albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It concludes by analysing performance indicators, which measure the degree of protection that exists against the risks described. These are the attributes on which the ILO bases its definition of decent work, and they serve as a reference for establishing international standards in this area. Unpaid work —in other words, the production of goods and services by household members, for which there is no market valuation but which contributes to family and social welfare— is excluded from the analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The authorities need therefore to look for solutions that secure investments into public transport infrastructure and vehicles and keep the ticket fares at an affordable level. This would be important for all cities, however, it may be of particular importance for cities, where the proportion of public transport in comparison to car use is still negligible. To balance the needs for economic and social sustainability, cities have tried setting fares for cost-recovery and offering targeted subsidies for specific segments of the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The combination of high volatility of export and fiscal revenues often translates into large swings in economic activity, and lower rates of growth over the longer term. These effects are exacerbated in countries with weak governance and poor institutional quality, where the lack of diversification may act as a barrier to socioeconomic development. Among the commodity-dependent growth laggards, many have also been mired in long-standing armed conflicts or have faced civil unrest and instability in recent decades. This would make many of the targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development much harder to accomplish.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Furthermore the Ontario Government is considering other potential changes to primary care reform including payment reform but the GPs are resisting further changes. It remains to be seen whether further reform will be implemented (Marchildon and Hutchison, 2016). The traditional working style in primary' care is of GPs operating relatively independently, even when GPs are co-located in a single physical site (the traditional Primary Health Care Centres).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Increased availability of information on adaptation could also be beneficial to the global community, by helping to identify and disseminate lessons learned in planning, implementing and funding adaptation. Further, the global stocktake of collective progress towards the purpose of the Paris Agreement and its long-term goals would also benefit from adaptation-related information submitted by Parties, and potentially by other organisations. Indeed, there has already been a range of adaptation-related information communicated through NCs and NAPs as well as shared at workshops and meetings within and outside UNFCCC initiatives. This paper explores what elements of countries’ adaptation responses could be reported under the Paris Agreement so as to better communicate efforts towards enhanced adaptation and resilience, while avoiding an undue reporting burden.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Two potential sources of indicators include the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Indicators of Forest Biodiversity and the Montreal Process Criteria and Indicators. The scientific community does not appear to agree on the status of these species. This may be due to a lack of sufficient data for each of the many endemic and threatened species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 2009, the Kazak government launched a new initiative called the ‘Road Map’ aimed at addressing rising unemployment, raising the purchasing power of the population, slowing down internal migration and improving core services (Gavrilovic, et al. The central focus of the programme was job creation through a combination of public works and vocational training. The programme created 252,277 jobs according to a report from the ADB (2009, cited in Gavrilovic et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This chapter explores how a network of human rights advocates used the Australian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities (2008) to protect children and young people’s human rights. The chapter documents the response of community and legal activist groups which began by rejecting the use by media and politicians of a vocabulary of ‘emergency’ and ‘exceptionality’ before challenging the government in a landmark legal case in Victoria’s Supreme Court heard in May 2017. We explore how the state sovereignty continually constrains or threatens popular sovereignty. Against the liberal self-portrait of a civic culture informed by the rule of law principle, this case highlights the way the political apparatus elevates politics above the law and any regard for human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This contribution looks at the concept of privacy impact assessments (PIA) from a human rights viewpoint within the European context. It explores the possibilities and limits of PIA by identifying the useful elements in the case law of the European Court on Human Rights with regard to the right to privacy as contained in Art. 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In dynamic texts, typically only a fraction of the available text can be seen at any one time, and often the extent of text available is unknown. Mathematics: Understanding mathematics is central to a young person’s preparedness for life in modern society. A growing proportion of problems and situations encountered in daily life, including professional contexts, require some level of understanding of mathematics, mathematical reasoning and mathematical tools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The main purpose of the Permanent Study Group (PSG) is to develop and strengthen the ties between the fields of public administration/public management and political science/public policy by bringing scholars from these fields together. Special attention is given to implementation theory and research. Over the past years, the Study Group has contributed to gathering older and new generations of implementation researchers who contribute and publish on cutting-edge topics of policy implementation. The future agenda of PSG XIII includes making work of systematic comparative research, addressing both the limits and capacities of administration, and developing dialogues between academia and practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It appears that there is a high correlation between the share of small farms in a region of Chihuahua and the quality of the land. In particular ejidos seem to be located on more marginal land, in part because land management over time has led to land quality deterioration. On marginal land, it is particularly important to improve management and reduce overuse if the land is to achieve its full potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It should be noted that the vast experience of JMP has played a role in the development process of the new targets and indicators, taking into consideration the shortcomings and criticisms of the current target and indicator system. In order to effectively reduce or eliminate inequalities it has been proposed to disaggregate the data by four population groups (rich and poor, urban and rural, informal and formal urban settlements, disadvantaged groups and the general population). The ongoing consultation is also raising important and valid questions related to, for example, data sources, reliability, national capacities and associated cost to monitor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Instead, infrastructure developments may appear much more visible and critical in landscape and habitat impacts. A high number of plant species and species of birds and animals are related to meadows and permanent grasslands that are kept open and low-growing by grazing animals. In many Western European countries, the number of grazing livestock has been significantly reduced and concentrate on many fewer, but larger farms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Factors strongly correlated with upward income mobility indude living in an urban area, a higher employment share in the household, a higher share of agricultural income over total income, and moving from low-value (e.g. plastic production, wood processing) to medium-value (e.g. automobile parts, textile) manufacturing jobs. Participation in own-account agriculture (independent farmer without employees), the number of children and the presence of a disabled household member increased the risk of downward mobility. The self-employed in Viet Nam indude mostly vulnerable workers, such as own-account workers and contributing family workers, but consider also entrepreneurs that earn better than wage jobs. Sectorial mobility has been moderate, with the most significant movements observed from industries and services to agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Financial hedges also occur outside the market between market participants.) A wholesale spot price is then determined for each half hour (trading interval) from the average of the 5 minute dispatch prices. The pool price is the price that all generators receive for their supply during the half hour, and the price that wholesale customers pay for the electricity they use in that period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
AbstractThe advent in universities of managerialism with its drive for individual accountability through performance management systems (PMSs) is contentious. With the implementation of a PMS at a South African university, academic heads of department (HoDs) have been key players in the performance reward component of the PMS. This study, following a qualitative descriptive research design based on in-depth interviews, explores a sample of HoDs’ experiences and perceptions of the institution's performance reward system. Most of the participants are sceptical of the PMS as they view it as a business-oriented practice that is not compatible with the nature and objectives of higher education institutions (HEIs). They consider the reward strategy not only to have a limited effect in promoting high performance behaviour, but to be a cause of discontent due to implementation inconsistencies, nebulous award criteria, lack of transparency about ratings, and the negligible monetary value of the reward.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As Minister of Health, she implemented healthcare reform, improving attention to primary care facilities with the aim of ensuring better and faster healthcare response for families. She highlights the contribution that official development assistance (ODA) has made to empowering women and girls to exercise their rights fully as equal citizens. Partnerships on gender equality between the United Nations (UN) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have also played a fundamental role in ensuring enhanced support to and impact on gender equality goals, particularly as the deadline for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In fact, the British government is concerned by the low levels of liquidity in the electricity wholesale market due to vertical integration and one aim of the Electricity Market Reform is to provide sufficient liquidity to allow all independent generators, regardless of their size, to compete effectively in the market. The latter is primarily an incentive for coal-based power producers to deploy CCS technology along with any new constructed fossil-fuel plant. In addition it is planned to create in the medium term a reliable, flexible and efficient production system by legislating for a new capacity payment mechanism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Language training (both general and on-the job) is critical within programme design to ensure the social integration of refugees, as illustrated in Box 4.7. The programme includes funding of about EUR 1 million and provides internship opportunities, vocational skills training and German language courses. After a pilot phase, a permanent internships programme was consolidated in 2015 in Erlanger-Nuremberg in order to support workplace integration and orientation for qualified asylum seekers. The programme is designed to be reproduced in other Siemens offices in Munich and Berlin and is also intended to serve as a case study for other companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper questions whether human rights are not part of a utopia that in the face of contemporary society challenges and dystopias is gradually disappearing. It finds that the historic trajectory of human rights includes periods of emergence and latency. An overview of the present situation reveals significant advances in relation to human rights norms, monitoring, denouncing and awareness, despite contradictions, in particular between norms and their enforcement in sovereign national States. The literature suggests that this progress is less a result of sanctions than of dawning awareness of human rights’ moral legitimacy. Therefore, schooling and education in general havespecial significance. As regards schools, profound changes are needed: better knowledge of students, and establishing an ambience founded on actual example of human rights practice and respect. Curricula need to embrace interdisciplinarity and active methodologies to encourage students to take ona protagonist role. KeywordsHuman rights, Human rights education, Curricula, Modernity
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thanks to a favourable economic environment, improvements in the labour market and the effect of prioritizing social policy on combating poverty and inequality, between 2002 and 2012 poverty fell by 15.7 percentage points to a level of 28.1% (ECLAC, 2015). During the same period, most countries in the region also managed to reduce income inequality. Nonetheless, since 2012 poverty and inequality levels have both remained broadly constant (ECLAC, 2016b). There are also clear inequalities between broad segments of the population, which are accentuated in rural areas, where the most recent data reveal poverty and indigence rates that are practically double those observed in urban areas (ECLAC, 2016b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Younger sons will often inherit some land or other assets of value, while daughters receive only small symbolic items. The share of children not attending mandatory schooling is also much higher among ethnic minority girls compared to the national average. Such discriminatory social norms contribute to the devalorisation of girls and women, affect self-esteem and perpetuate gender inequalities that have longterm social and financial costs. Coverage is high among workers in the state and FDI sectors, but low for those in the non-state sector, most of whom are informal workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Though the country is rural, a national daily notes that 27 per cent of its population lives in urban areas (“The costs of urbanization”, The Financial Express (Dhaka), 1 July 2007) and the urban population has been growing at over 3.5 per cent annually (CUS, NIPORT and MEASURE Evaluation 2006, p. 13). The national census conducted in 2001 showed that, over the previous 10 years, the population in urban areas of the country had grown by 38 per cent, compared with only 10 per cent in rural areas (Bangladesh 2003). Hossain (2003, p. 2) notes that, in 1974, only 7.86 per cent of the total population lived in urban areas. This figure had reached 20.15 per cent by 1991, and it is anticipated that the urban population will reach 36.78 per cent by 2015. A projection in the National Water Management Plan also shows that, in the next 30 years, the urban population of Bangladesh will outnumber the rural population and the density of the already overly dense population will increase tremendously (Bangladesh 2005b, p. 10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The economic rationale for matched funding is that benefits of agricultural research often spillover across state boundaries. Left to themselves, states face an incentive to under-invest or “free ride” on other states' investments in agricultural research. A second Morrill Act of 1890 created separate Land Grant Colleges that did not discriminate on the basis of race in states that at that point did not admit African Americans to their land grant universities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Consequently, young people often live with their parents until they can afford to buy a home. Unsurprisingly in a homeowner society, renting is also less popular than owning a place. This creates a burden for firms that consequently have greater difficulties to attract the talent they need or in turn need to prop up pay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The private sector, including financiers, property developers and small entrepreneurs, is gaining experience in financing discrete facilities (desalination or wastewater treatment plants, distributed infrastructures) at different scales. Public utilities, for their part, recycle some of the capital tied up in water infrastructures to generate cash for use in new projects. National and local governments need to explore innovative ways to jumpstart and leverage private investment where required. The three subsequent chapters address some of these barriers. It first documents trends in traditional sources of finance for urban water services, including tariffs, taxes and transfers (the 3Ts) and repayable finance. It then explores the strategies cities in OECD countries can use to cover their financing needs, these combine options to minimise costs (e.g. through targeted maintenance or amalgamated services), innovative tariff structures and additional financing sources (e.g. innovative business models for water utilities and taxes that harness beneficiaries of enhanced w'ater security).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
ABSTRACTThis article analyses the inter-relationship of developments in international justice and the prosecution of Efrain Rios Montt for the crime of genocide in Guatemala. International justice processes, particularly concerning the application of ‘universal jurisdiction’, contributed to the advancement of the case against Rios Montt, in Spain and Guatemala. In turn, the prosecution of Rios Montt influenced the interpretation and application of universal jurisdiction, with ramifications beyond the Guatemalan case itself. The article traces the prosecution for genocide of Efrain Rios Montt in the Spanish National Court, and situates this particular case within broader currents and networks associated with prosecuting grave violations of human rights. The prosecution of Rios Montt demonstrates that, rather than a simple case of global norms trickling ‘down’ to the (lower) local level, mutually constituted activities of the global and the local continually shape each other. The interconnections of nationa...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
With Singapore’s emergence in 1823 and the addition of Port Klang, the reign of the Penang port started to decrease and in 1932 Singapore overtook Penang as the main port of the Straits Settlements. Efforts have been made to revitalise the Weld Quay and to transform it into a vibrant tourist sport by tapping into its heritage of colonialism and clan jetties. Old abandoned buildings are being converted into hotels without destroying their history. Weld Quay’s old role as a transportation centre is being revived, with plans to integrate Penang’s ferry and bus services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Australia, the first two contracts were for two or three years, and the second two contract periods were for six years with a mid-term reallocation of business. There is an expectation, although not a rule, that new contracts will be awarded to providers with a good performance record. Contract decisions are taken at the ESA level, and thus primarily reflect management performance at a fairly local (commuting-area) level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For instance, in countries such as China and India (which, despite having invested heavily in rural development, are home to most of the worlds undernourished people), the areas most vulnerable to food insecurity often contend with poor natural conditions and fragile ecologies (Xiao and Nie, 2009, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation and World Food Programme, 2008). While there is an emerging consensus among international organizations regarding the importance of strengthening the role of small farm holders in order to ensure the achievement of greater food security, effective policies need to be in place to secure the viability of small farm holders, particularly in view of intensification of international competition and strengthening of marketing chains and quality standards, and natural resource degradation (Hazell and others, 2010). Small farm holders not only tend to make more intensive use of land and labour but also face lower transaction costs for labour. In northern Zambia, for instance, labour-rich households have higher incomes but they also cause the most deforestation (Holden, 1991).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Nonprofit managers are influenced by managerial logics that guide their everyday understandings, decisions, and behaviors. This article identifies, conceptualizes, and examines these logics through the lens of institutional theory, which implies a distinction between normative and instrumental modalities of nonprofit managerialism. These modalities are contrasted across seven domains of nonprofit management—portfolio management, organizational growth and capacity-building, fundraising, collaboration and competition, effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability—generating insights for managers, scholars, and society at large. Specifically, the framework identifies contradictory managerial imperatives that can create a “double bind” for practitioners, provides a mechanism for organizing and positioning nonprofit management scholarship, and raises fundamental questions about the attainability of nonprofit missions and the function of the nonprofit sector in society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A regulation on densities that limits the number of fish in a farming centre as a consequence of poor environmental and sanitary performance during the previous productive period has also been put in place. Anchovy make up 40% of landings for small-scale fishers and 60% of landings for industrial fishers {Panel A). Processing plants generated around 34 000 jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
That is because there is a risk that policies can aggravate existing capacity problems and reduce the capability of the fisheries management system to effectively control effort and harvest. A better approach may be to ensure that fishers are aware of and can access existing programs that are supportive of energy efficiency, such as R&D or investment credits and incentives in the tax code. Another option may be to make access to support policies contingent on fishers meeting a high standard of energy efficiency or participating in training or other programs designed to help fishers improve the efficiency of their operations. Governments can negotiate with the sector to establish voluntary standards and guidelines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)