albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The ecological land management programme (POEREM) although mainly focused on land use it introduces environmental criteria that should be taken into account by the state and local administration when they decide the different uses of land. The state administration is also promoting a programme for climate action in municipalities (Programas de Accion Climatica Municipal, PACMUNE), with the aim of improving the knowledge of local actors about the environmental issues in their territory. There is however a lack of an overarching strategy for environmental conservation in Morelos. For instance, issues related to w'aste management, GHG emissions, and land use are addressed in different programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
One important policy measure is the Secretariat of the Interior’s ability to issue “gender alerts”, which oblige authorities to implement measures that protect women’s rights and physical security, conduct more comprehensive investigations into acts of VAW, and increase efforts to address the problem in areas where violence is prevalent. The gender alerts send a strong statement about the severity of the problem. These multi-purpose anti-violence centres are intended to offer psychological, legal and medical care, temporary shelter, and consultation with child development experts. The centres also often offer workshops on social and economic empowerment to help women break the cycle of violence and start a self-sustainable life free from violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This shows the adaptability of EEOs as an effective policy instrument. An IFC programme, the China Utility based Energy Efficiency Programme (CHUEE) provided USD 520 billion in loans that were leveraged to a total USD 936 project investments to 78 companies without a default loss. In its 3rd phase CHUEE moved beyond its utility base to work through a wider range of medium sized financial institutions to reach more industrial consumers and SMEs. ( Prokilowatt is a tender based funding programme based on a levy on transmission charges. From 2013 onwards, the maximum level of available funding is CHF 25 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Predictability of support for climate and sustainable development can provide greater clarity and certainty, enabling longer term planning at the national level. Unfortunately public funds for climate and development have been quite unpredictable in recent years due to the global economic downturn. Agreeing credible pathways to deliver on the commitments made by developed countries to provide 0.7% of GDP as development assistance, as reaffirmed in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, and mobilising the USD 100 billion / year by 2020 for climate action in developing countries made under the UNFCCC, will help to improve predictability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A national regulatory agency was established, to enhance utility tariff regulation procedures, making tariffs susceptible to political interference. In Armenia, investment responsibilities generally remain with public authorities, while private sector participation is principally meant to increase operational efficiency. The contractual arrangements evolved from management contracts with a guaranteed compensation for the private operator to longer term lease contracts with private operators taking financial and commercial risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The only exceptions in an OECD survey on water governance in cities are Hong Kong, China, Lisbon, Portugal, and the Federal District of Mexico. Similarly, hospitals and schools tend to reduce their water consumption. While per capita water consumption initially dropped due to reduced outdoor use, indoor water use (chiefly through low-flow toilets and efficient washing machines) has also decreased. These households usually remain connected to the main infrastructure, and in some cases discharge water they have not purchased into the sewer, free-riding on the sewer service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There is a much stronger emphasis on public transport than before, including reduced funding for motorways, new metro extension and tunnels, and substantial increases in all toll charges. Toll charges will also be differentiated and spread more widely across the region, with higher costs for diesel vehicles and during rush hour. Several priorities have been identified, a new bridge over the River Gota Alv, which divides the city, a new tunnel under the same river, increasing the capacity in West Sweden to relieve the demand on Gothenburg Central Station, new investments in roads, a more sustainable public transport system, cycling lanes, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The approval process for local-level planning instruments (e.g. PLADECO, PRC) is not structured to accommodate an integrated urban programme, as it evaluates projects individually. This leads to a possibility of approving initiatives that are more aligned to national or regional priorities than those that are critical to meeting local needs. In this sense, Antofagasta’s planning is at risk of being captured by the approval process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Specific Crime Developments in the Concept Draft of the Penal Code in 2013 based on an appreciation of the various developments offenses occurring outside the Penal Code. In addition, it is also adapting to the development of international crime sourced from both international conventions ratified or not ratified.Specific Crime Developments in the Concept Draft of the Penal Code in 2013 include, Crime Teachings Spread of Communism/Marxism Leninism, Elimination and Replacement ideology Pancasila, as well as Criminal Acts of Terrorism, Judicial Proceedings Against Crime, Crime Against Religion and Religious Life, Crime Against Rights Human Rights, Crime Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Abuse, Corruption, Crime Life Under The Law, Crime Spreading Hatred and Hostility (haatzaai-artikelen), Crime to prevent and eradicate the practice of "black magic" and Crime against rape and adultery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
When prices fall, producers in developed countries often have access to various support schemes and credit markets, while producers in developing countries may face large income fluctuations, often for commodities for which they are highly dependent for their incomes. Moreover, high volatility - an unexpected large rise and fall in prices - imposes large costs throughout the food chain, as uncertainty hinders investments and sectoral development. Governments, who are concerned that price volatility may be increasing, or if not increasing, remaining at unacceptably high levels, are looking for the means to prevent or minimise high price volatility and its harmful effects on their populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Third, the paper critically scrutinizes the IG paradigm, and suggests that its inadequacies are best confronted through a broader and more ambitious statement of the pro-poor goals. The first reviews the debates around poverty and policy before the WC. The second and third sections outline the rise and decline of the WC and the PWC, respectively. The fourth surveys the pro-poor debates of the 1990s and early 2000s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
One is Norway, which has issued guidelines to ministries for gender-sensitive analyses of their budgets. About half of them “always” require GRB at all levels of government. Others do so in some cases - 47% at central government level (e.g. Belgium, Finland, France, Israel, Korea, Mexico, Norway and Spain), 42% at regional level (e.g. France. Germany, Korea, Mexico, Spain and Switzerland), and 52% at local levels (e.g. the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Israel, Mexico, Korea, Spain and Switzerland, see OECD, 201 lb).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Brazil, the Bolsa Familia programme began in the mid-1990s as an experiment in two municipalities and currently covers 11 million families. In Colombia, the initial target of the Familias programme had been 400,000 families, but it had expanded to cover 1.5 million households by 2007. Smaller programmes in poorer countries such as Kenya and Bangladesh cover a few thousand families (World Bank, 2009a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As a result, there are few alternatives to unpaid family care, which can have enormous economic and psychological costs for women. In order to address the rights of caregivers and care receivers comprehensively, however, a combination of investments are required: in basic social infrastructure, from water and sanitation to public transport systems, in social services, from primary health care to school feeding programmes, and in social transfers, from disability benefits to paid parental leave. This should also be kept in mind in the design of national social protection floors. Setting priorities for investment in social protection should include a thorough assessment of the needs of caregivers and care receivers to make sure that policies contribute to the recognition, reduction and redistribution of unpaid care and domestic work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Low and high earners are defined at 67 and 150% of average wage (AW). For married couples with one-earner, the second spouse is assumed to be “inactive" and for two-earner couples to have earnings equal to 67% of AW. Children are aged 4 and 6 and neither childcare benefits nor childcare costs are considered. Calculations are based on APW.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This action would generate more funds for investment in infrastructure, especially new wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) which are urgently needed to curb surface water pollution. They would also create incentives for more careful and efficient water use by consumers (households, businesses, etc.). This would be the responsibility of the Georgian Amelioration Company, with regulation by GNERC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The results of this part of the survey mirror those of a similar survey conducted in April 2014 by the Reiner Lemoine Institut (Energypedia 2014). Scientific assessments from the US Global Change Research Program suggest that tropical storm intensity, not frequency, is likely to increase over the coming decades (USGCRP 2010). Infrastructure that is often situated in coastal areas is invariably vulnerable to storms, erosion, temperature extremes and other aspects of the physical climate system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Secondary school instructional hours, which are also lower than the OECD average, are only about 5% lower for students aged 14 and are the same for students aged 15 (Figure 4.1). In addition, norms for students in Kazakhstan require two hours of individual and group counselling per week. In “tri-lingual" schools, students may study their own language of instruction (Russian, for example), Kazakh language and a foreign language (English, for example).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Canadian data show that the 25 largest Canadian R&D firms performed 33% of all domestic industrial R&D in 2009 (Statistics Canada, 2010). Likewise, in 2008 the top ten patenting firms filed about 8% of international patents (Patent Cooperation Treaty, PCT) and the top 20 filed 12%. Patenting is similarly concentrated in major areas such as the People’s Republic of China, Europe, Japan and the United States (WIPO, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The movement of workers between foreign and domestic firms could help counteract this tendency somewhat, at least over a longer time-horizon. In China, clusterings of innovative foreign firms were more likely to lead to knowledge spillovers (Chen, Li and Shapiro, 2009), which is a further argument for the establishment of science parks or lower-cost alternatives. However, it is not clear how effective this mechanism is insofar as importing machinery does not necessarily mean that countries have mastered how the machinery is designed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, the proposed university has not yet received parliamentarian approval and the current government has ruled out its establishment during its term, despite the fact that there were advanced plans to go ahead with it. As of 2004, enrolment levels have stabilised around 14 000 for primary teacher candidates and 7 000 for secondary teacher candidates, with some fluctuations across consecutive years. This trend, however, has not been the same throughout the country, as increases have favoured locations outside of Montevideo (MEC, 2013). For a teacher in a full-time school (40-hour teaching load), a community teacher and a CEIBAL teacher, this percentage reaches 100% of the basic salary (for a 20-hour teaching load).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While these roles could be reversed, women typically specialise in household labour because of a temporary comparative (biological) advantage in caregiving around child birth. These initial comparative advantages then turn into long-lasting behaviours because people tend to get better at skills the more they use them Early socialisation also reinforces gendered roles, Becker argues, because parents seek to prepare their children for responsibilities which, they assume, will benefit them in the marriage market. Yet, this division of labour is neither strict nor fixed, as “common preferences” models like Becker’s would suggest - rather, divisions of labour vary across couples and have blurred with time (Bianchi et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Additional water abstraction from the Desi aquifer would require costly water treatment to purify the water, and energy infrastructure to transport the water uphill, at a rate estimated to be up to 45 MW a year or the equivalent of 4% of the country’s annual electricity production (IEEE, 2009). Lastly, the project would not significantly reduce Jordan’s water gap and its full impact can only be realised in combination with other projects. To enhance the water supply from the Desi aquifer, the government is also developing a multibillion dollar project that links the Red Sea to the Dead Sea via an aquadact and pipeline and involves the construction of a desalination facility and a hydropower plant to power the distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While both plans focus on the importance of bolstering innovation and fostering the region’s attractiveness, neither explicitly identifies environmental or sustainable development initiatives as potentially important sources of growth. In contrast, the plan for the City of Amsterdam, Plan Amsterdam (2011a), specifically identifies improvements to environmental quality and the promotion of environmental technologies as an integral part of the city’s economic development strategy. Hannover, Germany, has even merged its economic and environmental departments, bringing both activities together under the same plan. While this arrangement may not suit all cities, it would be valuable to revise both County and City visions to explicitly promote economic growth through policies to improve environmental quality and impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Ever since, enhancements both in the quality of data and sophistication of econometric tools have yielded continuous improvement in tackling the question of economic impact of telecommunications. First, its deployment has proceeded at an incredibly fast pace. Within 12 years, broadband has been adopted by over 62 per cent of households in the United States, 80 per cent in the Netherlands and 95.9 per cent in Korea (ITU, 2010, OECD, 2010)7.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Even among students with a similar performance in mathematics, reading and science, the likelihood of having repeated a grade is often linked to socio-economic background (OECD, 2014h). However, research has also begun to shed light on the predictive power that social and emotional skills, such as self-control and self-motivation, have on earnings, health, engagement in violence and many other life outcomes (OECD, 2015, Kautz et al., Providing opportunities for adult learning (Challenge 3) is important for retraining and upskilling. High levels of long-term unemployed is challenging for the economy as a whole, as it leads to high spending on unemployment benefits and a reduction in tax revenues (Challenge 10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Examples of activities that fall within this latter category include partnerships between donors and companies that are facilitated by CSOs, and matching grant schemes (e.g. challenge funds) where donor financing goes towards a third party to implement the activity. Activities to support the enabling environment are also included, if there is an implication of active private sector involvement (e.g. SME engagement/ development programs, business capacity building, value chain development activities etc.). Direct donor support to the private sector currently provides the best data on which to base a top down assessment of donor private sector engagement for climate change, however, such an analysis would underestimate bilateral donor efforts in this area due to gaps in the coverage of climate-related development finance data reported by bilateral DFIs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Actuarial projections allow predicting the likely evolution of the population and therefore the future number of individuals included in each cell of the model. Future health expenditure is determined by multiplying the average costs by the projected number of individuals included in each cell. More advanced cohort-based models take into account trends in disabilities as w'ell as factors influencing epidemiologic trends such as, individual behaviour and exposure to risks factors (e.g. smoking, obesity, hypertension and cholesterol).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In this paper, we contribute to the debate on life-satisfaction gap between the citizens of post-socialist countries of Europe and Asia and their highly developed OECD counterparts, by examining the influence of de jure and de facto respect for empowerment rights. We mainly focus on the measure of rights protection called de jure - de facto rights protection gap. The empowerment rights included in the analysis are: the freedom of association, the freedom of expression, the freedom of religion, the freedom of foreign movement. Our results imply that government’s respect for these rights plays the role in diminishing happiness gap. We base the conclusions on an empirical study conducted on the sample of more than 59,000 observations. The data used for the study consist of World Values Survey database (waves 3–6) and a number of socio-economic indicators for 44 countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, as they focus on local as opposed to global causation factors (Deaton and Banerjee, 2012) they may lack external validity at larger scales and in other contexts (Pritchett and Sandefur, 2013). Such methodologies, for instance, allow for a characterisation of contextual effects in enhancing or supressing the effectiveness of an intervention, e.g. the influence that national programmes or policies such as feed-in tariffs have on an intervention’s ability to mobilise private capital (Cardenas et al., Such methods may be better suited to assessing the effectiveness of policies and measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In 2016, the highest STI incidence rates were registered in Bayankhongor (36.5 cases per 10,000), Domod (34.7), Sukhbaatar (31.5), Khuvsgul (26.5), Govi-Altai (24.0), Tuv (23.7), Govisumber (23.6) and Domogovi (21.3) Aimags and Ulaanbaatar City (22.2). The morbidity of trichomoniasis was higher in Domod (60.7), Bayankhongor (53.3), Bulgan (17.5) and Sukhbaatar (15.8) Aimags and Ulaanbaatar City (15.4), and was higher there than the national average (14.3) and aimag average (13.3). The incidence of HIV infection has slowly increased in Mongolia since 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
They determine the share of resources in the school budget that should be used on teacher salaries and recruit teachers accordingly. Before announcing a vacant position, school principals are responsible for determining the kinds of competencies that are required. The teacher recruitment situation varies across schools and municipalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Wholesale costs have also been reduced in LDCs through public private partnerships for capital-intensive projects such as national backbones and access to submarine cables. Bangladesh and Myanmar demonstrate how strong operators can accelerate infrastructure through their technical knowhow and financial resources. Policy makers in LDCs should keep this in mind when awarding new licenses or overseeing industry mergers and acquisitions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
With regard to this, a framework may be strengthened to check the appropriateness of measures under IHR, and coordination may be pursued with actors in other sectors, such as WTO.10 The Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement of WTO states that when national standards that are stricter than international standards are adopted, the national standards must be scientifically justified. For example, in the case in which Europe instituted trade restrictions during a cholera outbreak in Africa, the SPS Committee of WTO deliberated on the restrictions, including a scientific debate on the risk these measures pose to public health, which resulted in the trade restrictions being lifted (WHO and WTO, 2002). Collaboration with initiatives, such as the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA), is already under way, including the joint external evaluation tool for IHR formulated by WHO with GHSA, a multilateral framework led by the United States, which has stated that it will achieve its goals in at least 30 countries over the next five years, and has declared that it will invest US$1 billion in 17 countries towards this effort.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
De Leon and Steelman (2001) addressed three deficiencies in public policy programs. This paper focuses on the first of these, arguing that public policy students can and should be exposed to a comprehensive classification of types of ethical analysis. It then briefly addresses the two other deficiencies, again with recourse to recent interdisciplinary scholarship. Students can and should be exposed to the full range of types of ethical evaluation, theories, methods, and possible side effects of policies. © 2005 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Furthermore, unemployment is not only a major concern for the uneducated but also educated youth. In the United Republic of Tanzania, unemployment rates are higher among people who have completed secondary education than those who have not (Amare, 2014). A total of 31.1 per cent of those unemployed in Egypt had completed tertiary-level education in 2013 (World Bank, 2017a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In economics, elasticity measures how responsive an economic variable is to a change in another variable. An elasticity value greater than 1 implies that household income is elastic (i.e., more responsive). If the elasticity lies between 0 and 1, it means that household income is inelastic (i.e., not responsive). The full results of the elasticity analysis are presented in annex V and summarized below, in table 10. Given the same income levels (output) as agriculture, however, household incomes will be more responsive to investments in forestry and hunting than agriculture. Consider the case of forestry: forward linkages would exist if the growth of forestry led to growth in the pulp and paper manufacturing sector, which uses the output from forestry as its input.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)