albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This is because it is expected to lead to greater investment as a result of increasing net profits and aggregate savings. In both cases, investment in real productive capacity is understood to be the driving force for economic progress. These policies reduced inequality and led to relatively fast growth and relatively low' unemployment. However, the policy orientation from the late 1970s onwards shifted towards the former approach, resulting in greater inequality, higher unemployment and slower growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Abstract   I conduct an ethnography of the public policy processes around urban environmental governance in Boston, MA, Philadelphia, PA, and Baltimore, MD. In particular, I examine the structure and functioning of the public policy networks of the urban tree initiatives in order to investigate the expanding role of NGOs in public service delivery, especially related to sustainability and climate adaptation. This study concludes that urban partnerships often lack network structures that exhibit the centralization and hierarchy to roll out public programs smoothly. An overly horizontal structure leads to overlaps and gaps in management functions. Inadequate hierarchical control by public agencies increases the likelihood of gridlocks in service delivery. From an urban governance perspective, the prominent role of NGOs increases accountability of the public programs in certain limited capacities, while it creates systemic risks that compromise their legitimacy in ways that merit further investigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The laws should empower EMBs to demand accountability on key parameters, including women’s representation as candidates and party leaders. The laws should also ensure adequate independence of EMBs and require gender parity in the composition of key election management personnel. This will help in tracking progress and documenting compliance with international and national norms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This requirement would be met to the extent that excessive prices complicate generic production in the market covered by the patent. Appropriate measures include non-enforcement of the patent, but also the granting of a compulsory license under facilitated procedures, as provided under Article 31 (k), TRIPS Agreement. In case of a competitive market, excessive pricing will only push consumers toward purchasing the competitors’ products. As a general rule, excessive pricing by dominant companies may be considered abusive and thus anti-competitive, opening the possibility to issue a compulsory license under facilitated procedures, as provided by Article 31 (k), TRIPS Agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Specific FEPs are being developed for all general, vocational and technical fields in over 250 fields of education. Articulation of equity among the national goals for education is narrow. The 2005 Education Act states that equal access to education is a principle of the education system but does not specify equity or inclusiveness among the stated education goals (see earlier for a list of educational goals). Similarly, none of the 4-year Long-Term policy objectives is directly associated with equity and inclusion as areas for further policy attention (even if some basic references are made to equity within each of the objectives).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Only very few countries, however, link appraisal results to financial rewards and/or sanctions. In various states and territories in Australia and France (ISCED levels 1, 2 and 3) school principals and deputy principals may receive a permanent salary increment as a reward for outstanding performance. In France (ISCED levels 1, 2 and 3), the exceptional performance of school principals and deputy school principals may also be rewarded with a one-off financial bonus. In Chile (Performance Appraisal), outstanding school leaders may receive a salary increment for a fixed period of time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The strategies, policies and programmes generated by these processes should be embodied in a long-term national development plan aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals, as a basis both for medium-term plans such as Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers and for donor alignment. It is also important to plan for the phasing-out of access to these ISMs following graduation, including through the identification of alternatives (for example, non-LDC-specific preferential market access instruments). Nonetheless, some types of policies can be identified as being of particular relevance to graduation with momentum, having been identified in previous editions of The Least Developed Countries Report as fundamental to accelerating the development of productive capacities through capital accumulation, technological progress and structural change (UNCTAD, 2006: chap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, at the system level, across all OECD countries and all countries and economies that participated in PISA 2012 there is no clear pattern between a system's overall mathematics performance and whether students in that system spend more time in regular mathematics classes or not (Table IV.1.2).17 Since learning outcomes are the product of both the quantity and the quality of instruction time, this suggests that cross-system differences in the quality of instruction time blur the relationship between the quantity of instruction time and student performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Ireland for instance, all residents are covered but entitlements to services and levels of cost sharing vary across population categories. Each resident belongs to one of two categories, depending on income level. People in Category 1 (or Medical Card Holders) are entitled to a full range of services without charge, for example general practitioner services, prescribed medicines, in-patient and ambulatory hospital care, dental and ophthalmic services, while people in Category 2 have a “limited eligibility” and must co-pay for many health services. In Italy and Spain, regions and Autonomous Communities have some latitude to adjust benefits covered or co-payments at the margins. In the United Kingdom, co-payments vary across the constituent countries: there are no co-payments on prescription drugs in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland, while there are in England. In other countries, entitlement to health coverage is contributory, coverage is linked to the payment of social contributions or health insurance premiums.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Government has the authority to operate lottery schemes. Since the operation of the lottery system is controlled by the government, there are issues with public trust. The people may speculate that the lottery is rigged. This issue becomes critical with an online lottery system since the unprotected data can be easy manipulated. If all combinations which have been sold are known before the drawing, the government may draw winning numbers which pay the least. Moreover, winning tickets may be added after the drawing. As a result, corruption may be inevitable. The government should operate lottery schemes with integrity which include transparency and accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Another example is Italy, which set up a National Strategic Framework (NSF) within which the Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea collaborates with regions to set targets for the quality of integrated water services. In Mexico, CONAGUA and other federal institutions are a strong support for the Desarrollos Urbanos Integrales Sustentables (DUIS), whose goal is the building of cities with basic services that do not damage the environment and quality of life. There are also inter-institutional agreements between governmental actors involved in infrastructure management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For example, apart from dealing with implementation of Industry 4.0, developing countries must prepare to face the consequences of its implementation in advanced economies. Some of these consequences relate to reversed flows of foreign direct investment (FDI) and already widening technology gaps. While the ramifications for developing countries and economies in transition could turn out to be dire, economic history tells us that economies have remarkable adaptive abilities to deal with broader technological evolution and the mechanization of production. As such, the arrival of Industry 4.0 also brings opportunities for development, for example in terms of achieving the objectives set forth in the recently adopted SDGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The search for cutbacks in public spending will become urgent when demand for welfare services is rising as the baby-boomers start to retire and medical innovations push up health-care costs. By 2050, one in three people across the OECD countries will be on a pension. Frugal innovation is about redesigning products and involves rethinking entire production processes and business models. Companies reduce costs so they can reach more customers and accept thin profit margins to gain volume.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Abstract   What might happen if a third-party entity had the power to implement fiscal reforms and/or punish sovereign debt defaulters? In contrast to recent history, extreme sanctions such as gunboat diplomacy and “fiscal house arrest” were used to punish debt defaulters during the period 1870–1913. We find that, after a “supersanction” was imposed, a country improved its fiscal discipline. As a result, ex ante default probabilities on new issues fell dramatically and the country spent no additional time in default. Our results suggest some type of external fiscal or monetary control may be effective in imposing discipline on serial debt defaulters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Is there a clear legal definition of water entitlements? Are appropriate abstraction charges in place for all users that reflect the impact of the abstraction on resource availability for other users and the environment? Are obligations related to return flow's and discharges properly specified and enforced?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Regular reporting of adverse events was institutionalised in 2010, and a Safe Surgery checklist was introduced in the same year. The programme, run by the Ministry of Health and applying to CCSS as well as private facilities, focuses on accrediting health care providers. Accreditation is at a basic level, however, and essentially comprises verification that the facility complies with minimum requirements around staffing levels, equipment and documentation. More ambitious quality monitoring and improvement programmes have been abandoned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The structure of the scenario trees has three stages. The first one covers the first three forecasting hours and describes deterministically the cost optimal system operation. In the second stage of the scenario tree, which also covers three hours, five scenarios covering a forecasting horizon of four to six hours ahead are taken into consideration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Using discarded hard drives, discs, circuit boards and other components, sculptors are able to create works of art, some of which are quite expensive.51 Below is 'Jack', an art piece by Brenda Guyton that was on sale for USD99552. Creative forms of utilization of the e-waste would help to raise awareness while creating employment at the same time.53 An e-waste treatment facility established by Hewlett Packard in Cape Town, South Africa processed approximately 60 tons of electronic equipment, generated about USD14,000, and employed 19 people in 2008 54 . Workers refurbished and resold some products and dismantled others to sell the raw materials to businesses that recycle metals and plastics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This waste will be stored is surface-type storages (one per reactor), enclosed in single-use containers with capacity of 1.5 m of radioactive waste. Capacities of storages were estimated to 4,900 m3 for very low and low activity waste, 600 m3 for medium activity waste and 60 m3 for high activity waste. Design work for this site should be completed by 2026 and the start of operation is planned for 2028. A fund for financing NPP decommissioning is also to be established.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The ministiy does not provide university hospitals with additional support to reflect dieir publicly oriented research or the higher average case complexity of patients they see. As a result university hospitals are facing challenges in retaining highly skilled staff, who are being offered considerably higher salaries in the private sector. Even those university hospitals with considerable financial capacity (such as Hacettepe) face a 60% regulatory barrier on payments from their revolving firnds to doctors salaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Water supply and sanitation in the five other LGUs of the metropolitan areas is either undertaken by LGUs or by private suppliers. The existence of water districts originated in the Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973, which created the Local Water Utilities Association (LWUA) - Water District concept, encouraging LGUs to transfer their water supply systems to water districts, on a similar model as MCWD (ADB, 2013a). The data presented below will often reflect the fragmentation of water suppliers and the lack of harmonised and available information across all areas of Metro Cebu (see section 4 for a discussion on data in the w'ater sector).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
More recent estimates indicate that employment in private environment-related businesses had already reached 1.4 million in 2006, compared to about 76 500 employed in the public environmental administration (MOE, 2009). Initiatives such as the “Eco-Town Programme” to improve resource and waste management have positively contributed to local development and employment, supporting industrial restructuring in favour of environment-related sectors. In 2008, the government launched similar initiatives - the “Eco-Model City Projects” and the “Biomass Towns” - to stimulate a local development based on climate-related activities and biomass energy (OECD, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This indicator is not without its limitations, since income may not be sufficient to guarantee autonomy. It is hard to carry out an analysis from a gender perspective using traditional measures of poverty because these are based on household per capita income. Using this indicator means assuming that the distribution of income within households is egalitarian, which masks the lack of autonomy experienced by women who do not perform remunerated activities because they are devoted to domestic work and care of others (mainly children, and dependent family members).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The DoE has assessed that the INEP will have created an estimated 6 000 jobs in financial year 2008/09 (compared to 3 100 jobs created in 2001/02) (Department of Energy, 2009i). The cumulated number of jobs that have been created so far by the electrification programme has reached 32 995 (Department of Energy, 2009j). By declaring that all citizens have an equal right to basic services such as clean water, electricity, access to schools and clinics, the challenge there becomes an issue of delivery, not just allocation of funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Differences are lowest in the public sector, and the rural employment programme provides equal pay for both genders. The differences in wages can partly reflect overall education levels and the types of sectors where women work (World Bank, 2012) but discrimination by gender is also likely to contribute. The legal framework for equal pay is not always enforced (Equal Remuneration Act of 1976), partly reflecting the large share of the informal sector (about 95% of employment). Unpaid family workers do not report wages therefore they are not included.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Thailand (AUD 278 million), New Zealand (AUD 192 million), China (AUD 155 million) and Vietnam (AUD 154 million) continued to dominate as the major source of edible fisheries products imported into Australia, accounting for around 66% of total edible imports. In 2005 the Food Safety Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) Board approved the Final Assessment Report for the Primary Production and Processing Standard for Seafood which contains a scientific evaluation of risk within the seafood industiy and management options to minimise this risk. In 2005 Standard 4.2.1 - Primary Production and Processing Standard for Seafood became part of the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code. Seafood businesses are now required to comply with this standard.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
To receive payments under these programs producers must comply with applicable conservation requirements, which also apply to producers participating in conservation and crop insurance programmes. The marketing assistance loan programme continues unchanged, except that the loan rate for upland cotton, unlike the fixed rates set for other commodities, will be based on a moving average within a fixed range, with a maximum rate no higher than the rate set under previous legislation. The sugar price support programme also continues unchanged. Under the DPDP, the US Department of Agriculture will purchase dairy products for distribution to low-income Americans when milk margins fall below legislated triggers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Abstract This paper first reviews and critiques the dominant realist and constructivist accounts of ASEAN, which have enjoyed much prominence in The Pacific Review since the journal's founding in 1988. ASEAN behaviour and outcomes cannot be fitted into neat theoretical categories that emphasize either material or ideational variables in explanation. Instead, ASEAN displays complexities in behaviour that are the product of the contingent interaction between the material (power, territory, wealth) and the ideational (norms, ideas, identity) as member states actively seek to manage domestic order as well as regional order within and beyond ASEAN. In all of this, state interests and identities remain paramount, which means that the long-standing ASEAN norms of sovereignty/non-interference remain central to regional governance. Under these conditions, and despite the Charter's newly articulated political norms of democratization, human rights, and the rule of law, the prospects seem doubtful for building a peo...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper has two key purposes. The first is to bring competition and power/politics directly into analyses of economic development in East Asia. In other words, the intention of this paper is to establish competition — defined as a historically constituted force — as integral part of the market process, the dynamics of which must be thoroughly analyzed and appreciated in order to adequately explain capitalist development in East Asia or anywhere else. My second, closely connected, purpose is to show just how and why a specific pattern of competition emerged and became embedded in South Korea's political economy. Briefly put, I contend that South Korea's rapid economic growth after the coup in 1961 was based — not on the establishment of a strong, developmental state per se — but on the emergence of an intense, but highly exclusionary form of competition, which I dub competition in closure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The success of GBV integrated service provision depends on co-ordinated programming that engages the different sectors across multiple levels with institutional buy-in of key stakeholders. Collaboration between the various service providers (medical, legal, police) is essential and services that are adequately resourced and located under one roof can be more readily accessed, leading to increased report and service demand as more people are able to benefit. The last decade has been the most progressive in terms of introducing new laws aimed at preventing VAWG.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Hong Kong’s status as a Special Administrative Region of China has engendered considerable interest in its political development. Outside observers and Hong Kong people alike generally consider that greater democratization will mean greater autonomy and less democracy will mean more control by Beijing. This observation is founded on an appreciation of the fundamental role democratization plays in constitutionalism. Understanding the Hong Kong political reform debate is therefore important to understanding the emerging status of both Hong Kong and China. The Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Hong Kong Basic Law appear to require liberal human rights protection, the rule of law, and democratic rule in Hong Kong.1 This chapter considers the politics of constitutional interpretation in Hong Kong and its relationship to developing democracy and sustaining Hong Kong’s highly regarded rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Inter-group inequalities produce strong grievances which may be used to mobilise people politically, especially when a socioeconomically deprived group is also without political power (Stewart, 2009). The 2011 World Development Report on conflict, security and violence looks at strategies governments may undertake to bring vulnerable and marginalised groups back into the fold and build and transform peaceful institutions (World Bank, 2011, Stewart, 2010). In this way, it is possible to address intergroup inequalities before they lead to conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A trial court in West Virginia submitted a certified question to that state's Supreme Court, asking whether the "wrongful conduct rule" is applicable in West Virginia. Under the wrongful conduct rule, a plaintiff may not recover damages from a defendant for injuries resulting from the plaintiff's own unlawful conduct or immoral act. At least 13 states have adopted the wrongful conduct rule. In fact, the West Virginia legislature adopted a statutory version of the wrongful conduct rule that became effective in May 2015, but that statue cannot be applied retroactively to the cases at hand. The trial court's certified question was whether, as a matter of common law, the wrongful conduct rule should be applied in West Virginia court cases that were filed before the statute became effective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They also make it clear that disadvantaged schools need more support so they can start regarding ethnic differences as a resource for learning, rather than an obstacle to learning (OECD, 2015b). Identifying the relationship between pre-primary education and later performance in school is challenging, because attendance at pre-school is often correlated with socio-economic advantage. When disadvantaged children enter pre-school, they already lag behind advantaged children because they are likely to have had fewer play opportunities at home to explore patterns, shapes and spatial relations, compare magnitudes, and count objects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
One shortcoming is that they do not incorporate a land use component and so provide no information on the interaction of transport and land use. These indicators can potentially include the individual and temporal component by measuring access at a particular time for a particular social group. Additionally, infrastructure-based indicators tend to disregard the equity and distributional and justice effects of accessibility and thus are less suitable for social evaluations in the form of equity-based analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)