albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These include: i) trying to ease the flow of imports and exports, ii) creating more financial stability and legitimacy in the country, iii) facilitating the continued flow of remittances, and iv) rebuilding and developing basic infrastructure. The NDP framework will define the country’s development priorities over a five-year period. The plan will also outline internal and external financing needs and major sources of funding and will guide the allocation of resources and prioritisation of government actions and international development support. The NPD will also serve as the Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP), until a full-fledged official one is developed, and will include a vision and direction for Somalia's socio-economic development and poverty reduction. This process is ongoing and will slowly start to enhance the Federal government capabilities and responsiveness. However, the current tight fiscal space, with extremely limited revenue raising capacity, combined with the challenging security situation, makes it difficult to attract skilled professionals into the public sector, thereby limiting the government’s capacity to deliver services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The global vision connects all generation and load together to get a higher overall social welfare, with the lowest overall energy cost. Given that this will smooth daily, seasonal and annual load curves, the role for baseload technologies such as nuclear energy will be considerably enhanced (see Figure 6.5 which is for expositional purposes only, in practice, the ability of smart grids to smooth the annual load curve would be somewhat more modest). In the local decentralised setting, smart grids can enable local demand-supply balancing including nuclear power. Employing large baseload facilities at continuous output as such might be less obvious in this setting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Most OECD countries have been facing this challenge. Shortline railroad companies are small companies that operate local networks, possibly under the supervision of the local authorities, and that act as feeders of the truck network. Because of their small size, they tend to be more flexible than national operators and are aware of local companies' needs. In the USA, Canada and Germany, shortliners represents one-fourth of total activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Although some developing countries with rising incomes are catching up with developed countries, incomes in the latter are still much higher than those in the converging countries. The poorest 5 per cent ofthe population in a high-income developed country tends to be richer than two thirds ofthe population in a low-income developing country. In this context, gender inequalities across economic, social and environmental dimensions remain widespread and persistent. These crises of unsustainability potentially affect all and carry profound risks for future generations, as described in 1987 in the Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, 'Our common future" (A/42/427, annex).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, in the context of the Ideas for Change programme in Colombia, some communities in more remote areas were initially reluctant to have the government and the research community provide solutions to their needs, due to the lack of trust. During the implementation of the Kiut programme in Hungary, convincing the target group (mostly low-income individuals from the Roma minority with no experience in dealing with bureaucratic procedures) to apply to the programme became an important implementation challenge. This partly explains the fact that, from the original aim of 400 recipients, only 138 finally received microloans. Similarly, during the implementation of the European Progress Microfinance Facility Programme in Lithuania, the bank in charge of providing loans to (mainly female) micro-entrepreneurs had difficulties allocating the funding due to lack of demand (in part due to expensive rates on products): from EUR 5 million available, only EUR 1.91 million were committed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Group study as well as peer review and support among teachers have also been found to be useful. In Japan groups of teachers work together to plan, execute and evaluate individual lessons and instructional strategies to achieve specific learning objectives. They visit each other’s classrooms to understand their colleagues’ teaching practice. In Finland, teachers are given one afternoon each week for joint planning and curriculum development (Barber and Mourshed, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Recent studies have sought to explain which factors affect the income-poverty and inequality-poverty elasticities. Ravallion and Chen (1997) used a sample of developing countries to demonstrate income-poverty elasticity (measured by the number of people with incomes below the poverty line of one dollar a day), finding this elasticity to be -3. This means that for every 1% rise in the average income, the proportion of individuals with incomes below the poverty line falls by 3%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
We first present the thoughts of these stakeholders regarding the predicted and possible energy mix in 2050, before discussing perceived barriers to a transition towards sustainable energy systems. Figures 5.6 and 5.7 breakdown the predicted and possible energy share by sector, and reveal that opinion is often divided among the stakeholders as to which technologies will prevail. In fact, even among survey participants from within each sector, opinions on technology choice varied quite substantially - some experts predict that geothermal will form a substantial share of the energy mix, while others opt for OTEC, wind energy or natural gas. The one technology almost all stakeholders agree will play a significant role is solar PV.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the United Kingdom, families with children saw benefits grow more quickly than average wages, as benefits are indexed to inflation, and prices grew more quickly than earnings growth during 2007-10. However, substantial budget austerity measures were enacted subsequently and these are projected to lead to significant income reductions mostly after the 2007-2010 period considered here, especially among families with children (Browne, 2012). The 1s1, 2nfl, 310, 4lh and 5,h bars show the change in net transfers for someone earning, respectively, zero, 33, 50, 67, 100 and 150 percent of the Average Wage (AW). A number of earlier studies document that direct taxes and social transfers in the United States reduce income inequalities by much less than they do in much of Europe (e.g., Brandolini and Smeeding, 2009, Smeeding, 2005). Updating and extending the comparative work by Bradley et al. ( In the mid-2000s, taxes and transfers combined reduced the Gini index by 18% in the United States, 23% in the United Kingdom, around 30% in Germany and Poland, and around 40% in Nordic countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In particular, new targets to enhance nature protection in forests should be set as part of the overriding objective of establishing and maintaining the Natura 2000 network. This includes nature protection on Natura 2000 sites of public and private forests, as well as in forests that are outside the network but contribute to its effective functioning (e.g. ecological corridors, edge habitats). More needs to be done to align legislation, particularly through major revision of the Spatial Planning Act and updating of the Nature Conservation and Forest acts. Amendment of the Spatial Planning Act should aim to correct the land use imbalance between forestry, nature and agriculture by making local land use plans binding and including Natura 2000 provisions in them. Co-ordination is overseen by the undersecretary of state/chief nature conservator and the Department of Forestry and Nature Conservation. The MoE also supervises the LP and national parks, which have their own administrations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Increasing international mobility of health workers has made the task even more challenging, compared to the case where the government was able to determine both the supply of and demand for health workers. There are additional challenges, such as addressing disparities in physician densities across regions and specialties. Financial incentives alone are not likely to improve concerns in these areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As they have markedly different levels of child poverty and child deprivation (based on the standard EU material deprivation indicator),3 using these three countries as examples helps demonstrate the applicability of EU-MODA across the enlarged EU. Poverty among children is usually measured as the share of children living in poor households. The proportion of children under 18 living in deprived households (using the enforced lack of 3 out of 9 standard items) ranged from 8.2% in Finland and 13.5% in the UK to 50.7% in Romania (Eurostat database, last update 04.06.2014). Many efforts have been made to measure child poverty using material deprivation indicators as a more direct way of measuring children's material well-being. The severe deprivation rate is based on the same set of items, but the cutoff is drawn at four items rather than three. Proposed by Guio (2009), both material deprivation measures had been adopted by the EU Social Protection Committee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In contrast, nearly two thirds of results in the democratic governance focus area were gender responsive, addressing the different needs of women and men and the equitable distribution of benefits, but not the deeper root causes of inequalities in their lives. Very few gender-transformative results emerged from the analysis. This is understandable given that such results, which address the roots of inequalities and power imbalances, require time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, in recent years the European Union has adopted two instruments, the 2002 EU Recommendation on Integrated Coastal Zone Management and the 2008 Marine Strategy Framew'ork Directive, which offer a comprehensive and integrated approach to the management of all European coasts and marine waters, and set medium- and long-term objectives (to 2020 and beyond) for member states for managing their ocean activities. East Asia has its Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), an international organisation focused on coastal and ocean governance in east Asia, scaling up integrated coastal management initiatives and aiming to improve technical co-operation in ecosystem-based management of watersheds, estuaries and adjacent coastal seas. In addition to the lack of protection that such gaps afford the ocean environment and its biodiversity, they create a decision-making vacuum for many ocean industries, notably in respect of future investment. By way of illustration, the negotiations around the implementation of the UN agreement to protect marine biodiversity promise to usher in a period of considerable uncertainty for those ocean industries operating in the high seas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For reforms to take root and bear fruit, however, aspirational legal commitments to equality must permeate national laws and eventually evolve into social norms. States that commit to international conventions and principles establishing general standards must incorporate them through their constitutions and amendments to domestic legislation. They are also committed to regional standards on gender equality and non-discrimination. In Libya, the ratification of a permanent constitution is expected to replace the provisional Constitutional Declaration, in place since August 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In view of the Act and better social awareness, there has been a significant drop in the participation of children in the labourforce overtheyears. Those within the labourforce include all those engaged in economic activities or workers1 and those seeking/available for work or unemployed. Those outside the labour force are grouped into three major categories: (i) those attending educational institutions (students), (ii) those engaged in domestic duties in their own homes, and (iii) other non-working categories such as pensioners, renters, remittance recipients, those engaged in unsanctioned activities (e.g., begging, prostitution) and those unable to work (e.g., too young, too old, disabled).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Even though there are other reasons employers find it difficult to fill vacancies, such as poor wages and working conditions, unattractive locations, limited career options and precarious contracts, the skills gap is often a real concern. Researchers view labour market mismatches as one factor in weak employment trends and sluggish productivity improvements. At times, the skills demanded by employers are simply not available, because the vocational training system is weak and/or unresponsive to labour market needs. However, this depends on adequate knowledge of a country's supply and demand for skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In part, this is a legacy of the apartheid government and more recent attempts at redress (Bray et al., Ongoing work in Malawi (Amoaten et al., This could be due to poverty, lack of real educational opportunity plus lack of jobs, and gendered power relationships. However, the regional picture is varied and complex.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It then describes the main bottlenecks that can be envisaged as they relate to water use, land use and energy use, as well as the materials dimension of the nexus. Finally, it motivates why an integrated dynamic modelling approach is most suitable for investigating the interlinkages of the nexus bottlenecks. We need water to grow food and for energy production, we need energy to grow' food and to pump and treat water, and w,e need land to produce bioenergy. Unsustainable use of these resources raises serious concerns about their looming scarcity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Tax and benefit payments are said to “redistribute” if they lower inequality, regardless of the extent to which this is achieved through actual or implicit transfers from higher to lower-income groups.1 As in other parts of this report, changes in the income distribution are analysed here using “snapshots” for individual years. The reference period is the mid-1980s to the mid-2000s. International comparisons tend to focus on specific parts of the tax-benefit system (Heady et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Platform-mediated ADA vehicle requests also enable the pooling of adapted vehicles across multiple suppliers. The potential increase in efficiency and improvement in wait times and other outcomes are what motivated MBTA to pilot its RIDE service with Lyft and Uber in the first place. This ensures that specific initiatives, measures and partnerships contribute to shared and clearly articulated outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This article examines the manner in which the rise of populism affects the use of international law by domestic courts. It argues that populism may have a negative effect on the willingness of domestic courts to refer to international law. It further argues that although such response is understandable, it is regrettable, since incorporation of international law into domestic court rulings can serve as a counter-populism measure. Maintaining international law as part of the domestic legal discourse is particularly important in a populist setting, for two reasons. First, where constitutionalism is overtaken by populists, international law can serve as an important source on which courts can draw to protect human rights. In addition, referral, analysis, and application of international law are means of maintaining pluralism in legal and public debate and, accordingly, enhancing democracy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Rather, major concerns have centred on food insecurity in the presence of trade surpluses, and how to invigorate agriculture to promote growth and employment in populous rural communities, where unlike the experience of most countries, the size of average land holdings continues to decline. A range of supply side programmes such as input subsidies for fertilisers, irrigation, electricity and farm credit, coupled with investments in irrigation, are designed to encourage higher yields and production. A range of market support prices are set to cover costs and improve farmer returns. High food subsidies help poor consumers: in September 2013, India enacted a new National Food Security Act (NFSA), which is now implementing the most ambitious “right to food" programme yet to be applied in history, covering over 800 million people and providing 60 kg of food grain per person each year at prices that are about 10% of current retail prices for food grains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Partnerships among the governments, civil society and private sector should be enhanced to promote gender equality. The NGO-IRENE/Asia-Pacific, as a network having effectively operated for five years, should be encouraged to strengthen its role as a platform to coordinate and assist both regional and national NGOs to move further toward gender equality and help the implementation of Goal 3 as well as other MDGs. The stereotypical attitudes and behavior toward women and girls should be changed, and men should be encouraged to bear equal responsibilities with women in areas such as domestic and caring work,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some measures are more suitable for emerging market economies, which have the potential to develop an indigenous technology base, and other measures are more suitable for countries relying primarily on technology transfer. It probably does not make economic sense for smaller, less advanced economies to develop their own technology supply chain. ( See Table 6.2 and Annex 14 for some of the main technology and innovation policy measures used by developing countries.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There is now strong evidence that small farms are less productive than larger farms. Some LDCs have underutilised land which could be opened to commercial farming on a competitive basis. However, such commercial operations are quite distinct from the geopolitical mega-deals that some governments have attempted to negotiate with LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Investment in the highly mechanised sugarcane plantations is expected to increase during the outlook period, leading to marginal yield improvements which nonetheless, do not reach previous peaks. Similarly, oilseed yields are not expected to improve substantially in the course of the next ten years. In contrast, productivity gains in cereals - coarse grains, wheat and rice - increase substantially, while cotton yields increase more moderately (Figure 2.7). Currently, Brazil is the second largest producer behind the United States but during the outlook period, the difference is expected to narrow as soybean production in Brazil will continue to expand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This suggests that knowledge about the importance of foods rich in micronutrients can increase demand for them. In 2011, WHO and other international organizations launched the Nutrition-Friendly Schools Initiative, which provides a framework for implementing integrated intervention programmes to improve the health and nutritional status of school-age children and adolescents and uses the school as the programme setting (including nurseries and kindergartens). This initiative brings together parents, the local community and health services to promote children's health and nutritional wellbeing (WHO, 2011b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Description: This indicator shows the importance of organic farming. The reduction of use of pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals, combined with enhanced management of natural resources, not only improves the health of ecosystems but also fosters the health of animals and people and increases income generation and communities’ self-reliance. When possible the area of primary forest should also be reported on. The forest area is defined as “land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 metres and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These policies can be implemented with or without a cap on greenhouse gases, but will be most effective in a strong cap-and-trade environment. Through a combination of purchasing energy-efficient equipment (appliances as well as lighting), using green building design concepts, installing renewable energy supplies, using combined heat and power, purchasing fuel-efficient transportation fleets, and purchasing green energy, these entities can significantly reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases, while realizing significant economic savings and improving the quality of their workspace. Many companies have effectively used a combination of efficient technologies, renewable technologies, process redesign, and transportation fleet improvements to realize energy cost savings, reduce their waste stream, and improve their products and services. For example, the embedded energy in the manufacture and disposal of a vehicle is in the range of 5-10 per cent of the energy that it will consume during its operating life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Since 1995, income transfers to individual fanners by some emerging and developing countries have been increasing, driven in part by rising levels of development and incomes within these countries, and for some, a push towards policies aimed at achieving self-sufficiency in particular agricultural products. In developed countries, a mix of refonns and changes in world food prices has played a role in the changes observed in the total levels of support. In 1995, the eight emerging economies for which the OECD collects information on agricultural policies accounted for just under 5% of the total measured PSE (OECD and emerging economies).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
States parties undertake to combat disease and malnutrition "through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking water, taking into consideration the dangers and risks of environmental pollution." It binds States parties to make "available and accessible to every child" compulsory and free primary education and options for secondary schooling, including vocational education (Article 28). It also obliges States parties to "encourage the provision of appropriate and equal opportunities for cultural, artistic, recreational and leisure activity" (Article 31).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It deals with the level of resources available for school education and revenue sources. Furthermore, it discusses budget planning, the monitoring of funds’ use as well as incentives for the effective use of school funding. The chapter places particular emphasis on areas of priority for the Slovak Republic such as the low levels of public expenditure on education, funding incentives to improve the effectiveness of the school network, equity implications of funding approaches, and the public funding of non-state schools. Special attention is given to the analysis of the formula used to fund individual schools in the Slovak Republic. The chapter also reviews the autonomy of schools in the use of their funding, the management of school budgets and parental contributions. It deals with the level of resources available for school education and revenue sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)