albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Eco-, phyto- and bioremediation are concepts that use ecosystem restoration to reinstate a diverse system of plant communities in a particular ecosystem so that its buffering or remediation capacities are enhanced. Other concepts, tools and approaches partly related to NBS include ecological restoration, ecological engineering, forest landscape restoration, green or natural infrastructure, ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate adaptation ecosystem services (Cohen-Shacham et al., N BS also support the concepts of green growth or green economy, which promote sustainable natural resource use and harness natural processes to underpin economies. The Natural Capital Protocol3 is being increasingly recognized by a wide range of stakeholders, including business, and supports the use of N BS by highlighting the flow of benefits that can be derived from using nature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In reality, the proponents of these views have not only sought to undermine women's rights, but have simultaneously adopted policies that erode the conditions that enable families and their members to thrive. It is through families that people share resources such as housing and income, look after those who are sick and frail, and reproduce, nurture and care for the next generation. Families can be places of love and affection, and pivotal for each member's sense of identity and belonging. Over their lifetimes, around one in three women can expect to experience physical or sexual abuse at the hands of an intimate partner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It discusses the need to develop skills in order to meet current and foreseen shortages in emerging areas, as well as these institutions’ modes and mechanisms of engagement to promote regional development. The chapter also explores the preconditions necessary for the successful promotion of local engagement in relation to these institutions. It concludes with recommendations for national and sub-national agencies as well as higher education institutions themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These platforms have also highlighted a digital divide not only between countries but also within them. Finally yet importantly, there is increasing awareness that automated analyses of big data do not necessarily lead to unbiased outcomes, given that the algorithms used for the analysis may have in-built biases. Those institutions will have to embrace new technologies and may have to offer services that address distortions brought by these new technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Strengthening the capacity to adapt to climate-related hazards reduces losses caused by disasters. Reducing climate change can constrain the options for energy access. Full protection of natural reserves excludes public access for recreation. This work is captured in the analytical brief Water and Sanitation Interlinkages Across the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which highlights the target-level relationships that are important to consider when developing implementation plans for SDG 6 (figure 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The uneven and combined development (U&CD) approach in International Relations (IR) claims to offer a solution to the question of “the international” with a single, coherent theory capable of uniting both sociological and geopolitical factors in the explanation of social change. The approach thus claims to provide what IR theorists have long been searching for: a social theory of the international. While acknowledging the importance of this research programme to the field of IR scholarship, this article argues that the U&CD approach takes for granted what needs to be theorised, failing to provide the theoretical solution to the “domestic analogy” problem it so powerfully identifies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The complementary jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court vis-a' -vis national jurisdictions imposes a duty on state parties to exercise criminal jurisdiction over those responsible for international crimes. States are required to amend their penal laws to bring them into line with the Rome Statute and to pass enabling legislation. This article assesses how the laws of Botswana allow for the prosecution of international crimes. It examines the challenges facing the Botswana courts in relation to the exercise of universal jurisdiction and the criminalization of international crimes, as well as issues of immunity. It will further seek to ascertain whether the laws and policies reflect Botswana’s commitment to international criminal justice. By way of conclusion, the article highlights obstacles to the implementation of the Rome Statute and the prosecution of international crimes in Botswana.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2012. Manchester: Brooks World Poverty Institute. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 67: 547-569. Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. Cited in: HLPE (2012), Social protection for food security. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Non-refoulement is a principle of international law that precludes states from returning a person to a place where he or she might be tortured or face persecution. The principle, codified in Article 33 of the 1951 Refugee Convention, is subject to a number of exceptions. This article examines the status of non-refoulement in international law in respect to three key areas: refugee law, human rights law and international customary law. The findings suggest that while a prohibition on refoulement is part of international human rights law and international customary law, the evidence that non-refoulement has acquired the status of a jus cogens norm is less than convincing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is cleared using operations research techniques and mathematical optimization, such as linear programming, operated by a market manager. A smart market can assist market operation when trades would otherwise have significant transaction costs or externalities. Resources need to be allocated to their best uses or activities in terms of people’s needs or wellbeing over time. The most productive use of allocated resources is required over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The acceptability of liquid waste releases should be considered from both a health and an environmental point of view. Thresholds of chemical releases are defined by local regulations, generally on an annual (average) or daily (peak) basis. Radiological liquid wastes of an NPP are tritium, boron, iodine and other beta and gamma emitters. The daily limit for iodine release is set to 0.1 Bq/1, and 0.7 Bq/1 is the maximum for all other isotopes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition, the programme provided so-called soft components, including a mobilization campaign supporting girls' enrolment into school, literacy training for adults, and capacity building among local partners. The $12.9 million grant was financed by the Millennium Challenge Corporation and implemented by a consortium of NGOs (Plan International, Catholic Relief Services, Tin Tua, and the Forum for African Women Educationalists) under the supervision of USAID. In 2009, continuation of the project under the name BRIGHT II was approved for an additional 3 years covering almost 29,000 young students in 2011.14 Apart from the maintenance of on-going services, it includes the construction of additional classrooms for grades 4 to 6. The school feeding element will be continued with daily meals during all nine months of the school year for an estimated 13,000 children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Background New Zealand's disciplinary regimen has particular significance because victims of personal injury are almost entirely barred from suing for common law damages in civil proceedings. Contents This article examines the New Zealand legal system, and considers how it attempts to maintain the accountability of medical professionals, while preventing the rising tide of litigation seen in other jurisdictions. Generally, New Zealanders do not have recourse to traditional malpractice litigation. One aim of tort litigation is to hold the responsible individuals accountable for their actions. In the absence of malpractice litigation, New Zealand's approach to maintain accountability by health professionals includes a code of consumers' rights, competence assurance legislation, and a disciplinary tribunal. This disciplinary body offers a valuable international comparator because it applies across the health professions. Case studies from select health professions (occupational therapy, osteopathy and physio...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Android for Developing will be further strengthened by adding a business incubation component and involving experts evaluating the socioeconomic dimension of the solutions developed. Both extensions are seen as crucial for the successful implementation of local solutions that can enhance the lives of people. The approach will involve the close participatory integration of end users (community health workers) in the design and implementation phases. Grameen Foundation has established AppLabs in Indonesia and Uganda, while infoDev - a World Bank programme - has partnered with Nokia and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Finland to establish a network of mLabs in Armenia, Kenya, Pakistan, South Africa and Viet Nam. In addition to offering state-of-the-art equipment, they provide training and workshops as well as opportunities for developers, entrepreneurs, investors, experts and policymakers to interact. Mobile apps development is also supported by a recent initiative called Android for Developing (box V.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The System of National Accounts (SNA) recommends using GVA at basic prices for this purpose. The difference between total industry GVA and total GDP is taxes less subsidies on products, which varies across countries. This adjustment is made at the aggregate (total economy) level because, while time series of taxes less subsidies on products may be available by product, they are not generally available by industry. Furthermore, it should be noted that this study took the year 2010 and Revision 3 of the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) as baselines in order to maximise the completeness, consistency and comparability of available data. The other industries accounted for shares of 5% or less (Figure 1.2). While the share of industrial capture fisheries is small (1%), it should be noted that inclusion of estimates of the value added generated by artisanal capture fisheries (mainly in Africa and Asia) would add further tens of billions of USD to the capture fisheries total (see Chapter 6 for detailed estimates).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The Ministry of Health is also currently responsible for nearly all aspects of the current public health care system. Under the new national health system, the Health Insurance Organisation will take on a key administrative role. The success of this shift in responsibility will be dependent on clear, distinct lines of accountability. Mortality rates for common causes of death, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers, are below the EU average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For persons with disabilities, information should be provided in accessible formats. If such vulnerable groups are not adequately informed and supported, the system as a whole must be judged to have failed. Rapid onset disasters such as near-field tsunamis and flash floods only allow between 15 minutes and a couple of hours from detection to impact, so the warning system should be able to respond to imminent danger. Other hazards, such as cyclones and seasonal floods, may be detected days or even weeks in advance - allowing people to protect assets and livelihoods (Figure III-2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Huge projects are implemented by OGERO Telecom based on its strategic planning. In order to enhance the telecom sector, the company decided to start with enhancing the core (transport network), therefore connecting the different central offices and migration from time-divi-sion multiplexing to IP multimedia subsystems. It also upgraded submarine cables to enhance international connectivity. In parallel, OGERO is implementing fibre access to the users (fibre-to-the-curb, fibre-to-the-home, fibre-to-the-office and fibre-to-the-wireless for wireless local loop areas, and fibre-to-the-wireless Wi-Fi hotspots). It is also establishing its data centre and cloud. A new billing and customer relationships management system has been implemented to enhance customers' satisfaction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Authors’ elaboration based on Maddison (2007, 2010), UN DESA (2008) and PovcalNet for 2000-30. At the dawn of the 19th century most countries had similar average living standards, even though the gap between the rich and the poor within each country was pronounced. Industrialisation and economic take-off in Europe and North America in the early 19th century triggered a surge in average living standards in the industrialised world, which steadily accentuated global inequality to the middle of the 20th century.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Most importantly, there is a signticant scarcity of data, particularly for developing countries. While the European Union and the United States follow India and China in the rankings, they have much smaller proportions of STEM graduates. Latin America accounted for just 5.2 per cent of graduates, and Africa for less than 1 per cent. Despite substantially increasing both the quantity and quality of its STEM research output, sub-Saharan Africa still accounts for less than 1 per cent of the world’s research output in this area (Blom et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Effective screening programmes for these cancers can aid detection at an earty stage and potentially reduce mortality. Specialist nursing positions in diabetes and cardiac care for chronic patient groups have also been introduced. In 2003, a list of activities for which primary care facilities are paid a small fee was introduced, which complements the primarily capitation-based reimbursement system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This missing analysis would not be an issue if the existing research results on OECD countries applied equally to non-OECD countries, but they may be different due to a different context. Moreover, the economic and policy context in which these immigrants integrate into the labour market is different. As an example, the share of informal employment3 tends to be more elevated in lower than in higher income countries. Both of these factors likely contribute to impacts of immigration that differ between developed and developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
National data on water consumption in irrigation are available from a Survey conducted by the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica. These are methodologically not comparable with the data on water abstractions reproduced in Figures 4.1 and 4.2. However, in flood irrigation use of land-levelling techniques are increasingly being used. They therefore conducted a survey of water experts to generate a consensus view. Their survey includes information on the evolution of water reserves and water demand in recent years, as well as projections of water supply and demand. The results indicated that the river basins subject to most stress are Cuencas del Sur, Segura, Baleares, followed by Ebro, Jucar, Cataluna, Guadalquivir and Tajo.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In India, household connection rates are four times higher in villages serviced by energy cooperatives than in villages served by the State electricity board (ILO, 2013). Energy cooperatives operate, for example, in Bangladesh, Cambodia, South Sudan and Uganda. Bangladesh's programme, inspired by the United States model (box 4.3), is considered one of the most successful in the developing world. Subsidies and grants play a significant role in setting up such cooperatives. However, most LDCs have limited capacity for electricity regulation, reflecting both a lack of staff with the requisite skills and experience and financial constraints. Since high development costs and low profit margins deterred investor-owned utilities from expansion into rural areas, as in LDCs today, most rural electrification occurred through consumer-owned, not-for-profit electric cooperatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It also finds that while manufacturing firms are more likely to patent than firms in other sectors, most patenting firms are in the services and wholesale sectors. The first, by Farre-Mensa, Hegde et al (2016), focuses on the impact of IP rights on companies' ability to raise finance. The research presents causal evidence of the direct benefits of patent rights in a large sample of start-ups. It shows that patents offer gains to entrepreneurs and small inventors, especially if processed in a timely manner. In particular, patents appear to play an important role in reducing uncertainty and alleviating information asymmetries in the market for entrepreneurial capital (i.e. fundraising).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
While C02 injected for EOR may well stay below ground permanently, this is not necessarily the case, and C02 injected for EOR is not considered permanently stored in the UNFCCC national inventory reporting system. The available UNFCCC national inventory statistics do not allow us to differentiate fully between C02 that is released from on-site natural gas processing as in Sleipner and Snah-vit, and C02 from other production-related processes or from natural gas processing at a downstream processing facility. Since parts of the latter may be a mix of processes that are analogous to the capture of admixed C02 which is done at Sleipner and Snah-vit, and processes that are not, we calculate four different scaled abatement potentials based on different assumptions about which UNFCCC figures to include, and on whether to include both oil and gas production or gas production only. All are still at the testing stage and not operating at a significant scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is especially important in Asia, where rice, a water-dependent crop, often dominates cropproduction. The past reliance on a few staple crops has to give way to agricultural diversification with sustainable intensification. Among FSF, pulses are an excellent example of crops that exhibit the above four criteria. The United Nations declared 2016 as the 'International Year of Pulses' under the banner 'nutritious seeds for a sustainable future'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As mentioned previously, anaerobic systems are a particularly relevant technology for consideration, the resource requirements, environmental impact and robustness of the anaerobic digestion of effluents and solid residues offer distinct advantages in the Arab region. In this section we consider other factors crucial to these technologies being successfully implemented. In most developing countries, technologies are developed locally. While the public sector typically invests in long-term research capacity that later becomes the foundation of technological innovation, the private sector is increasingly involved in short-term investment in research and development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Thus, the specific effects of the two water stress simulations on agriculture are readily analysed by comparing each additional water stress scenario (SD, SB, SG) to the reference scenario (SO). Table 3.A 1.1 describes the scenarios implemented in the study. Based on various definitions provided by Keller et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These costs are additional to the ongoing expenditures needed for managing water resources and providing water services in Mexico. In 2012, total water sector expenses are in the order of MXN 90 billion per year. Two ultimate sources of finance support water policies and water services in Mexico: users (through water resources charges and water services charges) and tax payers (through budgetary resources earmarked for water projects and general budgetary resources). The financing mix is currently excessively supported by public budgetary resources, and is not sustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Further technological innovation, which draws on indigenous knowledge, is needed to adapt disaster-resilient infrastructure, housing and natural coastal protection to local conditions and to make the technologies more affordable for developing countries. National-level disaster risk management will thus need to be linked to regional mechanisms of cooperation, including for maintaining joint monitoring, forecasting, and early warning systems, and defining risk reduction strategies. Technology transfer should ensure that recipients have the capacity to install, operate, maintain and repair imported technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, in the pursuit of such objectives, the LOC parties avoided the ill-conceived approach to budget deficits and inflation typical of the populist regimes of the 1980s. At the same time, the LOC economic model’s concern for poverty and inequality, recognition of market failures, and attachment of importance to strengthening of state institutions are in stark contrast with the neo-liberal emphasis on shrinking the state and the self-sustained role of markets (Panizza, 2005). In many cases deficits were turned into surpluses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Achieving greater equity in education is not only a social-justice imperative, it is also a way to use resources more efficiently, and to increase the supply of knowledge and skills that fuel economic growth and promote social cohesion. So combining PISA and Hanushek's work was a good way to examine the economic impact of improved education. If every student can demonstrate that he or she has basic skills, direct and major longterm benefits to the economy accrue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Mexico is retrogressing, becoming an unpredictable and risky jurisdiction for the adjudication of legitimate claims involving domestic and international lenders and investors. This conclusion follows from an analysis of the precedent-setting corporate workout involving a major Mexican multinational (Vitro) now winding its way through the Mexican courts. It raises serious doubts about the capacity of that country’s insolvency regime to deliver an outcome viewed as fair and consistent with prevailing norms and practices in the United States and other reputable jurisdictions. The case may well have a chilling effect on the easy access to foreign financing that Mexican corporations have enjoyed during recent years. The Vitro case has the potential to complicate even U.S.-Mexico diplomatic relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While financial and technical scarcity persists, it is the facilitation ofthe polio/ environment and the fulfilment of equity principles in the delivery of contraceptive methods that present the greatest challenges in achieving contraceptive security. A regional advocacy agenda should address ideological objections to modern contraceptives and to people's contraceptive choices and ensure that contraceptive security is meant for all and not only for privileged groups and countries. Financing of commodities is being tackled through high-profile initiatives at the global level, but many challenges in building national capacity for commodity forecasting, procurement, financing, and delivery still remain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)