albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
We evaluate which industries are at risk of carbon leakage. We will do this by evaluating the cost implication by looking at the energy intensity of all industries. If the energy intensity in a specific industry is low, the industry is deemed to be at no risk of carbon leakage, because their production costs would not change much. If it is high, we deem the industry at risk of carbon leakage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Data limitations did not allow for the inclusion of agricultural machinery. This index is a sub-component of the World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index. These indices, drawn from Kee, Nicita and Olarreaga (2009), provide the best country coverage available to date for both tariffs and NTMs. Their computation is described in more detail in Annex 2. The advantage of weighted indicators of trade barriers is that they give a more realistic view of the actual constraints faced by individual countries in practice. However, a key drawback is that such indicators mask the impact of prohibitive tariffs and, more generally, tend to give a lower weight to a barrier, the higher it is.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Finns are not Ihe least bit apologetic about their focus on preparing people for an economy in which creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship will continue to be drivers of progress. Reforms like these take the basic features of the system as given. The Finnish reforms, by contrast, especially Ihe creation of the comprehensive school, created a sector that functioned in a radically different way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
One WRC equals 1 000 gallons of water restored to rivers and streams that are certified by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation as being critically dewatered. Similar to carbon offset payments, WRCs allow purchasing water and environmental benefits independent of the location (so-called offsite mitigation) - as respective mitigation options might not be in place where the damage takes place. While only 2% of the customers decided to support the system, the generated income provides almost 6% of the Deschutes River Conservancy’s budget for leasing water rights. In particular, opportunities for replication and scale up need to be assessed, taking account of institutional and other requisites which drive the capacity of each tool to deliver.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article explicitly connects a growing body of specific literature, the political ecology of conservation, to some of the often overlooked, main conceptual components emerging from political anthropology and geography (sources of legitimacy, governmentality, territoriality, or state making), political economy (commoditization, market integration, niche markets, or gentrification), and cultural studies of the environment (cultural transformations of nature, cultural heritage and landscapes, taste, and identity politics). All these concepts and literary fields are at the basis of the contemporary social analysis of conservation policies and their consequences. The article also provides an updated large bibliography on the concepts potentially relevant to a political ecology of conservation.  Key Words: conservation, governmentality, taste, nature, commoditization of nature, territoriality
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Under the recent reforms the majority of commissioning is from public providers, principally NHS Foundation Trusts, but commissioning authorities are allowed to buy services from “Any Qualified Provider”, including private and non-governmental providers. “ Any Qualified Provider”, which w'as introduced starting from April 2012, gives patients the power to choose from a list of approved service providers - NHS, private and voluntary - for care that would then be paid for by their commissioning authority (for further details see Department of Health, 201 If, Department of Health,, 201 lg, NHS, 2013). There are 12 “Special Health Authorities”, which provide a particular health service to the whole of England, for example the NHS Blood and Transport Authority and the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE). These bodies are independent from the NHS governance system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Prevention in public policy is much discussed but rarely theorized. This article begins with a theoretical framework for reflecting on the political economy of prevention in advanced capitalist economies that integrates the analysis of preventive policies across the social, environmental and economic domains. The next two sections survey prevention initiatives in social policy and climate change policy, respectively. These mainly focus on the last three decades and are based mainly on UK evidence. The article then considers the relative absence of prevention in contemporary economic policy and management: today's neo-liberal economic and political order powerfully constrains preventive public policy. The final section outlines an alternative social political economy that prioritizes preventive and precautionary policy making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The driving force was the oil boom which made available more revenues for public support, as well as raising concerns about lack of economic diversification. This marked the turn to an active policy to promote agricultural growth. The Ministry of Agriculture’s share of the total national budget went from 2.5% in 2001 to 6.5% in 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
ABSTRACTWhile the number of American jihadi terrorist attacks remains relatively rare, terrorist plots thwarted by law enforcement have increased since September 11, 2001. Although these law enforcement blocks of would-be terrorists are considered counterterrorism triumphs by the FBI, human rights and civil liberty watch groups have conversely suggested that those who plan for attacks alongside government informants and undercover agents may be unique and essentially dissimilar from terrorists. Underlying this debate is the empirical question of how planned yet unsuccessful attacks and their plotters compare to successful terrorist homicides and their perpetrators. The current study addresses this question by comparatively examining jihadi terrorist homicides and unsuccessful plots occurring in part or wholly on U.S. soil between 1990 and 2014. Data for this study come from the U.S. Extremist Crime Database (ECDB), an open-source database with information on terrorism and extremist crimes. Based on these ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The results present several clear opportunities for green growth and call for urgent policy actions. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This is further exacerbated by land-use plans and zoning ordinances of some LGUs being outdated and needing revision to bridge the gap between what is planned and what is built.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Where such support existed, it was fragmented with no real collaboration across higher education institutions in the region. The Higher Education Innovation Fund (HEIF) model in the UK could serve as a source of inspiration (see Chapter 5). A strategy with emphasis on endogenous development of traditional industry that is engaged in R&D would better serve the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Experimentation and innovative mechanisms, such as regulatory sandboxes, can help policymakers design appropriate regulatory frameworks. A variety of factors can constrain diffusion of technology. To improve access, it is important to identify binding constraints—be they absorptive capacities and the digital skills gap, lack of economic incentives, social and cultural factors, or issues related to intellectual property rights (IPRs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
With the dissolution of collective farming in the early 1980s, however, the central government adopted a laissez-faire policy toward the governance of rural communities, and the rural health care system was progressively abandoned. By 1993, only about 10% of China’s rural population had health insurance, and farmers who became sick either spent down family savings to purchase health care or forwent medical services altogether. Indeed, health care expenses caused 2.5% of households to fall below the poverty line in 1995 (Gustafsson and Li, 2003), and 22% of poor households attributed their poverty to illness or injury in 1998 (Ministry of Health, 1999).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
During the past two decades, the public bureaucracy in Malaysia has undergone substantial reforms. Broadly aimed at excellence in the public service, these recent reforms are in many respects similar to those introduced in other countries under the new paradigm of “managerialism”. This article analyses the present trends of reforms in Malaysia and comments on some concerns and emerging issues. It shows that while these reforms have generally improved the delivery of public services, public administration in Malaysia continues to suffer from such problems as a weak system of accountability, growing incidence of corruption and mismanagement, absence of decentralisation and community participation, and non‐enforcement of rules and regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
People with preferential reimbursement status have lower co-payments (Box 2). The third-party payment system is gradually being enlarged to improve access to ambulatory care, notably for vulnerable people. Since July 2015, patients with preferential reimbursement status only pay co-payments for GP consultations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Approaches must address both specific barriers that impede girls’ and women’s participation in sport and the often complex intersections of gender-specific issues and other markers of disadvantage, such as disability, ethnicity and socio-economic status (Jeanes et al. The provision of competitive and non-competitive sporting activities that are attractive to girls and women also requires intentional planning (Bailey et al. In some contexts, girls and women can benefit from specific opportunities that enable them to participate in environments that are safe and supportive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
An online survey experiment spanning 50 countries finds sizable improvements in tax morale when (a) the salience of anti-corruption efforts is increased and (b) citizens are allowed to voice their expenditure preferences to the government. These results hold very broadly across a uniquely large and diverse sample of respondents from all continents. The findings are consistent with theories emphasizing the role of democratic accountability, as well as of perceptions of legitimacy and "retributive justice," in generating voluntary tax compliance. Implications and avenues for further research are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article examines the substance behind the claim that Cape Verde, a small archipelago state off the west coast of Africa, is the best country in Africa for political rights and civil liberties. Based on interviews conducted with 22 key informants in government, the judiciary, the legislature and civil society, it explores the electoral process, the political parties, the functioning of the National Assembly, civil and political rights, the judicial system, civil society and economic equality. It finds that Cape Verde's unique geography and history have played a key role in facilitating good governance, and an open and non-violent society that values the real political gains of 1991. However, democracy has not yet eradicated either gender discrimination, dependence on the diaspora or poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is a result of a year-long data collection and deliberation with experts of the national governments, NGOs, international organizations and academia from a broad range of relevant fields including but not limited to gender, ICT, e-Govemment, public and social services. Among others, Gurumurthy, Nandini and Saloranta from IT for Change have put forth by far one of the most comprehensive policy recommendations to be included in the post-2015 global development agenda. The following summarizes the key content of their report. The Post-2015 agenda therefore, both in terms of goals and related targets and indicators, has to promote and measure women's participation in the information society and their access to and effective use of the Internet and ICTs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
We decided to finally enforce this with the 2018 law on Equal Pay Certification, which requires organizations employing 25 or more people to obtain annual certification of their equal pay system and its implementation. A key aspect of our approach was to transfer responsibility for equal pay from employees to the employer and to establish a supportive institutional mechanism for gender pay equity at the organizational level. As a HeforShe Champion, I am proud to support the movement of new equal pay policies worldwide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The cross-country results presented here show that most aspects of governance affect transition and non-transition economies differently. For governments in transition, more regulation, greater voice and accountability, heightened government effectiveness, and stronger rule of law surprisingly matter very little. What matters most for these transition economies is political stability and insulating the country's business environment from corruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article offers a qualitative content analysis of the print news media coverage of Proposal 2, an anti–affirmative action ballot initiative that passed on November 7, 2006. Our purpose was to determine what type of information on the initiative and affirmative action was available to the public. Results indicate that little substantive information to inform voters appeared in the print news. We argue that an inclusive and deliberative democracy requires education researchers to link with media sources to provide citizens with rich, research‐based information on education policy issues. Similar initiatives were debated in five states during the fall of 2008, and others are slated for the 2010 ballot, which suggests an urgent need for timely contributions from researchers and media sources alike.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The indicator may be broken down by sex. Own-account workers and contributing family members are regarded as especially vulnerable as they have by definition no formal work arrangements and are therefore more likely to have a low degree of job security and to lack access to social security. The indicator provides information on the informalization of labor markets, which may be associated with increasing and persistent poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While the developed countries in the Asia-Pacific region face similar conditions to OECD countries, such as Japan, Republic of Korea or Australia, many developing countries from the Asia-Pacific region face rather different challenges due to their different institutional, social, economic and political frameworks. However, one of the main challenges for developing countries is the mobilization of domestic resources, and thus revenue-neutral reform of the tax system is less relevant. Institutional challenges, such as weak governance, limited capacity and inadequate or missing data, also influence the kind of instruments developing countries can implement and enforce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In a subsequent infringement suit, the Federal Circuit found that the claim had been narrowed in scope to the use of HPMC as release agent. Generic competitors were free to use buproprion hydrochloride in combination with release agents other than HPMC. A claim “comprising” elements A and B is open in its literal meaning to an additional element C, as long as C does not modify the overall character of the invention. Third parties producing a generic substitute comprising elements A, B, and C are therefore likely to be held liable for infringement of the literal scope of the patent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Supreme Court oral arguments may reveal the justices' views of fundamental political and social issues — including, in the case of the Affordable Care Act, what it means to ensure liberty and where the proper balance lies between judicial activism and deference to Congress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Practice models need to be innovative, with more scope and greater diversity. The poor take-up of some rural relocation incentives, despite two waves of reform, reinforces the international evidence base suggesting that financial incentives are often limited in their capacity to change preferences for where doctors work. Many Australian universities have taken the lead in encouraging student doctors to gain experience in rural areas. There is scope to make this obligatory, for instance in the form of compulsory rural rotations as part of medical internships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Defining child poverty in South Africa using the socially perceived necessities approach' in A. Minujin and S. Nandy (eds), Global Child Poverty and Well-being: Measurement, Concepts, Policy and Action, Studies in Poverty, Inequality and Social Exclusion Series, Bristol: Policy Press, pp. Multidimensional Poverty Orderings', DELTA Working Paper No. The Measurement of Multidimensional Poverty', in Journal of Economic Inequality, pp. Overlaps in dimensions of Poverty', in Journal of Social Policy, 32, 4, 513-525, Cambridge University Press.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Significant progress in the development of an effective management system for protected areas has been made since 2008 in Sarajevo Canton. The cantonal Ministry of Physical Planning and Environmental Protection has adopted a new system of management for three established protected areas: natural monuments Vrelo Bosne and Scacovac and protected landscape Biambare. All three protected areas were transferred for management purposes to the newly established Directorate for Protected Areas (a public institution under the control of the Ministry), currently with 22 staff, to be expanded to 29.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
One of these was the production of dirt bricks to generate employment, particularly among NEET youth in the construction industry. The enterprise focuses on a type of brick that can be produced by using 80 percent local resources instead of cement and a machine that does not require electricity. Dirt bricks cost 20 percent less than ordinary bricks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Figure 12 illustrates the yield effects in the OECD when each of the five R&D and water management adaptation scenarios are combined with the Reference scenario and with each of the four climate change yield scenarios discussed in Section 3 (the Alternative SSP scenario is not included). The largest price decreases for any specific commodity occurs in the R&D scenarios, which assume increases in maize and wheat yields. The price for maize decreases by more than 4% in the technology transfer scenario.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
All ECOWAS countries appear to be both countries of immigration and emigration, but CSte d’Ivoire and Ghana attract the highest number of immigrants from other ECOWAS countries (ICMPD, IOM, and ECOWAS. Gender roles describe the behaviours, tasks and responsibilities that a society considers appropriate for women and men, boys and girls, whereas gender relations are the ways in which a society defines the rights, responsibilities and identities of men and women in relation to one another (FAO web resources on gender accessed on 2 March 2016). Both are learned, socially constructed, and influenced by class, age, caste, ethnicity and religion, among other factors (FAO, 2011b, Leach, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As with the NFP programme, the stimulation programme improved internalising behaviour (Walker et al., The stimulation intervention also improved earnings by 33% at age 22 (Gertler et al., The Perry Preschool programme enriched the lives of 3- and 4-year-old low-income black children with initial IQs below 85 at age three.11 They attended two-and-a-half-hours of centre-based preschool five days a week for two years. In addition, home visits promoted parent-child relationships. The programme ended after two years of enrolment, and both treatment and control groups entered the same school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Phased implementation may be one strategy that can be employed, along with managing shortterm adjustment costs and building capabilities to exploit opportunities generated through trade. Of the roughly 3 billion people worldwide that have jobs, some 1.65 billion have regular wages or salaries, while another 1.4 billion work in farming, small household enterprises or as casual or seasonal day labor. The latter make up the majority of workers in the poorest countries, although there is little data on employment in many of the poorest countries, complicating analysis of their situation. The creation of jobs for those who want to work is critical, and as discussed in this report trade can drive the economic growth that delivers jobs along with the reallocation of people to better jobs, and improving aspects of the work people do.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, some doubts have been raised regarding the exogeneity of such instruments, as they indeed appear to be associated with economic growth (Taylor, 1998, Sachs and Warner, 2001, Klasen, 2002). Klasen (2002) uses the fertility rate in 1960, its growth and government spending on education to instrument gender gaps in education. This paper assumes that this influence should operate with a lag.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By improving the understanding of what climate finance is, and tracking its flows, it can help countries integrate and mainstream climate change considerations into fiscal policy, expenditure planning and programming and to align national climate policies with development policies and budgets. The information and analysis from CPIERs can also provide a useful basis for a more open and transparent discussion on climate-related activities and finance. To date, CPEIRs have been carried out in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal, Thailand, Samoa and Indonesia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In contrast, in 1976, half of all Governments in less developed regions did not intervene to influence fertility and one in three had policies to lower fertility (table III. By 1996, one in four Governments in less developed regions did not intervene to influence fertility, whereas more than half had policies to lower fertility. Between 1996 and 2013, the percentage of Governments in less developed regions that did not intervene to influence fertility declined further to just 12 per cent, but the percentage of those with policies to lower fertility remained mostly unchanged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The patterns are very similar, with the exception of a few cases. For Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of Congo, the contribution to the total deprivation level in the region is smaller when using the deprivation ratio, H (17% and 12%) than when using the adjusted deprivation ratio Mo (20% and 13%, respectively). This is because the adjusted deprivation ratio takes into account that the average number of deprivations children in these countries experience is relatively higher compared to other countries with a similar deprivation headcount ratio. For Nigeria, on the other hand, the contribution to the total deprivation level of the selected countries is slightly smaller when using the adjusted deprivation ratio Mo than when using the deprivation headcount ratio H (17% vs. 18%) due to the differences in the average intensity of deprivation across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)