albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, his analysis did not explicitly consider either gender or the provision of care (Razavi 2007, Orloff 1996). This group includes New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States and, to a lesser extent, Australia and Canada. The most extreme variant is the US model, where markets supplement a very basic public safety net that is highly targeted (Esping-Anderson 1996). The result from a gender inequality perspective is a sort of two-tiered system of social welfare, with men’s insurance centred on labour market issues and women’s being family-related and primarily means-tested social assistance (Orloff 1996).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Of course, it is not guaranteed that every organisation w'hich deals with at least two different issues addresses the complexities of metropolitan area governance in a meaningful way. Nevertheless, the distinction between organisations that focus on one issue and organisations that focus on many issues is an operationally useful and objective w'ay to identify organisations that work across individual policy fields. The national government reintroduced municipalities as the basic building block of subnational government in 1990 as part of the process of restoring democratically elected governments. Municipalities were given significant responsibility for local administration and planning, with each municipality having independence from oversight by other municipalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It is important to overcome those barriers. Families and communities have to be involved, as well as systematic actions at district and national levels, to improve adolescents’ access to skilled care services. However, countries are at different stages of health system development and access to facility care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Although they may never fully compensate for the loss in income, they can smooth their consumption to some extent, thereby decreasing fluctuations in consumption. However, the more children living in a household, the greater the poverty risk and the lower the ability to smooth consumption (World Bank 2010b). For poor households, the strategies available are even more limited and can have detrimental effects impacting their well-being in the future, leading to chronic poverty and the transmission of poverty over generations (Ravallion 2009, Ortiz et al. For the poorest households, subsistence farming may be a viable option.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, professional standards are an expression of what a profession stands for - its objectives, its expectations of members in meeting those objectives, the career path and the level of commitment members of the profession make to the community they serve. The Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership’s (AITSL) National Professional Standards for Teachers describe w'hat is expected of teachers across the four career stages: Graduate, Proficient, Highly Accomplished and Lead (AITSL, 2016). The General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTC, 2012) goes further. The GTC has developed an overarching career-long standard or nest of standards which regulate the career path from provisional registration as a teacher to full registration, career-long professional learning, middle leadership and then full school leadership (see Box 3.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Numbers of new IDPs also surged in 2017 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq and South Sudan. Such displacement tends to be temporary (IDMC, 2018c) (Figure 4.1b). A machine learning tool reads, filters and analyses news and UN or non-government reports and extracts information, which is then validated (I DMC, 2018d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The plan will be adjusted based on careful monitoring of the drivers of risk to obviate the need for emergency measures (Wong and others, 2014, box 5-1). It may be noted that the newly revised estimates of the speed of melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet highlighted above has implications for the options under the plan. This stems from the fact that incremental policies designed to address immediate needs must be consistent with longer-term investments and initiatives aimed at facilitating the more substantial transformative changes required to address the underlying determinants of poverty, marginalization and vulnerability to climate hazards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the final section, the chapter recommends economic policy pathways for the future. In the 2011 Global Monitoring Report of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, it is noted that, while countries that had higher per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in 1990 were more likely to have better performance in MDG indicators, an even better predictor is the rate of per capita GDP growth. “ Countries that have reached or are on track to reach the targets show, on average, the fastest per capita GDP growth over 1990-2009” (World Bank, 2011a, p. 4). Economic growth is generally found to be supportive of progress towards achieving the MDGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It appeared that an informal grouping on sustainability was beginning to take place and this could be the first step to a more strategic group as appetite for a more senior group develops. In order to do this the LDA worked alongside Innovas and DTZ to define and develop a working definition of the low carbon economy and the number, type and skills levels of low carbon jobs in the London labour market. This Innovas study draws from over 720 sources. It includes activities undertaken by companies across the whole environmental supply chain, from R&D, through manufacturing into distribution, retail, installation and maintenance services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In a number of developing countries, the gap is narrowed by an array of microcredit and other financing arrangements targeted specifically at women and often administered by international agencies or NGOs. They are not, however, substitutes for the equitable treatment of loan requests from male and female entrepreneurs by the regular financial institutions and banks. Hence the need to collect more gender-specific data in this area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This finding highlights that male and female incentives to migrate differ, suggesting gender-sensitive migration factors. Additional control variables are included: distance, contiguity, population of origin and destination countries, income and language differentials, female education and female unemployment rates in origin and destination countries. The exclusion variable in the selection equation is diplomatic exchange. ***, **,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, in 2007, the same public official served as the Plenipotentiary of Ukraine for the Agreement of 1994 with the Republic of Moldova and for the Agreement of 1997 with Romania. In 2001, these commissions signed a Memorandum of Understanding. The Joint Danube-Black Sea Technical Working Group was established to support the implementation of the Memorandum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Secondly, the range of species to be commercially hunted includes the same species whose conservation status has always been adversely influenced by poaching and illegal trophy hunting, namely, the Siberian ibex and Marco Polo sheep. In 2011, the park’s 54 staff included only 19 rangers, the recruitment of 10 more rangers was planned for 2013. Park rangers are not properly equipped for area patrolling.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Appraisal constitutes one opportunity for giving feedback on school leader’s efforts to assume wider leadership tasks and responsibilities and can be used to point school leaders towards opportunities to engage in activities that may help improve the wider system. Research has increasingly stressed the benefits of using multiple tools to form a fair, valid and reliable picture of a school leader’s performance from a comprehensive perspective. However, school leaders and evaluators need to have the necessary capacity and competence to choose suitable instruments and understand fairness, reliability and validity concerns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This adversely affected their ability to participate in skill training, employment and other activities. Second, labour market restructuring led to an increase in the role of women as “labour of last resort” concentrated in low-wagejobs lacking social benefits. Third, tensions from economic hardship and shifting gender roles in the family gave rise to domestic and other forms of violence against women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Fast increases in productivity will therefore be key to sustained economic growth in the long run. Following the footsteps of resource-rich OECD countries, such as Australia and Norway, which have successfully managed the transition from resource extraction to high-productivity services-based economies, will require structural reforms in these areas. There is also room to enhance the country’s long-term growth performance by better utilising labour resources, as the labour market participation of women and youth remains low from an OECD perspective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Furthermore, any time a poverty threshold expressed in per capita terms is used, there is a tendency to underestimate the minimum amount needed to cover the basic needs of those who live alone, as is often the case of older persons (see box 1.5). In most of the countries in the region, the poverty femininity index is higher than 1.0.11 The highest index ratings are in Argentina, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Panama and Uruguay, where the poverty rate of women is 1.15 times or more that of men. Several countries have seen the gap widen between men and women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article examines one initiative aimed at taking advantage of new technologies to build new transnational connections between a political movement in the “homeland” and a diaspora population in the United States. It analyzes an initiative by Ulster loyalists in Northern Ireland to mobilize Americans of Ulster Protestant descent in support of their cause, while simultaneously attempting to undermine the American support base of their Irish nationalist opponents. By contrast with Irish nationalists, Ulster loyalists have never had significant support networks in the United States. This attempt to mobilize a distant diaspora has met with little success. This article argues that loyalist understandings of their imagined audience in the United States are built on a misleading caricature of Irish-American support networks for Irish republicans. These misunderstandings direct loyalists towards a strategy that places undue weight on the role of homeland propaganda in converting shared ancestry into political ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As these activities increase, risks to marine and coastal ecosystems will also increase. To this end, the management of chemicals and waste (Target 12.4) will be critical and it is important that countries honour treaties related to marine pollution (see Goal 12). The IAEG-SDGs proposed 14 indicators to monitor this goal, of which three are Tier 1 indicators (see Appendix 2.1). Given the breadth of targets and the limited relevant Tier 1 indicators to cover them, an overall assessment for Goal 15 is not possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The term covers basic research, applied research and experimental development. Demonstration is a fundamental part of the development of new technologies and is defined as a project involving an innovation operated at or near full scale in a realistic environment to aid policy or promote the use of innovation (OECD, 2012a) and to show the viability of its application to manufacturers and potential buyers. Industrial priorities for R&D focus on shorter term, incremental improvements designed to maximise returns on these investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A high value (near the outer circle of the diagram) indicates good performance. Dhaka, Ho Chi Minh City, Surabaya and Surat. The development of a joint monitoring framework is spearheaded by UN-Habitat in collaboration with various partners, and spells out a budgeted activity plan covering the next few years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The drawback is that they may provide weak incentives to maintain or improve the quality of care. Fee-for-service and salary schemes are likely to lead to overprovision of healthcare. However, there have been attempts within fee-for-service schemes to limit cost increases by reducing fees and combining them with hard budget constraints (Moreno Serra, 2013, Paris and Devaux, 2010). Under the GPs' fundholding policy, GPs could choose to have a fixed budget to finance some types of elective surgery for their patients and retain any surplus.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Correspondingly, the target groups of these community services are very broad, including also milder disorders. The position of psychiatrists and psychologists within the service system varies widely across countries. Correspondingly, the characteristics of patients in private specialised practice differ.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Contributing authors: Lars Gamfeldt, Hege Gundersen, Susanna Jernberg, Pia Norling, Hannele llvessalo-Lax, Michael Koie Poulsen, Jan Sorensen, Tero Mustonen, Guri Sogn Andersen, Marie Kvarnstrom, Anna-Stiina Heiskanen, Hakan Tunon. Important habitats across the Nordic coastal region include sea grass beds, kelp forests, blue mussel beds and soft sediments. Declines in sea grass have occurred since the 1970's, most likely due to eutrophication and overfishing. Norwegian kelp forests are recovering following severe losses in the 1960-1970's, most likely due to increased water temperature and changes in grazing pressure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For these agencies, it is assumed that all their activities support STI. In total, the analysis includes developing activities from 77 providers. While core funding to a multilateral agency may indirectly support STI-related activities performed within that agency, it difficult to determine the share of core funding dedicated to these activities from support to other programmes within the same agency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, we believe attention must now shift to the implementation agenda and to policy sequencing. This includes translating the goals into practical action by the WTO members within the existing framework of multilaterally agreed trade rules. In this regard, the outcomes from the 10,h WTO Ministerial Conference (MC10) reflected in the “Nairobi package” were sub-optimal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, Vol. Jahrhunderts” (Social exclusion of people with mental disorders. Balance and outlook of community psychiatry at the beginning of the 21st century), Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie, Vol. Repper (2000), “Employment, Social Inclusion and Mental Health”, Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, Vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Two separate appeals to the Supreme Court from the High Court of Justiciary in Scotland relating to whether the failure of the prosecution to disclose certain information about prosecution witnesses amounted to unfair proceedings contrary to Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Emergency services need to provide care even if annual quotas for specific services are already filled, for example, so the number of such cases can provide some indication of whether quotas are appropriately set. The origin and ultimate destination of patients can also provide an indication of whether capacity in various levels of care is adequate, both in terms of access and quality of care. In 2013, there were 3.1 practicing doctors per 1 000 population, close to the OECD average of 3.2, and a slight increase from 2000 when there were 2.9 practicing doctors per 1 000 population in Latvia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Convergence in intensity of labour market participation: this scenario accounts for the difference in usual working hours between the genders and assumes that the male participation rate remains constant at its 2010 level, while the female full-time equivalent participation rate (see notes to Figure 1.2) increases to equal the full-time equivalent rate for men by 2030. Educational attainment is expressed as years of schooling completed (Barro and Lee, 2010), which, however is a weak proxy of the progress in the quality of educational attainment as measured by the OECD Education Database. Nevertheless, even with this minimum-level indicator, the importance of greater gender balance in educational attainment is confirmed. This remarkable transformation is related, among other things, to the introduction in the 1960s of a sharp policy focus on investment in education and family-planning policies to curb birth rates, which fell from six children per woman in 1960 to 1.15 in 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It begins with an overview of rural policies in Poland, including how they have evolved in recent decades and the types of actors at the national, regional and local/community scales. Next, the programmes that support economic diversification are examined, followed by land use and environmental policies and programmes for rural infrastructure development. Finally, programmes for service delivery in rural areas are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This chapter discusses women’s employment in the public sector in OECD and partner countries, based on empirical evidence from the 2011 OECD Survey on Gender in Public Employment and OECD research. Specifically, it highlights employment and occupational patterns of women in the public sector, their contractual arrangements and their average earnings as compared to men. The influence of the economic downturn on gender equality in the public sector is also explored. Despite notable progress, women remain overrepresented in lower pay and part-time jobs and tend to experience more frequent career breaks, which may lead to lower pay positions and fewer career development opportunities. To respond to the highlighted challenges, the chapter identifies a set of good practices and actionable policy recommendations, such as equality acts, gender diversity targets and quotas, family friendly policies and training programmes, in the public service. Finally the chapter emphasises the importance of collecting good quality gender disaggregated data for developing soundpolicy solutions and outlines key policy recommendations for governments to enable equal access to opportunities in the public sector, reduce the pay gap and improve working conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article revisits the literature on Congress’s ability to control the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. It finds evidence that the well-known references in Article III to “exceptions” and “regulations” were legal terms of art in pre-1789 British law. An examination of the case law demonstrates that English and Scottish supreme courts always retained a certain quantum of supervisory jurisdiction over inferior courts, even when Parliament made an “exception” or “exemption” (a synonymous term) to the supreme court’s appellate jurisdiction. This quantum of supervisory jurisdiction extended not only to the power to enforce adherence to the supreme court’s prior precedents, but also to the power to resolve differences of opinions among courts as to statutory interpretations (something we often now encounter in the context of “circuit splits”) and to correct obvious misinterpretations of the law and fundamental denials of due process rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Hence, ecological distinctions among the zones are somewhat blurred across the transitions. The abundance and biomass of organisms generally varies among these layers from a maximum near the surface, decreasing through the lower layers, but increasing somewhat near the seabed. Although abundances are low, because there is such a huge volume, even species that are rarely encountered may have very large total populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Social integration is essential for the entire population to participate in the development process, otherwise the demographic bonus will be lost. As a result of a failure to plan well for integration, once the demographic dividend ends a country faces the burden of an ageing population in a situation of weak social and economic development. With the dependency burden on working-age adults increasing, the focus needs to shift towards increasing labour force participation by providing training and more job opportunities for women, persons with disabilities and older persons. Social integration issues can and do coexist with high per capita incomes and an absence of poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The sole purpose of this action was to prevent the sale of generic versions and of parallel imports of the capsule formulation 499 The EGC upheld an earlier decision by the EU Commission, considering that the withdrawal of regulatory approval for the capsule version of the drug constituted an abuse of the company’s dominant position in the market for anti-ulcer treatments. The EGC stressed that, while a dominant undertaking is under no obligation to protect the interests of competitors, this cannot “justify recourse to practices falling outside the scope of competition on the merits. The withdrawal would not have been abusive if there had been some objective reason why such a withdrawal was necessary to improve the competitiveness of the company’s own products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
India is however catching up at great speed, as illustrated in the next case study which analyses the impact of indirect training and capacity building on the Indian banking sector. To unlock this potential, the government designed a programme of cluster financing to increase the financing capacity of SMEs without specifically targeting energy efficiency. The mechanism helps aggregate similar types of financing requests and presents them to the banker as a single bundled project. Figure 10 illustrates the mechanism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The models that are used as part of such a national ecosystem assessment do not provide methodologies for monitoring substances or pollution harmful to biodiversity, but the NEA is suited for incorporating this into its models. It can to a certain extent act as an early warning system as a core component of it is future scenario building which allow identifying potential future problems. A natural capital asset check is being developed that is being specifically designed to flag up risks to natural capital - so this component will be even further strengthened. The current work also includes clarifying the link between biodiversity/nature and the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)