albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Over the past decade, the government has also been w'orking on the implementation of universal healthcare, scheduled to start with a pilot in 2015. However, very low educational enrolment and attainment continue to handicap the Ivorian economy and prevent its evolution toward more productive and skilled jobs. Government policy needs to ensure that basic public goods, including health, education, and infrastructure, are provided equitably across the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
En depit des retards de la mise en exploitation et des possibilites limitees d’acheminement par oleoducs des exportations, le petrole coulait a flot des le debut des annees 2000, alors que les prix mondiaux commengaient de s’envoler et que de nouveaux oleoducs etaient ouverts vers la mer Noire et la Mediterranee. La superficie de terres arables par habitant (2.1 hectares) est la plus elevee du monde apres l’Australie (5.5 hectares). Les terres agricoles ont souffert des programmes de l’ere sovietique et de l’absence d’investissements pendant la periode qui a suivi l’independance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Knowing whether particular deprivations are stand-alone issues may be useful when identifying possible entry points for policy interventions. Figure 6 demonstrates the deprivation incidence for three dimensions, subdivided by the extent of overlap with other dimensions by urban and rural areas separately. The first part of the bar (on the left) shows the proportion of children deprived in only the specified dimension and no other dimensions, while the other parts of each bar show how many children are deprived in the specified dimension and also other dimensions simultaneously. The graph shows that although the percentage of children deprived in nutrition is similar among children below the age of five in both, rural and urban areas (the entire bar, 39% for both), the extent to which children experiencing malnutrition are exposed to also other deprivations differs depending on where children live.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, as water scarcity becomes more severe, it is possible that these vested interests will be overtaken by the broader national interest, and a more economically efficient allocation of water will emerge. In this sense, the looming water crisis could actually become a growth opportunity, since reallocating water to higher value uses could bring significant aggregate benefits. This raises the legitimate question: Recognising that one cannot do everything at the outset, what are the top priorities?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The way forward is not easy, but this is the time to build on what has been accomplished and systematise these changes to make a significant difference to the life of children in need of special education and their families, both now and in the future. Continue improvements to committees responsible for the diagnosis of CWDs. Make classrooms and education institutions as fully inclusive as possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In compliance with the new EU Air Quality Directive, which entered into force in 2008, Portugal requested additional time to meet the PM^ standard. The Commission has decided to send a final written warning to three Member States that have not met the PMjq standard, including Portugal. The IQAr, calculated for specified zones/agglomerations, is determined by the worst pollutant concentration measured at one or more monitoring stations. Pollutants considered in the calculation include N02, 03 and PMi0.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The rationale for using this approach is to capture all children showing any sign of deprivation in a specific dimension. If there is more than one indicator per dimension, the selected indicators have been chosen to complement each other in the explanation of the dimension they represent and to jointly identify the children's status in the respective dimension. This method does not account for the depth of deprivation within a given dimension because the methodology is developed to focus on the dimensions rather than separate indicators. The indicators and their thresholds are selected based on the international standards set by the WHO, UN-HABITAT, UNESCO, and UN MDGs (see De Neubourg et al 2012b, for the precise definition of each indicator).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the Ugandan coffee sector, for example, women are typically engaged in tending coffee plants, picking and drying coffee, and men in planting, pruning and marketing (Verhart and Pybum, 2012). In Lao People’s Democratic Republic, women are more engaged in transplanting rice, weeding, harvesting, post-harvest operations and marketing, and men in land preparation, ploughing and fencing (FAO/SIDA, 2010b). Eggs, milk and poultry, in particular, tend to be female-intensive sectors, while men often have a prominent role in managing cattle. Time-use data indicate that activities such as petty trading and retailing tend to be carried out more by female than male household members, while men have greater opportunities in other non-agricultural sectors, such as construction and transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is especially true of Indonesia where provisions for contraception have been privatized in the last decade and where, in 2007,69 per cent of married women purchased contraceptives from private sources, while in Viet Nam, 86 per cent of acceptors are still served by the public sector (BPS and Macro International, 2007, p. 86, NCPFC and ORC Macro, 2003). Private practices and clinics in Indonesia have opted for a "cafeteria-contraceptive basket" approach selling to their clients more diverse and branded products. Still providers' biases remain, this time leaning towards hormonal injections, recurrent shots being perceived as "an ideal way to lock in a flow of payments" (Hull and Mosley 2008, p. 18-19).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, high administrative costs are incurred in the application of "means tests" in order to verify eligibility for free basic supply. To avoid these administrative costs, some municipalities have opted to apply free basic allocation to all domestic consumers, with the unintended consequence that wealthy consumers receive the free basic allocation if they happen to reside in one of those municipalities. South Africa has one of the lowest electricity tariffs in the world, with an average selling price (as illustrated below) at around USD 0.027 per kWh. Despite the tariff regime, there is argued and documented energy poverty among both electrified and non-electrified consumers (Department of Energy, 2009g).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These three aspects are covered in more detail in the publication Biodiversity for Development (Cadman et al., Biodiversity mainstreaming initiatives can stand or fall based on the quality of the leadership and the relationships built among partners. The scarcity of skills for effective biodiversity mainstreaming leadership remains a barrier to such initiatives. In many South African cases, partnerships are the foundation for successful biodiversity mainstreaming, in which organisations from different sectors come together to solve issues of mutual interest. Thus, investing time and resources in developing people and partnerships should be a significant part of the practice of biodiversity mainstreaming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Black feminist thought is a term used to describe a collection of ideas, writings, and art that articulates a standpoint of, for, and by African American women in the United States. Black feminist thought positions African American women as a group that is socially situated in a unique status due to simultaneous interlocking processes of race, ethnicity, gender, class, and sexual orientation. This theoretical framework posits that the politics of location and the intrapersonal and interpersonal negotiation of intersecting social identities shape African American women's individual and collective consciousness, self-definitions, and actions. The history of black feminist thought as expressed through activism and seminal scholarship are presented.      Keywords:    African American,  feminism,  gender,  identity politics,  nationalism
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On the other hand, low-income workers appear to suffer more frequent job losses, greater subsequent earning losses, and more cycling between precarious manufacturing employment and spells out of unemployment. On the other hand, technological change is likely to continue impacting labour markets. While technological change is difficult to predict, possible shocks on the horizon are related to automation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Alternatively, cash transfer programmes could be used to compensate low-income households. The Energy Expansion Plan 2022 envisages maintaining the reliance on renewables (Section 1). Investment has focused on large hydropower plants, which received most of the BNDES’s environment-related lending in 2008-14 (Figure 2). Local content rules, a condition for BNDES financing, have led to the creation of a wind power industry in Brazil, although this form of industrial protection could harm the sector’s competitiveness in the long run.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Living with two cohabiting parents' refers to situations where a child lives in a household with two adults that are considered parents and these parents are not married to each other. ' Living with a single parent' refers to situations where a child lives in a household with only one adult that is considered a parent. ' Other' refers to a situation where the child lives in a household where no adult is considered a parent.. Source: OECD Family Database, SF1.2 Children in families. In some countries (Belgium, Sweden, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, Denmark and Sweden) half or more of the total poor children live in a single-parent family.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Nonetheless, the relatively small size of the sector limits the contribution that financial sector pay has on income inequality to a small, but noticeable amount. Simulations indicate that most of this contribution is explained by financial institutions paying salaries and bonuses which are above what employees with similar profiles get in other sectors. Estimations that allow for heterogeneity across workers reveal that this wage premium is more than twice as high for financial sector workers at the top of the distribution than at the bottom. The labour market in finance displays other symptoms of imperfection, with, for example, male financial sector workers earning a large wage premium over female financial sector workers, again especially at the top.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Thus, although immigrants seem to decrease the employment rate of Ghanaian-bom workers, no effect is seen on the unemployment rate. This would suggest that if native-bom workers lose their jobs, they also leave the labour force (and are not among the unemployed). It seems therefore likely that immigration is detrimental for workers with a relatively weak attachment to the labour force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This article argues that the public figure doctrine is doctrinally problematic and conceptually and normatively flawed. Doctrinal uncertainty surrounds who is affected and how rights are affected. Conceptually it raises challenges for universality, the non-hierarchical relationship between Articles 8 and 10 ECHR, the process of resolving rights conflicts, and the relationship between domestic law and the Convention. All of which necessitate a strong normative justification for the distinction. Yet there is no compelling rationale. The values underpinning the right to privacy of public figures are no different from those of other persons and there are other better mechanisms of accounting for freedom of expression. We should therefore reject the idea that public figures have fewer or weaker privacy rights or that the process of dealing with their rights is different and instead focus squarely upon the relative importance of the rights, and the degree of intrusion into those rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the outer coastal region, visiting baleen whales migrate northward toward the productive Barents Sea during summer months, where they feed on the large abundance of zooplankton and smaller fish species. These species include the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and fin whale (Balaenopters physalus). It is beyond the scope to provide a complete overview of trends in biodiversity and ecosystem function of the entire North-East Atlantic region here. Indicators within the Nature Index of Norway represent populations of characteristic indigenous species, and the indicator values are based on data from monitoring, model estimates and expert assessments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Other data in Konandreas (2012) show that self-sufficiency in cereals has remained remarkably stable in both LDCs and NFIDCs over the past thirty years, at 90% and 70% respectively. Nonetheless, constant self-sufficiency ratios are consistent with a growing volume of commercial cereal imports. Paying for food imports can strain the resources of countries where economic growth lags and foreign exchange earnings are limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The City of Cologne, for example, co-ordinates water and spatial planning for new building areas to prevent flood damages because of heavy rainfalls. Municipal authorities in the Netherlands, through the “Water Assessment” instrument, take water management into account in their spatial planning decisions. Even though it is not binding, this tool is considered effective for linking water authorities and cities (OECD, 2014b). Energy production is strongly dependent on water for power generation, fossil fuel extraction, transport and processing, and irrigation of biofuels crops.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The chair of each body should decide on a case-by-case basis, if there is no consensus on the admission of observers. In the operations of the Nordic Assessment experts should be invited to participate in relevant parts, in which case they are not observers. The Nordic Assessment should strive towards fostering an open and transparent working process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In many cases, the financial consequences of the dissolution of marriage weaken women’s economic and social status. Also, even if the mother has custody of the children, the father maintains authority as guardian over the most important decisions. Also, the financial consequences of a divorce are often detrimental to women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Austria’s leading universities lag behind their counterparts in funding per student. This has limited the country’s ability to sufficiently equip its public universities with suitable infrastructure and human resources, particularly PhDs involved in basic research. But to narrow the gap to the international frontier will require not only a higher share of competitive funding, but also further improvements to the governance and strategic capabilities of universities and other research organisations. Compared to leading innovators, Austria’s universities lag in major international rankings, undermining their ability to attract talented domestic and foreign students and researchers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
If the benefits delivered by technologies were measured, this would have been a cost-effectiveness analysis. Impacts of Advances in Medical Technology in Australia. The key conclusion is that an ageing population and climate change present significant long-term risks for the economy and the sustainability of government finances, particularly in the health sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There is also a lack of good-quality public services providing care for children, older persons, persons with disabilities and chronic illnesses, which is clearly a regressive situation that is set to worsen owing to the ongoing demographic changes in the region. The strong link between time and income means that the lack of time worsens or reproduces poverty, so the time-use analysis is fundamental for more comprehensive and multidimensional management of this phenomenon (Marco, 2012). In addition to monetary income redistribution policies, there is a need for policies on the redistribution of time as an indispensable resource to eliminate poverty and ensure development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Supply side constraints may be the following: there are no schools within reasonable distance, there are no affordable schools, the quality of the schools is insufficient to go through the effort of sending the children to school (there are no teachers, no textbooks, teachers are not qualified/not paid), there are no appropriate schools (schools are dangerous for girls, there is no proper sanitation for girls, there are no female teachers). Demand side constraints could be: parents do not think that attending school is important for (all, girls, older) children, parents need the economic input of the children, and parents need the input of the children in household tasks. Social constraints that could be considered are e.g. families belonging to an ethnic, religious group, caste, political group that is discriminated against, or all boys are expected to go to the army at a young age. The starting point is that children should not only be seen as potential school children, but as children whose well-being depends on multiple aspects at the same time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A recent Norfund evaluation notes that increased investments in project development and improved coordination with Norwegian MFA, Norad and the Embassies have contributed to successful projects and up-scaling opportunities (Norad, 2015). Adaptation investments typically aim for saving on future costs of climate change, and this is not in line with thetypical investor's revenue creation objectives. It is therefore more difficult for investors to understand the business case compared with e.g. mitigation investments, where investments in new emission reducing technologies can be seen and demonstrated to have considerable return on investment potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For fish oil, this share could reach 41% of total production, compared with 33% in 2011-13. The use of fish by-products can affect the composition and quality of the resulting fishmeal/fish oil, because they contain, in general, less protein, more ash (minerals) and increased levels of small amino acids (such as glycine, proline, hydroxyproline) compared to fishmeal and fish oil obtained from whole fish. This difference in the composition may affect its potential for use aquaculture and livestock farming. However, this is not taken into consideration in the fish model and in the Outlook.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In a market, there is always a feedback mechanism between producers and consumers, which runs obviously through the payment of money. By indicating the price they are willing to pay, consumers signal to producers the quantity of the good they wish to have supplied, and producers happily concur, since through the transfer of money the interests of the consumers have become their own. Ronald Coase (1960) in The Problem of Social Cost showed that all externality issues can be reduced to market transaction costs. The higher these costs, the higher will be the level of external or social costs. While this was undoubtedly a major conceptual insight, stating that transaction costs cause social costs does not say all that much.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Emergency contraception is a method to prevent pregnancy within five days of unprotected intercourse, failure or misuse of a contraceptive (such as a forgotten pill), rape or coerced sex. It disrupts ovulation and reduces the likelihood of pregnancy by up to 90 per cent. It cannot prevent implantation of a fertilized egg, harm a developing embryo or end a pregnancy. Even in countries where emergency contraception is available, adolescents may be reluctant to obtain it from traditional health outlets, such as clinics, which may be staffed by judgmental providers. The initiative trained pharmacy staff and peer educators to provide accurate, up-to-date information on emergency contraception and other reproductive health services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The switching point where foreign direct investment (FDI) takes on greater relative importance compared to aid for trade and is found around the cut off of GNI that separates the least developed countries from those with a higher GNI,i.e. According to a recent OECD Survey, in 2012-15 USD 81.1 billion was mobilised through a series of development finance interventions (Figures 11.3 and 11.4). The ultimate development merits of such blended finance, however, will depend on the specific transactions and projects being developed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Third, some couples managed to ‘buy’ their sponsorship papers and regularize their residence status (although they are technically breaking the law) - as the husbands of Aida and Emebet had done, at least initially. Fourth, and most precarious, there were women like Rubka who entered into relationships with men of different nationalities (Syrian, Egyptian or Sudanese) who were irregular migrants themselves and/or were unwilling to marry the women. The children of such relationships often have liminal status if their father does not acknowledge them, as the Ethiopian Government requires documentation of paternity to register the child as Ethiopian.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Understand the importance of mutual interdependence among companies and governments at all levels. Foster relationships between suppliers and consumers in recognition of mutual interdependence. Create a proactive physical security framework that involves both producers and consumers. Provide good quality information to the public before, during and after a problem occurs. Invest regularly in technological change within the industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This paper is concerned with how and with what consequences Hollywood studios have approached the issue of terrorism. By drawing on the literatures of critical terrorism studies and critical geopolitics, a number of films are analysed for the purpose of considering the nature and motivation of terrorists, the objects of their assaults, the geographical location of the actual dramas, and the responses deemed necessary in the face of such apparent dangers. Finally, the paper briefly considers how one segment of film audiences, namely, participants (usually avid fans) who engage via online forums such as the Internet Movie Data Base (IMDb), engage and contest the movies themselves. The movie Rendition (2007) provides a brief example of how fans respond to a film explicitly concerned with terrorism and torture. This is important for considering how people make sense of films above and beyond their role as a highly successful form of entertainment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Lastly, increased environmental challenges, such as intense energy consumption, air quality and water management, require urgent remedies. However, no universal panacea exists, and sectoral approaches are not always effective. Instead, it could be helpful to formulate a solution encompassing diverse urban components that reflect different urban contexts. The lens of “urban form” is one way to approach building an effective package of policies. Such urban forms can include how places are planned, how connections between places are laid out and how people are involved in urban activities (OECD, 2013a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)