albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Rule of Law rhetoric is all around us — in the business press, in the programs and publications of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Asian Development Bank (ADB), in bilateral development assistance projects, and even in US-China diplomatic dialogue. Notably, however, the Rule of Law is not being touted in these primarily for its traditional political role as a protector of human rights and individual dignity. Rather, the new rhetoric makes the claim that the Rule of Law is a crucial element in economic development, not only in formerly socialist countries (‘transition economies’) (World Bank, 1996), but in developing capitalist countries as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The second-largest city is half Almaty’s size, the third-largest city a third of Almaty’s size, and so on down the city ranks. The 2009 curve is the real city size distribution of FUAs, while the 1999 curve reflects the deviation of 1999 city size distribution from Zipfs Law in 1999. Almaty City is given its 2009 size in the 1999 curve.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Reducing such disparities and enabling women to have rights and freedoms equal to those of men constitute an important priority for action for governments in the region. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Some of these instmments were adopted on a universal level by the United Nations, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) or UNESCO, while others were drafted on the regional level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Of course, this partly reflects behavioural responses to the provision of welfare benefits: if pensioners, the unemployed and the ill know that they will receive state benefits their incentives to provide for themselves or to insure against the risk of income loss are reduced. Generous welfare-state provision may therefore lead to a large number of people with no market income and higher levels of inequality of market income. The second point to note from Table 2.2 is that redistributive policies have very different effects on final poverty outcomes across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The World Values Survey, for example, found that a majority of respondents from Arab countries believed that men should be given priority in hiring in times of economic hardship, presumably due to their traditional role as bread-winners.210 Legal frameworks in most Arab countries that require employers to bear the costs of maternity leave (discussed in more detail below) may also act as strong disincentives to the hiring of young women. Only a handful of Arab countries currently meet the international standard of ensuring a minimum of 14 weeks of maternity leave,213 and the duration of maternity leave established by the law falls below this mark in most Arab States (see Table 12). The challenges faced by women who are contending with short maternity leave are further compounded by the limited availability and costly nature of early child care and education services in the region, which leave many women with limited options to care for their children until they reach primary school age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Five dimensions usefully define well-being in young people: cognitive, psychological, physical, social and material. This chapter focuses especially on the social, psychological and physical dimensions. A number of indicators give rise to concern about the wellbeing of Indigenous young people, although data are inadequate to build a full picture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
But the fact remains that it is primarily women who take advantage of family-friendly policies like flexible working arrangements, so perpetuating the idea that family responsibilities are a woman’s affair. If women are good for business, why do so few make it to the top, and why do so many simply give up trying? Teleworking and part-time or temporary work may sound attractive in the short term as ways of juggling work and family commitments, but the choice can be costly in the long term - in terms not just of salary, but of pensions and job security. Family-friendly workplace practices can make it easier to combine work and home life, but only if both men and women take advantage of them. Yet do employers make it easier for men and women to share domestic and family responsibilities outside the workplace?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The interactions between the grid and nuclear power plants will be discussed in greater detail in the following section. Because of their large turbo generators, with substantial inertia, nuclear power plants increase significantly the overall inertia of the electrical system thus providing some insurance against sudden disturbances.16 An electrical system with higher inertia will experience a slower change in frequency for a given mismatch in the demand and supply of electricity. With their high inertia, large reactive power and dynamic stability, nuclear power plants contribute significantly to grid stability for frequency, voltage and angle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is the second article in a two-part series that establishes a framework for evaluating law as it affects the rights to liberty and security for people with intellectual and cognitive impairments. This article uses the rights-based approach developed in the first article to establish a methodology to evaluate the range of ways in which law can be made or interpreted in this area. The methodology considers the adjudication of common law rights by courts, judicial interpretation of statute and the making of laws. Key areas of law considered are those that permit the detention and use of restrictive practices for 'challenging behaviours' or 'behaviours of concern'. The article concludes by arguing that a rights-based approach and a method to assess how law applies it is essential to ensure that a 'thick' rule of law can protect and promote the rights and interests of people with intellectual and cognitive impairments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article analyses the challenges that the pandemic caused by Covid-19 has presented for the rule of law, democracy, and human rights. The States have faced this pandemic, issuing states of emergency of various kinds, with extraordinary measures that include stay-at-home orders, social distancing, and the quarantine of people. These restrictive measures have affected, among others, the exercise of rights of public assembly and demonstrations and the holding of elections. Furthermore, the normal functioning of the controls of the legislative and judicial powers has been affected. The measures adopted have also highlighted the need to guarantee equal access to public health and to give differential treatment to certain vulnerable groups. All the extraordinary measures to face the pandemic must be within the Constitution and international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
What can postcolonialism tell us about international relations? What can international relations tell us about postcolonialism?      In recent years, postcolonial perspectives and insights have challenged our conventional understanding of international politics. Postcolonial Theory and International Relations is the first book to provide a comprehensive and accessible survey of how postcolonialism radically alters our understanding of international relations.      Each chapter is written by a leading international scholar and looks at the core components of international relations – theories, the nation, geopolitics, international law, war, international political economy, sovereignty, religion, nationalism, Empire etc. – through a postcolonial lens. In so doing it provides students with a valuable insight into the challenges that postcolonialism poses to our understanding of global politics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Another estimate put total private capital committed to conservation investments at USD 4.7 billion in 2015, of which half was committed to water quality and quantity, and the rest equally split between habitat conservation, and sustainable food and fibre (Hammrick, 2016). In line with Baylis et al. ( It measures the causal effect of a specific policy, programme or intervention vis-'a-vis a credible counterfactual scenario and seeks to understand the conditions under which this effect arises (Ferraro and Hanauer, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This has made women more visible in local politics, strengthened healthy competition, built capacity and impacted on social policies, while at the same time the women also serve as role models for political aspirants. Wide sensitisation on gender issues has contributed to the steady elimination of patriarchal norms and cultures. At least 13 provinces in Bangladesh and 14 provinces in India have adopted the 30 per cent quota for women, while the remit of financial rewards to political parties who have achieved the quota has encouraged the increase of women to 50 per cent in some local government councils in India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It will also help to improve understanding about collective progress on making finance flows consistent with a low-carbon pathway, and thus with meeting Article 2.1c of the Paris Agreement, given this information is not systematically reported elsewhere. Reporting on climate finance received is not currently mandatory, nor will it become so under the Paris Agreement. However, more countries are establishing or improving systems to better track inflows of climate finance for their own domestic purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It has significantly reduced ICT barriers for SMEs, allowing them to expand faster and innovate. The digitalisation of the economy and society promises to spur innovation, generate efficiencies and improve services in a wide range of areas, from health to agriculture, public governance, tax, transport, international trade and investment, the financial system, education, and the environment. The successful transition to a digital economy is a necessary condition for boosting economic growth. Indeed, digital technologies contribute not only to innovation in products, but also to innovation in processes and organisational arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It should be underpinned by allocated instruction time (see below). These can offer remedial or enrichment instructional activities. On average in the OECD, students in PISA 2012 reported spending 4.9 hours per week on homework or other study set by teachers, this was one hour less than reported on average in PISA 2003 (OECD, 2013b, Tables IV.3.27 and IV.3.48).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Targeting public transfers towards vulnerable groups could increase their impact on inequality reduction. Fiscal transfers are a dominant feature of public finance in decentralised governments and aim to ensure equity and maintenance of national standards for public services across sub-national regions. Strengthening public finance management is a government priority, and a series of reforms have taken place since 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Funds to support restructuring have been earmarked. Prominent leaders in Finnish higher education, including a dean of the University of Helsinki and the rector of Aalto University, have suggested halving the number of academic units in universities and the University Rectors' Council has prepared a proposal for merging units, closing programmes, merging fields of education and research, and redistributing resources among units, as an opportunity for universities to be in the driving seat for structural reforms (Aarrevaara and Dobson, 2016). The Ministry has previously reached an agreement for Universities Finland to coordinate bottom-up projects to reduce duplication in areas of significant programme overlap. Cross-binary collaboration has been less prevalent than intended, while the acts regulating UAS and universities do not allow cross-binary mergers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Comparative administrative law is emerging as a distinct field of inquiry after a period of neglect. To demonstrate this claim, the authors summarize their edited volume on the topic – a collection that aims to stimulate research across legal systems and scholarly disciplines. After a set of historical reflections, the authors consider key topics at the intersection of administrative and constitutional law, including the contested issue of administrative independence. Two further sections highlight tensions between expertise and accountability, drawing insights from economics and political science. The essay then considers the changing boundaries of the administrative state – both the public–private distinction and the links between domestic and transnational regulatory bodies, such as the European Union. The essay concludes with reflections on a core concern of administrative law: the way individuals and organizations across different systems test and challenge the legitimacy of public authority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Following the statements by the Co-Chairs, an interactive discussion ensued and statements were made by the representatives of South Africa, the Netherlands, Malaysia, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Lithuania, Guinea, Indonesia, China, Gabon, Senegal, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, France, Argentina, Fiji, the Congo, Zambia, Ghana, the United States, Cameroon and Mauritania. A statement was also made by the representative of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. The Co-Chairs made concluding remarks. Also at its 8th meeting, on 14 May, the Forum held the high-level round table co-chaired by the Chair of the Forum, Noel Nelson Messone (Gabon), and the Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and Environment and Head of the Federal Agency for Forestry of the Russian Federation, Ivan Valentik.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The impetus for this ban was the ban imposed by Europe in 1996. Europe’s own scientific authorities have, however, found no health basis for the ban. As European grain productivity falls progressively further behind that of North America, it seems increasingly likely that the ban will be relaxed, probably country by country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Providers stated that the clinics were underused partially because parents discouraged young household members from relying on the services, although the experience of one NGO was positive after parents had participated in awareness sessions. Over 90 percent stated they would return to the clinics. The report identified the same barriers as above on provider attitudes and gender differences. It found that the services did not meet many of the needs expressed by youth, such as mobile clinics, educational programmes targeted at specific age-groups and according to gender, outreach services, and training courses on how to tackle major risk factors. According to WHO, universal health care coverage ensures that all people have access to "Promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health services, of sufficient quality to be effective, while also ensuring that people do not suffer financial hardship when paying for these services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In Bolivia (Plurinational State of), following pension reform in 2010, mothers can also benefit from a contributory credit equivalent to one year of contributions per child, up to a maximum of three years. Women can use this credit either to get better benefits from the solidarity pillar or to anticipate retirement (ibid.). Some countries that do not have contribution credits can achieve similar results with other gender equality-enhancing elements in pension design, such as short vesting periods and progressive benefit formulas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Recent years have seen a rapid opening up and integration of developing countries into the world economy to a degree unprecedented in modern history. This has, no doubt, brought benefits in several areas, particularly through international trade and investment, even though their incidence varied among and within countries. But it is also true that rapid liberalization and integration have also caused dislocations in the developing world, particularly among the poor and unprivileged. While these challenges have placed growing demand on policy-makers and called for greater flexibility in the policy-making process, many of the traditional instruments of development and macroeconomic policy have become ineffective or simply unavailable because of proliferation of international rules, obligations and practices. Consequently, questions have been raised about whether such constraints over national economic policy are compatible with development, including the capacity to foster conditions for steady quality employment growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, at the moment there appears to be a conflict of the university’s designation as an APEX University and the regional engagement mission. While Universiti Sains Malaysia strives to become a globally competitive research university serving “billions”, there is limited targeted attention to the needs of the population within its region. Realities of differences in socio-economic issues facing Penang and those facing the other three states include the urban-rural divide and the priority of agriculture in other three states. Furthermore, the focus of Northern Corridor Economic Region does not encompass higher education except indirectly through other issues, such as human resource development from the perspective of the Ministry of Human Resource Development, not the Ministry of Higher Education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This includes, among others, the expansion of pre-primary education so that by 2020 all children from disadvantaged communities have access to high quality pre-primary education, preferably from the age of three, and the expansion of full day’s schooling especially for children from these communities. In those municipalities where the school population is expected to decrease the EU funds can be used, for example, to create appropriate conditions for school transportation. The OECD review team also recommends the use of EU funds to support networks of municipalities and self-governing regions to design and to implement education development plans that improve the efficiency of resource utilisation, including moves towards a more rational design of provision. The OECD review team recommends the creation of a specific action line in the 2014-20 programming period of the European Social Fund that would support the creation of a school network planning platform in one or two regions, including a careful monitoring of the process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Nordic Ecolabelling is organized in cooperation between the five Nordic countries, i.e. Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland. All five countries have a national ecolabelling secretariat responsible of each their area of products and services. Hence, a considerable overlap with the GPP criteria and the ecolabelling criteria might be expected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Similarly, the jobseekers who were interviewed by brokers also suggested that they had not considered retraining or up-skilling to work in this sector and that existing IAG available in London often lacked any detail on green job opportunities, something that a targeted programme was able to provide. This resulted in many of the forecast job opportunities that this programme was developed to fill being postponed. To overcome this, REAP brokers sought job opportunities in retrofitting businesses outside of these Mayoral projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
All this has an important bearing on the government’s ambition to secure strong and sustainable growth with rising living standards and equal opportunities for all. Technology and globalisation put a high premium on skills, which may not be well supplied by the education sector when change is rapid, but also on experience as a means of acquiring skills, disadvantaging youth. The global crisis has intensified the structural disadvantages of the young, as skills and experience are even more highly prized when macroeconomic conditions worsen. The education system must also do more to develop the human capital of low skilled youth, who are particularly vulnerable to shocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The policy interest rate has been maintained at 2.5% since March 2011 when it was cut by 50 basis points after the earthquake. In Australia and New Zealand, the policy interest rates at end-2012 were similar to the troughs observed during the global financial turmoil in 2009. As a result, Australia’s output growth is expected at 2.5% in 2013, supported mainly by mining exports to Asian countries, particularly China.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This programme is strengthened and rendered truly effective and impactful through the wide engagement of stakeholders involved in the NUP process, from all levels of government, civil society, the private sector and academia, to bring about a stronger and more connected network, and to share more knowledge and experience. Matters of climate resilience or vulnerability, environmental sustainability or degradation, social equity or turmoil, economic competitiveness or decline, all converge in urban areas, and involve a variety of actors from all levels of government, civil society and communities, and domestic and foreign businesses. Recent global agreements, such as the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development, the New Urban Agenda and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, illustrate this realisation, identifying the management of urbanisation as a global priority and a national responsibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In this manner also the indirect effects of biofuel production through its by-products is taken into account. The main data sources that have been used when collecting the following datasets are Maung and Gustafson 2009, Mulugetta 2009, BBI 2010 and BioGrace 2011. Data on cost structure, conversion efficiency and production of co-products were mainly derived from these sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Of all the mechanisms included in water governance, this is the most prevalent and also remains among the most difficult to carry out. Others, however, are political and often appear when the government of one country, usually an upstream country, embarks on river-related projects that are likely to have significant downstream impacts in other countries. Water diversion, dam construction and waste disposal in water are examples of types of activities that are in need of assessment but, when cross-border relations are involved, are not shared, either by lack of concern about cross-border impacts or unwillingness to be open to potentially critical assessments from outside the country. Similarly, information is not only about projects and their impacts, but also about decision-making, especially with regard to behind-closed-doors agreements that can entail corruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Energy suppliers will not want to see their revenues from government subsidies drop, nor will consumers want to pay full price for a resource they are used to obtaining at a lower cost. In many situations, weak knowledge or fear of the unknown related to renewable and low carbon energy technologies is an issue to be overcome. The structure of the energy supply sector may also be challenging, with strong interests resisting change. World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)