albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
While Samoa and Dominica share the characteristic of high female teacher numbers with regional neighbours, Sri Lanka - as a South Asian country - is relatively unique among the majority of its politically regional neighbours, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, all of which continue to struggle nationally with increasing female teacher numbers, in that it has made progress towards gender balance in the teaching workforce. Lesotho is also a small state, this time landlocked. However, within the Commonwealth African mainland context, again the characteristic of high female teacher numbers goes against the overall trend within the continent, although it is important to note that are three other Southern African countries on the mainland continent - Botswana, South Africa and Namibia, which also have high female numbers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
And, third, that it should be environmentally sustainable by limiting pollution, supporting conservation and the sustainable use of natural resources, contributing to a low-caibon and resource-efficient economy and withstanding climate change impacts (NCE, 2016: 22). Some methodologies are based on sectoral analysis with consideration of use of more efficient technologies (e.g. OECD, NCE) plus a country-by-countiy assessment (e.g. Woetzel et al., In the case of Bhattachaiya et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The next decade, therefore, will be one largely of growth in senior secondary provision and participation. This will require greater efficiency in the deployment of teachers and a better alignment of programme offerings with school size. Enlarged participation in senior secondary school will also require greater attention to the relevance of education to the life, work and further learning prospects of students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In practice, this would require maintaining mothballed power plants or delaying the retirement of older units. According to the 2011 World Energy Outlook, reducing electricity end-use demand alone accounts for one-third of reduced greenhouse gas emissions over the next 10 to 15 years in the 450 ppm scenario. The potential for end-use efficiency improvements is enormous. National studies of economic energy efficiency improvements routinely estimate an economic energy savings potential of 20 to 25 percent over the next decade (McKinsey, 2009). Based on such projections, some governments have set ambitious targets of 10 to 15 percent for networked energy sales (gas and electricity) over the next decade (The State and Local Energy Efficiency Action Network, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The illegal wildlife trade is a global threat to biodiversity as well as to public health and good governance. As legislation and law enforcement have been insufficient to protect many wildlife spe...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter aims to investigate how crises translate into major changes in public policy, in the case of education policy in Turkey. It is indicated that the post-crisis interventions of governments tend to redistribute the fiscal burden on public purse by employing a three-level preference set: economic policy priorities vs social policy priorities, among the sectors belonging to the same policy family, and among different levels/institutions of the same policy field. The chapter, thus, attempts to develop a categorisation of post-crisis reform strategies departing from the findings of the empirical analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is not apparent whether procurement procedures take into account the size and complexity of projects, as is the case in countries with advanced PPP programmes (FEMIP, 2013). The General Tendering Department in the Ministry of Public Works oversees the activities of contracting authorities to ensure the integrity of the procurement process involving the private sector. However, the tendering process is not always competitive. Another example is the award for the service contract for Kerak. It was originally won by Engicon, which was asked to turn down the contract because of its dominance in the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Among the national and regional dedicated funds, the Amazon Fund is the largest source of public finance for forest conservation programmes in the Amazon biome. Available estimates of the cost of adaptation in agriculture vary widely, but are generally much higher than available publicly sourced international climate finance for the agriculture sectors. The World Bank estimates adaptation costs for the agricultural sectors alone at more than US$7 billion per year. These resources would be needed for investments in agricultural research, irrigation efficiency and expansion, and roads, in order to counteract the effects of climate change on calorie availability and child malnutrition (Nelson el al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As with international funding mechanisms, capacity - both technical and operational - remains an overarching challenge in many contexts (UNDP, 2015). A number of countries have started making headway in strengthening their investment appraisal mechanisms to integrate climate change (Box 27). Dedicated climate finance should support the strengthening of national systems and capacity for mainstreaming. The benefit-cost ratio (BCR) for a given policy is recalculated capturing the impact and associated costs of climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In such cases, states often do not have the financial and capacity resources to carry out their water responsibilities, especially in rural areas, which heavily rely on grants and transfers from the federal government to build, extend and maintain infrastructure. As Figure 3.2 shows, this can be achieved in various ways. Typically, the most developed economies, most of whose population is connected to water and sanitation infrastructure, rely largely on tariffs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It conducts gender sensitization training of officials dealing with women in trade for customs, licensing and inspection. ( More details on the work of MATRADE can be found in Annex II.) The organization supports their members - women coffee growers, roasters, exporters and buyers - to achieve the best quality in producing and processing ot coftee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Of course, children learn subject-matter content and acquire a wide range of skills while they are learning to read. But after Grade 3 there is a tacit assumption that children can read fluently and comprehend curricular materials in subject domains such as health, social studies and science. The curriculum changes: students are expected to learn the languages of subject domains and use that language to think critically, solve problems and create new knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, these outlays can become progressive if noncontributory benefits are provided to informal sector workers and families. The new approach aimed at stabilizing macroeconomic imbalances and reducing inflation by means of the monetary approach to the balance of payments. Public policies following from this approach focused on liberalization of domestic markets for goods, labour and finance, privatization of state companies and an overall reduction of the role of the state in the economy. These policies paved the way towards the liberalization of foreign trade, opening up to FDI, liberalization of portfolio flows, adoption of a standardized patent regime (embodied in the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)) regarding intellectual property, and the simplification of all forms of international exchange, except for the free mobility of labour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
ABSTRACT   This paper reflects on the concept of democracy based on assumptions, which are also conceptual, such as information, accountability and social control, and it checks whether such characteristics of the democratic system are present or not in the specific public policies (social/environmental) in the Billings and Guarapiranga reservoir region in Sao Paulo. For such, it analyzes social indicators (in the context of available information) in these regions, as well as actions by the Growth Acceleration Program's (PAC) Public Resources Observatory, a project coordinated by the Public Administration and Government Studies Center of the Getulio Vargas Foundation of Sao Paulo (Ceapg/FGV-Eaesp). It concludes that the Brazilian state remains opaque before the demands for transparency and social control, consequently becoming little accountable despite the advances obtained since the country's redemocratization.   KEY WORDS:  Democracy, Accountability, Social Control, Public Policies, Social-Environmental Actions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It will apply 24 hours per day, seven days a week, and will include fewer exemptions. It will also require most every vehicle in London to meet emissions standards or pay a surcharge on top of the congestion charge in case of noncompliance. As such, the objective of the zone is not to ban carbon-intensive travel entirely, but to allow low levels of infrequent travel at a cost.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The study aims to increase understanding of young people's health behaviours and well-being during the key developmental stage of adolescence. This includes all European OECD members plus the United States, Canada and Turkey. The primary purpose of the surveys is to monitor the indicators (the so-called Laeken Indicators) by which the EU has agreed to measure its progress towards reducing social exclusion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Also, if you wish to prioritize more than six crops, please proceed and substantiate why. Did you face any problems/limitations? They will be subject to subsequent review and validation by international research institutes and experts and serve the basis for further validation and discussion at the Regional Expert Consultation from 3-5 December 2016 in Bangkok and finalized after the Consultation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In this article Varady reviews his 46 years of teaching, scholarship, and service in housing policy and community development. His New York City (NY) upbringing led to interests in cities and public policy, which led to degrees in city planning and eventually to receiving his university's highest award for academic excellence. Varady's pragmatism offers realistic solutions, questions long-held attitudes, and seeks objectivity in research. Although he takes ideology seriously, he is not an ideologue. Here he explains how his pragmatic perspective affected his research on neighborhood racial change, public housing, housing vouchers, and middle income housing programs. His career is best measured by the success of his many students who have had the benefi ts of his years of experience in the fi eld of housing research in both America and Europe .
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Forest stands are fragmented, with the number of owners increasing as a result of continuous division owing to inheritance processes. In FBiH there have been attempts to buy forests from private owners to incorporate them into the public forest stock. The management of private forests is delegated to cantons and municipalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These have often been through public-private partnerships with health insurance companies (ISSA, 2013). Rising government spending is paramount to improve health care provision. Financing the expansion of the public health care system through general taxation may be more effective to reach universal coverage and increase risk pooling, given the large labour market informality and the high number of self-employed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This paper directs itself to the impact of American social science on the writings of Alva and Gunnar Myrdal on the role of education and social science in “modern” industrial democracy. After a brief sketch of the Myrdals' role in the development of Swedish welfare reforms and of their intellectual contacts in the United States during the 1930's, the paper outlines four theoretical “dilemmas” of “modernity” to the solution of which education and social research was seen to contribute: the relationships between facts and values, the individual and the collective, child rearing and social change, and theory and practice. The paper concludes by tracing the articulation of these themes in the Social Democratic Party school reform proposals of 1948.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
AbstractMany countries now have some kind of national crime prevention structure.This new crime prevention, unlike traditional criminology, extends the responsibility for preventing crime outside of criminal justice to households, neighbourhoods, and families. Drawing on the work of British political philosopher, Michael Oakeshott, the article discusses recent prevention trends in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. Specifically, the discussion applies four of Oakeshott's central themes — his attitude toward social science, his concept of a person, his theory of human association, and his description of the rule of law to four emerging rationales — evidence-based policy, situational crime prevention, social crime prevention and marketing prosocial values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
On the Russian side, the Vuoksi River was classified in 2009 according to the Russian classification system as “conditionally clean” in the upstream part, as “slightly polluted” further downstream in the southern and northern branches, and as “polluted” close to the mouth of northern branch (at 0.8 river-km). The reason for this is improved effectiveness of wastewater treatment in Finland. After 2005, the production of pulp and paper factories increased, and together with it the loading, but not as much proportionally. Nitrogen concentration has not varied significantly, even though it was at a slightly higher level in the 1980s and in the early 1990s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
With the number of vessels and employment continuously falling during the last few years, the structural adjustment process is considered to be ongoing. The most difficult situation occurs in the cod fishery, especially in the Western part of the Baltic Sea. Although according to the latest stock assessments (2016) most of the stocks vital to the Danish fishing industry' show improvement, the Western Baltic cod stock is still in poor condition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Research consistently demonstrates that black students are disproportionately subject to behavioral sanctions, yet little is known about contextual variation. This paper explores the relationship between school racial composition and racial inequality in discipline. Prior work suggests that demographic composition predicts harsh punishment of minorities. Accordingly, a threat framework suggests that increases in black student enrollment correspond to increases in punitive school policies. Results from this paper find some support for this hypothesis, finding that the percent of black students in a school is related to increased odds of suspension/expulsion, and differential effects of behavior partially mediate these relationships. However, I also find that a traditional threat narrative may be insufficient. Black students may be most likely to experience unequal sanctions on their behavior in racially homogeneous contexts—whether homogeneously black or white. These results suggest that more research is needed to understand how the social organization of schools contributes to discipline inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Girls are still less likely than boys to choose scientific and technological fields of study and, when they do, are less likely to take up high-paying jobs in those fields. These 'choices' are informed by stereotypes about suitable occupations for girls rather than based on ability. Stereotypes that define caregiving as quintessentially female (and maternal) seem to be much harder to dislodge than those around breadwinning, previously seen as a male domain.1’7 Increasing numbers of women are adopting what are widely seen as masculine lifestyles and patterns of work by engaging more intensively in the labour market. However, men are not, to the same extent, taking on greater responsibility for unpaid care and domestic work, widely seen as 'feminine'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Further analysis based on developing-country case studies would be very relevant from a policy perspective. Energy-intensive industries (e.g. iron and steel, chemicals, petroleum refining, cement, aluminium, and pulp and paper) account for more than two thirds of energy consumption and C02 emissions. With growing industrial activity and the need to construct basic infrastructure, energy-intensive industries account for a relatively large share of manufacturing output in a number of developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Approximately 90 million people live in the catchment area of the Nordic marine region (85 million of these around the Baltic Sea). A part of this population however, lives in the non-Nordic neighboring countries. The chapter provides an overview of the status and trends in biodiversity and ecosystem function through assessment of key species and habitats, and summarizes the ecological status of selected Nordic regions as described in detail in (Tunon (Ed.),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This provides a powerful impetus for the "traditional" DRR community, seeking to redress practice that has for many years seen ex ante action articulating the complex risk drivers from which disasters materialize eclipsed by action responding to the manifestation of disasters. Translating this shift into informed, systems-based decision-making, investment and practice in all contexts and at all scales, and reflecting this in local to national strategies, is arguably the principal preoccupation of this community. Contexts in which humanitarian response427 and DRR428 are implemented are therefore more complicated and challenging than is often acknowledged or represented in policy and programmatic documents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In order to make the connection between the current research focus and a more broadly defined third mission, “translational research” could be adapted to address the critical issues that bridge the university and community. Use this expertise to develop the region as a whole as an internationally recognised centre of expertise and innovation on health care practices and technical innovations that improve health care outcomes of the population but also attract health tourism. Scale up medical personnel training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Industry analysts estimate that, by 2020, up to 10 per cent of pilot and production Blockchain distributed ledgers will incorporate loT sensors (IDC, 2017). Blockchain is expected to generate cost reduction and revenue growth opportunities for telecommunication providers (Deloitte, 2016). In addition, service providers can generate additional revenue by providing an "identity as a service" solution for partners and consumers (Deloitte, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The study did not, however, look at system cost and the authors do not speculate on whether they believe that the interventions saved money overall. The incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year gained was GDP 64 097 between domiciliary care and stroke unit care, leading the authors to conclude that cost perspectives are important when stroke services are evaluated and that the improved health outcomes in the stroke unit come at a higher cost (currently in excess of the usual threshold for accepting new technologies in England). This outcome is particularly likely to arise in systems where hospital and social care are delivered by separate agencies. In England and Wales, the health services have the power to fine local governments a daily tariff for delays in discharge caused by local social care failures. An alternative model was that local hospital and social care services were encouraged to work collaboratively by applying for special grants to improve community services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For instance, individuals with no or relatively weaker attachment to the labour market are less likely to benefit from unemployment insurance programmes by design. As shown in Panel A of Figure 1.19, the likelihood of receiving unemployment benefits conditional on being unemployed tends to increase with age in most OECD countries. In all countries, the ratio for those aged between 15 and 24 is below average and in some cases the ratio can be less than one-half the average ratio (e.g. Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain and the United States).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A third-generation bicycle-sharing programme, an electronic parking system, smart cards and traffic visualisation are being developed, although as of 2016, they were still in the pilot or design stage. Bandung could become “smarter” through the use of digital technologies to analyse traffic congestion and commuting flows. It could also develop smart city initiatives that target the energy sector (i.e., reduce energy consumption and increase the use of more renewable energy sources) (OECD, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
First and foremost, the generally attractive results in terms of poverty and inequality alleviating effects from trade policy reforms, whether unilateral or multilateral, provide yet another reason as to why it is in the interests of countries to seek further liberalization of national and world markets. According to the Indonesia study, for example, unilateral trade liberalization is expected to reduce poverty only very slightly, but liberalization by the rest of the world is expected to lower poverty very substantially. In the Philippines, domestic reform alone from current levels of protection might marginally increase poverty rates, whereas rest-of-world liberalization would almost fully offset that (and more than offset it in the case of only agricultural reform).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The key challenge is to implement the Action Plan and target available resources on the chemicals with the greatest potential risks to health and the environment. This should be done with the full participation of all stakeholders, including trade unions, consumers and civil society more generally. Best practices, as brought together in OECD Council Decisions, Recommendations and technical documents, could be used as guidance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
They combined meteorology, hydrology and flood forecasting and developed a probabilistic system based on climate modelling and water discharge in the Ganges River and Brahmaputra rivers. The forecasts are shared with decision makers at national and district levels through fax and e-mail, and with pilot communities through SMS and flag networks. This has vastly improved the ability of authorities and communities to take early action to protect lives and livelihoods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The programme relied on strategic integration of all relevant agencies involved in delivering mental health services for this group, and identifying children's needs in the school context. In addition to training teachers, this programme also consisted of social and emotional learning programmes. Parents and community' were also involved in the learning and social aspects of the initiative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This total effect comprises only the macro-level effect through labour utilisation since the micro-level effect is insignificant for all income groups. See Box 4 for details of the empirical approach and the definition of the effects. Non-significant estimates (at the 10% level) are indicated by dots on general mean curves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)