albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Some schemes involved land-related transactions: the commune of Saint-Ivy, France, bought former farming land and converted it to woodland to protect the aquifer, partly because landowners in France cannot impose crop choices on tenants (Barraque et al., In other cases, the schemes involved designing performance contracts: in Santa Cruz County, California, the Resource Conservation District and the Driscoll’s strawberry company piloted a performance-based conservation initiative to monitor and improve groundwater quality, and better manage quantity. The plan includes targets, new monitoring mechanisms and incentive payments for conservation to participating farmers (Levy and Christian-Smith, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It was opened by Datin Paduka Dyg Apsah bte Hj Abd Majid, Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Education. The theme was 'Embracing Diversity: Effective Inclusive Schools' and the keynote address, 'Embracing Diversity: Strengthening Inclusive Schools' was made by guest speaker Dr Lori Bradshaw. The materials include the statutory requirements, early identification, a model for developing school-wide procedures, inclusive systems and ensuring staff ownership. These were developed as part of the Enhancing Effective Practice in Special Education project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The court developed a test detailing when a State must act to protect an individual: "For a positive obligation to arise, it must be established that the authorities knew of or ought to have known at the time of the existence of a real and immediate risk to the life of an identified individual from the criminal acts of a third party and that they failed to take measures within the scope of their powers which, judged reasonably, might have been expected to avoid that risk." Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Legal Standards related to gender equality and women's rights in the Inter-American Human Rights System: Development and Application (OEA/Ser. In particular, they provide that the responsibility for prosecuting violence against women lies with prosecution authorities and not with victims of violence, regardless of the level or type of injury. Victim safety and well-being are paramount goals of criminal justice response.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In particular, reducing food wastage may contribute significantly to the sustainability of the food system. Currently, it is estimated that 32 per cent of the total food produced globally is wasted. In order to substantially reduce the quantity of food lost and wasted, changes have to take place at different levels of the food chain: production, storage, transportation and consumption. In developed countries, efforts are most needed at the retail and consumer end, owing in part to management practices and consumption habits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
All these programmes included measures for habitat conservation as well. Sea turtles are nationally listed as in danger of extinction and legally protected via the national Wildlife Law (Ley General de Vida Silvestre). There is a complete and permanent ban on the harvest, use and trade of all sea turtles and turtle products (DOF, 2002, SEPESCA, 1991).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These results are directly translated into net trade effects. Net trade changes may imply shifts in the direction of trade Source: Derived from IMPACT results. Significant trade effects are found in large countries especially for the most impacted commodities. The reduction of the trade balance for cotton in China results in increased of cotton exports by other countries, including Brazil (+6%), and Australia (+143%). Significant changes are also found in the maize market with increase in exports from Brazil and from the United States (+7%). Net trade increases are spread out across countries for rice, potatoes and vegetables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
We recognize the value of the Forum as a policy forum for the promotion of sustainable forest management and decide on the continuation of the international arrangement on forests, emphasizing the need to use the potential of the Forum efficiently and to contribute to cooperation and synergies. We welcome forest-related developments in other forums, in particular the Rio conventions,1 their continued contribution to sustainable forest management and the importance of cooperation and synergies between these forums and the international arrangement on forests. We affirm that the international arrangement on forests beyond 2015 should play a key role in promoting the achievement of forest-related sustainable development goals and targets that will be considered for adoption at the United Nations summit in September 2015. We underscore the need to accelerate efforts at all levels to achieve the objectives of the international arrangement on forests beyond 2015 and the need to establish a stronger, more effective and solid arrangement for the period 2015 to 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, which such an acute focused health care system, Korea’s starting point today is behind that of many other OECD countries. Turning this situation around will demand a consistent policy commitment to developing effective primary care services over a long period of time. Better remuneration and more primary care practices will help set the foundations, but will need to be supported by a workforce dedicated to primary care and better information to help the single insurer direct funding to areas of need.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is further important that some elements of local control should be constrained by higher level priorities because local preferences for specific land uses may not be compatible with broader social welfare objectives. In Greater Clermont-Ferrand, specific local conditions provide important limitations and opportunities for development and hence for specific uses of land. The limitations imposed by this geographical feature has at the same time created the necessity to develop local and co-ordinated land use policies in order to avoid local competition and land use conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Weller (2008, p. 21), describes labour-market institutions as "mechanisms with differing degrees of formality that establish the rules of behaviour for participants in the labour market". The ultimate goal of labour-market institutions is to generate high-quality employment by means of labour market regulation, unemployment protection systems and active labour market policies (which are not part of social protection per se). To achieve this goal, institutions must meet two objectives: "they must ensure an efficiently functioning labour market, i.e. the optimal allocation of resources, and they must guarantee protection and support for the weakest players in a market characterized by structural inequalities among participants" (Weller, 2008). At the same time, to maintain the coherence of social protection policies there needs to be coordination among the various State institutions, as well as information systems for monitoring their actions and oversight and conflict-resolution mechanisms. For instance, non-contributory social protection programmes are often managed by public social development institutions (such as ministries of social development, social investment funds or specialized programmes).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
So if the contribution of water to the regional economy is USD 1 billion, and there is a 10% reduction in its availability, then a first-order guess at the welfare cost would be 0.10*USD lbill. This is just a first-order estimate, since any reduction in available water will affect the marginal value product of water. It is also the kind of estimate which can be generated without resource to an economy-wide model. Of course, such a shortage will also interact with other features of the economy - hence the need for economic modelling in the context of the CIRCLE project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In particular, both central and local governments are focusing on reducing reliance on cars, sometimes adopting a “road diet” approach, and promoting public transport and soft mobility. For example, the approach of reducing road lanes and parking space is applied drastically in Sejong, Korea's most recently created city (see detailed profile in Chapter 3). Implementing such a vision requires a holistic approach to the metropolitan area’s development. Well-integrated transport, spatial and economic policies have contributed to making it possible for 90% of morning journey's to be by public transport or non-motorised modes (TfL, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This situation has implications for competitiveness, and ultimately for the price of services. In contrast, thanks to competitive pricing arrangements prices in Rwanda and Uganda differ very little from what consumers pay in Tanzania, a neighbouring country with access to undersea cable. These countries use cross-border terrestrial connections (Schumann and Kende, 2013). Bhutan has invested in aerial fibre-optic cabling using the power-line infrastructure of the Bhutan Power Corporation, negotiations with Indian service providers to add more fibre-optic cable connections for greater reliability and quality are ongoing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, in Slovenia, all the provisions of the employment contract remain in force, including the ones relating to assignment to a specific post. In Luxembourg, as the replacement is only temporary, the exact position is held for an individual on leave. In the Czech Republic, national legislation guarantees that employees can return to the exact same or similar position (depending on the particularities of the situation).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Procedural environmental justice refers to fairness in processes of decision-making. It recognises that environmental victimisation, while an injustice in and of itself, is usually underpinned by unjust deliberation procedures. Although green criminology tends to focus on the former, distributional dimension of environmental justice, this article draws attention to its procedural counterpart. In doing so, it demonstrates how the notions of justice-as-recognition and justice-as-participation are jointly manifest within its conceptual boundaries. This is done by using the consultation process that occurs with indigenous peoples on proposed oil sands projects in Northern Alberta, Canada, as a case study. Drawing from ‘elite’ interviews, the article illustrates how indigenous voices have been marginalised, and their Treaty rights misrecognised, within this process. As such, in seeking to understand the procedural determinants of distributional injustice, the article aims to encourage broader green criminological scholarship to do the same.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Maastricht Treaty is ten year old. Its fiscal rules played a key role in kick starting and sustaining the budgetary retrenchment efforts in European Union countries in the run up to EMU. The experience of the Maastricht-induced fiscal consolidation shows that the political economy dimension of the rules is key for their success. It remains to be seen whether the Stability and Growth Pact, which complements the Treaty, aims at locking EMU members into a fiscal discipline commitment while allowing for flexibility to cushion cyclical fluctuations. In order to succeed in this undertaking, EU governments and institutions have to bank on the political economy “drive” which made Maastricht a success while tackling a number of open issues in the implementation of the Pact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Chapter 4 provides an overview of the most relevant frameworks to support business in providing accountability to their stakeholders. The Corporate Register9 database collects the environmental, sustainability and integrated reports most of the worlds’ largest organizations. It has collected almost 6 000 reports, the majority of which (almost 3.000 reports) come from Europe. Figure 1 shows how the content of these reports has moved gradually from an almost exclusive focus on environmental issues towards a more holistic approach, involving the reporting of social and economic issues as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
These assets may be threatened by continued lack of investment in the public transport infrastructure necessary to accommodate sustainable growth. Without a carbon tax, carbon emissions trading programme or strong renewable power mandates backed-up by significant and sustained federal investment, the region may not be able to capitalise on the potential for green job growth. Pacific Rim cities like San Diego, California, Portland, Oregon and Vancouver, British Columbia are all potential competitors for investment capital and positioning in the green space and have formed innovation hubs and industry and research partnerships to foster green cluster development. The Metropolitan Plan for Sydney 2036 describes a new approach to infrastructure planning that is promising. However, LGAs, working in collaboration with other agencies such as RDA-Sydney, should consider forming a coalition to press for investment in a few key projects around which consensus can be built. The coalition might be called something like Move Sydney Green and it might focus on getting an identifiable light-rail extension, clean freight rail corridor and renewable power project constructed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Some countries, including Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Italy, Japan, Ihe Netherlands and Spain, also provide explicit tax incentives for training, over and above the standard deductibility of training costs and of wages paid to trainees and apprentices. Lessons from recent evaluations show that the effectiveness of tax incentives depends on their design. For example, a highly complex design can reduce take-up rates, result in sub-optimal lax-relief claims, or lead to high non-compliance rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They expected neither a geographical nor a sectoral expansion, but saw the greatest likelihood of some expansion coming in the trades sector or care-giving. There was some concern over whether, if such an expansion occurred, Samoa would have adequate human resources to respond without significant losses. In Samoa there was a pro-Savai’i bias, but although Savai’i is relatively poor it is not clear if this was a pro-poor bias (Gibson et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A dense (and growing) population, the effects of climate change, an existing arid climate in much of the basin, and growing demand among competing users - coupled with the need to ensure sufficient water to protect aquatic and ecosystem health - all place significant pressure on the basin. Further compounding the challenge is the requirement that 50% of the annual natural flow must pass to Saskatchewan, a neighbouring province. In addition, the province evolved its water allocation policies and the associated legislation, culminating in the proclamation of a new Water Act in 1999. Pursuant to the Water Act, the right to divert and use water is granted by a licence or registration under the Water Act.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The paper deals with the extra-legal references of the European Convention of Human Rights, differing form the way in that such axiology is the state or general international law. The latter cumulates both intra and extra legal values in the category of the general principles of law and these constructs, together with the general clauses enter the international human rights law. Paper accepts the concept of the clauses not restricting them to the category of the limitation clauses. The various regulations of the Convention had been analyzed in that light both from the point of the international and state law perspectives, since use of the clauses by the state agencies are controlled by the European Court of Human Rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Through the broadband policy, the government would like to incentivise all operators to engage in fast broadband expansion and specifically to generate material improvements for users outside the most densely populated areas enabling Sweden to be completely connected (Government Offices of Sweden, 2016). An investigation of household coverage by high capacity fixed broadband at a local level (figure 12.3), i.e. municipalities, in the Nordic Region shows a more varied picture than that at the regional level (figure 12.2). The average figure for Nordic municipalities was 63% in 2016, with more homogeneous figures in Denmark and Sweden than in Norway and Finland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Each spouse is allowed to use the joint property in accordance to need and joint property may be sold or donated only with the consent of both spouses. The law also provides that a woman has equal rights with her husband in divorce and that wives and husbands have equal rights to common property after marriage (see also case study 5 on South Africa and chap. Under a community of property regime, all of a couple’s assets and liabilities are pooled and shared equally by the spouses, irrespective of whether they were acquired before or during the marriage, unless expressly excluded by a donor or testator. All profits and losses are borne equally by the spouses and each spouse assumes joint control with his or her partner over the estate. While a spouse in a marriage subject to a community of property regime may perform "any juristic act with regard to the joint estate without the consent of the other spouse", a number of restrictions apply, and a spouse shall not perform certain acts, such as the sale of immovable property (including the matrimonial home) forming part of the joint estate, without the consent of the other spouse. Upon divorce or death, each spouse or the surviving spouse of a marriage subject to a commu nity of property regime is entitled to half the joint estate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While international human rights treaties refer to "equality", in other sectors the term "equity" is often used. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has emphasized in its general recommendations and concluding observations on different countries, e.g., in its general recommendation No. The word "equity" has sometimes been understood as more accessible to a broader public and suggests a need for redistribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Ethiopia, for example, 22.2 per cent of rural women are engaged in non-farm activities, compared with 16.4 per cent of men (Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia and World Bank, 2013). In Lao People’s Democratic Republic, 48 per cent of the household members involved in non-farm activities are women, the great majority (77 per cent) of them working in wholesale and retail trade (FAO/SIDA, 2010b). Artisanal agroprocessing is a traditionally female occupation in many countries, and agro-industrial processing of high-value products such as fish, flowers and livestock products exhibits a marked occupational pattern by gender, characterized by predominantly female employment (table 4,4) and significant occupational segregation by sex.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The lack of robust evidence of the patient safety measurement in primary and ambulatory care settings can partly be explained by the fragmented nature of this setting described in the introduction. In fact, survey responses suggest that the fragmented nature of primary and ambulatory care ‘systems’ , and lack of overall system governance, are the most important barrier to implementing safety measurement and interventions (see Chapter 4). This means infonnation can rarely be linked. These technical barriers may prohibit capturing accurately the full picture of the frequency and magnitude of patient harm occurring along the patient pathway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is important to acknowledge the immense physical and psychological pain confronted by survivors of such violence, and the far-reaching consequences not only for the victim but also for her entire family. In the face of abuse, women often suffer from isolation and a limited ability to work and care for themselves and their children. A1 (2014), and ONFP (2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This helps avoid reaching the final stages of a project that citizens do not support or recognise as their own. Akims and senior public managers should express at the outset commitment to the process and the principles of the purpose and scope of the exercise. One way to start would be by understanding what people value about the city and engaging on these terms. It is recommended that akims and senior officials from different levels of government engage in regular discussions about the process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For instance, in some countries, such as Ireland and the United Kingdom, children typically enter primary education at age 5, while in Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Poland and Sweden, they typically enter at age 7. In all the other countries, children typical enter primary education at age 6. In pre-primary education, annual expenditure per child for both public and private settings averages USD 8 070 in OECD countries, while annual expenditure for early childhood educational development averages USD 12 501. In early childhood educational development (ISCED 01), public sources account for an average of 69% of total expenditure, while in pre-primary education (ISCED 02), it amounts to 83%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The introductory chapter offers an elaboration of peacebuilding as corporeal event that becomes into being in mundane encounters. The objective is to argue that Peace and Conflict Studies can be revitalized by employing feminist theorizing, non-representational ethnography, post-colonial thinking and critical theorizing of everyday life. The chapter shows how taking the body seriously introduces phenomenological registers that prioritize the relational and vulnerable elements of human being and, thereby, mundane practices of peacebuilding and peace. In addition to that, the chapter urges a novel ethical stance to peacebuilding that is based on the Scandinavian research tradition where one of the initial goals was to study the ordinary mechanisms of conflict resolution and peace maintenance, not just violence and its management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is an urban dimension to this, since broadband Internet access has developed much more quickly in Almaty City than in Astana or other regions (Figure 1.35). Dispersing scarce public funding over a number of specialised sciences or smart cities, or several innovation clusters based in special economic zones (SEZs), may detract from the success of any one city, including Almaty City. The risk is also that the complex layers of priorities and institutions ultimately exceed the capacity of the national and subnational bureaucracies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Budapest, Brussels: European Community Programme for Employment and Social Solidarity (2007-2013). Child Poverty in Perspective: An Overview of Child Well-Being in Rich Countries, Innocenti Report Card 7. Florence: Innocenti Research Centre. Capability deprivation and income poverty in the United States, 1994 and 2004: Measurement outcomes and demographic profiles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Maladaptation (entailing further environmental deterioration, increased vulnerability or decreased welfare) may arise owing to inconsistency among these sectoral adaptation policies, or among short-term solutions and long-term adaptation needs. Maladaptation may then result in greater vulnerability in the future or in negative effects on other communities or sectors. An integrated policy approach, in contrast, possesses the advantage of taking into consideration different priorities and various sources of information, which are crucial in the policymaking process, in order to prevent maladaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)