albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Standard commission and processing fees are in the range of 1.5-2% of the loan guarantee amount (European Commission, 2006). National Loan Guarantee Funds report, www.ksfp.org.pl/upload/KSFP/RapoTt%20KSFP.pdf (in Polish). As a point of comparison, in 2007-08 the average number of jobs created per guaranteed SME loan in Canada was 2.3 (Industry Canada, 2008). Polish banks are insisting that guarantees be provided for 75% of the loan instead of the assumed 50% (Rzeczpospolita, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Furthermore, it has to be pointed out that regulation can not force industry to collaborate. Specific decisions will always depend on the viability of the individual business case. Better framework conditions will however make it easier to cooperate. In sum, to achieve the benefits of ICT-enabled innovative energy solutions, all stakeholders have to commit, coordinate and cooperate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For the purpose of this analysis, we collapsed these categories into two groups: professionals and non-professionals. So, in this part of the analysis, we include only the 15 countries with sufficiently high parental survey response rates (at least 85 per cent). Within this group of countries, the percentage of children with at least one parent with a professional occupation ranged from 32 per cent in Austria to 70 per cent in Norway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Draining of agricultural land has also intensified nutrient emissions from the soil into groundwaters. As concerns the assessment of the relative share of pollution from diffuse sources, some of the non-EU countries in the region still lack experience on the use of proper evaluation methods or models, which makes the development of management scenarios difficult. The importance of pesticide use varies along the basin: in comparison with the upstream Danube countries, the level of pesticide use in the central and lower Danube countries remains relatively low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
All providers including GPs, hospitals and pharmacies and patients will participate in e-health in which they can share data on patients including their diagnoses, health care services received such as diagnosis and treatment and medication prescribed and purchased. It is anticipated that patients will use a card containing their unique patient ID to pay for all health services and medications, allowing their health care utilisation data to be collected. Providers will need to provide information about patients including their diagnoses, treatment provided and medication prescribed in order to get reimbursed by NHS and this will be linked with the utilisation data in the e-health system. The system should allow' access to health information via the internet, allowing patients to engage more in taking control of their own health conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Teachers, administrators and students might report that there is no gender disparity at their school or university, but this is because we rarely question these norms in our daily lives. And it is only by seeing and acknowledging these norms that change can be brought about. It is therefore useful to consider social differentiation in any planning model, rather than focusing solely on gender differences (Becker, 2009). Although Turkey mandates 8 years of compulsory education, this policy has not increased female participation in this region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This percentage shrinks as income rises, to stand at 14% of the non-vulnerable group. Those who completed primary education but not secondary education make up the largest group (some 45%) among the non-indigent poor and the vulnerable. A large share (41%) of the non-vulnerable completed secondary education but not higher education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The net replacement rate of unemployment insurance benefits could also be brought closer to the international average. Recommendations on promoting a fair sharing of the costs and benefits of adjustment (cont.) Monitor closely the post-programme outcomes (such as job characteristics and earnings) of the activation programmes, and focus spending on those that prove successful. Extend this principle to active job search as the economy improves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, this standard was not always applied in the previous updates. Correcting this lack of harmonisation has led to several revisions of scores in many countries. Third, whenever employers can avoid enforcement of reinstatement orders by simply paying compensation or can choose between compensation and reinstatement, a score equal to 0 is normally attributed to the indicator measuring the extent of reinstatement. Specific methodological features of the 2013 update round and the revision of published indicators (cont.) Published” refers to scores as published in Venn (2009). The summary indicator is obtained as a weighted average of EPRC and EPT, with weights 7/12 and 5/12.The data refer to 2009 in the case of France and Portugal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The case-law of the courts of Romania reveals significant disparities concerning interpretation and application of the two main European sources in the field of human rights - the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the European Convention on Human Rights. That is the reason that the present chapter deals with case-law of Romanian courts concerning the said issue raised in requests for a preliminary ruling, covering both references for a preliminary ruling and judgments rendered by courts of Romania in which those courts rejected such requests. The subject-matter is liable to trigger a heated debate about limits of powers and their exercise by courts in relation to references involving the application of different legal standards - national law, European Union law and the European Convention on Human Rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some programmes provide only short-term safety nets and are designed primarily to provide a basic income to vulnerable individuals in times of need. Other programmes, however, run all year round. They offer longer-term work opportunities and, as a result, a more reliable source of income, typically providing individuals with the equivalent of around 100 days of work per year. Some programmes guarantee each eligible individual a certain amount of work each year (“employment guarantee”) while others still aim to fit in with seasonable labour requirements for other activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
There is a vast amount of literature on Australia in this area that strongly suggests that water trading, especially on short-term markets, not only allows to substantially mitigate the impacts of droughts on agriculture, but is now considered by farmers as a useful and basic instrument in their risk management toolbox. The policy challenges for Australia in the area of water regulation in agriculture is more in the areas of how to fine-tune the existing system and robustness issues related to climate change. While the Australian example illustrates the potential efficiency gains arising from water trading, especially for managing water shortages in drought circumstances, the choice of an instrument must always consider the full range of costs and benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
On the one hand, these trends are reflected in the potential demand that labour force participation can channel into economic growth. On the other, the conditions under which women enter and remain in the labour market will determine their supply-side (i.e. cost-based) contribution to growth. Labour supply functions are calculated using the supply in terms of hours, feminization rates and estimated wages in dynamic economic growth functions. The results indicate that the feminization of the labour force bears a positive relationship with growth but that increases in the labour supply (as measured in hours) does not.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The premise is that the aid effectiveness principles of country ownership, alignment, harmonisation, results and mutual accountability can drive effective climate finance on the expectation that effective outcomes can be enabled through effective national and international processes. Some developing countries have however indicated that climate finance has “ignored” the aid effectiveness principles (Ma, 2013) or remains donor-driven (e.g. Nelson 2013, Norrington-Davies, 2011). Others cite poor access, lack of readiness and the inability to track climate-related results through country systems as barriers to applying the aid effectiveness principles to climate finance in practice (Zou and Ockenden, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Real prices for most other agricultural commodities are also projected to attain levels significantly higher than in the past. Average prices for the ten-year period 2014-24 are projected to be higher than those in the 1992-2006 period by 15% to 35% in real terms for cereals, oilseeds and sugar, by 40% to 60% for poultry meat and dairy products, and by 25% for beef/veal (Figure 2.2). Only pigmeat prices are projected to remain slightly below their 1992-2006 average. Relative to the base period 2000-06, which does not include the above-trend prices of the mid-1990s, the projected increase of real prices in the coming ten-year period is even larger, for some products reaching as much as 80% (Figure 2.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As these forest carbon projects play out on the ground, they have tried to meet global sustainability needs but have often excluded local forest users and undermined their livelihoods, thereby contributing to dispossession (Corbera and Brown, 2008, Corbera and Schroeder, 2010). The result is often greater inequality and injustice for local users vis-a-vis external agencies and global actors. A recent study on REDD+* concludes that women are not "key stakeholders or beneficiaries of REDD+ because of their invisibility in the forest sector — largely viewed as a masculine domain" (Women Organizing for Change in Agriculture and Natural Resource Management and others, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In more developed regions, 98 per cent of Governments had adopted both legal measures and policies to prevent domestic violence, compared to 71 per cent with legal measures, 87 per cent with policies and 65 per cent with both among Governments in less developed regions. This proportion was also relatively low in Africa (68 per cent) and Asia (69 per cent). Four Governments in Africa and five Governments in Asia did not have any legal provisions or policies to prevent domestic violence (table III.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The study faulted a nexus of forest officials, politicians and privileged local individuals, but there is still disagreement as to who are the key culprits. Some, like IUCN’s Malla, see these numbers as applying to the plains, but not to the hills, where, Malla claims, “less than one per cent, or less than 0.5 per cent” of community forests have been subject to illegal logging. Contributing to this is an open border with India, where there are stricter logging regulations and higher timber prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As such, the impact will likely be uneven across Emerging Asia. Other potential effects could come in the form of increased price pressures and disruption in supply channels leading to difficulties in disposing inventories. Though it is challenging to pin down the speed of adjustments and the patterns of re-allocation caused by the trade tensions, the export data of Thailand and Viet Nam by commodity and partner country yield some notable findings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Until December 2006, the same variation was applied to both lines. As of 2007, however, the indigence line has been adjusted to reflect changes in the foodstuffs component of the CPI, whereas the part of the poverty line that corresponds to non-food spending is adjusted to reflect changes in that component of the CPI. From 2007 onwards, therefore, the differential between the indigence and poverty lines is no longer constant. In line with its usual practice, ECLAC made corrections to account for a lack of response to some income-related questions (in the case of wage-earners, self-employed workers and retirees) and for probable biases that stem from underreporting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Note: For the definition of the EDI, see footnote 5. The consequences are that the energy intensity of economies rises in tandem with the process of structural transformation, which can also be observed on a sectoral basis. The energy intensity in the three major economic sectors is systematically higher in ODCs than in LDCs and higher in developed countries than in ODCs (figure 2.10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To the extent that tracking UI recipients may be infeasible in emerging economies with substantial informal sectors, UI may be considered a form of severance pay with periodic payments (Parsons, 2010). The emphasis is on the effects of unemployment compensation systems on individual labour outcomes in partial equilibrium, in line with much of the evaluation literature. However, general-equilibrium effects can be very important. To a limited extent, these are discussed in Section 4.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In 2009, former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori was convicted by the Peruvian Supreme Court to 25 years’ imprisonment as an indirect perpetrator of serious human rights violations amounting to crimes against humanity committed under his presidency in 1991 and 1992. The conviction is based on the theory of control/domination of the act by virtue of an organized power apparatus (autor|¤a mediata por dominio de la voluntad en aparatos de poder organizados/mittelbare Ta«terschaft kraft Willensherrschaft in organisatorischen Machtapparaten) demonstrating once again that this theory is a serious option to hold criminal leaders to account. The article gives a brief overview of the background of the case and then moves on to analyze Fujimori’s responsibility from a national and international criminal law perspective, focusing in particular on the evidentiary issues and the five requirements of Organisationsherrschaft set out by the Peruvian SupremeCourt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Funding is provided for projects and activities that align with these regional plans. The government appropriates SEK 1.5 billion annually to support regional growth measures, and is mostly used alongside other funding sources from the region, municipalities, and the European Union. Rural policy in Sweden is defined in a narrow sense at the moment, to a large extent around the parameters of CAP Pillar 2 funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
If sampling bias is not accounted for, results can be erroneously attributed to the phenomenon under study rather than to the method of sampling. In the case of measuring AfT flows, the dominance of certain sectors and CRS codes may be partially accounted for by the dominance of certain developing countries in the AfT data, whose policy priorities may in turn be skewing AfT statistics away from emphasising trade adjustment needs. Table 13.8 shows the income distribution of the top 50 AfT recipients in the CRS database for 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Off-balance-sheet classification of many PFI projects lias meant that there have been budgetary incentives for departments to use private finance. The portfolio of current PFI projects across government (as of 31 March 2015) includes 722 PFI projects, of which 171 were carried out by the Department of Education and 125 by the Department of Health1. A current example for the use of PF2 is the Priority Schools Building Programme. Therefore, the aggregator model was introduced, grouping schools into batches to attract both bank debt and capital markets to fund required rebuilding or repair.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
By contrast, the number of fixed telephone lines decreased by about 1.5 per cent as more people are opting to use only mobile cellular networks or bundled Internet and voice services.1 In developing countries, where fixed-line telephone services have been undersupplied and of poor quality in many locations, the spread of mobile cellular service continues to be rapid, having grown by an estimated 17 per cent between 2009 and 2010. In 2000, developing countries accounted for only about 40 per cent of global subscriptions to mobile services, but by 2010 their share had increased to 73 per cent. Between 2008 and 2009, mobile cellular penetration in developing countries surpassed the 50 per cent mark, and by end-2010, it had reached an estimated 68 per 100 inhabitants (figure 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, extensive VET investment has not yet yielded changes in the proportion of students undertaking upper secondary VET, and with enrolment rates at 27% in 2015-2016, the 2017 is unlikely to be met. According to OECD (2017[47]), the lack of continuity in implementation of all types of externally-supported large-scale VET projects beyond the initial funding cycle is seen by officials as compromising their success. Projects have a fixed length of generally no more than five years, which is a short period to set up proper institutional mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Women continue to suffer from unequal treatment and condescending attitudes. Women politicians do not yet enjoy the decision-making power of their male counterparts. In Iraq, for example, no women took part in negotiations to reach a compromise government after the parliamentary elections of 2010, and the Ministry of Women’s Affairs is only a state’s cabinet with no allocated budget. The judgement was followed, on 6 June that year, by three similar rulings for the benefit of other students. The judgements prevented the university from refusing to accept women students to certain departments based solely on the university's admission policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2011, it launched a professional development programme for current and aspiring school leaders (Plan de Formacion de Directores) - but there are some concerns about the quality of the training on offer. It has also introduced an induction process for school leaders recruited through the new standardised recruitment process for public schools. The creation of two national school leadership centres promises to support the development of the school leadership profession further.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the fishing villages of Navagaon in Maharashtra in India, for instance, all fish processing activities take place on community land, whose unofficial ownership and management lies with the traditional village-level governance body, or panchayat. This land is divided among fishing families, and passed down to the daughters-in-law of the house. These drying areas may be rented out to others for drying fish, but they cannot be sold, as the community owns the land. Women invest in the maintenance of these fishing grounds and contribute their own labour. Customary rights over this land are fiercely maintained by the fishing community (Peke, 2016a). Thus, customary practices help to retain control over assets necessary for fish processing, and prevent them from being diverted to other purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The number of people exposed to water-related hazards, together with storms, lies in the billions. Land-related disasters, such as droughts, landslides and wildfires, are other major factors affecting people’s lives and their livelihoods. Importantly, the impacts of these climate hazards are not distributed evenly across countries, or across and within population groups in countries. This is a critical fact underlying the association between climate change and inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In 2012 the highest earning 10% of households accounted for 42% of total income, and the lowest earning 10% responded for just 1% (World Development Indicators, 2014). Brazilian agriculture has seen strong growth for over three decades. Total agricultural output has more than doubled in volume compared to its level in 1990 and livestock production has almost trebled, primarily on the basis of productivity improvements. The sector makes an important contribution to the country’s trade balance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Public environment-related R&D expenditure has been more or less constant as a share of public R&D spending in OECD countries. The development and diffusion of environmental technologies, as measured through patent data, is generally increasing across countries in all areas of importance to green growth. Yet progress is uneven across countries, and is unlikely to deliver major changes in key environmental domains (OECD, 2014a). Given that a large majority of “green” innovations are developed in a small number of countries, achieving greater global diffusion will be essential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The poverty line is 50% of median equivalised disposable income in each year. The poverty line is fixed at 50% of median equivalised household disposable income in 2005 and adjusted for inflation. The Reynolds-Smolensky index shows the difference between the counterfactual value of the Gini coefficient in the absence of all 2010-12 austerity measures being assessed relative to its value after the implementation of the austerity policy in question.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Norwegian Expert Commission on Values of Ecosystem Services was appointed in October 2011. The inquiry found that this work may in itself provide an important basis for decisions. Furthermore, measuring the value of ecosystem services in monetary terms can sometimes help make them visible and ensure that benefits of biodiversity and ecosystem services are effectively taken into account in decision making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Abstract The global governance of labor migration reflects two major trends: one supports neoliberal migration management priorities and another addresses human rights, with the latter subordinated to the former. This subordination of human rights to other, market-related, priorities parallels global governance priorities in general. While some international organizations address the need for protection of migrant rights, their specific on-the-ground programs do not match the rhetoric. This study demonstrates this disconnection on the basis of an analysis of interviews with representatives of global governance institutions and international nongovernmental organizations conducted between 2007 and 2010 in the Latin American and Caribbean region and at the headquarters of relevant international organizations in Geneva. Furthermore, the study argues that because the discourse on migrant women's rights and their labor exploitation is framed predominantly in the context of trafficking, little headway is made i...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such statistics, produced on a regular and coordinated basis, are essential for monitoring populations at risk and informing integrated climate impact assessments. In the case of weather events, for example, linkage is difficult to establish but there is currently considerable progress being made in attribution research (Cornwall, 2016, Solow, 2015). The international definition of disaster for statistical purposes has been established by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, in cooperation with the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) based in Louvain, Belgium.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)