albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This article documents the life-cycle of the National Green Tribunal of India (NGT). The NGT is officially described as a “specialised body equipped with necessary expertise to handle environmental disputes involving multi-disciplinary issues”—a forum offering greater plurality for environmental justice. Its international and national recognition promotes it as an exemplar for developing nations. The change management theory underpinning the paper is drawn from the work of Kurt Lewin and Edgar Schein, thereby allowing the analysis of competing internal and external forces affecting the NGT. There is a transmigration of theory and its application from one discipline to another social science: business psychology and management to law. The article identifies and addresses the crisis, and analyses the reasons and actions of the principal actors or forces interested in supporting the NGT and, on the other hand, those who are concerned, challenged, and affected by its growth, activities, and popularity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, in humid agriculture regions that expect to face future shortages, such as part of the United Kingdom, there may be some benefit to design supplemental irrigation schemes (Rey et al., The US Department of Agriculture has developed “climate hubs” (Box 4.1), or regional agencies covering specific agro-climatic regions, with the goal of assessing and responding to locally-specific agriculture or forest production vulnerability (USDA, 2016). A similar approach, focusing on irrigation vulnerability on the water supply side, has been conducted in Korea (Nam et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This course of action remains, of course, within the money-metric approach itself. This involves a rejection of targeting the poor, in favour of profiling and addressing deprivations for the entire population in each of a wider range of specific dimensions of well-being. The monetary approach assumes that all dimensions can be measured and accessed in money terms. It is then assumed that if a household has enough money to procure its basic needs, it is up to that household to make its own consumption choices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Thus, women using traditional contraceptive methods, tend to have a high chance of unplanned pregnancy. In particular, stronger son-preference in rural areas due to several social obligations is also one of the prominent causes of induced abortion (Guilmoto, 2009). Those who had strong desire for son are more likely to seek a sex-selective abortion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The ageing of the forest also increases the risk of infestation by insects and other parasites. Insect attacks have affected 8 800 m3 of beech stands in Oesling and 3 750 m3 in Gutland, adding to the damage caused by overabundant populations of game, whose browsing has affected 5% of mature trees and 66% of replanting. The national forest inventory, conducted in 2000, found that the equivalent of only 14% of the country’s annual C02 emissions (1 250 0001.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Recent moves to address shortcomings, for example by introducing more psychologists, psychological therapies and internet-based therapies, indicate that Norway is among the countries that are leaders in driving effective and innovative mental health care. In terms of collecting indicators of mental health care quality Norway is also making impressive progress in many respects. This chapter explores ways that Norway can build on progress that has been made, and areas of great strength within the system - for example the very impressive service user movement, and a growing data information system - and bring further improvements to the quality of mental health care. There are opportunities for Norway to further strengthen data collection and to use data to help drive improvements in outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
From an economic viewpoint, SMRs have higher specific investment costs and, consequently, higher LCOE than larger nuclear units (Boarin, 2012). However, SMRs have the advantages of shorter construction times, much smaller upfront capital investments and greater financing flexibility. Thus, the utilities have the opportunity to increase progressively the nuclear capacity and to postpone or suspend investments in response to changing market conditions. Together, those characteristics results in smaller financial risk, making such reactors potentially attractive to private investors and to countries initiating a nuclear programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They found that ownership structure influences transparency. Publicly listed companies tend to be somewhat more advanced in CR reporting in comparison to other types of ownership structures. Of the 100 companies per country, 69%of publicly traded companies conduct CR reporting, compared to just 36% of family-owned enterprises and close to 45% for both cooperatives and companies owned by professional investors such as private equity firms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Refer to: www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/climate/about/ climate-change-affect-regions. A changing climate presents both challenges and opportunities for land-based sectors. The programme funds research and technology transfer, www.maf.govt.nz/environment-natural-resources/climate-change/impacts-and-adapting-to-climate-change.aspx.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Beginning in the mid-1960s, the support schemes were expanded as the sector went through successive periods of falling incomes. On the eve of the reforms. New Zealand producers received price supports for key export commodities, credit and tax concessions, input subsidies, and direct income payments, along with periodic recourse to exchange rate adjustments to support agricultural exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For enterprises with old machinery, the adoption of a reduced-tillage system typically requires the replacement of outdated seeders with newer units designed to accommodate the technology, this can be prohibitively expensive for small enterprises or family farms (USDA, 2010a). Moisture-saving technologies were applied on 11.7 million hectares sown to grains in 2011, or 72% of the total. This compares to 1.1 million hectares and 8% in 2003.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Supported by sound government policies, meaningful partnerships, and a shared commitment from consumers and society, we believe reductions in harmful alcohol consumption around the world can be achieved. Where they are too narrowly focused on a compliance agenda, policies can miss the opportunity to make the most of these win-wins. Well-framed regulations -such as on human rights including labour rights, health and safety and environmental regulation - are of course vital. Good policies in these areas, implemented consistently and predictably, are in businesses’ interests as well as everyone else’s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Another key element is the ability to integrate existing ethanol plants with other operations, specifically utilising thermochemical conversion of all biomass sources or utilising integrated digester to produce biogas and biogas-derived products. Biorefinery strategies are best optimised when field feedstock research on yield, crop quality and biomass cost is coordinated with biorefinery strategies (Orts and McMahan, 2016). It contains significant quantities of food waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Large-scale irrigation schemes (more than 1 000 ha) are managed by state organisations. Small-scale systems are managed by local water management bodies which are financially autonomous. The first rural water user associations were established in 1996, and currently there operate 300 such associations covering 42% of all irrigated lands. Private forms of water service (delivery and management) are not developed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
ABSTRACTThe rise of the BRICS countries – Brazil, Russia, China, India, and South Africa – has called into question the future of Western dominance in world markets and geopolitics. However, the developmental trajectories of the BRICS countries are shot through with socio-economic fault lines that relegate large numbers of people to the margins of current growth processes, where life is characterized by multiple and overlapping vulnerabilities. These socio-economic fault lines have, in turn, given rise to political convulsions across the BRICS countries, ranging from single-issue protests to sustained social movements oriented towards structural transformation. This article presents an innovative theoretical framework for theorizing the emerging political economy of development in the BRICS countries centred on neo-liberalization, precarity, and popular struggles. It discusses the contributions to this special issue in terms of how they illuminate the intersection between neo-liberalization, precarity, an...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If these were excluded, young women (25-34 age cohort) are actually more likely to complete both secondary and tertiary education than their male counterparts (OECD, 2011c). If the trend continues, there will be an average of 1.4 female students for every male by 2025, and almost twice as many women in tertiary education in Austria, Canada, Iceland, Norway, and the United Kingdom (Table II.A2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Forty-three percent of 25-34 year-olds have attained secondary education (compared to the OECD average of 82%) and 19% have attained tertiary education (compared to the OECD average of 39%). Turkey has made significant improvement in PISA assessments in mathematics (from 2003-09) and science (from 2006-09), but remains one of the lowest performers among OECD countries in reading, mathematics and science, and the proportion of 15-year-olds who underperformed on the PISA 2009 reading assessment is above the OECD average (Figure 3). The impact of students' socio-economic status on performance and the difference in academic performance between boys and girls are both higher than the OECD average (see Annex B). About 12% of 3-4 year-olds and 67% of 5-year-olds (the typical starting age) are enrolled in pre-primary education. In Turkey, the majority of women with at least one child between 3 and 5 years old do not participate in the labour market (21.4% are employed compared to the OECD average of 64.3%, 2009). To ensure higher upper secondary completion rates, Turkey has increased compulsory schooling from 8 to 12 years, with a starting age of 5.5 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It can also confront us with some difficult choices between policies that may be good for growth but not for well-being. One of the most important is education, which is key to determining each individual’s life chances. That’s why education policy needs to address the needs of young people from pre-school to university, ensuring they get the best start in life and the support they need throughout their education. That’s why policy must work to ensure workers have the training they need and that workers can make the best use of their talents in the workforce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, despite the large differences observed, most of the estimations available indicate that nuclear risk is expected to be low, and therefore the residual risk is expected to be even lower. Available estimates of accident consequences and associated external costs are subject to large uncertainties and are inherently conservative. Consequence analysis is limited to a subset of accidents (only severe accidents are considered), is based on incomplete information and accounts only for a limited subset of possible losses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
From an emissions accounting perspective, this lack of information would increase the degree of uncertainty associated with future global GHG emissions levels. However, it may be necessary in order to maximise country participation in the process. While climate change is undoubtedly a complex issue, there is little value in producing a new agreement that few people can understand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Depending on the country context, ethnicity, religion and language may reflect equivalent characteristics and may not therefore all be needed. Ethnicity can be measured using a variety of concepts, including ethnic ancestry or origin, ethnic identity, cultural origins, nationality, race, colour, minority status, tribe, caste, language and religion, or a combination of these concepts. Because of interpretative difficulties that can occur, it is important that the basic criteria used to measure concepts are clearly explained to interviewers and respondents. The method and the format of the questions used to measure ethnicity can influence the choices that respondents make regarding their ethnic background and ethnic identification. Because of the subjective nature of concepts and increasing intermarriage among groups in some countries, information on ethnicity must be acquired directly from respondents (as opposed to interviewers making that assessment based on personal appearance) and respondents must have the option of indicating multiple ethnic affiliations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In light of the tenth anniversary of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, body scanning as an airport security measure has been much featured in the press. Political parties, non-governmental organisations and civil liberties groups have raised concerns over the use of such equipment, underlining potential health risks and abuse of human rights. In response to such concerns, this chapter employs discourse and content analysis to investigate how British broadsheet media texts in particular report, question and/or justify airport security measures, and full body scanning to be exact. Analysing media texts is particularly important where terrorism is concerned, not least because such coverage itself ‘helps define the meaning of terrorist acts’ (Papacharissi and Oliveira 2008:55), also revealing such acts’ underlying reasoning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Projects aimed at reducing travel distances and thus increasing residential and employment density, accompanied by adequate mobility planning and transit supply, can be effective in decreasing the demand for transport as well as stimulating modal split toward less polluting modes. A number of empirical (mainly economic) studies confirm the positive effect of denser urban form on reducing travel distance per capita (e.g., Boamet and Sarmiento, 1999, Bento et al., As mentioned in the first section, building-related energy use accounts for approximately 24% of overall domestic energy demand, taking into account the building’s life cycle (construction, operation and demolition).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The number of urban residents in the developing world living in slum conditions was estimated at 863 million in 2012, compared to 650 million in 1990 and 760 million in 2000. Stronger, more focused efforts are needed to improve the lives of the urban poor in cities and metropolises across the developing world. However, in other countries, particularly those affected by conflict, slum prevalence remains very high and the proportion of urban residents living in slums increased from 2000 to 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Likewise, supply information including land and water areas, recreational services and facilities are not gathered systematically in municipalities. In principle the two databases LIPAS and VIRGIS could be good sources of supply information if they were developed to cover all municipality recreation areas and services, privately owned recreation services and also recreational areas and services on state-owned areas. Currently, these databases are not systematically updated to an extent that they would cover recreation supply information across the whole country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A survey by the World Customs Organization (WCO) found that 53 per cent of respondent countries already had such a system in place. The best solutions are not yet clear and are subject to ongoing efforts and discussions, for instance in the WCO's Working Group on E-Commerce. Preliminary experience with SPS e-certificates indicates that transitioning to automated certification systems can reduce the time spent on processing and transmitting data, leading to increased exports and private sector savings (see Box C.5). Electronic certification can also decrease incidences of fraudulent certificates and increase transparency, strengthening trust among trading partners and connections along the value chain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The paper claims that, despite the rhetoric of its justices, the social permeability of the Brazilian Supreme Court is selective: access to the court is provided to certain social groups, but not to others. The social selectivity of the court operates through formal and informal mechanisms based on procedural rules that are seemingly neutral. The article analyzes two of such mechanisms that are barely (or not at all) addressed by existing scholarship: the restrictive case law on standing to bring abstract constitutional review challenges, and the practice of informal private hearings between attorneys, parties, and justices, known as  despachos . The paper argues that the unequal distribution of access to the court goes against the ideas of access to justice, equality, democracy and the rule of law itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is believed to result in a stronger identification with management goals. Summing up a vast array of literature on the subject, Campos et al. ( In this manner, visitors will be directly involved in creating and choreographing their activities from one moment to the next. Co-creative interaction has recently been studied in many specific tourism contexts, such as vacation packages (Raikkonen and Honkanen, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The principal market data, maximum, minimum and yearly average prices, hourly volatility as well as hours with negative prices are reported in Table 3.4. The period analysed has been characterised by a large variability in electricity prices, driven by large changes in the raw material prices, the introduction in Europe of a carbon pricing mechanism and by large variations in the demand curve due to the economical crisis of 2008-2009. As expected, hourly intraday prices show even higher volatility, with prices that exceeded EUR 1000/MWh and negative prices as low as EUR -500/MWh.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
At average wage levels, labour taxes seem to be shared between higher labour costs and lower take-home pay, although the relative magnitude of these effects varies significantly across countries (OECD, 2007). Hence, compared with most OECD countries, the overall effect of social contributions/the tax wedge on the labour market is likely to be much more important for the composition of employment rather than for the overall employment level - other things being equal, the higher the tax wedge, the higher the share of informal employment. Figure 2.15 shows an augmented tax wedge which, in addition to the taxes and social contributions, also includes those compulsory payments made to private programmes (such as pension funds in Chile and Mexico, unemployment accounts in Chile and housing fund in Mexico).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These elements typically differ from one country to another. If RE deployment were required to achieve the short-term C02 objectives [i.e. if no cheaper options were left out), having a specific RE incentive could help keep the C02 and electricity prices lower, and their macro-economic effect less important. As the modelling by Bohringen and Rosendhal suggests, this is probably not the case today.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, if young people fail to acquire strong foundation skills (Challenge 1) they run an increased risk of dropping-out from school (Challenge 2), relying on social benefits (Challenge 4) and having poor job market outcomes (Challenge 5). Even when they do find a job, their lack of foundation skills may dissuade their employers from investing in their training (Challenge 7). In short, no skills challenge exists in isolation — each one is affected by, and impacts upon, others within and across the three pillars.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The use of such diverse sources, however, brings with it an extra responsibility for the author teams in ensuring the quality and validity of cited sources and information. In general, newspapers and magazines, blogs, social networking sites and broadcast media are not acceptable sources of information for the reports. Personal communications providing scientific results are also not acceptable sources. Such materials will need to be made available for the review process and their sources identified in the report to ensure that appropriate knowledge and data safeguards are in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In addition, over longer periods of time, the proportion of individuals who experience at least one spell during which family incomes fall below minimum-income thresholds will be higher still (see Section 2.2). Finally, non-take-up rates are commonly found to be particularly high for means-tested benefits. Behavioural requirements and other barriers (such as the perceived burden of filing an application) exclude some of those who would otherwise be entitled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Water entitlements (allocations) can be traded, within season, seasonally or permanently, or where the market is regulated the regulator can set the price, price limits, and serve as a broker, for example, to facilitate market operation. The market price of the entitlements to receive water, is a price for allocating water and a price to determine the share of the water available. This is asymmetric in terms of water management and may be deleterious to the small irrigators, who must cover the full supply costs for water supplies. At the same time, farms within the major irrigation schemes (“superior” farms) are legally restricted to cereal production, while farmers operating under smaller irrigation schemes are not so constrained in their production options (Nickum and Ogura, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article examines political corruption and political party financing in multiparty Kenya. It uses the Goldenberg and Anglo-Leasing mega-scandals to demonstrate the existence of political corruption, particularly campaign financing, arguing that it has increased under multiparty rule and affected the nature of governance. It has adversely affected political participation and competition, the rule of law, transparency and accountability. Illegal funds to finance the Kenya African National Union's elections in the 1990s were raised through the Goldenberg Affair, whereas those aimed at financing the National Rainbow Coalition's elections in December 2007 were to be raised through the Anglo-Leasing scandal. Corrupt campaign financing, therefore, poses a threat to democracy in the country. The democratic space created and expanded by multipartyism has, however, provided new opportunities for waging the war against corruption. It is in the context of these arguments that the conclusion raises broader issues for corruption and democracy in Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is also possible to automate penalty payments if the project development does not meet previously agreed conditions. Additionally, implemented insurance contracts can be mapped to external events triggering the predefined actions when meeting certain conditions. For emerging economies, the importance of stable electricity infrastructure and access to the internet from both a platform provider as well as an end user perspective should be emphasised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)