albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
ABSTRACTThis study contributes to the growing research on government-issued information subsidies in mediated public diplomacy in a new media environment. It examines the online information subsidies issued by the foreign ministries of three countries—the United States, China, and Singapore—to address a gap in the literature that has given scant attention to how governments use news releases through online newsrooms for public diplomacy. The study is significant for its conceptual explication of public relations and public diplomacy through an integrative strategic communication framework grounded in relationship building as an end goal of public diplomacy. A Leximancer textual analysis of 13,714 public diplomacy texts published through the three countries’ online press rooms over 5 years (2008–2012) found limited congruence in themes and concepts between and among the three countries, even on the issue of human rights, a major diplomatic point of contention. The weak congruence suggests a modelling of pu...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Switzerland does not complete either CTF Tables 8 or 9. Similarly Denmark in its third BR provides project examples demonstrating its “integrated approach” to capacity-building and technology transfer support “as part of its overall climate support portfolio” (Danish Ministry Of Energy, 2017(14]). Most of the elements the UNFCCC outlines as essential for effective technology transfer are fundamentally part of strengthening capacities for technology development and use (sharing information, creating enabling environments, and assessing needs). In addition, an important aspect of technology transfer involves transfer of knowledge and development of an institutional framework (the “software” and “orgware” dimensions of technology respectively, as outlined in Box 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Clearly, some of the discrepancies come from the usage of different datasets as well as model specifications. However, in some cases differences may be due to methodological shortfalls. For one, at very high levels of data aggregation, such as country data, the econometric models do not account for the wide discrepancy between regions that are caused by fixed effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Countries differ widely in the dispersion of earnings among full-time workers, with Chile, the United States and Portugal being the most unequal countries and Belgium, Denmark and Switzerland being the most equal ones (Figure 5.2). Inequality is higher in all countries when extending the analysis to part-time workers or the entire working age population (i.e. also including the unemployed and the inactive), reflecting the large income differentials between these groups and full-time workers. This effect is particularly large for countries where part-time workers make up a sizable share of total employment (e.g. Australia, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom) and where unemployment and inactivity rates are high (e.g. Belgium, Chile, Hungary, Italy).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This means that severance pay is relatively more important for job losers with few entitlements to UBs. Alternatively, Ubs can be made conditional on the number of monthly wages worth of SP. Such an arrangement exists in Canada. While the authors claim their findings reflect moral-hazard effects, it is not clear why liquidity effects could not play a role as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Cash transfers can have a substantial impact in not only reducing the monetary poverty of children, though this depends to a great extent on both the size of the transfer and the mechanisms of intrahousehold distribution (Barrientos and DeJong, 2006), but also in compensating for the foregone income from child labour. Pure monetary transfers, which are often spent on food, health and education, also have a proven impact on child well-being in these specific dimensions. Besides complementing the household income through a monetary transfer, CCTs produce a stronger impact on children's human capital by means of the conditionalities, which are specifically established to improve access to education and health services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
First, since the act obligates the state to provide free and compulsory education to all children ages 6-14, the state has the freedom to decide whether it shall fulfil its obligation through its own schools, aided schools or unaided schools. The 2009 act is "child-centric" and not "institution-centric". Second, the right to education "envisages a reciprocal agreement between the state and the parents, and it places an affirmative burden on all stakeholders in our civil society."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These revolve around financial support for initiatives, the policy environment in which the initiatives are developed, the technical knowledge held by those operating or implementing the initiatives, and the design of the initiatives and projects. Some of the opportunities are so-called "negative opportunities," i.e. opportunities caused by the current situation lacking something and thus providing room for improvement, while other are "positive opportunities," i.e. opportunities caused by strong foundations established by the current situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Moreover, the gains in productivity obtained in agriculture from groundwater use are particularly large, greatly outweighing extraction costs (Custodio et al., These incentives to overexploit resources will rise further if prices for surface water supplies are raised and the supply of water is expanded to costlier sources such as recycled or desalinated water. An appropriate governance structure for groundwater management is therefore crucial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Policy-makers and decision-makers would be well-advised to take note of the scale of the disruptions ahead. It should be pointed out that the shares of variable renewables that are underlying the present analysis are considerably below the ambitious long-term objectives that a number of OECD countries have set themselves in this respect. This section reports the origin of the data used in the study as well as the assumptions and methods of calculation used. A real discount rate of 7% has been assumed to compute fixed and variable costs. When not present in the Projected Costs database, data for a specific power plant type have been replaced by other data available in the Projected Costs study. For instance, data for coal and gas-fired power plants for France are derived from those from Germany.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Professor Raghunath Anant Mashelkar, chairman of the National Innovation Foundation of India and president of the Global Research Alliance, defines it as “any innovation that leads to affordable access of quality goods and services creating livelihood opportunities for the excluded population, primarily at the base of the pyramid, and on a long-term sustainable basis with a significant outreach” (Mashelkar, 2013). This is strongly contingent on innovation, since providing high quality at a low price requires introducing new products, rather than adapting existing ones. It is even more complex from a global perspective encompassing developing, emerging and advanced economies, where the poorest have very different income levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Interestingly, at the bottom of the distribution, New Zealand and Saudi Arabia appear to have laxer regulations than the United States, even though the relative ranking of these three countries is heavily dependent on the relative weight given to EPC with respect to EPR in the aggregation.33 Canada, the United Kingdom and Brazil also have relatively light regulations for individual and collective dismissals of regular workers. In 2011, 12% of OECD employees were on fixed-term contracts, but in certain countries their share was as large as 27% (in Poland). These figures are much higher among youth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Overall, framework conditions for innovation have improved, notably through the opening of the Colombian economy. The commodity-based export boom, while it has slowed recently, offers a window of opportunity to tackle some of the major issues facing the Colombian innovation system. In particular the policy-relevant knowledge base of indicators and analysis should be extended beyond manufacturing. This would preferably involve more internationally comparable data and indicators in the OECD framework of STI statistical manuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The website provides an ongoing means of sharing documents and best practices. [ By working with central banks and ministries of planning and finance across the world to integrate natural resources into development planning through NCA, the hope is to enable more informed decision making that can ensure genuine green growth and long-term advances in wealth and human well-being. [ To do so, the publication introduces an overarching framework that organises financial mechanisms under three main headings: revenue generation, delivery and institutional arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This can also improve opportunities for women within firms (such as more equal wages and greater women in management) and help the recruitment of a diverse workforce. This is especially important for low-income workers, who often struggle to find consistent and reliable childcare w'hen their shifts change erratically. Field research in Mexico confirms that employees are reluctant to leave the workplace while their manager is still on-site.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Sanitation services are the responsibility of local self-government bodies, who are also the asset owners of the system. However, the construction of the system remained incomplete. Currently, Baghramyan village’s household wastewater is removed to Myasnikyan through a 1 km-long collector and is then discharged into Talin canal. During the irrigation season, wastewater is mixed with irrigation water, resulting in poor qualitative indicators of lands in Baghramyan and the neighbouring villages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Small markets in most developing countries produced uncertainty about the expected returns on investment and made it difficult to achieve scale economies, thereby choking off the accumulation process and closing down an industrial growth path before it could really get started. In particular, expansion of light industries providing consumer goods seemed the most promising option as these could provide local demand for each other’s output, and a large-scale and integrated infrastructure programme was seen as the ideal way to break the constraint on self-sustaining growth because it would both stimulate local demand and lead to lower production costs (Nurkse, 1953). Moreover, complementarities across the investments in electricity generation, transport, communications, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Yet in a number of countries, quota requirements that are supported by effective implementation mechanisms, safeguards and sound accountability structures have helped boost the representation of women in recent years. As oversight mechanisms, parliamentary committees can further benefit from expanding their gender expertise to hold the government to account for achieving national gender equality goals. Less frequently used were mechanisms that scrutinise budgets and expenditures from a gender perspective. The parliament is responsible for implementing these measures, and the courts are responsible for oversight.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Purpose  – Land governance plays an important part in influencing the quality of valuations. The purpose of this paper is to review the different meanings of governance.    Design/methodology/approach  – The World Bank Indicators of Governance, Jones Lang LaSalle's Global Real Estate Transparency Index (GRETI) and other data sources have been consulted.    Findings  – The paper discusses what is meant by good governance and how this can be measured.    Originality/value  – The paper presents some evidence to suggest that market transparency requires freedom of information and association, and is associated with factors such as the quality of institutions, the absence of corruption, and the quality of corporate governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The statement was made in 1972, long before the world became conscious of acceleration in anthropogenic GHG emissions. Nevertheless, Mrs Gandhi’s statement was one of the earliest to create a direct link between environmental concerns and poverty alleviation. Neither can the poor be held responsible for the major part of the GHG emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For example, the emergence of new players in global R&D affects countries with a strong R&D base in a different manner than it affects countries with more limited R&D capabilities. This section explores some of the key issues in setting a national agenda for innovation and how initial conditions - in terms of economic performance and structural features - affect this agenda. Innovation is considered important for growth and competitiveness, but also in helping address social and global challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The aim of this paper is to show that in recent times (and certainly since the enactment of the U.K. Human Rights Act 1998) there has been a subtle but nonetheless significant change in British constitutional law. Using case law dealing with questions of national security post-9/11, this paper argues that there has been a “constitutional shift” from a completely hands-off judicial approach (as embodied in the doctrine of nonjusticiability) to a more hands-on approach (as embodied in the idea of a variable intensity of review combined with a degree of deference).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the north, livestock breeding is developing at a rapid pace and Kostanay oblast is the fourth largest beef producer. The average household has two to five heads of cattle and other livestock and poultry, and production is focused on satisfying their own needs for milk and dairy products. Selling livestock for slaughter usually occurs due to a need for cash or at the end of the pasture season. Inadequate conditions for cattle breeding, lack of balanced feeding from a nutritional perspective, limited veterinary services and insufficient knowledge, lack of financial resources, and an undeveloped infrastructure are common.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A secondary prevention programme for people with mild cognitive impairment was set up in 201S, with the objective to slow disease progression. The compulsory social health insuance coverage rate stood at 95.2% in 2015. However, this is not perceived as a problem in the country, nor is it something that features on the agenda of policy-makers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Today, mobile cellular penetration is approaching saturation with more than 7.5 billion subscriptions worldwide. Globally, 3.57 billion people are expected to be using the Internet by end 2017. Mobile broadband is the most dynamic market segment - globally, mobile broadband penetration is expected to reach 56.4 per cent with fixed broadband access expected to reach more than 979 million fixed broadband subscriptions by the end of 2017. The number of Internet users is growing, reaching 48 per cent of the world population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The observation that the second most valuable intervention had been technical assistance to exporting companies, such as help in designing marketing brochures, upgrading labelling and packaging to meet international expectations, and developing new and better products has led the assessment team to conclude that financial support and technical assistance are more powerful in combination, with finance providing incentives and technical assistance helping ensure efficient use of the funds. Some loans from MIF seem to have had a very substantial positive impact on the firms that received them. For example Freshpikt, a canned fruit and vegetables manufacturer, reported that it would not have survived without the USD 150 000 initial loan it received from MATEP, which in turn positioned the company to receive a much larger loan from the Zambia State Insurance Corporation (ZSIC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Discriminatory loan practices whereby men sign women’s documents in banks should be eliminated in law. Other options are to strengthen credit bureaus and other institutions that collect info on borrowers (World Bank, 2012). However, compliance is limited, as indicated by the poor rank of India in discriminatory family code, restricted physical integrity and civil liberties and entitlements in the OECD SIGI index (Figure 10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This essay deals with social, economic and cultural rights and political and civil rights within the context of international law on human rights. To this end, it reviews the contemporary conception of this issue in the light of the international system of protection, evaluating its profile, its objectives, its logic and its principles, and questioning the feasibility of an integrated vision of human rights. This is followed by an evaluation of the main challenges and prospects for the implementation of these rights, claiming that facing this challenge is essential to ensure that human rights will take on their central role in the contemporary order.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, there were significant negative side effects, the same side effects associated with price support policies in OECD countries. The overall assessment of Chapter 4 of national stockholding policies concludes that countries are better off without these policies. Fundamentally, the lesson is that trade policy is the most effective and least costly approach to controlling domestic price developments for individual countries.29 Stockholding policies can play a supportive role, for example to influence prices in locations that are so remote (in economic terms) from international markets that the effects of border policies are not transmitted to them, or as an element of a social safety net regime aimed at food security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, the current system has not assessed whether the reforestation activities linked to compensation are successful and whether their location and timing truly compensate for the environmental services lost. Better monitoring, reporting and verification are crucial. Timing has also been an issue, to help address it, INE is preparing an initiative in which SEMARNAT will develop a method of banking biodiversity offset credits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, the issue of leakage becomes more important in the case of carbon-sequestration. In this case, it does not matter where the loss or degradation of forest cover takes place, a net loss of forest equates to a net loss of service. These include the costs of monitoring, negotiation, payments to staff for enforcement, capacity-building and communication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This paper focuses on the underlying motivation behind the participation of individuals in what came to be known as the Gezi Revolt. The Gezi Revolt was the expression of anger in response to a perceived social injustice. Those who participated in the uprising aimed not only to enforce political change but also to restore justice in their society through struggle and moral expression. Gezi represents the weaving together of moral, cognitive, and emotional responses. Anger and fury were the two particular emotions that provided a sense of urgency among a large section of people across the land and led to the building of a social network of individuals through which sharing stories and expressing feelings turned into practices of moral progress. The paper discusses how the participants of “the Gezi Community” were able to put aside their before identitiesand hold back their unpleasant and dividing emotions to one another.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This very idea of “signalling” suggests that the association between skills and formal qualification might be central to how skills are rewarded on the labour market. Less-educated adults are experiencing great difficulties on today’s labour markets across all advanced economies (Abrassart, 2013, Gesthuizen, Solga and KUnster, 2011, OECD, 2016). They face higher risks of unemployment than their better-educated counterparts. When they do find employment, it tends to be in low-status occupations characterised by meagre wages and low job security. Hence, improving the labour market prospects of less-educated adults is a prime challenge for countries that want to maintain social cohesion and avoid excessive social inequalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A stable, long-term domestic policy framework with wide political support helps provide investment certainty, although global uncertainties will still cause investors to question the probability of these policies being modified in the future. To provide this sort of certainty, the EU has already set targets for 2020 in its emissions trading system, and intends to set 2030 targets in the next few years. Emissions trading schemes (ETS) are currently regarded as the most politically feasible means of pricing greenhouse gas emissions, aiming at providing appropriate incentives for investment in low-carbon technologies and demand reduction. However, the detailed design of these schemes matters, particularly setting the overall cap on emissions at a level that requires emissions reductions from participants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For the uninsured or those with insufficient years of contributions (less than 15 years), who do not qualify for a proportional pension, the basic pension provides an important safety net (NAA, 2012). To be eligible, claimants must pass an income test (as well as a residence test) and be 65 years and over. First, the basic pension is awarded to these claimants without income criteria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This task is particularly urgent as the greatest population growth will be in cities in developing countries where significant urban transport challenges already exist (see section 3.3.1 below). Such challenges are particularly pronounced in developing countries where strong migration to urban areas and increased private motorization fuelled by strong economic growth, are outpacing infrastructure development and the expansion and modernization of public transport systems. The process of achieving more sustainable urban transportation systems, designed with the principle of accessibility at their core, depends on the participation of all stakeholders in cities: the authorities, the private sector and the citizens, within the principles of democracy. A successful process will depend on effective governance of land use and transportation, where new housing and commercial planning will entail simultaneous transportation systems design, careful neighbourhood design, strategic infrastructure investments, and fair, efficient and stable funding (Kennedy et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Connecting an individual consumer to a power plant would be prohibitively expensive. However, each additional customer in the area reduces the average cost for all involved since the cost for connecting the additional customer is small. The physical link through the grid, however, not only links customers to a producer but also links all producers with each other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)