albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It holds the overall responsibility for schooling and is in charge of developing the curriculum, national objectives and guidelines for the education system. To reduce the gap between immigrant and native students, Sweden’s government will need to use tools such as funding and guidelines to promote policies to reduce it. One of the core components, school choice, was a radical change from the previously enforced location-based system. The reformed policy mandated the provision of vouchers for any school, public or independent, regardless of geographic location in order to create a more democratic educational system by introducing ‘freedom of choice’ and allowing local schools a higher degree of autonomy (Lund, 2015(12]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The main objective of value-based cost sharing is to reduce the purchase of health care with a low-cost effectiveness. They argue that to reap efficiency gains it is important to increase the consistency of policy settings within a system, while no system is superior to another. The cost of assessing the value of health care services and operating value-based cost sharing is, however, high and several countries have thus abandoned value-based policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The space should allow some flexibility in its use to suit changing needs. When streets and plazas accommodate multiple activities, they are activated always, even if used differently at different times. World Vision International, for instance, engages children as change agents who inform planning decisions for better and safer spaces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Educational gaps overlap with the leadership gap in part because the pool of women in science and technical fields is limited and not growing. There can be no doubt that SECURICO has developed into a world-class security services organization recognized for its ISO certifications and industry awards, more than 20 in over a decade. In 2013, Divine was voted African Woman of the Year and also won the 1st Runner-Up UNCTAD Empretec Women in Business Award.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The national report on the implementation of the Cartagena Protocol, elaborated in 2016 at the request of the National Biosafety Committee, includes proposed activities with that aim. Mongolia does not have any bilateral, regional or multilateral agreement with non-parties regarding transboundary movements of LMOs, neither has it ever imported or exported LMOs to a non-party. International funding has been essential for activities implemented and for compliance with the Cartagena Protocol. Mongolia w ill be the lead country of the Asian BCH Family for the period 2018-2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Discourses of public education reform, like that exemplified within the Queensland Government's future vision document, Queensland State Education‐2010 (QSE‐2010), position schooling as a panacea to pervasive social instability and a means to achieve a new consensus. However, in unravelling the many conflicting statements that conjoin to form education policy and inform related literature ( ), it becomes clear that education reform discourse is polyvalent ( ). Alongside visionary statements that speak of public education as a vehicle for social justice are the (re)visionary or those reflecting neoliberal individualism and a conservative politics. In this paper, it is argued that the latter coagulate to form strategic discursive practices which work to (re)secure dominant relations of power. Further, discussion of the characteristics needed by the ‘ideal’ future citizen of Queensland reflect efforts to ‘tame change through the making of the child’ ( , p. 201). The casualties of this (re)vision and the refu...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Results are summarised in Table 6.8. Pure public goods do not decline in availability or quality no matter how many people benefit from them. In economic terms, they are non-rivalrous, while congestible goods are rivalrous. Therefore, they can be provided in the same amount and at the same cost regardless of the number of immigrants. Identifying such goods is not always straightforward, since certain apparently pure public goods may in fact be extended when the population grows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
At the present time, the reinsurance company MiCRO is in the process of extending its operations to Nicaragua and Guatemala. Given that situation, governments and the international community have developed a variety of systems to increase the resilience of the most exposed zones, together with social protection programmes that have components to support households (particularly the most vulnerable ones) whose means of subsistence have been impaired. To better illustrate a number of practical experiences in other developing regions, three cases have been selected, which the literature has spotlighted for their successes, errors, and implementation difficulties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Drawing even further on Indigenous traditions and ways of learning than is currently the case through the PEIB presents an opportunity to enable Indigenous students to learn better. There are channels of communication between Indigenous communities and the national government, but there is a large room for improving this dialogue. Some communities claim the need for developing their own pedagogical techniques and teaching their knowledge (saberes).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
ABSTRACTDelegation of legislative power to the Executive occupies a unique place within the constitutional division of power. As a matter of necessity, efficiency, responsiveness, and a desire for increased participation from industry, delegation of legislative power is common but surprisingly under-theorised and under-studied. For decades in Australia it has been the domain of the Parliament to determine the appropriate exercise and level of scrutiny for delegated legislative power. But the constitutional landscape may be changing. In the 2012 decision Williams v Commonwealth (No 1), the Australian High Court indicated a greater willingness to scrutinise more robustly the performance of Parliament's supervisory functions. Against the background of the Court's new interest in responsible government, we argue that the current parliamentary practice of review of the exercise of delegated power is unable to achieve robust accountability. Informed by the High Court's jurisprudence in Williams (No 1) and the t...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A RENEWW Zone placed at the outer edge of an existing informal settlement would provide a bridge to an adjacent urban extension. In addition to the housing, transportation and planning provisions, the Agenda includes leveraging and protecting cultural and natural heritage, developing platforms for meaningful participation in decision-making, enhancing disaster risk reduction, promoting environmentally sound waste management, and providing publicly accessible open and green space.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Identity Solutions Symposium held in Jonesboro, Arkansas, 2007 brought together academic, industry, and government experts working on radio frequency identification (RFID), biometrics, sensors, animal identification, identity cards, RFID-enabled passports, identity theft, terrorism, retail and healthcare supply chains, demographics, privacy, security, middleware, and legislation. One observation was universal in the presentations - identity matters. Identity-related technologies can considerably optimize supply chains while reducing threats from terrorism and natural disasters. But we must solve social, political, ethical, and technical puzzles along the way
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In both countries, fertiliser subsidies offset a large part of fertiliser production costs (Table 5). In order to comply with the biofuel mandate, a large quantity of biofuel feedstock has to be produced for which a large quantity of fertiliser is required. If the biofuel mandates are abolished, the biofuel feedstock market collapses as does the demand for fertiliser, leading to a price decline in fertiliser. In several countries, mandates are complemented with tax concessions and other budgetary measures (Table 2), thus shifting the cost of maintaining the biofuel mandate from the fuel consumer to the taxpayer. A removal of mandates and budgetary support would result in much lower biofuel use in most countries (Figure 8) due to higher production costs of biofuels compared to fossil fuels under the assumed crude-oil price.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The system covers many common nationwide trade skills, in a large variety of industrial sectors. Since its introduction in FY 1959, about 4 million people have become certified skilled workers, and every year there are about 200 000 additional applicants for skills certification (MHLW, 2006, and 2007). These figures suggest, however, that only about 5% of the current workforce is certified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Libraries promote cultural diversity, linguistic diversity and local content given that their collections feature national works in the language of the country. There are various aspects to library digitization, including digital books, the digitization of key national heritage documents and the availability of a digital or electronic card catalogue. Several initiatives to digitize libraries are described in Box 4.1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As land is a factor input into many economic activities, competing demands and conflicting uses may become constraints to both economic development and environmental protection. This requires integrated land use and territorial planning, coherence with sectoral policies (mining, agriculture, forestry manufacturing, transport, energy), appropriate governance and the use of a mix of policy instruments, including ownership rights, property' and other taxes, and protected area networks. This delivers important messages about competing uses of land and pressures on biodiversity that may alter habitats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This is another reason why poverty eradication, or at least alleviation, must be essential to a green economy strategy for Jamaica. The middle class is small, and also clinging to its standard of living. Costly adjustments to its standard of living will be instinctively resisted, unless there is a successful education programme on the long-term benefits of a green economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The new law (passed by the Danish parliament on 29 May 2012) allows municipalities to ban construction in certain areas solely due to climate change adaptation reasons. Woik is underway by the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing (MMAH) on the development of the next edition of the Building Code to make new buildings in Ontario resilient to climate change impacts and to enhance their ability to conserve water and energy. The plan comprises national actions (regulations, information-based instruments) shared across levels of government, as well as local projects. This put in place a framework that will allow the spatial plans of the Lander and regions to be gradually supplemented with the aspect of provision for the spatial requirements of climate adaptation during their redrafting process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These countries have inherited their pension systems from the former USSR which they have to reconsider in terms of eligibility criteria, retirement ages, and the linkage between contribution rates and benefit payments in order to safeguard the financial sustainability of their pension systems. This balance is desirable as different segments of the population tend to benefit from different forms of social protection. This balance is lacking among low-income countries, where, spending per recipients of a social insurance benefits is very high at over 60% of GDP per capita.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In these and related tasks, the NEA works in close collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, with which it has a Co-operation Agreement, as well as with other international organisations in the nuclear field. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at mfo@copyright.com or the Centre fran^ais d'exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) contact@cfcopies.com.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
New laws and policies are currently being developed to increase online security and to strengthen the protection of personal data. National security concerns have also been raised about the misuse of such data and the consequences of the digital transformation on national security. Governments need to apply a whole-of-govemment response to form coherent policies to seize the opportunities and tackle the evolving challenges of the digital transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The fourth industrial revolution has been heralded as having the potential to connect billions more people and to improve dramatically the efficiency of organizations. The underlying assumption is that people and enterprises are actually connected to one another and to new technologies via the internet or transport intrastructure. This is most challenging for households and firms in remote areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
European Journal of Population/Revue europeenne de Demographie, 27(2), 157-184. Why are suicide rates rising in young men but falling in the elderly? A time-series analysis of trends in England and Wales 1950-1998. Nervous and depressive symptoms in a longitudinal study of youth unemployment—selection or exposure?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
AbstractCitizen Voice and Action (CV&A), a rights- and strengths-based social accountability approach developed in the global South, helps communities marginalized by unfair power relations to counter low accountability. By creating a dynamic of entitlement within communities and obligation by duty-bearers, it improves power relations and frees communities to build shared agency through reciprocity which advances health rights claims. After outlining capability theory and linking it to human rights, this paper explains CV&A’s origins in democratic struggles for rights and its current praxis. Using Ugandan case studies, it examines how people suffering its low accountability claim health and human rights by culturally engaging with each other and with duty-bearers. When interpreted as a set of collective freedoms and capabilities to struggle, social accountability helps explain how democratic action with and for communities at multiple levels aligns policy implementation with service performance to produce...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The fear of the husband having a second family in the Russian Federation may lead women to have more children in order to guarantee a tighter family connection (Olimova and Bosk, 2003) or to facilitate coming along with her husband. Even when both spouses migrate to die Russian Federation, this does not ensure diat die marriage will last, facing the challenge of a lack of intimacy due to crowded accommodations, some spouses get divorced (Kalandarov, 2012). First, divorce can transpire without the existence of a second family, following long-lasting separation and/or a lack of tight connections between the spouses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
About 60 per cent of population in the LDCs are under 25 years of age (UNDESA 2011). Consequently, the propensity for mobility tended to be high in these countries. As a World Bank (2008) study pointed out, in 2005 almost 22 million or 2.9 per cent of the population left an LDC for overseas. However, during and after the global economic and financial crises period, the flow of migrants to the USA, a major traditional destination, as well as to other developed countries, slowed down.5 Whilst the destination of the overwhelming majority of emigrants from the Asian LDCs was found to be the developing countries, for small Pacific island LDCs the common feature was intra-regional migration. This was also true for African LDCs, where a significant number of migrant workers were destined for countries within the continent. In terms of quality, workers with higher education and professional skills tended to go more to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries (Docquier and Marfouk 2006, Docquier et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These events have increased awareness about the need to invest in flood prediction and cooperate with neighbouring countries in developing such systems. Testing of the Accident Emergency Warning System (AEWS) in March 2007 on the Danube revealed that half of the stations did not react in a timely fashion. The development of the structure and content of a pilot Geographical Information System (GIS) on the Dniester River Basin as the information basis for water management is supported in an Environment and Security Initiative (ENVSEC) project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It does so by measuring the extent to which RFMOs apply best practices against IUU fishing and pointing to the remaining gaps. Information gathered from RFMOs' resolutions and recommendations introducing conservation and management measures (CMMs), other publicly available sources and direct communication with RFMOs" secretariats was analysed and summarised into five indicators reflecting the most important management tools targeting IUU fishing at the disposal of RFMOs. Indicators show overall progress among RFMOs, but discrepancies remain, suggesting scope for improvement by learning from best performers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
They also highlight the importance of being aligned with broader policy goals and broader efforts by the international community to scale up climate finance. As such, it is consistent with views of the development community that effectiveness is enhanced when individual interventions are consistent with nationally determined priorities. As the level of assets of IIGCC signatories dwarfs that covered by the climate finance commitments under the UNFCCC, moves towards greater effectiveness by IIGCC members could have a significant impact. For example, at the international level, greater discussions and co-ordination between development donors and partners can help align different actors behind common objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Freshwater fish accounts for approximately 33 per cent of the value and about 14 per cent of the volume offish consumed in Nigeria. Food consumption patterns have also been shifting, and by 2006, fish consumption exceeded meat consumption in the country (Dixie and Ohen, 2006). The firm refined the farming systems while selling catfish and subsequently diversified into selling feed, fingerlings, and other varieties offish, including tilapia (although catfish is still the primary fish product). Throughout this process, Durante built the foundation for a new farming sector, making continuous improvements and expanding into different activities within the catfish value chain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In other countries, the range of services actually covered by secondary coverage depends both on the scope of the basic benefit package, on effective access to covered care, and on government regulations on possible roles for private health insurance. In several countries for instance, PHI is not allowed to cover cost-sharing left by the public system (see Table 19). This is the case in Australia, Canada, and Switzerland. Such coverage is allowed in Finland, but only for health care services dispensed by providers that are not eligible for funding by public health coverage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There are diverse opinions today on whether such programmes have contributed to women's empowerment or, on the contrary, have reinforced traditional gender roles, increased the time women are forced to devote to unpaid domestic and care work and limited their participation in the labour market. It must also be considered that making autonomous income dependent on a conditional cash transfer from the State treats women as just another adjustment variable for the economic crises that the region's countries face on a cyclical basis. As many cases have confirmed, o+nce a crisis sets in and public spending is reduced to address it. The result is income fragility with very little certainty of continuity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The framework combines top-down indicators that assess institutional (adaptive) capacity and bottom-up indicators that measure vulnerability. The proposed indicators are linked to national level indicators already being measured on a regular basis. To monitor these actions, 63 national level, process-based indicators measuring institutional adaptive capacity were identified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Infrastructure relating to the building stock and urban layouts are so long-lived, that the decarbonisation issue is not usually considered as a stranded asset problem, but rather a question of how to retrofit improvements, as complete replacements for these items are hardly feasible over reasonable timescales. But within these categories are areas where manufacturers face real dilemmas. Energy distribution systems (such as gas pipelines) could be at risk, as well as choices over transportation energy systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Since April 2009 judicial reviews may be dealt with at regional centres and in Cardiff. This change significantly relaxed the hitherto highly centralised system of judicial review in England and Wales. The main aims were to improve access to public law redress by enabling cases to be listed and heard at the most appropriate regional location. Despite recognition of the need to improve regional access, fears exist that this reform will threaten the standing and authority of judicial review in this jurisdiction, that it will contribute to a fragmentation of judicial review and, in the regions, reduce the quality of public law adjudication, legal advice and representation. Drawing on an empirical study on the regional use of judicial review, this paper assesses these matters and considers the early effects of regionalisation on access to judicial review and the development of regional markets for legal services in public law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Digitalization is expected to lead to a significant increase in self-employment (the “gig economy”), as firms will in-source more services through peer-to-peer networks. This will further weaken the capacity of trade unions and employers’ associations to guarantee common labour standards and employment conditions through collective bargaining agreements. Available from http://www.nber.org/papers/w22252.pdf, Daron Acemoglu Pascual Restrepo, “Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets,” NBER Working Paper No. World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It also aims to design and implement digital tools based on users’ needs. Founded in 2014 by USAID, the US Global Development Lab serves as an innovation hub to test new ideas and solutions and harness the power of science, technology and new innovative tools and approaches that accelerate development impact. It funds researchers and partners with universities to address global development challenges, promotes and mobilises additional funds through private-public partnership for digital inclusion and digital finance, and develops new applications and solutions to improve the use of digital technologies and data in development programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)