albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The proposed trans-Afghanistan pipeline, which will connect Turkmenistan with India though Afghanistan and Pakistan, is another example of a project to be implemented in coming years. Further cooperation among the economies of the subregion could lead to the creation of transnational transport infrastructure, and the elimination of barriers and obstacles to the movement of goods and services could further accelerate development of these countries (Farra, 2012). Poor weather in late 2012 in areas producing wheat and maize became the main cause of reduced harvests and consequent food price spikes all over the subregion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It highlights that in order to develop a successful programme, understanding primary crash patterns and causes allows enforcement to be targeted to proven crash risk and hence maximise its impact. Key considerations include solid legislation that supports the sanctions imposed upon offending drivers, sound intelligence, and well trained, educated and committed police officers. This paper sets out New Zealand Police’s Road Policing foundational principles and looks at a selection of international traffic enforcement examples.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Argentine Eugenio Raul Zaffaroni is a judge at the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, professor emeritus in the Department of Criminal Law at the National University of Buenos Aires and vice president of the International Criminal Law Association. From 2003 to 2014, he was Minister of the Argentine Supreme Court. Zaffaroni is also one of the exponents of Latin American critical criminology, being In Search of Lost Feathers (published in 2010 by Editora Revan) one of his most renowned works in this area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Per capita C02 emissions almost doubled from 5.6 tonnes in 1990 to 10.7 tonnes in 2007. Carbon intensity, defined as C02 over energy, decreased at an average annual rate of 1.0% over the same period. On 17 November 2009, the government formally adopted the voluntary mid-term GHG reduction goal which means a 30% emissions reduction from the BAU level by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The countries that benefited from the commodities boom achieved higher growth rates and were able to boost their formal employment levels. In keeping with democratic principles, a range of distributive policies were deployed, from minimum wage hikes to transfer systems targeting the poorest sectors. The results were positive, as will be seen later, with real progress made in reducing poverty and unemployment, improving income distribution and expanding access to social protection systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The summary provided in table 5 shows that a one-unit exogenous increase in the demand for output from forestry and hunting directly benefits the rural non-poor disproportionately more than the other household sectors (rural poor, urban poor and urban non-poor). Table 5 further shows that exogenous increases in the demand for output from forestry and hunting have much larger direct impacts on the welfare of rural areas (rural poor and rural non-poor) compared to similar increases in the demand for output from the agriculture or the wood-paper printing sectors. To give a more practical interpretation to the multipliers reported in table 5, table 6 uses the approach of table 4 to demonstrate the magnitude of the direct effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Overall, more than 80% of Cameroon’s export receipts come from five of 42 products in the country’s Supply and Use Table (SUT). As shown in figure 3 and in table 1, these exports are mostly dominated by crude oil (which represented 41.74% of exports receipts alone in 2007), sawn wood (15.81%), refined oil (12.29%), base metals (5.39%) and transport, storage and communication services (5.20%). Most of the remaining exports include industrial agriculture export products (cocoa, coffee, cotton and bananas) which represented 4.81% of the total in 2007, business services (3.47%), rubber (2.21%), raw wood (2.18%) and agricultural food products (1.37%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Several Round Table participants drew attention to the GFSI as a potential model for benchmarking eco-labelling schemes. Indeed, would it be possible to build a “theoretical” or “aspirational” governance regime for sustainable fisheries management that would include principles of good public governance, as well as market principles and mechanisms, and the interplay between them? This would reflect the aspirational “shared responsibility phase” referred to above.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Abstract   Across four decades of political and social action, Nepal changed from a country strongly enforcing oppressive abortion restrictions, causing many poor women’s long imprisonment and high rates of abortion-related maternal mortality, into a modern democracy with a liberal abortion law. The medical and public health communities supported women’s rights activists in invoking legal principles of equality and non-discrimination as a basis for change. Legislative reform of the criminal ban in 2002 and the adoption of an Interim Constitution recognizing women’s reproductive rights as fundamental rights in 2007 inspired the Supreme Court in 2009 to rule that denial of women’s access to abortion services because of poverty violated their constitutional rights. The government must now provide services under criteria for access without charge, and services must be decentralized to promote equitable access. A strong legal foundation now exists for progress in social justice to broaden abortion access and reduce abortion stigma.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Ageing populations are often seen as economic drains on national economies. As such, states can mitigate or harness the impact of youth bulges through providing increased educational and employment opportunities. Recognizing and respecting the variety of experiences and aspirations among young people is necessary to design policies that enable the realization of human rights and capabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This effort also led to a significant revision of historical time series at the disaggregate level, which is detailed in the chapter. By contrast, a comprehensive re-assessment of the impact of employment protection on labour market outcomes is beyond the scope of this chapter. Section 1 provides a brief survey of theoretical and empirical studies on the effect of EPL on labour market performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This added to uncertainty, and the interruptions coincide with dramatic drops in renewables investment in the US (see drops in installed capacity in 2000, 2002, and 2004 in Figure 23, for an elaborate study of the case see Barradale 2008). Thus, to make use of this privilieged tax regime, RE developers have to cooperate/merge w'ith large established companies, which provide the tax liability against which the PTC can be claimed. During the last decade three major policies have been implemented which we consider to support directly investment in physical capital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It then looks at trends in several indicators of biodiversity - species abundance (e.g. mean species abundance or MSA), threatened species, forest area (deforestation) and marine fish stocks - and the implications of business-as-usual trends continuing to the year 2050 under the OECD Environmental Outlook Baseline scenario. The chapter provides an overview of the different policy instruments available for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, ranging from regulations to market-driven approaches, such as payments for ecosystem services (PES). Some more ambitious policy scenarios are examined - such as the implications of meeting the Aichi Biodiversity Target under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to expand the global protected area network to at least 17% of terrestrial land by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The indicator system is described in the Ministry of the Environments report Welfare for the future, Iceland's national strategy for sustainable development, Statistical Indicators 2006. The indicators are statistical by nature. The indicators are planned to be further updated in view of the Icelandic government's policy on sustainable development. The goal is to enable the monitoring of progress being made in achieving the set objectives on a regular basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Yet, in many countries in the region, the current political, regulatory, and industrial infrastructure is not yet ready for such a transformation. Some countries and sub-regions seek to promote energy independence or self-sufficiency while others strive for efficient integration of energy markets. Promoting mutually beneficial economic-interdependence would accelerate attainment of the 2030 Agenda through integrative, nexus areas that the notion of sustainable development offers. For energy, it is critical to think in terms of a wholly interconnected, complex system in which supply, demand, conversation, transport and transmission interact freely and flexibly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The reduction of load factors thus re-enforces the impact of the decline in prices with all the impacts for the working of electricity markets already mentioned. As already mentioned above, in the short run nuclear power with its low marginal costs may well be able to cope with somewhat lower prices, in particular if capital costs have been amortised. Where gas turbines lie idle due to insufficiently high prices, nuclear will go on producing regardless. In the long run, however, the prospect for high fixed cost technologies such as nuclear look bleak with reduced load factors. The optimal mix for the residual load curve created by the influx of renewables will entail a shift towards technologies with lower fixed costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The proliferation of partnership working across the British state raises difficult questions for democratic control and public participation. It is widely anticipated that 'community plans' - comprehensive strategies to promote social well-being - will address these issues, by facilitating public involvement in the governance of local areas. This paper examines community planning in Scotland to assess how far this hope is justified, drawing on government-sponsored research and a case study of community planning conferences. While community planning is extending opportunities for involvement, democratising local governance is subservient to dominant concerns with promoting joint working and demonstrating added value. Participatory events are structured to sustain belief in these activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Second - considering participation in the programme as a random process - the Unconfoundedness Hypothesis assumes that non-observable characteristics are unable to affect not only the treatment assignment but also the potential outcomes. To do this, we adopt the propensity score, which defines the probability that a family would participate in the programme given a set of observable characteristics. The variables introduced in the regression are: household market income, the largest number of years of education within the household, the number of children (under 14 years old), plus three characteristics of the house (number of people per rooms, water supply and roof conditions) as the programme considers the housing dimension to be one of the most important elements in defining the level of well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
They also report the level of education and main occupation of parents, which allow constructing a measure of Parental Education Background (PEB). The variable is defined as follows. An individual is assigned a Low PEB if neither parent has attained upper secondary education, a Medium PEB if at least one parent has attained secondary and post-secondary, non-tertiary education, and a High PEB if at least one parent has attained tertiary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Having schools that are close by and ensuring that classes are structured so girls can return home before dark can also encourage parents and reduce risks of gender-based violence. All-girl classes and complementary “safe” learning spaces can provide girls with room to develop decision-malting and leadership skills that may be more difficult to cultivate in places where these skills are mostly reserved for men and boys. Extracurricular sports can also be important for empowerment (Sperling and Windirop, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Forests cover about 39.9 per cent of the territory of Georgia and contain the largest part of Georgia’s species diversity. Habitats such as semi-deserts, steppes, wetlands, flood plain forests and Colchic forests are endangered. Broadleaf forests consist primarily of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis), Georgian oak (Quercus iberica), hornbeam (Carpinus caucasica, C. betulus) and chestnut (Castanea sativa).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Governments at all levels rely on a variety of revenue streams, but local governments in OECD countries are almost always constrained by higher level governments in terms of their ability to raise revenue and what they can spend it on. The relationship between fiscal and planning systems in a country' in turn creates incentives for how land is used (see Box 1.7 for an illustration). Whereas the United Kingdom’s (central) land use planning system is one of the most rigid in the world and its fiscal system is heavily centralised, Switzerland is an extremely decentralised country, with strong political and fiscal powers allocated at local level. Two main features distinguish the British ‘development control’ system from the continental European ‘rule-based zoning’ system. First, development control is highly centralised and imposes stringent land use restrictions to contain uiban growth throughout the country (‘green belts’ that are largely sacrosanct for development for example surround all major urban centres in England). Second, development control is discretionary rather than mle based.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Limited financial resources and lack of supportive infrastructure are expected to hinder rapid adoption and deployment of electric vehicles in the Commonwealth Pacific small states. As Fiji is the major regional petroleum distribution hub in the Pacific, where fuel is bunkered before being transported on smaller ships to other countries, a change of fuel standards in Fiji would influence outcomes in downstream countries. Fiji currently uses Euro 2 standard fuel (Australia is on Euro 5 and 6) but could reduce emissions by raising the standard to Euro 4. Euro 5 is likely to be cost prohibitive at this stage as it requires the use of diesel particulate filters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The calculation and coverage of progressivity indices based on tax schedules differ from the Kakwani index presented above. In particular, they include standard cash (mostly family-related) transfers and do not account for non-standard tax reliefs, such as those associated with mortgage interest payments. Drawing international comparisons for single taxpayers without children allows leaving aside most cash transfers to focus mostly on taxes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The transfer by the municipality fund is allocated to individual municipalities on the basis of a very complex distribution formula using a variety of objective indicators (Bos, 2010). This not only takes account of the number of inhabitants, but also corrects for differences in tax-eaming capacity (real estate value of dwellings and business property) and external circumstances, like a regional function or the social and physical structure. This includes indicators for the number of households receiving social benefits, the number of people from ethnic minority groups, the number of young or elderly, the density of addresses and the surface area of the historical centre. However, differences in other revenues, like interest, dividend or from the sale of land, are not taken into account.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Such an approach involves horizontal accountability to multiple stakeholders, including students, parents and the community, for multiple aspects of schooling based on various sources of information, including process-oriented measurements (Hooge, 2016). Since the 2014 Folkeskole reform, these reports have been required on a biannual basis. Quality reports seek to further the co-operation between local politicians, local authorities and schools and aim to contribute to transparency as they are made public. In their quality reports, municipalities must describe their schools’ quality of education, the measures the municipal board has taken to evaluate the quality of education, and the steps the municipal board has taken in response to the previous quality report. As part of the 2014 Folkeskole reform, special emphasis was put on ensuring that quality reports focus less on input factors and more on outcome information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Crop and weather insurance mechanisms, which have recently been introduced in developing countries to provide income protection to farmers, have been analysed and found to be more effective when embedded in a broader agricultural development strategy (United Nations, 2008, chap. Ill, Linnerooth-Bayer and Mechler, 2007). Just as important, they are also embedded in a broader programme of social development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For students from disadvantaged backgrounds in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, this performance penalty was higher than the OECD average. Disadvantaged students in Australia, Canada and New Zealand were also more likely to arrive late for school than disadvantaged students in other countries. In New Zealand, more than one in two socio-economically disadvantaged students reported having arrived late for school at least once in the two weeks before the PISA test. In some countries, disadvantaged students may have no private means of transportation to school and may need to use public transport or be responsible for getting themselves to school, even at a young age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The NDVI value in Mongolia differs from region to region. It is 0.05-0.18 in the Gobi Desert region, 0.2-0.35 in the steppe and forest steppe region and 0.4-0.5 in the forest steppe and forest region. During the last decade, the vegetation cover has been getting better in regions such as the Mongol-Daurian steppe, Eastern Gobi hollow, Southern Gobi undulating plains and along the Khangai Mountain chains, as the NDVI values in these regions increased. But the vegetation cover has a continuously decreasing trend in the Mongol Altai Mountains, Great Lakes Depression, Western parts of Khubsugul Mountain, Orkhon-Selenge River basin, Central Khalkha highlands and the Southern Gobi and Dariganga regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Mauritius covers a total land area of 720 square miles, and is almost entirely of volcanic origin, except for stretches of beaches, coral reefs and small patches of alluvium at the mouths of rivers. Pear-shaped, mountainous with its highest peak standing at 2,711 feet above sea level, Mauritius emerged from the ocean floor some 5 million years ago. Volcanic activity over thousands of years has given rise to varied types of soil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Poverty rates also rank among the highest across the OECD area (Figure 3.1). The relative poverty rate, as measured against 50% of equivalised median household income, was around 17% in 2008, this is comparable with relative poverty rates in Chile, Mexico, Turkey and the Unites States, but not as high as in Israel (OECD, 2008a and 2010a). Available income data based on a small panel-data set suggest a Gini coefficient that is about 5 percentage points higher (Figure 3.2) than the Rosstat statistics on income distribution and poverty (Box 3.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
From their inception, United States public schools have been subject to reform efforts. The most recent, and perhaps the most potent, is the current effort to establish charter schools as replacements for traditional public schools. They are supposed to be the analog of private schools, providing choices to parents, financed by public funds, but operating largely free of state and local regulations. The schools are organized under charters specified by state laws and authorized by public agencies. This essay traces the development and growth of charter schools and note changes in their original mission to improve public education. It concludes with the role that very wealthy foundations play in promoting charter schools. In effect, they control public education policy without real accountability to the public.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Finally, there are hundreds of millions of migrant farmers constantly moving around the country seeking jobs. As a result, even the high rate of growth in China, if not accompanied by structural and other changes ensuring more job creation, cannot meet the pressure for jobs. For example, in 2003, with a 9.1 per cent aggregate GDP growth rate, 8 million jobs were created, but even this was inadequate given the continuously growing “backlog” of labour force increases and reduced demand for labour in many traditional activities including agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Aquaculture production is projected to reach about 92 Mt in 2023, an increase of 38% over next decade. This amounts to an annual growth rate of 2.5%, which is significantly lower than the growth rate of 5.6% p.a. This slowdown in expansion will mainly be due to restrictions caused by environmental impacts of production and competition from other users of water and coastal spaces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Forest research stations have been attached to them. Public expenditure on forest education has been increasing in recent years and reached PLN 25 million in 2012. This is done through forest district programmes for nature protection, which produce a companion report to the forest management plan that is unique in Europe (and probably in the world). Data provided by the forest district programmes are regularly used to update the inventory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The part of the brain primarily responsible for the detection of, and reaction to, a threat is called the amygdala. Threat detection and survival is given priority over all other brain functions. The human system will respond to the perceived threat in one or more of five predictable ways: friend, fight, fright, freeze and/or flop.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The chapter should include definitions, categorisation, mapping and analysis of different policy, legal and economic instruments and incentives, and market tools, such as labelling and green markets, phasing out subsidies harmful to biodiversity, and fiscal reforms in the form of green taxes, as well as payment for ecosystem services. Stakeholder mapping related to analysed governance and decision-making should be done and presented. It should explore measures taken to achieve sustainable production and consumption of biodiversity, ecosystem function and ecosystem services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These tools are contributing to the growing science of cities. This initiative envisions the use of circular economy techniques to link an urban extension to existing settlements. The initiative aims to incen-tivize ideas for decentralized, closed-loop models of spatial planning and peri-urban service provision that replace fossil energy with renewables, derive new water, biogas, and fertilizer from wastewater, and produce food and biofuel with recycled inputs, all co-generated at near net-zero waste. Each RENEWW Zone would offer, within walking or cycling distance, a green space for community recreation, recycling and sanitation services, as well as a place to purchase fresh food, recycled goods, biofuels and safe drinking water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)