albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The combination of lack of fiscal incentives and development control has created a vicious circle leading to an unprecedented housing shortage and severe housing affordability crisis. To provide an order of magnitude of the effects of the development control system on housing markets, Hilber and Vermeulen (2016) estimate that housing prices would have increased 100% less between 1974 and 2008 in the absence of any regulatory constraints. These requirements usually consist in attributing land use type (residential, commercial, industrial, or mixed) to plots of land zoned for new construction and in defining the development intensity (in the form, for example, of floor to area ratios).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Under what conditions can regional and international courts (ICs) make decisions against their governments' preferences? To answer this much debated question, we develop a new, majoritarian model of state‐IC relations. It posits that in cases where well‐established ICs' positions are congruent with policy‐specific public opinion in leading member states, ICs can rule against their governments' position. We apply our approach to a series of landmark decisions by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) regarding United Nations sanctions against terror suspects. We find that the CJEU was able to harness growing public support to strengthen terror suspects' rights, punish states for superficial compliance with its rulings and ultimately broaden the Court's judicial review powers. Our analysis suggests that ICs can be agents of legal change and advance human rights against governments' resistance, but this role is conditional on the presence of public support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue.” The infoimation in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. In some contexts, groundwater users may not wish to divulge pumping information for strategic reasons (as observed in the west of the United States (e.g. Christian-Smith et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Thus, even if a given payment to farmers were to be designed so as to have the smallest conceivable static effects on production (e.g. a lump sum payment without any relation to given outputs or inputs), it is still likely to induce additional production because of its risk effect. Perhaps one of the more surprising results was that risk effects, often disregarded in policy debates, can be significant in quantitative terms, in some cases even larger than the traditional relative price effects. One implication of the analysis of risk effects is that insurance subsidies and other measures intended to reduce the variability of farm revenue or income may have strong impacts on production and trade. It was also found that policies that have the effect of smoothing the variability of domestic prices relative to fluctuations of world prices may have a large impact in increasing the variability of world prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Based on an analysis of individual claims for provision of medicines brought by users of the Unified National Health System (SUS) against the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the year 2005, this study aims to discuss the action and behavior of the court system in ruling on these suits. The study adopted a semi-qualitative exploratory documental research design, analyzing key aspects related to the claims, such as type of medication claimed by the plaintiff, wording of the court rulings, and the key elements used by judges in trying the cases. According to the analysis of the lawsuits and the concepts of judicialization and official standardization of medicines, the study concludes that when ruling on the provision of medicines, the court system grants the claims as submitted without considering the standardization of medicines adopted by the Ministry of Health, thus exercising excessive court intervention in health policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Despite the bleak overall Internet use for the group as whole, a few LDCs, mainly in Asia are forging ahead. Their experiences have one commonality: meaningful competition in the Internet provision market driving mobile broadband prices very low and expanding coverage very high. They also have successful programs connecting schools to the Internet, which has driven Internet usage among youth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A 2016 worldwide survey on talent shortage found that 40 per cent of employers reported difficulties in filling positbns (ManpowerGroup, 2016). Melguizo and Perea (2016) found Latin America to be the emerging region where firms encountered the greatest problems arising from a lack of adequate skills, well ahead, not only of emerging Asia and Europe, but also of sub-Saharan Africa. At the same time, many workers feel that they are overqualified for their jobs (Citi GPS and Oxford Martin School, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Girls may be removed from school for the purpose of marrying.54 At the same time, girls who have already left school may be encouraged to marry. As this occurs, the age of marriage tends to also rise, since it is common (although not always the case) that at least through secondary school marriage is postponed as long as a girl is in school. Historically, many Arab societies expected that everyone would marry and have (many) children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The conclusion of their work is that that the benefits of management or groundwater irrigation will not always be significant, and that they depend highly on economic, hydrologic, and agronomic parameters (Koundouri, 2004). There has been significant discussion in the literature on possible criteria to define when groundwater pumping is detrimental (see Chapter 2, and Llamas and Garrido, 2007). In particular, fighting against stock depletion is rarely found to be appropriate (Giordano, 2009, GWP, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This corresponds to an increase of an average employment per enterprise by 4.5 persons, or more than a doubling. For all IPARD-I projects, the increase in the average employment was estimated at 5.5 persons. These estimates, however, do not consider employment generated indirectly in activities such as purchasing and selling, transportation, and others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Beautiful but Costly', 'Small States Face Big Challenges'. ' Global advocacy and analytical work led by. Since their exports are often highly concentrated, the loss of trade preferences for these products (especially rice, sugar and bananas in the EU market, for instance) has had serious implications for their overall export performance. Part 1 of this Review showed small states' share of global trade continues to decline and export-orientationintheireconomies has suffered both absolutely and relative to other groups of global economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This gender division of labour increases women’s economic dependency on men. When men with higher earnings or a pension are not around any more because of divorce, migration or death, women as lone mothers and older women living alone have a higher risk of poverty. The proportion of women who were employed and earned cash income in the last 12 months is particularly low in some Asian countries, in both the Southern and Western sub-regions, and the gender differences are very high. For example, only 27 per cent of married women aged 15—49 in India were employed and earned cash income in the last 12 months, compared to 90 per cent of married men of the same age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Meanwhile, where forest management plans do not include specific provisions for nature protection on Natura 2000 sites, Natura 2000 plans apply. It led, in particular, to the publication of companion reports to the forest districts’ management plans. All the elements are there to create a knowledge base at the national level on biological diversity in LP forests. This section assesses how these various instruments can help meet biodiversity objectives and the results achieved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The issue of inequality has continued to dominate the post-Apartheid landscape. There are two indicators of the post-Apartheid political economy that have attracted special attention in this regard. The first is whether the evolving post-Apartheid economy and especially the policy efforts of the post-Apartheid government have been able to lower inherited inequality. The second is the related question of whether the blunt racial footprint would start to fade under more subtle post-Apartheid socio-economic dynamics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Part b) on measures taken before a product has become waste, that reduce the adverse impacts of the eventually generated waste on the environment and health also has some importance. Here though the focus should be on initiatives which reduce upstream environmental impacts caused by food waste rather than downstream impacts. This can be done for example through initiatives which reduce the share of products in food waste which cause a particularly high environmental impact during their production phase. Meat and dairy products are a prime example. The more edible food waste that is avoided in an economy, the less food production that is required to feed the population, with an accompanying reduction in environmental impacts caused during food production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The rise and decline of specific industries over time can be determined in terms of network connectedness. It is very important to maintain these sectors, particularly those where world demand is increasing. Most of these products are resource-based or primary products, with a low degree of sophistication and marginal value-added, i.e. they undergo very little transformation and are mostly exported as raw products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
While the latter exception authorizes a generic producer to use a patented substance for purposes reasonably related to the granting of marketing approval through a DRA, some countries’ laws on clinical test data prevent the DR A from relying, for a certain period of time, on the originator’s previously submitted clinical data for the purpose of approving a bioequivalent generic product. This wait will cause a considerable delay in the granting of regulatory approval for the generic drugs, which is contrary to the purpose of the regulatory review exception. Rather than leaving the task of patent enforcement up to the patentee, these laws turn the DRA into a patent enforcement authority, despite the fact that many of these authorities, especially in developing countries, do not have the expertise to verify the patent status of a drug. These will be discussed in the context of clinical test data protection (see Section 3.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Moreover, the reform suppresses the requirement that employers provide the proof of having attempted redeployment within the company before making redundancies. In addition, the negative opinion of the trade unions can no longer affect the date of dismissal. By contrast, the reform is far more radical as regards temporary contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For most of the young, working as a salaried employee in the formal sector remains a distant dream, especially in countries where the public sector has been shedding labour over the last two decades. Instead, those young people who cannot afford unemployment and a prolonged job search are confined to the informal sector and low quality jobs. Once they are stuck in the informal sector, a move into the formal sector other than through self-employment becomes difficult. In all three countries more than 80% of those in self-employment or unemployment were still in that category two years later (2004-06). Unfortunately, only very few studies exist that follow individuals over time to give a better understanding of the transition dynamics between labour market segments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This chapter provides the reader with a broad overview of the Chilean social and economic context, as well as the main features of the Chilean education system. The report also evaluates student learning outcomes in the country. A final section provides a snapshot of the context in which this report was prepared.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As pointed out by Krugman (2012), this probably reflects the fact that there is a flight to safe assets issued by advanced country governments that “still own their currency”. Developed economies include: Australia, Canada, Iceland, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, the United States and the economies of the European Union.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This can refer to a situation in which many students have a different mother tongue than Swedish and thus requires the teacher to have a certain knowledge in order to incorporate their mother tongues into their learning processes. It can also refer to schools with weak skills outcomes in which the students need extra support to be able to complete their studies. Teachers’ average wages have risen at a higher rate than in previous years which has led to stable conditions, including long term wage progression (Lofven and Knutsson, 2018[i22i, Statskontoret (The Swedish Agency for Public Management), 2017n35i).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In other words - which are the 'best buys' where the costs of implementation clearly outweigh the costs of harm, and the resources are best invested in this way as opposed to other priorities. While an integrated EHR may seem an expensive undertaking, in reality such infrastructure serves several purposes - including safety. This includes physicians as well as community nurses, pharmacists and allied health providers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Policy on international mobility of human resources, particularly of skilled people, affects the creation, diffusion, and uptake of knowdedge and, as such, becomes one of the policy drivers enabling innovation. The OECD indicators of employment protection legislation measure the procedures and costs involved in dismissing individuals or groups of workers and the procedures involved in hiring w'orkers on fixed-term or temporary work agency contracts (Figure 5.5). Overall, Brazil’s labour system is less focussed on employment protection compared to conditions of work and rewards. Among the countries covered, Brazil is the one w ith relatively limited restrictions on hiring and dismissal of permanent workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The tariff rates of the state-owned electric company STELCO are set at Rf 1.5 (USD 0.10) per kWh for 0-100 kWh per month for the lowest rate, and peak at Rf 4.25 (USD 0.27) per KWh if the monthly consumption exceeds 600 kWh (STELCO, 2016). The reform set specific (and increasing) prices per each block (quantity) of consumed electricity per household and meter. Under this new system, tier one keeps the old quota price (applicable to 89 per cent of households), tier two electricity prices are slightly higher and charged for kWhs exceeding the amount of basic use, which is differentiated across regions, and tier three sets a much higher tariff for the amount of electricity referred to as luxury use (Zhang, 2014). The new pricing system was implemented in response to growing energy security and environmental concerns, to improve efficiency and lower pollution while maintaining affordable consumer prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The results are reflected in lower levels of under-five mortality, reduced fertility, improved health-care practices and later marriage and childbearing. Historically, enforcement of compulsory education has provided a powerful impetus towards ending child labour. In today's rich countries, that was a critical part of the largely successful effort to limit the practice in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Learning outcomes also matter and have a powerful effect on earnings, the distribution of income and long-term economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Greenlandic women's experiences of referral and transfer during pregnancy. Anthropol Med, 17(3), 301-313. Health care and health care delivery in Greenland. [ Int J Circumpolar Health, 69(5), 437-447. Mangfold og likeverd: regjeringens handlingsplan for helse- og sosialtjenester til den samiske befolkningen i Norge : horingsutkast.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Financing for this remediation is not readily available from government and private local property developers are reluctant to undertake this function. At the moment, there is no systematic planning, nor serious anticipation regarding the potential for brownfield redevelopments, even though a number of initiatives to encourage new housing construction have been launched. One strategy to begin the transformation of brown-field sties is to encourage temporary uses in order to increase interest in the area and demonstrate its potential vitality (Box 2.6). The first is the cost of reconversion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The ability of European nation-states to control migration has been at the forefront of the immigration debate. Some scholars have argued that international human rights and the freedom of circulation required by a global economy and regional markets are the two sides of a liberal regime that undermine the sovereignty of nation-states. Others have gone even further and declared the double closure of territorial sovereignty and national citizenship to be outmoded concepts. This article inscribes itself in that debate by answering the following questions: (a) To what extent do international legal instruments constrain the actions of national policy makers? and (b) How have nation-states reacted to international constraints and problems of policy implementation? Focusing on Council of Europe's jurisprudence, the authors assess the extent to which national courts have incorporated European norms and governments take them into account. The article examines ways that national policy makers have responded by shi...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This reprioritization indicates that social protection is becoming more important for a large number of Governments in Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP, 2015b). Nevertheless, the Asia-Pacific region continues to fall behind the rest of the world in terms of social protection financing and coverage (see figure 1.22). Social insurance continues to dominate social protection spending in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This shift coincided with a rising conflict between the “agro-economic coalition” represented mainly by the Ministry of Agriculture which wished to maintain the subsidised water prices for the agricultural sector, and the “economists coalition” represented mainly by the Ministry of Finance which advocated for an economic-based scale of tariffs as well as a mechanism to regulate the demand and increase the sector’s efficiency (Menachem and Gilad, 2013). This dispute caused years of stalemate between these power centers, which left the pricing system for agricultural uses as low and subsidised as possible. The main agreed principle was to relate the sector’s freshwater price to the average production and supply costs (including desalination), throughout Israel (Feinerman et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Managing these risks requires greater care in selecting and training principals and other school leaders, and providing schools in unpopular locations with significantly more resources to remain attractive. When teacher allocation and promotion is governed by impersonal rules, those rules might result in suboptimal matches between teachers' talents and preferences on the one hand and the needs of schools and students on the other. Many systems combine multiple levels of governance precisely in order to avoid the dangers of both excessive fragmentation and centralisation. In most countries, schooling is principally a public-sector activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Although data are not readily available for all the ecosystem services of the forests, available data showed that the forest area for soil and water protection ranged from 35 percent in Viet Nam to 96 percent in Thailand. In Thailand, for example, severe floods in the southern part of the country in 1989 forced the government to take more serious forest protection measures. A Cabinet resolution on 17 January 1989 resulted in a timber-harvesting ban in the country followed by various policies to support SFM, forest conservation and forest protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Presenting the second of the two international case studies, this chapter presents an analysis of the United Kingdom’s Serious and Organised Crime Agency’s (SOCA) application of strategic intelligence against transnational organized crime (TOC). As with the CISC case study, the research presented is derived from multi-stage qualitative analysis (using content and discourse analysis techniques) of corporate documents and intelligence products. The chapter presents an explorative, analytical narrative of SOCA’s operating context and its application of strategic TOC intelligence, touching briefly on SOCA’s successor, the National Crime Agency. The chapter demonstrates that the need for intelligence and strategic TOC intelligence in law enforcement appears to exist regardless of the structure or management model for high-policing and the supporting intelligence processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is built from unit data structured to define deprivations for each chosen indicator and person. The deprivation profiles depict the 0-1 vector of deprivations each person does or does not experience. It uses these (weighted) vectors to identify who is poor, to aggregate information on poverty into a headline measure, and to generate the MPI as well as the incidence, intensity, and indicator composition of poverty. Because of its order of aggregation—first across indicators for each person and then across the population—the MPI captures interconnections between different deprivations for the same person.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This varies substantially across settings and is related to a third problem: that individual interventions are almost always evaluated in isolation. This generalized cost-effectiveness analysis (GCEA) makes it possible to explore all interventions and combinations incrementally, with respect to a counterfactual of doing nothing (Murray, Evans, Acharya, & Baltussen, 2000, Tan-Torres Edejer et al., Operationally, the counterfactual that has been adopted in applied studies is defined in terms of what would happen to population health if all interventions of interest that are being provided now were stopped.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These committees play decision or advisory roles, depending on the management category. They are composed of government officials and representatives of civil society and the private sector. As of 2013, out of the 320 federal protected areas (excluding private reserves), 253 had committees established and 25 were in the process of establishing them (ICMBio, 2014). In addition, most management committees have not yet defined their operating rules, so there is still a risk of exacerbating conflicts among committee members (Verissimo et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The analysis draws on best practice examples from the four country case studies (France, the Netherlands, Denmark and Australia) that are presented in the Annex to the chapter. The OECD has identified nine preconditions for an infrastructure governance framework that can generate the right decisions regarding what to build and how to build it, as well as ensure the efficient and accountable implementation of those decisions. A necessary condition for a successful infrastructure programme is appropriate strategic planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)