albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This article examines what democracy means when it is used in academic textbook evaluations of international institutions and how the meaning of the term “democracy” in such evaluations has changed over time. An analysis of 71 textbooks on international institutions in the policy areas of international security, environmental, and human rights politics leads us to several answers. We observe slight changes in relation to three aspects. First, the range of democracy-relevant actors expands over time, most notably in relation to nonstate actors as important participants in (or even subjects of) international policymaking. Second, representational concerns become more relevant in justifying demands for greater participation in international institutions. Third, international organizations are increasingly discussed not only as subjects that enhance the transparency and accountability of the policies of their member states, but also as the objects of democratic demands for transparency and accountability themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The aviation non-C02 effects can be broken down into radiative forcing (RF] components from contrails and induced cirrus cloudiness, aerosols (black carbon and sulfate], water vapor, and possibly also surface albedo changes from feedstock cultivation (Myhre, et al 2013]. These effects are far more uncertain and less studied, in particular the effects of aerosols and cloudiness. The total anthropogenic RF from aviation have been estimated to be as high as 5% (compared to the 2% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions accounted for by aviation] (Lee et al, 2009], due to non-C02 effects. A traditional GHG inventory assessment may therefore not fully account for the actual climate impact of alternative jet fuels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This suggests that the current approach to counting adjustment flows may be underestimating the true value that donors and recipients place on supporting adjustment needs. It also suggests that the currently expansive definitions of TRA -such as the OECD’s suggestions that it covers all ‘contributions to the government budget to assist the implementation of trade reforms’ (OECD 2008: 2) — are, while subject to excessive overlap and lack of clarity, closer to how the AfT community actually perceives adjustment needs. The change in approach to TRA would thus involve transforming TRA from a ‘tick one box’, mutually exclusive category, into a ‘marker’ that could be applied to any AfT flow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The desire of ethnic groups to retain exclusive rights of exploitation over specific territories within a state also constitutes one of the most potent and divisive drivers of conflict at a national level. Conflict in the extractive industries can also be caused when the boundary of a license or concession overlaps with another approved land use, a designated area such as a park, or communal lands. This is often done without having first established an adequate regulatory framework with appropriate environmental and social safeguards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This circular relationship — the energy-transformation nexus — is central to the development process. It discusses the linkages between energy supply and sustainable and inclusive structural transformation. Following an examination of the patterns of energy supply and demand in least developed countries (LDCs) and their differences from other groups of countries in section B. Section C elaborates on the energy-transformation nexus.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Japanese firms are increasingly adopting performance-based human resources management strategies (JILPT, 2009a). In 2000, over a quarter of Japanese workers worked 50 hours or more a week, compared with less than one-sixth in the United States and between 2% and 5% in many European countries (Lee, 2004). By 2008, the situation had improved only slightly, as 24% of all workers still worked 49 or more hours.34 Furthermore, under-utilisation of eligible annual leave is characteristic of Japanese employment practices. According to a survey carried out in 2007, Japanese workers in private companies with 30 or more regular employees took on average 8.2 days of annual leave (JILPT, 2009b). Reasons for not taking annual leave are anxiety about a negative personnel assessment, the perceived high workload, and strong work-orientation as a cultural feature, mainly among men in their forties (Ogura, 2006). The introduction of performance-based wage systems seems to further promote long working hours (Ogura, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The difference in terms is not based in any subtle conceptual differences - but simply reflects the way these objectives have developed in different contexts. These additions will necessitate even greater policy coherence across economic, environmental and social policies, with shifts in institutional arrangements and administrative culture to enable well-aligned and mutually supportive policies. As environmental risks can undermine growth and human well-being, economic policies that aim to promote growth and raise living standards must take these risks into account.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Finally, once users have decided to do the transaction and they have the proper information to do so, the bank has to attend the procedure to transfer rights in its three modalities, from start to finish. These are the two regions with the most significant problems related to the availability of water, degree of water stress and over drafted aquifers. At the end of 2010, a total of 13 Water Banks had been established in Mexico, one for every river basin council. In many cases, as opposed to what would be expected, transactions decrease. This might indicate that before the establishment of water banks, many transaction where accepted under irregular circumstances, and that the new process has lowered this possibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The project collected information on existing mental health and well-being indicators and information systems and on this basis selected a set of mental health indicators for integration into a comprehensive health monitoring system in Europe. These indicators are listed in Table 4.5. Health care quality indicators 36. These challenges include: the difficulty of collecting data for even relatively simple indicators, the reported indicator data may be related to different years for different countries, the differential ability of countries to track patients after hospital admissions which is related to the presence or absence of UPIs, the lack of risk adjustment, deficiencies in relation to validity testing and exhaustive and exclusive data specifications, and the inability to avoid choosing indicators for quality benchmarking that reflect the data source that is available rather than optimal measures of quality of care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Social assistance is a small segment within this component, but its importance has grown (as discussed in section 1.C of this chapter). Growth in social security spending basically reflects the progressive ageing of the population along with expanded pension coverage. The other major increase in social public spending over the past 20 years has been in education, with a rise of 1.9 percentage points of GDP. Health care and particularly housing have shown only minor variations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In place since 2006, this agreement addressed tariffs on lumber traded between the two countries as part of a decades-long trade dispute covered in earlier editions of this Review. In April 2017, the US government announced tariffs of 3-24% on imported lumber from Canada (Dattu era/., 2017). The UK's"Brexit"is due to take place on 30 March 2019, the deadline can only be extended beyond that date by unanimous agreement of all EU countries. Brexit may change the UK's supply and consumption of wood products. The country is the largest net importer of wood products in the EU, with the great majority of wood coming from other EU countries. Following separation from the EU, the UK may change supply streams to resources from outside the EU and strengthen domestic sourcing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The main species harvested in 2013 were herring (506 230 tonnes), cod (469 932 tonnes) and mackerel (164 608 tonnes). The relative share of the landed value by the Norwegian fishing fleet is presented in Table 1. The reduction consisted of 279 full-time fishers and 168 part-time fishers. The number of fishing vessels registered in the Register of Norwegian Fishing Vessels decreased from 6 211 vessels in 2012 to 6 128 vessels in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
From the environmental protection point of view, it is necessary' to include data on waste generated by foreign investors, to have complete and internationally comparable waste statistics. Furthermore, an improved picture of the obsolete pesticides would help the authorities cam' out further actions. This could be done following international guidelines, such as those provided under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. The Ministry of Health should prepare for the change in its waste management practice once the incinerator goes into operation in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Efforts to change the school leadership profession should follow the Good School Leadership Framework in tandem with the new System of Teacher Education and Professional Development. The provision of training also needs to be more systematic, and needs to depend less on the individual capacity of school leaders to access training opportunities. Universities and other higher education institutions are positioned at the nexus of knowledge creation, education, innovation and economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The history of international law cannot be equalled to a mere pedigree of doctrine. Law lives in practice. In a constant dialogue between doctrine and practice, economics, history and philosophy, War, Trade and Neutrality shows what interdisciplinary scholarship on international law has to offer. Concrete cases allow to conceptualise state behaviour and establish a “common normative understanding ” proper to recurrent configurations of power . Moreover, the work of our Italian colleagues has been made more easily accessible through translation.  This volume offers a stimulating contribution to international scholarship, analysing foreign policy from an actors’ perspective, based on primary archival and printed sources. Second, it brings a unique view of the legal translation of international relations from the minor powers’ side, sometimes at the centre of politics as an object, but more often active as laboratories on the fringes of European Big Power politics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This would allow for information to be aggregated in order to provide an overview of aggregate financial support. However, as noted in Table 3, there are currently significant (and sometimes strongly-held) differences between countries on some of these issues, rendering the possibility of agreement unlikely. A second way of improving transparency and consistency of information submitted to UNFCCC on support provided and mobilised would be if countries reported highly disaggregated data (e.g. by recipient country, type of flow). This would allow for users to identify specific areas of interest (e.g. climate finance for Least Developed Countries) and aggregate the raw data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Designing a lean organization and using efficient processes will lower costs. For example, with about 20 full-time professional staff members and a liberal budget for consulting services, a contribution of $60 million will allow APEA to function effectively for the first five years. Its main resource will be the professional staff and it will have a very small capital asset — i.e. mosdy office facilities. Therefore, the member countries will only need to invest a small amount as equity and assume very little risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This effect is not captured by the empirical analysis. A decomposition of cross-country differences in earnings inequality suggests that differences in the educational composition of the workforce play an important role (see Box 3). The vertical axis shows the impact of the same change on the log earnings of the 90lh quantile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Algerian government has had a Ministry for SMEs and Handicrafts since 1992 and the Tunisian government created a special agency to help small and medium-sized industries (in the manufacturing sector) improve their competitiveness in 1998. Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and the United Arab Emirates have passed SME laws (Morocco in 2000, Algeria in 2001, Egypt in 2004, and the United Arab Emirates in 2011). Most MENA governments have some sort of SME policy or strategy (for example, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Qatar, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen) or have recently begun developing and/or formalising one (for example, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian Authority and Syria). However, there is no formal national SME policy in Djibouti, Iraq, Palestinian Authority, Lebanon, Libya, Kuwait, Oman or Saudi Arabia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Grants to provincial, district and local level governments have been increased significantly, signalling a major shift in the Government’s approach to delivering services to rural and remote areas. While the large increase in funding to provincial and local governments will directly transfer large amounts of funds to rural areas, it is expected that this will strain the capacity of the provinces to effectively implement the Government’s ambitious service delivery agenda. Moreover, Papua New Guinea is to be commended for taking steps to establish its Sovereign Wealth Fund which is expected to be operational by the end of 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Although these policies can have a profound effect on urban development, there is currently no explicit national urban policy framework in the Netherlands with a holistic and strategic focus aimed at enhancing the growth potential of FUAs. It then focuses on the impact on and the role of regions in the newly created Top Sector policy. The analysis also considers innovation in broader terms, examining additional domestic and European policies. The presence of several policies with a potential impact at the regional level requires an understanding of the possible complementarities that should be taken into account when designing the policy. Regional development elsewhere is seen as the responsibility of provinces and municipalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The author critically analyzes the judgement rendered by the ICJ on 14 February 2002, in the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 case. The Court's reasoning is criticized for both its poor motivation in acknowledging the existence of a rule of customary international law, providing for absolute inviolability and immunity for incumbent ministers for foreign affairs before the national courts of other states, and for the rather theoretical manner in which the Court asserts that immunity does not amount to impunity. It is also regretted that the Court did not pronounce on the issue of universal jurisdiction, thereby missing a great opportunity to clarify a controversial but increasingly important issue of international (criminal) law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
An increasing number of scholars are using longitudinal social network data to try to obtain estimates of peer or social influence effects. These data may provide additional statistical leverage, but they can introduce new inferential problems. In particular, while the confounding effects of homophily in friendship formation are widely appreciated, homophily in friendship retention may also confound causal estimates of social influence in longitudinal network data. We provide evidence for this claim in a Monte Carlo analysis of the statistical model used by Christakis, Fowler, and their colleagues in numerous articles estimating "contagion" effects in social networks. Our results indicate that homophily in friendship retention induces significant upward bias and decreased coverage levels in the Christakis and Fowler model if there is non-negligible friendship attrition over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 2014, aquaculture’s contribution to total fish supplied for food overtook that of wild fish for the first time and this trend continued in 2015. In the same year, after a period of continuous expansion, trade of fish and fishery products declined in value terms. This slowdown was caused by economic contractions in key markets, exchange rate developments and lower fish prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
With the rollout of vaccines against COVID-19, an optimistic and a negative attitude among people have arisen. Surprisingly, surveys among people reveal that there is a significant rate of distrust against the vaccines. In a recent short report published in this journal, vaccine hesitancy was found out among medical students. Hence, wide array of research has been springing, recommending various approaches in assisting authorities deal with vaccine hesitancy such as proper and effective strategic communication as a solution. This study suggests however that a more 'localized' public education and role-modelling from public officials and health authorities can help a lot in building public trust. The study aims to contribute to the further development of public health mechanisms in the rolling-out and distribution of vaccines against COVID-19.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Compared to the older, rudimentary programmes introduced in the region in the past, CCTs are better funded by the State and assure a greater coverage of the vulnerable population (Cornia and Martorano, 2010). Indeed, flagship programmes such as Bolsa Familia in Brazil and Oportunidades in Mexico now cover about 25 per cent of the population and cost on average less than 0.5 per cent of GDP (ERD, 2010). Most of the existing CCTs in the region require households to fulfill conditions linked to both educational attainment by children and regular health check-ups (Fiszbein and Schady, 2009). A more recent development of CCTs in the region is represented by the Red Solidaria in El Salvador, which - as well as offering transfers in exchange for education and health facility attendance - also provides a supply-side component to strengthen access to basic services, including investments in electricity, water, sanitation and other infrastructures (Britto, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Act does not apply to any environmental damage that occurred before the date the Act entered into force. It stipulates that from 1 July 2012, every operator must prove financial coverage of liability for environmental damage, including expected costs of remedying environmental damage, not later than 100 days after approval of relevant business activity. To date the regulations on liability have not been applied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
By 2020 the number of people ages 60 and older will be greater than the number of children under age 5. The proportion of the world’s population over age 60 will double between 2015 and 2050, to 22 percent.67 Few countries are prepared to cope with this demographic transition. Without adequate health systems, social protection, and work and retirement schemes in place, older people are deprived of opportunities to maintain and expand their capabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Although Social Cure research shows the importance of family identification in one’s ability to cope with stress, there remains little understanding of family responses to human rights violations. This is the first study to explore the role of family identity in the collective experience of such violations: meanings ascribed to suffering, family coping strategies, and family-based understandings of justice. Semi-structured interviews (N=27) with Albanian dictatorship survivors were analysed using Social Identity Theory informed thematic analysis. The accounts reveal Social Cure processes at work, whereby family groups facilitated shared meaning-making, uncertainty reduction, continuity, resilience-building, collective self-esteem, and support, enhanced through common fate experiences. As well as being curative, families were contexts for Social Curse processes, as relatives shared suffering and consequences collectively, whilst also experiencing intergenerational injustice and trauma. Although seeking and achieving justice remains important, the preservation of family identity is one of the triumphs in these stories of suffering.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The content of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and pesticides in collector-drainage water is significantly higher than in surface water. To prevent pollution in the Amu Darya River, a package of measures on drainage flow management along the right bank of the river has been developed under the Drainage, Irrigation and Wetlands Improvement Project financed by the World Bank. These measures could make a considerable contribution to saving water in Uzbekistan and in the whole region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The analyses have shown that knowledge and skills of returnee migrants and the savings generated from remittances could be important sources for capital accumulation in LDCs - both human and financial. These resources could play an important role in the developmental evolution of the LDCs. The IPoA, by identifying concrete doables on the part of both the LDCs and development partners, has redirected the attention of the global community to a much-neglected area which, however, has high potential in terms of facilitating many of the LDCs in undertaking their journey towards graduation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The first emphasises development based on the market economy with socialist orientation, the second seeks to ensure national food security by guaranteeing adequate food supplies, particularly for rice. There is potential for conflict in achieving both at the same time. These two resolutions have been implemented through a number of documents, including the ARP to restructure the agricultural sector towards improving value-added and sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, in 2012, only 13% of the working population had competed tertiary education, human capital still significantly lags behind OECD standards, which constrains growth prospects. Health services have become more accessible to poor households and improved in quality, as reflected in rising life expectancy, which remains nonetheless below the OECD average (see Basic Statistics). Regional disparities with respect to education and health services remain large.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This chapter maps women’s access to public life and highlights the rationale and the scope for the study. It outlines study objectives and details the methodology adopted in preparing the report. It highlights active measures to advance gender equality in public life and provides actionable recommendations to governments, supported by examples of good practices from OECD countries and key partner countries. It also falls under the broader framework of the OECD Gender Initiative launched by Ministers in 2010 to help governments in OECD and non-OECD countries promote gender equality by deepening the knowledge base on gender equality issues, further developing indicators to measure progress in gender equality, developing evidence-based policy recommendations, and enhancing cross-national policy learning and transferability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)