albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Using the case of Cobalt, a former silver mining town in Northern Ontario, Canada, we trace the transition from social funding as a feature of the welfare state to social funding based on application, adjudication and award. We identify a process in the community development arena, whereby local governments, community organizations and community members are increasingly enmeshed in the bureaucratic and socially disengaging processes of proposal-writing. Cobalters regard aspects of this downward deflection of the locus of economic responsibility as fairer, and more transparent, than the previous funding regime. We show how a local moral economy and understanding of citizenship based on an ethic of caring has contributed, in a counterintuitive way, to an interim outcome of more public services. At the same time, the current pursuit of development funds via proposal is undermining the practices of civic engagement which have allowed the town to remain distinct for the past century.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition to being reluctant to lend to an emerging sector such as clean energy, commercial banks can also face limits on how much they can lend to the power sector. In India for example, most banks can lend a maximum of 15% of their loan portfolio to the power sector (Pearson, 2012). In such circumstances, special provisions need to be introduced into banking regulation to promote clean energy projects, for instance, by differentiating the cap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Such positions define who should provide care, for whom it should be provided, who should bear which costs, and what institutions, economic structures, gender norms and public policies should intervene in their design and implementation.118 Actors adopting a social justice perspective take a rights-based approach to care provision. They emphasize gender, class and race inequalities in care provision and in who benefits from care. They point out that these inequalities hinder women’s enjoyment of their human rights119 and deepen already existing inequalities among care receivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The agreements must have been concluded with a reservation for subsequent legal actions as well as approval by the government and, where relevant, the parliament. On 4 January 2016, ID checks were introduced for all train, bus and boat passengers traveling from Denmark to Sweden. On the same day, the Danish Prime Minister announced that Denmark would introduce temporary border checks for those travelling from Germany to Denmark. Until then, transport companies were responsible for checking the identity of passengers while they were still on Danish soil. Train passengers were therefore required to change trains at Copenhagen Airport and go through the identity checkpoint. Likewise, HH Ferries had introduced ID checks of all passengers travelling to Helsingborg at the ferry port in Helsingor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As an industry, it often competes for prime real estate and juxtaposes visitors with different cultural practices and values to host communities, with consequent negative influences. Their economies and progress in development have been the subject of intense scrutiny, as a result of limitations in topographic character, vulnerability to natural disasters, climate changes and related impacts, threats to biological diversity, especially in coastal and marine areas, consumption of scarce natural resources, declining traditional productive sectors, poverty, and their reliance on the travel and tourism industry for economic performance. Large island nations comprising Papua New Guinea, Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Guinea Bissau and those located in Central/South America (Suriname, Guyana, Belize) make up the SIDS grouping with geographic areas in excess of 25,000 km2. There is significant variability in GDP per capita, as indicated in figure 8.3, with many of the more developed tourist economies such as Aruba, Singapore, US Virgin Islands (USVI) and the Bahamas, showing higher levels of prosperity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The framework was reviewed at a key development stage by an extended QEG membership for a range of perspectives related to world regions, country characteristics and types of schools. The author would, therefore, like to acknowledge the review work kindly contributed by Elsebeth Aller, Sarah Howie, Magdalena Mok, Susan Seeber, and Sandy Taut. Julie Belanger and Megan Sim provided important inputs and recommendations from the perspective of the TALIS Starting Strong Survey, TALIS’s sibling project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Their average size is relatively small (Panel D), and the number of small hospitals is high, despite their relatively lower efficiency and fewer innovative practices (Gobillon and Milcent, 2013 and 2016). According to OECD evidence, the average costs of some surgical acts are 23% higher than in other European countries (Koechlin et al., As in many other OECD countries (OECD, 2016c) and in line with OECD recommendations (OECD, 2000), a diagnosis-related group (DRG) payment scheme was phased in during 2004-08, replacing the previous system of global grants and daily allowances. It is complemented by volume-based payments, such as fees for emergency services or the use of innovative treatments, and add-on payments, such as investments for teaching, research and innovation, the maintenance of emergency units, prevention and treating risky and low-income patients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Gender-balanced leadership and gender-responsive policy making are more likely to ensure that the benefits of growth are shared equally. Women’s full involvement in decision-making and agenda-setting are crucial for adequately reflecting the priorities and needs of all members of society. It also contributes to generate greater trust of citizens in public institutions. Women’s participation has been increasing in middle/senior management levels in many OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Australia, Japan and New Zealand are also excluded for statistics by educational attainment. For example, the overall employment rate for the working-age population declined by 2.2 percentage points and 86% of this jobs gap took the form of higher unemployment since the fall in the labour force participation rate was just 0.3 percentage points.12 However, there are some interesting differences in how participation rates of different groups have evolved, with youth having been especially prone to withdraw from the labour market, while participation rates have risen for women and older workers. Data are not seasonally adjusted Source: OECD estimates based on national labour force surveys. Not surprisingly in view of the dynamics of unemployment, Figure 1.6 shows that long-term unemployment (UR1) was substantially slower to begin increasing during the recession than overall unemployment and the broader measures of slack, but that the rise continued through 2010Q4, even after the other measures had peaked in 2010Q1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Thus, these different estimates make it challenging to establish an aggregate overview of climate finance provided and mobilised in the UNFCCC context. However in order to enable and enhance clarity and transparency in reporting on climate finance flows, support and effect thereof it is important to encourage information sharing from a relevant and verified sources, including those outside the UNFCCC context. For systems still under development (e.g. TOSSD), it is too soon to assess whether they will be able to identify “climate” finance, or finance that has been mobilised by developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Additional control variables are included: GDP (log), religious, CEDAW date of ratification, religious, female average education, civil liberties and regional dummies. ***, **, Standard errors are in parentheses. Table 8 considers the simultaneous estimation of equations (1) and (2).20 Controlling for potential simultaneities confirms the previous results: the differential in discriminatory social institutions between the sending and the receiving countries is an additional determinant of migration, while migration is an agent of change regarding gender inequality in opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Both theorists and practitioners continue to show interest in transatlantic burden sharing. International security and political economy scholarship offers plausible explanations for transatlantic imbalances in military expenditures. However, NATO Allies and EU Member States have pledged to one another to allocate resources in particular ways within defense budgets, a behavior that extant scholarship does not fully address. I argue that fiscal rules and attendant sanctions dampen the kind of defense spending NATO and EU strategists seek: governments respond to fiscal strain buy reducing defense expenditures, and by shifting existing defense resources to personnel, and away from equipment or other expenditures. I find evidence in support of this argument by using age dependency ratios, education levels, and banking shocks in the states in question as instruments for fiscal rules and fiscal sanctions. This phenomenon puts important transatlantic strategic initiatives, namely NATO’s Wales pledge on defense investment, at risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The package relies primarily on economic instruments, but incorporates social components and promotes active citizen participation. Rebuilding state capacities and maintaining a universal and effective social policy regime will be essential for safeguarding Costa Rica’s success and to support further transformative change toward a low-carbon economy. But as with other conceptual innovations that gain policy traction, such as the sustainable development concept itself, certain interpretations of resilience risk diluting the concept and adjusting it to business as usual, rather than catalysing much needed transformative change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They broadly state that excess electricity generated by Kyrgyzstan in summer will be purchased in equal amounts by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. These countries, in turn, will provide an equivalent supply of electricity and fuel for the winter needs of Kyrgyzstan. Phase 1 foresees replacement of the electrical mechanical equipment of the plant). Phase 2 will replace the second and fourth turbine-generator units.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Source: OECD estimates based on the OECD Economic Outlook Database. Figure 1.15 examines the association between the increase in general government expenditures and general government social security payments (relative to 2007 GDP levels) on the one hand, and changes in real GDP and total number of hours worked, on the other. Between 2007 and 2009, there was no significant correlation between the change in GDP and the changes in either total general government expenditures or social security benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
First, it outlines with what might be expected, drawing on the Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), and past experience. Secondly, the chapter considers implications of changes in fish stock productivity and, finally, considers the consequences of changed stock migration or habitat location and what this means for stocks shared between two or more countries and those partly or wholly found on the high seas. However, global warming will add two complications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Audit regulations are also in place. Both ANEP’s internal audit and the external control by the Court of Auditors have standardised procedures to periodically assess ANEP’s compliance with existing laws and regulations. However, a number of challenges arise in monitoring and making transparent the use of financial resources. First, the analysis of the impact of financial resources on educational achievement (or education objectives) is not common with audits mostly concentrating on compliance with existing laws and regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This sector-led approach to school improvement was of benefit not only to the recipient schools but also to home schools since the partnership relationships created an enhanced environment for reflection on school effectiveness. However, as Baars et al. ( In particular, local and national leaders of education as consultant leaders needed very careful selection, training and quality assurance, as there is no guarantee that a good principal will make for a good consultant leader.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Following the resolution of the Gibson Guitar case in 2012 (US Department of Justice, 2012), a new dispute arose affecting the company Lumber Liquidators. Offices of Lumber Liquidators were raided in September 2013, based on allegations of links to illegal logging activities. In April 2015 it was announced that the US Justice Department was seeking criminal charges against the company under the Lacey Act (AP, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Once it has been approved, the Biodiversity Directorate issues an MO declaring how many animals of each species may be hunted and grants the corresponding number of permits. The tagging is done twice - by the Biodiversity Directorate with the CITES tags and by the General Directorate for Forests with its own tagging system for all the species to be hunted (not necessarily CITES-protected species). The number of the tag is placed on the CITES permit to be provided to the hunter for identification purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Evidence demonstrates that when a critical mass of women participates in decision-making, their contributions and needs are more likely to be recognized and addressed. Even though attention has largely focused on women's leadership and participation in national parliaments, there is a pressing need to realize women’s leadership throughout the daily lives of all Africans - in the home, in the economy and markets, and in society as broadly defined. Reducing inequalities in access to health and education, in addition to giving women greater choice in family decisionmaking, can have significant benefits for women and important inter-generational benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Human rights issues are closely connected to a range of political processes, from democracy and conflict resolution to judicial accountability and terrorism. Despite the dramatic growth of the human rights field in recent years, however, it remains unclear how much the subject has influenced political science scholarship. I assess this question by examining broad publishing trends, namely human rights articles in the discipline's leading journals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Rural centres of excellence, France France’s rural centres of excellence programme were inspired by the idea of competitive urban clusters. Projects under this program are awarded State funding for economic development projects in rural areas that involve a partnership between local authorities and private firms. This program was created to support the 2005 law on the development of rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Abstract There has been considerable debate about the delegation of power to international organizations, but few studies compare national public administrations with international organizations. In the meantime, international and national bureaucrats are important actors in world politics since they represent states in the international arena. Sometimes executive agents attempt to bypass control by member states and to overreach their delegated authority (agency slack), while at other times they do not. How and under what conditions do agents engage in slack? To answer this question, the article builds on principal–agent theories by comparing different forms of power delegation at the national and international levels. It argues that the institutional design of delegation contract and oversight mechanisms have an impact on the extent of agency slack. In developing this argument, it compares the delegation of power from the legislature (the US Congress) to a national public administration (the United Stat...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
See the section on “Data Quality" in Chapter 1 for a description of the quality criteria. First, however, to give an idea of how the position of both women and men has improved in absolute terms over the past 100 years, statistics on average women and men in the 1900s, 1950s and 2000s are provided in Figure 12.1. These estimates are population-weighted averages covering at least 40% of the world’s population, where missing countries are imputed to alleviate a bias against developing countries for which less statistical material is available. By the 1950s, however, she could expect to live 12 years longer and would marry just before her 20th birthday.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Farmers were provided with subsidised inputs (high-yielding seeds, fertilisers and pesticides) and concessional credits, and supported with extension services and upgraded irrigation systems. The increase in government revenue resulting from the rise in oil prices during the 1970s made all this possible. Extension services went through a variety of restructuring phases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In particular, while commitments expressed relative to BAU levels can enable a government to commit to reduce emissions without taking on an absolute emissions reduction target, these types of commitments pose particular challenges for emissions accounting. This is because the hypothetical nature of BAU baselines and the possibility of baseline revisions constitute significant additional sources of uncertainty regarding the future target level of GHG emissions. If some post-2020 commitments are expressed relative to BAU baselines, they would need to be accompanied by detailed information on the underlying BAU baseline projection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Global production of biofuels has grown substantially in the last ten years, primarily due to renewable energy mandates and other government policies. Between 2005 and 2007, when oil prices were rising and global food prices began to increase rapidly, the use of cereals (wheat and coarse grains) for biofuels production grew by 80%. The absolute increase (41 Mt) during that period accounted for about 50% of the overall increase of cereals use (81 Mt).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This paper contributes to the growing literature on anti-corruption accountability by comparing individual decision making under different norms and institutions. Employing an experimental methodology, I examine how the propensity to report corruption differs between Northern and Southern Italians, two groups that experience very different levels of corruption in everyday life. Further, the experiment measures behavior under two different institutional environments: a "strict enforcement" condition where reports always result in sanctions against perpetrators, and a "lax enforcement" condition where 50% of reports are ignored. I find no difference in the behavior of Northern and Southern Italians in the lax enforcement condition, but in the strict enforcement condition, Southerners are much more likely to denounce wrongdoing, while the behavior of Northerners remains unchanged. These results demonstrate that exposure to corruption may strengthen accountability norms, but only in the presence of highquality enforcement institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Each sub-region is given a weight ranging from 1 to 5 for every indicator, with the numbers representing increasing level of performance. There are, however, huge variations in the levels of participation for each activity per region. For example, while participatory budgetary scores least in the Australia and New Zealand subregion (1/5), it is quite common in the LAC subregion (3.05/5). Results show that 48 per cent of the cities (107) engaged civil society prior to the three processes, 34 per cent (75 cities) did not engage civil society in any of the process and 18 per cent (39 cities) engaged them in at least one process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In many cases, floodplains do not just affect flood risk, but have additional outcomes in terms of biodiversity and landscape. Not only would these elements be usefully included in cost-benefit analysis, but also in the design of agri-environmental policy tools targeting a bundle of environmental goods. This raises the issue of additionality of ecosystem services and potential stacking of ecosystem services payments, on which the OECD has recently devoted work (Lankoski et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
More recently, it was developed in a series of studies undertaken for UNCTAD (Cottier, 2006a, and Cottier and Baracol-Pinhao, 2008). In the first instance, members would have to do some scoping. They may opt to implement the entire range of activities and sectors under the Kyoto Protocol, including electricity generation, transport and industrial processes, or they may agree on a particular sector to be taken as an initial target, e.g. electricity generation. For instance, renewable energy obligations for electricity imposed on grid operators and retailers constitute commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and may be specified in their schedules accordingly.42 A potential overlap with certain aspects of GATS negotiations on energy services is not without problems, in particular with respect to the scheduling of commitments. Traditionally, the industry has not distinguished between energy-related goods and services. In ofher words, an energy-neutral classification can always be made energy-based in a schedule of commitments of a member.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In 2000, countries located in Europe and Central Asia were the dominant partners taking more than 53% of Brazil’s agricultural exports. East Asia and the Pacific was a distant second destination, accounting for about 15% of Brazil’s agricultural exports. By 2013, countries in East Asia and Pacific bought almost 40% of Brazil’s agricultural goods, while countries in Europe and Central Asia took 27% (Figure 2.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
European Union, and criminal, laws had been interacting in many ways even before explicit competence in criminal matters was acquired by the Union in the Treaty of Maastricht. Such intersections between supranational and national provisions have frequently been handled by the CJEU. In the main, the intervention of the Court is triggered by Member States' recourse to penal sanctions in situations covered by EU law. In such cases, the CJEU is called upon to strike a complicated balance: it has to deal with Member States' claims of competence in criminal law, whilst ensuring that that power is used consistently with EU law. By making reference to selected cases, this paper highlights the impact that principles established in the context of the fundamental freedoms can have on EU criminal law. © 2016. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At age 16, students sit for the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) examinations - the equivalent of General Certificate of Education (GCE) O-Levels. At around the age of 18, those students who continue at school can sit for the Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examinations (equivalent to GCE A-Level), also set by the Council. A strong emphasis on education has resulted in a national literacy rate of around 98 per cent, which is one of the highest in the world (Barbados Education, 2012). Education is promoted nationally as a lifelong activity which seeks to produce culturally-based, technologically-driven, diverse and dynamic outcomes for all of its citizens. The University of the West Indies (UWI), which has a high reputation for its standards, operates three campuses in the Caribbean, with the Cave Hill Campus located in Barbados.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)