albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
United Kingdom Sullivan C.A. and J.R. Meigh. In a transboundary context, the riparian countries have to agree upon the scope of the study but also on the definitions to be used. A key element in this step is defining the vulnerability indicators and critical thresholds. This choice depends on the scope of the study and the water management objectives and is needed to assess the direction and magnitude of the changes affecting the system. This understanding should be used in further adaptation policy and planning. These stakeholders are identified in the first step of the VA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is primarily the consequence of significant price hikes over the year (respectively +33% and +84%), which nevertheless helped maintain the levels of spending. Supply problems on the international market drove prices higher (+17.2%). Consequently, the price of smoked salmon rose by 4% in 2013 and the quantity purchased fell by 7.7%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
When analysing the responses of the participants, phrases and short sentences were categorised in sub themes and consequently examined. Only registered schools were investigated. Data on union membership by gender was also not accessed for the same reasons. Furthermore, few primary schools were selected from each of the four sampled districts so that data collected through a highly qualitative questionnaire could be manageable. The questionnaire was distributed at different times as the selected districts constituted clusters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Using content analysis of the New York Times and USA Today, this study investigates the framing of immigration in two policy debates: on the Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005 (H.R. 4437) in 2006 and on the Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act or Arizona Senate Bill (S.B.) 1070 in 2010. The bills crystallized various discourses on immigration in American society. Drawing on literature on media discourses, news frames, and framing processes, the article examines the attempt of mainstream mass media to reduce the complexity of immigration into palatable talking points. The findings demonstrate that through framing, the media create diametrically opposed representations of immigration and contemporary immigrants but at the same time normalize dominant ways of thinking and talking about immigration that sustain and consolidate power relationships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Further EPEAT criteria are only developed for a limited number of product categories and only electronic product, which has also affected the choice of product groups. The criteria in the four instruments for the four products have been reviewed and categorized according to the resource efficiency parameters developed by JRC, but additional categories have also been added as the four voluntary instruments cover resource efficiency parameters adding to the JRC categories. Following this, the voluntary resource efficiency criteria of the four product groups are reviewed and analysed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For example, Mira Impex has developed a network of suppliers that procure produce and transport it to its warehouse, allowing the company to focus on processing and exporting the product, including completing the paperwork necessary for exports. These suppliers occupy a significant position in the agricultural value chain and help SMEs such as Mira Impex to hold down costs. They also connect farmers to the market, while earning a living for themselves and experiencing economies of scale. The suppliers sometimes hold back products in the hope that prices will rise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
At a political level, a Pigouvian tax also introduces significant shifts in the allocation of environmental use rights, which can translate into real economic losses or gains for different groups of users or producers worth billions of dollars. This often explains the ferocious resistance to environmental taxes, for instance carbon taxes, by those who would need to pay them. On a conceptual level, it is the information problem that constitutes the true Achilles heel of the Pigouvian approach centring on the optimal pricing of externalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For this reason, solely qualitative conclusions are drawn below regarding the rate-of-return effects. They allow exploiting information on individual workers, thus involving substantially more variation in the data than aggregate cross-country information. Moreover, they contain specific information on the linkages between earnings and various personal characteristics that cannot be inferred from aggregate data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Eveiy six months, the units meet with each other to ensure co-ordination and a report on the work of the units is prepared annually. Community-based associations, the Family Affairs Bureau under the Ministry of Social Security, equal opportunities units in ministries, committees concerned with women in professional associations and trade unions all handle complaints relating to discrimination against women. The Ombudsman’s Office serves as a link between the NCW and Egyptian women who have encountered any form of discrimination or unequal opportunities by identify ing through first-hand experience the actual problems facing women. Lebanon has a legislative commission that addresses gender equality as well as social rights/children’s rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry. A Demographic and Socio-Economic Portrait of Aboriginal Populations in Canada, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 2009, p. 7, http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2010/ainc-inac/R3-109-2009-eng.pdf. Urban Aboriginal people in Western Canada: Realities and policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Only through gradual public education can the perception issues surrounding this potential use be addressed. Stakeholder engagement can also exert a strong push towards increasing the accountability of private actors and public authorities. A menu of options should be considered to strengthen existing mechanisms when they have proven effective, and develop a larger consultation base that can support inclusive water policy, with a positive impact on the willingness to pay and financial sustainability of the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
During the past 15 years, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (hereafter referred to as Jordan) has experienced an increase in poverty, inequality, and unemployment, volatile economic growth and low productivity, a significant increase in nepotism and corruption in public institutions, a rise in the rate of crime and civil violence, and pervasive lack of trust not only between citizens themselves but also between them and their formal institutions. This lack of general trust, ‘a central element of social cohesion, or social capital’ (World Bank 2002a p.iii), is one of the main constraints to sustainable economic growth and development in Jordan. It is also potentially threatening to the country’s social cohesion and political stability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Each of the cells provides selected examples of public instruments that could affect groundwater management in agriculture. It, however, excludes private approaches supported by legal instruments, such as adjudication or litigation, that do not fit into any of the above-discussed categories. As noted in Chapter 2, just as groundwater systems are diverse and associated with specific challenges, not all options will be useful in all contexts. The next section proposes elements of a model to help identify factors of differentiation for choice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Do ret ware to wort with toonogars . The response themes are ordered according to frequency. On the positive side, these included: love of the profession and to work with small children, the nature of women to like and care for the young ones and fitness of job for women, the ability to work while they also look after families, easy and more open access to the job, greater job security, lack of stress, as well as other opportunities such as studying part-time. Negative reasons for joining the profession included: a feeling of academic marginalisation by circumstances, indicated that they could only be accepted into diploma programmes or that there was no other alternative employment, low self esteem (which by implication suggests that they did not have the self esteem to apply for other, more coveted roles).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The results presented here also illustrate the data gaps: additional breakdowns by ethnic and religious minorities, disabled people, immigrants or indigenous populations are not available, as no internationally comparative data exist about their representation in public employment in OECD countries. In the last three decades, efficiency became one of the most important guiding principles of how governments operate and how services are delivered in OECD countries, often putting equity or fairness considerations on the back burner. In pursuing inclusive public policies and practices, efficiency and equity are not viewed as mutually exclusive, rather, inclusiveness becomes a key dimension of effectiveness. In an inclusive approach to public policies, equity and fairness considerations are introduced by looking at the impact of various policy options on different groups in society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
One influential model of disease management is the Chronic Care Model (CCM) developed in the US by Wagner, Austin et al. ( A systematic review evaluated the impact of disease management programmes that contained two or more of those CCM components for diabetes, depression, heart failure and COPD (de Bruin et al., It found that, of the studies that reported changes in healthcare costs, 13 out of 21 showed a decrease in overall costs. The overall costs varied between -USD 16 996 (a system cost saving) and USD 3 305 (an increase in the system cost) per patient per year (in 2007 prices).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In his seminal research on verification and trust in arms control, Allan Krass notes that “no word has suffered more from scepticism and cynicism in superpower diplomacy than ‘trust’”. Clearly, this observation reflects the fact that in a shifting and uncertain international arena, where national interests reign supreme, any rhetoric prioritising trust between states is inevitably counterbalanced by an approach that seeks to verify claims and agreements, and to ensure that national interests are safeguarded as a state enters any bilateral or multilateral commitment. Consequently, the concept of verification pervades all aspects of international relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is especially relevant for reducing pollution from agriculture (UNESCO, 2016). There has been, however, no systematic analysis of the impacts of buffer strips across European farms on water quality. Nutrient loads to European rivers have decreased due to a suite of nutrient reduction measures required under the EU Nitrates Directive and other policy actions, and it is difficult to isolate the contribution of riparian buffers alone.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This re-orientation of policy appears to have had an impact since the number of freeters had by 2008 declined more than 20% from the 2003 peak. The Japanese government should continue its policy aiming to reduce the precariousness of youth employment, and in this respect the principal recommendations contained in the OECD’s Jobs for Youth: Japan report remain valid. Policies in the 2000s included the further expansion of participation in Silver Human Resource Centres, which now have almost 1 million members (about 5% of the total population aged above 70), and the introduction of an option for firms of implementing a system for continued employment after their mandatory retirement age, rather than increasing the mandatory retirement age itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Local officers can in some cases collaborate without altering the delivery' of policies and programmes, and flexibility in outsourcing is often restricted through national contracting regulations (Giguere and Froy, 2009). Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), LEED provides building owners and operators a concise framework for identifying and implementing practical and measurable green building design, construction, operations and maintenance solutions. Since its launch in 2005, the PCI has been widely utilised by' provincial governments to inform their economic governance reforms and has served to set a standard, represented by “star performer” provinces. The index has also been used for private businesses to advocate for local initiatives intended to foster an enabling environment for enterprises. The Pact addresses the social and employment impact of the international financial crisis and economic crisis. It promotes productive recovery centred on investments, employment and social protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Since the focus in this report is on children. Figure 8.1 reports on the situation of adolescents aged 15-19. Turkey's young people are worst affected, with 1 in 5 in this category. Cyprus has cut its rate by more than half, and Turkey has also made massive strides, though it still has the highest rate among all OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
AbstractThis article introduces the socio-anthropological concept of international representations to examine the relationship between a civilizational rhetoric, the West European and the international politics of otherization and containment of Southeast Europe, and an essentialist and timeless bias in international relations theory, including both radical and constructivist trends. We first explore the different narrative perspectives on the Balkan wars from the beginning to the end of the twentieth century. Their subsequent problematization is aimed at challenging the way they have constructed commonplace and time-worn representations, which international society shares with different consequences in international affairs. This is a limited conception since international representations as a socio-anthropological concept are always socially, culturally and politically constructed, contested and negotiated. They do not neutrally refer to a reality in the world, they create a reality of their own. Moreov...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Taxes of this kind are however easier to implement than a congestion charge, because they require no investment in a charging system. In combination with a parking tax, they could discourage car use. Parking fees and taxes are price-elastic, and there is ample evidence that they are effective in reducing car trips and decreasing the car share in the modal split.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Although it may be argued that Brazil has a larger youth population as well as greater capital investments to make, this increase in public spending will only have the desired impact if the money is wisely spent. Redressing the balance in expenditure per student between the tertiary sector, on the one hand, and primary and secondary (and, indeed, ECEC) on the other, is crucial. However, simply throwing money at lower levels of education will not solve the problem either.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Armenia, Kazakhstan and Pakistan recorded the smallest decline in absolute poverty, but while absolute poverty in Armenia and Kazakhstan is low compared to other countries, the poverty rate in Pakistan remains very high. The share of undernourishment is generally correlated with the share of the population living under the USD 2 poverty line (Figure 6.2), but in Sri Lanka and Tajikistan the prevalence of undernourishment is well above what one would expect given absolute poverty rates. Levels of undernourishment are also very high in Lao PDR, Cambodia, India, Pakistan and Nepal. Particularly in the aforementioned countries, there may be space for social policies with a greater focus on food security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Although the process has a direct environmental target, a homogenisation of water governance arrangements was de facto and indirectly generated. However, the European Commission has noticed serious delays in the delivery of river basin management plans (RMBP). To date, 91 out of 170 hydrographical districts have published their plans, only 14 countries delivering their plans on time: France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Romania, Bulgaria, Latvia, Finland and Sweden.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. Improving Chile’s urban outcomes will require adjusting its urban governance framework, including building the capacity to bring central and sub-national, public and private actors together to build a “whole-of-city" approach to urban initiatives. This chapter focuses on Chile’s urban administrative structures, recent sub-national reforms and sub-national financing practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In most countries, women-owned enterprises are over-represented in the smallest size class. Table IV.A1.1 provides evidence on the magnitude of the performance gaps across the 21 OECD economies with available data. Column 1 presents results from a linear regression of the natural logarithm of value added per employee (a commonly used proxy measure for productivity) on a binary variable indicating female-ownership and country-fixed effects. It shows a productivity shortfall by women-owned enterprises of around 11%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Building on the substantial comparative and sectorial policy knowledge base available within the OECD, the series will result in a biennial publication (first volume in 2014). It will develop a comparative outlook on education policy by providing: a) analysis of individual countries' educational context, challenges and policies (education policy profiles) and of international trends and b) comparative insight on policies and reforms on selected topics. They are meant to draw attention to specific policies that are promising or showing positive results and may be relevant for other countries. Editorial support was provided by Lynda Hawe and Susan Copeland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Analysis shows that school attendance declines as the number of hours spent on household chores increases — and declines more steeply for girls than for boys. Women continue to be underrepresented in national parliaments, where on average only 17 per cent of seats are occupied by women. The share of women among ministers also averages 17 per cent. The highest positions are even more elusive: only 7 of 150 elected Heads of State in the world are women, and only 11 of 192 Heads of Government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
States must address this problem through innovative public policies designed around time distribution and unpaid work and geared towards transforming the existing sexual division of labour. Time-use surveys, the valuation of unpaid work and satellite accounts represent key inputs for the formulation, follow-up and evaluation of these policies. Time-use surveys are still not sufficiently factored into the adoption of decisions, allocation of resources and determination of priorities, but they are a valuable tool for a wide range of public policies that can achieve equality and sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Such youth are more at risk, as they are unable to secure enough work and income to climb out of poverty. Even in the developed world, young people seeking initial employment are increasingly at risk in terms of underemployment, as employers respond to weak demand or avoid the costs of formal employment (including healthcare and social security mandates) by providing part-time work to new entrants. Moreover, quality part-time work-including internships that provide no monetary compensation but offer job-relevant skills development—often excludes the poorest youth, who cannot afford to work for little or no pay.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The dynamics of the information society have revived the centrality of education in dealing with the challenges of international competitiveness, democratic sustainability and social equity. The data also bear out the idea that government action on the education front can contribute substantially to dissociating an individual’s social background from the well-being he or she attains. Most of the time, this inequality is also reflected in highly segmented and stratified quality and efficiency on the supply side of education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, it was ultimately rejected by the Chamber of Deputies. As result, the Federal Electoral Tribunal endorsed the working group’s work and developed a regulatory Protocol on Political Violence against Women. It can also help increase women's participation and create a more gender-balanced workforce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
All countries have some existing statistics describing status of different ecosystem types (Table 4.1) and this can to some degree be “translated" to the occurrence of degraded land. But the data differ in details and relevance for defining degradation levels. Freshwater systems were not included in our work as they are considered within the WFD. Urban areas were not included in this project, hence disturbance levels are not considered for this habitat type.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Based on social exchange and customer relationship marketing theory, this study examines how ethical leadership contributes to inter-organizational conflict management (task conflict (TC) and relationship conflict), and the moderating role of task interdependence in these relationships. Data was collected from 81 suppliers and 45 corresponding managers of a large group company in China. Results show that ethical leadership is negatively associated with the levels of inter-organizational conflict, whether task or relationship. Task interdependence significantly moderates the relationship between ethical leadership and TC. Managerial implication in terms of creating sound buyer–supplier relationship through an ethical perspective is discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although the proportion of extreme values is quite high - 8% in rural areas and 10% in urban areas - they don’t influence the model too much as the coefficients don’t vary much and the proportion of accurate predictions remains quite the same: respectively 85% and 83% with and without extreme values in urban areas, 75% and 73% in rural areas. The predictions are also run with the Probit models. This shows 85% and 75% of accurate predictions in urban and rural areas respectively, which matches the previous results.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Programmes specifically designed to raise social and emotional skills in schools have shown positive results in the short term but there are rarely long-term rigorous evaluations. The few available ones, mainly aimed at disadvantaged children, have shown long-lasting effects on social and emotional skills development. Successful early childhood intervention programmes directly involve children and parents, and tend to include parental training, counselling sessions and mentoring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)