albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The domestic discussion process should lead to the entry into force of the new policy framework by 2014. Within FAO, the European Union has actively participated in the negotiations of the FAO Port States Agreement which was adopted in November 2009. The European Union has ratified that Agreement in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This is especially relevant in the context of efforts to expand access and integrate renewables in electricity systems through an optimal mix of centralized and distributed generation (Chattopadhyay et al., Planning should encompass choices between private and public provision of electricity, and private and public financing. For example, public provision through centralized systems provides an opportunity for cross-subsidization to increase affordability, while distributed or stand-alone systems locally operated by the private sector usually aim to be financially self-sustaining with full recovery of operating and maintenance costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Revenue from all forestry activity and most agricultural activity is still tax exempt. Only 2-5% of farmers (e.g. those involved in greenhouse farming, poultry production and large-scale pig farming) are liable for income tax under the 1984 Agricultural Tax Act. The proceeds would have allowed the government to meet compensation demands from people whose property was confiscated during the post-war socialist period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It was launched in 2003 and has become one of the largest programmes for payments of watershed services in the world (Stanton et al. The design of PSAH has been improving over time to increase its cost-effectiveness, but there are concerns about its conservation impact (see Box 3.8). Trading or swapping irrigation water is common practice in Mexico (OECD, 2003). Water trading increased in the 1990s, partly due to the recognition by the 1992 National Water Law of the possibility of “transferring” water rights (Rubinos-Panta et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In general, it is unlikely that advanced research activities will be located in rural areas. However, as the technology to produce energy from renewable sources is not mature, empirical research needs to be done in the field, where the installations are located. The deployment of renewable energy, however, does not depend on research and development (R&D) alone. Learning by searching is just one part of a much broader system based on the transfer of knowledge among actors engaged in the innovation process. As suggested by Lundvall (1992), there are three other kinds of learning, besides learning by searching, that should be taken into account when assessing regional innovation systems: learning by doing, learning by using, and learning by interacting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Development charges that reflect the true cost of providing services can buttress planning tools by guiding development away from high-cost areas to more efficient locations (Tomalty and Skaburskis, 2003). Pricing policies can be an effective planning tool because “they directly engage developers, they make them accept the full project costs, they recognise and publicise the need to correct for the external costs of development by increasing the cost of land, and they raise funds for infrastructure development and compensation programmes” (Skaburskis, 2003). For example, the extension of the metro-line in Copenhagen was financed through fees from the development of the 0restad area of Copenhagen (OECD, 2009). In order to have the required effect, the charges have to be differentiated by location to reflect the different infrastructure costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This varies in importance between products, and is more concentrated in manufacturing than in agriculture-related GVCs, in which international trade remains important but GVCs tend to play a more limited role. However, LDCs are able to exploit niche markets in agriculture, especially through arm's-length trade. Considerable growth in contract farming has helped to integrate some smallholders into GVCs, helping to alleviate some compliance constraints, though often relegating smallholders to positions with weak bargaining power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For production this includes: environmental degradation and habitat destruction, overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU), climate change, transboundary issues with respect to natural resource utilisation, poor governance, invasion of non-native species, diseases and escapes, accessibility and availability of sites and water resources, as well as to technology and finance. From the perspective of market access, issues include those related to food safety and traceability, the need to demonstrate that products are not derived from illegal and proscribed fishing operations, and uncertainties around the international trade environment in the short to medium term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Low and unstable levels of financing will undermine continued consistent improvements, and reliance on EU funding for some core areas - notably prevention and health promotion - is a challenge to sustainable growth, and impedes the development of a clear long-term vision for the health system. A targeted, incremental increase in spending is needed, rather than a sudden cash injection, which would bring significant risks and likely limited return over time. Support from the OECD, other international partners, and OECD countries could be offered to help Latvia manage the increase in health spending to maximise the positive impact (Box 0.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Our driver within the three pillars of sustainable development must include institutional reform and strong means of implementation - Prime Minister’s address at Rio+20, available at: www.grenadabroadcast.com/news/1380l-rio-20-conference (accessed 18 February 2014). The energy sector, through its links with the other sectors, was deemed to be the major driver for green economy implementation. The cost of energy is a key variable in the tourism and hospitality sector, as well as in the agriculture and agribusiness sector. The viability and economic transformation potential of these two sectors hinge directly on developments in the energy sector, especially the cost of energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, this latter information is requested within the NAP guidelines, and also encouraged to be reported as part of non-Annex I countries’ National Communications. Further, Article 7.9 of the Paris Agreement indicates that countries “shall, as appropriate, engage in” adaptation planning. Including information in an adaptation communication of a process already undertaken may therefore not “increase the burden” on developing countries, while providing an opportunity to recognise their adaptation efforts and to highlight lessons learned (or to learn lessons from others).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Depending on data sensitivity, costs and the data protection guidelines of each participating company, it might be preferred to store sensitive data at each participants site on-premise in off-chained storage facilities, e.g. databases or DMSs or on-premise private blockchain nodes in case of later stage hybrid solutions. The data that is transferred using the system is not based on a coin of any kind. In case of future hybrid solutions, i.e. storing the hash value in the public blockchain and meta data and / or the documents themselves in a secured private blockchain, moving to the private blockchain could be accomplished using data-based tokens. As the system matures, it is possible to create a cryptocurrency, which can be used to settle payments stemming from the contractual agreements, stable coins pegged to fiat currencies like Euro or Dollar could also be realised on a coin-based blockchain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The campaigns include the provision of brochures on different aquaculture topics and of guidelines for GAqP practices and certification. They also comprise technical guidance on fish farming for various fish species, fish feeding and feed production, and direct consultancy and guidance to farmers during field visits. Central and local authorities have paid particular attention to the proper implementation of GHdP and the fight against widespread practices among farmers and collectors to forego the required refrigeration conditions and store the shrimp in water without ice for several hours in order to increase their weight by up to 10% (Lord et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Respondents in a nationwide opinion survey in Chile were asked what was most important to them in order to have a happy life. The answers of respondents in the highest and lowest income quintiles varied substantially. Respondents in the highest income quintilc most often cited the achievement of life goals and targets, whereas respondents in the lowest income quintile cited a peaceful life without much disruption (figure 2.11).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
What will be the consequences? Life expectancy, incomes, literacy, and access of girls to education have changed remarkably. However, beneath this global perspective lie significant and compelling regional differences, with tremendous economic growth in East Asia while Africa features dangerously low incomes and poor health conditions. The outbreak of Ebola fever and the need for a broad-based response has highlighted the great risks that deprivation can bring on local, national and worldwide scales.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Spaces for public debate and democratic decision-making must be created to define national priorities, identify what is working well and where the gaps are, agree on pathways for transformative change and determine the roles and responsibilities of different actors. Women's rights organizations were extremely effective in building coalitions and alliances across different interest groups to put gender equality at the centre ofthe new agenda.9 Such participatory processes and strategic alliances are also needed to ensure effective and gender-responsive implementation, follow-up and review. Both chapters provide powerful evidence for the interlinkages between these gender equality targets and other parts of the 2030 Agenda, underlining the need to break down policy silos and move towards integrated strategies for implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Incentives enable isolated initiatives, the impact of which is diminished by their non-co-ordinated character. Tertiary education institutions are each delivering their own range of activities and services with limited co-ordination, collaboration and sharing of good practice, leading to duplication of efforts and difficulties in monitoring the results. The co-ordination of information and action on the part of the public agencies, tertiary education institutions as well as various stakeholders is also in need of improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
An equity financing gap, which hinders the capacity of women to fund innovative ventures. A networking gap, generated by the low numbers of women entrepreneurs in innovationintensive industries and by the low visibility of successful innovative women. Several countries are taking concrete steps to promote women innovators and high-growth entrepreneurs (European Commission, 2008), recognising that economic growth relies on the continuous marketing and application of new ideas - many of which women generate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Conversely, if labour supply is relatively inelastic and labour demand is relatively elastic, then the enterprise will bear more of the tax burden. For low-income groups, more progressivity through earned income tax credit (EITC) schemes increases work incentives but the resulting increase in labour supply may reduce wages - the EITC may increase the dispersion of before-tax income.32 However, for high-income groups, more progressive taxes may dampen work incentives and lower working hours. This could narrow the earnings dispersion. While most property taxes are paid by owners, they may largely be passed onto renters in the form of higher rents as the supply of housing is relatively inelastic, at least in the short term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Competition among environmental, social and economic interests is generally stronger in cities, as urban protected areas are likely to be on high-value land that can be used for urban expansion (Box 5.4). For protected areas to be established and managed effectively, consideration must be given to all these conflicting interests so as to avoid environmental, social and economic losses. This is one of the main areas of progress represented by SNUC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Unlike other federal nations, the United States did not measure the performance of all states individually, but students in three states - Florida, Connecticut and Massachusetts - were oversampled so as to give state-level results for these states. In mathematics, Massachusetts scored highest of the three, with 514 points (comparable with the performance of Germany), followed by Connecticut with 506 points (comparable with the performance of Austria) and then Florida with 467 points (comparable with the performance of Israel). Similarly, there has been no significant change in reading performance since 2000 and none in science since 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
INTRODUCTION Public Administration, 'Dis'ability and Community Services History of "Civil Rights" and Deinstitutionalization Administrative Leadership in Community Services Long Term Community Services and Supports in the US COMMUNITY SERVICES Family Support, Family Studies and Community Services Housing and Disability: Toward Inclusive, Equitable and Sustainable Communities in the US Employment and "Adult Day Programs" in the US COMMUNITY SERVICES SYSTEMS IN THE US Comparative Community Services and Systems in States in the US Public and Individual Budgeting/Financing Community Support Workforce in the US INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Disability Policy Research in Community Services and Public Policy International Agenda on Disability and Human Rights CONCLUSION The Future of Public Administration, Disability and Community Services Administration Acknowledgments Bibliography and References Index (Subject)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many high-income countries have already implemented the Kyoto Protocol by implementing low-cost emission reduction strategies. As low-income countries in an early stage of industrial development are still at the beginning of establishing their industrial activities, they are key players for reaching a global emission-per capita convergence target. One essential factor for reaching this global goal of emission reduction is technology transfer from developed to developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Permitting procedures have been simplified: the APA is the only competent national authority for IPPC permitting, and installations may use accredited private entities to prepare permit requests (GLG, 2009). A new system for accelerated licensing of potential projects of national interest (PINs) has been in force since 2005. Covering large investment projects with a value of more than EUR 25 million, or those directly providing at least 100 jobs, it is concerned with strategic areas such as territorial planning, the environment, new technologies and energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Basin Committee also monitors the implementation of the SDAGE and sets the main agenda of the water agency, while proposing, for instance, the amount of revenues taken inby the agency and passing the multiyear programme of the water agency (priorities, procedures for subsidies, etc.), This commission is also consulted for any project contemplating a delegation of service delivery or the creation of a utility with financial autonomy. Formal consultations often leave the public in a contestatory role and ignore the silent majority, focusing on the more vociferous minority of the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A close relationship and understanding of nature is an integral part of the national culture. Respect for wild animals was recognized early on, as is demonstrated by the epic Kyrgyz saga, Koghoghash. The aesthetic and recreational importance of biodiversity is also potentially of direct economic value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Commonwealth SecretariaL 1 This Trade Hot Topic has been prepared based on a background paper prepared by Campling and Havice (20171 in March 2017 in which the last known submission to WTO members included In the analysis Is J08/RL/8 by Japan. Second, the proposals reintroduce discussion about 'capacity-enhancing subsidies', which had previously dropped out of discussions on the SDGs, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and MC10, contributing to their narrowing of scope of the rules. The following summarises each of these proposals in turn. It focuses on prohibiting subsidies linked to overcapacity, including subsidies to enhance the capacity of existing vessels, for new vessel construction and for flag-based vessel transfers (EU, 2016). Subsidies to vessels engaged in illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing (i.e. on flag-state and/or regional fisheries management organisation (RFMO) IUU lists) would also be prohibited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This included consultations between the local community, civil society and police to produce a detailed analysis of the factors driving crime and insecurity in the area, provided training and awareness-raising for police officers and communities, established community safety and information centres, and provided anonymous information “drop-in” boxes to facilitate information exchange on community safety issues. Although there is debate about whether decentralisation works in fragile states, decentralisation has been actively pursued by donors in “willing but weak” and more authoritarian states - including post-conflict states - as it is believed to improve service delivery, bring government closer to the people, allow citizens to participate in decision making and learn democratic skills and how to exercise their rights (Brinkerhoff and Azfar, 2006). It is also argued that decentralisation can redistribute power and reduce social tensions through providing a space for conflicting groups to mediate differences through legal, non-violent methods (Oosterom, 2009, Brinkerhoff and Johnson, 2008, Haar, van der, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The chosen solutions receive a non-repayable grant covering up to 80% of the project development (up to approximately USD 60 000), while applicants are responsible for the remaining percentage. Funding is provided in two phases: the first one covers proof of concept and is limited to CLP 4 million (approximately USD 6 000), while the second supports the development of a prototype of the social innovation, including testing with the recipient community as well as a sustainable business model and a plan for scaling up. Both programmes involve the active participation of local communities in identifying local challenges as well as in implementing the selected solutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The principle of proportionality has enjoyed extraordinary success over the last decades: it has become a staple of international and constitutional adjudication on fundamental rights, it has been espoused by civil and common law judges alike, and described as the “principle of principles” and the “ultimate rule of law”. But what does proportionality mean for the idea of human rights? Can it be based on anything other than a utilitarian conception of rights?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The network statuses are described in table II, and are at the instance of the sensing pulse time and the decisions taken are reflected on this. Primary user activity and various states at the SU side. The equations above show that the probability of detection and probability of false alarm related to the detection threshold, sensing time and sampling frequency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, co-ordinated government action will be required if this potential is to be realised. The NAS was completed in May 2012 and the Cabinet approved it on 23 October 2012. The initiative for developing the strategy came from the Kyoto Forum, a co-ordination group. Created in 1999 by Austria’s federal environment ministry, now the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (BMLFUW), to enhance co-ordination of mitigation activities, the forum brings together representatives of the BMLFUW, the Lander, municipalities and local areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Qualitative understanding is all the more important in view of the lack of sufficient gender-disaggregated quantitative information to carry out environmental assessments. As the 2009 UN/DESA Expert Group on gender-disaggregated water data affirmed, a smaller scale often provides the most appropriate and fruitful information (Seager ef al. Local data provide the basis for most of the knowledge we have on gender and the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The World Bank and IMF attribute underdevelopment in sub-Saharan Africa to the practice of directing economic activity through centralized planning. They prescribe privatization and economic liberalization to restructure African economies, promote competition, reduce the scope for corruption, and promote good governance. However, inadequate checks on political power permit African elites to subvert these reforms. This article reviews the political economy of sub-Saharan countries as well as a case study of Sierra Leone to illustrate the problem. The analysis suggests the need for an international agency such as the UN to provide the capacity to investigate, expose and check corruption by employing UN inspectors who are immune to pressure from powerful African elites. This type of check on corruption is necessary to promote the rule of law in sub-Saharan Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The initiative aims to transform the country into a middle-income economy by 2025, without increasing net greenhouse gas emissions and while protecting itself against the negative impacts of climate change. This case study brings together the lessons from Ethiopia's experience to date. It discusses the links between climate and socio-economic development in Ethiopia, analyses the key enabling factors, and examines the entry points for building resilience in selected policy areas, focusing on the agricultural sector and macroeconomic management. If Ethiopia is to achieve its goal of becoming a middle-income country by 2025, building resilience to current and future climate impacts will be vital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The legislation, which amends the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, establishes specific criteria that must be met by applicants seeking an exemption for activities involving illicit substances at a “supervised consumption site” in order for the exemption request to be considered by the Ministry of Health. Canada currently has one supervised consumption site, but additional applications for the establishment of drug consumption rooms have been received by Health Canada and are currently under consideration. In June 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada issued its judgement in the R. v. Smith case relating to the definition of “marihuana” in the country’s medical cannabis programme which, until then, limited the lawful use of cannabis to “dried herb”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Compared to other fossil fuels, releases of carbon dioxide per unit of energy output are reduced. Perhaps more significantly, when used indoors biomass fuels impact indoor air quality, with significant health impacts. The energy efficiency of biomass cookstoves is also very low compared with other fuel options.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)