albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, a recent study in South Africa shows that many young fathers want to be active parents and have a strong sense of responsibility towards their children but they are unable to provide financially. Moreover they are frequently rejected by the mothers' families if unable to contribute financially (Swartz et al., Many comprise three generations or multiple adults in addition to or in place of an adolescent's parent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The historical trends suggest this is eminently possible if resources allow (Figure 5.1). Its new vision aims to increase the proportion of learners enrolled in SMK schools to 60% by 2020, with 40% in academic senior secondary schools (sekolah menengah atas, or SMAs), compared with the current division of 49% in SMKs and 51% in SMAs. Although enrolment rates in SMK institutions are growing, the tendency is that junior secondary school students are more likely to enter SMA schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
An important objective of the National Forest Programme (2002) is to promote a conversion to "close to nature forestry" (Fourth Country Report to CBD - Denmark 2010). The primary threat to forests is grazing, mainly by sheep, which hinders rejuvenation of native woodlands. Introduction of new pest species and changes in pest dynamics due to climate change also pose a significant threat towards native as well as introduced tree species (Halldorsson et al. This causes habitat changes as well as fragmentation of forest habitats, which has caused degradation of biodiversity and is likely to decrease the ecological resilience of the boreal forests towards natural hazards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The grouping of the regions into four large areas with distinct characteristics (Southern, Western and Northern and Eastern) is explained in Annex 5. The regions were further divided into sub-groups according to type of work identified in the NSSO surveys. For example, the rural sub-population was split into self-employed and non-self-employed workers, as the self-employed group seems to have substantially different determinants of participation in the regressions (see Annex 5) and in the statistical analysis (see Figure 4 above) than the other occupations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
El crecimiento se basa en parte en la explotacion del trabajo y los recursos humanos femeninos. Por ultimo, en el regimen de restricciones salariales, el aumento de los salarios de las mujeres ocasiona una reduccion del crecimiento, pero su mayor participacion en el mercado laboral mejora la produccion de capacidades humanasyse obtiene un crecimiento inestable. Este analisis de politicas parte de la hipotesis de que el crecimiento, la reproduccion social y la igualdad de genero estan interconectados de una forma que convierte al trabajo de cuidados en un factor determinante clave para los resultados de las politicas macroeconomicas, del crecimientoy del desarrollo.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In a review of government-sponsored training in Denmark, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States and Sweden, better outcomes were found for women participants and the long-term unemployed, whereas poorer results were found for older workers and youth (Card, Kluve and Weber, 2015[24i, McCall, Smith and Wunsch, 2016|22|). Not all approaches work for all learner profiles. For instance, McCall et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Understanding and addressing the potential distributional impacts of biodiversity policies and reforms are important to ensure their political acceptability and success (OECD, 2008). A study of Eastern Cape in South Africa, for example, showed that a change from livestock forming to eco-tourism resulted in the doubling of the number of jobs per hectare and a fourfold increase in income per hectare (OECD, 2013c). Finally, information on existing biodiversity finance, including needs and gaps, is also required to help plan and implement effective mainstreaming policies (discussed in Section 2.6). While a number of these have been undertaken, they vary greatly in terms of their objectives, scope and type.28 An example of a high-quality National Biodiversity Assessment (NBA) is that of South Africa (DEA and SANBI, 2011) which is at the forefront of international practice in terms of methodology, quality of data and level of analysis (OECD, 2013c). It presents the state of biodiversity across terrestrial, freshwater, estuarine and marine environments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This is especially useful since some women entrepreneurs report that the process of applying for a loan appears “too complicated” (Vital Voices, 2013). In addition, the information sharing and networking possibilities generated by such technologies could further pave the way for innovation in the field of SME finance for women-owned businesses. The UAE is an interesting example (see Box 3.1) of the focus of the national reform agenda for bank financing on SMEs as well as women. Banks can take actions to enhance their transparency, improve information sharing and their outreach efforts to deepen their penetration of this new market segment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Total volumes of harvested hay include reserve stocks of hay for wildlife. Decorative plants are mostly seedlings of coniferous and broad-leaved species, which have been raised in nurseries for the puipose of planting greenery. Seeds from trees, and bushes and shrubs, are mainly harvested for growing the planting material (seedlings).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Any long-term analysis of science parks in the United Kingdom reveals a number in older industrial cities that have been absorbed by neighbouring universities or converted into generic business and office space, whilst some of the more successful ones have been located in local economies that were booming before the formation of the park (Surrey is a good example). In the case of Sweden, Lofsten and Lindelof (2002) found that for new technology-based firms (NTBFs), those based in science parks had a higher rate of employment and sales growth than comparative NTBFs which were not located in parks. There was, however, no clear relationship with firm profitability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In one case, it would be unreasonable for any poverty line, however defined to go below such a floor. In the other, the point is moot, as such an absolute need cannot be measured independently of the distribution of welfare. Whether one takes the first or the second view has implications for how relative poverty lines are set in countries where standard relative poverty lines (such as 50% of the median) equate with a standard of living below cost-of-basic-needs defined by absolute poverty lines. This is consistent with recent advances in poverty measurement (see Ravallion and Chen, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This is true at all times but perhaps even more so during times of economic downturns when risks may be higher especially among some vulnerable population groups. It is clear that families reduce their health care consumption during times of economic crises. The empirical analysis confirms that higher unemployment is related to fewer doctor consultations, diagnostic exams and some procedures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While quotas compensate for actual barriers that prevent women from their fair share of the political seats, it has been argued that they contradict the principles of equal opportunity since women are given preference over men.17 It has also been observed that quotas are hard to apply in single winner systems, where each party nominates a single candidate per district. Furthermore, the re-election of parliament members restricts the rate of member turnover at each election, which makes gender quotas difficult to comply with. A glance at the number of female Heads of State or Government reveals that these positions remain elusive for women. Notable developments in both developing and developed countries include the election of female Heads of State or Government in Iceland in 2009, in Haiti and the Republic of Moldova in 2008, Argentina, India and Ukraine in 2007, Chile in 2006 and Germany and Liberia in 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Introduction PART I INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW I. Scope II. From National to International Responsibility III. The Rule of Law and International Accountability PART II PRACTICE IV. The International Criminal Court V. National Proceedings (Including Amnesties) VI. Universal Jurisdiction VII. Immunity VIII. ICC Enforcement: Cooperation of States, Including the Security Council IX. Cornerstone or Stumbling Block? The United States and the ICC PART III CONCLUSION: SYSTEMIC CHANGE AND INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE Sources Index
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example when a school is planned, money is put aside to ensure that there are adequate toilets that can be used by girls. Not only that, but in its efforts to improve access to running water, the government also collects information on the number of girls who have to collect water in rural areas, a burden that can prevent them from attendina school. In the same year, Morocco removed several of its reservations to CEDAW, in relation to women's rights to nationality and to rights within marriage and the family.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, a central concern is that much of the plan has yet to be implemented, and that while on paper women appear to be equal to men, in practice inequality remains. Women need training to be able to perform well in the positions they occupy and to make a difference. Women are also still discriminated against - for example, while women are present within the military and serve alongside men, they face abuse and ill treatment (Kagumire 2010). Furthermore, despite their presence in the formal institutions of governance, much like in Rwanda they remain underrepresented in formal peace negotiations (Binder et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, output-based financing has shown positive results. But overall, whether private or public, the available financing or refinancing options for solid waste management remains minimal, necessitating the need to choose those financing models that are most likely to secure revenue and investment capital while delivering reliable services. Such financing models should integrate mechanisms that support good governance, accountability, and reporting and monitoring that matches the global standards and indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For this purpose, the stated capacity increase of wind and PV power plants is divided by the increase of the stated grid reinforcement costs or the difference of the stated grid costs. No additional costs for information and communication technologies which are required for the implementation of smart grids are explicitly considered. A striking feature is that the traditional daily, weekly and seasonal patterns of the demand load are no longer reflected in the residual load, which is dominated by the variability of renewable generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Furthermore, Industry and Member States of ITU-T can benefit from converged and aligned standards. The platform can realize data parsing, data storage and data management, thus achieving the comprehensive telecom operation analysis among users, services, networks and terminals. Based on the China Unicom Xingkong Big Data Platform, some CUXBDP-supported products were produced for a series of industries, including finance, transport, tourism, government, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There are new education and training options - some of them vocational - which may not be well understood by students, teachers and parents. With young people staying in education in many countries longer than ever before, they need access to better information about the consequences of their decisions from an early age and to build effective decision-making skills for their work choices. Research has shown how easy it is for young people, especially from more disadvantaged backgrounds, to get caught out as they seek to move into work after education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is common practice to set even municipal dumpsites on the fringes of water courses or in river beds, in bushes or along railways. These sites often lack fences, and it is possible to find children playing and animals wandering through them. The dumped waste often self-ignites, emitting dangerous pollutants and greenhouse gases into the air, and contaminates the soil and the water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Note that this refers to all cash transfers taken together. Separating out benefits for younger people (Immervoll and Richardson, 2011) shows that benefit rates for the 15-54 year-olds are lower than for the 54-64 year-olds in all countries and much lower in some (Czech Republic, Finland, Poland, Switzerland). This reflects the generosity of disability and early-retirement payments relative to unemployment and family benefits. As a result, the overall finding of a declining redistributive capacity of tax-benefit policies has mainly affected those aged below 55.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Both are deemed important in fostering economic development. As the availability of initial finance for projects is a frequently stated reason why women do not take part in the labour market, higher financial depth should promote participation through increased availability of credit. At the same time, having an own bank account has been shown to promote female economic independence and say within the household. Financial depth and breadth are hypothesised to positively affect the female labour force participation (World Bank 2012, OECD 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There would be no need to protect short lived innovations from wholesale copying for a period of more than a few years. This right, which could last for up to 20 years, could be preceded by a much briefer period of market exclusivity for the inventor (e.g. one or two years), in order to give him the opportunity to establish his brand. Under the subsequent, longer period of compensation, the original innovator would be prevented from blocking the access of competitors to his innovation, unless wholesale duplication is sought. Competitors would be authorized not only to use the innovation for research activities to develop a superior product, but also to make and sell that product. This differs from a utility model or patent regime, under which an experimental use or research exception may enable competitors to use the protected substance for improvement-oriented research, but not for the sale or other commercialization of the results of their research before the expiry of the underlying product patent, unless a license (voluntary or compulsory) is granted (see below, Section 3.1.2, experimental use exception).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
At least 13 dedicated multilateral climate funds have invested in agricultural, forestry and fisheries projects or programmes since 2010. Their size varies notably (see Figure). Although bilateral and multilateral climate finance employs a range of financial instruments, grants predominate, particularly in the case of dedicated multilateral climate funds and bilateral donors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Prior to zoning revisions required by state planning laws adopted in 1973 (Comprehensive Land Use Planning Co-ordination Act, Oregon) and 1990 (Growth Management Act, Washington), residential zoning in the suburbs set large minimum sizes for new subdivisions. As late as 1978, the average minimum size for a new residential subdivision lot in the Metro urban growth boundary (outside the downtown Portland area) was 13 000 ft2 (Ketcham et al., A number of suburban cities in the region prohibited apartments. Instead of requiring a connected system of streets in new subdivisions, cities allowed developers to establish cul-de-sac communities that funnelled auto trips onto state highways. Residential development was haphazard and uncoordinated, led by private developers rather than by public investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It confirmed the importance of moving from paper-based to digital trade processes to reduce trade costs, which remain too high for many countries and stakeholders in the region to effectively participate and benefit from import and export activities. The need for paperless trading has been acknowledged in many bilateral and regional trade agreements since the mid-1990s, but actual implementation has been slow and often limited to pilot projects and/or bilateral exchanges of specific documents. Arguably the most advanced plurilateral cross-border paperless trade initiative of the region, the ASEAN Single Window (ASW) has seen significant delays since it was launched in 2005 and its implementation remained partial as of 2017, essentially limited to exchange of the preferential certificate of origin (CEPT Form D) among a subset of ASEAN members on a pilot basis. It provides, however, a useful basis for some of the digital trade facilitation solutions to be developed under the Framework Agreement on Facilitation of Cross-border Paperless Trade in Asia and the Pacific (FA-PT).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Furthermore, with technological change continuously leading to new standards, they can help ensure that the needs of SMEs are taken into account. This role is complex, because the technical backup needed for an effective regulatory environment involves numerous interdependent institutions. Shortcomings in a single institution can trigger systemic problems. There is considerable research assessing the effect of certification on enterprise performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They bypass some of the major constraints that SMEs face when applying for traditional finance tools and expand SME access to finance in general. This includes access to trade finance through mobile phone-based money (Box 2). It was launched in 2007 by Vodafone for Safaricom and Vodacom, the two largest mobile network operators in Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania, respectively. It has since expanded to Afghanistan, Albania, India, Romania, and South Africa. It is estimated to have contributed to a drop of two percentage points in poverty rates in Kenya, with larger reductions among women-headed households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In this light policies to promote balanced development should not neglect primary cities because they are at the crux of economic innovation and growth. Policymakers should therefore tailor location-based industrial policies to the needs of targeted sectors and firms. Thus governments should foster these advantages by supporting knowledge-based institutions and mechanisms for knowledge sharing between firms of different sizes and sectors in large cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Gender-sensitive indicators can enhance accountability and aid in prioritising gender equality and making the case that gender issues should be taken seriously. Finally, they can enable better planning and actions by providing information for adjusting programmes and activities to increase their impact and by measuring gender mainstreaming within organisations. Women’s empowerment, therefore, cannot be measured by a single indicator and requires both quantitative and qualitative indicators (see Box 4.14) that can draw data from censuses, labour-force surveys, etc.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For larger-scale, specialised programmes, especially for programmes that involve the financing of capital investments, special institutional arrangements are recommended. These special arrangements may take many institutional forms and involve various types of implementing units (OECD, 2007). Regardless of the institutional form, public environmental expenditure management should involve institutional structures and procedures that promote environmental effectiveness, embody fiscal prudence, and efficiently utilise financial and human resources. This means hiring skilled, trained personnel with a dedicated focus on the programme. Environmental programmes of EUR 50 mln (USD 55 mln) annually and about 200 contracts per year, implemented in Central and Eastern Europe generally need staff of more than 20 people. In the case of the programme discussed in this study, given the relatively small number of contracts and homogenous types of investments required, only 5 people will be needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Armed conflict on the African continent has witnessed increasing recruitment of child soldiers, often at the hands of non-state armed groups. Unfortunately this practice continues unabated in the face of legal obligations prohibiting the recruitment of child soldiers under international humanitarian law, and international and regional human rights law. While international condemnation of the practice has led to attempts to increase the minimum age for recruitment to 18, a disjuncture persists between the legal obligations states sign up to, and the actual enforcement of these prohibitions at a domestic level. International criminal law jurisprudence emanating from the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the International Criminal Court is being monitored closely, as these courts seek to enforce the prohibition in all armed conflicts, and against both state actors and non-state armed groups. International humanitarian law only protects child soldiers who have been unlawfully recruited. In this piece, the au...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Centre for Conflict Resolution, HIV/AIDS and Militaries in Africa (Cape Town, South Africa), (http://www.ccr.org.za/images/stories/Vol_28_hivaids_miUtaries.pdf) (accessed 5 September 2011). Priscilla A. Akwara, Gabriel B. Fosu, Pav Govindasamy, Silvia Alayon and Ani Hyslop, An In-Depth Analysis of HIV Prevalence in Ghana: Further Analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys Data (Calverton, MD: ORC Macro, 2005), p. 10. Ghana AIDS Commission, Ghana HIV/AIDS Strategic Framework: 2001-2005 (Accra: Ghana AIDS Commission, 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It has been 20 years since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, which shone a spotlight on the serious ecological deterioration of our planet and its implications for human well-being, and yet we are still facing the same problems, compounded by new challenges that have resulted from the absence of a global perspective and the limited action taken. Some progress has been made, but we are still far from achieving sustainable development. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) emphasized the great importance of growth (but from the perspective of a green economy), as well as the need for institutional arrangements that foster sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
ABSTRACTScholarship explores the impact of human rights abuse and state repression on terrorism. Heretofore, scholarship has ignored the impact of government-sponsored killings on domestic terrorism. This article proposes that mass killings create a focal point for terrorist mobilization. The vendetta agenda fuels violence by animating retributory violence. Additionally, mass atrocities create a permissive environment for violent nonstate activity. A spiral of violence ensues whereby groups resort to terrorism. Utilizing data from the Global Terrorism Database, 1971–2011, the study shows that mass killings significantly increase domestic terrorism. It contributes to emerging scholarship examining how state policies influence terrorist activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 2009, about 45% of Danish people aged 25-34 years had attained tertiary education while the OECD average was about 22%. For those aged 55-64 years, 26% had tertiary education (OECD average 22%, Figure 1.2). This is a particular challenge when full-time teachers and trainers have experience in industry dating from some years ago.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)