albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
There has recently been a proliferation of case law dealing with potential inroads into the presumption of innocence in the criminal law of England and Wales, in the light of article 6(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights. This article is concerned with the nature of the presumption of innocence. It considers two central issues. The first is how the courts should address the question of when the presumption of innocence is interfered with. The second is the extent to which interference with the presumption of innocence may be justified on the grounds of proportionality. It is argued that the courts have not developed the appropriate concepts and principles properly to address these questions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Accordingly, the creation of the GFCM Forum on Fisheries Science, the conducting of regional surveys-at-sea and the compilation of catalogues of fishing activities aim at enhancing the quantity and quality of data used for advice. The revision of existing management plans or the development of new ones is also considered necessary for main commercial fisheries as well as the fisheries that rely on or show a strong interaction with resources in need of urgent action. It also recognizes that collecting socio-economic data that are as complete, timely and accurate as possible helps develop coherent policies to ensure resource and market access for small-scale fishers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
After a brief overview of the general international rules concerning treaties, this Chapter explores how treaties rely in different measures on some form of parliamentary approval (the institutional strategy), corresponding to the classic precepts of the separation of powers allocating the final (if not exclusive) say in law-making to a responsible and representative legislative branch. Thus the primary tension in the separation of powers regarding treaties obtains between the legislature and the executive, specifically the powers of the executive to make and import rules. While the implementation of international law through treaty provisions offers the courts an easy solution to separation of power concerns by virtue of the institutional strategy, the imbalance it brings to the classic equilibrium between legislature and executive ultimately plays itself out in the courts as a choice between the reflexive and presumptive strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is the concept of risk and is computed as the number of fatalities among a given road user group, divided by the total distance or total number of trips travelled by this group over a given period. Some would argue that time is a more appropriate choice, especially when comparisons are made across modes. Others, constrained by a lack of data, use trips as the denominator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This constitutes a real problem of inequitable access, more deprived socioeconomic groups, and more deprived states, can expect to have access to much more limited services. High out-of-pocket payments, which make up a quite significant proportion of health spending, risk being a significant financial burden for Mexican citizens, especially those least able to pay. Later codifications, such as the 1984 General Health Law, draw' on this constitutional provision. The Ministry of Health and Assistance (Secretaria de Salubridady Asistencia, SSA) w'as formally established in 1943, by merging the Ministry of Public Assistance and the Public Health Department with a mandate to extend coverage to the poor and to set overall public health policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The DAC are also discussing ways to improve knowledge sharing, promote learning, and incentivise innovation in development co-operation policies and practices. While the details of such marker are not yet defined, the proposal to add a new marker on innovation signals DAC members’ increasing ambition towards greater innovation in how development co-operation is planned and implemented. While there are many technological developments across many fields, most references in STI policy are linked to the digital transformation and the access and use of modern information, communication technologies (ICTs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The objective of the engagement was to ensure that the management system is future focused and able to provide sustainable fisheries resources for all of New Zealand. In particular, it focussed on: fisheries management, processes, technology, research gathering, and regulations and legislation. This includes an assessment of the Quota Management System (QMS), which is 30 years old.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Many biodiversity mainstreaming initiatives have had to tackle these barriers (explained below), delaying progress towards effective biodiversity mainstreaming. Addressing these barriers, or simply accepting them as a practical reality, will help to ensure that further biodiversity mainstreaming projects are able to achieve their full potential. However, biodiversity mainstreaming presents a challenge to traditional project design models.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Changes in the incentive structure of public officials to use the findings from monitoring and evaluation can help overcome this challenge. It is beneficial if such a coordination mechanism has the mandate and capacity to gather information across sectors and levels of decision-making (local, regional and national). When data gaps exist, development co-operation providers can support initiatives that will contribute to enhanced capacity of the partner country’s statistical system rather than focus on the collection of data for discrete projects and programmes. Most countries have in place a diverse set of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms within which a framework for adaptation can be situated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Under climate change, current rainfed crops may require irrigation to maintain reasonable productivity, and current irrigated crops may have a larger or smaller irrigation requirement (FAO, 2011). Doll (2002) predicted a slight increase in global crop water requirements, but significantly less than other comparable works which tend to estimate an increase by 5-20% (Fischer et al., Recently, climate projections to 2070-2099 by Zhang and Cai (2013) indicate contrasting results across countries: lower water requirements can be expected in some regions of the world such as Africa, Australia and China, while in regions such as Europe, North India, eastern South America and eastern United States higher crop water requirements are projected. These results are subject to the land use types (rainfed or irrigated) and the uncertainty involved in the assessment approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Open Government (OG) has become a research trend among scholars and officials in the world. However, most of the research is focused on national or countries policies and implementations, related to OG, very few attention has been made to the basic level of municipalities. We surveyed 67 cases of Mexican public officials working on open government or transparency offices in municipalities across Mexico during 2017. This paper reports the findings of this exploratory research considering to group concepts perception. From there, we use factor analysis to group concepts and identify two principal perspectives to address OG policy implementation in local governments, one oriented to foster technological innovation, and another to promote democratic values of co-responsibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Data were collected for 40 284 individuals in 8 848 households in 358 census enumerator districts countrywide. Of these, 73.8 % were classified as African, 7.8% as Coloured, 2.9% as Indian and 1367 13.5% as White. When weighted up to population totals this represents 38 118 616 individuals from 8 530 808 households with the respective racial percentages being 77.0%, 8.1%, 2.6% and 12.3%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Research in OECD countries would suggest that, without additional taxes, a budget-neutral UBI would be lower than the poverty line of a single individual, that is, not sufficient to eradicate poverty (OECD, 2017c). A simple back-of-the-envelope calculation would suggest that the fiscal cost of UBI (targeted at providing $1.90 per day for the working-age population) in the Asia-Pacific region could be about 14 per cent of GDP on average. In most developing economies, especially countries with special needs, the current public expenditure on social protection is not sufficient to cover such a provision of UBI (see figure below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The third section highlights select areas of progress and challenge with partnerships at the national, regional and international levels and offers some policy recommendations for overcoming such challenges and advancing progress. A fourth section concludes the chapter. Generally, partnerships seek to identify common interests between actors in the development process at the national, regional and international level and to combine the resources of these actors towards the attainment of agreed development objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Previsioni di breve e lungo periodo della spesa sanitaria pubblica. Spesa sanitaria e sostenibilita fmanziaria: quale futuro? Organizzazione, govemo, regolazione, mercato. De Vincenti C, Finocchi Ghersi R, and Tardiola A edt. It is part of an annual exercise carried out by the Ministry of Economy and Finance - Department of General Accounts that uses a cell-based actuarial approach to project public spending on three components: pensions, health, and long-term care (LTC). Underlying assumptions, updating procedures, methodological improvements and results have been regularly analysed in an annual report published by the Department of General Accounts since 200017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the past decade, Kazakhstan made important gains in gender equality with the enactment of the Law on State Guarantees of Equal Rights and Equal Opportunities for Men and Women and the Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence. There have been also important advances in women’s participation in public life in Kazakhstan, with the current share of women in the House of Representatives at 27.1%. Other areas of achievement include women's integration in the labour market and entrepreneurial activity and significant drop of maternal death rates. Kazakhstan is close to gender parity in access to primary and secondary education with 98.7% net enrolment of girls in primary education in 2015 and ranks among the top countries in this area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Constraints may be imposed by institutions in the public domain as a result of active discrimination, unconscious bias or lack of knowledge. Institutions are bearers of gender-specific constraints when their principal actors reflect and reinforce, consciously or unconsciously, discriminatory norms and values which impose restrictions on womens choices. There are many examples of institutionally imposed gender constraints.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Aspects of Labor Economics, H.G. Lewis (ed.), Princeton, Princeton University Press. Beyond Economic Man: Feminist Theory and Economics, M. Ferber and J. Nelson, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press. The Capabilities Approach, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. United Nations publication, Sales No. Genero, migracidn y desarrollo series.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The rise in resource use has been coupled with growth in waste and emissions contributing to a series of pressure points including climate change, reduced food security, water scarcity and air pollution. It has also lead to supply insecurity for a number of resources that are strategically important in modem production and consumption systems (Weisz and Schandl, 2008). More recently, the governance and functioning of the global economic systems has been challenged during the global financial crisis that started in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In other MENA countries, cultural specificities, which do not recognise the human rights of women, are so anchored in their societies that they go against the universality of women’s rights. These discriminatory customs and traditions violate the principle of equality in certain cases, when the health of women is jeopardised in order to comply w'ith men’s w'ishes, such as early marriage or female genital mutilation. Although some discrepancies exist, they also secure equal rights for men and women to engage in litigation, including w'omen’s right to conduct legal actions, file lawsuits and sign contracts. Women’s rights are often explicitly stated in various legal texts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the broad-base system, social housing is open to all citizens without necessarily applying any priority criterion in the allocation of dwellings. In targeted systems, social housing operates apart from the private rental market, and only households for which the market is deemed unable to deliver housing will benefit from it. Income thresholds or vulnerable groups could be criteria for eligibility in this system. Table 2.4 shows a comparison of types of social housing systems across OECD countries that may lead Kazakhstan’s leadership in its debate to define the best system for the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
So far, traditional definitions of social protection do not make specific reference to children. An exception is the Asian Development Bank, whose definition includes child-protection among the policy responses to address poverty and vulnerability in the region (Kamerman and Gabel, 2006). Social protection has, in fact, a cross-sectoral nature and its activities may complement core elements of child protection, especially the preventive and protective functions (i.e. by addressing the underlying causes of violence or exploitation), therefore mutually reinforcing each other (Blank et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Comment on the series is welcome, and should be sent to edu.contact@oecd.org. This paper focuses on teachers, and explores their roles, functions and challenges in classrooms with diverse student populations. It examines initial and in-service teacher education and professional development programmes and approaches that can foster the teacher competencies called for in school settings characterised by migration-induced diversity, and offers policy pointers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As noted by the Board in its report for 2014,25 by 1 November 2014, the Governments of only a few African countries had invoked article 12, paragraph 10 (a), of the 1988 Convention, requiring them to be informed of shipments of substances in Table I of the Convention prior to their departure from the exporting country. Effective May 2015, the Government of the Sudan requires pre-export notification for imports of all substances in Tables I and II. In May 2015, Nigerian authorities dismantled at least three clandestine laboratories in south-east Nigeria, where toluene, a substance in Table II of the 1988 Convention that is commonly used as a solvent, had been found.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Policy makers should be prepared to act in anticipation of unusual conditions or conditions that are “normal” but require decisionmaking to avoid harm. Finally, even best plans and implementation efforts are beneficial but cannot be expected to prove infallible or necessarily successful. The fishery management system in the Northeast Pacific is recognized as meeting most of the “best management practices” and promoting an ecosystem-based approach to management (Witherell, 1999 and Witherell et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Mercurio (2008) considers a mixture of internal and external assessment as a way that strongly promotes fairness. However, in most states in Australia there is a stronger focus on external assessment (INCA Australia, 2008, QSA, 2010). The distribution of responsibilities for assessment in upper secondary education also tends to depend on the subject. In many systems, including Austria and several German Lander, central institutions hold responsibility for designing assessments in core subjects such as mathematics, the language of instruction and foreign languages, while teachers hold the sole responsibility for other subjects. There is, however, a general trend for central agencies to take on assessment responsibilities in an increasingly broader range of subjects. In terms of transparency, it is argued that externally processed assessment for qualification and certification allows a clearer communication of students’ achievements (Cedefop, 2010, OECD, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These programmes now cover some 3 100 ha, a figure well below the established target. The PNPN calls for a gradual increase in lands under biodiversity contract to 5 000 ha by 2011. The communes were inspired by a variety of motives: protecting their countryside, supporting efforts at the national and European levels to protect species and natural habitats, and contributing to the sustainable development of Luxembourg. Each commune has a voting representative on the inter-communal management committee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Also, most firms lack formal systems to reward training undertaken by their employees. The productive sector is home to an army of family-owned small businesses which often do not demand, or use, skills effectively. In this context, the Government’s Industry 4.0 initiative is generally considered as a good opportunity to boost firms’ demand for skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Results should enable comparability within and across countries and over time, especially for international studies. There are fewer choices for assessments of executive functions and for some cognitive measures in the areas of math and science. These findings are mirrored by the analysis of countries’ current monitoring practices in the area of child development and outcomes, which will be discussed in the rest of this chapter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Although asymmetrical socioeconomic circumstances are a crucial determining factor, they are, to differing degrees, beyond individuals' control. This is a reference to uncertainties surrounding access to the necessary protection, the length of time protection will be required, the costs involved, and the degree to which personal well-being and income will be affected. By its nature, therefore, this is a demand for services that is often irregular and unpredictable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Starting in the 1980s, macroeconomic policies became narrowly focused on controlling inflation, fiscal prudence and promoting export growth, an approach that would bring, so it was believed, economic stability, growth and poverty reduction through trickling down effects. As discussed, this promise was not fulfilled. In contrast, the fast-growing East Asian economies embedded macroeconomic policies in a broader development strategy and did not substitute industrial policies for generalized trade liberalization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As early as 1921, attempts were made to manage the Bialowieza Primeval Forest as a nature reserve and in 1932 it was made a national park. Other national parks were created in the 1930s, and administered then by the LP. Poland has 23 of them, the most recent dating from 2001.16 The forest area in national parks grew significantly in the 1980s and 1990s, slightly increased after 2000 and now totals 195 000 ha. Around 20% of the area of national parks is under strict protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These results are suggestive of the distribution of activities among sectors. Projects can vary dramatically in scale and ambition. There may also be variations in the extent to which different types of organisations are likely to report their activities. In particular, parts of the private sector may view adaptation as a source of competitive advantage, which discourages them from publicising their activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Regional and local offices report back on the degree to which they have met their strategic objectives. The province also collects additional information on the programmes implemented, individuals served and employment outcomes. There is therefore a great deal of feedback in the system, but overly stringent output targeting for lower level staff is avoided.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Damaged infrastructure contributes to the spread of communicable diseases, including those previously eradicated, such as poliomyelitis in Syria recently, and prevents people from receiving curative or preventive health care, which then leads to spikes in NCDs. Access to food and safe drinking water may also be reduced. Internally displaced persons and refugees are particularly vulnerable to ill health because they generally live in poor conditions in which diseases spread easily, and access to health services is minimal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Page (2012) argues, for example, that trade in tasks provides a window of opportunity for African countries to industrialise, provided they can create the right set of conditions including infrastructure, skills and a sound policy environment. Beyond goods, services - whether embedded in goods supply chains or constituting GVCs of their own - are equally, if not more, important for some LDCs in view of the fact that distance and physical infrastructure play a less important role for certain services (e.g. IT-enabled BPO) than for goods. In this respect, they offer a promising avenue for small firms to enter world markets and a unique opportunity to leapfrog to a superior stage of development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This would help to facilitate the achievement of Viet Nam’s ambitious goals on both trade and food security. The current system creates a conflict between the objectives of improving the market orientation of the sector and ensuring food security. It limits competition, creates market uncertainty and reduces the incentive to develop long-term marketing arrangements. The result is a continued focus on supplying low-quality rice. The failure of the system to prevent the transmission of rising world prices onto the domestic market in 2008 suggests that the rational for maintaining the policy in place is not sound.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the absence of such data, any assessment of trends over the review period is somewhat limited. However, while knowledge of certain groups (e.g. mammals, birds) is substantial, other groups are far less well known - several groups of invertebrates were highlighted as falling within the latter category. There is currently no existing compendium of comprehensive information relating to the flora of Morocco, although it is understood that this work is in progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This review aims to identify key changes in the Chilean education system from 2004 to 2016, analyse where education in Chile stands today and offer recommendations to the government regarding how it can provide better education opportunities for all Chileans. The review examines different areas of education policy in Chile, from early childhood education to higher education. Among OECD countries, Chile had the third lowest performance in science on the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Paris Agreement stated that parties will, by 2020, either confirm or update their INDCs as NDCs under the Paris Agreement, and will include 2030 targets. The first stocktake of progress will occur in 2023. The more flexible decisions of the Paris Outcome include an agreement to establish prior to 2025 a 'new collective quantified' climate finance goal of no less than US$100 billion per year. What trade issues do these raise?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)