albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Materials are often washed or blown away into the environment, contaminating adjacent land and watercourses. There are no licensed waste incineration facilities for the treatment of MSW. It is common to burn household and other waste in the open. Some wastes, including used tyres and wood waste, are burnt in lime kilns. At Sharra, which is the main disposal site in Tirana, the old disposal area has been recultivated. Sharra Phase I is developed as lined landfill and partially filled, Sharra Phase II, which is financed by the Italian Government, is lined and will soon be ready for operation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Mobile government provides unique opportunities to utilize mobile technology to receive government services and information literally from any place, at any time, using varieties of wireless networks. However, mobile devices are using wireless network broadcasts which are vulnerable as they send signals over the public airwaves. With the rapid growth of mobile devices and Internet services, there is a growing need for user and government authentication for the protection of data and services, and to promote public trust. This paper presents the process of the grounded theory application to information system security research to develop a substantive theory for the successful implementation of biometric authentication in m-government security. It concludes by presenting the findings in the form of categories with their relationships. These emerging categories indicate the factors that influence the adoption of biometrics in m-government security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the tidal zone, small brown, green and red algal species dominate the flora. In the subtidal region, large kelp species such as sugar kelp {Saccharinalatissima) and tangle kelp (Laminaria hyperborean) grow dense underwater forests with canopy-like structures (Christie et al., In bays and inlets, eelgrass (Zostera marina) often dominate on sandy/muddy sediments and form extensive meadows (Bekkby et al., In the open water masses along the coast and in the offshore pelagic zone, microalgal species are the dominant primary producers (e.g. Skeletonema, Thalassiosira, Chaetoceros spp.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This chapter reuieiws the current status and trends of Brazil’s biodiversity, as well as pressures stemming from a range of sources. It examines Brazil’s biodiversity policy and institutional framework, including its integrated strategy to combat deforestation. The chapter assesses progress in financing biodiversity conservation, mainstreaming biodiversity into sectoral policies and enhancing the knowledge base and economic valuation of Brazil’s biodiversity and ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Broadband networks and access to the resources they provide can form a foundation for collecting and distributing timely transport information. This information, provided to traffic control systems and delivered to commuters to aid in route planning can help reduce traffic congestion, lower fuel consumption and help users avoid accidents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Similarly, cement production has more than doubled since 1990, outstripping growth of GDP by 70%. Exposure of agricultural crops to ozone costs an estimated 2.8 billion Euros in 2008 (ibid), globally over 2 million people die prematurely each year due to indoor and outdoor pollution. We are living beyond our planetary means, operating 40% above budget. Although the contribution of industrialised nations is historically much more than that of emerging economies, the consequences will befall everyone, and unfortunately, affect poorer countries even more. The approach to sustainable lifestyles under the 10YFP involves practical solutions at a local level and macro frameworks to enshrine providing wellbeing in societal dynamics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This second report on geographies of migration examines scholarship on the racial-spatial politics of immigration in the Global North, which have emerged as important issues in the context of rising nativism, the criminalization of immigrants, and the racist exclusion of immigrants from polities. The report first highlights research that has revealed the entanglements of race, immigration law, and citizenship before turning to ‘new immigrant destinations’ as central contemporary sites where race and belonging are hashed out. The following section examines the effects of anti-immigrant policing and racist politics on the health and well-being of immigrants. Activism and immigrant youth mobilization that challenge anti-immigrant politics and racist exclusions from citizenship are at the center of the arguments I discuss in the penultimate section. I conclude by calling for more geographic analysis of the racial-spatial politics of immigration, as well as of the activism that challenges such politics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article reviews the findings of three research projects—all performed by the author and companions—supporting the hypothesis that integrity violations comprise white-collar crime or human rights violations or can be an indicator of more serious crime in an organization. Two of these studies have not previously been published in journals. Two of the projects compare observed integrity violations and ethical leadership in the United States with those in the Netherlands, Serbia, and Montenegro. The third study explores the connection between integrity violations and human rights violations by drawing the topic closer to the concept of state crime. Bridging the gap between public administration and criminology with a reflection on contributory factors to unethical behavior in the sense of white-collar crime, the article concludes with some coherent observations derived from the research projects discussed and encourages investment in ethics and integrity management as an instrument to prevent and control...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Kenya, disaggregated information on ODA is available, but not screened or tagged for climate relevance. Cambodia is integrating climate finance tagging and weighing into its existing ODA management system. Management of external financing received is often divided among different ministries, financial organisations and agencies, and spending is similarly spread out, co-ordination and information sharing can be a challenge. In Bangladesh, the Ministry of Environment and Forest oversees the activities of two off-budget climate change funds, while the majority of climate-relevant spending is overseen by the Ministries of Agriculture, Local Government and Disaster Management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
We noted above that developers of renewable energy projects often do not have a proven track record, as well as some of the new technologies they are investing in have not reached a mature state yet. As a result, these investors are struggling for capital and for access to commercial loans at reasonable conditions. By offering low-interest loans with long repayment periods or loan guarantees, governments can increase the commercialization of such projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, the effectiveness of these kinds of schemes is still not clear, some arguing that they could provide perverse incentives. Revenues coming from environmental taxes, or at least part of them, can be reinvested for the environment. For example, in 1981 the National Assembly of Cuba approved the Law 81, also known as ‘Environmental Law', that allows the use of economic tools such as taxes for the development of activities that positively impact the environment (Whittle and Rey Santos 2006). They can be designed for general environmental or revenue raising issues (e.g. waste charges to help finance waste management collection and infrastructure), and also motivated specifically by marine litter considerations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
We also estimate an ordered logistic regression model on the same explanatory variables using the cumulative number of deprivations as a dependent variable. Children are the unit of analysis and the models are estimated for each country separately. Included as household characteristics are household size (and squared size), household demographic composition, tenure status of dwelling (owned or rented), work intensity status of the household and the household’s income poverty status (for indicators of multidimensional poverty only).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The NNI is published every five years. For ecosystems that have been changed and affected by man over a very long time, such as farmland areas, the reference state is defined as areas in a satisfying state. The NNI includes a common conceptual basis for setting reference values across ecosystem so that a specific reference state is defined for each of the nine ecosystems, even if the degree of how pristine they appear varies across the ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It is only due to the weakened demand for electricity in the current low-growth environment of OECD economies and the considerable excess capacity constructed during more favourable periods in the past that more serious stresses have so far been avoided. Already today, the technical and pecuniary system effects of variable renewables are putting considerable stress on the long-term adequacy of the electricity systems of OECD countries. The increasing variability of the demand for dispatchable production, the difference between variable renewable production and total demand, increases risk and makes the financing of dispatchable capacity even more challenging (see Chapter 7 and the study by IER Stuttgart).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Figure 1.9 juxtaposes the recent increases in total and long-term unemployment with the levels of public spending on active and passive labour market programmes in 2007. Several of the hardest hit countries were particularly low spenders, including Estonia, Greece, the Slovak Republic and the United States (all of which saw unemployment rise by more than 5 percentage points and also saw large increases in long-term unemployment). Labour market spending in 2007 was even lower for the six countries where the unemployment rate increased by more than 5 percentage points, just 0.9% on average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The interviews were conducted in English and local languages (Akan, Mole-Dagbani, Ga and Ewe). In these regions, the study was conducted in selected mining communities and in urban areas where wholesale and retail trading activities take place and immigrants participate in these activities. In addition, faced with the same factors, the decision to migrate depends on several sociodemographic variables including age, gender, level of education and so on.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
On the implementation side, ComEd’s unionised workforce of trained linesmen and other private electricians would be responsible for installing new technology on the grid itself or in homes and businesses, which may require some modest skill upgrades. Schrock (2009) notes that there is no typical recycling job, as jobs range from collecting, sorting and remanufacturing activities. Some jobs involve construction and deconstruction skills, while others involve more traditional retail sales functions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The responses were combined to create an index of shortage of educational material. The average on the index is zero and the standard deviation is one across OECD countries. Positive values reflect principals' perceptions that the shortage of educational material hinders the capacity to provide instruction to a greater extent than the OECD average, negative values indicate that school principals believe the shortage hinders the capacity to provide instruction to a lesser extent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In some countries, students are segregated into different tracks at early ages, reflecting the notion that only some children can achieve world-class standards. But PISA shows that such selection is related to large social disparities. By contrast, in countries as different as Estonia, Canada, Finland and Japan, parents and teachers are committed to the belief that all students can meet high standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It also means that women tend to accrue fewer savings and assets for their older age. The essential components of social protection to meet these goals include: paid maternity and parental leave, social transfers for families with children, with additional support for lone parents, and adequate pensions through a combination of gender-responsive contributory and non-contributory schemes. Without this unpaid care work—both direct person-to-person care and the domestic work of preparing meals and doing laundry—economies and societies would grind to a halt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
ABSTRACT The global threat of terrorism raises questions about preparedness and risk communication in the context of public health and security. Although experts discriminate between chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive (CNRNE) terrorist events, little is known about how the Canadian public represents these forms of terrorism. A stratified random sample of 1502 Canadians participated in a telephone survey on CBRNE terrorism. A word association technique was used to assess first words or images that came to mind while thinking about different types of terrorist scenarios. Content analysis of this data revealed a number of potential uncertainties and misconceptions regarding different types of terrorism scenarios. Despite most frequently providing agents in response questions surrounding chemical or biological terrorism, respondents frequently confounded agents of biological and chemical nature. Similarly, different aspects of nuclear events were not consistently distinguished. Most no...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Through the Environment Protection Fund, the government also provides financial assistance to communes, intercommunal syndicates, and public establishments for installing photovoltaic cells, chip-fired heating, heating networks based on cogeneration plants, and low-energy buildings. For example, the Law of 22 February 2004 instituted a system of business subsidies for protecting the environment, making rational use of energy, and producing energy from renewable sources. The maximum assistance amounts to 30% for environmental protection investments and 40% for investments in rational energy use and electricity generation from renewable sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Educational research, by and large, has aided and abetted inequality in the name of equality in modernist democratic countries. Such an accusation seems difficult to believe or to swallow. How can the call to social equality and the call to social justice lead to inequality? This sounds counter-intuitive and patently false. However, if social injustice is continually defined by identity politics and the redistribution of knowledge (or of wealth for that matter) in the name of ‘progress,’ there will always be a ‘failure’ for the poor and the ‘stupid’ or ‘dumb’ (to use pejorative terms) will always lag behind.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Mexico has also progressed towards an education and training system that is more relevant to the labour market. Despite this progress, the country still faces major challenges. To make headway on its path of educational improvement, Mexico's system-level policies should maintain their focus on improving the educational success of students from diverse backgrounds and delivering quality education across all types of schools, including upper-secondary and vocational education and training institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Average growth in real taxable income in Australia, Canada and the United States, 1982-201015 Figure 4. Such comparisons have been used to argue that countries with higher levels of inequality of income are less healthy, less democratic and less happy and have more crime, more conflict and less intergenerational social mobility and equality of economic opportunity. However, these comparisons are primarily useful if we can depend on inequality' remaining stable and if we are interested in answering a question like: “what type of society would one like to live in?” Since this is an important question, and since there have been important periods in which levels of income inequality did not change much, most of the literature on income inequality has emphasized comparisons of the level of inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This system is well suited to the needs of countries with small electricity grids, especially those in the developing world. India has reached world leadership in this area. Nearly 55% of all scientific publications on PHWRs in 2006 were Indian, and India is leading the research in FBRs (Kakodkar, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This is followed by a history of international climate diplomacy from the 1992 Rio conference to the 2015 Paris climate summit, with an emphasis on the 2009 Copenhagen summit that laid the foundation for the Paris Agreement. Thereafter, we assess the potential and limitations of the Paris Agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions before offering an analysis of what this agreement means for future international cooperation and effective policy response to climate change. We conclude by examining the prospect for global de-carbonization and offer policy recommendations. Ultimately effectiveness, however, depends on how the Paris Agreement is able to fulfil the objectives of the agreement, where the temperature target provides the clearest measure of success.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In his view, the MDGs have been turned into a master rather than being a servant to national policy implementation (Vandemoortele, 2009, 2011). This has become increasingly pronounced since the MDGs were first adopted. The principal interest has been in identifying outcomes that can be attributed to the financial and programmatic support given by the donors (Vandemoortele, 2011). The more important question has been what has been achieved, not necessarily how it was achieved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
About 81% of children are enrolled in early childhood education in the year before school (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012), and government subsidies are available (as fee reimbursements). Australia is one of several high-performing OECD countries, including the Nordic countries and Canada, that does not have student tracking until the age of 16. It also limits its use of vertical and horizontal differentiation within schools. In addition, Australia’s grade repetition rate is 8.4%, below the OECD average of 13%. Around 96% of students attend a school that competes for enrolments with at least one other school, Evidence shows that school choice, along with other factors, may undermine equity in the education system by segregating students into schools based on their socio-economic background. It is important to ensure that there are mechanisms to mitigate this negative effect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Then the discussion moves to questions of context and content, including explicit commitment to the teaching of 21st century skills. Third, the question as to how central technology is for these networks is introduced. Finally, the chapter concludes with an analysis of key practices that best explain the successful implementation and sustainability of their innovative approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On technical grounds indices can be divided between those which combine results of various datasets at the macro-level, and those which use only one (micro)-data source. The distinction is important mainly to understand the technical particularities and the ability of the index to serve as a basis for further analysis. One of the most widely known examples of a 'macro' development index is the Human Development Index (HDI) as used in UNDP's annual Human Development Reports (e.g. 2010, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In Tanzania, research and academic institutions were actively involved in the drafting of the Marine Parks and Reserves Act and the National Integrated Coastal Management Strategy and their implementation. As an example of the latter, the Institute of Marine Sciences played an important role in the establishment of the Mafia Island Marine Park and Mnazi Bay Marine Park between 1995-2000 as part of the implementation of the Marine Parks and Reserves Act. More universities in the region are now offering postgraduate degree programmes in areas of marine and coastal science and associated resource management disciplines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Voluntary repatriation, the most common solution, may be promoted through “go and see” visits, education, legal aid and family reunification, along with development programmes in returnee areas prioritizing health care and infrastructure. Measures to promote local integration may include granting refugees freedom of movement and access to the labour market and to basic services. Successful resettlement of refugees in third countries can be facilitated by providing cultural orientation, language and vocational training and access to education and employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They are also grateful for the contributions of colleagues and participants at conferences, meetings and workshops for their input to this ongoing work on MODA. Understanding why people are - and remain - poor and why these unfortunate conditions and choices are passed on to subsequent generations is the next logical analytical step. Multidimensional poverty and deprivation estimates are important new tools in this undertaking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These findings are consistent with previous research on the distributional effect - as measured by the Gini - of several changes in the tax structure in Chile (Engel et al., These studies suggest that the targeting of expenditures and the level of the average tax rate are far more important determinants of income redistribution. Therefore, to boost the impact of redistribution system in reducing income inequality efforts should be strengthened to increase revenues by broadening the tax base and expand transfers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In November 2013, the Indonesian Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries and the Dutch Minister for Agriculture signed an agreement to increase domestic fisheries production and reduce harmful fishing practices. Both countries committed to contribute a total of EUR 9 million (USD 12 million). Based on this agreement, the Project for Fisheries and Aquaculture for food Security in Indonesia will be implemented over the three year period 2014 to 2016.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This chapter examines the features and achievements of the three most important international organisations formed by the Muslim majority countries (MMCs)—the Arab League , the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC ), and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC )—in promoting peace and development in the pursuit of human development in the member-states. The chapter suggests that Islam’s perspectives on international relations are not contradictory to contemporary international norms, and that these three international organisations and the member-states accept the UN Charter , and value sovereignty and territorial integrity of all states. These international organizations, not ‘supra-national bodies’, have achieved different levels of success. The chapter suggests that, with necessary human and natural resources and international organisations in existence, the MMCs need to have integrated approach and emulate the GCC because of its success in the areas of economic, political and security cooperation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)