albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Since its foundation in 2010, the number of countries with a broadband plan has rapidly increased. By 2017,82% of countries have adopted a broadband plan, an increase from 73% only three years earlier. While, LDCs and other LICs are still lagging behind, these countries show the greatest progress with almost two-thirds of counties having adopted a broadband plan by 2017. The development of ICT infrastructure is capital intensive, yet the majority of strategies do not address investment needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The total area to be planted under the project is about 200 ha, and the direct costs of this work are shared by the two above-mentioned ministries. In addition to the afforestation work, the project supported the elaboration of a new Forest Code. The planting and growing of indigenous tree species resistant to droughts and high air temperatures allows irrigation intensity to be reduced and, at the same time, increases the vitality of trees and further development of plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Summative assessment refers to “assessment of learning” and involves high stakes consequences for students because the results of the assessment are used to judge the students’ performance (Ewell, 2005 cited in Nusche, forthcoming). Formative assessment is often referred to as “assessment for learning” and supports a teacher’s pedagogical approach to the student, the results of such an assessment are used to improve teaching strategies and identify learning needs, rather than judge performance (Black and William, 1998 cited in Nusche, forthcoming, Eurydice Network, 2009). Finally, assessment tools such as standardised tests can be used for monitoring and evaluation purposes. Evaluation refers to collecting evidence to judge systems, programs and procedures (Harlen, 2007, Newton, 2007). This paper considers standardised testing for monitoring, evaluation and formative purposes, but because summative assessment inherently involves stakes for students, it is not included in this review. For a comprehensive review of summative assessment trends in OECD countries, see: Nusche (forthcoming).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The diversity and abundance of reef fishes is correlated with the extent and architectural complexity of coral reefs (Friedlander and Parrish, 1998). The loss and degradation of coral reefs through climate change can be expected to reduce the abundance and diversity of fishes, with negative impacts for subsistence and artisanal fisheries that provide important livelihoods and a source of protein and micronutrients for coastal and island populations. Events such as the 1998 mass coral bleaching in the Indian Ocean have not been accompanied by obvious negative short-term bio-economic impacts for coastal reef fisheries (Grandcourt and Cesar, 2003, Spalding and Jarvis, 2002, Bellwood et al., However, a longer term study of Seychelles fish assemblages has indicated that responses may lag long after the coral mortality event, due to the loss in complex substrate that smaller fishes depend upon. Fish assemblage structure appears to be determined by the degree of bio-erosion and collapse of the dead reef architecture (Graham et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The vision should examine realistic opportunities for the green economy in Poland in the middle to long term. The vision, definition and objectives should be well reflected and integrated into the regional economic development strategies and operating programmes. A leader should be identified to ensure coherence and to advance the green agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Certain success was already achieved: the main regularities of formation and development of recreation systems were formulated, recreation nature management became considered as independent part of forest exploitation etc. However additional work on appropriate correction of earlier elaborated methods, basis of new methods and regulations of recreation nature management is required with the economy transfer to market relations. Inventoiy of forests of recreation assignment (FRA) should be carried out on the base of forest management and woodland park management which provide implementation of a complex of natural taxation-exploration works and first of all of landscape taxation of stands assessing environment improving, landscape-architectural and decorative properties of the forest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Inter-American Court of Human Rights analyzes four issues in the case of Lagos del Campo vs. Peru. First, the special protection of freedom of expression at the workplace. Second, the recognition of the right to job stability under the protection of the right to work set out in the Inter-American human rights instruments. Third, the protection of freedom of association covers any organization and its representatives that represent the legitimate interests of workers. Fourth, the inclusion of the payment of the retirement pension as a repair of the material damage. This decision is relevant as it sets the legal parameters regarding the above-mentioned subjects for the national normative systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Livestock form an important source of GDP at 16 % of the total, and generate 14 % of the country’s foreign exchange earnings. Yet cattle numbers are exceeding the land’s canying capacity in many areas, and some rangelands are degraded (FAO, 2005). The impact of climate change in Ethiopia is already apparent in the increasing temperature and declining rainfall, particularly in northern parts which are exceptionally vulnerable to drought, with annual rainfall being only 100mm in the north-east. Such changes can be catastrophic for agricultural production, deteriorate infrastructure and worsen the livelihoods of the rural poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It is a moral imperative, it is about fairness and equity, and includes many political, social and cultural dimensions. With a special chapter on gender issues this volume of Society at a Glance Asia/Pacific illustrates the progress that many economies in the Asia/Pacific region have made towards gender equality in education and shows that girls outperform boys in some areas of education. But these gains have not yet fully spilled over to the labour market: women are most likely to work under vulnerable employment conditions, earn less than men, are less likely to make it to the top of the career ladder, and continue to bear the brunt of unpaid housework. Economic development in the Asia/Pacific is also related to the ongoing gains in educational attainment, perhaps nowhere as dramatic as in Korea, where the population is now among the highest educated in the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In particular, where it is felt dial farm households’ incomes need to be supported, measures that target families - as are used in social policies for other sectors of the economy - rather than policies tied to agricultural land (which are still the basis of most “decoupled” payments) should be used (OECD, 2003a). Hence, a blueprint for a synthetic new agricultural policy w'ould not include “decoupled” payments. Decoupling is, therefore, an alternative to removing past price support without providing any accompanying assistance to farmers: it is not a policy instrument to be introduced in the first place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They endorsed a mandate for the OECD to develop a Green Growth Strategy, bringing together economic, environmental, social, technological and development aspects into a comprehensive framework. The resulting 2011 OECD Green Growth Strategy formed an important part of OECD contributions to the Rio+20 Conference in June 2012 that launched the process to develop Sustainable Development Goals (OECD, 2011a). Green growth strategies therefore pursue opportunities for both growth and development, and the management of environmental and economic risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is seen as a drag on economic development both because NEET youth represent a waste of human resources and because disengagement from education at an early age is associated with social exclusion and long-term welfare dependency. In recent years, successive governments have offered a range of policy programmes aimed at addressing this issue. The research recognises that schools play an important role in helping young people (especially through career education, career guidance and the mentoring of individual teachers) but that there are also systems of support operating in the wider community beyond school. Consequently it has placed considerable emphasis on the way in which networking can be valuable in joining together different systems both inside and outside of the school environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Inefficient subsidies for energy, agriculture and fisheries could be replaced by higher direct social spending with much greater benefits targeted for the poor (see Chapters 11 and 13 on green growth and Agricultural policy, respectively). In principle, means tests can be a useful tool insofar as it could lead to reinforcing the capacity of the administrators to assess the real welfare situation of households. In Mexico however, close targeting is also likely to entail several costs (OECD, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The framework requires that infrastructure development is seen from a holistic perspective in terms of these interdependencies and that planning horizons are longer term, accounting for the full lifespan of the system and of the individual assets. Relational databases that enable us to structure and analyze data have been part of mainstream product offerings since the mid to late 1970s. Spatial databases to represent objects defined in geometric space are common today, as are geospatial systems that enable us to work with detailed geographical information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Figure 1.4, a well-known graph, illustrates this statement. As long as the marginal social damage from an additional unit of particulate and GHG emissions is higher than the marginal economic benefit to the generator, emissions should be reduced, i.e. from any point to the right of the optimal point Q* one should move left-wards. Conversely as long as the marginal benefit (avoiding the marginal cost of abatement) to the generator from an additional unit of emissions is higher than its marginal damage, then more emission should be allowed to, i.e. from a point to the left of the optimal point Q* one should move rightwards. The optimal level of emission is reached where the marginal social costs equate to the marginal private costs of abatement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Minister of Forests and Soil Conservation, for example, is a member. This coordination mechanism has built awareness of the provisions of the UNFCCC in different institutions in Nepal, and streamlined the process for meeting obligations to the convention in each agency of the government. As a result, CITES and CMS national priorities are particularly incorporated in the finalized 2014 NBSAP. As the focal institution of the CBD, the other Rio Conventions and the Ramsar Convention, as well as being the coordinating institution for biodiversity, Cameroon’s Ministry of Environment, Protection of Nature and Sustainable Development (MINEPDED) led the revision process of the NBSAP under the technical guidance of the Biodiversity Inter-Ministerial Advisory Committee (Case study 47, pg. Major steps in the revision process of the NBSAP included, preparatory work by the Advisory Committee, consultation with sector ministries, public wide regional/national consultations and task team validation meetings. The NFP to the Cartagena Protocol and the Nagoya Protocol located in MINEPDED, and the NFPs to CMS and the administrative NFP to CITES, seated in the Ministry of Forest and Wildlife, are active members of the Advisory Committee and participated fully in the NBSAP revision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Parents tend to be less convinced than students that schools are contributing to emotional well-being, with Indigenous parents least convinced, although in 2016 the gap between Indigenous parents of K-12 students and all parents of K-12 Alberta students had been reversed. Female students reported a higher level of emotional problems than both males in the Northwest Territories and females in the rest of Canada. Both male and female students reported lower levels of prosocial behaviour and life satisfaction than the national average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Ninety-eight per cent of the area occupied by Pacific Island countries and territories is ocean. We sometimes refer to ourselves as Big Ocean Stewardship States in recognition of this geography. The Pacific Ocean is at the heart of our cultures and we depend on it for food, income, employment, transport and economic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Governments increasingly recognise that there is a strong economic case for gender equality' (OECD, 2012a). Much of their equality' action focuses on equality between men and women in employment and paid work, and the gender gaps related to employment and pay (Chapter 2) are among the most widely used indicators of gender equality. Women in all OECD countries devote more time to unpaid child care and housework than their male partners (also see Bittman etal., As a result, they may struggle to enter the labour force and - for those who are employed - to advance professionally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Le papier discute ensuite les choix methodologiques et les indicateurs proposes dans le cadre de mesure, en en soulignant les possibles limites. Enfin, le papier presente un portrait statistique de la qualite de I ’emploi, entre pays (OCDE et non OCDE) mais aussi par groupes sociodemographiques. Relationship between job quality and job quantity in OECD and non OECD countries. At a time where the world economy is yet to fully recover from the financial crisis, job creation remains a primary concern for policy makers in many countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Hence, screening should not be seen in isolation -attention to the quality of care across the whole pathway of cancer care is needed. Regarding cardiovascular screening, the cost-effectiveness of the Czech Republic’s biennial general health check should be assessed, and if value for money cannot be convincingly demonstrated, disinvestment should occur with funds spent on evidence-based initiatives to reduce smoking, obesity and harmful alcohol consumption. As for cancer, prevention and early diagnosis should not be isolated from a holistic model of care for long-term conditions, in particular, better secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease is needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Skill recognition can accelerate the process in different ways. Box 2 provides a definition of skill recognition and sets out three approaches commonly used in the context of vocational education and training. Each of these approaches will be looked at in detail in Chapter 1 w ith country examples. Typically this means the person follows an adjusted version of a regular programme w'ith reduced coursework requirements or training time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
One important aspect discussed is that drained peatlands emit large amounts of carbon dioxide in the Nordic and Baltic countries, which are included in this report. It also shows how re-wetting of drained peatlands leads to a substantial reduction of annual greenhouse gas emissions. This report does not emphasise the climate adaption services of wetlands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The economy went into a deep recession in 2009 and 2010, with negative annual growth rates of 5.6 per cent and 2.0 per cent respectively. The economy achieved a modestly positive growth rate of 1.4 per cent in 2011, 0.7 per cent in 2012, and for 2013 a 3 per cent growth rate was projected (MOF 2011 and MOF 2013). The national responses proposed to address these issues were to engage in activities to maintain fiscal discipline and macroeconomic stability, as well as to promote growth and to strengthen the national implementation capacity (MOF 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This chapter looks at the fundamental components that store and exchange data within a nation: Internet exchanges, data centers and cloud computing and hosting services. This digital infrastructure remains largely hidden to most people but is indispensable for enabling Internet applications, services and online content for citizens, businesses and governments. The elements of core Internet infrastructure—Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), country top-level domain names (ccTLDs), web hosting and data centers—are inextricably linked (Figure3.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Unsurprisingly, for people above 65, they accounted for the bulk (more than 90%) of total transfers received, but for working-age people, their share was also large: 37% for the OECD average but around 80% in Italy and 60% in Poland.8 Old-age pensions can be sub-divided into three tiers (OECD, 2011c). The first two tiers are mandatory whereas the third is voluntary. The first tier has a redistributive function and is publicly provided.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This development has been supported by the growth of more large scale processing facilities that provide enough waste to justify the investment in a fishmeal plant at the end of the processing line. However, total production of these commodities and the quantity of fish reduced into fishmeal and fish oil are known. Combining this with an estimate of the fishmeal and oil yield from reduction fisheries, the quantity of fishmeal and oil produced from residues can be inferred. Data from Pern, where fishmeal and oil production is dominated by the reduction fishery, were used to estimate these yields.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It is also estimated that the number of the unemployed could rise by 50 million if the global economic outlook worsens to the point where increases in unemployment match the magnitudes witnessed in the 1990s. This will bring the global unemployment rate to above 7 per cent. The number of the working poor is also likely to rise, particularly in emerging and developing countries where growth was primarily export-led.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This means that, despite encompassing less than 20% of the total population, the rural sector accounts for a third of the region's poor and almost half of its extremely poor. Disparities between urban and rural areas also manifest themselves in other dimensions of well-being, such as health, education and social protection (ECLAC/FAO/IICA, 2015). In view of this, financial inclusion is a tool with the potential to contribute to the inclusive transformation of the rural environment (IFC, 2011 and 2012, IFAD, 2009,2016a, 2016b and 2016c, Kloeppinger-Todd and Sharma, 2010, Timmer, 2009, Vargas Hill and Torero, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Of the Asia Pacific LDCs listed in the GHI for 2010, Yemen has the most disturbing score of 27.3, due to high scores on all three indicators. Using the GHI criteria, for example, a cut-off point might be 10, which would include 16 countries in the Asia Pacific region.4 However, this neglects many other countries not covered by the GHI. Another option would be to consider as hotspots countries where undernourishment was greater than 10 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Former rites of passage and collective ceremonies brought young people into collective celebrations and problem-solving in ways that are now becoming scarce (Bray, 2012, Juma et al., Adolescent girls point out that even when they reach the age of being 'women', they do not participate in decision-making or any form of leadership at community level because women are confined to affairs of the home (Thorpe, 2005). One consequence is that adolescents are denied legitimate routes to community identities and to a sense of belonging.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The role of the State is limited to providing the transport infrastructure (road and rail) and enforcing environmental and safety regulations. Coal production has increased, due to a shift of the country’s industrial enterprises from the more expensive natural gas and electricity to the more economical fuel - coal - for heating and other needs. However, taking into consideration the Government’s ambitious plans to continue installing more capacity for coal-fired TPPs by 2020 and to begin exporting electricity generated from coal in the future, it is likely that the required production volumes of coal to power these facilities will reach well above 2.5 million tons by 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The two work together to minimize system-wide environmental and economic costs. Distributed renewable energy coupled with energy efficiency improvements reduces peak electricity demand while simultaneously minimizing transmission losses and bottlenecks. Essentially, renewables and energy efficiency measures mutually support one another to enable energy applications that might not otherwise be technically or economically feasible, rendering a result that is greater than the sum of its parts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, labour-market opportunities are heavily determined by initial education, where New Zealand's system is also successful and innovative in many ways. Average PISA results are among the OECD’s highest, but the dispersion of performance is also high, indicating a sizable group of underachievers. Those in disadvantaged groups tend to have poor scholastic outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Segregation can also occur at the school-level through schools circumventing mandated school choice practices by mainly advertising to certain groups of high-achieving students, as well as building schools in areas that are typically homogenous and high-achieving (Bohlmark, Holmlund and Lindahl, 2015(21]). Furthermore, many researchers conclude that “school choosers [students or parents/guardians] select schools on the basis of race, ethnicity, and class in addition to rational, objective measures of school quality” (Voyer, 2018[3ii), with immigr ant parents tending to choose schools for different reasons than native parents. Evidence on the criteria indicates that parents from a lower-income background prefer schools that are close to where they live (Allen, 2007,32], Reay and Allen, 1997,33]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This chapter presents the broader theoretical framework informing the book—social constructivism or, simply, constructivism—paving the way for the study of the influence of ideational aspects (the concept of peacebuilding) in world politics (UN support to societies emerging from conflict). It offers an account of the origins of constructivism in the field of International Relations (IR) and delves into a discussion of what constructivism generally is all about: a set of social theory tenets that provide helpful insights for the study of social relations in general and world politics in particular. Finally, the chapter elaborates on how social science theories may influence political outcomes in world politics and outlines the research framework that allows for a discussion on how the concept of peacebuilding gained life and its implications for the United Nations approach to societies affected by armed conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)