albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In other words, a broad reduction in child poverty is to be expected here, not so much from an increase in the employment rate, but from an improvement in the quality of the jobs occupied by parents and/or better compensation by the redistributive system for the penalty weighing on the poverty rate. A sharp decrease in poverty rates can also be expected from a reduction in the child penalty bom by single-parents in many countries (Austria, Belgium, Chili, the Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Portugal, Sweden, Tukey and the United States) where the lowest poverty rates among single parents occur when the poverty rate for single parents is the same for childless singles (Table 5). In fact, for France and Japan the lowest overall family poverty rate occurs when the poverty rate for single parents and childless singles are the same (Table 4 Column 6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
If reported separately for urban and rural area, it provides a measure of urbanization. The high growth of urban populations, caused by rates of natural increase (excess of births over deaths) in urban areas, migration from rural to urban areas and the transformation of rural settlements into urban places, is of concern in many countries. In settings where the conditions for sustainable agricultural and rural development are not in place, high rates of rural population growth could negatively affect the use of land, water, air, energy and other resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Because they run generally profit-clearing services, the cost-savings attraction of partnering with innovative mobility services may not be very compelling. But there is room for seeking out partnerships to improve certain operational aspects of services - especially if they attract riders out of congested networks at peak times. Self-provided services are common feature in North America and, to a lower extent, elsewhere. These types of operators have generally emerged from the privatisation of commercial operators when these lost market share in the face of rising car use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Section 5 gives consideration of care for other adults in the household and finds that in most countries partnered men are less likely to be involved in care than partnered women. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under tire terms of international law. Yet, as the previous chapter shows, men do a lot more paid work than women on average. This chapter draws on time use data to demonstrate that, when it comes to unpaid work, w'omen - particularly mothers - do considerably more time than men and fathers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The modern condition of poverty in Africa is a global phenomenon, the outcome of world-historical processes of social change, and reproduced by globally structured social relations. This is obscured in academic analysis. The 20th century division of labour produced an absence of theorising the international from the discipline of Development Studies, and an absence of poverty from the concerns of International Relations. Neither Development Studies nor ir have adequately emphasised or theorised the global production and reproduction of local poverty in Africa. Perhaps this can be remedied, thanks to the increasing attention to studying international relations ‘from below’ in recent critical scholarship. However, methodologically, the current critical approaches in ir and ds are disabled by their abandonment of objectivity and a commitment to explanation. The article concludes by arguing for elaboration of the global political economy of poverty in Africa, as a form of social scientific inquiry with necess...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Occupancy could be recognised as evidence of land ownership and informal evidence accepted, such as tax receipts combined with testimony by neighbours. Land registration enhances land tenure security, but it often implies the transformation of ulayat rights into individual rights which affects the fabric of social relationships. Land registration should not disregard the great diversity of local land rights and tenure arrangements that still exist. For instance, overpopulated Java, where customary land rights have almost completely disappeared and land rights have become strongly individual, requires different land rights provisions than other regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Drug trafficking in West Africa may have an impact on the abuse of certain types of drugs, such as cannabis, cocaine, heroin and amphetamine-type stimulants, in the subregion. The increase in drug trafficking has been accompanied not only by growing illicit drug use, especially among younger people, but also by increasing activities of organized criminal groups. In West and Central Africa, organized crime continues to contribute to social and economic costs by increasing drug trafficking and addiction and by concentrating wealth and power in the hands of comparatively few well-armed criminals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Pharmaceuticals account for almost a fifth of total health spending in OECD-countries. However, in the Nordic countries, the expenditure has stabilized over the past few years, especially in Norway where the expenditure has not increased since 2004. There are considerable differences in both expenditure and price level between countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Technologies are also diffused much more rapidly across borders than in the past. Available from https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/ publication/2017_Aug_Frontier-Issues-l.pdf. The United Nations Interagency Task team on science, technology and innovation (STI) for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has also begun exploring the impacts of exponential technological change, automation technologies and artificial intelligence on the SDGs. Energy: modern cook stoves, off-grid electricity, mini-grids based on intermittent renewables with storage, battery technology, heat pumps, desalination, small and medium-sized nuclear reactors, biofuel supply chains, solar photovoltaic, wind and micro-hydro technologies, salinity gradient power technology, water-saving cooling technology, LED lamps, advanced metering.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Mortality and unemployment: A critique of Brenner's time-series analysis. Lancet, 2(8248), 675. Specialty choice in times of economic crisis: a cross-sectional survey of Spanish medical students. National Health Spending In 2011: Overall growth remains low, but some payers and services show signs of acceleration. Health Affairs, 32(1), 87-99. Unemployment and substance use: a review of the literature (1990-2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Specifically the estimates of own-state “private” rates of return ranged from 7.4% to 27.6%, with an average of 18.9% per annum across the states and the estimates of national “social” rates of return ranged from 15.3% to 29.1%, with an average of 22.9% per annum across the states, and the rate of return to USDA intramural research was 18.7% per annum. Nevertheless even allowing for possible measurement errors and biases, the evidence shows that agricultural research has generated very large dividends. It supports the view that agriculture is characterized by market failures associated with incomplete property rights over inventions and that, in spite of the significant government intervention to correct the market failure, nations have continued to underinvest in agricultural research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The programme’s design emphasises interaction among various sectors and has helped build social capital and social networks that can be used to move other projects forward at the public sector and community levels. Yet, crosssector/inter-institutional interaction has been scarce. Clear and complementary roles for other sector institutions like the MTT, the MOP, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Social Development and the Regional Governments should be established.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The preliminary list of hotspots included 35 sites from which, in May 2010,9 priority hotspots were selected for assessment and the preparation of remediation action plans. The identified hotspots areas are: Alba Film Studio in the eastern part of Tirana, the ex-Kinostudio, the battery factory in Berat, the Perrenjas mine site, buildings at the Biticka mine near Korea, Dajti enterprise site in Tirana, the tailings dam in Guri i Kuq on the shore of Lake Ohrid, the ferrochrome smelter in Elbasan, the pesticides dump in Rreshen, and the textile factory in Berat. Table 7.4 provides an overview of the status of individual hotspots.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
First Nations' Holistic Approach to Indicators", submitted for the Meeting on Indigenous Peoples and Indicators of Well-being, hosted by the Secretariat of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues in Ottawa, March 2006. Report Card on the Wellbeing of Young Australians. Research tracks Inuit Modernization with Suicide, offers hope for improvement", 6 January 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, in Sudan the ICT sector contributed positively to the agriculture industry. As a result of opening up their telecom markets, all three countries have telecom operators that were acquired by major foreign investors such as: Zain Group, MTN Group, Batelco Group, Maroc Telecom Group and Etisalat Group. Among the 49 LDCs are 16 landlocked and 12 small-island states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Co-operation w ith border countries has generally been limited as they are not in the EU. Until recently, the Russian Federation formed an important export market for many of the voivodeship's products, however, the Russian embargo has limited this trade for particular commodities (e.g. apples) and new markets have been sought in response. Notwithstanding some of the barriers, the eastern market on Podlaskie’s doorstep has been an underutilised asset in some respects. Since 2007, regions have been fully responsible for a large share of European funds under Cohesion Policy.23 Under Cohesion Policy, all regions in Poland are defined as “less developed” - meaning that their GDP per capita is less than 75% of the average GDP of the EU-27 - with the exception of Mazowieckie voivodeship, which recently transitioned to being a “more developed” region and includes Warsaw.24 Less-developed regions are allocated a larger funding envelope.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The dramatic decrease in deforestation levels and associated GHG emissions has more than offset the rapid growth in emissions from energy and agriculture, the sectors that today account for the bulk of emissions. Rising demand for mobility has led to a doubling of the vehicle fleet, increased energy use and GHG emissions from transport and higher environmental pressures in many urban areas (Figure 1). There is consensus that climate change may have considerable negative impact on some economic sectors, notably agriculture and infrastructure, and exacerbate existing pressures, such as water shortages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Capital and financial market liberalisation and banking deregulation often led to an increase in instability, with adverse effects on inequality and growth (see Stiglitz 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012). And trade ministers, especially from the developed countries, were ill-prepared to analyse the implications of alternative proposals for development. Under GATT, developing countries were somewhat protected by the commitment towards Special and Differential Treatment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is explained by the fact that design and implementation of regional policies relies heavily on sub-national governments. Obstacles to coherence between water and other policy areas in OECD countries (cont.) Besides, overlapping, unclear and nonexistent allocation of responsibilities is more problematic when it comes to co-ordinating water and regional development policies than for the energy and agricultural sectors, for several reasons. First, OECD countries have generally set up more co-ordination mechanisms between water, energy and agricultural policies than in the areas of regional development and spatial planning. Second, water and energy policies are frequently led within an environment ministry and water resources management are often handled, at least in part, within a ministry of agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. It does so through collecting and interpreting quantitative and qualitative evidence on education policies. This annex provides detail on the preliminary integrity scan (PRINTS) of the Serbian education system, carried out during the desk research phase of INTES.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They also have access to various EU funds that are made available outside the national budget process. The regional level in France plays a major role in planning large infrastructure investments and in constructing strategies for economic development, education and environmental protection. The role of regions in spatial planning has recently changed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Many may not choose to enter the labour force, or engage in irregular employment or in domestic unpaid work, etc. The numbers of youth in these situations can be large and it is important to be able to measure them and compare them across countries. Hence, the OECD review has made much use of the NEET indicator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The resulting tool, called the in-accessibility index, measures individuals' ability to reach necessary activities based on their travel time satisfaction. The goal of the analysis was to create a tool that allowed different users' needs to be taken into account when establishing planning and investment priorities, while simultaneously identifying population groups for which access was particularly poor. Further details are available in the "Accessibility indicators for planning" chapter of this paper.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Current policies often fail to recognise these unintended effects (“externalities”) and to address these trade-offs between water risks (risk-risk trade-offs). Multiple and scattered (“diffuse”) sources of water pollution are challenges in many countries and a multiplying number of water contaminants threaten freshwater quality. The population affected by flood is increasing worldwide and with it the value of assets at risk. The report focuses on OECD countries but also refers to countries outside the OECD area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These limitations are overcome, at least partially, by using more complex modelling tools, based on dispatch and unit commitment models. As previously indicated, these two metrics essentially describe the same effect, and the findings of the different studies are coherent in this respect, it is however not straightforward to translate an estimate of “value” of VRE generation in terms of “utilisation costs” and vice versa. The results for solar PV show a wider range, maybe reflecting the analysis of different systems: for the two penetration levels of 10% and 30%, IEA estimates are in the range of USD 4 and 15 per MWh, while NEA’s results lie in a range of USD 13 to 26 per MWh. These disparities arise as a result of differences in the systems being analysed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Source: Trzyna (2014), Urban Protected Areas: Profiles and best practice guidelines. As in other countries, this process can take several years. While it is an important way to reduce the potential for conflict, bringing the various conflicting interests to consensus can be challenging and has sometimes prevented proposed protected areas from being established. Establishing such a protected area requires private lands within its boundaries to be expropriated and the owners compensated. Traditional communities may reside in public sustainable development reserves and extractive reserves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This chapter examines the ideas of community development and community capacity building, and the links between them as well as and their differences and similarities. Following this, there is a brief consideration of the key ideas presented in the subsequent chapters, namely the role of community capacity building in the areas of health, housing and re-generation (Chapter 2), the contribution which meaningful community capacity building can make to local economic development (Chapter 3), and, finally, the growing awareness of the ideas of environmental justice and sustainable development and the importance of community capacity building in fostering these. (Chapter 4) The chapter concludes by bringing together the major findings and conclusions of each of these chapters in order to identify the issues which may hinder meaningful community capacity building, and those elements which are central to successful community capacity building.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Droughts are also increasing in frequency and severity. Agriculture in particular may be impacted, with rice production dropping 50 per cent by 2100. The impacts of such changes are estimated to reduce the GDPs in South-East Asian countries by 2.2 to 6.7 per cent annually by the end of this century, a loss eleven times greater than the forecasted decline in global GDP.6 Effective ecosystem management is being recognized as a way to counteract some of these rising costs. This represented a value of up to four times the global GDP. By creating a way for service beneficiaries to recognize the value of these ecosystem services via monetary payments, PES creates potential for sustainable financing that complements public funding. Unlike traditional command and control approaches that rely solely on government funding, PES programmes can use private sector financing to help ensure long-term financial support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In medicine, not recognising osteoporosis as a male disease delays diagnosis and treatment in men. In city planning, not collecting data on caregiuing work leads to inefficient transportation systems." ( Established in 1961, with the aim of enhancing and reviving the regional economy after a major collapse of the regional textile industry, UT’s main goal from the start has been to engage in research that is useful for society. All UT students should acquire entrepreneurship competencies by the end of their studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, contracts can be innovative policy tools that can provide flexibility among levels of government to respond to challenges without compromising stability (OECD, 2018[u]). Both France and Italy make use of contracts and the case of Sweden places a bigger emphasis on the promotion of wellbeing in rural areas. In addition, it has been accompanied by a corresponding increase in the competences of the representative of the central government at the subnational level -namely the prefect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Better rural physical connectivity can open up local, regional and global markets for rural products and the supporting non-farm activities, bringing prosperity to the agricultural sector. Better transport infrastructure in rural areas makes it easier for smallholder farmers to compete in local and distant markets, and contributes to higher agricultural productivity. In Ghanaian villages, this allowed for more efficient movement of agricultural inputs and produce for SMEs and better prices for their products, as they could sell them directly rather than through intermediaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As a consequence, the network markets are highly regulated to ensure TSOs and DSOs provide reliable services to electricity producers and consumers. Prices for access to the grid as well as investments in grid extension are regulated by the Federal Network Agency. While maintaining security of supply, the regulation aims at cost-efficiency via benchmarking, and cost reduction by setting a cap on TSO and DSO revenues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The element of inadequate housing would be reported separately. Housing affordability is affected by many factors including capital variables such as land, infrastructure and building materials, and occupational variables such as land leases, service costs and interest rates. However, when it comes to measuring affordability there are three common measures which fall into two components: housing costs and household income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
While not reflected in market prices, researchers can nevertheless fairly well identify the external impacts of electricity generation and provision, often measuring them and sometimes even monetising them partially or tentatively. The full costs of the electricity generated by a given technology are thus the sum of the technology’s private, market-based costs plus its social costs. Since at least the early 1990s, when a raft of major studies on energy externalities was launched, accounting for the full costs has become part of the work of a large constituency of researchers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Table 11.1 describes the dimensions reflecting the basic needs that must be met for children to develop, the relevant indicators available in the aforementioned instruments and thresholds for identifying moderate and severe deprivation. For example, the universal nature of rights calls for each right (or deprivation of that right) and its levels to be assessed in the same way for all groups of children and adolescents. This led to the construction of national thresholds without the usual differentiation between urban and rural areas and making no allowances for the fact that the deprivation or violation of a right might stem from the high investment costs involved in providing access to basic services in rural areas, as rights should apply in all circumstances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 1981, an Advisory Council for Industrial Policy (the so-called Wagner Committee) was asked to develop a new, future-oriented industrial policy. This “independent committee was to have a large influence on transforming traditional industrial policy into innovation- and market-oriented policy” (Boekholt and den Hertog, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These contrast with “technology-banded” policies, which set differential support for technologies depending on their market readiness (e.g. Germany’s feed-in tariffs). Large-scale energy modeling studies described compare the most influential technological and market uncertainties across a set of scenarios (Nakicenovic et al., Scenario analysis can also be used to explore how optimal energy technology portfolios change under different socioeconomic, technological, and climate outcome assumptions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
At the same time, there is a slightly larger share of Lithuanian students as compared to the OECD average among low performers who score below Level 2 in mathematics, reading and science. The largest gap is observed in reading. Only 4.4% of Lithuanian students were able to perform the most challenging reading tasks as compared to the OECD average of 8.3%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As such, CHUEE offers elements of risk mitigation for the investors on two levels: counterparty risk level and risk perception. Box 2 illustrates in more detail the amounts of money spent on the two first rounds of IFC projects developed in China. Despite being focused on larger industrial projects, the IFC intends to diversify through CHUEE III.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)