albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Until recently employers could specify the age of jobseekers they wish to recruit in vacancy notices. Increasingly stringent anti-discrimination legislation now stipulates employers’ legal duty to provide equal opportunities in recruitment irrespective of age. As a result, vacancies with age limits can be rejected by employment placement organisations and their number has declined sharply over the past few years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This Article is the second part of a two-part work that highlights the fiduciary obligation of government emanating from the public trust doctrine of environmental law. This Part explores the measurable standards of performance for protecting vital natural assets in the people’s trust as carried out within the modern framework of administrative law. Section II of this Article discusses the substantive and procedural duties of governmental trustees of natural assets. Section III presents the interface between public trust obligations and statutory law. Section IV discusses enforcement of the trust and the pivotal role of the judiciary. Section V evaluates implications of a trust approach for economic activity and private property rights. Section VI sets forth specific recommendations for incorporating a trust approach within U.S. environmental law and on the international level as well.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Large shares of non-standard workers are the result of longer-term structural changes in the labour market. Where they are increasing, gaps in unemployment insurance systems are likely to become evident. On the other end of the spectrum, prime-age workers in nine countries satisfy both contribution and employment requirements with 6 months of full-time work or less (Canada, France, Greece, Iceland, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Norway, United States). There are no employment or contribution conditions for (means-tested) unemployment benefits in Australia and New Zealand. In addition to work-history requirements, benefit rules may however stipulate other conditions which may preclude access to unemployment insurance for part-time workers, even if they have long and relatively stable work records. For instance, in a number of US States, minimum requirements on previous earnings can make part-time low-paid workers ineligible for unemployment insurance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The model explicitly recognizes the social needs that are swelling the ranks of working mothers (in Mexico, more than 6 million households) and single-parent families. The extended hours programme was introduced in 2002, temporarily extending school time by an hour and a half in some single-day schools. In 2003, several full-day schools became intensified schools, which entailed adding education programmes such as language training and information and communications technologies (ICTs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The short-term forces are related to the business cycle, as explained by conventional Keynesian theory. In the long term, the potential income of the poor is determined by the growth rate of the economy, the elasticity of employment with respect to output growth and the quality of employment. Quality of employment refers not only to the returns to labour, but also to a host of attributes of work that are subsumed under the notion of labour standards and the ‘decent work’ criteria set by the International Labour Organization (ILO), including, for example, protection against unfair dismissal, health and safety standards at work, the length of the working day, the right of workers to organize and engage in collective bargaining with employers, and the scope for the workers to participate in decision-making processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Migration often represents a strategy on the part of households to manage the risks of poverty and food insecurity, allowing them to diversify income sources. The two are distinct, but they are also interlinked. The drivers and impacts of both migration types are often similar, although they may be different in scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In 2000, about 76% of lone-mother households received their main income through wages and salaries (Japan Statistical Yearbook, Table 2-19). In 2006, the single-mother employment rate was 84.5%, the second-highest reported by an OECD country (OECD, 2007b, Sekine, 2008, and Zhou, 2009). Although many single mothers work full time, their earnings and incomes remain relatively low (see Chapter 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This helps promote socially inclusive development while using new technologies in an optimal way (UNCTAD, 2016). The manufacturing sector boasts a higher productivity and higher productivity growth rate than the agricultural sector, fostering persistent employment and income generation. A distinction between the supply and demand side reveals the importance of technology and skill development for the expansion of production capacities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Drawing on an English School approach, this chapter argues that in Central Asia there is less than a liberal would hope for, but more than a realist would think. Instead of being hopelessly marked by competition as a Hobbesian state of nature, or representing an integrated region resting on liberal principles, Central Asia is akin to a society of states, relying on specific norms and institutions and aiming at achieving and maintain coexistence. By adopting a constructivist epistemology and a socio-structural framework of analysis, this chapter maintains that the institutions of sovereignty, diplomacy, international law, authoritarianism, and great power management provide the region with a degree order and stability often neglected by other International Relations (IR) approaches, thus providing a more fine-grained account of Central Asian regional politics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Only UNDP and GIZ maintain a permanent presence in Turkmenistan. Among them are the Ministries for Energy and Industry, Oil and Gas and Mineral Resources, Agriculture, Construction, and Water Economy. According to the country’s Fourth National Report on implementation of the CBD, intersectoral cooperation in relation to biodiversity management has been relatively weak in the recent past: “However, for many sectors of national economy, implementation of BSAP did not become a priority and has not been integrated into their national plans and strategies. Weak coordination or integration between MoNP’s actions and the institutions, directly influencing biological resources, has created certain difficulties”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Financial losses from extreme weather events have been increasing, largely due to increased development in higher-risk areas. The high potential impact and frequency of natural hazards have led to strong political support for risk reduction measures. As a result, Austria has a comprehensive, effective and well-funded administrative system for managing the consequences of natural hazards, mainly floods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Access, where granted, shall be on mutually agreed terms and subject to the provisions of this Article. Access to genetic resources shall be subject to prior informed consent of the Contracting Party providing such resources, unless otherwise determined by that Party. Each Contracting Party shall endeavour to develop and cany out scientific research based on genetic resources provided by other Contracting Parties with the full participation of, and where possible in, such Contracting Parties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While areas at risk of forest fires may be less easy to organise into zones, decisions to extend urban boundary limits would do well to take into account whether this would extend development into zones of fire risk. One important reform would be to increase the flexibility of zoning, in part through conditional planning. Another would be to create greater incentives for infill development and mixed use, both of which are permitted but perhaps not adequately incentivised. Better enabling infill development would also help address concerns about the availability of developable land within urban boundaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The water solution both slows the escape of the gas and speeds up the chemical reaction. The project began to inject part of the C02 from the HellisheiSi geothermal power plant in 2012, and has found that over 95% of the C02 is mineralized already after 2 years (CarbFix, 2016). A drawback isthatthe method requires basaltic rocks with relatively high concentrations of calcium, magnesium and iron, and with sufficient porosity to capture the C02. These are primarily found in young basalts near oceanic rift zones. Apart from Iceland and a number of usually small volcanic islands, such rift zones are usually located in deep ocean, which makes transporting and injecting the C02 a challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Moreover, agricultural diversification also gives farmers a better chance to cope with the effects of climate change. Further still, dietary diversification is a cost-effective, affordable and sustainable means of strengthening local food systems and reducing hunger and malnutrition. Recognizing the complex range of factors that contribute to hunger and malnutrition, recent reviews highlight the need to focus on multi-sectoral approaches to ensure that agricultural production utilizes the potential of crops with better nutritional qualities for improved and diversified diets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
But research is needed to evaluate the extent to which LDCs are affected and are vulnerable to climate change since the impacts of climate change widely vary across geographical regions (IPCC 2007). As the characteristics of each country are heterogeneous, the vulnerability to climate change in each country is also variable. To monitor how IPoA is addressing the issue, we propose to first identify, through an indicator of physical vulnerability to climate change, the level and type of vulnerability to climate change of the LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Stressing the important role of forests and wood in tackling climate change. He mentioned the European Forest Week 2008 as an example and stepping stone in this respect. The upcoming International Year of Biodiversity 2010 and the International Year of Forests 2011 provide communication opportunities to capitalize on.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The research team in Oxford are grateful for the support from the OECD team Tracey Bums and Harald Wilkoszewski, and Eli Sundbv and Annette Skalde from the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research. Within the OECD Centre for Research and Educational Innovation (CERI) the preparation of this report was coordinated by Tracey Bums and Harald Wilkoszewski, with editorial support from Anna Barnet. The test scores from these schools were compared to the rest of the schools in Norway, consisting of approximately 1450 primary schools and 820 secondary schools. See Annex D for overview).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, a given level of inequality can only remain constant if income growth is balanced (i.e. equal rates of income growth at all percentiles of the income distribution).1 When income growth is unbalanced, the level of inequality changes over time. It is one thing to say: “Australia is more unequal now than it was in 1980”, and quite another thing to say: “Australia is more unequal now than it w'as in 1980 and Australians can expect it to get ever more unequal each year into the indefinite future.” This paper therefore asks what the implications of ever increasing inequality might be and whether this can possibly be a steady state.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
All decisions relating to the education of disabled students should lead to a high standard of education for such students, as reflected in improved educational outcomes and the best possible quality of life, for example as outlined in the UK's Every Child Matters outcomes for children and young people. The rights of disabled students to a quality education and to be treated with respect and dignity should be honoured. National curricula and assessment regimes should be accessible to disabled students, taking account of the principles of universal design for learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The recommendations advanced in this report are therefore designed to shift the balance and increase the incentives for schools and school districts to give adequate attention to quality CTE alongside other aspects of education. A LEARNING FOR JOBS REVIEW OFTHE UNITED STATES. Part-time teachers are also often used constructively to tackle the challenge of recruiting CTE teachers. In postsecondary CTE state standards allow students to move easily from one institution to another in the state while retaining earned credits. These include “Achieve Texas”, which restructures high school CTE provision into 16 federally defined career clusters and defines programmes of study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, in Germany, in the case of dismissal for economic reasons, the employee can trade its right to contest the dismissal in court against a guaranteed minimum severance payment (and the right to claim unemployment benefits). France introduced a formalised scheme of termination by mutual agreement in 2008 (the rupture conventionnelle). The agreement must be approved by the Labour Ministry and is subject to a cooling-off period, after which the employee is at least entitled to standard severance pay and unemployment benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Section 3 reviews these policies. Housing policy in OECD countries comprises a wide and complex mix of programmes. Direct provision still exists in many countries but support is decreasing and shifting to other types of providers. Changes in the sources of financing of social rental housing providers, coupled with changes in the socio-economic profile of their tenants, pose new challenges to social housing providers and policy makers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Mr Apple employed about half of all Tongan RSE workers and a similar proportion of the Samoans. Over time the company preferred to recruit experienced workers and, where possible, village groups with leaders, to ensure harmony in the workplace and at recreation. Recruitment also involved the Niuas despite the cost of checking the suitability of workers from there.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The policies are not as effective as anticipated for many reasons. Many farmers cannot access the credit support because of complicated and inconsistent procedures such as the requirement of submitting an invoice. The minimum local content requirement for machines is not realistic. To access the concession loans, enterprises have to sign contracts for production linkages, consumption of agricultural products and usage of agricultural mechanical services with co-operatives, households and individuals (Tran and Dinh, 2014a). However, there are some challenges to implementing and monitoring the programme because of the large number of farmer households - approximately 10 million. There are also difficulties with identifying whether the upland rice field is in planning area or not.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While Bhutan is landlocked, Sao Tome and Principe is an island state and the latter is ten times more densely populated than the former. Both have overcome geographic barriers for infrastructure development. The mountainous Kingdom of Bhutan has terrestrial fiber optic connectivity to India for access to submarine cables and the national backbone is managed by the government and leased to operators free. Mobile coverage has been extended to remote areas using universal service funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Secretary-General took the podium to express regret at the lack of progress and urge agreement. Direct, leader-level engagement was to remain a hallmark of the Secretary-General's approach to climate change. The Bali Conference launched a round of negotiations guided by the Bali Action Plan, but Parties could not agree what form the final result expected in 2009 would take.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, the waste reception area is still under development as part of the Sharra II project. Under development are landfills in Rreshen and Bajram Cuiri. Feasibility studies have been prepared for sites in Kor9a, Saranda and Vlora. These are co-financed by international donors and the Government of Albania.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Two of the projects, GMER 2013/14 and GMER 2016, were conducted with financial support supplied by government order. For exclusions, see Agadjanian and Zotova (2012) and Zotova and others (2016). In this article, migrants are defined as people who come to the Russian Federation from Central Asia and whose native language is not Russian.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is not clear why the dummy variables included in earlier models to represent the organisation of the health system directly were not retained. Therefore, there would be an expansion of morbidity over time with increasing life expectancy. Regression output, while shown for all prior models, is not shown for this last model. The reasons why this final model was chosen are not discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These lags could be overcome by devoting more resources to meeting international commitments and by giving greater economic and diplomatic priority to the environment. It also examines performance against the targets in the 2001 OECD Environmental Strategy. Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) should meet the reduction target set by the EU Directive on National Emission Ceilings (NEC) for 2010. S02 concentrations have been kept well below the authorised limit value for the protection of human health. Limit values for fine respirable particles (PM10) have never been exceeded. A national target has been set to have 25% of home-work commuting covered by public transit by the year 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For example, precipitation was lower in 2007 than in the previous year, but emissions from energy generation continued to decrease. In 2008, Portugal emitted 10.8 kt of NOx and 4.4 kt of SOx per Mtoe of TPES, compared with the OECD averages of 6.4 and 4.5 kt. For example, the sodium hypochlorite used to prevent algae proliferation in the pipes. The PNAEE implements the EU Directive on energy end-use efficiency and energy services (2006/32/EC). This Directive contains an indicative national energy savings target of 9% up to 2016, to be reached through energy services and other energy efficiency improvement measures in the sectors not covered by the EU ETS. The EU 20-20-20 targets, set out in March 2007, seek: i) a reduction in EU GHG emissions of at least 20% below 1990 levels, ii) 20% of EU energy consumption to be provided by renewable energy sources, and iii) a 20% reduction in primary energy use compared with projected levels, to be achieved by improving energy efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
No one agency is granted sole responsibility or oversight, although at least 20 federal agencies have some role in the area. In addition, there are very few significant organisations at the river-basin scale, and the institutional mapping and governance challenges vary greatly from one state to another. In all, more than 50 000 agencies at federal, state, local and county levels are involved in water policy, making it difficult to achieve comprehensive mapping.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability promotes equal and full participation by children in education. Equity of educational access for all students, including students with disability, free from discrimination, is the first-stated national goal of Australian education. Australian federal disability discrimination law, the Disability Discrimination Act 1992, follows the Convention, with the federal Disability Standards for Education 2005 enacting specific requirements for education. This article discusses equity of processes for inclusion of students with disability in Australian educational accountability testing, including international tests in which many countries participate. The conclusion drawn is that equitable inclusion of students with disability in current Australian educational accountability testing is not occurring from a social perspective and is not in principle compliant with law. However, given the reluctance of courts to intervene in education matters and the uncerta...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article explores the implications for human rights and human security arising from the development and use of weapons employing certain toxic chemicals, termed incapacitating chemical agents (ICAs), ostensibly intended for law enforcement operations. Publicly accessible information clearly indicates that China, Israel and the Russian Federation have acquired or developed ICA weapons, and that such weapons are either in the possession, or have been used by law enforcement or security services, of those countries since the coming into force of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) in 1997. Although there is evidence of potentially applicable dual-use research in additional states, the full nature and purpose of such research, in certain states, is unclear as are the intended applications to which it will be put. Following a survey of state practice, existing obligations upon states derived from relevant international law are examined, specifically the CWC and applicable human rights instruments. Whilst...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Without clarifying the ODA rules for research activities, there is a risk of inflation of ODA-eligible research as development providers may use ODA funding as a means to subsidise research in their own countries. While additional funding towards research aimed to tackle challenges in developing countries is encouraged, there is a risk that spending towards research activities may result in a reallocation of resources which would otherwise be spend on projects in developing countries. For bilateral providers it is the same as bilateral ODA. They are resources that the governing boards of multilateral organisations have the unqualified right to allocate as they see fit within the organisation's charter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
With an increasingly knowledge-driven (global) economy and competition in the speed of innovation, governments, particularly in developed economies with the infrastructure and institutions in place, should prioritize the development and full use of a population’s available set of skills. Young girls are rarely encouraged to pursue maths and science, which are more likely to be presented as fields of study for boys. It is important that mathematics and science are taught in contexts that are interesting to boys and girls, and a positive attitude towards a subject is also related to positive teacher-student relations (OECD, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)