albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
When considering a water quality risk they may resort to change in practices, including, drainage, dilution or treatment. In particular, changing practices will only occur if the costs of doing so are inferior to the risk avoidance benefits, and changing agriculture activity will only be profitable if the alternative provides more resilient and still viable revenue. This simplified illustration assumes a perfectly elastic demand and water risks are interpreted as a vertical shift in supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The decline in women’s status made them more susceptible to physical abuse by their spouses. They undermine traditional roles and relationships, as both men and women are exposed to new social and cultural environments. Often it is the first time in their lives that these refugees have stepped outside their villages or towns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The training period also allowed teachers and workers to discuss issues related to workplace training for students and improve training plans and assessment methods. Participants improved their skills and self esteem, and disseminated knowledge to other colleagues. This exercise was evaluated by the Economic Information Office in Finland as one of the best ways of developing teachers’ professionalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition from one species to the other only little of the knowledge and techniques are transferable. In other words bringing a new species under human control requires major laboratory efforts and starting fresh for each species. Species such as trout and salmon are mature in production, while some species with great potential such as the Bluefin tuna and the eel have not yet seen full control of the reproduction circle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This method can be applied to assess welfare changes when visual appreciation is affected. These include damage costs avoided, substitute costs methods and replacement cost methods, and are based on estimating the values of ecosystem services using either the costs of avoiding damage due to a reduction in e.g. landscape amenity, the cost of replacing environmental assets (e.g. enhancing landscape qualities elsewhere), orthe cost of providing substitute services (e.g. another recreation site). These methods, of which only avoidance cost is listed in Table 7 are applicable for valuing the changes in welfare when recreational services and aesthetics are affected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It then identifies the main criteria under which governments may take action to increase the resilience of the agricultural sector and its adaptive capacity to climate change. Finally, it discusses strategies to monitor and evaluate adaptation policies. The author would like to acknowledge the contributions of Arnoldo Matus Kramer and Livia Alfonsi. The author wishes to thank Fran§oise Benicourt and Michele Patterson for preparing this document for publication. Valuable comments on drafts were given by Carmel Cahill, Guillaume Gruere, Franck Jesus, Catherine Moreddu and Nicolina Lamhauge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This article analyzes the Socio-educational Policy for Adolescents in conflict with the law, conceived as a component of the Social Policy that, implemented by the State, contributes to its actions of direction and social control and, at the same time, is a constituent part of the socially produced wealth. In this sense, it is sought to address the policy aimed at the adolescent in conflict with the law, in Brazil, from the following legal and institutional laws: Law no. 8069/90, Statute of the Child and Adolescent - ECA, and Law no. 12.594/12, National System of Socio-Educational Assistance - SINASE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The enrolment rate in upper secondary vocational education and training is above the OECD average, as is the attainment rate in tertiary education. Compared to their peers in other OECD countries participating in the Survey of Adult Skills, proficiency in literacy among 16-65 year-old Australians is above average. Proficiency in numeracy in this survey is at average, with 16-24 year-olds performing somewhat higher. Unemployment rates in Australia are below the OECD average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Then, an empirical analysis is presented using part of the methodology proposed by Alkire and Foster (2007 and 2011). The analysis begins with an index based on a core set of indicators of critical deficiencies or unmet basic needs (UBN), continues by adding to this core a measurement of deprivation due to income insufficiency, and is supplemented with the addition of some dimensions not usually included in the poverty analysis. This interest was prompted by the dissemination of new conceptual frameworks on development and well-being, such as the rights-based approach and the capabilities approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In 2006, 32 per cent of households with children under 16 and almost 50 per cent of unemployed mothers with children under 2 were receiving an allowance (UNICEF 2009b). Less than two per cent of families received social aid. Of all recipients of any social allowance, 95 per cent belong to the poorest 50 per cent of the population (Tahlil, 2009). For the poorest ten per cent, the different social allowances contribute between one fourth and one third to the total household income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Crime and Victimization in Asia. Theme study for the twenty-first session of the Commission on Crime Prevention. It excludes attempted homicides, deaths related to conflicts, deaths caused when the perpetrator was reckless or negligent, as well as killings that are usually considered justifiable according to penal law, such as those by law enforcement agents in the line of duty or in self-defence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Strategies are in place to improve water supply conditions for the overall population. The complicated complex of governmental authorities includes a number of ministries and institutions which are responsible for the implementation of governmental water programmes. These programmes are mainly funded by the Government. There are two line ministries, MoWE and MoNP, responsible for water resource management and water protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Advocacy and scholarship addressing sex trafficking as a human rights issue has become a transnational effort, but there has been less attention to sub-national efficacy. Through analyzing progressive justice system responses to domestic violence in Duluth, Minnesota that have been adopted worldwide, this paper demonstrates how to effectively apply these local advances in order to address sex trafficking on a global scale. This paper makes a theoretical contribution to understanding the intersections between domestic abuse and sex trafficking. A key empirical finding is that a coordinated community response (including the justice system and women’s organizations) is crucial for advancing domestic abuse training, monitoring, and legislation—and this coordination can also be productively utilized for improving responsiveness to victims of sex trafficking across a diverse range of socio-legal and economic contexts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They will invest in additional abatement wherever possible, thus creating a positive dynamic effect towards less pollution per unit of output, even though the absolute levels of pollution will remain fixed. From the former it takes the pricing of all units of emissions, from the latter it takes the idea of creating markets through the allocation of property rights. Last but not least, from the neo-Coasean approach it takes the idea that government’s role is primarily to reduce transaction costs in order to allow for new and more efficient forms of internalisation. Switching from a free allocation of quotas consistent with historical use rights to an allocation by auction has increased the need to pay attention to the plight of historic C02 emitters, which previously had been able to cushion the choc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Human/Operational risk) will significantly affect the willingness to invest. Climate change finance includes flows from the developed world to the developing world, where institutions and property rights are often weaker. So countries seeking to attract climate change finance may need to strengthen their governance and accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Detailed information is available in the methodology sheets contained in the accompanying CD-Rom as well as on the internet at http:/huww.un.org/esalsnstdevlnatlinfol indicators/isd. National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates derived from household surveys. It provides information on progress towards poverty alleviation, a central objective and requirement of sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This could range from harmonising sustainability standards, or at least of methodologies, to the liberalisation of green goods and services. The latter, however, is easier said than done, it has languished with the rest of the Doha results in the WTO context, and is proving difficult to effect at the plurilateral level among like-minded countries. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) members managed to conclude an agreement of this sort, cutting tariffs on a slim list of 54 goods to 5 per cent as of 2015. The real prize in this respect is non-tariff barriers, as well as services. It is hoped that the current plurilateral efforts to negotiate an Environmental Goods Agreement will eventually lead to such broader commitments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The different indicators of regulatory stringency considered in the present analysis generally support the notion that the stringency of environmental regulations positively affects countries’ specialisation in environmental products, even when considering specific sectors such as solid-waste management or wastewater treatment. While increased trade in environmental products is not an end in itself, the environmental benefits this entails can contribute to global improvements in environmental quality. By increasing demand for environmental products and technologies, environmental policy can complement trade policy in supporting pollution-reduction efforts not just domestically, but also abroad.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For instance, there could be agreement that renewables constitute EPPs based on the source of energy (i.e. the resource) rather than on the use of the products, as their categorization is not so much based on the specific category of technologies (e.g. electricity-generating motors, power converters or inverters) as it is on the source of the power (e.g. biofuels, low-head hydro, solar, wind or geothermal). Other goods using a particular source of energy could be classified as a single source within a category (e.g. electric cars or trains which fall under HS 8703 or HS 8601). However, the majority of these goods owe their environmental performance to a combination of features, and can only be definitively identified through testing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The second are women who are out of the purview of the definition of workers but are engaged in domestic work, some of which provides economic gains to households. Attention to increased labour force participation captures only part of the changes in the two women's work roles outline above. The dual role of women as a paid worker outside the family and an unpaid worker in the household contributes significantly, in real terms, to the productivity of a country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Agricultural enterprises, producing almost two-thirds of total agricultural output in 1990 accounted for less than one-third in 2011, while the shares of the small-scale sector (individual farms and household plots) accordingly reversed from one-third to over two-thirds of total agricultural output between 1990 and 2009 (Figure 1.34). As can be seen from Figure 1.35, agricultural enterprises are the dominant producers of grain (69% in 2011) and eggs (64%), while individual farms dominate in cotton (97%), sunflower seeds (68%) and sugar beet (80%). The remaining part of agriculture, i.e. livestock and horticulture, is concentrated in rural households. In 2011, they produced 88% of milk, 76% of meat, 71% of potatoes, 68% of wool, and 49% of vegetables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This paper first examines the New Labour government's redefinition of equality of opportunity in Britain, mainly with regard to education and the ways in which it mediates ‘opportunity’. In doing so, it also draws on wider social policy issues, such as the use of education policies to combat social exclusion. Second, the paper reviews European Union policies and selected documents that address questions of social inclusion, social cohesion and the role of education in achieving those policy goals. The main argument is that both New Labour policies in Britain and the examined EU documents promote rather minimal understandings of the term ‘equality of opportunity’, while, education, in both cases, is given an enormous burden to carry in balancing increasingly liberalised market‐driven economies, with the requirements of a socially just society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
After a useful beginning in the eighteenth-century Enlightenment as both an experimental and analytic social science, criminology sank into two centuries of torpor. Its resurrection in the late twentieth century crime wave successfully returned criminology to the forefront of discovering useful, if not always used, facts about prevailing crime patterns and responses to crime. Criminology’s failures of “use” in creating justice more enlightened by knowledge of its effects is linked to the still limited usefulness of criminology, which lacks a comprehensive body of evidence to guide sanctioning decisions. Yet that knowledge is rapidly growing, with experimental (as distinct from analytic) criminology now more prominent than at any time since Henry Fielding founded criminology while inventing the police. The future of criminology may thus soon resemble medicine more than economics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Ministry of Environment (MMA), the leader for environmental questions, and the Ministry of Education, linked with the universities, also play important roles in the general innovation system. At the national level, the priorities for R&D are established by government through the different ministries involved in innovation, led by the Ministry of Science and Technology. The main agency of the MCT to support agricultural research is the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). It delivers grants and project funding, through competitive public calls. Beneficiaries are researchers in public or not-for-profit private high education institutions and R&D institutions and centres, and public companies with science, technology or innovation research activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Whilst the overall share of people reporting poor health is smaller than in other Nordic countries, the gradient by educational level is no less pronounced (see Figure 4.5). Women also report poorer health across all levels of education. Furthermore, people with lower levels of education (no training or short training) are more likely to have a long-term illness (46.9% of respondents with no training, compared to 25.7% of respondents with 12 or more years education) or be very bothered by pain or discomfort (48% with no education and 37% with short training, compared with 24.7% of respondents with 12 or more years education) that people with 12 or more years of education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
E-governance initiatives have proliferated in many parts of the developing world and are aimed at enhancing the efficiency, accessibility, and democratic accountability of public administration. This entry reviews the major categories of theories and research findings on e-governance for development, beginning with literature focusing on various stages of development in e-governance applications with respect to technological sophistication and support structures, followed by a discussion of approaches to studying the impact of e-governance for development initiatives ranging from the assessment of short-term measurable gains to longer-term social change, and a consideration of connections between this work and broader literatures on governance and development, pointing to new pathways for scholarship on this topic.      Keywords:    developing countries,  governance,  maturity model,  telecenters
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Wherever possible, future evolution of the volume of services and their relative costs were estimated separately. It is worth noting that population aging is expected to have a much greater cost pressure on social care expenditures than on health care expenditures. The increase in the volume of activities is then adjusted for changes in activity rates which accounts for quality improvements (e.g. reducing waiting times and guaranteeing specific treatments), the availability of new medical technologies, and productivity improvements (in particular the use of information and communication technology to increase effectiveness). Future unit costs were obtained by multiplying the reference year costs by a cost adjustment factor which accounts for variation in health specific prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Youth participation in gangs and other organised forms of urban violence has undoubtedly increased as a direct consequence of marginalisation, these offer an alternative form of social inclusion (“inclusion within exclusion”) (ECLAC, 2014). Specialists in youth issues have argued for decades that gangs are organisations that provide some Latin American youths with a form of social inclusion: when poverty is widespread, employment options are limited and the state and institutions are near absent, then many young people turn to their peer group in the barrio for a sense of inclusion. Gangs give them power, cash income, space and a feeling of belonging that no other social institution provides (Soto and Trucco, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Empirical evidence suggests that workers in OECD countries today need al least an upper secondary diploma to be able to compete in the workforce (see a review in Lyche, 2010). Young people who have not completed school have a difficult time securing stable employment and earn less, on average, than high school graduates (Bradshaw, O'Brennan and McNeely, 2008). In most countries, the share of young people who are neither employed nor in education or training (NEET) is relatively small among those who have completed tertiary education but much larger among those who completed at most lower secondary education (Figure 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Distributional considerations should only come into play to avoid extreme income inequality, which should be reduced mainly through expenditures (e.g. Engel, Galetovic and Raddatz, 1999). Although it was clear that the reduction of progressive taxation would increase inequality, there was little popular opposition to it in the developed countries, because the tax reforms, similar to labour market reforms, were widely believed to be the only way to restore growth and keep companies from relocating production abroad. Similarly, in developing countries, policies that provided extensive tax privileges to owners of capital, in particular to TNCs, were considered “socially acceptable” or “desirable” because they promoted foreign capital inflows. Note: Data refer to the five-year average of the mean observation of general government revenue, a Includes capital revenues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The highest overall effective tax rates tend to be in European countries, and the lowest in Australia, New Zealand and the Americas. If well targeted, subsidies can weight incentives in favour of more environmentally sound activities and products, address market failures, and drive green innovation and investment. Governments spent an estimated USD 121 billion on renewable energy subsidies worldwide in 2013 (IEA, 2014a). Mixed messages, "stop-and-go” policy making and retroactive changes can seriously weaken market signals, however. In the United States, only 1 gigawatt of new wind power capacity was installed in 2013 - a fraction of the 13 gigawatts installed in 2012 - following the anticipated expiration of a tax credit on renewable electricity production at the end of 2012 (IEA, 2014a), the credit was subsequently extended in late 2012. Governments currently spend an estimated USD 640 billion a year on environmentally harmful support for fossil fuels, with an estimated USD 550 billion spent by emerging and developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Both ministries provided financial resources, complementing the core support provided through European Union Structural Funds. As of 2015, ESD is a part of teaching and learning from Form 1 through to Form 12. Opportunities for teaching ESD concepts are presented in all subjects. All Estonian schools have to prepare the school curriculum on the basis of the National Curricula, which requires that sustainable development concepts be integrated into everyday school life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There was wide support for the role of the Forum, with its universal membership and its ability to address the challenges facing forests in a holistic manner. It was also noted that the establishment of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests had fostered stronger collaboration and cooperation among the key forest-related organizations at the global level. Several countries welcomed efforts to promote a wider understanding of the importance of forests and trees, and their multiple benefits, including through the International Year of Forests and the International Day of Forests. However, some representatives said that there w'as insufficient public recognition of these benefits and that the visibility of forests was still too low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Studies on maternal employment during early childhood from the United States cannot be assumed to generalise to other countries: The United States is unique in the lack of guaranteed maternity leave, contributing to an earlier return of new mothers to the labour force. Studies from multiple countries that capitalise on policy variations and reforms related to maternity leave generally suggest little impact on child outcomes based on the length of leave mothers can access (Baker and Milligan, 2011 [i63i, Dustmann and Schonberg, 2012[i64j, Liu and Skans, 2010[i65i, Washbrook etal., However, mothers’ return to work within six months of children’s birth may be negatively associated with children’s cognitive outcomes, especially if mothers work full-time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While 47% of advantaged students reported having more than 200 books at home, on average, this is the case for only 7% of disadvantaged peers. Advantaged students also reported a greater availability of other educational resources, such as educational software. On average across OECD countries, however, more than 80% of students, regardless of their socio-economic status, reported having a quiet place to study at home and a computer that they can use for schoolwork (Table ll.6.2b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)