albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Government revenues in the United States and in the English-speaking EU have recovered only slowly, however, and remain far below pre-GR levels. This is in contrast to most Continental and Eastern EU countries, where 2011 revenue-to-GDP ratios were already higher than before the recession and, hence, helped to finance higher benefit expenditures. In the Southern EU, where GDP growth was very low or negative, government revenues recovered only very little. These patterns have implications for both redistribution policy and for fiscal consolidation strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In this regard, the MCDA should be able to sign PPP contract, involving several LGUs of Metro Cebu. In the future, it will be critical to develop PPP projects in green growth opportunity areas that will spread over or involve multiple jurisdictions (BRT, metro system, drainage and recycling facilities etc.). Likewise, by comprising big cities such Cebu City and smaller municipalities, the establishment of MCDA should help to integrate municipalities with lower tax authority and borrowing capacities into metropolitan projects with the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In either case, further monitoring and research are needed to understand the underlying causes. Indicators offer a measure of the effectiveness of actions in moving a system towards a more desirable state. For example, if body temperature decreases after taking a medicine, we conclude that the medicine has been effective in combating the disease. To accomplish this objective, indicators should provide an ability to assess cause-and-effect relations. They help policy makers and the public to understand the linkages and trade-offs between economic, environmental and social values in order to evaluate the long-term implications of current decisions and behaviour and to monitor progress towards sustainable development goals by establishing baseline conditions and trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This book has analysed the interaction between language-in-education policy and practice, employing an emic/etic lens to uncover the implicit language policy characterising the environments of three chosen EMI programmes in Germany. In doing so, the findings of the research project underlying this book reveal mismatches between implicit language policy and explicit educational/economic policy in discussing three core themes: EMI programmes as platforms of intercultural learning and teaching, EMI programmes as a mechanism of ‘brain drain, gain and circulation’, and EMI programmes as a concomitant mechanism of, and challenge to, implicit German language policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the Arab region, UNISDR has continued to promote the "Making Cities Resilient" campaign to support urban areas to become more resilient to disasters. Almost 300 cities and municipalities in the Arab region have joined the campaign (20 per cent of all cities worldwide). In Latin America and the Caribbean, the European Union is a vital partner for disaster risk reduction initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Across OECD countries on average, neither the proportion of students scoring below Level 2 nor the proportion of top performers show a statistically significant change between 2006 and 2015 that would suggest progress and an improvement in student outcomes (Figure 1.4). It is mainly through education that individuals acquire the skills to overcome personal circumstances that could hinder their success and face the challenges of our globalised world, in which technology is changing how people work, communicate and socialise. Only education systems capable of adapting to the rapidly changing environment can empower their citizens with the right mix of skills to allow them to lead satisfying professional and personal lives and, at an aggregate level, lead to inclusive and sustainable economic growth. The adaptability of education systems and their ability to evolve ultimately depends on enabling teachers to transform what and how students learn.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jentsalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. High-quality and equitable education can help Chile build the skilled workforce it needs for a more productive, knowledge-based and innovative economy. Education reforms are also vital to reducing Chile’s high levels of social inequality. The government has started reforms of early childhood education and care (ECEC), student selection and admission processes, public school governance and funding, teacher career pathways, vocational education and training (VET) and tertiary education. In order to reap the benefits of these initiatives and achieve sustained progress, however, Chile will need to continue pursuing ambitious reforms that ensure higher levels of learning and skills for all (OECD, 2015a and 2016a). It is part of OECD efforts to strengthen the capacity of OECD member countries, partner countries and selected nonmember countries and economies to make meaningful education reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, for a consultation on reducing CO2 from road vehicles held in 2011, a total of 3 233 contributions were received via the online questionnaire (EC, 2011). The consultation was conducted in English, French and German. If international consultations under the UNFCCC were conducted using a similar online platform, care would need to be taken to ensure that documents are provided in the appropriate languages. The scope of biennial update reports and ICA for developing countries includes the GHG inventory, mitigation actions and support needed/received.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Fiscal policies such as taxes and transfers are essential tools to ensure sustainable funding for social programmes and public investments, and also contribute to reducing income and spatial inequality. However, trust and confidence in fiscal institutions are crucial to ensuring fiscal performance and preserving the social contract. The level of trust in the government's fiscal responsibility is often driven by the extent to which taxes and transfers play a redistributive role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Definitions of the term by development economists have been less than precise (Ingram and Fay, 2008:301). Hirschman, for example, employing the umbrella term “social overhead capital”, defined infrastructure as those “basic services without which primary, secondary and tertiary productive activities cannot function” (1958: 83), and provided or heavily regulated by public agencies. He further distinguished a “hard core” of transportation and power (characterized by technical indivisibilities and a high capital-output ratio), from a softer group of more traditional public goods such as health and education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The third level of the framework consists of 12 Quality Outcome Indicators linked to the goals set out in the Healthcare Quality Strategy. Three of the 12 indicators are still under development (employee engagement, resource use, and safe care). Data are available for nine indicators, and information on their progress is provided (Table 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Overall, the total impact on the economy is assessed to be weak in absence of productivity gains in the RES sector and of improved competitiveness on the world markets. In particular, in the electricity sector, it induces the production of new power generation and storage capacities but also the development of network infrastructure. In 2010, investment in renewable facilities accounted for EUR 26.6 billion (0.1% of GDP), 2.6 higher than in 2005 (a 21% annual increase). Employment in RES sectors has also increased sharply over the past two decades, with more than 370 000 persons employed in 2010, three times more than in 2002 (BMU, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
If the index is zero, it means that they were not reranked and if it is 1, the ranking has been completely inverted. On average, this group receives 32% of total income, although in Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, Honduras and Paraguay the figure is 10 percentage points higher than that, while in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and Uruguay it is 10 percentage points lower. Social Panorama of Latin America 2013 (LC/G.2580), Santiago, 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In many OECD countries, water allocation between competing users has remained a bargaining process that is often characterised by a strong political dimension. One reason is that second-best solutions might in some cases provide a more effective (albeit more costly) way to solve the water competition problem, while at the same time addressing issues of fairness and food security. Not only will this ensure a higher probability of their participating in the programme (trades are always voluntary), but the market design will also benefit from local knowledge of the geographical and social characteristics of the water basin. Its advantages - notably its relative insulation from climatic events and its accessibility to farmers - have led to its intensive use in areas with limited or unstable surface water supplies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
All of this makes e-commerce a force for inclusion and builds on the SDG principle that no-one should be left behind. However, as these opportunities are not accessible to everyone, the benefits of digital trade continue to be unevenly distributed. While some developing countries have been making significant headway in recent years, others are struggling to access these benefits. Gaps exist also within countries, where those living in rural areas often lack the same access to ICT services and infrastructure that is available to those in urban centres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A negative attestation decision leads to the suspension of the school’s license. The attestation report contains a list of the violations found and sometimes identifies the liable individuals within the school. While the focus of the report is an account of the violations to the regulations, it generally also contains a range of recommendations for the improvement of school pedagogical practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Moreover, in many of the FCAS where these processes take place, there is little to nothing in the way of trained support staff or accessible support infrastructure in place for this. Nonetheless, local NGOs and former combatants’ self-help organisations have been able to do important transformative work with few resources, as for example the “Centre d’Encadrement et de Developpement des Anciens Combattants” (CEDAC) in Burundi. Valuable lessons have also been gathered from reintegration processes in spaces where there is more of a care and support infrastructure in place, such as Colombia, Northern Ireland and South Africa (see for example Ashe, 2012, Ashe and Harland, 2014, Theidon, 2009, Xaba, 2001, Langa and Eagle, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There is adequate demand in the Region, the overall energy consumption level in nearly all countries is low but growing at very high rates. Furthermore, the cost for solar photovoltaic power has also halved between 2010 and 2014, making it increasingly competitive at the utility scale. Wind resource is also widely available across die Region to enable large-scale development. With technological advances and reduction in costs, these resources present promising opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Functioning can be measured across a range of domains, including sensory, mobility, cognition, psychological, communication and the upper body. Disability measures are also included in this level, as they combine functioning with information about the environment to describe the extent to which all citizens can fully participate in society. The Budapest Initiative and the Washington Group are developing measures of functional status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As for water services, and specifically drinking water for domestic use, municipalities are the primary sub-national authorities in charge of (co-)designing and/or implementing policies in two-thirds of the LAC countries surveyed (9 out of 13). They are followed by regions and inter-municipal bodies. The trend is similar in areas of water supply to industrial users and wastewater treatment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Today, the dominant research on the effect of the educational systems and approaches related to sustainable development clearly favours impact on the individuals (as opposed to organisations and communities) and formal education (as opposed to non-formal and informal learning). In the modern world characterised by accelerated changes, lack of predictability and multiple economic, financial and environmental crises, different forms of knowledge and learning become a necessity. Even sectors that for a long time adhered to traditional ways of doing things, find themselves in need to adapt to the constant demand for (at least partial) transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Future dmg costs are based on the projected increases in per capita dmg expenses for the total U.S. population from the NHE accounts. Changes in the three determinants of expenditures - that is the number of people enrolled in the programme, the quantity and intensity of services each person uses, and the price for each unit of service -are then projected for future years. The structure of the NHE Projection Model is a multi-equation structural econometric model that is estimated based on the historical NHE data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Whilst some view NCFs as inefficient “by default” in creating extra-budgetary processes, others see the value of off-budget funds that can transparently manage and monitor incoming climate finance. In countries with multiple existing funds, some recipients and supporters envisage a range of targeted funds effectively functioning as different channelling windows under the Green Climate Fund. Work is underway in exchanging a rapidly growing amount of country experience, notably in the Asia-Pacific region (UNDP, 2013b)15. Recipient countries recognise having both systems as a pre-condition for effective finance, while priorities of respondents varied, supporters mainly prioritised tracking flows, and providers were primarily interested in the monitoring of results and impact. All three groups report that a lack of available data in recipient countries is a prominent barrier to tracking and monitoring finance in practice. The majority of recipients reported a lack of technical capacity to develop methodologies and systems to track climate finance as part of national systems, and expressed a demand for support from development co-operation providers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Professor Lorraine Mazerolle and her colleagues have demonstrated that when a procedurally just approach is applied, offending motorists are more likely to comply and accept the consequences (Mazerolle et al., Another advantage is an opportunity for other offences to be detected and dealt with - for example vehicle safety or driver licence offences, which are undetectable by automated enforcement. Most drivers and police officers have no difficultly in understanding the risks of travelling at speeds well in excess of the speed limits, however, many do not understand the risks associated with low level speeding. In fact, the prevalence of low level speeding presents a significant road safety risk and has to be addressed by applying strict enforcement thresholds. The New Zealand experience is that most drivers will travel at speeds below the level at which they perceive police will stop them. Therefore, New Zealand Police set clear standards of enforcement tolerance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Her Farm Radio is not just about addressing women's needs, but also about promoting gender equality in radio initiatives for agriculture and health, affecting the quality of life of both women and men. Radio still remains a powerful ICT for small-scale farmers - one that does not require access to electricity or the Internet and has strong potential to include the voices and knowledge needs of women farmers. The initiative consists of various projects that engage women in audience research to ensure that the radio programmes meet their specific needs, focus on interventions with specific benefits for women, mother and children, share female voices and perspectives in each show, engage female broadcasters and guests, include episodes that explore gender relations and men's role in the family, air programmes at times when women are able to tune in, and establish women-only community listening groups. Her Farm Radio has also distributed mp3 radios to enhance access to radio for women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It can also finance the SME via the Steinbeis Innovation Voucher system, a matching innovation grant for locally owned SMEs that require financial assistance to resolve their industrial problems or necessitate assistance from Steinbeis’s pool of consultants from academia. The contractual arrangement is partly funded by the government via the university research funding and by the company. These schemes are administered by various institutions, notably the Malaysian Industrial Development Finance Corporation (an agency of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry) and the SME Bank (SME standard banking and advisory services).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A few collection points have been set up by farmers who supplement the output of their own farm by organising the collection of milk from nearby farms. In some areas, collection points were established through projects with international organisations and the government has started to support programmes for introducing networks of milk collection points. Nevertheless, they are far too few to serve all dairy farmers or to meet the demand of milk processors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This chapter looks at the U.S. Supreme Court’s adoption of a radical new pleading standard as an example of dynamism in U.S. law. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide for notice pleading and were liberally construed for nearly 70 years after initial adoption. Even though a rule-making procedure supervised by the U.S. Supreme Court was available to make direct changes to the pleading rule, the U.S. Supreme Court took a common law approach and adopted a new standard judicially rather than administratively. This shows a substantial role for the U.S. Supreme Court in directly making procedural law for the Federal courts. The lower courts, however, have moderated the new standard through the exercise of their independence and judicial powers of interpretation. Thus, dynamism is reflected by the U.S. Supreme Court’s judicial adoption of a new standard and by the lower courts reaction to that standard.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this exploratory study we investigate the relationship between information and communication technologies (ICTs) and country-level governance. We include in our framework the five factors of ICTs: access, quality, affordability, applications and institutional efficiency & sustainability. Governance indicators include voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption. Using secondary data on ICTs and governance indicators for countries from the World Bank, and controlling for the wealth effect, our main multivariate result indicates that ICTs—with the exception of the institutional efficiency and sustainability factor—have a positive relationship with governance indicators. ICTs therefore, have the potential to promote good governance. We also find that accessibility is the most important ICTs’ factor to enhance governance. Our results are useful in shaping policy decisions involving the nature and extent of investment in ICT infrastructure at the country level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
New forms of management, for example case and disease management programmes, are being developed in some county councils. But the extent to which the reforms will deliver on the goals of user-centered, well-co-ordinated care for older people and people with complex care needs is unclear. This could potentially have negative consequences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The deterioration in the budget outcome reflects lower revenue collection as a result of declining commodity prices, particularly for gold and copper, combined with overspending, mainly related to national elections. It is planned that the 2013 budget will be increased by 23% in nominal expenditure, which will raise the size of the expected budget deficit to 7.2% of GDP. This significant economic stimulus is well timed to counter falling domestic demand as construction of the LNG project begins to wind down.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Stakeholder involvement is important not only in building support for new initiatives but also for finding solutions to technical and other challenges in implementation. Stakeholder inclusiveness can also help achieve a shared understanding of objectives that lead to more effective involvement and co-operation. With the proper framework and partnership among planners, authorities, operators and customers, this could be a self-supporting process. Many cities have little experience with the latest technologies in public transport services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The indirect economic costs of mild-to-moderate mental disorders, in terms of lost productivity, unemployment, and sickness benefits claims have been estimated to be extremely high. Taking these costs into account, and offsetting them against the projected economic benefits of improved treatment for mild-to-moderate mental illness, has been used to drive investment in psychological therapies. In England in particular, this economic reasoning was used to make the case for the introduction of the Improved Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Tajikistan’s economy is based on cotton, aluminium and electricity, from which Tajikistan derives three quarters of its total export earnings. This figure has been almost constant for the past 10 years. Cotton alone, as the main agricultural export crop, contributes 90 per cent of agricultural export income, which in 2004, was 24 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In such cases, representatives of line ministries in regions are the only actors in charge of implementation at sub-national level, whether these are central services or co-ordinated bodies of central services. However, central services and bodies representing line ministries in regions also play an important role - with other sub-national actors - in countries that have somewhat decentralised their water policy making, whether these are federal states, such as Belgium, or unitary, such as New Zealand. In addition, Mexico has Water Commissions in each autonomous community, while in France the STR is in charge of co-ordinating the actions of the central government, regions and departements for a homogeneous implementation of water policies at basin level, co-ordinating central services of line ministries in regions and monitoring the enforcement of water regulations and compliance with them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These mechanisms should also provide for co-ordination among data-collecting and data-producing bodies. To be effective, gender equality objectives must be linked to concrete policy outcomes and allow for an evaluation of the performance of government action. This helps governments to change courses of action, if needed, and independent or non-governmental stakeholders to hold government to account.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)