albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This is also the reason why countries with similar allocations of public social budgets sometimes end up with vastly disparate outcomes. Following a universal approach for social protection, health care and educational services, can also have positive spillovers on smaller groups with similar characteristics or that face the same barriers. If the interventions are universal in nature, the benefits are then likely to positively affect other disadvantaged groups as well. Eventually, responsible actors should also gradually act to remove barriers faced by all groups, including those representing smaller shares and group-specific circumstances, for example, availability of education for minority groups or child care for young parents. Focusing on removing barriers would also help governments to ensure breaking the intergenerational poverty cycle permanently. The 2011-2015 National Social Protection Strategy for the Poor and Vulnerable mirrored this perception as it focused exclusively on social assistance and, while it gathered considerable support from development partners, it had little national ownership from line ministries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This been reported by earlier studies from Delhi (Anand and Tiwari, 2005)16, and Chennai (Srinivasan, 2008)17. It has been and continues to be a hub of economic activity in the region, thereby leading to more and more people migrating to the city. Table 1 shows travel pattern of men and women as recorded in a recent survey18.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
At the same time, wheat producers have received input subsidies, and most recently subsidies to transport exported grain. Part of this support is absorbed by the inefficiencies in the marketing of grain. At present, around 76% of meat and 88% of milk in the country are produced by households, primarily for their own consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While abortion rates usually decline with increasing usage of modern contraceptives (Westoff, 2005, Shah and Ahman, 2004), they may rise due to a strong desire for smaller family size during periods of rapid fertility decline. Studies have shown an association between fertility transition and unwanted pregnancy in some developing countries, indicating a rise in unwanted pregnancies during the fertility transition, and remaining relatively high until the end of the transition period (Bankole and Westoff, 1995, Bongaarts, 2002). Contrary to other countries, the substantial fertility decline in the Islamic Republic of Iran has been accompanied by only a moderate rise in the age at first birth, which increased from 18.5 years in the 1980s to 21 years in the 1990s (Abbasi-Shavazi and Hosseini-Chavoshi, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Particular thanks are due to Remy Pigois, Yves Dublin and Vincenzo Vinci from UNICEF and to Sarah Coll-Black and Colin Andrews (World Bank), as well as to the National Social Protection Platform of Ethiopia. Pamela Dale and Gaby Guerrero Serdan, also from UNICEF, also provided valuable guidance. These workshops were attended by representatives of the Government of Ethiopia, development partners and members of civil society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The vast majority (73 per cent) of the low forest stands is below 20 years in age. On the other hand, the old-growth forest stands (aged above 140 years), either already protected or in need of protection, still account for 4 per cent of the high forests. As the forests surrounding villages are used for grazing, no clear distinction can be made between these two different land-use forms. Official statistics often aggregate data on forest surface with the surface of pastures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Two reasons could be considered. The first is related to project management. Bureaucratic red-tapes, poor co-ordination across relevant authorities, and financial conditions may lead to project delays and thus keep reclaimed land vacant. Such issues have in the past created problems for LGUs, investors and designated government agencies that had financed the reclamation project through loans and were liable for repayment (Dacayo, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The benefits were evident in 2010 when Myanmar was struck by a storm of comparable strength - cyclone Giri. The Government also asked the United Nations and its humanitarian partners to remain on standby. This helped keep the number of casualties to a minimum.3 Nepal - In 2014 two adjacent river basins, Kamali and Babai, experienced their worst floods in living memory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Wide and persistent gaps in STI capacities, multiple digital divides and insufficient investments in STI limit the discovery, development, dissemination and absorption of technologies that could accelerate the achievement of the SDGs. Alongside resource mobilization, a scaled up and accelerated application of policies is needed to enhance innovation systems for sustainable development and spread the economic, social and environmental benefits of frontier technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, the lack of evidence on the overall rollout of the SER concept, e.g. in the Netherlands, is not very surprising: the concept is so wrapped up in the overall Dutch safety strategy (which has been a general success story) that it is hard to single out the effect of this particular element. They tend to overestimate their speed reduction. This creates a need to reinforce the perception of driving speed, particularly at transitions to lower speed limits, on the entry to towns and villages, on the approach to intersections and on the approach to sharp curves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Awareness of these issues has encouraged non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to develop applications to assist in this effort. The time and resources needed to roll out an enterprise tool can often prevent organisations from making timely contributions. A group like the ISP has much to offer on this score.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Road haulage along this route began in February 2018. Despite the unstable political situation in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan railways regularly transport cargo to this country and intend to participate in the construction of the Mazar-i-Sharif-Herat railroad (the so-called Trans-Afghanistan Corridor). Implementation of this project will in turn permit the construction of two strategically important routes connecting seaports in Iran (port Chabakhar) and Pakistan (port Chaman).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Because the broadcast channel is unidirectional, all the interactive and non-interactive TV content has to be delivered together simultaneously. A receiver selects the required elements from the delivered data according to the end-users’ instruction for presentation. Content elements that can be delivered are sometimes limited by the available broadcast transmission bandwidth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The presented economic solutions provide a good basis on which to gauge the advantage and drawbacks of policy instruments, which will be the object of the following two sections (demand-side and supply-side approaches). Moreover, even in one location, the choice of instrument will also depend on the desired level of reduction in water use: policy rankings are not necessarily invariant to changes in total water use or desired hydrologic conditions (Palazzo and Brozovic, 2014). While presented individually for clarity purposes, it should be noted that several of these are applied in combination. One core approach is to allocate allowable groundwater pumping to each well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The MoE and the LP regularly report to the Forest Resource Assessment programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), as well as the UNECE/FAO/Forest Europe Report on the State of Europe’s Forests. The MoE and the LP hosted a workshop in September 2014 as Poland’s contribution to the UNECE/FAO action plan on forests in a green economy. The MoE is an active participant in the United Nations Forum on Forests, held every two years at UN Headquarters in New York.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The WTO houses the Secretariat and manages the STDF trust fund. They include projects to facilitate livestock exports from Ethiopia, to strengthen Zambia's capacity to export plant-based products, and to mainstream sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) investments in policy and planning frameworks in selected countries of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). The Zambia and COMESA projects will benefit from co-financing provided by the Enhanced Integrated Framework (see page 156).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is also required to assess the economic benefit of improved water resources management in a particular basin or catchment. Robust economic analysis can support informed discussions in councils, beyond ideological or misconceived statements. Federal authorities (the ANA or the CNRH) could consider setting general rules, such as lower bounds for abstraction or pollution charges, list of pollutants to be controlled and monitored (mandatory and river-specific), rules for expenditure spending and publishing of accounts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Now, such possible investable projects can easily be pinpointed. Additional insights and lessons from the BIOFIN process in the Philippines include that: a) lobbying and advocacy work is an important element of mainstreaming, and b) it is important to plan ahead, so as to develop arguments, make contacts, and establish relationships and trust with key stakeholders and decision makers in order to effectively ensure mainstreaming. This is used for funding a project, as well as for monitoring and evaluation and appraisal (Matsiko, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In addition, the role that public research should play in poverty alleviation is not clear. According to Ekboir (2009), the system sets priorities and strategies on the basis of a linear vision of science that is more suitable for enhancing agricultural production through plant-breeding than for alleviating poverty. Furthermore, CGIAR Centers do not have sufficient expertise in fields such as agricultural marketing that would enable farmers to earn higher incomes (Science Council Secretariat, 2006). Therefore, it is of great importance that CGIAR establish partnerships with actors in the private sector and with NGOs that have this type of expertise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As an island nation surrounded by the sea, we are, on the one hand, at the mercy of the ocean but, on the other hand, the custodians of its resources. Changing winds, ocean currents, hurricanes and storms are all a result of the interplay between the ocean and the atmosphere. In addressing these issues, reference is made to the Pacific SIDS as a whole since the challenges identified are not unique to Fiji but common to all Pacific SIDS. Currently, the Pacific SIDS do not enjoy equitable economic and social benefits derived from the use of living marine resources despite our overwhelming dependence on them. The disconnect between the international instruments governing oceans on the one hand, and sustainable development on the other hand, has created barriers to the full realization of development aspirations of SIDS and, in many instances, is a primary barrier to the achievement of national economic development goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Very few studies examine why fewer women trade across borders. This chapter argues that even though women and men face common barriers, the barriers to trade are greater for women due to cultural and legal constraints. Cultural barriers and women's role in their families make it more difficult to bring their companies to the productivity levels and sizes that would enable them to compete successfully in global markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This Chapter supports the view that human rights can help cutting through the fog of the concept of autonomy in weapons systems for law enforcement purposes. Building on the ongoing debate, it will be argued that an approach based on international human rights law would clarify that the only possible and acceptable definition of autonomy implies a meaningful human control on the activities of autonomous weapons systems, thus fostering the idea that a ban on fully autonomous machines is desirable. Such a conclusion will be reached after an analysis of States’ positive obligations to protect human rights during law enforcement operations, in particular the right to life and the right to privacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the presently heightened security environment in the United Kingdom there are a number of examples of policy that must strike a delicate balance between strengthening security and endangering civil liberties and personal privacy. The introduction of national identity cards and biometric passports, expansion of the National DNA Database and inter-departmental sharing of personal information raise a number of privacy issues. Human rights may also be suspended by the exercise of stop-and-search powers by the police or the detention of suspects prior to trial. However, much of the current debate concerning civil liberties and security is adversarial, and little robust research data informs arguments on both sides. This paper outlines the results of a study that attempts to objectively understand the real privacy, liberty and security trade-offs made by individuals, so that policymakers can be better informed about the preferences of individuals with regard to these important issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Literacy has also been consistently linked to improved school performance and achievement, as well as higher productivity, later in life. Evidence suggests literacy should focus on improving vocabulary and listening skills, building knowledge of the alphabetic code, and introduce printing (NIEER, 2006). The OECD has shown that children whose parents often read to them show markedly higher scores in PISA 2009 than students whose parents read with them infrequently or not at all (OECD, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It will also include quality checks of materials at the pre-shipment stage. In the third tier, independent evaluators will be contracted by the Ministry of Power for random evaluations (1% of villages) of the supply and construction of the projects. These independent evaluators will report back to the REC or to the responsible supervisors in the second tier, and the REC will make sure that the negative reports are followed up on.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Spain has also developed transparent and accessible meteorological forecasts with CECRE and its advanced forecast model SIPREOLICO (de la Fuente, 2010). A system that shares balancing responsibilities with producers will induce as well variable renewable producers to develop their own forecasting resources in order to minimise their deviations from the day-ahead forecast, i.e. internalisation of system integration costs due to unpredictability. All parties have to share benefits and responsibilities from system balancing and there exist nowadays a variety of power market designs allowing increased internalisation of system costs. Several key features of such improved designs are presented in the following. Thus, energy provision and balancing services can be planned in advance by power utilities. The challenge appears within power systems with large amounts of variable renewables, especially wind.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For partnered men, this figure is roughly twice as high. Countries where women’s participation in the labour market is high - or where the gender pay gap is limited - tend to have more equal results. Shorter working careers and constrained career and earnings profiles, relative to men, help explain why on average women’s pensions are of smaller value than men’s. Figure 13.4 shows that among pension recipients in 2013/14 the gender pension gap was less than 10% only in Estonia, Denmark and the Slovak Republic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The motivations prompting China's dramatic increase in outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) are not always clear, especially regarding OFDI by state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in energy and natural resources. First, both commercial and governmental interests are intertwined, although not necessarily in lock-step. Chinese SOEs listed in the West may worry about the reputational risks to their global corporate citizenship, while government stakeholders may instead focus on diplomatic international relations. Second, subsidies for oil investments may be viewed as serving Chinese national interests and threatening the national security of the host countries. Whether China's OFDI will benefit or harm global energy security, economic development and diplomatic relations is still hotly contested. This article discusses China's outward investment in oil with a global security concern. (Less)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is worrying as both are vital for development. At the same time, appropriate strategies and policies are needed to foster rural industrialization and absorb the push of labour from the agricultural sector. For one, the current shift to a serviced-based economy is coming at an early stage in the region’s developing countries. In addition, with almost 4 of every 10 workers still engaged in agriculture and more than half the developing region’s population living in rural areas, development of the mral economy remains pivotal to making growth more sustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm. Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Europe 2015, Annual Report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm. Sanatate pentru prosperitate [National Health Strategy 2014-2020. Health for wealth], Ministry of Health, Bucharest, available at: http://www.ms.ro/documente/Anexa%201%20 -%20Strategia%20Nationala%20de%20Sanatate_886_1761.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In many countries, water governance is still in a state of confusion. In both developing and developed nations, water policy, to a greater or lesser degree, intrinsically raises governance challenges. These include fragmented institutional structures, a lack of clarity on roles and responsibilities and questionable resource allocation. Meanwhile, inadequate financial management, low capacity of the implementing organisations, and unpredictability in the investment climate for private sector actors are also typical. Moreover, accountability of politicians, policy makers and implementing agencies is often lacking, in situations where the regulatory environment can be unclear or non-existent. Many of these problems are rooted in a general lack of knowledge and awareness of rights and responsibilities, and are broadly related to poor governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Journal of Population Economics, 25(4), 1187-1214. Cross-Country Evidence", Annals of Economics and Statistics, Forthcoming. Available for download at http://www.freedomhouse.org/report-types/freedom-world. A Comparative Approach", MAFE Working Paper 22. Poverty, international migration and asylum, Palgrave-MacMillan for Wider, Hampshire, UK.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They will wobble over boulders, past buses on the opposite side surrendering to the rough track and unloading their passengers, who will make steadier steps uphill. The 18 kilometres down to the nearest town of Dolalghat takes two hours to reach, the same amount of time as the 65-kilometre journey from there to Kathmandu. There is no electricity here. That is what Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary would have seen in the early 1950s on their ascent past Chaubas to the peak of Mount Everest, Netra tells me over a plate of kheer, sweet rice pudding seasoned with pepper. Netra is known here as ‘thulo bhai,’ or ‘big younger brother.’ A few years later, the transition to community forestry began as the plantations were later handed over to local community forest user groups (CFUGs) to nurture and use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Gender-blind policies and public sendees are often based on information derived from men’s activities and/or the assumption that everyone affected by the policy (both women and men) has the same needs and interests. Because men and women will have different experiences due to societal structures, such as gender roles, access to resources and opportunities, equal treatment is often insufficient. Achieving gender equality, therefore, necessitates recognising differential impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In three countries, some part-time workers are not eligible for unemployment benefits.24 In ten countries, self-employed workers are not eligible for work injury benefits. For example, in the United Kingdom, self-employed workers are not eligible for statutory sick pay (which is paid by the employer) but for employment and support allowance, which is less generous. Benefit content differences are common for self-employed workers, particularly regarding old-age, disability and survivor, and sickness and maternity benefits. In a few countries, the content of benefits also differs for part-time and temporary workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Article deals with the freedom of religion in the legal system of Bosnia and Herzegovina granted by the Constitution and further regulated by the Law on Freedom of Religion, as well as the other statutory provisions. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, religion has a specific status given that it is a building block of ethnic identity of the constituent people, e.g. Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats. Having this in mind, an introduction of the collective rights can be indirectly understood as the protection of religion. Furthermore, the article gives an analysis of relevant constitutional provisions as well as the European Convention on Human Rights. In concrete, Article 9, which grants freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Moreover, the article gives an analysis of the relevant case law developed before the European Court for Human Rights, domestic institutions and the documented violations of the freedom of religion in the county.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Elle semble offrir le plus grand potentiel de gains de performance dans la recherche, tandis que dans Fadministration elle est plus prometteuse en termes de realisation d’economies. Pour promouvoir la collaboration et la consolidation institutionnelles, les gouvernements se servent le plus souvent de mesures de financement ciblees, bien que des systemes d’assurance de la qualite et l’alignement des differents cadres administratifs et politiques puissent egalement jouer un role facilitateur essentiel. La litterature suggere que ce type d’initiative peut renforcer la performance et la resilience institutionnelles, faire realiser des economies, et ameliorer Falignement des activites des institutions sur les besoins de la societe, mais ces objectifs ne sont certes pas realises dans tous les cas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At that time, there was a call from the labour market for more flexible movement from one task to another. Formerly, there were several different examinations (childminder, day care nurse, rehabilitation nurse, nurse for the disabled, etc.), Up until 1998, the qualification required for this job profile was a three-year bachelor’s degree.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)