albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The general model involves developing a water entitlement regime that allows people to own the right to use water. State government legislation makes it clear that water is controlled by the state on behalf of the general public. Moreover, it is the role of governments rather than the courts to determine how much water is available for use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The World Bank and UN-Habitat have defined a cut-off point at which owner-occupied or rental housing is deemed unaffordable, which has been used for tracking housing affordability over time as part of the agency’s Urban Indicators Programme. Housing is generally deemed affordable when a household spends less than 30 pet cent of their income on housing-related expenses, such as mortgage repayments (owners), rent payments(renters), and direct operational expenses such as taxes, insurance and service payments. Except for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), all subregions with significant slum prevalence recorded higher slum growth than the global urban population change average, with the highest rates recorded in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) at 3.9 per cent and South-East Asia at 3.0 per cent."'
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This study thus begins with a presentation of the system effects of nuclear power in Chapter 2. This holds in particular for low-carbon technologies that influence public policy-making in one form or another such as renewables, nuclear energy, carbon capture and storage (CCS) or efficiency improvements.2 The focus in this study will thus be on renewables and nuclear energy. Renewables are affected by policy primarily through the creation of stable FITs above average market prices, whereas nuclear energy implicates governments through the need for sectoral regulation, waste storage and disposal as well as proliferation safeguards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Between 1985 and 2014, those living in urban areas increased by nearly 13%, to reach 76.3% of the Colombian population, while 23.7% of the population lived in rural areas. It is projected that 85% of the Colombian population will live be urbanised by 2050. Infant mortality rates have decreased from 40 deaths per 1 000 live births in 1970 to 12.8 in 2013 (OECD average, 3.8 deaths per 1 000 live births).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
To align with policy discussions, ‘emergency management’ is the term adopted in this discussion paper. Leveraging these synergies requires building awareness of tourism’s potential role in assisting and enhancing emergency management and how emergency management policies can assist tourism agencies (e.g. to reduce the potential negative impacts of misinformation on the recovery of affected destinations/attractions and other destinations within affected countries) in all PPRR phases, and particularly the destination recovery process. In practice, integration between tourism and emergency management policies has been very limited and quite narrow in focus in most countries. This is partly because the focus of tourism agencies has traditionally been on implementing specific actions to mitigate the effects of a disaster or event on tourism businesses (i.e. managing the reputational effects on the destination) and restoring the capacity of tourism businesses (i.e. recovery of markets and profitability).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Consequently, it was better able to resist the opposition from the rural lobby. In particular, they were aimed at promoting capital investment in larger and more efficient fleets, and at adapting production and marketing conditions. As a result, there was a threefold increase in the engine power of the fishing fleets over the next 17 years and the fishing industry became increasingly capital-intensive and technologically productive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article examines whether decentralization in the Republic of Macedonia has contributed to widening effective political participation and strengthening democracy at the local level between 2005 and 2012. It begins by demonstrating the debate regarding political decentralization and its ability to mitigate ethnic conflict by facilitating the effective participation of national minorities in local institutions. An assessment of the largely consociational power-sharing mechanisms envisaged locally then determines whether decentralization has contributed to: improving the political representation of diverse groups in local decision-making processes, deepening local democracy by providing opportunities for residents to participate in local governance, and enhancing the transparency, accountability, and responsiveness of municipal governments. The opportunities Macedonian citizens have for participating directly in local decision-making processes are also evaluated. This article argues that whilst political...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, prices remained regulated for a limited number of products that were deemed to be economically and/or socially essential for the country, including fertiliser, sugar and rice. The government reduced its control on export and import activities to quotas applicable to 12 main commodities. Viet Nam switched from a fixed exchange rate regime to one in which the rate is permitted to float within a band determined by the State Bank of Viet Nam (SBV).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
International migration, mainly to New Zealand, first became significant in the 1960s and subsequent flows have maintained high levels. Both countries have sponsored migration and supported temporary migration schemes, and rarely sought to intervene in what have become the normal and normative processes of migration and remittance receipt. Both Samoa and Tonga have benefitted significantly from the Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) seasonal labour scheme in New Zealand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Reflecting this, risk and related concepts permeate the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). There is also broad recognition that the tools of risk management should be mobilized to support SDG implementation. As risk management becomes prominent in development management, public institutions have to not only adopt risk management approaches and tools, but also adapt their cultures and ways of operating in order to embed risks considerations in their daily business.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The authors show here that contrary to popular rhetoric, at an early stage the American federal government demonstrated remarkable influence over national education policy. This occurred in spite of the fact that the political institutions of the national government were fragmented and poorly organized to accomplish such goals. In this light, the authors' focus is on how late-19th-century developments set the tone and impediments for meaningful educational reform that carry over through today. The historical development of American education detailed here traces the roots of the ongoing policy tug-of-war between localism and national progressive goals that characterize contemporary reform efforts. Ironically, it is its early roots as the premier educational resource provider that has ultimately contributed to the greatly diminished role of the U.S. federal government in education today. This is a legacy that policy makers, parents, and educators are wise to understand but often neglect as they craft reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
International efforts to better conserve the marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) through a new international legally binding instrument1 are developing in a context of established norms and institutions. Existing regimes already address specific marine sectors (such as shipping), regions (such as fishing in the South East Atlantic), species (such as whales), and even underlying customary international law and territorial concepts (including the boundaries of the “high seas”2). States have agreed that they will not “undermine” these existing frameworks.3 We seek to contextualize this commitment within the fragmentation of international law and the interaction between regimes.4 We argue that international law-making should not be overly restricted by deference to existing competencies and mandates, which are fluid and asymmetrically supported. An inclusive and adaptive approach to existing and future institutions is vital in the ongoing quest for integrated and effective oceans governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Exports from Thailand recovered by February 2012 but have subsequently been fluctuating. Moreover, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China have been confronted with weakening demand from China and the rest of the world, which has resulted in declining growth of their exports from March 2012. The country has been affected by its high specialization in exports of IT-related services combined with weak integration in regional production networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The projected full-time equivalent labour force is very slightly smaller under the family working-time scenario than under the baseline. But even by 2025 - when average usual hours among eligible employees are assumed to reach 32 hours per week - the difference in the size of the labour force is only about 37 000 full-time equivalent workers, a fall of only around 0.1%. A survey of German companies found that the share of those that support or plan to support parents through child care rose from 25% to 50% from 2007 to 2012. International Social Security Review, Vol. Leitbilder zur Eltemschaft in Deutschland”, Bundesinstitut fur BevOlkerungsforschung, Wiesbaden.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For other impact categories the increased efficiency gives a corresponding decrease in impacts - or increase in benefits. In recycling, the impacts from transportation are much higher, simply because the benefits are smaller. It is, nevertheless, evident that recycling is beneficial for the environment, even if you have to transport the collected textiles to Asia for recycling into yarn as is assumed in Scenario 2E. It is noted in this context that the impacts from transportation are included in the calculation of the net benefits reported in the scenarios shown in the table. The relative importance is thus smaller than it appears.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Among these, 23 species have been declared natural monuments, 74 species are extinct, 39 species are endangered, 171 species are vulnerable and 1,253 species are rare. Grassland species account for 37 per cent of the total species represented. Some 600 algae species and over 700 species of marine and coastal plants exist. A very high percentage of the plant species (4 per cent) are endemic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The US charter school movement is based upon the supposition that granting individual public schools increased autonomy from state and district rules and regulations in exchange for more accountability will foster the creation of innovative, effective and efficient schools. However, while state charter school laws free these schools from various state and district rules and regulations, the schools must still operate within the civil rights parameters legislated by federal statutes. Of particular import are federal laws that guarantee that children with disabilities receive a free appropriate public education. Project SEARCH, a 3 year qualitative study of special education in US charter schools revealed that there is a fundamental philosophical gap between the individualised, autonomous nature of charter schools and the highly regulated nature of special education. The philosophical gap is complicated by some charter schools' inability to amass the fiscal and human capacity needed to meet the needs of ind...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Second, Tunisia should develop a national strategy outlining how entrepreneurship could be supported within the vocational training systemand clearly identifying the roles of each actor and outlines the short-and long-term objectives. Finally, there is a need to increase the availability of support for trainers by making entrepreneurship training more available and by improving teaching material. Box 4.5 briefly reviews the examples of such frameworks in Belgium (Flanders) and in South Africa. The intention of the framework is to clarify which programmes lead to the same qualification level and to the same job, making qualifications equivalent regardless of where the students have been taught - in a centre for adult education, a university college, or a competence centre.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Areas such as emergencies and dam safety are also included in the new Code, as are water resources monitoring and basin management plans for the development, use and protection of water resources. For instance, the river basin management principle has not been put into practice, although a pilot project was initiated in the Chu and Talas rivers basin in cooperation with the World Bank. The Water Code also states that a basin council should be set up for each principal river basin, a measure not yet taken.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Means of upholding the equality of men and women, non-discrimination, non-segregation and the co-responsibility of society for the provision of care should be more fully incorporated into regulatory frameworks and in government oversight procedures, as well as into the agendas of workers’ organizations. While the values transmitted by gender inequalities in the reproductive sphere cannot be measured using the information currently available, an analysis of the visible portions of the economy suffices to show that reproductive matters have an influence on the economic labour regime that this regime, in its turn, has an impact on the wider economy. This type of observation becomes possible when the labour supply is seen as the nexus between the mercantile economy and the household and as the result of a process of conflict between the two that also generates additions to the labour force.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition to the impact from diffuse pollution from agriculture, pollution by the pulp and paper industry affects the lake through the Saimaa Canal, including municipal wastewaters discharged by Nuijamaa village (300 inhabitants). The population density in the lake basin area is 24 inhabitants/km2. The most significant water-quality problem is eutro-phication, which is mainly caused by nutrients from agriculture and the pulp and paper industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It will encourage the development of biofuels and promote greener cities and communities. Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University has collected GHG data, developed emission scenarios, analysed adaptation and mitigation policies, and worked on the links between climate change, water and food security in Thailand. It was only in the 1990s that it began to industrialise, at the same time that it became a large exporter of farm products including coffee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Target 6d recommends recycling or treating all municipal and industrial wastewater prior to discharge. While this target aims primarily to reduce the detrimental impacts not only on human health, but also on the ecosystem, it seems that it leaves some loose ends given that it does not define a minimum treatment level nor does it reference the huge financial burden associated with the treatment of all domestic wastewater at the global scale. Several refinements of the targets and indicators initially proposed by the working groups will lead to a final list of targets supported by WHO and UNICEF. As of June 2013, the proposed list of targets is not in its final form, but has gone through several rounds of revisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This book examines Indonesia's business environment since reformasi began in 1985 - what stayed the same, what changed, and would could change. Economic recovery has been hesitant. Regime change and political reform have created uncertainties that have deepened reluctance to invest. A raft of government-instigated changes have left their imprint: decentralization, privatization, new company legislation, anti-corruption efforts, nationalization of debt-ridden banks, and firms being forced into receivership. More cautious lending practices by remaining financial institutions have imposed a credit crunch. Increased worker militancy and minimum wage rises have led some international firms to reconsider their presence in Indonesia. Changes in the business environment have caused a redefinition of private enterprise-government relations, inducing firms to re-examine their organization and management. The book includes insights of distinguished and stimulating speakers from business, independent research organizations, and academic institutions in Indonesia, Australia and elsewhere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The personality approach interprets entrepreneurial behaviours as reflecting behaviours such as a desire for success, a limited fear of failure, openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, persistence in the face of failure and alertness to perceiving and acting on opportunities. Gender-based research has shown that the propensity of women to start a business may differ from that of men for cultural reasons or because of discrimination. On the one hand, dynamic, innovative entrepreneurs can contribute to growth and structural transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Nordic Council of Ministers, December 2015. In particular, institutional investors (which have been recognized as a key stakeholder for meeting the Paris Agreement finance commitments) see many project-level funding targets as too small for their portfolios. With aggregation and pooling, these projects would become attractive to investors. This calls for more efforts to build a project pipeline, which is attractive to investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, it has been the experience in many countries that acts of violence against women are not investigated thoroughly or documented precisely, and that domestic violence continues to be regarded as a private matter and not a criminal offence, while complaints of sexual violence continue to be treated with scepticism. Experience has shown that the establishment of such units may facilitate the development of expertise in this area and may result in an increase in the number of cases investigated and a better quality and more efficient process for the complainant/survivor. However, in some countries, experience indicates that establishment of such units may result in the marginalization of women’s issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Measures aimed at climate mitigation and adaptation will increasingly necessitate the stranding of some natural resources in CDDCs, highlighting the need for these countries to adopt an alternative model of development based on a greater diversification of their economies.' The report aims to highlight how CDDCs will be directly affected by climate change, and indirectly by mitigation and adaptation policies pursued not only by themselves but also by third countries. The report also responds to calls in the Nairobi Maafikiano to assess the trade and development implications of the Paris Agreement and examine the nexus between trade, development and environmental sustainability, with a view to assisting member States in developing natural resource management systems that are appropriate in the context of climate change (Articles 55(f) and 100(h) of the Nairobi Maafikiano).2 The report’s discussion on commodities and climate change is also in line with several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Three SDGs are particularly relevant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Public libraries provide a venue for the community to read and learn and, like the community access points referred to in Target 1, are ideally positioned to extend their mission by also providing Internet access for people without easy or affordable access. One study found that 78 per cent of public libraries in the United States are the sole location providing free access to computers and the Internet in their communities.' Libraries are specifically referenced in Action Line C2 as institutions to be provided with connectivity as part of the national e-strategy. They are also important in several ways in the context of Action Line C3. First, they are repositories of information and knowledge with their collections of books, journals and other items, so connecting libraries is therefore of direct relevance, since it facilitates access to the information and knowledge they contain. Second, they are also cited as candidates for housing community public access points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The use of charges and fees, such as water charges and entrance fees to protected areas, is very limited (see also Sections 3 and 5). The Water Producer Programme, launched in 2011 by the National Water Agency and replicated by some states and municipalities, financially compensate investment in soil and water protection in river basins that provide water resources to a large population. Bolsa Floresta, in Amazonas state, has helped control deforestation, although it is implemented mostly in areas experiencing little deforestation pressure (Borner et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It is important to note that multidimensional poverty remained unchanged12 in the urban Amazon between 2006 and 2010, which ties in with the increasing deprivation levels (gaps) in all dimensions other than work and social security. While relative poverty among Afro-Ecuadorians decreased from 1.2 times the national level in 2006 to 1.1 in 2010, the relative level for indigenous people increased from 1.6 times the national level in 2006 to 1.7 in 2010, meaning that despite the absolute reduction in the level of multidimensional poverty, the indigenous population was worse off in 2010 than in 2006 in terms of equity. Rural areas, and especially the rural Amazon, have the highest levels of poverty but a lower absolute number of poor. If the figures are broken down by age group, children and adults together accounted for 57.9% of multidimensional poverty in 2010 (20.2% and 37.7%, respectively), both by number of poor people and by poverty level, while the elderly are the group with the highest level of multidimensional poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
An interesting example can be found in Chile. The desalination plant built in the city of Antofagasta, Chile, to supply water for the population, brings water from the Altiplano to the coast, across 300 kilometres. In addition to securing water supply, the water’s high levels of arsenic are reused in local mines and other industrial sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In larger organizations, departmental accountability for energy costs may be important. For example, if departments are accountable for their own energy costs, they benefit directly from any savings from investment projects or housekeeping measures. But if cost savings go to the company as a whole, the departmental incentive is diluted (split incentives).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
When soils are exhausted, this allows the growth of certain weeds. A practice similar to this has been described in a part of south-western Nigeria to raise shade-tolerant crops such as Dioscorea spp and cocoyam in, essentially, a permanent forest setting (Adesina, 1988). In addition to the fact that agroforestry techniques can be perfected to cope with the new conditions that are anticipated in a drier climate and with a higher population density, they lead to an increase in the amount of organic matter in the soil, thereby improving agricultural productivity and reducing the pressure exerted on forests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)