albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Where it is more widespread, it does not always favour the most vulnerable students, but rather tends to favour middle-income and lower-middle-income young people. In any case, the support provided by grants must be complemented by actions within education systems, where the available supply needs to be tailored to take in adolescents and youths who, in many cases, are the first generation to attend high school or college. Several countries have made progress along these lines at the primary education level, there are a number of models for full-time schools (Mexico and Uruguay) and full-day schools (Argentina). This policy increased the number of hours a week from 30 to 38 in basic education and from 36 to 42 at the secondary level. It sought to improve the quality of education and ensure equal opportunities by expanding classroom time. And there was the implicit aim of avoiding the risks and disadvantages of exposing children and young people to risk factors external to the education system, in more vulnerable contexts (Staab, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Private ownership of agricultural land was introduced with full ownership rights as an alternative to the 49-year land lease from the state in vigour at the time. Land could be used as collateral, but sub-leasing of land shares was formally prohibited. This law remains today the basic legal document guiding the formulation and administration of agricultural policy in Kazakhstan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Considering the available revenue and expenditure projections, however, we deemed it advisable to extend the analysis to the TFS. According to its business plan, the TFS was estimated to have collected TSh 68,173,076,760 in 2013 and 2014 from various receipts, licenses and other miscellaneous payments such as forestry royalties and fees. For the purposes of making the case, it is assumed these hectares are managed by the TFS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The industry committed to voluntarily halt abstraction and to create a joint water supply and wastewater treatment company with the public bodies which would provide water from sources other than groundwater (including reuse of treated effluents). The SINTAI is managed by ISPRA based on information provided by the regional environmental agencies. It contains a wealth of information related to surface and groundwater quality and water pollution discharges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
When conducted at the outset of a national focus on adaptation, such assessments can contribute to a baseline of the country’s climate vulnerability against which progress on adaptation can be reviewed. If the assessments are repeated on a regular basis (e.g. to inform national planning and budgeting cycles) they can provide a picture of how climate risks and vulnerabilities are changing over time. However, to understand how these changes came about, the assessments can benefit from the application of complementary tools, including those outlined below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The policies and strategies of the two organizations are sometimes inconsistent because of their different mandates. These problems have led to discussions about whether Codex should be more independent (Codex Evaluation Team, 2002). At the same time, however, great trust and confidence are conferred on Codex by food safety regulators because the FAO and WHO are its parent organizations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Figure A2 shows that the states that have a rigid regulation (left of the graph) are the state that made fewer reforms (low value of labor index) - except for Uttar Pradesh. Conversely states that made more reforms are those who were previously less rigid (at right of the graph) are also those who conducted more reform. So there is little chance that we introduced to much bias when we studied the effect of the reforms, all the more so as we control for state economic opportunities in the regressions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
We analyse the importance of international relations between countries on the financial stability. The contagion effect in the network is tested by implementing an epidemiological model, comprising a number of European countries and using bilateral data on foreign claims between them. Banking statistics of consolidated foreign claims on ultimate risk bases, obtained from the Banks of International Settlements, allow us to measure the exposure of contagion spreading from a particular country to the other national banking systems. We show that the financial system of some countries, experiencing the debt crisis, is a source of global systemic risk because they threaten the stability of a larger system, being a global threat to the intoxication of the world economy and resulting in what we call a `financial virus'. Illustrative simulations were done in the NetLogo multi-agent programmable modelling environment and in MATLAB.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 2011 the heads of state of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) disbanded the SADC Tribunal after the regional court held that the Zimbabwean government's land seizures violated the rule of law. The disbandment reflects SADC's hierarchy of values, in terms of which the organization's formal commitment to human rights and a regional legal order is subordinate to the political imperatives of regime solidarity and respect for sovereignty. The Tribunal saga demonstrates that the jurisdiction of regional courts derives not simply from their official mandates but from an interplay between domestic and regional law and politics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Concessional support to agricultural research and development has increased by 22 % since 2010, with significant funding provided by the United States and other DAC members to the CGIAR network. There are also increasing support to research and innovation in the environment sector, especially relating to environmental policy, and towards SMEs and other actors in the business and financial sector. However, the largest increases are observed in activities classified as multisector, which is mainly support to research and scientific institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The United Nations defines violence against women as any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life (United Nations, General Assembly, 1993). Women who are victims of violence are more likely to have poor mental and physical health, including reproductive health, than women who are not. They are also more likely to have negative health behaviours, including substance abuse such as alcohol and drug abuse. Health problems stemming from such abuse include chronic pain (headaches, back pain, fibromyalgia), neurological problems and symptoms, including fainting and seizures, gastrointestinal disorders, and cardiac problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Studies in 2003 showed that when women and girls earn income, they reinvest 90 per cent of it into their families, as compared to the 30 to 40 per cent that men and boys contribute. Research has also shown that higher levels of schooling among mothers correlate with better infant and child health. Yes, this is the Girl Effect, and we have only begun to see its myriad effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Pointing in the same direction, there is also evidence that a positive association exists in OECD countries between the share of social transfers in people’s income in old age and the level of old age poverty (ILO 2014: Fig. Women’s poverty rate at older ages is higher than men’s in most EU countries. The figures also tail to include other crucial elements of well-being, particularly access to housing, healthcare and other social services (elderly home care, for instance). These services can be particularly important for older women who, as previously noted, live longer than men on average and are therefore more likely to become widows, live alone (greater housing costs) and lack care assistance by cohabiting members of family (greater need for elderly care services).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The water companies were asked to provide information about their current practices to calculate the ELL, which includes external costs and benefits (as shown in Table 4.1). However, it recognises that several approaches exist, and that regional differences should be taken into account (Tripartite Group, 2002). In 2008, Ofwat conducted further work to revise leakage based on a frontier approach to leakage target setting (WRc, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, actual risk-related policies in several OECD countries appear to diverge significantly from the policy messages derived from OECD analysis. Perhaps this situation can be compared with the case of price support policies a few decades ago. In a situation where price support and equivalent measures largely dominated agricultural policy structures in the OECD area, OECD research and its effective dissemination in policy dialogue contributed greatly to helping governments understand the nature of their policies and their undesirable implications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This could in turn enable public finance to provide more targeted support through grants for low carbon, climate resilient development in LDCs. This guidance suggests the need to increase the emphasis on gender mainstreaming and pro-poor, human rights-based approaches to development and climate action. Likewise, the role of social protection systems in safeguarding poor people from both the negative impacts of climate change and climate responses (e.g. rising energy or food costs) will also be a focus as the SDGs and climate policies are implemented. The 2015 agreements have direct implications for the work of development co-operation providers and for the use of development finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The metro-region’s labour market is characterised by a high degree of geographic segmentation that reduces low-income residents’ access to employment, since they are likely to find it hardest to bear the cost of commuting. Eight % of the residents in Cook County and 5% of residents in the metro-region live in high poverty neighbourhoods (in which 35% or more of residents live in poverty). Residents in high-poverty areas typically have access to fewer jobs, in part because businesses tend not to locate in them (Figure 10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Furthermore, while structural change is not an end in itself, it has been shown to be a key driver of productivity growth. Finally, an improved measurement of sustainable productivity growth needs to account for the use of natural resources, including common pool resources such as fresh water and the emission of GHGs and other pollutants. The development of related indicators, including in the context of the OECD work on Green Growth, such as the Environmentally Adjusted Multifactor Productivity, is of key importance for this.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The price of some tax bases (energy and carbon) are traded on open marketplaces and the prices are thus relatively transparent (Liu, 2013). If at least a portion of carbon-energy tax revenue is used to reduce conventional taxes, or if revenue is recycled to individuals (through improved welfare systems) or to businesses paying conventional taxes, then this may reduce incentives for firms and individuals to join or stay in the informal sector, as the gap between the tax burden in the formal and informal sector is reduced (Fay et al., While carbon-energy taxes apply equally to all energy users, whether in the formal or informal sector, conventional taxes on wages, sales and profits apply only to the formal sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In: “Ecosystems and human wellbeing: a framework for assessment" http://www.maweb.org/en/Framework.aspx.) The diversity of ecosystems is one factor influencing the diversity of cultures. Many religions attach spiritual and religious values to ecosystems or their components. Ecosystems influence the types of knowledge systems developed by different cultures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The chapter also reviews the limitations of funds’ use accountability and the concerns regarding the funding for school infrastructure. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. It deals with the level of resources available for school education and revenue sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Harmful forms of alcohol are of concerns for governments and private employers as they may negatively impact employment and wages, and reduce productivity at work. Alcohol abuse is indeed shown to have negative labour market outcomes, although with some mixed results according to drinking patterns and gender (see Section 5). Hence, preventing harmful use of alcohol and its related chronic diseases may lead to substantial gains in economic production through a healthier and more active workforce. Findings presented in this report do not go without limitations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Policy coordination and policy tailoring, being the main issues of the report, have been tackled both by a specific chapter of the report and horizontally by the other chapters with a narrower focus on their specific theme. The latter have, however, extended the analysis to include an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of framework conditions and policies for human capital, innovation, access to finance, and business environment at state level. In the case of programmes such as capital semilla or the SME productive project, for example, project applications have been pre-selected by state governments, which has permitted screening out projects not in line with state priorities or unlikely to survive without public support in the given local economic context. The largest national investments have always been preceded by a close dialogue between federal and state authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Using 60% of median income as an indicator of the cost of meeting social needs, the relative poverty rate is higher than the absolute poverty rate in six countries in the region. They are Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Panama and Uruguay. In these countries in particular, but also regionwide, falling absolute poverty rates will make it increasingly useful to take account of these needs in order to identify the economically disadvantaged population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These rewards also benefitted 28 455 education assistants with an average annual extra amount of USD 267. Of the total schools rewarded in 2010-11, 52.7% are within the municipal sector, 46.0% in the private-subsidised sector, and 1.3 are schools with delegated administration. Also, of all the schools evaluated in the 2010-11 SNED, 57% had been rewarded at least once in the eight applications of the SNED since 1996-97. In the municipality of Concepcion, for example, there is a technical team at the municipality level that maintains contact with teachers and visits schools to observe classrooms. The municipality also conducts trial SIMCE tests to obtain information about learning outcomes across schools and classrooms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The centres co-operate closely with the educational institutions and the municipal job centre, for which young people are also a target group. The guidance centres have access to a database with a full overview of the education and training of each person under age 25 within the municipality who has not finished upper secondary education. This enables a quicker identification of vulnerable youth. Planning involves meeting pupils and parents and building on pupils’ school records, which provide information on their achievements, interests, expectations for the future, and how they wish to develop.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In Redfearn v UK the European Court of Human Rights examined the question whether dismissal for membership of a political party is compatible with freedom of association under Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The Court endorsed a strong commitment to multi-party democracy and protection of employees against the domination of the employers. This note discusses the judgment and its implications for UK law, looking at three key issues: first, whether the law of unfair dismissal provides effective protection against action that poses a threat to the enjoyment of Convention rights, second, the grounds under which an employer may justify the lawfulness of a dismissal that interferes with a Convention right, third, the available remedies against the employer when there is a breach of a Convention right.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It explores how ECEC and primary school quality, as well as the quality of transitions, are affected by staff and teachers’ qualifications, support for staff, and leaders’ characteristics. It builds on evidence from previous Starting Strong publications and recent literature findings to compare the respective roles of ECEC and primary school staff in preparing children during this period. Research shows that the behaviour of those who work in ECEC matters and that this is related to their education and training” (OECD, 2012:144). A good understanding of child development and an ability to praise, comfort and be responsive to children are also key for high quality ECEC services (OECD, 2012). Neuss et al., (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Poverty data are presented disaggregated as far as possible by sex, by sex of the head of household and by household type. ' The review shows that simple disaggregation of poverty by sex results in small gender gaps, however, the gender gap may be underestimated by not taking into account intrahouschold inequality. Furthermore, when female- and male-headed households are examined, consistent gender differences appear only when these are further disaggregated - for example, female or male one-person households and households of female or male lone parents with children. The second part of the chapter looks at statistics at individual level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Imports to China ballooned 349% from 2007 to 2011 alongside dwindling exports. Their combined coal exports of 793 million short tons in 2011 represented 62% and 86% of the world and region’s total exports, respectively. Coal exports from those three countries increased by 33%, from 2007 to 2011, due largely to the high growth of coal exports from Indonesia (59%, from 2007 to 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Furthermore, a range of funding mechanisms have been developed to provide medium- and longterm capital financing, such as the “Cradle Investment Programme” (CIP) and the “Start Your Own Business” by the Multimedia Development Corporation. The Malaysian Venture Capital and Private Equity Association targets high technology and knowledge-based enterprises of all sizes. Penang has a rich support framework for new firm creation and increasing investments are being made to support the creation of new business formation in knowledge-based fields.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The survey then asked respondents to choose between various policy options that had different environmental impacts and different costs. Specifically, total willingness to pay (in present value terms) to increase the frequency of waterbird breeding from every 10 years to 4 years, to increase native fish populations from 30% to 50% of original levels, to increase the area of healthy native vegetation from 50 to 70%, and to improve wateibird breeding habitat quality in the Coorong was AUD 13 billion (USD 14 billion). The authors stress that, due to the uniqueness of the Coorong, this value cannot be used to estimate the value of other watercourses in Australia, and further surveys are required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, recognising that developing and implementing a national framework can be time-consuming and resource intensive, countries may choose to initially focus on aspects that can be monitored within existing limits of data availability and monitoring and evaluation capacity. Over time, the coverage and scope may gradually expand (GIZ, 2013). For monitoring and evaluation to contribute to learning, it is beneficial if they are based on demand for the information by those closely linked to policy-making processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The gap is presumably due, to a great extent, to the lack of accurate deregistration of vehicles that are scrapped or no longer in use, which is reflected in the fact that these vehicles are not enrolled in the inspection and maintenance programme. Nonetheless, the role of the CAMe (like that of other metropolitan commissions) has been limited by the lack of a legal framework with binding mechanisms for ensuring co-operation from state- and municipal-level governments. The metropolitan commission framework is explained in detail in Chapter 5. In the case of the vehicle restriction scheme, Hoy No Circula, considerable controversy about its effects on air quality improvements has arisen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Most school issue progress reports three times a year. Schools choose whether they will give marks or indicate student achievement in another way (e.g. descriptive). Many schools have adopted monitoring systems to record individual student progress in a systematic way, and to better identity individual student needs and adapt teaching.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The extent of community ownership and rights to use the forest for commercial and non-commercial purposes varies from country to country. For years, communities have strictly controlled the consumption and distribution of the maturing trees — generally used for firewood, leaf-litter and lumber. The majority of families in Nepal still collect firewood for cooking and heating.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Cost-benefit analyses conducted for numerous rivers have demonstrated that rehabilitated rivers and adjacent parks contribute to the economic growth of localities by attracting private investment and increasing real estate values (MoEP, 2010). As of 2010, the allocation of water provisions to nature has been raised to 60 million m3 per year, including 10 million m3 of potable water and 50 million m3 of treated effluent. This allocation is targeted to increase to 95 million m3 per year by 2020. In 2003, the NPA assessed the water requirements of nature and the landscape in Israel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, these approaches are often threatened by competing priorities such as academically-oriented exams - sending a clear message to students about what is actually important. Since exams are a driving force in many education systems, one approach to encouraging a reorientation of classroom life towards sustainability would be to incorporate ESD more centrally into exams -not through the superficial inclusion of content, but by requiring a demonstration of relevant problem-solving and application skills, as well as critical thinking in relation to that content. Ultimately, for ESD to be successful, it will be important for MoEs to re-evaluate existing exam structures and assessment mechanisms, as well as other common drivers such as textbooks, and rework those drivers so that students, teachers, principals and supervisors have incentives to work with ESD more earnestly and comprehensively. While existing exam structures and contents do not yet reflect a strong commitment to ESD, the basis for the ongoing development of CXC exam structures and related syllabus development is grounded in the concept of the creation of‘the Ideal Caribbean Person’ (Jules 2011), as defined by the heads of government of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)