albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
As such, they play a pivotal role in promoting substantive equality for women. The availability of care services can help redress women's socio-economic disadvantage by enhancing their ability to engage in paid work. Care services also contribute to the transformation of gender stereotypes by allowing women to move out of the home and into the public domain. Data on early childhood education and care (ECEC) services illustrate this point.215 Across OECD countries, for example, coverage of ECEC services for children aged 0-2 years, when the care burden on women is largest, lags far behind coverage for children aged 3-5 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Brazil, all trade-related measures were lifted in 2008 while cash transfers to the poor population and concessional credits for agricultural producers gained importance in 2009. Analysis is underway at both the OECD and FAO into the efficiency and effectiveness of these policy responses. Many OECD countries maintain policies to protect farmers from low prices: the marketing loan assistance and countercyclical programmes in the United States, the intervention price mechanisms in the European Union, the rice diversion programme in Japan and the supply management and agri-stability programmes in Canada. Those are also part of the policy response to price fluctuations and of the price transmission between global and domestic markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For instance, the selected Asian countries are already engaged in a demographic transition that has translated into lower fertility and dependency rates and a shrinking rural population, while in the sub-Saharan African case study countries, the rural population will continue to grow in the coming decades. Another important difference is the capacity for public policy delivery across these two regions. In all the Asian case studies there have been significant improvements in the provision of basic public services in rural areas such as piped water, electricity, and sanitation facilities, while for the sub-Saharan case studies improvements in the provision of basic services in rural areas have been veiy modest. Rather than pointing to the relative success or failure of rural policy across these two regions, however, we aim to illustrate their vaiying challenges and possible paths for rural development (for an example, see Box 8.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For instance, the coefficient of -0.03 in 2012 (Model 1 in Table A5) means that the difference of lOppt in the MIP indicator (say, between Belgium (50%) and the Czech Republic (40%) in 2011) is associated with 35% greater odds of a child being poor in 2012, all else being equal.28 Using the coefficients from the model, Figure A3 in the Annex shows a steady decrease in the predicted probability of a child being poor across the range of values of the MIP indicator. Thus, children in countries with more generous minimum income protection schemes are less likely to be poor during the crisis, but the generosity of social assistance could be picking up the effect of the overall size of the welfare state. When social spending is entered in the model, the MIP effect becomes smaller and less precisely estimated, remaining significant only in 2009 and 2012 (model 2 Table A5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The pipeline attacks illustrate the danger of depending on external supplies of energy and raise the question of how Jordan can ensure its energy independence while meeting its energy needs. Oil makes up 57% of the portfolio, followed by natural gas at 42%, while the share of renewable sources is negligible (Figure 5.1). The arrival of thousands of Syrian refugees continues to strain resource needs such as health care provision. Water resources have also come under pressure by the flood of refugees (MEO, 2012). Given regional turmoil and uncertainties in the outcome of the Syrian unrest, Jordan may have to continue coping with an ever-increasing population due to refugees or immigrants and thus, increased stress in scarce resources. Moreover, water resources are being rapidly depleted due to unsustainable usage patterns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Women’s political engagement can help to create conditions that encourage greater attention to their rights and roles once conflict has ended, and women can build on this momentum to encourage governments to adopt NAPS. One thing the three post-conflict countries with NAPs have in common is political structures that are supportive, at least in theory, of women’s rights, it appears then that both activism and supportive political structures are necessary to facilitate the adoption of NAPs. This calls for a committed government - one that recognises and appreciates women’s efforts, believes that these efforts have been crucial for building peace and is willing to grant greater political representation to women through institutional mechanisms such as quotas to ensure that these efforts are successful.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In contrast to the Nordic countries, there is a comprehensive use of entrance fees and other economic instruments, such as revenues from equipment rentals, payment for lodging facilities and other services, in addition to concessions and various kinds of licence permits. Accordingly, park administrations have had to rely more on revenues from tourism, such as various types of user fees. To capitalize on these revenues in the most efficient ways, fees are differentiated, e.g., by letting international visitors pay more than domestic visitors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The first two appear to be addressed, at least in part, by the new legal framework for such areas, but future monitoring of conservation progress in such areas is undoubtedly crucial, particularly in the light of evident threats within these areas. It also appears that, in many cases, human resources within protected areas are simply too limited to be able to adequately manage such resources on the ground while, with respect to some protected areas, assignment of protection has been little more than a paper exercise. As in the case of species/ecosystems, there are information gaps relating to aspects of the protected area network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the last decade, gender wage gaps have been narrowing in almost all OECD countries for which data are available, with the exception of Italy and France where the gender pay gap has increased. Women often work part-time in order to reconcile work and family life. When part-time workers are also included, the gender gap in take-home pay doubles in many European countries for which data are available, and triples in Ireland and the Netherlands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They can: i) ensure even quality across different settings, ii) give guidance to staff on how to enhance children’s learning and well-being, and iii) inform parents of their children’s learning and development. Countries take different approaches in designing curriculum. There is a need to think beyond curriculum dichotomies (e.g., academic-oriented vs. comprehensive approaches, staff-initiated instruction vs. child-initiated activities, etc.) Almost all OECD countries have a framework in place - either curriculum or learning standards -from age three to compulsory schooling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A multi criteria decision making technique, called “analytic hierarchy process” (AHP), is adopted to combine the quantitative and qualitative elements of the evaluation and give the final score. The mid-term and final PFS reports are discussed by the MOSF, line ministries, PIMAC and field specialists from the public and private sectors. If the project is found feasible, the line ministiy in charge conducts a more detailed feasibility study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Some 1,482,800 ha, or 67.3 per cent of the SFF, are being used for agricultural purposes, 99.5 per cent of this is in pasture. Map 11.1 presents the location of specific forest types on the territory of Turkmenistan. As defined by FAO, this group of some 55 countries includes those with less than 10 per cent of their land under forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The ZMVM has no body like the MPO, but a comparable taskforce could be set up. Given the emphasis on regional sustainable mobility, the restored COMETRAVI or the CAMe could provide one framework for this. While no formal public consultation process has been established, a Citizen Observatory has been created by three non-govemmental organisations.72 The initiative has synthesised public concerns about the project and generated a forum for discussions between experts in relevant domains (including mobility) and other members of civil society7. Formal mechanisms for including this and other input from stakeholders and the general population in the transport plan are essential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The software industry represents a good example. As a general purpose technology, software has applications throughout the economy and society. It also has relatively low entry barriers and is likely to remain highly relevant in the future. As depicted in figure I.3, the national vision, strategies and government policies influence the development of the system. In fact, in most countries that have successfully managed to nurture domestic software capabilities and a competitive software industry, active government involvement was instrumental, especially at the early stages of development (chapter I).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There is minimal focus on local seeds from the donor sector, and one could even say none at all from the government,” he responds. Even the government-established CSBs really only promote the production of modern varieties by farmers. In 1993, when the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) came into force, Nepal signed on. Then the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (IT PGRFA) was approved in 2001, and Nepal ratified it in 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Are men who take their parental leave in full, for example, seen as uncommitted to their careers and passed over for promotion? Yet today’s economies need all available talent to ensure a sustainable and prosperous future, while the right balance must be struck between responsibilities at home and at work to deliver better lives for all. When asked, fewer women than men say they would prefer to be self-employed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Sectors in the second panel are: Energy, Resid: Residential, Comm: Commercial/Institutional, Manuf: Manufacturing/Construction, Ind: Industrial Processes: Transp-rd: Road Transportation, Transp-oth: Other transports, Waste: Waste, Agric: Agriculture. Despite a relatively high share of energy-intensive industries (Figure 2.3, upper panel), energy intensity is not particularly high in Germany by international comparison (Table 1). However, GHG emissions per unit of energy consumption stand slightly above the EU27 average (Table 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This essay responds to the challenge of global governance by rethinking our traditional understanding of constitutional law as the consolidation and settlement of authority. The essay teases out the various ways in which the practice of constitutionalism is open to claims from outside the system and lacks ordering through hierarchy within. Understanding these elements of openness yields a more accurate picture of the practice of constitutional law. It also suggests a pluralist practice that may be more true to the ideals of constitutionalism than the traditional model of consolidation and hierarchy itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The development of a shared evidence base and understanding of the city’s problems will help future planning and enable Sydney to better showcase its strengths and weaknesses to State and Federal policy makers. This is particularly relevant to the sustainability agenda where key stakeholders were beginning to come together across the city. Building on these relationships and partnerships should be a priority, in order act as a catalyst for a citywide sustainability strategy, which could potentially be seen as a working template for future city wide strategic partnerships and work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This chapter examines the roots of multiculturalism in music education through a discussion of Enlightenment philosophy, anthropology, and ethnography. The discussion weaves two centuries of music education history together to demonstrate the persistence of eighteenth-century notions of race, ethnicity, and nationality in music education. Enlightenment thinking in music education generated a manifold of musical works and teaching methods while creating images of the United States as homogeneously white.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Summary This article invites diplomatic scholars to a debate about the identity of diplomacy as a field of study and the contributions that it can make to our understanding of world politics relative to international relations theory (IR) or foreign policy analysis (FPA). To this end, the article argues that the study of diplomacy as a method of building and managing relationships of enmity and friendship in world politics can most successfully firm up the identity of the discipline. More specifically, diplomacy offers a specialized form of knowledge for understanding how to draw distinctions between potential allies versus rivals, and how to make and unmake relationships of enmity and friendship in world politics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The country results for the decade from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s demonstrate that it is possible for tax-benefit systems to be quite effective at stabilising inequality even during periods of rapidly growing market-income disparities. The extent of inequality cushioning was strongest in Canada, Denmark, Finland and Sweden, where trends towards more extensive government redistribution offset more than 70% of the rise in market-income inequality up until the mid-1990s. For instance, in Finland, greater equalisation through taxes and benefits offset more than three quarters of the 23% increase in market-income inequality up until 1995, but by 2004, this has dropped to 50%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The chapter presents the methodology and approach used in the scenario building process, theme-based future trends and an exposition of how to use and refine the scenarios going forward as well a set of scenario adaptation recommendations. Policy and management options emanating from this futures assessment process are also presented. The scenario approach adopted the DPSIR framework and was integrated based on variables, links, and feedbacks relevant to dynamic modelling of marine social-ecological systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
South Africa became a signatory to and ratified the  World Heritage Convention , 1972 (WHC) in 1997. It thereby voluntarily agreed to identify and conserve world heritage areas of universal value for the benefit of mankind. This article presents a case study of the Vredefort Dome, one of South Africa\'s World Heritage Sites (WHS) and specifically its governance strategies to ensure proper and sustainable governance. Firstly, the issue of fragmentation of the environmental governance regime applicable to WHS is discussed, and in doing so, refers to the various legislative and common law responsibilities and institutional structures related to environmental governance of WHS. Secondly, it briefly discusses the concept of good governance and the concept of cooperative governance as a sub-component of good governance. Finally it comprehensively proposes various strategies to ameliorate the current fragmented and unsustainable environmental governance effort relating to WHS.   PER/PELJ  Vol. 2 2008: pp. 1-53
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This book chapter systematizes and critically assesses the growing social rights jurisprudence of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights as it has developed under its three case-based competences: (1) quasi-adjudication of individual complaints, (2) approval of friendly settlements, and (3) issuance of precautionary measures. It begins by addressing the Commission's subject matter jurisdiction over economic, social and cultural rights, the legal obligations that correspond to such rights under system-specific adjudicatory process, and the regional body's procedures for considering individual complaints of human rights violations. It then critically reviews the Commission's jurisprudential developments to date on the right to health, the right to education, the right to social security, the right to housing and land resources, the rights to work, labor guarantees, and freedom to unionize, and the right to culture, respectively, under each of the Commission's case-based competences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Similarly there is no explicit and overarching national urban policy framework. There are currently several policies affecting the regional level: the Top Sector Policy, the National Policy Strategy for Infrastructure and Spatial Planning, the regional development plans developed at the provincial level, and the EU programmes. There is a danger of disconnecting the regional and local development agenda from a comprehensive national vision of regional development. A key challenge for a successful territorial development policy will be ensuring that the various policies having an effect on the development of regions make the most of potential complementarities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In most countries public sanitary facilities tend to be regulated at the local level. Such facilities are inadequate - especially for women and girls - almost everywhere in the world, including in markets, train and bus stations, and public event venues. The problem is compounded for women and girls living in slums and informal settlements without access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities, or to durable housing, sufficient living area and security of tenure. In the Netherlands a law passed in 2004 prohibits drinking water (but not sewerage or wastewater treatment) services from being privately owned (Hall ef al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Her intent was to emphasize women's increasing responsibility for maintaining their families’ well-being, and women's lack of choice in doing so, an apt reflection of the increasing share of reproductive and economic responsibilities borne by women in the low road case. Parallel to the high road regime, the contributing factors of the low road regime are associated with the type of gender system that leads to a feminization of responsibility and obligation: low wages for women as reflected in a large gender wage gap, little support from men or the state in carrying out social reproduction, and limited markets for care commodities that, when they do exist, are characterized by low pay and poor quality output. Table 2-2 summarizes the main features of the low and high road supply regimes. In this discussion we focus on caring for children, but many of our points can be extended to caring for the elderly, sick and disabled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Native-bom and immigrant men faced similar unemployment rates close to 5% in 2010. Org/10.18128/D020.V6.5, see also Annex Table 3.A1.2. Foreign-bom workers were overrepresented in the age groups 55-64 and 65+ and underrepresented in all other age groups (Figure 3.3A). However, the average age of workers aged 15-64 (thus excluding those 65 and above) increased from 34 to 35 years during this period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Fourth, trade-related investment measures (TRIMS) such as local-content requirements are now being challenged under World Trade Organization (WTO) rules and can be subjected to substantial anti-dumping and/or countervailing duties (Bahar et al., These risks send negative long-term signals which discourage investment. Finally, differentiated treatment limits the possibilities for regional co-operation in the development of renewable energy infrastructure (see section on other policies and cross-cutting issues).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, budgetary restrictions may lead to a desire to better target the reference programme so as to reduce its outlay, thereby lowering the eligibility line and therefore reducing measured poverty, in a situation where standards of living both in absolute and relative terms are likely to fall. In a country where the national poverty line accurately reflects society's views of what is meant by poverty, the poverty line is the natural measure of policy effectiveness and outcomes. As outlined above, it matters how such a poverty line is defined, and it matters even more how such a poverty line is updated: the use of a poverty line that varies systematically at pre-determined intervals with objective and verifiable data is superior to the use of poverty lines whose evolution leaves scope for political influence or methodological changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Income Dislribul/on and Poverty in OECD Countries, Paris, 2008. In particular, the Theil index can be broken down into the sum of two factors: intra-group inequality, or the extent of dispersion of incomes within each group, and inter-group inequality which is the dispersion of average income between groups. Intra-group inequality also corresponds to the sum of the Theil indices for each group weighted by their share in the total income of that group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For instance, the tax/GDP ratio in Australia is lower than in the OECD area. Inversely, where the solid line is outside the OECD average, the variable is above the OECD average (the cash transfer/GDP ratio in Germany is higher than the OECD average, for example). The indicators are presented in units of standard deviation. Old-age pensions and unemployment benefits account for a larger share in total transfers, while family benefits are less important.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Recent ITC findings show that a 1% increase in the budget of trade and investment promotion organizations raises export growth by 0.03 to 0.08%. Regarding exports, TIPOs tend to encourage the dynamic side of exports, such as new products or markets, more than volume. The measured ability of institutions to provide appropriate market support abroad seems to be positively linked with the survival rate of exporters. More specifically, a 10% increase in spending on new exporters, without increasing the total budget, leads to a 4.6% rise in the number of exporters per destination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Legitimacy is recognized as critical to the success of international administrations in their efforts to build and promote peace, stability and welfare in post-conflict territories. Nonetheless, scholarship on statebuilding is dominated by the ‘managerial’ approach, which offers a top-down analysis of policies by international actors and their impact on local constituencies. With its focus on the grass roots, the individual and a multiplicity of concerns, a human security perspective on international administration can identify and address their legitimacy gap, resulting in strategies for more effective conflict resolution. The argument is illustrated by analysis of the Ahtisaari process and plan for Kosovo's final status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, in the case of Austria, the highest priority use indicates both domestic (services for drinking water supply within sustainable abstraction limits) and the environment. In Brazil, both human and animal water consumption are designated among the highest priority uses. In the Waikato region of New Zealand, the highest priority uses include agriculture (milk cooling and dairy shed wash down), domestic uses, municipal supply, and renewable energy. These uses are permitted so long they are not, or are not likely to, have an adverse effect on the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)