albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The construction of oil and natural gas pipelines can also have ecosystem impacts, affecting habitat and disrupting land and water resources (Consumer Energy Report, 2010). The transmission and distribution of electricity also has environmental impacts, primarily related to land use, habitat, and related impacts of construction and maintenance of the transmission/distribution system. Most renewable energy technologies are either used on-site or use the established transmission/distribution system for electricity distribution. For remote generation sites, new transmission facilities may be required, with associated environmental impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Moreover, voluntary (tax deductible) contributions to private or occupational pension schemes are included in current transfers paid in the Danish definition (see text). By contrast, other countries exclude negative incomes from the collected data. To maximize crosscountry comparability, the OECD definition follows this standard and does not allow negative income elements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Similarly, in New-Zealand, the New Zealand Teaching Council (NZTC), the professional body of teachers, played a leading role in defining teaching standards, with the extensive involvement of the profession, employers and teacher unions (OECD, 2013(2]). The bases for the standards in these cases are national education laws, codes of professional practices, and experts’ advice (ibid.). This involvement establishes an inherent link between teacher education and standards, as these stakeholders transmit their values, experience and knowledge in formulating the standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Tunisia and Morocco could register GDP gains of 1.4 and 2.5 per cent, respectively (figure 3.24). Equally, oil-producing countries could benefit from the regional integration process as they would make profits from improved market access and from migrants that have a larger propensity to consume in hosting countries. The impact is most significant in the non-oil producing countries that could experience a reduction in the unemployment rates of both unskilled and skilled labour by around 5 basis points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Declining birth rates, for example, may drive down the demand for new teachers, and longer tertiary education can delay the entrance of teachers to the labour market. The ageing of teachers increases school costs, which limits the resources available to implement other initiatives at the school level (OECD, 2016: Education at a Glance 2016, indicator D5). The proportion is equal or more than 35% in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, the Netherlands, Portugal and the Slovak Republic. At the other end of the spectrum, in most countries with available data, 20% of pre-primary teachers are under the age of 30. Only in Australia, Korea, Japan, New' Zealand, Turkey and the United Kingdom does the proportion of pre-primary teachers under the age of 30 equal or exceed 25% (Figure 3.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, some countries that did not enjoy significant economic growth were also successful in reducing poverty. This shows that economic growth by itself cannot explain poverty changes and that income inequality is of paramount importance as a poverty reduction factor. After decomposing the poverty changes caused by economic growth and by shifts in inequality, they concluded that it was the rich who profited most from economic growth, as the average income of the wealthiest 20% increased by more than the average income overall.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While some of the water used by irrigated agriculture is reused by other downstream users or diverted to meet environmental needs, a large share is consumed in evapotranspiration (the share being close to the total with modern irrigation techniques). Losses also result in groundwater sources which are no longer economic to pump (OECD, 2010a). For the country as a whole, irrigation accounts for 58% of total water abstractions and for about 72% of water abstractions for consumptive water use in 2005 and 2006 (non-consumptive use includes water use for electricity generation or for cooling purposes) according to the most recent published data (see Figure 4.2). This is a bigger share than in most OECD countries behind only Greece, Turkey and Australia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Safety refers to the degree of physical and emotional security in the school, and to an orderly disciplinary climate (Goldstein, Young and Boyd, 2008[89i, Gregory, Cornell and Fan, 2012[90i, Wang and Degol, 2016, p. 3[87j). Institutional reflects the organisational and structural features of the school environment associated with effective teaching and learning (Thapa etal., School climate: A review of the construct, measurement, and impact on student outcomes”, Educational Psychology Review, Vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Whereas in 1997 just under one-third of households were receiving a grant, by 2007 this proportion had risen to about one-half. It should be noted that the 2007 data from which the quintiles are constructed is cruder than in previous years and thus the 2007 data is not strictly comparable with the earlier years). More than half of households in the bottom quintile receive some income from the Child Support Grant, in comparison with only 9% of households in the top quintile. In keeping with the earlier finding that the size of the Old Age Pension is sufficient to lift many households out of the poorest quintile, households receiving the Old Age Pension are more likely to be in the second and third quintile rather than the very poorest quintile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Coverage is also high in Brazil, partly thanks to a rural pension, equal to the minimum wage, for which only a proof of past rural work-not contributions - is required. Mexico is another interesting case that has travelled the path towards widespread coverage quite rapidly in the past two decades (Willmore 2014).The Pension Alimentaria (Maintenance Pension), a universal old age pension for residents of Mexico City, was first paid in 2001 and legislated as a right in 2003 for older adults aged 70 or over (reduced to 68 or over in 2009). This experience encouraged the development of a number of NC pension schemes at the regional and national level. The age of eligibility was reduced to 65 and the benefit is now a flat transfer equivalent to about US$39.9 Per month (Table 7-1, see also Willmore 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Vehicle to person: person crossing the road, 2. Vehicle to person: person walking along the road, 3. Vehicle to person: person lying/standing on the road, 4. Vehicle to person: with a vehicle driving backward (at a car park etc.), Vehicle to person: other (passenger in a bus, person walking inside a bus terminal etc.),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It was the first state to ratify the Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (Kiev, 2003). It translates into domestic law the first aspect of the Aarhus Convention and the related European Directive (2003/4/EC), and repeals the previous Act of 1992. Disclosure must be made within one month after receipt of the request, or two months if the information is especially complex.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Export restrictions by many or all countries concurrently would directly exacerbate the world market price spike and its negative consequences for the poor (FAO et al., The most severe recession in recent years was the one that accompanied the 1997-99 Asian financial crisis. In this case real, GDP per person declined by 11% (Pardede, 1999), and real consumption and investment were similarly affected (Figure 3.12). However, recessions within Indonesia are not necessarily caused by international crises. Examples are the recessions of 1981-82 and 1985, which occurred for domestic reasons. This scenario looks at a broadly based macroeconomic slowdown caused by an economy-wide collapse in production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
There are no similar criteria established in the context of the SDGs (in terms of disctance or time) for sanitation facilities, as basic sanitation services require improved facilities that are not shared with other households (and are thus located on-site). While human rights laws do not require services to be provided bee of charge, States have an obligation to provide free services or put adequate subsidy mechanisms in place to ensure that services always remain affordable for the poor” (De Albuquerque, 2014, p. 35). Moreover, disconnection of water services because of failure to pay due to a lack of means may constitute a violation of human rights (HRC, 2014). A number of countries13 have defined national standards, and international organizations14 have developed recommendations in this regard.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In 2013, female full-time workers earned nearly 13.4% less than their male peers (Figure 2.13). The gender wage gap is unadjusted and calculated as the difference between the median earnings of men and women relative to men’s median earnings. Estimates of earnings used in the calculations refer to the gross earnings of full-time wage and salary workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Middle-class households are not immune: on average nearly 9% of mortgaged middle-class homeowners are overburdened by their monthly mortgage payment across OECD countries. Significant numbers of people are homeless: while statistics are difficult to compare, most OECD countries report that 1 to 8 people in every thousand lack regular access to housing. In addition, many households live in low-quality dwellings: 15% of low-income households live in overcrowded dwellings and 14% do not have access to an indoor flushing toilet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Nordic countries share a long history, and their political systems are quite similar, which makes a Nordic Assessment relevant and appropriate. One example is that there is a well developed fiscal system and a possibility of working with green incentives, such as taxes, fees and subsidies. One other similarity - for Sweden, Norway and Finland, and the Danish coastline - is the right of common access (allemansratten), which provides better opportunities for the public to interact with nature. However, the extent of the right of common access varies from country to country, and in certain regions within a country there are different common access rights, such as between Aland and Finland. In contrast to most parts of the world, the landscape outside settled areas is accessible and people do not rely as heavily on protected areas for outdoor recreation as they do in many other countries. An assessment of the Nordic region will allow for the exploration of several transboundary issues, including water quality and quantity, fisheries, climate change, air pollution and migratory species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Using six of the dimensions constructed by Gordon et al (2003), i.e. nutrition, water, sanitation, health, shelter, information, excluding education because it was less relevant for under-fives, Roche (2013) observed a reduction in both incidence and intensity of multidimensional child poverty between 2000 and 2007 in Bangladesh. Following Gordon et al (2003) and the Global Study on Child Poverty and Disparities (UNICEF, 2007), MODA uses the international children's rights framework (United Nations, 1989,1995, United Nations General Assembly, 2000) to guide the choice of dimensions of deprivation and treats the child, rather than the household, as the unit of analysis. It recognizes that poverty and deprivation may affect children differently to adults.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
We will follow the owner of the money and the owner of labour-power into the hidden foci of production, crossing the threshold of the portal above which is written, ‘No admittance except on business’. Karl Marx, Das Kapital The framing of post-conflict political economy issues for war-torn societies has closely followed developmentalist models for promoting macroeconomic discipline, private business and global integration. Although the Washington consensus that informed early transformation projects has been declared dead and replaced by more nuanced approaches to foster poverty reduction and social protection, this reformist consensus was disrupted by the United States at the UN New York summit of September 2005. Besides, the reformist assumption remained within the terms of debate and practice that springs from epistemologies of political economy grounded in the telos of disciplinary liberal capitalism. This is evidenced, with reference to peacebuilding in Bosnia, by the silence cultivated around job cr...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Formerly, Article 47 of the Law 27 of 2001 relating to the Rights and Protection of the Child against Violence defined ‘forced marriage’ as any marriage of a boy or girl of less than 21 years of age, and without his or her consent while ‘child marriage’ is ‘any conjugal living-together of a boy and a girl where one of the two or both of them are below the age provided for [in the Code Civil].’ Articles 48 and 49 of the law of 2001 relating to the rights and protection of the child were repealed by the law N° 54/2011 of 14/12/2011 on the Rights and Protection ofthe Child, which is in force today. Unfortunately, the new law does not define ‘forced marriage.’
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Agency is the National Administrator of the National Registry for GHG Emission Allowance Trading. The Institute has several weather stations included within the Regional Basic Synoptic Network and Regional Basis Climatological Network in RA VI (Europe) - about 40 synoptic and more than 90 climatic stations across the country. There are no Global Surface Network and Global UpperAir Network stations in Bulgaria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This paper provides an overview of the ways in which (consumer) contract law may contribute to the protection of fundamental rights of digital consumers. The distribution and consumption of digital content can touch upon or even conflict with the exercise of fundamental freedoms of consumers, such as the right to privacy or the right to freedom of expression. The paper considers the effects of fundamental rights (such as the protection of privacy, freedom of expression, the right to receive information) on questions concerning the validity of digital content contracts and standard terms. Furthermore, it investigates to what extent fundamental rights (such as non-discrimination, Article 21 EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, and access to services of general economic interest, Article 36 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights) may strengthen the legal framework for guaranteeing consumer access to digital content.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, while the supply may be growing, the demand is unknown. Mechanisms to promote and disseminate the materials vary widely from country to country and the extent to which these materials are being used is difficult to assess. Regional cooperation is strong, and the role of different stakeholders, especially civil society actors, is recognized and appreciated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2014, almost 95% of enterprises in the OECD area had a broadband connection and 76% had a website or home page and 21% sold their products electronically. Over 80% of enterprises used e-government services. However, only 21% conducted sales on line and only 22% used cloud computing services. Overall, there are still large differences across countries in the use of ICT tools and activities within enterprises, suggesting there is much scope for further uptake and use of ICT.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It would seem likely that these trends will continue into the future. These demographic shifts have reduced the average household size, cutting the scope for economies of scale and raising income needs of families, and consequently raising the risk of poverty. This may reflect the high incidences of poverty among the single young and elderly population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For further details, see box 1.1. Compared to 2006, poverty declined by 2.2 percentage points, while extreme poverty decreased by 0.7 points. These variations, following those achieved in earlier years, place the poverty and extreme poverty rates 9.9 and 6.8 percentage points below the 2002 figures, which is significant progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Paper submitted to the FAO-IFAD-ILO Workshop on'Gaps, Trends and Current Research in Gender Dimensions of Agricultural and Rural Employment: Differentiated Pathways out of Poverty'Rome, 31 March - 2 April 2009. D. Sahn (1997), "Gender and Education Impacts on Employment and Earnings inWest Africa: Evidence from Guinea", Economic Development and Cultural Change, pp. Evidence from Cote-d'Ivoire", Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The rice export quota is calculated by the Ministry of Commerce based on monthly market surveys conducted by the latter and production data from the MOA1, in collaboration with a price stabilisation committee. These principles include: common purpose of farmers and buyers, adherence to a legal framework, clear documentation, readability of contracts, due attention and review, disclosure, transparency in price determination, transparency and fairness in clauses relating to quality, input supply and use, fairness in risk sharing, prevention of unfair practices in buyer-farmer relations, honouring contractual terms, open dialogue and clear mechanisms to settle disputes. Export controls were introduced for many commodities and only state enterprises were generally authorised to export.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For example, aquaculture farming along coasts, lakes or rivers can conflict with urban development or tourism. This can create problems related to water quality and scarcity and push aquaculture expansion into less optimal production locations. Furthermore, the high costs of fishmeal, fish oil and other related feeds will serve as a drag on growth as an essential component of production for many species, in particular carnivorous ones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The maps are a cutting-edge ICT-data mapping platform for taking stock of national backbone connectivity (fibre and microwave) as well as of other key metrics of the ICT sector, it currently covers Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, the Arab States, CIS, Europe and Latin America, with data from more than 300 operators. Capacity building events have been organized on electromagnetic compatibility, type approval of mobile terminals, and C&l regimes. These sessions took place at partnering laboratories in the regions. This year the C&l training course focused on the organizational aspects of the conformity assessment from the administrative perspective: the roles of and relationship between the designating authorities, conformity assessment bodies, certification bureaux and test labs. The workshop was aimed at sharing practical experience in the field of the testing (including remote testing) of equipment, new technologies and services. Intelligent transport systems and automated driving are fast moving towards widespread commercialization and market acceptance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The finding of relatively long AFDC spell lengths, at least compared to spell lengths in Norway and Sweden, is maybe not so surprising since the U.S. AFDC primarily targeted highly disadvantaged single mothers, who would generally be expected to remain on welfare for longer. For a 42-month period starting in the late 1980s or early 1990s, they report median spell durations of around 4 months for an individual's first observed spell in Gothenburg and Helsingborg and of 5-6 months for Bremen, Milan and Turin. By contrast, median benefit spell durations are one year for Vitoria, over two years for Barcelona and nearly 3 years for Lisbon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Westhead and Storey (1994) have conducted a series of studies of matched samples and have found little difference in performance, and survival rate between science park and non-science park firms. Westhead (1997) also looked at R&D inputs and outputs and whilst science park firms tended to be a little more R&D intensive than nonscience park firms, again the differences were not significant. Link and Scott (2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Consequently these challenges cannot be solved by unilateral actions confined within national borders. A mechanism that guides concerted action at the global level is required. Global governance can serve as an effective tool in addressing global sustainability issues that require governance across national borders. The key function of global governance is coordination across various dimensions. The objective of this framework is to identify coordination issues in each of these dimensions as part of the design of global governance on sustainability issues. As a case study, the global governance of agri-food is examined, with particular attention to the problems of securing the quantity and quality of food.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Indeed, the level of benefits provided by NC schemes is often too modest. Given the large differences between contributory and NC pension benefit levels, even full NC coverage does not necessarily mean equal protection or equal rights. In fact, most countries have adopted means-tested designs in their NC pension pillars and universal schemes exist only in a few of them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is quite evident in the case of mono-cultivated, intensive crops that use irrigation and increasing amounts of fertilizers and pesticides. Timber resources can be natural or cultivated and are important environmental resources in many countries. They provide inputs for construction and the production of furniture, cardboard, cellulose, paper and other products, and are also a fuel source. Timber resources are defined by the volume of trees, living and dead, which can still be used for timber or fuel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Other interventions (or mix of policies) might be more cost-effective in the short run. A combination of a universal or regionally targeted (starting with those regions where child poverty is more widespread) cash transfer programme for children aged 0 to 5 years old together with a school-feeding programme in poorer regions might represent an effective way to intervene quickly to improve child well-being. As discussed here, given the same amount of budget, a cash transfer provided universally to all children aged 0 to 5 is estimated to lead to child monetary poverty rates that are substantially similar to the case in which a cash transfer is targeted to all children (0 to 14 years old) predicted as poor, by relatively improving the situation of younger children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The well-established pattern of Executive expansionism and limited oversight of Executive action in times of terrorism is problematic from the civil libertarian point of view. How to limit such action has been the subject of much scholarship, a large amount of which focuses on perceptions of institutional competence rather than effectiveness. For the authors the effective control of security-focused state action is to be judged by the extent to which it consists only of action that is necessary and proportionate and thereby strikes an appropriate balance between security exigencies and individual rights. This article, written and structured in dialectic form, presents competing perspectives on effective oversight mechanisms: on the one hand an extra-constitutionalism perspective, proposing a limited role for the Judiciary and emphasising the need for legislative and democratic controls, and on the other an argument for judicial muscularity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)