albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, given the myriad of support programmes, it may be difficult for SMEs and entrepreneurs to access integrated solutions to the challenges facing their enterprises (i.e. they have to apply to a number of different programmes to integrate all of the services/assistance they need to implement a project activity that might require employee training, R&D support, and investment, for example). The business ownership rate is below the EU average and the SME landscape is overly dominated by micro-enterprises with weak skills and capacity. Net annual growth in the stock of SMEs is slow, early-stage survival rates of new enterprises are very low relative to international standards, and the value-added, innovation and investment contributions of SMEs are below the EU average, as is their use of modern technologies. There are also significant regional disparities in the density and performance of SMEs and levels of entrepreneurial activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Some member States provided considerable information on a few indicators but not on others. In a number of cases, few comments were provided to clarify or enhance the quantitative data. For example, one of the benchmarks considers success to be “Themes related to social, environmental and economic dimensions are addressed in the curricula at a minimum of four ISCED levels”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At the same time land-use and planning have important implications for housing policy. On the one hand they have direct effects on spatial segregation, on the other, they can limit the responsiveness of housing supply to other housing programmes by increasing the amount of time and the number of bureaucratic steps needed to obtain building permits (OECD, 2011). Furthermore, when land-use and planning restrictions limit housing supply, land and housing prices will capture the value of housing subsidies, with perverse effects on wealth distribution. Moreover, multiple levels of government are responsible for executing, regulating and sometimes delivering these policies. This high degree of complexity might lead to contrasting objectives and goals, with loss of efficiency and potentially wider negative effects on the economy. This paper identifies the main challenges faced by households in accessing good-quality affordable housing and analyses the housing policies put in place by OECD countries to understand the degree to which they share social policy objectives and pursue them through the implemented policy mix.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For instance, Koeniger etal. ( Labour market regulations can give rise to inequality due to the labour market rigidity they foster. As Rama (2003) pointed out, countries may push to adopt ILO labour standards, raise the minimum wage or expand government employment, but all this may not have any significant effect on inequality. Based on the data from 121 countries from 1945 to 1999, Calderon et al. ( Firstly, data limitations create difficulties with respect to the measurement of inequality and regulations. Secondly, most labour market institutions have only been set up over a relatively short time, so it is difficult to observe any impact they might have had on inequality at this time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
How such institutional change can reverse the trends towards restricted funds is yet to be seen. However, this attempt towards more centralized governance is worth noting. Whether the World Bank or the FAO should take the initiative as a large donor was discussed at the time of CGIAR’s foundation by the World Bank’s Board of Executive Directors, which decided that the World Bank should take the leadership role (Baum, 1986, Shaw, 2009). At the same time, TAC was established and the FAO took the lead on technical issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For Norway, results are based on a 10% sample from the population. For Sweden, the NBHW data set provides monthly data only from 2001 (and annual data before). For the Netherlands, the analysis is based on two datasets: annual data come from the IPO: monthly data come from the SSB from which a 0.5% random sample is drawn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Policy discussions on transatlantic security frequently focus on the topic of burden sharing, highlighting the imbalance between U.S. and European military expenditures. Alliance scholarship in the fields of international security and political economy offers plausible explanations for this imbalance, based on the perspectives of balance of threat, institutional adaptation, security communities, and collective action. We argue that the more states articulate their national security strategy in Atlanticist terms, the more likely they are to allocate resources to military operations. We find evidence for this argument by using a content analysis of 95 national security strategy documents of NATO allies, and assessing the correlation between Atlanticist language in states’ strategy documents and those states’ allocation of financial resources to military operations, as opposed to personnel, infrastructure, or equipment expenditures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Political scientists talk about the ‘securitisation’ of public policy: the process by which organisational or political actors use security rationales to support claims for funding particular activities or where the ‘security state’ uses the rhetoric of external (or internal) threat as a pretext for entering into new policy fields or for developing new powers.1 Such ideas should be familiar to historians of science and technology (S&T) policy because the very notion that governments should intervene to fund and direct science was largely a product of the Cold War security environment. Since 9/11 a new threat has been constructed: the threat of international terrorism. We are said to be living in ‘a new anti-terrorism era’ that has widespread implications for public policy — including S&T policy.2
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) is a notable initiative in this regard.52 Furthermore, it is important that countries manage mineral rights in a way that ensures that a fair share of the benefits remain in the CDDCs, particularly in local mining communities. Promoting linkages with the local economy could strengthen domestic value retention. Also, opportunities to increase direct and indirect decent jobs for local workers in the mining industry should be maximized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Ecosystem service providers in Mexico are predominantly ejidos. Mexico has adjusted and revised its PES programme several times to address the first two of these elements. As Figure 5.8 shows, there are trade-offs involved in terms of the priorities of the PES programmes. The conservation impact of PSAH has therefore been fairly low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The case-vehicles selected in this study were vehicles involved in crashes where at least one person was transported to hospital by ambulance, i.e. accidents involving a serious injury. The resulting prediction of risk by travelling speed is shown in Figure 6.3. Because of the variety of mean speeds observed in the traffic, it was decide to calculate relative risk for the crash-involved vehicles as compared to mean traffic speed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The underlying dataset contains information on the budget of TPOs from TPO surveys and on export performance from the Exporter Dynamics Database of the World Bank in 2005 and 2010 for 27 countries of different income levels. Links between institutions can be invaluable, with the international network of one body being useful to others. Suppliers can be matched with faraway buyers with a click or two, altering the role of TIPOs in matchmaking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The way governments collect revenue and allocate resources can have a differential impact on women and men. As taxes affect wages and disposable income, they can influence how women and men allocate their time to formal, informal and unpaid work (Barnett and Grown, 2004). Joint filing in income-tax systems with higher tax rates on higher incomes is found, for example, to discourage womens participation in the labour market (Elson, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Private international law doctrines are often portrayed as natural, largely immutable, boundaries on local public agency in a transnational private world. Challenging this problematic conception requires a reimagining of the field, not only as a species of public law or an instrument of governance, but as a constitutional phenomenon. This paper investigates what such a ‘constitution of the conflict of laws’ could look like. Two features are given special emphasis. First: the idea of the conflict of laws as an independent source of constitutionalist normativity, rather than as a mere passive receptacle for constraints imposed by classical, liberal, constitutional law. And second: the possibility of a local, ‘outward-looking’ form of conflicts constitutionalism to complement more familiar, inwardly focused, federalist conceptions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For 2007, the number of eligible households was increased to 15.8 million, from 10.8 million in 2006. For 2008, the number of eligible households was increased to 19.1 million. In addition, the monthly rice ration was increased from 10 to 15 kg for 9 out of the 10 months, although the price paid for the rice was increased from IDR 1000/kg to IDR 1 600/kg.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For instance, the Standing Committee on Finance under the UNFCCC estimates that the global total climate finance, which includes public and private financial resources devoted to addressing climate change, ranged from USD 340-650 billion in 2014 in all countries (UNFCCC, 2016). The finance needed to achieve the mitigation and adaptation goals of the Paris Agreement, however, is much larger. For example, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates the costs of the full implementation of climate pledges expressed in the intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) by 150 countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As noted in the introduction to this report, these prindples do not by themselves suffice to define institutions that "work well" for sodety. Section 5.2 looks at gender-responsive institutions at the national level. Section 5.3 examines six SDG targets that have strong gender components through the lens of institutional principles of SDG 16. Section 5.4 provides key messages in relation to institutions for gender equality and empowerment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the same time, the government needs to ensure that the voices of non-traditional players are head and can influence policy choices. For all participants, the nature and status of this consultation should be made clea. Transparency is required concerning the ways contributions are weighed and incorporated in policy proposals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The countries that carried them out are Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay and Peru. These surveys cost more than questions or modules but are much more exhaustive with respect to the inclusion of details about activities and subcomponents of each type of unpaid work (care, domestic and voluntary), as well as personal activities. Sometimes, despite the fact that surveys include questions that are relevant to the analysis, the resulting indicators are not truly representative of respondents owing to sample design limitations, as occurs in some countries with Afrodescendent populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Roe (2010) is cited as the reference for the third indicator. By 2020, the existing biodiversity-related laws, regulations and strategies, including those associated with incentives, are reviewed and gaps are addressed. By 2020, biodiversity values and ecosystem services are communicated and integrated into national and local development and poverty reduction strategies and plans. Consider the values of biodiversity into sectoral strategies and programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Can unofficial, academically based, third-party approaches contribute to the prevention and resolution of international and intercommunal conflicts? The article focuses on one such approach, interactive problem solving, which the author has applied primarily in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. After describing the central tool of the approach, the problem-solving workshop, the article goes on to address the role of interactive problem solving and related approaches to the larger process of conflict resolution. In this context, it discusses the relationship of the microprocess of problem-solving workshops to the macroprocess of international conflict resolution, the relationship between official and unofficial diplomacy, the relationship between practice and scholarship in conflict resolution, the role of the university in the process, and the possibilities for institutionalizing this model of conflict resolution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For comparable issues, also the import and export data are form the FAO ResourceSTAT. Simple tariff averages can lead to misleading conclusions (Kee, Nicita and Olarreaga, 2009). Indeed, while African countries face the lowest levels of tariffs in their export markets, notably thanks to preferences, these preferences largely cover products which African countries do not export. We employ an index compiled by Kee, Nicita and Olarreaga (2009) and used in Hoekman and Nicita (2011) for the agricultural sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The preferred method for the core-network is on-premise at each participant’s site, creating the most trust in the decentralisation of the network. Once more participants join, the new parties can decide to delegate their hosti ng to a cloud solution or another third party. The governance of the network is spread over the network itself by approving new participants and by the option to delegate hosting using the PoA mechanism. A token can represent any kind of asset or right to a future good or service and can be traded by the participants. This creates a micro-economy, giving different tokens different purposes and values and therefore generating a market within that platform. The set-up can either be as: - Security token Partial ownership of an infrastructure project or asset is represented through a security token and can be exchanged between market participants - Utility token Access to goods and services provided by the infrastructure project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the Pacific subregion, such data were available only for Australia and New Zealand. In the Pacific subregion, data were available for three economies only (Australia, Guam and New Zealand). In the Pacific subregion, most countries and areas, with the exception of the Cook Islands and Niue, had data for most years during this same period. In the Pacific subregion, data were available for 16 of the 21 countries and territories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The neoliberalization of urban governance has profoundly problematized issues of ‘local’ and ‘urban’ democracy on both sides of the Atlantic. This paper explores the changing modalities of urban democracy under neoliberalism through a case study of Over-the-Rhine, Cincinnati. A historically maligned inner-city neighbourhood, Over-the-Rhine is the locus for a concerted neoliberalizing gentrification drive and site of a coordinated resistance to market-oriented redevelopment. Three key processes of neoliberal restructuring are analyzed to highlight the centrality of contestations over local democracy for local economic development. Governance restructuring and the implementation of key spatial imaginaries are argued to produce a neoliberal articulation of urban democracy that discursively legitimizes development from above via an understanding of the neighbourhood as a physical environment, usurping pre-existing grassroots organizations conceptualizing Over-the-Rhine as a social structure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The next section describes the distributional and fiscal impacts of these types of stocks, as well as their effect on the private sector and international spillovers. Public stocks can be acquired or sold to provide price incentives to farmers, stabilise prices in domestic markets, mitigate the effects of sudden price rises, or offer stable prices to consumers. Governments can also decide to build or distribute stocks in order to set up or replenish a strategic stockpile aimed at securing an adequate suppty of food, distribute food to vulnerable household and people suffering from chronic food insecurity', respond to urgent food needs arising from emergency situations, or reduce the impacts of a fall in production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Comparison of the indicator over time requires adjustments to be made for inflation, while comparison between countries requires adjustments for purchasing power parity. The goals, targets and indicators were conceived as a minimum level of living standards for the world's inhabitants. In this way, the international community showed its central concern with overcoming critical deficiencies in different dimensions of development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Other unmet traveller needs include poor levels of infrastructure, the high cost of rental transport and the limited availability of readily consumable information relating to travel within Timor-Leste. While this still represents a small share of overall GDP, it ranks closely behind coffee as the third largest sector. The country’s geographical neighbour, the Northern Territory in Australia, reports an annual visitor economic value added of close to $1.5 billion, and neighbouring Indonesia reports a total economic value added of $9.1 billion annually. Timor-Leste has pristine reefs, unspoiled hillsides and a compelling national story. Peeling away even a tiny fraction of the 4 million holidaymakers who visit nearby Bali each year could make a big difference in the country’s fortunes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Globalisation in the harvesting sector is, to a large extent, driven by the need of fleets to secure access to fish. The more secure and the long term access is, the more willing an investor will be to invest in fishing opportunities abroad. Fishing companies may globalise their activities as harvesting opportunities arise and could also be an outcome diminished opportunities in domestic waters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
With rising producer prices, the HPP has also had to rise in order to enable BULOG to purchase enough rice for its obligations. The programme provided interest-free credit for selected rural business units so that they could assist in stabilising the price of rice at an acceptable level during the harvest season by purchasing rice on the basis of the HPP. In 2007, the programme was extended to include corn and soybeans, with the target prices determined by the provincial government. During the life of this programme, the government provided finance to 1184 LUEPs in 27 provinces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Population pressures, continued construction activities and climate change will likely contribute to the continuation of this trend unless policy action is taken. Moreover, the connectivity of water bodies has been lost and their isolation has been increased. The situation is even more serious due to the fragmentation impact of roads and built-up areas. Highways and buildings are absolute barriers to amphibian movements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In addition, the Emergency Medical Service Act obliges the Ministry of Health and Seivices every year. These research centres were established as part of the Clinical Research Support Project. The research centres are responsible for developing practice guidelines, which are made available on the website of the Korean Guideline Clearinghouse. Assessment is based on a broad range of indicators covering outcome, structure and process. The Korea Institute for Healthcare Accreditation (KOIHA) also conducts audits to ensure that agreed minimum standards are applied in hospital as part of the accreditation programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Implementation of the trading-up principle necessitates the classification of biodiversity according to a measure of its conservation significance. In the biodiversity offset pilots in England, biodiversity is classified according to its conservation distinctiveness and offsets must contain habitat in the same or higher distinctiveness band as the loss site. The Wetland Mitigation Policy in Alberta, Canada allows for both trading-up and trading-down through a system of replacement ratios that “seek to provide an incentive to avoid the loss of high value wetlands” (Alberta Government, 2013). The system requires categorisation of the development site’s wetland into one of four value bands, it then offers a discount to the size of the required compensation if it is of greater value than the development site and increases the size of the required compensation if it is of lesser value (Table 4.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The organisation acquires land or property on behalf of its members (or other public bodies) in order to support local housing policy, economic development, leisure and tourism, establish utilities, reduce/eliminate health hazards, enable urban renewal, and save or enhance heritage site and natural areas. Apart from this long list of actors involved in spatial policy and land use governance there are also commissions to regulate commercial development projects and agricultural land use change, a regional public finance agency to collect taxes, the areas under industrial (SEVESO EU directive) or environmental risks (flooding) are managed by the State and the airport is managed an independent authority. Formal rules require consultation with “associated persons”—this is a list established by law which includes other local authorities, and various Consular Chambers that represent specific groups (e.g. agriculture, commerce and industry, trade).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This paper examines four models of debriefing practices applied by the team of authors in settings working with conflict resolution and peacemaking practitioners. It examines the effectiveness of these methods in particular, and of the practice of debriefing as a reflective tool in the context of peacemaking practice. All research was conducted as part of an Applied Practice and Theory team, under the supervision of Dr. Susan Allen, at George Mason University's School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This process has contributed to the growth of mega-urban regions (Jones and Douglass 2008) with their great demand for water and other natural resources. These changes have intensified the demand for water and many have also been highly polluting of water. All these developments affect water systems through diversion of water, bringing new uses of water, creating ecological changes and allowing for more rapid extraction of other natural resources such as timber. They can also displace very large numbers of inhabitants and, in some cases, settlements that have long histories as cultural heartlands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)