albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Even the knowledge that information is missing can inform decisionmaking processes. Transboundary water management has many special problems not always found at smaller scales, particularly with the transmission, alignment, resolution and integration of information. For instance, collected data should be stored in a way that will allow easy retrieval, which may entail specific agreements in a transboundary setting. Climate change adaptation also has special concerns, given that clear, tangible, precise and accurate information may be available for the past, while knowledge about the future lacks all of those qualities. All basins, countries and water management decisions have at least some gaps in information, particularly under holistic approaches that include hydrological, environmental and socioeconomic data. Instead of trying to describe perfect data, this chapter will focus on assessing, gathering, compiling and exchanging "good enough'information to enable effective transboundary climate change adaptation decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This standard Income Equalisation Scheme is available upon request to farmers as part of normal business. A variant of the Income Equalisation Scheme for adverse events is also available to farmers who have suffered adverse events and were forced to sell livestock. They can deposit proceeds from such sales to a special adverse event income equalisation account. The adverse event scheme is based on the same principle as the standard scheme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This chapter outlines the evolution of this mix of environmental policy instruments, including regulatory, economic and information-based measures. Portugal’s extensive system of environmental enforcement and compliance promotion is examined, along with the efforts made in promoting public participation in environmental decision-making and opening up access to information and justice. Progress has been noted in the improvement of air quality, particularly in urban areas, reducing pressures on inland and coastal waters, strengthening the management of water supply and sanitation systems, and improving waste management efforts, including the reduction, appropriate treatment, and safe disposal of hazardous waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Risk management in agriculture is not yet an apparent policy focus for Kazakhstan’s government. The effort to develop a risk management system needs to go far beyond the current policy to stabilise grain prices or subsidise crop insurance. Producers in Kazakhstan need a variety of tools to manage different types of risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Under the Singapore Companies Act, a complainant applying for leave to pursue a derivative action must give fourteen days’ notice to the company, but the judge hearing the leave application is by statute granted discretion to excuse non-compliance with the notice requirement. In Fong Wai Lyn Carolyn v Airtrust (Singapore) Pte Ltd, the Singapore High Court attempted to address for the first time the question of when the court would exercise its discretion to excuse. This article critically evaluates the decision on this issue in Airtrust, and offers guidelines synthesised from Commonwealth jurisprudence on how the Singapore courts could exercise their statutory discretion to excuse notice in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Those who speak a European language have higher literacy scores than the average immigrant, while Arabic and Asian language speakers have lower scores. Similar results obtain when controlling for region of origin, with Europeans scoring higher than the others. Improvement in the literacy scores of migrants who have stayed over five years is higher than on average in countries participating in PIAAC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Given the limited other supports available for the long-term unemployed, disability benefits may also have acted as a substitute. Social security data shows for instance that the number of disability applicants sharply increases following recessions, with a peak in 2010.“ This does not mean however that that there is a causal effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Where important inequalities persist between different groups, society will enjoy less social capital, less trust and less sense of belonging among its members. High levels of inequality, particularly in opportunities offered by education, for example, constitute steep barriers for social mobility. To promote social cohesion, policy makers must understand what drives rising inequality and how to address it. These factors can be influenced by policies in different areas, although the optimal policy mix ultimately depends on the critical characteristics of each country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In the 2011-2012 hunting season, the revenues of the Hunting Fund amounted to some 32.8 million dirhams (US$4 million), an increase of 8 per cent over the preceding hunting season. Official development assistance (ODA), accordingly, plays a much less prominent role than in low-income countries. The government budget has a separate chapter for the Department of Environment, in respect of both recurrent and investment expenditures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Overall, the health information systems with the highest value in terms of data availability, maturity and use were found in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Israel, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Sweden and the United Kingdom (Scotland and Wales). The national personal health datasets reported by countries tend to have very high coverage of targeted populations, rely upon automatic data extraction from electronic clinical and administrative records, and include the use of standard codes for clinical terminology. Key reasons for approving these linkages include to develop health care quality and system performance indicators to measure care co-ordination, outcomes of care pathways, resource utilisation and costs, and compliance with national health care guidelines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The use of total consumption (including government consumption) rather than that of private households only may bias downwards the VRR. However, in most OECD countries various savings schemes grant preferential tax treatment, which lowers progressivity. For the United States it has been estimated that more than 90% of the savings from preferential tax rates on long-term capital gains and qualified dividends go to taxpayers in the top quintile of the income distribution, and nearly half of the benefits go to people in the top 0.1%.19 Moreover, even outside preferential schemes, capital income is frequently taxed at lower rates than labour income, benefiting mainly wealthier households as they tend to own a larger share of capital income and wealth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Examining work and community relations in one Texas school district, this study explores intensifying managerialism under performance accountability (PA) pressures. Reports, press releases, and media accounts are combined with ethnographic study from one elementary school to explore the enactment of school district reforms. Locating PA within a broader public sector reform approach termed New Public Management (NPM), the article looks at the influence of accountability relations informed by these logics on work and community relations. In contrast to rhetorical promises of improved responsiveness to client concerns, the findings suggest more centralized decision making and control as district administrators respond to state targets. Implications for reform logics that invoke and reinforce an antidemocratic managerialism are discussed in light managerial practice that deflect community activism and discipline teacher work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Nonetheless, already limited budgets are strained by other demands and therefore do not extend to provide for this allocation or the meeting of these targets. The role which the private sector should play in such commercial development is not well defined, either. This can be partially explained by the household registration system (Ho Khau) which was put in place in 1964 (Work Bank and Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 2016) (Box 2.12). A technical problem is that migrants who are registered as short-term (seasonal or temporary) or returning migrants in the system are left out of urban statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Failed states commonly experience health and mortality crises that include outbreaks of infectious disease, violent conflict, reductions in life expectancy, and increased infant and maternal mortality. This article draws from recent research in political science, security studies, and international relations to explore how the process of state failure generates health declines and outbreaks of infectious disease. The key innovation of this model is a revised definition of “the state” as a geographically dynamic rather than static political space. This makes it easier to understand how phases of territorial contraction, collapse, and regeneration interrupt public health programs, destabilize the natural environment, reduce human security, and increase risks of epidemic infectious disease and other humanitarian crises. Better understanding of these dynamics will help international health agencies predict and prepare for future health and mortality crises created by failing states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Do rent controls and other aspects of tenancy law strike a balance between landlords’ and tenants’ interests? National and local policies to decrease the level of spatial segregation have been developed in many countries. The effectiveness and the unintended consequences of these programmes, as well as their integration with social elements, are important for social policy makers and should be further explored. More data and knowledge are needed to estimate the affordable housing deficit and enable better policy planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Iran has an 82 percent subsidy on gasoline, Venezuela has a 96 percent subsidy on diesel fuel. Progressively phasing out fossil fuel subsidies could cut global primary energy demand an estimated 5 percent by 2020 - equivalent to the current consumption of Japan, the Republic of Korea and New Zealand combined (IEA 2010e). Phasing them out immediately could reduce global energy demand 5.8 percent by 2020. Unreliable energy supplies encourage firms to invest in expensive and inefficient standby power systems, thus raising energy costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Where there are gaps, the indicators are extrapolated to calculate averages from a balanced panel. In any event, this index also reveals an increase in school segregation on average in Latin America over the past 20 years. By contrast, the findings do alter when the top quintile is treated as potentially segregated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
If a farm specialises in a narrow set of crops, risks related to climatic or market conditions of these crops can change and it may be very costly to revise the whole farming system to adapt to these changing circumstances. This is not specific to agriculture. Secondly, risks can be managed using the time dimension by building precautionary savings to smooth income across time and reduce short-term vulnerability arising from negative income shocks due to climate or markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It has outreach programmes and projects that highlight the importance of effective skills training to parents, teachers and employers. Skills competitions demonstrate the highest standards in skills among youth and help persuade organizations to invest more in skills development. As a member-led global hub, WorldSkills helps countries or regions to improve their TVET systems and raise their benchmarks for skills excellence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Since the target is non-binding, imports from countries outside the European Union will not necessarily be increasing through the expected shortfall. In the long term, however, export demand is likely to increase due to the madatory share of 10% renewable energy in the transport sector in 2020 as defined in the RED. The price of fossil fuels and biofuel feedstocks, plus potential technological breakthroughs in second-generation biofuel production, amongst others, will influence the amount of biofuels that can be produced within the European Union and thus determine the import demand for biofuels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The size of the land allocation was generally based on household size or labour supply, with land use restricted to agricultural purposes. Initially the contracts were granted for five years, before being extended to 15 years in 1984 and 30 in the late 1990s. Reflecting differences in fertility, location and irrigation, each household was assigned a number of noncontiguous land plots of varying quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
During the implementation of the environmental program over EUR 100,000 was invested in energy efficiency investments. The annual savings from the implemented measures are estimated to be around EUR 10,000. Rukakeskus Ltd is responsible for the slope operations in Ruka ski resort located in Kuusamo, Finland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
With big data and technologies, the time for companies and governments underplaying deforestation, wildlife trade, poaching or illegal fishing is over. Artificial intelligence can now be used to help boost protection and resilience of natural systems instead. The Natural Capital Project uses remote-sensing-based natural capital assessment to guide jurisdictional development planning, mapping supply risk for corporate sourcing decision, and helping conservation organizations target investments in forest restoration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Under the Paris Agreement, reporting arrangements for finance refer to three new categories of countries: “developed”, “developing”, and “other countries” that provide and mobilise resources. In the absence of a definition of which category countries belong to, there is more flexibility for countries to interpret these terms and decide which reporting provisions best apply to them. The provisions for flexibility are more nuanced in the Paris Agreement, with the term applying more specifically to those developing country Parties that need it in the light of their capacities (Art.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, precise estimations of the size and nature of the energy efficiency gap of the food chain have not yet been calculated. In many cases, the implementation of these approaches is a “win-win” situation for the producer, as the energy cost reductions achieved through implementation quickly repay the capital investment that is required. In the majority' of cases, a payback time of five years or less can be achieved and, for a significant proportion of the technologies, the payback is three years or less (Golaszew'ski et al., Moreover, important efficiency gains can be achieved w'ithout capital investment, by introducing procedural and behavioural changes.3 Reducing food waste, for example, provides high potential for energy savings through resource efficiency and offers an important untapped energy-efficiency potential which policy could address (Mehlhart et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Over the past three decades, income disparities have risen to unprecedented levels, with the richest 10% in the OECD area earning almost ten times more than the poorest 10% (OECD, 2015a). People who are economically disadvantaged often also fall behind in other non-income dimensions of well-being, including in terms of educational attainment and health status. Such inequalities not only significantly affect the well-being of the most vulnerable segments of the population, but also undermine countries’ economic performance, as disadvantaged groups have fewer resources to invest in skills and education and therefore contribute less to than possible. Other policy areas such as education, social and labour market policies, competition and tax policies have traditionally played a stronger role in fostering more inclusive societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In many cases, these illegal structures have since gained community buy-in and have been turned into official skateparks sanctioned by municipalities, thus changing their temporary land uses into permanent features of the urban landscape. Though initially an unsanctioned experiment, their uses were proven to be beneficial and were eventually accepted. Embracing experimentation through temporary land uses (cont.) It provides costs estimates for different kinds of projects and access to data and maps of vacant land so that potential areas can be identified and linked up to other vacant sites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Proper and repeated application of the plan-do-study-act cycle should underpin this, focussed on patient outcomes to steer local and national policy making. While OECD health care systems are getting better at embedding evaluation of local initiatives, system-wide assessment of health care system performance is still lacking. Such evaluation should be more systematically conducted to assess the impact of policies and to fill existing gaps in knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In this paper, we argue that democratic decentralization defined as the transfer of power and resources from central government to lower units of government to deliver downwardly accountable and responsive local representation does not entirely produce stronger local institutions for mass participation, good local governance and community development. This is supported with selected cases from Ghana to demonstrate how in the name of decentralization and effective local governance, spaces have been created to subvert and disempower traditional authorities and their institutions thereby affecting their relevance and active participation in local governance and development through time and across space.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 2014, the dependency ratio was relatively low at 50% - there were 100 working-age people to take care of 50 non-working-age people (elderly and children). This temporarily favourable age structure of the Chinese population caused a “demographic dividend”, which underlied one quarter of per capita GDP growth (see Cai and Wang, 2006). Demographic change in China, Japan and Korea (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, poor workers need to have the health, education, skills, and resources to gain access to such expanded employment opportunities. Further, macroeconomic, structural, and equity focused policies need to be well integrated to create a rapid expansion of poverty reducing employment. Since informal employment is the main source of poor workers’ employment in the LDCs, an integrated policy response is needed. Such a response should take into account die diversity and heterogeneity of the informal economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Disaggregating by ty pe of employment within the care sector reveals a wage penalty for both male and female health workers. To that end, it seems reasonable to go beyond a comparison of average income because there are factors at work in both groups (and even among care workers) that might explain, at least in part, any differences in income. The figures for monthly income are used and adjusted for the number of hours worked. Owing to the specific focus of this study, variables were included to flag care workers. First, the care sector as a whole w-as identified, using a binary' variable with a value of 1 for care workers (as defined at the beginning of this chapter) and a value of 0 for non-care workers. The coefficient of this variable is of interest as it reflects the income gap with other w'orkers as a percentage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Under the Convention, States must take measures to ensure that the situation of migrants in an irregular situation does not persist (art. The duty of States to provide information to migrants and their family members on their rights under the Convention (art. Additionally, the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and General Assembly resolution 58/143 on violence against women migrant workers urged States to better protect the rights of migrant women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Related to the issue of capacity, there is a threat that major investment decisions taken by the MIRT are dominated by provincial territorial interests and the major cities such as Amsterdam, as opposed to smaller locales (Zonneveld and Evers, 2014: 71). Decentralisation of competencies needs to be accompanied by the appropriate fiscal provisions. It is anticipated that the national government will provide funds for training to assist municipalities and water boards to implement the new act and adjust to new ways of working.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Thus, technology transfer is essential to the achievement of SDG 7. Around half of LDCs’ imports of power-generating machinery and 70 per cent of electrical end-use machinery and appliances are from ODCs, highlighting the growing importance of South-South trade as a vehicle for energy-related technology transfer. From this perspective, technology-transfer measures in favour of LDCs have a rather inadequate track record, reflecting vague and nonbinding formulation, lack of adequate funding, fragmentation and limited political will (UNCTAD, 2016b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the area of seed development, funding of farmer participatory crop-breeding has led to the release of 68 locally adapted varieties of crops such as cassava, bean, sorghum, and maize. Many of these varieties incorporate traits from varieties developed by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and Africa’s national research organizations, along with farmers' own traditional varieties. Twenty four small- and medium-sized seed companies and cooperatives have experienced a near doubling of their seed production in two years. Their understanding is influenced by the quantity and quality of information available on fertilizer and by their access to that information. For example, the ratio of farm-gate price to cost, insurance, and freight ranges from 1.42 for the United States to 2.04 and 2.56 for Nigeria and Angola respectively. • It is important that African countries assess and prioritize the IP issues (trademarks, patents, geographical indicators, plant breeder’s protection, and traditional knowledge) according to their short-, medium- and long-term implications on their modes of agricultural productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
With shorter journeys, they are more likely to walk. However, women have more complex journey patterns and are at a disadvantage when living in peripheral urban areas because of the poor frequency of public transport. People with disabilities suffer a wide range of issues when travelling, including obstructed and dangerous sidewalks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
With “excess cost growth” expenditures as a proportion of GDP rose from 13 percent in 2010 to around 16 percent in 2050 (Figure 5). Another approach to indirectly include health status in the projections is to develop disease-specific projections (see Annex A 1.1). Those include changes in disease incidence and prevalence among the factors that contribute to projected changes in expenditure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
High turnover rates disrupt the continuity of care. Moon and Burbank (2004) argue that when turnover rates are high, children spend less time being engaged in meaningful activities. Workload refers to the number of working hours, indicating the extent to which staff’s schedules are compatible with family life and the physical demands of the job.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)