albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In turn, increased adoption and use of ICTs in the next decade and beyond will be driven by the extent to which broadband-supported services and applications are not only made available to, but are also relevant and affordable for consumers. Numerous countries, such as Australia, Brazil, Hong Kong (China), Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States, are currently engaged in highly visible public initiatives to facilitate the future development of broadband infrastructure and services, laying out comprehensive national broadband plans, and developing and implementing digital economy initiatives. Other countries, such as the Republic of Korea, have been involved in such initiatives for well over a decade now.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Professor Jansen noted that this is a principal who is not someone who gives up. Professor Jansen called for a reality check and asked: what does it mean to teach and learn in a system in which the best say that they cannot do this anymore? How can people talk in profound terms about a scholarship of teaching when we are struggling to do very basic things? There are between 27,000 and 28,000 schools in South Africa struggling with issues of legacy that have not yet been addressed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Together with the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Emergency Situations and Ministry of Housing and Public Utilities, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection defines the requirements for preparation of the instruction for waste management for industrial waste and, in cooperation with the Ministry of Health, defines the requirements for preparation of the municipal waste management scheme. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection, in cooperation with the Ministry of Housing and Public Utilities, defines rules for collection, recycling and disposal of waste. They are also responsible for implementing measures to prevent negative impact of waste on human health and the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
As of 2015, the workforce participation rate3 for women is 59 per cent, and for men it is 71.1 per cent (WGEA 2015b). According to a survey conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), nearly 28 per cent of women gave caring for children as a reason for not working compared to just 3 per cent of men (Jericho 2015). In 2015, women comprised more than 60 per cent of the workforce in three occupations: clerical and administration, community and personal services, and sales (WGEA 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article examines non-statutory executive powers, which are commonly employed in the modem state but rarely studied as a distinct concept. The article assesses three treatments of these powers available in current English public law-prerogative, common law powers which rely on analogies between the state and legal persons, and judicial review-and argues that they fail to provide a proper balance between legality and need. Royal prerogative connotes a shrinking reservoir of ancient powers, while non-statutory powers respond to unexpected futures and statute's intrinsic eventual failings. Analogies to legal persons fail to address the particularities of executive powers. Judicial review provides only a partial solution, since absence of parliamentary approval is not, in itself, ground for special treatment of executive action. The author joins calls for theoretization of public law and advances a model of executive powers that draws on a composite theory of the executive branch and its functions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Tax-payers also demand accountability for results. There is a need therefore to build a strong evidence base across all sectors - including those relevant to biodiversity - in a variety of contexts to provide guidance for policy-makers (OECD, 2006). The general lack of impact evaluation studies in the field of environment, and more specifically biodiversity, implies that these fields are not keeping up with best practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In contrast, the gender gap in Central and Southern Asia as well as in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia is much smaller, owing to the significantly higher suicide rates among women in those two regions. Worldwide, suicide is one of the leading causes of death for both men and women between the ages of 15 and 29.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article examines some aspects of child protection practice in various Australian states. It does so from a parent's perspective through the framework of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1990). Australia was a signatory to both the Declaration and Convention at their point of inception. Of particular interest are articles 5 and 12 of the Universal Declaration and articles 5 and 9(3) of the Convention. The tentative conclusion is that the states cited in this article are from time to time in breach of these articles. The potential Australian Charter of Rights offers a way forward as a guide to development of legislation and service systems that will ensure the rights of children and parents while maintaining child wellbeing as a top priority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter considers: the use of indicator frameworks to monitor key information on school systems, the use of tools to monitor student outcomes (in particular, specific national assessments designed for this purpose, longitudinal research and surveys, as well as international assessments), the use of qualitative reviews of particular aspects of the education system (including ad hoc reviews, as well as evaluative information generated via external education system reviews), and the evaluation of specific programmes and policies. The overarching policy objective is to ensure that education system evaluation contributes to the improvement of student outcomes through improved education policies. There is a complex range of features associated with education system evaluation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the CGIAR system, a high degree of centralization in terms of funding means that each donor country provides general-purpose funds to the CGIAR system and enables it to allocate the funds to the Centers based on priorities set by the CGIAR system. The degree of centralization has been decreasing, however. Because there was no written charter, there were no clear definitions of the roles and responsibilities of the various actors until it was acknowledged that fundamental components of governance need to be made explicit and a charter was approved in 2004.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Although national statistics institutes often offer training on how to use of the data, agencies often prefer to use their own data, although it may not be of comparable quality. However, in many countries there is a disconnect between central agencies and the wider system, resulting in data gaps and redundancies. Once national statistics strategies have been developed and data collection systems established, development co-operation providers can play an important role in ensuring their sustainability (Paris21, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In this sense, the policy promotes static efficiency but not dynamic efficiency. The institutional environment in New Zealand agriculture is simpler than in most OECD countries in that there is little support for agriculture that distort production decisions. Also formal property rights were not a problem, as New Zealand’s environmental legislation gives local councils the authority to control discharges to water, from diffuse sources pollution as well as point sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The project aims to promote ICT education from the grass roots and provide an enabling environment for use of ICTs in rural primary schools and for rural dwellers. Through the project, the Universal Access and Service Fund has created employment for ICT graduates in Botswana and promoted the growth of various small-to-medium-sized ICT enterprises that are providing computer equipment to the schools. The system supplies the "smart water supply" service, the "smart parking" service, the "intelligent streetlight" service and so on. The total investment is CNY 150 million. In 2017, the income of the loT intelligent platform was CNY 380 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The innovation centre model predominated in this second wave. This is the technopole/technopolis approach: a city-wide strategy incorporating a number of technology transfer policies and inward investment support. It takes the form of one or more large research park sites, often coupled with other urban regeneration projects, with a strong image improvement and service sector orientation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2001, following a severe drought, the quota was reduced by 23% (to 563 million m3) compared with the 2000 level. The quota has changed little since then, but it is expected to decrease to 487 and 350 million m3 by 2015 and 2050, respectively (from the current 500 million m3). Quota reductions since 1999 have been compensated by income support payments. During the last decade, water use declined from 7 megalitres (ML)17 per hectare per year to about 5 ML/ha/year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The overall variance inflation factor (VIF) lies at 2.9 on average across all Gini regressions, and for none of the regressors does the tolerance level (1-R2) fall below 0.1. Table A.I. displays bivariate correlations for all independent variables used in the regressions. Observations are only available for 1995, 2002, 2005, 2008 and 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It elaborated further on SDG 11 to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Unplanned urbanization is causing cities to choke with congested traffic and air pollution, basic services like water and sanitation are not reaching citizens, particularly the poor, joblessness, crime, conflict and social strife are major problems, including in so-called developed countries, and natural disasters are becoming more destructive as people concentrate in dense areas. The relevance of cities in economic terms is absolutely remarkable, considering they occupy only between 3-4% of the world's available landmass.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This process often involves multiple iterations, aimed at identifying opportunities for success, which might be described as “thinking out of the box”. Innovative pricing and financing strategies, as well as modified business processes, have also proved critical. Tables 1.4 and 1.5 illustrate these issues. They show that while cost reduction was generally the main criterion, other factors (including ensuring product quality and the application’s usefulness) were critical too.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In most cases, widows’ pensions aim at status maintenance, and benefits are calculated as a percentage of the deceased partner’s benefit or earnings. In general, widow’s benefits are lower than retirement pensions, at around 50 to 80 per cent of the deceased’s benefit (Choi 2006:16). In contrast, some countries (e.g., Ireland, Lithuania and the United Kingdom)offer only a flat-rate benefit to survivors, while others (e.g., Denmark and Sweden) have a non-familial approach to old age protection, paying no benefits to survivors but providing everyone with access to a universal basic pension (Saraceno and Keck 2011:392).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The aim of the programme would also be to study and analyse issues related both to credit and financial institution support since access to formal finance is a crucial concern. They proposed the establishment of a GFCM Working Group on SSF in order to facilitate the implementation of the SSF Guidelines as well as to promote, without compromising environmental sustainability, the improvement of socio economic conditions within SSF, particularly through the promotion of livelihood diversification as appropriate, and the endorsement of the principle of decent work, as defined by the Work in Fishing Convention (Cl88) of the International Labour Organization (ILO). The need was also highlighted to promote the development of a forum for SSF associations of northern and southern Mediterranean riparian countries, particularly through specific projects financed by CPCs or by other international, governmental or non-governmental entities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Nonetheless, it is implausible that remittances have no disincentive effects, although there is remarkably little direct evidence of this. In the case of Tonga, Sturton has argued that ‘The Tongan economy displays all the characteristic markings of the “Dutch disease” where a dominant export activity attracts a disproportionate command over resources, pushes up domestic production costs, and reduces international competitiveness. In the Tongan case the “booming” sector has become development assistance and migrants’ remittances’ (1992: 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In the health sectors, basic needs are probably less well satisfied, required activities are not undertaken or are undertaken by less skilled people, especially in more remote areas, and there is a loss of morale among those who have remained, as working conditions deteriorate. Waiting lists and times lengthen and examinations are more cursory, or complicated by new cultural differences. Organisations lose a sense of corporate memory and continuity. Training is constant, and often costly. Because of the necessity for appropriate skilled training, it is more difficult to make substitutions for absent skills in the health workforce (or transfer them from elsewhere in the public service).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Case Study 8: Appliance Energy Efficiency MarketTransformation Process in Turkey. Examples from Finland and the Case Study 11: IS050001 Energy Management Systems. Case Study 13: Assigning Responsibility for Managing Increasing Variability of Supply. Case Study 15: Distributed Renewables: Croatia’s High Share of Traditional Renewable Energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In fact, teachers in many education systems reported that they need to develop further their ability to handle multicultural classrooms. Just as countries invest in developing language programmes and initiatives aimed at supporting socio-economically disadvantaged students, so they should invest in widening the availability of programmes designed to help teachers teach in diverse classrooms and upgrade the quality of existing training modules. The examples highlighted do not constitute an exhaustive list of policies and practices towards these ends, however they are exemplary in that they represent a wide selection of approaches taken to tackle the problem and illustrate commonalities and differences in approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Indeed, the Tri-State metro-region’s contribution to aggregate growth over the period was far smaller than the contribution of metro-regions like Houston and Dallas, which are a fraction of its size. This is a loss not only for the Chicago Tri-State metro-region but, given the region’s size, for the US economy as a whole, since it means that this large, developed region could be making a more significant contribution to national growth. The rise in unemployment recorded in the metro-region in 2009-10 was substantially larger than the average for OECD metro-regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Between the two waves, incomes barely changed for workers with less than a secondary education (and less than 20 years of experience), while income growth for those with higher education levels at each level of experience stagnated. Particularly among tertiary educated workers, wages fell considerably. Whether or not this truly reflects a deterioration of the quality of jobs at higher skill levels, it does suggest a slight reduction in income inequality between skill levels. In both waves, income increases with education and with experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Indeed, before the GR, the United States (2.2% of GDP) spent less than half the EU average (around 5%) on cash transfers for working-age individuals (Immervoll and Richardson, 2011, Table Al). Although discretionary and automatic policy changes did significantly improve support for jobless and low-earning individuals in the United States, the redistributive capacity of tax-transfer systems in the EU as a whole will remain much bigger despite recent policy developments. Based on the available evidence, we do not interpret the recent narrowing of gaps between income support systems in the US and some European countries as the beginning of a longer-term convergence towards more similar redistribution levels. Instead, we see it as a symptom of redistribution systems being in flux in all countries affected by the consequences of the 2007/8 financial crisis and the resulting deep labour-market downturn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Estonians have always had a close relationship with their forests, and long traditions of forestry (Karoles and Valgepea 2012). It focuses on indicators used in national documents and on data that is collected by different agencies that could possibly be formulated and used to cover the need for information of social indicators. The indicator 6.10 Accessibility for recreation and intensity of use shows the area of forest and other wooded land where public has a right of access for recreational purposes and indication of intensity of use. The information concerning state forests and protected areas is gathered systematically but there is in Estonian conditions a lack of information concerning private forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Since then BICRO became the National EUREKA Office for Croatia, responsible body for the whole implementation including financial management and contracting. Eurostars aims to stimulate these SMEs to lead international collaborative research and innovation projects by easing access to support and funding. It is fine-tuned to focus on the needs of SMEs, and specifically targets the development of new products, processes and services and the access to transnational and international markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Goal 17. Yet, the literature is not undivided on these issues. For instance, subsequent to 2002, the importance of TFP, as opposed to factor accumulation, in growth for developing Asian economies has become more prominent, according to Donghyun Park and Jungsoo Park, "Drivers of developing Asia's growth: past and future", Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series 235, for a critical survey, see Jesus Felipe, “Total factor productivity growth in East Asia: a critical survey”, Journal of Development Studies, vol. This situation may explain the negative or low contribution of input factors to output growth and the larger contribution of total factor productivity to output growth, as noted in Robert C. Feenstra, Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer, “The next generation of the Penn world table", American Economic Review, vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Weakening links between economic growth, employment and social progress have pushed a larger share of the population out of the labour market or towards low-skilled and low-wage jobs in the service sector. Social polarisation and segregation are increasing. The recent economic crisis has further amplified the effects of market processes and the gradual retreat of the welfare state in most European countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Younger women in the study area were aware of their right to register for independent communal land rights, but were discouraged from doing so by cultural and socioeconomic barriers. However, the study noted that both the community land board and the local traditional authority in this particular location were actively encouraging women to apply for land rights. Supportive organizations could encourage women to exercise the option of registering individual land rights, even if this constitutes a break with tradition. Dianne Hubbard, Legal Assistance Centre, Namibia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
On average, they have slashed poverty for households by 50% from the initial position (by 13 percentage points) and by 40% for individuals (considering only primary income), which in practice means a fall of 10 percentage points (see table II.3). Benefits derived from social-security or health-care systems may be distributed throughout the working life (health care) or when it has ended (retirement pensions). The funding of solidarity-based systems —which are not necessarily progressive— depends on the role of general revenue and the redistributive policies applied to pension funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Yet, implementation remains a challenge, as it crucially hinges upon the collaboration between individual institutions (Fazekas and Field, 2013). However, the different learning routes - including vocational programmes -are structured in such a way that young people have the possibi lily to go up a step within the track they have chosen, and reach the equivalent of tertiary level education (ISCED 5 level). Possibilities for upstream transfers also exist between vocational and university education (OECD, 2008a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This report presents Michigan local government leaders’ assessments of police-community relations, concern over the potential for civil unrest, and the use of a range of law enforcement policies, practices, and equipment in their jurisdiction. The findings are based on statewide surveys of local government leaders in the Fall 2015 wave of the Michigan Public Policy Survey (MPPS).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It would be a "new UN panel with independent researchers to tackle the risks from chemicals in the same way that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is doing for climate change" (ECHA 2009) or the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is doing for biodiversity loss. The IPCC has addressed chemicals in its assessment reports, the connections between climate effects and chemicals could be made more explicit in the work of both climate and chemicals-related institutions. In the same vein, the IPBES could be used to address chemicals issues (and it has already done so, see, e.g., the report on pollinators) (IPBES 2016): for instance, the future global assessment report on marine biodiversity provides opportunities to address questions related to chemicals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Laurens Bouwer also shows that in the next 40 years, increases in population and GDP by far prevail over climate change as causes of increased risk of flood disasters (Bouwer, 2011). The main uncertainty in this map is that it has no return period and no inundation depth in it. The theoretical return period is the inverse of the probability that the event will be exceeded in any one year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)