albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It is not a measure of overall inequality in the society, it is a measure of how the poorest are faring in relation to those in the middle. But this is a problem not so much in the concept as in its communication. It can and should be addressed by sticking strictly to the term ‘relative child poverty’ when that is what is meant. To say that ‘relative child poverty levels’ are higher risks no such misunderstanding, there is nothing either misleading or meaningless about the statement that a greater proportion of children are allowed to fall significantly below the norms of their societies in the United States than in the Czech Republic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The OECD has identified five effective policy levers to encourage quality in the sector: 1) quality goals and regulations, 2) curriculum and guidelines, 3) workforce, 4) family and community engagement, and 5) data, research and monitoring. Of the five aspects, Sweden considers improving quality through curriculum as a priority, it considers a well-designed balanced curriculum as key to providing high-quality ECEC with the most favourable holistic outcomes for children. It can also ensure continuity between ECEC and primary schooling, ensuring that children are equipped with the knowledge and skills needed for primary school and further learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A diverse range of nationally-determined mitigation commitments is likely to be put forward, reflecting the widely varying national circumstances of countries. An effective agreement would have broad participation as well as high ambition. Incentives are therefore needed to encourage countries to participate in the process and to put forward strong mitigation commitments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
And they see conventional growth patterns at the root of unsustainable development.81 Such approaches focus on strengthening environmental and social goals via a combination of transformative, redistributive social policies and proactive local development and collective action. They underline the importance of local agency and participation. Alter-globalization aims to fundamentally change existing production and consumption patterns and opposes neoliberal globalization for its negative social and environmental consequences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
To improve the health situation of indigenous peoples, there must thus be a fundamental shift in the concept of health so that it incorporates the cultures and world views of indigenous peoples as central to the design and management of state health systems. It is shaped by indigenous peoples' historical experiences and worldviews, and is expressed in the rules and norms that are applied in the community and practised by its members. To promote health and prevent illness, an indigenous community seeks to recuperate and maintain its interior and exterior equilibrium, including the harmony between community members who are sick and the world around them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Despite such initiatives, respondents noted that applications of genomics for stratified medicine delivery remain somewhat limited at present. However, they did mention some important innovations, notably in the field of cancer therapeutics, while national audits show an increase in the provision of novel drugs requiring companion diagnostics. Stratified medicine was seen as helping to address these problems by transforming understanding of the role of genetic variation in disease and enabling more accurate disease classification, diagnosis and targeting of drugs and other interventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Universal or pension-tested benefits bolster women's economic autonomy, strengthening their voice and agency within households and raising their social status.126 In contrast, means-tested pensions often require that households—rather than individuals—have no other income source. This means that they exclude women who live in households above the income threshold even if they have no access to personal income. This assumes that income from cohabiting spouses or other family members will be shared fairly, which is not always the case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This exploratory study examines issue salience and the discourse on human rights in the principal parties' manifestos in UK state-wide Elections 1945–2010. Innovative aspects include the application of combined qualitative and quantitative techniques. These are used to test a series of hypotheses. The findings reveal the nature and extent of the party politicisation of human rights. Analysis confirms a Left–Right political cleavage. Left-of-centre parties attach greatest priority to promoting rights, and frame them in the context of political citizenship, democracy and good governance. On the other side of the spectrum it is over-simplistic to characterise the Conservative's position as anti-human rights. Rather it reflects internal party tensions with the manifesto discourse simultaneously advocating the application of rights in foreign policy yet proposing replacement of the Human Rights Act in domestic law. Overall, the present study provides a template for future international comparative work on the political development of rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, the IWC undertakes co-ordinates and funds conservation work on many species of cetacean. Through its Scientific Committee it undertakes extensive study and research on cetacean populations, develops and maintains scientific databases, and publishes its own peer-reviewed scientific journal, the Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. Subsequent work has shown that marine debris, such as ALDFG and plastics, including microplastics, can be a conservation and welfare concern for cetaceans throughout the oceans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In some cases, downstream beneficiaries pay to regulate or preserve or restore upstream environments (e.g. flood management), as they benefit from activities made by others to reduce water consumption or pollution. Upstream land and water users/polluters receive compensation to provide environmental services and avoid damaging practices. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. In the case of domestic water uses, Olmstead and Stavins (2007) note that the “gains from using prices as an incentive for conservation come from allowing households to respond to increased water prices in the manner of their choice, rather than by installing a particular technology or reducing particular uses, as prescribed by non-price approaches”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A case study approach was adopted, with the aim of capturing the different ways in which genomic science and technology are being pursued for public health purposes in each of the different national settings. Rather than attempt to impose, a priori, a strictly comparative approach on this small and potentially unrepresentative sample, transnational patterns were identified inductively from the case studies in the course of data analysis. By contrast the development of stratified medicine tends to be seen as primarily a national issue, with international initiatives in this area directed towards fostering an appropriate regulatory and economic environment supportive of national innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Austrian Code of Criminal Procedure, since 2006, provides specific procedures and rights for women complainants/survivors of violence in the criminal justice process in order to avoid their secondary victimization. The application of such laws has proven to be problematic as they do not focus on healing of, and providing redress to, the survivor. In addition, in many instances, the use of customary and/or religious law has been seen to preclude the survivor from seeking redress within the formal justice system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Fewer of the poorest quintile (20 per cent) of households have access to social protection in urban areas (16.6 per cent) than in rural areas (23.4 per cent) (World Bank 2018). Although income poverty rates are generally lower in urban areas, poverty is more complex and multidimensional than in rural areas, and the numbers of poor urban households are rising constantly, along with urbanization rates. According to ILO (2017), only 35 per cent of children worldwide enjoy effective access to social protection, with almost 1.3 billion children not covered, most of whom live in Africa and Asia. This implies that the need for tailored social protection for the urban poor is increasing and that the introduction of a child lens to urban social protection is also required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Using state-of-the-art information extraction, this article identifies 1865 references of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to its own decisions or that of its predecessor between 1948 and 2013. We find that the ICJ self-citation network becomes increasingly complex. Citations are used more frequently and precedents grow more diverse. Two drivers fuel this development. First, jurisprudential specialization clusters citations in “classic” international law areas as the ICJ places increased emphasis on the continuity, expertise and predictability of its “settled jurisprudence” asserting its role among competing adjudicatory venues. Second, issue diversification expands citations as disputants increasingly craft their arguments around precedent making ICJ litigation more common-law like. The growth of citations adds complexity as precedent is predominantly used argumentatively to affect outcomes rather than ritualistically to pay tribute to past decisions. Although the growth of citations is an institutional achievement underscoring the Court’s continued relevance, it also creates new access-to-justice barriers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Social science offers intriguing findings regarding minors’ understanding of civil rights, citizenship and the vote. What we will discover is that minors, even very young children of eight or 9 years, are often keenly aware of their second-class citizenship and exclusion from the political process in general and not just in regards to the vote. We will consider the potential implications of these findings for civics education and human rights education in the schools, as well as the implicit lessons for the struggle for the vote at 16.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Further involvement of local authorities, which have good knowledge of local social and labour market conditions could help in that respect. A simplification of the training and apprenticeship systems would also be warranted, provided that support for the various workers and employers’ needs is guaranteed. The wide variety and complexity of funding, the re-branding of programmes and the multiplicity of stakeholders, along with the large number of qualifications, makes it difficult for employers to understand, find and undertake the practices fitting their needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Together with its sister organisation, Business Region Goteborg, Oslo Teknopol IKS defined a project plan, an organisational form and a financing framework. This meant, however, that the German part was no longer eligible for participation. New political leadership in Copenhagen also took power and turned out to be less interested in international co-operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Such persons may receive a one-time-only PFRON loan for the start up of a new business, or secure co-financing to the level of 50% of the interest on bank credit for continuation of a business (if they have not taken advantage of a start-up loan from PFRON or from the Labour Fund). The person may also apply to PFRON for reimbursement of a part of compulsory social insurance contributions. The programme is delivered through the network of local employment offices (PUPs). These local offices offer training on how to start a business, on the regulatory procedures, and on the business planning process, as well as deliver a start-up grant scheme for unemployed people made available through the Labour Fund.27 Recipients of these start-up funds have to run their enterprise for at least a year as a condition of funding, otherwise, the grant must be repaid.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The choice of the appropriate time length of the database of accidents considered is therefore subjective and technology-specific: it should be sufficiently long to provide a number of entries statistically significant but also contain data representative of the existing energy infrastructure in terms of technology development and safety and regulatory standards. An appropriate aggregation level of the results is therefore needed to reflect these differences. For example, researchers from the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI, Switzerland) aggregate the results in three major groups - European Union member states (27), OECD and non-OECD countries', but the latter group is further disaggregated to reflect specific situations for certain energy technologies (for instance the data for coal in China have been reported separately, since they are significantly higher than those of other countries). In the literature, different approaches have been used with respect to the time frame considered and to the geographical segmentation used: a comparative study (Felder, 2009) pointed out that two major accident-related studies from PSI and Sovacool (Sovacool, 2008 and Hirschberg et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Changes in the structure of households due to factors such as population ageing or the trend towards smaller household sizes played an important role in several countries. Finally, income taxes and cash transfers became less effective in reducing high levels of market income inequality in half of OECD countries, particularly during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Is globalisation the main culprit?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Countries mainly monitor to inform policy making and improve the level of quality. Jurisdictions do not always find it easy to ensure that monitoring practices support ECEC settings in stimulating child development, designing and implementing a unified monitoring system in decentralised countries, and ensuring appropriate training to those who conduct monitoring. To be valid and meaningful, evaluations of the quality of ECEC settings and programmes should be based on in-depth understanding of what contributes to quality and what quality is.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The state-led welfare and social protection system is limited in PICs, where there has been a heavy reliance on traditional, informal and non-state social protection systems which are provided through extended family, kinship, and community. The aim of the paper is to examine the nature of traditional, informal and semi-formal social security and protection mechanisms within PICs, to explore the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society organizations (CSOs) in providing social security and safety nets and to aid in enhancing social development in PICs. Social protection is a fundamental issue in promoting social and human development and reducing risks and vulnerabilities. It is an agenda primarily designed for reducing vulnerability and managing risks of individuals, households and communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The proliferating food safety regulatory initiatives at domestic, international, and transnational levels by various actors with different perspectives have raised concerns for their important public health, international trade, and other implications. Standing as the hub of international food safety lawmaking, the Codex faces serious criticisms of its scientific soundness, legitimacy, transparency, and accountability. This paper explores the limits of Codex lawmaking structure and processes by examining whether its institutional design is adequate in terms of producing good governance. Food safety is an area of international law where political and cultural fragmentation collides with deep market integration and trade liberalization. Through a thorough analysis of the recent ractopamine dispute in the context of multilateral cooperation failure and the debates between technocracy and democracy models of legitimacy, this paper however emphasizes the forgotten role of procedural legitimacy in the current discourse, particularly mechanisms for avoiding conflicts of interest and fostering transparency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter documents gender differences in life expectancy and birth rates (to cover health status), in average years of schooling, labour force participation, inheritance rights and marriage age (to cover socioeconomic status), and in parliamentary seats and suffrage (to cover political rights). A composite indicator shows strong progress in reducing gender inequality in the past 60 years in most regions. Only in East Asia and in Eastern Europe this decline stalled in the 1980s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Furthermore, some of the strongest growth has been in regions with low recharge rates as shown in Figure 7 (Burke and Villholth 2007). In OECD, surface water occupies two third of irrigated areas (OECD, 2015a). Watershed responses to reduced precipitation (including rain- and snowfall) and higher temperatures are typically amplified, due to vegetation interception and transmission loss (Arnell 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the National Strategy for Knowledge and Equal Opportunities Report (Nationell strategi for kunskap och likvardighet), the Swedish School Commission (Skolkommission) recognises that the term ‘compulsory’ may be too strong, explaining that guardians should never be forced to submit an application to a school, in the case a guardian does not submit an application, a school placement would be decided upon. The report also details the necessity to combine active/compulsory school choice with improved access to quality information, which is important as these choices, while possibly compulsory, must be well-informed. It is believed that increased access to information in combination with the compulsory school choice will result in more guardians opting-out of segregated school environments with low socio-economic status (Official Reports of the Swedish Government, 2017(99]). At the local level, an established project to promote quality immigrant education is the creation of Knowledge-centres for Mixed Schools (Kenniscentrum Gemengde Scholen).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Eighteen countries in Africa, 12 in Asia, 8 in Latin America and the Caribbean and 8 in Oceania allowed abortion only to save a woman’s life. Both Governments in Northern America and 73 per cent of Governments in Europe allowed abortion on request. Among the countries that reduced the number of grounds, two countries (the Dominican Republic and Nicaragua) that previously allowed abortion to save a woman’s life no longer allowed it on any grounds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Similarly, after transfers between levels of government, 94.3% of funds come from the local level, well above the OECD average of 42.8%. This results in high levels of autonomy over funding decision making at the local level. The share of private funds at primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary level has more than doubled between 2000 and 2012, one of the largest increases among OECD countries during that period. However, at tertiary level, the share of private funds increased between 2000 and 2008, but then decreased between 2008 and 2012, resulting in an overall decrease between 2000 and 2012, contrasting with an increasing trend in the majority of the OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Furthermore, there are also indications that the development of the new scheme would benefit from a broader timeline and a thorough analysis of its impact before national roll-out. There are very few programmes and resources targeted at students from a disadvantaged background or with learning difficulties. This is partly explained because the current concept of disadvantage is too narrow as it focuses only on disabilities and extreme socio-economic disadvantage, and thus a relatively small number of students are entitled to receive support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Achieving effective fisheries management and sustainable fisheries will require making progress in both areas. The management system can address the negative effects of certain subsidies (e.g. setting a total allowable catch and allocating individual transferable quotas limits overfishing and excessive capital investment), but only when it is effective, enforced and provides the right incentive to fishers to operate at an optimal level of capital investment and effort. Subsidies in turn can put pressure on the management system by giving incentives to increase desired effort above allowed levels, encouraging both IUU fishing and lobbying to increase allowed effort.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Data on a variety of topics that are often associated with womens interests are becoming available, such as statistics on time use, violence against women and family-work balance. Many gender statistics programmes also aim to make relevant gender-sensitive statistical information accessible to a wide range of audiences. This is related to the presentation of data as well as to the availability of information on data quality and appropriate metadata.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Countries such as South Korea and Singapore have already made that leap. Without radical reshaping of its economy and a move away from low-value added electronics exports and labour intensive industries, Malaysia risks losing ground to the likes of China and Vietnam and not making it to developed nation status. Reforms are planned particularly in the service sector in order to attract foreign direct investment and domestic financing sources. Re-energising the private sector is a key element in the Economic Transformation Programme (NEM Concluding Part, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Today, once a political corruption case takes place, it is rapidly viralized along the Internet where people can react by posting their opinions through social networks. Such audience reaction is clearly interesting but complex to analyze as people employs stereotypes, metaphors, and ironies expressed in an informal language hard to interpret. In this paper, we present how content analysis can help us to uncover the hidden meaning of a message. We focus here on the automated analysis of two political corruption cases and its corresponding opinions through social networks. In particular, one case involves the current government while the second one mostly involves the opposite side. Interesting results are gathered where the use of Content Analysis allows us to easily process the social network information in order to provide clear feedback.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
AbstractRules of jurisdiction and immunity are central to public international law, and equally vital to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). The LOSC established an extensive framework to regulate legislative and enforcement jurisdiction over ocean space, one that has proven to be remarkably durable, despite lingering uncertainties in the compromise reached between coastal and maritime states. State practice diverging from the LOSC’s jurisdictional scheme has been isolated and infrequent, and the scheme has been strengthened and elaborated by regional and global treaties addressing contemporary oceans governance challenges, especially in the arenas of pollution control and fisheries management. As the LOSC turns thirty, a key challenge will be keeping in check the designs of coastal states over adjacent maritime space as they look seawards to address pressing concerns of resource, food, energy and environmental security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)