albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Scholarly literature concerning terrorism and the media spans decades and disciplines with a dramatic increase after 9/11. This state-of-the-art review assesses strengths, limitations, and gaps in recent scholarship on mainstream mass-mediated news coverage of terrorism and outlines an agenda for research that cuts across traditional context-based divisions of communication research. It begins by synthesizing various conceptions of terrorism as communication and discussing models of terrorism’s relationship to the media. It then considers empirical studies of media content in television, print, Internet, and multimodal contexts. Finally, it identifies the need for expanded studies of multi-modal international news coverage of terrorism that cut across interpersonal, organizational, religious, and new media subfields of the communication discipline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Almost half (2.5 million) of the total number of under-5 deaths took place in the first month of life—the most crucial period for child survival. The global neonatal mortality rate fell from 31 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2000 to 18 deaths in 2017—a 41-per cent reduction. Yet stark disparities persist across regions and countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Women's names do not feature in ongoing power struggles for the top leadership of the African National Congress (ANC), although the opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) has three women at the helm. In the countdown to 2015 - the deadline for the 28 targets of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Protocol on Gender and Development and of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 3: promoting gender equality and empowering women - South Africa needs to redouble its efforts to ensure the achievement of gender parity in all areas of decision-making. South Africa also needs to ensure that this translates into real changes in the lives of the majority of women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources leads the government’s action on energy matters, energy taxation is a responsibility of the Department of Finance, and the DoEHLG oversees climate change policy. It oversees the operation, maintenance and licensing of the transmission and distribution networks, promotes competition in the markets and sets the regulated prices charged to customers by the state-owned Electricity Supply Board and Board Gais Eireann. The commission is funded by a levy on energy enterprises and licensing fees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In European countries participating in the EU emission trading system (ETS), lower electricity prices will not increase total emissions (as long as the ETS cap is binding), and may actually even reduce them, for instance if households would switch from heating or cooking with fossil fuels, where emissions are uncapped to electricity, where emissions are covered by the ETS (Box 2.2). Furthermore, electricity sector liberalisation can remove implicit barriers to the expansion of renewable energy such as in e.g. Belgium, France, where the effects of widespread support for renewable energy have been constrained by the barriers to grid access (OECD, 2011d, 2012b). In a similar manner, recommendations to improve the integration of electricity markets (in Canada and among European Union countries) may facilitate the entry and improve the competitiveness of renewable energy producers (Benatia et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The basis for this has been electronic patient records, which has led to the specification of a minimum data set called the Quality Indicators in Community Health Care (QICH) programme. The QICH is one of the most comprehensive programmes for monitoring the quality of primary care among OECD countries today. In contrast to primaiy care, too little is known about the quality of care delivered in hospitals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper analyzes principles of international law on domestic administration with a view to their potential for codification in an EU administrative procedure law. It explains how such principles can be discovered. Subsequently, it proposes five principles: proportionality, lawfulness, non-discrimination and legitimate expectation, fairness and due process, data privacy, and transparency, information and consultation. These principles are developed on the basis of an analysis of many areas of international law such as world trade law, investment law, human rights law, refugee law, environmental law, and the law of the Sea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As the generic product is a copy of the original one (more or less modified), the generic producer in order to submit its product to the regulatory authority (for purposes of demonstrating bioequivalence) will rely on lawful reverse-engineering of the patented drug in order to understand how it was formulated. See Box 12, below, for details. While some countries may consider it unfair to let second comers take advantage of the investments made by data originators (“free riding”), other countries may regard as unfair to impose on financially weak generic producers, in particular those in poor developing countries or LDCs, the same requirements as those set up for multinational pharmaceutical companies, especially where the latter may at the same time benefit from patent protection on the respective substance and may already have entirely recouped their R&D investment in OECD country markets. Where this is the case, data originators no longer need to recoup any remaining costs, and there is a risk of over-compensating the data originator at the expense of generic price competition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Commission noted that towards the end of the Commission's investigation phase, as trust and confidence in the Commission's work had grown, many more women indicated their willingness to be interviewed, but due to the Commission's compressed timeline this was no longer possible." ( A/HRC/29/CRP. United Nations and other stakeholders have documented how persons have been specifically targeted by state and non-state actors in conflict settings as a result of their actual or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity, including for being seen to transgress entrenched gender norms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Today, however, it is the large share of variable renewable which requires flexibility from all dispatchable electricity sources, including nuclear energy. The amount of recent load following that has been undertaken in Germany by nuclear power plants is quite remarkable. Figure 3.4 shows the daily variation in the nuclear energy output showing clearly the extent of the load following capacity of the nuclear park in Germany.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The pulp and paper enterprise that was launched in 2004 with a capacity of some 50,000 t of paper per year, processes straw from the cotton and grain fields as raw materials. For example, the need for recreational forests increases every year. Currently, there are only 5,700 ha of sanitary zones and recreational forests in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This may also give local firms a better chance to compete with foreign suppliers. This may involve encouraging joint ventures, a local presence to ensure postimplementation support or local language capabilities when appropriate. With a team based in the United States of America, and globally active participants, its goal is to facilitate greater engagement between international development organizations (for example.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The formal sector (or workers with social security benefits) covers less than 10% of total employment. Despite different methodologies in collecting the data, the main trends of low and declining female labour force participation are similar in the different sources. This study uses the NSSO data as it provides the most recent information and is broadest in coverage. Given the large regional differences in India the analysis is also conducted by region and between rural and urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This qualitative paper explores the perception of pain among north-eastern Thai children experiencing illness, aged from 4–18 years. Data was obtained from 17 children living in the community and 32 children admitted to two major hospitals in Isan, totaling 49 children. The qualitative data collection techniques used were observation, drawing, role-playing, story-telling, and “day conferences” (relaxed and informal group discussions). The study was conducted over 1 year and the data were analyzed using Fielding’s method of content analysis. The research found that children described their experience of pain as “disheartening”, “suffering”, and “torturing” and that the expression of pain in Isan families is characterized by avoidance and endurance. The findings suggest a role for a model of pain management in children specific to the sociocultural context of Isan, which focuses on family-centered care and acknowledges cultural diversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Their purpose was to assess UNDP’s added value, partnership strategies and relevance of approach. In each country visited, there was an effort to meet representatives from the UN country team (UNCT) and the Resident Coordinator. Data were collected on six cross-cutting questions8 to assess nationally driven efforts to promote GEWE and whether/the extent to which the GES has provided guidance across the thematic area. The data analysed included a range of UNDP knowledge products, key publications, knowledge-sharing platforms and social media, such as Twitter accounts. An independent consultant was commissioned to assess UNDP’s performance in response to the plan, which included a meta-evaluation of 30 evaluation reports produced in 2014.10 The metaevaluation was conducted using the UN Evaluation Group Technical Note guidance for reporting on evaluation. The Gender Equality Strategy contains references to ‘gender explicit’ and ‘gender responsive’ outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Korea is a particularly interesting example where three different appraisal processes have been established with clearly distinct functions: (i) appraisal for professional development, (ii) appraisal for performance management, which feeds into decisions about promotions, and (Hi) a performance-based incentive system which is connected to special rewards for teachers taking on specific roles and responsibilities (Kim et al., Across the countries participating in the OECD Review, most teacher appraisal approaches aim to use results for both formative and summative purposes. Combining both the developmental and accountability functions into a single teacher appraisal process raises a range of challenges. When the appraisal is oriented towards the improvement of practice within schools, teachers are typically open to reveal their weaknesses, in the expectation that conveying that information will lead to more effective decisions on developmental needs and training. However, when teachers are confronted with high-stakes consequences of appraisal on their career and salary, the inclination to reveal weak aspects of performance is reduced, i.e. the developmental function may be jeopardised (Santiago and Benavides, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Considering that non-concessional finance mainly consists of development loans that do not qualify as ODA, the recipients of non-concessional finance are mainly countries with acceptable credit rating and borrowing capacity. Most non-concessional finance to STI are allocated to upper-middle income countries in the Americas and in Asia, in particular Argentina. Brazil, People’s Republic of China, India, and Mexico. The largest providers of non-concessional finance to STI are the Asian Development Bank, EU institutions (incl.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This means that the retrospective benefit histories from successive interviews provide two reports for each of the months for which the reference years overlap. In practice, there are major impediments to both approaches in household panels. In particular, as already mentioned in Section 3, the retrospective histories show an implausible number of transitions at the ‘seam’ where successive between-interview histories are spliced together.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, all aspects of fisheries - from harvesting to marketing to consumers - should be considered in a comprehensive way for a successful transition process to responsible fisheries. In this regard, it would seem that more effort is needed on consulting a broader set of fishing industry stakeholders. ( However, whether the toolbox is capable of meeting its objectives (see above) in practice is an open question. In this regard, weaknesses of the toolbox are itemised below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The general skills (functional literacy) level is typically achieved at the primary education level. Specific skills are acquired during secondary education and advanced scientific and technical knowledge obtained through higher education. However, formal education is not a sole source of human capital. In fact, recent studies suggest that in the Arctic human capital is less related to formal levels of schooling than it is in the south (Petrov, 2008, Petrov and Cavin, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
During an electricity overproduction phase, hydrogen is produced by electrolysis, compressed and stored for later use in a fuel cell for electricity generation. The disadvantage of hydrogen is the tow energy efficiency of the storage system, at slightly above 50 per cent, when electrolysis is applied for hydrogen production, in comparison to 75-85 per cent for PSH, batteries or compressed air (Hammerschlag and Mazza, 2005). The biggest advantage is the longer time horizon over which energy can be stored.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A biome is a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a geographic region. Includes national forests, states forests and forest plantations. The Amazonia Legal super-region corresponds to an area larger than the Amazon biome, encompassing both the Amazonian forest (about 4.1 million km ) and transitional vegetation (1 million km^), the Amazon biome covers only the forest area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Targets under Goal 6 make specific references to equitable access to water and sanitation. Target 6.1 calls countries to achieve by 2030 universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all. Target 6.2 calls countries to achieve by 2030 access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Early marriage, also refers to marriages where both spouses are 18 years and over but certain factors make them unready to consent to marriage, for example their level of physical, emotional, sexual and psychosocial development, or lack of information regarding the person’s life options.10 Within the context of the law in East Africa, CEFM does not have a concrete definition. Most information gathered on CEFM places child marriages into two categories: those married before 15 years and those married before 18 years. This categorisation is of importance as it enables those researching CEFM to understand the trends in various countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This research would also be useful for the comprehensive contextual understanding of the sector’s energy transition. Finally, improved knowledge of the mining companies' energy transition efforts in different regions will be of great interest. Mining companies tend to provide aggregate data on the integration of renewables in their operations, with limited geographic granularity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The objective is to understand and explain why this occurs and then react to it. Thus, the concept of missing women relates to the female population that could be expected if men and women received similar care in health, medicine and nutrition. In short, this concept represents the deficit of women and girls who have died prematurely compared to a benchmark population distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In these countries, the fossil-fuel sector generally provides more than half of all central government revenues (and more than 80 per cent in South Sudan), equivalent to some 10-25 per cent of GDP. The sole exception is the Sudan, where oil-sector revenues amount to only 2.4 per cent of GDP, although even here this represents 20.6 per cent of central government revenues (table 2.7). This makes it difficult for Governments to plan their expenditure over the medium and long term and may force spending cuts in times of declining fuel prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Upward mobility is considerably more common (39%) than downward mobility (11%) and is highest in Finland and Korea. At the same time, absolute educational mobility in education has declined from 41 % to 33% for more recent generations. There is a sticky ceiling in education, with 63% of individuals with highly educated parents achieving tertiary levels and being protected from falling to lower levels of education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The region has a basin management plan {piano di bacino) but it is not effectively integrated with other planning instruments. This is particularly urgent given the Lagoon’s highly polluted sediment, which is at times sufficiently polluted to be designated as toxic waste under national legislation (and thus subject to special removal and disposal procedures). The Lagoon sediment is nonetheless an important resource for morphological reconstruction {e.g. salt marshes) and littoral regeneration {e.g. creation of parks along the coastal zone). However, no integrated policy governs water quality concerns stemming from dredging for navigation purposes, which stirs up sediment and re-introduces it into the water column.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Absolute" sodal mobility refers to the total amount of movement of people (e.g. an increase/decrease in household income irrespective of a change in the distribution of income), while "relative" sodal mobility refers to the upward or downward movement of a member of one sodal class compared with a member of another dass. The section begins with an analysis of income mobility in Viet Nam from 2002 to 2008. The concept of income mobility is significant for countries such as Viet Nam that have experienced stable, persistent economic growth and profound structural transformations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It is grounded in the government’s Strategy for research co-operation and research in development co-operation 2015-2021. The aim of the strategy is “to contribute to strengthened research of high quality and of relevance to poverty reduction and sustainable development, with a primary focus on low-income countries and regions.” While support to research co-operation has represented a minor share of Sweden ODA (roughly 2 %), the Swedish Development Agency (Sida) is aiming to scale up its research programme following strong country demands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
One of the strengths of this monitoring survey is its clarity of purpose: NEMP intends to provide a national picture of student learning outcomes at key stages (Years 4 and 8) rather than to report on individual students, teachers or schools. About 3 000 students from 260 schools are selected randomly each year to take part in the assessments. The participation of selected schools is voluntary, but 98% do participate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Both approaches study partial equilibria by design, for instance, the elimination of the cross-subsidisation of financial sector wages may influence wage dispersion in other sectors. The empirical analysis shows that workers in the financial sector contribute a small but noticeable amount to economy-wide labour income inequality. Financial sector wage premia make up most of this contribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Secretariat also conducted a verification of the information received through the questionnaire against publicly available information and other existing reports. The 2014 update allowed including in the database eight additional OECD countries (Austria, Chile, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Israel, Luxembourg and Slovenia). The 2014 average includes the additional OECD countries covered by the database, however the observed changes are mainly attributable to the evolution of trade facilitation in the OECD countries initially covered in 2010-11 and not to the expansion of country coverage.11 Overall, the most significant improvements can be observed for appeal procedures, simplification and harmonization of documents, streamlining of procedures, as well as internal and external border agency cooperation. As regards advance rulings, automation, and governance and impartiality small improvements can also be noted, while for indicators such as information availability, involvement of the trade community, and fees and charges there is no evolution or even a slight regression.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
With the introduction of FSC standards in the country, the concept of high conservation value forest (HCVF) has been introduced. Based on FSC certification reports of four certified forest companies, there are 75,530 ha (i.e. around 2.5 per cent of total forest cover) of HCVF forest in Bosnia and Herzegovina (FAO, 2015). According to the annual report of the Ministry of Agriculture, Water Management and Forestry, productive forestlands that are suitable for afforestation amount to about 166,192.5 ha - the area under the forest can be increased because a large proportion of these areas has poor production potential but could be afforested by using appropriate tree species in accordance with natural and ecological conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Loss of governance reform efficacy is an identified entrenched institutional problem in systems. Reform, anywhere, is a sticky material because holders of powers and their cronies have rarely shown altruistic intentions of relaxing their profiteering grips over resources. Instead, they have done their best to retain, defend and preach status quo, howsoever ossified or inhuman in form. Under these circumstances, governance reforms surface under fiscal compulsions, public order implications and/or interventions from the judiciary. This article takes up the case of India, a country where power holding, too, has been a compulsive exercise of mediation on such matters. To examine efficacy, it goes into the institutional dynamics of textual politics in course correction and process implementation. The case is built up on the strength of evidence from economic reforms, administrative reforms, police reforms, devolution strategies and corporate governance reforms during the past 25 years. The article highlights d...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Notwithstanding the fact that the outcomes from MC10 include a commitment to abolish export subsidies for farm exports, some members have called for a more result. In particular, for reinvigorated action by WTO members on ambitious and effective disciplines on fisheries subsidies. This is reflected in an initiative led by a subset of WTO members which gained some momentum at MC10 which calls for international action to eliminate harmful fishing subsidies (McClay, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)