albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The data usually refer to the first quarter of the calendar year, or the average of the first three months, thereby excluding summer employment. The indicator relies on the distribution of 15-29 year-olds in education, work or neither of the two. It is thus a good proxy of the numbers of years that an individual is likely to spend in education between age 15 and 29. However, this indicator may not reflect drop-out rates and temporary interruptions of study. Another limitation is that long study durations (i.e. beyond the prescribed time) will result in an overestimate of this indicator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It identifies strengths and weaknesses with respect to research and innovation policy and performance, and develops concrete policy recommendations for improving Austria's performance in science, technology and innovation. As a result of strong long-term economic performance, the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is the eighth highest among OECD countries and fourth in the EU28, slightly ahead of Germany, Sweden and Denmark. Levels of poverty and income inequality are both below the OECD average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To a lesser extent, overall disparity is growing between urban and rural areas, notably in three of the country’s six regions (Nord-Ouest, Centre-Ouest and Sud). This assumes that the government will maintain macroeconomic stability and tackle corruption. Growth will mainly be driven by strong performances in the industry and services sectors, and also by public infrastructure investment and other investments in priority sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Evaluation results are posted on the agency's website. An Action Plan Scorecard measures outputs and outcomes, using narratives from the reports to provide evidence for impact. Methodologies include mixed review panels (academics, stakeholders and government). Measurement of achievement includes programme-based quantitative targets, science quality, client satisfaction, and diffusion of scientific output beyond academia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Among mixed exporters the strongest gains in productivity took place in Myanmar (with a 4.4-per-cent average annual growth rate), and Benin, Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Sierra Leone, where TFP growth was approximately 2.5 per cent per annum. In the case of fuel exporters, TFP growth has been led by the performance of the agriculture of Angola and Yemen, where it rose on average by 4.5 per cent and 3 per cent annually, respectively, during the same period. The major new finding yielded by TFP analysis is the positive outcome of TFP growth in the exporters of food and agricultural products since the 1990s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Some areas of teacher policies and of wider education policies with which teacher policies closely interact receive only scant, if any, coverage in this report. Greater school autonomy increases recruitment and management costs, making it harder to provide consistent service. For this reason, granting schools greater responsibility for hiring teachers could lead to greater disparities in teachers' qualifications and experience among schools (OECD, 2005, p. 12m).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Such progress has allowed Colombia to become a regional leader in key activities. Its health technology assessment agency, lnstituto de Evaluacion Tecnologica en Salud, is one of the most advanced in Latin America, for example. The conflict has led to displacement and forced possession of land, forced recruitment and kidnapping, homicides, injuries and sexual violence. In total, 7.1 million are estimated to have been victims of the armed conflict between 1985 and 2015 - mostly rural, impoverished Colombians.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, inclusion criteria are examined for the use of Herceptin, and approximately 120 to 140 patients with breast cancer are allowed to receive the treatment for free every year. The number of eligible women is expected to be raised to 200 in coming years. Ineligible patients, however, are required to pay the entire cost of Herceptin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
No single set of metrics is suitable for assessing energy security for all purposes in all situations for these country groups. Table 2.2 outlines important factors contributing to energy insecurity of a nation, region or particular group of countries. Energy security in this framework is defined as low vulnerability of vital energy systems. The vulnerability of a system is the degree to which that system is unable to cope with selected adverse events. Such a framework allows review of security of vital energy’ systems from the perspectives of such criteria as criticality, likelihood of the event, and level and type of damage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The roughly similar levels of Internet use in Bangladesh and Malawi for those with higher secondary and tertiary education is notable. The same observation has also been made for other developing and for developed countries and ITU research shows that, "the level of education is one of the most important indicators of whether or not people are Internet users" (ITU, 2016). Apart from the fact that people are get better educated as they move up the education ladder and thus better able to use the Internet, higher level education facilities are more likely to have access to the Internet than lower level education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2013, about 76% of all Swedish children under 7 years old used public ECEC services, a proportion that climbs to roughly 87% if the under Is - most of whom are cared for at home by parents on parental leave - are discounted. Home-based family day care services are available, but their use has declined since the mid-1980s - in 2013, they accounted for only around 2% of children aged 0to5 (OECD, 2005, 2015g). Instead, the large majority of young children attend day care institutions w'ith care provided in groups of around 17 on average (SCB, 2015, Skolverket, 2015, OECD, 2015g).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted on December10, 1948 by the General Assembly of the United Nations (United Nations Department of Public Information 2007) eloquently describes rights to which all people are entitled. These include, among others, a right to education, a right to social security and a standard of living adequate for health and well-being, freedom from slavery, freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention, exile, torture, degrading treatment, or punishment, freedom from arbitrary interference with privacy, home, family, and correspondence, and freedom of movement within and between countries. Article 28 states that “Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
According to Makhmutova (2012), many internal migrants with children had to resort to questionable measures, including bribing the kindergarten administration or buying registration certificates, to obtain kindergarten places. Tukmadieva (2015) found out that in Astana, 22% of internal migrants surveyed had paid for registration (illegally) in 2014. The most common reasons for doing so include enrolling children at school or in kindergarten, accessing medical services and renewing passports or other ID documents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Common Article 1 (common to the Geneva Conventions of August 1949 and their Additional Protocols I and III), provides that ‘[t]he High Contracting Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for the […] Convention [and Protocol] in all circumstances’ (CA1). This chapter introduces the key discussions around the meaning and significance of this provision looking at State and judicial practice pertaining to this provision over the last 50 years. Scholarship around this article, which has been touched on by numerous authors over the last 20 years, is considered. The chapter sets up the discussion that follows through the volume, across a range of areas of international humanitarian law (IHL), about what implementing CA1 might look like in practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Finally, the recent global economic recession has affected the LDCs differently depending on a number of factors. These include their initial conditions, their breadth and depth of integration with the global economy, and the speed and intensity of the governments’ countercyclical measures. The crisis also affected people’s lives and livelihoods through a variety of transmission channels. This is especially true for the poorest and the hungriest, since they need to be effectively reached, especially due to the significant number of such people in the Asia Pacific LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Data were drawn from the 2013 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study, a nationally representative survey of 19,178 Filipino youth aged between 15 and 24. The analytic sample consists of 2,264 live births in the two years prior to the survey. The survey shows that 38.7 per cent of births were unintended at the time of conception: 23.1 per cent were mistimed while 15.6 per cent were unwanted. Proportionately, more unintended births were borne by mothers who were teenagers, unmarried, college-educated, urban and Metro Manila residents than their counterparts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The 2014 Folkeskole reform provided DKK 12 million for the national parents’ association to raise the competencies and professionalism of the school boards. In addition, the municipal education offices provide their school leaders with various degrees of help with the more technical aspects of school budgeting such as accounting and bookkeeping, allowing school leaders to focus more on strategic and pedagogical organisation of the school. The municipalities also play an important role in the delivery of services and can help their schools achieve scale economies, for example by buying materials and services for several schools at the same time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Gender information was available mainly in narrative form from 2008 to 2010. In 2010 the ROAR interface was changed to be more data driven, and the evaluation drew on this material for the analysis. It consisted of an online survey of 53 questions administered to individuals who worked on gender in country offices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The chapter makes a call for greater innovation in sub-national government and governance to support the city as it moves forward in realising its aims. Antofagasta has followed a similar pattern, yet the quality of life in the municipality does not appear to be commensurate with its economic and socio-economic potential or its place-based endowments. Between 2002 and 2013, the municipality of Antofagasta improved its relative ranking in a Quality of Life Index developed by Chile’s Universidad Catolica.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II, Istanbul, Turkey, 3-14 June 1996) was a key historical moment signaling a new pathway for long-term policy development. A comprehensive vision and broad policy agendas previously endorsed by the New Urban Agenda and the Global Strategy for Shelter were reaffirmed. Furthermore, chapter 7 of Agenda 21 introduced the idea of sustainable development in application to human settlements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the M/V “Louisa” case of 28 May 2013, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea held that it had no jurisdiction, even though it had established prima facie jurisdiction at the provisional measures stage. The M/V “Louisa” case thus gives rise to questions regarding the relationship between prima facie jurisdiction and jurisdiction on the merits. Moreover, the M/V “Louisa” Judgment also sheds some light on the applicability of the doctrine of abuse of rights provided in Article 300 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Critically, it will be important to ensure that information on inequalities in health is then effectively used to tackle inequalities at local and regional level, through on-going central guidance as appropriate, agreeing targets, disseminating and encouraging the scaling-up of successful local initiatives to tackle inequalities and other measures. Incentivising or requiring young doctors to practise in underserved areas during their early years of practice may be one way to address geographical disparities. This does not seem to systematically occur today. Indeed, a concern remains that by specialising certain hospital services at a higher level, patients will have to travel further for care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
By comparison, the average OECD country reduced the participation gap by only 0.3 percentage points over the same period.3 On the other hand, the participation gap remained very high in the Middle East and North Africa, India and Indonesia. In all those countries except Indonesia, women’s labour market participation is about 50 percentage points lower than male participation. Some minor improvement was recorded in Turkey. The gap remained stable, but low in China, South Africa and the Russian Federation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Moreover, local environment items in the EU-SILC tend to be influenced by the rural/urban divide (Whelan & Maitre, 2012b). The social security dimension is excluded because, although the EU-SILC records the income components of each household, including child-related benefits, there is no information on eligibility and take-up. Thus, children who have no access to the benefits they are entitled to cannot be identified with certainty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This means that a new conceptualization of vulnerabilities will require an adaptation of social protection and its greater relevance in relation to the new disaster-related social risks (Siddiqi, 2011). In particular, there are four tools on which experience is starting to accumulate. This is an effective instrument, of low cost for governments and relatively easy to implement if there is a wide-ranging register of the beneficiaries of the different social programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This made negotiations more complicated. When negotiations over the Euphrates between Iraq. Syria and Turkey were initiated in the early 1980s, Turkey insisted on including the shared waters of the Orontes, while Syria at the time refused to discuss Orontes water with Turkey. The River Protection and Environmental Preservation Sub-Committee is responsible for coordinating and supervising issues related to river hydrology, river pollution and river infringements. The Sub-Committee for the Expropriation of Lands in the Vicinity of the Zeita Canals (Figure 9) addresses issues related to lands that straddle the Lebanese-Syrian border in the vicinity of the Zeita Dam.71 The parties have agreed that Syria is to compensate landowners for work related to the canals on Lebanese territory, while Lebanon is to enlist its local authorities to enforce the rule of law and prevent damage to the infrastructure of the canals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In turn, both fertiliser and grain prices are found to be Granger-caused by energy prices. The abolition of fertiliser and biofuel policies has, as expected, a negative impact on income from primary agriculture. At the world level, the impact is equal to about 1.2%. This is predominantly driven by the abolition of all biofuel mandates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While some data exists, particularly within Seguro Popular where there is compulsory reporting for areas like expenditure on covered drugs, information regarding other state purchases in the basic package and for public health are often underreported. The legislative change of June 4th, 2014 addresses this issue, but the effectiveness of the reform is not yet known. Nevertheless, access to data on how money is spent by states should be made more widely available. For example, Italy has also been faced with a comparable situation to Mexico, having significant variation in administrative and managerial capacity across regions in a largely decentralised setting (Tediosi et al., Since the beginning of the 2000s, the central government has given regions incentives for improving their reporting. There have been agreements between the central government and the regions whereby regions can obtain additional resources conditional on improved reporting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Most of their support is likely to be focused on low-carbon infrastructure and projects in forestry, energy and agriculture, rather than longer-term investments in governance changes and incentives systems. Domestic finance is not yet attracted to green growth: there are few guarantees and other incentives to shift investment from ‘brown’ to ‘green’ activities, and it is too early for the recent progressive policy changes to have incentivised private sector engagement, especially in the absence of an active engagement programme or accord with business. As importantly, section 3 illustrated the potentials of many existing green initiatives in Ethiopia - which show how things could be in the future, even if they are still just small ‘trees’ rather than great ‘forests’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The Building Directive sets overall requirements to the system, the house, and individual requirements to the individual components. A large inclusion of system thinking in both the voluntary instruments and the Ecodesign Directive could be encouraged and between different regulations and voluntary instruments. Hence if it works for Ecolabels it is likely also to work as requirements in the Ecodesign Directive's IM. In an adapted, less ambitious, version, as the synergies between the voluntary instruments and the minimum requirements should be preserved. It is important to emphasise the different scales of setting requirement in the voluntary instruments targeting a limited section of products compared to setting requirements to all products produced or imported in the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The papers are generally available only in their original language (English or French) with a short summary available in the other. Unlike standardised tests in which there are high-stakes for students, no-stakes implies that test results have no impact on the student’s academic career. The same tests, however, may have high stakes for teachers and schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Modern (Communist) China has a chequered history with regard to the commission of and accountability for mass violence and human rights violations. Campaigns by the Communist Party have resulted in horrific mass crimes such as killings, starvation, torture, beatings, and persecution. While such conduct undoubtedly amount to violations of human rights, there are many examples from China’s recent past and in China today where situations of mass human rights violations, as well as mass atrocities, could also constitute violations of international criminal law (war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide). This paper will assess three examples in modern China’s history and present to determine whether they amount to international crimes: the Cultural Revolution, the 1989 Tiananmen Square Massacre, and human trafficking (including the consequential crimes of forced marriage and forced prostitution), and offer a brief overview of what accountability steps China should take with regard to these crimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is at least partly due to difficulty ensuing that the collected material is of sufficiently high quality and does not contain hazardous substances. In addition, a significant quantity of the plastic separately collected is not actually recycled: Almost half of the plastic waste collected in the EU is exported, mainly to China, and the end treatment for this plastic waste is largely unknown (Velis, C.A., 2014). A comprehensive and detailed analysis of these, let alone the analysis of the impacts of policy on these is beyond the scope of this project. However, much of this plastic, being largely homogenous and clean, is already widely utilised, either directly by industry or by the existing plastics recycling market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This has been seen in South Africa, where solar thermal and solar electric technologies were rejected even when competitive costs and other benefits were presented (Niez, 2010). An anomaly in this regard is Sub-Saharan Africa. Although much of the energy used for heat consumption in this region is from renewable biomass sources, the current practise of collecting and using the renewable fuel is entirely unsustainable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
One reason why the association is weak, even before accounting for the socio-economic profile of students and schools, is that the relation is curvilinear: students who had spent too little time (less than one year) in pre-primary education score lower in science than students who had not attended or who had spent more than one year (Table 11.6.52). This only covers expenditure on educational institutions. These resources are allocated throughout a student's educational, and countries spend different amounts per student. Caution is required in interpreting this indicator, as school systems are organised in many different ways across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Each person was assigned a probability of being infected with HIV in accordance to the prevalence rates recorded by the Botswana AIDS Impact Survey II (BIAS II), which averaged 17.1 per cent nationally, but varied across the population according to demographic and other factors.7 A random number between 0 and 1 was then assigned to each person. All people for whom the random number was less than or equal to the probability of being HIV-positive were deemed to be infected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Total cost of the programme is KZT 73 billion. Local authorities are currently reviewing the project applications (meaning that this programme is at a very early stage). These applications include construction of a railway to a cement plant in one of the rural areas, construction of water pipelines for dairy operations in one of the settlements, construction of roads to connect local production facilities, electricity networks and water supply systems for feedlots, and a pipeline to the “multi-functionar market in one of the rural settlements. Estimated cost to support these projects is KZT 8 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Defining new flexibility products such as ramping up and down, fast response ramping, minimum load balancing, etc. All technologies should be able to participate in these markets, including variable renewable and conventional generation, demand response and storage. On this basis, forward markets for such services could provide longer-term signals to invest in the right technologies. Above a certain level, the renewable output must be controlled during periods of oversupply in order to ensure secure and reliable system operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Furthermore, the conservative religious members of her husband’s family made life unbearable for her after his death. As Saudi citizens, she and her three younger children were able to enter the country on tourist visas. Within four months of arrival, with the support of the Red Cross and the Salvation Army, she applied for and obtained resettlement under the family reunification visa category.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)