albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Este informe se centra en las normas del sistema de pensiones y en su interaction con otras condiciones sociales y del mercado laboral a lo largo de la vida de las mujeres, con vistas a reproducir o mitigar las desigualdades de genero en la vejez. Posteriormente se revisan la estructura, losobjetivosy los instrumen-tos de los sistemas de pensiones, incluido el seguro social contributivo y la cuenta individual de contribution definida, ademas de los sistemas mixtos.y se identifican las principales fuentes de desigualdad de genero en los derechos de pension en un contexto de segregacion de los mercados laborales segun el genero. Tambien se analizan brevemente las trayec-torias que han seguido las reformas mas importantes de los sistemas de pensiones tras la crisis mundial y su efecto probable en las prestaciones de las mujeres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Local governments retain 100% of the revenues they collected from land (e.g. renting, tax on land use transfers and land use tax), from natural resource tax, registration fees and from lottery. Another source of revenue for provinces is part of the revenues collected from VAT, corporate income tax, personal income tax, and gasoline fee. There exists a sharing mechanism between central and provincial government for these revenues, but the majority of provinces can retain 100% for their own budget.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In a 5 June 2003 decision, the appeals chamber of the ICTY considered for the first time the question of whether it possessed jurisdiction to proceed with a case, despite the fact that the accused was before it by virtue of an illegal capture. The appeals chamber's decision to overlook breaches of international law in order to ensure Dragan Nikolic's conviction was arrived at without a thorough review of the relevant facts or law, resulting in a precedent that is seriously flawed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The situation should eventually improve as overall entry rates into tertiary programmes are rather high in Slovenia, reflecting wide access to higher education. In 2007, 88% of the relevant age cohort was expected to attend a vocational or academic tertiary programme at some point in their lives, substantially exceeding the OECD average of 71%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
ABSTRACTThis article examines the growing relationship between security and education, particularly in the light of the UK government’s Prevent Duty that seeks to tackle radicalisation in a variety of milieus, including universities. However, rather than seeing this process as being merely one-way, through a so-called securitisation of education (in the parlance of the Copenhagen School of International Relations), what is explored here is the dialectic between these two spheres. It is suggested that a heightened sensitivity to the supposed consequences of inflammatory rhetoric on the well-being of supposedly suggestible or vulnerable students has been in existence within education for quite some time. In that regard, the securitising efforts of politicians and officials are pushing against an open door. What’s more, it is proposed that the inability of the authorities to hold the line in support of absolute freedom of expression, within academia and beyond, tacitly encourages the very people the governme...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Cumulative FODEP grants corresponded to 0.03 per cent of GDP in 2011. The goal is to finance projects (within the framework of the National Programme of Sanitation and Wastewater Treatment) that reduce discharges of polluted water by means of the installation of water treatment equipment at the WBA or industrial company level. The fund is supported by EU grants totalling 100 million dirhams (US$12.4 million) over the period 2011-2013. In a similar vein to the FODEP, grants are provided within a range of 20 per cent to 40 per cent of total project value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Strong real economy investments, large and small, with their important job-creating capacity must displace financial operations from the driver's seat of the global economy. The expansion of short-term profits in financial markets, with little employment to show for it, has channelled away resources from the longer term horizon of sustainable real economy enterprises. The world is awash in liquidity that needs to become productive investments through a regulatory framework ensuring that financial institutions fulfil their original role of channelling savings into the real economy. Also, expanding wage participation in GDP within reasonable inflation rates will increase real demand and serve as a source of sustainable development growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For instance, there is a large variety of ready-for-use technologies and business solutions in the field of autonomous toll systems, real-time traffic light optimisation, Global Positioning System (GPS)-based data collection, and real-time traveller information. However, consideration should also be given to the interactions between technologies. Smart transportation is an integrated system where efficiency depends on a set of technologies rather than on just one or a few. This also means that consideration should be given to the future development of the system, including its expansion and upgrading.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Some of the 2030 Water Agenda’s initiatives aim to establish a mandatory ecological land management programme in all Mexican municipalities (Initiative 15), strengthen capacities of municipalities as regards civil defence (Initiative 19) and increase fines to civil servants who allow the non-compliance of land-use plans in urban development (Initiative 22). However, beyond the contemplated creation of a ministry of territorial development, the Agenda does not explicitly address the need to align objectives across multiple authorities with regard to zoning and construction policies. There are multiple areas where conflicting goals and targets work against water policy objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Recorded alcohol consumption in Kazakhstan is well below the OECD average but has been largely static, contrary to the general trend of decreasing consumption seen elsewhere (Figure 1.13). However, other data suggest the picture is more complex. First, the estimated total alcohol consumption (which includes unrecorded consumption) is much higher - 10.3 litres per person per year, almost identical to the OECD average (10.4) (Source: WHO Global Information System on Alcohol and Health). However, according to the same source, on average men drink 15.7 litres a year, which helps explain death rates from alcohol-related liver disease.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Sector Skills Councils and Sector Training Councils can play a role in this area but this requires that they expand their coverage and scope to other employers who do not actively participate in the Northern Ireland skills system. In Manchester and Leeds, local apprenticeship hubs have been successful in increasing participation in apprenticeship programmes while also offering coordinated support to SMEs. Lessons from the Leeds City apprenticeship hub highlight that local SMEs often found a fragmented advice and guidance system, which limits their knowledge about where to go to participate in apprenticeship programmes as well as the administrative requirements of participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This will require a review of party constitutions and re-alignment of womens leagues, so that they can play more active roles to enhance womens engagement within the parties -beyond ‘dancing’ for party leaders. Hence political parties need to field women candidates across the board - at the presidential, legislature and local government levels. Incentives for political parties to comply will come from the laws that require them to nominate and field women candidates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
An international workshop was held in Bern (Switzerland) on 28 April 2016. During the w'orkshop a discussion paper presented the initial analytical work, representatives from various OECD countries shared their policy experience in the area and participants observed a mock examination in the field of property management, as an illustration of how assessment methods are used in practice. The OECD team conducted study visits to Germany and Switzerland to conduct further interviews with stakeholders involved in the skill recognition processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Civil society organizations and family compensation funds (kindergartens and educational institutions). Childcare facilities to support working mothers in low-income households and informal employment (Secretariat of Social Development (SEDESOL)), where care is provided for children aged 11 months to 4 years. The municipal programme serves children aged 6 months to 3 years in areas with gaps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Employing Aihwa Ong's notion of ‘graduated sovereignty,’ this article problematizes urban displacement in the context of neoliberal citizenship. It follows the experiences of the stateless Rohingya, who, despite their protracted situation in the Klang Valley, are considered as only temporarily residing there. Disqualified from idealized citizenship based on a capitalistic Muslim subjectivity, they are disciplined mainly as low-skilled workers in the realm of the informal economy. Although internalization of neoliberal values (by the more entrepreneurial and capitally endowed Rohingya) allows for more cosmopolitan solidarity with citizens, it still does not lead to citizen subject-making, suggesting racism and racialization in the governmentality of the population. Excluded from neoliberalism, Rohingya life in Malaysia is characterized by multiple taxation and interventions that make long-term residency in Malaysia unsustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The objective is to provide order-of magnitude estimates that allow public discussion and policy making to integrate the most pressing issues in a meaningful way into the inevitable trade-offs that characterise all policy making. In doing so, full cost accounting will unavoidably mix hard market data, reasonably reliable estimates and less reliable estimates. The latter estimates may best be considered, even when undertaken by well-intentioned and experienced practitioners, as intelligent and informed guesswork.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Only Almaty City has a metro line, with plans to build a tramline. Many cities depend on taxis, most of them informal (but cheaper) private cars operating as taxis, which increases traffic in some cities. Low fuel prices and parking space for cars provide further incentives for private vehicle use and limit cities’ income for public transport improvements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The service orientation will facilitate the transformation to a green economy in so far as there will be fewer practices, such as chemical applications, that are unfriendly to the natural environment, the energy intensity of production will decline, and information and communications technologies will be more easily applied to production. There is now an official commitment in the long-term plan, Vision 2030, to move towards a green economy, though it still is not the dominant thrust of the plan. Most important, investment in activities that use green technologies, such as wind and solar energy equipment and non-petroleum fuelled transport, is still marginal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Two Norwegian approaches may serve as examples, and may also be quite relevant for similar efforts in Finland and Sweden (perhaps less so for Denmark due to differences in forest characteristics]. The identified biologically valuable areas shall be delimited, ranked, and recorded in the DN database for conservation sites, valuable nature areas etc, to be taken into consideration in physical planning. This inventory scheme has specified 13 forest types (Table 4.3].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the same way, according to this law, the Superintendence will be in charge of monitoring all ECEC institutions. This will thus address JUNJI’s potential conflict of interest, since JUNJI has simultaneously operated childcare centres and performed of quality assurance in the past. ( The accreditation and inspection processes generate one or multiple reports to providers (including the specific centre) and to the responsible public agencies. Reports are not provided directly to parents, but they are published on the Internet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The present research examines the relationships between ethical leadership and unit-level organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) and individual-level job satisfaction. In addition, this study tests the proposition that the impact of ethical leadership on these outcomes is moderated by leader role modeling strength, a unit-level construct that captures within-group consensus regarding the extent to which unit members perceived the leader as a role model of ethical behaviors at work. To these ends, the article draws on social learning theory (Bandura, 1977) and social identity theory (Ashforth and Mael, 1989). The results provide support for the proposed theoretical model in a sample of 297 employees nested in 58 work units. Specifically, ethical leadership was more strongly and positively associated with unit-level OCB and individual-level job satisfaction in work units reporting higher (versus lower) leader role modeling strength. This research highlights the importance of studying leader role modelin...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Section 3.4 notes how regulators, in expanding the notion of UAS policies beyond basic telecommunications services, are implementing provisions to promote both access to and adoption of broadband and ICTs in order to improve outcomes in every area of society, including education, healthcare and civic participation. Section 3.5 addresses how ICT regulators are coordinating with regulatory authorities responsible for other sectors, such as banking, the environment and health, to ensure that the benefits of ICTs reach all members of society. Issues such as the environment, data privacy and security, copyright protection, healthcare and education are all integrated within the broadband ecosystem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The biggest differences were observed in Iceland (8ppt) and Cyprus (9ppt), where severe deprivation rates rose substantially faster among children in lone parent families. However, similar differences in changes may mask a more complex picture. In Iceland, the severe deprivation rate for children in couple families remained at 1% in both 2008 and 2012, while it increased from 2% to 10% for those in lone parent families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, most people can access the Internet through a 3G or higher-quality network. This evolution of the mobile network, however, is going faster than the growth in the percentage of the population using the Internet. Almost 60 per cent of households had Internet access at home in 2018, up from less than 20 per cent in 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The challenge lies in determining how to effectively coordinate and integrate multi-sectoral policies under the aegis of a single overarching vision which is consistent with long-term objectives and does not lose sight of immediate needs and relevant priorities at the sectoral level. Food production, which is one of the most critical sectors affected by climate change, requires a multisectoral approach, given the number of interrelated dimensions that need to be simultaneously addressed in order to minimize current and future impacts of climate change on food systems and livelihoods in general. Agricultural practices, for instance, need to change in order not only to improve yields and ensure sufficient food production, but also to preserve ecosystems and natural resources in the long term. The preservation of ecosystems, through new management responses regarding natural resources, is also a determinant in ensuring sustainable livelihoods and food security. Thus, policies to stimulate agricultural productivity should be designed not in parallel with environmental policies but in such a way as to integrate goals of ecosystem preservation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is defined as the rate of currency conversion that equalises the purchasing power of different currencies by eliminating the differences in price levels between countries. Percentage of persons living with less than 50% of median equivalised disposable income. People live longer but health-related quality of life has not always improved, particularly alter age 65, and there are significant differences between men and women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The NUP articulates clearly the means to harness the economic opportunities of urbanisation, describing it in its vision as "an engine of economic development and sustainable human settlements". To achieve this, the strategy is founded on four pillars: coordination, the increased institutional governance for multi-level governance, densification, promoting compact and integrated urban forms for economies of agglomeration, conviviality, meeting social needs for quality of life and equity, and productivity, ensuring urban environments enabling businesses. However, given the importance placed on urban economies and the territorial balance of economic development, successful implementation of the national urban policy will rely heavily on local governments and their institutional and technical capacity. This challenge is acknowledged in the National Urbanisation Policy and will require increased local ability to raise fiscal revenues, better access to urban planning data and analytical tools, sharing of management practices, and citizen participation in policy making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Abstract   This study examines the relationship between factors central to community building, including local government-public relationships, sense of community, positive Word-of-Mouth (WOM) toward community, and community participation. A national survey of U.S. respondents (n = 447) was conducted through MTurk. The results indicate that the effects of local government-public relationships on positive WOM and community participation are mediated by individuals’ sense of community. This study advances the relationship-management scholarship by demonstrating that managing government-public relationships is ineffective in community-building when a sense of community is absent. In addition, the results of this study may benefit government public relations practitioners who are interested in public engagement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The emergence of biofuel and other industrial uses adds a further important dimension to demand, which will remain significant in the future. On a global scale, food remains the most important use of cereals: more than 1.2 billion tonnes (Bt) of food demand is projected for 2023, which is 150 million tonnes (Mt) more than in 2011-13 (Figure 1.6). Feed demand is the fastest growing sector, in line with shifting diet preferences. Almost 160 Mt additional feed will be needed by the end of the decade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The share of private expenditure is above the OECD average and is especially large at the tertiary level. It would also be important to strengthen the apprenticeship system, by increasing the attractiveness of apprenticeships and skilled trades' programmes for youth, improving completion rates and boosting participation of employers. Canada also faces the dual challenge of having the appropriate number of well trained teachers where they are most needed, and of providing support and guidance to schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The article explores the so-called parallel or mediatic judgments and theirrecognition in Chile. This, in order to discard the positions that refute its legality based onthe impairment of the right to the presumption of innocence and guarantees of the indepen-dence and impartiality of the judge or court that is aware of a criminal process. As a generalconclusion, it is postulated that this does not occur in hypotheses where rights and guaran-tees are exercised correctly, especially within an open government that promotes transpar-ency, accountability of the authorities and citizen participation in decision-making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A further methodological difficulty is understanding how aid for trade interacts with other financing flows, particularly foreign direct investment (FDI). This preliminary analysis of financing for ICT and e-commerce development highlights three particular needs: the first is to refine the reporting definitions so that it more accurately captures financing flows to the sector, the second is to consider financing in a broader sense, and, the third is to study how concessional funding is interacting with private sector investment. Self-assessment questionnaires and the call for case stories were addressed to partner countries (developing and least developed Members), regional economic communities (RECs) and transport corridors (TCs), donors (bilateral and multilateral), and providers of South-South trade-related assistance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Stronger participation of the private sector is also expected in most projects in mid-size and major cities, as is major involvement of local authorities in the observance of environmental laws and regulations. Source: Ministry of the Environment, Japan. British Columbia Ministry of Environment (2009), Design for Environment (DfE) Best Practices Lessons for British Columbia’s Ministry of Environment, p. 11. Source: Flemish Public Waste Agency, OVAM, Belgium.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The typical TDR programme involves the landowner of a preservation or sending zone (or parcel) selling the development rights to a developer who will use these rights in an area designated as development or receiving zone (or parcel). In general, the receiving area allow s for higher density of construction than the base density established by law through density bonuses provided by local governments, thereby creating incentives for developers to buy the development rights (Tavares, 2003). Successful TDR programmes require strict sending-area regulations, market incentives and or ways for development to gain bonus density' without using TDR (Pruetz and Standridge, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Estimates offered by IMTA (2009) indicate that water sector expenditures approached MXN 40 billion per year in 2004-2006 (about 0.5% of GDP), MXN 48 billion in 2007 and MXN 60 billion in 2008 (IMTA, 2009). According to Figure 3.3, expenditures exceeded MXN 80 billion in 2009. The increases in the last decade followed a long period of relative neglect, as water investments decreased by a third between 1980 and 2002 (Medel, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)