albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
But they may also present a problem for those countries hoping to gain market share in the low-carbon economy that the Paris Agreement should usher in. They may be offered with local content requirements attached as a condition, which forecloses foreign opportunities for trade and investment with the implementing country.4 For those countries with thin treasuries, foreign subsidies may simply be unmatchable, even if they are 'properly' employed in every sense. The contest for market share in the emerging sectors is definitely tilted towards larger economies, both because of their superior ability to support infant industries, and also because they provide supported firms with a larger domestic market for their products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There has been strong resistance to decentralise the appropriate decision-making powers, investment funds and technical and managerial resources, the National Water Commission retains control, ordinance and sanction responsibilities. Overall, this has contributed to the incapacity of COTAS to effectively reduce groundwater overexploitation. As co-ordinating units, they already make recommendations to governmental authorities and to users, but the role and functions of their staff are not always well understood, especially regarding public participation. Similarly, the National Water Law failed to allocate a clear role and prerogatives to COTAS, and left users with subjective responsibilities to sustainably manage water in a context of already limited citizen participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
China and India are expected to grow on average 7% and 6.4% p.a., Although impressive compared to developed economies, these rates are below the growth rates experienced during the previous ten years. Asian countries also maintain high growth rates, but the slowdown in China and India will curb growth rates in the region. Income growth in Latin American economies is assumed to be weaker compared to other emerging economies, but the resilient US economy is a positive factor for the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The relative comparative advantage of groundwater irrigation on surface irrigation will depend on a number of factors. Box 2.3 discusses some of the main elements, considering the interface and differences between surface and groundwater irrigation systems in general. Among the exogenous factors for farmers, the comparative cost of access to one or both options matter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to characterize activities of an Albuquerque based organization called the SouthWest Organizing Project. Aligning with other people of color, Chicanos in the Southwest connect to a national and international movement for environmental and economic justice to tackle the negative impacts of global restructuring. This paper presents issues and strategies regarding the expansion of Intel Corporation, the poisoning in high tech employment, anti-NAFTA position, inadequate infrastructure, and the placement of a courthouse in a long-standing community. Armed with knowledge, oppositional consciousness, principled strategies, and a politics of engagement, environmental justice activists are inserting themselves into questions of international economic integration, local economic development, neighborhood change including issues of gentrification, infrastructure, tax abatements, natural resource management, zoing, and an array of development issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On the other hand it indicates that policies that help limiting or - ideally - reversing the long-run rise in inequality would not only make societies less unfair, but also richer. In particular, the present analysis highlights the importance of two pillars of a policy strategy for tackling rising inequalities and promoting equality of opportunities. One policy avenue to reduce inequality involves reforms to tax and benefit policies. Recent OECD work has focused on top incomes (Forster et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
AbstractThis review essay focuses on the problem of citizenship in three different areas, namely human rights, identity politics and surveillance. Heli Askola’s work focuses on the magnitude of demographic challenges that contemporary migrant-receiving states in the Global North face, and specifically focuses on the broader demographic picture of low birth rates, and increasing diversity and populations ageing, thus, focusing the problem of identity politics in the context of citizenship acquisition in Global North states. Richard Sobel’s book explores the empowerment of American citizenship, specifically through a unique reading of constitutional and political apparatus in the United States. Finally, Pramod Nayar’s work addresses state-based surveillance mechanisms like biometrics, biobanks and the internet within the context of citizenship and how new forms of subjectivity are forged within a culture of surveillance. These three works approach citizenship through a legal category of political membership...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They also lack the skills, knowledge and information to start or run a business and so need lots of developmental support. Women who are in business tend to work with home-based, unregistered businesses which limits their opportunities for market expansion and growth. The BWF-P has been able to extend its reach to this market segment through initiatives such as the “Young Women Entrepreneurs Leading Role” project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Are nations investing too little in basic research? In the context of the global debt crisis, several industrial countries have reduced their funding for this research. Even though the new understandings produced by this kind of science have long been the driving force behind an enormous number of key developments in society and the business world, many politicians seem to be entirely unaware of its importance beyond simply increasing the world's store of knowledge. Yet 400 years ago, a visionary political leader, the British statesman and philosopher Francis Bacon, emphasized that “Science discovery should be driven not just by the quest for intellectual enlightenment, but also for the relief of man's estate.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Stewardship is not a new concept for public policy, but has not been used to its optimum by the health policy-makers. Although it is being practiced in most successful models of health system, but the onus to this function is still due till date. Lately, few experts in World Health Organization (WHO) have realized its importance and have been raising the issue at different platforms to pursue the most important function of the health system i.e. stewardship. The core attributes of stewardship need to be understood in totality for better understanding of the concept. These core attributes, required for hassle free functioning of a health system, include responsible manager, political will, normative dimension, balanced interventionist and proponents of good governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Education plays an important role in ensuring that women and men have the same opportunities in their personal and professional lives, through formal schooling, shaping attitudes and transforming behaviours. Medical and technological innovations, work-life balance measures, accessibility of family planning and legal safeguards have improved the role of women in public life. Nowadays, women in OECD countries can choose what to study, which job to take as well as whether or not to have children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This essay situates citizenship practices in the frame of international law frame. To the extent that international law has in the past constrained state citizenship practices, it has been on a boundary management basis. States were constrained in membership decisions only to the extent that such decisions trespassed on the rights of other states. Recent trends suggest a shift to an individual rights orientation, which will give rise to cases of mandated membership. This developments are a logical extension of the human rights revolution and the triumph of liberalism as the metric of international norms. However, dictating access to membership may ultimately undermine rights to the extent that it dilutes social solidarities that are foundational to the liberal state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A body to lead the green skills agenda must be found and low-carbon skills need to be integrated through the whole skills delivery system to encourage behavioural change across the entire economy. In 2009, for example, the Australian and state and territory governments entered into a Green Skills Agreement based on a shared understanding that “decisive action is needed to support Australia’s transition to a sustainable, low-carbon economy” (COAG, 2009, p. 2). In four of the Member States examined, Denmark, Spain, France and the UK, regions are playing a primary role in identifying skills needs for jobs in a low-carbon economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These indicators included proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected, however, they were last updated for 2014. The proportion of marine areas protected has been succeeded by an identical SDG indicator, however, the same does not apply to the indicator on proportion of terrestrial areas protected for which there is no equivalent SDG indicator (although there is an equivalent Aichi Target, under the Convention on Biological Diversity). This leaves a data gap at present.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The issues of assessing and reporting on needs, as well as of reporting on technology and capacity building support received, are complex topics requiring separate discussions. For lack of space, this paper limits itself to discussion of financial resources received. A certain degree of co-ordination is therefore needed between different institutions in order to monitor financial inflows from different sources that are directed to or via different end-users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
When the ethanol programme started in the late 1970s, the mills used low pressure boilers (mostly 22 bar) to supply their steam and power needs. These mills could not obtain a long-term price for the surplus power generated and therefore had no incentive to invest in more energy-efficient systems. At the same time, due to investment subsidies and high oil prices that pushed up the price of ethanol, the new ethanol industry did not need the revenue that the surplus electricity would have generated. Furthermore, selling power surpluses would have meant entering a whole new business in a very regulated and, at that time, mostly Government-controlled environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
An initiative to improve the quality of the Nature Chronicles consisting of more detailed written guidance and training courses for scientific staff of State reserves was launched by the Department of Protection of Flora and Fauna in 2010. A comprehensive State biodiversity monitoring system for the entire country (e.g. following the pressure-state-response (PSR) model) has not been established to date. The exclusive focus on monitoring PAs has been explained by the reported high concentration of Turkmenistan’s biodiversity in its State reserves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The government can be held liable for environmental damage that occurs because of its actions or omissions (Rincon D., 2011). All damage must be repaired. Examples of aggravating factors are repeat violations and obstructing environmental authorities. The payment of fines or damages does not exempt violators from the obligation to undertake remediation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There are essentially two routes that a lender can pursue, summarised in Box 2: to use an asset-backed finance structure, or (as is more commonly the case in existing schemes) to use the security mechanisms more commonly associated with term loans. The problem is not so much the use of intangible assets to raise growth capital (equity investors are generally supportive when non-dilutive approaches can be used) as it is the principle of losing ownership control over assets that are regarded as core to the business (even if when appropriately configured, sale and license-back agreements can allow for the possibility of re-purchasing the asset at any time). Neither of these identifies the assets in question, or does anything to stop a company from using them in any way they wish, including disposing of them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This article examines the predicaments and paradoxes of identity politics in Cyprus. It looks at the historical alliance of colonial practices and nationalist rationales that brought about a static bicommunal system, establishing the basis for inter-ethnic conflict, or what became known as the `Cyprus problem'. The advent of modern governmentality, dividing and classifying the Cypriot population, helped, in addition, to solidify fluid and ambiguous ethno-religious boundaries, making it more difficult for individuals to use ethno-religious identities flexibly and pragmatically, including their use as a tactic to resist the policies of consecutive regimes of power. The article suggests that the 'Cyprus problem' provides a moral alibi for the pursuit of a range of problematic regulations and practices against individuals caught between the dominant ethnic identities, even though there also exist windows of opportunity and resistance on the ground. The article focuses on the genealogy and presence of hybrid c...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In such cases, common pool resource properties may become more prevalent as the average resource disappears. Quality concerns and externalities that affect ecosystems are likely to increase as the level goes down. And the provision problem that depletion creates may call for long-term planning and management to avoid future appropriation problems. Over the last decade, there have been two broad categories of concerns underlying policy change in groundwater management, especially in OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While large pools of surplus labour have been absorbed in many economies, higher productivity growth is vital in fostering domestic demand, especially in those economies where the size of the labour force is forecast to stagnate due to population dynamics. Moreover, to foster domestic demand, countries will also need to pass on productivity gains to workers and strengthen investment in human resources to further improve productivity and competitiveness (ILO, 2015d). In contrast, wages for higher paid workers are usually better determined directly by employers and employees or trade unions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The outpatient model, where specialists see a selection of cases preselected by the primary care physician, is quite widely used in OECD countries. In such instances mental health specialists visit primary health clinics to review, with primary health clinic staff, a small selection of cases, sometimes including a clinical meeting with the patient. The whole mental health network would usually meet together on a regular basis for co-ordination, training or other purposes. Are primary care physicians required or incentivised to comply with treatment guidelines or practice protocols established?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, R.G. Lipsey, K. Carlaw, and C.T. Bekar (2005), Economic Transformations: General Purpose Technologies and Long Term Economic Growth, Oxford University Press, Oxford, V. Ruttan (2008), “General Purpose Technology, Revolutionary Technology, and Technological Maturity”, Staff Paper P08-3, Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, April, OECD (2008), OECD Information Technology Outlook 2008, OECD, Paris. Today, high-speed communication networks support innovation throughout the economy much as electricity and transport networks spurred innovation in the past. Future innovations in many sectors will be linked to the availability of high-speed, competitive data networks and the new applications they support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Once the students begin to understand themselves as cultural beings, they become more receptive to accepting the culture, race, and ethnicity of their students (Gay, 2010(159]). The eTutor programme aimed to create an environment where preservice teachers would be able to interrogate their own and others’ cultures in ways that were safe, supportive, inclusive, challenging, and engaging (Carr, 2016(160]). The experience of interacting with children from multiple cultures in an online environment resulted in a positive attitudinal shift for the majority of participants, the preservice teachers, many of whom had started with an ethnocentric view, finished with an ethno-relative view, demonstrating empathy and caring for children of different cultures. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These various factors are acting in a circular (systemic) fashion, sustaining the dual economic structure characteristic of regional economies. The "informal" economy is also a way in which African societies and economies resist and adapt to globalisation. On the other hand, there were those who believed that the legislative and administrative system must be thoroughly reformed in order to free the initiative and economic potential of microenterprises (the approach adopted by the neo-liberal reform movement in Latin America).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Brazil is the only country in which ethanol production is competitive at given fossil fuel prices, thus the drop cannot be explained by non-competitive production. The biofuel share in Brazil drops because Brazil stops consuming biodiesel but continues to consume ethanol. Removal of budgetary support reduces biofuel demand particularly in export markets (such as the EU), and hence biofuel prices, thus slightly increasing the domestic use of biofuels in Brazil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The third section discusses issues around the extension the coverage of social protection benefits among elderly citizens considering pensions, non-contributory benefits as well as the Singaporean provident fund. Section 2.4 looks at the ADB ’s Social Protection Indicator to glean some insight in the extent to which richer and poorer countries devote resources to social expenditure and whether or not they are able to reach potential beneficiaries. This discussion illustrates the importance of different components of social spending (e.g., social insurance, social assistance, and active labour market programmes), and, the poverty and gender dimensions of distributional impacts of social spending. Still, that is only a third of the OECD average at 21% of GDP. Relatively low prosperity levels in the past, the prevalence of informal employment and small shares of senior populations have so far curbed the growth of social expenditure in most Asian countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Aggregate calculations: Millennium Development Goal aggregation and imputation methods, weighted averages using population (WPP2012) as weight (percentage of population), total population for each regional and subregional grouping (millions). Therefore, the figures are not comparable across countries and may not be comparable over time within a country. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions. Aggregate calculations: Millennium Development Goal aggregation and imputation methods, weighted averages using population (WPP2012) as weight (percentage of population), the total population for each regional and subregional grouping (millions).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The ever-increasing scholarship on the politics of human rights focuses on either international treaty negotiations or domestic politics after ratification. It thus misses how the stage of implementation is often crucially set in the period between signing and ratifying. This article addresses this lacuna via an in-depth discussion of the ratification process of the Disability Convention (CRPD) in the Netherlands. In this period, stakeholders highlight certain treaty obligations, while downplaying or ignoring others. This theory of preratification politics calls for more differentiation between treaty obligations and attention to the politics of their mobilization, even in the most monist countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Security of personal information is affirmation of the right to privacy. With increasing data requirements of consumers and the bulk of archival information thereby created needs storage space and here cloud storage comes to the rescue, which however is prone to cyber attacks and needs better data security protocols as time changes. In this paper, we propose a novel symmetric-key image encryption scheme by shuffling the pixels which renders the information unintelligible. We show how our technique provides an additional layer of security on top of the regular encryption techniques. We analyze our algorithm by performing statistical and difference attack tests. We also discuss the brute force attack and its viability. The results validate effectiveness of our encryption scheme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Protected areas for conservation account for approximately 40% of Tanzania’s surface, and include a number of wildlife reserves of worldwide renown, such as Serengeti National Paik and Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Moreover, and in contrast to neighbouring countries like Kenya, Tanzania benefits from internal stability making it a more appealing destination for international tourism. Furthermore, developing countries today are subject to challenges and opportunities that did not exist several decades ago, let alone w'hen the more advanced economies w'ere developing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
By 2017, 2 476 locations were connected, way above the target for the period 2015-2017, and as many as 285 new on-air locations are on the way. The delivery of broadband Internet access with a focus on affirmative policy has been creating impacts on health and social well-being. Broadband Internet, for example, enables the Ministry of Health to roll out Telemedika, a free-toll line accessible to anyone in Indonesia in need of solicited medical advice. Women of KampungEnggros, Papua's first Internet village, can download new recipes, look up homemade herbal medicine and even source inspirations for their latest noken (multi-functional woven bags) production from social media on a day-to-day basis. This project is relevant to the advancement of SDGs 1 and 8, promoting inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This includes restoration of natural ecosystems alongside rivers, preservation of aquatic biodiversity, pollution prevention (e.g. enforcing the ban on effluent discharges to rivers), water resource management (e.g. restoration of flow paths), enhancing the ability of rivers to serve as drainage channels for flood control (e.g. cleanup of riverbeds), and promotion of the use of rivers for leisure activities and tourism. They are implemented on different levels, from specific sections of rivers to entire drainage basins. The RRA serves as a catalyst for implementation of these plans, particularly through funding the 30 regional river administrations, which group local authorities, drainage authorities, regional organisations and NGOs as well as an RRA representative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)