albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In the highest quintile, women form families at age 25 and age 27 in the second and first groups, respectively. So, while the higher strata in all of the countries clearly postpone the age for forming the first spousal couple (as is characteristic of the second demographic transition), this is still an incipient process among poor women in the countries of the region that are just entering the first demographic transition. Only among young people in countries at an advanced stage of demographic transition is ceasing to be single part of the process of gaining autonomy from the family of origin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Any effort to upgrade the capacity of the state to implement social policy should be seen as part of the overall development effort. Privileging the provision of social and basic services by the private sector or external entities could provide immediate advantages, but would not exempt the state from the obligation to set standards and monitor and regulate such provisioning. In the area of trade, the need for uniform international trade disciplines must be balanced against the need to facilitate the increasing participation of economies with more limited capacity. There is also a glaring absence of multilateral mechanisms for more humane and mutually beneficial migration. The international aid system is rife with costly duplication, fragmentation among donors and misalignment with the needs of aid recipients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The expert groups can form task groups to address specific issues with the involvement of additional experts. In 2007, these included the Hydromorphology Task Group, the Accident Prevention Task Group, the Groundwater Task Group, the Flood Monitoring and Forecasting Task Group, the Economics Task Group and the Accident Emergency Warning System Task Group. In early 2009, 19 organizations had an observer status in ICPDR.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Although LDCs are well represented, the sample is dominated by large non-LDCs, and only a single SVE (Papua New Guinea) is listed. This skewed sample is significant given that the top ten AfT recipients in 2010 - India, Afghanistan, Egypt, Vietnam, Kenya, Tanzania, Morocco, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Turkey - accounted for nearly 40 per cent of total commitments. Before 2009, AfT flows were dominated by lower middle-income countries in Asia (particularly Vietnam and India), with the dominance of LDCs as an income group, and sub-Saharan Africa as a region, coming only within the last three years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Especially in Tajikistan, where the natural resource base is declining, the 2030 Agenda emphasizes its conservation, for which conscientious reporting frameworks (SDG 12.6) can help monitor progress. Economic productivity (SDG 8.2) depends on fresh water-use efficiency (SDG 6.4), which is enhanced by capacity-building support for water harvesting, desalination, recycling and waste-water treatments (SDG 6.a). Improving water-use efficiency (SDG 6.4) also feeds back into reduced water pollution and sustainable wastewater management (SDG 6.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Besides official regulations concerning, for example, TAC and restrictions on the number and size of vessels, there are also voluntary regulations including season length, closed areas, gear, and size limits. It is estimated that the major part of the stock recovery plan is based on these self-imposed regulations. Another interesting feature is the habitat enhancement work that has taken place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This figure is higher than previously quoted figures as it includes all water and sanitation related diseases as well as the lasting impact on children, via malnutrition and being underweight (which causes 35% of all deaths of children under 5 years old worldwide). For example, Priiss et al. ( Yet, Priiss-Ustiin et al. ( This percentage goes up to nearly 30% deaths of children under 5 years old (WaterAid, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This reflects the importance of “split incentives”, i.e. owner-occupiers are more likely to make such investments than tenants. This is in line with theory and previous research results, as well as the results obtained with respect to energy appliances. However, it is interesting that the effect is present even for relatively small investments related to water efficiency - i.e. water restrictor taps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is widespread concern that consumers are making inappropriate decisions about what they eat, leading to a growing incidence of obesity and chronic illness, which will strain public-health budgets and damage economic  competitiveness. Inappropriate nutritional decisions and obesity are of particular public-policy importance where young consumers are concerned. The paper investigates how consumers, particularly young consumers, can be persuaded  to make better nutritional decisions voluntarily, and how government and commercial persuasive communications can be deployed to facilitate such decisions. The key conclusions are that the mass media are not a reliable vehicle for bringing about the desired behavioural changes, but that new media, such as the Internet and ‘text messaging’, should be used to deliver tailored messages to individuals, particularly younger consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Faced with growing pressures for accountability and increasing complexity of legal work, the international legal community has focused attention on support for the rule of law. Taking a workplace perspective, this study develops and tests an individual-level measure of support for the rule of law in the context of the Canadian public sector. Results from a national survey of government-employed lawyers reveal that increasing work demands have a detrimental effect on perceived ability to uphold the rule of law in the daily execution of work tasks. This negative pressure is moderated by social support in the workplace, with diminishing effect. Lawyers in criminal law practice appear more negatively affected by work demands than those in civil or common law practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In view of the relatively high costs of desalination, the provision of desalinated water to agriculture risks generating inefficiencies and costs to public finances. Unit costs are a multiple of current prices typically paid for the supply of fresh surface water even in these areas (MMA, 2007 a), even though technological progress has allowed the production cost to be reduced by about 50% over the past ten years according to government estimates. Desalinated water is supplied at subsidised rates. The high energy intensity of the production process may continue to constrain its development as a large scale water resource base and the environmental consequences of the residues of desalination are not yet fully understood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In regards to sustainable infrastructure, many conventional technologies (for example cloud computing, automation, traditional ERP systems, etc.) Pros and cons of different technologies should be considered for each problem or project before deciding on and building solutions. Blockchain is especially suited for problems that require coordination of various parties, where interests might be different, or where secure and immutable exchange of information and value is required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Female migration is a crucial serious sociocultural loss, depriving individual families, and Georgian society as a whole, of women's natural contributions". For example, in the 19th Century in the Dominican Republic, due to social stigma attached to women working outside of the household, the husband preferred and encouraged women to seek employment in the US, where it was deemed acceptable, even in the Dominican diaspora (Grassmuck and Pessar, 1991). In addition to preferences for gender equality, this attraction of lower discriminatory social institutions in the destination country may also be explained by lower discrimination in its labour market reflected in greater working opportunities for women (Martin, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Also, the age group of 80+ is the fastest growing population group and at the same time has the highest KSI (killed and seriously injured) rate leading to a strong need to focus on improving safety measures especially for this group. In each of them over 40% of casualties aged 65-69 were car drivers or passengers, but the proportion of car users decreases as age increases (Figure7.2). Thus, a much larger proportion of casualties in the 80+ age group were pedestrians.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Conflict may also prevent families from allowing girls to attend school, since travelling to a distant school during periods of insecurity is viewed as more dangerous for girls than for boys. Hence, in some indigenous communities, the levels of illiteracy among girls remain high, as do their dropout and failure rates. There are still residential schools in parts of English-speaking Africa. The long distance between village communities and secondary schools often render those schools inaccessible to students, including indigenous students, which is why many students drop out of school after completing the primary level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As the climate changes and flows reduce or become more variable, more licences are likely to require changes, making this problem much worse and more expensive. Officials from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) worked closely with the Environment Agency, and representatives from a wide range of other organisations, in order to fully develop the policy options for reform. These strains can arise from rapid demographic and economic changes, droughts, and climate change, or over-allocation of the resources for consumptive uses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The share of the population with access to improved water sources increased from 88% in 1990 to almost 98% in 2012. Water supply in urban areas is almost universal, though 15% of the rural population still lacks access to an improved water source (Annex 3.A). The share of households connected to water pipe networks reached 94% in urban areas in 2013. Regional disparity is wide, however, with most of the urban dwellers still not connected to a water network found in the North-east region and, particularly, the North, where less than 60% are connected (MCid, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The gap is larger in countries that track students early, have larger percentages of students in selective schools, and are more likely to transfer less-able students to other schools. There is now a wealth of evidence, including longitudinal studies, that investing in ECEC yields high returns in boosting cognitive and non-cognitive skills, as well as later success in the labour market, especially for disadvantaged children (Heckman, 1999, Lazzari and Vandenbroeck, 2013). Children from socio-economically disadvantaged families in Belgium and Slovenia, for example, are given priority access to ECEC (OECD, 2012b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article will examine the nature of deportation as a logic that upholds state sovereignty and constructions of citizenship through technologies of exclusion, discipline, and `removal'. Regulations of immigrant populations by the state rely on notions of unwanted bodies that contaminate or threaten the national body politic and so must be cleansed from national territory. My research focuses on the impact of post-9/11 policies of surveillance, detention, and deportation of Muslim immigrants that were part of the US state's War on Terror and were bolstered by ideas of protecting `national security' from `internal' and `external' terrorist threats. The paranoia and nativism accompanying this siege mentality overlooks the ways in which deportation is, on the one hand, an economic policy of the neoliberal state that disciplines labor and depresses wages, and on the other, is also a political instrument for repressing movements that oppose US polices at home and abroad.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since World War II, a comprehensive body of international law has developed to protect and promote human rights. Three generations of rights can be delineated: civil and political, economic, social and cultural, and collective rights. The convergence of a medical rights-based campaign in the late 1970s with the emergence of the new trauma model resulted in mental health professionals playing a prominent role in documenting and protecting civil and political rights. Economic, social, and cultural rights also emerged as being pivotal, particularly in the Australian context as mental health professionals began to work with excluded populations such as asylum seekers. Consideration of third-generation rights raises important questions about the responsibilities facing mental health professionals applying the trauma model to non-Western settings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Psychological abuse: name-calling, threats of physical assault, intimidation, humiliation, forced isolation (i.e. by preventing a person from contacting their family or friends). For the purposes of the incident recorder, this category includes all sexual harassment defined as: unwanted attention, remarks, gestures or written words of a sexual and menacing nature (no physical contact). Economic abuse: money withheld by an intimate partner or family member, household resources (to the detriment of the family’s well-being), prevented by one’s intimate partner from pursuing livelihood activities, a widow prevented from accessing an inheritance. This category does not include people suffering from general poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The number of IWBs requested by schools in each application round has always exceeded the available funding, apart from certain technical requirements (e.g. access to broadband), the order of priority is determined by the objective of equalising existing differences across schools and regions (Schietroma, 2011). The biggest market share (39% in 2010) accrued to SmartBoard, followed by Interwrite (17%). The average price paid for a desktop PC was EUR 368 in 2010, and for a notebook PC EUR 400.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Although there is evidence that remittances provide better access to education and health care, limited contact with parents might have negative impacts on die development of children (FIDH, 2016, p. 58, Ablezova and others, 2008, pp. Studies in Kyrgyzstan have also shown diat caring is still assigned primarily to mothers, and that this role does not change much with migration (Thieme, 2008). The Russian Federation is seen as a space of freedom (Brednikova, 2017) where husbands can learn expectations about the role of a wife which contradict die role model of a wife in Central Asia, thus, women feel that they are in competition with "Russian wives" (Cleuziou, n.d., Reeves, 2011, 2013). Having a "second family" in the Russian Federation is seen as normal - for a man - by a quarter of respondents in Kyrgyzstan (22 per cent of females and 26 per cent of males) (UNFPA, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The proliferating food safety regulatory initiatives at domestic, international, and transnational levels by various actors with different perspectives have raised concerns for their important public health, international trade, and other implications. Standing as the hub of international food safety lawmaking, the Codex faces serious criticisms of its scientific soundness, legitimacy, transparency, and accountability. This paper explores the limits of Codex lawmaking structure and processes by examining whether its institutional design is adequate in terms of producing good governance.  Food safety is an area of international law where political and cultural fragmentation collides with deep market integration and trade liberalization. Through a thorough analysis of the recent ractopamine dispute in the context of multilateral cooperation failure and the debates between technocracy and democracy models of legitimacy, this paper however emphasizes the forgotten role of procedural legitimacy in the current discourse, particularly mechanisms for avoiding conflicts of interest and fostering transparency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article initiates exploratory empirical research on how civil society collective action has reacted to and affected communication–information policy (CIP), a policy domain that has been reshaped by technological and industrial change. It reviews the relevant theory on social movements, citizens groups, and interest groups from political science. Data are gathered on two dimensions of the research question: (1) We quantify the number of public interest advocacy groups focused on CIP in the United States from 1961 to the present, using organizational ecology methods. (2) We track the number of U.S. Congressional hearings held each year on CIP issues. The results show that CIP now exceeds other social movement issues (women, civil rights, the environment, human rights) as a major concern of Congressional activity, that the issues are becoming more interdependent, and that modes of citizens advocacy have undergone drastic changes in recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The recruitment of banksaathis (commission-based agents) was an innovative experiment that allowed women clients to transact with the Bank in flexible hours without leaving the confines of their homes/shops. The banksaathis, who come from the same communities as the clients they serve, are now the Bank’s frontline workers. Other innovative products include insurance (life, health, assets, widowhood and accidents) and pensions in collaboration with the UNITTrust of India Asset Management Company. In 2011 SEWA Bank was also appointed by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority in India as an aggregator to distribute the National Pension System (NPS)-Lite Pension product.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The extreme poverty threshold for the target, measured as income per person below the international poverty line, is too low for the countries of the region, so it is considered more appropriate to use the extreme poverty line based on the cost of a basic food basket.7Target 1.2 is to reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions by 2030. Although this target includes a multidimensional definition of poverty, which goes beyond shortfalls in income, it clearly defines a quantitative outcome and a time horizon that can be used to assess the prospects for reducing total monetary poverty (and not just extreme poverty). Since the target does not specify from which point poverty should be halved, the analysis takes 2015 as its base year, which is when the Goals were adopted worldwide. For reference purposes, of the 15 countries analysed in this section, the incidence of extreme poverty was below 3% in 8 of them in 2016 (according to figures from the World Bank, see "Poverty" lonlinel https://data.worldbank.org/topic/povertyl.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
First, students need to have a computer with Internet access in order to participate in a MOOC, which means that students from disadvantaged backgrounds may be penalised. Second, students need to possess the skills to learn on their own and to find the time to follow the class. This analysis covers seventeen MOOCs from Harvard and MIT and 841 687 registrants (with 292 852 (35%) registrants who never engaged with the online content).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Also, 98.3% of Flemish lower secondary teachers had completed a teacher education bachelor’s programme, the 3th highest figure among the 34 TALIS participation countries (against a TALIS average of 89.8%) (OECD, 2014b). Teachers are hired into schools through an open recruitment procedure organised at the school board level and with considerable involvement of the school principal. Schools boards have autonomy in teacher recruitment, selection and appointment, and therefore act as the employers. However, schools need to observe regulations at the Flemish Community level regarding teacher required standard qualifications and the statutory rights of teaching staff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Over the same period, about 4 billion people will be living in water-stressed areas and 20% of the population will be vulnerable to floods, especially in coastal cities (OECD, 2012c). As competition for w'ater among households, farmers, urban dwellers and industry intensifies, non-state actors, directly or indirectly affected by water policy, will play an increasing role in adaptive water governance. These stakeholders may have the ability to influence water policy outcomes positively or negatively (OECD, 2015a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It includes ten targets, two of which will be measured by ICT indicators. Target 4.a seeks to ensure provision of educational facilities which are 'child, disability and gender sensitive' and to provide 'safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all.' As well as two ICT sub-indicators - the availability of computers and the Internet - it will be measured by sub-indicators concerned with the availability of electricity, adapted infrastructure and materials for students with disabilities, basic drinking water, single-sex basic sanitation facilities, and basic handwashing facilities."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Over the last 30 years, figures on the American radical right have sought to justify the use of violence against the national government. This can be seen in three key texts: the charter of the United States Christian Posse Association (1972), the Nehemiah Township Charter and Common Law Contract (1982), and Louis Beam's essay, ‘Revolutionary Majorities’ (1984). All three are characterized by antipathy toward the state, a desire to demonstrate the legitimacy of violence, a sense of membership in an elite, and a fusion of religious and legal fundamentalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
But once again, here, a change in mindset is needed. The sought after, but rare, "jobs for life" must now be seen as my "job for this year or next", subject to employees reskilling in the changing technologies needed to compete - both within the workforce and the marketplace. Greater investments are clearly required to equip, train and retrain workers with tomorrow's digital skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This charter analyzes the results of social research on environmental consciousness of Yakut people. Environmental consciousness regulates people’s behavior in ecologically significant situations. Results of the sociological survey show that local people of Yakutia observe some changes in environment, caused by intensive industrial development and global changes in the nature. Changes in the nature such as the climate warming in the winter, flooding because of a high water during spring, and watering of meadows and forests are something that the local people stress special attention to. Climate warming also affects the daily life of northerners. Local people notice some changes in the state of health, conditions of traditional housekeeping, etc. Social studies show that global changes in nature gradually begin to affect daily life of the inhabitants of extreme north and influence their environmental consciousness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)