albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The security of the state is the main preoccupation of policy elites in Jamaica. The national security objectives of (re)gaining state authority, reducing violent threats and ensuring the survival of the state are often pursued through suppressive interventions which target garrisons in Kingston and other marginalized spaces where gang-related violence is prevalent. These interventions include states of emergency, which suspend citizenship rights, joint-police military operations and hard policing, with tangential efforts at citizen security and community policing. These interventions have invited criticisms from those directly affected as well as from civil society groups for their lack of attention to citizenship rights and for favouring state security and a suppressive policy approach to security. The chapter draws on interviews conducted among global and national policy actors from various organizations, including the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF), Department of International Development (DFID), Ministry of National Security, Jamaicans for Justice and the Violence Prevention Alliance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Planning for and building climate-resilient infrastructure are essential to avoid "stranded assets" and to minimize climate damage to Africa's infrastructure (and the people using it). Roads and bridges in Africa's flood-prone regions are routinely washed away, having to be rebuilt at a steep cost. Dams and their facilities on the continent are facing closure given the El Nino, a threat that is compounded by the growing impacts of climate change, which are felt most keenly in Southern and Eastern Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A growing experimental literature suggests that international law appears to have a larger impact on public opinion than constitutional law. We develop a theory to explain these seemingly counter-intuitive results. First, in studies that explore the impact of constitutional law, respondents may be “unsuccessfully treated.” Second, constitutional law treatments can trigger a backlash effect through defensive processing of information on constitutionality. To test our theory, we simultaneously test the normative effect of international law and law in relation to the policy of separating migrant families at the U.S. border. We fielded nationwide survey experiments in July 2018 and November 2020, asking respondents whether they supported the policy. Consistent with our theory, we find that telling people that the policy is unconstitutional increases support for the policy, but only when the issue was receiving heavy media coverage, and that international law has no comparable effect on public opinion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Data collection is undertaken on a regular basis and the lessons learned from these practices are used to develop a national vulnerability and adaptation assessment (Government of Norway, 2010, Government of Norway, 2011, GIZ 2013). The evaluation of a specific project may be subject to hindrances. Specifically, the evaluators need to construct a control group for the comparative evaluations of a given project. The ideal benchmark is the fictitious counterfactual scenario, which describes what would have happened if the specific project had not been put in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This demonstrates that the substantive content of NUPs is highly contingent on regional and national contexts. In contrast, the two themes receiving the least attention are climate resilience and environmental sustainability. A relatively small proportion of NUPs offer only a low level (14 per cent) of engagement with human development issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The reduction of infra-marginal rents for utilities resulting from the merit-order effect raises issues relating to future investments in new capacities, as well as research relating to the appropriate calculations of true benefits and costs of renewables in complex electric systems. The true cost of the deployment policy for ratepayers is not the simple sum of the incentives, but rather much less, as renewables progressively reduce the market costs of electricity through the merit-order effect. Finally, how C02 prices and RE deployment interact in wealth transfers between various stakeholders, notably electricity customers and utilities, deserves further scrutiny.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A group of teachers are assigned either to a control group (no particular training) or to a two-week workshop of subject-matter pedagogy (phonology, phonological awareness, etc). She then analyzes the performances of the students. She put into evidence significant differences in their performances between both groups: students taught by the teachers that had follow the workshop performed significantly better than the others. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In this case, the differences in funding between male and female-founded companies may simply reflect the gender gap in characteristics positively associated with start-up success - such as STEM education. Thus, the gender gap in the financing stage may actually arise from the education system, the labour market or some deeper social institutions - also called in the literature statistical discrimination - rather than investor taste-based discrimination. The objective is to identify if, where and how policy action to “level the playing field” may be desirable and effective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They have a fixed berth and scheduled downtimes. Often these vessels share bunker supply in a port. This common use of one supply point may also demonstrate the case for the use of LNG - depending on local interests. With regard to ship design and construction, the introduction of the IGF Codel 0 by IMO MSC11 with effect from 1 January 2017 has provided legal certainty for ship design. A key aspect is that maritime regulation is harmonized globally, whereas onshore regulation can fall under the responsibility of a manifold of local authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Concentrating urban growth along high-capacity transit corridors and establishing transit nodes is increasingly being recognised as a way to moderate climate change and increase the mobility of low-income residents (Cervero and Dai, 2014). In this, Cuernavaca is not alone. It is a common challenge for many cities in the southern hemisphere to be historically dominated by a quasi-informal network of privately-owned transport operators that are resistant to new public operators (Flores Dewey, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Despite the slower expansion, production per capita is projected to rise 0.7% annually. For instance, producing a tonne of beef can require almost 20 times more water than is needed to produce a tonne of maize (Zimmer and Renault, 2003). But hacking may increase risks of water shortage at the local level, and risks of water contamination by methane and hacking fluids. Natural gas power plants use less water than coal plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In situations where unemployment is high, it is particularly important to maintain some options for the unemployed in the form of ALMP places. Broadly-targeted programmes can implement an offer of a place to all long-term unemployed, which can promote motivation and opportunity. Work experience and labour market training improve employability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
AbstractThis paper identifies and elucidates what it calls the Malthus Effect from two perspectives: a genealogical-theoretical one and an empirical-diagnostic one. The first concerns its implications for Michel Foucault's genealogy and conceptions of modern governmentality. The second suggests that Malthusian concerns have an enduring presence in recent and contemporary politics. In them we find a government of life that tethers the question of poverty to that of population, as both a national and international concern, links biopolitics to questions of national security and is a key source of the modern environmental movement. It remains present in areas such as welfare reform and immigration policy, notions of sustainability and in the global public health and environmental movements. It takes the form of a genopolitics, a politics of the reproductive capacity of human populations and the human species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Their primary concern was to safeguard the family from gossip and denigration on the basis of poverty or illness. One small-scale South African study documented adult women's recollections of spending their adolescence coping with hunger and looking after parents (who had passed out or been beaten up), leading to the assertion of high rates of early drinking as a way of coping amongst adolescents, and the subsequent inter-generational transmission of addiction and violence (Jacobs & Jacobs, 2013). It also identified a similar code of silence around alcohol use as has been documented for HIV/AIDS, resulting in substantial efforts on the part of adolescents to maintain the impression that all was well in the family, even to the point of agreeing to parent demands to deny social workers' entry to the home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The current price was fixed in 2013 at low levels, reflecting the concern to support the competitiveness of wood processing industries. Forests have been significantly degraded, due to mismanagement of deciduous forests and uncontrolled logging and clear-cutting across a wide area, especially of beech forests in the pre-war period when trees of higher quality were logged and those of poorer quality w'ere left behind. The creation of "erosion maps" of areas in Republika Srpska started in 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
We therefore revert to the simpler method to linearly interpolate values of the CVs in the years between surveys. The main drawback of this modelling choice is that, when the last available survey dates several years back, the value of the CV is kept constant. In such cases, changes over time in the ability to access food by different strata of the population that are not fully reflected in changes in the average national food consumption, are not reflected in PoU estimates. To generate national-level three-year averages for 2015-17 and annual values at regional and global level in 2017, projections are needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Clear communication, alignment of the different levels, and agreement on expected short to medium-term outputs must also be ensured in order to optimize the process. Student feedback in implementation processes can fuel change and be a valuable reality check on what is really going on in the classroom. In general there is a strong sense of trust in the system, and although Norway has been developing a new' quality assessment system (NQAS) in recent years, there are relatively few accountability mechanisms in Norway compared to the US and England.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The local agencies of the CNAMTS provide reimbursements to patients for medical services, audit patient claims and perform other administrative tasks. However, they are sometimes in charge of very large populations and territories and have mixed results (Auvigne etal., Beyond the convergence of the different administrative structures to best practices, lowering the number of special regimes would reduce complexity, thereby improving efficiency and co-ordination, notably in revenue collection (Cour des comptes, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Following the introduction of reference pricing, if a patient chooses a product whose retail price exceeds the reference price, he/she needs to pay the share above the reference price. Due to shortages and long waiting times in some municipalities, primary care providers do not always function as gatekeepers and patients sometime seek specialist and emergency care directly, even if these visits may often be unnecessary. This is partly related to the fact that accountability is assigned separately to providers delivering primary care, specialist care and long-term care, and funding mechanisms with multiple sources do not embed adequate incentives to strengthen care coordination among providers. Finland invested substantially in eHealth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While SVEZNATE has been established, it is not operational. This is particularly unfortunate, because high level councils, chaired by the head of government, have been instrumental in raising the profile of innovation policy in other countries, and raising the profile of innovation policy within government is a key obstacle to the development of the Croatian innovation system. Like the SVEZNATE, it has been established but is not operational.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Exposure to alcohol marketing increases the likelihood of drinking initiation and adolescent’s alcohol use (Anderson et al., Evidence from Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Poland shows that a higher exposure to online alcohol marketing increases the odds of heavy episodic drinking in adolescents (de Bruijn, 2012). Existing aggregate sources and estimates of alcohol consumption provide the most reliable information to determine broad national trends and draw country profiles of alcohol consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
At the same time, however, almost one quarter of the world population was considered overweight or obese. Most people (65 per cent) live in countries where overweight is a bigger killer than undernourishment.4 Through its association with sharp increases in the prevalence of chronic diseases, like diabetes and cardio-vascular ailments, unhealthy food patterns are also pushing up health costs in developed and developing countries alike. Almost one half of the forests that covered the Earth are gone,5 groundwater sources are rapidly being depleted, enormous reductions in biodiversity have already taken place6 and, through the burning of fossil fuels, about 30 billion tons of carbon dioxide are currently being emitted each year. Growth of the world population, per capita income, energy and resource use, waste and the production of pollutants (including greenhouse gas emissions) have all increased exponentially since the first industrial revolution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At least 60 per cent of the population will directly benefit from this project. The project is expected to increase the fixed broadband connectivity from the existing 5 per cent of households to more than 15 per cent of households and is expected to contribute a 1 percent increase to gross domestic product. This project is developed in partnership with the China Railway International Group and it is relevant to the advancement of SDGs 8,9 and 10.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Some INDCs outlined actions or projects, which have been proposed in their NAPAs. For instance, the monitoring and evaluation section in Burkina Faso’s NAP provides tabular formats that outline how to monitor progress in activities to achieve their five priority strategies. The needs for finance are quantified in some, but not all INDCs with adaptation information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
According to generally available information, five of the eight NEAP biodiversity-related objectives were partly or fully met by 2010. Activities aimed at meeting the remaining three objectives (establishment of the Balkhan State Reserve, preparation of the third edition of the Red Data Book of Turkmenistan, and establishment of various national parks) are currently at various stages of implementation. This report has not been published to date.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
International human rights law is an increasingly articulate legal regime that applies core human rights principles to populations subject to historic disadvantage and to thematically focused areas. Since the adoption of the International Bill of Human Rights, the human rights system has evolved not only in content but also in institutional structures and mechanisms. Consequently, the human rights system has witnessed an increase in its attendant lawmaking potential. The adoption of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD or Convention) reflects this accretion. One of its core mandates is to channel and make applicable existing human rights obligations to the specific lived experiences of persons with disabilities. Indeed, the call for a disability-specific treaty arose largely due to the eliding—explicitly or programmatically—of disability rights from the scope and content of otherwise universal protection accorded to all persons under the international human rights system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Peace psychologists emphasize the importance of recognizing both direct and structural bases of peace and conflict. In the peace psychological analysis of terrorism presented here, I attempt to further our understanding of the bases of terrorism in the context of how inequities in political, economic, and social structures may feed into or exacerbate terrorism. I analyze the effectiveness of responses to terrorism in terms of the tripartite peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peacebuilding model of nonviolent response to violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This has contributed to the fall in death rates related to external causes, although these remained above the EU average in 2014. Since then, lung cancer mortality has decreased - although this probably partly reflects a decline in smoking prevalence that started even before these prevention measures. The same restrictions apply to e-cigaiettes, herbal smoking products and novel tobacco merchandise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The group’s call for action was influenced by growing recognition of the need to prepare for the effects of climate change, as well as developments at the EU level such as the Green Paper on Adaptation, and international moves such as negotiations related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The development of a national strategy was included in the Austrian government programme for 2008-13. The scientific community intensively supported the creation of the strategy with projects to develop improved climate projections and better understand impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation. In recognition of the cross-cutting nature of adaptation policies, the development of the strategy entailed a wide-ranging process of stakeholder engagement and consultation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Available Monday through Friday from 5:30 to 19:00, the pilot sought to increase ridership on the light rail system and decrease car use for accessing the rail station or driving to Denver. The programme is currently (Spring 2017) under evaluation having run its initially planned course. Bus service was costly in those areas and in August 2016 LA VTA shut down an underperforming bus line1 with an eye to replacing it with ride-sourcing and taxis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the Flemish Community, there are indications that there is some inequitable distribution of teachers across schools, with the most experienced teachers typically employed in the least challenging schools. According to TALIS 2013 data, while 16% of lower secondary teachers worked in schools with more than 30% of students coming from disadvantaged home backgrounds, this was the case for 26.6% of beginning teachers (i.e. teachers with 5 years teaching experience or less). In countries and economies found at the top of this Figure (with positive differences), experienced teachers are more likely to be working in schools with high proportions of students from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds. Figure 4.6 shows that for a majority of countries, however, the opposite is true.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Despite the problems identified in the HCP, the quality of care is likely to be higher than that received by children whose mothers combine work and care at home (Leroy et al. On the demand side, long-term investments in human capacities are constrained by the lower quality care that children receive as a result. In terms of policy,the goal would be to scale up programmes such as HCP so that women’s care responsibilities no longer pose a potential squeeze on time, entailing a movement towards a more gender egalitarian, high road strategy of social reproduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
ABSTRACTThe question of the legal and normative limitations on the competence of states to agree to a mechanism that enables foreign investors to bypass the jurisdiction of municipal courts, using legal rules that do not apply in municipal law, and thereby enabling arbitral tribunals to override municipal courts (the jurisdiction of which is original, appellate and final) has not been explored in the literature. I address this question with particular reference to Ghana. I dispute the conventional supposition that municipal courts are incapable of resolving investor-state disputes and question the justification for direct access to investor-state arbitration in customary international law. I argue that the local remedies rule and fundamental principles of Ghana’s legal system—in which the courts have jurisdiction over all legal disputes and persons, and in which separation of powers, rule of law, transparency and accountability are constitutionally entrenched—limit the state’s competence to agree to inves...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The working-age population is defined as the number of individuals aged 15 - 64 years. Data are for income replacement benefits and are based on administrative sources. Means-tested supplements such as housing benefits, family benefits or in-work benefits are not included. Data for the following countries are not available or not comparable: Austria, Canada, Estonia, Finland, Korea, Latvia, Norway, Slovak Republic, Switzerland (national sources report total number of benefit spells of any duration during a given year): Korea and Slovak Republic (national sources do not report numbers of recipient households, but the number of people living in them): Spain (nationally consolidated data on non-categorical SA not available). However, typically, a household cannot receive the different benefits at the same time (i.e., families receive either lone parent or non-categorical SA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Switzerland, around 15% of the entire cohort graduate through the professional education and training system, through professional college qualifications and industry-led federal exams (Fazekas and Field, 2013b). In Sweden, the numbers enrolled in higher VET programmes trebled between 2001 and 2011, while in Romania enrolments in “post-high school” grew from 44 000 in 2005/06 to 70 000 in 2010/11 (Ministry of Education and Research Sweden, 2013, NCDTVET Romania, 2013). All of the programmes mentioned here are substantial one-two-year post-secondary vocational programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Nature Geoscience, 9(10), 737-+. Seasonal sea ice cover as principal driver of spatial and temporal variation in depth extension and annual production of kelp in Greenland. Global Change Biology, 18(10), 2981-2994. Description of diatoms from the Southwest to west Greenland coastel and open marine waters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Enterprise Connect engages these challenges by connecting businesses to new ideas and technologies to boost productivity and increase international competitiveness. The changing context has raised further issues for SMEs to which Enterprise Connect has tried to respond through new and additional programmes. Increasing international competition and climate change have been addressed with new elements, including the Clean 21 Technology Innovation Network and ‘Buy Australian at Home and Abroad' initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)