albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The numbers of girls and women going into so-called STEM fields—science, technology, engineering and mathematics—are still very low, for example, even though many future jobs will lie there. However, if the pace at which women become frequent users of digital technologies is doubled, the workplace could reach gender equality much faster than many current estimates predict (Accenture, 2016). A programme in Costa Rica, for example, is helping girls in impoverished rural areas learn about science and technology in schools, and connecting young women graduates to opportunities to become entrepreneurs in information and communication technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
System costs in this study are defined as the total costs above plant-leuel costs to supply electricity at a given load and given level of security of supply. In principle, this definition could include costs external to the electricity market such as environmental costs or security of supply impacts. This study, however, focuses primarily on the costs accruing inside the electricity system to producers, consumers as well as transport and distribution system operators. A large subset of these costs are the monetisable system costs that are mediated by the electricity grid and are referred to in the following as “grid-level system costs” or “grid costs”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This programme provided financial education, and credit and bank accounts were opened for depositing wages and to promote savings. Such financial inclusion, in the form of opening savings accounts, has a strong effect on savings behaviour (Bynner and Paxton, 2001). Greater creditworthiness can help households obtain bridging credit from traders, participate in groups or associations that require regular contributions and improve access to institutions (Barca et al., In many cases, however, households remain risk-averse and reluctant to take advantage of their greater access to credit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The lack of funds presents a large risk factor to the fulfilment of the project plan. The Nordic hubs in support of authors should apply for funds for all sub-parts of the assessment, but there are no guarantees as to how successful they will be, nor is it yet clear if the project will be able to establish such hubs. There is also a need for funds to cover the co-chairs' hours of work, and the meeting costs and DSA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Whereas the employment rate for people not experiencing any type of mental health disorder was nearly 80%, for those suffering from a moderate disorder that number dropped to approximately 75%. The percentage plunged even further for individuals experiencing severe mental health disorders, to a 45% employment rate (OECD, 2012a). A difference in the level of income can also be noted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Embedding appraisal for pedagogical leadership within a comprehensive leadership development framework would ensure school leaders are given the opportunity to develop the relevant knowledge and competencies to exercise pedagogical leadership. Appraisal focussed on pedagogical leadership can itself provide an opportunity for feedback and help identify areas for school leader’s development. A comprehensive model for school leadership development would ensure strong linkages between appraisal and professional development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
More than four-fifths of the forests are available for wood production, and all but some small areas of plantations are classified as semi-natural. The amount of acres burned in 2007 was 10 times higher than the prior two years (Figure 9.3). Other disturbance agents that contribute to loss of forest cover and timber volume include insects, pathogens, and illegal logging. Since then, the country has acquired suppression equipment such as planes, tractors, and fire engines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The technical/vocational track offers the same diploma and a technical qualification, and therefore takes three years, with longer hours of study than the academic track. The academic track offers 23 study alternatives, while the technical track proposes 7 agriculture, 24 industry and 25 service specialities. Those who already have the Bachillerato may seek a vocational qualification through two years of night school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The term has achieved widespread use (e.g. Farrington et al., Others have referred to ‘super-cognitives’, to emphasise the fact that these factors rely on and emerge from particular (cognitive) thoughts, ideas and developed meanings (Intrator and Siegel, 2014). Whatever exactly these ‘skills’ are, in many contexts there has been a concerted shift towards pedagogies which aim to develop higher-level personal and social competence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In a comparative national study addressing the fiscal domain, we explored relationships between socio-cultural, political, economic, and government conditions and concepts critical to open government, defined as (a) budget transparency (b) participation in budget processes, and (c) accountability information. We found that democracy, human capital, and budget document disclosures are consistently related to transparency, accountability, and the involvement of the Supreme Audit Authority with the public. E-participation and commitment to the Open Government Partnership are each related to particular measures of transparency and accountability. Gross domestic product was negatively related to particular measures of transparency and accountability. Only democracy was related to public participation in budget discussions with the executive, and that was a minimal effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The MexicoFirst initiative financially supports the certification of IT specialists and others working in the IT and ICT-enabled service industries, covering up to 70 per cent of the cost. The programme is administered through the national competitive fund, Prosoft, and expects to support the certification of 12,000 professionals annually.31 The IT talent programme also certifies graduates in specific competencies required by the industry. An idea arising out of a study of Costa Rica is the introduction of a dual training system for vocational training on a broad scale (Paus, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
West Bengal - not a traditional wheat-growing area - is an outlier that has exceeded its expected performance. World Bank, Washington, DC. West Bengal and Punjab are also close to their potential for paddy, but most other states have significant potential yield advances to exploit (Gautam and Aggarwal, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article presents the various theoretical approaches to the study of social transformation and sociology of development since the emergence of this sub-field in sociology. In discussing various par - adigms of social change and social transformation, the article questions the Eurocentric assumptions of a seemingly linear trajectory. In summarizing the developments in the field of sociology of development, this article synthesizes various theoretical strands such as modernization theories, dependency and world- systems theories, and globalization and multiple modernity theories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Central to success in this area in Ontario was the signing of a four-year collective bargaining agreement with the four major teachers' unions. In reaching the accord, the ministry was able to negotiate items that were consistent with both its educational strategy and the unions' interests, thus providing a basis for pushing forward the education agenda while creating a sustained period of labour peace that allowed for continued focus on educational improvement. That was facilitated because union agreements could be reached at the provincial level, which may be more challenging in the context of the United States, with the more decentralised nature of union-managemenl decision making. For example, the United Stales has directed new federal funding for teacher preparation towards more clinical programmes such as teacher "residency" programmes, in which teacher candidates learn to teach in schools under the guidance of experienced teachers while taking classes outside of leaching hours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This fact, coupled with Korea’s underdeveloped primary care infrastructure perhaps goes some way toward explaining Korea’s high volumes of potentially avoidable admissions for certain chronic conditions. Korea has a moderately high prevalence rate for diabetes and it also has a high admission rate for uncontrolled diabetes. In this regard Figure 3.5 suggests that Korea’s admission volumes for uncontrolled diabetes are considerably higher than expected, even after adjusting for diabetes prevalence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For instance, older adults may have enough money to meet food needs, but be food insecure due to functional limitations that make it hard to shop for or prepare food. A child may live in a non-poor household, but be subjected to inappropriate feeding practices that lead to food insecurity. Food management strategies both contribute to and are impacted by food insecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Writing workshops have become a common feature of most of the MASMA-funded projects. They have provided opportunities to brainstorm on key research results, as well as for capacity building amongst emerging scientists in terms of approaches to data analysis, information synthesis and access, and the best methods for the dissemination of information and results. These include broad-based training on marine protected area or natural resource management and ICZM that combine learning in a workshop setting with field visits and opportunities for the exchange of experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Key actions in these three areas are set out in the 12 lessons presented in this synthesis report. We are grateful for comments on earlier drafts from Ian Brownwood, Niek Klazinga, Francesca Colombo, Mark Pearson and Stefano Scarpetta from the OECD Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. Thanks also go to Marlene Mohier, Lucy Hulett and Alastair Wood for editorial input and to Duniya Dedeyn for logistical support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Another programme - the Credit Link Capital Subsidy - has been implemented for financing technology upgrading of female-owned firms (OECD, 2012a). It is reasonable to assume that lower access to education can affect opportunities to improve financial literacy. Access to formal education is lower for girls than for boys in some regions of the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at in/o@eopyright.com or the Centre francais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com. It was undertaken in partnership with the OECD Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs and with funding from the OECD Eurasia Competitiveness Programme, which is co-financed by the European Union. Mr. Marat Tolibayev, Vice Minister of Agriculture, provided support at all stages, and many experts from the Ministry and KazAgro Holding provided essential data and information on the functioning of agricultural programmes, as well as numerous comments on the draft report. Detailed comments on statistical data presented in the study were received from Kazakhstan’s Statistics Agency. The Centre for Trade Policy Development of the Ministry of Economic Development provided comments on the trade policy section.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Global warming requires global solutions but the current two-tier architecture on mitigation actions has raised concern over the problem of emissions relocation. While total C02 emissions from OECD countries tended to stabilise after the turn of this century, those from Developing Asia continued to rise much faster than the world average (7.3% versus 2.6%) during the 2000-10 period. This is due largely to China's emission growth doubling from 4.1% in 1990-2000 to 8.6% in 2000-10 (Table 4.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Rebuilding West Africa's food potential: policies and market incentives for smallholders-inclusive food value chains. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. Cross-country evidence". Achieving Dryland Women's Empowerment: Environmental Resilience and Social Transformation Imperatives, Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article reviews the decisions of UK courts in a case concerning two Iraqi detainees in British military custody who sought to restrain their transfer to Iraqi custody. The detainees claimed that the transfer would violate certain obligations owed to them by the UK under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), including the prohibition on torture and the right to a fair trial. The article argues that the case presented novel and complex legal questions for resolution, including whether there was a conflict between the UK's obligations under the ECHR and its obligation to respect Iraqi sovereign jurisdiction over its own nationals on its own territory. It is concluded that important elements of the UK courts’ reasoning were less than satisfactory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Government leaders from more than 150 countries confirmed at the world summit in Johannesburg xo years later that the convention is the key instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from use of genetic resources. It emphasises the need for counteracting the loss of biological diversity through conservation and sustainable development. Genetic variations within the species, for example in the populations of the same species spread over a large area, are also covered by the term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
We go further in arguing that ethical perspectives not only provide insights into public understanding of poverty and of the priority attached to achieving poverty reduction, but it also throws light on the scope and design of the institutions and policies charged with addressing poverty. Several ethical perspectives exist and are capable of illuminating these issues. Relevant ethical perspectives include egalitarian, utilitarian, priority, sufficiency and humanitarian perspectives.3 In our view, these perspectives have implications for defining the concept, scope and significance of poverty and poverty reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As a result, interest rates in sustainable microfinance institutions (MFIs) are substantially higher than the rates charged on normal bank loans. They argue that this policy will best insure the permanence and expansion of the services they provide. Sustainable (i.e., profitable) microfinance providers can continue to serve their clients without needing ongoing infusions of subsidies, and can fund exponential growth of services for new clients by tapping commercial sources such as deposits from the public.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
One of its subcommittees (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 41) focuses on loT and related technologies. More specifically, it deals with standardization on loT and related technologies, including sensor networks and wearable technologies. The committee also provides guidance to the Joint Technical Committee on ICT standards for business and consumer applications, and to other entities developing applications related to the loT188 Box 5 describes other regional and global work on standards for the digital era.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Compared to men, women in the Asia/Pacific region are less likely to progress in their careers, with the share of women among legislators, senior officials and managers around 25% and declining since 2005. By contrast, women carry out most of unpaid work, providing care to children, elderly, and sick or disabled family members as well as doing other unpaid household work. In the Asia/Pacific region the gender gap in unpaid work is about three hours per day, and such gaps are particularly large in Southern Asia. Across the Asia/Pacific region about 40% of men and women hold bank accounts with a financial institution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The aim of this study was to compare the level of allocation of human rights education issues in social studies textbooks in Turkey and the United States. For this aim, six social studies textbooks from both countries were examined. Textbooks were analyzed in terms of their level of “human rights education issues,” in accordance with Karaman - Kepenekci’s (1999) subcategories. A content analysis method was used to analyze the textbooks. As a result, it was observed that human rights education issues were included more in Turkish social studies textbooks. The study showed that Turkish and United States textbooks contained the “rights” subcategory the most. While the intensity scores of the “democracy,” “freedom,” and “judgment” subcategories were listed the highest in both countries’ textbooks, on the other hand, the intensity scores of the “tolerance” and “peace” subcategories were placed last in the textbooks of both countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Established conflict theories focus on the role of incentives in the decision to join, stay, or leave an insurgency. These theories, however, disregard the pressure that an organization can impose on its members. Similar to legal organizations, we assert that a rebel organization can sustain itself by effective human resource management. Using narratives resulting from psychological trauma therapy of former combatants of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), these management strategies are examined. The analysis shows that the LRA sustains itself in the first place by the use of brute force. However, they also manage themselves by a careful selection process of their fighters, by the conscious creation of social control, and by offering their members an alternative social network in which promotion and compensation play a role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These costs tend to weigh particularly heavy on women entrepreneurs contending with time and resource constraints. Make the benefits of registration visible and substantial. Mexico, for example, has made good strides in helping parents care for young children recent years with the introduction of universal compulsory preschool education, as well as the growth of the Estancias Infantiles para Apoyar a Madres Trabajadoras programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In combination, the evidence on market-income inequality and attitudes towards redistribution provides a useful basis for speculating whether redistribution is now “more urgent” than 20 years ago. The widening gaps between low-income and high-income groups would indicate that reducing inequalities among working-age households has indeed become a more pressing concern. At the same time, Figure 2 suggests that preferences for reducing inequalities have weakened over the past 20 years or so in just under half of the countries shown (Canada, Finland, United Kingdom and United States).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A key challenge for policy is therefore to facilitate and encourage employment and earnings growth that benefit low-income groups in particular. They are also relevant in the context of planning fiscal consolidation strategies. It may therefore be necessary to critically review whether existing tax provisions should be adapted in light of equity considerations and current revenue requirements, in particular where those with high or very high incomes have benefited from declining overall tax burdens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Can it survive the abandonment of the policies? What conditions allowed the success to unfold? The second phase was aimed at SMEs, which indirectly triggered the ESCO market development. During 1996 and 1997 the Chinese government worked hand-in-hand with the World Bank and GEF to replicate energy performance contracting (EPC) in China.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
International law is a European tradition. Nevertheless, like many other European traditions, it imagines itself as universal. Throughout its history, it has been associated with projects such as Christianity, secular statehood, enlightenment, 'civilization', free trade and human rights. International law's association with particular ideas or preferences does not, however, even slightly undermine it. There are no authentic universals that one could know independently of their particular manifestations. The key question is a political one: Are there good reasons for extending the scope of such ideas or preferences? Answering this question may not have been assisted by the turning of some of them into kitsch. But is that the condition of their universality?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It would also be helpful to have some degree of international convergence on the approach to be used for calculating national BAU baselines. Parties could agree the time frame and GWPs or other GHG-equivalence metric to be used for commitments. It is possible that bounded flexibility could also be negotiated for other dimensions of mitigation commitments, depending on the varying national circumstances of countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It is plausible that a mismatch could exist between aspirations, understood as the level of well-being that people desire, and expectations of well-being in terms of the socioeconomic position that individuals actually hope to achieve. This would be the result of an evaluation of their personal capacities and the opportunities provided to them by the social structure. In the case of expectations, the data are consistent with information that shows that these vary according to the individual’s position in the social structure (ECLAC, 2008a). Nonetheless, this does not mean that the association between welfare expectations and the household’s economic situation has the properties of a direct relation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Only two LDCs excel in all three categories: Bhutan and Sao Tome and Principe (Table 6.1). Thirty two LDCs were included in the analysis where R!=0.62. In addition, Bhutan, unlike many other LDCs, electricity is not a problem since hydropower is abundant and electricity is relatively affordable. Though factors such as land and population size and density may provide an advantage or disadvantage, the strategies these countries adopted to achieve their status are relevant for other LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While growth dynamics have lifted many people out of poverty, they have not eliminated poverty and exclusion, which continue to affect millions of people. Inclusive innovation has therefore become an imperative for countries’ socio-economic development, especially in emerging and developing economies. In 2010, an estimated 4.3 billion people - 62% of the world’s population - lived on less than USD 5 per day (World Bank, 2014a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The size of India, in relation to its neighbours in South Asia, is much greater than the relative size of any other country (including China) in its region (Table 11.9). This makes the Indian economy, its trade and investment policies, and its political stance even more critical to the economic fortunes of the region. The fact that India is the most industrialised of the South Asian countries serves only to magnify its relative economic and political influence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)