albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Whether formal or informal, these businesses lack the infrastructure, equipment, access to materials and markets which any firm of any size anywhere needs to expand— and create higher quality jobs. The net result is low employment generation in the Colombian capital as a whole, the bulk being in the informal sector. This was confirmed by findings of UN-Habitat’s City Prosperity Initiative recently implemented in 23 Colombian cities.39 Technical assistance and strategic, temporary subsidies would enable smaller firms to overcome these obstacles, leveraging them into higher efficiency and breaking the current cycle of low productivity: this is an effective policy to consider. As noted earlier, over 90 per cent of New York businesses employ fewer than 20 staff, but since 2001, 67 per cent of new firms employ fewer than five. High-end New York firms are now mostly located in Brooklyn where fixed costs are lower than in Manhattan, turning New York into “the second Silicon Valley” of the US.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Average total river discharges are estimated at between 39 billion m3/y and 42 billion m3/y, with 95 per cent being discharged into the Adriatic Sea and 5 per cent into the Ionian Sea. Groundwater resources are estimated at between 9 billion m3/y and 13 billion m3/y. Around 626 reservoirs provide a designed capacity of 560 million m3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This would imply improving much existing infrastructure and actively promoting green technologies and industries. Consequently, the technological revolution for a green economy will be fundamentally different from previous revolutions—in three ways. Given existing pressures on our ecosystem, the goal would need to be achieved within the next three to four decades—a huge challenge, given that diffusion of technologies is a slow process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In other words, the decomposition helps to measure the portion of changes in family income due to changes in the characteristics of the child population and those due to changes in the association between these characteristics and the income level. The decomposition is carried out for market incomes before taxes and transfers (they correspond to labour income in their vast majority, capital income being generally low for poor households), and for disposable income after social transfers. By comparing the changes in income before and after taxes and transfers, one can infer what role transfers have played in responding to changes in labour income and how this role has varied across the income distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 2010 and 2011, the unemployment rate had stabilised at around 5% for Wroclaw, but it remained much higher for Lower Silesia (12.5% in 2011). Rapid economic growth has not remedied social and economic exclusion. Other challenges include tying down global mobile investment, raising the global competitiveness of indigenous businesses, securing the future of higher education in the city and defining Wroclaw’s role in the Polish national system of cities. While these European funds will continue to flow, a more strategic, innovation-oriented approach will be needed for the next programming period (starting in 2014), including better connection to the higher education system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some governments have been particularly active in developing and using these risk mitigants to mobilise greater sustainable energy investment and these examples can potentially be applied to other national contexts. The Danish export credit agency EKF is a particular example of an institution that is using their guarantees to encourage institutional investor participation in sustainable energy finance. Green investment banks and other public financial institutions are also actively working to reduce risk by providing guarantees, loan loss reserves, seeding funds and acting as cornerstone investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In turn, aggregate measures such as ratios of major tax categories to GDP will reveal much less than detailed and careful analysis of key parameters of different taxes that affect their efficiency and fairness. Many of the countries whose tax systems were assessed in OECD Economic Surveys during the past decade made progress in the pursuit of greater efficiency and fairness, even if aggregate measures do not reflect fully those reforms. Among the countries reviewed over the past decade, two examples of this incrementalism—the Czech Republic and Sweden—are illustrative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Production is driven by local demand rather than by market prices. One result is low prices for producers because of a seasonal surplus when crops in a region are harvested and sold. Better storage facilities cold allow farms to hold onto their crop until prices rebound, but this would require investment in storage capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Net replacement rates are evaluated for a prime-age worker (aged 40) with a “long” and uninterrupted employment record. See OECD (2007a) for full details. Finland and Germany saw the biggest reductions in net replacement rates. A decomposition of these changes (not reported) shows that in Germany, and to a lesser extent Finland, effective tax burdens on employment incomes were reduced at the same time, which further widened the gap between incomes in-work and out-of-work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The enfranchisement of non‐resident citizens has always been controversial in the UK, where for historical reasons, voting rights are not as closely associated with citizenship as elsewhere. The introduction of ‘overseas’ voting in the 1980s by the Conservatives was contested by Labour as a form of ‘international gerrymandering’ since expatriates were widely assumed to be disproportionately wealthy and therefore more likely to vote Tory. Expatriate campaigners have been increasingly vocal in denouncing the ‘electoral injustice’ of the ‘fifteen‐year rule’ which disenfranchises them after fifteen years abroad, and the exclusion of so many from the EU referendum highlighted their cause. A recent private member's bill proposing ‘votes for life’ for UK expatriates aimed to meet their demands to abolish the time restriction, now considered anachronistic. But their arguments were hijacked by historically embedded attitudes and disputes driven by party politics, ending in a dramatic and bewildering filibuster which this paper elucidates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Put differently, the industrialisation process and structural change pattern reveals an inverse U-shaped curve for emission intensity.3 This can be explained by the rise of energy- and resource-intensive industries (such as metals, non-metallic minerals, and chemicals and chemical products) in a middle-income stage and higher environmental productivity through emission-reducing technologies of high-tech manufacturing industries. This, however, requires knowledge and technology transfer, and sufficiently simple tools for the actual implementation of such technologies in developing countries. When countries diversify into energy-intensive industries, they can benefit from existing technologies and innovations to sidestep the environmental trade-off pattern.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Cash housing benefits are calculated assuming private market rent, plus other charges, amounting to 20% of tire full-time wage for all family types. The percentage of AW relates to the earnings from full-time employment of the individual moving into work. For married couples, the percentage of AW relates to one spouse only, the second spouse is assumed to be inactive with no earnings in a one-earner couple and to have full-time earnings equal to 67% of AW in a two-earner couple. Calculations for families with children assume two children aged 4 and 6. Ensuring that parents, especially women, are able to reconcile work and family life is one of the measures that will help to reduce family and child poverty. Two types of measures go in this direction: leave from work for parents when a child is bom, and childcare services before and after school age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The purpose of this chapter is to summarise the issues considered in those appendices, drawing comparisons between management strategies for the two waste types. The section concludes by describing some opportunities and challenges for future management of these two waste types. However, there is a fundamental and essential similarity: both radioactive and hazardous wastes have the potential, if not managed appropriately, to cause environmental harm and to damage human health. More details are presented in Sections Al.l and A2.1.1. In late November 2008, after the text of this document had been prepared, the IAEA published a new Draft Safety Guide (DS390), in which it proposes six classes of radioactive waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This study, building on regional studies by UN-Habitat and the OECD on the state of NUP for the 35 OECD member countries, provides a first attempt at assessing NUP trends, strengths and ways forward across member and non-member countries, and paves the way for the definition of a common methodology to monitor the progress of NUPs at the global level. In terms of NUP development stages, 92 countries (61 per cent) already implement their NUPs, whereas 58 countries (39 per cent) are in the process of developing NUPs. Only 19 countries (13 per cent) have reached the monitoring and evaluation stage. The stage of NUP varies by region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This paper explores the following issues: (i) how different communities view climate finance effectiveness, (ii) the policies or institutional pre-conditions that facilitate effectiveness, and (iii) how effectiveness can be monitored and evaluated. The paper also discusses the conflicts and trade-offs encountered in assessing effectiveness and proposes a possible way forward that balances multiple views and priorities. These communities represent the perspectives of developed and developing countries, as well as both public and private sources of climate finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Although both are important in combating unemployment, this chapter focuses exclusively on income support. Other programmes also target certain industries that display high (sometimes cyclical) unemployment rates. Nonetheless, in some special situations, such as illnesses or permanent disability, funds can be withdrawn before retirement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The authorities should swiftly proceed to implement the quality assurance system to counteract potential adverse effects of relying on enrolments and the number of graduates to determine public funding. This constraint adversely affects the position of public HEIs to compete for hiring and retaining most talented staff. Considering that salaries are included in the lump-sum public funding and HEIs are autonomous in the allocation of those funds, HEIs should be given more freedom to determine the salaries of their academic staff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While acknowledging the vast differences between international and internal migration scenarios, and also between the ability of rich, emerging countries and poor countries to deal with these, this report has highlighted the growing evidence of the potential benefits of all forms of migration and mobility for city growth and development. In order to maximize the developmental benefits of these new mobility patterns in terms of improving migrant well-being, it is imperative for cities to put inclusive urban policies in place for basic services and socioeconomic inclusion. They can be architects and construction workers of growing cities, service providers, entrepreneurs, employers and innovators. As part of the global diaspora, they can facilitate business and humanitarian support between cities and countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Reforms to increase supply flexibility should be pursued. All government funded schools should enjoy the same freedom in luring and wage setting to level the playing field across different school types. To better gauge progress and inform policy makers, schools and parents on educational outcomes, additional performance measures should be developed and steps taken to lessen the reliance on grades in performance management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
But it also generates inequalities in access to health care, as only employees can benefit from it, and leads to duplication of services. Hence, it would be desirable to remove privileged access to primary care through the occupational sector. However, it is only conceivable if responsiveness is not affected. User fees, from which only the occupational sector is exempted, could be another contentious issue. The impact on private health care is more ambiguous.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Unlike trade in fossil fuel resources, the same few countries are both exporting and importing most of the low-carbon goods and technologies in the region. This only requires good connectivity at the national and subregional levels, for which investments in cross-border infrastructure will be required. At the same time, in order to achieve predictability and sustainability, legally binding commitments and cooperation by all parties in energy trade will be required. Most of these agreements are bilateral in nature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In one place, the updated NBSAP states that almost 40 per cent of the planned measures of the previous action plan remain not implemented. In another place, it states that 37 per cent of planned measures of the action plan were implemented. Activities and projects envisaged by the NEAP were planned for the period 2007-2011. According to the NEAP, improvement of the biodiversity monitoring system at local, regional and national levels, organizing systematic monitoring for all forest areas and protected areas, and development of information systems, including modern databases and GIS that could provide information for policymaking and management, w'ere planned for 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Eight lane city road, 402. Two lane city planning road, 404. Four lane city planning road, 406. Six lane city planning road, 408, Eight lane city planning road, 502. It sets targets and areas for interaction. The core responsibilities of the DGT are at national level on all inter-urban roads, except for the Basque Countiy, Catalonia and Navarre.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Among MoNP departments and subordinate institutions (Figure 1.1), the following are of particular relevance to biodiversity and PA management. Red Data Book of Turkmenistan categories: DE = declining, RA = rare, TE = threatened with extinction. It also drafts legislation and oversees the regulatory framework for the sustainable use of biodiversity resources and the development of the PA system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This study presents evidence about relations between national culture and social institutions. We operationalize culture with data on cultural dimensions for some 50 nations adopted from cross-cultural psychology and generate testable hypotheses about three basic social norms of governance: the rule of law, corruption, and democratic accountability. These norms correlate systematically and strongly with national scores on cultural dimensions and also differ across cultural regions of the world. Using a linguistic variable on pronoun drop as an instrument for cultural emphases on autonomy versus embeddedness points to a significant influence of culture on governance. Using cultural profiles of a previous generation as an instrument indicates relative stability of cultural orientations and of their correlates. The results suggest a framework for understanding the relations between fundamental institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This first variable had one of the highest coefficients, and it was higher in every country for the models for time spent on domestic work. This confirmed that, even controlling for other factors, the differences between men and women were more pronounced in this dimension than in relation to caring for others. Being employed reduced the amount of time spent on both kinds of tasks - significantly so in all cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 1947, the United States created a modern intelligence community to guard against another surprise attack like the one at Pearl Harbor. This community consists of 13 major agencies, among them the CIA and the FBI. Concealed from public view, they pose a significant challenge to the concept of government accountability in a democratic society. This article examines the failure of congressional lawmakers to hold the secret agencies accountable during the Cold War. Contrary to recent theoretical research on legislative oversight, which suggests reasons that accountability has been strong in the United States, this study finds that a weak system of legislative review has permitted a dangerous erosion of civil liberties. The study also explores the efforts of the Church Committee in 1975 to fashion new safeguards that would reduce the probability of further abuse of power by the intelligence community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Numerous environmental researchers have been trained for the latest scientific techniques. An extensive network has been built connecting academia, the private sector and government together across the region, and internationally. Currently, the project has been expanded into 11 Asian countries: China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. The project was to involve nine countries/territories in Asia (China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam), for the purpose of improving pollution monitoring in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For example, in 2013, 43% of global production of iron ore was exported outside of the country of origin (McCarthy and Borkey, 2018). Similarly, exports of secondary raw materials are also concentrated in certain parts of the world. For instance, the European Union, Japan and the United States are identified as the largest exporters of scrap metal (McCarthy and Borkey, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This chapter will gain from outputs of the thematic assessment on scenarios and models of biodiversity, ecosystem function and ecosystem services (IPBES deliverable 3 (c). Regarding IPBES related work, see Annex 7, Box 16. " Policy support tools and methodologies under IPBES". The chapter should look at options at temporal and spatial scales: from the international level to local and households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While the economic and technical dimensions of this crisis are important, I join the environmental educator David Orr in believing that current educational forms are at the centre of our ecological problems. Orr argues that they tend to divide the world by academic discipline, advocate domination over nature, promote individualism and rights over citizenship and responsibility and separate rationality from feeling and valuing:
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Individuals may have no access to infrastructure or may “buy" illegal hook-ups. The ability of developers and individuals to find out about available land is hampered by incomplete records. In many countries the costs - in time, money and number of offices visited -to formally construct and register a building are substantial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
By comparison, the number of teachers in primary, lower secondary and upper secondary education represented about 2.4% of the labour force across OECD countries in 2013.6This means that, in general, the share of students expecting a teaching career is larger than the share of working-age people who are teaching today. At least at this early stage of career orientation, concerns about the lack of candidates for a career in teaching are therefore exaggerated. In fact, teaching enjoys a clear advantage over other occupations that 15-year-olds may not even know exist: all 15-year-old students have had some contact with teachers and have at least an approximate idea of what they do and of their working conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To enhance returns, projects should be able to generate sufficient revenues over their life cycle, through adoption of user charges, public sector support (typically in the form of “viability gap finance”) and additional funding. Proposed measures to reduce risks and uncertainties include: clear identification of actual returns and possible risks (including of default), development of governance structures to ensure approval of stakeholders, including through compensation schemes, provision of de-risking instruments such as sovereign and credit guarantees, and government mapping of long-term investment paths to reduce investors’ uncertainty' about the future (Woetzel et al., In addition, standardization of contractual terms is identified as important to attract funds to smaller projects, as is project pooling to reduce transaction costs and attract larger investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The combined talents and perspectives of both men and women yield a better, more comprehensive understanding of society' at large, which in turn improves the quality of policies and delivery of public services. Accordingly, there is mounting awareness in Mexico of the benefits that accrue from the equal participation of women and men in public decision making - in Congress, the political executive, the judiciary and across federal and state public administration. They have introduced almost 85% of all the proposals that have come before the Gender Equality' Committee in the Chamber of Deputies1 since the LXIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress opened in September 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Given the scale of resources and the number of projects involved, BICRO has so far nurtured a small sector, essentially hedging its bets on a few contenders, each of which has an uncertain probability of successful employment creation and long-term sustainability. This approach can be useful for capturing serendipitous and radical ideas and has a non-negligible probability of a reasonably strong economic impact if pursued vigorously over a sufficiently long period. However it cannot be the main basis of support for business-sector innovation as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Protocol focal points may be considered information multipliers as they can reach and motivate important target groups and potential supporters, such as policy makers, donors, media and the general public, to get them involved in the implementation of the Protocol. The objectives of the Protocol align closely with the objectives of the 2030 Agenda, and the Protocol can be considered as a precursor of several SDG principles such as universality, intersectorality, equity, prevention and safety. Org/fileadmin/DAM/env/documents/2000/wat/nip.wat.2000.l .e.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This exercise revealed a poverty incidence of 33.8 per cent. This ranking was then compared with the one obtained using the other criteria. The lesson that emerges from this multi-method field research is that different approaches lead to very different estimates of poverty for the same set of households. This no doubt reflects the very low poverty line.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The share of this spend coming from public sources is particularly low. Only Chile (46%) and the United States (48%) report a share of public spending on health lower than Mexico (51%). The low public spending and limited total investment in the health system is reflected in national health resources. Mexico has 2.2 practicing doctors and 2.6 practicing nurses per 1 000 population, much less than the OECD averages of 3.3 and 9.1, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)