albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Operational activities related to formal and non-formal vocational education fall under the responsibility of district or municipal governments. Ideally, a district could amalgamate vocational provision into one “super” SMK offering a range of subjects. However, nearly all of the SMK schools reviewed by the team remained largely focused on their historical subject offerings. Given the high capital investment required for vocational education, many schools have been constrained in the courses they can offer by their inherited facilities and equipment. A further innovation adopted by the ministry in 2014 was to introduce the Vocational Model School Initiative which establishes a “super” SMK school as a model school, with more resources, which can act as a centre for satellite schools. Currently there are 90 such schools but the intention is to create 1 650 by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Consequently, the WWS market is characterised by a low level of competition and important restrictions on the entrance of new players. Regulation is justified on the ground that it ought to prevent market power issues arising from a natural monopoly and to protect customers. In the absence of regulation, water operators can be tempted to neglect the quality of services and to apply water tariffs which are unreasonably high compared to the production costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, the actions needed to reduce non-technical losses, representing a financial loss to the company, are different and require capital investment, as well as efficient and effective management of the utility’s commercial activities, such as metering, billing and collection. Reduction of non-technical losses is a priority for the Government and a number of steps have already been initiated. Since 2005, the World Bank and the EBRD have been financing the installation of retail (end user) meters in the two largest load centres, Dushanbe and Khujand. Installation of electricity meters helped reduce commercial losses, although technical losses increased due to increased power consumption, above the normal operating range of the power sector infrastructure in Dushanbe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Data validated and updated by MESRK for the purposes of the OECD review. Data validated and updated by MESRK for the purposes of the OECD review. Although these numbers indicate improvement, data from a MESRK report on the qualitative composition of the teaching workforce in 2010-11 suggest that in 2010 there were still 13% of teachers who have not completed higher (tertiary) education (MESRK, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Source: IPCC, 2007b. Following the Pigouvian paradigm presented in Chapter 1, such a carbon price would be most straightforwardly administered in the form of a carbon tax imposed on the emitting producers. The carbon tax would then render carbon-intensive technology more expensive, would lead to a reduction of fossil fuel-based electricity in the power mix and, ultimately, to a reduction of carbon emissions themselves. In all fairness, it must be added that the costs for gas-fired power generation are hugely dependent on the location and that its LCOE can fall as low as USD 60 per MWh in the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Furthermore, without ever having been president or prime minister, Ms Aung San Suu Kyi has played a leading role in politics in Myanmar for many decades. On average, the share of women in parliament in the Asia/Pacific region increased by around 5 percentage points. In some countries this can be attributed to a quota system, which reserves a percentage of seats for women. Countries which have adopted quotas as a tool to advance women’s participation include Australia, Maldives, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan (McCann, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This will increase accessibility, usability and comfort in the public space and prolong general mobility. Older car drivers especially need support, in view of their abilities and deficiencies in certain situations, as well as information on how to compensate for cognitive and sensory limitations. In Korea, the prevailing view was that lowering speed limits is an inconvenience to drivers, and that reductions without a clear reason would be seen as unfair and lead to increased social costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
N Engl J Med 348, 1556-1564. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Overall, monitoring and evaluation is still not in place in most economies, with little evidence of system-based approaches. Paying more attention to exchange of experience and good practice, both in local/national contexts and at a multi-country/regional level, will bring value not only to the education and training community but also to the policy environment. While partnership arrangements take different forms, a common factor is that key ministries and agencies, the business world, and other civic stakeholders come together to advance entrepreneurial learning in the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Students are fully engaged with their learning and contribute to the planning and evaluation of lessons. Teachers provide differentiated learning experiences and high-quality feedback. Over time, students learn to assess their own progress and take greater control of their own learning, establishing strong foundations for lifelong learning (OECD, 2013d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The PNAEE relies on this same combination of measures to deliver the greatest energy savings in the transport sector (Table 5.3). It was restricted to cars with low C02 emissions levels in 2009-10 and has been restricted to electric vehicles as of 2011. Vehicle scrapping incentives (and other types of subsidisation of environment-friendly vehicles) are generally less efficient than charges based on pollution by road transport and represent government expenditure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For example, the study of the Ministry of Employment and Professional Insertion of Youth and the World Bank (2009) based on longitudinal data (tracer study from the 2004 cohort) show's the existence of imbalances between supply and demand for skills at the post-secondary level. Some qualifications and fields of studies are characterised by long duration unemployment and withdrawal from activities. They find that unemployment rates are particularly high among BTS graduates of agriculture, commerce and administration (Ministry of Employment and Professional Insertion of Youth and the World Bank, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A new tax regime applied to the LP will further constrain the limited opportunities from this source. Private foresters have opportunities to access financing for afforestation within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy. An assessment should be prepared of measures applied in agriculture, forestry and other sectors that may adversely affect biodiversity, with a view to reforming them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While there may be the endorsement of MoEs for such initiatives, they tend to survive as ‘squatters’ in the formal education system. More promising approaches are emerging in a number of countries, in which MoEs are more directly incorporating ESD into their core thinking on education. With a clear prioritisation of ESD, there is a chance for extra- and co-curricular activities to become a more influential aspect of students’ daily experiences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Thus, poverty measurement is fundamental for monitoring public policies and, since these initiatives do not just provide monetary transfers but also educational, health, labour and social protection services, the monetary indicators provide insufficient information for capturing the impact of policies. For example, it has been pointed out that procedures for adding information may result in information losses and that the choice of an aggregation mechanism for handling information in a system of indicators may be arbitrary (Maurizio, 2010). However, a system of indicators does not solve the problem of identification, that is, of selecting those that may be classified as poor and those that may not. Moreover, a synthetic index facilitates the joint analysis of shortcomings, allowing for a comprehensive system (Santos, 2013), fosters communication by summing up a high number of dimensions and, consequently, facilitates decision-making (Maurizio, 2010, Santos, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Nevertheless, the possibility of large scale animal disease outbreaks, such as foot and mouth (FMD) and BSE diseases, are viewed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of New Zealand2 among risks with the largest potential production and revenue loss. A study on the macroeconomic impacts of an FMD outbreak estimated possible damage at up to NZD 6 billion in the first year and NZD 10 billion after two years from losses in export volumes, and price and exchange rate shocks. This study by the Reserve Bank of New Zealand and Treasury underscores the fact that possible disease outbreaks are perceived as a threat with serious macro-economic implications (RB, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Discussion of externalities and comparisons with international tax benchmarks is excluded from the scope of this study, given the challenges of benchmarking and other methodological disagreements among the key expert organisations. This fourth “nesting doll” can, however, be subject to follow-up activities. The most commonly used approach distinguishes subsidies that benefit consumers from those benefitting producers of energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It depends on the development of relationships of trust built on successful partnerships with project developers, which are repeated where there is a steady pipeline of projects let as PPPs by the public sector (Sharma 2013). In addition they will be assessed for their risks, levels of return, volatility and whether there may be an element of natural monopoly (e.g. toll bridges or tunnels). This usually includes an undertaking from the government to refrain from investing in competing infrastructure or compensating the concession holder if it does make this kind of investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Between 1960 and 2008, the percentage of the total health bill spent on hospitals in most OECD countries increased initially as the acute care era became predominant and later decreased as the prevalence of chronic disease increased. For example, in Australia, the 40.4% of all health care spending was for hospital services in 1960, the percentage peaked at 52.7% in 1977, and by 2007 it had declined to 39.9%. France showed a similar pattern - 30.9% in 1960, a peak of 51.9% in 1980 and down to 35.0% in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Dr. Haakon Saethre was a leader of Norwegian neurology and psychiatry. He was resourceful, compassionate and had immense pride in his independent homeland. He described Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (acrocephalosyndactyly type III). When Nazi Germany occupied Norway during World War II, Saethre fearlessly and actively resisted, from revoking his medical association membership, to hiding persecuted Jews as patients in his psychiatric ward and aiding in their escape to Sweden, to managing the largest "illegal" food warehouse in Oslo with Danish humanitarian aid. As a prominent and noticeable citizen, he was arrested and executed by the Nazis in reprisal for the resistance's assassination of a hated Norwegian Nazi. His legacy lives on in Norway, where he was honored by a scholarship fund, a portrait and multiple plaques at Ulleval Hospital, and a street and memorial statue in his hometown. He was a hero and should be remembered by all who practice neurology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The currently-pending trade agreement known as the Trans-Pacific Partnership has generated considerable controversy, in part due to the secrecy with which it has been negotiated. A perceived lack of transparency has created a threshold perception of a democratic deficit and has invited questions about the balance of legislative and executive power, industry capture, and freedom of information. This paper looks at the practices of the United States Trade Representative and selected international treaty-making bodies to explore the origins of the current conflict over information access in trade diplomacy and to identify what these trends may portend for information access regarding future agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Moreover, the performance of labour productivity in LDCs stands in sharp contrast to that of developed countries, where it has tripled over the same period. This is reflected in the divergence of agricultural labour productivity between the two groups of countries, shown in Chart 2.3. The sluggish performance of the LDC aggregate is heavily influenced by developments in African LDCs and Haiti and, to a lesser extent, island LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In addition to road and transport infrastructure, Kim et al. ( Using data for 2010 and a variety of econometric techniques, including oidinaiy least squares and spatial error models, they consider factors that affect the total number of the accidents in a TAZ. In additioa they consider separately factors that are associated with accidents that caused severe injuries (requiring more than three weeks of hospitalisation) or deaths, and factors associated with accidents that resulted in light injuries (three or fewer weeks of hospitalisation).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Within those states, water is withdrawn and delivered for irrigation by both private and public purveyors. Many landowners withdraw groundwater from private wells and irrigate without restrictions on pumping rates or volumes. Some states have groundwater management programs in which withdrawals are limited and new wells cannot be constructed without permits, while other states do not impose restrictions. Many private and public irrigation entities also withdraw groundwater, often for supplementing surface water supplies. Boards of directors comprised of landowners in the district hire managers who are responsible for hiring staff members to operate and maintain canals, and deliver water to farmers at reasonable cost and with good reliability. These companies and districts must charge prices for water and service that enable them to recover their costs of securing water, operating, maintaining, and repairing their systems, and also generate capital replacement and reserve accounts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
National parks attract by far the most visitors. Iguaqu and Tijuca national parks alone accounted for nearly 60% of visitors in 2013. Public investment in infrastructure and services, under programmes such as Parks of the World Cup and Tourism in the Parks, and concessions to private operators have helped increase tourist arrivals (ICMbio, 2012b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
De multiples sources ont ete utilisees : bases de donnees, sites web des gouvemements, parties prenantes (voir les references). La deuxieme partie de ce rapport propose une analyse complementaire de ces resultats en discutant d'abord de certaines limites liees a la classification initiale des pays dans ces categories et en presentant ensuite les principaux elements de comparaison afin d'estimer le niveau de coherence de ces politiques. Autriche, Belgique, Canada, Chili, Republique Tcheque, Danemark, Finlande, France, Allemagne, Grece, Hongrie, Islande, Italie, Japon, Coree, Luxembourg, Mexique, Pays-Bas, Nouvelle-Zelande, Norvege, Pologne, Portugal, Republique d’Irlande, Slovaquie, Spain, Suede, Suisse, Turquie, Royaume Uni, et Etats-Unis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Studies indicate that street children who use drugs were more likely to have been abused by their parents, have a history of arrests and engage in sex work, exposing them to sexually transmitted diseases. Drug abuse also affects children in conflict areas. In some regions, drugs are used as an instrument to engage and retain children and young people as child soldiers in civil wars, armed conflicts and regional conflicts and in terrorist activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A recent EU Lifelong Learning Survey, which was carried out as an ad hoc module to the EU Labour Force Survey, places German workers in the lower middle range of EU countries in participation in formal and informal continuing learning activities. As in most countries, it is the more qualified workers who are the most active participants, raising a concern about depreciation of skills in a rapidly changing labour market. Also, those who do know that they have basic skill problems may be reluctant to admit it (Basic Skills Agency, 1997).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This implies a reversal of the sequencing suggested by the financing gap approach. Instead of starting with the identification of gaps between actual and needed investment for infrastructure, followed by rigid assumptions of government expenditure capacity, estimating private financing required and ending with project design strategies to attract private capital to fill in the gap, the start should be with a national development strategy. This would then be followed by a consideration of the infrastructure development needed to support this strategy, how government planning can support this process, how fiscal space may be expanded and what public-private investment mix could achieve these goals. For instance, to what extent will a “favourable” international investment framework, understood as a condition to make a project “bankable”, rob a national government of precious space to pursue its policy goals?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Systematic gender-responsive analysis should be carried out, including information on decision-making, gender perceptions and actual gender differences in interests, as well as needs for effective engagement of women and men in REDD+ implementation in local contexts (Larson etal. At the same time, in non-conflict settings the approach to more inclusive food production, through agricultural livelihoods, has been found wanting in the context of equal distribution and inclusion. The focus on increased productivity has not proven equally beneficial to women and men. Postharvest management initiatives in different countries also highlight the need for institutional frameworks and implementation approaches that consider not only gender equality but its localized nuances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The second section then offers six operating guidelines or benchmarks for developing an agenda for action at the individual country level and for measuring the pace of change and eventual success. Four broad strategic pathways are highlighted in figure 8.1 and briefly summarized below. Women’s and girls’ lives are improved when countries formulate and then fully implement a combination of laws and regulations, policies and programmes that provide equal opportunities for all, regardless of sex, and promote gender - going beyond legal equality to substantive gender equality. There is a clear need for African governments to move beyond small-scale initiatives and silo approaches to gender equality, and invest considerably in building national and local capacities to ensure that women's empowerment is addressed in a much more systematic manner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
AbstractCorruption, political scandals, and the spreading adoption of management practices in the public sector contribute to a decline in public trust. Worldwide initiatives promoting good governance can be observed. At an organizational level, management of ethics has gained in importance as codes of conduct and ethical leadership are promoted. However, public management research has hardly analysed the impacts of these measures. To address this research gap, we conduct a between-subjects experiment among public administration employees. Our results reveal that only ethical leadership has a positive effect on employees’ organization-related attitudes. Our findings suggest avenues for further research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The overall mission is for the Ghanaian counterpart to understudy the person and learn the skills that the person brings. Which means in the long run we will have new skill set .We will haue Ghanaians performing some of these roles (Administrator, Unique mill). In addition, some problems such as environmental issues are attributed to the activities of foreigners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In the long term, private sector should have the primary role in the nexus. Ten years later (2009-2011), it reached on average 8.8 per cent of GDP. The World Bank data show that public gross fixed capital formation (public investment) for the group of 38 LDCs6 on average stood at 7.2 per cent of GDP over the period 1999-2001.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The paper concludes with a brief note on the way forward. For the OECD as a whole, the tax to GDP ratio rose from 28.6% of GDP in 1975 to 34% in 2015. The tax mix also varies, reflecting a host of determinants, including among others the structure and openness of the economy, inter-governmental arrangements (e.g. unitary versus federal structure) (Box 2), the institutional capacities of the national and sub-national government administrations, and collective attitudes toward income redistribution and the use of progressive taxation. Sub-central entities generate their own revenues, to varying degrees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Efficient mechanisms will be needed to ensure that transport and development projects effectively follow the plans developed. In Paris, only projects included in the PDU (see Box 3.3) are subject to financing. In London, all development projects that do not conform with the development plan are automatically required to produce a transport assessment (which is normally only required for large projects considered to have major transport implications).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Drugs included in a positive list are reimbursed at three different rates (100%, 80% and 40%), using criteria such as severity of illness, availability of substitutes, the importance in the therapeutic process and financial burden. The contribution from the central budget to the CNS is legally determined at 40% of its total resources (with no budget cap). Given the resilience of public finances and the favourable labour market situation, the financial resources for health care are expected to be stable in the medium term However, a major health reform in 2010 introduced a number of cost-containment measures to prevent shortfalls in the health insurance budget that had been projected (Box 3). Despite this, Luxembourg's economy weathered the financial crisis quite well and revenue from health insurance contributions increased more than expected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the third quarter of 2012 real house prices started to show signs of rebounding again and in 2013 price-to-income ratios were above their long-term average in many countries (Andre 2010, BIS Quarterly Review 2014), suggesting that housing affordability might be starting to decline once again (Appendix Figure B.7). These trends hide important variations across countries. In 2013 price-to-income ratios exceeded their long-term average by over 10 % and were still rising in Australia, Austria, Canada, New Zealand, Sweden and the United Kingdom (OECD Housing Prices Database 2014', IMF Global Housing Watch 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)