albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Benefit receipt thus tends to be a transitory phenomenon, and ‘recipients’ and ‘non-recipients’ should therefore not necessarily be considered as two very distinct groups. Let the entry rate be defined as the number of individuals who receive benefits in the current period and who did not receive benefits in the previous period as a percentage of all non-recipients in the previous period.21 Analogously, the exit rate is the number of benefit leavers as a share of all benefit recipients in the previous period. Figure 7 plots year-to-year entry and exit rates for the eight countries, again using different panels to distinguish between types of data source.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Over time, happiness appears to be relatively unrelated to income, and Layard (2005) argues that relative income — income relative to other inhabitants of a region or community - is more important in explaining wellbeing than absolute wealth because as individuals and societies grow wealthier, they adapt to new and higher living standards and adjust expectations upward. This point was also brought forward in the AHDR (2004), although that publication did not attempt to construct an HDI for the Arctic. It is widely accepted that analyses of economic development or progress that only take income into account neglect other important determinants of well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Funding agencies in Canada are attempting to break down the organizational boundaries between disciplines to promote interdisciplinary research and foster the integration of the social sciences into the health research field. This paper explores the extent to which biomedical and clinician scientists’ perceptions of social science research operate as a cultural boundary to the inclusion of social scientists into this field. Results indicated that cultural boundaries may impede social scientists’ entry into the health research field through three modalities: (1) biomedical and clinician scientists’ unfavourable and ambivalent posture towards social science research, (2) their opposition to a resource increase for the social sciences, and (3) clinician scientists procedural assessment criteria for social science. The paper also discusses the merits and limitations of Tom Gieryn’s concept of boundary-work for studying social dynamics within the field of science.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These factors are also highly connected to the student’s background, be it past experiences in education (e.g. participation in pre-primary education) or family related factors (e.g. living with one or two parents, SES, parental engagement), hi addition school structure and size as well as certain types of school practices (e.g. a highly bureaucratic and impersonal environment) influence the process of disengagement. In combination w'ith a set of systemic factors (e.g. the use of year repetition or the lack of apprenticeship places), all the above mentioned factors have an impact on the dropout rate as well as an impact on each other. This requires a close cooperation between educational authorities and many other parts of government such as social and labour services, health services and justice system in some countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The duty to co-operate is about good strategic planning based on co-operation. The onus is on the local government preparing the plan to demonstrate effective co-operation -leading to outcomes that are clearly translated into planning policy. Discussions should be started early and carried on as the plan is prepared.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Again this has been a priority identified by the 2016-19 “Densaulyk” programme. Multiple waves of policy reforms have sought to expand access, modernise service delivery arrangements, and reduce reliance on inpatient care. The system continues to face many challenges, in part reflecting its post-Soviet legacy of under-investment in primaiy health care and relative focus on the treatment of communicable diseases. Others constraints are more contemporary, including the unavailability of the adequate information systems, the seemingly limited accountability for delivering results in all parts of the country, and insufficient emphasis on developing services and programmes that address the current burden of disease effectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Evidence from countries such as France and Canada suggests that the share of female doctors tends to be greater in general medicine than in higher paying specialisations like surgery. For 2015, data for the Czech Republic refer to 2013, and for Denmark, Japan, Sweden and the United States to 2014. In such countries, women aged over 50 in 2013 were 23% more likely to provide daily informal care than their male peers, while in those countries with little social protection - which spent less than 1% of their GDP on public LTC - women were 41% more likely to be daily carers. While cultural factors play an important role in determining gender roles, strengthening LTC provisions would help redress the gender imbalance in informal care in many countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
With the new act this loophole was closed. In addition, new species were added to the system. Examples are Eastern Sweden and Finland, where fishing privileges have been controlled by local landlords or delegated by the King to certain cities. In Denmark the eel yard right gave farmers with property adjacent to the coast the exclusive right to set fish traps as far as a pole could reach the bottom-a right that could be leased onto others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Using the example of three significant social theory texts, Horkheimer and Adorno’s Dialectic of Enlightenment, Freud’s Moses and Monotheism and Bauman’s Modernity and the Holocaust, this article illustrates the difference between personal, collective and cultural trauma. The aim is also to illustrate how personal trauma can impact the construction and representation of social theory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The flow of information needs to be coordinated and shared among multiple actors - with a high degree of redundancy in the dissemination channels, since people are most likely to act on warnings corroborated from multiple sources (Box III-2). What are the patterns and trends? Are risk maps and data widely available?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Analysis, including that undertaken in this Outlook, contends that most biofuel production is driven by policies aimed at energy security, rural development and climate change. Given the prospects of higher oil prices, the value of feedstock crops in the energy market may exceed their value in the food, feed or fibre markets, putting increased pressure on commodity prices as well as increasing the link with energy markets. Should recent volatility in world oil prices continue, this will contribute to further increases in food price volatility, especially if prices rise to levels where biofuel production becomes profitable without subsidies and more prevalent around the globe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They also give rise to concerns, increasingly present in the gbbal public debate, about their consequences for equality, empbyment and the industrializatbn prospects of developing countries. For these reasons, this report focuses on the opportunities and challenges of harnessing frontier technologies for sustainable devebpment. This report therefore outlines strategies and actions to increase the effectiveness of frontier and established technologies as means of implementation of the 2030 Agenda nationally and gbbally, combining existing experiences in STI policy for development with more innovative approaches. The first outcome of this conference to be implemented was the establishment of the United Nations Inter-agency Task Team on STI for the Sustainable Development Goals and the launching of the Technology Facilitation Mechanism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Public participation is an essential part of the mechanism of dealing with environmental problems. Both the Aarhus Convention and Union law stipulate that citizens and environmental NGOs should be guaranteed access to justice that includes providing legal standing for environmental NGOs individuals and directly affected by a breach of environmental law. In accordance with the Environmental Liability Directive, persons adversely affected by environmental damage are entitled to ask the competent authorities to take action. However, there are major chellenges to the implementation of environmental legislation, faced by environmental NGOs in obtaining standing to bring legal challenges on environmental issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The main comparability issue relates to the classification of the “incorporated self-employed”. While in the official statistics of most OECD countries the self-employed who incorporate their businesses are counted as self-employed, some countries consider them employees. To improve international comparability the number of incorporated employers and own-account workers in the United States was estimated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If so, how does the government ensure that it can accommodate an increase in renewable-energy based electricity generation ? In addition to reducing costs of generation, wholesale markets increase the flexibility of the electricity network and allow for a more cost-efficient allocation of power generation. Indeed whereas renewable-energy-based electricity generation is subject to fluctuations (including dependence on weather and time of day), demand must always be satisfied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture, International Water Management Institute, Colombo and Earthscan, London. Presentation at the International Conference Towards sustainable groundwater in agriculture, Burlingame CA, June 2016. The Korean Herald, 19 September.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Based on harmonised 15-year old students' achievement data collected at the individual level, the empirical analysis shows that while Nordic European countries exhibit relatively low levels of inequality, continental Europe is characterised by high levels of inequality - in particular of schooling segregation along socio-economic lines - while Anglo-Saxon countries occupy a somewhat intermediate position. Despite the difficulty of properly identifying causal relationship, cross-country regression analysis provides insights on the potential for policies to explain observed differences in equity in education. Policies allowing increasing social mix are associated with lower school socio-economic segregation without affecting overall performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Additional controls are income groups in 2000 as convergence terms, latitude, landlocked, rule of law, civil liberties, population size, trade openness, inflation, oil, natural resources, urbanisation rates, life expectancy, fertility, ethnic fractionalisation, religion, unemployment rates, gender gap in outcomes and regional dummy variables. The quintile regressions estimated the SIGI coefficient for the median, the top and bottom quartiles. For the sake of brevity, only the variables of interest are presented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, some important aspects of job quality, such as workplace relationships, can only be measured through individuals' self-assessment of their own situation, including such indicators necessarily entail some subjective aspects. The OECD framework does not however include purely subjective judgements of “job satisfaction”, as these may be subject to individual preferences, attitudes and values and are not easily amenable to policy. The building blocks of the OECD framework are tailored to specific features of certain countries (including data availability), while retaining the same conceptual foundations14.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Some of these are solely related to the large size of the new commercial nuclear units and would be equivalent for any power plant of a comparable size. However, most are in relation to the essential role that the electrical system plays in the safety of nuclear power plants. In particular, nuclear poses additional requirements in terms of grid control, monitoring and operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Reflect and evaluate tasks may require the reader to hypothesise about or critically evaluate a complex text on an unfamiliar topic, taking into account multiple criteria or perspectives, and applying sophisticated understandings from beyond the text. Reflective tasks require critical evaluation or hypothesis, drawing on specialised knowledge. Both interpretative and reflective tasks require a full and detailed understanding of a text whose content or form is unfamiliar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition, as demonstrated by the example of the Stockholm congestion charge, the effectiveness of policies may increase when people are given the possibility to behave differently by testing the policy before deciding whether they want to support it Before the Stockholm congestion charge was introduced, people were offered the opportunity to try the system in addition to providing them with customised for different segments of population information. As a result of the trial, people changed behaviour and the change in attitude followed once the system was implemented permanently (Borjesson, Eliasson etai. Going from 'what's in it for me' to 'what's in it for us' should be appealing to people with its community spirit that is still valuable."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The municipality plays a limited role and has limited capacity to ensure citizens’ needs are met, for example, through a transport system that provides remote communities adequate service, routes that are coherent and well timed throughout the city, ensures that vehicles are well maintained, clean and meet existing emission standards, and establishes affordable fares that can benefit frequent riders, etc. Citizens often make little distinction as to who is responsible for providing the service - they view public service delivery as a local matter and seldom distinguish which level of government is responsible for providing the service, or even if the service provider is a public or private entity. Service provision in Antofagasta is spread across many jurisdictions and entities, and citizens cannot be expected to keep track of the complexity. In addition, municipalities are legally established as autonomous corporations whose purpose is to satisfy the needs of the local community and ensure its participation in the economic, social and cultural progress of the municipal territory (Government of Chile, 1988).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Abstract   This editorial-cum-introduction to A Critical Response to Managerialism in the Academy uses the dialectic between components of New Public Management (namely, cost efficiency and public accountability) to connect all papers in this special issue. It draws on earlier studies on the New Public Management ethos to explain academics’ responses to managerialist teaching and research initiatives. And in the aftermath of the Enron et al., disasters it also explores means to revive accounting as an ethical discipline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
High SSCs create a significant tax burden on labour income, they reduce employees’ work incentives by reducing their after-tax earnings and make it expensive to hire workers, especially low-income and low-skilled workers. The larger the difference between total labour costs in the formal sector and after-tax disposable income for workers (the “tax wedge”), the greater the incentive for employers and employees to avoid taxes by remaining or joining the informal economy. Moreover, the average tax wedge is highly regressive in Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia at the bottom of the income distribution, meaning that the average contribution rate is higher for low-income workers (see Chapter 4, Tax policy). While the general consensus is that stricter employment protection legislation is associated with higher rates of informality (Marshall, 2007), research also shows that this relationship is moderated by strong enforcement of labour regulation and good governance (Loayza and Rigolini, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The New Zealand parliamentary election campaign of 2005 was marked by a significant break in the consensus between the two major political parties, Labour and National, in the area of Maori affairs: a consensus that had previously been articulated in terms of a shared commitment to ‘biculturalism’ and the Treaty of Waitangi. In January 2004, the National Party launched an attack on government policies, describing them as giving unfair privileges to Maori based purely on ‘race’. The present paper examines the National Party's adoption of the rhetoric of ‘race’ and the conceptual, political and ideological considerations behind it. It also examines attitudinal, social policy and socioeconomic factors to explain the widespread acceptability of this rhetoric among the New Zealand public. These events are considered within the context of a growing academic and political critique of ‘culturalism’ in New Zealand social policy and social science.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The programmes also addressed a failure of previous education and health policies that focused too much on supply-side issues (as in the 1960s and 1970s) or on efficiency and the assumption of adequate “willingness to pay” (and, implicitly, ability to pay). Such programmes have now been implemented in a large number of developing countries, and in several cases also include social pension schemes. One evident advantage of these programmes is that they are relatively easy to implement, have an immediate impact and are affordable, typically costing a few percentage points of GDP (United Nations, 2008). This makes them highly attractive politically.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is a big challenge offering high-end telecommunication services in distant and rural areas because of the high costs of fitting and maintaining fibre optic cables or wireless networks. For example, mobile telecommunications have permitted many Africans to leapfrog fixed-line networks and move directly into wireless technology. In addition, 3D printing of bridges, use of cargo drones for delivery, and balloons to provide internet access are being exploited as potential solutions. To facilitate the increased use of new technologies to close the last mile gap, financial and regulatory challenges will need to be addressed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Choices therefore reflect opinions on values which lead to different policy recommendations on how to raise welfare. The old ‘law of diminishing utility’ thus leads securely to the proposition: Any cause which increases the absolute share of real income in the hands of the poor, provided that it does not lead to a contraction in the size of the national dividend from any point of view, will, in general, increase economic welfare.” See Layard et al. ( This part of it will not be destroyed if the incomes of all rich people are diminished together.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The impacts of global capitalism and neoliberalism on higher education can reduce the social work curriculum to competency-based skills acquisition rather than critically reflective, transformative learning. This encourages the promotion of establishment social work approaches aimed at accepting the status quo, rather than critical forms of social work that critique the dominant social structures and power relations that cause broad social divisions. The marginalisation of critical approaches reshapes social work towards conservative, market-led demands, yet an explicitly critical social work curriculum is pivotal to the claim of social work as an emancipatory project. This article presents original research that discusses the impact of an Australia critical social work programme on students' development as agents of change. The findings suggest that developing a curriculum based on critical social science, and using critical pedagogical processes, assists students/graduates to work effectively for social justice and promotes their participation in collective social action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A majority (72%) say they are willing to pay more for water, and a minority (43%) would do the same for petrol or for road use. When asked about what the government should do to make citizens behave more responsibly, the majority are in favour of stiffer penalties for environmental offences (85%) and better information (81%), while a minority want petrol to be more expensive (26%, while 60% are calling for a “green tax reform”) (Ministry of the Environment, 2007). Mass mailings are used to send flyers to all households and businesses. Environmental NGOs have long been active in this area, and their education efforts are now being augmented by the schools and other public and private organisations. There are currently more than 20 institutions involved in environmental education in various settings (school and extracurricular instruction, adult education, leisure activities and public information services). The communes, the Water and Forests Administration and local chambers of commerce have set up conservation centres, outreach institutions, self-guiding nature trails and information points (around 100 nationwide).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For emerging economies, culture can be a first rate component in their development strategies - be it literature, music, videos and movies, or even the fashion industry or gastronomy. The most important, we believe, is having our children learn to enjoy art: have them take pleasure in paintings, sculptures, music and so on. Appreciation implies a value judgment: to understand why I like what I like, or why I don't.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These improvements reflect a number of changes, including better access to high-quality acute care for AMI and stroke, more rapid transportation of patients to the hospital, and the development of specialised units to treat these serious conditions (OECD, 2015). This signals some shortcomings in the effectiveness of primary care. New care pathways for people with diabetes and end-stage renal disease are being developed, involving GPs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Several studies have shown that older drivers are to a large extent willing to consider using and buying ADAS such as reversing aids and collision warning systems that are aimed at the prevention of crashes on intersections (Oxley and Mitchell 1995, Viborg 1999). Furthermore, older drivers are also willing to accept systems that give feedback messages or that (partly) take over vehicle control, like automatic speed or distance adjustment (Viborg 1999). The drivers should also be able to understand the information the ADAS sends, via a display, by sound, or haptic. Older drivers are also more susceptible to poorly defined ADAS than younger drivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)