albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The “re-irruption” in the mid- to late 1990s of attempted prosecutions for past human rights crimes in Chile, Argentina, and other parts of Latin America suggests both that the social legacies of massive human rights violations can be long-lasting and that transitional settlements featuring truth-telling and amnesty are not, as was previously thought, definitive. The transitional justice school of thought, which grew out of Latin American experiences of transition in the 1980s, underestimated the extent to which questions of criminal and civil responsibility for state crimes of torture, disappearance, and genocide would persist and eventually resurface in postconflict societies. Extensive field research into accountability trajectories in post-transitional Chile and El Salvador suggests that civil society protagonism through the courts has proved determinant in shaping the medium- and long-term future of the human rights question after political transition. The domestic mix of actor demands, judicial cult...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Lawyers have traditionally viewed law as a closed system, and doctrinal research has been the research methodology used most widely in the profession. This reflects traditional concepts of legal reasoning. There is a wealth of reliable and valid social science data available to lawyers and judges. Judges in fact often refer to general facts about the world, society, institutions and human behaviour (“empirical facts”). Legal education needs to prepare our students for this broader legal context. This paper examines how “empirical facts” are used in Australian and other common law courts. Specifically, the paper argues that there is a need for enhanced training in non-doctrinal research methodologies across the law school curriculum. This should encompass a broad introduction to social science methods, with more attention being paid to a cross-section of methodologies such as content analysis, comparative law and surveys that are best applied to law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women. Science, 340(6140), 1527-1528. Prevention of violence against women and girls: what does the evidence say? The Lancet 385 (9977): 1555-1566. Domestic violence and women’s autonomy in developing countries: Theory and evidence. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d'Economique.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The dependent variable (CNT_EP_STORGRID) represents the number of patent applications deposited at the European Patent Office, classified by inventor country7 and priority year8. The data source is PATSTAT as discussed above.) This variable is constructed in a manner analogous to the dependent variable (a count of patent families by inventor country and priority year) with the difference that all types of technologies (not only storage and grid mgmt) are covered.9 Ideally, we would estimate the model using a two-stage procedure where total patenting activity is first estimated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Attempts at planning across governments and facilities are limited, making it difficult to design robust patient pathways from primary care to hospital, and back into the community. As the evidence suggests that the number of people suffering from one or more chronic diseases will increase, it will be critical for primary health care services to adapt to models of health care delivery that require co-ordination across several health professionals. Alongside this, efforts to improve the ability of patients to be more proactive about managing their health and avoiding serious health conditions could be implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Through the use of feminist poststructural discourse analysis (Baxter 2003), the author examines the gendered discourses created and reified by a group of preservice secondary social studies teachers (n = 25). Because gender is socially constructed, it is important for future teachers to examine their own gendered identities in order for them to be able to see how they contribute to the greater society. Findings reveal discourses of ‘having it all', ‘being a superwoman', ‘female struggle', and ‘gender not playing a key role in culture’ being advanced by both male and female identified individuals. Intersections of race and social class with gender added to the complexity of the different discourses. Implications for teacher education are discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The women who loot on Zimbabwe's security men end won. The remaining 40 per cent of companies are majority-owned by multinationals, and women’s presence represents around 22 per cent of the boards. In Mauritius, a 2004 study conducted by UNDP reported that 23 per cent of women participated in public boards and 19 per cent in the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A case study documents the amount of product waste in retail before and after a change of packaging gas that prolonged the actual product durability, thus allowing for longer shelf life. The chapter also includes results from the literature of similar studies. The extended durability was used to prolong the shelf life provided on the labelling of the products. A large retailer in Norway registered data for food wastage before and after the change in durability stated on the product package.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Tummons (2014[i2|) analyses textbooks used in teachers’ further education to examine the effect of lifelong learning standards introduced in 2006 in the UK. As writing textbooks is a process through which standards can be inscribed, comparing and contrasting different versions of textbooks pre- and postintroduction of new standards can reveal the impact of standards. While the analysis notes a small number of changes likely to he the impact of new standards (e.g. a new/stronger focus on subject specialism, mentoring and continuous professional development), these do not seem to be substantial in number.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, as discussed earlier, the lines blur with regard to investments in innovation of green technologies because of their status as public goods. There are also international public funds available to help countries finance investments in green technologies, including through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,7 the World Bank Group, and other sources of aid as discussed in chapter VI. However, these funds tend to be myopic and extremely pro-cyclical, increasing during boom periods and falling during economic downturns. This is partly because the fund managers themselves are short-sighted, and partly because their own funding sources tend to grow during boom periods and collapse during economic recessions (Stiglitz and others, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This STI sector or system is then commonly described as consisting of a combination of governance and funding bodies such as Colciencias, plus associated providers of STI support activities such as publicly funded research and technology centres or universities. In contrast, the flows of public funding intended directly to strengthen innovation capacities in enterprises were until recently very limited.2 While the reluctance of officials in a country that has historically been plagued by corruption to subsidise private industry is understandable, business is the driving force in innovation systems and business innovation has to be a central focus of policy. There is some risk of this conceptual boundary becoming a boundary in the real world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Nonetheless, it should be noted that the results should be interpreted carefully as they do not necessarily represent a fully representative sample of the survey main target groups in Europe. These insights were then condensed into an interactive toolkit that supports energy and telecommunication providers in their decisions to cooperate for smart grid roll-out. Finally, the following sections provide an outlook based on the survey results about the areas where respondents to the main survey see further potential for cooperation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Expenditure on educational institutions reaches 17.7% of total public expenditure, among the highest rates in OECD countries. The largest portion of expenditure on educational institutions is from public sources (58.0%), as in other OECD countries, but Chile has the largest share of private funds among all OECD countries (42.1%, compared to the OECD average of 16.4%), as a result of high private funding of tertiary education. Most of the private funds are from household expenditure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article describes the multilingual landscape aspect of the Isan Culture Maintenance and Revitalization Programme (ICMRP), a 500,000-euro, four-year European Union co-sponsored cultural maintenance and revival project focusing on the Thai Lao, Thailand’s largest ethnic minority community, in four municipalities in Northeast Thailand. The article begins by situating the multilingual landscape of the ICMRP within a holistic project, including manufacturing ‘ethnic’ student and municipal uniforms, teaching Isan as a mother tongue, recording a multimedia cultural archive, and designing and installing multilingual signage. It then argues the ICMRP’s multilingual landscape should be understood within a framework involving geosemiotics, the linguistic landscape, and language policy and planning. The ICMRP’s multilingual landscape contributes to the standardisation of a Thai Lao alphabet and spelling. It also seeks to officialise Thai Lao, through official signage, and thereby promote Thai Lao’s revival, as part of meeting Thailand’s human rights obligations as well as ASEAN community building.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Costa Rica's path toward achieving universal health coverage is explained as well as the major actors in the health care system and main policy frameworks upon which the system is built. Early prioritisations on primary care permitted population health indicators to improve and today Costa Rica has the second highest life expectancy among countries within the western hemisphere. Access to health in Costa Rica has continuously improved over the past decades, achieving significant progress towards universal health coverage, data from 2014 indicate that health care coverage in Costa Rica reached 94.7% of the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There is a need for better alignment between “environment and sector” targets. The entry points for different ecosystem services may be different, but should still be coherent. There needs to be a widened understanding especially of regulating services such as flood mitigation, water purification and pollution control as well as cultural services and their role in ecosystems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Many countries encounter difficulties in accessing funding and in effectively deploying the resources that they have obtained. For example, allocating and approving finance requires time, and many countries face capacity constraints in the effective management of funds. The constraints include the low absorptive capacity of low-income countries' public financial systems, which slows the rate of disbursement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, the economic crisis of the past few years is bound to increase the number of households who qualify for social rental housing (as well as for other forms of support). Only few countries show an increase in the stock of social rental housing over between 2001 and 2011, including Estonia that did multiply its stock by almost 5 times but starting from a limited stock of around 1,600 dwellings. Countries like Denmark and France have actually responded to the crisis by investing in social housing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This may be a large part of the reason South Asia has been slow in constructing formal institutions aimed at regional economic integration. The SAFTA was not signed until 2004 and the planned achievement to a zero tariff regime for non-LDC countries was not expected to occur until 2012 (SAARC 2004). Moreover, despite the signing of the trade agreement, actual implementation has been held hostage to politics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Many irregular migrant workers live in rental accommodation in Mukkaiem to avoid raids by the policejsince it is a refugee camp, the police are not allowed to enter the area without permission from the UNHCR. Although their apartment has no direct light and has a shared toilet and kitchen with other residents in the building, it is comfortably furnished, with a lot of toys for the children in evidence. Saeed was released once Sharifa found a sponsor for him and regularized his papers by paying US$1,000 (the actual cost of the iqama is approximately US$600).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The applications differ according to the national context, but may also be affected by the sector or technology concerned, and by the specific objectives of innovation. It first discusses the national agenda for innovation, and then turns to a number of specific policy challenges, namely the role of innovation for inclusive growth, health innovation and the role of innovation in the green growth agenda. Particular attention is also paid to innovation in the public sector, which is important to improve effectiveness and efficiency urithin the public sector, but which can also help support innovation throughout the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2008, 45.1% of the unemployed had only attained primary education, 39.7% secondary education and only 15.2% of them had attained tertiary education (World Bank, 2014). At the same time, female workers seem to be more likely to be in vulnerable employment than males, understood as unpaid family workers and self-employed workers. In 2008, 29% of the male employed are in vulnerable jobs compared with 32% of female workers (World Bank, 2014). Extracurricular organisations, orphanages and boarding schools ensure pre-school provision to those children left without parental care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
But it is not the only determinant. And for this reason it is not axiomatic that falling household income must always mean rising levels of child deprivation. The governments that are most successful in protecting children from poverty are likely to be those that strive to reduce the number of low-income households and help to provide essential goods, services and opportunities for children growing up in such households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Such regional characteristics put clear marks on national carbon emission inventories. Though relatively modest in absolute terms, the amount of “carbon trade", measured as carbon emissions embodied in international trade flows, relative to national emissions is larger in several ASEAN countries than in China or India. In other words, international trade plays more important a role for ASEAN countries as a source of carbon emissions when compared with the world's two most populous countries. This reflects the pattern of trade specialisation in ASEAN countries, they tend to import more emission-intensive final products (both durable and non-durable goods) in exchange for supplying intermediate products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Mexican urban planning has traditionally lacked attention to monitoring and implementation, e.g. there are often few explicit statements about timing and sequencing of development and public facility provisions. The Chihuahua State government and local municipalities could consider integrating monitoring and evaluation as permanent features of their urban plans. The central government could also provide technical assistance and capacity building for local officials to measure plan implementation and compliance. Monitoring land policy merits specific attention given the proliferation of informal settlements, the evidence of illegal land sales, and the role of urban planning for supporting economic activity and safeguarding environmental resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For example, national accounts statistics that incorporate a gender perspective take into account both women’s and men’s contribution to all social and economic areas, including unpaid work. The word “sex" refers to biological differences between women and men. Biological differences are fixed and unchangeable and do not vary across cultures or over time. “ Gender”, meanwhile, refers to socially-constructed differences in the attributes and opportunities associated with being female or male and to social interactions and relationships between women and men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Accompanying measures can play an important role: water pricing (in Jersey, or Southern Water’s transition scheme in England), education and information (in Australia), and competition for nondomestic consumers (in Scotland). The Netherlands, Singapore, Israel and Ontario have worked on linkages between their utilities, industries and universities to develop innovative w'ater enterprises both for the home and international markets. The response from the private sector comes from several perspectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Sustainable production techniques can achieve this while maintaining or enhancing the overall profitability of the sector. For capacity building and implementation of best management practices in developing countries, there is a role for funding from the GEF, the World Bank and other funding and development agencies, given the benefits for rural livelihoods. Pollution control Reductions in environmentally harmful subsidies will reduce pollution and yield cost savings, helping to offset the costs of environmental investments. Environmental taxes and charges, tradable permit systems, deposit-refund systems, non-compliance fees and liability payments also offer potential funding sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
All economies that pursue a green path of industrialization face the same or similar challenges, but recordable progress is possible even in the short term. In many cases where industry is operating at high levels of inefficiency, industrial greening need not involve short-term trade-offs with slower growth. Instead, greening will enhance productivity and the rate of economic growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In principle, private households can anticipate future productivity (and income) gains and raise consumption above current income. Such consumption-smoothing behaviour would reduce saving in the short term, thereby further weakening the current account (Fournier and Koske, 2010, Vogel, 2011). In practice, however, this effect is not supported by empirical evidence, which rather suggests that stronger productivity tends to be associated with an increase in private and total saving in both the short and medium run, implying that households gradually adjust consumption as income gains are realised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, further efforts are required to raise awareness on the importance of GRB. Comparative evidence also confirms that the sustainability and success of GRB initiatives depends on political will. To overcome these barriers, GRB initiatives can enlist central government support and form alliances w'ith other stakeholders w'ho are striving for greater budgetary transparency, improved gender-disaggregated data or greater recognition of the grow th-enhancing effects of reducing inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The services included are those identified as the most important and essential for residents' day-to-day well-being (e.g. the nearest 10 000 low-qualified and high-qualified jobs, or the nearest three primary schools, secondary schools and further education institutions). This approach reveals users' ease getting to essential services while considering a degree of choice in the services to which they are likely to go (Inayathusein and Cooper, 2018). For instance, the highest score, A, means travel times to relevant destinations are more than one standard deviation below the average score, while E means travel times are more than two standard deviations above the average. It is particularly helpful when making decisions about the best places to introduce new services, such as health or education, with an aim to locate them in places with good connectivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Emerging and developing countries are searching for new policies and practical responses in order to promote decent work for millions of young men and women who are engaged in the informal economy. These two policy instruments align with each other and reinforce the clear policy guidance on youth employment and their transition from the informal to the formal economy. This is the first international labour standard to focus on the informal economy in its entirety and diversity and to point clearly to the transition to the formal economy as the means for realising decent work for all and achieving inclusive development. The Recommendation, of universal relevance, acknowledges the broad diversity of situations of informality, including specific national contexts and priorities for the transition to the formal economy, and provides practical guidance to address these priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The persistent racial stratification and differences in social, economic and health outcomes between population groups are partly due to the apartheid education system, which served blacks and coloureds poorly. The Free State is losing ground to most other provinces due to outmigration and poor health outcomes, and has in fact lost prime members of its working force. There are high rates of unemployment and poverty that exceed national averages. Only one-third of the working age adults are employed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The relative importance of intangibles in the investment strategies of the business sector has therefore increased. Investment in intangibles leads to creating and applying knowledge, and it is here that firms in OECD countries find their greatest comparative advantage. They do not yet reflect standardised methods and definitions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Preparation of the second generation of ten river sub-basin plans should stimulate more detailed analysis and help in calibrating measures. Identification of competent authorities at the subdistrict level should help in co-ordinating development and implementation of measures and addressing conflicts between water users. These charges can be important instruments in managing river basins. A particular example concerns abstraction charges introduced in 2005, including charges (per MWh and volume-based) for the use of hydropower potential of water flows at hydraulic structures (differentiated by size of installed output) (MoE, 2010c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Under Government Regulation 28/2004, the Ministry of Fisheries is responsible for the safety, quality and nutrition of fish products. Processed food exempted from the obligation to possess a registration number shall be the food that has 7 days shelf life in a room temperature and/or imported into Indonesian territories in small quantities for the purpose of requesting the registration approval letter, scientific research, or self-consumption. Minister of Agriculture Regulation 27/2009 was replaced by Minister of Agriculture Regulation 88/2011 in December 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is a framework that is centred on the rights and freedoms to which all are entitled by virtue of being human. The focus is on women's socio-economic disadvantage, but economic, social, civil and political rights are deeply intertwined. Economic and social rights are closely interlinked with all other rights, especially the civil and political rights that enable women's organizing and claims-making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)