albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These career and learning routes help to professionalise the initial occupation by establishing a career structure and routes of progression. They therefore play a vital role in supporting the apprenticeship system, both by providing an upward career path for apprentice graduates, and by providing professional training for in-company trainers of apprentices. Box 1.3 in Chapter 1 describes the options available in Germany. In some countries, including Germany, Korea and the Netherlands, one-third or more of students in professional training come from upper secondary vocational tracks (see Figure 5.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
An economic downturn or recession may result primarily in layoffs of employees with short-term contracts, who are often younger and less experienced workers. When an economy begins a period of expansion, businesses may wish to avert risk and keep costs down, at least initially, by cautiously hiring workers on shortterm contracts. In the aggregate, the decisions of companies regarding their employees during the business cycle depend on the economic structure, product/service demand and prices in the output market, as well as labour supply. Main variables in the EU-LFS with connection to the indicator: • STAPRO (2 = "Self-employed without employees", 3 = "Employee") • TEMP (2 = "employee has temporary job/work contract of limited duration) The LFS EU-LFS does not include the required information about short-term work or instability of work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This section explores some of the most promising areas of intervention, such as strengthening participation and the quality of provision in early childhood education and care (ECEQ, enhancing performance at the end of compulsory education by supporting students from low socio-economic backgrounds, fostering gender equality, supporting students of immigrant background and tackling dropout in secondary education. Since young children are able to learn much more than previously assumed, education and support provided during the early years may compensate, at least partly, for deficiencies in stimulation at home or barriers such as language. Most OECD countries have therefore made an effort to increase enrolment rates before the age of 5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Beyond sustainable infrastructure, investments will also be needed in new green products, services and business models (e.g. water recycling). When considering the balance between public and private resources for climate change specifically, the private sector is already the major source of climate finance globally while public finance plays a critical role to catalyse, leverage and guide private investment. In the case of investment for renewable energy, for example, Hascic et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
We provide an overview of these distinctions in Table 2 below. If parent report of household food insecurity is used, it is essential to stress that what is actually being measured is the prevalence of children who live in households characterized by food insecurity. This is quite different to the prevalence of child food insecurity, and even with clear statements it seems likely (based on experiences in the United States[for instance, see 64]) that the data may be misinterpreted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The response was that the extra cost on a new vehicle was negligible. Road safety management, speed enforcement plus ISA are tools that deliver. Serious consideration should be given to reducing the urban speed limit from 60 to 50 km/h, accompanied by additional implementation of 30 km/h speed zones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the central part of the country (internal Dinarides), groundwater accumulates in limestone massifs and emerges as lime wells in the river basins of the Una, Sava, Bosna, Drina and Neretva Rivers. In the south, in the Adriatic Sea catchment, the geology is primarily karst (external Dinarides) and groundwater is mostly found in wells of the Cetina, Neretva and Trebisnjica River Basins. Karst aquifers are very fragile in terms of pollution impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The development of a green economy depends on the availability of skilled people to fill the new jobs related to renewable energy and energy efficiency. Simultaneous development of diverse skills and extensive retraining will be necessary. ( Skill creation and re-skilling activities in green growth centre around Universiti Sains Malaysia and the Penang Skills Development Centre which offers a certificate programme in water management. Skill creation could be more efficiently organised by pooling learning resources of educational institutions and industries at the regional level, requiring collaboration across the university-vocational education divide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For girls, late entry to schooling combined with grade repetition means that many reach puberty before completing primary education. However, adolescent perspectives emphasise the respective viability of these, compared to schooling, in terms of securing identity and status within the community (Bray et al., These latter considerations are influenced by the quality of education and the nature of training, employment or entrepreneurship opportunities in the locality or in places adolescents can migrate to.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Through its mandate today, the committee aims to serve as the premier international fomm for senior-level policymakers to identify, discuss, develop and disseminate a vision of regional development policy that is place-based, multi-level, multi-sectoral, evidence-based and innovative. The committee also seeks to enhance well-being and living standards in all region types, from cities to rural areas, and improve their contribution to national performance and more inclusive and resilient societies. Members have endorsed the principles and committed to contribute to their implementation and dissemination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The rise of social protection into the limelight of social policy has opened up space for understanding how it can act as a key interface between states and citizens. This paper rethinks social protection through the lens of citizenship. It considers how the design and implementation of social protection can be shifted away from discretionary and technocratic forms, to forms which stimulate vulnerable citizens to make justice-based claims for their rights and demand accountability for the realisation of those rights. It puts forward a conceptual framework for social protection with three modalities through which citizens can be engaged: as shapers and makers, as users and choosers, and as passive consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, Terres de liens, a national association whose activity is directed towards the protection and the renewal of land devoted to farming in per-urban districts. These initiatives are connected to others in the area, such as the recently launched policy by the Conseil Departemental to promote local food in school canteens and thus support local growers. There are many potential benefits from improved urban-rural co-operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The increase in inequality driven by higher skill levels was more pronounced for men (Annex 5.A3, Figure 5.A3.1), particularly in Belgium, Finland and Spain, where the increased share of households with a male member employed in a managerial, professional or technical job contributed 1.5 point to the increase in inequality over the period. One possible explanation for why more households with high-skilled workers drives inequality higher is the growing tendency of people with similar education/earnings levels to live together (“assortative mating”), as described in Section 5.2. In part, this may reflect a narrowing in the gender wage gap as a result of increased women’s educational attainment. Female workers today are more likely to have more labour market experience (and thus higher earnings) than 20 years ago. Moreover, changes in policy parameters such as legislation mandating equal pay may also contribute to reducing the gender gap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As with sequential policies, these measures often revolve around mothers and female workers but—as detailed below—have increasingly begun to make men and fathers eligible as well in Latin America (ilo/undp, 2009). These are “regulatory policies on home-based care services”. The one-to-one hiring of mostly female personnel for work in familial settings is an alternative to provision in institutional settings, and has different implications for the State’s role in measures that defamilialize or commercialize care, since paid domestic work is not usually included in policies for reconciling paid work and family responsibilities. Paternity leaves came later and were created to encourage men to use parental leave.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The introduction and deployment of new RE technologies from a very narrow basis holds the possibility of more considerable progress. It must be noted in this context, that while shifting from coal to gas in electricity generation does reduce GFIG emissions, in climate-friendly scenarios like the 450 Scenario of the WEO 2010 (IEA, 2010a) the global consumption of natural gas decreases after 2020 while renewable energy production continues to expand. Accepting too large an investment in renewable technologies while neglecting timely energy-efficiency programmes clearly runs the risk of locking-in societies' too-high energy consumption patterns, with detrimental long-term implications for both energy security and climate protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Likewise, an education system where levels of achievement and variability are both high and where such variation is only weakly related to social background arguably does better than a system where most students do poorly and variability is low. Equitable education systems are those where inclusion and fairness in education and high levels of performance do not come at the expense of one another. Defined in this way, equity does not imply that everyone should achieve the same results or that every student should be exposed to identical, one-size-fits-all approaches to teaching and learning. Rather, it refers to creating the conditions for minimising any adverse impacts of students' personal, social or economic circumstances on their performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some of these policies are paternalistic or integrationist and are based on policies of assimilation or integration that seek to "resolve" the problem of indigenous peoples.78 In integrationist models, the concept of health is defined from the top down, privileging a biomedical paradigm over indigenous health models, and indigenous cultures are treated as interesting folkloric elements without true value for health promotion. Similarly, culturalistic approaches recognize cultural pluralism as intrinsically valuable but prioritize the didactic, linguistic or folkloric aspects without delving into questions of participation or power. In this approach, there are minimal consultations conducted with indigenous peoples, and projects, programmes and policies are designed by actors external to indigenous communities who treat indigenous peoples as a "target population". There may be translation of educational materials into several languages, for example, but without a critical examination of the pedagogical or cultural implications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Research into tidal energy’s potential impacts on ocean flora and fauna is limited, but shoreline plants could damage sensitive ecosystems like bird-nesting grounds. Development in such areas would be avoided, though. There may also be aesthetic concerns like those with wind power, which may be reflected in changes in property values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The new mental health indicator was designed to measure the response to anxiety and depression disorders through the delivery of the improving access to psychological therapies programme (NHS Outcomes Framework 2013/2014). Spending on disability benefits represents a significant economic burden on the public finances of many OECD countries. On average, spending on disability benefits is equal to 2% of GDP in all OECD countries, with spending as a percentage of GDP as high as 4-5% in Norway, the Netherlands and Sweden (OECD, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
An effective legal regime governing the actions of armed non-state actors in Afghanistan should encompass not only international humanitarian law but also international human rights law. While the applicability of Common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions to the conflict is not controversial, how and to what extent Additional Protocol II applies is more difficult to assess, in particular in relation to the various armed actors operating in the country. The applicability of international human rights law to armed non-state actors – considered by the authors as important, particularly in Afghanistan – remains highly controversial. Nevertheless, its applicability to such actors exercising control over a population is slowly becoming more accepted. In addition, violations of peremptory norms of international law can also directly engage the legal responsibility of such groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This concordat lays out the principles of compliance with the National Procurement Strategy and encourages regional and local government procurement to embrace practices that will engage more SMEs in procurement processes. The UK government has further adopted all recommendations in the HM Treasury Report “Accelerating the SME Economic Engine - Through Transparent, Simple, and Strategic Procurement" (HM Treasury, 2008). Good practices in SME procurement initiatives (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
From a methodological perspective, one reason for not finding any significant effects may be that the state-level analysis presented here does not provide sufficient variation in the supply of Seguro Popular over time. However, further analysis reported in Del Valle et al. ( A more important reason for not finding any significant effects may be that there is substantial heterogeneity in the impact of Seguro Popular across different groups of workers or that the impact of Seguro Popular is only concentrated in a specific segment of the workforce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Heupel’s chapter explores the emergence of human rights protection provisions in international organizations (IOs). It shows that such provisions can emerge via different pathways, namely hegemonic and judicial lawmaking. It suggests that multi-level governance and legal pluralism have detrimental and beneficial effects for the rule of law, depending on specific scope conditions. States at first exploited the opportunities provided by these phenomena and delegated competences to IOs without attaching effective human rights safeguards. Over time, however, powerful actors, benefitting from established routines and the presence of domestic/international scripts, exploited the access points provided by the multi-level nature of the underlying governance arrangements and their embeddedness in different legal orders and successfully made the World Bank and the European Union to commit to human rights safeguards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Espoo Convention with the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Protocol and the Aarhus Convention reduce the impact of State borders for participatory rights in environmental decision making with transboundary reach. While confirming the sovereignty of States, these treaties set out minimum standards for public participation in environmental decision making, to be applied also in transboundary contexts, and prohibit any discrimination as to citizenship, nationality or domicile in providing for public participation. In a modest way, they thus also promote environmental democracy and justice considerations across State borders. However, this potential is not yet used to the fullest extent possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This rise in educational attainment has contributed to the large increase (11 percentage points) over the past 15 years in the female employment rate to 70% in Germany: the highest proportion of women in the paid workforce outside of the Nordic countries and other OECD countries where women are frequently in part-time employment such as the Netherlands. This increase in labour force participation was associated with a decline in time spent on unpaid home and care work, but in Germany as elsewhere in the OECD, women still bear the brunt of unpaid work and fathers spend a lot less time with children than mothers. German parents are more likely than their fellow Europeans to report work/life conflict and, despite recent increases, the total fertility rate (TFR) in 2014 was 1.47, below the 2013 OECD average of 1.67 (Chapter 2). However, since the mid-2000s social policy reform has increased opportunities for parents to find a better work/family balance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the United States, the Violence Against Women Act (1994), and its reauthorizations, provides a significant source of funding for non-governmental organizations working on violence against women. It is important that any budgetary allocation be based on a full analysis of funding required to implement all measures contained in the legislation. When public officials involved in the implementation of the law are not comprehensively trained regarding its content, there is a risk that the law will not be implemented effectively or uniformly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the case of cheese, the developed countries still dominate imports, but the developing countries are closing the gap. Developed countries continue to be the main importers of fish for human consumption, with their share in world imports projected to remain above 50% in quantity terms. Developing countries represent two-thirds of world exports in fish for human consumption, with more than half of exports in 2023 originating from Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
And there is a large and growing market for eco-efficient technologies. The world market for these environmental technologies was estimated at €1 000 billion in 2005 and is expected to grow by 50% to about €1 500 billion in 2010. In the European Union, governments are supporting their efforts in terms of financing research and development and other forms of co-operation. In Denmark, we have made an action plan in order to assist our firms in delivering solutions to worldwide problems in which Danish research and business has a cutting edge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It will enable the international community to monitor all resources supporting the SDGs beyond ODA, including private resources that are mobilised through official means. It will also track international support for development enablers and global challenges - currently lacking in global development finance statistics. The Task Force was a response to the commitment made in AAAA to “hold open, inclusive and transparent discussions on the modernization of the ODA measurement and on the proposed measure of total official support for sustainable development”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Committee has further explained that any restriction in this field seriously limits the woman's ability to provide for herself and her dependants. The Committee has also noted with concern the high number of reservations to articles 9, 15 and 16, and called on States to withdraw them and to enact and enforce legislation in accordance with these articles. In 2004, the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health defined sexual health as a state of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being related to sexuality, not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity (E/CN.4/2004/49).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
ABSTRACTRecent criticism of representative liberal democracy has spurred democratic experiments involving citizen consultations in deliberative forums. However, more research is needed in order to understand the conditions necessary to make them work. The aim of this paper is to help mitigate this deficiency and at the same time contribute to an informed reflection over the specific conditions for deliberative democracy in Korea. The study focuses on a unique deliberative process organized in order to establish a Charter of Human Rights for Seoul Citizens. Several lessons from this democratic experiment are discussed. While the process worked surprisingly well, its legitimacy was questioned because of controversies over the representativeness of participants and the involvement of external stakeholders. Although a complete consensus was not reached, initially disrespectful attitudes changed within the process to a situation where diverging positions were better acknowledged. How ideas of deliberation can ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Two thirds of health spending is publicly funded, but the share of out-of-pocket spending has increased. However, a range of co-payment exemptions ensures financial protection and the affordability of services for vulnerable groups. Portugal has among the lowest avoidable hospital admissions rates in the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As the lower wage level in developing economies is reflected in lower prices of goods that are not traded internationally, one unit of the local currency will have greater purchasing power domestically than worldwide. For that reason, the World Bank has used purchasing power parity (PPP), which is calculated by converting a local currency into a reference currency (US$) in terms of purchasing power equivalent. Following this logic, in 1991, an international poverty line was estimated equivalent to one PPP dollar per day at 1985 prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Abstract In recent years, the ICJ has had to deal more and more often with alleged violations of major human rights treaties and the respective compromissory clauses contained in such treaties. Yet, the interrelationship between the Court’s treaty-based jurisdiction under such clauses and State complaint mechanisms, as provided for in human rights treaties, has not yet been fully considered and analysed. Moreover, there might also be interlinkages between the ICJ’s contentious jurisdiction under Article 36 (2) of the ICJ Statute and such State complaint procedures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Improved childcare and education has helped reduce the long-term consequences of poverty for children growing up and the gap in attainment between poor and better-off children has narrowed. The economic performance of countries has been volatile and by 2030 inequality and poverty have grown with both levels and durations of unemployment remaining high. Poor economic growth has meant that state spending is under further pressure and there have been substantial cuts in government spending. Benefit levels are now low but expenditure on social security remains high because of the large numbers of families without work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There is a significant 26-percentage point difference between urban and rural areas: 89% of urban households have a mobile phone compared 63% in rural ones. There are 20 LDCs where the proportion of urban households with a mobile phone exceeds 90% compared to just one (Bhutan) where this is true for rural areas. This urban-rural gap highlights that coverage is lacking in the rural areas of many LDCs. This can be remedied through competition that is more intensive as well as the allocation of universal service funds to spread rural coverage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)