albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The refusal to recognize citizenship of Rohingnya ethnic by Myanmar government caused this ethnic without national and international protection. Statelessness situation is also became the entry point of other violation of human right such as ethnic cleansing and genocide which caused this ethnic became refugee. Some solutions offered to end this situation are: cooperate with UNHCR provide temporary shelter for those people, urge UNHCR granted refugee status for Rohingya, urge  ASEAN conducted humanitarian diplomacy pursued Myanmar recognized citizenship of Rohingnya , applied R to P to end the gross violation on human right toward Rohingnya if the threshold were fulfilled.  Keywords: Rohingnya, citizenship, human right
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Scandinavian Journal of Economics 110, pp. The purpose of this indicator is to assess the prevalence of extra paid rights for care responsibilities in order to facilitate the reconciliation between care responsibilities and work. Care leave should be included regardless of whether the employer continues to pay the wage or salary, whether (parts of) the wage or salary paid as a social benefit or whether the care leave is unpaid (see recommended breakdowns).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As the Report shows, the rural non-farm economy is a vital source of employment for Bangladesh, Malawi and Nepal, with non-farm activity participation rates in excess of 45 per cent. More women than ever before are part of the LDC labour force, but this has not translated into better jobs or less gender discrimination. Similarly, the rise in women's employment has in most LDCs failed to generate a significant improvement in their standard of living.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As the characterization of SSF is a common topic to be addressed by the “Friends of SSF” platform (see section 6.4.1), the partner organizations participating in this group have contributed to discussions on refining this characterization matrix and have agreed to carry out a preliminary test of this matrix through their existing case studies of SSF. The socio-economic survey, being carried out in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea within the context of the mid-term strategy, is also collecting data in line with the matrix in order to perform a wide-scale application of the matrix at the regional level. In this report it was noted that, although generally large-scale fisheries were associated with high capital costs and sophisticated technology and SSF were associated with small vessels and labour intensive fishing techniques, in reality, modern fishing operations meant that even certain SSF could use very advanced technologies and have a high level of fishing effort (World Bank, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In the wake of 9/11, Canada quickly adopted a wide range of new criminal law provisions designed to more e$ectively prevent and punish transnational terrorist activity.1 Despite the availability of these measures, counter-terrorism policy has since been pursued primarily through immigration law. %is is in some ways unsurprising. While transnational terrorist activities span jurisdictions, the jurisdictions of law-enforcement agencies are generally domestically bounded, limiting their independent ability to launch e$ective investigations and prosecutions. Immigration law helps coordinate Canadian, foreign, and international counter-terrorism strategies by facilitating the movement of alleged terrorists to jurisdictions where they may be prosecuted more e$ectively or more conveniently. From the government’s standpoint, an added advantage is that evidentiary burdens and standards of proof are far lower in deportation proceedings than in criminal proceedings, making it easier to reduce the threats that some non-citizens may pose to Canadian national security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Where rules are violated, the government will take enforcement actions that depend on the severity of the violation. In Amsterdam, it is anticipated that the new legislative and regulatory framework will make it easier to develop and open the possibility to transform plots to new uses and foster innovation and experimentation. The city has already adapted to some of these changes through the recent Crisis and Recovery Act. But the new Environmental Act goes much further. Importantly, it will also open the possibility for local governments to disallow unwanted developments. In the past, such actions would have required that the city purchase development rights to compensate individuals for the loss of those rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In real terms, however, all prices are expected to decrease over the next decade from the record highs attained in 2014. Production is expected to reach 196 Mt, with an overall increase of 29 Mt, or 17%, between the base period and 2025. Most of the production growth for fish will take place in developing countries and in particular in Asia. As capture fisheries production is expected to increase by only 1%, by 2025, the majority of growth will come from aquaculture, which will surpass total capture fisheries in 2021 (Figure 3.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
AbstractIn view of the ten-year anniversary of the entry into force of the Rome Statute, this article examines the functions of a lesser-known organ of the Court – the Presidency. Focusing particularly on judicial review by the Presidency, which is grounded in administrative and human rights law, this article provides the first comprehensive account of its jurisprudence, depicting a dynamic and developing case law which embraces a wide variety of sources of international law. This article addresses the protection of fundamental human rights by analysing the decisions of the Presidency in the context of the detention of suspects, accused and detained witnesses, as well as the right to a fair trial with regard to the suspect and/or accused and victims’ representation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The driving factors are insecure, low income, poor career prospects, and meagre chances of returning to full-time work. And Germany lags far behind, with women occupying only 6.1% of seats on the boards of directors in Foibes Global 500 companies in 2013, compared to the OECD-wide average of 18%. Since January 2016, women must account for 30% of seats in the supervisor)' (non-executive) boardrooms of stock-listed and so-called "co-determined” companies, large companies of 2 000 or more workers, where employees appoint half the members of the supervisory board. About 200 companies are affected by the requirement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Workers displaced from employment in commuting zones most exposed to the China trade shock have found re-employment relatively slowly with knock-on effects on other segments of the local labour market. The spatial correlation between export-related job gains and import job losses declined over time (Feenstra, Ma and Xu, 2017(9)), suggesting it become harder for displaced workers to find new' employment opportunities. The adjustment frictions to reallocation have played a role in creating localised pockets of unemployment and ultimately, w'hen persistent, to heightened inequality. However more recent empirical evidence suggests that workers in industries exposed to import competition suffered significant losses in earning capacity subsequently in comparison with similar workers in other industries (Autor etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As will be explained in the following chapters, these changes entail major implications in terms of the care economy, female labour-force participation and family dependency ratios. According to projections made using data from the National Transfer Accounts project, Cuba has already been an aged economy for several years (see table II.3 and box H.3). Within 15 years after that, another seven countries are expected to pass this threshold, and within one generation aged economies will be the dominant economic form in Latin America, as well as in most of the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
African governments need to address the challenge of mapping, as much as possible, all primary education facilities and identifying all school-aged children, including tracking down out-of-school children. Although improvements in legal and institutional frameworks and higher political priorities can support further achievements, without tackling social norms around girls’ education, success will not be complete. A number of interlocking factors obstruct school retention for girls and can diminish their learning opportunities: hostile learning environments, inadequate female teachers, discriminatory practices, sexual harassment, lack of sanitation facilities for young girls, and early pregnancies. Indeed, a lack of proper sanitation facilities tends to prevent girls from regularly attending school. When girls enter puberty, their absence from school increases if no adequate sanitation facilities are available. Reportedly, between 10-50 per cent of girls miss out on schooling for this reason.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As a result, the deployment of renewables has increased considerably, particularly of solar PV, which in 2016 outstripped the growth in any other form of new power generation, with renewables reaching nearly a quarter in the world’s electricity generation (IEA, 2017b). Based on estimates, improved energy management through the scaled-up use of renewables can reduce mining companies’ energy costs by 25% for existing operations and up to 50% for new mines (Deloitte, 2017). There is scope for further research to look at issues related to the energy transition of processing facilities (Section 3.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For Guerrero, such a road would have a significant impact on the development prospects of its northern region, comprising the northern Sierra de Guerrero slope and cities belonging to the so-called Tierra Caliente such as Iguala, Arcelia, Ciudad Altamirano. The state has rehabilitated the railroad to enhance the logistics platform in the eastern part of the state. It will also encourage the economic recovery in this region by providing rail freight services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This percolation bog is considered to be unique and rare in the world. Pollution from chemicals used in agriculture and discharge of industrial waste and human waste pollute internal waters and the Black Sea. Pollution threatens many of the species associated with Georgia’s wetlands. Invasive alien species are threatening terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This problem is exacerbated by the high share of income spent on food in low-income households and the competing needs of buying food and paying for other major household expenses such as rent, health care costs and transport to work. All three can be seen as components of a broader economic development strategy that has an explicit food dimension. Importantly, the basic principles for defining a territorially based food security programme should follow the framework of the OECD New Regional Policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Manufacturers and the first distributors of the imported goods (i.e. packaged goods or electronic or electrical equipment (EEE)) registered in the territory of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (or Republika Srpska if they distribute in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina) are subject to the rules and must manage and dispose properly of the waste that they or their products produce. Under the system of operators, the companies that are subject to the rules on management of packaging waste or waste electronic or electrical equipment (WEEE) can fulfil their obligations either by contracting the operators to do what is required in order to comply with the rules or, alternatively, by paying a (punitive) levy for the Environmental Protection Fund of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Levies for the Fund are more than 10 times higher in the case of WEEE and even higher than the fee that is to be paid by operators for the same amount of output (waste), so it absolutely encourages the companies to sign contracts with operators. Based on the current rales, operators are not obliged to separately collect municipal waste and they rarely do it, because it is much easier for them to collect the required amount of waste from companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The 2013 reform of MSW management replaced a poorly regulated system in which each household or building contracted separately for waste collection with one in which municipalities are responsible for MSW. Preliminary evidence suggests that this reform is helping achieve the main MSW policy objectives. Nevertheless, a range of challenges remains. In particular, municipalities need significantly more capacity and support to carry out their responsibilities and to ensure that waste management services are provided efficiently and effectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Building last-mile infrastructure connects isolated rural areas to urban centres, creating conditions that foster agribusiness development. The 300 farmers benefiting from this irrigation scheme sell their crops to the agro-park. Developing gateways, such as ports and airports, may also be needed to move agricultural products to domestic and international markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These eastern cites are now economically and ethnically segregated from central Paris: the peripheral suburbs are characterized by poverty, a high share of public housing, and low education levels. Labourers and the unemployed are overrepresented among households in this region (Clerval et Delage 2014), and many of the residents are Algerian, Moroccan, and sub-Saharan African immigrants or descendants. The French government has labelled 731 of these neighborhoods zones urbaines sensibles (“sensitive urban zones”), which makes them a high-priority target for policy intervention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) nonfuel commodity index fell by 26.0 per cent between Q1 2014 and Q4 2015, with metals experiencing the biggest decline: the IMF metal index fell by 35.3 per cent in this period (IMF 2016d). This is higher than the 2014 global average of 2.6 per cent, but lower than the 3.6 per cent recorded by the wider group of emerging and developing states to which most of the Commonwealth small states belong (see Table 1.1 and Figure 1.1) (World Bank 2016a). Growth in Commonwealth small states reflects both the internal conditions of each state and the challenges faced by small states in general. The openness of small states to trade, and to trade with a small number of advanced economies in particular, renders them acutely vulnerable to exogenous global economic changes (IMF 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Innocenti Research Centre (formally known as the International Child Development Centre) generates knowledge and analysis to support policy formulation and advocacy in favour of children, acts as a convener and catalyst for knowledge exchange and strategic reflections on children’s concerns, and supports programme development and capacity-building. The Centre’s publications represent contributions to a global debate on child rights issues, and include a range of opinions. For that reason, the Centre may produce publications that do not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Cambridge Commonwealth Trust/ Churchill/Sidney Sussex Southern African Cambridge Scholarship Churchill College/ Pennett Fund Grant and Lundgren Research Award Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) Wildlife Conservation Network (WCN) WildiZE Foundation
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 2012, the share of funding that was spent on initiatives targeting the demand side was relatively low'. While this has been done for some programmes such as Computers for Education, it is lacking for most other initiatives. The risk is not only that public funding may not be spent in the most efficient way and but also in the potential to crowd out private initiatives. Generally, these countries allocate major responsibility' for research in the universities and for basic research to the education ministry' and the task of funding innovation and more obviously industrially relevant research to the industry ministry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2013-14, adaptation-focused ODA accounted for 25% of total climate-related ODA, and a further 12% of climate-related ODA targeted joint mitigation and adaptation actions (OECD, 2015b). Nevertheless, recent estimates of international adaptation finance indicate that this represented only 16% of total mobilised (i.e. public and private) climate finance in the context of the USD lOObn goal - with a further 7% addressing both adaptation and mitigation goals (OECD, 2015d). As highlighted in Section 3.1, this overlaps to some extent with other information requests relating to adaptation under the UNFCCC. In addition, as highlighted in Section 2.1, there is an extremely large diversity in countries’ adaptation responses as outlined in their NC, INDC or other reports. This includes variation in the scope, timeline(s),8 content, clarity and specificity of adaptation plans and actions. Some INDCs provide specific, quantified adaptation-related goals or targets (with a few INDCs indicating how progress towards these goals will be evaluated) and specified timeframes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For health, the NDOH submits its business plans (including new bids) to the National Treasury, with the nine provincial health departments submitting business plans to their corresponding provincial treasuries. Initial negotiations then take place. For health, bilateral meetings between National Treasury and senior health officials are held, with equivalent meetings held between provincial treasury and provincial health departments, to discuss whether programmes are adequately funded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The repetition rates of students at the undergraduate level are very high, though declining slowly (IMAD, 2009b). This rate is the highest for the first year, reaching 13% in the 2009-10 academic year, but it drops to 9.4% and 4.3% in the second and third years, before going up to 6.3% in the fourth year. The average duration in Scotland is 4.4 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Goldwind’s recent partial acquisition of the German turbine developer Vensys was similarly motivated by the desire to improve the product quality of China’s leading turbine manufacturer. One way to foster R&D in a particular technology area is to concentrate technology firms, suppliers, and ancillary services in spatially circumscribed technology clusters (a sort of dedicated industrial park) (Porter, 2000). To a certain extent, this has happened in the Chinese wind energy sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In many cases, the supply chains that furnish the interiors and feed the guests originate in different countries, or even continents, before they are stored together at a regional distribution hub for delivery to the destinations. Although these international tourism businesses are vital for many small states’ and SIDS’ tourism industries, the only significant benefit may be import taxes, and possibly some engagement with local distribution networks if these exist. The latter is the factor that enables there to be an efficient and effective flow of information one way and flow of materials the other, without this relationship, the flow is disrupted and the entire supply chain becomes dysfunctional.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The reform could negatively affect investment and growth because it reduces after-tax returns on investment, however this could be compensated by a positive effect on long run growth through education, if the funding is used successfully in reforming the school system. Many workers also have non-standard jobs (temporary contracts, part-time schedules, etc.). Indeed, the share of temporary workers is the largest in the OECD (OECD, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Limits of Transparency: Ambiguity and the History of     International Finance.  By Jacqueline Best. Ithaca, NY: Cornell     University Press, 2005. 240p. $37.50.  While social constructivism has moved into the mainstream of     international relations theory, informing scholarship in the subfields of     security studies and international organization, its application and     status in international political economy (IPE) has lagged behind. From     the articles in the highest-status political science journals to the works     on graduate syllabi across the major research universities, the study of     IPE has been dominated by a single view of markets, drawn from     neoclassical economics, premised on a narrow view of rationality, and     rooted in materialist foundations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As a result, increased and enhanced access to water can further affect communities’ adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change. For adaptation, many results frameworks do contain indicators to track impacts in these areas. For example, the CIF’s “Pilot Program for Climate Resilience” (PPCR) and Republic of Kenya (Kenya) both include indicators on access to reliable and safe water (CIF, 2012b and Kenya, 2013). In the area of food security, Kenya also tracks how many hectares of productive land have been lost to soil erosion and how many households are in need of food aid as part of its national M&E systems for assessing climate resilience and adaptive capacity (GoK, 2012b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, they are almost entirely a flow of money to households to enable increases in the consumption of imports. To the extent that remittances come from long-term migrants they are unsustainable, liable to dwindle as links with the country of origin fade across generations and as immigration restrictions in OECD countries are tightened. They therefore carry the classic Dutch disease risk of temporarily appreciating the real exchange rate and thereby undermining the process of industrialisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, of greater value for monitoring SFM is "intensity of use". Work to understand how data is collected could inform proposals for common definitions and methods that could then be promoted across Europe to enhance the quality of this part of the indicator. This is perhaps the priority area for the development of social indicators for forestry at European level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Although the downward trend has been a general one, the onset and pace of the decline have varied between countries in the region. The high initial fertility levels held considerable potential for decline. In general, fertility levels in the major regions of the world have been converging since the 1950s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Air drops delivering supplies, for example, can exclude the young, the elderly and persons with disabilities. After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, 70 per cent of fatalities in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, and 80 per cent of those in Sri Lanka, were women. In 1991, following cyclone Gorky in Bangladesh the majority of those who died were women. Women also accounted for 61 per cent of total deaths during Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar in 2008.9 Women are also disadvantaged during relief operations. However, they are rarely passive victims.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Domestic violence is a major contributor to women’s mental health problems including depression. Marital rape may lead to unwanted pregnancy and abortion. Others have a provision in the law that spouses should not cause physical or mental harm to each other, but evidence of injury is usually required to prove assault, which can be very difficult for wives to demonstrate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)