albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This broader well-being agenda does not abandon the objective to improve rural competitiveness, rather it recognises that competitiveness is a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for well-being. A pooling of resources and capabilities across entities creates the ability to collectively accomplish what no individual actor can achieve independently. This demands the collaboration and engagement of government at multiple levels, and involvement of the private sector and third sector. Long term capacity building makes rural communities more engaged in processes of development and more resilient to shocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Electric rickshaws are also gaining popularity for paratransit in Nepal (figure 4.10). Hanoi has a fleet of electric vehicles available for hire to tour core city area in Hanoi (figure 4.11). Therefore, it is necessary for Governments to simultaneously encourage adoption and boost infrastructure while providing incentives that support, embrace and encourage private investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As in many developing or emerging economies, the main type of disposal is landfilling, which in Brazil accounted for almost 98% of treatment in 2008. Waste disposal in non-sanitary landfills (i.e. sites without measures to minimise environmental damage such as groundwater contamination) decreased over 2000-08, particularly disposal in uncontrolled, open-air dumps (Figure 1.11). Despite this improving trend, however, Brazil fell short of its national target to eliminate uncontrolled landfills by August 2014. Small municipalities, and those with large rural zones, have particular trouble complying with national legislation, usually because of limited institutional capacity and lack of economies of scale (Chapters 2 and 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Nigerian State is a victim of high-level corruption, bad governance, political instability and cyclical legitimacy crisis. In the absence of support from civil society, the effective power of government was eroded and patron-client relationships took a prime role over the formal aspects of politics, such as the rule of law, wellfunctioning political parties, and a credible electoral system. In order to break this cycle and ensure good governance, accountability and transparency must be guaranteed.    NESG Economic Indicators  Vol. 14 (1) 2008: pp.  25-35
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Focus is on the two-way link between economic activity and biodiversity, the model applied to structure the analysis, and the well-known challenges in linking measures of biodiversity and economic modelling. New policy proposal are subject to macro-economic assessments indicating their impacts on economic growth and employment. Biodiversity is an example of an environmental policy area where the link to macro-economic assessment has not yet been developed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In addition, the report finds that in about 60% of working poor households, the main source of earnings is non-standard work. One-quarter of men and 40% of women are in non-standard employment, mainly stemming from gender imbalances in part-time work. Women often work part-time, since this facilitates combining work and family responsibilities, but this frequently comes at a cost to their longterm career and earning prospects (OECD, 2012). Youth and workers with a lower level of education are over-represented among the non-standard employed adults. Close to half of temporary workers are under 30 years of age, and the incidence of temporary employment is 30% higher for those with lower levels of education than for those with medium levels (OECD, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Many of these changes have been linked to higher incidences of poverty. Smaller households, households headed by women and older people, and immigrant families all face higher risks of poverty. As family structures continue to change so too will the nature of poverty: as families become more fluid, individuals may face greater risks of falling into poverty at some point over the course of their lives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Permit and licensing systems are in place and enforced, vulnerability mapping for land use planning exists, good agricultural practices have been developed and implemented, and protection zones for drinking water supply have been established. Water protection is integrated in agricultural policy and in licensing procedures for industrial plants, as well as in hydropower development. Wastewater treatment infrastructure is in place. Austria reports that there is no urgent necessity for measures to adapt to climate change, scenarios have been developed and possible consequences investigated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Achieving cost recovery targets, developing water pricing and trading mechanisms, clarifying water entitlements and changing institutional arrangements, need to be underpinned by more and reliable information. Encouraging examples are the monitoring of minimum water flow rates in rivers as part of environmental planning, and comprehensive river basin assessments being undertaken in a number of countries. However, considerable information and knowledge gaps still remain. This encompasses data on the sources of water used, improved calculations of the physical and economic efficiency of water use in agriculture, and a better understanding of the links between on-farm water use and off-farm environmental impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Another example of an early blockchain initiative is the incorporation of the Energy Web Foundation (EWF) as a global consortium of generators, integrated utilities, and related companies such as research institutes, IT service providers and start-ups. In addition to developing a new open-source core technology platform that is purpose-built for the energy sector, EWF has set up several specialised working groups and knowledge exchange forums in order for EWF “affiliates” to accelerate development of blockchain-based applications for certificate of origin markets for green power, demand response programmes, electric vehicle networks, and other application domains. On one hand, the development and piloting of several blockchain-based digital services is increasing, as most auto original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), tier 1 suppliers, and many software firms are working on solutions to current pain points, such as inefficient processes and data sharing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
All along, LDCs and development partners should continue to scrutinise NTMs to make sure that they serve legitimate public policy interests rather than specific lobby interests. These opportunities include developments such as emerging economies, which are altering the dynamics of LDC trade, and the rise of value chains, which has - arguably - made it easier for LDCs to integrate global markets. There are also two other existing, and perhaps less obvious, ‘opportunities’ that could be further exploited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
And what is the impact on cost (compared to a more “traditional” approach of health service delivery)? This part summarises the results of evaluation studies carried out in a number of countries on the impact of APN on patient care and cost. It builds on recent reviews of such evaluations that have been carried out by other researchers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The book explains how to transform the global energy economy over the coming decades. A BLUE Scenario was developed to explore the energy and technology implications of reducing global energy-related C02 emissions to 50% of the 2005 levels by 2050. If fully implemented, the BLUE Scenario could limit the long-term global mean temperature rise to between 2.0°C and 3.0°C.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As a first step, forest certification systems and schemes such as partnership forests and enterprise forests are being introduced as new initiatives to increase the value of forests. In recent years, there have been a number of initiatives to reduce carbon emissions through forest C02 capture certification schemes and wood-based biomass use. These strategies have been launched by various local governments, but here two representative examples are examined: Shimokawa-cho, Hokkaido, and Kochi Prefecture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Numerous studies show that it is difficult to determine how individual schools are funded. This lack of transparency prompts concerns about efficiency and equity in education, particularly given the prevalence of private schools compared with other OECD countries. Evidence, including a study commissioned by the government (see Spotlight 4), indicates that government schools, most affected by inequitable funding, become less attractive to students from upper socio-economic status who move to private schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Ethical principles and concerns are at the heart of criminological research and can arise at the planning, implementation and reporting stages. It is vital that researchers are aware of the issues involved so that they can make informed decisions about the implications of certain choices. This cutting-edge book charts the changing topography of ethics, governance and accountability for social science research in criminology, contributes to the developing discourse on research ethics and demonstrates the importance as to why research ethics should be taken seriously. Bringing together a range of experts who consider both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. This book examines the key issues and challenges of ethical research. Topics covered include:
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Ministry' of Environment and Tourism is responsible for managing protected areas, forest and water resources. The Ministry of Mining and Heavy Industry' is responsible for the mining licensing process and mining cadastre. The Ministry of Roads and Transport is responsible for roads, in particular for increasing the number and length of paved roads.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A number of key mechanisms are used in blockchain implementations, most notably key-pairs and hash functions (Badev and Chen, 2017, Bohme et al., The technology can therefore be regarded as a high security technology, but not without vulnerabilities. While the decentralised network is relatively safe from serious hacking attacks due to its set-up, an insecure storage of private keys might enable hackers to gain access to sensitive data. In addition, all interfaces to systems outside the blockchain environment are potentially targets for hacker attacks, if not properly secured.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The global youth population is 1.2 billion (17.6 percent of the total population), and the regions with the highest shares of young people in their population are Sub-Saharan Africa (20.2 percent), the Arab States (19.6 percent) and South Asia (19.6 percent). Recent social upheavals show that a mismatch between increasingly educated young people and employment opportunities can yield alienation and despair. So they are more likely to be unemployed, underemployed or employed on more precarious contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Parental leave reform has effectively reduced the duration of the paid leave spell that mothers take and induced many fathers to use paid leave entitlements, often for two months at a time (Chapter 3). At the same time public investment in early childhood education and care (ECEC) increased markedly with public spending as a per cent of GDP and the proportion of children participating coming from behind to overtake the OECD average (Chapter 3). The share of the population in former West Germany that believes a mother should not work at all when they have a pre-school aged child has dropped from 46.6% in 2002 to 21.8% in 2012, and over the same period that proportion halved to below 10% in East Germany (Chapter 2). Furthermore in terms of who should take paid parental leave, fathers or mothers, in 2012 the German population was one of the most egalitarian after Sweden (Figure 1.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It aims to restore ecosystem services and control soil erosion in the Cumbaza river basin (Proambiente, 2016a). The Guidelines state as one of their objectives to promote public investment projects that aim at generating capital in tourism and culture, conservation, restoration and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystem services, as drivers for development" (BIOFIN, 2016). Peru’s experience in PES schemes started in 2004 with a project in Moyobamba in San Martin, which introduced a fee for drinking water, used to conserve and sustainably use forests to protect Rumiyacu, Mishquiyacu and Almendra micro-basins.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This involves a complex series of tasks, including tendering for the provision of waste management services, establishing tariffs at an appropriate level and entering into public-private partnerships. They have played an important role in establishing infrastructure and increasing separate collection, recovery and recycling for the waste streams concerned. Although published results suggest that they are by and large achieving their targets, there are concerns about the reliability of the information they generate and the “grey zones” of waste that fall outside these systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
As employment rates increased similarly for wives of top and bottom earners, the reduction in inequality resulting from higher female employment has been fairly strong. It is worth noting, however, that a gender gap remains in terms of wages. Despite having narrowed by around 20 percentage points since the introduction of the Equal Pay Act in 1975, the gender gap in median hourly earnings for a full-time job is still at 9.1% (ONS, 2011). Differently from 30 years ago, when the wage gap was already visible at entry in the labour market, nowadays it fluctuates around equality up to the age of 30, then opens up and levels off around the age of 50.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The breadth of policy reforms has varied dramatically across countries. In a few, there has been rapid structural change, whereas in a greater number of countries, changes have been limited to parametric change (reductions in salaries, pharmaceutical prices, increases in co-payments). The most common changes have been to reform pharmaceuticals both to pay less at a national level and to encourage more use of generics, increase co-payments, and to centralise purchasing or provision of health goods and services. That said, a number of reforms have attracted considerable critique and political unrest among workers, industry and the general population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
But in general, the variability in the data used and its relevance to the central question of infrastructure’s impact on growth, the model specification, the econometric methodology and the treatment of non-stationarity and causation, are all causes for inconclusive results. These data difficulties also make it hard to arrive at methodologies to compare and contrast the experiences of countries in promoting growth through increases in stock in infrastructure. Straub (2008: 22) reviewed 64 empirical studies linking infrastructure to growth to find that veiy few of them actually addressed the question directly and systematically. Values are averages for each decade, based on banks' annual commitments from both concessional and nonconcessional windows. World Bank: includes International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and International Development Association only. Inter-American Development Bank: the 1960s are the average over 1967-1969.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In other countries, such as the Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Sweden, Slovenia and the Slovak Republic, self-employed workers can voluntarily opt in to public unemployment insurance coverage subject to certain conditions. Lastly, unemployment assistance programmes designed to provide assistance - on a temporary or indefinite basis - to those not eligible for unemployment benefits from the outset of their unemployment spells can also support previously self-employed individuals. Such programmes are in place in Australia, Estonia, Ireland, Finland, Germany, Hungary, New Zealand, Spain and Sweden. These individuals are disproportionately young, have no or little work experience or have been unemployed for a relatively long period of time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The challenge facing ECE Region governments, forest owners and forest stakeholders is to develop and establish, in an equitable and efficient way, a transparent and objective institutional and governance system to achieve this. The challenge for other ECE countries is to support them in this effort. A necessary first step is to ensure that national development plans recognise the importance of forest sector issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Much of the paper sector output, particularly for paperboard, is intimately tied to the demands for packaging by the manufacturing sector, which has been in an unsteady decline since 1999 in the USA, and is likely to trend downward into the foreseeable future. The expected recovery in traditional forest products markets is accompanied by great uncertainty about the extent and consequences of production of wood energy. If wood energy supply is consistent with the volumes the IPCC in its report considered necessary to stabilise climate change (assuming a constant share of bioenergy in renewables), it would increase 4-5 times between 2006 and 2030 in the USA and 3-7 times in Canada, with steep price rises. However, if the historical mix between energy and industrial wood is assumed to stay constant, the increases in wood energy are relatively small in both countries, a clear indication of the importance of policy factors in driving the expansion of wood energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In rural China, electricity is supplied through three channels: a county is connected to a national grid, or is supplied through local dispatch, or is self-supplied. Following this pattern, China implemented the "Brightness Programme" and the "County Hydropower Construction of National Rural Electrification", using small hydropower, wind and solar power generation for the electrification of rural areas. During the first stage (1949-1977), rural communities were the main investors in rural electrification efforts, during the second stage (1978-1997) the central, provincial and local governments all played fundamental roles, and during the third stage (since 1998) the central government is the main investor. In 1997 the government noted that rural electricity supply suffered from a number of problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
About 70% of federal protected areas, or 7% of the surface area under federal protection, includes land on which there are private property claims, mostly in the Amazon, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes (TCU, 2013, Verfssimo et al., At that pace, it would take more than a century to complete the process. The resolution of problems related to territorial consolidation and land tenure sometimes exceeds the capacity and responsibility of environment authorities (TCU, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The programme also led to a reallocation of labour from agriculture to higher-return non-agricultural employment (Maluccio, 2010). The disincentive effect was greater for informal and unpaid workers, with irregular or no sources of income as well as for women, and was more pronounced when beneficiaries received more. Some women substituted housework for wage employment, perhaps because of low wages and the relatively high time requirements of meeting programme conditionalities (Ribas and Soares, 2011, de Brauw etal., In Mexico, however, PROGRESA/Oportunidades/Prospera did not affect the adult labour supply, nor does the Programa Apoyo Alimentario food aid programme (targeting areas not covered by Oportunidades), which provides either cash or in-kind transfers. However, transfers by both programmes have led to a significant switch by males (but not females) out of agriculture and into higher-return non-agricultural activities (Skoufias, Unar and Gonzalez-Cossio, 2008, Alzua, Cruces and Ripani, 2012). Old-age pension schemes had varied impacts in South Africa, although they appear to have led to an overall reduction in participation by the elderly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
About 71% of companies had a re-employment system, and 11% had an employment-extension system in place. About 8% had both systems (MHLW, 2008c).189 A 2005 JILPT survey on Human Resource Strategies shows that willingness to employ older workers is generally higher in the management, office work and technical departments of firms than in the production and operating departments (Mitani, 2008). Only 12% of surveyed companies implementing a continuous employment system in 2006 stated that they employed older workers having reached mandatory retirement age as full-time regular workers. Most others offered them fixed-term jobs (83%) and/or part-time jobs (20%) (Fujimoto, 2008). Furthermore, in many cases employment contracts of older workers are changed, even if they perform the same tasks and continue to work full-time. As a result the annual income of these older workers, including corporate pension and public benefits as well as wages, was commonly about 50% to 70% of their annual income at the mandatory retirement age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
According to Escribano et al. ( Indeed, as experienced in other parts of the world, manufacturing is seen as having great potential for increasing productivity, creating decent jobs and thereby improving socioeconomic development prospects. Africa began the post-2015 era with a relatively low development in manufacturing, with a situation significantly better in North Africa than the rest of the continent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Implementation costs should be estimated, along with alternatives, comparing also to the status quo: it is important to determine early in the design phase whether a blockchain application is value-adding to its intended use case. By developing a prototype, technical and functional feasibility of the concept can be tested, and the application can be demonstrated to stakeholders. If the general concept for the prototype is approved by all decision makers, initiation of the business ecosystem of relevant stakeholders can start.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
School choice reform refers to changes that allow parents greater freedom to choose schools for their children. School choice reform is contentious because it fundamentally alters the environment in which public and private schools operate and could result in significant changes for both demanders and suppliers of education. This article develops a model of public education with imperfect exit to predict how private school enrollment influences performance of public schools. Empirical evidence from data on all private and public schools in California provides substantial support for the hypothesis that public school test scores are inversely related to private school enrollments and charter school enrollments when private and charter schooling reflects exiting by parents unhappy with local public schools. Implications regarding how expanded private school choice might influence public school performance in California and elsewhere are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Directive describes marine strategies, the establishment of environmental targets, monitoring and measures. Member States shall use relevant international forums, including mechanisms and structures of regional sea conventions, to coordinate their actions with third countries having sovereignty or jurisdiction over waters in the same marine region or subregion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)