albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This is discussed in more detail below. This has considerable budgetary implications, as the increases in student numbers trigger additional state transfers to schools. For this reason it is being applied progressively over a five-year period with earlier implementation in deprived areas. In the first year the increase in compulsory education became operational in 30 municipalities, and countrywide implementation is scheduled for the 2012-13 school year. Full implementation is aimed for in the 2010-11 school year and will imply that at least for the first two grades the average class size will be at or below the norm in OECD countries. Since the 2007-08 school year a socio-economic index has been used to determine some of the budget allocation for primary schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The estimated cost for 2016 was SEK 296 million (around EUR 31 million). Each of these countries operates its own national transport plan, with its own national priorities (Table 2.12). In Sweden and Norway, national transport plans are established over 10- and 12-year periods respectively, overlapping with each other to a large extent. By contrast, Denmark used to have several transport plans (by mode of transport) rather than an integrated approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This article examines the principle of legality, a principle of statutory interpretation that requires clear statutory words to oust basic common-law norms. The principle is of growing importance in the Supreme Court's public law jurisprudence, yet it has garnered little scholarly attention. This article offers a comprehensive account of the principle, unpacking its core elements and identifying key controversies. The article reveals that lying beyond this apparently straightforward principle is a complex and elaborate jurisprudence, which raises fundamental issues of principle, policy and judicial legitimacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The potential for increased recourse to insurance markets and public-private partnerships should be explored. At present, neither individuals nor businesses bear the full cost of their exposure to climate risk, which effectively acts as a subsidy for high-risk areas. It also affects the manner and extent to which climate change will affect Austria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, Penang’s ability to build a health hub is faced with human resource challenges and intense competition in the wider region. There is acknowledged shortage of skilled health personnel, particularly nurses, a shortage of highly qualified people. There is considerable growth potential in tourism through diversification into higher value-added segments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The lAEG-SDGs will carry out major reviews of the indicator framework in 2019 and 2024 for approval at commission sessions in 2020 and 2025. The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) is the sole custodian agency for eight indicators and collaborates with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) for the target 4.4 indicator on information and communications technology. The SDG 4 monitoring framework thus consists of 43 indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Pirmohamed et al (2008) looked at costs of ADEs resulting in a hospital admission in two hospitals in the UK. Eighty percent of all ADEs led to a hospital admission, which accounted for 4% of the hospital bed capacity in 2008. The projected annual costs of these admissions to the NHS amounted to €706 million (USD847m).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Events in Thailand, Fiji and Burma in 2006 and 2007 focused attention on Australia's foreign policy response to regional coup-prone states and military regimes. Australia's official reaction to these events took different forms: for Thailand, a mild rebuke that brought no change in Thai–Australian relations, for Fiji, condemnation, the imposition of sanctions and a call for the people of Fiji to rebel, and for Burma, a change of policy that brought financial sanctions against the military regime. This article argues that, in responding to these regimes in different ways, Australian governments act on the basis of differing prisms of understanding through which they assess regions and states. The differences ultimately arise from calculations of Australian national security, strategic interests, alliance maintenance and power potential, but tend to be obscured by the universalist rhetoric of promoting democracy and protecting human rights, to which Australian governments subscribe. As the security dynamic ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is of course a strong link between thematic and structural priorities, as the latter can improve the chances of success of the former. Structural priorities closely relate to discussions of “policy mixes”, which emphasise achieving an appropriate blend of measures. The globalisation of trade and investment, the international mobility of human resources, and the internationalisation of R&D and innovation, as well as the global rules-setting agenda in areas such as IPRs, redefine the space in which national STI policies and governance structures operate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The second section describes the overall configuration and main actors of the STI governance system - primarily ministries, councils and agencies -with their respective roles. The next section discusses the innovation policy mix currently in place in Croatia, dealing with resource transfers in the form of direct public support and tax incentives for R&D and innovation, and the transfer of authority and institutional reconfigurations associated with an ongoing process of delegation of tasks and competences. The potential role of regulation and public procurement is also discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Among the Nordic countries, Iceland's cap is zero and other countries' are above zero. For the second commitment period (2013-2020) the issuing of RMUs is based on a country-specific forest management reference level (FMRL) and a cap of 3.5% of emissions in 1990. The RMUs can be used by the party to meet its GHG emissions reduction targets or sold to other parties to meet their targets set under the Kyoto Protocol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Finnish experience and international research show that investment in primary education pays off in later grades through better aptitude and learning skills, as well as through positive overall outcomes. Schools are typically small, with class sizes ranging from 15 to 30 students. In 2004, more than one-third of Finnish comprehensive schools had fewer than 50 pupils, just 4% of all schools had 500 or more pupils (Statistics Finland, 2011)’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Thirdly, policy makers can provide investment training. Wealthy people may lack an adequate understanding of the investment process and be unable to bargain acceptable conditions with entrepreneurs. Investor education can become a key factor in turning wealthy individual into business angels. State and local policy makers could work on improving the investment readiness of entrepreneurs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Owing to this mismatch and problems with grid connectivity less than 70% of installed wind capacity had been connected to the grid in 2010 (Ni and Yang, 2012). Some of the problems have been resolved since then with better planning. The State Electricity Regulatory Commission estimates that on average only 16% of wind electricity was lost due to curtailment problems in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The project also came up with a database compiling the distribution of species of habitats in the selected 122 potential Natura 2000 sites and their conservation status. The database is currently based in and under the ownership of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and even though it is regarded as functional, it is not operational due to political disputes over centralized databases like this one. The existing 30 protected areas in the country cover only 2.07 per cent of the national territory (1,063 km2). The management of existing protected areas is also a matter of considerable concern.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Section 5 summarises key issues related to the reporting of information on provision, mobilisation and receipt of support. Section 6 presents some concluding remarks and discussion questions. The section covers the provisions on measurement, reporting, review and consideration of information provided by Parties, as well as related issues such as the global stocktake (for which information reported by Parties could be an important input). The main articles in the Paris Agreement containing provisions relating to transparency of mitigation and support are Article 13, which establishes the enhanced transparency framework, Article 4 on nationally determined contributions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Moreover, while a majority of countries have included some information on adaptation in their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), their scope, timeline and clarity vary considerably. Many INDCs indicate that their country does not yet have systems, methods or indicators by which progress with these adaptation contributions can be identified. Some INDCs also imply that certain indicators may relate to those needed to track progress under the other development processes such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In both countries, students from the capital regions of Helsinki and Reykjavik outperform students from the rural areas. The article shows that these differences to a large extent can be explained by students' families' socioeconomic status and cultural capital, as well as students' own ambitions and expectations. Also, at a national level the Nordic countries are in the process of transforming their national assessments to computers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is currently the case in Mexico and South Africa where the number of benefits depends on the actual number of children, or Mexico and TUrkey (in the old programme, Social Risk Mitigation project) where the benefit is also differentiated by grade or gender of the children, with higher amounts paid for secondary-grade children and for girls. A similar approach accounting for household composition should be followed if such programmes have to integrate those programmes targeting the elderly. This is likely to be the case when such transfers can empower vulnerable members within the household and the community who are discriminated against by informal institutions and when the stigma associated with the receipt of the transfer for these groups is lower in the case of targeted interventions. Country experiences suggest that there is broader political support for interventions targeting the elderly as the need to focus on this group seems clearer to the public and hence easier to defend by politicians.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Previous research shows that when schools utilise a dynamic priority structure (“soft bounds”), it allows them to admit fewer or more students than their ceiling. As long as students with the highest priority are given their optimal choice, this is more beneficial for the overall welfare for all types of students than hard bounds, which strictly limit the number of accepted students for each type. As opposed to hard bounds, soft bounds do no commit schools to achieve a balance among the different types of students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Examples include initiatives such as the Global Fishing Watch by Oceana with Google, and Project Eyes on the Sea by the Pew Charitable Trusts in co-operation with the UK Satellite Catapult Centre. Key principles relevant for governance include stakeholder engagement, integrity and transparency, clear roles and responsibilities, and policy coherence. Looking across 20 MPAs, Jones et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Early childhood education and care is almost universal in EU22 countries. In nine European countries, at least 95% of children (from 4 to compulsory school age) are participating in early childhood education. Significant progress has been made to increase the reach of tertiary education among adults between 2005 and 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The objective of the Strategy is to reduce the vulnerability of natural, social and economic systems to climate change and to enhance their ability to effectively adapt to a changing climate. The Strategy includes a risk assessment of 13 action fields and 2 cross-sectional fields that are expected to be positively or negatively affected by climate change. The assessment is complemented by corresponding action points and goals to be developed and implemented together with the Lander and relevant social groups. The complementary Action Plan published in 2011 outlines how the objectives of the Strategy can be achieved. Both the Strategy and the Action Plan are intended to facilitate an integrated approach to adaptation. The assessment will draw on climate projections and information provided by relevant government entities on their awareness of climate change and on their complementary adaptation measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Author(s): Dodge, William S. | Abstract: This short essay examines the definition of “act performed in an official capacity” in the International Law Commission’s work on the topic of Immunity of State Officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction. International law relies on the concept of “official capacity” in different contexts, and the concept must take its meaning in each context from the purpose it is intended to serve. The fact that a person inflicts pain and suffering in an official capacity within the definition of torture under international law, for example, does not necessarily mean that he is entitled to immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction for his acts of torture. The essay faults the ILC’s Fourth Report for conflating these different concepts of official capacity and argues that serious international crimes — those crimes over which nations may exercise universal jurisdiction — should not be considered official acts for purposes of immunity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While reliable data are lacking, the agriculture and fisheries sectors represent around 34.8% of GDP (MOAI, 2013). Around 61.2% of the labour force is engaged in crop and livestock production or depends to a significant extent on it for its income (MOAI, 2012b). A significant proportion of industry is also related directly or indirectly to agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It distinguishes between basic functions, i.e. frequent low complexity treatments, which do not require centralisation, and special functions, which are to be provided by a limited number of hospitals, depending on their complexity. This is in line with international evidence showing that efficiency thresholds tend to increase with the complexity of the treatment. For emergency wards, a population base of 200 000 to 400 000 is recommended, implying a reduction from about 40 currently to 20-25 (Andersen and Jensen, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Outdated assessments of properties reduce tax revenues significantly, it is estimated that updating generated an additional tax revenue of USD 123 million in 2010. Colombia has recently made efforts to update the cadastre. A 2011 Law requires each municipality to update the cadastre every five years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In all other country groups, the probability of full-time employment falls as the number of children rises. For mothers in these country groups, the association w'ith education largely follows that shown for the whole sample in Table 4.1: employed mothers with a high level of educational attainment are significantly more likely to work full-time than otherwise similar employed mothers with a low level of education attainment, all else held constant. Country Group 3 again stands out. Unlike the other three country' groups, the probability of an employed mother working full- or part-time does not differ across levels of education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For more details, see ESCWA, 2015g, p. 34. Strategic objective A.3 and paragraph 166 (a) of the Beijing Platform for Action, which requires Governments to “promote and support women's self-employment and the development of small enterprises, and strengthen women’s access to credit and capital on appropriate terms equal to those of men through the scaling-up of institutions dedicated to promoting women's entrepreneurship, including, as appropriate, non-traditional and mutual credit schemes, as well as innovative linkages with financial institutions.” Tunisia, though, has succeeded to reach out to rural areas, which account for about 57 percent of the total number of active borrowers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the area of university-industry collaboration, Malaysia lags behind newly industrialised economies (NIEs). It is also carrying out several social programmes. Co-operation with industries is rooted in the internship programmes that involve 3 098 students. The national government has taken measures to introduce industrial training in all study programmes and aims to make such programmes compulsory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This multi-actor complexity means taking into account the different perceptions with respect to the problems, interests and positions of the stakeholders, which can be addressed by involving stakeholders across the water chain, related sectors and levels of government in an iterative dialogue process. The adoption of effective policy instruments could also help to remedy this challenge. The water cycle generates important externalities in domains that are critical for development: health, agriculture, land-use and spatial planning, poverty alleviation and energy. Policy making in these areas tends to be done in silos, further improvement, therefore, is often needed to ensure coherent, holistic and integrated consultation, participation and co-ordination of stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Finally, conditional cash transfers are responsible for 13% of the declining inequality, although Brazil spends less than 1% of GDP on these. This is a first indication of how effective conditional cash transfers are in the quest for more income equality, an observation on which there seems to be broad consensus in the literature (e.g. Barros et al., Source: IPEA (2012). Household data for 2009 suggest that almost half of the differences in labour incomes can be explained by education as measured by years of schooling, even after controlling for other differences (Ferreira de Souza, 2012). Indeed, youth are staying in school longer than in the past, and the starkest changes have occurred among people from the lower income strata (Figure 11, Panel A). Among the two lowest income quintiles, enrolment rates of 15-17 year olds have more than doubled to 42%, while for ages 6-14, more than 98% of children are in school (PNAD, 2011), Higher school attendance has also translated into higher educational attainments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Aucune intervention isolee ne sera a meme de garantir que les patients se font delivrer les medicaments presents et qu’ils les prennent correctement. Les mesures mises en lumiere doivent etre appliquees ensemble. Les mesures regulieres et les indicateurs de qualite et de performance sont en ce domaine a encourager pour des systemes de sante plus efficaces et plus efficients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Carl von Clausewitz might seem an unusual thinker to invoke in the name of wildlife protection but his insights into the nature of war provide a unique perspective into an arena that arguably poses more complex moral questions of responsibility to protect than with humans. The increasingly dangerous world of wildlife conservation offers a prism for examining many issues linked to sovereignty, especially in developing countries. This study highlights how the commercial rewards of the wildlife trade have fed into problems surrounding national security such as corruption, sub-state insurgency and state legality. These factors have led to the growing militarization of wildlife protection and, in turn, raise a fundamental question: is it ever right for an outside actor to ignore international convention to save a species from extinction?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Indeed, macroeconomic uncertainty directly affects both consumption and trade of biofuels because there is substitution between ethanol and biodiesel, the level of the substitution depends on the relative prices. Furthermore, mandates serve as a direct link between crude oil and biofuel consumption, such that uncertainties surrounding the world crude oil price are directly transmitted to the biofuels markets, and to the sugar markets. Additionally, the uncertainty coming from GDP growth affects demand for fossil fuels on which the mandates are based.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Of adults with a psychotic disorder, for example, two-thirds (67%) had spoken with their GP about a mental or emotional problem in the year preceding the most recent APMS (2007). Emergency departments are also used in the case of mental health emergencies, for example people who have harmed themselves and need urgent physical healthcare, and others who have immediate mental health needs. People who have barriers to other healthcare, such as homeless people and vulnerable migrants, are more likely to go to A&E departments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Requests to utilize larger portions or the full publication should be addressed to the Communication Unit at florence@unicef.org. Child Poverty in Armenia: National Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis, Innocenti Working Paper No.2016-24, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. It undertakes research on emerging or current issues in order to inform the strategic directions, policies and programmes of UNICEF and its partners, shape global debates on child rights and development, and inform the global research and policy agenda for all children, and particularly for the most vulnerable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Priority Action Framework (PAF) for Natura 2000, published in 2013, sets priorities for action to develop the Natura 2000 network and estimates the financing required. It calculates that around EUR 1.6 billion is required to manage the Natura 2000 network over 2014-20 - a significant increase (12 times) from the EUR 134 million budget allocated by the EAFRD for the purpose over 2007-13. The PAF provides support to ensure that nature protection is well covered in the forest management plans of forest districts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These three countries seek to integrate education and care in order to provide holistic child development. This means that the development of children is seen as a dynamic and closely interwoven interaction between their physical and mental circumstances and the environment in which children grow up. The school starting age may differ: in Sweden it starts at the age of seven, while in Norway it starts at the age of six and in New Zealand at the age of five. Many countries with a split system have created a learning framework for children in the older age bracket of ECEC only: from around age two-and-a-half or three to compulsory schooling. Portugal’s Core Curriculum Guidelines for Preschool Education issued by the Ministry of Education covers children from the age of three until the age of six - the compulsory schooling age in Portugal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)