rates in Finland remain higher than in Norway, but have been falling at a far greater rate (see Figure 1.5, Chapter 1). The Norwegian mental health service is aiming to avoid long-term inpatient stays, and has taken some steps to reduce admissions. Referral to inpatient care can be made by GPs, emergency clinics, Community Mental Health Care teams (CMHC teams) or clinical units. The increase in the number of discharges became possible with a significant shortening of the duration of stay, from an average of 110 days in 1998 to 28 days in 2008 (Pedersen, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The first is the Dutch disease phenomenon. According to this phenomenon, the discovery and exploitation of a major natural resource leads to massive inflows of foreign currency and appreciation of the domestic currency. This hampers the competitiveness of traditional sectors and, in many cases, increases the concentration of the economy around the natural resource.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Though safety has improved the coal mining industry continues to be plagued by accidents. Coal mining also consumes large quantities of water and coal washing, while beneficial for reducing S02, contributes to water pollution. Improvements were particularly rapid during the 1990s before being partially reversed in the early 2000s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Additional funding from the United Kingdom towards development research mainly drives this. Other sectors with ICT and technology focus are agriculture, health and the education sector. Overall, financing towards ICTs and technology represent a minor share of total development finance, however, the rapid pace of digitalisation and the increasing focus to use modern technologies and innovative approaches in development co-operation could change this shortly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Although at the global level households headed by men and those headed women are almost equally likely to be multidimensionally poor—29 percent of man-headed households and 28 percent of woman-headed households are multidimensionally poor—there is considerable variation across countries and regions.16 Because the MPI is calculated at the household level rather than at the individual level, complementary research may be needed to clarify the relationship between gender and poverty. An average of 49 percent of the population in 24 countries in conflict for which the MPI is calculated lives in multidimensional poverty, and another 16 percent live in near-poverty. An average of 27 percent of people in these countries live in severe multidimensional poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Since river basin flood hazards are frequently transnational, these efforts need to be re-energized and consolidated into a regional warning mechanism. For this purpose there have already been a number of pilots that can be scaled up and replicated. In the Philippines, for example, with support from Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), a landslide early warning system was successfully set up 2012 in the municipality of Saint Bernard in the province of Southern Leyte.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
With 240,000 overnight stays the C02 emission per overnight stay amounts to 28.5 kg. In total, hotels and restaurants in Greenland account for close to 7,000 tonnes of C02 emissions annually. It has only been possible to find concrete data on energy consumption from hotels and restaurants in Greenland. In Iceland, the centrally supplied electricity and heat is produced using primarily hydro and geothermal power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)