albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The Ministry’s main functions in education system evaluation are: the development of tools to monitor the performance of the education system (e.g. indicators framework, national student assessments, cohort studies), the promotion of evaluative studies of particular aspects of the education system (e.g. policy and programme evaluation), and the use of evaluation results for decision-making and policy development. The Dutch Constitution entrusts the Inspectorate of Education with the preparation of an annual report on the State of Education in the Netherlands. Overall, the Inspectorate is responsible for reporting publicly on the education system as a whole, providing information for policy development, and supplying reliable information on education. In consultation with the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, it also engages in policy evaluations, and contracts research and analysis on specific aspects of the education system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Research indicates that initiation practices are being sustained (Mtumane, 2004 cited in Ntombana, 2011b), and that their value in conferring "ancestral masculinity" (Ncaca, 2014) has perhaps strengthened where other sources of male identity have reduced in importance. In South Africa the boy's father or the chief chooses the surgeon who will perform the circumcision and amongst the Chewa in Malawi fathers decide when a boy should join the Gule cult (the secret male-only cult through which initiation occurs). The implication of their peripheral role is that the transition to adulthood primarily concerns the young person's identity within the wider community in ways that de-emphasise intimate parent-child bonds centred around shared domestic space.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Water charges collected cannot be easily used because of a rather cumbersome and lengthy bureaucracy in the tendering procedures of public agencies. Users, who pay charges as a contribution to improve basin conditions, do not always see the benefits of such charges in improving overall water outcomes in the basin, which may generate a disincentive to pay water charges in the future or accept increases. The approach adopted by Ceara, in which water is charged by a company, not as a natural public resource but rather as a service provided to the user based on infrastructure management, may be a way of circumventing the deadlock, although very much tailored for Ceara conditions and a little artificial under different circumstances (Box 2.7). If there is a difference between the capacity needed to shoulder water responsibilities and the local authority’s organisational, technical, procedural, networking and infrastructure capacity, consequences for the implementation of national water policies are unavoidable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Transportation to and from the mainland is either by plane or ferry. In spite of this, the labour market of Bornholm is to some extent connected to the labour market of Copenhagen. In an attempt to accommodate the infrastructural challenges, the island has established several IT solutions, including broadband and workstations at home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In China today,President Xi Jinping’s new grand narrative is framed by the widely publicised ‘four comprehensives’ (四个全面, ‘sigequanmian’). This narrative aims to : 1.build a moderately prosperous society, 2. deepen reform, 3. govern the nation according to law, and 4. tighten Party discipline. It is essentially a political narrative that tells a moral tale that legitimizes and glorifies the virtues of the present. It also attempts to shrug off mistakes of the previous dynasty. Drawing on the legal disciplines of economic law, international comparative law and the a priori analytic method of legal narrative analysis, this paper provides a critical appraisal of the ‘four comprehensives’, paying special attention to how the four principal strands of the narrative shape the directions of China’s socialist rule of law reforms and governance.  Key words: Chinese law reform, four comprehensives, 四个全面, sigequanmian,socialist rule of law,legal narrative analysis, economic-law nexus, South China Sea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The city government organises workshops and training sessions in each district to empower civil society engagement in public administration. Every year, the city government publishes the list of projects that have been designed based on the recommendations of the citizen budget committee. In the budget year 2016, 809 projects were conceived with the ideas of the committee. Although consensus-building through public discussions may often be time-consuming, the city government is strongly committed to the idea that participatory governance unlocks opportunities for open discussions on potentially conflicting ideas and can help improve service delivery, social equity and mutual trust in society (SRI, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The two SOEs producing seeds compete with private sector companies in the seed market, but the five fertiliser SOEs operate in a monopoly position. This is reinforced with the establishment in 2008 of PT Agro Kimia Indonesia as the holding company for the five fertiliser SOEs. It has also financed smallholder cattle development, tree crop development, and more recently, integrated pest management projects, research management and decentralised extension projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is therefore clear that any further gains from improvement to existing preference schemes will come from the USA implementing a broad and comprehensive DFQF scheme. A recent study employing a computable general equilibrium model estimates that full implementation of DFQF by OECD countries would boost LDC exports by about USD 2 billion (or 17 per cent) without affecting preference-granting countries in any major way (Bouet et al. Another study - commissioned by the ICTSD - uses a partial equilibrium model to examine the impact of providing 100 per cent dutyfree treatment to LDC exports by a selected group of trade partners - including four major developed economies with long-standing trade preference schemes (Canada, the EU, Japan and the USA), one with a fairly recent duty-free scheme (Korea), and two emerging economies (China and India). Impacts on the rest of the world will be negligible (Table 7.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As such it will be affected by uneven contract enforcement. This could be an indirect consequence of such contract enforcement frailty. Less specific to India and China, it concerns on the overall adequacy of emerging economies' environment for foreign investments, viewed as less enticing to investors due to a track record of failed deals. Moreover ESCO managers interviewed in both India and China underlined the importance of such institutional frailty in preventing their obtaining enough equity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
On the one hand, systems with low levels of performance may innovate in order to improve this important outcome. On the other hand, education systems with high levels of performance may exhibit continuous innovation as a means of keeping performance levels high. In other words, high levels of innovation can be associated both with high and low levels of performance. The relationship may not be causal, and at this stage in our knowledge, it should not be concluded that innovation results in a particular outcome.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Nevertheless, some of the indicators used to measure the deprivations differ from the first age group. The nutrition dimension consists of only three anthropometric indicators, omitting the indicators on exclusive breastfeeding and feeding practices due to unavailable data. In the health dimension, two different indicators are used, namely the availability of a health card, and the receipt of DPT3. While the first indicator serves as a proxy for incidental access to health care services, the second indicator captures the child's ability to receive a full set of DPT vaccinations, and comprises therefore his or her repetitive access to the health care service. With regards to the dimension on child protection, the indicator on negligence is replaced with an indicator identifying a child as deprived when he or she is left alone for more than one hour. The lower rates can be (partly) explained by the absence of the infant and young child feeding and skilled birth attendant indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This can be done by estimating proportional hazard rates by using the Kaplan-Meier estimator which estimates the survival function (the probability that someone will “survive in a specified status” beyond a certain time, even when the sample is censored and biased, Denisova, 2011). However, these are not unconditional probabilities that can be used to depict the general chances of moving in and out of poverty, these are conditional hazard rates indicating, for example, what the chances are of someone exiting poverty, if he/she has been in poverty for, say, two years, given a set of specified characteristics (e.g. household characteristics, labour market status of adults, eligibility to public transfers, human capital characteristics, but also region and time). These conditional probability functions can be estimated both regarding relative and absolute poverty lines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Developing countries have added new large-scale, dry-process capacity to meet demand, thereby reducing the share of smaller, less efficient kilns. Higher energy prices have also encouraged cement producers in developed countries to invest in new more efficient plants or retrofits to improve energy efficiency. In 2006, Japan and India were the most efficient clinker producers (Figure 14). The Japanese method of calculating net energy consumption per tonne of clinker yields a value 2.94 GJ/t clinker for 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Among other things, it promotes concerted actions to undertake integrated ecosystem-based management and urges the scientific community to enhance understanding of the ocean. The Declaration looks towards the ocean as a new engine of sustainable economic growth with a new vision of “green growth from the sea”. In this regard they further committed to urgently take the measures necessary to maintain or restore all stocks at least to levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield, with the aim of achieving these goals in the shortest time feasible, as determined by their biological characteristics. Special attention was given to ocean acidification, which may lead to drastic changes in the oceans’ ecosystem, especially coral bleaching.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The Secretary-General then departed for Timor-Leste, expecting negotiators to conclude their deliberation with substantial results. At issue was how to apply the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities in an ever-evolving world. Ban Ki-moon quickly flew back to Bali and, with Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, returned to the Conference to try to break the deadlock.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This article will provide a rationale for why high school humanities classes need to discuss the sensitive topics surrounding terrorism and counter-terrorism. It will provide lesson plan ideas on the topics of lone wolf killings, domestic terrorism, the language of terror, related current events and larger social issues, and counter-terrorism. These lessons have the potential to reimagine secondary English and Social Studies classrooms to further focus on human development, relationships, and social justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The focus of this group was on people suffering from mental health disorders with substance abuse comorbidity (while dementia, intellectual disability and substance abuse alone were excluded from the scope of the analysis). With 90 million euros of funding, the commission was given three years to “initiate and support project development at all levels (medical treatment, service improvement, housing projects, legislative and organisational improvements) and to propose measures needed in order to permanently raise the standard of mental health services.” Special attention was paid to improving the coordination between mental health and social services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
At the current rate, the world will miss the MDG sanitation target by over 700 million people. Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are especially off track in terms of sanitation coverage. Various estimates of investment needs to meet the MDGs in developing countries were produced since the Millennium Declaration. The most recent estimates of financial needs for the sector by World Health Organization (see Hutton and Bartram, 2008, Pruss-Ustiin et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The characteristics of the markets for health insurance and health care make the expansion of health care challenging. These characteristics determine the trade-offs between various objectives and overall goals in the health sector and constitute health economics as a separate field of applied economics. The authors of this issue of the Nordic Economic Policy Review have been invited to deal with some of the main challenges in the financing and organisation of health care in a Nordic setting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Being a fund, this programme does not cover the single loan, but rather the full portfolio up to a limit based on the “expected losses” agreed between the bank and the management of the programme. Any additional loss beyond this ceiling is charged on the bank, which is therefore tasked with the appraisal of the loan. The leverage factor, i.e. the multiplier effect of the single peso given as guarantee, has also achieved its peak in 2006, on the one hand because of the downsizing of the NGF and, on the other, due to the buoyant trend of credit before the outbreak of the global economic crisis. The evolution in the last four years is particularly revealing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, the country enjoyed very high employment-to-population ratios (Figure 1.3). Table 1.2 shows population distribution across national income quintiles by subnational region. The Midlands and Northern Mountainous areas had the largest population shares in the bottom national income quintile (43.5%) in 2012, while the Southeastern Area had the largest share of population in the top national income quintile (32.2%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The growing share of support that is provided to the agricultural sector as a whole rather than to individual producers is an important re-orientation of agricultural support spending to forms that can bring significant benefits to producers and consumers, with potentially less production and trade distortions. Despite recent increases in expenditure on agricultural schools and irrigation, the %GSSE has remained small at 14% in 2006-10 (Table 2.12). Expressed as a percentage of GDP, the %TSE provides an indication of the cost that support to the agricultural sector places on the overall economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This ratio was 0.79% in 2007 and 0.72% in 2008 and remains very modest in comparison with the average in many subgroups of comparable developing countries (figure 5). Projections by the Ministry of Economy, however, are more prudent or even pessimistic. The macroeconomic forecasting framework they used shows that total remittance inflows saw a net decline on a year base of 25% in 2009 and a further fall of 39% in 2010, before returning to a 70% increase in 2011 (MINEPAT 2009). Ratha, Mohapatra and Silwal (2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In none of them do women reach that level, because most of them are not participating in the labour market. In the other groups, employees account for the largest share (50% of the non-indigent poor, 57% of the vulnerable and 64% of the non-vulnerable), showing that wage employment does not protect people from the risk of slipping into poverty. There is a gender gap here, as well, among women (particularly among the indigent and the non-indigent poor), a larger percentage are unpaid family workers and domestic workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Among the structural issues related to African culture in Brazil who continue deserving research and knowledge , highlights = is related to the geographical and historiographical aspects of our territorial formation , usually treated without due reference to mothers and " invisible " African ancestratlidades in Brazilian society . The paper rescues the main references of the geopolitics of diaspora Africa- America – Brazil and the current configuration of contemporary Afro-Brazilian population. The still dominant prejudiced social thinking and ignorance of the country's population , in relation to the African continent and its relations with Brazil , remain one of the structural barriers to real prospect of reduction of exclusion and invisibility secular , as well as the creation in the decision making sector, necessary for the effective implementation of the most articulate and satisfactory , especially in education and public policy outcomes geographical space condition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such protection is for the benefit of both the man and the woman. Reforms have also been conducted regarding the age of marriage. For instance in Djibouti, Egypt and Morocco, the age of marriage for both men and women is now 18. Polygamy is still allowed but is more restricted than before and is put under judicial review.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Countries with a reduction of over 15 per cent in the share of dietary energy coming from cereals, roots and tubers include Armenia (27 per cent), Kazakhstan (24 per cent), China (18 per cent), Viet Nam (18 per cent) and the Republic of Korea (17 per cent). The decline is from a dependency ratio of over 60 per cent in 1993-1995 (with the exception of the Republic of Korea, with a slightly lower level of 53 per cent). Examples are Cambodia (per capita cereal production at 650 kg in 2011, prevalence of undernourishment at 17 per cent in 2010-2012) and the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic (per capita cereal production at 638 kg in 2011, prevalence of undernourishment at 28 per cent in 2010-2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This paper examines the effects of child, early and forced marriages (CEFM) within the Commonwealth, with a specific focus on East Africa, and highlights how to best address the issue using international, regional, and national legal norms and judicial processes currently in place. The East African countries examined are Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania. The introduction is then followed by the background section which gives a historical overview of CEFM at the global level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The food policy of Bangladesh also aims to ensure the food safety of its population. City corporation and pourashava ordinances provide the legal provisions for waste management in urban areas. The Bangladesh Environmental Conservation Act of 1995 provides for conservation of the environment, the improvement of environmental standards and the control and mitigation of environmental pollution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, informal recyclers who search the landfills in order to collect recyclable waste jeopardize their own health. Animals that graze on the landfills also absorb pollutants, which are then passed to humans through their milk or meat. All waste exports and imports are controlled in compliance with the Basel Convention system (notification, contract, consent of the State to import).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
These unequal outcomes are not inevitable, however, and can be remedied by action on several fronts. Chapter 2 has already outlined actions to facilitate women's access to decent work and to eliminate gender wage gaps. In addition, pension systems can be designed or reformed to redress women's socio-economic disadvantage in old age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The lack of technical capacity constitutes a major hurdle, perpetuated by the loss of municipal staff and information eveiy three years following the election cycle. Although state planning officials provide training to new municipal staff on the process for obtaining funds to develop plans, three years offer a short time span for municipal staff to apply for federal funding and conduct the update. Even when municipal plans are eventually updated, their implementation remains a key challenge. A major obstacle to adequate spatial planning in some countries is the lack of an updated national cadastre. Solving this gridlock requires critical action from the central government, and in this regard, the example of recent progress achieved in Greece in terms of legal framework and financial investment is promising (Box 2.8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This call has specific technical requirements and conditions to be met by applicants. This includes a proposed project design and an evaluation of applications on a point-based system against a set of clear criteria published by CONAFOR. All projects should demonstrate technical and economic feasibility of the proposed activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Clearly, geographic proximity to the supply of domestic food is not enough to ensure access to food. Urban regions have greater access to food, in part because they are better connected to national and international markets, and able to source food from multiple locations, whereas in more remote rural regions, there may be few alternatives to local production, due to limited connections to other food sources. Urban regions also tend to be richer, which provides them with the income to purchase food even at times of shortage, when higher prices ration demand. Finally, rural regions tend to rely on the few varieties of food that can be locally produced, and production may be difficult to increase due to limited land or an inability to modernise production methods. In addition, the volume of the local food supply may also be highly variable, leading to a higher frequency of food insecurity episodes in rural regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2005, the prevalence of schizophrenia in the province of Stockholm was approximately 0.35% of the population (Svenska Psykiatriska Foreningen, 2009). The corresponding percentage for non-affective psychoses is 0.65% in the same area. These results indicated that the prevalence is higher in metropolitan regions compared to the whole country in 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Similarly, to calculate the coping capacity, the following five indicators were used: (a) external public debt stocks, (b) total reserves in months of imports and gross savings, all to GDP ratio, (c) government effectiveness, (d) world governance indicators, and (e) human development index. The exposure index (El) and capacity index (Cl) were the weighted average of the selected indicators. The vulnerability index was discovered by calculating the differences between the exposure index and coping capacity index.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)