albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This work is an introductory chapter for a forthcoming book on Understanding International Criminal Law to be published by Aspen Publishers as part of Aspen's Essentials series. This chapter presents a succinct history of international criminal law (ICL), drawing upon major developments in the law of armed conflict, international human rights law, and the criminal prohibitions against piracy and the slave trade. The chapter interweaves the history of substantive norms with that of evolving principles of domestic and international jurisdiction, as these narratives are virtually inseparable in ICL. Additional chapters in the text will address the sources of ICL, the major international crimes and defenses, and ICL reasoning and rhetoric. Publication is expected in 2007 for adoption in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is the reason why clashes arise: there are appropriation conflicts in a sector in which property rights are not clearly defined. Municipal authorities have the responsibility to address waste, but they do not own the waste. Considering a specific item to be 'waste' or a 'resource' depends on local practices and on the existing recovery mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
During old age, this is reflected in levels of health insurance coverage and access to health care. Coverage rates increase in proportion with age (88.1% for those aged over 80 and 63.1% for those aged 60 to 64). In Brazil, 70% of older persons are covered by the public system. In Paraguay, over 83% of older persons are calculated to have no form of medical insurance and, in the event of illness, either have to foot the bill or go without treatment (OISS, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Today, a pervasive network of linkages exists between Philips with private organisations (SMEs and multinationals) and research and academic institutions across the three countries of the TTR-ELAt (Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands). Those cross-border areas often have a long history, and sometimes represent historical regional definitions. For example, the Swedish part of the Oresund was part of Denmark until the end of the 17th century, and Danish remained an official language for two centuries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The 2015 OECD/INFE survey showed that in 15 countries and economies men are less likely than women to agree with at least one of the statements: “Before I buy something I carefully consider whether I can afford it” and “I keep a close personal watch on my financial affairs”. In 13 countries and economies men are more likely to agree with at least one of the statements: “I tend to live for today and let tomorrow take care of itself’ and “I find it more satisfying to spend money than to save it for the long term” (Table 10.A 1.3 in OnUne Annex 10.A1). Fewer women than men in 19 out of 30 countries and economies would be prepared to risk some of their own money when saving or making an investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In divided societies, the police tend to be closely aligned with the dominant social group and their actions focus on maintaining state security rather than providing routine policing services. As a consequence, policing often becomes a key axis of conflict and efforts to reform the police are central to the process of conflict resolution. The Patten Report reforms, for example, were a crucial part of the peace process in Northern Ireland and have been widely viewed as a success. However in other divided societies where police reform may comprise part of a peacekeeping intervention or international aid program, the impact of ‘security sector reform’ measures tends to be less clear-cut, partly because of the scale of the challenges involved, and also because of the difference in the priorities of the ‘donor’ and the host societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Adverse health effects start to occur at a blood lead level less than 10 pg/dl in children. However, no statistically significant difference in blood lead levels was observed between women living in gers and in apartments, suggesting that lead exposure comes from several sources and not only from polluted air resulting from coal combustion. However, there is a lack of data concerning the different sources of lead exposure, such as lead in paint and in toys, lead and occupational exposure, and lead in dust and soil, and their impact on the health of the Mongolian population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These are mostly full-time students, for example in Austrian vocational colleges, or in Korean junior colleges. In other countries, students are more often in their late 20s or early 30s. In the United States, community college provision is dominated by part-time adult students (Kuczera and Field, 2013). In Austria, Germany and Switzerland, professional examinations led by industry serve adults with some years of relevant work experience (Musset et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Rising trends in mortality from dementia and Alzheimer’s disease are seen in most EU countries, possibly in part reflecting such changes. These are also likely to explain the significant cross-country differences in mortality rates ranging, for example, from 279 per 100,000 population in 2013 in Finland (notable for its high mortality from dementia) to <5 in Malta and Latvia (Niu etal., Alzheimer's disease and other nervous system diseases were among the causes that contributed most to the 2015 decline in life expectancy seen across Europe and other high-income countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the area of transport, an incentive scheme for the acquisition of hybrid vehicles has been introduced and a labelling system to inform consumers of C02 emissions for new vehicles has been proposed. And infrastructure and safety measures are planned to allow for increased use of bicycles. They range from landfill methane gas capture to a nationwide energy efficiency CFL light bulb installation project, agricultural methane capture and a wind energy project, yielding some USD 300 million in traded carbon credits for Chilean enterprises. The National Action Plan on Climate Change contains useful analyses and a course of action. The government could go further by formulating a national GHG emission mitigation strategy and sectoral level plans, including for the electricity, industrial, transport and forestry sectors. With the enhanced capacity and information base, and the plans and strategies being developed under the 2008-12 Action Plan, Chile should be able to map out how such emission reduction targets would be achieved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Among other things, it allows notaries to check information on encumbrances and the status of applications. Continuing on this path will propagate the cycle of extended commuting, high transport costs and levels of congestion, and poor quality of urban life. It is in direct contrast with the principles of TOD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
ABSTRACTThe occurrence and outcomes of the Cod Wars defy both popular and academic expectations. Iceland, a microstate, essentially won four disputes against the UK, a great power. The two states furthermore belonged to a Western security community, sharing significant institutional, economic and cultural ties. This article reviews the history and international relations literature on the Cod Wars to explain and evaluate why the Cod Wars occurred and why Iceland won them. This article also explains what lessons international relations scholarship has learned from the Cod Wars for liberal international relations theory, realism and asymmetric bargaining.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this contribution we conceptualize the under-investigated interplay between external and domestic actors in democracy promotion. We first propose a typology of the instruments and means used both by external and domestic actors to influence reform outputs and then trace these instruments' effects on outcomes, thereby expanding the existing concepts of domestic agency. Although democracy promotion continues to be a rather asymmetric relationship between the “donors” and “receivers” of aid and advice, domestic actors employ a wide array of instruments to manage external demands for reform, including diplomacy, take-over, slowdown, modification, resistance, and emancipation. The article draws on a case study of European Union democracy promotion within two reform initiatives in the field of Public Administration Reform (PAR) in Croatia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Currently, there are many countries planning to build or extend high-speed lines or networks. The challenge for the future will be, step by step, to interconnect these lines and networks across borders, to obtain a high-speed railway system throughout Europe and even beyond. This challenge is also relevant for TER countries, albeit in the long run.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Correspondingly, rural policy has increasingly adopted functional and network-based approaches to deal with rural issues such as basic service provision, along with traditional large-scale investments to build growth hubs. Rural economies require to improve the agricultural productivity, that remains a key rural industry, and increase the economic opportunities and jobs in off-farm and non-agri sectors. To this end, several policy initiatives such as the Smart Agriculture and the 6th industrialisation of agriculture have been in progress by the Agriculture Ministry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Furthermore, only 10% of all cause mortality is seen as avoidable, one of the best rates in Europe and below the EU average of 11%. This shows that overall Luxembourg's health system is very effective in treating life-threatening conditions. Furthermore, the number of avoidable hospital admissions for people with diabetes is higher than in much of the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The State of Ceara, where water uses charges are applied since 1996 does not belong to an interstate river basin and therefore it is not reported in this table. Classes are: Class A: Low water conflicts, basic institutional framework, Class B: Medium water conflicts-Intermediate institutional framework, Class C High water conflicts - Developed institutional framework, Class D Veiy high water conflicts - Advanced institutional framework. These rates are not automatically adjusted for inflation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Together they will offer a multimodal transport corridor that will boost intraregional trade across South and Central Asia and connect some of the most populous areas as well as remote rural hinterlands in the subregion. The two trunk corridors additionally offer onward connectivity to European markets through the western boundaries and to South-East Asian markets through Myanmar in the East.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The share of fisheries, including fishing and fish processing has historically been over 10%, with a “dip" during the years just before the financial crisis, when the Icelandic krona appreciated sharply. More fish is landed unprocessed and is now processed in Iceland. The years 2012 and 20 with the profits largest in the pelagic sector reflecting a high w sector is also enjoying high profit figures (Panel A). •
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The average expected years of schooling is now the same for men and women, and since 2009 more women than men have been enrolling in tertiary general education. This progress has led to a more symmetric distribution of educational levels across the resident population, although the past still plays a role. For instance, proportionally more women than men have received no more than secondary education in the 25-64 age bracket: 71% versus 59% (Figure 2.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The impact of structural policies on GDP per capita and household incomes across the distribution: econometric approach (cont.) The policy analysis is performed for average income and a selected range of bottom-sensitive income standards. In practice and with reference to the definition of income standards in Box 2, the analysis is produced for parameter values a = 1, a = 0, a = -3, and a = -8. The sample is in some cases reduced due to data availability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Agricultural emissions also grew substantially (+28%). By 2012, energy and agriculture had replaced land use as the primary source of emissions, accounting for 37% of total emissions each, followed by LULUCF (15%), industrial processes (7%) and waste management (4%) (MCTI, 2014a). As almost half of future emissions were projected to stem from LULUCF, success in reducing deforestation puts Brazil in a good position to meet the target. However, the latest estimates suggest that both LULUCF and total emissions grew by about 8% from 2012 to 2013 (SEEG, 2014),9 which may make reaching the target more challenging than expected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Using the long time series available in the United States, studies report high rates of return to agricultural research (see section 7.6 for some examples). Because of the atomistic structure of production (comprised of relatively small firms producing multiple homogeneous products), few farms are willing or able to investment in formal R&D for their farms. Furthermore, because of the biological nature of agriculture, improved crop seed and animal breeds are self-replicating. This complicates the ability of innovators to protect intellectual property.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is not possible to finance education for children facing the prospect of long-term displacement through short-term (and invariably under-funded) emergency appeals. Rapid response has to be coupled with long-term financing. A holistic approach that bridges the traditional divide between development expertise and humanitarian response is required. By linking humanitarian and development efforts, education programmes in emergency or post-emergency contexts can provide children with the chance to bounce back and lead productive, peaceful and fulfilling lives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As this report has shown, once children have navigated their way successfully through infancy and childhood, a new set of challenges awaits. Global challenges, including climate change, economic uncertainty, globalization, demographic shifts and humanitarian crises, present an uncertain backdrop for adolescents during the pivotal decade of their lives. A good start in life is necessary but not sufficient to break the bonds of poverty and inequity: To make a lasting difference, for both individuals and societies, support in early and middle childhood must be complemented by investment in adolescent education, health care, protection and participation - particularly for the poorest and most marginalized. Families, communities, national governments, donors, development agencies and all other stakeholders must join together with young people as they prepare for their future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The life cycles of deep-sea animals often involve shifts in vertical distribution as they mature. Even more spectacular are the daily vertical migrations of many mesopelagic species, in order to feed in shallower waters at night. This vertical migration may increase physical mixing of the ocean water, and contributes to a "biological pump" that drives the movement of carbon compounds and nutrients from the surface waters into the deep sea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The matura examinations appear to create, in most instances, incentives that are at odds with the stated goal of providing a competency-oriented education. Furthermore, policy makers and educators recognise that matura examinations focus the effort, attention, and investment of learners disproportionately at the end of studies, while the preceding years of study - such as grades 9 and 10 in the gymnasium - are weakly incentivised. Students w'ould be required to plan, implement, and present a project and to be assessed on this work by their teacher and an independent assessment board of subject professionals. It is hoped that this project-based learning w ould encourage not only the development of subject knowledge, but wider competencies including creativity, analytical skills, critical thinking and communication skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Despite the success of China, it still had more than 100 million people living on less than US$ 1 per day in 2005, 90 per cent of whom were rural. In India, the number of extreme poor remains stubbornly close to 300 million, with 74 per cent of that number rural inhabitants, even with large subsidies to their farmers. In the past it was just inequality at the local level that affected individuals’ utility, but the information and communications technology revolution has increased awareness of income differences not only within local regions but also nationally and internationally. At the national level, there are concerns about rural-urban inequality as well as inequality within each of those broad geographic zones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
According to French policy (www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/L-eau-paie-l-eau.html), water-pays-for-water means that water users (“consumers” and “polluters”) must pay for the infrastructure construction and operation necessary for the production and distribution of drinking water and the provision of sanitation services, at the same time, the water-related expenses of the authorities in charge must be balanced with the revenues received from the water users. This principle highlights that no public subsidy (explicit or hidden) should be provided to the water sector, while allowing for cross-subsidisation between categories of water users as well as between individual water users. Another consequence of this principle is that revenues from water charges or taxes are earmarked for water-related services. These issues will be explored further in this chapter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This chapter analyzes the evolution of “Western” international law as an intellectual and professional discipline in Republican China. It argues that statism and pragmatism define the major features of the Republic of China’s approach to the reception of international law. These characteristics transformed the law of nations into universally valid normative claims and galvanized China’s intellectual focus from Westphalian sovereignty to the civilized nation concept. By examining the professionalization of international law in modern China, this chapter offers insight into the educational transplantation of the new discipline. The cultivation of China’s first-generation international lawyer contributed to the legal capacity of the Foreign Ministry. Chinese jurists’ participation in international law societies and the Shanghai Mixed Court further strengthened the nation’s legalist approach to diplomacy. Hence, this research provides a valuable case study of twentieth-century international lawmaking in Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The collected data and information have been analysed in the annual Nature Chronicles, which are not published. Still, the collected and processed information, even if it is based on scientific methods, does not meet the demands of fully fledged, comprehensive forest monitoring, and does not provide an in-depth analysis of the state of forests and prospects for their development. Updating of the cartographic material related to forest management would be very helpful and is sorely needed. The forest maps currently in use are based on the 1988-1989 forest inventory data and expert estimates based on this out-of-date data and information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 2013, there were 342 MPOs in the United States. The US Congress created MPOs in the 1960s as flexible entities that adapt to local conditions in order to best allocate federal transport funding. In order to obtain federal funding, MPOs are required to periodically develop long-range transportation plans (also referred to as regional transportation plans or RTPs), with planning horizons of at least 20 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The most common output control is total allowable catch (TAC), which often is measured on the basis of landings. A TAC sets a maximum on the catch allowed for specific species, areas and time periods. It is among the most common management instruments used and is also used in combination with most other fisheries management schemes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
These policies can lead to substantial changes in the structure of generating capacity. In 2009, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA), variable power sources such as wind and solar already constituted 27% of total generating capacity in Denmark, 26% in Germany and 24% in Spain (IEA, 2011a, 2011b). These shares have already increased in the past two years and may grow further in the years to come.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For the last sixty years, scholars and practitioners of international human rights have paid insufficient attention to the ground level social contexts in which human rights norms are imbued with or deprived of social meaning. During the same time period, social science insights have shown that social conditions can have a significant impact on human behavior. This Article is the first to investigate the far ranging implications of behavioralism, especially behavioral insights about social influence, for the international human rights regime. It explores design implications for three broad components of the regime: the content, adjudication, and implementation of human rights. In addition, the Article addresses some of the advantages and limitations of the behavioral approach and identifies the rich but unexplored nexus of behavioralism, norms, and international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To the extent possible R&D related to forestry, fisheries etc. Data dissemination when primarily associated with research and development (knowledge generation) e,g. The entire expenditure on those education activities is considered as related to agriculture, as the indicator measures policy effort. Expenditure on advice that are specific to individual farms (e.g. a farm business plan) are included in the PSE category for payment based on services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Rwanda has a smaller land size, is more urban and has a higher population density compared to Uganda, all of which make it easier to extend mobile broadband coverage. Another factor adding to higher mobile broadband prices in Uganda is a sector specific service tax of 9%. When combined with VAT, this adds 27% to the cost to access the Internet over a mobile network. The next phase of RCDF is expected to target the extension of fiber backbone network in underserved areas and lowering data costs on national fiber backbone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Why has the EU’s promotion of Rule of Law (RoL) triggered different and largely surface-thin reforms across countries subject to a similar frame of enlargement in the Western Balkans (WB)? We hypothesize that the domestic (non)enforcement of EU promoted rules depends on the mobilization of politically autonomous constituencies of change – organized advocacy groups and autonomous state institutions – which amount domestic accountability. The empirical investigation focuses on the prosecution of political corruption as empirical foci to assessing the travails of EU-promoted rules in the domestic context. Specifically, we trace the role of (1) EU’s RoL promotion strategy, (2) political resistance and (3) domestic accountability in explaining different records of prosecution of political corruption in Albania and Croatia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)