albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Another type is bioretention structures, which are typically pits backfilled with soil, mulch and vegetation used to retain runoff for infiltration through the filter bed components, with reliance on biological and biochemical reactions within the soil matrix and around the root zones of the plants. A review of on-farm wetlands in the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland (Newman etal., Agricultural wetlands, however, require careful planning and maintenance in order to perform their optimum design function over a prolonged period of time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Third, the fund—unlike the usual fiscal incentives, many of which are giveaways to investors—would enable the government to keep an equity stake in the projects it finances. Nevertheless, the question still remains, how will the fund go about choosing which investments to finance? The answer to this question is particularly significant in the present context, because it offers insights relevant to the broader question of how a government should go about choosing its investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
All of the ASEAN-5 countries are currently operating FIT systems with fixed tariffs. Although Thailand first introduced a feed-in premium through the Adder programme in 2007, the country replaced it with a new feed-in tariff scheme in 2015 (Watson Farley & Williams, 2015). As Thailand differentiates electricity prices between off-peak and peak hours, the fixed FIT will reduce the price risk and potentially increase revenues for renewable energy (RE) power plants that generate during off-peak hours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The problem lies in the trade-off between time and income, since to raise a poor household’s income above MO, its time has to be reduced to less than TO. Conversely, if a household slightly above the monetary poverty line tries to increase its free time to a value equal to or greater than TO, its income will fall below MO. Therefore, a poverty threshold that incorporates time and money must have a minimum monetary level (MO), a minimum time value (TO) and a trade-off between the two.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Government Debt-GDP ratio declined in Egypt and Lebanon (see table 26), and public sector employment also declined, especially in Egypt. While it is difficult to offer reliable statistics, widely accepted estimates put the overall ESCWA unemployment rate in 2008 at 13 per cent, while youth unemployment stands at between 25 and 30 per cent. These figures are approximately twice as high as the international average. In conflict areas such as Iraq and Palestine, unemployment rates in 2004 were 27 and 29 per cent respectively.34 Worse still, in 2005 youth unemployment rates in Jordan and Egypt were 3.6 and 5.9 times higher than adult unemployment rates, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This Chapter examines the landscape for business and human rights cases in U.S. courts under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS) both before and after the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2013 decision in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. It concludes that such cases today face a series of challenges, including personal jurisdiction, the question of corporate liability, the standard for aiding and abetting liability, and satisfying Kiobel’s “touch and concern” test.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Organisations are asked to register and provide information on who they are and what they represent before submitting a contribution. Responses are submitted electronically via the website and subsequently uploaded to the consultation webpage. This method allows significant numbers of responses to be submitted and managed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The cash delivery is provided in locations that are easy to reach, so that no recipient has to travel for more than 5 km to the cash payment point. From a sample of 3,805, a total of 1,230 randomly selected young women received the benefit, while the remaining constituted the control group. The results show that the programme led to large increases in school enrolment, especially among those not present at school at the baseline (17.2 per cent among the control group, 61.4 per cent among the treatment group). In the control group 27.7 per cent of initial dropouts got married during the preceding year, compared with only 16.4 per cent in the treatment group, a reduction in the marriage rate of more than 40 per cent among baseline dropouts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Although developing countries initially appeared to be shielded from the sudden stop in private capital flows that characterised the financial crisis from October 2008, they were later affected as the financial crisis spread to the real economy. In developed countries, household incomes are also stretched and consideration will need to be given for people on low income or with special needs who face increases in the cost of their utility bills and other costs in general. According to OECD (2009a), the allocation of public funds to WSS can be justified for a number of reasons, including to promote the consumption of merit goods (whose value consumers may not fully realise, such as household sanitation and hygiene) or to compensate for market failures, by rewarding WSS providers for supplying public goods (public health) and external benefits (such as avoidance of groundwater pollution).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Depending on the penetration level and the scenario considered, wind and solar technologies allows for a 30-60% reduction of C02 emissions in the short term. This reduction on carbon emissions, however, is not always confirmed in the long term. Introducing renewables into an electricity system whose baseload technology emits C02, such as coal, will definitively reduce the C02 emissions from the electricity sector in both the short and the long term. However, this will not hold when the baseload technology displaced by renewables does not emit C02, as is the case for nuclear energy. In this case instead, the electricity produced by fossil-fuelled technologies tends to increase, and C02 emissions will be generally higher than in the reference scenario without renewables. In other words, nuclear energy is more efficient than variable renewable energy in limiting C02 emissions as it will not induce a shift towards carbon-intensive peak-load technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The great majority (80%) of these are located in two oblasts - Almaty and South Kazakhstan - the regions with the fastest rates of student population growth (NCESE, 2014). A symptom of infrastructure shortages carried over from Soviet times, multi-shift teaching results in a full use of the existing facilities throughout the day. After-school use of facilities is also quite common for a wide range of extra-curricular and related activities. School auditoria are used by art and drama circles, gyms and sport fields by athletic teams associated with the school, and classrooms are often used for the delivery of evening classes to adults (if permitted by the local executive authorities) (IAC, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Electricity consumers in Luxembourg now have the choice of opting for Nova Naturstroum (electricity produced from renewable energy sources) at a price slightly higher than “normal” electric power. An online buyer’s guide for ecologically-friendly products has been created by the Environment Ministry and the Mouvement Ecologique. The two forestry certification schemes (FSC and PEFC) are now being applied in Luxembourg, as a way of certifying timber origin and sustainable forest management: around 20% of the country’s forest land (most of it publicly owned) is now certified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Therefore a side-effectofthe increased flexibility of the labour market has been a weakening of the traditional, family-based safety net (NBG, 2012) that protected many vulnerable groups in the absence of a broad public social support. As support to the unemployed (unemployment insurance benefit and means-tested unemployment assistance) lasts only two years, and there is no means-tested minimum income yet, many families have been left with no income. The sharp rise in long-term unemployment and people living in jobless households is thus of great social concern (Figure 2.13).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, reaping such benefits would require elaborate structural reform, which would take time to implement. Thus, positive budgetary effects might only materialise with a considerable lag. Similarly to health care, public education is a big-ticket spending item in government budgets (Figure 7). Higher spending on education that is quality enhancing tends to increase potential growth, but effects on income inequality appeal" to vary across countries and with the level of education. Analysis based on imputed values of education services used by households suggests that spending on compulsory education improves static income equity, while spending on tertiary education often produces the opposite outcome.11 Moreover, there can be a significant impact on the life-time income distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article reviews women’s reproductive rights – in particular access to abortion services – in light of recent jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. It highlights the Court’s reluctance to engage in a substantial examination of national laws by granting instead a broad margin of appreciation to individual Member States of the Council of Europe. Recent case law has articulated the right of abortion within certain rights expressly acknowledged by the European Convention on Human Rights, including – albeit not limited to – the right to privacy. Despite this, to date the European Court of Human Rights has yet not acknowledged abortion as a self-standing human right.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, Hjarnkoll utilises mental health ambassadors to talk to the media and other audiences (including workplace conferences, seminars or meetings) about their experiences of living productive lives despite their mental health conditions. The programme provides support on how to reach out to media and employers. In addition, to address the lack of understanding that exists among employers regarding the employment of people with mental health issues, the initiative gives practical advice on the support and management of individuals with mental health problems in the workplace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Among the constitutional sources of the law of the commonly binding law, the legislature has also included acts of local law. They fall within the scope of the executive regulations for categories of sub-statutory acts and can only be issued on the basis of and within the limits of the statutory mandate, but without explicit “executive” character in relation to statutory regulations, as is the case with implementing regulations. The specificity of local acts is expressed in the fact that they are acts of lawmaking of a universally binding nature, but they are issued by public administration bodies rather than by legislative bodies. Their establishment is an expression of the so-called decentralization of lawmaking. The legislator authorizes local government bodies to act as local authorities, as well as the voivodeship and local government bodies of the non-self-government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While Uzbekistan substantially improved the monitoring of pollution sources, the urgently needed progress was not made in developing its ambient environmental monitoring networks. The concentrations of a number of pollutants identified by the international community as being the most harmful to human health and the environment are not measured. Biodiversity and ecosystem monitoring remain underdeveloped in Uzbekistan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Such understanding would require a detailed, bottom-up analysis of the needs and the development of corresponding investment plans, potentially in reflection of longer term climate goals. Hence these cases provide insights, including examples of good practices, that can be scaled up to get a broader understanding of investment needs and solutions at the global level, and the role of international and Nordic climate finance therein. Bangladesh's cities are characterized by an ever-widening infrastructure deficit, and more and more people are bound to living in sub-standard conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Alternatively, various other types of mechanisms could be used. By way of example, in the case of supply-side subsidies, a set amount could be provided to help social organizations adapt existing facilities for use as childcare centres. In the case of demand-side subsidies, funding could be based on the number of children served. In addition, subsidies could be provided to people who had paid into the social security system but had later been called upon to serve as caregivers (e.g., older adults). Accordingly', assess sectoral budgets from a care perspective, including accountability as a policy follow-up mechanism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The exchange could be both intra- and inter-agency at the national level, as well as across national, provincial and local levels. In the context of G2G interactions targeted toward improving gender equality, activities may include the establishment of gender statistics and relevant data sources that integrate national, regional, and local governments through a seamless single point access. By automating and integrating many of the gender-related administrative tasks and data transaction across different levels of government agencies, it has a potential to bring about a more coordinated policy development as well as an effective monitoring of gender impact. Initiatives in this form of interaction attempt to make traditional on-spot based transactions less time-consuming and more convenient.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The concepts of nationality and allegiance are central to the doctrine of diplomatic protection as well as to certain institutions of (horizontal) international criminal law such as jurisdiction over treason, passive and active personality jurisdiction, and the non-extradition of nationals. In this sense, there appears to be a clear parallel between these two fields of international law. Yet most scholars – including John Dugard – tend to place and keep diplomatic protection and international criminal law in distinct conceptual compartments, never addressing them in relation to each other. This study considers whether this prevailing strict doctrinal separation is necessary and justified – in other words, whether diplomatic protection and international criminal law are, or can, or should be bridged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is important to present existing natural science knowledge and social and economic research, equally. A plan for how to handle data for the Nordic Assessment will be needed. The principles described in Box 3 in Annex 7, as well as the initial deliverables of the general data and information plan implementation, will offer guidance on this.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
After the project ended, the DSA has remained but lost much of its initial momentum. Research and innovation 3. Low-carbon economy 6. Environmental protection and resource efficiency 7. The programme has existed since Interreg IV (2007-13). In the period 2007-13, the OKS programme supported about 125 cross-border projects, which brought together around 400 partners from Denmark, Norway and Sweden (mainly universities, regions and large municipalities).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This article describes the relationship between journalistic and educational fields via a case study of the 2011 Chilean student movement. Considering the above, this study analyzes the editorials of two of the most influential newspapers in Chile in order to describe their roles as political actors in the educational debate during the student movement. Through the implementation of mixed methods (content analysis and discourse analysis), it was found that the editorials focused on the political repercussions of the conflict, emphasizing the actions that the political system should take. The discourse of the editorials defended the privatization initiative in education by placing the blame on public education for its current state and it also framed the educational problem as a temporary situation, ignoring its systemic nature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Snap’s IPO with no voting rights shows there is disagreement on what good governance means. Some experts viewed the founders’ total control over Snap, and the resulting lack of accountability to shareholders, as a “banana republic approach” to corporate governance. Others believe that Snap’s IPO shifts the balance from shareholders to stakeholders. But perhaps this is the wrong discussion. In an age of disruptive technology, the sharing economy and a millennial culture, the traditional perspective needs to change. A new “corporate governance” needs to be designed around this new reality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Finally, it highlights possible ways to improve financial opportunities for inclusive innovation, particularly through regulatory frameworks ensuring consumer safety without hindering private firms from providing health and education services. Indeed, these alternative approaches 1) do not seek “novel” efforts to improve conditions for the poor (i.e. they are not innovation-based), and 2) do not focus on developing business opportunities to serve “poor markets”. As inclusive innovations aim to use the market as an instrument to provide key goods and services, they can leverage broader capabilities and tackle poverty in a more cost-efficient manner than other strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
According to the Document of Strategic Policies for Protection of Biodiversity for the period 2016-2020 (the second NBSAP), there are approximately 7,233 plant groups, including ferns, fungi, lichens, mosses and algae, and 5,438 wildlife species, including birds, mammals, fish, insects and decapods, in Albania. Approximately 32 per cent of all European flora is found in Albania. Flower plants and microalgae represent the most diverse and the richest group of rare species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The project consists of three phases, with the aim of extension of the government ICT network to the lowest tier of administration and root-level citizens. Under phases I and II of this project, a high-speed Internet backbone network with high-capacity bandwidth using Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing technology has been established in all ministries, government directorates/departments, all 64 districts and 488 Upazilas (subdistricts) and 18 130 government offices, and 25 000 tabs have been distributed to government officials for enhancing use of ICT in public sector. The central secretariat is under Wi-Fi connection, 600 police offices are under VNP connectivity, and 800 videoconferencing systems and one disaster recovery centre have also been established. Phase III is aimed at expanding the existing backbone network through 20 000 km of optical fibre cable to 2 600 rural administrative units (Union) and 1 600 police offices by June 2018.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This difference was also reflected in employment patterns: in China until the late 1990s, the rapid export growth generated employment which constituted a net addition to domestic employment, since until its WTO accession, China had undertaken much less trade liberalisation than most other developing countries. This is why manufacturing employment grew so rapidly in China until the mid-1990s, because it was not counterbalanced by major losses of employment due to the effects of displacement of domestic industry because of import competition. This is unlike the case in India, where increases in export employment were outweighed by employment losses especially in small enterprises because of import competition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The 2009 Second National Report listed the key problems that the country faces in the area of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use and which are fully in line with the observations and conclusions of the second EPR mission. The main goal was to identify existing information relevant for the identification and selection of the main biodiversity values and areas in BiH, in line with the EU Biodiversity Protection Standards (i.e. the Nature Directives). This initial set of data, if updated and maintained, could provide a basis for a biodiversity information system. First National Report of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the Convention on Biological Diversity, IB AT.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, publicly guided international mechanisms of technological diffusion have limited precedents, since, historically, the bulk of technological knowledge has been embodied and transferred as private property through the operations of private companies. The successful experience of CGIAR is an example of how rapid worldwide diffusion of new agricultural technologies can be effected through a publicly supported global and regional network of research institutions. In the climate change area, building international public policymaking capability can draw upon the experiences already existing in international scientific networks and the example of multi-stakeholder cooperation provided by the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The original Spanish text gave the etymology of cuidado which derives from the Latin roots cogitatus, thought, the participle of cogitare, and agitare, to agitate or trouble (Gomez de Silva, 1998 and Robert, 1979 in Flores-Castillo, 2012). In Spanish, as in several other Romance languages, therefore, the word for care is etymologically related to thinking, caring, care and curing. It is considered to be a regulatory component, expressed in terms of self-knowledge and skill in the quest for the principles of truth, which can encompass such widely diverse spheres as death, illness, suffering and political life, and, by the same token, judgement as to the value of the actions that the individual carries out (Foucault, 2005). Care of oneself is knowledge of self and the compilation of a certain number of rules of behaviour or principles which are at the same time truths and prescriptions: thus ethics and the game of truth are linked.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The artificial division between macroeconomic policies and these other policy areas means that too little attention is paid to employment, unpaid work and social issues in the formulation of macroeconomic strategies. These alternatives emphasize that markets do not always function well, unregulated markets can result in financial crises, too little employment, an inadequate supply of public goods and services and environmental deterioration, distribution matters, and inequality affects economic stability and performance. They call for action by governments to regulate markets and to improve economic outcomes through employment and social policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Austria and Iceland reported using gender diversity preference in hiring in 2010, but not in 2016, while France and Japan said they had discontinued preparatory training for civil service entrance examinations specifically targeting women candidates. France did, however, report in 2016 that it rewarded public service departments that had recruited more women and/or meet gender diversity targets. Ireland, for example, established a Judicial Appointments Commission in 2016 which states that one of its priority goals is gender balance in judicial office.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)