albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Among finalised cases in FWA during 2011-12, 81% were finalised at, or before, conciliation, 15% were finalised thereafter without requiring a decision of the tribunal, and 4% were finalised by a decision (FWA Annual Report, 2011-12). In 2011-12, 90% of applications were conciliated within 36 days and half were conciliated within 28 days (FWA Annual Report, 2011-12). In cases of dismissal by reason of discrimination for disabled people there is a mandatory pre-trial conciliation and the outcome is enforceable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The research objective was to assess the implementation of mechanisms and actions to promote and guarantee human rights within the municipal public administration. Because of the decentralization of power, after the Federal Constitution of 1988, states and municipalities received new responsibilities. There was a transfer of responsibilities that influenced directly the human rights policies. In this scenario of neo-liberal nature, there is a too diffuse environment where competences are unclear and emerge gaps in knowledge, especially about the role of the municipality in building an inclusive society. From the analysis of indicators of municipal management published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, it was possible to draw an overview of municipal human rights management in Ceara that showed the omission of city halls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Fallen leaves are fed to livestock, or used for their bedding, later composted and applied as fertiliser. Timber is cut and shaped into ploughs, yokes and handles for small tools, or built into houses, cattle sheds and schools. And sometimes, villagers forage through the growth for food, spices, healing material, or sellable resins.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Vulnerability is reduced through physical and socio-economic measures, better land-use planning, equitable access to resources and weather-risk transfer mechanisms. Subsequent sections review the evidence linking social protection to investment in household farm assets and resources, to savings and to entrepreneurial activity, before moving to the wider community and economic impacts of social protection. But how well do social protection programmes improve the different dimensions of human resources such as health, education and nutrition?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Kjell Goldmann, in A New Handbook of Political Science, notes that from he mid-1950s to the mid-1980s, scholarship in international relations provided an “accumulation of explanations of the Cold War’s persistence. … The sum was a powerful theory of international non-change.”1 After surveying a wide variety of international relations theory and outlining with the benefit of hindsight what actually happened during and after the end of the Cold War, John Lewis Gaddis is still more scathing: “What is immediately obvious … is that very few of our theoretical approaches to the study of international relations came anywhere close to forecasting any of these developments. One might as well have relied upon star-gazers, readers of entrails, and other ‘pre-scientific’ methods for all the good our ‘scientific’ methods did. …”2
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article considers the moral and practical considerations concerning whether recreational drug use should be prohibited by the criminal law in a liberal state. The meaning of drugs and decriminalization and the appropriate limits on the scope of the criminal law are discussed. The article addresses whether people should have a moral and political right to use drugs recreationally, and if so, under what conditions the state should have the power to deny or to curtail that right. Finally, the article explores the costs and benefits of criminalization and decriminalization to public safety, public health, and public welfare generally, and to the effective, honest, and orderly administration of law enforcement and criminal justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract This article examines the impact of HIV/AIDS on the armed forces and the implications high infection rates among military personnel poses for national and international security. Data are provided of the current HIV/AIDS infection rates in the different regions of the world, with specific reference to Southern Africa and the armed forces of the region. The implications high infection levels within African armed forces hold for operational effectiveness are highlighted and the impact this epidemic has on future peacekeeping and humanitarian aid missions discussed. In the last section of the article, the link between human, national and international security are expanded upon, emphasising the destabilising effect HIV/AIDS has on global security and why this disease has been declared one of the most pressing transnational security challenges facing mankind.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Mental health has been traditionally neglected and underfunded, especially when the significant burden of disease accountable to mental disorders is considered, and there is a need for governments to keep mental health high on the health agenda. A number of key stakeholders are involved, including governments at various administrative levels, user and carers organisations, and professional organisations, and this chapter considers their various roles. Mental health policy makers are using a variety of tools to improve mental health systems and lead system-wide improvements, including legislative frameworks, mental health strategies, and vertical initiatives to deliver mental health services to target population groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
To enable pregnant adolescents or new mothers to stay in or return to school, they need supportive national and local school policies. But even with supportive policies, many may not resume their education. For example, despite progressive legislation in South Africa allowing young women to return to school post pregnancy, only around a third actually reenter the schooling system (Grant and Hallman, 2006). To improve this picture, some girls will need child care, financial support and individualized, one-on-one support and counselling to help them deal with their new responsibilities and feeling different from their peers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Evidence from a previous PISA report suggests that low-performing students appear to benefit the most when more resources are allocated to disadvantaged schools than advantaged schools, but not at the expense of the highest-performing students in the education system (OECD, 2016a). It is therefore hardly surprising that governments have invested substantial resources on computers, Internet connections, software, and information and communications technology (ICT) more generally. But this investment has not always produced obvious gains in student learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Investment requirements and reduction of overall plant efficiency are even greater if dry cooling is adopted: the estimated cooling system investment costs of dry cooling are about 3-4 times higher than those for wet cooling. For essential service water, the system must be capable of cooling the plant under the worst conditions for 30 days, with a minimal flow rate of 1 m3/s. With an open circuit, a water reserve of 3 million m3 should be available. Other chemical waste is produced by the demineralisation plant, the laundry and cooling water treatment (monochloramine, sulfuric acid, chlorine), depending on the characteristics of the raw water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Trade-related OOF to Asia totalled USD 103.3 billion, with USD 56.9 billion for programmes in East Asia and USD 40.3 billion for South and Central Asia. Over the same period, aid for trade for Africa reached USD 106.4 billion, almost three-quarters of which was for countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, donors disbursed USD 7 billion for regional programmes in Africa. Overall, only 16.6% of trade-related OOF were disbursed to countries in Africa, less than the amounts received by Latin America and the Caribbean (23.8%) and Europe (17.2%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Examining this performance across five-year intervals shows that average annual GDP growth accelerated from 6.6% between 2000/01 and 2004/05 to 11.1% between 2005/06 and 2009/10 before slowing to 10.3% between 2010/11 and 2014/15. Industry’s contribution to economic output increased from 9.7% in 2009 to 22.1% in 2016. However, agriculture still accounts for the majority of employment (Figure 2.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article uncovers the normative commitments underlying discussions on compliance and institutional design in international law and international relations (IR) theory through an examination of the concept of “global community” in different disciplinary discourses. Three images of global community are conjured in these theoretical discussions: the pluralist, the solidarist, and the discursive. After outlining the first two and discussing the critiques waged against them, the article seeks to defend the third image, which offers an approach to global social integration that is both culturally attuned and ambitious in scope. Drawing on critical IR theory, political philosophy as well as discursive theories of law, the article argues that the proposed image of global community holds the potential to successfully resolve the inherent tension between order, justice and cultural diversity, and where international law may play a meaningful role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Regional authorities can foster social acceptance in two ways: increasing understanding of renewable energy projects, and ensuring local benefits, as communities will more willingly accept some of the costs of renewable energy installations if they stand to gain from such investment. Focusing renewable energy development in rural regions on accumulated competencies is therefore strongly linked to gaining community acceptance (OECD, 2012d). Not doing so can lead to “grey areas” of responsibility, resulting in each actor shifting responsibility to other levels of government -ultimately to the detriment of the service and to deterioration of the infrastructure.38 Governments should also make sure that proper ex ante coordination between the different levels of authorities is established. In addition to facilitating land planning, ex ante co-ordination is also crucial in the case of rural electrification programmes which require full co-operation by local authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
With the number of students significantly increasing, it is necessary to both hire more teachers and retain the current ones, a deficit of 80 000 teachers and pre-school teachers is expected by 2031 (Skolverket (National Agency for Education), 2017[ii7]). Compared to its peer countries, Sweden is placed below Germany (0.41), but above Austria and the Netherlands (0.18 and 0.01 respectively). Considering the division of the index by socio-economic profiles, Swedish principals working in the bottom quarter of schools report that the shortage of teaching staff to a greater extent hinders the schools' instruction capacity than the OECD average (0.76 compared to 0.15).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It should be noted, however, that there are multiple reasons for continued poverty, including lack of education, poor healthcare, political crises, poor access to credit and the like. Many governments are adopting or have adopted sector-specific policies such as Sustainable Public Procurement (Chapter 10), codes and standards for Sustainable Cities (Chapter 9) or Sustainable Tourism (Chapter 11). Others have formulated policies which mandate land usage, waste disposal, effluent discharge, energy efficiency, minimum wages, working conditions and the like and have implemented these through legislation, fiscal incentives or a combination of both.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Generally, the operational schedule of an NPP is known significantly in advance by the TSO, thus easing the planning and scheduling for the whole electrical production system. Also, nuclear power plants are extremely reliable, with a very small unexpected outage rate (typically less than 0.5 trips per reactor-year in France) which reduces significantly the needs for balancing and the associated costs. In most cases, the nuclear system is able to continue producing power at a reduced level and feed the onsite electric support system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Timber resources may also change due to the increase of forest land or changes in management practices (reclassification). Stocks decrease due to timber removals, natural losses and catastrophic losses. The volume of timber removals can be disaggregated according to the type of forestry product (e.g., industrial roundwood and fuelwood) or by tree species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This has decreased primary productivity by about 20%, and decreased fish yields as a result (Verburg et al., Water levels and surface areas of some large, shallow African lakes (such as Lakes Chilwa, Bangweulu and Chad) fluctuate with changes in ENSO (Jul-Larson et al., These fluctuations are mirrored by changes in fishing activity and catches (Allison and Mvula, 2002). Stream temperatures in this basin have been increasing steadily since 1992. It has been argued that few North Atlantic fish species will be as intensely affected by climate change as Atlantic salmon (Stenseth et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Gender-based violence may take many forms, ranging from intimate-partner violence, rape, workplace harassment, female genital mutilation, human trafficking and murder. A 2013 review by the World Health Organization estimates that 36 per cent of women have experienced intimate-partner violence or sexual violence by a non-partner, with lower rates for men (World Health Organization, 2013). Young girls and boys are particularly vulnerable, with wide-ranging negative consequences for the health and welfare of victims. Among men, about one in nine in Tanzania and one in 10 in Zimbabwe had similar experiences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Norsk institutt for skog og landskap. Available at: http://www.skogoglandskap.no/temaer/statistikk_fra_ landsskogstakseringen [Cited 18th July 2013]. Available at: http://www.miljostatus.no/ [Cited 18th July 2 013]. Documents 34, Statistics Norway. Approved ment regarding regulations of standards for improvement of by USSR State Forestry service, 1987.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Moreover, a need for additional agricultural land for bioenergy production - at the expense of naturally vegetated land - will increase water demand and affect hydrological cycles (Berndes, 2002, Rowe et al., Similarly, climate policies aimed at reducing the use of fossil fuels provide an incentive to increase the amount of hydro, w'ind and solar power, which may lead to increased land use, e.g. from flooded areas behind dams. Thus, both “renewable” power and large scale bioenergy production have substantial land claims and affect both water and energy, and thus interact within the land-water-energy nexus (Ringler et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 1994 the Human Rights Committee, the treaty body acting under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR),106 adopted its General Comment No. 24 (52)107 on issues related to reservations made to the Covenant or its two Optional Protocols.108 The General Comment did not break new ground as to the regime on reservations under human rights treaties but it certainly made explicit some of the tensions that existed between the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Vienna Convention)109 and the approach taken to reservations under human rights treaties. The General Comment triggered off critical comments by certain States,110 and still after ten years it still remains an important background factor for the ongoing work of the International Law Commission (ILC) under the theme of reservations to multilateral treaties.111
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This would emphasise the need to value benefits or disbenefits at all steps of the value chain and to evaluate whether current levels of investment for each of these steps is adequate. Based on the study findings, it appears that conducting a global study of the benefits of investing in WSS, such as the Stern Review for climate change or the Millennium Impact Assessment for ecosystem services, would both be extremely challenging and of comparatively more limited use. From a practical point of view, the present report has repeatedly highlighted the variability in benefits from WSS depending on local factors, such as the prevalence of diarrheal diseases, the quality of receiving waters, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Unilateral responses involve Investment in digital infrastructure and human capital, trade policy measures and/or changes in domestic regulation. In most areas, international cooperation is helping governments derive more benefits from digital trade, and there may be scope for more beneficial International cooperation than is already in place. Both goods and services trade policies can play an important role in promoting the digital economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The majority of governmental expenditures on health are funded by provincial and territorial governments. An alternative projection is also estimated for provincial and territorial expenditures using the components of health care. In the work of the CBO, this enrichment factor is labelled “excess cost growth” and represents the impact of technological change and other factors on historical health expenditure growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This model allows least-cost and locally-suited solutions to be used to achieve given performance levels, fosters innovation, and creates real incentives for action. As this modality is already dominant in some environmental markets, its use also helps to build local capacity and readiness for such markets, and for negotiating deals that work well for Ethiopia. Within a few recent months, missions from Mali, Nigeria, Tanzania - and now the OECD - have visited Ethiopia to learn about its emerging approaches to green growth. This interest is likely to grow. A short case study like the present one offers a means for Ethiopia to share a snapshot of lessons and ideas to date.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This category also includes fish caught by trolling/handing from small vessels in the open sea adjacent to islands. For simplicity, the catches from recreational fishing are considered as production for home consumption, and therefore as a component of subsistence fisheries. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding or protection from predators. These results are even more striking given that inshore fishing depends on little more than 1 per cent of the total ocean space under national jurisdictions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
By the early 2000s transit routes improved with the first private pipeline to the Black Sea in 2001, followed by the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline to the Mediterranean which broke Kazakhstan’s dependence on Transneft’s Russian pipeline. Oil began flowing in large quantities just as world prices soared (Figure 1.2). The large exchange rate depreciation in 1999 which coincided with the start of the oil exports boom kick-started economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Many OECD cities have a 10-ticket “bonus” or monthly or yearly passes with lower per-use fares than individual tickets (see Box 2.16). Such a mechanism could further attract passengers and provide a less costly public transport solution for lower-income riders. To ensure a positive social outcome, such measures in Chile would need to be tailored to low-income residents’ lack of capacity to save. A progressive reduction of the price relative to monthly frequency of use would be one option (e.g. a weekly, bi-monthly or monthly pass that maximises per-trip savings).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
With weaker import demand, the market strength largely reflects policies in the major exporting countries, tending to reduce export supplies, for instance, through export restrictions and the retention of large public stocks. Global rice inventories are projected to rebuild over the Outlook by 18% by 2019 and this should increase the stocks-to-use ratio. World rice prices are expected to weaken in the coming years, ending in 2019 at USD 422 per tonne.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Even from a very young age, day care institutions focus heavily on child development and early learning outcomes - indeed, although initially developed with the express aim of facilitating parental employment (Kamerman and Moss, 2009), ECEC in Sweden has since become an integral part of the education system with its own curriculum and educational targets. However, Sweden’s comprehensive, public, centre-based system is relatively expensive (OECD, 2005). In 2013 public expenditure on ECEC services in Sweden was 1.64% of GDP, the second highest level of spending on ECEC in the OECD after Iceland (see Figure 3.7 and OECD, 2015h).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For instance, across seven districts, the percentage of mitigation banks inspected ranged from 13-78% (Table 4.6) (Government Accountability Office, 2005). Likewise, under the Policy for the Management of Fish Habitat, a recent audit by the Office of the Auditor General of Canada found that the required self-monitoring was completed in only 38% of cases involving ministerial authorisations and in just 3% of cases involving letters of advice (OAGC, 2009). A central and transparent information database can assist regulators and the public to locate offsets, assess their performance over time and contribute to the evaluation of a scheme. In Switzerland, for example, a transparent offset registry is under construction to assist in MRV as the audit of offset projects is largely undertaken by NGOs (Morandeau and Vilaysack, 2012). The table represents banks approved from November 1995 to December 2003. Calculated as a percentage of the mitigation banking agreements requiring monitoring reports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These weapons are used for poaching and committing other crimes. As the tables below demonstrate, the poaching rate for elephants and rhinos has increased over the past several years. Criminals use diverse methods of poaching and transport of wildlife products to circumvent the law enforcement system. The ranches and community conservancies lack the capacity to handle effectively wildlife security challenges, particularly when dealing with armed poaching gangs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Collection systems dedicated for plastic waste can be organised and practically operated in different ways dependent on the country, the legislation behind the collection and recycling, and the actors involved. Plastic waste can also be collected for recycling as part of another waste stream where the target fractions might not necessarily be plastics. This is the case for example end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). The opposite is when the waste stream is meant to completely constitut of plastics, such as the plastic packaging waste stream.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)