albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The drop of children per woman was strongest for childless women (i.e. first births) than for women who already had at least one child (subsequent births) (Lanzieri, 2013, Goldstein et al., Clearly, countries have performed differently as important determinants of fertility such as family policies, unemployment and job security vary greatly across countries (Goldstein etal., We use round 3, namely 2006-2007, as our benchmark pre-crisis (i.e. the base year), unfortunately, countries for which no data for round 3 was available had to be dropped (such as Greece, Iceland and Italy).21 As these are some of the most affected countries we can hypothesize that the impact is underestimated. The indicators reviewed in this section provide a subjective assessment or perception of their personal situation as well as the society they live in. As discussed in Bradshaw etal. ( Happiness captures how respondents feel (emotionally) about their life, whereas life satisfaction provides a more cognitive assessment of life (Eurofound, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Among the eight remaining countries - Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Slovakia and Switzerland -there have not been any significant changes in the multidimensional child poverty rate between 2013 and 2014, except (marginally) in Bulgaria and Portugal (Figure 10). Assuming that there were no real changes in multidimensional child poverty between 2013 and 2014 in these countries, this suggests that the multidimensional poverty measure is robust to changes in the underlying sample of children. However, another two countries saw significant increases in the multidimensional child poverty rate: Iceland and Italy. ( So did the United Kingdom, but the trend may be driven by the break in the series due to changes in data collection methods.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A “demographic check” system should monitor and anticipate changes from lowering fertility rates, increasing ageing of population, increasing youth unemployment, and the complexity of urban-rural shrinkage. Some Asian countries are fast becoming an elderly society. Japan, for example, will top 25% of the population aged sixty-five or over by 2015. In light of this rapid demographic change new opportunities emerge in the areas of the so called “silver economy” where new technologies, products and services are being designed for and, sometimes by, the senior population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Currently there are 11 concessions altogether, nine community and two private (see table VII.7 and map VII.l). Although it was impossible to obtain qualitative and quantitative information on each of the concessions, it is known that about 900 people work in them either permanently or temporarily, and roughly 8.5% of these are women. Factors that have contributed to this include the associativity promoted by the Peten Forestry Communities Association (ACOFOP), international certification and the opening up of markets, the identification and gradual development of complementary productive alternatives —chiefly nature- and culture-tourism and the management of non-timber resources— and, clearly, the rise in income levels among the participants, which leads directly to an improvement in their living standards (Galvez, 2012). The organizational and business management capacity of the community concessions, their positioning and competitiveness in markets, and the diversification of the production of timber resources are issues that require further attention for this model to function optimally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article explores some of the constraints in fashioning a British planning practice which supports a particular kind of multicultural society. Its argument is that juridical principles enshrined in statute and legal practices can be congruent with, or contradictory to, public policy initiatives supporting multiculturalism, and that this is especially significant in regulatory practices, such as the British planning system, where juridical influence is, historically, strong. The article examines various juridical conceptions of difference and equality and their policy implications. An examination of a specific initiative to recognize cultural diversity follows. This concludes that juridical principles influential in British planning are inconsistent with the initiative, and a failure to address this issue in political and professional arenas has undermined its efficacy. Nevertheless, some progress may be possible, as discussed in the article's concluding sections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Therefore, in many cases it is desirable that a third-party ensures the independence of the assessment and its results. It can help to map out the different views held by different stakeholders at the start of a process and identify potential challenges that the process may face (e.g. divergent perspectives regarding flood defence measures between land planners, property owners and government authorities or regarding water resource allocation betw'een farmers, industries and environmentalists). Water governance systems are dynamic, and therefore engagement initiatives need to remain adaptive enough to cope with unforeseen circumstances and changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Environment and Natural Resources Management Department was the National Focal Point for the CBD until 2011, the change of focal point is mostly attributed to internal organization of work rather than to specific functions of the Climate Change and International Relations Department on biodiversity matters. Several other departments of the Ministry are involved in implementation of the CBD. The Protected Areas Management Department is the Focal Point for the Programme of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA) and the Department of Botany of the National University of Mongolia is the Focal Point for the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. Occasionally delegations have been larger, namely, including representatives of NGOs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In contrast, North America, with 25 percent of events, experienced 7 percent of fatalities/ Similarly, the solutions employed to address climate change, whether technology-based or not, have differing impacts for different groups of people. Social issues cannot be disassociated from their ecological context and environmental repercussions. The chapter thus explores the role and scope of eco-social policies in addressing climate change and other forms of large-scale environmental degradation in conjunction with social justice issues, drawing on different country and city examples from the Global North and the Global South.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Municipal Development Plan and the Calgary Transportation Plan both aim to build high-density complete communities linked by good transit (City of Calgary, 2014). Further improvement of public transport by innovative policy tools could be considered, including community buses or small and shared vehicles operated by the local community to respond to demand for shorter trips. Those demands cannot always be served by conventional public transport systems, but use of the most up-to-date technology could provide a solution in the future. Affordable housing in an accessible environment has been a major policy objective for many cities over the long term. The suggested approach by type of city is almost applicable to all types of cities, however, some key messages that each type of city could bear in mind of relatively high importance compared to other types are as follows: Types II (young cities, ageing rapidly) and III (young cities, ageing slowly) cities are encouraged to learn from the experiences of Type I cities how to integrate policies for affordable housing policies in an accessible environment with other policy strategies, such as urban redevelopment and public transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Job Card (which may be seen as a counselling tool) and the Japanese Dual System (which in the case of commission-type training provides one month of relevant work experience after three months in public vocational training) do not represent a radical break from the past structure of public vocational training measures. However, these measures, along with the introduction of “life security” benefits for participants without an El entitlement, seem designed to reverse the earlier decline in training participation, which is a welcome change. Older-worker policies are mainly focused on those aged 60-64, with a policy objective of increasing actual ages of retirement to at least the minimum age for a public pension, which is being progressively increased to reach age 65 in 2013. However, MHLW seems unwilling or unable to enforce further increases in the mandatory retirement age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Mexico, however, still has the lowest percentage of top performers in mathematics in 2009 among OECD countries and the third lowest percentage among the 39 participating countries with comparable data (after Indonesia with 0.1 % and Tunisia with 0.3%) (PISA Results 2009 Volume V,TableV.3.2). Similarly, of the Canadian students who performed below Level 2 in 2000, over 60% had not gone on to any post-school education by the age of 21, by contrast, more than half of the students (55%) who had performed at Level 2 as their highest level were at college or university.' Students proficient at Level 2 in mathematics can employ basic algorithms, formulae, procedures or conventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
United Nations, 2015p3ij) However, three years after the conference in Addis Ababa, the 2018 monitoring report from the Inter-agency Task Force on Financing for Development highlighted the lack of information on countries that have adopted policy frameworks for national STI strategies and how these fit into their broader development strategies. The report also underscored the importance of measuring international support towards the development of STI policy frameworks and requested further work to measure the percentage of ODA to support STI (Inter-Agency Task Force on Financing for Development, 2018 [32]). Through the G20 Development Working Group (DWG), Japan has advanced Guiding Principles for the Development of STI for SDGs Roadmaps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Measures adopted by many of the region’s governments show that the State has played an active part in mitigating the effects of the crisis (see chapter III). That role depends, however, on what resources it can mobilize, its institutional strength and the level of coordination among the measures taken in response to the crisis and between those measures and longer-term sectoral programmes. It will analyse the impact of the various cash transfers recorded by household surveys on the redistribution of primary household income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This paper argues that successful public policy requires       engaged research developing ideas and evidence from diverse vantage       points. Pakistan’s social science research remains fragmented,       under-resourced and dependent on external agendas. We describe a       five-year pilot programme to enhance Pakistan’s research culture.       Seventy-two crowd-sourced and competitively-selected projects at 46       geographically dispersed institutions were supported. Provincial       universities were empowered and networking with the better-placed       metropolitan institutions proved mutually beneficial to scholarship.       Substantial research outputs were completed in important areas of       policy. We conclude that such multi-year commitments to review and       network engagement are vital to strengthening policy capacity. Keywords:       Pakistan, Research Community, Social Sciences, Networking, Competitive       Grants
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Considering recent examples and participatory consultations, a core subset of dimensions is likely to include living standards, services, health, education, and the lived environment. It is desirable that the national MPI includes the dimensions of living standards, services, health, education, work and the lived environment. If national priorities are met (these have priority), and if in time, harmonized data are available, then for low marginal costs, both national and comparative measures can be built for UNECE countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Nonetheless, the rural population has declined faster than the number of people living in poverty in rural areas (see figure II.12).This implies a greater "ruralization" of poverty, as measured by an index similar to that used to analyse gender differences. This index rose from 1.59 to 1.89 between 2002 and 2016, indicating that poverty as a whole has become relatively more prevalent in rural areas. In contrast, extreme poverty has become less "ruralized',' as the index fell from 3.42 in 2002 to 3.14 in 2016, although its level of ruralization is still much higher than that of general poverty).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
But the very fact that they work for households limits enforcement. The examples above illustrate other drivers, in particular the role of the state in providing care services and in regulating market or community provision. As in the case of rich countries, lack of state regulation drives fees up and care workers’ wages down, thereby excluding the poor. Sometimes, the appearance of intermediaries, like employment agencies for domestic workers, also drives prices up without improving working conditions.100 A “high road” 101 to care provision is one that does not exploit care workers in order to keep care services going, and provides quality care—two sides of the same coin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nonetheless, in many parts of the world, distant migrants have played a positive role in development at home in one way or another. Not surprisingly, many resented this - they had, after all, often acquired new knowledge, experience and some wisdom - and consequently dropped out of the system to develop a business or simply retire. Again, this constitutes brain waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Like BLKs, AKs can provide second chance opportunities to secondary education graduates, mostly SMK graduates, who did not progress into polytechnics or universities. These latter two formal VET providers were not reviewed by the review team. This section limits its discussion to the provision of formal vocational education and training as provided by schools under the Ministry of Religious Affairs (MORA)2 and the MOEC. Non-formal vocational education is the responsibility of the Directorate General of Early Childhood Education, Non-Formal Education and Informal Education, also within the MOEC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The OECD Workshop on Advancing the Aquaculture Agenda, held in April 2010, underscored the importance of ensuring a solid governance system for the sector with a view to ensuring future growth. One evident example is in integrated farming,b but more important is their impact on ecosystems, markets, products and prices, as well as on innovations and technology. Competition between the fishery and agriculture sector may arise for water and land resources, especially for irrigated agriculture, as well as on the availability and relative efficiency on the use of feeds between terrestrial animals and farmed fish. Fishmeal and fish oil obtained from capture fisheries and from fisheries by-products are used as feed in aquaculture as well as in the feed rations of pigs, poultry, ruminants and pets. With the expansion of aquaculture, supplies of fishmeal have been largely directed to this sector, as major constituents of aquatic carnivorous/omnivorous species feeds, diverting away from livestock, which now mainly use fish meal in starter and breeder diets for poultry and pigs. It is estimated that in 2007 aquaculture consumed about 68% of world fishmeal and 81% of world fish oil supplies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Many of the region’s motor vehicles are used in cities, with increasing use accompanying urban population growth. Including both two- and four- wheeled motor vehicles, there are 10.7 million registered vehicles in Delhi, 9.7 million registered vehicles in Bangkok and 5.4 million registered vehicles in Chennai. Around the world, rising incomes are associated with increasing ownership of motor vehicles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
An interim assessment of progress in implementing these targets and other Plan objectives will be made at the end of 2013 before a full assessment at the end of 2015. For the future, plants will not be approved unless they meet Generation 3 safety standards which notably require passive cooling equipment. This will have a major impact on the nuclear programme as 14 of the 25 planned plants were only compliant with Generation 2 safety standards. Moreover, plants will only be built at coastal locations, meaning that work on 12 planned reactors will cease.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the case of the EU-ACP SPA/SFA banana measures, while regions such as the Windward Islands struggled with a declining banana sector, other producers - such as C6te d'Ivoire, Cameroon and Belize - were more successful in using EU resources to adjust to changing trade conditions, improve competitiveness and increase market share. The adjustment funds in these countries were more effectively mobilised by, inter alia, more closely involving larger-scale industry players in the process of restructuring, particularly through cofinancing arrangements that ensured that private agents had a direct financial stake in aid projects, and by relying on competitiveness and expansion plans drafted by firms rather than external consultants (Goodison 2007). These specific positive examples of adjustment funding should be highlighted in AfT policy debates, rather than the more general and pessimistic overview that currently dominates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Scope for the local selection of appraisal aspects and criteria in line with central/state guidance that emphasise the importance of pedagogical leadership and/or the collaborative setting of objectives at a local level may help make appraisal manageable and relevant for local contexts. It may allow evaluators and school leaders to focus on priority areas relevant to a particular school and the leadership required in that context and analyse these in greater depth. However, considering the frequent combination of appraisal’s functions for accountability and development, it is essential that policies ensure that the necessary selection of appraisal aspects and criteria reflects these purposes and individual as well as school needs (e.g. through the mandatory use of a range of reference standards and documents, such as individual job descriptions and school development plans). Therefore, it is also important that school leaders benefit from ongoing support to develop pedagogical leadership skills through high-quality, targeted and relevant professional development opportunities before being held accountable for pedagogical leadership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The extent to which super-grids will be developed, remains, however, uncertain (see the barriers for investment in transmission capacity that are discussed earlier in this report). However, to which extent the system will actually evolve this way is difficult to predict. Smart grids have many features and may serve various purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Today women are a central force in this movement. Women's participation and representation has increased, they have taken up positions of leadership and significant strides have been made to achieve parity in women's representation in decision-making bodies. In its Latin American section, for example, parity was established in 1997. Women's specific concerns have also gained greater visibility on the movement's agenda. When Via Campesina developed its political position on food sovereignty in the late 1990s, for example, women argued that because women are primarily responsible for the well-being of their families, food sovereignty must include a drastic reduction in the use of health-endangering agrochemicals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Cohort effects indicate a decline in alcohol volume from the 1940s to the 1970s birth cohort groups and a steep increase in younger cohorts. Moreover, cohorts born after 1980 were found to drink more often to intoxication than older cohorts. Likewise, age-period-cohort effects were studied on US and Finnish data. There is, here as well, some evidence for a positive cohort effect in the younger cohorts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The explanation for the emergence of the idea seemed to be both the rejection of the dominant economic paradigm, with its crises and market failures in the opening decade of the new millennium, and the positive possibilities of ‘a new economic paradigm - one in which material wealth is not delivered perforce at the expense of growing environmental risks, ecological scarcities and social disparities’ (ibid, 14). At Rio+20 in 2012, the concept took centre stage as both a reaffirmation of the commitment to sustainable development and a step forward to build resilience in a world of economic uncertainties and accelerating climate change. In addition, commentary is provided on efforts to join-up planning decisions across environment, finance, planning, trade and other ministries and departments, and on institutional and human resources and efforts which have been made to strengthen capacities and to identify emerging needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In 2014, the daily volume of electricity production throughout the country was around 49.8 million kWh, including more than 8.6 million kWh of exports to Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan. Afghanistan receives more than 6.9 million kWh of electricity daily, and Kyrgyzstan around 1.7 million kWh. Tajikistan reportedly supplies electricity to Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan only during the spring-summer period (table 11.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
One possible reason could be that Canada’s development co-operation strategy includes measures to design programmes specifically aimed at reducing gender equality gaps. This approach helps planners to introduce these objectives into policy dialogue and to include them in the design phase of programmes. The gender marker (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For Brazil, this study has used the iidigence lines estimated by the BraziBan Geographical and Statistical Institute (IBGE), the Brazilian Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) and ECLAC as a joint effort in the late 1990s. For Colombia, the thresholds proposed by the Colombian Mission for the Linkage of Employment, Poverty and Inequality Series (MESEP) were used. For Peru, indigence and poverty liies were estimated by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Still, it is possible that we are not picking up the impact on children in countries that went into recession recently, such as Portugal. In addition, the full impact on children will be felt over many years, and may in fact permanently affect their labour market experience - obviously this analysis only looks at immediate responses. Finally, there is a high degree of heterogeneity in policy responses, not only between countries but also over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)