albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Public-private partnerships (PPPs), including concessions, can help strengthen management capacity and increase investment. In 2011, the MMA and the Ministiy of Planning, Budget and Management agreed to launch pilot PPP and concession agreements in 10 national parks with high tourism potential. Such agreements could be extended to the full management of protected areas, including environmental conservation activities. This would allow the public authorities to shift their attention from direct management to oversight of protected areas, which is less resource intensive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Les collectivites locales et les regions ont egalement joue un role important dans les efforts d’adaptation, meme si la mise en place de cadres de coordination systematique entre les autorites nationales et infranationales a moins bien progresse. Les etudes de cas et l’atelier de l’OCDE ont neanmoins permis de constater que les pays doivent relever trois grands defis au moment de mettre en application leurs strategies et leurs plans: surmonter le deficit d’informations sur le climat et l’insuffisance des capacites correspondantes, mobiliser un financement adequat et mesurer l’efficacite des interventions d’adaptation. In addition to WPCID delegates, the authors would like to give special thanks to Lisette van Marrewijk of the OECD for her contributions to this work. The authors would also like to thank Jennifer Calder, Kathleen Dominique, Nicolina Lamhauge, Elisa Lanzi, Xavier Leflaive, Raphael Jachnik, Victoria Schreitter and Marie-Christine Tremblay of the OECD for their valuable input and feedback. The authors would also like to thank all participants at the Policy Forum on Adaptation to Climate Change in OECD Countries, 11-12 May 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
An expert workshop in Morocco in May 2015 discussed, validated and agreed on the project approach, methodology and issues to address in order to identify and quantify the current extent and impact of fisheries' discards throughout the world. The workshop also identified a range of potential data sources for the project. A global assessment of fisheries bycatch and discards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Cocaine arriving from South America transits in particular countries in West Africa on its way to Europe. One of the main modes of transport used for such trafficking is commercial aircraft, it is likely that that development is related to the increased number of commercial flights between Brazil and West Africa. Data provided by the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency of Nigeria on drug interceptions at the international airport near Lagos indicate that a total of about 120 kg of cocaine were seized at the airport in 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper addresses some particular aspects of the complex intersections between race and social class. It is based upon data collected as part of a two-year Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) funded project exploring the ‘Educational strategies of the Black Middle Classes’ (BMC). (‘The Educational Strategies of the Black middle classes’, ESRC RES-062-23-1880). The project as a whole focuses on the educational perspectives, strategies and experiences of Black Caribbean-heritage middle class families in England. Little research attention has been given to the growing BMC, despite the massive interest in the educational decision-making of White middle class families. The assumption perpetuated in media coverage of issues like educational achievement is that Black children are working class. Here we consider the role of ethnic and social class mix – within school choice and within children’s friendship groups as these are inflected by the concerns about racism and educational achievement articulate...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the case of the PPCR and FIP, countries' policy frameworks were identified as challenging for mobilizing private investment (Trabacchi, Brown, Boyd, Wang, & Falzon, 2016). Some of these barriers include unstable regulatory and tax policies for low carbon and climate-resilient cities, and gaps in regulatory frameworks for agriculture and forestry (Trabacchi, Brown, Boyd, Wang & Falzon, 2016). Concessional loans are useful where climate-friendly technologies are too expensive and non-concessional loans where access to finance is a challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In order to adjust for the impact of increasing attendance in educational institutions, LFPRs were computed excluding those classified as students (Table 6-7). The participation rates thus computed did not change in the case of illiterates, except for a small change in 1999-2000 for men, as illiterates over the age of 15 generally do not get into the educational stream. The changes were also marginal in the case of those with education below the primary level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nevertheless, authorities cite some evidence which could indicate that recent enforcement efforts have been effective. For instance, social insurance revenues have increased more strongly than employment since the start of the recovery, although the extent to which this is driven by enforcement efforts is difficult to disentangle from the effects of other policy changes, such as increasing minimum wages. Public opinion may largely see informal employment as an involuntary outcome for employees, and workers’ weak bargaining position suggests that informal work is indeed often not a choice of workers, notably during periods of slack labour markets. Imposing fines on workers indiscriminately is therefore not only politically difficult, but probably counter-productive as it can discourage employees from reporting employers’ infringements of applicable labour and tax laws.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Non-Equilibrium Social Science (NESS) emphasizes dynamical phenomena, for instance the way political movements emerge or competing organizations interact. This paper argues that predictive analysis is an essential element of NESS, occupying a central role in its scientific inquiry and representing a key activity of practitioners in domains such as economics, public policy, and national security. We begin by clarifying the distinction between models which are useful for prediction and the much more common explanatory models studied in the social sciences. We then investigate a challenging real-world predictive analysis case study, and find evidence that the poor performance of standard prediction methods does not indicate an absence of human predictability but instead reflects (1.) incorrect assumptions concerning the predictive utility of explanatory models, (2.) misunderstanding regarding which features of social dynamics actually possess predictive power, and (3.) practical difficulties exploiting predictive representations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Illegal wells are frequent in some of the large agricultural groundwater-using regions, thus preventing other groundw'ater measures to be effective in reducing pressure on an aquifer (see Chapter 4 for details). Development and the Environment: The Implications of Agricultural Electricity Subsidies in India", The Journal of Environment & Development, Vol. Frontiers in water resource economics, Springer, New York. Water Markets for the 21s' Century: What Have We Learned?,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In an important ruling earlier this year, a South African court considered the interaction between complementarity and universal jurisdiction in a case involving allegations of torture in Zimbabwe, which is not party to the International Criminal Court. At present, the Supreme Court of Appeal has granted South African authorities a hearing on whether to grant leave to appeal (or not) but no hearing date has been set. This Insight reviews the South African case and highlights some key legal issues, including complementarity in a universal jurisdiction context and the immunities afforded to foreign officials under customary international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Annual rates of SA benefit receipt - the standard measure of benefit receipt in most empirical work - are therefore not generally a good measure of benefit receipt at a point in time. The result also implies that a significant number of people receive benefits for relatively short periods (less than a year). The ratio of annual to average monthly rates of benefit receipt can be interpreted as a measure of turnover in benefit receipt: among the five countries looked at, turnover is highest in Norway and lowest in Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Consumers switch between energy companies. Those cooking in the household switch between gas and electricity or between charcoal and kerosene for cooking. Motorists switch from gasoline to electric cars, or from gasoline to diesel cars and fuels. The divestment campaign where private and institutional investors shift investment assets away from fossil fuel companies is a marketplace example.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This debate is in line with South Africa's rural electrification agenda, as new power generation will be necessary to service more households. The average official50 unemployment figures are above 20% (see Table 33), excluding the under-employed in the rural and urban areas or those who are not registered in employment agencies. Payment for electricity is an issue for people who have no or very little income. Many cases of domestic violence in newly electrified households have been amply documented. It is argued that domestic trouble starts over priorities when resources are scarce (Habitat for Humanity, 2009). However, the long-term effect of ensuring universal access to electricity should lead to general opportunities for a broad-based economic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As far as the larger vessels are concerned, decommissioning (scrapping) and structural arrangements (Unit quota or Structural quota system) are the most important factors explaining the reduction in the number of vessels. Most of these vessels were less than 15 metres long. A3) indicated that the profitability in the fishing fleet as a whole was good in 2006. Of a total of 18 vessel groups, 17 vessel groups showed a positive operating profit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The end of the 20th century witnessed a worldwide spread of democracy and human rights that was unprecedented in history. Yet, it seems increasingly clear that democracy and human rights do not necessarily go together. Human rights violations are often justified in name of democracy and freedom, and even in established democracies human rights violations are common. This article develops a tripartite conceptual framework to examine the connection between democracy and human rights, outlining three democratic accountability mechanisms – vertical, horizontal, and diagonal accountability – and the conditions under which those accountability mechanisms succeed and fail to promote human rights. Vertical accountability refers to elections and the role of citizens, horizontal accountability refers to the separation of powers, rule of law and the role of the judiciary and integrity institutions, and diagonal accountability refers to the role of media and civil society organisations in holding governments ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Stronger legal basis and greater institutional capacity introduced in 1999 has been instrumental in improving co-ordination (Huisman et al., However, it is estimated that the Action Plan on Floods will cost EUR 12 billion by 2020 (ICPR, “Action Plan on Floods”, www.iksr.org/index.php?id=123&L=3). The agreement does not involve Turkey due to a breakdown in negotiations: AFED Report, 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It begins with an overview of the historical evolution of science, technology and innovation policy in the Netherlands. It then examines the main policy actors and governance arrangements, with particular reference to the top sectors approach. The chapter then reviews current policies under the light of the observations made in earlier chapters and outlines areas in need of dedicated policy attention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Jobs created as a result of trade expansion are at first concentrated in the export sector, but in some cases (particularly with respect to certain extractive sectors) the export sector is only weakly linked to the rest of the mostly informal economy, hampering any significant spillover effect. Changes in wages and employment are one key mechanism by which external trade translates into poverty reduction impacts. Changes in consumption prices often affect different groups of the poor differently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Venture capital investment in the clean energy sector, Harvard Business School Working Paper 11-020. Wind project financing structures: A review & comparative analysis, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL-63434. Renewable energy - market and policy trends in IEA countries, IEA, Paris.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article examines delays in the penal justice system. Time is the measure of justice. The longer a case takes, the less chance there is to correct technical failures in the administrative procedures or locate witnesses, other victims or possible aggressors. If too short, there is a risk of contravening rights enshrined in the Brazilian Constitution and penal laws, thereby producing injustice rather than justice. For common citizens, time is the place of collective memory. When they can make links between the crime committed and the application of penal sanctions, they feel that justice has been applied, conferring credibility to the institutions responsible for retributive justice. This article explores these claims through an empirical study of the penal investigations conducted to establish criminal responsibility for lynchings perpetrated in the state of Sao Paulo from 1980 to 1989.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The first of these disaggregates any variation in poverty and indigence rates into two components, growth in average income (“growth effect”) and changes in the way this income is distributed (“distribution effect”). The latter involves assessing the role played by the different sources contributing to household income and paying special attention to the labour market factors accounting for changes in earnings. The growth effect was particularly important in Argentina, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador and Honduras, where it accounted for 80% or more of the decline in poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Total employment in all sectors was approximately 4100 persons in 2008. Professional personal fishing licenses for inland or marine fisheries were held by 1 800 persons, 379 were employed in aquaculture, and 1934 were employed in fish processing. The general principles governing national policy are established by a Parliament Act which authorises the Government to supplement the EU legislation and to regulate fishing outside the scope of the CFP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
It seeks to build understanding of the challenges surrounding each of the four constraints that were the focus of the joint report, as well as identifying ways to overcome them, thereby maximizing the contribution of trade to poverty reduction. The case studies included in this volume reinforce the need to move forward with the above agenda to maximize the gains from trade for the poor. Before summarizing each chapter, this section reviews the recent literature on trade and poverty, noting where chapters in this volume contribute to the literature. This overview chapter concludes by discussing the main policy implications of the chapters and priorities for future work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While there are an increasing number of recycling projects, few countries have adopted system-based approaches or invested in the promotion of the circular economy (waste reduction, reuse and recycling). Further, the methodology (this is a Tier III indicator) and data are issues. Although Target 12.6 focuses on sustainability reporting, its methodology is still work in progress, with a Tier III indicator whose methodology is yet to be agreed upon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
If a limited company is founded after the project-test period, the idea provider will have a share in the new venture. It has made seed equity investments in university spin-off companies in the entire Gothenburg region. Chalmersinvest owns equity, directly or indirectly, in at present more than 40 companies. Chalmersinvest is in the process of attracting more external capital from private investors, large private corporations in addition to the several private and public financing organisations in and around Gothenburg.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article advances an argument for a contrapuntal reading of terrorism using the case study of India. In recent years, the work of Edward Said has received some attention in the field of international relations. As yet, however, most readings of terrorism, either in its traditional form of terrorism studies or in the guise of critical terrorism studies, have not addressed the interface between terrorism and security, drawing on the work of Said. We take his work as a point of departure, enabling the analysis in this article to critique the ‘clash of civilisations’ thesis whilst also exploring the relationship between mass casualty terrorism and crowded places. In doing so, we draw attention to the instantiation of a series of attacks in India. The final section of this article pulls the analysis together so as to question the relationship between poverty and resilience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On the one hand, the substitution of domestic goods with foreign imports leads to a leakage of potential revenues from domestic demand to foreign producers. Furthermore, a decline in global prices of domestic export goods results in a reduction of aggregated income in the domestic economy (UNIDO, 2017b). In general, countries with a high export product concentration (i.e. they only export a limited number of goods) are particularly vulnerable to a volatile global market. Good managerial practices and access to reliable market information (domestic and global) are crucial for jumpstarting industrial expansion along the structural transformation path. One precondition for successful technological upgrading within firms and factories is the development of the general skill set of workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As a result, its technology centres, science parks and technology development centres overlap with the roles of the university and research institute sectors. It thus fragments the national effort and hinders the development of critical mass in these areas. For more R&D-based innovation support, the Research Council of Norway (RCN) or one of the joint RCN-Innovation Norway programmes is the operative partner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This paper outlines the changes expected in the field of development co-operation post-2015 as development is recast as sustainable development and coherence between policies at the international level is expected to improve. From 2016 onwards, the focus is on implementing these new agreements and shaping coherent and effective domestic policies and plans in all countries. The role of development finance is changing as domestic resources and private finance play a larger role and the links between finance for sustainable development and climate finance become more evident. The paper presents key factors that can strengthen coherence between development finance and climate finance and explores the role that development co-operation providers and their partners can play in this process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This article reviews current interpretations of Labour's education policy in relation to gender. Such interpretations see the marginalisation of gender equality in mainstream educational policy as a result of the discursive shift from egalitarianism to that of performativity. Performativity in the school context is shown to have contradictory elements ranging from an increased feminisation of teaching and the (re)masculinisation of schooling. Also, whilst underachievement is defined as ‘the problem of boys’, the production of hierarchical masculinities and ‘laddishness’ by marketised schools is ignored. The policy shift towards performativity also masks girls' exclusion and the disadvantages working‐class girls face within the education system. The rhetoric of gender equality, although stronger in the field of post‐16 training and employment, is no less contradictory. The effects of New Labour are found in the aggravation of social class divisions within gender categories and the spiralling differences be...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus, the direction of these changes is not inexorable but rather is the product of actual socio-economic developments in the post-Apartheid period. Only 1996 and 2001 census data are consistent enough. The top end of the 2001 distribution lies to the right of the 1996 plot which suggests that the top end of the 2001 distribution contains a greater share of the population than it did in 1996.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article argues that the use of the common law offence of outraging public decency to attack art and artists (as it was in R v. Gibson – the ‘foetus earrings’ case – in 1991) has effectively been rendered impossible by the Human Rights Act. This is the case despite the fact that the European Commission of Human Rights found there to be no breach of the article 10 right to freedom of expression in the case of Gibson itself. The HRA mandates reform of such common law provisions and will lead to more rigorous protection of the right to artistic expression by domestic courts than has hitherto been available at Strasbourg.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
How do they envisage moving towards sustainability? Marginalised communities and poor people are rarely asked their opinion about their lives or aspirations for the future (Chambers, 1997, Narayan et al., The Equity and Sustainability Field Hearings project (Initiative for Equality, 2012) set out to do this by asking people living in impoverished and disempowered communities around the world what they think about poverty, sustainability, and the future for their families and communities. A global collaboration between social scientists and non-governmental organisations (NGOs), the Field Hearings project aims to ensure that poor people’s voices are included in discussions on environmental and social sustainability such as Rio+20 and the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Groundwater accounts for 60% of supplies, desalination (reverse osmosis) for 30-35% and surface water via cisterns, 5-10%. A report on measures required was presented to the Minister in 2008 and in 2009 consultation process was undertaken resulting in a national smart utility metering plan, to be rolled-out between 2010 and 2013. The project will cost an estimated EUR 40 million or EUR 163 per electricity and water meter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Authors' calculation based on the 2005 1% Population Sampling Survey. When including migrants in the analysis, the inequality index is slightly reduced, which is evidenced by a smaller GE (2) in the last two groupings compared to the first. Both categorisations are of relevance. The second grouping is based on the hukou definition, which reflects the institutional differences between urban and rural residents. In this case, rural-urban inequality explains about 10% of overall inequality. The final grouping is based on the definition of residence that has been used by the NBS to define the urban population since 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)