albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Women's labour market participation is high and, despite a highly gender segregated labour market, women have broken down many walls within "male" jobs, though men have not to a similar extent sought employment in "female" jobs. Instead, these plans include specific initiatives towards the exact opposite: increasing the recruitment of women to "male jobs" (such as jobs within the police force). The proportion of male students on the nursing education is between 0% and 2% for each year group (Gislason 2011: 240-241).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Many teachers have a good sense of the kind of pedagogies on which 21st century learning hinges, but there is a major gap between intended and implemented practices. How can education systems create the conditions for encouraging and supporting teachers to initiate, share, and evaluate innovative pedagogies and curricula, including new technologies? What are the implications of new pedagogies for the roles of teachers and students? What are the implications of pedagogical innovation and innovative learning environments for the roles of governments and the profession/unions? What are the implications of new pedagogies and curricula for school and system evaluation? These are important issues that the 2018 International Summit on the Teaching Profession seeks to tackle in its second session.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Despite the importance of human capital in delivering quality, competitive tourism services, less attention has been paid to identifying new ways of organising and managing human resources within the sector to support innovation, boost productivity and enhance competitiveness. The hospitality sector - accommodation and food service activities - is used as a proxy for tourism, in the absence of more detailed and comparable information on tourism related employment. Tourism is composed of many branches and also includes the activities of travel agencies and tour operators, passenger transportation and cultural, sport and recreational services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
To strengthen its system to inform skills policy based on current and future skill needs strong social partner organisations (e.g. Sector Skills Councils that include SMEs) are needed and partnerships between workers, employers and training institutions need to be developed, together with the public employment service’s role in co-ordinating training that meets labour market and reaches those workers and sectors that need it most. In addition, occupational standards and qualification frameworks have to be developed and used effectively. While the efforts put forth by ChileValora to develop occupational standards are very welcome, they are insufficient.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The payment system needs to foster interaction across multiple providers. There are generally separate and distinct programmes for the prevention of polio, tuberculosis, AIDS and other infectious diseases. Often there are distinct hospitals and delivery systems to care for each infectious disease. This organisational structure makes sense for infectious diseases because the mode of transmission of each infectious disease is often very different, most patients only have one infectious disease and few patients have multiple infectious diseases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Learning occurs from birth, as children interact with family and caregivers, and the foundation for all later learning is established in the early years. Poverty, ill health, poor nutrition and a lack of stimulation during this crucial period can undermine educational foundations, restricting what children are able to accomplish. Early childhood programmes contribute to children’s cognitive, social and emotional development and promote their health, nutrition and hygiene.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As fleet capacity adjustment programmes are implemented in OECD countries, the need for access arrangements should diminish over time. By the same token, as developing countries’ capacity to fish and process fish domestically is augmented, they may find it more appropriate and wealth-creating to fish, process and trade fish themselves, rather than selling access. This is clearly a trade-off that resource rich countries need to address in light of how best to use their fisheries resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The exception to this is in Asia, where women's participation at this level, aside from in Sri Lanka, has been in notable deficit. In the Pacific, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Fiji Islands also have lower rates of civil society participation by women. This result in parts of Asia and the Pacific may be attributable to increasing government restrictions on civil society freedoms has been suggested elsewhere (Roth 2016), but is beyond the scope of this report to investigate. Several other Commonwealth states in Africa also achieve a 40 per cent or more representation of women at this level, including Namibia (44%), South Africa (42.1%) and Rwanda (40%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Le gouvernement a alors decide d’agir resolument en faveur de la croissance agricole. Differentes incitations ont ete mises en place : developpement massif du credit a des conditions preferentielles, location de machines, aides aux engrais et aux carburants et avantages fiscaux considerables. Les questions de developpement rural et social ont pris de l’importance dans les programmes publics. A la fin des annees 2000, face a l’instabilite de l’economie mondiale, le gouvernement a pris conscience qu’il etait important de veiller a la resilience du secteur agroalimentaire et de faire en sorte que les entreprises privees puissent repondre aux objectifs de developpement agricoles fixes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Alternatives to this, such as sharing resources instead of owning them, or simplifying our lifestyles by choosing to have less money but more free time, are therefore seen as a sacrifice. Marketing wisdom tells us that "you can't sell sacrifice"- and so policy makers fear alienating citizens with policies that tackle consumption patterns and levels. However, community level sustainability initiatives and alternative movements offer inspiration for redefining the "good life" to include well-being, community engagement, fairness, equity and sustainability. Opportunities are being missed, for example for product-sharing schemes or promoting closed loop systems that would reduce overall reliance on virgin resources, or for promoting alternatives to intensive consumption that could increase well-being, such as community food-growing schemes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
National constitutions throughout the world contain enumerated rights and freedoms for individuals residing within the state’s territory or subject to its jurisdiction. In the twentieth century, the international community increasingly recognized that such constitutional guarantees sometimes prove inadequate or even illusory when military coups, armed conflicts, or repressive governments disrupt or deliberately ignore the rule of law, including constitutional limits on the exercise of power. Responding to this awareness, international and regional organizations created or reformed after the Second World War recognized that human rights must be considered a matter of international concern if individuals and groups are to be ensured their fundamental rights and freedoms. With the leadership of a group of states and strong advocacy from civil society groups, intergovernmental organizations began elaborating the international law of human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The second wave of entrants, starting from 1986, was composed of giant consumer electronic firms attracted by generous tax incentives, soon to be followed by leaders in the disk drive and computer segments (Rasiah, 2006). Apart from protection, the state was instrumental in providing subsidies for acquiring foreign technologies, e.g. for the national car project “Proton” and its engine and gear-box technologies from Mitsubishi. It renewed and strengthened the financial incentives to export-oriented firms and complemented these with specific stimuli for higher value-added activities,2 such as tax allow'ances on firms’ training and R&D expenditures (UNIDO, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It also places challenges on this key institution to be mindful of gender parity considerations in the choice of leadership for portfolio committees'. Although this is still well below parity, this places South Africa among the top ten globally, where diplomacy is still very much a 'men's club'. According to Mtintso, the major change came about during Dlamini-Zuma's tenure as minister of foreign affairs from 1999 to 2009: 'She made the push for women to enter politics. The conditions of diplomats are very difficult for women, especially married women, and then it becomes a revolving door - they come in, they stay for the four years - then they go out and they don't come back - and there is no consistent approach to make sure that when you lose one you also put another one in'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Other key policy areas requiring heightened attention include: integrating the mining sector’s energy needs into long-term national policies, ensuring the existence of adequate energy infrastructure, reforming fossil fuel subsidies, and providing support to bridging remaining risk gaps for continued technological advancement and innovation. It is equally crucial that the need for low-emission energy transition is clearly recognised in mining companies’ business strategies that will guide their performance in the coming decades. This will ensure they remain coherent with the changing international policy landscape and the global energy transition priorities, as envisaged by the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The use of harsh interrogation techniques on terrorism suspects is typically justified on utilitarian grounds. The present research suggests, however, that those who support such techniques are fuelled by retributive motives. An experimental study conducted with a broad national sample of US residents found that the desire for harsh interrogation is largely isomorphic with the desire to punish, and that both effects are mediated by the perceived moral status of the target, but not the perceived effectiveness of the interrogation. Results are discussed with regard to retributive justice and the national policy on interrogation and torture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It has traditionally been considered a second chance option for the three poorest quintiles of the population. In 2013 there were some 1.9 million applicants for 1.5 million places in vocational education and training (VET) institutions, reflecting growing demand (Interview with TVET Director, MOEC). The new vision is to build on that demand by increased investment and expansion of vocational schools widely across the whole of Indonesia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
What is the relationship between public administration scholarship and the study of developing countries? This article answers this question by presenting the intellectual history of administrative studies of the global South and by examining recent empirical studies of developing country administration. The results suggest that administrative research on the developing world published in leading international publications has become a small-scale, disparate, descriptive, qualitative, and noncomparative subfield dominated by researchers from the global North. This empirical finding provides a platform to end a false North–South administrative dichotomy and advance a vision for public administration as a global social science.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Through analysis of the Organisation for Economic Co-ordination and Development (OECD)’s recommendations to reform Nordic public and economic policy, this article seeks to assess the OECD’s influence on Nordic politics. OECD recommendations are placed at the juncture of internationally acknowledged ideas and national traditions – thus being potentially useful for national policy-makers trying to deal with this tension. During the post-war period the Nordic countries found an original combination of international ideas and national traditions, involving a combination of economic efficiency and social equality. The OECD acknowledges this tradition in various ways but seeks to reform Nordic public policy according to a different, and in many ways opposing logic. OECD recommendations for Nordic countries typically include lower income taxes, lower levels of social security benefits, individual level wage setting, more relaxed employment protection legislation, an increase of the labour supply and a balanced b...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Then, international remittances stagnate in 2009-10 and rebound in 2010-11 following the pre-crisis trend (around 6 per cent). Crisis scenario in Cameroon: forecast of the Ministry of Economy and Planning (MINEPAT/DGEPIP/DAPE 2009). Cadrage macroeconomique dynamique du Compte d’operations financieres ».
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Such interventions require more specific nutrition goals and actions to unleash their full potential in combating child malnutrition (Ruel et al., Using a unique dataset from Ghana, we model the underlying determinants in several input demand functions, to understand what drives demand for input in the child health production function. We also estimate the conditional demand for nutritional status, in a similar framework. By estimating the framework as one complete model - albeit in two stages - we are able to quantify the underlying mechanisms determining inputs, and the likely pathways contributing to nutritional status. Other studies usually depend on national level household data, such as Demographic and Health Surveys, which limits the possibility of studying such a particular group in detail.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
That right begins in early childhood, which is one reason why the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call on governments to "ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education." Investment in quality early childhood care and education produces a double benefit: It is both fair and efficient. This kind of holistic approach also takes child protection into account and focuses on the quality of care provided to infants and young children. A long-term study in Jamaica found a 42 per cent increase in average adult earnings associated with early childhood stimulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Edited by Francis G. Castles, a leading authority in the field, and bringing together an outstanding group of British, German and American scholars, it examines trends in non-social or ‘core’ spending on public administration, defence, public order, education, economic affairs and debt financing and in the regulatory ordering of the economic sphere. The book not only opens up new areas of comparative public policy research, but also demonstrates clearly that there have been real reductions in the reach of state in some areas, although patterns of causation are more complex and varied than generally presumed by the retrenchment literature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article clarifies the origins of the field of transitional justice and its preliminary conceptual boundaries. I argue that the field began to emerge in the late 1980s, as a consequence of new practical conditions that human rights activists faced in countries such as Argentina, where authoritarian regimes had been replaced by more democratic ones. The turn away from “naming and shaming” and toward accountability for past abuse among human rights activists was taken up at the international level, where the focus on political change as “transition to democracy” helped to legitimate those claims to justice that prioritized legal-institutional reforms and responses—such as punishing leaders, vetting abusive security forces, and replacing state secrecy with truth and transparency—over other claims to justice that were oriented toward social justice and redistribution. I end by discussing the many ways in which these initial conceptual boundaries have since been tested and expanded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The PISA student population is defined using stringent criteria to ensure a high level of coverage and full comparability of the assessment across countries (OECD, 2009b). The quality of the indicator is thus high. Despite the fact that reading literacy measures a relatively narrow set of competencies, there is strong evidence that reading literacy is strongly correlated with other cognitive and non-cognitive measures tested by PISA (e.g. mathematics, sciences, IT skills, etc. - Finally, while this indicator covers only youth, cognitive skills at age 15 are strongly correlated with later educational outcomes and labour market performance (Juhn et a!.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The results are presented in Figure 8 by the bars showing that the multidimensional deprivation incidence in the selected countries of sub-Saharan Africa is 67%. In other words, two thirds of all children in this region experience two to five deprivations, which in absolute numbers is 247 million children. The prevalence of multidimensional deprivation ranges from 30% in Gabon to 90% in Ethiopia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A number of factors, however, can complicate sharing lessons both within and between organisations. These include lack of formal co-ordination and advanced planning, uncertainty on how to organise information in a useful format, and difficulties in making context-specific findings relevant to other interventions (e.g. see previous discussion on RCTs). For instance, an independent review of the CIFs highlighted that the incorporation of information sharing and lesson learning in interventions varied significantly by fund (ICF, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They also had similar challenges, particularly around logistics and transportation, as well as coordination of efforts on the ground. However, in terms of learning from their experiences, while both countries conducted workshops to review the lessons learnt, only Vanuatu produced a detailed report with practical recommendations forthe government to pursue. This is further evidence of Vanuatu's strong commitment to disaster risk reduction and management compared with Dominica.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The new' act has replaced around 25 separate permits for such matters as construction, demolition, spatial planning, listed buildings and the environment by a single one-stop-shop permit covering all activities. This has reduced administrative costs for members of the public and for companies. There is now one permit, one procedure and one set of submittal requirements, followed by one “legal remedies procedure” and enforcement by one authority1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Different seasons and rainfall patterns and variability in production, which will increase as climate change continues, imply variable market conditions across countries. Where production variability is not highly correlated among most countries in the region, integration through regional trade offers the prospect of cancelling the effects of small country size on production volatility (Koester 1986). Studies have calculated the amount of stocks needed for each country within a defined region so as to stabilise cereal consumption in times of fluctuations in cereal production and import prices (Dorosh et al., These studies have compared those stock levels to the levels required by the same countries when co-operating regionally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Women, however, are generally excluded from the management of these resources (Dey de Pryck, 2013). Their access and freedom to engage in fishing are subject to sanctions from male leadership in the communities. A study of the seafood industry lists some of these traditional barriers: women may be barred from certain jobs, such as going to sea on board fishing vessels: be denied ownership rights and independent access to finance and entrepreneurship: and tasked with domestic responsibilities as if these were their natural duties, which could mean up to four hours of extra work per day for women compared with men (Montfort, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Such issues will be discussed in more detail in Section 4. The correlation is positive and strong. The strength of this relationship is stronger in the upper part of the wage distribution (the 90th/50th percentile ratio) than in the lower part of the distribution (the 50u7l0Ih percentile ratio).8 This finding is consistent with similar evidence provided in Corak (2013) and in Jerrim and Macmillan (2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, the share of out-of-pocket payment for pharmaceuticals is high, accounting for 18% of current health expenditure, compared with the OECD average of 7%. This suggests access to pharmaceuticals can be challenging in the country, particularly among low-income groups. Data on pharmaceutical consumption and sales are limited in Latvia but the only available data for international comparisons show that sales of antibacterials for systemic use measured in defined daily dose (DDD) are about 35% lower than the OECD average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Il existe une raison supplementaire pour mettre en place un systeme solide de vulgarisation agricole. En effet, en raison de la transition, plusieurs secteurs de production agricole essentiels sont actuellement domines soit par les menages soit par les exploitants individuels recents. En regie generale, ces producteurs manquent d’experience technique et commerciale , des services de vulgarisation cibles les aideraient aussi a s’integrer dans les marches agricoles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, in rural areas characterized by dispersed populations or hostile terrain, trade-offs often exist between the achievement of economies of scale and scope in the provision of a differentiated service that supports transformational energy access on the one hand, and providing only for basic needs as the most profitable option on the other. Similarly, there may be tensions between the roll-out of stand-alone solutions and grid extension in areas where the latter could be a viable longer-term option. This further underlines the need for a system-wide approach to electricity system design and transition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Discounting future impacts refers to the arbitrage between the present and the future. It can conceptually be derived on the basis of a preference for present consumption over future consumption because of uncertainty and limited lifespans. The choice of discount rate is crucial when considering impacts far out in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There has been only limited uptake of agri-environment payments that could support more environment-friendly farming practices. Given the environmental and economic significance of biodiversity, establishing an inter-ministerial commission for biodiversity along the lines of the one for climate change could support a more focussed and coherent approach for promoting its conservation and sustainable use. It ranks first in biodiversity in reptiles with 804 known species, second in mammals with 535 species, fourth in amphibians with 361 species and fourth in flora with 26 000 species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)