albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The mortality gap between Japan (a country with one of the lowest mortality rates in the world) and five world subregions has increased, as shown in figure II.3. The gap in life expectancy between Japan and the Russian Federation, for instance, increased from 9 years in 1985-1990 to close to 16 years in 2005-2010. A similar trend was observed in most of the countries of the former Soviet Union which suffered cutbacks in their health systems following the transition to market economies, and where public health suffered from the effects of high unemployment, growing inequality and other social impacts of the transition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Although research and development (R&D) expenditure remains highly concentrated in a few countries, converging countries such as China and the Russian Federation are now among the ten highest R&D spenders. Higher education opportunities nurture and sustain such activity. Between 2000 and 2008, net primary enrolment rates in sub-Saharan Africa - the region with the lowest average education achievement - increased from 54 to 84%. At the same time, East Asia and the Middle East and North Africa further narrowed their secondary education deficits. However, average enrolment rates in secondary education in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa remain low (Table 4.3). Moreover, recent increases in enrolment have not yet translated into large increases in average educational attainment in all regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The first is the idea that macroeconomic policies and events are linked with people and households, or percolate through to them, via a system of institutions —which include the State, the market and the community— that operates in neither a fully automatic nor a fully organized manner. This system functions within a gender-based framework that is founded upon power relations in which a visible, male-oriented policy approach dominates or influences an invisible, female-oriented one (Carrasco, 2001 and 2003, Elson, 1995a and 1999, Blau, Ferber and Winkler, 2002). The introduction of a gendered framework of considerations and factors sends out biased or skewed signals to the market, where, given the assumption that women workers are “expensive", employers are reluctant to hire them or, once hired, to continue to employ them.1 Employment decisions therefore entail a process of bargaining and conflict in which both material and immaterial factors wield influence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The dominance of construction minerals is not surprising given their importance in the material mix of OECD countries (about 40% of total extraction) and their high weight to volume ratio. In Chile copper ore extraction grew from 70 million tonnes (Mt) in the early 1980s to well over 500 Mt by 2010. In Australia metal ore extraction grew from under 200 Mt to over 600 Mt between 1980 and 2010, with the extraction of iron ore, copper and zinc more than doubling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This is turn allows us to probe deeper into questions of why there are differences and if design can support or hinder gender equity. Although there is a dearth of literature and research in this area, studies do indicate that gender structures are embedded in the built environment. Quantitative and qualitative research methods should be used to collect data on how and why men and women use space differently, and to further explore how gender relates to issues of sustainable development, health, safety and access. To successfully mainstream gender issues in any public policy area requires long-term policy planning, commitment, time and resources. This is no less important in the context of educational facilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Rubka has been in Lebanon for eight years, having first come on a contract when she was 22. Her status became irregular because the old man she was caring for died after 3.5 years, and his children did not want to continue her contract. She then worked in two other homes before comingto her current employer’s house, which was where I interviewed her.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The purpose of this article is to present French institutional and law solutions in the field of public finance discipline. The article describes legal position and functioning of Court of Budgetary and Finance Discipline in France. The jurisdiction of Court covers the cases of serious breach of public finance law. The Court is one of the elements of the system of jurisdiction in financial matters, that constitute a specialized type of administrative jurisdiction. The law that regulate the legal position and functioning of the Court, as well as the actes which are breaches of public finance discipline, and the sanctions for them, is the Code of finance jurisdiction ( Code des juridictions financieres) .
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Few countries have already succeeded in building EPRs. The United Kingdom project (Connecting for Health) has been delayed several times. One of the few successes has been achieved by the Canadian province of Alberta, which has an only slightly smaller population than Finland. Information could also be used to promote evidence-based medicine further and benchmark providers, as in the Hospital Benchmarking Project developed since 1996 (Hakkinen, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Collision between vehicles driving at a crossroad, 9. Collision between vehicles driving straight in the opposite direction, 10. Collision between a vehicle driving straight and a vehicle making a U-turn, 11. Collision between a vehicle driving straight and a vehicle entering from non-public road ways (car park, pedestrian way), 12.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Candidates worked in a firm four days a week and attended school to take general subjects one day a week. After obtaining a certificate of practice, these candidates could apply for an apprenticeship or a job. An evaluation of the project showed positive results in completion and transitions to further study or employment, with the most important success factor being the 80% of practical work in an enterprise for a two-year period, which boosted applicants’ self-esteem. In spring 2013, it was decided to incorporate the Certificate of Practice Scheme into the regular structure of secondary VET.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Increasing disparities have been driven both by the rise in income of population at the top of the income distribution (particularly at the top 1%) and by the decline at the bottom 40% (OECD, 2015b). They generally have lower educational attainment, are more likely to be unemployed or dissatisfied with their jobs, report worse health status, and are more affected by environmental degradation (OECD, 2016a). In addition, certain social groups are persistently underrepresented in the top of the income distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Russian Federation’s Gazprom is a monopolistic supplier of natural gas to Armenia and Belarus. When a common energy market is created within the EAEU, Gazprom is likely to lose its monopoly in Armenia and Belarus, since they will have the opportunity to buy natural gas from Kazakhstan. These rules are valid only for interior consumption of these energy' commodities within the EAEU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
We emphasised that such examples needed to have operated through time so giving evidence of implementation, rather than initiatives that were still at the planning and promise stage. They might cover a variety of different approaches, often in combination: direct promotion of innovation, the provision of incentives, network creation, knowledge management, leadership strategies and other professional development capacity building, creating new forms of expertise and change management, and more general drives to create climates favourable for innovative learning. They could target change in one or more of the different components of learning environments: particular learner groups, the learning professionals, content, materials, facilities, and technologies, and the different ways in which these are organised and assessed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The MB is a variable transfer covering the gap between the GMI and the average per capita family income. Total household income includes net income of all household members from all sources, in cash as well as in kind.57 In addition to the variable MB, fixed transfers are granted to eligible families for the birth of a child and children up to the age of three. The MB is entirely financed from the republican budget.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition to encouraging new plantations and the management of natural forests, these two programmes stimulate tree-growing in the framework of agroforestry systems. The records maintained by INAB and CONAP show that nearly half of the timber cut annually with authorization from these institutions is destined for industry, while the other half is used as fuel. In addition to this, illicitly harvested timber (illegal felling) is estimated to represent 30%-50% of the total volume harvested per year. Examples include xate leaves, chicle gum, allspice and Maya nut (nuez de ramori). In the departments of Guatemala, Chimaltenango, Quetzaltenango, Alta and Baja Verapaz and El Progreso, especially in the El Rancho zone, its activities consist essentially of conifer processing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The existing climate funds have been criticised by some developing countries for their complex and differing procedures which make access to funds difficult, in particular for countries with capacity constraints (ODI, 2014). The Paris Agreement instructs the financial mechanism of the Convention to simplify approval processes and enhance readiness support to improve access for developing countries in particular LDCs and SIDS (Article 9.9). Progress on reducing fragmentation of climate funds over time could also help to reduce the complexity of the climate finance landscape, recognising however that dedicated climate funds only account for a small component of the overall climate finance flows. In the short term, while the GCF gets to scale, continued support to the Least Developed Countries Fund, the Special Climate Change Fund and the Adaptation Fund is one way of ensuring there is no gap between current provisions and a future streamlined financing landscape (OECD, 2015g).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Counting all core funding to multilateral agencies that perform some research would severely over-estimated the amount of STI-related ODA. This relates in particular to many UN agencies, the World Bank, IMF and regional development banks whose core mandate may not necessarily be research or financing STI activities in developing countries, but for which these types of activities are part of their agreed work programme. For example, an activity supporting the development of ICT skills among children may be classified in the CRS as education rather than ICTs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It therefore promotes dialogue with the goal of reaching a harmonious coexistence. However, if this approach is taken without the full participation of indigenous peoples, there is a risk of merely advancing integration without more equitable decision-making or clearer power relations. Harmonious living approaches, for example, may encourage ethnographic studies that are conducted only with the objective of learning about other cultures so that the dominant group can feel that those who are different are indeed "normal" and, based on this, can create health programmes for them. First, states continue to assert monoculturalism as a way of promoting national unity. Second, health care sector reform is leading to increased privatization, making it more difficult to hold health providers accountable even to international human rights standards, much less to any of the collective rights of indigenous peoples. In addition, as traditional medicine is explored by non-indigenous actors, there is an increased risk of piracy of the intellectual property of indigenous peoples, as well as a risk that indigenous practices will be popularized and performed in ways that do not adhere to the histories, values and visions of indigenous peoples.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The idea is to formulate a charter on climate friendly business and help gain support for a global climate agreement in Copenhagen in 2009. We no longer look at environmental protection as an expenditure that damages the competitiveness of companies and countries. Customers, employees, financers and society at large expect companies to act responsibly and to do their part.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Local communities sometimes also co-finance non-formal programmes. Targeted subsidies should be put in place to reduce or eliminate the cost of adult education paid by individuals with low educational attainment levels. While vocational and technical education systems equip individuals with skills that give them direct access to the labour market, those skills can quickly become obsolete.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The productivity and contribution of cities to national economic welfare cannot be taken for granted. Both tangible and non-tangible cultures can also be identified by location, religious and other beliefs, and by other characteristics such as common historical roots or experience. Resources are squandered, temperatures and sea levels are rising, and the numbers of people at risk of being left behind are staggering.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Also, a quarter of Brazilians live in dwellings with no access to a sewage network or septic tank, w'hile 7 % of dwellings have no access to piped water or wells. The perceived quality of public services, in particular in light of Brazil’s high tax burden (see Chapter 1), was one of the issues that prompted many Brazilians to take to the streets in June 2013, which highlights the importance of improvements in this area. Beyond that, for municipal services, the size of a municipality may not necessarily coincide with the most efficient scale at which to provide a given service, in which case there is scope to improve service efficiency by having several municipalities join hands for the delivery of services, but this involves significant coordination challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The present paper explores early marriage as a risk factor explaining early childbearing and mistimed pregnancies. Data collected from an adolescent survey of 11,609 girls between the ages 12-19 years are analysed in conjunction with in-depth interviews (n-12) with adolescents living in three districts in South-Western Bangladesh. Life histories of girls who experienced an early pregnancy were explored to elucidate how high modern contraceptive use and replacement level fertility in the region coincided with high levels of unintended pregnancy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Capital costs are reduced by increasing economies of scale of the connections. Grid extension projects are often leveraged by rapid expansion of generation plants burning fossil fuels (as in China) and the opportunity to tap into significant hydropower potential (especially in Africa as a renewable energy source with low generation cost). But this is not the only concern.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
During the 1990s Ireland also bene fitted from net EU transfers of about 4% of GDP, although EU funding significantly decreased in the 2000s, down to 0.4% of GDP in 2007. Membership in the European Monetary Union (since 2001) brought stable, low interest rates, which spurred the retail and housing markets. Significant investment in infrastructure and education enabled Ireland to take advantage of the growth opportunities made possible by the opening of its economy. The structure of the economy has changed dramatically since 1990. However, the co-operation between environmental institutions and other sectoral authorities appears more effective for some sectors, such as energy, than for others, such as transport, land use and agriculture. Co-ordination between central government departments and local authorities has proved difficult, few resources are allocated to communities to participate in policy-making and implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Approved by the order of Goskomles poses. The order implementation of recreational activity. It demands correc-of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian tion on a regulation of the green and forest-park zones Federation, February 12, 2010, N°. Table 2 demonstrates the list of Federal laws which in a varying degree concern the issues of regulation of forest relations in recreational purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The country’s credit market is remarkably tight, and access to finance for high-risk agricultural projects, with or without property and regardless of gender, is severely restricted. Loans fo rural women are smaller than those granted to men for similar activities. The production of these vegetables is strictly export-oriented, as there is no domestic market tor these products. Exporters provide producers with inputs and credit, due to the tight credit markets. An exporter realized that female producers' late credit repayments were virtually zero, compared to the men’s much higher rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Air pollution is a particular challenge in the state, especially in the larger cities, and sustainable transportation investments are an important strategy to reduce these pollutants. In recognition of this, over the past few years, die state government has aimed to modernise public transportation in order to provide efficient and high quality services that generate less harm to the environment. It will be important to assess the impacts of these investments on air quality outcomes and mobility patterns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This approach represents the product of collaborative work of many national and international experts working in different fields (transport, ecology, engineering, energy efficiency, spatial planning, etc.). It combines new and old Soviet-era "micro-rayon’’ solutions, including territory of a smaller size (15-20 ha vs 50 ha), housing with a reduced number of storeys (S 5), more compact development, underground parking to provide more space for common areas, job opportunities within walking distance in ecologically friendly industries, energy efficient buildings, and a choice of centralized or decentralized utility systems. Emphasis is given to the development of intimate spaces with good quality infrastructure and amenities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The extremely strong reaction in Spain meant that the climb in its unemployment rate was even larger than that observed in Ireland, which suffered an output shock that was nearly three times larger. Recessions that 01 until 2006 are included. By contrast, the unemployment response in the 2008-09 recession was muted in most European countries (including Belgium, Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and the Slovak Republic), as well as in Japan and Korea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This risk is likely to be greatest for childless households and in countries where the first-tier UB system has relatively low coverage or short duration of benefits. An insufficiently responsive SA system may raise equity concerns, but it also raises the risk that workers experiencing long-term unemployment during a deep recession will drift onto other income replacement benefits, such as disability benefits (see Box 1.3), that are characterised by very low exit rates, even when labour market conditions are good. Unfortunately, the most recent income data available at the household level for the majority of OECD countries are for the reference year 2008 and hence cannot be used to assess the performance of income support programmes during the Great Recession.45 However, 2009 data are available for two countries: Current Population Survey (CPS) data for the United States and Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey for Australia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This investigation most importantly sought to illustrate the use of social science to promote cross-cultural dialogue. Fukuyama (1992) explained contemporary cultural trends in terms of a triumphant individualism that would overcome all other forms of social life, including what he described as the “fundamentalist resentment” of Iran. Lasch (1979) more pessimistically diagnosed Western social arrangements in terms of an emerging “culture of narcissism.” In this study, Iranian and American university students responded to measures of narcissism, individualist and collectivist values, religious interest, and psychological adjustment (identity, self-actualization, and self-consciousness). Variables related to a sense of community (collectivist values, religious interest, and identity) correlated negatively with narcissism in both societies, as did self-actualization. These data supported a moderate position between the polarized extremes of Fukuyama and Lasch and more importantly demonstrated how social scientific methods might be useful in creating a “space” for conducting a “dialogue between civilizations.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It also includes most expenditure on national defence and security, but excludes government military expenditures that are part of government capital formation. The Gini index, a coefficient that measures the income inequality in a society and that ranges from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (maximum inequality), has decreased steadily in the past decade, from 0.34 in 2001 to 0.28 in 2012 (LAC, 2014). The proportion of the population living below the poverty line fell to 3.8% in 2012 (IAC, 2014). The gap between rural and urban populations remains wide, with twice as many people living below the poverty line of USD 2.3 per day in rural areas than there are in urban areas (World Bank, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The 2002 Law on Allocation of Land to Mongolian Citizens for Ownership regulates the allocation procedure and the types and sizes of land to be owned. In addition, land cadastre establishment and operation is regulated by the 1999 Law on Cadastre Mapping and Land Cadastre. The 2012 Law on Soil Protection and Desertification Prevention aims to facilitate measures to prevent soil damage and soil fertility decline from overgrazing and desertification. It includes measures to prevent desertification from intensification of agriculture, mining, road construction and urban use, as well as from climate change (chapter 1). The idea behind this draft law is to move to a more regulated rangeland planning and management system. It is envisaged that the new law will regulate rangeland relations in line with the carrying capacity of rangeland and support the sustainable use of land used for pasturing through the introduction of fees for the use of rangeland and earmarking a certain amount of revenues for rehabilitation measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This development framework is based on human rights (political, civil, economic, social and cultural) and on the rights of nature (Larrea, 2010, Acosta, 2009 and 2010). A key defining feature of the new constitution is the role of the State in providing public goods and services and protecting rights. These rights are complemented by the rights of communities, peoples and nationalities, rights of participation, rights of freedom, rights of nature, rights of protection and responsibilities of citizenship (Constitucion de la Republica del Ecuador, 2008, articles 56 to 83). Public policies must be oriented towards good living and must guarantee rights (Constitucion de la Republica del Ecuador, 2008, article 85).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)