albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Stronger efforts are needed to improve the productivity and innovation in traditional industry and services to create new businesses and better jobs that will benefit all population groups. This could be achieved through encouraging the colleges to build their R&D and innovation capacity, strengthening human capital development and vocational education, building up entrepreneurial skills among students and enhancing links between higher education institutions and industry. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The national policy frameworks for innovation largely operate on an aspatial basis and have a high-tech focus.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This reduction resulted in a decrease in the average annual exposure level of urban residents to outdoor PM from 46 to 36 pg/m3 over 2000-11 (World Bank, 2015).11 Annual average concentrations remain above this level in several metropolitan areas, however, and peak concentrations still regularly exceed national air quality standards in many cities. Rio de Janeiro, among the cities with the greatest traffic congestion problems, registered the highest levels of PM10 exposure in 2010: both the highest annual mean concentration (67 pg/m3) and highest peak concentration (574 pg/m3) among monitored cities. In Sao Paulo, PM10 concentrations decreased over the 2000s, but the city faces high 03: concentration levels exceeded the national eight-hour average quality standard 257 times in 2010, or more than 70% of the year (IBGE, 2013). Estimates suggest that in the states of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro alone, 135 000 people died from diseases caused by air pollution over 2006-11 (ISS, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Trust between the lay public and scientific experts is a key element to ensuring the efficient implementation of emergency public health measures. In modern risk societies, the management and elimination of risk have become preeminent drivers of public policy. In this context, the protection of public trust is a complex task. Those actors involved in public health decision-making and implementation (e.g., mass vaccination for influenza A virus) are confronted with growing pressures and responsibility to act. However, they also need to accept the limits of their own expertise and recognize the ability of lay publics to understand and be responsible for public health. Such a shared responsibility for risk management, if grounded in participative public debates, can arguably strengthen public trust in public health authorities and interventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Successful environmental policy making relies on robust environmental information systems. The provision of such systems can be expensive, and the relevant costs need to be taken into account in the consideration of policies in different areas. In complex areas of policy making, where the stakes are high, it is to be expected that much of the evidence itself will be contested by stakeholders for whom it is inconvenient, and considerable efforts will be made to generate “evidence” which is more convenient for the interests concerned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The United States Supreme Court has recently ruled in the Janus Case that the agency shop (mandatory dues check-off) imposed by Illinois law on state employees violates the freedom of expression and association guaranteed by the US Constitution. This decision underscores the profoundly different status enjoyed by the Rand Formula in Canada, where it is considered an essential element of the nation-wide Wagner-type collective bargaining system. Not only is it permitted everywhere, legislation has made it mandatory, in one way or another, in a majority of Canadian jurisdictions, including Quebec. Furthermore, almost 30 years ago, the Supreme Court of Canada recognized that mandatory dues check-off did not interfere with the freedom of association or expression protected by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is a different distribution across specialisations, one with the highest level of satisfaction among employers (for both technical and basic skills) recorded in the medical sector (Table 5.1). In no specialty in Egypt were graduates’ basic skills assessed as “strong” by employers according to the survey presented in the background report (SPU-MoHE, 2012). Adapted from Strategic Planning Unit-Ministry of Higher Education of Egypt (SPU-MoHE) (2012), Post-secondary Vocational Education and Training in Egypt. Two factors emerging from international evidence argue for systematic screening of literacy and numeracy difficulties among VET students: many people are unaware of their problems, and some of those who are aware of them may be reluctant to admit them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article first provides a background note on international human rights law in general and health as a human right in particular, as well as on the interpretation of human rights conventions. Access to medication is closely connected to the notion of economic, social and cultural rights. Some authors argue that this category of human rights is of doubtful legal relevance at best, an objection that will be treated under the heading of “justiciability”. Finally the article discusses the right to access to medication in detail, proceeding in the order of the sources recognized by international law as stated in Article 38 of the Statute of the ICJ, international conventions, customary international law and general principles of law. The scope of the obligations imposed by each of the legal sources is dealt with separately. Equally relevant is the question whether access to medication is guaranteed under general international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
First and foremost, the depleted state of many fisheries means that rebuilding these stocks can lead to higher future harvests. The value to the consumer of fisheries products will also continue to increase as new products and new markets emerge notably through innovation. Processors and other value-chain participants will find new' uses for what is currently wasted. Fishers will continue to reduce their costs, improve their efficiency and productivity and earn a greater return from their efforts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The fiscal stance remains viable, with a manageable overall balance deficit equal to 2.9% of GDP (3.7% in 2014). By the end of 2015, official foreign-exchange reserves had remained comfortable at an estimated US dollar (USD) 809 million, or 6.8% of non-extractive imports (5.5 months of imports), against USD 639.1 million in 2014, or 4.7 months of imports. The tertiary sector’s share of GDP continued growing to reach 44.8%, its highest ever.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This paper analyzes the relationship between the violence against journalists in Mexico and the structural context of the state order that allows this violence and the impunity of crimes. We explain how in the Mexican state system, beyond institutional reforms that aim to improve processes of democratization with mechanisms of accountability, another set of extralegal mechanisms operate, which function as containment of reforms and preserve power relations based on concentration, opacity, hoarding of opportunities and freedoms. In this context, the practice of vigilant journalism, as a social accountability of governmental actions, constitutes a dangerous practice insofar as it threatens the established de facto order, being the object of persecution and violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is not surprising against the background of the economic, cultural and political changes, but rather a normal part of the continuous change of society in general. Today families comprise married and unmarried parents who raise their children together or alone including stepparents, adoptive parents and foster-parents. They all have the sa m e right to protection and assistance even if they do not succeed in living together as a family. The expression 'diverse families’ encompasses, for example, single-parent families, families headed by women, intergenerational families including, among others, grandparents, families headed by children, such as orphans or street children, families comprising lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) persons, extended families, self-created and self-defined families, families without children, families of divorced persons, polygamous families, and non-tradi-tional families resulting from interreligious, intercommunity or inter-caste marriages. For example, the lACtHR has noted that.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Internet plays an increasingly important role in the political communication between citizens and institutions of the European Union. There are the potentials and constraints of the Internet in terms of mediating or facilitating the communication processes for citizens. The World Wide Web may contribute to the democratization of the Union.  Nonetheless it appears that the right communication policy of the EU institutions is essential in this context. The results of content analysis of the European Commission’s websites allowed to indicate main trends in the EU communications. Application of such techniques as simplifi cation, visualization, personalization, dramatization and polarization redounds to the changes in political communication in the EU. Prevalence of techniques that aim to increase communication attractiveness – being in thrall to the rules of marketing – may have a negative impact on civic participation in the political processes in the EU and also on the institution of European citizenship
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These include improved school enrolment rates (particularly for girls, as the burden on girls of collecting fuel wood is reduced), access to information and communication technologies (telephony, Internet), and an increased ability of rural communities to retain doctors, teachers and other professionals as it improves living standards. Moreover, there are positive linkages between electrification and accelerated economic growth and employment generation, economic diversification and industrialization. While the first makes a direct contribution to better living standards and has several social dividends, only the second allows the fully-fledged economic and social transformations required to generate development spirals (figure 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Another goal is to put in place cost-recovery tariffs to reflect the real value of water and discourage waste. To complement this goal, the Strategy highlights the need for demand-side management, including raising consumer awareness about the value of water. The programme involved residential communities and private companies on a voluntary basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There were also more unintended births among first-order births than among subsequent births. Logistic regression results show that compared with mothers of intended births, mothers of mistimed and unwanted births were more likely to have attempted to abort their pregnancy. Mothers of mistimed births are also less likely to have begun prenatal care within the first trimester of pregnancy than mothers of intended births.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For the purpose of interpreting a treaty, the’context'of a treaty entails "in addition to the text, including its preamble and annexes": (i) any agreement or instrument in connection with the conclusion of the treaty and related to it (article 31(2) VCLT), (ii) any subsequent agreement and practice regarding the interpretation of the treaty (article 3i(3)(a)(b)), and (iii) any relevant rules of international law applicable in relations between the parties (article 3i(3)(c)). For example, in interpreting the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Canadian Supreme Court makes use of the ‘living tree doctrine'. As stated by Chief Justice Antonio Lamer in Re B.C. Motor Vehicle Act, "If the newly planted ‘living tree' which is the Charter is to have the possibility of growth and adjustment over time, care must be taken to ensure that historical materials, such as the Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence of the Special Joint Committee, do not stunt its growth".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Under them, cash is transferred to families in conditions of extreme poverty (Cecchini and Martinez, 2011). Continuing progress in coverage and investment has resulted in coverage rates of close to a quarter of the population of the region and investment levels equivalent to half a point of GDP. Figures 111.10 and III.ll show the differing levels of success. Figure III.ll shows coverage of the poor instead of the total population, assuming perfect targeting of benefits for the former.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Proponents of the idea of generic skills, such as problem solving, regard them as being ‘context/domain independent’. On the contrary, it has been argued that “the ability to solve any given problem, above and beyond the most simple, relies on expertise and specialist bodies of knowledge” (Keep and Payne, 2004: 58). Finally, the widespread adoption in policy circles and by industry of the concept of generic skills may have the unintended adverse consequence of undermining workforce innovation capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The monitoring of priority substances in sediments and biota is lacking. The same applies to an emissions inventory and losses of priority substances and other relevant pollutants. Very frequently, especially when it comes to the development of the RBMP, die "expert assessment" approach is used for assessing the status of water bodies, and this "expert assessment" is not subsequently confirmed, which can be interpreted as deterioration of the status of the w'ater body.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Chungcheongnam-do and Jeju-do have benefitted from overall population growth. In the 15 years between 2000 and 2015, metropolitan areas, defined as functional urban areas with 500 000 - 1.5 million residents, experienced the fastest population growth with an approximately 18% increase, on average, over the period. Large metropolitan and medium-sized urban areas grew by 9% and 7%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In countries where contributory pension coverage is low and stratified, low-income women are often excluded twice: they lack both a retirement pension benefit of their own (for performing unpaid or informal work over their lifetimes) and a derived pension from their husbands (for being married to or cohabiting with an informal worker). As a result, in countries with incomplete and stratified coverage, derived benefits may end up increasing the total transfer that the state makes to formally employed (often higher income) families. Benefits have been cut or significantly reduced, or they are being phased out, their duration restricted, or eligibility subjected to a means test (Saraceno and Keck 2011). Countries that have adopted NDC pension systems have continued to cover widows with a separate PAYG defined benefit scheme or have eliminated survivor benefits altogether (James 2012: 26). In Sweden, the widow’s pension was abolished in 1990 for women born in 1945 or later and replaced by a readjustment benefit to last only one year for women and men under the age of 65.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Article examines the international legal framework for combating corruption in Africa. While supporting Africa's initiative for combating corruption, as represented in the African Union anti-corruption Convention, the Article contends that the tone and texture of the Convention is closer to power than justice. The Article argues that the war on corruption has made many inroads into the rule of law and human rights as to render both concepts almost meaningless. It urges states to battle terrorism from a higher legal and moral ground, by respecting customary, treaty, and domestic human rights standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article concerns the regulation of the terrorism financing offense. The text in a condensed and comprehensive way presents the evolution of this provision, its interpretation, as well as the impact of European regulations on it. The first chapter is a brief introduction. The second part describes the criminalization of these behaviors in the Polish Penal Code (Article 165a of the Penal Code). The last one is a short summary and a proposal of changes de lege ferenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the absence of any well laid out strategy, the focus of the implementation of the MDG agenda has often been on raising budgetary allocations for education, health and other basic social programmes. They were meant to be comprehensive and ensure greater coherence between economic and social policies and to serve in positioning donor support behind a nationally defined development strategy. However, PRSPs have been criticized for failing in practice to make macroeconomic, trade and financial policies integral and explicit parts of a strategy aiming to generate sufficient productive employment, reduce poverty and enhance access to social services (Gottschalk, 2005, North-South Institute, 2004, Stewart and Wang, 2003, and Vos and Cabezas, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Low-skilled labour is, according to the data at hand, traded within value chains more intensely than high-skilled labour, hence the recent overall positive effect of GVC participation on wage inequality. This latter result is consistent with the more general finding from the literature on inequality which finds that diffusion of knowledge and investment in training and skills are the main forces that can reduce income inequality (e.g. Piketty, 2014). University of Chicago Press, Chicago. World Economics, World Economics, Economic & Financial Publishing, London, Vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It also had a positive impact on classroom performance for children already in school. In Cambodia, an initiative providing scholarships to at-risk pupils from low-income households increased the average time they remained in school by more than half a grade.270 In Colombia, Ghana and Pakistan, cash transfers programmes have helped improve rates of transition to higher levels of education. For example, cash transfer programmes led to improved test scores for children in Burkina Faso and modest improvements in Morocco.27' Meanwhile, school feeding programmes have been linked to increased learning and cognitive development. In fact, the goals include a specific target on implementing nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures to achieve substantial coverage of the poor and vulnerable by 2030. However, countries can realize social protection by taking incremental approaches that work within their resource and capacity constraints - as well as their social and economic policy frameworks - towards the ultimate goal of universal coverage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, in Kenya, the paper manufacturer Chandaria Industries experienced savings of 40 per cent in energy, 48 percent in materials and 181 percent in water through involvement in the programme. Primary education is critical for developing a semi-skilled labour force. In low-income countries with large rural sectors, it can be vital for equipping farmers with the basic skills necessary to their being informed on and implementing sustainable agricultural and forestry practices. However, while the significance of achieving universal primary education is highlighted by its inclusion as a Millennium Development Goal, secondary, vocational and tertiary education are just as important in the field of green technology. Secondary education can provide core skills and knowledge needed for countries’ economic growth. Vocational schooling can be particularly useful in building technological competencies, successful vocational education also provides important links between education and industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This has led some authorities to seek detailed data from companies that may or may not be requested from other mobility service providers - or car drivers - on the same markets. Recent investigation of this data for New York City, for example, shows mixed results as far as the impact of ride services at an early stage of their deployment in that city (see Box 2). For this reason, some authorities are actively trialling partnerships with ride-sourcing companies in order to both lower the cost of public transport provision and to improve mobility outcomes for those who cannot, or choose not to, drive cars.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Distance is an important aspect of this indicator, but also the time context [i.e. weekdays vs. holidays). Such qualities include, wilderness/mystic, forest feeling, freedom, diversity/learning, culture, activity/challenge, and service/social. Since preferences differ among people, a diversity of qualities is preferred. The frequency of use will differ between different sites depending on population density, geography, season, recreation opportunities and experience values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Recently there has been greater interest from academics and practitioners in the role of ‘traditional’ justice mechanisms in politics of peace, reconciliation and transitional justice efforts after a period of large-scale human rights violations. However, this call for ‘culturally sensitive’ approaches remains at a rhetorical level. This article attempts to fill the knowledge gap of empirical local studies and focuses on post-conflict processes in Guatemala. It explores the actual and potential role of particularities of Mayan Q’eqchi’ culture in local social reconstruction processes after the internal armed conflict. Based on extensive ethnographic field research, the article explores how concepts of justice and reconciliation are locally and culturally understood. It uncovers the existence of multiple ways of understanding these concepts and further, the fact that they are perceived very differently from interpretations in international law and transitional justice studies. Impunity, as defined by inter...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Unemployment is included in this index because of the risk it implies of social exclusion and detachment from the lifestyle and the prevailing culture of society (Atkinson and others, 2002). Recent practice in the multidimensional measurement of poverty in the region has been to consider lack of access to social protection —in terms of health insurance coverage, affiliation to social protection schemes and receipt of pensions— as deprivation (see CONEVAL, 2010, Angulo Pardo Diaz and Finch, 2013, ECLAC, 2013). Households in which no member has any form of contributory insurance (based on mandatory or voluntary contributions from individuals) are considered to be deprived in respect of social protection. This cut-off is used for both social security and health, and has the advantage of using a constant delimiting criterion across the different indicators of social protection. Receipt of a non-contribution-based pension (such as a solidarity-based or basic pension) is thus insufficient to prevent an individual being considered deprived in respect of social security. This definition was adopted on the basis that, to a greater or lesser degree, fees in the health systems of all of the countries covered by this indicator are adjusted for purchasing power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)