albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Recent years have seen increased interest in data-driven methods in legal research. Technologies provide new automated alternatives to traditional doctrinal approaches, which rely on manual information retrieval. In this article, we address one aspect of this development. On the basis of a citation network containing judgments on Article 14 of the European Convention of Human Rights, we identify which cases are most frequently cited and explicitly used in the legal argumentation of the European Court of Human Rights. We subsequently compare our findings with presentations of Article 14 in German, French, and British textbooks. We aim to demonstrate that 1) network analysis can provide relevant input to legal analysis by relying on objective measures of case importance and 2) scholarship relying on traditional doctrinal methods is more dependent on the authors' subjective outlook than necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This study used content and textual analysis of four newspapers—the Bangkok Post, The Nation, Thai Rath and Matichon––between 1 November 2013 and the general election on 2 February 2014 to examine how they framed the Thai political crisis. The content analysis produced six dominant frames, namely, democracy, chaos (or anarchy), violence, social injustice, public disapproval and negative impact. Through these frames, the textual analysis portrayed how the elected government struggled to defend democracy as opposition protesters mounted civil disobedience and Bangkok shutdown campaigns to put pressure on it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Moreover, some studies (Khera and Nayak 2009) have shown that this programme brought significant benefits for women, including improvement of their food security and ability to avoid hazardous work. The sample covers married women aged between 25 and 54 years, who live in rural areas, and whose household participated in NREGA programme. In 2009, 12 701 women of the sample live in households that participated in the programme and 56 333 did not.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the same time, the higher market participation brought about by higher wages for women actually lowers human capacities production because of the time squeeze type effects of the low road. These effects can be so pronounced that human capacities investment plays no role in moderating profit-led growth. Thus the term exploitation refers to how production and growth are predicated on exploiting women’s reproductive labour and human resources in general.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Small-scale aquaculture did not usually develop infrastructure, but the sector benefited from existing infrastructure. These systems showed profitability (although small) and improvement in household cash flow. The Nha Trang indicators are a useful step in this direction, but further refinements are needed to make the system more adaptable to the intricacies of diverse small-scale aquaculture systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Between 1700 and World War II, the economy was almost exclusively based on exports of agricultural semi-processed and primary products, mainly sugar and bananas. The mining of bauxite and its processing into alumina became the leading export industry by the end of the decade. At the end of the 1950s, tourism expanded rapidly as a result of redirecting the flow of American tourists from revolutionary Cuba.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This raises the cost of imports including inputs used for agriculture. As a result, Brazil has a low participation in global value chains, while the import content for all Brazilian exports is estimated to reach only 10%, and 7% for exports of primary agricultural commodities and food products. In addition to protection at the border, Brazil uses local content provisions in publicly-financed projects, this condition is also imposed by the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES) on loans for capital goods, including by the agro-food and agro-processing sectors. Imported capital goods are not financed under the National Rural Credit System, except if there is no similar product made domestically, while those products are subject to a minimum of 60% local content provision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Overall increases in the return to human capital assets like education and experience have increased inequality in the last 20-30 years in a number of developing countries in East Asia and Latin America.11 In some cases, expansions in education can actually lead to increases in inequality in the context of increasing returns to schooling. The increase in returns to education is more important than many other factors in accounting for the rise in inequality in a number of countries over the 1980s and 1990s (Bourguignon, Ferreira and Lustig, 2005). Conversely, a fall in the returns to tertiary education may also help explain falling inequality. Figure 4.10 Panel A shows how between 2001 and 2006 in Brazil, wages did not rise as much for the more educated as they would have done if returns to education had not fallen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The policy covers up to 50% of the interest payable on new and existing loans for the first year of EC declaration, and the rate of subsidy can increase up to 80% for subsequent years. The maximum payment is AUD 100 000 for any 12-month period and AUD 500 000 for five-year period. On the other hand, ECRP is a welfare payment that intends to assist day-to-day family and personal living expense.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
By 31 May 2015, 23 of the 28 EU member states had fulfilled their legal obligations to establish "EUTR competent authorities" and sanctions regimes and to begin checks on EU operators. The remaining five member states (Greece, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Spain) were still in the fulfilment process. The number of EUTR monitoring organizations formally recognized by the EU increased from three in January 2014 to 11 in May 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Current research on multicultural teams tends to exhibit a bias towards studying the negative effects of team diversity more than the positive. This negative bias has limited our understanding of the conditions that promote the benefits of diversity and of the mechanisms that foster these benefits. In this article, we highlight a complementary perspective, namely the idea that cultural diversity and cultural differences can be an asset rather than a liability. This perspective has been present in the practitioner and anecdotal literature, but has thus far not received much rigorous research attention. Using a lens of Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS), we draw upon recent research on cultural diversity in teams to explore the positive aspects of cross-cultural dynamics in teams and identify some of the processes underlying these effects in more rigorous ways, proposing a future research agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One example of a comprehensive, national implementation of such a platform-enabled on-demand marketplace is FlexDanmark (see Box 1). This system builds on regulatory requirements to ensure health- and education-related accessibility across the country to create a nationally co-ordinated and optimised on-demand transport facilitated by a common IT platform. By centralising information on demand and creating a marketplace to provide flexible supply, it enables specialised trips (medical, school, etc.) For example, some operate fixed routes that are in-part crowd-sourced by users (e.g. Chariot - see Figure 2) and others offer services where riders are directed to pop-up stops within defined geographic areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The advantage is that transporting water is less strenuous for the elderly and children and allows transportation of a larger quantity of water, thereby reducing the number of trips needed. These innovations have somewhat assisted those with basic drinking water needs, but the lack of access to safely managed drinking water is still a persisting problem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is inter alia so because when known reserves start to be depleted, greater effort typically is dedicated to identifying new reserves as a replacement. Furthermore, the quality of statistics on proven reserves as published e.g. by British Petroleum is substantially affected by the mismatch between private information and public information, as private information held by companies and government officials involved in exploration is only partially divulged for strategic economic and political reasons. Statistical information on extraction (production) and use (consumption) of primary fuels and products is much more reliable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Moreover, a more active approach to protect and realise higher value from natural assets can support wealth creation and wellbeing for Ethiopians for whom natural resources are important assets in delivering key ecosystem services (e.g. food security, clean and secure water supplies, greater resilience to extreme weather events), and to build competitiveness to attract a wider range of investment and partnerships apart from climate financing. Thus equal attention should also be given to other environmental priorities, such as sustainable management of biodiversity and ecosystem services, sustainable land management, and improving provision of water and sanitation, to ensure many more ordinary citizens in the country can benefit. Shifting domestic investments toward “green” activities can be pursued in parallel with the international climate agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The report of the Fourth Session of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, stated that "Indigenous peoples have the right to benefit from the Millennium Development Goals and from other goals and aspirations contained in the Millennium Declaration to the same extent as all others"." However, by failing to ground the goals in an approach that upholds indigenous peoples' individual and collective rights, the MDGs fall short in addressing the health disparities that persist between indigenous peoples and other poor, marginalized groups. By advancing the dominant paradigms of health and development rather than an approach based on individual and collective human rights, the MDGs also promote projects that are potentially detrimental to indigenous peoples by violating their rights to their collective lands, territories and natural resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
With regard to water quantity', however, "ecological demands" might conflict with anthropogenic water uses. Actually, required ecological flows - supporting the healthy functioning of aquatic ecosystems - can even differ between different segments of rivers and lakes/reservoirs. This has finally to be determined through monitoring and assessment of the relevant biological quality elements, such as benthic invertebrate fauna, phytoplankton, phytobenthos, macrophvtes and fish.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
At one level, the causes of flooding are straightforward. Simply put, some coastal and inland areas are already below mean sea level and therefore increasingly vulnerable to flooding. But the reasons for the increasing vulnerability are complex, and are related largely to human action at local and global scales.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Tax differentiation usually takes the form of a broadly revenue-neutral package of tax changes, with increases in some tax rates and reductions in others, so the overall effect on revenue is rather small. A charge is levied when the product is sold and then fully or partly refunded when the good or its container are returned after use. Such arrangements can be mandatory or instituted on an entirely voluntary basis by producers themselves, where the recovery of items is sufficiently valuable (e.g. reusable printer cartridges).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
These three purposes are: recognising adaptation efforts of developing country Parties, reviewing adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation action and support, and reviewing progress towards the global adaptation goal. Those aims can also include sharing lessons among countries about good practices and actions that worked less well, as well as the narratives behind these results, which in turn can help to enhance implementation of adaptation action. Much of the information needed to fulfil these global aims is the same as that needed to gain national-level benefits, but also possibly a broader range of information. Further details are discussed in Section 4.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Future PFBRs are estimated to cost nearly INR70 000/kW or around USD 1250/kW (Kakodkar, 2008). Based on experience with the imported LWR types under construction or planned, India may also decide to develop its own LWR type, with the longer-term opportunity to export this technology to other countries. Indeed, for the Russian LWRs currently under construction, most of the work has been undertaken by Indian staff. Government incentives on a central and state level - largely through capital subsidies, tax incentives, feed-in tariffs and RPOs - has been pushing the deployment of renewable technologies in recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, the CAP 2014-20 offers more flexibility to member states to re-introduce commodity-specific and output-linked measures. A better alternative would be for member states to focus support on measures to improve the long-term productivity, profitability, sustainability and competitiveness of the sector. The "Plan to Create Vitality for Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery Industries and Local Communities” aims at revitalising the agricultural sector in view of significant drops in output and farming incomes over the past two decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The reforms increased the flexibility of the previously highly-centralised education system by introducing greater freedom of choice with regard to programme types, textbook selection and teaching methods. They also promoted democratic participation in educational processes by granting more responsibility to municipalities and parents (Zogla, Andersone and Cemova, 2007). In the vocational education system, a process of consolidation was initiated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, Gillett et al. ( With both points of view in mind, it would appear that the strength of the relationship is highest once the technology has achieved a certain critical mass but before it reaches saturation (see Figure 2). At low levels of broadband penetration, we believe the impact of broadband on the economy is minimal due to the "critical mass" concept. According to the "return to scale" theory, the impact of telecommunications infrastructure on the economic output is maximized once the infrastructure reaches a critical mass point, generally associated with levels of penetration of developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The notion of development within the orthodoxy was linked to modernization and underpinned by Keynesianism, structuralism and an elementary version of welfarism. Methodologically, most branches of development economics were attached to the notion that development involved a transition through modernization to the ideal-type of advanced capitalism, represented most notably by the five stages of economic growth popularized by Rostow (1960) (see also Fine and Saad-Filho, 2011). This “big push” approach was presumably essential to deliver rapid growth, employment creation, macroeconomic stability and a sustainable balance of payments, which, in turn, should reduce poverty through trickle down, especially via employment creation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The inflow of migrants from Russia's central regions to the "regions of new development" quickly turned indigenous peoples into minorities in their homelands. Between 1926 and 1935, under a decade, the share of indigenous peoples in the districts with indigenous populations in the northern parts of Russia fell from 56 per cent to 35 per cent. It further decreased to 15 per cent in 1970 and 4.4 per cent in 1989. They practised reindeer herding, fishing and hunting in taiga and tundra.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This may be a result of improved incomes and a similar phenomenon as above may be at work impacting the workforce numbers. The other contributing factors, as per their analysis, were: (i) diminishing self-employment opportunities for men, leading to a greater number of women losing their status as unpaid family labour, (ii) loss of employment as casual labour in agriculture, which pushed them back into the households, and (iii) men moving from household agriculture and manufacturing to casual labour in construction. These include their age, life cycle events, education, location of residence, social status, living standard, employment of men in the family, social constraints, mobility, labour market conditions, wage rates, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Most of these taxes are based on energy consumption: 73% of tax revenues come from an oil duty, 15% from the motor vehicle tax and 11% from the electricity tax. With the sharp decline in energy intensity since 1990 and the increase in energy prices, environmental taxes declined as a share of GDP and are now standing close to the OECD average (Figure 4). In 2009, environmental tax revenues accounted for 2.3% of GDP and 6% of total tax revenues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Traditionally, trade and investment promotion organizations (TIPOs) have been providing such information to SMEs. They also provide services such as e-marketing for sellers and the use of big data analytics for more targeted advertising. In addition, the popularity of peer platforms has turned them into quality assessment tools through ratings and reviews, which help SMEs improve their products and services further as well as build trust and loyalty with clients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For instance, it is necessary to monitor wind speeds for at least one year before building a wind turbine (World Bank, 2008b: 8). The most attractive options have often been applications that are income generating and are linked to existing agricultural activities or agro/forest industries. Where customers are concentrated, it can be more economical to connect them to a small grid or a centrally located generating system, typically based on RETs, on a diesel generator or on a diesel-renewable hybrid solution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is important to define operational criteria that prevent the impairment of labour rights, particularly through the provision of acceptable wages to satisfy basic needs during the emergency period. In this case a public-policy proposal would be for the region's countries to start formulating those solidarity-based schemes on a permanent basis, to prevent the total loss of productive wealth and capital of vulnerable persons who suffer disaster damage. In addition, countries of the region that are located in zones of major seismic activity should consider implementing a collective insurance policy funded by cross-subsidies or solidarity financing based on contributions from higher-income households, to make it possible to incorporate those that are socially vulnerable. In this regard, Mexico has a key experience of participation by different government departments in the design and implementation of mechanisms to coordinate disaster-mitigation, prevention or repair programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It has also given increasing prominence to green growth and, in 201B, established a Directorate for Green Economy in the Ministry of Environment. Before an industrial plant can be established, a company now must show an environmental and social impact assessment and an environmental and social management plan. The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Cote d'Ivoire has been active in promoting green industrialization. The target is to increase that share to 40 per cent by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These are playing an increasing role in the water sector, limiting CONAGUA’s role to the administration of the NWL, the co-ordination of water policies, the conduct of national water policy, and planning, supervision, support and regulatory activities. It is composed of the highest representatives from SEMARNAT, the Ministry for Social Development (SEDESOL), the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fishing and Food Supply (SAGARPA), the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit (SHCP), the Ministry of Energy (SENER), the Ministry of Public Administration (SFP), the National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR), and the Mexican Institute of Water Technology (IMTA). With administrative and financial autonomy, it is responsible for implementing the National Water Resources Policy and the principles of integrated water resource management, granting and providing funds, regulating access to water, promoting its sustainable use and arbitrating conflicts among users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Although temporary special measures are permissive, rather than mandatory, the CEDAW Committee encourages State parties to take such measures in order to correct under-rep-resentation of women in any area in which it occurs, particularly in relation to the inclusion of women in decision-making. Concluding Observations Peru Fifth Periodic Report.” Instead, difference must be accommodated by changing structu res.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Preparing young people to meet new contemporary challenges means to review and update the pedagogies teachers use. However, despite the increased reporting of teachers and schools that are innovating, schools remain largely seen as very resistant places for innovation. To address the importance and challenges of implementing new pedagogies, this paper brings together leading experts to reflect on key areas of pedagogy. In particular, each chapter addresses a pedagogical dimension that together offers a conceptual framework for action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A matching funds approach may also be considered, which provides an incentive for domestic revenue rising in order to obtain additional ODA. As proposed by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, it is also worth working towards international consensus on non-traditional forms of development finance, such as a currency transaction tax, regular allocations of IMF special drawing rights (SDRs), and the use of “idle" SDRs (UN/DESA, 2012). Another non-traditional source of development finance is the channelling of a fraction of the resources of Sovereign Wealth Funds to LDCs, either directly or through regional development banks, as proposed by UNCTAD. A simple calculation estimated that through the latter alternative, if 1 per cent of the assets from those funds were directed to the capital base of regional development banks, this could mobilize an additional $84 billion in their annual lending capacity (UNCTAD, 2011: 109-123).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Includes respondents living in a dwelling owned by a third individual (not a household member, but possibly a relative of family member) and not paying rent. In the Soviet era, these networks were based on inflated demand forecasts, and in single-industry towns (monotowns) utility networks were reliant on financial support and technical expertise from the town’s dominant industrial facility (ADB, 2012a). During the transition period, little or no investment was made in maintenance and repair of municipal networks. However, this recently changed, and repair and maintenance of municipal utility networks is prominent in the State Programme of Infrastructure Development (Nurly Zhol).29 Through this programme, municipal utility companies can benefit from heavily subsidised loans for which they apply through their local administrations. There are often no alternative heating options for urban households, since there is no natural gas supply infrastructure (except in urban centres in southern Kazakhstan, including Almaty City).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)