albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Furthermore, public opinion is overwhelmingly in favour of investments to improve the public transportation system (95% of those surveyed), representing a larger share than those in favour of investing in new roads (75%) (CMAP, 2010a). The fiscally constrained scenarios prioritise bringing the existing system to a state of good repair. New projects are limited to extension of the CTA Red Line and creation of the West Loop Transit Center to improve system-wide transit connections. The Plan also recommends that expressway extensions and/or lane additions should be planned to integrate additional transit facilities where appropriate (CMAP, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This chapter reviews Thailand’s teacher and principal preparation, licensing, assessment and continuing development policies and the structures and organisations that support them. It identifies five policy issues that may be preventing the development of a high-quality education profession: 1) inadequate teacher preparation programmes, 2) a lack of a strategic approach to teachers ’ professional development, 3) administrative burdens keeping teachers away from the classroom, 4) no strategic framework to support the development of school leaders, and 5) a fragmented approach to data management and teacher deployment making it harder to tackle teacher shortages. This should be developed in consultation with teachers, school leaders and their associations. Teacher funding and deployment should better reflect local needs to ensure all students are taught by highly qualified and high-quality teachers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Because of both public health and clinical advances, there have been tremendous reductions in the rates of infectious diseases in all eight countries. Similar reductions are seen in other OECD countries over different time periods. Note the number of deaths from infectious diseases include AIDS. As the prevalence of infectious diseases declined, more attention turned to acute illnesses. In most OECD countries, all five components of the health care system became focused on preventing and treating acute illnesses. Acute illness became the primary concern of the latter half of the 20th century.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As a result, the number of beds is now around the EU average while the average length of stay is well below average 6.8 days compared to 8 days (2015). This, together with the fact that there are still many smaller regional hospitals, suggests that there is room to rationalise the hospital network to improve efficiency, notwithstanding the public opposition this is likely to prompt (see Section 5.2). Cataract suigery has been a particular success with one of the highest percentages of ambulatory cases in the EU (2015). Tonsillectomies, in contrast, are still exclusively performed in inpatient settings (Figure 14).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article reviews the now extensive literature on the varied arenas in which restorative justice is theorized and practiced—criminal violations, community ruptures and disputes, civil wars, regime change, human rights violations, and international law. It also reviews—by examining empirical studies of the processes in different settings—how restorative justice has been criticized, what its limitations and achievements might be, and how it might be understood. I explore the foundational concepts of reintegrative shaming, acknowledgment and responsibility, restitution, truth and reconciliation, and sentencing or healing circles for their transformative and theoretical potentials and for their actual practices in a variety of locations—family abuse, juvenile delinquency, criminal violations, problem-solving courts, indigenous-colonial-national disputes, ethnic and religious conflicts, civil wars, and liberation struggles. Restorative justice, which began as an alternative model of criminal justice, seekin...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Land Law of 2013 refers to the principle of compensation at market prices, but how district or provincial party committees do this is left open, and compensation is still based on the agricultural use value, thus much below market prices for alternative uses of land. The negotiation over the price of land should be left to the buyer and seller, so farmers could negotiate a higher price if they chose and could do so. It would then be less critical to alter the procedures for compulsory takings and price arbitration for truly state uses of land such as for a highway, which account for a small minority of current land conflicts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In fact, innovation is critical for sustainable development precisely because it is our best chance to mitigate and even eliminate tradeoffs between economic prosperity, environmental sustainability and social inclusiveness. For instance, the global market in sustainable materials and energy efficiency, pollution prevention and various consumptive uses of environmental qualities constitutes about 2.9 trillion US Dollars a year. This market for sustainable innovations grows faster than the global economy as a whole with renewable energy being among the fastest growing market segments (even outpacing growth in the ICT sector). The main rationales for supporting innovation policies from a purely economic development perspective are market and coordination or systems failures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The result is a slowdown in growth. I return to a more detailed discussion of monetary policy in a later section. These examples are not new, the key point is that government spending has distributional implications and requires associated policies to ensure equitable outcomes. Low-income agricultural economies, for example, could target public investments that enhance farmers’ access to inputs and other resources, thereby raising agricultural productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is in recognition of the impact the socio-economic background of students has on their academic achievement. A range of compensatory educational programmes such as the Community Teachers Programme, the Teacher + Teacher Programme, the Tutorials Project and the Educational Commitment Programme provide schools with greater opportunities to offer the necessary support for students with greater needs. However, there are three aspects which require further reflection. This might reduce the transparency of funding to schools while increasing the complexity of resource distribution. Second, other policy issues such as student repetition and teacher deployment to individual schools have not received enough attention in terms of the inequities they introduce in the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, when the concentration in cities has reached a certain level, negative externalities such as pollution, cost of land, cost of labour and travel time, among others, tend to increase and affect their competitiveness. The urbanisation process then continues to spillover to nearby places where the cost of land is more accessible, replicating the process of saturation again. The state of Morelos has put environmental sustainability at the heart of decision making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
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(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At the same time, inadequate governance arrangements have trivialised traditional management systems and have created discontent, including non-compliance with resource protection (Cinner and others, in press). In areas where the formal integration of traditional or customary systems of governance into national environmental management policies has been possible (eg Madagascar, South Africa), it has permitted local communities to sustain their livelihoods according to a more culturally-sensitive process, which is also beneficial to the resource base (Sunde and Isaccs 2008, Westerman and Gardner 2013). The need for conservation arose after overexploitation of the fisheries due to population growth and commercialisation of traditional fisheries which led to destruction of the surrounding reefs and a decline in fish catches that people depended on. The ensuing efforts to put in place a management framework resulted in the Velondriake network, which is largely a community-based management system. '
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The experience of oppression - in many cases multiple oppressions of race, class and gender - may give some women a unique perspective on the need to treat all people with respect. In some situations, women appear to put their national, ethnic, religious or class identity above their gender identity and solidarity. For example, some Israeli and Palestinian women do not relate at all to women of the opposing group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Metro Vancouver provides regional services, including three core utilities (water, liquid waste, solid waste), and co-ordinates regional planning by producing the Regional Growth Strategy (RGS). There is a separate metropolitan public transport authority called TransLink, which was created in 1998 and is responsible for setting and administrating fares for regional public transport services. Metro Vancouver is responsible for formulating the RGS and regional air quality objectives that TransLink must consider when developing long-term transport strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The river has its source in the Fischbacher Alps in Austria, and discharges into the Moson-Danubc at GyOr. The basin has a typical mountain and hilly character, with a few lowland parts. The average altitude is around 210 m a.s.l. Lafnitz 1,990 km', Pinto 742 km2, Sum 478 km2,6uns260 km2, others SI km-. At the Neumarkt gauging station in Austria, surface water resources generated in Austria arc estimated to be 0.21 km3/year (average for 1976-2008®).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Additionally, the spill-over of using productivity-enhancing technologies for particular crops may reduce their prices globally, thereby increasing food affordability, although on a limited scale. The widespread adoption of crop varieties that are resistant to the projected new climate conditions significantly reduces projected food prices in 2050 compared to the climate change baseline. Similarly, increasing the efficiency of irrigation systems or expanding irrigation infrastructure, where appropriate, can significantly reduce water stress and make farming practices more resilient to climate change. These costs depend strongly on the projected adaptation level, and the marginal costs must always be evaluated against the marginal benefits they deliver. Due to the lack of common metrics to measure the effectiveness of adaptation, it is impossible to determine optimal adaptation strategies. Under the assumptions used in this study, the potential additional costs in R&D and in improved irrigation technologies are estimated to reach USD 16 to 20 billion per year by 2050 for OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This paper proposes a digital right management license language (called, PALL) for e-government and analyzes the advantage and potential application of it. Classical digital rights license languages applied to the electronic "downloading", payment and rendering(laying) of artistic works(for example music, literature readings and movies), we extend the concept of license to also cover work authorization in public government. The digital works are now public government documents. As digital rights license for artistic works seeks to safeguard against privacy and to ensure proper payments for the rights to render these works. Public government license language seeks to ensure transparent and professional "good governance".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
International human rights law protects against child prostitution and commercial child sexual trafficking. However, age of sexual consent laws in most jurisdictions permit the non-commercial sexual exploitation of children. Age of consent for prostitution is generally set higher than the general age of sexual consent or is banned as is commercial child sex trafficking. Many countries do not permit marriage for children to whom adults yet have broad, lawful sexual access outside of marriage. The more vigorous opposition to commercial as opposed to non-commercial adult–child sex demonstrates the State's concern with its own and not the child's best interest. Through the misappropriation of children's rights discourse, States have sought to rationalise their current age of sexual consent laws. The latter, however, engages the State, in effect, in domestic sexual trafficking of children. Children from vulnerable groups are especially at risk as the law frequently renders children as chattel of the State.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are other forms of water contamination, as well. Fertilizers and pesticides, for example, have contaminated aquifers and waterways with nitrogen, phosphorous and highly toxic heavy metals, such as copper and zinc. Another major contributor to water degradation is urbanization. Based on current trends, water pollution, particularly from households in medium and smaller cities, will increase fivefold. This has serious consequences for farming communities downstream, whose surface and ground water may become unsuitable for agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A trend exists in linguistic landscape research to examine urban spaces. Interest in urban spaces is a logical expression of ongoing migratory trends. While such research is helpful in advancing scholarship, there remains a need to examine how rural areas participate in the discursive construction of society. To address the recent urbanization of sociolinguistics, this paper examines how roadside billboards in rural areas of the United States discursively construct homeland messages. Using discourse analysis and drawing from linguistic landscape scholarship, the study explores how billboards draw from banal and sentimental homeland messages to forward a contentious issue, support a political candidate, and imagine a collective American identity. These discourses feed into, and are a part of, a larger network of ideologies that fabricate authentic notions of nationhood. The findings demonstrate that roadside billboards reflect a past time that flattens the cultural diversity of a nation into a static national image.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Ill-Treatment and Torture (ITT) Data Collection Project uses content analysis to measure allegations of government ill-treatment and torture made by Amnesty International (AI) from 1995 to 2005. ITT's country-year (CY) data quantify AI allegations of ill-treatment and torture at the country-year unit of observation and further across different responsible government agents and across different econo-socio-political groups of alleged victims. This paper introduces the Ill-Treatment and Torture country-year data, describes quantitative patterns likely to be of interest to researchers focused on the study of international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) and human rights, and suggests a number of theoretically motivated questions that can be explored using the ITT country-year data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is not a problem that can be explained solely by an analysis at the individual level (household) or at the system level. The individual level has been studied more closely in Uruguay beginning with the pioneering study by Rama (1993), and studies on the effect that a student’s home environment has on educational achievement are more prolific in the national literature. The purpose of this paper is to help understand the institutional roots of educational inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2009 and 2010, in a sample of 31 cities, water tariffs increased above inflation (4%) in 21 cities. In two cities the increase was below inflation and in eight cities there was no increase (CONAGUA, 2011c). Water providers are increasingly including sewerage and wastewater treatment services in the tariffs - ranging from 3% to 40% of the drinking water tariff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This growth will be the result of increased aquaculture production, which is anticipated to surpass captured fish for human consumption in 2014. In 2023, 62% of the world aquaculture production will take place in China. Further resource constraints, like land degradation, water scarcity and increasing environmental pressures, present additional limitations, particularly in regions where land availability for agricultural expansion is severely constrained.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Many universities have not yet aligned their programmes to the new curricula, though as noted efforts are underway to encourage more institutions to update their courses. The operating requirements and oversight for private universities in Costa Rica are extremely low (see Chapter 5). Of the 19 initial teacher education programmes that are accredited, only two are from private universities. In contrast, more than two-thirds of OECD countries have some form of quality accreditation requirement for initial teacher education programmes (OECD, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Finally, as so many companies are competing to develop new connected devices, compatibility issues are likely to arise in the future. Much Al today is “narrow" or “weak" Al, in that it is designed to perform relatively limited tasks (e.g. facial recognition or playing chess). However, the long-term goal of many Al researchers is to create “general" or “strong” Al which would outperform humans at nearly every cognitive task.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the majority of countries, monetary policies are focused almost exclusively on meeting very low inflation targets, attained by raising interest rates to keep prices from increasing more rapidly.40 High interest rates slow economic activity by making credit more expensive and less accessible, thus reducing consumer purchases and raising the cost of financing productive investments. All of these factors lower demand for labour. Recent research has shown that women's employment has declined faster than men's in a range of developing countries—including Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Philippines and the Republic of Korea—that are experiencing reductions in inflation associated with restrictive monetary policy.41 In countries that maintain a less restrictive monetary environment, such gender inequalities are less evident.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Section A presents the analytical concepts that frame the connections that exist between social protection, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation strategies, the differences between disasters and hazards are established to frame the debate, and policy recommendations are put forward, based on a scheme that is being used in the international literature. Section B then describes the situation of social protection in relation to disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean, and the main social protection tools associated with the public response to such situations. Section C then describes three interesting cases in developing countries (Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Mozambique) which are highly and increasingly disaster-prone. Although these countries have per capita gross domestic products (GDP) that are considerably lower than most of the region's countries, they have been able to set up disaster-related social protection systems, with a mix of successes and errors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
An initial evaluation found an increase in participation. Funding is given to schools to support trustees and school leaders in better meeting students' needs. The Ministry oversees the education system, develops curriculum and assessment standards for students and teachers, intervenes in instances of school failure, provides funding and leads cross-government initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A gender analysis enables donors to address gaps or opportunities that impact the ability of men/boys and women/ girls to benefit equitably from the programme or policy. When broader political economy and conflict analyses incorporate gender, they can provide valuable insights into the interplay between gender relations and statebuilding processes in a given context and can highlight opportunities to develop more equitable, targeted and effective programming. Gender equality approaches should and often do use gender analysis as a way to formulate strategies that benefit men and women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Anti-immigrant rhetoric and political actions gained prominence and public support before, during, and after the 2016 presidential election. This anti-immigrant political environment threatens to increase health disparities among undocumented persons, immigrant groups, and people of color. I discuss the mechanisms by which anti-immigrant stigma exacerbates racial/ethnic health disparities through increasing multilevel discrimination and stress, deportation and detention, and policies that limit health resources. I argue that the anti-immigrant sociopolitical context is a social determinant of health that affects mostly communities of color, both immigrants and nonimmigrants. Public health has a moral obligation to consider how immigration policy is health policy and to be prepared to respond to worsening health disparities as a result of anti-immigrant racism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The platform gives a market overview of all projects that are eligible for investment. Based on the information given, the investor chooses a project to invest in, transfers the desired investment amount using specific wallets or payment interfaces to the project initiator, and in turn receives tokens. Security tokens, could allocate fractions of equity ownership in infrastructure projects, such as individual solar panels, partial ownership of wind power stations or bike roads.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Objective: To compare public health and legal policies to reduce the harm associated with cannabis use in Canada and Australia, given similarities between both countries.Method: A review of the epidemiological and health policy literature.Results: Although both countries have adopted harm minimization, a continued heavy reliance on legislative and punitive approaches in both Canada and Australia has failed to arrest the increase in cannabis use, especially among young people. A Senate inquiry in Canada has recommended the liberalization of laws on the possession and use of cannabis, while tightening legislation against operating vehicles or machinery while intoxicated.Conclusions: Existing policies are not evidence-based and lead to adverse outcomes such as criminalization of otherwise law-abiding citizens and diversion of resources from more effective policing or health service initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The latter are higher than those found in electricity sector modelling, since abatement costs outside the electricity sector will be significantly higher. The question is, however, whether they can be more than four times higher since electrification remains an option for the majority of uses of fossil fuel combustion. Here, future modelling work and empirical studies will be required to bridge the gap. Neither the discussions about the social cost of carbon, nor the discussions about the marginal cost of abatement according to a politically chosen quantity target are anywhere near to conclusion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)