albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Rebuilding outcomes were found to vary considerably with the type of technology employed (as proxied by changing the catchability coefficient) and the presence of cost and biological interactions. In particular, consideration of biological interactions drastically increased the ambiguity of the outcome, and different combinations of interactions and technologies were found to further deplete the stock rather than rebuild it. They conclude that the failure to consider such interdependencies may negatively affect rebuilding efforts. An age-structured dynamic bioeconomic model was developed to account for the different cohorts. Net benefits were calculated using price and variable cost functions that were inversely proportional to landings and spawning biomass, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
And when will Country A realize that the stock will leave its EEZ for good and that its days with a major interest in the stock are numbered? It is possible to think of a “twilight” period in which Country B has not yet realized that it has acquired a permanent, major interest in the stock while Country A will realize that it has no long term interest in the stock any more. Country A may therefore decide that it serves no purpose to preserve the stock for future use and so neglect to leave any of it behind, while Country B has not yet realized that it would be in its interest to do so. No stock seems to have undergone such radical permanent shifts, but there are stocks which have experienced major shifts as a result of depletion or climate change and possibly a combination of both.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In the London area, road safety is directly ensured by TfL if the road in question is part of the TfL road network and by the boroughs and the City of London for roads on their territories. Vision Zero emphasises preventive measures that promote safe speeds, street design, vehicles and behaviours on roads, as well as measures that reduce the severity of injuries post collision. Such interpolations are essential to support the computation of a five year average denominator (e.g. population, traffic, trips), as survey data can be missing between survey years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Policies that constrain competition and innovation in non-ICT sectors can be particularly detrimental, indirectly limiting and distorting demand for ICT solutions: thus preventing the most efficient use of ICTs. In many countries, and across most non-ICT sectors, existing regulatory regimes are frozen in time. General reforms of non-ICT markets will thus be complementary or synergistic with reforms that are directly ICT-related, and vice versa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Portugal, for instance, P4P was introduced to newly created primary care models. P4P was not introduced as an additional component to an existing payment model, but rather was part of a broader organisational change to primary care, and a shift from facility-level payment based on salaries to mixed payment including salary, capitation and P4P. This holds also true for Ontario, Canada where the P4P schemes introduced for primary care physicians were been tied closely to organisational changes, notably requirements that physicians work in group models, and that after-hours care be provided. In Norway there was broad involvement of key stakeholders, while in Portugal the initiative started as a pilot in 2005 where the Family Medicine Association and Medical Trade Unions were involved from the beginning as part of a broader primary' care reform and improvement efforts before being scaled up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
If the capacity of national data centers is limited, storage and cloud computing applications will be located abroad, adding to the need and subsequent costs of international bandwidth as well as increasing dependency on external networks over which there is no control. See: Alaerds et al. This section reviews domain name developments among LDCs. It explores the important benefit that can accrue for LDCs by bundling domain names with local web hosting to build up the national Internet ecosystem, develop skills and generate employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Drawing on the core commitments of Critical Terrorism Studies, and mostly, the ethic of emancipation, this article focuses on the Boko Haram insurgency to investigate recurring violent conflict in Nigeria. It identifies a governance gap not adverted to in the official narrative which has led to gross discontent at the lower levels of the society. The governance gap has created fertile breeding grounds for the recruitment of disillusioned youths who are easily mobilised to violence and lately, insurgency. There are normative and pragmatic reasons to adopt and prioritise social welfare through the implementation of economic, social and cultural obligations and due-process rights as a viable approach to at least reducing the spate of violence in the country. The discussion has relevance for resolving situations of violence and conflict in sub-Sahara Africa in particular and elsewhere in the developing world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)2 adopted at the same conference, however, is a legally binding multilateral agreement aimed at achieving a triad of objectives: conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components, and fair and equitable sharing of benefits. Another legally binding MEA of relevance to this goal is the 1994 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Plants provide 80 per cent of the human diet, and agricultural production, in addition to providing the necessary nutrition and food security, is also an important means of livelihood, especially for rural agrarian communities in Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This flow of e-waste further complicates problems associated with waste management.61 It is difficult to estimate the quantum of trans-border e-waste streams, as this trade in e-waste is camouflaged and conducted under the pretext of obtaining 'reusable' equipment or 'donations' from developed nations. Some exporters may deliberately leave difficult-to-spot obsolete or non-working equipment mixed in loads of working equipment through ignorance or to avoid more costly treatment processes. Consequently, this e-waste, which is hazardous, is being discarded and routinely burned in what environmentalists call "a cyber-age nightmare now landing on the shores of developing countries. It is one of Ghana's largest e-waste dumps, with mountains of abandoned motherboards, computer monitors, and hard drives littering the landscape.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
A few small economies such as Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uruguay also spend less than 2 per cent of GDP on infrastructure. In contrast, Andean countries such as the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Colombia and Peru spend above 6 per cent, followed closely by smaller economies such as Nicaragua, with expenditure of nearly 6 per cent in 2015. At the other extreme, South-East Asia spent just 2.1 per cent, as the economies hit by the East Asian financial crisis of 1997 (such as Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand) experienced significant declines in public spending as a proportion of GDP that have not fully recovered thereafter (ADB, 2017:28-30). In Africa, the biggest infrastructure deficit is thought to be in the energy sector (AfDB, 2013: 3, 2018), although even here, transport stands out as the sector with the largest financing needs over the coming decades (see figure 4.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These WTP values are compared to 1992-values of another Thuenen-study, which is also cited in national policy documents (Elsasser 1996). Intertemporal comparison revealed that since 1992 WTP has decreased from about 50 EUR per person per year to about 30 EUR per person per year, aggregated values decreased from 2.5 Bn. Thus willingness to pay for forest-based recreation exists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Natural catastrophes impose the largest toll in terms of human fatalities and economic consequences. If only human-made accidents are considered, the energy sector is the second-largest contributor, with transportation causing about 60% of all mortalities (EC, 1995). Risks of severe accidents in all energy chains should not be neglected, however, as they have the potential to cause large-scale and long-term impacts to human health, to the environment and to the whole of society. Severe accidents also tend to have broad media coverage and to attract the attention of the population and different stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, all textiles eventually become worn out and must be handled as waste. Material recycling of textile waste back into new textile products, is environmentally advantageous compared to incineration or landfill, but is currently limited in extent. One of its objectives is to "promote business modelsthat stimulate recycling of fibres into new textile products". The case wallet is intended to inspire other brands both in the Nordic countries and elsewhere. A reliable supply of recyclable used textiles needs to be secured, and the demand for recycled-content fibres and yarns needs to be increased. Eleven such brands and some of their key partners were interviewed to identify their motivation, challenges they've experienced, how they overcame these and perspectives for the industry as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This application differs according to the national context, but may also be affected by the sector or technology concerned, and by the specific objectives of innovation. Chapter 7 first discusses the national agenda for innovation (Section 7.1), and then turns to a number of specific policy challenges, namely the role of innovation for inclusive growth (Section 7.2), health innovation (Section 7.3), and the role of innovation in the green growth agenda (Section 7.4.). Particular attention will also be paid to innovation in the public sector (Section 7.5), which is important to improve effectiveness and efficiency within the public sector, but which can also help support innovation throughout the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2010 and 2011, climate-related aid commitments3 reported to the OECD DAC4 ranged on average from USD 12.8-21.1 bn per year (based on lower and upper bound estimates), representing up to 16% of total ODA. Going forward, climate-related ODA is expected to remain both significant and substantial given its potential to mobilise other sources of climate finance and given the internationally-agreed target of devoting 0.7% GNI to ODA). Going forward the definition of public climate finance and consistency with OECD DAC Rio markers is to be determined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Prior to this change, healthcare in some secure accommodation was commissioned by other government bodies: NOMS for some contracted prisons, the UK Borders Agency for Immigration Removal Centres, the Youth Justice Board for Secure Children’s Homes and Secure Training Centres and Police Authorities for Police Custody Suites and Sexual Assault Referral Centres). All prison and secure estate healthcare is now NHS England-commissioned, although the transfer of healthcare commissioning in police custody and in Secure Children’s Homes with Welfare-Only Beds to NHS England is still in progress. As of 5 September 2014, there were 85,385 prisoners in England and Wales (male and female, all ages including young offenders aged 15-17 held in Young Offender Institutions). The Department of Health has not surveyed the incidence of prisoner mental health but considers the Office of National Statistics (ONS) 1998 survey Psychiatric Morbidity among Prisoners in England and Wales to be the most reliable data currently available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
If investments in provision for mild-to-moderate disorders will reduce sickness absence and presenteeism (see subsections above) it makes good economic sense. Some large Japanese firms are already getting involved in promoting wellbeing and preventing ill-health. The National Federation of Health Insurance Societies also carries out activities such as information sharing and awareness raising making efforts to help identify mental distress amongst their employees, and advice around encouraging employees to seek help for mental distress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The first VisitDenmark campaign with Airbnb took place at the beginning of 2016. It was a co-branding campaign centred on the movie “The Danish Girl”, and performed over benchmark on all parameters. Another initiative was collaboration on an event for Danish Airbnb hosts. The main purpose of the event was to share knowledge about the tourists using the services in the sharing economy among the partners involved (including SnappCar, Cook With a Local, and selected local Danish brands).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
So teachers know that the easiest approach for them may be simply to wait out attempts at reform. Most significantly, there is a substantial gap between the time at which the initial cost of reform is incurred, and the time when it is evident whether the benefits of reform will actually materialise. While timing complicates the politics of reform in many domains, it seems to have a greater impact on education reform, where the lags often involve many years. It is a long way to successful reform implementation, failure is often just one small step away. As a result, the political cycle may have a direct impact on the timing, scope and content of education reform. Education reform becomes a thankless task when elections take place before the benefits of reform are realised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Ethiopia the government piloted a programme in 2014 to provide agricultural extension services via mobile phones (Ethiopia ATA 2014). Programmes for disseminating advice and best-practices knowledge also exist in other countries. Nevertheless, using mobile technology may exacerbate gender differences in access to information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The CRPD also includes a provision for access to a range of in-home, residential and in community support services (article 19, paragraph (b)), and the equal availability of services and facilities for general populations on an equal basis to persons with disabilities (article 19, paragraph (c)). Article 30 further adds that States Parties shall take measures to ensure that persons with disabilities have access to sporting and recreational venues. Target 11.7 calls for universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible green and public spaces, in particular for persons with disabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, seasonally adjusted quarterly data were used in order to attain a sufficient degree of variability relative to the macro variables. These results were used to derive a 32-period panel database for each country corresponding to the quarters comprising the period 2003-2010. The trend for 2003-2009 shows a rise of two points, on average, in the female labour force participation rate for Brazil, Ecuador and Uruguay and a comparable decline in Argentina and Peru.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Promise and Reality of Decentralization in Asia (R Bahl) Reality of Decentralization Issues in Japan (T Hatta) Political Decentralization: Political Decentralization and Fiscal Reform in Japan (T Ihori) China's Urbanization and Fiscal Decentralization (W Zuo) Fiscal Federalism in India: Trends and Reform (G Rao) Administrative Reform in Taiwan (J N Shih) Decentralization in the Philippines (B E Diokno) Thailand's Decentralization (D Weist) Administrative Decentralization in Vietnam (U K Hung) Indonesia's Rapid Decentralization (B Hofman & W Fingler) The Reform of Local Public Finance: The Reform of Japanese Local Governments (Shin Saito) Local Public Finance in Taiwan (Tseng & Lee) Revenues of Malaysian Local Governments (Setapa & Lin) Balancing Autonomy and Accountability in the Philippines (R G Manasan).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The HeForShe Champions are finding different and creative ways to break the cycle of harm. They are not just highlighting the problem and challenging attitudes. They are also exploring how established processes and structures can be adapted to reduce violence and to bring more women to the table when it comes to the peace and security agenda. The international community has recognized that women’s participation is vital to achieving and sustaining peace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Barkey found that settled Turkana men reported severe complaints and higher rates of infectious diseases than the nomads, including a significantly higher frequency of cold with cough, eye infection, and chest infection than the nomads. They also had higher body mass index. Comparing settled and nomadic Rendille children in Kenya and Nathan found that sedentary children under six years had significantly higher levels of malnutrition and anaemia than nomadic children.57 This was attributed to the consumption of three times more milk by the nomadic children. Indigenous peoples need to be made aware of the consequences of change in lifestyle and what they need to do to mitigate the negative effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Non-attributional evaluations are often used in performance measurement, strategic management, and budgeting practices (U.S. OMB, 2010, p. 83). They typically compare current measurements of performance with one or more of the benchmarks highlighted in Box 1.1 (Coglianese, 2012). Of the total, 14 percent examined natural resource management relevant interventions, defined as those that sought to improve farmer knowledge and adoption of new technologies and conservation techniques.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It can also help ECEC staff and management reflect on their own practice and aspects such as the design of indoor and outdoor spaces (Pramling Samuelsson and Asplund Carlsson, 2008). Research found that child-initiated activities are important expressions of children’s perspectives and to understand their opinions and views. Bae (2009) indicated that when it comes to supporting children in expressing their views and securing their right to freedom of expression in practice, their right to participate is threatened if this is reduced to formal routines emphasising individual choice. Some of the suggested methods are to observe which activities or materials children prefer and incorporate this in the curriculum plan, have children draw their preferences, or let parents inform ECEC workers of what their child likes to do or play with (Save the Children, 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In contrast, Free State and the Northern Cape are ranked first and second respectively on provincial HIV/AIDS spending per capita, whilst their HIV/AIDS prevalence were only the fourth and eighth highest amongst the nine provinces. For the Northern Cape, this reflects in part its relative geographic inaccessibility and low population density. Refers to HIV prevalence (%) (total population), 2015. Refers to provincial expenditure on the sub programme “HIV and AIDS" per capita, 2014/15.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Finally, a decomposition exercise shows that composition effects are able to explain a very limited amount of the observed cross-country differences in wage inequality. This suggests that economic institutions, by shaping the way personal characteristics are rewarded in the labour market, are the main determinants of wage inequality. Aprfes la presentation de statistiques descriptives sur le degre de dispersion des distributions des niveaux de competence et des revenus, le document montre que la correlation internationale entre ces deux dimensions d’inegalite est ties faible et, le cas echeant, negative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In addition to classifying environmental protection and resource management expenditures according to their purpose, an important distinction should be made between those who bear the expenditures. They may be the general government, corporations, non-profit institutions and households. The economic statistics of the Environmental Goods and Services Sector (EGSS)83 are closely linked to the CEA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Moreover, the sewage system is being rehabilitated in different cities and towns of Absheron peninsula. The problem of rainwater collectors in Baku City that used to mix some faecal waters and drain into Baku Bay has been addressed, and sewage mixing w as discontinued w ith a consequent decrease in contamination loads at the bay. As a result of all the above measures, the bathing w'ater quality of the Caspian Sea is improving, but much work remains to be done both in Baku City (4 other WWTP) and on the Absheron peninsula.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A large presence of indirect taxes and a relatively small share of direct taxes could further aggravate the inequality problem, especially when pro-poor public spending in the region is already far from sufficient and optimal. Although many countries of the region have made substantial progress, it is not uniform. Unweighted average of 36 economies in the region for which recent data is available. While taxes on property are not all direct taxes, these taxes are generally very small in Asia-Pacific developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the International Criminal Court (ICC) constitute two prominent international courts. However, there exists considerable variation in states' support for these two institutions. The Rome Statute, which recognizes the jurisdiction of the ICC has been ratified by over half the states in the world, only a third of states accept the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ. How are we to understand this variation in state support for these two courts? I argue that there is an inherent link between the quality of a state's domestic legal system (rule of law) and perceived legitimacy of an international court. Empirical analyses of states' support for the ICJ and the ICC show that rule-of-law states lend support to the ICC, a court perceived by the international community as legitimate. Alleged bias of the ICJ has, on the other hand, substantially weakened support for this court among rule-of-law states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While most foreign investment in hydropower, oil and gas projects in these areas goes through formal channels as these sectors are controlled by the state and entail massive investment, the remaining foreign investment is largely informal. Given this lack of data and the reluctance of businesses to disclose information, the extent of such informal investment is difficult to ascertain but may be particularly high. In fact, large investment, much of it foreign direct investment (FDI), seems to have targeted not only mining and hydropower but also logging and most recently rubber, maize, paddy, sugarcane, jatropha and palm oil in resource-rich ethnic states, such as Kachin and Shan states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The industrial safety standard of risk analysis for technological systems (IEC 60300-3-9, 2000) was chosen to provide a structure for the desired risk analysis process since it is already widely applied, for instance, in the process industry. A structured risk analysis process is general in its nature so it may be exploited across many industries and applied to many types of systems. An overview of the general risk assessment procedure is presented in Figure 11.1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)