albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Centre-local relations have been an area of controversy in Zimbabwean local governance both as a discipline and as a practice. Local authorities have traded blows with central government particularly accusing the responsible Ministry of reducing them to spectators in their own field through excessive ministerial intervention. Meanwhile the ministry of local government has cracked the whip on local authorities accusing them of mismanagement and compromised service delivery. The independent media has described the scenario as a “Bloodbath” in local authorities. What appears to be misconstrued by many however is the fact that the governing legal and institutional framework of local governance in Zimbabwe provides room for the responsible Minister to legally enable or disable local authority administration. This governing framework has been and is still the “Achilles heel” of local authorities and the raison d’etre of ministerial intervention in Zimbabwe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Furthermore, clinical trials do not mirror the reality of usual care in practice, which has a lower rate of treatment adequacy compared with evidence-based clinical trials. To put it simply, treatment can improve work functioning but, at present, these improvements are often not substantial enough to translate into significantly improved labour market outcomes. However, it has been found that the increases in earnings are not sufficient to offset lost transfer payments, nor is employment stable (around 50% of the people placed leave the job in six months) (Frank and Koss, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The annual budget of the organisation is estimated at EUR 280 000. According to the Institute for Migrant and Ethnic Studies in a 2008 study, the initiative had accompanied about 150 start-ups, out of which 73% survived their seed phase. However, auditing of the association has pointed out the need to further knowledge and know-how in the fields of financial management and fiscal matters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A disaggregation of the survey data by development status, age, gender, citizenship and region shows more variation in the top priorities. There are thus differences in the aggregate priorities of individuals in countries at different levels of human development (figure 2.10). Good education is the top priority across all human development groups, and the top three priorities are similar in the low, medium and high human development countries. But an honest and responsive government and access to clean water and sanitation arc among the top three priorities in very high human development countries, where better health care and better job opportunities are not even among the top five priorities. Some S3 percent of respondents in 34 developing countries considered crime to be the biggest problem in their country.109 Corruption, lack of health care, poor schools and water pollution were also viewed as major problems. The percentage of respondents who listed crime as a concern was 93 percent) in Tunisia, compared with only 31 percent in Poland, where 59 percent of respondents listed health care as a very big problem (which compares with only 17 percent in China).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
On the other hand, investments that are not coordinated with neighbouring countries may lead to inefficiency, over-capacities, energy poverty, negative environmental impacts (some through water) and political tension. Such problems are likely to be exacerbated if harmonized environmental standards are lacking. Global Tracking Framework: UNECE Progress in Sustainable Energy (United Nations, Geneva, 2017). Renewable Energy in the Water, Energy and Food Nexus (IRENA, Abu Dhabi, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In this article, the objective is to retrace the Dahrendorf’s analysis of the relationship between inequality, life chances and social policy. Dahrendorf’s way of conceiving social policy, functional to the expansion of life chances, constitutes, in fact, an original approach to the question of social inequality in terms not only of analytics but also of social and political governance. He considers the problem of inequality in the 21st century a matter of entitlements, not merely of available wealth. To propose the actualization of the Dahrendorf’s theory, we focus on the minimum basic income and the issue of civil rights of citizenship on a transnational/global scale. The conclusions discuss the hypothesis that the expansion of life chances requires a new social policy based on a long-term perspective, the reference to values of solidarity, linked to the ethics of public service, and requires a democratic institutional framework anchored in the rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is important to note that extreme poverty is rare in most Pacific island developing economies (PIDE). There are a further 0.6 million poor living in the Pacific, half of which is accounted for by the poor in Fiji. Great variability exists in the incidence of basic needs poverty among PIDE, the lowest basic needs poverty rate was recorded in Vanuatu (13 per cent in 2010), followed by Kiribati (22 per cent in 2006), and the highest rates were in the Federated States of Micronesia (31 per cent in 2005) and Fiji (35 per cent in 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
One of the obvious misalignments with the low-carbon transition is the existence of subsidies and tax expenditures favouring the production and use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuel subsidies can adversely affect the GHG implications of international trade by distorting markets and harming the competitiveness of renewables and energy efficient technologies. Property taxes and related instruments can also influence C02 emissions, especially in countries with rapidly growing urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Section 4.3 analyses the extent to which employment growth stems from non-standard work and how NSW contributes to job polarisation. Section 4.4 looks at the question of whether nonstandard jobs pay less and whether such jobs improve employment prospects. It also discusses the implications for the distribution of earnings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A second sorting of students into four different school types takes place at age 14. First- and second-generation immigrants have much lower scores than native students. The reading performance disadvantage of second-generation immigrants compared to their native counterparts is one of the largest among OECD countries (Figure 1.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Also, the soil could be conserved because this system prolonged the period when the soil was covered by crops. The introduction of livestock and legume forage also improved the fertility of the soil. In the village of Juehnde, a population of 770 people in 200 households farms 1,200 hectares, with 9 households practising dairy farming and raising about 400 head of cattle. The core of this concept is (1) supplying electric power and heat produced through cogeneration by biogas facilities, with the fuel obtained from energy crops cultivated on fallow land and night soil from livestock in the village, and (2) providing a regional heating resource by supplying woody biomass mainly for use as a supply of heat in the winter, with the fuel for this process obtained as thinned wood and pruned branches collected in the village.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In most cases, however, there are many competing demands. Government agencies and staff tend to deal with those considered the highest priority, unfortunately, gender equality initiatives are often ranked as a lower priority. While gender equality has been enshrined in many of the countries’ international commitments, this report highlights that a gender equality gap persists in domestic laws and policies across the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The success of the IGVGD programme and the RMP is explained by their ability to help households overcome the high cost of acquiring livestock - the former by giving participants access to loans through NGOs and the latter by making relatively large and lumpy transfers. Only the beneficiaries of the IGVGD programme significantly Increased renting or leasing of land for cultivation. The reason, the authors speculated, may be that the IGVGD is the only programme that included a mechanism for accessing credit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
So too, TRIPS included a provision for compulsory licences for health - the breadth of that provision was a major subject of controversy prior to the Cancun meeting. It recognises that in the formulation of the trade rules, the voices and concerns of the least-developed countries were not given sufficient weight, that provisions on special and differential treatment were not adequately ‘hard wired’ into the international trading system, that development itself is a complex matter, and that trade ministers have neither necessarily the competence nor interests to design a global trading system that promotes development. A corollary, then, of the right to development within the international trade regime is the ‘right to trade’. This right to sanction would be tradeable (see Stiglitz and Charlton 2005). Rather than merely raise tariffs, sanctions should also be able to include suspension of other WTO commitments of interest to advanced countries, including the TRIPS agreement. Setting aside the differences in their ability to bring suit, even when a developing country prevails, enforcement is difficult.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Blank (1989) reports in her analysis of AFDC-receipt in Denver and Seattle that 62% of the completed spells for a household ended within a year, with an average duration of benefit payments of 13 months. She however does not include the 36% of right-censored spells in these calculations, which generally have a longer duration until censoring. Fitzgerald (1991) calculates a much longer median AFDC benefit spell length of 20 months over a shorter observation period (32 months), but calculates a median spell duration of 11-12 months for receipt of AFDC and Food Stamps in a follow-up study (Fitzgerald, 1995).28 Also Hoynes (2000) reports longer AFDC spell lengths for California, where 46% of spells end within 12 months and 62% end within 24 months.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
See the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1 Second edition for further information. Data cover mammals, birds, and vascular plants. Other major groups (e.g. fish, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates, fungi) are not covered. Categories I and II (wilderness areas, strict nature reserves and national parks) reflect the highest protection level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As an illustration, nearly 50% of those in the second-poorest strata are in the two richest income quintiles, up from 31% in 2003. Anecdotal evidence suggests that measurement has been altered to widen access to subsidies for political purposes. This calls for a more systematic cross-checking of information, e.g. by using a unique identification number such as the cedula for all social and tax purposes. The Sisben is updated every 3 years, which may not be often enough to reflect changes in the personal situation (e.g. loss of job).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
First, if any of the involved bodies do not agree with the result, it is possible to request an opinion or decision of the Ministiy for Regional Development on the matter. Afterwards, there is also the possibility to appeal to the regular court. Further, the process is administratively onerous, requiring the binding opinions of 23 authorities for both steps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Preventing entire groups from realizing their potential can produce inequality traps that put the brakes on economic growth and prosperity (World Bank, 2005). In contrast, reducing inequality of opportunity in one generation should lead to lower inequality of outcome in the next generation (World Bank, 2016). Highlighting drivers of inequality may also increase public support for redistributive policies, because individual preferences for redistribution are correlated with beliefs about the causes of inequalities (Alesina and La Ferrara, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The conference is located at the centre of government (within the Office of the Chancellor), and therefore serves an important role in carrying out the necessary cross-sectoral policy co-ordination between different branches of the national government. In France, the newly created territorial conferences for public action will promote dialogue between regions and local authorities on thematic areas. Both Austria and France have established regular conferences that provide such structure, but at different scales and for different topics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This is a conservative yardstick as average incomes have grown more quickly than prices over the period. The direct policy effects of reform would therefore show up as more disequalising if they had been measured against an earnings or income-adjusted counterfactual. Incomes are equivalised using the square-root scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, an inevitable consequence of agricultural modernisation is that greater productivity substitutes capital investment for labour and involves larger farms. The supply of food may increase and food prices may decline, but additional efforts will have to be made to introduce new employment opportunities for households leaving agriculture, or food insecurity problems w'ill increase. This reduces the risks inherent in overt specialisation in rural regions, and helps develop an economic base for future growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is important to note that the table reviews solely the activities of advanced practice nurses in the primary' care sector, it does not include evaluations reviewing their activities in hospitals. The evaluations are grouped by the broad type of activities that advanced practice nurses can play in primary care: 1) general roles (including being a first contact with patients, and routine follow-up for a broad range of patients), 2) more specific roles in chronic disease management (e.g., for asthma, diabetes, cardiovascular problems), 3) specific roles in prescribing pharmaceutical drugs. Two main criteria have been used to select the evaluations presented in the following table: 1) study design (with the selection focusing on evaluations based on randomised controlled trials and other rigorous evaluation methods), 2) country coverage (with the selection attempting to cover as many countries as possible while maintaining a balance in the number of evaluations per country). As might be expected, most of the evaluations have been carried out in countries that have a long experience in experimenting with and deploying advanced practice nurses in primary' care - the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Finland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
People could also borrow from relatives and friends to purchase food and basic products on credit, while assistance was given to the poorest from local temples. However, these only reached civil servants and formal-sector workers, while around two-thirds of the workforce is in the informal sector. Members of the national network of low-income community organizations each agreed to contribute THB 30 ($1) to assist those who had been affected. These funds and others were to be managed by community networks working on flood relief activities.65 Committees of community leaders, many involving women in leadership roles, mobilized resources and drew up daily plans to cook and to feed households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Government’s response to a recent consultation period proposes a new obligation on energy suppliers to roll out smart meters to all homes in the United Kingdom over the period 2014 to 2019. The roll-out programme will also involve the replacement of around 53 million gas and electricity meters (www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/tackling/smart_meters/smart_meters.aspx). They were first introduced in 1909. In 1993, the Government introduced an annual Fuel Price Escalator (FPE), initially at 3% above the rate of inflation, then at 6% after the election of the Labour Government in 1997.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Knowledge management (KM) remains an anomaly in most corporations today. Critics call KM a fad of the 1990s, whereas supporters claim KM is actively evolving. Our work examines the disciplinary rhetoric of KM: how is it that practitioners of KM seek to legitimize their field in the corporate world? We focus on practitioners in the aerospace industry and their forum. We argue that this forum serves as a hub for constructing KM's legitimacy. Our two year ethnography traces the rhetorical strategies utilized by informants in and out of a professional community to legitimize KM as discipline in the aerospace industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Ministry of Health is also involved in sanitary problems in rivers, together with environment authorities at state or national level. The most important and active institution related to water resources in the ministry is FUNASA, which is responsible for several important initiatives such as “Strategic Actions in Environmental Health”, “Education in Environmental Health”, Water Quality Control” and “Intervention in Flood Caused Disasters”. The ministry spearheads the programme “Co-operation in the Support to the Management of Sanitation Public Services” to help municipalities with less than 50 000 inhabitants in the prevention and control of environmental related diseases, especially due to poor sanitation conditions. Securing water for irrigation with an appropriate level of reliability is always an important constraint for river basin planning. Agriculture tends to resist paying water charges or abiding by stringent standards and regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Partnership agreed that there were important areas where such cooperation would be beneficial, for example, in relation to developing a science-policy interface on forestry and through joint activities. The President of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations, Mike Wingfield, highlighted the fact that the Union’s membership included a large number of universities and was therefore closely linked with the children and youth major group, as well as the scientific and technological community major group, in this regard, he highlighted the importance of investment in forestry education and the proposed joint project of the Union and the International Forestry Students’ Association on forest education. Following an introduction by the Chair, who explained that the theme of the ministerial high-level segment would be “The future international arrangement on forests we want”, the President of the Economic and Social Council, Martin Sajdik (Austria), addressed the Forum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There are gender differences in pesticide use, exposures, health outcomes and environmental impacts. For example, women may be at greater risk of adverse effects from pesticides partly because of lower literacy rates, as well as limited access to training and to personal protective equipment (Jorsef al. In a number of production systems in selected countries it is predominantly men who apply pesticides and are at great risk, in other countries, and on other crops, mainly women apply them (Box 2.1.5). The reasons for these differences include cultural and social norms, educational levels and awareness (Gupta etal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Countries where women’s representation in parliament is greatest - such as China, Bangladesh and Pakistan, for example- generally rely on legal gender quotas. The experience of Timor-Leste, the Asian country with the highest share of women in parliament in 2016, is instructive - following the introduction of a 25% female candidate quota in 2006, and the later extension of the quota to 33% in 2011, the female share of seats in the national parliament jumped from 25% in the 2001 election to 29.2% in 2007 and to 38.5% in the election in 2012 (IPU, 2017). However, some of the countries where women’s political representation is relatively high have not adopted legal gender quotas. Instead, some rely on voluntary gender quotas and/or targets adopted by political parties, as in the Philippines, or on the promotion of women by the state, as in Viet Nam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The total value of transfers arising from support to agriculture was equivalent to 1.17% of GDP in 2009-11. A similar picture almost certainly applies to Kazakhstan as price liberalisation removed the benefit of receiving output prices at above and key inputs at below world levels. As the government was focussed on more pressing priorities, such as macroeconomic stabilisation and the creation of a basic legal framework for a market economy, other areas of agricultural policy remained largely neglected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Water availability is important for the company generating hydropower, but is not significant for energy management. Agriculture in the Finnish part in terms of nitrogen load is almost comparable to the natura] background, and, in particular, releases phosphorus (double the estimated natural background). The other sources are clearly smaller, with loading from settlements about 2 tons/year of phosphorus and 33.4 tons/year of nitrogen, and from industrial wastewaters — including peat production and forestry — 2.3 tons/year of phosphorus and 22.8 tons of nitrogen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Traditionally, the care needs of infants and children have predominated, and economic, public, social and cultural institutions have evolved to meet them. While institutional arrangements change—for example, through the provision of parental leave or changes in what is expected of men and women—the broad contours of the kind of care services needed, how they will be provided, and money and time commitments are well understood. As fertility rates fall in most of the world, the number of children needing care is likely to decrease, although how the effort is distributed across the various actors will change and—hopefully—move to a more equitable distribution between men and women. The economic provisioning for this at the aggregate level is captured to some extent by the economic dependency ratio—the ratio of those ages 65 and older (not in the labour force) to those ages 15-64 (in the labour force).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Building Green, a series of conferences organised by the Philippine Green Building Council to highlight best green practices of the industry, promotes the work of BERDE. Green policies in the Philippines aim to improve environmental quality for present and future generations. They focus on a few areas. Particular attention is given to improving air quality in the Metro Manila area and water quality in 19 rivers and coastal areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
He argues that inequality is good for growth - up to a point. But after that point, rising inequality means falling growth: “The few people with the skills or background to compete for the top jobs work hard”, according to Prof Freeman, “while everyone else coasts because they have little or no chance of reaching the top.” This argument makes a case for “optimal” inequality or, what some have called, “just-right inequality” - not too little, not too much. Not only is it a dynamic relationship, it’s also - according to many economists - determined by the particular “shape” of inequality in each society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In all cases, women should have access to quality services for the management of complications arising from abortion. Post-abortion counselling, education and family-planning services should be offered promptly, which will also help to avoid repeat abortions. Programmes to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality should include information and reproductive health services, including family-planning services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)