albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The ICMBio has monitored coral reefs in marine protected areas since 2002 and launched in situ monitoring programmes in terrestrial federal protected areas in 2012. Most protected areas, however, struggle to monitor the state and trends of biodiversity and socio-economic development outcomes. Further encouraging partnerships with civil society, research and business organisations could help develop monitoring in areas not supported by ICMBio programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Department of Labour (DoL) acknowledged in 2012 that its communication with the DHA on these matters was limited. The DoL sits on the Immigration Advisory Board which reviews quotas (albeit erratically given the ad hoc functioning of the Board), however it does not have direct access to DHA databases. Decisions taken in terms of quota allocations between 2007 and 2011 were therefore almost entirely at the discretion of the DHA minister. Interactions between Sector Education and TVaining Authorities (SETAs), the DoL, the business sector, organised labour and academic research have been dominated by controversies around the calculation methodologies and the definition of skills shortages and skills gap (Erasmus and Breier, 2009). In a 2009 study undertaken for the DoL, the Human Sciences Research Council found large discrepancies between official estimates of skills shortages and the quota lists issued by the DHA, even in sectors identified by the government as being in crisis (Erasmus and Breier, 2009). For instance, the National Scarce Skills List (NSSL) for 2006 indicated needs in personnel amounting to more than 200 thousand, while the DHA 2007 quota lists stopped at around 24 thousand (ibid.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Threat levels are particularly high in countries with high population density and a high concentration of human activities. Sharp declines in many formerly common and widespread species signal wider environmental problems and the erosion of biodiversity' as a whole. A wild bird index combining data from Europe and North America show's that specialist birds have declined by nearly 30% in 40 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. From Uniformity to Diversity: A paradigm shift from industrial agriculture to diversified agroecological systems. Chololo Ecovillage: A Model of Good Practice in Climate Adaptation and Mitigation. Institute of Rural Development Planning, United Republic of Tanzania.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Significant increases in water tariffs have taken place or are planned in all sectors, and lower prices for effluent and brackish water encourage their use for irrigation. A quota of potable water is allocated to the agricultural sector each year, farmers who opt to exchange part of this quota for alternative sources can secure the volume of wastewater they will procure at a fixed price. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Each results chain outlines the ultimate, intermediate and immediate outcomes as well as activities, outputs and complementary indicators (see Chapter 5). The NCCAP specifies that although the plan includes long-term objectives, these are not fixed and can be adjusted if circumstances change (Philippines Climate Change Commission, 2011). To ensure that the plan remains relevant, it will be monitored on an annual basis and evaluated every three years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Estimates by Sutherland et al. ( Firstly, given the relevance of quality teaching for schooling achievements (Hanushek and Wossman, 2007, Slater et al., Individual schools should be provided with tools and incentives to hire, reward and replace teachers according to their performance. Extending these practices to Local Authority maintained schools could also increase their competitiveness relative to independent schools, academies, faith schools and Free Schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Ongoing hukou (household registration) reforms will also facilitate labour mobility to areas with better jobs and enable more equal access to public social services. Under this scenario, income inequality would moderate, and average households would use more of their incomes for expenditures. Four decades of breakneck economic growth turned China into the world’s largest carbon emitter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A far from exhaustive list of relevant OECD studies would include Bassanini and Duval (2006), De Serres and Murtin (2013), Bourles et al. ( A high number of growth-oriented studies estimate the impact of structural policies on various dimensions of labour market performance such as e.g. employment, unemployment and participation in Bassanini and Duval (2006), De Serres and Murtin (2013) and Bouis et al. ( Most papers focus on wages among full-time employees, i.e. they exclude part-time workers and the self-employed, in general reflecting data limitations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This chapter examines the various financing instruments and approaches that are available, ranging from traditional government budget and donor funding to user fees, taxes and fines, and payments for ecosystem services, among others. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the need to develop finance strategies for MPAs, drawing on examples from different countries. This significantly undermines their ability to achieve their management objectives and MPAs have therefore sometimes been described as “paper parks” (Gelcich et al., This holds true when looking only at MPAs as well (Table 4.1). Other sources of finance include user fees, fines, debt swaps, biodiversity prospecting, trust funds and donations. More novel financing sources either underway or being explored include marine payments for ecosystem services (PES), marine biodiversity offsets and blue carbon finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In any event, stark inequity continues to coexist with high levels of absolute poverty. As also indicated above, the current crisis can be expected to lead to a slight increase in poverty and inequality. Such a crisis requires that members of society perceive the asymmetries as critical and that the foundations of social integration and consensus have weakened (Habermas, 1989). Regarding subjective opinions, data indicate that perceptions of distributive justice are generally in line with “objective” data, given that in 1997, 2002 and 2007 by far most of the population of Latin America considered income distribution to be unfair or very unfair (80%, 87% and 78%, respectively).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Using iPod Touch and smartphone technology, correspondents in rural Bangladesh identify stories of importance to the rural community. Through impactful storytelling and online distribution networks and by linking with mainstream media, the project provides a platform for rural voices. Issues cover gender, the environment, health and education, and highlight role models in rural Bangladesh who have found innovative solutions to local problems (SDGs 3,4, 5 and 15). By harnessing the full potential of broadband, the Plan envisages the integration of national logistics and transportation systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Benefits from time savings (as opposed to time saved associated with illness) are substantial, even though they are rarely factored into project impact evaluations (Hutton et al., Time savings can translate into increased production, improved education levels or more leisure time. Intermittent supplies can cause considerable inconvenience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These facilities can deliver pharmacological treatments, and some talking therapies such as counselling depending on capacity and can refer people to specialised mental health providers. Family doctors and other physicians performing a primary care “function” in Japan can provide care to patients with mild and moderate mental disorders, and can prescribe a fairly standard range of pharmaceuticals for mental health care. However, in reality, unlike in other OECD countries generalists or primary care physicians (except for those specialised in psychiatry) do not play the central role in the provision of care for mild-to-moderate disorders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Women often have limited access to reliable information and education, which can further exacerbate their vulnerability. In transit countries, women risk different types of abuse, such as sexual and physical abuse by the escort or agent. Migrant women frequently end up in gender-insensitive work environments in the country of employment, where notions of what type of work is appropriate for women limit their options to domestic work and certain forms of entertainment. In many countries, these fields of work are not regulated and thus the women are excluded from any protection of the law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A study issued by the US Census Bureau shows that since 1960, there has been a steady increase in the population living in coastal areas of the United States and concludes that the trend, driven by social, economic and environmental factors, can be expected to continue (Wilson and Fischetti, 2010). The same study predicts that in 2030, 767 million people (about 11 per cent of the population of developing regions) will be living in a low-elevation coastal zone and 224 million in a 100-year floodplain. These estimates suggest greater exposure to climate hazards and thus larger climate-related human costs in the future for particular population groups if effective climate adaptation and mitigation policies are not in place. However, socioeconomic factors play a role as well: in the absence of more diversified economies that provide job opportunities in less-exposed areas, people are settling in low-lying coastal areas in search of a livelihood. However, exploitation and climate change are threatening the collapse of livelihoods derived from fishing (Jackson and others, 2001). This situation is problematic because the fishing industry has historically played a major role in providing food security and income and more recently, aquaculture has played a rapidly growing role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In 1953, agricultural research in the various USDA bureaus was consolidated into the newly formed Agricultural Research Service (ARS). The Smith-Lever Act (1914) created cooperative state extension services as a federal-state-local partnership. Based in land grant institutions, extension sen/ices specifically were designed to share the results of agricultural research with farmers, household managers and young people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Michel Foucault’s analysis of military power, drill and the ‘docile body’ is fundamental to Discipline and Punish. It has been deeply influential but is in need of challenge. His account suggests that in the army the self is replaced by the automaton. Although there is deep individuation and increasingly local autonomy of action, there is also a passive dependence upon authority. Drawing on military sociology the paper proposes an alternative logic of military organization, training and power. This suggests a continuing role for meaning and subjectivity that is broadly consistent with Durkheimian theory. Military effectiveness depends on small group solidarity, the construction of a soldierly identity, and the enlistment and control of emotions. We should perhaps rethink the relationship of discipline to meaning and power in modernity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The chapter traces the development of the international response to the pandemic of HIV/AIDS from the designation of the World Health Organization (WHO) as “lead agency” in the late 1980s to the emergence of a variety of public-private partnerships from the 1990s onwards. This trajectory is related to general trends in global public health governance. Existing partnerships in the field of HIV/AIDS are described and typified. Finally, the legitimacy and democratic qualities of today’s global governance arrangements in the fight against AIDS are discussed in terms of coordination, representation and accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the United Kingdom, employees have the right to request changes to their hours, days or place of work, which the employer must consider and can refuse only on serious business grounds (limited to employees who have worked for the same employer for at least 26 weeks). In New Zealand and the United Kingdom, changes to working hours and/or other work arrangements granted under tire entitlement to request flexible working result in a permanent change in the contract, unless the employee and employer agree at the time of request that the change is for a set and specified period of time. Many countries require employees to meet additional criteria for requesting part-time work or changes to working hours (e.g. length of service or size of firm), see OECD (2015f). In Germany, a wide range of recent policy initiatives address the numerous obstacles in the way of more equal sharing in working families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article analyzes the role that international organizations play in orienting education reforms and changes, based on an examination of key texts these organizations produced in the 1990s. The analysis shows that some specific trends persist: UNESCO and UNICEF centre their philosophy on a humanistic and child-centered vision of education, while the World Bank and the OECD give priority to education policy based on assessing skills and learning outcomes. Over the past decade, however, among the major international organizations involved in education, there has been a gradual convergence in the vision of education, towards learning outcomes. This convergence is illustrated by looking at several topics of common concern: quality, good governance, accountability, privatization, benchmarking, and the measurement of learning outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Human rights have become an ever more important aspect of policies designed to address so-called ethno-political conflicts: their violation is seen as an indicator for conflict intensification, and their institutionalization has become a widespread precondition for development aid to ensure its effective distribution within a peaceful society. The promotion of liberal democracy, including human rights, to spread peace has legitimized a series of interventions – some military – by international actors. These efforts assume a close link between the institutionalization of human rights and what we will call positive conflict transformation as well as peacebuilding, especially if framed within the context of human security (Dunne and Wheeler, 2004, Mertus and Helsing, 2006). However, they often do not make this link clear, nor do they carefully analyse the conditions under which the advocacy of human rights is effective or the variety of forms it can take (for an exception see Parlevliet, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such species are especially important for maintaining biodiversity due to their structural or functional abilities. Examples are tangle kelp (Laminaria hyperborea) and sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima), which are key species along the Northeast Atlantic coast line, where they form extensive underwater forests. These forests act as nursery grounds for fish and provide food for a variety of species (Christie, Norderhaug, & Fredriksen, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Lastly, the main empirical findings obtained by applying the index are presented and discussed. These include: (i) the spread and prevalence of new conceptual frameworks for development and well-being, as well as the rights- and capabilities-based approaches, in which income shortfall is only an incomplete proxy for standard of living, and (ii) the availability of new methodologies that have overcome some of the obstacles to the inclusion of various dimensions of poverty in an index (Alkire and Foster, 2007, 2011). This index comprises non-monetary and monetary dimensions, including indicators of deprivations in respect of employment, social protection and schooling gap, and proposes new thresholds for the dimensions traditionally considered in measurements of poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This has triggered a component price war which, in conjunction with the aforementioned technical progress, has substantially lowered the per-MW price of installed capacity. The counterexample would be Chile, where, despite investor interest, the functioning of the electricity market does not make it possible to put forward projects that banks could finance. The cornerstones are long-term contracts that guarantee an income to the generator and considerably facilitate project financing, together with mechanisms that make it possible to cushion the variability of energy production. In Mexico, this has been achieved through the energy bank, whereas in Brazil, the variability of supply is assumed by all generators through a reliability charge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This chapter describes the ecosystem services that several economic sectors obtain from the marine environment. It examines the pressures on Sweden's marine environment and the status of marine ecosystems, habitats and species. The chapter describes Sweden's institutional and policy framework for the conservation and sustainable use of the marine environment. Finally, it presents how the ecosystem approach is integrated into Sweden’s marine policy, including through marine spatial planning and protected areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Synergies between transport policy and tourism policy in aviation transport hubs such as Singapore, Dubai and Kuala Lumpur demonstrate that policies can provide both sector specific and collective benefits. A trade-off between the two policies does not have to result in reduced outcomes for each policy area, but can be strategically managed to maximise outcomes. For example, in the case of Mauritius, exploiting a policy trade-off between tourism and transport policy has enabled tourism to thrive in this fragile island ecosystem. In this case, the government has successfully promoted the island as an exclusive destination by adopting policies that limit air access and encouraging premium accommodation supply (Seetaram, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Investment in software and computer services (+11.7%), automobiles and parts (8.9%), and technology hardware and equipment (8.8%) has increased rapidly. Other sectors with high R&D growth are industrial engineering (9.8%) and the health-care equipment and services sectors (8.3%). Experimentation in the form of R&D or inventive activity over several years is sometimes followed by a sudden and marked increase in innovative activity, which is typical of the development of successful new technologies (OECD, 2013i). Early developments generally occur in patent classes that are later abandoned in favour of new technological solutions in different patent classes (Figure 1.18).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Materials may be broken down by type of material (minerals, biomass, fossil fuels). Primary production of raw materials, processing of the materials into products, and ultimate disposal of the waste material has major environmental impacts. The indicator provides a basis for policies to increase the efficient use of raw materials in order to conserve natural resources and reduce environment degradation resulting from primary extraction, material processing, manufacturing and waste disposal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
On the other hand, most studies in Europe show a positive but weak relationship between income and satisfaction (Dolan, Peasgood and White, 2008). In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Shields and Price (2005) observed that 1% of the variance in subjective wellbeing was explained by income. Notable among these are employment status, education and physical health, as well as factors showing the subjects’ position in the life cycle. Among these are age, civil status and responsibilities in caring for other household members (Dolan, Peasgood and White, 2008). Concerning age, studies in developed countries have found a U curve where the highest levels of subjective well-being are among the youngest and oldest age groups and the lowest levels are in the intermediate age groups (Dolan, Peasgood and White, 2008, Shields and Price, 2005). As for civil status, being married is associated with the highest level of subjective well-being and being separated with the lowest level (Helliwell, 2003, Shields and Price, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Hence, extensive stakeholder participation was considered essential to the reform process. However, all concerned in the abstraction licensing reform in England and Wales recognised the importance of engaging with those most affected and interested, involving them in the process of development, and using their feedback to refine the options. A series of sector-based and broad-based facilitated workshops helped this process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article concerns the permissibility of amnesties under the ECHR. It argues that when an amnesty case comes to Strasbourg, as it probably will, there is a good chance that the Court will make a serious error. That error will be to hold that the Convention requires the prosecution of the gravest human rights abuses in all circumstances – it will be to invalidate the amnesty. In part, such an approach will likely be informed by an assumption that each of the duties that flows from an absolute right is itself absolute. That assumption, combined with the way that the Court has specified the prosecutorial duty, would prevent the Court from taking into account powerful countervailing interests in play during peace negotiations. These countervailing interests mean that a claim that amnesties for the gravest wrongs are always impermissible is unsustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The author presents and analyses  U.S.  position regarding the extraterritorial application of the prohibition of torture before and after the change that occurred in November 2014 the Committee Against Torture. At that forum the  U.S.  stated that the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment of 1984 applies to “all places that the State party controls as a governmental authority”. This new test immediately gave rise to a lot of controversies and discussions on its exact meaning. As the author indicated it seems to be narrower than the test of effective control adopted in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. The article also contains the review of this jurisprudence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The creation of state water resources councils accelerated after the 1997 Water Law (Figure 2.5) and nowadays Acre is the only state with no water council (Figure 2.5). In that state, a project is ongoing to reform the current Environment Council, which should be renamed the Council of Environment and Water Resources. The councils are at varying degrees of maturity: some states have given attention to water problems (Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais or Ceara) while others are still stabilising their composition and their role. They often lack qualified staff and financial resources to work properly and sometimes also cany out the tasks of river basin agencies when these do not exist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)