albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Synopsis   Given that women consistently receive less attention than men in peace building and that gender analysis rarely informs strategies related to conflict transformation, this article examines how a European Union (EU) PEACE III project, titled Women and Peacebuilding: Sharing the Learning, addresses this gap. It challenges the hierarchal nature of the dialogue on peace building in a post conflict society and suggests how this can be changed. It shows how activists and policy-makers can become more engaged around UNSCR 1325 on Women, Peace and Security and argues that if government officials had adopted a more contextualised, bottom–up system of policy making, they could have engendered social transformation within the broader processes of post-conflict transition.  1   The project's findings are framed within the context of the dominant discourses on peace and security and should be relevant to those engaged in the implementation of UNSCR 1325 in other post conflict societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The assumption can be made that car occupants will use their seatbelts (of course, encouragement and enforcement will be needed to achieve this). In many cities in Europe it is now the norm to have 30 km/h speed limits on residential roads, but it is still common to have the speed limit on urban arterials set to 50 km/h. Serious and fatal accidents with pedestrians tend to occur precisely on those urban arterials. Yet these roads also have intersections where serious and fatal crashes are often concentrated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Another frequent motivation is to reduce public waste management costs by shifting the burden of collecting and managing significant parts of the waste stream away from tax-financed municipal operations. This section discusses commodity coverage of EPR schemes as well as issues of design, constitution and financing of Producer Responsibility Organisations (PROs). It also addresses the establishment and enforcement of EPR performance targets as well as costs borne by industry and consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This paper analysis economic and social impact of electoral revolutions in two early cases: Bulgaria and Slovakia. The analysis finds that while the pivotal elections were clearly a success in a narrow understanding of de-powering the illiberal incumbents, the improvements in socioeconomic development varied. The post-electoral success in a broad sense of bringing tangible improvements was context dependent and materialized to the greatest extent in the dimension where the country had the most difficulties prior to the electoral revolution. While the main motivation of ‘regime change’ in Slovakia was dissatisfaction with Meciar’s semi-authoritarianism, economic crisis was the main factor behind the quest for change in Bulgaria. Hence, the main gains were political in Slovakia while in Bulgaria they materialized mainly along (macro-) economic lines. In neither of the cases, however, was the sizeable improvement in democratization and in macroeconomic criteria accompanied by similar improvement in social dimension.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Authors work with the CCXG to develop these papers. However, the papers do not necessarily represent the views of the OECD or the IEA, nor are they intended to prejudge the views of countries participating in the CCXG. Rather, they are Secretariat information papers intended to inform Member countries, as well as the UNFCCC audience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These include the number of available public transport stops and how they are distributed, the clustering of population close to stops, and the overall density and distribution of the street network. For many cities, there are few sidewalks and pedestrians have to share crowded roads with motorized traffic. Although cycling may be relatively inexpensive, it is often difficult and potentially dangerous, with few cycleways or lanes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The total length of the bars indicates the observed variation in the index of familiarity with mathematics. The variation in familiarity with mathematics is more than four times greater in Liechtenstein and Spain than in Indonesia. Across OECD countries, around 86% of the country-level variation in familiarity with mathematics can be traced to differences across students who attend the same school, while around 14% can be ascribed to differences across students who attend different schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The relationship between international evidence, politics and policy is never straightforward. Politicians sometimes cite comparative findings from social science evidence collected and analysed by international organisations to support policy proposals without sufficient understanding of contextual factors. The media may exploit data from such studies to highlight national policy successes and failures. Academic literature on evidence-based policy is often more interested in identifying policies that work than in investigating the reasons why policy solutions might, or might not, be effective if transferred to other regions. This article explores some of the issues involved by examining the relationship between evidence producers and users in different institutional settings, drawing on case studies in health and social policy to illuminate the complexities of the policy process. In considering possible conditions for successful policy learning across time and space, the authors stress the critical need to take account of socioeconomic, political, cultural and disciplinary contexts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Where energy supply is unreliable, firms are more concerned with availability than with efficiency. Similarly, small and medium-size industrial firms find it much harder to get a loan than do larger firms. And while the barriers to energy efficiency are also present in developed countries, they are more formidable in developing countries. What are the appropriate roles of the public and private sectors?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The network has organised several conferences, seminars and meetings with key stakeholders. The largest event is the Skane Flousing Forum (Skanskt bostadsforum), which takes place in late autumn every' year since 2014. It brings together about 150 partners of the housing sector, experts and politicians for a discussion of key issues about the housing market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The low female participation in the North seems to reflect strong cultural and religious factors and less the socioeconomic status concerns which are stronger in the more developed and educated South and West. The main data sources are ILO (relatively aggregate data), a household survey by IHDS (latest data is 2005 with about 40 000 observations), and the NSSO household survey (every five years, latest 2012 with about 150 000 observations each year). The NSSO sample covers both informal and formal work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article addresses the execution of the socio-educational system as a public policy, mainly the branch of criminal organizations in the educational centers in Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil. With the so-called crisis of the socio-educational system, from the 2000s on, there was a reconfiguration of dynamics in the confinement centers, accentuated by the branch of criminal organizations. Such a public policy should, based on a set of actions, guarantee an accountability process towards minor or major infractions, but the context of these centers is shown violently, through the murder of young inmates, constant rebellions, threats, and torture. Such a context intensifies the punishment perspective in confinement centers. For constructing this study, a qualitative methodology has been chosen, by using field diary and participant observation in an educational center in the City of Fortaleza.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The latter has had a significant impact on coverage and brought it up to nearly 41 million people. They are all geared towards families with children and adolescents in conditions of poverty or indigence10, and thus are a key policy tool for protecting the youngest generations. While relatively small in fiscal terms —representing an investment equal to 0.4% of GDP— (Cecchini and Madariaga, 2011), they have immense impact on core factors for ensuring the rights of children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Standards have been introduced for providers to ensure a minimum level of quality and a new curriculum will for the first time establish educational objectives for children under the age of 4 years. Important planning tools are also under development, such as a unique child identifier and a geo-referenced database for care centres, to better target services towards those most in need. However, Costa Rica is lagging far behind most OECD countries and many Latin American countries in terms of the access, quality and equity of early years’ provision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Indeed, the consumption share of the top quintile has been increasing while the other quintiles have seen their shares decrease since the 1990s. More recent data reveal that, in nearly half of the countries in the region, consumption of the bottom 40 per cent, already substantially low, grew at a slower pace than that of the average household (figure 1.4). How inclusive and sustainable is domestic demand? The x-axis shows that consumption level of the bottom 40 per cent is less than half of that of the average household in many countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Both production risks (say rainfall and pests) and price risks can be overwhelming for the small farmer trying to specialise and scale-up for entering product markets. In trying to overcome these barriers, in some regions, women face higher hurdles to access resources, including land. In any event, there will be many small farm families who would remain at semi-subsistence farming, if they are unable to find other livelihoods or unable to exit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the field of solar and renewable energy, the TERI institute of energy and resources in India is a unique research organization, while the Malaysian institute RESTARI is tackling sustainability issues related to industrial waste management. For example, the Hanoi branch has exchanged experiences and practices on CP inside and outside Viet Nam. The Japanese MOE has provided a training course for researchers and officials in central/local governments to help them master ways of accounting for and evaluating value changes to 3R-related indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This includes promoting reduced full-time working hours, i.e. less than 40 hours per week, particularly with regard to employees w'ith care responsibilities for small children. One proposal for such a model (Muller et al., On average this would involve shorter paid work hours of fathers and longer paid work hours of mothers with positive implications for family incomes and wellbeing, fathers’ time w'ith children, w'omen's career progression and w'ages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nationwide data on waste, its quantity and contents last became available in 1999, covering the years up to 1998, although some data collection efforts have been made since then, but not in a systematic manner. For example, Sarajevo Canton has been collecting various kinds of waste data since 1998 and sanitary' landfill operators have also started to collect data. The most recent attempt to collect data on municipal and industrial waste was undertaken in 2009 by the Agency for Statistics, in line with the Law on Statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Similar instruments are used, for example, also in France and the United States (Scanlon and Kochlan, 2011). The ability of this instrument to increase supply of affordable rental housing needs to be better understood and assessed against their cost. In addition to public support towards the sector, the protection of tenancy and the rules for rent setting are crucial for enabling the delivery of affordable housing through the private rental sector. Among the 20 reporting countries that provided information, 14 report applying rent controls - mostly regulating rent increases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
War and terrorism, which are inseparable, cause death and disability, profound psychological damage, environmental destruction, disruption of the health infrastructure, refugee crises, and increased interpersonal, self-directed and collective violence. Weapons systems such as weapons of mass destruction and landmines have their own specific devastating effects. Preparation for war and preparedness for terrorism bring constraints on civil liberties and human rights, increase militarism, and divert resources from health care and from other needed services. War and terrorism may be best prevented through addressing their causes, which include limited resources, injustice, poverty and ethnic and religious enmity, and through strengthening the United Nations and the treaties controlling specific weapons systems, particularly weapons of mass destruction. In particular, the United States should cease its interference in the internal affairs of other nations and its advocacy of unilateral pre-emptive war.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition to this remark, it should also be pointed out that the amount of the transfer in relation to the average consumption of poor households is higher in rural areas than in urban areas, regardless of whether or not the cost of living is taken into account. The policy is therefore more effective at lowering the number of children living in monetary poverty in rural areas. This finding suggests that instead of distributing the same nominal amount of transfer to every recipient, it is important to find an optimal allocation of the national transfer budget. Indeed, the disparity in the effects of the crisis and policy responses is also seen at the regional level (figures 17 and 18, tables a7 and a8). In the other three regions, the transfer is not enough to completely counteract the effects of the crisis on monetary poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A meta-analysis of a large number of climate models came up with a mean estimate of USD 129 per tC02 for 2025. Again, such numbers resulting from very high-level top-down models must be taken with great caution. Let it just be said that their order of magnitude is comparable to that of estimates of the social costs of carbon, which supports the 2°C objective. The appropriate price of C02 emissions must drive a wedge between the costs of fossil fuel-based power generation and generation with low-carbon technologies such as nuclear, hydro and renewables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Analysis conducted by the IEA, using its data on fossil-fuel consumption subsidies in developing countries, estimated that a phase-out of these subsidies between 2011 and 2020 would lead to lower emissions of air pollutants such as S02, NOx and particulate matter, which are harmful to public health and the environment (IEA/OPEC/OECD/World Bank, 2010). Recent research by the GSI based on modelling in 20 countries found that the removal of fossil-fuel subsidies between now and 2020 could lead to average national emission reductions of approximately 11%. This research also found that if 30% of the savings from subsidy removal are redirected to renewable energy and energy efficiency, the national average emission reduction estimates increase to 18% (Merrill, L.etal., However, defining these policies as subsidies is uncommon in the region and cross-subsidies often remain “invisible” for society at large.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In 1950-1955,54.2 per cent of older persons (aged 60 years or over) lived in countries where the remaining life expectancy at age 60 was less than 15 years. In 2010-2015 that fraction had been reduced to only 2.1 per cent ofthe population of older persons. Conversely, before the period 2005-2010, no country had a life expectancy at age 60 that was higher than 25 years. Changes from 1950-1955 to 2010-2015 in the distribution of the world’s older population by the level of remaining life expectancy at age 60 are depicted in figure 5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Sustainability in world capture fisheries can provide two major benefits to society, namely food and income security from both direct (harvesting) and indirect (for example, processing) industries associated with fishing activities. Through both wild capture fisheries and aquaculture, fish offer a major source of protein to much of the world’s population and can impart substantial economic returns, either in the short term, or in the long term if managed in a sustainable manner. The scientific evidence today, however, indicates failures in the sustainable use and management of fisheries resources, with researchers predicting a 90 per cent removal of predatory fish (Myers and Worm, 2003) and warning that shortfalls in the supply of fish could have devastating consequences for human populations. What we see today are many fisheries suffering from too many boats fishing too few fish (Pauly et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The results for birth cohort suggest that there is not a general tendency for literacy skills to decline from one generation to the next, but that the majority of the countries examined are doing a poorer job of developing literacy skills in successive generations. Une correlation negative partielle entre le niveau a Pecrit et Page existe, les competences dans ce domaine declinant avec Page, surtout apres 45 ans, mais cette correlation pourrait mettre en evidence une combinaison d’effets lies a Page et a la cohorte de naissance. A certaines exceptions pres, les generations plus recentes presentent des niveaux plus faibles a Pecrit et les individus appartenant a une cohorte de naissance donnee perdent leurs competences a Pecrit apres leur scolarite a un rythme plus rapide que ce qu'indiquent les estimations transversales. Les resultats relatifs aux cohortes de naissance semblent indiquer qu’il n’y a pas de declin general du niveau a Pecrit d’une generation a l’autre, mais que la majorite des pays soumis a P etude parviennent moins bien a developper les competences a Pecrit de generation en generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In line with the results reported earlier in Figure 7.2, a comparison between pre- and after-tax distributions shows a small increase in redistribution through the tax system, meaning that the tax system has slightly slowed the growth in after-tax inequality. While the cumulative effect of reforms was small, there are some significant policy effects for individual subperiods. Interestingly, their patterns appear to be roughly in line with popular perceptions regarding the political cycle, with disequalising (equalising) effects observed for policy changes implemented during Republican (Democrat) administrations, 1981-1993 and 2001-08 for the former, and 1978-1981 and 1993-2001 for the latter. There were significant differences between results for the lower and upper parts of the distribution (not reported).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Additionally, several national courts have considered that the denial of same-sex marriage violates constitutional anti-discriminatory provisions. See, e.g., Reference Re Same-Sex Marriage [2004] 3 S.C.R. 698, 2004 SCC 79 (Supreme Court of Canada), Minister of Home Affairs and Another v. Fourie and Another, Lesbian and Gay Equality Project and Others v. Minister of Home Affairs and Others, [2005] ZACC19 (South African Constitutional Court), James Obergefell et al. See, e.g., General Comments adopted by the UN CESCR, in particular No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Countries which made use of the Exogenous Shock Facility to mitigate the impact of the food and oil price surge include Ethiopia, Malawi, the Kyrgyz Republic, Senegal, Mozambique and Kenya. Other countries resorted to the facility due to the impact of the global economic downturn. Report of the Inter-Agency Panel on Short-Term Difficulties in Financing Normal Levels of Commercial Imports of Basic Foodstuffs, Document G/AG/13, WTO Committee on Agriculture, 28 June 2002. For a recent analysis of this proposal see Sarris (2009b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Reporting and progress reports were made to the Minister for Women and Equalities, and the overall report and recommendations of the WBC were delivered to the government and disseminated across UK ministries. The WBC approach is built on the idea that improving gender diversity will lead to greater creativity, problem solving and flexibility, all much-needed skillsets for the UK to adapt to the changing economic environment. Aiming to both increase resources and change organisational culture, WBC took a long-term view, ensuring that longevity and continuity be applied to all suggested strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The improvements in distribution took place in a context of rising average income for virtually all population groups. It is this distribution trend that brought the poverty rate down by more than would have been achieved with higher average income alone, both in recent years (see chapter I for growth and distribution effects) and over the past 10 years (see ECLAC, 2011). In some countries (especially those w'here inequality decreased the most) income for the wealthiest households fell in real terms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. The livestock and fish sectors provide only 9% of calories and 20% of protein intake. Cereals provide more than 50% of both calorie and protein intake in both rural and urban India, although survey data point to a declining contribution from cereals (NSSO, 2012). Those foods contributing to increased intake of calories are vegetable oils, fruits and vegetables. Sugars appear to represent a proportionately large component of calorie intake. Pulses are an increasing source of proteins, now accounting for almost 13% of protein intake.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The obligation to respect national and most-favoured nation treatment essentially means that LDC Members may not deny IP protection to the citizens of certain Members if they grant the same to their own citizens or to citizens of any other country. See Articles 3-5, TRIPS Agreement. Where an LDC’s IP-related practice (e.g. through continuous jurisprudence) has in the past excluded certain areas of technology from patentability, or applied particularly large exceptions to a particular technology, this LDC may continue such practice, despite the obligations under TRIPS to make patent protection available in all fields of technology, without discrimination between different fields of technology. On the other hand, the same country may not disapply patent protection to areas of technology previously covered by its law.81 While the no-roll-back requirement sets important limitations for LDCs’ industrial policies, it should be emphasized that this limitation does not apply in the area of pharmaceutical products (see below).82 Finally, the 2013 extension does not prevent LDC members from reducing existing domestic “TRIPS-plus” provisions (i.e. going beyond the TRIPS minimum standards) and moving toward TRIPS minimum standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)