albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Events such as the Arab Spring in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Syria have created an urgent need for the international community to engage with a range of armed groups during and after conflict. This engagement extends beyond humanitarian, conflict resolution and counter-terrorism ends to issues of democratization and political transition of such groups in legitimate, stable, and inclusive governments. This article underlines the need to reconsider post-counter-terrorism engagement styles, which frame non-state armed groups (NSAGs) exclusively as spoilers, and stresses opportunities for state-building partnership that certain NSAGs offer. Towards this end, this article emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between different types of NSAGs, based on their sources of legitimacy, resources, reliability, and partnering potential. It concludes with four entry points that promise a strong basis for incorporating ‘legitimacy, inclusion, and resource’ considerations into the planning and implementation of fut...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Arable agricultural area in the country accounts for approximately 667,000 ha (26 per cent of country). If fully constructed, irrigation schemes could irrigate around 400,000 ha, or 60 per cent of total arable land. This would proportionally increase greatly the percentage of water use for in igation among all types of water consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The standard errors for the quantile regressions are computed using data analysis and statistical software (stata) and are based on 100 bootstrap replications. The reference category is a blue-collar single woman with less than complete secondary education who is a non-mother, public worker and is employed full-time at a small services firm. The control variables are the same as in table 2. Significant at 5%. *** An alternative approach is to consider penalties associated with the age of children or the timing of childbearing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Price-information systems established by national governments, for instance with respect to West African cereals markets, are of varying data quality and timeliness, rarely include information from markets in neighbouring countries and are not typically available to the private sector in user-friendly, market-supporting ways that alleviate inequality of access to price information. Smallholders failing to access publicly available information on market prices typically establish contacts through mobile phones for undifferentiated low-quality commodities (USAID, 2011). However, new technologies, in particular the increasing coverage and decreasing cost of mobile phones25, contribute significantly in overcoming those constraints, especially in more remote markets and those without paved roads.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At the same time, earnings in the agricultural sector will also likely improve (not only might labour productivity rise as a result of applications of modem science and technology to farming, but so would demand for farm produce). And with generally better education and health services for the agricultural sector as well, birth rates may fall in rural as well as urban areas, reducing the rate of growth of the labour force. Eventually, a point will be reached when income distribution improves. This is essentially the reason which led Kuznets (1955) to advance the now well-known inverse-U hypothesis between income inequality and economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It also advocates for changes in lifestyle and alternative ways of urban development. All 4 300 residents of the neighbourhood made their daily commuting, shopping and leisure trips by foot or non-motorised modes. The city government believed that the project would not be successful without full citizen support and participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Treasury Board submissions are required generally for larger procurements depending on departmental contracting authorities and the Treasury Board contracting policy. Other diversity factors are also included in the procurement process in Canada. The principle of non-discrimination, among other principles, is often found at the centre of public procurement systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The use of visual research methods has become increasingly widespread throughout the social sciences. From their origins in disciplines like social anthropology and sociology, visual research methods are now firmly entrenched in major fields of inquiry, including sociology, health and nursing studies, educational research, criminology, human and cultural geography, media and cultural studies, discursive and social psychology, management and organisation studies, political science and policy analysis. The rapid development of information technology, facilitating the creation and editing of digitised data, and computer-based techniques for the storage and management of visual data, means that new methodological approaches are being developed and are envisaged for the near future. Some important and promising approaches are presented in this issue by a number of researchers from different angles of the interpretive social sciences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It can also reduce member countries’ dependence on traditional trading partners, increase their global competitiveness and raise their resilience against external shocks. For these reasons, LDCs participate in a number of regional integration initiatives (see Annex 7.3). Multiple membership raises various technical issues, but LDCs do not seem to be bothered about these as they are focused on maximising gains from regional trade and co-operation. For this reason, Asian regional groupings, with their overt emphasis on market access, have proved more effective than their African counterparts, where the focus has historically been on regional co-operation rather than trade. Intra-Africa trade has remained below 10 per cent (compared with about 48 per cent in developing Asia) primarily because of a lack of trade complementarity, compounded by an array of structural constraints. Political rhetoric has typically fallen short of commitment to implement tariff liberalisation schedules and to tackle non-tariff barriers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions provides an international policy lens for analysing broad debates on issues of cultural globalization and development. The interdisciplinary contributions in this volume offer a fresh understanding of these key issues whilst examining cultural globalization, which is conceived in terms of artistic expressions and entertainment industries and interpreted anthropologically as the rituals, symbols, and practices of everyday life. The broad gamut of theories, methods, and evidence collected by the editors outlines UNESCO's accomplishments, shortcomings, and future policy prospects. This edited collection has a clear message: The Convention is a useful and important instrument in the debate on cultural diversity, but not broad enough or sufficient to confront major challenges concerning human rights, sustainability, and cultural diversity as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These two forms can be channelled through a variety of financing tools. In such transactions, the lender earns money through the amount of interest associated with the loan. The interest rate is in direct proportion to the risk associated with the project, i.e. the higher the risk, the higher the interest rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, the decentralisation experience in the agricultural sector has resulted in gains for water users who now have more local control and authority over how to manage water. Historical over-exploitation of agricultural water has been a factor in uniting water users in irrigating communities to design strategies that allow them to continue production. For example, the strategic goal of the Agenda related to “universal access to water services” makes a distinction between urban and rural regions for what regards wastewater treatment in medium-sized and rural localities, the construction of wells, and rainwater harvesting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
To obtain an eco-label for a product, the producer or importer must submit to the MESP an application containing evidence that the product meets the prescribed conditions and pay a fee. The MESP may withdraw an eco-label if a product no longer meets the prescribed conditions. Only four companies currently hold eco-labels in Slovenia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For instance, local farmers and communities have shown a great capacity to innovate in response to weather and other shocks. There are thousands of successful experiences of localized enhanced pest and weed management, water efficiency and biodiversity, including stories of highly successful innovation in the most challenging circumstances characterized by a poor natural resource base and widespread poverty.11 Traditional practices, such as low-tillage farming, crop rotation and interplanting, water harvesting and recycling, water-efficient cropping, and integrated pest management, have also proved their relevance to increasing productivity and ensuring environmental sustainability. Adaptation measures involving organic soil nutrient enhancement and other ecologically sound methods—an approach popularly known as climate-smart agriculture—can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Different forms of solutions are offered from the governance side, and each technical solution is followed by a brief overview of the governance context. Separately, governance analysts give presentations on solutions related to cooperation, coordination frameworks and other policy interventions. In finalizing the draft assessment, feedback from the officials and other key stakeholders regarding perspectives on implementation must also be taken into account.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2010, the value of tractors leased by agricultural producers was KZT 9 674 million (USD 65 million), machinery leasing was concentrated in the grain and oilseed oblasts of Akmola region (32.8%), East-Kazakhstan (30.8%), and Kostanay (13.8%). In the late 1990s, the government introduced a state leasing programme which offers preferential leasing and taxation terms for producers (Chapter 2). Production and use of high quality seeds is supported by a number of government subsidies (Chapter 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This would be where reforms to improve the effectiveness of service delivery and lowering of capital costs would be most needed. Such delays would lead to deferred benefits and potentially higher investment costs in the future, which would therefore translate in false economies. This would also require identifying areas for priority investment, depending on where the highest benefits are likely to stem from and where the most cost-effective interventions can be identified. To achieve this, policy makers and water service providers need to engage in a process of strategic financial planning so as to identify what needs to be financed, how much additional resources can be generated from existing sources and how the performance of utilities can be improved to generate such efficiency gains and mobilise external financing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In comparison, the land requirements of an actual coal plant are instead rather limited. In addition, there is significant offshore extraction, which has no direct land requirement even though it generates ecological impacts of its own. It should also be noted that oil-fired electricity generation is small and declining. A gas well uses about 5 acres (0.02 km2) of land, while the equivalent surface for oil would be about 50 acres (0.2 km2) per well (NRC, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The so-called 'blue economy' is sizeable and growing each year, marine and coastal resources generate at least USD 3 trillion (or 5% of the world's GDP), equivalentto the GDP of the seventh-largest economy, each year, whilst the total value of the world's oceans is estimated at USD 24 trillion. If action is not taken soon to regenerate this finite resource and preserve ocean health, the continued pressure on oceans will irrevocably damage one of the world's most valuable resources and threaten life as we know it, in very many ways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
An important question is whether such a pace can be sustained over the next decade. The previous section noted that in some states, actual yields were not far from their potential, realisable level, while in other states a considerable gap remains. Further, some neighbouring countries have higher yields, and it appears that sustaining high yield growth may well be possible. This Outlook is optimistic in assuming the yield growth will remain robust over the next decade, particular if the current policy set remains in place (see discussion below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At the same time, support for childcare through the benefit system is made accessible for parents regardless of how many hours a week they work (Pareliussen, 2013). Stated goals of the Universal Credit reform include giving people incentives to work, diminishing complexity, reducing relative poverty and containing the rising cost of welfare dependency (DWP, 2010a). The highest Marginal Effective Tax Rate (METR), the amount which will be lost in taxes and loss of benefits from earning an additional pound, will be 76.2% after the reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Shifting the tax mix towards less-distorting taxes - in particular, from labour to consumption - would improve incentives to work and save, promoting growth. Such reform, however, could raise inequality as consumption taxes tend to be regressive in the short run (given that lower income households bear most of the burden), and are at best neutral in a lifetime perspective. Targeted transfers to low-income households can reduce this likely trade-off (OECD, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Teachers’ salaries and the social status of the teaching profession are related in different ways to students’ expectations of a teaching career, depending on the students' academic proficiency and certain characteristics, namely gender, socio economic status, immigrant background and mathematics performance. Results indicate that boys are more sensitive to salary differences, but there is no evidence that higher salaries would attract high-achieving students into the teaching profession to a greater extent than low-achieving students. Education systems could, therefore, do more to encourage and support the pursuit of a teaching career among all motivated students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
When the debate about economic benefits of immigrant labour started to gain momentum, policy makers continued struggling to develop an adequate immigration policy framework (Paitoonpong and Chalamwong, 2012, Sevilla and Chalamwong, 1996). As indicated previously in this chapter, the MOUs are an important instrument to manage immigration, but it should also be noted that these instruments were developed to an important extent in response to the concerns of the National Security Council of Thailand. As such, the process is focused on the prevention of irregular immigration, with less attention on labour market needs and the protection of rights of immigrants. The procedures for recruitment and placement under the MOU agreements have been characterised as administratively heavy and complex, and many immigrants do not see the benefits of having legal status (Harkins et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The contentious question is whether such win-lose policies should be allowed in the absence of actual inter-temporal compensation or compensatory action. Where there is a risk of catastrophic consequences in the future/present that can’t be mitigated or compensated for adequately, it makes sense to adopt a more precautionary approach. Ecosystem services can be defined as “the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems”. All three provide ecosystem services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Moving forward, policy directions are expected to diverge. Most of the ASEAN-5 economies are gearing for fiscal consolidation, while the other Emerging Asian countries are looking to take an expansionary path. Trade tensions underpin the weakening economic performance. However, domestic private consumption is holding up well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Improving public policy efficiency and effectiveness in land use planning is an established priority on the prevailing political agenda in the UK. Practical measures to enhance policy formulation in local land use development plans in Scotland offer an interesting case study of an attempt to improve policy consistency, and to secure efficiency gains in policy authorship. This article considers the specific focus on the drafting stage of public policy-making drawing on insights provided by research into the production of model policies in Scotland. It questions the extent to which such an initiative will promote a more robust public policy-making discipline in light of the policy cycle. The discussion of the case study illustrates a practical attempt by central government to enhance public policy-making at the local level, while raising questions about the dangers of invoking a technocratic and instrumentalist approach to policy analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Policy instruments based on EPR can also be designed to drive eco-design at the beginning of the product lifecycle. However, if the instruments are focused only on improved recycling without driving initial eco-design, EPR may not generate the desired economic and environmental efficiencies (Tojo, N., 2004). Outcomes from economic incentives alone, however, may not be sufficient to generate environmentally or socially meaningful results, because actors generally stop making improvements once the economic incentive to do so ends, whether or not sufficient social or environmental progress has been made. Examples of economic mechanisms employed by OECD governments include also disincentives such as increased fees on waste disposal, and incentives such as government procurement policies and a potential reduction in the value added tax (VAT) and tax for environmentally friendly products (all promoted by the government of the Czech Republic, among others).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Defining levels of degradation can be the essential basis for working towards the 15% target if the 4-level model is adapted, as the progress of restoration (= the reduction of degraded land) must be measured against a reference value. However, our work shows that such strong focus on degraded land can draw the focus away from what really matters: the implementation of restoration activities, and prioritization of the most important actions. This is mainly a problem when comparing between the countries, but might also have an influence on national priorities and initiatives as the total area assigned to level 1 set the standard for "restorable land".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Counsellors prepare an education plan jointly with the pupils and their parents to ensure a smooth transition into upper secondary education and employment. Those aged 15-17 are a special target group. In case of school non-attendance, counsellors have to get in touch with the youth’s parents within five days after being notified by the school, and youth must be able to begin an activity within 30 days.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition, the CBJ granted 25 loans, each averaging approximately JOD 60 000 (EUR 62 000) to co-owned (man/woman) businesses. In Tunisia, the BTS has provided, since its creation, 43 070 small loans of about EUR 3 500 each. In Bahrain, Khaleeji Commercial Bank granted loans valued around BHD 800 000 (EUR 1.5 million) to 11 SME projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The deal value is also widely divergent, with deals over the 1995 2011 time frame totalling USD 7.7 billion for Silicon Valley-based industrial/energy start-ups, as compared to USD 414 million for Illinois-based firms and USD 26.5 billion for the US overall (PWC/NVCA, 2011). Firms in the Tri-State region report that funds for start-ups and major investments are more readily available than for the middle range of VC investments. There is some evidence that start-ups hatched in the Chicago region often end up relocating to either the east or west coast as a precondition to the receipt of venture capital, indicating how important it could be to develop a strong venture capital base that prioritises business investments in the region (CMAP, 2010a). While different forms of ad hoc co-operation occur among the region's laboratories and universities, a more deliberate, strategic focus for their joint actions is needed. The University of Chicago and Northwestern University, among the region’s most prominent research-intensive universities, are reported to have relatively ad hoc relationships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The objective of mutual accountability is to facilitate a process whereby development co-operation providers and partner countries are held jointly accountable to a set of agreed commitments (OECD, n.a.). For example, an independent evaluation of the implementation of the Paris Declaration found that results management and mutual accountability were two of the areas with the least progress made by development partners (Wood et al., Similarly, a review of the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation found that targeted efforts are needed to make mutual review processes more transparent and inclusive, extending participation to emerging providers, civil society organisations and the private sector (OECD/UNDP, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Administrative data from North Carolina are used to explore the extent to which that state's relatively sophisticated school-based accountability system has exacerbated the challenges that schools serving low-performing students face in retaining and attracting high-quality teachers. Most clear are the adverse effects on retention rates, and hence on teacher turnover, in such schools. Less clear is the extent to which that higher turnover has translated into a decline in the average qualifications of the teachers in the low-performing schools. Other states with more primitive accountability systems can expect even greater adverse effects on teacher turnover in low-performing schools. © 2004 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The key questions I examine are: how does migrant status shape the experience of caring for children? In what ways do state policies support or obstruct the care of migrants' children? What is the support of care regimes for the social reproduction of migrants’families at the destinations? How does migration reshape the meaning of'family'?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Data refer to 2012 for New Zealand, to 2010 for Ireland and Japan, to 2009 for Chile and to 2006 for Mexico. In Panel B countries are ranked in ascending order of the ratio of men to women reporting limitations in daily activities due to health problems. Data refer to 2011 for Australia, Brazil, Chile and Israel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)