albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
To reduce the probability of severe climate change impacts and costs occurring, global GHG emissions need to be reduced substantially over coming decades. The United States agreed to a global political agreement to reduce GHG emissions that was acknowledged at Copenhagen (COP 15) in December 2009 and negotiations are continuing to work towards binding emissions-reduction commitments by all countries. In view of the scale of emission reductions called for, it is vital that the United States adopt a cost effective and comprehensive climate change policy. The current Administration is endeavouring to put such a policy package in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Where conditions are appropriate for adequate income generation, even where remittances have reached high levels, the private sector may flourish and be stimulated by remittances. Where there are opportunities, and where consumption goals have been satisfied, remittances are used for investment, stimulate entrepreneurial and trading activity, increase the extent of formal sector employment and produce multiplier effects. Remittance recipients make efforts to invest where they can, and there is minimal evidence that any part of the economy is abandoned or neglected, to be replaced by remittances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These types of policies can be implemented to address externalities like noise and pollution intensity (including GHG emissions) associated with heavy6 cars and trucks. Zoning may influence the demand for transport volume, notably by reducing traffic by heavy cars in urban centres, which can in turn help to reduce GHG emissions per kilometre driven. Only recently, some metropolitan governments in Korea (for example, Daegu, Busan and Incheon) have introduced “Transit Mall Districts”, which are only accessible to public transit and bicycles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Chile’s fragile ecosystems in the Andes, coastal areas and deserts have experienced continuous biodiversity losses due to extensive, partly unplanned, urbanisation. This calls for an integrated approach to biodiversity within urban and regional development plans. Other OECD cities, such as the City of Edmonton, Canada, have successfully integrated their biodiversity strategy with urban planning (City of Edmonton, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Academies have a management board with strategic responsibility for the quality and development of programmes at the institution, and board members are expected to have experience and knowledge of academy institutions. The board also includes members with insight into labour markets needs and with experience in management and business. Day to day management is the responsibility of the rector (president), subject to the directives laid down by the board.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Both discharge of mine waters and water abstraction for agriculture (irrigation) are assessed by the Russian Federation as local but severe in impact. Silting of the riverbed caused by flow regulation is a minor factor. According to the Russian Federation’s classification, water quality in the Mius at Kuibyshev station at the border of Rostov and Donetsk oblasts is in class 4, “dirty”, which has been the level in previous years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Bringing together four existing institutions to establish the French Biodiversity Agency, for example, was aimed at rationalising biodiversity governance and creating a one-stop shop for action on biodiversity, which can also help promote synergies between action on biodiversity and other environmental agendas such as climate change and green growth. Co-ordination mechanisms, through the establishment of inter-ministerial committees or working groups for instance, can facilitate a dialogue and working relationships that are necessary to formulate and implement wide-ranging policy reforms associated with reciprocal mainstreaming of biodiversity and development-related issues. At least nine of the countries reviewed have some form of biodiversity-relevant inter-ministerial committee already in place (including China and Nepal). However, challenges have arisen in many of these, for example, the institutions lack the authority or the resources to perform their functions, decisions taken are not binding, or they simply do not meet as frequently as they are supposed to.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There are also some differences in the regulations for personnel management between DAEMs (or DEMs) and municipal corporations with delegated authority. The purchase of goods and services is regulated through the Purchasing Law (Ley de Compras). In the private-subsidised sector, all staff, including teachers and principals, is subject to the Labour Code.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Activities under the Convention are supported by the UNECE Secretariat. In particular, the parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that transboundary waters are used in a reasonable and equitable way, to prevent, control and reduce pollution, to ensure that transboundary waters are used with the aim of ecologically sound and rational water management, and to ensure conservation and, where necessary, restoration of ecosystems. Helsinki Convention 1992 (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
There is now widespread evidence that there is limited overlap, and thus considerable mismatch, between different measures of poverty (Bradshaw and Finch, 2003, Perry, 2002, Wagle, 2009). This notion does not merely have implications for the academic debate, but also for the use of poverty approaches in the policy sphere and the formulation of policy responses (Roelen, Gassmann and Neubourg de, 2009b, Ruggeri Laderchi, Saith and Stewart, 2003). Particular attention will be paid to investigate cross-country and cross-domain differences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Like other resource-based economies, Finland tended to import established technologies and to produce commodities containing little value added, and to which further value w'as then added in supply chains abroad. The subsequent period of industrialisation allow ed Finland to develop its owm technological competences and increased Finnish capacity in producing capital goods, especially heavy machinery and equipment that could also be sold on international markets and in some of which Finland gained leading positions. Finland built capacities in various kinds of manufacturing-related innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, it has been pointed out in the Tourism Sector Plan Vision 2030 that ‘there is homogeneity of craft items which translates into high levels of competitiveness. Most craft vendors buy from the same producers, so there is limited variety and the quality is often at times low’ (Government of Jamaica 2009: 7). This sub-sector is typically dominated by women and many of the tourist sales take place at craft markets in the resort areas, tourists from the growing cruise and all-inclusive tourism sectors may find these difficult to access.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
To begin with, many women living in poor, disadvantaged or remote areas remain unaware of their enhanced rights in new land, family and property laws. Acquiring knowledge of these rights is fundamental for women to gain greater confidence, awareness and ultimately assertiveness - the building blocks of greater voice and agency in the political process. Women in Law and Development in Africa (WiLDAF), an organisation which supports legal literacy and awareness of relevant legal tools (SWAC/OECD, 2016), finds that interventions are most effective when whole communities (i.e. single individuals, organised and representative groups, local authorities and other influential figures) are involved rather than women only.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In such cases, the response from the central authority was chosen. It permits comparisons between areas where water is scarce and plentiful, and water policy is decentralised versus centralised. For instance, water policy in Belgium (water-rich) is exclusively designed and implemented by the regions, and the central government plays a minor role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Annual run-off is predicted to decrease due to increased evaporation in large lakes. The possibility of heavy rain floods is expected to increase, especially in small river systems. The 74-km long Tohmajoki River discharges from Lake Tohmajarvi, and runs through the small, transboundary Lake Rameenjarvi and the small Russian Palkjarvi and Ruokojarvi lakes to Lake Ladoga in the Russian Federation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These comparisons, in turn, only become useful when the policy maker or policy analyst concludes that any apparent difference was unlikely to have arisen by chance. This is the point at which the policy maker or analyst can feasibly seek reasons for the observed differences. Therefore, the TALIS Starting Strong Survey 2018 instruments aim to cover the most important inputs and processes of pedagogical and professional practices, and learning and well-being environments, at the ECEC staff and centre levels. An important goal of a high-quality indicator is to provide information that can help policy makers set priorities and make evidence-based decisions. Statistical models that account for the inherent multilevel (system, ECEC centre, staff) structure of TALIS Starting Strong Survey data provide a useful way to understand and explain differences within and across ECEC centres and within and across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On the contrary, rural areas are still characterized by early fertility where the age group 20-24 years shows the highest fertility rate. Observing the age-specific fertility rates for VNDHS 2002, one can infer that fertility behaviour of women in the age-group 20-24 years solely creates the rural-urban fertility differentials in Viet Nam. A major characteristic of this process is the trend towards late marriage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. An expert paper providing material for this policy brief was prepared for the OECD by Maria Cristina Diaz Garcia of the Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. The data included in this paper from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor was prepared by Jonathan Levie of the University of Strathclyde and the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association. This paper benefited from input and suggestions from Sandra Hannig of the OECD’s CFE and Mariarosa Lunati of the OECD's Statistics Directorate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established to prosecute crimes that "threaten the peace, security and well-being of the world". Maritime piracy has a long history as a threat to international security and was in fact the first international crime. Yet piracy was excluded from the Rome Statute. In the years since the drafting of the Rome Statute, piracy has increased dramatically to become more like the threat it was in the "Golden Age of Piracy". Criminal accountability for piracy has been minimal, due to logistical and jurisdictional difficulties. This paper offers an analysis of the potential of the ICC for prosecuting pirates: why it should be considered as a potential forum for ensuring criminal accountability for piracy, how piracy fits within the ICC's jurisdiction, and whether or not piracy should be added to the Rome Statute as a stand-alone crime or under the rubric of crimes against humanity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract   Research method is a way of conducting research, a sort of package of strategies for gathering data. Method is not the same as methodology, and writing two separate chapters for each of these will help to ensure that the difference between them is maintained, but this is not necessary. You will make your own decisions regarding whether to address both in the same chapter or not. It is also useful to have a section in this chapter headed Technique, such as doing a survey or interviewing research participants. Some of the more common methods in qualitative research are case study, ethnography, document analysis, discourse analysis, and narrative enquiry. The selection of method will be informed by the methodology you have selected, and you will address issues of validity and trustworthiness as these pertain to the ways in which you employ the method selected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This fits with plans to make more use of MOITAL research funds for traditional industry such as chemicals. It could draw inspiration large scale research-industry projects in Solar Valley, Saxony, and the Finnish Clean-tech Cluster as discussed in the chapter annex. However, green building and sustainable infrastructure goes far beyond the use of single technologies: they require the integration of different energy efficiency technologies, improvements in materials, and optimising the energy efficiency of settlements and neighbourhoods as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Regardless of the type of summary measure selected, it will be important to harmonise the underlying national data if internationally comparable data are to be produced. A concise picture of health performance requires developing better measures of progress in health care to understand how and why the quality of care varies across patients’ needs for care. The OECD has begun to address these data gaps through the OECD Health Care Quality Indicators Project (OECD, 2010c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While men are more likely to suffer from fatal illnesses such as lung cancer and heart attacks, non-fatal disabling conditions such as arthritis and depression are more common among women. In 2014, women’s life expectancy at the age of 65 was 21.3 years - significantly higher than men’s 17.8. Their healthy life expectancy, by contrast, at age 65 was almost identical, at 9.4 years for women and 9.2 for men (Figure 22.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the case of Boumediene v. Bush, the Supreme Court found that foreign "enemy combatants," detained by the US military at Guantanamo Bay, had a constitutional right to petition for the writ of habeas corpus in a federal court, and that Congress had unlawfully restricted this right with the Military Commissions Act of 2006. Importantly, though, in considering the constitutional scope of habeas corpus, the Boumediene Court studied its origins in English law and portrayed habeas as having an especially important "legacy" in Anglo-American law, which supported an expansive view of federal court jurisdiction. With this approach, the Supreme Court’s emerging doctrine of "effective control" now determines territorial jurisdiction based upon the actual degree of control that the government exercises over a place or person, rather than formalistic national boundaries. In this way, Boumediene put forward a more functional approach to assessing habeas jurisdiction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The ability for farm households to access commercial credit commenced in 1993, previously loans had only been available to households through institutions such as co-operatives.33 This was supported by the 1993 Land Law, which allocated LURCs to households and gave them the right to use these as collateral for bank loans, and the establishment of the state-owned Viet Nam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (VBARD), also known as Agribank. To further expand access to credit, the concept of “trustable mortgage” (tin chap) was introduced in 1999, allowing farm households to borrow up to VND 10 million (USD 700) without collateral.34 This was quickly raised to VND 20 million (USD 1400) in 2000. It achieves this by providing accessible financial services and low interest loans to people living in remote areas, members of ethnic minority groups, students, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Despite the negative long-term effects working at home can have on children’s ability to fully benefit from the resources offered by the education system, in the absence of alternatives, it may be necessary for households to survive. Students were asked to describe their parents’ last or current job title and responsibilities (in case they were not in the labour force at the time of the PISA test). Information from these open-ended questions was coded using the ISCO-08 classification of occupations at the 4-digit level, which was used to calculate the ISEI index of occupational prestige (Ganzeboom, 2010, Ganzeboom, et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It has been argued that poverty means a lack of economic resources, whereas social exclusion refers to the broader issue of social integration. One way of visualizing the relations that exist between poverty and exclusion is that the first impedes social participation and the exercise of citizenship. Thus, if poverty entails a lack of resources to participate in society, social exclusion refers to the dynamic processes that end up disconnecting individuals from the social, economic, political, cultural systems that determine their social integration (Levitas, 1998).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Where changes in the anchored poverty rate across the EU or the OECD are reported, it is usually only done for the overall population (Caritas Europa 2014, OECD 2014, Social Protection Committee 2014). The severe material deprivation indicator uses the threshold of four items out of nine. The only exceptions are Slovakia and Hungary, where severe deprivation increased to a greater extent than would have been (linearly) predicted based on their standard deprivation rates, and Ireland and Poland, where the reverse pattern was observed. However, as the child deprivation module is currently only available for one wave, it cannot be used to analyse the changes during the Great Recession. The absolute difference in the poverty change between children and the overall population is then used as an indicator of how much poorer children have become over the course of the Great Recession compared to the population as a whole.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The thesis of this update on developments in US anti-terrorism law since 9/11 is that the system of checks and balances among the several branches of the government, executive, judicial and legislative, has been undermined by the deferral and avoidance of key decisions by each of the branches and the withdrawal of authority by one branch from another. Examples are drawn from four Supreme Court decisions handed down since 9/11, the use of sunset clauses in the USA PATRIOT Act, the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005, the use of torture in interrogating suspected terrorists, National Security Agency electronic surveillance, extraordinary renditions of suspected terrorists, and the Military Commissions Act of 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The limit is generally 10% for each species in each landing. It is important to underline the main rule that all vessels are obliged to have catch quota for their catches in all species, which are subject to the ITQ system. If their individual quota is over-fished they must transfer quota from other vessels, otherwise the fishing permit is suspended.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
They do not add up to recipes of success but highlight some of the promising strategies and initiatives being tried in different countries. On this basis, the following two chapters analyse more closely the nature of innovation, implementation and change in 21st century learning systems, first (Chapter 4) at the meso level and then (Chapter 5) at the wider meta level. Whereas the “innovative cases” ILE strand had looked at particular learning environments, in this final strand, the horizon was broadened from individual examples towards change strategies that necessarily involve several, even many, different sites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These results, in turn, are viewed as the consequences of a combination of a “prudent” yet extensive programme of global economic integration and domestic deregulation, as well as sound macroeconomic management. Consequently, the presumed success of these two countries has been used to argue the case for globalisation and to indicate the potential benefits that other developing countries can reap. The importance of these two countries spills over into discussions of international inequality as well.1 This makes comparison of the extent of poverty reduction in India and China, and the possible causes of the revealed patterns, of particular current relevance. These concerns actually predate the current global financial crisis and the associated slowdown in many economies, which have obviously also affected growth prospects in China and India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This book explores the challenges of applying disability theory and policy, including the social model of disability, to madness and distress. It brings together leading scholars and activists from Europe, North America, Australia and India, to explore the relationship between madness, distress and disability. Whether mental health problems should be viewed as disabilities is a pressing concern, especially since the inclusion of psychosocial disability in the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. This book will appeal to policy makers, practitioners, activists and academics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Chapter 3 offers a novel approach to studying the nexus of counter-terrorism and human rights, with a research design congruent to the theoretical premises. The chapter elucidates the oft-overlooked yet indispensable relation between language and concrete policies, clarifying how frame analysis of parliamentary debates can supplement a comparative policy analysis. To this end, the book is premised on the triangulation of relevant policies and the discourses they are embedded in. A systematic structure of policy frame, the coding process and how the qualitative research program ATLAS.ti is utilized has been explicated in detail. This methodology is employed in carefully chosen two cases, namely the UK and Turkey, with shared experiences of terrorism and similarities in counter-terrorism legislation, yet different political contexts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Significant progress has also been made with respect to inert waste. The targets of 30% reduction in specific disposable waste and bulky waste has been missed. Municipal waste management still suffers from a lack of coherent planning at the national level, which makes it difficult to exploit synergies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is expected to fulfil the manpower demands of the economy, provide equality of educational opportunity for all and promote national unity in the plural society of Malaysia. Education in Malaysia is overseen by two government ministries: the Ministry of Education for matters up to the secondary level, and the Ministry of Higher Education for tertiary education. The main legislation governing education is the Education Act of 1996.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This threshold figure has been used by the government in the design of its social programmes and policies and is commonly used in studies on poverty in Brazil (see, for example. This same procedure was followed to process the data for 2008, with these values being adjusted by the consumer price index (cpi) of the Brazilian Geographical and Statistical Institute for purposes of comparison with the values for September 2003. For the measurement of multidimensional poverty, a distinction was drawn between households that were not experiencing deprivation and those that were doing so in respect of at least one of the 13 indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)