albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
There is a need for a clear target and policy for renewable energy and for these to be reflected clearly in the national power development plan. In places where houses or companies do have solar installed, they are not actively encouraged or compensated to feed excess energy back into the grid. Despite the lack of incentives, a fledgling solar industry' has developed in Cambodia w'ith the Solar Energy Association of Cambodia, mostly providing off-grid solutions targeting communities not connected to the grid. Support to government institutions, through multi-donor initiatives such as the Cambodia Climate Change Alliance, have enabled the development and roll-out of important environmental policies including climate change policies and action plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
My parents had six children and could not pay for schooling for all of us, so 1 had to drop out." A sister who did finish school went on to become a nurse. In our culture, you don’t talk to anyone about family planning,” she says, remembering how she felt ashamed and shy. I want them to finish school, find a job and then to get married and have their own families,” she says. “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
According to research based on The World Top Incomes Database, this decline in inequality began in North America and much of Europe in around the 1920 and 1930s and a little later, perhaps the 1950s, in some developing countries. But then, in the 1970s and 1980s, the pattern began to reverse, and inequality began to rise again. That shape, incidentally, is the inverse of what some economists predicted would happen (see Section 4.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Although the impacts of these imbalances are not fully apparent in the short run, they pose formidable challenges to the sustainability of development of the LDCs, particularly in the long run. The production system, especially in the agriculture sector, and the livelihoodsof alargemajorityof the people livingin rural and fragile areas are also adversely affected because of the increased frequency of droughts and other extreme weather events associated with climate change. Thus, as ensuring food security becomes increasingly important in these countries as the population grows, measures are needed to protect natural capital and address ecological imbalances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The key role of infrastructure planning is ensuring that decisions related to infrastructure investments take into account needs, trade-offs, political priorities and long-term development goals, and do so in a transparent and consultative way. This approach works well for projects where private interests can accurately estimate future demand. However, for sectors and projects where market mechanisms may not be feasible or appropriate (e.g. as a result of non-excludability or externalities), a greater degree of planning becomes necessary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Changes in those policies, including their financing components, can in many cases facilitate reductions of water management costs. Assessing these perverse support mechanisms, with a view to phasing them out, can contribute to lowering the cost of water resources management. Efforts in this direction are ongoing in OECD countries, but more could be done: some 50% (2008-10) of total OECD agricultural producer support provides incentives to produce and/or use variable inputs, compared to 85% in 1986-88 (OECD, 2012b). The EU Water Framework Directive has stressed the importance of analysing the financing linked to sector policies (e.g. agriculture, energy or climate change) that directly support projects and actions that impact on the water system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Factors such as climate change, accelerating changes caused by globalization and technologies, demographic changes, shifting political regimes and government policies will all have an impact on future tourism demand, which makes it hard to predict to what extent measures taken today will represent sustainable solutions in the relatively near future. Some types of economic instruments, such as taxation, are implemented for compensating for expenses caused by the negative effects of visitation. While revenue management (revenues from e.g. entrance fees, sales of optional services and souvenirs) in many instances is instrumental in securing the financial capacity of site or destination management, it may also be used for capacity allocation by, e.g., reducing prices in shoulder seasons to reduce crowding in the peak seasons (Leask, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Some development co-operation providers combine private sector engagement for development with efforts to promote their own private sector in developing countries. While this may be effective in delivering environmental benefits at a project level, such as fuel savings or reduced emissions, it could have implications for the efficiency of the project (e.g. in terms of promoting the most affordable clean technologies in partner countries, rather than those from the donor country). It could also affect the overall development effectiveness of the activity, by limiting national ownership, and in turn longer term scale up of the project. While there are several examples of successful, innovative ways to engage the private sector in promoting green growth, there is still a need to scale up such approaches and develop bankable projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These cultural practices are a strong determinant of higher poverty among women than men. High poverty and a lack of empowerment affect the well being of women and have a strong impact on the future outcomes of their children. Such disadvantages may work at national, local, community, or even at household levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Trajectories are clustered using Ward’s (1963) hierarchical agglomerative algorithm (cf. Quintini and Manfredi, 2009). A number of seven different clusters per data source is imposed, resulting from a trade-off between the greatest possible homogeneity of trajectories within the cluster and the desired differentiability between clusters. Clustered trajectories are matched with information on individual and household characteristics used for the analyses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The new five-year development plan for 2016-2020 explicitly targets reducing poverty among the 70 million people still below the poverty line through multiple mechanisms, including more effective rural development policies such as more active efforts to extend credit to rural areas. While it has been limited by poor governance capability and policy fragmentation, it has been able to make some progress in reducing poverty and improving a range of welfare indicators. The country has made progress expanding rural access to an improved w'ater source (70%) and building a relatively good road network compared to many other SSA countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In addition, chronically stressful life experiences and health-related behaviours also affect the transmission of non-communicable diseases. They also influence it indirectly when poor parental health leads to fewer hours worked in the household and lower family income. In addition, evidence from the supplemental programmes points to the fact that prenatal and postnatal investment may be complementary and for instance might be less effective for those already born below a certain birthweight (Aizer and Currie, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A number of analysts have identified the 1986 South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone (SPNFZ) Treaty as one of Australia's major achievements in the area of arms control diplomacy. This article challenges the orthodox view in the secondary literature that Australia's pursuit of a SPNFZ Treaty was motivated exclusively by a desire to protect the nuclear dimension of its alliance relationship with the United States from more ‘radical’ proposals in the region. Drawing on previously unreleased documents made available to the author by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade under the Commonwealth's Freedom of Information Act, this article argues that the Hawke government's pursuit of a nuclear‐free zone in the South Pacific was motivated primarily by what it perceived as an opportunity to promote Australia's image as an activist middle power committed to bolstering the coherence of the global non‐proliferation regime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Where the opportunity cost of water is high for environmental or urban uses that compete with agriculture, those net national benefits will be higher than where opportunity costs are low. For example, consider the case when a reduced cost of investments in drip irrigation technology occurs. That cost savings will raise the net national benefits from the farmer’s saved water by a greater amount when that water has a value in urban or environmental uses than when there are few competing demands for the saved water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This must become a priority for those responsible for regional policies, whose actions are currently informed by partially false or incomplete assessments due to a lack of reliable and homogeneous figures. The following paragraphs set out the modelling proposed for estimating the agricultural population in urban areas and then for the same population in a rural environment. This particular stratum of urban and peri-urban farmers plays a vital role in structural transformations in the agricultural sector, because of the environment in which they live and carry out their activities (e.g., market gardening, horticulture, poultry farming, fishing). Settlement dynamics also require developing new and simple indicators to monitor these changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Positive synergies can be achieved between agricultural adaptation and the needs of low-income countries, including food security, mitigation and poverty reduction, if these are considered in unison (Tennigkeit etal., Agriculture is a major source of GHGs, and with further increases to GHG emissions being expected due to increasing demands for food and feed (Alexandratos and Bruinsma, 2012, Tilmann et al., Further, food security problems exists in several regions, with 793 million people being undernourished (c.f.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Matematega o Kaumana is a traditional knowledge of reading clouds to locate school of fishes in the oceans and predict approaching disasters (strong wind, drought, waves etc.). Dept of Environment, 2007, and a presentation from Poni Faavae [2004],T\ivalu NAPA project, Ministry of Environment. Major investments are now planned in REDD schemes, carbon sequestration and other payments for environmental services, these have potential to make valuable contributions to local livelihoods or to place people in even greater difficulty. A major determinant of whether these investments produce outcomes that are favorable to local people or harmful to them will be the extent to which these programmes fully integrate traditional knowledge alongside modern scientific knowledge in their design. The challenge today is not to document and archive traditional knowledge but to build upon it and to use it as a basis for further development of modern knowledge and information systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The cost-benefit ratio revealed that for every €1 invested in medication follow-up, a benefit of €3.3 to €6.3 was generated (Malet-Larrea et al, 2017). The adoption of computerised provider order entry system (CPOE) is another way to improve medication safety in primary and ambulatory settings. However, the implementation of COPE often requires large upfront investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The adoption of international standards can also improve OCyT’s ability to serve national policy evidence interests, e.g. for the development of policies on services innovation. Similar qualities at departmental and municipal levels in some areas. Increasing reliance on mineral commodities and slow diversification into new economic activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Violators of the criminal laws can be found in all age categories, including those defined as elderly offenders (65 and older). Older offenders have been convicted of almost all of the same types of crimes as those in other age categories, including violent crimes, such as murder, rape, armed robbery, and aggravated assault, property crimes, such as theft, destruction of property, and fraud, and crimes generally associated with organized crime or white-collar crime, such as extortion, money laundering, bribery, and corruption as well as being convicted of public order crimes, such as public intoxication and loitering. The severity of the crimes of the older offenders ranges from the most serious felony crime, such as aggravated murder, to minor misdemeanor crimes, such as petty theft. Many, perhaps the majority of older offenders, are situational offenders, while others are considered chronic or habitual offenders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
AbstractThe current Chinese foreign and national security system suffers from problems of inefficiency, a lack of coordination and information sharing, and accountability of decision makers. China’s newly established Central National Security Commission (CNSC) is designed to build a strong platform to coordinate national security work and to strengthen unified leadership of national security at the central level. This article examines the CNSC’s foreign policy and institutional rationales. It argues that the establishment of the CNSC must be viewed in light of China’s growing power and Xi’s aspiration to play ‘big power diplomacy’ in world affairs as well as his ambition for overall institutional reforms of foreign and national security policymaking in China.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The fiscal position was healthy with an overall deficit of 3.4% of GDP in 2013/14. Similar prospects are expected over the medium term. Successful and peaceful general elections in October 2015 transferred power to a new president who has committed to prudent resource management, fighting corruption and pursuing inclusive growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Most CDDCs contribute modestly to anthropogenic GHG emissions but are highly vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change. This heterogeneity explains in part the disparate formats and ambition levels of the mitigation and adaptation commitments of these countries. Some CDDCs have committed to undertake climate change mitigation measures that could restrict their policy space for promoting economic growth and development in the short and medium terms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Mean annual precipitation is very significant, around 1,250 1/m2. Total resources are estimated at 38 billion m3, of which 36 billion m3 are internal and only 2 billion m3 are external (excluding upstream Sava River). Total renewable freshwater is considered to be 9,781 m3/year per capita (FAO Aquastat, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Information is needed on cost sharing arrangements between irrigators and public suppliers of irrigation, impacts on water savings at the project level as well as at the basin scale from infrastructure improvement. Robust data combined with judicious use of economic principles have considerable potential to productively inform decisions on how to best sustain irrigation infrastructure (Ward, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A dedicated Trust Fund for the Promotion of the Software Industry (FONSOFT) has been established. Managed by the National Agency of Scientific and Technological Promotion, it supports R&D projects, professional training, quality improvement and start-ups. It targets individuals as well as new firms. Financial support includes a subsidy of $45,000 to be executed over a two-year period. Activities eligible for funding include hiring professional services, obtaining technical assistance and a certain proportion of the entrepreneurs’ salaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These include policies and funding for education, healthcare and social services which may have unique (and sometimes unintended) territorial consequences. A benefit of the broad rural policy approach is that it aims to create a mechanism to overcome this lack of a territorial lens within sectoral policies. The relationship between broad, narrow and sectoral policy types are depicted in Figure 2.1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2014, Gangwon-do and Jeju-do's GDP per capita were lower than the national average as well as the average OECD rural region. Four out of five predominantly rural regions had faster GDP per capita growth than the national average in 2000-2014 (Figure 1.9). The highest growth rate occurred in Chungcheongnam-do, where the GDP per capita grew by 6.2%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, policy challenges and priority issues for immigrant students vary from country to country. To this end, each country was invited to tailor the focus of the policy review in consultation with the OECD Secretariat in order to ensure that the immediate output of the review will meet the specific needs of the country. This policy review of Sweden presents selected policy options designed to respond to the main challenges and supported by evidence and research drawn from other country practice (See Annex A for the Terms of Reference and Annex B for the visit programs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Work in the focus areas on poverty and the MDGs and democratic governance can deepen intentions and action towards gender-responsive and gender-transformative results. All UNDP programming and policies should be attentive to framing women as agents and active citizens. If UNDP aims to contribute to transformative change, it will need to accelerate efforts in all focus areas to more strategically target the roots of inequalities, structures of unequal power, participation and relations, and address and transform unequal norms, values and policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Given the interconnectedness of the world economy, mitigation and adaptation actions applied within the borders of individual countries may have global repercussions. This is particularly the case for measures taken by countries that account for a large share of global demand for commodities, such as China and the United States. Climate response measures are expected to reduce global demand for and trade in carbon-intensive commodities, as well as their prices, which will have a significant impact on the economies of many CDDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Breaking the Silence 2015: From Shame to Pride", Urmila Chanam's Journal, 14 April, www. Ghent University, Department of Third World Studies, and University of Bologna, Centre for the History of Science and Universities. Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage to Prevent Diarrheal Disease in Developing Countries, Current Environmental Health Reports, 2(1), 69-74.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Shared responsibility for teaching and learning characterises education in Finland, parents, students and teachers alike prefer an approach that allows schools to keep the focus on learning and permits more freedom in curriculum planning than the external standardised testing culture prevailing in some other nations. While the National Curriculum Framework for Basic School and similar documents for upper secondary education provide guidance to teachers, curriculum planning is the responsibility of schools and municipalities. Local education authorities approve curricula for schools, but teachers and school principals play a key role in curriculum design.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Thus, even if the world as a whole achieves the target set for Goal 1, important regions, especially sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, may not achieve that target unless very vigorous steps are taken soon. Theories of development have often tried to point out specific factors and identify the main obstacles, which have changed over time. Development policies and foreign assistance programmes were then designed to overcome capital, infrastructure and/or foreign-exchange constraints, through addressing inequalities in asset or income distributions, investing in human capital, strengthening social protection systems and improving governance and market institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Examples exist from for example the EU Regional Innovation Strategy (RIS) and Regional Innovation and Technology Transfer Strategy (RITTS) programmes in which studies of supply and demand of innovation support were undertaken, and various studies of regional innovation systems in Europe as part of the European Commission's information platform on European, national and regional research systems and policies (ERA WATCH). Clusters should also be conceptualised as cutting across the manufacturing-service divide -agribusiness clusters usually connect with tourism for example and increasingly manufacturing innovations incorporate service components. Universities should be encouraged to draw upon business schools and humanities in providing assistance to business.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The experience of Mexico City, for example, suggests that complementary resources are needed to help pay for the overall costs. The national government might allow cities to tax those who benefit most from public transport, such as employers, retailers and the owners of real estate. Charges can also be levied on automobile use, including parking charges and fuel taxes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This article explores the space for public participation during the consenting process for a nationally significant wind energy or carbon capture and storage infrastructure project. Legal obligations to provide opportunities for public involvement in these processes can be found in national, EU and international law. However, an examination of strategic planning policy suggests that in practice, very little will be up for discussion at this stage. This is consistent with a certain mistrust of the public in high-level policy discourse on the technological change thought necessary for climate change mitigation. Legally entrenched rights to participate, coupled with limited opportunities to influence, create the danger that participation becomes a simple bureaucratic hurdle, frustrating for all concerned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Developing countries have made major efforts to quantify wealth inequality, using information from tax records or special surveys identifying holdings of assets and liabilities (financial surveys).38 In countries for which information exists, studies find that wealth is far more unequally distributed than income (Davies and Shorrocks, 2000). Pension rights are sometimes included. Moving towards the collection of information on wealth in the region thus remains a pending task. The main one is probably the issues involved in properly capturing incomes in the upper part of the distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Some producer markets are becoming assembly (or pre-storage) markets, thus also influencing trade patterns. The strategic role played by the regional transport system in supplying urban areas underlines the importance it needs to be given in the analysis and design of policy. According to the African Development Bank, it amounted to USD 8.6 billion in 2008 (Table 4.2). The ECOWAS Commission is more pessimistic and puts forward the figure of USD 7 billion for the same year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)