albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The Fifth Malaysia Plan, implemented from 1986 to 1990, stipulated that universities would give greater emphasis to basic research (40%) relative to GRIs (10%) (Cheng 2009). Likewise, the rapid rise in patenting among the leading Asian universities such as National University of Singapore and Tsinghua over the last ten years coincided with a growing emphasis on basic research. Rather than the basic vs. applied distinction, it seems that the quality of the research and its strategic focus on economic significance (the so-called strategic basic research or “Pasteur quadrant”), are the main parameters that matter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Gaafar (2014) reports that customary law, which often discriminates against women and limits their land and property rights, still governs at least 65 per cent of land in Kenya, and the patriarchal nature of Kenyan society often limits the rights of even those women not living on land governed by custom. According to Gaafar, as little as one per cent of land in Kenya is titled in the names of women and as little as five to six per cent is titled jointly by women and men. This includes assets such as inventories and receivables, household goods and vehicles. Likewise, Liberia’s collateral registry has unlocked about $270 million of debt financing for SMEs (Twebaze, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Output controls with a total allowable catch and individual transferable quotas and input controls (limited entry, closures) applies. Legislative amendments in progress will introduce a maximum legal size limit for Ptectropomus areolatus, a net size restriction for traditional fishing and remove the limitation on holding live finfish. Longline trial started in the Macquarie Island Toothfish Fishery in 2007 for a period of four years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
ABSTRACTManifestations of patrimonialism such as corruption and state predation on business are widespread in many emerging economies. This paper presents the case of Russian political economy, dubbed ‘statist-patrimonial capitalism’, which is marked by state threats to private property rights through bureaucratic extortion or legal harassment. How can we explain the resilience of Russia’s statist-patrimonial capitalism? Predominant accounts focus on the lack of institutional constraints on state predation. The paper offers a different perspective by exploring the often-overlooked contribution of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). First, statistical data show a steady rise of SMEs in the 2000s despite increasing state predation, suggesting that SMEs are not simply subjugated by the state. Second, in-depth interviews with Russian entrepreneurs reveal that business contributes to the maintenance of the statist-patrimonial system through the mechanism of the ‘informality trap’: firms that choose the...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The uninsured, by contrast, have access only to a minimum benefits package, including emergency care, treatment of communicable diseases and care during pregnancy. In 2015,9.4% of Romanians reported unmet medical care needs because of cost geographical barriers or waiting lists, compared to an average of 3.2% in the EU. This figure is slightly lower than in 2007, when 12.3% of respondents reported having unmet needs for one of these reasons (Figure 11).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This chapter presents an analysis of how both information-processing and generic skills are used in the workplace. In fact, the distributions of skills use for workers at different levels of proficiency overlap substantially. As a result, it is not uncommon that more proficient workers use their skills at work less intensively than less proficient workers do. Over-skilled workers - those with higher skills than required by their jobs - tend to under-use their skills, resulting in a "waste" of human capital, while under-skilled workers - those with lower skills than required by their jobs - have to work harder to accomplish their tasks, which could lead to stress and lower job satisfaction, with negative consequences for productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The ‘posthumanist turn’ in critical theory comprises efforts to recognize and analyze the interdependence of human existence with non-human entities, including other animals, spaces, and technologies. Scholarship aligned to and debating posthumanism pertains to public health, but has yet to be clearly articulated for a public health audience. This commentary and an appended glossary illustrate the relevance of these ideas for enhancing critical theory in public health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The studies, plans and recommendations developed by established river basin commissions demonstrate the benefits of institutionalizing the basin level cooperation. Preparing River Basin Management Plans has required an assessment of the situation in the basins according to a common format. Programmes of measures have been defined as stipulated in the WFD to address the main concerns identified in the Plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
National policy documents (such as national curriculum guidelines for both ECEC and primary school) or the monitoring of transitions as part of inspections, can support the quality of transition practices and ensure quality is more even across different settings or schools. Parental surveys are the most common tool, followed by child monitoring methods (e.g. portfolios, child development reports or development assessments).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Increasing the innovation capacities of peripheral, less developed regions is also expected to strengthen their economic resilience and reduce their dependence on transfers from the central government. The latter include policies to ensure equal access to high-quality education (from early childhood to tertiary level), to encourage attendance at school of children from disadvantaged backgrounds, to promote high educational attainment by all segments of society, and to reinforce STEM and entrepreneurship skills. These include measures to support women’s participation in the labour market, such as policies on maternity and paternity leave, activation programmes for the unemployed, which facilitate their transition to higher-productivity jobs, measures to integrate immigrants and minorities into the labour markets, and programmes to promote quality apprenticeships, internship programmes, and on-the-job training. Such programmes increase individuals’ opportunities to progressively adapt to changes in job requirements, particularly for those with lower levels of education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Local flooding and local seasonal w'ater shortages are common. Prior to this, in 1987 flooding in the Tbilisi region caused 110 deaths and economic losses of USD 546 million. Flooding is due to natural seasonal variation of river flows, aggravated by widespread damage to watersheds due to deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion and siltation, and blockages caused by widespread dumping of solid waste (OECD, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Where democracy comes from, the stages by which it develops, the direction it takes, the efforts needed to build it, democracy’s density, and the absence of democratic accountability, all involve conceptual metaphors that imply theories of how democracy emerges and exists as a system of governance. This chapter examines a range of metaphorical concepts and the ways in which they lead scholars to make certain assumptions about democracy, devise hypotheses about processes of democratization, and contribute to theories that offer explanations for how democracy develops over time. The chapter concludes that democratization is not an unambiguous process, but, rather, is most often understood through the same sorts of metaphors that frame the study of other aspects of international relations (IR).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It was also given monopoly import rights over rice and wheat flour. Through BIMAS, packages of technological change in the form of high-yielding varieties (HYV) of rice, fertiliser and pesticides were developed and disseminated at subsidised prices through kiosks operated by village co-operatives (Koperasi Unit Desa, KUD). Local branches of the Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) provided subsidised credit to farmers to purchase these inputs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Theories of government approval usually assume that voters care about economic outcomes. This assumption frequently does not hold. Data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems demonstrate that although the economy is often the most important issue in an election, its place on the issue agenda varies across individuals and electoral contexts. The economy is more likely to dominate other issue concerns under conditions of economic recession, volatility, and economic underdevelopment. Moreover, at the individual level the salience of economic performance rises with unemployment and economic vulnerability. Governance crises related to corruption and human rights reduce attention to the economy, as do large-scale terrorist attacks. If the economy is not perceived as important, its effect on government approval is strongly mitigated. Thus, variations in the economy’s salience need to be further incorporated into studies linking economic and political outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Between 2000 and 2014, more than 320 million people gained access to either improved water, improved sanitation, durable housing or less crowded housing conditions, which means that the MDG target was largely surpassed. The proportion of urban population living in slums in the developing regions fell from approximately 39 per cent in 2000 to 30 per cent in 2014. Although the target was met, absolute numbers of urban residents living in slums continue to grow, partly due to accelerating urbanization, population growth and the lack of appropriate land and housing policies. Over 880 million urban residents are estimated to live in slum conditions today, compared to 792 million reported in 2000 and 689 million in 1990.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The country, including its coastal waters, is located on major flyways of migratory birds, and is used as a wintering area by migratory fish (e.g. Acipenser spp.) Up to 520,000 waterbirds were counted during the International Waterbird Count in Turkmenistan. One of the Deputy Ministers is responsible for biodiversity conservation and PAs, among other issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Clinicians and service managers should be encouraged to change practice towards better and safer care through a mix of educational measures, data collection and disclosure requirements with feedback on performance provided back to clinicians, managers and users. The celebration of good practices or encouragement of hospital and clinician “champion roles” will also contribute to a quality improvement culture. Whilst this reform is likely to have protected patients from being referred unnecessarily to physicians’ private practice, or from being seen by exclusively by junior doctors in public hospitals, there are reports that it has led to some clinicians dropping part-time practice in public hospitals. A review of quality and access indicators before and after the reform should be undertaken. Although a growing amount of data is becoming available that can be used to monitor quality of care, present quality assurance activities are rather control-oriented and the available information is not exploited to its full potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
If a business ecosystem embracing new technological realities is to serve SMEs in all locations, overcoming local infrastructure deficiencies is a prerequisite. They create vital physical or remote connections between the nodes consisting of SMEs, their clients and supply chain partners, and institutions and business service providers, in an integrated system. Considering that SMEs act as both suppliers and end users located in remote areas, the last mile can be considered from two perspectives. When an SME buys inputs, those inputs have to traverse the last mile link to reach the enterprise, when it sells its goods and services, the same part of the infrastructure becomes the first mile connection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article explores how global social policy can be implemented in the local context by examining the policy process undertaken for the conditional cash transfer program (CCT) in the Philippines. It first takes into consideration how they select CCT as flagship social protection program. It, furthermore, takes an in-depth look at the policy implementation process to find out how the Philippines overcomes institutional constraints where clientelism is prevalent and administrative capacity is inadequate. It shows that CCT could be implemented by centralising targeting and delivery system, investing financial resources with political commitment of national government, and rearranging responsible department based upon inter-ministerial cooperation. Even though administrative set-up has been singled out as the principal obstacle hindering necessary policy change in developing countries, this article maintains that the administrative capability can be enhanced in the process of implementing social protection programs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Sometimes these border issues are actually not costs, but benefits associated with being part of a cross-border area. The goal of removing obstacles for the free movement of goods, services, people and capital is high on the agenda. Since 2005, there has been a particular focus on the development of synergies in the field of innovation. The Nordic Regional Innovation Policy Programme 2009-2012 includes cross-border integration among its three main goals: sharing experiences and knowledge building, globalisation and cross-border collaboration, and third-generation regional policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Since then, the number of attempts to divert supplies from trade among European Union-based trading companies have decreased considerably, although they have not ceased altogether, as was evidenced by a seizure of 2.2 tons of the substance in Austria in April 2015. New control measures have also led traffickers to revert to other forms of crime to secure supplies. For example, in 2015, the Netherlands reported that 18,000 litres of acetic anhydride had been stolen during transportation between two companies in that country. In 2014 and 2015, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain reported seizures of large amounts of diverse “designer” precursors, derivatives of internationally controlled precursors included in Table I of the 1988 Convention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Key areas of ecosystem monitoring include mangroves and cloud forests. There is also an early warning fire detection system. The main objective is to provide information of national interest, through co-ordination and widespread adoption of national and international standards, in compliance with the SNIEG Law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Abstract This article examines the recent Security Council Resolution 1706 authorising UN peacekeeping in Sudan, in the context of the deteriorating humanitarian crisis in Darfur. It assesses the African Union Mission in Sudan and elaborates on the reasons for its current fatigue and failure. It interrogates the proposed mandate of the UN force, the organising principles and rules of engagement and, sadly, the Realpolitik that continues to derail efforts at ending the genocide. It urges the global community, in particular the Security Council permanent members, to unite their efforts and compel the government of Sudan to accept UN deployment in order to save the dying and end the tragedy in Darfur.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Even the more developed countries as a region are projected to be home to growing numbers of people in this age group from 2021 until the early 2030s, when their numbers will crest under the medium-fertility scenario at about 219 million. The growth trend in the numbers of young people is most pronounced in the least developed countries, where no peak at all is projected for the foreseeable future. In some sub-Saharan African countries, fertility is barely declining, while the number of women of childbearing age is rising significantly—leading to larger cohorts of young children and adolescents. The United Nations constructs several projections varying by assumptions about fertility, migration and mortality rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This model of having both the private sector and civil society at the Board level of a regional organisation can be seen as a means to institutionalise innovation, accountability and transparency. This is also a strategy to build a constituency on the ground and give more visibility to such metropolitan forms of action. It is a consortium of the 13 LGUs composing Metro Cebu (7 cities -Cebu, Danao, Mandaue, Lapu-Lapu, Naga, and Carcar and 6 municipalities Compostella, Liloan, Consolacion, Cordova, Minglanilla, and San Fernando), regional line agencies of the national government, private sector representatives and civil society organisations. This model of having both the private sector and civil society at the Board level of a regional organisation can be seen as a means to institutionalise innovation, accountability' and transparency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Recent eradication of illicit kratom cultivation has been reported by Myanmar. The trend of wider misuse of amphetamine-type stimulants, in particular methamphetamine, continues to be reported by most countries in the region. In the Republic of Korea, crystalline methamphetamine remains the primary drug of concern and accounts for nearly all drug treatment admissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Through migration, professional activism, and by engaging the symbolic terrain of architecture magazines and competitions, Iranian architects have sought to make their profession cosmopolitan. But following decades of isolationist tendencies, factions of the Iranian architecture profession continue to meet resistance from elements of the state. The profession’s institutions have become a battleground for the expression of the power of design professionals. Building on scholarship on relationships between states and professions as well as professionals’ expressions of cosmopolitanism, this paper demonstrates ways everyday professionals leverage their institutions for professional power. It shares accounts from a transnational ethnography of Iranian architects to show how, on the one hand, professional change seeps outside restrictions attributed to political and economic borders. On the other hand, the stories of cosmopolitan professionals show that the state need not be bound by structural sanctions, like...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
We will continue to promote a universal, rules-based. We call on all WTO members to redouble their efforts to promptly conclude the negotiations on the Doha Development Agenda. We attach great importance to providing trade-related capacity-building for developing countries, in particular African countries, least-developed countries, landlocked developing countries, small island developing states and middle-income countries, including for the promotion of regional economic integration and interconnectivity. The new framework similarly includes various targets and other references to the role of international trade in supporting achievement of the SDGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article argues that social democratic and orthodox Marxist conceptualizations of politics are unable to “engage in solidarity” with many new forms of Latin American popular politics. Such movements challenge the politics of representation, the market economy, and the state form by reinventing territorialized experiments in self-government, which politicize place, subjectivities, and social relations. Developing a critique of these frameworks of political analysis, this article argues that conceptual categories combining the insights of autonomist or open Marxism and poststructuralism and the critical reflections and theorizations by Latin America's newest social movements enable a deeper engagement with such movements. This critique challenges academics committed to progressive social change to reexamine long-held notions about the nature and agents of social transformation and the epistemological categories that orient our research. It argues that if we fail to do this, then we risk becoming gatekeepers of the status quo.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article employs theoretical tools devised by Michel Foucault to explore the political rationale, technologies of government, and unintended consequences of UN efforts at statebuilding and democratization in the context of the peacekeeping operation in Haiti. It aims to offer an empirically oriented contribution to the study of the modalities of international intervention in the post-Cold War period and the effects of transplanting institutional models. The article shows that the UN's political imaginary can be traced back to the texts that guided the reform of punishment institutions in Classical Europe. The United Nations saw its effort at statebuilding as centered upon making local institutions disciplined, visible, and centralized. The failure of the UN to achieve its stated goals is appraised in the contingent modalities of the encounter between an ethnocentric political imaginary that takes for granted that modalities of government can be transplanted with benign effects and local conditions of ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The legislation was consequently amended in 2011 to make a chemical method (EU-RL LC-MS/MS liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) the new reference method, with a phasing out of the biological methods over four years. During this period a modified mouse bioassay is still permitted. Changes were introduced to the legislation dealing with treatment to kill viable parasites in fishery products for human consumption in order to update the requirements based on information provided by a recent opinion from The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) on Parasites in Fishery Products and experience gained from the application of the present legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For example, average informal payments for hospital admissions are EUR 44.11 (USD 97.89) in Hungary and EUR 37.88 (USD 84.80) in Poland and total informal payments make up 2.10% and 0.6% of total health care expenditure in Hungary and Poland, respectively, following ASSPRO projections in 2012 (European Health Policy Brief, 2013). In Turkey, informal payments accounted to 25% of all out-of-pocket payments -or 5.75% of total health spending- in 2002 (Tatar et al. In Greece, out-of-pocket payments are notable in public hospitals where, according to a survey, 36% of patients paid informal cash or in-kind benefits to nurses or physicians (Liaropolous et. Using total expenditure on health instead of current expenditure 2: In the Netherlands, out-of-pocket spending is underreported.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Electricity access is commonly acknowledged as a basic need for human development (Scott and Seth, 2013), and has been described as a moral imperative, socially prudent and an economic necessity (GEA, 2016: 19). Aside from the public-good dimension of safe and reliable electricity supply, consumer protection and guaranteed access are important political-economy considerations (Bamber et al., Such energy-security concerns generally serve to reinforce State control and regulation of the electricity sector (Kuik et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)