albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
A supervised unit department under the MoE,6 it works to maintain the extent and quality of forests owned by the national Treasury. That is its core activity: it oversees timber harvest, silviculture (tree tending, stock renewal and afforestation) and protection against stress factors such as forest fires and insects. The basic organisational units of the LP are forest districts, which employ more than 90% of the LP’s 25 000 staff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Innovators face larger uncertainty and information asymmetries, as well as larger sunk costs (since markets are often created from scratch and require infrastructure/ecosystem development to become profitable), all of which result in missed markets. Moreover, among the relatively large pool of potentially successful inclusive innovations that have been developed, few have managed to reach a large enough scale to make a sizeable impact. Localisation can be critical (e.g. for agricultural activities) not only to improve local production techniques, but also to adapt them to specific rural contexts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article places the theorization and analysis of hydro-hegemony in the context of the scholarship on transboundary water conflict and cooperation. We discuss critiques, developments, and debates in this domain over the past 10 years, focusing particularly on the contributions of the London Water Research Group, showing how thinking on the theorization and analysis of hydro-hegemony—and hydropolitics—has moved beyond the state-centricity, the tendency to see hegemony as solely negative, and the conceptually hegemonic potential of hydro-hegemony itself. Various strands of international relations theory (realism, neo-institutionalism, critical theory) have left their mark on the London School. Intense interaction between analysts and pragmatic practitioners is found to invite (or incite) eclecticism as well as promote vibrancy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
But the level of expenditure on education remains relatively low as indicated by the amount spent per student as a percentage of GDP per capita, which remains considerable below the OECD average for primary and secondary education. The new tax reform approved in 2014 will allow further growth in public spending for education. However, in spite of the strong political commitment to financing education, there are some fiscal challenges the school system will be facing in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The worst-affected species appeal' to be those which are already known to have a very poor conservation status. Of 32 species listed as being Critically Endangered (CR), 63 per cent are considered to have a decreasing population (table 9.1). The corresponding proportion of Endangered species (EN) is 56 per cent (31 of 55 species), that of Vulnerable species (VU) 64 per cent (54 of 84 species) and that of Near Threatened species (NT) 56 per cent (59 of 105 species). Amongst species with a decreasing population trend are a number of charismatic mammal species often associated with the country, such as the Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus), the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), and the Barbary leopard (Panthera pardus panther).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Variables capturing natural trade barriers and cultural or historical proximity come from the CEPII Gravity dataset: distance, contiguity, common language, former colonial links, common legal system and time difference. We consider this as a proxy for the fact that the value added traded between two countries i and j can be influenced not only by the direct importance of trade facilitation implementation in i and j, but also by the status of trade facilitation implementation characterising all countries k,. ( We follow the treatment procedures used in Achard and al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The minimum wage is the basic pay received by the worker, irrespective of rural or urban, women or man, among other criteria. If the Regional Labour Delegate considers that there is an imminent labour risk, he/she can adopt decommissioning measures or impose re-equipment requirements. Establishes that the precepts of the social insurance regime shall be regulated by a special law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Local self-governance bodies are responsible for the implementation of environmental laws and regulations. The Ministry is also the competent authority for the implementation of the EU WFD and for other water-related directives. The National Administration “Apclc Romanc”, under the coordination of the Ministry, is in charge of the implementation of the water management strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This suggests that relative child poverty is lower when social spending per head is higher and also that, at given expenditure levels, child poverty is lower when the poorest fraction of the population receives a higher proportion of social spending. Table C 2 provides detailed results of regressions applied to anchored child poverty rates. The proportion of jobless families appears to be one of the main determinants of the evolution of "absolute" poverty, measured by reference to its level in 2005. Increased per capita social spending also appears to play a particularly important role in reducing the level of "absolute" child poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These three types - negative assessment, acceptance under specific conditions and total acceptance without any conditions - are based on the anticipated risks and profits together with ideas about femininity (Rocheva, 2016). These risks are mostly concerned with "morality". In the words of a male informant in a Kyrgyz village who used to work in the Russian Federation, women are more difficult to "be returned to the road of good", and thus it is undesirable for women to go to the Russian Federation. A recent household survey in Kyrgyzstan (UNFPA, 2016) showed that a considerable number of people connected migration with female "immorality": 38 per cent of females and 45 per cent of males supported the view that "A woman in migration, working far from home, starts behaving immorally".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Renewable technology deployment offers many benefits beyond its contribution to climate change mitigation, which need to be assessed and valued. However, the benefits may fall short in justifying the extra cost. Indeed, as will be shown, the energy options displaced by RE technologies would have also provided, at least in part, similar benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Policies can be place-based and still be people-centred. On the one hand, traditional views on regional policy related to the old paradigm saw regional policy as a compensatory mechanism to foster convergence. On the other hand, some national governments can regard investing in lagging regions as sub-optimal as cities make the best use of skills, ideas and knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While EPR is not mandatory in the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive it is so in the legislation for Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, End of Life Vehicles and Batteries. These directives cover waste steams which include plastic waste, although they have no specific targets for recycling of plastics. Finally, plastic waste can be included in the target for recycling and recovery of C&D waste in the Waste Framework Directive (Article 11(2)). The most common economic policy instrument used among EU member countries are different designs of Extended Producer Responsibilites (EPR), other deposit-refund systems, and taxes on for instance packaging and land fill.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
All stabilization scenarios indicate that a huge share of emissions reductions, in the range of 60-80 per cent, would come from changes in energy systems. It has been found that this will require different sets of mitigation options across regions, with varying shares of renewable energy, nuclear energy, carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), biomass and hydrogen and other advanced energy carriers. In a way, it is a prerequisite for increasing shares of zero-carbon energy systems. However, it would be wrong to overestimate its contribution, even in advanced economies (Barker, Dagoumas and Rubin, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Its Multilateral Fund supports the investments needed for new ozone-free technologies. While this is encouraging, showing that such success is indeed possible, it is the only obvious example of its kind. And there is an imperfect correspondence between “non-OECD” countries and developing countries in need of technology transfer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In general, neither mechanical nor chemical repellents, which could protect young seedlings, are used, as the local forestry institutions can hardly afford the cost of seedlings and planting w'orks, much less their continuous nursing. Traditional uses of natural resources (e.g. fuelwood collection, grazing, hunting, fishing, collection of wild animals for international trade, collection of wild plants for medicinal purposes, collection of wild forest fruit and berries) can easily turn into pressures on biodiversity and natural resources if not adequately regulated by the national legislation, effectively controlled and sustainably managed. This pressure results not only in ongoing and accelerating deforestation, destruction of both forest and non-forest plant communities and the loss of habitats of different wild flora and fauna species but also in intensifying soil erosion processes and desertification. Overgrazing of pastures, in particular winter ones, results in the decline of their regeneration potential, a decrease in the pastures’ earning capacity, and the consequent decrease in the profitability of animal husbandry (chapter 9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Unemployment fell, but not all the way to pre-crisis levels. The share of the population of working age has declined. Rising cross-border work has detracted about 1 percentage point from domestic labour utilisation since 2007. The effect of cross-border work is not included in Table 2.1, which covers the resident population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It has been highly successful in seamlessly aligning its legal, policy and planning documents to build the gender perspective into all government action. Implementation has not been effective, how'ever. Although line ministries do in practice commit to implementing PROIGUALDAD, they fail to conduct solid gender analyses as part of the policy cycle. There is currently no systematic requirement to include gender analysis in the design and development of new policies, budgets or laws, or as part of regulatory impact assessments. Without a clear governmental mandate, gender impact assessments will remain the exception, rather than the rule. The manual contains the most tried and tested measures in the cross-cutting application of gender mainstreaming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Indeed, programme outcomes are mixed. For instance, CCTs have demonstrated a reduction in malnutrition in Mexico and Nicaragua (Maluccio & Flores, 2005) and increases child height of approximately one centimetre in Mexico, (Fiszbein & Schady, 2009). However, there is no evidence that positive initial impacts observed in Oportunidades were sustained over time (Neufeld et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A number of these publications centred on nuclear energy, others however also included different sources of electric power generation. These include Climate Change: Assessment of the Vulnerability of Nuclear Power Plants and Adaptation Costs, Estimation of Potential Losses Due to Nuclear Accidents, Measuring Employment Generated by the Nuclear Power Sector and System Costs in Deep Decarbonisation Scenarios: The Contributions of Nuclear Energy and Renewables. Both the OECD Environment Directorate (ENV) and the IEA have previously worked on external costs (see Chapter 5 for a detailed bibliography). Over the past 20 years, the European Commission (EC ExternE up to 2005, and the New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability, the NEEDS studies, between 2004 and 2008) and the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI, Switzerland) have been among the most active institutions in the field of externality measurement and are important sources of information and methodological competence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In Germany, about 84% of young teachers had chosen their career by the end of secondary school, while in the United States, only about 42% of these teachers of 15-year-old students had chosen to become teachers by the end of secondary school. The remaining countries fall between these two extremes. By contrast, in Australia, Chinese Taipei and the United States, around half of today's young teachers had decided to work as teachers only after they had left high school, possibly because tertiary studies and education systems offer multiple, and relatively flexible, pathways into the teaching profession.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The insurance uses a system of cross-subsidies to finance the poorest households who are unable to make monthly contributions. According to the latest records, 12% of taxpayers in Manizales have signed a catastrophe insurance contract. The experience represents an innovation in social and financial protection for low-income home-owners, and has been highlighted as a good public-private cooperation practice that could be replicated in other Colombian cities with similar risk characteristics to those of Manizales (Marulanda and others, 2014). This insurance policy had 61,097 women among its affiliates in 2014, and it has mainly benefited women microentrepreneurs living in rural areas affected by flooding, hurricanes and earthquakes. It is funded by grants from the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (COSUDE) and other financiers belonging to private insurance companies. There is also an intensive information campaign for clients on the coverage and other operational aspects of catastrophic insurance (Loster and Reinhard, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Thirdly, rural households are often able to pay for their electricity consumption. Lack of payment for electricity use not only weakens the financial stability of the electricity provider (World Bank, 2000), but also discourages investors to join in on the rural electrification efforts because of uncertain revenues. Adequate metering, billing and payment recovery are fundamental to a sustainable electrification system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Teachers are paid according to the number of their teaching hours, which they are not in a position to choose (Eurydice, 2015). Figure 4.1 displays lower secondary teacher annual salaries at the start of career and at top of the scale, showing the Flemish Community above the OECD average. Salaries of teachers in the Flemish Community have been relatively stable over the last few years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Used well, aid can generate large payoffs in terms of reducing poverty, meeting basic needs, and helping nations build human and institutional capacity. While aid has eradicated diseases, prevented famines, and done many other good things, its effects on growth are often difficult to establish given the limited data that is available. Arndt et al (2010) found that it was reasonable to assume that aid equivalent to 1% of a country's gross domestic product raised that country's economic growth by an average of 0.1% per year during the period 1970-2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Politicians started to think that the agglomerations of Nantes and Saint-Nazaire should have a common vision for local planning and that they are stronger together. In 2001, a communaute de communes was organised around the city of Nantes and a political campaign was launched by the president of the Nantes metropole to promote the idea of joint governance for a larger area that would involve all the communes around the boundaries of the Nantes metropole. Eventually this culture of working together led to the decision to develop the first SCoT (Schema de Coherence Territoriale) as a mechanism to allow more co-ordinated spatial development planning and plan implementation. Satisfaction with the outcomes of this very intense period of collaboration and joint reflection led to the next decision to increase the degree of integration by creating the Nantes Saint-Nazaire metropole, which was launched in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Despite these improvements, the appearance of drug-resistant strains is becoming commonplace (Keshavjee, 2007, Stuckler et al., In the decade to 2008, there was an increase in the number of infected people to just over 436 000 officially registered cases. However, international organisations consider that the number of actual infections - including undetected cases - is more likely to be comprised between 630 000 and 1.3 million (WHO, UNAIDS, UNICEF, 2009).6 The overwhelming number of infections is concentrated among individuals aged 15 to 49 who are the most economically-active and a growing share of these are women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Access to international markets also means that the international carriage of goods proceeds in safe, secure and pollution preventive conditions that are acceptable to all signatory countries, this is the main objective of certain multilateral agreements such as the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (see also section 5.4), the Agreement on the International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs and on the Special Equipment to be Used for such Carriage (see box "Transport of Perishable Foodstuffs" below). In addition, these Agreements contain harmonized requirements accepted by all Contracting Parties and provisions for mutual recognition of certificates, which contribute extensively, to the facilitation of the international transport of such sensitive goods. The Centre is developing a set of e-Business standards including UN/CEFACT XML Message specifications56 and the UN/CEFACT Core Component Library57 which contains information on data and structures used in e.g. the Data Model of the World Customs Organization (UNECE, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The availability of such services has led to the effort being made to develop the u-Pustaka ecosystem in order to transform public service delivery for the benefit of citizens requiring information and knowledge, irrespective of location or time of day. The development of u-Pustaka is further encouraged by the existence of the government's "No wrong door policy", which creates a high level of expectation of excellent government services to be delivered to the public byall government servants. The expectations and needs of citizens with respect to information in today’s world, which requires rapid decision-making, especially by people on the move, have transformed the public library into the main enabler for achieving this task.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The system also provides specific programmes aimed at preventing drop-out through the development of socio-emotional skills (Programme to Support School Retention and the Skills for Life Programme). This is particularly important as previous evidence shows that programmes that develop life skills are effective at preventing school drop-out, especially among vulnerable children and youth. There is evidence showing that the provision of significant resources to vulnerable populations has been highly beneficial. First, guidance on effective ways to use additional resources for meeting the needs of disadvantaged students is limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
But it is important to keep in mind that although there are many similarities across Nordic countries, they are highly diverse with respect to natural resources and their uses. The ESMERALDA project (funded by Horizon 2020) is aimed at supporting EU Member States in the MAES process. This methodology will build on existing ES projects and databases (e.g. MAES, Open-NESS, OPERAs, national studies), the Millennium Assessment (MA) and TEEB. For further information see the Rules of Procedure section, and regarding IPBES and indigenous and local knowledge systems see Box 5 in Annex 7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Figure 4.20 presents the impact of taxes and transfers in reducing poverty, comparing NSW with jobless households. Households with non-standard workers see their poverty rates reduced by a third, from 34% to 22% on average. In comparison, taxes and transfers have a much larger impact on jobless households, halving their poverty rate from 76% to just 39% after taxes and transfers. The poverty-reducing impact of taxes and transfers for NSW households tends to be particularly large in Belgium, Ireland and the United Kingdom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Productivity Growth in Agriculture: An International Perspective, CAB International, Wallingford, UK. Income Growth and Food Demand and Supply in China”, The World Bank Policy Research Working Papers, No. China’s Rural Minimum Living Standard Guarantee Program”, World Bank Social Protection & Labor Discussion Papers, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Studies of peacekeeping have helped to reveal the complexities, dilemmas and challenges of operations since their inception, and almost certainly into the future. Yet, despite the empirical and theoretical breadth of this canon, the field continues to be dominated by political science, development studies, international law and military studies, whose scholars tend to draw on ‘problem-solving’, macro-level and positivist perspectives in their writings. The impact of post-structural and post-positivist epistemologies developed in sociology, human geography and cultural studies remain marginal in the field. Given this, the present article seeks to complement and develop the study of peacekeeping through its framing of blue-helmet activity as embodied, spatial-security practice that is performed ‘out front’ for the ‘beneficiary’ audience. In so doing we draw on critical geopolitics, military/human geography and sociological theorizing with a focus on space and performance. Our main aim is to show how the con...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The estimates from the 2014 report use the revised GSSE methodology and may contain updated information across all agriculture support categories. The main change is due to the need to allocate programmes under “Marketing and promotion” into two new sub-categories. Most of these programmes have both a collective processing and promotion component. The total expenditure has been provisionally allocated to each sub-category in equal amounts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Significant advances in science should be given to addressing the needs of society and the historical context of the territories. Although technological developments that began with modernity and the industrial revolution allowed human beings to control the resources of nature to put to your service without limits, it is clear that the crisis of the prevailing development models manifest themselves in many ways but with three common denominators: environmental degradation, social injustice and extreme poverty. Consequently, today should not be possible to think a breakthrough in the development of science without addressing global environmental problems and the deep social injustices that increase at all scales under the gaze, impassively in many occasions, of formal science.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
County councils shall provide good quality health and medical care, according to the needs of their residents, and promote good health in the area in general. The Health and Medical Services Act also contains the general provisions on the content and execution of mental health services. Psychiatric care shall be provided to patients in need of psychiatric and/or medical treatment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)