albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
A successful example is that of Chile Solidario (see box 7), where households receive psycho-social support emphasizing the importance of health access for the physical and cognitive development of their children. Families accepted for Chile Solidario work initially with a social worker in order to assess their conditions (grouped in seven main domains) and to agree upon an action plan including specific measures to escape poverty, which formally become the "conditionality" of the programme. The difference is around 12 percentage points and is statistically significant when considering both groups of children under 15 and under 18 years old (Martorano and Sanfilippo, 2012). Most of the beneficiaries (about 95 per cent), however, are children, given that schools are encouraged to put pressure on pupils' parents to obtain health insurance for them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Since probably not all countries will participate from the beginning, new joiners can be granted a right to participate in the validation as well, if agreed upon by the existing members. These entities will initially be all the validators that create the network plus all parties that are involved in the first phase. As the network grows, more parties can join the network if all the validators agree on it using the PoA algorithm. Therefore, an on-premise hosting in all participating countries is suggested.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
So, for example, if the most important effect of higher income inequality is to increase the incentives to invest in education, higher disparities should be associated with increased achievements, irrespective of individual background. As in the case of growth regressions, therefore, they strongly support the idea that higher inequality lowers the opportunities of education (and social mobility) of disadvantaged individuals in the society, an effect that dominates the potentially positive impacts through incentives. The proposed exercise aims at extending these results determining whether mobility declines as inequality increases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Parliament went on to resolve to draw up an action plan for mental health, following the publication of an expected white paper on the state of mental health and mental health services in Norway. A government white paper, “Openness and Comprehensiveness: Mental Disorders and Service Provision” (Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services, 1997), followed, and set out significant weaknesses and gaps in the mental health system. The Escalation Plan added a large number of psychologists to the mental health workforce (see Box 4.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
More specific measures include: an increase in taxes on alcohol consumption combined with price minima,12 limitations on the hours during which alcohol can be bought and on types of shops allowed to sell alcohol products, the elimination of illegal production, a complete ban on advertising, and the development of prevention programmes. According to the Action plan of the Government Commission on alcohol market regulation of July 2010, regional programmes are being developed and implemented in the subjects of the Russian Federation in order to reduce alcohol consumption and prevent alcohol addiction. These programmes take into account regional patterns of alcohol consumption (i.e. the share of rural population) and need to be co-ordinated with regional educational and health care programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It delivers business counselling, training and micro-finance to these women in order to help them start and manage micro and small enterprises, as well as providing opportunities for them to participation in local and regional trade fairs. Its goal is to strengthen the role of businesswomen as leaders in the Palestinian economy through advocacy, networking, and the provision of business services. It serves its members and offers programmes and services to aspiring women entrepreneurs seeking to establish or grow their businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the Europe and North America region, most countries already implement NUPs. In contrast, about 40 per cent of the countries in Africa and Asia and the Pacific are currently in the stage of developing NUPs. However, the data show that some fast-urbanising global regions, such as the Arab States, are making serious efforts to put urbanisation on national agendas. Meanwhile, attention to climate change resilience and environmental sustainability is weakest, only 11 (10 per cent) of NUPs give extensive attention to climate change resilience and 28 (26 per cent) to environmental sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There is, however, a lack of efforts to provide learning and skills development programmes in tourism and concerted efforts to develop and enhance entrepreneurship activities. There is also scope to increase knowledge transfer from higher education institutions to the tourism industry. Higher education institutions could for example help SMEs to better access global markets. Policy measures and collaboration by universities and other tertiary education institutions are needed to ensure that SMEs do not miss out in their ability to compete with larger suppliers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The regulator-intermediary-target (RIT) framework exposes the potential for intermediaries to provide alternative channels for capture. In this article, I argue that the risk of capture can be mitigated through what I call regulatory stewardship—a novel conception of regulatory management that involves the intermediaries themselves monitoring the performance of one another. I explore regulatory stewardship by examining a new generation of human rights treaty innovation: the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture (OPCAT) and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). These instruments differentially formalize relations among intermediaries. I use their contrasting experiences to identify three factors central to effective regulatory stewardship: (1) the nature of the task environment, (2) the quality of rule frameworks, and (3) the approaches adopted by potential stewards in practice. This study argues for the importance of regulatory stewardship within RIT arrangements, particularly where targets are strongly motivated to resist implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Immigrant women comprised 22.7% of the self-employed population and their growth rate was 42.6% between 1991 and 1996 compared to 44.3% for women entrepreneurs in general (Adrien et al., Today, one in five self-employed women was not born in Canada and the pace of business creation among immigrant women has outpaced that of immigrant men by 30% over the past decade (CIBC, 2005). Canadian research states that on average, immigrant women tend to be younger and more educated than the Canadian population in general and immigrant men in particular (Adrien et al., One-third of the women between the ages of 25 and 44 who have arrived in Canada in the past decade are university graduates (CIBC, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Despite significant sustained total population growth (from 3.173 billion in 1990 to 4.345 billion in 2014), as of 2014, the average total electrification rate in the region was 90.3 per cent, up from 70.2 per cent in 1990.2 This amounts to more than 71 million people gaining access to electric power each year. Energy access is measured in the tiered-spectrum, from Tier 0 (no access) to Tier 5 (the highest level of access). Beyond Connections: Energy Access Redefined, ESMAP Technical Report,008/15. Significant market barriers prevent consumers and firms from purchasing cost-effective energy efficient equipment and appliances. The result is an energy efficiency gap in which the level of efficiency achieved is lower than the level judged to be optimal at prevailing market prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Although it does not directly state that hunting of endangered wild animals is permitted, according to the Government’s interpretation, commercial hunting of species included in the Red List is allowed. Restrictions included in the draft law are not enforced because there are no mechanisms to combat poaching (except in protected areas) or to control or monitor hunting. It is quite apparent that, in order to allow hunting in some reserves and national parks, a part of them may be transformed into managed reserves or other categories of protected areas. Furthermore, no payments or fees are envisaged by the present legislation for the collection of these products in commercial volumes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Thus, predictable social security programmes that target the most vulnerable, particularly small landholders, by providing a robust safety net, can stimulate investment in more productive human capital and technologies. By ensuring a basic level of consumption, such safety nets enable small landholders to engage in production strategies that are higher-return, albeit riskier from a subsistence-related point of view. Along similar lines, access to insurance and capital markets can assist local small landholders in coping with the possible negative consequences of extreme weather events and investing in new crops or in any relevant input that can help foster the process of adaptation to climate hazards. A diversified farming system can also have co-benefits: integrating horticulture and livestock, for instance, can enhance nutritional outcomes by improving rural households’ access to food from different sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
That means that 65% of the children entering primary school today could eventually work in jobs that do not yet currently exist. The 'Fourth Industrial Revolution' is also bringing advanced robotics, autonomous transport, Al and machine learning, all of which will have a major impact on the future labour market28. It has been estimated that 90% of future jobs will require ICT skills, and some 2 million new jobs will be created in the computer, mathematical, architecture and engineering fields.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This premise is tentatively supported by the quantile regressions of Fournier and Koske (2012) that reveal differences between the bottom and the top of the wage distribution. Low-income workers on temporary contracts indeed earn less than those on permanent ones, and this effect fades for workers that are better paid (Figure 7). Moreover, the cross-country panel analysis tentatively indicates that a larger gap between EPL on regular and temporary contracts is associated with more dispersed earnings (Table 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The initiative highlights the importance of recognizing interconnected regional ecosystems that require coordinated regional efforts to manage the challenges that traverse multiple countries. In addition, regional organization or mechanisms can contribute to a significant degree to more efficient utilisation of resources by contributing to enhanced collaboration between NFPs from the different Biodiversity-related Conventions. Despite lack of funding preventing regular attendance by all countries, the working group is regarded as a key partner by the UNEP Regional Office for West Asia (UNEP-ROWA) and Convention secretariats in order to conduct regional meetings in the most efficient and most effective way. The Working Group is a regional MEA mechanism under the auspices of the Arab League that meets annually and informs the advisory body and the secretariat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Three assumptions were used for each variable (low, medium and high). The medium assumption refers to the central assumptions used in the model. Under the low assumption scenario, both the estimated volume of services per treated case and health price inflation were reduced by 20%, and under the high assumption scenario, both variables were assumed to be 20% greater.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Management is required to ensure that standards of quality are maintained and management objectives accomplished, and determining acceptable levels of change in parks and protected areas is based largely on associated indicators and standards of quality [Manning and Anderson 2012). A large number of indicators exist around the world, and for an overview we recommend Manning [2007). Among the indicators frequently found in such systems are: number of visitors, number of campsites, length of trails, evidence of litter, impact on ground and vegetation, encounters, visitor facilities, behaviour of visitors, visitor expenditures, and visitor satisfaction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Such underbudgeting practice results in underfunding, which leads to the ultimate failure of the whole document. The ability to provide adequate financing from the state budget is still low, which makes the implementation of strategic documents heavily dependent on the availability of external funding support. The State Institution for Forestry and Hunting, the State Institution "Scientific-Research Institute for Forestry'" and the State Institution of Specially Protected Natural Areas were taken from the Committee on Environmental Protection towards the Forestry Agency. The NBBC currently displays on its website an online database "Flora, fauna and protected areas".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While the between-household component of consumption inequality has increased over the last decades, inequality within households has been decreasing due to the higher labor force participation of women. The question in the special module asks whether incomes are treated as “common resources” or “private resources". “ Common resource” means that any of the two adult (income earner or not) can freely use the money from the household income pool for his/her consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is extensive literature on this topic, and discussions are found in Fields (1995), Li et al. ( Most recently, Piketty (2014) shows that inequality in both the United States and in Europe may have actually followed a U-shaped curve in the twentieth century - contrary to what the Kuznets curve would suggest. Some of the progressive measures introduced in the post-war period were rolled back in the 1970s and 1980s (Piketty 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Their efficient management and sustainable use are key to economic growth and environmental quality. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Their distribution varies widely among and within countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Surveillance of cities is a major topic in contemporary urban sociology and criminology. Both threats to personal safety and new forms of social control such as video surveillance or the deployment of private security are seen as a menace for the traditional public character of the European city. On the one hand, surveillance can endanger anonymity in public places and access to public places as the two main characteristics of public space. On the other hand, personal fear of street crime also inhibits free access to public spaces. Otherwise the public discourse of a general decay of public space seems to be curtate. The dialectic between public and private sphere is a complex constitutional factor of European cities, and privatisation of public spaces, for example, implies more than just a legal transformation of a geographically restricted territory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The subsidy cannot be obtained directly because there are intervals in the years of transfer of completed houses. This report estimates yearly expenditure on subsidies of ETB 2.4 billion for each year of operation. Data from regional housing development offices show that combined spending by other regions averaged ETB 24 million between 2012/13 and 2016/17. This was the smallest of the focus areas in expenditure terms between 2012/13 and 2015/16, over which period spending grew by 5% per year on average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Gender scholars have argued that legal reforms against violence position women as victims in need of state help. Using data collected from 22 months of participant observation with survivors of domestic violence in India, I urge academics to re-theorize the relationship between legal reforms and women’s citizenship during an era of neoliberal governance. Burdened with administrative tasks, Indian law enforcement personnel manage new rights claims by displacing regulatory duties onto survivors and caseworkers. Women who have access to women’s organizations are able to take advantage of these changes and “save” themselves and other women from violence. This article shows how neoliberal governmentality, when combined with women’s organizing, has the potential to restructure women’s relationship to the state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The usurping of traditional medicines and knowledge from indigenous peoples should be considered a crime against peoples. Material culture is being used by the non-Indigenous to gain access to our lands and resources, thus destroying our cultures. As creators and carriers of civilizations which have given and continue to share knowledge, experience, and values with humanity, we require that our right to intellectual and cultural properties be guaranteed and that the mechanism for each implementation be in favour of our peoples and studied in depth and implemented. [ This respect must include the right over genetic resources, gene banks, biotechnology, and knowledge of biodiversity programs.]***
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The insurance company Swiss Re has a similar database (SIGMA). At the regional/national levels of planning, ‘actionable’ risk information commonly uses a mapping scale smaller than 1:1,000,000, while at the community municipality or provincial levels the scale can vary from 1:1,000,000 to 1:5,000. For project implementation at the field level, actionable risk information can use a scale of more than 1:2,000 (Table IV-2). Indonesia, for example, has an actionable multitier information system at national, provincial and district levels (Box IV-1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Malaysia has 32 special schools and 1,282 integration units which have separate classes for visually and hearing impaired students and students with learning difficulties. Most of these offer boarding facilities and 29,169 pupils attended them in autumn 2008. Physically disabled pupils are integrated into mainstream education if they can manage the system as it is: otherwise they stay at home.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some are forced to work, are trafficked for sex or become undocumented migrants. These experiences are shaped by the socioeconomic environment. In many countries young people are seeing their choices limited by economic insecurity, technological change, political uprisings, conflict (box 3.2) and climate change—which can transform enthusiasm and entrepreneurship into frustration and despair.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
AbstractThis research focuses on the European Union's (EU) public relations and public diplomacy efforts for immigrant integration. It uncovers the relationship between the EU and leaders of Turkish associations in Brussels, Belgium. In-depth interviews with Turkish association leaders reveal the way they see themselves and the Turkish diaspora, how they reflect on their national identities, and their understanding of EU public diplomacy and public relations strategies. The communication strategies Turkish associations use to gather information about immigrant integration and their opinions on EU communication strategies are also studied. In addition, the research investigates whether two-way communication exists between the Turkish associations and the EU, and unveils the strategic communication and public relations strategies the Turkish diaspora uses to influence public policy and to engage in lobbying.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Within agriculture, over two-thirds of fixed capital investments in 2011 went to crop production and were concentrated in the northern wheat region (Figure 1.9 and Annex Table 1.A.3). However, the annual rate of renewal of tractors is now 1%, 2.2% for harvesters, and 0.1% for tillage tools, which is far below the normal replacement rate for agricultural machinery of 5-8%. It should be noted that, for example in the northern region old machinery is being replaced by far more productive ones, which allows less machinery to be used on same land. Smaller machines are being replaced by larger ones which are better suited to the vast areas of the northern wheat region, and the old machinery is being moved from the north to the south.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2010, high-income countries - that accounted for only 16 per cent of the world’s population - were estimated to generate 55 per cent of global income.1 Low-income countries created just above one per cent of global income even though they contained 72 per cent of global population. An average gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of $ 2,014 in sub-Saharan Africa in 2010 stood out against regional GDPs per capita of $ 27,640 in the European Union and $ 41,399 in North America. One way of measuring international inequality is to examine the Gini coefficient of per capita incomes of countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Nutrition-sensitive and climate-smart agriculture interventions can tap local potential to promote agricultural productivity that meets nutritional requirements. These interventions will go beyond the promotion of current staple crops and include crops previously considered of secondary importance. Characteristically, NUS are nutritious, climate resilient, economically viable (in the right setting) and adapt to local conditions, especially in marginal areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This paper shows that the traditional equitable doctrine, which protected the rights of a prepaid buyer of future or unascertained goods, was wrongly perceived as being overruled by the judgment of a single Court of Appeal judge. What followed, however, was considerable judicial reluctance by English courts to remedy this error. The article examines various legislative and judicial approaches from major common law jurisdictions around the world that purport to lessen the potential for injustice created by this judicial caution. Yet despite legislative intervention in England to provide limited remedies, there has been a marked reluctance elsewhere to produce the necessary radical reform suggested by the Law Reform Commission of Ontario. The position in Ireland is examined and the authors note that the time may be ripe for a reconsideration of the current statutory provisions in that jurisdiction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Due to the growing interdependence of countries, international multilateral, multiple issue negotiations become increasingly important. Since there is a quasi-absence of hierarchy and majority voting in international relations, linkage politics is considered to be the mechanism of collective decision making and conflict resolution par excellence. We argue that the linkage metaphor can be neatly conceptualized with the political exchange model of James Coleman. Empirically, we provide an application to an EU intergovernmental conference on treaty reform. Descriptively, we focus on the interdependencies of actors and issues. Analytically, we test whether within-governmental conflicts weaken or strengthen the domestic supply chain (political support, credibility) for international negotiation delegations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)