albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Despite rising debt levels and declines in gross domestic product (GDP), the initial policy response to the crisis was stimulus spending. However, by 2010, the combination of financial rescue packages and stimulus spending, along with falling revenues from taxation due to economic slowdown, led to a push for drastic cuts in social transfers, such as benefits for families with children, and social services in many countries. Women are likely to feel the impact of these cuts most acutely because they are over-represented among public sector front-line workers, because they depend more than men on public transfers and services, and because the burden of providing care when public support is reduced falls disproportionately on women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
First, the sharp ascendency of a market-friendly perspective on infrastructure that gained wide currency by the 1980s prompted the emergence of a narrow er view related to measuring, understanding and improving conditions for providing infrastructure at the micro level (see e.g. Andres et al., In the case of the United Kingdom, the resulting reorganization was not just a transfer of state-owned business into private hands, it entailed commercialization of infrastructure sectors in an “attempt to re-engineer public institutions on a model of market exchange” (Meek, 2014: 57). This view was promoted in developing countries, in particular, through the World Bank's Doing Business Report}9 Second, the process of hypeiglobalization that picked up steam during the 1990s (see TDR 2017) further cemented these processes by promoting a global shift towards privatized infrastructure services and the financialization of infrastructure provision. Priemus and van Wee (2013) note that infrastructure no longer is just a public good, but has now become a w'idely popular, globally-traded, asset class.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In a society where forests will also be harvested for various human needs, the challenge is how protected areas and the various forest management measures shall be allocated in space and time to achieve an optimal balance between the policy goals of biodiversity conservation, climate mitigation, and economically and socially viable forestry. Table 6.1 illustrates how various forest management measures may affect biodiversity conservation as well as maintenance of forest carbon stocks. From a global perspective, Huston & Marland [2003] argue that forest harvesting [for fossil fuel substitution and other purposes] should be allocated to the most productive forest areas, whereas more marginal forest areas should be conserved for maintaining carbon stocks as well as biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While their analysis is by no means conclusive, several analytical tests support the notion that changes in the supply of labour in nursing home care are linked to falls in mortality for nursing home residents. Cutler et al.(2002) focuses on Mexico in the mid-1990s and finds evidence that economic crisis is associated with higher mortality among some age groups, with evidence that these effects are directly related to the magnitude of the economic shock as well as the reductions in public sector medical services. As the number of physicians per capita falls, mortality among the youngest age groups, and particularly among child-bearing women, rises. The coefficients suggest that a decline of 1 per cent in public sector physicians leads to a 0.4 per cent increase in mortality rates among child-bearing women and a 0.25 per cent increase in mortality rates among children aged 0 to 4.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In general, however, the supply of these ecosystem services is undersupplied by farmers. Organic farming practices can also bring benefits to water quality, such as not using synthetic pesticides, as well as providing other ecosystem services, for example, carbon sequestration and enhanced biodiversity (Greene etal., Farm comparisons with conventional farming show that actual nitrogen leaching rates per hectare can be up to almost 60% lower on organic than on conventional fields, but leaching rates per kilogram of output were similar or slightly higher. Critical areas that can lead to higher nitrate leaching in organic farming are, for example: ploughing legumes at the wrong time, the selection of unfavourable crops planted in a rotation, and composting farmyard manure on unpaved surfaces (Stolze et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Lessons from a large set of relocations in Scotland point to the need for careful consideration of the choice of location and implementation of such reforms to result in gains for regional economic development (Audit Scotland, 2006|3S|). Against this background, the Government should ensure that the new' setup allows the Secretariat to deliver high-quality analysis and advice. The institution was established in 1962, making it one of the oldest of its kind (von Trapp and Nicol, 2016|36|). The Chairmanship is assigned four distinct tasks and is supported by a relatively small secretariat (Figure 17).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
An additional USD 1.5 billion is provided by multilateral agencies and USD 0.1 billion is spent on STI by non-DAC members reporting to the CRS. The largest provider of concessional financing to STI is the United States, with a strong commitment to support research and innovation in the health sector, and the United Kingdom, which has recently scaled up its effort to support research for global challenges. Together, these two countries provides half of the DAC members’ total support to STI. However, other countries, such as Australia, Canada and New Zealand, provide a greater share of their total bilateral ODA as support to STI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The countries of the Gulf of Guinea and of the Atlantic with higher rural densities saw a reversal occur before the Sahelian countries. However, the data at the sub-regional and national level cannot show the important differences that exist within countries and across areas, masking areas where the "traditional" system is still possible because arable land is abundant and/or demand centres (markets) are distant. Farmers' production decisions are based on constraints (land, labour and capital), risks and multiple objectives. Urbanisation and the growth of a non-agricultural based economy are the most powerful transformations (Box 4.2). Yet, it is necessary to identify and conceptualise the important differences in livelihoods and production systems to understand producers' constraints and target policies according to the various realities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Issues related specifically to benefit claimants with disabilities or other health-related problems are discussed in the OECD series Sickness, Disability and Work (see www.oecd.org/els/disabilitv'). Pension policies, including means-tested, basic and minimum pensions, are discussed in Pensions at a Glance (’www.oecd.org/els/social/Dag'). The latest issue in this series contains a chapter on poverty among old-age individuals (OECD, 2009a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Further, with the Auvergne and Rhone-Alpes regions recently being merged to form one new region, Clermont-Ferrand loses its status as a regional capital and along with this, public sector employment and institutions. Although the region has several strengths, a key challenge is devising a development strategy that will allow a transition to a new role. Accompanying the changes in economic and political functions will be changes in the way land is used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the broader public sector (including civil servants and employees in utilities) they have been smaller, reflecting the high job protection that civil servants enjoy, even several years into the crisis. The losses have also fallen disproportionately on the less educated and immigrants, as they tend to be employed in the hard hit cyclical industries, such as services and construction (NBG, 2012) (Figure 2.14). The self-employed have also been affected as many of their businesses have closed. Household real disposable income fell by around 30% between 2009 and 2012. Earnings from self-employment have also declined, given extensive business closures, but reliable data are more difficult to find (Matsaganis, 2012). Apart from the recession and fiscal consolidation (affecting mainly public sector employees), the decline in earnings among salaried workers has been influenced by the fast rise in individual wage contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Equally, the Nile River headwaters originate outside the ESCWA region and serves as the primary source of freshwater for Egypt and the Sudan, the latter of which under-consumes its water allocation, thereby allowing additional supplies to flow to Egypt. While Lebanon shares several river basins with its neighbours, relatively high precipitation rates, short river courses and snowmelt generally provide the country with sufficient water supplies. Climate change is expected to have adverse impacts on these shared water resources. These include wastewater treatment and reuse, agricultural runoff reuse and desalination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In subtropical, nutrient-poor warm waters, transfer of energy from small phytoplankton (< 2pm) to higher predators takes a larger number of steps and therefore provides a longer and lower flow of organic carbon. In contrast, in nutrient-rich, cooler waters with larger phytoplankton (> 20 pm), the pathway is shorter and energy transfer is fast. Found throughout the water column, microscopic and larger animals and juvenile stages offish, crustaceans, molluscs and other benthic animals which feed on phytoplankton form the group known as zoo-plankton.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Thereafter the long-term average may be closer to USD 0.65 than to USD 0.60. While export returns from the US market and market denominated in USD will increase so will the costs of fishing inputs (e.g. diesel). Such improvements to the seafood trading environment are likely to reduce pressures on global fisheries and improve the return New Zealand obtains from its seafood exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The four product categories cover slightly different products and product groups. However, as the purpose of this chapter is to review and analyse the requirements on the resource efficiency, and not make detailed comparison between the instruments, it is assessed that the difference in the products covered will not affect the overall results. A more detailed overview of the product categories and the criteria documents are provided in appendix 1. However, draft criteria documents have been developed and are applied in this chapter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Hospitalisations were reduced by 84% in the medium primary care group and 86% in the high primary care group for renal disease, 78% and 80% respectively for diabetes, and 73% to 78% for hypertension. The reductions in hospitalisations for ischaemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were the lowest among the five conditions, but still statistically significant, ranging from 61% to 75% and 62% to 71%, respectively. Death rates in the high and medium primary care groups were lower than in the control group for all conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The killing of just a few would not only represent a great loss in itself, but could upset the chances of survival of whole packs, such is the dependence of wolves on the stability of their social structure. For all four large carnivores, areas have been designated where the species are allowed to reproduce.21 In other parts of the species’ range, no reproduction is allowed. Since 1994, livestock holders have been compensated for losses of livestock to predators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The government is therefore in the process of identifying mechanisms and institutions, preferably at provincial level, to ensure that potential candidates benefit from a standardised training in operation and maintenance tasks. Moreover, with the rapid implementation of the programme, insufficient consideration was given to user training, and only a minimum budget allocation for training purposes was earmarked in the original budget. The most common perception in the past was that "electricity is a hands-on business" where no special qualification was required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, for a single person without children who takes up work at 33% or 50% of the average wage, the participation tax rates are 51% and 38%, respectively, compared to an OECD average of 69% and 60%, respectively. For a married couple with two children, the participation tax rates for one person taking up work are 55% and 57% for work paid at 33% and 50% of the average wage, respectively, while the OECD average is 71% and 69%, respectively. Better targeting resources to households with children could be achieved by giving children a more generous weight in the calculation of RSI benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Thirty-nine regional report and co-ordination centres (RMCs) have been established to support youth in continuing their education and guiding their school-to-work transition. In addition, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science allocated funding for better guidance for students in their study and career choice, intensified collaboration between secondary, vocational and adult education schools, and stronger co-operation between a wide range of stakeholders, including local authorities, schools, trade unions and industry, social services and justice departments. The implementation of these policies has coincided with a decline in dropout rales from 5.5% in 2002 to 2.1% in 2013 (although sc issues may have contributed, as well).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This cooperation between subject and DSL teachers needs to be formalised. School leaders must value such cooperation and they must provide timeslots in the schedule of both subject and DSL teachers to coordinate their instruction. Valuing the mother tongue of immigrant children is an essential part of developing a positive and appreciative approach towards diversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Nevertheless, the rise in operating costs and increased competition are weighing on the financial position of French fisheries businesses. Moreover, the fisheries trade balance remains in deficit. The introduction on 1 January 2015 of the initial provisions of the landing obligation will require more detailed catch documentation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, there are mixed results in the literature of mental health treatment effects on vocational outcomes. The effect of medication on work impairment was higher than a placebo and psychotherapy, respectively. Moreover, work outcomes improved as the duration of treatment increased, which was not related to better symptom outcome.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
But there are high costs of informality, including the high cost of finance, less access to utilities, lack of social and legal protection and limited bargaining power or competitive edge. Formalization is often proposed as a way to assist enterprise development in LDCs, as in other developing countries. Its benefits include enforceable contracts, access to formal financial and other services, legally recognized rights, better access to public utilities, infrastructure, services, social protection, and membership in formal associations, providing “voice" (Sundaram, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The paper explores the practical value of the Principles in assessing water governance practices through a survey to respondents on how the Flood Protection Programme performed. The survey was distributed to ten key professionals working in the Flood Protection Programme and w'as completed by five groups of experts (at a 50% response rate). Figure 1.5 depicts the extent to w'hich survey respondents considered the programme to perform in accordance with the Principles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Each of these targets are prescribed as “binding” rather than “notional”, underscoring the importance the government attaches to ensuring they are met. A numerical target to reduce emissions of heavy metal pollutants in some regions, and to cap discharges elsewhere, has also been set. In addition, the Plan specifies strategies for monitoring and controlling other pollutants, including persistent organic pollutants and VOCs, though it does not prescribe targets. The other main environmental targets relate to increasing the forest stock and coverage rate as well as improvements in resource efficiency and lessening the reliance on fossil fuels. Following a fall in energy intensity during the 11th FYP, a further reduction of 16% has been enshrined in the 12th FYP while water intensity, measured as water consumed per unit of industrial value-added, is set to decline by 30%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article focuses on Fred Shuttlesworth, founder and president of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights and the one who convinced Martin Luther King Jr. to participate in the Birmingham civil rights campaign of 1963. A folksy preacher and an exceptional leader, the article examines his use of the precept hermeneutic in his rhetoric. Like King, Shuttlesworth falls within the African American jeremiad tradition of David Walker, Frederick Douglass, and Sojourner Truth. Unlike King, the author argues, Shuttlesworth utilizes the precept hermeneutic to repudiate segregation but not simply because of his fundamentalist worldview, he deployed this form of exegesis to foreground larger principles of progressive patriotism, religious activism, and racial egalitarianism. As a result, Shuttlesworth constructs a rhetorical strategy that, drawing upon a canonized view of scripture, paradoxically deconstructs, disrupts, and dismantles canonized perspectives on racial, religious, national and international identities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To assist in this process, specific goals and targets for SME and entrepreneurship policies will also be needed, an area which appears to be underdeveloped at the current time. This framework should take into account the new Small Business Act for Europe and the EU SME policy framework. This could take the form of a national-regional working group on SMEs and entrepreneurship, led by the Ministry of the Economy, that holds at least semi-annual meetings dedicated to discussing policy issues and challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
What explains the almost wholly negative impact of international factors on post-uprising democratization prospects? This article compares the utility of rival “diffusionist” and neo-Gramscian political economy frames to explain this. Multiple international factors deter democratization. The failure of Western democracy promotion is rooted in the contradiction between the dominance of global finance capital and the norm of democratic equality, in the periphery, neo-liberalism is most compatible with hybrid regimes and, at best, “low intensity democracy”. In MENA, neo-liberalism generated crony capitalism incompatible with democratization, while this also sparked the uprisings, these have failed to address class inequalities. Moreover at the normative level, MENA hosts the most credible counter-hegemonic ideologies, the brief peaking of democratic ideology in the region during the early uprisings soon declined amidst regional discourse wars. Non-democrats – coercive regime remnants and radical charismatic ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, it can also raise the cost of some policies and cause dependency on public policy support. The first case was especially evident in the case of financing policies, where the cheapest schemes for client firms in terms of interest rate and credit conditions were those directly managed by SEDECOs without drawing on any further external organisation. As the SME Fund’s rules are getting more complicated over time, entry barriers to the use of the Fund are on the rise. This holds back competition to the advantage of consolidated intermediaries who already master the Fund’s mechanisms and who can apply higher administrative charges on their programmes. In the long term, this may cause dependency on public support for some intermediaries who draw more than others on the Fund.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
How climate change is projected to affect the global risk of hunger over time, for a range of climate change impacts and the SSP2 "middle-of-the-road" socioeconomic scenario, is shown in Figure 9. The declining trend in the number of undernourished with or without climate change indicates that the overall impact of climate change during the period until 2050 is smaller than that of the other drivers embedded in the socio-economic scenario, particularly income growth. In the absence of climate change, most regions are projected to see declining numbers of people at risk of hunger.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
With the sugar production cycle in India, domestic demand in deficit years can account for a large share of world sugar exports (7% in 2009/10) with subsequent large additional supplies coming on to world markets in surplus years, contributing to the volatility in international sugar markets. Animal diseases, such as BSE and FMD, have also had major impacts on demand for meat and feed in some years following the imposition of trade bans. A main feature of the Outlook is that productivity growth is slowing due to a number of factors such as higher input costs, slower technology application, expansion into more marginal lands, and limits to double cropping, irrigation etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This could include a revision of the regulations of the responsibilities of principals and deputy principals and the development of a related set of professional school leadership standards. Such standards would provide a clear and concise statement of the core elements of successful leadership by mapping out what school leaders are expected to know, be able to do, and how. Furthermore, Uruguay needs to re-evaluate the current levels of remuneration of principals and deputy principals to ensure that school leadership is sustainable in the future and that qualified and interested teachers who would like to take on more responsibilities are not deterred from making this step.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As shown in Figure 3.1, this ecosystem involves the multiple, interconnected layers of networks, services, applications and users.1 In order to expand the broadband ecosystem, policymakers must continue their traditional focus on the supply of competitive access networks (i.e., wireline and wireless broadband networks), as such networks continue to be the critical pipeline linking the other elements within the ecosystem. However, policymakers must also focus on facilitating the supply of, and promoting the demand for, broadband applications and services. Connectivity to broadband networks will increase demand for services and applications such as Internet Protocol television (IP7V) and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), cloud computing and online video streaming. Governments must complement and build upon this demand by adopting policies that promote competition and innovation, as well as developing initiatives that encourage the public's engagement in ICTs, including e-government and e-health initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)