albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This can be accomplished through the development of a more regular and systematic approach to monitoring process dimensions of quality, additional attention to the continuing development needs of its teaching workforce, by strengthening connections between ECEC and the health care system, and by strengthening the diagnosis and support of children with special needs. The infant mortality rate, which provides an overall indication of child health, is relatively low in Lithuania, at 3.3 deaths per 1 000 births in 2015 as compared to 9.8 on average in Europe, and has declined dramatically over the last twenty years, from 12.4 deaths per 1 000 live births in 1995 (WHO, 2016). Child poverty among young children has been declining in Lithuania. While 28% of children under age 6 were at risk of poverty or social exclusion in 2010 (i.e. at risk of deprivation, including low levels of stimulation in-home environments, poor nutrition and health care, and exposure to economic stress), the share had decreased to 19% by 2014, below' the EU-28 average of 26% (Eurostat, 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On 19 December 2011, the UN General Assembly adopted the Third Optional Protocol ('OP') to the Convention on the Rights of the Child ('CROC'), which establishes a system whereby children can bring a complaint alleging that a human right has been violated to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child ('CRC'). Prior to the adoption of this OP, the CRC was the only UN treaty committee without jurisdiction to receive communications alleging violations of a human rights treaty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Raising awareness of the technology’s value-adding characteristics, as well as education about its drawbacks due to inefficient designs (e.g. energy consumption for proof-of-work consensus algorithm used in Bitcoin), are essential and need to be broadly understood by decision makers. This could also result in mitigating blockchain designs with high-carbon footprints by actively engaging with industry consortia and the private sector to develop protocols and network designs that are less energy intensive. Observing a variety of DLT technologies (e.g. hashgraphs and tangles) with differing contribution and adverse effects in the low-carbon transition, it will be of essence to develop a strong understanding of the key differences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
With additional high-speed backhaul infrastructure in place, it should make it cheaper to extend mobile broadband coverage into more rural zones. This in turn should increase demand resulting in lower mobile broadband prices. Integrated report for the year ended 31 December 2016. Figure for Rwanda from RURA. Statistics and Tariff Information in Telecom, Media and Postal Service as of the Fourth Quarter 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The annual budget of approximately EUR 1.5 million is covered by the EM Lyon Foundation, private companies and public funds. Activities include education and teaching (seminars, Masters degree courses and extra-curricular activities), entrepreneurship research and entrepreneurship educational research, and start-up support through provision of infrastructure (business incubator), support programmes, and access to networks. Main partners include alumni, professional networks, the RhOne-Alpes Region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
To maintain the long-term resilience and biodiversity of the forest ecosystem, the ecological benefits of forests are not adequately balanced against commercial and recreation interests to achieve conservation goals, especially those related to clear-cutting patterns and the age limit of harvested species. Still, the formulation of these key documents for the forestry sector mainly involved institutional actors, and professional forestry and academic communities, and lacked active participation of the private sector, local communities and civil society organizations. Also, the consideration of cross-sectoral aspects such as biodiversity conservation and climate change was insufficient and a monitoring system for the Forestry Development Strategic Plan’s implementation is not yet defined. The status of the forestry industry has been at the centre of political debate in recent years, as it is considered rather underdeveloped given the vastness of the resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the Oder Basin, for example, some 500,000 and 150,000 additional people in the Polish and Czech parts, respectively, are expected to be connected to sewage systems between 2005 and 2015. Continuing investment will still be required to increase coverage, and maintain or replace ageing water supply and sanitation infrastructure. The high infrastructure costs of meeting the requirements of the UWWTD place a particular burden on new EU member States, who arc therefore given more time to achieve compliance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Many other examples are emerging around alternative and solidarity economies, food and land, water and energy. Networking and alliance-building provides routes through which the everyday actions and knowledge of women and men around work, industry, land, food, water, energy and climate in diverse places can begin to scale up with appropriate state support. As a core criterion, policies, programmes and investments in the name of sustainable development should be assessed against compliance with human rights standards and their ability to enhance the capabilities of women and girls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The decision of the Government of India to disinvest M/s Bharat Aluminum Company Limited, popularly known as BALCO was challenged by the employees of BALCO , State of Chattisgarh (the state in which BALCO is located) and by some public spirited individuals before various High Court and finally before the Supreme Court. It was challenged that the decision to disinvest BALCO was contrary to the legal and social interests of the employees as well as certain other legal issues were raised by different parties. The present study is to analyse the judgment of the Supreme Court in the instant case with a critical angle and also trace its legal impact with a special focus on the impact it has made upon Administrative law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Recent studies of high growth start-ups in the United States find that only 10-15% of them are founded by women (Brush etal., Looking more specifically at start-up funding, several studies have shown that women are extremely under-represented among venture-backed entrepreneurs in the United States. Gompers and Wang (2017[i2]) find that just 10.7% of US venture-backed founders were women from 2010-2015. 2014(H)) estimate the number to be 15% using data from 2011-2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Twenty-nine donors stated that they provide support for ICT connectivity and e-commerce development, more particularly in the area of ICT infrastructure development and upgrading. Both donors and recipients expect demand for ICT connectivity and e-commerce support to grow. According to data reported to the OECD CRS, a total of US$6.6 billion in concessional financing was disbursed to ICT connectivity from 2006 to 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Abstract The collection, introduced in this first contribution, sets out to analyse the development of politics in the Mediterranean against the background of a paradigmatically changing international environment. It embarks on the hypothesis that September 11 has resulted in a worrying tendency to securitize international terrorism. The concept of securitization legitimizes the fight against a vital threat by recourse to all possible means, including the breaking of existing rules. This is perceived as worrying because it undermines pivotal factors for security-building, such as the rule of international law, respect for human rights and democracy. Empirical research verifies that since September 11, what were already weak processes of democratization in the Mediterranean have been damaged by the irresponsible depreciation of binding rules. However, since Mediterranean politics have always been determined by the interrelations of international, regional and domestic dynamics, these have to be taken into ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Much of the focus of life-skills training has been on the development of protective psychological skills, communication skills and knowledge to avoid risk. The programme was designed to reach unmarried girls between the ages of 12 and 18, with an emphasis on girls who were out of school and working. It involved parents in programme development and teachers to lead the classes. In many countries, UNFPA supports programmes to work with boys, male adolescents and youth on sexuality, family life and life-skills education to question current stereotypes about masculinity, male risk-taking behaviour (especially sexual behaviour) and to promote dieir understanding of and support for women’s rights and gender equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article is an analysis of three journalistic accounts of the leaking of documents from the United States National Security Agency, done by Edward Snowden: a book, a movie, and an interview. The goal is to bring to light some ethical and political dilemmas underlying the case. First, a paradoxical tension between the demand for transparency versus the state’s secrecy and the need of personal secrecy for the right to privacy, which nowadays reflects the publicity versus secrecy dialectic in early modernity. Second, the hack-activist ethic facing the conflicts between anonymity and visibility. Third, the journalists trusted by Snowden confront the dilemma between the obligations of information and the protection of source confidentiality. The Snowden affair is thus an opportunity to learn some lessons about the ethics of communication in the digital age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, this investment in empowering the grid will probably increase future electricity prices in Norway. For example, government and industry together established the non-profit organisation INTPOW in 2009. Ministries of local government and regional development and agriculture contribute to the national RE policy through Innovation Norway (IN), the government’s most important agency for innovation and the development of enterprise and industry. It provides advice, financing, promotional, competence building, and networking services.5 One area where IN is active is in promoting bioenergy for heating.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Tinbergen rule suggests that one instrument per objective is required, and so one instrument will be required per market failure, such as a tax to address an externality and labelling to address information failures (OECD, 2006, Tinbergen, 1952). In addition, as responses to environmental taxes change over time - behaviour change in the short term and changes in investment patterns and innovation in the medium and long term - packages of complementary instruments can facilitate these differentiated responses. Assuming that policies do not overlap, policy packages have the potential to act in a complementary way to achieve environmental goals while limiting compliance-cost uncertainty, enhancing enforcement possibilities and reducing administrative costs (OECD, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The term “geoengineering” is used to refer to a range of techniques for deliberatively intervening in the global climate to counteract global warming. Solar radiation management techniques are a class of geoengineering methods designed to reflect some of the inbound sunlight back into space with the intended effect of arresting further warming of the planet and thus counteracting global warming. Carbon dioxide removal techniques, by contrast, aim to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere through practices which attempt to address the root cause of climate change. The challenges that geoengineering poses for geographical scholarship are discussed, including analysis of the various contributions the latter can play. This includes, inter alia, analysis of geoengineering's distinctive relationship with nature, its challenges for debates on risk governance, its potential implications for contemporary political systems, its conditioning by wider economic relations, and the role for public engagement in deliberating a geoengineered future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 2007, for the first time, it supplied more than 50% of aquatic products used for direct food consumption. With growing demand, it is expected to expand further and in many markets, it will increasingly dominate the supply of aquatic foods. Major losses from disease have caused catastrophic failures and loss of investment confidence, and there are continuing concerns about environmental impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Private Sector Development Policy Handbook, OECD Eurasia Competitiveness Programme, forthcoming. This chapter looks at hoiu supply chains operate in Kazakhstan and the costs that agricultural producers and other participants incur in transactions. The focus is on the three largest sub-sectors of the agro-food system: wheat, dairy and beef.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is the most widely adopted international human rights treaty of the time, and almost all Muslim States are parties to the treaty. This chapter reviews the various reservations entered by Muslim States and distinguishes between those based on Islamic law (Shari‘ah) and those based on domestic laws or national policies of the State concerned. It then examines whether Islamic law is the main obstacle to an effective implementation of the CRC by Muslim States. The observation is made on the basis of the three alleged hard-core problems: Non-discrimination, freedom of religion, and adoption. Special emphasis is placed on the Malaysian experience in the implementation of the Convention. Malaysia does not rely on Islamic law, but instead invokes domestic laws and national policies to enter reservations.  Keywords:CRC, Islamic law, Malaysia, Muslim states
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Evidence suggests that as many as 40 per cent of female adult sex workers report having begun selling sex when they were 16 or younger. Adolescent girls face even greater barriers to negotiating contraceptive and condom use, because often their male partners are much older (UNFPA, 2013). A study by Kelly et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The events of 9/11 appeared to make good on Ulrich Beck's claim that we are now living in a (global) risk society. Examining what it means to ‘govern through risk’, this article departs from Beck's thesis of risk society and its appropriation in security studies. Arguing that the risk society thesis problematically views risk within a macro-sociological narrative of modernity, this article shows, based on a Foucauldian account of governmentality, that governing terrorism through risk involves a permanent adjustment of traditional forms of risk management in light of the double infinity of catastrophic consequences and the incalculability of the risk of terrorism. Deploying the Foucauldian notion of ‘dispositif’, this article explores precautionary risk and risk analysis as conceptual tools that can shed light on the heterogeneous practices that are defined as the ‘war on terror’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It starts by reviewing the current state of low-income families, how they have changed over recent decades and the factors that have driven these changes. It then looks at the influence that policy has had on low-income families and at variations across countries, examining the role of taxes and transfers, institutions, and policies towards families with children. It then looks at three specific issues for poor families: the persistence of poverty, the experience of young people, and migration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
No significant changes were otherwise observed, compared with the previous year. Given the large water volume of the Paatsjoki/Pasvik, the observed high metal concentrations (e.g. copper) indicate continued pollution and accumulation of these elements. According to the same classification, in 2009 the ecological status of Lake Inari was good. The status was revised from excellent because of the impacts of flow regulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Such agencies generally engage in activities such as establishing dialogues and platforms for sustainability, building capacity of companies in-country to address environmental issues, raising awareness of environmental risks and opportunities, and contributing to the strengthening of the enabling environment for green private sector development, often working through civil society organisations and partner governments. Bilateral providers also have established partnership models with the private sector based on the provision of matching grants. Providers also make use of challenge funds to stimulate innovation for cleaner technologies and solutions (Box 2.6). The majority of bilateral DFIs typically function as financially self-sustaining institutions and have a unique mandate supported by a range of financial instruments that allow them to bridge the gap between concessional aid and private commercial financiers (OECD, 2014b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the Environmental Offsets scheme in Australia, the significance of a proposed impact on biodiversity depends upon the “sensitivity, value, and quality of the environment which is impacted, and upon the intensity, duration, magnitude and geographic extent of the impacts.” Qualitative definitions of significance mean that jurisdictions’ guidelines play a central role in determining actual project coverage - mechanisms to promote regulatory consistency, proportionality and transparency are therefore important. The EU guidelines for environmental assessment of projects affecting Natura 2000 sites, for example, use significance indicators, including the percentage of loss of habitat area, the relative change in key indicative chemical for water quality and the timescale for restoration of population densities, to assist in decision making (European Commission, 2001). These regulations include three schedules of listed activities for which either a basic assessment or a scoping and full environmental impact assessment (EIA) must be prepared.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, they also reflect other characteristics that are associated with socio-economic status but that are not measured by the PISA index. For example, at the system level, high socio-economic status is related to greater wealth and higher spending on education. At the school level, higher socio-economic status is associated with a range of characteristics of a community that might be related to student performance, such as a safe environment and the availability of quality educational resources, such as public libraries or museums.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Provided that the ITQ system can continue to be enforced, removing the restrictions on foreign ownership of ITQs should not pose a problem for industry efficiency. Foreign owners of ITQs, like their domestic counterparts, would have an incentive to lobby for TACs to be constrained to a level that maximises rents, and hence the value of the quotas, and to monitor quota enforcement. So long as foreign-based fishing companies are not able to reduce labour costs by replacing Icelandic fishing crews with lower-paid foreign crews, there is no reason to believe that they would have a lower cost structure and, therefore, systematically be prepared to pay more for Icelandic companies to acquire their ITQs than domestic investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The aging population (65 years and above), on the other hand, steadily increased from 3.50% of the total population in 1970 to 5.00% in 2000, expected to rise to an estimated 6.3% in 2020. This factor, coupled with the trend of declining numbers of children in the 0-14 group, signals the importance of attracting migrants from the rest of Malaysia. In 2001-02, the net migration was 8 400 declining further to 4 300 in 2002-03.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The 2030 Water Agenda is a new element in Mexico’s national water planning system. It sits between the water policy (established in the National Water Law) and the water programmes (approved by every new presidential administration every six years) (CONAGUA, 2011b). The 2030 Water Agenda includes several features of a strategic financial planning exercise. First, as indicated above, it provides estimates of the financial cost of achieving its four strategic goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Directions for public policy are articulated around the following three main goals: i) to promote social inclusion, ii) to facilitate social mobility, and Hi) to strengthen social capital. In the context of continuing structural transformation and rapid economic growth, equitable distribution of income gains across different population groups represents a challenge in Viet Nam. Social inclusion as defined in this review refers to the provision of certain rights to all individuals and groups in society, such as decent work, education and training, health care or adequate housing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Stigler was alluding precisely to the link, which is crucial for economists, indicated above. The resource scarcity indicators concerning fossil fuels may also attest to the potential benefits of more nuclear power. Yet transparency (reliability) and data availability (in the case of resources-to-production ratio) are moderate. High price risk regarding fossil fuels and carbon might emphasise the role of nuclear power in certain portfolios of generating assets to the extent that nuclear mitigates the volatility of the average generating cost for the whole portfolio.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Police body camera programs have the potential to strengthen accountability for police violence, improve oversight of police-citizen interactions, and enhance public trust in law enforcement. Yet, these same cameras could also evolve into surveillance and evidence collection devices that may infringe on constitutional privacy rights. This chapter considers constitutional privacy constraints on police body camera recordings inside of the home, a space that has traditionally received heightened privacy protections. I find that the way judges analogized early police video recordings to prior technologies—specifically to still photographs, to audio recordings, and to the human eye—biased courts against applying robust constitutional privacy protections to police video recordings. By suggesting that today’s body cameras are instead better understood as part of a technological continuum of wearable and indiscriminate sensor-data collection devices, I seek to open a new doctrinal space to consider the constitutional privacy consequences of body camera programs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the poorest group, the differences between aspirations of expectations claimed by individuals with different levels of perceived exclusion are small. An alternative explanation is that the gap between aspirations of expectations could be revealed by using a circumstantial indicator, which is consistent with the distinction proposed earlier between the normative and cognitive components of expectations. Thus, given suitable opportunities, the most underprivileged should change their expectations and act accordingly. These figures are not comparable with those of previous years because of a change sd in the household survey. Similarly, figures for 2001 refer to the fourth quarter, whereas those the 2005 to 2007 relate to the entire year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)