albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Although financial disincentives, care responsibilities and scarce job opportunities were less widespread overall, they represented important barriers for some groups. A striking finding is that large shares of those with no or weak labour-market attachment face multiple simultaneous employment barriers: 32% faced three or more significant barriers, highlighting the need for broad and coordinated policy approaches that focus on all relevant barriers in a holistic way. Section 3 provides an overview of Estonia’s policy stance on activation and employment-support policies drawing on a range of available data and policy indicators. Section 4 seeks to illustrate how bottom-up information on patterns of individual employment barriers can inform a discussion of policy priorities, effectiveness and gaps. ( A concluding section summarises key policy implications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
First, GVC participation helps explain only a small part of the variation in wage inequality across the sample, implying that there are other more important determinants of wage inequality. Second, the employment reallocation effects arising from enhanced participation in GVCs are not directly captured (since the dependent variable is wage inequality).7 Nevertheless, the results hold when using the more holistic OECD inequality measures which do account for incomes of the unemployed. For example, somewhat different evolutions can be perceived depending on whether the analysis uses measures of inequality derived from, WIOD, the University of Texas Inequality Project, the World Development Indicators, or the OECD inequality indicators. They suggest that offshoring can give rise to a positive productivity shock which ultimately benefits the type of workers whose tasks have been offshored. The intuition is that offshoring is tantamount to “labour-augmenting technological change” or in other words it acts like technical progress which increases the productivity of the labour whose task has been offshored.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Plus, the lamps have become much more affordable. They use almost half the energy of CFLs, last at least five times longer and have the option of repair. According to a 2012 study by the global consulting firm McKinsey & Company, between 2011 and 2012, the unit price of LEDs dropped from 13.36 to 10.55 EUR, a figure that is expected to tumble to as low as 2.81 EUR by 2020. “ In some countries, the price of LED lamps is expected to become competitive with CFLs as early as 2015, which will further speed up the transition from CFLs to LEDs," asserts the report. It is a remarkable jump when n /■ compared with the current picture, some 13 per cent today. With China and Japan taking the lead, Asian consumers have been singled out to dominate the LED lighting market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Where multiple communes exist in close proximity but have different objectives, there is a need for a mechanism to resolve these overlapping, but incompatible objectives in land use and other topics. As copiously illustrated by the example of the Grand Clermont metropolis, different laws and rules promulgated by national and local authorities as well as rules and land use zonings issued from EU decisions (like ZNIEFF or green and blue corridors) structure these relationships and ensure a coherence between all these institutional constraints and the various levels of decision making. But at the same time, one has to cope with the issue of the multiple planning documents and the governance structures that support them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The study looks in particular at innovation support in “clean" versus “dirty” technologies for electricity production (renewables versus fossil fuels) and transportation sectors. The first one is directly of interest for us, even if the second also has a direct implication on the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHGs). Looking at the number of citations received for “clean” patented inventions in the electricity sector, compared to “dirty” ones, the study finds a gap of nearly 50%, and this gap has been increasing constantly during the past 50 years, as it can be seen in Figure 10.5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The basic allowance is available to those who are over 20 years old. To qualify for an income-related benefit, the unemployed person must have been a member of a Ul fund for at least 12 months. For both types of Ul benefit, the maximum entitlement period is 300 days and 450 days for parents with children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For younger children (toddlers and infants), specialised and practical training seems to be more strongly associated with pedagogic quality and cognitive and social outcomes. Early childhood educators come across increasingly complex social environments and encounter a multiplicity of family backgrounds and experiences. These factors create imperatives to adopt new pedagogies and organisational practices to accommodate this pluralism (Elliott, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Given the significant amount of fossil fuels consumed in the transport sector and the lack of action in achieving solutions in this area, this area needs greater focus if the Pacific is to achieve the SDGs by 2030 and become an energy secure region by 2050. Incentives such as concessional or guaranteed lease financing of efficient buses could be used. Any extra cost of a more energy efficient vehicle is likely to be repaid through fuel savings in the average life use of the vehicle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These results are largely consistent across this whole era of liberalization reforms, though some notable differences emerge in comparisons of wage penalties before and after the collapse of the Argentine peso in the late 1990s. Section II discusses the motherhood wage penalty and labour market segmentation literatures. Section III describes the empirical strategy and methodology. Section IV discusses the main features of the data and Section V presents the results. Instead, jobs and labour differ across markets. The traditional view highlights a dual split between primary (or independent) and secondary (or subordinate) segments and contends that the boundaries between the segments substantively limit occupational mobility (Bauder, 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A further 5 reptile species w'ere categorized as NT, 1 as DD and 12 as LC. Two species were categorized as CR: the Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) and Siberian crane (Grus leucogeranus), 6 species were categorized as EN: the white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala), relict gull (Larus relictus), greater spotted eagle (Aquila clanga), Pallas’s fish-eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus), shorttoed snake-eagle (Circaetus gallicus) and reed parrotbill (Paradoxornis heudei). Almost 90 per cent of birds in Mongolia are categorized as LC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The current paper aims to present the university extension activities developed in one of the poles of the “Projeto Escrevendo e Reescrevendo a Nossa Historia” (Pernoh), in the Una Section of Belem, the capital city of Para, Brazil. The Project is approached from an expansionist perspective of access to justice, which goes beyond the idea of access to jurisdiction. It is carried out by reporting extensionist actions that take place as the project is developed. The deductive method was adopted to carry out the study and the review of literature to report it. According to the adopted perspective herein, access to the Judiciary is only one of the modalities of access to justice.   As a conclusion, access to justice also refers to fair legal order, access to citizenship and access to democratic participation as tools that provide better opportunities to all citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They can provide systemic coherence and consolidate the vision of w hat the country considers to be a good teacher. Professional standards describe a common set of competencies that good teachers are expected to have or develop throughout their careers. They are an opportunity for members of the profession to link research and practice further, building a collegial understanding of long-term goals, means and accountability based in practice. Furthermore, this shared understanding of what constitutes a good teacher can help to better align classrooms, schools and system-level organisations, w'hile providing the necessary resources to teachers to better support student learning (OECD, 2010, Kleinhenz and Ingvarson, 2007, Toledo Figueroa, Revai and Guerriero, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Their desire for metrics is grounded on the proposition that in a business setting “what you don’t measure, you can’t manage”. However, the measurement and monitoring of business activities is not necessarily easy at the practical level. This is partly because the concept of sustainable development is too multi-faceted for simple quantitative measurement and because an emphasis on environmental and social aspects often runs counter to the conventional government and industry agenda of economic growth. The subsequent section categorises the sets of indicators, each category’s characteristics are then presented, with appropriate examples, and analysed on the basis of certain predefined criteria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In the transitional justice literature it is often assumed that transitional justice mechanisms, such as trials, improve the rule of law, as well as strengthen democracy and human rights protections. Although there is a lively debate on the causal relationship between transitional justice mechanisms, and democracy and human rights, we still know little about the relationship between transitional justice and rule of law. But what is it about rule of law that makes accountability mechanisms more likely? If judicial reform aims to strengthen the rule of law, how does it relate to accountability mechanisms? Departing from an institutional- and process-oriented view of rule of law, in this paper I engage with some of these questions. The paper aims to provide a preliminary exploration on the theoretical links between judicial reform, domestic legal norms and institutions, and efforts for prosecuting human rights violations, through an empirical comparative analysis on Latin America.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These criteria include the size and complexity of an installation, its proximity to urban areas and valuable ecosystems, air and water emissions and waste discharges, compliance behaviour, and the operator’s management attitude. The GESTIGAOT helps to harmonise inspection reporting. Changes are continuously being made to update and fine-tune the risk-assessment tool, e.g. as additional hazardous substances are added to the risk criteria. Data are updated after every inspection, as well as through European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) reports from the APA. Routine inspections accounted for 90% of the total (IMPEL, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
To support the implementation of high-level documents, the ministry is responsible for the development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the “National Strategy 2020”, developed in support of the “Kazakhstan Vision 2030” and “Vision 2050”. The ministry serves as the government’s technical advisor on the strategy’s design, roll-out and performance assessment, and engages with government oiganisations to co-ordinate the implementation of strategic plans. With the 2014 administrative reform, the MNE acquired the functions of the Ministry of Economy and Budget Planning, except for its functions in the area of budget planning, the Ministry' of Regional Development, in the formation and development of the state managerial reserve from the Ministry' of Emergency Situations, Statistics Agency, Agency on Regulation of Natural Monopolies, Agency for Competition Pro (Anti-monopoly Agency), and the Agency for the Protection of Consumer Rights. Its task is to align regional and budget programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Blockchain-based solutions modernise the technology tools available for renewable energy tracking, trading, and reporting systems while also disintermediating the process and reducing transaction and administrative costs in certificate of origin markets. Agricultural and natural land screening - By combining remote sensing, image processing and blockchain technology, a verifiable screening of forests and agricultural land can be established. The natural carbon sinks can be accounted for in near real-time and payments related to their growth, or shrinking can be settled automatically and securely on a blockchain-based platform. For example, the platform can allow screening for the achievement of company or country level mitigation commitments (CLI, 2018b). Yet, a crowd-sourced data platform, connected to suitable (nano) satellites may provide the data for a fraction of today’s prices and maintain data integrity. Initiatives have already started to explore options of using remote sensing to provide earth observation data at low cost and high security (Stocker, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Findings from the OECD Survey on Water Resources Allocation indicate that 60% of countries surveyed have recently reformed their allocation regimes. Over half of respondents indicated that allocation reforms are ongoing. In this analysis, "reform” is understood broadly, to encompass both transformational reforms that can entail fundamental changes to significant aspects of an allocation regime, as well as incremental changes in the policies, laws, and mechanisms that have a tangible impact on allocation arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A national child benefit provides supplementary income for eligible low-income families in all provinces and territories, except in Quebec, where access is higher and eligible low-income families have free access to regulated ECEC. A national Universal Child Care Benefit program issues a taxable $100 monthly payment to families for each child under the age of six to help cover the cost of child care. Public primary and secondary education is provided free of charge to students who meet age and residence requirements, and some provinces and territories have extended the length of compulsory education from age 16 to age 18.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
U. Kracalik, I. T„ Widmer. One researcher analyzed New York City tweeters before, during, and after Superstorm Sandy to show that predisaster mobility patterns can indicate the potential range of mobility during a disaster.30 Other indicators of mobility include transit data by bikes,3' buses and subways being made available by hundreds of municipalities.32 Transit data can monitor population flux at different times of day, and provides just one example of open data which cities are releasing that could be valuable for risk assessment. Despite some initial challenges, epidemiological models of the spatial spread of Ebola were developed to model the spread of the virus, and predict its possible development {Figure 11, page 30). These models can help assess the likely routes of infected individuals between populations, predict possible new outbreaks and help focus the delivery of eventual vaccines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Though already accessible, the upgrading of certain segments of this 1,400 km highway remains unfinished and is expected to be completed by 2020. Having agreed on the draft provisions on the movement of buses, cars and trucks along the highway in September 2015, the three member countries are working together towards an IMT Motor Vehicle Agreement (IMT MVA). Pakistan and Afghanistan are seeking to extend their bilateral APTTA agreement to Tajikistan, to utilize it as a gateway to Central Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Mutual examination by governments, multilateral surveillance and peer pressure to conform or reform are at the heart of OECD effectiveness. The CFE works together with national, regional and local governments of OECD member countries and several non-Member economies in fostering the development of an entrepreneurial society, and assists governments and their civil society and business partners in designing and implementing innovative policies to promote sustainable growth, integrated development and social cohesion. Within the OECD, the CFE successfully strengthens synergies between the work of different OECD directorates on entrepreneurship, SMEs and local development. It is a Co-operative Action Programme that, since 1982, has been dedicated to the identification, analysis and dissemination of innovative approaches and good practices in stimulating local economic growth, creating more and better jobs, enhancing social inclusion, and fostering good governance at local level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Another example of requirements within this category could be to set a requirement to an automatic detergent dosing system for washing machines avoiding over-dosage and overconsumption of detergents. By including requirements to the manufacturing the labels expand the scope from a product focus towards a production focus. The Ecodesign Directive, as the name states, mainly sets requirements to the design of the product, however targeting the environmental performance of the entire product life cycle. Therefore setting direct requirements to the manufacturing process might be outside the scope of the Directive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This activity rate for men may differ from official figures due to distinction of the separate category “dual employment-education” that helps identify how men and women enter the labour market. The activity rates presented here are in fact “activity rates with achieved education”. “ Part time” is defined as less than 30 hours worked per week.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Globalization scholars have pointed to the changing nature of the global economy and its impact on American cities, for instance. Middle-class workers who until recently had secure formal-sector jobs and reliable safety nets now find themselves expelled from the labour market. “ Expulsions” instead of forms of exclusion are taking place in these countries with social groups who until just a couple of decades earlier were secure participants in formal labour markets.10 Moreover, informal workers in developed countries are mostly undocumented migrants from lower-income countries who, because of their legal status, fear going to the police or seeking out legal help, thus further entrapping them within these informal conditions. In the US, for instance, the neighbourhood of Harlem in New York City was documented to have a thriving informal economy exceeding one billion dollars.13 The findings of the study led a large American bank to recognize the financial demand at the bottom of the pyramid and to open two new branches in Harlem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Today, there are fewer than 8,000 Native Hawaiians alive who are 100 per cent blood quantum.412 On the contrary, the number of those who identify as having part Native Hawaiian ancestry and who consider themselves to be Hawaiian, has increased steadily since the turn of the century. Today, estimates are between 225,000 and 250,000 people with Hawaiian blood living in Hawaii. According to the U.S. Census Bureau report for 2000, there were 401,162 people who identified themselves as being Native Hawaiian alone or in any combination, and 140,652 people identified themselves as being Native Hawaiian alone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Assessment criteria and methods are defined by each school and reflected in the respective School Education Programme (SEP). There are no externally-based national final examinations at the end of basic (and compulsory) education (but some regions make available to their secondary schools standardised tests developed by private companies, to be used as entry examinations). By contrast, externally-based exit examinations are mandatory at the end of secondary education. These refer to the school-leaving examination and the final examination to obtain the apprenticeship certificate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 18 countries, child poverty has increased by at least lppt, which can be interpreted as statistically significant.13 However, while focusing on changes in child poverty since the start of the economic crisis, it is important not to lose sight of the absolute levels. After a substantial increase in poverty, Iceland had some of the highest 'anchored' child poverty rates in 2012, but so did Romania after a 2ppt decrease in poverty since the pre-crisis levels. In both countries, nearly one-third of children were poor in 2012 based on the 2008 threshold.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Margolis (2008) analyses the role of FGTS and UI for transitions in the formal and informal sector. The hazard ratios are estimated using a complementary log-log model with group-specific baseline hazards that controls for random effects. See notes to Figure 2.6 for further details. He concludes that unemployment compensation systems help some formal-sector job losers from being pushed into the informal sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Social protection interventions can also influence the behaviour of non-beneficiary households, such as by encouraging more regular school attendance and more frequent health checks (Fiszbein eta/., 2009). Properly conducted public works programmes can provide important public infrastructure and assets to facilitate household investment and economic activity (Alderman and Yemtsov, 2014). Strategies to deal with risk are classified as: (1) risk reduction, i.e. ex-ante actions to raise income or reduce income variability, (2) risk mitigation, i.e. ex-ante actions to reduce income variability if and when a shock occurs, and (3) risk-coping, i.e. ex-posf actions to alleviate the impacts of shocks after they occur. The extra disposable income is spent on goods such as livestock products and simple agricultural and household goods and services, which may be produced and provided locally, often by non-beneficiary households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It increased in 2007, as a result of the legal obligation imposed on oil companies to incorporate biofuels into petrol and diesel sold in Luxembourg. Currently, renewable sources account for 9.5% of total electricity production. However, Luxembourg covers more than half of its electricity needs through imports. The indicative target for electricity produced from renewable energy sources as a share of gross electricity consumption is 5.7% for 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Null emphasis on the income distribution: the standard mean (a = 1, average income) provides the benchmark point. Weak emphasis on the bottom of the distribution: the geometric mean (a= 0, median income) is empirically generally close to the median. Moderate emphasis on the bottom of the distribution: this case (o.= -3, income of the lower-middle class) is covered mainly to ensure continuity between the median and the low-end of the distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In the case of Metrobus, the documentation available on the conditions negotiated for the different bus lines show that the transport authority and regulatory agency have been able progressively to negotiate agreements more likely to allow for financial sustainability (Flores-Dewey and Zegras, 2012). In addition, corridors for trolley bus services running in a dedicated lane (zero-emission corridors) were also introduced recently. A short description of these projects is provided in Table 3.1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Nevertheless, the %PSE remained positive over most of this period, indicating that producers generally received moderate support. Policies in the crop sector are dominated by the measures directed to the wheat sector, which since the mid-1990s have been alternating between restraining and supporting producer prices. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)