albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It will provide an immediate and automated screening of products for compliance with legal and regulatory submission requirements and be used to identify problems or deficiencies prior to import authorisation. It will also collect extensive and detailed data pertaining to imports establishing an extensive searchable data base for use in creating timely reports and research. The system will eventually include US export data as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For growth to become more inclusive, the gap between the cost of labour and productivity for some groups needs to be reduced, transitions from education to work should be facilitated, incentives to take a job ought to be strengthened and the non-employed need to be protected against the risk of falling into unemployment or inactivity traps. This calls for lowering minimum wages relative to the average wage for groups at risk of becoming unemployed, improving vocational education and training, and extending the coverage of the unemployment insurance while strengthening obligations for the unemployed. To address labour market duality risks, the gap in job protection between temporary and permanent contracts needs to be reduced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Abstract   Australian multiculturalism has been a successful bipartisan approach to post-War socio-economic change, but now there are signs of fragmentation. Taking schooling as a contested site of public policy, the paper disputes the neo-liberal ‘Third Way’ as a justification of the provision of choice. Rather than allowing private schooling to hold sway, the paper promotes the place of public schooling, and a commitment to a ‘thick’ democracy that this entails. Both the market-driven managerialism of much Western education policy, and the political liberalism of Rawls, it is argued, are slow to appreciate the necessity of this. Yet neo-liberalism, in promoting individual choice-making, seems to require just such a democratic commitment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To that extent, the availability of comparable active ingredients may paradoxically be artificially limited, because the potential supplier countries could be unwilling to undermine their profitable relations with the R&D-based pharmaceutical companies, and no other sources of key active ingredients may possess the technical skills and abilities to produce them. The Financial Times (online edition), 16 August 2006, referring to a top WHO official addressing the August 2006 International Aids Conference at Toronto. This Decision was based on Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which refers to the difficulties of those WTO members with insufficient domestic pharmaceutical manufacturing capacities to make effective use of compulsory licensing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Food and Agriculture Organization food-price index rose to a record high in February 2011, topping the previous all-time high set in June 2008, following unexpected shortfalls in major cereals owing to bad weather in 2010. Food riots and protests threatened Governments as well as social stability in Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America and the Caribbean. Massive public protests in response to higher food prices erupted in very diverse countries, such as Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea, Haiti, Indonesia, Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, Peru, Senegal, Uzbekistan and Yemen (Baker, 2008, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Fund for Agricultural Development and World Food Programme, 2008). The number of people in need of emergency food aid in low-income food-deficit countries also increased. According to the Famine Early Warning Systems Network of the United States Agency for International Development, an estimated 2.7 million people in Niger were likely to be highly or extremely food insecure in 2010 and an additional 5.1 million people were at risk of moderate food insecurity. Altogether about 60 per cent of the population would face food shortages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Protected landscapes (i.e. IUCN category V) designated or extended after 2002 include Vjose-Narte (2004, 19,738.0 ha), Lumi Buna-Velipoje (2005, 23,027.0 ha) - another part of the Ramsar site listed in 2005, and Mali me Gropa-Bize-Martanesh (2007,25,266.4 ha). The work on potential areas of special conservation interest was carried out between 2002 and 2008. As a result, 25 potential Emerald sites covering an area of around 17 per cent of the country’s territory were identified and studied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The United Nations peace process in Sierra Leone is one of the most successful initiatives in conflict resolution in the history of the UN. The peace building process has led to sustainable peace in a country located in a highly conflict ridden region in the world. This paper analyzes the peacemaking process to understand the process and its underlying unique features. Placing the events in the context of peacemaking criminology and human rights, it is argued that the UN peacemaking greatly reflects the values advocated by peacemaking criminology, while the goals of the process reflect universal human rights, recognized and promoted by the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If the water is lost to deep percolation and surface runoff, then crop production levels would reach 5 tonnes per hectare and perhaps up to 7.5 tonnes per hectare, assuming that plant nutrient availability is non-limiting. In reality, only a small fraction of rainfall is used by plants (through transpiration), and the rest is channelled into non-productive use or lost as evaporation. Water stress, particularly during critical growth stages, reduces crop yield and may even damage the entire crop.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This knowledge should guide policies and regulations relating to employment in domestic services, one of the main sectors providing paid employment to women in the region, and to employment in public and private service sectors that currently address only a small percentage of the total demand for care in the society. With a view to overcoming inequalities and ensuring decent, protected and inclusive work, there is a need for comprehensive and coordinated policies on shared responsibility and employment (ILO/UNDP 2009, Cecchini and Rico, 2015). Moreover, the overburden of unpaid work on women affects their economic autonomy by limiting their participation in the labour market. This reduces their ability to generate their own income and restricts their access to social security, which is strongly linked to formal employment in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They argue that social protection programmes are more likely to have nutrition impacts when targeted at the poorest and most vulnerable and accompanied by other interventions that target health, sanitation and maternal education. They find that unconditional transfers can also be effective and that conditionality appears to be much less important than other issues, such as the age and sex of children in the household and access to health care. Finally, better quality of service delivery, in addition to better targeting, would improve the nutritional outcomes of cash transfer programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The main forms include senior debt, junior or subordinate debt, low-interest loans, lease finance or up-front payments. As such, it can be seen as ‘middle-risk -middle-return’ financing. A mezzanine investment can be structured in various forms. Although typically a subordinated loan, it may also comprise preference shares or convertible bonds. For example, solar power plants receive a high amount of investment subsidies in the form of up-front payments and tax incentives and much less debt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Particular attention is given to the consideration of measures to mitigate any adverse impact and to policies that might better achieve the promotion of equal opportunities. The consideration of mitigation and alternatives is identified as a crucial element of the process: authorities must develop options that reflect the different ways of delivering a policy' outcome. Mitigation can take the form of lessening the severity of an impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Sensible heat thermal energy storage (SHTES) has been proven to reduce CSP capital costs, and as a result, several new installations have implemented SHTES. The disadvantages of SHTES include the large quantities of salt medium required to store the thermal energy, the two correspondingly large storage tanks, as well as the risk of solidification of the salt if the temperature within the storage tanks drops below the salt's freezing point (Mills, 2004). Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) is of particular interest because it stores thermal energy through solid-liquid phase changes and, when compounds with a high heat of fusion are used, it requires less storage medium relative to SHTES, reducing capital and construction costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Increasingly complex and changing forms of mobility and fluidity are emerging. Vellum is made of strips of woven wool (in the Saharan Maghreb and among the Maghrebis), an assembly of tanned skins (by the Touareg), a woven material made of braided fronds of the doum palm (by the Touareg and Tubu), or nowadays, imported white cotton or plastic tarps. It comprises most of the fertile lands of Algeria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Vulnerability was higher among maleheaded households (9.4% in 2008) than in female-headed households (4%). In this case, after a common drop moving from VLSS to VHLSS (between 1998 and 2002), probably due to the substantial difference in the sampling frame between the two surveys, the risk-induced vulnerability never fell below the threshold of 31% of the overall VEP. Moreover, differently than in the overall measure, a higher share of female-headed households than male-headed households are vulnerable by the risk-induced VEP measure, and the former share rises, with more than 50% of vulnerable female-headed households risk-induced in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The nexus of economic and political relations is a central issue in international relations, and the influence of political liberalization upon trade ties lies at the center of much liberal theory. However, many facets of the empirical linkage between political liberalization—including democratization and the respect for human rights—and trade remain uninvestigated. Examining the case of U.S.‐Africa trade, this study considers two unexplored facets of these political determinants of trade: (1) the role of human rights conditions, and (2) the robustness of the relationship between democracy, human rights, and trade across a subset of vertical dyads. Using a gravity model to assess trade patterns, we find that neither democracy nor human rights conditions has a significant impact upon U.S. trade to Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
New sources of financing also require clear strategies for policymakers to improve their financial market infrastructure in areas such as rules and regulations in order to enhance their risk-sharing frameworks. For example, the first priority ("Priority A") explicitly promotes infrastructure and energy, the fifth priority ("Priority E") underscores the importance of water and sanitation, the sixth priority ("Priority F") highlights climate change and environmental sustainability as well as disaster risk reduction. In relation to infrastructure, the discussion in IPoA refers to transport, ICT and energy infrastructure, while water and institutions as well as good governance are each noted separately. It states that key infrastructure areas are related to transport, energy and ICT, and notes that infrastructure is a prerequisite for the transfer of scientific knowledge between countries through international institutions, by referring to the need to build schools and research centres as well as the improvement of ICT infrastructure through, for example, telephones and access to the Internet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It strives to create a sustainable living environment for all its citizens through the use of ICTs. Examples of what ICT can achieve include: (1) ICT-enabled information and knowledge sharing (2) ICT-enabled forecasts and (3) ICT-enabled integration. Data prediction, analytics, big data, open data, Internet of things (IoT), data accessibility and management, data security, mobile broadband, ubiquitous sensor networks, all become essential in the smart sustainable city and are predicated on a solid ICT infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The building was designed to provide an environment adapted to teenage girls and their ways of learning and interaction. The school was designed by Michael Banney, who used a student-centred approach to develop a sustainable design (Bell, 2007). There are however many competing and contradictory discourses on how children struggle to define and redefine themselves as gendered beings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is no formal process for monitoring outcomes and assessing the impact of local engagement. As a result, a considerable amount of university research is theoretically-oriented with limited relevance to local and regional development. Unless this becomes a regular element of ongoing planning and is accepted and approved by the authorities, it can be difficult to ensure an adequate alignment of higher education institutions’ activities with local and regional needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The region's countries are the centres of origin and diversity of many plant and animal species. Many of them, such as the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru, are megadiverse because of their great wealth of species, especially birds, butterflies, reptiles and flowering plants. This is in addition to the biological and ecological assets of the region's rural areas, which contain four of the eight centres of origin of cultivated plants, according to Vavilov.6 Possession of a diversity of genetic resources is vital for adapting to the new conditions generated by climate change, such as drought stress, temperature change and extreme variation, diseases and pests and increased salinity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These countries have above-average acute care capacities and lag behind the OECD average with long average length of hospital stay or low discharge rates. They are pursuing policies to reduce dependence on the hospital sector but progress in this area is still slow. The average annual growth rate in hospital beds from 2000 to 2014 ranged from -6.0% in Ireland to 6.8% in Korea and 2.8% in Turkey. Length of stay in hospitals fell, from 9.4 days in 2000 to 7.8 days in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This is because their fiduciary responsibility to their own taxpayers leads them to be fearful of contexts in which aid can be shown to have been used badly. Looming fiscal pressures in OECD countries can only intensify such concerns and threaten to undermine provision of budget support. Having recognised the nature of the problem, governments of LDCs need then to do something about it. There are two approaches, potentially complementary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
On the contrary, they allow placing progressively less weight on incomes higher up or down the distribution, such as from top to average incomes, from average to median incomes, from median to bottom incomes (Box 2). The equally distributed equivalent level of income is the level of income per head, which if equally distributed, would give the same level of social welfare as the present distribution. Clearly, the general mean reduces to the standard mean or equivalently the average when a = 1. The case where a = 0 is called the geometric mean whereas a = -1 is known as the harmonic mean. General means as income standards (cont.) The income standard pa(x) places greater weight on higher incomes and less weight on lower incomes as the parameter rises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Children who are confident, responsible and believe in their capacity to affect the future are more likely to achieve high academic standards than those who are already smart. There is a strong impact of levels of cognitive, social and emotional skills in childhood on future development of these skills (Cunha and Heckman, 2008, Cunha, Heckman and Schennach, 2012). Moreover, these studies document that past levels of social and emotional skills play an important role in developing cognitive skills, although past cognitive skills have limited impact on future social and emotional skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The challenge is operating within the 5-year AMP cycles, which result in five-year cyclical spending patterns. Instead of innovation, utilities have been driven to large framework agreements with a small group of outsourcing specialists, driving down margins through economies of scale.8 Ofwat regards efficiencies as being deliverable within each AMP period after which each utility’s cost base is re-set, cancelling out the efficiencies attained during the period. Smart metering has too long a payback time for this model. Ofwat has commissioned UK WIR (the w'ater utility joint research body) to prepare an evaluation of the costs and benefits of smart metering before the price setting for AMP6 in 2014-15.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This paper looks at the current state of international law governing the arms trade and its implications for a future Arms Trade Treaty. It covers a wide range of sometimes overlapping bodies of international law, specifically the UN Charter, human rights and humanitarian law, and international criminal law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Shifts in political leadership in the late 1990s—including the victory of a socialist opposition party and the ascendance to the throne of King Mohamed VI—enhanced support for political liberalization and gender equality, enabling women's demands to be heard. Women's rights advocates responded to this challenge by establishing alliances with other change-oriented forces, engaging in public awareness campaigns and framing their claims in ways that appealed to Islamic precepts as well as to universal human rights principles. The reformed 2004 law remains faithful to Islamic values and traditions while giving women significantly more rights. In particular, it introduces women's right to autonomous decision-making by abolishing the notion of male guardianship and the wife's duty of obedience, establishes equal rights and responsibilities in the family, and equalizes and expands women's and men's rights to initiate divorce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The index is built to be internationally comparable (see the PISA 2012 Technical Report, OECD, 2014a). Students are considered socio-economically advantaged if they are among the 25% of students with the highest ESCS in their country or economy, socioeconomically disadvantaged students are those among the 25% of students with the lowest ESCS. Schools are defined as socio-economically advantaged (disadvantaged) if the average ESCS of students in the school is statistically significantly above (below) that of the average school. These patterns reflect, in part, the inherent advantages in resources that relatively high socio-economic status provides.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These involve economic liberalization and the concentration of productive and financial activity geared to short-term profits, unrestrained material consumption, unparalleled levels of militarism, and the privatization of public goods and services, all at the expense of state regulation and redistribution. Such processes have caused, in many places, crises of care, which means the breakdown in the abilities of individuals, families, communities and societies to sustain, care for and educate themselves and future generations, thereby undermining people's rights and dignity (United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), 2014). These risks and vulnerabilities undermine the viability of market models even on their own terms. The fruits of economic growth have also been unequally divided.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Facilitating the movement of individuals and communities from second-class citizenship to full, participatory citizenship has been a preferred social justice strategy for many on the Left. Indeed, within the Canadian social policy and community development literature, the debate over how to re-energize concepts such as citizenship has raged hotly since the mid-1980s. Citizenship is not, however, an unproblematic or wholly inclusive concept. Numerous authors have argued that concepts like citizenship are highly homogenizing and belie the differences in power and resources that criss-cross imagined communities of common interest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While developing countries remain weakly integrated into international capital markets compared to emerging economies, the crisis could compromise the momentum achieved by a number of growing African countries in terms of mobilizing foreign capital (Griffith-Jones and Ocampo 2009). Countries that rely heavily on FDI may therefore be more at risk than others (Willem te Velde 2008). However, a World Bank review of studies on previous economic crises points out that capital transfers and investments -particularly FDI - are less stable than exchange in goods and services or remittances (World Bank 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There is a benefit from a reduced need for marginally produced energy, but as this energy in the not-so-far future is based on renewables, there is not a corresponding benefit from avoided use of fossil carbon. This value is used in the calculation of the basic scenarios and in order to examine the importance of the substitution factor, a sensitivity analysis using 0.66 and 0.33 as factors has been conducted. It has been chosen to include the reference scenario (incineration) as well as the chemical recycling scenario in the calculations, thereby creating a better overview of the potential impacts and benefits from treatment of discarded polyester textiles in the Nordic countries, see Figure 32. This finding applies to all impact categories examined in the study, and it is also valid for reuse in the ROW. Even a low substitution factor of 0.33 provides significantly more benefits than incineration and recycling. The finding, however, is not consistent in all impact categories as is evident from Table 10.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
We use the principal-agent model as a focal theoretical frame for synthesizing what we know, both theoretically and empirically, about the design and dynamics of the implementation of performance management systems in the public sector. In this context, we review the growing body of evidence about how performance measurement and incentive systems function in practice and how individuals and organizations respond and adapt to them over time, drawing primarily on examples from performance measurement systems in public education and social welfare programs. We also describe a dynamic framework for performance measurement systems that takes into account strategic behavior of individuals over time, learning about production functions and individual responses, accountability pressures, and the use of information about the relationship of measured performance to value added. Implications are discussed and recommendations derived for improving public sector performance measurement systems. © 2010 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)