albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The public sector performance management (PM) literature is particularly rich as this topic is one of the most appealing for public sector scholars (Pollitt, J Public Adm Res Theory 6:25–44, 2005). However, organizational performance (OP) has been neglected across the world (Andrews et al. J Public Adm Res Theory 21:i301–i319, 2011) as well as in the Italian public administration (Martin and Spano, Public Money Manag 35:303–310, 2015). This chapter investigates how OP is defined, measured, and evaluated in the Italian health care sector. Our analysis showed the limited use of performance management in Italian public health organizations and a high variability in the way OP is defined and measured. This makes it difficult to compare the results of different organizations. For this reason, future standardization could allow policy makers to improve the accountability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
From the demand perspective, Figure 3.10 illustrates the significance of domestic demand for countries in different stages of development (UNIDO, 2017b). The figure presents the share of domestic absorption in final manufacturing demand over the period 1990 to 2013. Least developed countries have the highest share of domestic absorption in final manufacturing demand while high-income countries have witnessed an increase in foreign demand for their manufactured goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Given that talk about “stakeholders” have become commonplace in international law and international relations, the authors examine some of the issues that arise from an account of the theoretical, jurisprudential, and doctrinal parameters that can be derived from competing frameworks. For the specific purpose of international criminal law, the authors concentrate on the single most important question: whether stakeholder applications constitute advantages or disadvantages in a philosophy of law approach to the rule of law. It appears that current matches with concepts, norms and strategies warrant, as a minimum, more critical reflection. Incorporating stakeholder applications from various UN-documents, the ambiguities and inadequacies of these – in comparison to non-UN alternatives and contemporary legal theory of an idealist and progressive orientation even seem to substantiate arguments against too close affiliations with the trend, especially because the separation thesis recently re-emerged in broad frameworks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
ABSTRACTChina's spectacular economic growth over the past decades has given rise to a more confident and proactive China in global governance. China is now an institution-builder, with new Chinese-led institutions such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank designed to cement Beijing's central role in global economic governance. What, then, are the potential implications of a slowing economy for China's institutional power and global governance role? This article locates China's economic growth and slowdown in broader discussions about China's global position and questions about responsibility, order and governance. It argues that China's economic slowdown will not result in a drastic impact on Beijing's institutional power as there are key material, historical and ideational drivers at play here. Unless China is confronted with the prospect of an economic collapse, it will continue to pursue an active institutional role, speak the rhetoric of South–South solidarity with emerging economies and seek a...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Substantive gaps remain in what is known about the outcomes and quality of care. A general dearth of national data for primary, community and long-term care is noted in particular. This is a major weakness in Australia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Norway, Sweden and Turkey, where clinicians and managers have relatively scant information on patient outcomes (Table 3.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, not all countries may be able to reach the threshold by 2025, so that the actual subsidy could also be lower. On the one hand, the use of energy based on fossil fuel is largely responsible for the accumulation of large quantities of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, triggering climate change. Most scientists believe that swift and drastic reduction in emissions is necessary to avoid dangerous or catastrophic climatic changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The average rate of wastewater collection in sewerage collection systems is around 60 per cent for households. Although certain rural areas have developed combined domestic sewerage and storm wastewater collection systems, no treatment is performed prior to wastewater discharge. This situation is getting worse during low flow rates in rivers during summer due to lower sewage dilution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As a result, poverty is endemic, generously underestimated at 20 per cent of the population in 2011, with the majority of poor households located in rural communities. It is well known that poor communities generate negative pressure on the environment from ‘slash-and-burn’ agricultural activities, improper waste disposal for want of facilities, and settlement on fragile lands that are vulnerable to natural hazards. In the case of Jamaica, there are the additional challenges of servicing the mounting national debt, which in 2013 stood at over 140 per cent of GDP, and ensuring macroeconomic stability so as to provide a basis for economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This publication is supported by the European Union Rights, Equality and Citizenship Programme (2014-2020).  This programme is implemented by the European Commission and shall contribute to the further development of an area where equality and the rights of persons, as  enshrined in the Treaty, the Charter and international human rights conventions, are promoted and protected.  For more information see: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/grants1/programmes-2014-  2020/rec/index_en.htm
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This increase, however, is largely a phenomenon of growth from a low base, and certain critical areas such as infrastructure and education continue to receive relatively limited support. The other priorities included: national security, internal stability and consolidation of society, economic growth on the basis of an open economy, health, education and well-being of citizens, energy resources, infrastructure, transport and communications, and professional government. The term “republican” here and further in the text is used synonymously to the terms “national”, or “national-level”, as it is commonly understood in Kazakhstan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
There have been attempts to translate some of these impacts, e.g. the economic savings associated with a healthy population, into economic terms, but these have typically been partial and subjective. Many governments have therefore developed funding models based on performance criteria. However, there are important questions regarding the strengths and weaknesses of the different models.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Further, according to the 2030 Water Resources Group, it appears that most countries have more than enough water to meet the majority of their population’s needs without damaging the natural environment (2030 WRG, 2009). However, while these global measures are comforting, aggregate measures which compare total water use relative to the total amount of water available at a global, or even national scale, hide underlying challenges. Such measures are, therefore, of little use for management or policy decision making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The professed intention of NATO's intervention in Yugoslavia in March 1999 was to defend the human rights of an oppressed minority within a sovereign state. Many left-wing intellectuals claimed that to override national sovereignty was necessary for the salvation of the Kosovars, and that this reflects a new 'Kantian' conception of international relations in the post-Cold-War era, a conception which now remains to be actualized as a 'new international law of world citizens'. This paper seeks to refute these two arguments, that offer a moral interpretation of the war against Yugoslavia, not in order to question the project of 'perpetual peace' in its entirety, but to point out the need to reflect on its broader economic and political conditions, which are very far from being met.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, global trends have contradicted this prediction, with populations shifting towards cities even in developed countries, and especially in Africa. The spatial nature of agglomeration economies is at play: in-person interactions are still important for networks, knowledge sharing and relationships: goods still travel by truck and rail, food cannot yet be 3D printed, and workers still commute to offices, stores and factories daily. In the light manufacturing sector small firms in Africa are constrained by access to land and finance as well as entrepreneurial skills (Dinh et al., Helping to remove these barriers could open up opportunities for aspiring informal sector operators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
While these policy markers are useful to address cross-cutting policy areas, they create additional burden on reporting entities and enlarges the structure of the CRS. This increase in the volume of information run the risk of lower quality and less possibilities for rigor validation processes by both reporting entities and the DAC Secretariat. The larger structure of the CRS may also discourage new entities to report to the CRS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This includes the relevant indicators published by WCMC. These can provide a regional context to country-level indicators. Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences 09 February 2012. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (2011), Conference of the Parties Decision X/2: Strategic plan for biodiversity 2011-2020, www.cbd.int/decision/cop/?id= 12268.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The concept of zero emissions, whether gaseous, liquid or solid, has been linked with zero defects in product quality control and zero industrial accidents in workplace safety management. In the course of disseminating the Asian zero-emissions concept, the first international meeting on the subject was held in Jakarta and released the Declaration on Zero Emissions to the world (United Nations University, 1996). Two workshops held in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, followed by a workshop in Beijing, provided the opportunity to promote a mutual understanding of the situations in developing and developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
These numbers are based on a standard relative poverty measure, defined as those below 50% of the median disposable income. Relative poverty rate is defined as the share of people living in households with less than 50% of the median disposable income (adjusted for family size and after taxes and transfers) of the entire population. The Gini, probably the most widely used measure of income inequality, is particularly sensitive to changes in the middle of the income distribution, while the other measures focus more on the tails of the distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
On the one hand, to the extent that EPL raises the costs of workforce adjustments and/or distorts the optimal composition of employment between temporary and regular workers, it is likely to have a negative impact on the efficient allocation of labour and, ultimately, on productivity growth. In this context, in a general equilibrium framework, Hopenhayn and Rogerson (1993) show how the distortion induced by firing restrictions pushes firms to use resources less efficiently. As a result, employment levels adjust at a lower speed and productivity is reduced. Bertola (1994) presents a growth model where job security provisions decrease returns to investment and capital accumulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
They also find that 80% of all energy finance is for power generation, of which 66% is in the coal sector, and 27% in the hydropower sector. In the revised CTF tables related to provision of finance (FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.2), CTF table 7a asks Parties to list both “general” and “climate specific” financial support provided to multilateral funds, banks and institutions. Several developing countries do contribute to multilateral channels, with development-oriented contributions from ten countries averaging USD 1 billion per year from 2012-14 (OECD, 2016b).21 Where such flows are not climate specific, a similar method could be used by all countries to apply a coefficient corresponding to the share of resources disbursed by the multilateral institution that are climate-relevant. As currently, countries would need to explain how they define funds as being climate specific. Both tables 7a and 7b list options in the “funding source” column as ODA, OOF and other (which is to be specified).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In fact, captured fish used directly for reduction to fishmeal and fish oil dropped by 43% between 1992 and 2012. Recycling fish residue in the fishmeal and oil market (cont.) According to IFFO, the Marine Ingredients Organisation, the share of fish oil in the Omega-3 market has increased from 5% in 1990 to 22% in 2012. While still 74% of the fish oil is going to aquaculture, fish farmers find themselves competing with a buyer that is able to pay substantially higher prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This essay examines a subgenre of the Human Rights novel, the torture novel, devoted to the social ontology of the human. In the HR torture novel embodiment is rendered ‘abject’ and the subject ‘unmade’, through dehumanization and debasement. The abject embodiment is the consequence of institutional precarity and collapsing social apparatuses. Tortured subjects acquire membership of a collective memory of pain, a trauma-memory citizenship, made possible through the articulation of memories of torture, bringing together fellow sufferers, former perpetrators and witnesses.The essay concludes that the torture novel is integral to the project of Human Rights because it demonstrates how broken bodies are produced in eroding social conditions, driven by state policy, state indifference or state oppression.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It addresses issues such as the decline in corporate profits and corporate investment, the impact of high unemployment on the skills market and on households’ demand for technology and innovation, and the loss of firms’ productivity. It also addresses issues such as fiscal consolidation and its impact on public R&D budgets and public support for innovation. It sketches a “new deal" for STI policy makers that calls for new partnerships, a more strategic use 0/ public procurement, strengthened policy evaluation and a streamlining 0/STI policy action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Statistics at the country level also show the same picture of increasing agricultural area. All countries showed an increase of more than 20 percent except for Thailand (Costenbader et a!., While agricultural expansion has had an impact on forests it has influenced forest change differently in GMS countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The two centres are served by 326 transfer stations. In 2002, there were 30 municipal waste management systems, 26 806 drop-off points, 26 sorting stations, 54 transfer stations, 5 units for organic waste valuation, 2 incineration units with energy recovery, and 37 landfills. The minimum amount due is EUR 5 000 per entity treating waste. Primarily due to an increase (by 18% in 2000-07) in intensity of use of irrigation water (litre/ha irrigated).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article addresses the impact of globalization on the contemporary society, particularly the role of the city that is becoming increasingly important. Three distinct yet intertwine aspects such as decentralization, technology, and para diplomacy become antecedent of competitiveness of the city. A city has more power and authority in creating wealth and prosperity of the society by utilizing technology. The smart city, in addition to the importance of technology as enabler, we argue that possessing the sophisticated technology and apply it towards the matter is not enough. The smart city needs to build smart diplomacy at the sub-national level. In this article, we extend the discussion about smart city by proposing a new framework of smart city diplomacy as one way to integrate information technology, public policy and international relations which will be the main contribution to literature and practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
And when teacher quality is low, governments lend to tell their teachers exactly what to do and exactly how they want it done, using an industrial organisation of work to get the results they want. Today, the challenge is to turn teaching into a profession of advanced-knowledge workers, and to do so across the board rather than in pockets of excellence. To attract the people they need, modern school systems need to transform the organisation of work in their schools to foster professional norms of control and benchmarks, in lieu of bureaucratic and administrative oversight. The past was about received wisdom, the future is about user-generated wisdom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
One of the funding sources proposed by Suplicy (2009) in the case of Brazil is a tax on natural resource extraction, much like that of Alaska, where, since 1982, all Alaskan inhabitants have received an equal dividend financed 50% from oil royalties. Another aspect little explored in literature is the potential of such an across-the-board injection of resources to cause inflationary economic cycles, which could reduce or even neutralize the positive impact of this resource injection, particularly in rural sectors or small urban areas with limited capacity for growth and competitiveness in the supply of goods and services. Pensiones no contributivas y asistenciales. United Nations publication, Sales No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Samoa, phone coverage and agencies are effectively nationwide: 30 agencies were claimed in mid-2011. ( It is worth noting that Digicel alone directly employs several hundred people to market mobile phones and provide support services in both countries.) Since getting to where money might be withdrawn has long been costly in both countries, the national network of agents is extremely important in reducing those costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
They can help students live and work in a world in which most people need to appreciate a range of ideas, perspectives and values and to collaborate with people of different cultural origins, a world in which people need to decide how to trust and collaborate across such differences, often bridging space and time through technology, and a world in which their lives will be affected by issues that transcend national boundaries. Effective communication and appropriate behaviour within diverse teams are also keys to success in many jobs and will remain so as technology continues to make it easier for people to connect across the globe. Employers increasingly seek to attract learners who adapt easily and are able to apply and transfer their skills and knowledge to new contexts. Work readiness in an interconnected world requires young people to understand the complex dynamics of globalisation and be open to people from different cultural backgrounds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Nordic countries differ in their economic structure but they all have developed electricity and heat systems that have relatively little fossil fuel input Whereas, the extractive industries in the Nordic countries make the material flows from the region unusually high as compared to the mean of the EU countries. Per cent See Figure 14 below. For instance, the GDP growth rate focuses on the overall economic activity, but tells nothing about the structural development of the economy and the development in income or wealth distribution, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Low fertility, including below replacement fertility, is usually correlated with later marriage and both are associated with common cause factors, such as increasing education and workforce participation of women, as well as with development more generally (Jones, 2007). However, in the division of Khulna in South-Western Bangladesh, very low overall fertility rates of less than 2 births per woman coexist with very early patterns of marriage. This region reports some of the highest levels of child marriage with large numbers of girls getting married as early as 14 or 15 years even while fertility is below replacement level (NIPORT, Mitra and Associates, and Macro International, 2009). Such a distinctive pattern of transition, in which fertility change has occurred even while early marriage persists, is important to understand as it can have important demographic implications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Seven of the 10 countries recorded declining NRRs. The largest falls were recorded in countries where, relative to average earnings, the generosity of both unemployment benefits (UI and UA) and social assistance (SA) were reduced: Finland (UI, UA and SA), Germany (SA and merging of UA and SA) and the Czech Republic (UI and SA). Finland and Germany saw the biggest reductions in net replacement rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Master Plan for Water Development and Management of the Senegal River was drafted in a participatory manner, through know ledge sharing and meetings with key stakeholders, including illiterate people using illustrated informative guides. It led to the adoption of a Water Charter. Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Gabon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Today, the transport cost barriers are higher than tariff barriers. Table 4.1 presents the costs for some corridors. According to a recent USAID study (2012), transport costs on the Lome-Ouagadougou corridor vary between USD 2 201 and 5155, depending on the direction of trade. Exporting, north-south movements, is cheaper and faster, which is explained by smaller quantities of goods and more competition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In this chapter Spies focuses on third-party diplomacy, a mode that involves conflict management, reduction and resolution. Third-party diplomacy speaks to the very raison d’etre of diplomacy, because it hinges on the principle of brokerage, or intermediation that underpins the institution of diplomacy. The chapter explores the notion of neutrality and explores various third-party methods, including good offices, arbitration, mediation and conciliation. The troubled evolution of peacekeeping is discussed, and the broader management of conflict is contextualised within the changing profile of global peace and conflict. Spies explains the nuanced concept of peacebuilding, and the implications of long-term, multi-stakeholder ‘project management’ of peace processes. She also addresses the ethical dilemma that faces diplomats when a political settlement is prioritised over judicial closure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Likewise all four processes emphasise the new global partnership needed to achieve their shared vision, a partnership between governments, business, communities and civil society. This partnership is needed to channel support to the countries with least capacity to meet their development goals and to ensure that that the collective action of all partners is well coordinated and complementary to achieve sustainable development. The post 2015 development agenda provides an unprecedented opportunity to break down the siloes between climate and development finance. The Paris Agreement includes in its purpose a goal to make all finance flows consistent with pathways towards low greenhouse gas and climate resilient development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)