albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Moreover, neither is large enough to provide significant help for most families (Williams and Boushey, 2010). Subsidies are available only for low-income families and are scarce and sporadic even for them” (Williams and Boushey, 2010). The reference to Cyprus relates to the southern part of the island.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In December 2012 the government writ “Mai for friluftslivspolitiken" (Goals for the Outdoor Recreation Policy) was published which points out the future of the Swedish outdoor recreation policy more or less following the intentions in the above mentioned ten policy areas (Writ 2012/13:51). The Swedish forest policy has two equal objectives - wood production and environmental protection. Social values are considered, but lack more specific objectives. The proposition “En skogspolitik i takt med tiden" (Prop.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The “War on Terror” and the Framework of International Law, Helen Duffy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. li, 488.The war on terror poses increasingly intractable challenges for the international legal order. Some commentators query whether the international reaction to 9/11 might have relaxed or transformed well-established legal principles, particularly in the fields of recourse to force and state responsibility. Other scholars opine that international law is adequately suited to address the relatively new and polymorphous threats of terrorism. Regardless of one's stance on the question, it is clear that the current war on terror has generated considerable academic writing, both inside and outside of law, and propelled various legal issues, such as the application of international human rights, international humanitarian law and international criminal law, to the forefront of scholarly inquiry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Even an individual with two children would still increase the monthly family income by 65%. Median net household incomes are from a survey in or close to 2012, expressed in 2012 prices and are before housing costs (or other forms of “committed” expenditure). Results are adjusted for household size (equivalence scale is the square root of the household size) and account for all relevant cash benefits (social assistance, family benefits, housing-related cash support as indicated).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The authors would also like to express their gratitude to all members of the Innocenti Report Card 12 Advisory Board. We do so by providing a descriptive overview of the evolution in a series of child well-being indicators over time (2007/8-2012/31) in 32 countries (the EU-28 plus Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Turkey). The focus is on key child and adolescent outcome indicators that are expected to have been affected by the crisis and its related real-economy effects in the short and medium-term, including child monetary poverty and material deprivation, subjective well-being, and transition to adulthood (including education and employment). We compare countries' performance and rank them according to the change they experienced in these indicators over the period under analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Summary indicators can present key messages in an approachable way and can help galvanise public support for change. The often-quoted “USD 50 billion per year in additional revenue if fisheries are optimally managed” (World Bank 2009) is probably over-precise, but gives the message that the benefits are large and achievable. But a large dashboard also carries the danger of losing a clear message that speaks to policy makers and helps communication with the media and with citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Some technologies with potential benefits for the electricity sector in LDCs, such as the “Internet of Things", remain out of reach for most of these countries (box 4.2). This rapidly evolving context has important implications for governance of the sector, potentially raising questions as to whether current sectoral governance arrangements remain fit for purpose (Scott, 2015). The principal pathways are outlined in figure 4.6. Planning is particularly important for electricity systems because of the mismatch between the time required to build distribution networks and that required to build generation facilities, highlighting the need for coordination of planning processes for generation and transmission (Chattopadhyay et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Only two thirds of Cambodian households have electricity with almost a quarter of the remaining relying on batteries. To overcome that barrier, the new smartphone comes with eight weeks of free recharging at the vendor's shops. This report has calculated the result for several LDCs that have the requisite data and compared the result to the proportion of per capita income indicator (see chart below). In general, there is a relationship for the LDCs where the proportion of per capita income is less than five percent. In Vanuatu, where the mobile Internet basket is three percent of per capita income, a person receiving the minimum wage would have to work five hours to pay for the bundle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These can be either independent or structured as elements in a science park, as is the case in Tunisia (World Bank, 2010b). Although every context differs, in general, the government should focus on reducing the red tape that unnecessarily impedes entrepreneurship, while distinguishing between those regulations that serve a purpose and those that simply foster inefficiency. For example, investors might view regulations that require documentation of environmental risks as being simply red tape, even though these regulations are a necessary element of a country’s regulatory framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In 2013 for example,over 200 million women started or operated businesses in 67 countries, and more than a third of the firms worldwide had women owners (Vanderbrug, 2013). These businesses—which primarily operate in the consumer sector—have contributed to the gross domestic product of their respective countries, generating millions of new employment opportunities and spurring local development. The Center for Women’s Business Research (CWBR) quantified the economic impact of women-owned businesses at $3 trillion annually.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Similarly, in Lebanon, the subsidized childcare services provided by some NGOs replenished the resources of at least the few migrant families who were able to access them. This involves,first, the restructuring of gender relations so that both men and women are more equally involved in social reproduction, and second, the recognition and valuation of social reproduction (Rai et al. While refugee resettlement in Australia has produced some positive shifts in Ethiopian gender relations, with evidence of men taking on greater responsibility for childcare and domestic work, these changes are as yet unstable and liable to be withdrawn in the event of marital breakdown.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In all three scenarios, the Baltic countries are importers, with annual net import levels of about isTWh by 2030 inthe4DS, 9TWh in the BPO, and loTWh in the 2DS. It should be noted however, that the decisive factor for the value of additional transmission capacity is the absolute average price difference per hour, not the difference in average electricity prices, since flow and value of import/export is determined by the hourly prices. Until 2030, the model does not allow for additional capacity, but existing connection lines between the Nordic and Baltic countries are used with high capacity factors of about 75% in the 2DS and 85% in the 4DS-virtually all import to the Baltics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Men who have received higher education in Czech Republic, England, and Italy are more likely to engage in HED whereas they are less likely to do so in Australia, Chile, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand, and the US. Regarding the SES gradient, Australia, Canada, and England show a significant social gradient (the well-off more at risk). Conversely, Chile, Germany, Hungary, Portugal, and the US show reverse social gradient but not always significant. Similarly, for women, the direction of the gradient of inequality is not clear-cut within all countries. Education-related disparities in HED emerge in few countries (Figure 11), with the higher-educated being more at risk, although five countries show the reverse relationship (Australia, Canada, Ireland, Japan, and New Zealand). Correspondingly, the pattern is mixed for SES-related inequalities in women (Figure 12).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In fact, Morocco is among the world’s largest producers and the leading exporter of crude phosphates. The extraction of phosphates is controlled by OCP. A phosphate extraction tax was introduced in 1992, amounting to 34 dirhams (US$4.20) per ton of crude or processed phosphate that was exported. However, the tax was abolished in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The passage of the USA Patriot Act included enhanced penalties for violent actions, increased surveillance and investigation options for the government, and greater powers for the detention or exclusion of foreign nationals. The provisions that limited money laundering were amongst the least controversial elements. The enhanced border security and immigration procedures were also accepted by many. Greater debate occurred over the search and surveillance techniques incorporated into the Patriot Act. The Act also expanded the definition of terrorism to make it include a broader range of activities and groups. The Patriot Act has generated legal challenges to many of its provisions. The Act also raises questions about the traditional role of the judiciary in protecting individual rights.      Keywords:    banking,  regulation,  civil liberties,  constitutional law,  government, politics, and law,  national security,  terrorism
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All had potential relevance for the mining sector, but were not available in relevant, user-friendly and accessible format. The guideline development therefore presented an opportunity to integrate all of the available information into a single spatial product tailored to the mining sector. The envisioned map would provide not only integrated spatial information, but also standardised interpretation relevant to the mining sector. After an initial draft had been developed, sequential iterations were revised based on input from the private sector, government, environmental organisations and other stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Over one third of children (37%) still do not benefit from two years of preschool, though this has been compulsory since 1997, and very few children under the age of 4 have access to care centres or other forms of public assistance. Those services that are available focus primarily on health and nutrition, and give inadequate attention to fostering the essential cognitive, language, emotional and social skills that children need to develop in the early years. Children from poor families, who are most likely to face a weak home learning environment, are the least likely to access public services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Data about environmental participation and actions are based on administrative records or are obtained from surveys, and are usually produced at the subnational level. The main institutional partners include the ministry of environment or equivalent institution, municipalities and local governments and NGOs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Table 5.2 shows how, for 13 European OECD countries and Canada, a positive socio-economic environment and parental health behaviour are associated with better health at childhood, while malnutrition is heavily detrimental. Father’s employment is negatively associated with poor child health in Canada. While malnutrition has an impact on immediate health, previous hunger episodes also affect self-assessed health and hospitalisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Regulated penalties exist for different degrees of deviation. Throughout the intraday market, REE opens six consecutive clearing auctions that allow adjustments of power plants and optimisation of the system based on real-time information and updated forecasts. This solution, along with the introduction of a dedicated renewable energies integration management centre (CECRE), a pioneering initiative to monitor and control renewable energy resources with the objective to integrate the maximum amount of production from variable renewable energy sources under secure conditions has allowed an efficient introduction of wind power in Spain (REE, 2010). The TSO has maintained constant the required balancing capacities, despite the enormous penetration of wind power in Spain and the fact that the Iberian peninsula has limited interconnections with neighbouring countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
But there are also growing concerns that companies are not taking data privacy seriously enough. Partly as a result of this, a number of governments are enacting legislation to better clarify what information about individuals companies can collect and retain and what they can do with this data. To this extent, anti-competitive effects that arise may be transient. However, significant welfare losses may arise from these anti-competitive effects before one platform or entrenched business model is replaced by another. Measures of productivity in the United States, for instance, suggest a significant slowdown since 2005. Several explanations have been given to explain this discrepancy, including the mismeasurement of inputs and outputs, and delays in the time needed for technological change to work itself throughout the whole economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Bending the Cost Curve in Health Care: Canada’s Provinces in International Perspective, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. American Journal of Managed Care, Vol. Results of the 2012 Health Systems Characteristics Survey”, data files at: http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/paying-providers.htm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Subnational governments often understand local specificities better than national governments. They can also better engage their constituents, which fosters inclusiveness. With a clear understanding of who should do what, different actors can work together and reduce inefficiencies and misaligned policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In 2013, China replaced the European Union as the single most important market for Brazil’s agriculture-based exports, reinforcing the recent trend towards new commercial partners, such as countries in East Asia and the Pacific, the Middle East, and Latin America. However, since 2011, the economy has grown at just over 2% per year, compared with over 8% in China and more than 5% in India. Growth remains hampered by structural weaknesses in the economy, which include weak infrastructure, an onerous indirect tax system, burdensome administrative procedures, low engagement in international trade and low levels of education and skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 1966 the concept of an “urban community” w'as created to address co-ordination problems associated with large metropolitan areas. An urban community (communaute urbairi) is a highly integrated form of co-operation for which a dozen different responsibilities are transferred from the individual constituent communes. Four urban communities were created by the national government without consultation for the large metropolitan areas of Bordeaux, Lille, Strasbourg and Marseille. More commonly however, intercommunality in France has been historically characterised by a voluntary linking of communes to accomplish a specific set of mutually agreed functions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Purpose – The article aims to use the globalization theory and the implications of democratization for social policy to analyze the school governance reforms in Taiwan and South Korea.Design/methodology/approach – The article describes the main features of decentralization policy in the school sectors in the two societies with a historical review of their democratic transition and educational reforms during the 1990s. It then classifies decentralization into two categories, namely managerial decentralization and societal decentralization, by conceptualizing their context, rationales and policy instruments. It closes by considering the implications of Taiwan's and South Korea's experiences for educational decentralization and education reforms.Findings – It is found that in Taiwan there is a comprehensive and institutionalized empowerment of teachers and parents but full institutionalization of involvement of the school community is still in progress in South Korea.Originality/value – This article reviews ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Recognising the need to establish better means of supporting and leading sustainable development, some of the focus countries have undertaken restructuring and educational activities to grow and adapt organisationally for this purpose. The programme used a capacity development model that involved individual-level training to develop knowledge and skills, as well as working with organisational structures to improve procedures and mechanisms to enable those individuals to apply their learning better. As part of this process, the programme worked closely with the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA), and established a National Environmental Education Committee (NEEC) within it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The increased internationalization of law and the strengthened position of transnational civil society create a need for a criminological research agenda that investigates intersections between legitimacy and representation, punishment and welfare beyond the nation state. This article explores the need for and scope of such a research agenda, and particularly focuses on the potential value of criminological tools in analyses of power dynamics in international and transnational crimes and related legal strategies. We argue that much criminological scholarship is characterized by the application of a bottom-up perspective, a critical perspective on social control and welfare institutions and their practices, and a recognition of the discipline's close relation to and relevance for contemporary criminal justice policies. Drawing on research on conflict-related sexual violence and human trafficking we demonstrate what such a criminological approach entails. In particular we focus on unintended consequences of...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Coordination was necessary, given the Pacific Ocean’s usefulness as a route for drug trafficking. The members adopted a three-year plan for the period 2015-2017, which sets out the strategic direction of the Organization and helps members’ administrations to align their activities with the best international customs standards and practices, in order to foster greater economic prosperity and increased border security. In June 2015, the annual meeting of the Regional Security Committee of the Pacific Islands Forum was held in Suva. The Forum is a political group of States that works to promote regional cooperation and integration in the Pacific region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In demonstrating the significance placed on this protocol, the ministers for each of the sectors, including the Prime Minister as Minister for National Security and Legal Affairs, publicly signed the protocol into force on 16 May 2011 (OAS 2014). The protocol provides a set of guidelines for responders (health, judiciary and police) to guide their interventions, especially for proper management of cases of domestic and sexual violence. The protocol has identified the role of the Ombudsman as key to ensuring accountability of duty bearers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Chapter 4 describes reform initiatives to reduce this bias in three African countries. Where there are limited rights to family capital for collateral, women have difficulties accessing credit. Among women entrepreneurs in five countries (Bahrain, Jordan, Lebanon, Tunisia, and the United Arab Emirates) 50%-75% applied for external financing for their businesses, and the majority were not successful.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Particular attention should be paid to targeting investment towards populations, care segments and regions which lag behind. Quality improvement measures must be implemented at all level and their impact on process and health outcomes better monitored. Pay-for-performance arrangements could be based on improvements in these health outcomes, rather than on process measures or the occurrence or avoidance of rare events. Quality improvement initiatives should also prioritise further modernisation of health information systems, in order to integrate health care data and support continuity and coordination of care for patients. To accelerate improvement in health outcomes and close the gaps in key health indicators, greater public funding is likely to be required.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
According to the Lesotho Overview of Economy (2010,) the economy greatly depends on subsistence agriculture, livestock, manufacturing and remittances from migrant labour in South Africa. Formal colonial education can be traced back to the arrival of the missionaries in the 1830s (Butterfield, 1977). The first missionaries came to Lesotho in 1833. The first formal school was started by a missionary of the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society during the 1830s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Domingues takes the discussion of political modernity to a higher scalar level. If the discussion in the former chapters concentrated on the national level, due to how the global system is organized, for analytical reasons and because this is how in modernity we have seen ourselves, the categories and trends that feature so far are also taken to this new scalar dimension. Rights, citizenship and the law, state and para-state international organizations, sovereignty and the right to protect, state and societal political systems, these are the elements that categorially organize the analysis. International relations theory, with a clear sociological tack, is the main theoretical interlocutor of the chapter. It ends with a discussion about global modernity, the diverse approaches to its understanding, hybridization, colonialism, post-colonialism, ecumenical global critical theory and civilizational analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Subsequently, pressure towards its internalisation will build up in public opinion, the political process or the legal system. This pressure will lead to more specific research and ultimately to the implementation of appropriate incentives for internalisation. By no means all, probably not even a majority, externalities identified by individuals or small groups are being taken up by the mainstream, but only those which in fact affect the well-being of a sufficient number of people in a strong enough fashion to warrant wider concern. If this is not the case, interest will fade quickly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Indeed, the rising incidence of non-standard employment has widened the gap in earnings distribution and contributed to an increase in poverty. In Germany, the total income gain of households has gone to the richest 10 per cent of households since 2003 (Parma and Vontobel, 2009:129). The recent widening of inequalities marked a complete reversal of the previous trend.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)