albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Indeed, large aid flows are going to middle-income countries that are already growing rapidly. If aid were focused on LDCs it would permit a major expansion in the aid flow to LDCs without requiring any increase in OECD aid budgets. As the category of emerging market economy expands, it is important that these countries cease to be aid recipients so that aid can be concentrated on those countries that really need it. In making the case for reallocating aid, three rationales for providing aid to middle-income countries must be countered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Today, it insures about 15 percent of all farmers (Demeke etal., The scheme is based on a yield index approach with payouts triggered when crop yields in a defined area fall below historical yields. For example, in Ethiopia, Nyala Insurance, a private insurance company, offers weather index-based insurance to farmer members of a cooperative, thus achieving some economies of scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
There is a need to incentivize those private sector actors who invest in endeavours that represent positive contributions to the country’s future. Private sector development is also an important vehicle to upskill the workforce with much-needed business skills and exposure to innovation and technology. The economic zone was given special status in July 2014 when the presidency of the Oecussi-Ambeno Special Administrative Region was assigned to Dr Mari Alkatiri, the first Prime Minister of independent Timor-Leste and the current Prime Minister of the Seventh Constitutional Government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This briefing is an exploratory study with the primary aim of analyzing the current status of human resource development (HRD) in the public sector of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG). It evaluates the provision of training strategies and identifying the challenges and future opportunities to the implementation of an institutionalized process. It uses a qualitative approach in which two complementary types of data sources are employed. Data were analyzed using iterative thematic content analysis. This paper suggests that the factors that have posed as obstacles to effective and efficient professional development and training include: lack of a practical HRD model and systematic process specific to KRG's public sector, absence of evaluation procedures, weak civil service training institutions, and corruption. To try to provide a complete picture of HRD in Iraqi Kurdistan, an attempt is also made to describe the relatively undeveloped private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, the IPCP is not as equally well-established and mature as the IPCC in that it does not have an intergovernmental segment but is composed of scientists only. The IPCC is the most important institution within the science-policy interface of the climate regime. In addition, there is a long list of organizations and initiatives supporting systematic observation, climate services, and research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Grundsatze und Umsetzung in den Kantonen, BBT, Bern. Identifying alternatives that work is not an easy task. In Germany for instance, a ‘transition system’ to take care of low performing students at rsik of dropping out of education has developed into an intransparent ‘jungle’ of unrelated measures that often do not even lead to transition. The OECD Policy Review of Germany has criticised this arrangement as costly and inefficient (Hoeckel and Schwartz, forthcoming).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The figures above confirm that monetary poverty and multidimensional deprivation are two different concepts that complement each other when analysing child poverty. Since the correlation between multidimensional deprivation and GDP per capita has been found to be only moderately strong (see Figure 13) the regression has been made more robust by including various control variables. The regression is weighted by the countries' population size. In other words, 63.6%, or just below 300 million children in the 45 countries of sub-Saharan Africa are multidimensionally poor, being deprived in two to five dimensions of basic child rights out of a total of five dimensions analysed per child. Among the children in the 28 selected countries (361 million children in total), 181 million children (50%) are living below the extreme poverty line of $1.25 a day, and 244 million children (67.5%) are multidimensionally deprived.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, governments could themselves be financially affected by stranded assets, as they own 50-70% of global oil, gas and coal resources and collect taxes and royalties on portions they do not own (CPI, 2014). The Bank of England is to conduct an enquiry into the risk of fossil fuel companies causing a major risk to financial stability if future climate change rules render their coal, oil and gas assets worthless. Various elements of environmental, social and governance (ESG) disclosure could help to lower the vulnerability of companies to climate policy and to climate change risks (i.e. stranding or actual destruction of assets).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A decade ago, broadband access was mainly offering hundreds of kbit/s, today it provides access within Mbit/s or tens of Mbit/s (i.e. speeds), enabling such things as the provision of high-definition (HD) video as well as ultra-HD videos. For example, almost all transport networks are now fibre based, and the differences shown in Figure 1.2 refer mainly to the last mile. In 2016, LTE networks were offered in at least 165 countries worldwide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They should also form the basis for food security early warning mechanisms, including better weather forecasting and timely notifications of impending disasters. This might include member states, academic and civil society institutions, farmers’ and women’s associations, the mass media, and bilateral and multilateral agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, it also combines elements from a top-down approach like the selection of areas, organisation of coordination meetings, developing strategies and offering guidance (Faggian, 2017|2i]). The results from this tops-down-bottom-up approach are materialised in the form of a Programme Framework Agreement {Accordo di Programme Quadro), which is a contract among the municipal association, regional and central governments. Project areas are selected through a standardised public proceeding that involves a desk and field analyses of pre-selected areas. Pre-selected areas are analysed with respect to a series of demographic and socio-economic parameters (utilised agricultural area, deforestation, hydrological risk, population losses, entrepreneurship, tourism and cultural heritage, quality of education and health services among others).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Why then should it be adopted at all? The underlying motivation seems to be obsessive zeal with regard to making absolutely certain that no non-necessity enters the poverty-line basket. A monetary poverty line postulated by such a methodology cannot by definition be a basic-needs line: it is guaranteed to short-change the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This is consistent with recent advances in poverty measurement (see Ravallion and Chen, 2009). Although the facts are disputed (Jomo, 2006), there is an extended literature on how low levels of inequality were conducive to growth in East Asia (see World Bank, 1993). The inference from this literature is that strong economic growth is difficult to sustain in the context of high inequalities. In addition, Amsden (2001) suggests that countries with high income inequalities have had much less success at promoting national industries because of the difficulties in mobilising public support behind “national champions”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Improved understanding will be important in the design of forest-related measures aimed at alleviating poverty. Ecosystem services include water regulation, soil formation, protection against erosion and landslides, nutrient circulation, biodiversity conservation, agroecosystem stability, pest control, and pollination. Despite their fundamental importance, these services are often misunderstood and undervalued, partly because of their complexity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In Bangladesh, the sudden and large-scale nature of the Rohingya refugee crisis led to deforestation and increased risk of flash flooding and landslides. The impacts of climate change, which increase the risk factors for extreme and unpredictable weather patterns and events, also contribute to environmental fragility. Widespread heat-waves stretch humanitarian and health systems and point to the necessity of preparing institutions to reach the most vulnerable. The tenuous security situation makes DRR activities more challenging.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For example, in Australia the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centres (EPPIC) scheme was extended to young people to improve their access to mental health care. The motivation for doing this came from survey findings that 25% of people reporting mental disorders in Australia have their first mental ill-health episode before the age of 12, and 64% before the age of 21, and that a large treatment gap existed for this group. To take an example from Finland, when survey information highlighted groups with a particularly high suicide rate, suicide prevention was appropriately tailored towards these groups and successfully contributed to a reduced suicide rate. Investments in population-targeted surveys are most fruitful if such surveys are used to promote access to appropriate treatment, which necessitates investment and reflection around good referral and treatment pathways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In a sense, the increasing costs of two scarce resources (water and natural gas) are motivating necessary adjustments in water use. Guerrero et al., ( Part of the reduction is due to changes in crop choices (2.3%), and leaving land fallow (4.1%), while part is due also to smaller applications of irrigation water (11.4%). Much of the increase has been motivated by increasing demand for agricultural products in Georgia and by the increasing use of center pivot irrigation systems, beginning in the late 1970s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As discussed further below, in theory also the composition of the dispatchable portion of supply is likely to change as variable renewables tend to initiate a shift from high-fixed cost technologies such as nuclear towards low-fixed costs technologies such as open cycle gas turbines due to the reduction in load factors. Depending on government policies, future fuel costs and carbon pricing, the final outcomes are very difficult to predict as operators will compose new least-cost configurations adapted to the new circumstances. These are difficult to grasp conceptually, very difficult to quantify at the current stage of debate and may not constitute welfare-relevant externalities in the sense that grid-level or other technical externalities do. However, they may well constitute the impacts that are currently most acutely felt by electricity producers and may in the long run have the most profound effect on the operations and structure of electricity markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This collaborative mechanism is designed to provide incentives for developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from their forest and peatland sectors. A broad range of stakeholders - governments, multilateral organisations, civil society, indigenous groups and other forest-dependent communities, academia and the private sector - are included in all REDD+ planning and implementation processes. This chapter describes how REDD+ works and draws out some common denominators among the partnerships it promotes. With only a few exceptions - most notably, Brazil, which has slashed its deforestation rates over the past decade - the clear tendency in many countries is towards a continued and drastic decline in forest cover. While it is not known precisely how fast or how much forest is being lost, some estimates hold that 130 000 km2 disappear every year (FAO, 2010) - an area the size of Nicaragua or England. Most of this loss occurs in tropical areas, such as the great rainforests of the Amazon, the Congo basin, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
After 2015, further disparities have emerged between large metropolitan areas, where unemployment rates have continued to decline, and other parts of the country. These dynamics create special problems for crafting appropriate policy responses as quite different labour market conditions can coexist across relatively short distances. Similar differences hold for unemployment, ranging from just 1.7% in Hawaii to 7.3% in Alaska. At the metropolitan area level the rates vary from 1.5% in Ames, Iowa to almost 18% in El Centro in California (where the State-w ide rate is close to the national average at 4.2%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Given the vital role of water in civilization, multinational water bodies have long been a subject of international law, developing over the centuries a relatively rich body of international customary law. The UN Convention is intended to be a “framework” treaty (5th preamble), establishing general legal principles which could lead to further refinement in protocols and multilateral agreements on specific watercourses. Europe, with many more centuries of watercourse-related development, has an immense array of international freshwater treaties. The Helsinki Convention, while compatible with the 1997 UN Convention on International Watercourses, is both narrower and broader. International environmental law and policies are slowly but surely being integrated into international water law.Customary international law and the modern treaties now recognize a number of important principles with regard to internationally shared water resources.  Keywords:1997 UN Convention, customary international law, groundwater, international freshwater, international freshwater resource, international watercourse
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To avoid perceptions of inequity, a different approach is to pay the same cash transfer amount throughout the country, but to add subsidies or vouchers for the urban poor to allow them to access transport and other services. Yet urban poverty and deprivations are rising even though national poverty rates have halved. Moreover, anti-poverty policies and social protection interventions remain biased towards the rural poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article will explore the dilemmas that Albania has been experiencing in implementing the rule of law during the past two decades with particular attention to the political institutional obstacles, including the difficulties of establishing an independent judiciary and the pervasiveness of corruption. The concept of the rule of law will be the lens through which the difficulties of the democratization process will be examined. The lack of transparency in the legislature and more broadly in the political decision-making process, and the divisive and leader-dominated political party system are two additional obstacles that Albania is facing in consolidating democracy. Since its first post-communist election in 1991, Albania has experienced challenges in conducting legitimate elections that meet international standards. The political and cultural environment where these political institutions operate and from which they have been constructed will provide the backdrop for analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is supported by a dedicated customer website and customer contact centre. It is also necessary to tailor these programmes to avoid unnecessary customer contact. Affordability issues for households facing appreciably higher tariffs have been addressed by a three year “changeover tariff’ to smooth out the increase and, for households affected by real affordability challenges, there is a Support Tariff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Most national curricula include subjects that specifically target students' social and emotional skills, such as physical and health education, civic and citizenship education, and moral or religious education. Some countries also incorporate the development of social and emotional skills in the core curriculum. In addition, many OECD students participate in school governance and classroom management as alternative forms of extracurricular activities. These activities help students to develop the skills necessary for living in democratic societies, such as negotiating, teamwork and taking responsibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In a context where poverty levels are known to be significant, and where governments are generally under severe fiscal constraints, the care of patients from the lower income brackets has become an important social concern. If the savings capacity and the human capital of the economy are compromised by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, the ability of the economy to regenerate itself at a higher level will also be compromised. This is an important concern for the Caribbean given recent theoretical work coming out of the University of West Indies (UWI) which suggests that, in its interdependence with the economic system, the health system has the potential for converting a downturn into downward spiral (Thomas, 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The fiscal space to fund such expenditures requires a reformulation of the way we understand financingfor development and gender equality. Financing for gender equality is an investment that yields an income stream in the future, as a result of the beneficial development and growth effects of improvements of women’s absolute and relative economic well-being. Adopting this approach will require a change in thinking about public finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
During the period 2000-2013, Africa’s expenditure on research and development as a share of GDP marginally increased, by 0.23 per cent, in North Africa and 0.01 per cent in the rest of Africa. Regardless of the marginal increases in Africa, the figures are substantially lower than those of other groups of countries. In 2013, developed countries registered increases of 2.36 per cent, developing countries 1.16 per cent and the world as a whole 1.70 per cent. A similar trend is also observed for Africa in terms of the number of full-time researchers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As in most ASEAN countries, poverty and undernourishment rates have both significantly improved in recent decades, and indications are that this trend will continue. Nevertheless, over 19 million people remain undernourished (FAO, 2015), the largest absolute number in the Southeast Asian region. Indicators of malnutrition also remain at alarming levels - in 2013, more than a third of children under the age of five were stunted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In general, worse outcomes along the non-income spectrum are correlated with being in the lower levels of the income distribution. Earnings account for about three quarters of household income among the working-age population (OECD, 2011a). In most cases, as discussed in Chapter 2, the earnings of the richest 10% of employees have increased more rapidly than those of the poorest 10%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This failure is not only in contravention of human rights obligations but is also inconsistent with commitments to encourage family cohesion as a way to achieve sustainable development. The achievement of the SDGs requires taking comprehensive measures for protecting and assisting families as well as ensuring substantive equality for all their members. Plan of Action on the Family in Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is also no evidence that the programmes have discouraged labour-market participation or encouraged households to move elsewhere (Gilligan, Hoddinott and Taffesse, 2008). As the country's economy and democratic system are both weak, it relies heavily on international aid to generate, institutionalize, and implement a disaster risk management system (Koivisto, 2014). The preparation of disaster prevention, mitigation and recovery policies thus forms part of the country's development. For that reason, Mozambique has an institutional framework represented in the National Disaster Management Institute, which has national, regional and local offices (Macaringue, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Taking account of the specificities of the European Union (EU) legal order and drawing on the jurisprudence of the relevant courts at European and international level, this chapter advocates for a return to the basics of treaty interpretation, as a way to solving the interpretative impasse. It proposes a method of systemic and (meta-)teleological construction, relying on the human rights standards contained in the Charter of Fundamental Rights and the founding values of the organisation.This demonstrates that autonomy and purposiveness in the interpretation of specialised rules do not automatically amount to autarky and fragmentation. The autonomous reading of EU asylum law does not produce a conflict of norms with international humanitarian law (IHL) that would require the invocation of the  lex specialis  standard, in either of the acceptions identified by the International Law Commission.  Keywords: European Union (EU) asylum law, human rights, international humanitarian law (IHL), International Law Commission
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Silent invasion: The spread of marine invasive species via ships’ ballast water”, WWF International, Gland, Switzerland, www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/Studv Silent Invasion.pdf. Marine problems: Pollution”, World Wildlife Federation, wwf.panda.org/a bout our earth/blue planet/problems/pollution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Poverty reduction policies will increasingly have to consider this demographic change and include measures to ensure that health care is kept affordable and that guaranteed pension benefits can provide a decent living for older persons. However, at best migration flows can be only a part of the response to this challenge (see United Nations, 2007). The extent to which developed societies will be willing to absorb additional large inflows of labour migrants may be limited. On the sending side, remittances bring benefits, but emigration can also lead to an increasing brain drain and shortages of skilled workers, which may limit domestic economic and social development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Exclusionary and fear-based politics are deepening societal divisions and breeding conflict and instability, millions are being forcibly displaced due to violent conflicts and humanitarian catastrophes. Amid global socio-economic and political turmoil, not only is gender equality out or reach but women's rights are facing renewed resistance from different kinds of fundamentalism. Civic space is shrinking and women's human rights defenders are facing threats and persecution by both state and non-state actors.'
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The students scored around the OECD average in reading and science and above the OECD average in mathematics. The student plans are meant to strengthen the foundation of the educational planning and organization, support the current evaluation of the individual students and strengthen collaboration between home and school. Furthermore, linguistic screening of children in kindergarten class is compulsory. Especially the goals for reading, mathematics, natural science and English were strengthened. The goals were no longer recommendations, but binding goals for the schools to follow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)