albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The central government accounted for 57% of government expenditures and 89% of government revenues (OECD, 2016a). The Ministry of Finance is transferring part of the national budget to all local governments. The General Allocation Fund (DAU) and the Special Allocation Fund (DAK) accounted for 51% and 5%, respectively, of regency and city revenues in 2015 (OECD, 2016a), transfers also dramatically increased, from USD 9.1 billion in 2001 to USD 43.7 billion in 2011 (Ritonga et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, few effective protective measures have been taken with regard to the Mediterranean or Lake Kinneret. In 2000, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development concluded that the capture fishing industry in the Mediterranean had reached exploitation limits for most species. More recently, some important initiatives have been taken.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Such information could bring into focus the often higher needs and fewer resources in rural communities. More broadly, these indicators can bring the benefits of primary care into sharper relief and foster a culture of delivering higher quality care. The majority of new medical graduates in Korea currently prefer to gain a specialisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
But the status of early warning for the region as a whole was transformed following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami which affected 14 countries in Asia and Africa, and led to over 230,000 deaths. With no tsunami early warning system in place at the time, most of the victims received no warning at all. It had a profound impact on the development of the Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA) only weeks later.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The WSSD Johannesburg 2002 Plan of Implementation called on governments, inter alia, to “maintain or restore stocks to levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield with the aim of achieving these goals for depleted stocks on an urgent basis and where possible not later than 2015”. A more recent call is the Aichi 2011 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity calling for fisheries to be sustainably managed by 2020 (Box 2.1). The w'ork of the COFI and the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries provide important inventories of practical, evidence based “ways forward” to achieving green growth in fisheries. The UN conference on sustainable development Rio +20 in June 2012 reiterated the commitment of the parties to eliminate IUU fishing activities, acknowledging that they undermine the sustainable use of fisheries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
More recently, a new paradigm has emerged to make “room for the river”, combining innovative architecture, urbanisation and landscape solutions to build with nature and live with water. This new adaptive perspective (building with nature, living with water), also called “the Delta Works of the future”, partly motivated the adoption of the Delta Act in 2012. The act established the Delta Programme, the Delta Commissioner and the Delta Fund to advance an adaptive governance approach to respond to the country’s current and future challenges on water safety and freshwater supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
From a qualitative viewpoint, however, reservoir hydro is used in the left part of the load duration curve and thus reduces the peak load that must be met by dispatchable technologies. The overall effect is a reduction of the capacity of peak technology needed by the system. Interconnections and electricity trading help to smooth the load curve and ease the balancing challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The cost of water is reportedly 25 times cheaper than before, while the service level has been maintained.273 The company has also been proactive in seeking out households in need of financial assistance and raising awareness about the availability of subsidies. To fulfil this right, public authorities use various strategies for the provision of free basic water and sanitation services. Each household is entitled to a supply of 6,000 litres of free, safe water per month, and ventilated improved pit latrines and flush toilets are being installed to replace bucket latrines in townships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Abstract   Does globalization affect popular support for national governments? This article contends that exposure to the world economy obscures mass–elite linkages in developed democracies. Market interdependence, I argue, sends a signal to citizens that the policymaking environment has become more complex. As a consequence, publics are less certain of how to evaluate policymaker performance when exposure to the world economy increases. Informed by research on the role of uncertainty in public evaluations, I test this proposition by modeling the volatility of aggregate government popularity as a function of economic openness in four advanced industrial democracies. Results show that globalization increases the volatility—and, hence, the uncertainty—of public assessments of government performance. The implications for the political economy of advanced capitalist democracies and for models of collective public opinion are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While such a transactional medium may benefit from better transmission vehicles (cell phones and correspondent banks), accounts do not appear to be a product linked to savings or loan decisions. The limited use of financial products and services is more acute among citizens who belong to the poorest 40% and those who live in rural areas. In Costa Rica —which Jose Antonio Vasquez Rivera, Melvin Bermudez, Ronald Rojas, and Jose Antonio Vasquez Castro consider in chapter III— despite relatively high levels of access to financial services and the existence of various initiatives to promote inclusion, it was not until 2016 that the intention to adopt a comprehensive strategy was announced, under the leadership of the Central Bank of Costa Rica, with technical support from the Alliance for Financial Inclusion. As a result, the Financial Inclusion Facilitation Act came into force in 2015, and specialized financial inclusion units were created both within the Central Reserve Bank and the Superintendency of the Financial System.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Municipalities in this region had to develop specific collection schemes for historical towns, which are practically inaccessible for standard collection vehicles. For example, Kotor is using small trailers pulled by street-sweeping vehicles. Furthermore, to ensure reliable collection in the tourism season, collection companies are increasing staff numbers and the frequency of collection in summer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In other words, governing through laws can easily be interpreted as lack of trust in teachers, which may in turn lead to feelings of being controlled, which could potentially harm their creativity, motivation and self-respect. On the other hand, if the quality of the teaching is not good enough, and parents and students do not feel that teachers are following the Education Act, public trust in schools may decrease. The way forward seems, therefore, to be to continue to support those teachers who seem to have taken up the four principles in the Education Act, and support the good schools and teachers as examples for other schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The alternative requires a more holistic approach, that includes projects based on developmental criteria, and which may not be financially viable in the short run. Section B situates the discussion on infrastructure and development by tracing it historically, providing a taxonomy of different types of infrastructure and how they can contribute to a virtuous development circle in the context of unbalanced growth. Section C maps recent estimates of infrastructure needs and raises some concerns about meeting those needs primarily as a question of the bankability of projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The concept of human security is arguably a progressive move away from the narrow conceptions of military and territorial security that have traditionally dominated international relations. The human security framework is argued to have the potential to empower and emancipate individuals by putting them at the centre of policy, analysis and debate and addressing the problems they face in their daily lives. In this paper I will argue that the human security framework cannot live up to its promises to empower the citizens of poor and developing countries. Whilst the human security framework problematizes the relationship between the state and its citizens, the framework replaces this relationship with relationships with other states or international agencies that lack accountability, effectively further disempowering citizens in weak or unstable states. The human security framework serves to reinforce international power inequalities and renders criteria for intervention by powerful states and international...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While it is the case that the legal rights and responsibilities of these parent-figures vary across the region,1, our review concentrates on everyday care practices, or de facto parenting, rather than distinguishing those with legal responsibilities from those without. We begin with the understanding that relatives orfictive kin (not based on blood or marriage) are potential alternative sources of parent-like care. Drawing on the available literature we comment on the extent to which parent-figures can substitute for biological parents, or mothers for fathers, in the eyes of adolescents (see Chapter 1). In southern and east Africa the likelihood of sole or large household responsibilities increases with age, particularly for adolescent girls (Dannerbeck & Muriuki, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Korea’s Employment Insurance started with firms with 30 employees and more in 1995, and its legal coverage has extended to workplaces with 1 or more worker in 1998, and then finally to daily workers in 2004. Employment Insurance in Korea (cont.) The EIS does not apply to businesses in the agriculture, forestry', fishery, and hunting sectors with four or less employees and small construction enterprises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
They have both a mainstream formal economy and an unofficial economy within which economic transactions occur outside traditional channels and deliver economic and social benefits (Losby et al., Importantly, the two economies are not separate but overlapping. These can be grouped into four main categories, the illegal sector, the underground sector, the household sector and the informal sector (Bernabe, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Overall, the welfare system protects a sizeable share of the population, notably lone parents and families with children. This safety net is essential, but poor work incentives may trap some households into relative poverty. The introduction of Universal Credit aims at tackling this issue, but work incentives in core recipient groups, especially facing high childcare costs, need to be enhanced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A mismatch between the two has potentially significant economic implications. At the individual level, it affects job satisfaction and w'ages. Evidence on the link between mismatch and productivity' is mixed. Because of the difficulty of measuring the relationship directly, studies infer the consequences of mismatch on productivity either by relying on human capital theory, equating wages to productivity, or by studying the effect of mismatch on job satisfaction. Using these approaches, most studies conclude that mismatch has a negative impact on productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
According to feminist legal scholar, Katherine Franke, the main objective of transitional justice is to ‘honor the injuries and crimes of the past while creating the possibilities for new ways of being the future’ (Franke, 2006: 823). The International Criminal Court (ICC), and the Rome Statute which underlies it, has an important role to play in this process. By combining elements of both a traditional, retrospective retributive justice approach alongside forward-looking restorative measures, it attempts to remove the ‘impunity gap’, which has existed under domestic and international law for the perpetrators of the most egregious crimes at the same time as offering victims/survivors of war torn communities new avenues for rebuilding their lives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
India has also pioneered in introducing a Gender Budget statement as part of the Union Budget, which can be an important tool for reporting allocations for women. It is to be supported by Gender Budgeting Cells (GBCs) in all Ministries/Departments, which serve as focal points for coordinating Gender Budgeting initiatives, both intra and inter -ministerial. India has pioneered affirmative action and quotas in political representation. Amendments (1992) to the Constitution provided for reservation of one-third seats in the local bodies of Panchayats and Municipalities for women laying a strong foundation for their participation in decision making at the local levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
While the UN Charter clearly establishes collective security as the central goal of the UN, it accords human rights and humanitarian aid much less prominent roles. Nonetheless, over time both the protection of human rights and provision of humanitarian aid have become major roles of the UN system, and of regional inter-national organizations (IOs) and international NGOs as well. This chapter com-pares the role of the UN system as protector of human rights with its role as provider of humanitarian aid. Even though the two roles would seem at first to have much in common as two parts of a broader human security agenda, the UN’s role in the two issue-areas is very different.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This refers to the collection, transport, treatment, recovery and disposal of waste. Past waste management practices remain prevalent in Romania today and have led to a great number of non-compliant waste landfills and to the inappropriate disposal of large amounts of waste. Furthermore, due to fact that significant economic activities in the past were carried out without due consideration for their environmental impact, Romania has inherited a large number of contaminated sites which generate high levels of emissions into the air and water, causing excessive soil and landscape degradation in numerous cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
▪ Abstract The results of over 70 years of African Diasporic bioarchaeology are discussed and explained as emerging from distinct interests and traditions of African Diasporan studies, sociocultural anthropology, history, physical anthropology, and archaeology, in that chronological order. Physical anthropology is the core discipline of African-American bioarchaeology, yet it has been the least informed by cultural and historical literatures. Forensic approaches to bioarchaeology construct a past that fails to be either cultural or historical, while biocultural approaches are emerging that construct a more human history of African Diasporic communities. The involvement of African Americans, both as clients and as sources of scholarship, has begun to transform bioarchaeology as in the example of the New York African Burial Ground. The social history of the field examined here emphasizes the scholarship of diasporans themselves, and critiques a bioarchaeology that, until recently, has had little relevance t...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Belgian Public Waste Authority Transition Network is a partnership that has developed a long-term vision to innovate on a system level (not incrementally) and to create a “transition path” to more sustainable material practices. The Network’s focus areas include closing material cycles, designing safe materials to circulate in closed cycles, increasing services (shifting from selling products to offering services) and creating more sustainable plastics. Weaving these diverse policy mechanisms into combinations which would reinforce each other can help to generate more effective, efficient and lasting outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
It offered awards for outstanding achievements under this theme, at the same time as it was already working with training providers to increase their capabilities under the TAFE NSW Education for Sustainability Action Plan 2007-2010. State Training Services (part of the NSW Department of Education and Training) now provide funding for: energy efficiency and other green skills courses, professional development for trainers and assessors, and registered training organisations, and in some cases, the development of training resources or training support activities. The project is intended to identify and define growth opportunities across eight industry areas: grid solutions, green buildings, waste conversion, low emissions vehicles, solar, wind, geothermal energy and business services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Since the partnership was established, all 29 countries that comprise the region have joined. The formal structure for governance and operation of the partnership has been established. There is strong political commitment from heads of government of Caribbean member countries, especially the 15 CARICOM states, as well as solid support from leaders of regional and international organisations and institutions for the Partnership for the fight against HIV/AIDS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
First, this widely used method remains a robustness check if the unconditional quantile is likely to remain quite close to the quantile conditional on the variable of interest. Second, it provides insights about the comparison of the dispersion of earnings within different groups, which helps to understand the mechanisms at work. Further details on how to interpret conditional and unconditional quantile regressions are provided in Box 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This chapter discusses the use of deliberative processes in policy making about bioethics, drawing more broadly on deliberative democracy theory and health policy. We discuss who runs deliberative processes and why, but are particularly concerned with what conditions are needed for deliberative processes to be successful. We note uncertainties and tensions that may be inevitable in meeting these conditions. Fairness and accountability emerge as themes in which these conditions can be grouped. For accountability in particular, understanding the policy context and motives for deliberative processes are essential to their evaluation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These centres constitute an extended network for the primary care system, offering maternity services, intermediate care beds (to avoid hospital admission or expedite early discharge), ambulatory surgery, rehabilitation, speciality clinics (such as pain management), and diagnostics such as x-rays. The CAIS also hold workshops in order to support typical local EBAIS by comparing and discuss their performance indicators, offering telemedicine and home-visits, and by keeping a focus on preventive care. In 2015 one of the CAIS established a local commission on domestic violence and most of its 15 000 home visits were for health promotion and preventive care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Forests cover more than half of the Panamanian territory and indigenous peoples, the main inhabitants of these areas, play a vital role in the care and monitoring of this important resource for food security. As part of the joint UN-REDD national programme, work was done on the design of a National Forest Monitoring System (SNMB).2 The SNMB was defined as a multipurpose system that provides key information for REDD+ and for the monitoring of forest resources in general. The SNMB is still under development and in the process of institutionalization in MIAMBIENTE. Based on this project, personnel of eleven of the twelve congresses and indigenous councils of the country were trained in the use of drones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, due to the significant variations in water availability across space and time, defining terms such as “water stress” are difficult tasks. As a result, there are a number of different ways in which the level of water stress can be measured. This approach defines water stress in terms of the relationship between water availability and population, measuring stress as the amount of renewable freshwater available per person per year. According to the water stress index: if the amount of renewable water in a country falls below 1 700 m3 per person per year, that country is said to be experiencing water stress, if it falls below 1000 m3 it is said to be experiencing water scarcity, and absolute scarcity if below 500 m3 (Falkenmark et al., However, it also has limitations in that it: 1) ignores variability in water availability within countries, 2) fails to account for the accessibility of water, 3) does not consider anthropogenic sources of freshwater, such as desalination plants and dams which increase water availability beyond natural flows in a given year, and 4) does not account for the fact that different countries, and regions within countries, have different demands for water (Rijsberman, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Moving the basis of support away from gear, fuel, vessels or other inputs toward ensuring that fishers have access to working capital, have the skills needed for their businesses and helping fishers deal with disasters can bring greater benefits to fishers at lower cost to government, all the while reducing the negative impact of support on the sustainability of fish stocks. Impact of a simultaneous reduction in fishing subsidies and [5] introduction of efficient management of rents : The case of the Northwest Spanish fleet”, http://dx.doi.org/10.105 l/alr/2017041. Org/3536/l/Vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Farmers were able to borrow at 12% per annum, half the commercial rates of around 20-24%. The maximum amount of credit available was around IDR 300 000 (USD 200) per ha of rice field, with eligibility based only on the financial feasibility of farms. A multitude of other credit programmes were introduced to stimulate the development of the palm oil industry, with programmes for both private developers and smallholders (Thomas and Orden, 2004). As a result of various banking reforms carried out during the mid-1980s through to the early 1990s, the 200 odd rural credit programmes were pared back to four (World Bank, 1999).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These experts were then requested to make additional contributions towards the chapters of the strategy that deal with the protection of water resources (as legislated within the National Water Act to include rivers and wetlands). This was an important opportunity for biodiversity mainstreaming. An informal working group was set up, consisting of representatives from SANBI, South African National Parks (SANParks), the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and WWF-SA. This core group was able to provide the necessary inputs promptly because of their existing relationships and the easily available scientific information resulting from the NFEPA project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Accommodation needs, job-seeking approaches and employment goals, where appropriate, should form part of the Care Programme Approach. The LAs and NHS should collaborate when providing comprehensive care for those individuals who need it. A Care Programme Approach should typically, for example, assess the adequacy of the individual’s existing housing situation, and then enable appropriate coordination and information sharing, facilitated by the Care Coordinator, with the Local Authority housing service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)