albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
En particulier, les plans actuels font une place relativement peu importante a la reduction des dEpenses fiscales et a l alourdissenient de la fiscalite sur la proprietE inunobiliere. Un certain nombre d'instruments de redressement sont conformes aux objectifs d'EquitE, tout en Etant peu ou pas du tout prEjudiciables a la croissance potentielle: relevement de l'age effectif de la retraite, amElioration de l'efficience des systemes d'Education et de santE, baisse de certaines dEpenses fiscales, alourdissement de la fiscalitE sur le patrimoine immobilier et impots a large assise sur la consommation. Les calculs, basEs sur des suppositions simplifiEes, montrent qu'un relevement des impots directs sur les mEnages attEnuerait les inEgalitEs de revenus alors qu'une rEduction des transferts de meme montant aurait un effet plus important et de sens opposE sur les inEgalitEs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Overweight and obesity are defined as excessive weight presenting health risks because of the high proportion of body fat. The most frequently used measure is based on the body mass index (BMI), which is a single number that evaluates an individual's weight in relation to height (weight/height2, with weight in kilograms and height in metres). Based on the WHO classification (WHO, 2000), adults with a BMI from 25 to 30 are defined as overweight, and those with a BMI of 30 or over as obese.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The distribution component explains the increase of poverty during 1995-2000, whereas the growth component explains the rise of poverty during the period 2000-05, and its subsequent decline after 2005 (Amarante, Colafranceschi and Vigorito, 2011). The current levels indicate, in part, a mean reversion to pre-crisis values of poverty and inequality. The poverty headcount and the extreme poverty indicators suggest that, notwithstanding the improvement, there is a large share of highly vulnerable people that fall below national poverty lines. Alternative poverty measures, such as the Poverty Gap Index,1 which provides a normalised measurement with respect to a poverty line, illustrate a similar evolution for Uruguay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The centre was instrumental in the development of the Moroccan climate change policy and national green investment plan and supported the elaboration of Morocco’s NDC (GIZ, 2016). Similarly, the donor-supported NDC Partnership, launched at COP 22, supports countries in the implementation of their NDCs through the facilitation of technical assistance, global knowledge platforms, and improved coordination and engagement with the private sector. A survey of DAC members in 2015 illustrated that a number of development providers are encouraging partnerships between private sector actors in their own countries with private sector actors in partner countries as a way of pursuing development outcomes and promoting their domestic private sector activities abroad (e.g. Sweden’s Swedpartnership, Finland’s Finnpartnership) (OECD, 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Knowledge domains can strongly influence teachers and teaching, even when the aim is to develop transversal knowledge and competences. In non-native language learning, pedagogy should provide both input to the learner and the opportunity to create output, including through task-based and project-based learning, and connecting teaching to other contexts within the school, district or wider world. In the socio-emotional domain, pedagogies include active and performance-based approaches that engage students’ personal feelings and their relationships through role-playing, collaborative-based pedagogies, gaming, case study work, and social problem-solving. Obvious though it may seem, some of the most important contextual factors are represented by schools and education systems themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In relation to this, the innovation pathways provide a discussion and development framework through which stakeholders at and between different sectoral, national, regional and international levels can envision and engage in building innovation resilience of small states for the Caribbean 2050. Within the (Anglophone) Caribbean, and from an economic perspective, small states are clustered according to two general dimensions, i.e., their economic base (production orientation) and their economic income (as measured by gross national income per capita). Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago are (horizontally) classified as commodity-based economies (predominantly natural products including oil/gas, minerals/mining and agriculture).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, reducing overexploitation of aquifers requires consensus across sectors and water users (domestic, agriculture, industry, tourism) or accompanying measures to manage trade-offs. Without consensus, progress cannot be achieved. Agriculture is the biggest consumer of water and the largest beneficiary of subsidies, concessions and exemptions in Mexico’s water sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Although rigidity of labour regulation is expected to deter female labour force participation, in the probit regressions a reform of the system does not appear to be a positive and significant determinant of female labour force participation. According to Montag (2013) labour regulation and stringency of "pro-worker" laws are a burden for female employment by cutting low wage workers off the labour market. Recent reforms of the regulations seem to have done do little to raise female participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To take full advantage of its public investment, France must strengthen and develop its strategy to meet several challenges, including by promoting socioeconomic-efficiency considerations in the selection of investment projects, harmonising procedures extending over the lifecycle of investment projects between sectors and administrative levels, and concentrating investments of some sectors on the maintenance and quality of the capital stock. Moreover, as local governments are responsible for most ofpublic investment, continuing efforts to clearly allocate responsibilities across the different levels of government will be helpful to reap the benefits of economies of scale and scope. Public investment should also be geared towards fulfilling environmental, digital, and research and innovation objectives to meet France’s domestic and international commitments and secure stronger and more sustainable growth. Public investment choices will need to crowd-in private investment to meet these objectives and raise potential growth, including by developing a pipeline of ready-to-fmance projects and dynamically adjusting public support to energy and climate change policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For a formal decomposition, see OECD (2008b). For instance, Immervoll (2005) calculates that at moderate rates of nominal earnings growth, the additional revenue generated by fiscal drag over a four-year period can sum to about one third of total annual receipts if the income-tax schedule is fairly progressive. Very highly “progressive” changes that change the ranking of families can also increase inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In the past, labour market institutions, public policies, and social norms reinforced traditional gender roles, especially in West Germany, but social policy reforms over the last decade have increased opportunities for parents. The new German family policy approach aims to provide parents and children with more time together by fostering a more equal partnership in the sharing of work and family life responsibilities (“Partne rschaftl ichke it'). In line with international best practice, the 2007 reform also led to an increase in the number of fathers taking leave.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper discusses the recent efforts by the Singapore government to construct a Muslim identity for the madrasahs in Singapore. By promoting a prescribed set of desired attributes for the Muslims and introducing new curriculum materials for the madrasahs, the government aspires to construct a Muslim identity that is compatible with the principle and practice of ‘hard multiculturalism’ in Singapore. Through a content analysis of the textbooks for Islamic Social Studies used at the primary level, this paper argues that the Muslim identity that is privileged by the state is one where a ‘good’ Muslim is a good citizen who: is well‐adjusted as a full member of a secular society, is enlightened and appreciates richness of other civilisations, is inclusive and practises pluralism, and is a blessing to other communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Field segregation by gender can have negative effects on women’s future earnings and career progression, as male-dominated professions (such as those in STEM) tend to offer more lucrative pay than many of the female-dominated professions. Women in Mexico earn less than half of all tertiary' degrees in STEM fields, except for life sciences (Figure 2.4). The gender gap in expectations about field of work is large.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 1986 the Ottawa Charter underlined the importance of advocacy in health. This article analyzes the role of advocacy in Public Health making the case of immunization, whose coverage rates are decreasing in many countries. An effective advocacy action could counteract the growing phenomenon of the vaccine hesitancy within both the general population and an increasing share of healthcare providers as well as contrast antivax movements' action. We identify who are the advocates focusing on Italy and on the crucial role of scientific societies which share the responsibility of making the latest scientific evidence and most effective infectious diseases' control strategies available to health policy makers. The Italian Society of Hygiene (SItI) has been actively engaged for several years in a number of initiatives of advocacy communication and vaccines including research, training, media exposure and a dedicated website portal (vaccinarSi).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Recent initiatives to remove user fees at mother and infant care centres and extend preventative dental cover for young children are positive steps. Similarly, ceilings on insurance and medicines costs help provide some protection from out-of-pocket costs that Israeli patients are likely to face. Policy makers should limit further increases in co-payments and consider the equity implications of decisions taken in the annual update of the insurance basket. The government should also monitor the efficacy safety net mechanisms and if needed consider expanding those to a wider range of households with lower incomes and high health needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
According to forecasts, it is estimated that Africa will have almost 300 million more young people by 2060 (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2015). The continent has, however, struggled to provide employment opportunities for youth. While unemployment is a widespread phenomenon in Africa, figure 13 demonstrates that young people are particularly affected. In the last 25 years, the youth unemployment rate in Africa has fluctuated around 18 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Often inheritance rights for widows do not reflect the principles of equal ownership of property acquired during marriage. Such provisions contravene the Convention and should be abolished (para. This limits woman's ability to control disposition ofthe property and the incomederived from it” (see also chap. It has urged governments to abolish the concept of head of household in administrative practices and recognize joint or co-ownership of land, as well as to amend national legislation to ensure joint or co-ownership24 (see also chap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It trained 22 engineers in motor-system optimization techniques. And within two years of completing training, these local experts had trained more than 1,000 factory personnel, conducted 38 industrial plant assessments and saved nearly 40 million kilowatt hours of energy. Energy awards provide a channel for companies to audit their energy use, identify possible energy savings and increase profitability. In India, the Ministry of Power launched the annual National Energy Conservation Awards programme, which recognizes industrial firms that reduce energy consumption while maintaining production. Companies submit reports on completed energy conservation projects, which are reviewed by government officials. The number of participating firms expanded from 123 in 1999 to 558 in 2009 and over that period saved 12,113 million kilowatt hours of energy (11.3 million rupees, NECA 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Waddington (2009)14 points out that while water supply interventions appear ineffective - averaging a negligible and insignificant impact on diarrhoea morbidity compared to controls - water quality interventions on average lead to a 42% relative reduction in child diarrhoea morbidity (with a 95% confidence interval). Such authors argue that treatment at point of use is more efficient than treatment at the point of source (via a community water treatment plant, for example) given that there are many opportunities for treated water to become unsafe alongside the transportation process (Waddington, 2009, Wright et al., These interventions can include ceramic water purifiers, SODIS, sand biofilters, etc. An example of efficient water treatment interventions at household level is described in Box 2.2. Only certain areas are affected by high arsenic levels, but tens of thousands of people have already been showing skin discoloration and other more serious manifestation of chronic poisoning, including neurologic, vascular and carcinogenic effects. Water quality interventions conducted over longer periods tend to show smaller effectiveness, while impact appears to fall markedly over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These results have some critical policy implications. Indeed, reducing gender inequality in social institutions increases the probability to have female migrant and then to benefit from its positive effect on gender equality promotion. This paper assesses the two-way linkages between gendered migration and discriminatory social norms, leading to relevant findings on the interaction between social institutions, gender and South-South migration. While gender inequality in social norms constrains female emigration, it has no effect on male emigration, suggesting that men and women's incentives to migrate differ.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It can also provide insights on how these values are distributed, i.e. over time, at different levels of scale and between different user groups, which is important for understanding the distributional implications of MPAs, and thus how they can best be managed. Finally, understanding the costs associated with MPAs enables planners to budget and to help secure adequate finance for the effective long-term management of MPAs (see Chapter 4). These benefits fall under the various components of the total economic value (TEV), which is the sum of all the use values (direct, indirect and option) and non-use values for a good or service (Box 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The maps are a cutting-edge ICT data mapping platform for taking stock of national backbone connectivity (fibre and microwave) as well as of other key metrics of the ICT sector, they currently cover Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, the Arab States, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Europe and Latin America, with data from more than 300 operators. Capacity-building events have been organized on electromagnetic compatibility, type approval of mobile terminals, and C&l regimes. These sessions took place at partnering laboratories in the regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the 20111 century hydro-electricity was deliberately intertwined with regional development, with legislation requiring developers to site industrial plants close to a source of hydro-electric power, typically in the remote mountain and fjord regions. Most often this was used for die metals industry looking for cheap electricity. Troms County was no exception, and several energy-intensive manufacturing companies are still located in this region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In particular, government spending in the Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) system has increased tenfold (OECD, 2017c and e). This investment is key to combatting child poverty, as it promoted parental employment, especially for single parent families. This includes conducting surveys and compiling other available data sources that illustrate the employment status of both parents in relation to household composition and the number of children, and providing information on participation in childcare services by socioeconomic groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A functional primary care system where a family physician serves as the co-ordinating hub for complex patient care, ensuring that medicines and treatment regimens are properly reviewed over time will help ensure that complex care needs arising from chronic disease are catered for. A good example of a community programme in Korea today is the Gwang Myeong registration project which focuses on diabetes and hypertension management (see Box 3.1 below). This pilot project is run by the Gyeonggi Provincial Government and involves collaboration between the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Korean Centre for Disease Control, Gyeonggi Provincial Government, Gwang Myeong metropolitan health centre, provincial medical care institutions and pharmacies, and the hypertension/diabetes mellitus control centre.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the past, the performance agreements with HEIs have failed to effectively steer Austrian HEIs towards high quality. They have tended to represent a rather blurred mix of activities and target outcomes, and have over-emphasised activities at the expense of a clear focus on key desired outcomes and outputs. The performance agreements for the period 2019-21 apply the new capacity-oriented, student-based university funding model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This paper briefly analyzes historically the practice of torture in Brazil since the 1964 military coup, and especially after the "The Institutional Act no 5" of 1968. It also shows how a certain version of the recent Brazilian history has become official to the detriment of other ones that have been constantly repressed and even denied. It concludes by putting into focus some actions of Brazilian entities for Human Rights in order to rescue other historical memories and to fight against the impunity that has been feeding the practice of the torture today in Brazil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The most striking example is India, which is seen to have the lowest level of labour market insecurity due to unemployment (lower than the OECD average), but a large proportion of workers in subsistence-level jobs. This methodology, discussed in Annex 5.A1, delivers an estimate of upward mobility (the probability of transitioning out of low pay) and an estimate of downward mobility (the probability of transitioning into low pay). The two can be combined to derive a measure of the long-term incidence of low pay, which can be interpreted as the risk that a random worker in the economy will be in a low-paying occupation at a given point in time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Introduction Tracy Isaacs Part I. Collective Accountability in International Law: 1. Collective responsibility and post-conflict justice Mark A. Drumbl 2. State criminality and the ambition of international criminal law David Luban 3. Punishing genocide: a critical reading of the International Court of Justice Anthony F. Lang, Jr 4. Joint criminal enterprise, the Nuremberg precedent, and the concept of 'Grotian moment' Michael P. Scharf 5. Collective responsibility and transnational corporate conduct Sara L. Seck 6. Collective punishment and mass confinement Larry May Part II. Distributing Accountability: 7. Reparative justice Erin I. Kelly 8. The distributive effect of collective punishment Avia Pasternak 9. Citizen responsibility and the reactive attitudes: blaming Americans for war crimes in Iraq Amy Sepinwall 10. Kicking bodies and damning souls: the danger of harming 'innocent' individuals while punishing 'delinquent' states Toni Erskine 11. Punishing collectives: states or nations? Richard Vernon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the ‘Cyprus issue’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For seven countries, the hypothesis of equal coefficients across the entire range of quantiles cannot be rejected when using the logistic estimator, meaning that, a rise in the share of workers with upper-secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary degrees does not alter the distribution of earnings. The regressions that make use of the logistic estimator in the second step of the UQRs can, however, not confirm this finding, potentially related to the small share of individuals with a PhD in the working population. The only exception is Portugal where this factor contributes to reduce the inequality gap uis-a-vis the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Policy action by the Jamaican government on many environmental policies and on sustainable development as a whole has been stimulated by international agreements to which Jamaica acceded. The culture of Rastafari11 has had a profound influence on dietary preferences for organically grown fresh foods in both rural and urban Jamaica since the 1970s. Some of these preferences coincide with the practices of the Seventh Day Adventists, which is one of Jamaica’s fastest growing Christian denominations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Equality is seen as a guiding principle and strategic target for development (Barcena and Prado, 2016, p. 54) and as a fundamental condition not only for overcoming poverty and ensuring the effective enjoyment of rights for the whole population, but also for advancing towards social, economic and environmentally sustainable development. Their scantly diversified and highly heterogeneous production structures, within which low-productivity sectors account for approximately 50% of all jobs, are a key determinant of social inequality. The labour market is the essential link between that production structure and high levels of income inequality between households, which are associated with a highly differentiated distribution of the fruits of productivity and with highly stratified access to good-quality employment and social protection (ECLAC, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016c). This is largely because income makes a direct contribution to the well-being of people and their families and therefore shapes both their opportunities and the future of their children, particularly in societies where market mechanisms for accessing goods and services predominate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Studies undertaken in Ghana (Adu-Afarwuah et al., Key Issues: How can food transfer programmes contribute to food and nutrition security? In Bangladesh, the Chars Livelihoods Programme (CLP) and Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction (CFPR) are both asset transfer programmes that are built on a model of “graduation”, providing an asset transfer (usually of livestock) to women, coupled with a regular stipend for 18 months, skills training, a savings scheme and social development awareness-raising sessions on issues such as health and sanitation and nutrition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)