albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Under the limits of this structure, raising wages for women or care sector workers may threaten growth to the extent that it cuts into profits by more than it raises human capacities. The state plays a bigger role than in liberal regimes, but wider public funding of care supports lots of private service providers (Heintz and Lund 2012, Razavi 2011). Geographically, these regimes are associated with continental and Southern Europe, while recent social welfare reforms in Japan suggest movement towards this model as well (Campbell et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
One-stop shops in the zones were seen to reduce regulatory compliance costs, but without fully satisfying firm managers (Warr and Menon 2015). Corruption and regulatory and policy uncertainty were ranked as major or severe constraints by a substantial percentage (74% and 34% respectively) of firms operating in SEZs in 2012 (World Bank, 2015b). Moreover, SEZ investments have traditionally faced the same constraints as non-SEZ investments (high costs of electricity and transport compared to neighbouring countries, low quality of labour and a general lack of skilled labour).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These data show' that OECD countries differ considerably not only in terms of inter-regional disparities in average incomes, but also in terms of spatial concentration of income inequalities. Equality of opportunity requires that socio-economic prospects of each individual are not affected by factors beyond their control, such as their place of birth (Roemer, 1997). People-centred policies should thus reflect the interplay of locational and individual level determinants of well-being. Data on income inequality within regions might capture better than national data the effects of perceived distribution inequities on subjective well-being and on human capital investments. Individuals may in fact assign different importance to the income inequalities they experience in their local living context when assessing their own w'ell-being and forming expectations about returns of education and skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
We met several years before our professional collaboration began. Both of us are experienced teacher educators, although we work in different countries (Mandi in Australia and Alicia in the USA), and in different discipline areas (Mandi in biology and Alicia in social studies). From our first meeting we knew that we had a lot to talk about, that we were able to communicate well with one another and that we would love to work as collaborators. But what were we to do with our locations on different continents and at least 10,000 miles between us? After a few years of once yearly meetings at the American Educational Research Association (AERA) conference and as our collegial friendship grew, we began to realize that we had a lot to gain as teacher educators by working together. So, Alicia sent the following invitation to Mandi:
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many African countries are increasingly using Standard Material Transfer Agreements (SMTAs)22 in the transfer of genetic resources for purposes of food and agriculture with the total reported number of such agreements rising exponentially since 2012. Since coming into force, there has been a steady rise in the number of recorded trading transactions in endangered species and it is estimated that the Convention currently accords protection to some 35,000 endangered species, including those endemic to Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Stakeholders in the business and human rights movement speak of a “smart mix” to fix the global governance gap that gives rise to abuses. Hard law may be required to ensure access to remedy to victims, but soft law and standard setting should not be underestimated for preventing violations. To be clear, I do not oppose a treaty in principle. However, I do think the drafters would be well advised to heed the advice offered by Professor Ruggie — a business and human rights treaty should work to reinforce and to build on the regulatory dynamics already underway in the implementation of the Guiding Principles. I do not see the treaty proposal as a threat to progress but rather a call to redouble efforts and to focus attention on the work that still remains to ensure human rights are promoted and protected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Rolling out modem technology that can better integrate localities into wider economic networks and expand the job finding and education opportunities for rural residents. Better broadband coverage can also provide access to healthcare and education in the most remote locations. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has allocated $2 billion in 2018 to use in competitive bidding auctions to expand access to nearly 1 million homes, which should minimise the risk of the infrastructure investment having little impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For rural and indigenous peoples, local knowledge informs decision-making about fundamental aspects of day-to-day life. This knowledge is integral to a cultural complex that also encompasses language, systems of classification, resource use practices, social interactions, ritual and spirituality." The knowledge documented through citizen science, on the other hand, is typically in the form of distinct, closely defined data, from individual observations by interested citizens who have little or no connection with land management, which are then merged and analysed within a scientific framework [Tunon et al, 2015). They provide practical actions that enable the approaches to be implemented and that guide the appropriate inclusion of ILK from indigenous peoples, local communities and experts in assessment processes and outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For each country the main trends in poverty as measured by the share of population living on below $1.25 and $2 a day are shown, with two hypothetical maximal and minimal poverty trends in each case. The main trends are estimated on the basis of existing information on income distribution in the available household surveys. The maximal (or minimal) trends are estimated by assuming that for the whole period income distribution remains at its most unequal (or most equal) level attained during the period since 1990, while per capita average consumption follows the same trend as in the main estimates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Regions and municipalities are also responsible for the implementation of much of Finland’s National Adaptation Strategy, and approximately a third of regions/municipalities had an adaptation strategy by 2012 (Luhtala, 2012). Some climate funds have specific “windows” for funding local adaptation actions. For example, the Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund (BCCRF) includes a USD 10.4 million window for a “Community Climate Change Fund” which is to provide grants for community-based projects (BCCRF, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The specific needs and vulnerabilities experienced by some household members, such as children, women, older persons and family members with disabilities might not be addressed if complex intra-household dynamics are not considered, increasing the likelihood of the programme having an indirect discriminatory outcome. However, little information is available on some aspects that are critical for evaluation of their impact on family-related rights. For example, there is little information on the impacts of CCTs in intra-household violence over time or on the use of contraceptives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Circassian walnut (Juglans regia), occupies a mere 100 ha in hilly forests mainly in western Kopetdag and in the valleys of the Sumbar and Arvaz Rivers. They preserve an important stock of nutrition supply and represent high potential reserves for livestock breeding. The general area of saxaul stands is 688,100 ha, which includes 15,000 ha of young growths, 284,100 ha of middle-aged stands, 320,700 ha of maturing stands and 67,900 ha of mature and over-mature stands. The wood volume of growing stock reaches 2 million m3, 1,720,000 m3 of which are of middle age or mature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the past, national security for the majority of countries was almost exclusively associated with an external military threat emanating from a rival state(s). This was reflected in the standard models for the demand for military expenditure. The emergence of new security challenges such as terrorism, transnational crime networks, failed and rogue states, has profoundly affected the international security environment and the concept of national security. This note develops a model for the demand for national security expenditure adopting a broader, more inclusive definition of national security and includes concomitant budgetary outlets to meet the new security challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The former were local, the latter, international. Together, they contained the seeds of a reshaping of the West African migratory system. The major historical trends were shifting: the polarity of the coast, initiated by the Arab-Islamic and transatlantic slave trades and fully materialised under colonisation, was weakened.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This paper presents a new typology of global cooperation for development, based on three objectives: managing interdependence, furthering the development of societies, and gradually overcoming the asymmetries that characterize the world economic system. It then explores the nature of these asymmetries and proposes that the concept of "special but differentiated responsibilities" offers the best framework for handing the special issues of developing countries in the global order. Finally, it develops a five point agenda for improving global economic and social governance structures: creating a dense network of world, regional and national institutions, ensuring the equitable participation of developing countries in global governance, creating a Global Council of the broad UN system, based on representation by constituencies, guaranteeing a better coherence of the decentralized system that characterizes global arrangements in the economic and social field, and effective accountability for international commitments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. Such entitlements are granted for various lengths of time and paid at different rates, reflecting the influence of different objectives including: enhancing children’s wellbeing, promoting labour supply, furthering gender equality in labour market outcomes, as well as budget constraints. Although parental care is beneficial for children, there are concerns about the consequences of prolonged periods of leave for labour market outcomes and gender equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While some providers include nearly half a page of information for one single activity, other providers may restrict the amount of information to a few words. Nearly all descriptions are in English, however, other languages are also used, which further adds challenges to synthesising the information. Considering that the CRS contains approximately 250 000 activities per year, it has previously been challenging to process the amount of information captured in these description.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The role of central government is somewhat “minor” in federal countries that transferred most water competences to sub-national governments such as the United States (Box 5.1) or Belgium, where water responsibilities are so scattered across states or regions that it is almost impossible to capture a “national institutional mapping”. This indicator helps “measure” the fragmentation of roles and responsibilities, based on the assumption that the more actors there are, the more “complex” the situation is. But it has to be analysed in light of the governance tools adopted to overcome such complexity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Two disaggregation methods exist: the actual consumption approach and the insurance value approach (OECD, 2011a). The former is used for public education, for which it is relatively easy to identify the beneficiaries, e.g. households with children. In the presence of children, the income of a household is increased by the average spending at the relevant educational level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is problematic because it means that young people are deferring saving for their pensions, and older persons do not have access to the full range of health services. There is a need to safeguard the efficiency and quality of social security systems and forge proper links between benefits and their funding, so as to make the benefits more attractive and therefore more highly valued. The exceptions are El Salvador, which registered a minor setback, and Uruguay (urban areas), where affiliation was already very high in 2002 (over 98%), and only marginal improvement was recorded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 43 countries in Africa, 23 in Asia and Oceania, 5 in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 2 in Eastern Europe, women are reported not to have equal rights with men to acquiring and owning land (UNDESA, 2010). In most African and many Asian countries, although equal property-ownership rights are stipulated by law, the prevailing customary practices3 (which in a number of cases take precedence over statutory law) prevent women from having control over the shared property of the married couple, or even over the property that they brought into the marriage (UNDESA, 2010, OECD, 2006b, EIU, 2010). There is little that ICTs can do to address such legal barriers. For example, in Viet Nam, the Government has launched a number of initiatives to assist women entrepreneurs, including opening special branches at Sacombank (the country's largest privately owned commercial bank), and starting a programme dedicated to women in rural areas at Agribank (the country's largest state-owned commercial bank).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Investment expenditure should be accounted in the year when it occurs. These are included in the GSSE only in cases when agriculture is the main beneficiary. In general the share of the primary agriculture should be above 50% of economic activity or regional employment or similar indicator. The choice of the indicator should be related to the nature of the policy and data available and should be clearly explained in the documentation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The principle for the water abstraction charge is cost recovery, i.e. tariffs should reflect the total cost of providing water, including capital expenses, energy expenses, and expenses related to operation and maintenance. The means to include a component that reflects scarcity in the tariffs is to add the expenses related to the purchasing of desalinated w'ater on top of the other expenses. Water desalination is the costliest form of providing water in Israel and therefore reflects the marginal cost of producing water. Charges for pollution with domestic origin are based on the water consumption of the household. The following table compiles the pollution charge for domestic users for the Adour-Garonne river basin (one of the 6 river basins in France). In the following table, we report the pollution charge for non-domestic users for the Adour-Garonne river basin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This report also includes details of 'band usage' and 'sharing studies' for each of the frequency bands identified for IMT. This entire band was unanimously adopted by WRC-07 as the future IMT band and was recommended by ITU to its Member States to free up as soon as practicable. The Resolution 749 as revised by WRC 12 and the footnote MOD 5.316A bring out the conclusions of the deliberations during the WRC-12 on agenda item 1.17.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Public Governance and the Classical Liberal Perspective, Aligica et al. (2019) highlight the importance of conducting institutional analysis and experimentation as a means toward robust, adaptable polycentric governance. For policy researchers, engaging in the practice of polycentric political economy means analyzing the role of alternative governance mechanisms at the constitutional, policy, and operational levels of social interaction. In order to demonstrate how policymakers can engage in institutional analysis at each level, we examine the case study of state regulatory reform. We find that the pursuit of marginal improvements within an existing governance framework can contribute to institutional reform if researchers are focused on long-run institutional change. This requires looking at policy research as part of a process aimed at institutional experimentation and the reimagination of governance frameworks within a polycentric environment where researchers engage in coproduction of an adaptive and sustainable governance system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It was launched in February 2009 at a global meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and initiated by the Malaysian Muslim feminist group Sisters in Islam. The movement was a transnational response to the equally transnational problem of the use of Islam to resist women's demands for equality. Musawah comprises NGOs, activists, scholars, legal practitioners and policymakers across the globe and approaches gender equality in the Muslim family along three axes: knowledge-building, capacity-building and international advocacy. Musawah starts from the premise that equality is a founding principle of Islam, and gender equality is therefore in line with Islam, rather than opposed to it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Both aspects can be observed in Figure 4.16, which compares the residual load covered by nuclear after the introduction of wind energy (the dark blue area) with the original load without renewables (areas in light and dark blue). The figure also shows that the average load factor for nuclear decreases from 98% in the reference scenario to about 92%, after the integration of wind energy. This means that nuclear plants tend to be operated more frequently at a partial load and are required to cycle more often. The decrease on average electricity prices is expected to be more significant at higher penetration level of renewables, as shown in the quantitative study presented in Chapter 7.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
If the coefficient on the self-employment dummy increases along the eamings distribution, this solely reflects that the dispersion that is due to the unobserved determinant is higher among self-employed since the impact of education is picked up by the education dummy. In the CQR example, the size of the two sectors was hardly affected as only one person was assumed to change employment status. Similarly, cross-country differences in earnings inequality can be decomposed into: i) differences in the composition of the population (for example, inequality should be higher in countries with a more unequal distribution of education endowment) and ii) differences in rates of return (for example, inequality should be higher in countries with a larger wage gap between highly- and low-educated workers).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Militarization[1] in this country â€“ Mexico â€“ is a fundamental factor of political definition due to the loss of life[2] that it has represented, and the impact on public life stemming from the constant violation of the human rights of men, but especially for women, who have both seen their everyday life modified. This fight against organized crime, some have defined it as a war against the people, which pretends to be a war on drug trafficking. In Ciudad Juarez, we already know that the presence of the army and police on the streets does not increase safety, and instead, gender violence is exposed in deaths that occur constantly, so that militarization and impunity are the key to reading the new events as part of a hegemonic project, in which the bodies and humanity are no longer relevant.Â Â
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These respondents criticized that cooperation depends too much on the disposition of the directors and therefore the prioritization of cooperation by the senior management as well as simply the chemistry between individuals. The best options for each country will therefore depend on its characteristics and context. The case study examples below are intended as suggestions or inspiration to help each country strengthen its institutional arrangements in the most appropriate manner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Despite the current economic recession, according to World Bank Fast Track Lesotho Report 2009, the country allocates 20 per cent of its budget to education and this expenditure on education is considered high by international standards. Indigenous education was the type of education that was mainly controlled by Basotho themselves, before the colonial era, and it was the informal type of education. In the indigenous education, the type of learning was oriented towards practical activities for boys and girls at home and in the plantation fields.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Narrowing the labour force participation gap between men and women by 50% has been estimated to raise annual growth in GDP per capita by 0.3 percentage points on average (Thevenon et al., Second, Evidence from OECD countries shows that having more women in paid (full-time) work results in lower household income inequality (Harkness, 2010, OECD, 2015). Therefore, policies that focus on increasing the earnings potential of lower-paid women can reinforce the equalising effect of women's labour market integration. Despite the fact that Chile has made remarkable progress increasing women participation in politics, the share of parliamentary seats occupied by women is the lowest in the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A Safe System encourages a “forgiving” strategy for road injury prevention, which accepts that while human error on the road is inevitable, death and serious injury as result of a crash is not. It recognises the shared responsibility of system designers and road users to ensure that crash energy remain at all times below levels that will cause fatal or serious injury, and promotes a holistic, multi-sectoral approach which can reframe the way in which road safety is perceived and managed. Sweden’s “Vision Zero” strategy was adopted by Parliament in 1997. The decision stated that “the transport system’s design, function and use should be aligned so that no one is killed or seriously injured”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Women are at a greater disadvantage with respect to pensions systems than health care. There are huge differences between the first and the fifth income quintile in terms of affiliation to both pension and health systems. But even among wage earners, whenever affiliation is below average, it is more concentrated by income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Ministry of Hydraulic Resources (previously the National Commission for Irrigation) became the co-ordinating institution at the federal level. Populations from the central part of the country, where agricultural land was a constraint, were expected to migrate to these river basins and provide the labour that would be necessary for the development of the areas. River basin commissions had lull authority to plan and execute programmes for integrated development within the river basins.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)