albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Isolation in a world of complex learning systems will seriously limit potential. Instruction in the future needs to be more project-based, building experiences that help students think across the boundaries of subject-matter disciplines. The future is collaborative, recognising both teachers and students as resources and co-creators. Now school systems need to embrace diversity, with differentiated approaches to learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The federal government also has responsibility for the education of Canada’s First Nations population living on reserves. The education policies and the delivery of educational services vary across provinces and territories according to the particular needs and priorities of their respective jurisdiction. Provincial and territorial ministers of education regularly meet and coordinate on initiatives of mutual interest through the Council of Ministers of Education, Canada (CMEC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Using the metaphor of metabolism, durable materials are considered technical nutrients that can be recycled within technical metabolisms. A product designed to meet cradle-to-cradle design principles will be designed with a system for recovery and recycling as part of its business model. A product of service stands in contrast to a product of consumption in that it provides a service to the user but is not itself consumed. When the service is no longer provided, the product materials can be reused or recycled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In the FRG, LFPRs were high in the post-War period and decreased to 55 per cent in the late 1980s. At the legal level, this resulted in a debate on the legality of measures that proactively advantaged women (affirmative action), especially with regard to quotas for leadership positions or more generally for positions where women are underrepresented, which were seen by some as a form of"reverse discrimination”. The German General Equal Treatment Act (Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz) of 2006 implements four EU Directives: the Race Equality Directive, the Employment Equality Directive, the Gender Equality Directive for Goods and Services and the Employment Gender Equality Directive. The German Constitutional Court recognizes the primacy of EU law, with the exception of basic constitutional structures and principles (Staatsstrukturprinzipier) which are constitutionally protected in Germany, cf. Nevertheless, gender equality remains topical in these EU documents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These norms translate into 49.09 Indian rupees (Rs) (US$0.77, based on the exchange rate of US$1 = INR63.85, as per the Reserve Bank of India’s website (www.rbi.org.in/ on 19 June 2015) for rural areas and Rs56.64 per capita per month (US$0.89) for urban areas (all in 1973/74 prices). This converts to Rs351.86 per month for rural areas (US$5.5) and Rs547.42 per month for urban areas (US$8.6) as of 2004/05. Can a value be placed on their service support to the urban middle and upper classes, which enables that group to engage in economic activities that increase the wealth of the city they live in? Are the urban poor primarily entrepreneurial (self-employed) or employed by others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The most structural reformer in the region was Hungary, which in 2010 effectively closed down the systems of individual accounts implemented in 1998 (Calvoetal. In Latin America, Argentina also ended the private system of individual accounts in 2008 to return to a fully public defined benefit and PAYG pension model (Arza 2012b). However, since women are more dependent on public support in old age,theyare likely to suffer most from pension cuts, including less generous indexation rules, because they live longer, receive benefits for a longer period and thus face higher risks of benefit depreciation over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As a result, while Korea had one of the widest proboy gender gaps in 2012, girls outperformed boys in 2015, although the difference was not statistically significant. Colombia had the widest pro-boy mathematics gender gap of all PISA-participating countries/economies in 2012, but was able to close it significantly -even among the country’s highest-achieving students. While boys’ performance remained stable between 2012 and 2015, girls did 20 points better on average, with the highest-achieving improving by 28 points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the same time, it can be argued that our base scenario does not go far enough with respect to the share of new capacity which is devoted to renewable energy sources. With respect to these issues, let us note that the parameter R can be used as a composite parameter to explore other scenarios reflecting lower ambitions in terms of electricity generation capacity and higher ambitions in terms of renewables share. For example, if we assume that countries that are presently below the target consumption threshold will only go halfway to bridging the gap from now to 2025, but that the share of renewable energy sources is 40 per cent instead of 20 per cent, the subsidy size does not change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights were adopted on 28 September 2011 by leading experts in international law and human rights. The Maastricht Principles enunciate the parameters within which extraterritorial obligations must be discharged. Economic globalization fosters an accountability gap and has made evident an imbalance between the scope of influence of states and the way in which their legal responsibility is defined. Still, the extraterritorial dimensions of economic and social rights have been approached by courts and human rights expert bodies in a largely ad hoc fashion. By authoritatively bringing together the requirements of international human rights law in this fast-evolving area, the Principles should contribute to reconciling the human rights duties of states with globalization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
We present evidence on the relation between local corruption and firm value in the United States. We find that firm value (Tobin’s Q) is significantly lower in more corrupt areas, after controlling for endogeneity. However, firms that sell goods and services to the government (i.e., “government-dependent firms”) are less negatively affected by local corruption. Further, firms in more corrupt environments are informationally less transparent. Importantly, we find that stronger corporate governance (either internal to the firm or due to an exogenous regulatory change in governance standards) benefits firm value but largely in more corrupt areas. Overall, we find that corruption matters for firm value even in the U.S., however, stronger corporate governance mechanisms can overcome some of the ill-effects of corruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These two books address the vexing question of human rights and freedom of religion or belief essentially in two different contexts and from two different perspectives: the European and the international. They do so in a broad manner, addressing the social, political, legal and policy implications of religion at large as well as freedom of religion or belief itself. From an overview of both, it can be seen that neither minority rights, cultural rights, freedom of expression nor freedom of association compensate the absence of freedom of religion or belief in human rights terms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Insurance market efficiency and crop choices in Pokislon. Managing the Risks ol Extreme Events and Disoslers to Advance Climole Chonge Adaptation. A Special Report ol Working Groups I ond II ol the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Combridge, UK, ond New York, USA, Combridge University Press. D. Morlsch,, M. Brklacich, D.l. Climole chonge 2007, impacts, odoplolion ond vulnerability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These need to be examined further for their potential, however, it is already clear that conditions are not always conducive for realising that potential at scale. There are many constraints that block the implementation of both the CRGE and the scaling up of existing green growth solutions. These will need real attention if green growth is to be enabled in practice. With ministries frequently changing their mandate, and government officers moving post, there is little continuity for driving long-term agendas such as green growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Plus precisement, il decrit la fa^on dont les considerations de biodiversite ont ete systematiquement prises en compte dans cinq secteurs ou domaines cles, a savoir: l'amenagement de l'espace, 1'exploitation miniere, l'eau, les infrastructures et le secteur agricole. Parmi les principaux facteurs de reussite cites en exemple figurent une bonne base scientifique, l'aptitude a tirer parti des occasions propices et l'instauration de liens veritables avec les objectifs de developpement. With an ever increasing use of natural resources, biodiversity conservation must increasingly be integrated into production sectors and working landscapes to simultaneously achieve the goals of conservation, economic growth and sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Sands or flotation tailings are pushed into a disposal area. Approximately 88 per cent of the treated tonnage is stored. The method for storing flotation tailings still consists in moving the largest particles so that they build and thicken the retaining wall, thereby creating a large enough decantation zone so that the wastewater can be clarified before it is recycled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The first step for the city is to improve pollution monitoring systems by allocating the necessary resources. In addition, financial support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to improve the emission treatment system should be considered urgently. Continuous investment to improve productivity and energy efficiency in the production system will create opportunities to make industiy more competitive and at the same time more environmentally friendly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They listed care-giving and family responsibilities among the top three reasons for not participating in the workplace. These did not feature high on the list of reasons for not working cited by men. Furthermore, young people born outside their country of residence are 1.5 times more likely to be NEET than those without immigrant backgrounds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Besides these national digital economy strategies, many countries have also developed national science, technology and iiviovation strategies in which digital innovation is highlighted as a key pillar. For example the Swedish Innovation Strategy complements Sweden’s national digital strategy and the National Strategy for Regional Growth and Attractiveness. Given the emergence of a new' digital divide caused by a possible breakdown of the “diffusion machine”, and given the strong interest of governments in furthering ICT adoption and use in particular by SMEs and disfavoured social groups, emphasis is put on policies stimulating ICT diffusion across society, i.e. ICT demand side policies. However, it is acknowledged that ICT demand side policies need to be complementary to (existing) ICT supply side policies such as ICT-related R&D programmes and national broadband strategies, which are not discussed in the report. There is no widely agreed definition of digital innovation however. For Henfndsson et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Such aspects as governance and management structure, amount of autonomy afforded at the school level, accountability prescriptions, school size and complexity, and levels of student performance can shape the kinds and patterns of school leadership. Thus principals must not only be managers but also leaders of the school as a learning organisation. They interact with teachers to create a productive, cohesive learning community. Therefore, for reasons of legitimacy and authority, but also for reasons of efficiency and effectiveness, the training of school leaders should be swiftly prepared.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Greater co-ordination among state agencies may well help get several pending projects off the ground. The PND is also missing a more integrated tourism strategy conceived around the development of specific areas as tourism priority economic hubs, allowing for tourism opportunities to be exploited in co-ordination with other policy areas and sectors. Rural areas would lend themselves particularly well to such a strategy, drawing on their connection to the agricultural sector. Yet, the inclusion of mral communities is not perceived as an objective of tourism policy, despite the high potential that exists in making mral communities direct beneficiaries of major tourism attractions around the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Section 4 analyses how aid for trade can help strengthen the impact of trade on growth and poverty reduction, and which policy tools can best reinforce the impact of trade on poverty reduction, such as by building productive capacities, connecting the poor to markets, and mitigating the costs of adjustments. Section 5 underlines the need for a tailored, country-based approach to economic integration. Section 6 concludes by summarising the main policy conclusions and the potential gains-from-trade that are at stake.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Household disposable income inequality is, however, above the OECD average in all these countries except for the Netherlands, u) Chile, Israel, Mexico, Portugal, Hirkey and the United States are characterised by above average inequality originating from the labour market. This reflects a very wide wage dispersion coupled with a low employment rate (though here the United States is an exception). Capital and self-employment income also tend to benefit a small group of households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In the 1970s and 1980s, European governments in particular put in place family and childcare policies to encourage couples to have children and ensure that it is feasible for women to combine work and family responsibilities (OECD, 2016a, OECD, 2011a). Enrolling children in ECE helps prepare them to enter and succeed in formal schooling, mitigates social inequalities and promotes better student outcomes. There is a growing body of evidence that shows that children who have a strong start in their development, learning and well-being will have better outcomes when they grow older (Duncan and Magnuson, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
According to a statement from a female professor, “refraining from dealing with police is partly caused by the fact that it is not acceptable to report many problems, such as violence against children or women.” This consideration is reinforced by the perception that private matters should not be discussed in the public sphere, including with the police. This trend is similarly observed in access to all types of public services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Annual transition rates are calculated over the following periods for China (2008-09), Colombia (2009-10) and Tbrkey (2010-11), while the figures for South Africa represent bi-annual transitions calculated over the 2010-12 period. This is particularly striking in South Africa, where the economic crisis led to a dramatic flow into inactivity, which was particularly significant among informal workers. Overall, it appears that informal jobs are highly volatile. The results are summarised in Annex Figure 5.A3.1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These include the Sydney Green Skills Alliance at the Sydney Institute, the partnership between the Western Sydney Institute and Schneider Electric, and the partnership described in Box 6 between Bunnings Warehouse and the Northern Sydney Institute. Examples such as these illustrate the way in which a high-skills ecosystem can coordinate technological investment by enterprises with training investment by workers to enhance a regional or a sector’s economic development. The United Kingdom government is setting up local enterprise partnerships in England with mandates, among other things, to engage directly with networks of colleges and training organisations in order to advance local strategic priorities. This is a very recent policy announcement, so details are still emerging as this report is being written (see further details in the learning model presented in the Annex).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, this tax credit is due to expire in 2012. Wemau (2011a) estimates that up to one-fifth of the state’s power generation capacity could decide to exit the market rather than invest in the necessary upgrades, potentially driving up the price of coal by 65% and offering opportunities for renewable energy sources. It saves approximately 47 000 tons of CO2 per year and replaces annually over eight million private vehicle trips in the city of Calgary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Replacing the Area Licensing Scheme, the ERP scheme allows the Land Transport Authority to impose and vary charges on vehicles entering certain areas at certain times. All vehicles are equipped with a unit which has a stored value card. The entry charge is automatically deducted when the vehicle passes a gantry that is in operation. The COE and ERP schemes together have been effective in reducing traffic congestion as well as C02 emission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, the research-based work carried out in medicine and health, supported by government programmes, illustrates that high quality research is not jeopardised by regional co-operation and application. Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) plays a dominant role in research activities in health and medicine. It is the leading research entity with a health campus and research centres and centres of excellence, such as the well-established Pharmaceutical Research Institute and the Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI) (See Box 5.1.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This may be achieved through landing quota catches into the United Kingdom, employing crew resident in the United Kingdom or other measures sufficient to ensure that a satisfactory economic link is achieved. The remaining quota is divided between the “non-sector” (vessels over 10 m in overall length but not members of a PO) and the under 10 metres fleet. Of these, 10 283 (83%) were employed as full-time fishers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Studies that attempt to explain the impact of biofuel demand on world food prices exhibit marked differences in their findings, which suggest that demand could explain anywhere from 15 to 70 per cent of the 2007-2008 food price hike. Direct competition between food and fuel has led to calls for support for a new generation of biofuels that do not compete with food (Vos, 2009). The share of total overseas development assistance (ODA) allocated to agriculture fell from a peak of 18 per cent in 1978 to 4 per cent in 2009, with ODA earmarked for agriculture having decreased significantly in the 1990s (United Nations, 2008a) (see figure III.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Recent projections from the European Commission (2012), however, point to eldercare costs doubling - and possibly tripling - by 2060 in the EU area as populations age. The increase will exceed 3 percentage points of GDP in Denmark, Norway, and the Netherlands. The OECD 2011 report Help Wanted? Providing and Paying for Long-Term Care shows that the costs associated with low care needs (i.e. ten hours per week) may rise to very high levels at old ages (65 and over) and account for more than 60% of a senior’s available income up to the fourth decile (Figure 2.27).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The indicator shown in Figure 4.13 Panel A is based on data drawn from the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) referring to the following question: “From whom would you get support if you needed help when looking for a job?” Figure 4.13 Panel B refers to the following question: “From whom would you get support if you were feeling a bit depressed and wanting someone to talk to?”, The question whether one gender is more vulnerable to the effects of violence than the other has been only limitedly explored (Romito and Grassi, 2007). The few results available to date are inconclusive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A cohort study in the United Kingdom provides evidence for a causal link showing that a third of people who showed symptoms of arthritis had left work due to ill health (Oxford Economics, 2010). Workers who report arthritis or back pain have mean lost productive times of 5.2 hours per week in the United States (Stewart el al., Another US study showed arthritis to be associated with a 0.9 hour work loss per day (Goetzel et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In all the countries, public-sector workers are better placed as regards unionization and collective bargaining than the rest of the workforce (ECLAC, 2011b). Thus, the people most in need of union membership as a mechanism for increasing their bargaining power and gaining access to protection and rights are actually the least likely to have been unionized. Nonetheless, the indicator presented is not a measure of current union membership, but illustrates the difficulty of unionizing less highly educated workers and those employed by private-sector firms. Mistrust of unions13 may not only discourage membership among workers but also create an adverse climate for the creation of unions within firms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Each is briefly considered below. There have also been other high-profile cases in Europe of companies using their IP assets creatively in this regard (including securitisation in some instances). However, as examined in more detail in Part 4, such companies have not been the primary focus of IP finance interventions (though some may have benefited in China), and there is little evidence to suggest that patents or other IP rights unlock value for these companies that could not be realised in other ways, since they typically have a range of possible funding options open to them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Although an essential element of the definition of crimes against humanity is that a civilian population be targeted, there is no agreement on what ‘civilian population’ means in this context. The notion has been given different meanings depending on whether the crimes are committed in times of conflict or peacetime. In times of conflict, preference is given to a broad approach based on international humanitarian law. More problematic is the attribution of a specific content to the notion in peacetime, where even discrimination has been suggested as a defining criterion. In this article we contend that a single notion of civilian population in crimes against humanity applicable in every circumstance is needed. Hence, we suggest determining the civilian population on the basis of the rules on State responsibility in international human rights law and general international law in order to exclude those endowed with public authority from the civilian population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Poverty is largely rural and affects all regions, although to varying extents. Figure 1.6 presents consumption poverty rates in 2012 by region and place of residence. The highest poverty rates are found in the Northern Mountains (44.8%), the Central Highlands (32.7%) and the Northern and Coastal Central region (23.7%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)