albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The present article is inserted in the field of study of private international law, focusing in the analysis of the current nature of public policy. Its main objective is to analyze both national public policy and international public policy, considering if both are excluding or converging concepts. Such approach is developed through a metaphorical interpretation of the connection between the concept of public order and the roman divinity Janos mythos. Initially, an analysis is made concerning the formulation of the concept of national public order in a legal-historic scope, considering legal definitions brought by international and national rules. In sequence, treats about the possibility of conceptualization of a international public order and which would be the sources of such. This study points toward conclusions in the sense of the need of interpretations that ensure that both modalities of public order coexist and that respect the private international law and national law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Emile Durkheim’s claims about justice, human dignity and the value system of moral individualism in complex modern societies are part of the canon of classical theoretical ideas that underpin social research. Yet these claims are often neglected in socio-legal studies or seen as remote from much current Western legal experience. This article examines Durkheim’s sociological conceptions of justice, dignity and individualism to demonstrate their usefulness for the study of legal values in contemporary Western societies. Applying these ideas to such diverse clusters of topics as punishment and the use of torture, on the one hand, and sexuality and the wearing of Islamic headscarves, on the other, it argues that his work sheds important new light on current legal controversies and provides enduring insights for a developing sociology of legal values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Human Rights Act 1998 came into effect in the UK in 2000, incorporating specific Articles of the European Convention on Human Rights, such as the freedoms from torture (Article 3) and slavery (Article 4), into British law. But this legislation, and the rights it enshrines, are under severe attack from politicians and sections of the British press. This article presents a strong defence of the statute, by reference to one of its notable achievements: the obligation it imposed on the UK to outlaw the holding of a person in slavery or servitude, or compelling them to perform compulsory labour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The ownership of broadcast stations by religious groups, the establishment of broadcast stations exclusively devoted to religious content and the inclusion of content of a religious nature within the programming of regular commercial, public or community stations are all practices that are common throughout the world. However, several countries have implemented bans or restrictions on the dissemination of religious content through broadcasting or the ownership of broadcast stations by religious groups. The present article aims to assess whether such bans and restrictions are compatible with the rights to freedom of religion and freedom of expression as recognized under international human rights law. For these purposes, the most common arguments in favour and against restrictions on religious broadcasting are explained and weighed against each other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Consideration of water quality in RBMPs is therefore one cycle ahead of flooding. Clearly it would be more effective if both were considered together, and, in future, so as to promote integrated water management, the Floods Directive foresees close coordination with the WFD, even, where possible, developing combined management plans. As well as status, water quality is highly dependent on Row regime, and the potential changes to water quality resulting from hydromorphological alterations are not always well understood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This paper aims to review the representations about Agroecotourism developed in order to generate a first approach to the study of this type of tourism. The research design was a documentary, using the content analysis technique. The study shows that the origins of Agroecotourism are in the agrotourism and the ecotourism, which has hindered their differentiation and understanding. In this sense, we propose a definition that places it as a form of rural tourism, where interdependence relationships among farming activities and the environment are reflected. We can conclude that the agrotourism as form of tourism embraces sustainable development dimensions from natural and cultural environment, which combined with field and nature activities, establishes a differentiated and holistic typology about tourism, that is finds in the biodiversity its result
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Worse still, many private sector employers prefer to hire foreign workers because they can be dismissed more easily. Some employers also believe, rightly or wrongly, that national workers are more expensive, less productive, enjoy a personal safety net, that they would resign if employment conditions were not exactly ‘right’, and that they always aspire to move into the public sector, which offers better pay and conditions. However, the underlying problems remain. They not only limit labour productivity in the GCC, but also reduce employment-creating capacity in these countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Thus improving overall job creation is likely to reduce marginal employment among poor women. It is consistently negative across education levels in rural regions, but only begins to gain importance from primary education onwards in urban regions. However, the magnitude is higher with each additional educational level for urban regions. While in rural areas, the household head with a university degree decreases the probability of women’s participation by 5pp compared to the illiterate household head, the same factor decreases the probability by almost 13pp in urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The regression results and the literature on networking and role models point to a potential importance for economic participation from measures to enhance women’s political representation. Other examples of female quotas in politics are Mexico, Morocco and South Africa. A constitutional amendment was proposed in 1996 to give women 33% of parliament seats, but it still has not passed. The OECD countries refrained from endorsing female quotas in in labour markets or political representations in their Gender Policy Recommendations of 2013 (OECD 2013, www.oecd.org/gender).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The term ‘hybrid’ has been widely incorporated into recent peacebuilding scholarship to describe an array of peacebuilding endeavors, including hybrid peacekeeping missions, hybrid criminal tribuna...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The university sees R&D as a means of diversifying funding and taking advantage of its 600 researchers. Commercialisation of research is a crucial activity. Results are substantial but limited: in 2008 the Technion Research and Development Foundation was directly involved in initiating six new companies in areas such as medical equipment, environment embryonic stem cells, alternative energy and imaging system. In addition, licensing agreements were signed by the faculty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Nevertheless, North Africa has made great and steady progress in both indicators since the turn of the century. The indicator on air travel increased by 82 per cent and 80 per cent, respectively, during the periods 2000-2010 and 2010-2014. On the other hand, air freight grew by 14 per cent during the period 2000-2010 and by 240 per cent during the period 2010-2014. Where road infrastructure exists, its quality is a big issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This brings down the average performance of the country (see Figure 3.3). Moreover, the very small proportion of students (0.9%) who achieve the highest levels in science, mathematics, or reading (levels 5 or 6), which is far below the average across OECD countries (15%), means that there is a very small pool of young school-leavers who are well prepared to pursue higher level technical and scientific education, a major challenge for a country seeking to develop its knowledge-based industries. Nearly one third (31%) of 15-year-olds have repeated a year in Costa Rica, above all OECD countries except Mexico (see Figure 3.4). However, grade repetition rates in primary school almost halved between 2005 and 2014, from 7.5% to 4.3%, as a result of new rules restricting its usage (see Chapter 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Tangible assets are financial (e.g. cash deposits, stocks, life insurances, bonds, mutual investment funds, private pensions) and real (e.g. housing, cars, gold, jewellery). Examples of intangible assets are the benefits from in-kind services and social and human capital. Homes are both an asset and consumption good, but there is a lack of suitable data both on how to value the good and how to calculate so-called “imputed rent” - the cash value of the benefit that owners derive from living in their own home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Where this document refers to “countries” or “governments”, it is also intended to include “regional economic organisations”, if appropriate. The authors would like to acknowledge helpful comments from OECD and IEA colleagues Jane Ellis, Simon Buckle, Christina Hood, Raphael Jachnik, Lauren McNicoll, Mariana Mirabile, Andrew Prag, Guillaume Simon and Manasvini Vaidyula. The authors would also like to thank delegates to the September 2017 CCXG Global Forum on the Environment and Climate Change for their comments on earlier versions of this paper, in particular delegates and experts from the following countries and organisations: Australia, Brazil, Chile, Moldova, Mexico, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, CITEPA, ICAT, ODI, UNDP and UNFCCC Secretariat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Economic perturbations are not new to the U.S. forest sector. The reduction in public timber harvest in the 1980s shifted timber supply and industrial capacity and increased imports. In the 1990s, the U.S. pulp and paper sector went through major restructuring, partly in response to increased recycling, and economic globalization resulted in U.S. furniture production moving largely off-shore. The housing market collapse in the recent recession has severely affected U.S. lumber and panel markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
We need to go beyond designated processes (e.g. training activities and educational programmes) and places (classroom and out of class areas where learning explicitly takes place) and develop and test new actions for reducing social, environmental and economic vulnerability. Ultimately, it demonstrates that the challenge of learning goes beyond the domain of formal educational systems and programmes, touching all aspects of life, all sectors and every region. A number of policy documents and reports dealing with the issue at the national and international levels have emphasised the importance of education for de-coupling material consumption and growth, generating livelihood opportunities and encouraging more sustainable lifestyles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Helpman and Krugman (1985) suggest that countries with large domestic markets export in scale-intensive sectors. Beck (2003) and Manova (2013) show that financial institutions matter for comparative advantage since sectors differ in their dependence on external capital. Cuhat and Melitz (2012) and Tang (2012) provide evidence that labour market regulations also have an impact on comparative advantage in sectors that exhibit high volatility in sales or depend on sector-specific skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This fiscal risk is further enhanced for clean electricity generation as the latter is likely to be subsidised at the beginning of the transition from conventional energy to clean energy (see investment promotion and facilitation section). Governments should therefore undertake careful benefit-cost analysis to justify the subsidy levels and financial analysis to ensure that the liberalisation process is fiscally sustainable, and provides sufficient - yet affordable - stimulus for the participation of clean energy investors. The design of clear procurement rules or of standard power purchasing agreements (which can be adapted to better accommodate clean energy IPPs) is also necessary to protect consumer interests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Consequently, an unfeasible and unsuccessful deployment of the decentralised IT-infrastructure can be mitigated. Organisational efforts in implementation activities and associated costs could be reduced as well. A multitude of applications provided by unrelated organisations globally can be interconnected, whereby trust regarding the underlying transaction data can be maintained across the network. For example, two distinct applications such as an automated monitoring of infrastructure compliance, and a management service for disaster recovery funds can be operated on the same protocol by different mandated application owners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the case of a lap-top computer, large amounts of resources are consumed during the production stages - in fact, many times more than the weight of the computer itself - and if the recycling is not done properly there could be significant harm to humans and the environment and the depletion of already scarce metals. All of these processes consume energy and other resources, and most of them emit pollutants to the environment. Figure 2:3 shows in a schematic manner the different stages of a product life-cycle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In other cases, discrepancies may be due to different LCA databases being utilized, or arise as a result of different assumptions being made regarding material types such as steel alloys in the face of uncertainty of the exact types of materials used in each component. This creates uncertainty, which we illustrate here using a simple calculation exercise. In one study (Burger and Bauer, 2007), ferrous metal content in the 800 kW onshore wind turbine, excluding the foundation, consists of 7 per cent cast iron, 78 per cent low-alloy steel and 15 per cent high-alloy (chromium) steel, while in a second study (Martinez et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, different communities may naturally place greater emphasis on different aspects of effectiveness. For example, meeting the urgent and immediate adaptation needs of climate-vulnerable countries will be important to the development and climate communities, but not necessarily a priority of private investors. There may also be differences of emphasis within an individual community, particularly the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
City Akimats prefer to w'ork with their own statistics rather than with official figures. Job-seekers moving to Almaty, for example, often encounter difficulty finding housing and work legally, so they take refuge in micro-districts on the outskirts of the city where they are not officially registered, do not own property and have limited access to public services (Makhmutova, 2012). In the absence of the cities’ readiness to accept and accommodate new residents, they join informal economic sectors.24 By settling in cheaper peripheral areas around large cities, migrants contribute to urban sprawl. Since land and property prices are high, they usually occupy rural land and build individual houses from the cheapest accessible local materials (e.g. clay) with poor amenities (furnace heating and no central sewage system), and are vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquake and flooding.25 Migrants living in unauthorised housing such as former dachas?6 have no valid address and thus no official status. Not all migrants are highly educated, but they are highly motivated and entrepreneurial. They bring a diversity of skills and competencies to the urban economy necessary for development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The price of allowances has also been highly volatile (in particular during the economic crisis when prices fell by 70% between July 2008 and February 2009). In the third phase of the EU ETS (2013-20), the scheme should become more efficient as the cap for emissions will be defined at the EU level and progressively reduced. In addition, an increasing share of allowances will be auctioned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Comprehensive care is provided, including medical treatment, psychiatric evaluation, psychological and social assistance. In Western and Central Europe, cannabis is the most commonly seized drug, accounting for about 80 per cent of all seizures. Cocaine ranks second overall, accounting for more than double the number of reported seizures of amphetamines or heroin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This work accounts for about one fifth of HIS’ budget. As part of Scotland’s transition towards integration of health and social care, HIS is already working more closely with the Care Inspectorate, the Scottish social care regulator. As of January 2016, seven joint reports have been published in relation to the care of older adults. In addition, distinctive characteristics of Scotland’s locally-rooted approach to service assessments will be strengthened.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Economic sanctions have often been considered an important tool for disciplining adversaries and compelling them to offer important concessions. History, however, suggests otherwise. Economic penalties rarely cause states to abandon important national assets. After decades of struggling under punitive financial measures, Iran has persisted with its objectionable policies ranging from terrorism to proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. All this suggests that ideological regimes that put a premium on their political priorities and which are seemingly insensitive to the mounting costs of their belligerence may not be suitable candidates for the type of cost-benefit analysis that sanctions diplomacy invites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Its development should be a collaborative effort between the national and sub-national level and agencies, and the information it yields ought to cover inputs, processes and outputs that are relevant for ongoing activities. For such information to be used in an effective fashion, clear objectives for the data need to be established and proper indicators selected. Systems are needed that can generate, validate and distribute the data, the information must be used in an appropriate and timely fashion, incentive mechanisms can be considered to encourage actors to follow a particular course of action, and strategies for how the performance information will be used - whether “benchmarking” or “bench learning” -should be planned for.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A case has been made that national averages are an insufficient guide to national performance in meeting childrens needs. Equity measures, and in particular measures of bottom end inequality, are also needed. ( The UNICEF global report on Progress for Children 2010 makes a similar case for the inclusion of equity measures in monitoring the Millennium Development Goals).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
On average, an almost 40-point difference in literacy proficiency separates adults of highly educated parents from those whose parents have the lowest levels of education. On average, the likelihood of being a low performer is about 25 percentage points lower for adults with at least one tertiary-educated parent, compared with adults whose parents have an upper secondary education. Adults whose literacy is rated at Level 1 and below predominantly have poorly educated parents. On average, more than half of adults (52.2%) below the baseline in literacy proficiency had parents who had not completed an upper-secondary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Major expenditures are for surveillance and enforcement and for research. Minor support is available to the sealing sector and for the transport scheme (of fish) established to reduce cost disadvantages caused by geographical or structural conditions. The number of fishing vessels registered in the Register of Norwegian Fishing Vessels decreased from 6 211 vessels in 2012 to 6 128 vessels in 2013. The largest vessel group consists of the smallest coastal vessels (less than 11 meters) and account for 79% of the vessels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Terrorism, international gangs, and other frequently mentioned national security threats are actually less dangerous than a new type of state-corporate crime that may be called national insecurity crime. This crime poses not only unprecedented victimization, but a massive ethical problem. Examples in the U.S. include the 1980s Savings and Loan (S&L) scandal, the late-1990s dot-com bubble, the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, and the 2007–09 financial crisis. National insecurity crime threatens national security because of its geographic and social extensiveness, severity of harm, dynamism, and unpredictability. It endangers the political, economic, social, and environmental security of most or all of the U.S. population. This endangerment includes increasing the risks of loss, suffering, and destruction on a large scale. This article offers a starting point for a sociological criminology of national insecurity crime. National insecurity crime involves large-scale cooperation that relies on often indirect or me...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Participation requires the elimination of power differentials by challenging systemic inequalities. Thus, participation, as part of the four-dimensional substantive equality framework, requi res similar attention to the other dimensions -red ressing disadvantage, addressing stigma, prejudice and stereotyping, and transformation - because without these, inequality persists and full participation cannot occur. Particular attention must be paid to the underlying gender relations of the groups or individuals involved. States should take into account the different experiences of women and men and gender power relations in the community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This figure however is not comprehensive and does not cover other barriers identified earlier in Figure 1 (such as technical, information failure and other). This mechanism runs by the name of China Utility-based Energy Efficiency Finance Programme (CHUEE). It involves a USD 15 million fund from the GEF for the first round of projects, which enables the IFC to provide guarantees to three main Chinese banks: the Industrial Bank (IB), the Shanghai Pudong Development Bank (SPDB), and the Bank of Beijing (BoB).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Mineral Resources and Petroleum Authority, on behalf of the Ministry, issues exploration licences for an initial period of three years with up to three extensions of three years each. The Authority also issues special (i.e. exploitation) licences. The Ministry of Mining and Heavy Industry has a special commission to review the feasibility study. This commission is comprised of government specialists including from the Ministry of Mining and Heavy Industry, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, the Ministry of Finance, the Mineral Resources and Petroleum Authority, the National Association of Mining, the Mongolia University of Science and Technology and the Mining Professional Union.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)