albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
A new political culture (NPC) is transforming the presidency. The NPC is redefining the rules by which politics is played and replacing class politics and clientelism/patronage. The NPC includes: (a) transforming the classic Left-Right, (b) explicitly distinguishing social and fiscal/economic issues, (c) increasing emphasis on social issues, (d) growing market individualism and social individualism, (e) questioning the welfare state, (f) increasing issue politics and citizen participation and declining hierarchical political organizations, and (g) growing participation among younger, educated, professional, and affluent individuals and societies. In addition, (a) William Clinton and other recent presidents illustrate the deeper dynamics, (b) the NPC is international (Blair and Schroeder illustrate), (c) key cultural changes by other leaders and citizens show that presidents match the emergence of the NPC, (d) political parties are key in ignoring or implementing citizen priorities, (e) globalization and t...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this chapter, we analyse changing local state multiculturalist policy discourses, policies and practices from the 1960s onwards, following the shift from explicitly assimilationist policies in the 1960s and 1970s, through the perceived heyday of multiculturalism in the 1980s to the citizenship-based integrationism from 2001 onwards. In particular, we examine the relationship between national policy debates and strictures and local policy practice, considering the extent of local policy enactment and mediation and even invention, alongside changing national priorities. In this way, we highlight local experiences and realities in the north of these policy discourses and operations, including contradictions, tensions and creativity. The direction of policy, and the relationship between the national and the local is selectively compared to the situation in other policy jurisdictions that have confronted the issues of diversity and super-diversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus, there is a need for scaling up and expanding the coverage of the S&T initiative. The Lighting a Billion Lives (LaBL) initiative is a fitting example for such technological collaboration. Launched in 2008, the initiative has allowed some 35,000 rural households in India to replace their kerosene lamps with solar lanterns. The initiative is currently being piloted in Uganda in partnership with local, private distribution networks. There is significant scope for such initiatives to be implemented on a larger scale and in other African LDCs facing acute energy poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This paper explores everyday expressions of identity by Lao villagers living in northeast Cambodia near the border with Laos, and uses this to reflect on trends in studies of identity in the remote borderlands of Southeast Asia. I argue that while ethnicity is certainly crucial, discipline-specific emphases – ethnic-based subordination or conflict for social studies and political studies, respectively – result in less attention to other important dynamics shaping identity. Furthermore, I suggest that low-profile case studies not strongly linked to ethnic-based subordination or conflict – such as the Lao in Cambodia – require study for a more comprehensive view of identity in the borderlands. The case study from northeast Cambodia identifies four key dynamics shaping identity: inter-state relations, ethno-national identities, cross-border livelihoods and social status. I show how minimal inter-state tensions and varied personal connections to Laos were important in facilitating villagers’ involvement in lu...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To redress this disadvantage and advance substantive equality, public investments in basic infrastructure and social services can be made to reduce and redistribute unpaid care and domestic work through, for example, investments in basic social infrastructure and childcare services (see Chapter 3). Studies suggest, for example, that conditions experienced before the age of 18 explain approximately 50 per cent of the variation in lifelong earnings.103 Youth transitions are therefore not only critical for employment policies but also have far-reaching implications for macroeconomic performance and human development. As the youth population enters the labour force, productive activity increases and contributes to growth. At the same time, the number of dependents (young children and older adults who are no longer economically active) falls relative to the working age population, helping to raise average living standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Difficult terrain and floods in some states have added to the delay in implementation of projects. Overall, there has been long-standing unavailability of sub-transmission systems, of adequate quantities of material and equipment, particularly poles to be procured locally in the project areas, and unavailability of adequately skilled manpower. Finally, franchisee systems were slow to be put in place, which led to theft of materials and electricity as well as the nonpayment of bills in some states (Ministry of Power, 2009a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Concerned with economic development, Mobilis is strengthening its partnership strategy with the local technology industry and is thereby participating fully in the emancipation of the national economy. This project is developed in partnership with Huawei Ericsson ZTE, and it relates to SDGs 1, 3, 5, 8 and 9, building resilient infrastructure, promoting sustainable industrialization and fostering innovation. San Luis 3.0 is the name of the state policy that defines actions to maximize San Luis' digitalization and prepares it for the effects of the fourth industrial revolution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Other initiatives for capacity-building and awareness development could include unit or country office training plans with focused gender sessions that encourage lively and open discussions and debates. Country offices should prepare gender plans that identify gaps and needs in technical support, capacity-building, joint action and advocacy and collective monitoring that facilitate stronger gender programming. These plans should also help to identify areas where UNDP can draw on expertise and leverage the existing capacities of other United Nations agencies active on gender issues at the country level. This process should be supported, monitored and reported upon annually by the respective regional bureaux to the GSIC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Funding has been shifted to support greater use of apprenticeships, which are seen as employer-driven and an approach that can boost individuals' skills. The London government has established the Mayor's Apprenticeship Campaign to boost engagement in this type of training. As a result of the campaign, the number of apprentices in London doubled in one year alone: from 20 000 in 2009-10 to 40 000 in 2010-11.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Increasing competition in product markets should help reduce the wage gap by replacing old habits with the hunt for talent regardless of gender. Finally, a corporate governance code in favour of a more equal representation of women in leadership positions, and setting ambitious quantitative targets for women on boards combined with the “Comply or Explain” practise, or quotas, should help remove the so-called glass ceiling. It ranks fourth in terms of GDP per capita in the OECD, regularly places among the best countries in terms of quality of life and is one of the few Western European countries that has managed to grow over the past few years. However, Switzerland suffers from a number of weaknesses that prevent it from doing even better. As outlined in the previous chapter one is the country’s relatively modest longer-term productivity growth performance. In this chapter it is argued that making fuller use of the economic potential of Swiss women can be part of the solution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, if not designed and implemented correctly, overlapping policies and tools can reduce the potency of market-based policies and raise mitigation costs. For example, mandating technology standards with a view to reducing emissions that are also covered by a trading scheme reduces the scope for firms to select the least costly mitigation method. If designed and implemented effectively, a tax or ETS can ensure that carbon emissions goals are met in a cost-effective manner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Finally, the majority of programs delivered benefits on a monthly basis (Column 6). Sample sizes at the individual level range from 1,010 women (Kenya, Give Directly) to 8,065 women (Peru, Juntos). Additionally, several evaluations use administrative data aggregated typically at the municipal level (in Brazil, Colombia and Uruguay).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The post-2015 framework needs to focus on goals and targets that will very directly help to achieve poverty eradication as the overriding goal, rather than struggling to construct a single framework for developmental and environmental issues, in such a monolithic framework, poverty eradication could get lost. On the other hand, a poverty-focused framework can - of course - include global public goods3 where relevant. This would draw attention to the fortunes of the poorest people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
If there is no demand for product, then consideration should be given to removing the tariff quota altogether. This action is needed to ensure the protection of human, plant and animal health, improve Viet Nam’s regulatory reputation and support the export of value-added agricultural goods. It is important that import requirements for food safety, quarantine, and standards and labelling purposes are implemented in a transparent manner, consistent with international guidelines and practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Yet clear targets set by the Chinese government give the market and industry long-term confidence and certainty that renewables will continue to grow, and that all solutions that contribute to the integration of renewables are on the table. This requires a vision beyond the heavily focused Five-Year Plans and beyond 2020. In the mean time, the electricity power market must evolve gradually. The co-operation aims to support China's policy makers by providing a long-term scenario for wind power development, taking into account the important factor of power system integration and the various challenges described in this paper.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In spite of Mali’s international recognition as a beacon of good governance in the region, decades of free and fair elections and extensive civil liberties failed to engender public support for democracy following the March 2012 coup d’etat. Demonstrations against the military junta were half as large as demonstrations in support of it. What looked to be strong democratic institutions from the outside were often hollow shells that privileged the elite class and marginalized everyone else – not a system ultimately worth fighting for. This essay discusses some of the constraints to democratic accountability in Mali and what can be done to mitigate them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Australia, HoNOS is mandated as a standard outcome measure for all patients using in or outpatient mental health care. It is expected that all patients should have the HoNOS completed at least twice (Jacobs, 2009). In 2006, the Dutch Government introduced a competing insurance market for health care including mental health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The contribution of aquaculture to the global food fish supply for human consumption reached 47% in 2006 (FAO, 2009), an impressive figure, especially in view of the G8 leaders’ consideration of food security after the 2008 food crisis. These figures decreased to 18% and 9% respectively in 2007, underscoring the increasing importance of developing countries are aquaculture production (Figure 18.1). In terms of value, Japan, Norway, Korea, USA and Canada produce 73% of the total in the same year (Figures 18.2 and 18.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The university leadership is currently undertaking a review of its constitution with the objective of amending it, subject to a Parliamentary review. Of the revenue for operating activities, 90.9% (MYR 55.7 million) was from government grants, 6.6% (MYR 38.6 million) from student fees and 2.5% (MYR 15.0 million) from other sources. Allocations usually reflect the previous year’s allocation plus a small increase based on the availability of public resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies 17:197-215. Trade liberalisation and poverty dynamics in Vietnam. Journal of Economic Integration 22(4), 819-851. The gender pay gap in Vietnam, 1993-2002: A quantile regression approach. Journal of Asian Economics 18(5), 775-808. Quantifying Vulnerability to Poverty: A Proposed Measure with Application to Indonesia, World Bank Policy Research Department Working Paper No.2437, World Bank: Washington DC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This does not mean that a framing regulation is not necessary or that monitoring will operate in a voluntary manner, but some of the transaction costs encountered with other instruments will be shifted to the collective of operators, and may remain lower overall. Some of these, such as the need to monitor and enforce restrictions, are common to all water regulations and to environmental regulations in general. Others, such as the need to understand local and regional hydrology and how these control groundwater flow, recharge, and surface water-groundwater interaction, are specific to groundwater management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Since then, the ILO has been working with cities all over East Africa to replicate Dar es Salaam's success. The approach has become a primary service provision approach in the region. Economic and related policy instruments, such as extended producer responsibility, pricing disposal and introducing a landfill tax, banning the landfilling of certain material streams and providing subsidies, have contributed especially in the developed world to increase demand and diversify the material streams being recovered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
During the course of the 20th century, educational research yielded to the lure of Galileo’s vision of a universe that could be measured in numbers. This was especially true in the United States, where quantification had long enjoyed a prominent place in public policy and professional discourse. But the process of reframing reality in countable terms began eight centuries earlier in Western Europe, where it transformed everything from navigation to painting, then arrived fully formed on the shores of the New World, where it shaped the late-blooming field of scholarship in education. Like converts everywhere, the new American quantifiers in education became more Catholic than the pope, quickly developing a zeal for measurement that outdid the astronomers and mathematicians that preceded them. The consequences for both education and educational research have been deep and devastating.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Biodiversity ensure a , more resilient , ecosystem which I indirectly provides ! I value the welfare that , I others obtain from a j ! This type of economic impact analysis focuses on how a specific state of, orchangesin, goods and services provided by natural and cultural heritage affects the economy in terms of income and job creation (direct and indirect), taxes and economic output. Economic impact analyses are commonly based on input-output models that capture the direct, indirect and induced impacts on a local economy. In addition, the forestry sector may face costs associated with wood scarcity and/or increased timber prices. This type of reduced economic activity may also have direct and indirect impacts at local or regional levels -while large conservation programs may even have national level impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Indeed, innovation, adaptation and diffusion are dependent on such interactions. Coordination between researchers and firms is critical, as are interactions between firms and networks and clusters. Further, interactions between domestic and international firms facilitate the ability of domestic firms to tap into global knowledge and build domestic capacities. Interactions among government agencies, firms, research institutes, universities and civil society can help inform policymaking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A diplomatic mission abroad can assist an individual in (temporarily) escaping a host State’s jurisdiction within the latter’s territory, especially when this individual has a well-founded fear for the violation of his fundamental rights. In such cases, EU Member States have occasionally opened the doors of their diplomatic premises for urgent humanitarian reasons. This working paper investigates which legal framework would apply if one of the Delegations of the European Union’s worldwide diplomatic network were to offer shelter. It explores whether the EU – as an actor in international law and being founded on the values of respect for human dignity and human rights − may be legally obliged to uphold an extraterritorial non-refoulement principle in a diplomatic context. Finally, the paper studies delicate issues such as offering protection through diplomatic means, cooperation modes set up with EU Member States, and the processing of individual cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On 10 July 2003, the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg delivered a significant judgment concerning the qualified nature of the right of freedom of expression enunciated in Article 10 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The previous May saw the House of Lords deliver a judgment on a similar matter. The former related to the resurrection, the latter was about video footage of unborn fœtuses. Each is illuminating and may prove of wider application.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Energy poverty both signifies and drives overall poverty. More than 95% of the world population without electricity lives in Sub-Saharan Africa and developing Asia. In Sub-Saharan Africa, two-thirds of the population (620 million people) does not have access to electricity (IEA 2015a). Lack of electricity is generally most prevalent in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Energy sector regulation is controlled by the Public Utilities Commission (PUC). However, no large-scale sites have yet been exploited, with the planned Amaila Falls project remaining under review (GEA 2015b, The Economist 2013). Solar is seen to be a viable option to bring cheaper electricity to Guyana’s hinterland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Comparatively, increasing C02 prices seems the most effective strategy to curb C02 emissions. Again, this "ideal" generating mix, is far from the real generating mix for France, which includes a large fraction of hydropower that is not modelled here. Repeating the calculation for an energy mix that includes hydropower and takes into account the actual proportion of nuclear, coal and gas plants in the energy mix yields similar short-term reductions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Various aspects of policy debate and policy formulation in Colombia view' science, technology and innovation (STI) activities as a distinct domain of the economy. Other perspectives see a central feature of effective innovation systems, and hence also of STI-related policy, as involving STI activities that are deeply and pervasively embedded in all areas of the economy and society. An extension of this idea views the national system of science, technology and innovation as a collection of actors that is distinct from, and provides support to, sectors of the economy such as agriculture, manufacturing or energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The magnitude and persistence of the financial and economic crisis will depend, among other things, on the confidence of actors in the international financial system and the efficacy of economic revival plans that most industrialized and emerging countries have begun to put into action. However, designing practical and appropriate policies in developing countries to stimulate growth and protect vulnerable populations groups, in particular children, from the harmful effects of the crisis requires an understanding of the likely magnitude and nature of these effects. African growth will decline by two thirds according to IMF forecasts - from 6.2 and 5.2 per cent, respectively, in 2007 and 2008 to 1.7 per cent in 2009 - with sub-Saharan Africa facing a more extreme decline - at 1.3 per cent in 2009 compared to 7.0 to 5.5 per cent, respectively, in 2007 and 2008 (IMF 2009b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is estimated that nearly 2 billion inhabitants in the developing regions were vulnerable to desertification and drought in 1995, the latest year for which data are available, and the number is considered to be increasing owing, as in the case of coastal zones, to population growth and migration. According to Millennium Development Goals reports for Ghana and Kenya, while the proportion of the population in extreme poverty declined in many regions of those countries, their poorest and most remote parts witnessed rising poverty rates (Johnston, 2016). According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2016a), forests are estimated to contribute to the livelihoods of at least 1.6 billion people in the world, with some 60 million people, mainly in indigenous communities, living within forests and another 350 million being highly dependent on forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Within the region the variation is substantial. Less than a quarter of married women have a say in purchases for daily household needs in Niger and Senegal, while more than three quarters have a say in Ethiopia, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The pattern of variation is similar for decisions on major household purchases: less than a quarter of married women have a say in Burkina Faso, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal, while three quarters or more have a say in Liberia, Madagascar, Namibia and Zimbabwe (see Statistical Annex). Demographic and Health Survey (OHS) database (2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Charter schools, and other market-based reforms such as school vouchers and the student tutoring provision of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, are steeped in politics largely because they challenge the legitimacy of traditional power and funding arrangements in public education. The charter school reform is a significant public-private hybrid on the education landscape. Two advocacy coalitions engaged in charter school politics advance opposing perspectives on market-based education policy. This article begins with a framework for examining privatization in education and charter school politics. Following this, several key subjects of charter school politics are examined: financing and state caps on the number of charter schools permitted, parental choice, teachers unions and education management companies, and research on charter schools. Despite heated battles over student achievement data, the future of charter school politics is likely to be shaped more by the respective values and mobilization p...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In response to pressure from urban sprawl in the Cantareira mountains, in 2009 the state government launched a process aimed at nearly quadrupling the area under state protection. This required the purchase, transfer or expropriation of private land in seven municipalities. To this end, the state government co-operated closely with landowners and municipalities, surveying the perimeter of the proposed protected areas so as to tailor their boundaries to existing ecological, economic and political situations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)