albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
By implementing an automated monitoring service (such as through sensors that automatically record and transmit quality checks), data from non-compliant air quality stations, and their operator can be flagged and reported to responsible authorities. As data is recorded on the blockchain, automated and even smart reporting and monitoring services can be enabled, bringing together a patchwork of data sources such as satellite imagery, remote IoT sensors, engineering reports, and regulatory reports. Authorised organisations may track the compliance of new infrastructure projects and their financing by setting a compliance and anti-corruption reporting standard that is incorporated on the blockchain network. Compared with other technologies like cloud storage and computing, blockchain technology provides a significantly deeper interaction with processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article argues that governmentality perspectives provide a fruitful way to analyse the complex interactions between disability and the law, using Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and mental disability as a ‘case study’. The governmentality literature recognises that the law is implicated in the truths, knowledges, rationales and practices through which disability is rendered known and knowable. From this perspective, a governmentality approach provides a framework for considering the complex and contradictory relationships between capacity, disability and law. This article analyses the concept of legal capacity in Article 12 and its challenge to mental capacity as a central principle in developed Western legal systems. The article shows that rights claims in the second half of the twentieth century reinforced the classical privileging of cognitive ability and rational capacity as a threshold requirement for citizenship. As a consequence, capacity and inca...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The previous chapters have explored the State-centric nexus of arms control and disarmament treaties and agreements, relevant international law and other regulatory regimes that are potentially applicable to ICA weapons, RCAs and related means of delivery. It is clear from such analysis that many of these instruments and regimes have ambiguities, weaknesses and limitations which the relevant Member States have been unable or unwilling to address. Furthermore, a number suffer from inadequate and patchy national implementation and a failure of States Parties and relevant regime organizations to challenge reported treaty violations by certain Member States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
From these values an aggregate score is generated (between 0 and 39), placing it on a spectrum between highly artisanal, small-scale fishing (score of 0) and highly industrial large-scale fishing (score of 39). The matrix is currently in an early stage of testing at a global level, including in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, and pending results of testing additional adjustments may need to be made. Concrete case studies on sustainable SSF practices were carried out by the several organizations involved in the regional conference, and the results were presented in a participatory format, allowing for robust discussion and comment to further explore the main themes already identified through the SSF Symposium.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Unilateral coercive measures are condemned by the UN General Assembly on a yearly basis for being contrary to international law and for having negative effects on human rights and the economy of developing States. Although legal doctrine generally finds that the limitations of economic coercion are a grey area of international law, these resolutions could be indicative of an emerging prohibition. Upon closer scrutiny, however, it would appear that they do not satisfy the required criteria—as developed by international jurisprudence and doctrine—for establishing a new custom. That being said, the resolutions clearly illustrate a divide between developed and developing States on the legitimacy of unilateral sanctions that should not be dismissed. In the interests of understanding how this division came into existence and how we can overcome it, the article proceeds to address the social factors that lead to its creation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such an estimate may not reflect well the cost of living for indigenous peoples or residents in small and remote communities. The more skewed the income distribution, or the more heterogeneous in terms of consumption behavior of the population, the more inaccurate and thus less representative this procedure will be. Thus, while a GDP deflator or a consumer price index can be computed for each of the Arctic nations, it may not be a valid reflection of the cost of living for indigenous peoples. While consumption patterns may be quite homogenous in a country such as Iceland, in Russia and Alaska significant differences exist in consumption across local regions and indigenous and non-indigenous communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Programmes also contribute to improving household livelihoods and food availability by, for example, allowing investments in new productive assets, improving agricultural assets such as land and enhancing access to inputs or markets or credit. Programmes also contribute to improving human capital by enhancing health and education outcomes, and nutrition outcomes have been improved by social protection programmes in many countries, the most notable impacts being large reductions in stunting and wasting, and significant increases in height-for-age expected at adulthood. There are a number of reasons for this.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The adolescent fertility rate shares a positive association with child poverty and this finding is robust across different model specifications. This suggests that child poverty is higher when adolescent fertility is higher, ceteris paribus. By contrast, the share of the population living in rural areas shows a negative association with relative child poverty only when taking into account information on the level of social expenditure and the share paid to the poorest 10% of households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
We would also like to thank Emesto Flores-Rivera (ITSON) who, during his 15-month secondment to the OECD, supported the success of the OECD reviews, while making preparations for the Sonora review. We thank the lead co-ordinator and his team as well as other active local counterparts for this review: Jose Manuel Ochoa-Alcantar, Manuel Ricardo Lugo-Cruz and Haziel Misael Ayala-Cecena from ITSON, Benjamin Burgos-Flores from the University of Sonora (UNISON, Universidad de Sonora), Jose Angel Vera-Noriega from the Centre for Research on Nutrition and Development (CIAD, Centro de Investigation en Alimentation y Desarrollo) and Angel Alberto Valdes-Cuervo, ITSON-CIAD. We also thank the following representatives from the Mixed Funds (Fondo Mixto) of the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT, Consejo Nacional de Cienciay Tecnologia) in the state of Sonora: Juan Alvarez-Lopez, Francisco Javier Cevallos-Rojas and Jose Manuel Zatarain-Dominguez.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Technology Bank entered into arrangements with UNESCO for the preparation of the reviews of Guinea, Haiti, Sudan and Timor Leste and UNCTAD for the preparation of the review of Uganda. These findings were based on inputs by the TFM’s Interagency Task Team, the 10-Member Group of high-level representatives, eight meetings98 and sessions on the topic under the TFM umbrella99, and inputs by UNCTAD, DESA, UNU, ECLAC, ESCAP, ESCWA, ITU, ILO, WIPO, World Bank, the International Science Council and the Major Group on Children and Youth. The Interagency Task Team on Science, Technology and Innovation for the Sustainable Development Goals (IATT) subgroup on new and emerging technologies continues to collect and synthesize inputs for an updated presentation at the Fourth STI Forum in 2019. The work of the IATT on the potential and risks of technology, development and employment impacts, and on education have informed this chapter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Higher levels of governance at regional, national and international scales then take on a more facilita-tive role in conflict resolution and cooperative engagement across borders. Public sector funding and prioritization of water management will also be essential if the impending crises are to be met and ameliorated. Even the most contested cross-border relationships show efforts to forge agreements to routinize shared water governance issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There exist several solutions for this problem. Some residential projects, such as solar water heaters or improved cookstoves, can be implemented in a repeated way in both rural and urban communities. Another market strategy is to use the more accessible urban market as an investment springboard to then reach rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
That is, in any global carbon market it will be essential to verify that emissions are not newly created in order to profit by reducing them. Unfortunately, the temptation to seek bogus allowances is a natural consequence of a global carbon price in a low-cost local economy. In the simplest terms, the fixed price of saving a ton of carbon in those countries is “worth” more hours of labour at a lower wage rate. Thus there will be a category of carbon-saving investments and technologies that are profitable only in developing countries, where the trade-off between carbon and other inputs is more favourable to emissions reductions. The potential for leapfrogging beyond the current technology frontier has been much discussed, but is difficult to achieve.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Figure 1.4 show's a synthesis of how France has implemented each Principle since the 1960s. The authors claim that all of the Principles have been adopted and enforced at varying degrees. In terms of water resources management, the authors identify the need to develop a responsible, capable and empowered authority to manage flood risks, a topic which has gained particular traction with recent floods of the Seine River in Paris and elsewhere in France.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The report also draws on feedback provided by countries during two (inter-)regional workshops on REDD+ and Aichi Biodiversity Targets: in Costa Rica and Cameroon in 2014. The workshops brought together both CBD NFPs and REDD+ experts. Some of the highlighted actions included promoting coherent and joined up planning, sharing lessons learnt and increasing capacity building, and ending perverse incentives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Box 3.1 provides a simple conceptual model of an unconfined aquifer with linked surface water systems to illustrate key aspects and dynamics of the coupled "natural-human system". This simplified model shows: a) that there are multiple flows in groundwater systems, b) that different wells can have different effects, depending on their relative location and depth, and c) that crop irrigation practices may also matter. A simple model of human-natural interactions in an aquifer Figure 3.1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the context of private sector engagement on the environment, this approach involves focusing on the benefits of improving environmental performance such as increased competitiveness, reduced costs and reduced exposure to risks, rather than environmental benefits per se. Overcoming barriers between relevant departments (e.g. environmental department and private sector development department) within development agencies could facilitate the implementation of interdisciplinary approaches, which use the language of the private sector. In other words, approaches should be rooted in an understanding of how development co-operation providers can better address the barriers that companies face in pursuing market opportunities for green technologies, products and services in developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Primary prevention frequently receives more support and hence is more prominent in national drug demand reduction frameworks and programmes. Nonetheless, many primary prevention activities are thought to be based on limited evidence, have limited coverage and be of unknown quality." The value of treating, rehabilitating and socially reintegrating people afFected by drug use disorders (to be discussed later in this chapter) needs greater recognition. D (“What works in drug use prevention?”).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Financial integration is measured by de facto indicators, based on the following arguments: i) de jure legal restrictions on FDI transactions may not adequately reflect actual exposure of countries to international capital markets, and in particular does not distinguish between inward and outward financial transactions, ii) the OECD indicator of legal barriers to FDI is available for a few years only, making it impossible to use it in a time-series context. One important shortcoming associated with de facto measures is the higher risk of endogeneity bias compared with de jure measures, implying the need to interpret associated results with caution. Braconier and Ruiz-Valenzuela (2014), Johansson and Olaberria (2014), OECD (2011b), Koske et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A new structure of initial teacher education was elaborated under the education act of July 2013, and has been in effect since the start of the 2013/14 school year. Within graduate schools of professorship and education (Ecoles sup6rieures du Professoral et de t'Enseignemenl, ESPE), which are integral parts of the universities, the study programmes combine academic subject studies, theoretical pedagogy and practical teaching experience to ensure a progressive start to the teaching profession. Induction programmes still exist, but they are now reduced and included in other in-service teacher training activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Basic skills provide the base for fruitful learning as well as being directly applicable in the labour market. Such problems (often unrecognised) may increase the risk of drop-out, and reduce the prospect of further career development and lifelong learning. Vocational programmes need to give sufficient weight to these skills, and students may often need to be assessed at the point of entry to vocational programmes so as to ensure a basic minimum of skills and identify those in need of targeted support. This is a challenge that Egypt shares with many other countries and international experience might help, for example, when trying to prevent people leaving education before completing compulsory education (Box 5.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Re an Application by the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission for Judicial Review, the Supreme Court made unfavourable comments about Northern Irish abortion legislation in a way which showed complete disregard for elements of civil procedure which are a foundation of proper adjudication within the context of respect for democracy. This was but the latest of a number of cases in which the senior judiciary has made unaccountable procedural innovations furthering judicial supremacy in defiance of the sovereignty of Parliament. In addition to Re Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission, two other of these cases, Simmons v. Castle and R (Miller and another) v. The Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, will be discussed. These cases reveal an effort to create judicial supremacy by means which we are obliged to call surreptitious.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The recent situation in the world shows that cyber-attacks could be one of the most dangerous threats to international peace and security. Offensive operations in cyberspace present unique challenges to the international legal order, which are faced by the international community. While it is consensual that international law applies to cyberspace, the debate about the qualification of cyber-attacks as fundamental crimes under International Criminal Law is still ongoing and has not produced definitive answers. Addressing the implications of transnational cyber threats from the perspective of International Criminal Law will perhaps require a further amendment of the Rome Statute. After briefly illustrating how cyber-attacks are commonly linked in the debate to war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity, a more detailed analysis will be devoted to the admissibility of cyber-attacks as crimes of aggression, this being the crime most recently defined and, perhaps, the most controversial.          Article visualizations:
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This research was done using the deductive method, based on bibliographical research, and aims to answer the question about the importance of public cultural policies, a question that only took place and questionable sense in the dispute between the liberal and communitarian public management models. Once the cultural industry has been established and cultural rights have been recognized in human rights declarations and in national Constitutions, after analyzing these phenomena, it is concluded that public policies for culture are not only important, but even obligatory, because they are Instrument for the realization of cultural rights and updating the demands of citizenship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Therefore adapting policies to the context and characteristics of each region can better address their particular bottlenecks and build upon their strengths. The government recently abandoned the explicit regional policy of the Peaks in the Delta and replaced it by the Enterprise Policy which includes generic policy as well as a policy specifically for innovative sectors in which the Netherlands excels globally rather than on the area-specific strengths of regions. This change was partly driven by the need to priorities resources in a tight fiscal environment brought by the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis and current difficulties in the recovery phase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Despite the shift in the economic structure, agriculture remains a major source of economic growth for the country, the principal source of income for the rural majority, and critical for food security for all Ethiopians. If poverty is to be reduced, and wealth created in ways in which the majority of the population can participate, then agriculture clearly has to be at the heart of any inclusive and green development strategy. More than 70% of crop land is devoted to cereal production, that area having expanded by 27% from 7.0 million hectares in 2003/04 to 9.6 million in 2011/12. More than 11 million smallholders engage in cereal production, with cereal production totalling 18 million tonnes in 2011/12.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
On the other hand, knowledge about assessment (e.g. diagnosis principles, evaluation forms and procedures) is mentioned in only one area, and knowledge of instructional processes is also mostly limited to teaching strategies for diverse classrooms. While there is no reference to any particular scientific discipline, meeting the standards would require knowledge of certain areas of psychology (e.g. child development), educational sociology (e.g. the impact of culture, cultural identity and linguistic background on education) and perhaps more broadly learning sciences (e.g. research into how students learn). Descriptions in this area use active verbs such as plan, set, identify, describe, include, referring to teacher’ actions rather than their knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This third level has been the economic growth engine especially in Finland and Sweden for the past six decades, but is now decreasing in importance due to the ongoing large-scale restructuring of the industry (new pulp and paper facilities being built in the global south rather than north) and digitalization of societies worldwide. One increasingly important business level is renewable energy that is produced from the residues of levels 2, 3 and 4. Both solid biomass (e.g. wood chips and pellets) and liquids (e.g. bio-oil) are used as raw material for bioenergy. This level breaks the confines of traditional industry sectors and makes them part of a larger biobusiness sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This support consists of intensive working sessions with the objective of better targeting the intervention to fit family needs (Government of Chile et al, 2004). This is done through an assessment of seven dimensions (identification, health, education, family dynamic, housing conditions, work and income) according to 53 minimum conditions for quality of life. The assessment provides the basis for the family’s action plan, which is monitored during participation in the programme, and favours access to services which therefore correspond to the specific necessities emerging from the psycho-social support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
First, labour market slack is exceptionally large in many countries and thus outside of most recent experience. Another difficulty in applying historical evidence to the current recovery period is the very different composition that it takes in different countries. Whereas massive labour shedding led to large increases of unemployment and inactivity in some countries, an unusually high share of the total decline of labour input has been achieved through hours reductions in a larger number of countries (cf. The need for vigorous employment growth is evident for the former group of countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Emphasis was placed on improving the technical base of agriculture through preferential leasing of machinery and equipment. A state agency, KazAgroFinance, was created in 1999 to implement this programme. This period was also marked by efforts to create a new system of agricultural and rural credit. The Agrarian Credit Corporation was created in 2001 with the objective to develop a nation-wide network of Credit Partnerships and to act as a wholesale lender to these associations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Moreover, the presence of more adults in a household can facilitate parental employment outside the home, increasing a family’s economic well-being and thereby facilitating additional supports for young children. Yet, households with many people can also become problematic for young children if conditions are crowded, chaotic or unsafe. Crowded household conditions (e.g. more than one person per room in a household) and poor quality housing are adversely associated with early learning outcomes (Coley et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Fish is also the most important source of protein intake in the Indonesian diet (OECD, 2012). All these aspects have led the Government of Indonesia to place a high development priority on the sector in the context of its employment and poverty alleviation strategy. Indonesia is the fourth major fish producer after China, India and Peru, but only the world’s tenth exporter of fish and fish products, with export performances weakening during the last decade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Bangladesh Ministry of Education, 2012). In the late 1980s, the government placed great emphasis on the improvement of the primary education system in an attempt to raise the rate of literacy, a major scheme was undertaken at that time to establish one primary school for every 2,000 people in Bangladesh. Higher education, likewise, has three streams: general (pure and applied science, arts, business and social science), Madrasah, and technology education, which includes agriculture, engineering, medical, textile, leather technology and information and communication technology (ICT) (Bangladesh Ministry of Education, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)