albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Whereas the Copenhagen Accord text refers to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as conservation, it does not make explicit reference to sustainable management and enhancement of carbon stocks. However, how countries would receive this money is still up in the air - this could be through a carbon market, a dedicated fund, or through other mechanisms. Financing will be one of the key issues for landing a global REDD regime. Issues of MRV, safeguards and methodology need to be solved in order to guide the pilot activities that exist in the area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This rule defines zones based on wells expected to pump at least 28% of their water from an adjacent stream over a 40-year period (Nebraska DNR, 2004). As stream depletion increases with both time and proximity to a stream, all else being equal, the 10/50 rule is more stringent than the 28/40 rule and will cover a large area adjacent to streams where stream depletion is a concern. In Nebraska, numerical methods have been used in the Republican River Basin and the Big Blue River Basin (MODFLOW-based), and in the Platte River Basin (COHYST-based).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Poor diffusion of ICTs thus contributes to a digital divide that can undermine policies aimed to stimulate growth, and foster resilient economies and inclusive societies. Lack of access to digital infrastructures at competitive prices is the first barrier. In particular, access to ICTs such as (mobile) broadband, including in rural and remote areas, as well as access to data which are becoming an infrastructure for data-driven innovation (DDI), are crucial. The lack of appropriate (open) standards and fears of vendor lock-in, often due to proprietary solutions, are another barrier to adoption in particular for SMEs. With the growth of digital security risks and concerns that privacy and intellectual property rights are violated and not sufficiently enforced, lack of trust in the digital economy is also a potential barrier to adoption and use of ICTs across society. The effective use of ICTs and data requires additional investments in complementary knowledge-based capital (KBC), in particular in (organisation-specific) skills and know-how, and in organisational change including new business models and processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Nonetheless, for developing countries in aggregate, there is no support in these figures for the view that food import bills are becoming unsustainable. Aggregate figures may, of course, conceal difficulties experienced by particular countries. In many countries, they led to increased trade policy interventions (Jones and Kwiecinski, 2010, Demeke etal., In some cases they have reawakened interest in food self-sufficiency, which, if enforced through trade policy, implies prohibitive levels of protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Meanwhile, in Viet Nam, fruits and vegetables seem to adjust less quickly than computers and electrical products. This indicates that the speed of adjustment tends to vary by commodity and by country, which is presumably determined by the macroeconomic structure, extent of global value chain involvement of each sector in the economy, free trade agreements and investment linkages, among other factors. The dip in exports of electrical machinery began more recently and less pronouncedly than that of edible vegetables, though in both cases the weakness appears to be persistent. In the case of Viet Nam, the trend of declining growth in fruit and vegetable exports to China also began earlier than that of computers and electronics, which started to edge lower late in 2018, although both categories appear to be recovering in 2019. The speed of upward adjustment of exports this good to other markets is substantially slower than the downward adjustment of exports to China.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
ABSTRACT Immigration, multiculturalism and citizenship policies have deeply divided political parties in Western Europe. In Norway and the Netherlands these divisions have been exploited successfully by radical-right populist parties. Akkerman and Hagelund compare the ideas and policies of the Norwegian Fremskrittspartiet (Progress Party) and the Dutch Lijst Pim Fortuyn (List Pim Fortuyn) with regard to cultural diversity, immigration and citizenship policies. What initially puzzled them was that issues that are normally left out of the radical-right agenda—such as gender equality, liberal family laws and women's participation in the labour market—seem to have been moved centre-stage in the policies and discourses of these parties. This is a development worthy of closer scrutiny. In Norway and the Netherlands, one can observe a general shift away from multiculturalism and a growing emphasis on citizenship and social cohesion. The issue of women's rights seems to provide a key to developing a renewed under...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This has major impacts for the provisioning of water, sanitation and hygiene services in areas affected by disasters, due to damaged water and sanitation infrastructure and water quality issues. It is also a very significant challenge to provide adequate water and sanitation services to the areas that receive people who have been displaced from disaster-struck areas. The magnitude of these displacements is extremely high in Asia and the Pacific, with respectively 4.4 million and 1.2 million people internally displaced in the People’s Republic of China and India in 2017 due to floods, and 2.5 million people in the Philippines due to typhoons the same year (IDMC, 2018). In addition to hitting the poorest, disasters can also cause the near poor — those living on between US$1.90 and US$3.10 per day — to fall into poverty, as shown in Figure 9.5 (UNESCAP, 2018). With over 50% of urban residents living in low-lying coastal zones, these cities and towns in Asia and the Pacific are particularly vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters. Disasters are also found to have impacts on gross domestic product (GDP), school enrolment rates, and per capita expenditure on health (UNESCAP, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The tax, originally intended to be set at almost EUR 1 per kilogram of product, was subsequently dropped to EUR 0.75 per kilogram. At the same time, the existing excise tax on soft drinks was raised from 4.5 cents to 7.5 cents per litre. The tax affects both drinks with added sugars and drinks with artificial sweeteners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Thus, the post-2015 development agenda will need to consider alternative macro and meso strategies to facilitate the achievement of the goals, taking into account sustainability, a reduction in inequalities, and improved security as critical components. Available from http://www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi. In the monitoring and reporting process for the MDGs, there has been a division of responsibilities in terms of the ownership and leading role in coordinating global, regional and country MDG reports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
ABSTRACTThe concept of the political settlement has risen to occupy a central place in British policy toward conflict-affected and fragile states. Yet, at around the turn of the millennium, the term was barely mentioned in official circles and the so-called ‘good governance’ approach held sway as the dominant operational mode. So, how had this transformation in policy approach come about and what was the role of research? In this article, we demonstrate that research played a central role in influencing the rhetoric of policymakers through a process we term ‘cumulative influence’. Indeed, the subject of political settlements represents an excellent case study for understanding the dynamics of research utilisation. It allows us to build on existing models and suggest useful ways forward in this important area of public policy analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Growing ethnic and cultural diversity within Europe has brought increased attention to the impact and inclusion of immigrant populations and has also presented societies with valuable opportunities for intercultural learning between diverse groups. Using the International Civic and Citizenship Study data from 24 European education systems, in this paper we explore whether fostering an atmosphere of inclusion in schools relates to select attitudes and behaviours typically associated with an inclusive society, particularly among immigrant students. Our study is able to tease out some of the differences related to social class among immigrant students, opening up important avenues for discussion and future research. According to our findings, first generation immigrant students from higher socio-economic status backgrounds tended to have significantly more negative attitudes toward their resident country. Findings also collectively suggest that local-level practices, such as improving immigrant student parti...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Hence, at least in the first stages of development, inequality does not appear to be either a driving factor for, or an obstacle to, development. Kaldor (1957) presented an economic model in which GDP growth was limited by available resources and not by effective demand: capital accumulation, the flow of innovation and the growth of the population determined economic expansion. Kaldor did not imply that this should form the basis of any policy recommendation, since in his model income distribution was endogenous, but for many years a widespread interpretation of his model was that growth could be boosted by increasing the share of capital in income distribution (box 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Sometimes referred to as iterative risk management, the process can be divided into four stages, as illustrated in figure IV.l. Each quadrant represents one of the steps of the policy cycle, which encompasses formulation of objectives and assessment of risks, assessments of the effect of policy options-related decisions on the course of action, policy implementation, and monitoring and review of outcomes. At each stage, progress can be measured in terms of the quantity and quality of outcomes along each of the four axes: policy design, policy action, policy impact and policy understanding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Once it reaches the urban area, the water is treated once again, and then distributed to the population. The chlorine value at different points of the drinking water network is analysed every day. Bacteriological and chemical analyses are performed every day on drinking water samples taken from three different places in the network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the Page | 58 meantime> to support the long-term financial viability of rural electrification efforts, the central government is nevertheless allocating subsidies earmarked for a number of previously implemented off-grid electrification programmes, as Table 15 shows. China has achieved an electrification rate of 99.4%, with 99% in rural areas and already 100% in urban settings, thanks to the government's aggressive measures and strong political will. The Chinese government estimates that only 1.5 million people will still be without in 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Sometimes, this is explicitly referred to as “effectiveness”, e.g. in the context of the Global Environment Facility and the Green Climate Fund. Sometimes, it is not explicitly referred to as effectiveness, e.g. in the context of achieving a balance between climate finance for mitigation and adaptation in the Fast Start Finance period. Within the development community, more than 150 countries (as well as IFIs and other international organisations) agreed the Busan Partnership on Effective Development Co-operation in 2011. This declaration applies to development finance (i.e. broader than the previously-agreed Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, which just covers ODA), The Busan Partnership focuses on increased co-operation between donor and partner countries and their institutions involved in providing, channelling and using climate finance - and aligning interventions with partners’ priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The MDB methodology, by focussing on specific climate components, differs from the CRS Rio markers, which capture total project costs. The MDBs and the International Development Finance Club (IDFC) have also established common principles for climate finance tracking for mitigation (MDBs and IDFC, n.d.) The principles consist of a set of common definitions and guidelines including the list of activities. This is a publishing standard that aims to make data on aid “easier to use, access and understand” (IATI, 2016a). Data from more than 480 organisations9 - many not working on climate, but some working specifically or partially on climate issues, such as the Adaptation Fund and Agence Franqaise de Developpement - is available. In theory, the dataset allows searches via a “policy marker” (such as climate).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As stated by Ms Rionge, resilience or "having a strong backbone that can handle challenges is the key to successful entrepreneurship". In South Africa, up until the 1990s, legislation prohibited women from working underground. This changed in 2002 when the South African Mining Charter introduced quotas urging mining companies to employ a 10 per cent female staff quota (Mining.com 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While rice will continue to play a major role in Myanmar’s agriculture and offers potential for increased production, policies should not prioritise rice at the expense of other crops and activities, including non-farm activities, which may well offer both farmers and the country a greater return. Policies encouraging rice self-sufficiency at the state or division level do not necessarily ensure an optimal and sustainable use of natural resources. Some regions are better suited to rice cultivation than others, and deficit areas can buy rice from low cost areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This report responds to this request by identifying and measuring fuel tax concessions in the fisheries sector. It provides data on fuel use, tax concessions, and related information for OECD countries and partners, as well as describing some of the key challenges in measuring data of this type. The primary source of data is the country submissions, with other data sources used where the submissions are incomplete.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, as the penetration of variable renewables in the system grows, they will need to become normal actors in the overall energy markets. It opened the opportunity for renewable energy generators under the FIT scheme to opt for selling electricity directly into the market. This has been applied in particular for wind farms. Under the market premium model, a wind farm sells its produced output to a third party at the market price rather than selling it to the grid operator at the regulated feed-in-tariff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As they seek work in developed countries, female migrants are vulnerable to exploitation and run the risk of ending up on the wrong side of the law or being targeted by migrant smugglers or human traffickers (figures on these last two are very difficult to obtain). Lim (1998) posited that population ageing and the increasing integration of native-born women into the labour maiket in many developing countries were driving the employment of migrant women as domestic woikers. This issue is still the focus of research today.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Affirmative Action Is Dead, Long Live Affirmative Action.  By     Faye J. Crosby. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. 352p. $30.00.  Through an informative professional literature review, Faye Crosby     intends to educate affirmative action critics and a skeptical public about     the real-life operation of and continuing need for a largely misunderstood     social policy. Her book's key question is “why does the policy     of affirmative action which appears reasonable to many social scientists     attract so much negative comment?” (p. 22). Despite confusion with     illegal quotas and with the Supreme Court's newly minted diversity     justification, Crosby is convinced that social science studies prove that     properly implemented affirmative action is largely beneficial and still     necessary to overcome overt or subtle in-group prejudice, discrimination,     and exclusion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, the Forum for Environment’s Green Award Scheme has been encouraging of leaders in the industry, more could be done for government officials and scientists. Thus incentives aimed at individuals will need to be followed up, in a step-wise manner, by sector-wide schemes that (1) shift subsidies from ‘bads’ such as fossil fuel use to ‘goods’ such as energy efficiency and renewable energy, and (2) offer payments for defined and verified environmental services through both domestic and international payment mechanisms. Such incentives can have a wide-ranging impact, and be a cost-effective and sustainable complement to implementing specific green growth projects designed top-down. Richer households spend a proportionately larger amount on fuel products, this would indicate that they benefit more than poorer households from any universal fuel subsidy on these products (Mekonnen et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The chronology of this reform in process and the content of the associated competence frameworks are presented here. The B2i reform does not consider ICT as a specific subject which needs technological training. It tries to support an integration of ICT in each field by proposing a competence framework with a new evaluation methodology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Qual SafHealth Care 2007,16:127-131. The 2017 survey focused on the best ways to improve patient safety across all settings of health care. Given the paucity of evidence on primary and ambulatory care, the survey informing this report also asked about occurrence, severity and impact of safety lapses as well as the best ways to improve safety in this setting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The rapid expansion of information and communication technologies (ICTs) are resulting in an increasingly connected world, where developing countries have the opportunity to leapfrog development stages by directly adopting new and cleaner technologies. Despite the rapid development in access to ICTs, many countries still lack skills, resources and strategies for further investments in digital infrastructure and for progressing in the transition towards digital societies. While investments in infrastructure are often driven by the private sector, public spending and development co-operation fill important gaps where the private sector lacks incentives to intervene. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development acknowledged the importance of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) for development and established new international mechanisms to help strengthen developing countries’ STI capacity towards the achievements of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such the creation of the Multi-stakeholder Forum on Science Technology and Innovation for the SDGs that convenes once a year under the auspices of the President of ECOSOC (see Resolution 70/1 of the United Nations General Assembly).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented global crisis, affecting millions globally and in Canada. While efforts to limit the spread of the infection and 'flatten the curve' may buffer children and youth from acute illness, these public health measures may worsen existing inequities for those living on the margins of society. In this commentary, we highlight current and potential long-term impacts of COVID-19 on children and youth centring on the UN Convention of the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), with special attention to the accumulated toxic stress for those in difficult social circumstances. By taking responsive action, providers can promote optimal child and youth health and well-being, now and in the future, through adopting social history screening, flexible care models, a child/youth-centred approach to "essential" services, and continual advocacy for the rights of children and youth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Of particular interest is the Design-Build-Finance-Maintain (DBFM) public-private partnership. The project involves the erection of 200 new low-energy schools for a total outlay of 1.5 billion euros. Over the leasing period of 30 years, the venture partner maintains each school to required standards, while the school boards pay a fee, partly subsidised by AGIOn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper discusses the influence of public interest in European patent legislation on plant-related issues. It briefly explains the implications of patentability of biological material for plant breeding and describes the interests of all the stakeholders involved in the matter. It argues that a balance between stakeholders' concerns is needed in order to promote public interest in plant-related patents. For clarity, the vague concept of "public interest" is explained in light of economic theory and it is further elaborated as a guidance for legislators. To this purpose, the importance of international legal acts (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Convention on Biological Diversity and its Nagoya Protocol) as well as the European Citizens' Initiative introduced by the Lisbon Treaty is indicated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Increased instability and erosion of coastlines (especially in the upper Adriatic) has been documented by the National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (Insula, 2000) and is further exacerbated by subsidence from natural and anthropic factors like natural gas and water extraction. In helping to formulate adaptation strategies, the relative costs and benefits of different choices need to be known, as well as the cost of the damage expected to be caused by climate change and the extent to which an adaptation strategy can ameliorate such damage. Meanwhile, the current inlet configuration, together with the dredged navigation channels for large ships, promotes erosion and net export of sediment to the sea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This emphasis is also closely aligned with the avowedly transformative 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda), which includes explicit targets for both structural transformation and industrialization, and places greater emphasis on the interconnectedness of the economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainable development than did the Millennium Development Goals. This is further reinforced by global value chains (GVCs), which tend to realign patterns of trade and investment flows to divide production processes into ever-smaller segments based on existing comparative advantage, rather than fostering a dynamic evolution of comparative advantage (UNCTAD, 2015a: paras. Such a trajectory provides at best a weak foundation for future development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Habitats important for biodiversity are being lost to construction projects, including hydroelectricity generation infrastructure, electricity transmission lines, new roads and railways, and industrial and urban development. The upper layer of water obtains oxygen from the atmosphere, whereas below 130-150 m the water is rich in hydrogen sulphide. As a result, about 87-90 per cent of the water is anoxic, i.e. devoid of oxygen, only the upper layers and shelf waters contain oxygen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)