albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Impact evaluation focuses on disentangling the effects attributable to a particular policy intervention (e.g. protected areas) on an outcome variable (e.g. deforestation) from broader changes in a region (e.g. widespread development or government policies) (Ahmadia, 2015). More generally, according to one source, the resources currently allocated to monitoring and evaluation — on average, less than 5% of a conservation project’s budget — do not come close to what is needed to satisfy the increasing demand from policymakers for more and higher-quality evidence on the impacts of conservation and development interventions (McKinnon et al., This involves the main impacts and effects resulting from the activity on the local social, economic, environmental and other development indicators.” (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It puts women’s health and lives at risk and is a violation of their rights and a manifestation of gender discrimination. Some countries have introduced legislation banning the practice (for example Djibouti and Egypt) but the law faces entrenched social norms and is not always implemented. Some interviewees also reported new types of violence and harassment such as Internet and mobile telephone stalking. Such conduct can be humiliating and may constitute a health and safety problem, it is discriminatory when the woman has reasonable ground to believe that her objection would disadvantage her in connection with her employment, including recruitment or promotion, or when it creates a hostile working environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The smallest proportions are found in Costa Rica and Uruguay, although in each case informality encompasses just over one third of all non-agricultural workers. This highlights the fact that, despite the decision adopted by ILO members to abolish this type of practice, there is still a lack of protection for children and adolescents, especially in Guatemala, Paraguay, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Peru. Firstly, wage discrimination in employment between women and men is illustrated by the ratio between the average pay of women and men, which averages 86.1% among the countries for which information is available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Brushwood Rose examines how the creative experience of Digital Storytelling (DS) is essential for cultivating an increased sense of social agency for participants by also making room for the psychological complexities of such an achievement. Drawing on her study of a DS workshop for newcomer women in Toronto, Brushwood Rose argues that the social change engendered through digital storytelling projects is grounded in the emotional worlds of participants and their experiments with psychological creativity. The chapter complicates and enriches current understandings of DS as a method of community development and social transformation by suggesting that there can be no social relation without the potential space in which to take the emotional risks that animate a creative life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
We analyze an oligopoly model in which differentiated criminal organizations globally compete on criminal activities and engage in local corruption to avoid punishment. When bribing costs are low, that is badly-paid and dishonest law enforcers work in a weak governance environment, and the rents from criminal activity are sufficiently high, we find that increasing policing and sanctions can generate higher crime rates. Indeed, beyond a threshold, further increases in intended expected punishment create incentives for organized crime to extend corruption rings, and ensuing impunity results in a fall of actual expected punishment that yields more rather than less crime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, in the United States in 2011 systematic discriminatory behaviour by extension workers resulted in a class action suit being settled in favour of female farmers (Croppenstedt 2013). " Non-traditional" farming households (e.g. youth-headed households, same-sex households, or alternative communes and collective living arrangements) are often not recognized by authorities or agencies and thus cannot access the usual types of assistance. In many countries LGBT relationships are illegal and same-sex households face considerable social hostility. In a few places, traditional attitudes have begun to change: for example, the Department of Agriculture in the United States has introduced an LGBT liaison office (USDA 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This would involve educating and informing lawmakers and regulators with the necessary information and skills, to be able to fully understand the sector, its intricacies and challenges. Any effort to facilitate trade in services would be incomplete if it did not commence with addressing this core concern. Aid for Trade can help be used, with the support of the Governments, to create platforms, where LDC service suppliers can access such information, and keep up to date on regulations, and policy, globally, on their respective industries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The African Union is supporting the project as part of an initiative to create regional IXPs in the continent's regional economic communities. Limited Internet markets meant that LDCs became highly reliant on foreign countries for content, hosting and data storage. Access to these services required international connectivity, where they were also disadvantaged since they had to pay for the full cost of the link.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It has suffered high deforestation rates due to timber extraction, overgrazing and conversion to pasture, as well as soya and sugar cane production. Irrigation for fruit production has contributed to desertification affecting 15% of this biome. It is made up of tropical, subtropical and dry or moist broadleaf forests, savannahs, scrublands and mangroves and is home to a large number of species, many endemic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Should the transition towards renewables give rise to a high-cost environment for industrialization, this would be at odds with the basic principle of common but differentiated responsibility under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), given the very limited contribution of LDCs to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Bowen and Fankhauser, 2011). In many LDCs, ministries responsible for electricity governance may have limited or shared authority. In the Solomon Islands and Somalia, for example, energy policy is fragmented amongst several government bodies that have direct or indirect influence on the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Working from practice experiences, Social Work educators from Aotearoa/New Zealand, Norway and Western Australia have developed a framework for child welfare work . The framework brings together the Rights of the Child, Community Development and Child Protection. This article describes the principles and theoretical underpinnings of this framework, and illustrates its use through practice examples. The development of this approach draws from lengthy engagement in child welfare in our respective countries. Indigenous practices and community development principles, which embody strengths approaches, are complemented by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) articles and assist to move child protection from a uni-dimensional reliance on expert assessment of the “best interest” criterion to a multi-dimensional response of centring children's participation and attending to cultural, family and identity considerations. We link Ife's description of first-generation, second-generation an...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
But trends in poverty by age have been changing. The OECD (2008) reported that people who have seen the biggest income gains over the last two decades are those around retirement age (55-75), while young people (aged 16-24) and children have seen their relative income decline. As a consequence, the rate of pensioner poverty has fallen, with very large declines in some countries, and is now below the OECD population average. For older pensioners, those aged over 75, the risk of poverty also remains relatively high, at 1.5 times the population average with single older women being particularly at risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, a few countries have pursued active industrial policies, promoting sectors where they can expect to have a dynamic comparative advantage. Small developing countries may in turn rely on FDI as a vehicle of industrial policy, as in Costa Rica. A third approach is microeconomic in nature, relying on a long-term alliance between the public and private sector to support the generation of sector-specific research and knowledge and public infrastructure in areas with a potential comparative advantage. This has been effective in Chile in the case of wood, fresh fruit, wine and salmon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The fiscal incentives were focused on priority activities (R&D, training and exports) as well as key products, whose list was decided upon and updated by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry'. These incentives consequently had only a limited effect on MNEs’ willingness to significantly upgrade their activities in Malaysia. Specific schemes were also launched to support R&D3 but suffered from a lack of beneficiaries since MNEs were not eligible to benefit from these grants and most local firms lacked the capabilities to engage in these activities (Rasiah, 2006). This plan set the ground for a strategic and integrated steering of innovation activities in specific sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Its goal is to define forest policy and strategy in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It aims also to harmonize forestry policy of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina with other national sector policies and international obligations as well as with the EU acquis communautaire. The Strategy strengthens the interaction between the forestry sector and other sectors on various issues, including strategic planning. Besides the Forestry Development Strategy', Republika Srpska has adopted strategies on rural development, development of agriculture and environmental protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
With regard to access, there are concerns about the impact of greater openness on the incomes of those who were formerly protected. Rising incomes may increase the utilisation of food, but also contribute to a “nutrition transition”, under which not all effects are positive. And while open markets reduce the risks associated with poor domestic harvests, they make international instability a more relevant issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the absence of re-ranking, the reduction in inequality is exclusively determined by the size and progressivity of the income changes illustrated by V. Hence inequality is reduced by pro-poor income growth unless more than offset by concomitant income mobility. This shows the raw (transition) probabilities of moving into poverty or remaining non-poor at time t+1 for children in households that are non-poor at time t as well as the probabilities of moving out of poverty as opposed to remaining poor at time t+1 for children in households that are poor at time t. We are particularly interested in those who make a transition into poverty and those who remain in poverty in two consecutive waves. The dependent variable in the 'poverty entry' model is a change from poverty status 0 ('non-poor') at time t to poverty status 1 ('poor') at time t+1, and the reverse is the dependent variable in the 'exit' model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The UNFCCC process and international peer pressure could play an important role in encouraging governments to raise the level of ambition of their commitments when domestic political conditions allow. The periodic review or consultation could have both substantive dimensions (e.g. consideration of commitments in light of the latest climate science) and procedural dimensions (e.g. the timeline and who undertakes the process). However, it would be challenging for all countries to synchronise their potential revisions of commitments because the length of policy cycles and dates of election cycles are different in every country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
See UN Human Rights Committee 1988. There are situations when public authorities can interfere with these rights, such the expulsion of a person from a country in which his/her close relatives live or a decision awarding custody of children (which by definition implies an interference with the family life of one or both parents). Yet, in all such circumstances, the authorities must comply with the specific requirements set down in the limitation clauses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A national monitoring programme for biodiversity in Israel (MARAG) was also completed in 2010. The Red Book of vertebrates has been published and updated periodically, and the Red Book of flora has been compiled with data collected from a 12-year monitoring field survey of Israel’s botanic heritage. The survey was conducted by the Rotem Israel Plant Information Center, which developed an ecological database of Israel’s flora including some 600 000 records concerning the distribution and phenology of native plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Economic theory suggests that the enhanced product market competition of deregulation reduces employers' ability to discriminate when hiring. Recent studies of the effect of deregulation on racial employment in the naturally competitive trucking industry find that deregulation increased minority employment. This study examines the effect of deregulation on racial employment in the airline industry. Because deregulation transformed airlines from wasteful service competition to rigorous price competition, deregulation's effect on racial hiring in this continuously competitive industry is not apparent. This study finds that deregulation only modestly changed the racial composition of major airline occupations, which suggests that the change in market structure as a result of deregulation may largely determine the effect of regulatory reform on the racial composition of an industry. © 2001 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If the overall costs of mitigation during the next decades are considered, the economic assessment might differ substantially. Immediate C02 reductions driven by the early deployment of RE may cost more than other options today, but will reduce the costs of mitigating climate change in the future. The risk that some mitigation options may fall short should motivate policy makers to consider higher-cost options that effectively provide insurance against catastrophic climate change. It shows that developing new renewable resources (e.g. wind, solar and others) from a very narrow basis today allows learning that will unlock their dimate-change mitigation potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Among farm activities, the production sector with the highest percentage of vulnerable households is import-competing sectors, followed by rice. Notwithstanding the fact that the average income/ consumption of households involved in main-export crops is similar to that of households involved in non-traded non farm activities (see Table A.2), the share of vulnerable people in the former is higher than in the latter for all years. This is noteworthy if we consider the low incidence of poor households involved in export crops and the roughly equal distribution of income across deciles within that sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The situation in Denmark has been improved the last year, since a big private foundation (Velux foundation] has supported further development of the organisation for a given time period. This has resulted in both a big increase in turnover, as well as in a net positive margin. In Norway, there are also some time-limited support from private foundations in the start phase, and there is a need to increase income from other sources in the years ahead.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Low entry barriers to many parts of the digital economy empower local entrepreneurs to develop innovative business models adapted to local conditions. It will be important to facilitate the development of culturally sensitive human-centred algorithms and applications. Fully harnessing the potential benefits of advanced ICTs requires reliable and meaningful metrics that go beyond existing data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Specific programmes like Snabbsparet in Sweden, and Hurtigsporet in Norway add hope to a faster integration of skilled refugees in the matchmaking to the labour market. More targeted measures are needed to promote the integration of low and informally skilled people. The Norwegian programme jobbsjansen is one recent effort in this direction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Data for the period 1980-2004 for nine OECD countries showed weak evidence of employment impacts in changes in short-term interest rates in the countries studied, with no gender-differentiated employment impacts (Takhtamanova and Sierminska, 2009). A study of 51 “inflation reducing episodes” between 1970 and 2003 in 17 low- and middle-income countries found that there were contractions in total employment growth rates in 71 per cent of cases and that women’s employment was adversely affected relative to men’s employment in the majority of those contractionary episodes (ibid.). Where inflation-reducing episodes were accompanied by an expansion in employment, there was no gender-specific impact. Inflation reduction was most likely to lead to a contraction in employment, with adverse effects on women, when central banks responded to inflationary pressure by raising real interest rates above their long term trend. Maintaining a competitive exchange rate also helped to counter the negative impact on women’s employment during periods of contraction (ibid.). Women smallholder farmers and small- and medium-scale entrepreneurs in rural areas are among those who have been deprived of access to credit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Restricting investments in generating capacity to sources that offer the best financial return at a given moment has long-term implications for the country’s energy security and for the value chain of technologies that are momentarily ignored. For this reason, the governments of Brazil and Uruguay, for example, are considering specific measures to support biomass, which is in danger of extinction owing to the recent success of wind power. Apart from policies that promote efficient electricity use, the most important measures in this regard will seek to replace the most polluting generating sources by cleaner alternatives and, where possible, by renewable energies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The taskforce was in charge of revitalising the city through thinking of the city in new ways. Reporting directly to the Brisbane City Council’s City Planning Committee and Lord Mayor Graham Quirk, URB has achieved great success in breathing new life into the city of Brisbane. The 2006 City Centre Master Plan met with tremendous success, leading to an improved 2014 City Centre Master Plan that lias been designed as a co-ordinated strategy to guide the future of Brisbane's development, transport and public space investment over the following 20 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
But if the team can continue their work, she That's when you have an achievement on which there can says, its momentum will become unstoppable. Social policies need to adapt to the reality of population ageing, single parenthood and migration. Women are over-represented ir this group. To achieve this, benefit levels should be high enough and regularly adjusted to guarantee the right to an adequate standard of living.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Bangladesh, disasters such as storms and floods damage 900 schools each year, on average. But geography, history, resources and capacity affect the degree of refugees' inclusion in national systems. The Islamic Republic of Iran decreed in 2015 that schools should accept all Afghan children, regardless of documentation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Robinson Township v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court held unconstitutional major parts of Pennsylvania’s “Act 13” — a 2012 oil and gas law designed to facilitate the development of natural gas from Marcellus Shale. In so doing, the Court breathed new life into Article I, Section 27 of Pennsylvania’s constitution, which creates public rights in certain environmental amenities and requires the state to “conserve and maintain” public resources “for the benefit of all the people.” This paper describes the decision, explains some of its immediate implications in Pennsylvania, and also explains its importance for public environmental rights and environmental constitutionalism elsewhere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Science 313,58-61 Cagua, E.F., Cochran, J.E.M., Rohner, C.A., Prebble, C.E.M., Sinclair-Taylor, T.H., Pierce, S.J., and Beru-men, M.L. (2015). Acoustic telemetry reveals cryptic residency of whale sharks. Sustaining life on Earth How the Convention on Biological Diversity promotes nature and human well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Likewise, low oil prices can open political opportunities for fossil fuel subsidy reform. For economies highly reliant on fossil fuel exports, if declines in fossil fuel prices from climate policy and a low-carbon transition are likely to result in a new (and lower) equilibrium price point, this creates a formidable crisis requiring urgent economic diversification. The SDM promises to represent a framework more expressly targeted at ensuring participation by, or at least benefits for, developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For these and middle income countries, policy coherence is crucial. At the same time, the need for action on global public goods is rising, and here, too, policy issues are important, not just on climate, but also on financial stability, trade, illicit financial flows, health pandemics, and other topics. Will they concentrate on delivering aid projects in poor and fragile states, leaving policy issues to others, most likely Ministries of Foreign Affairs)?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
School leaders and teachers should develop strategies together to support promoted students who are struggling with certain subjects and give teachers access to staff with expertise to help those students. The greater the variety of opportunities to learn, the higher the probability that all students will benefit. Under certain circumstances, the school year can be reorganised to extend learning time by introducing remedial classes before or after school, at Saturday school or at summer school.5 Spending more time at school is positive for students with unfavourable after-school learning environments (OECD, 2010c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
An exception is the area of labour regulation where Olney (2013) and Davies and Vadlamannati (2013) find that reductions of labour standards in one country can trigger similar changes in countries nearby. Consequently, weakening privacy and personal data protection in one country to gain competitiveness in digital sectors may lead other countries to follow suit. A mechanism behind the Porter hypothesis could be selection effects whereby regulation shifts resources to the most innovative and productive firms by driving less productive firms out of the market (Qiu et al., While empirical evidence in this area is inconclusive (Ambec et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)