albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, the last years have also seen a number of important shifts, such as the rise in shale gas production, especially in the United States, the decrease in nuclear energy after Fukushima, as well as a slight increase in modern renewable energy (PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2013). Essentially, this would require making the power and transport sector carbon-free worldwide by mid-century, in view of the limitations associated with replacing industrial processes based on fossil fuels. Todays C02 emitting devices and infrastructures alone imply cumulative emissions of about 496 gigatons (Gt) of C02 from 2010 and 2060, leading to atmospheric concentrations of about 430 ppmv (Davis, Caldeira, and Matthews, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, tests may add value to appraisal when used in combination with other instruments, especially to inform professional development (Claudet, 2002). The use of stakeholder surveys and questionnaires may serve to provide an additional perspective on a school leader’s performance and to provide information on the level of stakeholder satisfaction. Depending on the purposes and uses of an appraisal system, the results of surveys and questionnaires may be shared with the school leader, evaluators, and/or the whole school community. Some states and territories in Australia draw on information collected through parent surveys for the appraisal of school principals and on staff surveys when appraising deputy school principals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is largely due to the limited attention which GHPs have given to support activities and technical assistance in beneficiary countries, which has made it difficult for the poorest countries to maximize benefits from the GHPs’ programmes. In spite of the important achievements accomplished on HIV/ AIDS, it should be recalled that today the top killer diseases in most poor countries are respiratory and intestinal diseases leading to child deaths from pulmonary failure or diarrhoea (see table 6). Yet there is very little advocacy for addressing these problems, and there is no GHP to support them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, evidence from other studies is also discussed and, where possible, integrated into the final quantitative assessment. To ensure better quality and completeness of the data, ENSAD focuses mainly on human-made severe accidents, but it includes also data on natural disasters, other non-energy-related accidents as well as on less severe human-made accidents, although with a lesser degree of completeness. Currently, it is considered the most complete and reliable source of information on human-made severe accidents in the energy sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Various other countries indicated that underperformance entails the possibility to dismiss a school leader or to initiate a separate procedure that may lead to a school leader’s dismissal in the case of his or her continued underperformance. This includes various states and territories in Australia, Belgium (Flemish Community), various provinces and territories in Canada, Chile (Performance Appraisal), Israel (ISCED level 1 and partially ISCED level 2), New Zealand, and Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom. In the Flemish Community of Belgium, for example, school principals on temporary contracts may be dismissed if their performance is rated as unsatisfactory. They may, however, remain employed in a teaching capacity if they had previously been granted a permanent teaching contract (Flemish Ministry of Education and Training and the University of Antwerp Edubron Research Group, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The systematic collection and analysis of appraisal results may, furthermore, provide information at a system-level for the further development of policies to strengthen leadership in schools. An increasing number of countries conducts appraisal to provide feedback and to inform professional development. In many of these cases, appraisal may lead to summative consequences for underperforming school leaders if a school leader fails to improve after an unsatisfactory rating and the introduction of an improvement plan, for example. The ways in which results are used may differ depending on a school leader’s performance in the appraisal as well as the school level and school type.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The author starts from the observation that citizenship and voluntarism are contested terms with diverse meanings. They have also been appropriated by politicians of various persuasions and imbued with meanings associated with ‘feel good’ factors that emphasize serving in a community. Therefore, voluntarism has the potential to continue the exclusion of minority groups, marginalized individuals and collective groupings at the expense of their citizenship rights, particularly those identified by Hannah Arendt as the ‘right to have rights’ that have been endorsed through public policy but today are being undermined by the ‘age of austerity’ in publicly funded welfare states. Against the background of the political context of UK, and the public rhetoric on the ‘Big Society’, the author examines whether citizenship discourses allied with voluntarism support a meaningful endorsement of altruistic solidarity or whether they endorse exploitative relationships under the guise of meeting the public needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, to ensure that children can access ECEC services is not enough, positive results for children can only be achieved if the level of quality of these services is high. Otherwise, children may even be harmed by low quality care and education. For instance, when world leaders in 2015 defined the global ambitions for the next 15 years by adopting 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at the United Nations Summit in New York, they first considered "Education" as a cornerstone of the sustainable development agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At the same time, it concerns the coverage and qualifying conditions of the insurance schemes, financing of the schemes and worker contributions and the level and duration of the benefits. Furthermore, the public social security expenditure as a share of GDP is another type of context information that provides an indication of the overall public redistributive effort of a given country (yet its interpretation presents inherent difficulties). Indicators regarding social protection (e.g., unemployment insurance) might be correlated with the economic cycle and countries may consider to analyse the indicators together with GDP growth (e.g., if employment growth after a recession concerns predominantly jobs that are not covered by parts of social protection). Further potentially relevant context information includes the percentage of persons at or above the statutory retirement age (or 65 and over) who are employed, the percentage of unemployed persons receiving regular periodic social security unemployment benefits (contributory and noncontributory schemes) as well as the percentage of the population above the statutory pensionable age (or aged 65 or above) benefiting from an old-age pension.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It is therefore unclear at this point which option would result in greater overall mitigation ambition. Understanding of the relationship between long-term economic cycles and emissions trajectories also remains an area where further research is needed. For example, while some governments might submit draft ranges with different conditions attached to the lower and upper ends of the range, others might submit single numbers without disclosing their real range of possibilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Similarly, recognition of this work should provide the basis for an equitable division of pension savings in the event of divorce or separation. Time poverty is thus a want, a deficit that affects freedom. Time availability has major gender implications, it is related to vulnerability, as it determines people's ability to react to situations of risk, and it also depends on income, so that time and income are interdependent and interchangeable (Feres, 2010), which is why time is used in situations where resources of other kinds are scarce (Gammage, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Since 1970, the tax base is common to property tax on developed land, property tax on undeveloped land and the residence tax (cadastral income). During the past twenty past years, the economic contribution has been reformed to encourage investment. It also creates an incentive to attract new residents and businesses in order to expand the tax base.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The analysis is by no means an attempt to provide a full picture of adaptation costs for the agricultural sector, instead, it aims to provide an estimate of the orders of magnitude of the potential expenditures that would be needed to support some adaptation measures. The purpose is also to complement the cost estimates provided by the World Bank in its 2009 Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change (EACC) study, where the costs of adaptation in agriculture were calculated for developing countries (Nelson et al., Based on the same methodology, this report presents the projected adaptation costs in agriculture for OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The technological developments described in Section B.1 have improved the quality, speed, carriage capacity and affordability of networks - including, for example, fixed and mobile broadband services - making it easier to supply products digitally and to connect producers, sellers and consumers across borders. Cross-border data flows, boosted by basic and value-added telecommunication services, such as data processing and storage via high capacity (i.e. “cloud" storage), allow companies not only to sell their goods and services, but also to coordinate their logistics and the activities of their subsidiaries and partner offices across the globe (Tuthill, 2016). Nowadays, broadband access to the internet and other data networks offers the higher speeds that are required to exploit technologies such as cloud computing that allow a more widespread use or offering of services that require the transfer of large quantities of data (WTO, 2016c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They are therefore critical for creating an enabling environment within which substantive equality for women can be advanced. They have also artificially constrained the resources available to governments to finance policies and programmes for gender equality. This can enhance the realization of rights over time, the mobilization of resources for gender equality, the reduction of discrimination and the democratization of economic governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Device costs remain a significant barrier to access in Mozambique, which warrants consideration by the USAF to subsidize access to devices, among other options to support access and use. Mozambique's new telecommunications law updates provisions for universal service, which will allow for improved efforts to support community telecentres and other public access solutions. In collaboration with the A4AI-Mozambique Coalition, the INCM (the sector regulator) has developed and is finalizing new proposed infrastructure sharing regulations, expected to be approved in 2017. Despite this delay and the failed attempt with the Digital Dividend spectrum auction (i.e., 800MHz), the Mozambique market is comparatively speaking in a better situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is considered by the government to be a key element for productivity growth and competitiveness of the sector. Under the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI), the government has invested largely in irrigation expansion and supported its management since the 1950s. As of 2016, these associations managed over two million hectares of the total net area of three million hectares.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Therefore, the scheme does not yet create direct, attributable offsets for environmental impacts on a “like-for-like basis”. Furthermore, while the monitoring, reporting and evaluation of projects on an individual basis is relatively detailed, the overall reporting and evaluation of the scheme is limited, resulting in reporting restricted to broad metrics such as hectares compensated and funds disbursed, without the ability to measure and assess in more detail the effectiveness and performance of the programme. In particular, the scheme design has resulted in an insufficient supply of compensation and restoration projects, as the application to the funds are voluntary and limited local technical capacities or awareness of the scheme often results in an imbalance on the location where the supply exists and the location of the funds available to compensate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Due to their lack of access to infrastructure, a higher proportion of people suffer from undernourishment than their peers in coastal countries. Worst still, if the neighbouring countries are also poor, their landlocked-ness even becomes a poverty trap (Collier, 2007). It helps to connect poor people to the growth process by improving their access to growth poles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
To respond to those challenges, 150 countries have developed national urban plans, with almost half of them in the implementation phase. Ensuring that those plans are well executed will help cities grow in a more sustainable and inclusive manner. That positive trend recently reversed course, and the proportion grew to 23.5 per cent in 2018.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Guatemala, for example, has used mobile phones to train more than 300 aspiring nurses via distance education, helping to reduce a critical lack of skills. Telemedicine is increasingly making medical advice and treatment options available to people irrespective of their geographical location. Health platforms powered by mobile phones, for example, are used by frontline health workers to diagnose and treat pneumonia and preeclampsia, with the latter being the second-leading cause of maternal deaths. For example, Nigeria's SMDG Information System, launched in 2015, uses geo-referenced data from mobile phones to provide location-specific information about government services, environmental challenges, water access points etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It encourages the coordination of national and local actions by jointly working together towards a common national agenda. The whole process from the selection of the local development projects to their implementation is meant to be based on a participatory approach that builds on heated, open and informed debate between different levels of government. Their function is to support municipalities in their association process, thus providing essential services at lower management costs. This national level team tends to be a pro-active force that takes part in all the stages of the strategy building on the field.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
With the exception of the last year prior to entering Grade 1, ECEC is mostly private, and access to it varies across jurisdictions. They make most planning, structure and resource decisions, including personnel management. State and territory governments are also responsible for legislation relating to the establishment and accreditation of higher education courses. It is also in charge of developing international partnerships in education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
1. The Failure of Development Panaceas All-encompassing hypotheses concerning the sources of economic growth periodically surface, and with the support of adequately chosen cross-country correlations, enjoy their fifteen minutes of fame. Over the last few decades, the list of proposed panaceas for growth in per-capita income has included high rates of physical-capital investment, rapid human-capital accumulation, low income inequality, low fertility, being located far from the equator, a low incidence of tropical diseases, access to the sea, favorable weather patterns, hands-off governments, trade-policy openness, capital-markets development, political freedom, economic freedom, ethnic homogeneity, British colonial origins, a common-law legal system, the protection of property rights and the rule of law, good governance, political stability, infrastructure, market-determined prices (including exchange rates), foreign direct investment, and suitably conditioned foreign aid. This is a growing and non-exhaustive list.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If energy prices fall, then the return on the investment falls as well. A number of studies report strong linkages between the prices of energy and non-energy commodities, using a variety of methodologies (Baffes et al., This could lead to investments in energy-efficient storage systems, machinery or management of land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As a result, despite very thorough water cooperation agreements among Central Asian governments, the cross-border governance system “has more or less come to a standstill” (Allouche 2007: 48). Huge irrigation systems constructed during the Soviet era have overdrawn water to the extent that the Aral Sea is mostly depleted of its water and is classified as one of the greatest human-made ecological disasters of the twentieth century (Libert 2008). Related salinity and water pollution have human impacts such as a high morbidity in the Aral Sea region (Krahenbiihl, Gely and Herren 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Les problemes de sante mentale legers a moderes constituent la majeure partie des cas, et ces troubles sont en augmentation depuis plusieurs decennies. Pour autant, les autorites suedoises reconnaissent la maladie mentale comme un sujet national primordial. La Suede a aussi ete un pays precurseur dans la desinstitutionalisation et la mise en place de programmes officiels de prevention contre le suicide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the rest of this paper, we drop individual argument i for simplicity. A crucial assumption in this model is that a difference between transitory shocks in time /=0 and t= 1 is mean independent of the treatment (see Abadie 2005, Heckman, Ichimura and Todd 1998). That means that without the treatment, the average outcome for the treated would change in the same way as the average outcome for the controls, or untreated. This assumption could be challenged if groups differ in important characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It could be erroneously concluded that the farmer is more exposed to price risk than to yield risk. However, once the spatial aggregation bias is taken into account, yield risk is higher and the variability of price and yield are of similar magnitude and the yield risk is sometimes higher. The aggregation bias may mislead a policy maker to underestimate the yield variability when observing the aggregated level. This bias has to be properly taken into consideration in order to assess the producer’s exposure to risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The second group is the Kyoto Forum, which more systematically brings together the different levels of government, including the Lander. The process of stakeholder engagement took place over several years, beginning in 2007. It asked for assessment of given topics, and people could give individual recommendations and comments at the end. A report on the results published in 2010 on the government website claimed that results were considered in discussions and workshops held after the evaluation of the questionnaire.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
One of them is the Enhanced Industrial and Innovative Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2010-14 (PEIID) that aims to reduce the heavily oil-dependent industrial structure and transform it into a more diversified one by promoting competitive and export-oriented goods and services. The agro-food sector was identified as one of the eight priority sectors for diversification. Twenty-three sectoral programmes were developed to implement the PEIID, including the current programme for Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex for 2010-14.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The SC consists of experts from diverse areas (resources, ecology, statistics etc.) It is planned to carry out the operation of the plan by having four zones - East Sea, West Sea, South Sea and Jeju Island and making a committee for each sea zone. The head office will be housed in MIFFAF, and the Federal Fishery Resource Management Committees (FFRMC) attempts to supervise commercial species and migratory species and the Local Fishery Resource Management Committees (LFRMC) supervises the coastal sedentary species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The Strategy recognizes the importance of soil protection for economic, social and cultural functions. It specifies measures for the prevention of erosion, pollutant contamination, reduction of the content of organic matter and desertification processes. The Strategic Plan for Rural Development of Republika Srpska (2010-2015) defines the principles and goals of the development of the forestry' sector in rural areas. The sector for Agriculture, Food, Forestry and Rural Development of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations is in charge of forestry issues, but its activity is limited to coordinating activities. The direct competences in the forests and forestry' sector are held at the entity level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Article 24 states that "indigenous individuals have the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health" and that "states shall take the necessary steps with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of this right".467 "Indigenous peoples have the right to their traditional medicines and to maintain their health practices, including the conservation of their vital medicinal plants, animals and minerals. Article 8 of this law entitles indigenous people to free medical care in state and municipal health care facilities within the framework of the Programme of state guarantees for mandatory health insurance.48' As described above, the legal framework is comprehensive and includes specific provisions for indigenous peoples' access to health services. The first framework focus is on the core elements of the right to health, the second on the core elements of health care access, and the third on the determinants of indigenous health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This intermediate case can be interpreted as covering incomes in the “lower-middle class”, defined as households with incomes above the poverty threshold but below the median income. General means as income standards (cont.) Strong emphasis on the bottom of the distribution: this case (a = -8, income of the poor) is empirically generally close to the mean income of the poor, where the latter are defined in relative terms with a threshold set between 50 and 60% of median income. First, inspection of income standard curves delivers a broad assessment of inequality rankings across countries, which will be consistent with that implied by most widely used summary inequality measures such as the Gini coefficient. This evaluation is illustrated in Figure 1 for selected pairs of OECD countries, in each case exhibiting similar levels of average household incomes in 2010 (i.e. the income standard curves cross at pj).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)