albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
1. Finding a Role for Law In Asian Development Lucie Cheng, Margaret Y.K Woo and Arthur Rosett 2. Property Rights and Indigenous Tradition Among Early 20th Century Japanese Firms Yoshiro Miwa and J. Mark Ramseyer 3. Markets, Democracy and Ethnicity Amy L. Chua 4. Competing Conceptions of Rule of Law in China Randall Peerenboom 5. Transnational Labour, Citizenship and the Taiwan State Lucie Cheng 6. 'Us' and 'Them' in Korean Law: The Creation, Accommodation and Exclusion of Outsiders in South Korea Chulwoo Lee 7. Internal Migrants and the Challenge of the 'Floating' Population in the PRC Dorothy J. Solinger 8. Historical Roots of Stasis and Change in Japanese Legal education Kahei Rokumoto 9. Of Lawyers Lost and Found: Searching for Legal Professionalism in the People's Republic of China William P. Alford 10. Chinese Courts and Law Reform in Post-Mao China Stanley Lubman
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This includes assistance in service tender preparation and evaluation as well as facilitation of access to EU fiinding. Regional associations which consist of municipalities and county councils are responsible for managing final disposal facilities and transfer stations. This function is delegated to the county councils, including contracting for investments and operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Overall, according to the survey of female migrants from the CIS States, migration to the Russian Federation does not lead to multiple sexual partners, among those women who are married or cohabit, 81.3 per cent have sex with their husband, 1 per cent have another permanent sexual partner, 0.5 per cent have different partners, while 15 per cent do not have any sexual partner when in the Russian Federation (Tyuryukanova, 2011, p. 63). Female migrants from Central Asia face difficulties if they insist that a permanent partner use condoms (Agadjanian and Zotova, 2014). Limited awareness, in its turn, might lead to sexually transmitted infections, which are also brought back to the countries of origin (Renton and others, 2006), and to unwanted/ unexpected pregnancy. Pregnancy out of wedlock contradicts the norms of the Central Asian societies, thus, it results either in abortion or in unwanted children being left in the maternity clinic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, it went on to state that when large-scale health crises were to arise in the future, the UNMEER model would not be appropriate, and it strongly opposed the establishment of a United Nations mission. It pointed out that an emergency coordinator might be set up at the regional level for operations and that the Sub-regional Ebola Operation Coordination Centre (SEOCC) could have coordinated the Ebola response (WHO Ebola Interim Assessment Panel, 2015, para. For example, comments were voiced that cultural factors, such as traditional practices for the deceased, should also have been emphasized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article offers a narrative of the University of the Western Cape, South Africa, from the prism of the duality of language as a co-modality (with people, protest, policy and practices) for constituting the institution in whole or in part and as a reflection of its co-modalities. For its framing, the narrative eclectically draws on language politics and policy, a grammar of multilingual landscapes and the epistemology of linguistics. Besides contributing to a historiography of university language policies, the narrative has implications for language policy analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
From Empire to Community: A New Approach to International     Relations.  By Amitai Etzioni. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.     272p. $29.95.  Amitai Etzioni is a seasoned political sociologist and leading voice     in the communitarian program to offset the narcissistic and alienating     individualism of liberal modernity. Communitarians emphasize the affective     bonds that make community an indispensable feature of the human condition     and, thus, the local conditions within which individual human beings are     best able to understand and act on the common good. Notwithstanding     republican antecedents, communitarians have effectively abandoned the     universalistic tendencies of cosmopolitan Enlightenment republicanism to     rights-minded liberals. In doing so, most communitarians have neglected     international relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Aid for Trade (AfT) initiative has gained much popularity since its launch at the World Trade Organization’s Ministerial Conference in 2005, and there are ongoing discussions on its effectiveness and potential to improve the integration of developing countries into the world economy. This paper contributes to the debate by analyzing AfT in a political economy context. We find that the delivery of AfT is a precondition for trade reform and trade-enhancing rule-making in developing countries, and may cushion adjustment problems to trade liberalization.. Accordingly, AfT can be a catalyst of trade reforms domestically and internationally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It recommends a distinct set of actions on the basis of four types of settlements: agglomerations, cities of secondaiy importance (centres of oblasts), small towns and monotow ns. Most of the proposed actions were intended to revise legislation and create better conditions for uiban development. However, they were not fully realised. The RDP w,as extended by including sectorial programs, and the main implementation focus was switched to construction of infrastructure rather than development of institutional conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For example, they need training and development in the areas of management, marketing, accounting, industrial safety training, and perhaps technical training. University-based incubators mentioned that the majority of female graduates are not oriented to, or sufficiently informed about, the possibilities of creating an enterprise, preferring instead to work in a stable salaried job or in government. Others stated that they would have to increase aw'areness of the incubator among women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Girls’ faith in their science abilities also seems to vary with the type of task they are asked to perform. Chapter 7 in this report discusses evidence on women’s under-representation in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) subjects and careers, and emphasises the importance of programmes aimed at challenging gender-stereotypical attitudes and expectations and at building girl’s self-confidence in STEM fields. Governments must also tackle discriminatory norms, attitudes and practices through, for example, gender-awareness training, media programmes, and the endorsement of girls’ education by community leaders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The goal of the exercise is not to derive meaningful absolute values of stress and policy coverage, but rather to enable a comparison of the relative importance of the types of constraints and approaches used among regions. The computed indicators used for analysis are shown in Tables 4.A2.1 and 4.A2.2, with the correlation in Table 4.A2.3. Figures 4.A2.1 and 4.A2.2 provide an overview of the results with regions grouped by continent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Human capital is not only a determinant of economic growth and productivity, it is also one of social cohesion and well-being because with higher-level skills and quality jobs, people tend to live healthier. Rural areas of the state tend to be more marginalised than the urban, particularly metropolitan, areas. Territorial disparities are also noticed in students’ school performance as children living in the central and southern parts of the state tend to perform more poorly than those living in the northern part of Morelos.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The paper addresses national and international investment guarantee schemes proving political risk insurances as one element of international investment law. The paper proposes to frame the analysis of investment guarantees and poverty reduction in a human rights context. The normative basis for such a framework can be found in the international and potential extraterritorial dimension of economic and social human rights, in particular the right to an adequate standard of living. It is argued that states and international organisations offering investment guarantees are bound by these human rights and have positive obligations to support foreign investment which helps to reduce poverty and to refuse guarantees to projects which would contribute to or increase the risk of poverty. The contribution assesses the practice of different national investment guarantee agencies and of MIGA on a preliminary basis to establish if and how the respective states and international organisations fulfil these obligations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Article 32 provides, for the first time in a human rights treaty, a legal framework to sustain inclusive development requiring that international cooperation, including development programs, be inclusive and accessible to persons with disabilities. In line with the paradigm shift enshrined in the CRPD, the truly innovative approach of Article 32 is that international cooperation is directed towards the realization of the Convention’s purpose and objectives going beyond the traditional focus on economic, social and cultural rights. Under Article 32, international cooperation is not limited to north–south cooperation, including also north–north and south–south cooperation, and cooperation between States Parties and third States. It also involves universal and regional organizations, and DPOs’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Netherlands is often considered an extreme example of individualism and multiculturalism, two factors that many politicians and social scientists consider to be the main causes for the alleged decline in citizenship. In this paper, we examine Dutch citizens' conceptions of citizenship to test these negative expectations. We found the fear that a modern, individualistic, and diverse citizenry only care for their own rights to be misplaced, citizens were willing to exert effort to uphold the society they live in. Their efforts, however, were conditional upon returns in terms of a responsive government and in improvements to their individual lives. Communitarian, local, and rather submissive notions of citizenship were deeply shared – with a liberal twist among many migrants. We also found that ‘nationalist’ republican notions of citizenship awaken latent uncertainties and divisions among citizens rather than creating ‘new’ unity. This imagination of citizenship leaves Dutch society wanting for the delib...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This report outlines SWAPs for four countries that are all currently undergoing reform: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Morocco and Zambia. Such a SWAP is needed for all economies, and SWAP suggestions for China and the United States are also included with a focus of savings moved toward a just transition and energy efficiency. However, the work of implementing large-scale government reforms and a parallel redirection toward zero carbon and sustainable energy infrastructure projects is now needed - a massive switching off of fossil fuels subsidies and a switching on of government policies to support renewables and energy efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While this review focuses on national rural policies (including regional policies with a rural dimension), sectoral policies are also discussed. The following section outlines the rural policy environment, including the institutions at various scales and the main policy actors. Between 1795 and 1918, Polish territory was divided among three European powers - Russia, Prussia and Austro-Hungary - and each territory was subject to different legal, economic and political systems. For example, the enfranchisement of peasants took place decades apart in these territories and the provision of schooling differed significantly and was adopted at different times.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
All provinces and territories provide pre-primary education for 5-year-olds. School is compulsory until age 16 or 18, depending on the province or territory, and grade repetition is below the OECD average. Attainment in upper-secondary education is above the OECD average. Due to the structure of education systems in most Canadian provinces and territories, the proportion of students enrolled in vocational education and training (VET) programmes at upper secondary level is among the smallest in the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These charges are differentiated per crop and by region. For the gravity irrigation, charges are the highest for the Marmara region on average for all crops, namely USD 147 per hectare. In terms of the type of crop, water charge for greenhouses is the highest, with USD 172 per hectare for the whole of Turkey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The calculation method is shown on the positive list for each project type under the heading “methodology”. Therefore, the party in charge of a project simply needs to use the capture volume calculation formula shown there. The party carrying out the project monitors it in accordance with these guidelines, collects the data and calculates the results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Authorship is usually collective, but principal writers are named. Section 2 provides an overview of microfinance and its key elements. Next, Sections 3 and 4 examine the specific experiences to date with microfinance in Bangladesh and Nepal and the relationship between these activities and adaptation to climate change. These case studies provide the basis for a more nuanced and concrete discussion of the full range of linkages between microfmance and adaptation in Section 5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It has since been acknowledged that a wide range of plant and animal species depend on dead or dying wood for habitat (e.g. European otter) or as a food source (e.g. beetles). For example, in the United Kingdom up to a fifth of woodland species depend on dead or dying wood for all or part of their life cycle (Humphrey and Bailey, 2012). The amount of deadwood in forests is now increasingly used as a key international indicator of forest ecosystem biodiversity. With 5.7 m3/ha of standing and lying deadwood, Poland ranks fourth lowest among the 20 EU countries for which data are available (Forest Europe, UNECE, FAO 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The indicator is designed to measure whether residents are able to participate in the urban planning and management of their cities. Given the complex and subjective nature of participation, the indicator focuses on formal structures that are available for civil society. However, several steps have been taken to refine the methodology to internationally acceptable standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Second, the grant of asylum to the victims of such atrocities is increasingly not available, leading to greater numbers of internally displaced persons (IDPs) (Loescher, 2008: 50, Orchard, 2010: 41). Third, the decline of asylum has gone hand in hand with a shift from the protection offered by states (via the grant of asylum) to the less effective in-country aid and assistance offered by humanitarian organizations (Orchard, 2010: 41). It is worthwhile considering each of these challenges in more detail. As a matter of international law, forced displacement/forcible transfer/deportation can itself amount to: a breach of international humanitarian law (Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 1949: Art 49), a crime against humanity (Rome Statute Art.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The article deals with a wide-ranging legal and political conflict of considerable constitutional significance, the attempt by UK ministers to restrict formal challenge of asylum decisions using a variety of devices and the fierce and partly successful opposition that this engendered. The article examines the legal and administrative roots of the controversy, the anatomy of the government's generalised counter-attack or ‘revenge package’, the main juridical elements in the resulting public furore, and the character of the government's eventual retreat. In so doing, it raises, and elaborates on, a series of linked themes: the powerful dynamics of judicial review in this policy domain, the historical sense of a gathering storm in relations between ministers and judges, the practical interplay of rule of law arguments with developments in common law constitutionalism, and an expanded role for legal elements in the political process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The contemporary activism of Indigenous peoples in international institutions and networks is revealing new ways by which culturally and geographically distinct communities can interact and conduct international relations. In this paper, I argue that these contemporary diplomatic practices are grounded in the embedded diplomacy of classical Indigenous traditions. By examining the case of Indigenous Australian peoples, the paper shows how an alternative conception of diplomacy draws from Indigenous cosmology and is visible in the ways that Indigenous communities negotiated practices of mobility and exchange across communal boundaries. Part of the argument herein is that the very notion of diplomacy is a European convention, a way of denoting formal practices of encounter across boundaries. Orthodox accounts of diplomacy thus reinscribe modernity's desire for boundaries and categorization, privileging separation and distinctiveness rather than connection and relation. Not only by encouraging the reconstruct...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Semiannual Report" [online] http://www. The inclusion of these figures in this publication is meant to raise awareness of them and avoid the impression their absence might give rise to that their reliability was open to question. Accordingly, ECLAC produces estimates that use a common methodological structure to achieve the greatest possible regional comparability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As a result, for employers, non-regular employment is generally cheaper than permanent employment, in addition to providing enhanced employment flexibility. In 2003, a survey covering young people aged 20-35 found that over 70% of non-regular workers wished to become regular workers. Another survey covering people of all ages reported that only one-fifth wished to become regular workers, but the share of persons working in non-regular jobs because of “slim chance of obtaining regular employment” was considerably higher than in 1994 (reaching 20% for part-time workers, 32% for contract employees, and 38% for temporary agency workers). Indeed, there is a lack of movement between the “regular” and “non-regular” segments of the labour force, trapping large numbers of employees in low-paying, short-term jobs with limited coverage by the social safety-net and limited opportunities to enhance their human capital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Thus an exclusive focus on the liberalization of these existing products raises the risk of being locked into current patterns of international trade in technologically advanced climate change mitigation products (i.e. producers of technology and importers of that technology). Furthermore, the developing world is in search of both an economic and an environmental gain through these negotiations under the Doha Round - and rightly so (Lamy, 2008). However, most developing countries are hesitant to liberalize bound tariffs on dual-use products due to concerns about the adverse impact of such broader liberalization on their established domestic industries and jobs and, in some cases, on their tariff revenues (ICTSD, 2008, World Bank, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Generally, the period from 2000 to 2007 was a time of economic growth and macroeconomic stability, which allowed governments the fiscal and policy space to enable progress. It was even posited as the era that ended ‘boom and bust’, referred to as the ‘Great Moderation. Most commentators were therefore caught severely off guard after 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The most common plan generally offered was the service-specific data plan. Service-specific plans offer data bundles at discounted rates that give users access only to specific applications and sites, over a given web browser, and/or for a specified period of time. They are often part of operators' marketing strategies to increase their customer base by providing discounted access to popular sites and applications. In Bangladesh, Kenya and Colombia, customers can also 'earn' extra data, for example by watching a certain video, or by buying a specific device.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Importantly, the table includes a number of high-growth economies that have been more fully integrated into the world economy over recent years. Some common patterns emerge from detailed studies of the underlying determinants of inequality that can be seen to apply to a number of different countries. Education is human capital acquired over an individual’s life cycle and serves as an investment that pays returns in the form of wages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
And unlike the traditional goals that have gone before, these new goals are subject to a range of supra-national influences - such as globalization of markets and economic shocks, pollution, advances in information flows, instability and migration - and demand the attention of all countries, whether high-income or not, in collaboration. Ranks by goal are determined or standing across 1 or more indicators as outlined in the following sections of this paper. Statistical methods for compositing a can be found in Annex 1 of this paper.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On average, water tariffs allow coverage of operational and maintenance costs but a very limited share of new infrastructure investment, and there are wide variations in tariffs and operation efficiency across municipalities and service providers (MCid, 2014). As in other Latin American countries, a large share of distributed water does not generate revenue. Revenue is lower in poorer municipalities, partly due to social tariffs applied to low-income households, this may discourage investment in extending infrastructure where it is most needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Regrettably, concerned institutions tend to be weak in LDCs, as a consequence, workers suffer. To tackle the overhead cost burden from the migrants, many countries are now taking various initiatives. In a recent move, Bangladesh has signed an MoU with the government of Malaysia to send 35,000 workers in 2013 to that country under G2G arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The benefit of deposit return schemes for plastics recycling is that the material is collected by the retailers and returned to the manufacturer via reverse logistics, representing a potentially significant efficiency improvement. Deposit return schemes also yield a very pure, uncontaminated stream of recyclate, post-consumer waste can achieve quality levels much closer to those associated with post-industrial waste. An example provided by JRC (2014), describes a crate recycling system in Finland which was removed in 2008 as it created in international trade barrier.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In particular, these support schemes keep renewable energies to different degrees isolated from market signals. This section of the study reviews this interaction, i.e. how the different types of support schemes efficiently transfer economic and market signals in a liberalised market framework. In Europe for example, the cap-and-trade emissions trading system of the European Union, the EU ETS, cohabits with different national renewable support policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)