albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Furthermore, it discusses the planning of resource use (e.g. definition of priorities and targets, distribution of responsibilities for school funding), the monitoring of funds’ use (e.g. audit systems), transparency and reporting, as well as incentives for the effective use of school funding. In addition, it analyses the distribution of funding between the different levels of the administration (e.g. central, regional and municipal) and between individual schools (e.g. through funding formulae). In addition, the chapter places special emphasis on funding incentives to improve the effectiveness of the school network while analysing the equity implications of funding approaches. Both the source of funding for school education and its distribution to individual schools are centralised - central government provides around 70% of funding and the formula operated by the Ministry of Education determines the budgets of individual schools, with only limited scope for locally determined variation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Mexico, Scott and Shah (2004) advocate to downsize pump capacity while increasing irrigation efficiency, and to shift to lower-water-demand crops to address long-term groundwater overdraft. Regions with increasingly scarce water resources are encouraged to move from "more crop (and jobs) per drop" to "more cash and nature per drop" (Lopez-Gunn et al., They may be worth considering especially in situations of increasingly visible scarcity or externalities so long as they are built on sufficient information about the hydrogeology and that they support a larger regulatory framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For example, in some countries, direct referrals from the criminal justice system account for a high proportion of treatment admissions. The abuse of heroin and synthetic opioids remains relatively low in the European Union. The average annual prevalence of opioid use, mainly of heroin, among the general population between 15 and 64 years of age was estimated at about 0.4 per cent. In 2013, opioids were the primary drug of abuse for 41 per cent of all those receiving drug abuse treatment in Western and Central Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This article argues that the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in Jaloud v. Netherlands adopted an attribution test in order to establish jurisdiction under Article 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights. It argues that this would not be the first time that the ECtHR has adopted an attribution test in order to establish Article 1 jurisdiction. Furthermore, the article challenges the proposition that the ECtHR’s adoption of an attribution test to establish jurisdiction is methodologically unsound and not in conformity with international law. It proposes moving beyond this debate and considering the real challenges that an attribution test of Article 1 jurisdiction poses for the future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To achieve this, a wide range of measures were ordered by the Committee, targeted at the legal system, to improve the judicial handling of rape cases, as well as training and education to change discriminatory attitudes towards women. Ensuring adequate representation of women in the judiciary is also important. The Human Rights Committee specified in its general comment No. However, she was unable to obtain such an order since she could not afford a solicitor and legal aid was not available. The European Court of Human Rights held that this was a violation of her right to access a court for the determination of her civil rights and obligations (art.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Between 1985 and 1996, there was a 27% increase in federal assistance to families with children, and assistance to the aged rose by 24% (UNPAC, 2010). Further to this, there was a five-fold increase in childcare places for working w'omen. South Africa’s first postapartheid government followed the Australian example in the mid-1990s, launching the Women’s Budget Initiative (Fleshman, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As shown in Figure 3.2, Kazakhstan’s GDP per capita experienced dramatic reversals in the past decade, based on the economic recovery in early 2000s and a slowdown caused primarily by the global economic and financial crisis. Currently, the main short-term economic policy challenge is to adjust to the new reality of slower growth (as compared to the beginning of the previous decade) and possibly to lower income in the near fixture. In 2015, Kazakhstan ranked fifteenth in the world in crude oil production, at 1.65 mln barrels per day, and is one of the largest exporters of crude oil (ninth in 2013), at 1.47 mln barrels per day. The country’s proven oil reserves, at 30 bln barrels, rank the 12th highest in the w'orld. Its proven gas reserves (2.41 tin m3) are the 15th highest in the world. Hydrocarbon output was the equivalent of nearly 18% of GDP and about 60% of exports in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This pattern is reinforced by time and mobility constraints arising from sociocultural gender-based norms that impose a double burden in terms of unpaid care work and productive activities. It is also reinforced by gender segregation in the labour market, which confines women largely to relatively low-income activities, and by intra-household decisionmaking dynamics that limit their control over household income and their influence on spending priorities. Such biases are especially evident in gender-disaggregated household-level data based on “male-headed” and “female-headed” households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The approach, however, is based on the recovery of incurred costs (all or part of them), and does not focus of w'ater charges as a method to raise revenue, The implementation of water charges would help to tackle future water challenges such as an economic crisis or fiscal consolidation efforts that generate severe restrictions on public expenditure, and climate change related impacts, i.e. maintain water infrastructure efficiency and adapt water supply system to potentially decreasing bulk water resources. In other words, it is desirable to move towards a pricing scheme that is able to consider medium- and long-term objectives for enhancing water security and resilience, placing emphasis on long-term sustainable water availability levels, rather than on consumption levels. This framework law was complemented and detailed by the Decree-Law No. The Polluter-Pays principle and the Beneficiary-Pays principle were established for the first time in the 1987 Framework Law for the Environment, but remained merely “ink in the paper”. Six years later, in 1993, an attempt to approve the necessary regulations and implementation procedures failed to a large extent because of the resistance of the agriculture sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the Rome Statute, and more generally in international criminal law, the principle of ne bis in idem is not solely concerned with the promotion of the rights of the accused or the res judicata authority of a first judgment. It seems to be also - maybe primarily - dedicated to articulating the concurrence between national and international jurisdictions. The present article discusses its different functions, asserting that they differ whether the principle intervenes in an intra- or inter-jurisdictional situation. It also links these functions to the general struggle against impunity governing international criminal law, and concludes by striving to attribute a structural, possibly qualitative role to the principle. © Oxford University Press, 2011, All rights reserved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Under TRI, selected farmers were required by the regional government head to grow sugar for its 2-3 year rotation, and these “required duties” were rotated within the village. This policy of forced sugar plantings was controversial because on irrigated land it was normally (not always) the case that rice was more profitable (Barichello, 2010). There was a re-regulation of imports in late 1999, with import licenses given to the Java-based sugar millers. However, these were removed at the start of 2000 and replaced by tariffs of 20-25%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The first national operator ‘Russian communal systems’ was formed by six large Russian companies under government control. Some private operators are now expanding operations to other countries. At the same time, some international firms, like Veolia (France) and Remondis Aqua (Germany), were also attracted to the market. Most contracts were granted directly, without any competition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Proximity to markets - determined in part by road and rail investments -enhances both the profitability of self-employment and opportunities for non-agricultural wage labour. One problem in assessing the correlation of access to infrastructure with household activities and income is that there are varying definitions of “access” related to differences in measuring “infrastructure,” such as roads, travel time, electricity, piped water, and so on. Some general advice has been that countries should use social policies to protect incomes in the short term and provide support for farmers who are unable to adjust, while correcting market failures and investing in public goods in order to strengthen agricultural incomes (OECD, 2012a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This reflects a combination of high SP with moderate levels of UI. In India and Mexico, income support is substantially less than the OECD average, with little or no benefits for the unemployed. Workers employed in firms that fail to pay social security contributions are necessarily excluded from UI as they do not meet minimum contribution requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This includes an extensive set of performance measures for each of its five goals and component strategies (Metro Vancouver, 2014a). Assessments are also made against the baseline performance report (Metro Vancouver, 2014b). Often found in instances of polycentric urban development, lightly institutionalised platforms for information sharing and consultation are relatively easy both to implement and to undo. They typically lack enforcement tools and their relationship with citizens and other levels of government tends to remain minimal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It shows: (1) the distribution of the number of deprivations, (2) the deprivation overlap between dimensions, (3) multidimensional deprivation ratios, (4) the profile of the multidimensionally deprived and the most vulnerable, and (5) the contribution of each country and dimension to the total adjusted multidimensional deprivation ratio. The results create an understanding about the intensity of deprivation and the overlap of certain dimensions. At a country-level these types of results can be used as a basis to further identify the most vulnerable in the society. In a cross-country context, these findings are telling about the overall level of deprivation among children in the region, and the differences between multiple deprivation levels across countries. More than half of the children under five in these countries (54% or 64.3 million) are deprived in three to five dimensions. Among children of the older age-group the breadth of deprivation is relatively lower, with 36% of children between the age 5 and 17 deprived in only one or none of the five dimensions studied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the area of factor markets modelling, the segmentation and imperfect mobility between agricultural and non-agricultural labour and capital was introduced in a dynamic way. All types of CES production trees can be made by changing a simple table, allowing adjusting them depending on the application of the model. Last but not least, MAGNET is extended with a dedicated module on the EU Common Agricultural Policy and with a dedicate module on biofuel policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In some cases (Austria, Belgium, Finland, Hungary, the Slovak Republic, Spain and Sweden), there is only one previous episode available for comparison. Among countries with several previous episodes available for comparison, the response of labour input in Canada, Spain and the United States was stronger this time around. A first observation is that there is a lot of cross-country heterogeneity in how real hourly wages have reacted to the recession, with wage growth rising relative to trend in about one-half of the countries while it is stable or declining in the others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Overall, only about 7% of the revised NBSAPs contain national targets which match the scope and level of ambition of Aichi Target 213 (CBD, 2016). This is reflected in the fact that the explicit integration of biodiversity into national budgetary processes is currently limited to a dozen countries (Burundi, Chile, Comoros, Ecuador, France, Kyrgyz Republic, Mexico, Mozambique, Netherlands, Norway, Tunisia, Viet Nam) (CBD, 2014). It summarises whether biodiversity priorities are explicitly mentioned and integrated into the objectives and priority actions of the NDPs, and whether these are supported by targets and indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
One view is that it is important to have women in the 'hard' areas. Others argue that the distinction itself cannot be justified. Norwegian analysts have made the point that describing the areas in which women predominate as 'soft' devalues these important areas, like education, health and social expenditure, which in fact account for the bulk of expenditure (Karam and Lovenduski 1998:136).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
One reason might be that, as poor people are very close to the poverty threshold, annuities from reverse mortgages could just lift them out of poverty. However, Coda Moscarola et al. ( In Belgium, Denmark, Spain, and Switzerland, poverty would fall by one-third or more, though not by as much in Germany and Sweden.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The relationship between child poverty and maternal employment is particularly strong (OECD, 2008). Research has increasingly emphasised the role of female employment on poverty levels, with high rates of female employment tending to reduce both poverty and inequality (Harkness, 2010). Employment rates of persons of working age in 2003, employment rates of mothers in 2002. Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries, Figure 5.8, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787!9?89264044197-en.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As the parameter a increases, the GE measures become less sensitive to inequality at the lower end of the distribution and more sensitive at the upper end. In Calderon et al. ( De facto regulations are approximated by information on categories such as minimum wages, conditions of work and benefits, trade union membership and collective bargaining, and public sector employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Since the 1970s, most historians in the anglophone world have worked on time-scales of between five and fifty years. This narrow focus represented a retreat from the longer periods generally covered before the late twentieth century and served not only to cut them off from wider reading publics but also to deprive them of the influence on public policy and global governance they had once had. This article surveys the causes and the consequences of this retreat and proposes a solution for the crisis of confidence and of relevance it has created. A return to what Fernand Braudel classically termed the longue duree in the Annales in 1958 is now both imperative and feasible: imperative, in order to restore history’s place as a critical social science, feasible, due to the increased availability of large amounts of historical data and the digital tools necessary to analyze them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The procurement requirements of an individual company can consist of in-house developed product or process requirements or build on existing certification schemes -or a combination of both. They often belong to a broader set of corporate social sustainability commitments, which are displayed to the public in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reports. In addition, one way for retailers to minimise their exposure to risks is through demanding certification from their suppliers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Cross-border areas have been formed and supported by Nordic Council funds. Financial and symbolic support from the Nordic Council of Ministers plays a vital role in the cross-border collaborations. This funding source has evolved since 2009, when subsidies for cross-border collaborations began to be allocated on a competitive basis (Lindqvist, 2010). The goal of creating a borderless economic space has stimulated cross-border co-operation in many parts of the continent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, effective biodiversity mainstreaming is time consuming and it should be recognised that the process usually needs to be sustained over a number of years. Conservation Letters, doi: 10.111 l/conl.12180. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A problem common to many of the reviewed forecasts is that it is difficult to forecast future migration and its skills composition. The overall intention of the project is to provide insights to government, employers, individuals and providers on England's strategic skills needs, reporting information on key issues and periodically updating the results. It uses a range of horizon-scanning techniques, including scenario development, and a series of interviews with key experts to debate scenarios for 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Backward and forward linkages should also be reinforced, in particular by creating natural resource-based production clusters. These are sectoral and/or geographical concentrations of enterprises engaged in interlinked activities based on the exploitation and processing of natural resources and their supporting industries (UNECA, 2013). The data in annex table 4, show that the resource gap of fuel-exporting LDCs is positive, which means that their savings rate is higher than their investment rate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In: Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Metz B, Davidson OR, Bosch PR, Dave R, Meyer LA, eds). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Energy End-Use Efficiency, Chapter 6 in World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
From the early 1980’s, energy consumption in households experienced high rates of growth. In fact, household energy consumption continued to increase, albeit at a slower rate. The number of vehicles in Sydney increased to almost 2.4 million in 2007, with the number of vehicles increasing at almost twice the rate of population and household growth over the past decade12. More people in outlying areas are dependent on cars for commuting, shopping and education because public transport services are poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In addition, it provides an account of the main trends and concerns within the Slovak education system. The Slovak Republic is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is the capital, Bratislava, and the second largest is Kosice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Finland several health stations or centres have started to use a depression nurse model. A survey conducted in 2008 in all Finnish health centres indicated that 78% of all health centres had a depression or psychiatric nurse and 61% of centres had adopted a uniform practice for the screening of depression (Partanen et al., Mental health nurses are playing an increasing role in the delivery of mental health primary care services and some countries such as Australia have introduced financial incentives to support and develop this role (Happell et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These include, for example, the achievement gap between low- and high-status groups, differences in access to schooling, and the segregation of students into different types of schools and school programmes. Willms (2011) argued in the OECD's Education al a Glance (OECD, 2011), that equality and equity should be defined as separate concepts and measured with a consistent approach. Equality is therefore measured by the differences among groups in the distribution of Prosperity Outcomes, which are performance, attainment, health and well-being, and attitudes towards school and learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In order to reduce such risks, global and national governance and regulatory policy frameworks are necessary, as is appropriate attention to local knowledge and practices of women and men (UnmuBig, 2014, Fairhead, Leach and Scoones, 2012). Biofuel production policies could run counter to local food security needs. But the same study also shows women's greater responsiveness to environmental, health and climate concerns, compared with men. These findings may very well apply globally and would have implications, for example, in terms of better provisioning of sustainable and accessible public transport and universal access to modern energy services. Women's voices and participation in diverse forums is of critical importance, both as an issue of justice and equality and because the active presence of women can put gender-specific concerns on the agenda and contribute to collective actions that are more effective in meeting the three dimensions of sustainability (Agarwal, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Among several adverse implications, they can lead to a deceleration of economic growth, hamper efforts aimed at eliminating extreme poverty and hunger, and weaken bonds of solidarity at the community level. Inequalities of outcome also correlate with political capture, especially by vested interest groups. A disproportionate political influence of the rich over policymaking increases rent-seeking activities at the expense of the broader society, hence undermining the global aspiration of "leaving no one behind". The chapter presents new research on the drivers and costs of income inequality in the region.3 Owing to data constraints, the chapter primarily focuses on income inequality at the regional and country levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Some importing countries have neglected investments that improve agricultural productivity, which has increased their import dependence. While the current pattern of agricultural trade may reflect some of these failings, this does not negate the insight that the balancing role of trade makes a fundamental contribution to global food security and to food security in developing countries in particular. There are many reasons why current food importers might expect to experience a steadily deteriorating comparative advantage in food production. Net food importing countries have, in general, more rapidly growing populations and more rapidly growing food demand per capita than net exporters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Complete reporting should be encouraged, and include accompanying information if reports are not in terms of total finance disbursed or committed, so that this information can be calculated. Not all countries manage to separate finance used for capacity building and technology transfer with other purposes, in some cases all three are aggregated, and in others some capacity building projects will be listed in finance received. In its BUR Argentina indicates that all types of support overlap for some projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)