albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Many projects do not have defined baselines against which impacts can be assessed.30 There is only a weak framework to evaluate the impact of Aid for Trade projects and programmes on welfare, growth and inequality. The model of bilateral disbursement (which has been de facto adopted by donor countries) has meant that Aid for Trade comes with all the challenges of traditional development aid. Priorities may be skewed toward the interests of preferences of donors, and there may be limited country ownership and a range of explicit or implicit conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This paper will address an often-neglected agenda of the much-derided League of Nations: its ‘social’ and ‘technical’ works. These targeted human security through regulating different forms of international mobility, including the fight against trafficking in women and children. The League used conventions and conferences to commit nation-states, in a legal model, to standardized anti-trafficking measures. It also, however, worked to educate and inform states, voluntary organizations, and the general public about the nature of trafficking and the ways of combating it. The latter techniques are here interpreted using Foucault's governmentality writings, which encourage us to look beyond the juridical epistemologies of international relations and international law, but not beyond the interlacing of laws and norms, here explored through interwar League governmentalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The main irrigated crops include maize, cotton, cereals, fodder crops and sugar beet. Irrigation continues to be developed and is considered by the government as a key element for productivity growth and competitiveness in agriculture. The government’s objective is to expand the irrigated area to 8.5 million ha. This objective is integrated in the regional development projects, the biggest being the South Eastern Anatolia project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A longstanding tradition of car-oriented planning, inherited from decades of Soviet urban planning, contributed to this trend. The tradition remained even after Latvia gained its independence in 1991. As a consequence, the city has experienced a rapid increase in the level of motorisation, which has been accelerating in recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Feminist political ecology is an epistemological approach to human-environment relations at the intersections of three key areas in the social sciences. These areas are feminism, development, and environmental studies. This article discusses the changing dynamics of these intersections through an intellectual history of the term as it emerged from ecofeminist philosophy in 1970s and 1980s and was shaped by contributions from critical development studies, human ecology, and poststructural feminism. Feminist political ecology emphasizes natural resource management issues, social justice, and environmental concerns, and analyzes the connections between social inequality, social change, and environmental issues through the themes of gender, identity, and difference in human-environment relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Mosaic Curriculum shaped specifically to each group using “the competencies matrix”, “the skills matrix” and “matrices of content of knowledge” (one for each area of knowledge). In a project/workshop, the tutor and the master choose which competencies, skills and knowledge are being developed and students are assessed on these. Formative evaluation: There are two qualitative evaluations: the student self-evaluation and the “tutor&master” evaluation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition, local labour markets can differ in their skill requirements. Most countries have projections of future skills needs from independent or public institutions. International organisations also undertake these types of analyses, but few countries use this information to evolve their education systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The 2008 CAREC Transport and Trade Facilitation strategy identified six strategic corridors to be improved: Europe-East Asia, Mediterranean-East Asia, Russian Federation-Middle East and South Asia, Russian Federation-East Asia, East Asia-Middle East and South Asia, Europe-Middle East and South Asia. Although there have been improvements in customs administration, better co-ordination among custom offices is still needed. Furthermore, although intra-regional and extra-regional trade volume grew, the increase remained well below the assessed potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Discusses how stability has become a value of civilisation and supposedly an effect of global interconnectedness, though the terrorist attacks of 2001 indicate that destabilisation is also possible. Explores the nature of stability, how it relates to the global financial system and to the rule of law. Goes on to the nature of terrorism and how it compares with organised crime and white‐collar crime in terms of risk and adherence to the rule of law. Outlines how the law is responding to the threats to stability, including the USA PATRIOT Act, the 2002 Terrorism Risk Insurance Act, and suggests how terrorist activity may be predicted. Compares the financial losses from terrorism with those from natural disasters, and describes private business’s use of risk management. Indicates why anti‐terrorist measures are likely to be of limited effect, and the risks of legal reforms against terrorism: these include restrictions on human rights and privacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These programmes commonly allow parents to report several school preferences to a central enrolment point, which public authorities then try to respect as much as possible while maintaining a balanced distribution of students. The allocation mechanisms vary across countries and their effectiveness depends on the capacity to match parents’ preference for quality schools with a consistent application of priority criteria benefiting disadvantaged students (OECD, 2015(22]). The student allocation mechanism also requires a certain degree of centralisation in order to prevent inefficiencies related to handling multiple registrations, as well as delays on assignment and higher administrative costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The risk of natural disaster has been the focus of public policies. They are based on the Federal Law 12.608 / 2012, establishing the National Policy on Protection and Civil Defense. The overall goal is to understand the public policy related to the risks of natural disasters in the city of Blumenau, by identifying the structure of a public body and its powers. It constitutes an exploratory and descriptive qualitative approach. The method is characterized by systemic method and indirect technical documentation. The research was done in three steps: data collection, tabulation of information, analysis and discussion of results. The results indicate that the Supplementary Law 870/2013 which defines the administrative structure of the public power of Blumenau, does not detail the powers to the municipal responsible body for risk management of natural disasters, precisely indicated in Federal Law 12.608 / 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The IAEG-SDGs proposed 10 indicators to monitor this goal, of which two are Tier 1 indicators to monitor Targets 14.4 (fish stocks) and 14.5 (marine protected areas) (see Appendix 2.1). Given the lack of Tier 1 indicators, an overall assessment on Goal 14 cannot be made for the Commonwealth Pacific small states. Offshore fisheries are an important source of government revenue for the Commonwealth Pacific small states, with only bigeye tuna considered overfished (see Chapter 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Authentic leadership has attracted recent empirical research from a wide range of social science disciplines interested largely in its relationship to human resource management and organisational effectiveness. In contrast, the focus of this study is specifically on the philosophical foundations of authentic leadership and their implications for leadership practice and continuing professional development. It emphasises the contribution of virtue ethics by identifying key moral and intellectual virtues associated with authenticity and how they can provide an ethical framework for action guidance in the school leadership context. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research based on more interdisciplinary and international comparative studies, especially in non-Western societies and cultural contexts, both to deepen and broaden our understanding of authentic-ethical leadership and its impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, care must equally be applied to ensure that girls’ and women’s participation in separate environments, or in specific sports, does not reinforce social divisions or generate unhelpful resistance from other members of society (Hayhurst et al. These considerations also point to the importance of adopting decentralised approaches that are sensitive to local cultural norms and engage all family and community members (Kay and Spaaij 2012), including boys and men, even in initiatives that may be specifically targeted at girls and women. Addressing this embedded and structured inequality is, therefore, a priority in itself. For young females, in particular, leadership experiences gained through sport-based initiatives may make distinctive contributions to their empowerment in other social, economic and political spheres (Lindsey et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The path towards a post-2012 climate regime had to be launched at COP 13/CMP 3 taking place in December 2007, in Bali, Indonesia, if an agreement was to be reached in 2009. This timeline was necessary to allow for the new agreement to enter into force prior to 2012. As part of his strategy, the Secretary-General quickly integrated climate change into his regular meetings with world leaders. Of particular consequence, on 16 January 2007, only two weeks after the start of his term, he held his first meeting with United States President George W. Bush.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In Spain, there was significant discrepancies in elasticities of irrigation water, based on water scarcity and crop patterns. Elasticity was higher where water is abundant and lower where water is scarce (because water uses are already efficient). Elasticity is low for high value crops. In developing countries, where irrigation water can be very cheap, even significant price increases (in %) may fail to trigger changes in farming practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This review recommends actions aimed at improving both instructional quality and amount. We begin by focusing on instructional time, and subsequently focus on opportunities for improvement in instructional quality that can be achieved through changes to the teaching workforce and use of assessments. Instructional time represents a major part of public spending on school education and it is a key resource that offers opportunity to learn (OECD, 2013b). Research shows that, all else being equal, increasing instructional time leads to better academic performance (Gromada and Shewbridge, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Depending on its characteristics and the context in which it is deployed, this software may be patentable in its own right, may require a separate licence to permit its use, and is likely to need periodic updating in order to make the asset as a whole continue to function, or operate to its full capabilities. The value a financier attributes to the machine has to include the value of the intangible. Sometimes, an intangible such as software may be packaged and presented in such a way that its purchase can be financed in its own right as an asset. For example, if a large organisation needs to update its desktop software, it is often possible to obtain finance to cover purchase of the necessary licences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As developed in Chapter 2, the re-allocation of labour resources towards more productive uses within and outside agriculture is fundamental to agricultural productivity growth in Turkey. This is typically evoked with respect to field-cropping where the size of parcels is believed to constrain the operation at an optimal-scale. Small farms seem to be perceived as less of a problem in horticulture (Akder, 2015). The analysis on relative productivity and efficiency on farms of different sizes is scarce and in general is limited by the availability of up to date farm-level data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, this share has fallen over the past decade owing to rising domestic demand. Production is expected to continue to increase as a result of productivity gains. While exports have been low over the past decade owing to the importance of the domestic market, an increase in sales to foreign markets could occur as a result of industry reorganisation and the opening of new marketing channels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Paris Agreement contains the first mention of human rights in a climate change treaty. This article recounts the build-up of human rights advocacy since the Cancun Agreements. It then discusses the significance of the inclusion of a provision on human rights in the preamble to the Paris Agreement and explores other relevant provisions adopted at the 21st Conference of the Parties to the  UN  Framework Convention on Climate Change in Paris in December 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This distinction is important when it comes to translating the impacts of links into policy. Therefore, we summarily document the geographic scale of the various links in the tables below. We illustrate this potential for trans-boundary effects in Table 1, as an example. For example, depending on how it is designed and implemented, protection of coastal and marine areas could benefit or hinder access to marine resources for small-scale fishing communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Such programmes typically aim to build women’s social capital, but need not be limited to that objective. For example, they may be coupled with training and upskilling programmes. A prominent example is the Self Employed Women’s Association in India which gathers together a large number of informal sector workers and entrepreneurs in order to represent their interests, and provides support, information and training. All the countries analysed in this chapter except Argentina, Chile, China, Morocco and the Russian Federation, have an anti-discrimination clause in their constitutions and that clause typically mentions gender explicitly (except in Costa Rica and Indonesia).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Also, some studies identify positive impacts in situations where all the clients at some local offices are treated, with non-treated local offices as the control group (e.g. McVicar, 2010, Hainmueller, 2010, Hofmann et al., But clearly, research in this field should keep close track of possible externality effects, either within the local office administration and experimental implementation processes, or in the external labour market. A lag of two or more years between employment service delivery and its apparent impact may arise because employment services lead to entry to longer-term training by a limited proportion of the participants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Marine energy technologies such as wave, tidal, ocean-thermal or salt power, were not assessed because they are still relatively immature. It is the work of an international scientific and technical expert team. Meeting the rising energy demands of a growing world population presents an ideal opportunity to make technology choices that also address the climate, environmental and health issues caused by fossil fuels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Kennisnet is demand-driven and continuously monitors specific needs in ICT and education. In the report, four overall perspectives are proposed for teacher education. One of these perspectives promotes information and communication technology as a resource for education.18 The government is expected to submit a bill to the parliament proposing a new' teacher education during 2009. Note that it is possible for a country to meet several levels at the same time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Edited by Francis G. Castles, a leading authority in the field, and bringing together an outstanding group of British, German and American scholars, it examines trends in non-social or â€˜coreâ€™ spending on public administration, defence, public order, education, economic affairs and debt financing and in the regulatory ordering of the economic sphere. The book not only opens up new areas of comparative public policy research, but also demonstrates clearly that there have been real reductions in the reach of state in some areas, although patterns of causation are more complex and varied than generally presumed by the retrenchment literature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Enhanced disaster risk insurances could provide rapid emergency assistance and financial help to reduce negative impacts from drought, floods or cyclones (Insuresilience, 2018). A lack of full transparency on insurance contract designs, payment terms and the speed of claims pay-outs account for today’s most pressing obstacles to effective disaster insurance. Adopting decentralised platforms and automation by smart contracts integrated with oracles (e.g. weather and disaster information), payments based on parametric insurance could be triggered automatically and instantly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, what is seen from various policy instruments supporting installation of energy efficient equipment is that after the installation people tend to heat verandas or increase temperatures, thereby reducing their own financial saving and the potential environmental benefits of energy efficiency. Thus, in these cases there are clear reasons for combining both the self-interest with pro-environmental values to enhance both the short-term and long-term results. The Good Chemistry campaign that promotes environmental issues as part of health and childcare communications is run by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency (Danish EPA 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
A number of LDCs are involved with these RCPs. The CP, for example, was initiated in 2003 and involves II labour-sending countries from Asia. For returnee migrants, the CP recommended the provision of preferential access to start-up investments upon return, offering loans for new businesses, support private-sector efforts to provide job-matching services to returnees, and supporting reintegration supporting services that civil society actors could provide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This reduction is good news, but raises all sorts of questions. Regarding its sustainability, there is a strong likelihood that it is due mainly to the economic cycle and thus could easily be reversed in short order. As for the indicator itself, it needs to be qualified by others whose diagnoses are not so encouraging.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It should be noted, however, that output-based indicators on food waste are perhaps less susceptible to macro-economic trends than output based indicators on other waste streams. Historical data on household expenditure on food shows that this has remained relatively stable over the past two decades of economic growth, while expenditure on other consumption areas has increased significantly. Such indicators can be more representative of real waste prevention according to the definition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Apocalyptic views on the natural order, chimeras and genetic engineering should not detract from the fact that medical research, similar to the promotion of health, is a public good. Genomics crosses all species, thereby requiring a global approach that respects human rights and public health priorities. Public trust and public participation in research demand clear stewardship as well as transparent and accountable oversight. Characterizing fundamental genomic data as a public resource might counterbalance the current overemphasis on individual rights but this will not be simple. It is only through an attachment to justice and solidarity that the dignity and well-being of persons, both as humans and as citizens, can truly be fostered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Complexity may be a problem in some European jurisdictions with multiple and tiered governance arrangements. There is, therefore, no universal blueprint to dictate the specific way in which relations between different tiers of government are structured and regulated, as they depend on institutional traditions and the relative capacity of each level. However, a key opportunity can be found in a balance between top-down and bottom-up approaches in the NUP processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The enactment of legislation banning female genital mutilation has, in some instances, resulted in communities changing from practicing one type of female genital mutilation to another type so as to avoid punishment,9 or in lowering the age of girls subjected to female genital mutilation so as to hide the practice from the authorities more easily or to minimize the resistance of the girls themselves.10 These experiences have reinforced the importance of ensuring that legislation is drafted with all possible risks, backlashes and misuses taken into consideration, and of consistently monitoring the impact of legislation. They are interconnected with each other, as well as with other forms of violence and discrimination against women. Forced marriages result in sexual violence in many cases, particularly since many countries exempt marital rape from being a punishable offence. In a number of countries, victims/survivors of rape are forced to marry the perpetrator of the violence as this is seen to restore the family’s “honour” which was deemed to be tarnished by the woman being considered to have engaged in pre-marital or extra-marital “sexual relations".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As a consequence, low-carbon growth as an alternative to ‘business as usual’ is fast becoming the preferred model for major economies in both developed and developing countries. Its relevance lies in the fact that one of the objectives of low-carbon growth of the green economy is to manage risks posed by global warming and climate change, and to take advantage of the opportunities that they offer in terms of new technology development and greater efficiency in industrial processes. It has now been clearly demonstrated that sustainable development makes economic sense, as more jobs are created and the externalities that traditional models of development generate are limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The Gini measures reported in Chapter 6 refer to working-age individuals and are somewhat different from the ones shown here which refer to individuals in working-age households and thus include children living in the same household as observations in their own right. In Switzerland the subsequent equalising effect on the distribution of disposable income was further strengthened by a trend towards more redistribution. Market-income inequality has also been the main determinant of differences across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)