albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Public administration research has fallen notably behind research in related fields in terms of methodological sophistication. This hinders the development of empirical investigations into substantive questions of interest to practitioners and academics. The widespread practice of importing methodological tools from closely related but theoretically divergent fields leads to poor research designs for questions of measurement and estimation unique to public administration. We argue that the discipline needs to invest heavily in developing its own methodological path and recommend the use of time series, likelihood, Bayesian, SWAT, and GLM approaches. In addition, authors of public administration scholarship need to avoid the deeply flawed and clearly damaging social science paradigm for theory confirmation: the null hypothesis significance test. We also note that public administration as a distinct discipline needs to pay considerably more attention to developing its own inventory of data sets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
According to the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, between 1994 and 2007, the share of the population which paid for medical services increased from 4% to 15% for doctors’ consultation, from 8% to 26% for diagnostic procedures and from 30% to 50% for hospital stays (with a peak of 60% in 2002)." Survey was not conducted in 1997 and 1999. Roughly 50% of patients paid something for hospital stays, although the average size and distribution of the payment is not known (Figure 3.9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Policy makers at a regional level expect jobs and economic growth. Some parks are seen primarily as real estate ventures. Private sector developers will be looking narrowly for a return on their investment. Do they create new jobs or simply corral those high-technology jobs that would have developed in the surrounding region anyway? Shearmur and Doloreux (2000) considered the relationship between high-tech employment change and the presence of parks in major urban areas in Canada.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This strategy has allowed even newcomers to leapfrog years of wind technology development, produce relatively advanced, high-capacity machines, and thus compete with the established and more experienced domestic enterprises such as Goldwind and Sinovel (Liu, 2006). Six years later, Goldwind entered the 1 MW market by purchasing a licence from Vensys Energiesysteme, a relatively small company based in Saarbrucken, for its 1.2 MW turbine. As a result, Goldwind has gone from “licensee to market leader” (Jensen, 2008). Other leading turbine makers, such as Sinovel and Dongfang, followed Goldwind’s lead, acquiring licences from Fuhrlander and Repower respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Transport trends are of concern, with a dramatic increase in road transport for both freight and passengers. Concerning energy, there is scope to implement targeted demand-side measures to achieve additional energy savings. Tax rates on energy products are relatively low compared to other OECD countries and have not been adequately adjusted to inflation. There is scope to eliminate various energy tax exemptions and environmentally harmful subsidies, namely for electricity generation from peat and for domestic aviation, as well as to better target transport-related taxes and prices on vehicle use (fuel taxes and road pricing). Measures along these lines could help relieve pressures on the public budget and form part of the response to the economic crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
One of the main messages of the 2015 joint report was that trade openness or trade growth alone may not be sufficient to end extreme poverty. The extreme poor face specific constraints—due to the fact that they tend to work in rural areas, in the informal sector, live in fragile states and face gender inequality—that can limit their ability to benefit from wider trade-induced economic gains. It continues to focus on the linkages between trade and extreme poverty rather than the broader distributional effects of trade and the agenda of shared prosperity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The higher uptake is not necessarily a problem since it has allowed people to escape waiting lists. However, there has been evidence of unintended use {e.g. grandchildren taking their grandmother to a jazz festival, home help providers who lost the bid for home help in their municipality requesting payments out of their patients’ cash benefits) or even in some cases fraud (Mot, 2010, Ministry of Health, 201 le). This led the government to drastically restrict access to cash benefits from 2012 to only people eligible for institutional care - about 10% of the current 130 000 cash benefits recipients - which should save EUR 0.6-0.7 billion by 2015 (CPB, 201 lb, Ministry of Health 201 If).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
At country level, the prevalence is a subject of concern in Albania (10.5 percent), Georgia (8.9 percent), and Tajikistan (7.8 percent). Household income and livelihoods largely affect economic access to food, but high market prices of basic food items also limit their economic access, particularly among lower-income groups who spend a large share of their income for purchasing food. Vulnerability is influenced by factors affecting one or more dimensions of food security - such as market shocks (prices and infrastructure), droughts or floods, or instability and conflicts -combined with poverty, low incomes, lower access to adequate social protection, and inequality due to gender or age group. When including children in these estimates, there were 19 million people in the region who suffered from severe food insecurity during the same period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The data illustrate that for instance in the Netherlands, 50% of all on-going spells in December 2004 last 85 months or longer. By contrast, a more appropriate measure of spell durations shows a much smaller median of 12 months for all those starting a spell around this time. The number of benefit spells per individual is inversely related to spell duration in that country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Similarly, Brazil through its Luz para Todos programme has ensured the involvement of rural communities in Management Committees which work to prioritise activities within the electrification process. No single technology is to be recommended. Aspects such as the geographical dispersion of the local population, the community's estimated electricity needs and ability to pay, availability of local resources, all factor into the decision-making process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Targets are reviewed by teams of national and international experts in waste management. Current socio-economic regional conditions and current trends in waste management are taken into consideration in target setting, Evaluations consist of yearly, semester and three-month reviews to measure target achievements. This concentration has shifted consumption and waste-generation patterns so that solid waste is generated at a higher rate and is more heterogeneous in composition than in past years. Concern with regard to waste management generally exists around enforcement issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The collaboration was established in the late 1990s to meet urban interests related to transport and recreation and to respond to increasing pressures from urban expansion, especially from neighbouring favelas. In 2011, 28 national, state and municipal protected areas were consolidated to form the Carioca Protected Areas Mosaic. Tijuca National Park is an example of how strong inter-institutional co-operation can help regenerate large areas of degraded Atlantic forest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
All of the 25 countries assessed experienced growth in capital formation in ‘Other machinery and equipment ’ category, but only 9 did so with a reduction in GHG emissions. The 9 nations achieving green growth in this sector included both western and eastern European countries. The OECD estimates that less than 1% of pension funds’ assets globally are allocated directly to infrastructure investment, let alone to clean energy projects.27 Likewise, insurance companies’ direct allocations to infrastructure projects remain in the billions of dollars, compared with total industry assets of around $19.3 trillion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The proposed revision of the Federal Law on Epidemics offers an opportunity to better define clear lines of accountability and improve international linkages. This would help Switzerland respond more rapidly and effectively to future challenges. With an incomplete picture of how health risks vary across the population, it is difficult for governments and health providers to target policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Over the past decade, Finnish schools have noted an upsurge in school principals and teachers who possess a PhD in education. Primary-grade teachers major in education, but they are expected to minor in at least two of the subjects included in the primary school curriculum. This means, for example, that they are studying mathematics in the mathematics department, not in the education department.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article develops notions of transgender citizenship in relation to existing approaches to citizenship, including liberalism, neoliberalism and communitarianism. Changes relating to New Labour's Third Way provide some support for transgender citizenship. However, these are limited because New Labour has yet to fully support gender diversity, to embrace different forms of morality, to tackle underlying structural inequalities and to develop sufficiently strong mechanisms for participation. The article argues that a robust participatory democracy is necessary for ensuring transgender political participation and social inclusion. Full transgender citizenship would lead to fundamental changes in the social organization of gender and social policy positions concerning gender.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Mobile apps provide a convenient source of tracking and data collection to fight against the spread of COVID-19. We report our analysis of 50 COVID-19-related apps, including their use and their access to personally identifiable information, to ensure that the right to privacy and civil liberties are protected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On average, they work fewer hours per week and are more likely to work on a part-time basis than other workers. Hourly wage gaps —adjusted for type of worker— show that there is a considerable wage penalty for domestic work in the vast majority of countries. While there is no overall pattern in conditions for care workers in the education sector, health-care woikers enjoy a wage premium compared with other workers with similar traits. While domestic workers are mainly private-sector wage-eamers, almost half of all other care woikers are employed in the public sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
More than 50 per cent of Asia-Pacific countries have adopted or are considering feed-in tariffs for utility- and small-scale distributed solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, and small hydropower. Japan introduced a feed-in tariff for renewable power in 2012 as part of its plan to quickly reduce its dependence on nuclear energy, a move that has been highly successful for small-scale solar energy. This unleashed investment in solar photovoltaic projects such that, in 2014, those projects received $34.3 billion or about 82 per cent of the country’s total investment volume (REN21,2016). As a result, the country represents a globally leading market for distributed solar photovoltaics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Using ideology as heuristic, a legal sociological approach is employed to critically evaluate a child’s legal status and its evolution since the eighteenth century. Four principal phases are identified: (1) legal ideology of individualism in the common law tradition, (2) movement from status to contract, (3) movement from status to rights, and (4) movement from status to agency. To strengthen legal agency both status and capacity are addressed. In the fourth phase, legal status has evolved in ways capable of facilitating children’s legal agency, it has evolved from being static to being dynamic, and is now determined by reference to public international law, rather than territorially. This article advances a universal norm of legal capacity to sue for violations of human rights, which is derived from the recent developments in human rights law. In the evolution of children’s rights we are presently witnessing the movement from status to agency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration is commonly credited with contributing to a significant alienation of Europe from the United States, possibly unprecedented since the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. The sources of estrangement cited are both manners of style, in the administration's often bellicose or messianic rhetoric, and matters of substance, in its casual disregard for multilateral policymaking in principle, accompanied by its explicit embrace of preemption in the National Security Strategy of September 2002. However, this article argues that the sources of strategic drift between Europe and the United States are structural and wholly predictable, if regrettable, products of post-Cold War change. Although strained transatlantic relations ought in theory to have stimulated the development of a European Security and Defence Policy, substantive progress in this area has been surprisingly modest. Indeed, it is as reasonable to talk of a measure of strate...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Background  Despite Thailand's commitment to treating people who use drugs as “patients” not “criminals,” Thai authorities continue to emphasize criminal law enforcement for drug control. In 2003, Thailand's drug war received international criticism due to extensive human rights violations. However, few studies have since investigated the impact of policing on drug-using populations. Therefore, we sought to examine experiences with policing among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Bangkok, Thailand, between 2008 and 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Three other targets refer to the potential of ICTs for achieving other Goals, and indicators adopted by UNSC for these four targets are discussed in this chapter. Several other Goals and targets refer more generally to the importance of technology and to the role of information in enabling the achievement of sustainable development. It will provide the basis for annual monitoring, follow-up and subsequent review of implementation of the 2030 Agenda at the national, regional and global levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Many countries also import at least 10% of their total imports from China. Infrastructure investment in many of these economies has been bolstered by funding from the Government of China. Trade and investment linkages between Pacific island developing economies and Asia are likely to continue to expand due to low transportation costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, individual regions in the North of England were more likely to co-patent with the London area than with their neighbours, as that is where the most relevant collaboration partners were located (OECD, 2008). Academic co-operation is often looking to international partners on the basis of the specific domain of strength in research rather than physical proximity. University researchers are evaluated by publication quality and research excellence, which requires that they focus on the best knowledge anywhere in the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article addresses the character and potential of the radical cosmopolitanism that is currently flourishing within the social sciences. I explore how cosmopolitanism is articulated in a number of disciplines–including international law, international relations, sociology and political philosophy–and how it conceives of its own age. I focus first of all on the timeconsciousness that informs the cosmopolitan representation of modernity, in particular its projection of a rupturebetween the old ‘Westphalian’ order of nation states and the advancing cosmopolitan order of the present, and, second, on the nature of cosmopolitan critiques of nationalism, socialism and ‘modernist’ social and political thought in general. Behind this focus lie a question over the extent to which cosmopolitanism replicates in its own normative proposals the defects of that which it criticizes, and another question over the means by which the critical kernel of contemporary cosmopolitanism can be separated from its doctrinal shell.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Pensions may be unavailable to women who have performed unpaid care work for much of their lives or who have worked in the informal sector. Older men are more likely to have pensions as a benefit of their paid formal work. This can be a source of fulfilment but also takes a physical toll and may come with little recognition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Several agencies supported countries developing STI policy frameworks, including UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNECE, UNESCAP and the World Bank (IATT-STI, 2017[3]). The declaration made at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in Istanbul in 2011 welcomed the establishment of a technology bank dedicated to LDCs. The Istanbul Programme of Action for The Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020 included the establishment of a “Technology Bank and Science, Technology and Information supporting mechanism, dedicated to least developed countries which would help improve least developed countries ’ scientific research and innovation base, promote networking among researchers and research institutions, help least developed countries access and utilise critical technologies, and draw together bilateral initiatives and support by multilateral institutions and the private sector, building on the existing international initiatives. ” The AAAA and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development reaffirmed the importance of this mechanism and requested, through SDG target 17.8, for it to be “fully operationalised by 2017”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Examples for countries with partial tax reductions are France, Italy and Poland. Among these, there are countries which grant the tax relief only to an agreed amount of biofuel production (for example France and Italy). For Canada this ratio is assumed to reduce by about 30 and 15 percentage points for ethanol and biodiesel respectively (OECD-FAO, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Infrastructure is a result of both public and private investment, with private investment ranging betw een 25 per cent to 70 per cent of total infrastructure investment in different countries. But since data on infrastructure are scant and typically do not provide a comprehensive total of private and public investments, public infrastructure is used as a proxy in a large number of studies, thereby potentially leading to undercounting of total infrastructure stocks of countries in existing empirical analyses. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that many countries have not maintained reliable public infrastructure investment figures until recently, which creates issues around comparability. Hence, existing estimates do not capture the efficiency of infrastructure and service quality, which is a very important determinant of growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, rail transport has an important role to play in the growth and sustainable development of the African continent over the next few decades (AfDB, 2015). For instance, more than 95% of Ethiopia's trade passes through the port of Djibouti. The new Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway provides landlocked Ethiopia with railroad access to the sea. The new line was built between 2011 and 2016 and financed by China at around USD 4 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Recent evaluations indicate that participants are more likely to follow national food-based dietary guidelines, pay attention to nutrition labels, increase their consumption of fruits and vegetables and improve their meal planning (USDA, 2009). Such campaigns are also known as "social marketing" as they use commercial marketing methods to achieve the social good. This aims to raise awareness, through use of the media, about the health risks associated with overweight and obesity and the importance of nutritious diets and of physical activity for good health. The programme consists of four phases: awareness-raising, assessment of the diets and physical activity levels of children, distribution of customized "family information packs" and distribution of additional information to lower-income families (Croker, Lucas and Wardle, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the Alternative SSP scenario, maize is used less for animal feed and more for direct human consumption. However, owing to a less pronounced transition towards high-protein food in developing countries, the demand for land to grow “staple” foods such as rice, millet, sorghum and cassava increases. Recent food price spikes have shown, however, that food security remains a serious concern around the world. Especially sensitive to food price volatility are countries in sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and the MENA region, where a substantial share of the population does not have secure access to food.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While the use of those substances is increasingly affecting youth in the region, the limited data available prevent the accurate estimation of their market size, sources and trafficking routes. Seizures of “ecstasy”-type substances increased sharply in Brazil in 2014, with 877,853 tablets seized, an increase from 183,289 in 2013. In Colombia, seizures peaked in 2013, when 117,101 tablets were seized, increasing from 6,664 tablets in 2010, but seizures decreased again, to 39,792 tablets, in 2014. Guyana reported, as a new development, seizures of small quantities of “ecstasy” in the past two years. In 2014, Colombia reported four separate seizures of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B), amounting to 14,068 units in total.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Based on analysis of aerial photos, each sample plot (SSU) is allocated to one of three basic categories, reflecting the likelihood of forest or other wooded land (OWL) cover in the plot: Unlikely to contain forest or other wooded land cover, Likely to contain forest, and Likely to contain other wooded land. All plots in the last two categories are inventoried in the field. The indicators were registered by the measurement crews as they were travelling along the edge of the 200 x 200 m grid square of each cluster.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)