albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Nuclear energy, which produces electricity domestically, can obviously reduce such dependence. The internal dimension instead is about creating the appropriate incentive mechanisms and framework to allow public and private actors to invest in adequate levels of production and transport capacity that provide continuous access to energy services at stable prices. Again, as a continuously operating baseload technology with very predictable operating costs, nuclear energy is poised to play a positive role. However, one needs to point out that the stability of operating costs is an advantage that is not always fully transmitted to consumers due to the peculiar price-setting mechanism in electricity markets. This element notwithstanding, the advantages continue to accrue of course at the societal level even if they are captured by electric utilities rather than by the retail consumer. Chapter 3 subsequently developed a specific composite indicator that enables the measurement of the level of security energy supply as well as the contribution of nuclear energy over the past 40 years, for those OECD countries for which a consistent data set was available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In some parts of Africa, however, there has been only a modest drop in total fertility, which today remains at more than 5 children per woman. Considerable population growth continues today because of the high numbers of births in the 1950s and 1960s, which have resulted in larger base populations with millions of young people reaching their reproductive years over succeeding generations. With only a small variation in fertility, particularly in the more populous countries, the total could be higher: 10.6 billion people could be living on Earth by 2050 and more than 15 billion in 2100, the Population Division estimates. “ Much of this increase is expected to come from the high-fertility countries, which comprise 39 in Africa, nine in Asia, sue in Oceania and four in Latin America,” the United Nations reports. The reason for demographers’ increasing focus on the region is clear, he said: “The escape from poverty and hunger is made more difficult by rapid population growth.” Africa's population has been growing 2.3 per cent per year, a rate more than double that of Asia's population (1 per cent per year).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
All levels of government administration, all types of civil society, religious organizations and local communities across the country are invited to participate - to ensure an equitable and balanced response to climate change for social justice, as well as assist in mobilising appropriate knowledge, skills and actions. Based on the EPACC, a first phase towards formulating the Climate Resilience Strategy consolidation was carried out by UNDP in 2011. It consolidated the existing adaptation work in Ethiopia by taking stock of ongoing programmes and comparing them against the risks, vulnerabilities and adaptation challenges identified by sectors and regions. This identified existing gaps between the two.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In Australia, a substantial part-time premium (10-12% for women, 18-24% for men) was found once unobserved individual heterogeneity was taken into account: one hypothesis is that firms may have to pay more to attract part-time workers because of the high effective marginal tax rates for second-earners (Booth and Wood, 2006). In three panel countries where a wage penalty is observed for temporary workers, this penalty is higher for younger workers. In Germany, for instance, the hourly wages of young male (female) temporary workers are 11% (16%) lower than those of their age-similar equivalents in standard jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Support here rightly focuses upon the creation of new activities in innovative intermediate and high-tech areas and upgrading amongst existing businesses. There is evidence that support is being taken up by individuals and businesses on upward development trajectories. This initiating and stimulating effect of public funds is welcome and positive. However, such successful recipients have sometimes continued to receive further and ongoing support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This article introduces a dialectic of pornographic enlightenment through a reading of diaries written by the German avant-garde poet R. D. Brinkmann, and unfolds this basic pattern of modernity both systematically and historically with reference to Adorno and Horkheimer and the history of pornography. The framing of societal negotiations of pornography as a ceaseless shifting between the promise of liberation of and through sexuality and the fear of desensitization and loss of intimacy results in some comments on everyday life in "on/scenity" (Williams) and young people's identity politics ("Generation Porno") in pornographied pop cultures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In order to apply for participation in the INDAP programmes, farmers have to provide a number of standardized official documents that can prove their eligibility, and INDAP may schedule farm visits to verify the correctness of the documents provided. Appropriate targeting instruments and design are needed to accurately identify beneficiaries of multiple programmes with different objectives. Social protection measures combined with agricultural policies that target the rural poor can be transformative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Results for Jakarta (Indonesia) are not shown since the assessment was administered exclusively in paper and pencil format. The first is the proportion of adults who have sufficient familiarity with computers to use them to perform information-processing tasks. The second is the proficiency of adults with at least some ICT skills in solving the types of problems commonly encountered in their roles as workers, citizens and consumers in a technology-rich world. Three separate groups of adults fall into this category: adults with no computer experience, those who failed the "ICT core” test and thus did not have basic computer skills needed for the computer-based assessment, and adults who opted to take the paper-based version of the assessment even though they reported having previous computer experience. This ranged from less than 2% in Sweden (1.6%) and Norway (1.6%) to more than one in three adults inHirkey (35.6%) and more than one in five adults in Italy (24.4%) and the Slovak Republic (22.0%). A further 4.7% of adults did not have the basic skills that were assessed by the ICT core test, such as the capacity to use a mouse or scroll through a web page.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
National financial restrictions have reduced allocations for non-teaching staff by 9.5%, particularly staff in early childhood education and care (ECEC). School management, especially in small schools, has faced financial difficulties as salaries of pedagogical staff have increased while those of non-pedagogical staff have been reduced. Financial support for nursery schools has also been proposed to remove obstacles to their establishment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The number of poor families in the city as provided by the Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board is 320,000. The city’s poor population, based on an assumption of 3.83 members per family (based on the survey), is 1,225,600, and accounts for 18.53 per cent of the city’s population. This indicates that 19 per cent of the city’s population contributes to nearly 14 per cent of the city’s economy, which is not a negligible amount.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, their participation in schools is often interrupted as they tend to drop out and leave school early more frequently than their native peers. And as the PISA studies have consistently shown, there are also significant performance gaps between native and migrant students in most OECD countries, with first-generation migrants lagging on average about 1.5 school years behind their native counterparts (OECD, 2007). But the PISA studies also show that this situation is not inevitable. For example, in Australia, Canada and New Zealand, there are virtually no performance differences between migrant students and their native peers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These can facilitate labour management, but do not guarantee the skills or productivity required for the job. In the absence of formal institutions, informal institutions are considered an important mechanism of risk management. In the long term, as businesses grow and attract new investments, formal institutions will need to be strengthened to increase confidence in court systems and legal arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For example, linking funding to quantifiable output measures, such as publications and patents, can have unintended effects on the quality of research (Butler, 2002, 2003, 2007, Henderson, Jaffe and Trajtenberg, 1998). This suggests that a broad range of robust performance indicators should be developed and used to ensure that the quality of public research is maintained and enhanced. Indicators can also be supplemented by other evaluation mechanisms such as peer review. Particular care needs to be taken to ensure that research assessments capture differences among disciplines and take account of time lags.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
According to these measures, a person is considered poor if he or she lives in a household with a consumption or income level below a nationally established threshold. National poverty lines are estimated in local currencies and reflect national standards. These thresholds still allow for participation in the normal consumption and living standards of the country but measure poverty in relation to the national average income levels. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, the poorest 20% of farm households in the Philippines tend to be small-scale producers and landless workers whose rice production does not satisfy their own needs and who therefore purchase 77% of the rice that they consume on average (Chapter 4). Regional levels of stunting among children under five years of age, for example, remain worryingly high (Figure 3). While economic growth has enabled significant declines in populations suffering from chronic poverty, for some households, it may have only altered the nature of food insecurity from permanent to transitory, rather than eliminate it entirely.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In addition, the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) supports research on safer alternatives to toxic chemicals in a range of industries, and on human health impacts of toxic chemical exposures. The focus of this program is to support the implementation of the Stockholm, Rotterdam, and Basel Conventions, the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM), and the Global Mercury Programme. At the global level, Sida and Kemi will support implementation efforts by the United Nations Environment Programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The precise distribution of tasks and responsibilities between school providers and schools, and therefore the degree of school autonomy for the use and management of resources, will always depend on individual school providers and their schools (MINEDUC, ACE and ES, 2016, Santiago et al., According to this survey, 13% of decisions in public lower secondary education are taken at the central level (OECD average: 24%), while local authorities and schools take 41% and 46% of key decisions respectively (OECD average: 17% and 41% respectively) (see Figure 4.1). The data thus demonstrate the important role of school providers in education governance in Chile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the case of infrastructure expansion, potential trade-offs between environmental effects and economic and development goals, as well as risks associated with long-term lock-in into dirty technologies, underline the need for a thorough assessment of environmental impacts as part of the planning and decision making process to assure that net benefits outweigh the potential costs of adverse impacts (OECD, World Bank and UN, 2012), and for adequate pricing to prevent the overutilization of underpriced networks. To the extent these result in lowering prices, e.g. in the energy or rail sectors, they can stimulate demand through a so-called rebound effect. In countries where environmental externalities are underpriced (e.g. due to environmentally harmful subsidies), this will bring about excess negative environmental consequences, as there will be an unwarranted competitive advantage for supplying energy from less-environmentally friendly sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This implies that both men and women in poor households need to work to make ends meet, while this is not necessary for rich households. This implies that the relative affluence of the household is a determining factor in the labour force participation of women {Tablen-10). In the case of female only worker households, the lower and higher deciles have higher percentages of workers,implyingthat they can beat bothextremes {Table 11-11).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
On March 1, 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the execution of offenders under the age of 18 at the time of their criminal offense was unconstitutional. Although many welcomed this decision, some individuals still remain concerned that the elimination of the specter of capital punishment will inevitably increase homicidal behavior among juveniles by reducing the prospect of deterrence. Using monthly data from the Supplemental Homicide Reports and a multiple time-series research design, the authors investigate the impact of the Roper v. Simmons decision on homicides perpetrated by juveniles in the 20 states affected by the law. Maximum likelihood results reveal that the repeal of the juvenile death penalty has had no effect on juvenile homicidal behavior.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Paris, OECD, available at: www.oecd.org/ dataoecd/44/3/35837840. Briefing note for the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment, Special Session, TN/TE/INF/7, Geneva, 5 October. Report of the Expert Meeting on Strengthening Participation of Developing Countries in Dynamic and New Sectors of World Trade: Trends, Issues and Policies, TD/B/COM.1/EM.26/3, UNCTAD, Geneva, February.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The current PGGD does not include a financial aspect, or any cost-benefit analysis of the measures proposed and the targets set. The Ministry of the Environment reimburses up to 25% of the capital cost of inter-communal facilities for household and similar waste disposal, up to 40% of the capital costs of communal and inter-communal PDRs, up to 60% of the capital costs of composting or bio-methane projects for organic waste and sewage sludge, and up to 100% of the costs of handling problem household waste through the SDK programme. In 2008, 68% of spending by the Environmental Protection Fund (EUR 9 million) went to waste prevention and management. Fifteen communes17 (home to around a third of the country’s population) are applying a harmonised and differentiated tax that respects the PPP: it involves weighing and identifying dustbins at collection time and is combined with an effective system of separate collection for recyclable items. The system includes a flat-rate tax, a charge for the collection of residual waste,18 and differentiated charges for separate collection (geared to weight and the type of material). Most of the communes are still calculating their charges without any regard to the real costs, often taking as their basis the size of the dustbin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The impacts that projects such as transportation and energy infrastructures may have on landscape experiences depend very much on the location, scale and visual impacts. For instance, changes to landscapes closer to population centres will affect more people, even if the landscape is not as aesthetically attractive as in a more remote location. Hence, impacts in the "everyday landscapes" in and around large population centres may be more important in welfare terms, than impacts on more "iconic" landscapes where fewer people live and experience them daily (see e.g. figure 3.1, the "landscape experience pyramid" in NCM 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Bristol study lists a basket of goods and services considered essential for child well-being and defines different thresholds of deprivation (Gordon and others, 2003). This set of indicators is based on the principle of child rights with regard to adequate nutrition, clean water, acceptable sanitation facilities, health, housing, education and information (Minujin, Delamonica and Davidziuk, 2006). It argues that children's needs differ in degree and nature from those of adults and that the unit of analysis should be the child and not the household, even though the needs of adults and children may overlap in certain dimensions, making it difficult at times to separate children's conditions and experiences from those of adults in the same family or household.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is 25.1% for women and 48.7% for young people aged 15-24.9 Unemployment plays a major role in social discontent, so tackling unemployment, and especially youth unemployment, is a key priority for the Libyan authorities. A job-creating private sector and economic diversification will be needed to absorb the influx of new labour force entrants and improve labour market indicators. Currently, the private sector is not large or strong enough to play the job creation role required, and the oil sector, although a major contributor to GDP, is not a major employer, accounting for only 2% of employment (43 000 workers) (IMF, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As the world moves into a particularly fluid phase of global politics, interdisciplinary engagement between international law and international relations is becoming a critical task. Reformulating how we theorise the ‘global’ will be central to the development of institutions, laws, policies, and norms that govern how we manage conflict, deal with environmental challenges, smooth out the highly uneven political economy, and allow new political communities to develop beyond the nation-state. The role of international law and international relations scholarship will be central to this endeavour. Practitioners and policymakers have a particular responsibility to help develop and shape new global systems and institutions. Teachers have a responsibility to current and future generations of young scholars to equip them with the requisite intellectual tools for making choices in the policy arena that frequently straddle the various levels of international law and international relations. This article explores ho...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Besides the direct impact on trade and economic growth, transport networks would have several positive externalities, or unintended benefits. Enhanced intraregional connectivity will open up possibilities for production networks and value chains to develop within the subregion, enhancing the competitiveness of final products from the region on world markets. South and South-West Asia’s transport corridors possess the potential to achieve massive efficiency gains and energy savings, thus opening up new pathways towards sustainable development. While transport infrastructure and services have been improving in all South Asian countries at varying paces, cross-border transport facilitation still has much room for progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This was not conducive to significant poverty reduction, involving instead the shifting of part of the poverty problem from rural to urban areas. Dynamic structural change thus involves strengthening economic linkages within the economy and ensuring productivity improvements in all major sectors. It may be evident from the previous discussion that whether growth is pro-poor or not depends to a significant extent on the pattern of growth in terms of sectoral composition and technological characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Abstract The emerging global governance of migration is dominated by two discourses which shape policy approaches: 1) migration management and 2) the migration–development nexus. With large numbers of labour migrants being marginalised, migrant rights organisations have formed global alliances to argue for the centrality of a third discourse, the rights-based approach to migration. The question is how to inject this into the global debate which has sidelined migrant rights issues. Despite having hardly any bargaining power and restricted space for direct access vis-a-vis global governing institutions, migrant rights organisations are employing a number of strategies to overcome this marginalisation. We analyse these efforts by drawing on social movement studies and International Relations research on communicative action. Empirically this article draws on observations made during two major global fora: the negotiations in connection with the new Convention on ‘Decent Work for Domestic Workers’ at the Inte...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Purpose – To provide a case study of a Belgian ministry, within the framework of the Copernicus reform.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses both interpretative and interactionist approaches and a range of research methods including a survey, involving a questionnaire and interviews, content analysis and some elements of speech analysis.Findings – The paper confirms the hypothesis that an identities evolution is taking place following the implementation of new public management (NPM) principles in the Belgian federal service. Using two identity logics “public service,” relating to the principles and values associated with traditional public administration, and “public managerialism”, relating to the principles, values and representations linked to NPM, it distinguishes six identity profiles. These are characterised by their positioning according to two principles fidelity and reality. The conclusion is that organisational identity is complex, hybrid and composite and in constant evolution according...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since 1998, the nature protection programmes have been an obligatory part of each district’s forest management plan. The aim is to create a knowledge base to aid in increasing biological diversity in LP forests. Areas of ecological utility host valuable habitats and species, but are too small for designation as nature reserves. They contain remnants of ecosystems, such as natural water bodies, mid-field and mid-forest ponds, clumps of trees and shrubs, swamps, bogs, dunes, and strands of rare or protected plants and animals. Taking all habitat categories together, areas of ecological utility increased from 45 000 ha in 2000 to 52 000 ha in 2012. Smaller than landscape parks, they include fragments of natural and cultural landscapes that are protected for their scenic and aesthetic values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Yet while the urban poor are covered by social insurance and labour market interventions for a rate double that of rural areas, those programmes only reach a fraction of the urban poor (i.e. 3-4 per cent)" (Gentilini 2015:8). A significant proportion of the working poor, especially in lower-income countries, work in the informal sector, with employment and wages characterized by irregularity and unpredictability. In this sector, employment-related social protection is not the norm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)