albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For those in developing countries who do have access to electricity, the supplies are often sporadic, which imposes economic costs due to reduced production and the need to invest in back-up supplies. Most developing countries are also substantial importers of energy, so the economic cost and security of supply are important issues. Many subsidize energy production or consumption, yet these subsidies are costly, economically inefficient, and generally provide least benefit to those in greatest need.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The report cites as examples the Division of Industry and Community Network (BJIM), the Division of Research and Community Network which, while originally established mainly for industrial training placement and to enhance students4 employment opportunities, is now actively taking part in community engagement and outreach programmes (NHERI, 2010). Prior to its designation as an APEX university, student selections were done centrally and a centralised process continues for all non-APEX higher education institutions. Course placements at higher education are made to reflect the demographic profile of the country and are based on academic marks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The SMART Housing Policy offers an incentive-based approach to encourage developers to build affordable housing that also meets elevated construction standards, and is located near transit. It provides for fee waivers as well as faster review and inspection times for developers building qualifying housing projects. It can also provide additional density, or floor/area ratio, to encourage provision of affordable housing and other community benefits, such as parking, open space and streetscapes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Cost is a critical factor in deciding whether or not to pursue desalination, and the cost considered must be the cost of desalinated water delivered to the consumer’s tap. Too often only the capital cost and operation of the desalination plant, that is the supply cost, is considered without regards to the cost encountered to bringing the water to the consumer. Supply cost is only part of the overall cost of desalination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The second is the adoption of overarching strategies and policies based on stakeholder consultation which have both clear and measurable objectives, and defined actions and measures with timelines and budgets to meet them. Achieving both results in a score of 2, while more dynamic implementation and co-ordination of policy and legislation warrants a higher score. However for all six economies, the adoption of secondary legislation is not consistent across the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In particular, Sustainable Development Goal 4 stresses the importance of providing equitable access to education and lifelong learning opportunities that lead to effective learning outcomes. It also emphasises the need to adapt the content of education to include relevant topics such as human rights and gender equality. The challenge, however, remains to collect quality and comparable data to monitor the wide range of Sustainable Development Goal 4 indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
All drugs provided in hospitals are free of charge, and cost sharing is capped at HRK 2 000 (approximately EUR 264) per episode of illness in secondary or tertiary care. There are also a number of exemptions from copayments for vulnerable population groups (e.g. children, students, pensioners, people with disabilities, the unemployed and those on low incomes). Nevertheless, unmet needs are over five times higher in low income groups than in high income groups (5.2% compared to 0.8%) (Figure 11). Out-of-pocket expenditure in Croatia is equal Figure 11.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
2010 will be a big turning point in British history. It brought to an end 13 years of Labour government, and ushered in the first coalition government in over 60 years. It is a good moment to look back, and to look forward. This chapter sums up Labour’s big constitutional reforms: devolution, reform of the House of Lords, the Human Rights Act, the new Supreme Court and the Freedom of Information Act, and analyses their effectiveness. These reforms are still evolving, yet unfinished business remains, particularly concerning devolution and the House of Lords. The agenda of the new coalition government is also discussed, with a particular focus on fixed term parliaments and the referendum on the Alternative Vote system. In conclusion, the chapter reflects on unwritten constitutions in the United Kingdom and in New Zealand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Pessimism and optimism in International Relations theory have reflected the dominance of state-centrism in world politics. Competing paradigms have taken for granted that the core problematics of concern are the domestic consolidation of nation-states and their interaction in ‘international’ relations, seen as two-level games. Pessimism stemmed from war, domestic vulnerability and interstate economic competition, optimism from liberal pacification, economic interdependence and global governance. However, this perception of world politics is increasingly outdated. Since the mid-to-late twentieth century, a dialectic of globalisation and fragmentation has led to a complex restructuring of the world system, above the state, below the state and cutting across states, from financial crises to the ‘intangible economy’ to security and climate change. The ‘new pessimism’—and optimism—is rooted in response to this transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Broadband Commission has the aim to promote access to broadband infrastructure as a mean towards sustainable and inclusive development, and set up international targets for incentivising further investments in broadband development (see Box 2.4). The Commission, which was rebranded as the Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development following the 2015 UN summit, brings together industry leaders, senior officials, academia and international organisations, and advocates for universal access to the Internet. A key component has been to encourage the development of national broadband plans or strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the past five years, ODA allocated to DRR increased from about USD 270 million in 2007 to USD 820 million in 2012 (OECD, 2014). Although funding for risk reduction is increasing, it remains substantially less than that allocated to addressing the consequences of disasters. Between 2010 and 2012, for every USD 1 allocated to DRR there were USD 19 allocated to emergency response, reconstruction and relief.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Each year a specific amount from the central-government budget is allocated to taking on board new treatments and pharmaceuticals. This is then allocated according to the recommendations of a committee comprising representatives from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Finance, the physicians and health funds as well as experts in health policy and public figures from outside the health system. The committee’s recommendations are based on a list of candidates for inclusion in the basket drawn up by the Ministry of Health in consultation with key players (notably the health funds, pharmaceutical companies and the IMA). Changes to the system in recent years include for instance the adoption of a multi-year allocation in 2008 (three years instead of one).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This economic pressure has led the industry to further adapt and evolve its operations to maximise economic return. Access to the market is unrestricted, with imports of species not domestically produced (e.g. shrimps, prawns, packaged products, such as canned fish). Per capita consumption is relatively stable and growth is largely a function of general population trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This article explores attempts by anti-corruption and Right to Information activist groups in Delhi to discipline state–citizen interactions through the innovative application of legal mechanisms for bureaucratic transparency and accountability, in particular the Right to Information Act of 2005. Drawing on detailed ethnography, I show how activist strategies can achieve positive results in specific cases. However, a paradox emerges as, in the everyday practice of dealing with poor clients and government officials, activists have to accommodate and work through the very processes of mediation, personalisation and inequality based on social and cultural capitals which they identify as problematic in the functioning of the state. A focus on the everyday practice of anti-corruption activism provides an opportunity to look beyond the recent hubris concerning anti-corruption in India and develop a closer understanding of how projects to reform the state–citizen relationship actually play out on the ground.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A rather large number of species of birds, invertebrates and plants as well as a few species of mammals are closely connected with such habitat structures, in most cases originally found in steppe or dry grassland habitats. Fields under regular cultivation hold just a fraction of the biodiversity generally found in farmland landscapes. With an increased fragmentation and reduction in size of natural and seminatural habitats in the farmland landscape, it has become increasingly difficult for farmland biodiversity to persist in the gradually smaller and fewer suitable habitats and to spread between habitats of sufficient quality to maintain viable populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Consequently, policy makers and regulators should also account for the potential opportunity costs for delayed roll-out of mobile connectivity. In situations where infrastructure needs to be built, for example after conflict, a holistic approach is likely to be the most efficient. Business incentives for ICT and energy cooperation can go further.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Schonefelder Kreuz is a critical component of Berlin’s economy and is characterised by its manufacturing and aeronautical past. The Brandenburg Aairpoit, currently under construction, will be a major driver of economic activity for the area in the future. Throughout this report, significant evidence has demonstrated the impact of the green growth ambitions of the area and the effect that a single economic activity (an airport) can have on the emissions profile, labour market and innovation dynamics of the Schonefelder Kreuz and wider Berlin. The table provides one of the key translation points from local specific indicators or activity to a cross-region comparable indicator framework set.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In addition to family structure, maternal education and employment as well as household socioeconomic status are robust predictors of early learning outcomes. It is very difficult to determine the unique impact of any of these specific features of the economic and social environment on children’s outcomes (Duncan, Magnuson and Votruba-Drzal, 2017[X57]), however a large body of non-experimental research suggests each of these factors is important. Maternal education is a powerful predictor of early learning outcomes. On average, more highly-educated mothers spend more time working than mothers with less education, they also, on average, spend more time with their children (Cameiro, Meghir and Parey, 2013|issi, Duncan, Magnuson and Votruba-Drzal, 2015[i59|).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Figure 2.1 illustrates the combination of those risks for the EU population in 2015. The list of deprivation items is currently under revision and a new definition is expected to consist of 12 items. In more prosperous economies even relative standards of deprivation or income may fail to capture inequalities which determine personal freedom and participation in society. The possession of wealth is a particularly relevant metric that potentially determines poverty conditions and how to cope with them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Some cities, such as Almaty, Shymkent and even Astana, may focus on the compact city even in the context of growing populations. Emphasis should be given to connectivity and mobility to achieve this. Transport investments and land-use planning can give sharper focus to the inner city, providing transport options that support a mix of residential and commercial uses in medium-density inner city.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the United States, entitlement to Temporary Assistance for Needy Families is subject to time limits, which vary across the states. The net replacement rates presented in Table 1.1 exclude social assistance and housing benefits, which are analysed separately below. The tight eligibility rules regulating these programmes of last resort, especially with respect to accumulated assets, makes it difficult to identify a typical point during a spell of unemployment when a worker who has exhausted UB would become eligible for SA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Each of these stakeholders, whether individuals, businesses, organizations or governments requires customized information. Thus the general public might need simple maps of neighbourhoods while technical staff in local government will need more detailed information and statistical data for specific purposes. The range of potential information is indicated in Table IV-1. The Japanese Government, for example, has since the 1960s provided earthquake insurance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Colleges allocate scarce resources to remediation activities, while students commonly use federal grants and subsidised loans to cover the cost of remedial education. This leaves them fewer resources for their post-secondary studies and increases the chance of dropout, and financial distress. Some examples of initiatives designed to help those who encounter difficulties once they start college are given below. The strategy is based on the principle that skills taught in one course and reinforced in another are more likely to be mastered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Promotion and the reliable supply and distribution of high-quality condoms should become integral components of all reproductive health-care services. All relevant international organizations, especially the World Health Organization, should significantly increase their procurement. Governments and the international community should provide all means to reduce the spread and the rate of transmission of HIV/AIDS infection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Over the past year, results and methodologies have been shared extensively with member countries, and capacity-building exercises are currently under way (see https://unstats.un org/sdgs/tierll!-indicators/f]!es/Tier3-02-03-02.pdf). Most data are from the UNESCO Institute for Statistics database. As at 3 March 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Dorsett (2006) evaluated this programme. He finds that the subsidised employment option is more effective at increasing young people’s chances of exiting unemployment and securing unsubsidised employment after the programme than the other available options (notably education / training or temporary public employment). In terms of improving the employment probabilities of unemployed youths, they find the largest long-term employment impact for participants in wage subsidies (10 to 20 percentage-point increases in the employment probability over 60 months) followed by job search assistance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Multiplying these percentages with GDP per capita of the corresponding year provides an estimate of the insurance value of health care services for each individual. Even in health care systems with broad or universal coverage, some elements are targeted towards low-income groups (e.g. reduced out-of-pocket payments for hospitalisation, doctor visits etc.) Using the proportions of users by age group (see Vaalavuo, 2011), the amount of public spending per individual in each age group is derived. Following standard practice, the equivalence scale used in this chapter for adjusting household disposable income is the square root of household size.2 But when non-cash income components are included, this may give rise to what Radner (1997) has called the “consistency" problem: some types of non-cash income may have needs associated with them that are unmeasured in usual equivalence scales.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. There is strong evidence that favourable circumstances very early on in childhood support the development of the critical cognitive, emotional and social skills that provide the foundations for success in school and life. Disadvantaged children, who are more likely to face poor learning environments at home, therefore stand to gain the most from access to quality ECEC services, enabling them to start school on an equal footing to their wealthier peers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Lower-tier programmes with a broad scope are shown in the upper right-hand corner in Table 3. The biggest group in this category are non-categorical SA providing cash and near-cash support (US Food Stamps, since 2008 Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, SNAP, are a near-cash benefit). Incapacity benefits are not shown. The US Supplemental Security Income and the Irish Disability Allowance are lower-tier minimum-income benefits with non-means-tested insurance-based programmes acting as first-tier benefits in both cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Russia technological improvements play substantial role in promoting low carbon development and reduction of energy consumption, primarily via substitution of outdated Soviet technologies for new more efficient ones. As a result, different sectors had different emissions dynamics in 1990 than the present, as shown in Table 1.1. The main development has been the decline of the share of the agricultural sector, while the importance of industrial processes as an emissions source has increased slightly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Nevertheless, eadi dimension was introduced singly. Then, the singly significant dimensions were introduced together. Variables are expressed in log. Additional control variables are included: distance, contiguity, population of origin and destination countries, income and language differentials, female education and female unemployment rates in origin and destination countries. The exclusion variable in the selection equation is diplomatic exchange. ***, **,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, the understanding of sustainability will require revisiting the interpretation of lower mobility in view of the requirements of sustainable development and sustainable transport. Empowerment of women will have to come through enhanced accessibility to various opportunities without dependence on motorized mobility. Adverse effects are in the form of poor air quality, risk of traffic crashes, lack of activity leading to obesity and other life style related diseases. Least adverse effects on users and non-users is possible when majority city residents have to travel short distances thus reducing the exposure to air pollution as well risk from traffic crashes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The values for the three indicators for white male heads of household are below average for both years, whereas the values for all other categories were above the average (signalling a greater propensity to monetary and multidimensional poverty). The values of both types of poverty indicators were lower in 2008 than in 2003. The trend in terms of deprivation as measured by at least one indicator is unclear, since all the cohorts register similar values (around 70%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Farmlands are extremely fragmented in Rwanda, with an average farm size of only 0.76 hectares (Republic of Rwanda, 2010), and provisions against the fragmentation of land tenure encroach on the principle of equal inheritance rights for children (IFAD, 2010). By law, plots not exceeding an area of 1 hectare - some 80 per cent of farms - cannot be further partitioned. Where this prevents a plot from being partitioned among children, it is held on behalf of the family in communal/familial possession by a single heir - commonly the oldest male child (UNCTAD, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As previously expressed, Chile’s education system can open the door to stronger economic, democratic and social development within the country. Education has been an important topic on Chile’s public agenda since 2006, and the ongoing education reforms carried out by the Chilean government show an enduring commitment to education. However, the country’s capacity to unite these reforms into a coherent vision will be key to the reforms' success and sustainability from the implementation period onward.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Snow crab is a very important commercial species for the region and catches have been decreasing since reaching a peak in 1960. The stock has improved and in September 2008 became the first Japanese fishery to be certified under the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) eco-labelling scheme. There are only 15 vessels which have a license for this fishery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Meeting the environmental standards set by the EU and other trading blocs will be essential to SMEs seeking opportunities in export markets. However, in light of evidence that this network may not be focusing adequately on facilitation and diagnostic services to help start-ups and micro- and small enterprises overcome their problems (as opposed to primarily offering information), the provision of services being offered to entrepreneurs and SMEs by the KSU and KSI networks should be examined. To encourage the development of more high-growth firms, policy measures will have to be strengthened in the areas of seed and venture capital, advice and counselling, mentoring, diagnostics services, provision of value-added information on technologies, business models and business and market opportunities (both domestic and global).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This makes it difficult to conduct the sorts of long-term investments in human capacities that characterize altruistic growth regimes. We see this pressure manifested in Figure 2-1C, where Australia, Canada and the United States are classified as having weak caring spirits and the United Kingdom is below the trendline. We thus might expect, at least for women outside the upper classes who cannot afford to compensate for the absence of the state and/or men in social reproduction, that female labour force participation is associated with stresses on the production of human capacities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While its power and quality equate those of desktop microscopes worth thousands of dollars, it can be manufactured for under USD 0.50 using three-dimensional (3D) printing. The microscope is made of cheap and abundant material (paper) and requires minimal assembly skills, keeping production costs low. Designed by Professor Manu Prakash of Stanford University, the Foldscope is being tested in India and Uganda as a diagnostic tool for malaria and other acute bacterial diseases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)