albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Transport is estimated to represent 25% of total production costs. Of these total amounts, US$ 94.15 and US$ 360.20 represented lumber extraction costs. In both cases, the latter accounted for over 70% of total production costs. Although the study does not indicate the exact share of transport in extraction costs, they have traditionally been the most significant item.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While some payments are motivated by corporate social responsibility, some buyers require more scientific certainty that ecosystem services are being delivered. In this kind of market, more scientific support in establishing baselines will be needed. Where taxpayer funds supplement private payments, government accountability requires greater attention to transparency and monitoring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The method of matching gets rid of selection bias due to observables. It is not able to address bias caused by un-oservables. Similarly, in the context of an agri-environment scheme, treated farmers can be compared to similar untreated farmers that have the same observed characteristics (e.g., same education level, age, farm structure and equipment but who differ in treatment status). It is then possible to form the difference in outcomes between the treated farmer and his twin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The system of information gathering about the regional environment, as well as about the successes and failures of respective activities of tertiary education institutions, is limited in scope and quality. There is a lack of information and robust data, for example in terms of innovation performance in the private sector, student progress, graduate employment, graduate destinations (outmigration) as well as the breadth and scope of work-based learning activities which make it difficult to evaluate the outcomes of local policies and institutional practices. There is a need to develop collaboration across government, private and public tertiary education sector and to share, extend and scale up the many good practice examples that are already in place. Stronger incentive structures would help mobilise tertiary education institutions and their staff for local and regional development. In order to improve regional development outcomes, more robust data is required, for example in terms of student records.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Besides, the urban poor are not covered by this programme. These schemes have significantly contributed to reduce poverty in addition to improving education and health (Leibbrandt et al., These have been effective in reducing poverty, especially during crisis periods (OECD, 2010a). The impact of such projects on the local economy, poverty and inequality has been below expectations (Herd, 2010). Gao and Riskin (2009) have estimated that if Dibao were extended to such workers, the number of beneficiaries in urban areas would increase by around 65%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Mechanical and biological pre-treatment is increasingly used to enhance recovery rates and incineration efficiency, and reduce the amounts being landfilled. Manufacturers are increasingly encouraged or required to accept responsibility for their products after the point of sale. The European Union has introduced recycling targets for all its member countries. Landfilling of municipal waste has been banned in a few countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The average income of people with a moderate mental health disorder is slightly below 90% of the average income of the total population. The figure for people suffering from severe mental health disorder is lower, at around 85%. As a comparison, however, Australia and the United States exhibit figures below 70% (OECD, 2012a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Aware of the consensus-building role that Brazil had played in a variety of multilateral processes. Ban Ki-moon had approached President Rousseff two weeks earlier at the G20 Summit in Antalya, Turkey, and requested Brazil to play a "bridge-building" role in Paris. As a consequence, Brazil included both a team to represent their national position in the negotiations and a team to engage with other delegations on consensus-building within their delegation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Wind data are drawn from ARUP (2011) with median case assumptions. More up-to-date cost estimates and load factors for solar technology have been provided by the IEA Renewables Division. Germany and United Kingdom data are 2012 estimates from BSW (2012) and Parsons (2012), while data for France, the Republic of Korea and the United States are drawn from IEA publications of 2010 (IEA 2010a, 2010b and 2010c), with a 33% reduction in order to account for the afore-mentioned decrease in market prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This chapter begins with a review of the historical origins of the Alien Tort Statute (ATS). It traces the modern application of the statute from the landmark decision in Filartiga v. Pena-Irala through the Supreme Court's endorsement of human rights litigation in Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain. The Karadzic court's recognition that private actors are both bound by some international law norms and can be held liable when they act in concert with state actors paved the way for ATS litigation against corporations. The Supreme Court granted petitions for certiorari review on both issues: the false arrest claim against the U.S. government and the ATS claim against Sosa. The chapter concludes with a review of post-Sosa application of the ATS and the issues left open by the Supreme Court's decision.  Keywords: Alien Tort Statute (ATS), Alvarez-Machain, Filartiga, Sosa
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
More than half (54%) of the flood-prone area is located in the Sava River Basin in central Slovenia, 42% in the Drava River Basin in the east, and 4% in the Soca River Basin and rivers directly flowing to the Adriatic Sea in the west. About 30 extensive flood-prone areas (approximately 237 000 ha) lie in the broad areas of alluvial plains, which in many places have been converted to cultivation and in some places housing. Torrential floods, which occur mostly in the mountains or hilly areas, are short in duration but violent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
First, Korea’s urban challenges are examined, as well as economic, social and environmental trends in general. As one way to address these challenges, the details on why urban form matters and how they can be measured will follow in the second section. The sheer speed of industrialisation and urbanisation since the 1960s resulted in extensive economic achievements, but also left significant urban challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For information on how this works under IPBES see Annex 7, "Box 13. Preparation of reports under IPBES". In preparing the first draft of a report and at subsequent stages of revision, lead authors should clearly identify disparate views for which there is significant scientific, technical or socioeconomic support, together with the relevant arguments. Sources of uncertainty should be clearly identified, listed and quantified where possible. The implications for decision-making on the findings, including knowledge gaps, contrasting evidence and minority opinions, should be explicitly discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
On a scale of 0 (no enforcement) to 10 (total enforcement), only 20 countries39 in the ESCAP region score greater than 5. The other three key risk factors include drink-driving, insufficient use of seatbelts and insufficient use of child restraints. Addressing each of these risk factors is considered an essential component of comprehensive national legislation on road safety. Furthermore, in many countries these laws are not comprehensive enough to cover all aspects of the risk factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Frequently there is a large gap between historic and future costs because of the lumpiness and longevity of surface water supply systems. As demand grows and the capacity is more fully utilised it is optimal to switch to a charging system based on long-run (i.e. replacement) marginal cost, but often public water agencies get locked ‘politically’ into only recovering historic costs. There are also equity considerations in recovering financial costs in that farmers might be expected by society to repay the benefits they receive where public investment has been involved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
During 2001-09 EUR 6.3 million was spent for the TEST programme. Over this period it has evaluated 455 pre-applications and 219 applications and funds 160 projects (89 if Proof of Concept is not included). Some programmes are oversubscribed, particularly Proof of Concept (332%), RAZUM (345%) and EUREKA (375%), mainly owing to limited resources for funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As the systems does not allow for anything but the minimum standard of living (Abe, 2003). Their relatively low employment in Japan is probably attributable to tax concessions and company fringe benefits for dependent spouses which are lost if they have high earnings, as detailed in Chapter 1. The strict asset test alone would probably prevent most people from qualifying for Public Assistance upon exhaustion of El benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
But a particular concern is that the proportion of adolescents who are overweight or obese has gone up quite rapidly and now equals the EU average (18%). The proportion of 15-year-old boys in Italy who are overweight or obese is particularly high (26%). This high and rising overweight and obesity rate among adolescents in Italy is linked, at least partly, to low levels of physical activity (Figure 5). At the national level, the government exercises a stewardship role, controls and distributes the tax-financed health budget, and defines the national benefits package (known as the 'Essential Levels of Care') that must be guaranteed to all citizens and foreign residents Regions are responsible for the organisation, planning and delivery of health services through local health authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Alongside terrible grief and suffering, road crashes also cause huge economic losses to victims, their families, and societies as a whole, costing countries between 2 and 5% of their Gross Domestic Product. These are avoidable losses that represent a significant restraint on a country’s economic and social development. A global target was adopted to halve deaths and injuries caused by road crashes by 2020. This new target is included in the UN’s framework of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in which road safety appears in the objectives for both health and cities (see Box 1.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For detailed information on the database, see Demirguc-Kunt and Klapper (2012). The selection of countries is restricted to those 18 sub-Saharan countries whose surveys include detailed information on business ownership by gender. Enterprises are defined as women (men)-owned if the majority of the owners are female (male).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The authors refer to “complex reproduction systems”, characteristic of societies in which immigration is no longer a driver of population growth but a structural, endogenous factor in demographic change. The authors note the significant proportion of immigrant women employed in domestic and care woik, as well as in the service industiy, in those countries. Segregation is even more marked among women because they are concentrated in two types of jobs: elementary occupations, which are by far the most common among female migrants in these countries, and jobs in services, commerce and sales.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The advisors work with SMEs to provide them with advice on existing skills provision and assist in the design and brokerage of customised training solutions (OECD, 2014b). The group training network is an established part of the architecture of the VET system in Australia, which includes 150 GTOs, 2 000 field staff and 100 000 host employers. Many GTOs now provide a range of other workforce development related services such as Registered Haming Organisations (RTOs) and Australian Apprenticeship Support Network providers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the case where the majority of the basic data are available and reliable, and the adjustments are based on sound judgement, the estimate of the food available for human consumption is likely to be reliable”. Burkina Faso is known to be a major producer of sorghum, millet and maize and a net importer of rice. The differences in maize and sorghum - not consumed according to INSD - amount to 80 000 and 185 000 tonnes, respectively,10 or 12% of total production. These quantities have probably been exported, in which case they should be found entering a neighbouring country. Hence, errors in food energy supply estimates of one country can have repercussions on the estimates of other countries in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
China has identified the development of agricultural technologies as an emerging STI policy issue and will promote entrepreneurship in this field. The 2014 US Budget focuses R&D and innovation on next-generation manufacturing technologies, including robotics and advanced materials, with funding of USD 2.9 billion across multiple agencies and sectors. In 2013 France issued a new plan for 34 key industries that focuses on manufacturing and is planning expenditures of USD 4 billion PPP (EUR 3.4 billion) in the coming years. Canada is providing USD 160 million PPP (CAD 200 million) over five years for the creation of an Advanced Manufacturing Fund that will support investments by manufacturing firms in activities such as prototyping and product testing, as well as USD 130 million PPP (CAD 165 million) over five years for a new Aerospace Technology Demonstration Programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The treatment of slurry for biogas is voluntary and farmers receive a premium of DKK75 per m3. Up to 100 farmers can use one biogas installation. Under this scheme, a grant covering up to 20% of the investment in the plant can be provided. The remaining funds will be provided by a 60% loan, guaranteed by the local municipality and 20% of own financing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
What emerges repeatedly in research regarding language choice in South Africa is that people negotiate culture, face and identity through more than one language, and balance the need for modernity and the value of tradition, together with awareness that multiculturalism is normative in South Africa. South African scholarship focusing on bilingualism is also informed by the experiences of other countries in which multilingualism has become a feature of language planning. In South Africa, parents are not blind consumers of hegemonic languages, and learners are not insensitive to the dangers of language attrition or subtractive bilingualism. This paper argues, based on its focus on the gaps between policy intentions, research and practices, for closer collaboration between education sectors (the tertiary, and the primary and secondary) in South Africa to better support the development of multilingualism as envisaged by national and higher education language policy documentation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Small scale, tow cost projects of the community range from support for the local Saturday markets, to development of small cleaning and composting businesses. It is critical that in addition to the focus on the environmental dimension, consumers (private and organisational) are able to favour the notion of justice and quality of life for all. It is also important to encourage learning about consumption that is not limited to those who can afford it - many educational processes today, especially those unfolding around green technologies or premium green products, might not be accessible for the less economically privileged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In particular, this means giving a higher priority to increasing expenditure on Bolsa Familia and other complementary programmes within the Brasil sem Miseria framework rather than on further pension increases. Evidence suggests that the effect of a marginal increase in Bolsa Familia benefits on inequality would be many times greater than for pension increases (IPEA, 2012). At present, all pension recipients - and this includes almost all people aged 65 and above - receive at least the minimum wage, which is almost 10 times as much as the extreme poverty line of BRL 70.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Recent government announcements signal the intention to provide dental care in some primary care settings. In practice, more than 55% of the population is exempted from any cost-sharing in publicly provided service. Direct payments take place for those services not covered under the benefits package, including dental care and specialist consultations in private ambulatory care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Since September 2000, imports of chicken leg quarters (CLQ) from the USA have been banned because it could not be assured that the slaughter was done according to halal. The MoA maintains that the ban is necessary because it is more difficult to monitor and control the origin of CLQ than whole chicken (WTO, 2007). Certain agricultural, mineral and industrial products are classified as supervised exports to ensure an adequate domestic supply of these products at any time, and at reasonable prices. Agriculture products on this list are certain live bovine animals, rice, and palm nuts and kernels.56 The government also supervises the export of urea fertiliser.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The internal market is small and there are no government policies to buffer or stabilise domestic prices. Farm prices in New Zealand are therefore largely determined by world market prices and fluctuations in shipping costs (basis), and the volatility of domestic prices derives from two principal sources: fluctuations in international commodity prices and variability in the value of the New Zealand dollar. Share of exported output of key Figure 3. One can see that payouts to dairy farmers are constantly adjusted to follow changes in export prices. Some analysts suggest there is significant co-variation between commodity prices and the exchange rate in New Zealand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Despite a significant increase in protected areas, they are still far from fulfilling their potential to support biodiversity: they have few management plans and many of those that exist are just now being put into effect. The economic services derived from ecosystems (relating for example to climate change, flood prevention and water purification) are generally underestimated. Sustainable management of privately owned forests is still difficult to implement because of the fragmentation of properties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It promotes energy awareness in schools using educational programmes in human, social and physical sciences. Municipalities have regulatory and management functions with respect to provision of environmental services (e.g. water supply and sanitation, waste collection and disposal, protection against noise). Municipal communities may also adopt their own environmental protection programmes, while larger urban communities are obliged to do so.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
AbstractMany feminists have questioned the extent to which the law can ever effectively deter violence against women given the ways in which the law and criminal justice systems often act to reinforce deeply sexist assumptions about women, their sexual and social identities and their relation to the social (male) world. While acknowledging law's ineffectiveness in fundamentally reordering social relations, a number of scholars and policy makers believe that it is an institution that can be used to make substantive gains for women. The agreement by states on the establishment of an International Criminal Court (ICC), combined with a Statute that augments international legal prohibitions on violence against women, has given traction to optimistic views on international criminal law's capacity to proactively address female specific harms. Moreover, there is confidence that transformative international legal norms will, in turn, enable and support domestic law's capacity to advance accountability for violence...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While some of these resources may be captured in stages 1 or 3, it is likely that not all funding is captured in this analysis. For example, the list includes the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), which aims to develop vaccines and other innovations for HIV prevention, and research for agricultural development and food security conducted as part of the CGIAR network. While there are other entities on the list, which also conduct research as part of their work programme, e.g. multilateral organisations, research is often not their main activity. Contributions to or through these entities are therefore not included in this analysis as it cannot be determined that all funding supports STI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Given that each review was conducted with the New Rural Paradigm as a metric, they contain valuable information on the degree of adoption of this paradigm by member countries. Thematic reviews are also tools that can facilitate international policy dialogue and mutual learning. Yet, a sectoral approach is limiting the range of opportunities that can be seized in the mral territory. Because most farms are small - and thus limited in the volume of production they can generate - it will be crucial to improve off-farm employment opportunities as a way to increase farm household income. To improve the competitiveness of mral areas, Morelos should adopt a multi-dimensional territorial approach that would facilitate the consolidation of strategic development projects in specific mral areas. Infrastructure does not appear to be the binding constraint for the vast majority' of regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Based on reported data, mortality from breast cancer in Mexico is low - at 15.0 deaths per 100 000 women, compared to over 25 OECD-wide - but mortality from cervical cancer is the highest in the OECD, with 10.2 deaths per 100 000 women, compared to the OECD average of 3.5 deaths per 100 000 women. While a dramatic drop in mortality from cervical cancer in Mexico between 2003 and 2013 is observable - the mortality rate fell from 15.8 deaths per 100 000 women - the low rates of cervical screening suggest that there is still real room for improvement. Life expectancy grew by barely one year between 2000 and 2013, such that the gap in longevity between Mexico and other OECD countries is now higher today than it was a decade ago. Health and prosperity continue to be unequally distributed, with people in southern states, women, children and indigenous groups suffering from noticeably poorer outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This often involves working “shifts” with partners, and grandparents, who are increasingly likely to be working, looking after children in the evenings. Single parents often pay for informal care, which is unregulated and often of poor quality, staffed by low-educated workers and with high child/adult ratios. This limits the choice of work available to them and they often work in very low-paid jobs. For those who can afford it, formal childcare is more widely available and has become increasingly professionalised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)