albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The outcome will depend primarily on the distribution of gains from policy change. Recent empirical work by the OECD and IMF suggests that the starting point hardly affects labour market reforms, but is significant in the case of product market reforms (OECD 2006, IMF 2004). The gap between current and potential resource rent can provide fishing industry groups with sufficient incentives to push for sectoral reforms in order to reap the benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
During the last decades, many African countries have seen the expansion of their citizens’ capabilities in the basic areas of health, education and other social services. These improvements have bencfitted women and girls, who today have greater access to education at all levels, expect better health, safely give birth to their children and achieve higher life expectancy. However, inequality in women's and men’s different health and education outcomes is still evident across and within countries, communities and households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There she learnt about her rights as a migrant worker and found solace in the company of other women of different nationalities who had faced similar fate. She realized that she suffered mainly on account of being a female migrant worker. Ms. Eni says, "I have learnt that discrimination is not only in the form of employment or physical abuse but also in the form of structural abuse.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In India (2003) it was 1:110 and in Thailand (2005) and Viet Nam (2003) it was 1:7 and 1:5 respectively (UNESCAP 2007). They will bring income to local communities and will support employment. At the same the increasing demand for basic services and goods from tourists will often cause price hikes that negatively affect local residents whose income does not increase proportionately. As with any productive sector, tourism brings negative impacts and positive effects for the environment, the society and the economy at local, national and global levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The results of these projections should be subject to cautious interpretation, because of the lack of reliance of regional precipitation projections (Liu et al., Lastly, because IMPACT is a partial equilibrium model, price and trade effects are based on excess supply and demand equilibria at the global scale, they do not capture changes in bilateral trade relationships and they do not take into account of other sectors’ feedback loops. Further results, including those combining some of the shocks with climate change projections, are shown in Annex 3.A2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It reflects the country’s efforts to improve the economy by ensuring that all segments of society can "harness digital technologies and benefit from these advancements” (Smart Nation Singapore, 2018). The three key components of Singapore’s Smart Nation initiative are digital economy, digital government and digital society. Each initiative includes framework documents, which are, respectively, the Digital Economy Framework for Action, the Digital Government Blueprint and the Digital Readiness Blueprint (Box 2.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Similarly, medical research relating to infectious diseases are often classified according to the category STD control including HIV/AIDS rather than medical research. Technological support towards disaster risk reduction may also be classified as humanitarian aid. In addition, support to research institutions may be classified as unallocated by sector or multi-sector as the research conducted may encompass many different sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
After providing working definitions for this chapter, it examines broad considerations for risk management in public administration, which were used to inform the scope of the chapter. The chapter then reviews how risk is addressed in the text of the Agenda and the SDGs, and contrast this with an examination of risks-related issues in various SDG areas, based on examples as well as a review of the academic literature. Due to the differences in risk across different fields (for example, systemic risk in finance versus natural disasters), different fields have developed their own interpretation of the concept, as well as diverse frameworks for thinking of risk and managing it2 For this reason, defining risk in a uniform way across the spectrum of human activities is challenging (see Box 4.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Even under the most restrictive assumptions, the situation of uranium, which has very high energy intensity and can be easily stored and transported, still looks very favourable when compared with the limited availability and geographic concentration of other fuels such as oil and gas. One example is enrichment, where there are essentially only two international suppliers of enrichment services. Other, less pressing examples are constituted by the production of reactor pressure vessels, specific stainless steel tubes or high-quality graphite.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Estimates show that in 2015, the death rate due to air pollution was highest in landlocked developing countries (LLDC) followed by least developed countries (LDCs), and lowest in developed regions (see figure 20). The campaign involves partners such as - WHO, UNER World Bank, UN-Habitat and several countries. Most high-income untries have well-developed air quality onitoring and reporting networks at le ground level, which generally provide nsistent hourly readings of air quality. On the other hand, many low- and middle-income countries lack sufficient data coverage for all their human settlements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This is of concern to developers, as the process is increasingly considered as tedious and highly uncertain. As such, the process discourages project developers from applying for such investments. Furthermore, EE projects that end up generating CERs are mostly from the large industrial sector, not in end-use energy efficiency, a sector that remains largely untapped. Kyoto Protocol Article 12 paragraph 5.c. For more information on this issue please refer to Buchner, B. and P. de T'Serdaes, "How to trigger energy efficiency: The case for carbon finance?" ( The complexities of the CDM approval process only increases the complexity and uncertainty of EE financing and result in higher transaction costs for project developers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, in 2011 two Sub Working Groups were established within the GTBAC, one of which, 'The Sub Working Group on Protected Areas and Wildlife in Central Africa (SGTAPFS), is comprised of the National Director in Charge of Wildlife and Protected Areas and NFPs of CITES. In addition sub-regional workshops have been organized to enable NFPs of the Rio Conventions to develop synergies along with NFPs from other MEAs. In 2014, for example, COMIFAC organized two meeting on the sustainable Management of Protected Areas and wildlife with the NPFs of CITES and CBD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
First, exporting enterprises often buy rice from local traders or assemblers so they have no direct control over the price farmers receive. Second, there can be large differences in production costs within each of the eight regions, particularly in relation to land lease fees and loan interest rates. Consequently, the target price based on the average will benefit some and disadvantage others. Finally, MOF/MARD are often late in determining production costs, which is supposed to be given at the beginning of each crop season (MARD, 2014b). However, the impact of this was to increase farm gate prices by only VND 100-200 kg (less than USD 0.01 kg). To improve the effectiveness of these policies, MARD is drafting a new policy on paddy/rice procurement in which subsidised loans will be provided to both farmers and enterprises who signed contracts to buy paddy from farmers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Continued employment participation may also open up career opportunities and will, in all events, strengthen pension entitlements so reducing the risk of poverty in old age (OECD, 2015a). There are intergenerational effects on future gender inequality when mothers are in paid work, as egalitarian attitudes are shaped both at home and in the public sphere. Equal sharing of unpaid work between mothers and fathers is also associated with more gender-equal attitudes and behaviours of children once they grow up (McGinn, 2015, Davis and Greenstein, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nevertheless, to work efficiently, decentralised governments need to ensure some basic conditions are met for effective decision making. For example, if a system places most of the decision making responsibility at the levels of the locality and its schools, it not only needs to ensure financial and technical resources, but also must provide adequate capacity building for school leaders, teachers and local administrations to respond appropriately. Adequate support for struggling schools is essential. High-achieving systems establish the right balance between local initiative and central efforts of improvement. Yet, this has also led to dispersion of responsibility and limited capacity for delivery. It seems that the different responsibilities of counties, municipalities and schools are not clearly defined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These have no legal standing. Rather, they are an important statement of political commitment or intent. They are used to highlight important issues that need to be addressed, direct various bodies to co-operate and co-ordinate actions, and provide instructions on a range of measures that should be taken to resolve the issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
That means that when a woman’s household is participating in NREG she has a probability 0.095 higher to be a part of the labour force, than if she does not. This effect is also significant. They are set at the state-level with considerable variation among states (Dougherty 2008). Various studies have found that the complex laws protecting organised (formal) sector workers (about 10% of total) leads to lower elasticity of demand for labour in manufacturing, and low productivity (Dougherty et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In order to do so, it is essential that they are exposed to texts, pictures, books, etc., For example, structured play that is integrated into children’s everyday interests can more easily introduce the fundamentals of written language (Mellgren and Gustafsson, 2011). Even the youngest children use abstract and numerical ideas (amounts, shapes, sizes) in everyday “play” (Bjorklund, 2008), and staff can use children’s existing knowledge and curiosity to develop mathematical concepts, methods and language (Amit and Ginsburg, 2008). In everyday activities, numeracy should focus on “big ideas" to support mathematical competence, namely numbers and operations, shapes and space, measurement and patterns (Amit and Ginsburg, 2008, NIEER, 2009). Longitudinal studies on early numeracy show that a child’s understanding of numbers and numeric relationships can predict later acquisition of arithmetical skills and mathematical competence (Aunio and Niemivirta, 2010, Aunola et al., They can tap into a child’s creativity and motivate curiosity, exploration, sharing and problem solving (UNESCO, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
San Francisco (Box 2.7) is a good example of a city that has managed to divert waste to landfills by 80% in efforts to reach zero waste by the year 2020 (SF environment, 2016). Sweden is similarly a good example as only 1% of w'aste goes to landfill sites. Several jurisdictions in OECD countries such as New York City, Kamikatsu, Japan, Toronto, Canada, Seattle, Washington and New South Wales have all adopted a long-term zero waste goal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This study deals with two of the most significant trends in global constitutionalism: the rising power of courts to review the ‘constitutionality’ of formal constitutional amendments, and political backlashes – as part of democratic erosion – aiming to curtail court’s authorities.     Focusing on Brazil’s Supreme Court as our case study and using rational choice theory, we demonstrate how the power to review constitutional amendments gears the Court toward a “sincere” approach to constitutional adjudication.     In other words, this judicial power allows the court to primarily decide cases according to its own policy preferences, rather than an “insincere” approach, searching for second-best solutions considering possible political overrides and backlashes.     Consequently, a court with the power to review constitutional amendments, we argue, has less to fear from political backlashes and overrides.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This body is currently drafting guidelines for achieving good environmental status for the coastal waters of the Black Sea, in line with the EU WFD. The Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea against Pollution and ICPDR are both members of the DABLAS Task Force29, set up in 2001 as a platform for cooperation between international financing institutions, donors and countries of the region to ensure the protection of water and water-related ecosystems in the Danube and the Black Sea. One is that of the ICPR and the OSPAR Commission, which promotes international cooperation under the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (1992).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Successful decentralisation of personnel management (and school decision-making more generally) requires that central and regional authorities play a strong role in ensuring an adequate and equitable distribution of teacher resources throughout the country" (OECD, 2005, p.163). It can be just as difficult for candidates for teaching positions to have precise information about the schools to which they apply, or even about broad trends in the labour market and the available vacancies. Such information gaps and limitations mean that many application and selection decisions are sub-optimal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
One serious obstacle to the TBT Agreement is the fact that only one entity in the world, the FAO/WHO JMPS, can conduct a conformity assessment of a product to the standard since only the JMPS has access to the confidential information contained in the standard. This is a serious operational bottleneck since the JMPS does not have the resources to evaluate conformity assessments on a timely basis. The rate at which specifications are evaluated and determined by the JMPS was presented, demonstrating a real capacity of fewer than five specifications per year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Thus, a growing economy has to have larger shares of non-agriculture sectors. Additionally, the scope for technological innovation and accompanying productivity increase is much greater in non-agriculture sectors (in particular industry) than in agriculture. Hence, growth leads to expansion of non-agriculture sectors (via demand) and expansion of non-agriculture sectors leads to faster growth (via their generally higher productivity). The question is why certain countries prove more successful than others in bringing about dynamic structural transformation (accompanied, that is, by an overall rise in productivity) and what the latter can do to emulate the former. All developing countries that have witnessed sustained successful economic growth since 1960 used active industrial polices to support the economic diversification and technological upgrading of their economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Almost no country has been completely spared by the crisis, however, some economically advanced countries have been hit more severely, while others have been more resilient. Indeed, the growth performance of rich countries during the Great Recession has been heterogeneous. Similarly to other countries, they experienced a sustained increase of demand in the years before the crisis, which pushed up asset prices and private debt. Yet the lack of stringent supervision and easy access to credit fueled a speculative bubble that led to bank failures, large fiscal deficits and increasing fiscal vulnerability. Since they were not able to face the negative consequences of the crisis, they asked for external support from IMF/EU/ECB and quickly accepted a process of fiscal adjustment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In doing so, they relatively reduce the C02 price, thereby diminishing the advantage given by the instauration of the ETS to the lower carbon-emitting technologies among electricity production technologies from fossil fuels. This benefits the more emission-intensive technologies. There is at present nothing to "force" the fossil fuel producers to increase their output and keep total emissions constant. They might do so for economic reasons, but they might as well save allowances and sell them to other entities whose emissions are covered by the ETS - for example in other industrial sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These are frequently associated with changes in the status quo that are perceived to affect the supply and demand for land, established land use patterns, or competition between different types of land use. This tension can exist between statutory, customary, informal, or religious forms of land tenure. The tension can be particularly challenging when the state seeks to bring land within a statutory legal framework when it is also claimed under a customary system by tribal, ethnic, or religious communities who view the territory in question as part of their homeland or self-identity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Bleaching, driven by climate change and local impacts, has affected the health of coral reefs worldwide, which could disappear completely by 2050. In 2013, elephant ivory, rosewood, rhinoceros horn and reptiles comprised 70 per cent of total wildlife seizures. Progress in promoting peaceful and inclusive societies remains uneven across and within countries. Violent conflicts have increased in recent years, and a number of high-intensity armed conflicts are causing large numbers of civilian casualties and driving millions of people from their homes. The large majority of identified trafficking victims in 2014 were women and girls (71 per cent), and more than a quarter were children. The share of firms in low- and lower-middle-income countries was 25 per cent, versus 4 per cent in high-income countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is a relatively small business (approximately EUR 300 000 in 2010) but with good potential for growth. The water and sewage department of Troms0 Municipality has undertaken a number of innovative projects to reduce its own energy demands, and aims to be energy neutral in 2014, which implies producing more than 7 GWh of energy themselves. The city is currently extracting energy from the fall of water between the source and the urban settlements, and also by using heat pumps to remove heat from sewage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Whilst focussing on coverage, access and activity were undoubtedly the right priorities in the first decade of the HTP, Turkey’s health system must now focus on quality and outcomes. There are several opportunities for doing so, each implying further reforms, as set out in the text that follows. Thus far, refonns have had a near-exclusive focus on inputs and activity, with a view to increasing the volumes of both.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The road system is also inadequate to the country’s needs. Although this network is one of the largest in the world, the share of paved roads is small. In 2010, it was estimated to be only 14%, compared to 23% in Chile and over 50% in China, India and Indonesia (WDI, 2013). Ports represent another constraint, with many suffering underinvestment, inefficient management of public operators and rigid rules for hiring temporary port labour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The digital divide in Latin America is, in part, rooted in unequal access stemming from enormous differences in the availability of equipment. But it also has to do with how pupils use and can benefit from such equipment. At this other level, inequality is evidenced in different levels of ability to use ICT productively and take advantage of their potential for developing the competencies and skills that are increasingly necessary for integration in the globalized world (Sunkel and Trucco, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This can be achieved through a range of climate change mitigation and adaptation measures that will need to be included in master plans. Waterproof surfaces within the city can be balanced with permeable ones, since permeable surfaces mitigate extremes in temperature. Cities should view tree planting as an environmental service, providing shade during the hot season and protecting buildings during the cold season. Peripheral greenbelts will be vital for maintaining urban resilience to climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This approach has not worked. As this chapter shows, climate change is fundamentally a social and political issue. Social dimensions, including the politics of transformative change, are crucial for understanding both the drivers of climate change and its impacts, as well as necessary responses to address the problem in an equitable way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The USA refused to cut the subsidies but, when faced with the threat of retaliation by Brazil, agreed to pay a compensation of USD 147 million annually until the Farm Bill was reformed. The Farm Bill had proved divisive for several reasons -mostly over disagreement on the areas of spending cuts - leading to protracted talks over a period of two years. The compromise reached by lawmakers involves slashing direct payments and instituting new crop insurance subsidies, which altogether will trim the agricultural budget by USD 16 billion over the next 10 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In addition, after release former prisoners suffer from discrimination in employment and education, due to their criminal record and stigmatization. Women are likely to suffer particular discrimination after release from prison, due to social stereotypes. They might be rejected by their families and in some countries they may lose their parental rights. A study conducted in one country highlights well some of the practical difficulties women face after release from prison.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The authors identify a gap in Canadian policing law. Police have neither common law nor statutory authority to undertake the sorts of public order policing measures that are thought to be essential to securing large public events, such as Vancouver's 2010 Olympics. The paper argues for the adoption of a Public Order Policing Act designed to confer the necessary powers and ensure their operation in a manner that respects constitutional law and fundamental civil liberties.Revised and published as W. Wesley Pue & Robert Diab “The Gap in Canadian Police Powers: Canada Needs 'Public Order Policing' Legislation” (2010) 28 Windsor Rev. Legal Soc. Issues 87-107 Posted at http://toby.library.ubc.ca/facultypubs/article.cfm?id=2254
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Table 9 highlights different synergies that have emerged over the past years with other processes. Assessments have, for instance, sparked more activity in the regions. Some partnerships (e.g. Multilateral Environmental Agreements, such as the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention)) and activities (e.g. benefits of cooperation assessments) are part of the ECE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)