albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Wetland vegetation communities are represented in running and standing waters. Floating and submersive plant communities in the three natural lakes are of particular significance. Swamp plant communities have been preserved in a fragmentary form in major swamps and marshes. Thirteen swamp plant communities dominated by reed-mace, reed, and other species are especially significant. The number of species recorded in the territory now totals 17,604 species, including 1,053 species of fungi, 354 species of lichens, 2,169 species of algae, 3,674 species of vascular plants, and 10,354 faunal species. Of this vast array, 976 are considered endemic (Table 9.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In contrast to the history of the drug wars in Latin America‚ the response to organised crime in West Africa has been much less militaristic. However‚ the response has still been coercive‚ mobilising law enforcement to interdict illicit flows and arrest those involved in drug trafficking. This chapter engages with the risks of a law enforcement approach as a common strategy to respond to organised crime in West Africa arguing that it is driven by the motives of the actors deploying these strategies, rather than specific needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Excess bureaucratic procedures, poor coordination and limited financial planning capacity were also highlighted, and a lack of technically qualified PA staff (particularly among younger staff) was noted. The capacity of State sanctuaries, which have no administrations of their own, was assessed as being much lower than that of the State reserves. Some reserves appear relatively well developed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Men who suffer from CVD have 1.17 [0.04, 2.30]1 extra sick days per month in blue collar men in Mexico, and 4.23 [0.05, 8.41] extra days per year in white collar men in the US. However, American white collar women who have CVD have reduced sick days (-0.57 [-1.15, 0] days per year). In Australia, white collar women tend to report more sick days due to CVD whereas blue collar women with CVD report fewer sick days.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, many older persons in developing countries have little choice but to continue to work into old age to finance at least part of their consumption, in the absence of comprehensive social security programmes, for example, in Indonesia, the Philippines and Nigeria. In sharp contrast, Brazil has generous public transfers directed to older persons, which creates incentives for individuals to withdraw early from the labour market, starting from as early as age 50 years (Turra, Queiroz and Neto, 2011). This is reflected in a labour income contribution of only half of the consumption of people aged 55 to 64 in Brazil, as compared to the median of 85 per cent in developing countries. This decline is steeper in the more developed regions than in developing countries and thus a distinct gap is observed between these groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Whether upstream or downstream, these impacts are potentially irreversibly catastrophic in a majority of cases. They will, however, be played out differentially over geographical space in their manifestations and degrees of severity. The uncertainties of very long-term climate forecasting, especially at the local level, suggest that responses must be both tailored to specific localities within river systems and also flexible enough to respond to unforeseen multiple impacts of changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
According to an increasingly strengthening idea in the international law scholarship, traditional institutions and instruments of international law are now far from meeting the needs and challenges of our day, and they need to be reformed or replaced by new ones. This is also true for national laws. Domestic legal systems suffer from various obstacles in implementing jurisdiction over entities that operate beyond national borders. On the other side, public law and international law have already been in a transformative process through new norms, new forms and new actors. The catalyst of both challenges and transformation arises as a common phenomenon: globalization. Globalization, as Sands argues, goes hand in hand with three other phenomena of our era, namely technological innovations, democratization, and privatization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Labour market institutions should be able to set fair prices and adapt to changes in social and economic circumstances. However, the provision of protection to workers through labour regulation rather than effective social protection systems can be costly and lead to uncertain outcomes. However, the experience of a number of countries shows that institutions need to be carefully designed in order to avoid unintended negative consequences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In this chapter forthcoming in Ben Saul (ed), Research Handbook on International Law and Terrorism, I consider the compatibility of counter-terrorist detention with international human rights law from the starting point that what is protected in international law is not a right to be free from detention per se but rather a right to be free from the arbitrary deprivation of one’s liberty. This is clearly rooted in international human rights law, which is the main focus of this chapter (acknowledging that it interacts with international humanitarian law in situations of armed conflict). The chapter demonstrates that counter-terrorist detention can be compatible with the standards of international human rights law as they have been interpreted and applied in the past decade, but that in the process of such interpretation and application those standards have at times been diluted to a worrying extent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These charges can represent a significant share of the water bill (about one-third of water supply and sanitation bills for households, in the case of France, as an illustration). This is reflected in the level of prices (which have increased, at times substantially, over the last decade) and in the structure of tariffs (which better reflect consumption and treatment costs). Water tariffs in Denmark reflect the choice to recover all supply and sanitation costs from users (see Box 3.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Farmers with relatively stable income are less inclined to invest in irrigation (Koundouri et al., This affects the degree to which farmers will adopt available technologies to maximise and smooth their own profits. Irrigation requires significant upfront investments and may be relatively labour intensive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In all three cases, it is apparently straightforward to characterise the ‘year’ over which receipt may occur. This is largely because of the nature of the data sources: the Dutch and the two Swedish studies are based on administrative record data from income tax sources and the SLID, used by Hansen and Lofstrom (2011), also utilizes administrative record linkage as the source for income for many respondents. ( Income and taxes are assessed over a one-year reference period.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The total annual flow is 39.22 billion m3/year with 86 per cent of the annual flow in the humid winter season (October-May), and the remaining 14 per cent of the annual flow in the dry summer season (July-September). Overall renewable water resources amount to 13,300 m3 per capita, of which 65 per cent is generated within Albania and the remaining 35 per cent from countries upstream. In combination with the characteristic porous, karstic and fissured aquifers, this results in huge renewable groundwater resources of an overall 1,250 million m3/year in seven main geological strata.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This action plan aims to green urban areas, green industry, green the environment and transform Hai Phong into a “green port city”, by taking advantage of the historical port city and setting up a modem, competitive and eco-friendly green port system. In 2015, the city also produced the Green Growth Promotion Plan to identify tangible projects to implement the Action Plan. It is also indispensable for Hai Phong to formulate a mobility master plan to supplement the city master plan and guide the city to transit-oriented development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Since the 1980s, when South America pulled away the shadow of authoritarianism and again to breathe the air of freedom, the democratization process has been strengthened in the region, within a very dynamic and not uniform among the states. In this chapter we describe the construction of regional democracy and the changes occurring every decade, including the prospects for this ongoing, with reference to the historical and political process of each South American State, including the ostensible expansion of citizenship rights and political involvement of citizen, but 186. GeoTextos, vol. 8, n. 2, dez. 2012. E. Carmo, S. Pacheco. 185-210 without ceasing to understand the fragility of political institutions, the drama of corruption, the obstacles posed by drug trafficking and the guerrilla groups, the constraints to economic growth and rising, but still incipient, organization of the Southern Common Market – Mercosul.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The aquatic ecosystem is subject to disturbance by natural factors and human impact. Recently, human impact has strongly affected the aquatic ecosystem, for example, global warming, overfishing, habitat loss, creation of artificial river channels, dam construction and the negative effects of aquaculture and hatchery programmes (Kaeriyama and Edpalina, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Three key factors elevate this system to a best practice. In 2007, the NSW Board of Vocational and Educational Training published Skills for Sustainability, a ground-breaking report that investigated the skills required for sustainability business development in NSW.116 This report formed the basis for the NSW Green Skills Strategy Implementation Plan 2008-2010, which is aimed at ensuring "that the NSW workforce has the skills and knowledge to support progress in becoming a more sustainable community, with the business and economic benefits that flow from adaptation to environmental change. The Department of Education and Training (DET) has worked to deliver accredited training for sustainability skills to support industry needs through the TAFE Institutes and other Registered Training Organisations (RTOs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The negotiations led to the creation of the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management, which was adopted at the International Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM) in Dubai on 6 February 2006 (Tuncak and Ditz 2013). The preparatory process was characterized by remarkably broad stakeholder participation, which also left its marks on the outcome instrument. Its overall objective is "to achieve the sound management of chemicals throughout their life cycle so that, by 2020, chemicals are used and produced in ways that lead to the minimization of significant adverse effects on human health and the environment. The framework is broad in scope, covering environmental, economic, social, health, labour, and trade-related aspects of all chemicals in global use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Povcal's data on these large emerging giants is divided between urban and rural samples. Deriving the headcount absolute dollar-a-day poverty figures is easily populated with the rural/urban population data drawn from the World Development Indicators. Headcount relative poverty is a bit trickier since it requires finding the median from an aggregated combination of the two distributions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
According to information provided by UNODC, the significant volume of amphetamine-type stimulants seized in West Africa over the past year may indicate an increase in the illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in amphetamine-type stimulants, in particular methamphetamine. A total of 10 clandestine methamphetamine laboratories were dismantled in Nigeria between 2011 and July 2015. In May 2015, Nigerian authorities dismantled two facilities used for the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine in Anambra State. Between January and July 2015, Nigerian authorities effected four seizures of methamphetamine, totalling approximately 92 kg, at the international airport near Lagos.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Contribution funding under AIMAP was intended to enable recipients to plan, manage and complete projects that would achieve these strategic outcomes. The AIMAP was a nationally competitive process with calls for proposals issued on an annual basis, and based on priorities established in consultation with provinces, territories and sector stakeholders. The program focused on one year duration projects with demonstrable industry-wide benefits implemented by the end of the project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Finally, Figure 4.14 uses hourly earnings, while Figure 4.13 uses monthly earnings. Since both figures focus on full-time employees, however, this final difference should not lead to major discrepancies. Despite these differences, the two figures deliver consistent results. As it effectively amounts to comparing less educated men with more educated women, on average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, only two INDCs (Kyrgyzstan and Moldova) explicitly indicate financial needs for implementing their climate actions. Georgia’s INDC has communicated the long-term cost only for adaptation. Armenia’s INDC does not estimate financial needs, but mentions possible domestic and international sources to achieve its mitigation and adaptation goals, as well as capacity building needs. Others (e.g. Kazakhstan, Georgia, Ukraine and Belarus) refer to existing national policy documents (such as Kazakhstan’s Concept for Transition to a Green Economy) or their National Communications submitted to the UNFCCC, which outline the individual countries’ priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
One of the women, aged 24, who was from Bishkek, told a story in her interview about how she was harassed by Kyrgyz males - whom she did not know - when she rode in an unregistered taxi with an Uzbek driver, in addition, she told another story about her Kyrgyz female co-worker who was a waitress in a cafe - her co-worker had been chased by Kyrgyz males because she was in a romantic relationship with an Uzbek cook. The woman reflected upon the influence that these episodes had on her choices, she said that now she would not consider having any relationship with a non-Kyrgyz male - although she would like to - out of fear of harassment by such groups as the "Patriots of Kyrgyzstan". The workplace is also likely to lead both female and male migrants to have mixed connections, while leisure pursuits and accommodations are settings where females are more likely to become acquainted with new people from countries other than their country of origin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Measuring child food insecurity requires accurate, reliable, and complete information from children themselves. Children have the most complete knowledge about their own lives and experiences [60, 61], and child self-report is widely seen as the "gold standard" for assessing children's internal experiences such as quality of life [60], exposure to domestic violence [62], and pain [60]. Although children are the only accurate reporters of their food insecurity, it is important to note that what they are reporting - child food insecurity - may be substantively different to adult and household food insecurity. Adult food insecurity has been shown to have four core domains: compromises in the quantity and quality of food, and psychological and social strains related to food hardships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Each criterion is composed of several indicators. Questions for each indicator guide the user through the assessment process.3 Some of the indicators can be quantified while others require a qualitative assessment. The tool provides a menu of options for the qualitative indicators, such as no/low/high potential for averting irreversible damage. On the basis of the answers, the tool automatically calculates a value for each criterion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The priority in measures to achieve equality of opportunity ex ante is to grant all citizens a fair chance of making the most of their skills, talents and efforts. Inequality of outcomes can be reduced through progressive taxes, service provision, and by targeted income support policies, such as minimum wages, which aim to empower the relative poor to participate more fully in society. Greater equality of opportunity can be fostered by addressing education inequalities and gender discrimination and by providing a level playing field for marginalised groups like rural inhabitants, ethnic and racial minorities, and informal workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In part, this reflects low income support for the long-term unemployed, as well as flexible wage bargaining and a minimum wage which remains relatively modest (OECD, 2012a), despite recent increases. Upper secondary qualifications do not appear to reduce the risk of unemployment as much as in other European OECD economies. By contrast young tertiary graduates have considerably lower unemployment rates than young upper secondary graduates and this difference is bigger in Estonia than in many countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Although India has a national health care system granting free consultations in public hospitals, these have usually long waiting lists, are short of staff and drugs often unable to meet the rising demand for health care. As a result, effective health care coverage is low, covering only 10% of the population with only government or employees of large firms enjoying comprehensive health insurance (Kumar et al., Private health care has partially filled the gap left by the low public sector provision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It wasn’t until 1992 at the UN Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro, that for the first time at a top level international agenda-setting policy meeting, world leaders acknowledged that “the major cause of the continued deterioration of the global environment is the unsustainable pattern of consumption and production” (UN 1992a). Seven years later, in 1999, the UN General Assembly updated its Guidelines for Consumer Protection to include a section on sustainable consumption (see Box 3.1). There are a number of regional platforms across the world collaborating to facilitate the implementation of SCP activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Governments can help facilitate labour mobility and job searches through various interventions, including vocational training, as discussed above, and employment services, competency assessment programmes and skills certification (World Bank, 2010b). These policies can have the ancillary benefit of leading to increased knowledge spillover and faster technology transfer. Costs associated with a transition to a green economy, including unemployment arising from the shift from high-carbon industries, will need to be minimized through targeted measures such as worker retraining, potentially backed by international-level support through development assistance, including Aid for Trade. Green jobs need to entail decent work, with adequate wages, safe working conditions, job security and worker rights (United Nations Environment Programme, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The proclaimed function of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is regional security management. Nonetheless, it has never conducted a conventional peacekeeping operation, in spite of incidents of mass violence and instability within its region. This is in large part because regional elites consider state/regime security as paramount and that the SCO's central principle of non-interference takes precedence over intervention on humanitarian grounds. This article investigates the debate within the SCO about the relative salience of non-interference against the need for peacekeeping operations, examining the case of its non-action during the Osh Riots 2010. It concludes that considerations of political reassurance and inter-regime mistrust at a regional level and serious practical limitations in capacity dissuaded the most prominent member states from acting, via the SCO, Collective Security Treaty Organisation or independently, in what was perceived as an internal Kyrgyz affair because it did not dir...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Monitoring jekonomicheskoj situacii v Rossii: tendencii i vyzovy social'no-jekonomicheskogo razvitija [Monitoring of the economic situation in Russia: tendencies and challenges of socioeconomic development]. Social networks, gender, and immigrant incorporation: resources and constraints. American Sociological Review, vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Where access to renewable natural resources essential to rural livelihoods is highly contested, improving cooperation in resource management is an important element in strategies for peacebuilding and conflict prevention. While researchers have made advances in assessing the role of environmental resources as a causal factor in civil conflict, analysis of the positive potential of collective natural resource management efforts to reduce broader conflict is less developed. Addressing this need, we present a framework on collective action, conflict prevention, and social-ecological resilience, linking local stakeholder dynamics to the broader institutional and governance context. Accounting for both formal and informal relationships of power and influence, as well as values and stakeholder perceptions alongside material interests, the framework aims to provide insight into the problem of (re)building legitimacy of common-pool resource management institutions in conflict-sensitive environments. We outline its application in stakeholder-based problem assessment and planning, participatory monitoring and evaluation, and multi-case comparative analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, in Korea’s dual labour market women are over-represented among low-paid workers with limited employment security, which limits the poverty-reducing effect of maternal employment. Labour market dualism is very strong in Korea. Non-regular workers1 account for a little over one-third of all employees (OECD, 2018(7]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, in 2007, businesses that were majority-owned by women accounted for only 11% of sales among privately held companies in the United States (US Department of Commerce, 2010). There is no definite answer to this question in the literature. While most studies find that female-controlled enterprises fare worse in terms of profits and other performance measures (Robb and Watson, 2010), several analysts argue that these differences vanish once sectors of activities and key characteristics of the business owners other than gender are controlled for (Fairlie and Robb, 2009, Gatewood et al., They are particularly under-represented among companies with the largest numbers of employees. Firms with mixed ownership are excluded from the total. The sample is restricted to enterprises where individuals hold at least 50% of the company’s shares.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
According to available data, this process has been recorded in the Strezevo reservoir near Bitola. The water quality of this reservoir is very important because the water is used for drinking and for the food processing industry. It can be observed that over a period of five year's, the Strezevo reservoir became more eutrophic, which means that there is a need for measures to protect the water from increased eutrophication. It regulates issues concerning surface water (watercourses, lakes, accumulations and springs) and underground water within an integrated policy and represents the legislative framework for the future management of water resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)