albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Both of these new sectors were again based on natural resources. The bauxite mineral deposits were dug out of the soil in the hills of central Jamaica, and the hotels on the north coast of the island offered holiday-makers sun, sand and sea. Both were high-energy consumers, with the mining sector accounting for almost half of the national consumption of imported petroleum in some years. Government incentives stimulated investment in capital-intensive, import-dependent production of consumer goods. In the era of cheap energy, little attention was paid to the energy intensity of the production processes, especially because of the rapid growth of the domestic market for both basic consumption goods and luxury items for high-income households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
These results demonstrate the complexity of dealing with gender issues and set the stage for the objectives of Plan Avanza 2. Family Caregiving: What Are the Consequences?, Child Care Center”, http://careers.state.gOv/specialist/benefits#ccc. What Are the Highlights of the Act?”, Advancing Pay Equality in the Federal Government and Learning from Successful Practices, 10 May 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
American Journal of Managed Care 13,670-676. The Community Care Act (2003) and the effect of financial incentives on delays in discharge from hospitals in England, Journal of Public Health 29, 281-287. Pay-for-performance and the quality of healthcare providers, RAND Journal of Economics 41, 64-91. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 75, 879-883.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The 2014 National Energy Policy sets a target of 50 per cent of electricity generated by renewable energy by 2020. The Solomon Islands Government has indicated that it will consider market-based mechanisms to raise funds to support the establishment and operation of a National Climate Change Trust Fund that will co-ordinate and manage the allocation of climate finance for climate change adaptation and mitigation activities. The National Energy Policy notes that gender-sensitive approaches are required when considering the needs for, and decision-making processes in, sustainable energy systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The employment rate is high by OECD standards (68% vs 55.6% in 2014), while the unemployment rate and inactivity are significantly lower in Kazakhstan (5.2% vs 7.9% and 29.3% vs 40% respectively in 2014) (Figure 1.4). In contrast to the experience of most OECD countries, the global financial crisis and the economic recession did not have a major impact on labour market outcomes in Kazakhstan, unemployment rates have in fact declined considerably since 2007 and employment and inactivity indicators also improved to some degree over the same period. In 2013, informal employment in Kazakhstan affected 24.3% of workers despite an earlier decline in its prevalence (OECD, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While this is not a comprehensive list (see Bours, McGinn and Pringle, 2014), and none of the challenges are unique to climate change adaptation, their combined scope and scale are. Each challenge is briefly explored below. This is particularly the case when countries take an integrated approach to adaptation. This means that adaptation considerations are integrated into all national planning and budgeting processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Food Law’s purpose is to promote food safety, animal health and animal welfare. Aquaculture is also governed by a number of regulations which set out rules regarding amongst others licence requirements, fish health and fish welfare, and technological standards for fish farms. Licences for of cod and halibut rearing, mussel farming are free and can be applied for at all times while salmon and trout licences are issued in limited numbers against payment. The licences are only issued when the Government decides to do so.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Since the 1990s, the interests of local populations have become increasingly interlinked with various global interests, such as the search for land for agro-industrial production, the protection of Indigenous peoples, forests, biodiversity and the climate, the fight against terrorism and the search for secure borders, and the demand for licit and illicit goods—from metals to energy resources to narcotics. In these circumstances, local populations see their livelihood and security often overlooked, enter a spiral of short-lived informal survival strategies, and become vulnerable to the criminalization of their social and economic reproduction. This chapter assesses the effects of national and global governance from the bottom-up perspective of Brazilian peripheries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As the field of intelligence studies develops as an academic complement to the practice of national security intelligence, it is providing a base of knowledge for intelligence practitioners to interpret their past, understand their present, and forecast their future. It also provides the basis for broader understanding of intelligence as a function of government for other government and security officials, academicians, and the general public. In recent years there has been significant growth in the numbers and kinds of intelligence-related educational and training opportunities, with the knowledge taught in these courses and programs derived from the body of intelligence studies scholarship. The question posed here is: to what extent is this body of knowledge sufficient as a basis for the development of intelligence studies as an academic discipline?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
We are writing this piece to reﬂect on whether Australia’s immigration policy complies with the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Australian National Children’s Commissioner Megan Mitchell is currently reviewing Australia’s progress in implementing the UN Convention on the Rights of Children, on behalf of the Australian Human Rights Commission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Education can provide children with the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in life. It is associated with increased incomes, reduced poverty and improved health. But for education to play this role, it must begin with early childhood development and continue with quality learning opportunities that provide all children, especially the most disadvantaged, with a fair chance to thrive. Good education increases knowledge, sparks innovation, builds skills that drive growth and prosperity, and fosters inclusive societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The present essay intends to investigate the possibilities of a constructive dialogue concerning Human Rights. The starting point of this task is the comprehension of the fragmentation process of the contemporary global legal system. The most important mark of this process is the consolidation of the self-contained regimes, which deviates from general norms of International Law, in a way that threatens its unity. Such regimes seek to regulate disciplines of particularly high degrees of technical expertise. It demands legal lawyers to develop mechanisms capable of understanding the peculiarities of international relations. In such a context, the search for an element capable of granting certain unity amidst fragmentation becomes paramount.  Key words: international law, fragmentation and unity, public policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Research in India found that a combination of climate-related stresses on sheep - for example, excessive heat and lower nutritional intake - had severe impacts on the animals' biological coping mechanisms (Sejian et al., However, projected drier conditions in the extensive rangelands of southern Africa would increase water scarcity, in Botswana, the costs of pumping water from boreholes increases 23 percent by 2050. In the Near East, declining forage quality, soil erosion and water scarcity will most likely be exacerbated in the semi-arid rangelands (Turral, Burke and Faures, 2011). In Europe, global warming is likely to increase sheep tick activity, and the risk of tick-borne diseases, in the autumn and winter months (Gray et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It was developed in the late 1960s in medical education to facilitate learning basic science concepts in the context of clinical cases (Box 2). It is today used in most medical schools in the United States and in many other countries around the world (Wood, 2008). Moreover, PBL has been successfully adapted across various disciplines in higher education, including natural sciences, social sciences, or humanities. Schools of architecture, business, law, engineering, forestry, police science, social work, education and many other professional fields have picked up PBL (Ball and Pelco, 2006, Camp, 1996).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Training needs for professional staff in health care and nursing reflect the specific care needs of the elderly and the chronically ill. Most unskilled staff tend to enter care work after periods of economic inactivity (for example, women who have been homemakers or people who have been unemployed) and therefore have major training needs. Health at a Glance 2071: OECD Indicators, Paris, 2011, Help Wanted?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The quintile share ratio is the ratio of total income received by the 20% of the population with the highest income (top quintile) to that received by the 20% of the population with the lowest income (lowest quintile). Youth unemployment was historically high in 2009, but has fallen since then thanks to the rapid economic recovery and fiscal measures targeted at the young. Youth unemployment now stands at its lowest level of the past 13 years, and male youth unemployment rates are below those in the average OECD country. But for young women there is still a significant gap compared to the average OECD country (Figure 1.5, Panel A).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Pregnant and breast-feeding women are at particular risk from these chemicals, as are children exposed at a time when they are developmentally vulnerable (WHO 2006). Overall, women's generally higher percentage of body fat than men means they carry more lipophilic pesticides (and for longer periods), resulting in greater internal exposure (Watts 2007, Hardell 2003). On the other hand, there are some pesticides to which males are more sensitive or that may have effects specific to their physiologies, such as those that increase risk of prostate cancer (Slotkin et al. These crops are increasingly embedded in industrialized and commercial food systems in several countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
AbstractThis article addresses questions concerning Enlightenment universalism and cultural diversity by focusing on the views of China held by Pierre Bayle and the Baron de Montesquieu. In contrast to the characterizations of Enlightenment thought as insufficiently attentive to cultural diversity and as providing pretexts for imposing European values on non-European cultures, recent scholarship has sought to uncouple Enlightenment thought from imperialism and colonialism. An examination of the perspectives, positive and negative, of Bayle and Montesquieu on China suggests that Enlightenment thinkers attempted to reconcile ethical universalism and cultural diversity, but also shows the limitations of such attempts. Thus, while dismissals of Enlightenment thought as universalistic and even imperialistic fail to consider Bayle’s and Montesquieu’s subtle engagements with Chinese culture, their accounts of China arguably fall short of being robust cross-cultural or anti-colonial perspectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These are weighted averages for the OECD area. The so-called “jobs gap” (i.e. the number of additional jobs required to restore pre-crisis employment rates) has also closely tracked the increase in unemployment in most countries, with the correlation between these two measures being 0.97 (see Annex Table 1.A1.4 in OECD, 2011c), consistent with most of the decline in employment resulting in unemployment rather that inactivity. There are, however, a few countries where the jobs gap in mid-2010 significantly exceeded the rise in unemployment, due to falling participation (most notably, Ireland and the United States).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Contents: Introduction Part I Distributive Justice: Well-being, agency, and freedom: the Dewey lectures 1984, Amartya Sen Equality of welfare, Ronald Dworkin Equality of resources, Ronald Dworkin. Part II Human Rights: Capabilities, entitlements, rights: supplementation and critique, Martha C. Nussbaum Rights, capabilities, and the good society, Robin West Elements of a theory of human rights, Amartya Sen. Part III Constitutional Law: The Supreme Court 2006 Term a " foreword: constitutions and capabilities: 'perception' against lofty formalism, Martha C. Nussbaum Constitutions and capabilities: a (necessarily) pragmatic approach, Diane P. Wood. Part IV The Family: The problem with polygamy, Thom Brooks Who secures women's capabilities in Martha Nussbaum's quest for social justice?, Amrita Basu. Part V Cosmopolitanism and Global Justice: Assessing global poverty and inequality: income, resources, and capabilities, Ingrid Robeyns Cosmopolitan law?, Noah Feldman Name index.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
But see discussion on industrial application, Section 2.4.1.3, for limitations of the scope of granted gene patents under both European Union and Member States law. Therefore, a member that opts to implement this standard must also exclude local innovators from patents on matter existing in nature. Local inventors would still have the ability to patent such substances abroad, however, under the independence of patents doctrine.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Vulnerable social groups are also affected disproportionally by pollution and are often ill-equipped to cope with environmental degradation. Within countries, some regions, and even neighbourhoods within cities, prosper while others lag behind. As highlighted in OECD work, it is important to inform the policy debate about pro-growth policies with a better understanding of the drivers of both monetary and nonmonetary outcomes, and actions that create opportunity for all segments of the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This practice is apparently not as widespread among young Filipino women, as this study has shown that mothers of 1 in 10 mistimed births and nearly 1 in 5 unwanted births have tried to end the pregnancy early. Considering that abortion in the Philippines is legally restricted and highly stigmatized, however, actual abortion prevalence, especially among young females, is likely to be higher. Even with such a moderate level, abortion should be addressed as a major public health concern. Since most abortions in the country are carried out in clandestine and unsafe circumstances (Singh and others, 2006), young women place their life and health in jeopardy when they undergo this procedure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These are the obstacles that persons with disabilities face. Obviously, reality does not fit neatly into a conceptual scheme, but looking at it in this way helps distinguish between the components of care based on the characteristics of the subject and shows that the objectives, as well as the strategies for implementation, are different in each case. Elderly persons (aged 80 or over) and persons of any age with health- or disability-related dependence are in the fragility-autonomy quadrant, their care should focus on providing targeted, technical support that manages their dependence in the best possible way and compensates for their current or potential limitations. The fragilization-autonomy quadrant has to do with the quality of care and preventive measures, requirements include changing the physical and social surroundings, providing services for an ageing society and addressing the obstacles that persons with disabilities face.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While the individual criteria appear sound and reasonable, it is also implied that not all criteria can be applied to each specific indicator for a variety of reasons. As a consequence, indicators defined on this basis will generally appear fairly broad, and causal relations between policies and effects on biodiversity and ecosystems may be very difficult - if not impossible - to establish. This approach is somewhat contrary to the opposite, bottom-up approach where the state of the biodiversity (or environment in broader terms) or biodiversity loss is described by means of specific indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, not all adolescents attend school and not all remain in school until they initiate sex. Married girls between the ages of 10 and 14 and who are not in school thus have virtually no access to sexuality education. It is therefore important to make additional efforts to meet the needs of adolescents who are out of school. Curriculum- and group-based sexuality and HIV education programmes can reach those who are not in school if they are implemented by providers of health and other services for youth, community centres, or other local institutions accessible to adolescents (Kirby et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Union Learning Fund receives public funding (GBP 12 million in 2016-17) to develop the capacity of trade unions to work w'ith employers, employees and learning providers to encourage greater take up of learning in the workplace. The learning offer generally reflects government skills policy, with the current focus on basic skills and apprenticeships. The 2016 Union Learning Evaluation survey revealed that learners acquire both soft skills (self-confidence, professional development and planning skills) and hard skills (vocational, literacy, numeracy, language and IT skills), and most believed that the skills they developed could be transferable to a new job. Union learning representatives perform an advocacy role in promoting learning to their colleagues, both union members and not. These representatives engage with low'-skilled workers, w'ho are less likely to participate in training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For instance, the Central Institute for Test Development (Cito) is responsible for the periodic assessment project (PFON) and the Cohort studies are undertaken by a consortium bringing together educational research institutes, Cito and the National Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Typically, the Inspectorate of Education, research institutions, Cito and organisations such as the National Bureau of Statistics and the Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis (Centraal Planbureau, CPB1) take responsibility together for empirical studies. The planning of research and evaluative studies by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, conducted within its Knowledge Directorate generally involves external advice given by organisations such as the Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) (e.g. monitoring studies, Cohort studies).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Chaubas-Bhumlu Sawmill Enterprise hoped to maximise on a steady supply of feed. But government bans and taxes described earlier, as well as contributions claimed by Maoist groups during the civil conflict, precarious road access, and a general absence of market savvy among community members, forced the mill to shut down in 2006. It barely processed double its annual maximum processing capacity of 35,000 cubic feet in eight years of operation. Most years it ran at a loss.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The safe disposal of waste from processing is governed at the local level by territorial local authorities under the Resource Management Act. The requirement for fish processors to produce safe food under approved and audited Risk Management or Food Safety Programs have the spinoff of reducing post harvest losses and wastage. The requirements came fully into force from December 2002.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The vulnerability of glaciers and other climate change impacts on water resources are show'n at map 6.1. It is expected that die peak discharge in non-regulated rivers will shift to earlier months of the year, affecting economic sectors dependent on w'ater supply. It is expected that, by 2050, river discharge will possibly be reduced in summer and in early autumn, the period during w'hich demand for w'ater from agriculture is highest. In the longer term, this would have detrimental effects on the water reserves. According to experts, the speed of siltation has turned out to be higher than forecast.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
At the core of the strategy was deploying local mediation teams supported by international experts to work on conflict resolution between the tribes on a pasture-by-pasture basis. This involved supporting joint assessments of the condition and scope of each pasture in dispute, specifying pasture-specific regulations and measures for rehabilitation, identifying alternatives, and providing suitable compensation where access was no longer feasible. The strategy also included broader top-down approaches, such as disarmament of relevant districts and harmonization of the dispute resolution strategy with overarching laws and policies such as the National Land Policy, National Rangeland Strategy, and Draft Rangeland Law. Resolving Natural Resource Conflicts to Help Prevent War: A Case From Afghanistan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In an effort to take stock of existing initiatives, the “OECD inventory: Water governance indicators and measurement frameworks”, launched on line in October 2015, mapped 78 instruments (e.g. indicators, maps, databases and assessment tools, see Table 2.2) for measuring and evaluating several water governance aspects. Most of these indicators relate to specific functions (water, sanitation and hygiene and integrated water resources management), scales (e.g. national, basin) or governance dimensions (transparency, capacity, etc.), The most relevant toolkits and indicators for the implementation of the OECD Principles on Water Governance are summarised in Table 2.1. The challenges are related to the complexity of the water governance dimensions to be assessed, data availability, data collection through expert views, comparability over space and time, and the difficulty in drawing causality linkages between outcomes measured by indicators and policies aiming at generating certain impacts (Figure 2.2). It contains evidence-based tools and advice as well as country examples showcasing practices which have been successfully tested in a number of countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The limitations highlighted by this paper call for a reinvigorated dialogue of the two communities, in the UN Forum on STI and beyond. The OECD DAC and STI committees could play a key role towards that end. Considering that the available information on development activities does not follow standard STI definitions and classifications, several assumptions had to be made as to the assessment of which activities to consider as support to STI. For example, activities for developmental purposes conducted by universities often include both research activities and trainings or other capacity building exercises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)