albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This paper reports on a collaborative research project that shows how participatory social research can be used as a strategy for combating social exclusion. The Crime Prevention Partnership Project brought together dominant and disempowered groups to explore social issues of mutual concern and identify potential solutions. Indigenous Australian undergraduate students played a central role in this project, working with the police as customer service trainees and with the university as members of a project research group. This project became an opportunity to train and empower new researchers who, as people from disadvantaged groups, brought their own knowledge, concerns, and worldviews to a research process that they helped design and carry out themselves. The result was a learning process for all involved, referred to here as multi-directional empowerment. It led to tangible bridge building between mainstream, powerful institutions and a disadvantaged community. The project process offers a model for usi...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This means that those countries have to define a ministry that is able to securely host a node to participate in the validation process. Therefore, it is not necessary to have a base-coin in the system to map the data. As all validators, in their roles as governmental bodies, are defined and by design incentivised to participate in the process, no monetary incentive for validating new blocks is necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For instance, a recent evaluation of PROSSAPYS (Programa para la Sostenibilidad de los Servicios de Agua Potable y Saneamineto en Communidades Rurales) found that some rural and marginalised areas have not made full use of the resources they were provided because PROSSAPYS does not have a strategic planning mechanism in place to direct the efforts and allocation of resources to the areas in greater need, (Dominguez, 2012). The programme’s reliance on INEGI’s definition of rural area (less than 2 500 inhabitants), even though some of the localities targeted are above this threshold yet still have rural patterns, may also contribute to the lack of funds distributed to in-need areas. In addition, PROSSAPYS, Clean Water Programme (PAL) and APAZU could be better co-ordinated to support highly marginalised rural and urban zones in the first range, i.e. localities below 2 500 inhabitants and between 2 500 to 14 999 inhabitants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In presentations of the foreign investment agencies of the case study regions, often common information on size and unique assets in the whole cross-border area are part of the sales pitch. These are the public agencies generally most keenly focused on competition to bring a win to their jurisdiction. They reported that if for any reason they cannot win for their jurisdiction, it is better for them to have a nearby jurisdiction win than to have a firm or investment occur farther away. In the Helsinki-Tallinn area, the competition is often with Stockholm, therefore recognition of Tallinn is more relevant for their efforts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Germany, the national average skills level of adults (16-64 year-olds) is below the average for literacy among countries participating in the 2012 Survey of Adult Skills and above the average for numeracy. Young adults (16-24 year-olds) have, on average, higher skills proficiency levels than 25-64 year-olds in Germany, and their skills levels are at or above the average of their peers in other participating countries. Germany’s unemployment rates are among the lowest across OECD countries (5.7% of 25-64 year-olds in 2011, compared to the OECD average of 7.1%), and Germany is the only OECD country where unemployment rates fell between 2008 and 2011 (in March 2013, unemployment was 5.4%, compared to the OECD average of 7.9%). Young people are well integrated in the labour market, and only 11 % of 15-29 year-olds were not in education and not employed in 2011 (compared to the OECD average of 15.8%) (Figure 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In much of SSA for example, institutional investors face limits on asset class and geographical exposure. This is true even of the countries that have access to international capital markets. Continued financial fragility and efforts to reduce this by increasing capital buffers (resulting from Basel III) are thought to be motivating many banks in OECD countries to reduce the amount of long-term debt on their balance sheets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The paper looks at the recent demonetization exercise that the government of India imposed on its people. The demonetization exercise was marketed from a Public Interest perspective as a way to eliminate corruption, increase the tax base and to fight terrorism. However, the Public Choice perspective brings out the political self-interest involved in the demonetization exercise. The role of foreign and domestic interest groups involved in pushing for demonetization is explored. Insights from Austrian Economics shows why top down planning fails and results in more controls. Insights from Public Policy shows that the lasting impact of demonetization is an increased interest in digital payments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Ghana, the decrease in school participation as a consequence of the crisis is driven both by a decrease in the number of children who combine school with labour and of those children who only work. School and labour impacts are practically nil in Cameroon with or without a policy response. This suggests that, even more than in the other two countries, interventions should focus more on supply side policies in order to try to reach the relatively small number of children currently out of the school system. In Burkina Faso, the likelihood falls by up to 1.2 percentage points, whereas the impact is more modest, but still substantial in Cameroon and Ghana.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Since the Asian financial crisis of 1998, regional scholars and diplomats have maintained that the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) represents an evolving economic and security community. In addition, many contend that what is known as the ASEAN process not only has transformed Southeast Asia's international relations, but has started to build a shared East Asian regional identity. ASEAN's deeper integration into a security, economic, and political community, as well as its extension into the ASEAN Plus Three processes that were begun after the 1997 financial crisis, offers a test case of the dominant assumptions in both ASEAN scholarship and liberal and idealist accounts of international relations theory. Three case studies of ASEAN operating as an economic and security community demonstrate, however, that the norms and practices that ASEAN promotes, rather than creating an integrated community, can only sustain a pattern of limited intergovernmental and bureaucratically rigid interaction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This translates to 236,700 ha of land, whereas the constmction of the paved 20-metre-w'ide Trans-Mongolian Highw ay takes only about 6,000 ha. Surface water flows are concentrated and accelerated, leading to soil erosion and increased sediment loads in watercourses. Full revegetation of damaged swathes takes 10-15 years after the track has ceased to be in use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The modelling structure is adapted from OECD (2005) and is presented in Annex 2. More details are available in [TAD/CA/APM/WP/RD(2009) 14/FINAL]. This model structure is well suited to analyzing the main sources of risk and risk management strategies, and it responds well to the available farm level data. However, it has some limitations (see Annex 2), for instance, it is not able to capture farmers’ endogenous decisions to change the mix of inputs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It usually takes several years for a whole school to be able to really change perspective and establish new practices. In some subjects, for example Norwegian, teachers have already worked with process-oriented writing, which is based on learning theories similar to AfL. Making this connection allows them to see how to work with AfL in the classroom and how to experiment with new methods and strategies. In other subjects, this can be more difficult. In general, it is not possible to say that AfL has been integrated into teachers’ knowledge base or accepted as a core practice in the profession at present.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The contribution of the distribution effect is rarely as great. Even when it is the predominant factor, its contribution to the decline in poverty is usually under 60%. It did exceed 100% in El Salvador and Mexico, but both are countries where the total change in the poverty rate was veiy small (see table 1.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The German government funded the Madaba management contract, together with the MWI and the WAJ, as part of an effort to enhance the management of wastewater treatment plants. For capital investments, donor funding has proven to be pivotal to attracting private financing. An innovative funding structure that combines private, local and central government, and donor financing was put in place for the As Samra BOT contract, combining 46% of funding from USAID, 45% from the private sector, including a consortium of banks and the project special purpose vehicle, and 8% from the government of Jordan (Degremont, n.d.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Furthermore, perceptions of being treated poorly by the criminal justice system lead many victims to screen themselves out of law enforcement and legal proceedings at an early stage. Victims who are treated insensitively or unsympathetically often decide not to continue with the process. Victims want the violence to end and to be safe and protected. If they do not believe the criminal justice system can help them in that, they will not be cooperative. Many countries have adopted laws and policies to respond to these biases, however, women and girls worldwide continue to experience violence, discrimination and difficulties accessing justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The key diagnostic messages from the questionnaires and the interview programmes organised by the OECD Team largely corroborated the in-depth assessment that the Chilean Government carried out when preparing the National Policy for Urban Development. They are fully in line w'ith the assessment that this present OECD Review has conducted for administrative and regulatory governance, digital government and deployment of ICT in the public sector, and SME development. Territorial governance is crucial, as it heavily depends on how both urban and rural areas can guarantee agreed living standards, develop and prosper. Designing and managing efficient planning and zoning policies, including construction permit procedures, has acquired increasing relevance in the light of the challenges posed by rapidly evolving societies and the globalised economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The issue of good governance assumed enormous significance in debates on global development in the 1990s. By and large, this translated into policies aimed at building accountability of public administration institutions to the broad ‘public’, but omitted to consider two key issues: first, the ‘public’ consists of women and men, who have gender-differentiated needs and interests, second, civil-society institutions have a role to play in creating the demand for democratic, accountable, and just governance. To address these omissions, and to reinforce the importance of bringing a gender perspective to global debates and approaches to international development, KIT Gender, at the Royal Tropical Institute in Amsterdam, initiated a three-year programme in 1999. It is entitled ‘Gender, Citizenship, and Governance’. This article discusses the programme and its relevance to international development, and provides three case studies from the programme, from India, Bangladesh, and South Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
And there are gaps in the series, meaning that for some countries there is only one observ ation (so the averages for 2000-2009 for continental Europe and Asia would change if the estimates were based on countries for which two measurements are available). These factors make the estimated averages useful as illustrations. An initial dilemma is whether the subjective indicators should be taken as dependent variables or independent ones, since there are arguments to support either choice (for example, one plausible hypothesis is that, faced with rising dissatisfaction, governments could step up public spending).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This paper argues that, in today's highly interconnected world, education models, practices, evidence and policies are quickly flowing across borders. Comparative information and science-derived knowledge about foreign education systems are being disseminated and “borrowed” to an unprecedented degree. The “demands” of a competitive world economy and calls for accountability and evidence-based policy have contributed to expanding networks of specialists, who create, interpret and disseminate educational research and policy recommendations. A results-oriented discourse currently prevails. It has shifted the debate about “quality” education from an examination of inputs and processes to one fixated on learning outcomes. Expanding large-scale learning assessments, despite many flaws and limitations, are provoking unwarranted calls for educational reform. A critical perspective toward assessments and their current uses is needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The third principle calls for preventive and supportive measures, including security measures to make schools safer environments, inclusive teaching methods to ensure support for pupils of all abilities, the presence of specialized counsellors among school staff, and the availability of mediators and psychologists for pupils, their parents and teachers. This principle also calls for a specialized team within each school district to provide advice to schools facing particular difficulties. It also underlines the importance of collaborating with NGOs that have specific knowledge and experience in this field.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The obligation of States to respect human rights, including women's rights, referred to the obligation to refrain from doing anything that could violate those rights. Any wrong committed within the private sphere, without any direct intervention by State agents, was not considered a human rights violation. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women covers both public and private acts. Its article 2 (e) specifically addresses the obligation of States to address discrimination against women perpetrated by any person, organization or enterprise, and its article 2 (f) concerns the modification and abolition not only of discriminatory laws and regulations, but also of customs and practices. Its article 5 (a) requires States "to modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women, with a view to achieving the elimination of prejudices and customary and all other practices which are based on the idea of the inferiority or the superiority of either of the sexes or on stereotyped roles for men and women". Rutgers University Press, 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
ABSTRACTThis paper examines the domestic applicability of human rights treaties in Hong Kong in light of the recent Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal decision of GA v Director of Immigration (2014), which concerned refugees’ right to work. In the absence of a comprehensive domestic incorporation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), and the immigration exception to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) incorporated through the Bill of Rights, refugees do not enjoy a right to work in Hong Kong, except in some circumstances where forbidding work may amount to inhuman and degrading treatment under the ICCPR. This paper reviews the adequacy of the legal protection of refugees in Hong Kong, and argues for a more comprehensive domestic incorporation of the ICESCR to ensure the applicability of the rights thereunder.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Even countries with similar water stress levels show greater cost of abstracting water: Spain and Turkey charge four times the Mexican rates. In the case of Chihuahua the lion’s share of irrigation is done through underwater sources. Based on the Mexican Constitution’s Article 27 and the National Water Law of 1992, Mexico transferred the management of many irrigation systems to local user groups (i.e. farmers) (Garrido and Calatrava, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Large-scale changes to farmland habitats and biodiversity have been documented overtime by means of various measures and indicators. Monitoring of yearly changes is problematic due to the gradual and/or small-scale changes on the individual farms, and because of the multi-layered effects such changes may have on the farmland biodiversity. Effects are obvious on longer terms although challenging to link directly to individual factors and elements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For the projection period, biofuel markets are projected to be highly influenced by mandates and other incentives in countries all over the world, with the US, Brazil and the EU playing major roles, respectively, on ethanol and biodiesel markets. Based on sustained political support for biofuels, the Outlook projects increasing world biofuel prices and these will also be underpinned by rising crude oil and energy prices. The world ethanol price2 should follow an increasing trend to reach USD 54.4 per hi in 2019 supported by demand conditions in the US market where the Conventional Renewable Fuels mandate is assumed to be binding over the entire projection period. These quantities are far above the average 2007-09 base levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
With a total length of 120 km. It discharges into the Orontes River at the confluence with the Afrin River north of Antakya (see Overview Map). The annual flow volume of the Karasu is approximately 40 MCM/yr.” Precipitation in the basin ranges from around 300 mm/yr (the mean annual rainfall at Aleppo, Syria, is 332 mm) to around 800 mm/yr,'2 with highs in December and January and lows in June and July (Figure 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Specific examples drawing on experiences in Australia, England, Netherlands, Sweden and the United States are explored further in the following sections. Other promising examples, for which there is not space to describe in full here, are developing in a number of other OECD countries and progress should be followed attentively, for example the MARS project in Switzerland and the Scottish Recovery Indicator 2 approach. Countries have adopted different approaches to the development of indicators, standards and targets. Differences exist between countries in the extent to which such measures are mandatory or not, which in turn may be related to their purpose.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The instrument has 12 items measuring four domains of behaviour, impairment, symptoms and social functioning (Wing et al., Each item is scored from 0 (no problem) to 4 (severe problem) yielding a total score in the range of 0 (best) to 48 (worst) (Table 4.11). Scores at the second point in time can be more challenging to obtain if there are issues of staff changes or patient access (Jacobs, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This study is the contribution of the UNECE Committee on Forests and the Forest Industry (COFFI) and the FAO European Forestry Commission (EFC) to the eleventh session of the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF), which will assess progress towards the global objectives as a part of the process of revieving the International Arrangement on Forests. It has been prepared by the secretariat, using the best available international data. Countries have been consulted as regards the data, the study itself was discussed in draft form at a workshop organized by the joint UNECE/FAO Team of Specialists on Monitoring Sustainable Forest Management (21-22 October 2014 in Geneva, Switzerland) and at the 72nd session of the UNECE Committee on Forests and the Forest Industry (COFFI) held in Kazan, Russian Federation (18-21 November 2014). The final draft was circulated to countries for comment in December 2014 and those comments have been taken into account when preparing the final version.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Whether there is a need for social assistance policies and targeted poverty reduction programmes will depend crucially on the success of industrial and macroeconomic policies in generating employment and ensuring decent wages. At the same time, social spending can make the carrying out of industrial policies easier by providing a more educated and more healthy labour force. Population ageing, climate change and food insecurity pose further policy challenges to ensuring that economic and social development will be sustainable for all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Post 9/11, our research, like many of our colleagues, has turned towards the complex social phenomena that are related to the global expansion of capitalism and imperialist interventions around the world. Beginning with projects looking at the relationships between so-called “radicalization” and liberal democracy, we have explored questions of citizenship, migration, national security, post-war reconstruction, democracy promotion, and neoliberal social policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Housing demolition has been one of the major sources of social conflict in contemporary China. Drawing on evidence collected in fieldwork investigations, this article examines the pressure of protest-supported housing demolition litigation and its impacts. It finds that under the pressure of litigation, the courts have devised coping mechanisms to constrain the housing demolition authorities, and that social change angling toward more transparency and accountability has occurred. The article argues that this change is made possible as the maintenance of social stability has become not only the paramount concern of the regime, but also the performance assessment criterion for local officials and judges. The findings deepen our understanding of the causes and consequences of judicial empowerment in China and shed light on the dynamics of judicial politics in other regimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus, he further developed the idea, put forward in his early writings with Marx, that the main objective of the institution of the family was to ensure the transmission of private wealth down the generations.6 In his observation, Engels argued that, within the context of the patriarchal family, the organization of households and the care given to their members (mostly by women) became a private service that did not form part of social production. Engels even went so far as to identify the strain created in this context by the growing need of capitalism to incorporate women into the workforce. Indeed, the view was taken that women could only free themselves from this burden and achieve equality with men once domestic and care work had become socialized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2005, the metropolitan area of Concepcion inaugurated the BIO Train service, providing a 48-kilometre link between the city of Concepcion and the municipalities of Talcahuano, San Pedro de la Paz, Chiguayante and Hualqui (www.biotren.cl/BiotrenEmpresa.aspx accessed 30 October 2012). In addition, a new fleet of buses with more capacity and better conditions for passengers (taxibuses) was established in 2011, and a new service of night buses was established in June 2012. Public authorities have been resolving the chief problems identified in the design and operation of this system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)