albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
According to school principals who participated in PISA 2015, the average student across OECD countries attends a school where 84% of teachers have been fully certified, but this proportion ranges widely, from 100% in Macao (China) to around 10% in Colombia. Findings show that the proportion of teachers who have been certified to teach is positively associated with student performance in only a few selected countries, both before and after accounting for the socio-economic profile of students and schools (Figure 1.9). This overall weak impact is not surprising, given the different standards used in different countries to certify teachers and the fact that most countries have a high percentage of certified teachers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Adaptation Committee, together with the LDC Expert Group, will also help to develop modalities and methodologies for two out of the four objectives of the adaptation-related components of the global stocktake (AC, 2016a). Jordan’s INDC, for instance, states that their mitigation and adaptation measures should be linked and also aligned with specific Sustainable Development Goals. In terms of communication on adaptation-related information, it may be useful to explore whether monitoring and reporting exercises under the Paris Agreement could help to inform the work being done under separate but mutually-supportive development agendas (and vice versa).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Second, spectrum is a limited resource and telecommunication operators compete with other actors in the use of spectrum. As such, the capacity of mobile broadband is limited and more traffic can affect speed and quality of service (ITU, 2018(13]). Therefore, it is imperative for developing countries’ long-term development to also invest in fixed infrastructure and offload traffic through mobile networks. By 2018, half of the world’s population is using the Internet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Moreover, some analysts have stressed that informal firms generate efficiency losses because, by avoiding taxes, they rob more productive formal competitors of market shares (Farrell, 2004). Data on micro-firms in Mexico from 1992 to 2008 show that the percentage of female owners increased more in the informal sector than in the formal one (Figure 29.2). Source: OECD Secretariat estimates based on six waves of INEGI Encuesta Nacional de Micronegodos (ENAMIN). The data are representative of Mexican urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Calculations are based on net hourly earnings adjusted for social transfers. The corresponding risk figure therefore represents the share of employed working-age individuals living in households with a monthly disposable income of less than 6 000 Russian rubles (this corresponds to an hourly low-pay threshold of 1.14 PPP-adjusted international dollars for a member of a two-earner family working full-time). In most countries where data are available, women’s jobs are less secure than men’s along both dimensions (Figure 4.17). Focusing on the risk of unemployment per se, however, does not paint a comprehensive picture of labour market risks in emerging economies, as the lack of effective safety nets makes unemployment unaffordable for many workers and pushes them into jobs of "last resort” (OECD, 2015b, Chapter 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Almost a decade after 9/11, this paper seeks to assess the broad implications of the resurgence of fears about terrorism on the practice of human rights in Canada. It analyzes that impact from the point of view of an increased national security apparatus, modifications to the judicial process, and terrorism's role in framing human rights issues in a transnational light.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In particular, Paul Krugman, another Nobel laurate, stated in the early 1990s that "either the technology isn't all it's cracked up to be, or we haven't yet seen the impact of the new technology on the economy"9, while Robert Gordon concluded that computers made only a small contribution to productivity because "there is something wrong with computers"10. This led to the development of a new theory based on growth accounting economics that could not only pinpoint the economic impact of information technology, but also identify differential effects by region of the world11. For example, a study relating labour productivity growth on ICT investments on an industry level concluded that the faster productivity growth in the US compared to EU countries can be attributed to a larger employment share in the ICT producing sectors and a faster growth in industries that intensively use ICT12. No one doubts today that computing in particular and ICT in general have significantly contributed to economic growth in the industrialized world during the 1990s and 2000s. As detailed above, the study of the economic effects of broadband presents several methodological challenges. Research has confronted these challenges by proceeding along three avenues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The chapter looks at fixed- and mobile- broadband prices, and the affordability of services in developed and developing regions. In addition to addressing supply-side barriers, it examines demand-side barriers outside the ICT ecosystem, including broader socio-economic inequalities, digital and analogue skills, and the availability of relevant local content. Internet uptake has been found to bring great benefits for people, governments, organizations and the private sector. It has opened up new communication channels, provided access to information and services, increased productivity and fostered innovation, and it facilitates trade in goods and services. Information and communications connectivity and use are key building blocks of the digital economy, and indispensable drivers of e-commerce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The past decades have seen enormous changes in our perceptions of 'security,' the causes of insecurity and the measures adopted to address them. Threats of terrorism and the impacts of globalisation and mass migration have shaped our identities, politics and world views. This chapter analyses these shifts in thinking and, in particular, critically engages with the concept of 'human security' from legal, international relations and human rights perspectives. We consider the special circumstances of non-citizens, such as refugees, migrants, and displaced and stateless persons, and assess whether, conceptually and practically, 'human security' helps to address the multiple challenges they face.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The effect varies, however, across OECD countries. The redistributive impact of taxes and transfers depends on the size, mix and the progressivity of each component. Some countries with a relatively small tax and welfare system (e.g. Australia) achieve the same redistributive impact as countries characterised by much higher taxes and transfers (e.g. Germany) because they rely more on income taxes, which are more progressive than other taxes, and on means-tested cash transfers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Public Debt Committee consists of the Central Bank, the Ministry of Planning and the Ministry of Finance. It is positive that there are high-level decision-making bodies in Jordan that can give mandate to PPP projects. However, it appears that they may have difficulty in performing their tasks effectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A proactive fiscal policy influences the macroeconomic situation and the overall tax base through its impact on private sector incomes (see also TDR 2011, chap. Where private consumption and investment are weak, an appropriate expansionary fiscal policy can boost demand expectations and the willingness to invest, thereby enlarging the tax base. This will also enhance the scope of governments to raise additional revenue to finance expenditure that reduces inequality, or to restructure the pattern of taxation across different income groups. By contrast, general fiscal retrenchment, as currently pursued in many developed countries, but also under adjustment programmes in developing and transition economies, owing to its negative impact on aggregate demand and the tax base, will lead to lower fiscal revenues and thereby reduce the scope for such fiscal action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Amongst others, robust skills at basin and state levels lack to ensure proper enforcement and compliance of the law, to strengthen inspection powers and capacity, and to improve the water information systems. Water policies are often long-term endeavours that involve planning, ex ante evaluation, consultation, several stages of implementation, and ex post evaluation. Short-term considerations and vested interests can result in action that is potentially counterproductive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The largest disparities in the perceived quality of material resources between schools with different socio-economic profiles are observed in CABA (Argentina), Lebanon, Macao (China), Mexico, Peru and the United Arab Emirates. By contrast, in FYROM, Iceland and Latvia, 15-year-olds attending disadvantaged schools enjoy greater access to educational resources than their peers in advantaged schools. And in about half of the countries/economies that participated in PISA 2015, students in disadvantaged schools appear no more likely than students in advantaged schools to have access to better or more resources. The relationship between access to educational resources and student performance is analysed in Chapter 6 of PISA 2015 Results (Volume II): Policies and Practices for Successful Schools (OECD, 2016c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, there are typical factors generally improving treatment access and treatment adequacy, which have been promoted by guidelines from the American Psychiatric Association and the National Institute for Clinical Excellence in the United Kingdom. No specialist” includes general practitioner, pharmacist, nurse, social worker or “someone else”. Similar successful initiatives have been undertaken by the Australian Government (“Better Access” initiative, “Access to Allied Psychological Services” initiative, see above, e.g. Harris et al., In most of the countries participating in the current project, a majority of psychiatric inpatients will be discharged within one week from the psychiatric clinic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This, therefore, calls for a deeper understanding of how fiscal policies and distributional programmes of governments could help reduce income inequality and promote shared prosperity. For the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, addressing inequality is not only crucial for political stability and social cohesion, but is also good economics and a development imperative. The objective of this chapter is to examine how governments’ fiscal and distributive policies have impacted inequalities and, based on the findings, to suggest how these policies can help accelerate the reduction of inequality in the continent. Income inequality is high, and according to the latest Gini index figures available, it fell from 0.475 to about 0.435 between 1993 and 2010 (Cornia, 2016:6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
But the promise of these growth paths will be challenged by a low-road distribution of social reproduction. Diagonal movements in Table 5-1 involve changing both the supply and demand regimes, seemingly a more challenging prospect but one that is facilitated by the role of care in both growth and the distribution of social reproduction. A globalizing developing economy that seeks to protect its citizens from the volatility of global integration by implementing social insurance may simply exchange time squeeze for wage squeeze, thereby continuing to struggle with finding a sustainable path for growth and development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This was indeed the case, but during the 1960s and 1970s, the developed country share of world agricultural exports rose and its share of world agricultural imports fell, while for developing countries the reverse was true. By 2010 developed country export (and import) shares had fallen to 60% of the world total, while developing country export (and import) shares had risen to 40% of the total. Developing countries include transition economies. First, the developing country agricultural trade balance is heavily influenced by the phenomenal export performance of Brazil (Figure 3.2). When Brazil is excluded from the developing country aggregate, the sharp deterioration in the net agricultural trade balance of the remaining developing countries becomes clear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
By exposing students to college level coursework and college culture it familiarises and prepares students for the academic expectations of college. In 2001, 15% of high school students in Florida earned college credits. After several years of professional experience graduates from technical and agricultural vocational colleges are granted the title “Engineer”. The vocational colleges are also accessible for graduates from other upper secondary programmes. Increasingly vocational colleges provide an important route into tertiary education: one in four university students, and almost one in two Fachhochschulen students, are now vocational college graduates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
By reducing discretionality, these technical mechanisms can act as barriers to the practices of clientelism which have characterized traditional welfare programmes (Sojo, 2007). Monitoring shared responsibility is perhaps one of the most demanding aspects of conditional transfer programmes in relation with the installed capacity of public services. Several authors have mentioned the considerable resources that countries have to use just to ensure that the transfer conditions are met (Villatoro, 2008, Parra Correa and Perez Ribas, 2008), but there is as yet no clear picture of the associated costs. A study on Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua (Caldes, Coady and Maluccio, 2006) shows that the cost of targeting and monitoring can be as much as 60% of the annual budget for a programme such as Progresa. Fiszbein and Schady (2009), however, point out that those costs depend on the stage that programme implementation has reached.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In countries as diverse as Bhutan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Vanuatu, between a quarter and a fifth of women had been married when they still were children. Available from httpi'/wvvw.wotldbankorg/en/news/opinion/2012/11/25/the-human-and-c-cannot-afford. See also http//wwwendvawnow.org/erVarticles/301-consequences-and-costs-.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In US conservation banking, the use of federal government money to establish a bank does not preclude its participation in the scheme, but the number of credits allocated for sale is made pro rata according to the level of private funding. A conservation bank that creates ten credits but was financed with 30% federal government money, for example, would only be allocated seven credits for sale, reflecting the proportionate contribution of private funding (USFWS, 2003). In France, the Ministry of Environment, Sustainable Development and Energy has formally recognised the additionality of the habitat banking experiment that was launched in 2008 in Saint-Martin-de-Crau.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These include: a strong commitment at both the national and international levels to support and mobilise private investment for green growth, policies and regulations to provide a level playing field for more environment-friendly investments, policies to encourage more environmentally responsible corporate behaviour, an institutional capacity to design, implement and monitor policies to foster green growth objectives, financial mechanisms for green investment, and policies to support private sector involvement in green projects (Corfee-Morlot et al., The targeted use of official development finance is particularly relevant to set the right incentives (e.g. fiscal, economic, legislative, etc.) In particular, since some green sectors operate in highly regulated markets (e.g. energy), development finance could support opening up markets for private actors or help set regulatory environment conducive for private investments in these sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This process can prioritise NAMAs and enhance their implementation through a longer-term consideration of the supporting institutional and policy framework. Some countries do not have the current capacity to develop a LEDS, and thus could continue to take action on NAMAs and consider moving towards a LEDS in the future. Preparing a LEDS is an opportunity to consider how NAMAs work together towards a national strategy over a longer time frame, and should be an evolving process over time. Building on existing development plans and involving policy makers in economic planning can enhance the opportunity of climate change strategies to influence policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Therefore, a concerted effort by MoNP, NIDFF and all relevant national institutions - possibly with international donor support - is needed to collaboratively establish a national biodiversity monitoring system, based on existing monitoring schemes in State reserves. To achieve these goals, MoNP could seek assistance from international donors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It can also reduce the time they spend in hospital after a medical problem. Should conventional gender roles and a lack of public alternatives continue to prevail, women may find their choices to be increasingly constrained. In countries with weak health services the burden often falls on caregivers working silently within the home. In these circumstances people are expected to sacrifice themselves for their families and communities, even putting their own well-being at risk. Traditional gender-differentiated roles then result in a further restriction of options for women, often greatest for the poor, who can least afford them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
AbstractThis paper highlights the relationships between resource rights, governance practices and conflict in Nepal. The discussion is focused on policies, strategies, laws and regulations, and decisions and actual governing practices in natural resources. The good governance framework is used as a conceptual basis to analyse the relationships. This framework is for the purpose of this paper consensus oriented, participatory, guided by the rule of law, effective and efficient, accountable and transparent, responsive, equitable and inclusive. Within this framework, the paper examines the role of resource governance in creating or minimising scarcity and conflict in Nepal. It is based on my current research project on ‘livelihood security, environmental security and conflict mitigation’ in Nepal. It highlights power relations, feelings of injustice, mistrust, the intervention of new technologies, contradiction between customary practices and statutory laws as sources of research. Resource conflicts produce ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In any event, while citizenship education might open the possibility of global allegiances and responsibilities, the current reality of the nation-state must be acknowledged, and educational interventions must also prepare students for this context. In development studies, Nussbaum is best known for her contributions to the capabilities approach, along with Amartya Sen. This report, however, will draw primarily on the proposals for educational aims relating to citizenship. The most extensive formulation of these is found in the book Cultivating Humanity (1997), and relates primarily to a defence of the liberal curriculum in universities, although it can be applied to all forms of education. The first is the ability to examine closely one’s own assumptions and positions, and the arguments put forward by others, to be able to question and critique them, and put forward coherent responses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For firms to face a meaningful incentive for waste-reducing innovation in product design, the costs bome by each producer participating in the scheme would need to be very accurately related to the waste management costs generated by its own products. Most schemes in international practice involve simple cost-sharing rules between firms, and these do not provide strong incentives for waste-reducing product innovation. This flexibility can reduce the burden on producers, but it also means there is a greater risk that the policy could fail to achieve the intended outcomes. For this reason, it is essential that policy design start from a clear assessment of the objectives of the policy and the elements needed to ensure their achievement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Results from PISA suggest that, across OECD countries, schools and countries where students work in a climate characterised by expectations of high performance and the readiness to invest effort, good teacher-student relations and high teacher morale tend to achieve better results, on average across countries and particularly in some countries. Even after accounting for socio-economic background and other aspects of the learning environment measured by PISA, the results show that reading performance is positively related to higher values on the PISA index of teacher-student relationship in 10 OECD countries, including the United States, on the index of disciplinary climate in 16 OECD countries, including the United States, and on the index of teacher-related factors affecting school climate in 14 OECD countries, including the United Stales (Table IV.2.13c in PISA 2009 Results Volume IV). It is noteworthy that in no country is there a negative relationship between any of these factors and learning outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Teachers should be adequately selected, trained and incentivised to attain greater gender parity in the choice of subjects and learning outcomes. A growing literature shows that the quality and motivation of school personnel can be a crucial bottleneck in the process of improving school quality in emerging economies (e.g. Duflo, Rema and Ryan, 2012). Recent evidence also shows that hiring more female teachers may have a positive impact on girls’ school outcomes (Glewwe and Kremer, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The quality of the output of entrepreneurship education initiatives have a direct bearing on the future level and quality of entrepreneurial activity, which implies there should be strong ties between the economic ministries and the Ministry of National Education. Opportunities to support students involved in entrepreneurship courses in gaining venturing experiences and building bridges to the world of work should be further explored. One of the keys for the future will be investing in the entrepreneurial development of the young to prepare an incoming generation of more informed and competent entrepreneurs, such as the instruction and training of non-business students in entrepreneurial skills and mindsets, supported by practical support programmes to engage students and graduates in entrepreneurial activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, they may well constitute the impacts most acutely felt by electricity producers and may in the long run have the most profound effect on the operations and structure of electricity markets. Table 1.1 provides a first indication of the losses in load factors. It shows that those most heavily affected in the short run are the technologies with the highest variable costs, which are hit hard by the unavoidable decline in electricity prices due to the influx of 10% or 30% of electricity with zero marginal cost that will push the supply curve towards the right. In the long run (not included in Table 1.1), the situation changes as high fixed cost technologies will leave the market because of reduced numbers of full load hours.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)