albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For this reason and in order to incorporate income measures at the same time, the current study was based on household surveys, which are available for all countries in the region and include satisfactory data for implementing both methodologies. To make these estimates, the indicators were adapted to the data available in household surveys. Not only did this meet the data availability criterion, it also recognized the necessary sociocultural relevance of the exercise of rights, especially to determine the thresholds for identifying when a child or adolescent was experiencing extreme child poverty or total child poverty.2 The deprivation thresholds established in the 2003 global measurement based on the Bristol indicators had been confined to the severest situations of child deprivation. For Latin America, it was decided to follow the above criterion but to also define thresholds to identify situations of moderate deprivation, as they too reflect needs that, when unmet, affect children's well-being and development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A comprehensive reform in 2010, discussed in detail in the 2011 Economic Survey of Greece (OECD, 2011b), strengthened the long-term viability of the system by reducing its generosity (including through reduced pensions, increased retirement age, and extended contribution periods to qualify for a pension). Certain elements of the reform, however, such as the increase and equalisation of the retirement ages, enhance equity (Box 2.4). In particular, a new two-tier structure is to be introduced in 2015 that distinguishes between a basic pension (amounting to EUR 360 per month in 2010 prices) and a contribution-related proportional pension (calculated as lifetime earnings multiplied by annual accrual rates multiplied by the number of insurance years).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The private sector is increasingly called upon to help solve or alleviate social and environmental problems, and many companies are heeding the call. Supposedly, there is today not a single company in the Fortune 500 that does not have some kind of policy regarding responsibility. Companies are engaging in a variety of activities that have hitherto been associated with the state/government or civil society, such as philanthropy and community investment, environmental management, workers’ rights and welfare, human rights, animal rights, corruption, corporate governance, and legal compliance. Companies are increasingly presenting themselves as good corporate citizens and making contributions to sustainable development in the broadest sense. Corporate managers are showing a willingness to let their actions and decisions be guided by the demands and expectations of a broad variety of stakeholders, rather than the narrow financial interests of owners/shareholders alone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Calculations based on simplifying assumptions indicate that increasing household direct taxes would reduce income inequality, while cutting transfers by the same amount would have a larger and opposite effect on inequality. However, raising progressive labour income taxes could have adverse effects on long-run growth. Cuts in government wages and employment can yield fast consolidation gains but need to be accompanied by increases in efficiency of service delivery to avoid that reductions in public services mainly hit the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Even after controlling for income and other factors, several studies find that the unemployed are less happy than the employed (Di Telia et al., As shown by Goldsmith etal. ( The duration of unemployment also matters, since well-being deteriorates as unemployment spells increase. Compared to pre-crisis levels, unemployment duration has increased substantially.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
ABSTRACTThe normative elements underlying efficiency are more complex than generally portrayed and rely upon ethical frameworks that are generally absent from classroom discussions. Most textbooks, for example, ignore the ethical differences between Pareto efficiency (based on voluntary win-win outcomes) and the modern Kaldor-Hicks efficiency used in public policy assessments (in which winners gain more than losers lose). For the latter to be ethically palatable, society must have in place basic institutions of justice, transparency, and accountability. Normative economics thus requires a pluralist approach that includes considerations of virtue and duty, closer to Adam Smith's Enlightenment conceptions. This surprising finding should embolden economics teachers to engage students with critical thinking problems that are controversial and relevant, and which better prepare students for a complex world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Also, sea temperatures and sea levels are rising and ocean currents shifting, resulting in biodiversity and habitat loss, changes in fish stock composition and migration patterns, and higher frequency of severe ocean weather events. The prospects for future ocean development are further aggravated by land-based pollution, in particular agricultural run-off, chemicals, and macro- and micro-plastic pollutants that feed into the ocean from rivers, as well as by overfishing and depleted fish stocks in many parts of the world. The projections suggest that between 2010 and 2030 on a “business-as-usual” scenario basis, the ocean economy could more than double its contribution to global value added, reaching over USD 3 trillion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The seller ofthe vehicle is to contribute with a discount which amounts to the same as the government subsidy. Through the price signal of the new car registration tax scheme, linked with the emission output of a car, the Latvian Government aimed to motivate end-users to buy environment-friendly cars and to make car manufacturers penetrate the market with more efficient vehicles. Thus, since 2009, when the new scheme has practically been brought to force, the average CO2 emissions of new cars decreased by 3.2% in 2013 (147.1 g/km) and by 4.5% in 2014 (140.4 g/km).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
ABSTRACTUse of the Indian Ocean as a major drugs trafficking route – particularly for heroin originating in Afghanistan – poses a maritime security and a maritime law enforcement challenge. This article seeks to explore one dimension of this challenge – the lack of a ‘legal finish’ (such as prosecution) for the majority of drug seizures made within international waters in the Indian Ocean region. The article proposes three possible avenues towards improved outcomes: Formally combining the issues of terrorism and terrorist financing in Afghanistan with Indian Ocean heroin trafficking, in order to better leverage existing authorisations relating to the former, taking a more robust approach to asserting follow-on jurisdiction over unflagged vessels, and better utilisation of existing obligations, mechanisms and networks in order to achieve improved interdiction rates over flagged vessels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is unknown, however, whether the availability of courses and programmes is sufficient to meet the needs and demands of adult learners. Other approaches that have demonstrated effectiveness with adults, such as work-based programmes and on-line courses targeted to adults were not so readily available. Furthermore, as earlier noted, the Galilee, and particularly its Arab population appears to be underserved by the Open University. The college provides programmes for teachers to prepare for changes in the math and science curriculum. The Gordon College conference centre organises meetings and conferences in fields such as gifted education, green education, that provide opportunities for teacher professional development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In such cases, providing better information on the success rate of female-led businesses at school or through broader awareness campaigns may have a positive effect on female entrepreneurship. As such misperceptions are often the result of lack of experience with female borrowers, facilitating women’s access to credit through the policy levers discussed above may have the added positive effect of dissipating harmful stereotypes. Effective anti-discrimination laws can also play an important role. This places significant constraints on their time availability for paid employment with detrimental effects on their labour market outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The TCFD report outlines a set of recommendations for voluntary, climate-related disclosures to be made as part of mainstream financial filings. The recommendations should help organizations identify and disclose information needed by investors, lenders, and insurance underwriters to appropriately assess and price climate- related risks and opportunities. While the Nordic countries can offer solutions at major grid level, also multiple solutions for smaller scale and distributed (minigrids) are available. The experience gained through the Nordic energy market (Nord Pool, covering nine countries) is of increasing interest for developing countries aiming for regional energy collaboration and accessing benefits of market integration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Any additional country-specific policy instruments that address emissions under the cap may reduce them in a given country, but, as long as the cap is binding, will not affect overall emissions. Hence for instance, measures facilitating entry of renewable energy producers - which can have various other benefits - will have no effect on the total emission levels. By lowering the price of emissions, the additional measures can however yield less tangible, though not necessarily less important benefits, such as facilitating future tightening of the cap (Braathen, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Law outlines some practical steps in the organization of the legal, financial, scientific and technical support specified in its provisions. However, weak institutional capacities at central and local levels inhibit enforcement of RES policies. Small HPPs with capacity below 1,000 kW are exempt from royalties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition, Brazil performs poorly in organic waste management, despite the very high share of such waste in total MSW (51%). In 2008, less than 2% of organic waste collected was disposed of at composting facilities, which are almost non-existent (MMA, 2012b). It is estimated that only 27% of recyclable collected waste is effectively recovered. As in many developing or emerging countries, recovery is dominated by waste pickers (catadores), who earn their living by collecting recyclables and selling them to private recycling companies (Chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Most of the catchment area is mountainous. In Tajikistan, groundwaters occur in Quaternary deposits consisting of boulders, gravels, and sands, with an average thickness of 30 m (maximum 160 m), with medium links with surface waters. In Tajikistan there are no measurements of discharge, water levels only are measured at some stations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is also not clear whether significant numbers of teachers have been trained to date. However, while new competences and skills are being defined, new courses developed and TVET programming revised in some member States, less than half of member States indicate that significant progress has been made. A number of challenges and obstacles have persisted throughout the Strategy for ESD period, such as securing structural reform of education systems and embedding ESD in mainstream budgets, preparing educators, strengthening mechanisms for cooperation and engagement across a broader cross-section of stakeholders, and addressing the need for more ESD research, monitoring and evaluation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The impact of human rights on counterterrorism cooperation has been the subject of speculation, but not of systematic analysis. This study offers such an analysis by examining an important channel of cooperation against terrorism: international police liaisons, such as the FBI agents deployed worldwide. It is hypothesized that police liaisons are less likely to be sent to countries where human rights violations are widespread, since repressive governments see threat in foreign agents stationed on their territory. Survival analysis finds support for this hypothesis. An FBI presence does not require democratic government or a strong rule of law in the host country, but human rights abuse reduces the likelihood of an FBI deployment. These findings substantiate a link between human rights and counterterrorism cooperation, offering insights for the study of cross-border law enforcement and transgovernmental networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The challenge is further complicated by the fact that people who are extremely poor or highly vulnerable to extreme poverty have very little access to retirement or other pensions (in most countries in the region, the proportion is only around 5% or less). At the same time, social security coverage (the percentage of employed workers paying contributions) is under 40% (ECLAC, 2006, p. 45). In view of this trend, ECLAC (2010b, pp. If this transfer were to be targeted at all over-65s living in vulnerable households, it would cost between 0.3% of Brazil’s gross domestic product (GDP) and 4.2% of the GDP of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The work was overseen by Simon Buckle (Head of Climate, Biodiversity and Water division) and Anthony Cox (Deputy Director, Environment). It is based on the OECD Environment Working Paper, “Climate-Resilient Infrastructure: Getting the Policies Right”, by Lola Vallejo and Michael Mullan. Extreme events illustrate the extent of this potential exposure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Drawing on the capability approach as conceptual framework, the Alkire-Foster method is applied to the German context. The proposed multidimensional poverty index for Germany strongly relies on these insights and recommendations, in particular in Stiglitz et al. ( Moreover, the specification also relates to the public debate on poverty and deprivation in Germany.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These statements set out what universities and colleges offer to their students to support their employability and transition into employment and beyond (http://www.hefce.ac.uk/). The evaluation system essentially focuses on measuring the extent to which intended learning outcomes are achieved in terms of three major concepts: i) knowledge and comprehension: ii) competency and skills, and iii) judgment. Hie description of learning outcomes and professional qualifications emerge in close co-operation with professional associations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In OECD countries, this approach was chosen by Belgium, Chile, France, Korea, Luxembourg and New Zealand. In the Palestinian Authority, the ministry’s mandate is to facilitate gender mainstreaming across the government and to carry' out monitoring and evaluation of programmes and policies aimed at advancing women’s situation. Single ministries with a minister for gender equality bring visibility and enable advocacy for gender equality concerns in the Cabinet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Member States presented a wide range of non-formal and informal ESD learning initiatives, but acknowledged that many of these have been undertaken independent of, or in partnership with, a range of government agencies. Non-govemmental organizations (NGOs) appear to be playing a significant leadership role in the promotion of ESD in non-formal and informal settings. However, less is known about the extent and effectiveness of these efforts as there is no central mechanism for documenting initiatives and they are rarely evaluated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
One interesting extension of this exercise consists in checking whether the strength of the link between inequality and educational attainments varies with countries’ institutional characteristics or policy setting. This could help shed light on the potential role of policies in offsetting the adverse long-run consequences of widening inequality. The characteristics of education systems and the effectiveness of educational expenditure in levelling the playing field would be examples for capturing such policies. One would expect that the both the degree of intergenerational persistence in education (i.e. the distances between average attainments of High, Medium and Poor PEB individuals) and their sensitivity to inequality to be lower in countries with low costs education (i.e. those with low tuition fees and/or high scholarships availability).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This may end up marginalising subnational entities in greater financial distress, as they cannot afford to pay the remaining share of the matching funds (Kim et al., Standardised, earmarked and conditional grants in Korea often end up restricting the flexibility of local authorities, thus reducing their ability to meet local demands and risking sub-optimal spending (Jones and Yokoyama, 2005). Interestingly, this concern seems to fade when comparing the per-capita amount of subsidies from MOLIT and the financial independency rate of local governments, which shows a strong negative correlation: the higher the financial independency rate of the metropolitan city or the province, the less subsidies the latter received from MOLIT (Figure 1.23).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As an alternative, a number of water districts in the High Plains region of the United States have introduced regulations based on historically-irrigated areas, e.g. Nebraska (NE DNR and TPNRD, 2013). For example, the National Water Initiative in Australia, an agreement that all states have signed, governs groundwater law. In general, the Initiative requires a move towards economic water management and, as a result, a number of incentive-based groundwater policies have been implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Therefore, both building a global production network and establishing a global supply chain network should be an essential part of the national strategy for the development of technology-intensive industries (UNIDO, 2017b). Integration into a global production network by focusing on specific tasks, including final assembly, is advantageous for low-income countries, in particular, which are likely to be suppliers in the global value chain. Having sufficient production capabilities reduces dependence on imports as domestic demand can be met with local goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
After the relationship is estimated, it is then possible to predict the individual expenditures and the individual poverty status of all individuals in our household survey in order to simulate the actual implementation of the policy. By comparing the predicted and actual (according to the household survey expenditure data) poverty status of the survey households, we are able to evaluate likely targeting errors: namely under-coverage (poor individuals excluded from the social safety programme because predicted as non-poor) and leakage (non-poor individuals benefiting from transfers because erroneously identified as poor). The administrative costs faced by the governments to put in place the policies proposed here are not taken into account and we thus only include the total amount of cash transfers allocated or the cost of the subsidies provided. We made the hypothesis that all the transfers received by children living in the same household are pooled and shared equitably among all the household members. As we cannot know what allocation rule is in force within each household, we adopted a relatively neutral approach. Therefore, the model requires a benchmark data set presented in the form of a SAM.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Overall, it is clear that cities need to involve local communities in designing appropriate solutions in order to better tackle evolving urban safety and security concerns. In so many areas—urban services, urban housing, growing inequality and exclusion, and safety and security— new challenges are emerging, even when old patterns persist. These challenges will in part frame the attempt to find a new, and more current urban agenda in order to better structure and regulate the forces of social, economic, technological and political change that are pulsing through our cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For rice, wheat, maize and soybeans, trade actions by countries related to export restrictions, buying to increase stockholdings, and removal of import restrictions or import subsidies all contributed to the price spikes. The exaggerated price movements created by the application of insulation policies in other countries created worse outcomes than would have otherwise occurred. From a global perspective, the various individual country interventions targeted at improving food security lessened it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This made it possible to set tariffs at an appropriate level, covering costs, while keeping end-user prices stable. A discussion of the proper level of tariffs for transport and internal distribution of natural gas is beyond the scope of this study, but a simplified estimation approach was used. Although this is only an approximation, it gives some idea of the magnitude of the subsidy. Our estimates show a significant reduction of subsidies to gas consumers in Moldova in 2015 by comparison with previous years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
I. Gianluca, R. Sylvia, W. David, "Reducing Network Energy Consumption via Sleeping and Rate-Adaptation," in NSDI'08: Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, Berkeley, pp. F., "Optimal Spectrum Sensing Framework for Cognitive Radio Networks," IEEE Transaction on wireless communications, vol. Low-cost energy delivery encourages people to use communication services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The informal economy cannot be regarded as a temporary phenomenon. It has been around for decades and it is not evidently in decline. It has a more noticeably fixed character in countries where income and assets are unequally distributed (Becker, 2004) and where access to formal jobs, primarily in economic sectors where government is the dominant employer, is a function of association with influential social networks (Avirgan et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
First, more effective monitoring and verification of performance on international commitments are needed. As regards establishing the corresponding mechanisms of common accountability, lessons can be drawn from existing modalities in other areas, such as the trade policy review process of the World Trade Organization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
List of Contributors. Introduction Mark Brown and John Pratt Part I: Dangerousness: A Social History 1. Risk societies and the government of crime Pat O'Malley 2. The birth of dangerousness John Pratt Part II: Legal Responses and Responsibilities 3. Guerillas in our midst? Judicial responses to governing the dangerous Arie Freiberg 4. Civil commitment as social control: Managing the risk of sexual violence Eric Janus Part III: Practical Risks: Danger in the Penal Context 5. Calculations of risk in contemporary penal practice Mark Brown 6. Criminal careers, sex offenders and dangerousness Rod Broadhurst 7. Danger and penal politics Richard Sparks Part IV: Violence, Danger and Modern Government: The Future 8. Naturalising danger: Women, fear and personal safety Elizabeth Stanko 9. Drugs and dangerousness: Perception and management of risk in the neo-liberal era Adam Sutton 10. Dangerous states Nils Christie
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)