albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The detailed case study is available in the 2017 OECD report The Political Economy 0/Biodiversity Policy Reform. A separate “Policy Highlights” brochure, which distils key messages and lessons learned from the full report is also available. The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Many developing country Parties already find it challenging to meet the reporting obligations of the current transparency system, of the 63 non-Annex I Parties that are not LDCs or SIDS, 31 have submitted their first BURs and 9 did so before the deadline of end 2014. The Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency established in Decision 1/CP. This will require hard work over the next few years by the APA and other UNFCCC bodies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The nine-year lapse underscores the fact that this was not just a static analysis of initial conditions leading to stable favoured actions. Involvement of area residents is key, and plans have a distinct institutional component, as the intent is to foster a social process which will affect actions by private and civic institutions as well as governments. The broader range of issues represented in strategic and other more recent planning forms ranges across housing, economic development, jobs, education, infrastructure, environment and natural resources as reviewed in the next section. Egypt, with the support of UN-Habitat, has been preparing strategic spatial plans for small cities whose population is less than 60,000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They calculate risk transition between the scenarios based on the literature, including Mead etal. ( In particular, health experts have been debating on whether it is water quantity or quality that matters most in terms of driving health benefits. Cairncross and Valdmanis (2006) estimate that most of the benefits from water supply are attributable to improved convenience of access to water in terms of quantity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It has been estimated by the World Bank that around 3 SO million jobs are linked to the oceans through fishing, aquaculture, coastal and marine tourism, and research. More than 1 billion people depend on fish for their primary source of protein intake. The economic dimension of oceans is encapsulated in the blue or oceans economy concept. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), and David Vivas expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of UNCTAD and Commonwealth secretariats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
By construction, the two total effects sum up to the observed raw gap (up to rounding). To make a concrete example, the 90,h/10lh percentile ration in Sweden (the country with the lowest level of wage inequality, and thus with the higher differential with respect to the United States) is 0.873 points lower than in the United States: 0.020 points are accounted for by the composition effect, and the remaining 0.852 are accounted for by the wage structure effect. By construction, the sum of the contribution of each variable of the model delivers the total composition or wage structure effect.19 In the second, third, fifth and sixth column of the tables we report the contribution of two such variables, namely years of education and numeracy skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These four institutions combined have over USD800 million in outstanding loans and around USD380 million in savings (Zaman, 2004). The Grameen Bank was started as a majority government-owned bank established under a special Grameen Bank Act and has different status vis-a-vis the government that can help the bank in case of unpredictable liquidity crunch due, for example, to floods. Other microfmance institutions were set up under the Societies Act without government participation and most depend to some degree on grants or low-cost funds from international donors (Hoek-Smit, 1998).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Further developments in the CRS, e.g. new sector codes, policy markers, channels of delivery and reporting on the SDG target, may be necessary to improve the identification of STI-related development finance, while the development of TOSSD could provide a better picture of the development finance, including mobilised private finance and the finance devoted to development enablers and global challenges. In addition, future work may consider other sector codes as support to STI, e.g. sector codes relating to renewable energy or energy efficiency. Figure 3.3 shows the different approaches used to identify activities in the areas of science, technology and innovation. The text mining analysis used to identify additional activities with STI-related components in stage three are based on development providers' current reporting of their activities to the CRS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
E-government has accepted a considerable attention in last few years. Indonesia, like other counties, can take advantages of e-government initiatives, such as to improve transparency, control, and accountability towards implementation good governance. Initial observation through scanning of news on mass-media, similar phenomenon is also found in Indonesia. What are obstacles of e-government initiatives? Are there any best practices to eliminate the degree of the failure? Organizational and cultural inertia, financial constraints, and low ICT penetration, lack of ICT skills are of identified obstacles of e-government implementation. Leadership with a clear vision, partnership with third parties, human resource and infrastructures improvement are some strategies can be offered to cope with the obstacles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Financial literacy: In recent years, developed and emerging countries and economies have become increasingly concerned about the level of financial literacy among their citizens, especially young people (OECD/INFE, 2015). Finance is a part of everyday life for many 15-year-old students: they have bank accounts with access to online transactions, and as they near the end of compulsory education, students will also face complex and challenging financial choices, such as whether to continue with formal education and how to finance their studies. Financial literacy is thus an essential life skill, and high on the global policy agenda (OECD, 2014a). The assessment found wide variations in levels of financial literacy within and across countries (OECD, 2014b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
He believed that enhanced connectivity between regions would encourage trade, commerce and industrialization in Europe and the Ottoman Empire, and that this was the only way to foster political harmony. This vision tied “public w'orks” (as infrastructure was then known) intimately with the economic, political and industrial progress of Europe at the time. The essential features of this plan were indeed adopted by France as well as a number of European countries that became independent between 1830 and 1871, including Belgium, the German Empire, Greece, Italy, Serbia and Romania, and it even led to cross-country multilateral initiatives for infrastructure expansion (Ambrosius and Henrich-Franke, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Although these comments refer specifically to the World Bank, it would not be unreasonable to assume that other donors are also experiencing similar issues relating to M&E in general, and related to CDE specifically. As well, poor linkages between environment and other ministries in government can result in poor coordination and non-complementary or competing objectives. This is a challenge for donors, since ideally energy policy should be integrated with key national policies such as Poverty Reduction Strategies, Economic Development Strategies, and other national policies. It is vital that donors’ support strategies and policies are harmonised, and that they work together to avoid duplication. Given the diversity of the energy sector, and the wide economic reach of the sector, this can be a challenging goal. This may be especially the case in the area of subsidy removal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Shigoto Joho Net (job information net) is a unique feature which was launched in August 2001. Any jobseeker can access it via internet using a PC or a mobile phone to search for and view information on job openings registered at various private employment agencies and the PES, using search keys such as place of work, type of job and wages. It recently was providing approximately 750 000 job openings, and was receiving about 1.23 million hits a day (about half of them from mobile phones connected to the Internet: Arellano et al., There are separate counters for those under 35 years of age and above.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In the coming years, all family-planning programmes must make significant efforts to improve quality of care. Governments should take appropriate steps to help women avoid abortion, which in no case should be promoted as a method of family planning, and in all cases provide for the humane treatment and counselling of women who have had recourse to abortion. In order to meet the substantial increase in demand for contraceptives over the next decade and beyond, the international community should move, on an immediate basis, to establish an efficient coordination system and global, regional and subregional facilities for the procurement of contraceptives and other commodities essential to reproductive health programmes of developing countries and countries with economies in transition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Fluctuations in prices and production are common in agriculture and traditionally part of a farmer’s risk management strategy. The broader policy question is how can policy underpin farmers’ and consumers’ risk management strategies? Good risk management practices require a diversified government strategy to facilitate the management of the impacts of different agricultural risks on targeted populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Such rights signal the importance of work/life balance considerations to employers, while generally granting employers the right to refuse for compelling business reasons. In Australia, the Fair Work Act of 2009 provided employees with a legal right to request flexible working arrangements, depending on the personal and family circumstances (including the responsibility to care for a child of school age or younger). Accordingly, in 2014 almost two-thirds (64%) of all Australian working families with children 12 years and under had a parent who made use of flexible working time to help care for their children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Registered employment has risen more strongly than in previous years in Brazil, Chile and Peru. In the specific case of Brazil, employment of this type has increased for the first time after three consecutive years of declines totalling 7%. In Nicaragua, where the number of people paying into the Nicaraguan Social Security Institute expanded strongly over a long period, the conflict that arose in 2018 precisely because of a proposed social security reform led to a sharp contraction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Recommended actions in sphere (2) and then (3) are conditional on the efforts undertaken at the hotspot location and may become secondary if hotspot level risks are well managed. Source: Author’s own work. As for most regions, water risk hotspots require well-functioning generic water policies (OECD, 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Among children and adolescents up to the age of 14, the poverty rate increased by almost 3 percentage points, while poverty among those aged over 65 fell by 2 percentage points, owing, among other things, to the expansion of non-contributory pension systems in the region (ECLAC, 2018a). Thus, the ratio between children and young people living in poverty and older people in the same situation rose from 2.5 to 3.0, and in the case of extreme poverty the ratio jumped from 2.6 to 3.7. The femininity index of poverty is calculated as the ratio between the poverty rate of women of working age (20-59 years) and the poverty rate of men of the same age group. It is useful because it demonstrates the extent to which women are either overrepresented or underrepresented among the total population living in poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Parents of immigrant students sometimes choose more segregated schools for their children precisely for those reasons and thus, providing quality service delivery for areas of high concentration of (immigrant) students is important. Information materials need to be prepared and disseminated to students and parents in different languages, as well as made accessible to parents with limited literacy (OECD, 2015[22j)- One study shows that more information does not necessarily lead to better outcomes for all students, but that (native and high-skilled parents) are more likely to choose top-performing schools which can lead to the displacement of students with a foreign background (Kessel and Olme, 2018[4oj). Therefore, providing more information is not sufficient, this information must be made accessible to disadvantaged families to help them choose the right school for their children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Even so, some low-income households unable to reduce their water use will continue to struggle to pay their bills. In June 2012, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs issued guidance for water suppliers to implement social tariffs that would go beyond WaterSure, which is quite narrowly targeted (DEFRA, 2012). No general affordability threshold is set, as it is presumed that social tariffs are best set by water suppliers based on local conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There is a great list of abuses suffered by indigenous, mostly repression and violence, where entire communities do not have the protection of their rights guaranteed and they are denied access to their land, injuring provisions in the Federal Constitution and OIT Convention 169, devices that protect their traditional and territorial rights. These facts, plus the genocide suffered by indigenous peoples, hurt the human rights of these people, making the Inter American Commission on Human Rights to intervene in the matter. From this viewpoint and given this environmental framework is evident the importance of searching effective in protecting the rights of indigenous peoples. This paper aims to build a critical look at the interfaces between the performance and effectiveness of the Inter American Commission on Human Rights to ensure their protection and make a synthesis of the main results of the literature that refers to the indigenous category.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since the end of the Cold War, international organizations have frequently called upon their member States to respect the principles of good governance and international law. Increasingly, however, questions are raised concerning the behaviour of international organizations themselves and whether their own practice corresponds to what they expect from their member States. In other words: do organizations practise what they preach? Since many international organizations aim to promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, it is reasonable to consider the extent to which these organizations respect such rights and freedoms themselves. Given the immunity of the United Nations, this paper examines some alternative legal procedures for the settlement of claims against the United Nations, taking into consideration contemporary international principles in relation to access to court, due process and reparation. It concludes with a number of recommendations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Consumers that are not covered by the central municipal water supply systems depend on their owrn local water supply systems, or on individual wells. Reasons for this are damage caused during the war, very old infrastmcture dating back more than 25 years and a lack of proper maintenance. A weak monitoring system, in combination with inadequate local authority capacity, including a weak financial situation (municipalities and water utilities), and the inappropriate pricing of water, has resulted in major losses in the network (see table 7.2 for FBiH) and a steady deterioration in drinking water quality, especially in the dry season.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Given the disparate and differentiated impact violence has on women and different groups of women, there is a need for specific measures of redress to meet their specific needs and priorities. According to the Special Rapporteur, the focus of reparations should be on fairness towards the victims of human rights violations and on "repairing" the damage done, not only on returning the women to the circumstances they were in before they suffered the violence. Since the violence women experience is a continuum of structural and systemic discrimination women face in peacetime, during conflict and post-conflict, its structural and systemic causes need to be addressed by reparations aiming to transform these conditions. Complex reparations schemes, such as those providing a variety of benefits, can better address the needs of female beneficiaries and have transformative potential, both in practical, material terms and in terms of boosting their self-confidence and esteem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
International criminal justice is based to a large extent on extrapolations from criminal-law research on domestic systems. The difficult exercise of arriving at a common denominator is exacerbated by the systemic dichotomy of the so-called common-law and civil-law models, which, in turn, have now been joined by a third contender: public international law. Each of these has its own methods of approaching the task of solving legal problems. This paper queries the inter-model conversation that is happening so far and asks the question as to whether it is necessary to hold this discussion at a much more fundamental level than it would seem has been the case so far. It does so at the example of the relationship between German and English and Welsh law, but its concerns and conclusions merit consideration for the entire debate between the systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Teachers earn very close to the national average salary level, typically equivalent to what mid-career, middle-school teachers earn annually in the nations - about USD 41 000 (Figure 7.3, OECD, 2010b). More important than salaries are such factors as high social prestige, professional autonomy in schools, and the ethos of teaching as a service to society and the public good. Thus, young Finns see teaching as a career on a par with other professions where people work independently and rely on scientific knowledge and skills that they gained through university studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the case of standards and conformity assessment, the wide range of actions necessary to upgrade efficiently implementation, monitoring and certification capacities is difficult to bring to fruition without long-term commitment and extensive planning. Satisfactory access to finance appears as a prerequisite not only for undertaking export activities but also for addressing a number of productive capacity constraints that limit agricultural growth. Policy conclusions for aid for trade investments should be drawn by comparing these outcomes with the cost and feasibility of lifting the different constraints identified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As an illustration, those graduating in 2011 from university earned on average 6 times more than those with a high-school degree. In addition, while the expansion of tertiary education coverage has reached the poorest, income-related participation gaps have, if anything, widened: enrolment rates are much higher for students from high income families and for those living in urban areas (Figure 1.13). The PISA survey further reveals that outcomes of children from a disadvantaged socio-economic background are particular poor. These relatively poor educational outcomes cannot be attributed to a lack of resources: total spending on education in Colombia, at 7.6% of GDP in 2011, is above the OECD average and many other countries with a similar income per capita.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The variation between neighbouring municipalities reflects the decision at the municipal level to prioritise investments in broadband infrastructure development as well as the nurturing of a favourable climate for the establishment of data centres requiring fast broadband networks, among other things. In Sweden, these municipalities are located in both the capital city region and in Skane. In Norway, they are found in the more remote and rural parts of More og Romsdal (e.g. Giske), Troms (i.e. Lavangen) and Finnmark regions (Bats-fjord). Municipalities having values above 90% are mostly located in capital city regions as well as in more rural contexts in Jylland (Denmark), southern Sweden and northern Finland and Norway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The literature identifies two trajectories for fostering and supporting innovation: the “orchestrated trajectory” induced by policy and the “opportunity trajectory” triggered by market signals. Brooks and Loevinsohn (2011) extends this framework by adding an “endogenous” trajectory which emerges in local contexts. Policies should aim to strengthen interactions among the various processes so as to ensure that innovation contributes simultaneously to poverty reduction, food security and environmental sustainability. Those objectives are not served if innovation is driven merely by profit motives, as is the case for most agricultural activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Steam is a prominent historical example. Stationary steam engines were first introduced in the eighteenth century for dewatering coal mines. Stationary steam power subsequently spilled over to drive mechanization in manufacturing (e.g. textiles) and agriculture (e.g. threshing) and also to mobile applications such as railways and steamships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Finally, the "multiple housing problems" indicator is defined as living in a dwelling that suffers from at least one of the following: a leaking roof, damp roof/walls/foundation, rot in window frames or floor, there is not enough day light coming through the windows. The "water and sanitation" and "multiple housing problems" indicators each comprise several survey items because these items fit together conceptually and the deprivation rates based on each item in isolation would be very low. Severe material deprivation is defined as lacking four out of the above nine items. Information on these items is collected in every annual round of the EU-SILC, which allows monitoring the level of household material deprivation in the EU. The European Commission Recommendation "Investing in Children: Breaking the Cycle of Disadvantage" adopted on 20 February 2013, lists child deprivation as one of the items in its monitoring framework, but specifies that its definition is "under discussion".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Specialists include paediatricians, obstetricians/gynaecologists, psychiatrists, medical specialists and surgical specialists. Under these circumstances, primary-care physicians tend to refer even minimally justified cases to more expensive outpatient specialist services or to hospitals (Golinowska et al, 2007). Thus, instead of the treatment being concentrated at the least expensive level, the costs are being pushed into more expensive segments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)