albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This article examines the social organization of informal discussions between defense and prosecution lawyers that result in a defendant's decision to plead guilty. In-depth, semi-structured interviews with legal practitioners and members of the judiciary in Australia demonstrate the ways in which participants in plea discussions understand and justify their respective involvement (or lack of it) and simultaneously attempt to demarcate some tasks as legitimate legal work and, therefore, as outside the jurisdiction of other occupations within the criminal justice process. Legal practitioners' accounts emphasized that, because there is no judicial involvement in plea discussions, the type or length of the actual sentence could not be guaranteed. This, they claimed, avoids the coerciveness of judicial plea bargaining. Second, they stressed that it is the defendant's decision whether to plead guilty, thus affirming the rhetoric of voluntariness. These accounts are components of professional boundary maintenan...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Kazakhstan reacted quickly and introduced a public works programme, together with retraining and internship activities (see section 4 above). They protect the incomes of the poor and at the same invest in infrastructure building or social service provision. They are especially appropriate in a situation of high unemployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Sections B and C are concerned, respectively, with implications for governments and their development partners. Section D presents policy conclusions and recommendations for priority action. Governments and their development partners can most effectively facilitate desired developmental outcomes if they view the three domains holistically, integrating strategic approaches to each in ways that foster dynamic interactions between them and enable businesses and citizens at all levels to achieve social and economic gains. A number of approaches to development and poverty reduction were discussed in chapter I, in particular those built around economic outcomes, the livelihoods of citizens (especially the poor), and the capabilities which people have or need to address the challenges they face and seize the opportunities that are available to them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
We map the pattern and extent of the European integration of core state powers (coercive force, public finance, and public administration) and analyze causes and consequences. We highlight two findings: First, in contrast to historical examples of federal state building, where the nationalization of core state powers precipitated the institutional, territorial and political consolidation of the emerging state, the European integration of core state powers is associated with the institutional, territorial and political fragmentation of the EU. Second, in contrast to European market integration, state elites and mass publics, not organized business interests, are the prime drivers of integration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Export restrictions on rice can help limit rice exports to supply the domestic market but hurt producers and delay the industry’s adjustment to the international market. Direct measures intending to release the constraints on the development of efficient value chains, such as infrastructure development in regions with a comparative advantage, would be more effective to meet domestic demand. Extension workers are not well-trained and their number remains quite low compared to farmers’ needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Public research policies must therefore take a long-term perspective to ensure that the system is able to contribute to future economic growth, technological progress and sustainable development. In particular, the public research sector has an important role to play in terms of understanding and developing solutions to global challenges including those involving the environment, health and energy. Moreover, because these public research institutions play multiple roles in knowledge economies, their governance cannot focus on one-dimensional or short-term needs (see Chapter 7). At its most fundamental, research infrastructure comprises roads and communications, particularly around physical clusters or technology hubs. It needs to be complemented by sustained public funding for more specific infrastructure - basic scientific capacity for public purposes, such as forecasting, response to health outbreaks, policy support, libraries and databases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the Netherlands, the ministry establishes norms and policies and supervises, while schools are highly autonomous. Regional governments deliver education with different degrees of autonomy and with the support of co-ordinating institutions. Germany also has the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Lander in the Federal Republic of Germany (KMK), which defines agreements and reviews and shares information. Intergovernmental arrangements and co-operation exist, while sovereignty is maintained. At the federal level, responsibilities are limited to broad education issues, such as age of compulsory education. Federal systems may look for different options to steer the system, as states or provinces have responsibility for delivering education and therefore require different types of policies or institutional arrangements for their education systems to progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement was signed in 2005 by eight US states and two Canadian provinces, to regulate and promote co-operation as regards diversions and water withdrawals in this vast and complex hydrological system. In Australia, the federal government has no competency to manage rivers under the Constitution, but has recently been referred powers by the state governments to assume some responsibilities for the Murray-Darling River basin (Box 4.20).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Women coped by not telling anyone (2 in 5 women) and/or temporarily leaving home (almost half)- The study reported less than 1 per cent of women left home permanently because of violence. Given the relationships between men, women and custom land, many have nowhere to go beyond squatting on the verge of the capital with their children, in a precarious existence and stigmatised by the locals. Here, women and girls become more vulnerable to increased sexual and domestic violence,9 as well as entry to the sex industry to survive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The purpose of this indicator is to assess the extent to which child care can be used by employed persons. International agreements and conventions: • ILO Convention: Workers with Family Responsibilities, 1981(No. Household Child care: This indicator measures the actual use of childcare by calculating the percentage of employed persons with children under compulsory school age (according to national circumstances). Three types of child care from outside the household can be distinguished : • Family (informal) childcare from parents, grandparents or other family members living outside the household • Non-family (formal) childcare by: A nanny, childminder or babysitter in the child's home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Women's rights advocates and autonomous feminist organizations have a critical role to play here in bringing women's concerns into the policy-making process and holding decisionmakers and service providers to account. Innovations in electoral systems and affirmative action measures have come about both as a result of pressure from women's movements and through the influence of global declarations and resolutions. Women's involvement in politics can also have a positive 'role-modelling' effect by encouraging other women to seek public office.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In terms of infrastructure development, the Department of Wastewater and Storm Water Treatment for the Paris Metropolitan Area (Syndicat Interdepartemental pour I 'Assainissement de I ’Agglomeration Parisienne, SIAAP) has put in place a strategy based on demographic changes and the expansion of damp-proofing urban surfaces. This includes investment in new infrastructure (10 watersheds and 4 tunnels) to store 1.02 million m! Meanwhile, integrated strategic planning has also been set up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This means that multidimensional poverty declined in Brazil between 2003 and 2008. This shift is attributable to two different trends: the relative number of people in deprived households dropped, and the proportion of deprived households that were experiencing deprivation in respect of a single indicator rose. The proportion of the urban population of Brazil experiencing deprivation (H) as measured by at least one indicator amounted to 68.9% in 2003 and 61.7% in 2008. If the cut-off is deprivation as measured by at least two indicators, the figures drop to 33.8% and 28.0%, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
To date, progress in preserving and sustainably using terrestrial ecosystems and protecting biodiversity has been uneven. The pace of forest loss has slowed, and improvements continue to be made in managing forests sustainably and safeguarding areas important for biodiversity. That said, accelerating biodiversity loss, along with continued poaching and trafficking of wildlife, is alarming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In particular, better utilising economic instruments (e.g. pollution charges, taxes or water quality trading) can create incentives to reduce pollution, and increase the cost effectiveness of and innovation in pollution control strategies. Recommendations include: i) providing overarching national policy guidance and minimum standards, ii) creating the institutional framework setting the distribution of responsibilities across levels of government, iii) stakeholder engagement on approaches to manage perceived and actual risks, and a commitment to reach solutions in partnership, iu) signalling policy changes and highlighting options for implementation, and v) stimulating the diffusion of innovative technical and policy approaches that minimise the cost of water quality management (including seed funding, space for experimentation and making pollution costly). Lastly, monitoring, enforcement and evaluation of policy implementation, ongoing stakeholder engagement, and reassessment of the risks, are necessary in order to adapt to future changes in climate, economic growth, population dynamics and advances in science and technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The more established methods for calculating inequality rely on micro data such as that obtained from labour force or household surveys (see OECD, 2011). However, this can be problematic in cross-country comparisons as noted by Galbraith and Kum (2004).27 To make such comparisons feasible, Galbraith and Kum (2004) used the Deininger and Squire (1996) dataset in conjunction with more aggregate data on industrial value added and wages to construct inter-temporal and cross-country comparable measures of inequality. This also provides a larger sample of developed and emerging economies over which wage inequality and GVC activity can be measured relative to the more established OECD inequality measures which are mostly available for OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Gender roles and stereotypes of what it means to be masculine or feminine or a ‘true man or woman’ often pervade social interactions. Subtle social control mechanisms can often limit the expression and full potential of people’s social and emotional development. Whether you want it or not, you have privilege as a man, and you either fight against it and reject it by becoming a feminist man, or you enjoy the privileges that come with it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Along with the challenges of access to health technologies to address the burden of communicable disease, low- and middle-income countries are also increasingly grappling with the rising burdens of non-communicable diseases. Yet newer, patented treatments often carry price tags that are not affordable for the vast majority of patients in low- and middle-income countries. Taking a closer look at the growing interest in niche markets and personalized medicine”, World Medical and Health Policy, vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They have been grouped according to the different policy options and their scope. On average, 82% of 25-34 year-olds have attained at least upper secondary level in comparison to 64% of 55-64 year-olds. However, dropout remains high in some countries, labour market perspectives of young people remain challenging, and many education and VET programmes do not have strong links to the labour market. To respond to these challenges, there is a wide range of policy options to strengthen transitions across education levels and into the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There is a similar but slightly more pronounced levelling off in the rate of improvement in AMI from 2000 onward for the developing group. The most populous nation not to record an improvement in AMI was Viet Nam, which saw AMI increase by 3.1% p.a. If we compare Rgure 80 to its conventional Ml counterpart in Section 4.1 Material intensity of the economy, 16 of 21 countries show a reduction in AMI compared to Ml for 2010, including all of the most populous nations, and the group average AMI for 2010 is 13% lower than Ml for the same year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In Lithuania, quality assurance is undertaken through a combination of school self-evaluation and external evaluation. Schools can use the self-evaluation model approved by the MoES or choose another model. National policy establishes an expectation that the results of school self-evaluation will be used to improve management decisions, the provision of education, and teacher professional development (European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Recent changes to the resource allocation formula signal Israel’s commitment to redressing geographical differentials in health care capacity between central regions of the country and the North and South, but they need to go further if real change is to be realised. Attention is drawn to serious shortfalls in numbers of physicians and registered nurses, and the need to develop strategies that bolster their numbers and ensure staff are drawn into Israel’s periphery. The chapter also notes that public health and primary prevention services need strengthening.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Hence, there is an urgent need to find new development pathways which would ensure environmental sustainability and reverse ecological destruction while managing to provide, now and in the future, a decent livelihood for all people. The simultaneous occurrence of crises in global finance along with food and fuel prices is no coincidence. The pattern of globalization of the past decades has increased interdependencies of countries and exposure to risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Over the past 30 to 40 years, some East Asian countries have managed to achieve rapid poverty reduction despite rising inequality. In China, for example, very rapid output growth (at an annual rate of around 9 per cent - 10 per cent between 1981 and 2005) was associated with dramatic declines in poverty (at an estimated annual rate of 6.6 per cent over the same period), even though inequality measured by the Gini index rose from 0.16 in 1980 to about 0.48 in 2011. However, inequality in both assets and incomes in China was extremely low at the start of the high growth phase, and this was probably critical to enabling rapid income growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Abstract Policies mandate or prohibit behavior, reward, sanction, legitimizes and provide inducements for particular behaviors, transfer resources to enable particular types of activities, and define or transfer authority. Although administrative decentralization and poor enforcement barriers can limit the impact of policies, policies constrain school and teacher practice. This article elaborates upon current policy debates and discusses translating policy into practice. The article introduces Preventing School Failure's issue and employs 3 policy issues that affect students with emotional and behavioral disorders to introduce policy analysis, identify policy issues affecting schools, describe the policy environment in which these issues are nested, and explore the impact that policies have on practice: the IDEA and its reauthorization, discipline and zero tolerance, and state and national standards based accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Yet, typically, social policies remained largely marginal to economic policies. Macroeconomic policies, for instance, remained narrowly focused on stabilization of price levels, government budgets and current-account deficits instead of on stabilization of employment. This has not only limited the scaling up of MDG-oriented public spending, but has exacerbated the impacts of external shocks on employment and income growth, causing increased economic insecurity and placing a larger burden of adjustment disproportionately on the poor and vulnerable. Similarly, trade and financial policies remained committed to further integration with global markets, enhancing competitiveness and growth objectives, but in most instances yielding few benefits in terms of employment creation, poverty reduction and enhancement of economic security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This profile builds on the knowledge and expertise of many project teams across the OECD’s Directorate for Education and Skills, to whom we are grateful. Hyperlinks to the reference publications are included throughout the text for ease of reading, and also in the References and further reading section, which lists both OECD and non-OECD sources. The Czech Republic has made progress on reducing the impact of socio-economic background on students' academic performance, reaching high enrolment in early childhood education and care, and achieving higher than average upper secondary attainment rates, especially in vocational education and training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Regional and municipal environmental authorities have broad responsibilities in waste management. Municipalities are formally responsible for ensuring the delivery of municipal waste management services, which are mostly provided by companies on contract. However, given the number and scope of responsibilities involved, as well as the degree of differing (if not opposing) interests, better horizontal and especially vertical co-ordination among these institutions is needed to improve the effectiveness and enforcement of waste policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Upper secondary education is becoming the desired minimum, while those who do not reach this standard - half of all young people at present - may be left behind as the economy develops in a way which will inevitably reduce its reliance on low-skilled jobs. Growing inequality in Costa Rica reflects this worrying skills divide (OECD, 2017a, forthcoming). Participation rates and second chance options have grown fast, aided by a raft of measures to tackle dropout and grade repetition, well respected public universities provide an attractive goal for those who excel academically, the technical school system offers an appealing and high-status track, alongside, in the National Training Institute {Instituto Nacional del Aprendizaje, INA), a well-funded system providing both initial occupational training and upskilling, a reformed curriculum now provides a major opportunity to rethink upper secondary education. This chapter looks at how Costa Rica can build on these strengths to establish a more inclusive system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries are the primary sources of carbon dioxide (C02) emissions from these countries, accounting for 35 percent of C02 emissions in developing countries and 65 percent in least developed countries (United Nations, 2009). Agricultural irrigation accounts for some 70 percent of all water withdrawals. Moreover, it appears that water quality has been degraded partly owing to intensive agriculture, which makes excessive use of agrochemicals (pesticides and fertilizers) and has become the main source of water pollution in many developed and developing countries, rendering it unsustainable and a source of risks to human health (Molden and de Fraiture, 2004). Intensive livestock production is probably the largest sector-specific source of water pollution (Steinfeld et al., Source: University of East Anglia, Overseas Development Group (2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Banks, however, do not usually accept social housing as collateral for a mortgage (OECD 2012b). In addition, subsidised housing faces low resale values due to relatively poor construction quality and location, as well as associated restrictions on selling property purchased under a subsidy programme. This negatively impacts the wealth generation objective of Chile’s housing policy, and also affects residential mobility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A study from the King’s Fund and the Centre for Mental Health (Naylor et al., Mental illness is responsible for 23% of England’s total burden of disease, but receives only 13% of NHS health expenditures (Centre for Economic Performance, 2012). These regional commissioning bodies were PCTs, but have been replaced by Clinical Commissioning Groups as part of the NHS reforms detailed in section 3.1. Following the current NHS reforms, a percentage of the health care budget is to be directed towards Public Health England, to be used by Local Authorities to commission public health services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Taking Stock of In-work Benefits and Related Measures across the OECD”, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Paper, No. Comparing the Wage Penalty for Fixed-term Contracts in Germany and Spain using Quantile Regression”, Labour, Vol. Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264044197-cn. Org/l 0.1787/eco studies-v2000-2-en. A Quantile Treatment Effect Analysis for Europe”, mimeo. A Multi-State Model of Low Pay Dynamics”, IZA Discussion Paper, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Export bans, unnecessary permits and licenses, costly document requirements, and conflicting standards raise transaction costs, add to uncertainty and often lead to the exit of private sector traders from participation in regional trade. The share of duty free tariff lines in South-South agreements is expected to increase from 28% to approximately 92% when fully implemented, while North-South agreements increase their share of duty free lines from over 68% to only 87% (Fulponi et al., For example, cereal markets across South Asia (especially Bangladesh-lndia rice and Pakistan-Afghanistan wheat) are increasingly connected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Likewise, the redistributive power of benefits is determined by comparing Ginis of market incomes and market incomes plus benefits. This approach is used for Canada, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The redistributive power of taxes is determined by comparing Ginis of market incomes and net-of-tax incomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Reported costs of desalinated water per cubic metre are usually given in a summary form. However, summary costs do not specify what is included in the cost and may or may not contain such cost factors as land acquisition and regulatory costs or contingency factors that can significantly influence the cost of desalination. A large review of published desalination costs shows a range of $0.27/m3 to $6.56/m3 for seawater desalination and SO.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)