albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It sets out a vision, plan and timetable for achieving the United Kingdom's 2020 emission reduction targets, department by department. Updates on progress will be released quarterly and a final plan will be released following the confirmation of the fourth carbon budget in June 2011. A GIB to unlock finance for the transition to low-carbon growth will commence operations during the latter half of 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The residential schools system was part of a century ’s long policy of assimilation of Indigenous peoples that entailed the removal of children from their families for the purpose of education. Conditions in schools inflicted trauma on many Indigenous children through harsh discipline, the abnegation of culture and identity, and pervasive physical and sexual abuse. Survivors of the residential schools system initiated the largest class-action settlement in Canadian histoiy whereby a multi-billion dollar fund was established to help former students in their recovery and led to the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Developed by Industry Skills Councils or enterprises, each package is a set of nationally-endorsed standards, qualifications and guidelines used to recognise and assess the skills and knowledge people need to perform effectively in the workplace. The packages prescribe outcomes required by the workplace, not training or education. They are generally reviewed and resubmitted for endorsement every three years, however, within the three years, changes may occur under a continuous improvement process. Additionally, in the ECEC sector, national training packages have been developed for Certificate III, Diploma and Advanced Diploma in Children’s Services through the Community Services and Health Industry Skills Council.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Research that highlights disabled students' perspectives often describes experiences of exclusion, isolation, loneliness, and bullying, and difficulties finding friends. Within this broader social context, students' rights are placed at risk. Using examples from New Zealand research, this paper explores the social experiences of disabled students at school within a rights-based framework, and with reference to the goals and guidance of the United Nations Convention on the Child, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities, the New Zealand Disability Strategy, and the New Zealand Curriculum. The notions of ‘freedom from discrimination’ and ‘participation and belonging’ arising out of these documents are used to explore the contexts that shape disabled children's social experiences at school. Social exclusion is associated with children's experiences of discrimination and barriers to participation. It is suggested that social participation will be enhanced when schools challenge ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The transition rate will thus be increased, as more students will be allowed or able to access secondary schooling, and move on to the tertiary level. By having more students graduating at the tertiary level, greater numbers of young people will become members of society able to contribute to sustainable development in Mauritius. First, teachers teach the essential learning competencies (ELC) for Standards III, IV and V, to ensure that pupils are ready to address the ELC component of the CPE. Next, to boost their self-esteem, a model question paper focussing on the ELC component is completed by pupils.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The country’s size results in relatively low average population density, but the population is highly concentrated along the coast. Almost 5 million Brazilians live in traditional or indigenous communities that practice extractive activities of non-timber forest products, small-scale agriculture, hunting or fishing (Fundaj, 2014). These include traffic congestion, air pollution, waste volumes that exceed the capacity for adequate treatment and disposal, and polluted water sources due to insufficient sanitation and wastewater treatment infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The community based monitoring work has also led to the identification of "lost" Atlantic salmon spawning areas, that are now subjects of a major restoration project (Mustonen, 2018a). The Lake is part of the larger Saimaa Lake system. Endangered lake salmon and freshwater seal inhabit the lake. Puruvesi is also home to one of the most traditional fishing communities in northern Europe, who practice the winter seiners of Puruvesi (Mustonen, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It is multidimensional nature and the whole spectrum of formality/informality that should be taken into consideration. What is also required for better policy outcomes is the development of a broader understanding of informal settlement formations. A narrow understanding is when the consideration of informal settlements is dominated by the images from the Third World, poverty and self-made housing areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Distributed energy production should also promote improvements to the grid, increasing the interconnections with adjacent regions in the north (including neighbouring regions in Sweden and Finland), opening up new business opportunities in those areas affected by slow but constant depopulation and ageing (Box 13.2). Home to approximately 1 800 people, this seems to be the most proactive municipality in the region when it comes to using RE to generate local employment. Taking advantage of new powers granted to local levels by central government for promoting RE deployment (see below), the Storfjord municipality has already developed a local plan for small-scale hydro-electric development, steering projects into suitable sites which do not conflict with tourism or the environment. They are also thinking about exporting energy to Sweden, and building a power transmission Une and a railway to transport processed minerals from Sweden in winter (when the North Baltic is frozen).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
On average, shipping containers have utilization rates of only 20 per cent because companies often ship merchandise to many locations. Tracking each container using loT technologies could improve container utilization by 10 to 25 per cent and reduce annual spending on containers by nearly US$ 13 billion by 2025 (Lund and Manyika, 2016). Globally, the total number of installed remote shipment tracking systems stood at 2.9 million units by the end of 2015, and it is expected to grow at a compounded annual growth rate of 23 per cent in the coming years (Bern Insight, 2016). It is not only containers, but also each product that can now be tracked using radio-frequency identification technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It sends out about 1 million messages per day and covers nearly all country mobile phone users in a year. The project is supported by the Praekelt Foundation, the PopTech innovation network, LifeLine Southern Africa (the government-backed provider of the helpline), iTEACH, Frog Design and MTN. Text to Change also has campaigns in South America. Moreover, the benefits around mobile markets have come from competition including lower prices for people to first get telephones and service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Social justice is the foundation of public health. This controversial assertion has been the guiding principle to some, and anathema to others, ever since the rise of the modern public health movement in the mid-19th century in Europe and the Americas.1    Translated to the realms of theory and action, the premise that societal arrangements of power and property powerfully shape the public’s health has animated diverse efforts to develop cogent frameworks that explicitly identify determinants of—and can usefully guide efforts to rectify—social inequalities in health. Examples of such frameworks in the English-language literature appearing since the mid-20th century include “social medicine,” “social production of disease,” “political economy of health,” and, most recently, “health and human rights,” “population health,” and “ecosocial theory.”2 A similar discourse generated by the social, academic, and political movement collectively known as Latin American social medicine3,4 can be found in the Spanish- and Portuguese-language literature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Italy, several of the OECD’s set of health care quality indicators are well above the OECD average. Figure 1.2, which shows admission-based acute myocardial infarction (AMI) 30 day in hospital mortality, places Italy above the OECD average, with an AMI 30 day in-hospital mortality rate below Switzerland, France or the Netherlands. On for example hospital admission rates for asthma, Italy reports the lowest age-sex standardised rate at 11.4 per 100 000 population, compared to an average rate of 45.6 per 100 000 population across OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
With the establishment of new sugar mills and the modernisation of existing ones, the technically feasible potential for bagasse cogeneration is estimated to be around 5 GW (DOE, 2009). Another 39 GW (30% efficiency, 60% load factor) can be obtained from other agricultural and plantation residues, based on a potential for agricultural residues of 145 Mt (Table 1.6). The principal total biomass potential in India is, therefore, estimated to be around 65 GW to 70 GW.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This new investment cycle will constitute a major test for competitive markets and one of the last opportunities to decarbonise the electricity mix by 2050. Many economists, as well as the IEA (2007), recommend well-functioning electricity markets as the efficient solution, provided that prices can rise high enough during periods of scarcity, and that there is a stable regulatory framework. Yet a growing number of countries have recently adopted new rules mandating system operators to contract for generation capacity (New Zealand, Ontario, California, Norway and Sweden) or have introduced explicit margin or capacity targets (PJM, Italy, Australia's eastern states and Latin America).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To achieve this, indicators that focus on environment-related “productivity,” or its inverse, “intensity,” should be used. Such indicators include those that monitor the productivity of natural resources and materials used in agricultural production (Box 3.1). Monitoring natural resource and environmental productivity for agriculture is important because of the sector’s significant role in using natural resources, making the productivity of soil and water resources of utmost importance. It should ideally encompass all natural resources and ecosystem inputs that are used as factors of production in the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The six SEE economies achieve an average score of 2.3 out of 5 for the energy regulator indicator (Figure 12.7). Scores range from 1.5 to 3. Montenegro and Serbia achieve 3, reflecting their well-developed sets of strategies for implementing the Energy Community acquis and energy sector development which address the need for capacity building and institutional development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This paper argues that access to public e-services encourages citizen engagement in the e-government policy making processes and the further empowerment of citizens through participation in the democratic processes of developing/transitional countries like Tajikistan. It presents e-citizenship, with e-participation as its driving force, as a phenomenon concerned with the transformation of the citizen's role and status from the e-government periphery to the e-democracy core. This transformation is mainly based on three models of e-participation, namely: push, pull and interactive. To find evidence of this transformation the five distinct types of individual instrumental freedom, identified by Amartya Sen, were tested against these models. An analytical framework, adapted from the Sen's capability approach theory, was applied to analyse the revealed evidence. A profile of e-citizens and their attributes were identified to evaluate their role in Tajikistan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Between 2001 and 2011, GDP per capita increased by 29% and the poorest 20% of people saw their income grow seven times as fast as the top 20%. Brazil also reduced by half the number of people living in poverty - in half the time expected. In this chapter, the man at the helm of this remarkable transformation - Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva - explains how this was enabled by a democratic decision to put social policy at the heart of the country’s development strategy. The flagship Bolsa Familia (Family Stipend) programme transferred cash to low-income households in exchange for enrolling children in school and ensuring regular medical check-ups and vaccinations (conditional cash transfers). The programme has benefitted an entire generation by helping to break the vicious circle of poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Plastics intended for more durable applications may be manufactured with additive chemicals to improve the material properties. These include plasticisers to soften the product, colouring agents, UV-resistance and flame-retardation, an important property for applications in transportation and electronics. Some of these chemicals have harmful properties when released into the environment. Some microplastics are purposefully manufactured for industrial and domestic purposes (‘primary’ microplastics).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As shown in the table below, there are differences at several stages of the process, although the overall procedure remains the same. Medicidndelapobrezaporingresostactualitacidn metodoiogica y resultados (IC/FUB.2018/22-P). December 2018, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization/United Nations University IFAO/OMSAINUI, Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements. Report of a Joint FAQ/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Between 2002 and 2008 and again between 2008 and 2014, the poverty rate fell far enough to offset population growth, which led to a reduction in the absolute number of people living in poverty in both these periods. Between 2014 and 2017 the rise in the poverty rate and growth in the population reinforced each other, so that the absolute number of people living in poverty rose more than the poverty rate (see figure II.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The first section presents a supply-side analysis of banks' financing practices, based on the results of a survey of banks carried out by the OECD in collaboration with the Union of Arab Banks. The section reviews whether banks consider women's businesses as a market for their own development, the amounts and types of loans they provide to those businesses and the ways and means to enhance the proportion of bank lending to women's businesses. The second section consists of a practical guide to improving the demand side of lending to women-led businesses, by providing concrete advice to women on how to approach banks for financing their businesses, within the context of the larger financing needs of their businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the Spanish parts of the Duero and Guadiana basins, respectively 92% and 88% of water withdrawal is for agricultural use. Water abstraction for irrigation is also a major pressure factor in the Po Basin, being 80% of the total water use. Water demand in summer for agriculture and tourism is particularly acute in the coastal regions and islands of the Mediterranean.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Abstract   Globalization has intensified the interaction and interdependency among countries. The need to maintain good reputation and establish good relationships should dominate public diplomacy efforts ( Hiebert, 2005 ). Using the US financial crisis 2008 as a case study, this study examines how the world's only superpower repaired its image when it was accused of triggering the financial meltdown that impacted the world economy. Few studies have examined repair strategies by nations. The need to undertake more empirical research to understand how the image-rebuilding rhetoric can aid diplomatic efforts remains relevant today.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is not possible to create an urban agglomeration exclusively at the behest of the national government, city and regional governments should have a role in the planning and management. To create new inter-regional policy space, both city and oblast ctkimats have to control territorial development and share some of the managerial responsibilities. It requires, among other things, holistic and inclusive urban policies that support economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Respondents who completed two or more tasks correctly were then given a much larger variety of tasks drawn from a pool of 170 items, printed in one of eight test booklets. Test booklets were randomly assigned to respondents to ensure good representation of the domains of interest. The assessment was not timed and respondents were given maximum opportunity to demonstrate their skill proficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Familiarity with fishery data, existing management systems and their drivers is an important base from which to alter governance. Additional information about fishers, processors and their communities assists in the prediction of impacts and planning governance response (Mcllgorm et al., Research can provide needed information to assess the overall range, combination, likelihood and potential impacts of climate related effects in the biological, economic, social and ecological contexts of fisheries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
These provide cash to households conditioned on their investment in their children’s education, health and nutrition. In most cases, CCTs are channelled through women heads of households, who are then responsible for compliance with the conditionalities. The conditionalities (often called ‘co-responsibilities’) refer to activities such as taking children for vaccinations and health check-ups and/or ensuring children’s attendance at school. In most cases, non-compliance with these requirements is penalized:sanctions range from warnings and temporary loss of benefits to permanent exclusion from the programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, gender disparities in secondary enrolment are wider and occur in more countries than at the primary level. Due to the unprecedented expansion of the tertiary student body over the past two decades, one of the most noticeable improvements in womens enrolment is registered at the tertiary level. Men’s dominance in tertiary education has been reversed globally and gender disparities currently favour women, except in sub-Saharan Africa and Southern and Western Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Second, the demand for evaluation has expanded because OECD countries have increased public investment in R&D despite budget constraints. However, it is difficult to determine and measure the various impacts of public R&D and the most important challenges are discussed in Box 5.4. Over the past decade, national governments and academics have developed new analytical techniques for assessing the impacts of public R&D investment, such as econometric analysis, data linkages approaches and case studies. Further work is needed on integrating different approaches and methodologies to create coherent impact assessment practices (OECD, 2008a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The environmental consequences and costs of material resource use are not yet fully understood, nor are the economic opportunities provided by improved resource productivity. More in-depth analysis is needed of specific resources and materials (trade-related material flows, flows of secondary raw materials and waste, etc.) Most of the growth in both income and population will be in the rapidly industrialising economies of Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa (the BRIICS) and in developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
By 2018, there were 39 multilateral agencies, which report their outflows to the CRS, and whose activities are included in the analysis. These represents the bulk of all official development finance going through the multilateral system. However, in a few exceptional cases, it is necessary to include core funding to multilateral agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Climate Change2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. See box 1, below. Low-income countries can only afford to spend a small portion of their total income on health, and their populations have to cover a large share of their medical expenses out of their own pockets. These facts demonstrate that health attainments and services in developing countries remain unsatisfactory, despite successes achieved on many fronts. Table 2 shows the range of inequalities in under-five mortality rates in developing countries. In virtually every country, children born in poorer families are facing a higher probability of dying before reaching age 5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Market principles are becoming more prominent in citizen experience of public policy across Europe, as a result of economic globalization and the Maastricht commitment to ‘open markets’, and cost-constraint, privatization and labour market activation pursued in response to the various pressures confronting welfare states. These principles (inequality, competitiveness, allocation through ability to pay) contradict those traditionally associated with social policy (equity, solidarity, social justice). This paper examines the impact of current changes on welfare values in the various types of European welfare states (including accession states), using international attitude survey data. It shows that most citizens remain committed to mild egalitarianism. Citizen ideology will thus continue to buttress resilience to pressures for restructuring in the various welfare state regimes. The paper goes on to consider the impact of social change by examining the values of groups with particular interests who are like...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, a regional referendum in 1996 to merge the city Lander of Berlin with the surrounding Lander of Brandenburg as ‘"Berlin-Brandenburg” failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg, while a majority of Berliners voted in favor of the merger (Hauswirth, Herrschel and Newman, 2003). Instead, the main mechanism is some form of voluntary agreement that results in co-ordinated actions (OECD, 2015). These agreements can be complex to negotiate and may be limited, at least initially, to topics where all parties see an immediate benefit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In Germany, as in other OECD countries, few parents1 share paid work equally and full-time employees, be they men or women, often work longer than 40 hours per week." Such long hours complicate mothers’ efforts to combine full-time work with parenting, an issue that is exacerbated in Germany by the relatively short days in pre-, primary and secondary school (Chapter 3). In part for that reason, German mothers who work part-time work shorter hours than in other countries and they face difficulties to revert to full-time work as their children get older. As for their male partners, their long hours curtails the time that they spend with their families and the amount of unpaid work that they do at home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)