albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This research investigate the impact of six dimensions of country governance to the price efficiency of Islamic and conventional banks. The empirical analysis is focused on the Islamic and conventional banks operating in the Bahrain, UAE, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and Saudi Arabia countries. The data envelopment analysis (DEA) method applied to compute the revenue efficiency of Islamic and conventional banks. Then used the Multivariate Panel Regression Analysis with the Ordinary Least Square as an estimation method to investigate the potential determinants and the effect of country governance on the revenue efficiency. The empirical findings indicate that greater voice and accountability, political stability, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption enhance the revenue efficiency of both Islamic and conventional banks. The dimension of government effectiveness exerts positive sign relationship with the banks revenue efficiency only on conventional banks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In un tabulated data, almost 78% thought that “The prospects of women academics will improve within the next 5-10 years” and a large majority (80%) thought that policies that are good for women are also good for promoting excellence within higher education as a whole. However, the rights of men and minorities also need to be considered. Is the legislation beginning to operate in a way that makes the men feel disadvantaged?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This measure is likely to have had a small negative effect on youth employment, as only around 4.5% of workers aged between 15-21 years old were receiving compensation at or close to the youth minimum wage (Czech Statistical Office, 2012, Laporsek, 2013). In addition, the largest and most influential trade union, the Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions (CMKOS) also makes regular recommendations on wage increases based on its inflation forecast and expected economic developments. Vacancies dropped and the unemployment rate rose to historically high levels, affecting disproportionately low-skilled workers and youth (Figure 2.3, panels A, B and C, OECD, 2013b). The youth unemployment rate (15-24 years old) rose to 20% in 2012, against a national average of 7%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Rather, Latin American housing programmes tend to be based on individual entitlements to households for the purchase (and in some cases, construction) of an individual home. Few initiatives have conceived of housing development within a broader urban development context linking housing to employment opportunities, infrastructure development, and the provision of public services, public spaces and open space. Accordingly, housing policies in many Latin American countries have resulted in similar challenges for cities across the region: urban sprawl, congestion, infrastructure gaps and a high rate of vacant homes. Rojas argues that of the 19 services provided by a house, only 5 are provided by the structure itself, all others are provided at a larger scale: the sub-division, the neighbourhood, the city or national government (see table below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This article is a chapter in a research handbook on stockholder litigation to be published in early 2017. It details the methods by which the Delaware Court of Chancery asserts personal jurisdiction over directors and officers of Delaware corporations. The article begins with a brief background discussion of Delaware’s unique sequestration system that was declared unconstitutional in Shaffer v. Heitner (1977). It then describes Delaware’s current approach, in which the primary amenability statute is based on implied consent (Section 3114). The article also details the two other amenability approaches for fiduciaries in Delaware litigation, the general long-arm statute (Section 3104) and the common law Conspiracy Theory doctrine. The article discusses the Delaware Supreme Court’s 2016 decision in Hazout v. Tsang Mun Ting, written by Chief Justice Strine, and also Vice Chancellor Laster’s transcript ruling in Badlands NGLs, LLC v. Cascade Capital Corp. (2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As emphasised in the Folkeskole Act, Danish students are to acquire not only subject-specific knowledge but also cross-curricular learning goals such as imagination, confidence, collaboration and citizenship skills. The Common Objectives provide a fairly broad curricular frame and the 2014 Folkeskole reform again emphasises the importance of cross-curricular learning and the acquisition of competencies relying on a complex integration of knowledge, skills, attitudes and action. According to Houlberg et al. ( Although Danish teachers use a wide range of student assessment methods in the classroom (Shewbridge et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This difference is attributed to the role of SP in insuring liquidity since SP is estimated to be over three times as large for this group compared with formal-sector job losers with between 24 and 48 months in their previous job. The quantitative difference is relatively large. Hijzen (2011) shows that the probability of returning to work would have been about 1.7 times as high without the difference in severance pay at the start of non-employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Technology/infrastructure: Historic investments in technology and essential infrastructure have long been linked to path dependency or technology lock-in (Unruh, 2000,2002), which can dramatically shape a city's path toward green growth. These sunk investments may offer short-term cost advantages that prevent alternative technologies to effectively compete on price. Heavily industrial cities may find that pollution and escalating energy demand top the list of issues to be addressed through a green growth strategy, while cities dominated by a service-based economy, like tourism, may pursue greening strategies that enhance recreational amenities. Cities with low per capita income or high corporate tax rates may find it difficult to finance green growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The research focused on investment needs related to two specific objectives, namely the development of broadband infrastructure and the development of digital business (box IV.6, see also UNCTAD, 2017b). Its objective is to create synergies and bring together current efforts, which are often fragmented and lack sufficient scale. The initiative’s main tool is an online platform to help developing countries and donors navigate the supply of and demand for e-commerce development support, leam about trends and best practices, and raise the visibility of various partners' initiatives and resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The aim of the SHOKs w'as to reinforce global market relevance of publicly funded R&D and innovation by enhancing the joint involvement of industry (or public R&D institutions). They w'ere considered as being used mostly by large firms (incumbents) with limited participation by other firms (SMEs and new firms), and functioning under a rather closed regime and with a bias tow'ards existing technologies and products. There are, however, interesting cases of practice still under operation (such as DIMECC Ltd and CLIC Innovation Ltd), whose features and evolution should be examined and better understood. Active and promising innovation networks could be further mobilised and better utilised to address innovation challenges in high-priority areas such as bioeconomy/cleantech, the circular economy and digitalisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As shown in table 10.2, fossil fuel energy exports represent almost one-third of the GDP of Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan, half of the merchandise exports of the Russian Federation, and more than half of the total merchandise exports of Azerbaijan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Kazakhstan. On the other hand, energy imports are equivalent to almost 10% of the GDP of India, and more than one-third of its total merchandise imports. Even the advanced diversified East-Asian economies of Japan and the Republic of Korea spend 30% of their total merchandise imports on such energy commodities. Values of energy exports taken from United Nations COMTRADE data, downloaded from WITS database (accessed December 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Two recent government decisions seem to suggest a new intent to achieve these goals: the National Health Council (which was established legally over 25 years ago but never put to work) has been 'activated' and an NHS portal (www.sns.gov.pt) has been launched. It works at arm’s length from the Ministry to promote system transparency and accountability to society. The new NHS Portal provides detailed information about how NHS facilities function, including waiting times for outpatient consultations, emergency services and elective surgery. The new NHS Portal also provides a 'transparency' area, making a wide range of indicators on NHS access, efficiency and quality available in real time. However, life expectancy at birth has increased by over four years since 2000 and is higher than the EU average. Mortality rates for the most common causes of death (cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers) have been decreasing, but some unfavourable trends have emerged, such as the increase in number of deaths caused by diabetes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article argues that it is vital to embrace critical reflexivity to interrogate the epistemological beliefs and principles guiding occupation-based scholarship to move away from frameworks that are incongruent with calls for occupational justice. For this purpose, we describe an epistemic tension between the stated intentions to demonstrate that occupation-based work can be a means to create a more just society and the epistemological beliefs that have historically dominated occupation-based scholarship. To exemplify the potential implications of this tension, a critical analysis of Creswell's social justice/transformative design is presented, illustrating that work that expresses a commitment to social justice while relying on positivist/postpositivist assumptions often risks perpetuating injustices through neglecting their sociopolitical construction. Drawing upon critical social theory, we highlight how engagement with critical epistemological assumptions can facilitate addressing the sociopolitical "roots" of occupational injustices and highlight directions for social transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Terrorism and anti-terrorist policies are not recent phenomena in Israel. The state's foundation was followed by six decades of terrorist attacks, and the responses of successive governments and the Knesset have evolved over time. Legislative oversight of the executive's anti-terrorist policies was essentially non-existent until the 1980s, almost half Israel's history. Since then, MKs have enhanced their institution's oversight capabilities, exhibiting greater effectiveness and accountability. The evidence of Israel's experience provided by this article suggests that the legislature will, in time, assert oversight powers in a protracted, low-intensity conflict. Legislative assertiveness, however, is necessarily a slow and developing process, and does not lead inevitably to a balance of power between the executive and legislature. The executive may remain dominant, but the Israeli case demonstrates that with time oversight empowerment of the legislature is possible, even in the realm of combating terrorism...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is most evident when considering a low-carbon future across all regions and sectors. Significant additional work is needed to carry forward a systems approach to energy access in emerging economies and developing countries, much of which will need to be targeted and conducted in relation to categories of use. Technology roadmaps specific to different regions - BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), the developing countries and the least-developed countries (LDCs)- could bring additional clarity to this discussion and generate the additional stakeholder engagement needed to provide sustainable energy access for all. Each energy subsystem will be explored according to its individual characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Failure to make the nature of these risks clear can result in over-investment in water-dependent enterprises and calls for compensation when entitlements need to be reduced in order to avoid compromising water quality and other environmental outcomes. For instance, it is critical to avoid any shortage in water availability for cooling nuclear power plants, as the consequences are unacceptably high. However, farmers growing low value annual crops may be willing to forego water use during times of scarcity, especially if they can recover greater value from trading their water entitlements to higher value uses than they can by using the water. Various water users also have different capacities to manage the risk of freshwater shortage, by improving efficiency, relying on alternative water sources, or adjusting the timing of their water use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the absence of effective access to contraception, more pregnancies are expected to be reported as unintended, a significant proportion of which may be terminated (Abbasi-Shavazi and Hosseini-Chavoshi, 2014). Being young and having a low level of education, poor economic status as well as less access to effective contraception all contribute to higher incidence of unintended pregnancy (Khatiwada and others, 2013). Contraceptive use failure is one of the main direct causes of unintended and accidental pregnancies (Blumenthal, Voedisch and Gemzell-Danielsson, 2011) and can create a demand for abortion. A study of 27 countries indicated contraceptive failure as the most reported reason for prematurely terminated pregnancies (Bankole, Singh and Haas, 1998, Black and others, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The analysis focused on artificial recharge, but could also be applied to strategies for increased conservation and expanded use of recycled water. It is possible to quantify the benefits of artificial recharge for increasing groundwater available for emergency use. These benefits correspond to reduced negative impacts (e.g. greater pumping lifts, land subsidence, and seawater intrusion) when additional groundwater is utilised during an emergency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Under the Pacific Regional Connectivity Program, the ADB, the Government of Tonga, the Tonga Fibre Optic company and the World Bank joined forces to finance an 827-kilometer submarine fibre-optic cable system linking Tonga to Fiji via the Southern Cross Cable—the main trans-Pacific link between Australia and the United States. Thanks to this investment, highspeed broadband internet is transforming everything from health care, business and government services to education, disaster management, and the social life of Tongans. International connectivity costs have already fallen by more than 60% {OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 97.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The metropolitan government lias developed the Buildable Lands Inventory, a detailed and sophisticated land-monitoring process to inventory vacant land and track the “refill rate”. This is defined as the rate at which new development occurs through "infill” (when more units are constructed on an already developed lot) or “redevelopment” (when a structure is removed and another built in its place). For nonindustrial use, 52% of new capacity was built on developed land (Metro, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Income and wealth inequality have gradually declined since the mid-1970s. With the "people economy” at the centre of Malaysia’s ambition to become a high-income country by 2020, the focus is shifting to the challenges of relative poverty and achieving sustainable improvements in individual and societal well-being through inclusive growth. This shift would be aided by reforms in several policy areas where Malaysia may compare favourably within its region but less so relative to OECD countries. This includes reforms to increase access to quality education, provide comprehensive social protection, raise the labour force participation of women and older persons, maintain universal access to quality public healthcare, improve pension system sustainability and adequacy and move towards a tax and transfer system that does more for inclusiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
After the farmers harvested their wheat, they used 66 per cent (standard usage rate in Japan) of the wheat straw as fertilizer (NEDO, 2009). Considerable potential exists to obtain energy from currently unused organic materials. There are 2,051 cows in Furano (Furano Branch of Kamikawa Agricultural Extension Centre, 2007), and all cow excrement is used as fertilizer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
To improve health outcomes, health systems as well as global geopolitical, socio-economic, informational, technological and climatic interventions are required. Comprehensive coverage is sought for health promotion by including the total expenditure of joint efforts within multisectoral and multi-partner services and programmes that can be of policy relevance. In most cases, the multi-sectoral approach has joint interests, and expenditure that is beneficial to health care may overlap with that of other social functions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Women’s civil society organisations monitored government activities and also contributed to strengthening capacity building for women through the provision of gender-sensitive training at all levels of government including for parliamentarians, the judiciary and the media (Ogunsanya 2007). For the most part women went back into the private sphere once peace was declared. Levels of sexual and gender-based violence remain high in the aftermath of conflict, with little punitive action taken. Women remain underrepresented in governance (accounting for just 17 of 124 members of parliament) and women’s groups have been unsuccessful in instituting a 30 per cent quota for parliamentarians.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This variability is evident in recent data from 2008-2009, 2009-2010 and 2010-2011, although no consistent trend can be identified based on data from the 1960s to the present. In parallel, mean annual temperature increases of 1.1 °C to 3.5°C are envisaged, with implications in terms of evapotranspiration rates. Increased incidences of drought are likely to result in forced socioeconomic changes in the country, with consequent indirect effects on biodiversity. A possible 33 per cent decrease in precipitation within the province d’Ouarzazate, could reduce profits from pastoralism by up to 57 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Further details on the linkages between remittances and food security in the ECA region are examined in Section 3. The prevalence of severe food insecurity refers to a person's capacity to access food (Bo* 2). It is based on eight simple questions about the occurrence of behaviors and experiences typical of situations in which the ability to obtain food is constrained. The combined set of answers to the eight FIES items, analysed through the lenses of rigorous methods based on item response theory, gives an opportunity for assigning each respondent a probability of belonging to any possible class of food insecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As industry - particularly manufacturing - expands, primary activity tends to become more efficient, as a result of both increased demand and the provision of capital and intermediate goods, in turn feeding industrial dynamism. The service sector also expands to complement manufacturing activities and, at higher levels of income, comes to dominate the economy. This was based on the belief that the resulting disruption would not only stimulate further private investment in the favoured sectors but would help promote various oiganizational and other capabilities whose shortage might otherwise curtail the growth process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A benchmark that measures levels of access could be applied to evaluate the links between access to opportunities and social development in cities. This target, aiming to "provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all", is supported by the infrastructure-based indicator 11.2.1, measuring the proportion of the population with convenient access to public transport, by sex, age and persons with disabilities (UN, 2016). This indicator is based on the assumption that access to infrastructure relates to access to opportunities. While it is useful, measuring and tracking progress in achieving SDG 11, as well as other SDGs (e.g. SDG 4.3, "ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university"), could be enhanced by incorporating other indicators that measure access to jobs, health and education via motorised and non-motorised modes (OECD, forthcoming).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In Asia, the largest financing needs are estimated to be in the energy sector, followed by transport. Road density per square kilometre is a very rough indicator of the development of transport infrastructure, and it must obviously be seen also in the context of terrain, population density and other ecological considerations. Nevertheless, figure 4.4 points to truly shocking differences between Europe and the developing regions, while w ithin Asia (which shows slightly better levels) there are large differences between East Asia and most of the rest of the continent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Few juridical tasks are more distasteful than specifying the distinction between torture and ‘mere’cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment. Although the distinction itself may seem morally obtuse, it is a line, not between prohibited and permissible conduct, but between categories of prohibited conduct that are subject to distinct implementation regimes. The Torture Convention combines a narrow exposure of individual state officials to prosecutions in foreign courts for the international crime of torture with a broad state responsibility for the decent treatment of all detainees under all circumstances. To ignore or blur the distinction would not necessarily strengthen real accountability, to the contrary, allowing extraterritorial prosecutions for acts short of the torture threshold would unduly jeopardize agents of politically unpopular governments, would furnish a tool for political actors bent on undermining peaceful and respectful international relations, and would, paradoxically, risk producing a perverse downward pressure on the standards for detainee treatment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter places the fundamental principles of civil justice under four headings: (1) regulating access to court and to justice, (2) ensuring the fairness of process as a shared responsibility of the court and the parties, (3) maintaining a speedy and efficient process, and (4) achieving just outcomes. It shows how Article 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights, now directly applicable in English courts through the Human Rights Act 1998, has contributed to the development of these principles. Among topics covered are: the duty to give a reasoned judgment, abolition of the House of Lords (Judicial) and the creation of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. There is also consideration of the ALI/UNIDROIT Principles of Transnational Civil Procedure (2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)