albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
There are, however, some interventions that would be easier to scale up in some countries and regions than others - for example, kangaroo mother care, which involves the baby being placed in skin contact with the mother’s bare chest and exclusive breastfeeding being supported, is generally seen as more possible in African than in Asian countries. These include addressing health workforce shortages, removing financial barriers, and improving access to care through innovative delivery strategies such as task shifting (delegating tasks to less specialized health workers).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
One legacy of that programme was the establishment of the Programme of Advancement through Health and Education (PATH), a conditional cash transfer programme that now constitutes the core of the social safety net. Advocacy has been initiated by scientists and their students in the Climate Studies Group of the Department of Physics at the University of the West Indies (UWI), individual scholars in the Faculty of Social Sciences, the Centre for Sustainable Development at UWI, as well as by various ENGOs. Some of the research and the outreach based on this work have been funded by the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC) and the Environmental Foundation of Jamaica (EFJ).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The second is that the format is standardised, which facilitates comparison between countries. The third is that they are official statements and, as such, should reflect the government’s perspectives and priorities. As discussed by Gagnon-Lebrun and Agrawala (2006), NCs may not fully reflect the progress to date within OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This suggests a need for questions concerning gender equality and for representation of women's interests to be included by institutions from the local to the global level. Action and pressure from social movements are central in challenging and reworking the discriminatory cultures, practices, biases and stereotypes that are often evident in policy institutions and organizations. In many countries and regions, informal economy workers, producers and consumers are organizing collectively, both to contest dominant development models and to advocate for and indeed, demonstrate, alternatives. They include La Via Campesina, which since the 1990s has grown into a globally-networked movement to defend the rights of smallholder farmers in the face of pressures from large-scale corporate agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Spotlight on Sustainable Development 2016: Report of the Reflection Group on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Barbara Adams and others, eds. Teacher training and entrepreneurship education: evidence from a curriculum reform in Rwanda. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL). Available from https://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/ teacher-training-and-entrepreneurship-education-evidence-curriculum-reform-rwanda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Under its national legislation, Ecuador must move towards the sustainable consolidation of social solidarity and a reliable economic system, while at the same time developing an efficient alternative payment system. This will help to achieve economic and social inclusion and the well-being of millions of citizens, as well as stronger public finances and a better-regulated economic system. In this context, BCE developed a new mechanism to strengthen the use of electronic and alternative payments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A broad range of mechanisms has been identified to account for this cumulative causation within the sphere of production and consumption. These include, for example, the rapid growth in the ‘volume’ of productive knowledge requires ever higher capacity on the part of firms and individuals to identify, evaluate and adapt this knowledge. An increased rate of technical change introduces greater ‘uncertainty’ for firms, which, in turn, demands an increased capacity for adaptability and more widely distributed problem solving skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
ABSTRACTWhat is the boundary of the academic space, and who can belong within it? The migration of skilled practitioners into Academia from other workplaces brings with it the opportunity to expand the understandings and functions of higher education. Similar to processes of geographic/political migration, the acculturation resulting from this professional resettlement can lead to the assimilation, integration, separation or marginalization of academic migrants. Within this article, we explore how differing pathways within and into Academia from other professional contexts can impact upon an academic immigrant's sense of belonging.Adopting the roles of an economic migrant, a refugee, an internally displaced person and a temporary visitor, we entangle our professional narratives with themes of citizenship and migration, to examine the complexity of integration and inclusion within higher education. Our imaginative reconceptualization of academic migration leads into a discourse analysis guided by contempor...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Planning a family contributes to planning many other aspects of one’s life: schooling, work, family formation, and other aspects. By reducing maternal mortality and increasing life expectancy, such programmes raise the return to schooling and thus increase the returns to investment in education, particularly for girls. Governments should regard family planning in the same way they view and prioritize other human-capital investments in education, labour force participation and political participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Within its framework, LDCs, donors and international organisations work together to fully integrate the world's poorest countries into global trade in a way that contributes to poverty reduction and sustainable development. The EIF collects data on project beneficiaries at the disaggregated level to determine whether interventions are targeting both women and men. For example, the EIF currently implements a project in Rwanda to improve the livelihoods and earning potential of people engaged in cross border trade, 74% of whom are women. These objectives are at the heart of the EIF.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Some modelling results of the impact of climate change on the prices of various agricultural commodities, yields and land-use allocations are shown in Section 4, as are some results showing how these assumptions may affect key indicators of food security. Several adaptation measures that aim to mitigate negative impacts of climate change are discussed in Sections 5 and 6, including their potential effects on agricultural production and food security. Section 7 presents some estimates of the costs of the adaptation measures discussed in this study, including additional public and private expenditures in R&D as well as additional investments in water management systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Individuals and households may be more significant beneficiaries than nations from the expansion of such practices and policies. It will be important to evaluate contemporary developments in this area. However, policies that might substantially change the nature and impact of migration are implausible where economic growth is slight, public policy formation has proved difficult and employment conditions are unlikely ever to be comparable with those in developed countries. Neither country has been able to benefit from developing strategies to benefit economically and socially from diaspora populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This means that a greater proportion of people will need to be educated as professionals. High-wage countries will find that they can only maintain their relative wage levels if they can develop a high proportion of knowledge workers and keep them in their work force. In the high-wage countries of the OECD, demand for highly-skilled workers is increasing faster than supply (which OECD indicators show in rising wage premiums for highly-skilled individuals), and demand for low-skilled workers is decreasing faster than supply (which OECD indicators reveal in growing unemployment rates or declining wages for low-skilled individuals). Jobs are moving rapidly to countries that can provide the skills needed for any particular operation at the best rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Thus, while further reforms to reduce aspects of corporate taxation that are harmful to inclusive growth are warranted, progress made in reforming corporate tax systems in many countries over the past decades suggest that further tax shifts favourable to inclusive growth are more likely to entail shifts from personal income taxation toward immovable property and consumption. The presentation and analyses are admittedly far from exhaustive. Countries’ revenue systems are complex, and national specificities are remarkably varied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Thus, the work presented here shows that through appropriate policies and international co-operation, climate change can be tackled in a way that will not cap countries’ aspirations for growth and prosperity. The Kyoto Protocol4 intends to limit emissions of the six gases which are responsible for the bulk of global warming. Of these, the three most potent are carbon dioxide (C02), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N20), currently accounting for 98% of the GHG emissions covered by the Kyoto Protocol (Figure 3.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For simplicity, the clusters of trajectories identified in the analysis are nonetheless referred to as ‘school-to-labour-market pathways’. It then presents the pathways identified by this clustering mechanism and provides descriptive evidence on the personal and household characteristics of the young persons who follow these pathways. This wording should of course not be understood as suggesting that a young person always has full control over her way into the labour market or that periods of unemployment or inactivity are necessarily voluntary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Countries that responded twice within a category were only counted once, avoiding double-counting for the same category. These two elements exert a significant impact on the effectiveness of gender-related strategies and gender equality outcomes. These public institutions involve authorities responsible for gender issues, mechanisms at the ministerial level, Centre of Government (CoG), independent oversight institutions such as parliaments and gender equality commissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Egypt is a case in point of just how the minimum wage has returned to the forefront of politics after years of neglect. Set at EGP 35 (about USD 6.5) per month since 1984, minimum wages eventually lost all relevance (Abdelhamid and El Baradei, 2009). As they remained fixed in nominal terms, they were eroded, dropping below 1% of GDP per capita by 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
They have a direct impact when their implementation either requires additional public resources or - less frequently -entails initial expenditure cutbacks or revenue increases. The direct impact will thus vary across specific policy recommendations. As for the induced effect, the magnitude is likely to differ depending on whether reforms boost growth mainly through employment or productivity (Elmeskov and Sutherland, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
When cross-checked and cross-referenced with other information the analysis of such images can indicate the extent and location of damage. In Asia and the Pacific, ESCAP, through its Regional Space Applications Programme for sustainable development (RESAP) network, helps provide satellite imagery, at no cost, to disaster-affected countries (Box IV-3). For example, during the 2015 Nepal earthquakes, RESAP received multiple images of sites in and around Nepal from different satellites administered by the regions spacefaring member countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Hence, although the broader structural causes of emigration appear to be gender-neutral, the role of gender inequality in social institutions is not. In addition to standard determinants, discriminatory social institutions influence female migration patterns. This is critical in order to understand the role of social institutions in female decision-making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the end of the training, only the most motivated and diligent participants with a feasible business plan got the one-time grant (OECD/EU, 2016). While grants to implementing agencies are allocated for four years, yearly continuation of the project is contingent on satisfactory performance. Performance of projects is evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively by the STED Expert Advisory Committee, which meets two to three times a year at the project site to assess progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The measures are regulatory as well as informational. On the one hand, it includes vehicle tax rates which are dependent on the car's emissions and the expansion of the public transport system. On the other hand, it includes information campaigns and the inclusion of energy-efficient driving in the curricula of the driver's education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Violence against women is an obstacle to the achievement of the objectives of equality, development and peace (United Nations, 1996). Statistics on the prevalence of various types of violence, causes and consequences of violence and access by victims of violence to formal and informal support for can lead to better focused and more efficient preventive and intervention efforts. Gender statistics may be considered a field of statistics (see, for example, UNECE and World Bank Institute, 2010), however, the production of gender statistics should not be misunderstood as being limited to the compilation of sex-disaggregated statistics from various statistical fields and their dissemination in gender-focused publications, reports or databases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Accordingly, it was decided that the proposed houses would be raised between 1 and 1.5 metres, since it is expected that water levels would most likely reach this height in case of a dyke failure (Pols et al., At the same time, the minister indicated that the national government would not feel responsible if,, despite all precautions, the Westergouwe would be flooded. In an interview published in the Government Gazette (in Dutch, Staatscourant) the minister said that those who have taken the initiative have to bear all of responsibility, and that the national government will not compensate for the damage in case of a flood disaster (Pols et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For some bigger countries that share may be also well above 10 per cent (Paris and London) or around 10 per cent (Warsaw and Moscow). The rate is the higher the more centralized a country is with the capital city being the major business and industry hub attracting the various enterprises, while the jobs they create attract workers to move there. At the other end are countries with more decentralized or federal structures, like Canada, Germany or Switzerland, where the population of the capitals is under 6 per cent of the urban population, and where there are other cities with the role of major business or industrial hubs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Also significant are the timeliness of employment in relation to seasonal income and food fluctuations, the scale of interventions, as well as the appropriateness of assets created. There will be limited impact on incomes and food security unless the programmes are implemented at scale and are operating long-term. Opportunities to improve the contribution of community assets to increasing productivity include ensuring that assets are built based on need and that they are of quality, accessible to the poor and sustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Finland, the average skills level for adults (16-64 year-olds) is one of the highest of all countries participating in PIAAC, and young adults (16-24 year-olds) have higher skills proficiency levels than the average for adults in Finland and young people in other participant countries. Overall, an above-average proportion of workers is well matched to their skills level (one of the lowest skills mismatches across PIAAC countries). In Finland, unemployment rates across all educational levels were slightly below the OECD average in 2011, although unemployment rates for 25-64 year-olds increased in the context of the economic crisis (2008-11).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The relationship between decentralization and corruption has intrigued experts in recent years. Decentralization proponents do not explicitly identify anti-corruption as a goal, but its potential as a tool is attractive to public sector ethicists if the appropriate connection can be shown. This article argues that decentralization of government can foster civic engagement and public-spirited public administration and promote honesty and accountability. Two major strands in the literature are examined: those that associate decentralization with greater corruption, and those that link it with greater public sector accountability. In the end, the proximity between government and people enabled by decentralization gives administrators and citizens a better opportunity to change public service values while reforming the structure of governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, those who have completed upper secondary education can be expected either to have an adequate set of skills relevant to the labour market or to have demonstrated the ability to acquire such skills. Life-long learning is essential to sustainable development. The scale and quality of human resources are major determinants of both the creation of new knowledge and its dissemination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The IEA (2008) prefers the terms “firm” and “variable”. Sinden (2007) uses the terms “dispatchable” and “non-dispatchable”. The key factors are: what is the source of generating capacity, whether there is significant variation in the potential output of the source, and whether this variation is a consequence of exogenous factors beyond direct control (i.e. ecological conditions).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It does not mean that everyone works in a capitalist firm but simply that as capacity utilization increases and unemployment declines, worker incomes tend to increase. Of course, the ability of workers to successfully translate tighter labour markets into higher wages is closely linked with a variety of labour market institutions as well as gender. Women’s collective bargaining power vis-a-vis capital is presumably lower than men’s, a point consistent with the prevalence and persistence of the gender wage gap across all sorts of economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Across OECD countries, for every 10% reduction in CVD mortality, life expectancy at age 65 increased by around 4.3%. The decline in CVD mortality accounts for around 30% of the cross-country variation in life expectancy gains. Change in CVD mortality is a stronger predictor of life expectancy at 65 among males than females.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, in most cases, the actual application of the norms depends on the attitudes of decision-makers and thus might be applied differently. Moreover, discretionary and incremental funding models tend to be associated with low levels of budget transparency. Indeed, inadequate formulas or wrongly assessed coefficients may exacerbate inefficiencies (for example, by helping to preserve small-class schools which may be consolidated), as well as inequities (for example, by providing more funds to schools or regions which historically had higher allocations).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Although this separate benefit schedule was abolished in 2001, in payroll systems employees are still classified as either regularly insured or short-time insured (Peoplesoft, 2009). The Employment Insurance Law of 1974 (Art. Employers and workers have had an incentive to make contributions on employment relationships likely to generate a benefit claim after only six months, since the ratio of benefit received to contributions paid is particularly high in this case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Post-2015, there will be a need for substantial increases in the concessional resource flows to low-income and lower-middle income countries, on a stable and predictable basis, to support productive investment and the provision of public goods. The 2005 Paris Declaration and the subsequent Accra Agenda for Action in 2008, along with the Busan Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation in 2011, are the clearest results of those efforts. Although not yet fully implemented, these agreements imply a certain rebalancing of the relationships between partners and donors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A MoU could be established with each participating agent in the network, to encourage delivery of concrete results, establish their accountability and work collectively to achieve shared objectives. The political support of the President’s Administration Office would play a key role in ensuring commitment from different actors. Kazakhstan’s central government may also consider establishing, with the political support of the prime minister, a National Urban and Regional Development Co-ordination Council.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Paris Agreement requests the Adaptation Committee and the LEG to jointly develop modalities related to recognising these efforts for the consideration and adoption of the Parties to the agreement. These are summarised in Table 9 below. However, given that the Paris Agreement provides developing countries with flexibility in i.a. This would have the benefit of being comprehensive, but the disadvantage of not looking across countries to bring out key themes or lessons learned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In July 2013, the coverage of acute care and maternal services was extended to irregular immigrants, who are believed to grow in numbers (Migrationsverket, 2017). In this group, many people are former asylum seekers who often avoid formal care for fear of being reported. Voluntary health care providers organised by NGOs meet some of their primary care needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In 2001-2003, the nursing education launched a campaign in Iceland which had only little effect, and educations in pedagogy have not been successful in attracting male students either. Gislason blames the unsuccessful attempts to change the educational choices of Icelandic men on the fact that prior to the economic crisis in 2008, Iceland had no considerable unemployment. Some jobs, such as those within health care, are now considered to be more "secure" and less vulnerable to cyclical fluctuations, Gislason therefore believes, that the crisis might be instrumental in breaking with the traditional gender segregation of the Icelandic labour market. The Icelandic labour market is also characterised by unequal pay, and this is related to place: Icelandic women are paid less than Icelandic men, and this applies to married women in particular (according to figures from Centre for Gender Equality, 2014) (see also Rafnsdottir and Omarsdottir 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)