albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This article argues for a more systematic inclusion of human sexuality in studies of ethnicity and nationalism. Reviewing key extant social science research on sexuality, it highlights how scholars can leverage its theories, methods, and findings to enhance our understanding of the ways people build imagined ethnic and national communities and draw symbolic boundaries around them. This research reveals that sexuality is not tangential to those activities. Rather, policymakers, religious institutions, local communities, families, and other organizations all participate in more or less obvious ways to define what kinds of sexual desires, behaviours, and identities are acceptable for legitimate citizenship and group belonging. Those decisions have ramifications on both the global scale of international relations and the local scale of personal self-understanding. For these reasons, this article argues that scholarship that elides sexuality may run the risk of painting an incomplete picture of social processes related to ethnicity and nationalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
During the past fifteen years, the European Court of Human Rights has been engaging seriously with the freedom of religion and belief under Article 9 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. In many ways, the scope and ambition of the Court's jurisprudence has been breathtaking, especially when viewed from the United States, but many questions have begun to emerge about whether the Court has established an intellectual and conceptual architecture that is up to the task of dealing with the increasingly complex cases involving religious freedom that the Court is currently facing and will soon face. Accordingly, several sections of the Association of American Law Schools sponsored a program in January, 2010 entitled, “The Freedom of Religion and Belief Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights: Legal, Moral, Political and Religious Perspectives.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
System-level policies, schools and post-secondary schools should focus on improving the educational success of students from diverse backgrounds and delivering quality education across all schools. A recent reform is looking to provide more choice for students through the development of new partnership schools, which will need to be managed to ensure equity. Org/10.1787/eaq-2013-enErrorl Hyperlink reference not valid. At the same time, students’ socio-economic background has more impact on their performance in PISA than the average across OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This chapter analyses the European Court of Human Rights case of Hertel v Switzerland to address whether an economic analysis of law would be the correct approach for assessing the legitimacy of primarily non-economic societal values. With respect of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights on the freedom of expression and information, as protected under Article 10 § 2 of European Convention of Human Rights, it assesses the "margin of appreciation" accorded to Contracting States of the Convention and the relationship this has with commercial and non-commercial speech. Against this backdrop it is argued that the Hertel case shows mainly two things: First, that from the point of view of Article 10 ECHR non-commercial speech enjoys stronger protection than commercial speech. Second, that granting deference towards national authorities is a methodological means to implement this hierarchy in relevant cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Only 32 per cent of Tajik and Uzbek migrants who have children bring them to the Russian Federation (GMER 2016), among Kyrgyz migrants the share is lower: 27 per cent (GMER 2013/14). The majority of Kyrgyz migrants (89 per cent) come to Moscow temporarily and less than 10 per cent live there permanently (Varshaver and others, 2014). As for migrants from Tajikistan (GMER 2016), more than a third (36 per cent) were found to live permanently in the Russian Federation while 43 per cent came for a year, 9 per cent came for several months, 9 per cent did not have any regularity in this regard and 4 per cent had recently come but did not yet have any specific regime. Kyrgyzstan stands out because it has a much larger share of females and notably those younger than 30 than does its neighbours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A limited number of such facilities have been set up at the international level. Project preparation facilities, on the whole, have enabled the preparation of bankable projects in an accelerated manner and improved the effectiveness of donors’ contribution by pooling funds together for support to project preparation. They have been particularly useful in well-defined geographical areas where they have been set up to accompany well-defined policies, such as in Eastern Europe or the Mediterranean. In the future, donors and international organisations can help finance the establishment of such facilities so as to prepare projects that they are either willing to finance themselves or to attract market-based repayable financing to (provided projects prepared in such a way can receive funding from a diversity of sources).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The constant demand for places in the ballot indicates that migration is as much sought after now as it has ever been, as one Samoan teacher said, ‘every village each year has two or three lucky ones who win the ballot’ (personal communication, italics added). Tonga has not published data on arrivals and departures since 2003 (although the Statistics Department indicated in 2011 that it was intending to resolve this problem before long). Samoa publishes summary data that were complete up to the end of2008. That shows that in every year of the present century there was a net loss to Samoa, ranging from 324 in 2006 to 10,879 in 2008, the last year on record.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Westpac ATM remittance card required extensive policy reform in New Zealand in order to become operational, and 2008 legislation allowed both New Zealand and Australian senders to remit money through the international electronic funds transfer at point of sale (EFTPOS)/ATM network (Porter 2009). However, the take-up rate was not as rapid as had been expected and there were operational problems resulting from misplaced cards and forgotten personal identification numbers. Westpac consequently contemplated withdrawal from a dual card scheme, and the Australia and New Zealand Banking Group (ANZ) partnered with Visa to develop an alternative. In July 2011 Westpac substantially cut its telegraphic transfer fee for remittances to the Pacific of less than A$500 from A$30 to A$10, and their inward telegraphic transfer fee was waived for those with Westpac accounts in the Pacific.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There is recognition within the MEP that the reformed assessment should move from assessing content knowledge to examining students’ skills in applying and using knowledge in ways that demonstrate higher-order competencies. This will be a significant improvement on the previous assessment, which captured only a limited range of learning activity. But the new assessment should include other modifications as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Female genital mutilation is sometimes a precursor to child marriage as it is associated with a woman’s “coming of age”. Female genital mutilation may also result in a variety of reproductive health issues, including maternal and infant mortality and obstetric fistula. Pre-natal sex selection and sex selective abortions are forms of discrimination against women and are symptomatic of the devalued status of women in society. In addition, over the past 60 years, numerous provisions in international legal and policy frameworks have called for legal measures to address “harmful practices”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Middle- and high-income countries, on the other hand, might place greater emphasis on work-family conciliation policies, including parental leave and child and elderly care services. In both cases, priorities for social protection should be determined through open dialogue, involving all stakeholders, and with the active participation of women. Starting in 2007, the Government engaged in extensive civil society consultations in order to redesign its social protection framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Measures to address them involve computers, servers and network components, mobile phones, mobile network standards and information security requirements, among others. Over4000T-Recs are in force on fundamental components of today's ICTs. The United Nations Commission on Trade Law (UNCIRAL) has also developed a network of rules relating to e-commerce/ electronic contracts, covering the use and recognition of electronic signatures, the use of electronic communication in international contracts, and legislative text on the principles of non-discrimination, technology neutrality and functional equivalence in electronic commerce. The system enables the electronic flow of data and information necessary for e-commerce to function.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Information and communications technology along with smart grids and smart systems form the backbone of the new energy system. Also, fossil plants are pressured by the rising cost of their C02 emissions. Nevertheless, regions with high quality, low-cost coal use Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS, commercially competitive and available from 2030).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
1. Introduction Philip de Souza and John France 2. Making and breaking treaties in the Greek world P. J. Rhodes 3. War, peace and diplomacy in Graeco-Persian relations from the sixth to the fourth century BC Eduard Rung 4. Treaties, allies and the Roman conquest of Italy J. W. Rich 5. Parta victoriis pax: Roman emperors as peacemakers Philip de Souza 6. Treaty-making in late antiquity A. D. Lee 7. Byzantine diplomacy: good faith, trust and co-operation in international relations in late antiquity Michael Whitby 8. Treaties between Byzantium and the Islamic world Catherine Holmes 9. Siege conventions in Western Europe and the Latin East John France 10. Paying the Danegeld: Anglo-Saxon peacemaking with Vikings Richard Abels 11. Peace among equals: twelfth-century European treaties Esther Pascua.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The passing of the landmark Security Council Resolution 1325 in 2000 made women’s participation across the spectrum of peace and conflict prevention efforts an essential part of international security. This has changed the landscape of international policy and practice, bringing gender concerns more centrally in focus across a range of peace and security, development, humanitarian and human rights issues. Creating a heightened policy conscience around these issues has been an ongoing effort of scholars and practitioners in peacebuilding and development. This special issue of JPD is being launched during this tenth anniversary year, a time of international celebrations of this important resolution. As many participants in events at the United Nations and elsewhere marking the anniversary have shown, however, there is much work to be done at the local and national levels to realise the real potential of Resolution 1325. This issue aims to contribute to thinking about needed efforts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Managed by CONAFOR, PRONARE gives support to landowners/users for reforesting degraded forest land, providing seedlings, training and funding. Since 2007, 1.87 million ha have been reforested. It is not clear, however, if this finding reflects the area of land where seedlings have been replanted, or, more comprehensively, if it reflects monitoring to assess tree survival over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
We need a shift in this thinking. Essential services such as health care and education require infrastructure. For communities and businesses to operate and thrive, they need access to goods and markets. Infrastructure must respond to societal needs, but it also should be evaluated for its long-term outcome, including the resources required to ensure longevity. Reliable forms of energy, the availability of potable water, education, safety and security, social and economic services—all of these are made possible through resilient infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Wages of graduates of prestigious universities continue to be significantly higher than those of other colleges, signalling differentiation by quality (Figure 1.3.A). Moreover, the wage premium for an average university degree appears small relative to vocational colleges. There is a large difference in wages of university graduates between the top five and the bottom five occupation groups ranked by wages. This may reflect the difference between university quality as graduates of top universities are more likely to be offered top-paying jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Inexpensive fossil fuels are used to operate large machinery, which enables large-scale cultivation, mono-cropping, standardization and high-volume transport, and the synthesis of fertilizers and agricultural chemicals permits the improvement of soil fertility and simplified management of ecosystems. Until the nineteenth century, agriculturalists were basically forced to engage in stable sustainable agriculture that took maximum advantage of nature’s functions. But during the twentieth century, by taking full advantage of the energy sources provided by inexpensive fossil fuels, “using natural functions” gave way to “applying technology to transform nature”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Indeed, progress has slowed in a number of areas and the remaining gender gaps are often very large in emerging economies. Further improvements are not inevitable, but will depend on effective policy action. The recovery from the global economic crisis has been weak in large portions of the developed world and clear signs of a slowdown are evident in many emerging economies. In this context, increasing female labour market outcomes represents a very important untapped resource with the potential to boost productivity and revive economic growth (Ferrant and Kolev, 2016, Hsieh et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The constitutional project of Article 3 debated in the Constituent Congress of 1916-1917 laid the foundations of laicism in education, not only public but also private. In the current context of the modern constitutionalism, human rights such as the right to education and the freedom of thought, conscience and religion, in the lay state, possess an even international protection, and so it is important to study the historical foundations of these constitutional laws. This article will analyze the Constitutional Article 3 that, from its origins, restricted the freedom of education due to the ideology of laicism that influenced from its first draft and that persists today. In the final discussion, the consequences of laicism, in the current debate on these fundamental human rights, and how education has been evolving from laicism are analyzed. Laicism still encloses neopositivist conceptual categories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In their study on the attitudes of canoeists in North Carolina, Kline, Cardenas, Duffy and Swanson (2012) demonstrate the advantages of a combination of payment arrangements (fees for canoeing, taxes on equipment and licences to paddle). Support for the various solutions varied according to gender, income level and degree of commitment to the activity among the canoeist. Some US research has also paid attention to the financial value of recreation trails (often in terms of a willingness to pay and consumer surpluses) or the economic effects. Noting that the Virginia Creeper Rail Trail (US) functions to the benefit of locals, as well as attractions for tourists, Bowker, Bergstrom and Gill (2007) report that the economic effect from tourists visiting the trail was considerable, in addition to the total annual value reported by resident users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
A “use-it-or-lose-it” clause regarding land zoned for development to reduce speculation or land hoarding. This is likely to oblige developers to begin on site or to have a portion of the development built within five years of receiving planning permission. The development and operation of housing corporations/associations has been a successful model in many OECD countries, such as Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These possibilities are, however, limited by the gendered violence that stems from strong ethnic identification, which seems particularly pronounced among Kyrgyz migrants. Even when females have not faced such violence on their own, the knowledge of such risks serves as a limiting mechanism. However, before doing so, a look will be taken at the plans migrants have for the future in order to consider whether this transnational migration is a desired way of life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Similarly, the buy-in received for biodiversity mainstreaming in the mining sector, an important component of South Africa’s GDP, was achieved through attention to the needs of the sector. It was also evident that biodiversity mainstreaming was better accepted when aligned with presidential delivery outcomes and national development plans. As has been seen in the above case studies, biodiversity mainstreaming has often occurred through alignment with national planning processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This also requires aligning aid by sector, with internationally agreed development goals and country priorities. Meanwhile, donors need to increase the predictability of their support, reduce fragmentation, and invest while keeping long-term national goals within view. Overall, there should be improved coordination and accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Long waiting times for covered services can severely impede access to care and worsen the health of patients requiring a procedure. Waiting times have been measured in several OECD countries, though not necessarily in a homogenous way (Siciliani et al., The quality of care has multiple dimensions and the OECD is now proposing a set of indicators in different domains which can be used by country with appropriate information systems. What proportion of the costs is covered?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The project has shown improved test results for hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and liver function abnormalities. The service includes programmes that encourage older persons' participation in health promotion activities or reach out to those who are living alone to reduce health-related anxieties and prevent their isolation or neglect. The introduction of a maternity health check-up through video conferencing, which enabled die sharing of data between midwives in Tono City and physicians in other locations, made it possible for pregnant women to receive perinatal services. In 2008, that model was adapted for use in the health management of older persons in Tono City, where diere were few medical facilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Balmford, Rodrigues et al. ( This makes it a challenge to classify such studies with the ES framework, which we try to do for Nordic studies below. The most recent and comprehensive compilation of wetland valuation studies, we are aware of, is contained in Kumar (2010], a central TEEB publication (see Table 3 above].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Finally, to unleash the full potential of universities in regional and local development, it is necessary reform the university governance in Spain, by strengthening the institutional autonomy of universities and building effective accountability structures. Continuing collaboration between regional and local governments, private sector and tertiary education institutions is necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While it is too early to know the outcome of the current global financial and economic crisis, studies of earlier crises highlighted their gender-specific impacts (UN-ESCAP, 2003). Regardless of whether men’s or women’s jobs are most affected by crisis, women spend more time in both paid and unpaid work to offset the impact on household incomes. When meals have to be forgone, it is most often women who reduce their food consumption to ensure that children get sufficient nutrition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If leave entitlements foster continuous female participation in the labour market, there will be growing acceptance from families and employers and greater career rewards for women. Social interaction may then produce a knock-on effect as more women feel they can enter the labour market, invest in a career before having children, time childbirth, take maternity leave, and return to work afterwards (Bernhardt, 1993, Gustafsson and Kenjoh, 2007). In this context, women w'ho are not yet in a position to claim paid parental leave would also benefit from its provision. They are also likely to benefit even further over time, as there is evidence that whole generations of women have been influenced by the shift in women’s identity from a family-centred world to a more career-oriented one (Goldin and Katz, 2002, Goldin, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Independently of social preferences for one technology over another, the current trend of superposing market outcomes with different layers of policy instruments to achieve certain outcomes poses serious questions concerning the transparency and ultimately the sustainability of electricity sectors in OECD countries. Currently, dispatchable producers that are exposed to lower wholesale electricity prices and reduced load factors resulting from the influx of large amounts of VRE are expected to provide the backup for variable renewables to cover demand when the latter are unavailable. This service is costly but currently not remunerated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Governments also need to take account of the perceptions of the most excluded members of their population, regarding their sense of belonging in society, since these groups would be most prone to feelings of disorientation and uncertainty generated by globalization processes, which would compound the potential adverse psycho-social repercussions of opportunity structures that are traditionally highly asymmetric. At the same time, a widening of the gap between expectations and effective material achievement among the poorest members of society could threaten inclusion and cohesion policies, owing to their potential effects in terms of frustration and destabilization of democracy. Nor have any regional quantitative studies analysed the perceptions and feelings of exclusion and gaps between aspirations and expectations of mobility prevailing among the poorest and most excluded sectors, against a backdrop in which major inequities converge with changes in economic, social, and cultural structures. In particular, repercussions on the social structure of the transformations associated with globalization (Hopenhayn, 2001), greater precariousness in the labour market and a weakening of the social protection system, revealed the need to take a broader view of problems of deprivation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)