albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Distances travelled vary considerably between cities as well, the length of the average trip by car is 14.2 km in Mumbai, but only 3.1 km in Bhopal. The pump price per litre of diesel varies across the region, from USD 0.22 in Brunei Darussalam to USD 0.81 in China and India, while that of gasoline ranges between USD 0.37 in Brunei Darussalam to USD 1.25 in Singapore (Figure 2.9). Fuel prices can account for a large share of drivers’ transportation costs (Box 2.4). These prices are affected by taxes, which are often designed to generate revenue and to price the environmental effects of vehicle emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The baseline specification focuses on the level of such variable (as in recent works on inequality and growth, see e.g. Halter et al. The data are sourced from the latest (2013) version of the widely used Barro and Lee dataset.37 In general, the quality of available cross country data on human capital has been shown to be relatively poor (De la Fuente and Domenech, 2013). The baseline specification does not, on the other hand, account for the last term in A3.7, cumulating population growth, capital depreciation and technological progress (n+g+S). The paper focuses on a simplified specification for several reasons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Law 13/2005,30 June 2005,Boletin del Estado, 2 July 2005. For more examples, see note 45. Swedish Cohabitees Act (2003). The same World Bank study shows,for example, that in at least 30 countries women cannot be heads of household, and in 18 countries they can not even get a job without the husband's permission. In some regions where multiple legal systems coexist, such as sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia, discriminatory customary and religious provisions continue to prevent the equal enjoyment of rights in the family context. Often, they are a precondition for ensuring the effective enjoyment of the rights related to the family as well as the well-being of its members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Sustained industrialisation is not possible without trade. While domestic demand provides the initial momentum for the circle to turn and to thus jumpstart the economies-of-scale and the rise in productivity, the sustainable growth of manufacturing industries requires access to foreign markets and technologies. This access helps boost demand and productivity spillovers considerably (UNIDO, 2017b). Specifically, developing countries can use spatial industrial policies to support the upscaling of their industrial capabilities, which may help them target global markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, borrowing creates a claim on future budgets since debt has to be serviced and repaid. Moreover, external debt carries additional risks since a depreciation of the exchange rate can increase the burden of servicing it. In deciding whether deficit financing can contribute to the sustainable realization of rights over time, it is critical to consider whether the government is using the debt in ways that support the fulfilment of rights without compromising future streams of revenue—which would violate the principle of maximum available resources if future generations are considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Factors that influence the choice of technology include customer and load density, relative distance to the national or regional grid, landscape, the availability of natural resources such as wind, sun, water and forests, economic and financial aspects (including consumer ability and willingness to pay), and the availability and maturity of any chosen technology (Niez, 2010). The number of users served might vary from single users (stand-alone system) to whole villages (minigrids). Remote, sparsely populated and/or low-income regions make grid extension economically unviable and the alternatives provide access to electricity that can be deployed relatively quickly without the need to increase generation capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Hence, understanding market dynamics and the influence of geography is crucial for policy making. Therefore, identifying the geography of interdependence is a necessary starting point. Generally, a market shed, or market basin, is a network of deficit markets that are linked by common supply and/or price movements (Haggblade et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Raised income levels subsequent to welfare reform, both for those in and out of work, may therefore be expected to have a positive effect on children. A review of the evidence on welfare reform and child outcomes in the United States (Waldfogel, 2007) concludes that those most vulnerable to doing poorly as a result of policy changes are the very young (under age two) and adolescents. Detrimental effects are most likely to occur where there are no gains in income, when mothers are working in low-wage or long-hour jobs, or jobs which reduce the amount of parents’ time with children (such as jobs with non-standard work hours or long commutes). The evidence has largely supported investment in early years’ services with Cunha and Heckman (2005) arguing that early intervention to break the link between poverty in childhood and outcomes in later life is crucial because of the way skills are developed: “skill begets skill, and learning begets more learning. Early advantages accumulate, just as early disadvantages do”. While later interventions may still be worthwhile, it is much more costly to intervene to affect outcomes for teenagers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A number of studies have shown that high-speed lines strongly influence the structure and level of accessibility of a country or a region. Where these investments occur, distances seem to shrink, thus even remote places may become attractive as locations for economic activities and facilitating the movement of labour and goods. Figure 2.1 shows the impact of this spatial compression within Western Europe in 1993 and how South-Eastern Europe has not been able to capitalise on this.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
But the focus on better designs and materials, increased maintenance and inspection required to implement the solution, is likely to also lead to better safety levels, less downtime and more efficient operations, and probably also health benefits from reduced emissions of reduced emissions of volatile organic compounds and other air pollutants associated with oil and natural gas extraction as well. The EPA has also expanded this programme to international partners, and has recently also initiated the Natural Gas STAR Methane Challenge programme, in which partners make public measurable commitments in return for having their commitments and eventual achievements showcased. They have achieved methane intensity reductions of more than 1% per year since the early 2000s, although their absolute methane intensities are still nearly 3 times as high as the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Countries with less proactive investment have seen less stellar results. The influence of AI is trickling into all aspects of life. New business models, products, processes and services are emerging every day, accelerating growth towards a digital economy worth some US$23 trillion by 2025 and opening up a new economic growth cycle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The main focus of the plan in public spaces has been pavements, crossings, bus stops and reserved parking for people with disabilities. The city thus aimed at reducing barriers to walking, adapting existing environmental design and raising awareness among pedestrians and road users, all of which are measures to improve autonomous access to services and comprise a starting point for reducing social isolation. The matter generated intense public debate, as cobblestones are associated with Lisbon's visual identity. However, cobblestones make pavements irregular, uncomfortable and slippery, reducing safety and accessibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Composite indicators may synthesise the rather disjoint, fragmented and non-transparent overflow of information on simple indicators into some key numbers, the broad meaning of which is readily understood by external stakeholders. An enumeration of the main advantages and drawbacks of using composite indicators in general is shown in Box 2.1 below. Recently approaches have been proposed which explicitly account for vulnerability enhancing or mitigating factors on the demand side (for instance, Scheepers, et al., As for supply-side vulnerabilities, notably when it regards imported energy carriers, they broadly relate to geopolitical security of supply risk, i.e. the external dimension of energy supply security identified in the previous chapter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Both the tax mix and the progressive nature of taxes raise the redistributive impact of taxes. The data contained in the OECD Income Distribution and Poverty Database further reveal that household taxes are more progressive - as measured by a Kakwani index - than in the OECD on average. So are the personal income tax and social security contributions paid by employees (based on statutory tax schedules from the OECD Tax Database), in particular at the lower end of the income distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The papers are generally available only in their original language - English or French -with a summary in the other. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The paper also greatly benefited from comments by participants to the European Commission Seminar on Housing for the Social Situation Monitor (December 2014) and the CECODHAS Housing Europe Social Affairs Committee meeting of November 2014. The authors would also like to thank the experts who provided information through the OECD Questionnaire on Affordable and Social Housing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Costs will often only start to fall meaningfully after an extended period of commercial testing, learning, efficiency gains, and other incremental improvements. The concurrent establishment and growth of an industrial base drives costs down through standardization, mass production, and economies of scale. The first atmospheric steam engines had thermal conversion efficiencies of only 1 percent, consuming some 45 pounds of coal per horsepower delivered (Ayres, 1989).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, when adaptation options are combined, the gains for farmers are significant. For example, the authors found that changing crops, when combined with water conservation strategies, delivers the largest gains of any of the adaptation options. The study concludes that, while adaptation to climate change based upon a portfolio of strategies is superior to single-option strategies, finding the right combination of interventions requires experimentation with different options to iterate the optimal course of action. The study also sheds light on the need to remove the structural barriers encountered by some groups when they attempted to access the full range of strategies, either because of poor socioeconomic status or weak access to financial resources, or owing to an absence of knowledge attributable to low levels of education or lack of information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They can contribute to the growing interconnections between cities through sustained global communications, institutional linkages and the exchange of resources among migrants, homelands and wider diasporas. Migrants as builders of resilience: Migrants also play an important role in building the resilience of home and host communities through the exchange of resources and support. Migrants and their networks can contribute to managing risk for the community at large.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The NDOH has recently started this with the implementation of the health patient registration system. At the same time, national and provincial departments of health set and monitor targets related to health outputs and health system performance. Recent efforts at the district level (District Health Expenditure Reviews, District Health Barometers) linking health spending with non-financial health indicators provide a good example. Such monitoring efforts provide useful information on inter-district and inter-province variations that allow assessing whether the allocated resources are used effectively and efficiently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Abstract   South Korea has started cracking down on Chinese vessels in the Yellow Sea, in response to their increasing illegal fishing activities and armed resistance. This research examines changes in Korea's use of force against Chinese illegal fishing after exploring the current fishing situation in this undelimited area. Korea's strengthened stance against illegal fishing, as illustrated by its amended Maritime Security Act and the Korea Coast Guard's new internal rules, is studied to verify whether it meets the requirements of international law. Korea's law and practice, in general, seem to respect international law by balancing two purposes: ensuring the effective exercise of law enforcement and the safety of officers and fishermen. This article suggests some recommendations to improve Korea's compliance with international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The estimation used information on the percentage of incorporated self-employed men and women with employees that was available for 1995,1997, 1999, 2001 and 2005 from the Contingent and Alternative Work Arrangements Surveys. For the missing years between 1996 and 2004, the percentage was derived through linear interpolation. For the years 2006 to 2011, the percentage for 2005 was used. The statistics have been developed by national statistical offices on the basis of EIP definitions, primarily by linking business registers to population registers or other administrative data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In these cases, policy reforms have accelerated the trend towards greater income inequality. In a few cases, redistribution has declined by a sufficient margin to push up inequality after taxes and benefits despite a fall in the market-income Gini (Denmark, 1995-2000, Israel, 2001-05, Norway, 1979-86, United Kingdom, 1994-2004). Redistribution is the absolute difference between the Gini coefficients before and after taxes and transfers. All measures are based on equivalised household income using the square-root equivalence scale. The mechanisms underlying these changes, as well as possible policy responses, differ substantially between groups, however.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Different actors within societies define risks and levels of acceptable risk in different ways. Too much or too little water can be considered a risk, depending on the level of water required. Indeed, efforts to reduce water risks for a given population, ecosystem or activity may (inadvertently or not) increase other water risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A PERPRES is issued to implement a higher legislation, i.e. it relates to matters stipulated by a Law or a PP. Regulations to implement Laws and PPs can also be issued by Ministers (Peraturan Menteri, PERMEN) and heads of departments (Peraturan Direktur Jendera 1, PERDJ). Regulations are a relatively new legislative term in Indonesia, introduced by Law 10/2004.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In general, in 2011, countries in the Asian and Pacific region had a DPT3 coverage of 80 per cent or above, with the exception of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (78 per cent), Timor-Leste (67 per cent) and Papua New Guinea (61 per cent). In some countries, DPT3 coverage was lower in 2011 than it was in 1990, examples include India (100 per cent to 85 per cent), Indonesia (88 per cent to 83 per cent) and the Philippines (88 per cent to 80 per cent). Immunization for this disease is also used as a proxy indicator of a fully immunized child because it is usually given at the age of 9 months, by which time all other antigens have been provided.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is likely that as each generation reaches old age, it will face similar difficulties as the pace of technology moves faster than people's ability to stay ahead of it mentally and physically. Given the likely increase in prevalence of digital interfaces - especially in the context of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) - designing services that are accessible for as wide a population as possible will become a core concern. This is already the case for Finland, a pioneer in MaaS policy and deployment (see Box 5). Over the past 30 years, in North America, Europe and elsewhere there have been developments, initiated by the civil rights movement and increasingly enshrined in law, to require all public transport to be designed and operated by vehicles and systems accessible to people who use wheelchairs, have walking difficulty, impaired sight or hearing, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Using the data reported in Table 5 (column 2), averaging across years, and extrapolating trends for countries where available data cover only a short period, it can be shown that the Gini coefficient for market income has, on average, increased by 16% over a ten-year period across the countries shown. This is a very substantial increase over a relatively short period of time. For instance, and as discussed below, 16% is the same order of magnitude as the reduction in inequality among the non-elderly population that is achieved by the entire tax-benefit system in some countries (e.g., Switzerland or the United States).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Scale-up safety nets and early warning systems for disaster response. Conditional social transfers, which require beneficiaries to fulfil a range of conditions to qualify for assistance, are not currently implemented, although the NSPS raises the possibility of introducing such a programme in the future. A cash transfer programme for vulnerable groups was launched in Tigray in 2011 but did not apply conditions for recipients (Berhane et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Projections in a recent OECD report indicate that high levels of informality will prevail well into the future, as a result, the growth in social insurance coverage evident in the recent past is unlikely to maintain this trajectory (OECD, 2017[2ij). Due to the timing of its launch, expenditure on CBHI is not covered in the expenditure analysis for the period 2012/13 to 2015/16. However, a rapid increase in enrolment suggests that spending on CBHI will grow strongly over in the near future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This is especially true for advanced industrial or post-industrial societies, where electricity provides the essential services necessary for production, communication and exchange. Not surprisingly, governments of OECD countries are thus concerned with understanding the factors influencing the security of energy and electricity supplies and with developing policy frameworks and strategies to enhance them. Energy security here has two main dimensions: an external dimension that aims at ensuring a stable supply of imports and an internal dimension that is concerned with maintaining domestic infrastructures at adequate capacity levels and in good working conditions. This report aims to examine the role that nuclear energy can play in enhancing the security of electricity supply of OECD member countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The OECD Development Centre projects the region to grow at an average of 6% in the next five years, while its population is expected to grow by 20% by 2030, reaching 700 million. Yet, the region has great potential to contribute to GHG emission reductions. Transitioning to a low-carbon economy could simultaneously address the challenges of diminishing non-renewable energy resources, job creation and poverty reduction in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Democratization studies has tended to understand democracy a pro-Western political regime build around liberal norms and government. This approach provides clarity, but cannot explain the varied political experiences and outcomes within contemporary processes of ‘democratization’. At the same time, it fails to capture the range of meanings invested in the term ‘democracy’. Starting from the premise that democracy's appeal rests on its emancipatory potential, this article proposes reconceptualzing what is meant by democratization, drawing in ideas from identity politics and citizenship studies while, at the same time, placing the impetus for democratization in the framework of global transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
More detail on those general principles are discussed in the OECD Innovation Strategy (OECD, 2015g). Linguistic barriers and low access to conventional media by the target group, among other factors, might hamper the effectiveness of communication and dissemination measures built around the programme. For example, implementation the Prototypes of Social Innovation programme in Chile was initially hindered by the misunderstanding of the notion of “social innovation” among the target groups, which led to low levels of participation in workshops aimed at identifying major social challenges at the local level. As a result, they might not trust governmental intervention or might not perceive the potential benefits from it, leading to low levels of engagement to the programme and/or resistance to its implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Ethiopia, the ILO and Irish Aid Partnership Programme work together to give these women confidence and income, through entrepreneurship training that, emphasises confidence-building and encourages women to see and take advantage of business opportunities in their immediate surroundings. The programme combines this direct support with the promotion of disability considerations in national laws, policies, services and programmes. Donors can support inclusive state action (Dani and De Haan, 2008) through helping to document and bring into the policy arena evidence of the poverty effects of exclusion. They can also introduce and encourage the use of tools such as the “inclusion lens” that in Uganda helps make local government budgets more inclusive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, several conference and journal papers have been published in domestic as well as international societies. Currently, the focus of the laboratory is on developing tools for quality assessment of intelligent advertising platforms as well as natural language-processing services such as knowledge graph and tree bank. This project promotes the advancement of SDGs 8 and 9. Every day, huge streams of information are exchanged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Particularly exposed are the eastern and southern coastal regions (see map). In the Asia-Pacific region, more people are living in coastal areas and cities, especially in the megacities that have more than 10 million inhabitants. In 2011, ten of the worlds twenty largest megadties were located in Asia.2 Within these cities many people are packed into informal housing areas with poor infrastructure where they are particularly vulnerable to natural disasters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These countries have diversified their exports into tourism (particularly the island LDCs, but also Nepal) or government services (Afghanistan and Djibouti). Diversification of exports towards services has an impact on the economic vulnerability index (EVI), but does not necessarily mean structural transformation of the economy. It tends to boost income growth, but this is not necessarily associated with commensurate human development or with economic diversification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)