albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, from 2009 onwards, unemployment has decreased for men but not for women: by the last quarter of 2012, across the OECD, the unemployment rate was around 8% for both men and women (ILO, 2012, OECD, 2013b). Although the gap between men’s and women’s employment rate narrows considerably with higher educational attainment, on average the employment rate for tertiary-educated women is still 9 percentage points lower than that of men (Figure 4.5). The difference in employment rates between tertiary-educated men and women is particularly marked in Chile, the Czech Republic, Japan, Korea, Mexico and Hirkey, where it is as high as 29 percentage points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Business development services “range from common facilities (photocopying, reception and telephone services) to more technical services (bookkeeping, IT support), skills development (training and coaching) and strategic assistance (advice and consulting)” (EC and OECD, 2008). They may also include legal and accounting services. Business-related information may involve issues such as tax regulations, export regulations, licensing procedures, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Many jobless people who wish to work or find training and education opportunities that may lead to employment, do not know how or where to start. Guidance services are one of the most effective strategies to inform unemployed adults of their options and encourage them to pursue new opportunities. Many adults have not been able to take advantage of such a service since their school years, since adult guidance is an undeveloped resource in many countries (OECD, 2005). The most vulnerable groups of adults need to be identified and offered targeted learning opportunities tailored to their needs. This report has focused on providing learning opportunities to adults with a low level of education and skills. They include specific population groups who experience particular challenges and barriers to learning, such as: unemployed young adults, women who have been out of the labour market for a long period, single mothers, and immigrants without language skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
But can an ever-increasing income gap between the top 1% and everyone else possibly be a steady state? “ More inequality” in the sense of increasing inequality over time raises the questions: “What sort of society are we becoming? What processes could equalise income growth rates across income classes and thereby stabilise the distribution of income? How' likely are they to occur?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Some refer to the overall architecture of the model, while others are specifically related to various scenarios. This assumption is based on the elderly experiencing around 5 per cent fewer acute health problems (although the probability of using long-term care is kept constant) and that people have confidence in the primary care system and use it more appropriately. This and a more appropriate workforce skill mix contribute towards productivity gains increasing to 3 per cent a year over the second half of the period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Among the 8 OECD countries that have between 15% and 30% of students with an immigrant background, which includes the United States, four show a smaller performance gap for immigrants on PISA while three show a larger performance gap for immigrants than the United States (Figure 11.4.3 in PISA 2009 Results, Volume II). These differences need to be taken into account when interpreting differences in student performance. At the same time, the future economic and social prospects of both individuals and countries depends on the results they actually achieve, not on the performance they might have achieved under different social and economic conditions. That is why the results that are actually achieved by students, schools and countries are the focus of the subsequent analysis in this chapter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Third, a more balanced distribution of unpaid work at home ensures an equal sharing of the burden of child care tasks (Huerta et al., Annual gross earnings are usually divided into 14 equal monthly instalments of which 12 correspond to current monthly payments and the other 2 to holiday and Christmas bonuses. Maximum of EUR 2 920 for singles and EUR 5 840 for couples, with an additional EUR 1460 from three children onwards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The deprivation of women in terms of quality of work is three times that of men, and wage rates of women are significantly lower. There has also been a decline in real wages of regular informal workers since 1999-2000. La situation relative a l”emploi des femmes n’a jamais ete stable, le pic de I’emploi survient plus tard dans la vie,et done les gains possibles suite a une augmentation de salaire sont de courteduree.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Without reliable public transport, residents will continue to use their cars. Another crucial step would be to ensure sound financial mechanisms to help to invest in modernisation and expansion of the fleet, and exploring new modes of transport. In Astana, Almaty and Shymkent, urban transport policies require an investment strategy involving different levels of government, the private sector, investment banks and private operators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This perspective ignores the fact that public investment can "crowd in” or encourage private investment, for example, when the public provision of infrastructure, education and training, or credit, makes private investment opportunities more attractive. This is especially true in developing economies, where market imperfections are extensive. Public goods are undersupplied by markets relative to what is socially or economically optimal because their social returns are greater than their private returns (Sen, 1999, United Nations, 2013b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In post-conflict and fragile countries, physical infrastructure is often damaged, destroyed or inexistent, restricting the capacity for economic recovery. Rehabilitating local infrastructure and improving transport links enables conflict-affected communities to re-engage in economic activities and creates employment opportunities -including for ex-combatants and displaced people. Yet, in Iraq, foreign contractors used capital-intensive methods and labour from South Asia, despite local unemployment rates being 50% (UNDP, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The framework allows progress towards green growth to be measured using internationally comparable data, embedded in a conceptual framework that is able to be communicated to a wide audience of policy makers and the public at large (OECD, 201 la). It is important to recognise that no single indicator will be effective in capturing progress towards green growth, and not all of the indicators presented are measurable today. The OECD framework contains 25 separate indicators, arranged into 5 themes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
But, in general, such programmes neither target nor reach the poor (Table 4). For example, in Zambia, 73 percent of small family farms cultivate less than two hectares and make up 78 percent of small family farms in extreme poverty. Yet, 55 percent of the input subsidy went to the 23 percent of households that cultivated more than two hectares (Mason, Jayne and Mofya-Mukuka, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A common misperception about oil politics is that it has a uniform, monolithic effect on policy development. This paper argues that in fact the net political effect of oil varies dramatically depending on the nature of the petrostate. It shows that oil income, when combined with revolutionary governments in petrostates, generates strong incentives for foreign policy aggression and international conflict. The aggressiveness of petro-revolutionary states is shown to have consequences in both military and economic spheres of international relations. Militarily, the aggressiveness of this type of state leads to a high rate of armed conflicts. Economically, the aggressiveness of petro-revolutionary states shapes global oil markets and international economic relations. The argument is tested using statistical analysis of international conflicts and economic sanctions. The policy implications are then considered, focusing on the negative global impacts of dependence on oil consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Similar procedures were implemented to remove common words also in French, German, Portuguese and in Spanish. In addition, words such as “project/s”, “development/s” and “country/ies” were excluded as these words tend to be typical in the description of development activities, but do not provide any relevance of the particular sector of the activity. The translation of some of these words into other languages were also used as the base for the analysis. However, these activities include support to research programmes not classified under the research purpose codes, e.g. research on specific diseases or activities classified as “multisector aid”, and contributions in building greater capacity for conducting research in higher education and other research institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Agriculture provides food to humans and feed to livestock, livestock provide biomass energy for biogas, manure produced by cattle also provides fertilizer for agriculture, organic waste produced by citizens is used as biogas and fertilizer (see Figure 4.2.1). This web-like relationship is important to both energy and material flows. Here, four self-sufficiency rates are considered simultaneously: food, fertilizer, feed and energy for the city of Furano in northern Japan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Female parliamentarians, like their male counterparts, often stem from political families. As such, their election to assemblies or their appointments to assimilated councils with limited legislative powers is not necessarily a sign of empowerment or increased attention to women’s issues. It may just as often be a manifestation of their husband’s or clan’s sphere of influence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the same time, climate change driven by rapidly increasing global C02 emissions has also become an urgent political topic, indicating that significant efforts are needed to curb global emissions. Comprehensive policies for increasing resource efficiency and reducing emissions are needed to deal with rising natural resource prices and to mitigate C02 emissions. Such economic instruments can shift production costs away from labour towards natural resources and emissions. Economic instruments can be a cost effective and efficient way of changing incentives to guide consumers and producers towards lower resource and emissions intensity in their daily consumption, and in the way production processes in businesses are organised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Guidelines to develop and evaluate such models are discussed in the FAIRMODE initiative (http://fairmode.jrc.ec.europa.eu/) led by the JRC to support use of modelling in the implementation of the EU directives. What can be done in a city depends as said on the sources, but also resources of the city. Possibilities also depend on whether there is willingness at the political level to not only reduce emission via technological improvements but also by decreasing activity rates or implementing structural and societal changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In this chapter, the move towards humanitarian intervention and the rise of human rights discourse is examined in terms of the politics of protection and international ordering. Since the end of the Cold War, human rights and human security has become a central focus of the international security agenda. Intervening to defend and protect human rights is now an embedded practice and norm in international relations. This chapter explores how humanitarian intervention and human rights discourse is inherently gendered and how it reworks masculinism in subtle and discreet ways. Working from the perspective of the politics of protection, it queries the discourses that permit a more robust form of military humanitarian intervention to protect human rights and to ‘save women’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To get the same estimate at regional level, we follow a simplified methodology. The idea (Verma etal. Then, we decompose the design effect in all its components: effect of the weights, effect of clustering of persons within households, effect of clustering of persons and households within dwellings, effect of correlation in non-independent samples. Some of these components are the same at national and regional level, other can be easily calculated at regional level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Some progress has been made on the Addis Agenda commitment to consider setting up innovation funds where appropriate. More efforts in this area are encouraged at the subnational, national, regional and global levels. Official development assistance (ODA) for research and development to African countries, least developed countries (LDCs) and landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) has increased modestly since the financial crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This is because it may be difficult to ensure the collection of project-level information from the ultimate beneficiary of these funds (Caruso and Ellis, 2013). Such methods seek to test whether theories of change are leading to observable results and can help to overcome some of the challenges outlined with regards to causality, baselines and attribution. The design of RCTs (explained more fully in Duflo et. This allows a given policy or programme to be judged against the performance of randomly selected, similar, and actual cases that have not been subject to the intervention as opposed to assumed baselines of how the intervention’s subjects would have performed in its absence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
One funding criterion for large companies is research co-operation w'ith other innovation actors: SMEs, research organisations and universities. Almost 90% of Tekes funding to large companies is channelled through subcontracting to SMEs or research service purchases to higher education institutions (HEIs) and research organisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article argues that the drafters of the Rome Statute, in their desire to hem in the interpretative mandate granted to the judges of the ICC, have created an unfortunate relationship between the sources of international law in the Court. This has come about because of the creation of a hierarchy of sources in Article 21 of the Statute, which does not comport with general international law or the rules of treaty interpretation. Through an analysis of the use of the various sources of international law in the Al-Bashir case, the article shows how this can distort the definitions of international crimes. It also raises the specter of fragmentation within international criminal law, where crimes such as genocide are interpreted differently in the ICC than elsewhere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This project framed a multi-dimensional agricultural sector reform and was implemented between 2001 and 2008. As part of this move, the State Economic Enterprises and producer cooperatives were decontrolled to varying degrees and at different speeds, and became more exposed to market conditions. Another focus was on helping structural adjustment in agriculture through conversion to alternative production, transition support, land consolidation, and rural development. These new payments were introduced and applied during the life of ARIP, but had gradually given place to production-linked payments and w'ere finally phased out. Some sources indicate a lack of familiarity' with decoupled payments, payment delays, and other concerns which made the direct income support scheme unpopular among farmers (WTO, 2012), while others characterised this evolution as a “dilution of agricultural reform” (Akder, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This was in line with the Government's policy to foster innovation-led growth and support higher value-added sectors. Countries such as the Republic of Korea, which have sustained high economic growth for an extended period, managed to also sustain high investment growth for an extended period. Aside from increasing investment, enhancing the quality of growth and allocating resources to productive sectors will be important to enhance the return on investment and avoid "boom-bust" cycles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Hence, the willingness to pay for improved health is likely to rise sharply with income, and so is the willingness to pay for health care, since health care is a vital input in the production of health. Hall and Jones (2007) claim that as people get richer and consumption rises, the marginal utility of consumption falls rapidly. Furthermore, the marginal utility of life extension does not decline and spending on health to extend life allows individuals to purchase additional periods of utility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Finland puts emphasis on non-salary aspects of the working conditions of high-school teachers and also pays for the costs with comparatively large class sizes. Finally, the OECD indicators also show that the United States spends 11.6% of its resources for schools on capital outlays, a figure that is higher only in the Netherlands, Norway and Luxembourg (OECD average 7.6%) (Table B6.2b in the 2010 edition of OECD's Education at a Glance). Given the close interrelations!)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There are benefits to this model, particularly in terms of equity of service provision, and local accountability for the quality and efficiency of service delivery. However, this model also has disadvantages, particularly nationally designed rules that may not be suited to sparsely populated areas, and a lack of incentives for cooperation between municipalities at a functional scale. Formerly used as a coordination mechanism, it has been replaced with the Forum for Sustainable Regional Growth and Attractiveness. This forum is used to promote coordination between levels of government and type of government actor (political and civil service), bringing together representatives from ministries and regional bodies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Onlyfew municipalities have a range lower than 30% and these are found in both Finland and Norway: only one in Denmark (Samso) and one in Sweden (Hogsby) display this level of coverage. Closer municipal scrutiny shows that rather significant differences can be found even between neighbouring municipalities. For instance, in Osterbotten, the "broadband hotspot" municipalities of Vaasa, Evijarvi and Nykarleby are surrounded by municipalities with a rather low rate of fast broadband accessibility (varying by as much as 10%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These will help develop new indicators for comparing ageing-related issues and the policy impact of best practices globally. Non-profit organisations such as the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) in the United States have developed qualitative indicators for liveable ageing societies. These were developed with such stakeholders as community residents, representatives of particular groups and policy makers. Qualitative indicators, on the other hand, should be used not merely to compare results or rank communities, but to collect critical information that cannot be expressed or evaluated quantitatively. Some case study cities apply indicators to understand their challenges better and to monitor the progress of their policies. Cologne monitors the expansion of high-quality educational opportunities for older people, as well as the demand for and supply of social housing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In today's global economy, small developing countries like Cape Verde have very few options to spur growth and sustain long term socioeconomic development. Small size, poor resource endowment, declining foreign aid, and decreasing opportunities in the world economy have sharply reduced their options for growth and competitiveness. In response, Cape Verde and other small states have been placing increasing focus on migration as a development resource. For a country with a centuries long history of migration and a diaspora estimated to be twice the size of the resident population, harnessing the diaspora is a viable option for Cape Verde. But under what conditions is such an option effective? This article analyses the evolution of the diaspora's economic role, and assesses the conditions that enable or obstruct the diaspora's role as a development resource.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Countries obtain a similar redistributive impact through drastically different size and progressivity combinations (Figure 4, Panel B). For instance, in Portugal and the United States transfers attain about the same reduction in inequality but for different reasons. In the United States, the limited reduction in inequality is due to the smaller size of transfers compared with the OECD average whereas in Portugal it is mainly due to their lower progressivity. This decline is due to a lower size, partly owing to a reduction in unemployment, whereas progressivity increased. The redistributive impact of cash transfers is measured as the difference between the concentration coefficient of market income and that of market income after transfers but before taxes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Crime has always existed in the physical world. However, the transition of crime to an electronic medium brought about new challenges that had hitherto been unknown in the physical world. Besides the problems experienced in cyber crime prevention and investigation, the seriousness and consequences of cyber crime has gradually escalated, for example the distribution of child pornography, the growing prevalence of 'identity theft' and money laundering to name but a few. Since the 11 September 2001 terrorist attack on the USA, attention has increasingly focused on the control of the internet in combating terrorism and cyber crime. This paper focuses on the evolution of unregulated internet use to regulated use with the emphasis on state control by means of state surveillance in the interest of national security and combating crime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Carbon taxes that constitute de facto a tax on fossil fuels are, of course, of particular relevance in this context. The long term requires the creation of the physical infrastructures and long-term trading relations that define the structure of a country’s energy system. A key point here is the technological and geographical diversification of energy imports in order to hedge against supply risks. This includes the development of domestic energy resources such as renewables and nuclear energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Hans Morgenthau was a founder of the modern discipline of International Relations, and his Politics among Nations was for decades the dominant textbook in the field. The character of his Realism has frequently been discussed in debates on methodology and the nature of theory in International Relations. Almost all of this discussion has mischaracterized his views. The clues given in his writings, as well as his biography, point directly to Max Weber’s methodological writings. Morgenthau, it is argued, was a sophisticated user of Weber’s views who self-consciously applied them in the sphere of International Relations in such a way that Realism provided an ideal-typical model of the rational and responsible statesman. This interpretation both explains Morgenthau’s views and shows them to be a serious, complex, and compelling response to the issues which have animated the controversies over International Relations theory after Waltz’s presentation of the methodological basis for his neo-Realism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)