albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
There are strong CSOs founded by women and working towards promoting gender equality. They participate in the mobilisation of communities, especially women, during elections, using methods such as focus groups. For example, Women in Nigeria is a political interest organisation that aims at transforming class and gender relations, while Women in Law and Development (WILDAF) is an African network with a strong presence in Ghana. The Index of Philanthropic Freedom (Hudson Institute 2015) scored Tanzania highest in the East Africa region for affording space to civil society groups (Kwayu and Lipovsek 2010-2015). Eastern African Sub-regional Support Initiative for the Advancement of Women (EASSI), a network of East African WROs based in Uganda, led the campaign for an East African Gender Equality Act, and launched the first ‘Gender Barometer’ for the region in 2017. Gender Links, based in Johannesburg, with offices in ten Southern African countries, co-ordinates the Southern African Gender Protocol Alliance, which campaigned for a subregional instrument for promoting gender equality that brings together global and African commitments in one binding instrument.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This equality is now usually evaluated by means of a handful of well-established income distribution indicators, most particularly the Gini coefficient and the income shares of the different socioeconomic strata. This is not to disregard the fact that these inequalities stem from the distribution of assets and the concentration of power in the hands of elites, which are crucial aspects in structuralist explanations of equality. The following pages analyse what has happened in the region in terms of income inequality, but will also suggest other ways of analysing income distribution that complement and broaden our understanding of resource equality in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Holding at most lower secondary education implies 51% lower odds of being employed compared to individuals holding an upper secondary qualification. The migrant population is set to increase in the coming years, with a substantial share of immigrants being asylum seekers and refugees who are harder to integrate than work migrants. Foreign-born and foreign-speaker adults have lower literacy proficiency compared to native-born and native-speaker adults.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The CCXG Expert Group oversees development of analytical papers for the purpose of providing useful and timely input to the climate change negotiations. These papers may also be useful to national policy-makers and other decision-makers. Authors work with the CCXG to develop these papers. However, the papers do not necessarily represent the views of the OECD or the IEA, nor are they intended to prejudge the views of countries participating in the CCXG.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
First, because it might have been assumed that this category would have ranked highest in women's perceptions and second because all age groups of men perceive that "showing love and affection" is an important contribution to the household. Eighty-eight hundred live in settlements (less than 500 inhabitants]. Since January 1, 2009 four regional municipalities were established from former 18 municipalities. In 1953 the Danish constitution abolished colonial status and secured Greenland two seats in the Danish Folketing (Danish Parliament].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Despite surviving extreme forms of violence, torture, and other traumas during the Khmer Rouge genocide and forced migration, Cambodian Americans experience devastating health inequities and barriers to health access in the United States (U.S.).  From the perspective of Cambodian American community health workers (CHWs), we explored three aims in this community-based participatory research (CBPR), qualitative study: Cambodian Americans’ understanding of health, community health work strategies that improve health access of Cambodian Americans, and action steps that improve health access for Cambodian Americans.  From 2014 to 2016, our two-phased study spanned seven U.S. states, which included a focus group (n=5) and 16 semi-structured interviews.  Participants identified an indigenous concept of health, and micro-level (e.g., service navigation, peer education) and mezzo-level interventions (e.g., community building, coalition work) to improve health access.  Finally, Khmer Health Advocates, a community-based health advocacy organization, served as a vital study partner in this CBPR study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Often government involvement in markets crowds out private decision makers and can lead to the distortion of price signals regarding resource allocation. Some interventions could correct market failures and the government provision of public goods is called for. But it is possible that distorting interventions are less likely to provide the policy environment needed for the transition of smallholders, either to commercial agriculture or to non-farm activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At one extreme are countries where the enrolment rates for females are far lower than those for males, resulting in GPI values for below the parity level of 1. These countries include Tajikistan (0.52), Cambodia (0.62), Bhutan (0.68) and Bangladesh (0.70). At the other extreme are countries where the enrolment rates for females far exceed those for males, resulting in GPI values that are much higher than the parity level of 1. These countries include Sri Lanka (1.83), Brunei Darussalam (1.69), Mongolia (1.49) and Kazakhstan (1.44).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Meadows in the high end of the salinity gradient tend to be more productive (Bostrom et al., Key species of the macrozoobenthic community in the Baltic proper include Macoma balthica, Halicryptus spinulosus, Marenzelleria arctia and Saduria entomon, whereas in the Bothnian Sea, cold-water dominating species include Monoporeia affinis, Pontoporeiafemorata and Saduria entomon. Multiple pressures from agricultural landuse and maritime traffic (HELCOM, 2009) has resulted in large environmental changes during the last 100 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While some surveys allow respondents to report both primary and secondary activities, secondary activities are not consistently reported or analysed. This is especially important when measuring women’s time use as their time spent on paid and unpaid tasks often overlap. Research conducted by the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) in India, Nepal, Rwanda and Tanzania found that women multi-task over 11 hours on average throughout the day combining child care with different household tasks such as cleaning and cooking and paid work (Chopra and Zambelli, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
ABSTRACT This research tests the direct effects of civil service structure on perceptions of corruption. Numerous studies suggest a relationship between civil service structure and corruption, but few test this link. It is hypothesized that corruption depends on the presence or absence of civil service policies, including job duties, tenure and security provisions, discipline policy, and rules on rewards and bargaining rights, the impact of government wages, per capita GDP, and democratization on corruption is also assessed. These hypotheses are tested using World Bank data for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and central and eastern European countries. No statistically significant relationships between civil service structure and corruption are found, however, occasional evidence that corruption is higher in countries with higher total government wage bills was obtained. Results additionally indicate that corruption is lower in countries with higher GDP. While the conclusions ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
See Berger and Szretter (2002). The women in this segment of the workforce are also employed under more flexible conditions, although not generally under the modality of "on call" workers (as is the case with men), and their employment also exhibits a greater degree of elasticity. Since unpaid domestic work generates a "savings" for the economy, the feminization of the workforce can have a negative effect if that savings is reduced (by paying for domestic work via private services or public services funded out of the government budget, since part of the value that domestic and care work transfers to the economy at no cost will no longer be channeled into the economic circuit but will instead increase the total wage bill).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A number of criteria to assess indicators’ quality and adequacy are commonly used to provide guidelines for their selection, such as: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound (SMART), Relevant, Accepted, Credible, Easy, Robust (RACER), and Clear, Relevant, Economic, Adequate and Monitorable (CREAM) (European Commission, 2017). Inspired by these criteria and by the discussions within the OECD Water Governance Initiative, some key characteristics for water governance indicators have been identified, such as: be relevant (according to the purpose of the measurement), be participative (in their development), be practical (in the production and collection considering resources and time constraints), and be realistic (in terms of how they will be used) (Figure 2.3). Guiding questions are reported in Table 2.3. Suggestions by pilot testers helped to improve the indicator framework and refine the language.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Overall, this ensures that WSS can be provided to a larger population leading to larger benefits. In the medium and longer term, this would also mean that O&M and replacement costs would be kept lower, which strengthens the long-term sustainability of WSS. Investments in drinking water and sewage cannot be considered in isolation of (upstream) resource protection and (downstream) wastewater treatment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article offers an integrated theoretical and policy-oriented framework for cross-cultural conflict resolution by exploring relationships among conflict resolution styles and crisis communicative strategies with emphasis on both conflict structure and cross-cultural factors. Using the Hainan negotiation between China and the United States as a case study, the factors inherent in conflict are investigated with respect to Chinese cultural characteristics. The congruence of the Chinese context with integrative conflict management is explored. The analysis indicated that the use of mediators and consideration of renqing (favor) and mianzi (face), which are central resources in Chinese interpersonal interactions, are likely to contribute to an integrative conflict solution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Pensions cover a large part of the population. In multi-generation households, pensions also benefit children and positively impact child poverty (Hoelscher and Alexander 2010).21 In the Kyrgyz Republic, 38 per cent of the population lives in a household receiving a pension. Among the poorest quintile, coverage with pensions is 51 per cent. They contribute 26 per cent to total household consumption of the poorest recipient households (Gassmann, 2010b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Today, the resort incorporates all tourism players, large and small, in the five municipalities of Billund, Vejle, Vejen, Varde and Kolding. The marketing partnership ushered in by the ‘"Big Three" in 2009 to attract visitors from Denmark and abroad was working so well that the time had come to expand the initiative and focus even more on employee development. This was done based on the maxim that the more visitors any player can coax to visit all three municipalities, the bigger the payback. The purpose was to bring together the tourism players in all three municipalities in a joint effort to create the holistic experiences that encourages visitors to spend more money, stay longer, share experiences with friends and family and come back another time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For example, freshwater lakes have been predicted to increase in productivity across trophic levels as a consequence of the effect of warming on metabolism and production (Regier and Meisner, 1990). However, the warming effect is often associated with other physical changes which can have countervailing effects, such as thermal stratification resulting from lighter winds. These may result in anoxic conditions or less intense upwelling and/or seasonal mixing, which may cause fish mortality or reduced primary productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
National identity is an essential legal category in European Union law which has increasingly been invoked by scholars as well as constitutional courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union. In this connection, it is emerging a, still incipient and immature, legal literature which, on the basis of a series of recent judgments coming from the European Court of Human Rights, is interpreting whether there is an analogous figure in the framework of the European Convention of Human Rights system. This article aims to analyse, in a comparative key, the possible advent of the above-mentioned figure in this new legal context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
But outside these two institutions there exists a less well understood world of colleges, diplomas, certificates and professional examinations - the world of post-secondary vocational education and training. Many professional and technical jobs require no more than one or two years of career preparation beyond upper secondary level, and in some countries as much as one-quarter of the adult workforce have this type of qualification (see Figure 1). Nearly two-thirds of overall employment growth in the European Union (EU25) is forecast to be in the “technicians and associate professionals” category - the category most closely linked to this sector (CEDEFOP, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The railway has reduced cargo transit times from 3 days by road to 12 hours by train. The railway line cuts through bottlenecks and raises the profile of Afghanistan as a transit route by connecting two CAREC corridors, i.e. the Russian Federation-Middle East corridor, and the South Asia and Europe-Middle East and South Asia corridor. Intensive multiple-donor engagement has been a success factor for the project. This engagement also improved the adaptability of the project to changing conditions during implementation. The ADB provided supervision, both from headquarters and by the resident mission (OECD-WTO, 2015). The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) funds the rehabilitation of railway infrastructure in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There was 7% growth in 2014 and preliminary estimates indicate the same growth rate in 2015, driven mainly by the services, industry, construction, and information and communication sectors, each of which grew in double digits. For the medium term, growth is projected to outperform the records of 2014 and 2015, increasing to 7.2%. While other sectors are expected to at least perform at their recent levels, higher growth performance is expected largely from increased industrial activities and investment in infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Drug policy in the American hemisphere is in flux. After decades whereby a prohibitionist regime reigned supreme and proposing alternatives was taboo, several countries have begun to reconsider policy, particularly in the case of marijuana. International law has been instrumental in building the legal and institutional regime of prohibition, and it has remained largely impervious to critiques of its disastrous consequences. Indeed, when it comes to drug law and policy, international law has been part of the problem. Nevertheless, countries in the Americas have begun to adopt innovative strategies that also embrace international obligations. In this essay, I examine the failures of the law and order paradigm behind prohibition. I then analyze legal reforms in the Americas as motivated by three different perspectives: 1) human rights, 2) public health and 3) political economy. Each one offers a powerful challenge to prohibition but relies on different assumptions and offers different transformative potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is consistent with the empirical analysis in this paper. There is no evidence, at this stage, of an extensive change in overall mortality, even in the group of countries that have been hard hit by the economic crisis. However, this may purely be a reflection of short-term observation period that is currently available for analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Finally, it provides input to the Mayors' Council on proposed borrowing limit increases in ten-year transport investment plans. It aims for solid waste volume reduction, better resource conservation and recovery, prohibits certain actions and products, provides penalties and appropriates funds. Despite the comprehensive policy framework, LGUs are struggling to implement the policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Achieving this balance between firm commitments in Section I with developing countries’ respective needs for technical assistance and capacity-building to implement them, as outlined in Section II, has long been a major stumbling block. In this respect, the final agreement contains a set of landmark provisions allowing for flexibility in the scheduling and sequencing of implementation, and linking commitments to acquired capacity resulting from technical assistance. More specifically, commitments for the developing countries and LDCs can fall under three potential categories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As with good quality public transport, these services help make it as easy to live without a car as with one -and in some cases, more easily. While a car-free city may not be possible or even desirable in many areas, the wide palette of newly available mobility options allows metropolitan areas to flourish even as they mitigate the negative impacts of exclusive, and possibly excessive, car use. Table 1 highlights many of the main differences between the two (the author of the source recognises some over-generalisation).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The principal conservation measures are enshrined in the Wild Salmon and Sea Trout Tagging Scheme Regulations, which are revised on an annual basis and provide for the introduction of salmon conservation measures. Since 2007, the harvest of salmon, by commercial and recreational (angling) means, has been restricted to those stocks of rivers that are meeting their conservation limits. A fund of EUR 30 million was allocated for the purpose and 1 171 former licence holders received payments aligned with the previous catch history on the basis that they undertook not to engage in the fishery in future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In order to sustain the growth momentum in the post-crisis world, these countries need to find new sources of demand to deepen their dynamism. This should happen mainly through rebalancing their economies in favour of greater domestic and regional consumption. With likely adjustments coming that will reduce global macroeconomic imbalances, the import demand from the developed countries, especially from the United States, is not likely to play the buoyant role that it played in the past decade. The LDCs will, therefore, have to identify new drivers of growth to compensate for the anticipated reduction in traditional export markets. In view of the economic crisis, this requires rebalancing the LDCs’ economies to make them more resilient and more dependent on domestic demand rather than exports. Obviously, this would require these countries to spend more on basic social services, social protection, and infrastructure along with measures for boosting poor peoples’ incomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Professor Rebecca Ingber testified before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee as it considered the nomination of Brett Kavanaugh for Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. Her testimony focused on Judge Kavanaugh's national security and international law jurisprudence, in particular, the court's role in considering international law constraints on the President's war powers, and the potential effects of this judicial approach on executive power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such Parties would need to provide the information needed to track progress towards each of these goals and measures as outlined in Figure 3 and Table 6. The global stocktake will consider, among other things, the overall effect of Parties’ NDCs. For some types of NDC, estimating expected future GHG emissions is difficult and may depend heavily on external factors such as GDP or population growth. The Paris Agreement encourages developing country Parties to move over time towards economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances. As more Parties do this, it should become easier to gain a clearer picture of future expected GHG emissions levels and associated global average temperature rise. Article 13 of the Paris Agreement also stipulates that other Parties providing support should report information on support provided and mobilised, and that developing country Parties should report information on support needs and support received.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This centre is a pioneering tripartite industry-led skills training and education centre. It has now attained both national and international recognition as a model of shared learning among the manufacturing and service industry and one stop human resource development entity. The centre has an international consultancy programme and it has exported its expertise in places such as Chittagong and Manaus (see Box 3.9). As a result, its international network appears to be more established than the links with the higher education institutions in Penang. It aims at promoting linkages between MNCs and local companies and to promote fast track for radio-frequency, computer-embedded and green technologies. Initially there were 589 participants to the programme (1989/90).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While technology could allow many other individuals or firms to generate data, doing so is not straightforward. The evidence presented in this report suggests that better in-market support can improve the survival rate of exporters in destination markets. Support to new exporters is also found to significantly increase the number of national exporters in targeted markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The ideal situation would be to use longitudinal data and fixed-effect panel regression methods to control for self-selection, cohort effects or other types of unobserved heterogeneity besides labour participation choices (Gangl and Ziefle, 2009). There has been an increase in the demand for places at childcare centres during recent years, and most of this has been met by the private sector. There is growing unmet demand for places at State-run day-care centres and kindergartens from those unable to pay for the care of their children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The mandatory “Core Entrepreneurship” course includes a basic introduction to entrepreneurship and small business management as well as a student-run on-campus business activity. The entrepreneurship course at the school of management is compulsory for bachelor of management students. The teaching method is largely interactive and combines lectures with case study work and tutorials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)