albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
By 2009, GEF-funded UNIDO projects amounted to $257 million. Typical projects include policy support (providing fiscal incentives for industrial energy efficiency, setting up benchmarking and best-practice dissemination programmes, ensuring energy management standards), building capacity (energy management systems training, training industry managers and engineers), implementing pilot industrial energy-efficiency projects, and financing (supporting schemes with relevant financing institutions). The Three-Country Energy Efficiency Project introduced new approaches to domestic and international energy-efficiency financing in these countries, including loan financing schemes, energy service company or third-party financing and demand-side management programmes (World Bank 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The continued recovery of the UK economy, growing at 2.9 per cent in 2014, spurred outbound tourism to record highs in 2014. At 0.2 per cent, Barbados endured its seventh year of GDP growth below 1 per cent in 2014 (World Bank 2016a). Trinidad and Tobago, the second largest Caribbean small state by GDP, saw growth fall from 1.7 per cent in 2013 to 0.8 per cent in 2014 (World Bank 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
With the dynamic limit of 80 km/h, there was a further reduction of 3.4 km/h. In those situations when the lower limit was accompanied by the slippery road warning sign, the prevailing weather and road surface conditions reduced traffic speeds by 9.3 km/h with the combination of lower limit and slippery road warning bringing about a further reduction of 1.8 km/h. There was also an effect that the signs reduced speeds on adjacent road sections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The unemployment insurance payment system was automated, staff training was improved and job-matching services were revamped to include a classification system that speeded up the process of referring jobseekers to appropriate jobs (Kameyama, 2001). The main Hello Work offices tend to prioritise placement services for jobseekers, and spend less time on individual counselling, due to the large number of people seeking their assistance (Sano, 2004). The main offices have separate counters for people with disabilities and some other groups such as social assistance recipients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
At the other end of the scale, no more than 2% of retirees in Germany, Hungary, Japan and the Slovak Republic receive targeted or minimum pensions. But this is not a good measure of adequacy of these benefits. Taxes and contributions payable on earnings are very likely to make a difference to the comparison of living standards on safety-net retirement benefits compared with those of workers. Higher contributory minimum pensions average 33% of net earnings and only 25% of gross.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It would also heighten poverty risks in households where part-time employment is the main source of income, and would make it more costly for employers to respond to business fluctuations through legal means. The experience in Estonia suggests that exemptions from miniinum-contribution provisions are needed in order to prevent damaging the employment prospects of disadvantaged groups, such as the registered unemployed. In all cases, these exemptions would add to administrative complexity and, in a context of remaining enforcement challenges, can be expected to trigger further attempts to exploit any resulting loopholes. According to the World Bank Doing Business report 2016, Latvia ranks a good 22ld out of 189 countries with respect to die overall ease of doing business (World Bank, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Classification of health care functions (cont.) A similar set of services and goods can be consumed with a non-health purpose. This is the case where health care is inter-linked with well-being or with social care, such as medical services with a cosmetic non-health purpose or social support as part of long-term care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Contested boundaries between ‘public’ and ‘private’ gain further importance with expanding conceptions of human rights. The guarantee of respect for ‘private life’ in the European Convention on Human Rights, subsequently developed through European case law to embrace reputation and relationships, provides a context for increasing attention given in the UK to the protection of privacy and personal data. However, conflicts between public and private emerge in counter-claims to freedom of expression and rights to a private life. The development of freedom of information legislation in the UK marked a new departure, but with increasing use of data protection legislation to avoid FOIA disclosure, the House of Commons expenses scandal illustrates further conflicting claims over rights to privacy and freedom of information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The presumption of innocence is one of the guiding principles of criminal procedure in the country, which has the highest normative status when foreseen in the federal Constitution (article 20-B-I). However, in order to transfer it to its recognition to the sanctioning administrative law - specifically to the disciplinary administrative law - is not a simple matter, since its contours are diffuse. Hence, the approach of its content and its scope can be facilitated if we turn to comparative law, which has been broadly studied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
First, offshoring boosts the productivity of remaining low-skilled workers which can focus on tasks they are most efficient at. Second, it increases the productivity of firms relying more on low-skilled labour, thereby further boosting the demand for—and thus wages of—this type of labour. These two effects outweigh the more traditional labour supply effect which exerts downwards pressure on the wages of workers. However, the general results hold when using alternative measures of inequality that account for the incomes of the unemployed. This suggests that while separate research may be needed to understand how GVCs shape jobs (and the distribution of capital returns or wealth), the reported links between GVCs and inequality appear to be robust.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Similarly, some MENA countries have also established oversight mechanisms that act both as “corrective” institutions (institutions of recourse, such as ombudsmen or judicial commissions that adjudicate claims) or pre-emptive/oversight institutions (parliaments or parliamentary committees, commissions in political executives or advisory councils to ministries or the political executive), as depicted in Table 3.2. Civil society organisations usually operate independently from any government. In the MENA region, half of the respondents (Egypt and Tunisia for example) stressed the importance of an active civil society to monitor government activities in the area of gender equality. Committees are set up within the legislative system with clearly defined mandates to carry out in-depth analysis and review public policy and legislature with regard to gender equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article explores some conceptual issues regarding criminalization at the domestic and international levels. It attempts to explain what it means to say that a particular kind of conduct has been criminalized, and considers how the processes of criminalization differ in domestic and international law. In unpacking these issues, the article takes the examples of rape and sex trafficking in domestic and international legal systems, explores whether these offenses are criminalized more broadly in international criminal law as compared to domestic criminal law, and briefly outlines possible explanations for this disparity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Briefly reviewing the evolution of the field of women development, the author argues that the field has lost the dynamism characteristic of earlier periods of constructive tension between theory and practice that led to the adoption of the gender and development framework and the incorporation of issues of multiculturalism, human rights, and political participation into a field that had largely been defined in economic terms. Today, however, critical theory is caught in an “anti-neoliberal” position that is increasingly outdated and that has interpreted women’s work, individual agency, and the role of the state in ways that hinder rather than facilitate new thinking and better outcomes for women participants in WID/GAD projects and programs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Few countries achieve this in their performance measurement systems with the notable exceptions of Australia, Germany and Switzerland. In Germany, local offices are clustered according to their labour market conditions and local office performance is then benchmarked within those clusters (Blien et al., Australia and Switzerland use a rich set of jobseeker characteristics and survey information on local labour market performance to compare local office performance on a regression-adjusted basis (OECD, 2013, Chapter 3). Evaluation is crucial to ensure effective and efficient spending of public resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These processes are essential to the functioning of the natural environment and as a result, water stress can arise when the amount of water in the environment is insufficient for natural environmental processes to function and deliver the services on which people, flora and fauna depend. Typically, “environmental water requirements” are treated as a residual (King and Brown 2011), and as a result, the lack of water available for environmental needs is creating serious environmental problems. For instance, due to extensive water extractions, some large rivers in semi-arid locations, such as the Colorado and the Murray, only intermittently reach the sea (King and Brown, 2011), and the reduced flows in rivers and water volumes in lakes and wetlands has had a major negative impact on ecosystems. This transformation has also greatly reduced the water quality of the remaining water making it much more saline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The analysis is based on the method developed by OECD for the cross-country study of farm level risk analysis (OECD, 2010a). Variations and correlations of prices, costs and returns are estimated using the farm-level data. These indicators are used to evaluate farmers’ risk exposure and the relative importance of the various sources of risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Sanggar SAINS Sdn Bhd, one of its commercial units, has developed the “Innovator Programme” dedicated to provide guidance, advice and support to start-up companies commercialising R&D outcomes of the university. Sanggar SAINS is also at present managing business incubation facilities at the university’s innovations park, sains@usm “USM Connectors” enhance technology scouting and increase collaboration with industry. Finally, the university’s“3-Track promotion exercise” provides a tool to reward and incentivise not only leading-edge research and quality teaching but also community engagement and entrepreneurship support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
During the presale, the company raised USD 30 million comprised of USD 11 million from the public ICO and USD 19 million from traditional investment funds. This real-life example illustrates the potential and the high level of interest concerning blockchain-based investment platforms. Another example is the Australian technology company Power Ledger, which developed in 2018 marketplaces for transacting energy and ownership of renewable power plants using blockchain technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, the presence of immigrants is negatively related to native-born employment at the regional level, suggesting that in certain provinces, immigrants could reduce the employment rates of South African-bom workers. This relationship is reversed, i.e. becomes positive, when solely considering the effect of the presence of newly-arrived migrants on employment outcomes of South African-bom workers. Yet both positive and negative effects are found at the regional level. Furthermore, the share of newly-arrived immigrants is positively associated with both employment rates and incomes of native-born workers. However, the pooled numbers do not show the considerable changes over time. While average real income increased nationally between 2001 and 2011, South African-bom workers’ incomes increased by an average of 24% while those of foreign-bom workers actually fell by about 32%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Ethical leadership, decision making, legitimacy, and public trust are underlying themes throughout most emergency and crisis management case studies. Disasters are complex and dynamic, and often te...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Other countries also effectively set minimum wages through collective agreements in a number of other countries but these minima can vary substantially across sectors and according to a worker’s age, experience and qualifications. The positive effect of declines in minimum wages on wage dispersion is confirmed by a large number of empirical studies (di Nardo et al., The literature is less conclusive regarding employment: while some studies such as Koske et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Countries trade with a world market, so the model does not consider differentiated bilateral trade (i.e. maize from Mexico is the same as maize from South Africa). The combined group of OECD countries is also projected to have a larger population compared to 2010, except in a few EU countries, as well as in Japan and Korea, where populations are forecast to fall. Overall, GDP in OECD countries is expected to almost double, and global GDP is expected to increase two-and-a-half times between 2010 and 2050. There is some progress towards achieving development goals, reducing resource and energy intensity, and decreasing fossil fuel dependency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This body’s regulatory coverage has been broadened to include all water supply, wastewater and municipal waste management operators, irrespective of their management or ownership models. Examples include: a working group on economic instruments for environmental policy, established between the Ministries of Finance and Environment, and an Environment and Transport Steering Committee that pursued implementation of the Sustainable Mobility Project. Such arrangements, which have facilitated more frequent interactions between the MAOT and other government agencies, could be extended to additional sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The HILDA survey collects information about economic and subjective well-being, labour market dynamics and family dynamics. Special questionnaire modules are included each wave. The wave 1 (2001) panel consisted of 7,682 households and 19,914 individuals. In wave 11 (2011), this was topped up with an additional 2,153 households and 5,477 individuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
On the other hand, consistent with the research at the ICT level, broadband economic impact could be mediated by a lag effect, indicating that adoption does not automatically translate into growth but that it would require the accumulation of intangible capital, defined as the changes in business processes and firm culture that lead to assimilation of improved business processes. While the deployment programmes are, as expected concentrated in the construction and telecommunications sectors, the impact of externalities are greater in sectors with high transaction costs (financial services, education, and health care). These include efficient access to information, savings in transportation and benefits in health and entertainment, and can be measured in terms of the difference between consumers' willingness to pay for the broadband service and actual prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Not that resource inequality is considered unimportant, indeed, ECLAC has contributed substantially to its analysis by quantifying income inequality in recent decades and by analysing its determinants both in terms of structuralist theory and from the various perspectives developed within the institution itself. These are understood in a broad sense as comprising capacities, knowledge and skills that individuals succeed in acquiring and that enable them to embark upon life plans they consider worthwhile. It is also important, given the definition of equality proposed earlier, to consider equality in a “relational" context of socialization, autonomy and recognition, and to incorporate the subjective dimension of how people perceive the order they inhabit in terms of equality and inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The national agencies and sub-national partners convene local meetings to engage with local actors, feeding the results to the national level agencies to inform decisions on implementation. These conferences seek consensus on implementing environmental priorities, and support implementation of the national sustainable development plan and obligations under environmental treaties. The 2014 conference produced recommendations for priority interventions in Micronesia from 2014-2017, including on regulatory frameworks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Severe decline (58 percent) was observed in the primary forest area. Naturally regenerated forest showed a 25 percent decline, while only planted forests showed an increase of around 3 percent (see Table 3). Data from other sources show that the decline is even worse and forest cover is now less than 50 percent (ODC, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These domains reflect the spectrum of factors that shape the food environment from the most macro to the most micro level -from facilities to produce, distribute, commercialize, acquire, preserve, prepare and consume foods, nutrients and water through to the biological utilization of them into the body. At the household level, food insecurity is characterized by four dimensions : 1) inadequate quantity of food, 2) inadequate quality of food, 3) psychological unacceptability of food and ways of obtaining food, and 4) social unacceptability of food and ways of obtaining food [19]. Figure 1 shows the relationships between household food insecurity, its causes, and its consequences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The relationship among trade liberalization, the environment, and socioeconomic development is marked by controversy, though it is well accepted that in practice economic interests often trump environmental concerns and that developing countries incur a range of costs to participate in, and comply with, multilateral and bilateral trade agreements. Politics and power dynamics in the rule-making process in liberalization negotiations are often implicated for generating these outcomes. To improve on this record, and in accordance with the rise in ‘market environmentalism’, World Trade Organization (WTO) members and advocacy groups have turned this rhetoric on its head and pushed for ‘synergy’ in which a single WTO rule to discipline fisheries subsidies at once liberalizes trade, generates an environmental improvement, and supports developing country aspirations—a much feted ‘triple win’. We sketch the anatomy of the fisheries subsidies negotiations and explore how the triple win is used by blocks of states t...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Progress in these areas may be relatively easy to measure (e.g. levelised cost of electricity for different technologies as in UNEP, 2013), but will be difficult to attribute to specific interventions or policies owing to time-lag issues, uncertainty and difficulties in determining causality over time. By annualising the needs for longer-term impacts, this type of analysis overcomes the time lag that complicates evaluating the effectiveness of today’s interventions in achieving future global climate goals. However, certain types of mitigation interventions such as technical assistance, capacity building, or policy and regulatory reforms will still be difficult to relate to impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The parallel applicability of international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHR law) has become in recent years part of the legal orthodoxy in international law. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has affirmed co-application in three separate instances, additionally a number of human rights courts have asserted jurisdiction over armed conflicts, and while state practice on the matter is still not uniform, co-application appears to be the dominant position in the legal literature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This way differences between male wage premia in finance and in other sectors and also changes in their relative and absolute magnitudes over the income distribution can be examined. The average country estimates show a wider variation of the male wage premium in finance than in other sectors (Figure 12). It varies between 6% in Belgium and 41% in the United Kingdom for finance, while in the other sectors it ranges from 12% in Belgium to 32% in Estonia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
I address the role of social mobility in political transitions. I develop a political economy model of regime transitions that incorporates social mobility as a key feature of the economy capturing the political attitudes toward redistribution. I show that social mobility facilitates democratization by reducing the conflict over redistribution between the rich and the poor. Furthermore, it facilitates democratic consolidation by reducing the likelihood of a coup under democracy. On the other hand, social mobility helps to keep an authoritarian regime stable by reducing the likelihood of mass movements against political elites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The participation rate of men attains the maximum in the 25-34 age group, while women of that age are mostly married and engaged in childbearing and child rearing. The gender gap in LFPRs is thus the highest in this age group. The LFPRs of women attain the maximum level later in life and decrease almost instantaneously. Thus, there is never a steady state for women’s employment, peak employment comes later in life, so any possible gains in increased wages are short lived. While women agricultural workers still make up the majority of those employed .their numbers have decreased for various reasons. The share of women workers in manufacturing, however, has now surpassed men’s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This can be paid by the year, by month, by week, or by day. A modelling study now underway should determine the natural rate of recharge of the deep aquifer in the south of Luxembourg, which contains waters fit for human consumption. The Water Law requires housing developments to have a separate system. With the exception of artificial water bodies (those created by human activities) or those that have been highly modified (through physical alterations due to human activity). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can cause cancers and endocrine disruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Indeed, average wages tend to be higher (lower) in sectors with higher (lower) productivity. Second concerns the variation of employment shares across sectors. The implication is that differential growth performance of sectors should have implications for the extent of new employment opportunities generated, earnings, inequality and thus poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This survey also covers Georgia but excludes Turkmenistan. To avoid the "add-women-and-stir" approach (Hondagneu-Sotelo, 2003), the study is designed to consider gender not as at the category "sex" used in quantitative data but rather to interpret gender in the framework of social relations arising in connection with ideas of masculinity and femininity. To do so, both quantitative and qualitative data are used in this study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)