albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In its general recommendation No. The Committee also noted that States should prohibit polygamous marriages as they contravene a woman's right to equality with men and can have serious emotional and financial consequences for her and her dependants. Women's campaigns for participation in the public and political arena date back to the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and continue today.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A recent study in Mozambique found stark differences in young children's mortality rates when the success of their fathers' migration (based on the mother's perception of net gains to the household) was factored in (Yabiku, Agadjanian, & Cau, 2012). Research in Malawi found that the 'absence' of a migrant parent varies because intervals between return visits range from a few months to several years, and many migrant parents remain closely involved with childcare from a distance (Carling &Tonnessen, 2013). Moreover, a migrant's remittances typically benefit child welfare by strengthening household finances, reducing reliance on child labour, and helping cover the costs of education, healthcare and other welfare-related expenses. It is often assumed that women who live close to their maternal relatives have greater access to support for their children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For instance, the Australian state of Victoria established a health promotion agency funded by tobacco taxes, and several US states (California, Massachusetts, Arizona, and Oregon) have hypothecated part of tobacco excise revenues for tobacco-related education and tobacco-control activities, alcohol revenue are used for alcohol-related education and prevention programs in New Jersey, Ohio, Texas (Sassi et al., Local taxes can be an important source of revenues, especially in decentralised health care systems (e.g. Denmark, Finland, Italy, Sweden).17 Local taxes have the advantage of creating a strong link between payers and health care service beneficiaries, thus potentially increasing accountability. In addition the level of local taxation may be set in line with local preferences about the level and quality of medical services. However, in the absence of a centrally managed risk-adjusted transfer mechanism, decentralisation lowers risk pooling and might result in larger interregional health disparities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This mobilisation is done through an authorised line. The amount can reach 100% of the debt. The mobilisation of foreign currency receivables can generally be carried out in Euros, United States dollars, British pounds, Swiss francs, and Japanese yen. It allows banks to negotiate with their correspondents who are responsible for the credit lines for financing imports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nor is it ideal to rely on flying medical practitioners in and out of remote communities, as this is a costly way to provide health services and does little to promote continuity of patient care. As discussed later in this chapter, overcoming resistance to change and the more strategic use of local health professionals already living in these communities will be key. High-performing health services demonstrating strong governance should be identified and given greater freedom to develop and implement innovative models of care promoting quality health services and good outcomes. One idea worthy of exploration is that of Earned Autonomy, which has been adopted in the United Kingdom (Box 4.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The report matches patents granted between 2000 and 2011 to administrative databases of firms and workers housed at the US Census Bureau, using inventor information in addition to the patent assignee firm name to improve on previous efforts linking patents to firms. Patenting is a relatively rare event among small firms, but most US patenting firms are nevertheless small, and patenting is not as rare an event for the youngest firms compared to the oldest firms. Patenting firms are more likely to create jobs in their first five to 15 years after grant, and less likely to destroy jobs longer term, than those without.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Groundwater accounted for nearly all of the irrigation withdrawals in Mississippi, and more than half the withdrawals in Florida, Louisiana, and Georgia. Although the scale of irrigation generally is much smaller in the north central, eastern, and southern states, public issues regarding water rights, allocation, and pricing are gaining importance in those regions as the demand for water increases due to population pressure, expansion of economic activity, and greater demand for environmental amenities derived from water resources (Elfner and McDowell, 2004, Petrie and Taylor, 2007). The average application of irrigation water in western states was about 6,100 m3 per hectare in 1998, as about 3,000 m3 per hectare were lost in conveyance. The USDA’s 2003 Farm and Ranch Irrigation Survey (FRIS) provides a relatively recent overview of irrigation water sources and costs, and irrigation methods used by farmers throughout the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There are no marked differences between the Western Balkan countries with respect to lifetime prevalence of drug abuse among school students aged 15-16 years, all estimates of lifetime illicit drug use falling between 4 per cent and 8 per cent, which is 2.5 times lower than the European average. The drug most commonly used is cannabis, between 2 per cent and 8 per cent of those surveyed reporting lifetime cannabis use—a range considerably lower than the 17 per cent European average. The relatively high annual prevalence of cannabis abuse (5.7 per cent) among the general population in Western and Central Europe has stabilized or in some cases decreased, in particular in countries where cannabis consumption is long-established.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It can also vary by skills level and is more likely to be lower for managerial levels than for line employees. In France, for example, an estimated 50 000 positions are unfilled in the sector at any one time, even though the number of tourism graduates is at a sufficient level to meet the vacancy rates. In Australia, the turnover rate is 64% and is more pronounced in regions where tourism is competing with other, higher paying sectors, notably the resources sector, while the job vacancy rate in tourism is 9%, almost five times the rate for the overall economy (2%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
With domestic production more or less tracking domestic consumption, imports of butter and skim milk powder remain stable at low levels while imports of cheese and whole milk powder decline slightly. Dairy is mostly consumed in fresh or lightly processed form and during the next ten years, will account for a stable share of 53% of Brazilian milk production. At 84 kg/p in 2024 Brazil’s per capita consumption of fresh dairy products is projected to be comparable to values in North America.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In some cases, local authorities participate in the activities of joint bodies (this is true, in particular, for joint bodies involving the Russian Federation), which helps to focus cooperation on the needs of boundary regions and contributes to implementation at the local level. However, environment, fishery, health, energy, hydrometeorology, economy and finance authorities at best participate in the activities of a joint body on a case-by-case basis or in the framework of selected working groups. The Statute of the Chu-Talas Commission, approved in 2006, may therefore be considered a positive practice in this respect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For some countries, estimates of funds channelled through multilateral organisations are based on data from the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, www.aidflows.oro and websites of other multilateral organisations. The data include only development-related contributions. Local resources - financing from a country through multilateral organisations earmarked to programmes within that same country - are excluded. Moreover, as for reporting countries, coefficients are applied to core contributions to multilateral organisations that do not exclusively work in countries eligible for receiving ODA. These coefficients reflect the developmental part of the multilateral organisations' activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Sustainability in economic development is fundamentally linked to human well-being which should be fairly reflected in freedom. This normative concern has been the thematic phenomenon in scholarly discussions advocated by many egalitarians. The well-being of tea estate community in Sri Lanka has been in various stakeholder discussions as their socio-economic freedom is exogenously determined and controlled. Ironically, this situation has evidenced a substantial adverse impact on their present work performance and future workforce participation symbolizing the labor problem within the tea estate community. Grounded on the theoretical foundation of Amartya Senâ€™s capability approach and, authorsâ€™ mixed method field surveys, this paper discusses the importance of enhancing justice within this community by improving their freedom to access better complex capabilities such as social status and independence. Although, the outcomes of the positivistic study provided with adequate evidence for the above claim, our qualitative inquiry confirmed and witnessed the aforementioned subjective reality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Scientific studies have calculated that the production of one pair of jeans requires around 8000 litres of water (Water Footprint Network, 2012). Few people realise that when buying a pair of new jeans they are in fact using up as much water as they would normally be drinking over a period of almost 11 years (assuming that an average person drinks two litres of water per day). Similar calculations show for example that the production of one cup of coffee requires 130 litres of water (Water Footprint Network, 2012). Few couples that are getting married know that between 4 to 100 tonnes of rock (Valdivia & Ugaua 2012) had to be mined in order to provide the 10 grams of gold needed to make two plain wedding rings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The average age is 54 years. Over the last 20 years, the area of maturing, mature and older forest stands has been steadily expanding, which is mainly due to a change in the regulation of allowable annual volumes of timber harvesting. However, this area is still small and forests composition in terms of age structure needs to be evened by at least 10 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Portability of services is discussed in depth in Chapter 5. In this section, portability of insurance affiliation and portability of information is discussed. Portability of insurance affiliation is important because a large percentage of Mexicans switch between schemes during the course of a year if their employment status changes, which may affect their access to care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The OECD (2008) reports that changes in household structure and the age distribution of the population have tended to increase income inequality in most countries but by a small amount: only in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom did demographic change contribute to over 20% of the change in inequality. Data refer to all households, irrespectively of the age of the household head. Poverty thresholds are set at 50% of the median income of the entire population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
From a gender perspective, Paulgaard points out that the labour markets of the fishing villages have been highly gender-segregated in terms of the existence of "male jobs" and "female jobs", however, the new business opportunities have led to the male population of the peripheral areas now working in the service industry in former "female jobs": "That boys and girls are doing the same jobs indicates change, because traditional boundaries between women and men's work are being crossed. But the fact that young people are still working represents continuity with the past" (Paulgaard 2002: 102). When Paulgaard refers to continuity with traditions, she refers to the expectations of young adults to participate in adult culture, thus these fishing villages traditionally have no actual youth culture. As described earlier, Paulgaard (2015) concludes that in some of Norway's peripheral areas school is still 'foreign', a time waster stealing time from young adults who should instead spend their time on what is considered to be "real" work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, in the case of Karner v. Austria,"’ the European Court of Human Rights found a violation of the prohibition of discrimination (art. Several years later, noting that a rapid evolution of social attitudes towards same-sex couples had occurred in many member States, the European Court directly recognized that same-sex couples enjoyed ‘family life’as protected by art. When the South African Constitutional Court decided that the absence in the 1996 draft Constitution of a clause protecting the right to marry or to family life did not invalidate the Constitution, it noted that the draft Constitution enshrined the values of “human dignity, equality and freedom” as well as “that everyone has the right to havetheirdignity respected and protected".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This may help policymakers identify priority areas for action for reducing the use of resources that result in the most adverse biodiversity impacts. This means that, with the exception of a few provisioning services (timber, fisheries) most ecosystem services remain invisible. Other data that is not part of this framework would be needed to demonstrate the link between ecosystems and the provision of these services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Note: In 2014, new TB cases and relapses = 74.8 per 100,000 population. Since 2009, the incidence of tuberculosis has decreased, from 101.4 per 100,000 population in 2009 to 84.1 per 100,000 population in 2012. The 2013 peak was linked to the failure of a mass immunization campaign in 2008, which provided a basis for a measles epidemic. Some cases of poisoning with mushrooms are reported each year. Regarding waterborne diseases, in the period 2001-2006, 25 group cases were reported, concerning 3,194 persons, mainly in cities. This strong decrease is related to the improvement in the distribution of quality drinking water, especially in the cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
We employ a mail survey of private developers that uses conjoint choice experiments and Likert-scaled attitudinal questions to examine preferences for policy instruments and incentives intended to encourage brownfield cleanup and redevelopment. Our analysis suggests that developers judge public hearing requirements at brownfield redevelopments unattractive, but that they place a relatively high value on liability relief—from both cleanup costs and claims by third parties. Reimbursement of environmental assessment costs is not particularly attractive. We also find considerable heterogeneity among developers in the value they place on these incentives, depending on their experience with contaminated sites. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In relative terms, DDC represented around 1% of total French bilateral ODA (OECD, 2017). Decentralised Development Co-operation targeting water and sanitation sectors reached a total of USD 12.25 million in 2015. This represented 1.5% of French ODA targeting the water sector, and 21% of total DDC reported by France in 2015 (Figure 5.2). As reported by the Treasury of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, the Creditor Reporting System only tracks aid extended by LRGs, and does not include financial flows by French basin agencies. It is worth noting that the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs uses the same figures as PS-Eau when reporting water DDC flows. Over the period 2006-16, PS-Eau reported that LRGs of all sizes and basin agencies in France spent close to EUR 250 million on drinking water supply and sanitation services in developing countries, of which 80% (EUR 200 million) were mobilised thanks to the Oudin-Santini Law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is much room for interpretation here. For example, as ForestAction’s Khatri explains to me, Sal trees can grow at “about 5 to 10 per cent a year, but the government estimates 1 to 3 (per cent growth). And from that increment, they say you can only harvest 50 per cent — that too the DFO reduces considerably.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As regards smoking and obesity, there is substantial knowledge concerning health risks, healthcare and productivity consequences. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of primary and secondary smoking prevention are well-known. In contrast, the current evidence concerning health risks associated with particular nutrients is in some cases ambiguous (saturated fat, certain carbohydrates, alcohol).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Ethiopian experience shows that it is possible to implement a large-scale programme that builds assets even when infrastructure and resources are limited (Berhane etal., The average value of livestock holdings for IGVGD and RMP participants increased by 96 and 108 percent, respectively, compared with the control group, on the other hand, there was no statistically significant increase in the case of FSVGD and FFA participants. Households that received training in and undertook income-generating activities did particularly well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
With the type of services often delivered in primary care settings (such as physician advice and the treatment of common conditions) attracting lower fees than specialist services, the current payment system pushes service providers towards delivering additional services that provide higher fees. A further challenge to increasing fees for patient counselling and more cognitive services has been the poor coding showing which services are actually delivered when a doctor provides a standard consultation in a health clinic. Better coding could provide policy makers with the possibility of increasing fees for consultations for patient counselling and offsetting this through reductions in fees for consultations associated with lab tests such as radiology and endoscopy. There is a risk that such a policy may fail to change the underlying culture of doctors not prioritising counselling their patients, and indeed, could simply be absorbed as a higher payment for a similar amount of work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Since the establishment of subsidiarity in the early 1990s, the European-wide move to devolve governance has been interpreted by previous and present UK governments adopting differing ideological positions within a ‘localism agenda’. Interpretations have changed the dynamics of the community right to challenge, as well as the structure and mechanisms for community accountability. This article adopts the typology of forms of local governance developed by Lowndes and Sullivan (2008, How low can you go? Rationales and challenges for neighbourhood governance. Public Administration, 86 (1), 1–22) to explore the hypothesis that the localism agenda realigns the synergy between neighbourhood rationales, citizen engagement in service delivery and the opportunity for public scrutiny and accountability. It concludes that opportunities for communities to challenge service delivery and ensure increased accountability to the local level will be tempered by increased complexity and demands on local authorities to develo...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Figure 25.1 shows that self-employed women earn significantly less than men across countries. The gaps in earnings from self-employment are substantial everywhere and wider than those observed in wage employment. The gap narrows, however, when calculated on the basis of earnings per hour worked, as women tend to work significantly less time on their businesses. There is also less disparity when only the self-employed with employees are considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The construction of Zimbabwean immigrant communities in Britain should not be solely analysed as a post-colonial contemporary phenomenon. Britain’s efforts to assist Black African students coupled with political instability were contributory factors which also led to the rise of a multiracial Zimbabwean immigrant community that peaked in the 1970s. The chapter explores the extent to which homeland influences of racial discrimination and the activities of the National Movement were significant factors in the construction of community relations. Focussing on diaspora political activism and integration patterns, the chapter draws comparisons with the post-independence Zimbabwean community in Britain. Although Zimbabwe’s independence ushered in a new beginning, the chapter also examines how civil conflict in Matabeleland, decline of the economy, rise in corruption and threats posed by the Apartheid South African government deterred a significant number from returning back home in 1980.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Critical theory and cultural studies have articulated a substantial and vital challenge to the very foundations of traditional scholarship, which remains rigidly scientistic in its orientation. One outcome of this challenge is that claims of subjectivity on the part of the critic are accommodated. The stylistic dimensions of critical scholarship, however, also are noteworthy, and their political implications are perhaps no less significant. The aforementioned relative latitude in content has not been accompanied by a concurrent loosening of aesthetic mores. In this article engaging critical rhetoric as a case study, I argue that the aesthetic conventions of scholarship, as imposed upon the unique, ideologically overt character of critical scholarship, constrain and even undermine the critical project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A central theme in both current theoretical debate within planning and policy statements by the British Government is the perceived need for enhanced public involvement. Implicit in these concerns is the assumption that the existing structures of local governance should be modified. Government in the form of politicians and their paid staff acting on behalf of the wider community is increasingly conceptualized as unrealistic, ineffective and out-moded. Consequently, terms such as 'decentralization', 'community empowerment', 'collaboration' and 'public participation' have become the phrases of the moment. There is considerable ambiguity surrounding these terms but at their core lies the notion that those outside the town hall should be given more influence over local decision making. The parallels between New Labour's rhetoric about community empowerment and normative theorizing in planning which stresses the importance of open inclusionary dialogue is striking. Much of the existing literature concerning p...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article examines rule of law (ROL) and security sector reform (SSR) linkages in crisis management. In particular, the article looks into why international assistance providers chose to categorize a situation and ensuing response strategy as rule of law or SSR, how this categorization is motivated and explained to international and national partners and stakeholders, and how this categorization affects national laws, institutions and other arrangements in post-conflict and crisis societies. The article is borne out of an observation, based on events in the Arab Spring, that the character of international community responses to rule of law threats and challenges has as a strong focus on security. Rule of law promotion taking place in UN and EU missions has undergone a ‘securitization’ in how reforms are conceived and put into practice, compared with rule of law in development aid and past experiences of rule of law assistance in post-communist transitions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)