albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Source: TfL (2013). The indicator considers the total number of road traffic fatalities across all modes. To make it comparable across cities, it is normalised by volume of motor vehicle traffic, which covers all types of road motor vehicles subject to registration. That excludes pedal cycles but includes mopeds, motorcycles, cars, goods vehicles and buses. This indicator reveals higher fatality rates in the areas which are the most densely populated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This may have tempered the disappointment of many countries with the initial exclusion of certain products. Given that developing countries are currently not significant suppliers of climate-friendly goods and technologies, priority should be given to additional products being submitted by developing countries for inclusion in a future review. However, the downside of this ITA mechanism is that no new products have ever been added since 1997. Thus developing countries may be suspicious of this offer for review, and feel reluctant to join. While such a plurilateral agreement would not be ideal, it would still have value, particularly if the key trading parties were involved. Such an agreement could eventually be made multilateral once a certain number of members representing a minimum percentage of trade in climate-friendly goods and services joined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The question of the relationship between international law and national law is one of the classic questions of constitutional law, but also arises in the European Union according to the ratio Union law-international law or in regard to the position of international law in the Union. The basic existence of an EU competence to conclude international agreements arises on the one hand, from the few explicit contractual basis. The EU concluded contracts Priority is given to before the secondary legislation, as they are under Article 216 paragraph 2 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), inter alia binding on the Union's institutions. The chapter is in German.  Keywords: des Vlkerrechts, EU-Mitgliedschaft
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The European Union takes part in the work of the OECD. The Centre manages several programmes and initiatives, such as the Local Employment and Economic Development programme and its Trento Centre to support local development capacity, the Champion Mayors for Inclusive Growth, the Roundtable of Mayors and Ministers, the Water Governance Initiative, the World Observatory on Subnational Government Finance and Investment, and the National Urban Policy Programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The purpose of the analysis will be to identify commonalities and divergences where possible within the available comparative data. As already noted in the introductory chapter, the Commonwealth membership has a limited number of countries in the global South, where the feminisation of the teaching profession is widespread. Of those that do have indicators that warrant investigation, there are some clear similarities between them. This study has sought to maintain a cross-regional approach, and - within the limitation of countries available for study - has tried to offer varied experiences. However, it is noteworthy that three of the countries are small island states within the Commonwealth - Samoa, Dominica and Sri Lanka - making the study representative of the majority of Commonwealth countries where high female teacher percentages are a distinct characteristic of their education systems (see chapter 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Designing policies that are coherent and adequately integrated is a critical facet of strengthening the resilience to climate of the most vulnerable groups: such policies will not only help strengthen their livelihoods but also make it possible for potential co-benefits to be taken advantage of and for unintended consequences including maladaptation to be avoided. However, it is the building of coherent and integrated policies which take into account the multidimensional nature of livelihoods and address the multiple sources of inequality that is the biggest challenge. Adaptation policies must be an integral part of sustainable development strategies in order to minimize the current and future impacts of climate hazards on livelihoods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The National Director of Environmental Management coordinates national meetings which all NFPs must attend and present their work. During these meetings the work of each convention is discussed, allowing NFPs and other ministry staff to provide input and stay up-to-date on the activities of each convention. In addition to these regular meetings, the Ministry of Environmental Affairs established a Biodiversity Unit (BU) to ensure the involvement of all relevant government ministries and stakeholders in the implementation of the country's NBSAP, including NFPs of the Biodiversity-related Conventions. Participation is optional since no funding is available to members but snacks are provided during meetings of the BU to encourage participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
According to this definition, the proportion of rural-urban inequality is slightly lower than the case in the first grouping and explains 13.3% of overall inequality. China has made great progress in poverty reduction during the reform period. But the poverty reduction strategy has been implemented in rural and urban areas separately. Prior to the 1990s, when rural-urban segmentation was substantial, most poverty was concentrated in rural China, because urban residents were well protected by the welfare system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It pays particular attention to the water-energy nexus and to regional disparities in terms of water availability, quality and access, as well as institutional capacity to address those challenges. The chapter also covers the impacts of climate change and the difficultly in dealing with uncertainty. The average annual water flow amounts to 180 000 m3/s (ANA, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A significant body of literature within International Relations research attests to a securitization of poverty, since 9/11 especially, and within this process to the centrality of discourse. Remarkably, there has been little reciprocal work within Discourse Analysis to scrutinize the emergence of contemporary security agendas of non-traditional security issues and, as far as we were able to discern, nothing at all of the securitization of poverty. This article reports on part of a larger study into transatlantic representations of international poverty. It responds to the evident need of interdisciplinary research into the securitization of poverty by examining the discursive construction of poverty by United States administrations before and after 9/11. Adopting a Discourse Historical Analysis approach, we examine selected US National Security Strategies for evidence that supports or otherwise makes claims in International Relations literature for the American securitization of poverty. We ultimately co...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The ratio of poor children to poor adults increased in all of the countries of the region (except El Salvador, where it remained constant), with the greatest increases in Brazil, Panama and Uruguay. Efforts should be made to guarantee the rights of the child and to facilitate children’s access to basic goods and services that households cannot afford to acquire on their own. For each indicator, thresholds were defined for severe and moderate needs. The results indicate that almost half of all children in the region are poor, with at least one of the basic needs being unmet, either moderately or extremely.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The recent food crisis and slow progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal of eradicating hunger have highlighted the wide disparities in technologies used and productivity achieved in different agricultural systems. While input and resource-intensive agriculture is the norm in many developed and middle-income developing countries, many developing countries continue to rely on low-input, low-productivity agriculture. Even as the former group of countries need to shift towards less intensive and more environmentally sound methods, farmers in many developing countries would benefit from greater input use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, landlessness in the very poorest groups in rural areas reached 38% in 2010. Paddy-producing areas as well as remote townships, lowlands and ethnic states are particularly affected. The highest rates of landlessness are found in Bago (41%), Yangon (39%) and Ayeyarwaddy (33%) - regions collectively known as the “rice bowl of Myanmar” where more than half of the country’s staple crop is grown (FESR, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
There are often cost incentives to improving existing systems rather than building new ways of delivering treatment, and evidence suggest that mild-to-moderate disorders can be cost-effectively treated from primary care. However, in order for treatments to be effective and of high quality, the right capacity and knowledge, incentives, and information systems must be in place. In addition, some OECD countries have had some success in building additional tailored services to address unmet need for treatment of mild-to-moderate mental illnesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Available at: http://tourism.gov.in/wiitereaddata/Uploaded/Tender/051720121254577.pdf (Accessed 5 September 2013). International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(6), 739-749. Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme, Paris. Measuring Well-being, OECD Publishing, Paris. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: Paris, France. Paper presented at the Global Science Forum, Sicily.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Similar to the not-for-profit foundation model leveraged in the realm of ICOs (see sections 1.1 and 3.1), blockchain systems can be governed legally and from a management perspective by organisations mandated by the UNFCCC, or other international organisations. An Empirical Analysis of Initial Coin Offerings”, SSRN: https://ssm.com/abstract=3046209. Bitcoin: Technical Background and Data Analysis” Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Division of Research and Statistics and Monetary Affairs, vol. Umsetzung des Stufenplans Digitales Planen und Bauen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, child or in-work benefits59 are provided outside the confines of social assistance and thereby generally not subject to assets-testing in a number of countries. Similarly, as seen previously in this chapter, some countries have specific, often temporary, programmes delivered outside social assistance for those unemployed who are not eligible for unemployment benefits (i.e. unemployment assistance). Typically, these unemployment assistance programmes are subject to less stringent means-testing than social assistance benefits and can be complemented by more stringent SA-type programmes, depending on the specific needs of the individual or family. For instance, in 2009, Japan introduced a new scheme to provide assistance to unemployed workers who are enrolled in training programmes, but do not receive unemployment benefits. Means-testing also can be relaxed for existing programmes with a view to broaden eligibility. That said, one of the policy lessons from the past decade is that responsiveness should not be seen as a “one-way road” into benefit recipiency during an economic downturn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While SEMARNAT covers three main areas (see Chapter 2), it is also the parent body of several decentralised agencies, each of which is assigned specific duties. The National Institute for Geographical and Statistical Information (INEGI) (see Box 5.1), and the National Council of Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL) are other agencies relevant to biodiversity and forest management. A more cohesive approach to integrating biodiversity into other sector policies could be facilitated by creation of an inter-ministerial task force for biodiversity, similar to the Inter-Ministerial Commission on Climate Change (CICC) and the 2009-12 Special Climate Change Programme (see Chapter 4), which would encompass CONABIO, CONAFOR, CONANP and CONAPESCA, as well as other ministries such as those involved in CONABIO.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Fertiliser registration includes an application to register and lab sample analysis, and excludes field testing due to limited additional benefits. There are also good quality control measures in place: fertiliser bags must comply with comprehensive labelling requirements in at least one of the country’s official languages, and mislabeled and open bags are prohibited and subject to penalties, encouraging further fertiliser quality control. Most of these good practices are applied in Serbia too.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
N02 concentrations are in general caused by local emissions and thus easier to control by local authorities. Such a source-based approach will also give a quick insight in the options that profit from co-benefits with other policy areas, such as climate/energy, noise, health and traffic/urban planning. Two key measures are reducing local coal and biomass burning to improve air quality and reduce greenhouse gases, and reducing congestion to improve mobility, improve air quality and reduce noise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Unless an agreement is reached, however, further developments could trigger tensions between the two countries. Although the Permanent Indus Commission is given the duty to implement and monitor activities of the Indus Waters Treaty, it is weak in research capacities needed for evidence-based responses to water resources issues (Babel and Wahid 2009). In this situation, international lending institutions such as the World Bank continue to play a key role in promoting cooperation along with policy agenda toward more private sector participation and management of water. The 2004 construction of the Baglihar Hydropower Project on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir was just such a case, with the World Bank appointing a neutral expert to arbitrate the issues arising with Pakistan, which continues to launch protests over water diversion by India (Dinar et al. Although Tajikistan is in an upstream position on the Amu Darya and Kyrgyzstan controls the flow of the Syr Darya, half of the Aral Sea Basin’s population lives in Uzbekistan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Even though eradicating unregulated exploitation of these resources cannot be fully achieved, efforts in management training, promoting environmental awareness and, equally important, streaming broad-based sources of revenues back to individuals and communities have, to some extent, promoted compliance among users, some of whom have committed themselves to protection (Troeng and Drews 2004). This was based on the realisation that economic factors, including the trade in turtle products, have been the most significant factors accounting for their decline, while other anthropogenic problems such as threats at nesting beaches, the opportunistic capture of turtles or harvesting of their eggs, fisheries by-catch associated with trawling operations, and threats from pollution are also seen as contributors to their declining populations (Muir 2005). Records indicate that at least 83 221 kg of raw shell wereexported between 1894and 1982.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Apart from their great biological significance, all of the lakes have considerable commercial fish stock, which requires particular management. The plans are therefore supposed to be submitted to MoAFWE prior to the issuing of a license, and MoAFWE can request opinions from relevant scientific institutions. .Sport fishing on rivers is also on a concession basis, but arrangements are made directly with the SFA, again on a five-year basis. Both commercial companies and SFAs have to submit a five-year plan for protection, improvement, and responsible usage of the relevant fish stock.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Like in most countries of the Western Europe, the media system in Denmark has undergone many changes in the last ten years (Jauert, 2016). Almost 96 of every 100 people in Denmark are active Internet users, but traditional media maintain their position among media consumers (The World Bank 2015). There is, however, a decline in the subscription of newspapers. Today there are around 31 paid-for newspapers in Denmark and most newspapers have an online version with regular news updates throughout the day.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Christie, Wagner, and Winter (Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology for the 21st century, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1–14, 2001) have described a four-way model of peace psychology that focuses on not only on direct violence, but also on structural violence, not only on peacekeeping, but deep and lasting peacemaking. Whereas direct violence is action with the intent of physical or psychological harm, structural violence is harm as the result of inequality and injustice. Peacekeeping focuses on conflict resolution and ending direct violence, while peacemaking is intended to address the structure-based inequalities that perpetuate structural violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Finally, Argentina and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela are projected to record negative growth. These differences in growth rates among the region’s countries are explained by both the varying impact of the international climate (especially the different changes in commodity prices) and internal factors such as those related to economic management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Under the ITPGRFA’s multilateral system, parties to the Treaty agree to make freely available genetic diversity and related information stored in gene banks concerning, at present, 81 forage species from 29 genera and an undefined number of crop species from 51 genera (covering the vast majority of plant crops consumed by humans but with important exceptions such as cocoa, coffee, cotton, soya or tomato). Breeders and scientists who wish to utilize the plant genetic resources and improve on these varieties are required to seek access in accordance with a standardized material transfer agreement (MTA) (Article 12.4, ITPGRFA). Those who access genetic materials through the system are required not to claim any rights that "limit the facilitated access to the plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, or their genetic parts or components, in the form received" (Article 12.3(d)), ITPGRFA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article is a collective response to Anthony Burke et al’s ‘Planet Politics’, published in this journal in 2016, and billed as a ‘Manifesto from the end of IR’. We dispute this claim on the basis that rather than breaking from the discipline, the Manifesto provides a problematic global governance agenda which is dangerously authoritarian and deeply depoliticising. We substantiate this analysis in the claim that Burke et al reproduce an already failed and discredited liberal cosmopolitan framework through the advocacy of managerialism rather than transformation, the top-down coercive approach of international law, and use of abstract modernist political categories. In the closing sections of the article, we discuss the possibility of different approaches, which, taking the Anthropocene as both an epistemological and ontological break with modernist assumptions, could take us beyond IR’s disciplinary confines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Most often it is used to finance fixed assets (machinery, furniture), real estate and construction work, but it can also finance intangible assets (patents, internet business-oriented website) that increase revenue relatively safely. To avoid this situation, the bank will ask for guarantees (a sufficiently-funded deposit account, personal property, guarantee, mortgage on business property) and a substantial personal cash investment. It will also require invoices or quotes to justify the company’s investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are options for exchange of species, between fishing years or the acquisition of quota from other quota holders. Every operator can also land up to 5% in excess of their annual catch quota (0.5% for pelagic species). This excess catch must be registered and weighed separately and sold at an auction market. The proceedings are then divided such that 20% go to the operator but 80% go to a special research-and-development fund governed by the Minister.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
These challenges will be accentuated by climate change. It ranges from under 400 mm over approximately 40 per cent of the country, particularly in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, up to 1,500 mm in the central mountainous regions and their river basins. In total, the annual amount of precipitation is 98.6 km3 of water. Sixteen glaciers, such as the Fedchenko and Grumm-Grzymailo glaciers, have a length of more than 16 kilometers. The total amount of water from glaciers was estimated at 845 km3 in 2006. The share of glacial water usually does not exceed 25 per cent of the annual flow of the rivers, as in the winter period the rivers are rather fed by groundwater.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Evidence from the United States suggests that “achieving better work-life balance” was an important reason for starting a business for 40% of the female entrepreneurs in the smallest revenue class, but for only 12% of those in the largest revenue class (RSM McGladrey, 2008). The relatively high rates of women entrepreneurship in emerging and developing countries are primarily due to high levels of “necessity entrepreneurship”. Figure 23.2 shows that more women than men start their business in the informal sector out of economic necessity, especially in Egypt and Mexico. However, no significant correlation exists across countries between women’s educational attainment and their entrepreneurial activity, as measured by the proportion of women among the self-employed. This suggests that it is not the level but rather the type of education that matters in female entrepreneurship. Women are significantly under-represented in engineering and computing (Chapter 8), two fields of study that build the knowledge useful for starting a technology-oriented business.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Also in the IACHR, for example, in Inter-American Court Advisory Opinion OC-4/84, 'Proposed amendments to the naturalization provisions of the Constitution of Costa Rica' paras. In such a Convention, the contracting States do not have any interests of their own, they merely have,one and all, a common interest, namely, the accomplishment of those high purposes which are the raison d'etre of the convention. Consequently, in a convention of this type one cannot speak of individual advantages or disadvantages to States, or of the maintenance of a perfect contractual balance between rights and duties.” Advisory Opinion of 28 May 1951 (ICJ Report 1951, p. 23).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Many of the agreements focus on water sharing and water allocation, but implementation is often poor — the agreement on the Chu and Talas Rivers between Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan focusing on the joint financing and use of certain dams and canals being one of the few positive exceptions. Moreover, Afghanistan has not signed water management agreements with its neighbours downstream. Under this agreement, countries confirmed the principles for water allocation as developed under the Soviet Union.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)