albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The consortium should work closely with start-up firms and established businesses in the targeted clusters to identify training, infrastructure and investment needs to support expansion. The consortium can be the focal point for advocacy at the local, metropolitan, state and federal level that drives for more consistent, coherent and aligned policies in support of innovation and green growth. A procurement policy is the set of rules and regulations an organisation sets in place to govern the process of acquiring goods and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Among many other elements, the diagnosis of time underlying the Dialectic of Enlightenment pointed to the lost of centrality of political economy in the interdisciplinary arrangement of Critical Theory, implying also the need for a new basis for critique itself. Under this aspect the main consequence was the emergence of a peculiar anthropology – understood in terms of a transformation of psychoanalytical elements into a social theory – that was put on the basis of a new conception of interdisciplinarity. In a single paper it is certainly not possible to reconstruct this new critical model even in its most general features, but it is at least possible to advance some of its main elements and stress their relation both to the new interdisciplinary arrangement and to the new conception of critique.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The presence of strong women’s movements and civil society groups that advocated on behalf of gender issues was also key to gains in terms of development results that promoted GEWE. The lack of gender analysis explains to some extent why so many UNDP gender results are gender targeted, gender negative or gender blind. The tools and processes to make GEWE relevant to the work of staff members in programme design, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation have also not been sufficiently developed and applied. The gender marker and the results-oriented annual report, as well as monitoring and evaluation, require further refinements and a more consistent application if UNDP is to increase the quality of its gender interventions and reporting and the assessment of its contributions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Compared with the amount of reported recycled MSW, about one third of this capacity is actually used. Current projects for the construction of new landfills are connected to the obligation to close existing non-compliant landfills. Table 8.3 shows changes in the number and area of municipal waste landfills between 2006 and 2009. Paper and metal scrap collection and recycling are well established in Romania, with thousands of collectors and a large network of processing companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
But it’s far from clear whether typical workers reaped any benefits during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, many workers were clearly hurt.” Over just the past few decades, the number of people employed as telephone operators and shorthand typists has dwindled markedly. Other jobs will go in the future, including some “knowledge work” that today might seem to be immune to technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It reviews the rationale for public support for inclusive innovations and outlines the adjustments required for policies to incorporate related obstacles. It then discusses co-operation challenges at the government level and beyond, providing examples of cases where they have been successfully addressed. It follows by examining how policy instruments can support inclusive innovations, notably through opportunities for accessing finance, knowledge and expertise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Indeed, I would ask all WTO members, including developing countries, whether they are entirely happy with the present trading system. If the answer is no, it is clear that the only way of improving upon that system is in a new round’ (see Stiglitz and Charlton 2005: 39, and references cited therein). The answer to the problems of liberalisation was more liberalisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For Canada, fees and regulations as applying in Ontario is taken into account. In 2001, the period granted for maternity leave was expanded from sixty to ninety days, and the payment started to be ensured by the Employment Insurance for 30 days. In 2006, a further extension of payment was introduced with the payment by the insurance system for all the 90 days applying to employees in small and medium enterprises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Carefully designed policies, strategies and projects can work within existing cultural norms, through the public and private sectors, in ways that benefit both women and men (Box 9). Specific recommendations for closing the gender gap in access to land, rural labour markets, financial services, social capital and technology include the steps outlined below. Women have not always benefited from general land distribution and titling efforts, however, and in some cases have seen their customary rights eroded as formal rights have been extended to male heads of household. Many governments have attempted to strengthen women's tenure rights within marriage and as individuals, but these efforts are often frustrated by a combination of legal and cultural practices that still favour men. Many countries in the region have instituted legal reforms that have strengthened married women's land rights, but land-titling efforts have not always facilitated the practice of including both husbands' and wives' names. This section is based on FAO (201 Oh), which provides an extensive review of the relevant literature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
He also argues that an estimation of individual effects of the aforementioned institutional and policy features, including the tax and benefit system, care infrastructure and an enabling work organisation, is difficult due to the likely interaction of these features. For instance, the impact of an extension of the maternal or parental leave systems depends on the availability of formal childcare facilities and family-friendly workplace practices. Thevenon (2013) recognises that the evaluation of the impact of individual policies is burdensome and, given the low degrees of freedom resulting from multiple interactions, econometrically questionable. In the more gender-equal scenario it is assumed that this ratio convergence towards the OECD and peer country average of 3 until 2025.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
According to Dahlstrom et al., Though the area has benefited from the growth of the University in Akureyri, which grew from having 4 employees and 50 students in 1987 to having 177 employees and 1,470 students in 2015, this development does not counterbalance the decline in the number of industrial jobs. In their report, Dahlstrom et al. Moreover, the growing tendency of the larger companies of Reykjavik buying businesses in the area is an increasing problem, since the local labour market is already narrow and, as previously mentioned, commuting in and out of the area is simply not possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They have the potential to improve human capital and innovation outcomes in Penang. The scale and expertise in health and medicine should be applied to develop strategies to increase the quantity and quality of health care provision across Penang and the Northern Corridor Economic Region. There are many opportunities to improve regional development in Penang and the Northern Corridor Economic Region, for example by providing an opportunity to: i) address the regional health challenges, ii) undertake multi-disciplinary research on the inter-connections between improving education, social and economic conditions and improving health outcomes, iii) provide community-based medicine and ambulatory care facilities and iv) provide innovations in medical education and health care delivery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is reflected in the coverage of licensing of the workforce. Licensing is most common in education and health services and is also widespread in government, particularly for local government where teaching is likely an important employer (Figure 1.16). However, there is also licensing which is harder to justify on public policy grounds and rather appears to have morphed from its original purpose to protect local rents (Kleiner and Vorotnikov, 2017(36]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Information concerning this indicator will help governments and Internet businesses to target public and commercial resources in areas that will enhance scientific and technical collaboration, with anticipated onward benefits for productivity and economic growth. While some countries, such as the Republic of Korea, Denmark and France have fixed-broadband penetrabon rates of around 40 per cent and almost exclusively high-speed connecbons of above 10 Mbps, many low-income economies have less than 2 per cent fixed-broadband penetrabon rates, and exclusively lower-speed connecbons of below 2 Mbps. Table 3.3 illustrates the weighted average for fixed-broadband subscripbons within each region, together with figures for the highest and lowest performing countries in each region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These results are subject to a number of qualifications. There is also no calculation of the overall contribution of different sectors to the blackout probability and thus no real indication of the effect on security of supply. Only the contribution of factors to intermediate indicators was calculated. Finally, the analysis does not account for strategic behaviour of market participants since it is assumed that all power plants are available, i.e. no withholding of capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Young women in conflict situations suffer from higher rates of gender-based violence. Such rates are usually even higher if the women also belong to a minority or marginalized group. No stratum of society is immune to gender-based violence, however, the ability to seek judicial redress or medical treatment or the opportunity to seek services to escape from gender-based violence depend heavily on a woman’s social standing and access to economic resources (box 4.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A lesson from OECD countries such as Sw'eden is that the zoning process should not be too complex or restrictive, as it can have an adverse effect on housing supply and prices. Kazakhstan’s authorities may wish to emulate the experience of New Zealand, whose zoning practices are comprehensive, predictable and easy to implement. Box 2.7 above illustrates the use of municipal planning and zoning as a tool to facilitate the construction permit process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Doi: 10.5902/2179769213562  Objective: to understand the inter-sector practices of social inclusion developed in the mental health care network to people in psychic suffering, in the municipality of Campina Grande/Paraiba/Brazil. Method: a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive research conducted with four professionals through semi-structured interviews, recorded from June to July 2010. The produced material was analyzed through content analysis, proposed by Bardin. Results: the Psychiatric Reform discourse towards deinstitutionalization, social inclusion and achievement of citizenship has impelled professionals working in substitute services to seek inter-sector partners, such as: National Service for Industrial Training (SENAI), Culture and Living Center, Young Citizen Center and Reference Centers for Social Assistance (CRAS). Conclusion: inclusive practices are effective strategies for psychosocial rehabilitation and contribute to the development of public policies and comprehensiveness of mental health care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, owing to a largely favourable budgetary position and a set of reforms and initiatives, no major financial sustainability risks have been identified for Denmark due principally to a favourable budgetary position (European Commission and Economic Policy Committee, 201S). Denmark’s comparatively low number of hospital beds and average length of stay have not resulted in any discernible reduction in quality, suggesting that overall the hospital system is functioning more efficiently. However, the ongoing sustainability of this annual funding reduction is beginning to be challenged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The case studies draw a comprehensive picture, showing how some countries have managed to harness commodities in promoting inclusive growth and development, while in others commodity dependence has hampered growth prospects owing to weak governance. Lessons can be drawn from the success stories, but also from cases where economies continue to suffer from the negative consequences of commodity dependence. Both countries used a period of strong global demand for commodities to implement policies that aimed at inclusive growth. Given that the structure of soybean production in both countries is based on medium and large-scale farms, social policies were important for redistributing benefits, and they resulted in significant progress in poverty reduction and food security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For example, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia withdrew' their reservation to Article 9 paragraph (2) to allow' w'omen to transmit their nationality to their children. Other international conventions deal with the question of nationality but very few MENA countries have ratified them. It provides the protection of the state and is the legal basis for the exercise of citizenship. In many countries, only citizens enjoy the full exercise of political, economic, social and cultural rights, aliens are deprived of the right to reside in the state in which they live, are denied the right to vote and have limited access to health, education, housing or employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A critical analysis of the regional human rights schemes in the Middle East region, with particular focus on the Arab Charter of Human Rights, demonstrates elements of a budding human rights regime in the region. This chapter shows MENA human rights declarations to be more or less consistent and compatible with the international human rights system, unlike what is widely claimed. This provides a basis for moving from a purely ‘declaratory’ to a ‘promotion’ and ‘enforcement’ regime, and harmonizing existing schemes through a far-reaching, comprehensive Middle Eastern Convention and Court of Human Rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Another reason is that cap-and-trade gives greater certainty about the amount of abatement to be achieved than does a tax, which generates strong political support from environmentalists. However, there is more uncertainty about marginal costs than with a tax, which sets such costs directly. This is potentially an important disadvantage for cap-and-trade because the increased certainty over short-term abatement costs with a tax is likely to be more valuable than the loss of certainty about short-term abatement because the slope of the marginal environmental damage curve is flatter than that of the marginal cost curve (OECD, 2009, Hoel and Karp, 2001, Newell and Pizer, 2003, Pizer, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Achieving women’s economic empowerment requires sound public policies, a holistic approach and long-term commitment and gender-specific perspectives must be integrated at the design stage of policy and programming. Women must have more equitable access to assets and services, infrastructure programmes should be designed to benefit the poor, both men and women, and employment opportunities must be improved while increasing recognition of women’s vast unpaid work. Innovative approaches and partnerships include increased dialogue among development actors, improved co-ordination amongst donors and support for women organising at the national and global level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Other studies have focused on assessment practices in specific regions, such as UNESCO’s work on the Asia-Pacific (UNESCO, 2012a). Still others have focused on the more technical issues of assessment, such as the recently revised guidelines by the American Psychological Society, the American Educational Research Association and the National Council on Measurement in Education on standards for educational and psychological testing (AERA, APA and NCME, 2014). The latter is an important reference work for good assessment practice both in terms of technical quality and as regards fairness and ethical testing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A key goal is to differentiate between societies that care more and/or better than societies that care less. The reason could be social norms around intergenerational obligation that induce altruistic preferences, strong social welfare sectors that create highly skilled and well-paid jobs in the care sector, or, more likely, gendered ideals that encourage women to provide high-quality care for little or no pay. In high-caring spirit economies, higher wages are associated with increased investments in human capacities, raising long-term growth possibilities. In low-caring spirit economies, the impact of higher wages on investment is not strong enough to counter the negative impact on profits, and growth suffers as a result.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nevertheless, the Japanese are far more likely than others (79%) to say that the risk of nuclear terrorist acts is high. This ambivalence is one element that explains the current status quo in Japan concerning nuclear energy. Indeed, a survey in early March 2010 by Gallup underlines this fact: 62% said they favoured nuclear energy as one way to meet national electricity needs. Thus, public support for nuclear energy in the United States is strong: more than six out of ten adults favour the building of new nuclear power plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
By tapping into the global value chain one way or another, they have been able to diversify their economies and trading partners. At the same time, the more flexible business model has made them vulnerable to changes in strategies of multinational companies. A clear sign of this has been the failure in the majority of advanced industrial countries for the growth of labour compensation to keep pace with labour productivity, but the same trend is apparent in emerging markets as well. Increasing income inequality has been the flip side of this development. As detailed further in chapter 5 of this volume, the chronic food and nutrition crisis deepened at the start of the twenty-first century, as increasing and volatile food prices and, subsequently, the global recession undermined the food and nutrition security of the poor and threaten their livelihoods. The food security crisis was mainly the consequence of neglect of investment in agriculture in developing countries and inappropriate agriculture energy subsidization policies in developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Irrigated crops have access to more diverse water sources, including groundwater and rivers. In rain-fed agriculture, the only water available is that which the plants can access from the topsoil. Differences between the IPSL and Hadley GCMs are not especially pronounced, even if these models present contradictory results for some regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Further, the government amended the Act on Regional and County Self-Government to make it possible to set up guarantee funds in the form of companies under the commercial law with use of EU funds. Also in May 2009, a change was made in the basis for BGK guarantees. Henceforth, the BGK will provide the guarantee on a simplified credit line to SMEs for amounts from PLN 100 000 to PLN 5 million, including evaluating the credit risk for these loans. Guarantees below PLN 100 000 will be granted from funds co-owned with the regional funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In order to accommodate United States terminology, the TRIPS Agreement specifies that its terms “inventive step” and “capable of industrial application” may be deemed by a Member to be synonymous with the terms “non-obvious” and “useful”, as traditionally used in the United States (see footnote 5 to Article 27, TRIPS Agreement). In essence, implementation of undefined TRIPS language provides an opportunity for members to tailor their laws and policies to strike a desired balance between the exclusive right promoted by the respective IPR at issue, and the area remaining outside the scope of exclusivity (i.e. the “public domain”). Governments will have to decide where the dividing line between these areas should be drawn, for example, whether to promote broad exclusive rights and a limited public domain, or vice versa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The most important justification for liberalizing trade in EGs is the improvement in developing- country environmental performance. For three categories of EGs, the correlation between the relevant environmental performance index (EPI) and trade is significant, at the 1 per cent level. These products, which are included in the categories of clean-up or remediation of soil and water, renewable energy, and heat and energy management, account for about 40 tariff lines. This high correlation could therefore be interpreted to imply that goods in these categories probably are being put to some environmental end use. As FDI increases, so too does trade in goods related to air pollution control, management of solid and hazardous waste and recycling systems, clean-up or remediation, renewable energy, natural risk management, and noise and vibration abatement equipment covered by the WTO list. This high correlation can be explained by the fact that most of these products have dual uses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As a result, there is an increasing pressure on existing natural resources such as water, land and fossil fuels. Additionally, there are growing concerns regarding existing transportation infrastructure, provision of adequate healthcare, access to education and overall safety for the growing population of urban residents. Traditionally, there have been two types of infrastructure: physical (buildings, roads, transportation, power plants) and digital (information technology and communication infrastructure). There is also the concept of a service infrastructure which provides services which run on top of the physical infrastructure (education, healthcare, e-government, mass transit).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Therefore, the total sample of households is subdivided by region, by expenditure class, and by farm and non-farm type, in an attempt to capture systematic parameter differences between these sub-groups. For this study, Indonesia is divided into four areas according to similarity of consumption pattern and geographical closeness: Sumatra, Jawa (including Jakarta and Bali), Sulawesi/Kalimantan, and Papua/Malku/Nusa Tenggara. Part of the food that farm households consume is produced on their own farm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Ministry grants licences for schools to operate, develops policies to guarantee the right to education and freedom of education, proposes changes to the legal framework governing education, develops compulsory components of the curriculum, monitors school and student performance, and assigns and distributes school subsidies. There is a difference in the degree of autonomy between municipal and privately managed subsidised schools (in which more than 50% of students are enrolled), including administrative, financial and work restrictions. Privately managed schools have full autonomy. Municipal schools also have high levels of autonomy: about half of the decisions that affect educational practice take place at the school level with the remaining half at the municipal level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)