albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
While Penang and George Town lack the agglomeration assets of Singapore, they could tap into the growing stream of cultural tourists in Singapore by providing ready-made packages in authentic South East Asian environment. It defined the creative industries as: i) arts and culture, ii) design and iii) media. The Singapore Government wanted to reposition Singapore as a vibrant and exciting creative hub, utilising the formula that fuse arts, business and technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To develop marketable skills an employee needs to invest in education and training in a way that matches his or her personal abilities and employment opportunities. It recognises that it is the employer’s profits that give rise to employment opportunities and that it is the employee’s skills that define productive workers. Thus profits and skills reinforce each other at the core of Figure 13.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
I have found (this syndrome)to be as substantial a bottleneck to development in Africa as inadequate infrastructure or bad governance and it has added an extra weight to the work of those who want to enable individuals and communities to better their circumstances. This Policy Guidance Note considers the causal relationship between empowerment and pro-poor growth. It identifies eight domains of empowerment within three spheres: the economic (markets, decent employment and productive assets), the political (political representation and collective action), and the social (human capabilities, critical awareness and inclusion) and describes what donors can do to support and strengthen empowerment in those domains. Suggestions for how donors should workfor optimal effect include key messages for development co-operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is therefore critical for policy makers to help adults improve the skills and educational qualifications they need in the job market. This includes helping them find jobs, for example through career guidance and mentoring, and also motivating employers to invest in their workforce, and especially in the disadvantaged population. Adults with a higher level of education have a higher chance of being employed and earning higher wages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
According to Amazon executive Brittan Lad, The last mile on average makes up nearly 30% of transport costs. And it is very hard to bring down.' Drone transport may allow for last mile transport without the need for expensive investments in roads or rails. Balloons and satellites may facilitate internet connections in areas not served by fibre optic cables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Jordan, 52% of the female workforce is employed in the public sector (OECD, 2012a, Hendy, 2012). This situation mirrors similar trends in OECD countries. Yet, despite this progress in central government representation, women remain under-represented (the OECD average is 50%, see Figure 6.3). Indeed, the differences in salaries and benefits are affected both by vertical and horizontal segregation, as well as the incidence of part-time employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This has been particularly the case in coastal areas where off-farm work opportunities have been plentiful (Hoken, 2012). Nevertheless, the intensity of land transfer in China remains below that in advanced countries. There are significant differences across provinces, with a 2009-10 survey finding that while only 33% of households in Jiangxi province held a land certificate, 97% did in Gansu province (Ma et al., The government commenced a pilot programme in 2008 to provide certification of farmland contract rights to households, with 100 counties taking part by 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 1994, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) initiated a program to address communication gaps between community residents, researchers and health care providers in the context of disproportionate environmental exposures. Over 13 years, together with the Environmental Protection Agency and National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety, NIEHS funded 54 environmental justice projects. Here we examine the methods used and outcomes produced based on data gathered from summaries submitted for annual grantees' meetings. Data highlight how projects fulfilled program objectives of improving community awareness and capacity and the positive public health and public policy outcomes achieved. Our findings underscore the importance of community participation in developing effective, culturally sensitive interventions and emphasize the importance of systematic program planning and evaluation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The creation of a system for the exchange of information between law enforcement and special State bodies is important for increasing the effectiveness of combating crime, preventing crime and analysing trends in areas of interest, ensuring transparency and control over the country's law enforcement system. This project is relevant to SDG 16. The Lebanese Government initiated the process of transforming Lebanon into a digital nation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Patronatos have their own legal entity, granted by the town council, and therefore have regulatory prerogatives on the use of water, reforestation and sanitation. In each town, a community fund is created to manage users’ financial contributions and to ensure the costs of operation and maintenance are covered. To date, more than 800 patronatos have been created in over 100 municipalities in the state of Chiapas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Businesses in local towns will come to benefit in the longer term through providing various goods and services to rail users. Finally, the project is expected to enhance access to social services, including health care, potable water, education and administration by increasing the mobility of the people and resources required to run these services. If the first phase of the CRGE was characterised by producing an impressive document and basic commitment in a short time, the next phase will surely have to be about experimenting, learning, and continuous improvement systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Finally, the extent to which Turkey’s agricultural policy is oriented to the support of long-term agricultural productivity is evaluated based on OECD support indicators. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The Agricultural Reform Implementation Project (ARIP) was developed and supported by the World Bank as a pre-condition for the macro-economic stabilisation assistance given to Turkey from the IMF.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the past decade, one-third of the OECD metropolitan areas in Europe, Japan and the United States have continued increasing their built-up areas, at a pace even faster than population growth. The urban sprawl index measures the percentage change overtime in the built-up area "available” per person living in a metropolitan area. Values of the index higher than 1 mean that the growth of built-up area was faster than the growth of population (or in other words the built-up area per person has increased).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
First, it is difficult to define - identify - what EE investments comprise. If a bank decides to invest in a Light Emitting Diode (LED) manufacturer, it is quite straightforward to consider the entire investment as an EE investment. On the other hand, should a bank decide to invest in road construction using some EE technologies, it becomes less evident to determine the portion of investment incumbent to EE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The African Union's African Internet Exchange System (AXIS) project has funded deployment of IXPs throughout the region in collaboration with the Internet Society. These and other institutions stand ready to provide assistance whether financial, technical or both for LDCs to establish IXPs. Both APNIC and AFRNIC have been instrumental in helping LDCs obtain root name servers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Gerrie ter Haar, Institute of Social Studies, Religious Fundamentalism and Social Change Abdullahi Ahmed An-na'im, Emory University, Georgia, Islamic Fundamentalism and Social Change Sharifah Zaleha binti Syed Hassan, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia, Strategies to Public Participation: Women and Islamic fundamentalism in Malaysia Alice Shalvi, Seminary of Judaic Studies, Jerusalem, 'Renew Our Days as of Old' Nancy T. Ammerman, Hartford Seminary, Re-Awakening a Sleeping Giant Walter E. A. van Beek, University of Utrecht Pathways of Fundamentalization H. L. Seneviratne, University of Virginia, The Monk's New Robes Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad, Lancaster University, Being Hindu and/or Governing India? R. Scott Appleby, University of Notre Dame, Religions, Human Rights and Social Change James J. Busuttil, Institute of Social Studies, Policy Responses to Religious Fundamentalism
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Opportunities for strengthening policy instruments, including economic instruments, are identified and progress in remediating contaminated sites is examined. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. National Waste Management Plans (NWMPs), together with EU and national targets, have provided the basis for the reform agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In Serbia, monitoring of quantity and quality requires improvement, a wide range of other measures need to be introduced or are planned, including the construction of the regional water supply system of Banat — as a supplementary measure in the respective River Basin Management Plans. This will use groundwater from the Danube alluvium (area between Kovin and Dubovac). The preparations, including studies, arc expected to be completed by 2015. The aquifer is under low qualitative risk due to the good natural protection of deep groundwater from surface pollution. The process of negotiation in this context began at the end of 2010. Sharing of experience between the two countries with the aim of addressing the issue of naturally occurring arsenic is also a field in which, according to Serbia, assistance would be of help.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This includes emissions trading through voluntary and compliance market credits for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) and water and pollution trading schemes. For example, environmental pollution quotas for nitrate, phosphorus and/or salt discharges can be traded by low polluters to high polluters for whom the buying of permits is cheaper than installing anti-pollution technology. Despite initial difficulties, projects like the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) where carbon credits can be generated through afforestation and sold in existing markets indicate a possible way forward on this. The World Bank BioCarbon Fund will purchase emission reductions of 600,000 tC02eq, while the Prototype Carbon Fund purchased 1.3 million tC02eq under a separate agreement in 2002. In addition to the World Bank and Moldsilva (the Republic of Moldova's Forestry Agency), 384 local councils represent the participating rural communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Economic training, support and sometimes incentives that address families’ economic justifications for marrying their daughters early provide alternatives to marriage and increase the value of girls to their families of origin. One example is Berhane-Hewan in Ethiopia, which provided families with a goat as long as their daughters remained in the programme and remained unmarried until age 18 (Karei and Erulkar, 2010). Another example is the Zomba cash transfer programme in Malawi, which found that unconditional cash transfers were more effective in delaying marriage than conditional transfers (Baird et al., By educating and mobilizing parents and communities—those who decide when and whom girls will marry—to change social norms relating to expectations of girls and their marriage prospects, these programmes aim to delay marriage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article examines evangelical missionary work intimately tied with humanitarian aid for North Korean refugees in the Sino-North Korean border area as an emblem of South Korean churches' North Korean mission. Based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, with limited access to certain field sites due to local security concerns, I shed light on refugees' religious conversion as a complex cultural project and process in which ideas of and practices for reli- gious freedom and salvation become immensely contested in the very logic of ''saving,'' in both humanitarian and biblical terms. My primary concerns in this Chinese context are two- fold: the problems of evangelical missionary works associated with universal human rights discourses and the church as an intra-ethnic contact space where refugees' religious and social lives are pre-figured. Based on fieldwork in the Yanbian area, this ethnography discusses empirical questions about religious conversion, intra-ethnic interactions, and salvation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Survivors with disabilities experience domestic violence both more often and differently to those who do not have a disability. The presence of impairment substantially transforms the medical, psychological, environmental, economic, legal and political factors which contribute to the occurrence of violence. Survivors of domestic violence are often highly dependent on their abuser, fear disclosing abuse and lack economic independence, and these issues may be heightened for a person who also has a disability. Domestic violence is amplified by the existence of impairment when law enforcement and medical bodies construct the survivor and their relationship with the perpetrator through an oppressive disability model. Advances in theory and international disability human rights laws may provide new and powerful avenues to critique how law and practice in Australia responds to disability domestic violence. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is the first human rights c...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The successful implementation of the new production model has led to the recovery of the salmon industry as a main activity, exporting 461 577 tonnes in 2011. Total catches have fallen 30% since 2004, particularly because of a 50% decrease of industrial catches. Small-scale catches, however, have increased 80% since 2004 and represent almost half of national capture fisheries production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For example, some climate funds focus on adaptation, some on mitigation, some on specific geographical regions. This means that it would be challenging to distil a common definition of climate finance effectiveness. For example, climate finance that is also ODA is required, by definition, to promote the economic development and welfare of developing countries (as well as leading to climate benefits). Thus, existing approaches and frameworks in use to assess effectiveness at the level of specific interventions are often multi-dimensional. The range of objectives of different sources and channels of climate finance can also influence assessments of climate finance effectiveness. This is because managing the results of an intervention to meet multiple goals (e.g. carbon sequestration, improved local livelihoods, increased biodiversity) may lead to different choices in allocating climate finance to specific intervention types and/or locations than managing an intervention to maximise an individual goal (e.g. carbon sequestration).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Social security fraud and white-collar offences represent serious forms of financial crime. We compare previous estimates of social security fraud in Norway made using a comparable methodology to that which we have applied to white-collar crime. Although the estimated 9.8 billion NOK for social security fraud is enormous in a nation like Norway, we suggest that the amount for white-collar crime is even bigger. We also apply social conflict theory to discuss the issue of priorities in law enforcement between social security fraud versus white-collar crime. According to social conflict theory, the justice system is biased and designed to protect the wealthy and powerful. They will never accept the view that minor fraud prosecution represents a kind of over-criminalization targeted at the losers in society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, Figure 4.3 shows that road transport contributes to more than 80% of C02 emitted by the sector in the region while Figure 4.4 illustrates how many kilometres can be travelled for every one ton of C02 emitted by a passenger using different modes. To support policy makers in selecting the most effective measures to reduce C02 emissions in the inland transport sector, different initiatives are ongoing notably one that is implemented by the UN regional commissions as described in Box 4.1. As part of the project, a global status report on inland transport C02 emissions was prepared and the development of an inland transport (road, rail and inland waterways) emission measurement model called For Future Inland Transport Systems (ForFITS) is now complete.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Strengthening the mechanisms for co-ordination, with clear agreements on roles and functions, could assist in this process. Implementation of the NAS will require close co-operation between the federal government and the Lander, as the latter have legislative competence in many of the key areas for climate change adaptation. The current absence of specific targets and criteria for assessing progress could impede the development of such a system. It lists some 300 projects and indicates the extent of adaptation activities in various sectors and at various levels of government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In long-term care institutions or other services that provide housing or treatment for older persons, it is relatively common to find deplorable living conditions or overcrowding, or treatment that may harm physical or mental health or infringe other basic human rights and fundamental freedoms with frequently irrevocable consequences (Vasquez, 2004). All residents of institutions have rights and liberties protected in international covenants and national laws, regardless of whether they suffer physical or mental disabilities. Recent research carried out by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) on the social exclusion of institutionalized older persons with physical and mental disabilities in three Southern Cone countries (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay) shows a heterogeneous situation in terms of these services. Argentina has the highest proportion of admittances decided by someone other than the older person him or herself (12%), while Chile has the highest percentage of older persons admitted because they have nowhere to live (12%). Institutionalized older persons in Uruguay have a lower level of functional and mental capacities (45%), while in Argentina 65% of residents display no cognitive or physiological degeneration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Given the depressed state of the international carbon market (some USS4 per ton), this corresponded to only some US$4 million/year at the end of January 2013. There are bi-annual donor co-ordination meetings organized by the Government in the environment sector, but this is mainly about the sharing of information rather than joint planning and implementation (chapter 5). The Department of Environment maintains a register of bilateral and multilateral projects that are managed by the Department.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Section C discusses why gender equality in employment is an essential aspect and measure of inclusive growth. It then goes on to discuss analytical frameworks for evaluating gender in labour markets, combining perspectives on the dynamics of gender stratification and intcrgroup inequality with analyses of how labour markets are structurally segmented into so-called "good” jobs and "bad” jobs.1 It highlights that in the context of the growing scarcity’ of high-quality’ work, gender is one of the ways in which economic opportunity and security are rationed. Section D presents an empirical analysis, focusing on the period since the early 1990s when systematic, gender-disaggregated data on employment by sector became available for developing countries. It aigues that women's access to industrial sector jobs relative to that of men can proxy for their relative access to "good” jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Agriculture and its activities remain split into two domains. Despite this, in this paper agriculture refers to all agricultural activities, e.g. all livestock and all land management, and hence encompass two UNFCCC reporting categories. A noteworthy top-down mechanism is the Global Stocktake (GST) mentioned in Article 14 of the PA, "which serves as a crucial review exercise to periodically assess collective progress toward the Agreement's long-term goals, enhance implementation of the Agreement and scale ambition" (Bushan and Rattani, 2017). However, the PA is largely bottom-up in its ambition to allow Parties to choose their own country-specific climate action plans and targets, as set out in the INDCs in the lead-up to COP21 and confirmed in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) submitted after the ratification of the PA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Although in principle this can be taken by either the mother or the father, in practice only 7.5% of beneficiaries are male: there is a very large gender employment gap among those with children aged 0-3 in Estonia (European Commission, 2016). Increasing the length of parental leave would therefore likely reduce labour market attachment among mothers, and potentially have undesirable longer term impacts: although parental leave of up to a year has been shown to increase mothers’ labour market attachment, further extensions are likely to reduce wages among mothers in the longer term (Rossin-Slater, 2017). Therefore, it has been decided to introduce an additional month of parental leave that will be available only to the father on a non-transferable basis. More flexibility to allow parental leave to be used over a longer period has also been proposed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Relatively simple and inexpensive improved stoves can reduce by as much as 30 per cent the amount of fuel needed for cooking (Global Energy Assessment, forthcoming). Some of these cooking stove programmes, including their costs, are described below. Such strategies are typically part of national innovation systems, as discussed in chapter V, and provide a framework for coherent packages of policies and programmes that encompass all stages of the technology life cycle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The world environmental movement has gained much strength in recent decades and has led many nations to focus on environmental education. We examine the extent to which this global movement has helped change national textbooks. We also consider the effects of national development, national policy on environmentalism, and the general expansion of postnational curricular emphases on human rights, student empowerment, internationalization, and social scientific perspectives. We analyze the content of 484 secondary school social studies textbooks from 65 countries, finding increased attention to the environment that parallels both world environmental crises and the closely related rise of world environmentalism. Our analyses suggest that the increasing prevalence of environmental topics in textbooks is influenced by broad global cultural and environmental change more than by national conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)