albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It was acknowledged, too, that in order to remain coherent and not distort findings through the research process, an authentic research framework would be necessary. Building on the work of other scholars in the region, the team approached their work using the Kakala Research Framework. In this approach, the kakala, a traditional garland, is used as a metaphor for the inquiry process, with different elements of the garland providing rich local meaning to guide different aspects of the research methodology. In addition, the team incorporated Tongan ethical principles into the research design, and detailed culturally-relevant data collection techniques such as talanoa and nofo - local approaches to oral and narrative inquiry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
We combine the ols results with the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to explore the explained and unexplained sources of wage gaps. The regression analysis shows that not all women experience the motherhood wage penalty. In the case of formal-sector workers, the coefficients on the motherhood dummy are not significant, it appears clear that those mothers do not experience wage penalties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Despite successful long-term social and economic development, Austria underwent strain during the global financial crisis and its aftermath, with slowing productivity growth and unemployment rising well above levels long considered normal in Austria. Macroeconomic performance has since rebounded, with economic growth above the rates in neighbouring Germany and the Euro area as a whole. Current projections foresee a slowdown of GDP growth, in line with global trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Consumers need to know how to put knowledge into practice. This is particularly challenging as it could demand engagement with partners who may not yet be interested or capable to suggest solutions to the challenges of private or organisational consumption. To act responsibly, consumers and other critical stakeholders require competencies that enable them to understand various positions and perspectives, figure critical factors that affect alternative directions of development, be able to evaluate the results and undertake further steps on the basis of such assessment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Early warning systems and mechanisms for sharing information along the food value chain will be critical to the success of climate-smart agricultural development. The broad coalition of nongovernmental organizations and private corporations which signed the New York Declaration on Forests, in 2014, is one example of the catalytic role public finance can play. The coalition seeks to reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases by between 4.5 and 8.8 Gt annually (Conway et al, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, exports in 2008 were significantly less because of the extraordinarily cold winter, with a record-high production of electricity that almost depleted the water reserves in the reservoir at the Toktogul hydropower station, the largest in the country. The project started in 1986 in Soviet times in a completely different context, and was designed to meet the demand in electricity and irrigation water for the whole region. With the emergence of new independent smaller republics in 1991, the plant capacity appeared oversized for single Kyrgyzstan and construction has slowed due to financial problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
According to Hungary, the aquifer is possibly at risk in terms of both quality and quantity. Hungary considers as needed evaluation of the quality status and the utilizablc resources, joint monitoring (mainly quantitative) and joint modelling, including the estimation of the amount of transboundary groundwater flow. According to Romania, there is no transboundary impact, because of the high level of dilution due to the flow of the Murcs/Maros River, and due to the large distance between the mines and the border.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The aim of the model is to provide illustrative results that show how structural diversity among developing countries, and systemic differences between developed and developing countries, can affect the welfare and distributional outcomes of alternative agricultural policy interventions. Models are constructed for six countries for which the RIGA data referred to above are available, two in Africa (Ghana and Malawi), two in Asia (Bangladesh and Viet Nam) and two in Latin America (Guatemala and Nicaragua). This is because market price support for food crops harms net buyers of food, often the poorest farm and non-farm (landless) households, although the proportion of net buyers varies significantly across countries. Support for cash crops does not have this drawback, however, cash crops are often (but not always) grown by farmers with relatively high incomes, so support seldom reaches the incomes of the poorest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Standard errors were not estimated for disability prevalence in Saint Lucia as microdata is unavailable and results were obtained through the online REDATAM analysis portal. “ In the India Human Development Survey 2005, disability data was collected for individuals aged 7 and above only, the lower bound of the overall, primary-age, and combined school-age populations are constrained accordingly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2007-13, to be eligible afforestation projects had to cover at least 0.5 ha and be a minimum of 20 metres wide, unless the land bordered a forest (Krol, 2013). This requirement was relaxed for 2014-20: it is now at least 0.1 ha regardless of whether land borders a forest. Highly subsidised collective and state-owned farms, which had accounted for about 20% of farmland, were restructured and many privatised, so that much marginal land was abandoned, especially in the north and west, making it potentially available for afforestation. It is estimated that fallow land increased nationwide from 1% of arable land in 1990 to 18% in 2002 (Kozak, 2010). So far afforestation has taken place on land of poor agricultural quality, with no assessment of its nature value in terms of biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The review of the constitutionality of restrictions imposed by Federal  Law No. 12,527 / 2011 to wide access to information because of the need  to protect the public interest is the theme put into discussion. It is intended  to verify that the confidentiality of data and administrative information  imposed by law on access to information matter disproportionate legal  restrictions regulating the constitutional provision that violates the duty of  administrative transparency. Therefore, there is initially the administrative  social control to guarantee the conformity of public management instrument  for constitutional purposes as part of a Public Administration still ma-rked by traces of paternalism, authoritarianism and nepotism. After, it analyzes the duty of administrative  transparency imposed by the Constitution and its regulation by the law as an instrument of social control  and implementation of the democratic principle and fundamental right to information. Finally, we analyze  the chances of secrecy imposed
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is influenced by demand from industry, transport and households, by national energy policies and by national and international energy prices. The main renewable forms are hydro, geothermal, wind, biomass, waste and solar energy. In some countries the decrease was due to the transfer of energy-intensive industries to other countries. Such outsourcing may increase pressures on the global environment if less energy efficient techniques are involved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The first chapter introduces the theoretical framework of the book. First there is a discussion of how different approaches in social sciences, such as instrumentalism, historical determinism, and culturalism, have explained the origin and the evolution of collective memories and their role in building national identities. Secondly, the role of collective memory is located within the theoretical corpus of international relations theory, with discussion of why looking at the formation and contestation of collective memories can bring about significant progress for the discipline. Finally, an innovative approach is taken in explaining the relationship between collective memory and foreign policy, based on the interpretive approach to foreign policy, and rooted into concepts such as beliefs, traditions, dilemmas, and narratives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The events in Tabou28 triggered a continuous flow of returning Burkinabe citizens, a movement that reached a climax with the events of 2002". It should be stressed that such returns are not necessarily to the regions of origin of migrants. Indeed, while West African emigration today is still driven by economic considerations, the latter are increasingly tied to political factors, linked to the conflicts and retreat from democracy affecting a growing number of West African states. "
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Table 4 summarises the causes of road crashes in Riga between 2014 and 2017. According to estimates, the most severe crashes in Riga involve the most vulnerable of road users - pedestrians. This reduction is due to implementation of a variety of measures, such as use of speed cameras, systematic auditing of road infrastructure, road safety campaigns and development of cycling infrastructure. Nevertheless, since 2011 road mortality rates have stagnated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The first component of the 2008 ASEAN Integrated Food Security (AIFS) Framework is labelled Emergency/Shortage Relief and focuses on stability, including food assistance programmes, diversification and the ASEAN Plus Three (ASEAN+3) Emergency Rice Reserve (APTERR). A portfolio of measures to deal with risks should include policies that are effective and efficient across different scenarios of food security threats. In essence, this means managing a whole set of threats in order to stabilise food security whilst at the same time not compromising efforts to improve chronic levels of food insecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
There are considerable variations across provinces and municipalities with respect to the efficiency of upstream R&D and downstream commercialisation (Guan and Chen, 2010). In a number of places, research needs to become more market-oriented. In many cases, information exchange platforms could facilitate the diffusion of patents and stimulate demand for innovation. A functioning venture capital system would help too.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
McDonald is to be considered a missed opportunity to integrate two areas of human rights law in the judgment: disability human rights law and elderly human rights law. During the last decade, the area of disability rights has seen important developments at both the regional and international level. The adoption of several soft law instruments and particularly the high number of ratifications of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) reflect an evolving perception of the status of this group within society. The CRPD is considered ground breaking in the sense that it creates clear positive obligations for member states regarding the enjoyment of socio-economic rights, such as the provision of care services. The recognition and enforcement of such rights, however, remains a delicate and complicated issue before the Strasbourg Court.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Technologies have also enabled mass customization, creating virtually infinite varieties to meet individual consumer needs. On the other hand, digitalization has led to a decline in the trade of certain digitizable goods - such as CDs and newspapers. Trade in certain other consumer goods may be affected by the development of the “sharing economy” business model. Alongside the burgeoning trade in intellectual property licences, trade in the ownership of intellectual property rights is growing in diversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
With often dramatic modifications of the market, political, social and production systems, the task of knowing and learning present an ever growing part of every-day life. If consumption-production systems are to support resilient communities, they have to be designed in a manner that allows constant innovation and adaptation while accepting that mistakes will be made along the way. As a result, there is a need for constant identification of ongoing knowledge processes, understanding ways of productive engagement with various "knowledge holders”, testing and evaluating impacts of resulting innovations. This presents demands for new competencies and for educational systems that facilitate such competencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Oracles Oracles can be used to measure actual emission of GHG and mapped against emission allowances of companies. This provides information to the smart contract if requirements have been fulfilled or if a penalty should be imposed. For instance, in the case of EU ETS, companies are required to submit an emissions report, which is reviewed by an accredited verifier acting as an independent third party (PTPA, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, there is no systematic and institutionalised transmission of individual attendance records from schools to social services which could help youth overcome any barriers to school attendance or offer alternative education or training options. The co-ordination between schools and social services is crucial for preventing school drop-out, and may vary significantly across communities. While co-ordination is often easier in small communities than in large cities, it can be difficult in remote areas where providers and schools are far apart (see the section on co-ordination at the end of the chapter).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 19 out of 30 countries and economies, more men than women were able to correctly answer at least five questions (as indicated by the blue bars). Gender differences in financial knowledge recorded in the 2011 survey (as indicated by the grey diamonds) were generally also in favour of men. Among the ten countries for which comparable data over time is available, Albania and Poland reported a statistically significant reduction in gender differences in financial knowledge, while in the other countries gender differences have not changed significantly (Table 10.A1.1 in Online Annex 10.A1). When asked how they would rate their own knowledge about financial matters compared to other adults in their country, men are more likely than women to report above average knowledge in 13 countries/economies out of 30, even after comparing men and women with similar levels of (test-based) financial knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
An assessment of the carrying capacity levels in Israel’s protected areas should be prepared (Box 5.4). They include hiking trails, camping areas, and areas for sports and recreation activities. Forests adjacent to nature reserves attract visitors and consequently help lower visitor pressure on nature reserves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Housing can be unaffordable for middle-income households as well. Even households in the third quintile of the income distribution, face a fairly high risk of housing cost overburden. On average in OECD countries 9% of tenant households in the third income quintile are overburdened by housing costs. In some countries, overburden rates are high for third-quintile mortgage payers too: overburden rates for this group are above 20% in Sweden, Ireland and Greece.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In an overview supporting the implementation ofthe Norwegian value creation programme, the consultant outlined a few circumstances that could contribute to better utilization ofthe economic potentia I of cultural heritage. Firstly, cultural heritage could provide a competitive advantage of the tourism and travel industry, if the marketing is focused on segments (i.e. groups of people) that are willing to pay more than average for their services. Secondly, there are several benefits of networking between individual companies, a single cultural site may not be sufficient to attract visitors, but as a part of a network of cultural sites, it may become more interesting. Investments in infrastructure and marketing require resources, and by joining forces more cost-effective solutions could be found.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. Climate change adaptation is a newly emerging policy area that has recently moved into the implementation phase. This chapter outlines the challenges posed to Austria by current and future climatic conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Measuring Material Deprivation in the EU: Indicators for the Whole Population and Child-Specific Indicators." Rising Inequality: Youth and Poor Fall Further behind," no. Income Inequality Update (June 2014). Social Europe: Many Ways, One Objective." Annual Report of the Social Protection Committee on the Social Situation in the European Union.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The mean number of events per patient increased by 10% for each additional medication. Between 17-30% of errors were correlated with polypharmacy that could be reduced through the use of reminders in an electronic prescription /ordering system (Meredith et al, 2001). Complexity can be clinical as well as biopsychosocial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In 2014 the United States Supreme Court added two new cases to the canon on the meaning of due process in the context of personal jurisdiction. These cases clarified the metes and bounds of specific and general personal jurisdiction. However, decisions that fit within the state and federal court system do not always easily have cross applications to tribal courts – which nonetheless are obliged to extend due process rights via the Indian Civil Rights Act. This article takes the Supreme Court’s 2014 decisions and discusses their potential application to tribal courts and their use within Indian Country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Income distribution will deviate from the distribution of earnings, as there may be social programs or support initiatives for those who receive low pay. For example, there may be supplementary welfare payments or reduced taxation for low-paid workers. Furthermore, for an analysis of the income distribution, also the household composition and the income of other household members have to be considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Women make important and growing contributions to food production, processing, marketing and retailing, and other parts of the food system. Within the household, women traditionally bear the primary responsibility for preparing meals and caring for children and other family members, although men are assuming more responsibilities for these roles in many societies. Gender differences in the rights, resources and responsibilities - particularly resources necessary for achieving food and nutrition security for and within the household and responsibilities for food provisioning and caretaking - often impede the achievement of household food and nutrition security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Citizens can receive important information influencing their daily decisions. Conversely, cities can use the Internet to give a voice and listen to their inhabitants through online platforms for citizen participation, electronic voting, online surveys and social networks. Active involvement may in turn may influence the decision-making of municipal governments and enhance the city's democratic processes. For example, Toronto is engaging its citizens through the TransformTO project which invites residents and businesses to imagine the transformative changes needed to create a more prosperous, healthy, equitable and sustainable city (City of Toronto, 20166). Knowledge cities need to make communication fully interactive, rather than just two-way, to result in a win-win beneficial relationship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Thus, the purchasing power of a LEAP cash grant may be much lower in urban than in rural settings. One implication is that programme impacts will be diluted. One 'rule of thumb' is that cash transfers should be worth at least 20 per cent of the household's pre-transfer consumption to achieve significant impacts (ILO 2016:51).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Lastly, an information and awareness campaign has been designed, "Mexican Tourism Facing the Challenge of Climate Change". Potential barriers to implementation are seen in the resistance of the private sector to invest in energy efficiency and to accept the decarbonisation of the economy as an attractive goal. To this end, policy instruments are currently kept under review with regard to their potential to reduce GHG emissions and their impact on business, as well as possibilities for implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This chapter explores the theory and practice of environmental protection in the United States (U.S)?s multi-layered federal system. A brief general overview of the federal system of government sets the stage for a detailed discussion of the role federalism plays in environmental protection in the U.S. The chapter focuses on examples taken primarily from the statutory programs controlling water pollution, but also describes the programs for controlling pollution in other media. Issues to be explored include the uncertain scope of federal jurisdiction over environmental resources, the joint role State and federal actors play in developing pollution limitations and in implementing environmental statutes, and the role of the public engagement in environmental programs. Empowering public participation in environmental governance has been described by one scholar as ?essential to our democratic experiment?.  Keywords:environmental governance, environmental protection, federalism, multi-layered federal system, United States
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The multidimensional nature of these commitments, and more importantly the underlying risks they address, require systems-based approaches, including in assessing needs and making national and local decisions about the most effective use of available resources. The objective is to identify the enablers and opportunities, as well as the barriers to integrated risk governance, which may come in the form of legislative mandates, institutional structures, capacity, resources, social equality/vulnerability, gender roles, people's awareness and habits of thinking about risk. This could also be described as an integrated risk governance assessment, taking into account multiple hazards (man-made, natural and mixed) and related risks, the way hazards, vulnerability and economic activity interacts with the environment and with each other within and among complex systems, and the need to adapt policy and implementation to enable systems-based approaches to risk reduction. It can also be hard to imagine what success looks like in the face of so many demands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)