albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
They also only counted items as absent if respondents said they lacked them, that is, wanted them but could not afford them. The same methods were used by Gordon and Pantazis (1997) and techniques were developed (see Bradshaw et al, 1995) for weighting the items by the proportion of the population who already possessed them - now known as prevalence weighting. The last study in Britain using this method was the Poverty and Social Exclusion Survey (Pantazis et al, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Such new macro policies should simultaneously aim at maintaining a reasonably stable macroeconomic environment, pursuing explicitly long-term growth of GDP and employment, and lowering income inequality. Evidence shows that countries relying on external finance often ended up in financial traps characterized by high spreads, exposure to sudden stops, external shocks, and rises in domestic interest rate in line with those charged on foreign loans. As a result, investment/GDP ratios drop. During the last decade, several middle-income countries with a large amount of public foreign debt started to reduce their dependence on foreign capital and financed their private capital accumulation mainly through the mobilization of domestic savings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This paper focuses on the uses of Web 2.0 platforms by residents of favelas, urban slums in Brazil, in order to expand our understanding of what Web 2.0 can and cannot do in terms of social change. To explore this problem space, I draw on a 10-month ethnography in the favelas of Vitoria, Brazil to study slum residents’ Web 2.0 practices and engagements. I show how Web 2.0 afforded favela residents the ability to protest and cross social boundaries, but when that happened they faced something much stronger: social exclusion, police brutality against the blacks and poor, and limited civic engagement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While the Arab colleges - the Academic Arab College for Education in Haifa, Sakhnin Academic College for Teacher Education and the Nazareth-Galilee Academic Institution (NGAI) - serve primarily Arab students, their capacity remains low due to the limitations in their missions and resources. For example the Sakhnin College is confined to teacher education with limited ability to respond to the regional needs and the Nazareth Academic Institution (NAI) is not a budgeted institution. For example the Gordon College has since the 1970s reached out to and established a culture that is supportive of Druze students, especially women (Druze women are not allowed to attend classes with Druze men and they must marry within their own communities).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is not always the case. For instance in India, dams are often operated to maximise water supply for farmers, while hydropower generation usually is a higher value use (Malik, 2010). Second, having the benefits estimates accepted by the stakeholders will provide a strong basis for allocating costs among beneficiaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Through these instruments rents are set below-market levels and the duration of contract is longer than what mandated by law for private rental contracts, in exchange for rental income tax relief. Social Rental Agencies (SRAs) also take on this role in some countries, SRAs are non-profit organizations that act as intermediaries between private landlords and vulnerable tenants providing guarantees to the landlords (typically rent payments, management and administrative tasks, and physical quality of the dwelling) and support services to tenants. Evidence shows that landlords capture a sizeable share of public housing allowances by raising rents in Finland (Kangasharuju 2010, Viren 2011), France (Fack 2005, LaFerrere and Le Blanc 2004), the United Kingdom (Gibbons and Manning 2006), and the United States (Susin 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Not since the civil rights era has enacted national legislation been fought so fiercely as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Political, ideological, and social forces have mobilized to undermine the ACA at numerous fronts, including the Supreme Court, Congress, state governments, and the court of public opinion. The ACA has survived a constitutional challenge, a presidential re-election, numerous repeal votes in the House, and avowedly obstreperous state regulators. But it has not yet run the full gauntlet of lethal strategies. The latest line of attack is a collection of orchestrated lawsuits seeking to keep the federal exchange from paying any premium tax subsidies.        What if the challengers eventually prevail? What would happen then?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, the programme was meant to create a demonstration effect that would encourage commercial banks and other sources of capital to lend to or invest in companies that “graduate” from the fund. The MIF was aimed as a complement to commercial financial services and its credit facilities were priced in line with prevailing lending rates in the commercial banking sector, based on market surveys periodically conducted by MATEP. This involved business consultancy to coach entrepreneurs to develop promising business concepts into fully-fledged bankable business plans. A total of 33 loans have been disbursed servicing 17 sub-sectors, including, in the agricultural field, canned horticultural produce, processed beef, horticulture (cucumbers), honey, molasses, groundnuts, organic cotton, paprika, poultry, seed and soy cake.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2015 it reached 50.2% (up from 45% in 2010), which is only slightly below the EU28 (the European Union’s 28 member states) as well as the OECD average of 53%. It is also higher than that of neighbouring countries as well as some of the Central and Eastern Europeans: 44% in Poland, 41% in Slovak Republic, and 43% in Russia and Ukraine (World Bank, 2016). The latter, referred to as the old age dependency ratio, has remained between 10 and 11% since 1960. Over the same period, the old age dependency ratio has increased from 14 to 25% across the OECD countries (World Bank, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The strategies appear to be technically feasible, but there are many hurdles on the road to implementation. The biophysical processes linked to emissions vary according to climatic and agroecological conditions and farming systems. Nuclear and isotopic techniques can help to understand these processes better, and to improve the monitoring of nitrous oxide emissions (Box 17).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Subsidies for water consumption, which currently cover 50-60% of the water bill, are expected to stay in place.12 The tariff increase of 2011, coupled with measures to reduce non-revenue water, should help meet the Ministry’s goal of becoming revenue neutral by 2022 (GWI, 2010) Further tariff revisions may need to be considered to spur changes in consumption patterns and to improve the prospects of private investment by making the sector more financially sustainable. In 2006, for instance, there was only one management contract with the private sector but now there are several. In some cases, private sector management has led to positive outcomes, as in the case of the govemorate of Madaba, where a three year management contract with a local private company led to an improvement in the collection of bills (MoPIC, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Furthermore, the project on wetlands in Albania carried out by ECAT (Environmental Center for Administration and Technology) Tirana in cooperation with the Greek Biotope/Wetland Centre (EKBY) allowed for the identification of 12 proposed Important Bird Areas (IBAs), which could possibly be designated as special protection areas following the provisions of the Birds Directive, on the basis of the 2008 Law on the Protection of Wild Fauna. In addition, 16 Important Plant Areas (IPAs) have been identified in Albania. Similarly, the effective protection of natural habitats and species of priority importance for the conservation of biological diversity in Albania would require the designation of either numerous smaller strictly protected nature reserves, or strict (passive) protection zones of adequate size within the boundaries of, for example, national parks or protected landscapes and seascapes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Thirty-seven of them said that the cost of broadband subscription, slow internet connection speeds, data protection and e-signatures were the biggest difficulties encountered. International Telecommunications Union (ITU) data indicates that many more countries actually have e-strategies than reported these strategies in the M&E exercise. As part of its efforts to promote connectivity, the ITU launched the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Since nuclear energy has the lowest marginal (and the highest capital) costs among large conventional generating technologies, nuclear power plants should be operated at nominal power as much as possible in order to maximise the energy produced and recuperate the large investment costs. For an electrical utility with a diversified portfolio of generating plants, it is thus economically more attractive to require some flexibility from a coal, a gas-fuelled or a hydro-electrical power plant than from a nuclear unit. However, in some countries the share of nuclear energy in the electricity mix has become so important that the utilities have had to implement or improve the manoeuvring capabilities of the nuclear plants. This is the case of France (78% of nuclear electricity production) as well as Belgium and the Slovak Republic (both more than 50% of nuclear electricity production).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This study pursues the empirical goal of exploring how culture influences crisis management, while its theoretical goal is to make a general contribution to the Grid Group Cultural Theory (GGCT). The impact of culture has been analyzed with emphasis on how the four GGCT cultural types of hierarchy, individualism, egalitarianism, and fatalism are reflected in crisis-related decision-making patterns.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The role of productivity improvements is expected to progressively increase given the tightening of resource constraints for agriculture. Productivity growth is a prerequisite for sustained competitiveness and is thus critical for agricultural development. These relationships are recognised by the government of Kazakhstan, the essential task is to develop a set of policies to deliver the desired outcomes. They are not exhaustive but outline how Kazakhstan’s policies could be reoriented to achieve its agricultural growth objective more effectively and efficiently. These proposals are meant for consideration by Kazakhstan’s government in its future policy formulation and design of relevant policy instruments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As it processes all immigration permits on behalf of the mining conglomerates, TEBA remains the main interface between the mining sector and the Department of Home Affairs. It was severely criticised by the group of experts who drafted the Green Paper on International Migration (Hough et al., This system is critical in ensuring the circularity of workers, by binding their remuneration to their return and allowing the governments that send them to tax this inflow of foreign exchange.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This work is a chapter for a forthcoming book on The Essentials of International Criminal Law to be published by Aspen Publishers as part of its Essentials series. This chapter discusses one of the major conundrums of international criminal law (ICL): how to distinguish international crimes (war crimes, crimes against humanity, terrorism, and genocide) from their domestic analogs (murder, assault, and mayhem). The chapter discusses the various approaches to "internationalization" (focusing on issues of identity, transnationalism, human dignity, global stability, etc.) and concludes that international crimes lack a coherent unifying justification. Additional chapters in the text address the history of ICL, the sources of ICL, the major international crimes and defenses, and ICL reasoning and rhetoric. Publication is expected in October 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The partnership aims to promote public awareness and involvement in projects to conserve and protect freshwater ecosystems relating to the Danube River basin. In 1974, the member countries of the Intergovernmental Coordinating Committee of La Plata Basin Countries created the Financial Fund for the Development of the River Plate Basin (FONPLATA). The mission of IFAS is to fund joint environmental and research programmes and projects aimed at saving the Aral Sea, improving the environmental situation in the areas affected by the disaster and addressing common social and environmental challenges in the subregion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The key to expansion of the programme was the newly learned scope and methods for capturing efficiency gains. ( The Swedish industrial efficiency programme successfully introduced energy management schemes. Those undertaking a set of measures get a modest rebate on the energy tax. The comparatively small financial signal has unleashed investments that would have been profitable but were not taken so far. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The terms 'governance' and 'good governance' are increasingly being used in development literature. Intellectuals, bureaucrats and civil society members alike are accepting the spirit of the concept and are conceiving it in the context of their own experience and environment. The Bangladeshi government has recently been under constant pressure from various donor agencies for ensuring good governance. The implementation and achievement of good governance depends upon the transparency, honesty and efficiency of the legislature, executive and judiciary, along with the cooperation of civil society and the private sector. The main concern of this article is to analyse the role of the judiciary in the pursuit of good governance in Bangladesh. The study will focus on the Bangladesh Supreme Court in order to evaluate its role in ensuring good governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For children up to the age of 2 nutrition, health and sanitation have the highest deprivation rates (82%, 72% and 69% respectively). The high deprivation level in nutrition is mainly driven by infant and young child feeding (IYCF) (72%), which captures issues of food security, and by the lack of exclusive breastfeeding (80%). In addition, the health dimension has a deprivation rate of 72%, mainly driven by lack of skilled attendance at birth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Establish clear institutional roles and responsibilities for promoting gender balance in the public sector, including independent recourse and appeal mechanisms, which should be adequately funded, resourced, and linked to executive teams to ensure their effectiveness. Raise awareness of gender equality considerations among public sector managers and enhance management and executive accountability to ensure gender balance at all levels and occupational groups, and deal with gender equality issues in workplaces, including through performance management frameworks. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Several checks were performed to assess the results, including manual checks of the development activities identified. If a specific keyword did not seem to capture activities with an STI element, e.g. if the keyword “research” referred to “market research”, the keyword was removed or modified. The prevalence of the most frequent words identified in the “core” STI activities identified through the sector codes was compared against the prevalence for the same words across the description of all other activities in the CRS. The results indicated that the keywords used for the analysis were strongly linked to activities supporting research or ICT development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Within this broad scope, the aim is to measure how cash benefits and direct taxes alter current household incomes. Some taxes and transfers are excluded, most notably consumption taxes (also because they have no direct effect on incomes) and in-kind transfers (also because of the difficulties of accurately assigning values for these transfers to individual households). Since the focus is on working-age individuals and their families, old-age pensions are not a principal driver of the distributional outcomes of interest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
An indicator can provide either qualitative information on, for instance, the degree of development and implementation of a policy process, or quantitative information, such as the amount of funding dedicated to the policy. As of April 2016, about 70% of INDCs with adaptation components include qualitative indicators by which progress towards their goals can be communicated (Kato and Ellis, 2016). Fewer (about 20%) also have quantitative indicators that can be used to assess progress. However, some adaptation components of INDCs do not include any indication (e.g. proposed indicators) against which progress can be assessed (ibid).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Allegations and confirmed cases of misconduct by peacekeeping personnel have been revealed by non-governmental organisations, the press and UN investigations. The majority of misconduct has fallen under the term 'sexual exploitation and abuse'. Sexual exploitation and abuse has encompassed rape, sex with minors, trafficking, prostitution-related conduct, sexual exploitation, and other sexual abuse. This article discusses accountability in international criminal law for such conduct, first exploring the development of gender-based crime in international criminal law. The core of this article consists of an examination of the applicable law under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, to determine whether or not the provisions could be used to prosecute peacekeepers for the crimes of rape, sexual slavery, sexual exploitation, prostitution-related conduct, and trafficking. Real life examples of criminal conduct by peacekeeping personnel will be given to test the applicability of the Rome Statute provisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Improving the national R&D system will require the support and participation of research-intensive public and private universities. Many firms are specialised in E&E which are research-intensive fields, but not an option for university-industry collaboration. Firms do not regard university and research institutes as main collaborators. Furthermore, universities are not organised to efficiently deliver services to firms (see Box 3.7.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Finally, this SRB model provides ethical and practical guidelines for creating a more sustainable business ecosystem. It also tries to identify some of the challenges. Three of the greatest obstacles to implementing SRB are the lack of government support, the low capacity of businesses and the lack of proper multi-stakeholder collaboration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
They cover more than two thirds of the Earth’s surface and contain 97 per cent of the planet’s water. Oceans contribute to poverty eradication by providing opportunities for sustainable livelihoods and decent work. Over 3 billion people depend on marine and coastal resources as a means of support. In addition, oceans play a crucial role in the achievement of global food security, as well as human health and well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Although a detailed assessment is outside the scope of this report, recent findings by the International Labour Organization are useful in understanding how trade impacts on employment prospects in developing countries. An ILO study, Trade and Employment in the Global Crisis, describes the general employment impacts in the year following the 2008 financial crisis and trade slump, including detailed assessments for seven countries: Ukraine, Liberia, Uganda, India, South Africa, Brazil and Egypt. Country specific observations were based on official statistics, ILO Country Level Rapid Impact Assessments conducted at the behest of national governments, and economic modelling undertaken by the authors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Many pilot programmes and experimentations at local and state levels (e.g. voluntary schemes for farmers to give up subsidies) could be shared and replicated. Mexico has significantly increased water-related public expenditures and the level of water-related investment. To ensure that future expenditures are well-targeted and cost-effective, it is necessary to ensure that initiatives are well co-ordinated between departments and levels of government, that other potential sources of financing are being accessed (including revenues from water-related services), and that incentives are correctly set for efficient water uses. The OECD has identified a number of regulatory functions that need to be properly designed and allocated to increase social inclusion and boost local development in Mexico. While there are several ways of discharging these functions across actors and places, improving the regulatory framework will be essential for the sustainable provision of water services to the population. This report highlights a number of levers that a new administration may wish to consider when setting up a cohesive and cost-effective water policy framework in Mexico.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is part of a far-reaching new agreement between police, mental health trusts and paramedics. The Concordat has been signed by more than 20 national organisations in a bid to drive up standards of care for people experiencing crisis such as suicidal thoughts or significant anxiety. It aims to cut the numbers of people detained inappropriately in police cells by 50 per cent and drive out the variation in standards across the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Why be concerned with integrating gender? What are the operational advantages? The emphasis throughout is on active engagement and initiative rather than passive observation. Megan Bastick and Kristin Valasek, Geneva: DCAF, UN-INSTRAW, OSCE/ODIHR. Involving women's organisations also increases the participation of women in security decision-making processes and ensures that their specific security needs are being heard. Parliaments, equal opportunity commissions, ombudspersons, ministries of women's affairs, public complaints commissions, police review boards and the like have a variety of ways to ensure the integration of gender issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Such leapfrogging is part of the opportunity of ICTs, but concerns persist about the depth and quality of this industrialization. Structural leapfrogging clearly has to be managed astutely, to maximize the opportunities it offers to increase economic growth and social inclusion in agrarian economies, while reducing the negative environmental impact of industrial development. For example, according to the World Bank, many firms in Europe and Central Asia have only just acquired web presence, and are not making use of ICTs for more sophisticated purposes which could potentially improve productivity (e.g. automating their supply chain, engaging in online procurement, ERP processing, accounting etc.). There is an inevitable learning curve association with the take-up and absorption of new technologies (ICTs and other technologies, including R&D activity).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)