albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Programmes to pay grain producers above-market prices (Programa Ingreso Objetivo), to give per-animal subsidies to cattle ranchers (Programa de Estimulos a la Ganaderia) and to underwrite purchases of farm equipment (Programa Activos Productivos) may have led to increased intensification and expansion of agriculture, with negative impacts on biodiversity (Guevara-Sangine, 2009). Other harmful subsidies include VAT exemption for agrochemicals and electricity subsidies (OECD, 2008). Under the latter, pricing of electricity to pump water has been used to explain why so few farmers adopt water-saving technology despite significant pressure on water resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
People will no longer support open trade and free markets if they feel that they are losing out while a small group of winners is getting richer and richer. Large and persistent losses in low-income groups following recessions underline the importance of well-targeted income-support policies. Government transfers - both in cash and in-kind - have an important role to play in guaranteeing that low-income households do not fall further back in the income distribution. It may be necessary to review whether existing tax provisions are still optimal in light of equity considerations and current revenue requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Farmers “leasing” their irrigation permits to the state could produce rainfed crops or leave their land idle for the season. Assuming an average irrigation diversion of 7,623 m3 per hectare, the USD337 per hectare average price reflects an incremental value of irrigation of about USD44 per 1,000 m . The Reclamation Act of 1902, which created the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation for the purpose of promoting irrigation in the 17 western states, contained generous provisions that allowed farmers to repay only the capital cost of construction, with no interest charges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Brazilians often complain that investigations of corruption by public servants drag on for years or bring few legal sanctions on the perpetrators. This lack of accountability is so pervasive that a slang phrase, acabou em pizza, is often invoked when investigations are inconclusive. This article investigates the role of four Brazilian public institutions charged with keeping public servants accountable. For analysis, it breaks the accountability process into its three component stages: oversight, investigation, and sanction. Through a study of six prominent cases of corruption, it shows that the weakness of the accountability process in Brazil is due not entirely to the toothlessness of individual institutions of accountability, but also to the independence of such institutions at each of the three stages. These findings suggest that institutional arrangements influence the degree of accountability, and thereby also public trust and confidence, in Latin America's largest democracy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Young people who are proficient in the Sami language and culture enjoy a more liberated and less politicized definition of "Saminess" than did the preceding generation. Many adolescent Sami express a complex identity including Norwegian, Swedish or Finnish and Sami culture and language, some identify themselves with another ethnicity as well. Many of the younger Sami are from families where their parents' and grandparents' generations were the targets of force assimilation policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Goal 3 also includes indicators on the share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector and in national parliaments, but these do not have benchmarks or deadlines. Critical issues such as violence against women and discriminatory laws are not addressed. Unfortunately, at the 2010 High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, it was revealed to be the most off track of all of the Goals, despite the fact that the knowledge and the tools are available to make pregnancy and childbirth a safe experience for women. In 2010, the Secretary-General launched the Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health, setting out key actions to improve the health of women and children worldwide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
All three food banks were established with a two-sided purpose, both to reduce food waste and to make it easier for charity organisations to get access to food donations. This two-sided basis probably reflects the fact that the Nordic food banks have been established late compared to other countries in Europe (2006-2013), in a period where food waste prevention was much higher on the agenda than when most food banks were established. In Norway, there are two employees, whereas the manager has a management for hire contract on a 50% position. Allwin has only employed personell, with four persons working totally about 3 man years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the case of new technologies, this may refer to injuries caused through accidents involving autonomous drones. Should the manufacturer pay, the software developers who designed the artificial intelligence system, or the service provider who operates the drone? It has changed the way in which information is generated and accessed to such an extent that some have argued that data is ‘the new oil’. New technologies and tools have entered our daily lives at home and in the workplace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Three new laws on the judiciary also took a decade to produce. Economic growth still depends heavily on exports of garments and footw'ear, leaving the economy vulnerable to potential declines in competitiveness and the erosion of preferential market access. Overseas development assistance is declining steadily as a share of GDP, increasing the importance of private capital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
To provide a quantitative assessment of these results, using Table 4 column 7, a one-unit increase in the SIGI (as explained above, representing a country's social transformative change required to move from a situation with perfectly discriminatory social institutions to a situation of perfect parity) would induce an increase of 0.157 on average at the individual level in the ladder of life satisfaction (0-10 scale). This is quite large when comparing with the effect of life events such as getting married or becoming widowed that are known to be important determinants of life satisfaction. For instance, Lucas et al. ( We now use the SIGI's coefficients from Model 1 first to quantify the loss in subjective well-being associated with the current level of gender-based discrimination in social institutions and second to estimate the gains, in terms of increased level of life satisfaction that could be achieved with greater gender parity. Simulations are carried out using equation 2 and relying on individual-level variations in life satisfaction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The project will attempt to address some of the most challenging communication access issues, including prices, and the connection of Angolan cities and provinces across a vast land mass, where copper or fibre telecommunication networks would be prohibitively costly. The progress of the ANGOSAT-1 project is currently at 64 per cent. The project envisages the construction of a major new transit route from Frankfurt to Hong Kong, i.e. a connection between the biggest exchange point in Europe and the biggest exchange point in Asia. The transit route will pass through China, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey on its way from Hong Kong to Germany.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Hence, improving food security and even economic growth will critically depend on removing the barriers faced by small farm holders and expanding their productive capacity, while paying particular attention to the needs of female farmers. This would entail both the establishment of a comprehensive national framework for sustainable use of resources, and a harnessing of the technology and innovation needed to increase the productivity, profitability, stability, resilience and climate change mitigation potential of rural production systems and forests. Water conservation, soil protection and biodiversity enhancement need to form part of an integrated approach of sustainable land and forest management,3 which must also integrate biophysical with sociocultural, institutional and behavioural variables, while recognizing the multifunctional nature of agriculture. In view of their competitive land uses, many solutions, involving difficult choices, will be reached through open and inclusive discussion and negotiation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Another priority for the use of additional public resources in education is increasing the salaries of teachers and school leaders. Finally, increasing public investment in education needs to go alongside improving the efficiency of public funds’ use, as suggested above. In Uruguay, there is a need to strengthen the links between the five-year budgeting process to strategic documents and medium-term expenditure frameworks that connect spending decisions to education priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The democratization that followed the last military dictatorship in Argentina (1976–1983) has been influenced by human rights organizations’ relentless work to bring about truth and justice regarding the consequences of state terrorism and to keep the memory of that period alive. These efforts frame the discursive context in which human rights violations, including torture, are interpreted in contemporary Argentina. Argentine interviewees from across the political spectrum condemn torture, but the language and frames they use and the narratives surrounding political events vary. These accounts expose the conflicted terrain of memory making and the ambivalences and contradictions that permeate the construction of a torture-rejecting culture.La democratizacion que vino despues de la ultima dictadura militar en la Argentina (1976–1983) ha sido influenciada por el trabajo incesante de las organizaciones de derechos humanos para lograr que se establezca la verdad y se haga justicia sobre las consecuencias del ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These include limited quality control, irregular geographic representation and lack of comparability. The selection of indicators is based on existing sustainability reporting initiatives, requirements and company practices. The objective is not to propose new requirements, but to encourage the use of existing approaches and methodologies in a consistent and comparable manner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
There are prospects for the private sector to expand, given the growing middle class, and it is important for the private hospitals to subscribe to JKN in future, even though initial attempts to do so were not successful. On average, public spending on health and senior citizens accounts for two-thirds or more of public total social spending. Across Asia, public social spending on the working-age population and children is very low'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article examines the political economy of illegal logging through a case study from Vietnam. The study examines the extraction and trade of a particular timber species through commodity-chain analysis and looks at national-level debates about illegal logging, corruption, and the state. Its findings suggest that central government concerns over authority and public discussions about corruption informed the criminalization of much logging. Criminalization provided the grounds for powerful wholesalers, brokers, and government officials to engage in the timber business and control the timber trade. The logging operations, in turn, fed back into the concerns of the central government and public. The article concludes that these interactions between local political economy and national politics may be a more general dynamic of illegal logging. A singular focus on law enforcement may serve neither local livelihoods nor forest protection in areas with smallholder extraction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The purpose of this chapter is to assess whether the current education system in Greece gives youth a good start in the labour market. Sections 2 to 4 focus on reducing school failure. Section 5 addresses the main challenges faced by tertiary education, and the final two sections review students’ work and young workers’ participation in on-the-job training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The nowadays universal 'slayer rule' is based on considerations of autonomy and public policy. It is the subject of the detailed and thoughtful section 45 of Restatement Third Restitution. Different answers were given in different periods, among them biblical times, to the question whether a slayer could inherit the testator he had killed. The complexity of the matter is rooted in the different perceptions regarding the limits of law, the relations between the legislator and the judiciary, the tensions between text and context, rules and standards, public and private spheres and criminal and private sanctions. The contradictory considerations behind the rule lead to conflicting proposals either to expand or to restrict its application. But the whole question is much wider. It concerns the proper scope of the principle of 'ex turpi causa' in private law and the need to regulate by rules some intriguing questions of corrective, distributive and retributive justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Evaluation occurs at specific moments in the cycle, and uses qualitative and quantitative data to assess whether or not objectives have been met. Both can help identify areas where co-ordination can be improved, support dialogue and negotiation for better allocation of resources or competences, and facilitate negotiating contractual arrangements. Performance indicators can reinforce linkages among policy stakeholders at different levels of government and contribute to learning and capacity-building.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Innovation: the Network has developed an extensive database documenting innovations by the poorest, including in agricultural practices (e.g. natural pesticides), machinery and other sectors. The aim is to foster the diffusion of knowledge to a wider group of potential users. The Network's newsletter is printed in seven Indian languages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There are various mechanisms for ensuring participation in political negotiations including: representative political parties, consultative mechanisms through which civil society can engage, and direct participation by citizens. It is particularly important to ensure women are included in these processes. Donors can help create space for inclusion and participation by encouraging governments and armed groups to open up the peace or political reform process to wider groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The range of costs in this category is from USD 12 per hectare in Minnesota to USD213 per hectare in California, with a national average cost of USD104 per hectare (Gollehon and Quinby, 2006). Other examples include USD114 per hectare in Washington and USD178 per hectare in Arizona. Lacking information regarding how much water is purchased, it is not possible to estimate the average cost per m3 of water in this category.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
One additional document for imports can be associated with a 0.77 percentage point increase in the poverty rate. One additional day in the time needed for exports and imports might increase the poverty rate by 0.49 and 0.47 percentage points, respectively. The sign of trade facilitation variables in GMM regressions is the same as in the OLS regression. Improvement in trade facilitation by reducing the number of documents and times for exports and imports is also negatively associated with the poverty gap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Social development is defined broadly as “sustainable human development which enhances human capabilities for enlarging human choices” (UNDP, 2006). It contributes to economic growth by not only raising labour productivity, but also by enhancing social stability. Social security covers all measures providing benefits, whether in cash or kind, to secure “protection” from lack of work-related income caused by sickness, disability, maternity, employment injury, unemployment, old age, or death, lack of access to health services, insufficient family support, and poverty and social exclusion (ILO, 2010/11: 13).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Previous studies find that adopting Freedom of Information (FOI) laws increase reporting of corruption, as this facilitates the right of access to governmental information. Thus, it is argued that FOI laws increase transparency and enhance government accountability. However, whether or not adopting such transparency laws improves bureaucratic efficiency remains unexplored. We provide first quantitative evidence on the impact of FOI laws on bureaucratic efficiency. Using panel data on 132 countries from 1990 to 2011, we find that adopting FOI laws, and in particular ‘stronger’ FOI laws, is associated with an improvement in bureaucratic efficiency, after controlling for self-section bias. FOI laws appear to be more effective in the long run, and if combined with a higher degree of media freedom, presence of non-governmental organization activism, and political competition. These findings are robust to controlling for endogeneity using instrumental variables, alternative samples, and estimation methods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Several OECD instruments highlight that fiscal and in-kind incentives provided to firms - such as tax exemptions, subsidies, or Special Economic Zones (SEZs) - should be periodically evaluated to ensure their relevance, effectiveness and cost-efficiency (OECD, 2015a, OECD, 2003). Such evaluations should not only consider the direct costs and effects associated with the support but also indirect effects on employment, competition and regional development, for example (Cizkowicz et al., There are currently 14 SEZs operating in Poland, whose functioning was prolonged until 2026.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Altogether, in 2016, 30,273 cases of measles were reported in all 21 aimags. Globally, measles is still one of the leading causes of death for children less than 5 years of age, despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine that prevents this deadly disease. In addition, studies have show'n that measles virus infection often results in pneumonia or diarrhoea, which contributes to the total number of children who die of causes related to measles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Data for Belgium refers to the Flanders region, and United Kingdom data include England and Northern Ireland only. To improve skills match in the labour market, the Estonian government has developed a skills forecasting system called OSKA. This new system uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods - interviews with experts in different sectors, surveys of employers, data on salaries, the ages of current workers in different jobs - to identify occupations where labour shortages are likely in coming years. So far, studies of five sectors of the economy have been published, with 15 more to follow in the coming years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, its deficit has overshot targets, as the recent monetary and tax reforms weighed on immediate economic activity despite the expected medium-term benefits (ESCAR 2017b). Another reason for the wider deficit was the debt restructuring of State power distribution companies. The national budget deficit target for the 2018/19 fiscal year is 3.3 per cent of GDR lower than the estimated 3.5 per cent deficit in 2017/18, but higher than previously set targets (India, Ministry of Finance, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For Japan, this means that an increase of 3 000 steps a day per person could lower the country’s annual medical bill by 5.5%, substantially reducing the incidence of diabetes, stroke and heart attacks. Toyama’s compact city strategies aim to encourage citizens to walk and thereby improve public health. Yokohama’s FutureCity strategy introduces a new type of urban structure to support local communities by improving their connectivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Globalisation has led to a loss of jobs - especially in the manufacturing sector - and this has been amplified by the economic crisis. Many cities, especially non-capital cities in Central and Eastern Europe, but also old industrial cities in Western Europe, face the serious threat of economic stagnation or decline. Our economies in their current form are unable to provide jobs for all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Changes in the distribution of income are not only an important economic phenomenon but can also be a formidable social and political challenge, and globalisation and trade are often seen as potentially implicated. Economic research on its own cannot substitute for the political process in deciding whether and if so how, income inequality should be reduced, but it can help by disentangling the different determinants as well as shedding light on the underlying mechanisms that result in income inequality. But with the concurrent wave of globalisation, evidenced through the growing participation in global value chains (GVCs) as shown in OECD (2013 and 2015a), questions related to how these processes are linked are increasingly coming to the fore.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This paper elaborates on the deliberative democracy argument for freedom of expression in terms of its relationship to different dimensions of autonomy. It engages the objection that Enlightenment theories pose a threat to cultures that reject autonomy and argues that autonomy-based democracy is not only compatible with but necessary for respect for cultural diversity. On the basis of an intersubjective epistemology, it argues that people cannot know how to live on mutually respectful terms without engaging in public deliberation and developing some degree of personal autonomy. While freedom of expression is indispensable for deliberation and autonomy, this does not mean that people have no obligations regarding how they speak to each other. The moral insights provided by deliberation depend on the participants in the process treating one another with respect. The argument is related to the Danish cartoon controversy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many characteristics of this dimension vary from one country to another, and it is this dimension that has undergone the greatest changes in measurement owing to spectacular advances in communications markets and their fast-expanding coverage. In many cases, differences from one year to another stem from the addition or removal of various household information or communication goods. This is the case with Honduras and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, where the changes stem not from the scale of deprivation but from differences in the way the dimension is estimated, and Argentina, where there is no possibility of measuring this dimension.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is unnecessary and counterproductive to sacrifice basic human rights to respond to bioterrorism. Constructive public health legislation, which must be federal, cannot be carefully drafted under panic conditions. When it is, like the “model act,” it will predictably rely on broad, arbitrary state authority exercised without public accountability. Public health should resist reverting to its nineteenth-century practices of forced examination and quarantine, which will simply encourage people to avoid physicians, hospitals, and public health practitioners they now trust and actively seek out in emergencies. Upholding human rights is essential to public trust and is ultimately our best defense against the threat of terrorism in the twenty-first century.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)