albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Further, ways to address the identified barriers and challenges are proposed. This will help in the development of recommendations to policy makers, researchers, international organizations, and other stakeholders. The analysis in the following is based on the SWOT-assessment above, needs expressed in (l)NDCs, and an identification of the most common opportunities and barriers for implementation of best practices expressed by the regional experts in the four developing regions assessed in this report (SSA, SA, SEA, and LA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Part 111 describes the methodologies employed in producing these estimates and explores methodological progress in tracking climate finance, providing greater clarity on reporting approaches. Part IV concludes and reflects on open issues that may be helpful in informing efforts to further improve the transparency and comprehensiveness of climate finance measurement and reporting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The structure of MSW generation, based on collected MSW, was estimated in the draft waste management plan for the period 2014-2020 (table 8.1). Results are shown in table 8.2. While MSW collection was estimated to cover 50 per cent of the population in 2004, this had increased to 76 per cent in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For example, according to NDHS, in 2006 the infant mortality average in Nepal for indigenous peoples was 55 deaths per 1,000 live births while the national average was 59.8 Viet Nam appears to be doing better in terms of reducing the infant mortality rate, but it has not been successful in reducing the disparity between its vulnerable ethnic minorities and the majority population. Given the highly variable information availability we have information on the indicators for only few countries. In South Asia, for example, Nepal provides a glimpse of the situation in all three aspects of child mortality based on the further analysis of the national data. For India, Mohindra and Labonte (2010) have analysed the time trend information from the National Family and Health Survey (NFHS-1), 1992-1993, NFHS-2, 1998-1999, NFHS-3, 2005-2006. Bennett and Dahal (2008) did same for Nepal using the data set generated from National Demographic and Health Survey 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In general, countries with high PHI financing shares tend to have low levels of out-of-pocket expenditures (OECD, 2004). Poland has some pre-paid schemes designed to overcome barriers in access to specialists, but they amounted to only PLN 2 billion in 2010, compared to PLN 99 billion for total health-care expenditures, PLN 60 billion for public health insurance and PLN 22 billion for out-of-pocket payments. For at least a decade these services have been offered to employees by some employers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Committee notes with concern that some States Parties, the constitutions of which guarantee equal rights, permit polygamous marriage in accordance with personal or customary law. This violates the constitutional rights of women, and breaches the provisions of article 5 (a) of the Convention.” Husbands who wish to marry another wife need to prove that their financial means are sufficient to maintain several marital homes at once.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Fortunately, the Public Health Strategy for 2014-20 (focussing on perinatal and neonatal health, mental health, cardiovascular, and oncological diseases as earlier mentioned), allocates considerable financial resources for health promotion and prevention activities, from both EU funds and state budget. While Latvia has already reduced acute hospital beds and closed a number of hospitals and emergency departments, more changes will be needed in order to secure high-quality care that represents good value for money. Difficult decisions and compromises will need to be made, continuing to balance the priority of assuring appropriate access to services for all Latvians, and the need to close hospitals with lower activity rates to promote quality and efficiency gains. A starting point w'ould be a comprehensive mapping of services (hospital, outpatient, community and primary), including service volumes, to assess where there is slack in the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Outside Baku and Sumgayit, as few as 33 operating industries are registered, the majority connected to agricultural production. According to State Statistical Committee data, recycled and consequently used water meets some 55 per cent of industrial water needs. Table 7.3 shows that industry also uses recycled water or so-called technical (untreated) water. Another important aspect to note is that the largest amount of w'ater consumption in industry occurs in the Aran region (87 per cent of the total in 2008), in particular in Mingechevir city (55 per cent), which is related to hydropower production, and Shirvan (30 per cent).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The positive change in the sex ratios since 1991 is due to many factors including improvements in the education of women, falling fertility rates and better health outcomes. At the same time, longevity increased due to better health facilities, improved socio-economic conditions and higher levels of education. The present population structure is due to the combined effect of all these factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This requires the close integration of the different active and passive labour-market policies, including unemployment insurance. A key dimension is that of increasing productivity, both by reassigning workers from one sector to another (structural change), and by making improvements within sectors. This requirement is due to the possible effect of high employment insecurity on confidence in political institutions, as well as the short- and long-term impact on the well-being of households, especially those with low income levels (ECLAC, 2010a: page 51). This also means not reversing course in respect of the labour advances achieved in the recent period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Migrants often face various types of discrimination. In a number of countries, there are no legal provisions to enable international migrants to acquire citizenship or the same rights as citizens, irrespective of their period of residence in the country. As a result, immigrants remain ineligible for specified jobs, owning property or setting up their own businesses, and may also be excluded from accessing basic social services. Legislation needs to be enforced to ensure the social integration of international migrants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Most Nordic development agencies are currently active in the country in supporting adaptation and resilience building activities through bilateral and multilateral channels. The central challenge here is to coordinate and streamline activities of the different donors and organisations in a way to increase their effectiveness and impact. Key for this development is the rapid and significant expansion of sustainable energy supply. To date, water plays a vital role as a primary source for energy generation in Ethiopia, where 95.6% of electricity is generated by hydropower (IEA, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Gender equality strategies in MENA countries (cont.) See National Strategy to Combat Violence against Women 2011-2019 MOWA. Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Palestinian Authority, Establishing clear responsibilities across government - Baluain, Egypt, Morocco, Palestinian Authority. As such, a bottom-up component in the development of the plan would ensure the participation of women and men from across the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
An assessment of the effectiveness of criminal law requires an initial discussion of what this concept means and what challenges the enforcement of criminal laws presents. In general, cost and effectiveness of criminal laws are difficult to ascertain. This holds particularly true for laws criminalizing activities relating to illicit drugs, such as their production, trafficking, possession, and consumption. With expectations of enforcement success often only ambiguously defined, costs insufficiently compiled, and the collateral effects of enforcement more damaging than the public health impact, drug law enforcement appears highly ineffective. This holds true for European countries as well as the United States. The enforcement of drug laws therefore remains of questionable value and may even negatively impact the standing of criminal law in its entirety.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The peak in expenditure on passive measures in 2000 reflects the rise in unemployment during the 1990s, while the subsequent fall - despite still rising unemployment - was also strongly influenced by the 2001 and 2003 reforms of the El system (see Chapter 4).158 There has also been a long-term trend reduction in expenditure on PES administration. Expenditure on other active programmes has increased roughly in line with GDP between 1990 and 2007, although near-stability of expenditure as a percentage of GDP contrasts with the increase in the unemployment rate. Total expenditure in FY 2006 and FY 2007 on active programmes other than PES and administration was about JPY 250 billion. This was mainly for the “Hometown Employment Revitalization Special Grant” (to “conduct projects that will create stable job opportunities for regional jobseekers”: JPY 250 billion) and the “Emergency Job Creation Programme” (temporary jobs of less than six months, created by prefectural governments or Silver Human Resource Centres, “for non-regular workers and middle-aged and older people, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
ABSTRACTThis article contributes to conceptualizations of the pedagogical state by analyzing judicial spaces, beyond the courtroom, as key sites of citizenship formation. I explore pedagogical sessions organized by a judicial structure in France, whose geographical proximity to seemingly non-integrated populations in the banlieue allows it to teach them the laws, rules, and institutions that support citizenship. I argue that the pedagogical court seeks to construct governable ‘passive ordinary citizens’ whose main duty is to embody and practice the basic rules of socialization – respect for others and the rule of law – in their ordinary lives as a strategy of crime prevention. In that sense, courts are able to redefine not only the procedural but the substantive elements of citizenship as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While new cross-country time-series evidence suggests that technological change has contributed to a rise in earnings inequality, the choice of specification matters for the significance and size of the effect and also for where in the earnings distribution the impact is most pronounced (see Box 1, Table 1 and OECD, 201 la). Early empirical studies were based on the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, which predicts that trade increases the real return for the factor with which a country is most abundantly endowed. However, the theorem proved to be inconsistent with the evidence and in particular, the observed rise in inequality in low-income countries (e.g. Goldberg and Pavcnik, 2007, Feenstra, 2008, Stone and Cavazos, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The United States, Brazil and Argentina will remain the principal exporters, but Canada, Uruguay and Paraguay are expected to increase their role. Ukraine is projected to be the only country outside the Americas exporting large quantities of oilseeds. More than 60% of all vegetable oils exports continue to originate from Indonesia and Malaysia, as these two countries contribute significantly to an almost 30% growth of global vegetable oil trade over the outlook period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Energy savings amounted to between 40 and 60 percent, which translated into a total annual savings of nearly 8.5 million kWh, as well as a 6,700-ton reduction in CO2 emissions. The project has altered the Government's backing scaled-up renovations with the funding of European Union structural funds. How Danish communal heat planning empowers municipalities and benefits individual consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
One alternative is to prepare an exclusion index that considers the dimensions that are most relevant for the population (having a trade or profession, own income, higher education and property/ house/land) and use the importance that people attach to each of these dimensions as a weighting criterion.33 Another possibility is to construct a subjective exclusion indicator based on perceptions of the activities people need to engage in to avoid being excluded. For further details see tables I.A-S and l. Nonetheless, this requires better definition of the categories, particularly since people do not necessarily see inclusion or exclusion as dichotomous.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
ABSTRACTElectoral authoritarian regimes usually preserve the dominance of the ruling party through electoral fraud, violence and intimidation. This paper focuses on the subtler forms of manipulation that undermine the electoral integrity and democratic outcomes. Specifically, we examine how an unusual electoral rule, involving multimember districts elected through plurality bloc voting for party slates, exaggerates the legislative seat shares of the People’s Action Party (PAP) in Singapore. This rule, used also by other electoral authoritarian regimes, facilitates the manipulation of district magnitude and gerrymandering, especially the ‘stacking’ form, to produce a large disproportionality which distorts the seats–votes linkage. It operates in an undemocratic fashion by precluding the opposition from gaining anything but token seats as long as the PAP remains the plurality-winning party. The importance of this electoral rule and its manipulation has been overlooked in current work that emphasises redistr...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It also establishes sectoral policies which have spatial implications in the areas of economic attractiveness and competition, transportation, local digital development, public services and finally, higher education and research. The Ministry of Housing and Territorial Equality also has an important role to play in shaping spatial policy objectives at the local level. This is a particularly French institution, although it also exists in Chile, w'here a national official exercises direct authority in parallel with local elected government on various matters, some of which have overlapping jurisdiction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There is also some experience in collective estimation of climate finance in the UNFCCC context. In particular, the OECD (2015a) developed the first estimate of mobilised climate finance — which also entailed developing a methodology to ensure the avoidance of double-counting, as well as of attributing climate finance mobilised multilaterally to developed countries. To accommodate different ways and types of providing finance, these reporting formats could encourage Parties to provide more contextual explanations. Reporting on climate finance provided to developing countries by other developing countries would help to increase recognition of this increasingly significant source of climate finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The scope and scale of primary care services were progressively replaced by unified general practice (GP) physicians supported by nurses and other staff. These units are now responsible for the care of patients within defined geographical catchment areas ranging from 1 700 to 2 500 persons. The units also focus on health promotion and disease prevention emphasising the use of primary care physicians as gatekeepers to specialists and other medical services as well as continuity of care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article examines the deferential approach to judicial review of the legislative process as adopted by the Court of Final Appeal in Leung Kwok Hung v The President of Hong Kong Legislative Council. Through a comparative analysis, it explains that the underlying basis on which the doctrines of separation of powers and the parliamentary privilege of exclusive cognizance, and the corresponding principle of non-intervention, are significantly different in Hong Kong. Given Hong Kong’s semi-democratic system under the “one country, two systems” rubric, it argues for a less traditional allocation of power between the different institutions of government and a more assertive judiciary vis-a-vis the legislature. Moreover, it suggests the necessity of developing a human-rights-based approach to the adjudication concerning the non-intervention principle in order to maintain its common law system with liberal principles under the “one country, two systems” rubric.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The countries within the basin provide a compelling example of transboundary data exchange. Several challenges arose for harmonization, including developing a common methodology. The Lithuania-Belarus joint assessment of the current status of climate change for 1961-2010 addressed this issue by using a common information platform and database when estimating annual average air temperature and precipitation increases. These data were incorporated into models projecting annual average air temperature and precipitation changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The amending act included provisions to improve treatment and care for people dependent on drugs. It allowed for the management of drug dependence, and in that context legitimized opioid substitution, maintenance and other tertiary services. The amending act also repealed the mandatory imposition of the death penalty in case of a repeat conviction for trafficking large quantities of drugs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The TFA gives policymakers a powerful tool to reduce physical trade costs. The analysis in this 2017 edition of the publication extends consideration of trade costs into the area of e-commerce. Full implementation of the TFA could reduce trade costs by an average of 14.3%, and by more than 16%, for many African countries and LDCs (WTO, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They have the potential to overcome fragmented policy silos, for example, by integrating ecological dimensions into social policy (as discussed in chapter 2 in relation to cash transfer and public works programmes), or by integrating social components into green economy approaches. Costa Rica provides a relatively successful example of eco-social development in which the state has played a fundamental role in incorporating people into markets and social systems by promoting productive (often public) employment and universal social policies.70 In addition, Costa Rica was an early promoter of environmental sustainability and, in 1997, among the first countries to adopt a national PES scheme for forest conservation and regeneration. With regard to climate change, Costa Rica is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 2005 levels by 2021 and achieving a carbon neutral economy by 2085.74 In order to effectively tackle climate change, the government has put in place a comprehensive policy package addressing issues of both mitigation and adaptation and underlining the need for an integrated focus on energy and climate policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This means that it is possible to work with key stakeholders and gain experience in the development of water-sharing regimes in a few trial areas. Trading in entitlements and in allocations would be allowed and encouraged. Once experience is gained and the capacity to manage the transition from the current regime to a more flexible one is improved, the approach could then be rolled out across all regions in the Netherlands where water use needs to be limited, as appropriate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A series of country barrier studies are underway or have been undertaken in Latin America and the Caribbean (for example, see Government of El Salvador, 2012) to identify country specific capacity gaps, while supporters and providers are assisting countries in developing project pipelines. Provider agencies are also coupling finance with technical assistance to increase in-country capacity to access and direct climate finance. They explained that working with local government and NGOs can help to ensure that finance is targeted to the needs of the poor or to those who are the most vulnerable to climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The export of fish products from Denmark was valued at DKK 24.3 billion (USD 3.6 billion) in 2015. The activities of the Danish fisheries and aquaculture sectors account for 0.1% of the gross domestic product (GDP), whereas the entire fisheries sector including also fish processing, wholesale and retail branches accounts for 0.3% of the GDP. Volumes reported provide an indication of production magnitude and trend. Data may be heterogeneous and not directly comparable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Foster capacity-building at all levels of government. This implies combining investment in physical water and sanitation “hard” infrastructure with the provision of “soft’ infrastructure, which is essentially the institutions upon which water outcomes rely. The development of skills, technical expertise and knowledge and the availability of staff and time are preconditions for effective governance of water policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Accelerating investment in public transport is the backbone of all urban green growth strategies. However, given the demand for travel and the increasing dependency on automobiles, a multidimensional approach and policy alignment across governments are crucial. A number of specific RE technologies show particular potential for development. Meanwhile, the Thai government should continue to roll back fossil fuel subsidies and gradually increase the carbon tax on transport fuels and electricity, in proportion to their relative carbon intensity, to reflect their real cost to society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The decision was made to merge research and innovation policies in the subsequent plan initiated in 2005. With hindsight, the pros and cons of separate plans may also have facilitated the ministerial restructuring that took place a few years later in 2007 with the creation of the Ministry of Innovation, Universities and Enterprise entrusted with a more comprehensive oversight over the implementation of R&D and innovation policy. Its lines of actions focus in an integrated way on the factors that impinge on the performance of the Catalan S&T and innovation system as a whole and, more generally, on the competitiveness of the Catalan economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
1. Theories of International Relations: Introduction Manuela Spindler and Siegfried Schieder 2. Realism Andreas Jacobs 3. Neorealism Niklas Schornig 4. Interdependence Manuela Spindler 5. Regime Theory Bernhard Zang 6. Neofunctionalism Thomas Conzelmann 7. New Liberalism Siegfried Schieder 8. Liberal Approaches to the "Democratic Peace"Andreas Hasenclever 9. The English School Christopher Daase 10. World Society and Globalization Ingo Take 11. The Theory of Imperialism Michael Heinrich 12. World-System Theory Andreas Nolke 13. Neo-Gramscian Perspectives Andreas Bieler and Adam David Morton 14. International Political Economy Hans-Jurgen Bieling 15. Social Constructivism Cornelia Ulbert 16. Critical Theory Christoph Humrich 17. Postmodern Approaches Thomas Diez 18. Feminist Approaches Barbara Finke 19. Critical Geopolitics Mathias Albert, Paul Reuber and Gunther Wolkersdorfer
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)