albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Over 3 billion people depend on freshwater, marine and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods, including many people in developing countries for whom fishing is a main subsistence and commercial activity.4 Overall, it is estimated that 60% of the world’s ecosystems have been degraded over the past 50 years (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). With climate change expected to exacerbate existing development pressures, especially in the most vulnerable communities, the impact of biodiversity loss w'ill be even greater in the future. As the global population is projected to increase to 9.7 billion people by 2050 (UNDESA, 2015), with much of this increase expected in developing countries, these pressures are anticipated to rise under a business-as-usual scenario.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Projects, initiatives and funding targeting women have mushroomed, interest in and momentum for gender issues seem to be at their highest. Low human development, inadequate skills and capacities, unequal access to resources, opportunities, knowledge and support, and continuing marginalisation or discrimination in collective decision making at different levels, are still widespread. The threat of violence and the lack of control of one's own time and efforts are also significantly limiting factors. The missions of these organisations span technical support and advice, service delivery, credit facilitation, capacity building, legal literacy, policy advocacy, representation and more.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Some look at multiple criteria, e.g. institutions, governance, learning (Sierra et al., Increasingly, development finance institutions (e.g. AfDB, IDB, Islamic Development Bank, EBRD) are converging towards results frameworks that track operational, management, and project performance results under single, institution-wide systems (AfDB, n.d.). The DAC Evaluation Resource Centre provides a compendium of relevant evaluations from key institutions and DAC members (DeREC)9.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Most are (to varying but increasing degrees) users of ICTs. Meanwhile, some enterprises - from equipment makers, telecommunications operators and call centres to computer maintenance business and mobile airtime vendors - are directly involved in the production of ICT goods and services (chapter III). Policy approaches need to consider all these categories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Indeed, 'early affected' and 'under market pressure' are ranked in the bottom third or half of the LT. Poland, the Slovak Republic and Switzerland are top performers, indeed, child anchored poverty passed from 22.4% in 2008 to 14.5% in 2012 in Poland and it was reduced by around 5 ppts in the Slovak Republic and Switzerland. Children (0-17) are considered to be severely materially deprived when the household they live in is unable to pay for at least four of the nine following items: 1) to pay their rent, mortgage or utility bills, 2) to keep their home adequately warm, 3) to face unexpected expenses, 4) to eat meat or proteins regularly, 5) to go on holiday, 6) a television set, 7) a washing machine, 8) a car, 9) a telephone. The trend was indeed reversed as during the pre-crisis period, material conditions had actually been improving in virtually every country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A climate extreme (i.e., an extreme weather or climate event) occurs when the value of a weather or climate variable is above (or below) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) end of the range of observed values of the variable. For simplicity, both extreme weather events and extreme climate events tend to be referred to collectively as “climate extremes” (IPCC, 2014b, annex II). Risk is constructed by summing rankings for vulnerability and exposure to climate change and the number of weather-related events.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Its mission is to contribute to the creation of more and better quality jobs through more effective policy implementation, innovative practices, stronger capacities and integrated strategies at the local level. For more information on the LEED Programme, please visit www.oecd.org/cfe/leed. Its objectives are to guide policy makers in the design of policy approaches able to tackle complex cross-cutting labour market issues, to build the capacity of practitioners in implementing effective local employment and skills development strategies, and to assist in the development of governance mechanisms conducive to policy integration and partnership at the local level. For more information on the ESSSA initiative, please visit www.oecd.org/cfeAeed/employment/esssa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Rises in returns to education tend to increase inequality. Indeed, the United States’ experience illustrates the inequality-generating effect of changes in returns to education (Juhn et al., Rather, it constitutes, as Tinbergen (1975) has called it, a “race between education and globalisation/technology”, whose end result depends on the circumstances of individual countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Like other government spending, infrastructure investment boosts aggregate demand, potentially sparking broader-based output growth through scale economies which feed into productivity increases. This typically leads to greater private sector investment, and by extension, also raises private demand for physical capital over a longer time-horizon (Dissou and Didic, 2013). These complementary effects on private capital formation tend to be cumulative, as infrastructure provision affords greater certainty for private industry, and the consequent increased rates of capital formation help to crowd in investments in other sectors of the economy.4 In turn, increased productivity and rising incomes lead to higher demand for various infrastructure services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The traditional model of public education continues to be challenged by advocates of school choice. Typically associated with charter schools, magnet schools, and tuition voucher programs, these advocates have recently introduced a new school choice plan, namely tax credit scholarship programs. More than a dozen states have adopted such programs, and hundreds of millions of dollars are now diverted each year from public programs to private schools. These programs are poorly-understood and under-studied by legal scholars. This Article assesses the place of these programs within the ecology of public education, considers the fundamentally different approaches states have taken to these programs, identifies some critical questions and problems with them, and proposes a set of best practices for states to follow in designing and implementing them.The Companion Article for this paper are available at the following URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2268538
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Multiplied by the 9 billion people expected by 2050 this would mean a global material use of between 225 and 270 billion tonnes or three to four times the amounts of 2010. The investments needed to establish global extractive capacity adequate for such high levels of resource use would be huge and potentially unaffordable. Such quantities of resources are simply not available, and the absorptive capacity of the earth's ecosystems are already stretched at much lower global levels of resource use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Body temperature is an example of an indicator we regularly use as it provides critical information on our physical condition. Likewise, indicators provide information about phenomena that are regarded as typical of and/or critical to the quality of target issues. Interpretation is easier if it is possible to set targets for the indicators themselves, as they help decision makers visualise the actions they will need to focus on in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This article argues that 40 years of EU peacebuilding in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict have produced few significant results with a possible exception to this being the parameters provided by the EU for a just peace in the conflict. In any case, it is difficult to characterise these past four decades of EU involvement as anything other than a failure. Consequently, the main argument of this article is that a new strategy for the EU’s peacebuilding in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is urgently needed. As both the approaches of conflict management and conflict resolution have been tried and have failed, this article argues that the EU has far better potential in transforming the Israeli-Palestinian conflict than in managing or resolving it. An EU strategy more clearly based on the principles of conflict transformation is therefore the best way forward for the EU in the Middle East peace process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Other regional actors, such as associations and firms, also play a notable role in the process of preparing the regional strategic plan. These contracts were created to acquire information and to define the projects that local partners will develop in order to receive funding from the central government. Parties agree upon the realisation of a certain number of tasks and the way they will be funded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Belgium and Italy have quotas for listed companies to achieve 33% women on boards, this could be one factor driving the increase. Sweden, on the other hand, has a voluntary rule in their Corporate Governance Code “an equal distribution among the sexes shall be the goal”. Women occupied an average of 20.6% of seats in lower or single houses of parliament in 2002, 27.5% in 2013, and 28.7% in 2016. While women’s representation in lower or single houses of legislature has grown in some OECD countries -such as the United Kingdom, Mexico, Portugal and Spain - it has undergone setbacks in countries like Finland, Greece and Denmark (IPU, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Ukraine was invited to join as well, but this is currently held up due to its ongoing free trade negotiations with the European Union. Ukraine signed a FTA with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 2010. Almost ten years of negotiations in the WTO Doha Round have not yet resulted in a new agreement, and the progress made since 2008 seems to be particularly limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The “explicit” rural-uiban partnerships (five in total), deliberately set out to cultivate a rural-urban partnership or manage rural-uiban relationships. This “intent” is reflected in the objectives of the partnership agreement. This rural-uiban dimension is a core aspect for the partnership that is deliberately pursued, either through the issues identified, initiatives realised and/or stakeholder involvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Supreme Court has described Entick v. Carrington (1765) as “the true and ultimate expression of constitutional law” for the Founding generation. For more than 250 years, judges and commentators have read that case for guidance about the rule of law, executive authority, and the original meaning of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments. But we have been reading a flawed version. This Article publishes, for the first time, a previously unknown manuscript report of Entick v. Carrington. We explain why this version is more reliable than other reports of the case, and how this new discovery challenges prevailing assumptions about Entick’s legal and historical meaning. Although we leave a full reevaluation of Entick for future scholarship, we show that any future judicial or academic discussion of the case must take this new report into account.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The initiative has proved successful in terms of students completing the relevant credit courses. These positive outcomes have led the ALP to be adopted by different colleges throughout the United States. Institutions are rewarded with additional funds if they record a significant improvement in the number of students moving from remedial to credit courses, completing credits, and successfully completing a degree.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Further, imposing quotas on directly elected candidates is known to be more effective. Covering the 12 Critical Areas of Concern identified in the Beijing Platform for Action, it was finalised after a long consultative process involving government and outside experts. The Pakistan NPA has an additional chapter on women and girls with disabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The relationship between international crimes and sovereign immunities has bedevilled judicial practice and legal scholarship and created an apparently irreconcilable tension between the two notions. Part of the difficulty in addressing this tension derives from the approach to resolving it. This paper proposes a novel approach, viewing the relationship specifically from the perspective of international criminal law and looking at the three core functions of immunities in that context. The authors conclude that customary international law excludes immunities as defence or bar to jurisdiction for core international crimes regardless of the nature of the jurisdiction concerned, the position of the accused, or the capacity in which the accused acted. When interpreted within that framework, the  ICC  Statute provides for clear limitations to the role of immunities in  ICC  proceedings and avoids the pitfalls that have thus far marred the  ICC ’s approach to the law of immunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
High-quality vocational programmes embed core academic skills into an occupationally focused curriculum. In contrast, programmes that focus very narrowly on occupational skills can leave students ill-prepared to navigate career transitions, or deal with many other demands of modem life that require broader knowledge and skills. Participating in vocational training can allow students to acquire the skills needed to gain a firm foothold in the labour market, which improves their chances of having a successful professional career (OECD, 2010, 2014a). Evidence shows that high-quality vocational education pathways, particularly in upper secondary education, can help engage students who find it easier to master general concepts and theories when they are connected to practical problems and know-how.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Yield risk is equal to or more important than the price risk for farmers. Although the significance of the negative correlation between price and yield in stabilizing income is analyzed in the following section, any stabilization policy should take into consideration the degree of price-yield correlations. Moreover, the correlation of risk across farms is also an important dimension of risk at the farm level and affects the insurability of risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This is not an easy task when class size varies greatly due to the existence of rural or remote schools. Difficulties also emerge in the consideration of students’ and schools’ needs in the formula (e.g. curriculum requirements, school equipment, students’ learning pace). A balance needs to be struck between a simple formula, which might fail to capture everything, and a sophisticated formula, which might be difficult to understand and adjustment might result in unexpected and unwelcomed results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Finally, information on financing and exit is limited for the earlier periods. This includes their full name, current position title, education (degree and subject studied), employment history, the university in which they studied, and gender. This information has been complemented and cross-validated with data taken from Breschi et al. ( The sample is, thus, restricted to companies for which the gender of at least one founder, co-founder, or CEO is reported. Roughly half of the start-ups in the sample have a single founder, in which case it is straightforward to categorize a start-up as “female-led” or “male-led”. Some of the start-ups in our sample have multiple founders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
More generally, upon comparing the performance of emerging economies with the OECD average, one should bear in mind that OECD countries are a highly diverse group and the average may conceal large differences among them. This falls to 11.7% if one excludes India and Egypt. Calculations based on data from ten countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Mexico, Peru, the Russian Federation and Turkey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Guidelines are widely used by government agencies, for all federal dietary guidance, and food assistance programmes (Toole and Kuchler, 2015), as well as by consumers and diet-related industries (USDA, 2015). The ICHRN also put in place the HNRIM system to record and track all nutrition research projects performed or funded by the Federal Government. Advancing bioenergy technologies has been an important objective for both the USDA and the DOE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At the same time, beneficiaries are more likely to access health and education services (Devereux et al., The number of direct support beneficiaries of has fluctuated between 1.0 million and 1.3 million over this period and accounted for 13.9% of total RPSNP beneficiaries in 2016/17, down from 22.7% in 2014/15. The number of public works beneficiaries rose from 4.0 million in 2004/05 to 6.0 million in 2005/06, fell to 4.0 million in 2014/15 and rebounded to 6.9 million in 2015/16.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
National gender institutions and the gender mainstreaming strategies and practices they develop, implement, co-ordinate and promote are of vital importance in achieving gender-equal societies globally. Bolster the capacities, mandates, authorities and resources of central gender institutions and gender focal points across the government to facilitate a consistent response throughout government to develop and implement gender-sensitive and responsive programmes, policies and laws across sectors. These should be supported by effective oversight mechanisms for the implementation of gender equality reforms, including relevant legislative committees, supreme audit institutions and/or independent commissions. This can be particularly important in government departments that may not identify their portfolio as having gendered dimensions, such as defence and trade ministries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Transport: integrated public transport infrastructure, electric vehicles, hydrogen-fuelled vehicles and supply infrastructures. Water: mobile water treatment technology, wastewater technology, advanced metering infrastructure. Buildings: sustainable building technology, passive housing. Agriculture: sustainable agriculture technology, bio-based products and processing, low-input processing and storage technologies, horticulture techniques, irrigation technologies, bio-organometallics. Other: marine vibroseis, artificial photosynthesis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Secondly, government procurement of sustainable goods and services would send strong signals to market players supplying government, which can help the market to get used to new specifications (OECD, 2012). The government’s public procurement database, to which all prospective government suppliers are required to register, could start to introduce green considerations. While challenging initially, trials in sustainable public procurement of vehicles, buildings, equipment and supplies could be launched, and there are international networks that can support this.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For each of the NAP’s priority sectors, the United Kingdom then assesses whether there is a policy in place to address the sector’s key climate risk (which may or may not be listed in the NAP), and provides an assessment of this policy’s implementation, as well as an evaluation of whether action to date has contributed to reducing the sector’s vulnerability to climate change (Figure 3). Output-based indicators capture the implementation of adaptation policies [and] show that governments and other stakeholders have kept word, but they do not show if vulnerability has been reduced.” A national-level adaptation framework is important as national governments play an essential role in facilitating adaptation through agenda setting, planning and budgeting (Cimato and Mullan, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Olmstead (2013) suggests that “while water prices, on the whole, do not seem to be higher in more arid regions, water marketing is more prevalent in arid regions. In a Coasian sense, the mere existence of the potential gains from trading water creates pressure for trade to occur, so long as the property rights are clearly assigned.” In Chile, Australia and the Western US, water trading has evolved in direct response to scarcity (Olmstead 2013). The National Water Code established in Chile in 1981 separated water rights from land rights and allowed the water rights to be traded. The response has been significant in the north-Central region (Bauer 2004). In Australia, water trading was introduced over the course of three decades, beginning in 1983 with South Australia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Some producers may store grain to sell at a later date, probably with a better price, but small farmers usually cannot afford their own storage and drying facilities. From the farm, wheat may be delivered to grain elevators for drying, cleaning and storing, or to mills. An increase in flour exports during the 2000s resulted in the milling industry gaining in importance as a buyer of domestic wheat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the panel, the units of analysis are the Brazilian states during the period from 1995 to 2009. Section II reviews the Brazilian and international literature on the triangular relationship between poverty, economic growth and inequality, and offers a brief history of inequality in Brazil. Section III provides theoretical definitions of income-poverty and inequality-poverty elasticities. Section IV discusses the database, while section V introduces the econometric model and its estimation methods and presents an analysis of the results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Important changes to the health system have occurred as a result of the country's Economic Adjustment Programme but, despite plans to transfer more powers to regional health authorities the health system remains highly centralised. There is a persistent gender gap in life expectancy of five years between women and men, as well as social inequality, with a four-year difference according to educational attainment. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke and lung cancer continue to have a Years o to 20 major impact on mortality, but transport accident deaths have fallen sharply. In contrast, alcohol consumption per adult has declined and is considerably below the EU average, as is binge drinking. While obesity rates among adults (17%) are only slightly higher than the EU average, almost a quarter of 15-year-olds are overweight or obese, the second highest rate among EU countries. This is 8.4% of GDP but, in the context of a shrinking economy, health spending has declined significantly since 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Sustainable practices need to be introduced to reduce the stress on natural resources in the region. The state government is providing incentives to housing developers to adopt the Green Building Index (GBI) in order to retain the UNESCO World Heritage status. The Penang Transport Council was established in 2009 to improve public transport by moving people instead of cars, but the absence of public transport operators in the council limits its impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)