albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Some 64% is cropland, 15% forest, 14% grassland and ~5% urban/industrial area. Nevertheless, as reported, this range of measures needs to be improved and other measures also need to be introduced. In Hungary, groundwater abstraction regulation is used and effective, water use efficiency measures, monitoring, public awareness, protection zones and wastewater treatment and data exchange need to be improved, and vulnerability mapping, regional flow modeling, good agricultural practices, integration with river basin management, and arsenic treatment or import of arsenic free water are needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This type of structure has tended to lead to rivalries among ministries and its effectiveness is being called into question by many of the OECD countries that have utilized it. In a centralist system, the full range of green technological projects and issues are coordinated by a single ministry. An inter-ministerial committee formulates policy, approves the technology budget and oversees all decisions related to technology policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There is a need for policies that focus on structural inequalities around health, in addition to Denmark’s historical focus on health risk behaviour. Denmark’s municipalities could also include policies to address inequity as part of their responsibility for prevention and health promotion. Strongly related to the challenge of ensuring equitable access to services, Section 6 addresses the possible financial barriers that exist in the Danish health care system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Legally, the UZR data system should be created based on information extracted from the approved urban design projects, cartographic materials, geological surveys, environmental and statistical data, and other information important for regulation of city development. The UZR must be used not only for implementation of architectural and construction control, but also for property taxation, and development and implementation of urban design projects such as general plans. Not all city administration can afford to have workable decision support systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The books reviewed here provide a basis for evaluating international humanitarian law (IHL) and the related crimes of genocide and crimes against humanity prior to 9/11 and serve as a benchmark for assessing the value of international humanitarian law norms in an age when the Bush administration has rejected many of the most fundamental norms. However, the author argues that these works of analytic jurisprudence ought to take political factors into consideration in assessing why these norms are both under challenge and under possible revision. Furthermore, a methodology of political jurisprudence, represented by this review essay, suggests that the books’ presumption for prosecution IHL norms is impractical. Alternatives to prosecuting these norms, such as establishing truth commissions and using customary justice, are more likely to achieve some of the desired IHLgoals of ending impunity, adjusting historical memory, and providing a sense of justice to victims.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It also identifies empirically four groups of countries with tax and transfer systems that share broadly similar features. The paper then assesses potential trade-offs and complementarities between economic growth and income redistribution objectives associated with various tax and transfer reform options. Cet effet redistributif des impots et transferts n'a pas la meme ampleur dans tous les pays de l’OCDE. Certains pays ayant un systeme fiscal et de protection sociale relativement peu importants (comme l’Australie, par exemple) obtiennent le meme effet redistributif que des pays ou les impots et les transferts sont beaucoup plus eleves (comme l’Allemagne) du fait qu’ils recourent davantage aux impots sur le revenu, plus progressifs que les autres impots, et a des transferts en especes cibles sur les menages les plus demunis. Ce document donne une evaluation de l’effet redistributif des principaux impots et transferts a partir d’une serie d’indicateurs de Taction publique et d’une revue des etudes existantes. Le document evalue ensuite les arbitrages et complementarites potentiels entre les objectifs de croissance economique et de redistribution du revenu relatifs aux diverses possibilites de reforme des systemes fiscaux et de protection sociale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The share of tradable goods and services explains more than half of the Gross Value Added of three (Chungcheongnam-do, Gyeonsangbuk-do and Jeollanam-do) out of five predominantly rural regions in 2016, in contrast to the remaining two rural regions (Jeju-do and Gangwon-do), which depend more on non-tradable sectors have recorded lower rates of GDP per capita growth over 2000-14,. However, challenges related to the quality of environment are not rural specific per se in Korea as it concerns the country as a whole. The level of air pollution is slightly lower in the selected TL2 region than at the national level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The drawbacks of this single-species management approach have led to calls for an ecosystem based approach to fishery management, but, for most fisheries, this has yet to be operationalized in terms of setting the fishery reference points that dictate rebuilding requirements. Our current reliance on single-species population models and equilibrium reference points will become even more problematic as climate change alters the spatial ranges and productivity of fish stocks. A forward looking approach that attempts to anticipate future changes in ecosystems is necessary but presents a difficult challenge for fishery scientists and may require changes in legislation that currently requires managers to adhere to reference points based on single-species maximum sustainable yield.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Addis Ababa is likely to account for the majority of beneficiaries due to the large size of its population relative to other urban areas. The first is a productive safety net, which has three subcomponents. The first is cash transfers for able-bodied persons in exchange for their participation in public works programmes, such as small-scale infrastructure, greenery development and environmental services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Where available, outcome data show that all ATAPS services are producing significant clinical improvement for consumers. Update on the achievements of Tier 1 and Tier 2 ATAPS”, Centre for Health Policy, Programs and Economics, available at iuiuio.ataps-mds.com, accessed 4 September 2013. Evidence from Australia, for example, suggests that 64% of people experience their first episode of mental illness before turning 21, and 25% before the age of 12.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This may refer to solidarity between generations and between strata of taxpayers, or the solidarity of society in general towards those who are entitled to receive social-security benefits. Household surveys do not reflect the contributory and non-contributory components of retirement pensions or the origin of their financing. Survey data do not always make it possible to distinguish between retirement benefits and pensions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Congress intended that the Insider Trading Sanctions Act of 1984 should increase the deterrent effect of the insider trading prohibition without changing the substantive common law governing insider trading cases. Towards that end, the Act created a civil penalty of up to three times the profit gained, or loss avoided, through trading while in possession of material nonpublic information. This article examines the Act and considers its probable effect on insider trading. the article begins with an historical overview of the development of the insider trading prohibition. The article then discusses the adoption of the Act and examines its provisions in the context of then-existing law. Finally, the article criticizes the Act, suggesting that it will not have the deterrent effect anticipated by its drafters, and examines the possible effects of the ITSA on the further development of the federal insider trading prohibition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Viet Nam, a diversified farming system at the household level integrating vegetation, aquaculture and use of cages in animal husbandry has contributed to improvements in both income and nutritional outcomes (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2013). For instance, improving fuel and combustion efficiency for the purpose of decreasing greenhouse gas emissions requires actions which may generate co-benefits in the health sector if they succeed in curbing air pollution and thereby ameliorate its health-related consequences and reduce the demand for health services. Air pollution is a classic example where public policy is required to enable environmental and health risks to be reduced at the same time.5 In a significant number of countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, more than 95 per cent of the population uses solid fuels for cooking (Forouzanfar and others, 2015). Poor households, women and children in particular are exposed to indoor air pollution (Smith and others, 2014, World Health Organization, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Preparation is critical to anticipate the intensity, frequency and extent of environmental hazards, as well as to identify vulnerable urban population groups, assets and infrastructure. A VRA and asset inventory would provide such information and provide a basis to manage and limit damage, while also considering the cost and time required to recover from a natural disaster, among other factors. Bandung’s approach to hazard assessment could expand upon that of other Southeast Asian cities such as Cebu (Box 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Both aggregate national estimates and individual-level survey data show that trends over time in overall alcohol consumption remained virtually stable over the past 20 years. However, the same is not true for all population sub-groups. In particular, higher-risk drinking behaviours were found to be on the increase in young adults, especially women, in several countries examined. Evidence from Finland shows that the rise in drinking among adolescents can be explained with an increased alcohol availability and an increase in money available to young people for their leisure time activities, including alcohol consumption (e.g. Finland, as discussed by Rahkonen and Ahlstrom, 1989). In addition, alcohol products have become more affordable in many countries, and this is notably true for younger consumers (Rabinovich et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The first is a shift to longer periods on grass before going to the feedlot. The second is a growing focus on better genetics and better animal health to ensure that cattle make optimal use of feed. These changes suggest that there should be price premiums for heavier calves that can be certified as being in good health and having good genetics. Conversely price discounts are likely to increase for light weight calves with uncertain records. To gain better prices there will have to be improvements in both pasture and cattle management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Most of Sydney’s electricity is supplied from coal-fired power stations outside of the Sydney Basin, and hence not all electricity consumption is attributed to Sydney’s households and industries. Further, NSW’s largest energy-intensive industries, specifically steel and aluminium, are also located outside of Sydney (though still within the Greater Metropolitan Region) in Wollongong to the south and the Hunter Region to the north. Nevertheless, by global standards, Sydney’s GHG emissions remain exceptionally high due to high dependence on relatively low priced coal fired power, high population growth rates, high private vehicle dependence and historic reliance on wasteful and energy-inefficient household and industry practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The strategy proposes a flexible policy framework that can be tailored to different country circumstances and stages of development. They see increasingly the opportunities that come along with ‘green growth’ as well as the relevance of mitigating environmental and social risks to which they are exposed. They endorsed a mandate for the OECD to develop a Green Growth Strategy, bringing together economic, environmental, social, technological, and development aspects into a comprehensive framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The essay reviews the notion of “civic science” in global environmental governance and how it is articulated in international relations, science studies, democratic theory and sustainability science. Civic science is used interchangeably with participatory, citizen, stakeholder and democratic science, which are all catch words that signify various attempts to increase public participation in the production and use of scientific knowledge. Three rationales for civic science are identified: restoring public trust in science, re-orienting science towards coping with the complexity of environmental problems and installing democratic governance of science. A central proposition is that the promotion of civic science needs to be coupled with a theoretical understanding of its institutional, normative and epistemological challenges. The science-politics interface needs to be reframed to include the triangular interaction between scientific experts, policy-makers and citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Seafood imports are primarily under the jurisdiction of the Food and Drug Administration. These figures represent total US tariff revenues for imports of edible fish and shellfish products. Since most fishery imports are dutyfree, the majority of these amounts are accounted for by imports of a handful of processed products such as canned tuna, sardines and oysters, smoked salmon, and frozen crabmeat. The figures for each year are therefore inflated by approximately 33%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Shipbuilding and fishing augmented this water-based economy and the two cities were once major players in European ship construction. Today the largest ship yard in Europe is in Saint-Nazaire—the Chantiers navals de Saint-Nazaire, or the Chantiers de I 'Atlantique (the name of the local society in charge of the management and the organisation of shipyards until 2008). It is now owned by the Korean firm STX and employs around 2 000 workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For example, the international price of wheat and maize rose by 25% in June and July 2012 after summer droughts in North America and Eastern Europe, which worried international markets and affected the global outlook for cereals and soya production (World Bank, 2012). On the other hand, gradual shifts in water risks that lead to production changes can result in long term market changes. Liu et al (2014) explored the impacts of irrigation risks on agriculture production and the role of international trade. Their simulations focus on regions that are expected to face irrigation failures, including China, South Asian countries, and the Middle East-North Africa region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
One part of the rate should depend on the pollution content of the tax base as it was done for instance for the motor vehicle tax. As suggested in the Energy Concept, eco tax rates should rely more on the C02 content of the taxed fuel. Germany should also support the European Commission initiative regarding the EU Directive on energy taxation, which recommends splitting energy taxes into two components so as to make the C02 tax explicit and introducing a minimum C02 tax rate. However, as taxing fuel would not be enough to encourage a sufficient change in consumption behaviour at least in the short run (OECD, 201 Id) and is not addressing all externalities related to fuel consumption, other instruments should be used, as, for instance, the motor vehicle tax to encourage the adoption of energy efficient cars. A road toll could be used to finance road infrastructures, as road wear related costs directly depend on the use of roads. It could also address congestion issues by extending it to congested roads or making it dependent on traffic volumes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
AbstractThis article, a contribution to the thriving scholarship on the engagements between homeland media and diasporic audiences, breaks new ground through a comparative, political economy inspired analysis of two case studies with transnational implications. First we describe the theatrical distribution and exhibition of homeland films towards/by their diasporas, focusing on Indian and Turkish film structures in one location, the Belgian city of Antwerp. Interviews with 45 key players, participant observation and complementary archival research allow us to reconstruct how privately organised film screenings were substituted by commercial initiatives. Further analysis exploring the relations between local exhibitors and transnational distributors evaluates these structures against the background of global media industries’ developments in terms of power and transformations, such as increasing competition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some, however, state whether the wells have pumps, which enables application of the criterion of the necessary effort to obtain water (per the international standard). As in the case of water sources, a usual practice in the evaluation of improved sanitation is consideration of the features of the surroundings. For example, in some rural settings, households, irrespective of their poverty status, would not have access to a sewerage system or to mains water. Households in urban areas are deemed not to suffer deprivation if they have sanitation systems for removal of waste into a sewerage system or a well with a septic tank.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A "0" score is attributed to countries with a single national scheme (NHS or single-payer system). Source: OECD Survey on Health System Characteristics 2008-09. Various institutional aspects of the health care systems mediate the impact of competition on hospital costs and patients’ health outcomes. In the United States, competitive pressures have fostered the development of Health Maintenance Organisations (HMOs) since the 1980s (Kessler and McClellan, 2000). However, effective health quality monitoring by regulators is crucial as recorded quality care improvements may be due to hospitals focussing on monitored quality indicators while neglecting unmonitored and unobserved quality aspects (Propper et al., The overall experience is that regulated competition among private insurers has contributed to better align benefit packages to purchasers’ preferences, but health care cost reductions have proved elusive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There is a lack of data on the subsidy element of provisions relating to export financing, food aid and state trading enterprises making assessments of changes difficult. Despite this, the WTO Secretariat has suggested that overall, since the launch of the Doha round, there have been positive developments in the export competition pillar (WTO, 2014). In the short term, a number of governments imposed export restrictions and varied import duties in an attempt to insulate domestic consumers from rapidly rising international prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Regardless of whether they concern developing regional master plans for managing non-hazar dous industrial, medical and pharmaceutical, residual, agricultural and inert waste or provincial/prefectural master plans for managing household and similar waste - or even the development of controlled landfills - the national guidelines primarily address methods of organizing and implementing these tools, but hardly touch on technical and environmental requirements. Legislation requires annual control of watercourses that could have been affected by any landfill leachate, but does not mention which parameters need to be analysed or their limit values. The same applies for water pollution, as no parameters or limit values are mentioned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Admission rates for both conditions are significantly above the OECD average and probably reflect the higher than average smoking rates within the country (especially among men). Hypertension admission rates are also high and have increased steadily over the past few years. The trends presented in these data particularly for COPD and hypertension indicate that Korea’s mounting chronic disease profile is not being managed effectively. Supporting the observation of potentially avoidable hospital admissions, reseachers in Korea examining the impact of continuity of care in four chronic disease areas among elderly patients (diabetes, hypertension, asthma and COPD) found that as care continuity increased, the risk of hospitalisation and emergency department visits decreased for all four conditions. The same study also noted that Medical Aid Programme (MAP) receipients (the health care scheme for the poorest 2% of the population) consistently had lower continuity of care score when compared with NHI beneficiaries. This was observed even despite the fact that MAP recipients have low or no out of pocket payments means that they can visit multiple health care institutions without financial loss (Hong et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Many households with one worker will be poor and, in this scenario, the working poor will account for the largest proportion of those in poverty. While promoting the employment of second earners may help to alleviate poverty among couples, policies which increase hours worked and promote earnings progression will also be crucial for poverty reduction, particularly among single-adult households. At present, low-skilled groups have little chance of labour market progression. Meanwhile, interventions to help those in low-paid, dead-end jobs find better jobs, in particular through the promotion of education and training, could have a substantial influence on increasing wages and reducing poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Implementing self-evaluation of schools as a tool to improve quality has been on the educational agenda in OECD and EU member countries for many years. Greece is now among those countries setting objectives and benchmarks. But policymakers should be aware that self-evaluation of schools is a highly demanding and time-consuming exercise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
New technologies will help to further reduce trade costs. Our projections predict that trade could grow yearly by 1.8 to 2 percentage points more until 2030 as a result of the falling trade costs, amounting to a cumulated growth of 31 to 34 percentage points over 15 years. Trade in information technology products has tripled in the past two decades, reaching US$ 1.6 trillion in 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
On the other hand, self-employment either declined or was stable in most countries. The tasks-based approach, for instance, shows that the employment shares of routine-task jobs, traditionally composed of middle-skill workers, have declined from 53% to 41% between 1995 and 2010. At the same time, there has been a large increase in the employment share of abstract (from 28% to 38%), and to a lesser extent, non-routine manual jobs (from 18% to 21%). Similarly, the jobs-based approach, which that takes into consideration a particular occupation within a particular industry, finds evidence for job polarisation by showing a U-shaped pattern of employment shifts across job deciles in more than half of the countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)