albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, the issues associated with externalities did not disappear. One particularly stark example is provided by the World Health Organization (WHO), whose research indicates that globally, every year three million deaths are caused by ambient air pollution and by particulate matter released mainly through the burning of coal or biomass. Add to this the impact of household air pollution, much of which could be avoided by the provision of clean electricity, and the number of deaths per year rises to over seven million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Data for water management and shared responsibilities (cont.) Therefore, it is always necessary to compare water balances based on the amounts of granted abstraction with data monitored on the ground reflecting the effective use of water. Compliance is a major challenge and very much influenced by cultural factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It also examines the shifting geography of innovation, the emergence of new global players and the global competition for talent. However, the notion of what innovation involves and what role policies to encourage innovation can play has changed considerably over the past decade. It is increasingly recognised that, in addition to R&D, innovation encompasses a wide range of activities, including organisational change, training, testing, marketing and design (Box 1.2). These activities can strengthen capabilities for developing innovations or the ability to adopt innovations developed by other firms or institutions successfully.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The phenomenon of “regime shift” and “global synchrony” in fish society were found in major small pelagic fish stocks over the world (Kawasaki, 1989, IGBP, 2003). The two major factors combined, i.e. fishing and climatic impact, determine the trend of fish stock fluctuations. In most cases it is difficult to separate out the impact of human activities from that of the climate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
An added stipulation requires early notification of intention to fish. Open and closed seasons are imposed where necessary'. A whitefish quota management committee, comprising of members of the industry and national administration officials, meets monthly to undertake detailed analysis of key stocks including Cod, Haddock, Whiting, Hake, Monk, Megrim, Nephrops, Sole and Plaice, as well as deep sea species (see below). The majority of quota fisheries are controlled by means of separate Fishery Management Orders made by the Minister which restrict the fisheries as necessary, by setting catch limits per boat, according to the size of the vessel based on recommendations of the committee. The principal objective is to maintain access on an equitable basis throughout the year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Waste-to-energy has recently garnered attention in a number of countries, such as India, Indonesia, and Thailand, as a means to increase supply, offset reliance on other resources, and reduce the growing burden of dealing with waste. Modern biomass was only surpassed by hydro in the mid-2000s, while other forms, particularly solar and wind, have been gaining traction recently (figure 4.3). Large increases in hydropower underpin this trend, though the shares of wind and solar are also increasing. When examining national shares of renewables, it can be noted that countries consuming higher shares of modern renewable energy tend to be hydro-rich (figure 4.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Oil is the most important fuel, accounting for 40% of primary energy in OECD countries, followed by gas (22%), coal (20%), nuclear energy (11%), and renewable sources including hydropower, biomass and waste (7 %) (2005 figures from RISO, 2008). Unlike most new renewable sources, in developed countries wind turbines are increasingly competitive with conventional power production. Analysis from the Danish Energy Association, for instance, estimates that offshore wind turbines will be competitive with other energy technologies in 2015 (RISO, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In particular, some countries tend to have periodic limits specifically for abstraction for irrigation purposes (e.g. 12 years for Austria), while other limits are applied to other uses. In seven responses, it was noted that these rights are transferable, which can imply the possibility of permit ownership transfers, for instance linked to a change in land ownership, or may open the door for potential transactions and or markets. The beneficiaries of groundwater entitlements include mostly individuals, with a number of countries and regions allowing companies and collective bodies. Bundling groundwater with land property rights can make it more difficult for resource management as it leaves less freedom of operation for users (OECD, 2015c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The spatial structure and economic development of cities are the most prominent components of these national urban policies. When policymakers decide on important issues such as poverty reduction and economic development, then they classify the activities as either rural or urban. In many instances however, this distinction has been used to show differences between the two settlement patterns, and consistently has overlooked their interlinkages, complementarities and synergies.111' This has been against recorded historical development trends which have shown that, urban-rural linkages include important flows of people, natural resources, capital, goods, ecosystem services, information, technology, ideas and innovation. These are important drivers of economic activities and contribute significantly to overall poverty reduction in a region.*1"This illustrates interdependent, intertwined and complementary functional and productive settlement systems. Strong linkages among urban, rural, peri-urban and other settlements enhance sustainable development, because they channel resources to where they have the largest net economic and social benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Therefore, research and development in the bioeconomy should be strengthened, and public policies related to forestry and economic development should be more focused on the bioeconomy in the Nordic countries. Nevertheless, the possibility of combining policies and integrating approaches at the Nordic level should be investigated as this could further enhance the wood energy use. A common Nordic fund could be established for providing financial support to the development and pilot projects of new and innovative wood energy systems. Co-operation in this regard should be done with The Working Group for Renewable Energy as well as with Nordic Energy Research, both under the Nordic Council of Ministers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They can also be obliged to do so if the aquifer they exploit is declared overexploited. The associations establish norms for distribution and control, regulate the use and maintenance of shared hydraulic systems, organise the shared payments and resolve problems among members. They play an important role in the RBAs, to which they assign members in the users’ assembly, which in turn elects at least a third of the members of key decision-making units in the RBAs, including the governing board.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2013, there were 736 places per 1,000 pupils in urban settlements and 537 places per 1,000 pupils in rural settlements. There are no separate statistics for urban and rural settlements regarding theatres, concert halls, museums, zoos and circuses but, in general, they have been maintained at the same or slightly higher levels. Much effort has also been put into developing an integrated infrastructure for the elderly, disabled and other vulnerable groups. These specific services include advisory and information services, material and financial support, temporary shelter, social welfare institutions and housekeeping services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The harvesting of aquatic plants such as reeds in wetlands was linked to community-based handicraft manufacturing initiatives, which was judged to be an appropriate example of a biomass-based resource-circulating economy. Another example is the attempt to establish a non-governmental organization for public participation in municipal waste recovery. Waste recovery programmes in megacities like Bangkok (Chapter 4-5) need collaboration among industries, government, collection service providers, engineering firms and residents. The waste fund of Ho Chi Minh City, established by academia’s commitment in recent years, launched coordination activities for collaboration for waste recovery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
One notable experience benefiting older adults and other groups has been under way in Argentina since 2002: the National Medication Policy, which promotes the prescription of generic drugs. This gave rise to the "Remedy" programme, which provides free outpatient medication through primary health care centres, while the Ministry of Health monitors prices to detect any unjustified increases (Escobar, 2007). Some medicines are supplied free of charge in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and in Paraguay, with the latter supplying free drugs to vulnerable individuals aged over 70 through the Institute for Welfare of the Ministry of Health. In June 2007 300 people were benefiting from the programme, which aimed to reach 1,000 people by the end of the year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
La reproduccion social se define en terminos del tiempo y los recursos economicos necesarios para producir mano de obra, mantenerla e invertirenella,incluyetantoel trabajo remunerado comoel trabajo de cuidados no remunerado. El anali-sis se centra en el modo en que las distribuciones de produccion y reproduccion entre mujeres, hombres, el Estadoy el capital determinan la inversiony el cre-cimiento.y describe la desigualdad de genero como causa yconsecuencia de dichas relaciones. La reproduction sociale est essentielle a la croissance, et les circon-stances sociales et economiques dans lesquelles el le se fait determinent la nature precise de cette relation et laissent entrevoir de reelles possibility de changement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The external inflow is the total volume of the flow of rivers and groundwater, coming from neighbouring territories. Indicators of water resource use intensity show great variations among and within individual countries. For some countries the data refer to water permits (e.g. Chile) and not to actual abstractions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article examines the production of normative subjectivity and the construction of ‘appropriate’ and exportable knowledge through cultural policy during the culture wars of the 1980s–1990s in the USA. During this time, the performing and visual arts, and mass media were increasingly seen as the cause, rather than the reflection, of social instability, and quickly became subject to governmental regulation. Focusing on a 1998 US Supreme Court case, National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley, I examine the construction and application of decency offered in the oral transcripts, and attend more broadly to the relationship between cultural policy and law. Cultural policy is a technique of governmentality, and a means through which citizenship and national identity is constituted and regulated, and self-governance inculcated. Similarly, law is a key technology through which governance, and subjectivity is produced, constituted and regulated. Policies such as the ‘decency’ clause depend on a series of coerciv...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nutrition education, including both general education and nutrition-specific education, is effective in improving nutrition (FAO, 201 Ba). However, following a period of heightened food insecurity, input subsidies, in particular fertilizer subsidies, have regained widespread popularity in Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean, especially following the sharp increase in food prices and fertilizer costs after 2006. They are now the most popular production support measure used, although they are typically small-scale and ad hoc in the Latin America and the Caribbean region (Table 3) (Demeke etal., Fertilizer subsidies are also attractive because they can raise food production within a relatively short time, and because fertilizer use per hectare is very low in sub-Saharan Africa compared with other regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Strategic financial planning must be carried out in the context of broader sector planning that address roles and responsibilities of government agencies, policy priorities and related legislative and regulatory reforms in order to ensure that a package of measures that can realistically be financed is being put forward. According to OECD (2009b), SFP has several objectives: “it provides a structure for a policy dialogue to take place, involving all relevant stakeholders including Ministries of Finance, with the aim of producing a consensus on a feasible future WSS. It illustrates the impact of different objectives and targets in a long term perspective, linking sector policies, programmes and projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The project could provide directions to the UNECE region and its member States on how to attain sustainable energy outcomes with the aim to provide an early warning system if activities are not on track, based on solid stories about various energy futures and building on a variety of views from global experts, and a list of actionable recommendations for Member States for energy strategy development. The brochure gives results for the first part of the overall project. It promotes international policy dialogue and cooperation among governments, energy industries and other stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Overall, only 12 percent of households had nonbank savings initially, while participation in the programme led to an increase of three percentage points. In Paraguay, Soares, Ribas and Hirata (2008) found that households benefiting from the Tekopara programme saved 20 percent more, with the impact being stronger among the extreme poor. Similarly, in Ghana, Handa et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Abstract This paper explores why the signature record of the International Convention on the Protection of Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families has been so poor, especially among the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) democracies. It does so by examining two kinds of explanations. The first suggests that the international campaign to promote the treaty was weak. The second concerns the treaty design: states dislike this treaty because of its complexity, precision, and the lack of national security ‘escape clauses’. This study finds that the strength of the international campaign does not correlate with participation in human rights treaties. It also uncovers an inherent flaw in the design-based explanations and strongly suggests that we look elsewhere for the causes of the ‘failure’ of this treaty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Environmental improvements and land-use reforms in disadvantaged neighbourhoods may actually trigger exclusion by driving property' prices up and attracting wealthier residents while displacing working-class residents (Cowell and Thomas, 2002, Banzhaf and McCormick, 2007, Bunce, 2009, Dale and Newman, 2009, Dooling, 2009, Quastel, 2009, Checker, 2011). This concern is reinforced in brow'nfield areas, where gentrification becomes extremely profitable through the realisation of the rent gap, the difference between actual and potential ground rent (Smith, 1979). Urban regeneration strategies therefore need to strike a careful balance between environmental and socio-economic goals. Designing urban spaces that are “just green enough” requires government authorities, residents and business ow'ners to w'ork together to achieve environmental remediation without environmental gentrification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Many countries with low access rates also have large disparities in access between urban and rural areas. While 97 per cent of urban residents in Cambodia had access to electricity in 2012, this was the case for only 18 per cent of rural residents. Solid fuels, such as wood and other types of biomass, is the primary source of energy for four out of five people (84 per cent) in low income countries, nearly two thirds (61 per cent) of people in lower middle-income countries and more than a third (39 per cent) of people living in upper middle-income countries. ( This situation is caused largely by the unreliability and lack of affordability of electricity services. In some places, however, people find that cooking with traditional fuels and technology makes the food taste better.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Purpose          Neoliberal urban regimes focus on redeveloping downtowns to compete for economic development. Chattanooga has been lauded by urban development organizations such as Brookings and the Urban Institute for its public-private partnership model dubbed the Chattanooga Way. The paper aims to discuss these issues.          Design/methodology/approach          In this paper, the authors use social network analysis to analyze elites highly involved in local economic development, education policy and social entrepreneurship in Chattanooga, TN.          Findings          The results suggest a strong group of nonelected local elites dominate policymaking in policy arenas traditionally reserved for elected elites. The overlap between elites who shape local policy and elites who fiscally benefit from local policies raises troubling questions for local democracy, public accountability and transparency.          Originality/value          This analysis is valuable to public policy scholars who are interested in analyzing neoliberal coalitions and their impact on local development initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter reviews the evolution of higher education in Chile from 2004 to present, as well as the proposals in recent reform packages. The OECD recommends in this chapter that Chile: 1) identify a system-level vision and strategy for higher education, 2) establish an effective infrastructure to steer the higher education system, 3) strengthen equity in access to high-quality higher education, and, 4) strengthen the quality and relevance of higher education. Universities and other higher education institutions are positioned at the nexus of knowledge creation, education, innovation and economic growth. These institutions are therefore essential to building and maintaining the human and cultural capital that Chile needs to transform its economy by moving away from dependence on primary goods towards a diversified system that fosters social inclusion (Boulton and Lucas, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Medium enterprises have 50-249 employees and large enterprises have more than 250 employees. Easier verification procedures and guarantees also improve the potential for agricultural firms to enter and to upgrade within global supply chains (WTO, 2016b). New technologies enabling the electronic exchange of relevant information, such as food safety requirements, provide opportunities for producers to connect with new, high-value markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The lack of a unified transboundary monitoring programme and GIS system for the basin is a shortcoming. Surface waters are monitored for pollutants, and groundwaters are surveyed for possible impact of landfills. Radioactive elements are periodically monitored. A new scheme of complex use and protection of water resources of the Don (including the Siversky Donets) is planned for 2014 in the Russian Federation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The percentage exceeds 90% in cities in other Latin American countries (see World Bank, 2013). Programmes for the expansion of meters have been implemented. Between 2007 and 2012, SACMEX increased the number of working meters from less than 600 000 to 1 253 626, but a significant shortfall remains, of about 25% of users, who mostly pay a fixed consumption fee.31 A further advantage of having a meter installed is that awareness of actual consumption is raised. This can create a measurable impact on water demand by itself (Grafton et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For children, it means unhealthy and unsafe environments, limited options for walking and playing, limited connectivity to social networks, services and local economy. Although mostly overlooked, inequity has a spatial dimension that makes children vulnerable. Spatial inequity manifests itself in various ways and reveals the importance of land value, land tenure, land use and the planning and management of the spatial characteristics of the built environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In countries with well established primary care systems - such as the United Kingdom, Denmark and New Zealand - the general practitioner or family physician often serves as the co-ordinating hub for routine and specialised care. As primary care settings are typically the first point of contact for people seeking health care, they are also ideally situated to assess and prevent health risks through health promotion, health education and preventive action. In turn, this has the potential to reduce the need for costly and unnecessary hospital care. Effective primary care can improve the quality of life for people living with a chronic condition by stabilising disease progression through regular and co-ordinated health checks and ultimately can reduce the number of years of life lost by preventing premature death.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Most of Step 4 is conducted through participatory exercises within the workshops (see section 3.6). The governance analysts then seek to provide explanations of how specific rivalries and conflicts have emerged, while subsequent discussion aims to reveal the strengths and weaknesses of institutional frameworks in this regard. This process is often accompanied by a case study in which the analytical variables (extent, coherence, robustness and flexibility) are examined. A joint drafting plan for the report is prepared, and then a draft report with technical and governance components is sketched out and circulated as preparation for the second workshop.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Procedural Manual of the Codex Alimentarius Commission states that “[w]hen elaborating and deciding upon food standards Codex Alimentarius will have regard, where appropriate, to other legitimate factors relevant for the health protection of consumers and for the promotion of fair practices in food trade” (CAC, 2008b). However, there is some disagreement over OLF criteria. Some consider OLFs to include all factors other than science, including economic (cost/benefit), social, cultural and ethical factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Nevertheless, there are frequent cases of late payment of waste-related invoices by municipalities and an associated accumulation of arrears. In a similar vein, a financial guarantee is required for the operation of installations of treatment and processing of hazardous, industrial, medical and pharmaceutical waste. There are provisions for fines in the event of non-compliance with the established legal standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The development of the human rights framework in place today can be charted back to the creation of the United Nations (UN) following the Second World War. The system of treaties gives formal recognition to certain rights for all human beings that states have a duty to uphold and protect. Children fall within the bounds of all human rights treaties but, because of their unique biological, economic and social dependency, children need extra care and protection and these are enshrined in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)