albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It seems moreover that labour force participation tends to be lower where the skill level of the population is the lowest, a larger of share of the population potentially suffers from opioid addiction, is in bad health or receiving disability benefits, where licensing requirements are the most important especially regarding low income occupations and where child care is less available (especially for women participation). This could make the impact of common labour demand shocks on labour supply and participation vary across states. They however differ substantially on other features such as share of the population with felony conviction, housing conditions (measured by the share of crow'ded houses) or the relative costs of child care. On the other hand, high participation states (North Dakota, Iowa, Minnesota and DC) present very diverse positions on most indicators, but tend to have strong health outcomes and reported health indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Similar to official development providers, half of the resources provided by foundations are not country-allocable, with one-third considered globally unallocated and the rest mainly targeting Asia and Africa. The top receiving countries of support from foundations towards STI were in 2015: India, Mexico, South Africa, Ethiopia and People’s Republic of China. While it lies in the business interests of technology firms to connect more people to the Internet, their efforts contribute to national and international priorities improving access and use of ICTs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A way to improve energy efficiency is to tap the huge potential for efficiency gains in the building sector which is the largest single energy consumer in Europe, absorbing 40% of final energy. About 75% of buildings are energy inefficient and, depending on the Member State, only o.4-1.2% of the stock is renovated each year. ( The energy efficiency target on EU level is set on fixed Mtoe-level for final energy and primary energy use in 2030, and the Member States have to set their targets so that this target will be reached. The Commission will lay down a process to ensure that the contributions add up to the Union's 2030 energy efficiency target in the legislative proposal on Energy Union Governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article examines reforms to the governance of local policing in England and Wales over the last two decades, from the managerialisation of policing in the early 1990s through to recent plans for the introduction of Police and Crime Commissioners. This ‘long view’ facilitates an appreciation of politically driven shifts in organisational regimes, initially from bureau-professionalism to managerialism, and more recently from managerialism to a hybridised model of local governance that combines elements of consumerism, democratic localism and bureau-professionalism. These regimes, however, act less as determining structures, and more as unstable equilibria that are open to contestation and negotiation. Drawing upon insights from governmentality and governance studies, the article reviews the progress of reforms and shows that the ‘success’ of regime changes is contingent upon the translation of regimes into practice. More specifically, understanding regimes as discourses allows us to probe their interna...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The creation of a Social Protection Network (SPN) is included in the design as a means of providing guarantees to the families to enable them to live with dignity. To this end, the members of the SPN facilitate preferential access to services for beneficiary families and seek to reduce costs where feasible. This, in turn, has inspired the work of the Inter-American Social Protection Network, which was launched by the OAS in 2009 to exchange information on policies, experiences, programmes and best practices, with the goal of supporting national efforts in reducing social disparities, inequality and extreme poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
But promoting informed-patient choice is only possible when quality-related information is made publicly available. Without information, users cannot participate in their health. Among those at the forefront of attempts to help patients make informed choices are Australia, Denmark, Korea, Portugal and the United Kingdom. All these countries use tools to ensure that information regarding health care providers’ performance is transparent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
During the 2005-06 academic year he collaborated as an international consultant in the OECD Programme on IMHE. He specialises in education policy including centralisation and decentralisation processes, school reforms, school leadership, school-based management and higher education policy. His recent books are Academia in a Changing Environment: Higher Education Policy in Israel 1952-2004, The Pendulum Syndrome: Centralisation and Decentralisation of Education in England and Wales (2003), and School-Based Management: An International Perspective (2003), co-edited with Friedman.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Furthermore, for some types of adaptation actions, such as the provision of information on changing regional climatic conditions, the government may need to play a more central role. Unless these policies are “climate-proofed”, they may inadvertently hamper adaptation and prevent farmers from taking decisions that improve their resilience to future climatic circumstances. For example, agricultural policies that directly intervene in management practices and lock farmers into current practices that may have historically been best practice but are not well adapted to changing climate, require careful re-evaluation. Governments may assist farmers and other private agents in providing public risk management tools, such as early warning systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Arguably, SDG 12.b is a high-impact leverage point due to its capability to induce green growth, which further triggers social development (health and education) by way of water. Financial assistance (SDG 17.3) and stakeholders’ participation in decision-making (SDG 16.7) are two overarching influences that strengthen system connections between nodes. Sustainably managing and protecting marine ecosystems (SDG 14.2) and reducing marine pollution (SDG 14.1) are the keys to solving the trash problem that Japan is facing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The best way to do this is to calculate tax burdens and benefit entitlements for representative samples of households for different periods. This permits straightforward identification of the relative contribution of policy changes and trends in market-income inequality on redistribution. Box 3 provides an illustration of such an approach using data for the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Unemployment rates in 2011 were especially high for those with less than upper secondary education (21.6%, compared to the OECD average of 12.6%), while they were lower for individuals with upper secondary education (5.7%, compared to the OECD average of 7.3%), and those with tertiary education (2.6%, compared to the OECD average of 4.8%). Teachers working as part-time education counsellors offer students information on educational pathways as well as study and behavioural counselling. A broader approach to career guidance linked to the curriculum can better meet student needs and help develop self-management skills. Disadvantaged students, such as Roma students, have difficulty attaining this level and could benefit from targeted initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Abstract   This article uses the Convention on Cybercrime as a case study to illustrate the functional integration of international law into diverse national legal systems through the paradigm of treaty harmonization. Nations control the impact of international regulation on domestic business interests by implementing legislation to preserve fundamental rights. Thus, the sovereignty-based legal harmonization model better explains the baseline characteristics of national sovereignty while recognizing that global cooperation in business is a necessary and positive feature of multilateralism.  Critics dismiss sovereignty as irrelevant, claiming instead that a “new world order” has emerged in its place. That kind of deconstructionist talk typically injects fear of multilateralism into the global business community. However, the premise is flawed because it ignores the actual mechanics of treaty accession and the synergy between international law and commerce in the global legal environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Realizing their full potential will depend on the availability of reliable fixed and mobile broadband connectivity. In order to achieve this objective, every algorithm needs to be tailored carefully to existing data and the objectives pursued. This requires considerable human expertise in machine learning and large datasets to train algorithms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is important therefore that countries and specialized regional agencies put efforts to standardize data processes so as to align with internationally accepted norms and standards. Water availability is usually measured as the level of renewable water resources per capita, which is the standard indicator used to express the level of water scarcity (see chapter III). For contrasting figures, see FAOSTAT database, available from http://faostat3.fao.org/home/E (accessed 30 March 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The level of significance remains the same, but is greater for the lagged variable, exhibiting positive effects in the medium term. In line with this result, the educational attainment gap (the ratio between the educational attainment of the male and female EAP) displays significant negative coefficients for the lagged variable (22%), while the contemporaneous variable is not significant. According to the existing literature on returns to education for men and women in the region, the relationship between educational attainment and wage levels is stronger for women than it is for men. Thus the elimination of these gaps could lead to higher wages and greater participation on the part of women, which could in turn have an impact on demand-led growth in the future. Since 2003, employment surveys in that country have included a battery of questions on time use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The 2030 Water Agenda endeavours to put more attention on demand management and on exploiting potential efficiency gains. For example, to achieve the goal of balanced basins, the 2030 Water Agenda projects that 82% of the “water gap” will be closed by reductions in water demand and 18% by supply increase. The role of economic instruments on achieving demand reductions is unclear, however, as the reductions in water demand are expected to be achieved through investments in infrastructure (in particular on water-efficient irrigation systems) supported by subsidies and is linked neither to water pricing reforms nor to more efficient allocation of water resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These recommendations serve as the basis for planning land reclamation, and water management, as well as provide operational services to land users of the irrigation systems. The project envisaged the improvement of 39.2 thousand hectares of irrigated land in the Makhtaaral Region of South Kazakhstan where agriculture is focussed on cotton. Under the project, the restoration and upgrading of irrigation and drainage systems were implemented, including the amelioration of soils prone to salinisation, and water management was improved. In addition, the project provided support to agricultural service institutions and farms incorporated in rural co-operatives of water users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Although Co-operative Banks - formerly known as Peoples' Credit Funds - and other private financial institutions have been established, so far they have not achieved significant importance in rural finance. Such concentration may explain the limited access to formal banking services in rural areas and high interest rates. The lack of sufficient collateral also limits access to credit by small-scale farmers. As a result, half of rural households were still unable to access banking services in 2010 and the informal sector remains an important source of rural credit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The production growth is limited by the availability of feedstock in the current projection, unless Indian sugar and molasses production increases more than projected in the outlook period. As a result, ethanol’s share of petrol consumption over the outlook period will not rise above 3%. Biodiesel production is projected to remain low, rising by 150% to 730 million litres by 2023.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. There is a strong movement in Antofagasta to ensure that the city is prepared for its future and can provide a higher quality of life for its residents. Yet the ability to manage the challenges ahead and engage in a vibrant process of transformation is constrained by public governance institutions and frameworks that are not adapted to Antofagasta’s dynamic context. This chapter explores some of Antofagasta’s governance challenges, particularly with respect to financial and human resources, to the development and implementation of a comprehensive strategic vision, and to the role of citizens and external stakeholders in public service delivery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In most contracts, the goal is to reach is four to five patients per hour, whilst also complying with specified quality standards. In the national health survey of 2006, for example, 31% of the population reported obtaining health services from the private sector at least once a year, regardless of their coverage under the CCSS. In 2009, 60% of the respondents stated that they preferred private health care providers (Gutierrez, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Similar benefits can be expected from reforms that encourage more students to pursue tertiary studies. At the same time, a more equitable distribution of educational opportunities has been shown to entail a more equitable distribution of labour income. Examples of policy initiatives that have been shown to raise equity in education include postponing early tracking (e.g. Hanushek and WoBmann, 2006, Bauer and Riphahn, 2005) and strengthening links between school and home to help disadvantaged children to learn (e.g. Mullis et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This chapter examines the ways in which so‐called ‘financial warfare’ positions banks and financial institutions on the frontline of security practice, amounting to what I call a finance–security assemblage. In the pursuit of terrorism financing, money comes to be considered as a ‘tool of combat’. This chapter examines the interconnections between finance and security in the post‐9/11 context, and analyses the novel spatial configurations that have accompanied the pursuit of terrorist monies. It focuses on the case of banking conglomerate HSBC, which incurred a record fine for circumventing US OFAC sanctions and prohibition. Unpacking this case shows how jurisdiction in this domain is articulated as transactional rather than territorial. It demonstrates how financial warfare profoundly impacts financial practices, shifting banks’ risk calculations and client profiling, and rerouting global financial flows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Population trends—birth and death rates, immigration patterns, sex ratios, and life expectancies—are one of the most important issues facing the international community. These trends' relationship to the world economy, the environment, and developing countries' ability to meet the needs of growing populations is a topic appropriate for the social studies classroom. Moreover, population trends are strongly correlated with other vital issues in international relations, such as world hunger, the spread of infectious diseases, the vitality of numerous political and religious movements, and the development of democracies throughout the world. The study of population is directly linked with all of the social studies, in addition to science, technology, mathematics, and the humanities. Therefore, designing lesson plans centered on population issues is an excellent way to fuse the social studies with other disciplines and show students the connections between the social and natural sciences and the direct relevan...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At present, the most heavily supported sector is renewable energy, but in future sectors such as automobile manufacturing are destined to become a target for support. The IEA estimates for investment in the transport sector are dominated by investment in electric vehicles and associated infrastructure, and heavily weighted to a post-2035 period when those technologies are predicted to become part of the mainstream. From an environmental perspective, subsidies in this sector are probable, and already exist in many countries, the internal combustion engine will have to be replaced if the Agreement targets are to be met.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
An optimal mix is probably an unreachable grail, but a proper balance of environment protection, economics and reliability of energy supply, would help make sustainable choices. These impacts are not limited to headline figures of GDP, but include long-ranging effects and consequences on public budgets, the labour market, wider social indicators, health, environment and the competitiveness of the private sector. Models are needed to integrate all these effects, as a way to internalise them and to provide an insight into trade-offs and complementarities that exist between policy objectives in different domains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The few rivers discharging into the Caspian Sea from Turkmenistan are not major sturgeon spawning areas, but the Turkmen coast between Esenguly and Ogurchinsky Island is a key wintering area for them and other fish, as well as a regular habitat of the Caspian seal. Annual sturgeon catches throughout the Caspian declined from > 25,000 t in the 1970s to 470 t in 2000. Sturgeon fishing in the Caspian Sea is now forbidden and there are no significant sturgeon spawning rivers in Turkmenistan, so there is no official sturgeon fishery there. Turkmenistan has had zero CITES export quotas for sturgeon products since 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However crude hospital mortality rates do not account for the complexity or severity of the cases treated, are thus too blunt an instrument to measure or compare the quality of hospital services across facilities. In Kazakhstan, around one person dies for every 10 000 hospitalised. This does not mean that hospitals in Kazakhstan are 100 times safer. A more reasonable interpretation would be that the nature of hospitals and the range of treatments they provide in Kazakhstan differ profoundly from those of OECD countries, that patients in Kazakhstan hospitals are likely to be less unwell or are admitted for the treatment of less serious conditions that in OECD countries might not be considered to require hospital admission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Second, it would increase accountability to stakeholders. This establishes whether sufficient general skills have been developed in the graduates, and whether training is targeting skills shortages in an effective manner. Similarly, data on labour market outcomes provide a signal whether VET graduates are equipped with the appropriate set of skills. Without effective feedback mechanisms indicating whether VET provision meets labour market needs there is a risk that training provision will be driven by the kind of training which it is easiest to supply, or which has been supplied in the past, rather than required by the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some lower-secondary and upper- secondary schools are combined. An increase from 10 to 12 years of compulsory education is being phased in. There are relatively few private schools in the supervised sector. Vocational training schools (administered by the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labor) provide an alternative track to mainstream upper-secondary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Abstract   With the rapid advance in computer and network technology, computer-based electronic evidence has increasingly played an important role in the courtroom over the last decade. Computer forensics, a growing discipline rooted in forensic science and computer security technology, focuses on acquiring electronic evidence from computer systems to prosecute computer crimes, national security threats, and computer abuse. It has lost its mystique as a technique used solely by law enforcement and intelligence agents, and has become a popular and powerful application employed by corporations for civil disputes, employee terminations, and intellectual property proceedings. This article provides an introduction to computer forensics and outlines the associated inspection steps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They should: i) deal with the reality of a diverse range of urban women, ii) fully address women’s daily needs, iii) have an impact throughout the city and influence gender mainstreaming in other policies. From 2006-10, Seoul introduced the Women Friendly City Project, which provided policies that reflect women’s daily lives, and helped promote gender sensitivity in the use of city space and city planning. Based on five pillars, it had 90 projects ranging from improving childcare practices, to upgrading safety facilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A bill has been drafted to revise hunting activity so that it can play its proper role in ecosystem management. On “green belt” lands (not covered by development plans), permission must be obtained to erect public or agricultural buildings. Luxembourg has taken steps to ensure permanent protection6 for the wildcats living in its territory (Mamer and Eisch valleys, Fingig/Kahler/Hivange region, vicinity of La Croix de Gasperich and Dudelange, forest of Bettembourg).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The distributions of the implied rental income variables from the two datasets are very different and their inclusion for the purposes of comparison is likely to create large differences driven by measurement error rather than real changes. This is not ideal because the housing market in South Africa has experienced substantial growth over the past 15 years and we are excluding this from the analysis. In defence of this move, it is not clear that the massive changes in housing prices really reflect a growth in welfare of the inhabitants to the same extent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
To this end, this chapter tries to identify the groups that may be at particular risk of suffering from low proficiency in literacy, numeracy and/or problem-solving skills. A lack of information-processing skills could be a major obstacle to full participation in modem societies and could lead to social and economic exclusion and marginalisation. The bars show raw (unadjusted) differences, while the dots represent adjusted differences, estimated after accounting for the impact of other background characteristics.' While the analysis focuses on literacy proficiency, results for numeracy are generally similar. When considering educational attainment, the adjusted differences are generally close to the unadjusted differences, meaning that background characteristics like age, gender or family background have little impact on the strength of the relationship between educational attainment and proficiency. In fact, accounting for differences in educational attainment generally results in a much weaker association between proficiency and other background characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)