albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Overall, however, these earned data plans are not very frequent. Finally, full-cost plans are offered in all the countries studied, although they are not always the most common offering. While in Ghana seven out of 12 plans were offered at full cost, only one out of a total of 12 plans in the Philippines was a regular, full-cost plan (Chart Box 4.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Global Alliance to Monitor Learning works on the technically more sophisticated learning outcome-related indicators, primarily on minimum proficiency in reading and mathematics, adult literacy and digital literacy. It began inviting countries in late 2018, with the prospect of developing into part of the TCG structure. The Inter-agency Group on Education Inequality Indicators works on indicators based on data from household surveys but has not yet included countries. The forum provides political leadership, guidance and recommendations on implementation and follow-up, tracks progress, encourages elaboration of coherent policies informed by evidence, science and country experiences, and addresses new and emerging issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
National experts have explained their approach with the assertion that they have a better understanding than do international organizations of trends in species status in Turkmenistan, and/or that the international system needs to be adapted to the peculiarities there. Both arguments are unconvincing: IUCN assessment criteria have not been developed to replace existing national expertise, but rather to ensure that threat categories are applied in an objective and consistent manner. Furthermore, rigorous application of the globally accepted assessment criteria would highlight rather than ignore peculiarities of Turkmen biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
On the other hand, others such as P. Veltz see the territorial result of post-Ford ist regulation modes combining the uncertainty of the economic situation and flexibility of the job market. Californian geographers such as A. Scott or M. Dear insist on relations between functional and social mutations of very large cities and new forms of urban territoriality." Both are independent of the level of urbanisation of the territory considered. Table 3.2 presents the indices for Togo and Nigeria. In Togo, Lome was the primate city for the years 1950, 1970 and 2010. In Nigeria, Ibadan held this position in 1950 and 1960, and since then Lagos.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
By providing coverage for risks which are new and are not currently covered by financial actors, or are simply too costly for investors, risk mitigants increase the attractiveness and acceptability of sustainable energy projects. These include a range of targeted interventions generally aimed at reducing, re-assigning or re-apportioning different investment risks (e.g. credit enhancements, cornerstone stakes, and tools targeting different challenges across stages of the project lifecycle). As a subset of risk mitigants, techniques facilitate institutional investment in sustainable energy infrastructure projects by reducing the transaction costs associated with these investments while also mitigating risk in some cases (e.g. warehousing, securitisation and supporting co-investment and collaboration among institutional investors).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, these activities are clearly supporting STI. For these reasons, the analysis in this paper goes beyond the sector classification and take into consideration all development finance except for resources considered as in-donor costs. In-donor costs are ODA eligible resources spent in donor countries and includes the administrative costs of donor agencies, the cost of hosting refugees in donor countries and imputed student costs. The imputed student costs refer to the indirect cost of tuition for students in secondary and tertiary education from developing countries studying in donor countries. It is only applied to “nonfee charging educational systems, or where fees do not cover the cost of tuition, and if the presence of students reflects the implementation of a conscious policy of development cooperation by the host country” (OECD, 2018(33]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
See Annex 3 for notes fwww.oecd.ory/education/education-at-a-plance-19991487.html. It is crucial to provide and ensure access to organised learning opportunities for adults beyond initial formal education, especially for workers who need to adapt to changes throughout their careers and who have difficulty achieving high labour market outcomes (OECD, 2013). Social integration requires that individuals have the basic skills and knowledge needed to exercise their rights and responsibilities as citizens and enjoy the benefits of community life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Connected areas can participate in a single market, pooling balancing responsibilities as dispatchable balancing resources can be shared through market coupling. Such co-ordination among system operators requires strong technical infrastructures. The term balancing area can imply different degrees of integration depending on different constraints: transportation capacity, power generation adequacy, availability of dispatchable resources and so forth. Geographical and technological diversity also contributes to better integration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Nevertheless, even seemingly gender-neutral policy decisions can have effects, whether intentional or not, on women’s chances of becoming equal participants in society. They may make it more difficult for them to find employment, secure an education, start a business, meet the needs of their family or ensure their human rights. The EU defines GIA as “a process to compare and assess, according to gender-relevant criteria, the current situation and trend with the expected development resulting from the introduction of the proposed policy” (European Commission, n.d.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Ever since global governance was introduced to the discipline of International Relations (IR), it has been criticised for its conceptual vagueness and ambiguity. In fact, how to even speak and thin...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is a voluntary multiple-choice objective test for secondary school leavers. Unlike the Vestibular, ENEM is not specifically curriculum-based, but is geared towards higher-level thinking skills, on the lines of PISA tests. In 2009, the government stated its objective to transform the ENEM into a national Vestibular. However, some universities are loath to abandon their traditional Vestibular.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On average across the OECD, 76% of children in this age-group participated in all early education services in 2008, up from 64% in 1998, and increases in participation were largest in Chile, Mexico, Norway and Sweden. Cross-county variation in participation remains significant: from below 40% in Korea and TUrkey to over 95% in Belgium, France, Iceland, Italy and Spain (OECD, 2010b). Childcare enrolment rates refers to estimates on childcare enrolment rates of children aged < 3 and children aged 3-5, data refer to 2005 for the United States and 2009 for Mexico. Numbers do not reflect intensity of use: each child is counted regardless of the number of hours of participation per week. For comparative purposes, indicators were adjusted for cross-national differences in the compulsory age of entry into primary school. For example, in Nordic countries, where children enter primary school at age 7, expenditure on 6-year-olds was excluded from these figures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, the overall economic consequences of mandatory quotas have yet to become clear. In the meantime, a range of tools can be used to work towards the goal of gender balance - target setting, compliance with corporate governance codes and, in all cases, the monitoring and publication of progress. Families with young children need affordable childcare if parents are to work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This problem is particularly acute in urban areas as the share of city dwellers without access to treated water actually increased between 1990 and 2008. The share of people without access to treated water is also expected to increase in sub-Saharan Africa, where the Millennium Development Goal for improved water supply is unlikely to be met (Figure 2.6). Worse still, nearly 1.4 billion people are expected to have no access to basic sanitation services in 2050 (Figure 2.7) (OECD, 2012a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Responses revealed that these definitions do exist in most countries and that common threads could be found, particularly regarding vessel length and gear types, however, these definitions were not universal across all CPCs. For example, two thirds of the definitions provided specified SSF as vessels less than 12m LOA and using passive or not towed gear. Additional characteristics, such as ownership or gross tonnage are also used in certain cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In practice, this may be translated as poverty experienced at two distinct points in time, separated by several years (Hulme and Shepherd, 2003). Severe poverty (people living significantly below the extreme poverty line) can be used as a proxy when measuring chronic poverty - this is necessary since the panel data which allow analysis of poverty over time are not available for more than a few countries. Severe poverty is usually less widely experienced than chronic poverty, but most severely poor people are also chronically poor (McKay and Perge, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This common ratio may then be interpreted as the effective (present value) optimal entitlement price. In an agricultural groundwater use setting, Kuwayama and Brozovic (2013) have further shown that if the marginal damage of the externality is the same for all farms, this outcome can be induced with marketable entitlements that are traded on a one-to-one basis, where the marginal abatement costs of all firms will equal marginal damage multiplied by this ratio. Conversely, if the marginal benefit function is the same at each pumping location, then wells closer to the stream will always be more constrained than wells further from the stream. Annex 3.B provides a complete case study of an applied economic model used to compare the cost-effectiveness of alternative policy instruments, such as land retirement, quotas, or tradable permits to address simulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is implemented through annual plans to protect forests from fire, which include basic information on forests, risk assessment and forest fire prevention measures, and organization of firefighting operations. It should be emphasized that there is a need for allocation of financial resources for the establishment of a high-quality fire protection system that combines prevention, control and rehabilitation of burned areas. In terms of economic costs, fires cause considerable losses to forestry enterprises by destroying wood resources and timber assortments and exposing the enterprises to additional costs of rehabilitation of both the fire-damaged area and the new plantation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The GDP growth rate declined from over 6.2% in 2008 to 5.3% in 2009, while trade deficits widened and inflation increased. Most of the manufacturing sector, business and social life were impacted by inflation. Economic stimulus packages were enacted to enhance industrial production and service, and policies focused on agricultural production. Along with supporting production, human resource training and employment for the unemployed and social security policies were enacted. As a result, economic growth rates remained high in 2008, 2009 and 2010 at 6.2%, 5.3%, and 6.7% respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, transfers to poor households with children are generally targeted according to level of income, but evidence shows that - despite their positive impact on poverty - transfers have been affected by large errors of inclusion/exclusion, as in the case of allowances in Eastern European countries, or by other inefficiencies linked to the high costs of targeting, evident in the South African child grants (European Report on Development, 2010). In the case of school feeding, for instance, we observed that combining the means of providing meals (on-site, take-home), as in the case of Cambodia, has achieved multiple objectives in terms of a household's decision to send their children to school and to keep their attendance rates high. On the other hand, programmes combining measures that foster access with supply side interventions that provide structures and services to poor children, has proven relevant in supporting their participation in school, such as BRAC in Bangladesh and BRIGFIT in Burkina Faso, while the milk supply programme in Mexico contributes to improving nutrition standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The first centralised purchase of drugs in December 2012 is expected to save €80 million (Gallo and Gene-Badia, 2013. Greece, re-established the Health Procurement Committee which oversees the Health Services Procurement Program (referred to as PPYY). Health care providers submit their requests for health care products including devices and hospital drugs to PPYY.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is one of the seven pillars of the European 2020 strategy (European Commission, 2017) as well as one of the main themes in the programme of the Swedish Presidency of the Nordic Council of Ministers for 2018 (Nordic Council of Ministers, 2017) and a subpart of the UN Sustainable Goal 9. Indeed, access to an open, secure and advanced digital infrastructure has become one of the most important performance multipliers towards a more inclusive, sustainable and innovative society (ibid.). High digital penetration rates in society relating to digital government initiatives (i.e. eGovernment), clearly demonstrate the region's maturity in terms of digital readiness, placing it in the top tier of adopters among its international peers (European Commission, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In addition, a student competency - itself a result of a combination of knowledge, skills, values and attitudes that are adapted, combined and applied in a specific context - must also be perceived as an outcome. Traditionally, a standards-based curriculum is directed toward mastery of predetermined standards, which generally include content standards and performance standards (UNESCO-IBE, 2013). Performance standards specify what levels of learning are expected and assess the degree to which content standards have been met.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While the core component of a decentralised energy system is distributed generation, the system can be further combined with various energy storage and demand response solutions. While heat cannot be transported over long distances, distributed generation that is located closer to the consumers can allow for coordination between heat and electricity generation through combined heat and power plants (CHPs). Since heat is often a by-product of electricity generation, the use of CHP increases the system’s efficiency and can thus reduce the environmental impact by limiting greenhouse gas emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Chile, for example, 28.5% of women-owned firms introduced a marketing innovation in 2007, while only 21.5% of male-owned firms did so (Observatorio Empresas, 2009). Female entrepreneurs tend to lag behind men in experience in certain industries, as well as in access to the finance or networks needed to grow their businesses. These barriers affect women’s propensity to invest in product or process innovation. Other less tangible differences between women and men - such as attitudes towards risk, motivation for venture start-ups, and aspirations regarding business size - have a gender dimension and can affect innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The practices featured from the Republic of Korea and Japan are telemedicine pilot projects to manage chronic disease patients more efficiently and at lower cost. The projects included a health management curriculum, with emphasis on nutrition and exercise guidance. The participants in each pilot project found the services to be helpful in managing their health, the project evaluation findings also indicated several meaningful medical improvements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper uses mirror statistics and research in the field to estimate the magnitude of Tunisia’s informal trade with Libya and Algeria. The aim is to assess the scale of this trade. The main findings show that informal trade represents an important part of the Tunisia’s bilateral trade with Libya and Algeria, accounting for more than half the official trade with Libya and more than official trade with Algeria. The main reasons behind this large-scale informal trade are differences in the levels of subsidies on either side of the border as well as the varying tax regimes. Tackling informal trade is not simply a question of stepping up the number of controls and sanctions, because differences in prices lead to informal trade (and to an increase in corruption levels among border officials) even in cases where the sanctions are severe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Journal of Urban Economics, 69, (3) 253-272 May, T., Jarvi-Nykanen, T., Minken, H., Ramjerdi, F., Matthews, B., & Monzon, A., (2001), "Cities' Decision-Making Requirements: PROSPECTS Deliverable 1." Socio-Economic Impact Assessment (SEIA) Methodology for Urban Transport Projects. People make travel choices so that they can participate in production, consumption and leisure activities of their choice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
International agencies supporting education projects comprise organisations with varied experience and priorities, ranging from technical assistance for the development of government strategies and policies for reform, to programmes of academic exchange. Many started operating during the early and mid-1990s, including some international governmental organisations (e.g. European Commission, ADB, World Bank, UNESCO, UNICEF), individual country governmental organisations, and other NGOs (e.g. Soros Foundation). The Law determines the objectives and principles of education, the administrative structure, and the system of public and private schools. It also ratifies the administrative and financial decentralisation of education institutions. The legal framework on education also encompasses specific provisions of other legislative acts, edicts of the President, decrees of the Government, orders of Minister of Education and Science, and resolutions of boards of the Ministry of Education and Science.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For many labour market policies, by contrast, the impact is less clear cut as they affect both the dispersion of earnings and the level of employment in sometimes conflicting ways, at least for some types of workers. Examples include increasing the minimum wage relative to the median wage, increasing the level of employment protection and increasing the generosity of unemployment benefits. One labour market reform that stands out as having a positive effect on both employment and earnings equality is lowering the gap of employment protection on temporary and permanent work. The impact of product market liberalisation on income inequality is ambiguous.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This conflict must be avoided through use of innovative technology i.e. seams that melt when exposed to microwaves18 etc. Firstly, knowing the material content of a product can be a pre-requisite in enabling optimal recycling. Mono-material garments are more eminently recyclable than products with a mix of materials. Just small amounts of other materials (typically 1-2%) can disrupt some recycling processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This part of the population can be considered as potentially poor. In other words, despite receiving transfers to avoid poverty, they are still considered at risk. One explanation may be that, although those people are considered at-risk-of-poverty with regard to their current income, they do not fulfil the conditions to receive social assistance (for example because of their level of wealth or the low housing costs/rent).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the past, workers had strong incentives to access their accounts because the amounts involved were considerable and returns to the fund tended to be below market rates and have even been negative. While the presence of a firing penalty should, in principle, have reduced worker turnover, the fact that until 2001 the entire firing penalty was to be paid directly to the worker, left considerable scope for collusive behavior between workers and their firms. However, reforms in the labour code that increased the firing penalty from 10 to 40% in 1998 and the introduction of an explicit layoff tax of 10% payable directly to the government in 2001 are likely to have reduced the scope for workers and firms to collude over dismissals (Barros and Corseuil, 2004, Gonzago, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
We know that subsidies are deemed a sensitive domestic issue, and that there is strong resistance even to discuss subsidy policy at the multilateral level. And yet if ILO’s or UNEP’s dreams are to be realized, we cannot go on pretending that the scandal of public subsidies does not exist, or is a secondary matter. Subsidy reform must become a central pillar of the new economic paradigm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
International law provides nations with a common definition of a refugee, yet the processes by which countries determine who should be granted refugee status look strikingly different, even across nations with many institutional, cultural, geographical, and political similarities. This article compares the refugee status determination regimes of three popular asylum seeker destinations—the United States, Canada, and Australia. Despite these nations' similar border control policies, asylum seekers crossing their borders access three very different systems. These differences have less to do with political debates over admission and border control policy than with the level of insulation the administrative decision-making agency enjoys from political interference and judicial review. Bureaucratic justice is conceptualized and organized differently in different states, and so states vary in how they draw the line between refugee and nonrefugee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The international regime on whale hunting is in crisis, despite its apparent success in rescuing most whale populations from extinction. Through the politics of legalization in world affairs, disagreement over the substance of whale hunting has been displaced, recast as disputes over legal technicalities of treaty interpretation and what counts as “scientific” research. The whaling regime has thus become a microcosm of the problems of international law and diplomacy, where a shared commitment to the rule of law coexists with deep disagreements over the meaning of compliance. The case illustrates what can go right and what can go wrong in the design of international institutions, and in the dynamics among state interests, regimes, and activists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)