albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The project promotes LTE construction and operation, implements the national strategy and upgrades the IT industry. During the construction period, it indirectly boosted national economic growth by nearly CNY 300 billion and created about 500 000 jobs. The project laid 1 028 km of optical cable along the pipelines, through the five provinces, which feature complex topography and are subject to severe environmental constraints.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Paris Agreement states that all Parties shall pursue domestic mitigation measures to meet their NDCs, and that methodological consistency is needed between the communication and implementation of NDCs. It remains unclear what information is to be reported on domestic mitigation measures and what methodological consistency means in practice. Parties are invited to communicate such strategies to the UNFCCC Secretariat by 2020. Parties shall also participate in a facilitative, multilateral consideration of progress with respect to achievement of NDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Such is the case of increases in public spending on families with children. This may reflect that past reforms in this area did not promote labour market inclusion even when they generated jobs. At the same time, the evidence suggests that increases in public spending on ALMPs were successful at boosting incomes in the lower-middle class but not among the poor (Figure 21).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Many of the services offered by online platforms have traditionally been supplied by large wholesalers and retailers, which act as export intermediaries and facilitate indirect exports for smaller firms. However, with the development of online platforms, even smaller firms can participate in international trade directly. D -sales are not available for enterprises with less than 10 employees. Small enterprises are therefore defined as those with 10 employees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It thus holds implications for public investment in water-related infrastructure. User fees in the water sector and other environmentally sensitive goods and services can underpin fiscal consolidation by managing and containing demand (OECD, 2013b). Other sources of public finance are also being contemplated, e.g. property taxes, which can help ensure that those who generate future liabilities (e.g. property developers) bear some of the related costs (see Chapter 4, the financing section).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the simulacra generating age of postmodemity, the hyper-reality of contemporary society and an “anarchic” sociality warrants an investigation into rampant consumerism, the decline of rationalist fundamentalism as the ideology of modernity and the plethora of resurgent-cum-resistant movements. With this scenario, the article attempts to ascertain the value of postmodemism to Islamic scholarship  in resolving the dialectic of metanmtives and relativism, Muslim scholars must be vigilant of postmodemism as a western construct and redefine its experience through Islamic phenomenology by exploring the complexities of heterogeneity and principles of humanity as opposed to a radical postmodemism that negates humanity as a meta-narrative and the celebration of egocentricity. Islam’s  “occidentalism” is not a mental projection of moral superiority against the “Other” but a progressive discourse aiming to discover a universally tolerant projection and manifestation of Islam’s ummatic body and a representation of its tradition in a new age of possibilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The most successful examples of transitions to the green economy have had a strong leader behind them (e.g. Korea and London). The leader could be nominated or naturally identified. Leadership at both national and local levels should take place. It is essential for Poland to raise awareness of the benefits of a green economy, highlighting success stories and showcasing the economic profits. The population must also be better informed, and changes in households, and the workforce in general, should start with greening at an early stage. Facilitating the identification of green products, energy-efficient alternatives and new market opportunities will also be essential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, rising unemployment may coincide with a reduction in pollution which, in turn, may have a positive health care effect. The two types of studies can be reconciled if, firstly, those who are directly affected by economic downturns (e.g. through unemployment) suffer direct negative health consequences, but that those who are not directly affected (e.g. the young and the old) benefit indirectly from recessions. Secondly, the gains among those who benefit must be greater than the losses among those who are adversely affected by the economic downturn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The use values are commonly divided into direct use value, indirect use value and option value. Direct use value is defined as goods and services that are directly consumed such as food, timber, fibre, water, but also aesthetic views, recreation possibilities and possibilities to perform research. Indirect use values are created by the benefits from secondary goods and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Deprivation gaps (levels of deprivation) are also presented at the dimension level for different regions and demographic groups. To gauge inequality (i.e. for a relative perspective), the change in the ratio with respect to the national level is presented as well. Lastly, multidimensional poverty is analysed by region and demographic group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This paper was developed following a three-day workshop organised by the Commonwealth Secretariat and held in Nairobi from 24 to 26 February 2016. The purpose of the workshop was to review and validate a Commonwealth Judicial Bench-Book (JBB) on Violence against Women and Girls (VAWG) for East African jurisdictions. The participants comprised mainly judges from the four East African Commonwealth jurisdictions and other experts who deliberated on the adequacy of the JBB in addressing judicial intervention in tackling VAWG in East Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Decisions are typically made closest to where they will have an effect, and the central government takes a subsidiary' function performing mainly those tasks that cannot be as effectively dealt with at the school level. They are responsible for choosing approaches to student assessment (except for the central part of secondary school leaving examinations), designing and implementing teacher appraisal processes, conducting their own quality care, and acting upon feedback by the Inspectorate. There is considerable attention on reducing administrative burdens on schools and limiting reporting requirements that generate paperwork but have little bearing on actual practice. As described by Scheerens (2013), there is a tradition of “bottom-up reforms”, where schools are offered incentives to join networks exploring new' practices, rather than having changes imposed from the top down.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The chapter concludes with policy concerns and recommendations. Job creation does not respond to the same strategies everywhere and usually those places with little technological absorption and innovation capacity will have fewer opportunities for recovery. The role of policy is therefore crucial to facilitate and accelerate sustainable pathways for local recovery. This chapter discusses key issues for the recovery and illustrates with local initiatives how this recovery is being driven in the Asian region. A difficult task, as global impacts affect both the private and the public sector and, in many cases, local institutions and stakeholders do not have the capacity or knowledge to propose policies and programmes for effective management of global issues such as the recent financial crisis or the impact of climate change, demographic change and ageing of societies. However, several elements are within the reach of public policy: (I) fostering the dynamics between skills and employment, (2) creating jobs through enterprise and infrastructure development, and (3) developing social protection schemes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For example, in Jordan and the Palestinian Authority, civil society partners are consulted on legislation and regulations in sectors identified as key priority areas by the country’s main gender institution. In Jordan, a “list of requests” is made on behalf of the country’s gender institution, and civil society organisations are consulted accordingly. Similarly in the Palestinian Authority, the cross-sectoral strategy identifies the specific sectors relevant to the promotion of gender equality for inclusion in the public consultation process with civil society partners and parties affected by the legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Support for Diplomacy Scale (SDS) was developed to establish the unidimensional nature of peacemaking and militaristic attitudes. Across 5 studies, all 12 SDS items loaded strongly onto a single factor, with peaceful diplomacy at one pole and militarism at the other. The SDS was associated with authoritarianism (Studies 1–4) and dogmatism (Study 4), as well as measures of religious fundamentalism, immigration attitudes, universalism, and environmentalism (Study 2). In Study 3, the SDS mediated the relation between just peacemaking and measures of (a) voting intentions prior to the 2008 Presidential election, (b) militarism, and (c) resistance to moral disengagement from war. The SDS also predicted voting behavior in the 2008 Presidential election (Study 4) and mediated the relation between political orientation and foreign policy attitudes toward Iran (Study 5). Theoretical implications and statistical issues are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Figure 3 aggregates absolute and relative poverty headcounts from 114 countries to illustrate a simple estimation of the extent of poverty in the developing world in the mid-2000s using the three types of poverty defined by the "hierarchy of capabilities" described in the previous section. It must be stressed that these estimates are rough in the sense that they do not line up country-level estimates by country years, as do other global estimates of poverty that use the PovCal data (Ravallion, Chen, and Sangraula, 2009). Nonetheless these estimates corroborate the well known results that roughly 25% of the developing world was living under a dollar-a-day in 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Research for the 2017 Global Review suggests that both developing countries and donors view ICT connectivity as an area where demand for financing will grow in future. This paper represents the personal opinions of individual staff members and/or external contributors and is not meant to represent the positions of opinions of the WTO or its Members, not the official position of any staff members. Any errors are the fault of the authors. A key message emerging from the 2017 Global Review of Aid for Trade (AfT) is that digital networks are now an integral component of global trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Indeed, available empirical evidence typically suggests that, when targeting employment protection on a specific group of workers, legislation usually induces substitution across groups as regards hiring (see e.g. Acemoglu and Angrist, 2001, Femandez-Kranz and Rodriguez-Planas, 2011). Blanchard and Wolfers (2000) and Nickell et al. ( Recent OECD work, identifying the effect of dismissal restrictions on employment through the likely heterogeneity of its effects across industries or firm types, find that these regulations reduce employment resilience to output shocks (e.g. OECD, 2011a, Bassanini, 2012), which helps explaining the limited employment elasticity of the recent recession (Gal et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Policy makers need to be mindful of the complexities, unintended side effects and long-term impacts. Evaluation is now taking place in a more complex environment and new demands are being placed on evaluation exercises. Ensuring that these can take account of the overlapping roles and responsibilities of stakeholders, multidisciplinarity, globalisation and more complex funding arrangements will be essential if evaluation is to remain a useful tool for policy makers. In addition, administering assessments can entail considerable costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They might improve transparency, for example, if they lead to better monitoring of the outcomes and impacts of support provided, which the transparency framework is also meant to address (paragraph 94d). There is, however, no specific mandate for work on how best to monitor and report on non-financial support provided and received (e.g. technology development, capacity building). For example, in the 2014 Global Landscape of Climate Finance (Buchner et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It will remain crucial to the future growth of developing countries. That is the central question addressed in this Industrial Development Report 2016. The ISID concept is part of the new Sustainable Development Goal 9 to build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation. The first is long-term, sustained industrialization as a driver for economic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Inevitably, this means that the country produces new products or improved varieties of existing products. For LDCs whose exports are concentrated in oil or raw materials, or a specific agricultural product, diversification will probably mean producing and exporting manufactures. In all cases, export diversification can also manifest itself through expanding shares of services in a country’s total exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Earlier versions of this paper received comments from Anthony Atkinson, Francois Bourguignon, Matthew Hammill, Johannes Jutting, Marco Mira d'Ercole and Martin Ravallion for which the authors are grateful. The authors are indebted to the World Bank for the online availability of the distributional data in the PovCalNet database, special thanks go to Shaohua Chen for providing some of the underlying data directly to the authors. The decade of the 2000s was the first to witness unconditional convergence across countries in a generation as poor countries, led by China and India grew faster than the advanced economies of the OECD. Rapid growth in the developing world has reduced extreme poverty dramatically: there are 620 million fewer extremely poor people in the world now than in 1990, the world is on track to achieving the goal of halving the number of people living on a dollar a day as it set out to do in the Millennium Declaration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
If the global stocktake increased links to (non-UNFCCC) analyses of lessons learned, it could also help to indirectly enhance adaptation. Including a synthesis aspect would help to identify lessons learned (in terms of process, institutions, actions and/or funding), and therefore help to identify promising options for the future. This is because many countries have not identified in communications to the UNFCCC what their adaptation needs are (in terms of actions and/or support), nor what would constitute effectiveness of such action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Many countries, however, do not submit annual reports and so the data may not be representative of trade by all Basel Parties. The distinction between end-of-life products, non-hazardous waste, and secondary' raw materials may not be the same across different jurisdictions and subject to further scrutiny. Kellenberg (2012) finds evidence that bilateral trade in waste increases if there is divergence in environmental policy stringency between the trading partners. This implies that there could be a pollution haven effect where waste is destined to countries with laxer environmental standards in some cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This requires the involvement of actors across the humanitarian and development continuum, but the process must be owned by the community (Twigg, 2009). Resilience can mitigate those effects. Investments in reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health, and reproductive rights will protect those most affected by disasters. For example, building health systems’ resilience in countries can help expand access to quality sexual and reproductive health services for those excluded from them before the onset of a disaster.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The analysis of the distribution of public spending across the various policy categories presented here can provide an understanding of the policy mix effectively put into place by OECD countries. Unfortunately this is very difficult because spending information on individual instruments is often missing, and the set of instruments for which information is missing changes from country to country. Even for these countries more work is needed to validate the comparability of data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There is a trend towards introducing greater accountability for quality and efficiency in provider payment systems, which generally requires a combination of fee-for-service, pay-for-performance and capitated payments. The optimal combination of these systems, however, needs be decided by the authorities on practical grounds. There are welcome steps taken to align outpatient and homogenous disease group (HDG) points so that therapeutically equivalent treatments are rewarded equally regardless of the setting in which health services are offered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article addresses the question of whether, or under what conditions, democratic institutions contribute to ‘developmental governance’ in sub-Saharan Africa, in forms such as coherent policy formulation, effective public administration, and limited corruption. While few dispute the desirability for Africa of democracy and good governance in theory, many remain sceptical about whether the two necessarily go together in practice. Using a simple framework informed by the new institutional economics, I analyse the impact of political institutions on governance quality in a sample of 38 sub-Saharan African countries. The main finding is that a combination of democratic contestation and institutional restraints on governments' discretionary authority substantially improves developmental governance. Judged against liberal democratic ideals, Africa's emerging democracies have many shortcomings. Yet the article shows that democratic institutions systematically enhance African states' performance as agents of development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Greater state involvement in the regulation, financing and provision of social goods is not a sufficient condition for substantive gender equality. From a human rights perspective, the state is the duty bearer that must guarantee the enjoyment of human rights. This would mean production by for-profit as well as non-profit institutions such as cooperatives and community enterprises, community management of forest and irrigation systems, as well as community kitchens and childcare centres. While states may be active in some of these arrangements, they would not be the only actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The next several years will be crucial if the network is to be successfully established and consolidated. As of January 2013, it amounted to 6.15 million ha, 20% of Poland’s land area (MoE, 2013), compared with the estimated 7% of forest area under nature protection in 2012.19 Forest accounts for more than half: 3.3 million ha or 36% of the total forest area (Table 4.5) Most forest mammals (except chamois) and birds are found outside national parks. This reinforces the need to speed up implementation of Natura 2000 in forests outside national parks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This paper willpresent the ratification process of the Marrakesh Treaty in Brazil, its place within the legal system and the likely effects on copyright limitations. We structure the paper in two parts. First we show how the Brazilian Constitution governs the reception of human rights international treaties and conventions and expose their effects throughout the system. We follow by the presentation of the Marrakesh Treaty’s ratification process in Brazil, concentrating on the justifications and results of the legislative procedures. Finally, we consider the likely and possible effects on public policy, legal change and the judicial interpretation of the limitations. We choose to use primary official sources to present the questions for analyses. Our method of choice is inductive, since we extensively use legislative records to elaborate on the political processes and legal rationales behind it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The advancement of information technology is changing the pattern of radical group propaganda from conventional methods to the ways they use today, namely using the media and cyberspace, or what is also called   as   cyber  -  terrorism. The purpose of this study is to discuss the emergenc  e   of the   currently experienced   cyber  -  terrorism   phenomenon  .   It     is   normative research through   a literature study   method   by approaching statutes  . The results of this study indicate that cyber  -  terrorism is   a part of   cybercrime that   is   qualified as transnational crime   which   refers to Article 3   of the   United Nations Convention   a  gainst Transnational Organized Crime. Currently  ,    there are several laws/regulations regarding terrorism at the national, regional and international levels. However, these rules do not specifically regulate new developments in acts of terrorism through cyberspace or what is known as cyber  -  terrorism.       Keywords:  Cyberspace, Terrorism, Transnational Crime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is mainly due to the fast growth of the region’s urban population, which has more than doubled since 1950, and the issues faced by cities in developing the adequate infrastructure to keep up with the escalating water and sanitation needs. This inequality of access between rural and urban areas varies among sub-regions, as shown in Figures 9.3 and 9.4. Within cities, it is the poor urban populations that tend to be left behind. Women and girls are traditionally responsible for domestic water supply and sanitation in many countries, whilst at the same time being particularly affected by the lack of availability of sanitation services in terms of health and safety (see Section 2.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In contrast, countries where child poverty is low have rates that are significantly lower than the poverty rates of the population in general. At 5.4 percentage points the increase between 2008 and 2015-16 was largest in Slovak Republic. An increase of more than two percentage points over the same period was observed in France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, and Sweden (Figure 4, Panel A). On the contrary, a fall in the child poverty rate coincided with the rise in median income which has been particularly strong in Chile especially since 2010. In Greece, the increase in the relative child poverty rate was accompanied by a significant fall in median income and thus the poverty line (Figure 4, Panel B). This suggests that not only the proportion of children experiencing poverty increased, but also that the standard of living of poor families declined - as further explained in the next sub-section.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)