albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It would be impossible for the private sector to implement crop insurance systems without there being weather monitoring stations in operation, however, the act of setting up such stations historically falls within the purview of the public sector. In recent years, development banks have facilitated increased levels of participation of the private sector in financing their adaptation portfolios (Climate Policy Initiative, 2015). In addition to providing incentives, Governments can regulate private sector participation in sustainable environmental practices that support adaptation. Payment-for-ecosystem services schemes which generate revenue and then redistribute that revenue to vulnerable populations constitute one example of regulatory measures that provide incentives to protect natural resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Legal reforms throughout Latin America have increased the transparency of the criminal justice process and improved defendants' rights. Many scholars conjecture that such reforms also improve “good governance” and by extension economic development. Paradoxically, despite such assertions, there are few quantitative studies that examine the precise effect of such legal reforms. Using original data sets, the impact of Chile's criminal law reforms on the rights of criminals and economic development is tested. The results show that Chile's criminal law reform has enhanced defendants' rights by reducing the percent of individuals incarcerated. The reform has had a positive effect on regional economic activity, but little effect on foreign direct investment at the regional level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Energy Division is currently overseeing a Public Sector Smart Energy programme funded by an Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) loan (US$17 million) and an EU grant (€5.8 million) (IDB 2012, GoB 2010). The division is also responsible for monitoring the island’s local oil interests, both onshore and offshore, and is currently overseeing the island’s 2015 offshore licensing campaign (GoB 2015). The 2012 Draft National Policy for Barbados is currently being revised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The CSG was initially targeted to poor children up the age of seven, but has progressively been extended to poor children up to the age of 15. As a consequence of the financial crisis, the government of South Africa has further extended the age limit to 17. Children must be South African citizens and have per capita household incomes below a threshold.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The paper is attempting to envision the functionality of the public entities within the Omani public sector. With a case study attempt as the general research design, a narrative approach was used, formed in a literature review, to explore and describe the Omani public sector and its underlying entities. It was found though that there are six entities within which the government exercises its autonomy upon the public policies and practices. These entities are: council of ministers, special councils and committees, ministries, regional public administration, public establishments, public institutes. It was also concluded that the Omani civil service system consists of three interrelating entities that are: civil service law, civil service council, and ministry of civil service. Hence, the paper avails further research initiatives upon the Omani civil service sector as it serves as a sound research platform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The digital platform revolution has greatly altered the way firms connect to others, be they buyers, suppliers, peers or supporting institutions at home and abroad. It could be argued that it is entirely reshaping the business environment, or ecosystem, of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that export or intend to export. It highlights the role for traditional actors in the business environment in helping SMEs to adopt new technologies and manage risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While this is significant, further reductions from industrialised countries and the more advanced developing countries would be required to achieve the reductions judged by the IPCC to be necessary by 2050 to have a 50% probability of limiting warming to 2°C (this scenario entails stabilising the atmospheric concentration of long-lived GHG at 450 ppm CCb-equivalent). To reach a final agreement, it will be necessary to agree a fair distribution of abatement burdens. In the context of the above noted commitment of developed countries to provide financial assistance to developing countries to help them with abatement and adaptation measures, the US government announced that it would contribute its share to developed country financing of almost USD 30 billion over 2010-12 (US Department of State, 2010 for this sentence and the rest of the paragraph), which would entail a substantial increase in US climate assistance. In keeping with this commitment, the FY 2010 budget provides for more than a three-fold increase in bilateral and multilateral funding for climate-related activities from the enacted funding in the previous year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This implies no responsibility by community or government and gives the impression that road trauma is inevitable. The implication in the use of the word 'accident' is that road trauma is an 'act of God' and outside our control. New Zealand Police prefer the term crash or collision to ensure that these events are not regarded as inevitable, as most road incidents are preventable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Estimates of data growth are generally difficult to come by, but Cisco estimates that traffic over the Internet will grow by over 20% a year between 2015-20209, and that by 2021, global IP traffic will reach an annual run rate of 3.3 zettabytes. Cisco also projects that, by 2021,80% of all Internet traffic will be video, up from 67% in 2016. Viber (owned by Rakuten) currently offers calling, video and messaging services to over 800 million people11.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Mediterranean region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which presents the Adriatic (Mediterranean) Sea Basin, is composed of Neretva, Trebisnjica and Cetina River Basins, and of the narrow coastal zone around Neum Municipality. Neretva and Trebisnjica River Basins have an area of 10,100 km2 or 81.4 per cent of the total Adriatic Sea catchment area, w'hile Cetina River Basin in Bosnia and Herzegovina has an area of 2,310 km2 or 18.6 per cent of the total Adriatic Sea catchment area. The Eastern Adriatic Sea, including its Bosnia and Herzegovina part, is a shallow transitive area with a great number of typical pelagic and benthic species adapted to the high salinity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Other countries that experienced the doubling of pre-primary enrolment rates include Cambodia, Indonesia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and the Philippines. Despite this progress, as many as 50 per cent or more of young children in about half of the countries in the region still do not receive pre-primary education. To this end, significant progress has been made by several countries in the region, including the Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Mongolia. Although even after a rapid increase, pre-primary education in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic still reached only about 20 per cent of the target population in 2011. In Viet Nam, there has also been rapid and expansive improvement in the provision of pre-primary education, with more than 70 per cent of children enrolled in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The open government paradigm implies public processes are becoming more transparent, public information is available online, and citizens and non‐governmental organizations are encouraged to interact with public administration through new platform‐based forms of participation and collaboration. Though these governmental efforts to open up organizational procedures to the public are meant to strengthen the relationship between citizens and the government, empirical evidence is currently sparse and mixed. This article argues that positive impacts of openness depend on citizens' democratic capacity defined as individual sense of empowerment to influence governmental systems. By matching individual survey data from the European Social Survey with secondary institutional data the authors investigate the relationship between individual and structural level variables. Findings indicate that structural openness is, in general, positively associated with higher trust. Further, the effect of openness on public trust is partially mediated by an individual's perception that they have meaningful opportunities for political participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For PISA 2012, over 90% of students in Thailand (as in Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia) reported that they get along well with most teachers (OECD, 2013a). Almost 94% reported feeling happy at school - close behind Indonesia, which ranks first on this indicator at 95.7%, and above Singapore (87.9%), Japan (85%) and Korea (60%) (OECD, 2013c). In the two weeks prior to the 2012 PISA test, 34% of Thai students reported that they had arrived late for school at least once, compared to 10% in Viet Nam and Singapore, and 8% in Japan (OECD, 2013a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The main types of instruments available to policy makers are economic instruments, regulations, information-based approaches, including environmental labelling, voluntary approaches, and public financial support. For instance, the number of countries reporting the use of economic instruments such as landfill taxes increased significantly in the past 15 years and this has led to the diversion of waste, away from landfills into material and energy recovery. Efforts upstream of end-of-life management have been more modest: an example is waste prevention, which includes policies that encourage greener product designs and measures to change consumer behaviour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Second-chance schools should contact school drop-outs as early as possible and encourage them to enrol. These schools cater for students who have become disaffected with mainstream education by providing essential basic skills through interdisciplinary and more practical learning methods, but enrolments need to be encouraged and early action is key. One way to do so would be to offer youth without qualifications who have been NEET for some time a small allowance in exchange for the commitment to attend education, training or some form of work-based learning. A scheme along these lines - the Activity Agreement - is currently being piloted in the United Kingdom and this could serve as a model for Greece.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
But statistics from the World Bank indicate that Egypt’s economic growth has slowed down to about 2% in 2011 and 2012 (World Bank, 2013), similar to the rate of population growth and therefore implying no growth in per capita GDP. The Egypt Human Development Report 2010, by the UN Development Programme, indicates that the major challenges are a weak labour market (especially for the young and women), gender discrimination and sanitation (AfDB, 2012). The students entering technical colleges are mainly general secondary track students who failed to gain admission to university while students of the technical and vocational education and training sub-system face a dead-end in terms of their prospects for further learning (OECD, 2010b:29).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Law on Nature Protection requires development of the National Red List and Red Book, and includes temporary protection measures for strictly protected and protected wild species. Waste treatment facilities have been required in the vicinity of the Lake to protect water quality and aquatic biota. Also, a five-year moratorium (2006-2011) has been established at the national level prohibiting the collection and trade of medicinal plants (Gentiana lutea, and Gentiana punctata).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It takes stock of policy initiatives to reduce waste generation, encourage recycling and ensure safe disposal of municipal and hazardous waste. The chapter also highlights progress in integrating informal waste pickers into municipal waste management. It discusses the environmental and economic implications of specific measures, such as extended producer responsibility and waste collection charges. National, regional and local authorities have well-defined responsibilities in waste management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The other gases, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) account for less than 2%, but their total emissions are growing. These gases differ in terms of their warming effect and their longevity in the atmosphere. Apart from these six GHGs, there are several other atmospheric substances that lead to warming (e.g. chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs, and black carbon - see Box 3.14) or to cooling (e.g. sulphate aerosols).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A global analysis showed that social science textbook coverage of conflict prevention and resolution - e.g. discussion of domestic or international trials, truth commissions and economic reparations - was low at around 10% of texts in 2000-2011. In six European countries, half of teachers felt there was insufficient support to manage diversity in the classroom: in the Syrian Arab Republic, 73% of teachers surveyed had no training on providing children with psychosocial support Teacher recruitment and management policies often react too slowly to emerging needs. Germany needs an additional 42,000 teachers and educators, Turkey needs 80,000 teachers and Uganda needs 7,000 primary teachers to teach all current refugees. Only a handful of high income countries explicitly consider migration status in school budgets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition to the four proficiency levels, there are three additional categories (no computer experience, failed ICT core and opted out) for those adults who were not able to demonstrate their proficiency in this domain due to lacking the basic computer skills needed to sit the assessment. See note 1 for Figure 2.8. The sample for the Russian Federation does not include the population of the Moscow municipal area. For more detailed results for each category, see corresponding table mentioned in the source below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The total population of the EaP countries was around 75 mln people in 2015. It should also be pointed out that exchange rates of the national currencies in the six countries have been volatile over the period 1991-2017. In particular, because national currencies of most countries in the region depreciated against the USD in 2015, their GDP shrank in dollar terms even when the economy grew in real terms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Consumer spending in 2015 was adversely affected by relatively high inflation and unemployment rates of 6.4% and 6.2%, respectively. Fewer than 200,000 new jobs were created between August 2014 and August 2015 compared with an average 2.6 million new jobs created yearly between 2006 and 2012 (World Bank, 2015a). Slower job growth has undermined social outcomes, with the poverty rate rising to 11.1% after a steady decline in the past decade. Consumer spending should benefit from lower inflation and accommodative monetary policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Trade can help stimulate growth, but in this regard, it is a matter not so much of how much countries export, but rather of what they export. The East Asian countries managed to diversify their economies in this manner, as was already evident from the pattern of structural change. The slower-growing developing countries relied on export activities that had less value added and were rooted in a less integrated domestic economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, RBF may not be appropriate in all situations, and will need to be explored further in order to understand how it best fits with the principles in the Paris Declaration and objectives of the UNFCCC. Identifying results of an intervention is important for transparency in both donor and recipient contexts, as well as in demonstrating the feasibility and success of projects in the context of attracting private finance. Understanding both the climate-specific and broader environmental, economic and development impacts of climate finance can facilitate a more robust assessment of the costs and benefits of more ambitious actions. Assessing effectiveness includes not only demonstrating results, but also building an evidence base of what, how, and why an intervention worked in order to inform better policies and interventions in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The country is now shifting from a feed-in tariff system to a competitive bidding process to add 300MW more solar. During a recent tender, the prices were 40 per cent lower than the offer, reflecting strong private sector interest. Auctions provide regulatory certainty to investors, while also supporting “real price” discovery. In 2016, India awarded solar projects in at least 13 different auctions that amount to 6.500MW at approximately $73/MWh.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article considers recognition and enforcement of orders of the Family Division of the High Court varying a trust, or declaring it to be a sham and the assets held for its settlor, where the trustee and trust property are located outside the court’s jurisdiction. This will depend on private international law principles in the trustees’ home jurisdiction, which, assuming the trustee is not based in a Brussels Regulation or Lugano Convention State, are likely to be based on, and similar to, common law principles applicable in England and Wales, which is the focus of this article.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Strengthening risk reduction and risk sharing mechanisms will help increase Ethiopia's fiscal resilience. This may include both macro-level responses, such as contingency funds and national-level insurance schemes, as well as micro-level measures, such as rural access to finance, climate-smart social protection and micro-insurance schemes. Technical support has involved close collaboration between external experts and Ethiopian government officials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Any measure of “employer views” linked to selected samples of employers therefore risks either being uninformed, or failing to capture variations in the demand for skills over time, place and occupational and industrial sector. In fast-developing parts of the economy, employers may be too new and volatile to form effective lobby groups - creating a conservative bias in the apparent employer voice. Employers may want very narrow skills in occupational niches, skills for declining industries and for jobs which are unpleasant and badly paid, or an oversupply of skills to drive down wages in the associated occupations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Gender budgeting is often referred to as the capacity of government and individual government entities to develop realistic budgets on gender equality. “ Gender budgeting is an application of gender mainstreaming in the budgetary process. This integration of the gender dimension should happen in all phases of the budgetary cycle: from the budgetary' proposals, to the actual spending, to the evaluation and control of the money spent (Decuyper, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Developed in Washington State, it has proved successful and is now being introduced in other parts of the United States. Courses are provided in occupations in high demand. In Washington State combining basic skills with vocational content is facilitated by the availability of both types of programme at community and technical colleges, and I-BEST programmes are available in every college in the state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In so doing, public authorities and private operators will need to account for the growing diversity of options that can be mobilised to improve mobility and access outcomes. In this context, perhaps a more relevant conceptual lens for this century's urban transport systems is between transport using one's own vehicle and transport provided by personalised or shared services. Capturing the diversity of innovative mobility services is not straightforward since business models are constantly evolving and new services are continually being trialled - even within individual companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In 2015, the United Nations adopted the SDGs as a framework for continuous and sustainable progress in social areas considered fundamental for the improvement of nations. The SDGs establish a universal agenda, they do not differentiate between rich and poor countries. The UN has challenged every country worldwide to achieve the SDGs (OECD, 2016[is]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Innovation procurement means higher risk (financial, technological, political and societal) and there is currently a lack of skills and tools to manage that risk (OECD, 2017). Finland is currently working on these areas. Improving skills for procurement at public agencies, risk-sharing tools and practical support to public contracting authorities are provided through a number of initiatives, including the Tekes Smart Procurement services for strategic areas and cities, the Forerunner Cities programme and the government central purchasing body.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A small set of control variables that are strictly exogenous was used. The control variables should not be affected by trade facilitation (Heckman and others, 1999, Angrist and Pischke, 2008). As trade facilitation affects trade and GDP, it can also affect a large number of economic outcomes of the countries. In addition, the difference data were used and time-invariant control variables removed from the estimation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Skills matter, and not just to the people who have them. Skills are crucial supports for work and employment and for individual economic prosperity, but are valuable far beyond this, impacting upon social mobility, health and well-being and social and civic life. Employers also have a direct interest in skills, their acquisition, formation, development and, perhaps most crucially, how skills are deployed, as is clear from numerous discussions of, and programmes in, talent management. Worker skills are valuable to capital, and employers have a strong vested interest not just in the effectiveness of how they access, develop and retain skills but also in how public policy and public investment supports national education and skills systems. Skills also serve a crucial social function, providing the basis not just for wealth creation but also underpinning success, broadly defined, for families, communities and civil society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If properly designed and implemented, they could be a real agent of structural transformation in LDCs. Today, companies divide their operations across the world - from the design of the product and manufacturing of components to assembly and marketing - creating international production chains. While the concept of GVCs is not new, there has been a recent explosion of research into value chains against the backdrop of a sharp increase in intermediates trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Credit insurance also offers delinquency monitoring, management and recovery services. Credit insurance can also include a guarantee up to 100% of the invoice amount in case of default. Companies are looking for guidance and advice to help them comply with the formal requirements of writing letters of credit, as well as to help them decide which International Commercial Terms (Incoterms) to use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)