albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Management plans are proposed by the relevant Management Committees, with participation of the relevant Scientific and Technical Committees, and approved by the Undersecretary of Fisheries and Aquaculture. These Licenses are divisible, and last 20 years, after this period, they can be renewed or rendered expired, depending on the owner's behaviour regarding environmental, fishing, and labour matters. Licence holders are required to pay annually a fee for each vessel registered in a fishery managed under TQL. If the owner operates with the same vessel in a fishery that is not under TQL, the owner is only required to pay the non-TQL fee, which has a lower value than the TQL fee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Changes in child monetary poverty under the different scenarios simulated in this analysis are captured through a Cobb-Douglas approach, using household specific preferences but with fixed budget shares. A more sophisticated approach allowing for substitution effects, such as an Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), was not possible with the available micro data.7 Aggregate household consumption, deflated by a per adult equivalent scale based on minimum caloric needs and by relevant spatial and temporal deflators, is the variable used to assess changes in monetary poverty, according to country specific absolute poverty lines. Changes in real expenditure are affected by two main channels: income and consumer prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
By 2016, a total of 626 000 beneficiaries had contracted savings accounts, and 639 000 had acquired basic credit (CONAIF, 2016). Yet norms and expectations around gender are hard to change. Public opinion about the role of men and women has shifted very slowly over time, especially in emerging and upper-middle income countries (OECD, 2016d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
G: Girls, B: Boys. Interestingly, all of these practices are more positively associated with girls’ expectations of pursuing a career in science, especially when the questions are related to designing experiments and spending time in the laboratory'. For instance, the odds ratio of expecting to pursue a career in science is 21% higher among girls who reported that they spend time in the laboratory' doing practical experiments in all or most science lessons than among girls who reported that this happened less frequently, the increase among boys was only 11%. For instance, only 5% of girls see themselves as engineers, compared to 12% of boys, and only a handful of girls (less than 1%) expect to work as ICT professionals, compared to 5% of boys.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Meanwhile, access to infrastructure that is seen as essential for social and human development indicates even larger gaps in most developing regions. Gaps are also huge with respect to basic sanitation facilities, as evident from figure 4.9. This contrasts, quite sharply, with the current approach to infrastructure investment that looks at individual projects on acase-by-case basis to ensure that they are ‘"bankable” (assuring repayment of loans taken for such investment) and requires that all investors in such projects get adequate returns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The political and social transformations of 1989 in Poland were primarily related to the profound democratization of the apparatus of public authority, resulting in the almost total abandonment of the unified, centralized structure. In the realm of public administration this process is illustrated by the thorough decentralization of the administrative apparatus. The current model of administration assumes that is it is exercised both by the apparatus of the centralized governmental administration and by a diversified system of independent organs and institutions that perform public tasks vested in them by virtue of law in their own names and on their own accounts. The subject of this paper is the reinstatement of territorial self-government which constituted an integral part of this process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This mode is being implemented to reduce congestion and promote healthier living by some cities that are experiencing congested sidewalks and broken bicycles that contribute to unsightly littering. With government support, both are also operating in Singapore. The fastest adopters of this mode of transport are young users. Mobike has 6,000 bicycles and records 20,000 rides a day.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Throughout this chapter we use the terms “informal,” subsistence,” and “traditional” interchangeably to refer to the same sector of the economy. While GDP may correctly assess the production of a region’s market sector, ignoring the important transfer and traditional components of the Arctic economy will give a false picture of the material well-being of an Arctic region. For the Arctic we need an alternative to GDP as a measure of material well-being: a social indicator that reflects all three sectors of the Arctic economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The notable variability of wildlife and high degree of biological diversity at the species, genetic and ecosystem levels (Bosnia and Herzegovina is among the top five countries in Europe in respect of biodiversity) is a result of this ecological heterogeneity of space, geomorphologic and hydrological diversity, and climate diversity. There are 1,859 species of 217 genera within the group of cyanophyta and algae. On average, 74 per cent of fungi species on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List for Europe can be found in Bosnia and Herzegovina forest ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Fair treatment in sport occurs when there are equitable resources and opportunities for all participants. Sport offers the opportunity to traverse social identities, yet it also can be divisive. In some cases, minority social group members are treated unfairly. In other situations, sport is an avenue to educate people and increase awareness about a wide range of social issues, fight social injustice, and provide humanitarian assistance. We include examples of discrimination in sport as well as when sport transcends bias throughout the chapter. Implications for applied sport psychologists to promote fair and equitable sport also are provided.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They have engaged with local communities and brought about substantial improvements, especially for children. The goal of CBR is to demystify the rehabilitation process and give responsibility back to the individual, family and community. As can be seen from the above guidance, CBR has taken on the 'social model' and moved away from concepts such as normality and developmental benchmarks when dealing with disabled children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
From 1970 to 2004, average daily calorie intake per capita has fluctuated in the range of 1 950 to 2 350 kcal. Average intake of calories in 1980 in India was about 63%, and by 2013 it was 73% of OECD levels.4 For protein, intake was 50% of OECD levels in 1980 and 59% by 2013. While some progress is evident over time, the extent of the difference has not changed rapidly. However, there does appear to be an upward trend in this ratio since the middle of the last decade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Anyone whose income is less than 50% of the median equivalised income is said to be “at risk of poverty”. The European Union uses a 60% cut-off point (before housing costs),12 while lower thresholds give rise to what is sometimes termed “severe poverty” measures (Brewer et al., A headcount ratio in the late 2000s revealed that 12.8% of the over-65s were poor in the OECD area (Figure 2.8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
On average across OECD countries, and after accounting for the socio-economic profile of schools, no association can be identified between the percentage of immigrant students attending a school and the likelihood that students attending that school will attain baseline levels of academic proficiency. After accounting for schools’ socio-economic profile, a high concentration of immigrant students was associated with poorer performance in Germany, Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland. Slovenia was the only country where students who attend schools where more than one in four students has an immigrant background are less likely to attain baseline levels of proficiency, after accounting for the school’s socio-economic profile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The significant increase of large scale land allocations in recent years has led to numerous land conflicts. In fact, the Foreign Investment Law remains quite vague on the activities restricted to foreign investment, stating for example that “agricultural or livestock breeding business requiring a small amount of investment capital” are closed to foreign investment, without specifying the amount of capital. Similarly, activities “detrimental to traditional ethnic cultures and customs” are closed to foreign investment which leaves significant discretion to the MIC to decide if a specific activity may be detrimental. In fact, the law even allows the MIC to allow foreign investment that may have adverse cultural impacts if it considers such investment is in the national interest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, there is a large number of educational programmes whose implementation is not sufficiently co-ordinated and which are likely to involve a great deal of duplication in terms of objectives and allocated resources. The suggested move of some of these equity-related resources to be distributed through needs-based funding formulas (see above) is an opportunity to review the delivery and impact of compensatory educational programmes in view of consolidating them. There is a need to evaluate the use of public resources in education uis-a-uis their impact on educational outcomes. The financial monitoring system remains focused on financial compliance while it needs to evolve into an analysis of education system performance, including in audit exercises (performance audits). This could benefit from the more strategic budget planning suggested above, whereby education targets are established and the monitoring of resource use assesses whether or not the targets were achieved. As a result, the annual reporting of ANEP to parliament about the execution of the education budget should involve evidence of the performance of the education system uis-a-uis established policy objectives and education targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Information on maximal potential consequences of an accident is important as society and individuals are reluctant to accept options bearing potentially large negative outcomes or large uncertainties. Simply multiplying probability by potential outcomes does not address this issue. Some authors and studies have thus applied a risk-aversion factor (larger than one) to low-probability/high-consequence events, but the choice of the coefficient is subjective and controversial. The valuation of this subjective aspect can be appropriately assessed in a multi-criteria analysis: the SECURE project identifies three separate risk indicators to characterise the risk of severe accidents and to be used in a multi-criteria decision analysis framework (Eckle et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While there seems to be agreement about the importance of the role of capable developmental states, it is not clear how such states can emerge in countries that lack them. Grindle (2010) shows that developing countries vary widely with regard to the capability of their states, which range from “very capable” to “failing”. A major challenge before the development community is to find the means through which a “failing” state can change into a “capable” one.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In other words, the less experienced teacheis assume more of the teaching load. Thus, the value of more experienced teachers is lost. Between 1996 and 2009, net contact time in hours per year decreased more sharply in Greece al all levels than any OECD country and significantly more than in the EU and in OECD countries on average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The barriers include high interest rates, collateral requirements, lack of track record and the complex application process.1' In addition, in 127 countries covered by the World Bank data, the law does not prohibit discrimination by creditors on the basis of gender in access to credit. Chapter 4 describes some innovations to overcome this barrier. According to data from 'Women, Business and the Law 2016' (World Bank, 2015), 167 of the 173 countries surveyed mandate paid or unpaid maternity leave.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Brazil invests much less in maintaining its protected areas than other countries, including Latin American countries and emerging economies (Figure 5.6). The lack of financial resources heavily constrains protected area managers from adequately meeting objectives and from hiring the staff necessary to manage the areas (Section 4.3). The volume of public resources allocated to SNUC is not systematically tracked.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The expansion of access to Medicare funding can be considered a possible tool to encourage appropriately qualified and trained health practitioners to embrace other roles. For example, pharmacists in areas of need could be eligible to receive Medicare funding to administer vaccines and prescribe limited medications. Such a move should be carefully regulated and done in a fiscally responsible way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There has been some limited experience of collective reporting of mobilised climate finance (e.g. OECD, 2015a, which also addressed attribution of mobilised climate finance to different actors, MDBs, 2016). Further work would be needed if collective reporting of climate finance is to be taken forward in the UNFCCC context, as it could entail significant changes in the transparency framework, such as the reporting of information from non-Parties. There is some precedent of communicating climate finance information to the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC (COP) by non-Parties who are operating entities of the UNFCCC’s financial mechanism. The COP could provide relevant guidance regarding the information to be included in future reports, for example on quantifying mobilised climate finance in the context of the UNFCCC, which could increase the utility of such reports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Despite their relatively low levels of fish consumption, people in developing countries have a higher share of fish protein in their diets than those in developed countries. The highest per capita fish consumption, over 50 kg, is found in several small island developing States (SIDS), particularly in Oceania, while the lowest levels, just above 2 kg, are in Central Asia and some landlocked countries. Catches in area 31, the Western Central Atlantic, exceeded 1.5 million tonnes in 2016, a level that had not been reached since 2004. However, over one-third of total capture production in area 31 consists of catches by the United States of America of Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus), a clupeoid species that is processed into fishmeal and fish oil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Editors' introduction to The Cambridge Companion to Public Law. The Cambridge Companion to Public Law examines key themes, debates and issues in contemporary public law. The book identifies and draws out five key themes: the notions of government and the state, the place of the state and public law in the world at large, relationships between institutions and officials within the state, the legitimacy of institutions, and the identity and value of public law in relation to politics. The book presents a contemporary examination, taking account of the substantial changes witnessed in this area in recent decades and of the resulting need to reassess orthodox accounts of the subject. Written by leading authorities drawn from across the common law world, their approach is rigorous, engaging and highly accessible. This Companion acts as both a thoughtful introduction and a collection that consciously moves the discipline forward.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This was done by comparing the survey entries for income with figures from an estimate of household income and spending taken from each country's System of National Accounts (SNA), prepared for this purpose using official information. In most countries, household income included the imputed rental value of owner-occupied dwellings. The period 2002-2008 was also characterized by a reduction in the total number of poor and indigent persons (41 million and 26 million, respectively).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Data for countries in the European Statistical System come from the pilot EU Adult Education Survey (AES). The EU AES surveys were carried out between 2005 and 2008 by 29 countries in the EU, EFTA and EU candidate countries. The EU AES is a pilot exercise which proposed a common framework for the first time, including a standard questionnaire, tools and quality reporting (OECD, 2010b). They do not, however, indicate anything about the actual quality of the competences gained by people and therefore about how the qualifications earned contribute to individual wellbeing, e.g. by improving access to the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article discusses and analyses the experience of women involved in a non-government organisation-funded women's empowerment project in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Women involved in the project encounter ideas about community development and urban poverty reduction – in particular, outsider-imposed notions of self-help group formation, women's empowerment, and community solidarity. The article explores the ways in which power dynamics and social structures in this post-conflict setting affect the outcome of women's self-help groups. We argue that for some women, vulnerability and social exclusion are reinforced, because of assumptions that both ‘the community’ and ‘women’ are homogenous groupings. In fact, unequal power and diversity among women can derail ideas of solidarity and shared interests in women's self-help groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In contrast, Austria ranks eight places lower (i.e., more unequal) using the R-squared measure, and Spain, Latvia and Italy fall seven, five and four places respectively-also notably lower than when using the P90-P10 measure. Norway and Spain would respectively rank four and six places higher (more equal) based only on the occupational R-squared than on the overall R-squared. In fact, Norway tops the overall ranking as having the lowest proportion of reading score variance that can be attributed to parental occupation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Instead of treating the water in a large storage facility before delivery, it deployed an S&R approach that complied with Arizona State regulations. This approach accomplished more than one goal: (i) it avoided the costs of centralised treatment plants, (ii) it stored water underground for future use, (in) it replenished groundwater already pumped, and (iy) it addressed water management-related objectives. Thus, the S&R approach allowed utilising CAP water, first by storing it underground, mostly in large, shallow spreading basins, where it mixes with groundwater in the aquifer, and then by recovering it for distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Population development and the changing range of illnesses among the population), is a priority for mental health and addiction as it is for diabetes or COPD. In line with the expectations of the Coordination Reform, municipalities are to take primary responsibility for prevention and early intervention in the course of a disease (Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services, 2009). “ Prevention” was also included as part of the services that municipalities were expected to deliver in the Escalation Plan. When looking to address mental health, municipalities are in some respects well-placed to lead prevention efforts, given their responsibility for public health, kindergarten and pre-schools, education (up until age 16), for social services, and community services, which are key loci for prevention and early intervention, programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, “becoming pregnant while still a teenager may make the (associated) problems worse (to an extent that is still undetermined) but not becoming pregnant will not make them go away.” ( Unicef, 2001: 6). Indeed, recent research suggests that transitioas to young parenthood can be rational for some young people and while teenage parents may be relatively poor it has no impact on young men or women’s psychological well-being (Booth et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These, however, can be complementary. The encouragement of large enterprises and the introduction of capital-intensive techniques in livestock farming are not necessarily inconsistent with measures to integrate smallholdings into the broader agricultural economy. Under the present circumstances, the latter may be seen as a necessary step to promote rural development by a pro-poor strategy and should complement measures aimed at boosting output and export expansion with less emphasis placed on rural employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, replicating the development path of industrialized countries based almost exclusively on fossil fuels would result in a level of emissions that would preclude reaching meaningful global targets with respect to emissions reductions. Renewable energies could in theory address both issues, allowing developing countries to develop while limiting the growth in emissions from that part of the world. Such causality is best demonstrated at the micro level. There is a wide body of literature showing how access to energy, especially clean cooking energy and electricity, radically improves livelihoods and basic development indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The physicians selected as the “medecin traitant” receives an additional annual payment for patients diagnosed with an ALD. This payment covers the care co-ordination required to implement specific care protocols. The care protocol of a patient lists all medical and paramedical services required for a comprehensive treatment, and automatically identifies the services for which patients are exempt from co-payment. In nearly all cases, this coordinating role is fulfilled by GPs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The eldest woman (older than 18 years) in every eligible household will receive the ration cards for the household. In addition, reforms will be undertaken to make the public distribution system effective and transparent. These measures include the application of modem information and communication technologies and the use of biometric information for eligible households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Critical terrorism studies (CTS) claims to engage with Frankfurt School critical theory to provide a critique of terrorism discourse and to develop an emancipatory project. This article argues that CTS makes very little effort to engage with critical theory and instead relies on many of the mistaken ideas of the post-positivist turn in international relations. It also takes an overly discursive approach that fails to properly engage with terrorism as a social relation. This piece suggests how CTS might make more use of a historical materialism approach underpinned by a realist philosophy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The NEMURO model (Kishi et al., Other input parameters, such as biomass, catch, production/biomass ratio (P/B), consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B), and diet compositions, are also used for the Ecopath run. Finally, the outputs of the Ecopath run, together with results from ecological process studies and fishery socio-economic analyses, are used for the IFRAME risk assessment. First, scenarios on management options and/or climate changes are selected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)