albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
China is expected to overtake the United States as the world’s largest oil-consuming country by 2030, whereas South-East Asia will gradually transition from being a net exporter of oil into being a net importer. Furthermore, India will play an increasingly dominant role in the international energy scene. According to IEA projections, India is expected to overtake the United States as the world’s second-biggest coal consumer before 2020, and soon after to surpass China as the world’s largest importer of coal. China, India, Indonesia and Australia are expected collectively to account for over 70 per cent of global coal output by 2040.' The focus has changed significantly from the concerns of the 1960s and 1970s, when it was largely the perspective of OECD oil importers about ensuring a stable supply of cheap oil under threats of embargoes'5 and price manipulations by exporters.20 Later, with lessons learned from the realm of health care, the scope of energy security widened to include four criteria: availability, affordability, accessibility and acceptability. The World Bank Group refers to three pillars of energy security: energy efficiency, diversification of supply and minimization of price volatility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
According to the most recent survey from INSULA and the Tide Forecasting Office, 14% of the historic city is flooded by the time water level reaches 110 centimetres.3 Indeed, areas of historic Venice start to go underwater when water level approaches 90 centimetres. The probability that INSULA can raise pavements and reinforce banks by 2014 is highly improbable given recent budget cuts. In 2009 and 2010, the funding averaged EUR 16.85 million per year and has been falling since 2003, when INSULA was allocated EUR 55.7 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Further, the municipality’s CLP 4 400 million landfill construction project is being funded and, in principle, supervised by SUBDERE, although the municipality designs, implements and manages the project. To date, SUBDERE has not set standards for how the municipality should use funds dedicated to developing services that have economic, social, environmental and health impacts at a regional scale. The large picker-scavenger population living in the immediate surroundings of the dump also points to clear social challenges that will need to be addressed, especially upon closure of the site. The municipality has begun to convene a cross-section of municipal employees from various departments (environmental, planning, social services, etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The purchase of goods and services is not regulated further beyond the general conditions related to obtaining public subsidies (MINEDUC, ACE and ES, 2016, Santiago et al., The main task of school principals is the implementation and management of the school educational project (PEI). For public schools, the Teacher’s Statute further specifies that school principals should lead the administrative and financial management of the school and meet the functions and responsibilities attributed by law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On 7 June 2018, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (UKSCt) issued its decision on, inter alia, whether Northern Ireland’s near-total abortion ban was compatible with the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). This article critically assesses the UKSCt’s treatment of international law in this case. It argues that the UKSCt was justified in finding that Northern Ireland’s ban on abortion in cases of rape, incest, and FFA was a violation of Article 8, but that the majority erred in its assessment of Article 3 ECHR and of the relevance of international law more generally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Desertification is defined as land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities. For dryland areas, desertification is a central problem in sustainable development. While many dryland ecosystems have generally low levels of absolute productivity, maintenance of that productivity is critical to the present and future livelihood of many hundreds of millions of people. Combating desertification is, therefore, a central sustainable development goal for large areas of the world. Arable land is the land under temporary crops, temporary meadows for mowing or pasture, land under market and kitchen gardens and land temporarily fallow (for less than five years), and land under permanent crops is the land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Even though assumptions on GDP, population and energy-prices used here are slightly different, the results of the current study are within this range. Differences between production costs for ethanol and gasoline prices in 2007 are estimated at 4% for Brazil, 30% for both India and Indonesia, 40% for the United States and 50% for the EU, while the production costs for biodiesel are calculated to be almost 50% higher than fossil diesel prices in most countries. Most of the increase however already took place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Improving Health Care Cost Projections for the Medicare Population, Summary of a Workshop (G. Wunderlich ed.). The National Academies Press, pp. The extended baseline scenario reflects the assumption that current laws generally remain unchanged.25 The extended alternative fiscal scenario incorporates the assumptions that certain policies that have been in place for a number of years will be continued and that some provisions of law' that might be difficult to sustain for a long period will be modified, thus maintaining w'hat some analysts might consider “current policies” as opposed to current laws.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Success, however, was short-lived. The reforms were not deep enough to give farmers real incentives to produce more. The government maintained strict control over prices and trade for both inputs and outputs through SOEs and internal trade restrictions. Household quotas were sometimes raised by co-operatives following their observation of increased production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Many contemporary civil wars are characterised by a political economy of violence – a 'war economy' – whose actors are highly motivated by profit. Examining cases of Afghanistan and Bosnia-Herzegovina, this article draws attention to a different but related notion: criminal economic activities which characterise the political economy of violence during civil war develop a self-serving momentum and continue, after 'resolution' of the political conflict, to do great harm. The article explores the impact of illegal money-making – a legacy of the 'war economy' – on societies in post-conflict transition. It suggests that, in some conflict resolution efforts, the pressure to impose a 'political' resolution causes peacebuilders to neglect this legacy and so threatens the peacebuilding agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article reviews educational initiatives of state and federal government that were designed to remedy the effects of racial segregation on Black public school students in the United States after the famous Brown v. Board of Education decisions. Several policy and legal initiatives are reviewed, including school desegregation, compensatory education, decentralization, school reform and restructuring, school finance litigation, state accountability models, school district takeovers, vouchers, charter schools, No Child Left Behind, and privatization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, ODA for STI capacities directed to the LDCs, land-locked developing countries and small island developing States, as well as for developing countries in Africa, has remained at the about same levels for the past decade. The North-South divide in research and innovation, while still large for many countries, is narrowing overall, as more countries incorporate STI in their national development strategies.®5 Increased R&D spending and institutional strengthening over the past 20 years have encouraged more cross-border collaborations. In 2014, 86 per cent of scientific publication in low-income countries had international co-authors (from 80 per cent in 2008), with 38 per cent in lower-middle income countries (from 29 per cent in 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. This chapter examines Mexico’s institutional and policy framework for the conservation and sustainable use of these resources. It analyses the instruments adopted, the progress achieved and the further efforts needed to reduce the main pressures on the natural resource base.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the United States at this time, no uniform federal law exists regarding commercial surrogacy, and state statutory schemes vary vastly, ranging from criminalization to legal recognition with contract enforcement. The authors examine how commercial surrogacy agencies utilize the Internet as a means for attracting parents and surrogates by employing emotional cultural rhetoric. By inducing both parents and surrogates to their jurisdiction, agencies circumvent vast discrepancies in state statutory regulative schemes and create a distinct interstate business, absent an efficient regulatory framework or legal recourse in some circumstances. The authors propose a uniform federal regulatory scheme premised upon regulating interstate business transactions to create accountability and legal remedies for both the parents and the surrogate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The present article of investigation orbits around the question: what is the panorama of the Colombian State facing the guarantees and judicial protection contained in the American Convention on Human Rights?  having as a general objective to determine the application of Articles 8 and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights by the Colombian State. As a research methodology it is necessary to indicate that it has a legal-theoretical approach, using descriptive research type, deductive, analytical method and subsequently applying the synthesis, As the primary source of investigation is the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, as a technique, the analysis of jurisprudential content is carried out, and finally, as an instrument, jurisprudential analysis sheets are used
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The E&E EPP 11, “Building a test and measurement hub”, is also often mentioned as an example of a project that has allowed SMEs to research and develop higher value products (PEMANDU, 2014). The multiple challenges faced by SMEs are interrelated and self-reinforcing, and it is key to address them in a coherent way. The abundant literature on SMEs and innovation has demonstrated that although this holds true for all domains of policy intervention, it is especially needed for SMEs, which do not always have the necessary capabilities - either the time or willingness - to integrate internally the different schemes they benefit from into a consistent development strategy. This council is mandated to formulate long-term strategies and policy direction for SME development and ensure more co-ordinated efforts and effective implementation of overall SME development programmes. The contact points of SME Corporation are notably the special SME unit established in each of the ministries and agencies involved in SME development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Among the last to yield to the advance of scientific exploration has been the ocean floor. Until recent years much more was known about the surface of the moon than about the vast areas that lie beneath three-fourths of the surface of our own planet”. This statement continues to hold true and is repeated by scientists countless times. Arguably, nowhere on Earth have science and technology so strongly driven economic development as in the seas and oceans, and this inter-relationship continues to drive new economic activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In addition to issues of data privacy, there is the risk that such firms could overlend and create an economic bubble, as has happened in the past with traditional forms of finance. The bursting of such a bubble would be especially harmful to less well-off companies and individuals, who are more likely to need these types of services in the first place. This is especially the case in developing countries, where financial technologies are booming but financial literacy is not widespread.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Businesses need more profitable market opportunities, via reforms, to allow them to pay for requisite skills. Otherwise, skills shortages may constrain growth as the working population ages and the youth share shrinks further, limiting the possibilities for continued expansion of the labour force. More skills of the right type, and their effective utilisation, will enable youth to move more seamlessly from education to work. However, youth transitions (as elsewhere) are more complex and less linear than they once were (Rea and Callister, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The number of specialist outpatient consultations is 319 per lOOOenrolees within SP, for example, compared to 338 and 620 per 1 000 enrolees within IMSS and ISSSTE respectively. While some of these differences may reflect unequal need (such as ISSSTE’s slightly older population), others cannot be justified in this way. The number of prescriptions that could not be fully dispensed by a pharmacist due to lack of stock is 33% within SP compared to 14% within IMSS according to survey data (although the SS institutes’ own figures suggest higher rates of dispensed prescriptions). Both of these figures are amongst the highest in the OECD. Out-of-pocket spending has not fallen significantly across the past decade, despite efforts to achieve universal health coverage through the SP reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Available at: http://faostat3.fao.ora/faostat-aatewav/ao/to/download/F/FO/E Federal Forestry Agency. Basis of state policy on the use, protection and reproduction of forests in the Russian Federation for the period until 2030. Available at: www.tosleshoz.aov.ru/docs/other/83 Francois, J. 2013. Reducing transatlantic barriers to trade and investment: an economic assessment, final project report. Available at: http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/march/tradoc 150737.pdf FSC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Illegal hunting and trapping of animals - there were 1,104 cases in 2010, including the goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosci), urial (Ovis vignei), houbara bustard (Chamydotis undulate) and little bustard (Tetrax tetrax) - fishing (1,121 cases), logging and fuelwood collection, grazing, and collection of plant resources (1,288 cases) have been reported from Turkmen PAs. Weaknesses in the legislation itself also contribute to its limited effectiveness. Steps for its revision and modernization, and better alignment of laws with international standards, are being prepared. These focus particularly on the Law on State Protected Natural Areas, the Law on Protection and Rational Use of Flora, the Law on Protection and Rational Use of Fauna, and the Law on Hunting and Hunting Management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As Figure 3.1 illustrates, a positive relationship exists between the growth of manufacturing value added' (MVA) and of gross domestic product (GDP). Higher productivity growth in the manufacturing sector makes it an important factorfor developing countries to shift activities from agriculture and low productivity services towards manufacturing to achieve growth-enhancing structural transformation (Figure 3.2). In countries that have successfully industrialised, the growth in manufacturing and related services sectors has led to the absorption of large numbers of workers from the agriculture and informal sectors into productive jobs, and has increased the prosperity of those workers' families and communities (UNIDO 2013). Based on the importance of the manufacturing sector, this chapter explores the processes behind industrialisation and how sustainable and inclusive economic development can be achieved through the development of this sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These gender trends in paid and unpaid work confirm previous findings (e.g. Aguiar and Hurst, 2007, Gimenez-Nadal and Sevilla-Sanz, 2012). While the development of labour saving devices and their massive adoption by households should also have contributed to the decline in time spent on household work, yet evidence suggests that such appliances had little effect (Bittman et al., The diverging trends across countries are a result of different evolutions of traditional gender roles, as well as of policies that affect female labour market participation, including parental leave (OECD, 2012a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To set up the systems, a committee of seven renowned forest scientists, economists and lawyers was established. In April 2003, Kochi Prefecture introduced the pioneering “forest environment tax”, which forms an important fund for activities such as promoting the thinning of plantations. As of 2008, 29 prefectures are introducing a taxation system for the maintenance of forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
When estimating mobilised climate finance, decisions need to be made at various points on the methodological option used. A scoring system of three values is used, in which development co-operation activities are “marked” as targeting the environment or the Rio Conventions as the “principal" objective or a “significant" objective, or as not targeting the objective. A marker for climate change mitigation was introduced in 1998, and one for climate change adaptation in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The advent of international value chains as the predominant form of production is pushing TPOs to focus increasingly on internationalization, rather than export promotion.104 This trend, alongside the complementarity and overlap mentioned earlier, has encouraged trade and investment promotion agencies to merge, particularly in high income countries. While it is above 60% in high income countries, it is below 30% in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and Asia-Pacific developing countries. Therefore, whether government agencies provide this information does not (at least directly) influence how much firms export, but it does affect whether firms start or continue exporting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Voluntary agreements for protection of e.g. unmanaged forests are possible also in Denmark.22 The forest owner will receive compensation for protecting forest with high biodiversity values. The voluntary agreement does not result in any restrictions regarding access to the areas. Numbers show that approximately up to 87% of the species classified as threatened in Norway are so because of land-use change.23 The Nature Diversity Act is an important environmental legislation in Norway and the legislation covers the conservation of biological-, landscape- and geological-diversity. According to the Statistics Norway (2013) protected areas cover more than 95,250 km2 of the land, which is equivalent to 25% of the total area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Second, policy action should address all those factors that hamper women’s labour market prospects even when they have the same endowments of skills and capital as men. In particular, policy makers should concentrate on freeing women’s time by easing the burden of caring duties and by encouraging men to be more actively involved in housework. Promoting flexible work arrangements and making parental leave more effective can play an important role in this respect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Firms in smaller open economies are more likely to seek partnerships abroad in order to find the competences needed for their innovative projects. As with the results based on Community Innovation Survey (CIS) data, technology collaboration measured by co-assignments between companies and public research institutions (universities and public research organisations) are less frequent but are growing. Institutional sectors are identified using an algorithm developed by Eurostat and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The larger impact of the global financial crisis on household incomes in some of these countries helps partly explain this pattern. For instance, the mobility of educational attainments between mothers and daughters tends to be lower than the mobility between fathers and sons, in particular in southern Europe and the emerging economies. In absolute terms, occupational mobility is also lower for women than for men, meaning that parents influence their daughters’ social positions more than their sons’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A better understanding of the role of ecosystem services will help in developing forest practices than can lead to improved resilience, particularly for forest-dependent people. There is also a need to raise awareness of the role of forests and trees in supporting sustainable agriculture. It explained that while in the 1950s forests were largely viewed only as a source of fuelwood and timber, subsequent reforestation programmes emphasized their value for watershed management, erosion control and flood protection, and policies now also recognize the importance of forests and trees as recreational resources for a largely urban population, as well as for biodiversity and climate regulation. These include the macroeconomic context, trade relationships, demographic pressure, migration patterns, social support policies, availability of other natural resources, education, good governance, and institutional capacities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Guatemala and Puerto Rico have mechanisms to oversee long-stay institutions. In Guatemala, long-stay institutions are monitored by the Ombudsman for Older Persons, and in Puerto Rico, the Governor's Office of Elderly Affairs has a Long-Term Care Ombudsman Programme. In demographic terms, the country’s low fertility levels and low birth rate are expected to fall further and mortality will likely continue to be pushed towards older ages. With the combined effects of fertility, mortality and migration, population growth will be slow and could even stop or go into reverse in coming years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In recent years the European Union (EU) has sought to develop a far-reaching policy regarding persons with disabilities. However, to date, EU non-discrimination legislation does not provide any clear legal definition of what constitutes a disability. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has attempted to fill this gap and, in several decisions, has elaborated on the concept of disability and its meaning under EU law. The CJEU, with reference to the application of the Employment Equality Directive, has explained the notion of disability mainly by comparing and contrasting it to the concept of sickness. Against this background, this article critically discusses recent case law and attempts to highlight that, even though the Court has firmly embraced the social model of disability envisaged by the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the boundaries between the concepts of sickness and disability remain blurred.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)