albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Many drivers of deforestation, such as urban development and land-use policies that favour large-scale development of palm oil or soya, also lie outside the forest sector. While it can be difficult to analyse the impact of forest-related measures separately from broader economic, social and environmental measures and trends, it is important that these potential interactions not be overlooked, and that the development of forest policies be integrated with wider economic, social and environmental ones. For example, forests do not normally come to mind when considering food security policies, and their value in supporting sustainable agriculture and providing ecosystem services is often overlooked. A review of documents related to climate change revealed that some countries with substantial areas of forest did not address the role of forests in adapting or strengthening resilience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Viet Nam and Georgia lowered their undernourished populations by 37.9 and 35.4 percentage points, respectively, during this period, whereas Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic managed to reduce their undernourished populations by 16 to 18 percentage points. In the case of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, the proportion of the undernourished population has risen by 7.0 percentage points in the past two decades. The proportion of undernourishment remains high in low-income economies, lower-middle-income economies and least developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The hash value can be easily compared to the value stored on the blockchain. Upon agreement of all involved parties on the latest and legally binding version of the contract, a hash is calculated and added to the blockchain. Here only the hash value is stored on the public blockchain. Any other necessary metadata, e.g. version number, submitting username, project name, is then stored in a private blockchain or off-chain, depending on client’s preferences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This process has gained momentum in the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, France and countries of East Asia, where policies are being designed to incorporate and spread the use of these instruments. Relative productivity is defined as the labour productivity of a country or region with respect to a benchmark country on the technological frontier. This indicator is a proxy for the behaviour of the gap in technology capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
One of the important reasons for the significant development of the rule of law and the legal research in China since the reform and opening up in 1978 is the rapid popularization and extensive application of comparative law. The application of such methods of comparative law as “seeking commonness among differences” and “seeking differences among commonness”, whether in the fields of legislation, law enforcement, administrative of justice or legal supervision, has provided China with broader vision, deeper understanding, more choices and more effective reference in the construction of the rule of law and legal research, and given it wings for the take-off of the modernization of the legal system in China.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article explores the relationship between social movements, human rights and law at different scales.  I compare ‘global constitutionalism’ and ‘subaltern cosmopolitanism’ as approaches to movements, rights and law.  As Sociologists we are especially well-placed to address certain assumptions on which these inter-disciplinary approaches rely.  I argue that assumptions about the relationship between social movements and human rights that are fundamentally normative limit our understanding of the diversity of organisational forms through which human rights are being defined, and of the complexity of multi-scalar law through which claims to justice are being made.  In particular, the importance of the state and national law for institutionalising human rights norms should not be neglected by privileging either local or international law as the legitimate focus of democratic claims for justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
And the 20 per cent of households at the bottom of the income scale receive only 1 per cent of the subsidies. Industry also benefits substantially from the subsidy scheme. In 2011, one third of the total fuel oil (fiouls) subsidies of 4.5 billion dirhams (US$0,555 billion) went to the State-owned monopoly OCP (previously Office Cherifien des Phosphates) and private industry, and two-thirds to ONE, the National Office of Electricity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In no event shall the World Health Organization or the International Telecommunication Union be liable for damages arising from its use. Copyediting and proofreading was done by Elisabeth Heseltine and layout and design was done by Aram Melikyan. The origins of the Initiative lie in the response to the Moscow Declaration on NCDs, the Political Declaration on NCDs to identify concrete actions to be undertaken by Member States, and actions of the WHO Global NCD Action Plan 2013-2020, marking when the WHO decided to scale up activities to reduce the global burden of NCDs using innovative technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The current rhetoric around using data to improve community college student outcomes with only limited research on data-driven decision-making (DDDM) within postsecondary education compels a more comprehensive understanding of colleges’ capacity for using data to inform decisions. Based on an analysis of faculty and administrators’ perceptions and behaviors at 41 community colleges that participated in an initiative to improve student success, an argument is presented to include social capital as an explicit component of the capacity of community colleges for using data on student outcomes to increase student success. Building on Newmann, King, and Rigdon’s (1997) conceptualization of schools’ organizational capacity to meet accountability expectations and Smylie and Evans’ (2006) exploration of the role of Coleman’s (1988) social capital in policy implementation, this study found a relationship between the presence of forms of social capital as part of the organizational capacity for DDDM and the frequen...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These women have established families with reduced family responsibilities, wide experience, a loyal constituency and are financially stable. These women can also be mentored by other women in political authority. Appointing women leaders into positions of authority has proved effective in many Commonwealth countries. Redrawing of voting districts - Research has shown women win more open seats (new constituencies) than well-established constituencies. The creation of new districts or local councils can be drawn based on increased population. Involving male champions - Practically, it is important to partner with men who have long-standing control of power, and sensitise them to understand gender equity, equality and mainstreaming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Reporting at such a disaggregated level is already done in the CRS database. However, this database is not currently designed to provide transparency on which projects a donor reports to the UNFCCC. There can be significant differences in what countries report to CRS and to the UNFCCC (see Annexes A and B). For example, some countries include climate-relevant Official Development Assistance and “Other Official Flows” in their estimates of climate finance provided, others include just ODA.14 In addition to these differences in the scope and coverage of climate finance, reporting on support provided is not consistent across countries (Table 3). For example, in some cases, countries apply a coefficient to the total amount of finance provided to multilateral institutions, corresponding to the share of resources disbursed by the multilateral financial institution or development bank that are climate-relevant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, with the very rough and ready metric for system adequacy used in this exercise, which is the ratio of total generating capacity over peak demand, ceteris paribus the SSDI would increase in response to increased renewable production. During their life cycle, nuclear power plants source up to 90% of their inputs in terms of value domestically. Imports of uranium, just as imports of rare earths for the rotors of wind turbines, are not a major concern as they are widely diversified and frequently stem from other OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The process was first carried out in 2004, and led to additional funding allocated to HIV/AIDS projects, “which topped the economists’ “to do” list”. Similarly, biosand filters was the intervention with the lowest risk of a BCR below 1. In the final overall ranking, WSS interventions came in about 15th to 20th position (over a total of 30 interventions), whereas health interventions to address malnutrition (such as micronutrient supplements or community-based nutrition promotion) came towards the top, largely due to their comparatively low costs and fast payback periods. It does so by comparing the effectiveness of various health interventions based on the estimated cost per DALY averted (see Box 5.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Mineral fuels represented 24.6 per cent of LDC exports in 1991. This share increased over the years to reach a peak of 64.4 per cent in 2008 before falling off to 55.4 per cent in 2011. Manufactures’ share of LDC merchandise exports has declined from a peak of 35 per cent in 2001 to 22 per cent in 2011 (Figure 7.7). Thus, while LDCs have managed to increase their exports significantly over the past decade, they have failed to broaden their export base. It appears that many LDCs have simply ridden the wave of increased demand for the raw materials and commodities they export, benefiting from improved terms of trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Under this programme, capacity was auctioned to the best bidder in each of the technologies (biomass, minihydroelectric, and wind power) and this guaranteed the entrepreneur a long-term return to justify the investment. Although the programme initially had difficulties in attracting projects, these were overcome and the targets set for installed capacity are now close to being attained. In these auctions, wind power enterprises have benefited from the shortage of gas in Brazil, which makes thermal plants uncompetitive, and the fact that the auction reserves a quota for power plants that could come on stream within three years, a period that is too short for the large hydroelectric plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Carpathian Convention entered into force in 2006. It aims to protect and restore the unique and characteristic natural environment found in the Carpathians. The region, at 204 700 km2, is the largest European area of natural forests, the last European refuge for many large mammals, the headwaters of several major European rivers and a habitat for many endangered animal and plant species (MoE, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Finally, the triangle represents the estimates of household earnings inequality with the inclusion of households where no-one works. Standard worker households” refers to households where all adult members (16-64) are in standard work or to households with the presence of both standard worker(s) and jobless adult members). Similarly, “Non-standard worker households” refers to households where either all adult members are in non-standard work or there are only non-standard workers and non-working adult members. “ Mixed SW/NSW households” refers to households with both standard and non-standard workers. Jobless households refer to households without any worker during the year. On the one hand, when mixed SW/NSW households were added, household earnings inequality declines by one percentage point, from 0.32 to 0.31 on average (more than two points in Austria and Luxembourg), compared with inequality among households with only standard workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Equivalent work is also expected to start in 2014 on a range of finished wood products, including doors, windows, shutters, curtain-walling and flooring (Anderson, 2014). Efforts are being made to assist with the development of EPDs at the national level by compiling comprehensive LCA data for timber and wood products, for example through the United Kingdom's Wood First Plus Initiative. These EPDs are independently verified by Underwriters Laboratories to ensure that EPDs conform to ISO 14025 requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This includes 205 000 ha representing valuable elements of indigenous nature.18 In addition, 3 146 zones have been created within LP forests to protect refuges of rare birds, mammals, reptiles, insects and lichens, covering 150 000 ha in all. And 16 000 ha of forest stands have been selected in protective forests to produce seeds and preserve the forest genetic pool. As an EU member Poland is reviewing the EU legislation on forest reproductive material covering trade in seeds from selected stands with third countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The national framework is particularly important for setting the pricing signals to discourage environmental externalities, such as greenhouse gas emissions. A strong national framework based on a carbon tax or price will broaden the range of environmentally effective options available to cities. If national policy settings are not supportive, some seemingly desirable city-level initiatives may have limited effect or even generate perverse outcomes. With a strong national framework in place, much can often still be done most efficiently at the level of regions or cities. For example, policies to ensure adequate skills in making existing buildings more energy efficient or for encouraging clusters of green industry are probably best designed at city level. Even if there is a national framework in place, there must still be considerable scope for place-specific adaptations, since information about local conditions can be crucial to the effectiveness of such efforts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It provides a profile of upper secondary school teachers, focusing on demographic characteristics, and of the schools in which these teachers work, with particular emphasis on school background information, the composition of students at the school and human and material resources. The chapter also examines classroom characteristics, including class size and the composition of students, and concludes by taking a look at the profile of upper secondary school principals and of school leadership. It is of note, however, that in each of the participating countries and economies, at least 30% of the teachers are men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
AbstractObstacles to achieving a global climate treaty include disagreements about questions of justice raised by the UNFCCC's principle that countries should respond to climate change by taking cooperative action “in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities and their social and economic conditions”. Aiming to circumvent such disagreements, Climate Change Justice (2010) authors Eric Posner and David Weisbach argue against shaping treaty proposals according to requirements of either distributive or corrective justice. The USA's climate envoy, Todd Stern, takes a similar position. In this article I explain the practical and theoretical drawbacks of Posner & Weisbach's welfarist (utilitarian) perspective and propose an alternative. I show that their arguments fail to rule out John Rawls's non-utilitarian, political conception of international justice and human rights, the Law of Peoples. On this basis I develop a conception of climate justice that highlight...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is an exciting time to study patent law. One of its wonderful, if sometimes maddening, features is an almost constant and rapid rate of change. Patent law is never stagnant. Its evolution is driven by many factors: scientific and technological progress, public policy debate over the proper role of patents in our free market economy, the burgeoning marketplace for patents as a new class of capital asset, the rise of patent enforcement by non-practicing entities (sometimes pejoratively called “patent trolls”), recent implementation of the most significant changes to the U.S. Patent Act since its 1952 codification, a steady stream of precedential decisions from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (having nationwide jurisdiction over patent-related appeals), and increasingly frequent course corrections imposed by the U.S. Supreme Court. This brief essay highlights the challenges and opportunities awaiting students of patent law in 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The main category of cases wherein the notification procedure is followed involves shipment of hazardous or non-listed waste and shipping of any kind of waste for disposal. Also, when green-listed waste is shipped to a non-OECD country for recovery, the notification procedure is required if the importing country has not replied to the Commission in this connection or if it has responded that it requires a notification. Whether an importing country allows the import of certain green-listed waste with an Annex VII document or instead requires a notification can be checked in Regulation (EC) 1418/2007, on shipment of green waste into non-OECD countries (it is important to note that the description given here forthe procedures applied is a general simplification covering the most common situations only - one should consult the WSR for more details when needed). These bans are listed in Regulation (EC) 1418/2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This masks huge differences between the LDCs but reflects that some of them will have largely achieved the universality and affordability criteria by 2020. However, the prospects for widespread use of the Internet by 2020 are poor. At current growth, less than a quarter of the LDC's population will be online (Figure 6.1, bottom right). A key reason is that growth in the ability to use the Internet will not match that of coverage and affordability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
First, school evaluations follow a proportional approach focussing on low-performing schools. Second, school evaluations promise to create a greater understanding of school processes and contexts. School evaluations should result in an evaluation report that takes into account the school educational project, context, and results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A single factory employs about 3,000 people to make automobile electrical harnesses for an assembly plant in Australia. Tourism accounts for about 25 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP), 122,000 tourists visited the islands in 2007. Many of these were visiting family and relatives (VFR) tourists: returning Samoans. The tourism sector has been growing steadily. However, natural hazards, especially cyclones, are a recurrent threat. In September 2009, an earthquake and the resulting tsunami badly affected Samoa, resulting in nearly 200 deaths, massive damage to infrastructure, considerable costs of reconstruction and lost production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
AbstractThis article draws on a rich empirical literature on comparative corruption and rich theoretical literatures on the related topics of institutions and credible commitment to analyze China’s newest anticorruption campaign, ongoing today. It argues that the campaign differs notably from previous efforts. In addition to its most obvious features of longer duration and higher reach, the campaign has significantly changed the structure of Party and government incentives so as to reduce bureaucratic opportunities for corruption and structural obstacles to anticorruption enforcement. These features constitute important steps toward anticorruption institutionalisation and credible commitment to good governance. The article concludes by proposing some strategic policy choices to promote and protect anticorruption gains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All these investment needs were put together in an agreement (package) between the national government and the region. The package was then enabled by the introduction of a congestion tax in Gothenburg, so that the tax revenues could be invested in financing the infrastructure needs outlined in the package. The same concept of regional co-financing had been tested earlier in Stockholm. The total cost of the investments in the West Sweden agreement is approximately EUR 3.5 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Willingness of stakeholders: A successful implementation of co-creation mechanisms critically depends on the intrinsic motivation of stakeholders to actively participate in the development of policies. Depending on the sectoral and national context, values such as civic duty and the wish to positively improve the government may vary. Feelings of ownership: Co-creation mechanisms need to be designed in a way that induces a sense of ownership in stakeholders, in order to for them to take responsibility and ensure sustained participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Yet, effective responses must go beyond health services to address human rights and development. He has called for everyone everywhere to “step up with courage and integrity to protect vulnerable members of our human family”.159 In addition, he has called for removing legal and other barriers that prevent young people from accessing the sexual and reproductive health information and services they need to protect themselves from infection. To better address young people's needs, UN partners and global youth movement representatives launched All In! The initiative aims to unite actors across sectors to accelerate reductions in new HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths among adolescents by 2020, towards ending the AIDS epidemic as a public health threat by 2030.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, low-income parents often have to set aside a large proportion of their incomes if they want their children to attend ECEC. Although the inclusion of immigrant children in the education system two years prior to starting compulsory basic education is already recommended in Slovenia, the authorities should ensure greater participation of children from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds from an early age by providing means-tested subsidies for additional expenses, such as meals and out-of-school-hours care. Such subsidies could be paid for by rationalising ECEC as discussed below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For instance, national climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies, NBSAPs and green economy strategies have formulated specific indicators that could be considered. Select a core set of indicators. Through a consultative process with policy makers from the ministries of planning and key sectors and the national statistics office, practitioners should facilitate a process in which a core set of indicators is selected from among the possible poverty-environment indicators identified in the preceding step.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article examines the relevant international law relating to informed consent to treatment for individuals with psychosocial disabilities and reflects on the protection offered in this respect by the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine. The article argues that while the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is beginning to influence case law of the European Court of Human Rights, only 'weak' protection has been afforded to people with psychosocial disabilities by the ECHR and the Court in relation to informed consent for medical treatment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)