albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In Tanzania, for example, there is evidence that higher female adult illiteracy rates correlate with the tendency of parents to devalue educating their daughters, thus perpetuating the cycle of illiteracy and lack of schooling for girls (UNESCO, 2012). As the World Bank points out in its 2012 World Development Report on gender equality, families in many societies still send their sons to school before their daughters, in part as a rational response to markets and institutions that value men over women (World Bank, 2011). These same norms can get in the way of girls being able to establish relationships with peers and older mentors, role models who are critical to them being able to navigate their teen and young adult years (Austrian, 2012). For boys, having to conform to norms of being “real men” can lead to behaviours that are detrimental to themselves and girls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Making health systems more equitable", Lancet, vol. Accordingly, efforts by official donors and global health partnerships to transfer resources to improve health in developing countries would be more efficient and better attuned to the spirit of the Millennium Declaration if programmes and projects explicitly incorporated into their objectives the reduction of inequalities in health and other pertinent areas. Social advantages are often the result of socio-economic development, and are related to cultural, political and historical factors, natural and “built-in” environments as well as public policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is tasked to: prepare a land use policy in collaboration with local and international experts, ensure that land use plans clearly demarcate forest land, secure access to water for local communities and allocate land to commercial plantations, and provide recommendations about reforms required to ensure that the use of land and natural resources is equitable and promotes socio-economic development. The committee should also examine the existing legislation and recommend and prepare revisions, particularly by conducting a review of the land revenue system. It monitors whether land confiscation has been carried out in compliance with existing law, whether land has been used for its intended purpose and if the project has been completed as planned on allocated land, whether land has been allocated through a transparent process and involved negotiations with local communities, if adequate compensation has been paid, and if the costs of resettlement have been covered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Non-standard workers often have limited or no access to certain forms of social protection, such as workplace accident and unemployment insurance. Possible approaches for extending social protection coverage include: creating new, specially-designed benefit schemes for unemployment, pension, accidents, etc. Tying social protection entitlements to the individual, instead of the job is a possible way to adapt to mobility between jobs and sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A small number of countries have introduced incentives for employers to retain or recruit older workers. Workplace discrimination, typified by "less pay for the same work", exists across the region. Gender abuse and gender violence too act as impediments to the social integration of women.8 For social integration to be effective, there is a need to ensure that policies and attitudes are more conducive to fostering gender equality. Almost all countries have ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, while many have framed laws against gender discrimination. However, there is considerable divergence between the actual situation and the letter of the law. To ensure integration of women into society on an equal basis with men it is necessary to introduce appropriate legislation and ensure enforcement of existing laws.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This chapter discusses the progress of ESCAP member States in Asia and the Pacific on the three SDG7 targets - energy access, renewable energy and energy efficiency. Financial viability of policy options. Therefore, consideration has been given to technological and policy options that support the achievement of other SDGs, including social equality, increased jobs, better health and improved access to education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition to the abovementioned state bodies, the Akhmeta municipal government is the only municipality which is involved in the management of forests. Since 2013, more than 300 meetings have been held in the framework of the NFP process. Up to 270 stakeholders from different ministerial sectors, academia, the private sector, the NGO sector and several international development partners were involved in the NFP process. Based on the National Forest Concept a forest sector reform strategy and action plan has been elaborated, which has been approved by the government as part of the National Environmental Strategy and Action Plan 2017-2021 with the following goal: “Improvement of the general condition and ecological functions of the forests, through the introduction of sustainable forest management system in Georgia".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The one case where an increase was found in emotional IPV was in the Give Directly pilot in Western Kenya when comparing to non-treatment households in the same villages (Haushofer & Shapiro, 2016). However, in the Kenya evaluation, reductions were also found for both physical and sexual violence when comparing alternate study aims (e.g. what the authors term the across village, rather than within village estimates). The two studies finding no impact are from Mexico. One of the studies looks at long-term impacts of Oportunidades approximately nine to 13 years after program initiation via creation of comparable beneficiary and nonbeneficiary groups using national surveys (Bobonis et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Nordic mining industry should therefore contribute to conservation and seek to minimise the impact of its operations on the environment and biodiversity in all stages of development, from exploration to closure. This means compensating by trying to create the same values elsewhere or to recreate the nature that was previously destroyed. However, as this is not practised to any great extent in the Nordic mining industry it is another area for improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
World Blind Union (WBU) (www.worldblindunion.org) - the sole voice speaking on behalf of approximately 160 million blind and partially sighted persons in 178 individual member countries, representing approximately 600 organisations. The WBU advocates for human rights of persons who are blind and partially sighted and seeks to strengthen their organisations and advance the participation of all persons who are blind and partially sighted, including women and youth. A non-profit organisation, WFD works for human rights and equal opportunities for Deaf people everywhere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
And municipal authorities struggle to introduce separate collection when private agents are already buying recyclable materials from the residents. On the other hand, there Is a proper business sector, both formal and informal, through which inhabitants can benefit by selling their dry waste items either to itinerant buyers, local junk shops or to the WOW program. In addition, there are wasteplckers who have free access to waste. Is solid waste a private commodity? Or Is It a type of null or negative value good, for which a removal service should be paid?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This important project is promoting the advancement of SDGs 1, 9,10 and 11, making communities resilient, inclusive, safe and sustainable. With the continuous growth of mobile broadband worldwide and the continuous enrichment of digital services, mobile broadband services are the key drivers of the digital economy. However, there is still a large number of subscribers in some developing countries who can't afford a mobile broadband terminal due to the price of mobile broadband smartphones or other factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Experts suggest creating a buffer or service area around the designated stop of the public transport within a 500-metre walking distance. Countries with more advanced systems of data collection may wish to conduct an entire network analysis within the same buffer, but paying attention to the street network, as part of a physical accessibility component.7 They can also adapt to the transit system separating non-rapid transit (the conventional bus) from rapid transit (the metro light rail. Bus Rapid Transit -BRTj etc) at a 1.000-metre walking distance.8 Experts also proposed to consider including formal and informal transport systems, yet, in many countries, there is no clear way of defining stops for informal transport.9 It is also suggested to disaggregate information to the greatest extent possible when reporting,10 although this requires major efforts (mainly surveys) which are still lacking in most cities. The share of population with access to public transport depends on several factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Some provide data annually over a number of years (e.g. Brazil), some overall flows for a period (e.g. Colombia) or multiple periods covering several years (e.g. Indonesia). The transition from monitoring project-level funds to overall finance flows can be challenging. However, this may not be easy in the short term given the varying timeframe of different projects. Parties would need to avoid overlap in the finance reported from one year to the next (to prevent reporting the same amount twice).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Decisions were made on the basis of both incomplete information of market situations, and the potential impact of their policy actions. In the view of some stakeholders, the situation may be deteriorating. The International Grains Council has expressed concerns about a declining availability and consistency of national data in some countries and possible cutbacks in funding for statistics and crop monitoring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is an essential part of an overall road safety strategy, but other considerations, such as emissions management to improve air quality and curbing high speeds in order to maintain smooth traffic flows and thereby reduce incidents, may also be incorporated. Speed management is a vital element in an overall safety strategy and countries and territories that have been successful in their strategic approach to road safety have also invariably incorporated speed management as a major element in strategy. Here Sweden’s Vision Zero philosophy that no traffic participant should suffer a fatality or serious injury can provide guidance. Speed limits should be set so that crashes, if they occur, will not result in a death or serious injury. So, human tolerance for injury and the potential for protecting humans in different circumstances can be used to establish speed limits on different kinds of roads.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In Norway the number of psychologists was increased significantly with the addition of over 150 psychologists between 1998 and 2008, following significant political and financial investment in building the workforce for mild-to-moderate disorders under the Escalation Plan for mental health 1998-2008 (OECD, 2014b). Since the implementation of the IAPT programme recovery rates of patients who have passed through the IAPT programme have been found to be consistently in excess of 45% and approaching those expected from the randomised controlled trials that generated the initial NICE recommendations (Department of Health, 2012). Significant effects were seen for patients with higher depression scores, even though a lower proportion moved to recovery, suggesting IAPT services are effective across a range of symptom severity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Of these, carbon footprint labelling is likely to be the fastest growing. In the meantime, the current debate centres on balancing broadening the scope of certification schemes with avoiding information overload for consumers and the complexity of dealing with multi-attribute certification in the supply chain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The panel of businesses was created using a random sample from Dun & Bradstreet’s (D & B) Database list of new businesses started in 2004. The KFS oversampled “innovative” businesses on the basis of information on the intensity of research and development employment in the businesses’ primary industries. The KFS excluded D & B records for businesses that were wholly owned subsidiaries of existing businesses, businesses inherited from someone else, and not-for-profit organisations. Data from the first wave (2004) are used to identify the owners-founders of the enterprises and to construct the variables related to their characteristics (gender, experience, etc.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition to the suboptimal location of much new housing development, migration, insecurity and the global crisis have also been important contributors to this high vacancy rate. Approximately 4.9 million homes are uninhabited in Mexico, equivalent to one-seventh of the total housing stock. Three million of these are located in cities, although there is considerable variation in the location of vacant housing within metropolitan areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In 2007, parental leave transfers were changed from a flat-rate, means-tested child-raising allowance to an eamings-related parental leave benefit w'ith floors and ceilings. As parents (mostly women) return quicker and in greater numbers to the labour market, much of any additional cost of the scheme is likely to be offset by increases in tax receipts and decreases in other public expenditures associated w'ith inactivity: Estimates by the research institute RWI suggest that even in its first few years as much as 25% of the additional cost was cancelled out by increases in government revenues and decreases in other expenditure (Bechara et al., Following the German reform, the share of fathers claiming the parental leave allowance doubled to one-third over the 2009-13 period (Destatis, 2015b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The standards framework is composed of seven standards organised in three areas: Professional knowledge, Professional practice and Professional engagement. Professional knowledge incorporates two standards: 1) Know students and how they learn, and 2) Know the content and how to teach it. The majority of standards in this area are designated by the expression “demonstrate knowledge”. Five of the twelve areas explicitly focus on teaching diverse classrooms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition, they take action to increase awareness of women's rights within the community at large. Community police liaison boards can encourage reporting as well as serve as a formal recourse mechanism for individuals and communities to register complaints and concerns. In any such oversight mechanism, representation of female stakeholder including women's organisations is key to ensure women do participate and can represent constituencies not usually heard in such forums.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These indicators are presented and discussed later in the article (chapter 2). Monitoring reports have been published since 1997 four times (Suomen metsatalouden tila 1997, 2000, State of Finland's Forests 2007, 2011). The FOREST EUROPE (The Ministerial Conference on Protected Forests in Europe) indicators have been partly applied in this process but they are complemented by some national indicators. The Strategy for Protection of Biodiversity and Sustainable Use (2007) also recognizes the need for integration of nature-based tourism and nature conservation, because of the increasing interest for tourism in protected areas, and also because recreation in nature develops the awareness and appreciation of nature among population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Cascading failures led to the blackout in 11 different western states of the United States, on 10 August 1996, and to the largest blackout in the United States’ history on 14 August 2003 (Crucitti et al., Again, the wider distribution and multiple grid connections of SMRs offer certain advantages here. This makes SMRs a “modular" investment, characterised by the option of small power increments through the deployment of successive units. Each generating portfolio is characterised by its expected return, expressed by the internal rate of return (IRR) and its standard deviation (Markowitz, 1952).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To overcome these challenges and to set up a sustainable, highly interoperable and trust-inducing data backbone, blockchain technology provides a viable approach. On the contrary, it may act as a horizontal operating system spanning an overarching trust layer on the existing digital and physical infrastructure (Deloitte, 2016). Authorised stakeholders, such as national regulators in the transport, energy and agriculture sectors, would have the opportunity to build suitable applications on the blockchain layer, therefore enabling them to leverage existing and compliant technology. Figure 10 schematically illustrates the horizontal operating system encompassing a modular application layer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Hydrogen technologies may in the future bring innovation to the current supply of rural electrification technologies. The advantage of hybrid systems is their ability to avoid fluctuations in the system's energy supply, which is the main disadvantage of stand-alone renewable energy technologies such as wind and PV. A hybrid system will provide a relatively constant delivery of energy even when one of the supply devices of the system is unable to generate power (lack of wind in the case of a windmill or of sunlight in the case of a PV).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Enrolment in post-secondary' career and technical education has also been rising. This part of the system is highly decentralised and has strengths in its diversity and flexibility in meeting the needs (OECD, 2015|4oi). This is probably particularly appropriate for students who are less suited to continuing in formal education but would benefit from acquiring additional skills to enhance their employability. There are three conditions that help boost the effectiveness of work-based learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Given the natural limits to capture fisheries production, it is clear that aquaculture will have to meet most of the future increase in demand for fish (Bostock et al., In 2021, world fisheries and aquaculture production is projected to be about 172 million tonnes, which is a 15% increase from the average level for 2009-11. The OECD-FAO Agriculture Outlook projects that by 2023 (compared to a baseline of 2013) aquaculture will grow by 38% compared to 2% growth of capture fisheries (OECD/FAO, 2014). In many places, this is for good reason. Current evidence indicates that more than a quarter of fish stocks are overfished, with the rest increasingly being fished at their maximum capacity (Figure 1.1). This indicates that the pressure placed on fish stocks is significant, and sometimes excessive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
I want to claim the right to look. This claim is, neither for the first nor the last time, for a right to the real. It might seem an odd request after all that we have seen in the first decade of the twenty-first century on old media and new, from the falling of the towers, to the drowning of cities, and to violence without end. The right to look is not about merely seeing. It begins at a personal level with the look into someone else’s eyes to express friendship, solidarity, or love. That look must be mutual, each inventing the other, or it fails. As such, it is un-representable. The right to look claims autonomy, not individualism or voyeurism, but the claim to a political subjectivity and collectivity: “the right to look. The invention of the other.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is certainly the first and most important strength of the Chilean context, as broad attention ensures that education remains a priority in the government’s programme. At the moment of the drafting of this report, the Chilean government’s endeavours in education have consisted of broad education reforms covering early childhood education and care (ECEC) through higher education. The scale and pace of Chile’s education reforms to date have required action on a variety of fronts by actors and institutions with differing levels of responsibilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
First, it is a cross-sectional rather than longitudinal study. Examination of changes in conditions over time strictly depends on using the same instruments to measure the same variables of interest over successive cycles. Even then, it is not possible to make inferences about what impact changes in environments have on individual ECEC staff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The most recent climate change negotiations in Katowice in December 2018 resolved some key differences among states on the rules for implementation, but postponed some important decisions for future negotiations. While other countries could have followed the example of the US and abandoned the Paris Agreement, the political reactions to President Trump's announcement seem instead to have strengthened the support and legitimacy of the agreement as world leaders have reaffirmed their commitments (Betsill 2017). Moreover, the establishment of a coalition of over 3000 US sub-state and non-state actors under the banner of America's Pledge initiative testifies to the support for the Paris Agreement among a range of important US actors despite lack of federal support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Autarky, or the pursuit of pure self-sufficiency via prohibitive levels of trade protection, exposes a country to the risks associated with its own food production, risks which are likely to be higher than pooled risks on international markets. The key manifestation of risks to availability and access is price volatility, which is likely to be higher on isolated domestic markets than on domestic markets which are integrated with international markets. In many countries, they led to increased trade policy interventions (Jones and Kwiecinski, 2010, Demeke et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In long-standing democracies, the partisan attachments of most citizens are stable and not responsive to short-term political events. Recent studies from younger democracies, however, suggest that partisanship may be more malleable in these contexts. In this paper we develop hypotheses about how political corruption might affect voter attachment to the parties of corrupt officials or to the party system as a whole. Using data from an original survey experiment in Brazil, we show that prompts about political corruption shift patterns of partisan attachment for highly educated respondents – specifically, that corruption associated with one political party reduces nonpartisanship and significantly increases identification with other political parties. In contrast, we find that information on corruption has no consistent measurable effect on partisanship for less educated respondents. We conclude by discussing the implications of malleable partisanship for democratic accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Ensuring that the skills they developed through the gig economy are visible to other potential employers can help achieve the former, more desirable outcome. Over the period 2000-2010 migrants represented 47 percent and 70 percent of the increases in the labour forces of the United States and Europe respectively. But they tend to take up lower skilled jobs: almost half of low-skilled jobs are taken up by migrants on average and sometimes low'-skilled jobs become nearly the exclusive domain of migrants (OECD 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)