albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
According to public health authorities, most of the cases of HIV infection were due to abuse of oxymorphone tablets, which were dissolved and then injected. Authorities in the United States have indicated that the medical consequences of cannabis abuse continue to grow: the percentage of emergency room visits and admissions to treatment reported as cannabis-related increased from 6.9 per cent in 1993 to 17.5 per cent of all drug-related admissions in 2012. At the same time, surveys conducted in the North American region indicate that among young people there is a low perception of risk associated with regular cannabis use. In the United States, the Monitoring the Future Survey showed that 60 per cent of twelfth grade students (aged 17-18 years) do not consider regular cannabis use to be harmful.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Moreover, all persons with disabilities should have the right to access inclusive education with adequate individualised support to enable them to take part. Article 24 pays special attention to the situation of children who are blind, deaf and deafblind. The world's largest and smallest, richest and poorest countries make up the Commonwealth and are home to two billion citizens of all faiths and ethnicities, over half of whom are 25 years old or under. Member countries span six continents and oceans from Africa (19) to Asia (8), the Americas (2), the Caribbean (12), Europe (3) and the South Pacific (10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition, beneficiaries are entitled to support in case of catastrophic expenditure arising from certain health events such as AIDS, specific cancers, and premature birth. However, in practice, the benefit package has not been guaranteed in the poorest states, due to limited management capacity. The federal contribution includes a per-enrolled family fee and a solidarity contribution that together account for five-sixths of the total budget of Seguro Popular.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Traditional coping strategies centred on the sale of assets or community support to recover (fom losses may be insufficient to cope with more frequently recurring or larger hazards that affect entire regions. To help deal with this, recent international debates have focused on the need for building resilience to the various impacts of environmental degradation and climate change (box 5.3). Resilience describes the properties of a social-ecological system in terms of its ability to absorb or withstand perturbations without undergoing fundamental changes in its structure or functions."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This group’s share of income varies greatly among the countries of the region. The highest percentages of income received exceed 40% in countries such as Brazil and Colombia, while the lowest percentages are less than 27% in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Uruguay. The ratio of the income captured by the richest quintile to the income captured by the poorest quintile dropped by more than two points in Ecuador (urban area) and Peru, and at least 0.5 points in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Paraguay and Uruguay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As the process benefits from more information and from greater participation, a virtuous cycle should lead to successive improvements in development outcomes, including strengthened accountability and improved governance (represented by the movement along the red arrows away from the origin in figure IV.2). Some of the key characteristics of such an iterative policy process aimed towards achieving adaptation and climate resilience are better understood using specific examples, as shown below. The Sustainable Water Management Improves Tomorrows Cities’ Health (SWITCH) project in Lima was designed was designed to enable continuous learning from local experience and from the experience of stakeholders, and to build on small-scale experiments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Therefore, the analyses reported in section 3 is based on a restricted definition of disposable individual income, i.e., the sum of labour income plus wage-replacement benefits (sickness and work injury pay, maternity/ parental pay, unemployment benefits) and all pensions (private and public).This definition is both more meaningful at the individual level and also more comparable across countries in terms of data availability at the individual level. It should be noted that incomes are reported gross of income taxes and social contributions in all countries except Colombia, Egypt, France, Georgia, Hungary, India, Italy, Mexico, Paraguay, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovenia and Uruguay, where they are reported net of taxes and contributions or partly gross and partly net.84 Given that the results are all expressed in terms of income ratios though, the bias is likely low. For the latter, state old-age/disability/ survivors’ pensions, unemployment benefits, shortterm sickness, injury and maternity/parental benefits are added to individual market income. Market income is used only for one specific indicator, while disposable income is used to estimate all the indicators in the first part of the analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This provided an opportunity to align biodiversity outcomes with an important business outcome: the reduction of risk from improved regulatory predictability. The development of guidelines for biodiversity mainstreaming in the mining industry was, therefore, a strongly user-driven project, in response to a specific sector need. This provided a synergistic window of opportunity when the DEA and SAMBF approached SANBI to be involved in a mining and biodiversity guideline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The principles defining the quality of the education sy stem will include the elimination of obstacles that thwart the effective equality between women and men and the furtherance of full equality between the sexes. Education authorities will guarantee equal rights to education for women and men through the active integration, in educational objectives and practice, of the principle of equal treatment, preventing the generation of inequalities between women and men due to sexist behaviour or its associated social stereotypes. Spain’s legal framework for the education of equality and the integration of the gender dimension in educational policies (cont.) In the domain of higher education, the central, regional and local governments, in the exercise of their respective areas of competence, will further teaching and research on the significance and scope of equality between women and men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
New Evidence from Flagship Programs in Bangladesh", Mimeo, New York University. Monitoring and Improving Quality in Long-term Care, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264194564-en. Towards More and Better fobs in Developing Countries, OECD Publishing, Paris, http:// dx.doi.org/1787/9789264059245-en. Monitoring Report, UNESCO, Paris.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This study focuses on political thuggery and democratic dividends in Nigeria. Utilizing secondary and personal observation data the authors sought to address the following concerns: meaning of political thuggery and democratic dividend, manifestation and spate of political thuggery, and causes and effect of political thuggery and democratic performance since 1999 to date. The study reveals that poverty, unemployment, financial attractiveness of elective positions, the value system of wealth accumulation, and an ineffective security agency account for the incidence of political thuggery in Nigeria. Political thuggery hinders public accountability of elective officers and thus is a bane to good governance in Nigeria. Itg also increases the crime rate and the emergence of credible candidates in elections and thus is a threat to the achievement of democratic dividends and exercise of citizenship rights in Nigeria. On the basis of these findings, the study recommends that government should make elective office...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It also suggested that the strong scale and network effects exhibited by that infrastructure can give rise to economic rents and warned that leaving its provision to corporate interests rather than giving a lead role to public policy would probably skew outcomes in ways that would be neither inclusive nor sustainable, particularly in developing countries. There is consensus among economists and economic historians that infrastructure has often been at the centre of the transformative shifts in the economy over the last 250 years, beginning with the canal network in Britain as its industrial revolution got under way. There is also broad agreement that many of these capital-intensive infrastructure projects - highways, airports, harbours, utility- distribution systems, railways, water and sewer systems, telecommunication systems, etc. -
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Thus, the poorest groups have the greatest imbalance in terms of the distribution between the sexes of unpaid domestic work, which is yet another factor that militates against these households’ ability to lift themselves out of poverty. In the other groups, the largest proportion are employees (50% for the non-indigent poor, 57% for those at risk of poverty and 64% for those not at risk), this nevertheless indicates that being employed as a wage earner does not provide protection against the risk of poverty. Renters account for between 12% and 17% of the total, and there is no clear correlation between these figures and poverty status. The only kind of situation in which the type of tenure appears to correlate more directly with income levels is when ownership is unclear or undocumented, since the percentage of people in this situation descends from 16% in the lowest-income group to 9% in the highest-income group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The new curricula (which shifted from content-based to competency-based) have been well received. They have stimulated development of local curricula and contributed to co-operation and sharing of experiences between teachers and schools. The assessment aspect of the reform has been particularly positive for primary and secondary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Transition rates for Germany and the United Kingdom have been calculated using individual sampling weights. For Luxembourg, for instance, a very low average entry rate of 0.6% translates into 1,400 new benefit recipients from one year to the next. The average exit rate of 14.4% by contrast corresponds to less than 1,000 individuals that leave benefits from one year to the next.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMC Climate) manages co-ordination between federal ministries. It is chaired by the BMLFUW and includes working-level representatives from various ministries. Representatives of the main interest groups and the Lander are invited to its meetings on an ad-hoc basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This is not supported by empirical evidence (De Janvry et al., In MAGNET factor markets are divided into agricultural and non-agricultural labour and capital. By doing so MAGNET accounts for differences in wages and returns to assets between the agricultural and the non-agricultural sector taking into account that these are larger in the short term than in the long term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Source: Medeiros, R. and C. Young (2011), Contribuigao das unidades de conservagdo brasileiras para a economia nacional: Relatdrio Final. State and municipal protected areas are administered by the respective environment institutions, often with the support of ICMBio, non-government organisations (NGOs) and international development co-operation providers. In Brazil, it has helped improve the transparency and effectiveness of SNUC (Verissimo et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of corruption behavior on access to health care benefits in Benin. The estimation of the Heckman selection model (1979), based on survey data from users of public hospitals in Benin, showed that corruption behavior facilitate saccess to health care each health applicant. But collectively, they slow down the normal functioning of health care services, create a congestion effect and increase the vulnerability of some users of public health centers. The study recommends the establishment of monitoring mechanisms and an increase in sanctions for corrupt behavior.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
But this was not the whole story. First, all non-cash benefits - such as food stamps, school lunches, and housing and energy subsidies - were to be included. Second, 'non-discretionary expenses' were also to be subtracted - including an allowance for child care and some medical costs and health insurance premiums.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Thus, all countries need to borrow results of either cost or effectiveness studies from other settings, but the fact that most published studies are very specific to a particular context makes this difficult. To address this need, WHO-CHOICE reports results by 14 global subregions (i.e., sets of similar countries), and has developed tools enabling country-level analysis too. Like all cost-effectiveness analyses, GCEA focuses on only one outcome: population health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Together they mean that the risk-retum profile of low-carbon investments is often less attractive than their fossil fuel-based equivalents. Scaling-up financing to a low-carbon economy will not happen spontaneously. It requires strong policy and price signals to ensure that low-carbon and energy efficiency investments offer a sufficiently attractive risk-adjusted return compared to available alternatives (IEA, 2014). These are presented in the shaded part of Table 2.1 and are briefly discussed in the following section, they are the subject of other chapters in this report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Indeed, they suffer from the consequences of the economic crisis which has created excess generating capacity and low electricity prices, reducing their EBITDA and constraining their ability to invest. This is particularly a concern when it comes to financing large projects such as nuclear power plants or large off-shore wind farms, owing to the fact that only one of those multibillion investment projects is enough to have an impact on the credit rating of even the largest utilities. These factors tend to increase the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) used by utilities to finance new projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The country level stability objective requires managing different threats to this minimum level of food security. Policy choices must be able to respond to different sources of risk, from high world market price volatility to domestic crop failures. Potential policy responses include fostering a competitive domestic food sector and ensuring a stable physical and financial access to imports. Risk assessment starts from collecting stakeholders’ perceptions of food security risks, and experts’ assessments of potential threats to the prevalence of food security. This information will identify specific events or plausible scenarios that could potentially reduce the prevalence of food security below an acceptable level in that country, including those with low probability but severe consequences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The fact that the subsidy is paid for all jobs, including jobs that would have existed even in the absence of the subsidy, results in important deadweight losses. By concentrating exclusively on newly created jobs, hiring subsidies have the potential to be significantly more cost-effective. This equity consideration may be of considerable importance in recessions, when the chances of regaining employment after displacement are particularly low for disadvantaged groups, due to the large inflows of newly unemployed, including increased numbers of well-qualified job losers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Firstly, white settlers fleeing from newly independent African countries, many of them in fact being returning South Africans, and secondly, refugees and people leaving Eastern Europe (Peberdy, 2009). The uncertainties of the last decade before 1994, coupled with a sense of imminent loss of power for white South Africans, have resulted in a negative migration rate since 1994. Based on the number of permanent residence permits issued, it can also be seen that the proportion of African immigrants decreased until 1992/93, while the numbers of Asian immigrants jumped dramatically.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Another way to reduce deadweight is to require firms to share in the cost of short-time work, as is discussed below. In light of their differential coverage by STW schemes and the likely greater tendency of employers to attempt to retain their core workers, the empirical analysis of the impact of STW in the 2008-09 recession below distinguishes between temporary and permanent workers to the extent possible. Participating firms in the Work Sharing programme in Canada were previously required to develop a recovery plan. However, this requirement has been suspended until at least March 2011 in response to the 2008-09 recession. Take-up of training during STW tends to be low in countries where it is not compulsory. While this may provide a rationale for governments seeking to reduce displacement effects to make training compulsory, it could also indicate that training often is not appropriate or cannot easily be organised as was concluded by a Canadian study of STW (HRDC, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Other works (Sawe, 1997, Nzioka, 1998, OPM/ PSTD, 2010) have generally characterised reform and transformation in Kenya into phases that more or less mirror the presidency regimes. In this classification, the first transformation phase spanned the 1963-78 period, for the first presidency. The second phase coincided with the second presidency, of 1977-2002. Reforms under the third phase spanned 2003-12.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For instance, the Kopetdag State Reserve (50,000 ha) has a staff of 43, including seven qualified and competent scientific staff, a newly constructed administration building and smaller huts in the four component strict reserves, as well as - reportedly - sufficient equipment. Other State reserves, and particularly all the State sanctuaries (zakazniks), which have no staff of their own, are much more poorly equipped. Such differences need to be taken into account when planning capacity development measures in the future. The overall institutional setup is viable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Making choices freely can be impaired by personal insecurity and fear of violence. Violence is also associated with high poverty and inequality. Women and sexual, ethnic and religious minorities—as well as other groups and communities that face social discrimination—are more likely to experience personal insecurity and threats of violence, perceived or actual. A lack of social cohesion coupled with high inequality threatens human development achievements by skewing institutions and eroding the social contract.3 Beyond a certain threshold, inequality exacerbates rent-seeking, which impedes growth, slows poverty reduction and limits the quality of social and political engagement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Women produce most of the food that is consumed locally and are responsible for household food security in many rural areas. More equitable access to land, fertilisers, water for irrigation, seeds, technology, tools, livestock and extension services would make agriculture a more efficient means of promoting shared economic growth, reducing poverty and improving food security and rural livelihoods (Buvinic et al, 2010). If women had the same access to productive resources as men, they could increase yields on their farms by 20-30%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The national government also pursues territorial and sectoral policies of its own for rural development. Member states can choose from a menu of 20 measures to serve the priorities they have identified in their rural development programmes (implemented through the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development [EAFRD] and national funds). New instruments, in particular payments that do not require production, have gained weight and price distortions have been significantly reduced (OECD, 2017b: 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
By the early 1990s, however, concerns arose about stability and the limits of structural adjustment, both in the OECD countries and elsewhere. Social cohesion became a key word in policy discussion and warnings appeared of the need to balance attention to economic restructuring with caution about societal cohesion in order to sustain that restructuring. In 1996, the OECD high-level conference, Beyond 2000: The New Social Policy Agenda, concluded with a call to its members for a ‘social investment approach for a future welfare state’ and new social expenditures focused on areas where returns are maximised in the form of social cohesion and active participation in society and the labour market (OECD, 1997). Social cohesion in this context was not defined and one had to decrypt from its usage that essentially it meant social stability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It is published under the responsibility of the authors. One of the first analyses was Gagnon-Lebrun and Agrawala’s (2006) assessment of overall trends, largely based on an analysis of National Communications to the UNFCCC. Their review found that adaptation received limited attention relative to mitigation, and that countries were at the stage of identifying generic options for responding to climate change rather than formulating comprehensive, mainstreamed adaptation strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This is true for industry, but also for agriculture and services. For example, the productivity gains associated with the introduction of electric motors in manufacturing were not limited to a reduction in energy costs. These complementarities magnify the effects of innovation in the GPT, and help propagate them throughout the economy. An essential feature of economic structural transformation is productivity growth, both at an aggregate level and at a sectoral level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The agenda embraces key economic sectors such as energy, agriculture and transport. It can offer opportunities for decoupling economic growth and social development from environmental degradation, thus strengthening the sustainability and resilience of a society. It can further help to seize new development opportunities that can contribute to growth and poverty alleviation. A coherent SCP policy agenda can support a triple dividend of greater wellbeing, increased competitiveness, and environmental integrity (CSIRO and IGES 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, despite their lower levels of proficiency, older individuals do not seem to suffer in terms of labour market outcomes. In particular, they generally earn higher wages, and much of the available empirical evidence suggests that they are not less productive than younger workers. Older and more experienced individuals seem therefore able to compensate the decline in information processing skills with the development of other skills, generally much more difficult to measure. On the other hand, proficiency in information-processing skills remain a strong determinant of important outcomes at all ages: this makes it important to better understand which factors are the most effective in preventing such age-related decline in proficiency, which does not occur to the same extent in all countries and for all individuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)