albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
See Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA). Statistics and Tariff Information in Telecom, Media and Postal Service as of the First Quarter 2017. Bangladesh has deployed the Union Information Service Centers (UISC) in all 4,498 its Unions, the country's lowest administrative division. Inaugurated in November 2010 and operated by a team of two entrepreneurs including at least one woman, the UISC offers Internet access, training and other services such as mobile recharges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They are therefore committed to providing the highest attainable health for all their citizens. The Commonwealth implements programmes address global health issues such as: non-communicable diseases, maternal and child health, HIV and AIDS, communicable diseases, and mental health. Sport offers direct benefits for health and can provide an effective context for delivering health education. Most (80 per cent) of these occur in low- and middle-income countries, making NCDs a critical global health priority that is not confined to ’rich’ nations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
National statistical systems need to regularly collect, analyse and disseminate data that address relevant gender issues. Gender statistics should document womens and men’s participation in and contributions to all social and economic areas and reflect the underlying causes and consequences of gender inequality (Hedman, Perucci and Sundstrom, 1996, United Nations, 2002). The coverage of gender issues by official statistical systems and the adequacy of such systems should be regularly reviewed, as recommended in paragraph 207 (b) of the Beijing Platform for Action (United Nations, 1996).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Korea, Mexico, Chile and Israel are also members of the CCXG. Where this document refers to “countries” or “governments”, it is also intended to include “regional economic organisations”, if appropriate. The authors would also like to thank presenters and attendees at the March 2018 CCXG Global Forum on the Environment and Climate Change, whose views and feedback helped shape the final document, and Sweden and Switzerland for their specific comments. This section draws out relevant experience from current reporting to identify what practices or information could be “built on”, and what recurrent challenges may help identify areas that could be “enhanced” in future reporting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Creating representative security sector institutions where men and women participate equally at all levels of decision-making is a challenge, particularly in institutions where men traditionally tend to be greatly overrepresented (Chapter 13). The international community has supported some modest programmes for reproductive health and dealing with psychological trauma, for instance in Bosnia, Cambodia and Rwanda. As the treatment of traumatized women is labour-intensive, costly and often misunderstood, poor countries lack the resources, institutional infrastructure and cultural and social capacities to provide such services on a large scale and in a sustainable manner (Chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As of May 2015, the DLH Group holds FSC chain-of-custody and controlled-wood certificates for broker activities and has registered offices in Denmark, Hong Kong and Viet Nam (FSC, 2015f). The decision to disassociate was based on evidence that DLH had been involved in illegal timber trade in Liberia (FSC, 201 Sd). In January 2015, the FSC also confirmed the suspension of operations at its Polish national office, effective on 30 December 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The larger geographic scale at which metropolitan planning is conducted offers a useful lens for a comprehensive vision of the diverse policy streams at play in the functional territory. Throughout the OECD, the focus of spatial planning is increasingly shifting from imposing restrictions towards promoting development - at least in the official rhetoric. In practice, when metropolitan spatial plans do exist, they may still be narrowly framed around physical infrastructure and remain disconnected from regional development plans and/or economic development plans, which sometimes command larger funding (e.g. in the case of EU countries that receive Structural Funds).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Although public hospitals are nominally evenly spread across the country. Current efforts to give better access to medicines are complicated by concerns that the low prices of some medicines compared to other EU countries may lead to parallel exports, undermining access within Romania In response, the Ministry of Health has obtained EU approval to stop parallel exports of vaccines for a limited period (2017). There is also some anecdotal evidence that cost is creating a major obstacle to access for certain new treatments. Reforms are expected to reduce pharmaceutical expenditure as well as to improve overall health system funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The new part is that progress on implementing and achieving the NDCs needs to be documented and be subject to plenary assessment underthe Global Stocktake. The process and content for providing such information is to be negotiated in the years to come, and in this work any specific mention or omission of outcomes of agricultural initiatives could be indicative of the level of action to be expected after 2020. In other words, the process promotes transparency of action in agriculture, which is an opportunity for ensuring promotion of agricultural initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The projections for LCOE do not take the value of the electricity generation into account, which is accounted for in the model optimisation below. When considering the value of electricity generation in the power market, prioritization between technologies can easily change, particularly in longer term as the shares of renewable energy increases and cannibalising effects in the power market become more dominating. It should be stressed that the technology projections are subject to considerable uncertainty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It has to do with finding a good balance between what would ideally be required and practical limitations. The Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria (MMUCC) developed in the United States the European Union’s Common Accident Data Set (CaDaS) may serve as guidelines for other countries such as Korea. More information can be found on the websites of the United States (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) and the European Commission. International databases, such as those of IRTAD, show many empty cells in this area. Given the fact that methods of data collection seem to differ in those countries that do provide exposure data, the data may not be comparable internationally. Many countries provide useful examples.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This gap is filled by central government grants, mostly to the provinces. Municipalities, especially those in Category A, have relatively more resources. For example, the City of Johannesburg receives 40% of its revenues from service charges (mainly electricity) and 14% from property taxes (the main tax base for local governments in South Africa).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
During the past two decades, opportunities for women's social movement organizations to expand their scope of engagement have often been accompanied by greater vulnerability to donor discipline and scrutiny. Efforts by activists to accommodate the demands for accountability and institutional sustainability by professionalizing their organizations have been instrumental in moving feminist concerns into the political mainstream. However, such institutionalization has frequently contributed to the persistence or creation of social hierarchies within and between women's organizations, as well as to shifts in their social change agendas and action strategies. This article examines the common dilemmas of activists in Latin America and the United States, bringing together two usually separate domains of scholarship to analyze the course, costs, and possibilities of organizational transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The development and successful implementation of programmes for the prevention and treatment of drug abuse in Central America and the Caribbean are largely restricted by the limited resources and institutional capacity of countries in the region. In addition, Governments have to strike a balance between competing developmental priorities and the need to adopt drug abuse prevention and treatment measures. However, patterns of abuse and trafficking have continued to shift, requiring Governments in the region to adapt their drug control policies accordingly. Abuse of prescription drugs continues to be the single biggest challenge to drug control efforts in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, where changes in time are concerned, developed countries are increasingly providing high-skilled labour value added whilst emerging economies have seen increases in capital and low-skilled value added. For example, in 1995 38% of the value added of developed country exports came from domestically employed low-medium skilled labour. The right panel shows how foreign value added is being used according to its origin and destination so that in 1995 15% of the foreign value added that developed countries use to produce exports comes from high-skilled workers from other developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In view of the significant differences between the two subgroups, which are illustrated in this chapter, information is presented on care workers as a whole and disaggregated by subgroup. In the second half of the twentieth centuiy, several developed countries saw a significant rise in the number of care workers (Folbre and Nelson, 2000, Simon and others, 2008, European Foundation, 2006), and the sector is expected to continue expanding. In Latin America, on the other hand, there is no conclusive data for gauging growth of this sector over a long enough period of time. Furthermore, the preponderance of domestic workers in the region’s care sector makes for a unique scenario.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The scheduling and commitment of power generating units vary in each country or grid-connected balancing area dependent on the generation portfolio, availability of plants, market incentives and many other factors. Having more standby reserve adds to the operational costs for utilities. ( In the case of China, these costs are not compensated through any market-based or price-incentivised mechanism.) Coal-fired power plants (large or small-scale), natural gas plants and hydro power plants (conventional and pumped hydro) together generated close to 97% of China's total electricity in 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Policy failures in developing countries should not be used as evidence of incapacity but rather as a learning resource. Trial and error are part of the process of continuous evaluation of the experience of policymaking and policy implementation, given that the domestic environment is complex and the international environment fast-moving. International institutions and practices need to exhibit greater humility, less certainty of correctness, and greater respect for local knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Access fees to protected areas, for example, were introduced in 1998, initially the revenue went to the federal government budget, however, so incentives to apply them effectively were weak. This changed in 2001 when, after a request from SEMARNAT, Congress earmarked the revenue for activities in parks (Guevara, 2009). From 2002 to 2010, the number of protected areas participating rose from 13 to 68 (out of 174), and the total revenue collected increased from about MXN 20 million to MXN 63 million (Figure 5.7), equivalent to 7% of the federal budget allocated for protected areas in 2010. This will be particularly important as Mexico has a goal of further expanding the coverage of protected areas in accordance with the Aichi biodiversity targets for 2020, as well as Mexico’s Vision 2030 and sustainability goals, which state that protected areas are to increase to 16% of the total territory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Given those firms’ recent creation, productivity is relatively high, all of which reflects low barriers to entry and access to inputs. Critical to this 21st century technological industrial revolution is the high level of education of these mostly young new entrepreneurs. As suggested in Chapters 4 and 9, many cities experience growing concentrations of private income and wealth, but this is accompanied by a decline in, and depreciation of, public resources and assets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Criminal law reform is often taken by theorists to be an abstract, even if normative, exercise in the analysis of doctrinal concepts. Such a picture of criminal law reform does not fit well with the task of the legislator who has to carry out such reform in a political context. How then should the legislator’s task in criminal law reform be understood? Can legal philosophy contribute to understanding that task? These questions are especially important in a political context of value pluralism and multiculturalism. This article urges that legal philosophy is relevant to criminal law reform seen from a legislative perspective. If a discourse of public reason is to be available in which legislators can conduct criminal law reform, philosophical reflection is needed to frame such a discourse and provide a principled foundation for public reason. The article aims to take some first steps in the direction of such principles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
According to the authors, cross-country differences in total fertility rates reflect, at least to some extent, difficulties in combining work and family commitments. The lack of adequate formal childcare and enabling workplaces makes it difficult to reconcile family and career aspiration for women. As a result, many couples have fewer children than intended and are pushed to abandon or postpone parenthood (Adema, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In spite of much political rhetoric about the importance of encouraging women to engage in income-generating activity, most of the efforts have been led by the non-government sector, and particularly by businesswomen’s associations. Donors often fund these business support projects and offer tools that can be used to train women in entrepreneurial skills, such as the International Finance Corporation (IFC) programme, “Women Get the Business Edge”, in Yemen and the ILO’s "Start Your Own Business” (SYOB), "Expand Your Business” (IYB), and “Know About Business” (KAB) training materials in a number of MENA economies. However, business development services are not systematically available in the MENA region, especially in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Countries can control appreciation of the exchange rate via costly sterilization of part of the capital inflows or through regulation. However, both measures work only up to a point. These sectors, however, tend to employ medium-to-high skilled workers whose wages rise in parallel with the skilled/unskilled wage gap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Technical NFP to CITES identified at the later stage of the revision process was equally fully integrated in the development of biodiversity indicators and other activities of the Committee. On the other hand, the NFPs to the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGREA) and the WHC located in other Ministerial Departments are yet to be identified. Several targets opt for conservation and sustainable use measures of these wildlife species. These include Target 2 and 12, which opt for increased knowledge on the value of species including wild species that can be valorised and marketed, and Target 8 for species conservation. The NBSAP also recognizes the ecosystem management approach which favors wetland protections, and a target related to freshwater ecosystems calls for coherence with the management principles of the Ramsar Convention. The process is coordinated by the National Biodiversity Steering Committee (NBSC), and is informed by seven thematic working groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In such cases, calculations are based instead on the maximum level of education of any household member, which might at times correspond to the level of the grand-parents or other adult relatives who live in the same household. This is probably also the explanation for the high level of education observed for Canada. The association between parental education and NEET status can have a number of different drivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This leads to local farmers being willing to sell their land for development, especially if they do not have an heir who wants to farm. The government of France has established a national program SAFER to purchase farmland when it comes up for sale to help existing farmers increase the size of their farm to boost efficiency and to facilitate new entrants into farming. As in other regions, SAFER operates in the Pays de la Loire region as an important mechanism to maintain land in farming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Weekly Hours of Work, and Time for Child Rearing: The US experience in a cross-national context', Luxembourg Income Study Working Paper 489 (revised version), Luxembourg Income Study, Luxembourg. Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States', Luxembourg income Study, Working Paper 523, Luxembourg Income Study, Luxembourg. J., E. Hurst and M. Schettini Kearney (2008), 'Parental Education and Parental Time with Children’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The private sector generally supports service delivery and fundraising. In some countries, the private sector is at the early stages of development, while it has expanded considerably elsewhere (Cercone, 2005). Reversing this trend and implementing the mechanisms needed to contain the growing system costs are the main challenges facing Caribbean countries in terms of equity and access to health services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Then, Table 2 presents descriptive statistics for the background data used in the multivariate analysis. The SIGI is a composite index that measures gender-based discrimination in social institutions taking into account formal and informal laws as well as attitudes and practices that discriminate against women in five dimensions: discriminatory family code, restricted physical integrity, son bias, restricted resources and assets, and restricted civil liberties.9 The SIGI takes into account de jure (legal) as well as de facto (actual) situations. As such, it offers several advantages over other measures of social institutions, such as Women Business and Law (World Bank, 2015) or the CIRI women's right measures (Cingranelli and Richards, 2010) that focus only on the de jure situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This underscores the need for carefully targeted measures to promote adaptation to ensure that the benefits of opportunities presented by trade are as widely distributed as possible, and that vulnerable populations are protected from adjustment costs as much as possible (see Box 5). On the contrary, domestic market and government failures may hinder any spillovers from trade reform. For example, in many low-income countries, the informal sector represents a very high proportion of the domestic economy and cross-border trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
ABSTRACTThe study finds that open government does not only have effect on economic prosperity, but on social capital and environment through the mechanisms of Rule of Law and Control of Corruption....
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For the selected countries and commodities displayed below, domestic price volatility is generally lower than for international markets. Important exceptions include some developing countries such as maize in Uganda, or wheat in Sudan, for which prices have been more volatile. For markets more open to trade, volatility in prices converges to values close to those in international markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Workload refers to the number of working hours, indicating the extent to which staff schedules are compatible with family life and the physical demands of the job. Large group sizes, low staff-child ratios and a heavy workload are potential stressors for ECEC practitioners. Some research findings show the effects of workload on ECEC quality, indicating that practitioners with a heav>' workload perform less well than colleagues with lighter schedules (De Schipper etal., Contact hours with children and the extent of non-teaching duties may also affect the attractiveness of the teaching workforce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Reform in this area costs money. This restricts coverage to those who are most in need of social support. The monetisation of the substantial in-kind housing and utility support has so far been largely left untouched by regional authorities who cannot easily resolve the issue of waiting lists for affordable social housing, and do not have sufficient funds for in lieu cash payments to all eligible citizens. In all, monetisation has improved transparency in social support, but otherwise gains have been limited. The income-tested housing allowances, for example, have not grown dramatically in importance and spending remains at about 0.2% of GDP, a fraction of the estimated value of in-kind housing support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Tutubi bike sharing scheme was the first in the Philippines to be launched in Pasig City (Clean Air Asia, 2013). It was a demonstration project supported by the Asian Development Bank intended to demonstrate the feasibility of green transport. Due to the success of the project, plans are underway to expand the system to other cities and set up 250 stations with approximately 22 500 bicycles. Subsequent phases of the project are planned to target Metro Manila.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The key finding was that students’ general cognitive abilities interact with the level of structure provided by the teacher: students who score lower on measures of general ability do better in teacher-controlled learning environments, in which teachers maintain a high level of control, lessons are broken down into small units, with direct instruction and frequent feedback. The contrary holds for students with higher general ability, who benefit from so-called discovery or learner-centred learning environments. The concept of “adaptive teaching” was a response to this realisation in which teachers are seen as best able to make moment-to-moment decisions about what works for each of their students. As learners gain in aptitude through experience with respect to the instructional goals at hand, such teaching adapts by becoming less intrusive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A number of key grain exporting countries, primarily developing economies, adopted export bans or at least partial export restrictions in an attempt to provide enough domestic production for local consumption. At the same time, some major grain importing nations reacted by tendering larger-than-anticipated import bids, reducing pre-existing import restrictions such as tariffs and relaxing tariff rate quotas. If many countries seek to transfer price risk to others, the outcome is likely to be ineffective (Martin and Anderson, 2012). In the case of a large exporter, or if a number of exporting countries that are collectively large in the market impose export restrictions, the effect is to increase the world price of the staple food.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)