albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
A review of the charts suggests that the distributions are asymmetrical and most of the population is concentrated in the lower segments of the distribution, especially in the case of the informal sector. This finding supports the use of the quantile regressions, especially for consideration of issues related to glass ceilings at the top of the wage distribution and sticky floors, i.e., wage penalties at the bottom. Significant at 10%. **
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, many countries have introduced or reinforced anti-harassment laws. Others are conducting awareness-raising campaigns about definitions of sexual harassment, ways to prevent sexual harassment and legal rights (for victims) and obligations (for employers) when harassment occurs. To ensure that women are represented in decision making, many OECD and developing countries have initiated some form of affirmative action to increase female representation in politics (Chapter 14).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The efficiency encompasses for example the charging efficiency and the self-discharge rate, durability includes cycle-life, shelf-life, and robustness against misuse. Among them, battery storage systems are popular and are found with a wide range of chemistries. Due to these different chemistries, the efficiency, durability, bulkiness and cost of batteries vary a lot. Batteries can be further categorised in normal (atmospheric temperature) batteries, e.g. lead-acid (Pb-acid), lithium-ion (Li-ion), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), high temperature batteries, e.g. Na-NiCl2 or NaS, and flow batteries, e.g. polysulfurs sodium bromide (PSB), vanadium redox battery (VRB), or zinc-brome (ZnBr).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
I, resolution 1, annex II, para. These issues were also identified as key to the realization of women's right to development by UNDP in the Human Development Report 1995: Gender and Human Development. See also the statement adopted by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on poverty and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (E/C. 12/2001/10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In combination, they have therefore also produced relatively small changes in overall redistribution in most of the countries shown. Exceptions to this pattern are Australia and Finland, where both progressivity and average tax rates declined (resulting in a less redistributive income tax). In Demark (between the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s) and Germany (after the mid-1990s), the income tax became significantly more redistributive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The gap is also found to grow slightly more sensitive with the length of the leave period (Figure 8). It stops increasing for periods longer than one year, as also confirmed by the piecewise linear model. The explanation for such a profile might be due to the fact that women who work full-time were selected from a group with a higher earnings potential, whose earnings drop sharply (and below those of men) after a break from work of one year and more.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Even more is produced during primary and secondary wood processing. All these by-products can be used as biofuel to replace more polluting fossil fuels, thus creating a more environmentally friendly energy alternative. The CO2 emitted during direct combustion of sustainably produced biofuel is largely balanced by CO2 uptake in renewing forests (Macqueen et al, 2004, Sathre & O'Connor, 2010). Many studies indicate that the recovery and combustion of the biomass by-products associated with the lifecycle of wood-based products is the single most significant contributor to the lifecycle GHG benefits of wood-based product use (Gustavsson et al, 2006, Sathre & O'Connor, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Questions about violence by any other previous intimate partner (before the current or most recent partner) should be asked only once in order to avoid placing an excessive burden on respondents who have had more than two partners. In addition to the content and structure of the questionnaire, consideration should also be given to the format of the questionnaire in order to improve the flow of questions. For example, in the case of paper questionnaires, it is known that the use of graphics, such as arrows, or coloured or bold text, aids in the accurate flow of questions, particularly where skip and filter questions are used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Two features distinguish its emission profile from those of most OECD or BRIICS economies. First, the large share of renewables results in relatively low emissions in the energy sector, which accounts for the bulk of GHG emissions in most OECD countries. Second, land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF),6 mainly deforestation, has been a key driver of GHG emissions in Brazil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The upshot is that the energy security perspective should probably be downplayed and the climate part takes a more prominent place as upward pressure on the prices of fossil fuels will be reduced as more supply surfaces in coming decades. Reducing energy related C02 emissions requires low carbon solutions to energy production in the form of energy savings, deployment of (close to) zero carbon technologies such as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), atomic power and renewable energy such as wind power, biomass etc. From a broader perspective, it requires a more general shift towards the use of primary energy sources, produced "at home", or at the very least, in stable and friendly regions. When energy technologies are ranked in this way, most renewable energy technologies come out top while coal is better than gas and gas is better than oil. The relation between objectives, implications, and technologies is illustrated in Figure 6.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Perhaps the most influential passage on the rule of law in international law comes from chapter 13 of Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan. In the course of describing the miserable condition of mankind in the state of nature, Hobbes remarks to readers who might be skeptical that such a state ever existed that they need only look to international relations—the relations between independent states—to observe one:But though there had never been any time, wherein particular men were in a condition of warre one against another, yet in all times, Kings, and Persons of Soveraigne authority, because of their Independency, are in continuall jealousies, and in the state and posture of Gladiators, having their weapons pointing, and their eyes fixed on one another, that is, their Forts, Garrisons, and Guns upon the Frontiers of their Kingdomes, and continuall Spyes upon their neighbours, which is a posture of War.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Information provided by policy makers is only a small part of the consumers' information environment and it competes for consumers' attention with several other sources of information (Aspegren 2002). Advertising, media communications and the information gained from daily interactions and the physical environment are much more influential and visible to consumers than any individual public information campaign. Consumers are also overloaded with information, and hence, the impact of public campaigns is limited from the outset Some studies demonstrate that people in consumer societies can be exposed to up to 3,000 advertisements per day (de Graaf, Wann etal. Some behaviour, such as large investments, involve more information processing, whereas most daily behaviours, such as driving to work or using energy at home, are habitual.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
What are the main barriers facing enterprises and other stakeholders involved in the national software system? The UNCTAD-WITSA Survey of IT/Software Associations (box V.2) conducted for this report found that most such associations actively contribute to the process of national policymaking (figure V.1). All responding associations support national policy formulation and engage in policy advocacy and lobbying.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Viet Nam, access to maternal health care services ranges from 90 per cent in urban areas to as low as 20 per cent in remote areas of the Central Highland and Northern Uplands regions inhabited by indigenous peoples".35 Similar trends have been recorded throughout Latin America36 as well as in the richer developed countries. However, between the 1980s and the end of the century, a slowing or stalling of indigenous health improvements measured by life expectancy meant that the gap failed to close significantly (Canada) or even widened (New Zealand and the United States). In fact, because indigenous peoples are essentially invisible in the data collection of many international agencies and in most national censuses, the disparities in their health situation as compared to other groups continue to be obscured. Similarly, even when indigenous peoples appear in health data, they are often conceived of as a percentage of a national population, which UNICEF has noted "can be misleading in as much as the distribution of certain indigenous peoples does not correspond to national boundaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This chapter addresses the phenomenon of cross-border healthcare in the European Union (EU) in light of the constitutional framework of the Lisbon Treaty. The analysis focuses on the latest developments in the case law of the Court of Justice and the recently adopted Directive 2011/24/EU. The solutions envisaged therein are assessed against the binding nature of the Charter of fundamental rights, the fundamental status of EU citizenship, and the general principle of solidarity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Sensational jurisprudence is a new branch of sociolegal studies that deals with the five senses and public policy. Because the law privileges the visual, this essay examines social science research about images of suffering and the implications of these findings. The interdisciplinary scholarship about visual culture emphasizes the negative aspects of humanitarian appeals for funding to aid the distant sufferer, and it suggests that bombarding the public with graphic depictions of pitiable individuals is counterproductive. Instead, researchers ought to develop methodologies to ascertain which emotions motivate individuals to engage in global civic action.      Keywords:    human rights,  humanitarianism,  images of suffering,  mobilization of shame,  politics and emotions,  visual culture,  empathy,  “compassion fatigue” (or “demand fatigue”),  “distant sufferer”,  NGOs,  photography
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The energy intensity of water supplies depends on the structure of the water resource, the water demand as well as the need to rebalance regional demand and supply by transporting water over long distances (KAPSARC, 2015). Surface water typically requires little energy to be extracted. Also groundwater generally needs barely any intensive treatment before making it usable In contrast, extraction can be very energy intensive when deeper aquifers are used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Garcia Molla’s results suggest that traditional districts supported by state projects combined with ‘two-part tariff systems’ exhibit the lowest consumption levels. They also suggest that all districts using groundwater exclusively or in combination with surface water tend to consume more than those that rely exclusively on surface water resources, indicating perhaps unsustainable use. Rieu (2005) shows that, although demand in Charente is elastic, local authorities have established quotas to avoid the negative effects on farm income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is an issue well recognized in the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, which includes a provision on guaranteeing citizens’ rights to information, participation and environmental justice (principle 10) (see box IV. In the context of climate change, new tools for engaging stakeholders in the design of climate impact assessments and consideration of policy options are emerging, including at the local level as discussed in chapter III. At the national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Ce cadre de transparence jouera un role important en permettant de suivre les progrfes accomplis au regard des objectifs individuels et collectifs convenus lors de la COP21, et en permettant la comprehension des contributions determinees au niveau national des Parties au title de 1’Accord de Paris. Le present document eclairci les dispositions de cet accord et de la decision 1/CP.21 en matiere de transparence des mesures d’attenuation et de l’appui. This enhanced transparency framework will play an important role in tracking progress towards individual and collective goals, and in understanding achievement of nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Article 36 of the 2005 Algerian Family Law. Thus in Tunisia, both spouses must fulfil their conjugal duties “in accordance with custom and usual practices” and “the husband, as head of the family, must support the needs of the spouse and the children within his capabilities and in accordance with their status in the context of maintenance payments. The wife must contribute to family expenses if she has the means. While the woman should have a certain autonomy in her decision making and ability to work, the change may not immediately affect social behaviours (Box 3.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Public administration has undergone a fundamental change in China since Deng Xiaoping initiated a process of openness and reform in the late 1970s. While reform is widespread in Greater China (China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau), only limited scholarship has been conducted to theorize these changes and empirically document them. This is somewhat surprising given the growing international prominence of China as a major powerhouse in the world economy and a political leader. This symposium seeks to contribute towards building knowledge and evidence on the changing nature of public administration in Greater China. In this article, key themes unique to Greater China are drawn out, the emergent status of public administration scholarship in China is discussed, and the key ingredients of a research agenda are presented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
An indicator such as educational attainment might track this. Indeed this is critical since while some LDCs have reached a high level of accomplishment in the supply side indicators, they lag in Internet use, suggesting other factors are at play besides just broadband coverage and affordability. One challenge is a limited number of Internet use surveys carried out in the LDCs necessitating a certain degree of estimation. It is estimated that by end 2017, out of the close to 1 billion people living in the LDCs, only 172 million will be using the Internet, corresponding to a usage rate of 17.5% (Figure 2.3, left). This was growth compared to 2010, when Internet penetration was just 4%. However, progression is very slow, up less than two percentage points between 2016 and 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Such schemes can complement mandatory standards by providing an incentive for property developers to respond to market demands for higher energy and environmental standards. In the same way, industry-based standards can also help encourage further energy-enhancing retrofitting. Governments can also play a facilitating role by filling information gaps through the initiation of building energy audits which can be used as the basis for energy management contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The NIDFF laboratories (departments) most relevant to biodiversity management are the Laboratories of Invertebrate Biology, Vertebrate Biology and Special Protected Areas. There are working groups for individual conventions which meet more frequently (Chapter 4). Several international development cooperation bodies and conservation organizations have been active on biodiversity conservation and PA system development in Turkmenistan, including GEF, UNDP, WWF, BirdLife International and its UK partner the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), GIZ and the Michael Succow Foundation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
On balance, OECD analysis concluded that most developing countries would gain from OECD country liberalisation, although the gains were small relative to the benefits of reforming their own policies. Moreover, a large share of the gains were concentrated among a few emerging economy exporters, in particular Brazil (OECD, 2006). Those price changes exceeded by an order of magnitude the price changes that models such as Aglink suggested would flow from OECD country reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This paper considers an alternative teacher certification pathway known as Teach for Australia (TFA) that is currently operating in the Australian state of Victoria. A discursive approach informed by critical theory is used in the paper to critically examine the specific case of TFA as an alternative teacher certification pathway charged with improving student learning outcomes and reducing educational disadvantage. The problematization of educational programmes such as TFA, including specific terms and statements found in TFA documentation, features prominently in the paper alongside the political and economic policy context of public education. The argument and central contention of the paper is that TFA will not overcome educational disadvantage, nor will it over time improve student learning outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Patent owners are “pushing” for their own technology, within a SSO, seeking royalty payments and licensing revenues for the use of their technology, when it is essential to the implementation of an industry standard. When IPRs are involved, the SSOs seek assurances from the owners that they will license the technology to any interested standards implementer, on FRAND terms. These results in legal confrontations, as for example a recent (2013) case between Microsoft and Google-owned Motorola. Motorola’s SEPs-portfolio based demands have been over-ruled by the Court (2013/4/25/4267830).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
That is to say that the Gini does not allow one to capture whether the inequality is driven at the top or the bottom of the distribution which may be relevant for policy. The more disperse the distribution, the higher the sum of the differences from the mean, therefore the higher the index. More precisely the Theil index is a weighted sum of the log ratios of each observation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This challenge was highlighted during the roll-out of the stimulus package during the global downturn in 2008 when normal procedures for assessing environmental aspects of new development proposals were bypassed to expedite spending (Liu and Raven, 2010). Strong central government oversight has been essential for progress, notably reductions in S02 emissions, and a continued effort is needed going forward. A further weakness in the environmental enforcement framework has been the very low fines for polluting which in the past has led some firms to choose to pay a fine rather than undertake costly mitigation. In response, the government has taken steps to strengthen penalties by raising fines and targeting individuals responsible in order to improve accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, no clear definition exists and this newer term is more used presently in discussions of policy and practice than in research. However, there is a fundamental difference between these two concepts: and that is, the emphasis on the group context. Whereas in individualised instruction students may be working mainly or entirely on their own (e.g. at a computer), the goal of adaptive teaching is to use the classroom as the group context from which students learn as much as possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Awarding a qualification is thus an official recognition of a student’s achievements by a competent body. In a further step, certification assures the documentation of students’ skills which allows them to communicate their competencies to others (OECD, 2007). As the end of upper secondary education represents an important point of decision for a student’s career progression in most OECD countries, assessment for qualification and certification at this stage of education carries high stakes, which leads to several particularities for its design and implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The chapter also looks at some public finance aspects related to urban public transport in Kazakhstan. All these issues are discussed in the context of the extent to which existing policies and regulations create demand for green investments in the public transport sector. Buses and minibuses must comply with the requirements of national standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Women are generally as active as men in cash crop production, often providing the bulk of labour on contracted farms. There are, however, important gender differences in control over the commercial proceeds (men are contracted, while women supply unpaid family labour) and in the scale of operations (due to the constraints women face on increasing sales of their produce). Global Employment Trends 2014: supporting data sets: Employment by status and sex (http://www.ilo.org/legacy/english/geiy2014/GET_sector_share.xlsx) (accessed July 2015). Note: Data for the following countries are unavailable: Djibouti, Kiribati, Sao Tome and Principe, South Sudan, Sudan (Former), Timor-Leste, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. Evidence from a number of studies points to similar dynamics in both traditional export sectors (e.g. cocoa, coffee and tea) and non-traditional exports (e.g. fruit, horticulture and flowers).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Governments will need to foster investments in broadband, smart infrastructure and the Internet of Things as well as in data and analytics, with a strong focus on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and high value-added services. It will also be important to promote skills and competences in analysing data. Moreover, removing unnecessary barriers to the development of the Internet of Things, such as sector-specific regulations, could help ensure its impact across the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In particular, an increase or decrease in rainfall with respect to a fixed assumption can result in dams being undersized or oversized. The World Bank supports countries in developing capacity for planning under conditions of uncertainty. By investing in cogeneration, it is possible to increase the production of biofuels from sugarcane bagasse. This leads to reduced imports of fossil fuels, reduced CO2 emissions, and reduced expenditures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Current status of corporate reporting legislation internationally (cont.) Under this scheme, all UK quoted companies must report on their GHG emissions as part of their annual directors’ reports. The requirement affects all UK incorporated companies listed on the main London Stock Exchange, another European market or whose shares are dealing on the New York Stock Exchange or NASDAQ.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)