albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The importance of the fisheries sector and its links with agriculture® (cont.) Livestock and agriculture by-products, used traditionally to feed terrestrial animals, are now increasingly employed by the aquaculture sector, especially for the farming of non-camivorous aquatic species. Continued growth in demand for livestock and fish products, as well as for biofuels obtained from agriculture by-products, has raised concerns over the competition for feed supplies, in particular for the finite fishmeal and fish oil resources, and the impacts of such growth on the environment and on the aquaculture and livestock developments. When involving aquaculture, it is the concurrent or sequential linkage between two or more activities, of which at least one is aquaculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As far as the levels of deprivation that are measured by at least two indicators, similar values are obtained for the four youngest cohorts in 2003 and for the first three in 2008. The highest values corresponded to the members of the older cohorts, and the differences increased over the time span in question. The improvement in the indicators for monetary poverty was stronger than it was for the other indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Classical political economy highlights notions which are very useful today in development debates. Foreign trade is the source of wealth for the Mercantilists. Land and labour occupy centre stage with Petty and Quesnay, agricultural surplus is the core of reproduction and economic growth. Human rights and Montesquieu’s separation of powers emerge during the Enlightenment. Smith emphasizes a new source of wealth: the division of labour and higher labour productivity, which depend on the accumulation of capital. Smith and Ricardo attack Mercantilist doctrines, but their support of free trade is much more articulated than what appears in the mainstream interpretation. Marx analyses the crises in a capitalist economy. The classical economists highlight the difference between use values and exchange values in the process of economic and social reproduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Artificially low disclosures of experiences of intimate partner violence and sexual violence can be associated with the way in which the introduction to the survey is framed, as well as the framing of specific modules of questions concerning experiences of violence. Surveys that ask respondents in the early stages to think about crime in the neighbourhood, for example, may orient respondents away from thinking about intimate partners when asked to divulge experiences of violence. Introductions also provide essential instructions to respondents concerning measures that have been put in place to ensure their safety while they respond to sensitive questions, such as rescheduling to another time or switching to a neutral questionnaire if a family member comes on the scene.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Health care and education services are by far the most important in-kind transfers in all OECD countries, while other services (child care, public transport and social housing) play a minor role, except in the Nordic countries.13 The variation in the size of in-kind transfers, as measured by the variance-to-mean ratio is highest for other social spending and lowest for health, suggesting more policy heterogeneity across countries in education and other social policies than in health. Data on education services for Greece, Luxembourg and Tuikey refer to 2005. Other social services include services to survivors, disabled persons, unemployed, as well as those in respect of housing and social assistance (estimates of social housing are, however, not included).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The challenges observed include poor enforcement mechanism, lack of resources, low capacity and citizens’ awareness. However, this has not been fully complied w'ith in Metro Cebu as some SWM plans have expired (Table 2.4). In addressing the land-filling challenges the metropolitan area is facing, an ambitious “zero-waste” target could be considered for all the LGUs, so that the metropolitan area could demonstrate its commitment to drastically divert w'aste being sent to landfills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In particular, they do not link to the extensive field of the Energy Technology Innovation System (ETIS), and do not fully touch upon how innovation is financed, adopted and diffused. Technology push and market pull policies need to be properly modelled because it is the proper combination at both ends of the innovation chain which offers the best prospect of accelerating the pace of innovation. This is equivalent to a technology supply-push and contrasts with the accumulating evidence around market-based technology learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Examinations are a common feature of career-based teacher employment systems like France, Japan, Korea or Spain (OECD, 2013). Examinations play a vital role in countries where there are concerns about the quality of initial teacher education or an oversupply of teachers - both of which are the case in Costa Rica. While examinations cannot fully discriminate all the requirements for effective teaching, they can be a valuable tool for ensuring that all teacher candidates have a minimum level of know ledge and skills. Established Teaching Standards would help to define the parameters of the exam. A minimum level should be established that all candidates should reach, independently of the availability of teaching posts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They should carefully structure their producer support targeting environmental practices to meet basic standards, such as those set out in EU regulations. These payments can act as temporary support leading to a transition in farmers’ attitudes and practices - but should not be a permanent core payment. Furthermore, the measures should not be structured in such a way as to pay commercial farms for agri-environmental farming activities that they already practise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, the accounting and solvency regulations are not helping and may even be discouraging them from acting in their long-term capacity. The insurers have shelved plans to invest in the equity part of the joint venture because of the perceived high capital charge. See ‘Solvency II hampers attractive infrastructure investments’, NRPN Nordic Region Pensions and Investment News Oct/ Nov 2011. Financial innovations, such as effective targeted risk transfer techniques to enhance credit quality of projects, will become more important (see later section).53 Further analysis is required into the potential impacts of such international regulations on infrastructure in general and green projects in particular.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Public databases are available on most of the MDB websites, but their degree of user friendliness and comparability varies to a great extent (cf. Tirpak et al, 2010). An ongoing exercise by the MDBs to improve and standardise their reporting could significantly improve the value of this information source.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The current production rate of radioactive waste from nuclear electricity generation is about 0.4 million tonnes per year (excluding uranium mining and milling wastes): the current global generation rate of hazardous waste exceeds that of radioactive waste by three orders of magnitude. Further detail on the quantities of radioactive waste in the various classes referred to above is given in Appendix 1. Exposure to ionising radiation increases the risk of cancer in exposed persons in direct proportion to the degree of exposure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The number of very poor squatters has increased in urban areas of Suva (Fiji), Honiara (Solomon Islands) and Port Moresby (PNG) due to a lack of access to affordable land and safe housing (PIFS, 2015a). In Betio (Kiribati), there are major challenges of high-density housing and lack of access to clean water and proper sanitation, while in Port Vila (Vanuatu), almost 30 per cent of the population live in makeshift houses (PIFS, 2015a). There is insufficient information to make an assessment for Samoa, Tonga and Tuvalu.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. While traditional disadvantages faced by women and girls persist in most countries, men and boys are increasingly exposed to uncertain job prospects and need to adapt to changing tasks and societal expectations. Although men continue to score higher than women in a number of areas, no gender consistently outperforms the other and the gender gaps in well-being have being narrowing in recent decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Conservation and human rights are currently threatened by direct and indirect effects of border enforcement practices on the US–Mexico border. Increased border enforcement in urban areas has pushed migrants into remote conservation areas where thousands have died. Migration, smuggling, border enforcement, and aid provisioning contribute to ecological degradation of protected areas on the border. In this study we explore the discursively created physical, social, and cultural dimensions of place among land management personnel and humanitarian aid volunteers who were attempting to address the socio-ecological crises wrought by border enforcement in the Altar Valley region of southern Arizona. Land managers described physical place as an eroding ecosystem whereas humanitarians described physical place as a fragmenting system. Land managers saw crime as the defining social process while humanitarians pointed to social injustice. Finally, land managers viewed uncertainty as the primary cultural meaning, but h...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The course of study lasts five years - three for the Bachelor’s Degree and the remaining two for the Master’s Degree. Students graduate with all initial requirements to teach in public Finnish schools, including a professional teaching qualification and Master’s degree. Overall, the ITE programme emphasises the life-long process of intercultural learning, encouraging students to consistently find ways to challenge their notions of diversity (University of Oulu, 2017[t6ij).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On the one hand, it is encouraging that the changes in income distribution and levels needed to meet poverty reduction targets are consistent with the regional trajectory of the last decade, assuming past performance is an indicator of feasibility. However, it is also a wake-up call to strengthen social protection systems, because some countries of the region will not meet the targets and because several countries have performed better over the last decade than over the last three years. The incidence of poverty is greater among people living in rural areas, children, adolescents and young people, indigenous peoples, working-age women, people with lower levels of educational attainment, and those whose basic needs are not met. While some of these gaps have narrowed since 2012, others have widened.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
International relations in Archaic and Classical Greece featured a complex network of interstate diplomacy and treaty relations.      Keywords:    government,  politics,  and law,  Greek history,  inscriptions,  legal history,  military history,  peace,  political history,  war
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In particular, those that show the impact of policies in cities at advanced stages of the ageing process will become useful information for cities in the early stages of ageing. One such example is the EU Ageing Report (European Commission, 2012a), which includes a set of indicators that illustrate expenditure projections for a large older population, covering pensions, healthcare, long-term care, education and unemployment. Internationally applicable indicators that help assess the social sustainability of cities and their urban form are particularly important.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Earlier sections have indicated what this implies during the pre-disaster phase. But actionable information is needed throughout the disaster cycle. For this purpose, it is important to establish a classification system for information types, along with the implied actions. This system can then be used for information filtering.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It includes activities undertaken by companies across the whole environmental supply chain, from R&D, through manufacturing into distribution, retail, installation and maintenance services. Companies are included in the supply chain where 20% of their turnover is supplied into the LCEGS sector, but importantly only the sales activity relating to this sector is included in this study. This inclusion is akin to the way other sectors of the economy, such as aerospace, are measured. The study uses ‘bottom-up’ data based on what companies actually do, rather than what they are classified as doing under the SIC system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Millions of human rights activists around the world have crafted a new way of doing politics, based on bringing principle into practice. These principles are summarized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “All human beings are free and equal in rights and dignity.” It begins by using global communications to capture the hearts and minds of global publics. Coalitions of local and global activists pressure governments “from above and below,” and put new issues on the agenda—from forced disappearance to female genital mutilation. Human rights campaigns provide information on global suffering, affecting images that promote identification with victims, the formation of solidarity networks, and explanations that trace international connections.      Keywords:    civil rights,  empowerment,  freedom,  globalization,  human rights,  Africa,  Americas,  Asia
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These efforts are being undertaken at the national, regional and multilateral level. It is also clear from the 2017 aid-for-trade monitoring exercise that digital connectivity exerts a growing influence on trade, as well as on efforts to reduce trade costs. The Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) Connectivity Blueprint is a case in point (Box 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They preceded Sierra Leone’s attempt in 2002 to set up concurrent postconflict systems - both a truth commission and a special court - to deal with crimes committed during its brutal decade-long civil war. To what extent did Sierra Leone improve on the earlier examples in addressing the issue of gender violations? This chapter discusses how violations of women’s human rights committed during conflict were handled by these earlier forums, and how Sierra Leone learned from and adapted the models to suit its unique situation. It suggests in conclusion that the limited successes of all three countries in dealing with gender violations may set the stage for continuing violence against women in Africa. Two women at the Johannesburg hearing testified that this was the first time either had told of her rape.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2007, the General Office of the State Council issued "Views on the Implementation of Deepening the Reform on Power System during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan Period" (The General Office of the State Council Doc. No.19 2007), which standardised the restructuring of power enterprises at the county level, and encouraged the involvement of independent power companies. Since 2007, the State encourages all types of investors to invest in rural power grids.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This would result in a more diverse, nutritious, well-balanced and safe food consumption pattern, reflected through an increase in the Desirable Dietary Plan (PPH) score from 86.4 in 2010 to 93.3 in 2014. A National Workshop on Food and Nutrition, conducted in 2004, recommended that no more than half the required carbohydrate intake should come from rice with the remaining taken from tuber. Statistics show that the people of Indonesia consume more rice than the required carbohydrate intake, reaching 62.2% in 2007 (MoA, 2010). This has become an increasingly important priority with the gradual opening up of the domestic market to agricultural imports and the need to increase quality standards to compete in the global market. The objective requires an efficient production system, processing and quality control.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Major concerns relate to their effects on human health and ecosystems. Human exposure is particularly high in urban areas where economic activities are concentrated. Causes of growing concern are concentrations of fine particulates, NO2, toxic air pollutants, and acute ground-level ozone pollution episodes in both urban and rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
I think part of the problem is that the policy level has not communicated that there is a number of ways to interpret it. It has been interpreted as “this is it, this is how it is interpreted. ( Researchers expressed a preference for focusing upon the complexity of AfL, while the DET had developed a programme that was seen by some teachers as the only way of doing AfL. The four principles of assessment were seen as the most important part of the work, and since it is now in fact a part of the Education Act, teachers have to implement these practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
South-East Asia is a high-prevalence area for hepatitis B, and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the largest proportion -almost 50 per cent - or about 340 million of new STI infections occurring each year happen in South and South-East Asia, especially among the youth (WHO 2007, p. 3). The regional estimate of HIV prevalence among adults aged 15-49 years old is relatively low, in the range of 0.2-0.4 per cent, but the absolute numbers are significant with about 1.7 million people in 2007 living with HIV/ AIDS in South-East Asia (UNAIDS 2008). Thailand, Cambodia, Viet Nam, Myanmar and Indonesia are among the top six countries in Asia in terms of adult cases per 1,000 of population (ADB 2010, p. 96).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Since that time, governments of a wide array of political leanings have routinely adopted Keynesian demand-man-agement policies, up until the 1970s. Those policies entailed "leaning against the wind". During economic downturns, governments would increase spending on goods and services to soften the blow of unemployment and recession. Conversely, government spending would be cut during inflationary periods when the source of the problem was deemed to be business and household spending that exceeded the ability of the economy to produce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The data plan also needs to cover issues such as ownership of compiled data. Although it is a metadatabase, it might be necessary to have different types of options for access and use, and to establish some kind of agreement and different levels of logins, depending on metadata stored. The data plan needs to include a strategy for the use of data and knowledge that is not publicly available, such as local or traditional knowledge that cannot be shared outside the group of knowledge holders, or medical/psychological data collected with prior informed consent restricting the use of data, as well as for quality management. Whenever possible, the sets of metadata should contain information on the geographical location and temporal reference of the underlying data as well as the scientific and ILK protocol with which they were collected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Despite the limited amount of data made available thus far, a significant number of predictions stress the vulnerability of water resources in Central Asia. An increase in air temperature and a short-term increase in river flows, due to the melting of glaciers, is one such likely consequence. In the long term, river flows arc predicted to decrease, and the levels of aridity and evapotranspiration to rise, which would increase irrigation requirements for water and increase the risk of scarcity and droughts. The willingness of all the riparian countries to cooperate, establish an open dialogue and compromise to find a consensus between their positions is necessary for agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The system was designed to operate at temperatures down to 20°C below zero, with the lowest temperature so far being -37°C. Many of the perspectives brought forward in this context are, moreover, applicable as development issues in the Arctic. The first two points are compatible with higher prices for energy, the third is harder to reconcile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Prevention is the easiest and most effective way to address statelessness. Where legislative or administrative gaps exist, UNHCR, in partnership with other organizations, provides technical and advisory services to States on amending their legislation and practice to align with the 1961 Convention and other international standards. For this reason, with NGO and United Nations partners, UNHCR promotes birth registration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The chapter also reviews the coherence and consistency of the teacher evaluation framework and the operation of professional development for teachers. Among other things, it analyses the size of the teaching workforce, how teachers are prepared and improve their skills while in the profession (e.g. initial preparation, professional development), how teachers are recruited and distributed across individual schools, how teacher resources and teaching time are allocated to students so that they optimally respond to improvement priorities (e.g. class size, teacher-student ratios, use of teachers’ time), and how teachers are incentivised to perform at a high level (e.g. teacher appraisal, recognition and compensation). This law, whose gradual application starts in 2016 and whose full application is expected by 2026, establishes significant modifications to the management of the teaching workforce in Chile. It is planned that all teachers in all publicly-subsidised schools will gradually become part of the System for Teacher Professional Development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This defines the stability dimension of food security that is the focus of this report. Policies in place need to be capable of managing of potential risky scenarios that threaten food security due to various alternative causes, whilst also being compatible with a policy environment that stimulates income growth and that reduces food insecurity across all scenarios including those where there is no particular shock. Therefore, several indicators have been developed to measure different aspects of food insecurity (OECD, 2013 a), most of which are based on estimates of the share of the population that is under a given threshold of a relevant variable, such as calorie consumption, food expenditure or anthropometric measures indicating child malnutrition. According to Sibrian (2009), the most appropriate variables to measure food insecurity include dietary energy consumption (i.e. food consumption measured in energy units, e.g. kcal) to measure food deprivation, expenditure or income available to meet dietary energy needs to estimate food poverty, and weight- or height-for-age to quantify child under-nutrition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)