albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Recent international relations scholarship tends to view sexual violence, especially rape, as an exceptional—if not aberrant—phenomenon in war and armed conflict. Indeed, it often treats it as the sole form of gender-based violence capable of threatening international peace and security. I challenge the isolation of this particular form of gender violence in the study and governance of international security. I argue that the securitization of sexual violence produced its “fetishization” in international advocacy, policy, and scholarship. The stages of securitization operate as a process of fetishization by first, decontextualizing and homogenizing this violence, second, objectifying this violence, and third, affecting inter-unit relations through the “selling back” of sexual violence to actors involved in conflict. As such, my argument helps specify why securitization fails to adequately address an issue like sexual violence and often results in further retrenchment of disparate power relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This study summarizes prior reviews of new media and Internet research, and the growth of the term Internet in academic publications and online newsgroups. It then uses semantic network analysis to summarize the interests and concepts of an interdisciplinary group of Internet researchers, as represented by session titles and paper titles and abstracts from the 2003 and 2004 Association of Internet Researchers conferences. In both years, the most frequent words appearing in the paper abstracts included Internet, online, community, social, technology, and research. The 2003 papers emphasized topics such as the social analysis/research of online/Internet communication, community, and information, with particular coverage of access, individuals, groups, digital media, culture, role and process in e-organizations, and world development. The 2004 papers emphasized topics such as access, news and social issues, the role of individuals in communities, user-based studies, usage data, and blogs, women, and search p...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A fundamental concern of government is getting citizens to comply with its laws. Yet, citizen beliefs on the importance of following the law have received relatively little attention in political science scholarship. People's feelings regarding legal compliance are driven by a dynamic and nuanced set of influences. In this study we explore the degree to which people are committed to the rule of law and the importance of legal obedience. We employ a structural equation modeling approach to assaying the factors that influence citizens' beliefs regarding the importance of following the law. We find that citizens' perceptions on the legitimacy of legal institutions and justice system scandals, among other considerations, can impact the importance citizens' attach to obeying the law. Some factors also wield indirect effects on compliance attitudes by influencing citizens' views regarding the legitimacy of courts. Our paper provides novel insights on this core aspect of government-citizen dynamics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, although indicating that water is not scarce, this is an average consideration, furthermore, there are differences between WSS companies. Water losses are generally high to very high in most of the utilities. With regard to water quality, anthropogenic water uses/functions are safeguarded with the sound functioning of aquatic ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The increased role of international organizations in the realm of conflict management and peacebuilding in Africa is a noteworthy development. The United Nations and other international organizations have taken different roles in mediation, peacekeeping and postconflict peacebuilding interventions. One example is the Kenyan peacebuilding/mediation process, led by the former Secretary-General of the UN Kofi Anan, after the postelection violence of 2007–2008. This chapter critically examines the role of international organizations in idea formation, norm and material dissemination to the extent that they become the yardstick for implementing peacebuilding. This contribution argues that the one-size-fits-all model cannot capture local conditions, capacities and specific political environments in the prevention, management and resolution of conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Croatia's accession to NATO, and soon the European Union, presupposes that its intelligence system has already been the subject of in-depth reforms based on sound democratic and human rights principles and the rule of law. Has this, in fact, been the case? This article answers this question and in doing so breaks down the intelligence reforms undertaken into three distinct phases. It concludes that changes in governance, organization, oversight, and accountability, along with pressures to join European institutions, have helped Croatia develop an intelligence system increasingly respectful of democratic norms, human rights, and the rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The following four sections describe key features of student assessment and country practices, structured around the main topics of the OECD Review on Evaluation and Assessment Frameworks for Improving School Outcomes: governance, procedures, capacity and use of results. The final section provides pointers for policy development. It encompasses summative and formative purposes, and may be designed and implemented internally within the school or externally through standardised assessments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As global environmental governance evolves, the parties to the 1989 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal and to the 2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants have established regional centers working on capacity building and technology transfer. This article empirically explores the following questions: Why did the parties to the Basel and Stockholm Conventions establish these regional centers? What roles do the regional centers play in treaty implementation and multilevel governance? The article argues that the parties have set up regional centers in response to three partially overlapping sets of developing- and industrialized-country interests: expanding regional cooperation (both developing and industrialized countries), attracting more resources for treaty implementation (mainly developing countries), and supporting implementation projects across smaller groups of countries (mainly industrialized countries). This article fi...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While everyone needs “access to safe water in adequate quantities for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene, and sanitation facilities that do not compromise health or dignity” (UN-Water, 2015: 37), not everyone gets it. Similarly, water is an essential input for manufacturing processes. But distributional conflicts - across locations, sectors, income categories and social groups - loom especially large in the case of water, and the manner of its provision can raise environmental concerns. Longer-term concerns about water overuse and inadequate renewal of fresh water supplies, as well as water pollution, along with the (often unintended) consequences of major water infrastructure projects (such as displacement because of dams, waterlogging and salinity through canal networks, inequality of access and so on) mean that public involvement in its provision and regulation is inevitable even when much of the infrastructure is privately provided. In addition to facilitating communications in general, such infrastructure is increasingly required by a wide range of activities in banking, trade and production, and has enabled new forms of economic activity to emerge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
There is a longer time lag in the availability of these latter data, but it will soon become possible to analyse the operation of both passive and active labour market programmes as sources of support for job losers and other unemployed people during the 2008-09 downturn. The analysis of cyclical earnings volatility in Chapter 3 of this publication, together with other OECD work in this area, are shedding new light on this complex issue. However, much remains to be learned and the OECD Employment Outlook 2012 will devote a chapter to this topic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Yet they also highlight the particular role ODA can play in least developed countries and Small Island Developing States and in leveraging other types of resources, including private investment. Increasing the tax take in developing countries by one percentage point would yield roughly an additional USD 300 billion, which is more than double of the amount of global aid today. Global capital markets are estimated at USD 218 trillion, so even a small shift in resource allocation could have an enormous impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For a more complete analysis of revenue and costs across for the total Mediterranean and Black Sea fleet, see Chapter 3 (Socio-economics). A breakdown of the percentage of revenue from SSF by CPC is presented in Figure 82. These figures, however, only consider revenue from first sale of capture fishery products and do not include revenue from other uses of the vessel, such as pescatourism, which has been shown to have considerable economic potential for SSF (Piasecki et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As a result, health outcomes remain inferior to those of the OECD and inequalities are significant. By and large, the reforms have been going in the right direction. The reasons for the limited progress thus run deep and are difficult to capture, especially in an environment where information systems are not geared toward that objective. In part, slow progress may be attributable to the magnitude of the task at hand. In fact, insufficient attention is being paid to measuring actual progress towards effective implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Box 3.2 outlines the institutional framew'ork of mobility policy in each state-level entity of the ZMVM. This section describes the main challenges for state-level institutions in charge of mobility in aligning policies with sustainable and inclusive mobility goals. The Ministiy of Housing and Urban Development (SEDUVI) runs the ecoParq programme for on-street parking fees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These challenges also hamper LDC firms’ expansion, employment generation and moving up the value chain. The state of infrastructure is a key pillar of a country’s overall competitiveness. In the face of unreliable access to electricity, domestic and foreign investors are discouraged from investing in economic sectors that are capital- and energy-intensive, including manufacturing and especially its higher value added branches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For some dimensions, countries could agree to transparency requirements if it is not possible to agree bounded flexibility. Some of this information depends on the commitment type, e.g. carbon neutrality commitments should be accompanied by a definition of carbon neutrality. However, much of the information would be needed regardless of commitment types, e.g. time frame, coverage of gases and sectors, GWP values or other GHG-equivalence metrics, treatment of LULUCF, estimated emissions reductions, any conditions attached, and any use of units from market mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The debate over IWRM and the need for a nexus approach are thus often linked together, granting water a more prominent role in debates with other sectors. Hoff (2011) is explicit in placing water directly at the centre of the nexus. This being the case, water is established as the entry point for transboundary nexus assessments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In addition, nuclear energy is the only dispatchable source of electricity that remains consistent with the original intentions behind the policy decision to support renewable technologies namely to reduce climate change inducing greenhouse gas emissions and to reduce import dependency. This should sufficiently remunerate dispatchable capacity, including nuclear, to keep it attractive for investors. Virtually all major OECD countries are currently looking at different designs for capacity markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For these countries, concessional finance continues to represent the bulk of external financial resources, accounting for 72% of total external finance supplied by OECD countries in 2013. By contrast, in other countries, concessional finance represents only 11% of total external finance (OECD, 2015e). By contrast, in all countries, concessional finance represents only 17% of total external finance. According to the same data, ODA represented the equivalent of 77% of tax revenue in fragile LDCs and 55% in non-fragile LDCs. In order for LDCs, in particular, to realise the SDGs, concessional finance needs to be targeted strategically and help to leverage additional domestic and international resources. Note that the group "Mainly LMlCs" actually refers to other IDA-eligible countries that are not LDCs or fragile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Soil pollution directly affects human and environmental health and land productivity based on factors including pollutant concentration, depth of contact with biota and density of humans in polluted areas. However, soil pollution is rarely monitored. It is usually documented and measured after major pollution events that require clean-up or intervention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the 2°C scenario, the IEA (2015, p. 64) estimates an average annual investment of more than $1 trillion per year between 2016 and 2050 over and above the baseline scenario. The changes will be created primarily by national regulations and initiatives aimed at reducing GHG emissions and adapting to climate change, which will send the price signals to investors and producers that will drive the changes. The first category involves massive increases in consumption of goods that are heavily traded globally. Global exports in 2014 of products under Harmonized System (HS) code 854140 (which is overwhelmingly made up of solar panels) stood at $54.5 billion, up from $7.2 billion in 2000.3 The second category also involves goods that can potentially be internationally traded: manufacturing equipment for modules, wafers, transformers, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It begins with an overview of the historical evolution of science, technology and innovation policy in Finland. It then examines the main policy actors and governance arrangements. Finally, it reviews current policies in light of the observations made in the preceding chapters and concludes by identifying areas in need of policy attention. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is worth noting that many of these studies were calibrated to measure the long-run impact on various economies from multilateral liberalisation, not adjustment costs per se. Although there is no established template for WTO commitments for acceding countries, the experience of recent accessions suggest that many new entrants are required to agree to significant commitments - i.e. going well beyond those agreed to by established WTO members (even those with larger economies and incomes).7 Recent experience also suggests that LDCs and SVEs have not been spared this WTO-plus requirement, creating significant adjustment costs for becoming a WTO Member State. Assessment of the costs of implementing commitments undertaken by WTO acceding countries has not been given much analytical attention to date.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Central Asian and South Asian countries could also benefit from the geographical proximity, regional connectivity and climate synergy of trading their energy resources with Asia and the Pacific, especially if they were to get preferential market access to the Participating States of APTA. Central Asian countries also face unique geopolitical circumstances, particularly the landlocked countries located between the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran, the two dominant energy players. The coastal States have strong interests in ensuring their continued energy dominance and that exports from Central Asia do not bypass them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The impacts are reported both in terms of percentage point changes of real export growth and in terms of export benefits or losses. The ESCAP calculations assume that under the rebalancing scenario, the share of China in global consumption will continue to grow at the 1999-2011 average rate, while the share of global consumer goods imports will speed up to grow proportionately with consumption share throughout 2013-15. Despite a growth slowdown, largely the result of a fall in investment, an increasingly consumption-driven economy would benefit exporters of consumer goods through increased penetration in the Chinese market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In contexts where accessibility requirements impose that all public transport vehicles are accessible and public transport frequencies are high, a move to longer wait times for accessible ride service vehicles will represent a retrograde step. This would include both disability awareness training and job specific practical training in areas such as guiding a blind person, assisting a wheelchair user, understanding and supporting a person with dementia. These are the principles that guided the development of MBTA's RIDE pilot. Provided that vehicles were suitable and drivers were trained, they would mostly adapt without difficulty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Thereafter, requests are examined, taking into account the Academy’s opinion, and each case is subject to governmental decision on setting quota for a particular year. Finally, die Committee distributes licences among hunting organizations. Prices for each species are set on the basis of the 2007 Government Resolution No. The entire revenue from hunting of "unlimited species" remains in the forestry sector and is used to cover investments and operational costs of the local forestry institutions, however, reportedly, only a tiny amount is collected. Hunting of species from the Red Book yields much higher revenues. According to the 2006 Law on Other Obligatory Payments to the Budget, die payments are made to a special account of local nature protection authorities of the territory where the animal is hunted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It consists of the representatives of environmental ministries, nature conservation authorities, Ramsar site and river basin managers and NGOs. As a first step forward, the common goals and principles for the transboundary site management were agreed in 2003 - 2004, and the trilateral Ramsar site Floodplains of the Morava-Dyje-Danube Confluence was designated in 2007. The joint effort is now focusing especially on the preparation of a common management strategy for the Trilateral Ramsar Site, and the development of a joint information system to make decision-making more efficient. Besides having been designated as a trilateral Ramsar Site, the major parts of the area were designated as Special Protection Areas under the EU Birds Directive 79/409/EEC, and also as proposed Sites of Community Interest under the Habitats Directive 92/43/EC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In DAC statistical reporting systems, commitments, even if multi-year, are recorded in whole in the year they are signed (the use of moving averages in statistical presentations smoothes the resulting fluctuations). Subsequent disbursements of an earlier commitment are recorded annually, in the years they are transferred from donors to recipients. An increase in aid allocations (commitments) is thus visible in disbursements data only with a few years’ time lag.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
These results are based on self-reported information provided by workers and therefore may not reflect the employers’ views nor the actual outcomes of the recruitment process (Green and James, 2003). Moreover, the survey specifically asks about the qualifications required to obtain the job at the time of the interview, which may not necessarily be the same as the requirements demanded of the respondents when they were hired. Despite these caveats, these results illustrate both the demand for workers with postsecondary' education and the level of complexity of jobs, as perceived by currently employed workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article reflects on the Chilean experience of recent accountability actions, namely the attempted prosecution of perpetrators of past human rights violations. While acknowledging the undoubtedly substantial impulse provided by the dramatic October 1998 UK arrest of former dictator Augusto Pinochet, it focuses on domestic actors and drivers in a post-1998 revival of such attempts. The article examines the extent and limitations of recent change in the area of prosecutions in Chile, noting that these have been undertaken at the insistence of private actors rather than the state. It also notes that the self-amnesty law of 1978 is still textually intact despite advances in restricting its application with regards to certain categories of internationally proscribed crimes. Finally, the article examines some explanatory factors for both recent advances and remaining blockages in the Chilean human rights accountability scenario.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All of these factors have been found to affect inequality, also in the Nordics (Robling and Pareliussen 2017, Danish Economic Council 2016, NOU 2009, Eika et. The development for Norway should betaken as a rough indication given the limited number of observations prior to 2008. National sources report an increase of around four Gini points from 1990 to 2014 (Statistics Norway), but the applied household income definition is not fully comparable with the one used for OECD figures (see Causa et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Among the reasons arc the low political prioritization of the issue, financial constraints and, in some cases, insufficient institutional capacity. Conflicting interests among countries may also be a reason. These reasons, as well as different interpretation of provisions, have also affected the implementation of legal arrangements that are in place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, the share of repeaters exceeds 10% in Argentina, Costa Rica, Luxembourg and Spain (Figure B1.2). See Source section at the end of this indicator for more information and Annex 3 for notes fhttn://dx.doi. The largest increase in the share of repeaters at upper secondary level is observed in the Czech Republic (10 percentage points higher than for lower secondary programmes) and Mexico (13 percentage points higher). Conversely, the share of repeaters is lower at upper than at lower secondary level in Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Greece and the Slovak Republic. The number and share of over-age students are a complementary metric to those of repeaters: over-age students in the last grade are those who are likely to start the next educational level with at least a two-year delay compared to the intended age. The number of repeaters and over-age students are strictly linked, as in most countries the main reason for a high share of over-age students is the accumulation over different grades of students who have repeated at least one year (i.e. the marginal increase in the number of over-age students at each grade is correlated with the number of repeaters at that grade).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)