albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
There seems to be little shared understanding regarding what constitutes adequate, good and excellent performance in different subject areas. Teachers do not benefit from national guidelines to translate the competency aims expressed in FEPs into concrete lesson plans, objectives and assessment activities. Teachers in their classroom assessments tend to use their own personal reference points, based on their experience and school-based expectations. Their reference points are generally a mixture of norm-referenced (in relation to other students), content-referenced (in relation to what I taught) and self-referenced (in relation to growth of the student) and are quite different across different teachers and schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Scenarios unambiguously predict that tropical areas are at higher risk of climate hazards. According to the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index (ND-GAIN) (Chen and others, 2015),10 for example, countries at the highest risk of climate change are concentrated in Africa and South and South-East Asia, where the capacity to prevent (or even cope with) most negative impacts is poor (figure 1.1). While some high-income countries (Italy, Japan and the United States of America) exhibit relatively high risk levels owing to their high exposure to climate hazards, they possess greater capacity (resources) to manage those risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Reactive power control is also available to enable voltage control of the plant output, even at no load in some cases. The graph below shows that traditional variability of consumption in France can typically increase by 6.5 to 7.5 GW in one hour between 6:00 and 7:00 for a typical winter day, during which generation has to be ramped up accordingly. Other generation plants such as hydro and gas turbines can technically provide high ramp rates and can be made available to follow load.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Abused women also suffer from depression, anxiety and even post-traumatic stress disorder. Moreover, there is evidence that violence against women has a direct economic impact. According to one study conducted about 10 years ago, the cost of intimate partner violence in the United States alone was estimated to exceed US$ 5.8 billion per year, of which US$ 4.1 billion were for direct medical and health care services and US$ 1.7 billion for productivity losses due to absenteeism (Campbell, 2002). Globally, it is estimated that up to 60 per cent of women experience physical and/or sexual violence in their lifetime (UN-Women, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By contrast, the inequality is expected to rise in capital-rich countries, as the demand for and remuneration of capital (which is unequally distributed) will increase, while the demand for and remuneration of labour will fall. As predicted by HO-SS, the trade liberalization of the 19,h century raised domestic inequality in the rich New World and reduced it in the poor Old World. Likewise, Bourguignon and Morisson (1989) found that in 35 small developing countries trade liberalization reduced the income of the richest 20 per cent of the population and raised that of the bottom 60 per cent. Similar conclusions are arrived at by Wood (1984) in the case of the East Asian exporters of labour-intensive manufactured goods during the 1960s and the 1970s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Improving labour market prospects and outcomes for women is an essential aspect of moving towards gender equality, providing the basis for increasing women's full and effective participation in economic life as well as in decision-making in domestic, political and public life. While improvements in labour force outcomes and the protections afforded to women therein will support the overall objectives of Goal 5, it is important to highlight the benefits to working women from concurrent gains in specific targets for Goal 5. Here, the adoption of stronger safeguards against exploitation will better protect young women and encourage increased labour market participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In Svalbard, the electricity and heat production is mainly based on coal and diesel oil. Energy efficiency measures can be implemented directly by the sector whereas a switch to renewable energy must be driven by the energy production sector if the energy is produced centrally. In the cases where the energy is not produced centrally the tourism sector can take steps towards a reduction in fossil fuels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
According to estimations presented in the “Columbus 2050” report of the Uiban Land Institute, the tax revenue to acre ratio and the land value to acre ratio is higher for mixed-use projects. Sources: Author's own elaboration based on various sources including Schneider, K. (2016), “Downtown Columbus comes to life with targeted investment”, www.nvtimes.com/2016/06/01 /realestate/commercial/downtown-colmnbus-comes-to-life-with-niillcnnial-tower.html? Greenpoint’s waterfront location (bounded by Newtown Creek) helped turn the neighbourhood into an industrial powerhouse and a centre for shipbuilding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The purpose of this article is to explore the potential contribution of Axel Honneth's critical theory of recognition to empirical and normative debates on global justice. I first present, very briefly, an overview of recent theories of global distributive justice. I argue that theorists of distributive justice do not pay enough attention to sources of self-respect and conditions for identity formation, and that they are blind toward the danger of harming people's sense of self even by well-intentioned redistributive policies. Honneth's theory suffers from complementary shortcomings, it is anti-technocratic but largely oblivious to the global nature of many contemporary justice claims. Given this situation, I seek to broaden the theory's scope by outlining transnational extensions of the recognition principles of love, rights and solidarity identified by Honneth. In conclusion, I show how utilizing a broadened conceptualization of the struggle for recognition allows us to better understand the changing lo...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The delay in obtaining permanent positions can also affect pension accumulations with consequences for old-age security. In Luxembourg it decreased slightly (from 3.9 to 3.6), in Malta and Finland there was basically no change whereas all remaining countries experienced an increase. Out of the total number of unemployed youth, the share that has been unemployed for more than 12 months has increased sharply in the South-West Eurozone Periphery countries and Cyprus, as well as some Central and Eastern European countries (i.e. Bulgaria, Slovakia and Croatia), all these countries experienced increases in the range of 8.2 (in the case of Bulgaria) to 22.5 percentage points (in the case of Greece). In Spain this indicator increased more than 8 times since 2008 and around two out of ten young unemployed have been in this situation for more than 12 months. In Latvia, Slovenia and the Netherlands the increases have been smaller in absolute terms but considerable given the initial conditions: indeed, in these countries the share of young long-term unemployed is 2 to 3 times higher than it was in 2008. Break in time series for Estonia, Austria and France (2013), Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Latvia, Portugal and Slovakia (2011), Netherlands, Poland and Portugal (2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, this was part of the NAPAs established by LDCs, as well as Technology Needs Assessments, biennial update reports and national communications. Many developing countries have also indicated adaptation support needs for adaptation (including finance) in their intended nationally determined contributions. As there is no single definition of what climate finance (or adaptation) comprises, it is unsurprising that different countries have established their proposals in different ways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The elasticity of health spending to GDP is 0.8. Price and health technology developments are an important determinant of health spending growth. De la Maisonneuve and Oliveira Martins (2013) show that for OECD countries they explain about 50% of the public health care spending variation from the 1990s to the late 2000s and 40% for the BRIICS countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The only teachers who are given the option of not joining the new system are those who are ten years from retirement as of 2016. Initial Teacher Education: new requirements to enter initial teacher education, mandatory accreditation of initial teacher education programmes, and external assessment of student teachers before their graduation to inform the improvement of teacher education programmes. New Career Structure: launch of the National Induction System for beginning teachers, creation of a multistage career structure, and development of a teacher evaluation process to determine progression in the career structure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A number of key policy areas should receive priority. First, it is important to attract high-quality candidates to the profession and to ensure that the best school leaders work in the most disadvantaged schools. Chile needs to improve the profile of school leadership. A distinct career structure with its own salary scale could ensure adequate levels of remuneration that are significantly above those of teachers and similar to other professionals in the public sector with similar levels of responsibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper considers the way in which recent historical work on the history of freedom of religion and freedom of conscience opens up a new interpretation of the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights in the headscarf cases. These decisions have been widely criticized as adopting a militantly secularist approach to the presence of Islamic religious symbols in the public sphere, an approach that seems inconsistent or even overtly discriminatory in light of the court’s recent decision in Lautsi that the compulsory display of crucifixes in the classroom did not breach Italy’s convention obligations. I argue that the headscarf cases turn less on the balance between state neutrality and religious belief, than on an understanding of certain religious symbols as a threat to public order and as harbingers of sectarian strife which undermine democracy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The vegetation density on planted areas is some 625 trees per ha. In the valleys of the Kopetdag Mountains, for instance, specially planted oaks can be found, which are 100 years old (and more), and there is also evidence that oriental plane, mulberry, walnut and other trees were planted. It was in 1968 that planned and systematic work aimed at creating artificial (human-made) plantations really began on a full scale. These efforts involved planting trees in mountain areas, in the desert and on irrigated land specially created within the confines of the territory owned by the State forestry authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A third approach proposed by Kenya is to create a central online data repository where all relevant data and information is stored. This process will be supported by the Data Supply and Reporting Obligation Agreements to ensure that all relevant stakeholders report their data (Republic of Kenya, 2012a). This ensures that all stakeholders are clear on their respective roles and responsibilities and that there is a good understanding of the various sources of information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In 2017, more than 1,000 companies were registered as subject to the packaging rales and over 350 companies were registered as subject to the WEEE rales. The fulfilment of obligations is controlled by the Administration for Inspection Affairs of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, if an inspection reveals that a company has not reported (properly) on its obligations, the levy has to be paid to the Fund. There is no possibility of retroactively signing a contract with operators to fulfil the unfulfilled obligations. There are separate coordinating bodies to supervise the operation of both rales, comprising representatives of the Environmental Protection Fund, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Administration for Inspection Affairs and operators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Access to free - or at least affordable -secondary education and the prospect of further training are a necessity if individual incentives are to be aligned with the great benefits - which include reduced income inequality - that a better educated population can bring the economy. The first section outlines overall trends in income inequality between and within countries. It documents, first, how the convergence of large developing countries like China and India is altering the global income distribution, before going on to look at income inequality trends in a number of developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The courses are usually in the evening and include general subjects, management, and theoretical and practical vocational topics. Switzerland has opened Fachhochschulen to graduates from the dual apprenticeship system through the creation of a specific vocational matriculation examination (the Berufsmaturitat), to be completed in parallel to an apprenticeship programme, and providing access to tertiary education: around 12% of all apprentice graduates obtain the Berufsmaturitat and they represent half of the students in the Fachhochschulen (Fazekas and Field, 2013a). ( Access to Fachhochschulen is also possible through recognition of prior learning.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Currently, about one third of the country’s population consumes drinking water that does not meet the national requirements. The monitoring data reveal the non-conformity of tap water quality to the accepted standards by its chemical and bacteriological composition (table 6.6). The goal of the authorities is to provide the entire population with good quality drinking water and to meet the municipal water demands of cities and settlements through centralized water supply systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Conservation Banking scheme in the United States, for example, requires offsets to conserve threatened species’ habitat “that contributes to the overall conservation strategy of the species, which may be located in a corridor or core area that supports essential breeding habitat” (USFWS, 2003). The use of out-of-kind compensation is complicated by the need to compare the relative conservation values of two dissimilar biodiversity sites. To address issues of comparability, programmes frequently require out-of-kind compensation to adhere to the principle of trading-up whereby compensation is limited to biodiversity that is at least as good or more valuable from a conservation perspective than that lost at the clearing site (Quetier and Lavorel, 2011). Under the Environmental Offsets scheme in Australia, for example, offsets for threatened species that contain a different habitat to that being lost at the development site (e.g. breeding habitat for foraging habitat) are only permitted when the proponent is able to demonstrate a greater conservation benefit (Flanigan, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In this kind of situation, poverty levels were less sensitive to changes in the levels of income and inequality. Again, one possible explanation for this is that upswings in income levels are transmitted disproportionately or unequally to the poor segments of the population. In other words, income transfer policies have not been focused on the most underprivileged members of society. Three periods were studied: the first runs from 1981 to 2013, while the second and third correspond to the stages prior to and following the implementation of the Real Plan (1981-1994 and 1995-2013, respectively).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Summit, together with a People's Climate March in which the Secretary-General participated, demonstrated the power of civil society and business as catalysts for national action. The close of the Summit brought renewed hope, not only that a universal agreement might be possible in 2015, but also that the high-level engagement of leaders, civil society and business would help galvanize it. Among its conclusions, the IPCC again found that human influence on the climate system was clear. It stated that anthropogenic GHG emissions were the highest in history, and that recent climate change had widespread impacts on human and natural systems.91 AR5 emphasized that climate change risk would more severely impact already vulnerable and marginalized communities92 Limiting global warming to 2°C would require "substantial emission reductions over the next few decades and near zero emissions of C02 and other long-lived GHGs by the end of the century"93 In addition, AR5 indicated that effective mitigation would require international cooperation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A parameter v=2 corresponds to the standard Gini. Without detailed policy information, a conclusive analysis of the extent to which policy reforms reinforced or counteracted the automatic inequality mitigation built into progressive tax-benefit systems is not possible. The household income data do, however, allow investigating how the redistributive effect of different parts of the tax-benefit system has changed (whether as a result of policy changes or because of other factors, such as higher unemployment).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A downside to these purchases is that they distort market signals and may encourage illegal imports by inflating domestic prices relative to international prices. Furthermore, storage facilities can entail high costs to build and operate, with continued rotation of stock important for reducing potential storage losses from infestation or moisture damage. Nevertheless, since China’s entry into the World Trade Organisation (WTO) China has sourced more agricultural products from abroad. In particular, net imports of vegetable oils, oilseeds, cotton, sugar and milk products have picked up (OECD-FAO, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This type of internet access is spreading very fast. Through innovations like beam forming antenna systems, interference mitigation, multiple and aggregated carriers, power control, repeaters and scheduling schemes, etc., In August 2011, 1.535 billion38 people among the global population of 6.9 billion people were connected via IMT mobile broadband networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In fact, 63% of education woikers and 57% of health woikers are employed in the public sector. The occupational structure of care work differs substantially from that of other woikeis, among whom own-account woric is more prevalent (see figure 111.21). In contrast, self-employment is practically unheard of among care woikers, with the only exception being the almost 5% of health woikers who are self-employed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The 21st century, however, presents a very different economic context of rising and more volatile resource prices, requiring a rethinking of political steering and business practices. Economic competitiveness and prosperity in the future will be underpinned by large investments into infrastructure and skills that enable a green and low carbon economy that services equitable opportunities for nations and people. Over the past two decades most of the growth came from the Asia-Pacific region, driven by a fast transition in a number of rapidly developing economies, most notably China.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Gender gaps in financial inclusion are largest in South Asia and in the Middle East and North Africa region (Klapper, 2012). Enabling women to build up savings in accounts registered in their name attracts more entrepreneurs, conversely, access constraints curtail the business growth of female-owned micro-enterprises. Dupas and Robinson (2009) show that female market vendors in rural Kenya increased their daily investments by between 38 and 56% when they were provided with interest-free bank accounts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By the end of 2007, 20 million poor people were benefiting from the scheme.103 Mexico is a leader in moving rapidly towards universal health coverage by adopting an innovative financing mechanism. Access to health services has been expanded in Rwanda by introducing community-based health insurance. As a result, health care became more affordable in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Therefore, the concepts of conservation and sustainability are at the core of US trade policy. Additionally, the United States takes the position that tariffs and quantitative restrictions on trade are, for the most part, ineffective substitutes for good management. As a country with relatively low tariffs on fish and fish products, the United States supports liberalizing global trade in these products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Taken together, these developments would lead to the emergence of more sustainable production and consumption patterns, and thus could provide opportunities for developed and developing countries to achieve economic growth and sustainable development in line with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Increasing automation of production processes, made possible by ICTs, may cause the displacement of workers by machines and is likely to eliminate routine types of jobs and increase inequality. A global net decrease in jobs could be especially challenging for developing countries where, unlike developed economies, millions of young people are entering the job market every year. However, developing countries are still lagging behind in terms of ICT penetration, buying them time to figure out how job loss may be compensated or combatted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
By imposing an additional constraint on the way aid money is spent, Aid for Trade has the potential to have a negative impact on developing countries. More importantly, Aid for Trade may not be addressing the fundamental concerns with the global trading system and aid system that gave rise to it, and instead has become a means for both the aid and trade communities to paper over their weaknesses without doing much for the fundamental concerns of poor countries. Our proposal is to make aid and trade liberalisation work for poor countries and tied directly to specific development objectives. In fact, perversely, the global trading system is still stacked against the poorest - the areas of trade where barriers are the highest (agriculture, textiles etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Purpose – The aim of this research paper is to discuss the crucial difference between financial offshores and fiscal offshores.Design/methodology/approach – The paper combines narrative with argument and analysis.Findings – It is shown that the decision of a few countries and territories to adopt lax financial regulation do not coincide with those that institute competitive taxation policies. From a methodological point of view, the classic intuition of Becker is intertwined with the new political economy approach, in order to review and comment on empirical tests.Originality/value – The paper suggests common guidelines for the design of international policy against money laundering and the financing of terrorism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Overall, installation of hydropower facilities has required the flooding of nearly 22 000 ha, or about 1.9 ha per GWh of electricity generated (in a year of average hydropower productivity), although with great variability among plants. This is in addition to noise, potential landscape disruption and disturbance of bird species. However, unlike large hydropower plants, the land occupied by wind farms can be used for other purposes and their environmental impacts are more easily reversible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)