albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
A focus on health outcomes started in 1992 with the government strategy “Health of the Nation” (Department of Health, 1992a), which built on the earlier WHO document, “Health for All by the Year 2000”. Mental illness was included as a key part of this strategy, which set targets to reduce morbidity and mortality due to mental illness, and was followed by implementation strategies in the Mental Illness Key Area Handbooks (Department of Health, 1993, Department of Health, 1994, see also Jenkins, 1994). “ Building Bridges” (Department of Health, 1995) set out the vision for inter-sector liaison around mental health and “The Spectrum of Care” (Department of Health, 1996) set out the range of services and interventions envisaged as part of local services for mentally ill people. The Quality Outcomes Framework (QoF) was introduced in 2004 alongside PbR, as a performance management and incentive payment scheme for General Practitioners (GPs) in England, and includes mental health care indicators (see section 5.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Finally, supply-side constraints to additional private financing include strict pension investment rules and regulatory restrictions such as Basel III and Solvency II, which require more capital allocation for infrastructure (Woetzel et al., In line with this diagnosis, multilateral development banks are stepping in, by establishing joint investment platforms in which they provide technical expertise, capacity-building and financing instruments to increase the supply of “bankable” projects (G20, 2011, UNCTAD, 2018). In many parts of the world, infrastructure investment has declined since the global crisis (Woetzel et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There are currently 355 entities on the list. It includes NGOs, PPPs and networks, multilateral organisations, universities, college or other teaching institution, research institute or other think-thanks. The entities are either conducting research, supporting access and use of ICTs, or financing projects relating to technology transfer, e.g. projects supporting renewable energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To maintain the reliability of the power system to cover the load, a more flexible operation of conventional units is required. In order to properly model the uncertainties of wind power, a scenario grid is constructed based on a cluster analysis of historical data. Figure 7.1A illustrates a simplified scenario grid describing the stochastic wind power generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It aims to increase jute and kenaf production by providing extension services and conducting limited research. It aims to expand the area and production of rubber, palm oil and cashew nut. Programmes are focused on rubber and palm oil breeding through germplasm introduction and clonal trials, primarily at the Applied Research Centre for Perennial Crops.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Researchers in Norway disagree with some of the interpretations made by the DET on the AfL programme and some researchers also disagree about the implementation strategy used by the DET. These mixed signals are challenging for schools. The programme initiated by the Directorate for Education and Training has, to some extent, succeeded in setting up an infrastructure for knowledge development in the teaching profession. School leaders and teachers who have been involved in the project know some of the theoretical literature and research on assessment, and are able to find new literature and build on theories that can give new insights in their daily work with students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To set up the PLU and the carte communale, municipalities must go through a public hearing and cooperative procedure with the central government. When development does not conform to the plan, it can legally be refused connection to infrastructure such as electricity and water grids. Comprehensive land-use planning in France and the Netherlands (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, the paper does not consider the effect of other major mechanisms on education performance. Above all, student education performance is affected by parents’ income levels and the degree of care. Since income inequality is a very important variable in explaining education performance, the empirical analysis needs to include such related variables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Transformation requires attacking the root causes that generate and reproduce economic, social, political and environmental problems and inequities, not merely their symptoms. Which policies would lead to social, economic and ecological justice? It also means that traditional boundaries for classifying countries as developing or developed have to be rethought: when a sustainability lens is applied, all countries are “developing”.4 The new focus of the SDGs on multiple objectives situated in the economic, social and environmental sphere relates well with UNRISD’s social development approach (box 1.1): a holistic approach that emphasizes the integration of economic and social policy while enhancing human rights, gender equality and environmental sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
If low-skilled employees are not exposed to the same range of skill development methods to which high-skilled employees have access, this can affect labour mobility through skill occupations. More detailed analysis of the TSME survey is provided in the associated document OECD (2010). For example the Cedefop survey that was the subject of the previous chapter does not include microfirms within their survey sample.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Moreover, while reuse is thriving under charity-based collection and export systems, recycling options forthe non-reusable share, and especially textile to textile recycling are more restricted (Palm et al., These include pilot projects developing various methods for (chemical) recycling of fibres - e.g. Relooping Fashion in Finland and Re:newcell in Sweden - and R8<D projects on automated sorting of fibres as feed-in to recycling processes - e.g. SIPTex2 and Textile back to Textiles3 (Sweden), Textiles4Textiles (Netherlands) and FIBRESORT (Belgium). Others are system problems related to gathering and sorting sufficient quantities of recyclable used textiles and at the same time not offsetting environmental preferable reuse pathways (Elander & Ljungkvist, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This is particularly the case in agriculture where land is the most immediate asset for many of the poor, as it will constrain the potential for poverty reduction through the rise of small farmers or micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). Thus, securing property rights and ensuring efficient land administration systems are critical factors in enabling pro-poor growth (Byerlee, Diao and Jackson, 2005). In the late 1940s and 1950s, both the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China carried out land reforms through dissolving land elites and conducting large-scale land redistribution. With these reforms, both economies began their high-growth phase in the mid-1960s with a low level of inequality and a Gini coefficient of around 0.30.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Some of these countries have made a clear distinction between small and large farms in their policy design. They are in addition all included in the PSE database which provides information about spending on related policy instruments. After comparing the five countries and analysing how each distributes resources among its programmes, main findings are drawn and policy conclusions are presented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A common error is using "accessibility" and "mobility" interchangeably. Doing so reinforces the development of policies based on indicators focusing on physical movement. The role of land use policies is then overlooked and the bias towards car-oriented policy and planning perpetuated. Central to this is identifying how actions in transport and other relevant sectors can contribute to attaining overall goals by delivering better accessibility. The Agenda's ultimate objective was to facilitate participation in economic activities by vulnerable groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This development has also had a negative impact on the possibilities for students graduating from the University in Akureyri to find relevant employment, graduates who might then choose to leave the area to search for relevant employment elsewhere. According to Adalsteinsdottir this is largely a result of a vast proportion of Icelanders making gendered education and career choices by excluding certain careers as being incompatible with their gender. As a part of this process, some public institutions were moved from the metropolitan area and placed in Akureyri, including "The Office for Wildlife Management" and "the Centre for Gender Equality" (Dahlstrom et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Tax relief for access to homeownership also accounted of a significant share of homeownership support in a number of countries, especially where it was designed as non-means-tested mortgage tax relief - a regressive and distorting measure. This measure alone costed 0.36% of GDP on average in OECD countries, 0.5% of GDP in the United States and a staggering 2.3% of GDP in the Netherlands - well above the amount spent by the country on targeted housing allowances and social housing put together. As a consequence, the reported numbers are a lower-bound estimate and errors are likely to be larger in countries who do not report spending on tax relief for mortgages (see note to Figure 9). In 2009, the government estimated about 400 000 dwellings were sub-standard either because of poor construction material, lack of basic facilities or high overcrowding (OECD, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This ex-ante information could provide the foundation of the post-2020 emissions accounting system. Furthermore, if all major emitters were to provide an estimated range for their GHG emissions in an agreed future year (e.g. 2030), this would facilitate estimations of the future GHG emissions pathway. Information on how the government intends to meet its commitment (e.g. via domestic climate legislation and policies implemented or planned) together with an explanation of its level of ambition given national circumstances could help to further enhance understanding between countries on the actions being taken by others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Indeed, the recent increase in the number of public child care places has contributed to a rise in fertility. Most of the evidence emanates from Nordic countries, where paternal leave entitlements are more generous than in other countries and administrative data enable comparisons of behaviour before and after reform. The effect of paternal leave provisions on fathers child care involvement is rather weak, however, and does not materialise in all countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Targeting procedures are cumbersome both for applicants and for administrators. The presence of large informal sectors, widespread reliance on subsistence agriculture and the inflow of remittances make it difficult to identify households in need based on means-tests. Community-based targeting approaches, as used in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, are prone to unequal interpretation of rules, nepotism, corruption and capturing of benefits by the elite.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The article explores and compares the role of the judiciary in US constitutionalism and European integration. The development of these two legal orders has raised very similar constitutional problems and the purpose of the inquiry is to highlight the similar legal solutions devised by the US Supreme Court and the European Court of Justice. Four aspects have been singled out to show the importance of constitutional adjudication by courts in both experiences: the foundations of judicial review, supremacy of federal/Community law over state legislation, the protection of fundamental rights, and the dialogue among constitutional courts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All tobacco products must cam' health warnings and messages covering at least 50 per cent of the packaging. Smoking in public places and public transport facilities, including outdoor areas, parks and playgrounds, is forbidden. According to the Law, the instruments or equipment used for diagnosis or radiotherapy shall be calibrated and under regular quality control and quality assurance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Nevertheless, the potential gains from increased remote sharing of information could be significant. Nevertheless, there are now several publications highlighting lessons learnt in how to enhance adaptation actions, policies or implementation (e.g. Adaptation Committee, 2014b, LEG 2012b). Further, there is a wide and growing literature highlighting experience with vulnerability assessments, adaptation planning and implementation (e.g. UNFCCC, 2014c, USAID, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Political decentralisation can lead to increased political accountability and transparency, and fiscal decentralisation can improve public spending effectiveness based on the idea that subnational governments have better information on local spending needs and preferences and are better positioned to deliver public goods. Political and fiscal decentralisation while strengthening the role of sub-national governments still require co-operation with national government. Decentralisation can come at a cost, in terms of funding or capacity gaps at the subnational level, in practice it is not about autonomy, but partnerships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Such development itself has to be a collaborative mission of stakeholders from, among others, TVET institutions, government, relevant productive sectors and higher education. The project, that equates quality with sustainability, focuses on development of pedagogies and learning materials for education of various professions engaged in construction. The project learns from and with small and medium companies in the construction sector that are partners in the process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, given the strong and rising incidence of poverty among younger individuals, in particular among families with children, there may now be a case for focusing social expenditures more on these groups than in the past. Raising the distributional impact of social expenditures can be achieved both by optimising the spending mix across different social expenditure items and by improving the targeting of existing benefits to those most in need, including by consolidating overlapping benefits and closing loopholes. Working age is defined as 18-65 years old.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A growing body of analysis has explored how kleptocrats systematically capture and loot their domestic state institutions, but scholars and policy makers have paid less attention to how globalization enables grand corruption, as well as the laundering of kleptocrats' finances and reputations. Shell companies and new forms of international investment, such as luxury real-estate purchases, serve to launder the ill-gotten gains of kleptocrats and disimbed them from their country of origin. Critically, this normalization of "everyday kleptocracy" depends heavily on transnational professional intermediaries: Western public-relations agents, lobbyists and lawyers help to recast kleptocrats as internationally respected businesspeople and philanthropic cosmopolitans. The resulting web of relationships makes up a "transnational uncivil society," which bends global-governance institutions to work in its favor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
What are the structural factors influencing adolescent well-being and care relationships? What sources of support are currently used by parents and adolescents? Aware of the large variation in family structure across the region, we pay particular attention to parenting adolescents within intergenerational or skip generation households, and to contexts in which people perform a parenting role for adolescents who are not their biological children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The governments of the LDCs invest around 3% more on average than other developing countries in education, yet 19 million children in the LDCs still are not enrolled in primary education. Lack of basic education might lead children to miss out on opportunities that, as adults, could allow them to have better jobs and income (UN-OHRLLS, 2016). Basic digital literacy is becoming an essential prerequisite for competitiveness among countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Migrants earn on average six times the monthly income of workers in Tajikistan. In 2006, Tajik households financed around 60 per cent of their consumption with remittance money (World Bank 2009a). The fall in the demand for foreign labour in countries like Russia and Kazakhstan and the concomitant decline in remittances flowing back to the countries of origin was however of rather short duration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Few topics in the social sciences have witnessed as dramatic an increase in scholarly attention over the past two decades as the topic of risk. In this essay we examine sociological approaches to risk in criminological research and theory. After briefly describing the concept of risk in classical and neoclassical criminology, we turn our attention to three emerging social science perspectives on risk, those associated with the scholarship on risk society, edgework, and governmentality. We examine the new directions that these emerging ``risk paradigms'' open for criminological theory and research, including new perspectives on the motivation for criminal risk-taking, the organization of policing and criminal justice systems, and public and political responses to crime. We conclude by reviewing critiques of the scholarship associated with the new risk paradigms and by suggesting promising future directions for criminological research seeking to advance these perspectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The processing of tax returns and the collection of taxes by local bodies is at least ten times less than is required for the efficient management of public services (Asian Development Bank 2008). Although holding taxes account for two thirds of the total tax revenue, they are collected inconsistently, as people have a tendency to evade taxes and the tax administration is not efficient enough to raise a fixed amount of tax regularly. There is no dedicated project targeted towards public health care, in general, and towards urban primary health care, in particular, except the Second Urban Primary Health Care Project. Finally, as a wide variety of functions compete for limited resources, public health receives a lesser allocation (as a lower priority issue).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Although the first half of the 1990s proved to be extremely turbulent and destabilising for the agriculture sector, by the end of that decade macroeconomic stabilisation had been achieved. Agricultural policies were liberalised as part of the overall reform: previous production and supply control systems were dismantled and price interventions scaled down and re-instrumented. Trade policy liberalisation removed ICM export taxes, licensing and quantitative restrictions on agro-food. It also abolished state control of wheat, sugar and ethanol trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While developing young people's skills and activating them are clear public policy objectives, there is less assessment of whether skills are used effectively at work, and less consensus on the role of policy in addressing the issue. The Internet now plays a central role as social media such as Linkedln, Facebook, and Google, and new tools such as applicant tracking systems, mobile recruiting, jobs boards and career pages are increasingly used by employers and job seekers. These new channels for recruitment have opened up opportunities for companies lo inform a much wider pool of potential candidates about job opportunities and careers and for employees to make more informed decisions on finding or changing jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
From the early 1930s through the 1960s, the mainstream press in Tennessee relied on the narrative of anti-communism to oppose the labor and desegregation movements. But by 1965, The Knoxville Journal remained as the only newspaper of eight in the state to continue to prosecute the social changes promised by the Civil Rights Movement in those terms. This study applies James Carey's principle of combining mainstream and journalism history to interpret the social meanings of the news. By focusing coverage of the state legislature's last attempt to investigate alleged communist activity at the locally based Highlander Research and Education Center, this textual analysis of the Journal's coverage from 1965 to 1967 shows how the movement's changes were already inscribed on the state's dominant institutions a year before the movement ended in Memphis. The analysis interprets the negotiation of social change in terms of Anthony Giddens's theory of structuration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As discussed below, some procedures are performed very infrequently in Kazakhstan, implying that access to them is likely to be uneven. Referred patients have a higher likelihood of being admitted (82%) than those who arrive by ambulance (56%) or through self-referral (49%). The most common reason for patients being refused admission (including those with referrals) is lack of medical necessity. Unplanned procedures also represent the bulk of surgical activity in most Kazakh hospitals. Unplanned admissions occupy beds intended for planned activities, can lead to the postponement of necessary care, thereby becoming in effect a barrier to access. While waiting times appear short, given the low volumes of surgical procedures performed, comparisons should be made with caution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In particular, developers must pay a one-off tax. For example, in 2009 the water company Aguas de Algarve paid EUR 6 million into the fund to offset the Odelouca dam’s negative impact on the habitat of the Iberian lynx. It will be used to finance ex situ protection through the creation of a reproduction centre.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Household-level data measure the total income women and men can potentially use for their consumption. In Figure 4.8, a simple indication of gender disparities in household income is obtained by comparing the proportion of women and men living in poor households. Poor households are defined in Figure 4.8 as those having an equivalised total income (i.e. before deduction of taxes) below 60% of the national median.13 Women are over-represented in poor households in almost all OECD countries. Only in Denmark, Ireland and Mexico is the gender difference in this measure negligible, while in some countries such as Austria, Slovenia, Italy and Chile and United States the gap is significant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
State Electricity Boards own around 50% of total installed capacity. Public companies owned by the central government, including the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) and the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. (NPCI) control around 34% of India's total capacity. The eastern and north-eastern regions, traditionally the poorest regions in terms of GDP per capita (Figure 7) have also much less installed capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)