albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Mitigation, adaptation and reduction of emissions from deforestation and degradation plus conservation (REDD+) initiatives across a variety of sectors are outlined by examining data available through the Climate Funds Update (CFU). As the analysis of regional trends undertaken is affected by the lack of coherent data, this paper focuses on selected regional experiences with the aim to shed light on relevant programmes across the region.3 Finally, the paper provides recommendations for policymakers on how to effectively address identified challenges and mobilize additional resources for climate finance across Asia and the Pacific. Significant knowledge and data gaps that complicate understanding of the issue and hinder the ability to adequately address investments in climate change-related activities exist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They started from the assumption that a rational individual maximizes his or her utility or satisfaction as a function of consumption (C) and leisure (L), subject to time and budget restrictions, and they used the criterion of satisfaction with life to evaluate the effects of substitution between leisure time (L) and income (I). The time poverty' threshold was set at 60% of median free time (the sum of time devoted to social life, sport, hobbies and culture consumption). Then the multidimensional poverty threshold was set at the utility point where the time and income thresholds meet and, lastly, individuals were classified in different poverty regimes (see diagram 1.1). These authors propose that people spend more time than is strictly necessary on paid and unpaid work and much of the time pressure they perceive is discretionary .
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
We have struggled to build and advocate for structures right from the grassroots to the top levels. We have also put in place legislation which, if well implemented, we think can protect women's rights as well as create equal opportunities. For example, the numbers that we have in parliament are not ideal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In this article we will examine some connections between criticism of Adorno and Horkheimer to instrumental reason limited to the book Dialectic of Enlightenment and the genealogical critique of Nietzsche to the "will to truth ", a theme explored in several books. Then resume the reading of Habermas in The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity on a Nietzsche’s radical critique to modern rationality, in order to examine two points: 1) What arguments support the thesis of inconsistency and lack of foundation of Nietzsche's genealogical critique? 2) why Habermas claims that the heirs of Nietzschean critique repeat this inconsistency, including the very critical of Adorno and Horkheimer? We intend to demonstrate, unlike Habermas, Adorno and Horkheimer in demythologization program of instrumental reason resume Nietzschean critical project aiming to build a new positive and demythologized meaning for enlightenment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They also help to establish treatment plans, to monitor responses to each treatment and to evaluate the results. They facilitate collaboration between medical staff and patients in different environments or geographically remote locations. Health services (telemedicine and teleconsultations) make it easier for patients to access expert diagnosis and advice for treatment that are not readily available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This creates a much greater likelihood for policy failures and will present the policy community with a need to design an adaptive policy process that will rely on the results of ongoing monitoring and evaluation processes. Policy monitoring will hence require a series of steps for monitoring and analysis. The focus of the activity may change as circumstances change and new knowledge becomes available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For example, two out of three informal jobs are in the informal sector in India (ILO, 2014). Nonetheless, a significant number of workers in formal enterprises are informally employed. A significant share of female-owned businesses in many emerging economies are home-based and have no employees other than the owner herself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This short paper, delivered at the American Society of International Law’s 107th Annual Meeting in 2013, summarizes for the international lawyer the recent legal repositioning of economic and social rights. Three trends – of the new wave of constitutionalism, new models of adjudication, and innovations from the Global South – are described, as precursors to the entry into force of the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The conceptual map concludes with the difficult prognosis of measuring the success of experiments in economic and social rights advocacy and reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
We then repeat the foregoing steps until we exhaust the original sample of mothers. Notice that the sets of matched mothers and non-mothers show no difference in the distribution of characteristics. The figures are in real Argentine pesos, adjusted for inflation using the consumer price index (cpi) deflator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
International Relations theory has its own form of identity politics. Although coming under recent critique, the notion that theorists occupy ‘-isms’ that form essential parts of their academic identity is tenacious. Where does Chris Brown fit within this theoretical landscape, and what can we learn in a broader sense from examining this issue? This chapter argues that Brown does not fit easily into any of the prevailing theoretical categories and that his dogmatic anti-dogmatism on this issue provides us with a model for pluralism in International Relations (IR). Brown provides a paradigmatic model of an eclectic critical thinker, who applies the reflexive moment to his own thinking in ways that few critical theorists can match.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many such economies of scale - including being able to buy food or cleaning materials in bigger quantities - are available to larger households. Rough and ready methods must therefore be used, of which the most common is the 'modified OECD equivalence scale' by which the first adult in each household is counted as 1.0, the second adult as 0.5, and each child under the age of 14 as 0.3. The total then becomes the number of 'equivalent individuals' by which household income must be divided.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Wind turbine technicians identify, inspect, maintain and repair wind turbines to ensure proper quality control exists. Their goal is to keep maintenance costs low and quality high.” The median-earning 50 percent of solar technicians reported annual incomes ranging from $31150 to $47 620. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the lowest-paid 10 percent of solar technicians earned $12.62 or less per hour and $26 250 or less per year, while the highest-paid 10 percent made $27.88 or more an hour and reported annual incomes of $57 980 or above. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The analysis also look at the relationship between unemployment and quality of care, including case-fatality rates after heart attack and stroke and patient safety events in hospital. In addition, a variety of health care utilisation indicators including hospital admissions and procedures, doctor consultations, and pharmaceutical consumption are examined. All health indicators have been taken from OECD Health Statistics and have been transformed into their natural logs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While Sweden offers SFI to adult migrants that have received a permission to stay, there is no clear bridge between SFI and parent engagement in school and language learning of their children. Parents of immigrant students are often not included in learning of the host country language, which can slow down the learning process of their children. Since newly arrived immigrants must learn Swedish, language training (Swedish for Immigrants) for parents with pre-school and school-aged children could benefit from being integrated in the education system of their children. In the years preceding the refugee crisis, the metropolitan areas had the highest number of immigrants, with approximately 15-16 immigrants per 1 000 inhabitants in areas such as Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmo.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Therefore, an appropriately skilled labour force, good trading infrastructure and geographical proximity to developed countries have proved to be advantages for developing countries whose firms participate in international production chains. This participation takes the form of inter-firm agreements, networks and alliances of various kinds. But most often it involves hosting affiliates of TNCs, as coordination costs are likely to be minimized when production chains are managed w ithin the same enterprise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The ethical parameters of business research, especially that undertaken by doctoral candidates, are an under researched area. This exploratory research analyses research ethics in the business and management contexts as espoused in perceived low risk ethics applications from business doctoral candidates in light of the principles of Australian research ethics guidelines. Applications are also analysed in terms of power relationships, methods of access and informed consent, pressure to complete research expeditiously, conflict of interest and cross-cultural understandings. Findings suggest that research design, personal relationships with participants and nuanced understandings of the contextual dimensions of risk may be of concern in the proposed research. However, a reflexive process also questions the cultural and other assumptions of both researchers and ethics administrators underlying these concerns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In such a system, there is no need for collateral, as the financier becomes a co-owner of the business. In Africa, for example, over 90 per cent of the rural population access land through customary mechanisms. In addition to customary law, property rights are influenced by a range of other legal, cultural and normative frameworks, including religious laws and practices, international treaties, and development project regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The shortfall of the new law in this regard is not as fatal as the gap is covered by similar provisions in Articles 194 and 195 of the OLPC. Under Article 197 concerning the penalty for rape on a person aged eighteen (18) years or above, the Penal Code stipulates that any person who rapes a person aged eighteen (18) years or above shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of more than five (5) years to seven (7) years. If rape results in the death of the victim, the offender shall be liable to life imprisonment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Removal of any distortionary regulation and taxes will create the foundation for large reductions in emissions. However, the dependence on intermittent power generation for a large proportion of the energy supply will require economic incentives to make the final transition to the carbon neutral emissions target. The scenario analysis suggests that hydrogen fuel cells could be a cost-efficient solution. However, hydrogen production has a very low efficiency, which does not correlate well with an energy system that relies on relatively costly wind power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For industry, there are, inter alia, dual-rate tariffs that depend on the time of the day (peak load time or off-peak), voltage level and annual hours of consumption. In agriculture, there is a so-called “green tariff’ that distinguishes between summer and winter time. Household tariffs depend only on monthly consumption (table 4.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Isolating the direct effect of policy reforms: An illustration for the United States. To do this, one needs to derive a redistribution measure using the same population and distribution of market incomes before the reform (at time to) and after the reform (e.g., at time ti). Because populations change at the same time as policy, such measures are not directly observable. They can, however, be calculated using microsimulation models as these models can apply policy rules from different years to the same population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The coefficients presented in the figure are from separate regressions which include controls for age, gender, level of education and level of parental education. The striped bars indicate coefficients which are not statistically significant (at 10% level). The coefficients are estimated from a linear probability model of an overqualification dummy based on the normative measure of mismatch.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Moreover, the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) warns that, while land titling programmes have become popular with many international agencies and beneficiaries, attempts to formalize land titling and registration can have unintended consequences forwomen.includingthe loss of secondary land rights under customary law (FAO, 2013). For example, when land registration programmes were first introduced in Kenya, the male-dominated adjudication committees typically registered land to the male head of household, but failed to record women’s secondary rights to the land. This had the unintended effect of extinguishing those rights altogether (FAO, n.d.). The Kenyan Constitution, as amended in 1997, prohibited discrimination based on gender.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Further, capacity building (cf. The text on adaptation is rather conceptual and sets out principles for adaptation action, but it gives no mechanism for action. Adaptation in the frame provide by the PA appears as an opportunity for agricultural action, but the agreed wording of the PA does not facilitate or support concrete action. If no decision is taken to use any of the opportunities, all climate action taken by all parties in orderto deliver on the NDC can be targeted at other sectors, such as energy or transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Municipalities are also responsible for fulfilling the right to a place in Kindergarten for all children from 1 year of age. Tertiary institutions are mostly autonomous in their decisions, including those on how they allocate resources. Norway has generous funding at all levels of the education system: public and private educational institutions at all levels get most of their funding from public sources, and public education is free, except at preprimary level where parents must pay some fees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There are another 20 research institutes at 53 universities plus more than 25 institutes under various ministries (e.g. Education and Science, Health). The number of public sector employees increased over 2009-2013 (Table 3.2), driven largely by increased numbers of research specialists. Furthermore, there are various joint projects with universities (e.g. with the Kyrgyz National University (KNU) in the field of hydrometeorology) and efforts to integrate higher education with the NAS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
When heavy rainfall occurs during sowing and harvesting, large machinery cannot enter the fields for long periods of time, growth is delayed and severe loss of harvests occurs. In fact, an examination of yield fluctuations between 1950 and 2000 (yield as a percentage of that in the previous year) has shown that, since around the 1970s and early 1980s, yields of corn, soybeans and cotton, which grow in the summer, have fluctuated greatly, whereas yields of wheat, which grows in a different season, have fluctuated relatively little (Rosenzweig and Hillel, 2008). From this it can be surmised that, although water issues were not necessarily the sole cause, the production of major grains in the United States began to destabilize in the 1970s and early 1980s, when global warming was not very pronounced, and that this trend will become even more pronounced in the future. This aquifer underlies 111.4 million acres (174,000 square miles) in parts of eight US states: Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas and Wyoming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Insufficient public transport infrastructure and rising user costs, in combination with relatively low taxation of vehicle ownership and use, have contributed to exacerbating urban car traffic. The 2011 Growth Acceleration Programme included expansion of the long-distance and urban rail networks, which is welcome. More emphasis could also be given to bus rapid transit systems, which have been successfully operating in some cities, such as Curitiba, and were launched in Rio de Janeiro and Brasilia in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Rural indigenous northerners tend to demonstrate lower satisfaction with their ethnic origin than their urban counterparts. According to the OECD, northern districts have some of the highest public health expenditures per capita.' The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, lead to an exodus of professionals, including doctors, from Russia's Arctic regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
She cleans homes for income, and wishes she had taken her own schooling more seriously so that she could have pursued her dream of becoming a cook, maybe opening a small rescaurant. I have had to accept so much, like living in other people’s houses, doing all the work and constant humiliation. I hope my son will learn and become somebody, and live much better than I have.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the case of EE financing, contingency financing can be a useful provision for capacity building as well as potential default, risk guarantee provision. Instead of committing to a grant which may subsequently prove to have been unnecessary, contingent financing recognises the potential need for support but draws on public resources only when justified later, on the basis of actual rather than projected costs. Intrinsic risks, such as failure in the systems or technologies, are controlled, external risks, such as volatility of a given resource price, can be hedged with appropriate risk-mitigation instruments. Figure 2 illustrates the differences in risk exposure of EE projects versus wind power projects. Wind is a useful comparison because although it is technology based, it offers tangible assets (e.g. physical structure) as a security guarantee, unlike energy efficiency. In the case of wind technology, such risk is characterised by the variability of storms and wind occurrence, as well as the reduced output that can result from a damaged plant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
High forest (a type of forest originated from seed or from planted seedlings) constitutes 45.7 per cent, while coppice (an area of woodland in which the trees or shrubs are, or formerly were, periodically cut back to ground level to stimulate growth and provide firewood or timber) accounts for the remaining 54.3 per cent. Broadleaf forests make up 81.5 per cent, of which 32.1 per cent is oak, 17.9 per cent is beech and 10.0 per cent is Carpinus, with small percentages of other broadleaf forests such as acacia, poplar, maple and willow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
When we consider upper secondary or post-secondary education, there is evidence that VET is associated with higher training incidence. The estimated positive gap with respect to academic education ranges from 2.4 percentage points for females to 4.0 percentage points for males. In this case, the estimated negative gap is close to 10 percentage points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
High youth unemployment is also likely to increase income inequality, even beyond the short term, as a number of studies report a significant lasting effect of spells of unemployment on earnings (Arulampalam, 2000, Gregg and Tominey, 2005). Mean wages in national currencies at constant 2005 values. Countries ranked in ascending order of changes in earnings inequality. Higher female employment generally reduces inequality across the OECD, though this depends on the extent to which women entering work are in couples with high or low earners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Any poverty line intended to represent a minimum acceptable standard of living in the industrialized world today implies higher standards of food, clothing, housing, water supply, sanitation, health care, education, transport and entertainment than were available to even the wealthiest households of previous eras. Unless we wish to argue that the threshold should be set at the minimum income necessary for sheer physical survival then there can in fact be no such thing as an absolute poverty line. If the decision is taken, for example, to draw an ‘absolute’ poverty line at some fixed point and to update it only for inflation, then this means that a relative poverty line is being anchored to an arbitrary point in time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Australia, despite excellent information and reporting systems on school performance and programme outcomes, a coherent structure for systematically registering and individually monitoring early school leavers is lacking. Only young people receiving benefits and under a programme participation obligation are followed by the DHS/Centerlink. There is no obligation for schools to co-operate with social and health service providers and exchange information. There is no obligation for local authorities to offer alternative learning options and follow up on those who refuse to or cannot go back to school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, geopolitical factors and governance are also likely to play an important part in the longer run. The increase will take place almost entirely in developing countries and some emerging economies. In the developed world, some countries’ populations will grow, while others decline, but the size of the aggregate population is likely to remain largely unchanged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Nevertheless, they do show that female-owned enterprises contribute substantially to job creation. In the United States, women owned 7.8 million firms in 2007 and employed 7.6 million workers (US Department of Commerce, 2010). In Italy in 2010, they fully owned or majority-controlled about a quarter of all companies - almost 1.3 million (Italian Chamber of Commerce, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The IIRC framework does not include indicators, but refers to existing frameworks like of GRI. The Guide to Corporate Ecosystem Valuation (CEV) aims to integrate ecosystem benefits and value in business planning and financial analysis to come to aligned business decision-making for the triple bottom-line. The first of the Guide’s 5-stage methodology is explicitly named Scoping and helps the focal company to identify specific business goals and the appropriate analytical context for CEV.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In 2010, one in every eight workers in manufacturing was an immigrant, and immigrant workers were also overrepresented in construction as well as in some service sectors such as private household services. In view of the relatively high employment rates of foreign-born workers, and their positive impact on native-born paid employment, it also seems likely that foreign-bom workers have a positive effect on income per capita. Thai authorities could reinforce the economic contribution of immigrants to the country by offering more accessible channels for regular immigration and developing integration mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)