albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Tutoring is a rapidly expanding and profitable business with several providers listed on stock exchanges. In 2011, over 71% of families spent money on after-school tutoring, mainly at the primary and secondary levels. With rapidly growing household disposable incomes, as long as tutoring is a prerequisite to academic success, such spending will increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, some university officials are beginning to think more strategically about regional strengths. There are multiple examples of more strategic consortiums of universities in OECD regions with the goal of creating greater critical mass to compete for national resources and global recognition. Examples include the Georgia Research Alliance in the US, the N8 Research Partnership in the North of England.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Alternative sources of information report different poverty trends, for instance, the latest Human Development Report for Pakistan reports an increase in poverty during the 1990s, while a report by the Asian Development Bank cites several studies that showed a trend for the 1990s that was the reverse of the one reported by the World Bank (see http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/nationalreports/asiathepacific/pakistan/ and http://www.adb.org/documents/reports/poverty_pak/chapter_2.pdf). Data problems may also be responsible for a reported rise in poverty in Bangladesh, which appears counter-intuitive, given the rise in GDP per capita. While poverty declined in most countries, levels of poverty went up in the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Guyana, Haiti, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and in urban areas of Argentina8 (table II.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
We consider the findings of a study of the experiences of Postgraduate Researchers with Disabilities and explore how this relates to academic freedom. Drawing upon the provisions of the Public Sector Equality Duty and Indirect Discrimination within the Equality Act (2010), we note that a range of existing public policy practices, such as the operation of the REF, are likely to be in breach of these obligations. We recommend revisions to existing practice that speak more widely to the general concern of academic freedom, suggesting that a consideration of anti-discrimination law – rather than a purely intellectually focussed agenda – represents a pragmatic means towards shaping the inclusivity of higher education policy going forwards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Often computed at national level, road mortality can be misleading when computed at city level, as activity levels in some cities cannot be measured by resident population alone. In urban cores, where many jobs and services are concentrated, the daytime population can be much higher than the resident population. This figure is important to better capture the activity level within an area and was provided by 19 cities. In FUAs, the assumption is that resident and daytime population are not significantly different, since the FUA definition is based on commuter flows.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
On June 11st, the Plenary of Autonomous Parliament approved the Public Transparency Law of Andalusia. Regardless of the undoubted relevance intrinsic that the Law has - for the reasons we will see - its approval also It is remarkable on the political level becasuse it received the support of the three parliamentary groups, which constitutes an unprecedented event in the present legislature. And the truth is that this agreement did not seem foreseeable, since the popular parliamentary group, following the lead of the State Law, defended that the Law does not comply to the regulation of the mandatory supply of information and the right of citizenship to access it, but also extend to "good governance."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The research addressed the problem of stagnated hate and animosity in conflict by utilizing ICT to influence intergroup intentionality—from enmity and hatred to moderation and reconciliation during conflicts to lead toward social change that would form a path for the reconciliation process. This phenomenology introduced an interdisciplinary methodology that used Internet communication technology applications to engage the disciplines of social psychology, philosophy, politic science, and informatics, as applied in conflict to lead the community for the aspiration to moderation reconciliation and democracy. Having introduced the research project, the figure below serves to build up the theoretical foundations for the research design in researching the phenomenology of ICT in Applied Phronetic Social Science in this communication research (Fig. 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Six out of ten people do not have access to safely managed sanitation services, and one out of nine practice open defecation. It is likely that the benefits of improved WASH services for vulnerable groups would change the balance of any cost-benefit analysis that accounts for changes in these groups' self-perceived social status and dignity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
One way of addressing this issue is to constiuct a composite indicator. This is a task that still lies ahead and requires broad consultation and discussion because, inevitably, opinions on the most salient set of indicators will vary among stakeholders. The OECD stands ready to take this task forward. The Organisation is not only working on defining and producing good indicators as part of its overall green growth work, but the data collected by the Committee for Fisheries can help form the basis of such indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Both enterprises and governments must strive for closer co-operation and a stronger involvement of firms in the education of young people. Cisco set out to provide Internet-based learning and information technology (IT) skills training in half the world’s 50 least developed countries including 11 West African countries (Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal and Togo). In 2008, over 9 200 students aged between 25 and 34 were enrolled throughout West Africa (YEN-WA, 2008). A survey of the LDC Initiative conducted in six countries showed that two-thirds of respondents found IT jobs after completing the programme and that 10% started their own businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This article considers the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and the former European Commission of Human Rights in respect of human rights complaints, brought under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), about issues relating to the possession, production or distribution of materials classified as pornographic or obscene. Through a critical examination of ECHR jurisprudence relating to three rights – the right to freedom of expression, the right to respect for private life, and the right to be free from degrading treatment – the article focuses specifically on how the Strasbourg organs have shaped human rights relating to adult pornography in Europe. The article concludes by suggesting ways in which ECHR jurisprudence might be evolved to further enhance human rights protection in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As in other OECD countries, the principal offices deliver placement and guidance services, handle benefit claims, and refer job-seeking clients to training programmes and job-creation and subsidy schemes. They offer modem self-service facilities, such as touch-screen kiosks to consult vacancies and access to internet and printers. Suitable types of incoming clients can be referred to the special offices which, however, do not provide the full range of services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Hence, any preferences given to pre-existing abstraction/pollution sources should usually be time-limited. Explicit consideration should therefore be given to the possibility that the regulatory approach could be partially replaced by market-based instruments (taxes or trading systems). These taxes provide incentives for polluters and resource users to change their behaviour today. They also provide long-term incentives to innovate for a more water secure future tomorrow. Although water taxes are not strongly supported by the public in all contexts, there are various ways in which this support can be increased over time (e.g. through measures to limit negative impacts on the competitiveness of certain sectors and/or on income distribution).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
By construction, the average of each indicator across OECD countries is equal to 0. The “Adjusted R2" row corresponds to the adjusted R2 of that regression. The EHCI, published by the Health Consumer Powerhouse, measures and ranks the performance of health-care provision in 33 European countries from a consumer point of view.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Fishing activity with bottom trawlers is prohibited in these FRAs in order to the conserve and manage demersal stocks, including European hake and deep-water rose shrimp. The three FRAs cover a total area of 1 698 km2 (on average 566 km each with a mean depth of 280 m, ranging from 20 to more than 1 700 m). The proposed areas were selected on the basis of the extensive scientific knowledge on the importance and stability of the nursery areas found, on the ecological and biological particularity of the areas for critical life history stages of commercial stocks, and on the long history of overfishing of demersal resources in the northern sector of the Strait of Sicily. Vessels authorized to fish in zone B are subject to fishing effort restrictions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Chile’s Prototypes of Social Innovation programme issues calls for innovative solutions to local challenges on an online open innovation platform. Candidates present their ideas on the platform, where they interact with mentors and local communities in order to develop and improve their ideas. Final proposals are submitted for funding and the best solutions are selected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
AbstractThis article highlights the black movement’s centrality to building anti-racist universities in Brazil. It examines the questioning of the racial democracy myth within Brazilian universities as well as in the Brazilian mainstream media since the beginning of the new millennium. This debate was referred to the Supreme Court, which affirmed the constitutionality of racially oriented affirmative action measures. After the Supreme Court pronouncement, the Federal Government approved Law 12.711/2012 that instituted affirmative action within every federal university in the country. Even if it seems to be a victory in the anti-racist struggle, in this new law the racial dimension is a category tagging along behind that of social class. Considering that, the article concludes by calling for the need to redeem the original meaning of the debate, namely the anti-racist struggle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, relatively remotely located villages in Georgia do not have gas supply. As a result, the demand for fuelwood is high and exceeds the annual increment of forests growing near these villages. The problem is aggravated by the lack of awareness about the ecological and socioeconomic consequences of illegal logging. There are official data on the volumes of resources of Caucasian fir and snowdrops licensed for harvesting (300 tonnes of Caucasian fir cones, 13 million snowdrop bulbs), however, there is no reliable information about the real volumes of collection of these products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
At the same time, some areas in the country are subject to recurrent flooding. Agriculture is still a key sector in GDP and employment (Chapter 7), and also primarily rain-fed with low access to irrigation facilities. In this context, climate change is expected to reduce average crop yields by 13% for maize and 7.6% for rice by 2050 (Rowhani et al, 2010, recited from Maurel and Kubik, 2014), this in turn will affect rural income and increase the probability of migration, particularly for households that are highly dependent on agriculture (Maurel and Kubik, 2014). Environmental goods such as water, forests and soil are key inputs for production in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Blockchain uses a peer-to-peer (P2P) network, rather than a central authority (e.g., a central bank or financial institution), to conduct transactions (e.g., financial transactions). Due to the decentralized nature, blockchain allows one to undertake and verify transactions in real-time. In recent times, a number of blockchain-based applications have been presented in the literature. One such popular real-world example application is Bitcoin. However, there are underlying security and privacy issues. For example, once a public key has been linked with an individual’s identity, one could browse prior transactions on the blockchain and view all transactions associated with the particular public key. One key research challenge is how to balance security and privacy of an individual with accountability. For example, how can we allow the tracing of illegal activities or users (e.g., money laundering and cybercrime) without breaking the decentralization property of the system?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It should be noted that a “work opportunity” is a short-term job, i.e. these figures have not been converted to full-time equivalents. As shown in Table 3.5, in 2006/07, the EPWP wage bill was less than R1 billion which should be seen in comparison to the Unemployment Insurance Fund that paid out R2.8 billion that year or the value of Social Assistance Grants which was R57 billion that same year (National Treasury, 2009). Poverty reduction, addressing unemployment, skills development, and service delivery are stated objectives of the EPWP, although various documents and stakeholders articulate and emphasize these differently. In the EPWP foundation documents there is no explicit mention of social protection, rather it is projected that providing temporary employment and training will lead on to further gainful economic activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Extraction of conventional oil and natural gas is done primarily through well drilling, which can cause localized erosion and loss of soil productivity, and carries a risk of spills which can cause serious environmental contamination. However, biofuel production and other uses of biomass require a large input of “raw” biomass feedstock, the production and harvesting of which can have environmental impacts (depending on the biomass source). Electricity production based on combustion of other fossil fuels is also associated with significant environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas and other air emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
First-best instruments may involve entry costs or cause frictions that make them much less affordable than more ad hoc contractual solutions. Taking into account pre-existing regulatory frameworks that address the core constraints of water quantity and quality, the marginal benefit of action may not cover its significant marginal cost. In this setting, ad hoc small-scale contractual arrangements - which have the advantage of addressing a particular city’s specific constraints, and involve a limited number of actors - may have much more appeal than well-defined but complex or challenging institutional responses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This section provides an overview of industrialisation and the driving forces of economic prosperity. Developing countries at a low-income stage in particular can still rely on manufacturing as an engine of growth through the creation of employment opportunities in a more productive sector compared to agricultural activities. The income generated by industrial activities is generally higher than that produced in the primary sector, i.e. the process of industrialisation is expected to bring about an overall increase in income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To this end, UNITAID has committed up to $4 million for one year. The Patent Pool may license substances and technologies received from patent holders to pharmaceutical producers to supply certain low and middle income developing countries (although licenses will be available without discrimination as to the geographical location of the producer). The rationale behind pooling patented technologies lies in the fact that until now, patents on the most recent drugs owned by different companies have blocked the development of more affordable generic versions of these drugs, as well as of fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) by generic or R&D-based producers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Aquaculture, which comprises a varied mix of low-value bulky products (such as seaweed) and small high-value products (such as pearls), and freshwater fisheries production contribute very little value to economic growth in Commonwealth Pacific small states. Consequently, Gillett (2016) has attempted to re-estimate fisheries contribution to GDP given the weaknesses in official data. It was found that while official estimates varied from 1 to 9 per cent, re-estimates varied from 2 to 16 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The following analysis highlights the trade dimension of digital technologies, shedding light on the changing composition of trade in goods and services, the determinants of comparative advantage and the effects of digital technologies on the international organization of production along GVCs. This section begins with an analysis of the impact of digital technologies on services trade, and subsequently discusses the effect on the composition of trade in goods. It also briefly touches upon the relationship between IPR and trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The remaining sub-sections will address the implications of the concentration of poverty among particular sections of the population for social cohesion. This will focus on three areas in which poverty has tended to concentrate in the past: i) young people, ii) the migrant population, and iii) area/regional deprivation. The section will assess how trends in family structure and poverty are likely to impact on poverty in these three areas, assessing their implications for social cohesion and public policy intervention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Bulent Diken og Carsten Bagge Laustsen: Stalking your own shadow Tell me your enemy and I will tell you who you are.     This article takes issue with the significant but often disavowed symbiotic relation between two contemporary enemies: fundamentalism and the politics of security. We start with a metaphorical twinning, showing how these two enemies create, provoke, mimic and ultimately support each other. Then, by way of a discourse analysis, we show the way religion functions in Bush’s and Bin Laden’s discourses. Our claim is not (only) that the discourse of security is as religious as Bin Laden’s, but that politics of security as such is the religion of our times. We conclude by arguing that the dyadic interdependence between the two fundamentalisms – Islamic and Securiticised – is dissolving the democratic habitus in a post-political condition, a condition devoid of self-reflexivity and awareness of guilt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Consider social safeguards to address these as needed. They should also include clear timetables and targets for the specified objectives and actions, and define indicators that enable monitoring of progress towards achieving these. To be effective, therefore, NBSAPs should also reflect the links among biodiversity, economic development and where relevant, poverty alleviation priorities (including defining specific objectives, targets and indicators for reciprocal mainstreaming).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A positive (negative) sign shows a gain (a loss) in income associated with the characteristic between 2007 and 2014. Only statistically significant changes are reported. An important difference between these countries also concerns the way in which the incomes of very low-income families have evolved over this period compared to the trends experienced by families with slightly higher incomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Distribution, structure and function of Nordic eelgrass (Zostera marina) ecosystems: implications for coastal management and conservation. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 24(3), 410-434. Utredning for DN 2001-3: Oppdatert av Utredning for DN1997-1. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Employment rates react to changes in tax rates, in leave policies, but the rising provision of childcare formal services to working parents with children not yet three years old is a main policy driver of female labour force participation. Different policy instruments interact with each other to improve overall effectiveness. In particular, the coverage of childcare services is found to have a greater effect on women’s participation in the labour market in countries with relatively high degrees of employment protection. The effect of childcare services on female full-time employment is particularly strong in Anglophone and Nordic countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Significant investment is also needed to upgrade combined sewer overflows, reconstruct trunk sewers and construct storm water detention tanks (MoE, 2010a). Another significant challenge will be to increase drinking water and sewerage connection rates to new houses, as inhabitants have refused to join the networks citing high collection charges and a requirement that they finance the connection. A low connection rate threatens the financial viability of water service networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Saudi Arabia a recharge of 114 to 240 MCM (equivalent to 4.434 to 19.2 mm/yr35) has been estimated. Groundwater flow across the political border has presumably been disrupted by the heavy abstraction in the Sa'dah-Najran area since the late 1970s. However, available data does not reveal the impact of this cone of depression on the groundwater dynamics of the aquifer system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The second dimension, exposure, concerns the degree of potential contact or possibility of interaction between members of the different groups within an organizational unit. Here, a group is said to be segregated if it has little likelihood of meeting members of the other groups in the organizational unit it belongs to. Primary and secondary school pupils are classified on this basis, distinguishing between the poorest (those in the first income quintile) and the rest, and divided by the type of educational establishment they attend (State or private).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Equally, on marriage, girls receive items considered more appropriate for women, such as kitchen utensils, rather than land. In other districts, property is shared equally between male and female children, but when girls get married and move out of the household, they leave their land behind. While they may resume use of the land once they return to their home village, they do so under their brothers' authority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)