albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The Climate Change Policy Directorate is in charge of the coordination, elaboration and implementation of the national policy on climate change (mitigation and adaptation) the participation of Bulgaria in the international negotiations regarding the UNFCC, in coordination with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, coordinates reporting and compliance with the international commitments regarding the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol and EU legislation, carries out and coordinates activities, related to the European policies on climate change and the implementation of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme in the Republic of Bulgaria. The Agency is responsible for the preparation of the GHG inventories. It carries out the procedures for issuing GHG emission permits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As in other emerging economies, economic expansion, urbanisation and rising income levels have also meant increased environmental pressures from growing demand for land, water, materials, energy and transport, as well as increased pollution and waste generation. Managing the natural asset base sustainably and equitably and decoupling economic growth from environmental pressures is paramount if Brazil is to achieve resilient and inclusive economic development. Renewables, mainly hydropower and biofuels, accounted for more than 40% of total primary energy supply in 2012, one of the highest shares in the world (Figure 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This definition of food security is the translation of changes in food insecurity driven by market dynamics. To grasp the major transformations and consequences inherent in the emergence of an agricultural market economy, a clear understanding of what the market actually encompasses is crucial (Box 4.1). This narrow view biases analyses of agricultural transformations in important ways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Furthermore, elements of the women’s market intervention should be designed around the key barriers in order to temper their effect on financial access, while bearing in mind the financial institution’s strengths, strategic direction and mandate. In a global survey, of the 17 Commonwealth countries covered (incorporating responses from 57 banks), more than 3 documents were required in over 70 per cent of the countries (CGAP and World Bank 2009). Documentation requirements are usually a combination of proof of identity and proof of residential address. Banks in Cameroon, Sierra Leone, Uganda and Zambia require at least four different forms of documentation -including identity card and passport, letter of recommendation, wage slip and proof of address - as a prerequisite to open a current account, the first entry point into accessing formal banking services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is especially true in the hilly parts of the region, which have the highest tourism potential. Many of these farms are likely to cease production in a few years and the land will return to its natural state. If this happens it will have local ecological impacts and change the visual landscape for tourists by increasing the amount of wooded land. While some mining continues, its scope has been greatly reduced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This series continues that originally entitled OECD Trade Policy Working Papers. The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Positive peer pressure can also play an important role in stimulating business growth and innovation. To be effective, these initiatives should allow for a great deal of interaction between the entrepreneurs in the target group and the wider business community, so as to enlarge the pool of resources they have access to. Such networks should also have clear objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This has impacted tariffs and the country has the lowest relative price for a monthly prepaid basket of 500 MB costing just 0.84% of per capita income. Unlike many other LDCs, electricity is not a problem: the mountainous kingdom has abundant hydropower and exports electricity. The price of electricity is 5.7 US cents per kWh, the fourth lowest in the LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Water Workshop on Re - thinking Water and Food Security Paradigms, CRC Press, London. Water, Agriculture and the Environment in Spain: Can we square the circle?, The Establishment of Baseline Groundwater Conditions for the Implementation of the Water Framework Directive in Spain", Water Resources Management, Vol. Fixed Effects Estimation of the Intensive and Extensive Margins of Irrigation Water Demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As groundwater resources run out, those in the informal settlements are most immediately affected. Small-scale farmers in the Sana'a Governorate are also vulnerable given that groundwater, which represents their main source of income, is depleting at a faster pace with each passing year, which forces communities to relocate. However, for the city as a whole, including informal settlements, it would be easy to secure the drinking water source by reallocating 5-10 per cent of the irrigation share in the basin to the domestic supply. Some physical investments and economic incentives are needed to apply this solution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The inevitability of leakages to other agents in the supply chain, and the difficulties of targeting have already been noted. In addition such measures may crowd out the development of private input markets, may lead to the over-use of inputs, and once introduced have historically proven difficult to rescind. Nevertheless, there has been renewed optimism that a new generation of so-called “smart” subsidies, by virtue of innovative design features, such as exit strategies, can deliver income benefits while limiting their known shortcomings (Dorward, 2009b). These arguments are considered in (OECD, 2010b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In other terms, electricity systems are locked-in with their existing generation mix and cannot quickly adapt it to changing market conditions. In discussions about the costs of back-up capacity this is also referred to the ex post case. In the long term instead electricity companies can adapt their generation mix to new market conditions, resulting from changes in demand, fuel prices as well as the introduction of new capacity into the electricity mix. This was referred to as the ex ante case, as the analyst places him/herself at the very beginning of the investment cycle which can now be optimised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Org/sites/default/files/1 .pdf, accessed on 15 October 2018. A strong institutional underpinning is paramount to ensuring that the right to social protection is safeguarded and realized. Three instruments are particularly crucial to fostering institutional commitment: comprehensive legal frameworks, sector-wide approaches and nationally owned budgets. The Ministry of Population Development and Social Protection is responsible for overall management of the CMP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It accounted for roughly two-fifths of total exports of goods and services in 2016, thus exceeding the fisheries, which have been the foundation of the Icelandic economy for centuries. According to the Icelandic Tourist Board, the recent proportion of all international visitors who arrived in Iceland during the three summer months (June, July and August) has decreased from about 50% to 35%, while the increase of visits has been particularly high in the winter months, creating a whole new challenge for managers regarding nature protection and safety issues at the destinations. The geographical distribution of travellers is highly concentrated at a few destinations, such as Gullfoss, Geysir, Ringvellir and Jokulsarlon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The National Development Plans for 2000-06 and 2007-13 have contributed to Ireland’s progress in areas such as public transport and environmental infrastructure. Several mechanisms have been regularly used to integrate environmental considerations in decision-making at macro and micro levels, including SEA and regulatory impact analysis. Concerning energy, measures have been taken to promote the use of renewables and to assist businesses and households in improving energy efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Developing countries began to demand greater flexibility for policy space, including greater freedom to pursue industrial policies and to address supply-side constraints via government interventions, preferential market access and support for institution and capacity building. If it had increased to 0.7 per cent for all Development Assistance Committee countries, net ODA would have been US$430.7bn. The shortfall between promised and delivered is some US$297bn. He has since been joined by a host of critics (cited below) making similar observations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The MPI is the product of two easy-to-understand and intuitive partial indices. The headcount ratio (H) can be easily explained to journalists, who are already familiar with this idea from monetary measures. And the new partial index of intensity (A)—the percentage of deprivations that poor people in that country face at the same time—creates powerful properties yet also ties the poverty measure back to human lives and experiences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
To address the threat of climate change, it is not only necessary to charge a price for carbon emissions, governments have to do much more, through actions to support innovation and diffusion of new, low-carbon technologies. The IMF simply assumes that climate policy consists of adjusting the price of carbon, when it states: “An effective mitigation policy must be based on setting a price path for the greenhouse gas (GFIG) emissions that drive climate change” (IMF, 2008, 4:2). Moreover, it apparently does not consider the problem as being so serious.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This includes water for drinking, personal sanitation, washing of clothes, food preparation, and personal and household hygiene (see Chapters 1 and 4). These challenges are not limited to SDG 6, as the cross-cutting nature of water and sanitation affects the implementation of most other SDGs. The transversal role of water across all segments of societies contributes to the complexity of ensuring respect for the related human rights for all, leaving no one behind. This includes indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities, refugees (see Chapter 8) and migrants. Women also often are disadvantaged in terms of their enjoyment of human rights across several societies worldwide. Key barriers and mechanisms of exclusion (Figure 3.1), which have come into existence either intentionally or unintentionally, deprive certain groups of people from the possibility to realize their full potential (UNDP, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Alberta, Manitoba and New Brunswick, the participation rate of girls slightly exceeds that of boys. The tendency for girls to more likely be in education than boys at age 15-18 is also found among non-Indigenous students in each of these jurisdictions. In contrast, Indigenous boys in New Brunswick are more likely than Indigenous girls to be enrolled in education at this age. In Alberta and Manitoba, the participation rates of Indigenous boys and girls are similar at this level of education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The different estimations suggest that for a representative state 1 point increase in the share of the population above 65 would lead to a decline in participation of between 0.5 and 0.7 percentage point depending on the specification. For instance, with the share of the population above 65 having increased by 2.75 percentage points between 2000 and 2016, this would mean that aging could account for between 1.4 and 1.8 percentage points of the 4 percentage points decline in labour force participation. The estimations suggest that a permanent increase of 10 percentage points in the share of long-term unemployment in total unemployment results in a decline in participation of 0.6 percentage point in the specification without persistence effects and up to the double in the specification with lagged participation. Applied to the profile of long-term unemployment, long-term unemployment increases over the past decade could explain between 1.6 and 2.3 percentage points of the decline in participation. With the share of long-term unemployed in unemployment still above its pre-crisis level this suggests some possible future recovery in participation, albeit at a slow pace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Similarly for stroke, case fatality within 30 days of hospital admission is the third highest in the OECD (11.8 per 100 patients), following Mexico and Slovenia. These data signal the need for prioritising monitoring and improvement initiatives. There is still insufficient collection and public reporting of quality measures, including from the private sector. This might mitigate efforts to further drive quality gains in health-care services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article explores how social science applications of photography employed in the early 1950s to both understand and change so-called ‘backwards’ people became entangled with, and drew momentum from, the geopolitical concerns of the early Cold War. Specifically, I address the employment of photography in the Cornell-Peru Project in the Andean community of Vicos, a decade-long research experiment combining development anthropology and fashionable modernisation theory emanating out of the behavioural sciences. In addition to development activities that were to serve as the catalysts of change (agricultural improvement, health and education), researchers at Vicos were at pains to uncover and validate the inner ‘predispositions’ towards change and modernity they hoped were lurking inside villagers. Reflecting Cold War priorities and concerns, researchers sought to locate a particular developing indigenous subject – one closer to liberal capitalism (and its values of self-reliance and individualism) and awa...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At a national level, rail, road, cruise and aviation policies are usually developed within separate agencies in relatively compartmentalised processes, although there is often a range of consultative mechanisms that facilitate communication and coordination. Planning for airport infrastructure, for example, requires not only forecasting of international and domestic travel growth, but also an understanding of the characteristics of these markets in order to determine the level of services required and the need for connectivity between the transport hub and the destination. The effectiveness of information exchange, learning, communication and co-ordination across policy sectors therefore determines how transport interests are balanced in tourism policies, and how tourism interests are balanced in transport policies. The overall effect of these policies has been an increase in aircraft movements and passenger capacity and an expansion of air services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It can be that the reforms would have to be much more substantial to benefit also female employment. Social and cultural factors remain the principal driving factors of keeping women outside the labour force. Even after accounting for variables proxying for infrastructure, stage of development, and banking services, individual and household characteristics strongly influence the low female labour market participation. There are some signs that the influence of these factors is diminishing over time and with education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The programme provides loans to establish micro-businesses and promotes saving by the poor (FCOSS, 2010: 1). Another NGO in Fiji, the Foundation for Rural Integrated Enterprises N Development (FRIEND), works towards poverty alleviation through its social and economic empowerment programme. Microcredit systems exist informally in other PICs. The wantok system plays a vital role in entrepreneurial development, especially in PNG (Mannan, 1978).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It can encourage positive developments for regions, including increased efficiency in energy management, industrial production, spatial development, public and private transport, construction and operation of buildings and water management. Up-scaling the research and innovation effort may yield significant returns in local and regional development. For example, the design of the new, three-blade turbines in the wind-energy clusters of Aalborg and Arhus in Denmark was heavily influenced by the advances of the Danish agricultural engineering industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Thus, a mix of both top-down and bottom-up systems and indicators allows policy makers to better understand effectiveness by contextualising the progress of discrete interventions in contributing to transformational climate goals at global and national scales (e.g. Martins, 2013, Duarte, 2013). For example, it is easier to estimate the impacts of low-carbon infrastructure projects on emissions than it is to measure the impact of a technical assistance or outreach activity on community resilience. In the latter case, it might be more practical to measure results at the output or outcome level (e.g. number of project-management training sessions held or number of awareness workshops held in vulnerable communities).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The paper argues that institutional accounts are useful but incomplete in providing an understanding the dynamics of the completion of the internal market. This is because they do not leave enough room for ideas and norms, which have been central to the gambling story. The paper argues that prevailing norms about gambling, which have associated it with inter alia charities, criminal activity, public health and public order, have worked to mitigate the desire for a single market and arguments about the efficiency of market liberalization. Gambling is a useful case to illustrate that there is ambivalence about market building that tries to reconcile possible efficiency gains that come with enhanced competition with an aversion to promoting risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Recognition of the urgency of moving towards sustainable development pathways comes at times when “warming of the climate is unequivocal” (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 20l4e, p. 2, SPM 1.1) and is “increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems” (ibid., The evidence points to the great economic, human and environmental losses brought about by climate hazards which, if left unattended, are likely to continue. The Survey addresses the challenges of strengthening the capacity of countries and people to avoid development reversals from those hazards. Recent data suggest that the world has already warmed 0.85° Celsius from pre-industrial levels and will continue to experience warming even if greenhouse gas emissions were immediately brought to a complete halt (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The work of the extension service in Serbia encompasses 41 500 households which are intensively monitored four times a year. Other households are included in the extension system in other ways, mainly through participation in group classes and occasional on-farm visits and consultations. It is provided free of charge to farmers. In all six SEE economies, extension services are modestly funded with a limited number of extension specialists - for example, in Kosovo there is one extension specialist for every 1 700 farmers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As the Fosen service matured, an intermediate-care facility was created, where people could be admitted for a few days and cared for by community primary care doctors working closely with hospital specialists. With support from the specialist hospital, Fosen DMC is providing a comprehensive package of care and services closer to where residents live, minimising travel time, promoting patient-centred care, and avoiding costly admissions to the acute hospital. For example, when the hospital was persuaded to locale an audiologist at Fosen DMC, his lists were soon full, patients were satisfied, and patient transport costs for which the hospital had been previously liable were reduced. Evidence of staff satisfaction can be seen in veiy low absence rates of around 3%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Funding for this study was supported, wholly or in part, by the Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), a UKCRC Public Health Research Centre of Excellence (RES-590-28-0002). Funding from the British Heart Foundation, Department of Health, Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council, and the Wellcome Trust, under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged. The work of KC, EW and EvS was supported by the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12015/7). Rebecca Love is funded by a Gates Cambridge Scholarship. Campbell Foubister is funded by a NIHR School for Public Health PhD Studentship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, in Kuwait and Yemen, gender committees are active in supervising compliance with relevant national and international standards and disseminating relevant information. Additionally in Bahrain and Kuw'ait, gender committees also examine individual complaints. In Bahrain, the committee supports the integration of women’s needs in the government’s work plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Diseases or conditions are defined by a range of pathological characteristics that themselves relate to biological structure and function. These physiological characteristics can be complex and measured at the level of the organ (or multiorgans) or they can be more targeted, such as genetic abnormalities or predispositions. Measures of disease states are common, and there are many examples of disease-specific measures available. Cause-of-death measures would be included here.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Ministry coordinates policy, management and regulatory tasks in these fields, including meteorology. The Ministry’s responsibilities include international cooperation at both bilateral and multilateral levels. The Deputy State Secretary for Water Affairs coordinates water-related tasks. Responsibilities include river basin management, water resources management, protection of surface and groundwater, flood defence and monitoring tasks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Where applicable, the alternative fuels to gas-based generation (such as diesel, fuel oil or coal) are mainly stored on the site of CCGTs. The period of load duration depends on a number of factors, including the ability to restock back-up fuels, generator characteristics, the type of gas supply contract - either firm or interruptible - and expectations about the variability of electricity prices as these determine the installation of back-up facilities (BERR, 2006). However, when information on this indicator remains disaggregated, the overall picture for the national energy system may be less clear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)