albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, the business case, especially in terms of making a profit, is not as easily applicable in all areas of environmental protection and in the countries that need the most support. In those countries and sectors, additionality must be assessed (e.g. replication at lower cost) and there is a need to develop, pilot and document innovative ways to engage the private sector, such as through the use of green and inclusive business models. One example of this is the need to better finance climate change adaptation efforts - as is discussed in Chapter 4, less than a fifth of climate-related development finance targeted climate change adaptation in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This is forward-looking in that it does not hinder the future use, or development, of technologies. The OECD approach was adopted by the European Commission in 2013 to benchmark deployment of eHealth among general practitioners in the European Union (EU) and more recently by Brazil.8 The Working Group on ICT measurement of the Statistical Conference of the Americas, coordinated by the National Statistics Office of the Dominican Republic and Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean is adapting the OECD model survey for use in Latin America. What is clear from the table is that the nature and scope of data collected by these organizations is a distinct reflection of their mandates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, in road construction, investing in secondary roads in rural areas has been found to have wide-ranging positive impacts and higher benefit-to-cost ratios than investments in highways (United Nations, 2016). Rural roads that increase connectivity for rural areas obviously increase access to markets and related knowledge, they also have benefits for household income, poverty reduction and access to health care and education (Schweikert and Chinowsky, 2012). Efficient transport systems can also reduce production costs, alleviating the need to store large quantities of material and allowing large and small producers to work with just-in-time systems (Nordas and Piermartini, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This paper seeks to evaluate the art. 525, §§ 12 and 15 of the 2015 Code of Civil Procedure, which introduced new hypothesis of the suitability of rescission action founded on unconstitutionality declarated by the Supreme Court that has addressed the legislative foundation that formed the basis for the decision who seeks to terminate, opening new deadline for the filing of this exceptional measure from the statement of the Supreme Court. The analysis takes place in collating this standard with the principles of legal certainty, through the discussion of theory of judicial review to, at the end, assess its constitutionality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This yielded normalised costs of EUR 3 per MWh for nuclear, EUR 0.23 per MWh for wind, EUR 0.1 per MWh for hydro, EUR 0.15 per MWh for biomass, and EUR 0.03 per MWh for solar. Again, the very different scope of these studies, their different methodologies for assessing the expected accidents frequency and the different cost categories included make a comparison among them very challenging. Estimates of Leveque (2013a and 2013b) and Rabl and Rabl (2013) are about one order of magnitude higher, EUR 1 and 3.8 per MWh, respectively, while Torfs (2001) reports an external cost due to nuclear accidents in the range of EUR 8 lO'4 and 0.35 per MWh.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A data point below (above) the 45 degree line indicates that the change in the educational composition of the workforce is associated with a fall (rise) in earnings inequality. The equality test is performed at the 5% level. Ceteris paribus (i.e. assuming in particular that the relative rates of return to education remain unchanged), the high shares of workers with tertiary education in countries such as Ireland and the United States imply a high 90/10 percentile ratio relative to other countries, while low tertiary education attainment in Portugal, Chile and Hungary implies the opposite. However, as discussed above, a change in the educational composition of the workforce may alter the relative returns to education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At the community level, fisheries activities provide essential income for certain parts of the population and are a driving force for regional economic development. It also has a privileged location with the influence of important marine currents that provide a large biodiversity in marine, brackish and fresh waters. There is a particular focus on improving the competitiveness of the fisheries sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Once medium-sized enterprises have increased the scale of production beyond the optimal point using existing techniques, they will be forced to innovate so as to maintain their profitability. Technological change in the LDCs is associated primarily with the spread of new products, technologies and organizational strategies previously developed in more advanced economies. Its success depends on investments of various kinds (financial, organizational, educational, etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Internet access in the LDCs will most likely continue to grow through mobile coverage, yet these countries risk falling even further behind on this important facilitator of international trade. This type of co-operation can help to reach the population living in rural areas. Despite the presence of four mobile service providers, the only company that supplies fixed broadband Internet is the national telephone and telecommunications carrier, SONITEL (Societe nigerienne des telecommunications).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Initiatives by the Ministry of Education such as EPICT and ONLINE-PH support these measures. Furthermore, students’ field placement in eLearning schools as an integral part of their teacher education supports the initiative. Since Austrian universities are autonomous, they can self-determine and promote their research and study areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It could also be argued that a portion of a household savings (e.g. liquid assets) should be used to smooth the impact of lost earnings. For instance, in Australia, unemployment assistance benefits are subject to a liquid assets waiting period of up to 13 weeks. On the other hand, asset testing can be viewed as unduly impoverishing benefit recipients who can be expected to return to work when labour market conditions improve and, to a certain extent, punishing those who carefully managed their budgets prior to losing their job. For instance, including non-liquid assets in the assets test implies that these should be liquidated before public support will be provided, or alternatively that households should borrow against these assets to cover lost income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
He finds very little evidence that the probability of using a lawyer increases with income, suggesting that reasons other than affordability play a role in determining representation. Far fewer parties use a lawyer in employment disputes than in other civil disputes (e.g. divorce, housing), which may indicate that the simplified procedures adopted in labour disputes in most countries make it easier for parties to appear unrepresented. The rise in lawfulness and availability of contingent-fee arrangements (where lawyers are only paid if there is a payout made in the case) has raised concern about an increase in labour law complaints, but research is inconclusive on this issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The GCF Board has set a target of committing US$2.5 billion in funding in 2016, in June 2015, nine projects with a value of US$257 million in GCF resources and total cost of US$585 million, were approved. The low approval level is indicative of the challenges the GCF is facing as a new institution, the capacity constraints of the direct access entities and at the national level, staffing constraints in the GCF Secretariat, and the rigorous project preparation requirements that did not distinguish between project type and size. At its June 2016 meeting, the GCF Board approved the operational guidelines for its Project Preparation Facility and a simplified procedure for micro-scale and small-scale funding proposals that are assessed as low risk or no risk. These new procedures should accelerate the project approval process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These events reached up to 100 000 people. Among the 78 countries from all over the world which organised Entrepreneurship Week, Poland was one of the leaders in terms of the number of partners and planned events. The European Enterprise Awards identify and recognise the most successful promoters of enterprise and entrepreneurship around Europe, showcase best entrepreneurship policies and practices, raise awareness of the added value of entrepreneurship, and encourage and inspire potential entrepreneurs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
While this growth can in part be explained by changing household characteristics, public policy has also played a role in increasing home ow nership rates. In a number of OECD countries, a public policy push for home ownership for all segments of the population, and especially among credit-constrained households, has shown its limitations in the years since the crisis that began in 2008. Leading up to the crisis, lower income households were encouraged, via the relaxation of down-payment constraints, among other incentives, to take on mortgages to purchase a home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Supported by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), CBIT has approved three capacity-building projects in Costa Rica, Kenya and South Africa as of November 2016 (GEF, 2016). Although none of the projects approved to date are focused on adaptation, the successful deployment of the CBIT could eventually contribute to building adaptation monitoring and evaluation systems at the national level, given many Parties expressed their aim to do so in their NDCs. It took nearly six years and consultations with 450 people from governmental departments, sectoral agencies at Federal and Lander level and from scientific and private institutions to agree on the final 102 indicators (German Federal Environment Agency, 2015). The TAMD framework, aiming to help governments “to demonstrate if climate finance has been well spent and that the climate vulnerability of communities has been reduced” (Craft and Fischer, 2016) was formally launched in 2015. Global projects on behalf of BMZ were conducted in Cambodia (in collaboration with IIED), Bolivia (at the state level only), Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Togo and South Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This brief article is a review of Global Health Law by Lawrence O. Gostin (Harvard University Press, 2014). Building on his background in human rights and public health law, Gostin seamlessly integrates those fields into his discussion of how the international system attempts to address the major health-related challenges of our time. Gostin focuses much of his book on the deep health disparities found around the globe, and he articulates a powerful vision of “global health with justice” that includes an expansive understanding of the “right to health” found in various international agreements. This review argues that although Gostin’s vision is profound and inspiring, Global Health Law may underestimate the many challenges and roadblocks inherent in our decentralized system of global governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The developing anti-money laundering (AML) regime exhibits a specific, non-financial set of policy preoccupations. Yet it is important to examine AML from a global financial governance perspective as the regime essentially imposes controls on the movement of money. This article analyses the political, institutional and regulatory evolution of the regime and argues that it serves to address a need for action on a diverse set of public policy goals (corruption, drug trafficking or terrorism), to relieve financial centres in advanced economies from offshore competitive pressures, and, unintentionally, to shape private sector practices so as to consolidate the position of key market institutions. The article stresses that the achievements with respect to its goals remain modest at best in relation to its ambitions, while important side-effects raise concerns about its role, efficiency and legitimacy. It also examines the possibility that AML has been tacitly accepted as the price for capital mobility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, the TEMAS (technical management measures) software simulates the short- and long-run dynamic effects of fleet behaviour within the MSE framework to operationalise multi-species and multi-fleet bioeconomic modelling (Ulrich et al. A comprehensive example of how the approach can be applied empirically is that by Dichmont et al. ( The addition of a bioeconomic model is beneficial to this process since MSE is often used as a tool to assess the consequences of alternative management choices and or fishery objectives, which is precisely the strength of bioeconomic modelling when used as a simulation tool. While bioeconomic models include an objective function, they do not have to be optimized and used as a prescriptive tool.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The increased volume of old, inefficient vehicles in Georgia supports the increase of total final energy consumption levels by the transport sector from 2008 onwards (figure 7.2). After the repair of gas pipelines and improvements in accounting, losses decreased to 3.44 per cent in 2006. Kaztransgaz (the Tbilisi gas distribution company) launched a project in 2008 to reduce methane leaks in above-ground infrastructure in the Tbilisi gas distribution system under the UNFCCC Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Authorship is usually collective, but principal authors are named. Some programmes have multiple donors, in which case they have been recorded under the agency that supplied the document. Some projects and programmes only have ex ante evaluations, others have ex ante and ex post evaluations as well as a number of intermediate reviews. This is in part due to the timing of the projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of actively monitored closed circuit television (CCTV) to assist police patrols with crime prevention in hot spot areas for assault. In other words, the study is an assessment of whether the implementation of police operator–controlled CCTV cameras led to fewer assaults in a nightlife area of the Swedish town of Malmo. In order to evaluate the effect, the treatment area has been mapped using geographical information systems based on the space covered by operational CCTV. The research design is based on standard before–after comparison with controls used in environmental criminology. One comparison is temporal, based on days of the week, and the other is geographical, based on a density comparison of bars. Results show nonsignificant changes in the rate of assaults before and after the CCTVs, suggesting that its implementation has not had the effect initially expected on assaults.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Using EC A survey data to examine the effect of job layoffs on violent behavior. Job loss and alcohol abuse: a test using data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Project. The ecological effect of unemployment on the incidence of very low birthweight in Norway and Sweden. A model of the net effect of job loss on violence. The effect of ambient threats to employment on low birth weight. Unemployment and civil commitment: a test of the intolerance hypothesis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The same is true for farmland: high-yield crops on fertile arable land are taxed more than extensive meadows and pastures. The tax is payable to the local authority in which the forest is located. The unit tax rate (per hectare) is now calculated according to the average sale price of wood by forest districts for the first three quarters of the year preceding the tax year. As a result, the maximum forestry tax rate has increased by more than 60% over the last decade (Pater, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Non-contributory pensions are not common in the Pacific island countries. Government-funded health care for all is provided by most countries, usually free or on a cost-sharing basis depending on the patient's ability to pay. However, a significant percentage of the population in a number of countries is unable to access basic health care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, the ministry was abolished, and its functions dispersed among a number of other federal ministries, including the Ministry of Economic Development, the Ministry' of Construction and Utilities, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Justice. There are, moreover, dedicated ministries focusing on the problems of specific territories, such as the North Caucasus and the Far East. A similar structure of responsibility is replicated at the regional level, including in Krasnoyarsk Krai, where the governor gives the main policy directions and monitors the achievement of policy objectives. The Krai government and its sectoral ministries develop state-supported mechanisms for regional development, finance and implement regional policy measures, and control the effective use of funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Social protection systems are essential to attaining inclusive development by providing automatic stabilizers during periods of crisis by providing additional incomes to the poor and enabling them to maintain access to food and basic services. Various types of programmes may be considered for the LDCs, such as employment generation measures, cash transfer programmes, targeted social services, and micro finance programmes. The fragmented social safety nets that exist in these countries lack the framework of institutionalized welfare systems. These social safety nets are not adequately handed, are not coheren and do not provide coverage to protect the majority of the vulnerable populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
When doing so, labels should be explicit about the programmes contained and about any comprehensive metadata provided so as to allow international comparison of categories. The classes by type of service have a strategic focus more than a disease focus, which can be obtained through ICD classes in the distribution by beneficiary (see Chapter 1035). To ensure continuity of reporting, SHA 1.0 classes have been kept as memorandum items.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, the Colombian national development strategy mainstreams climate change priorities through four sectoral public policy areas7, while in Kenya a stand-alone climate change action plan identifies six ‘big win’ opportunities8 for climate finance with adaptation and mitigation co-benefits (Government of Kenya, 2012). In response to lessons learned on what might strengthen the effectiveness of climate finance, supporters and providers have been providing technical assistance to help identify climate-related sectors in the national context, and to developing cross-sectoral national climate change strategies and action plans. Recipients, providers and supporters equally recognise that a co-ordinated national response to climate change and national policy coherence are pre-conditions for effective decision-making over climate finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This is because, except for flash floods, these hazards can be predicted fairly accurately - making it possible to evacuate people and reduce damage to property and livelihoods.34 The benefits can be lower from tsunamis which, although they can be very destructive occur less frequently. Instead, the report suggests addressing practical needs - such as estimating and calibrating models, carrying out hazard analysis, digitizing past data and improving data from ground observations. Multiple partners can coordinate their investments and thus reduce the risk of duplication. One example, established after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, is the ESCAP Multi-donor Trust Fund for Tsunami, Disaster and Climate Preparedness (Box III-4), which applies a regional approach focused on South-South cooperation. By the end of 2013, GFDRRs global portfolio consisted of 226 grants worth $156 million.37 This included 45 grants worth $34.8 million in East Asia and the Pacific, and 30 grants financed with $13.6 million in commitments in South Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Overall, the health system in Latvia is performing well. Despite challenging economic circumstances, in the past five years Latvia has delivered significant reforms to the hospital sector, closing a number of hospitals and 18 emergency departments in a drive to improve efficiency. Accessibility, both economic and geographical, is a major concern, with out-of-pocket payments remain high. Poor performance on some indicators of health care quality are also worrying. The chapter makes recommendations for improvement, drawing on best-practice examples from OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A special tariff, which was introduced for end-users in rural areas in 2002, allows the purchase of electricity using prepaid, rechargeable electronic cards. The minimum purchasing value is 20 dirhams. This allows clients in rural areas to align their electricity purchases with the development of their revenues and actual needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The poverty gap, defined as the difference between the median income of those below the poverty line and the value of the poverty line itself, expressed relative to the poverty line, has increased by almost 6 percentage points (Table 4). At the same time, the low budget impact of the reform suggests that the trade-off between fiscal savings and inequality was probably not very favourable in this case. A person moving from RSI benefits to a minimum wage would increase monthly income by over 150%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The sector involved millions of smallholder farmers and more than 10 000 processing workers, making it the fourth largest employer after the railways, sugar and textiles. But by late 1990s the post-independence civil war, a slowing economy and poor policy decisions had destroyed the sector. Abandon and neglect gradually led to the spread of pests and diseases, the over-maturing and halt of replanting of cashew trees, and uncontrolled forest fires which affected important parts of cashew orchards. Processing capacity also deteriorated, both physically and in terms of human expertise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Environmental enforcement and compliance promotion are examined, along with the promotion of public participation in environmental decision making and the extension of access to information and justice. The second half of the chapter examines the Slovak Republic's progress in managing air, water, waste, and nature protection and biodiversity. Slovakia should be commended for broadly achieving this difficult objective on time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
First, it led to the idea that resources should be concentrated in a small number of locations to achieve critical mass (Parr, 1999: 1198). This idea is extended to include the spatial concentration of specific industries in particular places that are the most suitable for their growth. The second result was the idea that national governments could induce new poles in different parts of the country to achieve more balanced growth—pdles d'equilibre (Parr, 1999: 1203). Actions by die government could move both workers and firms to a new location that would become the motor for regional growth. In France these ideas continue to underpin the process of spatial planning and influence the allocation of responsibilities to different levels of subnational government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)