albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Teachers play an important role in the lives of young people around the globe. Teachers are vital to student skills development, student preparation for future employment and active participation in the community. The government must make stronger efforts to support and develop the profession of teaching, as well as to promote teaching as an attractive career path.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Practices related to monitoring, evaluation and appraisal (e.g. supporting and observing teachers, and observing students and classrooms), furthermore, constitute fundamental elements of pedagogical leadership focussing school leaders’ attention towards teaching and learning. School leaders’ essential role in internal teacher appraisal processes should be reflected in the appraisal of school leaders (e.g. through evaluating school leaders’ competencies to manage staff, to authentically evaluate teaching and learning, to understand, observe and recognise good teaching, and to give developmental feedback to teachers). School leaders should equally be held directly accountable for and receive feedback on their ability to lead their school’s self-evaluation processes, for their school’s collaboration during external evaluations, and for the communication of external evaluation results to their school community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Iraq and Turkey set up a Joint Technical Committee (JTC) for Regional Waters to determine how they would allocate a reasonable amount of water to each country and exchange data.” In 1983, Syria joined JTC, creating a trilateral forum. After 16 meetings, JTC came to a deadlock in 1992 over the question of whether the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers constitute a single system or not (Box 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Each PISA cycle assesses three core domains (reading, mathematics and science), one of which constitutes the major domain in a given cycle (reading in 2000 and 2009, mathematics in 2003 and 2012 and science in 2006 and 2015). The major domain receives a larger portion of testing time and questionnaire items tend to focus on students’ engagement, attitudes and dispositions towards the main subject domain. Since 2015 the assessment was delivered by computer. Testing material in PISA is typically organised around subject specific clusters designed to take around 30 minutes to complete and each booklet contains four clusters of test items.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
New employees must be entered on the register two weeks before starting work and the register is used to ensure compliance with both taxes and social security contributions and labour market regulations. Additional suggestive evidence of widespread tax evasion is given by Kaarna (2016), who shows that two thirds of those registering new Toyota Land Cruisers reported incomes to the tax authority of below the average wage. The remainder of this paper focuses on the policy settings relevant for three of the ten groups identified by the statistical clustering analysis and examines whether the policies are well suited for addressing the main employment barriers that group members face.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This paper assumes that SIGTs instruments, Z, are key determinants of gender-based discrimination in social institutions (Cov(SIGI, Z)*0) but have no direct effect on income per capita (Cov(Z, £*)=()). The two instruments appear to be valid: no evidence exists that richer countries ratify the CEDAW before poorer ones, nor that attitude towards female political leadership is linked to income level. Countries ratifying the CEDAW recognise the legitimacy of reducing gender discrimination and commit themselves to undertake a series of measures to end discrimination against women in all forms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Even this does not provide a complete picture since, as in other countries, under-reporting of GBV is a huge problem. Although it already had legislation and institutions to address GBV, the government realised that this legislative and policy framework was deficient: it was not aligned with the country’s international commitments under various treaties, conventions and agreements, while the inadequate response to GBV in Grenada was mainly due to archaic laws, non-existent policies and institutional weakness in enforcement. These included: a Mapping of Existing Social Service Delivery Systems and Identification of Gaps in Current Services (2010), a Review of Policing and Prosecution of Sexual Offences: Country Report for Grenada (2010), and, A Study of the Existing Domestic Violence Act (2001) (cited in Ministry of Social Development and Housing 2014). These projects are supported by the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), UN Women and the UN Trust Fund to End Violence against Women. The government has multiple measures in place to address the issue of GBV, including revising related laws and policies to be more current and responsive to the needs of women victims of violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, it does not contain information about measures’ financial cost or expected benefits. This is particularly an issue for natural hazard management, because the climate processes causing hazards operate on a small scale. The variety of geographies and microclimates means that it can be misleading to apply average results generated for larger areas (PLANALP, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In both entities, one main gap in the information available is that there is no monitoring of agricultural water use, which means that neither is there any reliable data available in relation to irrigated areas. One important document for the future development of irrigation systems in RS is the irrigation strategy, which was finished in 2006 and foresees the reconstruction between 2011 and 12 of two big irrigation systems for an area of 79,000 ha, in the framework of a World Bank project. Within this project, water balancing at all potential sources for irrigation has been recommended and appropriate technical solutions proposed to ensure sustainable use of water resources. In the Una river subbasin, for instance, there are only 3 out of a possible 19 hydropower plants, which makes the Una the most under-used watercourse with its tapping potential for power generation utilized to only 1.7 per cent of possible capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The budgets available to CGIAR centres grew from $15 million in 1970 to $305 million in 1990 (Pardey and Beintema, 2001). Basic education, agricultural research and extension services to support farmers also improved, and international lending for agricultural development was prioritized. Also, the technology arising from the green revolution was based on intensive use of fertilizers, chemical pesticides and water, which had negative environmental impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, the magnitude of the benefit depends largely on the qualities ofthe fossil fuel being replaced. Carbon dynamics of the landfills differ considerably across the regions depending on e.g. climate, soil composition, microbial activity and the characteristics of wood material. In certain situations the decay of wood may be so slow that the landfill can be considered as semi-permanent carbon storage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Previous studies, of wildlife crime, have revealed some variation of sentencing across the country, in different aimags, but, generally speaking, limits on data availability prevent a thorough comparison. For example, a mining licence can be revoked for failure to adopt an EMP, comply with such a plan or submit compliance reports. The former data set provides information on the location, date of detection, type of crime or infringement, classification of the offence and status of the procedure (e.g. whether transferred to the prosecutor’s office with a recommendation to prosecute). The latter data set provides information on damage and on items seized. Information is not available on the outcome of prosecution, including sentencing. Figure 2.5 shows the evolution of criminal law violations over the period 2011-2016 with the data appearing to be incomplete in the period 2009-2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
First, only 2.5% of the water on earth is freshwater. Second, most of freshwater not locked up in ice caps or glaciers comes at the wrong time and place - in monsoons and floods - and 20% is in areas too remote for humans to access. Although 60% of the world’s population lives in Asia, the continent has only 36% of the world’s water resources (Table B.2). These two types of freshwater vary in a number of key characteristics and these differences have direct implications for water security. Groundwater constitutes nearly 90% of the freshwater on our planet (discounting that in the polar ice caps), but only a small proportion (less than 5%) can be withdrawn each year without depleting the resource base.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
If the dam were to fail, the security challenges would have the potential to affect disaster response and recovery. In some ways, this has always been well recognized. What is new in today's increasingly interconnected society is the diversity and complexity of threats and hazards, and the complex interaction among them, which result in "an unprecedented global creation of risks, often due to previous socioeconomic development trends interacting with existing and new development dynamics and emerging global threats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Still, the provision for reservations opened up a considerable political space for women as candidates, party workers, supporters and voters (Ibid.) Women are affected by problems related to water, sanitation and environmental pollution. Women councillors try to solve those problems and they are generally sympathetic to women's difficulties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If they are thrown back into the sea (“discarded") they do not survive (with rare exceptions) so although they may conceivably provide food for some other species they do not help the conservation of their own species, nor do they contribute to satisfying market demand for fish, so more fish than are needed for this are caught. Rather than throw them into the sea a vessel may hope to land them illegally or transfer them to an intermediary who will land them in a port outside the national or EU jurisdiction. One is that they are not wasted and the other is that they are recorded. The disadvantage is that there is some economic incentive to over-fish, which seems counter-productive. The Norwegian view is that allowing discards while penalising landings provides an economic incentive to systematically fish for large and higher priced fish and systematically discard “unwanted" fish - so-called "high grading". However, the EU did introduce a ban on high grading in the North Sea in 2009, Furthermore, a vessel’s record of overfishing can be monitored and the economic incentive removed in the case of persistent offenders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Uganda, Malawi and Haiti are good examples. In any case, a ‘successful’ Doha Round will need to factor in additional measures to compensate potential losers so as to ensure that it benefits a wide cross-section of the WTO membership. Perhaps an enhanced special and differential treatment (S&D) chapter could do this. It is important to recall that the decision to provide DFQF market access to LDCs and to cut cotton subsidies had already been made at the Hong Kong ministerial meeting six years earlier, only the implementation modalities needed to be worked out.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The ability of the adaptation communications to meet the global information needs on adaptation depends on their scope and structure, which is yet to be defined but for which some proposals already exist (Kato and Ellis, 2016), as well as on the extent of reporting by individual Parties. Climate change risks to coastal buildings and infrastructure - A supplement to the first pass national assessment. Guidance note 1: Twelve reasons why climate change adaptation M&E is challenging.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A huge challenge will be seeing these contributions financed and implemented, considering that energy aid to the Pacific between 1970 and 2010 is estimated to have amounted to only US$1.4 billion (Niles 2013). Significantly more financing, therefore, will be needed to achieve SDG 7. At the project level, while there may be financing available, due to high transaction costs it is often only for larger projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In fact, although Chile and Uruguay have similar poverty rates, child poverty in Chile is 1.8 times greater than it is among the adult population, while in Uruguay it is 3.1 times greater. This would produce artificially high child poverty rates. This line represents the cost of meeting the basic needs of one person. Measuring poverty this way assumes that the per capita cost of meeting an individual's basic needs is unaffected by the number of persons living in a household or by the household’s demographic characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This identifies four key areas of intervention: 1) competence development, 2) regulatory reform, 3) public sector operating model, and 4) developing incentives for grass roots initiatives. As regards innovative procurement, each government department is expected to produce an Innovation Procurement Plan aligned with its commercial strategy, setting out how it will drive innovation through procurement. Secondment of experts from the private sector to the public sector is also being stressed for the purpose of mentoring on pro-innovation procurement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Most of the companies that have joined the network are small family enterprises with a limited capacity to invest in international marketing on their own. Networking also enables co-operation on the practical level with regard to the capacity of the service providers. For instance, by developing the same type of product packages peaks in the visitor flow can be managed more smoothly. Training and capacity-building is also more easily carried out utilizing the existing network of entrepreneurs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Efforts to mainstream climate change issues into development activities, and vice versa, are growing. Thus, there is a growing need for climate interventions to demonstrate their impact on development and for development activities to show their impact on the climate system. As financial needs for both development and climate activities currently exceed supply, this further underscores the importance of managing projects for multiple objectives and demonstrating results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Firstly, the higher education institutions can contribute more to the role that culture and tourism play in the socioeconomic development of the region in order to develop the region into an attractive place to live, work, invest and study. Secondly, the higher education institutions need to address the unbalanced growth and challenges linked to health and social cohesion. Thirdly, the higher education institutions need to respond more actively to environmental challenges and opportunities, seeking new sources of growth in the green economy. Are there gaps in delivery and are resources and incentives aligned with the objectives? Increasing life expectancy has led to a growing share of the population at risk of “old-age conditions”. There are also concerns related to health inequalities while certain demographic and socio-economic groups face significantly poorer health circumstances (OECD, 2010a, WHO, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The highest figures correspond to the northern, north-eastern and central-western regions of the country. The settlement of these areas, especially the zones along the southern and eastern borders of the Amazon jungle, is quite recent, and the production of agricultural commodities for export in these areas is steadily increasing, but the cities in these zones are still not fully developed. The variables associated with the greatest deprivation have to do with urban services (running water, sewerage systems and systems for the disposal of household waste, etc.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Italy, primary care is free at the point of care, but specialised care is not. In the Netherlands, outpatient care is free after the annual general deductible has been met. Outpatient specialist contacts can be free at the point of care when provided in public hospitals, or with a copayment when provided outside of hospitals and covered by Medicare (typically when a patient has been referred by a GP to specialist care).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The fastest rate of growth of private operators’ share of the WSS market was registered in the Russian Federation: from 12% of population in 2004 to 27% in 2008. By contrast, there have been only occasional attempts at developing public-private partnerships in Ukraine, Georgia, and the Kyrgyz Republic. Status paper, OECD, Paris.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Governments could consider having such food distribution systems managed by civil society groups or local enterprises formed by groups of small farmers. Moreover, when it comes to food security, a comprehensive social protection system can also play a vital role. Guaranteed employment for food insecure groups is a major means for ensuring economic access to food. Public employment guarantee schemes, such as food-for-work or cash-for-work schemes, not only ensure a minimum level of food consumption is met, but also help people avoid resorting to damage coping mechanisms that involves asset sales and indebtedness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The third group is about labour market matching, which is a form of job brokerage between employers and job seekers. The main policy instruments within this group are job search assistance, counselling, monitoring and employer intermediation services. In addition, youth-oriented programmes and programmes intended for people with disabilities are recognised as a separate measure in some classifications (Lehmann and Kluve, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This is particularly of concern where contaminated water resources are used for municipal water supply, crop irrigation, and for recreational purposes (Amirat et al., Furthermore, microbial contaminants from wastewater can exacerbate biodiversity loss (European Commission, 2013). Despite the investment in, and establishment of, wastewater treatment plants, many developed nations still suffer from microbial contamination due to sewage spills and diffuse agricultural pollution, particularly during high rainfall events when combined sewer overflows operate more frequently and runoff from agriculture is induced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Commission pushed forward the language on HIV and AIDS, recognizing the epidemic as a global health emergency, and calling on Governments to provide universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support, free of discrimination and with a gender perspective, to meet the goal of halting and reversing the spread of HIV and AIDS by 2015. Resolutions also recommended that policy and programme linkages and coordination between HIV and AIDS and sexual and reproductive health should be strengthened and included in national development plans and poverty reduction strategies. All countries should strive to make accessible through the primary health-care system, reproductive health to all individuals of appropriate ages as soon as possible and no later than the year 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The developed indicators are presented on a website www.biodiversity.fi including 130 habitat-specific biodiversity indicators. The problem is that the work is conducted and reported by a number of organizations and is not very well coordinated. The data is not always compatible and opportunities for more efficient use of the data may be lost.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
By contrast, exemptions or reduced tax rates should only be implemented to avoid a double taxation. For instance in the sectors covered by the EU ETS, carbon emissions are already priced through the scheme and thus should not be eligible for the carbon tax. However, sectors covered by the EU ETS should not be totally exempted from the eco tax which covers other externalities than those related to CO2 emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article draws upon social science literature to offer a new assessment of the normative value of human rights law vis-a-vis international humanitarian law in territory under armed groups’ control. In particular, the article considers how the two bodies of law can be applied in a complementary manner to regulate the everyday life of civilians who are not involved in hostilities. The article demonstrates that while it might be tempting to imagine that concerns relating to rights such as the freedom of movement, the right to work or protection from common crime are completely displaced by considerations of physical security and survival in times of armed conflict, in reality this is often not the case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A similar trend is observed in the Latin America and the Caribbean region, with 74 per cent of NUPs (14 out of 19) at or beyond the implementation stage. In contrast, the majority of NUPs in the Arab States region are in their early stages, with 11 out of 17 NUPs in the feasibility, diagnosis or formation stage. The proportion of NUPs in these early stages is also high in Africa (45 per cent) and Asia and the Pacific (44 per cent).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Evidence from the Brazilian SIMPLES Program”, Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, Vol. Evidence from Mexican Microenterprises”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. Towards More and Better Jobs in Developing Countries”, Development Centre Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/97892640S9245-en.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This may result in certain variations in relation to the data in constant currency reported by the countries, which depend on the degree of exchange-rate appreciation ordepreciation implicit in the official parity of each country's currency in relation to 2000, and also on the population data on which the per capita calculations are based. Depending on the country, these may be directorates, departments, sections or units for planning, budgeting or social policy within the ministries of the treasury, finance or the economy. In addition, information on budgetary execution was obtained from the countries' general accounting offices or treasury departments, and occasionally from central banks, national statistical institutes, and national social and economic information systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In fact, the most cost effective measures to reduce GHG emissions involve skills to do things differently in existing industries such as construction and manufacturing, and existing occupations such as plumbers, electricians, designers and mechanics. A lot of focus on new skills will be within existing enterprises. During the invention stage, entrepreneurial and technical skills, as well as R&D capacity, are required to mobilise resources and to build and test prototypes. At the production stage, skills are required in the design of capital goods, processes and manufacturing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Improving the quality and equity of education would help achieve stronger productivity growth and make Chile a more inclusive country. Therefore, Chile should set the goal of attaining universal skills by 2030. Reaching this goal requires investing more in early childhood education, making schools more inclusive and reshaping teacher careers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)