albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Classical examples of such country characteristics are differences in relative productivity or in factor endowments, such as capital, natural resources or labour. Countries abundant in capital tend, for instance, to specialize in the production and export of goods that are capital-intensive, while labour-abundant countries export labour-intensive goods. For instance, Nunn (2007) finds that countries with strong legal institutions have a comparative advantage in products that are contract-intensive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A network of competent actors (the case managers) are mobilised to support the student in different tasks leading up to a full post-compulsory qualification. Support is designed to be tailor-made and empowering and can include support in choosing a pathway or finding an apprenticeship place upon finishing compulsory education, in getting back to education after drop-out as well as a range of additional support measures for young people with more general educational and social problems. Duration of case management is variable and depends on individual needs. They had to develop a concrete project proposal by 2007 which was approved by the Federal government (Bundesamt fur Berufsbildung und Technologie, BBT) who funds the initiative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Since minimum-income recipients without any earned income mostly have net incomes below commonly-used poverty thresholds, a relevant question is how much someone would need to earn in order to escape income poverty. This amount will depend on two factors. First, higher earnings are required in countries with sizable individual ‘poverty gaps’ (the amount by which net income falls short of the chosen poverty line).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
By 2018, prepare strategies for invasive species. By 2020, map and urgently protect the specific biological diversity of Bosnia and Herzegovina (canyon, mountain, alpine and wetland ecosystems, karst fields and alluvial plains) in compliance with the applicable spatial planning documents. By 2020, develop the red books of plants, animals and fungi, and adopt action plans for protection of the most endangered taxa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The criminal justice system should seek to restore and reinforce those qualities, while avoiding measures that re-victimize the victim. In violence against women cases, the criminal justice system needs to shift the focus away from questioning the credibility of victims to enhancing evidence-gathering and case-building and ensuring consistency in investigation, prosecution and punishment. This could include early case discussion between police and prosecutor to explore potential evidential weaknesses and whether these might be addressed through additional evidence expert testimony, research findings or courtroom advocacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Several types of cash transfers are covered: housing benefits, unemployment and incapacity benefits, family and parental leave benefits, and pension benefits. Two different sets of measures are used to capture social cash transfers - a series of measures of aggregate social spending per capita on each type of cash transfer, and a series of measures of social cash transfer payment rates, measured as the average payment rate for a two-parent family. Moreover, the estimates are based on two indicators of child poverty: the relative poverty rate calculated on the basis of a "floating"poverty line, i. e. which changes annually but therefore ignores the upward or downward variations in living standards that are absorbed by the annual variations of the poverty line. To take this into account, the estimates are also made using a poverty rate obtained with the 2005 poverty line and kept constant over the years (after adjusting for changes in price levels).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Africa, Mexico, and Colombia for example build national MPIs from census data to obtain poverty maps directly. The Pakistani Ministry of Planning, Development, and Reform (with assistance from UNDP, OPHI, and the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics) built Pakistan's national MPI after a series of consultations with key national stakeholders. The measure took the functional form given in the Table 1 below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 2011, LDC trade was, on average, balanced but this average masks significant variations across LDCs. The composite index of primary commodity prices increased sharply between 2002 and 2008 and, although it took a dip in 2009, it recovered thereafter and has maintained the upward trend in more recent years (Figure 7.2). These trends are reflected in Figure 7.3, which shows the evolution of value and volume indices of LDC exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Tri-State metro-region alone contains over 1 700 distinct units of government, each with its own set of revenue and service provision responsibilities and authorities, the Chicago-area 21-county region includes over 2 000 local governments, and the state of Illinois has the nation’s largest number of local governments, at 6 994 (US Bureau of the Census, 2007 and CMAP, 2010a). By international comparison, the Paris metro-region, which is known to be one of the most fragmented metropolitan areas in the OECD, includes a regional authority in addition to 1 281 cities and over 100 inter-municipal bodies. Local authorities in Greater London, in contrast, are composed of the Greater London Authority, 32 London boroughs, and the City of London.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In exchange, if private operators have a deficit will be compensated through public subsidies. Conversely, the city government owns newly created routes and puts them into a bidding process for a six-year license over the route. This scheme means that the city government has a limited authority over the majority of routes, whereas it commits to pouring in an enormous amount of funding. However, the city chose to exercise political flexibility to make its agenda acceptable to the society without aggravating conflicts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The EC has questioned Portugal on several occasions concerning its alleged failure to use appropriate procedures for energy, transport and tourism related projects. To avoid discrepancies between the conditions set out in an EIA and project implementation, a requirement for a further assessment of projects after their implementation was recently introduced. Emissions of sulphur oxides (SOx) decreased substantially, by 64% between 2000 and 2008, well above the average reduction in the OECD as a whole (-28.1%) (Table 1.1). Reductions in the energy sector and in combustion in manufacturing industry (-74% and -58%, respectively) were especially significant, as they account for a large share of total SOx emissions (Table 3.1).15 The decrease in emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOj was smaller (-13%), but an increasing trend observed in the 1990s was reversed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Other pressures include alien species and exotic diseases, overexploitation, pollution, fire and climate change (Figure 1.13). Overall, about 70% of the total territory still has its original vegetation, in various degrees of conservation (MMA, 2010). The share of original vegetation varies widely across biomes, with the Amazon and Pantanal having more than 80% and the Atlantic Forest biome, where nearly three-quarters of Brazilians live, about 20% (Figure 1.13).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Mexico has made headway in developing an institutional framework for achieving gender equality. It consists of a national system for equality between men and women, a national policy and oversight mechanisms to hold government accountable for achieving results. Yet, Mexico's growing efforts to achieve gender equality still deliver only limited results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It would appear that the concept of genetic conservation is very much in its infancy, with a corresponding urgent need for more expertise relating to genetic studies, and more knowledge of Morocco’s genetic resources. Such studies are strongly advocated, particularly in the case of endemic/rare/endangered species, and particularly given the current situation, where populations of several such species of conservation interest are rapidly declining. In the case of crop diversity, genetic knowledge could be a very useful tool in the development of varieties that are capable of adapting to conditions of drought and decreased rainfall, which conditions are predicted to become more common in the country in the light of climate change (chapter 7). While it would appear that, on a national level, the characterization of species within a conservation hierarchy (e.g. rare, threatened, endangered, etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Most of the protected areas (PAs) are located in northern and western Botswana. As a result, the country’s population density is only 3.5 persons per km2. The annual population growth has slowed down rapidly over the last few decades, because of declining fertility and the impact of HIV/AIDS. Annual population growth is currently estimated at 1.9 per cent compared with 2.4 per cent in 2001 and 3.5 per cent in 1991 (SB 2011a, b, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
China’s Five Year Plans for environmental protection (cont.) For the first time an official target to reduce NOx emissions and ammonia nitrogen discharge, both by 10%, as well as a target to reduce C02 intensity, by 17%, have been included. Reflecting the government’s concerns for regional equity and disparities in development and industrial and energy structures, carbon intensity targets vary across provinces, ranging from a 10% reduction for the poorer western provinces of Qinghai and Tibet up to a 19.5% reduction for the wealthier coastal province of Guangdong.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These numbers do nonetheless indicate that Governments favour renewables, since, excluding grid investments, Government subsidies for modern renewables amounted to $9.7/GJ compared with $0.8/GJ for fossil fuels. Note: The IEA New Policies Scenario assumes cautious implementation of recently announced commitments and plans, even if not yet officially adopted. These investments were dominated by electricity generation, transmission and distribution (51 per cent) as well as upstream investments in fossil fuel supply (46 per cent), including the oil exploration and production component and the gas exploration and production component which accounted for 19 and 13 per cent, respectively. The most important renewables investments were in large-scale hydropower (annual capacity additions of 25-30 gigawatts (GW)) and biofuels ($20 billion, of which $8 billion was for Brazil’s ethanol).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, while often at length, the descriptions of development activities do not provide the necessary details to assess whether the activities are in line with the definitions of R&D and innovation. While an improvement in the quality of the descriptions provided and greater use of machine learning techniques can further enhance the value of descriptions of development activities as a source of information, it is unlikely to be sufficient to ensure conformity with STI definitions. However, while this approach may allow for a better alignment of some ODA-related finance according to STI definitions, it may not necessarily be comparable to other cross-cutting themes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
ABSTRACTPublic trust thinking (PTT) promises to inspire ecologically and socially responsible wildlife governance in the United States, but its application is not straightforward. We describe eight broad challenges to comprehensive application of PTT including: increasing authority and capacity, overcoming resistance to change, achieving fair consideration of all public interests, facilitating broad public participation, and fulfilling commitments to future generations. We discuss potential solutions including: distributing responsibilities for public wildlife conservation among governmental and nongovernmental entities, adopting an expansive definition of “wildlife,” promoting an inclusive interpretation of PTT among public wildlife professionals, rejuvenating relationships between the public and wildlife agencies, and increasing public participation and accountability in decision-making processes. Efforts to address challenges in specific socioecological contexts should be led by people working in those...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Also at the 2nd meeting, the Deputy Secretary-General addressed the Forum. At the same meeting, the Director of the Forum secretariat made an introductory statement. At its 1st meeting, on 19 April 2013, the Forum elected, by acclamation, Macharia Kamau (Kenya) as Chair, and Srecko JuriCiC (Croatia) and Heikki Granholm (Finland) as Vice-Chairs, of its eleventh session.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The national programme on payment for ecosystem services (PES) under ProArbol (the federal umbrella programme that promotes sustainable forestry), covers 3.25 million ha of forests and represents one of the largest PES programmes in the world. Other examples of economic instruments include a form of biodiversity offsets for projects involving deforestation - the Forest Land Use Change mechanism, reforestation programmes, controls on illegal hunting of wildlife, and fishery buybacks for more sustainable fisheries management. Some of these have produced positive results (e.g. reforestation), but there is insufficient evidence to fully evaluate the effectiveness of others (e.g. controls on illegal hunting of wildlife).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In both cases, essentially the same package of WC policies was offered, with only the order and speed of implementation being open to debate, regardless of the persistent underperformance and repeated crises in the adjusting countries. Even under the PWC, the Bank’s policies were presented to its clients as a package whose components may be sequenced, but should not be jettisoned. Interestingly, both WC and PWC economic policies were presumably identified deductively, starting from the “best” economic theory (either neoclassical or of the “new institutional economics” variety). This is a way to incorporate carefully selected insights from the developmental state debates as if they were merely practical truths.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Public administration study has been conducted for several hundred years in western countries, while the countries in different areas presenting diverse development paths and research approaches. Continental European countries represented by France and Germany which fail to get rid of the influence of jurisprudence till now as yet due to the close integration of early study of public administration and administrative law, embody the value orientation of nationalism and features of self-reform. Nevertheless, public administration study in countries like Britain and the Unite States shows a tendency of managerialism with strong characteristic and tendency of comparative research.   Key words:  Pubic administration, Public administration study, Administrative model, The new right
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The National Food Security Act specifies that 54.93 Mt of food grains will be distributed through the Public Distribution System (PDS) to all 35 Indian states per year. Additional allocations will have to be made by the government under other welfare schemes (8 Mt), buffer stocks (5 Mt) and the open market sale scheme (5 Mt). The total procurement will be approximately 70 Mt, which is 7 Mt higher than the amount procured during 2011-12 (Chand and Birthal, 2011). The central government will also be responsible for allocating food grains from the central pool to the different states, providing transportation and storage facilities. The state governments, on the other hand, will be implementing and monitoring the Food Security Act. India's National Food Security Act, 2013 (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This can be achieved through specific industrial technologies or environmentally friendly technology transfers, which affects the entire production structure and the individual production processes (Cantore and Padilla, 2010). The recycling of waste and materials, for example, is part of such a green technological process. By transferring the relevant technological innovations and the required knowledge to implement such processes, high-income countries can play a vital role in greening developing countries' industrialisation process (UNIDO, 2015). An additional advantage of such a strategy is the cost factor of input materials. This may serve as another driving force to switch towards more environment friendly technologies. Using input materials more efficiently while simultaneously reducing emissions benefits both the environment and the manufacturing firm in terms of costs (UNIDO, 2017a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These proportions greatly outnumber any domain incidence rate, including monetary poverty and financial strain, and underline the degree of mismatch when identifying poor children on the basis of single domain indicators. Low proportions of cumulative deprivation in the Netherlands hold across all levels of accumulation. In the UK, however, children are more likely to experience 1 or 2 deprivations compared to children in the other three countries but this result no longer holds for higher levels of accumulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Kor Timor associate was not familiar with the social enterprise concept, though her description indicates the business is a social enterprise. It represents an alternative to fly-in, fly-out high-end tourism such as has been established across the Pacific, where visitors pay to stay in luxury international hotels, eat largely imported food and have minimal contact with the local people. Ecotourism aims to develop small-scale locally run hotels and restaurants that will use local products and local staff as much as possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In response to the Russian Federation’s purported ‘annexation’ of Crimea and the conflict between separatists in the Donbass region and the central government of Ukraine, the United States, the European Union, Japan, and Australia, the principal countries, have imposed economic sanctions upon Russian officials, firms, and private individuals. The economic sanctions imposed upon the Russian Federation violate public international law on three grounds: 1) lack of authorisation under the United Nations Charter, 2) inapplicability of Art. XXI GATT (‘Security Exceptions’), and 3) lack of legal authority based on the International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts. Fidelity to the ‘rule of law’ requires an immediate withdrawal of all economic sanctions. By contrast, the international community ‘ought to’ condemn Ukraine’s indiscriminate killing of innocent citizens living in the Donbass region and support the efforts of the Russian Federation to provide humanitarian aid to the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This concentration is explained by the fact that, in general, the size of trade-related infrastructure projects surpasses the financial capacity of smaller donors. Often, these donors work together in multi-donor programmes to finance large-scale infrastructure projects. Disbursements for transport and storage stood at USD 10.7 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In light of recent discussions of cognitive and ethical dilemmas related to International Relations (IR) scholarship, this paper proposes to engage the “problem of values” in IR as a composite question whose cognitive treatment requires the objectivation of the more profoundly institutional and social processes that subtend its emergence and evolution within the discipline. This analysis is hereby offered as an exercise in reflexive scholarship. Insofar as the question of values constitutes a defining cognitive and moral concern for reflexive knowledge itself, the paper also points to the need for its reformulation within an epistemic framework that is capable of moving beyond reflexivity to Reflexivism proper, understood as a systematic socio-cognitive practice of reflexivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If potential poor co-ordination between health services is added to the equation, this can compromise a patient’s care and lead to avoidable hospitalisations. As discussed later in this chapter, the federal government has provided a range of financial and non-financial incentives to encourage doctors, including specialists, to relocate to, and remain in, rural and remote areas. The overall supply of employed full-time equivalent (FTE) clinicians in 2013 was significantly higher in major cities compared with other areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Code is currently being revised. Also relevant for new buildings are the Building Regulations Part L that set energy efficiency standards for all new homes in England and Wales. Although building regulations have existed in the UK since the 17th century, energy efficiency standards first appeared in building regulations in 1995.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Training materials have been simplified and the scheduling of training takes into account women’s time constraints. In addition, the fees charged to women clients are lower (never more than EGP 100) because of their lesser ability to pay normal fees. By responding to these circumstances of women, El Mobadara has adopted a more gender-sensitive approach to the delivery of BDS services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Difference-in-difference (DID) designs measure the impact of a policy by the difference in the before-after change in the outcomes. The impact is estimated by computing a double difference: one over time (before-after) and one across subjects (between beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries). Simply observing the before and after change in the treatment group is not sufficient as there may be other factors likely to influence the outcome over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The focus is not about results or outcomes per se, but about the overall objectives and preconditions to effective climate finance that can be considered at different stages from the design to delivery of finance, at the international and national levels, as well as for programme and project-level activities. Through the use of semi-structured interview techniques across a sampling of diverse stakeholders in the climate finance arena, the authors consider perceptions about the relative importance and relevance of different principles and pre-conditions for success, to understand what supports effective climate finance outcomes. To date, there is not a commonly agreed definition of what constitutes “effective” climate finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The list in Saunders and Wong (2012) comprises 17 items, ranging from clothing, medical needs, housing, social participation, and savings to car insurance and holidays. The authors stress that the list reflects community views rather than the decisions of experts and researchers. For example, the 2008 Ontario material deprivation survey (OMDS) prompted respondents who did not possess listed items to state whether it was because the household could not afford them. It covers around 38 000 people in more than 40 countries (see Boarini and Mira d’Ercole, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)