albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This section of the chapter considers the importance of policy coherence between green growth, social and labour policies. Regressive distributional effects, which disproportionately impact the least well off in society, should be avoided. Ensuring the alignment and effectiveness of green growth policies requires understanding and addressing the distributional consequences at the household level and consideration of energy poverty (i.e., non-affordability of energy services) in developed and developing countries (OECD, 2014g).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Central America’s Northern Triangle is infamous for high levels of violent crime and human rights abuses, producing “impunity states” in which violence typically goes unpunished. That violence reflects the broader impunity or “transitional injustice” that has persisted since the peace accords and transitions to democracy of the 1980s and 1990s. Several “posttransitional” trials for past human rights violations in recent years in Guatemala were made possible by institutional strengthening efforts in the prosecutorial agency, led by a unique United Nations commission. Significant progress away from broad impunity may also be seen in the 2015 “Guatemalan Spring,” in which a sitting president was forced to resign and submit to prosecution in connection with a corruption scandal. Comparisons of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras suggest that institutional strengthening is necessary before “posttransitional justice,” or an end to impunity more generally, can be possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The literature on standardised testing is often dominated by debates over the advantages or disadvantages of standardised tests with high stakes for students (Popham, 1999, Wang et al., This paper looks at another end of the spectrum of standardised tests: those in which there are no-stakes attached for students. The term stakes refers to judgements passed based on test results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Age-adjusted death rates increased for seven leading causes and decreased for one (Sherry et al, 2018). Life expectancy at birth fell by 0.1 year between 2016 and 2017, largely because of increases in mortality from unintentional injuries, suicide, diabetes, and influenza and pneumonia, with unintentional injuries making the largest contribution. Age-adjusted death rates increased at ages 25-44 and 85+.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In lower secondary schools, a stronger emphasis on distributed leadership is also related to teachers who are more often involved in reflective dialogue and collaborative actions. However, these findings were not corroborated in primary and upper secondary education. Induction and support programmes for beginning teachers can improve the effectiveness and job satisfaction of new teachers - and thus make it less likely that those teachers will leave the profession at the first hurdle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Instead, this chapter focuses on whether the key elements are likely to be in place for strategy implementation to be effective. It also examines Austria’s record of natural hazard management policies and makes some comparison with other OECD countries in discussing Austria’s process for developing adaptation policy. The west and the south have an alpine climate, while the lowlands in the east and north have a temperate climate. This varied terrain leads to marked differences in climate variables within a comparatively small area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Income mobility aids the diagnosis of sodal cohesion by quantifying winners and losers from past economic performance. The second part of the section reviews job mobility between 2004 and 2008 with a focus on movement across type of employment, industries and jobs with different skill levels and skill mismatches. The final part of the section examines children's educational aspirations with the aim of identifying factors shaping inter generational inequality in Viet Nam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In this framework, membership of networks, groups and spaces where intersubjectivity can expand or contract is critical to equality in terms of participation in networks of relationships that are established in pursuit of autonomy with greater capacity for agency. Shared spaces become crucial in this perspective of equality. The following section seeks to illustrate some of these aspects, presenting a further two innovative measurements: school segregation and residential segregation. In some of the region's countries, this integrative role of State education is perceived to have weakened over time, as better-off groups have migrated from State to private schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Among older children (11-14), the rate of involved in child labour in Burkina Faso is almost twice that observed in the other countries despite the fact that it excludes domestic work. For Burkina Faso the sample is 7-10 years old. S=base-year school participation rates, L=base year child work participation rates. Numbers in brackets refer to the base-year values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Florence, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute. Washington DC, World Bank. Washington DC, World Bank. Evidence from PROGRESA's Control Randomized Experiment", American Economic Review, 94(2): 336-341. Washington DC, World Bank. London, Overseas Development Institute.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Abstract This paper examines transboundary conservation initiatives in the Rocky Mountains of North America with a particular focus on the world's first peace park, located on the Alberta‐Montana border. The peace park concept envisions the free migration of animals and humans within a select area by removing artificial boundaries and seeks to encourage harmonious relations between countries through co‐management of shared ecosystems. As such, Rocky Mountain conservation initiatives are significant because they are a symbol of bilateral cooperation between two countries that claim the world's longest shared border. The so‐called “ecosystem approach” to managing a portion of the northern border of the U.S. stands in sharp contrast to other American initiatives that seek to promote national security on its southern frontier by sealing borders, and as a result, dividing ecosystems. More pointedly, the post 9–11 U.S. security focus on illegal immigration and terrorism could cause irreparable damage to the con...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These incentives include smaller class size, shorter class teaching time, a stipend in addition to the salary, an opportunity to choose the next school of assignment and advantages for the promotion to administrative positions preferred as the final stage of the teaching career (Kang and Hong, 2008). However, at the same time, it can have unintended consequences widening the gap between students from different socio-economic backgrounds. Particularly, disadvantaged students may not have parental guidance and support to do homework, a quiet place to study at home and time allocated to after-school learning due to family and other responsibilities (OECD, 2014a, 2016a). Schools can therefore work with parents to encourage their involvement with children at home and help parents to better support their children with school work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In low- and lower middle-income countries, on the other hand, small and medium sized farms are significant also in terms of share of land and food production. In low-income countries, farms smaller than 2 hectares occupy about 40% of the farmland and farms smaller than 5 hectares about 70%. In lower middle-income countries, these shares are about 30% and 50%, respectively. As can be observed in Figure 1 (from Lowder, Skoet and Singh, 2014), most farms are in East Asia, South Asia and the Pacific. More than a third of the world’s farmers live in.the People’s Republic of China (herafter “China”) and slightly less than a quarter live in India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The studies indicate that complementary investments are needed to promote farmer-to-farmer diffusion, innovation and networking in order to promote LEISA among small and marginal farmers (Tripp, 2006). Farmer Field School, Participatory Technology Development, Participatory Plant Breeding and others are such initiatives acknowledging and integrating traditional knowledge. In order to promote the LEISA practices, networking has been done through the Centre for Information on Low External Input and Sustainable Agriculture, which promotes documentation and exchange of information for small-scale farmers in the south. Eco-agricultural concepts aim to interlink enhancing production, improving biodiversity and promoting viable local livelihoods as key themes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Addressing each of these issues implies costs. The figure offers a useful checklist of digital connectivity issues--both from a cost and an inclusion perspective. More recently, the ITU has been at the forefront of efforts to bridge the digital divide ever since the term was coined in the 1990s. An important milestone here is the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). The 2003 Geneva phase of the WSIS resulted in a Declaration and Action Plan that, among other things, called for the development of national e-strategies. The 2005 Tunis Declaration followed up on this by focusing on financial mechanisms to bridge the digital divide and on Internet governance questions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Close to 80% of unused extraction is related to fossil energy carriers (70% of which is from coal extraction in Australia and the United States) followed by metals, which account for 15%. Relatively small volumes of unused extraction are associated with biomass and construction and industrial minerals. While it might be expected that unused extraction in OECD countries would decrease over time with improvements in extraction and processing technologies, a number of factors influence the generation of unused materials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
European citizenship, although derived from the nationalities of the Member States, came to play a significant independent role in reforming European constitutionalism in unanticipated ways by undermining some of the key assumptions underlying the notions of citizenship, equality and democratic accountability. Instead of lingering merely as a super-structure atop Member State nationalities, it instead reshuffles the constitutional basics and not all Europeans emerge as winners as a result. This brief Article provides an introductory background for the Special Section on EU citizenship and rights of European Papers, Vol. 3, 2018, No. 3 and outlines some of the core tensions which EU citizenship brings to light.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There is a need to produce information based on risk assessments for investors through short-term studies which take into account both the impacts of changing climate on power production and the uncertainties of these impacts. Since the life-time of power plant investments is usually less than 40 years, there is seldom a need for a longer planning period in an economic study. Private investors also tend to focus more on the near future because of the interest rate and because of the larger uncertainty surrounding the distant future. Recognising and identifying risks associated with changes in weather patterns is an important step towards planning of new infrastructure investments and mitigating potential damage to existing power production, transmission and distribution systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This research aimed to examine the role of collective emotions in the process of political solidarity within the context of debate about reparations for the 1921 Tulsa Race Riot. Analysis of interview data (n = 12) illustrates the creative and flexible ways that White allies delegitimize authority inaction and legitimize majority support for action through strategic use of social categories and collective emotions in their talk about the riot and reparations. Results are interpreted to suggest that allies’ efforts to change the hearts and minds of the majority focus on messages that appeal to, strengthen, and validate valued dimensions of majority social identity. These findings expand our understanding of the discursive aspects of political solidarity and the processes that affect social change on social issues related to minority group interests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In reality, however, the development policies behind these growth successes, especially in their early stages, resembled much more the recipes associated with the dirigiste paradigm of early development thinking and were not unlike the policies that had, in earlier times, promoted modern development in Western Europe and Japan. These development policies involved, inter alia, agrarian reforms, investments in human capital, selective trade protection, directed credit and other government support for developing industrial and technological capacity while exposing firms gradually to global competition. Trade liberalization and capital-account liberalization were key components of the reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The capacity of existing non-contributory social cash transfer schemes to support poor and vulnerable households before and during the crisis is discussed in section four. Section five presents avenues of reform to strengthen the effectiveness of social protection in Central Asia and concludes with potential areas of involvement of the CARRA process. In hindsight, the impact of the global economic crises in the countries of Central Asia was relatively mild (Slay, 2011). Countries in the region are expected to return to their growth path at latest during 2011 as projections from the International Monetary Fund indicate (IMF, 2010b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This essay provides a critical review of the existing scholarly attempts to conceptualize and theorize about peacekeeping operations. It reveals that even though studies of such operations are increasing, most of the available literature is idiosyncratic and atheoretical. Moreover, although a number of authors have recently begun to utilize conflict resolution and international relations concepts in their analyses, these theories are not yet fully integrated into the study of peacekeeping. After inspecting the future research agendas outlined by the leading experts in the field, the author critiques the recent calls for a “macrotheory” of international peacekeeping and concludes by making the case for the development of a “mid-range” theory that can more firmly place international relations, conflict resolution, and peace studies scholarship into the study of peacekeeping.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Ethical codes have been hailed as an explicit vehicle for achieving more sustainable and defensible organizational practice. Nonetheless, when legal compliance and corporate governance codes are conflated, codes can be used to define organizational interests ostentatiously by stipulating norms for employee ethics. Such codes have a largely cosmetic and insurance function, acting subtly and strategically to control organizational risk management and protection. In this paper, we conduct a genealogical discourse analysis of a representative code of ethics from an international corporation to understand how management frames expectations of compliance. Our contribution is to articulate the problems inherent in codes of ethics, and we make some recommendations to address these to benefit both an organization and its employees. In this way, we show how a code of ethics can provide a foundation for ethical sustainability, while addressing management intentions and employees’ ethical satisfaction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs in the Lander set out appraisal guidelines for assessing teachers. Teacher appraisals must cite the assessment criteria and use of assessment. Data collection focuses on input, processes - including pedagogical practices - and results. At the post-primary level, inspections focus on whole school evaluations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Further RBMPs are still underdevelopment for the Drini-Buna, Semani and Shkumbini River basins. The river basin councils and their supporting river basin agencies are limited by the capacities required for the planning and implementation of IWRM. The transboundary cooperation aspect of target 6.5 is addressed in box 4.3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Ten years on, it is important to evaluate the extent to which these Guiding Principles have been followed to produce concrete reforms and whether or not these reforms have been successful at “delivering results”. Box 3.1 below gives a summary overview of the main principles. According to EBRD (2010), key challenges include improvements in the technical, operational and financial performance of utilities, the rehabilitation of physical infrastructure, the clear separation of operating companies from regulatory bodies and the establishment of sound regulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2012, more than nine in ten people who had visited national parks strongly felt that the parks were meant to be enjoyed by future generations as much as by people today, and nearly 80% would miss national parks if they were gone, among people who had not visited a park, both shares were lower. In 2012, about half of the interviewed park visitors strongly supported the use of taxpayer money for the creation of new parks, compared to 40% of people who had never visited a park. About 80% of visitors were also in favour of using public funds to maintain existing national parks, compared to about half of non-visitors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Metro Vancouver also provides input to TransLink on its long-term transport strategies and ten-year transport investment plans along with input to the Mayors’ Council on proposed borrowing limit increases in ten-year transport investment plans. Translink has approximately 6 700 employees and TransLink receives its revenue mainly through taxation (mostly fuel and property taxes), user fees and government transfers. Total consolidated revenues for 2016 are expected to be CAD $1.4 billion on a funded basis. The RGS’ objectives are to co-ordinate action on housing, transport, infrastructure and economic development in recognition that collaboration at regional level will make individual municipal action more effective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
On average, women do the greatest share of unremunerated housework and childcare in Korea, Japan, Mexico, Portugal, Turkey and Italy, where women undertake more than three-quarters of all unpaid work. Women in Turkey and Mexico spend the most time per day on unpaid work, in absolute values, at over six hours per day on average, compared with under two hours for men (OECD Gender Data Portal). The gaps are typically even larger in developing countries (OECD, 2014a), where inadequate access to time-saving infrastructure (e.g., water piped into the home) and technology (e.g., washing machines) increases the total time required for unpaid work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Such indirect emissions, however, are a function of the structure of the existing electricity system, not of the individual technology being produced. The only local air-polluting emissions from the generation stage of the nuclear fuel cycle are minor operational radionuclide emissions. The contributions to background radiation from these operation emissions are numerically minute, and thus the radiological risks that such emissions might cause (possibly fatal and non-fatal cancers, genetic effects, etc.) This is compounded by the emission of large amounts of PM, S02, NOx, and toxic metals, common throughout all carbon-based sources, with significant damages to public health and ecosystems. When compared to any carbon-based source, air-polluting emissions from nuclear power generation are numerically extremely small.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Like in GRI information is provided on the organizational overview and external environment, the governance structure, opportunities and risks, strategy and resource allocation, the business model and performance and a future outlook. This also includes land use, buildings, equipment, systems, procedures and protocols that the organization is likely to sustain over time. Such value can be created through invention and innovation, and by enhancing the brand and reputation that the organization has developed and is likely to sustain. Monetization is one of the tools to support integrated reporting, but is not the goal of integrated reporting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Its annual operating cost is RM 57 million. They have the potential to improve human capital and innovation outcomes in Penang. The aim is to build a “Healthy Bertam Region” including a residential area and lifestyle and recreational centre, with AMDI spearheading the health industry. Partly due to the distance from Universiti Sains Malaysia, AMDI recruits its staff increasingly from outside of the region. This can have a detrimental effect on research-education linkage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The data provided and the information available in the OECD Benefit and Wages (www.oecd.org/els/social/workincentives~) show that the country provides some form of support for homeownership and rental assistance. Source: OECD Questionnaire on Affordable and Social Housing 2014, see Box 3 for QuASH details and coverage. Due to data limitations, the monetary value of support provided through rent controls and tax relief for residential housing is not quantified in OECD QuASH and is therefore not included in the spending figures. It is important to stress that this is a first attempt at producing comparable data on the instruments and amount of support towards affordable and social housing in OECD countries. In particular, not all reporting countries provided information on all surveyed instruments and information on spending, recipiency and eligibility is often missing. As a consequence, the number of reporting countries changes across policy types.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Many governments are recognizing this, and some have reformed their subsidies or are in the process of phasing them out. In 2015 and 2016, with low oil prices, around 50 countries increased or removed government controls on prices of fossil fuels, directly or partially removing subsidies. In 2013 Finland scrutinized 400 subsidy measures according to their environmental and social impacts and costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Physicians benefit by having the capacity to compare their performance against that of their peers. This is a move consistent with Scotland’s bottom-up approach to quality improvement and reluctance to use financial incentives to promote health care quality. Special NHS Boards that do not provide direct patient care return their savings in order that they are recycled into the overall funding available to support patient care. Much of these savings are expected to be found by through improvements in the quality of care -by reducing unnecessary hospital stays, unplanned readmissions and adverse events for example.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Mobile applications can support identifying and prevent pests and diseases which affects crops, provide real-time weather forecasts, and connecting producers and traders. An emerging field is the use of drones for service delivery. In 2018, the company Zipline together with the Government of Rwanda launched a delivery system using drones to transport blood and other medical supplies to doctors in rural Rwanda. The doctors order the supplies by text message and the drones can travel up to 80 mph before dropping the supplies at their destination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)