albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
AbstractEnsuring the accountability of state agents requires the use of reward and sanction. Like other authoritarian regimes, the Chinese Party-state faces a dilemma in dealing with malfeasant agents: unprincipled tolerance undermines the regime’s legitimacy, but disciplining officials may demoralize agents and result in the loss of state investment in them. Given this dilemma, selective or differentiated discipline becomes a logical choice. Using the case of social conflict management by local officials, this article explores the political rationale behind the use of selective discipline in China. It finds that two factors significantly affect the likelihood of an official being punished for mishandling social conflict: the severity of the consequences of the official’s failure, and his or her role in the failure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The main governmental institution responsible for forestry, forestry-related activities and forest management is MoNP and its subordinated bodies, the Department of Forestry, NIDFF, and the Service for Forest-Seed Farming and Natural Parks Protection. During that period, the Department of Forestry had 29 forestry companies and organizations. Among engineering and technical personnel, there were specialists specifically qualified in forestry, as well as agronomists, geographers, biologists and others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This type of research has proven valuable for the UK fishing industry (Box 1.8). This includes a project related to the removal of pinbones in cod and whitefish, the development of novel bioactive seaweed-based products, marketing, including retail displays of fish and fish products. A particularly interesting project is the establishment of a North Atlantic Marine Cluster w'hich seeks to strengthen relationships, build arenas for communicating research findings and benchmarking in the marine sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This move has taken place against the background of increasing use of ocean resources and space and the appearance of climate change impacts. There are a number of often conflicting uses which call for a more holistic approach to oceans management. While ecosystem management often emphasises biodiversity, integrated oceans management focuses more on how different users of the ocean ecosystem interact. The ocean provides inputs and services for numerous activities such as the following.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This article discusses a course application in urban affairs within a masters program in public administration. The course application utilizes service learning and critical social analysis methods as instructional tools. The article identifies the historical evolution of social analysis, starting in the Enlightenment and finally reaching its current manifestation in critical theory. The development of critical social analysis methodology, otherwise known as "critical consciousness," is then analyzed in the applications of social critics and educators Paulo Freire and Ivan Illich. Based on this form of social criticism, four vignettes are evaluated based on an intensive seminar course in urban affairs. The subsequent techniques are then adapted within a service learning component in the course. The article details examples of focus questions and journal exercises deemed useful in aiding students, administrators and practitioners in critically assessing the study of urban affairs. The potential implication...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Support for project preparation can help to address capacity constraints relating to climate resilience. Blended finance can be used to improve the risk-retum profile of investments where appropriate. It can also withstand, respond to, and recover rapidly from disruptions caused by these climate conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
While there is no official Government policy on recognition of indigenous peoples, some groups are recognized as marginalized and vulnerable or as minorities. The Ministry for Gender, Labour and Social Development has established a data bank which provides information on minority ethnic communities. In addition to employing the word "minorities", the Ministry uses the term "indigenous peoples" for minority ethnic groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Not only fish stocks are at risk. Harmful fishing practices can adversely impact aquatic environments and harm non-targeted species. This adverse impact to the overall marine environment is troubling for many reasons, but it also ultimately reduces the capacity of the ocean to produce the fish sought after by fishers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, the operational agreements and the joint bodies established were diverse and demonstrated that while based on principles of customary law, there is no universal solution for what these should look like. Countries reported barriers to reaching agreement. However, some actions are much less visible.' Today, as the demand for fresh water increases, awareness is focusing on ensuring that the limited capacity of the natural environment to sustain the multiple services that society has come to rely on is maintained, Water-related ecosystems underpin other SDGs, and yet they also depend on them, particularly those relating to food and energy production, biodiversity, and land and sea ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It has been estimated that 90 per cent of all hunters paying hunting fees are from outside Romania because these fees are very' high. Hunting has become a tourism industry, with hunting clubs organizing hunting parties and providing lodges inside the hunting areas. It is a lucrative business for private landowners, who are able to keep some 80 per cent of the hunting fees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
At the same meeting, statements were made by the representatives of the International Network for Bamboo and Rattan and FAO. At its 9th meeting, on 14 May, the Forum continued its high-level general debate and heard statements by the representatives of Ecuador (on behalf of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States), Cote d’Ivoire and Brazil. At its 8th meeting, on 14 May, the Forum held the high-level round table co-chaired by the Chair of the Forum, Noel Nelson Messone (Gabon), and the Federal Minister of Food and Agriculture of Germany, Christian Schmidt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Analysing the major resource-consuming sectors - agriculture and food, transport, energy - can help to identify policy misalignments with resource efficiency objectives and how they might be overcome. Unless this analysis is performed, resource efficiency policies may be ineffective. Some governments are targeting innovation support on SMEs, often the source of radical innovation. An example is the green action plan for SMEs in Europe, which supports SMEs with information and advice, and facilitates access to finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It will also contribute to OECD trust and inclusive growth agendas, in response to the mandate provided by the OECD Ministers at the 2013 Ministerial Meeting. Finally, this report contributes to the OECD agenda on New Approaches to Economic Challenges and Prioritising Inclusive Growth by identifying policy levers to reduce rising inequality, restore growth and strengthen government performance. Women make up half of this talent pool in any country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It argues that education systems and learning practices need to adapt education services to fit local needs and conditions. The report advocates a shift from viewing knowledge as a standardized commodity to seeing it as a distributed resource that has led to pressures for decentralization of control and decision-making, local adaptations, and increased use of technology to access knowledge. The attainment of education (whether formal or not) is an investment in human capital. The outcome of this investment is knowledge production and transfer that ensures the livelihoods and prosperity of Arctic communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is estimated that there are 300 illegal dumpsites that have to be closed and rehabilitated. As at 2012, 14 landfills are in use and five are being developed. That means that about 1.7 million t/year of waste are disposed of in controlled landfills. Twenty-one illegal dumpsites have been closed and rehabilitated and 64 more are in the process of being rehabilitated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In African countries, multiple road blocks cause significant delays and offer rent seeking opportunities18. Until recently institutional, regulatory and procedural measures, generally grouped under the label of trade facilitation used to receive less attention in assistance projects than infrastructure. Aid for trade facilitation represented only 0.46% of total disbursements in 2009, or 0.48% of total disbursements on average during 2006-09 (OECD Aid for Trade at a Glance, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This progress, while dramatic, is still insufficient to prevent measles outbreaks. Globally, coverage by PCV has made steady advances since it was introduced, but has yet to reach 50 per cent. Many countries, including middle-income countries that have limited access to international financial support, are lagging behind because their current health budgets may not be sufficient to cover the costs without external support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, this categorisation of R&D is not meant to be interpreted as linear as it is possible that findings from experimental development can adapt or change basic knowledge. The key criteria determining the type of R&D is the expected use of the results, in particular how far in the future and in what field the knowledge can lead to any application. While the objectives of an R&D activity can differ, the fundamental principle of R&D is that the aim of the activity should always be to generate new knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Korea would benefit from benchmarking with countries presenting similar traffic and population patterns. The Safe System approach, therefore, aims at eliminating serious injuries as well as road fatalities. For the OECD overall, fatalities have gone down faster than injuries, and it is useful to understand the reasons behind this lag.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, some of the continent's smaller but richer countries (Seychelles, Mauritius) generate 11.5 kg/inh and 8.6 kg/inh respectively, in comparison to the African average of 1.9 kg/inh and world average of 6.1 kg/inh. Local generation of e-waste is expected to rise in the future with the penchant for consumption of foreign goods and the quest for comfort associated with consumer goods. However, the legal and infrastructural framework for achieving sound management still remains far from realised in the majority of countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The Institute has a general plan for 2006-2016, which is consistent with the government's strategic objectives on poverty reduction, since it contributes to achieving short-, medium- and long-term results by reducing the vulnerability of the communities most exposed to disasters. The plan includes specific actions for the country's arid zones, such as the generation of income from non-agricultural work, the development of conservation agriculture, the development of rainwater harvesting projects and measures to ensure the supply of drinking water to communities (Macaringue, 2010). Firstly, the Direct Social Support Programme (Programa de Apoyo Social Directo - PASD) includes a transfer in kind to households whose members are temporarily unable to participate in the labour market. The PASD is also conceived as permanent support for the most vulnerable households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Concerns have also been raised about the relative distribution of economic benefits, both geographically within countries and across sections of the population (Cornelissen 2009). However, there has been growing interest in hosting the increasing range of smaller, so-called non-mega sport events. Hosting such events may be more feasible in many contexts, as they may not involve the construction or renovation of facilities, and other related infrastructure requirements are less onerous (Agha and Taks 2015). Reduced infrastructure costs may make non-mega sport events a better policy approach for achieving optimal economic impact (Taks 2016, Gibson et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Every sector, whether heat, electricity or gas distribution, has high future investment needs, which makes it important to attract capital with a fair return. Through ANRE, the government of Moldova has several options for inducing subsidies: • not adjusting tariffs for an extended period, as was the case with natural gas tariffs between 2011 and 2015 • approving district heat and natural gas tariffs separately, which carried the risk that increased heat tariffs might lead to disconnections from the district heating system • approving the tariff using a weak definition of the rate of return. This puts centralised production of heat and electricity at a disadvantage compared to small-scale boilers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Countries should consider improving reporting of these categories by all means. As they will continue to face budget constraints and ever-increasing financing needs, policy-makers might have to operate choices concerning the range of benefits covered or the level of coverage of covered benefits. Yet, increasing cost-sharing and restricting the range of benefits covered to priority areas to be covered collectively are not equivalent choices in a society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As in most OECD countries, university hospitals are generally the destination of last resort for the patients with the complex needs. University hospitals generally house the most highly trained specialists, in part through their ability to offer a combination of challenging clinical practice and the opportunity to undertake research. Without adjustments to reflect the more complex patients that they see, Turkey’s university hospitals are likely to face the more extreme cases where the operational cost of a service is greater than that reimbursed by die SSI’s flat package rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
An example of the think aloud method used to construct survey questions on violence against women by Statistics Canada and the insights provided by this testing is presented in box IV.4. Ten behaviourally based questions on physical and sexual violence and ten questions designed to measure emotionally abusive and controlling behaviour were included in cognitive testing. The goal of the testing was to ensure that the final questionnaire would appropriately capture a range of experiences and be comprehensive and clearly understood by respondents and that respondents would be willing to disclose sensitive information to interviewers. The goal of the face-to-face think aloud interviews was to assess how well the survey and its concepts reflected the lived experiences of these individuals and to ensure that the questions were appropriate for a large scale victimization survey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They are also adversely affected by the underlying determinants of health, such as access to safe drinking water, sanitation, adequate housing and nutrition. Additionally, health practitioners may give lower-quality diagnoses, medication and care and may even show neglect towards those discriminated against. Indirect discrimination that indigenous peoples experience may on the surface appear neutral, but it has the effect of discrimination. One prime example of indirect discrimination includes providing health information and services only in the dominant language or in accordance with dominant cultural practices, which results in the de facto exclusion of indigenous peoples. In the Asian region, as in other parts of the world, indigenous peoples have spoken clearly on this issue stating that such a data revolution should include the collecting disaggregated information on key indicators for both baseline and progress tracking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The dynamic growth of the oil and gas sector inevitably reduces the shares of other sectors in GDP, and potentially their absolute size. The government has been proactive in combating these trends, investing the National Fund revenues overseas to limit exchange rate appreciation and consequent Dutch Disease effects and promoting economic diversification by a variety of well-funded policies. One expectation is that non-traded goods sectors will expand, and this was apparent in the construction boom and real estate bubble, which burst in 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This road connection between the Gulf and the Pacific would allow for cost and time savings for passing through Morelos and, more specifically, the Balsas river basin area. This will represent an important improvement to access international markets and strengthen commercial links with Puebla. Likewise, a project focused on tourist circuits in the southern state would take advantage of tourist attractions located in northern Guerrero and south-w'estem Puebla.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The role of judicial officers to address VAW is not confined to the courtroom. They can take part in creating awareness of the adverse effects of violence and in sensitising women and the community in general, of women’s rights and the consequences of violence on the lives of women and children. They can also create awareness of the existence of laws to address such violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While soil losses, aquifer depletion, and nutrient over-applications have been slowed through the application of technologies and the financial support and incentives provided by public policy, increasing commodity demands and climate stresses pose new threats. The sector’s capacity to meet these new demands, while maintaining and improving its record of sustaining natural resources, depends critically on the further development and diffusion of innovations in farm inputs, farm production, food marketing, and public policy. Further developments along these lines will be crucial. However, investments in science, which have played a primary role in supporting past productivity growth, continue to provide the largest opportunities, and challenges, for meeting future demands for agricultural products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Myanmar does not have adequate data to assess primary forest cover, so the country has used the same figure since 1990 (Figure 3). Thailand and Viet Nam have reported the largest increases and together account for 85 percent of all planted forest in GMS countries. For Myanmar, planted forest, which showed an increase from 1990 to 2010, declined during 2010 to 2015, while for Cambodia it remained constant, although due to the relatively very small area it is hard to see in Figure 3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Poland has chosen to support all 11 thematicobjectives (Figure 2.2).16 Thematic objectives are translated into priorities that are specific to each of the ESI funds and that are set out in the fund-specific rules. Partnership agreements stipulate that 6.7% of non-EAFRD allocations must be rural-specific. There are five ESI funds in total: the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the European Social Fund (ESF), the Cohesion Fund (CF), the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF), and the aforementioned EAFRD (Table 2.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In order to create greater opportunities for the poor, governments must also adopt policies to promote increased employment generation and invest more in education, health, and other basic services. Further, the LDCs should focus on promoting environmentally sustainable development by enhancing the efficiency of natural resource use, reducing energy intensity, preserving biodiversity, reducing waste generation, and adapting to the effects of climate change. Trade liberalization is creating new challenges and opportunities, technological revolutions in ICT are fostering new dimensions of knowledge in development, and the role of migration and remittances b domestic development is bcreasbg.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This chapter documents the responses to peacekeeping misconduct and how such abuse/violations have been handled by the UN and troop-contributing countries (TCCs), what is lacking, and how a culture of accountability and justice can be established to deter and where necessary prosecute criminal behavior. There is a review of the overall number of SEA occurrences and how the difficulties of enforcing criminal accountability have created a culture of impunity and immunity for UN peacekeepers. Selected cases are used to substantiate the claim that the UN’s zero tolerance for SEA, since the 2005 Zeid report, has in practice done little to change the TCCs’ zero action. The 2015 UN Report of the External Independent Review Panel is discussed along with other pressing concerns and reform suggestions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Policies and programmes aimed at achieving the MDGs too often ignore the situation of the poorest and most marginalized adolescents and youth, even those in middle-income and industrialized countries. Fulfilling their rights to education, health and recreation, to an environment without violence, and to having their voices heard in decision-making processes are all conditions for achieving social equality, pro-poor economic growth and expanded citizenship. Countries that have done so include Burundi, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, the Niger, Senegal and Zambia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Secretary-General was clear throughout his messaging that achieving the outcomes of the Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development would be impossible without ambitious and urgent action to mitigate climate change. The Action Agenda aimed to: facilitate adaptation and mitigation on the ground, secure a comprehensive climate change agreement applicable to all parties with legal force under the UNFCCC, and strengthen, defend and use climate science to make and promote evidence-based policy.89 These three objectives guided the Secretary-General's engagement on climate change through the adoption of the Paris Agreement and beyond. In March 2014, he visited Greenland to witness the impacts of climate change, stressing while there that "we cannot negotiate with nature. .. We have to take action now.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There should be more overlap and provision. Incubators in Mexico have existed for over 35 years but under the SME fund the number and range of functions have accelerated. This is a national model: all incubators have a committee in which the Ministry of Economy, the state government, the chambers of commerce, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Hometown associations have subsequently become involved in funding hospitals, schools and public infrastructure (a role analogous to that of many NGOs, such as Medecins Sans Frontieres and the Red Cross, which have worked with these hometown associations). At the same time, mobile phones and internet access, funded by such associations, are opening up a new virtual realm of diagnosis and healing between continents. Such caravans and ambulances serve equity, by serving people who do not have kin in Europe who can send remittances to cover medical costs, but they are there only a short time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)