albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
We generally know the strategies that households have at their disposal to cope with a shock. But we do not know for how long households can cope, under what condition and what they do if they have exhausted the available coping strategies. Regarding the predicted long-term global economic volatility, it is important to understand how households protect themselves given a volatile current and future environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Similarly, immigrant students in Canada are more likely to expect to complete a university degree (Figure 6), with a difference of 19.72 percentage points, compared to the OECD average difference of -0.34 percentage points. However, regarding health outcomes, like in many OECD countries, immigrant students are less likely to engage in regular physical activity in Canada, with a difference of -7.02 percentage points compared to the OECD average difference of -3.66 percentage points. Canada has differences on the ESCS scale that are higher than average for access to a desk and a quiet place to study, as well as access to books for school work (Figure 7). Responses are scored and summed to form the Family Affluence Scale (FAS).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the next chapters we will examine whether the legislative frameworks of the six countries contain provisions that hold back women’s economic empowerment. The 1959 Constitution in Tunisia proclaimed equal access to education, which became compulsory in 1991. In Morocco, education for children aged 6 to 13 became compulsory in 1963. In Egypt, the 1971 Constitution established public education as compulsory' and free of charge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A large majority of national responses (80%) also note that groundwater management is at least partially linked with surface water. It is systematic for most countries or regions with mandatory management plans, but there are exceptions. Countries with no management plans can also have systematic connections, and some regions with mandatory plans only link the two in a limited fashion. Historically, water laws started to focus on surface water because groundwater was less visible and subject to pressure, but as some countries evolved, others lagged behind (Mechlem, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In other sub-regions it has decreased in that period (see FAO FRA 2010). North America and East Asia. The forests in the region consisted about 4,500 million tonnes of biomass in 1990 which increased to just over 5,100 million tonnes in 2010. This can be explained by the fact that in the Nordic countries, the net annual increment of forest growing stock has been positive over last two decades and before.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A comprehensive approach to food security needs to include investments to promote income generating activities for the poor and thus improve their ability to purchase food. Importantly, the payoff from hunger reduction in terms of economic growth can be substantial. Throughout the 1990s, the value-added per worker, in countries where 2.5% of the population was undernourished, was 20 times higher than in countries where more than 35% of the population was undernourished. Sources: www.fao.org/wsfs,www.fao.org/wsfs/fbrum2050/wsJs-forum and www.oecd.org/agriculture. In more extreme cases, production zones might shift.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Religion and Social Transformations examines the reciprocal relationship between religio, modernity and social change. the book focuses on the world's three major missionary religions - Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. it explores how these three traditions are responding to some of the most challenging issues associated with globalisation, including the role of religion in the fall of communism, the tension between religion and feminism, the compatibility of religion and human rights, and whether ancient religions can accomodate new challenges such as environmentalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The consultative group of experts (CGE) developed tables for reporting on this information from multilateral and bilateral sources (UNFCCC, 2013). Of 156 non-Annex I countries, 32 have submitted BURs, of which 30 include some information on climate finance received. These tables divided support received into two main categories: for the preparation of the BUR, and for activities contained in the BUR.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The regulation operations of reservoir lakes can become more complicated as the wintertime weather circumstances become more unstable. In such cases the reservoir's water level control might in fact require new regulating guidelines. A concern arose with regards to initiating application actions for renewing authority guidelines, as they should consider also the time-consuming regulatory process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This was because when external finance is channelled through country systems, it is disbursed according to the recipient country’s own planning, procurement and accounting systems, and avoids the creation of parallel processes and additional transaction costs. In the lead-up to Busan, the Manila Consensus on Public Financial Management recognised that using country systems can improve the effectiveness of climate finance.13 However, using country systems is not always appropriate, and evidence in developing countries reveals a mixture of donor and recipient preferences from budget support to designated climate funds. Providers commented that budget support was often not a feasible modality to channel climate finance, the reason being that providers need to ensure that financing was being allocated to climate-related objectives and activities, and to monitor impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Public servants do not always act in the interest of the community even though legal sanctions to corruption exist. Therefore, it is necessary to find new ways to solve such an important problem. This article seeks to outline the foundations of the principles that should govern the behavior of public servants. To do this, we first try to establish a method that allows for the creation of these principles, based on Luis Villoro’s theory of value and Immanuel Kant’s ethics. This leads to identifying the public interest as a value to be pursued in and of itself. From this one may then derive the values of responsibility, objectivity, impartiality, reasonableness, publicness, solidarity, prudence and instrumentality, from which ethical principles are built and subsequently positivized into law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
During a public health emergency, a government must balance public welfare, equity, individual rights, and democratic processes and norms. These goods may conflict. Although science has a role in informing wise policy, no empirical evidence or algorithm can determine how to balance competing goods under conditions of uncertainty. Especially in a crisis, it is crucial to have a broad and free conversation about public policy. Many countries are moving in the opposite direction. Sixty-one percent of governments have imposed at least some problematic restrictions on individual rights or democratic processes during the COVID-19 pandemic, and 17 have made substantial negative changes. The policies of Poland and Hungary reflect these global trends and continue these countries' recent histories of democratic erosion. The expertise of public health should be deployed in defense of civil liberties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It was created upon the initiative of the MMA and GEF to complement direct government efforts, the rationale being that a private institution would be less vulnerable to changes in government and able to attract more private finance. Funbio’s main activity is the support of Brazilian protected areas. The volume and scope of support expanded massively in 2003 with the launch of the ARPA programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
An instrument such as the Pact could be used to accompany such a gradual devolution of responsibility. There are basins where charges have been applied at federal level, but not yet at all state levels, as in the case of the Sao Francisco, Doce and Paranaiba River basins.5 This may also create limitations in terms of the financial autonomy of the water agencies, given the fewer resources available (ANA, 2016). Some delegated water agencies have to deal with both federal and state authorities and face difficulties in applying different set of rules, inspections and more or less stringent regulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Some of these cover teachers in the municipal sector only (as noted in the table). The table also shows the relative weight of each specific allowance for the “average” teacher in a municipal school in 2010 (with the RBMN forming 40.2% of the average overall salary). Country Background Report for Chile, prepared for the OECD Review on Evaluation and Assessment Frameworks for Improving School Outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The aim is to describe the spatial distribution as well as the interactions between the ecosystem services. The authors identified trade-offs between regulatory and cultural services on one hand and provisioning services on the other hand. The figure shows the identification of six ecosystem service bundle types which indicate interactions at landscape level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In Mexico, fathers tend to lose time with their families, while mothers often drop out of the workforce entirely. The wage premium to long hours has been identified as a crucial remaining obstacle to gender pay equity (Goldin, 2014). Within the workplace, men and women often break from long hour norms in different ways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This suggests that not all teachers in schools with mentoring programmes for all teachers report having mentors. In some countries, however, there is a large difference between the proportion of teachers who work in schools with mentoring programmes for all teachers and the proportion of teachers who report having a mentor. School leaders need to highlight the benefits of such programmes for teachers and remove any barriers to access to ensure that teachers can participate in these activities and reap the benefits that ensue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The authors wish to thank Rodrigo Astorga and Ivonne Gonzalez, as well as Xavier Mancero for his continued support in the analysis of household surveys, and Juan Pablo Jimenez, Michel Jorratt and an anonymous referee for their comments and suggestions. Peru and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Costa Rica. Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama: and Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Its prioritisation of gender equality is a whole-of-govemment effort, signalled through a tenfold increase in spending on gender equality across government between 2007 and 2010. As one of three thematic priorities within development co-operation, Sweden’s main approach to gender equality has been to systematically mainstream it into all programmes. Policy directives require that context-specific analyses, including clear gender equality perspectives, guide the design of all programmes and operational measures. The target for MDG3 - promote gender equality and women’s empowerment - seeks to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005 and, at all levels of education, by 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, the numbers of working poor have also dropped and most poor families in 2030 have no earner. Low-income women who stay at home have low opportunity costs for having children and family size increases among this group. For the better-off, high costs of formal childcare has deterred them from having large families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is therefore necessary to understand why regional water authorities may seem at odds with the democratic set up and related rules in contemporary EU water governance. This is not necessarily the case of drinking water companies, whose tasks inhabitants tend to better identify as they are solely focused on the supply of drinking water. Most Dutch citizens think that their own and direct interests are being well taken into consideration and competently dealt with.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Convention has not yet been ratified by the required 36 countries to come into force, although negotiations are on-going.6 It does not completely overlap with the Helsinki Convention, in particular there is no mention of the precautionary principle, polluter-pays principle or the inter-generational principle. It is also wider in scope, in that it focuses not only on pollution but also on the protection and preserve ecosystems in general, including the prevention of the introduction of alien or new species which could have a significantly harmful effect on the ecosystem. However, it contains a similar set of obligations on co-operation and on the day to day management of transboundary watercourses, including information exchange, notification of planned activities and crisis management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
With IV, the causal effect is estimated by measuring how the outcome varies with the portion of the total variation in the treatment explained by variation in the instrumental variable. For example, if PAs are more likely to be assigned where endemic mammals are present, but the presence of endemic mammals only affects deforestation rates through its effect on the likelihood of a parcel’s protection, then the presence of endemic mammals can be used as an ‘instrument’ to identify a causal effect of PAs on deforestation (Miteva et al. See Amin et al (2015) for an application. In practice, it is often hard to find instruments that are both strong (related to the intervention) and valid (unrelated to the outcome).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Finally, because PES will involve limiting access to resources in the region, such as timber for fuel, the impact on the livelihoods of the poor who are traditionally most dependent on such environmental could be devastating. In order to limit these effects, programme design should take regional economic and land ownership structures into consideration and design programmes to address such externalities. At the same time, effective programme implementation can start with the simplest approach, followed by adaptations to the design over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs, with fewer than 250 employees) are eligible for a 10% bonus. In 2007, investment subsidies under this law totalled EUR 13 million. This agreement was renewed in April 2002. In 2007, it covered 80 firms, accounting for 90% of total energy consumption in Luxembourg’s manufacturing industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, the age distribution varies considerably across regions, suggesting some regions may face staffing crises much sooner than others. In all regions, urban areas tend to have three to four times the density of physicians as rural areas, with no rural area exceeding 18 per 10 000 population. This suggests not only that rural doctors are probably overworked, but also that adequate access to good quality care in rural areas may be compromised. As in most OECD countries, recent medical graduates tend to prefer working in urban areas, not only because they offer better financial and social opportunities, but also because the workload is higher in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
On Friday, attendees make pitches on their best ideas and inspire others to join their team. Over Saturday and Sunday teams focus on customer development, validating their ideas, practicing Lean Start-up methodologies and building a minimal viable product. On Sunday evening teams demonstrate their prototypes and receive valuable feedback from a panel of experts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Japan needs to shift to a more structured health system, promoting differentiation of functions (primary care, acute care and long-term care, for example) while assuring mutual collaboration to ensure that peoples’ needs can be met by the most appropriate service, in a co-ordinated manner if needed. As this differentiation occurs, the infrastructure to monitor and improve the quality of care must simultaneously deepen and become embedded at every level of governance -institutionally, regionally and nationally. As well as long life expectancy, some indicators of the quality of health care are amongst the best in the OECD. Five-year relative survival estimates after a diagnosis of breast, cervical or colorectal cancer are all high, for example, and 30-day case fatality after an ischaemic stroke is the lowest in the OECD, at 3%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Further to the Kenyan Water Act of 2002, the small water project has to sign a Service Provision Agreement (SPA) with the Water Service Board (WSB) in whose jurisdiction it falls (for example, the Athi Water Services Board-AWSB for the area surrounding Nairobi). Upon successful completion of the project, the Global Partnership for Output-based Aid (GPOBA) pays subsidies to the small piped water project (figure below), which reduces the overall size of the loan to the communities, and keeps debt service payments affordable. It also provides better risk management from the lender’s perspective and increases incentives for project completion as the subsidy is transferred upon the delivery of agreed outputs (including the increase in the number of connections and changes in revenues collected).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The ‘Transfers to SECTOR’ numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures, where missing. World’s total values of production for catch and aquacullure were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production, aquaculture lias also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The ministry could potentially use these predictions to argue for additional funding support for the sector in the interests of promoting objectives of poverty alleviation. It is worth noting that the following sectors are considered key on account of simultaneously exhibiting strong forward and backward linkages: agriculture (AAGRIC, activity 1), food processing (AFOOD, activity 5), and real estate (AESTAT, activity 15), The following sectors are considered weak on account of simultaneously exhibiting weak forward and backward linkages: other manufacturing (AOTHM, activity 7), equipment (AEQUIP, activity 9) and construction (ACONST, activity 11). Economic landscapes enable us to visualize, in a simple picture, complex relations in the economy, and also those between individual sectors and the economy as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Comments on Working Papers are welcome, and may be sent to the Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Under this role, he edited the chapters and reviewed and commented on previous drafts. The order of the authors in the cover page reflects the way chapters have been organised in this paper for conceptual purposes, and does not reflect the importance of their contribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is also interesting to note that the cost of equipment was rated as a slightly bigger barrier than the cost of service. The cost of Internet-enabled devices can be a barrier to actual take-up and is compounded by high taxes on mobile devices in Zambia (Box 4-1). Fourteen percent of Zambian mobile phone users had a smartphone in 2015 (ZICTA, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The female share of employment in central government management positions has increased in recent years, but still points to a persistently leaky pipeline (Figure 14.3). Countries marked with an asterisk (*) had legislated quotas (i.e. quotas implemented via the legislative process) in place in 2016. In the 28 European Union countries for which data were available, women held 35.3% of the highest administrative positions in national government in 2016 - a minimal increase of 5.1 percentage points over 2013. As for the second most senior level, women accounted for 41.1% of posts, a tiny increase of 2.5 percentage points over 2013. Behind these average figures, there are variations from country to country, particularly at the highest levels of the civil service (EIGE, 2016). For more detail and country-specific notes, please see OECD (2017, Figure 3.8 and Annex D).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It also details a comprehensive set of education policies and practices. Some of these policies and practices are designed to address the specific challenges immigrants face upon arriving in a new country, others are designed to foster the long-term integration of immigrants and their children. Students with an immigrant background in many education systems are at an increased risk of academic underperformance, of reporting feelings of alienation, high anxiety related to schoolwork and low satisfaction with life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Early efforts to confront transnational terrorism through national extradition laws created a risk of impunity for egregious offenders, which eventually stimulated greater transnational criminal cooperation and prompted an attempt by the international community to standardize rules in this area. This article considers how the international community has pursued transnational criminal cooperation against terrorism through a variety of legal means: numerous 'sectoral' treaties, efforts to draft a comprehensive international treaty, regional conventions, UN Security Council measures, war crimes liabilities, and debate about an emerging international customary law crime. However, the definition and repression of terrorism involves difficult social and political judgments about who is entitled to use violence, against whom, and for what purposes. Depending on the scope of the international definition of terrorism and any exceptions to it, the criminalization of terrorism risks empowering the state – including autocratic ones – at the expense of other (legitimate) political claims to violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This may reflect a growing recognition of the importance of cultural and spiritual values of forests across Europe. Also, some of the social indicators chosen in the FOREST EUROPE process are very difficult to monitor. The first step is to assess the possibilities for standardizing and harmonizing social indicators, which could provide comparable figures across countries and regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
One of the initiatives of the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity 2025 is the development of sustainable urbanisation strategies in ASEAN cities. This includes the launching of a smart transportation initiative for public transportation and non-motorised transportation. These include employment creation, social and environmental impacts, and alignment with broader development strategies and resource mobilisation (OECD, 2018a). Public and private funds have roles to play in financing sustainable investments in public transportation. Public financing could benefit from the development of new sources of revenue, including land value capture tools that allow governments to collect revenue generated through the effects of improved infrastructure and services on nearby land values (OECD, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)