albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
AbstractAn overview of literature was conducted on the ‘right to health’ for people with a mental illness, with a main focus on physical health. This included a review of key online databases for articles on the ‘right to health’, conducted for 2000–2010. This paper provides evidence on the poor health status of people with mental illness. It then considers international human rights legislation and their context, including tensions presented by mental health legislation in terms of human rights. Dimensions of the ‘right to health’, issues and obstacles to fulfilment of the ‘right to health’, and opportunities and obstacles in the Australian context are explored. There are many barriers to the recognition of right to health for the mentally ill. However, the new UN Convention on Persons with Disability offers some hope for the ‘right to health’ to be considered through legislative review and national policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of large business corporations, particularly media corporations, such as television (e.g. satellite networks), newspapers and social media (e.g. Facebook), on institutional change in the Arab world, which directly impact political and civil liberties in the region. Design/methodology/approach – Although there are several methods to measure institutional change, this paper relied on Kaufmann et al. (2010)’s governance indicators that capture, historically, how authority is exercised in a nation state. As the focus of this paper is on how information flows have empowered citizens in the Arab world, we built a panel database around one relevant governance indicator: “Voice and Accountability”. As a measure of governance, “Voice and Accountability” summarizes the condition of political, civil and human rights such as freedom of expression and freedom of association in a given country. This indicator takes scores ranging from 2.5, corresponding t...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
More support is also needed to help farmers adapt to drought, flooding or other climate impacts, particularly in developing countries. Agriculture will likely be very hard-hit by climate change, possibly reducing yields by 25% compared to current levels in some regions. Incentives systems can be used to encourage activities with dual benefits of emissions abatement and natural asset sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The capacity of testing agencies is limited, leading to inconsistent enforcement that adds to uncertainty for foreign producers (Arita and Dyck, 2014). Depending on the product, these may include a certificate of free sale (CFS) from the competent authorities of the exporting country, stating that the product is produced and freely sold in the country of origin. In terms of agriculture, the goods affected are mostly non-food agriculture and fishery products but all products containing genetically modified materials, products that were irradiated, and products that were produced by new technologies require a CFS when imported to Viet Nam (WTO, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Purpose – This article aims to explore the concept of achieving the “right to the city” for marginalised communities. It uses human rights instruments and regeneration best practice to develop a toolkit of indicators for urban regeneration. The article contributes to the literature on realising economic, social and cultural rights encompassed in the “right to the city”.Design/methodology/approach – The article adopts an interdisciplinary approach, involving human rights law, urban planning, housing studies, community development, housing law and social policy. It draws on primary qualitative (participative and observatory) research undertaken by the author while implementing a human rights based approach in an Irish inner‐city local authority estate from 2009 to 2013.Findings – The human rights framework can be adapted to develop a set of measurable regeneration indicators. This article suggests that the application of this rights toolkit provides a greater potential for regeneration to meet human rights ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter aims to highlight the unique role schools and educators can play in promoting students’ academic and sotio-emotional resilience, and how education policy can ensure that students with an immigrant background attend schools that meet their needs. The quality of the school experience is the product of several factors, including the composition of the student body, how many and which resources are available for students, and the polities and practices that teachers, school principals and education systems as a whole put in place. This chapter examines the association between what happens in school and the likelihood that students with an immigrant background are academically, socially and emotionally resilient, and how education policies can promote a school environment that enables immigrant students to thrive. The regressions used to obtain estimates for the right panel also accounted for the school's socio-economic profile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
An estimated 80% of communes have less than 1 000 residents. Consolidation of the large number of communes into fewer and larger basic units of local government has been politically rejected—amalgamations have been rare. In part this may reflect the dual role of national legislatures who, perhaps more than is the case in other countries, understand the importance local populations have for direct democracy at a scale that is meaningful. The OECD has recommended that France reduce the number of communes by merging the smallest ones in order to achieve economies of scale and to pool resources effectively (OECD, 2014, 2013, 2011). However, absent such aggregation, the only option in an environment where the basic unit of government is too small, is to find ways to encourage collaboration. Because of this, communes frequently enter into voluntary associations with each other in order to co-deliver services and share elements of administration—referred to as intercommunalites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Smil (2010b, p. 110) notes that “direct solar radiation is the only form of renewable energy whose total terrestrial flux far surpasses not only today’s demand for fossil fuels but also any level of global energy demand realistically imaginable in the twenty-first century”. Leaving aside unsuitable locations constituting about half of the worlds land area (those characterized by weak insolation or inaccessibility) about 470 ZJ are available. Yet, it would be technically possible to harness only a small fraction of this, and even less would be economically or politically acceptable. For example, the very ambitious Global Energy Assessment efficiency scenarios assume a techno-economic potential for solar PV, solar thermal and solar water heating of 2.6 ZJ.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The framework derives from the experiences of other countries, mostly industrialized and more recently some developing countries, in severeral traditional and modern sectors, including agriculture. The framework is therefore particularly suited to exploring sectors where the private sector and other nongovernmental actors are playing leading roles and where firms, sectors and countries have to cope with shocks and deal with competitive pressures. These linkages are primarily fostered through policies and institutions (that refer to the rules of the game, as set by laws and regulations or simply cultural and social attitudes) that promote access, diffusion, use, adaptation and creation of new forms of knowledge in agricultural production through learning mechanisms of various sorts. R&D and science conducted within centres of excellence and premier institutions within the country and outside, is one such form of knowledge, but not the only one. If we were to assume so, what are the points of departure of African agricultural systems of innovation? First, the private sector is conspicuous largely by its absence, rather than for its proven ability for product development as is the case in the industrialized countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Nearly 20% of employed youth were in low-paid work compared to 12% on average for the country. A high percentage of people among the elderly (34%) are still working, while only 27% receive a pension, reflecting the nascent status of the pension system. There have been significant improvements in narrowing gender gaps at all levels of education and in providing health treatment and health insurance coverage. However, as in most countries in the world, women in Viet Nam earn substantially less than men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Indeed, it has been argued that systems in which benefits are not targeted towards low-income groups are precisely the ones that benefit those groups most (Danson and others, 2013). Further, universalism creates broader public support and a wider public demand for a better quality of public service which, in turn, enables the imposition of a more progressive tax system that helps reduce income inequality while increasing social cohesion and stability. This underscores the strong arguments being made in the international public policy discourse in favour of a move from targeted safety nets back to universal social provision (Deacon, 2005). Targeting of specific groups has often been suggested by multilateral financial institutions and donors as a way of achieving social objectives without a significant rise in social spending (Besley and Kanbur, 1990, United Nations, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The influence of a bill of rights is usually measured by the extent to which it provides legal remedies. This article argues that the Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities' influence over Victorian public policy making can be more comprehensively assessed by applying a socio-legal lens. A socio-legal analysis, focusing upon the Charter's application at the level of policy implementation, ascribes an equally influential role to the dialogical design of the Charter and its role as a facilitator of community advocacy. The article will discuss how these design and functional elements of the Charter help us to understand the Charter's potential to promote social change, as illustrated by a number of cases of community advocacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Engaging with trade unions and employers’ associations in the planning, design and implementation phase of training offers can boost the responsiveness of education and training. In particular, collaborative approaches can enable the development of practical, hands-on experiences, essential for the learner to apply academic, classroom-based learning in relevant contexts. At the level of the training providers, better links to the innovators and professionals leading technological developments can enhance the quality and relevance of their training offers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the judiciary, gender parity has been reached in professional judicial appointments, with women accounting for 54.7% of judges OECD-wide. Yet, women’s representation, while high in lower courts, progressively falls in the higher courts. As of 2016, nine OECD countries had introduced gender quotas for the boards of publicly listed and/or state-owned enterprises. Other countries have taken an approach that is not legally binding, involving voluntary targets, corporate governance codes and/or disclosure rules.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Table 5.1 provides a summary of the main sectors involved, the types of plastic products or waste and the typical entry points to the ocean. Losses from this sector are unquantified but can be expected to be relatively low, provided good waste management practices are followed. However, losses may be much greater from poorly-managed municipal facilities and the informal waste recycling sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For all EU-SILC countries, Australia and Korea, gross labour earnings include employees’ social security contributions and overtime pay, but exclude employers’ social contributions and fringe benefits. Whether stock options are included is not certain. In the case of multiple jobs, the total earnings from all jobs are considered. For Japan, data on labour earnings exclude bonuses, while bonuses are included in the case of Brazil, Israel, Switzerland and the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Depending on the national context, substance abuse can include excessive consumption of alcohol (including commercial or home-brewed), consumption of illegal drugs, misuse of prescription medications and misuse of consumer products in order to achieve an altered state (e.g., sniffing petrol). It is important that measures of substance abuse include frequency of consumption or intoxication and amount consumed within a typical consumption period. This could be defined as drinking to get drunk or drinking a set amount, such as five or more drinks on one occasion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
When assessing policy options, policymakers may benefit from the interactions of members of academia and experts in the area of quantitative modelling, as well as from local knowledge and experiences (see chap. When implementing policies, there is a need to mobilize the resources that will impact outcomes. When policy outcomes are being monitored, participation of multiple stakeholders will improve transparency and accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Tajikistan demograpliic and health survey, 2012. Access to improved drinking water is also uneven in the regions, and varies from 59 per cent in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast and 63 per cent in Khatlon Oblast to 99 per cent in Dushanbe. This leaves about 15 per cent of the population without appropriate water treatment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is below the UNDP’s criterion, 1,000 m /cap./year. Amongst the water basins, the Loukkos, Tangier and Mediterranean coast basins present the highest value, 1,350 m3/cap./year, the Bouregreg and Saharan regions reveal the lack of regional homogeneity, having only 130 m3/cap./year to 140 m3/cap./year. An important water balance deficit is also noted for Oum Er-Rbia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Importantly, the IUCN works through specialist commissions that provide the Union with information and know-how. All the members of the IUCN together agree on, for example, the work programme of the organization. This would mean conducting studies and developing new policy recommendations or instruments based on the latest scientific findings. In addition, the IUCN governance structure could be used as a partial model for the post-2020 chemicals and waste management regime: the ICCM acts as the general assembly of members, and a governing council could be established to work under the direction and monitoring of the ICCM.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Conflict, generally defined as a fight, struggle, battle, disagreement, dispute, or quarrel (Johnson & Johnson, 2009, p. 368), exists wherever human interaction occurs and is a seemingly inevitable component of any social group. It is driven by such issues as incompatibilities between the parties, perceived differences in needs, beliefs, and values, and limited resources (Johnson & Johnson 1995, 1996, 2009). Schools as institutions and as communities are therefore not without conflict when students, staff, and parents interact in and around the school. Nor are schools without aggression. Intricately interwoven with conflict, aggression becomes evident early in life, involves a deliberate intent to harm, often uses force or domination over others, and evolves from physical through verbal to indirect forms as children develop their social skills, language capabilities, and social intelligence (Tremblay, Gervais, & Petitclerc, 2008).      Keywords:    school,  conflict resolution,  conflict management,  peer mediation,  restorative justice
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nevertheless, all countries with available data were subsequently able to reduce poverty rates, for example, in Azerbaijan, the poverty rate fell from 49.6 per cent in 2001 to 7.6 per cent in 2011, and in Kazakhstan the rate fell from 46.7 per cent in 2001 to 5.3 per cent in 2011. Nevertheless, the highest poverty gap ratios can be observed for least developed countries, indicating pockets of extreme poverty among the poorest and most vulnerable countries in the region. The poverty gap ratios are the highest in Bangladesh at 11.2 per cent in 2010, the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic at 9 per cent in 2008 and India at 7.5 per cent in 2010, whereas for countries in North and Central Asia ratios are generally very low (except Georgia). Inequality not only diminishes the poverty-reducing impact of economic growth, but also deprives hundreds of millions of people access to the means to develop their economic potential by denying them adequate health care, education, energy, credit, land and so forth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Sierra Leone, for example, projects started with an assessment of attitudes related to gender stereotypes around sanitation. Based on the information gathered, awareness-raising sessions were organized to tackle attitudes concerning the work considered to be that of women and girls, such as cleaning latrines, washing clothes and dishes, sweeping, fetching water and cleaning and dressing children. Provision of adequate and affordable social services—in particular health, water and sanitation and care—is essential to reduce the demands on women of unpaid caregiving and domestic work and thus increase their likelihood of gaining access to an education or an income of their own. The growth and institutionalization of large-scale cash transfer programmes and of non-contributory pensions, especially in some middle-income countries, are an encouraging development for women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Those values, originally derived from the Dena Study I (Dena, 2005) have been adopted for all the individual countries in this study. Capacity credit values for wind range between 6% and 15% for France, Germany and Finland, while they are significantly higher for the United States and the United Kingdom, due mainly to the higher load factors in those regions. Often, the reports do not differentiate between onshore and offshore technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Yesh Din v. Chief of General Staff, IDF, the Israeli Supreme Court (Court) unanimously dismissed two petitions by six human rights NGOs who challenged the rules of engagement (RoE) governing Israel Defense Forces (IDF) activities in clashes near the fence separating the Gaza Strip and Israel between March and May 2018. The decision discusses several controversial international law issues relating to the use of force in response to cross-border mass demonstrations. In addition, it provides a closer look at the application of international law by a domestic court that is conscious of a potential International Criminal Court (ICC) investigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 1977 the World Health Organization recommended that every country throughout the world should have a national plan for child mental health. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child has been another important stimulus for child mental health policies and services in many countries. Adopted unanimously by the United Nations General Assembly in 1989 and instituted as international law in 1990, the Convention is an agreement on the basic protections that should be accorded to children. Adopted in 1961, the European Social Charter is the major European treaty that secures children's rights. In 1996 the Charter was revised and expanded to include a list of core obligations of the contracting parties relating to the recognition of social, legal and economic rights for children and young persons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the Charter’) is an impressive document. It lists numerous fundamental rights and freedoms in a clear and ‘robust’ way. It brings together for the first time, in a single document, classical human rights, social and economic rights, as well as rights and freedoms already known from the EC/EU Treaties (free movement, non-discrimination, EU citizenship rights, etc.). These rights are, moreover, classified and organized in a new and quite original fashion – six Chapters, dealing with Dignity, Freedoms, Equality, Solidarity, Citizens’ Rights, Justice. Limitations and exceptions to the rights and freedoms set out in these first six parts of the Charter are almost non-existent. The claim that the Charter indeed makes fundamental rights more ‘visible’ to the citizens of the Union (after enlargement to the East some 480 million people) is thus not without foundation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Forest management in Finland's boreal zone typically involves managing even-aged stands. Therefore, the forest landscape is mostly mosaic-like due to differences between individual stands in age structure, the timings of regeneration and management procedures, and tree species composition. The amount of unmanaged forests is 4%, of which nearly 60% are located in protected areas (State of Finland's Forests 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They also thank Marfa Cristina AlcAntara, Felipe Sterquino Itaborai and, especially, Diana Le6n for their rigorous and enthusiastic research assistance. Any error of assessment is the sole responsibility of the authors. Second, women with income of their own are overrepresented among the self-employed and in domestic work, in the latter occupation three quarters of individuals, almost all of them women, had no pension provisions in 2008 (ilo, 2011). Women in the labour market thus have less protection than their male peers —in urban areas only 36% of women have social security provision, compared with 49% of men (ilo/undp, 2009)—. Third, those who shoulder heavier care burdens have less social protection: in 12 Latin American countries, women with incomplete primary schooling have between 2 and 3.5 more children than those who have secondary schooling or more (eclac, 2011, p. 85).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2006-10 the emphasis has reversed, with producers of rice and maize being supported at the expense of consumers. The relatively low %SCT value for rice during 2006-10 compared to other commodities such as beef and sugar is the direct result of policy efforts to limit the transmission of international price rises to the domestic market during 2008 and 2009. The %SCT for rice was 21% and 25% in 2006 and 2007, -40% and -14% in 2008 and 2009, and 30% in 2010. Furthermore, while rice production is the dominant beneficiary of fertiliser subsidies this support is not apportioned to rice, or any other single commodity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Progress on resilience was monitored using indicators created to track the performance of the system, actors and institutions, which facilitated fulfilment of one of the most important requirements under this model: continuous review of the implementation of interventions to ensure that they contributed to producing the expected results. This kind of process of iteration helps to identify problems as they arise and to ensure the incorporation of new information so as to improve project implementation, which is particularly important as new information on climate impacts is continuously evolving. In Sri Lanka, for example, while the introduction of high-yielding hybrid varieties of rice seeds had initially had a beneficial effect on yields, support for their use led to an undermining of the ability of farmers to adapt to changing conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)