albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Quality indicators should focus on chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, as well as mental health, given Costa Rica’s evolving health care burden. Validated metrics of the quality of primary care for these conditions are well established internationally (such the OECD’s Health Care Quality Indicators), and should be adopted by Costa Rica. Costa Rica should aim to submit data to the OECD’s Health Care Quality Indicators project in 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, having skills is not enough, to achieve growth, both for a country and for an individual, skills must be put to productive use at work. The Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) measures both adults’ proficiency in key information-processing skills, as described in previous chapters, and how those skills are used in the workplace. It also assesses the use of a variety of generic competencies at work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Thus, the future lies in workers creating economic value with machines rather than against them. Expert opinbn is divided between those who see a secular decline in productivity, and those who see a divergence between “frontier" firms fhat adopt new technologies and reach historically high productivity, and other firms that lag behind. However, the interpretatbn of current trends is complicated by issues pertaining to the appropriateness of existing indicators to measure productivity in the new technological era. Similar considerations apply to concerns about technological convergence driving simultaneous convergence in platforms, commercial interest and investments that can result in concentration of market power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Brochures are available in Romanian describing the national and nature parks but more could be done to attract tourism, as administrators are responsible by contract for establishing a tourism strategy and a communication strategy with the local communities on tourism. This plan allows the Park to mobilize resources for financing its activities. It has already made progress in building the necessary infrastructure to receive more visitors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Finnish governmental position has been generally positive as to the accept-ability of the major principles of the Convention for the Protection of Human Beings and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine (Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, European Treaty Series 164/4.IV.1997, belowConvention). Finland signed the Convention among the first one signatories, and the Finnish government aims at the ratification of the Convention by the end of this year 2000, obviously without intending to make any reservation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is critical that governments take the necessary steps to ensure that the current economic crisis does not lead to unsustainable fishing. However, OECD production continued its long-term downward trend which has seen production decline by an average of 2.7% a year over the last decade. In 2006, the value of OECD marine capture production totalled USD 31 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Instead, it is best to distribute ownership across all relevant departments. In the Lisbon municipality, pedestrian accessibility design templates were adopted and implemented by a range of departments, such as Public Space, Public Works and Local Intervention. These models cover all factors related to physical accessibility, such as relation to nearby public transport stops, drainage, lighting, signal timings and type of pavement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Children of Austerity: Impact of the Great Recession on Child Poverty in Rich Countries, Oxford University Press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797968.003.0013. Child income poverty rate is usually defined as the proportion of children (0-17 year olds) that live in households with an equivalised income of less than a certain threshold below which all family members are considered to be poor. The focus is on the income situation of children relative to the average individual in the country, defined as the person with median income, not the median child (Corak, 2005|86i).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Second, IUSAs are likely to be more appropriate when the objective is to smooth consumption rather than unemployment-related poverty alleviation. By contrast, unemployment compensation systems that put more weight on alleviating unemployment-related poverty require more redistribution which may be more effectively provided by traditional UI. Third, individual IUSA systems are more effective in the context of frequent and short unemployment spells.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While Sao Paulo's metropolitan underground railway system has 71 km of rail tracks, Mexico City has more than 200 km. Improving urban transport systems is one of the focuses of the Growth Acceleration Programme PAC2, which is meant to fund infrastructure investments across Brazil. Strengthening the capacity of local governments to execute projects, such as by withdrawing unused funds quicker and making such local administrative failure public, might be one way forward.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Northern Territory in Australia has introduced a coaching model that involves evaluators and school principals as part of its School Accountability and Performance Improvement Framework. This coaching model aims to encourage school principals’ commitment for the wider school evaluation, school self-evaluation and individual appraisal process and to develop related competencies. The province-wide appraisal system in Ontario, Canada, requires district school boards to provide training for evaluators to ensure effective implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Given the high dependency on agriculture of hundreds of millions of poor and food-insecure rural people, the potential impacts on agricultural incomes - with economy-wide ramifications in low-income countries that are highly dependent on agriculture - are a major concern. The IPCC also helped catalyse the development of Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs), which describe alternative development futures, to be used alongside the RCPs to analyse feedback between climate change and socioeconomic factors (Box 7). The authors compare the effects of the exogenous climate change shock on yields of four crop aggregates - coarse grains, oil seeds, wheat and rice - which account for about 70 percent of the global crop harvested area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Dr Correa finalized his presentation by sounding the alert to the potential creation of monopolies if standards contain elements protected as intellectual property, such as trade secrets. The panel explained that a request for such a solution must be made by a member state, and probably through the FAO or WHO, although these organizations should work closely with the WTO. The EC has issued a letter indicating that, in the next revision of the registration regulations in Europe, all mention of FAO specifications will be deleted. The panel indicated that the standards themselves have undergone a risk assessment, but that the conformity assessment of similar pesticide products to the standard requires an evaluation by a single entity, the JMPS, which implies a serious bottleneck.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Abstract   The forced distribution rating system (FDRS) is frequently used to appraise an employee's performance. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize theory and empirical research to present an integrative model for understanding the potential benefits and risks of a FDRS on the three components of job performance: task, citizenship, and counterproductive performance. A FDRS may lead to higher task performance in the relatively short-term, as it initially motivates effort as well as helps attract and retain top talent. Caution is in order, however, as a FDRS may also lead to lower citizenship performance and higher counterproductive performance through injustice perceptions and dysfunctional competition. Over time, the risks of a FDRS on job performance may increasingly outweigh initial benefits, particularly under certain task (interdependence) and group (cultural) characteristics. Implications of a FDRS for human resource management research and practice are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One of the main functions of international parliamentary institutions (IPIs) consists of conducting parallel diplomatic relations, known as parliamentary diplomacy, especially in the fields of peace-building, crisis management and democracy promotion. The effectiveness of this form of so-called ‘parliamentarization’ of international relations is often called into question, and can only be judged through systematic empirical work. This article aims at contributing to this debate by exploring the parliamentary diplomacy activities performed by one of the most prominent parliamentary actors in Euro–Mediterranean relations: the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (PAM). What kinds of tools has PAM adopted to implement its parliamentary diplomacy function? What is the impact of PAM’s parliamentary diplomacy? The article considers the following elements: legal and policy instruments, institutional features, functions performed while in session, activities directly addressing the national level, and parliamentary diplomacy as such. The period encompassed by the analysis ranges from 2006 to 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Table 5.2 presents 2007 data in selected countries, showing the percentage of women in senior positons in political parties. The data reveal that while political parties are no longer a male-exclusive institution, there is still considerable room for more female participation. Women make up almost 60 per cent of local government positions in Lesotho and Seychelles, 43 per cent of the members of local councils or municipal assemblies in Namibia, and over one-third of local government seats in Mauritania, Mozambique, United Republic of Tanzania and Uganda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Europe, grid-level costs for wind onshore represent about 20-65% of the total electricity generation cost for dispatchable technologies, while even higher values are observed for solar and wind offshore, on average, grid-level integration costs for renewables account for about 50% of the total electricity production cost.21 As an illustration of the relation between plant-level and grid-level system costs, Figure 4.9 shows the total costs for the six technologies in the United Kingdom. This analysis, however, does not fully account for other important aspects associated with the introduction of the new technology into the electricity system. The reference system is a mix of conventional dispatchable technology such as gas (CCGT), coal and nuclear based on the respective shares in the national energy mix. The "new” electricity system is constituted by variable renewable sources, at 10% or 30% penetration level, while the residual electrical load is covered by dispatchable technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In some cases, traders act as intermediaries to reduce the dependence of grain or cotton farmers on a monopsonist elevator or gin owner, or to help identify options such as direct sale of grain to flour mills depending on the state of the export market (see Chapter 3). It should be emphasised that with hyperinflation and rapid change in the product mix, all macroeconomic data up to 1995 must be treated with caution. The targets for 2015 include the following: 80% of construction materials to be provided by building materials produced in Kazakhstan, domestic oil refineries will satisfy the country’s fuel requirements, exports of metallurgical goods will double, and production of chemical goods will triple from 2009 levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This “unexplained” part subsumes the effects of group differences in unobserved predictors, such as the ability or other personal characteristics of female and male business owners. Enterprises are defined as women (men)-owned if one or more women (men) own more than 50% of the shares. As discussed in Chapter 24, the single most decisive factor in the gender productivity gap is the lower capital intensity of women-owned enterprises - it accounts for 38% of the gap. The lower average size of women-owned enterprises explains a large part of the gender differential in profits and in employment growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In this article, I argue against the overstatement of the binding effects of precedent in common law and against the understatement of the relevance of precedent in civil law. I try to show that judges and courts in both kind of systems have to acknowledge relevant precedents and then provide persuasive reasons for following or not following them. Blindly following precedent, just as blind application of statutes, is acceptable only in the 'empire of mechanical jurisprudence'. Ignoring precedent in the name of judicial independence, on the other hand, is acceptable only in the empire of arbitrary jurisprudence. Legal systems subscribing to the rule of law can neither be mechanical nor arbitrary. They have to care about legitimacy of the judicial process. They have to explain themselves and they have to do so persuasively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Recent evidence has found declining returns on investment and increasing unemployment rates among vocational graduates. Transition rates from junior secondary school to vocational secondary school are much lower in eastern Indonesia, particularly in Maluku, West Papua and Papua. The same trend also occurs in the transition rates from senior secondary school to higher education. The highest transition rates from senior secondary to higher education can be seen in Jakarta and Yogyakarta (ACDP, 2013b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This chapter illustrates some of the initiatives that the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) participated in and launched of relevance to this category. The most debated issues were: public private partnership (PPP) as model for implementing broadband networks, the application of lessons from Moore's law in order to promote broadband and achieve the SDGs, key factors to make rural communication projects successful and sustainable, evolving IMT systems, standards, technologies and architecture supporting mobile broadband, the ITU GIS-based transmission maps as a useful tool for identifying the missing links and improving broadband connectivity. This new Agenda will constitute the new global shared vision, goals and targets to be achieved by 2020 in collaboration with all stakeholders across the ICT ecosystem. The maps are a cutting-edge ICT-data mapping platform for taking stock of national backbone connectivity (fibre and microwave) as well as of other key metrics of the ICT sector, the platform currently covers Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, the Arab States, CIS, Europe and Latin America, with data from more than 300 operators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In developed and developing markets alike, entrepreneurs and tech MSMEs are at the forefront of industry disruption. More than two billion adults still don’t have a formal bank account, but 1.6 billion of these do have access to a mobile phone. Digital financial inclusion can help boost poverty eradication, job creation, gender equality and women’s empowerment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, the institutional setting of the agencies under its supervision was subject to significant adjustment as part of the Programme for Restructuring the Government’s Central Administration (PRACE). The purpose of this programme, launched by the central government in 2005, was to increase the coherence and efficiency of public administration. The APA is the principal body responsible for monitoring and implementing environmental policies with regard to climate change, air pollution and air quality, noise reduction and waste management.1 In the area of nature protection and biodiversity conservation, reorganisation of the Institute for Nature Conservation and Biodiversity (ICNB) has included the establishment of five new Regional Departments for Management of Classified Areas (DGACs). In 2009, the Institute for the Regulation of Water and Solid Waste (IRAR), responsible for regulating water and waste services, was reorganised into the Water and Waste Services Regulation Authority (ERSAR).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A good education is essential for a life out of poverty. The negative correlation between the risk of poverty and educational attainment of the household head holds in all countries. Individuals living in a household with a head having completed higher education have the lowest probability of living in poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Thus, in order to recognize the significance of their benefits and multiplier effects, project planning for infrastructure needs to consider the following public policy aspects: (a) public goods, (b) spillover effects, (c) time horizon of the project cycle, (d) project partnership, and (e) national policy frameworks. This also requires that appropriate governance structures are in place, especially in procurement processes, to enhance the impact of private sector investment in developing sustainable infrastructure. Indeed, the efficiency-adjusted approach demonstrates that the productive capacity of public capital has largely been underestimated when employing traditional methods to measure the role of public capital stock (Gupta and others, 2014). Similarly, evidence also emphasizes the efficiency of public investment as (efficiency-adjusted) public capital is a significant contributor to growth (Gupta and others, 2014, IMF, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Many conflicts in the Asia-Pacific region have included sexual violence crimes targeted primarily against women. However, in comparison to other regions, Asia-Pacific states have been reluctant to embrace international law innovations to end impunity for such crimes into the future, as evidenced by their unwillingness to become signatories to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Of the 39 countries constituting the Asia-Pacific region, only 17—less than half—have joined the Rome Statute. This article initially surveys some of the reasons for non-ratification of the Statute. It further examines the role of civil society and the potential normative impact of the Statute to enhance national sexual violence legislation and prosecutions. Finally, it identifies some practical steps that the Australian government could take to encourage regional states to ratify, implement and enforce the Rome Statute in order to further protect all victims of international crimes and bolster the broader Women, ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The article reflects on the revision of a Brazilian historical trauma: the military dictatorship. With the perspective of the field of communication and theoretical support for discussions about memory and forgetfulness, a recent public policy is taken as the starting point of the analysis: the National Truth Commission (CNV). Established in 2012 to investigate serious cases of human rights violations that occurred especially during the period of the military dictatorship, the CNV ended its work in December 2014 with the release of a report. Through the Content Analysis, we investigate the conclusions and recommendations of this document and also 82 reports about the episode, published in mainstream vehicles (such as Folha de S. Paulo, G1, Jornal Nacional, O Estado de S. Paulo and O Globo) between December 10 and 12, 2014. The objective is to question the (re)significances of the dictatorship in contemporary times.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Income does not always reflect the real level of resources available. A family's economic capacity, its security and spending power, are based not only on household income at a single point in time but also on savings and debts, on home ownership and house values, on previous earnings and future expectations, on the help that may be available from other family members, and perhaps on the value of home-produced goods such as food and clothes. This may make a substantial difference to real 'disposable household income'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Ministry’s role further includes building capacity for system evaluation, i.e. developing the capacity of different actors within the system to improve evaluation. As part of this role, it monitors the performance of the education Crown entities including the New Zealand Qualifications Authority (NZQA), the New Zealand Teachers Council and Career Services. In addition, the Ministry’s performance improvement actions are also monitored by the Treasury. The Treasury provides advice to the Ministry in ensuring value for money and providing better public services at lower cost.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, it is the long-term effects that are the most interesting. The authors argue that the dynamic innovation effect is likely to generate the largest job expansions, as firms invest in research to exploit new low carbon opportunities that generate further investment and job growth that potentially could trigger a fundamental overhaul of the economic system.60 Whilst this latter point is perhaps optimistic and relies heavily on economies adapting and equipping their future workforce with the skills and capacity to achieve this, it does offer some credibility to the view that a “green utopia” is within long-term reach of developed economies. Many of these findings suggest strong growth prospects, often above forecast trend growth rates, which support much of the consensus on the scale of the opportunity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They were formulated on the basis of a review and analysis of the best forestry practices, both national and international. Its usefulness for implementing industrial policies is demonstrated in the detailed list of programmes and lines of action set out below. This database would make it easier to monitor levels of commercialization of the concessions' wood products and assist decision-making on the subject. The system should focus on the preparation and management of cost and expenditure budgets, investment budgets, and cash and credit flow projections, among things.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Galway Statement on Atlantic Ocean Cooperation w'as signed and a research alliance was launched in May 2013 at the Marine Institute, Galway, Ireland. This historical agreement focused on aligning ocean observations and research among the three participants. Other potential areas for co-operation include: (1) sharing of data, such as on temperature, salinity and acidity, (2) interoperability and coordination of observing infrastructures, such as measurement buoys and research vessels, (3) sustainable management of ocean resources, (4) seabed and benthic habitat mapping, (5) promoting researcher mobility, and (6) identifying and recommending future research priorities. Research on aquaculture is one of the main issues in the Alliance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Since the reform of state-approved contracts (contrats responsables) in 2014, complementary insurance plans, except in rare cases, cover all forms of co-payment. While the numerous levels of co-payments may reduce the transpar ency of the system for households, the systematic acceptance of co-payments by state-approved contracts helps reduce the number of people foregoing treatment. In addition, access to care is facilitated by the fact that use of the direct payment system (tiers payant) is obligatory when dealing with fragile populations (CMU-C (complementary universal health coverage), ACS (vouchers) and AT-MP (occupational risks), but also ALD (long-term illnesses) and persons receiving maternity care since 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)