albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This is because low-carbon options (nuclear and carbon capture and storage, CCS) already exist in the electricity sector, marginal impacts of R&D on energy efficiency are decreasing, and learning effects in renewable energies fade. Even with pricing of GHG emissions and without political uncertainty about the future path of carbon prices, the development and diffusion of Iow-emission technologies would still be less than is socially optimal. An important reason for this conclusion is that firms investing in R&D are typically unable to appropriate all or most of the social returns they generate owing to the public-good nature of knowledge. Much of the social return on R&D investments will acciue as spillovers to competing firms, downstream firms that purchase the innovating firm’s products, or to consumers (Griliches, 1992). Empirical evidence suggests that social rates of return to R&D are substantially higher than private rates of return (Griliches, 1992) and that consequently, R&D investment is below the socially optimal level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Quality problems: local bacteriological pollution. Quality problems: pollution from urbanisation and traffic. Transboundary groundwater under consideration but not approved. The issue of Future prospects: agreement on the delineation of transboundary groundwater systems and development of monitoring programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Governments can directly invest in infrastructure through their budgets or through state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Public financial institutions can provide loans and loan guarantee mechanisms in strategic areas to attract private sector investment. Bonds are the main debt instrument available on capital markets, issued by governments, public financial institutions or, to a lesser extent, companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Inaction on climate change could lead to a continued rise in global temperatures by 2100 ranging from 2.5°C to 7.5°C above pre-industrial levels (IPCC, 2014a). This would increase the severity - and in some cases the frequency - of extreme weather events, with potentially catastrophic consequences for stable economic development, human life and prosperity. Doing nothing could be costly, equating to a permanent loss of over 14% in average world consumption per capita (OECD, 2012). Developing countries stand to be disproportionately affected by unabated climate change, eroding development gains made to date (IPCC, 2014a). Assessments suggest that a sizeable share of development assistance activities might be affected by climate risk, with estimates ranging from 10% to 40% per country depending on the development co-operation portfolio in each country context, when measured as a share of total official development assistance (ODA) (OECD, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the case of the CIFs set-asides, private sector party proposals have been submitted through a multilateral development bank in the countries where each of the funds operate. Among the multilateral climate funds the CTF's Dedicated Private Sector Program (DPSP) and the GEF have been the best at generating engagement and allocating its public funding to mobilize further private investment (Whitley, Chiofalo, & Barnard, 2014, Trabacchi, Brown, Boyd, Wang, & Falzon, 2016). Higher levels of private sector investment have happened in high-income countries including BRICS and OECD (e.g. Mexico) members (Whitley, Chiofalo, & Barnard, 2014). The CIFs funding to the private sector has helped to the viability, knowledge and risk gaps for their investment, through different sets of instruments including contingent recovery grants, first loss guarantees/subordinated debt, guarantees and dedicated lines of credit to financial intermediaries (Trabacchi, Brown, Boyd, Wang, & Falzon, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This paper examines how political ecology themes of tropical conservation and social justice become representational practices underpinning ‘alternative’ consumption in the North. The notion of commodity culture is adopted to understand the ambiguous rationalities and ethical assumptions of two sets of consumption practices. The first case considers Edenic myth-making used to assimilate concerns over tropical deforestation in the South to consumption-intensive if conservation-minded lifestyles in the North. The second case looks at fair trade and how concern about social injustice and unfair labour practices in the South is harnessed to solidarity-seeking consumption constitutive of ‘radical’ lifestyles. The paper suggests these contrasting commodity cultures broadly conform to divergent positions in red–green debates. It argues that both are weakened as a form of social and political ‘caring at a distance’ due to an uncritical acceptance of consumption as the primary basis of action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The landing obligation means that catches must be processed in land. The catches that are not landed locally on Greenland are, most often, the most profitable seen from a company perspective. The ITQ system which has created significant wealth and concentration of ownership has also been met with some public critique and has been subject to a resource rent taxation since its introduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
To do this, Figure 9 compares the equalising effects at different stages of the redistribution process, with changes over time shown separately for benefits, social contributions and income taxes. “ Box 2 explains how these indicators were calculated. Following the approach taken above, this implies comparing Gini coefficients of income before and after adding the benefit or subtracting the tax in question.1 For instance, to calculate the redistributive effect of taxes, one could calculate a Gini value of market incomes minus taxes (this may be called net-of-tax Gini), and subtract it from the Gini value of market incomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Figure 3.1 shows the main classificatory variables included in the CRS. For example, it is possible that activities supporting either education or health can also support gender equality. The markers distinguish between activities where the policy objective is the principal (primary) objective of the activity and activities supporting the policy objective, but where the objective was not the prime motivation for undertaking the activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is measured as the Value of Lost Load (VOLL) which the average cost to consumers per unit of unserved electricity due to outages (Stoft, 2002). This cost can be split into two parts: the direct damages due to the loss of assets and the indirect damages coming from the interruption of activity. For the regulator, it is the losses one wants to hedge against by investing in grid security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
SUMMARY The positive and negative predictive values are standard ways of quantifying predictive accuracy when both the outcome and the prognostic factor are binary. Methods for comparing the predictive values of two or more binary factors have been discussed previously (Leisenring et al., 2000, Biometrics 56, 345–351). We propose extending the standard definitions of the predictive values to accommodate prognostic factors that are measured on a continuous scale and suggest a corresponding graphical method to summarize predictive accuracy. Drawing on the work of Leisenring et al. we make use of a marginal regression framework and discuss methods for estimating these predictive value functions and their differences within this framework. The methods presented in this paper have the potential to be useful in a number of areas including the design of clinical trials and health policy analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Butler (1988) built on this idea by describing gender as a performance, as a "stylized repetition of acts" rather than a stable category. Hegemonic masculinity embodies the honoured or dominant form of masculinity, and requires all other men to position themselves in relation to it. Complicit masculinity describes men who do not enact hegemonic masculinity, but still benefit from it. Subordinated masculinity refers to men who are oppressed by hegemonic masculinity (e.g. gay men), but still benefit from being men, rather than women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Ukrainian part of the basin of the San River is characterized by a high content of organic substances, ammonia, sulfate, total iron and petroleum compounds. In recent years, in the Shklo River (in the San sub-basin, crossing the border) there is a steady tendency for quality to deteriorate, with increase in nutrients concentration, associated with an increase in discharges of untreated sewage. The town of Yavorov in Ukraine has virtually no working sewage treatment plant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is highly unlikely that Blade Runner will provide an accurate portrayal of life in Los Angeles—or that of any other major metropolitan area, for that matter—in 2019. However, reality does tend to imitate art. Major projects within existing urban centres2 or entirely new satellite cities are inspired by high-profile city investments in Dubai, London and Singapore, with significant private-sector involvement. These developments and commercial centres include Hope City, a US$10 billion development to be built outside Accra in Ghana, and Tatu City, a development planned on coffee-producing land outside Nairobi (Figure 11.2). However, the benefits to the urban population currently living in informal settlements in prime locations near urban centres are unclear. Public investment in these new projects may leave less cash for basic infrastructure and services and could accelerate further social and spatial segregation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Poverty will rise among households depending on remittances7 and those employed in sectors such as construction (World Bank 2010b). These direct effects are followed by second order effects when families may be forced to reduce their investments in health and education as a response to lower purchasing power. An economic shock may also lead to social unrest, disrupt community and inter-ethnic relations or even bring down fragile governments (World Bank 2010b, Slay 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Science, technology and innovation (STI) must play a central role in the achievement of these goals. However, new technologies threaten to outpace the ability of societies and polbymakers to adapt to the changes they create, giving rise to widespread anxiety and ambivalence or hostility to some technological advances. Big data analysis can help to manage or resolve critical global issues, create new scientific breakthroughs, advance human health and improve decisbn-making, by providing real-time streams of informatbn. The Internet of Things allows the conditbn and actbns of connected objects and machines to be monitored and managed, and allows more effective monitoring of the natural world, animals and people. These two technologies have important applications in health care, agriculture, energy and water management and quality, as well as in monitoring devebpment indicators to assess progress towards the Sustainable Devebpment Goals. Governments should consider developing strategies to harness these technologies towards their devebpment goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Mobile-cellular prices maintained a steady downward trend in the period 2008-2017, in line with the continuous increase in mobile-cellular penetration (Chart 4.2). Lastly, mobile-broadband uptake has exploded in the last five years and mobile-broadband prices have plummeted (Chart 4.3). Lower prices make ICT services affordable to larger segments of the population, thus contributing to ICT adoption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They can be particularly important for individuals with limited participation in the formal labour market who are unlikely to meet the vesting periods of contributory social insurance pensions or accumulate sufficient savings in individual pension accounts. There is a wide variety of NC pensions across countries, and their capacity to make a difference depends on the breath of coverage as well as on the benefit level they offer (Table 7-1). The Bolivian NC pension is an interesting example of how a universal pension can get established in a country that previously had a very limited level of old age protection (see Box 7-1) and now provide close to complete old age pension coverage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It offers two main products, subsidised loans and guarantees, the latter being its predominant form of SME support. As with other federal institutions, NAFINSA works through an auction process in which the delivery of the policy is granted to those intermediary organisations that make the best offer in terms of credit conditions for the SME clients. For example, in the visited state of Queretaro, NAFINSA had developed special credit programmes for tier-2 and tier-3 suppliers of the strong local automotive sector and was equally in the process of bolstering the incipient aeronautics sector. In Mexico City a specific scheme was conceived for taxi drivers, while in the state of Leon were the footwear and leather industries to be targeted. Most of the loans supported by NAFINSA seem therefore rather thought for working capital requirements or, at most, small-scale investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
On November 15, 2016, the European Court of Human Rights issued its judgment in the case of Krejzova v. the Czech Republic, which concerned the policy of the Czech State not to provide skilled attendance by midwives at planned home births. The issue was whether this policy violated Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights: “Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence.”(1) The Czech health policy before the Court did not prohibit unattended planned home birth but it created technical requirements for attendance at planned home birth that had the effect of prohibiting attendance by midwives.    This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The reporting flexibility allowed for in individual Parties’ adaptation communications is likely to lead to differences in what is reported to the UNFCCC by Parties, and when. This might also make it difficult to use such information to track the progress towards the three individual aspects of the global adaptation goal agreed on in the Paris Agreement (i.e. enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience, and reducing vulnerability). The typical characteristics of adaptation, which is context-specific, long-term and changing over time, can also impede such assessments - which may explain why assessments of the same issue done by different organisations in different ways can lead to such wide variations in results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This article provides an outline for action against climate change ecocide. Critical criminology has primarily focussed on exposing the political economy surrounding global warming and the powerful interests that perpetuate harmful practices even in the light of overwhelming scientific evidence. Questions of activist intervention have been less forthcoming, although specific attention has been given to concepts such as ecocide to highlight the criminality and social and ecological injustices involved in “business as usual.” After discussing the nature and dynamics of the nation-state and global capitalism, the article then presents an action plan matrix that incorporates elements relating to law and legal reform, environmental law enforcement, courts and adjudication, and social action. The article argues for the necessity of greater integration of theory and practice through the development of a social praxis for climate change justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Without evidence-based feedback and mechanisms for monitoring and following up subsequent action, school reviews may have more limited impact on school improvement. The My School approach with its colour coding system has the clear benefit of simplicity. The quality of the analysis is promoted by the ability to confine test construction and analysis to experts in that field.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is therefore difficult to infer whether these upgrades in earnings reflect workers’ gains in productivity, as people initially on temporary contracts who display high ability are later offered permanent positions at a firm, or whether this is due to a (more intensive) job search in the pursuit of a better career match. Similarly, switching from standard employment to a temporary contract (SW-TE) often results in earnings losses (especially in Estonia and Korea). In Hungary, Spain and the Slovak Republic, for instance, nearly one in two workers changed earnings category when moving from a temporary contact to standard employment, about one-half of them experienced upward mobility while the other half ended up with lower earnings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These reports include recommendations on macroeconomic and structural policies as well as economic projections. A comply-or-explain requirement on the Government and the strong credibility of the institution ensures that recommendations are adhered without any formal power. This reflects earlier reform, particularly linking the statutory retirement age to life expectancy as discussed in the 2016 Survey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Cosmopolitanism, world citizenship and global civil society, Chris Brown human rights and diverse cultures - continuity or discontinuity?, Peter Jones human rights, compatibility and diverse cultures, Dimon Caney the pendulum theory of individual, communal and minority rights, Tom Hadden the question of self-determination and its implications for normative international theory, Kimberly Hutchings Derrida and the Heidegger controversy - global friendship against racism, Mark Bevir humanitarian vigilantes or legal entrepreneurs - enforcing human rights in international society, Nicholas J. Wheeler.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the authors. Comments on the present Working Paper are welcomed and may be sent to dac.contact@oecd.org — the Development Co-operation Directorate, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. Key Issues: How can food transfer programmes contribute to food and nutrition security?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Drawing from a number of existing or proposed RBF programmes relevant to climate change, these triggers can include the number of natural gas connections made or solar-home systems installed (GPOBA, 2013), the number of technical assistance sessions held (IFC, 2012a), or the amount of fugitive methane emissions abated (MFSG, 2013). The first relates to the requirement of demonstrating verified results up-front. With an ex-ante assessment of mutually agreed outputs or outcomes, donors can more easily account for results to both taxpayers at home and development partners abroad. The second is how RBF approaches transfer risk from donors to service providers, thus creating a direct incentive to achieve the result more efficiently and effectively (World Bank, 2013a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
On average, 12% of transfers were invested, and households that received more transfers from Oportunidades also invested more. It seems that the CCT helped alleviate two market failures. First, the increased income allowed households to overcome credit constraints. Second, the stable stream of income may have made households willing to undertake more risky (and profitable) investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The friendship and social networks international students tend to build during their university studies can boost trade between the home country and that of the alma mater. This paper tests the effects of Latin American students on bilateral trade between eleven home economies and nine OECD countries during 1971-2012. We find education networks to positively and significantly affect both exports and imports. Also, the democratization and liberalization of Latin American political regimes following the end of the cold war slightly weaken the influence of networks, but directly and positively affect trade. Results are robust to different specifications and regressors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Pharmacists in South Australia are permitted to administer the influenza vaccine. In the Northern Territory, pharmacists in a pilot are permitted to administer influenza, measles mumps and rubella, adult diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus vaccines for adults. Western Australia recently amended legislation to allow pharmacists to administer influenza vaccines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
People also modified their habits, turning off lights when not needed, discarding freezers that were barely used and reducing their use of air conditioning. This market shrinkage had long-lasting effects, postponing the need for investment in new supply facilities. It was the largest experiment of its kind in the world and it showed conclusively that conservation measures can be very effective in meeting society’s energy needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The mining industry is strong in ore extraction (450,000 tons of chromite and copper ores in 2010) and production of construction materials (3.8 million tons of limestone in 2010). Based on a comparison with other countries, and assuming that generation is proportional to GDP, the level of industrial waste generation in Albania is estimated to be 170,000 tons per annum. Information on the quantity or types of industrial waste is not collected in Albania.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
All countries should make access to basic health care and health promotion the central strategies for reducing mortality and morbidity. Sufficient resources should be assigned so that primary health services attain full coverage of the population. Governments should strengthen health and nutrition information, education and communication activities so as to enable people to increase their control over and improve their health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Such dominant policies have focused on cutting back deficit financing of public expenditure and minimizing the tax burden on private enterprises. The emphasis on privatization undermines government action. It is argued that government spending is not only inflationary, but also tends to crowd out private investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article examines a community's reaction to the poaching of a large elk. Extending the Durkheimian approach to nature, crime, law, and social control, this study discusses the anguish and anger provoked by the infraction, tributes to the fallen animal, calls for more severe and certain sanctions for poaching, and the boundaries affirmed in the incident's aftermath. The implications of this communal response to a wildlife offense for criminalization and conceptions of community are considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Economist Intelligence Unit, London. Note: the indicator on access to childcare indicates the availability, affordability and quality of childcare services, as well as the role of the extended family in providing childcare, the indicator on women’s access to finance programmes expresses the availability of outreach programmes for women that target the provision of financial services through either government initiatives or private lenders. See Economist Intelligence Unit (2012) for details on the construction of both indices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)