albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In Africa, this has been promoted through Regional Economic Communities such as the East African Community (EAC), the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Economic Community of the West African States (ECOWAS). Initiatives include the SADC Region Information Infrastructure (SRII), Intelcom II in ECOWAS and the East African Backbone System (EABS) in the EAC. The New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) and the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa (PIDA) have also been active in promoting cross-border interconnection and the importance of leveraging transport corridors and electricity networks for rolling out regional fiber networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Firms evaluate programmes periodically to investigate how a programme is progressing and why - and at its end, to determine if it has met its goals. Evaluation guidelines need to be set early. There are three types of evaluations: impact, which determines how well a programme did over a set time or at the end of the programme, process, which assesses how efficiently a programme was implemented compared with its stated objectives, and market effect, which estimates how a programme will affect the market in the future. Standards and product labelling are used widely in developing countries - 21 of 37 reviewed countries have them. Mandatory audits are used less frequently, only 13 countries have introduced them (UNIDO 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Discriminatory laws might prevent women and women-headed households from owning, inheriting, occupying or accessing land or other forms of property, or prevent them from obtaining credit or loans without a male guarantor. Other serious challenges are the lack of appropriate institutional responses to gender-based violence, such as health care, counselling or shelters, as well as inadequate access to education or employment opportunities. Rule-of-law reforms such as the review of key legislation and constitution writing, peace agreements, transitional justice mechanisms and reparations programmes or other post-conflict reform should take into account violations of women's economic, social and cultural rights and civil and political rights equally, also because these rights are intrinsically linked. This will secure a comprehensive and lasting post-conflict transformation, and an environment where women fully enjoy their fundamental rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The substantial mitigation potential of forestry will not materialize without appropriate financing and enabling frameworks that create effective incentives. For example, policies in the European Union to increase the use of biofuels, including wood fuels, for energy generation are affecting how foresters in the region manage their forests, and how land in developing regions is used (EC, 2013). There are several reported cases of land grabs for biomass production, which has implications for food security. Losses can be lowered or SOC returns to the soil increased by reducing fires, overgrazing and soil erosion, or by recycling crop residues and manure. Large gains in crop carbon balances can also be achieved with improved crop varieties, nitrogen-fixing legumes and organic and inorganic fertilizers, which boost the amount of crop residues available for returning to the soil. Improved water management is also a strong driver of primary productivity, and complements all of those practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A more detailed list of indicators is also proposed for more detailed research on readiness for measuring the potential for using ICTs in a development context. This is a significant task in of itself, for which appropriate methodologies and standards are still in the process of being developed, therefore, the Toolkit only makes some broad assumptions in order to arrive at this assessment. For this purpose, the Toolkit borrows from recent research undertaken in the industrialized world on quantifying the role that ICTs can have in mitigating energy consumption and GHG emissions and considers their impact on the developing world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It is important to provide information and guidance for parents to increase enrolment in pre-primary education for all children, regardless of their socio-economic status. Governments should ensure that quality pre-primary education is available locally, especially when disadvantaged families are concentrated in certain geographic areas. Governments should also develop fair and efficient mechanisms for subsidising pre-primary education to ease the financial burden on families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In fact, a large majority of countries guarantee equal pay and working conditions between regular workers in the user firm and TWA workers on assignment at that user firm. The number of countries guaranteeing equal treatment has also increased recently, particularly in European Union countries, after the approval of the EU Directive on Temporary Agency Work42 (see the next section). However, in a few countries, equal treatment rules typically apply only for assignments longer than a given duration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Black and African Americans and Hispanics are financially more vulnerable as compared to non-Hispanic white Americans. On average, Black and African Americans are 8 percentage points more likely to be financially vulnerable whereas Hispanics are 6 percentage points more likely to be financially vulnerable, as compared to white non-Hispanics, after controlling for other household and regional characteristics. On average, having a college degree decreases the probability of being financially vulnerable by 11 percentage points as compared to having no high school diploma.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
We are grateful to Christian Derlagen (FAO), Brad Gilmour (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada), and Henk Riphagen (Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands) for their role as lead discussants during this peer review. Land designated for agricultural use by legal form of use, as of 1 November 2011. Composition of outlays on seed and perennial fruit plants programme, 2000-12 .
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
All other studies identified focus on terrestrial ecosystems. With regard to the former, the majority of IE studies focus on protected areas and on PES (Figure 3.1). In terms of geographical representation, most biodiversityrelevant impact evaluation studies have been conducted in developing countries notably in Latin America, followed by S.E. Asia (Figure 3.2). This is true predominantly for studies evaluating community-based forest management schemes, (terrestrial) protected areas, payments for ecosystem services programmes, and ICDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It is increasingly acknowledged that future innovators and entrepreneurs w ill require a large range of skills to be able to meet the demands of the changing economy (OECD, 2010). A larger stock of people with strong innovation skills seems more likely to promote innovation than the converse. A broad range of skills in the w'orkplace are in demand due to a structural shift towards services and knowledge-intensive jobs (Cedefop, 2010, European Commission, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As benefiting from such programmes tends to be easier in extractive and sustainable development reserves, some communities have requested this status for the area they live and work in. Overall, this mix of issues goes beyond the responsibilities of the MMA and other environmental authorities and calls for stronger intersectoral co-ordination. A biome is a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a geographic region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Some utilities have maximum demand and/or service charges (Fiji, PNG and Vanuatu) to ensure that larger users pay the appropriate proportion of the use of the grid and total cost of supply. Others (Fiji, Nauru, PNG, Samoa, Tuvalu and Vanuatu) have lifeline tariffs, which lowers the cost for a specified usage amount to assist with affordability of what is an essential service for low-income households. All the other Commonwealth Pacific small states have renewable electricity generation rates of less than 5 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The massification, the internationalisation as well as the diversification of higher education influence also what is defined as effective. Hence, effective teaching increasingly involves successful management of the complex context in which learning and teaching take place (Devlin and Samarawickrema, 2010). The most widely accepted criterion of effective teaching up to date is student learning and the most widely accepted criterion of student learning in instructional effectiveness research is performance on standardised examinations (Marsh, 2007, p. 338).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These indicators address both the characteristics and the performance of services, and were developed and standardised by a task force of public and private experts and representatives from the water sector. There are 119 operative offices, with technical, legal, and administrative units to support their co-ordination tasks, operating co-along with the state governments. One year after the implementation of the 2030 Water Agenda, 38 management programmes were designed and implemented in river basins, and 18 beaches were certified so far.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Given the rise in chronic diseases like diabetes, an approach stressing prevention to address changing risk factors for health will be a key to helping reduce relatively more expensive hospital admissions in the future. Ideally, patients should have a trusted advisor to help them navigate through the complex number of available services. The purpose of gatekeeping is to strengthen the relationship between primary care providers and patients, thereby enhancing patients’ agency in selecting the most appropriate form of care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Support for democratization has become a central feature of European conflict resolution policies. However, the conceptualization of precisely how different institution building strategies dovetail with conflict resolution imperatives remains relatively weak. Approaches to democratic reform in conflict scenarios have emerged in an ad hoc fashion and are still unduly short-termist. Serious obstacles persist to the practical linking together of the human rights and peace support agendas. Support has been forthcoming for various forms of modified democracy that do not always bode well for the sustainability of peace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Other possibilities include remediation of damage (if feasible) and immediate suspension of the licence or permit (where human health is at risk). If the violator does not acknowledge the violation, the matter is transferred to the prosecutor’s office, with GASI continuing to provide evidence. The 2015 Criminal Code foresees fines, suspended sentences (probation) and imprisonment, with the most serious crime being forest arson.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
They need their governments to demonstrate more ambition on their behalf. African governments must now scale up the appropriate infrastructure and ensure that financial systems are accessible for all" (APP 2014). This State of the Coast Report has argued throughout that access to, and the use of defensible scientific data, information and knowledge is integral to management options, decisions, and policies, that the region requires to attain sustainability, as defined in the Scenario chapter (no. Research funding in the region is scarce and should be optimised to achieve the most effective and longest-term outcomes possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In that case, the waiting time might be an equilibrating mechanism making the demand for public treatment equal the supply. Moreover, it introduces a System of Medical Information covering individual treatment, providers, medical employees and prices of services provided by public sources. Second, "e-health” aims at integrating working databases, creating both a centralised source of information regarding the history of patients’ treatment and a medical Internet portal available to all interested parties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Moreover, in a number of cases countries have trimmed their notified levels of MPS by eliminating the notion of administered prices. This means that the domestic support provisions suggested in Rev.4 should not be too difficult to accept in the negotiations. In the Doha negotiations up to 2008, this issue played no more than a limited role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, Klasen (2004) argues that, “[a]s no society, past or present, treated the two sexes equally and the two sexes did not differ in survival-related behaviours, it is hard to separate biology from behaviour. Thus it is hard to say whether females ‘should’ enjoy a longevity advantage of 3,4, or five years”. Views vary on whether income and labour force participation are relevant indicators related to women’s well-being. Klasen (2004) argues that it is not immediately clear that gender inequalities in labour force participation should necessarily be seen as relevant for a well-being assessment, as it might be the result of a consensual division of labour within the household.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The region’s share of the world’s forests is one percentage point more than ten years ago: ECE Region forests have expanded while the total of those elsewhere has declined. Between 2000 and 2015, the region’s forest area has expanded by 28 million ha, with increases or stability in every region and every time period. It is possible that some of the “changes” may be due to non-comparability of data over time, but the general trend is clear. Two countries4 show a drop in area of forest and other wooded land of more than 5% over the 15 year period: Armenia (-12%) and Uzbekistan (-14%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For the 802.11 SEPs 3.471 cents per unit Xbox-products, while a reasonable range would stretch up to 19.500 cents). In the following part, we shall try to describe specifically the home-care state-of-the-art as depicted on relevant IP-documents, to further examine, if similar conflicts might arise also in this specific emerging field of health-care. This should combine first, common ICT-standards and medical-managerial Guidelines and second, it should regulate fairly enough the Essential Patents involved, in order to facilitate globally, assisted-living and home-care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The estimates came with two caveats: a) the figures given were preliminary partial estimates of mobilised private climate finance, drawing on private co-financing data associated with public finance interventions as best-available evidence at the time of the analysis and b) direct co-financing does not necessarily equate to mobilisation and does not capture the indirect mobilisation effect of capacity building, budgetary support and domestic policies. In the lead up to this, an OECD DAC survey in 2015 collected data on the amounts mobilised from the private sector through three development finance instruments: guarantees, syndicated loans, and shares in common investment vehicles (Benn et al., The survey focused on development finance generally rather than on climate finance in isolation, but it found that over the course of three years (2012 to 2014), 18% of the finance mobilised through use of these instruments from the private sector was climate related i.e. around USD 2.2 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
We show that digital technologies may decrease the relevance of distance, be it geographical, linguistic or regulatory, and that they also facilitate searches for products, introduce mechanisms to verify quality and reputation, and simplify cross-border transactions. The costs are calculated as a ratio between international and domestic trade. A decline in this ratio means that international trade grew faster than domestic trade, which is an indication that the world has become more globalized and that obstacles to international trade have declined. On average this decline was around 15 per cent between 1996 and 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This chapter considers the existence of conceptual collision when the mainstream of economic theory takes no notice of Schumpeter’s theory of economic development as the systematic doctrine. This raises serious theoretical and practical problems because the innovation development has become a key priority of successful economic policy. This chapter reveals the conceptual nature phenomenon of innovations as central category of Schumpeter’s theory, which is positioned as independent factor creating new added value. Category of innovation may become like a stem cell of the new Political Economy of innovation development. It is shown that methodological underestimation of innovation as fundamental category of economic theory led to the inadmissible gap between the neoclassical mainstream theories and the real innovation processes of modern economic life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Accordingly, an overdraft facility represents the most usual means of accommodating such a requirement, and this typically requires the use of personal guarantees rather than other forms of security that would take longer to verify and value. It is unusual to seek equity funding for working capital, except in the start-up funding context discussed above. First, there appears to be a market failure to value intangibles properly, especially in debt markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This means that the technical capacities required to ensure adequate project design and implementation are higher. Though inherently a good thing, this has, however, led to an insufficient number of applications being received over the years, or these not being successfully approved in some federal states. These conditions ensure that the activities carried out under this programme are additional and would not occur otherwise. Since compensation activities under the CUSTF are not combined with other programmes, it allows evaluating the outcome of the programme independently from other restoration and reforestation programmes from CONAFOR.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 1964, Becker published his work Human Capital. Since then, human capital as an analytical concept has gained importance both in academic research and in more applied work and in the public debate. At least since the publication of Human Capital, the term human capital has been used as representing the complete set of an individual’s capabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Strong teaching standards will be important to concentrate accreditation on the factors that contribute to high quality initial education, including not only strong subject-specific knowledge, but also pedagogical training with opportunities for practice and reflection (OECD, 2005). At a minimum, one requirement of accreditation should be for institutions to publish the proportion of graduates who gain permanent posts. This could help students make more informed choices about which university to attend, and reduce the demand for - and eventually the supply of - low-quality providers. The MEP should also work with providers to raise the bar for entry to programmes in order to identify students with higher basic skills and who are motivated to teach. Unlike many OECD countries, Costa Rica does not have any programmes to incentivise talented students to enter the teaching profession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Countries are ordered by increasing poverty among children living in households with low work intensity (0<=WI<=0.2). The categories of children at risk highlighted here are those of children living in single parent families, children living in large families, children in households with low education and children in households with low work intensity. The colour codes group the countries according to their ranking for each single measure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
An inspiring example of such a strategy can be found in Greenpoint, Brooklyn (Curran and Hamilton, 2012, Box 5.14). The plan aimed to promote mixed-use development projects, increase green spaces, reduce water spending and tailor public spending to specific areas of the city in need of development. The plan paid particular attention to the development of open spaces and the creation of integrated connections between spaces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Most of the western states have started general stream adjudication for their important river basins. A water rights priority determines who has the better water right in periods of drought when streamflows are low or when supplies are reduced from failure to maintain infrastructure. Adjudications are necessary to provide legal clarity for all those who have water right claims. When a court of law confirms a water right, that right becomes enforceable against other water users and can be protected from impairment by illegal users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For example, Food-for-Work, Cash-for Work and Canteen feeding are routinely used to treat structural vulnerability-to-disaster issues such as environmental degradation and gender. These are incompatible with the long-term and sustainable measures required accompanied by predictable donor investment. Further, efforts to increase commercial agriculture are prioritised at the expense of investment of small producers, again, propped up by a continuing reliance on external investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The favela (shanty town) of Vale Encantado in Rio de Janeiro, for example, has started to promote nature trails and local cuisine to attract ecotourism. In many cases, adverse social impacts and popular opposition to green economy initiatives were linked to issues of land ownership and titles, as shown above in India. These often resulted from national policies and initiatives that were implemented in communities without adequate participation and representation of the affected population. More successful examples demonstrate the importance of local ownership and participation that enabled transformative change, for example, through the empowerment of rural women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Inequality and unemployment in a global economy”, Discussion Paper No. Inequality and poverty impacts of trade-related policies using the GTAP model”, chapter 4 in K. Anderson, J. Cockburn and W. Martin (eds.) ( Estimating the poverty impacts of a prospective Doha Development Agenda”, The World Economy, vol. Shocking a single-country CGE model with export prices and quantities from a rest of the world model”, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Efforts have been made to link these schemes with markets for recovered and recycled materials. However, municipal waste generation has continued to increase, though not as fast as economic growth and private consumption. Tariffs for municipal waste collection have been applied in some municipalities, but they often do not provide strong incentives for waste reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)