albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This framework identifies seven co-ordination and capacity challenges that countries frequently face, regardless of their institutional setting (unitary, federal), hydrographic characteristics (water-rich, water-scarce) and organisation of water policy (centralised, decentralised) (Table 4.1). The degree to which effective co-ordination and implementation of integrated water policy may be hindered by multi-level governance gaps varies across Italy’s regions, but common governance challenges can be diagnosed. The following sections address key governance issues in Italy’s sector through the lens of the gap framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Thus, a legal entity must not have subsidiaries, depend on or be able to control other entities using special tax regime, members of rural consumer co-operatives must not be members of other rural consumer co-operatives using special tax regime. This may change in the future, as one of the tax reform proposals currently under consideration includes introduction of a universal revenue declaration by physical persons as of 2017. The beneficiaries include: organisations that do not benefit from any special tax regime, do not produce or process excisable products and whose annual income at not less than 90% is generated from processing (excluding catering) of meat and meat products, processed and canned vegetables and fruits, vegetable and animal oil and fat, dairy products and cheese, flour and cereal products, animal feed, bread, baby and diabetic food.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A 2005 analysis found similar substitution among agricultural outputs in Spain (Custa etal., This economic behavior has implications for choices in which surface water versus groundwater infrastructure could each be improved or restored. For example, irrigators will invest $1000 today in a water conserving land improvement like drip irrigation if net farm income increases by more than $1000 over time, in present value terms. If not, irrigators will avoid making the investment. A range of resource allocation management decisions faced by farm managers can be addressed by applying one or more of these budgeting economic principles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The EIF's success so far "does not mean that the work is done. Rather, it is a reminder of how important this work is - and how much more focus it deserves". Examples of EIF projects Equatorial Guinea is undertaking a diagnostic trade integration study as it seeks to move away from dependence on oil. These studies help countries identify and address constraints to trade, economic growth and sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Beth Simmons and Allison Danner suggest that low rule of law states join the International Criminal Court (ICC) to commit themselves credibly to refrain from criminal means in fighting insurgents, signaling an interest in negotiations and contributing to progress in peace processes. Contrary to their thesis, Uganda requested ICC involvement as an asset in its military campaign against the rebel Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) without improving the human rights and accountability practices of its security forces. While the ICC arrest warrants did make a contribution to the peace process through further isolating the LRA, their irrevocable nature biased conflict resolution toward a military rather than a negotiated solution. To avoid political manipulation or complicating peace processes in the future, prosecutorial discretion should be seen as part of a political process involving not only the state that refers a case, but also local and international stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To achieve zero pollution—and making it one of the first such industrial parks globally to do so—the park has adopted state-of-the-art "zero liquid discharge" technology, reflecting its similar reliance on 100 per cent renewable energy. Even before formal opening in early 2016, Hawassa has registered 100 per cent occupancy and by 2017 will have 60,000 workers (75 per cent of them expected to be female), and with gross export earnings of $1 billion anticipated. Of the 10 leading international firms investing in Hawassa, two manufacturers each come from India and Hong Kong, one each from Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Taiwan and China, and a couple are local firms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Informality leads to lower salaries and a greater risk of poverty, but can also lead to weak labour market attachment. When men retire, they receive a pension equivalent to 70% of their average salary during the last 10 years, while for women it is on average 51%, according to the Superintendencia de Pensiones. In addition, women’s pensions are based on lower salaries than men’s. Hence, women retire with lower pensions and, because they live several years longer than men, they are at a greater risk of poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Two typical IP-documents home-care related search-reports from EPO (left) and FPO (right). In order to establish the state of the art, an extensive search concerning home-care related patented software and equipment has been performed. The search has employed the European Patent Office (EPO) IP-Docs search-engine esp@cenet, the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and other ones, e.g. Free-Patents-Online, FPO http //www.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) defines effectiveness in the context of development co-operation as “the extent to which the development intervention’s objectives were achieved, or are expected to be achieved” (OECD, 2010a). However, there is no common set of widely accepted criteria against which effectiveness can be measured and upon which to form an understanding of what constitutes as “effective international climate finance” (Ellis, Caruso and Ockenden, 2013, Brown et al., Reaching a common view is inherently difficult, due to the number of providers and range of channels operating across the climate and development finance communities, the diversity of recipient countries each with different needs, priorities and development agendas, and an increasing selection of instruments used to mobilise climate finance (e.g. grants, loans, export credits and guarantees).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The language of gender equality and sexual emancipation has become increasingly pivotal to Western immigration and integration governmentality, giving rise to a new brand of nationalism in which women's rights and gay-and-lesbian rights are deemed core civilisational values of the West, while migrant communities, particularly Muslims, are cast as menacing them. Operating through a reconfigured Orientalism and the rhetoric and politics of ‘clash of civilisations’, these collusions come with serious national and international consequences and should be analysed not only as a new inflection of contemporary racism, in an era boisterously declared committed to diversity though anti-multiculturalist and post-racial, but also in their connections with neo-liberalism that links biopolitics to geopolitics and made marketable a range of social movements such as feminism and gay and lesbian activism. Expanding on a critical framework inspired by postcolonial feminist and queer anti-racist writings, this paper uncove...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The collection of consumption data from communal establishments is likely to be particularly challenging, both conceptually and in practice. Those with no usual place of residence are also not covered by standard household surveys designed to measure income or consumption. However, they also typically represent some of the poorest and most vulnerable individuals in society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The second aims to cover urban residents without insurance (children, elderly people without pensions and the long-term unemployed) but not migrants. The first two schemes share many features. Membership is voluntary and the central government is to provide a payment for each participant, which the local government is encouraged to match.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Paris Agreement continues this bifurcation in some respects by not making reporting on financial, technology transfer and capacity-building support received mandatory (Article 13.10 indicates that developing countries “should” provide this information). However, the Paris Agreement does indicate that developed countries “shall” biennially communicate indicative quantitative and qualitative information on climate finance, technology transfer and capacity building provided to developing country parties, as well as on climate finance mobilised, and that other countries “are encouraged to do so”. This information on support needs is included in various documents that have been prepared inside the UNFCCC framework (e.g. BURs, NCs, NAPAs, TNAs and INDCs) as well as outside (e.g. Strategic Program for Climate Resilience - SPCR, national climate funds).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For example, in one water, sanitation, and hygiene programme in Indonesia, flow sensors were combined with motion detectors to measure the impact of behavior change training, with the aim of increasing hygienic actions (i.e., washing hands after latrine use). The study found community participants were washing hands after latrine usage, but that the survey responses (those who indicated they wash their hands after using the latrine) were significantly higher than the data captured by the motion sensors, suggesting that over-reporting had occurred in the verbal and self-reported surveys. Growth in agricultural productivity over the last fifty years has been much slower in developing regions of the world, in part due to large capital costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the case of enrichment services, their concentration in the hand of a limited group of suppliers under tight supervision is to some extent necessary given the sensitive proliferation issues connected with enrichment. In the other cases the question is - like in the oil or gas industry - whether equipment providers are sufficiently forward-looking to anticipate future demand. This regards both physical availability and the impact of price volatility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The declaration was endorsed by 160 governments (United Nations, 1995) and incorporated into many national constitutions (e.g. Canada, Egypt, Germany, India, the Russian Federation, South Africa and Hirkey) and other legal and policy provisions. Defining gender equality and gender mainstreaming Gender equality describes the absence of obvious or hidden disparities among individuals based on gender. Disparities can include discrimination in terms of opportunities, resources, services, benefits, decision-making power and influence (Wikigender). It encompasses the ability to anticipate the potentially differential impact of policy actions on women and men as well as the ability to design policy actions that are not “gender-blind” but “gender-sensitive”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Oil and hydro are projected to grow at a slower pace, with the annual growth rates averaging 1.4% and 2.0% respectively. Hence, the share of oil is projected to increase from 16% in 2013 to 18% in 2040, while the share of hydro remains unchanged at 3% of TPES. The share of natural gas is projected to increase from 5% in 2013 to 11% in 2040, whereas the share of nuclear will increase from 1% to 7%. Coal consumption, driven by power generation demand, will grow at 3.8% per year and reach 934 Mtoe in 2040, up from 341 Mtoe in 2013. Coal thus maintains the largest share of TPES in 2040 at 49%, compared with 44% in 2013. Owing to rapid motorisation, oil demand will increase to 468 Mtoe and represent the second largest energy source in 2040, at 24% of TPES.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This essay explains how the Supreme Court of Canada has interpreted and applied the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to the law of work. It is intended as an introduction to this complex legal field for an audience unfamiliar with the Charter. Beginning with an overview of the Charter review process, the paper then examines the Court’s application to work law of Section 2(d) freedom of association, Section 2(b) freedom of expression, and Section 15 equality rights. The paper is an updated version describing the law as of summer 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Having a right to access education is not only essential in decision making but also in economic development whereby an individual can gain the skills needed to rise out of poverty. Despite this being a basic right, within most East African countries, girls bear the brunt of not attaining education especially as a result of CEFM. It has been well documented that CEFM has a devastating effect on a girl’s health which often results in life long complications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There has been extensive investigation of the importance of such import surges in recent years (Sharma, 2005). While definitions of what constitutes an import surge differ, it is clear that, as a statistical phenomenon, import surges are very frequent. However, while the incidence of surges may have risen, and surges appear to be a fairly common phenomenon in developing countries, these figures tell us nothing about the impact of the surges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At the same time, targeted interventions at the secondary level to prevent dropouts and to raise the awareness about the benefits of education should receive further resources. Students from socially-disadvantaged backgrounds should be supported by a maintenance grant contingent on regular school attendance and satisfactory progress. Improving completion rates in the Uruguayan education system also requires improving the supply of educational services at the secondary level to make them more relevant for the interests and characteristics of students. This calls for strategies to improve student transitions across education levels, namely the development of a common curriculum framework for all levels of school education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The prohibition on torture in international human rights law seems a fairly straightforward candidate for productive use in international criminal law. The Convention against Torture contains an elaborate definition of torture and human rights institutions have developed substantial jurisprudence on the prohibition and definition of torture. Indeed, the ad hoc Tribunals and the drafters of the Rome Statute have employed the human rights law approach to torture to varying degrees. But the conception of torture reached by human rights bodies is problematic and unsuitable for usage where individual criminal responsibility is sought. It is unsuitable because the human rights law understanding of torture is subjective and victim-derived. Human rights bodies do not scrutinize intent, purpose and perpetration, central aspects of international criminal legal reasoning. The communication on torture between these bodies of law to date shows that cross-fertilisation, without detailed reasoning, is inappropriate - because rights are different to crimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Israel currently relies on a crude measure of disadvantage that identifies individuals as “low socio-economic status” on the basis of their entitlement to income support (such as unemployment benefits, pensions and family supplements). Moving beyond this categorisation and making quality indicators available by key dimensions of inequality such as geography, language and religion would help provide a richer picture of where disadvantage concentrates. This is likely to be a considerable task involving further recording or matching health information to other social data held by the government. In the short term, disaggregating quality information that is already being collected by region would help better map the geography of disadvantage than is possible today and help pinpoint which areas have room for improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Under customary international law, the First Geneva Convention and Additional Protocol I, medical personnel are protected against intentional attack. In § 1 of this paper, we survey these legal norms and situate them within the broader international humanitarian law framework. In § 2, we explore the historical and philosophical basis of medical immunity, both of which have been underexplored in the academic literature. In § 3, we analyse these norms as applied to an attack in Afghanistan (2015) by the United States, the United States was attempting to target a Taliban command-and-control centre but inadvertently destroyed a Medecins Sans Frontieres hospital instead, killing 42 people. In § 4, we consider forfeiture of medical immunity and, more sceptically, whether supreme emergency could justify infringement of non-forfeited protected status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is somewhat similar to the issue of multifunctionality because concerns often have to do with NCOs related to agricultural production. Animal welfare, environmental implications, genetically modified organisms, the quality and safety of food products, and the social conditions of production are just a few examples of issues where modem societies have concerns, often arising out of widely diverging views on what is right and wrong. Responding appropriatety to such societal concerns and identifying the “best” policies to address these issues has often proven difficult for policy makers. The OECD has, therefore, dealt with such societal concerns and their policy implications in a number of activities (for example Tothova, 2009, and OECD, 2010b).34 Given the rather different nature of the various societal concerns, the optimal policy responses differ very much.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is particularly important in such circumstances to ensure that women are well represented in the EMB and gender policies are advanced. The EMB can provide clear guidelines to party agents and polling officials on this process, which can often be a very tense exercise. It is the moment when parties and candidates, or their supporters, are most likely to behave in a provocative, irresponsible or irrational manner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For instance, risks for better endowed farmers are lower than for poor farmers. Better endowed farmers have higher technological application, better access to inputs, markets, and larger land holdings (Chamberlin, 2008). Further, intensification necessitates investments in the form of tools/ machinery and other off-farm inputs, these are acquired with revenues earned from marketed surplus.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As such, the study follows the structure of the overall approach taken in the present study with the use of (part of) the DPSIR framework. The OECD study acknowledges the complexity of the relations between the state of the environment and the ensuing state of the biodiversity due to the multidimensionality of the physical environment, the multitude of ecosystems and the multiple pressures that have an effect on their state. Monitor the effects of response policies issued by society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The following measures can be particularly beneficial for women. To counter this problem, countries like Mexico provide low-wage earners with tax credits to incentivise formal employment (OECD, 2015b, Chapter 1). This is particularly important for women as their earnings are often cumulated with the earnings of a working husband when calculating tax liabilities (and hence attract higher marginal rates).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts, the United States Supreme Court held that plaintiff class members residing outside the forum state are entitled to the "minimal due process protections" of notice, an opportunity to be heard, an opportunity to opt out, and adequate representation. However, class actions involving class members not just from other states but from other countries raise distinctive due process concerns in each of these areas. In this Article, Professor Bassett examines the considerations impacting on due process and personal jurisdiction when non-U.S. claimants participate in class litigation, and proposes guidelines necessary to ensure that the class judgment will have a binding effect on foreign claimants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Currently, for example, many of the costs associated with the ecological and morphological degradation of the Lagoon are “externalised”, in other words, these costs are not borne by those who contribute to the damage, like speed boats or industrial polluters. The costs of insurance against increased flood risk are another example of the externalisation of costs. In these cases, costs are increased for the tourism sector and shops, offices and facilities exposed to flooding. But other sectors, such as fishing and agriculture, also bear costs, due, for example, to the negative impact of morphological changes and water pollution. To give just one example, the traditional Lagoon fishery (in existence since records began to be kept) was largely abandoned in the 1980s, a period during which fishing in the Lagoon became largely untenable due to environmental factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Taking the opportunity of available technology and smartphones, UN-Habitat's Global Public Space Programme uses an open source application (KoboToolbox) to collect public space-related data on the neighbourhood, but also at the citywide level. This data collection process follows a few basic steps. First, a map of all the open spaces is prepared, in which satellite images are used to identify the open public spaces, markets, and public facilities. Thereafter, local data collectors are trained on the use of the open source application for data collection. Each assessment is then uploaded onto the server to be further analysed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This is because application of the regulations assumes the existence of an employment relationship and makes it possible to protect against certain risks, which: (a) the workers themselves face, (b) their dependants face before they begin working life, and (c) will enable workers to gain protection once they cease active life. In this case, the key labour regulations selected are those that establish pre-natal and post-natal rest periods, leave for feeding and caring for children due to illness, and the entitlement creche services or other alternatives with a similar purpose. For example, the coverage of health-related risks is not confined to the scope of work-related accidents or occupational diseases, as happens with other common or chronic and disabling diseases that may also prevent work activity either temporarily or permanently. In this case, the units of analysis are the health systems and the coverage they provide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Box 1.1 presents selected case studies illustrating both the public health problems of uncollected waste as well as the solutions.’ These sites are often alongside rivers or the sea, and therefore may directly pollute them as well as the coastal environment. Coastal dumpsite erosion is one source of marine litter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The median (which is much less affected by these outliers) per capita household agriculture (among those who received agricultural income) in 1993 was measured at around R14 compared to 2008 at about R2 (both in 2008 Rands). Figure 2.1 below shows the differences in distribution between the two datasets. Including agricultural income in the 2008 data has almost no impact on poverty counts at all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)