albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In Lithuania, while grade repetition is higher than average among disadvantaged students (4.1% for disadvantaged students as compared to the average rate of 2.5%), it is well below the OECD average (18.7% as compared to 12% respectively) (OECD, 2016c). Upon completion of basic education, the vast majority of Lithuanian students - more than nine in ten - continue into non-compulsory upper secondary education (see Chapter 4). Important differences in their sampling design, in item formats, and their assessment framework and content provide Lithuanian policy makers with very different types of information about schooling. Taken together they highlight important achievements and limitations in Lithuanian basic education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The consequences of lower supply would be lower exports, higher imports, or higher domestic prices and lower consumption. These risks are examined in three separate scenarios using the Aglink-Cosimo model which has been used to generate this Outlook. Lower growth may also impact other macroeconomic outcomes such as inflation and the exchange rate, but for purposes of this scenario, these have been assumed to remain unchanged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Not surprisingly, Indigenous people are significantly poorer than non-Indigenous people: Indigenous people are twice as likely to live in extreme poverty than non-Indigenous people (8.2% vs. 4.1%), and 1.7 times more likely to be poor (23.4% vs. 13.5%) (Ministry of Social Development, 2015). According to data from the national socio-economic characterisation survey carried out in 2013 (Encuesta de Caracterizacion Socioeconomica Nacional, CASEN), among children aged 6 to 13 years, 92.8% of non-Indigenous children and 92.4% of Indigenous children were enrolled in basic school (educacion basica), and among 14-17 year-olds, 73.6% of non-Indigenous and 70.8% of Indigenous youth were enrolled in upper secondary school (educacion media) (differences are not statistically significant). However, Indigenous youth aged 18 to 24 years are less likely to be enrolled in tertiary education (29.3%) than their non-Indigenous peers (37.4%) (Ministry of Social Development, 2015). In terms of learning outcomes, students from Indigenous communities have significantly lower test scores than non-Indigenous students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Likewise, in Italy, Ireland and Spain, the language matters less (less than 30%) in comparison with other OECD countries. Although these are very interesting finding, they should be interpreted with caution. Speaking the host-country' language at home may also capture other (observed and unobserved) characteristics of the household which have not been taken into account in this analysis. In the United States and Belgium, controlling for foreign qualifications accounts for 60% and 65% of the difference respectively, and close to 60% in France, Finland and Italy. In contrast, in the United Kingdom, only 30% of the initial difference between natives and migrants reflect differences which can be attributed to the country where education w,as completed. The analysis on foreign qualifications is likely to control both for differences in the quality of education across countries, but also language skills of those migrants who have studies in the host country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Decentralized sustainable energy projects based on solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind-electric or micro-hydroelectric simple technologies are sufficient to provide lighting and electricity for basic appliances, and power for small-scale productive activities such as electric fencing, water pumping, irrigation and ice-making (see section D and table 2 below). This means that decentralized renewable energy units can provide a cost-effective solution to quickly improve social and employment opportunities in isolated poor rural areas (World Bank, 2008b). Since the units are not connected to the main national grid, there is no new demand on what is typically an already stretched national installed supply capacity. This can significantly shorten the time frame for implementation of rural electrification projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These practices are incompatible with the equal enjoyment of rights by women and with respect for their rights and dignity. They put women at special risk of violence and abuse. Poverty and unemployment force many women, including young girls, into prostitution. Prostitutes are especially vulnerable to violence because their status, which may be unlawful, tends to marginalize them. They need the equal protection of laws against rape and other forms of violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This was done by training energy representatives from several companies in the essential implementation of energy standards, in accordance with ISO 50001. By adhering to already defined international standards the companies have a guarantee that the service received is of sufficient quality and it ensures accurate performance indicators for their processes. This will support the achievement of SDG 7.3: "By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency". None of the established policy measures in the country have addressed energy consumption of the industrial sector, especially the large companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For instance, labour market conditions in Ireland, Spain and the United States have been slack for close to three years. For all three countries, “regular” unemployment insurance programmes lost pace with the number of unemployed as the crisis extended into its third year, thereby potentially leaving an increasing share of unemployed with no assistance. That being said, as shown in the Panel B of Figure 1.17, unemployment benefit extensions introduced in the United States and unemployment assistance benefits in Ireland and Spain have played a significant role in allowing their systems to keep up with growing number of unemployed over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Forecasts from the models should always be accompanied by clear and complete notes on the methodology used. In addition, models should be validated and users should be informed about the results, including about how sensitive forecasts may be to assumptions and small changes in key variables. There is tremendous future potential for the development of decision-support tools to help guide policy makers in the management of health systems, resources and expenditures and the landscape is evolving rapidly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The teacher census provides a range of high quality data but there is no information on teachers’ linguistic background. The Pasifika Group within the Ministry of Education also noted that the basic information on students’ first languages and their level of proficiency in their first language was inadequate. They acknowledged the need for enhanced research in the area of bilingual learning. Considering the importance of the language in education, it is unfortunate that such important data are not gathered nationally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Experience from other OECD countries has shown that when primary care-level provision for mild-to-moderate disorders is very effective when also backed up by good training (both during medical training and as part of Continuing Medical Education), by support from specialist mental health care practitioners and support networks, and by good referral options should a patient need to access a more specialised level of care (for example a psychologist, or specialist community mental health service or centre). Competency in treating and diagnosing mild and moderate disorders should be integrated into training for Japan's primary care speciality from the start. It is recommended that Japan considers the expansion of evidence-based treatments for mild-to-moderate disorders, in particular increasing availability of psychological therapies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It requires high-quality school leaders, committed staff and critical friends. Unless the system to recruit school leaders changes dramatically, Greek schools look poorly prepared to implement self-evaluation successfully and productively. External evaluation has achieved a much closer alignment with self-evaluation, partly due to its value for strengthening school autonomy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These reforms aimed at improving compliance among employees and businesses. Enforcement has been promoted through stronger tax audit systems, a more efficient court system to punish tax evaders and measures to prevent and control contraband. In addition, the federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission has provided ethics training to tax officials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Much of America’s aging drinking water infrastructure is in a state of disrepair that threatens our water quality and public health. If the goal of equitable access to safe water is to be realized, we must rise to the challenge of replacing or upgrading this infrastructure starting in communities that can least afford to do so. This chapter examines the disparate financial burdens, potential health impacts, and environmental justice implications that water infrastructure inequality poses through the problem of lead in drinking water and opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens. The lead-in-water crisis and Legionella outbreak in Flint, Michigan, provides a clarion call to address funding needs, strengthen regulations, incentivize regulatory compliance, promote meaningful public participation, ensure government accountability, and improve public health outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Privately owned forest and forestland amounts to 300,329 ha, 23 per cent of which (291,407 ha) is overgrown land. The structure of state forests is better - high forests with natural regeneration account for 46.8 per cent of the state forest, but just 36 per cent of private forests. On the other hand, coppice forest makes up just 20.6 per cent of state forest, but 60.2 per cent of private forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to riehtsjaloecdMre._____________________________________________________________________________________ Employer feedback on student performance can furthermore provide guidance to TEIs on skills sought by industry, which can be used to adapt programme curricula. Whereas co-op and internship programmes are well integrated into the curricula of most community colleges and polytechnics, they are not widespread across university campuses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Their violence is carefully targeted at certain people at certain times and places. They generally do not attack their bosses or people on the street, no matter how angry they may be. Abusers also follow their own internal rules about abusive behaviours. They often choose to abuse their partner only in private, or may take steps to ensure that they do not leave visible evidence of the abuse.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Not only have water reservoirs, pumps, treatment facilities and distribution networks been affected by military conflicts and occupation by foreign forces, but also have wastewater treatment facilities and irrigation networks been destroyed during military incursions. Operation and maintenance of water facilities is also limited during periods of insecurity and occupation, which have affected the availability of fuel for pumping water (e.g. in Yemen), the import of replacement parts (e.g. in Palestine), or access of employees to operate water facilities (e.g. in Iraq). In preparation, some officials have already considered relocating the capital to the coast.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Romania reported that the quantity of amphetamine-type stimulants seized in 2014 was almost 11 times greater than that seized in 2013. In 2014, Austria reported the detection of three amphetamine and nine methamphetamine laboratories, while German authorities dismantled 11 amphetamine laboratories and three laboratories that had been manufacturing methamphetamine from pseudoephedrine extracted from nasal decongestants. In the Czech Republic, the number of dismantled methamphetamine laboratories slightly increased to 272 in 2014, compared with 262 laboratories dismantled in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Processes like digital entity or asset registrations could be handled much faster for all involved stakeholders, and additionally provide full transparency and traceability of all registrations. A detailed description and discussion is provided in section 3.4. However, assigning a unique identification tag, according to a standardised convention, is not enough.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Nigeria, high profile policy measures such as the Presidential Initiative on Fertilizers and the Growth Enhancement Support Scheme have demonstrated strong political will towards public investment on domestic staple production as part of a wider strategy for enhanced national food security. In addition, Mali's strong performance in local production has contributed to relative self-sufficiency in rice consumption as 89% of total rice consumed in Mali comes from from local production, compared to 50% and 17% in Niger and Benin respectively (SOS FAIM, 2017). These factors largely parallel those discussed in the review of literature about women and economic development in the region (Chapter 2). The lack of training and coaching is widely recognised as a limit on women's activities, especially in handicrafts, where women are very well represented. "
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Donors have supported peer learning through community-based or farmers’ groups or through arranging for participants to visit other places and programmes. The Learning Routes programme in Colombia8 allows participants to expand the horizons of their imagination and develop new visions of what is possible. It has proved particularly effective in helping people reconsider their livelihood possibilities. Both formal (legalised) and informal exclusionary practices prevent poor people from securing decent work and from political participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The 2004 DCM on Approval of the National Strategy for Fire Management in Forests and Pastures provides the legal basis for the implementation of the National Strategy for Fighting Fires in Forest and Pasture Areas. The 2008 MoEFWA Order on Approval of Forms for Identification of Forest and Pasture Fires sets up a centralized system for data collection on forest and pasture fires. The Regulation for the Prevention and Suppression of Wild Fires in Forests and Pastures, and for the Organization of the Voluntary Units for Fire Suppression, was adopted in 2010. The 2008 Guidelines on the Cadastre of Forest and Pasture Fund are fundamental for the development of monitoring of the state of forests and pastures in Albania.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Certain towns see their populations increase exponentially on market days, which is not without logistical challenges. Women, in particular, did not find that arrangements effectively facilitated the sale of their products, the care of their children or responded to their security or hygienic needs. Rebuilt after a fire in 1992, the interior of the Gaya market lacks functionality: its concrete structures are not well-suited to local needs and are disregarded or abused by users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In a competitive labour market, wages should be close to the marginal revenue product of workers. If wages reflect productivity differences, captured, for instance, by measures of human capital and demographics,8 they should be the same across sectors for comparable workers. Yet, many empirical studies, starting with Slichter (1950), have produced robust estimates of cross-sector residual wage differentials.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Adjust the DRG system to better account for the severity of cases dealt with by university hospitals so as to compensate them. Implement the planned corporatisation (or “commercialisation”) of hospitals carefully in a way that does not threaten equal access to care, especially across regions. Carry out a thorough study of those investments that would correspond to the most pressing needs of the population across the country to ensure that ageing hospital infrastructure is modernised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Other work can also be performed and referrals are easier, as is emergency transport. Wherever childbirth takes place, it is essential that the person who helps has the core competencies for safe delivery, the necessary equipment and supplies, and the option to refer to a functioning facility offering emergency obstetric and newborn care. However, the current coverage of care in the first hours and days after birth in most developing countries is low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
To tackle endogeneity issues, the paper follows McKenzie and Rapoport (2011) by instrumenting the migrant share in 2010 with historical migration flows (specifically, migrant share in 2000).14 While previous migration flows could affect current ones through network effects or persistence of incentives to migrate, it has no effect on the level of current discriminatory norms, except through the current migration share or the previous levels of discrimination in the SIGI. The instrumental strategy assumes that the instrument is valid (i.e. Cov(Mu-1, juf) = 0) and relevant (i.e. Cov(Mu-j, Mu) * 0). This instrument is significantly correlated with the endogenous variable, as indicated by the first step of the IV estimations and F-statistics are higher than 0.10 (Tables (6) and (8)). The exogeneity is rejected for all dependent variables at 5%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Pacific community prides itself on the 'Pacific Way' lifestyle where communal living and reciprocal social relationships are emphasised, often at odds with the pressures of individualism encouraged by market forces. The region is going through rapid changes, mostly due to high population growth rates and the changing needs and aspirations of its population, including increasing consumerism. The Pacific people, while living in a globalised world, have strong traditional ties and are influenced by their cultural customs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In OECD countries, overall energy intensity of passenger transport fell by 5 per cent between 1990 and 2005 (IEA, 2007). However, improvements in the efficiency of engine technologies were partially offset by the increased weight of larger cars. In Europe, in 1995 the European Commission set a target to reduce C02 emissions from new cars to 120 grams per kilometre (g/km).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, they enable policy makers and epidemiologists to monitor the impact of reforms and policies. According to Rosstat (2009b), the number of deaths directly linked to alcohol consumption decreased by 40% between 2005 and 2008. Nonetheless, 76 268 people died in 2008 due to over-consumption of alcohol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The intensifying enforcement of the EU Timber Regulation has been cited as a factor. Forests in the UNECE region account for more than 85% of all forests certified by the FSC. Trade agreement negotiations and discussions on tariffs are having an impact in several world regions, as is continued uncertainty about government positions and policy changes, either proposed or realized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Prices should also incentivise behaviour in line with policy objectives promoting the use of public and non-motorised transport. Efficient parking pricing is a highly effective tool. In San Francisco, smart parking meters with real-time fare adjustments have increased the effectiveness of variable-rate on-street parking pricing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Suggestions for operational structure of the Nordic Assessment and also rules of procedures are explained below. The MAES initiative will be directly supported by ESMERALDA, a coordination support action funded under Horizon 2020, and indirectly by the knowledge generated in several European Union projects (such as OPERA and OpenNESS), funded under the seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7), and by knowledge generated by European Union Horizon 2020 projects, including the European Research Area on biodiversity and ecosystem services (BiodivERsA 2 and 3), co-funded by the European Union and its Member States. The organisational structure will also need to help facilitate learning and cooperation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org. Despite of the potential linkages between trade and the circular economy, the existing research on this issue is limited to date. The paper first briefly introduces the circular economy concept and how trade can come into play, second highlights the various ways in which trade and the circular economy can potentially interact with one another, and third briefly concludes with potential ways forward and next steps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
They can also be used to model where the greatest impacts on humans from air pollution may occur. These statistics are also required to monitor adherence to any MEAs, particularly the Kyoto and Montreal protocols, to which the country may be a party. Air emissions may be measured directly or estimated on the basis of fuel and other material input data and process-specific emission factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It should be ensured that while countries can decide on their own blockchain standards, these could be aligned on a global level in the future. In this way, blockchain nodes that span across the participating regulators globally could be governed by a jointly mandated neutral party. Most notably, the use case presented in section 3.4 is designed to be jointly hosted by national regulators globally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Wastelands statistics indicated that about 55.3 million ha, which account for 16.8% of the total geographical area (328.7 million ha) could be categorised as wasteland in India in 2003. About 20 million hectares of these wastelands are currently in use for agriculture, but the yields are low. About 34% is land with or without scrub.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In January 2018, at its Special Session at the Annual General Meeting of the World Economic Forum, the Broadband Commission extended and updated its existing five broadband targets to a total of seven targets. This report consider progress across all seven targets. Policy analysis and targets can play a significant role in informing, shaping and influencing policy priorities at the national and regional levels - for example, Viewpoint 11 describes how policy analysis has helped concretize policy thinking and priorities, from the perspective of the Government of Rwanda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Since the fall of the Iron Curtain and the subsequent evaporation of the Communist threat, at the beginning of 1990s, scholars have shifted their attention to the threatening role of non-state criminal actors. The inter-linkages between organised crime, terrorism, corruption and politics have been depicted by the post Cold War security discourse as significant obstacles to democratic processes, security and stability at the national regional and global levels. Motivated by theoretical considerations, this article provides an overview of the conceptual underpinnings of existing research on the crime-terror nexus and attempts to synthesise existing theories.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)