albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Figure 1.3 shows the declines in agriculture’s share of GDP since 1980 in selected African, Asian and Latin American countries (Panels A, B and C respectively). In Latin America, agriculture’s share of GDP has declined to less than 10% of the total in most countries, and is less than 20% in nearly all countries. In Asia, the ratio is above 30% in a few countries but has declined to between 10% and 20% across most of the continent. Africa stands out as an exception. First, because of the significant number of countries in which agriculture still accounts for a third or more of GDP, and second because in several of the poorest countries, all with a per capita income of less than USD 1 000 per year, agriculture’s share of GDP has actually risen over the past 30 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Background: In order to develop policymaking, evaluation is required. The research project studied national health promotion policies concentrating on mental health promotion policy. In this paper the focus is on the position of evaluation. Aim: To explore the position of evaluation in the development of the national public health strategies of England and Finland and particularly with regard to mental health promotion policies. The evaluation phase of the policymaking process is also scrutinised through multiple streams of policy change. Methods: Meta-evaluative approach applying a conceptual framework of policy analysis. Results: Evaluations of national health strategies were executed in both countries. These evaluations entailed multiple tasks, not only to monitor the progress of the targets but to learn for the future in a wider perspective. Aims of mental health policy are not easily turned into quantitative targets and therefore outcome evaluation was not felt to be satisfactory as it lacks focus on...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Global Development and Environment Institute Working Paper No. J. (2008), “The Unintended Consequences of Encouraging Work: Tax Incidence and the EITC”, CEPS Working Paper, No. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice 34, pp. Tax Notes, Tax Policy Center, Urban and Brookings Institution, 2 May 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This would appear to be a weakness in the standards as currently agreed, and Scotland should consider whether patient-reported measures (including patient satisfaction and experience) should be included. Several OECD health systems (in the Nordic countries and in Canada, for example) are increasingly using patient-reported measures in accountability and contracting frameworks (OECD, 2015) in an effort to make services more responsive to patient needs and preferences. The inclusion of this target helps underline the need to see a whole-system approach to targets and system performance relative to targets, considering the inputs and drivers behind successfully, or unsuccessfully, met targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Its second phase integrated a personal health record (containing diagnoses and treatments), with the national appointment system, for planned elective care. Importantly, EDUS also contains a “family” record for each individual, systematically recording broader determinants of health and well-being, such as other family members with complex illnesses, and any financial or housing difficulties. This allows a fuller assessment of the individual’s needs, as well as enabling local population health profiles to be built, and needs predicted. Future development will link EDUS to digital imaging, laboratoiy records, pharmacy records and in-patient clinical notes (nursing as well as medical).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This is the case in particular of taxes paid on the consumption of goods and services. In principle, their effects on real disposable income may be captured through changes in consumer prices but this is valid only for the average income and even in this case changes in prices can reflect factors other than taxes.46 As a result, changes in the structure of taxation are likely to have a first-round, accounting effect on household disposable income even if the reform keeps the overall level of taxation unchanged. It is also found to have a negative effect on average household income as well as on lower incomes, without any significant differences on the magnitude of the impact across the distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Language learning is frequently justified as a vehicle for promoting intercultural communication and understanding and language-in-education policies have increasingly come to reflect this preoccupation in their rhetoric. This paper examines the ways in which concepts relating to interculturality are constructed in Japanese language policy documents. It will explore in particular the ways in which ideologies of nationalism and Japanese identity have an impact on understandings of the nature and purpose of interculturality and how these are developed discursively in Japanese language-in-education policy. Japanese language policies construct a discourse of interculturality that focuses on the development of a nationalistic adherence to a particular conceptualisation of Japanese identity, which is unique, homogenous and monolithic. A multiculturalist perspective is taken in re-examining these themes in the contexts of Japanese policy documents relating to foreign language teaching, minority languages and Jap...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Entirely protected and sealed off means that the information is unlikely to be discovered by people that need it and therefore unlikely to be put to any good use. Entirely open could mean exposure to vulnerabilities, and in this case, infrastructure vulnerabilities, which could have severe implications on national security. Carefully constructed information architecture with information security built in as an inherent component is essential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In terms of effective power generation (the actual yield with which the generating plants operate), in 2030 this would represent 5.3% of the electricity matrix, up from 2.9% in 2015 (see figure V33). Proyectos Estrategicos para Seguridad Energdtica Regional (PRESER)". Proyectos Estratdgicos para Seguridad Energdtica Regional (PRESER)'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The present article seeks to analyze the exchange Argentine-Brazilian trade in recent years And Chinese penetration in the region in order to Observe the future prospects of MERCOSUR And the necessary public policy options in Matter of international insertion, It stops at the Sectoral analysis of bilateral trade and Of displacement of regional production by Asian suppliers finding a drop in The last years in the share of exports Argentina to Brazil and vice versa, while There is an increase in Chinese participation In all sectors, except for the automotive. Faced with this, the questions arise: Is the greater liberalization And the flexibilization of MERCOSUR, The exit for the Argentine economy? Will it be possible By this way to recover markets in recoil Like the Brazilian? Or, on the contrary, the greater Regional regulation, as in the automotive case, Is the basis for sustaining a process of sustainable development?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Introduction: John Rawls - an overview Samuel Freeman 1. Rawls and liberalism Thomas Nagel 2. For a democratic society Joshua Cohen 3. Rawls on justification T. M. Scanlon 4. Rawls on the relationship between liberalism and democracy Amy Gutmann 5. Difference principles Philippe van Parijs 6. Democratic equality: Rawls's complex egalitarianism Norman Daniels 7. Congruence and the good of justice Samuel Freeman 8. On Rawls Burton Dreben 9. Constructivism in Rawls and Kant Onora O'Neill 10. Public reason Charles Larmore 11. Rawls on constitutionalism and constitutional law Frank I. Michelman 12. Rawls and utilitarianism Samuel Scheffler 13. Rawls and communitarianism Stephen Mulhall and Adam Swift 14. Rawls and feminism Martha Nussbaum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Finally, these children are less well covered by social assistance than children in the previous group, since about 1 in 5 children in this group are in a family who receives a social assistance allowance against one third in group 1. Only a very small minority of children (about 90,000 children, i.e. 1.4% of all children aged 0 to 17) experience deprivation in all areas, but some of their characteristics (single parenthood, unemployment or joblessness, low parental education) make them more vulnerable than others. Very low-incomes, lack of employment and the presence of parents bom outside Canada are factors putting children at a greater risk of facing multiple deprivations. Although the families of these two groups of children usually receive financial assistance (child tax credit, social assistance benefit), a significant minority of them still face multiple deprivations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Mapping, GPS tracking and widely accessible mobile data have the potential to improve spatial efficiency and the way urban residents interact with public transit, transport congestion, the real estate market and monetary transactions. In Africa ICT is already enhancing urban-rural linkages, supporting the co-development of cities and their hinterlands through better market information, better access to services and easier cash transfers. The pattern of growth of African cities will no doubt be shaped by new technology. Incentives for dense and compact development fall as transport, trade and communication over longer distances become easier. But as density decreases, negative externalities (costs borne by society) increase, including congestion, pollution, segregation, infrastructure costs, loss of walkable commercial districts and the costs associated with public transit viability. Only those with cars and smart phones?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Provide a legal and tax framework that helps universities to attract foreign researchers. Ensure there is a clear legal basis for universities to establish non-profit foundations that can recruit, compensate, and support researchers. Use tax policy or other incentives to encourage business-university collaboration that supports the recruitment of international researchers, and work carried out to international standards, on the model of the Centre for Excellence in Finance and Research. However, it has not done so equitably.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Border Network for Human Rights (BNHR) is a community-based organization in the United States-Mexico borderlands, focused on human rights in the domain of immigration law enforcement and comprehensive immigration reform. BNHR has three important features. First, it focuses on the U.S.-Mexico border region, the region of most intensive U.S. immigration enforcement. Second, the BNHR uses a base community organizing strategy, as opposed to external activist or service provider strategies. Third, the BNHR has brought the voices and perspectives of border and immigrant community members to the public policy process. In these ways, the BNHR is reformulating political agency in the borderlands and the U.S. [U.S.-Mexico border, immigration, community organizing, human rights, public policy]
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Piracy holds a special place within the field of international law because of the universal jurisdiction that applies: any state may seize a pirate ship on the high seas and decide upon the penalties to be imposed, as is currently the case with Somali and West African pirates. Unlike today, piracy was the norm in pre-modern times. Maritime trade and piracy went hand in hand. At the same time, kings and emperors recruited their admirals from among pirates. This raises the question of how princes, states and cities distinguished between legal and illegal violence at sea. How did they deal with maritime conflict among themselves and among their respective subjects and citizens? This article puts maritime conflict management in a European, global and long term perspective while avoiding anachronistic and teleological approaches. Finally, it argues that pre-modern conflict management is relevant to understand maritime security in the twenty-first century.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
AbstractIn the judgment delivered in the case concerning Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy), the International Court of Justice held that under the present state of international customary law State immunity encompasses all acta jure imperii, regardless of whether they are unlawful. Following the ruling that States are entitled to jurisdictional immunities before foreign courts even if their sovereign acts amount to violations of peremptory norms, the Court found that Italy had violated Germany’s immunity from jurisdiction and enforcement. In rendering such a conservative judgment, the Court missed a double opportunity: to contribute to the development of international law by interpreting the rule on sovereign immunity in harmony with international human rights law and its dynamics, and to finally serve justice for the victims of war crimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Basic drinking water sources include piped water, boreholes or tube wells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water. Basic sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines: ventilated improved pit latrines, composing toilets or pit latrines with slabs. Thedecision to use the less strict definition of "basic" access allows wider country coverage, given the questions asked in the available DHS and MICS surveys. Available from: httpsWwww.unicef.org/media/media_68359.html (accessed on 11 May 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Green waste composting is, nevertheless, being encouraged in rural regions, and tests are being carried out on the Oum Azza landfill. There are also no precise data (only estimations) on the quantities collected and recycled by unofficial waste pickers. Collected waste is sold to wholesalers and is then generally sent on to Casablanca to be transformed into energy or reusable materials, or to be exported. These programmes have also made it possible to clean up several thousand plastic waste hotspots (box 8.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Information often exists but is very fragmented, inaccessible (and often lost) or collected according to different standards. In many cases, the information is collected in isolation and without keys for connecting pieces with one another. This constitutes a major challenge to the implementation of cross-sectoral management as called for by the BGI. Such integration also entails the exchange of expertise and related methods and tools, while catering for particular requirements of aquatic resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This area lies in the deepest zones of the central Adriatic, between Italy and Croatia, the main countries that exploit it. It is influenced by the Mid Gyre that determines the circulation of the waters, contributing to the well-known dense waters together with the seasons and the entering waters from the Ionian Sea. The Adriatic Sea waters are exchanged with those of the open seas of the Mediterranean only once every three or four years and the North Adriatic is the shallowest part of the entire Mediterranean Sea, with an average depth of around 50 m. It presents the w'ater body with relatively slow water exchange mechanisms, making it particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
These trust funds are independent entities financed by a range of international and national sources. As of April 2015, total commitments to endow Mauritania’s trust fund (BACoMaB) had reached EUR 22.3 million, with funds sourced from the Mauritanian Government via the EU FPA as well as from a range of international donors. Guinea-Bissau’s more recent BioGuinea Foundation, established in 2011, has received commitments of EUR 5 million, including EUR 1 million from the Guinea-Bissau government. Building a shared understanding of the economic benefits that marine conservation can bring to the fisheries sector was vital. This required lobbying, consensus building and co-ordination by non-government organisations (NGOs) acting as brokers. Both cases also highlight the importance of a secure legal and institutional basis for MPA management and financing to prevent wavering political support and changing priorities threatening the long-term stability of conservation financing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Zinder is a poor, predominantly rural region, where malnutrition is common and access to health care is limited. In the next decade, an estimated 14 million child marriages will occur annually in developing countries. In Bangladesh, Chad and Niger, more than one in three girls is married before her 15th birthday.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
We then come to how high levels of education have affected growth in Kerala, before concluding with some concerns about the quality of education in the state. Schooling in Rajasthan is a relatively recent phenomenon. There are enormous challenges concerning both access and quality of schooling. Rajasthan is still in a situation where it is necessary to recruit female teachers to contribute to greater gender parity and social equity in school enrolment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The sector’s share of freshwater withdrawals among the economies varies widely - from 39.5% in Albania to less than 3% in Serbia and Montenegro. Except for Albania, the assessed economies use a smaller share of their freshwater resources in agriculture than the OECD average (43.9%) and the EU average (29.7%). Gross value added of agriculture * Farm structure, number and total area . Enployment in agriculture * Number of agricultural co-operatives • Agro-food trade: exports, imports and trade balance * Crop and livestock yield .
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Alex Callinicos's intervention in the debate on the geopolitics of the states system and capitalist modernity provides a crucial wake-up call to International Relations theory and practice. Yet, within the contending positions he outlines disputing the political economy of geopolitical conflict, inter-state rivalry and capitalist imperialism, the insights of Antonio Gramsci are notably absent. This article contributes to the debate by elaborating how the theory of passive revolution reveals the political rule of capital, thereby internally relating the states system to capitalist modernity within a focus on uneven development. This concern is evident in Gramsci's analysis of the labour process of Anglo-Saxon capitalism and the geopolitics of the states system contained within his survey of 'Americanism and Fordism'. Theorization on the passive revolution of capital might then provide a fruitful basis from which an empirical research agenda on social development could be advanced with reference to post-col...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Their implementation should then become more systematic. The redefinition of the scope of services provided by health care facilities must be accompanied by adequate investment to cover the necessary physical and human resources. Investments decisions, including through PPP projects, should be selected on the basis of their ability to move towards the desired service delivery structure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This requires not only new jobs, but jobs that enable people to avoid and escape poverty. Recent trends towards higher rates of in-work poverty indicate that job quality has become a concern for a growing number of workers. Policy reforms that tackle inequalities in the labour market, such as those between standard and non-standard forms of employment, are needed to reduce income inequality. The lessons from the Restated Jobs Strategy (OECD, 2006), adapted to recent experience, provide important guidelines in this respect, e.g. with regard to more balanced policy measures between temporary and permanent employment contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Synthesis of the content of the national policies proposing national accreditation standards for the programmes and compulsory training cont'd. This is carried out, on the one hand, in the form of education by traditional software programmes and, on the other hand, by the use of digital learning environments (eLearning platforms) and Web 2.0 software. The project “New Secondaiy Schools” promotes pedagogical concepts of self-directed learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Romania's commitment to tackle climate change continued. It was the first annex I country, i.e. a developed country or a country in transition, to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, via Law No. The year of 1989 was selected instead of the standard 1990 because it was thought to better reflect Romania's potential economic output and hence its potential emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Women typically begin using substances later in life than men, but once they have initiated substance use, women tend to increase their rate of consumption of alcohol, cannabis, opioids and cocaine more rapidly than men and may progress more quickly than men to the development of drug use disorders. In South-Eastern Europe, nearly three out of every five people in drug treatment are in treatment for opioid use disorders. Treatment for cocaine use remains prominent in North America, Latin America and the Caribbean and, to a lesser extent, in Western and Central Europe, while amphetamines remain a problem primarily in East and South-East Asia and to some extent in North America. I, Nady El-Guebaly, Giuseppe Carra and Marc Galanter, cds. ( Milan, Springer, 2015). Cannabis is the main drug for which drug use treatment is sought in Africa, but many countries, most notably Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa and the United Republic of Tanzania, have reported an increasing number of people entering treatment for opioid use disorders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This section sets out the socio-economic context of the Peruvian health care system and it explores the health care needs that the health system must address. The country is divided into 25 departments, bordering Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil in the east and Bolivia and Chile in the south, with the Pacific Ocean to the west (Figure 1.1). The Andes mountain chain passes through Peru which, together with the Amazonas jungle in the north-east, creates a geographically complex setting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This was twice the rate of population growth, but somewhat less than the rate of GDP growth, which increased by an estimated factor of 19, at constant prices, over the twentieth century (De Long, 1998). These statistics therefore present long-run evidence of "relative decoupling" of material extraction from GDP. However, such relative resource decoupling does not entail an absolute reduction in resources used. Indeed, according to this more recent data, since 2000 material extraction appears to have grown at a faster rate than GDP - suggesting the possibility of "recoupling" if this trend persists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The impact of students’ socio-economic background on mathematics performance and grade repetition rates is higher than the average for other OECD countries. Portugal system-level practices include enrolment rates for 3-4 year-olds above the OECD average, universal enrolment for 5-14 year-olds and compulsory education recently extended to 12 years (from age 6 to age 18) - one of the longest periods of compulsory schooling among OECD countries. Attainment rates at upper secondary and tertiary levels are below the OECD average, and enrolment in upper secondary vocational education and training (VET) is around the OECD average. Portugal has steadily reduced dropout since 2000, accelerating the decrease in recent years, although it remains high compared to the average of OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)