albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Waste generation per capita is among the highest in the OECD and continued to grow during the review period. Despite the decrease in total consumption of nitrogenous fertiliser, the intensity of use (per unit of agricultural land) is well above the OECD Europe average, meanwhile pesticide use increased. The National Sustainable Development Strategy has lost momentum, progress on implementation has not been constantly monitored. There is a need to integrate further environmental concerns into sectoral policies and practices, particularly in land use planning, agriculture and transport, and to enhance implementation capacity at local level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Income generated from household capital is small for all except the top decile where its contribution rose from 4% in 1993 to 11% in 2008. Table 2.1 shows trends in household structure by decile.6 The percentage of single adult households is highest at the extreme ends of the income spectrum. While the number in the bottom decile is inflated by the zero incomes, the same basic trend is observed in the tables where zeroes are excluded. It makes some sense that many of the wealthiest households are in fact single professionals living alone. This would explain a fairly high proportion of wealthy households being single adult households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Practice” in this sense refers to the application through courts and the administration (e.g. IP offices) of a country’s IP laws and regulations. Read together, paragraphs 1 and 5 of the Decision on the 2013 Extension mean that LDCs are required to maintain their general IP laws, regulations and practice as they were before the start of the additional transition period (i.e. 1 January 2006). Those developing countries that on 1 January 2000 did not provide product patent protection to certain areas of technology (particularly including pharmaceutical products) were granted an additional period of 5 years (until 1 January 2005) to introduce such protection (Article 65.4, TRIPS Agreement). Org/imrd/directdoc.asp7DDFDocuments/t/IP/C/40.doc).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
ON 18 October 2017, the UK Supreme Court decided  Armes v Nottinghamshire County Council  [2017] UKSC 60. The Court ruled that a local authority could be vicariously liable for intentional torts committed by foster parents against a child whom the authority had placed in their care. The outcome was not entirely unexpected. Less than two decades ago it would have been inconceivable. After all, isn't it the case that the common law does not recognise a general principle of liability in tort for the acts of third parties? And that in so far as it does, it holds an  employer  vicariously liable for a tort committed by an  employee  in the  course of their employment?  This is a very long way from the facts of  Armes .
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To avoid wasting years of investment in educating girls and young women, it is important to make the most of the talent pool and ensure that men and women have an equal chance to contribute both at home and in the workplace, thereby enhancing their well-being and that of society. Almost half of the children in the region now participate in formal early childhood education and care (ECEC) facilities, and most economies have won the battle to provide primary education. But the picture is more mixed at secondary and higher education levels, with participation lowest among girls in Pakistan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Unlike the Millennium Development Goals, the Sustainable Development Goals are universal and comprehensive goals that give equal importance to the economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainable development. Islands of prosperity surrounded by poverty, injustice, climate change and environmental degradation are viewed as neither sustainable nor acceptable. Bridging such a gap is a formidable task, especially in least developed countries (LDCs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They tended to ask men questions about the potential for gains and women about the potential for losses. Such types of experiments can be helpful to understand the origins of the gender gap and whether it is linked to conscious or unconscious discrimination. On the other hand, if the number, qualifications or ideas of female founders are weaker than those of male founders - giving grounds for investors’ preference in choosing against them - the policy interventions may be more effective upstream, in the education system or labour market. For example, women and men may, on average, demonstrate business objectives or personal traits which are valued differently by investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Quantitative analysis of food marketing policy has played a critical role in the evolution of empirical industrial organization and antitrust enforcement over the past 40 years. This article highlights the contributions of the author and other agricultural economists. The second half of this article explains why an economist might want to do, or perhaps avoid, public policy work. It gives several examples from antitrust cases where economic policy analysis is a front-line contact sport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Still others are abandoned by their parents because of severe economic or psychological stress. In Rwanda the rapid exodus of hundreds of thousands of people created thousands of unaccompanied children. Women throughout the country immediately volunteered to care for them, in part as a protection of their ethnic group’s future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The question to be pursued in this article has the merit of simplicity even if the response to it proves somewhat complex. The question is this: is law truly a social science? This may seem an odd question to many in the common law world since it is not uncommon, at least in England, for law schools to find themselves located in faculties of social science. Moreover there are a number of individuals, perhaps a considerable number in common law departments and faculties throughout the world, whose research and scholarship undoubtedly qualifies as social science research. So, before one can even begin to reflect upon the question to be pursued in this paper, a preliminary question must first be asked. Why should one wish even to pose the question?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Bosnia and Herzegovina, for example, lacks adequate communication between the entities’ inspectorates - their databases do not allow them to share data and information. This creates an opportunity for non-compliant employers to reproduce bad practices in different areas of the economy (ILO, 2013b). Specifically, in view of the low employment rates for women, the OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Public Life (OECD, 2016a) recommends that all economies should adopt a dual approach to gender equality: 1) make gender a mainstream part of the design, development, implementation and evaluation of all public policies and budget, and 2) level the playing field between men and women through actions that target specific forms of gender discrimination. Moreover, co-ordinating implementation better with other areas affecting employment would be welcome (e.g. tax policy, education policy and social policy).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Emergency Protection Orders (Children Act 1989, ss.44–45B) permit the removal or retention of children for their protection for up to eight days and can be granted without notice to the parents or child. Using evidence from a three‐year empirical study, this article explores the impact of the European Convention of Human Rights, articles 6 and 8, on decisions about these orders. Magistrates' Courts are now more reluctant to hear cases without notice to parents, but they shorten the period of notice. This precludes effective representation for parents or children. Where courts are unwilling to hear applications without notice, local authority child protection workers rely on the police to use their powers of police protection (Children Act 1989, s.46). In effect, formal compliance with article 6 undermines the rights of parents and children to participate in decisions about state intervention in the family.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It contains more than 400 islands, hundreds of rivers and lakes and, during the dry season, white sand beaches. In the early 1980s, an ecological station was established to strictly protect the area and allow access only for scientific purposes. In recognition of the area’s tourism potential, the protected area was reclassified as a national park in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This is a relatively new conservation measure, and several councils are watching the outcome of this plot project closely.1 In addition, there are many projects on implementing new water policies in different programmes, especially in the field of synergy between water and spatial planning. These projects are part of research programmes but are executed by consortia in which ministry, provinces, municipalities and the private sector are working together on new practices. In Korea, public facilities and public residential complexes are encouraged and some municipalities voluntary recycle rainwater by using rainwater management facilities. On the one hand, the basin perspective makes it easier to integrate physical, environmental, social and economic influences on water resources. On the other hand, the decentralisation of water governance has increased the number of relevant (administrative) boundaries and organisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
If China is excluded from this calculation, real average wages contracted by 0.3% per annum. Some countries have only one national minimum wage rate, whereas others have multiple minimum wage rates by districts, occupations, age. Available from tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_spt_s1_d.htm, and CEIC Data Company Limited. Available from http://ceicdata.com/ (accessed on 30 March 2013). Note: LHS panel: y-axis refers to monthly values of FAO food price index and crude index, RHS panel: y-axis refers to the year-on-year monthly values of CPI of the selected economies. Available from http://ceicdata.com/ (accessed on 30 March 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Scandinavian countries as well as Austria and the UK tend to have lower rates of persistent poverty and higher exit rates, while Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg and Spain tend to have higher rates of persistent poverty and lower exit rates. Children living in households that experience a drop in employee income of at least 5 per cent are significantly more likely to enter poverty in all countries except Bulgaria and France, where the effects are not significant. In contrast, there are no significant effects of relative increases in employee income anywhere but in Spain, where, predictably, they reduce the probability of moving into poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Initial training, accreditation and continuing education are therefore among the project targets. A promising avenue for financial partnership is South-South cooperation, an initiative for financial aid between countries of the region. This requires gathering up-to-date information on the status of education in the region, the cost of achieving education targets and potential sources of funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is often difficult to see from the statistics if this waste is included. Due to new EU - regulations this system no longer exists (withdrawn in 2003). The newest data is therefore from 2001 when it was collected 21,000 tons of food waste. The system of separate collection of food waste included commercial kitchens that generated more than 100 kg / week. Smaller kitchens and kitchens in cost sector were not covered by the collection scheme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In the bus network case, provided thatticket machines should be available at the majority of stops, such solution might be quite expensive for launching, in particular in comparison with more modern ways like through website and mobile services, already available in a few capital cities. The only case can be that of Sofia and Bucharest, which can be considered peer cities. They have the same number of public transport options and although Sofia has relatively a little bit more accessible public transport network in terms of length and stations, it is Bucharest that achieves higher relative demand while offering on average more ticket purchase options. The compilation of several capital cities shows, at the same time, that the more rich cities offer more ticket purchase options (figure 2.28.),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) recently also developed a toolkit for governments guiding them in developing a digital skills strategy (ITU, 2018(24]). The widespread use of digital services and platforms have resulted in many legal challenges, for example relating to intellectual property rights, privacy and security of personal information and even the meaning and definition of the services, e.g. the company Uber being a digital or transport platform. There is also a growing convergence between the telecommunication and broadcasting industries market, often resulting in consolidation of market players, e.g. the merger between the U.S. telecommunication giant AT&T and the broadcasting company Time Warner, and the Swedish telecommunication operator Telia’s announced purchase of Bonnier Broadcasting. While automation and Al technologies can result in the elimination of jobs across sectors and markets, the digital transformation also creates new jobs, however, often requiring a different skillset.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The non-legally binding instrument on all types of forests, with its the global objectives on forests, was highlighted as a key achievement of the United Nations Forum on Forests and several countries explained that the instrument had provided a valuable framework for policy and programme development at the national level. Many representatives said that the international arrangement on forests should be strengthened and in particular stressed the importance of utilizing the arrangement more effectively to promote the implementation of sustainable forest management. Some speakers referred to the need for a strategic plan to identify clear priorities and targets for the future arrangement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In this scenario, the atmospheric concentration of GHGs could reach 685 parts per million (ppm). As a result, the global average temperature increase could be 3° C to 6°C above pre-industrial levels by the end of the century, exceeding the internationally agreed goal of limiting it to below 2°C.6 For this reason, clean energy becomes absolutely critical to any strategy to alter these trends. Transforming infrastructure to be LCCR is a critical part of the climate policy challenge because it will lock-in development patterns and because it represents the bulk of the investment needed to achieve the 2°C target.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Among the main outputs of the consultations were critical reviews of biodiversity management mechanisms and an assessment of the progress made in implementation of the Nepal Biodiversity Strategy (2002) and Nepal Biodiversity Strategy' Implementation Plan (2006). These reviews sought to identify major achievements, shortcomings and lessons learned to develop new biodiversity strategies, and action and implementation plans, as well as a framework for biodiversity management at the local level. This implies that the goals and objectives established in NBSAPs should also be reflected in other relevant national strategies, such as NDPs, Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), National Sustainable Development Strategies (NSDSs) and/or green growth strategies (Figure 2.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This is enshrined in the concept of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). Its intent is to promote the co-ordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximise economic and social welfare equitably without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. Integrated water management involves institutions and their efficacy (Kjaer, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The 2007/08 food price crisis initiated a number of changes to governments’ agricultural trade policy stances. National governments of some developing countries pursued a number of policies to stabilise domestic markets and to isolate their consumers from events in world markets (OECD, 2009, Abbot, 2010, OECD, 2010). In the short term, a number of governments imposed export restrictions and varied import duties in an attempt to insulate domestic consumers from rapidly rising international prices (Table 2.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This must be balanced with its own objectives of protecting the interests of its customers, which implies keeping bills for consumers as low as possible, monitoring and comparing the services the companies provide, scrutinising the companies’ costs and investment and encouraging competition where this benefits consumers. Necessary actions, including legal steps such as enforcement actions and fines, can be taken in case of non-compliance. The direct regulation of water companies in England and Wales is complemented by two other regulators, one responsible for environmental affairs and the other for drinking water quality, to protect public health.4 Another example is Portugal’s national water and waste services regulation agency, ERSAR, created in 1997.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Differences across scenarios are small, as the assumed cost reductions between primary and processed products are equal for the three scenarios analysed. With up to 2% globally and up to 5% and more in the southern parts of Africa, these price reductions are found to potentially be markedly more pronounced than the price increases for primary products, suggesting that the majority of the benefits appear to be reaped by the downstream sector and consumers alike. Relative to the size of the price effects, the ranges across models are, however, quite large.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Information regarding farm scale is manually compiled at the village level before being passed up to the county and then onto the provincial governments which allocate the funds (Gale, 2013). The administrative costs of this system are high and could be reduced by further progress in the development of a nationwide property register or investment in technology that enables more efficient collection of production data. Minimum grain prices are implemented only in those regions that have a supply surplus, with the annual price setting based on estimates of the production costs of agricultural producers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
With such a system, further degradation of natural resources could be prevented and harmonization of development activities with biodiversity w'ould be enabled. Planning of new protected areas, as well as infrastructure, in environmentally sensitive individual zones, does not take into account the visual identity and values of the landscape. No methodology is developed that would allow constant monitoring of conditions and changes in the protected areas and their surroundings, in particular for the purpose of increasing the size of protected areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Therefore they need to develop strong collaborative links with each other in order to improve their education, service and applied research capacity. Recognising the need to increase geographic accessibility, some colleges have proposed extension centres located in Arab villages, but authorities have rejected these initiatives. Authorities should consider providing support for specific higher education extension learning centres served by several different colleges and possibly universities and the Open University, in villages with low tertiary education participation rates. However there are considerable gaps in terms of regional delivery and the Galilee and particularly its Arab population appears to be underserved by the Open University provision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The terms ‘English School’ (ES) and ‘international security’ seldom appear in the same sentence. Yet the ES can and should constitute a general approach to International Security Studies (ISS) comparable to realism, liberalism, constructivism and several other approaches to International relations (IR). The article begins by sketching out how the ES’s idea of raison de systeme provides a general framing for ISS that counterpoints approaches focused on raison d’etat. It then shows how the ES’s societal approach provides specific insights that could strengthen analysis of international security: by providing a normative framing for securitization, by showing the historical variability of key ISS concepts such as war, balance of power and human rights, by adding an inside/outside dimension to security relations based on differentiations within international society, and by complementing regional approaches to international security with its societal approach. The article aims to initiate a conversation betwe...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Over time, the connection between place of work and place of residence further eroded as people began to change employers with greater frequency. Development and Administration of Prague, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Sykora, L., J. Kamenicky and P. Hauptmann (2000), "Changes in the spatial structure of Prague and Brno in the 1990s”, Acta Universitatis Carolinae Geographica, Vol. The planned economy had focused on expanding large machinery manufacturing facilities and other forms of industry and on constructing large residential complexes of relatively small apartments (Sykora, Kamenicky' and Hauptman, 2000, Sykora and Mulicek, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Such improvement could indicate that countries are harvesting some of the early fruits of their efforts to improve their education systems. But sustained improvement over several years and PISA assessments is much more difficult to achieve. Colombia and Portugal are among the few education systems whose reforms have been successful in improving average student performance in science over successive PISA cycles. In Beijing-Shanghai-Jiangsu-Guangdong (China) (hereafter "B-S-J-G [China]") and Viet Nam, for instance, there are fewer low-achieving students in school than on average across OECD countries, but the PISA target population represents less than 30% of the overall population of 15-year-olds in Viet Nam, and only 64% in B-S-J-G (China).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The relationship is straightforward: there is higher risk of disability at older ages. Informal estimates suggest that some two-thirds of people with disabilities are over retirement age and that one-third of older people have some kind of disability. The prevalence and severity of disability increases with older old age (currently 80 years plus). Many older people are affected by a range of impairments including some loss of visual acuity, some loss of hearing, short term memory loss and difficulty gripping, climbing (steps) and balancing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In exploring the possibilities for a new form of general jurisprudence which can underpin law as a cosmopolitan discipline, questions arise as to the feasibility and desirability of generalisations about law ‐ whether these be analytical, normative, empirical or legal in nature. Such questions are relevant both to legal scholarship and legal education. Engaging in comparative studies of the common law in its various jurisdictional manifestations provides a fruitful way of problematising what, if anything, is ‘general’ about general jurisprudence, as such it could be a means of developing a healthy cosmopolitan discipline of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)