albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
All these losses add up and electricity companies are seriously weakened when their service is not paid for. Although theft takes place just as often in urban centres as in rural areas, measures to control and reduce electricity theft are more difficult to apply in rural areas. The introduction of India's 2003 Electricity Act, a law in which theft is considered a criminal offence heavily penalised, dissuades electricity thieves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The TAC system established in 1996 and the TAE (Total Allowable Effort) system in 2003 are the main tools for Japanese output controls. Under this system, the national and prefectural governments foimulate resource-management policies, and based on policies, fisher’s organisations create resource-management plans and implement them. It is a campaign as public-private collaboration with overall fishing industry such as fishing operators, processors, distributers, administrations, etc.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Nevertheless, some important associations emerge. For example, child poverty rates are higher when both the average household size and the adolescent fertility rate are higher, while the share of the population living in rural areas is negatively associated with relative child poverty. Having said that, only changes in the adolescent fertility rate share a negative association with within country trends in child poverty rates, which suggests that the decline in teenage pregnancies observed across the OECD in recent decades has contributed to reducing child poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This is an important distinction as it reflects the reality of variable capacities across countries and regions, and also recognises that there are strong needs at all phases from research data collection through to the assimilation and mainstreaming of the knowledge gained into decision-making. They were initially few in number and mainly fisheries biologists by specialisation. During the 1980s and 2000s, more marine scientists from a spectrum of disciplines (both in natural and social science) were trained.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The first part assesses basic characteristics of female entrepreneurship in India, while the subsequent sections analyse key determinants of female entrepreneurship based on the literature, and test their importance at the state level in India with the support of regressions on panel-data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It could be complemented by means such as guarantees which can leverage contributions from financial institutions. Subsidy rates should take due account of possible crowding out and windfall profits. In the rules governing the financing of programmes or projects the possibility of a premium (priority or higher rate of subsidy) for collaborative ventures should be systematically considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A literature review conducted by the OECD finds that there is robust evidence that open economies are richer and more productive than closed economies and that the studies that most convincingly establish this link find that an increase in the share of trade in GDP of one percentage point raises the income level by between 0.9% and 3% (Nordas et al., Irwin (2002) concludes that despite shortcomings in method and measurement, cross-country studies of growth suggest that economies with more open trade policies tend to perform better than those with more restrictive trade policies. He cites historical experience from South Korea, which liberalised its trade policies in the 1960s, Chile, which liberalised in the 1970s, and India, which liberalised in the 1990s. The steady reduction in trade barriers, particularly in manufactured goods, has enabled them to rapidly integrate into world markets through an export-led industrialisation processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It identifies ten levels of learning achievement, and includes three sub-frameworks covering: i) General and Further Education and Training Qualifications, ii) Higher Education Qualifications, and iii) Trades and Occupations Qualifications. It is expected that these reforms should help to improve articulation, and to support more effective career guidance and recognition of prior learning, while also improving co-ordination across the different institutions and shareholders involved in the educational system. However, this approach has become a source of concerns for many countries, which increasingly question its rigidity. Increasingly, therefore, countries are implementing smoother learning recognition approaches, which enable job seekers to put a stronger emphasise on the actual work experience and training of job candidates, rather than the formal learning routes followed and outcomes, In this light, Box 4.6 presents the two interesting experiences being pursued by the United Sates and Iceland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Overall, costs of air pollution from carbon-based sources are orders of magnitude higher than those from non-carbon-based ones, and the air pollution costs of coal-based electricity are much higher than those from other carbon-based fuels (see Table 5.1 below). From 2005 until 2014, S02 emissions from electricity generators under the US Environmental Protection Agency’s trading programmes have thus fallen by 69% from approximately 10 million tonnes to 3 Mt and NOx emissions by 55% from approximately 3.6 Mt to 1.6 Mt in the same time frame. In comparison, road transport accounts for 53 000 deaths per year. The electricity sector also accounts for 38% of NH3 (ammonia) emissions and 70% of S02 (sulphur dioxide) emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The gender segregation in the Alandic labour market may be illustrated by drawing a list of the ten most popular types of jobs among men and women respectively: only three job types appear on both lists, namely in the restaurant business, sales and the insurance and financial sector (ASUB 2013: 4, 16). All other professional groups are strongly gender segregated, and there are no apparent signs of changes (ASUB 2013: 4). The typical firm being a family business with just a couple of employees, busy within different activities, or even within different industries. When it comes to business start-ups, most new enterprises are to be found within the social and personal services sectors, and in trade, hotels, and restaurants, or in the construction sector (Dahlstrom et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As the development expert Owen Barder has noted, “The figures suggest that the biggest causes of poverty are not lack of development in the country as a whole, but political, economic and social marginalisation of particular groups in countries that are otherwise doing quite well." In some ways, it is. While cities have become increasingly plugged into the globalising economy, life in many rural areas has often changed little. These differences between urban and rural areas, or between different provinces and regions, reflect what are called spatial inequalities, and they can be a significant contributor to overall inequality in many developing countries. But there are also inequalities of opportunity - notably access to healthcare, education and jobs - that are perhaps more important. For example, in some emerging economies, enrolment in secondary education is much lower in rural areas than in urban, especially for girls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Other studies also show that in rural areas relatively wealthy households benefit more from chemical fertilizer price subsidy than poor rural households (Holden et al., A multi-stakeholder accord on green economy might be considered: a similar approach has been agreed in South Africa, establishing the relative roles and commitments of business, civil society, and central and local government. Here, there are opportunities for improving synergies with the Climate Resilience Strategy, identifying enterprises and activities that also adapt and build resilience to extreme weather and climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Expectations of profitability linked with technical opportunities have caused some sectors to expand very rapidly without corresponding market capacity, and falling prices have resulted in business failures and major restructuring. To understand more realistically the nature and potential characteristics of the sector’s development a range of issues needs to be considered. It considers key issues including: drivers of growth: demand, technology (production, breeding, feed, disease etc.),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
These data can be adapted and applied to each country's economic and social context, informing the development of national approaches to poverty reduction. Such a course would bring the world one step closer to the goal of eradicating extreme poverty in general, and child poverty in particular. Social protection mechanisms such as pensions, fee waivers, child support grants and cash transfers are an effective approach that can reduce vulnerability to poverty and deprivation, strengthen families' capacity to care for their children and overcome barriers to accessing essential services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
They also express how the gender contracts are locally constructed. On other occasions, the specific contract is less explicit (Stenbacka and Forsberg 2013, 14). When young women choose to relocate it is based on a combination of own will, capacity and dreams and also on what is perceived as possible and obvious on the basis of, for instance, local (gender) traditions and gender perceptions. In other words, perceptions of how young men and women, respectively, ought/can/are expected to behave - in other words, on the basis of the local and regional gender contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The intent is also to encourage collaboration between the colleges and the new medical school in the training of nursing and allied health professionals2. As noted in the regional self-evaluation report, the "CHE has taken a decision to prioritise and encourage the development of study programmes in related fields. The Safed College, located in proximity to the anticipated medical campus, has applied for programmes in health, social work, and medical imaging” (CHE, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Egypt, this obligation extends until a son completes his studies or until the marriage or financial independence of a daughter.64 In exchange, the father exercises guardianship over property and persons, and performs administrative procedures concerning the children on his own (management of bank accounts even if supplied by the mother, choice of education system, educational institution, professional orientation, authorisation to undergo medical treatment, obtaining an identity card and passport, etc.). In the event of the death or incapacity of the father, guardianship is awarded to the closest male relative.65 A woman who remarries in Jordan may, depending on the judge, lose custody of the children. In Egypt, a woman who remarries loses custody. This is not stated directly in Egyptian law, rather it became a common legal practice pursuant to a key Court of Cassation decision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A list that includes items that are not affordable, on the other hand, may attract fewer ticks in the ‘necessary’ box. The tendency for what is considered normal to increase with incomes, and to decrease with persistent poverty, has often been observed. And it is not difficult to see how this might affect the results of surveys about child deprivation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Economic models of sanitation must be redesigned to cover the entire value chain, managing waste, protecting the environment and living conditions, while generating business and jobs for private operators. Its official name is French: Organisation Eau et Assainissement pour VAfrique (EAA). See u>um>.communityledtotalsanitation.org/page/dts-approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In line with the 2015 OECD Recommendation of the Council on Gender Equality in Public Life, this chapter provides guidance on adopting a co-ordinated whole-of government approach to gender equality. Suggested approaches include national gender equality strategies and action plans, the effective allocation of roles and responsibilities across public institutions, robust accountability, oversight and co-ordination mechanisms, and tools for gender-sensitive policy making, supported by sound evidence of policy impacts on women and men. The chapter also gives an overview of institutional arrangements across OECD countries, highlights good practices and outlines a number of policy recommendations to support governments in strengthening national frameworks for gender equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Around 80% of respondents suggested there were opportunities to improve the level of cooperation in their country. In most countries there is a mix of both. For example, some respondents did not consider formal mechanisms to be so important if NFPs were housed within the same ministry, department and even building.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Funding for upper secondary education and VET is provided based on the number of students in each school and the unit costs per student. Universities receive funding from the state and also do external fundraising. With the Ministry of Education and Culture, the university agrees on operational and qualitative targets which provide the basis for the resources needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Andrew Barker from the OECD Canadian desk is also deeply thanked for his valuable comments. First, trends in child poverty and living standards since 2007, i.e. one year before the onset of the Great Recession, are described. An overview of children's material deprivation and of key indicators of child w'ell-being is also provided. The paper discusses the observed poverty trends in relation to policies implemented to combat it by federal authorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The indicator may also be disaggregated by management category of the protected areas. It shows how much of each major ecosystem is dedicated to maintaining its diversity and integrity. Protected areas are essential for maintaining ecosystem diversity in countries and ecological regions, in conjunction with management of human impacts on the environment. Description: Management effectiveness of protected areas is an important indicator of how well protected areas are conserving biodiversity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The total cost of alcohol (€3.7 billion) represented 1.9% of GDP in Ireland in 2007 (Byrne, 2010). Lost labour earnings were found to account for the largest part of the economic costs associated with alcohol abuse in the Unites States (Harwood, 2000). In 2006, lost productivity represented 72.2% of the total economic cost of excessive drinking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The current liberal Danish government's public health programme (2002–2010) specifies a wish for social involvement and cooperation between the public and the voluntary sector. Governmental conception is that health political subjects and social issues are a challenge which the community solidarity based non-governmental sports association should take the responsibility for, for example, by offering comprehensive options for people with no tradition for physical activity. This governance of sports is articulated in Danish sport science as destroying the autonomy of sports. This paper will, in a sociological way, discuss the enabling and constraining possibilities of these political relations. Themes such as the autonomy of sports organizations/associations will be included in order to discuss the possible significance in the future of a partnership between the public and the voluntary sector. The question is whether the governance of sports through partnership formation is a specific strengthening of stat...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Scarce resources were spread across a number of initiatives which tended to be too small to have significant impact. Major research and innovation strategies and policies during 2002-07 are summarised in Box 5.1. The strategy highlighted societal goals and three main pillars: knowledge society, secure society and competitive economy. Several measures were planned to target research and innovation, including science and education, administrative capacity, information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructures and science-industry collaboration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In this sense, qualifications certify and offer information on the type of knowledge and skills that graduates have acquired in formal education. Highly educated individuals are more socially engaged and have higher employment rates and higher relative earnings. Higher proficiency in literacy and numeracy is also strongly associated with higher levels of formal education (OECD, 2016m).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The definition of deprivation is rooted in the child-rights framework using the Convention on the Rights of the Child as its main source to select dimensions relevant to children's well-being. Children below the age of eighteen represent more than a half (52%) of the total population in the region. The findings show that 67% of all the children across the thirty countries experience at least two out of five deprivations critical to children's survival and development. This percentage represents 247 out of a total of 368 million children in the 30 countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Atu Lie'er Village, located in Zhiermo Town, Zhaojue County, Liangshan, Sichuan Province of China is called the "Cliff Village", as its more than 500 villagers live on a cliff, where the traffic conditions are very bad and villagers need to climb nearly 800 metres if they go outside of the village. China Telecom Liangshan Branch and Zhaojue Branch overcame traffic difficulty and conducted network investigations there in September and November 2016. The mobile communication and wired broadband networks were finally fully built and opened at the end of December. Now, the Cliff Village has communication access to E-surfing 3G/4G, 100 Mbps optical broadband, high-speed Wi-Fi, Internet Protocol television and video call services, having the same Id level as cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Indonesia may be able to unlock sources of its “dead capital” while providing participants in the informal economy greater security and the chance to move up the value chain. With parts of the informal sector better integrated into the legal regime, its participants would benefit from the protection of Indonesian laws and standards. Indonesia’s formal economy also would be seen to be stronger were more of its commercial activity calculated and included in its national accounts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
ABSTRACTCommunicating the diagnosis of cancer in cross-cultural clinical settings is a complex task. This qualitative research article describes the content and process of informing Zulu patients in South Africa of the diagnosis of cancer, using osteosarcoma as the index diagnosis. We used a descriptive research design with census sampling and focus group interviews. We used an iterative thematic data analysis process and Guba's model of trustworthiness to ensure scientific rigor. Our results reinforced the use of well-accepted strategies for communicating the diagnosis of cancer. In addition, new strategies emerged which may be useful in other cross-cultural settings. These strategies included using the stages of cancer to explain the disease and its progression and instilling hope using a multidisciplinary team care model. We identified several patients, professionals, and organizational factors that complicate cross-cultural communication. We conclude by recommending the development of protocols for co...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Pantanal is well preserved, but it is under pressure from the expansion of unsustainable farming and ranching, erosion and siltation, and pollution of rivers due to pesticides. Urban expansion is another important threat to biodiversity in the Pampa. Illegal logged wood is up to 40% cheaper than legal wood, which makes sustainable forest management uncompetitive (Nogueron and Cheung, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Decisions should rely more on analysis, including the calculation of CO2 abatement costs, to identify the least costly options for mitigation and to target measures accordingly. In addition, evaluations of different programmes were initially not designed to strongly influence decisions on environmental policies as the monitoring process did not rely on interim targets and indicators w'hich w'ould facilitate continued assessment of the impact of policies. Thus, the recent decision to evaluate the implementation of the Energy Concept every year, based on selected indicators in order to make rapid adjustments to the policies possible is a step in the right direction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is understood to contain both a quantitative dimension (e.g. the quantity of output produced with a given input of natural resources) and a qualitative dimension (e.g. the environmental impacts per unit of output produced with a given natural resource input). However, unless such improvements outweigh economic growth, there is a risk that the associated negative environmental impacts might increase. Protecting and managing the natural resource base cannot, therefore, rely on improvements in resource productivity alone, it will also be necessary to de-link economic growth from environmental pressures (Box 3.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Denmark continues to implement a range of tobacco control policies and programmes, including tobacco cessation programmes, health warnings on cigarette packages, public awareness campaigns through mass media and high taxation on tobacco products. The government financially supports two partnerships to help with achieving this target. The 'Partnership for youth and alcohol' involves municipalities and civil society organisations, with the aim to reduce underage drinking by initiating local activities for young people in collaboration with local authorities and civil society (OECD, 2015). A number of measures have been taken in recent years to reduce excessive alcohol consumption (Box 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
What little evidence there is of employment mobility indicates that employees generally rise within a career in one company. While the focus of the state of Sonora on continuous skills development for the benefit of the maquila industry is commendable, too narrow skills development will not serve Sonora’s population and economy in the long run. Stronger emphasis needs to be placed on general competencies that will allow people to adjust to rapid changes in the labour market and have the capacity for lifelong learning. Also, given the needs of the state to build a knowledge economy and infrastructure serving its diverse industrial base, changes to the tax regimes governing the maquila industries should be considered in view of the need to invest in long-term economic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Danish health system generally provides good access to high-quality care, with comparatively low levels of unmet need for medical care. Challenges remain to tackle important risk factors to health, such as excessive alcohol consumption and rising obesity rates and to improve care coordination for the growing number of people living with chronic conditions. Danes can expect to spend about 60% of this time beyond 65 in good health and free from disability (12 years r ,, for women and 11 years for men).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)