albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The city is also home to a district heating system which uses locally-source woody biomass as feedstock In 2012 Norway introduced a renewable energy certificate programme to support renewable energy. This could change the RE adoption dynamic. Energy has been one factor for economic development in rural Norway, but recent policies have reduced the appeal of RE deployment in rural communities such as Troms County.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is worth noting that within the National Treasury there is a specific directorate responsible for social affairs, including health. Broad /unctional groups are also convened (health is currently one of nine groups). The health functional group is composed of the nine heads of provincial health departments plus the NDOH lead, alongside their finance counterparts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The growth in real wages accelerated after 2010, reflecting tight labour market conditions and skills shortages (OECD, 2013a). However, unemployment has been on the rise since early 2015 (OECD, 2015b). The economic structure has shifted towards stronger reliance on services in recent decades while the share of the primary sector and industry in value added has declined. Nevertheless, the primary sector accounts for a larger share of GDP than in OECD countries (see Basic Statistics) and remains a mainstay of the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The focus on these costs in the construction of the indicators reflects the dominant approach taken in the empirical and theoretical literature examining the labour market impact of employment protection discussed in the previous section. It does not reflect the overall strictness of regulation of collective dismissals, which is the sum of costs for individual dismissals and any additional cost of collective dismissals. It concerns the types of work for which these contracts are allowed and their renewal and cumulative duration. This measure also includes some of the regulations governing the establishment and operation of temporary work agencies and requirements for agency workers to receive the same pay and/or working conditions as equivalent workers in the user firm, which can increase the cost of using temporary agency workers relative to hiring workers on other types of contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Their information basis will be an aggregate of local (national) and international bibliographic databases, encompassing information about ongoing and completed research works in the country, publications by local scientists, their citation data, defended dissertations, conference reports, patents, innovations in agriculture, industry, power engineering, etc. The system's purpose is to improve science management at various levels in Georgia, which coincides with several SDGs. As Malaysia pursues its transformation into a smart digital nation, its rural communities need to be empowered through proper exposure to knowledge and by being equipped with adequate ICT facilities. This is one of the main objectives under the Smart Digital Nation vision, which is now spearheaded by Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Malaysia (MCMC). The idea behind Smart Community is about using technology to improve the way of life. More than 12 000 libraries in Malaysia provide information and knowledge services n>j onw>nn't>e*, ^0|.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Since 2005, the Reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development have been the OECD’s tool to mobilise higher education for economic, social and cultural development of cities and regions. The reviews have analysed how the higher education system impacts local and regional development and helped improve this impact in more than 30 cities and regions in over 20 countries. They examine higher education institution’s contribution to human capital and skills development, technology transfer and business innovation, social, cultural and environmental development, and regional capacity building.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The slower gross domestic product (GDP) growth was due to lower than expected exports and a decrease in public expenditure and foreign direct investment. A reduced influx of hard currency assisted the devaluation of the metical (MZN) against the US dollar and pressured the balance of payments. This was halted only by a USD 282.9 million standby credit facility agreement with the International Monetary Fund in December 2015. The budget deficit was reduced from 6.6% in 2014 to 5.4% in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
How have charter schools in Wisconsin performed relative to traditional public schools? Two analyses provide an answer: First, a comparison of achievement test scores for students in Milwaukee charter and traditional schools from 1998 to 2002 for grades 3 through 10 finds a relative advantage for charter school students using fixed effects and first difference specifications. Second, a methodological approach new to the debate over performance in choice schools assesses schoollevel standardized tests in the fourth and eighth grades for 2000–01 and 2001–02. The results for fourth grade are generally favorable for charter schools, those for eighth grade are mixed. Overall, the results from these two analyses suggest that charter schools in Wisconsin are performing somewhat better than the traditional public schools from which they draw students. © 2007 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, in the United States, immigrants start 28% of all new businesses in the country. They are also twice as likely to file a patent, and employ one out of every ten employees (Small Business Administration, 2016). For instance, data for Germany show that while around 30% of native start-ups close three years after their establishment, the share rises to 39% for start-ups created by migrants (Metzger, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Some models have been developed to address uncertainties from the outset, whereas others are modified later to allow for probabilistic analysis. Finally, adaptive analyses (also known as sequential decision-making under uncertainty) denote probabilistic applications of optimizing models that allow for future learning about key scientific or policy uncertainties. Note that the term “adaptive” in this context is not related to “adaptation to climate change”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
While about half of female movers first enter inactivity, this percentage is much lower for men, with the exception of Brazil. A high percentage of young men manage to enter into employment (ranging from 53% in Mexico to 35% in Brazil), but many of them find an informal job, particularly in Argentina. Additionally, a conspicuous percentage (around 20% for both men and women) of young people ends up in unemployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Irrigation often is needed for 100% of crop water requirements in these arid, southwestern states. Assuming an average irrigation delivery of 10,000 m3 of water per hectare, these costs would be equivalent to USD 19 per 1,000 m3 in California and USD23 per 1,000 m3 in Arizona. The national average cost of pumping groundwater, as reported in the 2003 FRIS, was almost USD100 per hectare (Gollehon and Quinby, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, when such actions provide both private and public benefits, the public sector may play a role in how these are developed. This report aims to establish a framework to help identify specific actions that governments could take in this respect and that could avoid sending signals leading to non-adaptation or maladaptation. This report begins with a review of national adaptation strategies for the agricultural sector in OECD countries and highlights different approaches undertaken by governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Moreover, the study showed a statistically significant decrease in time dedicated to paid work of 2 per cent on average in the case of men and 12 per cent in the case of women. Espejo 2013, as quoted by ECLAC 2016. They should explicitly recognize the role that women play as caregivers, without reinforcing patterns of discrimination or negative stereotypes (art. ’70This is problematic as the failure to understand intra-family allocation processes "may result in the non-adoption of beneficial policies, in policies having unintended consequences, and in the loss of policy handle”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Africa has not done well in irrigating agricultural land, a key underlying reason for low productivity. Irrigated agricultural land as a percentage of total agricultural land was only 5 per cent in Africa in 2010, compared with 41 per cent in Asia and 21 per cent globally. The share of agriculture in government expenditure as a percentage of the share of agriculture in GDP dropped from 0.25 in 2001 to 0.14 in 2013 in Africa (excluding North Africa), indicating significant underfunding of the sector and reflecting the challenges in meeting the Maputo Protocol target of 10 per cent budgetary allocation to agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Not all emissions of untreated wastewater from agglomerations with >10,000 p.e. The results of the scenarios prepared for the Danube River Basin Management Plan by an ICPDR expert group (see below for details) indicate that a reduction of emissions linked to organic pollution will be achieved by implementing the Baseline Scenario-UWWT 2015, but will not ensure the achievement of the WFD environmental objectives on the basin-wide scale for organic pollution by 2015. The magnitude of reduction depends on political decisions and the economic support for investments in wastewater treatment. Since Romania is a EU member State, the environmental objectives of the WFD arc also to be applied to transitional and coastal waters in the Black Sea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
An amount of 20 million lei/year (about €4.6 million/year) has been estimated as necessaiy for such compensation. Some will have the status of strict protection but others will be available for a variety of uses, including that of commercial forest exploitation. However, the owner must take into account the values of the species and habitats for which the site w'as designated and implement sustainable management practices, some relatively easy and others more complicated. Accordingly, it is important to ensure that Romanian foresters are provided with the necessary tools (including financial tools) to make these changes and that management decisions involve all stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They acknowledge that they need to develop better methods for field ecological studies, including better baseline data with which to compare new crops (ICSU). Scientists agree that the use of conventional agricultural pesticides and herbicides has damaged habitats for farmland birds, wild plants and insects and has seriously reduced their numbers (ICSU, GM Science Review Panel, Royal Society). Transgenic crops are changing chemical and land-use patterns and farming practices, but scientists do not fully agree whether the net effect of these changes will be positive or negative for the environment (ICSU).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
From 2007 to 2014, over 3 000 migrants from 90 countries who speak over 40 languages have graduated from ULV. Evaluations have shown that the programme successfully increases migrant teachers’ chances of securing employment and increases their career-long salary (Skolverket (National Agency for Education), 2017(i2ij). However, participants also found the pathway to obtaining Swedish credentials long, especially after they undertook four years of training in their home countries (Hagrenius and Brunnander, 2015[i38i). Additionally, the requirements to enrol in ULV are sometimes not accessible to newly arrived immigrants, taking on average four to five years (from the day of arrival) for migrant teachers to enrol successfully in the programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Nevertheless, the capacity additions and replacements are huge, especially of renewable and nuclear power plants. About 4TWe of capacity expansion is foreseen in the developed parts of the world, with 2TWe as capacity replacements. In the developing regions, the corresponding installations are about 6TWe of capacity expansion and about 0.5TWe of capacity replacement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Its director also heads the association of the different statutory insurance schemes. In addition, 96% of people use complementary health insurance, through employer-based collective schemes, individual insurance plans or, for around 6%, a non-funded solidarity scheme (Panel D). The authorities introduced yearly public spending targets, known as the National Objective for Health Insurance Spending (ONDAM or Objectif national des depenses d’assurance maladie) in 1996.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There is also a risk of competition among users in the semi-arid regions for the water stored in reservoirs. This is an important concern as water has featured prominently in Brazil’s programmes to fight poverty. Who gets the water in cases of scarcity? How are water-related risks allocated across water users?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Involving a peer school leader in the appraisal process also corresponds to the development of school leadership models in which school leaders assume responsibilities beyond their own school and engage in the improvement of the wider education system (e.g. through school partnerships and networks and as critical friends). To provide two examples, Ireland has introduced a Leadership Development for Schools (LDS) programme that provides professional development opportunities with a focus on improving teaching and learning for all students for emerging and established school leaders on an annual basis through a variety of formats (e.g. interactive seminars, active learning networks and virtual learning environment).32 Norway has implemented a National Training Programme for Principals in 2009 that aims to support school principals to become pedagogical leaders that work towards improving teaching in learning in schools. Initially targeted at new school principals, 621 participants took part in the programme that can be taken part-time over one-and-a-half to two years between 2009 and 2011 (Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
International law relating to child soldiers is of recent origin. As far as universal instruments are concerned, the Child Soldiers Protocol is compared to Article 77(2) of the first Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions, Article 4(3)(c) of the second Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions, Articles 38 and 39 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Articles 8(2)(b)(xxvi) and (e)(vii) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and Article 3 of ILO Convention No 182 on the worst forms of child labour. In 1989, provisions on children in armed conflicts were incorporated into the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). This international human rights instrument is ratified by all States except the United States and Somalia.Keywords: child labour, Child Soldiers Protocol, CRC, Geneva Conventions, Universal instruments
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Poprad and Dunajec rivers, with their subbasins shared by Poland and Slovakia, as well as the San76 River, arc smaller transboundary tributaries to the Vistula. Available groundwater resources in the Polish part of the Vistula River Basin District (including not only the Bug River, but also several smaller rivers discharging directly into the Baltic Sea) are estimated at 8,041 xl0‘ m5/day. Natural riverbeds have to be restored due to the effects of the mining and chemical industries, now no longer operating.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Because gender may not be the most pressing source of inequality in every situation, however, there have been calls to shift focus from “gender” to “diversity” mainstreaming, thus taking a wider approach to inequality (Siltanen 2006, p. 9213). High quality, readily accessible gender-disaggregated data supplies the foundation for both sound evidence-based policy making and gender monitoring and evaluation, and is integral to gender impact assessment. Conversely, the absence of differentiated data (Box 4.11) makes it very difficult to understand the impact of gender equality and mainstreaming strategies and efforts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They perform this function directly, through specialized departments within the local authorities, or indirectly, by contracting this service out to private companies. The first is a licence authorizing a collection company to provide collections in a given area. After a collection company obtains such a licence, it starts to sign individual contracts with the population. The second is a contract for the cleaning of public places, which includes collection of waste from the population without a collection contract.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The OECD applauds these efforts and outcomes (some of which exceed OECD averages, as this report details). The social and economic ills of the development process -including pervasive informality, high rates of poverty, weak rule of law and inadequate institutions - affect everyone, but hit women especially hard. Men in Pacific Alliance countries are at least 20 percentage points more likely to be in the labour market than women. This is a daunting gap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Of note, however, son-preference in urban areas lias declined over the years due to the empowerment of women and higher gender equality. They are found to be lower than their maximum value as a result of delayed marriage and marital disruption, the use of contraception and induced abortion and post-partum infecundability (Bongaarts, 1982). The indices of marriage, contraceptive use, induced abortion and postpartum infecundability, as well as the TFR and TF, as obtained from the Bongaarts model for the years 1997 and 2002 by residence are presented in table 5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper investigates the fundamentals of tackling corruption within the accountability program of the Brazilian federal government, formalized through official documents, in order to examine whether they match the rent-seeking view on corruption. The main reason for this research lies upon the importance of the notes brought by the literature about the limitations of rent-seeking and in the fact that such comprehension can orient the anticorruption strategies within the highlighted program. The connection between these fundamentals and the approach to corruption based on rent-seeking was confirmed through content analysis. Herein it is emphasized that the debates over combating corruption must consider more than instrumental issues. Thus, accountability programs should be able to criticize and question, if necessary, the structures that arise from these aspects in processes, organizations, or in society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The majority of these are in the transport and energy sectors, for example, the North-South Power Transmission Corridor and the West Africa Power Transmission Corridor (EC, 2015). The assessment of the forerunner—the 2010 Master Plan—shows that almost half of the 39 identified infrastructure gaps were tackled. Notable progress has been made on the ASEAN Highway Network, which created integrated, safe, and environmentally sustainable regional land transport corridors linking all ASEAN Member States and neighbouring countries (ASEAN, 2016). Transport and transit infrastructure is also a priority in the Asia-Pacific region. Progressively, the focus of its portfolio for sustainable transport has centred on four key areas: urban transport, low-carbon and climate-resilient transport, cross-border transport and logistics, and integration of safety in road investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, MoES has an essential role to play in supporting their work. There have been important accomplishments in the development of the capabilities in the nation’s education system. However, four challenges must be addressed if monitoring and quality assurance are to lead to performance improvements. First, efforts must focus on the use of assessment results by teachers and school leaders who are not fully exploiting the potential of assessments to improve classroom practice and school leadership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Report prepared for the regional meeting on PSP in WSS in EECCA, Moscow, 28-29 January, 2010. As a consequence, much of the infrastructure is now out of operation and many rural inhabitants are forced to put in place private solutions where water quality is usually not monitored. In Moldova, for example, it is reported that more than 90% of rural water supply systems are either in need of capital repairs or need to be reconstructed, while more than 50% of sanitation infrastructure has either been demolished or is in need of urgent capital repair.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Finally, Section 4.6 presents the impact of tax-benefit policies on income adequacy and on work incentives for non-standard workers. Women (especially part-time), youth (especially temporary jobs) and workers with lower level of education are overrepresented in NSW, as are workers in small firms. Temporary contracts increase the chances of acquiring a standard job compared with remaining unemployed, but a part-time job or self-employment does not increase the chances of a transition to a standard job. They tend to receive less training and, in addition, those on temporary contracts have more job strain and have less job security than workers in standard jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
At the sectoral level, greater consideration is being given to tax and regulatory policies that encourage producers to reduce their energy consumption and adopt more sustainable production technologies. The recent financial crisis in 2008 shifted attention to getting economies back on track and has diffused the focus on green growth. However, as economies gradually recover, attention on green growth has revived. In the case of Thailand, continuing political uncertainties mean that a green growth strategy may have to wait until after the long awaited elections in 2011 are held and a new government is formed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Agricultural R&D in sub-Saharan Africa: an era of stagnation. Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators Initiative Background Report. International Food Policy Research Institute. International Food Policy Research Institute, Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators and Global Forum on Agricultural Research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
After the Second World War, representatives of the Allied powers developed an international legal definition of genocide. It precisely defines the necessary state of mind, genocidal acts and modes of agency or commission, determining which experiences are recognised and which harms are made visible. However, this abstract and clinical definition and its application do not convey the complexities of genocide. This potentially leads to inadequate responses that call the justice system into question. Artistic representations such as Jean-Philippe Strassen’s graphic novel Deogratias: A Tale of Rwanda approach genocide in a more nuanced way. They communicate what cannot be communicated in criminal law and retributive justice processes. This way, they challenge the victim–perpetrator dichotomy, the lack of concern for offenders, the focus on violent acts rather than their consequences, and time limits for investigation and prosecution. In doing so, artistic representations can contribute to more appropriate responses to genocide and post-conflict reconciliation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)