albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
There can also be large variations in the homicide levels reported for the same country from different sources. Such a classification should not be aimed at standardizing national penal legislation but rather at defining and classifying offences in a uniform way purely for statistical purposes. This work is currently under way as mandated by the Statistical Commission and led by UNODC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Education decentralisation reforms are generally in line with the characteristics of local funding. In short, the greater the voice of community participation there is the greater local or school autonomy, and the greater competition among schools. Some of those reforms reflect reallocations of resources and a change in school agents’ behaviour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A global hierarchy of eco-efficiency targets might be a simple means of systematizing coordination. Energy policies also tend to have strong distributive effects, benefiting some industries and household groups more than others. The degree and nature of the required structural change related to a sustainable energy transformation will also vary from country to country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
One advantage of the simulation is that it can hold “everything else” constant (unemployment levels, market-income inequality, household composition, etc.), For instance, it can show whether a given family at the bottom, middle and top of the income distribution is now better or worse off than they it have been with unchanged policies. By comparing the mechanical income effects of redistribution systems between different periods, it is possible to identify family and earnings situations that are better or worse off as a result of policy reforms. For simplicity, we refer to these families, respectively, as “gainers” and “losers”. Results are shown for the same 8 OECD countries that were included in the above summary of policy changes. For each family, changes in tax burdens and benefit entitlements do not only result from policy action, they can also occur if policies are not adjusted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These include loan guarantees and insurance options. For example, some form of public / private partnership will be needed to mitigate regulatory risk.80 Specialist underwriter Parhelion (2012) has proposed the creation of a public / private funded Green Insurance Agency to make available to investors insurance policies to underwrite the specific risk of changes in policy and other insurance policies that the private sector are unable to do on a standalone basis. For example, Danish utility company DONG Energy took responsibility for the construction risk of an offshore wind farm which Danish and Dutch pension funds then invested in. The financial engineering relied on three pillars. First, DONG “de-risked” the investment by deploying PPAs, construction management and O&M agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The graph is divided into four quadrants representing different shares of the recycling market between the informal and formal sector. The analysis suggested that a sustainable recycling system should grow towards the upper right hand corner of the graph, where most of the established recycling schemes in Europe and North America are currently located. E-waste from developed countries finds its way into developing countries in the name of free trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
And the principle of joint responsibility calls for a new gender contract based on the understanding that a more equitable distribution of roles and resources between men and women (both within families and in society as a whole) is essential for achieving a fair solution for the region’s care needs. Intergenerational solidarity in meeting care needs allows for mutually beneficial exchanges by making it possible to share rights, responsibilities and risks. The family and the State are the best institutions for building solidarity -, associations and the community’ can foster it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In particular, successor republics of the former Soviet Union such as Turkmenistan, the Russian Federation and Uzbekistan, as well as the three Baltic States, saw their Gini coefficient increase by more than 10 points between 1981 and 1999. This group of countries10 is home to 750 million people, or 12 per cent of the world’s population. It is claimed that the economic growth prospects of these countries have been undermined by their geography, with 28 of them being landlocked or small island States (Gallup, Sachs and Mellinger, 1998, Collier, 2007). Controlling for economic policies and institutions, some researchers contend that the location and climate of the continent of Africa have had a negative impact on its income levels and growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, OECD (2015c) estimated that in 2013-14, over 90% of mobilised private climate finance targeted mitigation - this included finance associated with export credits for renewable energy. Several reasons may be behind this, including incomplete or asymmetric information on climate risks, uncertainty about the extent of future risks, imperfect capital markets with short-term horizons, and a lack of clarity on policy direction from the public sector (PwC, 2010, UNEP, 2016). Often, mitigation activities are perceived by the private sector to have a clearer path to profitability and to generate obvious revenue streams and savings, while the business case for adaptation is often less known. In addition, adaptation is a much more recent policy concern and thus providers are only just now beginning to target their private sector engagement efforts to also include adaptation objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In such an extreme scenario, the increased melt water input from Greenland and high-Arctic glaciers might slow' down the conveyor belt effect with major repercussions for the Gulf Stream. The increased w'ater volume would alter patterns of ocean mixing by down welling water masses, weakening the oxygen transport to the deep sea. Moreover, the altered patterns of ocean mixing by down welling water masses could reduce nutrient availability in surface w'ater layers (Steinacher et al., Evidence was found from marine Arctic ecosystems where rising temperatures resulting in freshening of surface waters from melting glaciers were able to initiate significant changes in lower/middle trophic food chains, and alter the quantity and quality of food supply to upper trophic levels (Wassmann et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This is important but Metro Cebu needs to adopt a flexible approach to its implementation, ensuring equal distribution of spatial opportunities. As such it is important to align fiscal policies such as taxes with desired spatial development objectives (OECD, 2017). For example, the land use/zoning categorisation of Cebu City does not indicate any mixed land use. Arguably, it can be stated that some properties are not developed in their designated zones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A widely used poverty indicator is the $1 a day poor, which refers to income, or consumption poverty that is comparable across countries and can be used to analyse regional and gjobal poverty trends. For calculating $1 a day poor, nationally representative household survey data are used to generate per capita consumption or income aggregates in constant PPP $ for each household in a country for a given year. These aggregates are then weighted by the size of the household and the number of people each household represents, from survey sample weights, to generate a distribution of individual consumption or income for the country. Aparame trie specification of the underlying Lorenz curve is then fitted for the distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
At the same time, possibilities for maximising efficiency and effectiveness in cross-sectoral public services may be lost, and sub-national development adversely impacted. The policy gap therefore refers to a lack of policy coherence at central government level, which is a condition for better cross-sector co-ordination at the sub-national level. A primary concern is the lack of information to guide decision makers in the water sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Despite the explicit exclusion of its jurisdiction, the Court of Justice of the European Union exercises judicial control over Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). This article examines and explains how the Court's extended jurisdiction contributes to the juridification, judicialisation and constitutionalisation of the EU's compound CFSP structures. It first lays the groundwork by explaining the link between constitutionalisation and democratic legitimation and setting out the Court's formal jurisdiction over CFSP under Article 40 Treaty on European Union and Articles 218(11) and 275(2) Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The centre piece of the article then identifies how the Court's jurisdiction has expanded since the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, points at additional ‘substantive’ avenues of judicial review on the basis of access to information and access to justice, and analyses the effects of the Court of Justice of the European Union's extended jurisdiction for CFSP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is bad if it generates undue transaction costs and does not respond to place-based needs (OECD, 2015). In addition, a range of OECD committees and subsidiary bodies carried out extensive consultation, including the Environment Policy Committee and its Working Party on Biodiversity, Water and Ecosystems, the Public Governance Committee and its Working Party of Senior Public Integrity Officials, the Development Assistance Committee, the Committee on Investment, and the Committee on Agriculture. Broader principles of good governance apply to the water sector, and water governance outcomes can also be contingent on progress in other domains of the water policy framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 1993, this was changed again, with responsibility for agricultural extension activities given to the Centre of Agricultural Extension, under the Secretary-General of the MoA. In 1996, MoA modified the structure of extension institutions by establishing an Agricultural Extension Office (Balai Penyuluhan Pertartian, BPP) in every district. This action was based on the belief that farmers required a more comprehensive agricultural extension, one that is more people and system-oriented rather than commodity-oriented (World Bank, 2007). Farmers pay a premium and they will receive an indemnity only if an extreme event (risk) and/or some minimum losses occur.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2009, public spending on childcare amounted to 0.04% of GDP, of which 20% was allocated to PEIMT. However, this is only 6% of all children between 1 and 4 years old in Mexico, of whom 26% grow up in poverty. Day-care centres are open for a minimum of eight hours per day, five days a week (Monday to Friday). In 2010, the amount was USD 4 200 for creating a new facility and USD 2 600 for adapting a private residence or retail space into a day care centre.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In practice, it is generally only HoMs who are nominated to serve as committee or council heads, therefore, the first barrier to entry at this level is navigating the politically charged competition for a HoM position. In addition, women’s voices, agency and visibility are crucial to a world vision in which gender equality is the norm. Equality does not mean that women and men will become the same but that women’s and men’s rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on whether they are born male or female. Adapted from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Empowered and Equal: UNDP Gender Equality Strategy 2008-2011 (2008), cited in Commonwealth Secretariat (2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
During the period 1985-2008 primary, secondary and tertiary education saw an unprecedented increase in enrolments. Higher education showed the greatest growth at 93.1%, representing a yearly increase of 4.1%. Enhanced access is reflected in the percentage of the higher education enrolment in the 19 to 24-year-old age cohort which grew from 0.6% in 1970 to 24.4% in 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On the other hand, the condition of coral reef habitats has deteriorated and the size of coastal ecosystems has decreased. The number of threatened mammal species is relatively high compared to that in other OECD countries, while the status of other species is more favourable. The NBS recognises that economic development and biodiversity conservation objectives are not incompatible. This represents an important shift from the traditional conservation approach followed in Israel and many other countries for a number of years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Blood pressure screening also increased from 30% to 34% (of the undiagnosed population) between 2013 and 2014. In contrast, adequate control of cholesterol levels was achieved in only around 45% people with dyslipidaemia. The evaluation considered reasons for falling short of the 55% target, including poor adherence to clinical guidelines or deficient information systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
No single higher education institution, organisation or agency has the capacity to address these issues alone. Broad-based collaboration between regional agencies, business and industry, higher education institutions and civil society is required. By working together, these regional stakeholders could generate a greater dynamism and change in the local economy and society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
We develop a political history of Wards Cove v. Atonio (1989) to show how Robert Cover's concepts of jurisgenesis and jurispathy can enrich the legal mobilization framework for understanding law and social change. We illustrate the value of the hybrid theory by recovering the Wards Cove workers’ own understanding of the role of litigation in their struggle for workplace rights. The cannery worker plaintiffs exemplified Cover's dual logic by articulating aspirational narratives of social justice and by critically rebuking the Supreme Court's ruling as the “death throe” for progressive minority workers’ rights advocacy. The cannery workers’ story also highlights the importance of integrating legal mobilization scholars’ focus on extrajudicial political engagement into Cover's judge-centered analysis. Our aim is to forge a theoretical bridge between Cover's provocative arguments about law and the analytical tradition of social science scholarship on the politics of legal mobilization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It has two tariff-rate quotas (TRQ) commitments: a rice TRQ of 70 000 tonnes at an inquota tariff rate of 90%, and a milk and cream TRQ of 414 700 tonnes at an in-quota tariff rate of 40%. In practice these TRQs have not been implemented because the MFN applied tariff rates for these products have been lower than the bound in-quota rates. Similarly, while Indonesia’s schedule allows the government to dispose of surplus rice stocks using export subsidies - bound at ceiling amounts of USD 28.3 million and 299 750 tonnes in 1995, declining to USD 21.5 million and 257 785 tonnes by 2004 - it has not subsidised exports of rice since the implementation of the URAA. In terms of domestic support, Indonesia did not take an aggregate measure of support to agriculture (AMS) commitment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Overall, the near-term growth outlook is clouded by more modest fiscal support at a time when fiscal consolidation is needed. The Government is trying to consolidate fiscal debt levels which reached 245% of GDP in 2015, and achieve a primary budget surplus by 2020. The slump was underpinned by sharp declines in mining sector investments, weaker external demand for coal and copper, particularly from China, and deteriorating terms of trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Hybrid cooling was found to reduce the LCOE increase, but at a higher capital cost and operational complexity (Turchi et al., Interestingly, the overall footprint of the dry-cooled plant did not increase because the additional solar field area required to offset the decrease in efficiency was balanced by the elimination of cooling tower evaporation ponds. Even without such developments, however, the cost penalties associated with reducing water consumption appear to be relatively minor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Algerian and Moroccan authorities also reported seizures of heroin, however, the quantities seized were smaller, totalling less than 10 kg in 2014. The South African Police Service reported an increase in the number of clandestine drug manufacturing laboratories producing synthetic drugs such as meth-amphetamine (known locally as “tick”), largely intended for the illicit market in South Africa. West Africa appears to have become an established source of the methamphetamine that is smuggled into East and South-East Asia via South Africa or Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The discourse and practice of humanism is at a cross-road, now challenged by posthuman reflections on what it means to be human. Our understanding of human and humanism is also challenged by transformations in nation-state and citizenship. In this context, the present article explores pathways of a new global humanity emerging out of cross-cultural reflections and new intellectual and social movements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The total carbon content of forest ecosystem is estimated to about 638 Gtonnes of Carbon, which is more than the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. Deforestation and forest degradation result in substantial reductions in forest carbon stocks and increase in emissions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has estimated emissions from deforestation since 1990s at 5.8 GtC02/yr. Taking Amazonas as an example, during the period 2000-2005,60% of deforestation was due to establishment of new cattle ranches, 30% was caused by small scale subsistence agriculture, legal and illegal logging accounted for 3% as fires, mining, road construction and dams, and large scale agriculture accounted for 1%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For many of the countries which did have such data, the data became available only from 2007 onwards. The "superhighway" is a continent-wide meshed network of terrestrial optical fibre which is aimed at increasing the availability and affordability of broadband Internet across Asia and the Pacific. Only the Pacific subregion was missing data for most countries and territories, in most of those economies, while flights operate internationally and domestically, they do not have their own airlines to report such information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While videogames have been a popular form of entertainment practice for a number of decades, it is only recently that they have been paid much attention by academics. Although there is a burgeoning body of scholarship that deals with videogames in new media and games studies, human geography is only just beginning to offer its own take on the medium and the practices associated with it. This essay outlines ways in which scholars (both within geography and beyond) have traced out the geographies in videogames (in terms of the representations and politics within videogames), the geographies of videogames (in terms of the production and consumption of videogames) and videogames as a cultural geographical practice (in terms of the technocultural practices through which videogames and videogamers are produced). We argue that approaching videogaming as a (techno)cultural practice can enrich the cultural geographies in and of videogames.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Methodological choices made this year on refined definitions and accounting approaches represent progress but it may be some time before they can be systematically implemented and before data can be consistently and routinely collected. Improved methodologies for more robust estimates would need to take into account the effects of public finance for capacity building or budgetary support, and of public policies, while also considering the role of domestic conditions for enabling private financial flows. We note in particular that there are opportunities for developed country Parties to improve on the transparency and comprehensiveness of their climate finance reporting under the UNFCCC. The OECD and CPI stand ready to support and continue to co-operate with and contribute towards these efforts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, indicators alone will fail to provide adequate insight into, and understanding of, the context in which adaptation is taking place. Although the evaluations of adaptation projects and programmes face a number of challenges and uncertainties, they can help to identify what approaches to adaptation are effective in achieving agreed objectives. Further, they can contribute to a better understanding of the conditions required for the adaptation measures to succeed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For example, Orange and Maroc Telecom have been active in extending cross-border connectivity to their subsidiaries across Africa. These independent companies provide wholesale open access to their networks and since they typically do not have retail operations, have little incentive to charge significantly above cost prices. Phase 3 collaborated with ECOWAS as part of the Intelcom II initiative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Some countries have responded to shrinking populations with policies to attract migrants, especially younger people who can fill gaps in labour forces. By the 1970s, the fertility transition had occurred in Australia, Japan, and all highly developed countries in Europe and North America. Fertility in China fell sharply in the 1970s in response to policies to promote later and less frequent childbearing, and the introduction of the country’s 1979 family planning policy, which generally limited couples to one child.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Although considered as "traditional" and a cultural marker of the Sami, reindeer herding was of relatively recent vintage, developed during the sixteenth century. In both Norway and Sweden, but not in Finland, semi-nomadic reindeer herding is, by law, an occupation strictly reserved for the Sami. Many Sami people find themselves in a transitional state where it is important to adapt to a changing new world without losing sight of the values of the Sami traditional world view. The majority of the approximately 56,000 inhabitants live on the south and central west coast.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Inclusion policies forbid discrimination based on disability and promote an educational approach to disability which focuses on the ability of education systems to meet the needs of young adults with disabilities. They have encouraged secondary and tertiary education institutions to include disability issues in their policies. They have also mobilised technical, human and financial resources so that institutions can ensure accessibility and young adults with disabilities can have the same access and opportunities to succeed as their non-disabled peers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Where programmes have been used extensively there is evidence that students and the university as well as the host firms benefit from the two-way transfer of knowledge. The learning model of North-eastern University in the USA addresses this topic (see Annex on Learning Models). Internships generally differ from cooperative education programmes in that they usually have a single work assignment, which usually does not take place during term time and students receive less supervision than in a co-operative programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)