albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In this paper, we situate the recent rise of racialized and often violent political discourse within a framework of a class-based conception of nature and property. In this theoretical work, we contribute to thinking about how Whites are racially constituted by showing how an understanding of whiteness among the far right is significantly linked to narratives surrounding rural spaces as havens of individualism and in sharp contrast to the perceived multiculturalism of the city. In developing our argument, we utilize public statements made by Ted Nugent as observable examples of this far-right, violent, and racialized rhetoric. We argue that the far right is able to create a common ground with moderate conservatives around a shared understanding of rural places as embodiments of virtuous white culture, private property, and individualism. This politicized whiteness project, we argue, helps to galvanize and strengthen a conservative coalition while simultaneously pulling their collective ideology further to...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
From the destruction of the twin towers on 11 September 2001 to the failure of trade discussions at Cancun in September 2003, issues are raised that not only concern large swathes of the world's population, but can only be adequately resolved by increased coordination and cooperation across borders. How such coordination and cooperation can be achieved, and how and to whom there should be accountability, are the themes of this article. The article is in six parts. The first part sketches the contemporary nature of global politics, the second examines problems and dilemmas of global public policy-making, the third explores how global governance can be strengthened, the fourth sets out the framework of a cosmopolitan polity which would place democratic accountability at its centre, the fifth unfolds a related concept of multilayered citizenship, and the final part explores the underlying cosmopolitan principles of the argument.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Of the 4.3 million deaths worldwide attributed to household air pollution in 2012, 80 percent were in Asia and the Pacific. Globally, household air pollution is the second-most important health risk factor for women and girls. Sixty percent of all premature deaths attributed to household air pollution occur in women and children. Policy interventions should urgently address the need to transition to clean energies while acknowledging the gendered dimensions of control over the allocation of resources within households. The thrust of national energy polices in the Asia-Pacific region has largely been on electrification, but with almost no mention of gender-based realities, particularly gender inequalities. The energy sector employs considerably fewer women than men and mostly in administrative jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is therefore evident that current patterns of consumption and production are environmentally unsustainable and socially inequitable. Economic growth, human development and wellbeing would need to be substantially decoupled from resource use and environmental impact (UNEP, 2011). Achieving gains in decoupling will not happen spontaneously, but will require well designed public policies that enable economic restructuring toward sustainable consumption and production and resource efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
They have facilitated their access to secondary education and their success at school by mobilising the financial, technical and human resources needed to meet their particular educational needs and by developing educational systems that seek to ensure the success of every student regardless of his or her particularities. However, access to tertiary education for young adults with disabilities is not as smooth as it is for other young adults, particularly for those with psychological or behavioural problems. These difficulties are attributable in particular to a lack of synergies between the actors involved in the process of transition to tertiary education, the lack of training of these actors, and the inadequacies of the tools and statistical data required for the development of integrated systems of transition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the Plurinational State of Bolivia, the percentage of indigenous people is twice as high in the first quintile as in the fifth (76% against 36%). In the countries analysed, over half the indigenous population is in the first two income quintiles. The exception is the Plurinational State of Bolivia, where the indigenous population is particularly large and fairly evenly spread across quintiles. A particularly striking case is Ecuador, where 48% of the indigenous population is in the first quintile. This is because under the first of these systems, having the possibility of securing more seats, parties try to include candidates from different social sectors to reach a wider electorate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Le chomage est Tune des principales raisons du recul des revenus des menages. Le systeme de prelevements et de transferts contribue a soulager fortement les inegalites et la pauvrete. Le systeme fiscal est fortement progressif, et il est probable que les reformes recentes font rendu encore plus progressif. Les transferts, en particulier les prestations autres que les pensions, reussissent assez bien a reduire les inegalites et la pauvrete. Le systeme educatif devrait mieux soutenir les etudiants en risque de decrochage afm de reduire les taux de redoublement et d'abandon, tandis que faugmentation des effectifs dans les classes serait un moyen raisonnable de generer des economies sans compromettre trop les apprentissages. En developpant fenseignement professionnel et la formation des adultes, notamment dans le contexte de politiques actives du marche du travail, on pourrait offrir il de nombreux menages la possibility d'acceder a de meilleurs revenus, ce qui aboutirait a une distribution des revenus plus equitable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Cash transfers - such as pensions, unemployment and child benefits - account for more than three quarters of the overall redistributive impact, and taxes for one quarter. However, there are large differences across the OECD in the size, composition and progressivity of taxes and cash transfers (Joumard et al., On the transfer side, pensions account for the bulk of total transfers in most but not all countries (Figure 5.7). They primarily aim at redistributing income over the lifetime of individuals - those with higher incomes contribute more but will also receive higher pensions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Downstream from the agricultural sector, the production of biofuels has generated a significant new market for agricultural commodities — particularly, but not exclusively in North America, Brazil and Europe — and much of the increased production and use of biofuels has been stimulated by policy incentives, motivated by a variety of perceived or actual benefits. Most importantly, subsidies to the fertiliser industry aim at reducing fertiliser prices in India and Indonesia, while subsidies to fertiliser users help farmers in the Russian Federation and China. In these four countries, public support is estimated to reduce fertiliser costs to farmers by between 5% and 68% below production costs. On the biofuel side, support to consumers — notably in the form of tax rebates or exemptions — is found to be widely applied in most of the countries covered, with government-mandated blending of biofuels with petroleum fuels (“biofuel mandates”) also driving biofiiel use in many of them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Developing and emerging countries with a low labour force participation rate of females can benefit from this. The process of structural transformation can be intensified through the process of diversification, massification and decreasing prices. Better pay jobs provided by the industrial sector increase workers' disposable income, modifying common demand patterns. Higher aggregated consumption leads to an increase in the economy's income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Multiculturalism, which clearly has major implications for any discussion of cultural rights, has become a very contested field. This chapter explores the relationship between cultural diversity and cultural rights, and the relationship of both to realization of culturally and politically democratic society. Globalization has brought about the paradoxical situation of the growing awareness of and contact with other cultures, combined with pressures toward homogenization and the supposed superior status of certain examples. This chapter explores these issues in relation to emerging concepts of citizenship generated not only by multiculturalism, but also by the ecological crisis and the search for sustainability. It links this to debates initiated in the previous chapters on the possibility of a global ethics and the place of values in debates about cultural rights in the context of diversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Critical areas from which higher public investment can attain both short-term and long-term objectives are employment guarantee schemes linked to active labour market programmes (ALMP), social protection, including income support for elderly and persons with disabilities, education, health and renewable energy for energy security. A government employment guarantee, linked to ALMP, is an important instrument to cushion the business cycle and preserve skill sets of the workforce. Besides being an automatic stabilizer, it can preserve skilled labour during the time of economic slowdown to be available when economic conditions improve.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For example, an evaluation of the financing gap to meet the MDGs and potential ways to bridge was recently conducted in the context of the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD), a multi-donor initiative led by the World Bank. This evaluation showed that whereas middle-income countries in SSA may be able to reduce the financing gap to almost nothing thanks to performance improvements, the financing gap was likely to remain at a very substantial level in fragile states (see Box 3.1). For the water and sanitation sector, the study evaluated the financing gap to reach the MDG target and how such gap could be filled from existing or future sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These considerations apply to our gender analysis as well. International support is fundamental to gender-progressive change in conflict and post-conflict, but gender agendas are not necessarily shaped bearing in mind the conflict context and the needs of women and LGBTs on the ground. The Bosnia case proves that the most effective organizations in bringing about progressive gender change are those that are deeply rooted in local communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, the breakdown is heterogeneous across the different countries in the region (Map 3.7). In 2010, the NAP/AP was above 1 in 10 countries, including all countries of the Gulf of Guinea: Benin, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo. This relationship implies that the probability of belonging to the agricultural sector declines with the size of the city. The parameter p is the elasticity of the NAP/AP ratio of an urban centre of size V compared to the variable U/R. This formula expresses the second assumption of the model: the more developed an economy, the more urbanisation, represented by the U/R ratio, is advanced, and the more the agricultural fraction of the population of a town of a given population is low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In this paper I interrogate the relationship between environmental science and local governance in the United Kingdom. Effectively linking science and policy is critical to sustainable planning, and within the rhetoric of evidence-based policy it is often assumed that science conducted in a locality will feed linearly into the governance of that locality. This assumption is unpacked through the detailed study of an end-user-oriented environmental research project. I argue that the reproduction of separate scientific and political spheres prevented the research from being relevant to the governance of that locality. Theoretical and practical approaches to the spatialities of the research–policy interface are considered in order to politically reconstruct the local as a meaningful field of environmental governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Results-based management is a cornerstone of reform in public administration, including the health field, and has become the basis for other innovations such as the institutionalization of management contracts and the use of professional incentives. This review article aims to introduce and discuss the use of such management contracts in the public health sector. Management by results has developed means and tools that highlight the importance of shared responsibility and mutual commitment between workers and management-level directors. Thus, preset goals are negotiated among all the stakeholders and are evaluated periodically in order to grant professional incentives. It is necessary to improve the mechanisms for control and observation, to more precisely determine the healthcare and management indicators and their patterns, to train stakeholders in designing the plan, and to improve the use of professional incentives in order to effectively increase accountability vis-a-vis the desired results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Mortality from several forms of cancer (e.g. colorectal cancer and breast cancer) and diabetes increased between 2005 and 2014, reflecting the impact of population ageing and lifestyle factors. People with the lowest level of education are more than twice as likely to live with asthma, hypertension and diabetes than those with higher education. ‘ A substantial gap exists in self-rated health by socioeconomic status: 71% of people in the highest income quintile reported to be in good health in 2015 compared with just 53% of people in the lowest income quintile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In a globalizing world where transnational terrorism poses a serious threat to the security of many people, the Westphalian system of state sovereignty based on the sanctity of borders is increasingly obsolete. Today’s counterterrorism efforts have yielded to sovereignty rhetorically while routinely violating it in practice—this is unsustainable, and a new definition of sovereignty is called for. This chapter proposes building on the precedent of the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) paradigm, which redefined sovereignty as a form of citizenship that entails responsibilities as well as rights, and asserts that the international community should recognize a further responsibility of states to curb any transnational terrorism that emanates from within their borders. The chapter concludes by stipulating that coercive regime change should not factor into upholding the rehashed sovereignty norm, but that a failure to prevent transnational terrorism could result in partial loss of sovereignty as nations respond to the threats against them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Overwhelmingly, there appears to be national consensus in making quality and safety a policy priority. This is marked by an improving culture of transparency and a move towards compulsory standards and hospital accreditation. This work needs to be evaluated and refined to ensure that quality improvement evolves from measurement to change management. While much of the attention has been on hospitals, quality in primary health care has received less consideration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
That the Law is never frozen in time and space is quite a trivial insight – but one, however, that is nonetheless particularly true for the area of international human rights law and the jurisdiction to see human rights norms respected and enforced. No less is it true for international criminal law and European law. It is, of course, true at the intersection of these three fields of the law as well, exactly the place I intend to explore in this paper. And, as we shall see, poetry, that rarely unveiled subtext of the law, is never steady in its foundations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The country is recovering from the effects of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak combined with the drop in international export prices for Liberia’s traditional engines of growth - iron ore and rubber - to slow economic growth in 2015 to 0.4%. Public infrastructure projects and the commencement of gold production will support estimated GDP growth of 2.8% in 2016, but the drawdown of the United Nations peacekeeping force will reduce demand for services while requiring the government to assume full responsibility for the security sector and its costs. Energy production will gradually increase through 2018, but improved management of the sector will be necessary to maximise considerable investments and sustain service delivery.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The phenomenon of ‘corruption by organised crime’ is the subject of increased attention from policymakers in the UK. This focus is notable, given the limited political and academic consideration of the scope and meaning of this intersecting term. Both ‘organised crime’ and ‘corruption’ are difficult notions to pin down, definitionally and empirically, and such complexity is compounded by their conjunction. In this article, I problematize the dominant conceptualization of ‘corruption by organised crime’, and suggest that it is questionable in an abstract as well as operational sense. Given the ambiguity of the constituent concepts, as well as the implications for the development of criminal justice policy and law, I call for caution in its use. Instead I propose that we refer, and thus respond, to specific manifestations of corrupt practices for different criminal ends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Average farm size in China has been at slightly more than half a hectare for some time around 0.6 hectares. More interestingly and important in terms of improving family welfare, the average dependence of farm families on production income has steadily declined in China, and now represents less than a third of household total income (Huang, Wang and Qiu, 2012). Non-farm income shares for Chinese farm households increased from 33.7% in 1985, to 63% in 2000, to 70.9% in 2010 (Table 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Article 198, the law defines ‘marital rape’ as any act of sexual intercourse committed by one spouse on the other by violence, threat or trickery. The penalty for ‘marital rape’ is found in Article 199, where is provided that such a person shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of at least two (2) months but less than six (6) months and a fine of one hundred thousand (100,000) to three hundred thousand (300,000) Rwandan francs or one of these penalties. If ‘marital rape’ results in an ordinary disease, the offender shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of six (6) months to two (2) years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The fundamental aim of the project is to build a network of environmental analysis through transferring analytical techniques into rapidly developing East Asian countries and to contribute to the environmental governance in the region. The role of the project was also expanded to better implement multilateral environmental agreements like the Stockholm Convention on POPs in the region. International symposiums and conferences, as well as specialized training seminars, have successfully been held each year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In the international arena have evolved the obligations agreed to at the various instruments in the field of human rights and the performance parameters and protection of the bodies to ensure its effectiveness. And while the signing of a treaty and the submission to the jurisdiction of the Inter-American Court are decisions that a State adopts the equation form within the exercise of sovereignty, once marked that and accepted this, the court is entitled to compare if it meet the obligations. In case negative dictates a judgment restorative, final and unassailable. Occasionally the rules and criteria that govern its contentious activity are questioned, it argues uncertainty in their competence and overstepping its powers, despite his judgments are compliant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In terms of absolute values, there is thus no “correct” value for the employment-to-population ratio, for example, no clear correlation is found between a country’s per capita GDP and its employment rate. In addition, an upward movement of this indicator is not necessarily positive as regards poverty reduction. In any case, the employment rate in Latin America climbed between 1990 and 2006, primarily because more women entered labour markets and found work. However, since 1990 employment rates have decreased for men and increased for women, as more women enter the labour market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Pensions at a Glance, however, shows pension benefits as a share of individual lifetime average earnings (revalued in line with economy-wide earnings growth). In the standard assumption of the OECD pension models, a person’s income grows in line with economy-wide average earnings, which means that using the last or average lifetime income will yield the same result. A simple starting point is to say that standards of living in retirement should be the same as those enjoyed during working life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While the responsibility of States and, in more recent times, corporations, has been thoroughly discussed in relation to human right~, a new stage of evolution may be emerging in relation to the liability of the financial backers of an enterprise that is accused of human rights abuses. This article considers the basis in international law for such emerging liability and examines some of the legal avenues used in recent domestic litigation against financial institutions. The article concludes by examining some of the relevant instruments of 'soft' international law and notes that although there is little in the way of concrete legislation or judicial precedent that would hold financial institutions responsible for the actions of those they invest in, the potential for the law to evolve in that direction is clear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The percentage of 15-year-old students who attended early childhood education (ISCED 0) for less titan two years are added into brackets next to the country's name. Low performers may be able to use basic or everyday scientific knowledge to recognise or identify aspects of familiar or simple scientific phenomena. However, they also often confuse key features of a scientific investigation, apply incorrect scientific information and mix personal beliefs with scientific facts in support of a decision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As the OECD project on school leadership suggested, career development prospects as well as salary scales for school leaders that are separate from teachers’ salary scales and that reflect leadership structures and school-level factors may help attract high performing leaders to all schools (Pont et al., Using appraisal results to inform career advancement may help make appraisal for accountability more effective and meaningful. It is, however, important to bear in mind that research on the effects of such systems that tie appraisal to career advancement is scarce. This requires reliable indicators and clear appraisal aspects and criteria, training for evaluators and due consideration for the context in which a school leader works. Depending on the country context, this refers to concepts such as the school principal in Australia, Canada and the United States or the headteacher in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)