albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Cash income from women in Gazi Bay only came from this ecotourism initiative in 2011 (UNEP 2011). At Wasini, the boardwalk project generated US$6 500 from entrance fees in 2002, of which US$2 000 was used to set up a craft shop and US$2 800 given to members as dividends (Zeppel 2006). Although total compliance with unregulated mangrove cutting may not have been achieved consistently amongst the stakeholders, community members acknowledged that capacity-building and the associated financial incentive had promoted compliance with the resource use regulations and management within the mangroves (UNEP 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In accordance with the Law on Nature Protection, several existing protected areas have been re-evaluated since 2002 and their boundaries may have been readjusted through this process, resulting in a commensurate change in the total area protected. Table 9.3 displays the number of protected areas, hectares, and percent of territory by IUCN category based on data available during the second EPR mission in February, 2011. Map 9.1 shows their distribution across the territory. By way of comparison, the international goal set by the Convention for Biological Diversity is 10 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The challenge for national governments is efficient institutional and multi-level co-ordination in international arenas. A related issue is the role of international stakeholders in this process. Yet, the main strength of evaluation may reside in its capacity to provide insight and understanding. Thus, while arrangements aimed at enhancing accountability offer the prospect of institutionalising evaluation and monitoring, they need to be formulated so as to encourage learning across ministries, agencies and their clients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
UN efforts to develop a body of international criminal law on a treaty basis date back to the end of World War II. In contrast to the international tribunals which were created on an  ad hoc  basis by virtue of a Security Council decision, the International Criminal Court is established on the basis of a special contractual agreement. The establishment of the International Criminal Court in The Hague is a turning point in the history of lawmaking which is marked by centuries of combating impunity and lawlessness. In contrast to the Statute of the International Military Tribunal of Nuremberg, which permitted proceedings to be conducted in the absence of the accused, the accused must be present during a trial before the International Criminal Court. Other important provisions concern the protection of victims and witnesses.  Keywords: International Criminal Court, Nuremberg, protection of victims, The Hague, United States of America, World War II
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is estimated that there are over 10 000 jobs in Landscaping and Grounds maintenance jobs in the City of Chicago and 21 000 in Cook County, though it can be debated whether all of these should be considered green jobs (Schrock, 2009). Overall, “moderate job growth” in the landscaping and horticulture field is projected for the region in the coming decade (Schrock, 2009). Schrock and Sundquist (2009) suggest that green infrastructure investments could build on recent increases in the number of landscaping and groundskeeping jobs in the region. However, CWIC-CJC (2010) is less optimistic about the level of new job creation that will occur, particularly in the landscaping and horticulture maintenance space, given the large number of trained but currently unemployed workers around the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This empirical literature can be broadly categorized under two main lines of research. On one hand, there is empirical literature which looks at household’s financial vulnerability from a “macro perspective”. On the other hand, there is a large volume of research that looks at the issue of household’s financial vulnerability from a “micro perspective”. The literature which adopts the macro approach uses aggregate data in order to analyse the various channels and causes of households’ indebtedness growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In addition to providing the right types of skills and knowledge (as discussed in the previous section), a good education system teaches how to learn and fosters curiosity and creativity rather than the mere pursuit of certificates. In the case of Zhejiang Province, only Korea and Finland performed better in reading and neither did in maths nor in science in 2009, when the trials took place (Figure 1.9). Fangshan and Jiangsu also performed well above the OECD average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It aims to increase infrastructure investment in sub-Saharan Africa by blending long-term loans and risk capital with grant resources. To date, the fund, with grants of EUR 456 million, has generated investments of EUR 8.9 billion. In 2015, it supported six transport projects in some of sub-Saharan Africa's least connected and most vulnerable areas, such as northern Nigeria and South Sudan. Furthermore, the fund supports projects that are closely aligned with PIDA objectives, more than half of all grants approved under the regional pillar of the fund directly support PIDA projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
At the federal/national level, competences are often limited, so it is important to strongly engage local agencies, including local road authorities and police agencies, in actively committing to road safety. This may require allocating adequate funding to local agencies. Urban sprawl and fragmentation of public transport planning create car-dependent communities, which in turn make it harder to develop road safety policies addressing car traffic speed and volume.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Foreign victims of exactions committed by Canadian multinational companies have long been confronted to a legal vacuum in liability actions against those companies. Although Canada was considered as a judicial paradise for mining corporations, this impunity era seems now over. Two recent court decisions of the Ontario Superior Court of justice (Choc v. Hudbay Minerals Inc.) and the Supreme Court of Canada (Chevron Corp. v. Yaiguaje) have changed Canadian law’s perspective. This article provides a complete overview of these decisions and puts them in perspective with the unavoidable movement of corporate accountability. The meeting of law and corporate social responsibility brings real basis for corporations’ responsibility reinforcement. Indeed, it allows courts to held parent corporations liable for their subsidiary’s human rights violations. Despite the remaining interrogations and judicial obstacles, this new risk of liability and its consequences may convince corporations to adopt proactive attitudes towards social responsibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Central to understanding the impact in the fisheries sector is how the management system operates for the fishery in question. While fuel is an important input and tax concessions can have a significant impact on the fuel price paid by fishers, the impact of such support will be contingent on the management system constraints faced by and alternatives available to the fisher. In this case, support lowers the cost of effort, leading to more effort and a smaller fish stock in equilibrium.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Universal basic income could be considered as well. Governments should strengthen social protection as a strategic way of enhancing economic resilience and economic dynamism, not least in view of demographic transitions (risk of skills shortage among youth on one hand, and risk of old-age poverty on the other) and labour market disruptions associated with reforms and technological innovations. Carbon tax and emission trading systems could play a critical role in transitioning to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The early years of Taiwan’s export-led boom were fuelled by the entry of these women into export factories. In the 1970s, when Taiwan faced labour shortages, a state-sponsored satellite factory system made industrial work more consistent with traditional female roles, enabling increases in the labour supply of wives and mothers {Hsiung 1996). This sort of structural flexibility relative to women’s work and family roles is a feature that persists in Taiwanese labour markets today, and dovetails with expectations that women contribute financially to their families (Yu 2009). As a consequence, increases in female labour force participation have been large and sustained, going from 35.5 per cent in 1970 to 44.5 per cent in 1990 and 50.2 per cent in 2012.'7 Compared to other East Asian economies, which typically have some of the largest gender wage gaps in the world, women in Taiwan experience a gender wage gap closer to the norm for liberal advanced industrialized countries: the gender wage ratiofor average monthly earnings in industry and services was 81.2 in 2012. Let us consider whether these dynamics have drawn Taiwan closer to the low road/feminization of responsibility or high road/ gender egalitarian case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By way of example, projections based on this method are set out below for Brazil, Colombia, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. The forecasts are based on both future changes in educational distribution across the population and changes in fertility rates within each education group. Changes in the educational composition of the female population of childbearing age were based on projections made by IIASA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In a dynamic dialogue with their own female representatives, the legislature and the public, parties gradually grasped that gender quotas matched public expectations. The realisation was driven home by mounting evidence as female representation in elected bodies started gradually to grow - in the wake of parties’ voluntary adoption of quotas in the 1990s - and to dismantle the stereotypical view of women as incapable of leadership. Reacting to the public and to the legislature’s enabling culture, parties came to recognise gender quotas and gender equality' as an issue and managed to include it in national legislative debate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The frequency of ENSO events is projected to increase with global warming (Bakun, 1990). This has obvious implications not just for coastal fishers whose fishing range is constrained by technology and conditions, but also major industrial fisheries and export-derived incomes (see the sections below on the social and economic impacts of climate change). For example Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) growth, recruitment, abundance and distribution are all strongly influenced by climate (Brander, 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The programme should be expanded to cover all districts and strengthened through the provision of better equipment, in particular transportation and communication means and modern devices for land mapping, and through improved human capacities. In addition, land registration costs remain relatively high for smallholders, in particular due to the cost of land mapping. The project initiated by the National Land Agency (Badan Pertanahan Nasional, BPN) to conduct land certification free of charge could be scaled up to reach a larger number of smallholders and be jointly financed by the central and local governments. The land tenure system should be simplified and the respective responsibilities of the National Land Agency, the Ministry of Forestry, and the Ministry of Mining over land management clarified to enhance land market transparency and efficiency, thereby reducing the cost of doing business. Land classified as ‘forest land’ could be reviewed to eliminate the grey area between land classified as forest and agricultural land and to better match with existing forest areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In this article, the author examines the Supreme Court of Canada’s administrative law jurisprudence in 2016–18 to measure the level of deference that the Court afforded to administrative decision m...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In response to the low rate of collection by municipalities, the CAEM, the Water Commission for the State of Mexico, introduced a chargeback system, in which transfers to municipalities are reduced if they do not collect their fees. A lack of coverage with individual water meters results in a significant percentage of households paying fixed fees for their water. In the Valle de Mexico metropolitan area, only 52% of households are metered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Both geographical (i.e. contiguity) and cultural (i.e. common language) proximity have the expected positive sign, since migrants tend to move in countries that are closer to their homes and where they can easily communicate. Women's years of education has a significant effect confirming that being educated increases the probability to migrate.15 Unemployment rates in origin and destination countries are statistically significant suggesting that differentials in job opportunities matters.16 It is worthy to note the significance of the exclusion variable in the Heckman procedure, namely diplomatic exchange. The positive sign indicates that the presence of a diplomatic representation in a foreign country is often seen as prerequisite for engaging in legal cross-border migration: the probability of having female migrants increases by 26% in presence of diplomatic exchange. Male migration flows in 2010 are positively correlated with female flows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Poor countries rarely produce these products and therefore have to import ICT-related equipment and devices, and import tariffs can have an impact on accessibility for small businesses and low-income consumers. Tariff and trade analysis of data from World Integrated Trade Solutions (WITS) based on the WTO Integrated Data Base (IDB) show that average applied Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) tariffs on telephones and computers are higher in the LDCs than in other developing countries. High prices are partly responsible for this, but other reasons, such as unreliable electricity supplies, also discourage households from buying IT equipment. However, the LDCs have experienced a significant increase in imports of telephones, which rose from USD 526 million in 2012 to USD 2.6 billion in 2015, mobile phones represent over one-fourth of this total. While the number of people owning mobile phones in the LDCs is growing, smartphones that help enhance Internet access are not as common.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The cases are the two separate jurisdictions of the City of San Bernardino and the County of San Bernardino, California, U.S.A. The matched pair offers a unique opportunity for a research design that compares a bankrupt city government with a jurisdiction sharing the essential demographic, economic, and geographical features, though as a county a different level of government. The two cases offer insights into bankruptcy as not simply a function of economic forces or recent poor policy choices but as a result of a pattern of decision-making, a structure of government, and the constraints placed on leadership by structure and electoral politics. The analysis of this comparison allows us to unbundle leadership and show that differences in strategy, transparency, civic culture, trust and accountability explain the divergent outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In these areas, adequate access to the health service rose from 64% in 1995 to 79% in 2000. Today, more than 1 000 EBAIS are present in every territory of the country and constitute the basis of the national health care system. On a more negative note, EBAIS only offer appointments in the morning and early afternoon, which limits access to primary care. Most doctors working in EBAIS do not have specialist post-graduate training in primary care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper set out to provide a conceptual understanding of the gender socialization process during adolescence, its influences and outcomes, and practical suggestions on how to use this knowledge in the design of policies and programmes to improve gender equality. First, theoretical contributions from psychology, sociology and biology were reviewed to situate the gender socialization process during adolescence in a broader context of multi-level influences. Second, a socio-ecological framework was introduced to bring together the main factors that influence the gender socialization process and its outcomes. Third, knowledge on howto influence the gender socialization process and its outcomes was summarized in order to provide practical recommendations for policies and programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Mexico is a failing state, languishing under a deeply entrenched system of political corruption that undermines the three branches of government and compromises Mexico's law enforcement and national security capabilities. This article explores the culture of corruption that pervades the state and frustrates the rule of law in Mexico, examining how the political elites, the judiciary, and police officials embrace corruption as a primary means for career advancement and for acquiring personal wealth. It is an examination of a country overwhelmed by a system of government and commerce that has grown dependent on corruption in order to function. But such a system cannot sustain itself indefinitely, and the signs of the Mexican state's collapse are becoming more apparent in the wake of unprecedented political and social violence at the hands of corrupt actors and Mexican drug lords.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Domestic and external imbalances have been successfully addressed over the last decade. Fiscal consolidation led to a steady reduction in the budget deficit over the period 2001-05 and it has been maintained at below 2% of GDP since then. The central government debt as a percentage of GDP declined from a peak of 90% in 2000 to 28% in 2009 (OECD, 2010a). The country is currently well-placed to finance the short term costs of some of the reforms in the agro-food sector proposed below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Mongolia’s steppe and desert steppe zones, especially the steppes of Domod and areas of Zamyn Uud and Sainshand, belong to lands w'ith a moderate degree of w'ind erosion. Soils of the mountain regions are not affected by wind erosion. Soil erosion due to w'ind has decreased on the west side of the Great Lakes Depression, along the Khar Us Lake and in the Buyant River basin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
ABSTRACTThis study investigated deference to scientific authority [Brossard, D., & Nisbet, M. C. (2007). Deference to scientific authority among a low information public: Understanding U.S. opinion on agricultural biotechnology. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 19, 24–52] as it relates to support for science across eight sociocultural domains: the economy, the environment, epistemology, science education for all, public health, race and gender, public policy, and science and religion [Cobern, W. W., & Loving, C. C. (2002). Investigation of preservice elementary teachers’ thinking about science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 39, 1016–1031]. Results revealed that both increased deference to scientific authority and increased support for science were associated with greater science education and lower religious attendance and revealed two underlying dimensions: an epistemic dimension, combining the deference, epistemology, and science and religion scales, and differing based on re...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Furthermore, the capital grants for wind power plants provided under the latter act of 2005 can explain partly the permanent growth in w'ind electricity capacity since then. The PTC was created along with ITC and provides an inflation-adjusted tax credit of USD 15 /MWh (inflation-adjusted) for electricity genherated from qualifying renewable energy projects, in particular, wind. Indeed, the most rapid growth did not happen until after 1999. While the PTC could have played a key role in the business case for new renewable power plants, there were intermittent interruptions of the PTC - which occurred when Congress delayed in reauthorising the Act.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Ministry of Finance carried out a budget analysis for each of these subsectors and supported the relevant line ministries in incorporating gender in budgetary planning, review and execution processes. In order to clearly identify the share of women, children and men in budget allocations, the Ministry of Finance developed gender indicators and collected sex-disaggregated data on the beneficiaries of public sendees within five govemorates. An expert group comprising representatives of the Ministry of Finance, Ministiy of Economic Development, the National Council for Women, the Institute of National Planning and UNIFEM developed a training manual on GRB in 2007 that was translated into a training curriculum. Morocco first implemented a decentralised, results-based and performance-oriented budget approach in 2002: this structural budget reform presented an opportunity and strategic point of entiy for GRB.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This suggests that their products have higher value (and/or require much less energy to produce) and that these countries consume goods and services that are much more aligned to ,e that they produce themselves. The consumption-based EF intensity for the Asia-Pacific developing group of countries has decreased by approximately the same relative amount as that of the Rest of the World (30% between 1990 and 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This plan indicates the measures to be adopted in various areas such as education, employment, hunger and poverty, health, environment, drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, leisure-time activities, girls and young women, as well as the full and effective participation of youth in the life of society and in decisionmaking (United Nations, 1995). Education develops the skills of children and young people, preparing them for an ever-changing world. However, this development must have as a corollary the existence of opportunities to use the skills, mainly —but not exclusively— in the world of work. It is through participation in work that one can unleash creative and innovative potential, live a full life, participate in the countless areas of social life, achieve material and symbolic well-being, be a responsible member of society and thus sever the chains of poverty replication that today afflict our societies (ECLAC/OIJ, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Warming and drying, coupled with productivity decline, insect disturbance and associated tree mortality, also favour greater fire disturbance (Settele et al, 2014). Models predict that the potential climatic space for most tree species will shift towards higher latitudes and altitudes, at a faster rate than natural migration. Moist tropical forests have many species that are vulnerable to drought- and fire-induced mortality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A single disability pensioner would receive about a quarter of the average wage in benefit income (Chapter 4), and that does not include the value of social housing and utility support to which the disabled are entitled. In OECD countries, benefit income of recipients of disability benefits generally ranges from 25 to 40% of average earnings (OECD, 2010d). The benefits in question include the in-kind provision of housing (including maintenance) and utilities (energy) support, but also free transport, and medical care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)