albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Major changes are required in predominant human values during the next two generations to ensure politically and environmentally sustainable societies and a sustainable global order: away from consumerism to a focus on quality of life, away from possessive individualism towards more human solidarity, and away from an assumption of domination of nature, towards a greater ecological sensitivity. After reviewing evidence on these challenges, the chapter analyses their implications and the possibilities for change at personal, societal, and global levels, with special reference to education and its possible contributions and constraints. It discusses the roles of and lessons from internationally oriented postgraduate education in helping form future national leaders and global brokers, drawing examples especially from the past two generations of experience at the International Institute of Social Studies in The Hague.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus, even where vacancy listings are readily accessible, the PES should also offer personal counselling. Current staff resources allow general jobseekers to have a longer counselling session occasionally on a voluntary basis, but more intensive action-plan procedures involving regular contact for up to three months are available only for some particular target groups (see Section 3.3 below). At the same time, the PES workload has tended to increase recently, related to: i) growing numbers of unemployed due to the economic downturn, ii) increases in numbers of social assistance recipients and single mothers in the 2000s, and the desire to improve their difficult situation, and iii) the growth of non-regular employment, which tends to increase labour market flows and has strengthened the PES focus on some groups affected, such as older freeters and dispatched workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
National specific applications (N-MODA) and other further applications can use other decisions regarding the cut-off choice, without endangering the basic consistency of the methodology. The first approach accounts for the severity of deprivation by counting the number of deprivations experienced by each child. The second approach uses scalar indices to combine the multiple aspects of deprivation into one single figure. The last approach builds mainly on the counting approaches towards multidimensional poverty, but expands the analysis by measuring the overlap between deprivations, or between poverty and deprivation. The next two sections elaborate the MODA practice for handling multidimensional poverty/deprivation analyses based on counting, distribution, overlap, and multidimensional indices. Counting measures are individual (or householdj-centred approaches, because the method concentrates foremost on the number of deprivations that are experienced by each individual.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The article proposes elements for a social history of constitutionalism and its relation to the political battles in Argentina. The investment of the different fractions of the political elite in the constitutional interpretation is considered as one of the legitimation strategies of successive political regimes aiming at its formalisation in the juridical technique. The first part deals with the socio-historical contours of Argentine constitutionalism with emphasis on its legitimacy in the academic field. The second part focuses on the intensification of the political uses of Constitutional Law and the modalities of intersection of its agents in the political space.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The intertwined rhetoric of precedent and fulfillment underlies the biblical rhetoric of the Sermon on the Mount and the legal rhetoric of the common law. This article wants to draw a parallelism b...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In all countries, domestic workers have significantly lower levels of education than those employed outside the care sector, while care workers in education and health care have significantly higher levels of schooling than the rest of the employed population. Poverty and indigence rates among care workers are higher than average, and they generally have more children and adolescents in their households. Within this highly heterogeneous sector, domestic workers are much more vulnerable than other caregivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Preface to the Paperback Edition Part I. Overview 1. Introduction John T. Nockleby Part II. Substantive Law 2. Constitutional Law Karl M. Manheim 3. Criminal Law Laurie L. Levenson 4. Torts John T. Nockleby 5. Intellectual Property Law Jay Dougherty 6. Contracts & Business Law Victor Gold 7. Ethical Obligations Of Lawyers And Judges Laurie L. Levenson Part III. Litigation and Trials 8. Criminal Process & Procedure Laurie L. Levenson 9. Civil Procedure & Litigation Process Allan P. Ides 10. Evidence Law Laurie L. Levenson Part IV. Appendices A. Legal Research B. 10 Worst Questions asked by Journalists C. 10 Best Questions asked by Journalists D. How to find legal experts E. Constitution of the U.S.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Products must pass regulatory tests before they can be sold on foreign markets, a process that also requires support from research institutions. It is worth noting that local entrepreneurs have also deployed non-IP strategies to successfully market these types of products. Substantial investment is also needed to maintain high product quality and develop effective marketing strategies to ensure brand recognition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Identifying progress towards such goals or efforts would require regular reporting by countries whose performance significantly contributes to meeting those efforts. For example, a commitment by “developed countries” to mobilise climate finance would logically lead to a commitment for all developed countries (rather than “Annex II” countries, as at present) to report on the climate finance they have mobilised. Similarly, identifying progress towards a commitment to long-term emission reductions would require information on current and projected emissions from all but the smallest emitters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, the impact of social policies on inequality has not been fully evaluated yet, as many of them have been implemented only in recent years (Ravallion and Chen, 2007, World Bank, 2009). Section 3.1 reviews income inequality trends in China. Section 3.2 analyses the main trends in income inequality and poverty in China and examines their links with labour market changes. Section 3.3 explores the role of labour market institutions, regulations and policies that have changed considerably in recent years and points out their implications for income inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Oil and gas production fell by 10%, compared to 2014, to around 165 000 barrels a day in 2015. The non-oil economy, although in relative growth with respect to the rest of the economy, is nonetheless in decline. The recession, corresponding to a drop of 10.2% of GDP in 2015, is likely to continue until 2020 because of unfavourable forecasts for crude oil prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Unlike previous quantitative easing measures, this new programme of $85 billion in monthly asset purchases is open-ended and set to continue until there is a significant improvement in labour market conditions. The European Central Bank, the Bank of Japan and many other advanced economies’ central banks have also undertaken variants of QE and other forms of unconventional monetary policy. Furthermore, in early 2013, Japan outlined plans to start a monthly purchase plan of $145 billion in assets from the start of 2014 to boost growth and combat deflation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Some countries Including Benin and Mali have repeated the survey to update their data. Furthermore, the international seminar on the informal economy organised byAFRISTAT in Bamako in October 2008 proposed setting up a unit to coordinate methodological research and implement a pilot project in some African countries, to test the viability of a system of national employment surveys and mixed surveys on the Informal economy. The analysis focuses on employment and socio-economic and demographic characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The latter in particular could have a range of highly negative consequences, with 25-110 cm of sea level rise projected by 2100. To cope with these developments, the National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change identifies four objectives: i) information and awareness: ii) reduced vulnerability and increased response capacity, iii) participation, creation of awareness and information, iv) international co-operation. The national strategy also identifies nine key sectors for adaptation relevant specifically for tourism. In a planned next step, sector work groups will work on moving from strategies to actions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The needs of those with more severe mental health problems are monitored through a national register of individuals with depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Specialised care for people misusing alcohol and substances is available through the national Institute for Alcoholism and Drug Dependency. There is also a national mental health committee, with representation from citizens and service-users, to monitor the accessibility and quality of mental health care services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As the great recession began, public housing authorities (PHAs) were just beginning to experience the full effects of neoliberal policy implementation and devolution. Using 13 case studies of the largest PHAs in the Pacific Northwest, this paper outlines activities that PHAs undertook to balance public mission with private-market means. PHAs made trade-offs among five paths that emphasize agency survival, producing housing for the poorest households, identifying as a nonprofit housing provider, poverty alleviation, or gaining other public powers. This diversity of responses points to the under-valued attribute of PHAs as local organizations with diverse mandates. Dependence on the federal government, local charter, and the degree of integration with local government likely contributed to PHAs' propensity to develop non-US Department of Housing and Urban Development-assisted affordable housing. Even with this creativity, adequate resources are necessary to meet the demand for affordable housing for the poo...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Up until about 2000, most of the work on gender and international relations (IR) was nonpositivist in nature. Since 2000, there has been a burst of positivist gender/IR scholarship, much of it quantitative. This work has addressed several important areas in IR, including terrorism, interstate war, human rights, civil war, violence against civilians, public opinion, international norms, globalization, and others. Much of this work has developed new data, advanced theory, and employed rigorous empirical methods. This article surveys this positivist scholarship. It discusses how positivist and nonpositivist gender/IR work complement each other. This article makes recommendations about directions for future scholarship on gender and IR.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Among ASEAN countries, Myanmar has the lowest per capita agricultural expenditure in PPP terms and the lowest share of agricultural expenditure to agricultural GDP (Table 9.1). Last year of data available is 2007. More balanced public expenditures across various public goods, including rural infrastructure but also research and development and education, may help enhance agricultural growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The class A units are modern slaughterhouses supplying high quality carcasses to processors and factories producing packed fresh meat and sausages for retailers. A range of small- and medium-sized market-oriented enterprises provide slaughter facilities and supply bazaars and shops with fresh meat or provide sausage and other meat products. These enterprises have problems meeting international veterinary and hygiene standards, and most sausages have a shelf life of less than a week (FAO, 2010b). High-income urban consumers are more often concerned that the beef has passed through Class A slaughterhouses and factories with strict sanitary controls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
To explain: Households vary greatly in size - in a wealthy country, an income of $10,000 might be enough to support someone living on their own but could pose problems for a family of four. That’s not to say that such a family needs four times what a single individual needs - one TV set, one fridge should be enough to meet their needs. But such economies of scale don’t apply quite so much in other areas, like clothing and food. The equivalised figure takes account of all this.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Annual employee earnings are available from the survey, while annual hours worked (total weeks work*hours worked per week) are derived using monthly vectors of labour force activity (PL211A-PL211L) and as well as weekly hours worked variable (PL060). All wages are expressed in national currency units and are CPI adjusted. Hourly wages are computed as monthly earnings divided by the total number of hours worked per week (x4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These can be classified in two groups: factors that restrict the supply of financial services and those that hinder demand. The first group identifies the high operational cost of supplying financial services to people located in areas of sparse population and relatively low income levels, as well as the high risk of financing poorly diversified activities that face productive and market risks. This is compounded by the moral hazard that cannot be mitigated through traditional guarantees owing to low rates of formal property ownership.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These policy pointers could help improve the recruitment and retention of teachers especially in disadvantaged schools, although the financial costs could be considerable. One of the challenges for immigrant students in teacher education programmes (such as bridging programmes for people with foreign degrees in teaching - sometimes referred to as ULV in Swedish) is that it is difficult to complete the course while holding a job. Offering sufficient financial support for student teachers could reduce the significant financial burdens that many student-teachers bear (Turley and Nakai, 2000[i9ij).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The OECD-IDRC study New Entrepreneurs and High-Growth Enterprises in the Middle East and North Africa (2013) concludes that, in addition to the general unfavourable business climate, both women's economic participation and entrepreneurs’ access to finance are amongst the most important factors affecting entrepreneurship negatively in the region. This is all the more important as the creation, survival and growth of SMEs have been negatively affected by socio-political changes that have taken place in a number of MENA economies since 2011, coupled with the global financial crisis. While banks in the MENA region are generally considered to be more averse to risk and more conservative than in other parts of the world, they tend to be both financially stable and modernising, and could certainly play a greater role in lending to SMEs. Indeed, bank financing is the main source of external financing for SMEs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Given the ideological currents of the time, that discussion was strongly shaped by an emerging development narrative focused on overcoming “market failures”, seen as endemic in infrastructure provision, and requiring government involvement through public utilities (power, telecommunications, water, etc.), Infrastructure was again the focus of attention, but from an opposing perspective, in the 1980s, as talk of “government failures” accompanied the sharp neoliberal policy turn. At that time, privatization became the instrument of choice to boost efficiency, along with measures to enhance private participation in infrastructure provision by making it more profitable. This included - in a sense coming full circle - tying infrastructure to the right business environment to enable participation in global value chains. The 2030 Agenda has once again broadened the debate with a more ambitious infrastructure agenda. Answering this requires unpacking the term “infrastructure” to consider the requirements, implications and consequences of different types of infrastructure creation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Incentives were also provided in the past by the Greek government to promote the renewal of the fleet of public transport buses, aiming at the replacement and modernization of old vehicles. The Special Land Planning Framework for Tourism (Government Gazette 1138/B/2009), currently in force, provides for restrictions concerning the protection of the environment. For instance, article 6 paragraph E1, referring to tourist sports and especially to golf, imposes various measures regarding the protection of the environment and particularly water resources from the danger of overuse and pollution. Ski tourism too raises the need for measures to protect the environment, particularly on issues concerning improving accessibility and limiting the repercussions on the special characteristics of the areas concerned. A new Special Land Planning Framework expected at the end of 2010 will include more restrictions. According to its recently published guidelines, tourism enterprises can make applications under this programme if they want to install eco-friendly equipment, use alternative sources of energy for their everyday operations, or pursue other environmental protection goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This article critically considers Michael Burawoy’s ‘public sociology for human rights’ through the lens of Timothy W. Luke’s ‘rites of rule’. The author argues that, while admirable in its stated aim, public sociology for human rights neglects to reveal its roots in governmentality and thus does not recognize the empirical practice of human rights within cosmopolitan global governance as a shift to consolidated contragovernmentality. The author concludes that public sociology for human rights as it is currently framed stabilizes the practice of human rights as rites of rule in an attempt to stabilize knowledge and the relations that it orders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
From 1970 to 1987, pollution of oxygen-binding substances was reduced by 80%, in spite of increased economic activity. Reductions were especially significant for companies discharging to state waters, reflecting the earmarking of revenues for pollution-control subsidies and the supporting activities of RIZA. Between 1970 and 1989, over 70% of industrial investments for water-pollution control were financed by subsidies provided from the state levy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In line with the learning organisation emphasis on feedback loops, ensuring the impact of professional development of leaders is also highlighted (Huber, 2011). Leadership is, and should be a continuous process of learning (MacBeath and Dempster, 2008). The school leader as “lead learner” (Barth, 2001) engages seriously in their own learning - alone and with colleagues (Robertson, 2016, in press), is exposed to the best theories and practices on school leadership for learning and teaching to thrive (Hamzah et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In developing countries, though, there is still ample of room for growth, with 45 per cent of individuals using the Internet. In the world's 47 least-developed countries (LDCs), Internet uptake remains relatively low and four out of five individuals (80 per cent) are not yet using the Internet. With the exception of fixed-telephony, all indicators showed sustained growth over the last decade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Situated only 20 kilometres from Berlin and 70 kilometres from Poland, Schonefelder Kreuz offers access to both national and international business regions. Around 100 000 people live here. Leading global companies are based in the region as well as scientific institutes and a variety of small and medium-sized enterprises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This report finds that Mexico has a long way to go on the road to gender equality. Mexican women's economic outcomes, including labour force participation, continue to lag behind those in most other OECD countries. Mexico's adolescent pregnancy rate remains high, and the share of young women not in employment, education, or training is nearly four times the share for young men. Mexican women continue to suffer from high levels of violence and face pervasive gender stereotyping.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Attempts to measure and interpret the distribution and abundance of floating plastics in the surface ocean need to be placed in the context of this natural variability. Plastics occur in all five compartments, and there will be processes acting both within and between compartments which will affect the fate and distribution of the plastic material. Plastics that are inherently buoyant (e.g. PE) can be expected to remain in the upper ocean, unless there is a change in density, for example by the attachment and growth of sessile organisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The success of the health care system depends on the accuracy, correctness and trustworthiness of the information, and the privacy rights of individuals to control the disclosure of personal information. A national policy on health informational privacy should be guided by ethical principles that respect individual autonomy while recognizing the important collective interests in the use of health information. At present there are no adequate laws or constitutional principles to help guide a rational privacy policy. The laws are scattered and fragmented across the states. Constitutional law is highly general, without important specific safeguards. Finally, a case study is provided showing the important trade-offs that exist between public health and privacy. For a model public health law, see www.critpath.org/msphpa/privacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, the CTF has as one of its core outcome indicators the “number of additional passengers (disaggregated by men and women if feasible) using low-carbon public transport as a result of CIF intervention” (CIF, 2012a). The CTF also provides a useful example of how gender considerations can be mainstreamed into existing evaluations and indicators. Increased energy access can have positive impacts on access to basic services such as clean water (e.g. through desalinisation systems powered by renewable energy) and food security (e.g. through education on climate-resilient agriculture or deployment of drought early-warning systems).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Considering the steep fall in unemployment in the recent period, the imbalance between labour supply and demand seems to account for an ever-increasing proportion of persistent unemployment (Bassi and others, 2012, Cazes andVerick, 2013). To achieve this, it is important to create national vocational education and training systems that recognize the triple relevance of knowledge-building and skills development, meaning that training and educational content accords with employers' requirements, the aspirations of individuals —especially young people— and sustainable development needs (Biavaschi and others, 2012). In this context, and in view of the identified weaknesses, special emphasis must be laid on non-university technical training (lacinto, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)