albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Written from a vantage point in between Security Studies, Political Theory, and Governance Studies, this article attempts to theorize the current mobilization of civil society for the purposes of “national security,” “risk precaution,” or “homeland resilience” as the emergence of a neo-republican form of security governance—a mode of governance more reliant on organicist means of social construction than on economic or individualist instruments of social control. We argue that if the discipline of International Relations (IR) wishes to understand the nature of this emerging security order, it needs to assume a more cross-disciplinary approach and to develop a much richer idea of republicanism as not only a political philosophy but also a practice of governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is no data to tell us whether these effects continue into adolescence. Over 80 per cent of all three generations reported harmonious relations between generations. Research in KwaZulu-Natal found that grandmothers perceive themselves as important in building families, educating younger generations, and providing generational continuity (Cattell, 1997). A survey of rural women in the same province with an average age of 51 years suggested that most of them felt empowered when they took responsibility for important family decisions including the education of grandchildren (Moller, 1996).These women were proud to be homemakers and of adopting the 'traditional male' role as providers of the family if their men were unemployed. Poverty was identified as the core driver behind most of these changes, examples including families seeking to benefit financially from their daughters marrying before they lose their virginity. A second driver was the gradual loss of traditions such as the initiation rites for boys, where manhood is proved by fending for themselves in the bush, and instruction to girls on sexual matters by their madrinha (godmothers), and the absence of replacements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For 2016, NEDA was tasked to start the pre-work of drafting the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) (up to 2022) for the next presidential term. This w ill serve as the basis of the Philippine Investment Plan and all other regional, provincial and local development plans and investment programmes. In the section on priority legislation, BIOFIN lobbied for the inclusion of the Expanded NIPAS (National Integrated Protected Areas System) Act, Philippine Genetic Resources Access and Benefit Sharing, and proposed amendments to the use of the Malampaya Fund towards biodiversity conservation as priority environment and natural resources legislation supporting PDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This section focuses mostly on the expropriation and compensation mechanisms of local communities when a large investor is granted agricultural land where the former had land use rights. Land acquisition may lead to involuntary resettlement and investors may be negatively impacted in their reputation and operations if they are connected to an expropriation for which the state has not paid fair compensation (FAO, 2013). However, the existing legislation in Myanmar does not establish the necessary safeguards for expropriation and fair compensation, as demonstrated by the numerous reports on land conflicts published in the media over the last months.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While columns (2) and (4) use GII as a proxy for gender inequality in outcomes, column (3) uses gender gaps in education and labour force participation. First, the exogeneity of income per capita is rejected by the Wu-Hausman test at the 5% level. Second, the two instruments have significant explanatory power on the level of gender-based discrimination in social institutions, while they are not correlated with income per capita. Indeed, the correlation coefficient between the CEDAW date of ratification and the SIGI and income per capita are respectively equal to 0.58 (significant at 10% level) and 0.11 (not significant), and the correlation coefficient between the percentage of respondents declaring that men make better political leaders than women and the SIGI and income per capita are respectively equal to 0.62 (significant at 10% level) and 0.19 (not significant).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Provision of affordable private rental housing can be supported through additional instruments such as supply-side grants, rental guarantees, tax relief to tenants for rental costs and tax relief to landlords for rental income. However, little data are available on the design of these instruments and on the level of public support provided. It will be important for governments to understand how access to good-quality affordable housing can be supported through this sector. Data are not yet robust enough to provide a comprehensive cross-country analysis of the distribution of public spending across various housing policy categories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This paper builds upon the sport for development scholarship that critically explores how Western ideals of gender and sport are mobilized within sport development campaigns. This growing body of development scholarship (e.g. Hayhurst, 2013, “Girls as the ‘New’ Agents of Social Change? Exploring the ‘Girl Effect’ Through Sport, Gender and Development Programs in Uganda,” Sociological Research Online, 18 [2], Chawansky, 2012, “Good Girls Play Sports: International Inspiration and the Construction of Girlhood,” Feminist Media Studies 3: 473–476) critically examines the taken-for-granted liberatory character that frequently accompanies accounts of sport's allegedly progressive role in supporting gender equity. Grounded in this scholarship and transnational feminist sensibilities, this paper critically examines the rhetoric to inspire and assist women in ‘developing’ nations, via the US State Department's global ‘Empowering Women and Girls Through Sports’ diplomacy campaign. Rather than focusing on those who ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Water Convention fosters sustainable management of shared water resources through stable and predictable cooperation. An important obligation for Parties to achieve the Convention’s aims is to carry out. Indeed, accurate assessments of the status of water resources, and the nature and magnitude of water problems, are essential for preparing proper policy actions at the local, national and transboundary levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
After all, such differences normally depend on the design and therefore translate into physical characteristics. More importantly, consumers in these markets may have compelling reasons, environmental or economic, to prefer energy or fuel efficient goods. Regulations and labelling programmes to do with energy efficiency and based on (few) international standards set by the International Electrotechnical Commission or the ones that follow closely the guidelines, methodologies and best practices developed by expert bodies such as the US-led Collaborative Labelling and Appliance Standards Programme (CLASP), and the APEC Energy Standards Information System (ESIS) are less likely to be challenged as unnecessary obstacles to trade within the meaning of the TBT Agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The effort to engage communities at the stage of policy implementation will benefit from the presence of existing social networks which can be effectively mobilized to disseminate information, for example, health messages (Frumkin and McMichael, 2008) and to improve monitoring of results. Sharing of information derived from climate impact assessments can be a means of influencing action and strengthening systemic resilience (see chap. The Growth Corridor integrates several stakeholders—the private sector, government and civil society —within a common platform in order to achieve the multiple objectives of increasing agricultural productivity, improving food security and protecting local livelihoods and ecosystems (United Nations, 2013, p. 100).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
At the beginning of 2015, it grasped the opportunity offered by falling world oil prices to scrap its existing petrol and diesel price-setting regime. In India, it is estimated that the implicit subsidy on oil is seven times higher for the richest 10% of households than the poorest 10% (OECD, 2014g) and yet reform often faces public resistance. Greening infrastructure is required to avoid technology lock-in over the long term. For example, a coal-fired power station that comes on line today is likely to last 50-60 years, locking in local impacts from air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions for decades to come unless its economic life is prematurely curtailed (Corfee-Morlot et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This chapter discusses the context, main issues and policies adopted across OECD countries to promote development of skills required for post-secondary education or for entering the labour market. The policies examined comprise those ensuring effective completion of upper secondary education, delivering quality vocational education and training (VET), improving the quality of tertiary education, and strengthening and facilitating transitions across education pathways and into the labour market. The reforms vary across countries, as they are influenced by context, traditions, institutional settings and specific national and regional challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This year, special efforts were made to identify the impact of uncertainties surrounding milk yields in Oceania (reflecting milk yield uncertainties from grass-fed livestock systems) on milk production and world dairy product markets. The analysis is only partial in that it does not capture all the sources of variability that affected agricultural markets in the past. For example, uncertainty related to animal diseases is not captured.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Thus, Gunnarsson concludes that many of the young women might consider finding occupation within the same industry as their mothers, however, most of them will aim at higher posts and full time employment as opposed to their mother's who would often have been content with part-time positions - and part-time positions are now scarce in the peripheral areas. It is a well-known phenomenon that areas with poor labour markets will have a surplus of men. One explanation for this is that women are more likely to move away (Johansson, Stenbacka and Nordfeldt 2 005: 35, own translation). The women who choose to live in the region often have permanent employment in the public sector whereas a large proportion of the men are either unemployed or in short term employments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The basin area of the Vila-joki River is 344 km2, covering parts of Finland (73.4%) and Russia (26.6%). In the Finnish part of both of the basins, there arc several lakes and a few regulated reservoir dams. The basin area of the Vaalimaanjoki River is 245 km2, mostly situated in Finland (97.4%) On the Finnish side of the border, there are some old water and saw-mill structures, which are no longer in use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Additional examples include measures such as environmental investment subsidies and tax credits (e.g. by the government of the Netherlands, among others). For example, governments could create economic incentives for more sustainable product design and end-of-life material collection, remanufacturing and recovery. Strategies could include research and development incentives, building of collection infrastructure and promoting public education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The report shows that high and/or increasing levels of inequality of outcomes, as observed in many OECD and emerging economies, tend to be an obstacle to income and social mobility. In this context, it is not surprising that there is a growing perception in opinion surveys that societies and economies have become less mobile and this is fuelling growing dissatisfaction with the economic system and hindering social cohesion and political enchantment. It also reviews policies to foster more socially mobile societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Despite the fact that twenty-fi rst century statistics on war, genocide, and political violence have been moving in a positive rather than a negative direction (Human Security Centre 2006, 1–9), this is neither generating higher levels of individual or collective well-being, any heightened sense of national or global security, nor any greater sense of social and economic justice. On the contrary an increasing number of individuals and groups in the industrialized North are facing an “epidemic of depression” and there are growing levels of fear and uncertainty about the future (Seligman 2005, 210).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The results are typically also expected to inform future professional development. All states and territories have existing statutory teacher registration authorities responsible for registering teachers as competent for practice. The levels of teaching accreditation vary according to the jurisdiction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The second phase of EEC (2005-2008) raised the total savings required to 130TWh. The UK Emissions Trading Scheme closed in 2006 and was replaced by the EU’s that aims at ensuring compliance with the Kyoto obligations. Under the EU system, member states proposed National Allocation Plans (NAPs) to the European Commission, allocating a set proportion of a country’s total 2008-2012 emission budget to sectors covered by the scheme, tradable quotas were then divided among firms (www.eea.europa.eu/pressroom/newsreleases/questions-and-answers-on-key). From 2008 all new homes must be rated against the Code and government-funded social housing (from 2010) must comply with its Level 3, which requires a 25% improvement in energy efficiency compared with 2006 regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In some countries (e.g. Australia, the United Kingdom to a lesser extent), cash transfers are small in size but highly targeted on those in need. In some others (e.g. France or Germany), large transfers redistribute income mainly over the life-cycle rather than across individuals, and their progressivity is often low. But progressivity could be strengthened by cutting back tax expenditures that benefit mainly high-income groups (e.g. tax relief on mortgage interest).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Indeed, the level of slack exceeds the rise in unemployment because hours worked have been cut for workers who have remained employed, while other potential workers have withdrawn from (or remained outside of) the labour market in response to poor job-search prospects. Estimates of these other forms of slack are discussed later in this section, after a fuller analysis of the impact of the recession on conventional employment and unemployment measures. The increase in unemployment has been especially sharp in Spain and Ireland, just over 10 and 8 percentage points, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The Virginia Plan, largely formulated by Madison, provided for paramountcy of the national government over the states. Representation in the national legislature would be based on popular election. While the separation of powers was part of the Plan, federalism—state sovereignty and representation in the national system of government—was not. Two groups of states objected. The smaller states demanded equality of representation in the upper house of the bicameral legislature, and the slave states demanded an increment in voting power in the lower house, based on their slave population. The larger states capitulated, and federalism was reintroduced into the C onstitution, with equality of state representation in the Senate and the three-fifths increment for slave states in the House. The Electoral College system for choosing the executive also reflected the federal character of the constitutional design.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Previous studies of international environmental treaty ratification show that corruption and lobbyists to be influential in the ratification process. Using the Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters as the focus, this article demonstrates that interaction of corrupt governments and increasing numbers of lobbyists hasten the ratification of the Aarhus Convention. It also demonstrates that past participation in environmental treaties, as well as government effectiveness (a measure of bureaucratic competence and public service delivery quality), both have negative influences on the ratification of the Aarhus Convention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At the top of the range, claims under unfair dismissal legislation are not normally possible until the worker1 s job tenure has reached 24 months in the United Kingdom. The median maximum time for lodging a claim is two months from the effective date of dismissal in OECD countries. However, in a number of countries (Austria, Denmark, Hungary, Slovenia, Switzerland and Hirkey) the maximum time period for lodging a complaint is so short that, in practice, claims must be filed immediately after dismissal notification and before dismissal takes effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Moral hazard arises when individuals can influence the risk being insured, and this happens when, given the possibility of receiving higher benefits, the duration of unemployment and the chances of severance tend to increase. That effect has been detected in empirical studies performed in Canada, France, Spain, Sweden, and the United States. Despite those positive effects, the studies in question made various assumptions about the level of moral hazard, risk aversion and the possibilities of saving and lending money, which are not necessarily valid in all circumstances and countries, but can alter some of the findings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Expressing the results in this form stresses the importance of reducing losses for the larger cities. By comparison, the average of the 20 water companies in the UK loose 7m3/km/d, ten times less than in Chisinau (Moldova). There have been some improvements in recent years, such as in Ukraine, Moldova or Armenia (which started from very low levels), but performance has sharply deteriorated in Georgia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The social and economic circumstances of the two states are broadly similar, hence they can here be considered together. Indeed it is particularly useful to do that, to draw attention to parallels in practice and policy. The 2001 Population Census showed a total population of 174,140, but it was about 184,000 at the time of writing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The management of forests that belong to national parks is carried out by the Public Enterprise "Sume RS". The Council brings together representatives of the Ministry (Deputy Minister), the Forest and Hunting Inspectorate, the municipalities and the Public Enterprise "Sume RS". Forest control at the entity level is provided by the independent Administration for Inspection Activities of Republika Srpska, which includes forestry and hunting inspection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In urban areas in Emerging Asia, fine particulate air pollution in excess of WHO guideline level is estimated to cause an additional 1.5 million premature deaths per year (Table 3.2). Most of these deaths occur in the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China) (767 772) and India (614 522), due to their large urban populations and high levels of exposure to air pollution. The welfare costs associated with this increased mortality totalled USD 1.28 trillion in 2015 dollars.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Among other things, it considers how responsibilities for school organisation and operation are distributed, how school quality assurance and development are structured (e.g. school self-evaluation, externality in quality assurance), how school leadership is organised, distributed and prepared, how resources in schools are organised to create environments conducive to effective teaching and learning (e.g. organisation of learning, outreach to parents and communities), and how school facilities and materials are used to support such environments (e.g. use of school facilities outside instruction hours). In Uruguay, 41.4% of 15-year-olds sitting the PISA 2012 assessment were enrolled in lower secondary education, and 58.6% in upper secondary education. Almost all students who sat the PISA assessment followed a general programme (97.3%) (OECD, 2013a, Tables IV.2.4 and IV.2.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The trend of the prevalence of overweight is almost stable, with a slight decrease in 2014 and 2016 with respect to the previous rounds: the prevalence of obesity shows, instead, a steadily decreasing trend. However, profound regional differences still remain, with southern regions such as Calabria, Campania and Molise showing rates of overweight and obesity above 40%, while northern regions remain below 25%. The Okkio report identifies large regional differences in the availability of gyms in schools, initiatives for the promotion of healthier eating habits, and the percentage of schools that offer lunch, which is generally thought to result in healthier meals (below 50% in the south compared to 90% in the north).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Actively trying to source attractive investments that promote solutions to sustainability issues, APG invests, for example, in alternative energy, clean technologies and micro-credits. Furthermore, improving energy efficiency in the Real Estate sector is one of APG’s focus areas. At the COP-15 summit in December 2009, ATP pledged €1 billion to a new climate change fund for investing in emerging economies, with an open invitation to other European investors to join it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Historically, economic development has usually been accompanied by higher emigration rates.32 As countries develop, rates of emigration tend to rise before they fall. Emigration rates in middle-income countries have been found to triple those of low-income countries. Furthermore, in developing countries at the early or intermediate stages of the demographic transition, emigration is spurred by the large cohorts of relatively well-educated young people entering the labour market. Migration can also propel economic development through increased labour productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Among these factors is new technology, developed and adopted as a result of agricultural research and extension. This stream of residual values was expressed in constant year 2000 dollar terms by dividing the nominal values by the GNP deflator. Compounding forward at a real interest rate of 3% per annum, the stream of residual values is equivalent to a one-time payment of USD 7 335 billion in 2002, an enormous benefit from improved agricultural productivity in the United States during the post-WWII period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Papua New Guinea is currently a member of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and has observer status in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Papua New Guinea’s exports to China, for example, increased from $122 million in 2001 to $817 million in 2011 on the back of increasing Chinese demand for Papua New Guinea’s petroleum products. Meanwhile the exports of Solomon Islands to China, dominated by timber logs, reached $348.4 million in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)