albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Since the early 2000s, the Netherlands has gradually shifted its approach to environmental policy formulation. Moving from “command-and-control” style planning, the government is now playing a more hands-off role using incentives and innovation to change business and consumer behaviour. Further, it recognises that the transition towards a circular economy is complicated and novel, requiring a certain amount of trial and error to reach a robust policy. Moreover, the identification of realistic objectives, development of indicators and measurement of progress for resource efficiency is complex. The choice of indicators to measure progress is still the subject of debate. While policy makers generally agree on the need to reuse resources and produce more with less, agreement on the extent of the desired change is more elusive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The PDF was established in 2002 and officially inaugurated in 2004 to work towards inclusive, barrier-free, socially just and gender equitable societies that recognise the human rights, citizenship, contribution and potential of disabled people in Pacific island countries and territories. All disabled children and adults have the right to access education on an equal basis with others. This includes all stages and types of education, ranging from pre-school to basic education to university to lifelong learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Previous chapters have discussed ways to make food systems more supportive of food security and better nutrition. Nutrition-sensitive food systems can give consumers better options, but ultimately it is consumers who choose what they eat. What consumers choose to eat influences their own nutritional outcomes and sends signals back through the food system - to retailers, processors and producers - that shape both what is produced and how sustainably it is produced.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Innovative pricing schemes, such as dynamic discounting, are also helping to make the service more affordable for low-income groups. It is home to the countries with the lowest mobile-cellular price baskets worldwide: Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, where prices stand out at PPP$ 2.45 and PPP$ 4.14 per month. Globally, the price of a basic fixed-broadband connection fell from around USD 80 per month in 2008 to USD 25 in 2015, corresponding to a drop in the ratio of price to average GNI per capita from over 90 per cent to 14 per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The present section focuses on how to simulate alternative skill dispersions, while the sections below will discuss the derivation of the re-weighting factor in cases where one wishes to simulate alternative skill levels or entire skill distributions (level and dispersion), respectively. Since skill prices are assumed to remain the same, the reweighting results in an alternative wage distribution for country x which allows the calculation of standard wage dispersion and inequality measures. These can then be compared to the statistics calculated using the original wage distribution to estimate the proportion explained by the difference in skills dispersion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Figure 9 reveals again the dramatic decline in absolute poverty in China over the last thirty years. It is also noticeable that within the total amount of absolute poor a steady amount are relatively poor as well. Then between 2002 and 2005 it is clear that a new group of relative only poor emerges, as the relative poverty line moves above the dollar-a-day threshold. As absolute poverty reduction continues apace throughout the last thirty years in Brazil, the relative-only component of poverty grows substantially and comes to dominate what is meant by poor in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While most research is grant-based, investments relating to ICTs and other technologies are often financed through concessional and non-concessional loans, in particular by multilateral development banks. Private philanthropy has grown to be a significant contributor towards research, in particular for research activities in the health sector. More resources in soft infrastructure can result in faster economic growth and progression towards a digital economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Considering other goals, the bundle of incentives provided by a programme could play a central role in its performance. The Zomba transfer in Malawi, for instance, was designed to provide incentives to households to send their young girls to school, reducing the risk of early pregnancy and of contracting HIV/AIDS. This is notably the case of Chile Solidario.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
On the other hand, the federal government's position is that provincial services should extend to reserves under the cost-sharing arrangements that apply to the general population. This fundamental disagreement translates in a very real way into program fragmentation, problems with coordinating programs, underfunding, inconsistencies, service gaps, and lack of integration. Critics argue that the federal government routinely tries to rid itself, or limit, indigenous programs and services by continuing to diminish what it determines as discretionary health services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Knowledge of these patterns is important, as they enable us to understand the habitat requirements of the biodiversity of shelf organisms, as well as having implications for exploitation of both renewable (Figure 8.3) and non-renewable resources (eg sand extraction, heavy minerals of terrigenous origin) associated with particular sedimentary facies. Further distinctions can be made on the basis of the size of the organism: macrofauna (such as amphipods, isopods, gastropods and poly-chaetes) are >1 000 pm, meiofauna (rotifers, harpacticoid copepods, nematodes) are between 45 and 1 000 pm, while microfauna (ciliates) are <45 pm. Then there are the ben-thic microalgae or microphytobenthos (cyanobacteria, ben-thic diatoms, and flagellates) which form a layer on shelf sediments in the euphoric zone and which can contribute substantially to continental shelf productivity (Gattuso and others, 2006), these are more correctly considered as ben-tho-pelagic, as they can be suspended in the water column, particularly during turbulent seas, thereby forming part of the plankton. Also included in the benthos are the non-planktonic foraminifera, either living or dead, with carbonate tests which are typically <1 000 mm in diameter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Under LAPPs and IFQ regimes, major reductions in capacity have occurred in the BSAI crab, surf clam/ocean quahog, South Atlantic wreckfish, and Alaska halibut/ sablefish fisheries. In addition, harvest co-operatives were established in two federally managed fisheries starting in the mid- and late-1990s - Pacific Coast whiting and Bering Sea pollock - resulting in rationalized harvesting operations and reduction in overcapacity or transfer of some overcapacity to other fisheries. A new co-operative was recently implemented in the BSAI Groundfish (non-pollock) fishery. In 2006, the Administration including in its Ocean Action Plan an emphasis on increasing the use of market-based approaches to fisheries management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For instance, PRICE (Nordhaus and Popp, 1997), ENTICE (Popp, 2004) and ENTICE-BR (Popp, 2006) are not included because they apply the original DICE damage function, but AD-DICE is included. The model must be described in the peer-reviewed literature. If an earlier model version is described in a peer-reviewed article, presentation of the most recent version in a working paper or conference proceeding is considered sufficient.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Other responses to criminal non-compliance include permanent or temporary dissolution of the legal person, forfeiture of property, restriction of activities, and bans against, for instance, participation in a public tender, the use of grants, or promotion or advertising. However, very few cases result in such measures being applied. However, the sanctions or quasicriminal penalties are imposed by administrative bodies rather than the courts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is, however, still debatable if the growth rate is sufficient to keep up with the aging of the population, the growing burden of disease, migration of health professionals, and other factors that influence the supply and demand for health professionals in a specific country. It is, however, relatively certain that the prevalence of chronic conditions and the prevalence of people with multiple chronic conditions will increase over the next few decades. Therefore, educational systems should make sure that they are focused on better care for people with multiple chronic conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The tax aims at collecting funds for water management and guiding users towards a more efficient use of water and to allocate water where it creates most value. While 10% goes to the National Water Authority (role currently played by the National Environmental Agency) to cover expenses at the national level, the remaining 40% goes to a National Environmental Fund and is used on a competitive basis to finance project proposals submitted by the hydrographic regions. This means that the hydrographic regions are guaranteed use at least 50% of the funds they collect. They can also apply for additional funds on a competitive basis and receive more revenue than what they collected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Unit labour cost is defined as labour compensation per unit of gross value added produced. Total labour compensation includes gross wages and salaries of employees and other costs of labour that are paid by employers, including employers’ contributions to social security and pension schemes. Driving forces behind labour productivity include the accumulation of machinery and equipment, improvements in organization as well as physical and institutional infrastructures, improved health and skills of workers (“human capital”) and the generation of new technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They remained relatively stable during most of the 1980s before declining abruptly in 1989 and 1990, largely due to the collapse of pelagic fisheries in the Black Sea. In the Black Sea, landings have varied considerably from one year to the next since 1990, showing a generally increasing trend. In 2016, the total reported landings in the Black Sea were 390 000 tonnes. This value is slightly higher (5 percent) than the catches in 2013 but remains 17 percent lower than the average over the 2000-2013 period reported in SoMFi 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Over the past decade, the Sistema Nacional de lndicadores de Calidad en Salud (INDICAS) has published a range of indicators covering primary, secondary and emergency care (including patient satisfaction rates) across SP and SS services. In addition, a number of other initiatives are underway in the separate sub-systems. This data collection has the potential to be a rich source of valuable information to drive change and improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Most (84 per cent) were married. Nearly 40 per cent lived in reinforced cement concrete (RCC) houses, while more than two-thirds (38 per cent) of the respondents were in houses constructed with asbestos or zinc sheets. Consistent with the hypothesis, the table confirms that the occupational distribution of the slum dwellers in Chennai is skewed towards services, such as driving, construction work, manual labour and services in private organizations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This essay focuses on the numerous exceptions to the Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule, which states that illegally obtained evidence may not be used in a subsequent criminal trial. The exceptions are collateral use, attenuation, independent source, inevitable discovery, and good faith. The United States Supreme Court cases on which the various exceptions are based are discussed, as well as how the exceptions have evolved over time.      Keywords:    constitutional law,  law enforcement,  police,  rule of law
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is a highly replicable model of agro-led industrialization, home grown in Africa. Greening is evident through the industry's search for greater water, energy and transport efficiencies and its use of sustainable technologies in private-led enterprise development. It is a useful example of how local economic growth can be achieved through a green approach to agrifood industrialization which needs to be central to African economic growth, and feeding of urban populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets set by the UN General Assembly in 2015. The paper highlights how the Paris Agreement makes national climate policies become international law and suggests an implementation of Paris principles on non-state actors. The exposition further suggests that a legal perspective may enrich the understanding of today's climate governance. The replacement of the Kyoto protocol top-down approach for developed states only with a bottom-up pledge-and-review system, accommodating all states, has indeed changed the rules of the game for global climate law and policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
An earlier intergovernmental agreement envisages financing through a Russian loan of around EUR 5-6 billion. Their economic viability and investment attractiveness is determined by the prices of fuels (coal and natural gas) and electricity tariffs, which both depend mainly on politically sensitive tariff decisions. Investments in this sector thus remain a risky undertaking, despite the significant business potential for electricity exports to neighbouring countries, notably Belarus, Poland and Slovakia. New generation capacity has also been developed: the first unit of the Dnister pumped-storage hydroelectric power plant started operating by the end of 2009 and with additional units planned in coming years this plant might become one of the largest of its type in Europe. Other segments of the renewable sub-sector remain for the moment dominated by small-scale units, mostly privately-owned. Nuclear safety is probably the most successful field of Ukraine’s co-operation with the EU which provides and supports the country’s access to grants and loans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Only then will the promise of a regional market provide a sufficiently realistic incentive for originator companies to agree to make their products available at prices affordable in the region. It will also be important for the countries of the region to agree upon the choice of local producer(s) of any given drug. Depending on its patent status in the exporting country, the foreign generic producer may manufacture the drug under a compulsory license and export it under the draft Article 31 bis, TRIPS Agreement system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As stated by Achim Steiner, Executive Director of UNEP, at the close of the Rio+20 Summit: ‘Green economy offers a key pathway towards a sustainable twenty-first century’. The aim of the dialogue was to facilitate the emergence of the Caribbean’s unique development pathway, and to inform international understanding and action on the green economy. The panel seeks to promote dialogue and collaboration between the state and non-state actors on matters of national development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The relationship between international law and municipal law has always been a fundamental feature of the study of international law as an academic discipline. Additionally, the practical interaction of the two normative regulatory systems presents tremendous consequences for the conduct of human affairs, nationally and internationally. An understanding of their interrelationship, interaction, and interplay (doctrinally and pragmatically) is essential for a scholarly appreciation of the nature, scope, and dimensions of the concept of universal jurisdiction. This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of this relationship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since 2007 Italy has provided tax relief for energy efficiency improvements to existing buildings including the installation of double-glazed windows, thermal insulation, high-efficiency boilers and the installation of solar panels. In 2009, building owners submitted 240,000 tax credit applications. As the programme was originally expected to be terminated in 2010, the number of applications in 2010 exceeded the previous year by around 71%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article succinctly, albeit critically, assesses with reference to some international developments the role that public participation is expected to play in state governments’ fulfilment of citizens’ environmental rights.  Based on a survey of literature and jurisprudence, the article considers substantive environmental rights as human rights and the notion of public participation generally. It also puts forward some ideas on the relation between public participation and the fulfilment of environmental rights and how this may feed into good environmental governance. The article does not aim to contribute to the discourse on good governance or good environmental governance  per se .  Instead, it introduces the presumed role of public participation processes in an environmental rights context what may be but a facet of good governance and/or good environmental governance.  Where applicable, the South African context is employed to illustrate and reinforce the observations and/or viewpoints maintained.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In November 2013, Super Typhoon Haiyan became a Category 5 typhoon, the strongest ever recorded at the time, with wind gusts in excess of 300 kilometres per hour and an associated storm surge that reached a high of 3.5 metres along some coastlines w'ith more vulnerable bathometric profiles. More than6 300 people were killed, over two million were left homeless, and over 13 million people were affected in the Philippines. It caused about USD 15 billion in damages, equivalent to 5% of the Philippines’ total GDP in 2013. An equivalent level of damage to the United States of America’s economy w'ould amount to USD 850-900 billion in damages, an amount four times greater than that caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2011. Water security is defined as “the availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods, ecosystems and production, coupled with an acceptable level of w'ater-related risks to people, environments and economies” (Grey and Sadoff, 2007). It is also understood as the management of four water risks: scarcity, floods, pollution and freshwater ecosystem resilience (OECD, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Some RTOs emphasise the importance of incorporating energy efficiency principles into existing courses and a number of units of competency, whereas others are looking towards the design of new qualifications based around specialisations in energy efficiency. Four key challenges are described below. In relation to emerging sustainability skills, many teachers and trainers must continually upgrade skills just to keep up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Miranda and Glauber (1997) emphasized the need for agricultural risk to be an independent element amongst other insured elements, arguing that due to correlations among individual yields, crop insurers faced portfolio risks about ten times higher than that faced by private insurers offering conventional insurance (e.g. auto and fire insurance). On the contrary, the market for crop yield insurance that covers all yield risks is usually hard to develop without government support due to larger information asymmetries, its systemic nature and transaction cost. Under which conditions is crop yield insurance viable?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In general, the price depressing effects of OECD country policies - calculated when support was considerably higher than it is now - were found to be relatively small for most products, with a 50% cut in all forms of support causing cereal and meat prices to be 2-3% higher than they would otherwise be, and prices for oilseeds and oilseed meal to decline slightly. Dairy products were a notable exception, with 50% cuts causing prices to increase by 13%. These findings were broadly in line with those of other studies conducted around that time (OECD, 2006). The OECD study noted that the welfare effects of reform on developing countries were complex and would vary by country. Specifically, competitive suppliers would gain from more open markets and from commodity price increases, while net importers of agricultural commodities would lose in the absence of corresponding increases in the prices of goods they export. Some countries also stood to lose from the erosion of benefits of preferential trading arrangements with OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This chapter outlines the causes and consequences of climate change and summarise future projections for ocean temperature rise, coral bleaching events and ocean acidification, and the associated uncertainties. This review largely focuses on marine ecosystems, as three quarters of capture fisheries landings come from the seas. However, it also presents key issues and examples from freshwater fisheries, as these fisheries provide important livelihoods and fish protein for some of the world’s poorest people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
While taxes imply that foreign tourists contribute to the fiscal burdens of the host country (or region), and represent a price substitute forthe public goods and services consumed by tourists, taxes can also represent environmental pricing in the sense that the taxes are earmarked for environmental protection (Gago, Labandeira, Picos, and Rodriguez, 2009). In many countries, products that are in high demand among tourists, such as accommodations, are subject to low VAT rates, and function accordingly as a subsidization of tourism. There are relatively few examples of the use of VAT to cover some of the conventional costs of tourists' uses of public goods and services (Leask, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
As the new career structure is implemented, it will be crucial for the established certification process to send clear signals of rigour in identifying both good performance at the different stages of the career and underperformance as a teacher. An important issue will be to resolve the current duplication between the certification process associated with the career structure and the teacher performance evaluation system. To take advantage of the continuous character of the teacher performance evaluation system and to address the need for teachers to continuously show they are fit for the profession at the different levels of the career structure, it could be considered introducing the requirement for re-certification at a given career stage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In several sectors, efficiencies can be gained through co-generation (combined heat and power) and even through the integration of renewables such as co-firing of biomass with fossil fuels and industrial-scale solar thermal applications. Energy efficiency applications in industry (often using available technologies available in the global marketplace) can be inexpensive to deploy and offer attractive paybacks. Electricity demand currently represents 17% of worldwide final energy consumption. Its share is expected to increase significantly due to growth in general demand and increased use of electricity in heating and transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)