albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Other means of encouraging interactions and sharing may be more useful and affordable. Lower-cost options could include setting up resource centres, and technology transfer centres for firms in or near universities, and organizing frequent conferences and seminars in order to bring together domestic and foreign scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs, practitioners and policymakers. Furthermore, it is possible that, over time, virtual science parks will replace physical parks. However, to the extent that (as noted above) the goal of the park is to encourage interactions among actors, the importance of physical proximity cannot be underestimated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Several countries have ministries that explicitly include “water” in their prerogatives, but also embrace other policy areas such as rural affairs or agriculture. In most cases, these have wide responsibilities over a broader set of areas than water policy. Positive implications in the concentration of different water-related responsibilities within the same line ministry include a more open, coherent view for water policies, the concentration of technical and administrative skills, and the possibility for a more integrated programming approach. Examples of line ministries in water policy making can be classified into three main categories: a first category where water policies are encompassed within broader environmental issues, a second category where water policies are included with infrastructure and public works, and a third category where water policies are grouped with environmental challenges and specific rural concerns. This categorisation does not necessarily imply that the allocation of water responsibilities will generate a situation where one sector plays the dominant role in water policy making, although the assumption can be made. Providing an adequate response to the needs of water policy therefore requires an association of the how (which ministry?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is therefore difficult to identify an exhaustive budget for road safety in Korea. A substantial amount is for management of traffic operation facilities including traffic signals, speed enforcement cameras, and other safety measures. This budget includes the operating cost of the Korea Transportation Safety Authority (KoTSA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In two countries, the ratio widened, three countries experienced improvement, and one country presented no clear trend. Disparity between the two groups has been more persistent in the case of stunting. Malnutrition, one factor in stunting, reflects chronic problems and hence the deficiency of ongoing efforts related to health systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In contrast, no conceivable future engine technology could achieve the same overall efficiency increase for a single occupancy vehicle. Engine efficiency would need to be 100 per cent, which is a thermodynamic impossibility. It should also be noted that there is only limited potential for efficiency improvements in power supply technologies, some of which, such as gas combined cycle and integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants, operate not far from their theoretical limits. Similarly, the so-called cumulative degree of perfection is high for diesel oil and natural gas, compared with other materials, implying only modest room for improvements in this area (Szargut, 1988).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The lack of social supports, combined with Mexican women’s disproportionate responsibility for unpaid work (Chapter 4), inhibits women’s labour market entry, permanence, earnings, and career progression. The gender gap in NEET rates in Mexico is 26 percentage points, also the second highest figure in the OECD. The vast majority of female NEETs are inactive (32.4% of young women) rather than unemployed (2.6% of young women).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This impact is grounded in industry players' investments in technological improvements which enable innovative products and services. In stark contrast with the promises of the fourth industrial revolution (WEF, 2016), a review of the recent financial performance of the telecommunication sector shows that industry players operate in an increasingly mature and challenging environment characterized by stalling revenue growth and difficulties in balancing investments and profitability. Estimates have been made for countries that do not report revenue or capital expenditure information, in order to complete regional aggregations. Mobile technology has been the engine fuelling access to Internet services, notably in developing economies, where mobile tends to be the primary means for accessing the Internet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In particular, there is a large overlap between repairers and refurbishers/second-hand retailers with many businesses crossing the full spectrum of these activities. The focus of the interviews was on what elements of circular economy models the businesses engage in, what the motivation has been, what obstacles they are experiencing and how these can be overcome. It was one of the first smartphones to use a multi-touch interface. Smartphones using Android operating systems (IOS), appeared on the market in February 2010 but have rapidly increased their market share, representing 81% of the global smartphone market in 2015. Apple retains a relatively high penetration on Nordic markets (eMarteter, 2015). Every two out of three mobile phones that were shipped globally in 2014, were smartphones (Forbes, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Some authors have described a third issue involving the off-farm impacts of irrigation and drainage in areas with saline high water tables or seleniferous soils. Many governments restrict the prices farmers receive for their crops or maintain overvalued exchange rates that artificially reduce the prices of imports while increasing the prices of exports. Farmers receiving subsidized irrigation water in those cases might argue that they pay for the water indirectly, as such interventions reduce farm-level revenues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This report provides an update to Peter Walker’s 2005 report that questioned the degree to which political ecologists substantively incorporate ecology in their analyses. Since the publication of this article, a range of scholars have characterized political ecology as unengaged with ecology. This report documents a range of engagements with ecology (or the nonhuman biophysical world more generally) by work strongly influenced by or aligned with political ecology in the realms of environmental politics and the political economy of environmental change. This brief review demonstrates that, while representing a minority of political ecology scholarship, work variously engaging with ecology remains an active and fertile area. The report concludes with a cautionary note that portrayals of political ecology as inhospitable to ecological engagement could actually lead to an erosion of such scholarship. Such an erosion would have severe consequences for the human-and-environment field more generally since politi...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This decline in the participation rate from earlier years (for both men and women) was due to cyclical factors, such as the recession and slow recovery from the recent financial crisis, and to structural factors, such as population ageing and more years of education (ILO, 2016). According to ECLAC (2004), there are still differences between men and women despite this progress. In 2002, about half of all women aged over 15 had no income of their own, while just 20% or so of men were in this situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Objective:  To report the experience of the origin and development of a core of women's health studies, relating references to discussions and reflections on gender and citizenship because of the urgency of consolidating these approaches in caring for the female audience.  Method:  from the experiences in developing research and extension activities of the Core of Studies on Women, Gender and Public Policy, Department of Nursing, Federal University of Santa Maria.  Results:  stand out extent relevant actions and studies have been conducted on gender issues, violence against women and women in construction.  Conclusion:  The study highlights the need of the educational institutions and groups of studies and research to align themselves to the assumptions of public policies as a way to prepare professionals attentive and sensitive to the inequalities reducing, respect for cultural diversity, social inclusion and configuring as possible mediators of processes of empowerment of women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These unsustainable patterns add to poverty and inequality today, especially for the third of the world's population directly dependent on natural resources for their well-being, and create deep threats for future generations (UnmuBig, Sachs and Fatheuer, 2012). The causes and underlying drivers of unsustainability and of gender inequality are deeply interlocked. Both are produced by development models that support particular types of underregulated market-led growth and the persistence of unequal power relations between women and men (Wichterich, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the words of Barca (2009: 36), “[t]he social agenda needs to be ‘territorialised’, the territorial agenda ‘socialised’. The place-based approach to social inclusion should be the result of these two shifts”. All territories have development potential and, as such, policies should be aimed at exploiting each and every region’s endogenous potentials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Nationality has been a key identity in international relations for much of the modern period, and the marriage of “nation” and “state” produced a powerful polity – the national state – that dominated global politics. This article investigates the forces that “pushed” and “pulled” nations and states together and explores the factors associated with violent identity politics. It argues that while recent decades have witnessed increasing instances of divorce between “nation” and “state” and a simultaneous proliferation of identity conflicts, the likelihood that identity conflicts will be expressed violently depends both on the character of the state (the timing of state institutionalisation relative to the construction of national consciousness, the democratic or non-democratic nature of the state, and the national or non-national basis for the legitimation of state authority) and on the principal “marker” used to construct national identity (blood, language, culture, religion, or citizenship).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In South Africa for example, only 50% of the planned new generation capacity was covered by outside tendering, and the remaining 50% was reserved to Eskom. As much as possible however, the SOE should compete with private investors on the same grounds and criteria of evaluation. Moreover if preferential treatment is given to the SOE or to a particular class of actors during tendering, it should be justified as clearly in the public interest rigorously defined and clearly explained to the bidders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They also underline that a costed approach to social protection spending will be easier to achieve than maintaining social protection spending at a certain level of GDP. There are existing projected figures until 2019/20 for programmes such as the rural and urban productive safety net programmes. These figures are adopted from the official documents after adjusting the figures for inflation but extrapolations are used to project for the years between 2020/21 to 2025/26.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Nike is the market leader selling athletic shoes worldwide. Already markets its products to a smaller segment of the athletic shoe market. These two companies battled at the intersection of the intellectual property, federal court jurisdiction and constitutional law. These slides help teach the Already v. Nike Supreme Court case. These slides cover issues such as Article III cases & controversies, intellectual property rights in trademarks and patents as well as mootness and standing doctrines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The size of the functional area of Almaty City is much larger than suggested by its administrative population. Almaty is also the only polycentric functional area, i.e. it consists of the two interrelated city cores of Almaty City and Kaskelen. Almaty City has the largest commuting zone among all Kazakhstan’s FUAs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
But societies also pay a heavy price — in lower returns on educational investments, in reduced skills and productivity, in the increased likelihood of unemployment and welfare dependence, in the higher costs of social protection and judicial systems, and in the loss of social cohesion. In the medium term, these costs must be met in the hard currency of the billions of extra dollars spent in attempting to cope with the wide range of problems associated with high levels of child poverty. The economic argument, in anything but the shortest term, is therefore heavily on the side of preventing children from falling into poverty in the first place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The above discussion of risk assessment policy guidelines at Codex has contributed to a more transparent process of risk assessment and a clearer definition of the roles of both risk assessors and managers, which were hitherto ambiguous. In addition, in response to Codex’s demand for clarification, the FAO and WHO initiated a workshop on a consultative process for scientific advice. In 2007, they produced the FAO/WHO Framework for the Provision of Scientific Advice on Food Safety and Nutrition (to Codex and Member Countries) (FAO/WHO, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Strengthening the school supervision profession and creating supervisory teams could enhance the quality of evaluations and build greater trust in the process. Develop a strategy to raise education quality in small primary schools. Steps should be taken to consolidate or close small schools when others nearby can provide better quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The EU has mandated the end of 2012 as the final date for Analogue Switch Off (ASO). Government support for market creation/development through financial incentives ranked high on many respondents' wish list for Budget 2011 Singapore from the Singapore Infocomm Technology Federation's (SiTF) latest Business Outlook survey which was conducted in January 2011. Presentation made at Workshop titled 'E-waste: Impacts, challenges and the role of government, service providers and the consumers'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This led to a shared understanding of the need to integrate the gender perspective throughout the education system. If we are to change ideas about gender, we need to change the way we behave. We need to provide examples from day-to-day life because these are more important in the lives of children, unlike adults whose characters have already formed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Where value for money cannot be demonstrated, consideration should be given to dropping programmes such as general health checks and redirecting this investment to other health care activities. At the same time, the low rates of uptake of interventions proven to reduce mortality - such as cancer screening - point to the need to widen access to professionals and the public and incentivise both to engage in preventive health care more actively. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Some elements of the preventive health care put in place for these conditions is excellent, notably the quality control surrounding breast screening, the early introduction of screening for colorectal cancer relative to other OECD countries and the surveillance carried out by the Czech Republic’s long-standing cancer registry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
According to the PLANSAB (2013), 93.3% of the Brazilian population is connected to a network for water supply. It is estimated that 90.4% of the population has sewage collection, but only 39.7% includes treatment and is considered adequate, although according to the IBGE (2010), only 48% of domestic sewage is collected and 39% is heated. The efficiency of sewage treatment plants varies significantly and is considered not entirely satisfactory in some cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In addition to limitations in countries’ capacity of distinguishing between planned and unplanned readmissions, differences in care delivery models may also limit the comparability of these rates across countries (OECD Health Statistics, 2014). In Norway and Sweden for example, municipalities are responsible for primary health care, while specialist inpatient and outpatient (mental) health services are governed at the regional level - by counties in Sweden, and health districts in Norway -which has shown to lead to a lack of mental health support at the local level in municipalities. This has led to long waiting times for treatment (OECD, 2013a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The rise of social movements in US legal scholarship is a current response to an age-old problem in progressive legal thought: harnessing law for social change while maintaining a distinction between law and politics. This problem erupted in controversy around the civil rights–era concept of legal liberalism defined by activist courts and lawyers pursuing political reform through law. Contemporary legal scholars have responded by building on social science to develop a new concept—movement liberalism—that assigns leadership of transformative change to social movements to preserve conventional roles for courts and lawyers. Movement liberalism aims to achieve the lost promise of progressive reform, while avoiding critiques of legal activism that have divided scholars for a half-century. Yet rather than resolving the law-politics problem, movement liberalism reproduces long-standing debates, carrying forward critical visions of law that it seeks to transcend.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The audiovisual media are everywhere, spreading their reach even as they undergo unprecedented textual, technological, and political transformations. Meanwhile, thestudyof the media is an evolving, contested domain that crosses the humanities and social sciences. Consider television. The field of television studies encompasses production and audience ethnography, affects research, policy advocacy, political economy, cultural history, and textual analysis. It borrows from and contributes to media studies, mass communication, critical race theory, communication studies, journalism, public policy, media sociology, critical legal studies, queer theory, science and technology studies, psychology, film studies, economics, cultural studies, feminist theory, and Marxism. The intersections...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract   The objective of this study was to identify the conditions of life of patients with mental and behavioral disorders admitted to a specialized hospital in an inner city in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and their possible relationship with inequities and social exclusion. The information about the conditions of life was gathered through medical records and structured interviews with the patients. The data collected were compared with the recent literature on the subject. We conclude that the conditions of health, life and social vulnerability are associated with changes in family and social relationships, stigma, discrimination and prejudice, and barriers to the exercise of citizenship for these patients. Findings confirm the need for equity in this group's access to the exercise of human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since the mid-20th century, education systems have expanded enormously and human populations have never been more highly educated than today. Emerging economies and developing countries are now also relentlessly expanding their education systems, seeing education as an indispensable ingredient of modernisation and progress. Indeed, the benefits to individuals and societies of ever more education remain very impressive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Further guidance should be provided to regional and municipal authorities regarding oversight of preparedness plans and response measures. In addition, steps should be taken to align the arrangements in Colombia with those in OECD countries. The OECD Guiding Principles in this field (OECD, 2003a, 2003b, 2011), along with the OECD Safety Performance Indicators for Public Authorities and Communities/Public (OECD, 2008a) and for industry (OECD, 2008b), could serve as useful guidance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
There are no organized data available, however, on road and maritime transport. Target 9.2, which focuses on industrialization, has data for the indicators covered. Target 9.4 has three indicators: 9.4.1 (emissions of carbon-dioxide), 9.4.2 (emissions of carbon dioxide per unit of GDP (purchasing power parity)), and 9.4.3 (emissions of carbon dioxide per unit of manufacturing value added).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Information of nature tourism indicators varies a lot according to the regions and local authorities. Data is often fragmental and it is not gathered systematically (Lehtimaki, Sievanen, Neuvonen 2008). Tourism research - status and future in Finland. Background report for the tourism strategy work]. Matkailualan opetus-ja tutkimuslaitos. Available at: http://www.tem.fi/index.phtml?s=2548 [Cited 11th September 2012].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article examines the emergence of democratic deliberation in a crowdsourced law reform process. The empirical context of the study is a crowdsourced legislative reform in Finland, initiated by the Finnish government. The findings suggest that online exchanges in the crowdsourced process qualify as democratic deliberation according to the classical definition. We introduce the term “crowdsourced deliberation” to mean an open, asynchronous, depersonalized, and distributed kind of online deliberation occurring among self-selected participants in the context of an attempt by government or another organization to open up the policymaking or lawmaking process. The article helps to characterize the nature of crowdsourced policymaking and to understand its possibilities as a practice for implementing open government principles. We aim to make a contribution to the literature on crowdsourcing in policymaking, participatory and deliberative democracy and, specifically, the newly emerging subfield in deliberative democracy that focuses on “deliberative systems.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Of the 1.8 kg of synthetic cannabinoids seized in the Republic of Korea in 2013, 1.4 kg were imported from the United States. The rapid emergence of substances not yet under control, the limited forensic capability to identify such substances in some countries and the different listing classification for those substances adopted by different countries in the region are factors that create considerable challenges in mitigating the risks posed by new psychoactive substances at the regional level. The abuse of ketamine remains a major problem for the region, although the amount of seizures has been decreasing in some countries. While not under international control, ketamine has been brought under national control in a number of countries in the region: China, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Singapore and Thailand. Medical professionals in Brunei Darussalam and China (including Macao Special Administrative Region) indicated an increase in the abuse of the substance. In Hong Kong, China, the annual prevalence rate of ketamine use remained higher than that of amphetamine-type stimulants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)