albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Where this has not been the case in the past, systems have languished because data providers lose enthusiasm and reports have either not been produced in a timely manner or have lacked complete data from which sensible conclusions can be drawn. The Commonwealth, in close collaboration with the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, could implement this recommendation. This is an area where the Commonwealth could be involved and share the experiences of regionalism from the Caribbean and Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Segregation can be seen in men and women largely working within different sectors and in different occupations (Baagpe Nielsen and Holm 2011: 223-224, own translation). During 2008-2010, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland and Finland saw a dramatic increase in the unemployment rate within building and construction. During 2011, however, unemployment rates within this industry experienced a period of stagnation in Finland (and Iceland) (Baag0e Nielsen and Holm 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the national level, advisory basin councils have been set up already in Kazakhstan and 011 the Talas in 2009 in Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyzstan is expecting to complete the establishment of river basin management authorities and basin councils required by the Water Code in 2011. Establishment of an Inter-State Chu Talas Basin Council has been proposed and a concept for it developed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For example, in the latest assessment report (Inspectorate for Transport and Water Management, 2011), the flood defence managers (regional water authorities and the Rijkswaterstaat) first reported their assessments to the province, w'hereby the province would review these assessments. Based on this review, the provinces then came to an independent judgement on the condition of the flood defences, which they reported to the State Secretary' of the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment. It was agreed that for the assessment of the primary defences, the central government directly supervises the Rijkswaterstaat and the regional water authorities (i.e. there is no longer a role for provinces) and for the secondary defences, provinces supervise regional water authorities (see Chapter 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The number of certified oncologist per capita is highest in Sweden with over 60 per million population and lowest in Korea, Luxembourg and Chile with under three per million. The data need to be interpreted with care as the data coverage and also cancer incidence are different across countries besides variation in practice patterns in oncology. But the data are generally comparable to Eurostat data, which ranges between zero in Luxembourg in 2003 and 50 per million population in the Slovak Republic in 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Generally cooking is undertaken with commercial cooking fuels (gas and electricity). Exceptions occur in remote areas where controlled combustion wood stoves provide heating and cooking services. Residential, commercial, and public buildings account for 65% of final consumption of natural gas, and most of the consumption is for space heating.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Large variations exist within middle-income countries, ranging from 20.3 employed females per 100 males in the Islamic Republic of Iran to 95.7 in Kazakhstan and even 100.5 in the Lao People's Democratic Republic in 2013. Smaller proportions of the female populations are employed compared with the male populations in each subregion. The difference is widest in South and South-West Asia, where in 2013 approximately 3 of every 10 females were employed compared with more than 7 of every 10 males.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As a result, individual projects were screened out in order to identify direct support to the private sector according to the definition adopted in this paper. The project level information gathered was used to identify which activities within the OECD DAC database on climate-related development finance could be counted as direct donor support to the private sector. As the definition of the private sector varies by agency, projects were further screened to align with the definition of the private sector adopted in this paper. For example, projects that supported state owned companies directly were not counted under direct support, but were considered as part of the next section i.e. donor support to governments and CSOs that is ‘likely to engage’ the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Latvian Measure for Commencing Commercial Activity or Self-Employment programme, which aimed to support business creation by unemployed individuals, encountered similar challenges (OECD/EU, 2016). In other cases, some firms might define as “innovative” some of their usual activities, or introduce changes to comply with requirements but with no effective long-lasting impacts on inclusiveness and the innovation performance of firms (such as recruiting workers from minority groups without giving them the opportunity to engage in research), with benefiting from funding the only objective. For example, some benefitiaries of the Hungarian Innovation Voucher programme were found to use vouchers to finance their “usual” innovation activities. This is known as the “crowding out” effect of public funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The response rate was 77 per cent. Other available indicative information on municipal waste generation in the country for specific locations provides different figures. For example, the 2010 State of the Environment report for FBiH estimated the average generation of municipal waste at 269 kg per capita per year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
There may be considerable potential in Asia and the Pacific to use systems that enhance the visibility of resource consumption in a policy package alongside fees, charges or taxation to enhance efficiency. The city of New Delhi, for example, has a system of monitoring water consumption using a mobile phone application, used to enhance awareness of wasteful consumption alongside increased water rates (Hindustan Times, 2015). Environmental taxes can help reduce distortions in the economy and thus bring about economic efficiencies and increased welfare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Careful consideration is also needed regarding the risks of potential consultation capture from over-represented categories, to the detriment of unheard voices. Equity between present and future generations in a perspective of sustainability should be promoted. Clarity, transparency and accountability: Define the ultimate line of decision making, the objectives of stakeholder engagement and the expected use of inputs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Increasingly, they live with men who are educated to similar levels, and highly-educated women increasingly partner with a less well-educated partner. The least educated men are more likely to left be on the sidelines of the marriage market and remain single. If they do live with a partner, though, they are more likely than other groups to marry rather than to cohabit informally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For further details see table I.A-2 of the appendix. The frequent reference to categories relating to autonomy and material wellbeing could be an expression of a desire for economic and social mobility and values associated with a degree of economic success. The importance of the first category decreases as household goods increase, and the weight of the second category is greater among interviewees from households with more goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In oyster, preliminary work on the exposure of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) to microplastics indicated effects on reproduction (Sussarellu et al. Green crabs (Carcinus maenas) were observed to ingest microplastics under control conditions (Farrell and Nelson, 2013, Watts et al. Such intake was observed through contaminated food (mussels artificially contaminated with microplastics), thereby suggesting the possibility of microplastic trophic transfer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Article 34 of the CRC specifically obligates governments to protect children from sexual abuse while article 35 of the same speaks against child abduction. Rwanda submitted to the Committee on the Rights of Children overdue reports on the implementation of CRC protocols, the report on the implementation of ACRWC was submitted to the concerned Committee of Experts. The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of2003 revised in 2015, in Article 17 provides that no one can be married without his or her free and full consent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Of these factors, responses to the more open-ended questions suggested that, despite the rapid advances of recent years, lack of research capacity was foremost in the minds of our Chinese respondents. Six called for more concerted programmes of research into genomics and health in China, including measures to improve professional and academic development in this field. One respondent also emphasised the need to extend research initiatives from existing centres of excellence to include other parts of the country, with training and mentoring networks and measures to promote the kinds of “standard design, technical methods, work protocols for research” that would facilitate co-ordination and data-sharing between different centres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Many studies have been conducted of municipal infrastructure, such as wastewater treatment systems and solid waste management systems. Such studies can be of particular interest for governments since they often play a central role in decisions on investments in this kind of infrastructure. Effective policy responses need to take such differences into account. For example, few consumers are aware of the huge amounts of water needed to produce cotton.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The data for New York and Texas cc primarily includes homes, but may include property other than real estate such • households in 2007. The states of New York and Texas were chosen as examples for the United States to represent states with above average (New York) and below average (Texas) property values. In New York State, there is no general homestead exemption for all home-owners, but homeowners with income below $500 000 are entitled to a partial school tax exemption. In Texas, there is a basic homestead exemption available to all homeowners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Vocational education and training should be strengthened and expanded, through the creation of specialised technical schools and the development of short post-secondary vocational programmes. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This needs to reflect both fast-changing labour market requirements and the varying needs of students, preparing them as citizens, and opening up a range of career paths. Costa Rica aspires to be a high-income country and realising this ambition will require young Costa Ricans to have higher level skills, as well as basic literacy and numeracy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The city leadership is committed to utilising higher education as a key asset in Wroclaw’s development. The large and fragmented higher education sector consists of 30 higher education institutions that serve more than 140 000 students and produce 20 000 graduates in public higher education institutions alone. In 2005, a year after Poland’s accession to the EU, the unemployment rate in the Wroclaw metro area was in double digits, with the rate of 10.9% for the city and 17.3% for the largest neighbouring district.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Together, the Morrill Act, the Hatch Act and the Smith-Lever Act established the three legs of the US agricultural innovation system — education, research and extension. The Bankhead-Jones Act (1935) provided increased federal funding to Land Grant Colleges, based on formulas based on states’ populations. The Act also required that such federal funds must be matched by state governments. The matching requirement encouraged farmers to get more involved in their state Land Grant programs and lobby their state legislators to support them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Using a comprehensive and proprietary data set on international private equity activity, this paper studies the determinants of buyout investments across 61 countries and 19 industries over 1990-2017. The study finds evidence that macroeconomic conditions, development of stock and credit markets, and the regulatory environment in a country are important drivers of international buyout capital flows. The paper shows that countries with low unemployment, more active stock and credit markets, and better rule of law receive more buyout capital. A difference-in-differences approach is used to explore the regulatory reforms some countries have adopted over the sample period. The findings are that countries receive significantly more buyout capital following investor protection and contract enforcement reforms. The impact of regulatory reform is more pronounced in countries with better corporate governance standards and education. Buyout investment responds to these factors more so than foreign direct investment and gross domestic fixed investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some utilities experience difficulties, and there is a significant bankruptcy in 2026. Some developing countries have rapid population growth with a strong increase in energy demand, making them attractive markets for renewables. Some oil producing countries seek to diversify, including promoting renewables. Economic growth drives rising total energy demand and fossil fuels remain competitive in the absence of carbon pricing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is unclear to what degree biodiversity considerations are effectively institutionalised in the licensing and environmental enforcement systems. However, as in many OECD countries, except for biodiversity offsets (see below) biodiversity compensation has not been widely implemented. This approach has been successfully applied in Colombia, notably to assure the supply of water to Bogota through protection of the Chingaza National Park (Box 7.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Other possible technical or political challenges include: defining what adaptation support comprises, identifying what levels of support would be “adequate” and/or “effective”, and disentangling finance for “adaptation” from development funding. Non-comprehensive, qualitative assessments of the level of adaptation actions and support may be relatively straightforward to carry out at an aggregate level. However, this is not as broad as assessing the adequacy or effectiveness of adaptation and adaptation support at a global level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The business sector shows features of a dual economy in which most of the productivity increase remains concentrated in the export-oriented sector. Overall productivity growth has decreased and the productivity gap with emerging economies and OECD countries is widening. This situation, combined with a deficient infrastructure for transport and logistics, and energy costs which are higher than regional competitors, compromises the future competitiveness of the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Firstly, agriculture, which represents a quarter of GDP and is the country’s main export sector. Secondly, tourism, which accounts for a fifth of GDP and is its leading foreign exchange earner. Thirdly, information and communications technology (ICT), which already attracts many young entrepreneurs and workers and has much scope for progress. Interviewing 110 enterprises, the survey asked firms about how well staff are prepared for their jobs and about barriers to hiring and development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A committee member and an officer from the National Science & Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board secretariat also regularly visit sites to monitor its evolution and suggest mid-term corrective actions if the targets are not being met. In extreme cases, the project may be terminated mid-term. Their application is then evaluated based, among other criteria, on their ability to deliver key commercial and technical milestones over the following twelve months, and on the expected impact of an investment of EUR 50 000 on the execution of their business plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To reduce the existing bias towards women taking parental leave - less than 3% of Czech fathers take parental leave (Moss, 2011) - a share of the parental allowance could be made conditional on fathers taking part of the parental leave, as it is the case in Germany and Austria. After one year, the amount spent on the parental allowance could be transformed into a voucher for purchasing childcare services, which could stimulate private sector provision of childcare (OECD, 2007). The reduction in the parental leave combined with good quality early childcare education could benefit the child as well. Indeed, OECD evidence suggests that child development benefits from full-time personal care for at least 6-12 months, but the latter is not necessarily synonymous with maternal care (OECD, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A restrictive licensing scheme operates and no new licences are issued by the UK authorities. Anyone who wishes to fish for profit, must acquire a licence from an existing fishing vessel. Owners of all vessels fishing against the United Kingdom’s quotas have to maintain a genuine economic link with the United Kingdom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For instance, together with Save the Children International, the National Agency organises a course in trauma wise care (TMO - traumamedveten omsorg). In 2018, around 35 schools in Sweden participated in this training. The lack of support may prevent children who have experienced or are experiencing trauma and/or mental health issues from fully benefiting from other integration efforts. Scheduling mandated mentoring time would afford new teachers in Sweden the opportunity to develop their professional competencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Thomas (1999), in a study of women in South Africa, finds a strong and statistically significant negative correlation between years of schooling and number of children born, even after controlling for potential confounding variables, as does Oliver (1999) in his study of women in Ghana. In China, for example, between 1970 and 2003, the share of manufacturing and mining in overall output increased from 28 to 60 per cent, while the share of agriculture dropped from 49 to 12 per cent, following a push in agricultural productivity and the development of diversified industries. By comparison, South Asia showed less dynamism, with its share of manufacturing and mining peaking in the 1990s to 22 per cent (compared with 14 per cent in 1970). Sub-Saharan Africa achieved little structural transformation, with agriculture continuing to be the mainstay of the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The new Basel III banking regulations are expected to have a very negative impact on the type of long-term project financing required to fund clean technology. The new requirements will force banks to hold more equity on their balance sheets for higher risk lending and it is predicted that the long-term capital commitments associated with clean energy infrastructure projects could become too expensive for banks to finance. Current expectations are that conditions for bank loans and refinancing will likely become much less favourable and more expensive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This section identifies adjustments that might be needed for LEAP to be more effective in the urban context, looking at the areas of communication and outreach, targeting and registration, and benefit packages. The ideas and suggestions presented here emerge partly from assessments already conducted in Ghana and partly from the above review of experiences and lessons in other countries. This is reflected in the use of social networks in rural communities for outreach initiatives, and the use of GLSS data to identify indicators for proxy means testing, which has resulted in underperformance of PMT in urban communities and low qualification rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The impacts of this fall in production are exacerbated by the recent decline in producer prices. The global economic crisis will certainly increase the difficulties of the agricultural sector by further reducing producer prices and access to trade credit. The deteriorations of the external position - mainly due to the substantial decrease of the prices of its main export commodity, i.e. oil and petroleum products - and of the fiscal account are identified as the main causes of this slowdown.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
National power sharing often cannot bring about a solution at the local level and may even impede local solutions to the problems underlying the conflict (Mehler, 2008). Donors must carefully assess and respond to ongoing political and security risks. In fragile and conflict-affected contexts, public policy decisions are often shaped by narrow political and economic interests amid a culture of secrecy, non-transparency and disinformation, which can disempower people and heighten grievances that can lead to conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It also absorbs about 70% of the labour force and is the main source of income and employment for the majority of Zambians, particularly the poor. In addition, this sector is characterised by high participation of women in the labour force. Besides its contribution to national income and employment, it has the potential to increase income and access to food for the rural poor, who largely depend on agriculture for their livelihoods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Devising a stable funding stream is critical to ensuring a realistic planning process and encouraging co-ordinated decisions. An example is found in the United States, where metropolitan planning organisations (MPOs) were explicitly created for planning and programming federal transport funds (Box 2.2). The goal was to ensure that existing and future expenditures for transport projects and programmes were based on a “continuing, co-operative and comprehensive” (3-C) planning process. One of the most sophisticated examples of metropolitan transport co-ordination can be found in Germany. All large metropolitan areas in Germany have set up a metropolitan transport authority called Verkehrsverbund. Such transport authorities usually bring together all local governments located in the metropolitan area as w'ell as the corresponding Land (or Lander if there are several of them, as in the case of Hamburg).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The specific work programmes on accounting for NDCs, and for financial resources provided and mobilised, should help provide guidance on what to measure and how to do so.13 Further, conducting technical expert reviews of GHG inventories and progress reports from all Parties should assist Parties to continuously improve their measurement and reporting over time. Previous work on this topic (Briner and Prag, 2013, Levin et al., Subsequent information is needed to regularly track progress towards NDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)