albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
That reflects a combination of soaring food prices and the effects of the global crisis, which entailed a contraction in formal employment, a reduction in real income and poor economic growth. Recent figures from CONEVAL show that between 2006 and 2010, the proportion of people in patrimony poverty increased from 42.7% to 51.3% of the total population (equivalent to 57.7 million poor individuals in 2010), reflecting the vulnerability of Mexican households to global economic crisis. Indeed, Mexico is the second most unequal country in the OECD area after Chile. At 8.2% in 2009, Mexico’s public social spending was the lowest in the OECD area, and corresponded to only about one-third of the OECD average (Figure 2.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The level of out-of-pocket expenditure also varies by tourists, with package tourists spending less out of pocket than non-package tourists (Mitchell and Faal, 2008). Agriculture is the most labour intensive sector and the mainstay in rural areas where poverty is most pervasive and deepest, indeed, more than 70 per cent of the poor in Africa live in rural areas and rely on agriculture for food and livelihood (International Fund for Agricultural Development, 2011). Agricultural income is reported to sustain more households than jobs in hotels and restaurants (UNCTAD, 2013a), particularly when local agricultural products are effectively integrated into the tourism value chain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
With these limitations in mind, it is interesting to note that market incomes at the 75111 and 90Lh percentiles have grown less strongly in the United States than in several other countries.7 The gains in this income range appear very large in Norway, Sweden and, particularly, the United Kingdom (Great Britain). Since the mid-90s, higher incomes also rose quickly in Finland and Poland. The data points are spaced several years apart and therefore do not capture the full income dynamics over the cycle. It appears, however, that any disruptions in the upwards trends for high-income groups during the downturns of the early 1980s and 1990s were short-lived.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Although estimates on the extent of forest loss and change vary among studies, the overall picture for the GMS is one of rapid forest decline, mainly due to forest loss in Cambodia and Myanmar, but at the same time Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam have experienced forest gain primarily due to the increase in area of other naturally regenerated forests or secondary forests and in the case of Lao PDR there has been a reclassification of forest area (Figure 3). Forest cover is still declining in Cambodia but the decline is less severe than before, forest area in Lao PDR has shown some increase. In the last FRA report, Lao PDR had reclassified forest area, which may explain this change. Whether actual forest cover has increased is debatable. Myanmar was the only country where the decline became severe during 2010 to 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
If people have a right to rebel against domestic tyranny, wrongful foreign occupation, or colonial rule, then the normative principles commonly invoked to deal with civil conflicts present a problem. While rebels in some cases might justifiably try to secure human rights by resort to violence, the three normative pillars dealing with armed force provide at best only a partial reflection of the ethics of armed revolt. This article argues that (first) the concept of “terrorism” and the ongoing attempt to define it in international law, (second) the laws of war and their application to armed conflict, and (third) the Responsibility to Protect all obscure as much as clarify the problem. Given the prevalence of political oppression and the occurrence of civil conflicts originating in attempts to confront it, there is therefore a pressing need to establish a place for the rights of rebellion in the international normative architecture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Thus in some countries, the content of the initial education can be quite different according to the position the aspiring teacher is expected to have. In Germany, according to the school, subjects, level of schooling that a teacher is preparing to teach, the content of the education he receives can be quite different. They divide the existing models in two important groups, defined by several common features: the “traditional models of teacher initial education” and the more modern ones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Contents Contributors Introduction: Michael Oakeshott's Cold War Liberalism Terry Nardin PART I: OAKESHOTT ON MODERN POLITICS: CONSERVATIVE OR LIBERAL? 1. Michael Oakeshott: Neither Liberal nor Conservative Terry Nardin 2. Oakeshott, Modernity, and Cold War Liberalism Edmund Neill 3. Conserving the University as a Place for Liberal Learning Erika A. Kiss PART II: OAKESHOTT ON TOTALITARIANISM AND CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY 4. Oakeshott and Totalitarianism Andrew Gamble 5. Rule of Law or City of Babel: Oakeshott on the Twentieth-Century State Cheung Chor-yung 6. An Association for Amiable Adventurers: On Oakeshott's Peculiar Constitutionalism Jan-Werner Muller PART III: OAKESHOTT IN THE EAST ASIAN CONTEXT 7. Oakeshott in China Zhang Rulun 8. Michael Oakeshott and Confucian Constitutionalism Kim Sungmoon 9. Some Implications of Oakeshott's Thought for Contemporary Korean Society and Politics Kim Bi Hwan
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Less than one fifth of the respondents borrowed to finance their additional expenditure and those that did, borrowed an average of Rs2,687 a month. The average distance of the work place for the chief wage earner was 7.8 kilometres. While a small proportion (16 per cent) had a two-wheeler, which they used to get to their place of work, more than one third of the respondents reached their place of work by foot. This shows the need for pedestrian-friendly cities, especially for the urban poor, marginalized and the vulnerable. An additional one fourth of respondents took a bus to get to work. Nearly 94 per cent had a mobile phone, which testifies to the ease with which feedback can be solicited on various programmers targeted at them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In view of Latvia’s volatile labour market, it does seem appropriate to maintain an ability for quickly scaling up public works programmes should the need arise. However, current allocations of Latvia’s limited ALMP resources should be based on a careful review of national and international evidence regarding the merits of public works programmes relative to other forms of ALMPs. On balance, the international evidence suggests that, while widely used as a redistributive tool and an effective employment buffer during crisis periods, public works programmes tend to have little to no positive effect on participants’ longer-term employment outcomes (Cahuc et al., Based on this evidence, Latvia probably devotes too large a share of the overall ALMP budget on public works programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
So far, however, they are only used for such purposes in a few pilot cases, which are described in this chapter. According to one estimate, the skills demanded across industries will change by 35% within a handful of years.98 Such shifts put enormous pressure on countries’ education and training systems to adjust. Yet in many countries those systems are notoriously inflexible, portending serious challenges. This is among the reasons that the public sector has traditionally played a major role in education and training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There are considerable differences in the use of forced admissions both between counties and between hospitals. This trend is difficult to explain fully, and various explanations have been proposed, including different treatment cultures and different attitudes to the use of compulsory admission among referring physicians, in hospitals and in DPCs, differences in competence, co-operation procedures and personnel resources, differences at a municipal level, and unequal access to hospitals and mental health specialists between geographical areas, and differences in rates of mental ill health across the country. Reduction in involuntary admissions is a priority, but greater co-ordination across regions is likely needed to better understand the root causes of these disparities. A national network for research, led by the south-eastern region, is looking to register involuntary treatment and use of seclusion and restrain nationally, which could be fruitful.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Moreover, to strengthen co-operation of Croatian researchers with their international peers, the Committee for the Mobility of Researchers (CMR) was also established in 2009 and prepared the action plan for researcher mobility (Svarc and RaCic, 2012). It is an independent advisory body with 26 members and includes representatives of the government, business and academic sectors, and trade unions. Its recommendations have covered a wide array of policy issues, including education, market regulation, cost competitiveness, innovation, development of SMEs and regional development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Within countries, however, there are still significant disparities in the average number of children bom in different social groups, this reflects the socioeconomic inequalities that continue to define Latin America as one of the most unequal regions in the world. This is also the case with indigenous peoples, whose fertility' rates are systematically higher, although in this case the figures have to be interpreted in the light of coexisting factors of inequality and cultural ideals that value high fertility. However, in the past three decades socio-economic factors and demographic trends have behaved relatively' independently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They are also supported by the ASEAN Plus Three Emergency Rice Reserve (APTERR), which seeks to provide food coverage across the region in times of severe, short-term need. However, while the regional frameworks identify a number of the key policy areas where action will be required - such as those related to the development of regional agro-food markets, sustainable production and increased investment in the sector - reform has been slow and, in some cases, current policy choices are actually undermining food security (Chapter 3). Self-sufficiency in particular has often been strongly promoted by a number of ASEAN governments as a strategy to reduce vulnerability to world price movements, such as those observed during the food price crisis of 2007/08.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Available from http://pubdocs.wcrldbank.org/ pubdocs/publicdoc/2015/10/966751445286237369/CMO-Oct-2015-Historical-Forecasts.pdf. Available from http://www.imf.org/ external/np/res/commod/pdf/cpor/2015/cpor! Available from http://www.adb.0rg/site5/default/files/publication/l 75455/fossil-fuel-subsidies-thailand. Available from http://wwwadb.0rg/sites/default/files/publicati0n/l 75444/fossil-fuel-subsidies-indonesia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Although social policy involves goals which go beyond combating poverty, such as building societies with greater social cohesion and equity, the shortage of public resources —particularly in periods of crisis— makes it necessary to be selective in order to ensure that monetary transfers and social services reach the poorest part of the population (ECLAC, 2000). The use of targeting mechanisms in the framework of conditional transfer programmes should not be seen as an end in itself, but as a social policy instrument to “do more with less” and increase the progressivity of social spending by guiding public efforts towards those whose need is greatest. Bearing in mind that in 2009 around 190 million people lived in situations of poverty (see chapter I) and that such programmes were benefiting 101 million, it could be argued that there is still scope for increasing such programmes and covering greater numbers of families who are unable to satisfy their basic needs by their own means. In the framework of the current worldwide economic crisis and the resulting threat of rising poverty, some countries in the region have in fact announced expansions in conditional transfer programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Other fiscal and financial measures include: an increase in the tax rate on heating fuels, already included in the PNAC (to be fully implemented in 2014), an accelerated depreciation regime for investments in energy-efficient equipment and vehicles in the services (and industry) sectors, subsidised low-interest loans for investments in energy efficiency measures, and income tax deductions for investments in solar collectors and renewable microgeneration systems. Each PPEC supports actions proposed by suppliers, grid operators, and business and consumer associations. The proposed measures are selected using a tendering procedure and ranked on the basis of a cost-benefit analysis that takes into account environmental benefits (including abatement of GHG emissions) and cost savings for the electricity sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Cognitive deficits, more generally, are a negative, predictive factor in vocational rehabilitation, especially deficits in the working memory, but also in general intelligence and social cognition abilities. However, this is probably a result of the schizophrenia bias in rehabilitation research. Very few studies have looked at predictive factors for different diagnostic groups. Where this has been done, results show that these factors vary according to the diagnosis (Baer, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
World Bank (2006 and 2010a), UNCTAD (2010). Importantly, the climate-friendly (mitigation-specific) flows are estimated to account for less than one-sixth or about 15% of the total flows to emitting sectors across these types of finance (Figure 1). More precisely, for FDI + CERs, the low estimate includes the primary transaction values of CERs only (about 4 bn USD, World Bank 2010), whereas the high estimate also includes UNCTAD (2010) estimates of low carbon FDI flows from developed to developing countries (about 37 bn USD). Similarly for Bilateral ODA and OOF.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
On September 15, 2010, four students from New York University announced the source code for a new international social network, which they named Diaspora. They regard it as an anti-Facebook social network: whereas Facebook is an entirely centered network that users cannot really modify and appropriate because of strict control by the site owners, the Diaspora social network is supposed to be more democratic and more open, and to function as a truly multipolar network in which no real center is visible. Its users become actors and contribute to the evolution of the network.      Keywords:    diaspora,  cultural diversity,  cross-cultural,  economics,  colonialism,  slavery,  labor supply
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The UN is intimately involved in efforts to restore the rule of law in conflict and post-conflict settings. Yet despite the importance of the rule of law for peace, good governance, and economic growth, evidence on the impact of these efforts is scant. I develop a theory to explain when UN rule of law reform is likely to succeed, then test the theory using original datasets capturing the number of civilian personnel deployed to each UN mission in Africa, the number of personnel assigned specifically to rule of law-related tasks, and the extent and nature of actual rule of law-related activities in the field. The correlation between UN presence and the rule of law is weak while conflict is going, but robustly positive during periods of peace. The relationship is stronger for civilian than uniformed personnel, but holds only when UN missions engage host states in the process of reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this utility system the morning load increases smoothly over the course of 2 hours by 400 MW (or 12%), but includes rapid short-term ramps of ±50 MW. Some OECD countries may have a different mechanism or use a different terminology, but the principle is common to all TSOs. Frequency containment reserves are operating reserves necessary for constant containment of frequency deviations (fluctuations) from nominal value in order to constantly maintain the power balance in the whole synchronously interconnected system.6 Activation of these reserves results in a restored power balance at a frequency deviating from nominal value. Operating reserves of this category are usually activated automatically and locally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Poor women and men who do not have sufficient funds to finance their start-up stay out of the entrepreneurial markets and in poverty. Gender-specific effects are more pronounced in those countries where women have limited access to property rights or control over household assets (Chapter 2). However, recent research proves clearly that capital injections might not be enough to enable growth, especially in female-owned micro-enterprises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Among the main activities of the Institute are the monitoring, analysis and forecasting of atmospheric and hydrospheric processes, study of the spatial-temporal characteristics of climate and water resources, and the Hydrometeorological Service for the territory of the country' and the Black Sea, for the state authorities, the general population and a wide range of users of specialized information. This included two workshops for stakeholders, which were covered by the national media, five consultative meetings to discuss the proposed measures, a training session for representatives of the local authorities, posting of the document for public discussion before its adoption and a video broadcast by Bulgarian National Television. The project focuses its activities on educational institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
An unexpected outcome has been the convening of women who work at the Learning Center into their own group, which did not exist prior to the project. The women discuss community issues such as health and educational services, which they hope will be supported by the fund. The power of numbers in gender dynamics: illustrations from community forestry groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
My intervention addresses the “external” relations of IR with another discipline - IL. The revolutionary developments in international relations, e.g. the rising role of the nonstate actor, the return of religion, the inter-connectedness between security and the economy, etc. have been challenging both the politics of international relations as well as the legal architecture of the regimes designed to assist politicians in navigating these politics. Consequently, they have pushed the disciplines of international relations and international law towards closer interaction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Adding to the complexity is national inconsistencies in policy and performance measurement, although efforts are being made to improve harmonisation. Clearer government accountability and more explicitly defined roles between central and local authorities will help Australia overcome some of these impediments. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For instance, the Asia Pacific Adaptation Network (APAN) run activities and projects under eight different themes, one of which is agriculture and climate change, thereby running the risk of having less impact in these than if the work was more focused. For example, a project might dedicate substantial financial and technical resources to an area, while under-prioritizing another, although this might be of more importance given the local circumstances. Therefore, it is vital that initiatives balance the resources allocated to projects within the themes/areas that the initiatives focus on.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Public administration as an art is defined in the Ghanaian context regarding decentralization and public officials’ accountability.  It examines decentralization, local elections and empowerment. While the paper advocates for regional and district level elections, it uses the literature to argue that local representatives are more accessible to their locals. It questions the current appointment practices by the central government, which has become more partisan than originally intended in the Local Government Act.  To affirm the democratic environment of politics in Ghana, it calls for constitutional amendment regarding decentralization and local government elections.            Key words: Public administration, decentralization, public officials, accountability, local government elections.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Poland introduced controlled foreign company rules in 2015 which aim to prevent profit shifting through parent companies assigning passive or mobile income (e.g. from intellectual property, services and digital transactions) to foreign subsidiaries in which they have a controlling interest and which are located in low-tax jurisdictions. Poland also made significant changes to its transfer pricing regulations in line with the recommendations of the OECD/G20 BEPS project. The tax, which entered into force in February 2016, has to be paid by banks, credit unions and insurance companies, as well as other lending institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Podlaskie Voivodeship's Development Strategy 2020 articulates a vision for the future based on the region’s competitive advantages. It aims to boost its entrepreneurship by focusing on its comparative strengths in such areas as agricultural production, “ecological and green” products and services, renewable energy sources, environmentally friendly technologies, ecotourism and the silver economy. The region further aims to increase its accessibility, including transport, tele/digital communications, and business services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Four connect medium-to-large ports to core networks. Some have specialised in serving low-density areas with strong agricultural sectors, while others connect major industrial clusters to the main network. They have managed to form sustainable businesses where the private and public national operators had failed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Women’s empowerment is often defined in terms of traditional areas, including health, education and social protection, with less emphasis on access to public life and economic opportunities. Such an emphasis, however, risks narrowing women’s role in the society, which may pose constraints for women’s empowerment in economic and public life. The vision of this national gender equality strategy is to build a future that promotes progress “towards a human, sustainable and fair development based on equity and equality between the two sexes.” Its two strategic objectives are: i) to promote the participation of men and women in the elaboration, analysis and direction of policies in a just and equal manner, ii) to ensure that women and men benefit equally and fairly from government policies and development programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)