albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
To give full effect of the Bangalore Principles by making reference to International Conventions and Treaties. To embrace the notion of persuasive authority and exercise judicial creativity and judicial activism as they adjudicate on CEFM. To enhance their roles in court by embracing ‘out of the box’ methods outside the Courtroom e.g. through advocacy, mentorship, personal efforts in their immediate communities or social organisations (Churches, Rotary, School Boards etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The disincentives for individuals to invest in education and training that are created by Ihe general design of the tax system can be mitigated with targeted tax concessions. In most OECD countries, employers may fully deduct the costs of employer-sponsored training for income-tax purposes in the year the costs are incurred. Such "expensing" is similar to business expenditure on intangibles, such as advertising and R&D, but more generous than investment in buildings and machinery where tax relief is spread over time, in line with the assumed rale of depreciation of assets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In this context, a gender impact assessment was introduced in 2004. In 2011, Korea adopted the Gender Impact Assessment Act, which applies to all laws, decrees, and projects of the central and local governments. Existing guidelines have also been revised to ensure that the gender impact assessments are applied to new government activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Australian founding seems to be little understood and of little consequence for most Australians. To address this problem of the 'forgotten founding', extensive civics education programs have been proposed and implemented. The paper argues that these civics programs need to engage an underlying cause of this problem: the tension between the two traditions - the common law and liberal constitutionalism - that have shaped Australia. In delineating the nature of this tension, the paper argues that a dominant common law tradition, which locates the ultimate constitutional authority in the common law and not the people, has depreciated the founding, divided scholarship into the legal and the political, and thereby constrained the study of Australian constitutionalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As part of the ‘War on Terror’ declared in response to the 11 September 2001 attacks, countries introduced legislation to bolster national security, often at the expense of personal freedoms and long-established legal principles. Like the Cold War, the ‘War on Terror’ is cast as a global struggle of good against evil. New Zealand defied Cold War logic with its anti-nuclear policy. Examining the difficulties of upholding personal freedoms and the rule of law while bolstering national security, this article analyses New Zealand's anti-terrorism legislation and shows that it has steadily moved away from its initial measured approach. It argues that New Zealand could and should develop an anti-terrorism model appropriate to low-risk societies, and that, like its anti-nuclear stance during the Cold War, such an independent approach would be a valuable contribution to the world community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Transferring this to central government would support national planning and, by pooling capacity and expertise, may spur innovation in service delivery. Contracting with more private sector providers should be based on clear cost and quality selection criteria, with outcomes pre-specified in contracts. National standards and guidelines for care, as described earlier, will be needed to underpin this.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Developed regions dedicated almost 2.4 per cent of their GDP to research and development in 2013, while the average for the least developed countries and landlocked developing countries was less than 0.3 per cent. Globally, third-generation mobile broadband covered 89 per cent of the urban population in 2015, but only 29 per cent of the rural population. The number of passengers carried by air transport and the volume of freight are interesting indicators of the dynamism and quality of air transportation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In democratic political life, political philosophy, law, and public policy are often interrelated. John Rawls’s abstract thought experiment to develop, behind a veil of ignorance, basic institutions for already well-ordered and law-abiding societies, may not be relevant to the correction of practical injustice. Amartya Sen’s idea of addressing human capabilities and practices of applicative justice, better addresses real-life injustice. Concerns about affirmative action and racial profiling involve questions about their injustice. The US Supreme Court has upheld affirmative action only as part of a full range of individual qualifications. Police racial profiling has led to homicides against unarmed young black men, although police discretion has been upheld by the US Supreme Court.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Latvia, the very large spikes in exits from SA benefits must probably be attributed to data entry errors in the administrative information. Similar as for SA benefits, the time trends in rates of housing benefit receipt appeal- to be driven primarily by changes in exit rates. An exception is again the large change in HB transition rates for Latvia during the recession years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While the increase is modest as a percentage change, it is considerable in coverage when viewed as a net number. This reflects the high population growth rates in Arab countries and the importance of pursing water-related investments for increased service provision for the un-served as well as keeping pace with population growth trends.27 Figure 8 compares access to drinking water from the “piped on premises” source (or house connection), other improved sources and unimproved sources for the years 1990 and 2011. Despite the lack of complete data sets for all Arab countries, available national averages were used in calculating the regional average in order to compare and report on the progress of access to drinking water sources and sanitation facilities in the Arab region during the period 1990-2011. It is therefore important to highlight that the presented number of population with access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities at the regional level are approximate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article is about the politics of ‘the exception’ and the role of ‘exceptionalism’ in contemporary international theory. The concept of ‘the exception’ was coined by Carl Schmitt and has in recent years become an inspiration for international relations theorists and foreign policy analysts, especially when engaging with issues such as great power politics, humanitarian intervention and the war against terrorism. It is concluded that attempts to apply Schmitt’s concept of ‘the exception’ seldom are persuasive and sometimes even contradictory to Schmitt’s theory. When dealt with out of context, ‘the exception’ becomes just an expression about something else. It is shown that there are other ways of handling the kind of political problem observed by Schmitt than what he and his followers are offering.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, residents have voluntarily been enforcing a car-free day per month on a few selected streets in the neighbourhood. This raises a number of issues, such as congestion, the risk of road accidents, a lack of parking space and potential loss in quality of life due to congestion. Suwon is gradually expanding its subway network to provide its citizens with alternative modes of transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, co-ordination efforts are often led in a bilateral way between CONAGUA, ministries and public agencies such as the Federal Commission of Electricity and the Federal Commission of Forestry. In addition, the potential for policy coherence at watershed level is not fully exploited. There are many good practices on the ground that could be further replicated, while letting the governance system adjust to local features.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is also a number of construction and operations contracts across the country for wastewater treatment plants, desalination facilities and reverse osmosis units. Because agriculture accounts for 71% of water usage, there are some arrangements whereby farmer associations in the Jordan Valley have been contracted by the local authority to manage water distribution in the area. The number of associations is expected to increase to ten by 2020 (EDP 2011-13).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The amendment eliminated price variations between different regions or supply sources and created one price that all farmers pay for irrigated water (World Bank, 2017[53]). Farmers have progressively switched to high-value crops and implemented greater selectivity of food crops grown for export (World Bank, 2017(53]). They have adopted irrigation efficiency technologies with support from regional irrigation companies and the Agricultural Extension Service of Israel (Ibid).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is a forward-looking study, based on the expected cost of commissioning these plants in 2020. ( For example, despite significant declines in solar PV module costs in recent years, prices for entire PV installations vary significantly among countries for similar system types. Though not a cost study per se, the MTRMR tries to identify the most dynamic markets for solar PV deployment over the medium term and focuses cost evaluation efforts on these areas (IEA, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This paper seeks to describe the political behavior of transnational corporations (TNCs) related to sugars and dental caries. The paper begins by exploring dental caries as a political issue. It then provides a brief overview of key actors (expanders--e.g. public health advocates working to make policy action on sugar likely, and containers--e.g. TNC’s working to prevent policy action on sugar) and the importance of problem defi nition in public policy making. The paper then compares how expanders and containers frame the problem of sugars and dental caries. Based upon a policy analysis framework, categories used to frame problems include incidence, causality, severity, crisis, characteristics of the problem population, values, and solutions. These categories are discussed with application to debates about public policy solutions to the problem of dental caries. It then concludes by highlighting some tensions that remain in tackling dental caries through legislation and regulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Disentangling these different factors is impossible, in practice. A Deloitte report15 found that policy uncertainty was detrimental to investment in baseload electricity, including combined cycle gas turbines, and as a result, OCGT was considered the lowest risk investment as it has lower capital costs. Deloitte calculated the cost of policy uncertainty, in terms of sub-optimality in investment, characterised by a preference for OCGT rather than OCGT.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Its recommendations will be presented to the Executive Group to be reviewed for implementation by GSIC. It will refresh the UNDP gender parity strategy with a view to achieving a more holistic approach to gender parity issues in UNDP. Greater focus will be put on improving capacity for gender analysis, accuracy and consistency in gender marker ratings and gender in areas of profession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While sample weights are required for obtaining unbiased estimators of means and other indicators for descriptive statistics purposes, we follow the argumentation in Wooldridge (2002) and O’Donnell et al. ( This is the case provided that the source of the differences between the sample and the population proportions is not driven by the variable of interest, in this case infant mortality. Assuming that infant mortality does not strongly influence the choice of geographic residence, we therefore prefer the use of unweighted estimators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Ajar-African Journal of Aids Research, 8(2), 181-192. Culturally Compelling Strategies for Behaviour Change: A social ecology model and case study in malaria prevention. Soc Sci Med, 62(11), 2810-2825. Practitioner Review: Engaging Fathers-Recommendations for a Game Change in Parenting Interventions Based on a Systematic Review of the Global Evidence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Maintaining good governance practices regarding ethics and transparency in Thailand's local governments is very challenging. The lack of ethics and transparency are due to the abuse of power and misconduct by local politicians and officials and loopholes in the rules and regulation. This mixed-method study was conducted in the northeastern municipalities of Thailand. The research found that the factors of accountability, persons and structure were significantly associated with good governance practices of ethics and transparency with correlation levels of 0.88, 0.88 and 0.81, respectively. In-depth interview results indicated that good governance practices in local governments were not improved, although the military had seized power in May 2014. During this time, the abuse of power, misconduct and allegations of fraud committed by local politicians and officials continued.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article argues that the content of the legal term “peaceful purposes,”as used in international space law is changing.  Peaceful Purposes as understood throughout the bulk of the Space Age has encompassed not only the UN Charter’s prohibitions on the use of force, but also a number of customary international law principles that enhanced it beyond mere non-aggression. Through an examination of state practice with regards to the military uses of outer space, this article concludes that the legal content of peaceful purposes is eroding towards an alignment with “non-aggressive” as understood in the law concerning the use of force.  Specifically, this article argues that geopolitical and technological changes are encouraging states to pursue disruption in the space environment rather than stability, and this has been matched with state practice and rhetoric that exhibits that states are moving toward more offensive, rather than defensive, stances in the space environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although the timing of national policy evaluations may be more flexible, political pressures would make it difficult to commit resources for adaptation evaluations on the basis that results will potentially only be known 20-30 years in the future. At the same time, the value of an evaluation and the lessons it generates may be lost if the evaluation is postponed too far into the future. One option to overcome this challenge is to focus assessments on the achievement of intermediate outcomes, through ongoing monitoring and real-time evaluation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
At the same time, it is mandatory to acknowledge and recognize the differential knowledge in the community while reviving interest in traditional knowledge. The vertical and horizontal stratification operating in a given society defines the access to various resources including cultural and natural resources. The approaches of organic farming and LEISA are potential alternative systems and more environment-friendly forms of agriculture, which provides scope to create links between traditional and scientific knowledge systems. The promotion of organic farming and its standards needs to respect the traditional ecosystems and knowledge of the farmers. It is important to assimilate strategies that combine traditional knowledge and modern science-based practices to achieve sustainable and equitable use and development. Such changes would require a shift in research and development approaches towards farmer/user-led participatory development, which is right now being practised among developmental agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The indicators should tell something of the health of an ecosystem. Key species should be used as indicators for the health of ecosystems and the indicators should be sensitive to change. From a management perspective the indicators would need to be an early warning system, which will indicate if something will merit a closer look.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There should also be strong links with the public technical-pedagogical support services (ATP) and their new school improvement framework as well as private technical-pedagogical consultancies (ATE). Second, concerning the school evaluation process itself, the Agency should continue to focus on the formative dimension of school evaluations that leads to lasting changes to practice. School evaluation that is meaningful should involve: an accurate assessment of the effectiveness of schools, an assessment of strengths and areas for development, followed by feedback, coaching, support and opportunities for development, an opportunity to celebrate, recognise and reward the work of schools and to identify best practice, and an opportunity to identify underperforming schools. Third, school self-evaluation should be central in any national approach to school improvement and as school systems mature schools should take on a greater role for driving their own improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The monitoring and reporting of the projects is based on the activities proposed by the compensating entity and approved by CONAFOR in each project and the results of the project are measured against its project design. However, the environmental attributes of these activities have no direct link to a specific change in use of land approved by SEMARNAT, thus there is no possibility of tracking whether the environmental impacts or attributes aimed to compensate are being achieved by the projects. One way to partially redistribute available funds is to assign the interests accrued by the Forest Fund to those federal states with additional successful applications but that have reached their assigned budget.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Here, documentation and registration primarily means documentation of bio-diversity, key habitats, and other important biotopes in forests. This is a collection of standards for sustainable forest management, first established in 1998 and later revised in 2006, as a consensus between stakeholders in forest management and the forest industry, environmental and outdoor recreation organisations, trade unions and consumer interests - called the Living Forests Council. In the public hearing of the Regulation on sustainable forestry this linking to Living Forests was heavily criticized by e.g. several environmental and outdoor recreation NGOs, since it is a voluntary certification system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A recent Spanish study examined effects of water markets as an institution that can substitute for growing economic risk caused by unreliable water in the Gaudalquivir Valley District in southern Spain (Calatrava and Garrido, 2005). Recent work from Mexico found considerable benefit in the use of water markets to promote water transfers from irrigators to urban users to address growing water scarcity in that country (Gastelum and Stewart, 2009). More recent work from both Spain and Mexico found that either water markets or reservoirs or both can reduce the risks of unreliable of water supply (Iglesias and Garrido, 2003, Unver and Gupta, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In addition, machine learning can support R&D cost reductions of between 10 and 15 per cent and time-to-market improvements of up to 10 per cent, while automation rates of 30 per cent are possible across functions (McKinsey, 2017a). Data are often referred to as "the new oil", presenting substantial revenue opportunities for businesses within and beyond the ICT sector. Most industries are investing in turning the massive amount of data flowing from loT sensors, industrial meters, connected devices, smartphones, wearables, and any kind of web-based services, into actionable insights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
About 25 per cent of the annual budget is raised from sale of publications and about 33 per cent is through voluntary contributions from countries and energy stakeholders. Duplication of all activities would be ill-advised. It is envisaged that the Asia-Pacific Energy Centre will eventually have about a third as many staff members as the IEA and so the annual budget will also be proportionately lower, or about $10 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Correcting that misallocation is critical, both for economic growth and for job creation. Social inclusiveness policies in particular address discrimination in labour markets by demonstrating the potential of certain social groups and changing the attitudes of employers and investors towards them. They also foster social mobility and inclusion by integrating disadvantaged groups in more productive activities of the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
We address issues of language of instruction in schools in terms of efforts to retain heritage languages and to ensure that students acquire the national languages of commerce and higher education. We also address Indigenous education, focusing on efforts to increase Indigenous control over education and new ways to use and transmit that Indigenous knowledge and ways of teaching and learning, whether within or external to the formal school systems. And finally we look at student achievement issues, focusing especially on the gender gap between females and males and on the continuing underperformance of Indigenous students across much of the North.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At present, different land uses—industrial activities, farming, natural areas, touristic zones, infrastructure, and residential zones—are sometimes located in close proximity to one another, which can lead to conflict. The increasing emphasis on natural resource based tourism is exacerbating some associated land use conflicts. Increased tourism numbers leads to congestion at a minimum and may reduce the inherent quality of the natural resources that are a primary reason for visiting the region, especially in the mountains and the hillsides near the city of Clermont-Ferrand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Jamaican law permits only manual eradication. Eradication of cannabis increased in 2014, with the destruction of 588 ha, compared with 247 ha in 2013. In the Dominican Republic, the cannabis cultivated is mainly for local consumption, and seizures are concentrated in the northwestern and south-western provinces that border Haiti.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is the first year since 2006 that no stocks managed solely by the Australian Government have been classified as subject to overfishing. The statement is the first step in fulfilling the Australian Government’s commitment to work with industry to develop a national aquaculture strategy. Parties to the agreement focused on developing foundation documents, including rules of procedure and financial regulations to help ensure the long-term conservation and sustainable use of non-highly migratory fish stocks in the high seas of the southern Indian Ocean.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Moreover, the country will not be in full compliance with the Urban Waste Water Directive until 2011, six years late. Many sewage treatment stations have a poor record regarding statutory effluent limits, and there is no inspection regime for septic tanks. A fundamental and politically sensitive issue in Irish water policy is pricing household consumption of water, the absence of household water charges impedes the development of an economically, environmentally and socially efficient water services sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)