albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Technological change is path-dependent: the current set of available choices depends on past policies and actions, just as the available technological options in the future will depend on our policies and actions today. In such cases, an early market leader can become “locked in”, whether or not it represents the ideal technology, as occurred with the Windows operating system for computers, for example.66 The current style of industrialization has been described as “carbon lock-in", meaning that carbon-intensive technologies gained an early lead at a time when fossil fuels were cheap and concern about global warming was not yet on the horizon (Unruh and Carrillo-Hermosilla, 2006). Today, the economic benefits of standardization and the low costs of imitating and replicating existing technologies keep the world locked into that same undesirable path. Research on wind power, for example, has found reductions in unit costs as great as 20 per cent from a doubling of production (Junginger, Faaij and Turkenburg, 2005), which made it competitive in the marketplace under many conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The wider and more cohesive the network, the greater its capacity to adapt to crises such as caring for children whose biological parents are absent for some reason (ibid.). Mothers and female relations are increasingly responsible for daily provision, while mothers and fathers are increasingly looked to for guidance around sexual relationships and morality, though their provision is usually judged inadequate, as described below. Further discussion of these structural determinants is provided under research question 2 below. For example, research using life-history interviewing over three generations of families in Cape Town found that young mothers are increasingly emphasising the achievement of personal goals and "working on 'the project of the self"'(Moore, 2013).This newer conception of motherhood sits alongside aspirations to be a good provider and source of care to children. Unlike their own mothers and grandmothers, young mothers' commitment to motherhood is vested in their sense of self as "educated, employed, self-respecting and responsible" adults, rather than in the sole social identity of 'mother' (ibid.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are considerable wind, tidal, ocean, thermal and wave energy resources available in some ECOWAS countries. The region also has vast solar energy potential with very high radiation averages of 5 to 6 kWh/m2 throughout the year. The share of new renewable energy such as wind, solar, small scale hydro and bioelectricity (excluding large hydro) will increase to around 10 per cent by 2020 and 19 per cent by 2030. These targets translate to an additional 2.425 MW of renewable electricity capacity by 2020 and 7.606 MW by 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Focusing on institutional aspects of effectiveness will also be crucial in creating the conditions and capacities necessary for transformational changes within countries. Even when interventions are targeted towards similar aims, assessments of effectiveness may differ due to a number of internal and external variables. This can include national, institutional or local/site-specific issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, there is great diversity among them, ranging from 10 952 000 in Ile-de-France to 710 000 in Limousin. The central government is represented by a regional prefect in parallel to the elected regional council. Following changes from the Law NOTRe in 2015 which involved new competences for regions, there was a merger from 22 regions to 13 in 2016 (Charbit and Romano, 2017[nj). More specifically, the region’s responsibilities can be described as follows: regional planning, co-ordinating economic development, vocational training, high schools (OECD, 2007, p. 75[isi).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Similarly, tailored accreditation standards for specific sectors (such as elderly care and palliative care facilities) previously existed, but have fallen into disuse. Until 2008, the Ministry of Health ran a programme with the CCSS to evaluate primary care services, including patient satisfaction, with results made public at facility level. This too, was abandoned, although the primary care performance framework described earlier has rectified this.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
China and India’s GDP are projected to grow by nearly 8%and 6.6% per annum, respectively. Agricultural trade is estimated to have declined sharply in 2009, along with general merchandise trade, and is expected to bounce back sharply from the beginning of the Outlook in 2010 and continue to grow in following years. Only slow population growth of 0.4% per annum is expected in the OECD area. Higher growth is expected in the developing countries, with the population of Africa as a whole growing at over 2% per annum. Continuing urbanisation trends and rising per capita incomes, emerging large middle classes and underlying population demographics collectively reinforce higher food demand in these countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Source: Garroway and de Laiglesia (forthcoming) based on PovcalNet and Ravallion, Chen and Sangraula (2009). This higher standard demands greater effort in social and economic policies. In those countries where extreme, “dollar-a-day” poverty persists alongside rising relative poverty, it is not a question of choosing to address the latter at the expense of the former. Both are complementary objectives of social and economic policy. Action that addresses extreme poverty should address the multiple deprivations that extreme poverty causes in food security, health, basic education, access to water and sanitation, etc. Poverty reduction programmes addressing these problems should aim to move people out of poverty (with the ultimate goal of eliminating extreme poverty) and require focused efforts with significant transfer components, be they cash or in-kind.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For example, some programmes may allow unemployment benefit recipients to combine benefits with work or provide benefits to inactive individuals. For the purposes of this section, where possible, unemployment assistance programmes as well as temporary extensions to UB are presented separately from standard first-tier UB, so as to highlight the separate contributions of each. For a smaller group of countries, 4-6% of the working-age population was in receipt of unemployment benefits. This group included countries providing UA to a considerable number of unemployed persons (e.g. Finland, Germany and Ireland, as well as Spain on a temporary basis) and those with more comprehensive unemployment insurance programmes covering “longer” unemployment spells (e.g. Belgium, France, Portugal).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Emigrant women tend to return less to their country of origin, partly because migration facilitates their empowerment. They also tend to use networks in destination countries more extensively and their networks tend to be more developed and active than those used by men. Highly educated” refers to those who have attained tertiary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Currently, around half of older adults in the world receive no pension benefit (ILO 2014:73). In many low- and middle-income countries, pension coverage remains limited and unequally distributed and most people continue to rely on income from work and/ or family help during later life. Substantial inequalities in pension coverage and benefits are found around the world based on region of residence, ethnic group, occupational sector and gender.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The INDC is intrinsically linked to the country's ambitious renewable energy strategy that envisages a massive expansion of its hydropower sources as well as an increase in the share of geothermal, wind and solar in the national energy matrix. The adaptation section of Ethiopia's INDC highlights the importance to: a) diversify the energy mix, and b) develop a strong and climate resilient hydropower sector, in order to respond to the challenges related to renewable energy in a context of increasing water scarcity (GoE, 2015a). Additional private investment is primarily needed to meet the non-hydro renewable energy targets and to spur relevant innovation for hydroelectric adaptation. Currently, a number of key barriers inhibits the private sector from developing its full potential. These barriers include an insufficient and slowly evolving policy framework for renewables and a lack of detailed roadmaps and strategies on the institutional side, as well as prevailing high risk perceptions, a lack of capital and a lack of local experts and entrepreneurs on the financial and economic side.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Through this reform, teachers can receive a salary increase of about EUR 566 to EUR 1 132. Approximately one in six teachers qualifies for a position (Utbildningsdepartementet (Ministry of Education and Research), 2013[i3ij, OECD, 2015(132]). In 2014, the government introduced a special grant for schools in the most deprived urban areas to introduce career positions for the most qualified teacher with a salary increase of SEK 5 000 per month (EUR 500). While only between 150 and 180 positions per year have been covered by this grant, they have been difficult to fill.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This can also include reluctance in pursuing claims against family members due to inheritance law'. A primary' reason for their reluctance may be the social unacceptability of being seen at a police station or any other legal institution, particularly when the matter concerns family or private matters. The fear of social ostracism often prevents women from reaching out for help from institutions and for reporting cases of discrimination, abuse and violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This situation entails a financial loss for producers and additional pressure on natural resources. However, of the 70 per cent of harvested food that reaches the marketplace, 30-50 per cent is wasted at home by the final consumer (Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2013). Insufficient purchase planning and conservative expiration dates on labelling, as well as significant discounts when food is purchased in higher quantities, are the main factors explaining the large degree of waste at the consumer level. At the producer level, premature harvesting of crops usually causes a loss in nutritional value and, as a result, a significant portion is wasted as it is not suitable for consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Many of these define her subordinate position at home and elsewhere (Population Reference Bureau, 2016). Harmful norms result in parents thinking that school is not for girls, in educators steering girls into low-paying “feminine” jobs, in health-care providers refusing to provide reproductive health information and services, in police choosing to believe a parent who claims not to be abusing a girl over the testimony of the girl herself. Failing to recognize the power of norms to shape behaviour can undercut the effectiveness of all interventions otherwise aimed at greater well-being for the 10-year-old girl.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It also depends on whether they have access to livelihood strategies such as access to agricultural assets and inputs. Between 2003 and 2007, remittance inflows grew by 74 per cent in the Kyrgyz Republic and 84 per cent in Tajikistan. The level of remittance inflows in these countries exceeds other capital inflows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Six countries stand out with ratios significantly over the OECD average. Of these, Mexico, Italy, and Japan are also relatively large users. Portugal also presents important irrigation intensity, but without specific information for "groundwater irrigation area", not being the reference values (national statistics) comparable to the present study.15 The United States, Turkey, Greece, Spain and Australia, on the other hand, despite being among the largest users, have a groundwater irrigation intensity under the estimated OECD average of 5 194 m3/ha in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Australian energy providers delivered another USD 100 million in spending (Crossley et al 2012), while Brazilian energy providers spend about USD 250 million each year (Mauer 2012). Energy providers have a strategic position in energy markets, often serving as middleman between energy producers and energy consumers. Energy providers have long-standing commercial relationships with even the smallest end-use customers, allowing them to influence energy saving activities in diffuse markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There is no one-size-fits-all solution, and which structure is most relevant will depend on the specifics of the country. It is also important to ensure the connection between the coordinating body and the highest political authorities, since without a strong visible political commitment, short-term urgent priorities in other areas can displace attention and resources. In theory, the government would finance public goods, such as infrastructure and possibly education, and leave the rest to the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The NRHDP guidelines indicate that forested areas are to remain intact, developments on steep slopes are to be controlled, and residential settlements are to be regulated. The previous paragraph states what are the NRHDP guidelines on the use of private lands. Hillside slopes are very attractive sites for high-income households that place a premium value on the scenic views of the valleys of the Northern Range, although the engineering costs are quite exorbitant. Moreover, the increasing pressure of limited land space, which is common in small and island states, has pushed built development onto the hillsides of the Northern Range.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, rural as well as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations have lower academic performance and less access to tertiary education than the national average. A high proportion of children are enrolled in early childhood education, and school is comprehensive until age 16. School choice is widely available compared to the OECD area. Secondary and tertiary pathways aim to prepare students for social integration and entry into the labour market. Attainment rates in upper secondary education are at the OECD average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example they may obstruct fish migration and affect populations. For example, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Austria -measured in kilograms per USD of gross domestic product (GDP), purchasing power parity (PPP) adjusted - were 0.1 kg per PPP USD of GDP in 2014. In Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia the respective C02 emissions were 0.2, 0.6, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.4 kg per PPP USD of GDP (World Bank, n.d ). There is considerable scope to increase both the security of supply and the sustainability of the energy sector by diversifying fuel sources. However, installed capacity of these technologies is practically non-existent at present (see Table 12.1). Renewables are promoted through a range of policy initiatives including rules for grid connection of renewable generation, obligations for the purchase of renewable power specified in secondary legislation such as grid codes and rule books, and subsidies to generation from renewables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As the result of trials for harmonization, the joint initiative on standards developing organization (SDO) global health informatics standardization [6] was established among six SDOs: ISO/TC 215[7], HL7 [8], CEN/TC 251 [9], CDISC [10], IHTSDO [11] and GS1 healthcare [12] to address and resolve long-term accumulated issues concerning gaps, overlaps, and counterproductive efforts. The ITU and World Health Organization (WHO) are strengthening coordination in technical areas for e-health standardization and uses of e-health protocols [17]. They also have gaps, overlapping, and counterproductive efforts, even in the case of joint collaboration groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The high yield variability/export availability from this region has already demonstrated its impact on world commodity price volatility. Agriculture consumes about 70% of the world’s freshwater withdrawals (45% in OECD countries). Water use projections to 2050 suggest that the water supply to some 47% of the world’s population, mostly in developing countries, will be under severe stress, largely because of developments outside of agriculture. In some instances, supporting agricultural production may not be regarded as the most socially or economically desirable use for scarce water supplies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Prepared for the UNDP/GEF Project Expansion and Improved Management Effectiveness of the Ajara Region’s Protected Areas. This is due to their upstream/downstream geographical status, and their sharing of river basins and water bodies with common problems. Downstream water pollution from Georgian WWTPs sited close to the border. Specifically, untreated and partly-treated wastewater effluent from the Georgian Gardabani WWTP is a serious source of pollution in the Kura River dowmstream in Azerbaijan, w'hich flows into Mingecevir Reservoir.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There are very few economically valuable forests in the karst region (about 22,000 ha) of which only 3,617 ha are accessible in high forests. According to the Law on Forests, karst is managed on the basis of a long-term, 10-year programme of management. In order to develop forestry in the area of karst, as well as to improve the condition of the forest fund, a special organizational unit, the "Centre for management of the karst" was established at the Public Enterprise "Sume RS" in Trebinje. The work of this Centre is based primarily on raising new cultures and providing maximum protection of the forest fund in the karst areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There should be a code of conduct that obliges them to discuss all matters with the sector that they represent, obtaining their points of view and conveying them to the council or committee at stake. Inclusiveness and equity: Map who does what, core motivations and interactions across all those having a stake in the outcome or likely to be affected. Attention should be paid to newcomers, out of the water box players, and traditionally marginalised groups to ensure that all stakeholders involved are identified and included throughout the decision-making cycle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Consequently, the relative disparities have not only persisted over time —in half of the countries examined, they have become more pronounced (see table II. Inequalities with regard to timing may also exist, such as lower contraceptive prevalence in the first sexual encounter among less-educated women compared with those with more years of schooling. An extreme case is Haiti, where the general prevalence is very low but the rate is as high as 40% for more-educated women versus only 25% for those with no formal schooling. This suggests that they have more limited access to family planning services. In Guatemala and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, only 40% of women with no education who live in a union use contraception, compared with 70% of educated women. In Ecuador, contraceptive prevalence ranges from 50% to 80%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Whether caused by necessity or desire, the increased flexibility of women is also evident in the increased proportion of women starting up their own businesses. In 1990, 11% of all new business owners were women, in 1998 this increased to 17% and in 2008, 21% of new business owners were women (Rafnsdottir and Styrkarsdottir 2009:168). Across these differences, Julfusdottir et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In at least some respects risks may differ from those associated with ‘substitute’ projects (i.e. fossil fuel plants), and we discuss instances in which this is the case. Investment is partially or totally irreversible when some or all of its costs are sunk. What makes investment expenditure in a power plant a sunk cost?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, raising labour income taxes would improve equity in the short term, given their progressivity. This, however, could have adverse effects on longterm growth as income tax hikes are among the most distortive tax instruments, in view of their sizeable effects on labour utilisation, productivity, and human capital accumulation 0ohansson et al., Confining the increases only to top incomes would reduce the trade-off between equity and growth, but the budgetary impact can be small due to tax avoidance, unless measures to reduce tax evasion are implemented (Rawdanowicz et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The environment is protected as it has traces from human settlement from prehistoric times to the present day. The Swedish Environmental Code sets the general frame for protection but the single sites often have specific regulations. Thus, there is a variation regarding what is allowed and what is prohibited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The proposed plurilateral on services - the so-called TISA - is symptomatic of this trend, but plurilaterals might also be initiated in areas such as environmental goods and services or IT. This is both because such agreements tend to be exclusive, and because removing certain elements from the Doha equation would result in fewer trade-off opportunities for LDCs to advance their priorities in areas such as food security or market access. Under such a scenario, the risk is therefore high that LDCs’ specific concern will retain less attention and become increasingly marginalised, as larger trading powers focus their attention on their own priority issues. While the LDCs are not in a position to stop plurilaterals from happening, they should use their limited influence to ensure that such agreements remain as much as possible under the purview of the WTO, while devising strategies to advance their priorities under the new negotiating configuration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In effect, the Ministry of Health and Welfare currently determines the overall budget for health insurance when it negotiates fees through the National Health Insurance Policy Deliberation Committee. A more proactive effort is needed to design health care policies which meet Korea’s future needs. Theoretically, a single insurer should have a strong bargaining position in negotiations with provider groups, enabling it to drive change in the way private providers deliver health care. With no risk that patients can move to another fund, a single insurer has an economic incentive to focus on prevention and early intervention - investing in a person’s good health today leads to fewer claims (and payouts) in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
No changes were made to the lists of goods and services subject to price stabilisation or price registration. Further, price registration requirements have been restricted to the time when price stabilisation is enacted which in turn has been limited to no more than six months. However, the conditions for implementing price stabilisation measures remain at the discretion of officials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)