albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families states that migrant workers and family members should be able to receive "any medical care that is urgently required for the preservation of their life or the avoidance of irreparable harm to their health", regardless of "any irregularity with regard to stay or employment" (art. In practice, however, the services that municipalities and cantons offer vary widely.0 In Poland, medical rescue teams provide emergency care free of charge, but hospital emergency departments do not necessarily do so, because no legislation establishes who will bear the costs.8 Liability to pay the full or partial cost of medical care can also block access to emergency medical care. In the United States, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act requires hospitals to screen and stabilize all individuals, including irregular migrants, who seek care in an emergency room, regardless of their ability to pay. Vulnerable groups, including children, the elderly and pregnant women, require unrestricted access to emergency health services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It covered 47 per cent of the mainland area and 39 per cent of the marine area. The network included 1,510 important sites for species and habitat types, 40 areas of importance for birds, and 2 ecological corridors (migration corridors for birds and marine turtles). Croatia established its Emerald Network sites first, and subsequently these are included in the proposal for Natura 2000 sites. The final list contains over 700 proposed sites of community importance (of which 174 are caves) and 38 special protected areas (SPAs). Together, they cover over one third of the country and around one sixth of the territorial sea, putting Croatia at the top of the league table along w ith Slovenia and Bulgaria in terms of percentage of territory included in Natura 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In the next column, the decomposition results are standardized to add to 100 per cent. In the third column, the absolute change in the TFR is presented, taking into account the contributions made by various proximate variables. The negative sign before the values suggests the decline or fertility reducing effects of the respective proximate determinant. This decline is 0.39 points or 19.5 per cent in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is free of charge and comprises 26 weeks of full-time studies. The programme provides academic and work experience evaluation, training and career guidance, in addition to support from the Public Employment Service with internship placement and during the internship. The requirements to be accepted into the programme include having completed a minimum of three years of higher education outside of the Nordic region, to be enrolled in the Public Employment Service and to speak basic Swedish (A2 on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) (Stockholm University, 2018(142])- However, it is unclear how many teachers with an immigrant background participate in this training programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Responsibility for the secondary distribution systems and drainage canals has, however, shifted to the village authorities after the Soviet times. This shift has resulted in poorly maintained in-farm distribution systems, which have made irrigation highly ineffective. These water users’ associations consist of farmers at the village level cooperating to maintain and operate irrigation networks. The associations have a legal status that makes them independent of the Government and enables them to collect taxes from their members and to raise loans to finance the costs of maintaining and operating the irrigation networks. Since the adoption of the Law on Associations of Water Users in 2001, about 450 water users’ associations have been established, with an expected need of 500-550. The total hydropower potential is estimated at 142 billion kWh/year, but to date only 10 per cent of this potential is utilized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As in the case of any emerging concept, the scope and limits of the concept of care may appear blurred, since, admittedly, it could be argued that the ultimate aim of all human activity is, in reality, reproduction of human beings and of the social system (ECLAC, 2009, p. 174). The concept of the care economy seeks a more limited scope: it refers to those elements that care for or “nurture” persons, in the sense of providing them with the material and symbolic elements that are essential for their survival in society and which are associated with the economy, since in that space they generate, or contribute to the creation of, economic value (UNIFEM, 2000). Nevertheless, the concept is still very broad in that it could encompass much of the field of education. Its true worth as a significant activity and as a citizenship responsibility must now be recognized (Williams, 2002, quoted in Roberts and Mort, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To some extent, this may be related to a significant proportion of children living in multigenerational households with retirees in some countries. By contrast, poverty rate of jobless single-parent families does not appear to be affected by the level of payment rates for assistance and housing allowances, probably because their standard of living before tax and transfers is so low that increases in the rate of payment of housing allowances have been not high enough to lift these families out of poverty. The standard of living of children - measured by the family equivalised disposable income - fell in about ten countries for children with two parents in the first quarter of the income distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
But a note of caution is important when considering the discussion here as the potential impacts on water quality from growing agricultural feedstocks for bioenergy production, have not been fully evaluated (National Research Council, 2008a, OECD, 2008). Since many of the known adverse impacts on water quality from bioenergy production are due to the type of feedstock cultivated, there is potential to mitigate these impacts through the adoption of conservation practices and systems (USEPA, 2011). Changes in climate and climate variability that affect the profitability of agriculture will in turn lead to changes in locations of crop and livestock production, and technologies and management practices used to produce individual crops and livestock (Abler etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For many, well-being is to be found in a way of life that minimizes the need for the sorts of material goods and services included in calculations of GDP per capita (AHDR, 2004). These problems are related to the region’s small scale, its resource dependence, the importance of subsistence, and the significant outflows of resource rents and inflows of transfers. This drawback has long been recognized and emphasized as a limitation in using GDP as a measure of social welfare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A Steering Group of senior officials was responsible for setting the strategic direction for the project and included: Eivind Heder (Director General, Ministry of Education and Research), Ola Ribe (Deputy Director General, Ministry of Labour), Carl Gjersem (Specialist Director, Ministry of Trade and Industry), Bjorn Kristen Barvik (Deputy Director General, Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation) and Morten Johansen (Deputy Director General, Ministry of Finance). Their insights and discussions during the workshops have both driven the process and shaped this diagnostic report. We would also like to thank the many people who, during our visits and meetings, gave generously of their time to answer our many questions regarding Norway’s skills system. Louise Binns (Directorate for Education and Skills) provided support for project management and the layout of this report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This points to the importance of protective elements such as sense of connection and belonging, social support and low levels of conflict that mitigate the impact of risk factors and encourage resilience (Patel et al., Certainly, family is important too, as the support of parents is essential for building resilience in young people. Participation in political affairs is in itself a fundamental human right and the exercise of that right is an essential pathway towards the genuine enjoyment of other human rights (Maldonado, 2015). This has partly to do with age restrictions, but self-exclusion is also a factor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Emergency assistance is not a lasting solution to poverty: it meets the protective and preventive functions of the Devereux and Sabates-Wheeler (2004[i6j) schema for social protection but not the promotive or transformative objectives. They also have the potential to outperform humanitarian relief in terms of cost, speed and accuracy when a shock occurs: the mechanisms for transfers of cash or food might be already in place, while registries of existing beneficiaries and/or vulnerable households provide information to the government about the at-risk population. A cash transfer programme would need to be operated at a large scale (ideally nationally) for it to be relied upon as a mechanism for emergency assistance and show a much better targeting record than many cash transfer programmes demonstrate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The recommendations on waste and materials management are summarised in a box at the end of the chapter. More recently, building on its well-established track record in waste management, the government has been laying the groundwork to stimulate the transition towards a circular economy. This is defined as "an economic system that is predicated on the reusability of products and raw materials and the conservation of natural resources and that pursues the creation of value in each link in the system” (Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment, 2014a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This article assesses whether the United Nations Security Council must respect human rights under international law when acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. It argues that the Security Council has to respect human rights enshrined in those human rights treaties drawn up under the United Nations’ auspices and in non-peremptory customary international law, when this is not incompatible with the Security Council’s objective of maintaining or restoring international peace and security. The analysis also argues however that the Security Council must comply with peremptory international human rights, with no exception. The paper concludes that Chapter VII action by the Security Council is limited only to a small extent by international human rights standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In recent years, some prominent scholars of international criminal law have reacted to the phenomenon of collective perpetration of international crimes by advocating for a more collective orientated jurisprudence in international criminal law. The fact remains, however, that international criminal law still strongly adheres to the concept of individual responsibility, surprisingly more so than many domestic common law and civil law jurisdictions. This article explores the deeply rooted differences between domestic and international criminal law, which hinder the quest for adoption of modalities of group responsibility in international criminal law. Five main challenges to the utility and legitimacy of prosecutions in international criminal law are identified and assessed. This analysis leads to the conclusion that such challenges would be deepened should criminal responsibility under international criminal law be expanded to include broader forms of group responsibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Young women nonetheless are hospitalised for suicide attempts at twice the rate of young men (300 young women per 100 000 inhabitants, as opposed to 150 young men) (Socialstyrelsen, 2007). Since the early 1990s, Sweden has been a proactive actor in the field of suicide prevention. This is currently manifested in the form of The National Programme for Suicide Prevention, which was ratified by the Swedish Parliament in 2008 and aims to reduce the nation’s number of suicides and suicide attempts (see Section 4.5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However there are many obstacles. The Council of Higher Education prohibits the recognition of technical courses like the ones offered by INA at almost all universities with the exception of the National Technical University (INA, 2014). Its objectives are: to co-ordinate the activity of training institutions and meet the needs of the productive sector, to promote technical education, to collaborate in the attraction of high-tech investment, and to advise the government in the field of technical education (MEP, 2014:27).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Providing and Paying for Long Term Care, Paris, 2011, Starting Strong II. Early Childhood Education and Care, 2006: International Labour Organization (ILO), Un buen comienzo: la educadbnyioseducadores delaprimera infancla, Geneva, 2012: Ran American Health Organization (PAHO), "Ensenanza de la enfermeriaen saiud del adulto mayor", Human Resource for Health Series No. Few countries integrate this kind of nursing as a specific course in the undergraduate nursing curriculum. A diagnostic performed by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) for the region (PAHO, 2012) found that the main difficulties in strengthening nurse training in this area had to do with the lack of suitable clinical fields, the shortage of teachers trained to teach nursing of older persons, and the shortage of candidates interested in the area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The most common referral of children and adolescents into mental health services is, as for adults, through a GP (primary health care), although education services, social services and child health services also play an important role in referral and as care providers for children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) provide mental health care for young people under the age of 18 in England. Since 1 April 2013, NHS funded Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services are mandated to collect and submit the CAMHS Data set, including information on targeted needs, referrals to CAMHS, presenting problems and diagnoses, contacts, care planning, interventions, outcome measures and inpatient stays (The Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Hence, incentives for public-private collaboration for research and innovation are currently limited, which restricts the business sector’s possibilities for innovation and productivity recovery. The government does recognise the importance of cities and regions as drivers and test beds for innovation. Effective use of them requires focused effort and a formal framework so that interventions happen at a scale that can be effective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The various strategies that they have used include behind-the-scenes lobbying of warlords and political leaders, organizing public rallies and demonstrations, and providing peace-making-related services, such as civilian electoral education and training. Some of these successful strategies are discussed in the Liberia and Burundi experiences mentioned below. The experiences of women from conflict-affected countries are compelling evidence of women’s choices in confronting difficult situations and in becoming significant players in conflict resolution and sustainable peacemaking. Such is the potency of this moral authority that women in post-colonial Africa have utilized them to wage peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea and South Africa. Here, women have continually drawn on the moral authority granted to them by virtue of their being mothers, as creators of life, to call and create strategies for peace throughout Africa (Mazurana and McKay, 1999).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Existing threat assessment analyses of crime and terrorism rely on a series of indicators, first and foremost violence. However, these approaches tend to neglect local specificities. In Central Asia and especially in the Fergana Valley, there are radical groups that do not necessarily commit violent behaviour, but yet represent a threat for both their operational areas and the international community. How can the threat of radicalisation be assessed when violence is not a characterising element, and what processes and structures should be taken into consideration to this end? Based on primary data collected during field research, this article challenges conventional threat assessments and the crime–terrorism nexus by looking at how the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and Hizb-ut-Tahrir have infiltrated indigenous social structures. This analysis suggests that the nature of security threats in Central Asia needs to be reconsidered by focusing on the informal institutionalisation of radicalisation, and it pr...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, establishing a formal Health Technology Assessment system would help determine which pharmaceuticals should be covered. Several of these challenges have been present since the very inception of the system in the early 1990s. However, there is no overarching political vision that political parties across the spectrum (and different stakeholders in the health system) can subscribe to.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The new biofuel sustainability criteria in the US and the EU could thus drive the development of second-generation biofuel production in the long-term. However, they do not currently provide sufficient certainty to producers in order to invest into second-generation biofuel production. This is particularly true when it comes to second-generation biofuels, which require more advanced feedstock logistics and highly skilled labour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This chapter uses the term “protected area” to refer to stricto sensu protected areas as defined and governed by the SNUC Law. In 2010, the parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-20 with the mission of halting biodiversity loss and enhance the benefits biodiversity provides to people. The Strategic Plan includes 20 targets (the Aichi Targets), organised under five strategic goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Similarly, in France, it is estimated that only one third of e-waste generated in its territory are directed towards official EPR systems while between 45% and 75% are either handled by informal systems or exported. In Japan, approximately half of end-of-life home appliances are captured by official EPR systems while the other half is channelled through the informal sector and second-hand product markets (OECD, 2016b). Informal recycling activities, especially in the case of informal e-waste processing in developing countries, often involve toxic emissions and dumping of waste acid without any proper treatment or controls that can lead to severe environmental and health concerns (OECD, 2016b, Shinkuma and Managi, 2011). Therefore, this poses a serious question to whether an increase in waste trade would actually be good for the environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Building stock is also of poor quality with low thermal capacities and significant losses of up to 30%. Overall, building-stock energy efficiency is estimated to be only one half to a third of Western Europe’s. Grid infrastructure and management are poor, resulting in high inefficiencies and large technical transmission and distribution losses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Scholarships and other grants to households amount to 15.4% of public expenditure for tertiary education, above the OECD average of 11.6%. Two public universities in the Lisbon Region, the University of Lisbon (Universidade de Lisboa) and the Technical University of Lisbon (Universidade Tdcnica de Lisboa), merged into a single institution. The ministry provides student grants based on financial needs to limit the impact on student enrolment of current budget cuts due to the financial crisis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Gender wage inequality may also improve the balance of payments, reducing the need to rely on currency devaluation as a means to improving competitiveness, resulting in a “feminization of foreign exchange earnings” (Samarasinghe, 1998, Seguino, 2010). However, that gender inequality may, in some circumstances, contribute to aggregate growth, underscores one of the potential pitfalls of relying solely on economic efficiency arguments to promote gender equality. Early studies found a positive correlation between growth and a variety of measures of women’s w'ell-being and gender equality, including those relating to education, life expectancy, the United Nation’s Gender Development Index, female labour force participation, employment segregation and the gender wage gap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is expected that new partnerships will be formed between researchers in the United Kingdom and in developing countries, forging greater knowledge exchange and strengthening the capacity for research and innovation in both the United Kingdom and in other countries. Out of a total of 22 projects implemented between 2015 and 2017, 41% were focused on improving digital skills. The remaining projects focused on working with the youth to encourage local entrepreneurship (22 %), expanding access to internet and phone networks (11 %), providing new ICT solutions for greater government transparency, participation and efficiency (19 %), and developing new digital solutions in the health sector (7 %). While investments in the ICT sector have previously been linked to the development of infrastructure, new needs for international support emerges as part of countries’ digital transition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To maintain incentives for resolving disputes at an early stage, the employment tribunal is able to adjust compensation awards to take into account prior dispute-resolution attempts in line with the code of practice. Such adjustments were automatic under the previous regulations, but are now at the discretion of the employment tribunal. This practice for keeping disputes out of court has been institutionalised in several countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Buffer zones as a concept have a long history. Despite their frequent occurrence in international relations past and present, however, they have been treated in passing by scholars and policymakers alike, and then usually from a purely historical perspective. Their importance in conflict management, third-party intervention and power politics are not adequately mirrored in scholarly research. This article seeks to remedy this lapse by re-introducing the buffer zone as a tool of international conflict management in a new and systematic fashion. In this article, we survey buffer zones, their conceptual roots and characteristics, and illustrate our theoretical findings with an array of different examples—predominantly from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. In so doing, we make three fundamental arguments about buffer zones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Women, who provide most informal care, stand to gain the most. Financial benefits are the most common form of support for carers (Courtin et al., Respite care, which is also available in some countries, affords carers with breaks from their care-giving responsibilities. Stronger support services for caregivers and further research into which approaches work best are crucial to understanding the gender-unequal impact of informal care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)