albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The study of masculinity, particularly in peacebuilding and transitional justice contexts, is gradually emerging. The article outlines three fissures evident in the embryonic scholarship, that is the privileging of direct violence and its limited focus, the continuities and discontinuities in militarised violence into peace time, and the tensions between new (less violent) masculinities and wider inclusive social change. The article argues for the importance of making visible the tensions between different masculinities and how masculinities are deeply entangled with systems of power and post-conflict social, political and economic outcomes. An analysis of masculine power within and between the structures aimed at building the peace in societies moving out of violence is considered essential. The article argues for an analysis that moves beyond a preoccupation with preventing violent masculinities from manifesting through the actions of individuals to considering how hidden masculine cultures operate within a variety of hierarchies and social spaces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Ensuring equal access to finance for female and male entrepreneurs through actions that influence both the supply of and demand for finance by: easing access to finance for viable businesses owned by men and women, taking steps to improve the knowledge and attitudes of financial institutions, increasing the awareness of finance sources and tools among women entrepreneurs, and, encouraging more women to join business angel networks or venture capital firms. Specific examples of good practices ensuring gender equality and non-discrimination in MENA constitutions (cont.) These examples provide references for mainstreaming the principle of equality between men and women while protecting the family, motherhood and childhood in respect of their culture and social values. They also comply with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Article 3 of the International Covenants of 1966 and Article 2 (a) of the CEDAW (1979).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Although peacebuilders do not operate from a common template, liberal values so define their activities that their efforts can be called “liberal peacebuilding.” Many postconflict operations aspire to create a state that contains the rule of law, markets, and democracy. Growing evidence suggests, however, that liberal peacebuilding is re-creating the conditions of conflict, states emerging from war do not have the necessary institutions or civic culture to absorb the pressures associated with political and market competition. In recognition of these problems and dangers, there is an emerging call for greater attention to the state and institutionalization before liberalization. These critiques, and lessons learned from recent operations, point to an alternative—republican peacebuilding. Drawing from republican political theory, this article argues that the republican principles of deliberation, constitutionalism, and representation can help states after war address the threats to stability that derive fro...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Figure 2.4 presents standardised gender gaps in order to allow' comparisons across surveys. Results suggest that in Norway, as well as the vast majority of other countries, gender gaps in favour of girls grew from grade 4 (around age 10) to age 15. England, the Netherlands and New Zealand are the only countries where gender gaps tend to remain relatively stable between age 10 and age 15. Figure 2.4 however also shows that between the ages of 15 and 21-22 the gender gap in favour of females is greatly reduced in Norway as well as the majority of countries except for the Netherlands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Linear trends are assumed to forecast the costs of programmes for which future data is unavailable.3 Under the costed scenario, real expenditure on social protection programmes is projected to increase from ETB 25.5 billion in 2016/17 to ETB 44.7 billion in 2025/26. As Chapter 1 demonstrates, social protection spending between 2012/13 and 2015/16 was stable at around 1.4% of GDP once emergency assistance was excluded. As a result, the fifth scenario projects the cost of maintaining social protection spending at 1.4% of GDP and assumes that humanitarian relief will be considered a distinct area of spending. The costed scenario is not affected by GDP growth but nonetheless increases in real terms over this period. As a result, they can be netted out from total social protection expenditure when calculating the level of tax and non-tax revenues and external assistance needed to finance future social protection spending. Social protection spending that is financed solely through general revenues is hereafter termed “net social protection spending”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Even if r - 0, which means that there are no income constraints, these vegetables are not allocated any areas. This is because these vegetables provide only economic benefits, they do not provide any energy, nitrogen or feed. Cows can effectively increase income. As the number of cows increases, pasture and/or dent corn areas also increase.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The hierarchies in Figure 2.2 reflect what some people believe about the “natural” order of relationships between human beings and how they influence economic, political, religious, cultural and other structures in societies. Direct forms of violence such as crime, civil war or terrorism are expressions of these hierarchies at the national and international levels, as some groups fight to maintain their superiority while others fight to gain power or equalize relationships. White people who create structures that discriminate against people of colour communicate their internalized superiority and their power to enforce inequalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It has one of the highest overall employment rates in the OECD, and one of the highest OECD employment rates for women. Around 80% of all mothers and 90% of all fathers of children below seven were working in 2009 (Statistics Sweden, www.scb.se). Government activities are directed by a cabinet of ministers, which is led by the prime minister.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Despite increased government involvement with public policy and the evolution of considerable scholarship on public policy since the pioneering efforts of theorizing and “modeling” of its “founders”, its initial formulations continue to influence the theoretical literature, empirical research and methods of analysis that characterize contemporary scholarship on public policy. From these initial formulations, several explanatory models, especially the neo-institutionalist strand were developed to better understand how and why the government does or does not do some action that will reverberate in the lives of citizens. This article examines some models that can be borrowed for the analysis of public policies formulated by different governments. In this paper four analytical models were examined: Institutional Analysis, Policy Network, Multiple Streams, and the Advocacy Coalition Framework. These approaches were considered for his internal consistency and applicability in the study of public policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The first association on the word "data" for common man is a visualization of the alpha-numeric characters and various pictures in the form of a table or chart. Distinction between data, information and knowledge, is one of the primary tasks of information science. The quantity of electronic data in today's information society is steadily increased by using Internet technologies (among other things with the e-government and all it's parts-from commerce, education to public health, also with the emergence of social networks and media in all their forms). It requires visualization of the data for easier understanding and analysis which are obviously necessary. In this paper some of the commercial and non-commercial visual tools and their application in analysis of social networks are considered, with especially interest for theirs application in the field of criminology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the United States, anti-immigration raids led to surges in dropout among children of undocumented immigrants wary of deportation, whereas an earlier policy providing deportation protection had increased secondary school completion. Yet their attainment and achievement often lagged behind those of host country peers. In the European Union, twice as many foreign-born youth as natives left school early in 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
About 53 species of wild and cultivated plants, including medicinal, ornamental and food plants as well as dyes, are used by industry. A processing factory with an annual capacity of 1,0001 of liquorice extract was opened in 2008, requiring a much larger amount of raw material. Liquorice is exclusively collected in the wild in Turkmenistan, including from some State sanctuaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For forests and other terrestrial habitat types the patch size distribution of habitats may be derived from vegetation information systems. For river fragmentation, defined as the interruption of a rivers natural flow by dams, inter-basin transfers or water withdrawal, fragmentation can be assessed based on number, placement and amount of water stored behind dams. Description: The fragmentation of habitats caused by human activities has significant, largely negative implications for their native biodiversity, through the effects of area reduction, edge exposure and isolation, as well as through interruption of ecosystem processes and associated ecosystem degradation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This online conversation about getting more women into the political sphere enables ordinary citizens to participate in candidate nomination and election through a simple ‘type-and-click’ forum. Most importantly, it has removed a critical barrier to women’s participation in politics - lack of information and access to resources - and challenged a common perception that women’s exclusion from political office is acceptable and culturally appropriate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Well organized public transportation provides numerous benefits to communities and individuals by lowering the unit costs of transport and easing access to different locations. Public transportation helps to reduce congestion and delays, improving air quality and increasing productivity, i.e., less time is wasted in traffic congestion (Litman, 2014, Public Transport Victoria, 2014). Thus, better planning and integration of land-use planning with transportation planning is an important factor for sustainable urbanization. The SDG’s imperative to make cities more inclusive implies that cities need to move away from car-based travel to public and active modes of transportation, such as walking and cycling with good inter-modal connectivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Adding to these challenges, the rural poor without access to electricity either spend relatively large amounts of their scarce financial resources on energy, or a disproportionate amount of time collecting firewood. The benefits that electricity access brings to households and communities are justified not only on social and economic grounds but also on grounds of equity objectives. For over 30 years the World Bank and other organisations have studied the social benefits of electricity access and have noted that these benefits usually derive from the longer days that powered light bulbs offer to the household. When electricity is used for powering home appliances, household chores tend to become less tedious, when it is used for lighting, the relative brightness of the light bulb as opposed to candle light allows children to read or study in the later hours of the day, bringing obvious education and leisure benefits (Barnes, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, the focus on research in oncology and women’s health may reduce engagement with the community as only referred patients will be treated. There is a need to implement the plans to establish partnerships between AMDI’s specialist researchers and local communities in identifying health problems and providing solutions for healthy lifestyle. The institute has also commendable plans to build its collaboration with schools to develop health care education. There is considerable urban-rural divide in Penang and particularly in the Northern Corridor Economic Region: rural areas have reduced access to public services and due to ageing population are in need of paramedical care and nutritional awareness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Over the past decade, the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) has become the world's premier yardstick for evaluating the quality, equity and efficiency of school systems. This chapter introduces PISA and sets the scene for situating the PISA performance of 15-year-olds in the United States against global patterns and trends. Results from the OECD's recent Survey of Adult Skills (OECD, 2013a) show that highly skilled adults are twice as likely to be employed and almost three times more likely to earn an above-median salary than poorly skilled adults. In other words, poor skills severely limit people's access to belter-paying and more rewarding jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, their development is dependent on people and practices. In classic innovation literature, the diffusion of an innovation develops over time across five major user groups - innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards - until market saturation is achieved. The market is usually seen as the selection mechanism that determines whether an innovation achieves saturation or not.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The government of India has made sure that productive processes are efficient or less energy-intensive than standard ones. This applies particularly to the agricultural sector, which has been encouraged to use economically viable irrigation pump sets and other energy-efficient farming equipment. According to the Integrated Energy Policy (IEP), correct implementation of demand-side management policies could save up to an estimated 15% of electricity consumption. The legal framework for this IEP was provided by the Indian Energy Conservation Act 2001 the aim of which was to accelerate energy efficiency in India.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Since the first online social networks appeared in the early XXI century, these platforms have not stopped growing, and now are part of millions of people’s daily life worldwide, mainly young people. However, do we know what they are sharing in these spaces? This research studies the activity on Facebook of students from Madrid universities. The data presented here are the result of the analysis of 250 profiles. It is a methodology framed within the online ethnography. The findings show that young people seem to have no problema with sharing their age or place of origin, but are reluctant to disclose more personal issues such as sexual orientation. But most important es that while interactivity is one of the hallmarks of these new media, users of this social network spend a considerable amount of time just watching others without doing anything else.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This unfavourable turn of events stands in contrast with the buoyancy of global trade apparent when the MDGs were adopted, in 2000. Even with a favourable global trading landscape, small states2 were in any case unable to fully achieve the aspirations of the MDGs (World Bank, 2013). When the MDGs were adopted in 2000, exports of goods and services had expanded by $814 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
International sanctions, which commonly seek to engineer target state compliance with human rights norms, often fail to deliver on their objectives. In recent years, however, a fresh approach has emerged through the rise of international justice, which can act as either a complement or an alternative to sanctions. In this article, the authors develop three hypotheses. Political change will be facilitated by: (1) lifting sanctions, (2) guarantees of non-prosecution, or (3) lifting sanctions combined with guarantees of non-prosecution. The authors test the hypotheses on Myanmar, a country that has long been subject to international sanctions, but that has rarely complied with human rights norms. Myanmar is also situated in a region where international justice is currently being applied through prosecution of former Khmer Rouge leaders in Cambodia. The authors’ test was undertaken in June 2010 through a vignette-based expert survey that manipulated international sanctions, international justice and their abs...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In constitutional adjudication, a well-known distinction exists between abstract and concrete review. Under abstract review, a court evaluates a rights interference detached from any particular application to the facts of a case. Under concrete review, the review arises as an element of adjudication of specific facts. In this contribution, we explain theoretically how this distinction plays both at the macro level of a review system and the micro level of specific cases. These concepts are then used to explore and understand the advisory procedure recently introduced by Protocol No 16 to the European Convention on Human Rights. We argue that this mechanism theoretically provides for a type of review that is more abstract than the review exercised under the European Court of Human Rights’ contentious jurisdiction, yet still allows for important elements of concreteness to enter the analysis. This is confirmed by Advisory Opinions Nos 1 and 2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Educational lag is costly for the education systems of the region. Even bearing in mind that several countries have automatic promotion systems for the first few grades, by 9-11 years of age there is already a significant percentage of children who are two or more years behind the grade they should be in (see figure II.3. According to UNESCO, in the period 2007-2008 the overall percentage of repeaters for all primary education grades was 3.8% and the drop-out rates for grades one through six were 3.7%, 1.7%, 2.0%, 1.5% and 2.8% respectively (UNESCO, 2010b). In 2006-2007, nearly 3 million children were not in school. Primary education completion rates are 96% in urban areas but only 85% in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
China has near universal access to the electricity network compared with access for only 40% of the population in India. Least developed countries of the region, such as Afghanistan, Cambodia and Myanmar have the largest infrastructure deficits. Even relatively developed Asia Pacific countries suffer from infrastructure shortage as compared to advanced countries. Only 12% of the country’s population has access to piped water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Notes: Poverty rates are based on country-specific poverty lines and therefore not comparable from one country toanother. Poverty rates for France and the Republic of Moldova are calculated as percentage of population living in lone-parent households that are below the poverty line, while for the other countries the poverty rates are calculated as percentage of lone-parent households that are belowthe poverty line. Poverty rates for Canada are based on income after taxes. Lone mothers with children are more likely to be poor in other parts of the world as well (table 8.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Since the 1970s, gender expertise has achieved a high degree of salience in global governance processes in general, and, over the last decade, within institutions concerned with international peace and security in particular. This study addresses the question of what happens when feminist knowledge is incorporated into the discourse of security institutions. It draws on Michel Foucault's concept of governmentality to examine the contingent encounters of feminist discourses with the liberal peace paradigm and traditional conceptions of security in the context of United Nations multidimensional peacekeeping operations over the period 1999–2010. Throughout these encounters, political rationalities of peacekeeping tend to subjugate feminist objectives to the broader goal of conflict resolution. Simultaneously, feminists and women's rights activists who engage with mainstream peacekeeping rationalities are turning into potentially influential ‘gender experts’, who contest and redefine traditional meanings of p...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Leadership: there needs to be both formal and informal political leadership from within government and/or from other stakeholders to ensure the legitimacy of the NUP process and effectiveness of implementation. Inclusive and equitable: NUPs need to be inclusive and enable stakeholders to effectively engage in the process, making sure all voices are heard. Priority issues: a NUP should be people-centred, it needs to complement and not replicate strong sectorial strategies in areas such as infrastructure, water, energy, health, education, housing or social and economic inclusion policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It also aims to accelerate the development of broadband infrastructure, digital literacy, as well as a competitive regulatory framework and funding while also accelerating development of a digital services platform. It aims to guide the development of a comprehensive and integrated broadband network in Indonesia for the next five years. It highlights the level of ICT prioritization and presence of a digital government strategy, contributing to certain SDGs on the promotion of sustainable industrialization and sustainable use of ecosystems (SDGs 9 and 15). The system has been developed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the procurement process. Suppliers may sign up and register online to be a registered vendor and offer their goods and services for the available tenders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
If, for example, the gap in educational achievement is significantly wider in country A than in country B, then this suggests that young people in country A are falling further behind than is necessary. Put positively, the varying child disparity records of countries at similar levels of economic development offer a real-world measure of the scope for improvement. But government policies and expenditures are also critical. "
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, an earlier study (Gilligan eta/., 2009) found that the programme sometimes replaced private transfers when payments were regular, and reduced private transfers when payments were irregular. On the other hand, there is no evidence that food aid and food-for-work crowded out private transfers among pastoralists in Ethiopia and Kenya (Lentz and Barrett, 2005). In South Africa, old-age pensioners experienced a 25-30 percent decline in private transfers from their children once they began to receive their pensions (Jensen 2003, IEG 2011). Thus, the (now discontinued) Red de Proteccion Social programme in Nicaragua did not replace private transfers such as gifts and loans (Maluccio and Flores, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)