albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Other important area payments are provided for fodder crops (as support for livestock production), and tea plantations as a compensation for the costs incurred in complying with strict pruning requirements. Land conservation payment is provided to protect environmentally fragile areas by setting aside the fragile cropland or replacing harmful cultivation practices with more environmentally friendly ones. Agricultural investment assistance within the current 2013-17 Strategic Plan of the MOFAL includes support for the purchase of livestock for herd improvement (beyond this aid, breeders who are members of cattle breeders unions receive per animal payment for the registration and management of cattle breeds).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Closing the gender gap in the labour force promotes diversity and stability, and improves the competiveness and integrity of the recruitment process for both public and private sector employment. In fact, estimates from an OECD study suggest that reducing the gender gap in employment is correlated with an increased impetus for economic growth, amounting to an overall rise of 12% of GDP over 20 years in OECD countries (OECD, 2012a). The study found that OECD countries that currently have larger gaps in employment would have higher gains in GDP if the gender gap were to be reduced (OECD, 2012a: 24-30).’ Evidence from global studies also suggests that women tend to spend a greater share of their income on the education and health of their children and, therefore, an improvement of wage equality for women often translates to better welfare outcomes for individuals within the household (Qian, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As the PISA report, Students, Computers and Learning: Making the Connection (OECD, 2015) concludes: in general, schools and education systems have not been effective in leveraging the potential of technology. Across OECD countries, there is 0.77 computer per student in school, 96% of which are connected to the Internet (Table 11.6.4). There are large differences in the computer-student ratio across education systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, at Mota Vadala, Gujarat, Jamnagar in 2011-12, the WIC-managed plot yielded 5.8 tonnes per hectare of wheat compared to 5.9 tonnes per hectare in the calendar-based irrigation plot, in addition, the drip irrigation plot (guided by WIC) yielded 6.3 tonnes per hectare (see Table 4.2). Similar results were recorded in different years at various testing sites, thus, such decision-making tools need to be promoted as a way of optimizing water resources. At present, different government departments or agencies are involved in the implementation of subsidy-oriented schemes. Due to variation in the norms with different states in India, it is difficult to get all the details required by the scheme (Palanisami etal., Moreover, a differential subsidy pattern for different crops, as well as paddy, is being followed in different regions, which is affecting farmers and implementing agencies'ability to follow and avail the benefits of a given scheme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Some speakers pointed out that the full value of forest-related goods and services to their national economies could be much greater than the monetary figures reported by official statistics. Several speakers stressed that, for effective implementation beyond 2015, it would be essential to continue to facilitate capacity-building, training and technology transfer, through South-South cooperation as well as North-South and triangular cooperation. Speakers also highlighted the importance of working in partnership with members of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests and stakeholders, including the private sector and non-governmental organizations, and the need for adequate resources to strengthen implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As part of school staff, learning support staff can have an important role in improving teaching effectiveness by supporting teachers and providing children with additional support. The perspective of the paper is twofold: to analyse learning support staff as a resource in itself, and to analyse how learning support staff affect teachers’ use of time and impact on student achievement. The paper describes countries’ current approaches to the use of learning support staff, including the way their role and responsibilities are defined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In countries such as Finland, Mexico, Estonia and Italy, prices increased by less than 1.5% over the two-year period, whereas in countries such as Spain, Turkey, the United States and Australia, prices increased by more than 20%. Across all population groups there is a negative relationship between price changes and tobacco smoking, indicating that higher prices can lead to a reduction in smoking rates. The coefficients for the price (log) variable can be interpreted as price elasticities, reflecting the percentage change relationship between prices and smoking rates. For example, for females aged 15 to 24, a 1% increase in the price of cigarettes is associated with a (approximately) 1.3% reduction in smoking rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The discourses surrounding the development of the just war tradition and the discourse surrounding the development of international criminal law have long influenced one another.1 Walzer reminds us that Grotius and Pufendorf deliberately incorporated just war theory into International law.2 Still, the international criminal law and just war discourses are conceptually and practically very distinct, and few participants in either discourse directly utilize the terms of the other.3 In what follows, I argue that each discourse needs the other. Recent rapid developments in the field of international criminal law have the potential to remake the just war tradition by institutionalizing criminal accountability for the most egregious violators of just war norms. That is only possible, however, to the extent that international criminal law tends to codify norms that reflect the moral principles of the just war tradition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
We have established such partnerships in several areas - water technology and windmills for example - and it seems that former competitors are now willing to co-operate on new solutions. There are substantial benefits from taking environmental sustainability systematically into production strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
As noted in a number of examples, cities are generally the drivers of urban-rural water linkages. As defined in Box 4.13, they consist of cross-sectoral and holistic sets of initiatives (e.g. within a wider package of environmental-policy initiatives) or focus on single objectives/ projects (i.e. managing w'ater resources). For instance, a rural-urban partnership can aim to manage the production and distribution of benefits associated with ecosystem services. In Forli-Cesena, Italy, water resources are managed through a partnership among all urban and rural municipalities, as well as the chambers of commerce of three different provinces, which are also included in the co-operation process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Driven by this knowledge, this chapter takes a descriptive look at the distribution of information-processing skills in the Nordic labour market, to understand the similarities and differences of the Nordic workforce in terms of the skills. The skills of the unemployed, among others unemployed with different lengths of unemployment and the unemployed in different age groups, are analysed, such as skills of people out of the labour force. To place the Nordic results into an international perspective, comparison with other country aggregates is presented in the beginning of the chapter. The results confirm the competitive advantage of the Nordic workforce in terms of skills, but demonstrate some moderate differences of the skills inside the Nordic area as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
1. Foundations by Jaap Hage.- 2. Sources of Law by Jaap Hage.- 3. Basic Concepts of Law by Jaap Hage.- 4. The Law of Contract by Jan Smits.- 5. Property Law by Bram Akkermans.- 6. Tort Law by G.E. van Maanen and Jaap Hage.- 7. Criminal Law by Johannes Keiler, Michele Panzavolta and David Roef.- 8. Constitutional Law by Aalt Willem Heringa.- 9. Administrative Law by Chris Backes and Mariolina Eliantonio.- 10. The Law of Europe by Jaap Hage.- 11. International Law by Menno T. Kamminga.- 12. Human Rights by Gustavo Arosemena.- 13. Elements of Procedural Law by Fokke Fernhout and Remco van Rhee.- 14. Philosophy of Law by Jaap Hage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The comparison between multidimensional deprivation for children and countries' GDP per capita has shown a moderate correlation indicating some ability to predict child deprivation on the basis of a country's economic activity. In addition, there has been a modest to absent correlation between deprivation and the various monetary poverty measures emphasising that the two concepts of poverty identify (partly) different groups of people and that the two measures of poverty should therefore be used complementary to each other, especially regarding child poverty. Counting and Multidimensional Poverty Measurements', Journal of Public Economics, no.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Ministry also started a project to help producers with training, auditing and certification matters. Some 60 producers so far have been certified and given the G logo. The key considerations taken into account for the green production projects were the effective use of environment-friendly raw materials, avoidance of chemical and hazardous substances, energy efficiency, recycling and production management. Since the inception of the project in 2006, 60 producers have obtained the G logo certification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The relationship between gender and health inequalities is potentially complicated, raising questions for health and social research, practice and policy. In this paper, I use two population health case studies - obesity and smoking - to explore the interplay between gender and socioeconomic position. The cases show that, on its own, neither dimension of inequality affords a comprehensive picture of these significant risks to public health. Furthermore, historical change in the socioeconomic and gendered distribution of these health risks suggests that gender is best considered as a dynamic and layered form of differentiation, rather than as a simple or stable dichotomy. A more nuanced approach to the analysis of gender and health has the potential to generate both more fruitful research and more effective health and social policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The stigma attached to transgender people, men who have sex with men, and sex workers has resulted in their social exclusion (Winter, 2012). In South and South-West Asia, transgender people in particular lack recognition. Being held in low esteem, they find it difficult to pursue education, enter a profession or set up a business.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This ruling applies to government (municipal) contracts and defines its essential terms. Overall, the program recognizes that energy intensity is 2.5 times higher than the world’s average and up to 3.5 times higher than that of developed countries. The Federal Programme on “Energy Savings and Improving Energy Efficiency up to 2020” was replaced by the new Federal Programme “Energy Efficiency and Development of the Energy Sector” (2013-2020).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Lisbon Treaty could not meet the demands of many as regards the issue of the EU's legitimacy and democratic governance. By analyzing the literature on the legitimacy of the EU, the article shows why the EU has to fulfill the legitimacy criteria of the liberal-democratic states by defining the EU as a multi-level governance polity which affects the legitimacy of the member-states. This view discards the arguments for assessing the legitimacy of the EU as of an international organization. Likewise, it rejects the views arguing that the EU is a regulatory state and its legitimacy should be assessed in terms of regulatory legitimacy. A conceptual framework is provided at the end of this article to initiate an empirical research design to measure and subsequently perhaps to increase the legitimacy of the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Source: Luxembourg Income Study (LIS). Part of the change reflects a household’s preference for homeownership relative to other tenures which, in turn, is influenced by policies that influence households’ tenure choice (e.g. housing taxation, rental regulations). Another part of this change reflects purely demographic and socio-economic developments. For instance, the probability of homeownership tends to increase with age, thus it is likely that the aggregate homeownership rate would have increased in OECD countries - even if nothing else changed - due to population ageing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For the Prut, a unified monitoring programme and GIS is also called for. At the same time, there arc also positive examples: Lithuania has been monitoring transboundary aquifers with Poland for more than 15 years, and in 2010 groundwater monitoring was initiated based on bilateral agreement between the Lithuanian Geological Survey and the Kaliningrad Agency of Mineral Resources. Discharges of non-treated or insufficiently treated wastewater, municipal and industrial, still remains a major widespread pressure factor. This is particularly critical for industrial wastewaters with hazardous substances that arc not treated before being discharged into surface waters or are not prc-ircatcd before being discharged into the sewer systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Critical public relations scholarship is increasingly required to justify the contribution that is made to theory and practice. Within this article, an integrated political economy and discourse analysis is deployed to examine a progenetic engineering advocacy campaign conducted by the Life Sciences Network in New Zealand. The analysis demonstrates the value of examining the sociopolitical contexts in which public relations operates and the discourses that it seeks to produce or influence and thus provides a constructive foundation for further critical research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Conversely, poor language skills can leave migrants isolated and their integration path blocked. Nowhere is this more true than in Finland where, language skills essential both to social interaction with the native-born population, and to finding employment. Indeed the linguistic distance between the Finnish language and the mother tongue of many migrant groups means that the impact of language background upon functional skills, as measured by the OECD Survey of Adult Skills, is the largest of all participating countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper aims to investigate the effectiveness and problems od social group representative system as a participation method in community development by partnership through the case study. (1) It is possible to make use of their characteristics in planning process with including social groups that act in related area. The communication function of group is effective for opening the process with including social groups that act in related area. The communication functon of group is effective for opening the information of planning process to public. (2) In order to promote the planning smoothly, enlightenment of representative participants from each group is necessary for getting the agreement of cooperation preliminary to planning. (3) It is necessary to bridge the difference of cognition between each participant through the cooperative process for improving the acceptable level of plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For consumers, a new set of interactions is ruling user experiences and creating new efficiencies. New opportunities are arising for governments, business players, and consumers alike, with new challenges for ICT regulators given the additional challenges for infrastructure development. How do we unleash these opportunities?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As globalisation increases interdependence health becomes a subject of global governance, posing new challenges to the present global governance mechanisms. The authors explore two areas in which new mechanisms of global governance of health have emerged in the first decade of the 21st century: firstly, international assistance to finance healthcare and the Global Fund to fight AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, and secondly, the Social Protection Floor which aims to ensure basic social guarantees for all. They argue that human rights can help to combine and strengthen these mechanisms, serving as a guide for a true partnership between people across borders, rather than merely a set of norms imposed upon states. Through a Framework Convention on Global Health, the Global Fund could become the cornerstone of a global social protection regime and act as an incentive for compliance with the Social Protection Floor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, the due diligence obligation of States to prosecute, punish and compensate for human rights violations committed by non-State actors has also become a well-recognized international norm. States should ensure that women victims of human rights violations have access to immediate means of redress and reparation, that perpetrators are prosecuted and punished, and that mechanisms for this are accessible to women. The obligation to provide adequate reparations includes ensuring the rights of women to access both criminal and civil remedies and the establishment of effective protection, support and rehabilitation services for survivors of violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They are described in separate documents (see for instance OECD 2014). We place our work in the relevant literature and discuss data sources along with some of the short-cuts and simplifying assumptions that are needed. Section 3 shows results for a set of OECD countries and China in terms of the evolution and the levels of living standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Unilever’s processing factory committed to buying all production supplied by the co-operatives meeting Unilever’s quality standards, at a price agreed annually, based on the market price, before the crop is planted. Contracting farmers reach bean yields of 1 to 2 tonnes per ha while untrained farmers typically reach 0.7 tonnes per ha. In 2010, the programme involved the participation of some 7 000 smallholders, who grew approximately 30% of the black soy beans used to produce Unilever’s Bango brand, and farmers’ incomes had increased by approximately 10-15% since 2000 (OECD, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Great emphasis is placed on primary care, and people are required to register with a General Practitioner (GP) (or a paediatrician up to the age of 14). Primary care seivices in health centres are guaranteed 24 hours a day/7 days a week through the primary care out-of-hours service (called the guardia medico). Moreover, financial incentives have been provided in recent years for GPs to move towaids various models of group practice with fellow GPs and/or other health professionals, following a multidisciplinary and multiprofessional approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Given that the health needs of populations are becoming more complex, the occurrence and the consequences of harm can be expected to increase unless concrete action is taken. Available evidence estimates the direct costs of harm - the additional tests, treatments and health care - in the primary and ambulatory' setting to be around 2.5% of total health expenditure - although this likely underestimates the true extent. Harm in primary and ambulatory care often results in hospitalisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This is not true if changes in fish migrations or productivity occur suddenly and on a major scale as certain “threshold values” of environmental variables are exceeded.2 Such changes may be difficult to predict, and all the more so since they might occur even if the underlying change in ocean circulation and temperature is gradual, ocean conditions might suddenly reach a point where certain fish stocks can no longer survive, or radically change their migratory habits. The only certainty on what to expect would be if: 1) similar things had occurred in the past, and/or 2) if one had a strong understanding of the mechanisms and interactions underlying climate change and its impacts on oceans and ecosystems. It is useful to distinguish between two main types of changes that could occur, i) changes in the productivity of the ocean in a given location, and ii) changes in fish migrations or the location of their habitats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It draws on a set of indicators of both the technical and financial performance of water utilities. It discusses the specific challenges in rural areas, given that coverage rates tend to be much lower, with self-provision, rather than piped networks, being an important form of supply. It elaborates on the consequences of inadequate service quality on health and the environment. Overall, WSS performance has tended to continue to decline, although there are substantial differences from one country to the next and/or within some countries (especially between rural and urban areas and small cities versus large cities). In such cases, lack of maintenance means that further deterioration is likely, unless significant reforms and investments are carried out.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Rare indigenous species such as the Indus River dolphin will be imperilled if the water flow from glacier melt is greatly reduced. Hydropower dams are also reportedly substantially decreasing in capacity even as new ones are being planned (Thakkar 2005). The World Bank, which has acted as principal mediator since the first treaty was signed between India and Pakistan in 1954, states that a major contributor to issues of water use is the crumbling water infrastructure that has seen people turn to pumping groundwater, which now supplies 70 per cent of the region’s water use (World Bank 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Mountain region municipalities are forced to increase collection frequency due to the insufficient number of containers and vehicles. Regionalization would allow the sharing of equipment in an appropriate manner to balance requirements across municipalities. Within this project, 45 containers for separate waste collection were distributed (18 for paper, 17 for PET packaging and 10 for cans) in 15 locations, and 6,000 information booklets were disseminated to the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Other key factors are car ownership (eases the transport of bottled water), living in urban area, and the lack of trust in government or local authorities (Table C.6). The lowest the P>|z|, the highest the correlation. Because they invest less in bottled water, as it would represent a higher share of their disposable income, lower income groups are more likely to be exposed to water pollution and potentially “pay” a higher share of the health costs of policy inaction. The same reasoning applies between the urban and the rural population (Figure C.14).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A LEDS can provide value-added to the myriad of existing climate change and development related strategies and reports that already exist by providing integrated economic development and climate change planning. The paper outlines gaps that LEDS could fill, the elements it could contain, and how LEDS can be prepared to ensure that they are effective and efficient in delivering their intended goals. To derive early lessons and insights on experiences, challenges, and approaches adopted in the preparation of national climate change strategies and LEDS, this paper examines seven countries in detail: Guyana, Indonesia, Israel, Mexico, Nigeria, Thailand and the UK.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)