albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
To avoid this multicollinearity issue the approach has been to include a direct measure of the gender gap in educational attainment in the growth equation - rather than separate indicators on male and female educational attainment (Klasen, 2002, Knowles et al., This approach involves assuming common technological change, common population growth, and common growth convergence patterns. However, population growth differs considerably across countries, and the evidence on multifactor productivity growth patterns across countries does not fit with the assumption of common technological change (Lee et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
If waste is perceived by the generator as having little or no value, it will tend to be managed either at the lowest possible cost to themselves, or at minimum cost in compliance with legal requirements. The costs normally considered are the financial costs of waste management that occurred for the collection, treatment and disposal of waste. These costs may be offset in part by direct revenues from selling recovered materials or energy or the benefits of action to the society as a whole, such as resource efficiency, green job creation and a healthy and clean living environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In particular, the obligation to publish by December 2009 River Basin Management Plans has been a strong driver for water management in EU member States. Eastern neighbours are also interested in the application of the provisions of the WFD. Belarus has schemes for the complex use and protection of waters, and is interested in seeing how these compare with EU River Basin Management Plans. Due to lack of resources and capacity in the eastern neighbours, the preparation of River Basin Management Plans has been mostly supported by external donors, but the implementation of the developed plans in some cases advances very slowly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In other words, “women get sicker, men die quicker” (Tolleson-Rinehart, 2005). Self-reported health status is widely used in cross-sectional studies as a single-item morbidity measure that strongly correlates with objective physical and mental health measures (Smith et al., In Finland, women reporting good or very good health outnumbered their male counterparts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Turkey recognizes the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
They have planning, data collection and co-ordination prerogatives usually devoted to river basin organisations. As collegial structures, they can also arbitrate and prevent conflicts over water use. They provide fora to reach compromise on water allocation disputes, and they are key interlocutors of CONAGUA regarding the management of water risks such as drought, overexploitation and contamination in order to develop mechanisms in line with the national strategy. In addition, the councils participate in the development of financial studies with CONAGUA to best determine the necessary users’ contribution to support their programmes of work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In this regard, a conspicuous weakness of the QICH framework is that it does not currently include quality measures for COPD, CHF, smoking status and related measures to incentivise preventive action around quitting smoking. Primary care professionals should be more active generally in health promotion, disease prevention, and encouraging healthy lifestyles (smoking cessation in particular). Primary care services operate in a wider health care context, and it is imperative for government-run public health and prevention services to complement these efforts by strengthening the focus on risk factor modification and promoting health literacy. While QICH is a quality-monitoring programme for primary care that many countries could leam from and emulate, it can be further developed over time, exploiting the potential offered by the use of EMRs in primary care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Nonetheless, South Africa’s changing population shares imply that a policy focus on race-based redistribution will become increasingly limited in the future as the foundation for further broad-based social development. Rather, it would seem that a more dynamically sustainable direction lies in addressing seriously the increasing inequality within each race group. However, before w,e proceed to this discussion of social spending, Chapter 2 interrogates and adds to the review of post-Apartheid inequality and poverty of this first chapter by comparing the empirical picture of poverty and inequality from three national household survey data sets from 1993, 2000 and 2008. Careful attention is given to making these data sets as consistent as possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Private health insurance companies covered 17% of the population. The National Health Care Fund offers a universal health plan. This dual system has been criticized because it leaves low-income and high-risk populations to be treated mainly in the public system, which is poorly resourced and thus tends to provide lower quality service. Providing universal health care and at least nine years of compulsory education requires strong state commitment, involvement and consistency over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Investing in and enfranchising SMEs in developed countries and LDCs will encourage growth, investment and jobs. The successes of Turkey's tenure will be enduring. That is why in May 2015 we set up the World SME Forum to be a permanent structure in global economics. Since the first G20 Business Summit in Seoul in 2010, the B20 has called upon the G20 to address the constraints SMEs face in the global marketplace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. It assesses urban sectors and activities that foster growth and reduce pressure on the environment, focusing on land use and transport, including eco-districts, energy efficiency in buildings, waste recycling, district heating and renewable energy. Public transport should link the proposed nodes more effectively, particularly those planned in the City of Stockholm with those planned elsewhere in the County. It is also important that existing urban areas in each node are densified, to prevent urban sprawl around the nodes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Research also constitutes a basis to understand which policy responses should be instituted for the good of both immigrants and the destination countries. Working across different contexts, the goal is to help countries design effective policies for leveraging immigration for positive development outcomes. This has included providing advice on the governance of comprehensive immigration systems and linking development strategies for policy coherence within a country and across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In 2011, the government spent around USD 649 million in subsidies to irrigation agriculture (OECD, 2012). In July 2011, the government launched a pilot programme to partly decouple the amount of the subsidy from electricity use. The programme involves 13 aquifers and more than 8 000 potential beneficiaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Greater female entrepreneurship would be an incidental benefit arising out of policy interventions which are motivated by broader objectives associated with education policy. Moreover, some existing policies may seek to address this issue directly. Examples include the emphasis placed on encouraging women’s participation in STEM entrepreneurship in the last decade or through various Business Supporting Programs (see Council of Economic Advisers, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, the lack of clarity about the distinction between climate change and development is one of the factors that has led to distrust between developed and developing countries, fuelled by concerns about additionality and the potential for competition between climate finance and development finance for a limited amount of international public finance. Development finance in the form of Official Development Assistance (ODA) increased steadily from the end of the 1990s up to 2010. In 2015, net official development assistance (ODA) flows from member countries of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD totalled USD 131.6 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Using surface water for drinking water supply requires long and expensive means of transmission to reach communities located in the centre of the country. Therefore, aquifers with good quality and quantity are already heavily exploited. Eight per cent of total water abstracted was lost during transportation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As such the emphasis for the inclusion of nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) within the scope of CDM is intensifying. There is no silver bullet solution to the challenges raised by the current CDM mechanism. The most serious proposals for reforms include simplification of the monitoring and verification process (which is quite challenging for end-use EE projects) as well as technology-wide agreement (which would enable an ex-ante benchmarking of EE technologies). The call for Sectoral No-Lose Targets (SNLTs) or technology wide CDM would answer these preoccupations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
At the same time, there was decrease by 7% in 2008 in the South and in the islands, as compared to the average rainfall in the period 1961 to 1990. Water stress may increase by 26% in this century with a growing demand for irrigation water. Reduction of water availability in the North and in the Centre of Italy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
ABSTRACTThe Doha Round on multilateral trade liberalization, originally intended to better integrate developing countries into the world economy, has been largely considered a failure. With the Doha outcome falling short of expectations, North–South trade remains underdeveloped. Embedding the political economy and the resulting importance of reciprocating trade liberalization in an evolutionary model along Axelrod–Rapoport lines indicates that factor endowments are crucial in triggering trade policies. Their pivotal nature gives rise to bifurcations, thereby tilting policies towards or away from liberalization trajectories. The theoretical insights are reflected in an empirical analysis, thus strengthening the case for a variable-geometry approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
According to Klasen and La manna (2009), per capita GDP growth rates in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia could increase by as much as l per cent annually with gender equality in education. Bandara (2015) finds that total annual output losses due to gender gaps in effective labour (the combined effect of inequality in education and labour market participation) could exceed $60 billion for sub-Saharan Africa, rising to $255 billion for the Africa region as a whole. The latter reflects the wider gaps in North Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Without further policy action, for example, the OECD estimates a doubling of premature deaths from local air pollution by 2050, with air pollution today already a larger health threat globally than malaria (OECD, 2012). Natural assets represent over a quarter of the wealth in developing countries today, increasing the vulnerability of these countries to growing environmental risk, including resource scarcity (OECD, 2008). Local benefits alone can provide justification for environmental action, and measures in support of climate change adaptation and improved resilience are often locally focused.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, different absolute poverty lines are used in many countries. For example, the United States Census Bureau uses an absolute poverty threshold, which stood at $12,071 a year in 2014 for a single adult household. By contrast, relative measures utilise poverty lines that are set in relation to the average situation within a society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A complementary National Performance and Benefits Measurement Framework (NPBMF) has been proposed. The objective of the framework is to track both mitigation and adaptation actions and the synergies between the two. It is informed by a methodology developed by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) called Tracking Adaptation and Measuring Development (TAMD).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The S90/S10 ratio is the share of income received by the top decile divided by the share of income of the bottom decile. By contrast, household disposable incomes started slowing down for the European Union as a whole as early as 2008, and were already declining in 2010. Research note 01/2012, European Commission, DG Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion, December.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The funding for primary care keeps increasing, together with performance-based payments for GPs. These included the expansion of the list of reference countries and changes to setting reference prices, new requirements for generic pricing, introduction of cost and volume agreements with producers, a positive list of reimbursed medicines and patient choice of medicine with the smallest copayment Initially, these measures lead to a decrease in pharmaceutical expenditure and some improvement in access to medicines for patients (Kacevicius & Karanikolos, 2013). However, more recently both public and private spending on phaimaceutical diugs have risen again, accounting for 28% of the total health care spending - among the highest levels in the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Data centres evolved from mere data containers to become centralized hubs that managed and distributed data across a network to end devices. Datacentres expanded into cloud infrastructure". This may give a couple of false impressions: that technology is destiny and that everything digital is revolutionary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Its outreach activities also aim to increase the number of countries covered by the organization. By 2035, the share of the working-age population is expected to climb to 60% of total population, promising new waves of workers that seek jobs and entrepreneurial opportunities. For this youth to deliver on its potential, the Gambia envisions specific sector promotion and active skill development. The Strategic Youth and Trade Development Roadmap 2018-2022 (SYTDR), launched by the Government of the Gambia, in collaboration with ITC and with funding from the European Union, identifies three key sectors for growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Climate change is increasing the risk of disaster - amplifying existing risk and creating new risks including the direct consequences of a warming planet - with cascading consequences in the short, medium and long term. Climate mitigation can also be understood as a subset of development planning.319 The main policy implication, within the risk framework of this GAR, is that at a minimum, CCA needs to be integrated with DRR, and that governments need to move to a coherent policy approach that sees both of these risk reduction measures as integral to planning for sustainable development. There is also no obligation on Member States to divide their policy formulation and implementation according to the scope of different international agreements negotiated along thematic lines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Under this framework, parties can determine their contribution at a national level. Compared to the predecessor, the Kyoto Protocol (KP), the Paris Agreement provides a clearer system for comparing and monitoring progress. Any support for synergy between mitigation and adaptation is to be found in targets, reporting systems, rules for finance and technology transfer- and in the collective thinking behind the structure of the agreement. The analysis identifies where the individual policy mechanisms and obligations could support synergy between mitigation and adaptation, drawing on the types of M&A synergy used outlined in the review ofthe literature and examples where it has been implemented in practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In general, accumulation of carbon in forest growth exceeds the total release from it, and thus forests globally act as a carbon sink (see, e.g. IPCC 2007). Globally the carbon stock has been on constant decline between 1990 and 2010. Forests and other terrestrial ecosystems annually absorb about 2.6 GtC (i.e. equivalent to 9.53 Gt of CO2},18,19 1.6 GtC of which re-enters the atmosphere due mainly to forest clearing and degradation, and thus the rate of carbon sequestration is 1 GtC per year (IPCC 2007].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Such opportunities are not specifically defined at this stage but ability to benefit will depend on adaptive capacity. At present, higher risk/impact regions have been outlined (Handisyde et al., Asia is by far the major aquaculture producer, with large populations and production zones in low-lying areas, and is the most vulnerable region. Deltaic areas in Asia and elsewhere are also critical for agricultural livelihoods and food security, and the loss of agriculture productivity due to salination from sea level rise and seawater intrusion could have an important impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
While strengthening productivity will contribute to the success of a number of the Sustainable Development Goals, investing in their achievement will also nurture productivity growth, creating a virtuous cycle between sustainable development, productivity and economic growth. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Goal 7.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For instance, the growth rate was 62%, in Saudi Arabia 73% in Egypt and 96% in Iran (GE, 2010). This trend is projected to continue, ostensibly presenting a challenge but in reality also offering an opportunity for Jordan and its neighbours. According to the Electricity Regulatory Commission, renewable energy amounts to 108 MW of installed electricity capacity, which is equivalent to 3.5% of the total electricity generated in Jordan (ERC, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Due to increased fish prices for the most important demersal species (sole, plaice and North Sea brown shrimp) there was only a slight decrease in landings value. Capture fisheries production value increased at annual average rate of 2.0% between 2011 and 2015. In the Oosterschelde estuary, about 40 farms produce mussels and 20 farms produce oysters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In particular, 52 per cent of women aged 20-24 years were married in 1997, compared with 46 per cent in 2002. The level of age specific marital fertility rate peaks in the age group 20-24 years and afterwards it declines at older ages. In the age group 20-24, both rural and urban areas experience an almost equal decline in the proportion of currently married women between the two surveys. In both the settings, marriage postponement clearly was observed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are considerable differences within the UNESCWA region in terms of road density, both in the per capita and spatial dimensions. The proportion of paved roads is above 50 percent in all countries with available data (2010). Road density in Asia and the Pacific continues to increase, but remains low in comparison to more developed regions of the world. From 2005 to 2011, the road spatial density in Asia and the Pacific increased from 25 to 38 km of road per 100 km2 of land area, an increase of 50.1 per cent compared to a global growth of 10 per cent over the same period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Health providers have been trained, with support from UNFPA and the Auckland University of Technology, to follow a women-centred approach, allowing survivors to speak, finding solutions that they feel are safe for them and connecting them with other services. Special measures have been put in place to reach adolescents through community outreach, peer education and comprehensive sexuality education programmes. This connection is particularly visible in the case of care for people with HIV and AIDS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Brazil, public participation is institutionalised in such arenas as the Conference of Cities at the federal level, and in city councils at the municipal level. Low engagement by civil society groups in NUP development is observed, partly due to a lack of participation mechanisms. However, Morocco's inclusive NUP process stands out as a potential model for the Arab States region (Box 5.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Panelists discuss to what degree an expansive immigration policy might suppress wages or limit opportunities for workers in the United States. There is some competition between low‐skilled American workers and undocumented immigrants, and racism and poverty exacerbate anti‐immigrant sentiments. Poor public education is partially to blame for the high number of unemployed, low‐skilled Americans. Illegal immigration may be more likely than legal immigration to suppress wages because unscrupulous employers do not adhere to labor standards. Employer sanctions and wider adoption of programs like E‐Verify are needed. [Note: This is an edited and abridged transcript of a panel discussion.]
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Indufor (2013) calculated a "cascade factor” for Europe, which it defined as the overall use of wood raw material divided by its roundwood component, the cascade factor is a measure of the extent to which the European wood-processing industry has succeeded in increasing the utilization of wood co-products and recycled fibres. Greenhouse gas emissions from woody bioenergy are small when burned efficiently compared with emissions from fossil fuels, and "carbon debt" becomes insignificant if: wood is produced sustainably, there is cascaded use, and the total energy system is considered (IINAS et al., Although US and EU standards have been in place for several years, the new ISO standard could support thetradeof solid biofuels internationally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It would be important to estimate the costs of inaction and to make the case for business to involve itself in biodiversity protection. For example, in addition to their number, the welfare and quality of forests should be emphasised. Environmental priorities in the case of Sweden could be overfishing, reducing nutrients [e.g. NOx), and protection of forests and wetlands. The policy objectives included in the table have been ranked by interviewees as low or high priorities for their country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the Netherlands and Denmark, where EU-SILC finds it difficult to meaningfully distinguish between market-rate and social rental accommodations, all renters are placed in the market rate category. Additionally, the Australian, Canadian, and American surveys used here do not ask whether rent is subsidized. All respondents paying any level of rent in these countries are included in their survey's “market plus subsidized” rental category. In Sweden, although subsidized housing is a survey response option, very few respondents select this option.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)