albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Since this effect implies a transfer of norms from host to sending country, the sign of the correlation is expected to differ according to the discrimination levels in destination countries. According to these expected links, male and female migration may have the same effect on gender inequality at home, with a higher effect of female migration due to the first channel of transmission. More precisely, the net migration flows by sex and country of origin in 2010 are used as dependent variable. To distinguish the effect of discriminatory social institutions between female and male emigration, sub-samples are used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The net result from an aggregate supply perspective is that expanding market production and increasing women’s labour force participation threaten profits because the potentially higher profit share spurred by more economic activity is outweighed by the decline in human capacities production. Strong care sectors, occasioned by good wages for care workers and lots of public and private demand for care services, underlie a sort of virtuous cycle. Commodities serve as effective substitutes and complements for declines in women's unpaid labour time with marketization, perhaps also making it possible for women to reorganize their unpaid labour time in ways that actually raise its efficiency. Less time taken up by indirect care services frees up time for work and direct care, potentially increasing human capacities production and investment. Good infrastructure for reproductive work reinforces these positive relationships. While it is true that the higher wages and taxes that pay for the high road do press on the profit share, the higher prices supported by strong demand and increases in labour productivity more than compensate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These estimates indicate that citizens of Ulaanbaatar currently generate about 360 kg of household waste per person per year. This is a sharp increase compared with the period 1996-2010 when reported MSW was stable at around 200 kg per person per year. Additional waste is generated from street cleaning (about 300 t/d), resulting in total MSW generation of 430 kg per person per year. According to international practice, commercial waste reported under municipal waste includes waste from shops, restaurants, offices and other municipal infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Most of this comes from the United States, where it is produced from maize, and from Brazil, where it is made from sugarcane. As yet, the Asia Pacific region is still a minor player, producing around 2.5 billion litres of fuel ethanol each year, which is only 5 per cent of global output.8 However, the region is also expanding its output of bio-diesel. This is partly due to their potential environmental impact, and partly due to concern that their production will increase the volume of greenhouse gases. This occurs first during the process of land conversion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Even so, there are no cases of an overall national physical shortage of water, as the share of total water use in total availability of annual freshwater resources is low. As a result competition for water between agriculture, other users (e.g. industrial, urban) and the environment, especially in drier regions, is becoming a growing concern in many countries. This region in 2002 accounted for 51% of US cropland, 76% of the US irrigated area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Some countries released public stocks, while others stockpiled grain. In a separate study, Demeke et al. ( Only Chile and South Africa did not. In some cases, policy responses may have been an ad hoc response to higher prices, but in others they reflect longstanding efforts to counter price domestic instability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Those enrolled in vocational/technical education and trade and technical institutions constituted only 0.5%. Given the role of the manufacturing sector in Penang, and the low proportion enrolled in these institutions, this last statistic needs attention from educational planners. Over the past decade, female workers have had 10.3 years of education compared with the 9.8 years of male workers (Kharas et al. The expectation that highly-educated workers would move into higher paying jobs does not necessarily hold true.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To what extent do the rules on state court personal jurisdiction distribute litigation to the forum that can resolve the dispute at the lowest social cost? It turns out that current rules do select the least-cost forum in many cases. However, three problems interfere with the goal of minimizing the costs of dispute resolution: (a) analysis under the Due Process Clause does not account for the full social costs of litigation, (b) federalism-based concerns sometimes allow state courts to adjudicate cases when they are not the most adequate forums, (c) institutional factors constrain the Supreme Court’s ability to prevent excessive exercises of state court jurisdiction. The dilemma of achieving forum efficiency within the existing legal and institutional framework helps to explain the confusion that pervades the Supreme Court’s state court personal jurisdiction cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This required an intensive process of validating the registration, which is still ongoing. In addition, the failure to put in a requirement that the DWA was informed of any transfer of irrigated land-ownership meant that the registration records were out of date where land had been sold. Since Compulsory Licencing was predicated on having a fairly accurate record of existing water use, this delayed the process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The development of a neutral, professional bureaucracy has been a profound concern for emerging democracies. International and domestic actors have expended significant resources to encourage the development of the rule of law, yet many postcommunist societies remain mired in corruption. When corrupt behaviors are integrated with a core function of democratic states, such as the implementation of free and fair elections, the implications of failures to professionalize bureaucrats are enhanced. This article empirically evaluates how professionalization and corruption interact in election administration, using unique survey data from Ukraine. We assess the results of pre- and postelection surveys of administrators conducted across Ukraine during the 2014 parliamentary elections. Our results suggest that aspects of a professionalized bureaucracy coexist with corruption and that mitigating incentives for state capture is a major challenge for democratization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Vessels from third countries are subjected to the same rules as Norwegian vessels. All foreign vessels longer than 24 metres are obliged to carry satellite tracking devices on board. The right to buy a fishing vessel can only be given to a Norwegian citizen or a body that can be defined as a Norwegian citizen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Those price changes exceeded by an order of magnitude the price changes that models such as Aglink suggested would flow from OECD country reforms. There was swift recognition that while strong prices offer long term benefits for farmers, the short to medium term impacts on poor consumers are predominantly negative. Distortionary policies are inefficient as well as being inequitable in terms of their domestic effects (OECD, 2001, OECD, 2003), and globally they prevent resources from being allocated in an efficient way-even if concerns about the pattern of winners and losers have shifted compared to the period when prices were low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These behaviours are related to several major diseases, for instance, circulatory and respiratory diseases, and different forms of cancer and, according to calculations published by the WHO (WHO, 2009, Table 1, high-income countries), they are responsible for more than five million annual deaths in high-income countries worldwide. More specifically, the WHO estimates suggest that 68 per cent of the deaths and 44 per cent of the disability-adjusted life years are caused by a modifiable health risk (high-income countries). The last half century has brought large population-wide changes in health-related behaviour. Some of these changes - for instance, the decrease in smoking prevalence in several countries - can be expected to have had beneficial health effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Berkeley Reuieu, of Latin American Studies, pp. The Third Dimension of Labor Markets: Demand, Supply and Institutions in Brazil, Nova Science, New York, pp. Evidence from Household Responses to Anticipated Cash Transfers in South Africa”, NBER Working Paper, No. The Impact of Conditional Cash Transfers Programs on Household Working Decision in Brazil”, available at www.iza.org/conference_files/worldb2007/ ferro_a3468.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This partnership was signed by or, itments to green the. Green growth is seen as the means to ensure that inclusive growth is sustainable. Green growth is further believed to have the potential of fostering innovation, creating jobs and spurring economic development (AfDB, 2013). Such strategies combine focusing on energy access, creating high-quality jobs with rising incomes, investing in critical environmental assets—soil, water, biodiversity and forests—and designing resilience for cities and infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Structural reforms are needed to boost labour demand with the EITC at least partly offsetting any negative impact on individual income. The asymmetry' in EPL between temporary' and permanent contracts needs to be reduced. Reforms of the education system need to continue to ease the transition from education to employment and to raise the productivity' of new entrants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
They collaborate in a structured way to improve the quality of the lessons they teach. This gives all teachers a reference for good practice and opportunities to leam from each other to become more effective. It also puts peer pressure on those with poor teaching skills as well as giving them the means to improve their work. Good teachers also have incentives to collaborate with peers to become even better. They can become a master teacher and move up the career ladder of increasing prestige and responsibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The usual debates surrounding multiculturalism pit individual rights against group grievances in a variety of contexts including racial profiling, affirmative action, and the diversity visa lottery, often with seemingly contradictory results. Liberals often favor affirmative action but decry both racial profiling and the diversity visa lottery, while many conservatives hold the opposite view. Critical race theory provides a unique alternative to stock liberal and conservative arguments, allowing one to draw meaningful and persuasive distinctions among these seminal issues surrounding law enforcement, education, and immigration policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Computers in Australian secondary schools are less often located in classrooms (and more often in computer laboratories) than in countries such as Canada, Finland, Hong Kong and Norway. Australia is also a moderately high user of other ICT resources such as smart boards but is relatively low in terms of providing email facilities for students and data logging technologies for use in science classes. Despite their confidence in being able to use ICT, fewer Australian science and mathematics teachers than their peers in countries such as Chinese Taipei, Denmark, Estonia, Hong Kong, and Israel participate in ICT-related professional development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This was followed in 1998 by the adoption by the Organization for African Unity (the predecessor of the African Union) of the Addis Ababa Declaration on Violence against Women, which calls for national laws against FGM, and calls on African Governments to ensure that by the year 2005 the practice of FGM will have been completely eradicated or its incidences drastically reduced. In 1999, the Ouagadougou Declaration was adopted by the member countries of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA), which recommends the effective implementation of the Addis Ababa Declaration through the adoption of national legislation condemning the practice of FGM. It requires that States parties take all legislative and other measures to eliminate all forms of harmful practices which negatively affect the human rights of women including complete prohibition, through legislative measures backed by sanctions, of all forms of female genital mutilation and all other practices in order to eradicate them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Efforts deployed by 27 WTO Members (the so-called Friends of Fish) and African, Caribbean and Pacific group of countries was not successful to introduce some minimum transparency and notification standards and to discipline certain forms of subsidies that contribute to overfishing and overcapacity. We do, however, have a number of pointers for the future. It is clear that the world in 2035 will look very different from today. There are three very significant global trends that we cannot ignore.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In Australia, mandatory corporate GHG reporting commenced two years before the establishment of a national carbon price, which helped to minimise data problems prior to carbon pricing coming in (Prag et al., As noted in Kauffmann et al. ( Key steps to address these challenges include: using standard methods of measurement (e.g. GHG Protocol), streamlining regional and local reporting schemes with the national scheme, aligning the frequency of GHG reporting with that of financial reporting to provide a stronger signal to investors, and establishing the reporting scheme in an inclusive and transparent manner to ensure buy-in from all stakeholders. If so, how have these been defined?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The transport card can also be substituted with an ordinary bank card or a smart phone. This high-tech pricing system not only eliminates the user’s discomfort of having to queue to recharge the conventional pre-paid transport card, it also facilitates the collection of traffic big data. Considering that 99% of users in Seoul travel with a transport card (Seoul Solution, 2016), the data directly reflect consumer needs and indirectly signal consumer satisfaction. This opens up new opportunities for making transport and land-use decisions more responsive to community needs. Previously, bus stops and subway exits were scattered around the station without proper direction boards, which made transfers inconvenient and time-consuming. Therefore, the city government built a multi-modal transit centre, which brings together 89 bus routes on one spot within a close walking distance to subway lines 1 and 4, as well as KTX express railway (Seoul, 2016b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It also provides microfinance and insurance through SEWA bank, training and maternity benefits and pensions. Its greatest impact has been raising self-esteem and bargaining power inside and outside home (Khera and Nayak, 2009). It currently has 1.3 million women members, mostly from rural areas (out of a total female labour force of about 100 million). Other measures have been a national law to protect street vendors in 2004, a social security law for informal workers in 2008, rights of home-based workers, Beedi and Cigar workers act, to protect about 4 million home-based workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The situation is very different between urban and rural areas of Rajasthan. Urban areas have much higher proportions of female teachers, although gender roles for women are very strongly defined here too. In rural areas, it is much more difficult to recruit female teachers, with only small proportions of women with the requisite schooling able to go in for higher education and subsequent employment in schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Wiley compared OER to a toothbrush, which only provides the potential to improve dental hygiene when it is used (Thomas, 2010, Wiley, 2011). The use of instructional technology is usually classified by its purpose regarding the existing teaching and learning environment in which it is used. The SAMR-model developed by Puentedura (2006) constitutes a framework that can be applied to how OER are being used in teaching and learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Policymakers have come to look to human rights law in framing national health policy and global health governance. Human rights law offers universal frameworks to advance justice in public health, codifying international standards to frame government obligations and facilitate accountability for realising the highest attainable standard of health. Addressing threats to individual dignity as ‘rights violations’ under international law, health-related human rights have evolved dramatically to offer a normative framework for public health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The effect of this experience is collective trauma, consisting of, the structural effects of disrupting families and communities, the loss of parenting skills as a result of institutionalization, patterns of emotional response resulting from the absence of warmth and intimacy in childhood, the carryover of physical and sexual abuse, the loss of indigenous knowledge, languages and traditions, and the systemic devaluing of indigenous peoples' identity. The legacies of these and other policies of forced assimilation are also seen in the present relationships of indigenous peoples with the larger society. According to Canadian government statistics, indigenous women are five times to seven times more likely than other women to die as the result of violence. The Native Women's Association of Canada, through its own hard work, documented more than 582 cases of missing and murdered indigenous women in Canada, most within the last three decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Thus,for example, the stigma attached to welfare recipients or the poor increases their disadvantage. Similarly, dignity and recognition wrongs can cause disadvantage.54 Undervaluing women’s work is a recognition wrong that directly causes socio-economic disadvantage, hence the right to equal pay for work of equal value is an important synthesis of the first two dimensions of the right to equality: redressing disadvantage and addressing stigma and stereotyping. This step has been taken by both the CESCR and the CEDAW Committee. Reporting Guidelines”, para 29, CESCR, Ecuador, op.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If the diesel engine has a particulate filter, the tax will be EUR 93. Thus, Road Fund revenues increased from EUR 70 million to EUR 112 million between 2000 and 2008, and outlays from EUR 108 million to EUR 83 million. Rail Fund revenues increased from EUR 104 million to EUR 306 million between 2004 and 2008, while outlays rose from EUR 120 million to EUR 275 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In many cases they are linked to, or subordinate to, conditional transfer programmes and they create connections between poor sectors of the population and the State, the resources available on the market, and the communities themselves. The health-care reform in Uruguay, the universal access and specific health guarantee plan (AUGE) in Chile, the pioneering Single Health System (SUS) of Brazil, the targeted welfare health scheme (seguro popular) in Mexico and the health-care reform in Colombia all come close to the model of social risk management or to a solidarity- and citizenship-based emphasis in the area of health care. Examples in the area of pensions and retirement benefits include the pension-system reform and solidarity-based pensions in Chile, universal non-contributory pensions in Mexico City and their extension, with certain variations, to a number of States elsewhere in Mexico, the reform of the retirement benefits system in Argentina, the “continuing benefit” provision in Brazil and other innovations which are being discussed or implemented in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This paper models the political economy of corruption in the ‘space beyond’ the corruption discourse, using a case study of Zimbabwe. While a critical body of writers have examined the relationship between global neoliberal governance and the anti-corruption agenda within aid-recipient states, there is less critical work about the political economy of corruption in pariah and failing states. This paper asks how far political corruption can be identified and understood in spaces beyond the neoliberal paradigm, when instead of existing as a normative aberration, it is a central moment of instrumental state power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This leaves no-worker households, which decrease as a proportion of households as we move up the deciles. The relative dominance of single worker households remains across all three datasets with approximately 44% and 47% of households in this category. While the patterns are the same across all three datasets, the levels are not. The data suggest that there has been a dramatic increase in single adult households over the last 15 years from 23% in 1993 up to 33% in 2008 (from 30% in 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This provision should increase the number of women who have registered property titles, thereby making it easier to access business loans. A 2008 International Labor Organization report (2008) noted that women made up nearly half of all MSMEs but had less than 10 per cent of the available credit and less than 1 per cent of agricultural credit. Furthermore, because women have lower levels of education and are segregated into lower paying jobs, they have lower savings with which to start a business.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For instance, Asia-Pacific countries should develop educational systems that draw more upon “lifelong learning” systems for all which offer a more active role for learners over their lifetime than “traditional learning" systems where teachers are the source of knowledge, as such systems are less supportive of a knowledge-based economy and thus of innovation. Although mechanization and automation have not yet diminished the importance of workers in industry, some industries are vulnerable to potentially large-scale layoffs when pressures for wage increases rise. It should be pointed out that several countries have already seen socioeconomic unrest stemming from low wages, low standards of safety and security, and an overall weak implementation of labour laws and compliance with ILO conventions, all of which factors have led to an increase in labour costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Millennium Development Goal 2 seeks achievement of universal primary education, target 2A calls for ensuring that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling. For example, the Education for All in the Americas: Regional Framework of Action was drafted at the 2000 conference in Santo Domingo. The framework highlights progress made on the priority area of access to primary education, the relative decrease in illiteracy rates, the increase in the number of years of compulsory education and the increase in early childhood care and education (UNESCO, 2000). It also recognizes that challenges remain for the region, including the formulation of inclusive policies to ensure access and create conditions that promote timely progression and completion and quality learning, especially in the basic cycle but also at the secondary level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Faculty of Sciences of the University of Novi Sad, 2013. Ministry of Energy, Development and Environmental Protection and Ministry of Health. A certain number of river reservoir and retention ponds contribute to flood protection, but still a large part of the territory remains potentially threatened by floods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)