albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The following review does not provide a detailed account and discussion of the methods adopted in each study, but it is safe to say that all of the main findings of the review are supported by at least one econometrically sound analysis supporting the causal nature of the links assessed (e.g. for wage penalties associated with obesity and smoking, wage differentials for people with different levels of alcohol consumption, employment gaps for the obese, heavy drinkers and smokers, etc.). It focused on how risk factors and chronic diseases affect employment, wages, labour productivity and early exit from the labour market. It also provides an insight into the value of production potentially lost from illness and from adverse labour market outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
SUMMARY An annual trade deficit in Australia for forest products of approximately $2 billion (Aus$), predominantly in paper, pulp products and sawn timber, makes sound argument for continued support of plantation forestry expansion. Existing government policy promoting afforestation through fiscal tax-based incentives for Managed Investment Scheme (MIS) retail forestry however, has raised many questions regarding the need for performance targets and accountability criteria in response to the collapse of several private plantation companies during the global financial crisis of 2009 and 2010 that had been responsible for managing a large sector of the national estate. This paper reports on the first stage of a social research case study for a sub-tropical rural community in north-eastern NSW, Australia that had been undergoing rapid land use-change to plantation forestry prior to the global financial crisis. Socio-political, economic and environmental concerns of stakeholders are identified through social ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The curve ranks technologies and industrial processes according to the net costs of avoiding a ton of C02 emissions, taking into account both the capital costs and the operating costs of low-emissions technologies. Figure II.2 suggests opportunities for negative cost (or win-win) emissions reductions where the upfront capital costs are more than offset by future energy savings. Most of these savings are achieved through improved energy efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Investment Committee has oversight responsibility for the Guidelines which are one part of a broader OECD investment instrument - the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises. They provide non-binding principles and standards for responsible business conduct in a global context consistent with applicable laws and internationally recognised standards. The Guidelines are the only multilaterally agreed and comprehensive code of responsible business conduct that Governments have committed to promoting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The rate of convergence was even higher in developing countries, where the same figure went from only 57% in 1950 to 86% in 2010. Today, in the countries considered in this chapter enrolment rates in primary and secondary education are almost identical between boys and girls (Figure 4.4), and women have largely overtaken men in their propensity to attend tertiary education. For the tertiary level, the population used is the five-year age group starting from the official secondary school graduation age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
‘A Map of the Israeli Legal Field Operating in the OPT: Structuring Law, Structuring Power’ by Maayan Geva establishes an historical account of Israeli legal practice in the occupied Palestinian territories (OPT). Focusing on the military legal system (MAG Corps) and specifically its International Law Department (ILD), the High Court of Justice and human rights, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), it draws a dynamic historical map of this field of practice based on shifts in the discursive articulations of law and legality materialising alongside the changing power relations between legal agents and institutions. This account begins with the 1967 occupation of the West Bank and Gaza, and the genesis of the field, and continues by tracing pivotal decisions, processes of change and turning points leading to the field’s current form.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Revenue from a dedicated transport tax (versement transport) levied on employers and based on payrolls has enabled the STIF to extend and maintain the public transport network and non-motorised transport facilities. The city’s success results from close co-operation between its Urban Transport Planning Authority (URBS), responsible for transport, and the urban development authority' (IPUCC), which is in charge of land-use planning. From its start in 1974, the Curitiba BRT was notable for its careful alignment with the 1965 Curitiba Master Plan, which focused the city’s growth along major corridors, through land-use and zoning regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, in this report, the NIDS data are used to provide a nationally representative picture of contemporary South Africa. They begin by recognizing that household labour market income depends on three factors, namely, the number of “potential workers” (that is, household members of working age), the number of household members that are actually employed and the earnings of these workers. Nevertheless, joblessness has a significant effect on household wage inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Care systems must also be established or strengthened, by fostering the proper provision of public goods and services in that area. When designing and implementing these policies, special attention must be paid to the contexts and reasons that cause poverty to affect children, adolescents, young people, indigenous peoples, Afrodescendants and working-age women disproportionately.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Capacity building has also been strengthened within the nursing workforce. Although the number of practising nurses (8.0 per 1000 population) is still slightly below the EU average, numbers have increased by a third since 2009. Looking at trends over time reveals impressive falls in amenable mortality over the past 15 years. This reflects the overall progress in providing better availability of, and access to, an increasing range of different services, medicines and medical technologies Examples of success include the remarkable improvements in survival for some treatable cancers, such as breast and testicular cancer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This means that education systems with greater fairness in education outcomes, as measured by the percentage of the variation in student performance explained by socioeconomic status, lend to show smaller performance differences between students from different socio-economic groups, as measured by the average change in performance scores associated with a one-unit change on the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. That is, most countries show either steep, strong socio-economic gradients or flat, weak gradients. In these cases, universal policies tend to be most effective. These types of policies include changing curricula or instructional systems and/or improving the quality of the teaching staff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Even in this seemingly simple case, the distinction may not be clear. If fertilizer use helps maintain and build soil fertility in the long run, it may also be considered an investment. Similarly, in public expenditures, a distinction is generally made between investment and current expenditures, but again this is not always clear-cut, not least because current expenditures are required to maintain the value of capital assets such as roads and other physical infrastructure. From a farmer's point of view, the purchase of land may represent an important investment in his or her productive capacity, from the perspective of society it simply involves a change in ownership of an asset rather than a net increase in capital stock, as occurs for instance when land improvements are undertaken.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Most countries lack comprehensive and consistent information systems that can show investment pipelines and existing infrastructure, thus impeding decisions on future investments. For governments, a transparent information system showing infrastructure pipelines and current operational assets will be a key tool to coordinate and align climate action with other governments or the private sector. By provisioning the right digital infrastructure based on blockchain technology, deeply entrenched, but flexible monitoring, reporting and communication services can be developed in the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This means that, when calculating total poverty, different distances must be captured for moderate and severe deprivation. This was done by assigning a score of 1 for severe deprivation, 2 for moderate deprivation and 3 for no deprivation (the value 0 was reserved for the situation of extreme deprivation, which is not amenable to measurement by conventional surveys). Flowever, the distances represented by these scores are metric, whereas the three situations (severe, moderate and no deprivation) relate to an ordinal system (where the actual distances cannot be established). So, even though it is possible to differentiate between groups of poor children using depth and severity indices of total poverty, they should be considered merely illustrative of the severity of poverty in these groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Activities are carried out by a broad range of actors, mostly research institutes and universities but also government entities at all levels, sometimes in co-operation with private partners. Database ol Adaptation Projects (www. A majority of projects relate to natural hazard management, an area of particular importance for Austria irrespective of climate change, and many projects involve multiple sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These are formidable numbers but well within the capacity of capital markets if the risk-adjusted returns are available. Indeed in the international climate change negotiations, developed countries have committed to mobilising jointly USD 100 billion per year by 20208 - but key questions remain regarding what financial flows might count towards this commitment and how this will be delivered in practice. For example, it has become more difficult to obtain bank loans with the long maturities required by infrastructure projects as commercial banks face capital and liquidity constraints.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Safeguarding debt sustainability requires action on several fronts: boosting public savings by enhancing domestic revenue mobilization and reducing non-priority outlays, ensuring efficient use of funds by strengthening public investment management, developing local capital markets, and tapping into all available sources of concessional financing (IMF, 2016). This requires concerted efforts to improve the regulatory and macroeconomic environment and enhance countries' capacity to negotiate and implement public-private partnerships that will allow them to effectively balance risk-sharing between the public and private partners. Donors also have an important role to play in boosting private sector investment in infrastructure by lending technical support to governments seeking to attract funds, actively engaging their private sector arms in infrastructure projects, and providing effectively-designed risk-mitigation mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A landscape ecological perspective means that different natural environments must be found in the landscape at any given time. Different strategies in for example Norway (PEFC) and Sweden (FSC) may be explained by differences in public policy and government support, advocacy-group and market pressure, and industry structure (Gulbrandsen 2005a). Outdoor recreation" and "Forests and mountains" are represented as two of thirteen main categories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The opinion expressed by UWV would be key element in determining the fairness of the termination. Overall, however, it is still unclear whether the reform would effectively reduce dismissal costs for permanent contracts. Protection for employees on fixed-term contracts would also be considerably increased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While 25-50% of groundwater is used for drinking purposes, less than 25% is used for irrigation, industry, thermal spa and livestock. Wastewater is collected and treated in the largest settlement (Dim-itrovgrad), while in rural areas septic tanks are mainly used. Communal waste disposal and agriculture activities may locally put groundwater quality at a risk. There is a need for establishing systematic quantity and quality monitoring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is also clear that transaction costs do not constitute a once-and-for-all barrier to exchange and the existence of markets. Technological advances, for instance, could make the collection and transmission of information easier and may thus contribute to the creation of new markets. A case in point is the market for sulphur emissions, which has been working well under the “Acid Rain Program” in the United States since 1993.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Identifying Potential Health Care Innovations for the Future Elderly. Health Affairs 24 Suppl 2, W5-R67-W5-R76. A reform in 1996, however, expanded the types of services available to patients and extended coverage to all veterans on a priority-based enrolment system. The VA operates a large integrated health care system that serves over 5 million patients annually.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The partnership came about because of two important factors. The first was a common interest in strengthening tourism by co-ordinating the historic and cultural offer of the city with the nature-based and agricultural tourism of the hinterland. The second factor was the role of the Liibeck Bay Regionen Aktiv programme in establishing a way for the individual rural municipalities to form a common association that had shared values and that could act as an agent when discussing options for partnering with the city. By aggregating the individual municipalities into a single unit, the two populations were more equal in size and the negotiations could take place with the rural municipalities having already agreed on a single strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It must include women and girls, not only as the recipients of health and social protection services, but also as advocates, as health workers, as active members, representatives and leaders of communities. Building resilience and protecting communities from the negative effects of a disaster must therefore be connected to a robust development agenda that takes into account individual, social, economic and cultural vulnerabilities. Given that high maternal and child mortality are concentrated in countries with conflict and natural disasters, establishing robust connections between resilience-enhancement programmes and development targets will be essential to both achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and mitigating the effects of disasters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
More interaction and closer co-operation will be needed to link national strategies and policies to regional and local strengths and development effort. Open co-operation platforms involving local actors, national and international networks can be mobilised to leverage the dynamism and strength of innovation ecosystems in the regions. These PPPs should be more open, flexible, allow for a wider set of stakeholders to co-operate and could also extend to broader innovation agendas, not only research but also complementary resource development (e.g. training and human capital formation) and downstream stages of innovation (e.g. commercialisation). They should be based on enhanced governance and a clear definition of common goals agreed through a joint research or innovation agenda (for the medium to long term), based on road-mapping and joint stakeholder engagement. Hence, a better mix of top-down and bottom-up approaches is key to launching a new' revitalised model of PPPs. Finland currently lacks programme-based national-level mechanisms to support industry-science collaboration to address urgent industry' needs for innovation and productivity growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Shifts in investment patterns will gather pace, Governments will implement their national climate plans as contributions to the objective of the Paris Agreement, and non-State actors will continue to drive tangible change across all sectors of society. The Paris Agreement is also the first climate treaty to include gender-specific references. Global emissions need to peak as soon as possible, followed by rapid reductions thereafter, if we are to have a decent chance at staying below the 2 degrees Celsius temperature rise threshold of the Paris Agreement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It can be used to cover one consultation and one follow-up visit for: counselling, family planning, pregnancy testing, antenatal care, treatment of sexually transmitted infections, or any combination of services. The programme also trained clinic staff in counselling for adolescents, issues of adolescent sexuality, and identifying and addressing sexual abuse (Muewissen, 2006). Through a network of 5,000 peer counsellors, Gera^ao Biz provides non-judgmental, confidential information and services to Mozambique’s youth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Selected relevant national and local policies are: economic policies (which impact the economic impact (e.g. job creation) that urbanisation can bring), land, public sen/ice, safety and security, housing, certain infrastructure, climate, natural resources/environment, mobility and social policies. Increasing coherence at the policy level can improve administrative effectiveness and resource flows at the metropolitan level. Empowering local authorities by building capacity, rebalancing fiscal systems and giving legal and political mandate. Empowering communities, grassroots organisations, social and traditional leaders and civil society at large by providing them with tools for monitoring and evaluating policies and increasing participatory mechanisms in budgeting and/or policymaking processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Accordingly, countries have been grouped as high-income, upper-middle-income, lower-middle-income and low-income (table E). To maintain compatibility with similar classifications used elsewhere, the threshold levels of GNI per capita are those established by the World Bank. Countries with less than $995 GNI per capita are classified as low-income countries, those with between $996 and $3,895 as lower-middle-income countries, those with between $3,896 and $12,055 as upper-middle-income countries, and those with incomes of more than $12,056 as high-in-come countries. The basic criteria for inclusion require that certain thresholds be met with regard to per capita GNI, a human assets index and an economic vulnerability index.3 As of March 2018, there were 47 LDCs (table F). Unless otherwise indicated, multi-year averages of growth rates are expressed as compound annual percentage rates of change. The convention followed is to omit the base year in a multi-year growth rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
At present, approximately 80% of agricultural products are exported in the form of raw materials, with only 20% in processed form. At the end of 2014, the target is to have 50% of agricultural exports in processed form. Improvement in the quality of agricultural products (fresh and processed) is measured through the increased number of agricultural products that receive certification for quality guarantee (SNI, Organic, Good Agricultural Practices, Good Handling Practices and Good Manufacturing Practices). At the end of 2014, all products of organic agriculture, fermented cocoa, and processed rubber (bokar) must be certified and a mandatory certification policy will be in place (MoA, 2010). As the primary source of rural income, returns from agriculture have a significant bearing on rural poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, recent analysis suggests that farmers may not always view product price risk as a threat, but rather as an opportunity. Human risks, related to accidents and health, represent another permanent top source of risk. Recently, uncertainty about local laws and regulations has moved up in farmers’ ranking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The risk of a limited integration is that there is little guarantee that evaluation and assessment procedures in the Catholic and Independent sectors are sufficiently aligned with student learning objectives and educational targets at the national and systemic levels. Evaluation and assessment practices in Australia benefit from outstanding expertise in areas such as standardised test development, common reporting frameworks, national comparable data on student outcomes and externally-based student assessment and relies significantly on the investigation generated by a large and active educational research community. An example is the development of teacher capacity to assess against the whole range of curriculum goals to ensure consistency of A-E ratings across schools (see Chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The technical capacities of service offers for e-government and e-participation have considerably progressed over the last years. Yet, the principles of good governance are still not well implemented, especially when it comes to policy development. Governments struggle to effectively apply innovative technologies in regards to providing open collaboration in policy formulation or to monitor and evaluate policy implementation. Through a recent initiative of the European Commission (EC), several research projects have been launched to address these challenges. This paper first investigates existing deficiencies in open government towards transparent policy development. Subsequently, an approach of a project funded by the EC is introduced to develop better ICT support for open collaboration in policy modeling. The approach combines existing e-participation tools, collaborative scenario generation and formal policy modeling to evaluate and explore policies via agent-based modeling (OCOPOMO - www.ocopomo.eu).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Comments and inputs were also received from the European Commission. Key contributions were made by Guy Lejeune and Shadin Viratham of the Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion. Additional comments were received from Simone Baldassarri of the Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, and Maria Fatima Ribeiro Vilas Boas of the Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Because of the importance of forests worldwide, the most important aspects and statistics required to describe them are organized under a separate topic, Topic 1.2.3: Forests. As forests constitute particular ecosystem and land cover categories, their characteristics are also included within the other topics of this subcomponent. Presenting forests as a separate topic depends on their significance in a given country or area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)