albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
International and Foreign Legal Research: A Coursebook, second edition  by Hoffman and Rumsey, now in a second edition, is designed for classes in foreign and international legal research. Topics covered in the book range from treaty research to chapters on particular subjects of international law. Coverage also includes chapters on researching foreign and comparative law as well as major international organizations, including the UN and the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Furthermore, through forest land allocation and community forest management programmes, reforestation efforts involve communities, groups of households and individuals. Land is owned by all people, but the state is the people’s representative, allocation of forests and forest land with multiple types of owners. A number of studies in Viet Nam showed that local communities are able to manage their common-pool resources in a sustainable way (Tuan 2007, Ngai 2008, Tuan 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Reducing disaster risks in the LDCs requires widespread and sustained commitment across a wide range of areas in line with the priorities for action and tasks highlighted in die Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015 for reducing disaster risks. The adoption of such an overall framework by the LDCs would ensure effective integration of disaster risk considerations into sustainable development policies, planning, and programming at all levels. This would include a special emphasis on disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and vulnerability reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
There are also regional efforts to monitor air quality. The ASEAN Specialised Meteorological Centre (ASMC), for example, was established in 1993 to enhance the capacities of meteorological services. It is also responsible for monitoring and assessing land and forest fires and haze in the region, as well as providing real-time air quality information from multiple stations in the region. Some countries in the region have national air quality standards covering at least some of the six main outdoor air pollutants: fine (PM25) and coarse (PM10) particulate matter, ozone (03), nitrogen dioxide (N02), and sulphur dioxide (SO,) (Table 3.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Administrative evil is sinister—It lurks in the shadows and under the surface of organizational action. The Khmer Rouge genocide stands as one of the most terrible instances of human injustice in modern memory. The methods of Pol Pot and his contemporaries, and the outcomes of their approaches to make their control of the population absolute, are examined as a study in systematic imposition of evil on a society. The article is an assessment of the Khmer Rouge regime through the lens of administrative evil, drawing from literature on hatred, paranoia, and belief as organizing and motivating forces, the legitimation of bureaucratic malevolence, and the teleology of historical agency. The article proposes that bureaucracy, by virtue of its lack of discretion against political forces, is not merely a potential tool of good or evil, but a force of administrative evil in and of itself that we may be unable to control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Most projects are carried out at national level and are research oriented. Many projects focus on natural hazard management and “no-regrets” options. Overall, the range of projects seems to align well with the relative vulnerability of the sectors. However, activities are likely to be under-reported, particularly those carried out by the private sector and at local level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Poverty and its corollaries - malnutrition, illness and lack of education - limit agricultural productivity. Hence, providing social protection and pursuing agricultural development in an integrated way offers synergies that can increase the effectiveness of both. Extreme poverty has fallen substantially in many regions, especially in East Asia and the Pacific as well as In South Asia. In sub-Saharan Africa, little progress has been made and almost half the population is extremely poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Ongoing issues that will need to be addressed in the continued development and rollout of EVs include designing battery leasing operations, reducing the lifecycle emissions of new e-mobility technologies (e.g. EV batteries), automating e-mobility options, and adapting EV designs for shared use. With respect to transit, several measures will be particularly effective in mitigating emissions increases and should therefore be prioritised. Specifically, cities should focus on accelerating transit-oriented development, encouraging mass transit, walking, and cycling, and enabling next generation passenger vehicles (e.g. shared, EV-AV connected) and next-generation freight transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In addition, they also open up new business opportunities for forest-based products. Cap-and-trade systems impose a limit on overall emissions that can be traded, while baseline crediting mechanisms incentivise emission reductions through rewarding reducing emissions (crediting) below a business as usual baseline. In 2009, Iceland and Norway joined the EU ETS and it was recently announced that the EU had, in principle, agreed to link the EU ETS with the Australian emissions trading scheme. However, a growing number of compliance and voluntary emission trading schemes and market based mechanisms, have evolved over the past few years that do allow land based offsets to be traded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Stage 3 covers the valuation phase, which is further split-up in 9 sub-steps, including significance assessment and monetization. It refers to the IPCC Guidelines, which mentions different sources for country specific data, like the IPCC Emission Factor Database. Two approaches are explained for boundary setting: i) the equity share approach, and ii) the control approach. The equity share approach is based on influence: for those operations where the focal organization has an influence the GHG emissions are calculated based on ownership percentages. The control approach accounts for 100% of GHG emissions from operations over which it has control. Any operations over which the focal organization has influence, but no control, are not included.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Latin America recorded the most significant improvements, particularly in Chile and Costa Rica where the participation gap has been narrowing by 1 percentage point per year since the mid-1990s. Large gender gaps in labour force participation persist in the Middle East and North Africa (Chapter 20), India and Indonesia. The most remarkable improvements have been recorded in Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia, China, Turkey, Indonesia and India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As Cullinane and Bergqvist (2014) suggest: “The future imposition of more stringent limits on both SOx and NOx emissions, together with greater geographical applicability, will put energy use and other efficiency measures high on the agenda for shipping companies. This may result in the wider use of measures such as speed differentiation that, in turn, may enable shipping companies to better absorb the price changes arising from the EC A regulations. The large socio-economic benefits of the EC A regulations, combined with the global challenges related to pollution in densely populated areas such as the Mediterranean and Asia, emphasize the importance of designating more regions as ECAs.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As a result sardine move southward. However, anchovies are more constrained and become more accessible to fisheries as they aggregate in dense coastal pockets of colder water. During the 1972 El Nino, anchovies were so highly concentrated on the coast that 170 000 tonnes were caught on one day (Lehodey et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, a review of more than 120 studies found that environmental and energy tax reforms will in many cases cause negative distributional effects. These effects can be mitigated and fully compensated through policy design and thus avoid negative distributional effects. In developing countries, exposing the agricultural sector to world markets and specialisation in a few goods should also be considered where applicable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The environmental impact of additional large hydropower plants should be reconsidered, bearing in mind the potentially negative effects of large hydropow er on tourism and the natural environment. Energy security is directly linked to the competitiveness of economies through the strong relationship between economic growth and the reliability of energy sources, including electricity, gas and oil/petroleum products. The trade-off between the short-term social and political need for affordable energy, and the long-term sustainability of pow'er systems, is particularly acute in the six assessed SEE economies where improving energy security will require substantial infrastructure investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The most significant gaps were in: technology and technology transfer, access to finance, promotion of entrepreneurial education, cheaper, faster start-up and better regulations, and access to support services. These gaps reflected weaknesses in national legal frameworks and SME agencies, as well as in the elaboration and implementation of specific policy measures. Drawing on the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index, this framework focuses on key entrepreneurial conditions (Box 2).'9 GEM is the basis for an annual national Adult Population Survey, along with National Expert Surveys.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
According to Ratuva (2006: 102-103), “traditional forms of social protection exist in various forms such as collective reciprocity of goods and services, ceremonial exchange or even at a level of individual behavioural disposition”. Traditional socio-political systems in Pacific societies are closely linked to customary systems of social protection. Reciprocity can be of different types: generalized, specialized or redistributive. The generalized type of reciprocity refers to the exchange of goods without specific value or time bound in terms of repayment. This is exemplified in the kerekere system of Fiji. Specialized reciprocity refers to the simultaneous exchange of goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These dedicated green investment entities have been established at national level (Australia, Japan, Malaysia, Switzerland, United Kingdom), state level (California, Connecticut, Hawaii, New Jersey, New York and Rhode Island in the United States), county level (Montgomery County, Maryland, United States) and city level (Masdar, United Arab Emirates). These goals are reflected in the range of metrics GIBs use to measure and track their performance and demonstrate accountability: emissions saved, job creation, leverage ratios (i.e. private investment mobilised per unit of GIB public spending) and, in some cases, rate of return. For example, the UK Green Investment Bank must invest on commercial terms and has to meet a minimum 3.5% annual nominal return on total investments, after operating costs but before tax.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Three-year average (2011-13). The data for most countries are based on a minimum threshold of 22 weeks of gestation period (or 500 grams birthweight) to remove the impact of different registration practices of extremely premature babies across countries. Looking at the numbers of beds per capita across these two groups of regions, the former (with relatively low hospitalisation rates) has a lower number of beds per capita on average, and the latter, very high numbers of beds per capita. Shortages of medical personnel in rural areas, poor transportation services, and lengthy travel times to health care facilities are also likely to undermine access to services in remote areas across the country (WHO, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The main aim has been to continue to keep hospital inpatient numbers to a minimum and to maximise the health system’s ability to care for adult mental illness within the community. Secondary treatments that would have traditionally been delivered in a hospital or similar inpatient setting are therefore delivered in an outpatient setting. The team provides a range of different treatment approaches but there is an emphasis on work in community settings, including visiting patients’ homes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis for the European Union (EU-MODA) compares the material well-being of children across the EU member states, using data from the child material deprivation module of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) 2009. Embedded in the multidimensional poverty measurement literature, EU-MODA applies internationally accepted standards for the construction of indicators and dimensions of child well-being. The analysis ranges from indicator and dimension headcounts, overlaps between several dimensions, decomposition of the adjusted multidimensional deprivation headcounts, to overlaps between monetary poverty and multidimensional deprivation. This technical note describes the EU-MODA methodology in detail.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In France, Bouygues Telecom and SFR concluded a network-sharing agreement in February 2014, enabling them to reduce cell sites by about 40 per cent. This has generated savings of about EUR 100 million per year for Bouygues Telecom and EUR 200 million per year for SFR12. Tech City is a cluster of technology companies and support-service firms based in East London and endorsed by the UK government and the Mayor of London14.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A broader process of expert engagement then took place through written consultations and several mini-workshops. This work was used as the basis for the initial policy paper, published in June 2009. The NAS identifies relevant parties for each action, but does not clearly assign responsibilities or indicate timescales for delivery, although these are sometimes implicit in the recommendation. It is particularly important to actively involve all relevant ministries and to effectively organise the modes of co-operation (e.g. by establishing an ad hoc interministerial working group or strengthening existing institutional groups), with clear agreements on the roles and functions of process leader and process partners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This is typically much more employment-generating than several other economic activities, and also has substantial multiplier effects. Spending on the provision of proper health facilities, for example, or ensuring good-quality and universal education, has great employment-generating potential. There is thus a strong case for pursuing a growth strategy that allows and encourages labour productivity increases overall. Such a strategy should also involve a significant expansion of public expenditure and in turn of income and employment opportunities in social sectors that have a positive impact on the standard of living.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, the innovation system is a broader concept, also encompassing research and education systems, government, civil society and consumers. The key aspects of innovation systems are the capabilities of these various actors, the connections among them, and the enabling environment for innovation that they create. This includes a range of capabilities, from absorptive capacity (to assimilate existing knowledge and technology) to the ability to engage in advanced R&D and technological innovation. Firms’ capacities to introduce innovations in local, national and international markets are a prerequisite for technological upgrading and improving a oountry's productive capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Comparing within the periods when the series were consistent, the trends in shares of agriculture in employment and in GDP were diverging in the 1990s, while in the 2000s these shares moved in the same direction. Indeed, there were strong labour adjustments throughout the post-independence period when people moved in the 1990s to the countryside as a coping mechanism, but the onset of economic growth in the 2000s brought on rural-urban migration. However, agriculture continues to be the largest sector in terms of employment (26% in 2011) and there is a considerable gap between labour productivity in this sector and the rest of the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article will discuss the manner in which international law deals with crimes of sexual violence committed against men during armed conflict. To date sexual violence against men has received little attention from the international community, instead its focus is almost exclusively on women, yet in armed conflicts across the world, sexual violence is also perpetrated against men. The example of torture demonstrates the current weaknesses in the relevant provisions for acts of sexual violence generally, and acts of sexual violence committed against men specifically. I argue that international criminal tribunals should address sexual violence more broadly, including against men. However, rather than to adopt a piecemeal approach differentiating between acts of sexual violence suffered by men and women, the experiences of men of sexual violence in armed conflict should be used to contribute to understanding the broader issue of gender-based crimes, of which sexual violence forms part.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
See Annex 3 for notes (wtvw.oecd.orgfedu/eag.htm). Education systems in OECD and most G20 countries now provide universal access to basic education, such that both pre-primary and upper secondary education are becoming universal in most countries (see Indicator C2). The expansion of upper secondary education has been driven by both increasing demand and policy changes ranging from a more flexible curriculum, a reshaping of vocational studies, and efforts to expand access to education to the entire population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The major food crops are teff, followed by maize, sorghum, wheat, and barley, along with several oilseed crops. The national average yield of teff, the cereal most favoured by consumers, is only 1.3 metric tons per hectare (mt/ha) in 2011/12, the lowest level of yield among all major cereal crops. Low agricultural productivity can be attributed to smallholder farmers having only limited access to agricultural inputs, financial services, improved production technologies, irrigation and agricultural markets, and, more importantly, to poor land management practices that have often led to severe land degradation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This agency is responsible for oversight issues and serves as the public agricultural sector's competent authority on forestry matters. This organization, which has its own legal status, reports directly to the Office of the President of the Republic, it is responsible for the direction and coordination of the Guatemalan Protected Areas System (SIG AP), with jurisdiction throughout national territory, including Guatemala's maritime coasts and airspace. The Council is an autonomous body, funded from an annual appropriation from the state budget, supplemented specific grants from individuals, countries, agencies and international organizations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Investment is more likely to be cost effective in cities that are already close to becoming attractive and productive locations for firms and investors, and in cities that can support investments targeted to industries already interested in locating there. Investment in roads and connectivity based on careful spatial vision will in the long run help to evolve viable secondary cities. Policies targeting spatial investments should on this basis consider not just national but regional economic geography. The upshot is that governments should avoid policies that harm or undermine cities and their economic functioning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, the estimated contribution of temporary work to the overall jobs impact of short-time work schemes is very small and not statistically significant. The total number of jobs saved as a result of short-time work after taking account of its potential impact on temporary employment is 215 000 for Germany and 385 000 for Japan (instead of 220 000 and 395 000, respectively). The discrepancy between the net number of jobs preserved and the total potential number of jobs preserved actually represents the sum of deadweight and displacement effects. However, it is unlikely that displacement effects had been very large as of 2009 Q3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In the past 20 years, decentralization has been proposed as a strategy for enhancing public participation. Aid-providing organizations, such as the World Bank, stimulated decentralization processes in several countries in the hope that this would promote civic empowerment, diminish corruption, enhance efficiency, and improve public service delivery. This assumption forms the basis for a comparative analysis into the relation between decentralization and participation at the local level in Brazil, Japan, Russia and Sweden. A multi-level regression analysis using the data of the Democracy and Local Governance Project was undertaken in order to test the `one size fits all' and the `diversity in development' hypotheses. The results show that the second hypothesis was corroborated. Perceived autonomy had a different impact on openness to participation depending on the country considered, in one country (Japan), perceived autonomy diminished public officials' willingness to be open to public participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
But water reforms are frequently long-term endeavours that involve planning, ex ante evaluation and consultation, several stages of implementation and ex post evaluation. Short-term considerations and vested interests can result in potentially counter-productive action, inversely, long-term planning and commitment can face strong bottlenecks on the ground because of political discontinuity. It is therefore important that strategic plans consider timing and political discontinuity in relation to water policy. Ensuring transparency across different constituencies is essential for the effective implementation of water policies. The process is not always transparent and certain measures, such as shortening of the decision-making process, increase the risk of capture and corruption, especially when local governments lack the capacity to monitor investment and civil society is not fully engaged. In the 1990s, Latin America saw a decrease in government provision of public goods and an increase in private sector participation in the water sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, heavy physician caseloads mean that consultation times are short (averaging less than ten minutes) and there is inadequate time to address mental health and health promotion issues. In many respects therefore, Israel’s primary care system is well placed to meet future health care challenges that are common to most developed countries, including adverse changes to upstream health determinants such as obesity, lifestyle habits that damage health such as smoking, an ageing population and the mounting burden of chronic disease. All the funds have comprehensive electronic medical records (EMRs) in community care, which support the sharing of information among physicians, laboratories, diagnostic centres and patients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)