albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Because the teachers produced this material on behalf of their employers and used their schools’ own resources, all intellectual property rights to the material belonged to the regional educational authority. The material they produced was combined with content purchased from publishers and media companies. All materials were scrutinised by university experts before publication and then issued in digital format using Creative Commons licenses. This project is still ongoing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In order to achieve this, the government has to raise taxes. Thus, crucial features of many developing economies - thin tax bases and large informal sectors - are assumed away, by presuming that taxes can be easily raised. Obviously, if household consumption taxes are raised, actual private consumption decreases, while consumption increases because import prices fall following tariff removal. Their most realistic scenario projects welfare gains by 2015 of $96 billion, a third of the estimated gains from full trade liberalization, most of which - some $80 billion - or 83 per cent, flows to rich countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A more detailed view of their objectives, use and references in the different countries is available in the country profiles in Chapter 5. Co-ordinating water policies at horizontal and vertical levels (cont.) Co-ordination instruments across ministries, between levels of government and across local actors are more or less binding, more or less formal and more or less flexible. Most of them aim to create a framework for combining tools, funds and organisations or establishing a multi-stakeholder platform for dialogue for integrated water policy at all levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Samoa Energy Sector Plan 2012-2016 set out a plan to deliver outcomes consistent with the SDS, with an overarching goal of increasing energy self-sufficiency. A new energy sector plan has not yet been released. The Electricity Act 2010 introduced key regulatory changes to allow the entry of private sector IPPs and will contribute to the achievement of 50 per cent renewable electricity generation once current projects are completed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The ‘Transfers to SECTOR’ numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures, where missing. World's total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production, aquaculture lias also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD, Fish stocks data were sourced front Japan's fish classification system group stock assessment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
About 70 per cent were documented migrants, and the majority recurred to an agent. The top occupation (94 per cent) was domestic work, with the rest employed in factories. About 63 per cent of the migrant women perceived their economic situation to be poor, 27 per cent reported hard but acceptable conditions and only 9 per cent said that their economic situation had been fair before the migration process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some countries also continue to restrict women’s access to this profession (e.g. Bahrain, Yemen). Yet, efforts are needed to increase women’s representation in leadership posts in civil society organisations across the region. These restrictions, among others discussed elsewhere in this report, can severely restrict women’s ability to fully participate in public and economic life. At the interface between governments and citizens, women in public leadership positions can exercise significant influence over the development, implementation and evaluation of public policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Additionally, the aggregate effect of pursuing secondary' policy objectives on the public procurement system should be periodically assessed to address potential objective overload. The following examples do not provide an exhaustive list of measures employed by the countries. One approach is tasking suppliers to demonstrate their compliance with gender equality-related laws or requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In this piece, the author argues that the UN's Committee Against Torture abused its authority when it called the Holy See (the Vatican) and suggested that individual cases of rape or sex abuse by Catholic priests constituted torture under the Convention Against Torture. The author uses traditional criminal law analysis, defendants' rights, and international law precedent to show that the Committee Against Torture's reading is improper.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This literature, which became fashionable during the 1990s, and its use of a heuristic approach to analysis were motivated by the need to understand better how firms and workers located in developing countries were engaging with more recent processes of globalisation. For example, in both regions the fisheries value chain has received far less attention to date than other sectors in the GVC literature, such as textiles and clothing and high-value agriculture, even though the promotion of these value chains has been spurred by the creation of tariff rents conveyed by the international trading system. As a result, across the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries, these sectors are important drivers of the expansion of labour-intensive formal employment opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Low-wage residents are less likely to have access to a car, and commuter train lines and bus routes do not serve the south side of the Tri-State metro-region as well as they serve other parts of the region. Commuting times are even longer for those who commute across the region instead of following the hub and spoke system. Investment in public transport infrastructure does not sufficiently respond to demand for access to jobs, especially in lower -income neighbourhoods. While the Tri-State metro-region ranks high among OECD regions on many technology-based innovation indicators in terms of volume, its position has slipped and it is not among top regions when controlling for the size of its population and economy. For instance, in terms of patents per capita, the Tri-State metro-region ranked 23rd among OECD metro-regions and 11th among US metro-regions in 2007, the last year for which data are available, it ranked 27th and 12th, respectively, when adjusting for GDP (Table 1.5). These are hardly poor scores, but neither do they suggest that the Tri-State metro-region is fulfilling its innovation potential, particularly given that it ranks below so many other US metro-regions, including San Diego, San Francisco, New York, Boston, Los Angeles and Houston.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This paper shows that three versions of the principle of proportionality exist in international law, and that these three have different constitutional functions. The horizontal version 1 applies, inter alia, in the field of countermeasures including self defence. The principle here refers to the relation between action (breach of international law) of the state and the admissible reaction of another state. The diagonal version 2 concerns the relation between and national public interest and particular interests, of individuals (in human rights law and international humanitarian law) or of investors. The vertical version 3 refers to the relation between a global public interest, for example in free trade, and particular interests of states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These include Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM), a national energy research centre established in 1998 as a not-for-profit company under the Ministry of Energy, Communications and Multimedia (MECM). In 2002, the government created the Energy Commission (EC) to replace the Department of Electricity and Gas Supply as the primary regulator of electricity and gas supply. Besides its enforcement activities, the commission is responsible also for other aspects of the energy sector including heat, renewable energy and energy efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Their share of overall population grew from 18.2% in 1999 to 23.1% in 2009. Their population increased, on average, by 3.1% a year between 1999 and 2009. This was much higher than the average growth rate of metropolitan areas in OECD countries (0.86%) during the same period. In contrast, the average annual growth rate of population in medium-size and small FUAs was only slightly higher than in OECD countries during the same period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
New Zealand is a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, with a commitment to reduce its GHG emissions to 1990 levels, on average, by 2012. The scheme is to be applied also to agricultural gases, according to current terms, starting from 1 January 2015 (compared to 2013 set initially). The ETS imposes costs on businesses, which will be obliged to purchase units of C02-equivalent emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Lessons are also being learned with respect to the political economy of trade reform, such that changes can be introduced in a way that minimises adjustment stresses and helps build the consensus needed to lock in the benefits of trade policy reform. The report benefited from comments by Member country delegations, and from feedback on an earlier draft received at the ICTSD Bali Trade and Development Symposium, in December 2013. This report was declassified by Working Party for Agricultural Policies and Markets in November 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
When the index is close to 1, the proximate determinant will have a negligible inhibiting effect on fertility, whereas when it tends a value of 0, it will have a large inhibiting effect. The average effectiveness of the family planning methods in use have been taken into account while calculating the index of non-contraception. The value of TF is rather stable between 13 and 17 births per woman, with the average value being 15.3. In this analysis, the average of TF has been taken.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Link SOP development/revision with operational tests, including local evacuation drills. Strengthen regional cooperation in early warning, going beyond coastal hazards to include hazards such as transboundary river basins floods. But they should be part of coherent framework for disaster risk reduction and have clear institutional arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The country's exposure to economic vulnerability remains high due to overdependence on primary products. About 80 per cent of the Lao People's Democratic Republic's exports are primary products, with labour-intensive clothing and footwear manufacturing accounting for only 13 per cent of total exports. Three countries - Thailand, China and Viet Nam - absorb close to 70 per cent of the Lao People's Democratic Republic's exports. The country's narrow export base and high susceptibility to natural disasters also contribute to high economic vulnerability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Educational programmes and adult-learning schemes that align skills and competences more closely to labour market demands may therefore be one way of improving chances of employment. Further research is needed to show the effectiveness of these and other measures in facilitating access to the labour market for different groups of migrants (Nordic Council of Ministers, 2017). In the coming years, asylum seekers who have obtained refugee status in the Nordic countries will have to be integrated into the Nordic labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The analysis was designed to highlight policy measures needed to generate a specific impact. The dimensions were replicated and adapted to the reality of Latin America and the Caribbean and the availability of information for the region (ECLAC/UNICEF, 2010, Espfndola and Rico, 2010). The study showed that, around 2008, approximately 45% of children under the age of 18 were living in poverty in 18 countries in the region, meaning that nearly 81 million children and adolescents were suffering deprivation because some of their rights were not being fulfilled. Although new surveys have recently become available, coverage in Latin America is low and patchy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The paper offers a review of the growing openness of Russian courts. Driven by statuary law and resolutions of the top courts, judges slowly affirm the right of the public and the media to observe and report on the judicial process. A number of guidelines by the Supreme Court consider practical modalities of the journalistic work so as to facilitate their access to the courtrooms. They take into account the spread of new communication technologies such as online reporting or texting. The paper specifically addresses case law on issues of balance between access to information and the right to privacy, possible limitations to freedom of information and media freedom, prejudgement by the media, etc so on. Assessed are communication aspects of some notorious cases, such as the recent trials of Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Pussy Riot artists and Bolotnaya protesters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Access to land and assets on death or divorce are significantly gendered social protection issues and the likely outcome determines behaviour well before the event. Women who perceived that their husbands would get all the assets in a divorce also felt they had less control over their lives. Girls, in households where the women perceive the custody of an asset (land, livestock, or the house) would be given to the husband on a divorce, were more likely to fall behind their cohort in terms of the highest grades obtained (Kumar and Quisumbing 2012). The process requires that the land be registered in the names of both spouses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Furthermore, we can configure the LVS by using Keeplived and ipvsadm commands. Keepalived informs the LVS about the server states periodically for automatic load distribution configuration. For example, if Keepalived detects the accidental failure of servers, the LVS changes the weight of the load distribution to the servers to 0. Moreover, it also senses the participation of new servers, which is useful for energy-proportional control because the number of active servers varies frequently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
But public work programmes need to be supplemented with targeted support to those that cannot work for various reasons, because they are physically incapacitated, including those with poor nutritional status, or because they are occupied with other valuable activities, such as attending school (Ravallion 2009). Finally, in order to stimulate female participation in the labour market, programmes need to be supplemented with affordable child care, kindergarten and pre-school services. However, the new evidence presented in these papers and reports is minimal. This can be explained by the lag with which new micro-data becomes available. Regular household budget surveys may not be sufficient to capture the impact of a crisis at household level and could be complemented with quick assessment surveys covering a smaller sample and qualitative survey instruments to capture the experience of households and individuals. There is clearly a need for timely and systematic data collection and more systematic assessments of poverty and vulnerabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article explores how the post-crisis EU economic and fiscal governance framework has marginalised national parliaments and compromised legislative autonomy, especially in the delivery of social welfare policy. This article argues that one potential consequence of this new regulatory and political landscape is that it creates scope for new form of democratic deficit to arise from the absence of effective accountability of EU economic and fiscal governance as well as undermining the Treaty principle of solidarity between Member States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Illiteracy was far lower in the better-off states, though, at less than 3% in Baja California, Nuevo Leon and Distrito Federal. In Distrito Federal only 8.7% of 15-year-olds had not finished primary education. Figure 1.2 below (which shows the variability of educational attainment across regions) shows a clear north-south gradient.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Slums swelled at the same time as new settlements appeared. Since 1998, the sector has been revitalised through the introduction of a tax linked to sales of cement, which will provide financial resources to the Fonds Social de l'Habitat (FSH), which provides a levy of 15 centimes/kg (Fawzi Zniber, 2015). It involved 324 000 households (1.6 million inhabitants) in more than a thousand districts in 85 cities, of which nearly a third concentrated in the Casablanca agglomeration alone (AFD, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
What is essential about these is that they have the potential to put a value on urban amenities and the benefits of agglomeration. They can therefore discourage greenfield development while raising revenue for urban services that can help further mitigate the negative externalities of agglomeration, such as public transport to reduce congestion and green spaces to mitigate higher densities. Many cities in the OECD, particularly in North America, impose development fees on new developments to cover the costs of new infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Governments can financially and politically support micro-enterprise lending institutions, such as Grameen Bank's micro lending systems, and the Bank's more recent ventures, such as the Grameen Shakti programme that make sustainable energy systems available to the rural poor through enterprise development (see box 4). The Government of Bangladesh, for example, supports the inclusion of environmental management system (ISO 14001) training in key business and rural development training curricula, and emphasizes the importance of producing "environmentally friendly products" to export sectors. So our lifestyle is imitating the lifestyle of the people who have already led the way. That is the most dangerous part of it ■■■ So, we have to find lifestyle which is consistent with our principle or decision - we should leave the world safer than we found it." Seeking to reduce the environmental impact of economic growth in such countries would be the cancelling a party that had been years in the planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Stronger partnerships between tertiary education institutions and industrial associations could stimulate innovation in the modes of delivery of education and training. This would require transparent pathways between different levels of education and also between higher education institutions. In order to make the connection between the current research focus and a more broadly defined third mission, “translational research” could be adapted to address the critical issues that bridge the university and community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This contrasts strongly with the situation in the 1990s w hen the Brazilian government lacked data on the number of enrolled students. There was no legal framework, institutions, human resources or stable funding for evaluation activities. Moreover, important stakeholders were opposed to the very idea of evaluation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
England, for example, has unique, comprehensive and routinely available data for every practice on quality of care. Its Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) is one of the most advanced monitoring systems across OECD countries. The programme is designed to incentivise and standardise the provision of evidence-based, high-quality care in general practice covering several major LTCs including mental health problems such as depression. It also includes indicators relating to public health and other services provided in primary care (contraception, screening and immunisation).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In order to prevent forest fires, the public is allowed to collect dry wood and make campfires in the forest from 15th September to 15th April only. Both municipalities and nongovernmental organizations help maintain a vast network of trails for hiking and cross-country skiing. When practicing forestry, forest owners are obliged to clear trails and ski tracks, and to repair damages caused by forestry machinery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This means that a national action plan should be viewed as part of a long-term process. As one plan draws to an end, another should be developed to take its place, just as with economic plans. Subsequent plans will also take into account emerging forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and new international standards. By developing and implementing a national action plan against racial discrimination, a State is making an unambiguous statement not only to its own people but also to the outside world about its human rights agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Yet, it is essential to ensure clear and powerful mandates, sufficient resources and political leadership for these institutions to place gender considerations effectively at the top of the policy agenda. About half of OECD countries also deal with gender issues as part of the broader portfolios in ministries (e.g. the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Norway, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland). In Algeria, an administratively centralised main gender institution co-ordinates with geographically decentralised sections. At the local level, social section bureaus exist in every wilaya (province) in Algeria for the purpose of enhancing the situation of families and women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Measuring the trade share in terms of the quantity of exports (thus avoiding problems due to varying prices over time) and comparing the ratio among the selected commodities, rice had the lowest share of production exported while whole milk powder had the highest. Liapis (2012) also shows that in most cases the export share of production has not changed dramatically over recent decades. Rice, sugar, whole milk powder and soybean oil have experienced rising export shares, shares for maize and butter have declined, and there is no discernible trend in the shares for wheat, soybeans and beef. The conventional view has been that developing countries are net agricultural exporters and developed countries are net agricultural importers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Interpretation of changes of working hours over time needs to take into account that the total number of working hours in an economy might be sensitive to the business cycle. It is therefore recommended to analyse the indicators of the sub-dimension together with GDP growth, the employment-to-population ratio and the mean actual working hours. Average working time might decrease during recessions, while employment in long working hours might increase (as layoffs increase the workload of the remaining workers).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In these questionnaires the latest available information from previous updates was typically verified and updated by government officials. This information was then integrated through national and international secondary sources (see, for example, Grubb and Wells, 1993, Annex 1, OECD, 1999, Annex 2.A). Labour legislation was used as the main source of information only in the case of the few non-member countries (see Venn, 2009, Section 2) or in specific cases whose interpretation was particularly difficult (see OECD, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)