albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The implementation of such policies involves choices between different types of interventions that differ according to the intended purpose and desired effectiveness. There are essentially two types of such interventions against poverty. The first uses redistributive transfers in cash or kind, generally targeted to households who are deemed poor based on observable criteria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Individual farms also have large regional variations in size, from 1 782 hectares in Mangistau to 29 hectares in South Kazakhstan and 95 hectares in Almaty oblast. In sum, the regional variations indicate that where economies of scale are more pronounced, farms are larger and agricultural enterprises more prevalent. Where economies of scale are less strong, e.g. in cotton and in the mixed farming of the southeast, individual farms have become the norm (Annex Table 1.A.10 and 1.A.11).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Consideration for vulnerable users is evident in various initiatives, such as the creation of 144 protected zones for the elderly and children with unmanned camera surveillance, expansion of low-floor buses, on-demand taxi services for wheelchair users and obstacle-free pedestrian environments (braille blocks, elimination of bollards and raised spots). A specific initiative for women is the “Road Manager” programme. The sendee runs from 10 pm to 1 am to accompany women residing in obscure and deserted areas from the bus stop to the front door. This initiative is operated in co-operation with the local university students specialising in bodyguarding and safety. For example, the Good Governance Committee, which was established in 2011, brings together elected politicians, experts and citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The two subsections that follow examine the gains in terms of child poverty reduction that would be achieved by putting in place policies that would significantly increase the employment rate of parents or share a redistribution of child benefit and/or by redistributing child and/or housing benefits to ensure better coverage of children in relative poverty. This section examines the potential impact on family poverty rates of a reduction in the number of jobless parents, and the family poverty rates that could be achieved in the absence of a child-related standard of living penalty, i. e. if the poverty rate of families with children was equal to that of households without children, conditional to adult employment status. Different scenarios are considered, and the impact on family poverty rates is shown in Table 4 Column 1 shows the current proportion of families under the poverty line amongst households with children, i.e. a weighted poverty rate for families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Non-governmental organisations operate as nodes in networks of ‘managerialism’ – bundles of often Northern, corporate-inspired knowledge and practices that promote ‘good governance’ under neoliberalism. Managerialism is double-sided: it can guard against corruption and help ensure accountability, but it can also be culturally disjunctive, reinforcing North–South power imbalances while diffusing the political potential of NGOs. In this paper we present a framework for studying managerialism's global circulation and discuss a series of empirical findings from a multi-year study of NGOs in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. We conclude by commenting on managerialism's influence on NGOs during the social upheavals of 2006, highlighting its differential and contingent impact on social and political change in Oaxaca.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Moreover, many employers have the view that they should not provide of structured training, but rather that school-based programmes should provide them with trained and ready workers (OECD, 2017). National employers’ organisations have been traditionally included in the advisory bodies designing VET provision, but in 2014-2015, the Ministry of Economy signed collaboration agreements with sectoral employers’ associations (e.g. hotels and restaurants, aviation, IT, engineering, etc.). For that purpose, sectoral qualification standards are being developed for particular sectors of the economy (OECD, 2016,38)).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
While this is welcome, consideration should be given to reform means testing as well to better target those with high disincentives. Moreover, a rising group of high-income pensioners, approaching 30% by 2080, will not receive the supplement (Figure 21, Panel A), implying they will profit from favourable taxation of additional pension savings (Figure 13). The new measures also amplify the complexity of the tax and pension system further with the risk that people focus e.g. on reducing tax payments rather than setting pension savings at a desirable level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, in practice, monitoring of continued benefit eligibility tends to be very limited and it may be quite common for benefit recipients to work in the informal sector. In countries with a relatively short maximum duration of benefits, such as Brazil and Chile, activation may be relatively light. As the benefits are only available for a short duration, work incentives are likely to remain strong during the period of benefit receipt, while the gains from intensive activation measures are relatively small.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, evaluation policies and practices remain at an incipient stage, especially when compared to those of most OECD countries and other emerging economies in Latin America. The most significant gap is the paucity of national data on student learning outcomes, which makes it difficult to design effective policies to raise achievement and assess the impact of reforms, in particular the new curriculum. Also important is the need to reinforce national capacity to use information from monitoring and evaluation for policy-making purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While the Farmland Law states that the central FAB has the duty to provide guidance on shifting cultivation, its rules discourage such cultivation and promote terrace farming to replace it. However, shifting cultivation can have positive agronomic and environmental impacts in a context where demographic pressure is relatively low. While the VFV Land Law does include provisions recognising and respecting the existing land use of farmers, even if it has not previously been formally recognised, these provisions remain relatively vague and do not mention customary rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The same point is being made with regard to the integration of CMS concerns into NBSAPs in the Guidelines on the integration of Migratory Species into NBSAPs developed by the CMS Secretariat (November 2011). This issue will be further elaborated on in the section on resource mobilisation. It is therefore important to build upon and thus strengthen existing coordination structures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, productivity in the sector is low and high labour turnover is often cited as a significant constraint for improving productivity. Some employers report that only half of workers stay beyond three years (ILO, 2016a). Some staff turnover is to be expected in any industry, but this rate is high even by regional industry standards (World Bank, 2012) and has a direct impact on productivity in terms of loss of experienced workers and costs related to hiring and training. While the fact that the sector in general employs migrant women under 25 who may view employment as a temporary opportunity does play a role, challenging working conditions - long hours, compulsory overtime, limited understanding of contractual rights and obligations, issues with wages and representation - have been reported to be a significant factor (ILO, 2016c, World Bank, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Advertisement-supported revenue was Euros 102 million, up 38 per cent from the previous year (Spotify Technology S.A., 2018). These digital technologies are changing the global economy by giving rise to new online markets and products, resulting in considerable benefits for consumers and productivity gains for firms. A better understanding of the effects of digital technologies requires the ability to measure the economic transactions, including digital trade, that they are making possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While economic crime and itscontrol deserve the scrutiny of criticalcriminology, there are problems in being acritical economic crime criminologist. The conclusion that criminal law in this areabe strictly and consistently enforced seemsinconsistent with critical criminology'swarnings regarding the dangers ofcriminalization as a response to socialproblems. This article reports upon thisdilemma in the specific context of research ona recent Finnish initiative to combat economiccrime that resulted in the authors engaging inpolicy-debates to argue for even greatercriminalization of such crime. The articledescribes and reflects upon thispro-criminalization strategy. It provides anoverview of the research project and some ofthe dangers associated with the advocacy ofgreater criminalization that emerged from it,and which is raised more generally by criticalcriminologists. It concludes by justifyingwhy, in the particular context within whichthis project was conducted, the approachadopted towards conducting the research,disseminating findings, and advocatingcriminalization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They may however also represent a driver to change, as evident in the greater emphasis which is being placed by increasing segments of -mainly industrialised countries' - populations on the quality and sustainable production process of the food that they consume. Actions aimed at accelerating this shift to more sustainable lifestyles should involve all stakeholders, and should be tailored to national and regional lifestyles and mindsets. International research efforts not only need to focus on sustainable productivity growth, but also on improving our understanding of key linkages between physical (e.g. atmospheric GHG concentrations and climate change), biological (e.g. crop and livestock productivity in different agro-climatic conditions) and behavioural variables (e.g. consumers' long-term response to large changes in income).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Separation of powers is one of strongest aspects of contemporary constitutionalism, mostly to rationalize the exercise of state power. In Brazil, the 1988 Constitution provides as entrenchment clause to tripartition of powers. However, there is a change in paradigms, especially at the level of constitutional jurisdiction, through the phenomena of judicialization and judicial activism because the intervention of the Judiciary in the primary functions of other powers. Using deductive and descriptive method, bibliographical and documentary research, we tried to point out the harms that the invasive action of the Judiciary causes to the functional balance between the powers and democracy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Under this Forum, the Bangkok 2020 Declaration was developed, which includes “Sustainable Transport Goals for 2010-2020” in order to demonstrate a regional commitment to measures for achieving safe, secure, quick, reliable, affordable, efficient, people-centric and environmentally friendly transport in rapidly urbanising Asia. Transport is not an end in itself, it is a tool that facilitates access. Improving access, be it to employment, schools, healthcare, social activities, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The higher skilled occupations such as professionals, technicians, associate professionals and clerks are significantly advanced in the developed countries of Australia, Hong Kong, China, New Zealand and Singapore. Cambodia, Pakistan and Viet Nam are struggling to supply these types of skills (see Figure 1.2 and Annex B for more detail). Operators and assemblers are generally in the manufacturing sector and industrialised countries have more of these jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Many face a real shortage of personnel. This lack of capacity compromises the delivery of public services and effective investment in urban development projects. In several OECD countries, capacity building, in terms of human resources and financial support, has often been cited as the principal obstacle to decentralisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In contrast, in countries where there is no integrated national climate change action plan or domestic climate change policy framework, it has been observed that donors are more likely to finance their own priorities (see e.g. Cameron 2011, Zou and Ockenden, 2013). This is reported to be the case even when national climate change policy reports exist i.e. NAMAs or NAP As13 have been submitted to the UNFCCC, but it is not clear if this is a case of poor alignment or if systems are not in place to support these plans. For example, the use of country systems and procedures (such as national arrangements and procedures of public financial management, accounting, auditing, procurement, monitoring and evaluation) is encouraged, where appropriate (i.e. Busan 2011, and Manila Consensus 2011), to improve the effectiveness climate finance through reinforcing the sustainability of results and allowing recipient countries to take greater ownership. Practitioners recognise aid effectiveness principles and the benefits of using country systems (e.g. EC, 2008, GCCA, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For instance, the purpose of the Digital Readiness Framework is to improve citizens’ quality of life. The framework documents also repeatedly identify improving digital and physical infrastructure and cybersecurity while ensuring privacy of data as key focus areas. Regarding institutional organisation, the Digital Government Blueprint describes co-ordination measures between ministries, notably through increased sharing and alignment of data between ministries as well as the appointment of Chief Digital Strategy Officers and Chief Information Officers to lead and implement digitalisation plans within their ministries and respective agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
On December 20, 2019, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands published its judgment in The State of the Netherlands v. Urgenda. The judgment is largely a discussion of questions of Dutch law, but contains several conclusions that are relevant from an international law perspective. In particular, the Court held that on the basis of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), the Netherlands has a positive obligation to take measures for the prevention of climate change and that it was required to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 25 percent by the end of 2020, compared with 1990 levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Luxembourg had already set an example by reaching this objective in 2000. Luxembourg’s ODA rose steadily over the review period, increasing by 6.7% a year by volume, demonstrating the Grand Duchy’s determination to achieve the UN target of 0.7% of GNI, and its own goal of 1%.* After a 16% jump in 2007, Luxembourg’s development co-operation budget edged up by 2% in volume to EUR 278 million in 2008, or 0.92% of GNI (Figure 7.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Article 23 of the Code of Personal Status, according to which “a wife shall respect the prerogatives of her husband and shall owe him obedience” has been replaced by a provision which obliges each spouse to treat the other w ith consideration and co-operate in managing the family’s affairs. In fact, spouses must treat each other with kindness, live together and avoid causing harm to one another, perform his/her part of the marital duties according to what is accustomed, co-operate in the process of family household issues and in the children’s education including their schooling, travel and financial matters. The husband, as the head of the family, is responsible for the financial support of his wife and children, w ithin his financial means, the w'ife also has to financially contribute to the family life if she has the financial means (Article 23).18 Such an obligation constitutes recognition of the economic role of women and brings a new' order to her status w ithin the family.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
An additional ground was that S. 13(2) of the Marriage Act, which requires leave of Court for marriage of one who is aged 14 years, can be too vague and is wanton to arbitrary interpretation. As such, this might result in denial of children of their right to education, which is the cornerstone of the freedom of expression as stipulated in the Constitution. The girls’ Advocate, Mr. Jebra Kambole, citing the Zimbabwean case of Loveness Mudzuru and Another, argued his case ably.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The 100 points are distributed across three main domains: level of seniority (up to 20 points), attendance (up to 20 points) and the assessment of the actual work of teachers. This annual score - the teaching aptitude - is needed for each teacher’s record. Scores for teachers need to be approved in an annual meeting at the school level with participation from the school principals, who have a voice but no vote. Inspectors are supposed to express their views about the performance of each teacher to the school principal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Although local government in 2000 executed almost 40% of investment from the state budget, it was primarily a budget line distribution to the provincial level government to carry out central government policy (World Bank, 2012). The State Budget Law 2002 advanced fiscal decentralisation by assigning more authoritative responsibilities to provincial government and by guaranteeing revenue sources to commune governments. This provides a large amount of discretion to the provincial government to adapt to their specific conditions, but less so for sub-provincial level governments (Bjornstad, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Wind power is therefore not included in the future energy system on Jan Mayen. The cheapest way to use the surplus electricity when present is to produce and store heat. Batteries will still be necessary (also because of the balancing need), but they are much more expensive compared with simple heat storage. Both the batteries and the heat storages will be used daily.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In this paper, we urge that Canada’s reformed national security accountability review structure be built on the model of a three-legged stool: first, a properly resourced and empowered committee of parliamentarians with robust access to secret information, charged primarily with strategic issues, including an emphasis on “efficacy” review, second, a consolidated and enhanced expert review body — a “security and intelligence community reviewer” or “super SIRC” — with all-of-government jurisdiction, capable of raising efficacy issues but charged primarily with “propriety” review, and third, an independent monitor of national security law, built on the UK and Australian model, with robust access to secret information and charged with expert analysis of Canada’s anti terrorism and national security legislation and able to work in concert with the other bodies on specific issues. This is the second edition of this paper, reflecting comments received on an earlier draft.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The use of lethal force to prevent terrorist attacks raises a range of legal, moral and policy challenges. This note examines recent legislative changes in Australia which empower the military to use lethal force against hijacked aircraft. These special powers are contained in Part IIIAAA of the Defence Act 1903/em> (Cth), which deals with the `call out' of the military in aid of civil power. These powers to use reasonable and necessary force depart from the conventional criminal law doctrines of necessity and self defence, embracing a broader national security paradigm. This paradigm shift is reflected in the inclusion of powers to use lethal force to protect designated critical infrastructure and a special defence of superior orders. As the note concludes, these reforms reveal the growing influence of international law, particularly the law of armed conflict, on the development of domestic criminal law in Australia
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Interest is charged at a rate of 5%, with a grace period of between 3-12 months depending on the nature of the project and the extent of self-financing. The BTS also operates through independent micro-finance organisations that hand out credits of up to TND 5 000 and are expected to achieve an 80% recovery rate. Currently, 280 such organisations exist. For these loans, applicants need to put down a guarantee of 10% of the required capital from their own sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The authors would like to acknowledge the helpful comments from OECD and IEA colleagues Simon Buckle, Gregory Briner, Gisela Campillo, Raphael Jachnik, Michael Mullan, Sara Moarif, Lola Vallejo, Robert Youngman and Takashi Hattori, as well as Angela Friedrich, Marie Karlberg, Karen Johnson, Timo Leiter, Marta Olender, Dawn Pierre-Nathoniel, Olga Pilifosova, Klaus Radunsky, Shereen D’Souza and Akiko Urakami on earlier versions of this paper. The authors would also like to thank delegates to the March 2016 CCXG Global Forum on Environment and Climate Change for their inputs to discussions of the issues raised. Under the Paris Agreement, countries have also agreed to an enhanced transparency framework for action, which includes adaptation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Scientific findings and estimates have a remarkable influence on decision-making under the UNFCCC. A similar body could be created under the international chemicals and waste management regime. In general, duplication and extra costs should be avoided, and member states should seek ways to better utilize the existing scientific panels that focus on chemicals and waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In addition, the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 presents deaths related to HIV and hepatitis C as well as other causes that are mostly omitted from UNODC reporting. Oceania (based on data from Australia and New Zealand only) also has a high drug-related mortality rate, at more than 2.5 times the global average. A large number of drug-related deaths (35 per cent of the global total) are estimated to occur in Asia, although this number is tentative because of poor regional coverage and reporting of mortality data. Despite the large number of deaths, the drug-related mortality rate in Asia is below the global average. Because of differences in reporting, comparisons across countries and regions should be made with the greatest of care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Rape and sexual violence during armed conflict are not a new phenomenon, these crimes have existed throughout history. However, historically they were viewed as an inevitable consequence of war with little, if any repercussions. Since the 1990s however rape has become a ‘passion’ of international law and legal scholars, with a focus on ending impunity. The creation of internationalised tribunals has meant that rape has been prosecuted as a crime against humanity, a tool of genocide, and as a war crime. While the prosecution of these crimes mark a significant step forward,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Negative effects on economic efficiency are mitigated by almost half when a governance body at the metropolitan level exists. In Mexico and in Morelos, funding for metropolitan areas is channelled from the federal government through this fund and is part of the national budget devoted to subsidising state and municipal action on urban development. The operational rules for the Metropolitan Fund require the creation of a Metropolitan Development Council (Cornejo para el Desarrollo Metropolitano, CDM) in order to receive funds (OECD, 2015b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)