albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Abstract   Defects in the corporate governance of government-owned enterprises tempt opportunistic officials to breach duties of public stewardship. Corporate-governance theory suggests that incentive-based deferred compensation could intensify the force that common-law duties actually exert on regulatory managers. In principle, a forfeitable fund of deferred compensation could be combined with provisions for measuring, verifying, and rewarding multiperiod performance to make top regulators accountable for maximizing the long-run net social benefits their enterprise produces. Because government deposit-insurance enterprises are purveyors of credit enhancements for which private substitute and reinsurance markets exist, their performance could be measured accurately enough to make employment contracts for deposit-insurance CEOs a promising place to experiment with this kind of accountability reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In spite of these advances, however, there remain areas in which telecommunications access is sparsely distributed, and continued efforts are therefore needed to connect the poor in remote rural areas to national and global networks. Affordability is as important as connectivity in enabling the poor to gain from new technology (chapter II). In addition, to benefit fully from improved access, users need relevant content, the capabilities to make use of it, and the power and transport infrastructures that facilitate connectivity and stimulate wider economic activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This chapter addresses the philosophical underpinnings for, and future of, non-intervention in East Asia in the face of solidarist claims and pressures from internal and external constituencies. The first explicit reference to human security was by the former United Nations Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali in his 1992  Agenda for Peace . In this report, the concept was used in relation to preventative diplomacy, peacemaking, peacekeeping and post-conflict recovery. With regard to Myanmar, China has provided diplomatic support for the use of the Secretary-General's good offices, securing a visa for the Special representative, Ibrahim Gambari, and China remains open to the idea of ASEAN playing a leading role in addressing Myanmar. Furthermore, not even China is immune to the penetration and diffusion of universal/solidarist interpretations of human rights among its own population.  Keywords:ASEAN, China, East Asian values, human rights, humanitarian intervention, international law
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Strengthened preparation of college leaders is also very important, as effective leadership is a powerful means of driving improvements in the overall quality of the system. Career guidance provision remains patchy. It may be very difficult to realise expansion of the TVET system unless it is seen that students are likely to complete their studies. Evidence from different countries shows that, as part of a wider package of youth employment measures, effective vocational programmes can smooth the passage from school to work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The 2006 evaluation found that “much of the information about UNDP resource allocation to gender is missing, incomplete or inconsistent. There is no accurate way to estimate exact expenditures on programmes which pay attention to gender mainstreaming”. In 2011, the midterm review also concluded that “UNDP should demonstrate its commitment through allocation of adequate resources from its core budget and better track resources for gender mainstreaming.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They interact with each other and their customers through the electricity grid as well as with the wider economic, social and natural environment. This means that electricity production generates costs beyond the perimeter of the individual plant. Such external costs or system costs can take the form of intermittency, network congestion or greater instability but can also affect the quality of the natural environment or pose risks in terms of the security of supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
‘Following the money’ has become a popular strategy for many NGOs trying to change corporate and institutional practice. Individual shareholders, pension funds, banks, and other investors capitalize projects that cause ecological degradation or social injustice. Pressuring shareholders to divest, invest responsibly, or encourage executives to alter undesirable practices has become de rigueur for civil-society groups working for social change. Such strategies produce value or norm change, greater accountability, activist networks across national boundaries, and improvements in environmental management. Disinvestment helped bring down apartheid in South Africa. But how far can these ‘disciplining’ strategies go in terms of significantly ameliorating ecological destruction and violations of human rights? I explore this question using the case study of the campaign by Friends of the Earth against the operations of Freeport – McMoRan Copper and Gold Inc. in Irian Jaya (West Papua).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In conjunction with tight fiscal policies, austere monetary policy has reduced demand for productive loans, and consequently, investments and growth, thus adding to global employment problems. At the same time, exchange rates appreciate due to high short-term capital inflows, adversely affecting employment-intensive export-oriented sectors. Governments are compelled to reduce fiscal expenditures to keep down inflation and to retain the confidence of foreign investors, even in the presence of underutilized capacity and large-scale unemployment. Policies tend to be deflationary, prompting reductions in consumption and hindering employment creation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This way, women who are unable to hold traditional jobs can pursue local and international business opportunities, e-commerce and creative entrepreneurial projects, including their own start-ups. The Afghan girls robotics team, which recently took part in the First Global competition, is an example of initiatives we hope to promote for girls and women in Afghanistan and other conservative areas. Many families now allow their daughters to attend secondary school, but fewer accept university studies or employment outside of the home once girls graduate from high school. It also empowers women by breaking down physical and socio-cultural barriers and providing a safe space where they can voice their opinions, learn, and find support among the digital community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the argot of the contemporary Commonwealth, groups of buzzwords have been assembled to highlight the values that member countries strive to uphold. Democracy, human rights, good governance and the rule of law are seen as the concomitants of sustainable development, free trade, the role of the market economy, equal opportunities and consensus building. Each of these phrases has the superficial quality of a slogan, but, on definition and analysis, they sum up the endeavours and aspirations of a quarter-of-a-century and they were restated at the start of the 1990s to signify a minor revolution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It depends on a country’s geographical position, its own energy endowment, the state of its physical infrastructures for transport and storage, the diversification of its supplies, the willingness of its population to trade lower average long-term prices for higher volatility and a host of other issues. Free and global energy trade through smoothly functioning competitive markets would guarantee timely delivery of all necessary energy resources. But then again in such an ideal world, energy supply security would not exist as an issue. But even while reality often diverges drastically from the ideal of a global world of competitive markets, the concept of security of energy supply very clearly includes not only the notion of energy independence but also the notion of energy interdependence. Most countries are relying at least partially on the international trade of energy and will continue to do so.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Other relevant organizations include the Slovak Environmental Agency, and the State Geological Institute of Dionyz Stiir. Tasks are delegated to departments within the Ministry, to the Environmental Agency and to the Inspectorate for the Environment and Spatial Planning. Expert assignments arc carried out by the Institute for Water (for surface waters) and the Geologic Survey (for groundwaters). Water quality management is performed by different administrations — state, local or central — depending on whether it is an intra- or inter-community basin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
To secure sustainable development gains and build resilience in the region, there is an urgent need to undertake climate mitigation and adaptation action. Despite an estimated $391 billion in climate finance flows internationally in 2014, the gap between available climate finance and the financing required to limit global warming to two degrees Celsius and adapt to unavoidable impacts of climate change is growing. The present paper offers an overview of the climate finance landscape with a focus on the Asia-Pacific region, and of finance flows from international climate funds, multilateral development banks and subregional and national climate finance initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Domestic shocks, stemming chiefly from production shortfalls, are typically more frequent than international shocks, so market openness may help reduce the frequency of shocks. But such a policy may not be sufficient to contain rare but severe international shocks. The worst case scenario is one where domestic and international shocks reinforce each other, for example when the domestic harvest fails and the government needs to purchase large amounts of imports, and there is a price spike on the world market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Working poor can be defined as individuals with an income below the poverty line and who are living in households whose head is of working age (15 to 64 years old) (OECD, 2015b). The working poor often hold non-standard jobs, which typically pay less than traditional permanent work. Temporary workers in particular face many adverse economic consequences, such as wage penalties, earnings instability and slower wage growth compared to permanent workers (OECD, 2015b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Although it operates mainly on the demand side, through the provision of a monetary transfer and the implementation of psychosocial support, its success in improving household conditions has been favoured by the state's ability to supply adequate supporting services to its citizens. Moreover, the achievements in terms of educational and health outcomes could be related to the approach involving the intense collaboration between beneficiary households and the social worker, who emphasizes the importance of being enrolled in school and the health system for the physical and cognitive development of their children. While in the case of universality there are major concerns over the cost of the interventions, problems of inclusion/exclusion arise when the programme is targeted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article examines the relationship between national varieties of capitalism and firm engagement with the norms and best practices promoted within the global organisational field for corporate social responsibility (CSR). Using a content analysis of the CSR reports of US and European firms, we show that firms from the coordinated market economies (CME) of Europe engage more substantively with labour and human rights than their US counterparts that operate in a liberal market economy (LME). The environmental commitments of firms in both regions, however, are more developed than practices related to these social issues. These findings support the view that CSR is more developed in CMEs than LMEs, but limit this support to social CSR issues. We posit that firms’ higher levels of engagement with environmental CSR likely reflect the extent to which environmental norms have become embedded in global markets rather than how CSR is promoted by national capitalist systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Today, NGOs cover most facets of social development: reducing poverty and exclusion, improving access to basic services, preventing conflicts, fostering democracy, and influencing public policies (Fowler, 2000). Besides migration itself, remittance and the informal economic sector also play significant roles in social security and protection. However, the social protection system of traditional and informal sector is breaking away.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Teachers have financial and career-based incentives to participate in short training courses. They can also participate in activities organised by the subject-specific pedagogical advisor in each region, but they hardly ever receive direct support in the classroom as there is only one advisor for 800 teachers. Further tests of teachers’ knowledge of science and mathematics are planned for 2017. The appraisal is expected to look at teachers' professional development, attitudes, human relations, and discipline. High success rates suggest that the appraisal is largely seen as an administrative requirement rather than a process to improve teachers' performance (MEP, 2016). In 2015, virtually all teachers (98%) received an excellent or very good appraisal, and less than 0.1% (15 teachers in Costa Rica) received a regular or unsatisfactory performance appraisal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
So absolute poverty lines calculated in this way already encompass part of relative needs. The extent to which the results differ will depend on how, and how often, the thresholds are updated. Poverty is deprivation in dimensions that are indispensable for meeting basic needs and for enabling people to function.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Overall the paucity of awareness-raising measures means that opportunities to reduce emissions and improve the welfare of large numbers of households are being missed. It is obvious from the average score of 1.7 for this sub-dimension that the development of Third Energy Package-complaint polices and action plans is a significant challenge for several of the assessed economies. For those with compliant policy framew'orks, renewed emphasis on full implementation of existing policies and revision of those which are not delivering is the only way that they can achieve the transition to a sustainable energy sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Two examples of such ambitious national policies, in France and in the United States, offer particularly interesting insights (Box 5.6). At city level, innovative approaches can also help pursue co-ordinated investments in housing and other sectors (such as mobility, basic services, public spaces, public safety and green areas), based on local institutional and financial partnerships. The experience of Santiago de Chile provides a compelling illustration in this sense (Box 5.7). Maximising accessibility for all thus needs to be at the core of urban transport planning. Disadvantaged communities often have less well-maintained infrastructure - notably roads, lesser access to reliable public transport services, and are less likely to own a private car.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In 2005, more than half the region’s 388 000 employees between the ages of 18 and 64 had only 12 years or less of schooling (see figure 1.6.). In 2005, 52.8% of 12th grade pupils in the Galilee (Northern District) earned a matriculation certificate, compared with the national average of 55.1%. Due to limited accessibility of higher education, in 2004 only 39% school graduates from the Galilee enrolled in the first year of post-secondary studies in one of Israel’s higher education institutions, compared with the national average of 43.9%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, this need not be a necessary condition. As was seen in the case study, New Zealand’s experience with reforming agricultural subsidies shows that it is possible to take significant unilateral action without suffering any long-term loss of competitiveness (Vitalis, 2006). Failure to address these concerns early in the policy process can fuel opposition (OECD, 2006b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Hie present report gives an overview of progress and some of the remaining challenges under each of the three pillars. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, and the Philippines extended electricity service to between five and nine million people. Countries of the region arc working to bring electricity to their growing populations in order to support social development and economic growth. In recent years countries have established clear policy targets that arc increasingly backed by supportive programmes and economic measures. During the period 2012-2014, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, the Marshall Islands and Nepal reported some of the region’s most rapid progress in raising their electrification rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Productivity improvements can be achieved by applying existing knowledge and existing practices, moving sequentially from marginally profitable to industry average practice and to world best practice. Equally, or even more important is the introduction of long-term improvements in the capability of Slovenia’s innovation system to generate and apply new knowledge. When choosing both short-term and long-term approaches, international examples of successful smaller countries should be studied and adapted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
If economic growth rates observed during those 10 years prevail for the next 15, the global rate for extreme poverty will likely fall to 4 per cent by 2030, assuming that growth benefits all income groups equally. Poverty remains widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, where more than 40 per cent of people lived on less than 1.90 US dollars a day in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For purposes of this paper the definition will focus on ‘forced marriage’ and ‘early marriage.’ The reason for this is that by definition, ‘child’ marriages7 can be considered ‘forced marriage’, or a form thereof, because children especially those under the age of 15 are not able to make an informed decision as to whether or not they want to be married. Most often this decision is influenced by a parent or family member.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Companies with appropriate certification can register as diverse suppliers in a Supplier Diversity Registration Portal. Its global Supplier Inclusion and Diversity programme started in 2002 in the United States and now spans more than 16 countries and three regions. The focus is to integrate more women-owned businesses into supply chains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Failure to address unsustainable global change is often attributed to failures in conventional environmental governance. Polycentric environmental governance—the popular alternative—involves many centres of authority interacting coherently for a common governance goal. Yet, longitudinal analysis reveals many polycentric systems are struggling to cope with the growing impacts, pace, and scope of social and environmental change. Analytic shortcomings are also beginning to appear, particularly in the treatment of power. Here we draw together diverse social science perspectives and research into a variety of cases to show how different types of power shape rule setting, issue construction, and policy implementation in polycentric governance. We delineate an important and emerging research agenda for polycentric environmental governance, integrating diverse types of power into analytical and practical models.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Overall, half of men have contribution densities lower than 47.5%, and half of women have densities of less than 12.8%. These low contribution are associated with work histories that include periods of self-employment, informal employment, unemployment or professional inactivity, and are particularly a problem for women and individuals in low income brackets. The recommendations of the commission will be examined by a special council of minister which will analyse which of the different recommendations could be implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This rendered the water unsuitable for artificial recharge of groundwater, and the plant had to be closed. Thus, opposite meteorological extremes had the same practical impact, highlighting the potential implications of climate change for the control and management of artificial groundwater recharge with river water. Rising temperatures may result in the northward extension of cultivation of a whole range of crops. Hotter and drier summers are likely to increase the demand for seasonal supplementary irrigation, both within and beyond existing irrigated lands. Modelling studies in the Guadalquivir River Basin suggested an increase in seasonal irrigation requirements of 15% to 20% by the 2050s, and even in the United Kingdom irrigation demand is likely to increase,20 These substantial demands may be difficult to predict and plan for. Policy choices to mitigate impacts are important, and some promising efforts are already being made in several of the major transboundary basins - the Rhine, Meuse and Danube.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
One immediate course of action would be to develop collection systems since these systems are often viewed as the backbone of any successful e-waste management system. In fact, informal collection systems were found to be rather efficient in countries like India and China because the daily informal collectors were able to penetrate each community and collect e-waste from house to house.57 The collectors were also able to earn reasonable pay, this in turn promoted a high collection rate. The box below depicts the results of this analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For instance, increased spending on education may help increase schooling levels among poor children, but will not raise future income if broader economic policies fail to generate sufficient employment and if there are no complementary policies that address idiosyncratic determinants of economic vulnerability which keep wage returns to some of the poor low. Nor will social investments raise incomes if the poor cannot accumulate physical and financial capital, or if recurrent economic downturns force periodic rundowns of their limited assets. Social policy alone cannot change the economic environment or elements in the structure of the economy that contribute to poverty and volatile employment and income conditions. In a review of social policy making in developing countries, Grindle (2010, p. 12) notes that China’s current growth spurt is supported “by the ready availability of a literate and healthy labour force” and yielded a longer-term pay-off to early investment in social development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Statistically, most of this decline has been due to the rapid growth of China. Several factors played a role in this, particularly declining incomes in Latin America during the Tost decade’ of the 1980s and the prolonged economic implosion of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as the economic collapse of transition countries in the late 1980s and 1990s. Accessed between 15 and 30 July 2012, and World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)