albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Many of the violent conflicts of the post-Cold War period have involved peoples who have historically been victims of interstate politics. Compromise is highly problematic in contexts of this kind, given that sovereign powers tend to attach the label ‘terrorism’ to acts of resistance and the resistance tends to claim an experience of injustice. Given a situation where compromise is seen by actors on both sides to be impossible, how would anything other than a ‘rotten compromise’ be possible? The article develops a framework called the Warden's Dilemma which is then put to use in the empirical exploration of two historical cases: the hunger strikes in Northern Ireland in 1980–81 and the martyrdom of Polish Solidarity's priest, Jerzy Popieluszko, a few years later.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, the degree to which they face particular vulnerabilities is often contingent upon their intersectional gendered identities. Girls, for example, are at an elevated risk of early and forced marriage, single women (including widows) risk various forms of sexual exploitation and persons of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities (SOGI) face a w'hole range of risks from extortion to targeted killings. Men and boys may seek to control women’s and girls’ access to services, in particular in situations of fragility and conflict, where men may seek to increasingly control women, be it out of a sense of protection and/or to compensate for their own loss of control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are also increasing population pressures, resource scarcities, price pressures, and competition with other countries. An integrated perspective that works operationally is needed - one that makes economic, social and environmental sense and that inspires stakeholders. If adopted early, such a perspective offers many opportunities - not least to shape a generic Ethiopian ‘green brand’ that helps national competitiveness. The holistic approach that the Ethiopian Government has recently chosen to take is conceptualised around ‘green economy’, as we shall see in section 4.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Ensuring the flow of green innovations and relevant knowledge from high- to low-income countries is indispensable. Developing countries in particular will thereby benefit from existing technologies and can pursue environmentally friendly production processes. The changing nature of industrialisation is characterised by a process of automation and we have highlighted the need for a disaggregated view to assess the actual effects of this process on employment patterns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Secularization and modernization have made modern man defenceless against spiritual temptations promising salvation and bliss in  this  world. Large-scale migration is an important phenomenon of globalization nowadays. Regardless of the causes for it, be it oppression (as in Voegelin's case) or poverty, its consequences are felt everywhere. The prevailing legal and political philosophy of political liberalism, with its emphasis on individual human rights, the rule of law and the separation of powers, did quite well under traditional monocultural conditions. The problem of religion and order in society turns out to be a problem of the order of the soul. Man's religiousness, his quest for meaning within a larger whole of which he forms an integral part, is something too important to be left to theologians and scientists of religion alone.  Keywords: political philosophy, religion, secularization
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Non-concessional loans were the form most used to deliver climate finance to the EECCA countries in 2013 and 2014 and provided by MDBs. Bilateral channels are the main providers of grants and concessional loans through technical assistance, capital investments and co-financing to projects supported by non-concessional loans from MDBs. Bilateral donors also provide financing through multilateral donors (e.g. voluntary contributions to climate funds).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Climate change, past land use and growing infrastructure plans are some of the present and future drivers of change to the basin. For the Skolt Saami, climate change is one of the most acute and relevant processes of indigenous knowledge led monitoring (Mustonen & Feodoroff, 2013, Peel, Araujo, Bell, Blanchard, & Bonebrake, 2017). In 2010, extreme heat waves and torrential rains affected the water levels of the Naatamo river and the capacity of Atlantic Salmon to access the upstream spawning grounds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The largest declines have taken place in Eastern Asia, South-Eastern Asia and Southern Asia (at least a 12 percentage point drop). In 2015, the regions with the lowest prevalence of slum conditions are Latin America and the Caribbean and Northern Africa. In Northern Africa the proportion of urban slum population declined almost by half, to 11 per cent in 2014 from 20 per cent in 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (Public Law #104–193) is perhaps the most visible national legislation since the sweeping Civil Rights laws of the 1960s. For social policy so well entrenched into the American social fabric, the rapidity with which reforms swept through the welfare system was unprecedented and confound conventional theoretical pronouncements on bureaucracy and policy change. The swiftness of reform, and the political rhetoric that surrounded the 1996 Welfare Reform Act, have prompted criticism that reformers responded more to the social construction of welfare recipients than they did to the dictates of sound public policy (Magusson and Dunham, 1996). This article discusses the ramifications of the 1996 Welfare Reform Act for battered women and concludes that battered women's social construction as deserving of public assistance, but politically weak, precipitated welfare reform policy, targeted to battered women, that has been largely rhetorical rather than substantive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Otherwise, it must be justified on the basis of objective, reasonable and proportional criteria (see section 3). Lack of equality in the enjoyment of family-related rights means that some members do not equally enjoy their family’s economic wealth, gains and social benefits. The negative impact on women is well established.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Moreover, developed country forecasts may need to take better account of developments in China, whose increasing specialisation in green energy production is likely to influence specialisation patterns in other regional and national economies. Since it is very difficult for OECD regions to compete with China on price, sustaining a successful manufacturing specialisation over the longer term is likely to depend on continued innovation and quality improvements (see below). The long-term goal of many governments is to displace existing generation from conventional sources with renewables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the first phase, organizational and managerial training would be provided to those candidates that complied with certain requirements (such as age and educational background). After finishing the training, candidates would prepare project proposals for enterprise development in the second phase. These proposals would be screened, and the most promising would receive seed capital for concretizing their business proposals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This chapter argues that the attribution of an explicit legal basis for the elaboration of an EU humanitarian aid policy is the logical next step in a gradual process to achieve this objective. After analysing the historical development of the EU's humanitarian aid policy, the legal nature of the EU's competence in this field is discussed. Subsequently, the link between the EU's humanitarian aid policy and the principles of international humanitarian law is scrutinised. Finally, specific attention is devoted to the challenge of coherence in the EU's response to global emergencies and the place of humanitarian aid in this respect. The chapter takes a closer look at the possible implications of the Lisbon Treaty in terms of guaranteeing the specific position of humanitarian aid within the broader context of the EU's external action.  Keywords: EU humanitarian aid policy, EU's external action, international humanitarian law, legal nature, Lisbon Treaty
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Maintenance costs of private schools are covered from tuition fees paid by families. Primary schooling is brief, lasting 4 years rather than 6 years as is typical in OECD member countries (OECD, 2016b). The school year is short as well, lasting 160 days and 558 hours, as compared to 185 days of instruction with 799 hours of instruction, yielding a primary education of 2 234 hours, significantly fewer than in most OECD member countries. As in primary education, instructional hours per year are much lower than average (Table 3.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Chapter 4 discusses the thematic scope of NUPs, assessing the level of attention given to selected sectorial policy themes related to urbanisation, as an indication to the extent that NUPs adopt a comprehensive view in dealing with the multi-sectorial nature of urbanisation. Chapter 5 focuses on the governance of NUPs, which should entail collaborative and coordinated institutional arrangements between all levels of government, and wide stakeholder engagement. The analysis focuses on the type of institutional authority leading the NUP process, on the extent of stakeholder engagement, and includes a discussion of the role of subnational governments in the NUP process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
By 2010, 93% of homes were built with durable walls and 85% with durable roofs, up from 78% and 64%, respectively, in 1990. In this respect, Mexico’s experience parallels that of Chile, which managed over several decades to reduce dramatically the quantitative housing shortage and to address significant quality gaps. The activities of these two institutions, funded through a compulsory 5% payroll tax, include both housing finance and complementary retirement income (see Box 0.1 which provides a special policy focus on pensions). The rapid expansion of housing finance, led by INFONAVIT and facilitated by public policies aiming to expand access to formal housing, enabled the country’s transition from informal to formal housing on a grand scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Accordingly, these precipitations generate average runoff modules varying between 5 and 15 1/s/km2. In the highest parts of the Kotel Balkan, rainfall reaches more than 750-800 mm and the runoff module up to 10 1/s/km . In the low'er parts of the Kamchia valley precipitation falls to 550 mm per year, and the runoff module drops to 2 1/s/km2 on the Kamchia River and to 1-2 1/s/km2 on the Great Kamchia River.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In many countries, cuts in government employment are likely to increase wage inequality, reflecting the fact that wages tend to be more compressed in the public than in the private sector.14 Whether wage cuts are considered to be equitable depends also on relative wages in the government and the private sector (and, of course, the profile of wage costs across the public sector salary scale). The impacts on the economy’s supply potential are not clear. If public sector wages fall short of those in the private sector by a significant margin, cuts could result in retention and recruitment problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Use short-term training and projects in centres/research as tool for professional development leading to changes in curriculum/teaching and learning. Firms in the region suffer from the shortage of qualified personnel and inadequate skills offered to the labour market. University students’ skills need to be upgraded in transferable and soft skills, such as communication, team working and analytical thinking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While these policies have helped to reduce landfilling of waste and increase material recovery, incentives for eco-design can be further strengthened. Further efforts are also needed to ensure that EPR systems operate according to good governance principles, strengthening their transparency with a view to enhancing accountability, improving performance assessment and identifying good practices. The ambition of EPR systems should be increased, better internalising environmental costs, broadening their scope to encompass a larger number of products where possible, and strengthening their enforcement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Evidence points towards the increased occurrence of violence against women during times of conflict (UN Women, 2011: 49, 88). Similarly, in the MENA region, while there are no reliable statistics on violence, the interviews, meetings and focus groups carried out throughout this project by the OECD and the Centre for Arab Women Training and Research with governments, civil society and other stakeholders suggest that, despite the efforts of governmental and non-governmental organisations, violence against women (physical, sexual and psychological) still occurs in both the public and private spheres. While the CEDAW does not explicitly refer to violence against women, the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women recommended in 1989 in its general Recommendation No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Border-policing has been the subject of increasing criminological concern in the US and Europe: however, it has garnered relatively little attention in Australia. This article addresses the federal border-policing effort that has contributed to policing out the refugee. It has done so through a focus on people-smuggling that has increasingly relied on public debate depicting people-smuggling as a matter of national security. The Australian Federal Police (AFP) has made significant contributions to debates that have considered people-smuggling a matter for law enforcement. This article argues that through an analysis of AFP reports we can trace how they have contributed to the construction of the people-smuggling problem. In drawing on international-relations theory, notably concepts of statecraft and transversality, the article concludes that the AFP has made a central contribution to a wider attack on refugee protection with far-reaching consequences for the nature of federal law enforcement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Better-trained inspectors would help alleviate these concerns. The Caribbean Electric Utility Services Corporation (CARILEC) has developed a PPA template for consideration by its member utilities. The PPA is the single document that determines the viability of an RE project and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Regulators need to be empowered with the necessary skill sets to assess such contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These three major classes are now used as a standard for international maps of groundwater resources (Figure 1.7). The International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (IGRAC) has defined 36 global groundwater regions divided into 217 groundwater provinces (Margat and van der Gun, 2013). These divisions were developed focusing on the predominant characteristics of groundwater systems in continental regions. There are four main categories of groundwater regions: basement regions (B), sedimentary basins (S), high relief folded mountains regions (M), and volcanic regions (V).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Inequality is represented by the size of the circles," which correspond to Gini indices (the larger the circle, the more inequality). Their core (upper part of the northeast quadrant) comprises primarily the Scandinavian countries, which have the highest levels of equality, associated with complex production structures, and an institutional framework that limits the concentrating effects of the market and strongly redefines its outcomes. Scandinavian productivity is similar to that of the United States and Ireland and higher than in Canada and Australia, but the Scandinavian countries have a higher rate of social spending, as a percentage of GDP, than the English-speaking countries in the sample, and have achieved better equality outcomes. The institutional framework and society's decisions about how much inequality it is willing to tolerate matter and leave a clear mark on the patterns of inequality for similar levels of knowledge-intensiveness in the production structure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In 2015 Nepal was hit by a devastating earthquake and in 2017 by severe floods. Fuelwood accounts for 85 percent of household energy and for the vast majority of harvested wood. Forests and trees also play a key role in watershed protection and climate resilience and are important for biodiversity and agricultural landscape management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Close co-operation among energy producers and the TSO is key to minimise variable renewable integration costs. Power generators and TSOs submit flexible detailed bids (ramp rates, load constraints, start up costs, regulatory preferences, etc.) These advanced markets can also integrate international interconnections and demand-side resources to increase overall efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, those that raise the production costs of environmentally-harmful activities (such as the removal of some subsidies) will help to ensure that future gross domestic product (GDP) growth is on a sustainable path. In both cases reforms generate higher revenues, but only in the case of employment are they likely to significantly improve the budget balance. This is the case of policies that reduce barriers to investment (including foreign direct investments [FDI]), or that reduce private incentives to save, such as extending the coverage and level of social protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The parks in Bergamo aims at modernising the local industries and struggling against lock in processes. They are relatively diversified and host a number of intermediary organisations. The two parks - Servitech and Kilometro Rosso - help build bridges and appear as vehicles for co-operative projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper problematises the concept of social mobility through an exploration of it in relation to Higher Education policy in England. Based upon a content analysis of a number of key policy documents from distinct eras, it identifies definitions and understandings of social mobility within them, exploring how such references have changed over time, and critiquing the differences between the imagined ideals of what policy rhetoric seeks to do and the reality of policy implementation. In particular, it considers the characterisation of social mobility as an individualised concern, it positions aspirations of improving social mobility within the market of Higher Education, and it ultimately asks whether Higher Education can solve the government's social mobility problem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The goal for those seeking to develop and deploy these technologies and innovations in farm management is to unlock the productivity growth potential and achieve sustainable food security. The prices of staple foods remain high - above their long-term averages - and over 300 million Africans continue to face chronic hunger. Ensuring food security in the region will require action to improve productivity and rural livelihoods, and to address international market imbalances and the structural challenges inherent in African agriculture.89 Th i s chapter argues that efforts to improve food security involve much more than just producing more food.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The increase of women’s representation in middle management is an important factor in closing the gender gap for the top leadership positions, as middle managers constitute the natural pool for senior management candidates in most countries, particularly in view of the ageing trends in the civil service. Similarly, the growing number of women in the professional category - with more than half (54.1%) of professionals being women - is consistent with higher educational attainment and also increases the talent supply for both management categories. Some countries, such as Ireland, create specific initiatives to support talented women in middle management in their progress into senior management positions within the public sector (European Commission, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It has developed an online tool that provides a mapping function of a variety of important indicators at the municipal and regional level and releases a report on the state of spatial development every three years. It manages the integration of structural funds into broader spatial strategies and was directly responsible for the programming work related to 1 of the 11 thematic objectives of the programming period 2014-20. They were established (mandated) as part of the Modernisation of territorial public action and affirmation of metropolises law (2014) and are intended to strengthen dialogue between local authorities and the region and to co-ordinate responsibilities. The CTAP in each region are chaired by the President of the Regional Council. Its membership includes representatives of departements and intercommunalities of different sizes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Interpreting these results in a causal way would suggest that the estimated impact of increasing tax progressivity is relatively important: indeed, the variation in the impact of individual family background on teenagers’ cognitive skills from minimum to maximum tax progressivity would range from 25.4 (PISA score points) to 12.4. These calculations are only illustrative, but, nevertheless, point to the potential for redistributive policies to help reduce inequality of learning opportunities. At the same time, relatively high levels of such benefits might discourage unemployed parents to take up employment (e.g. Bassanini and Duval, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the health care sector, reforms have aimed at introducing more competition. Despite major changes and some positive effects, the reforms run the risk of getting stuck in the middle between a centralised system of state-controlled supply and prices and a decentralised system based on regulated competition, providing insufficient incentives for provision of quality services and expenditure control. The main challenges are to complete the transition to regulated competition in health care provision, to strengthen the role of health insurers as purchasing agents and to secure cost containment in an increasingly demand-driven health care sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Workers’ associations and trade unions can be significant elements of civil society, holding the state accountable for the rights and interests of people in poverty. The example of the Self-employed Women’s Association (SEWA) in India2 shows how the specific employment conditions of women piece-working in the formal and informal sector can be improved and their interests reflected through collective action and negotiation. If marginalised, however, they may engage in political or violent activities that threaten these goals (Good Practice Note 4, Empowerment in fragile states and situations of fragility). Child labour, both in household production and in the paid labour market, is a frequent livelihood strategy for poor families, particularly when coping with natural or economic shocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)