albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In Kainuu and neighbouring regions both sites and traditions related to the mythology of Kalevala, the Finnish national epos, provide inspiration and material for development of tourism products. Historical places referring to the Second World War and especially the Winter War 1939-1940 also attract the interest of both domestic and international visitors. It is possible to access the region from Helsinki by flight on a regular basis, and especially visitors from Asia have been targeted by the organization's marketing efforts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Countries that exhibit similar levels of overall income mobility may contrast greatly in terms of the underlying forces driving mobility processes. A low level of income mobility may be a result of market inefficiency (lack of opportunity) in one country, while a result of generous welfare (stability) in another (Jantti and Jenkins, 2015). It concentrates on income changes over (working-age)3 individuals’ “life course”, ranging from medium-term income mobility (four years) to longer-term income changes (nine years). The chapter first identifies how taking account of income mobility changes our assessment of existing levels of income inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Similar multiplier effects are associated with apple production, turkey processing and large-scale vegetable and nut production. As long as the region can produce high-quality agricultural products at a competitive price there will be opportunities to expand farm output and processing and employ more members of the local labour force. This means that commercial agriculture plays a much larger role in the state economy than the value of direct farm production suggests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2009, the quota allocated to municipal parks or gardens (20 million m3) was less than half of estimated consumption for that purpose in previous years (45 million m3). Demand management policies in the agricultural sector seek to accomplish two key objectives: to irrigate with non-potable water (effluent or natural brackish water) wherever possible, and to maximise efficiency in the use of irrigation water. First, there is a price incentive: for irrigation the price of treated domestic wastewater (USD 0.34/m3) is one-third that of potable water (about USD 1/m3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Structured in this way, a universal social security set-up can also facilitate achieving the goal of the Global Social Floor. Achieving the Global Social Floor, which would involve benefit rules guaranteeing such a floor, will likely require resource flows both within and across nations. Also, by promoting employment, the Global Jobs Pact can make it easier to set up the universal social security arrangement. This makes the collection of contributions from their earnings and the effective distribution of benefits daunting tasks at the current stage of those countries’ development. Thus, achieving universal social security cannot be separated from achieving a dynamic structural transformation of the economy and conducting active labour-market policies (discussed above), since the latter will facilitate the former by moving more people into the formal sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In such a structure, the upper tier (i.e. the regional government) would focus on the providing region-wide services that benefit the whole territory, are associated with both positive externalities and some redistribution, and which demonstrate economies of scale. Lower tiers (i.e. urban areas) would concentrate on local services that provide local benefits and may be more in line with their actual resource capacity (see Table 3.6) (Bird and Slack, 2008). Metropolitan Governance: Principles and Cases, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC, and David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Regarding onshore wind, the Green report evaluates connection costs up to 5% of plant-level investment costs. Similar values are reported in the European Green Net study, where connection costs are estimated at 8% of plant-level cost for wind onshore and at 10-25% for wind offshore (Green Net, 2009a). Those last values have been taken as a reference for all the other countries in the study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Already the NSF-led programmes in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s relied heavily on the expertise of academic specialists and, to a lesser extent, on teachers, in designing a new type of content and novel strategies for its delivery (Cuban, 1992, Elmore and Sykes, 1992, Elmore, 1996). In Korea, the recent curriculum development process built on commissioned research and was conducted by a working group composed largely of experts from the Korea Educational Development Institute (Box 4). Indeed, in most OECD countries, experts tend to participate in curriculum development work undertaken within specific governmental committees or working groups - sometimes even within agencies particularly specialised on curriculum. In Ireland, curriculum development is undertaken by the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment, an advisory body to the Minister of Education (UNESCO, 2007f).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Compared to a regular database approach, blockchain provides transparency and security through distribution of data and validation by independent parties. The technology also enables companies to control their data and decide which information is shared with which partner and competitor (e.g. pricing terms). Currently, shipping companies and ports are actively pursuing blockchain solutions for their logistics data in order to improve visibility and reduce fraud (Miller, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Local interviews have revealed that many delays are due to unreliable equipment. Recent innovations include: on-board locomotive computers to minimise fuel consumption and wear, railway infrastructure monitoring by drones, and better information sharing capabilities. As Central Asian railways have not yet started their digital transformation, they should move in this direction. Such arrangements require dealing with multiple railways, balancing freight-wagon and container flows, and arranging last-mile deliveries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the case of international research, it is essential that data are comparable or are made comparable. This leads to the conclusion that it is advisable to pursue harmonization of road safety data. This starts with definitions to be used (e.g. the 30-day definition of a road death) and also involves the harmonisation of methodologies for data collection (e.g. when collecting data about Safety Performance Indicators). In every case of international comparisons, comparability of data has to be ascertained.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This practice was seen as requiring knowledge integration, decision-making, working together with others, and communicating with patients (Barrows, 1983, Barrows and Tamblyn, 1980). Yet, medical students lacked clinical reasoning, problem-solving, and critical thinking skills. There was concern that medical schools put a too heavy emphasis on memorisation of -potentially irrelevant or soon-to-be-outdated - facts instead of skills necessary to practice medicine (Barrows, 1983, Savery, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
During the same period, self-assessed health has worsened, while it has improved in the OECD as a whole. An increase in reported health by 1 unit (for instance, moving from good health to very good health) would increase overall life satisfaction by roughly 5% on average in Finland. Other important determinants are being employed and having freedom of choice in everyday activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Aquaculture has the potential to address the gap between aquatic food demand and supply and to help countries achieve their economic, social and environmental goals, thus contributing to the 2030 Agenda (Hambrey, 2017, FAO, 2017c).However, the growth of aquaculture raises a number of questions in relation to the resources that it consumes (e.g. space, feedstuffs), its products (see "Fish for food security and human nutrition” in Part 2) and the threats that the sector faces from external factors such as climate change and disease. Spatial planning should integrate social, economic, environmental and governance objectives of sustainable development in accordance with the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (FAO, 1995). The ecosystem approach to aquaculture (see section on this topic in Part 2) and blue growth (see Part 4) are useful frameworks in this context (FAO and World Bank, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Is there a risk that in meeting urgent, short term priorities of the most vulnerable microfmance might inadvertently promote actions that might exacerbate vulnerabilities over the longer term? This is the objective of the following two sections that examine the experiences of two low income countries: Bangladesh - the home of microfmance - and neighbouring Nepal, both of which are also extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Bangladesh ranks low on practically all measures of economic development. It has a population of over 133 million people in a small area, a population density of more than 1,209 persons per km2, and 75% of the population lives in rural areas (World Bank, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Where mral populations live close to urban territories (and hence services) and have lower levels of social and economic marginalisation, broader mral policies may be more appropriate. However, these are complemented with broader policies such as the national and regional development strategies and in operational programmes, such as the programme targeting Poland’s eastern regions which have lower economic growth, dispersed settlement patters and higher rates of poverty. It is important to recognise that there are also a host of policies that are often sectoral in nature that impact rural areas and that are not targeted to place, but that can have territorial consequences nonetheless.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This compares with an average bound rate at 47% in 2010. Rice and sugar are covered by specific tariffs with levels adjusted frequently in response to changing international prices for these commodities. Since 2008, companies must be approved by the Ministry of TVade as registered importers to import a range of processed products manufactured from meat, cereal, sugar and cocoa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
All existing technologies experience a reduction of load factors. This reduction is relatively more significant for peak- and medium-load technologies than for baseload power plants since they are penalised by their high variable costs, which will push them out of the merit order. Finally, both electricity prices and C02 emissions decrease in the short term, due to the integration of a low marginal cost, low-carbon emitting technology, such as wind or solar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The situation might improve once a minimum intake of renewable electricity is determined by the NEA (more in the Policies and Standards section). By integrating advanced information technologies into the power system, smart grids enable operators to better manage generation, transmission and storage in ways that more effectively respond to system fluctuations in demand. In turn, smart grids help in load shifting, while maintaining the reliability and stability of the power system. The most innovative aspect of smart grids is that, through the installation of smart meters, they allow consumers to participate in demand response.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Kattegat, 0resund, Arkona Basin, Kvarken and Bothnian Bay: (HELCOM, 2012). Key habitats in the Atlantic region are kelp forest, smaller seaweed species, seagrass meadows, blue mussel beds and soft and sandy sediments. Entering the Baltic Sea, the large kelp species disappear (due to low salinity) leaving selected seaweed species, seagrass meadows, blue mussel beds and soft and sandy sediments as the most important habitats, with decreasing diversity along a decreasing salinity gradient (Fig.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The lack of capital for year-round operations constraints the plants’ ability to maintain stable commercial relations with prospective buyers and limits employment opportunities. The NGO started working in Mozambique in the late 1990s by seeking to identify promising industries that could generate income and economic growth for the country. Despite the disappointing results of the first attempts to revive the sector, it was quickly obvious that the cashew nut industry still bore significant potential, because of Mozambique’s history in cashew production, its excellent environmental conditions and its low labour cost.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As of 2013, 9 700 students attended 14 operative schools in Astana (2), Aktobe, Atyrau, Karaganda, Kokshetau, Kyzylorda, Pavlodar, Semey, Shymkent (2), Taraz, Ust-Kamenogorsk and Uralsk. The NIS cater to about 1108 students from rural areas in a boarding arrangement. As of 2013, the selection process includes tests in mathematics, languages (Kazakh, Russian and English) and the ability to study mathematics and science (quantitative reasoning and spatial thinking).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The first is that they have comprehensive coverage, with all OECD member countries having submitted at least one report. Twenty nine countries published their fifth National Communications in 2009 or 2010. For the remaining OECD members - Chile, Israel, Korea, Mexico (non-Annex I countries) and Turkey - the analysis is based on their most recent NCs.'
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Open school choice, if not well managed with policies to mitigate its negative impact, can generate further inequities. According to OECD research, this can have a negative impact on students with lower academic performance if extensively practiced. In 2009, almost one-third of students in New Zealand's schools were Maori (22%) and Pasifika (10%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Kaznext Invest could also organise an annual forum for ISC staff to share experiences and good practices and provide them with dedicated business training. Many ISCs do not have websites and are thus not easily visible in the main investment portal for foreign investors in Kazakhstan (http://invest.gov.kz/). Online visibility, including from Kazakhstan’s main investment promotion website (http://invest.gov.kz/).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This unequivocally states that it is a form of gender-based discrimination that 'seriously inhibits women's ability to enjoy rights and freedoms on a basis of equality with men'. These decisions have implications for the capacity of women to exercise their rights in both the public and private spheres. Increasing women's agency in intra-household decision-making is an important goal in itself and also has positive impacts on women's own well-being as well as that of other household members, especially children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The “success formulae" for Matsentralen is certainly the involvement of national charity organisations in planning of and establishment of the food bank, which has made it possible to develop collaboration with local organisations quite rapidly. The problem is more to receive fairly stable amounts of food and to have a sufficient variety of food types. The food banks do both have capacity to receive more food and there is a need for more food for redistribution, so there is potential for increase in redistribution in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Therefore we have chosen to construct domain deprivation scores in eight domains based on the available dataset in EU-SILC 2009. The eight domains are: financial strain, housing, community, food, clothing, education, social and leisure. For the housing, community and financial domains four or five variables were chosen, for the other domains three or two indicators were available (see table 11). For the financial, housing and community domains we counted children as deprived if they lacked two or more out of the four/five items.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Research shows that these assumptions are only partially true, and Nordic policy makers provide interesting insights on the pros and cons of self-interest as a motivator for sustainable lifestyles. This is referred to in the literature as the Rational Choice Model of consumer behaviour. This in turn forms the belief that if we can change people's attitudes (through information provision] this will lead to a change in their behaviour. A range of consumption-oriented policies or policy instruments have been developed based on these assumptions. The majority of them focus on adjusting for market failures by providing more accurate information to consumers (e.g. ecolabelling and awareness raising campaigns] and by correcting prices (EEA 2009]. This type of intervention perpetuates the idea that sustainable consumption is most appropriately tackled through individuals making different choices, rather than through institutional and infrastructural changes and leadership from governments or businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
One of the main objectives of the Chars Livelihood Programme (CLP) is to reduce vulnerabilities to external shocks such as floods. By providing an integrated package of support, the CLP targets the greatest challenges faced by Char dwellers. By placing women at the centre of its interventions, the CLP seeks to reduce their vulnerability in two key ways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Other Parties are also encouraged to report this information, and developing countries should report information on support needed and received, including its use, impact and results. Several features of the existing transparency system under the UNFCCC will remain in place, such as reporting of greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories and biennial tracking of progress towards mitigation and support-related objectives. An important difference is that the future transparency framework will apply to all Parties, with flexibility in terms of the scope and frequency of reporting and scope of review.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Shortages are mostly felt for family physicians and nurses. It has also become increasingly difficult to attract health professionals to rural areas because of budgetary constraints, and also because increasing workloads are particularly onerous for rural staff. There is also a need to develop a cohort of auxiliary professionals such as nutritionists and dieticians who can help combat the growing obesity challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is also considered important that staff believe in their ability to organise and execute the courses of action necessary to bring about desired results (Fives, 2003). Qualifications can matter in terms of which skill sets and what knowledge are recognised as important for working with young children. 2009).There is strong evidence that enriched stimulating environments and high-quality pedagogy are fostered by better qualified staff, and better quality pedagogy leads to better learning outcomes (Litjens and Taguma, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As far as a breakdown of water consumption is concerned, large consumers are the industry for energy generation, the food processing industry, the chemical, metal, and non-ferrous industries, textile, etc. Industry capacities can be divided into two groups: industry connected to public water supply systems using water of high quality, and industry with its own water resources (spring, wells, river diversion, and reservoirs). Data on consumed water quality lack for the latter. In 2008, of the total intake of water for supplying industry and mining, approximately 92 per was surface water (69 per cent in 2005) and the rest was public sewage, springs and ground water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The number of human rights ombudsman institutions has increased dramatically over the past three decades. Such institutions are prevalent in Latin America and in Central and Eastern Europe, and are increasingly found in other regions of the world as well. Forces such as democratization, public institution-building, comparative law influences, limited state resources, and international human rights law continue the spread of human rights ombudsman institutions. This Article discusses the mandates and jurisdiction of human rights ombudsman institutions. It argues that all governments should endow human rights ombudsman institutions with as many additional powers as their institutional and legal systems permit to supplement the ombudsman’s core investigatory mandate. These include inspection, litigation, research, and education powers. Further, this Article argues that all human rights ombudsman institutions must institute operating practices to increase their ability to protect and promote human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The survey involved 16,616 households and was administered by the National Bureau of Statistics in 10 provinces: Beijing, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Zhejiang, Anhui, Henan, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan and Gansu. All household members between 15 and 74 years old completed a 24-hour time diary for both a weekday and a weekend day in ten-minute intervals beginning at 4 a.m. Each individual also completed a personal questionnaire, which provides information including age, educational attainment, income level and occupation/employment status. The information on education, monthly individual income and the distance from home to office are expressed in categorical variables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The fact that the terrorism has so many typologies highlights that the category known as ‘terrorist criminality’ is not based on an ontological considerations but on a labelling power’s decision. It is necessary to avoid that criminal policy against terrorism reaches the punitive excess and become a system without guarantees, which will mean a warlike confrontation criminal law system. In order to accomplish this, it would be required to define terrorism by pointing two traditional elements out: the factual-structural component and the teleological one. The Jihadist terrorism has both elements in a clear and intense way. The 21st Century Criminal Policy has to take this into consideration if it pretends to supply the rule of law requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For Sweden, data regarding child care refers to childminders. In some countries, higher qualifications are not available for the ECEC workforce, whereas in other countries, higher qualification is available and may be obtained through professional development. Answers indicating "other" without specifying which topic was referred to with “other1 are not included in this figure. Professional development opportunities are aimed at improving the performance of ECEC staff in already assigned positions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It also may harm families. This new combination of objectives has complex implications on the financial model that could help Korean cities cope with such evolving demand. Although only 6.8% of the overall transport infrastructure in Korea is more than 30 years old (as of 2014),9 this share will rise to 30% by 2030 and the corresponding maintenance costs are expected to increase by 6.1% per annum by 2030 (Kim, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)