albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The Compensation Funds provide medical care and income benefits to workers who are injured while at work or who develop occupational diseases. The Compensation Funds also pay survivor benefits to the families of workers that are fatally injured while on the job. The Road Accident Fund provides compensation for the loss of earnings, loss of support and compensation for general damages, medical and funeral costs to victims of road accidents caused by the negligent or wrongful driving of another motor vehicle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article examines three critical perspectives in green political theory arguing that environmental governance is emerging as an increasingly scientised and technocratic domain. These are contrasted with work under the banner of 'civic expertise' proposing increased citizen deliberation and participation in the scientific realm to reverse the technocratic features of environmental management. Eco-feminism links the rise of technocratic science to an overall critique of modernity, rationality and patriarchy. Eco-modernism aims at re-configuring scientific rationality in terms of reflexive modernisation, and a stronger participatory dimension of civil society. In the postmodern green critique, the ascendancy of regulatory science marks the influence of biopower or green governmentality. Civic expertise is advanced as a middle ground between these contested appraisals of science in modern societies. This is underpinned by a post-positivist account of scientific knowledge and promotes a reform of the scien...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, in order for educational access to translate into improved social and economic outcomes across generations, attention to household support structures is important, as well as attention to the discrimination and social exclusion creating the socioeconomic traps in which some families are caught. Good health is an important precondition for the development of other capabilities that can enable socioeconomic mobility, such as education and labour productivity. Poor health can limit individual socioeconomic prospects and, ultimately, perpetuate—or even contribute to—increases in income and non-income inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is particularly true in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica and Uruguay, where retirement benefits are received by 20%-30% of households. The exceptions include Brazil, where retirement benefits are somewhat regressive in absolute terms despite the high level of coverage, and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Panama and Paraguay, where the benefits are somewhat progressive but coverage is low. From this perspective, consideration of the coverage of these transfers by primary per capita income decile shows that they are progressive, that is, the coverage is greater among the poorest groups. This seems to contradict the widespread notion that social security systems are regressive. It must be borne in mind, however, that many of them are based on past employment, and also that their extent and amount are subject to a type of occupational stratification which at one time gave rise to a regressive primary-income structure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Current essay analyses from a social and historical psychology perspective the interest and participat ion of university students at the State University of Londr ina, Londrina PR Brazil, in projects which lead to t he construction of citizenship. Discourse analysis, employing social re presentation category, provides narratives with esse ntial theoretical questions for the understanding of the subject, sti mulates the debate and constructs strategies to con science-raise university students to social commitment. Criticism on the man ner capitalism system and neo-liberal ideology prod uce individualism in current society is inserted. The production of mean ing, as a result of the interpretation of discourse , analyzes the institution's responsibility in the process of maintaining social exclusion. In fact, the latter is the result of in tolerance in the context of diversity and of indifference on issues affect mill ions of Brazilians.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The UNDP in its calculations of its gender equality indices even goes so far as to assume that due to biological advantages women will live on average five years longer than men, and the Global Gender Gap report uses a ratio of 1.06 as its benchmark for equality. This makes sense if gender equality is seen as a situation where men and women achieve equal development outcomes insofar as there are no sound biological reasons for them not to do so (for more information see Anand and Sen, 1993, Eskes and Haanen, 2007, and Austad, 2006). Women in this region have made especially great progress in life expectancy, leading to one of those instances where gender inequality now even reflects a disadvantage for men, although male life expectancy has not fallen in this region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper investigates  the effect of governance on remittances with specific focus on accounting for  heterogeneity in the relationship. Using nonparametric kernel methods that are robust to arbitrary forms of non-linearity, heterogeneity and model specification, and six governance measures from the World Governance Indicators (WGI), the relationship is analysed for 109  countries for the period 1996--2014. The findings show that all six measures: voice and accountability, political stability, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption are significantly related with remittances. Moreover, the relationship is highly nonlinear and  heterogeneous across countries or regions, and time.  In addition, specific aspects of governance quality matter differently for remittances across each regional groupings.  Hence,  there is the need for country-specific rather than  a one-size fits all governance reform agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, the proportion of people who are undernourished declined from about 20 per cent in 1990-1992 to 15 per cent in 2008-2010. Progress has been uneven across regions and the 2007-2008 food and financial crisis posed additional challenges. Under current conditions, the target of halving the proportion of people suffering from hunger by 2015 will not be met in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Individuals may take in enough calories for daily subsistence, but still suffer from “hidden hunger” with low levels of micronutrients owing to the lack of diversification of diets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Information and transaction costs include obstacles that firms have to overcome in order to search for trading partners, acquiring information about tastes, regulations and technical requirements, and enforcing contracts. World Bank-ESCAP database on International trade costs. Each time series is standardized to 100 at the beginning of the sample period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Oversight by the national government to ensure consistency in the implementation of environmental requirements could be improved by establishing a regular forum for dialogue between the Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning (MESP) and municipalities, possibly with active involvement of the associations of municipalities and towns of Slovenia. Such a forum should aim to better monitor and benchmark the environmental performance of local authorities, with a view to identifying and disseminating good practice. It should also facilitate better feedback from the local level for policy purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As an example some further investigation is needed for the classification of some measures under the EAGGF that were phased out in 2007. Knowledge transfer up because better coverage of national expenditures. Reclassification and better coverage, of some items, especially in the category knowledge transfer at member state level, leads to some shifts between categories of the GSSE and overall it declines by -4%, while the TSE is hardly affected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This huge increase alone speaks of amazing achievements in terms of ICT access and bridging the digital divide. This interpretation, however, would be very narrow as the factors leading to ICT access are bound to interact with the environments in which they operate. In this case, a critical analysis of mobile subscriptions by level of development should trigger alarm bells as the sharp increase in ICT access is inordinately skewed towards developing countries as illustrated in figure 9.2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
A statement was made by the observer for the European Union. A statement was also made by the representative of FAO. Statements were also made by the observer for the International Union of Forest Research Organizations, as well as the representatives of the farmers and small forest landowners major group and the non-governmental organizations major group. The Forum considered agenda item 8 at its 5th to 9th meetings, on 7, 13 and 14 May 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Recorded exports of maize in 2003 represented only 0.01% of production. It has been part of food trade in the region since the early 20th century. The first flows towards the south of the country, then Nigeria, went hand-in-hand with the organisation of assembly markets (Pobe, Dogbo and Ouegbo) (Igue, 2008). Besides Nigeria, surplus maize was also exported to Ghana beginning in the 1920s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Although alcohol abuse has a major impact on the mortality pattern of northern regions in general, it has had a particularly significant impact on indigenous peoples, with levels of alcohol use atypically high among women. For instance, in the Berezovo region of the Khanty-Mansi autonomous district, in 1996-1999, out of 362 deaths among indigenous peoples excluding infants, one third were associated with alcohol, while the rate of alcohol-related deaths was 15 per cent in non-indigenous population. Alcohol-related deaths in women were five times higher among the indigenous peoples than among Russian northerners.565 In the Chukchi autonomous district, alcohol caused 42 per cent of indigenous women's deaths, white alcohol caused 19 per cent of deaths of non-indigenous women.566 Even when it does not end in human losses, alcohol consumption leads to economic losses which directly or indirectly decrease life quality. The rate of death resulting from external causes among indigenous northerners is more than twice the Russian average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This case study documents the story of Zimbabwean entrepreneur Strive Masiyiwa in his quest to obtain a mobile telecommunications license. First the Post and Telecommunications Corporation of Zimbabwe (PTC) and then the Ministry of Information, Post and Telecommunications of the government of President Robert Mugabe place obstacle after obstacle in his path, but Masiyiwa challenges their decisions and actions in the High Court and the Supreme Court. Throughout this five year process (1993-1998), he remains determined to obtain the license through ethical means. A number of individuals and organizations are impressed by his values and come to his help and this assistance, along with the independence of the Judiciary, is instrumental in his firm being given the license in July 1998. The case represents an in-depth study of a successful example of resistance to political corruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These usually include multiple criteria, each of which requires an understanding of the context of the proposed action. For example, the Cancun Adaptation Framework (established in 2010 at COP 16) invites all Parties to plan, prioritise and implement adaptation actions (UNFCCC, 2010). Parties agreed at COP 17 in Durban that adaptation planning is a “continuous, progressive and iterative process” (UNFCCC, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For example, the National Mekong Committees coordinate Mekong River Commission’s programmes at the national level and provide links between the Commission’s secretariat and the national ministries and line agencies. The Convention on the Protection of the Rhine (1999) requests Parties to report to the ICPR on measures they have taken on the basis of ICPR decisions and on problems arising in implementation of these measures. If a Party cannot implement the Commission’s decisions, in full or in part, it shall report this. The Commission organizes consultations and may decide that measures will be taken to assist the implementation of the decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Overall, it is also characterised by high fragmentation and low co-ordination as well as slow' planning and delivery' performances relative to a dynamic economic and social context. The elements included in this section combine considerations on the causes of inefficiencies and drivers for possible change and describe initiatives that the government has recently undertaken or is currently considering to address the challenges. These two acts also regulate the process for applying for and issuing construction permits (Box 9.8 below').
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
On the one hand, the radical liberal way of thinking, which was in favour of refraining public authority to free civil society market forces from the “state inefficiency”, and on the other hand the radical promoters of participatory democracy as the only vehicle of “true” emancipation of the citizens (Abers and Keck, 2013). By the end of the 1990s, almost 40 000 participatory councils or committees had been created throughout the country as the “ethos” of Brazil at the dawn of the newly established democracy. In fact, to a large extent, some of the tensions and difficulties in the negotiation of successive Brazilian water laws (Figure 2.1) are still present.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Nigeria has been a steadfast ally of the US even throughout the country’s 29 years of military rule and certainly following its transition to democraticy. Despite Nigeria’s size, regional importance, and political standing, some Nigerian presidents, diplomats, politicians, journalists, and citizens view the relations with the US as uneven and condescending. They had trusted that the election of Barack Obama, whose father is Kenyan, would usher in a new era of improved and balanced Nigeria–US relations. This did not come to fruition. Instead, the language of advising Nigeria about the rule of law, good governance, anti-corruption, and cooperation in America’s fight against terrorism remained. This chapter examines Nigerians’ perceptions of the Obama administration during the administrations of Umaru Yar’Adu, Goodluck Jonathan, and Muhammad Buhari to determine if these perceptions remained consistent or were there changes with each administration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The government is also in the process of revamping the institutional framework for investment promotion, notably through the creation in 2017 of a new investment and trade promotion agency (PAHil) to complement the activities of the existing one (PAIilZ). It may, hence, be a timely moment for the government to undertake a review of its investment promotion structures and incentives now in place to ensure that the reform builds on the available international best practices and achieves its intended effect. Ongoing efforts to strengthen analysis and planning of tax audits should continue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
With progressive redistribution systems in place, greater inequality automatically leads to more redistribution, even if no policy action is taken. For instance, when unemployment goes up, measured redistribution is likely to increase because more people claim unemployment benefits. Similarly, a progressive income tax redistributes more when taxable incomes become more dispersed (and very little if everybody earns about the same). In the context of rising market-income inequality, tax-benefit systems have indeed become more redistributive over the past 20-25 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
An example is the recent report by United Kingdom’s Royal College of General Practitioners, which outlines the model of general practice and roles of GPs and other primary care staff envisaged for 2022 (Royal College of General Practitioners, 2013). It will be important for such a national vision for primary care in Sweden to be shared by SALAR, county councils, municipalities and leaders in primary care. It requires action to ensure that the policy environment, regulation and governance structures, reimbursement and inventive systems, and information infrastructure are conducive to change, and there are effective dissemination routes for the spread of good practice. Integrated, community-based care also requires investment in primary care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Unemployment rates in Denmark in 2011 were below the OECD average. Teachers are trusted professionals with fewer teaching hours than the OECD average and good salary conditions, but they receive less feedback and fewer professional development opportunities than the OECD average. At primary and lower secondary levels, teachers follow a pre-service teacher training programme of four years including a teaching practicum, at upper secondary level, it is a six-year training programme, also including a teaching practicum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This makes the reduction of inequality a difficult, complex task. Ensuring that improvements in one area are not hindered by growing inequality in others is, therefore, important. This calls for an integrated policy approach and a specific policy focus on disadvantaged groups. It purports to be a set of cohesive, coherent and complementary policies (social, monetary and fiscal, developmental, trade and industrial, and other) to attack inequality in its various dimensions, since standalone policies are unlikely to have much effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Figure 12, shows betweenness centrality calculated using Eq. ( Note that we can choose centrality betweenness based on hop count or propagation delay, but we chose centrality betweenness based on hop count because we used the routing algorithm based on hop count. Figure 12 gives betweenness centrality of each nodes, and shows that node 5 has the highest betweenness centrality than other node in NSFNET and node 9 has the second highest. In addition, these nodes are considered appropriate as reference nodes since they are connected with four nodes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Covers the prevention, control and reduction of water-related diseases in Europe. Requires member states to establish national/local targets for drinking water quality, discharge quality, water supply performance and wastewater treatment to reduce water-related disease outbreaks. Provided the basis for bilateral and multilateral conventions e.g. 1994 Convention on the Co-operation for the Protection and Sustainable Use of the Danube River.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These included a study to measure the effects of the phaseout, as well a study “identifying the country's most polluting vehicles.” In 1999, the US-Asia Environmental Partnership (US-AEP) “jointly sponsored a workshop in Hanoi with the Ministry of Transport and the World Bank to discuss phasing out leaded fuel and learn from the experiences of other East Asian countries that had already phased out leaded gasoline.” The workshop helped to resolve concerns about leaded gasoline, and led to the creation of a new partnership of government, industry, and academic experts. The transition was accomplished in July 2001.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Individuals who are still deprived may be the most difficult to reach—geographically, politically, socially and economically. It is time to push to eradicate the remaining deprivations not only in access to health care, education and livelihoods, but also in other dimensions of well-being, such as security, freedom of participation in political life and access to advanced, high-quality services. Some barriers may require technical solutions—greater fiscal resources and development assistance, gains in technology and improved data resources for monitoring and evaluation (see chapter 3). These barriers can be addressed, albeit not easily, through changes in national policies (see chapter 4) and in international systems (see chapter 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The share of Ghanaian-born workers with less than primary education decreased far more than the commensurate share of foreign-bom workers, while the share of Ghanaian-bom workers with secondaiy education increased much faster. In fact, the share of the foreign-bom employed with secondary education was stagnant, and this share increased by more than 10 percentage points for the Ghanaian-bom employed. However, there was a sharper rise in the share of the foreign-bom employed with tertiary education, which increased by 4.5 percentage points (1.2 percentage points for the Ghanaian-bom employed).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Conscientious efforts should be made to live in harmony with nature, allowing for a new approach to modernization characterized by such co-existence. Green lifestyles, including energy-conserving, low-carbon, and environmentally friendly consumption should be widely accepted. For the sake of our environment it will promote green, circular, low-carbon development: preserving our geographical space, restructuring our industrial structure, and modifying the ways of production and changing people’s behavior.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Some countries have also reduced the role of treating doctors in order to objectify the process. Countries have struggled more w'ith influencing the quality of sickness certificates which are still in the hands of an individual’s treating doctor. Sweden has introduced illness-specific guidelines for the certification process w'hich are binding for treating doctors, and the United Kingdom has replaced the previous sick note with a new fit note to increase the treating doctor’s attention to work-related matters (Box 3.8).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For example, one-off cash payments and baby grants may affect the timing of couples w'ho plan to children, but do not necessarily affect the overall number of children in families (OECD, 2011, Thevenon and Gauthier, 2011). The finding is consistent with evaluations of the 2007 parental leave reform w'hich indicate that the fertility of German women in their mid-30s who have high levels of educational attainment has increased since the reform (Bujard and Passet, 2013, Stichnoth, 2014). In that regard, Hank and Kreyenfeld (2002) show' that the low fertility rates in Germany can be explained by the limited availability of child care in Germany - a factor in the mutually exclusive choice of working full-time or having children (and working part-time).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Moreover, they find that people with more than one type of poverty have socio-economic features that are distinct from people who are not poor, or are poor in only one measure. They conclude that using a combination of poverty measures is more secure, in terms of finding the "real poor", than the use of single measures. Nolan and Whelan (2011), when analysing the European Union's poverty reduction measure (The EU 2020 Poverty Target) suggest that combining relative income poverty and material deprivation and focusing on the group where they overlap is worth consideration because such a measure can serve as a way of distinguishing a sub-set of the population deserving priority in framing antipoverty policy. Also Roche's study on multidimensional child poverty in Bangladesh shows that results based on wealth measures are considerably different to those obtained with multidimensional poverty measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)