albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Section 3 investigates strategies to promote quality vocational training including apprenticeships, while Section 4 focuses on the support to at-risk students. For a more detailed description and assessment of the Latvian education system, see OECD (2015e). The national Ministry' of Education and Science (MoES) has a supervisory duty, and, through the subordinated National Centre for Education, sets national educational standards, and determines curricula and examination procedures. It provides the regulatory framework for the provision of vocational education and employs the heads of VET establishments.1 It also maintains the register of occupational standards, and studies the skill demands of the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Health systems of emerging economies face similar funding pressures, while also striving to attain and maintain universal health coverage. As a consequence, in 2013 the OECD started expanding the activities of the Joint Network to non-OECD countries, in partnership with the WHO, the Global Fund, CABRI, the Asian and Inter-American Development Banks (IDB, ADB) and the World Bank. The main objective of these expanded activities is to support the development of good budgeting and public financial management practices in countries, thereby helping achieve a sustainable Universal Health Coverage (UHC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Government of Argentina regards the software sector as a value added service export as well as of strategic importance to the country.lt is working on promoting the industry in close partnership with the private sector to provide a more enabling environment. After a significant devaluation of the peso in 2002, exports surged from 17 per cent to 26 per cent of total software sales, with exports valued at $775 million in 2011. During the same period, the number of people working in the sector rose from 20,000 to 56,000 people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Nuclear energy, which shares this quality with renewables, is protected against fuel price changes by the low proportion of fuel costs in the LCOE from nuclear power generation. With fossil fuel plants instead investors and customers are exposed to fuel and carbon price risk. For a gas-fired plant 70-80% of its total costs are fuel costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is not only the simplest operational mode but also economically the most advantageous as long as prices are stable, and it is thus the operational mode that is preferred in most OECD countries. For different reasons, there exists considerable experience with load following by nuclear power plants in France and Germany. In France, nuclear capacity exceeds baseload needs during certain periods during which it is necessary to reduce nuclear load.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The form such support takes also differs, leading to diverse reporting practices and classifications. Tracking progress towards collective commitments to mobilise climate finance may require information from non-Party actors such as multilateral development banks, environmental funds, international organisations and private actors, in addition to national governments. While the transparency framework for support also aims to provide clarity on support received by developing countries, this objective may take longer to fulfil since experience in this area is currently more limited and reporting of this information is not obligatory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The “last-in, first-out” rule applies more systematically in some OECD countries such as Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States, where workers with less seniority are the first to be made redundant. However, in Sweden, it is possible to conclude collective labour agreements with a different order of termination. Indeed, during the trial period, severance pay regulations do not apply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A country can find itself in an emergency situation due to a specific shock that requires a rapid response: a price spike of a staple food or sudden food inflation, a severe drought that produces crop failure, or an economic slowdown reducing the income of the poor, a local natural disaster like an earthquake that destroys assets and livelihoods. The framework set out in this report is not concerned with the management of disasters and emergencies themselves, but rather with the portfolio of policies that can respond to transitory shocks to food availability and access. Many countries are prone to potential events that could occur at any time and plunge large segments of the population into extreme food insecurity of unspecified duration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
People are more likely to accept the risks associated with familiar and freely chosen activities, even if the risks are large. In risk analysis, the following questions should be kept in mind: Who bears the risk and who stands to benefit? Who decides what risks are acceptable? Furthermore, newer, more complex genetically transformed foods may be more difficult to assess and may increase the possibility of unintended effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The recently agreed ASEAN Plus Three Emergency Rice Reserve (APTERR) being an obvious example. Where possible, Indonesia has sought to remove sensitive agricultural products from tariff reduction commitments under regional trade agreements. Indonesia has not been active in negotiating bilateral agreements outside ASEAN+ agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Gender and International Security: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security, J. Ann Tickner (1992) identified three main dimensions to “achieving global security”—national security, economic security, and ecological security: conflict, economics, and the environment. Much of the work in feminist peace studies that inspired early feminist International Relations (IR) work (e.g., Brock-Utne 1989, Reardon 1985) and many of Tickner's contemporaries (e.g., Enloe 1989, Peterson and Runyan 1991, Pettman 1996) also saw political economy and a feminist conception of security as intrinsically interlinked. Yet, as feminist IR research evolved in the early 21st century, more scholars were thinking either about political economy or about war and political violence, but not both.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All profits are reinvested in the association. They wanted to include local coastal fisheries in their agenda and decided upon the CSF business model with inspiration from both the concept of community supported agriculture and CSFs in the USA. They realized that fishers themselves were unlikely to be able to mobilize the initial resources in terms of capital, time and knowledge, so SEA-U took on the role as institutional starter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
From the analysis of the reasons in the The Gambia v. Myanmar case, which discusses in the International Court of Justice the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, in the face of the genocidal acts against the Burmese Rohingya, attributable to the government of Myanmar, this paper supports the hypothesis that there would be a certain influence of the Ubuntu philosophy in Gambia’s decision to refer the case to international justice. The values inherent in Ubuntu, such as the need to promote justice, peace and interdependence among human beings universally, would be able to explain, at least in part, both Gambia’s transcontinental empathy for the Rohingya people and the reasons why the country mobilized resources to bring the debate about the genocide of that people to the jurisdiction of the ICJ, even though the case did not directly affect their sovereign interests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These challenges vary widely, and depend largely on the size of the company as well as the context within which it operates. The scale and extent of private sector involvement in and support for the Paris Agreement is a recent illustration of this. The Global Commission on Business and Sustainable Development, headed by Unilever, highlights why companies need to engage in delivering the SDGs: economic benefits from new markets and innovation, risks to business performance and stability, and the necessity to work closer with the government and other stakeholders in the future (Business and Sustainable Development Commission, n.d.). In a well-publicised speech before COP 21, the Governor of the Bank of England identified three categories of risks to financial stability from climate change: physical risks, liability risks and transitions risks. Physical risks are risks to companies and insurance providers from damages to property (e.g. companies in vulnerable areas) and disruption to trade (e.g. non-resilient value chains).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It should also be understood that some indicators of gender equality are not likely to be applicable to all countries. For example, literacy rates may be more meaningful in sub-Saharan Africa than in Latin America and the Caribbean, and wage data are less relevant in largely agricultural societies. The development of indicators to assess SDG progress will have to deal with this complexity. Fiscal Policy and Endogenous Growth with Public Infrastructure"Oxford Economic Papers 60:57-88. Canuto, and L. P. da Silva. On Gender and Growth: The Role of Intergenerational Health Externalities and Women's Occupational Constraints."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Many young men and girls start experimenting with sex at a very early age, due in part to poor living conditions, absence of parents, lack of guidance, and high rates of unemployment. Many young people engage in sex while high on alcohol and drugs, thus use of condoms is limited. At any given time, about 50 per cent of 16-25 year-old girls are pregnant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
An online data monitor enabled national centres to monitor questionnaire return status at any time, as well as the level of questionnaire completion. A final layout verification step was applied to the paper instruments to ensure high questionnaire quality and comparability with the questionnaires delivered on line. The International Research Consortium took care to provide national project managers (NPMs) and their staff with the training they needed to enable them to fulfil all required tasks and activities to the highest possible quality. The TALIS International Research Consortium provided training for national data managers, as well as software that allowed managers to list, select, and administer TALIS instruments in a standardised and controlled way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Outside Asia, the Middle East experiences the fastest rate of increase, at over 2% per year. Primary energy demand in OECD countries grows by around 8% from 2009 to 2035. While the United States remains the second-largest energy consumer in the world in 2035, its total energy demand is only slightly higher than in 2009. From consuming less than half as much energy as the United States in 2000, it now consumes slightly more and, in the WEO-2011 New Policies Scenario, it is projected to consume nearly 70% more than the United States in 2035. Despite this, China’s per-capita energy consumption is still at less than half the level of the United States in 2035. Consequently, the global energy projections in the World Energy Outlook remain highly sensitive to the underlying assumptions for the key variables that drive energy demand in China, including prospects for economic growth, changes in economic structure, developments in energy and environmental policies, and the rate of urbanisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A multivariate analysis of determinants of relative income mobility of the society as a whole, conducted for this review, highlighted characteristics that increased the chances of moving up at least one income decile or decreased the chances of moving down at least one dedle. These induded: living in an urban area, having many household members of working age and/ or increasing the share of workers among household members, the number of members with a second job relative to all working household members, a household head having an upper secondary diploma or occupation as a high-level or mid-level professional, the household head being economically active in the initial period, and the household head becoming economically active after not working in 2004. Factors with a robust positive impact on moving up a dedle or more induded the initial share of agricultural income over total income and moving from low to medium manufacturing. The multivariate analysis produced interesting findings concerning the drivers of downward income mobility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Many cases go undocumented due to the perception among victims that the criminal justice system is unresponsive. More than 31 lesbians were murdered in South Africa between 1998 and 2009, but only one of these cases resulted in a conviction. In response to their demands and a petition with 170,000 signatures from 163 countries, the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development established a National Task Team in 2011 to devise a strategy for combating the problem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Women still earn substantially less than men and over the last 10 years the gender based wage-gap has only marginally decreased. The wages of women who did not complete upper secondary education amounted to only 66% of men’s wages in 2011, compared to 62% in 2000 (OECD, 2013). Hence, even though it is important to acknowledge the progress that has been made in the past decades, substantial inequalities remain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The content of organic matter and also of nutrients is increased by agriculture in Ukrainian territory, also locally (but potentially severely) affecting water entering the territory of Belarus. Higher levels of radionuclides mainly occur in basins within 30 km from Chernobyl. The transboundary transport of "'Sr varies, depending on the extent of annual flooding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
South African domestic law of jurisdiction informs the assumption of jurisdiction in cross-border commercial litigation. In regard to choice of court agreements, the fragmented nature of High Court jurisdiction and the common law rules relating to submission to jurisdiction present unique challenges. Two types of choice of court agreements can be identified in South African law: foreign exclusive choice of court agreements and optional choice of court agreements in favour of South African courts. It is submitted that the South African law relating to cross-border jurisdiction is in need of reform and this should be undertaken following an international and comparative approach, in keeping with the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These are based on cultural, historical and religious contexts. Gender norms can shape incentive systems and support current institutions that restrict women’s rights, freedoms and protection. In most cases, although largely unfavourable for women, traditional gender norms are upheld by both men and women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
When using establishment survey data, due care should be taken to ensure adequate geographic and industry coverage. Administrative record data from medical insurance schemes can provide up-to-date and comprehensive information to calculate the numerator for this indicator. However, the availability and quality of such data vary across countries, and across schemes within countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In response to this, the government of Egypt has developed a strategy to improve the conditions of shelters. Low trends of reporting incidences related to domestic violence also have resulted in few'er prosecutions. Box 7.11 provides further information on the approach to violence against women in Egypt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The minimum wage was raised again to EGP 700 per month in June 2011. See Bell (1997) for Colombia, Maloney and Nunez (2004) for eight Latin American countries, Lemos (2004) for Brazil, and Saget (2001) for further references. See Lemos (2004) for the Brazilian case and Saget (2008) for the Indian state of Punjab, Indonesia and South Africa. In the Uruguayan case, the minimum wage was de-linked from social security benefits in 2004.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Following the Grenelle Forum in 2007, a greater stress is laid on stakeholder involvement in the NBS (2011-20). There has been an effort to include stakeholders across various levels of government as well as civil society and the private sector, upstream in the formulation of the strategy and downstream through voluntary subscription and commitment to the NBS. All stakeholders (legal entities) are invited to subscribe to promote and publicise the NBS. Each subscriber is invited to make a commitment to action within 18 months and present an action plan which must involve significant, supplementary, measurable and scalable action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Concomitantly, the disposable income of this group declined from 2.5 times the national average in 1993 to just 1.8 in 2009 (Rodrigues et al, 2012). Successive governments have made a determined effort to improve the general level of education of the Portuguese population, and although such improvements always take time to show up in the data, there are some encouraging results. Between 2001 and 2011 the proportion of people aged 25-34 who attained at least upper secondary education rose from 32% to 56%, and the proportion of people with tertiary education almost doubled. In Portugal, the association between students' socio-economic background and their performance at school is more pronounced than on average in the OECD, and much of this relation lies at the school level (Figure 14).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
ABSTRACTWe indicate the size of family background effects in Sweden, Finland, and Estonia – countries that differ in both the rhetoric and extensiveness of the system-level school choice policies. Family background effect is defined as the dependence of student achievement on family background characteristics, such as parental education, income, and social status. The number of books at home is used as a proxy when operationalising family background, and its effect is measured as a percentage of individual-level PISA scores. Fixed-effect regression results reveal that family background remains a powerful determinant in the educational results of 15-year-old students in all three cases, being largest in Sweden. Furthermore, we show how the family background effect is moderated by school-level choice policy, that is, how students and schools are matched. The analysis reveals that zoning policies have statistically significant negative effects on the impact of the family background effect, independent of cou...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For the last one a comply or explain principle is in use. To enable readers to find the particular sustainability information in the report, GRI is using a mandatory content index table that informs the reader on what page the disclosures or the indicator can be found. The Guidelines of the IIRC are currently in development and will be released as draft in April 2013 and finalized by the end of 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For instance, Tanzania developed the following environmental-related policies and acts after these major conferences: the Marine Parks and Reserves Act (1995), the National Environment Policy (1997), the National Fisheries Sector Policy (1997) and the National Integrated Coastal Management Strategy (2003). Similar action was taken by the other WIO countries. Research and academic institutions have contributed to the implementation of some of the aspects of the legal instruments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The modern law of evidence has a broad scope and uncertain limits, and it is influenced by two key features of adversarial procedure, autonomy and orality of evidence. The adversarial system in common law jurisdictions usually involves adjudication between two competing version of events advanced by the expert witnesses. Experts sometimes forget that their ultimate duty is to the court and must be independent and objective irrespective of being contracted by a party. The witness qualification to act as an expert is technically a matter of competence to be determined by the court, and it is conceptually linked with the first hurdle in the admissibility of the opinion evidence. Where doubts arise regarding the expert witness qualification, the modern practice is to receive the evidence, although its weight may be open to serious adverse comments if the apparent expertise is not translated to reality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Job creation, which includes job opportunities at low, medium and high skill levels. We do not attempt to calculate net job growth, but rather look at which activities might foster job creation in a particular green growth sector. Increasing the supply and demand of regionally produced greens goods and services, which we define as those that reduce negative environmental externalities, the impact on natural resources and the pressure on ecosystem services. While the metro-region is one of the richest, most populated metro-regions in the world, ranking third in the US and eighth among 90 OECD metro-regions in terms of GDP per capita, growth has slowed since 2000, in terms of both GDP growth and per capita GDP growth. This contributes to the metro-region’s greenhouse gas emissions, which are exacerbated by high demand for energy to heat and cool buildings. This section concludes with an assessment of the strategies and green sectors that hold the most promise for creating jobs and contributing to a regional specialisation in specific clusters of green activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Decentralisation is increasingly seen as an important part of conflict resolution and peacebuilding strategies within fragile states where increased public accountability and participation help reduce horizontal inequalities and address local grievances. This view assumes a strong political element to decentralisation, however. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Kinshasa and in Bas-Congo, this article highlights three key sets of challenges to political decentralisation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) which arise from its roots within the elite political settlement. A re-orientation in support is proposed providing for a deeper political decentralisation and a more inclusive political settlement. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Further progress could be achieved in mapping and aligning incentives for citizens, providers, municipalities, cantons and insurers. In particular, financial and organisational incentives for prevention and ambulatory care could be revised, e.g. through joint responsibilisation at the local level. As advocated in the new European Health Policy of the WHO Regional Office for Europe (Health 2020), platforms will be needed to improve policy development and practices across cantons and municipalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Data are from 2015 or 2014, are strongly child-centred, and highly policy relevant (e.g. public childcare policies, school and education policies). This indicators is taken from a survey of women who retrospectively report experiences of violence across their life course. The measure itself aligns strongly to the SDGs, but is only available for European countries, has small sample sizes (in the case of certain items), and is retrospective, self-reported data, collected in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)