albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Companies have new ways of doing business, and digital platforms now provide services that used to be the bread and butter of retailers, travel agents, banks and trade and investment promotion organizations. At the same time, however, they pose risks to economic growth and inclusiveness when the business ecosystem is not set up to harness the power of new technological possibilities. In many places these institutions are either entirely public or are public-private non-profit service providers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Regional agencies also play an important role in the water policy budget in Belgium (e.g. SPGE for collective sanitation, Flemish Environment Agency, etc.), Italy (Ambito Territoriale Ottimale, AATO), Korea (MLTM Regional Construction Management Administrations, MOE Basic Environmental Office, Water System Fund, K-Water), as well as in the United Kingdom, where Natural England operates an agri-environment scheme that can include activities for the benefit of water resources management, and under which land managers can receive payments for adopting good practices. Who implements central government water policies at the sub-national level?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The regulation of intellectual property rights, data flows, and privacy are likely to be of particular importance, as well as the quality of digital infrastructure, since reliable and fast network access is becoming a necessity for conducting business. However, the overall impact on GVC trade is hard to predict. In the longer run, however, 3D printing may to some extent substitute for traditional manufacturing methods, reducing the need for outsourced production and assembly, the number of production steps, and the need for inventory, warehousing, distribution, retail centres and packaging. Developing countries are likely to gain an increasing share of global trade, but the quantitative effects will depend on their ability to catch up on the adoption of digital technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There is also a need for flexibility in the use of funds (Perkins et al., While access was improved, less is known about the quality of the service patients received, and their outcomes. There is also scope to trial models integrating primary and acute care in other specialty areas. A necessary pre-requisite is that any such extended roles are attractively reimbursed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org.______________
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Many were developed to help operationalise international food safety standards and to verify compliance against them. In contrast, many eco-labelling schemes preceded any public standard or guidelines specifically related to eco-labels. Indeed, the FAO guidelines on eco-labels were developed in response to an anticipated proliferation of private eco-labelling schemes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
About 3,000 to 4,000 users per day visit the Ministry’s website, with the section on licences and permits being the most visited. The website has been operational for the past 10 years, its interface is updated every three to five years. As no historical statistical records are available regarding the website content and maintenance, it is not possible to measure progress in its development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Groundwater resources are estimated at 0.218 km3/year. Total water resources in the Armenian part of the Vorotan sub-basin are estimated at 0.966 km3/year, about 13,270 m3/year/capita. ”Thc increases in concentrations may be due to diffuse pollution from agriculture and/or pollution from municipal wastewater.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For several years, large-scale trafficking in APAAN, a pre-precursor of amphetamine and methamphetamine, has been of concern to drug control authorities worldwide. In the European Union, following control measures implemented in member States from January 2014, both the number of seizures and the amounts of APAAN seized have decreased gradually from 34 seizures (a total of 28.7 tons) in 2012 to 9 seizures (8.1 tons) in 2014. In the first half of 2015, five incidents involving a total of 1,250 kg of the substance were reported. In December 2013, the European Union adopted new control measures aimed at preventing the large-scale diversion of acetic anhydride from the European Union market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The editors would also like to acknowledge the review provided by Clara Barata and members of the OECD Secretariat’s Technical Advisory Group. The document was copy-edited by Elizabeth Zachary. The Conceptual Framework provides an integrated theoretical and analytical underpinning to the survey that articulates its research foci and links to existing knowledge and evidence and policy questions. Le cadre conceptuel offre a l’enquete une base theorique et analytique integree sur laquelle reposent les axes de recherche et qui fait le lien avec les connaissances et donnees existantes ainsi qu’avec les questions qui se posent quant a Faction des pouvoirs publics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Shaded bars and markers represent gender differences that are statistically significant at the 5% level. White bars and markers represented gender differences that are not statistically significant at the 5% level. The OECD/INFE survey of financial literacy and financial inclusion collects data on the financial knowledge, attitudes and behaviour among adults aged 18-79 in Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Hong Kong, China, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Russian Federation, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the first half of 2015, the Colombian Congress approved the National Development Plan 2014-2018. The document contains the Government’s action plan for the four-year period. In relation to the issue of drug control, the Plan aims to address the drug problem by means of a comprehensive and balanced approach. In May 2015, Colombia’s National Narcotics Council approved the suspension of aerial spraying of coca bush cultivation with glyphosate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In 2014, the government selected seven provinces to host pilot markets for trade in water rights. The existence of the “governor’s grain bag policy”, whereby each provincial governor must ensure grain demand and supply is balanced within their province, may constrain the ability of provinces to produce the most appropriate crops given local water endowments. For example, under this policy, relatively dry provinces still need to produce water-intensive crops such as rice. In future, grain quotas at the provincial level should evolve to better reflect water availability. Other types of infrastructure such as transport, electricity and IT networks will also be important to enable agricultural producers to lift productivity and to connect those wishing to pursue off-farm work or education with desirable locations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At present, the classification of projects in AfT databases is constrained by the fact that donors can ‘tick’ only one box (i.e. assign only one CRS code) to individual aid flows. This exclusivity is hard-wired into the CRS system by design, in order to avoid any donor potentially double-counting contributions across different AfT categories. As noted earlier, this avoidance of double-counting has a strong political rationale, given that some donors have made written pledges to reach quantitative targets for their AfT contributions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, when teachers are confronted with potential consequences for their career and salary, they may be less likely to accept performance evaluations, and the improvement function may be jeopardised. In practice, countries rarely use a pure form of teacher evaluation, instead they use combinations of assessments that integrate multiple purposes and methodologies. Nonetheless it is critical that evaluations have meaningful consequences to those evaluated, as it is the only way to ensure that they are taken seriously.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
First-generation immigrant students: Students who were born outside the country of assessment and whose parents were also born in a different country. Second-generation immigrant students: Students who themselves were born in the country of review but whose parents were born in a different country, i.e. students who are following/have followed all their pre-school/schooling in the review country. Around one third live in the three major cities of Stockholm, Goteborg and Malmo, the majority live in municipalities ranging in size from a few thousand people to well over 100 000 people. Sweden is among the top OECD countries with regard to wealth, development and education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The little money transferred through these systems remains essential for the poorest households as it is often the only cash they have. The existing systems have potential to help the poorest in the societies and can serve as a basis for ad-hoc assistance in the case of external shocks. But we also need to be aware that social protection in general and social cash transfers in particular cannot solve all problems and that the poor countries in Central Asia have extremely limited fiscal resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Alternative integrated approaches should also be promoted based on normative values and multidisciplinary, sustainability and multi-cultural principles. There is also scope for increasing the participation of irrigation districts and units to save water, which would significantly contribute to the sustainability of catchments and the balance of aquifers. The absence of an objective and independent assessment represents an important constraint as river basin councils and their auxiliary bodies have not been able to reflect on their failures and learn from past experiences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Coverage in the poorest quintile was a low three per cent. Social allowances reached 12 per cent of the population (25 per cent of the poorest quintile), and special state allowances benefited 15 per cent of the population (32 per cent of the poorest quintile). With the exception of housing allowances, social assistance transfers are targeted to the poor, 37 per cent of all beneficiaries of social assistance belong to the poorest quintile, who receive almost 40 per cent of total transfers. The most strictly targeted programme, TSA, distributes 72 per cent of total transfers to the poorest twenty per cent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Principals are at the junction between classrooms, policies, local administrations and stakeholders. In this unique and challenging position they can influence the conditions and climate in which teaching and learning occur and with this - the effectiveness of schooling (OECD/Specialists Schools and Academics Trust, 2008, Scheerens and Bosker, 1997, Teddlie and Reynolds, 2000, Townsend, 2007). Principals also are the key mediators between schools and the environment in which schools operate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The recent reduction in cost sharing will help low-income groups improve access to care. Furthermore, out-of-pocket spending in Denmark fell between 2000 and 2010, unlike in many other European countries (see Figure 4.10). Note by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Private finance estimates are from OECD DAC Survey on mobilisation. Data recorded in DAC statistics is not equivalent to that reported as climate finance towards the USD lOObn goal, and is not comparable to the recent estimates in the OECD study Climate Finance in 2013-14 and the USD 100 billion goal in collaboration with CPI (see http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/oecd-cpi-climate-finance-reporthtm). This section outlines some of the underling factors that will determine the level of coherence between development finance and climate finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Policy responses to reported abuses should focus on implementing existing laws and if necessary strengthening penalties for legal breaches by employers rather than restricting the market for temporary labour. This is unobjectionable as an aspiration, but is less clear as a policy, as the term “decent work” can conceal difficult tradeoffs. The goal of decent work should not be allowed to perpetuate or strengthen the current pattern of a core of well-paid labour market insiders existing alongside a similar number of excluded and impoverished outsiders, either jobless or pushed into the informal sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
There is emerging evidence that, for innovations in health systems to be sustainable, close collaboration and partnership with the subnational health systems are highly crucial. Maternal health in Africa is a primary health care handled mostly at the local or provincial level. Such innovations should be fully institutionalized, operationalized and driven by local health workers and their institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
An online survey of public administration graduate students in the United States1 was conducted in early 2010 to measure students’ views on public participation. In addition, document analysis was used to investigate MPA curricula and the extent to which NASPAA-accredited programs were teaching courses in this area. Survey results2 indicate that most respondents (a) believe public participation is important to good governance, (b) see themselves as facilitators of public participation, and (c) are interested in learning more about the subject. Analysis of MPA-accredited program curricula showed few graduate-level public administration programs offering courses on public participation and citizen engagement. The findings point to the opportunity, and need, for greater emphasis on public participation in MPA curricula.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Hi K-SJStJJA 97,0 .95.5 95.3 . First, despite certain variations between countries in the proportion of w omen employed in the care sector and other sectors, in all cases the share in the former is at least double the latter. Second, the overwhelming presence of women among paid care workers has changed little in the last decade in terms of the regional average and for individual countries (see figure III.8). The proportion of women is higher among domestic workers (95.2% in 2000 and 90.6% in 2010) than among other care woikers, and it is higher in education services and community and household services than in health services (94.4% and 95.2%, respectively, in 2000 compared with 85.9% in 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In recent years, some cities in Belarus have become pioneers in integrating some elements of a green city approach into their urban planning and development practices to address some of the problems they face in a more systematic, integrated way (box 13.3.). Multifamily housing constitutes about 140 million m , or 60 per cent of the total. Private dwellings made up 89.5 per cent of the total housing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Corporate diplomacy is an emerging concept within the management literature. It describes corporate conduct in the international arena, particularly in challenging political and social environments. Management scholarship and practitioner literature have focused on the communication processes and instrumental benefits associated with corporate diplomacy, exploring and explaining how managers negotiate stakeholder relationships to achieve a firm’s profit-oriented goals. We enrich the current understanding of corporate diplomacy by viewing it as an umbrella concept that encompasses scholarship from political corporate social responsibility, international relations, diplomacy, and peace studies. We also suggest that corporate diplomacy includes the political role that multinational enterprises play in addressing social issues and governance gaps affecting less developed and potentially conflict-prone host countries where they operate. Based on this approach, the concept of corporate diplomacy builds on the p...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are a number of mixed cropping farms, but such farming systems are in the minority. Mixed farms usually combine arable crops with sheep and beef and derive over one quarter of total revenue from livestock operations. For some farms, production specialisation has played an important role in improving efficiency following the withdrawal of agricultural subsidies in the mid-1980s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Palgrave Macmillan, New York, NY. Evidence from the UK”, IFS Working Papers W08/09, Institute for Fiscal Studies. Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Economic Journal, 115(506): F300-F323, October. Economic Journal, 110(466): 781-804, Royal Economic Society, October. Consumption and Generational Change: The Rise of Consumer Lifestyles and the Transformation of Later Life, Transaction Publishers, Rutgers, NJ, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
We shall also see that the ambiguity and uncertainty of LCA results and the difficulty of communicating them in a meaningful way have led to a flurry of tools and approaches either to simplify or to standardise the assessment. This approach requires the standardisation of data and impact assessment methods. The results of LCA studies can then be communicated through Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) or more simplified models such as life cycle-based ecolabels. The publication Global Guidance Principles for Life Cycle Assessment Databases4 has made a very important contribution to consensus building on how to collect data and manage databases in a consistent way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Educational administration is a rich domain of scholarship and practice, but one subject rarely discussed is its dark side. This study explored the question: What types of maladministration occur in schooling systems? The goal was to develop findings to inform existing prevention strategies. Focused on the Canadian context, data sources included 64 reports from disciplinary hearings of administrators in the Provinces of Ontario and British Columbia, complemented with other publicly available sources such as news stories. Findings indicated only a small minority of populations of administrators were subjected to disciplinary investigations and sanctions, but the targeted misconduct was often severe. Analysis revealed eight dimensions of maladministration, with sexual misconduct against students and financial transgressions being the most frequent. Academic dishonesty in the context of standardized testing and gendered patterns of maladministration also stood out. A typology emerged that highlighted the mai...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Therefore, if the city of Amsterdam were to increase its rates, this would have consequences for other cities, the macro-standard and for the contribution that they receive from the municipal fund. Considered less distortonary, more progressive and efficient than the composed property tax (land + building) and the tax on commercial activities or labour. One-time tax, levy or charge imposed on landowners adjacent to public infrastructure investment that would have contributed to land valorization. “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The guidance developed by the OECD and experience gained by OECD countries provide useful reference in this regard. In addition to action on chlorofluorocarbons, Colombia took steps to control the use of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in advance of the relevant international agreement. Further efforts are needed to curtail the continued illegal import of banned substances and to manage the collection and environmentally sound disposal of ozone-depleting substances contained in equipment still in use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Its production possibilities are 1,200 tons of lint on 1,000 ha of irrigated cotton or 4,800 tons of grain on 1,500 ha of irrigated wheat. Suppose Country B is less productive, due to poorer soils, less sunshine, or inadequate access to crop nutrients. Its production possibilities are 800 tons of lint on 1,000 ha of irrigated cotton or 4,000 tons of grain on 1,500 ha of irrigated wheat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Out of the 47 prefectures in Japan, 5 have food self-sufficiency rates greater than 100 per cent (Hokkaido, 195 per cent, Akita, 174 per cent, Yamagata, 132 per cent, Aomori, 118 per cent, and Iwate 105 per cent) (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2009). Japan’s energy self-sufficiency rate is only 4 per cent (19 per cent if nuclear power generation is included) (Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, 2008). Most potash and phosphate supplies are imported and dairy farming in Japan is heavily reliant on imported livestock feed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Thus, mapping the skills, competencies and expertise available domestically is important. In many instances, government agencies responsible for public procurement are today unaware of the size and structure of the domestic IT sector (UNCTAD and BMZ, forthcoming). This may call for dedicated training of enterprises - by the government or the industry association - on tender procedures and how to complete tender documents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Because of the ongoing conflict, youth displaced by violence now face huge disruptions in their education, and many will encounter barriers that will prevent them from returning to their studies. However, the resolution itself has not prevented these atrocities. The recommendations of women leaders in the region, led by Karama, underscore that international organizations involved in peace processes, such as the United Nations and the League of Arab States, must make such processes inclusive, ensuring that women are adequately represented in at least 30 percent of decision making positions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Baseload nuclear plants have de facto been replaced by both renewable energy as well as medium- and peak-load providers. In all scenarios analysed, however, the introduction of renewable energy is accompanied by an increase of the capacity of both peak- and medium-load plants in the optimal generating mix. Those phenomena are more pronounced at higher penetration levels. For instance, the introduction of a low marginal cost technology would displace baseload technology exactly on a one-to-one basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
[Extract] In the past decade we have witnessed the questioning of policies relating to cultural diversity, multiculturalism and citizenship. This has been exacerbated by the advent of 'globalized terrorism' in the wake of September 11 and has resulted in the adoption of protective measures both nationally and internationally. The discourses on fighting the war on terror have been conjoined with other issues such as border protection, ethnic crime and threats to 'Australian culture' from immigration and have added to negative public opinion relating to cultural diversity. A climate of concern over safety and security has been created. The adoption of a 'protective framework' has been accompanied by an erosion of civil liberties, freedoms and human rights which were traditionally associated with Western democracies. This has had impacts on minorities' sense of belonging in countries, such as Australia, with significant immigrant populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)