albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Hence, it is critical that donors share responsibility for ensuring that their AfT involvement is internally effective. Beyond ensuring that AfT flows are additional to ODA, donors must devote adequate AfT resources to build the governance structures critical to the success of AfT projects. In a world increasingly dominated by GVCs, the gains occurring from trade facilitation, including simplified customs procedures and lower transaction costs, are well established. Besides GVCs, significant gains are likely to arise from a possible boost in intra-regional trade where a considerable growth potential remains untapped.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
If the land use policies ensure that especially the poor households who cannot afford any form of motorized travel are located close to employment opportunities resulting in short travel distances. This will result in reducing the risk of fatal crashes because the distances and travel time will reduce in addition to increasing the accessibility to education, health facilities and employment opportunities. Level of service of an intersection is measured in terms of delay faced by the motorized traffic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, the proportion is much higher in the highest income quintile (82%) than in the lowest (56%). This gap is greater than in Sweden, Denmark and the EU as a whole (Figure 4). Regular smoking among 15-year-old adolescents decreased even more rapidly (from 30% in 2001-02 to 13% in 2013-14), but remains higher than in several EU countries/1 This reflects the positive results of a fairly comprehensive tobacco control policy (see Section 5.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In addition, the departmental structure of public administration, organising its functions into specific national Ministries, was seen to encourage vertical silos that were weak in working across departmental boundaries and addressing cross-cutting policy challenges. The lack of integration and co-ordination that this government department structure generated at the national centre was accentuated at the regional level. For the national centre, this meant that public policy was designed without sufficient input from the regions and that its delivery in the regions was insufficiently connected to maximise its effectiveness. The aims of the GORs were then, first, to co-ordinate policy and investment by the central government departments at the regional level and, second, to act as the ‘eyes and ears’ of central government in monitoring and relaying information from the regions back to the central national departments (Performance and Innovation Unit 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The low-priced products are imported in parallel to the official channels of distribution established by the IPR holder (in this context the holder of a pharmaceutical patent). It is important to note that parallel imports are not counterfeits, they are original products of the patent holder sold by himself or an authorized person on a given market, and purchased and subsequently re-sold legally by a third party. Domestic marketing of the patented product will in any case exhaust the domestic exclusive using and selling rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The age of the Vertisol is estimated as less than 10,000 years, and this Vertisol is fertile because a balance between soil erosion and soil creation is maintained. Excessive erosion removes the topsoil, causing desertification, but, where soil erosion is much less than soil creation, over the long term it eluviates and dissipates soil nutrients, forming aged soils (Oxisols). Under the rainfall categorization, it is primarily part of Region IV (annual aridity index of 20 or more and summer aridity index of 5 or more), and has made the development of North European-type agriculture possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article draws upon social interaction theory (the work of Irwin Altman) to develop a theory of the right to privacy, which reflects the way that privacy is experienced. This theory states that the right to privacy is a right to respect for barriers, and that an invasion of privacy occurs when a privacy barrier is penetrated. The first part of the paper establishes the position of the author's theory in the existing scholarship. The second part of the paper expands upon the theory to explain the nature of privacy barriers and the way that the author's theory manages a number of specific privacy issues, including threats to privacy, attempted invasions of privacy, unforeseeable interferences with privacy and waiving the right to privacy. The final part of the paper demonstrates the impact that this approach to privacy could have upon judicial reasoning, in particular Article 8 European Convention on Human Rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the years that have passed since Hurricane Katrina, the authorities in New Orleans have been quietly doing away with the city’s remaining stock of affordable housing through measures characterized by the United Nations as violations of human rights. The demolition of public housing in New Orleans has prevented large numbers of very poor and mostly black residents from returning home, and it seems likely that for many, this displacement will be permanent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example in Niger, one third of all girls are married off before they are 15 years old, whereas in Burkina Faso more than half are married before 18 years, meaning that fewer girls in Burkina Faso marry before the age of 15.12 Other factors too often change the rate at which children are married, for example rural versus urban dynamics. In East Africa, CEFM is evident in the various forms of marriage it often manifests itself. Some of these manifested forms are: levirate marriage whereby marriage is forced upon a widow to the brother of her deceased husband, also known as ‘wife inheritance’, and sororate marriage whereby the sister of a deceased or infertile wife is forced to marry or have sex with her brother-in-law or widower/husband).16 The other forms of CEFM in East Africa include the trafficking of brides, marriage as a dispute settlement mechanism, and forced marriage in the context of armed conflict. Bush Wives’ is a term given to the thousands of women who are abducted and forced to become the wives of the soldiers, regardless of age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The National Urban Policy Programme (NUPP) is meant to address these issues of governance, capacity and knowledge sharing to facilitate the development of NUPs and to contribute to the implementation of the New Urban Agenda and other global agreements. Other objectives include direct assistance, such as providing training to policymakers and other relevant stakeholders to help them develop specialised skills to directly bridge the capacity gap or offering technical assistance and advisory services for every stage of the NUP cycle within a country. Finally, it also aims to build a platform for all levels of government, the private sector and civil society actors and any other relevant stakeholder to be engaged, network and exchange, to encourage transfer of best practices and policies, and raise awareness of NUPs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Some studies focused on the explicit mentioning and recognition of climate change in the target formulation of different SDGs, while others placed stronger emphasis on sector specific linkages. This has led to growing concern for the long-term sustainability of development progress, and impacts on the poor, in particular, in the absence of appropriate risk management practices and steep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (see for example AfDB et al., It is not only reflected in SDG13 on climate change, but also under several other goals, such as those related to ending poverty (SDG1), ending hunger (SDG2), building infrastructure (SDG9), and improving cities and human settlements (SDG11). Analysis by the World Bank (Hallegatte, 2016) estimates that absent, rapid and inclusive development practices, climate change could result in an additional 100 million people living in extreme poverty by 2030, slowing progress against SDG1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Almost all countries in this region were formerly part of the USSR or Yugoslavia so they are in a transition process with far-reaching consequences for their economies and societies. The actors of the forest sector - private and public forest owners and managers, industries, traders, as well as policy makers - must function in an increasingly competitive and rapidly changing political, economic and technological environment, sometimes dominated by large, extremely dynamic, enterprises with a culture of rapid and successful innovation. To survive and prosper, forest sector actors must remain, or become, competitive, developing innovative solutions to new challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While women and men alike are victims and perpetuators of violence, evidence from IFES’ research suggest that women are four times more likely to be victims of violence in comparison to their male counterparts (Ibid). Varying forms of violence against women during the electoral cycle are reported in the COG reports, but with the only clear incident of political violence recorded being that of Nigeria in the 2015 elections. During the 2015 general election in Nigeria, women (and men alike) in the north-eastern states of Nigeria faced increased security concerns because of the terror threat posed by Boko Haram.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The above provisions are stricter than the respective Community legislation. There is also a system of limited entry for sea bass and Gilthead sea bream in order to control their reproduction. No new licenses have been issued since August 1994. A limited entry of new licenses is in place for some Mediterranean species such as common sea bream, sharpsnout sea bream, white sea bream, red porgy and common dentex.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
There was a steady decrease in the percentage of students affirming a high level of life satisfaction, with lower proportions noted for girls compared to boys for each year of the survey administration (with the exception of 2006). A notable trend emerging from the analysis of data was the association between strong social support, particularly family support, and high life satisfaction. This finding underscores the critical role that positive relationships and strong social networks play in contributing to and enhancing students’ psychological well-being. ( Morrison and Peterson, 2016, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Slovenian education system has a combined school and work-based apprenticeship programmes, but only 1.6% of upper secondary education pupils participate in such programmes, although around 60% of them are enrolled in vocationally-oriented programmes. The 2002 reform of VET allowed 20% of the curriculum to be flexible, based on local needs and conditions. The authorities should introduce sufficient incentives to ensure greater involvement in the determination of curriculum and work-based study programmes. International evidence suggests that the employment performance of vocational upper secondary education graduates tends to be correspondingly favourable where participation in apprenticeship programmes is particularly high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
According to this analysis, investments in low-carbon generation would stop once prices are too low, and may not deliver the investment needed in the nearly full decarbonisation scenarios foreseen in 2050. This issue calls for further research. As a result, there is no coordination between demand and investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Obesity rates are almost twice as high among people with the lowest level of education. These differences in the prevalence of behavioural risk factors contribute to health inequalities. Sixteen mostly autonomous regional insurance funds were established with the responsibility for contracting providers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The results in Figure 1.10 are restricted to countries having replied to both the 2010 and 2011 OECD questionnaires. This qualitative evidence, together with that reported in the 2009 and 2010 editions of the Employment Outlook, does suggest a break with the historical pattern in which spending on active measures was essentially acyclic (OECD, 2009a). Other components of the social safety-net can also provide income support for certain groups of the unemployed during an economic downturn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Numbers were few, the impact was limited, since many returnees were psychiatrists and needs were elsewhere, and costs were high, but their role as cultural interpreters was important (Long and Mensah 2007). Return migrants can thus play some role in healthcare. There are real prospects for extending this into longer-term transfers of personnel (as above).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
On the participatory side, municipalities were given the right to establish councils of stakeholders or municipal boards. Municipalities can also establish other institutional means of participation through the passing of local constitutions or "organic laws." One of the most widely reported local approaches to this challenge in Brazil is the participatory budget. The essential element of this institution is the democratic discussion and allocation of the investment budget of the city.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Pou-rakhi, una organization creada por mujeres retornadas en 2003, ha recopilado mas de 1.700 estudios de casos sobre las trabajadoras migrantes retornadas a Nepal. Ademas, en septiem-bre de 2016 se celebra en Katmandu una consulta con 14 mujeres migrantes retornadas procedentes de 14 distritos, a fin de comprender mejor el proceso de reintegration. Tras el debate de los grupos de discusion, se realizaron cinco entrevistas en profundidad para con-solidar los datos obtenidos. Utilizando la triangulacion y el analisis de discursos, el articulo analiza especifica-mente las narrativas que emergen de las voces de las trabajadoras migrantes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The “4-2-1-1 problem” will become more prevalent: increasingly one working person will have to provide for four grandparents, two parents, and one child, while at the same time saving for his or her own retirement. From a very poor country devastated by war in the early 1950s, Korea has developed into one of the richest countries in the region (Chapter 4) with life expectancy at birth close to 83 years. Family planning policies introduced in the 1960s contributed to a rapid decline of fertility rates from a TFR of 6 in 1960 to 1.6 in 1995 and 1.2 in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article examines regional environmental governance (REG) through the lens of human geography theory on scale. Drawing on a case study of the Micronesia Challenge, a regional conservation commitment among five Pacific islands, I advance a critical theory of REG as a scaling process and tool of politics through which regions are (re)made and mobilized in support of diverse agendas. Results highlight understudied dimensions of REG, including: motivations for scaling environmental governance to regions, the co-production of regional and global environmental governance, the mutable expression of regionality within REG, and the ways in which REG is leveraged for resource mobilization, global visibility and influence, and conservation. The potential for REG to empower subaltern groups while advancing conservation is promising, and an important area for future research. The overall contribution of this article is a more complex, politicized understanding of REG that complicates a scholarly search for its inh...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is especially the case where the share of overall tax burdens borne by high-income groups has declined in recent years (e.g. where tax schedules became flatter and/or where tax expenditures mainly benefitted high-income groups). First, there may be counterproductive disincentive effects if benefit and tax reforms are not well designed. Growing employment may contribute to sustainable cuts in income inequality, provided the employment gains occur in jobs that offer career prospects. Policies for more and better jobs are more important than ever.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Use a differentiated approach to reach out to students at different stages of their study process. Use performance assessment exercises, including regular feedback sessions with people from the business community, alumni entrepreneurs and students and to track and survey alumni with entrepreneurial careers. Build and expand linkages between research and teaching, for example by getting doctoral students to work on research topics related to entrepreneurship education. Recognise that compulsory courses may reduce genuine interest in entrepreneurship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Therefore, it is seen as a more effective way of consuming funding lines compared to longer-term mitigation and prevention actions. However, using short-term mechanisms and approaches to address the structural issues at the heart of risk is only able to resolve the symptoms rather than addressing root causes. Further, the focus on food and nutrition security as the overall objective of risk management dangerously oversimplifies the risk landscape faced by people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This measure has effectively encouraged people to consume electricity in off-peak hours. Similar pricing incentives (also agreed and implemented at the provincial level) are applied to industry to promote peak shaving and load shifting, along with measures to shut down energy-intensive factories to help rationalise electricity use in extreme weather conditions. As the measure divides the day into two or three time intervals for which prices are fixed, it does not allow real-time response to demand-supply fluctuations across smaller time intervals, as might result from variable renewables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In this resolution, it is laid down that the Dutch agricultural sector shall not be burdened with an increase in costs when measures have to be taken for the implementation of the WFD, i.e. has made it impossible to force farmers to incur additional costs when implementing the WFD. However, it is important to note that in addition to the country’s more generic manure policy, the regional WFD river basin management plans (that should include a programme of measures) may include separate measures that intervene with high nutrient concentrations within surface waters. The application standards for total-nitrogen and total-phosphorus apply to both livestock manure and other types of organic and inorganic fertilisers. Furthermore, the new manure policy has a wider scope of application and encompasses new regulations governing the application methods for manure and inorganic fertiliser, mainly concerning: i) the time of year when the application of manure is permitted, ii) the ploughing up of grassland, and iii) the obligation to grow a catch crop after the cultivation of maize, to prevent nitrogen leaching (Fraters et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Calls emerging from world public opinion for legitimate and effective international institutions require a paradigm shift in public international law. There is a part of public international law that should better be understood as "international public law", because it enables and disciplines the exercise of international public authority, i.e. the pursuit of public interests by international institutions. The paper unfolds our understanding of international public law by way of a thorough discussion of other approaches to governance phenomena in international legal scholarship, including private law approaches, critical approaches, International Institutional Law, Global Administrative Law, and Constitutionalism. It then carves out the notion of international public authority. This notion includes various types of soft and informal governance instruments with innovative compliance mechanisms, as well as the activities of informal and hybrid institutions or network-like structures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
An abstraction/pollution standard which varies according to the type of product that is used (e.g. energy mix) could also eliminate incentives for users/polluters to switch to products that cause less water risk. Conversely, a regulation that focuses on the environmental outcome (e.g. diversion limit or ambient water quality standards) would provide more flexibility for users/polluters to find low-cost improvement/abatement options. They should also not usually specify which technologies are to be used to reach a certain water security target. Regular consideration should also be given to whether existing regulations unnecessarily limit users/polluters’ flexibility to apply existing cost-saving improvement/abatement options - or to develop new ones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This paper critically engages with the concept of ‘everyday multiculturalism’, which advocates argue is a more productive way of understanding the reality of multiculturalism in contemporary Australia, as opposed to moral panics about ‘home-grown terrorism’, ghettoes and ethnic crime. Everyday multiculturalism, it is argued, can be found in ‘micropublics’ of cross-cultural encounter, in many of the social settings of everyday life, including schools, workplaces and neighbourhoods. This paper focuses on schools in particular, to show that everyday multiculturalism is highly uneven in its distribution, and that significant cultural polarisation is occurring within Sydney's secondary schools. However, it reiterates the importance of schools as potential micropublics, as they are ideal sites for fostering a respect for the presence of Others, which can coexist with tension and conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The problems associated with reliance on natural resources as the region's main source of competitiveness have been a traditional theme among development analysts, in addition to the urgent challenge of sustainability. The region has a wealth of renewable and non-renewable natural resources that have been exploited without observing social, environmental and economic sustainability criteria. Nonetheless, the region depends mainly on hydrocarbons: three quarters of its energy supply comes from this source, as discussed below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, this state of affairs is changing, and as of very recently universities and other higher education institutions are increasingly concerned with regional development issues. The general approach seems to be to sustain higher education institutions that are “globally competitive” but “locally engaged” (OECD, 2007). Twenty-two of them were public, while 31 were private.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For each field visit, the OECD research team visited schools and met with Indigenous students and their parents, Indigenous teachers and support workers, Elders, school leaders and teachers, and other education stakeholders. Through the discussions, iterations and protocols, we w'ere able to develop confidence in the data sets. Finally, by incorporating experience from two additional systems as well as more general literature and OECD analysis, the study is informed by international experience and perspectives. A literature review, data questionnaires, field visits, interviews, group discussions and dialogues among representatives from all stakeholders have all been drawn on for data collection and analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)