albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The sample is limited to companies in OECD, Colombia and BRICS countries, founded between 2000 and 2017. Total funding amounts exceeding USD 225 millions (99th percentile) are excluded to ensure that analyses are not driven by few companies receiving large deals. In columns 6 and 8, female start-ups is understood as start-ups with at least one female founder.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, this feedback to physicians and information campaigns could be better focused, as practitioners and patients are broadly targeted. Indeed, in the case of the United Kingdom, feedback practices focusing on physicians with the highest prescribing rates for antibiotics were effective in reducing their use, while patient-focused information campaigns had limited effects (OECD, 2017b). Hospitals represent around a quarter of overall pharmaceutical sales in France, and the share of generics use there was only 2.3% in value in 2013 (ANSM, 2014). This low share is partly explained by different patient pathologies and hospitals’ heavier and more innovative treatments (OECD, 2015b), but producers also often sell branded drugs at discounted prices to gain a wider market (Dahan, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As a result, the gender gap in unemployment narrowed in the immediate aftermath ofthe crisis through a process of levelling down: more men lost jobs than women. In Asia, women have been much more affected than men by job losses due to their concentration in the export-oriented manufacturing sector, which has been particularly hard hit.108 Moreover, the persistence of high and volatile global food prices following the 2008 price hikes has affected the rights of millions of people to food and to an adequate standard of living. Spending on child benefits, for example, which had peaked in Europe in 2009, fell back to below 2008 levels. Being subjected to violence, for example, is not only a violation of one's dignity and physical and mental well-being but can also lead to homelessness and poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter in the edited collection, Transitions in Caribbean Law, explores the first major decision of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) in its appellate jurisdiction, Attorney General of Barbados v Joseph, and its expansive read of the right to the protection of the law as an aspect of the rule of law. In that 2006 case, the CCJ spoke of an inherent jurisdiction in the courts to give effect to the right to the protection of the law. It examines the development of unwritten constitutional norms in Caribbean constitutional law, particularly in the early Privy Council decision of R v Hinds on separation of powers. Despite the dubious distinction made between ‘exhaustive’ and ‘inexhaustive’ rights in the Caribbean constitutions by the CCJ, Robinson concludes that the Joseph is an important contribution to the notion that the rule of law is an unwritten constitution norm in the Anglophone Caribbean.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One consequence is that social monitoring and documentation are not (politically) regarded necessary. It is a sort of Catch-22 logic: A possible "need" for documentation of social conditions [because of "negative development tendencies for the recreational interests?)" But such documentation is at present not regarded necessary, so social monitoring has not been implemented, therefore the knowledge base for assessing the documentation need is not present.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Moreover, Android applications are programmed in Java, a widely used, standard programming language. Finally, low-cost Android devices are appearing in the African market, with prices under $80 and expected to decline further. Together with the Centro de Informatica da Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, PT Inovagao and SAP Research South Africa, Fraunhofer Portugal AICOS invited university students to submit ideas for mobile applications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The prospects of the emerging international criminal justice system, namely the International Criminal Court, serving as a catalyst to end impunity of those most responsible for crimes against humanity, war crimes, genocide, and massive violations of human rights, remains bleak given four underlying factors: the ideology of deterrence that undergirds the system, jurisdictional limitations, the backlash of its involvement in and issuance of arrest warrants during highly contentious conflicts. This article offers some insight into these issues and the obstacles they present to the success of the International Criminal Court in ending impunity and future cases of such criminality. We begin by discussing the International Criminal Court followed by the ideology of deterrence and issues associated with the Court’s jurisdiction. We then draw on two case examples, namely Uganda and Columbia, to discuss the challenges to involvement in ongoing conflicts and post-conflict situations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article is part of a special issue of the Cambridge Journal of International & Comparative Law addressing the concept of the fundamental rights of states in international law. The article will first consider this theme from a legal theoretical perspective. It will conclude that fundamental rights of states exist in international law as autonomous juridical principles. The article will then proceed to discuss one such asserted fundamental right of states: the right to peaceful nuclear energy, as codified in the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. It will argue that the right to peaceful nuclear energy is indeed a fundamental right of states, and that it has juridical substance, and carries juridical implications, as a rule of law on par with other rules of the jus dispositivum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For goods under the Highly Sensitive List, Sensitive List and Exclusion List, the modality varies and the tariff cuts were negotiated bilaterally between ASEAN member states and Japan, taking into account the sensitivities of the parties (ASEAN, 2010). However, the Indonesian government has still to ratify the agreement so the scheduled tariff reductions have not taken place. A Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation (FACEC) between ASEAN and India was signed in October 2003 and provided for an Early Harvest Programme of tariff concessions as a confidence-building measure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At the other end of the spectrum, N use per hectare is below 25kg in a number of countries. Notably in a range of developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa, fertiliser use is known to be very low (Morris et al., The five largest fertiliser consumers (China, India, UNITED STATES, EU27, and Brazil) together account for 72% of the w orld’s total fertiliser consumption. Environmental and consumer safety concerns prevail in the majority of OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
There are particular concerns wdth the increase of bilateral flows in waste destined to emerging economies and developing countries wdth underdeveloped waste management capacity (Farrelly et al., Claiming that waste imports are polluting the environment, China has announced to impose import restrictions on waste and scrap taking effect in several phases starting from January 2018 (See Box 1). The question is rather if traded waste and scrap is processed and recovered in an environmentally sound manner and closely in-line with circular economy objectives (OECD, 2010, Shinkuma and Managi, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
One step further down the trophic level, those herrings would have eaten 1 000 kg of animal plankton which in turn would have consumed about 10 000 kg of phytoplankton, generated by 500 kilojoules of sunrays. Machine-to-machine communication, highly sophisticated sensors, data analytics and artificial intelligence are set to bring about quite transformative changes in both products and processes. Improvements in the use and management of energy and natural resources, creation of new markets and new value chains, changes in global trade patterns and shifts in international competitiveness, will all flow from progress in ICT. Those, in turn, are set to be driven increasingly by convergence in various information and communication technologies - the Internet of Things - and by convergence with other emerging technologies such as nano- and biotechnology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
A depreciated real exchange rate lowers labour costs and enhances the competitiveness of labour-intensive exports. This requires a rethinking of the priority given to inflation targeting13 which has often resulted in exchange-rate overvaluation, undermining export growth and diversification (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2003). Needed would be a broader approach to agricultural development policies, focusing on access to land, extension services, improved inputs, credits and rural infrastructure so as to secure a greater and more predictable marketable surplus and income to farmers and inputs for agro-industrial development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For instance, Germany's Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ, 2015) developed a manual to emphasise the role that trade can play in promoting broader growth and, ultimately, poverty alleviation in GIZ initiatives. Taking aid for trade as a catalyst for mainstreaming trade and mobilising resources for the developing and least-developed countries, the manual highlights entry points for aid for trade in a number of sectors, ranging from agriculture to climate change. It contains an updated aid-for-trade results model, which demonstrates the many ways in which other initiatives link up with aid for trade. Almost 90% of partner countries give the highest priority to support for trade facilitation, followed by export diversification (63%), trade policy and regulations (48%) and transport infrastructure (47%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Thus, labour can only be substituted by machines or robotic devices to a limited degree. Repetitive tasks, for instance, can be fully substituted by robots while tasks that are more complex will continue, for the present, to rely on conventional labour inputs. This will initially lead to a skill-biased technological development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Using stock changes to compensate for such supply variations, thereby dampening price volatility and associated problems for producers and consumers, looks like a promising avenue. Moreover, it is evident that there is a close relationship between stocks and price changes. When prices begin to spike, buffer stocks are the only source of additional supplies that could prevent a price explosion. And accumulating those stocks in periods of particularly low' prices would have the additional benefit of avoiding periods of excessive price depression.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Moreover, we demonstrate that aside from the ease of comparison with OECD country experiences, using a poverty line set at a proportion of the median has additional appeal to national debates on poverty measurement. Section IV compares the proposal with alternative approaches for comparative or global poverty analysis. Section V contrasts the evolution of relative poverty in Brazil, China and the United States to show the relevance of relative poverty measures across levels of development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Much recent policing reform has been concerned with strengthening organisational and individual accountability through complaints, discipline systems and external oversight. Civil litigation against police has largely been ignored as an accountability measure.This research aimed to broaden the understanding of police litigation in Australia, and determine the implications for its use as an accountability mechanism. While the findings are not definitive, they generally conform with previous research outcomes that most cases initiated by civilians involve allegations of police abuse of power or process corruption.A new finding is that police sue their own organisations at about the same rate as they are sued by members of the public, although primarily for unfair dismissal. The results show a need for more detailed research, but highlight that civil litigation can form part of a regulatory web for identifying, controlling and preventing police misconduct.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This also points to the fact that constructing a deprivation indicator explicitly means reducing the underlying dimensions to one single dimension, items that do not scale on this, are then left out of the analysis (see de Neubourg and Plavgo, 2012 for more detail). In order not to lose the information revealed by these indicators we will take them again into consideration when discussing the overlap between the domains in section 4 of this paper. One item (holidays) was excluded because the data were lacking for 9 countries, an attempt to make a holiday composite by using the adult holiday question failed because we found that this was not a reliable proxy4 for children’s holidays.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
First, for financial sustainability to be respected, a nonmarginal number of users will have to pay more than the long-term average cost of service provision. A second key aspect is the capacity of the structure to appropriately target the poor, defined by Komives et al. ( This tariff structure does not qualify as a social tariff as it has not been established that poor households consume much less water than more well-off ones: empirical research tends to indicate that income elasticity of water demand is low, in other terms, the poor do not necessarily consume less water than the rich.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This testimony discusses the non-delegation doctrine. It also discusses the tendency of executive agencies to eschew rule-making (which is subject to notice and comment) in favor of issuing guidances and why that tendency is often an abuse. It also gives two examples of guidances issued by the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights that go beyond what the statute they purport to interpret allow. The first such example is its Dear Colleague Letter issued on April 4, 2011 (often called “the Sexual Violence Guidance”). The second example is its Colleague Letter dated May 13, 2016, jointly issued with the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice (often called the “Transgender Guidance”).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Third, the limited tenure of contracts to farmland may weaken farmers’ incentives to invest in sustainable farming practices. The average farm size (where a farm is defined as a continuous tract of agricultural land) in China is small compared with other middle-income countries (Table 2). While the optimal farm size will depend on various elements including topography and production mix, some farm consolidation may improve the scope for mechanisation and vertical integration of production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Life expectancy is higher than in any other country (Chapter 7), and already in 1960 the total fertility rate (TFR) was two children per woman. In 2014, the dependency ratio is 77%: there are 100 working-age people to take care of 77 non-working-age people (elderly and children). In China the TFR in 1960 was around 5.5,3.0 in 1975 and fell below 2 in 1995. The one-child policy in China contributed to a decrease in the number of children, while people bom since 1950 are still in the workforce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Its current climate varies from very dry to very wet and five types of agro-ecology zones are identified: moisture-reliable humid lowlands, moisture-sufficient highlands (cereals-based), moisture-sufficient highlands (enset-based), drought-prone highlands, and arid lowland plains (pastoralism). The economy is highly dependent on agriculture and current climatic variability, as well as future climate change, poses challenges to achieving Ethiopia’s green economy objectives. Even though Ethiopia has a largely rural population, with 84% (70.4 million) living in rural areas, 13.6 million people live in urban areas in 2011/12, the majority in Addis Ababa, and urbanisation is proceeding at a rapid 4.4%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The quality of drinking water abstracted from private or local w'ells in rural areas is not monitored. Albania does not yet apply the Blue Flag programme for beaches. Throughout the years 2011-2014, the qualify was "excellent" at 31-46 per cent of the monitoring stations and "poor" at 31-42 per cent ("poor" qualify implies that bathing should be prohibited). In 2015, the qualify was "excellent" at 68 per cent of the monitoring stations and "poor" at 10 per cent (figure 7.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Notwithstanding the diminishing growth rate, the total amount of fisheries production will remain higher than that of the individual beef, pork or poultry outputs. About 89% of total fishery production, or 166 Mt, is estimated to be destined for direct human consumption. Developing countries are expected to account for about 96% of the projected production growth, and their share in total production will increase from 82% in the base period to 84% in 2023.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Divergences between monetary poverty and multidimensional poverty indicators mean that neither is a sufficient proxy for the other, both need to be measured {see Box 3.5). Moreover, reducing non-monetary deprivations often requires different policies than reducing income poverty. A helpful survey of empirical research on commonly observed mismatches between different poverty indicators is found in Nolan and Whelan's 2011 book Poverty and Deprivation in Europe. Another literature survey is found in Chapter 4 of Alkire et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These campaigns not only demonstrated the feasibility of working across sectors, but were also 15 per cent cheaper than separate campaigns. For such efforts to succeed however there is need for community participation at all stages and multi-stakeholder engagement. These shelters are in the hospital compound and encourage pregnant women to come and stay there towards the end of their pregnancies. For example, one such shelter is found in Oarissa in the North-Eastern part of Kenya.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Death rates from ischaemic heart disease in Malta remain above the EU average but have shown a relatively consistent downward trend. More than a quarter of all deaths from ischaemic heart disease were premature, occurring in people aged under 75. These are potentially preventable through appropriate action within the health care system and wider policies affecting population health (see Section 5.1). Further remarkable improvements in survival have been demonstrated for malignant melanoma, testicular, thyroid and prostate cancers However, outcomes have remained unchanged for some cancers, such as those of the pancreas, stomach and brain, and specific types of acute leukaemias in adults. Deaths from lung cancer have also remained fairly stable and are among the lowest in the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The first gives a brief overview of successive policies in adult learning in Portugal in the past two decades, which resulted in the creation of a range of adult learning programmes. Specifically, three approaches are discussed. The first consists of expanding supply where gaps exist, in particular through programmes for the low-skilled that combine essential skills and work-relevant learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Household surveys show that women of prime working age are more likely than men to live in a poor household, in 41 out of 75 countries with data. Properly designed fiscal, wage and social protection policies—including minimum wages, family and child allowances and old-age pensions—can be powerful tools to reduce poverty, redress women's socio-economic disadvantage and guarantee their right to an adequate standard of living. These are particularly important in the context of changing demographic, family and household structures and in the face of economic shocks. But the burden of doing this work is unequally distributed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
R&D assets and innovation activities are concentrated in the centre of Israel whereas the periphery - the Galilee and the Negev - is characterised by low skill/low wage economy. The major challenge for Israel in terms of innovation is to break away from the dual economy with significant income gaps and uneven development. Building up an effective regional innovation system and investing in human capital development would help the Galilee to break out of the path dependency. The largest city Haifa has the scale of resources and institutions which can form the basis of an innovation system which could also reach out to the Galilee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is where the importance of encouraging innovation and supporting commercialisation of R&D lies at the metropolitan and local level. City characteristics, notably size and diversity, are important since innovation comes from interactions between populations diverse both in people and firms. The argument is that the greater the size, the greater the diversity25.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Abstract   This inaugural World Development Symposium on Development and Poverty Alleviation brings together contributions from a range of disciplines, scholars, practitioners, and countries to mark the recognition of Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer (BDK) through the 2019 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. Contributors examine how BDK’s work has changed the methods and study of Development Economics, and their extended impact in other social science and interdisciplinary fields. Although experimental evaluation has had a profound impact on the conduct of much research and policy making, further development of RCT approaches, and collaboration across methods and disciplines, and between scholarship and practice, remain crucial to address the most pressing challenges of sustainability and development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This encompasses the following actions: define and communicate the role of instructional leaders, provide school leaders with training, support and capacity enhancement, develop networks for school leaders to share and work together on improving instruction. A pilot project was developed in preparation for school-based programmes on class management and professional development for teachers in numeracy and literacy. It resulted in recommendations for full-scale implementation of the programme: strengthen the competence of school leaders in pedagogical and collaborative leadership, establish and communicate clear goals for the project to all participants, strengthen professional working environments for teachers within schools (particularly the capacity of schools to reflect on their organisational and pedagogical practices and implement collective learning processes), and increase the quality of teaching methods and practices, including the learning and social environments for pupils.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It also unifies all existing information resources used to inform participants on the current status of, modifications to and innovations in the EGI, and is responsible for the promotion of mechanisms for interworking between participants providing public services and executing government functions. This aim is to be achieved through the provision of communication service availability under the government's guarantee of voice and data services via fixed networks with data rates of at least 10 Mbit/s for each subscriber. The project will cover some 13 800 villages, townships and settlements of the Russian Federation, with a total population amounting to some 5 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)