albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In the late 2000s, prior to the uprising in Syria, Syrian-Turkish relations had improved considerably with the establishment of the Turkish-Syrian Strategic Cooperation Council Agreement in 2009 (Table 9). Under this umbrella, the parties signed several protocols, projects and memorandums, mainly on security issues. They also agreed to cooperate in the domain of water, with specific reference to the construction of a pumping station on the Syrian stretch of the Tigris River, the improvement of water quality and the pursuit of joint efforts to combat drought.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Ministry has a duty to provide the policy framework and legal means for the institutional development of the energy sector of Georgia. As of 2014, the Ministry has no formal sustainable energy executive agency within its responsibility or budget provision for the implementation of sustainable energy programmes. Its main responsibilities include promotion of the programmes and projects supporting the development of energy efficiency and use of renewable energy resources, and CDM projects. Both times, masses of mud blocked the only road connecting Georgia with the Russian Federation. While the disasters were not caused by the HPP construction, they do indicate the high geological instability of the area. In May 2014, just days before the first landslide, the EBRD approved a US$80 million loan for the development, construction and operation of the Dariali HPP, which is a part of a larger plan to develop the hydropower potential of the Tergi River and its tributaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The number of women in Inatsisartut, the Parliament of Greenland, after the two elections were 12 in 2013 and 12 in 2014 whereas the proportion of women in Naalakkersuisut, the cabinet, was two (including the first female premier in Greenland) in 2013 and 3 out of nine in 2014 (http://www.inatsisartut.gl/ inatsisartuthome/sammensaetning-af-inatsisartut.aspx). The women have reached a considerable and slowly increasing proportion of the seats in the Greenlandic Parliament although there is still some distance to an equal gender distribution in both the Greenlandic Parliament and the Cabinet of Greenland. This may or may not be paid work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In doing so, it is important to find associations and contracting strategies that are appropriate to the community. The third dimension relates to the exit strategy, which, sometimes, policy makers do not anticipate. These dimensions are meant to organise the construction of individual, practical, in-the-field programmes to improve smallholder access to markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They have come to rely on public services that were not available before and now they want to improve the quality of those services. Millions of Brazilians can now buy a car for the first time and can also travel by plane. The counterpart to that, however, should be decent and efficient public transportation to facilitate urban mobility and make life in the big cities less painful and stressful. The Gini coefficient is commonly used as a measure of inequality of income or wealth, where a coefficient of one means maximum inequality, and zero means total equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
To the extent possible, implementation should be accelerated. The foreseen systematic evaluation of OAED programmes under the new model is welcome, and should take the form of experimental evaluations (that is, whether participants in a programme achieve better outcomes than if they were not participated), as these are best practice (OECD, 2010). Monitoring post-programme outcomes (such as job characteristics and earnings) of the activation programmes, through a well-developed set of indicators) is also useful (OECD, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There have also been a number of important developments in conceptual and policy approaches to technology and innovation, some of these reflecting the nature of frontier technologies, particularly the opportunities for networking and collaboration that digital technologies and platforms afford. A key part of building on the foundations of STI policy outlined in chapter III is to apply these new concepts effectively and to make optimal use of new opportunities and emerging policy approaches. It begins, in section A, with a discussion of the potential and limitations of technological leapfrogging as a means to development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This leaves Indonesian policy-makers and consumers uneasy about the countiy’s vulnerability to international markets for these commodities and also uneasy about unforeseen events that may impact negatively on the countiy’s domestic food production capability. Transitory food insecurity is a concern for Indonesia not just because it is a net food importer, but also because possible international fuel price increases, macroeconomic shocks, plant and animal disease outbreaks and natural disasters all threaten the reliability of its food supplies. Over the three-year period 1990-1992, the average prevalence of undernourishment in Indonesia was 22.2% of the population, but by the 2011-13 period this measure had declined to 9.1% (FAO, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While there is still a lack of unified vision on food storage regionally, the theme of the Arab Agriculture Day in 2014 (celebrated on 27 September) was “Arabic strategic stocks of food to cope with the global food crisis”. Individual countries have been active building their storage capacity, especially for cereals, with various levels of projections (see table 20). In an effort to reduce the high crop losses in Egypt, estimated at 10-15 per cent and costing around $280 million annually, the Government of Egypt is planning for a project that aims to build 25 new silos per year in an effort to increase substantially its strategic storage capacity. Available from http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/temDlates/tci/pdfyMENA-WB-The Grain Chain ENG .ndf (accessed 30 March 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, even when innovation actors are in proximity, the presence of an international border is a barrier for collaboration, one that is increasing in recent years. For many regions, there are a number of reasons why collaborating with an international neighbour makes sense for both sides. For innovation purposes, the definition of the “functional” area for cross-border policy requires some assessment of both the innovation relationships that are (or could be) relevant, as well as the other functional ties and institutional arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Mothers of mistimed births are less likely to commence prenatal care early compared with those who had intended births. The same pattern is apparent for unwanted births but the association is not significant. Older women (between the ages of 20 and 24) are 1.45 times more likely to comply with the recommended timing of the first prenatal care visit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper considers the issues involved in developing a programme for youth justice practitioners. Contemporary youth justice practice occurs in an increasingly managerialist and punitive context raising questions about how best to develop effective practitioners. It is argued that youth justice practice involves a recurring challenge of meeting situations of high complexity that must be dealt with on a case‐by‐case basis, guided by a clear understanding of how offending behaviour is constituted. The Professional Certificate in Effective Practice is reviewed and it is argued that education must emphasize reflective understanding. A critique of competency‐based education in relation to the Diploma in Probation Studies is also presented arguing that such an approach renders invisible important aspects of practice. Recommendations are made for a curriculum for a youth justice programme which stresses humanism, reflective understanding of context and history, criminology, sociology and psychology, social exclusion, social control, risk, victimology and comparative youth justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By the fourth quarter of 2010, almost 40% of the population was covered by Seguro Popular. All the states had joined the programme by the end of 2006, but the actual availability of the programme at the municipal level took longer as the states had to strike a balance between the two conflicting aims of targeting the municipalities most in need while complying with minimum infrastructure requirements. By the end of 2005, about 65% of the municipalities were offering the programme and gradual expansion led to almost full coverage by the end of 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However canteens and catering in the primary and secondary sectors are not included. In Tablell below the amount of separate collected food waste for each segment of the service sector is taken from SSB. There is considerable uncertainty in the figures. If we use the key figure for the generation of food waste from food service / catering at 27.32 kg per capita [EU15], we get at a rough estimate of 136,000 ton food waste per year from the hospitality sector in Norway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Examples of pathogenic fungi include Candida species (yeast infections) and Trichophyton species (athlete’s foot). Abnormal prions can be pathogenic such as those that cause bovine spongiform encephalopathy (i.e., “mad cow disease”). Pathogens need not, of course, be limited to those that affect humans and could include those affecting other animals or plants as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The egalitarian spiritual and legal tradition started in the ancient world when Cosmopolitans and Stoics proclaimed human equality and brotherhood. Medieval theologians promised human equality in heaven. George Berkeley’s plans for a seminary in Bermuda included Native Americans and James Beattie scolded David Hume for his lack of empiricism in describing Africans. Nineteenth-century African English and African American thinkers and activists resisted slavery. Jim Crow followed reining in the Reconstruction Amendments to the US Constitution. The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights provided an aspirational foundation for global egalitarianism. In 1954, the US Supreme Court legally ended school segregation in Brown v Board of Education. The Civil Rights Movement motivated legislation against racial discrimination, in 1964–1965.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The estimates presented in this report do not reflect any pledges to the Green Climate Fund (GCF), which became operational in 2014 and naturally did not result in committed outflows by the end of that year. Further details - including on data coverage by provider and instrument, and reporting approaches - can be found in the main body of the report and its annexes. Improving the quality and coverage of data collection is an evolving multi-year process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Information given above derived from IPCC (2007), “Summary for Policymakers”. The Government has stated that “it would be irresponsible to acknowledge this reality and not do anything to prepare our community for eventual migration”. See Republic of Kiribati, Office of the President, “Relocation”, Kiribati Climate Change. Available at http://www.climate.gov.ki/category/action/relocation/ (accessed 25 January 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela had the highest rate (27.4%), followed by Argentina (10.9%). Although no other country had two-digit inflation, the number of countries with inflation rates below 5% fell from 16 to 8 between 2009 and 2010. The increase in inflation was driven mainly by food and beverage prices, which on average rose 1.8 times as much as those for other products. This is a particularly important consideration when it comes to measuring indigence, as described below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The steepest falls occurred in Bolivia Brazil —over three percentage points per year— followed by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Honduras and Paraguay with annual reductions of more than two percentage points. These indicators provide a more complete view of poverty conditions by taking account not only of the percentage of people who are poor, but also measuring the shortfall between the average income of the poor and the poverty line, and how those incomes are distributed among the poor (in the case of the second index). The years considered in each country coincide with those reported in table 1.4. In other words, in addition to having reduced the proportion of the population with incomes below the poverty line, the average income of the poor also increased and the dispersion of their incomes narrowed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In July 2013, the official decision to cut the export refund for poultry to zero (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 689/2013), which for other meats like pork and beef was already the case, meant that, for the first time since the 1970s, no export subsidies would be paid on agricultural products. Further, at the latest WTO Ministerial Meeting (MC10), governments agreed to permanently remove agricultural export subsidies (Box 2.4). There is a lack of data on the subsidy equivalent of provisions relating to export financing, food aid and state trading enterprises making assessments of changes difficult. Despite this, based on notifications to the WTO, since the launch of the Doha round there appears to be some evidence to suggest positive developments in other areas of the export competition pillar (WTO, 2014a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Gender and U.S. Immigration: Contemporary Trends, P. Hondagneu-Sotelo, ed. Oakland, California: University of California Press, pp. Zhenshhiny i Deti iz Kyrgyzstana, Vovlechennye v Migraciju. Naibolee Ujazvimye Gruppy [Females and children from Kyrgyzstan involved in migration: the most vulnerable groups].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are limits to this practice because, in the end, forms of deprivations and poverty are neither theoretically nor empirically fully separable. For example, the nutrition deprivation that can be measured by stunting among children or adults implicitly uses information that is directly linked to other forms of deprivation, since stunting is not only the result of malnutrition, but also neglect, lack of access to clean water and lack of access to timely healthcare. While MODA is strict when financial information is concerned and tries to be reasonably strict when forms of deprivation are concerned (e.g., stunting is not used as an indicator in the nutrition dimension in CC-MODA), it should be acknowledged that specific analyses may relax the decisions depending on the objective of the analyses, the further use of the indicators/ratios/indices in causal models and the availability and quality of the data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Accordingly, marine and coastal research in these countries was driven by the perspectives of remote decision-makers who relied on reports rather than direct local engagement. Importantly, however, a number of developments which took place during this period are the foundation for some of the institutional capacity currently existing in the region. Whilst early expeditions focused mainly on the collection of biological specimens and plankton, the study of biological and chemical processes, inventories of marine life and resources, particularly fisheries, and recording of basic oceanographic processes, the later IIOE encompassed almost all marine science disciplines, except perhaps fishery research and marine microbiology (Rao and Griffiths 1998). The IIOE contributed a wealth of knowledge on many aspects of the WIO including the discovery of the mid-Indian Ocean ridges (including the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge) the famous triple junction south of the Seychelles, where the southern end of the Carlsberg Ridge meets the Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge (Rao and Griffiths 1998), the effects of the monsoons on the Somali Current, and upwelling off the Somalia coast.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
School access has been expanded by investment in school infrastructure and recruitment of teachers. In higher education too, the number of providers continues to rise rapidly. A new law enshrining the rights of all children to free and compulsory education will further lift enrolment, bringing closer the government’s goal of universal elementary education, which comprises eight years of schooling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Building an attractive rurality for young people is a major public policy challenge. Restoring the attractiveness of rural areas and achieving a new inclusive and equitable rurality is fundamental for rural territories to benefit from having more and better educated young people with a greater capacity for innovation. Thus, the rural agenda increasingly overlaps with the indigenous agenda, which includes an integral vision of that world, as territory and habitat, and not only as a space and production resource. Nonetheless, public must also be formulated for rural Afrodescendent populations, which are significant in various countries and constitute one of the least visible social groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Before marriage, a woman remains in the family book of her father or another male relative where guardianship is recorded: after marriage she is transferred to the family book of her husband. In the event of divorce, children remain in the family book of their father. A widow’s children are placed in the family book of their male guardian, normally a male relative of the deceased husband.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The collection of MSW is provided in most cities and towns, but significant part of rural areas do not have an official collection system in place. For a number of years, official data collection was carried out by the then Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure w ith the collaboration of INSTAT through annual surveys on urban waste. Municipalities reported to the Ministry on MSW and on construction and demolition waste. Considering that the overwhelming majority' of municipalities do not have access to sanitary landfills with an entry gate suitable for weighing trucks bringing waste, data are based on the number of truckloads that are dumped on the dumpsite or landfill. Thus, the amount of generated waste is only estimated, sometimes even in the case of modem sanitary' landfills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The adverse trends of forest decline and degradation would immediately result in increased government expenditures on risk management, protective and emergency measures. Reforestation has to be perceived in the long term, as, due to climate and soil conditions in mountain regions, the success of such activities would require at least several decades of effort and investment. This is particularly so in the case of the 13 nature preserves, which are traditionally designated for 10 years only, which status is not always prolonged in a timely manner for the subsequent period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Low-income elderly people are more likely to own property in neighbourhoods and on land of lower value with less chance of appreciation over time. They consequently have dimmer prospects of selling their homes or releasing housing equity. In this regard, the 2012 report of the European Mortgage Federation (EMF) suggests that the year-on-year price-increase registered in France in the first quarter of 2012 was related to the rise in housing prices in Ile-de-France, the Greater Paris area, while in the rest of the country they decreased (see EMF, 2012). Large regional variations in house prices ranging from 4% rises to 8% drops in property prices were also observed in Poland and the United Kingdom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, there are countries that have been able to reduce household poverty without significant economic growth. He demonstrated that the higher the average income and the lower its concentration, the higher the resulting elasticity. They concluded that a higher average income resulted in a higher absolute elasticity and that higher income concentration led to lower absolute elasticity. The highest income-poverty elasticity values were found in the states of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. He found that both estimations showed very similar standard variations across the different states. They also tested for the existence of a non-linear interaction effect between growth and initial inequality, seeking to evaluate the hypothesis that higher inequality was associated with a lessening of the poverty reduction efficiency of growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This is contrary to the results of the evaluation of the Colombian CCT Familias enAccion, whose contribution to an increase in the long term nutritional status of 0-24 month-old children (measured by the height-for-age score) has been substantial (Attanasio et al., A recent work by Rosado et al. ( More specific information is provided by short case studies of programmes whose characteristics seem to have maximized the impact on children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Nevertheless, wider adoption of the technology faces some stiff challenges. The deployment of connected devices, many of which were designed without much thought for security, can contain dangerous vulnerabilities. Connecting large numbers of new devices to the internet can create serious bottlenecks in telecommunication systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The pursuit of efforts to achieve this shift offers new opportunities to address previously entrenched socioeconomic inequalities while building more sustainable economies. Prior to negotiations held at the twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, 160 States submitted intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) which laid out plans for reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Ecofys, Climate Analytics, New Climate Institute and Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 2014). The next largest sector, agriculture, forestry and land use, received just $3 billion (figure V.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
See J.H. Reichman, “The International Legal Status of Undisclosed Clinical Trial Data: From Private to Public Good?” [ However, in order for a competitor to be able to market a generic copy of the drug, the local DRA must still make a judgment about the efficacy and safety of the generic product, and this decision may require the authority to rely on the regulatory decisions made by a DRA in a country where the originator has actually been granted regulatory approval. Again, the originator company may argue that the generic producer free rides on the originator’s efforts, even though the domestic DRA in these cases makes no direct use of the test data in question (rather, it uses the foreign decision that is based on such test data).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Further, EU employment law requires that EU DWF crew receive two months of paid holiday—including transfers— for each four months of work onboard .8 EU DWF crew also receive several days of holiday when the fish is offloaded, whereas crew on Filipino and Taiwanese boats often do the stevedoring themselves (ibid.). This heterogeneity in part contributes to the complexity of analysing the potential implications of proposed fisheries subsidies disciplines at the WTO. First, it is difficult to identify and prove a 'trade distortion' for fish products since the same species normally fetch widely different prices because of complex quality and market differentials. Second, the WTO's analytical emphasis on exchange/ trade means subsidies are defined mainly in terms of export distortions, which the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) suggests should be assessed by examining negative trade effects such as market share or prices in an export market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)