albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The reforms set out above (section 3.1) affects organisation of the whole of the NHS, including mental health. The key impacts on mental health service provision are, as yet, not fully clear. There are diverse opinions both about the reforms and about their effect on mental health, with some arguments for example suggesting that GPs have considerable experience treating patients with common mental health disorders, and others pointing to widespread concern that GPs are not adequately skilled to commission for people with severe mental health problems (Lawton-Smith, 2011). The Health and Social Care Act 2012 included the involvement of other health professionals in CCGs, including hospital doctors and nurses, with scope for the involvement of NHS managers. There has been renewed focus on “outcomes” under the Health and Social Care Act and the White Paper “Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS”, specifically upon the NHS Outcome Framework, which will be a tool for management at each level in the NHS. The experience of mental health care in the NHS is included in these outcome measures, which are intended to provide a national level indication of how well the NHS is performing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Its overall level of spending per child during the early years has risen and moved closer to Swedish levels. The age-spending profile of the United States is even more pronounced because of its lack of investment in the early years: it is the only OECD country without a national paid maternity leave scheme, although a few states, such California, provide paid leave before and after child birth for fathers and mothers (Adema et al., Investment in children should start early, as spending in the early years yields the highest returns, particularly if it is maintained throughout childhood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The project includes investments in infrastructure, sector reform, and training to strengthen airport operations and management capacity, as well as project support. While the project is still ongoing, some challenges have already risen. For example, procurement and contract management require daily on-site technical support to resolve issues, ensure progress and enhance institutional capacity. Local circumstances, such as adverse weather, can also delay the construction schedule (OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 12).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, it doesn't do so at a very disaggregated level and the "biomass" account, for example, is not broken down in its many constituent parts (i.e. it does not distinguish different types of biomass]. It is therefore likely that the accounts will result in numbers on total biomass harvesting, but it is not entirely clear to which extent this will allow sustainable biomass extraction levels to be determined and therefore the level of pressure on biodiversity. Pending the availability of other socio-economic datasets or information layers [e.g. population centres] that could be combined with the ECA, insights into the links between ecosystems, their characteristics (e.g. biodiversity level] and the economy/human well-fare (e.g. health benefits] could be provided.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Intended countries of destination for the cocaine seized included Australia, Italy and Spain, while Colombia is mentioned as country of origin. There is evidence that the area of opium poppy cultivation has been increasing and appears to have reached a five-year high in Colombia, which had detected 387 ha of cultivation in 2014. Heroin manufactured in South America is primarily destined for the United States but is also trafficked for consumption within the region. Various countries in South America have reported seizures of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) in 2014, including amphetamine, methamphetamine and “ecstasy”-type substances, as well as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The very low level of agricultural productivity is apparent not only within individual LDC economies, but also when compared internationally. Not only is there an agricultural productivity gap between LDCs and ODCs, but that gap has been widening. In 1990, the LDCs’ cereal yield per hectare was only 61 per cent of that of ODCs. Two decades later, the proportion was just 37 per cent (chart 40). These very low levels of productivity, combined with the strong rural concentration of the population in rural areas, are the main explanation for the pervasive poverty in these countries (UNCTAD, 2004). That pattern is driven more by expulsion forces (i.e., the dearth of gainful employment in rural areas) than by attraction forces (because of the lack of decently paid jobs in urban areas).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Funding was sufficient to follow the central system plan as laid out in the Technical Advisory Committee’s initiatives, and most donor countries allowed funds to be spent without restrictions and in accordance with TAC’s directives. The World Bank faced financial crisis in the early 1990s and hence had to change the resource distribution scheme from donor of “last resort” to “matching grant” in respect of the CGIAR system. Since stakeholders in donor countries are concerned with their national interests, donors selected a particular region, research centre, programme or domestic research institution that matched their interests (Ekboir, 2009, World Bank Independent Evaluation Group, 2003). Some recent studies note that increasing the production of staple foods has not always contributed to poverty alleviation in developing countries, whereas integration into the global economy has contributed to poverty alleviation (IFAD, 2008, World Bank, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Donor support through increased official development assistance (ODA) is just one option to support a longer-term and more systematic approach to financing social protection and food security. Other options include considering reallocation, improving efficiency, and potential engagement with non-state actors (Hagen-Zanker & McCord, 2010). The most compelling evidence regards the role that social protection plays in supporting people’s access to food, in particular resulting in the consumption of more and/or higher-quality food.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
National policy is typically based on national averages that do not represent any particular region or city. Once the lens is adjusted to the right scale, it will become easier for Kazakhstan to understand the most pressing challenges of each region and how best to address them. While some issues may apply nation-wide, others require complementary policies that vary from place to place. This will require fine-grained data, indicators and policy approaches and require co-ordinating responses with subnational governments. The Five-Year Economic Plans serve as the basis for approval of the local budgets planned for three years, including money for implementation of the economic plans. All 14 oblasts and the two cities of republican significance (Almaty and Astana) are now responsible for the “Five-Year Forecast of Socio-Economic Development” (TlpozH03 coifuajibno-3KOHOMmecKoeo pa38umm/FSCD) and “Five-Year Programmes of Territorial Development” (JlpoepaMMa pa3eumm meppumopuu/PTD).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Comparisons are made between PISA 2012 and PISA 2003, the last time mathematics was assessed in depth. To account for the extent to which the observed relationships are influenced by the level of economic development of countries and economies, the comparison of school systems discussed in this chapter also considers national income per capita (per capita GDP). Among all countries and economies that participated in PISA 2012, 23% of the performance variation among students is observed at the system level, 31 % is observed at the school level, and 46% is observed at the student level. The cross-national analyses provide an overview of how system-level attributes and major organisational arrangements relate to student performance and equity in school systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Despite this strong growth and the low unemployment rate (5.9% in 2014) (World Bank 2016a), Malta remains exposed to many of the same risks as Cyprus. Both are members of the eurozone, which has experienced very slow growth (0.9% in 2014) (World Bank 2016a), and could also be affected by any further Greek debt crises. There is also uncertainty surrounding the UK’s relationship with the European Union. Malta was affected by the upsurge in irregular migration in 2014 and 2015, as was Cyprus to a lesser extent, because of their proximity to conflict zones in Libya and Syria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In Germany, though, where male earnings are widely seen as crucial to securing the income required to have children, the likelihood of having a child increases considerably when men earn significantly more than their partners. Fertility behaviour would then become less dependent on partnered women working part-time in selected occupations and on the traditional household division of labour. Reconciliation policies - those which seek to balance employment and family commitments - are thus a critical component of environments that seek to foster higher fertility rates and the more equally balanced participation of men and women in the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A great majority think that individual transferable rights are not appropriate for small scale fisheries. However most agree that ecological sustainability serves as basis for a viable fishing sector. Maximum sustainable yield is seen by most commentators as being an important reference point although views differ on whether it should be used as a target to reach or as a point of direction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As public health systems across the region face a barrage of challenges, family and community care providers, albeit with minimal support, fill in a health care gap left by governments. As seen in the recent Ebola outbreak, women were especially affected. Confirmed cases are overall equitably distributed between men and women, with women’s numbers of cases just slightly higher.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Together with a further lifting of remaining restrictions on cross-border capital flows, this approach set off a new wave of growth in private capital flows to developing countries and further strengthened the trend towards production within global value chains. As these crises inflicted hardly any hurt on the economies of developed countries, many analysts determined their cause to have been the policy mistakes made by the governments of the (Asian and Latin American) countries affected. The crises served to expose the limited capacity of the IMF to signal the risks whose build-up could lead to financial crises, as well as its limited lending capacity and consequent inability to come to the rescue when a crisis of significant magnitude did strike. Developed-country governments, especially that of the United States, had to contribute resources in an ad hoc fashion to make up for this deficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Their appointment is based on the rank applicants hold in the list derived from their grades in a competitive exam, plus other points they might get for a variety of reasons, and their preferences. It also points out that such an approach works best where parallel steps are taken to ensure that efficiency and equity are not jeopardised. Such steps include: developing school directors' skills in personnel management, providing disadvantaged schools with greater resources with which to recruit effective teachers, and improving information flows and monitoring the teacher labour market. "
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In such cases, the use of hours actually worked per worker would be a preferable measure to its use in the denominator. However, lack of data availability on hours worked per worker is a limiting factor in many developing countries. Moreover, the correlations between using either hours worked or headcount of employed persons are quite strong, at least in countries that are members of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As with shared bicycles, they can be station-based or free-floating. In both instances, data is generated and logged in order to manage payment and system operation. Some systems share this data through APIs that offer some level of integration with third-party service providers. In some instances, car-sharing may be bundled with other mobility services (e.g. agreements between Mobility Car Sharing and the Swiss Federal Railways).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Donor countries such as France and the United Kingdom offer incentives to eliminate fees by providing additional aid to countries that remove them. Development agencies such as the World Health Organization and the World Bank have also taken strong positions against user fees in health care.20 When partners come together in this way, significant advances in human rights can be achieved. Since the first IYY 25 years ago, the world has come a long way in recognizing and advancing the rights of young people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
School feeding programmes are critical to providing basic nutrition to children while encouraging school attendance. The effective functioning of these schemes, however, requires attention to stopping leakages and the more effective targeting of vulnerable groups. These include landless agricultural labourers, small and marginal farmers, people who have been internally displaced, women in female-headed households, and people with disabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Offset programmes most commonly seek to deliver a neutral outcome on biodiversity from development projects, or no net loss of biodiversity, though some have adopted a more ambitious goal of delivering a positive outcome, or net gain, for biodiversity. Biodiversity offsets are typically only used to deliver compensation for the residual impacts on biodiversity after measures have first been taken to avoid, minimise and then restore adverse impacts on biodiversity at the development site (i.e. the mitigation hierarchy). Biodiversity offsets may be implemented using one-off offsets, biobanks or payments in-lieu.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Source: World Bank (2015a). Due to fluctuations in operating costs, especially related to the costs of natural gas and exchange rates, this had an adverse effect on cost recovery. For gas, tariffs were not adjusted between 2011 and 2015, and for electricity, over a period of three years, 2012-15, tariffs were not adjusted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While technological progress has eliminated many problems, it has also added new and often unexpected ones (Griibler, 1998, Diamond, 2005). Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) arising from the combustion of fossil fuels are the main cause of anthropogenic global warming. All energy technologies, whether they are fossil-based or not, consume resources, use land, and pollute air, water, and the atmosphere. Energy use has reached a scale at which planetary boundaries are being breached for a range of essential Earth-system processes, including in terms of global warming and biodiversity loss, which is likely to lead to catastrophic environmental change (Rockstrom et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For each program, we offer some general comments about the donor country’s approach, focus, or priorities, and then give brief descriptions of specific projects or project areas. This discussion is by no means comprehensive, it simply provides further information on some interesting approaches to bilateral aid for sound chemicals management. Norway aims both to help strengthen environmental management systems and to improve environmental conditions in partner countries. Norway has designated seven centers for environmental assistance, these centers provide expertise to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation (NORAD), and collaborate with counterpart institutions in partner countries. The majority of the programs work with national level agencies to build capacity for regulating and controlling pollution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The current blending ratios are 27% and 7% respectively. Most of the biodiesel comes from soybean oil, although the use of palm oil is increasing. Other programmes like animal and plant health continue to be important in the agricultural policy framework. More than BRL 240 million (USD 123 million) have been spent annually in this area over the last five years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Levels of state pensions have fallen, although by less than for other groups, and this group is less well-off than before. Nonetheless, greater private pensions mean that pensioners comprise a steady rather than declining level of the poor. There are poor paid-employment prospects and older people are increasingly active in unpaid or informal sector work, including in the voluntary and charitable sectors. Older people working in these sectors provide increasingly important support services for vulnerable groups that were previously provided by the state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These include the large informal sector of the economies, the significant role of remittances in national income in Armenia, Georgia and Moldova, the 2015 crisis in the Moldovan financial sector, and the increased dependence of Ukraine on international financial institutions. Enhancing macroeconomic stability, supporting further growth and improvement of living standards is a key priority for all EaP countries. The EaP countries continue to make efforts to modernise and diversify their economies, to reform their socio-economic policies and to conform to best policy practices and global standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
With 90 per cent of energy supplies based on petroleum, and all of it imported, the diversification of energy sources with an emphasis on renewables is imperative but difficult. The government is expected to decide on switching to a mix of alternative sources that include LNG, coal and renewables. The rich are potentially powerful enough to resist changes to their energy-intensive consumption patterns, though as green’ becomes more fashionable this potential is less likely to be actualised. The poor, on the other hand, are so preoccupied with survival issues that long-term considerations for the environment are difficult for them to address.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Some measure of the market wage is generally taken as the benchmark. Three possible criteria come up here: (i) the global substitution method, in which the average wage for every kind of domestic activity is taken as a benchmark, (ii) the specialized substitution method, where the benchmark taken is the wage for the specific domestic activity, (iii) opportunity cost, whose benchmark is the wage that might be received by the person carrying out the domestic activity if they participated in the labour market. Is it valid to equate these activities, when they are carried out under very different conditions and norms?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It currently funds 100 000 female entrepreneurs who have completed a training programme specifically designed for women. They should be accompanied by sustained support for not-for-profit lending institutions from governments and donors. Institutions and mechanisms, such as credit registers, which ease access to lender and borrower information, should be strengthened.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
New Zealand livestock farmers operate in an environment of relatively high price instability. Over the period of 1999-2007, prices for cattle, sheep and wool fluctuated roughly between 14% and 27% around their means observed at farm levels, while this fluctuation reached 36% for deer farmers. Consistent with findings for other countries, the variability of prices at the farm level in New Zealand is higher than at the aggregate level. However, the divergences between the farm-level and the aggregate-level variability are not significant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Carbon labelling and poor country exports’, World Bank PREM Notes: Special Series on the Economics of Climate Change, World Bank, Washington DC. Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, Belgium. A Guide for the Concerned: Guidance on the Elaboration and Implementation of Border Carbon Adjustment, ENTWINED Policy brief No. Report on Company Feedback from the French National Environmental Labelling Pilot: Summary of the Report Drawn up by Ernst & Young. The moral duty to eat African strawberries at Christmas’, Oxford Energy and Environment Comment, October, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, Oxford. Low-Carbon and Environmental Goods and Services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Harassment and sexist practices decrease the possibility for women to work in fair, equitable and safe environments. Unconscious bias in recruitment and promotion systems continues to limit the progression of women into leadership roles, and while there has been some progress on new institutional mechanisms to address womens employment concerns, formal policies on flexible work, childcare or strategies to address caregiver roles still do not adequately respond to the wide scope of womens work needs. It is necessary to work across all four quadrants of the Gender at Work change framework, to ensure that employers are both providing resources to women and ensuring that they utilise this untapped potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, weather forecasting models are essentially predictive models in that no policy can be implemented to influence the weather in the very near future. Measures can, however, be taken as a result of the information provided by the forecasts, such as to evacuate a population which is likely to be exposed to a hurricane. In contrast, policy-oriented health expenditure forecasting models aim to inform policy makers about when and how to implement reforms and what effects those reforms are likely to produce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In Egypt, annual participation among skilled workers was 4%. Countries that successfully targeted the poor included Colombia, which made loan terms more favourable for poor students, and Viet Nam which provides aid to ethnic minority students. A number of laudable initiatives exist, some involving the community, but only 19 of refugees participate in tertiary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This can lead to the disabled child effectively being internally excluded from learning and may often lead to the child dropping out. This can be a particularly strong pressure where national curricula and assessment policies are too rigid, competitive and do not allow for flexibility and collaborative working. The external requirements placed on schools by government should be addressed by curriculum and assessment reform. The BRAC informal schools in Bangladesh have recently demonstrated that where teachers are trained in child-friendly methods and in how to accommodate girls and disabled children there is a lower drop-out rate for both groups before transfer to lower secondary state school than in state primary schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Land use, land-use change and forestry, as defined by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), covers emissions and removals of GHGs resulting from direct human-induced LULUCF activities. Emissions to the atmosphere can occur through forest fires, conversion of forest to cropland and decomposition of aboveground biomass that remains after logging and deforestation. Removals from the atmosphere occur, for instance, through the extension of forest cover through afforestation and reforestation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)