albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Thus, multilateral and bilateral providers of support will continue to play an important role in implementing climate-related projects. To enhance such policy coherence, the EECCA countries first need to take stock of existing and planned policies in the country, and identify any misalignment. The countries then explore potential areas to improve coherence across such policies. Policy frameworks and measures to be examined could be broad and markedly different between countries, ranging from adaptation and mitigation, finance and investment promotion to competition, and other environmental and development issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
With the exception of surveys conducted after specific water contamination incidents (mostly in the US) and a number of studies measuring households’ perception of water quality in Canada, there is a scarcity of studies on households’ valuation of improved tap water quality in OECD countries. Households can invest in purification systems. Households can also consume bottled water for their drinking needs. Since these are private substitutes for public investments, assessing the factors that encourage the adoption of such private strategies is important for policy design.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Taxes and transfers now lower inequality by about 29% (column 5), more than in the mid-80s, but less than in the mid-90s. Households headed by a working-age individual (15-64, except in Sweden where 25 was chosen as the age cut-off in order to minimise the impact of a change in the definition of a household that occurred in the mid-90s). Gini values (G) are shown in percent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This information, when regularly collected and analyzed, will help buyers to understand their supply market, its pricing and other mechanisms. Understanding and applying market information can determine success in purchasing negotiations. Some websites offering information on specific supply markets are listed below. Where no Internet sites exist for a specific supply market, where sites do not identify possible suppliers, or where additional supplier information is required, it is always possible to use country-specific electronic yellow pages or specialized directories that provide contacts, commercial and financial information on the selected supplier.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
We find that the Gini coefficient on “pre-grant” income is 0.03 higher than when calculated on either reported income or simulated income. Chapter 1 began by gathering the evidence to show that the long-run development trajectory in South Africa has been one that has generated a very high-inequality society with a strong racial component to this inequality. The bottom half of the income distribution was reserved for black South Africans and, at any of a wide range of poverty lines, poverty was dominated by black South Africans. Historically this was the result of active racial privileging and discrimination in state policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Although difficult to quantify, ecological demand represents an important user of water and water itself is needed to maintain the productive ecology of the island’s rivers and wetlands (Government of Trinidad and Tobago, 2003). The poverty rate was estimated at 22 per cent in 2005 (Kedir and Sookram, 2005). In 2004 the country’s Environmental Management Authority (EMA), highlighted that income disparities and poverty are driving many persons, households and communities to seek affordable living space, homesteads and livelihood opportunities on hillsides, in peri-urban areas, and along access routes into the valleys. This pattern of settlement is associated with deforestation which degrades the country’s watersheds and pollutes its main water sources. The population of a country at risk to economic inequalities also places the environment at risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In addition, the evaluation found that efforts to empower and incentivise Austrian research organisations to develop their own capacities for EU framework programme-related strategies could be strengthened. Improving the links between national support through FFG and EU programmes was also seen to be potentially beneficial. The governance and co-ordination of ERA policies and support has also been assessed positively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Thus, around 90% of beef and 80% of milk in Kazakhstan are produced by rural households and mostly for their own consumption. Household producers participate in markets mainly to sell quantities that exceed their home consumption, and are less guided by market signals than commercial producers. This is examined in greater detail in Chapter 3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The environmental impact includes landslides on deforested slopes, which damage thousands of homes. Over the past 20 years, however, small, wood-burning stoves have become ubiquitous, as many Georgians, without access to natural gas or pressed for cash, have turned to the forests to heat their homes. Worldwide practice demonstrates that all oil and gas industry activities have environmental effects: geological and geophysical surveys, drilling and production activities, accidental oil spills, decommissioning of installations, gas and oil transportation, and gas and oil processing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Wide areas were closed for production by sanitary authorities. An extremely high concentration of toxins in harvested fish and cultivated mussels months after the outbreak resulted in a series of modifications in sanitary' control and surveillance processes. The ‘Transfers to SECTOR' numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures, where missing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Fortunately, the higher number of people affected is not accompanied by a higher number of casualties, although women and children remain disproportionally vulnerable. In fact, the number of people killed by weather-related disasters has decreased over the last decades. This suggests that some areas of disaster risk management, such as improved early warning systems and increased disaster management capacity, are leading to positive results (UNISDR/UNECE, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
And when people do not have as many children as they wish, individual and family well-being both suffer. Accordingly, policy strives to help adults have as many children as they would like at the time of their choosing (OECD, 2011). Yet the role and effectiveness of policy in increasing fertility is under debate (Thevenon and Gauthier, 2011, Thevenon, 2015). Might it be that such reform, which seeks to develop a package of policies that help reconcile work and family life, also exerts a positive influence on fertility outcomes and intentions? To what extent does the evidence from the experience of OECD countries support that conjecture?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Consequently, the length of time series data of broadband adoption is considerably shorter than for voice telecommunications. Second, only the countries that have understood early on its economic potential have proceeded to collect statistics at the beginning of the diffusion process. Third, since broadband is an access technology for data communications, it only has an economic effect in combination with the adoption of information technology, and the implementation of organizational and process changes in enterprises. In sum, because broadband has been deployed in such a short time span and it is an enabler of remote information technology access, it has represented a substantial research challenge. The primary challenge, though, remains the lack of disaggregated datasets that allow to quantitatively establish the conditions under which broadband has an economic effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In a mega-city such as Lagos, Nigeria, planners are trying to redevelop neighbourhoods and create more cohesive, manageable and livable communities. Nations like Ethiopia and India have launched campaigns to end child marriages and prevent life-threatening adolescent pregnancies. With good planning and thoughtful policies. When young people can claim their rights to health, education and decent working conditions, they become a powerful force for economic development and positive change. Throughout the developing world, social scientists and policymakers want to make the most of large youthful populations, for the sake of hopeful young people themselves as well as in the interests of economic growth and development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The study found that 5 per cent of adults suffer from bronchial asthma, 16 per cent from bronchitis, 8.2 per cent from pulmonary tuberculosis and 7 per cent from chest infection (Parikh et al., In 2005, the independent advisory body headed by Professor Jeffrey Sachs, presented its final recommendations to the Secretary-General in a synthesis volume entitled, Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals. On the future outlook, see Global Wind Energy Council, US and China in race to the top of global wind industry, 2 February 2009, available at: www.gwec.net/index.php?id=30&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=177. Interview with Steve Sawyer, secretary of the Global Wind Energy Council), January 8, 2008, available at: www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/ idUSL0773451.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The first column is a decomposition of the formal-informal wage differential that seeks to prove the null hypothesis of equation (2), namely that earnings are significantly higher for formal than for informal workers. The mean predictor of the natural log of hourly wages is 1.05 pesos for informal workers and 1.48 pesos for formal workers, yielding a negative and significant difference of -0.43. When the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition is carried out, both parts are significant: 67% is explained by differences in personal, job or sectoral characteristics, while 33% is unexplained and could be considered evidence of labour market segmentation. It] is particularly problematic if certain attributes of occupations are included as ‘explained factors’ in this first component, like industry, for example, because this implicitly assumes that segregation is due to the voluntary decisions of men and women” (Bergmann, 2004, quoted in Esquivel, 2009, p. 18).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Different groups are not affected in the same way by EPL. Strict EPL for permanent jobs has negative employment effects for vulnerable groups (OECD, 2006). Vulnerable groups are more likely to be on temporary jobs, and, when there is an asymmetry in the legislation between temporary and permanent contracts, are more likely to be hit harder by job destructions in times of crisis. They are also less likely to get training (Wallette, 2005) and earn less than workers with similar characteristics on permanent contracts (OECD, 2012f).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
While practitioners have a right to conscientious objection, the protection of that right must not infringe on women's right to accurate and objective information on contraception. The European Court of Human Rights, for instance, has held that pharmacists may not refuse to sell contraceptives based on their personal religious beliefs.32 The Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its general comment No. Guaranteeing the availability, accessibility, quality and acceptability of these services and medicines is central to ensuring women's sexual and reproductive health rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The chapter also considers the more heterogeneous picture found in key emerging economies where overall, despite declines in some places, inequality remains at very high levels. It then goes on to explore trends in inequalities in wealth and such important determinants of well-being as access to employment, education outcomes and health. Finally, the chapter looks at how multidimensional inequalities tend to be mutually reinforcing, as is suggested by their concentration in disadvantaged areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Hence the opportunity cost of producing cotton lint in Country A is 4 tons of wheat. Similarly, the opportunity cost of producing wheat in Country A is 0.25 tons of cotton lint. The same analysis for Country B reveals that the opportunity cost of producing each ton of cotton lint is 5 tons of wheat, and the opportunity cost of producing each ton of wheat is 0.20 tons of cotton.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The “Educating Entrepreneurs for the World" initiative was started by Patrick Molle, the President of the EM Lyon Business School in 2003. It is part of EM Lyon's vision that entrepreneurship can bring economic and social wealth into societies and whole countries. The initiative is part of a broader set of activities to train and support students allowing them to act as entrepreneurs, social entrepreneurs or entrepreneur managers in different geographical and cultural contexts. The educators' team is part of the EM Lyon's Strategy & Organisation Pedagogy and Research Unit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Some of the thematic fields and figures are, "Violence, means of control by recruiters, traffickers and clients", where 82% of all surveyed women reported emotional abuse, 80% reported physical harm, 72% verbal threats, and 68% experienced being controlled through drugs and alcohol. Another thematic field is Injuries" where the physical health consequences were in focus. The highest rates reported among all surveyed women were 38% for bruises and vaginal bleeding, followed by 33% for internal pain, and 28% for head trauma.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In An NHS Trust and others v Y and another, the Supreme Court was asked to address the question of whether a court order must always be obtained before clinically assisted nutrition and hydration (CANH), which is keeping alive a person with a prolonged disorder of consciousness (PDOC). This case note explores the Court's decision to dispense with the need for such a court order and analyses that important change in approach from the perspective of the right to life protected in Article 2 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) as well as in the broader context of end of life decision-making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this context examine the experience of countries and regions offering endowed professorship programmes for researchers from abroad. Like many OECD countries, Slovenia should strive for a better, more thorough evaluation culture. To facilitate this, documentation and monitoring of programmes and organisations should be made available in at least one widely accessible international language.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Furthermore, the relationship is consistent across a number of major causes of mortality including cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease and, most strongly, for motor vehicle traffic accidents. The notable exception is suicide mortality which is shown to rise when unemployment goes up (Ruhm, 2000). The studies consistently show that economic downturns are associated with a fall in mortality but the strength of the relationship differs between countries and over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Even under the Lei das Cotas, 50% of free places at public institutions will be taken up by well-off students, many of whom could afford to pay for their university education. The international evidence suggests that the introduction of fees does not reduce participation, as long as it accompanied by a decent student support system (which already exists in Brazil under the guise of ProUni and FIES, although they should then be extended to students attending public institutions as well). Alternatively, Andrade (2010) has argued that a targeted voucher system would increase the efficiency of the Brazilian higher education system, as compared with the current system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some areas might even become cooler. This is also likely to be the case in the world’s oceans, climate change will manifest itself in changing ocean currents, and some areas might even get colder because of diversion or changing intensity of currents. In fact, the climate has always varied on long and short time scales and will undoubtedly continue to do so whether or not man-made global warming is occurring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Other diagnostic services include tests such as electrocardiographic diagnosis and effort assessment. These services are not typically independent but components of a health care package, and thus are usually intermediate consumption goods and services. By convention in SHA, their value is not disaggregated: final consumption includes the value of the intermediate consumption components.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Other definitions exist19 but space precludes further discussion. We will discuss the composition of the tourism supply chain in more detail later. This will be explored with reference to the case studies and the key questions that refer to what local supply chains exist, who the main players are, what level of contribution is made along the supply chain and, where possible, the level of local supply and procurement along the tourism value chain. It examines the chain of expenditure and transactions of a commodity and identifies the agents involved as it flows from production to consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Obviously, in such a world the number of undernourished people may remain high. The results present possible futures but need to be interpreted carefully. This is mainly driven by increased demand as the global population increases by 2 billion within the next half century. An evident price increase is observable for high-protein commodities such as beef and poultry: by 2050, prices increase by 23% and 18%, respectively. These results are driven mainly by an increase in the global middle class and the corresponding demand for more meat and higher-quality food.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It also presents challenges in establishing economically efficient water pricing mechanisms. In these cases an irrigation project has the characteristics of a public good, in which several water users can simultaneously consume the services of the project. Finally, the flowing nature of water and its changing physical characteristics as it passes among states in the hydrologic cycle produce high transaction costs in establishing and enforcing property rights to develop, allocate, and use water. In these cases, water services, especially environmental values produced by leaving water in its natural state, may emerge as a common property resource, for which the complete opportunity costs of its use may not face the user.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Firstly, the studies encountered three main types of donors (apart from private sector investors) including (i) traditional DAC donors (ii) multilateral financial institutions (e.g. World Bank, Asian Development Bank) and (iii) other state donors. Many of these have very different and conflicting modes of operating, different and sometimes conflicting mandates, and in some cases competition for 'the best' programmes of the national country strategy. In many cases, and despite best efforts, DAC donors and other donors often limit their interactions to information sharing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The underlying causes of the recent changes in inequality remain subject to debate. Globalisation and technological change are the leading contenders (OECD, 2011a). Structural reforms also affect inequality but their impact depends on the type of reform (Fournier and Koske, 2012). Social transfers and taxes have redistributed income from the upper deciles to the bottom ones, but their equalising role has become less pronounced (Figure 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Oblasts and rayons have their own training centres for professional advancement. This has the potential to effectively identify gaps in employees’ current skills and help them map out training and development plans. Belgium has introduced “development circles” focused on building competencies to achieve personal and organisational goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Hence, total system costs are higher and alternative arrangements induced by public intervention - which may just be confined to discontinuing subsidy payments - would increase total welfare. In several European OECD countries, but particularly in Germany, the advent of large amounts of intermittent electricity generated by solar power and wind power has been leading to large technical externalities with network operators and other producers, including nuclear energy, being forced to accommodate large swings in the production of renewable energy. It has also lead to important financial externalities with average prices tending to be lower and price volatility higher than they would have been otherwise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Extending training to develop more specialised subject content knowledge will also be necessary as outlined above. It runs 17 schools in low- to middle-income neighbourhoods in Santiago. Endowed with a similar level of resources as other private subsidised schools, SIP schools achieve systematically higher SIMCE test scores, with much lower variance, and this is robust to controlling for socio-economic background. In fact, SIP schools’ performance is close to that of private fee-based schools, which serve high-income students with much larger resources as a result of their high fees. There is a selection process for entry based on parent interviews, although not ability tests. A centralised pedagogical department develops tests for all SIP schools to systematically evaluate pupils’ progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Only 12 national level permits have been issued for disposal sites in the Republic of Moldova. The remaining 1,864 disposal sites are operating on a land allocation decision issued by the local council. The landfill at Tintareni was developed according to the 2001 Master Plan for Construction of Solid Waste Landfills prepared by the State Institute of Design (1PROCOM). The reason for cancelling the operation was the end of its lifespan, defined by IPROCOM as being 20 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
A good or service may be valued as a means to reach a specific human-focused end, such as good health, safety, satisfaction or happiness. Instrumental values do not exist in a world without humans, as it is the human valuation that defines this value. For example, we assume that the conservation of historical sites, wetlands, and/or species is motivated by the contribution this makes to individuals' well-being. The goods and services generated by an ecosystem or cultural landscape can create and contribute to people's welfare either by being used directly or indirectly (use value), but can also be valued even if it is not used (non-use value).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Following the implementation of NRDs, a series of best practices have emerged at national level showcasing successful reform. This policy framework for promoting local rice production takes into account rice imports. Customs duties on rice imports have remained relatively high since the peak of the 2007-08 food crisis, although this has done little to significantly undermine consumer demand or alternatively improve the market competitiveness of local rice products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)