albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Despite the central role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in global economic integration, we lack explanations for why countries restrict FDI inflows. This article analyzes the sources of FDI liberalization using a comprehensive new data set of national foreign ownership restrictions spanning over 90 countries for the period 1970–2000. Analyses of this data show that democratization contributes to greater FDI openness. Democratization elevates the political influence of labor, the primary beneficiary of unrestricted FDI inflows. Democracies restrict six percent fewer of their manufacturing and service industries as compared to nondemocracies. This finding is robust to several controls for alternate explanations including economic crises, coercion, and diffusion, alternate measures of both democracy and foreign ownership restrictions, and a variety of model specifications. This article elucidates the political economy foundations of the contemporary world economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
I feel optimistic that they will have better chances in life.” Before that, they kept to themselves, deep in the rainforest. Her father wore no clothes as a young man and spoke no Portuguese. When he became Brazil’s first indigenous member of Congress, he took Tsitsina, his youngest child, to live with him in Brasilia, the capital. She is careful to say that she does not speak for all indigenous people, only herself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2013 the share of long-term care recipients aged 65 and over receiving care at home was below the OECD average (OECD, 2015b). They had planned to raise home-based long-term care to 1.2% of hospital stays by 2018. However, it remains less developed than in most other comparable countries, and past measures have failed to raise the level of home care and to reach a balanced geographical supply (Cour des comptes, 2016b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For the minimum scenario, the FAO experts took a sequestration rate of 200 kg of carbon/ha per year for arable and permanent crops and 100 kg of carbon/ha per year for pastures. The optimum scenario combines organic farming with reduced tillage on arable land (with a sequestration rate of 500 kg of carbon/ha per year). It stated strongly that “the way the world grows its food will have to change radically to better serve the poor and hungry if the world is to cope with growing population and climate change while avoiding social breakdown and environmental collapse.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Used in combination with other policies, such standards can be a tool to help develop domestic capacity to produce such goods. We are convinced that the aims of upholding and ’ safeguarding an open and non-discriminatory multilateral trading system, and acting for the protection of the environment and the promotion of sustainable development can and must be mutually supportive. One policy discussed above was harmonisation of sustainability standards, or at least of methodologies. Another is liberalisation of green goods and services. The latter, however, is easier said than done, it has languished with the rest of the Doha results in the WTO context, and is proving difficult to effect at plurilateral level among like-minded countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Building on the substantial comparative and sectorial policy knowledge base available within the OECD, the series will result in a biennial publication (first volume in 2014). It will develop a comparative outlook on education policy by providing: a) analysis of individual countries’ educational context, challenges and policies (education policy profiles) and of international trends and b) comparative insight on policies and reforms on selected topics. They are meant to draw attention to specific policies that are promising or showing positive results and may be relevant for other countries. Editorial support was provided by Lynda Hawe and Susan Copeland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Previously named the Institute of Public Health, its organizational structure and strategy were expanded to form the National Centre for Public Health in 2013. In line with the extended structure, while keeping its leading role in public health research, the National Centre for Public Health is responsible for a broad range of public health programme implementation and health promotion activities at the national level. The Centre’s work focuses on the following sectors, among others: environment, occupational health and research, venom toxicity studies, nutrition research, and health promotion and behavioural research. Family doctors at the soum level send the indicator values to the aimag health department, which sends the information to the Centre for Health Development on the first day of each month.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Dignitaries in attendance included the former US Secretary of State, Hilary Clinton, the former Head of UN Women, Michele Bachelet, and five female presidents and Heads of Government at the time. The resulting Joint Statement signed by female world leaders resulted in the adoption of the UNGA Resolution 66/130 on 19 December 2011. Although institutionalised deputyship for women is not a desirable phenomenon, more women running at this level can have the potential to normalise their presence at the top.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This will require a review of party constitutions and processes, and re-alignment of women's leagues so that they can play more constructive roles within the parties. They can play a critical role in delivering quality training that helps produce quality, impactful women political leaders. Social media presents a powerful tool for promoting women in politics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This makes it possible to monitor the performance of the innovation system and benchmark it against quantitative policy objectives and other countries’ performance. In this area Peru lags well behind OECD countries but also most other Latin American economies. Public resources for scientific and technological development compete with other current or investment expenditures in areas that are often perceived as having higher or more immediate priority, especially in developing countries where the need to alleviate poverty and develop social and economic infrastructure puts strong pressure on the budget. The opportunity costs of public resources devoted to S&T policies and their legitimacy for addressing market and systemic failures must be justified by appropriate accounting of expected economic and social returns and ex post evaluations. The leverage effects of public investment on private investment can provide important signals. This involves the reduction of unwarranted overlaps among implementing agencies in the scope of support programmes to ensure that they concentrate on their core competencies, reduce management and transaction costs, and avoid duplication of programmes of less than critical mass.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Third, trends in gender gaps in hourly pay may capture direct pay discrimination, but if women work part-time or have long periods out of employment, gender lifetime income gaps will be even greater. However, over recent decades women have increased their education—sometimes overtaking that of men—extended theirtenure in employment and also entered new occupations such as medicine and law. All this suggests that action by women themselves is not sufficient to bring about equality and it is the institutional context in which women are pursuing their careers that needs to change.9 There needs to be a greater focus on changing employment institutions, including reforming practices of wage setting, recruitment and promotion, which is the focus of this brief. These changes need to go hand-in-hand with policies to recognize the value of women's unpaid care work in the household and extend social support for care work, issues that are addressed in policy brief No. Both types of reforms are essential to reduce both the gender pay gap and the gap in women’s lifetime income. International definitions consider low pay to be below 60 to 66 per cent of median pay, but minimum wage levels are usually below these ratios.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
That work includes a variety of unpaid activities, such as taking care of children and the elderly, and domestic chores. Data also suggest that the gender gap widens when women are most likely to have young children at home. When women are engaged in caregiving and domestic chores, they have less time for paid work, education and leisure, further reinforcing their socioeconomic disadvantage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To assess the effectiveness of projects in reducing longer-term vulnerability, the Fund tracks headline numbers such as “number of people with reduced risk to extreme weather events.” Thus, adaptation interventions often use results frameworks that contain indicators that are relevant to broader development objectives. While some sources of climate finance have a narrow focus, e.g. specifically on climate impacts, others are much broader.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It's hard to explain to my mum''. She left Ethiopia during the military dictatorship of the Derg regime. Her migration trajectory was somewhat atypical compared to other Ethiopian refugees who fled the country during the Derg regime in that the first country she migrated to was Saudi Arabia, as the wife of a Saudi man.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the other end of the scale, 13.8% of people working in the hospitality sector have completed some form of tertiary qualification, compared to 31.3% in the economy as a whole (Figure 6, Table A.8, Annex 4). Accommodation and Food Sen/ices Activities (ISIC Rev 4). The ILO and UNWTO (2013) recently noted that a significant proportion of service positions (around 25-30%) are supervisory or skilled occupations at managerial, professional or technical levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The presence of incentive measures to encourage the deployment of clean energy is not sufficient in itself to ensure that investment reaches the desired levels. Governments also need to address disincentives, including reforming inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies and pricing carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, governments must address market and regulatory rigidities that favour fossil-fuel incumbency in the electricity sector and can adversely impact the investment attractiveness of clean energy sectors. For instance, they can try to create a level playing field between independent power producers of clean energy vis-a-vis fossil-fuel based power utilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The reduction of emissions from stock breeding follows die decrease in the number of livestock. The overall emission reduction in the sector has amounted to 69.6 per cent since 1988 (figure 5.3). In 2011, the agriculture sector contributed 9.3 per cent of Bulgaria’s total GHG emissions (without LULUCF). Another driver for the emission reduction was the decline in the use of fertilizers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These product groups end up in mixed waste fractions to energy recovery or in waste fractions subject to recycling. The data presented is not always the most recent, but is regarded accurate enough to give an overall picture of the plastic waste streams in the studied countries and their quantities in relation to each other. A more detailed review of the existing collection and recycling systems for plastic waste in the Nordic countries is found in Frane et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The wolf is critically endangered, the brown bear and wolverine endangered and the lynx vulnerable. None of the species has a population large enough to be viable. The brown bear would be critically endangered and the lynx endangered if not for contact with larger populations in neighbouring Sweden and Finland (Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre, 2010b,). Norway is thought to be home to some 360 wolverines, 28% of which could lose their lives under the new quota system, along with 24% of the 440-470 lynxes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Changes in living standard of children in two-parent low income families, 2007-2014. This ‘net' evolution is then decomposed in contributions of changes in family and work characteristics, plus the ‘unexplained', which all can be positive if the change was associated with a relative increase in income, and negative if associated with a decrease in income, all other characteristics remaining the same. Household income is root scale and adjusted for price inflation. The term ‘standard of living’ refers t< income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Southeastern Wisconsin regional plans for the year 2035 address land use, transportation, water supply and quality, flooding mitigation, open space, and natural resource preservation. The NIPRC Comprehensive Regional Plan 2040 addresses growth patterns, transportation and environmental and green infrastructure. Green growth efforts in the Chicago Tri-State metro-region are also being driven by several other analyses prepared by different consulting firms or non-governmental organisations analysing the state of the green job marketplace, and analysing opportunities and impediments to expansion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These long-term projections are then used to assess the effectiveness and costs of selected adaptation strategies. In addition, model-based scenario analysis can project the effects of climate change on agricultural prices, consumption patterns, trade and land use. This study uses the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Both calculations also show a rapid decline in wholesale electricity prices as a function of the increasing share of low marginal cost renewables. Electricity systems with very high renewable shares will have electricity prices equal to or below zero during a high number of hours of a year. This remains a major challenge for dispatchable technologies which, unlike renewables, do not receive any subsidies. Currently, dispatchable producers ensuring the public good of security of electricity supply are exposed to increasing commercial pressures due to the lower wholesale electricity prices and reduced load factors resulting from the influx of large amounts of electricity from subsidised renewables. Electricity price is assumed to be the cost of the marginal technology plus a mark-up of USD 10 per MWh.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The ‘achievement gap’ – the term typically used to refer to differences in pupil attainment associated with social class, ethnicity and gender – remains an enduring obstacle to government goals of creating a socially just society. This article explores the nature of the achievement gap and some of the mechanisms that serve to perpetuate disadvantage in education systems providing a context in which to consider the appropriateness of government policies aimed at addressing the gap. Accessing predominantly English research but also consulting studies conducted in other education systems including the US and elsewhere in the UK, we argue that in contrast to its noble rhetoric, government approaches to addressing the achievement gap are preoccupied with standardised assessment and accountability (such as the latest attempt at raising pupil standards in England, the introduction of Academies) while paying little more than lip service to the persistent, underlying roots of inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Within popular and professional discourses, consideration of women's sexuality often centers on its dangers and difficulties: unintended pregnancy, infection, varying forms of coercion and objectification, and sexual dysfunction. Such rhetoric is so persistent that sexuality itself is often perceived as inherently risky and dangerous. The present article challenges this equation by arguing that women's sexual vulnerability is attributable to social injustice and inequality on the basis of gender, heteronormativity, class, and race, rather than sexuality itself. The emerging interdisciplinary movement toward positive sexuality, including the relevance of desire and pleasure to social justice and social change, is reviewed with particular attention to the ways in which social work is especially well suited to assume a positive, social justice orientation to women's sexuality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
See, e.g., lACtHR Advisory Opinion No. Guatemala, Judgement of 19 November 1999, Series C No. This is often the case. For example, it is not rare to find decisions of the European Court of Human Rights that are contrary to the express intentions of the drafters (see, Mahoney 1990, p. 62 and Prebensen 2000 pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Background  Human rights approaches to manage HIV and efforts to decriminalize HIV exposure/transmission globally offer hope to persons living with HIV (PLWH). However, among vulnerable populations of PLWH, substantial human rights and structural challenges (disadvantage and injustice that results from everyday practices of a well-intentioned liberal society) must be addressed. These challenges span all ecosocial context levels and in North America (Canada and the United States) can include prosecution for HIV nondisclosure and HIV exposure/transmission. Our aims were to: 1) Determine if there were associations between the social structural factor of criminalization of HIV exposure/transmission, the individual factor of perceived social capital (resources to support one’s life chances and overcome life’s challenges), and HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence among PLWH and 2) describe the nature of associations between the social structural factor of criminalization of HIV exposure/transmission, the individual factor of perceived social capital, and HIV ART adherence among PLWH.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Aiming to control and eradicate these outbreaks, the government established emergency support policies. Following the initial relevant government decisions in 2004 and 2005, several decisions on compensation were approved.27 The rationale is to encourage farmers to declare disease outbreaks at an early stage so that it can be contained among the livestock population. A key component of the support policy is a compensation level that encourages farmers to cull animals rather than sell them illegally on the market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Most of them still favor the multi-level CES structures. Reviews of these models and the related applications can be found in Calzadilla et al. ( Here, it is useful to draw on one of these single-region studies, namely that of Dixon et al. ( Irrigated activities combine water with un-watered, irrigable land in fixed proportions to produce irrigated land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Furthermore, such selective subsidisation entrenches the problem and impedes progress towards its internalisation. The latter may come in the form of capacity payments or increased prices in the short-term adjustment market. This reduces the profitability of alternative means of electricity production, which nevertheless remain indispensable to ensure the security of supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Globally, women entrepreneurs face a wide range of financial and non-financial barriers that prevent them from entering and/or fully participating in the formal economy. To be sure, many of the barriers that women entrepreneurs confront in the business environment affect other small businesses as well (Foggin, 2010). However, women often contend with additional obstacles above and beyond those encountered by their male counterparts because of persistent social, economic, cultural, and/or legal inequities. Because these barriers do not exist in isolation, this section also explores the unique socio-cultural challenges faced by women business owners. These challenges both inform and often exacerbate the other barriers. Firms that start with higher levels of capital show better performance in terms of assets, revenue, profitability and survival (Ernst & Young, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some of the River Basin Authorities integrate intra-regional stakeholders, others function inter-regionally, which increases the complexity and the risk for tension among the various stakeholders. They have been established mainly for hydrological issues (water scarcity, quantity and quality aspects), but are still rare for economic and financial information (tariffs, infrastructure financing, etc.) Source: OECD (2011), Water Governance in OECD Countries: A Multi-level Approach, OECD Studies on Water, OECD Publishing, Paris, doi: 10.1787/9789264119284-en. While the Strategic Environmental Evaluations (EAEs) are intended to take into account the impact of PRs and other regional plans on ecosystems, in practice, the EAEs have not yet had much effect on mitigating the potential impact of urban expansion on biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For this reason, the use of indigenous species should be increasingly considered. This includes the supply of trees, and control and care of plantations. Among the key priorities of tree planting are the creation of “tree belts” around cities, large towns and populated centres, the protection of installations, infrastructure and agricultural lands from advancing sands, the struggle against the destruction of river banks and against mud flows, and efforts to check the salinization of soils. From a silvicultural point of view, planting areas are being landscaped, soil is being prepared, and water wells for the irrigation of trees are being drilled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Without this first step, precious development dollars will continue to be spent without an analysis of the impact on related infrastructure assets and on the system as a whole. A variety of established statistical models and other techniques as well as tools are available that use rule-based approaches, indicators, random sampling, or statistical outlier detection to aid with maintaining high quality data. Tools like OpenRefine64 can also be used to clean-up data to some extent although there is no substitute for collection of high-quality data to begin with. It's easy to adopt an 'all or nothing' approach to information security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Perestroika's legacy and indigenous peoples in Magadan. In ANSIPRA's bulletin (Arctic Network for the Support of the Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Arctic), No.11-12. In ANSIPRA's bulletin (Arctic Network for the Support of the Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Arctic), No.11-12. The oil adventure and indigenous people in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It calls upon States parties to take all necessary action, including legislation, to specify a minimum age of marriage (article 16(2)). The Committee recommends that States parties take effective legal measures, including penal sanctions, civil remedies and compensatory provisions, to protect women against all kinds of violence. It specifically recommends that legislation remove the defence of honour in regard to the assault or murder of a female family member.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The operation involved cooperation among the law enforcement agencies of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation and Tajikistan, with the involvement of the agencies of Afghanistan, China and Iran (Islamic Republic of) and INTERPOL as observers. Similarly, the information available to the Board shows that heroin seizures decreased among countries in the Middle East in 2014. Heroin seizures, which increased significantly in several countries of the region in 2013, decreased in 2014, particularly in, in decreasing order of seizure amounts, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Israel. In July 2015, a joint security operation of Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates resulted in the dismantling of a major heroin ring, the arrest of 40 drug traffickers and the seizure of 150 kg of heroin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)