albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In addition, the sixth part sets out to present individuals' perceptions of different aspects associated with mutual recognition by means of subjective indicators such as perceptions of distributive justice, interpersonal trust and social conflict. This wide-ranging illustration of equality in the region is followed by a reflection on some of the measurement challenges involved in improving diagnoses in these different dimensions of equality. The chapter concludes with some final comments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
With a fixed timetable of regular assessments, Costa Rica might consider alternating the subjects assessed at lower secondary level to enable the evaluation of more of the curriculum, including the more innovative dimensions of education for global citizenship and sustainable development, for example. At no point has the assessment sampled the entire census of schools in a way that would enable school leaders, teachers, students, parents and the local community to understand w'hether their institution is achieving national learning objectives, or whether it is more or less successful than other similar schools. The national assessment could help teachers understand how the new national competence-based curriculum can be tested in practice and ensure classroom-based assessments are setting the same standards across the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Gradual implementation of RUA by sector is envisaged. The Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies has been assigned to manage the information collected, which is not available to the public. Colombia is examining the experience in Chile and Mexico with a view to making a feasibility study, with support from Canada, for setting up a PRTR.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Includes social, political and economic violence. Violence against women encompasses: Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry-related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women, violence perpetrated by family members other than the spouse and violence related to exploitation. Studies reveal gender, age and ethnic biases in youth violence. However, there are major impediments that hinder comparative analysis of rates of violence among youth, including lack of information, insufficient disaggregation of the information that does exist and the fact that the available data cover different periods and have been collected from numerous sources. Most countries in the world lack adequate information on the number of deaths caused by violence, and in any case deaths account for only a small proportion of the problem.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article examines the theoretical assumptions generally used in communication and information policy studies, and suggests that more attention to the institutional determinants of public policies is needed. The first part discusses three alternative theoretical approaches: the interest-group approach, the ideological approach, and the technology-centered approach. The second part outlines the conceptual tools of the new institutionalism approach and discusses its application for the study of regime change in telecoms and media. The third part presents an abbreviated example of such application to the case of U.S. spectrum policies and the licensing of digital broadcasting. The conclusion suggests new directions for research aimed at broadening the set of social actors participating in the global governance of new technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Common features of the project were strategic use of data, strong leadership, curriculum, staff training, mentoring and parental involvement. There was also some evidence that educational attainment of African Caribbean students had increased. Furthermore, in some schools the gap in performance between African Caribbean and native students was closed, although these improvements were not consistent across all the Aiming High schools. The aim of the EMAG is to raise the achievements of particular underachieving ethnic minority groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Two-thirds of the poor are also above the age of 50. Without China, the group consists of mostly ex-Soviet Union countries, with more developed labour markets and a history of higher educational attainment. As a result, the poor are more likely to be in full-time employment and almost all have secondary and even tertiary education. Without China, the group also becomes more strongly dominated by women (70 per cent), with two thirds living in urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Once among the least developed Western economies, with high levels of emigration, since 2003 Ireland has enjoyed the third highest per capita GDP in OECD Europe (Figure 6.1).1 The growing economy attracted an inflow of foreign workers, the unemployment rate was 4.7% in 2007, below the OECD average. In the first half of the 2000s, large public sector deficits were transformed into substantial surpluses and the ratio of national debt to GNP was greatly reduced, while the tax-to-GDP ratio remained low (31.9% of GDP in 2006, compared with an OECD Europe average of 38%). The combination of a low corporate tax (12.5%), state grants and access to the European single market boosted foreign direct investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Public resources oriented at long-term productivity improvements, environmental sustainability and rural diversification yet attract a small share of government spending. Groundwater irrigation is under the management of fanner irrigation cooperatives, with their largest number being in the Central Anatolia and the largest-size cooperatives operating in the Aegean region. In the case of the Kalecik, Akinci, Asartepe, Gokceoren, Koprukoy right bank and left bank, Bolu, Kizilinnak and Kumbaba irrigation associations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Another processing plant located in Karaganda region purchases cattle only from local households and individual farms and does not use imported meat. The processor has responded proactively, buying from households and individual farms and collecting cattle in his own vehicles which carry 10-30 heads, but he also buys meat through intermediaries (as in the short supply chain above). However, he considers his cattle collection to be costly compared to a situation if bigger catchment areas and bigger lots could be developed, leading to lower per unit transportation costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The country was amongst the first in the region to achieve universal primary school enrolment and ensure all young people and adults have basic literacy skills. This early progress provided the foundations for the country’s strong social and economic development over the last century.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While they have been criticized from a human rights perspective,'58 this section deals only with the extent to which they comply with the rights and obligations related to the family included in human rights treaties. Even though many CCTs aim at enhancing the economic inclusion of women, when it comes to gender equality these programmes have been strongly criticized on several grounds. For an analysis of the tensions between CCTs and gender equality, see UN Women 2015a, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Activation of these two channels therefore consists of simulating the variations observed or estimated for said international transfers. For the first group, we can speak of exports constrained by external demand (type 1), while the second group represents exports largely constrained by internal supply (type 2). The variation in export demand in relation to its initial level is therefore conditioned by the ratio of the world prices for these exported products and their free on board (FOB) export prices, as well as the elasticity of export demand among foreign trade partners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Highly educated individuals are often more able to generate new ideas, and to recognise the value of knowledge created elsewhere and adapt it to new areas. They are also more flexible in adapting to and identifying new business opportunities arising through rapid technological change and shifts in consumer preferences. However, low-income families are often unable to afford to keep their children in education an optimal length of time, or to afford high-quality education. Even in countries where quality tertiary-level education is free, low-income groups may not be aware of the benefits of education, and/or may have low incentives to invest in it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The number of green space needed to obtain a statistically sustainable amount of data to describe the quality (biodiversity and perception) to green areas in the city and peri-urban areas have been presented, and a method for measuring human perception of open spaces in the city and the periurban areas suggested (Hedblom and Gyllin, 2009). However, also in this case a main conclusion is that further development of methods is needed. This is partly because perceived experience values are hard to measure in a standardized way, and because urban areas grow both inwards and outwards which imply that green areas will disappear and new ones will emerge, which requires additional method development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
He argued that nations should specialize in goods they could efficiently produce and trade them for others they could not produce so efficiently. David Ricardo later formulated the classic trade theory based on comparative advantage, which shows that even countries that do not have absolute advantage in the production of any products or services benefit from specialising in the production in which they have a relative production advantage and importing others, no matter the product and no matter the degree of specialisation. Koren and Tenreyro (2007) show that poor countries tend to specialize in sectors with relatively simple production technologies and a narrow range of inputs (as the theory of comparative advantage proclaims) and therefore are more vulnerable to economic shocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In MFA, the term "materials" is often used in a broad sense, so as to encompass all material-related flows arising at all stages of the material cycle. It refers to both materials and products derived from natural resources that are used as inputs into human activities, as well as residuals (such as waste or pollutant emissions) arising from their extraction and use, and ecosystem inputs (such as nutrients, carbon dioxide, and oxygen) required for their extraction and use. Here the focus is on “material resources” that designate the usable materials or substances (raw materials, energy) produced from natural resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
By contrast, no clear, simple relationship emerges between regulations for permanent and temporary contracts. Instead, two country clusters emerge. On the one hand, common-law countries are typically characterised by unrestrictive regulations as regards temporary contracts and weak to intermediate protection against individual dismissal. On the other hand, the other countries are characterised by intermediate to high regulation of both temporary contracts and individual dismissals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In Romania, two thirds of the children in the lowest part of the income distribution are unable to invite friends round to play or eat from time to time as it is too costly for their household. It compares the rates for children in the poorest decile and for the total child population in 2009 and 2013 in the countries that collected child-specific items in 2013.17 The share of children in the bottom of the income distribution living in households which cannot afford books suitable for the child's age is considerably higher than the share of those deprived in the total child population. For instance in Slovakia the share of children in the poorest decile living in a household deprived of books is 48.4% compared to 11.3% for the total child population, this is a difference of 37.1 ppt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
After the end of the main phase of the programme in 2014, the municipalities are expected to continue the activities through their own funds. The development interventions co-funded by the European Union could provide a favourable context for such efforts, not only given the fact that impact assessment is a formal requirement in the case of EU development support but also that the European Commission can provide a theoretical and practical basis for this. It is important to stress in this context that given the complexity of policy interventions in the social areas, including education, preliminary considerations, even if they are based on rich evidence and hard data, cannot provide sufficiently reliable answers to policy questions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For these reasons, this section will focus on the digital development and the current opportunities and challenges in access and use of ICTs in developing countries. These activities can often be performed even with limited connectivity. These activities typically requires reliable and relatively fast connectivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Source: OECD (2016a). Largely due to its small population size, compared to other regions such as South of Sahara, South and Central Asia (excluding EECCA) and Southeast Asia, the EECCA region receives a relatively large amount of climate-related development finance per person. However, needs, socio-economic circumstances and populations differ significantly across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
To promote female entrepreneurship, Ireland’s Competitive Feasibility Fund for Female Entrepreneurs offers women-led early-stage companies with potential for success in global markets a grant to fund business feasibility studies, covering up to 50% of eligible expenditures. To avoid misuse of public resources, giant programmes frequently set precise conditions for their provision (e.g. conditions regarding the final use of the money, the requirement of private co-funding). Israel’s Programme for Companies to Establish R&D Centres in the Periphery promotes territorial inclusiveness by incentivising firms to locate innovation activities in less-developed regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
More specifically, definitions and measures of food insecurity are beginning to move away from focusing on siloes of access, availability and utilization, and consider factors such as food sufficiency, nutrient adequacy, cultural acceptability, safety, and certainty and stability of foods (Coates, 2013). Accordingly, using indices or scales has become a more common approach to capturing these different dimensions, leading to a more comprehensive understanding of food insecurity. In the global SDG indicators framework, it has been agreed to use the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) to estimate the prevalence of moderate and severe food insecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While the Israel Railway Authority has plans to expand train service into the interior of the Galilee, plans to improve the accessibility of Arab communities remain a subject of controversy. While no robust data was available about the inequilities in access to communication, they are likely to broadly correspond to disparities in GDP per capita. Improving access to telecommunications represents a potential source of growth and should be favoured. Systematic investments in high speed trains and high-speed internet improved the connectivity and mobility in the region which has the second lowest GDP in Spain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This would actually involve means testing of all social programmes by targeting the poorest 20%. Significant savings, however, are also possible through other options, which fall below the initial target of 1.5% of GDP, but have the advantage of avoiding a significant deterioration in poverty. Targeting the poorest 20% for social programmes, if disability pensions are excluded, would generate GDP savings of up to 1.2%, with a neutral effect on the poverty rate. If the poorest 25% are targeted, this would generate savings of up to 1.3% of GDP, with a neutral effect on poverty. Targeting the poorest 20% with extended unemployment assistance, would cost 0.2% of GDP but with the significant effect of reducing the poverty rate by 1.3 percentage points. Targeting the poorest 30% for family benefits would save 0.4% of GDP and reduce the poverty rate by 0.1 percentage points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
More specifically, we start with the two traditional functions of social protection: (a) social assistance, and (b) social insurance. Social assistance is by no means the most traditional function of social protection, it includes benefits provided to the most vulnerable in society and is financed by the public sector or by donors. Our database collects information over a range of different social assistance instruments - from cash or in kind transfers to social pensions, grants, school feeding or public works - with the primary objective of improving demand and access to services and which are also complemented by supply side interventions in an integrated approach to social protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Oceans cover approximately 71% of the Earth's surface and, as individual activities that damage the oceans can be felt beyond national borders, responsibility for the ocean's health rests with all of us. While ships traversing oceans are only one of many ocean activities, the shipping industry is one of the most visible industries taking place on the oceans. At IMO, we need to ensure that shipping continues to make its significant contribution to the global economy without upsetting the delicate balance between safe and secure shipping and protecting the marine environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The Paris Agreement calls for a balance between adaptation and mitigation finance and establishes an Adaptation Goal, raising the profile of adaptation and encouraging developed countries to increase support for adaptation, particularly amongst the most vulnerable developing countries. This emphasis on LDCs and SIDS is a recognition of the needs of countries that are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. In the case of Small Island Developing States (SIDS), strong growth has been registered in the volume of official climate-related development finance received over the past decade, reaching an all-time high of 15% of total ODA they received in 2013 (OECD, 2015g). The share of climate finance targeting adaptation activities - which support many key development challenges facing SIDS - has progressively increased as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Further, freely flowing private capital flows have made macroeconomic stabilization much more challenging. Rules for intellectual property rights and quality standards have increased the cost for many developing countries of absorbing new technologies, becoming globally competitive and introducing greener production processes to combat and adapt to climate change. This does not mean that there is no policy space at all, but rather, that the narrowed scope in this regard is posing much greater challenges to policymakers today.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
An important transformation took place in international relations between the early-1990s and the mid-2000s. The international community took an important step forward in the creation of global institutions to address public good issues. A series of significant global institutions, international treaties, and international norms were created in the fields of global environment, human security and international law, and cultural diversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Control variables included in tire regression are age, education level and indigenous status. Education levels correspond to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 1997. For "Low education”, the highest level of educational attainment at ISCED 1997 Levels 0-2 (pre-primary, primary, lower secondary ), for "Moderate education”, the highest level of educational attainment at ISCED 1997 Levels 3-4 (upper and post-secondary), and “High education” indicates the highest level of educational attainment is ISCED 1997 Levels 5-6 (tertiary education).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The results show that the mean scores for all groups of risks, with the exception of market risks, increased. Market risks continued to exhibit the highest mean score (3.8 points) compared to other types of risks, and decreased only marginally over the period under study. The scores also indicate that the risks with most important rises in the level of significance were human risks, financial and regulatory risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For some years, most houses have had metering systems and water use has evidently decreased. In total there are about 2,460 registered water supply systems in the country. Fifty per cent of these are considered to be in a satisfactory state, 44 per cent need complete rehabilitation and 1 per cent needs to be abandoned, no data are available for 5 per cent. About 977 rural localities (66 per cent of all rural localities) have some level of centralized water supply system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Women, men, children and networks of kin or community may all be important contributors of unremunerated time into social reproduction. We also know, however, that women perform the bulk of unpaid household work whether or not they also participate in paid work (Budlender 2008, Charmes 2006, Folbre 2006). Because we concentrate on gender inequality,the division of labour between women and men as well as, eventually, women and the state, centres the analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Forests will also influence other biophysical properties of climate relevance, such as surface roughness affecting convective heat transfer and the amount of water recycled to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration. These biophysical factors may strengthen or weaken the albedo effect, depending on the particular system properties. In boreal regions, snow-covered fields or tundra may have albedos approaching 0.6-0.8, compared to only 0.2-0.3 for evergreen conifer forest during winter and around 0.1 during summer (Anderson et al. Actual albedo values will depend on specific ecosystem and climate factors like the angle of incoming radiation, clouds, terrain, and snow conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These results are noteworthy in that they are obtained from farms that represent specialised units. The findings for meat and wool farms may be reinforced by broader evidence from other sectors. In fact, it is reasonable to assume that product mixes in other farm types are also characterised by imperfect and possibly weaker price and margin correlations, as other types of farms generally have possibilities to diversify across a broader range of commodities and which do not represent substitutes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)