albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Following Sen’s proposal, Anthony Shorrocks modified the index, adjusting the normalization condition in order to satisfy the transfer axiom and to provide continuity (Shorrocks, 1995). These authors proposed an additively decomposable index based on Sen’s index, but in the Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (fgt) indices poverty is aggregated using household shortfalls as weights (relative deprivation) instead of a rank order (Foster, Greer and Thorbecke, 1984). However, it is important to note that the most common poverty index (the poverty headcount index) fails to satisfy the monotonicity and transfer axioms, while the poverty gap index does not satisfy the transfer axiom (Sen, 1976).3 These axioms are important because poverty is a matter of degree or intensity and not a simplified poor/non-poor dichotomy, meaning that a true measure of poverty must take account of distribution among the poor or the severity of poverty. The crisis of 1999 has been extensively analysed for its effects on poverty and inequality (Larrea, 2004, World Bank, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
They learn how to debate, how to express their opinions, and how to respect and value one another’s contribution. Each group has its own “circle ”, a moment to listen to each other and to make collective reflections and decisions. This provides a sense of community, in helping each other to improve their relationships and attitudes towards the others. ” Circles are safe places, where students and educators are equitable listeners and have equal responsibilities and rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Similar to the investment platform, pollution-offsetting programmes can be supported by a decentralised ledger. Providing unique identification, allocation and tracking services, offsetting commitments can be integrated in corporate sustainability programmes. Given blockchain technology’s benefit of process efficiency, transparency and fast settlement, even microfinancing can become feasible to outweigh the operational transaction costs and allow for a wider spectrum of investors to participate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Source: Authors’ calculations using OECD tax-benefit models. There have been efforts to lower the tax burden on low earners in recent years in Estonia. The tax free allowance has been increased from €144 per month in 2014 to €170 per month in 2016 and a new income tax rebate for low earners that reduces income tax liabilities by €228 per month for those whose annual income is below €7,818.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Judicial independence is not only a necessary condition for the impartiality of judges, it can also endanger it: judges that are independent could have incentives to remain uninformed, become lazy or even corrupt. It is therefore often argued that judicial independence and judicial accountability are competing ends. In this paper, it is hypothesized that they can be complementary means towards achieving impartiality and, in turn, the rule of law. It is further argued that judicial accountability can increase per capita income through various channels one of which is the reduction of corruption. First tests concerning the economic effects of JA are carried out and on the basis of 75 countries, these proxies are highly significant for explaining differences in per capita income drawing both on OLS as well as TSLS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Customers can easily compare the data of different suppliers using the ERSE website and freely switch supplier. Impoundment of water in a dam exacerbates water pollution from agriculture and domestic and industrial wastewater (Chapter 3). In the early 2000s, all reservoirs were classified as at least moderately polluted. River Douro reservoirs were the most problematic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
If humanitarian relief is excluded from social protection, spending falls to 1.4% of GDP. Domestic financing for social protection has increased significantly, although donors financed around 60% of social protection spending on average in recent years. Spending on the RPSNP has declined significantly in real terms while the number of beneficiaries has largely remained steady.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This experience shows how planning and other rules can be turned from forbidding to facilitating and inclusive through participatory decision-making, in the process recognizing the social and economic value of the informal services sector. Ensuring equitable urban development and inclusive growth and empowering civil society are fundamental principles of what the New Urban Agenda should address (Chapter 9). These movements were not just about socio-economic injustice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Based on this new international line, the incidence of poverty was estimated for developing countries in 2005, and the estimates for previous years were amended retroactively to 1981. Firstly, the higher PPP rates in poor countries mean that one unit of the local currency yields less in parity terms, thereby increasing the value of the international line in local currency terms. Secondly, the review lowered the international poverty line, because if the poverty line of 1.08 DPP dollars of 1993 had been updated in terms of inflation, the value of the line for 2005 would have been 1.45 DPP dollars per day. As, according to the World Bank, the first effect dominates the second, there was an increasing incidence of poverty overall.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Other proposed or existing congestion charging schemes are not limited to fine-tuning to the same extent. Given the weaker degree of integration of the various components of transport policy elsewhere, the mismatch between demand during peak hours and capacity may be larger than in Singapore in many cases. Traffic volumes have declined in all time periods, suggesting there is more trip elimination than rescheduling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The future of agricultural risks will therefore depend on the way agricultural systems and, more broadly, economies and policies, develop. Given the focus on national and regional markets, trans-regional trade contributes relatively less to the spread of pests and diseases. The lack of international co-operation in strategies to combat these biological threats, however, raises pest and disease risks from within the regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Consideration should also be given to applying the polluter-pays principle to chemical accidents (OECD, 1989). Similarly, provision should be made to co-operate with neighbouring countries in the case of chemical accidents that may have cross-border implications, and policies should be developed for the provision of information and participation of the public in decision making. Again, policies of OECD countries could serve as useful references (OECD, 1988a, 1988b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Marine turtle survey in Nosy Iranja Kely, North-Western Madagascar. Western Indian Ocean J. Mar. Sci. Marine turtle interaction with purse-seine fishery in the Atlantic and Indian oceans: Lessons for management. Mayotte Island: Another important green turtle nesting site in the South West Indian Ocean.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
School inspections are much better established as an evaluation practice than school self-evaluation, which is not widespread and systematic across the system. Also, student assessment is perceived more as test and measurement rather than learning. The Review Team also formed the impression that there is not enough reflection on the use of results from evaluation activities and the concept of feedback is not yet fully ingrained among school agents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Purpose – Corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication is a strategy to address companies’ goodwill to the society. Based on the institutional theory suggesting the influence of environmental factors of companies’ country-of-origins on their marketing practices, the purpose of this paper is to explore and compare the CSR communication practices of apparel firms from different countries. Design/methodology/approach – As a case study approach, this study investigates six apparel firms’ CSR communication disclosures on the official websites using a content analysis method and the Global Reporting Initiative’s categorial CSR reporting guidelines. Findings – Findings revealed that the six firms’ CSR communication adoption levels and focusses varied, the USA firms largely focussed on labor issues, while the European firms focussed on environmental issues and the Asian firms centered on social issues. Research limitations/implications – Although this study has limitations that pertain to case studies in g...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Obligations to partners within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance had to be met before product could be sold to the convertible currency area. Imports had to proceed through an extensive system of quotas and licenses. Additionally, Viet Nam faced a trade embargo with the United States that was only lifted in 1994 (McCaig and Pavcnik, 2013). Permission for private as well as SOEs to establish direct links with foreign markets was given in 1991.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Individual and social participation and engagement in environmental processes intended to improve and protect the local and global environment are a concrete manifestation of understanding and motivation of, and commitment to protecting and improving the environment, expressed through behaviour. This topic is intended to capture any available statistics on a country’s pro-environmental activities and programmes. Pro-environmental activities are those undertaken by civil society or community groups to protect, improve and manage the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It should, however, be noted that in Graz (as elsewhere) 80% of injury accidents occur on arterial roads. Recently the principle that most urban roads have mixed uses (vehicle traffic, cyclists, motorcyclists, pedestrian activities) has been used to apply traffic calming measures on arterial roads in urban areas. Perhaps the best-know example of a city that has used a variety of calming techniques on urban arterials is Portland, Oregon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Logically, they would need to compete for these funds on equal terms with commercial banks if the government intends to provide effective incentives for commercial banks. This seems to be a logical change if the government’s goal is to attract commercial banks into agriculture - interest rate subsidies represent a more flexible policy instrument than do administratively fixed interest rates currently implemented by state agencies. In addition, with the interest rate subsidies the cost of credit support policies becomes more transparent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The average deductible for individual plans amounts to USD 729 for health maintenance organisations (HMOs), USD 799 for preferred provider organisations (PPOs), and USD 1 314 for point-of-service plans (POS). For family coverage, the average deductible is USD 1 743 for HMOs, USD 1 854 for PPOs and USD 2,821 for POS (Kaiser Family Foundation and Health Research and Education Trust, 2013). Other countries impose deductibles for some categories of services only (e.g. for pharmaceuticals).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Moreover, there is a need to more carefully distinguish between interventions designed to, on the one hand, assist small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in entering into GVCs and new relationships with lead firms and, on the other, assist countries in beginning GVC participation through inviting FDI and the relocation of production units from abroad. Even when countries are integrated with GVCs, they might not be participating in a gainful way, in part because of a failure to align value-chain governance with developmental objectives, nationally as well as globally. Much of the current GVC literature, and its resultant policy implications, is reminiscent of the 1990s liberalisation agenda. Although understanding of the complex relationship between trade, growth and the achievement of economic structural transformation has improved in recent years, these lessons do not seem to have been heeded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Calls to strengthen flood risk governance are echoed across Europe amidst a growing consensus that floods will increase in the future. Accompanying the pursuit of societal resilience, other normative agendas relating legitimacy (e.g. accountability and public participation), and resource efficiency, have become attached to discussions concerning flood risk governance. Whilst these represent goals against which ‘success’ is socially and politically judged, lacking from the literature is a coherent framework to operationalise these concepts and evaluate the degree to which these are achieved. Drawing from cross-disciplinary and cross-country research conducted within the EU project STAR-FLOOD, this paper presents a framework for evaluating the extent to which flood risk governance arrangements support societal resilience, and demonstrate efficiency and legitimacy. Through empirical research in England, this paper critically reflects on the value of this approach in terms of identifying entry points to strengthen governance in the pursuit of these goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although it is to be expected that changes in per capita GDP and average income will tend to move together, as shown in the surveys, it is important to remember that these variables relate to different concepts. Also, there are methodological differences that can widen discrepancies, such as the type of income flows that are actually measured and geographic coverage (some surveys cover only urban areas), to name only the most important shortcomings. To accomplish this, the lower-income household group was analysed. A predominant pattern emerges across the episodes analysed: this group’s income declined more than that of the total group of households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Similarly, other more sophisticated versions are available for surface-water groundwater interactions such as partially penetrating wells or streambed clogging (e.g. Hunt, 1999, Hunt, 2012). The Lagrange multiplier A may then be interpreted as the effective (present value) entitlement price. If the marginal damage of the externality is equivalent for all firms, this outcome can be induced with marketable entitlements that are traded on a one-to-one basis, where marginal abatement costs of all firms will equal marginal damage multiplied by A (Kuwayama and Brozovid, 2013, Palazzo and Brozovic, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Patents in medical, biotechnology or pharmaceutical technology fields added up to about 14% of this group, while transport, logistics and machine tools amounted to 8%. Many patents cover technological fields contiguous to ICTs, such as electrical machinery (14%) or audio-visual technologies (5%). Numerous examples include patents in technologies likely to be applied in the ICT field, such as basic chemistry or nano-technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They further apply different schedules, according to some measure of need within the neighbourhood. In the Federal District, for example, need is assessed based on a block-level development index that combines data on social marginalisation, income and property values. Comparability across tariffs is further limited by the inclusion or exclusion of fixed fees and drainage. Despite the challenge in creating comparable indices, studies tend to find that the price for water in the Federal District is very low by comparison with the municipalities across the metropolitan area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In public services, such as administration, education, and health, the level of employment in Podlaskie is comparable to that in Pomorskie or in Poland as a whole. Figures for Pomorskie seem to be more beneficial for economic development than average figures for the country as a whole. In Podlaskie, 10% of the income generated comes from agriculture, although this sector does not play a substantial role in Poland or in the Pomorskie region. “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These figures overshadow great inter- and intra-country variance, with rates of unmet needs for family planning varying from 40 per cent in the Lao People's Democratic Republic and 30 per cent in Cambodia and the Philippines to 9 per cent in Indonesia and 5 per cent in Viet Nam (Sonfield, 2006, PRB, 2008). In the Philippines—a country, where more than half of all pregnancies are unintended—the percentage of married women with unmet needs averages 18 per cent in the National Capital Region of Metro Manila, but reaches 60 per cent in the autonomous region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) and 87 per cent in the ARMM poor quintile (Darroch et al, 2009, p. 2). The exclusion of this vulnerable group is also reflected in their not being counted in forecasting of commodity demand, in management information systems and in outreach efforts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Dialectic of enlightenment still shows up in present society. In recent years, the so-called minorities have conquered important rights. Along with these achievements, however, hatred and intolerance speeches. This article analyzes the discourse of Human Rights Commission of the Chamber of Deputies in Brazil when the adoption of the Draft Legislative Decree 234/2011 aimed at changing the Psychologists Code of Ethics in paragraphs restricting any correlation between homosexuality and disorders . Here we use studies of the Frankfurt School on the speeches of fascist agitators, prejudice and the authoritarian personality. Based on Marcuse, we question totalitarian formal democracy and repressive tolerance, advancing in the understanding of the relationship between cultural climate and semi-erudition. We reflect on as not a unique symptom of conservatives, but as a way of existence today and highlights the need for historical and political education in order to develop consciousness and overcome poverty and oppression.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is estimated that between 11 and 26 million tonnes of fish are caught by IUU fishing annually, representing 18% of global catches across all fisheries (Agnew et al., This represents a substantial pressure on fish stocks, above what would be considered as desirable. However, it is claimed that the number of economically overfished stocks is even higher than the number that is biologically overfished (e.g. Pauly and Zeller, 2016). In New Zealand, the percentage of fish stocks above the overfishing threshold declined 7 percentage points from 25% in 2009 to 18% in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
E-health services evolve to satisfy those interested in selfmanaged healthcare, such as chronic disease management, in a well-managed ICT environment. The other use is managing personal health conditions at home via the Internet. These developments are triggered by efficient record management, such as electronic health records (EHRs) management accepted in hospitals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Most of the 5 million deaths occurring every year from epidemics of the major infectious diseases—such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and viral hepatitis—occur in low- and middle-income countries. At the same time, 80 per cent of the deaths in 2013 from non-communicable diseases—such as cardiovascular disease, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes—occurred in low- and middle-income countries. Lack of access to essential medicines is one of the contributing factors to these deaths, many of which were preventable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
All types of office are connected electronically, so the principal office can keep track of individual clients. Normally, over 50% of office expenditure consists of personnel costs (not counting pensions), and the rest goes into equipment, maintenance and business expenses. Some employment offices are organised differently, for example in 2008 the Shibuya office had only two large divisions outside of General Affairs (placement and counselling, and employer relations).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
How does multinational corporation (MNC) activity affect corruption in developing countries? The existing literature tends to suggest that economic integration helps reduce corruption, as it increases market competition and efficiency and promotes the diffusion of good governance. In this article, I argue that such a generalization oversimplifies the consequences of MNC activity in host countries. The entry and presence of MNCs may contribute to rent creation in developing countries, thereby leading to a high level of corruption. To test this argument, I conduct a case study on China and draw from original data of filed corruption cases to construct measures of corruption. I find that provinces with more MNC activity are strongly associated with more corruption. The results are robust and consistent when possible endogeneity, law enforcement, and alternative measures of corruption are considered. This finding has important implications for domestic governance in developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As an intermediate step the Victorian Government should take steps to strengthen flexible multi-provider learning and extension centres. When developing or rationalising the network of education providers, care should be taken to ensure that the region continues to have access to lifelong learning services and business-related services. Adequate IT infrastructure should be in place to ensure high speed, low cost connectivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Regular evaluation of support programmes and institutions receiving public support should be the norm, with practical consequences for further rounds of support. However, a balance must be struck between the need for periodic adjustments based on evaluation and stability of support programmes to ensure their long-term impact on the behaviour of beneficiaries. At a broader level, good governance implies a system of information that produces internationally comparable statistics and indicators on a regular basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For agriculture it includes: irrigation to smooth water supply across the production seasons, water management in rainfed agriculture, management of floods, droughts, and drainage, conservation of ecosystems, and meeting cultural and recreational needs linked to water (OECD, 2010a). For most countries agriculture is largely rainfed, but in areas susceptible to variable precipitation, irrigation is used to supplement rainfall, mainly drawing on freshwater from surface and groundwater sources (i.e. shallow wells and deep aquifers), and to a lesser extent recycled wastewater and desalinated water. Water resource management in agriculture also operates in a highly diverse set of political, cultural, legal and institutional contexts, encompassing a range of areas of public policy: agriculture, water, environment, energy, fiscal, economic, social and regional.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In an urban policy environment characterised by high levels of uncertainty, such indicators and targets can provide a tool for identifying the specific assets for development in different communities and maximising a city’s potential for overall progress. More than 40 separate indicators across administrative, survey and census data sources span seven “domains” of deprivation: employment, income, health, crime, education, living environment and barriers to services. The IMD were initially built at the district ward level in 2000, then at the smaller scale of 32 482 “lower-layer super-output areas” of roughly 1 500 residents in 2004, 2007 and 2010. Most of the statistics used in the latest edition (2010) are from 2008, and new' indices were expected to be produced in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)