albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Obtaining a formal qualification can lead to higher w'ages, especially when the person develops new' skills on the way (e.g. filling skill gaps). Some of the benefits may be non-monetary benefits, like higher self-esteem. Workers who qualify through skill recognition can fill vacancies - particularly valuable in regulated occupations. When employers support an employee through a skill recognition process, employees may show' increased loyalty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This has not included disabled children, especially in less developed countries. The first barrier arises from long-held ideas that locate the problem in the child and their impairment, rather than recognising that it is society's own response to the impairment that needs to change. Negative attitudes based on traditional thinking still act as a big social barrier.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is the long-standing “heir” of a Keynesian approach in Brazil’s public policy, based on intense public investment for the construction of large infrastructure. But in recent years, this ministry has been combining this heritage with a “soft” approach that gives room to more bottom-up regional development strategies for addressing regional and social disparities. One is the National Secretariat of Hydraulic Infrastructure, dealing mainly with large irrigation projects, the other is the National Secretariat for Regional Development that is involved in initiatives for fighting poverty, such as the “Water for All” programme. Important entities that are simultaneously relevant for water resources management and for the social and economic development of the country are linked to this ministry such as CODEVASF (Company for the Development of Sao Francisco and Pamafba Valleys) and the National Department of Works to Combat Droughts (Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas, DNOCS).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A school system that lacks quality teachers, adequate infrastructure and enough textbooks will almost certainly fail to promote quality education. Underinvestment in the school system can also result in educational inequalities, as disadvantaged areas or schools receive scarcer resources. The government is aware that public spending is low but concerns about both the sector’s efficiency and its absorptive capacity prevent increases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This decision was supported by years of discussion and mounting evidence and observations, notably by economists, that the block pricing system was not effective in reducing water use. This amendment removes the extraction levies for farmers and embeds a slightly lower rate of extraction cost in the water price to be applied to all regions. The amendment was meant to reduce regional inequalities, it increased water prices in the north and slightly reduced them in the south. This process also reallocated the collected revenue from the levy from the Ministry of Finance to the state-supported water company (Mekorot) and reduced cross-subsidies by other sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Based on I RENA’s estimate, the life-cycle cost over a 12-year cooking period would be $124, $225, $303 and $129 for ICS, LPG stoves, electric stoves and biogas digesters, respectively. From the socio-environmental perspective, IRENA ranks biogas digesters highest, followed by LPG stoves, electric stoves and ICS. Figure 23 presents a matrix of socio-economic and environmental benefits from promoting different clean cooking fuel technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Associate Professor of Rhetoric, Department of English, Ryerson University, Toronto, ONand Assistant Professor, Social and Behavioural Health Sciences, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University ofToronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaThe disciplinary institutions secreted a machineryof control that functioned like a microscope ofconduct, the ﬁne, analytical divisions that theycreated formed around men an apparatus ofobservation, recording and training.Foucault, 1979, Discipline and PunishMedicine is a power-knowledge that can be ap-plied to both the body and the population, boththe organism and biological processes, and it willtherefore have both disciplinary effects and regu-latory effects.Foucault, 2003, Society Must Be Defended
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The overall costs of water pollution caused by agriculture across OECD countries both in terms of treatment for consumption and in terms of damage to ecosystems are likely to exceed billions of euros annually (Gruere, 2016(7], OECD, 2017(6]).' At the same time, in many regions agricultural production is subject to water risks mainly due to climate variability, extreme events, depleting groundwater resources, but it also faces resource competition from other sectors (OECD, 2017(2]). Recent reports show that diffuse pollution from agriculture continues to be problematic in spite of policy efforts (Wang, Tyau and Ybanez, 2017(8], Wasley, Fiona and Davies, 2017(9], Melia, 2017[ioj, OECD, 2017(6]). Droughts and floods continue to have lasting and potentially devastating impacts on agriculture in many regions (OECD, 2016(d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Their prices, given the informal nature of production, are lower than those of charcoal from planted trees, although the latter is generally produced in industrial, more efficient, facilities. Worse still, there are no incentives for the industries to exploit the gases from combustion, which can be used both for energy and non-energy production purposes. The rudimentary kilns used in the forests to carbonize native wood are unable to preserve the fluid by-products of charcoal production, but neither is this done even in the majority of the relatively modern facilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This section focuses specifically on energy supply, the next section considers energy use. The approaches and tools presented here address, in turn, the policy, regulatory, and economic dimensions of the enabling environment. National energy policies should integrate renewables into the country’s energy portfolio, engage the private sector in technology development, build confidence in the financial community about renewable technologies, and where appropriate co-ordinate investments across national boundaries (IEA, 2001). Such policies can support co-operation among institutions and provide guidance in selecting low-carbon options tailored to unique country circumstances and priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This Essay, written for a conference on “Faith, Sexuality, and the Meaning of Freedom,” held at Yale Law School in January 2017, criticizes efforts to resolve the conflict between antidiscrimination and religious freedom claims by ascriptions of hatred or animus or by overly simplistic analogies to the Civil Rights movement and its accomplishments. Although pervasive, such rhetoric damages civil discourse and fails to achieve just or stable resolutions. If there is any possibility of achieving acceptable resolutions, the Essay suggests, our discussions will need to be both more pragmatic and more visionary than these modes of argument are.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
National report of Ethiopia to Rio 2012. Grasslands of the World, FAO, Rome. Climate change and the Ethiopian economy: A computable general equilibrium analysis. Discussion Paper Series EfD DP 11-09, Environment for Development. Economic Reforms and Soil Degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A Micro CGE Model with Transaction Costs, Department of Economics and Social Sciences. World Economic Outlook 2012, IMF, Washington DC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Scottish Health Informatics Programme (SHIP) was a Scotland-wide research programme exploring ways of collecting, managing and analysing electronic patient records for health research. As part of the SHIP public engagement work stream, a series of eight focus groups and a stakeholder workshop were conducted to explore perceptions of the role, relevance and functions of trust (or trustworthiness) in relation to research practices. The findings demonstrate that the public's relationships of trust and/or mistrust in science and research are not straightforward. This paper aims to move beyond simple descriptions of whether publics trust researchers, or in whom members of the public place their trust, and to explore more fully the bases of public trust/mistrust in science, what trust implies and equally what it means for research/researchers to be trustworthy. This has important implications for public engagement in interdisciplinary projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Each of these spends twice as a much — as a proportion of GDP - as countries such as Spain, Switzerland, Italy, Canada, Portugal, Japan and Bulgaria. At the bottom of the table are five countries spending little more than 1% of GDP on cash benefits, tax breaks and services for children and families - the United States, Lithuania, Latvia, Greece and Malta. How the money is spent can be as important as how much is spent, but the chart nonetheless shows a strong relationship between resources expended and results achieved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Abstract Two recent books make significant contributions to the scholarly literature both in East Asian security studies and in international relations theory more generally. While developing international relations theory by drawing from the non-Western experiences of East Asia, these books complement the existing international relations theory that has been criticized for being overly West-centric. The books also develop some interesting East Asian, neopragmatic ideas on the “theory of theory” in international relations. These ideas have a potential of not only changing our answers to questions about East Asian security but also reformulating the questions we ask in our investigation of international security issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The issues considered in the papers may be evolving in nature, leading to further work and refinement at a later stage. The views expressed here are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the Commonwealth Secretariat. The sector, one in which most small states, and several Least Developed Countries (LDCs), can benefit from a comparative advantage in trade, is seen as rapidly pushing growth frontiers in these countries. The synergy and interplay between the services sector and technology have enhanced the efficiency of, and possibilities for the sector, and has enabled it to be better connected to global value and supply chains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
According to a study from Goldemberg (2004), renewable energies can create up to 116 229 jobs per TWh (terawatt hour) produced as compared with 1 145 for conventional energies (oil, coal and natural gas) (OECD, 2008, Chapter 12). China installed 18.2 GW of large hydro in 2009, and now has more installed capacity than any other country. Micro-hydro is also a developed technology, with total installed capacity worldwide at 61 GW, more than half of this in China. India and the United States have agreed to co-operate in increasing India’s nuclear power generation capacity as a key method to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (RISO, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The chapter furthermore discusses the recent increase in the use of certification schemes in fisheries and aquaculture, discusses the points of view of the consumers, retailers, processors and fishers. Who are the key stakeholders in the market for certification? How do they influence the market for certification schemes? These are key questions that are examined in this chapter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For example, the Nadonal Council for Science and Technology Communication (NCSTC) in India implements a range of initiatives to disseminate scientific knowledge, making use of folk, mass and social media. One popular initiative is the Science Express, a mobile science exhibition mounted on a train travelling across India since 2007. For four years, it showcased ground-breaking discoveries and the latest innovations in the field of modem science by using exhibits, models and audiovisual displays. Since 2015, it has aimed at raising awareness among all groups of society as to how climate change can be combated through mitigation and adaptation (Department of Science and Technology, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The role of peers is important since men and women from the same country of origin tend to migrate to the same destination country. This makes migration easier, as word-of-mouth communication helps to spread information about countries of destination: the bigger the diaspora, the smaller the psychological and integration cost of migration (Munshi, 2003). Various measures of networks are used: the stock of female (male) and total migrant in 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Abstract   Climate change poses a significant risk for communities, and local governments around the world have begun responding by developing climate adaptation policies. Scholarship on local adaptation policy has proliferated in recent years, but insufficient attention has been paid to operationalization of the unit of analysis, and methods employed are typically inadequate to draw inferences about variation across cases. This article seeks to contribute to the conceptual and methodological foundations of a research agenda for comparative analysis of local adaptation policies and policy-making. Synthesizing insights from policy studies literature and existing adaptation research, the article identifies and operationalizes two aspects of public policy—policy content and policy process—which are salient objects of comparative analysis that typically vary from one community to another. The article also addresses research design, outlining a comparative case study methodology that incorporates various qualitative analytical techniques as the vehicle to examine these policy elements in empirical settings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although public debate in Canada about climate change and air pollution is louder than ever, the state of the environment remains a relatively neglected determinant of health, and environmental public health infrastructure and programs are poorly developed. Health Canada has only recently begun to develop a national environmental public health tracking or surveillance system. The authors review progress on environmental public health tracking in other jurisdictions and suggest a strategic approach to the development of a coherent national system of sensitive, targeted surveillance indicators for environmental health by addressing the following questions: Which environmental hazards and exposures, and which health effects along the continuum from “release” to “health effect,” should be tracked? Which indicators are scientifically robust and practical for tracking environmental health problems in Canada?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The papers are generally available only in their original language -English or French- with a summary in the other language. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Preliminary findings of this report were vetted at the OECD Workshop on Biodiversity and Development - Mainstreaming and Managing for Results in February 2015 and the paper has benefited from discussion with participants there.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The search does, however, show different types of schemes throughout the region, covering a range of ecosystem services, which may rely on funding from public, private, mixed public/private sources, or trading. Public funds are administered and paid out to the service providers (UNECE, 2007, p. 33). These public schemes were instituted by the government to conserve biodiversity and change management practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Policies that promote more equal access to education (e.g. no early tracking or improving the provision of early childhood care) are also likely to reduce income inequality. Although not investigated in this paper, legal extensions of collective wage agreements may have similar effects. The empirical analysis carried out in this paper suggests that gender differences in working hours and choice of occupation and sector account for a sizable part of the earnings gap. Policies to reduce these differences (e.g. improvements in the access to childcare) could thus lead to more equal labour market outcomes among men and women. A large part of the gender earnings gap remains unexplained after accounting for other factors, indicating that policies that reduce gender discrimination may also help. One example are the legal extension of collective wage agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Regional governments' housing subsidies accounted for the major share of spending on access to basic services. The projections of social protection spending in Chapter 3 of this study include scenarios whereby humanitarian relief is included in total social protection spending as well as a scenario where it is excluded. Spending by the federal government increased at the fastest rate among these four sources between 2012/13 and 2015/16, growing by 24% per year on average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The typical story is that higher female labourforce participation is associated with lower fertility, but this result partly depends on the extent of public supports for the reproductive work of women involved in paid work. For instance, the high fertility and low female employment in Ireland or the high fertility and high female employment in Scandinavian countries can be linked to differences in the structures of their social welfare systems (Esping-Anderson 1996). The simple reason is that the time and financial burdens of social reproduction are spread among more contributors, so increasing female labour force participation can be counterbalanced by supports in the family, community and state. The more complex reason involves how wages and prices change in ways that support more human capacities production when both women and men devote resources - both private and public - to it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Challenges arise in the tagging of substances (e.g. in the chemical industry), where tracking is often achieved by tagging the tangible containers. In addition, ensuring data privacy poses a key challenge. Based on the single book of accounts, blockchain provides the means to maintain, monitor and analyse data without undermining data privacy and sovereignty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Data on food insecurity is derived for the Gallup World Poll, in which individuals aged over 15 report on their household experiences. This means the child-centeredness of the indicators from this survey can only be partial, as they are interpreted as proportions of children living with individuals in households reporting specific conditions/experiences, rather than household experiences. Health data, as with previous studies (OECD, 2009, UNICEF, 2007 and others) are most prevalent, and the availability of surveys and series that included different estimates (for example, infant mortality estimates (before age 1 for instance, or age 5 even), or a range of health behaviours (drug use, sexual debut, and smoking)) forced a selection of indicators that 'best fit' the selection criteria outlined above (in consultation with the Report Card Advisory Board members).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For instance, as noted in the section on rural and urban water competition, water-trading systems, despite their recognised economic efficiency, are mainly used intrasectorally (OECD, 2010) and rarely driven or used by cities. This discrepancy may originate from multiple factors, mostly related to ease of implementation: the cost of entry and the institutional complexity of the approaches may make them unfit for smaller-scale operations or difficult to establish among users. Moreover, policy makers often decide to favour other objectives - i.e. equity or sustainability - over economic efficiency. Other global, national or local political objectives may also affect implementation: trade liberalisation, food or energy security, land grabbing, poverty alleviation or the strong lobby groups might tilt the scales towards a particular policy choice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This helps SMEs selling online target customers and interest groups and leverage this new information to make strategic improvements to their products and services. Serving as an online hub for African SMEs operated by Microsoft, the platform creates a sustainable and connected community of entrepreneurs. A free online directory allows small firms to showcase their products and services and to find businesses by sector, location and size.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The globalization experience in the nineteenth century serves as an important reminder that simply expecting a combination of new technology, infrastructure spending and trade to deliver sustainable and inclusive growth is not bome out by the historical record. In the Republic of Korea - a prime example of manufacturing-led industrialization after the Second World War - the confluence of technological advance, export promotion, investment and capital accumulation was linked not only to favourable external conditions but also to multiannual plans from 1962 to 1992 that set out targets and allocated resources for investments in social overhead capital. Public infrastructure investment grew in real terms at an average annual rate of 25 per cent over 1997-2010 (Zhang etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As a consequence, foreign agriculture investment is often associated with decreased standards of living and loss of subsistence means for local communities and long term consequences with water users. On the other hand, international law' guarantees to foreign investors the access to the necessary means of production, including access to local freshwater. Overall, it was estimated that appropriation of water rights associated with land purchases represent 140 billion m3 of surface and groundwater each year (Rulli et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Thus, while the majority of the contribution to the city economy is made by households in both the cities, the relative contribution of the enterprises is higher in Chennai. Mitra (2010) reported that several of the long-duration migrants and the natives of slums still had a low level of well-being measured by low household income and consumption expenditure per capita, high child-woman ratio and low education and health expenditure per capita, taking the cases of several Indian cities — Jaipur, Ludhiana, Mathura and Ujjain. The first and foremost issue of contention is the identification of the urban poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The management of animal disease outbreaks can be helped by creating special public-private funds to provide compensation for direct losses from emergency actions, thus increasing the incentive for producers to report a disease outbreak. Catastrophic risks in Kazakhstan also require government efforts to create sound systems for biosecurity and for the prevention and control of natural disasters. There are risks which fall between normal and catastrophic risks and for which risk-sharing arrangements can be developed, such as commercial insurance, forward contracting, or cooperative supply management and pricing schemes. The role of the government would be to encourage the private risk management arrangements through appropriate regulations and surveillance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)