albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Militarized responses to pastoralist conflict and wildlife crime in Kenya –including to the collapsing elephant and rhino populations – often fail to meet human rights standards and undermine local capacities for sustainability, peace and alternative livelihoods. Heavy-handed state suppression encourages extrajudicial violence and introduces new weapons that often enter the illicit market. This article outlines alternative approaches rooted in human rights, the rule of law and international cooperation and assistance, including the use of regional instruments regulating the trade in small arms and light weapons (SALW), including the 2013 Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). The article draws on fieldwork in Kenya and participant observation in advocacy on the ATT.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Patent documents are categorized using the international patent classification (IPC) and some national and regional classification systems, including the European classification scheme (ECLA). In addition to the basic bibliometric and legal data, the database also includes patent descriptions (abstracts) and citation data. The relevant inventions have been identified using specially developed tagging codes for climate change mitigation technologies (see Table 4.1). This tagging scheme (Y02) has been developed by a team of patent examiners at the European Patent Office, with inputs from collaborating researchers (including the authors) and has now been implemented into the ECLA system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In a BP-belied, Wall Street weary, Afghanistan anguished world, reality is hopelessly fraught with post-ideological angst and apogee. Policy innovations are prescient plans for a dubious 21st Century. We examine the interface of social change and policy innovations and argue for a global renaissance. However, in the wake of recent meltdowns—from Darfur to the Gulf of Mexico—it's time to revisit civic culture, modernity and social development in light of their cumulative impact on inter- and intra-societal relationships. The implications of this analysis validate innovative policy intervention as key to social transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since the adoption of export-oriented strategies, Penang has been exporting consumer products targeted at advanced economies. But the regional economy is at a crossroads: Penang is no longer a high growth economy and a low cost centre. Following the current economic crisis, Malaysia’s traditional market will wane as consumers in the advanced economies are not able to consume as much as they used to. China, India, Indonesia and Vietnam produce cheaper consumer goods than Malaysia, having paved the way to frugal innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is important to keep in mind however the limitations of using survey data for such an analysis. First, household surveys typically provide reliable information only on the amount of different types of benefits received by an individual or household over the period of a year. The measured share of youth who receive benefits at any time during the year will generally not be a good estimate of the benefit receipt rate at a certain point in time (i.e. in a specific month) unless if benefits are typically paid for periods of close to a year. For this reason, receipt rates estimated using annual survey data may be different from those obtained from administrative records, where shorter spells of benefit receipt can often be observed (for a discussion see Immervoll, Jenkins and Konigs, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Key recommendations (cont.) This means ensuring a period of no less than 14 weeks of maternity leave with a 6-week post-natal compulsory leave after childbirth. In addition, salary and benefits should be ensured for a sum of no less than two-thirds of the woman’s previous earnings. Key recommendations (cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Clearly, there is no one-to-one relationship between health care functions and the provision and financing categories. The same type of health care goods and services can be consumed from different types of providers and at the same time purchased using various types of financing schemes. But to achieve the tri-axial perspective (consumption-provision-financing), the starting point is to measure consumption (see Chapter 4), which in a health functional approach describes the direct consumption by the population according to the type of health purpose. The boundaries of health care are set based on this consumption purpose.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, 18 BURs contained information that could, to some extent, be compared with information on climate finance reported in the CRS database (e.g. consistent years, type of flow). Due to the above reasons, finance figures in BURs varied significantly from the CRS figures, from 4% of the amount in the CRS database for Chile, to 235% for Montenegro. In addition, Parties will also participate in a facilitative “multilateral consideration of progress” in relation to their “efforts” under Article 9.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, the law on narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their analogues and precursors, the main drug control legislation of Kazakhstan, was also strengthened and supplemented with provisions on analogue scheduling in July 2014. In 2014, the Government of Kyrgyzstan approved a counter-narcotics strategy and implementation plan which defined measures and activities in the field of drug control for the period 2014-2019. The strategy also aims to strengthen the law enforcement agencies of Kyrgyzstan and enhance drug demand reduction and prevention efforts, including the implementation of tertiary prevention measures such as needle exchange, counselling, the provision of health care, and educational activities, as well as treatment and rehabilitation programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Beyond 2030, the predicted increase in air temperature is expected to lead to reduced river flows. The predicted increased aridity and evapotranspiration in the region are expected to be reflected in increased irrigation requirements in the region. Among the implications of predicted changes is aggravated desertification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2015, Sudan was removed from the “black list” of the Financial Action Task Force, an international financial-fraud monitoring body located at the OECD. However, the continued difficulties of processing international banking transactions may fuel informal transfers, contribute to exchange-rate distortion, and reduce fiscal revenues. In urban areas, job creation is above average and the poverty rate is less than half of the national average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As illustrated in the example of Frankfurt, the creation of such metropolitan transport authorities has facilitated fare integration and expansion of the public transport supply, which can support more inclusive economic development (Box 5.9). A few authorities also enjoy competencies in terms of public parking and sometimes urban spatial planning, which can help guide an integrated urban development strategy and promote inclusive growth throughout the entire metropolitan area. The widely documented experience of Bogota and Seoul in conducting extensive reforms of their public transport systems suggests that urban transport systems can help reconcile economic, social and environmental objectives (Box 5.10).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There are some funding opportunities that may specifically be harnessed for ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources, including the Global Crop Diversity Trust and the CGIAR Fund. Ecosystem restoration The assessment estimates that reducing investment in unnecessary highways and other forms of public infrastructure could help to meet Target 14 while yielding annual budgetary savings of $108 billion, more than offsetting the estimated cost of restoration activities over the 2013 to 2020 period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It aims to: i) to create awareness of HIV/AIDS, ii) provide educational training in psychosocial aspects of HIV/AIDS related issues, iii) co-operate with all parties in reducing HIV/AIDS infections in Malaysia, iv) fight the stigma and discrimination associated to HIV/AIDS, and to v) to conduct research on issues related to HIV/AIDS. To achieve these objectives AARG works with all agencies, NGOs, ministry of health, health department, hospitals, police. Activities and services include: i) educational, training and counselling programmes on prevention, management and conflict resolution related to HIV/AIDS, ii) seminars and educational campaigns, iii) hotline telephone counselling, iv) community action programmes, v) facilitation of public debate and exchange of knowledge and experience, vi) research on knowledge, attitudes, behaviour and policies related to HIV/AIDS education, prevention and treatment in Malaysia including the social and psychological impact of HIV/AIDS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Regulatory changes requiring buildings within a designated zone to connect to the system allow district heating and cooling projects to realise widespread energy efficiency gains. Cities can also improve the conditions for distributed clean energy investments by providing low-interest loan programmes which enable property owners to install renewable energy technologies (in some cases repayable through property taxes, as in several United States cities), or through ordinances requiring installation of renewable energies in new buildings (such as Barcelona’s “Solar Thermal Ordinance”) (OECD, 2010). Access to the longterm finance required for regional clean energy investments can for instance be considerably facilitated by tapping regional financial markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Some of the affected workers were able to move to the higher-end of the job distribution, but many had to take up jobs in the lower-wage service sector, potentially displacing lower-skilled workers. This shock was especially strong in the Western states, w'hich lost about 8% of construction jobs between 2007 and 2008. While there have always been profound changes in labour demand (e.g. when agriculture contracted and manufacturing expanded), the fact that these recent changes have been associated with a decline in labour force participation may reflect the difficulty for workers losing their job to adapt to changing demand and remain in the labour force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, regulatory provisions should better target nature protection in forests (through, for example, conversion permits or fees) while improving economic efficiency (e.g. by considering the opportunity cost of not converting forest to other uses). In 2012, an estimated 7% of Polish forest habitat was under legal protection for nature conservation. The share is expected to increase to 36% with implementation of the Natura 2000 network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Biotechnology, in its voyage from ancient times into the expanding frontier areas of today's world of scientific research, has revealed itself as the gene of diplomacy and international cooperation in the relationships between nations ( DaSilva, 2002 ). Economic and biotechnological considerations, strong elements in themselves, drive policy implementation that draws upon the support and sustenance of the public's logic and understanding of science obtained through the avenues of art and culture. More and more scientists are teaming up with artists to harness the world of microbes and biotechnology in the pursuit of one's natural well-being, of the conservation of environmental heritage, and of human comradeship and welfare. Art and culture in revealing the human face of biotechnology help engender solidarity amongst different cultures. Furthermore, they nurture individual solidarity and collective commitment in especially young children ---tomorrow's architects in the quest of the culture of a sustainable peace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Experience has not borne this assumption out. Women’s increasing participation in paid work has not been accompanied by a commensurate increase in men’s share of unpaid work within the home (see chapter III). The gender division of unpaid domestic work has displayed a remarkable resilience and continues to shape the terms on which women are able to take up paid work. It limits the transformative potential of employment for the position of women within the home and in the wider society. Despite this, reproductive work is largely absent from macroeconomic theories and policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The higher-income countries have gone furthest in establishing sound data collection and monitoring systems, and there is potential for knowledge transfer. Italy's "landscape observatory", for example, has been applied in other countries and the Republic of Korea's approach to estimating the regulatory and cultural value of forests could be more broadly applied, but both rely on good data collection systems. These include time trade-offs (whereby short-term benefits can reduce longer-term ones) more sustainable returns and tradeoffs between local and global public goods, spatial trade-offs between communities or between upstream and downstream users, and sectoral trade-offs between land or water use for agriculture or for watershed conservation. In Arkhangelsk (the Russian Federation), excessive harvesting near transport routes without sufficient attention to longer-term regeneration has contributed to forest degradation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Feminist environmentalism has become a significant intellectual and social policy force across fields as diverse as public health, political economy, philosophy, science, and ecology. Feminist environmental theory and activism together are challenging and redefining foundational principles, from animal rights to the environmental economy of illness and well-being, from global political economy to the role of Big Science as the primary arbiter of the state of the environment. Animal rights is one of the most intellectually challenging and innovative areas of intellectual activity and social activism, and within feminist environmentalism is one of the most radical subfields. This paper provides an overview of activity in this subfield, starting from the observation that feminist environmental scholarship and grassroots activism on animal rights pivot around three concerns: elucidating the commonalities in structures of oppressions across gender, race, class, and species, developing feminist-informed theorie...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The National Development Plan for 2015/2018 rightly sees education as a key means to turn these negative trends around and put the country back on the path of strong, inclusive growth. These huge steps forward in expanding access need to be matched by an equally strong push to improve education outcomes. Learning achievement, as measured by the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), is low, with the result that too many young Costa Rican’s leave school with inadequate preparation for work and further learning. Students from disadvantaged backgrounds and regions are the most likely to lack basic skills, contributing to widening income disparities and labour market duality'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The combined staff of all eight State reserves reporting to the Department is 391, including 176 management staff, 173 enforcement staff and 42 scientific staff. This includes policy implementation and the State inspection function in relation to the Caspian Sea (Chapters 2 and 7). It supports the Ministry by providing expertise on biodiversity and nature conservation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The costs of environmental damage were cut by RMB 36 billion ($5 billion) (GTZ, 2008). Similarly, in Islamic Republic of Iran 20 per cent of the savings from subsidy reform were redirected to industry to facilitate investment in energy efficiency (USD, 2013). Such strategic use of revenue can reduce the overall cost of environmental tax policies (Ekins, 2009). This is because environmental problems tend to be multidimensional - not only does it matter how much pollution is released, but also where and how (OECD, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Economic, social and environmental consequences should all be considered in making investment decisions and selecting projects, and a single “triple ROI’’ criterion should be used for this purpose. The 100-vil-lage programme will create more than 2,500 direct, year-round jobs, in addition to several indirect jobs, through increased farm production, new trading and commercial activities and energy services. It will also reduce pollution, improve women’s health and reduce rural migration to city slums. Overall, the growth of the gross national product (GNP) as well the Human Development Index of the village can be quantified and demonstrated for large-scale replication of the Empower Partnership model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
An assessment is in preparation for the Second National Communication. Agriculture, energy, water management and air traffic are the most vulnerable to natural disaster and extreme weather conditions. According to the World Bank, in 2005 the sectors dependent on weather conditions accounted for 47 per cent of GDP. Economic impacts from extreme weather events are immense: in 2005, the World Bank estimated that Serbia’s annual average economic loss from natural disasters varies between 16 and 49 billion dinars, and its data show that economic losses by fires in public forests in the period 2000-2009 exceeded 36 billion dinars.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Instead, policies are needed to harness the economic potential of migration and turn it to the benefit of city destinations. Migration can help increase productivity if it is strategically managed and linked to the formal economy. Fostering the inclusion of migrants into the labour market can have positive benefits for both the place of origin and of destination as links are maintained between the two. Support to migrant entrepreneurs aids not only their own socioeconomic integration but also local development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The indicator used so far in Norway is the Nature Index. Denmark considers it most likely that stocks and flows will be included, but that inclusion of monetary value could be one possibility in the future if international standards are developed for this and are generally accepted. In addition, indicators should also meet the SMART80 criteria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
ABSTRACTAs gold prices soared from 2008 onwards, tens of thousands of foreign miners, especially from China, entered the small-scale mining sector in Ghana, despite it being ‘reserved for Ghanaian citizens’ by law. A free-for-all ensued in which Ghanaian and Chinese miners engaged in both contestation and collaboration over access to gold, a situation described as ‘out of control’ and a ‘culture of impunity’. Where was the state? This paper addresses the question of how and why pervasive and illicit foreign involvement occurred without earlier state intervention. Findings indicate that the state was not absent. Foreign miners operated with impunity precisely because they were protected by those in authority, that is, public officials, politicians and chiefs, in return for private payments. Explaining why state institutions failed in their responsibilities leads to reflection about the contemporary state in Ghana. It is concluded that the informality and corruption characteristic of neopatrimonialism remai...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
That is why the OECD is investing in both, to strengthen the evidence base, in close collaboration with the UN and other key development partners, including bi-lateral donors, through the DAC Network on Gender Equality (GENDERNET, see Box 6), CSOs, the private sector and foundations. With the support of the OECD Secretary General, the Policy Dialogue initiative is co-ordinated jointly by the OECD Development Co-operation Directorate, the Development Centre and Statistics Directorate, bringing together their unique expertise and networks. The initiative aims to identify policy and programme solutions to promote women’s economic empowerment, including by recognising, reducing and redistributing women’s unpaid care work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Many CARs had a very low score in this regard: four were rated as having made zero progress, and 24 were given progress scores lower than 50%. Progress on other dimensions, especially access to information, was judged satisfactory. Law 99 of 1993 established specific procedures and mechanisms for public participation in environmental decision making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In larger employment offices, there are separate counters by type of work, i.e. for those seeking technical work or white-collar jobs. In cases where the skills of the jobseeker do not match with the skills required by the employer, the PES officer makes an attempt to negotiate the desired skills and inform employers of other jobseeker attributes, e.g. their eagerness and motivation to work. At times, when no suitable match can be made, the officer will refer the jobseeker to alternative jobs and/or make direct contact with the employer to develop a new job offer that is closer to the skill profile of an applicant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The consequence was a widening of the gap between women in poor families and those in middle- to high-income ones. For their part, women in lower-income sectors might stay at home and care for their children, participate in community arrangements to secure food and services for them, or join the labour market and secure child care (Faur, 2011). However, it also seems to be important to consider the evolution of female labour force participation, fertility patterns and the increasing probability that a woman will have her first baby at an older age. The ideal estimation would be a double selection model covering the probability of being in the labour force and of being a mother and taking account of sample selection as well as the endogeneity of the choice to become a mother.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The total first-hand value was slightly higher in 2007 compared to 2006. At the same time, fuel and lubrication oil costs increased. At this point of time it is, therefore, difficult to estimate the results for 2007. More details are available on the Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries website (luiow./isfeeridir.no).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This provides for both remedial and accelerated learning for all students in any subject area. In recent years, several OECD countries, including Austria, the Czech Republic, France and Luxembourg, have narrowed the circumstances in which grade repetition is applied. Academic progress, alone, may provide too narrow a set of information on students' improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This assumption seems justified both on the basis of the literature and the findings in previous chapters, and is widely used in the literature (Shen and Whalley, 2013). In combination with labour force survey data (2001-15), national accounts data have been used to make empirical estimates of the extent to which labour and capital are substitutes in Thailand. The same is the case for high-skilled and low-skilled labour, where high-skilled labour has been defined based on major occupational groups (including groups 1-3: managers, professionals and associate professionals).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)