albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Without deep changes in the way education is viewed, the country will continue to have low levels of performance. Ensuring equal opportunity for students in both private and public education can make Chile a more equal society, one that can seize upon the unique talents of all its citizens. Students in the lowest quintile of income distribution are about 15% less likely to attend secondary school than students from other quintiles. Challenges related to the limited scope of quality' assurance measures available, different criteria used depending on the type of service provided and insufficient use of the information generated on the system for improvement purposes contribute to these differences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This implies a fully co-ordinated approach with interventions from each agency with responsibilities for road safety implemented in concert. It also demands enforcement effort dosed to achieve optimal results and ensure measures are mutually reinforcing. It requires effective leadership from a unit at the highest levels of government to facilitate the work of the road safety agencies, co-ordinate then- interventions and be the main interface with NGOs and the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Such expectations can have profound implications for the policy mix and governance arrangements. The greening of science, technology and innovation (STI) policies is particularly noticeable, as technology and innovation are increasingly seen as ways to mitigate climate change. In this context, broader and denser ties are being formed between public and private actors, beyond traditional intellectual property (IP) links and incubators, with a view to exploit more fully the potential synergies between the two sectors. Innovation policies now require a “whole-of-government” approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The gains are realised when the owner sells the asset and cashes in the gains. Smeeding and Moon (1980) have compared alternative methods for the evaluation of a set of services, finding negligible differences between the cost of production and more subjective metrics such as the utility value. See OECD website, “Going social: the great tax-benefit balancing act” on wages and benefits indicators, wwuj.oecd.org/els/bene/itsandujagesoecdmdicators.htm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Parenting must therefore be understood as a continuing effort towards individual survival and provision for others where the means to do so are severely constrained. Also, parents are rarely able to protect adolescents from significant levels of physical and psychological abuse, including humiliation, owing to their own low status in society, or detachment from the sphere of adolescents' work. Parents and children are in this sense equally vulnerable. This trend matters insofar as parents and adolescents worry about the future work opportunities for adolescents and their capacity to earn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The sequence of questions that lead gradually to sensitive questions about violence and the specific question wording are also critical for eliciting honest and complete disclosure of violence. The potential for these questions to elicit emotional trauma must also be considered and efforts built into the questionnaire and interviewer training to reduce this possibility. Immediately prior to reaching modules of questions concerning experiences of violence, respondents should be informed more specifically about the nature of the questions to follow and reminded of the voluntary nature of their participation so that free and informed consent to proceed with those questions is obtained. In order to produce a reliable and valid measurement of womens experiences of violence, specific acts of violence must be explicitly operationalized and clear definitions provided. Over the years, researchers have come to agree that single questions such as “Have you ever been attacked?”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Evaluation plays a key role as an instrument for public authorities to monitor policy developments in an integrated fashion. In many countries, new governance arrangements pool resources from various sources, public as well as private, e.g. strategic public-private partnerships for innovation. In addition, governments are taking steps to rationalise their interventions and consolidate STI programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The recycled uranium can be used in the LWRs, while the produced plutonium can be used in the Indian-design FBRs. The target is to increase nuclear power capacity to 63 GW in 2030. Most of these reactors will be located along the coast, because of cooling water requirements (Kanwarpal, 2009). Based on these plans the IEA projects a potential capacity of up to 120 GW in 2050 in the BLUE Map Scenario. India has an ongoing programme of building 220 MW PHWRs, a reactor system that is competitive in terms of capital costs, safety performance and unit energy cost.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Thus, the decision to liberalize exports by C is likely to displace As exports to B with adverse effects on equality. It may even happen that, because of Cs decision to liberalize, A will shift to the production of goods with a medium-high skill and capital content with the effect of worsening its wage distribution. This is what happened in the 1990s, with the entry into the world market of labour-intensive manufactures by China and other Iow-wage economies affecting the exports and comparative advantage of the middle-income countries of Latin America, Eastern Europe and South-East Asia. While an increase in land- or mineral-intensive exports may reduce inequality in countries with an egalitarian distribution of assets, it would raise it in countries dominated by latifundia and a highly concentrated mining sector. Indeed, due to the labour surplus prevalent in their labour market, it is unlikely that an eventual rise in the demand of workers would raise their wages in line with the increase in export receipts. Yet, trade liberalization can enlarge the access to previously restricted technologies or, by relaxing foreign exchange constraints, raise the imports of capital-intensive investment goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The quest to achieve adequate housing is not only a function of the financial resources needed, it also relates to legal claims on tenure and a political assertion over one's right to the city (Gupte 2010). Social protection systems have the potential to assist in the realization of the right to an adequate standard of living, including adequate shelter. As such, the right to social protection and the right to housing articulated in NUA can be viewed as mutually supportive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, the indicators should be developed which support the monitoring of the Global Goals for Sustainable Development (SDGs) adopted in 2015 by the UN General Assembly. This will ensure more accurate assessment of sustainable development progress and, if necessary, lead to adjustment of urban development policy. For example, a private construction practice of building several houses on six-acre (rural areas) and four-acre (urban areas) plots exists. It is essential to monitor this process and update development density and infrastructure indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, the Cox model is restrictive in its assumption of proportional hazard functions, meaning that for each covariate, the ratio of hazards must remain the same for any two observations (individuals) over time. If this is not the case for any given covariate, that covariate can only be included in a stratified Cox model, where it is used as a stratification variable and not as a determinant, and no coefficient can be computed for this variable. This is an acceptable way of solving the problem as long as the variable concerned is not of primary interest for the analysis. As discussed above, owing to biological factors, infant boys are prone to a higher mortality risk than infant girls, particularly so during the first few months of life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This privileged position was extended in 2011 for another 10 years. So far, no studies were found that examine the effectiveness of the buffer stock in achieving price stability. However, besides their performance, it is also important to examine whether these stockholding policies have other impacts on society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Women are slightly less mobile than men on average, with significant cross-country and age differences. Every year, on average across OECD countries, 16% of the working-age population experiences a change in their professional situation. They change employer, change their working time (switching from full-time to part-time or vice-versa), lose their job, find a new one, become unemployed or inactive, or re-enter the labour market after a period of inactivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
How does the human right to property relate to protecting human rights in the age of Trump? Human rights advocates faithful to Henkin’s vision need to combat the dangerous consensus between elements on the political left and right that international law (including arbitration bodies outside U.S. courts) has no business protecting the right to property, for aliens or anybody else. From Hamilton through Henkin, immigrants with foresight have told us why the effective protection of rights, even in states with robust rule of law traditions such as the United States, requires supranational scrutiny. Although the United States is rightly regarded as a strong defender of property rights, even the U.S. (along with other Western “rule of law” states) could benefit from supranational scrutiny in this respect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The system also can be accessed through a television using a remote control instead of the mobile phone so older persons can easily use the service. A strong foundation of ICT use. The ICT infrastructure was already developed in these countries. The telemedicine and the telemonitoring care services did not require new ICT infrastructure and thus did not represent additional costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This is in addition to the monthly instalment of TND 200 paid for a period of one year. Initially, the decree specified that the individual needed to have been registered with ANETI for a period of at least three months, but this requirement was later removed. Tunisia also has a number of non-contributory safety nets in place for disadvantaged individuals, including: the Programme National d’Aide aux Families Necessiteuses (PNAFN) [National Support Programme for Disadvantaged Families] and free (carte de soins gratuits - AMG1) or subsidised (carte de soins a tarifs reduits - AMG2) health care provided in public hospitals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Some technical or managerial solutions may appear to be attractive quick fixes, but they are generally inadequate. The leadership deliberately replaced the old guard, who might have been expected to resist change, with a younger, more open and better educated government bureaucracy. By 1988, a remarkable 90% of officials above the county level had been appointed since 1982.46 Capacity upgrading is still a priority, and the education levels of officials have risen continuously.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As in western states, most agricultural withdrawals are used for irrigation, although 19% of withdrawals are use for livestock and aquaculture in the North Central and East. Groundwater is the source for almost two-thirds of agricultural withdrawals in these regions. Nationwide, surface water was the source for 59% of agricultural withdrawals in 2000, while groundwater was the source for 41% of withdrawals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is a technical and consultative body in charge of ensuring adequate access to health care, decreasing health inequalities and developing educational and prevention programme to promote public health. It collaborates with regions to drive improvement in health care quality. It is chaired by a president and is composed of nearly 50 members having expertise in health care (scientists, physicians and other experts).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The girls in the study reported that they were often expected to take on additional care and household tasks, negatively affecting their ability to attend school (Plan International, 2017). Data for the four countries shows that primary school education does not have a significant impact on the time women spend on routine housework, and, in some cases, it is associated with more housework (see Figure 3). Secondary school has a mixed impact, leading to 25 more minutes of routine housework for women in South Africa, 28 fewer minutes in Bangladesh and no change in Ethiopia and Peru.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Governments can support domestic demand creation primarily through IT-related public procurement and measures to increase ICT uptake in the private sector. In addition, governments and other stakeholders can seek to expand demand by promoting exports. This is particularly true in countries where ICT use in the private sector is nascent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The report is published under the responsibility of the author and does not necessarily reflect the views of the OECD or its member countries. There is notable variation also in irrigation strategies, and in water supplies and demands, in eastern and western regions of the United States. In western states, irrigation provides most of the crop water requirements, while in eastern areas irrigation is largely supplemental.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A number of conditions should be fulfilled to avoid unwanted outcomes from foreign land investments (as defined in a voluntary guideline, see FAO, 2012). In particular, there should be transparency in negotiations, deals should respect existing land and water rights, the benefits of the transaction should be shared with local communities, and the deals should be subject to a careful impact assessment to ensure their environmental sustainability (von Braun and Meinzen-Dick, 2009). Third party organisations, governments or international organisations could help support this goal by providing an external view.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The ranking of a group of distributions can be considered definitive only if it does not vary depending on the index used. The best procedure, therefore, is to use inequality indices in a complementary way and analyse the results jointly. One involves determining to which extent changes in poverty rates are attributable to changes in income level and to which extent they are attributable to changes in income distribution. Another approach evaluates the role of different sources of household income, placing special emphasis on labour market factors that explain changes in labour income. In this section, both methodologies are applied to data from 1990-2008, in order to gain a perspective that complements analyses conducted in previous editions of Social Panorama of Latin America.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, policy makers and road safety experts have to understand that they have great opportunities to win when they operate together with other important areas such as traffic management and environmental policy. Measuring progress can be done by means of information that is collected every day, every week, every month, every quarter, every year or at a longer interval. Monitoring can establish whether developments are still on track compared to a policy goal, and monitoring can establish whether new and undesirable developments have surfaced. The sooner we axe aware of such developments, the better we can prepare suitable countermeasures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For instance, in the late 2000s it launched a new national insurance system providing free health coverage to households below' the poverty line, up to an annual limit. The scheme is still being phased in and expanded to those above the poverty line. States have also started various programmes the aim at extending health care coverage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
We need to raise the alarm about addiction to tramadol, rates of which are soaring in parts of Africa. Non-medical use of this opioid painkiller, which is not under international control, is also expanding in Asia. The impact on vulnerable populations is cause for serious concern, putting pressure on already strained health-care systems. Some 450,000 people died in 2015 as a result of drug use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They confirm the same trends with poverty headcount ratios for 1993, 1995, 2000 and 2004 being 50.1%, 51.7%, 50.8% and 46.9% respectively. In addition per capita real incomes of individuals in the poorest two quintiles rose by more than 30 per cent during 2000-2004. While the magnitude of this rise may be debatable, it should be bome in mind that this period coincides with a large increase in social grants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The study recommended better structuring of information provision so that it is more manageable and is provided when most needed. Workers under notice of redundancy are also referred to career guidance services offered by the NCS under the Rapid Response Service. A key feature of Universal Credit is that the benefit amount reduces only gradually as recipients earn more from paid work - so incentives to work remain high. Under Universal Credit, benefit recipients are assigned to Work Coaches who provide personal support to move into work or to find a better job that makes better use of the recipient’s skills. The Universal Credit full service is currently being rolled-out nationally and the effectiveness of Work Coaches is one of the elements being examined in a randomised control trial. But due to short-sightedness or the concern that training firms will have their workers “poached” by non-training ones, employer investment in education and training may be lower than what is socially optimal, and in particular, may be limited to the provision of firm-specific training which is less transferable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Native students with mixed heritage are students who were bom in the countiy in which they sat the PISA test and who have one native-born parent and one parent who was foreign-born. This difference (almost 19 percentage points) is significantly greater than the OECD average (11 percentage points). Furthermore, the gap in the percentage of students reporting a sense of belonging at school between native and first-generation immigrant students was 15 percentage points, significantly above the OECD average gap (9 percentage points). First- and second-generation immigrant students were also 8 and 13 percentage points less likely, respectively, to report low levels of school work-related anxiety compared to native students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The goal of the project is to group 38 small and often inefficient WOCs into larger WOCs with greater responsibilities in order to ensure provision of an adequate supply of drinking water and improve wastewater treatment systems. The grouping would increase efficiency and lower costs. Under this project, municipalities are committed to adjusting tariffs and introducing cost recovery by their respective water companies to ensure financial viability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This cross subsidy of irrigation by power also avoids government subsidies of public power production that competes with private electric utilities. In some cases the irrigation supporters have successfully negotiated a project evaluation framework in which farm income is substituted for net national benefit. In that case, considerable overinvestment in irrigation has occurred from the view of net national benefit. That is, the gain in farm incomes would be very high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The annual monitoring will help prioritise adaptation needs and inform the allocation of budgets, the periodic evaluations will assess the efficiency, effectiveness and impact of the Plan. These processes will generate valuable information that government officials can draw upon when deciding whether the national approach on adaptation is the right one, if the circumstances that initially informed the Plan have changed, and if adjustments in the plan or the implementation mechanisms are needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Reforms can occur in political, economic, social and administrative domains and contain ideas about problems and solutions and are typically understood as initiatives driven from the top of a system or organisation. This defines innovation as “the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service) or process, a new marketing method, or a new organisational method in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations” (see Box 1.2). In this definition, implementation refers to the introduction of a product to the market, or the actual use of processes, marketing methods and organisational methods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For the case studies, national definitions of smallholder will be considered. These definitions emphasise income sources and the ability of farm households to transition either into commercially successful farm operations or out of farming altogether. Sometimes the definition includes a minimum share of farm labour that is contributed by the farmer’s family (FAO, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The PAA is a programme through which the Brazilian government buy the product of smallholders and uses those products to serve free or low cost meals in public institutions like schools. The PAA also supports the formation of stocks, with products from small farmers, for food security purposes. The National School Feeding Programme (PNAE), created in 2009, stipulates that at least 30% of the food served in public schools must be bought from small producers (based on the MDA definition).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It also reflects the new development phase which the ICT sector has now entered, one in which public and private stakeholders in the ICT sector are laying the foundations for smart societies. The impact of the ICT sector on economic and societal development continues to expand as companies from adjacent sectors and industries (including the automotive, healthcare, insurance, banking and public sectors) develop products and services that rely on loT infrastructure - leaving virtually no areas of our economies and societies untouched. Industry analysts estimate that loT revenues will generate USD 1.1 trillion in revenues globally by 2025, compared to USD 166 billion in 2016 (GSMA, 2018d). This revenue opportunity is expected to be fuelled over the next three years by investments of around USD 15 billion in IT consulting and systems integration services to build and implement loT solutions (IDC, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Annual festivals and events can extend the tourist season and, subsequently, the tourist spend. In this context policy measures have typically been absent. ( Most SIDS have a unique culture and heritage, for many, their culture and heritage is already exported globally in the form of music, film, fashion and food, as well as sold in local shops and markets to visiting tourists and passengers. However, the opportunity to develop this market further is generally limited through a lack of investment, training, entrepreneurship and profile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)