albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Successful completers are awarded a Senior Certificate of Education, giving access to both general and vocational programmes. There is a well established flexible qualification system that provides autonomy and innovation, underpinned with data and research. Current reforms have aimed to shape a more demand-driven VET system (see Spotlight 2), introducing more flexibility in the length of apprenticeships and ensuring support through a common procedure for assessing them. It has the sixth highest graduation rate among OECD countries in academic programmes (tertiary-type A), and the eighth highest graduation rate in vocationally oriented programmes (tertiary-type B). About 19.8% of all tertiary students are foreign, the highest rate of foreign tertiary students among OECD countries in 2011. The participation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in higher education is below that of the Australian population as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Ecosystem integrity and ecosystem goods and services. Most of these indicators are rather easily obtainable and accessible, such as indicators on abundance and distribution of species of birds and butterflies (SEBI indicator no. An example of this is the indicator on fragmentation of natural and semi-natural areas (SEBI indicator no.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Nearly half of the average annual flow that drains towards the Sava River has such an internal transboundary characteristic. In the Adriatic Sea river basin, internal transboundary waters between the two entities are less significant. Rivers are the natural characteristics that define nearly half of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s borders, extending 751 km in length.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The advent of democracy in South Africa in 1994 has resulted in a radical law reform process, new systems of governance, and significantly transformed planning and decision-making processes. At the same time, principles of sustainability, integration, participation, social and environmental justice have also been placed squarely on the South African political agenda. Local government has become the intended focal point for addressing the socio-economic needs of local communities and sustainable service delivery, with the principal tool for achieving these developmental objectives the Integrated Development Plan (IDP). This paper examines the available policy frameworks, including those at the national level, guiding incorporation of environmental sustainability considerations into IDPs and highlights difficulties of achieving this in practice. Ideas for moving beyond rhetoric to practical mainstreaming of environmental sustainability considerations in IDPs are provided.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
I became the first female tech CEO in Afghanistan, and I have been seeking to set an example of leadership for young women throughout Afghanistan. By reaching out to the private sector via digital platforms, I was able to raise funding and support from people outside of Afghanistan. The challenges I faced as a child did not go away when I became an executive. I had less access to commercial financing or loans than men did in the same profession. In Afghanistan, 81% of businesswomen cannot access necessary resources to run their companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Where school authorities have failed to acknowledge its existence, it has often flourished and become institutionalised. Efforts are needed to empower girls and women and to sensitise men to the needs and rights of girls and women (UNESCO, 2003). When schools are located far away from home, students cannot attend because of safety issues and economic reasons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The public sector has a vital role to play in providing the environment and infrastructure which would enable and promote action by the private sector. For example, government has an important role to play, in reforming fossil fuel subsidies or simply in helping to raise awareness of the costs and benefits of potential investment decisions. This would result in a win-win situation, with reduced costs for the private sector, combined with the social benefits from improved energy efficiency. The key drivers of green growth -namely investment and innovation - require the creation of enabling policy frameworks in which private sector-led and collaborative investment and innovation initiatives can thrive”. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Investments in an “end-users” system of water distribution networks and sewerage reached only EUR 0.9 billion, with many investments being postponed. The water and wastewater sector was expected to benefit from a further EUR 3.8 billion in investment during the period 2007-13. Average European funding of water and wastewater investment in 2000-06 was 63%, with this share expected to decrease to 50% (calling for greater self-financing of the programme) (GHK, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Restoration is possible for plant assemblages and ecosystem services (water regulation, carbon sequestration, erosion control) but questionable for rarer invertebrates. Main ecosystem service: carbon sequestration. Securing biodiversity outcomes in advance of development impacts is the basis of the biobanking approach to offsetting used in Australia, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United States, and the proponent-led biobanking national programme in Canada.4 However, biobanking programmes often allow some sales of biodiversity credits to occur in advance of their creation to help finance the project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Competences involved account for the principal's ability to ensure effective learning in the institution he leads, enclosing both his own culture and the education project. Management of the Organizational Climate and Relations with Community: refers to the generation of adequate organisational climates to empower the education project and the learning achievements of its students. The selected criteria foster the collaboration within the institution and the framing of support networks to itself in its environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Social policies should therefore reduce poverty and at the same time promote social inclusion and strengthen the sense of belonging. These trends have also contributed to higher levels of vulnerability and exclusion among broad swathes of the Latin American population, including newly impoverished sectors of former middle classes that are living just above the threshold for satisfying their basic needs. There are also extremely deprived groups that are not covered by social support networks, whether family, community or institutional based.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Vanuatu has capitalised on its renewable energy to some extent, with a wind farm and solar PV system connected to the Port Vila grid, and a hydro power station that serves Luganville, as well as use of coconut oil for generators. The key energy sector policy document is the Updated National Energy Road Map (NERM) 2016-2030, which has five energy sector priorities and associated targets: increasing access to electricity, reducing reliance on petroleum products, affordable energy services, a secure energy supply, and mitigating against climate change through renewable energy and energy efficiency (Radio NZ 2016). Vanuatu’s NDC outlines a target of increasing the electricity generated by renewable energy from about 25 to 100 per cent by 2030. The government’s updated NERM also has a target of increasing the proportion of the population with access to electricity to 100 per cent by 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Finally, the PISA target population covers 15-year-olds enrolled in lower secondary or upper secondary school, but enrolment rates of 15-year-olds differ across countries and over time. This variation could partly contribute to the differences in students' career expectations reported when they are 15 years old. These limitations are discussed in greater detail in Boxes 4.1 and 4.2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
School principals also evaluated very positively the collaboration dynamics that the project sparked among teachers. Around 75% of principals in intervention schools estimated that the project led to collaboration between teachers in unusual and positive ways, and that the project provided professional development opportunities that their teaching staff would not have had otherwise (see Chapter 6 for more details on teacher and principal reports). While the objective was mainly to trial and test the instruments and evaluation protocol, the pilot data collection also provided interesting insights as students' answers were actually collected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The language of war has a recognised and intimate relationship with the abuse of a core set of civil and political rights. Detention without trial, arbitrary arrest, disappearance, torture and the like soon result once a political authority decides to describe a conflict in which it is involved as ‘war’. National or regime security takes centre stage, security ideologies play a stronger role, and the means employed push at the boundaries of the acceptable. This close association between conflict and human-rights abuse, if no other reason, should make us pause before we too readily resort to the language of war. The Cold War and the current ‘global war on terror’ – to use the US term – are no exceptions to this general finding. Disappearance, torture and extra-judicial killings have been features of both. The struggle against terrorism has generated a sense of impunity for actions that threaten many different groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The National Sustainable Development Strategy 2013-2020-2030 includes a further range of activities that seek to reduce environmental hazards and to improve health and well-being. Romania has some of the highest levels of antimicrobial resistance in the EU. Surveillance data show that in 2015, 24.7% of Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections were resistant to carbapenems, a major last-line class of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections. This percentage is much higher than the EU/EEA median (0.5%) and the third highest in the EU/EEA (ECDC, 2017b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
By generating competitive pressure to initiate, maintain or upgrade participation within GVCs, risks can also be created. While labor, social and environmental standards set by GVC lead firms can lead to the application of higher standards, the results of this have been mixed. There is some evidence that participation in GVCs increases exposure to global business cycles and vulnerability to changes in location decisions by GVC lead firms, among other potential risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Using different graphic characters and colour variation can help interviewers to navigate the questionnaire more easily, to follow skip patterns accurately, to reduce data entry errors and to reduce the chance that respondents will end the interview prematurely. All responses associated with a particular question should appear on the same page in order to ensure that none are missing and questions associated with the same theme or topic should be grouped closely together. This should be done without crowding the questions, which might cause some to be overlooked.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, approximately 95% of current paddy land meets the wet-paddy land definition. Using an average agricultural household income of VND 1.458 million (USD 70) per month and assuming the household farms 2 ha of wet-paddy land, the payment represents almost 6% of annual income. A further objective of the programme was to create employment for 2 million people and increase incomes of people in forest areas as a contribution to poverty alleviation, hunger eradication and the development of rural mountainous areas. A number of policy measures were implemented under this programme including loans to large SOEs involved in forestry and direct support to households to establish forest plantations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Unemployed participants taking part in AMU as part of their individual employment plan are exempt from fees. As most participants are employed and receive a full salary during training, this allowance is primarily paid to employers as partial wage reimbursement. Participants may also receive a transport allowance and financial support for board and lodging.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The number of consultations undertaken could be reduced by conducting consultations for groups of countries or making the process voluntary for small emitters (e.g. least developed countries and small island developing states). Another way to minimise resource use could be conduct international consultations electronically via the internet, as the European Commission regularly does for its internal policy process (see Box 4). The length of the period of consultation is generally around 2-3 months. A separate webpage is set up for each consultation containing information on the objective and questions posed by the consultation, together with links to any relevant documentation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Freshwater, peatland and grassland habitats require better protection, as do mammals, amphibians, fish and non-vascular plants. The Operational Programme for the management of Natura 2000 sites has supported the integration of biodiversity into policies in sectors such as tourism, agriculture and forestry. These efforts should be strengthened. Opportunities to extend private sector participation in biodiversity conservation should be explored.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
By examining Australia’s response to political corruption in Papua New Guinea (PNG) – Australia’s closest neighbor, ex-colony and now largest recipient of Australian aid – the chapter highlights how donors can fail to live up to their policy rhetoric on anticorruption. This failure, it is argued, is a product of the broader diplomatic relationship between Australia and PNG. This results in a tension between donors’ stated goals (anticorruption) and the political realities within which donors operate. It shows that the way that donors negotiate this tension can be central to the effectiveness of their anticorruption efforts, particularly when it comes to political corruption. In the case of PNG, it is argued that political corruption is best fought by those willing to take political risks – risks that donor agencies are often poorly positioned to make.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty puts it even more strongly:'Entrenched gender stereotypes about the place of women in the home and the family, and the unpaid care work girls and women are expected to perform throughout their lives, often deprive women and girls of time.au-tonomy and choice to exercise this right’ (UN General Assembly 2013, para. Legislation criminalizing assault, murder and other forms of violence against the person is standard across States. But its pervasive lack of application to gender-based violence reflects a deep-seated negation of women as persons, the antithesis of recognition. This in turn both stemsfrom and reinforces gendered power relations in society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In most MENA countries," responsibility for gender equality is located primarily in a single institution, most often in close proximity to the Centre of Government. While there is no uniform institutional set up for gender issues across the MENA region, those institutions involved would strongly benefit from clarifying and strengthening the mission and the mandate for advancing gender equality and ensuring sufficient human and financial resources and organisational capacities. In addition, strengthening mandates of gender equality oversight mechanisms, including ombudsman, human rights or gender equality commissions, would advance the protection of women’s rights and enable more effective implementation of equality strategies. Yet while MENA governments increasingly adopt co-ordinated approaches, examples of co-operation across the region remain limited. The existing approaches to co-ordination appear insufficient to achieve policy coherence and a “whole-of-government” approach to gender equality in MENA countries. Designing this type of strategy requires the use of a rigorous process to embed gender considerations in policy and programme design and delivery (i.e. gender mainstreaming).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The standing volume is significantly lower than in LP forests (107 m3/ha against 194 m3/ha), reflecting an imbalanced age structure (more than 60% of the stands are less than 40 years old). Even though the 1991 Forest Act applies to all forests and requires the LP to provide extension and advisory services to private forest owners, private owners appear to lack incentives for sustainable forest management. In particular, restrictions of forest harvesting on private land combined with the absence of forest management plans have led to an increase in illegal ("wild") cuts on many private properties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In that case, the petitioner challenged the application of article 168 of the Peruvian Civil Code, which stipulated that when a woman is married only her husband is entitled to represent their matrimonial property before the Courts. It also stated that in countries undergoing agrarian reform or land redistribution "the right of women, regardless of marital status, to share such redistributed land on equal terms with men should be carefully observed. In some instances, women are granted limited and controlled rights and receive income only from the deceased’s property.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The most appropriate agency would probably be the IMF, which already undertakes public financial management performance reports. However, currently these do not include an overall assessment as to whether a system is fit for budget support. Were the IMF to certify systems as fit for budget support it would enormously strengthen the case for donors to provide it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Abstract       The concept of administrative sanctions is a doctrinal idea that is not normatively defined. The purpose of regulating sanctions in administrative law legislation is to counteract the feeling of impunity against certain violations of the rules of public law. Typical administrative law sanctions indicate juridical characters that are not the same, some have reparatoir/herstel characters (bestuursdwang and dwangsom), punitive - condemnatoir / bestraffende characters (administrative fines) and mixed characters (withdrawal of favorable decisions).     Keywords:   Administrative sanctions, Juridical characters.      Abstrak       Konsep sanksi administrasi merupakan gagasan doctrinal yang  tidak didefinisikan secara normatif. Tujuan diaturnya  sanksi dalam peraturan perundang-undangan hukum administrasi adalah untuk menangkal perasaan impunitas terhadap pelanggaran tertentu dari peraturan hukum publik. Sanksi hukum administrasi yang khas menunjukkan karakter yuridis yang tidak sama, ada yang memiliki karakter pemulihan/reparatoir  ( bestuursdwang  dan  dwangsom ), karakter hukuman/condemnatoir  (denda administrasi) dan karakter campuran (penarikan keputusan yang menguntungkan).        Kata Kunci :   Sanksi administrasi,  Karakter yuridis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These results were related to shifts in power and changes in norms, often in relation to traditional practices. An example is the establishment of villages free of female genital mutilation. Transformative outcomes generally emerge from a change process that has several stages, moving from awareness raising, to attitude change, to change in behaviour and rules, often accompanied by institutionalization of a new norm (as described in the Gender@Work framework). In such cases, UNDP was one actor among many that contributed to the end result.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These may be developed through vocational education and training outside of formal education (including on-the-job training). Engaging in such training activities may be less costly than tertiary education, which increases the attractiveness for more disadvantaged groups. However, other factors might also limit the opportunities they have to do so, independently of their capacities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the 160 countries included in the OECD Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), one in three women agrees that domestic violence is justified (OECD Development Centre, 2014). There are significant economic effects, as well. Women may be unable to work and lose wages, stop participating in activities, and struggle to care for themselves and their children (ibid.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The OECD and United Nations Human Settlement Programme (UN Habitat) co-led the Policy Unit and developed the Policy Paper on NUP, which was a key input to the drafting process of NUA. Subsequently, NUA has put explicit emphasis on NUPs as one of its five implementation pillars, and called for measures to enhance the ability of governments to develop and implement such over-arching policies (United Nations, 2016a). In addition, NUPs have been proposed as a monitoring tool for the SDGs through Indicator 1 l.a. The above developments therefore provide a unique window of opportunity to upscale the uptake of NUPs as a powerful policy process to help governments shape and implement better uiban policies for better lives, in a shared responsibility across local, regional and national levels. Implementing global frameworks through National Urban Policies (cont.) Promotes jurisdictional co-ordination and coherence through horizontal co-ordination of policies and plans across jurisdictions for the efficient, equitable and affordable deliveiy of basic services and infrastmcture, according to an agreed set of standards (UN Habitat, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In some countries, unmarried mothers cannot register their babies, and the children of unmarried parents have limited nationality rights. The actual choices and coping strategies of young women who become pregnant vary greatly depending on their social and legal environment. In Morocco, of the 78 percent of married women who would prefer to avoid a pregnancy, 67 percent use contraceptives, and 11 percent do not.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Direct Current (DC) generated by solar panels is generally converted to Alternating Current (AC) before being supplied to household appliances, lighting equipment, and so on. Although a lot of ICT equipment directly operate on direct current, the direct current is originally converted from the commercial alternating current internally at the equipment. In using solar power, the current is converted twice, i.e. from the DC to the AC and then back to the DC, resulting in substantial power losses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Contracts — that can be broadly defined as an arrangement that reorganises the rights and duties of governments — define mutual obligations and agree on authority and enforcement mechanisms (formal or informal), can be innovative policy tools to enable flexible collaboration among levels of governments. In this context, the experiences of France, Italy and Sweden are useful examples for Korea. This paper looks into the experienced of these countries to derive some policy lessons that could be important in the Korea context. One of the main puiposes of the decentralisation in France was to reform the system of central planning. Contracts have been developed since 1980s in the French decentralisation efforts aiming at reforming the system of central planning. As an “empowerment contract”, the CPER is a tool for transferring responsibilities to subnational governments while gradually building capacities for policy implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)