albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia, for 2010 for tire Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and for 2009 for Kosovo. As seen from their average score of 1.5 (Figure 8.15), the SEE economies need to improve their legal, institutional and policy frameworks for employee training. Doing so w'ould encourage enterprises to offer regular training to their employees. While there are legal provisions in their respective labour laws which either oblige an employer to provide training under specific circumstances, or not to discriminate against an employee who would like to take on training, there are no other measures in place that offer incentives to enterprises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Estimating the number of people who belong to ethnic minorities is complex, partly because of differences in definitions and methods of data collection. In China, for instance, census data indicated in 2010 that 113 million people identified with ethnic minorities (China, National Bureau of Statistics, 2011). In India, 104 million persons are identified as belonging to Scheduled Tribes and 201 million to Scheduled Castes, according to the 2011 census.98 In Latin America, census-based estimates put the number of persons of African descent at 130 million in 2015 (ECLAC, 2016a). In the United States, more than a third of the population identified as Black, Asian, American Indian or Native American, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, or Hispanic of any race in 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Based on the technological solutions available back then, CFLs were good, now LEDs are good, maybe tomorrow a new lighting better than LEDs will come along," admits the former trail blazer. We were walking through the dense pine forests when he pulled out his wallet, took out all his cash, and threw the money on the nest of needles below our feet," recalls Netra. “ He said that we had been given chickens that could lay golden flowers, but had neglected to pick our blossoms. We face the rain and the slippery, red-soiled road that brought me here. Several buses, loaded with people, heave back and forth, before heading downhill.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Thus the generalizability of these studies may be limited. The empirical analysis in this report has no way of directly examining this although hospital admissions for infectious diseases does rise when unemployment goes up (though not significantly). Nevertheless, alongside evidence of rising HIV in Greece, the importance of the public health agencies’ role in minimising the risk of harm from infectious diseases should be highlighted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Mothers are usually not allowed to spend enough time with their children. The harsh, punitive environment of prisons can permanently damage the psychological and mental well-being of children. This, in effect, means that worldwide large numbers of children spend some of their most formative years in prison, probably with life-long psychological consequences. Resources and attention allocated to their social, psychological and health needs in preparing them for release and following imprisonment arc generally very inadequate. Collaboration between prison authorities and civil, social and health services is often lacking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the 2012 International Congress of Psychology hosted in Cape Town, I had the opportunity to attend a screening of the documentary Doctors of the Dark Side (Davis, Gribble, Kerman, & Muskat, 2011). The documentary sought to provide a critical "expose" of the alleged role played by some U.S. military physicians' and psychologists' complicity in torture in the so-called "war on terror." The involvement of psychologists in "Behavioral Science Consultation Teams" in interrogations of "enemy combatants" came to a head in 2005 when the American Psychological Association (APA), under the direction of a presidential task force on psychological ethics and national security, released 12 statements guiding the conduct of psychologists in line with ethical best practice and universal human rights laws (APA, 2005). Two years later, the APA reaffirmed its stance against psychologists' involvement in "torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment" (APA, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While in treatment or when incarcerated, drug users may be unable to participate in work, education or training, adding to the economic loss, in addition to the cost of treatment or incarceration. It should be noted that these productivity costs will be lower if job opportunities are already scarce as a whole. As discussed in chapter I of the Board’s annual report for 2010,8 drug traffickers in countries all over the world corrupt officials at all levels of law enforcement and government in order to continue with their criminal activities unimpeded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These observed changes in climate have already had an influence on human and natural systems (IPCC, 2007b). The greatest warming over the past century occurred at high latitudes, with a large portion of the Arctic having experienced warming of more than 2 °C. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC, 2007a) concluded that a doubling of C02 concentrations from pre-industrial levels (when they were approximately 280 ppm) would likely lead to an increase of temperature somewhere between 2.0 °C and 4.5 °C7 (the so-called climate sensitivity8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It is often assumed that there is a trade-off between civil rights and national safety although the association is theoretically ambiguous. This paper therefore explores this association by estimating the effect of degrees of freedom of expression on the risk of terrorist attacks. We first note that different theoretical arguments support both a positive and negative association between freedom of expression and terrorism. We explore this association empirically in a large panel of 162 countries observed between 1970 and 2016. Distinguishing between media freedom and discussion freedom, and separating democracies and autocracies, we find that discussion freedom is unambiguously associated with less terrorism in democracies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A first reform led to the 1999-2008 National plan for mental health which brought substantial improvement in mental health services, both at the primary and specialised health care settings. Then, the Regular General Practitioners scheme was instituted in 2001 to improve the quality and the access to primary health care services. A GP is normally responsible for a patient list size of up to 1 500 persons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Their efforts are supported by the federal and state governments, which provide resources for training and equipment. The two leading organisations are the Austrian Fire Brigade and the Austrian Red Cross. There is also a long history of voluntary co-ordination among Lander to deal with cross-boundary issues. Experience so far suggests that current systems for collaboration are effective for sharing information and co-ordinating approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
School principals recruited under the new recruitment process can appoint and dismiss the members of their school leadership team and propose the dismissal of up to 5% of teachers in their school who have been poorly evaluated in the national teacher evaluation system. At the same time, this new framework has established a greater degree of accountability for school principals. Under the new recruitment process, all school principals are appointed for a period of five years only after which they need to reapply. This provides an opportunity to periodically reassess, recognise and acknowledge well-performing principals, and to provide incentives for continuous development and improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Access to basic health care, expanded health education, the availability of simple cost-effective remedies, and the reappraisal of primary health-care services, including reproductive health-care services to facilitate the proper use of women’s time, should be provided. Governments should ensure community participation in health policy planning, especially with respect to the long-term care of the elderly, those with disabilities and those infected with HIV and other endemic diseases. Such participation should also be promoted in child-survival and maternal health programmes, breast-feeding support programmes, programmes for the early detection and treatment of cancer of the reproductive system, and programmes for the prevention of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Individual countries can benefit from lessons learned from large adaptation interventions and innovative pilot approaches to adaptation. These examine whether public expenditures on adaptation are aligned with national and international policy goals, are allocated in accordance with existing rules, regulations and principles of good governance, and if they are allocated in a cost-effective manner. Further, audits and expenditure reviews examine whether the national institutional mechanisms are in place to effectively manage and deliver climate finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the spirit of international cooperation and to advance human rights, many nations have signed and ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD). Ratification, however, differs from implementation, as the current analysis of the disability policy of the United Republic of Tanzania reflects. Here, the authors have accepted the Tanzanian Minister for Labour, Youth Development, and Sports’ invitation for local and international communities to rally to ensure that the desired outcomes of the NPD are realized. They examine Tanzania’s National Policy on Disability (NPD) using a policy analysis framework that has identified 18 core concepts of disability policy. They compare and contrast Tanzania’s NPD with this framework and conclude that the core concept of accountability is absent from the NPD. The authors then propose accountability techniques that might assist Tanzania to fulfill its firm and early commitment to the UN CRPD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Democratic decentralization and community participation often stand at the center of an agenda of “good governance” that aims to reduce corruption and increase the state’s accountability to its citizens. However, this paper suggests based on empirical studies on the Employment Assurance Scheme in rural West Bengal that the strength of upward accountability (especially to political parties) is as crucial as downward accountability to communities. When these vertical accountabilities are weak, horizontal accountability structures between local civil society and officials can mutate into networks of corruption in which “community” actors become accomplices or primary agents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Portuguese national campaigns have raised awareness among pedestrians of the dangers they face in traffic. For instance, campaigns have promoted the wearing of reflective equipment by older age people when mobile in urban environments. While this can reduce fatality numbers in the short term, it does not address the root causes of road danger, which are the volume and speed of motor vehicle traffic, symptomatic of a car-dependant urban development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
To provide more insights into what motivates a diverse and skilled pool of candidates to enter the teaching profession, this chapter uses data from PISA 2006 and 2015, and analyses cross-country differences and trends over time in the characteristics of 15-year-old students who expect to work as teachers when they are 30 years old. This chapter also identifies factors that are associated with countries' ability to attract individuals with high skills and with an unconventional background (i.e. men and children of non-native parents) to the teaching profession. Factors that shape early career aspirations greatly determine the overall pool of prospective candidates to enter the "teaching pipeline", even though alternative pathways that enable adults to enter the profession at any point in their lives can mitigate the influence of these factors. The chapter also attempts to explain these differences between countries by relating them to the working conditions, social status and monetary compensation enjoyed by teachers in different countries. Attracting high-achieving students to the teaching profession might be particularly important in countries that suffer from shortages of teachers, or where perceptions of teacher shortages are worsening over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Nigeria, poor networks of transport and energy pose particularly constraining obstacles to growth and entrepreneurship. The infrastructure challenge was clearly recognised under the previous administration, featuring as a pillar of the 2003-2007 National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (NEEDS). Power and energy in particular headed the government’s “Seven-Point Agenda” for economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Org/I0.1016/i.marpol.2012.12.026. Whatever the building blocks, the essential consideration is that MSP must work across sectors and give a geographic context in which to make decisions about the use of resources, development and the management of activities in the marine environment (Gubbay, 2004) (see Chapter 5 for further discussion on policy mixes).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It mandated that any municipality located within 15 km from the outer limit of an urban agglomeration w ould lose its right to elaborate a land use plan and give building permits if it were not covered by a Territorial Coherence Plan (Schema de Coherence Territoriale, SCoT) —a form of inter-municipal plan whereby municipalities commit themselves to integrated and joint development. This rule created a very strong incentive for municipalities to join the SCoT, but it was not enough to limit urban sprawl from persisting. Writing in 2014, a government note on the matter comments that only 20% of the territoiy is currently covered by an enforceable SCoT, and that their coverage is not wcll-connected to areas of population growth. Moreover, industrial and commercial developments have continued to contribute to sprawl.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Co-operation between the SIA and the PES will have to continue to be strengthened further. In addition, the rehabilitation chain has been less efficient for persons with mental disorders who stay on sickness benefit much longer than other recipients of these benefits. Efforts to improve the efficiency of the rehabilitation chain should continue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Among the valuable early warning activities supported at the country level were participatory risk mapping in Indonesia, integrated flood risk management in the Philippines, and community resilience in Viet Nam. Its original mission was to support tsunami early warning systems in Indian Ocean and South-East Asian countries. In 2010, following an independent review, the member States and ESCAP expanded the thematic scope of the Trust Fund to include overall disaster and climate preparedness, while retaining a focus on end-to-end early warning for coastal hazards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
He had sat with the principal in her office who addresses the young girls as “ladies” in the primary school, and struggles day after day to make sure that every one of these young people has a sense of dignity and self-respect, despite the drugs, prostitution and crime in the area. She sent an email to Professor Jansen and said that she had given up and just wanted out, because the government did not support her and she had no money to pay for the electricity. The school is treated as a former white school although all of the pupils are black and she has made every effort to get top black teachers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Without oversight and accountability mechanisms w ith adequate authority, gender equality work can stall once mechanisms are established and may fade from the legislative agenda. The presence of sound accountability and oversight that involves reporting to the highest possible level of government maximises the opportunity for gender mainstreaming initiatives to be successful and sustainable, and for gender equality to remain a legislative priority. This requires sound policy co-ordination (vertical and horizontal) and collaboration mechanisms, which are also noted as important enablers for gender mainstreaming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Results are still under revision. The focus is on proposing a methodology that allows a follow up of promotion policies currently under design or development. In this context, there is information available from 2010 and 2011. The National Survey on Food Quality (ENCA), conducted by the Ministry of Public Health, showed that seafood consumption is low (compared to other meats, e.g. red and white meat, pork). The consumption of seafood is around 4 kg per capita in 50% of the people surveyed. People with the highest income record a higher consumption of seafood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Schools are also keen to boost their reputation by sending as many of their graduates as possible to prestigious institutions. This leads to a myriad of techniques to enhance performance and keeps afloat an industry of innovators, producers and suppliers of cheating devices. Tutoring and test preparation courses come extra, and are provided by a thriving private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This approach strongly mirrors not only that of late industrializers but also of the early history of central banking in the United States and United Kingdom, as well as the more recent innovation in policy tools utilized by developed country banks in the wake of the 2008 crisis (IMF 2013). Inclusive monetary policy cannot be unanchored, however. To be effective and well-targeted, it must be coordinated with public investment goals. To the extent that public investment red uces i nflati on a ry press u res, ce ntra I ba n ks ca n afford to lower interest rates, in turn making it less costly for governments to finance public investment. On the contrary,financial liberalization appears to have had a deflationary effect that has reduced GDP and employment growth, hindering development and limiting resources to promote gender equality and other SDGs (Elson and Cagatay 2000, Ghosh 2005). This is an important exercise because their widespread effects are not immediately obvious if we only consider the impact on investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, emissions from drainage and fire in forested or deforested peatlands in Southeast Asia were estimated at a mean of 0.8 GtC02/yr (drainage in 2006, fire 1998-2009 (Smith et al., When tree density increases, carbon is removed from the atmosphere by the increasing plant biomass, and soil carbon stocks are protected from erosion and may also increase. The estimated global potential for ‘wide-scale’ restoration of dosed-canopy forest is up to half a billion ha, excluding areas in intensive use (WRI, 2011)®. An additional 1.5 billion ha globally may have the potential for mosaic restoration (WRI, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Some people in rural areas are still highly dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods, and reducing poverty in these areas is a key concern for the government. Unsustainable use of natural resources has resulted in increasing degradation and pollution. These trends are exacerbated by the country's vulnerability to climate change, which threatens progress made towards economic growth and poverty reduction. Attracting investment in areas such as renewable energy, energy efficiency or waste management could help create jobs and spur growth and development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Indeed, if structural transformation is not matched by a desirable change in the structure of employment, poverty may increase (Aggarwal and Kumar, 2012). Therefore, careful policy formulation is critical to: (a) ensuring the expansion of productive and decent jobs, (b) enhancing productivity of the rural agricultural sector in which the majority of the poor work and live, and (c) preventing inequality from rising during the process of structural transformation. This is because the agricultural sector still dominates employment in many of the countries with special needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Source: MOFAL, direct communication. Of this total, EUR 801 million are to be funded by the European Union and EUR 244 million by the government of Turkey as public aid, with the rest complemented by private contributions. Figure 5.4 depicts the distribution of IPARD-II budget across the individual measures. For the current phase, the previous focus on investments in agricultural holdings and processing is maintained. This is to concentrate 72% of total IPARD-II funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These include the loss of income and employment in related industries and activities. For example, in the fishing sector, this would include the manufacture and sale of fishing gear and boats, and fish processing and packaging. Similarly, illegal exports of raw timber result in foregone profits from the processing and marketing of finished products. Any associated reduction in incomes by those engaged in these industries will also have impacts on the demand for goods more generally (MRAG, 2005b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The country profiles put the tax and transfer policy framework into an international perspective and allow the identification of reform options to address income inequality. Indicators on tax and transfers policies have also been used to identify groups of countries sharing broadly comparable welfare systems. Low-skilled single mothers keep only $0.70 of every dollar they receive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Abstract   Environmental security concerns have broadened the national security agenda and discourse of international relations. Yet environmental insecurity issues have endured impacts on livelihood, human security, social equity, human rights, internal security, political stability, economic growth and development of the state. Environmental challenges, such as climate change, water scarcity and energy security are shaping development and consumption patterns, which are possible causes of inter-state conflict in South Asia. This paper is an attempt to evaluate the nexus of climate change, energy and water security with conflict and development. Furthermore, we argue for the need for environmental diplomacy in Pakistan within the South Asian context. The argument is that integration of development with environmental factors and peacemaking has potential to achieve sustainable development in South Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This lack of genuine choice can, in turn, make women and girls more vulnerable to trafficking than men, particularly in certain circumstances and for women and girls of certain nationalities and ethnicities. For example, minority women and girls, women and girls living in poverty, or women and girls living in conflict or post-conflict settings may face increased risks of being trafficked. For example, women may accept dangerous migration arrangements in order to escape the consequences of entrenched discrimination including family violence and lack of protection against such violence. Women may also be more vulnerable than men to coercion and force at the recruitment stage, increasing their susceptibility to being trafficked in the first place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)