albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This assumption is relatively innocuous for factors such as measures of labour market tightness such as local unemployment rates or measures of benefit generosity. More debatable is the supposition that the impacts of shocks in individuals’ SA receipt on where they live, the type of housing, or their household composition, are sufficiently small that they may be ignored. This is a model specification issue because endogeneity issues can be addressed in principle by extending the basic DREP specification to also model the determinants of endogenous factors jointly along with the model of SA receipt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The first phase is to define and understand children's experiences of food insecurity to be measured, it involves gathering knowledge from key informants, developing an interview guide, selecting a sample, and conducting focus groups and/or interviews. The second phase is to break down the food insecurity experiences into measurable components, it involves summarizing the interviews, classifying children by types and severity of experiences, summarizing interviews across children by theme, and identifying domains of food insecurity that discriminate children. The third phase is to create questionnaire items to assess the domains of food insecurity experiences, it involves developing or adapting items and answers and then review by local informants and experts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Based on research carried out in the surroundings of the Yanacocha gold mine in Cajamarca (Peru), Sosa and Zwarteveen (2016, p. 34) show that “although legal and technical conflict resolution strategies are effective in temporarily diffusing tensions, they do not address the underlying political causes of conflicts. Contemporary applications of IWRM support the equitable, efficient and sustainable use of water, and are vital to balancing the social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. The IWRM approach calls for coordination among all involved sectors of management, development, regulation and decisionmaking processes related to water, land and related resources (GWP, 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This paper reviews current theory and research that indicates that attitudes held with strong moral conviction (‘moral mandates’) represent something psychologically distinct from other constructs (e.g., attitude strength, partisanship, or religiosity), and that variance in moral conviction has important social and political consequences, such as increased intolerance of attitudinally dissimilar others, difficulties in conflict resolution, increased political participation, willingness to accept violent means to achieve preferred ends, strong ties to positive and negative emotions, and inoculation against the usual pressures to obey authorities, obey the law, or to conform to majority group influence. The normative implications of these findings are both reassuring (moral convictions can protect against obedience to potentially malevolent authorities) and terrifying (moral convictions are associated with rejection of the rule of law, and can provide a motivational foundation for violent protest and acts of terrorism). Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As stated in other sections, much of the technology needed for such improvements can be cost effective, but must be supported by long-term operational commitments and regulatory certainty in order to de-risk investments. Some emerging economies have acquired production capacities by integrating into global value chains - and are now recognised as industry leaders in some low-carbon technologies. The global economy is abandoning the idea of North-South technology transfer and evolving towards a South-South exchange that better reflects the needs of and opportunities within emerging and developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Such materials include biomass, fossil fuels, metal ores and non-metallic minerals that support the cultivation of food, the production of energy, infrastructure and transport systems, and production of consumer goods.6The term "domestic material consumption"is defined as the total amount of materials used by an economy, extracted from the domestic territory plus all physical imports minus all physical exports. China (23.6 billion tons per year) largely dominated domestic material consumption at the regional (and global) level in 2010, followed by India (5.0 billion tons per year), Indonesia (1.6 billion tons per year), Japan (1.2 billion tons per year) and Australia (1.0 billion tons per year). Over the same period, consumption of fossil fuels and metal ores increased by 2.6 and 3.0 times respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This is why more than 140 countries have adopted national broadband-related policies, plans and digital agendas precisely recognizing the cross-sectoral and pervasive nature of ICTs on all aspects of the digital economy. More analysis of the impact of broadband policies and regulation on getting people connected is available in Sections 1.3 and 1.4. Sensors are deployed in a number of places to quantify (measure) almost anything from human, animals to machine activities. The Internet of Things (IoT), which connects many things to the Internet, and Machine to Machine (M2M) communications through cellular mobile networks are predicted to become the fastest-growing parts of the industry in terms of traffic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
National Climate Change Adaptation: Emerging Practices in Monitoring and Evaluation, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264229679-cn. One commonly applied measurement framework, used for the OECD Green Growth Indicators for example (OECD, 2011, 2017), is the pressure-state-response model. In that context, responses can cover a wide range of different actions including those by government, the private sector and civil society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 2012,63% of trips during morning and evening peak times were on public transport, compared to 59% in 2008. To increase this number even further, the LTA aims to make the transport system even more accessible and competitive. By 2030, 80% of households should be within a 10-minute walk of a train station, 85% of public transport journeys (less than 20km) will be completed within 60 minutes and 75% of all journeys in peak hours will be via public transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The diffusion rate on the service demand side, supposed to drive uptake of services on Huduma platforms, may, however, depend on a great many more diverse factors, such as the population distribution between urban and rural areas, the proximity of citizens to service centres, the level of information symmetry and the expansion rate of the programme. The area outside, ‘wider sector conditions for innovation’, represents those aspects that are outside of the control of the organisation but within the control of policy-makers or other public sector bodies of strategic influence. These conditions describe how the system in which a public sector organisation operates helps or hinders innovation—that is, the impacts a system has on an organisation’s innovation activity and capability. Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission 36.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health to the Commission on Human Rights. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Suicide, Accessed online at http://www.auseinet.com/suiprev/occpapers on 1 May 2007. Draft Position Statement, Diabetes in Indigenous Children and Adolescents", prepared for the International Diabetes Federation Conference in Australia, November 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In July 1997, the calculation method was changed to a fixed rate of 5% of the export price. The rapid depreciation of the rupiah during the Asian financial crisis was encouraging palm oil producers to export as much as possible. However, the ban lasted only three months, eliminated in the second LOI to the IMF.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Replacing chemical fertilisers with organic alternatives for greener food production, diversifying renewable energy sources to close the energy access gap, integrating land use management with community forestry approaches, and tackling urban-level climate change are among the actions which are also currently outlined in the CRGE as having great potential to achieve accelerated economic growth, mitigate climate change and scale up development benefits. The 2008 global financial crisis saw these concepts enter political debate and frame economic decision-making, particularly when most G20 countries dedicated a significant proportion of their economic stimulus packages to green investments. The idea was that stalled growth and unemployment could be kick-started through investing in new ‘green sectors’ such as low-carbon energy, transport, buildings and other infrastructure. Others have viewed the idea as making changes in economic governance to tackle resource scarcities - how can the energy, transport, agriculture, water, and other resource demands of economic growth best be met (OECD, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Finnish policy has provided comparatively little economic support to in-company innovation in SMEs in an OECD comparison. This means that the state mitigates the risks of innovation to a lesser extent than in other countries, making it more difficult for companies to undertake more radical or risky forms of innovation. Tekes already goes some way to promote such linkages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Just as a newspaper must separate its reporting from its editorials, legal scholarship must distinguish between representations of what the law is and what the author might like it to be. Daniel Bethlehem’s proposed principles and his arguments in support of them are an amalgam of the two that, if actualized under international law, would reverse more than a century of humanitarian and human rights progress: they would undermine the general prohibition against the use of force in international relations as well as the right to life and the scope of a state’s obligation of due process in the deprivation of life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Figure 18 represents only a particular example of energy costs. This amount is larger than the amount calculated using reported costs of desalination discussed above. Consequently, a range of $1.15/m3 to $1.50/m3 needs to be considered owing to limited available information with regard to real production costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Le gouvernement doit assurer la transparence de ses intentions et les communiquer aux acteurs concernes en temps utile. Productivity Growth in Agriculture: An International Perspective, CAB International, Oxfordshire, Royaume-Uni. The geographic, demographic, political and economic characteristics of the country are presented, as are the key trends in agriculture since 1990.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Challenges to weak patents typically occur in domestic courts. However, this process is both time consuming and very costly, which risks deterring generic producers and other stakeholders from such action. Administrative procedures are in general less time-consuming and less expensive than litigation, and may provide significant opportunities for third parties to draw the patent examiners’ attention to elements that would justify the non-granting or reduction in scope of a patent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Interestingly, homeownership is not a barrier to inter-metropolitan moves, though the moves tend to be in pairs of cities with co-varying home prices (Sinai and Souleles, 2013,30,). As such, migration between declining areas and more prosperous metropolitan areas is likely damped, and contribute to the low net-migration rates. In any case, the recent decline in household mobility appears to be related to lower mover rates for renters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The assessment provides spatially explicit data on the basis of which priority areas and corresponding priority actions are identified. The NBA has also been used to develop biodiversity sector plans at the local and district levels. Overall, the quality and quantity of data available in South Africa has been instrumental in mainstreaming biodiversity in a number of key sectors, including agriculture, mining and water infrastructure, among others (Manuel et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Private sector tenants receive support through housing allowances in all four countries - albeit very little in Chile - but private sector tenants account for about 30% of housing allowances recipients in the Czech Republic and 45% in Norway (see Figure 15, no information is available for New Zealand). Norway also provides public guarantees for private sector tenants and New Zealand directs part of the reported developer subsidies to the private rental sector but data on the amount of spending relative to these policies is not available. Overall, the spending mix in these countries is not tenure neutral.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Research generally ends with the publication of its results. What happens to it afterward is implicitly viewed as the usual after-sales service of science. Yet its encounter with various audiences, the debates it raises, and the new perspectives it opens can be collectively regarded as an object of inquiry in its own right. In this essay, I embark on an analysis of the public afterlife of ethnography. Rather than promote public social science, I examine what it is, the operations it entails, the questions it poses, and the challenges and limitations it faces. Drawing principally from public engagement with and reception of two recent books on urban policing and the carceral condition in France, I discuss the meaning and significance of afterlife, the multiple configurations of and interactions with publics, and the specific issues related to the publicization of ethnography.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Despite a higher C02 content, diesel is less taxed than petrol, contributing to a lower diesel price in Germany compared to other OECD countries. Also, many exemptions are targeted to energy intensive sectors and sectors exposed to international competition. For example, the eco tax is not applied to energy intensive industries and is refunded to export manufacturing firms under a peak equalization scheme which guarantees a refund of 90% of eco tax payments exceeding the relief on social contributions. Such tax exemptions aim at limiting the negative impact of the tax on firms' competitiveness. While concerns about international competitiveness are legitimate, the risk of competitiveness losses in some exempted enterprises is likely to be overstated (OECD, 201 If, Thone etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Global regulatory cooperation, or cooperation among domestic regulators beyond national borders, is becoming a dominant feature in 21st century international relations. It has, however, drawn criticism for its accountability deficits. The literature has focused, by and large, on measures to improve accountability at the international level. This article argues that domestic administrative law too has a role in improving accountability. Moreover, in light of the gap between administrative law in its traditional form and the reality of regulatory cooperation (and the consequent new challenges to accountability), administrative law needs to adapt. The article proposes four areas where such adaptation could take place: setting “bottom up” procedures, statutory authorization, oversight mechanisms and procedures for incorporating global regulation. Applied to the case of regulatory networks in the medical field, the article demonstrates how this approach has already started manifesting itself in practice in the U.S. and EU, and points to general trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is because the quest by transnational corporations or globally operating retailers for economies of scale at the marketing and retailing nodes of GVCs has resulted in increasingly hierarchical relations between firms across borders. Although at the initial stages of integration these structures are expected to result in rapid producer and product upgrading, sustaining these gains over time may become challenging.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Clustering cadastre management functions for all types of land, real estate and registration of rights in a single agency, following a one-stop-shop principle, would be invaluable for the real estate market. It will need to regularly analyze progress of this regard and hasten it wherever possible. Preparing for this by adopting business disciplines will prove a good investment for the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For example, did the person with diabetes have a foot exam to make sure the diabetes did not cause problems that could result in amputation? Often there are few measures on how well care co-ordination is being performed. Care co-ordination is very important for people with multiple chronic conditions and it is not well measured in most OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
According to Tanvig, women in peripheral areas most often opt for a certain type of entrepreneurship, a type of entrepreneurship which is highly dependent on the local communities and the opportunities within this community. Thus, women in these areas often start up small businesses with no or only a few employees working part-time or full-time. This might not create many new jobs in the peripheral areas, however, more women might return to the peripheral areas upon having finished their education and remain there to create other forms of employment than those traditionally offered in the local communities, thus these women might be instrumental in evening out the gender balance (Tanvig 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Engaging patients and the public with evidence is an ethical imperative because engagement is central to respect for persons and will likely improve health outcomes, facilitate the stewardship of resources, enhance prospects for justice, and build public trust. However, patient and public engagement is also morally complex, because evidence alone is never definitive. As patients and the public engage with evidence, value conflicts will arise and must be managed to achieve trustworthy decision making. We outline value conflicts likely to emerge in the following five settings: clinical care, health care organizations, public health, the regulatory context, and among payers. Using a variety of examples, we offer suggestions about how such conflicts may be managed, including providing more opportunities for democratic deliberation and having more explicit community discussion of how to balance personal choice and community well-being, transparent discussions of cost and quality outcomes, and greater patient e...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Meanwhile, an average of 70% of secondary teachers reported that their formal education included pedagogy training for all the subjects they teach, and nearly one in four (23%) reported participating in this training for some of the subjects they teach. The proportions are similar for practical components: on average, 67% of teachers reported that their formal education included classroom practice in all of the subjects they teach, while 22% reported classroom practice in some of the subjects they teach. Results from TALIS analyses suggest that not only does a teacher's formal education, including teacher initial education, help him or her feel better prepared for work as a teacher, but the specific elements included in that training, such as content and pedagogical training, and classroom practice, can make a significant difference as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Due to the nascent status of the technology, legal frameworks and specific laws are yet to be designed and enacted. As a consequence of the physically distributed nature of blockchain networks, sometimes across national borders, the applicable laws and regulations differ for each node (West, 2018). Due to the immutable nature of decentralised registries, and the capability to transfer value by virtue of digital transactions approved by a consensus algorithm, many open questions remain in areas like service level and performance, liability, intellectual property, data privacy, and compliance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
These tests showed that the Rmi t and Gi t variables did not have to be treated as endogenous variables and that the use of the second lags of the variables and the additional instruments required by the system GMM are valid. The results of these tests are shown in tables 2,3 and 4. None of the estimates rejects the null hypothesis, so the residuals exhibit a first-order correlation. In order to prevent the estimates from being biased, it is necessary to mitigate their presence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the period 2003-2014, six of the 12 years (2003, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2012, and 2013) were either very dry' or extremely dry'. In 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010 and 2014, there were large to disastrous floods. Extreme climate events w'ere especially pronounced during the last eight years (in 2009, 2010 and 2014 major floods were recorded, in 2011, 2012 and 2013 there were severe droughts and waves of high/tropical temperatures, early 2012 saw a wave of extreme cold and there were windstorms in mid-2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It has not proved to be additional, predictable and effective. Indeed without additionality, Aid for Trade is just another form of conditionality, and may actually impair the overall effectiveness of assistance programmes. Worse still, Aid for Trade has become a substitute for meaningful reform of the global trading system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Developing countries in particular seem to have experienced high and persistent MVA growth rates since 1990, illustrating the opportunities the manufacturing sector can create. By inspecting empirical key facts, some important factors become apparent: on the one hand, there is an empirical correlation between per capita income and the degree of industrialisation in developing countries while, by contrast, high-income countries are showing a pattern of deindustrialisation (UNIDO, 2015). The nature of industrialisation provides an explanation for this pattern. Through the expansion of the manufacturing sector, surplus labour from the agricultural sector is absorbed, which increases the productivity of the entire economy due to the expansion of more productive sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Une grande majorite de personnes ayant repondu au questionnaire estiment qu’il y a encore beaucoup afaire pour remedier aux inegalites survenant lors de la grossesse et des conges de maternite, et que leurs universites demeurent des structures au sein desquelles trop peu de femmes occupent des postes a responsabilite. De nombreuses femmes se considerent comme etant moins actives que les hommes dans la gestion strategique de leur carriere, et es timent qu’elles doiventse comporter de la memefagon que les hommes afin de reussir. Elies pensent qu’elles ont toujours ete, au cours de Vhistoire et encore maintenant, dominees par les hommes dans leur domaine d’activite. Neanmoins, un relativement faible pourcentage d’hommes partagent cet opinion au regard des femmes, et leurs reponses sont souvent positives dans la perception qu’ils ont des uniuersitaires feminines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)