albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The informal economy is a system in which the informal income of some is the informal expenditure of others. Institutionalising an informal activity reduces its already weak competitiveness in relation to imports, and/or lowers its employment level, even though labour is the abundant factor. Yet this does not mean that the public authorities should neglect this economy. Nwaka (2005) argues that "what is needed is not less government, less control, or mindless deregulation of economic and planning activities, but rather a more enlightened, more participatory, and more equitable form of state intervention that eliminates needless restrictions, and provides a more appropriate and flexible regulatory framework that is compatible with local conditions and yet reasonably efficient and environmentally sustainable". These activities need to pool resources and costs and require, more than large-scale enterprises, an appropriate physical setting or support from external savings provided by the local or national community. The practice of "participatory budgeting" is one example of this kind of management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Water and wastewater fees were increased in 2007. Rates for households were set at 0.14 to 0.18 (in larger cities) manat/m3 for households and 0.70 manat/ m3 for the remaining consumers, and 1.2 manat/m3 for consumers who use water as a raw material. Reportedly, in 2009 all companies and industries connected to the grid had meters, w'hile slightly over 50 per cent of the households connected had meters. In this way, the rate of fee collection from consumers increased in larger cities from 63.1 percent in 2006 to 71.7 percent in 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While Israel and Singapore did not quantify the finance provided, Korea reported providing USD 186.24 million of climate finance in 2013. Separately, in the CRS database, Korea has reported providing USD 224 million, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) USD 257 million, in climaterelevant ODA in 2014. Several developing countries have also provided or pledged multilateral support via contributions to the GCF and the GEF.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This paper analyses international experience with regard to protection of labour migrants’ rights and the relevant lessons from this experience for Kyrgyzstan. We look at seven dimensions that help determine outcomes for migrants: how other migrant-sending countries organise migration policy management, institutions developed by other countries to support labour migrants, protection of migrants from abuse by recruiters and employers, accountability of law enforcement and policies to reduce discrimination and abuse of migrant workers, policies that facilitate pension portability for migrants and their access to health care and other social services, the ways other countries mobilise resources from the diaspora for local economic development, and the modes of international cooperation in the areas of migration and human rights. Based on lessons from these dimensions, we develop policy recommendations for Kyrgyzstan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The volume of annual cutting in Turkmenistan is not higher than 5,000-10,000 m3 of wood, and illegal logging is estimated at less than 10 per cent of that volume. These figures do not included fuelwood. On the basis of analysis of the wood products trade, Turkmenistan has practically no domestic wood industry, and is thus totally dependent on imports of wood-based products. In 1989, 15,981 animal skins were harvested, but skins have not been harvested since 1990.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The greatest reduction was estimated for East Asia and Pacific5 - the only region consistently on track to meet the MDG target of halving the 1990 poverty rates by 2015 - where the number of people living on less than $1.25 a day decreased during this period by almost 0.6 billion while the poverty rate fell from 55 per cent to 17 per cent. Much of the decline was contributed by China. At the other extreme, sub-Saharan Africa lagged behind the other regions in poverty reduction: the poverty rate decreased by only 7 percentage points, from 58 per cent in 1990 to 51 per cent in 2005, while the number of poor increased by 91 million due to population increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
By virtue of their independence, they can be shielded from occasional political interference in operational decisions and may be better able to maintain the long-term outlook. Independent agencies can also help overcome problems arising from ministerial compartmentalisation and seek synergies across issues that span portfolio boundaries. It is the most visible outcome of Croatia’s first comprehensive research and innovation policy programme, the National Scientific and Research Programme 1996-98 and it was the first operationally independent agency to be entrusted with the implementation of research and innovation policy. At its inception its mission and approach to the support of industry were influenced by collaboration w'ith the Business Innovation Centre Friuli-Venezia Giulia in Italy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Recent surueys of adult skills and educational performance suggest that younger cohorts are doing less well than their predecessors. Many immigrants struggle both in school and in the labour market partly because of low skills and language difficulties. Educational outcomes could be improved through raising the attractiveness of the teacher profession, improving teacher education and increasing support for struggling students. A more flexible labour market would facilitate access to jobs for youth with low qualifications and immigrants. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To a significant degree, today's investment decisions determine the nature of our infrastructure well into the future and will therefore have to be assessed on their lifetime climate impact. They can also play a critical role in closing the infrastructure investment gap which is significant even to reach business-as-usual development objectives.5 Around USD 6 trillion per year will be needed for infrastructure to achieve global growth expectations compared to current annual investment of around USDi.ytrillion. Driving sustainable development through better infrastructure: key elements of a transformation program. Ensuring new infrastructure is climate-smart.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Labour market perspectives are positive compared to most OECD countries: unemployment rates are among the lowest across OECD and the proportion of 15-29 year-olds who are neither employed nor in education or training (NEET) is below average. In recent years, school leaders have benefited from increasing autonomy and their use of instructional leadership approaches is above the OECD average, according to school principals' reports in PISA 2012. Teacher training takes between 5.5 and 6.5 years, and the teaching workforce is ageing. Teachers’ salaries are among the highest across OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Young people between 15 and 24 years of age are more likely to be among the working poor: 16 per cent of employed young people were living in poverty in 2015, compared with 9 per cent of working adults. A total of 20 per cent of people received social assistance or social protection benefits in low-income countries, compared with 67 per cent in upper-middle-income countries. By 2013, poverty rates, using the income measure of $1.90/day, in Africa (excluding North Africa) had been reduced by at least 15 per cent, from the 1990 rate of 56.9 per cent to 41 per cent (World Bank, 2016b), with the fastest reductions occurring between 2002 and 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
With its overriding emphasis on accountability, testing, sanctions, rewards, and public school choice, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) raises both the hopes and fears of educators concerned with the impact of the legislation on minority groups, on multicultural curricula, and on equity issues within public education. Drawing on evidence from state-level systemic-based accountability initiatives, coupled with a detailed analysis of the legislation itself, this article assesses the potential positive and negative effects of NCLB on diversity, multiculturalism, and equity issues in schooling. After examining the strengths and weaknesses of the legislation, this article concludes that the promise of NCLB to enhance equity and opportunity by reducing the achievement gap will likely remain unfulfilled due to insufficient funding and an overly simplistic definition of the achievement gap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Linked to this is the question of governance and how policy-makers and managers deal with competing interest groups and effect policy change in the face of varying positions. While it was recognized that many fisheries management tools that incorporate uncertainty exists, they may not be effectively applied due to implementation challenges associated with political, social, economic and financial factors. For example, there have been major changes in composition of the New Zealand charter fleet in recent times and major decreases in mid-water landings of a number of species. As fish stocks move and distribution and abundance change, there will be significant issues with respect to access and allocation between affected States and their commercial stakeholders, possibly resulting in situations where national and local community interests may clash.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This reduces the incentive for electricity producers to minimise costs, penalises more efficient generators and, ultimately, firms and households. As a first step forward wholesale prices need to better reflect costs to restore the financial health of generators and ensure adequate investment in capacity. At the same time the government should fully liberalise the market for thermal coal. It should then experiment with separating transmission from distribution in some segments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article presents analyze the involvement of public agencies together with Municipal Social Technology projects. For both a descriptive research with quantitative approach was conducted with a sample of 146 projects of Social Technology, through documentary analysis. It is evident that, over the editions of Social Technology Award was a considerable increase in the number of projects with involvement of Municipal Public Agencies , however , it is still a small number, a potential still little explored , only 25 projects which appear as responsible bidder or a Municipal Public Authority were identified. Among the results can be noted that ally's concern with education, the need for income generation, environment and health are the issues that most attracted the attention of local public agencies with Social Technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, children from poor households, who are more likely to be exposed to such diseases as pneumonia and malaria, are less likely to receive proper medical attention than children from better-off households (Victoria and others, 2003). At the global level, the net relative mortality risk of a child from the richest quin-tileis 81 per cent that for a child from the poorest quintile (figure 7). As observed before for the whole age range of 0-4 years (0-59 months), the net relative risk of infant mortality diminishes steadily with the level of household wealth. The relative mortality risks are 96 per cent for infants from the middle quintile and 94 per cent for infants from the rich quintile, compared to children from the poorest quintile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, a cap on water use was introduced in 1995 to limit further extraction of water from the MDB at 1993-94 levels. The cap did not limit development, it prevented increases in water use, requiring water efficiency measures to be the main driver of productivity gains. This was the first essential step in introducing water markets into the MDB by imposing a level of scarcity on the water user’s right.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Their knowledge is vital in order to develop, adopt and implement adequate local, national and international policies to arrest the current unprecedented decline in biodiversity and ecosystem services. The study performed by NAPTEK, linked to this introductory scoping study for the Nordic Assessment of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, had the task of assessing how to include both indigenous and local knowledge and citizen science in the potential Nordic Assessment. The classical definition of traditional ecological knowledge by FikretBerkes (Berkes, 1993) is also a possible definition of indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) in a Nordic context: "a cumulative body of knowledge, practice and beliefs, evolving by adaptive processes and handed down through generations by cultural transmission, about the relationship of living beings (including humans) with one another and with their environment" (Tunon etai, 2015). The California Academy of Sciences offers the following definition: "Citizen science is a global movement through which scientists and non-scientists alike make observations, collect data, and help answer some of our planet's most pressing questions."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Trends in these variables between 2003 and 2012 are examined when comparable data is available, and case studies, examining the policy reforms adopted by countries that have improved in PISA, are highlighted throughout the volume. It provides the rationale for assessing problem-solving skills and describes performance within and across countries. In addition, the volume highlights the relative strengths and weaknesses of each school system and examines how they are related to individual student characteristics, such as gender, immigrant background and socio-economic status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Forests are unevenly distributed: the ten most forest-rich countries account for two-thirds of the world’s forest area. Forests are increasingly protected, the area of protected forests has increased by 94 million ha since 1990, and two-thirds of this increase has happened since 2000. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity study has indicated that the aggregate loss of biodiversity and ecosystem service benefits associated with the global loss of forests is between USD 2 trillion and USD 5 trillion per year. For countries in which longer-term trends are available, intensity of forest resource use does not generally show an increase and has even decreased in most countries since the 1950s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There are thousands of successful experiences of localized enhanced pest and weed management, water efficiency and biodiversity, including stories of highly successful innovation in the most challenging circumstances characterized by a poor natural resource base and widespread poverty (World Bank, 2007a, 2008c, Thapa and Broomhead, 2010, Spielman and Pandya-Lorch, 2009, Africare, Oxfam America and WWF-ICRISAT Project, 2010, Pretty and others, 2006). While indigenous female workers have experience in the management of biodiversity and traditional knowledge for sustainable agriculture, poor access to land, inputs and credit has often prevented the expansion of that successful experience (World Bank, 2009). The integrated pest management (IPM) approach, proliferating Farm Field Schools and the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) are good examples of creative innovation that achieved large-scale impacts through highly effective collaboration among multiple stakeholders (see box III.l). The projects evaluated encompassed 3 per cent of cultivated area in developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For example, concessions to private operators have been crucial for the tourism development of Foz do Iguagu National Park. It has allowed the building of tourism infrastructure such as parking places, a visitor centre, inner-park transport and provision of food and beverage service and leisure and adventure activities. Concessions of this kind have also been used in other major parks, such as Tijuca and Fernando de Noronha, and new concessions are planned in coming years (ICMBio, 2012b). All protected area categories but two are open to visitors, but many areas receive none or very few (some areas receive visitors but do not register or track visitation).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Problems of access faced by women in the credit market are likely to be exacerbated by the tightening of banks’ credit conditions. Public interventions to strengthen banks’ balance sheets and extend credit guarantees have generally lead to improvements in the financing prospects of small and medium-sized enterprises, where female ownership is more widespread. However, data monitoring the financing of enterprises in Europe show that, at the end of 2010, access to finance was the most pressing problem for more than 16% of female-owned enterprises, and rejection rates were significantly higher for women (4.3%) than for men (2.3%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Sections that are relevant from a transboundary perspective are covered in separate chapters in the Inventory (see Chap. This makes it difficult to determine their hydraulic relationship and/or delineate their geographical extent across political boundaries. Where applicable, more detailed information is provided on individual, smaller groundwater basins.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In particular, the monitoring component of national systems for adaptation monitoring and evaluation could provide information on the development and implementation of specific adaptation responses, which could be included in countries’ adaptation communications. Further, the resources invested in developing and implementing such processes could be reported in countries’ biennial update reports (for resource needs) or biennial reports (for resources provided). Provided Parties monitor and evaluate their adaptation actions at the national level, and reflect this in information they communicate to the UNFCCC on adaptation, this could help support learning and increase accountability among Parties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Recently, Yakushko, Davidson, and Williams (Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 46:180–192, 2009) attempted to parse psychologists’ difficulty in making headway in addressing intersectionality. They pointed to such obstacles as multicultural practice guidelines that pertain to discrete identity groups (e.g., such as racial–ethnic groups or LGBTQ individuals) and multicultural scholarship that often examines a single identity in isolation. With regard to the lingering separation between multiculturalism and feminism, they cited three divisive issues identified by Williams and Barber (Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 32:390–401, 2004): “(a) the difficulty in giving up either gender or racial privilege, (b) internal strife within both multiculturalism and feminism, and (c) the shared marginalization of feminist and multicultural approaches within traditional psychology” (Yashuko et al., 2009, p. 181).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Informal entrepreneurship data is also collected in five year intervals for manufacturing and services (108 million employed in 2010, of which 35 million in manufacturing). Another source for employment data is the IHDS five yearly household survey, but the latest publicly available data is from 2005. The unorganised sector consists of all incorporated private enterprises owned by individuals or households engaged in the sale and production of goods and services operated on a proprietary or partnership basis and with less than ten workers (or twenty if not using electricity).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As for internal migration, 2010 census round data for some countries suggest that internal migrants no longer account for such a significant share and the trend is towards convergence with the non-migrant population. The association between international migrants and domestic employment is much stronger and more persistent. A large portion of them engage in domestic woik in their destination countiy, where they fined real opportunities for economic integration. There is a high degree of labour segregation by gender and by countiy of origin, however.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This paper undertakes a content analysis of the discourse on the Open Method of Coordination on health care (OMC/HC) in order to show how equity and solidarity are increasingly linked to optimisation and, as such, how neoliberalism increasingly frames health care. Some of the side-effects of this reframing for politics are highlighted: legitimating and extending European Union governance, reducing the space for oppositional formations and limited citizenship. The analysis begins by interrogating the broader context of the Lisbon Strategy II, after which the techniques of the OMC/HC and its substantive outputs are analysed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
External monitoring practices include inspections, which are used by all jurisdictions, and parental surveys, which are used by half of all jurisdictions. Self-evaluations are implemented by three-quarters of the jurisdictions. The instruments and focus of monitoring service quality differ by practice, although observations and surveys are often used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Delaying or neglecting to systematically integrate climate change into water management policies, planning and practice can threaten water security and make its achievement more costly over time. To address this gap, the OECD Secretariat undertook a survey of policies for water and climate change adaptation across all 34 member countries and the European Commission. The results provide an overview of general trends and lessons learned, sketching a broad picture adaptation in practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Most of the reputed institutions working on lighting see no scope anywhere except in LEDs." In it, scientists measure and compare the metal content of three bulbs — incandescent, CFL and LED — categorising the former as non-hazardous and the latter two as hazardous. Some of these metals are only available in limited and fast-depleting reserves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Such changes have several implications for regional trading partners. Analysis using the OECD-WTO Trade in Value Added database reveals that for every $10 the region exports to China, $8 is the domestic value-added component (the rest are foreign inputs), of which $6 caters to Chinese final demand (the rest are re-exported to third markets) (figure 1.9). Nevertheless, China is now on par with the United States as a source of final demand for several countries, especially in South-East Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
We see that Sub-Saharan Africa continues to hang behind the other regions. Lastly, a large difference continues to exist between the various regions of the world. This observation coincides closely with the findings of Casterline et al. ( At the same time marriage ages themselves are sensitive to economic developments and therefore fluctuate over time. The greatest progress in closing the gap was made in the MENA region, although the countries of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have also shown remarkable progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)