albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
As established in the System of National Accounts 2008: "When a number of countries develop similar satellites, exchanging experience can lead to beneficial refinements and the establishment of international guidelines in a particular topic and ultimately the possibility of changes in the central system itself" (United Nations, 2009). The information gleaned from this type of account supports the design of policies that favour more equitable distribution of work between men and women, fair access to income and other social protection benefits for women, and the allocation of resources and establishment of public policy priorities. In order to achieve equality, the matrix of social and economic policies must include development policies with transformative objectives relating to women's economic autonomy and that offer quality services, in the framework of the design of policies for the care of dependent persons. As shown in this chapter, there are inequalities in time use and the contribution of unpaid work to families’ well-being and sustainability in the context of a broad and unorthodox economy (ECLAC, 2016a).The failure to recognize this contribution widens gaps and reproduces inequalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Unique Data Collection Form - Aggregated Data). A stay of more than 24 hours is considered as a serious injury, and less is considered a minor injury. However, since 2010, the ANSV is working with the National Health Ministry to link hospital records and the Orange Form data. This linking project was started as a pilot in two of the most populated provinces of Argentina, in order to collect data based on MAIS 3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The rewards for this active engagement may vary from an improvement in the daily environment to actual shares in local projects and developments. Real property rights are defined in Book 5 of the Dutch Civil Code, in which ownership and land lease are defined. Ownership is the most comprehensive right that a person, the owner, can have to a thing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, a cash-for-care payment may be made to parents taking care of a child until he/she reaches his or her third birthday. In Sweden, a municipal child-raising allowance (“vardnadsbidrag”) was reinstituted since 2008 on top of the statutory period of leave. Since 2009, the country’s municipalities have been able to choose whether or not to allocate benefit to parents with a child of between one and three years old who do not use publicly funded childcare services and who have already used 250 days of parental leave to care for the child.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
One of the major promises of decentralization is that it brings popular participation and accountability to local governance and, therefore, makes local government more responsive to citizens’ desires and more effective in delivering services. The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act in India provides the much needed platform to operationalize the rhetoric of decentralization into reality. This amendment marks a distinct watershed in the concept and practice of citizens’ participation in urban governance. Acknowledging the importance of participation in democratic local government, this article, using primary data, evaluates the implications of constitutional provisions for participation and accountability at the municipal level in West Bengal. The study finds that a large gap exists between the rhetoric surroundings the constitutional provisions and their actual implementations. Political nature of the ward committee and thin attendance of the citizens in the meetings put a question mark on the efficacy of ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The rebound in growth is expected to be more rapid in the developing countries and initially tepid and fragile in the OECD area and involving a longer transition period. Once the transition to sustainable gains is reached, the EU and US economies are expected to grow by 2% and 2.5% per annum, respectively to 2019, and with faster growth in some other OECD countries such as Korea, Turkey and Australia. Among the developing countries, the leading Asian economies have fared better than most and lead the world economic recovery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Similarly, this chapter has quoted the view of the CEDEFOP/ILO (2010) and others, that foundational skills for science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) provide the basis for high-level low-carbon skills. It is important that young people are aware that ‘skills for sustainability’ are not an alternative to these core skills but build on them to make the discovery and dissemination of new technologies possible. Consequently, the professional development of counsellors and educators involved in career guidance and career education must ensure they are able to communicate to their clients about careers opportunities emerging in the green economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Countries with small populations can also develop production for niche markets like organic food, flowers, horticulture and the like. For smaller countries, exporting agricultural surpluses and developing production for international niche markets are viable options. The first priority is to upgrade to more value added activities in areas where some industrial capabilities already exist. If an economy depends almost entirely on external markets for growth, its scope for employment creation is limited by the ability to benefit from demand expansion in other countries or by the ability to increase market shares.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child provides a framework for improving children9s lives around the world. It covers both individual child health practice and public health and provides a unique and child-centred approach to paediatric problems. The Convention applies to most child health problems and the articles are grouped into protection, provision and participation. Examples of the first are the right to protection from abuse, from economic exploitation and from illicit drugs. We examine one particular problem in each of these categories, specifically child labour, services for children with a disability and violence against children. The role of the paedialrician in applying a children9s rights approach is discussed. Children’s rights are increasingly being accepted around the world but still there is much more rhetoric paid to their value than genuine enforcement. Paediatricians can make a difference to the status of children worldwide by adopting a rights-based approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Figure 4.8 illustrates some of the measures that can be taken to eliminate barriers to participation and support for these measures among OECD countries. Participation may be limited by subjective rather than objective barriers. A lack of appeal of participation may stem from a low interest in politics, a lack of trust in how people’s input will be used or limited personal benefits from participation (OECD, 2009). Consultation with key stakeholders is best incorporated into every stage of the policy cycle, from policy development and implementation to evaluation, including for both gender-specific and mainstream initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Water plans lay out what needs to be done, but they are not always implemented, which discourages water users, especially when river basin committees mainly complain and denounce problems rather than provide a fomm to help executive powers find solutions. The committees approve river basin plans, but frequently do not have means for implementing them and the state agencies cannot either, because plans are not diligent enough, realistic nor feasible. This situation is at the origin of frustration and abandonment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The gap in hourly wages is nevertheless high for temporary workers in Luxembourg, Korea and Canada and for part-time workers in Canada and Japan, who earn less than 60% of the hourly wage of a standard worker. In terms of hourly wages, part-time temporary jobs pay less than part-time permanent jobs, though the differences are small or insignificant in most countries, with notable exceptions (Belgium, Luxembourg, but also France, Greece and Poland). Part-time jobs pay higher hourly wages than temporary jobs in some countries, while they tend to pay less in the English-speaking countries and the Slovak Republic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Much can be learned from an international exchange of information on whatworks and what are the likely pitfalls. That's where this joint project policy development project comes in, from the Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme of the OECD and the German Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs. Since 2005, the aim of the project has been to analyse policy challenges and options in enhancing entrepreneurship and to offer inspiration for new approaches through local capacity building and international exchanges of policy experiences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The Republic of Moldova is considered highly vulnerable to climate variability and change. Socioeconomic costs of climate-related natural disasters such as droughts, floods and hailstorms are significant, and both the intensity and frequency of such events are expected to further increase as a result of climate change. Socioeconomic vulnerability to these events and their aftermath is high given that the Republic of Moldova is one of the least advanced countries in the Europe and Central Asia region, in 2011, it was ranked fourth-lowest on the Human Development Index among 30 countries in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This article examines the role of states in Kantian cosmopolitanism and seeks to clarify the relationship between the rights of states and the concept of cosmopolitan law. The argument is made that states play an important role within Kantian theory, but that the concept of absolute sovereignty is also ultimately rejected. The article examines the Kantian argument for domestic right, international right and cosmopolitan right, and provides an alternative view of these conceptions against the argument that Kantianism involves the removal of states and the creation of an overarching global government. It establishes that Kantian cosmopolitanism provides a normative ethical global order without the existence of a world government. From this discussion, the relevance of Kantian cosmopolitanism is also examined in relation to contemporary International Relations theory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The second approach is to try to encourage diversification to create multiple sources of income and employment, largely through small-scale enterprises. A third approach is to concentrate efforts in urban areas and rely on spread effects to pull rural areas along, using spatially blind policies. None of these approaches looks explicitly at the problems and opportunities for specific rural regions, and none has a focus on connecting various policy initiatives into a package that provides a co-ordinated and coherent approach. The remainder of this chapter seeks to outline competing themes in rural development in the form of policies centred on the promotion of single sectors (usually agriculture or primary commodities) and others on diversification (OECD, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Environmental constitutionalism is a relatively recent phenomenon at the confluence of constitutional law, international law, human rights, and environmental law. It embodies the recognition that the environment is a proper subject for protection in constitutional texts and for vindication by constitutional courts worldwide. This White Paper posits ten “good practices” – those attributes that make effective outcomes more likely, but not assured – in environmental constitutionalism for advancing positive environmental outcomes considering energy, and governance and sustainability.Good practices in environmental constitutionalism can serve as a useful construct for considering the relationship between sustainability, energy and governance. Accordingly, Section A examines the ten practices that are consequential for effectuating environmental constitutionalism and positive environmental outcomes. Section B then explains how the Robinson Township decision out of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States provides a recent example just how good practices can have a positive impact on environmental outcomes in practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Participatory forest monitoring (involving local stakeholders) has also been proposed as means of reducing costs and promoting equity (Danielsen et al., The projected impacts of climate change on biodiversity include the shift of species toward northern regions and higher elevation from their current locations, the extinction of already vulnerable species such as species on islands or tops of mountains, and adverse effects on climate sensitive ecosystems such as coral reefs and mangroves. These climate-induced changes in biodiversity at species, ecosystem or landscape levels are expected to further affect global and regional climate through alterations in the uptake and release of greenhouse gases and evapotranspiration in lands and oceans (CBD, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Completeness encompasses scope, boundary, and time, but also the process of data collection (e.g. does it cover all elements within the boundary set?). Scope refers to the range of topics to be covered, and boundary to the range of company areas covered when reporting on its performance towards green growth. In relation to organisational boundary, for example, two distinct approaches can be followed: i) the equity share, and ii) the control approach.42 The former assumes that equity share is the same as ownership percentage in some operation (e.g. subsidiary or joint venture). The greenhouse gas emissions from the company’s operations are then counted as the percentage of the company’s equity share in each subsidiary operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For instance, in Denmark and Sweden there are quasi-mandatory, occupational defined-contribution schemes with broad coverage that are included in the index. The index shown here is not a Kakwani index. It is based on pension systems’ parameters and is computed as 100 minus 100 times the ratio of the Gini of pension payments to the Gini of personal gross earnings in 2008. The Gini indices are calculated using the OECD average earnings distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The government is looking at how to support these schemes in exceptional downturns. In some sectors the social partners have agreed on contracts that include 75% of the time on the job and 25% of the time in education with compensation equal to 75% of the minimum wage. The government has indicated its willingness to support these types of contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Pollution was greatly reduced in the last decades. However, there is still need for reduction of the amounts of agricultural fertilizer, as well as micropollutants from agriculture, households and industry. Further threats include erosion as well as pressures from navigation and tourism activities. The International Commission for the Protection of Lake Geneva (CIPEL), founded by an agreement between the governments of France and Switzerland in 1962, has been mostly focusing on the improvement of water quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
By contrast, electrical and HVAC workers will likely need to attend accredited training programmes at community colleges or through their local trade union. For example, to support the transition to green jobs, in 2008 the Mechanical Contractors Association of Chicago established a green construction institute, to providing training to local building contractors, apprentices and journeyman of United Association of Pipe Fitters Local 597 (MCA Chicago, 2011). According to one analysis, 2 200 jobs will be created by full implementation of the retrofit programme called for by the Chicago Climate Action Plan (Schrock, 2009), but given that this is a small fraction of total construction employment in the region, and because there is currently a large volume of skilled trades people currently unemployed (CWIC-CJC, 2010), it is likely that current training programme will suffice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
One-year victimization rates (percentage) for burglary, assault/threats and robbery in 11 countries in Africa and 30 developed countries.________________________________ Sometimes, architectural design of public spaces can restrict their free use. This mix should be intergenerational as well as intercultural.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Most analyses of the judicialization of politics focus on judicial policy-making and rights creation, however when judicialization of politics unfolds in a separation of powers political context courts are also involved in distributing power. The task of power delineation among branches of government is different from policy-making or rights adjudication. Judicializing political disputes about power gives courts the opportunity to alter the balance of institutional power, to create stronger executives (or legislatures) and a stronger (or weaker) role for themselves. To illustrate these points, this article examines how the Chilean Constitutional Tribunal (TC) adjudicated a specific type of separation of powers conflict between the Legislature and the Executive from 1990-2005. The analysis of the TC doctrine overtime highlights how the TC has shifted the balance of power in the policy-making process and augmented its influence within the political system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Vanuatu has integrated wind and coconut oil into the fuel mix of its electricity generation, but other countries have not had similar success with integration of these particular types of renewable energy sources. In addition, electricity grids can be developed in such a way that allows for the adoption of emerging technologies (marine energy, electric vehicles) in the future. The current and future use of smart grids and electric vehicles in developed countries and other island regions should be closely monitored for potential replication in the Pacific at the appropriate time. As the diffusion of grid-connected solar PV technology and wind turbines, for example, has largely trailed the adoption and dissemination of those technologies in developed countries, Commonwealth Pacific small states should not expect the latest sustainable energy technologies to be implemented before, or at a quicker rate than, these technologies have been adopted in more developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In 2008, the PES (OAED) launched a programme providing financial support and counselling for young people who wish to implement innovative business ideas, primarily promoting the use of new technologies. All unemployed 22-32-year-olds, not resident in the Attica or Island regions, are eligible provided they fulfil the following requirements: i) they are registered as unemployed and have drawn up an individual action plan, ii) they have attended a seminar on entrepreneurship, and iii) they are Greek or EU nationals and, if male, they have fulfilled their military obligations. The programme targets doctors, dentists, veterinarians, pharmacists, lawyers, engineers and graduates of Polytechnic University Faculties over the first four years after graduation or after completion of a medical specialisation course. Participants must be aged under 34 with the exceptions of medical doctors and mothers of young children for whom the age limit is extended to 40, and of those who have enroled in post-graduate studies before turning 34 for whom the age limit is extended until completion of their post-graduate studies. In addition, youth are required to hold a certificate proving registration with OAED.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Citizens (or stakeholders groups) signal their policy demand or preferences through various channels such as lobbying or voting choices. The higher the costs involved in signalling this demand the lower the level of effective demand. Likewise the government’s willingness to supply the policy favour will increase with increasing political benefits that would accrue to the government. Equilibrium is found at the point where the demand for a concession matches the willingness to supply it given the respective perceptions of costs and benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Abstract   Individuals involved in bribery and corruption will constantly seek to exploit new areas and opportunities to offend and launder their corruption proceeds and evade the scrutiny of law enforcement and other government agencies. The broad objective of this chapter is to examine whether cryptocurrencies and other virtual methods are potential instruments for laundering corruption proceeds. First, we review 75 FATF and FATF-style regional bodies’ mutual evaluation reports and identify compliance issues in areas that might afford exploitative opportunities for bribery and corruption. We then discuss the characteristics of crypto and virtual currencies that may be exploited to launder corruption proceeds. We propose a conceptual intelligence-led AML/CTF strategy, and identify three potential research questions to provide evidence and address specific gaps in knowledge concerning corruption, and money laundering/terrorism financing risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
We know progress is possible: Since the last development agenda, both the number of people living in extreme poverty and the number of primary-school-aged children out of school have been halved successfully. We can provide an education for every last child. We have an opportunity to embrace peace, equality, inclusivity and sustainable development by ensuring freedom for all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
ABSTRACTThis paper is based on a qualitative study about middle-class mothers’ experiences of school choice in Chile. It draws on Butler, Berlant and Hardt’s work on affects, and on feminist contributions to the intersection between school choice, social class and mothering. These contributions help us deepen our understanding of school choice as both a form of passionate attachment to the education market and affective labour. In addition, these perspectives motivate us to go beyond social research sustaining the dominant critical discourse of advantages that middle-classes gain over working-classes through their work in the education market. Our analyses suggest that school choice configures cruel passionate attachments to the education market on middle-class mothers through the construction of working-class ‘others’, and models public education as an abject object through the intensification of mothers’ affective labour, thus reinforcing their experiences of gendered and affective inequalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
We illustrate this idea by reviewing the challenges in Sweden and NW Russia using two urban-rural gradients (Bergslagen and Moscow regions) and two large northern river catchments (Angermanalven and Pinega). This requires integration of policy, governance and management by continuous evaluation (Mayers & Bass 2004). While sustained yield thinking in principle has a long history in forestry, the sustainable development concept that appeared in the 1980’s meant that also ecological, social and cultural dimensions should be satisfied (e.g., Innes & Hoen 2005). To implement SFM it is necessary to continue with efficient wood production, and at the same time expand beyond the traditional forest sector to include also other sectors involved with for example rural development and biodiversity conservation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)