albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These different views and agreements will influence the aims and objectives of climate finance and how its effectiveness is assessed. For example, carbon market finance, as well as finance from carbon funds, are likely to continue to be subject to their own standards and principles, e.g. on accreditation, monitoring, reporting and verification. In some instances, agreements on safeguards such as the Equator Principles on managing risks (prior to project approval) apply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The CET elasticities are based on the OECD’s Policy Evaluation model (PEM) (OECD, 2003, Huang et al., First, livestock sectors use crops in their feed mix to raise the animals. In the feed mix agricultural crops compete with processed feed and by-products from biofuel production (DDGS, oilcakes - see below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Adaptation is context-specific by nature (AC, 2015) and adaptation responses need to be tailored to a country’s geography and socio-economic, political, as well as ecological systems. National approaches to adaptation, as well as to monitoring and evaluating adaptation reflect this and vary considerably between countries, which would make them very difficult to aggregate.19. Indeed, the Adaptation Committee (2015) also indicates that it would “not be useful” for all countries to use the same set of adaptation indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Science Council is composed of six members and a chair and it has its own secretariat, its administrative office is at FAO headquarters in Rome. The features of the planned new structure, according to the CGIAR reform proposal (Change Steering Team, 2008), are as follows. Second, it will separate the “Doers” and the “Funders” by establishing a new legally constituted Consortium of Centers and a Fund.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Most of the public provision of adult education is focused on upgrading lower skills (basic courses) and allowing the completion of upper secondary education (Box 2). For 25-30% of the adults without upper secondary education, second chance education plays an important role. Adult education is not only a way of upgrading basic skills in the short run, but also a long-term investment, particularly for young dropouts aged between 18 and 24, among whom almost half went back to higher education after participating in municipal education (Nordlund et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Inventions claimed by the original applicant in subsequent patent applications within that period would preserve their novelty and could potentially block generic production in that territory. See WHO, “Workbook and Diagnostic Tool on Trade and Health: Medicines, Diagnostics and Devices, Vaccines and Intellectual Property Rights” (Section 3m of the Workbook), by F. Abbott, in Building a National Strategy on Trade and Health: A Diagnostic Tool for Policy Makers, forthcoming, 2011. See UNCTAD-ICTSD Resource Book, p. 359. See UNCTAD-ICTSD Resource Book, p. 359.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The national government could oblige municipalities to have an urban development plan when providing investment funds or have access to the resources of the Metropolitan Fund (Fondo Metropolitano). The sustainable use of natural resources, such as water, green areas, and maintaining air quality are crucial for sustainable development and achieving a high quality of life in the region. In the state of Morelos, the abundance of natural amenities is moreover a source of competitive advantage for the tourism sector and the economy of rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Mongolia established basin councils for the Eroo River in 2007 and for the Tuul River in 2010, with the support of a project for strengthening IWRM in the country. However further efforts are needed in this area and, where established, councils need to be strengthened to function properly. Afghanistan is also making preparations for their establishment. The emergence of the water user cooperatives illustrates a shift to a more decentralized operation of irrigation facilities, an important step in reforming the irrigation and agriculture sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The total net government financial expenditures in support of the fishery sector were 4.9% of the total export value in 2006/2007. Its purpose is to provide for the utilisation of national fisheries resources while ensuring their sustainability and avoiding, remedying, or mitigating any adverse environmental effects. The Act and the subordinate fisheries regulations provide for the fishing interests of commercial, recreational, and customary Maori fishers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Employment in the agricultural sector represents a particularly large share of women’s jobs in Morocco (59 per cent) and Iraq (51 per cent).198 Women in the agricultural sector typically work on a daily or seasonal basis for a very low pay. In GCC countries, public sector employment accounts for 80 per cent of overall employment of national citizens, and female employees comprise between 40 and 50 per cent of public employees in Qatar, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates, 26 per cent in Egypt (2010), 35 per cent in Jordan (2009) and 22 per cent in Palestine (2010).202 Women who work in the public sector are most commonly employed as administrative staff, teachers and nurses. One possible explanation for the extensive presence of women in this field is the emphasis on job stability, relatively good salary, and suitable working hours which allow them to balance their paid work with their family responsibilities. These features make jobs in the public administration particularly attractive to the increasing cadre of educated women in the Arab region, though several countries have initiated reforms to downsize or limit the growth of the public sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Coefficients of the utility function are predetermined for each TL3 area and provided in the guidelines. The resulting modal choice probabilities are then combined with O/D data to estimate total traffic volumes and compared to actual traffic volumes to ensure consistency of the model. After expected traffic volumes are determined, the monetary benefits are assessed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The reduction was particularly marked in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (from 29.0% to 19.5%), despite the fact that this country recorded the highest inflation in the region. The rise in food prices slowed although not as sharply as in the case of other products. As a result, food price inflation was higher than headline inflation in 15 countries, notably Chile, Dominican Republic and Mexico.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The chapter discusses the definition of militias in the context of violent non-state actors with the narrative of self-defense being key to their emergence. The chapter covers the ways paramilitary groups have emerged through history and why they have remained an important component of security. The chapter also discusses how international relations as a discipline has failed to incorporate these important actors into discussions of international security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, a major attendant risk needs to be managed - of selling off all the cheapest CERs so that Ethiopia has fewer affordable options left, if the country ultimately needs to meet its own mitigation target under a future global climate regime from 2020. The second component of the CRGE therefore constitutes the Climate Resilient Strategy, to be completed in 2013. Ethiopia submitted its first National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to the UNFCCC Secretariat in 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This initiative utilises consultants to evaluate projects and present them to potential investors. This represents an innovative form of institution building that is confronting directly the difficulties that investors face in assessing the risk and return of new projects and committing to involvement in smaller scale initiatives. For some, there are clear economic objectives. Such programmes are guided by conventional rationales for intervention such as market failure, for example correcting information asymmetries in knowledge about market and technological development opportunities. While for other programmes, the economic aims are connected to broader social objectives and the needs of particular groups and areas. These programmes are not just about market failure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Furthermore, available evidence suggests that investors in the harvesting sector are likely to withhold investments when secure and enforceable user rights are not present (see Box 2.7 for a risk assessment note by Aker Seafoods for a share offering prospectus). The extent of the fish and shrimp resources exploited by the Company is monitored by the Norwegian government. Current research causes the Group to believe that fish and shrimp resources in the foreseeable future will be sufficient for the Company to realise its objectives. Fluctuations in the fish and shrimp resource in areas in which the Company operates can adversely affect its profitability, and cannot be predicted or foreseen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In many countries in Asia, unsuspecting women who are trying to eke out a living can be trafficked into commercial sex.28 For a few, the final resort is suicide - a recurrent tragedy in some parts of India when indebted farmers cannot repay loans to moneylenders or banks. They might, for example, be able to draw on existing savings, sell non-essential possessions, or consume less-expensive or less-preferred food. They might also seek additional work, either locally or by migrating to another area or a nearby city. During the 2008 crisis, women in Bangladesh showed great skill and flexibility, though women are often seen as vulnerable during a disaster, they can also be resilient shock absorbers (Box III-5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
At date 1, the levels of water supply and demand are represented by, respectively, SI and Dl. Flence, the probability that demand falls beyond supply is equal to a+b+c+d. Suppose that at period 2 demand decreases to a level described by line D2, while the probability distribution shifts on the right, from SI to S2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Irrigation water application rates are calculated as the quantities of irrigated freshwater withdrawals divided by the irrigated area (Figure 8.2). Data for 1990-92 average equal to the year 1997 for Australia, the 1990-91 average for Denmark, the year 1990 for France, Japan, Korea, Portugal and United States, the 1990-92 average for Greece, the 1994-95 average for Mexico, and the year 1991 for Spain. This was in contrast to the 1990s when agriculture water withdrawals were increasing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The evidence indicates that the rate of innovation has accelerated for many of these technologies, coinciding approximately with the passage of the Kyoto Protocol.3 This is particularly true of those technologies that were closest to being competitive, i.e. wind power, some solar power, biofuels, geothermal and hydro. Patent activity for other technologies, i.e. carbon capture and storage showed declines, even in comparison with the rate of patenting in general and for other energy technologies (Hascic et al., But some indicators emerge as particularly relevant from a policy perspective and one of them is public investment in research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To the extent permitted by its national laws and regulations, each member of the Commission shall establish arrangements for making available to prosecuting authorities of other members of the Commission evidence related to alleged violations of the provisions of the Convention and any conservation and management measures adopted by the Commission, including information available on the beneficial ownership of vessels flying its flag.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
When locally controlled forest enterprises implement those interventions, many benefits for inclusion arise. Local control helps them, for example, secure land and resource tenure, form larger coalitions and achieve economies of scale and the power of collective bargaining more easily, invest in programmes that strengthen business know-how, and revitalize technical extension services and deliver local and global public goods. The Forest Governance Learning Group (FGLG) initiative is an informal alliance of 10 in-country groups of partners, including 7 from Africa (Cameroon, Ghana, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda). The FGLG thematic areas focus on strengthening forest rights, supporting small forest enterprises, encouraging trade in legal forest products, and advocating for pro-poor climate change mitigation and adaptation through forestry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, the relative risk of poverty for this group has also been declining over time. For young people, on the other hand, the risk of poverty has increased, as it has too, albeit to a lesser extent, for children. These changes, alongside changes in population shares, have led to a decline in the proportion of the elderly among the poor and a rise in the share of children and young people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Countries with existing FSC standards are expected to transition to the new system (i.e. complete the FSC Transfer Process) by Decern ber 2015 (FSC, 2014b). In 2014, the Danzer Group reassociated with the FSC. The decision to dissociate had affected FSC certificates held in China, the Republic of the Congo, Switzerland, the US and the United Kingdom (FSC, 2014c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There is a growing recognition that, because of the structural weaknesses and absence of gainful employment, temporary low-skilled migration schemes could present an opportunity for a ‘triple-win’ situation for migrants, origin countries and destination countries (Melde and Ionesco 2011). There is a general consensus that, overall, the positive contribution of migration and remittances far outweighs the negative effects and that the overall developmental and welfare impacts are positive for the low-income countries. This question arises particularly in view of the argument of‘brain drain’, and that migration of skilled workers would work against the cause of structural changes in the LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Between 2003 and 2009, the government spent over GBP 900 million to reduce the risk of flooding for over 250 000 households. Most of the available funding was spent on improving existing flood defences or keeping them in good working order. But out of 29 million homes and other properties in England, 5.2 million remain at risk of flooding, with 490 000 properties at a significant risk of flooding from rivers or the sea. Infrastructure at risk includes critical national infrastructure assets, including 55% of pumping stations and treatment works, 28% of gas infrastructure, 20% of railways, 14% of electricity infrastructure and 10% of major roads. The ratio would be reduced only to 7:1 if expenditures were to increase at an annual average of GBP 20 million and would remain robust, at 4:1, even if expenditures were to increase at GBP 50 million per year. These benefit-cost ratios are considerably higher than those for other major (priority) public expenditures, especially for infrastructure investments such as transport and energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
O’Beirne et al (2011) identified 1.4 reports of patient harm incidents per month across 19 family practices in Australia. Disagreement exists even on the best metric to capture occurrence. Responses did not converge on any one specific unit of measurement for capturing patient harm in primary and ambulatory care. For developed countries, three of the four suggested units (temporal - population, proportion of painted encounters, proportion of patients) attracted identical response numbers. For LMICs the preferred unit of measurement is proportion of patients (Figure 2.2). When asked to estimate the occurrence of patient harm using their preferred unit of measurement, responses varied greatly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The fact that the bulk of productivity enhancements achieved in LDCs have come from increased yields (rather than from labour productivity) points to the importance of technology embodied in higher-yielding varieties or in superior species of cattle, which can improve the well-being of farmers. Technology directly influences not only variety yields, but also the adaptation of plant and animal varieties to local agroecological conditions, the quality of inputs (seeds, fertilizers, machinery), the choice of cultivation and rearing techniques, etc. Producers' capacity to learn and adapt to new technologies and circumstances is partly determined by the quality of their human capital. The importance of agricultural R&D is highlighted by the fact that the modest recovery in productivity gains in sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s has been attributed to increased spending on agricultural R&D and extension services, as well as improved price incentives (Fuglie and Rada, 2013, Block, 1995).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Standard tax reliefs - including those linked to marital and family status and income - are accounted for in the data on progressivity of personal income taxes and employee social security contributions from Taxing Wages. Thus, EITC type tax reliefs are included. Non-standard tax reliefs, i.e. reliefs determined by actual expenses incurred (such as the amount of interest paid on loans), are not included. Matsaganis and Flevotomou (2007) used the tax-benefit model EUROMOD to quantify the distributional impact of mortgage interest tax relief in the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, Italy and Greece.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While the group as a whole recoups a considerable portion of their tax payments in the form of cash benefits, the rest goes towards financing other public expenditures, such as publicly provided services, current transfers to the elderly and own future pension entitlements. The extent of interpersonal redistribution is evident from looking at how much is paid and received by different income groups. The poorest 20% are net benefit recipients in almost all countries, with cash transfers adding up to around two thirds of market income on average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
According to the World Bank’s World Development Report 2008 on Agriculture for Development, 70% of poor people live in rural areas and are dependent on agriculture for their living. An estimated 2.5 billion persons depend on this activity worldwide. Cervantes-Godoy and Dewbre (2010), seeking to identify shared characteristics among developing countries that had been particularly successful in reducing extreme poverty over the last twenty to twenty-five years, find that, while economic growth in general was a necessary pre-condition and an important contributor to poverty reduction, agricultural growth had played the most important role in the majority of the reviewed countries. Brooks (2012) highlights the contribution of agricultural growth in reducing poverty in particular through smallholder development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It includes stimulating the cognitive functions of small children and seeking -to the extent possible- to preserve the capabilities and decision-making faculties of frail elderly persons and persons with disabilities. Maintenance requires generating and managing goods, resources, services and activities in order to meet the care receiver’s needs in a sustainable manner, that is, by providing food, ensuring health and personal hygiene and stimulating cognitive and social learning. Within the family, roles and responsibilities, spaces and cycles overlap, the time, intensity and effort involved are not easy to quantify (Duran, 2003 and 2012, Sojo, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
ABSTRACTThis article explores the potential implications for the pursuit of global justice if certain non-secular ways of thinking, being in and responding to the world are devalued, marginalized and excluded by dominant secular norms that presently guide global justice theory and practice. I argue that pervasive assumptions about the nature of religion and the role that it should (or should not) play in public life undermine existing approaches to the pursuit of global justice in theory and practice. Specifically, I suggest that this dominance of secular assumptions constitutes a form of epistemological injustice that contributes to undermining efforts to address material injustices. I explore these issues through an examination of research and practice on global justice, utilizing specific examples from human rights, humanitarian aid and development, and forced migration. I conclude by considering some possible alternatives to dominant secular frames, though argue that these is still in need of further ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In June 2013, the incubator spaces were fully occupied by incubating enterprises, enterprises can stay in the incubator for from 12 to 18 months. Its vision is to become a national reference for promoting a new generation of businesswomen capable of generating wealth and employment. Women wishing to enter the incubator must complete an application form, which is presented to an evaluation committee consisting of members of the EWBA Board, partner organisations (such as the SFD), financial institutions and independent entrepreneurs. Once the evaluation committee has made its initial selection, based on a review of the applications, it conducts interviews with the women entrepreneurs before making their final decision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Still, the pollution of surface water and groundwater that comes with industrial wastewater discharge remains a problem. Air quality remains satisfactory in cities with heavy industries and high traffic concentration (i.e. Minsk, Mogilev, Novopolotsk and Soligorsk), although there are problem areas within these cities. More than half of the major cities monitored in the period 2005-2013 have reduced emissions from stationary sources, while Zhlobin city (Gomel Oblast) and Novopolotsk (Vitebsk Oblast) have remained the major contributors of pollutants from stationary sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Moreover, as in the case of other environmental resources, such as greenhouse gas emission permits, auctions generate revenues without recourse to distortive taxation. For example, such revenues could be used to fund the purchases of water rights for environmental objectives which are currently paid for from tax revenues. Auctions could also be applied to non-consumptive uses, such as electricity generation. Hydroelectric generation benefits from rents from the free utilisation of water which could be appropriated by government.26 Moreover, in periods of drought, local governments have purchased water rights from power generators using tax revenue. A number of water concessions for electricity generation are falling due in the near future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Funding is available to assist fanners with implementation. Projects are designed to improve the energy efficiency of the water and waste facilities and to improve water conservation efforts. Eligibility is limited to communities of 10 000 or less in populations that are unable to obtain credit elsewhere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)