albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For chart 5.2A, the regression of the real per capita GDP growth rate over the entire period on the change in the top marginal income tax rate using robust standard errors gives a non-significant coefficient at the 10 per cent threshold (p-value = 0.126) and a very low R-squared (R-squared = 0.07). For chart 5.2B, the regression of the change in the top 1 per cent income share on the change in the top marginal income tax rate using robust standard errors gives a highly significant coefficient (p-value = 0.001) and a much higher R-squared (R-squared = 0.50). In addition, a century ago, United States tax revenues, measured as a share of GDP, were much smaller than they are at present (Hinrichs, 1966). The other main contribution to revenue growth derived from a new emphasis on progressive taxation (Comia, Gomez-Sabaini and Martorano, 2011). People contribute to social welfare projects in the form of both money and labour, in often complex arrangements that determine how much each household should pay and what penalties apply to free riders (Olken and Singhal, 2011). Given the nature of these arrangements, it is likely that the contributions are quite progressive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
One can think of this as a partial substitution of the revenues that would have been received as tariffs, but it takes advantage of the greater administrative capacity of the developed countries, and avoids all of the distortionary and political economy ‘costs’ associated with tariffs. There would be an additional commitment of 5 per cent of all agricultural subsidies and 15 per cent of all arms sales to developing countries, partially reflecting the costs that these impose on developing countries. This is around the quantum of ODA currently labelled Aid for Trade (OECD and WTO 2011). However, under the GTF framework this flow would be more secure, predictable and genuinely additional.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In order to ensure effectiveness of European Union law, the legislator progressively introduced punitive sanctions in various fields of administrative law. If the definition of punitive administrat...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
National policy-makers can impact teachers’ salaries, but also working conditions, such as how teachers spend their professional days (e.g. total instructional time, preparation time, meetings with other teachers, etc.). For example, Denmark introduced a new framework for the utilisation of teachers’ working hours (Act no. This report discusses how teacher shortages particularly relate to immigrant and newcomer students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Such a vision should be constructed with the knowledge that considerable work remains to be done to attain excellence and equity throughout Chile’s education system. The Chilean government should continue to challenge outdated practices and structures that circumscribe the potential of its people, and should continue its endeavour to foster life-changing learning opportunities for all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Austria, Germany and Switzerland, apprenticeship contracts are of limited duration. Spain, the country with the highest share of temporary work in youth employment before the crisis, illustrates this point well. Indeed, during the recent recession, the decline in temporary youth employment in Spain accounted for 67% of the total decline in youth employment (Figure 5.7), highlighting the drawbacks of the labour market duality generated by promoting employment growth through temporary employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Childcare costs are not taken into account in either of these analyses. Unless the disincentive of high childcare costs is reduced, the positive effect on labour supply is likely to be lower. The increased simplicity for users will also increase the flexibility of the labour force, since the uncertainty of having to re-apply for benefits after a period of work represents an additional cost of entering work in the current system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The impressive growth of aquaculture production has generated substantial socio-economic benefits, such as increased nutritional levels, income, in particular to rural households, employment and foreign exchange. It also brought vast un-utilised and under-utilised land and water resources under culture (FAO, 2005). Fish production is set to grow 1.3% p.a.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Energy prices are an important cost factor in agricultural production, with two key elements being fertiliser and transportation costs. If oil prices had not increased so substantially in the period before 2008, it is likely that the prices of agricultural products would not have risen so significantly. The impact of potentially higher oil prices on selected commodity prices is discussed in the risks section of the Overview chapter. Agriculture is becoming increasingly industrialised in many parts of the world, relying more heavily on petroleum-based products for fuels and fertilisers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
To address the multiple barriers, EBRD partnered with the Kozloduy international decommissioning special fund financed by donors (predominantly the EU), which provided a grant for the substantial technical assistance component and incentive fees to participating banks and end-borrowers. The latter are paid upon project completion and represent between 15% (EE) and 20% (RE) of the sub-loan amount. The project has been very successful in that more than 150 small-scale EE and RE projects have been financed for a total project cost of €131mln, with electricity (equivalent) savings of 875GWh and emissions reductions of 570,000tCO2 p.a. By end 2008, some 240 residential projects have been financed to refurbish 11,000 flats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
An important feature of this development is the rapidly expanding trade between developing countries: the average annual growth of South-South trade since 2000 has been 17 per cent, compared with world trade growth rate of 10 per cent. This has caused the relative significance of trade between developed countries (i.e. North-North trade) to decline from about 53 per cent in the late-1990s to just 34 per cent in 2012 (Figure 18.7). Some of the BRICS members, particularly China and India, now provide improved market access to LDCs. They have also become important sources of technical and financial assistance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
But this can only be done in conjunction with broader reforms to ensure the appropriate governance and regulatory arrangements are in place. In addition, while revenues from the 3Ts can close the financing gap for water and sanitation services, repayable finance can be used to bridge the financing gap. Formal and informal WSS operators, private financial institutions, and private companies can all help by improving overall sector efficiency (thereby reducing costs and financial needs) and improving the sector’s creditworthiness and ability to attract financing, financing investment costs (particularly when the public sector’s ability to borrow is limited), and managing and enabling the capital programmes of public authorities. Government management of that water resource base is central to the environmental and financial sustainability of the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
At the end of primary education, schools are required to report on the extent to which their students have reached expected core learning objectives. While schools are free to use different instruments for this purpose, 85% of schools use Cito’s end-of-primary test, which provides information on the school type most suitable for each student in the next phase of education. New laws that will be implemented from the 2014/15 school year make it mandatory for primary schools to administrate regular student monitoring systems as well as a final test at the end of Year 8.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This report therefore examines recent trends in some indicators of dissatisfaction with institutions, such as perceptions of unfair distribution and distrust of political and State institutions. It also explores the relationship between these patterns and the behaviour of objective indicators of inequality, public social spending and economic growth in the countries of the region. This was still the case in 2011: 79% of the region’s population felt that income distribution in the countiy in question was veiy unfair or unfair (see figure II.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The prevalence of childhood overweight varies across the Asia-Pacific region (Figure 2.11). It is high for females in Indonesia, Thailand and Papua New Guinea, with three times the Asian average, and for males in Mongolia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, with about two and half time the average. Overweight is generally more prevalent among male children across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Cheapening of food, however, requires substantial investment in agriculture. The idea would then be to promote development through an industrialization process linked in a balanced fashion to the development of the rural economy and agriculture. In order to match the number of persons released from agriculture and industry, the number of employment opportunities in services must be sufficiently dynamic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Properly interpreted, these data should also reveal the relationship between informal working and childcare. Likewise, more general time-use data need to be considered in public employment programmes, ensuring that the policies needed to accommodate women's situation do not tend to reinforce gender roles and maintain the current distribution of time use in households. Furthermore, these data should provide the State with the information it needs to encourage greater participation by men in care and parenting, for example by means of paternity leave, which is part of labour regulation policy. Employment is what gives access to social security in Latin America, and disadvantages women in the labour market because the time they spend on unpaid work also undermines their social security position. The average economic value a housewife generates each month by her unpaid work should underpin such integration (UNESCAP, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 1957, a few years after its independence, these two resources together still represented 85% of exports and 48% of gross domestic product (GDP) (MIGHT, 2009). As early as 1958, the government launched an import-substitution industrialisation strategy, complemented by protectionist measures and the first initiatives to attract foreign firms, principally through the improvement of infrastructures. Ibis effort was aimed at encouraging the production on Malaysian territories by domestic or foreign firms of goods which were previously imported.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The hierarchy of value placed on the lives of men over women and masculine over feminine characteristics creates the context where a society can accept, or at least not actively oppose, massive violence against women. This section describes a variety of analytical frameworks for examining different forms of violence against women. Frequently, scholars and activists such as the authors of DEVAW refer to public and private violence, as detailed in Figure 2.3. Direct violence inflicts direct, physical harm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
But the uneven distribution over space and time and often limited transferability make resources scarce in specific regions in specific periods. The global megatrends are also not manifesting themselves equally across the globe: population growth and income growth are projected to vary widely between OECD and non-OECD countries, climate change impacts primarily affect countries in Asia and Africa, etcetera. Therefore, tensions are more manifest on a disaggregated level. This calls for an analysis at a disaggregated level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In its simplest sense, effectiveness of climate finance can be defined as the extent to which an intervention achieves its stated aim(s). Thus, according to their varying aims or objectives, each community may emphasise different aspects when assessing the effectiveness of their intervention. A key pillar to this is the development community’s Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Changes in these strategies are driven mainly by their national development strategies (64%), the implementation of the trade facilitation agreements (39%), efforts to reduce poverty (36%) and efforts to improve international competitiveness (36%), amongst others through regional integration (32%), industrialisation (25%) and the expansion of services (21%). As such, commitments are an expression of the current priorities of the recipient and donor. Commitments are recorded as the full amount of the expected transfer, irrespective of the time required for the completion of disbursements, which in some cases may take many years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Controversy surrounding a proposed lease deal between Boeing and the Air Force for one hundred 767 aircraft tankers unveiled the most serious case of crime at the Pentagon in recent history. After emerging publicly in 2003, the 23 billion-dollar plan led to the imprisonment of two top officials. Through an institutionally grounded rhetorical approach to news framing of the ordeal from 2003–2008, this essay confronts the tragic impulse of issue containment rhetoric, placing emphasis on Burke's (1969a) “scapegoat mechanism.” I critique the popular convention of episodically constructing temporary, isolated, and accessible causes for elite corruption and American greed. Moreover, I show that historical and systemic distortions prevent recognition of the limits of liberal ideology on collective social change under the hegemony of capitalism. In addition to offering a novel framework for future study, the investigation calls for further inquiry on the contested nature of discourses of nonpolitical consensus th...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Much of this trade takes place within the region. In the past, the region’s successful exporters of manufactured goods might have presumed that they essentially have litde to worry about when it comes to food. However, since 2000 there has been widening gap between unit values of manufactured goods and agricultural products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
United Nations publication, Sales No. Contribution of Working Croup I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, T. F. Stocker and others (eds.), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Situacion actual y financiamiento de polfticas y programas", Project Documents, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This instrument allows the importing company to defer the settlement of imports. The duration is specified in the contract (generally 30 days minimum and up to 360 days), and the amount of credit is equal to the amount of the import operation, plus interest. The importing company’s bank proceeds with the payment of the provider under the terms of the contract.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As with the United Kingdom, France requires this information to be third-party verified. The rule governs mandatory reporting of GHG for suppliers of fossil fuels or industrial GHGs, manufacturers of vehicles and engines, and all facilities that emit more than 25 000 tonnes of GHG every year (US EPA, 2014). In 2014, the EPA’s Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program released its 4th year of emissions data, including information from facilities in 41 source categories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As of 2012, state special protected areas (SPAs) occupied over 27 million ha (17.4 per cent of the total territory). In 2017, the state SPA system includes 20 strictly protected areas encompassing 12.4 million ha (7.93 per cent of the country’s territory), 32 national parks encompassing 11.9 million ha (7.6 per cent), 36 nature reserves encompassing 3.5 million ha (2.26 per cent) and 14 natural monuments encompassing a total area of 128,962.78 ha (0.08 per cent). Initiatives on comanagement approaches, transferring the management rights to NGOs, entities and local communities, have been started on a contractual basis under certain conditions. Three protected areas are managed by NGOs (chapter 11).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In particular, the creation of the “MP2013” label (Marseille Provence 2013) through the creation of an association at the metropolitan scale was a key building block and helped develop collaborative projects that reached beyond initial cultural objectives to such areas as uiban transport, environment and economic development. The results of the European Capital of Culture 2013 largely exceeded initial expectations, with more than 10 million visitors and around EUR 600 million estimated economic spillover effects. In December 2006, an association “Marseille Provence 2013” was set up and the project w’as selected by a European juty in September 2008. The association MP2013 covers 97 municipalities, mainly from the 6 inter-municipal authorities (etablissements publics de cooperation intercommunale).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The correlation between objectively measured inequality and dissatisfaction with these institutions also suggests that these high levels of wealth concentration and social differences are or could become conflictive. Care means ensuring, on a daily basis, the physical and emotional well-being that people need throughout life. It spans from stimulating cognitive fundamentals in infancy to seeking, as far as possible, to preserve the capacities and self-determination of fragile older persons and persons with disabilities. Doing so calls for creating and managing goods, resources, services and activities to ensure nourishment, safeguard health and personal hygiene and foster cognitive and social development and learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Additionally, around 3.5 billion litres of ethanol were produced in 2008 (IEA, 2009b). Increasing concerns over the European Union's energy security and increasing GHG emissions have been the main drivers for the implementation of laws aiming to promote the production and consumption of renewable energy, and furthermore have led to the Page | 34 adoption of Directive 2003/30/EC in 2003 that defined non-binding blending targets of 2% in 2005 and 5.75% in 2010. In April 2009, the European Parliament adopted Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (Renewable Energy Directive). It aims for emission savings of 600-900 Mt C02 per year and a reduction in fossil fuel consumption of 200-300 Mt per year in the European Union (EC, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Complemented by the lack of harmonized standards, this misalignment at the regional level mostly leads to the inefficiency of investments beyond particular groupings. The current relative institutional insufficiency partially reflects on countries' resistance to approach compliance with collective decisions beyond sovereignty (Kong and Ku, 2015). Synergy between subnational experience and expertise may thus be realized, while the scope for energy agenda may be extended through incorporation of common values, such as sustainable energy development principles. As the global community embarks on a sustainable development pledge and international governance embraces a more compliance-oriented and rules-based approach, a cooperative framework would generate greater trust among the countries in, and create opportunities for, regional energy planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This contribution maps recent global trends regarding the grounds for acquisition of citizenship by descent and by birth on a particular territory. Questions of nationality law have traditionally been part of the State’s reserved domain. However, it will be seen that some of the trends regarding citizenship acquisition by ius sanguinis and ius soli can be attributed to the inroads made by international law into the rule that each State has absolute autonomy in deciding who its citizens are. Others are the result of the still considerable leeway available to States in nationality matters. Against the backdrop of the current international standards and drawing on data collected by the GLOBALCIT Observatory for 174 countries on five continents, the article analyses national practices in respect of the acquisition by ius sanguinis and ius soli, remedial ius soli for otherwise stateless children, and the nationality effects of the recognition of paternity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Importantly, energy prices, which experienced the largest price spike, underpinned production costs of agricultural products relying on energy and fertilisers. Coupled to this impact was the emerging demand for feedstocks to support production of biofuels. This impact was largely crop-specific and included maize in the United States, vegetable oils in the EU, and to a lesser extent, sugar in Brazil. Mandated consumption targets for biofuels, and other support policies further re-enforced the links between energy and feedstock prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Infrastructure provides the basic physical facilities essential to business and societal development: industrialization drives economic growth and decent job creation, thereby reducing income poverty: and innovation expands the technological capabilities of industrial sectors and leads to the development of new skills. The Goal is aimed at consolidating national and international efforts towards promoting infrastructure development, industrialization and innovation. Achieving this requires increased domestic and international financial mobilization, technological and technical support, research and innovation, and increased access to information and communication technology. Goal 9 is one of the most critical Goals in support of Africa’s aspiration for rapid development and transformation through increased productive capacities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In some countries, great discretion is given to the faculty, as a whole, and its individual members. In others, more discretion is given to schools that are doing well and less to those that might be struggling. In some countries, the school head is little more than the lead teacher. In others, the authorities continue to look to the school head to set the direction and manage the faculty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Social insurance funds collectively negotiate with regional Medical Chambers and other health professions regarding health care provision in the areas of ambulatory (or outpatient) and rehabilitative care and pharmaceuticals. Efforts were made over a number of years to achieve more joint planning, governance and financing by bringing together the federal and regional levels and coordinating these with social insurance funds. The 2013 health reform was an important step in this direction, introducing a federal and nine regional commissions on health system governance involving all relevant actors (see Section S.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Persistent deficits and rising indebtedness increased EEFSU s susceptibility to capital flow reversals.14 As a result of these two factors, though EEFSU grew as a whole by 7.1 per cent over 2000-2006, as opposed to 3.7 per cent in Latin America over the same period (5.4 over 2003-2006), this superior growth performance disappeared in 2008 and was reversed sharply in 2009-2010. This was particularly true for the Baltic countries, Hungary, Russian Federation and Ukraine. In Latin America, only Mexico (whose trade relations remained less diversified) recorded a large GDP decline in 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)