albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This article asks whether democratization, under certain historical conditions, may relate to the deteriorating rule of law. Focusing on Mexico City, where police corruption is significant, this study argues that the institutionalized legacies of police power inherited from Mexico's one-party system have severely constrained its newly democratic state's efforts to reform the police. Mexico's democratic transition has created an environment of partisan competition that, combined with decentralization of the state and fragmentation of its coercive and administrative apparatus, exacerbates intrastate and bureaucratic conflicts. These factors prevent the government from reforming the police sufficiently to guarantee public security and earn citizen trust, even as the same factors reduce capacity, legitimacy, and citizen confidence in both the police and the democratically elected state. This article suggests that when democracy serves to undermine rather than strengthen the rule of law, more democracy can actually diminish democracy and its quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This is a much higher share than in most other EU countries. The practice of making informal payments is rooted in the early 1950s and remains deeply embedded in the Hungarian health care system as an informal method to get quicker access to and better-quality care. Moreover, informal payments have been used indirectly as an argument for governments to keep the official income of health care professionals persistently low. The lack of a dear and consistent legal framework leaves room for acceptance of informal payments and keeps this practice alive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Statement at a joint hearing ofthe Committee on Commerce and Committee on Foreign Relations ofthe US Senate by A.J. Parkinson from the Arctic Investigations Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States Department of Health and Human Services, on the Arctic Human Health Initiative, 26 September, 2006. Tuberculosis in Canada 2006, Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada. Suicide among Indigenosu Sami in Arctic Norway, 1970-1988", European Journal of Epidemiology No.9 September 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Taking the receipt persistence perspective implies that every member of a family should be represented in the data set. The distinction between recipient and claimant is complicated by the fact that a person may become a claimant or stop being a claimant separately from whether or not the person’s family is in receipt. For example, consider a lone mother who is a benefit claimant (and in receipt) in year t. At t+l, she re-partners with a man and it is he who is now the benefit claimant (and family head).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
New and emerging technologies that combine algorithms and data with the physical and biological sphere could open new opportunities for technology transfer but also unforeseen challenges. In this context, free and open-source software (FOSS) has explicit copyright and end-user licenses that permit users to copy and redistribute software without restrictions. This makes FOSS particularly easy to transfer and absorb. It requires that authors of a programme make its source code publicly available and permits “looking under the hood,” thereby supporting human capacity development in ICT and computer science. This is a particularly important issue given the challenge of improving absorptive capacity and therefore the likelihood of a successful technology transfer in many developing countries. For example, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) developed the Automated System for Customs Data (ASYCUDA), a computerized customs management system whose implementation strategy aims to ensure the full transfer of know-how on custom automation to ensure national long-term sustainability (see box 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Herderian ideas on a nation’s soul and language have had a strong resonance in European national movements, including the Balkans. Not only have language developments been influenced by nationalism, but language politics has played a significant role in nationalist politics. Namely, the rise and fall of a common official Serbo-Croatian language has paralleled political aspirations and developments in the Balkans. The importance of language in nationalist movements has long been recognised. More recently, language rights have been taken up in international conflict management. Affirming linguistic identity is seen as enhancing the sense of group security and social stability. The OSCE envisages a ‘pluralist, multicultural model of societal organisation’, where rights protection supports ‘“integrating diversity”, that is the simultaneous maintenance of different identities and the promotion of social integration’ (Holt and Packer, 2001, p. 102).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract   This article demonstrates the applicability of classification theory to various textual-analytic approaches such as grounded theory, content analysis, discourse analysis, and conversation analysis/membership categorization analysis. This applicability is based on three factors: extant and elicited texts can be broken down into categories that are essentially classification systems created and defined by the researcher, extant texts are themselves explicit or implicit classification systems, and classificatory frameworks can be applied to extant and elicited texts “in order to clarify their contribution to processes of meaning-making” (Fairclough, N. (2003).  Analysing discourse: Textual analysis for social research . London: Routledge, p. 11). The recommendation is made that classification theory should be incorporated in the teaching of textual-analytic approaches in university-level research-methods courses, especially in the field of library and information science (LIS).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The evaluation of outreach noted that in some communities, the visiting specialist service was the “most stable” health service providing continuity for patients. Other issues were a lack of physical space to provide services, and broader social and economic issues affecting the most disadvantaged remote communities (Health Policy Analysis, 2011). A good example of this was in Aurukun in far north Queensland, where the general physician and paediatrician had conducted regular clinics in the community for more than 20 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The silver-leaved nightshade is one of nine IASs identified by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (OEPP) as pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests (none of the other eight species within the list are indicated as occurring in Morocco). Compiled from data available from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (as of December 2012). This species is not listed within the GISD list. There thus appears to be some lack of coordination and synthesized information concerning the occurrence and status of IASs in Morocco, at least in terms of what is publicly available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These economic responses to climate change could lead to indirect consequences in changing pollutant runoff and leaching rates as well as soil erosion rates, which may increase or diminish pollution from agriculture assuming no economic or policy response. Also various strategies for mitigating greenhouse gases in agriculture would for the most part be beneficial for water systems, such as through afforestation and other increases in green cover providing a buffer for soil sediment and contaminant flows across agricultural land (Wilcock et al., But the expectations are that whatever the impacts on water quality, the task of achieving water quality objectives in agriculture will become more difficult in the coming years as a result of climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They can overcome preconceptions in the face of new information, even when that information is contrary to expectations. They are capable of recognising what is provided in a text, both conspicuously and more subtly, while at the same time being able to apply a critical perspective to it, drawing on sophisticated understandings from beyond the text. This combination of a capacity to absorb the new and to evaluate it is greatly valued in knowledge economies, which depend on innovation and nuanced decision-making that draw on all the available evidence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Vocational college graduates rank programming first, but the following skills in the ranking are similar to those of university graduates: speaking, negotiation, persuasion and judgement and decision making. This suggests that there is wide variation in the quality of research. Furthermore, as regards patent citations, China has a gap to fill with countries at the technology frontier (Kwon et al., Producing more patents can boost productivity only if they are used or effectively commercialised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Using structural equation modelling (SEM) we analysed the link between corruption and effective internal audit function (EIAF) in Ghana through a survey of directors and managers of selected public sector organizations. A decade after the promulgation of the Internal Audit Agency Act (IAAA), 2003 (Act 658) as an instrument to fight administrative corruption in Ghana, there is little empirical evidence to show its impact on corruption, though anecdotal evidence suggests it has played a critical role in maintaining financial discipline and public sector accountability and transparency. We established that full implementation of Act 658, size of the internal audit department and independence of the audit department significantly affect the effectiveness of the internal audit function which negatively impact on corruption. We conclude that strict adherence to and the implementation of regulations and laws as well as independence of the internal audit function will help fight administrative corruption in Ghana.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is a business model aimed at the greatest societal benefits from economic, social and ecological perspectives. It outlines the ideas behind CSF as a business model, and how it was first put into place in the United States. Secondly, we describe how this idea is currently being put into practice in Skane with the innovation project Oresundsfisk, which was originally set up by SEA-U Marine Science Centre in Malmo, an economic association partly funded by the City of Malmo. The case study describes some of the challenges with CSF such as logistics and mobilizing funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
One implication, thus, is that “poverty traps” exist for some groups who live in ultra poverty, while convergence works more effectively for those living in subjacent and medial poverty. This is particularly important since the experience of the People’s Republic of China — with nearly 70 per cent of the region’s population - would dominate the regional trends in East Asia and the Pacific. At the same time, trends in South Asia would be dominated by India. Unfortunately, we do not have country level information for most of the Asia Pacific LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These scenarios produce a chain reaction where individuals react to the policy changes first and then, depending on the design of the model, may also react to the reaction of other individuals. The results are the potential future outcome of the reform and are often compared with the base case to evaluate the potential impact of the reform. Microsimulation models require large amounts of data to effectively assemble a sample that adequately represents the whole population of interest and includes all of the characteristics of interest. Data are often gathered from a variety of sources, and sophisticated statistical techniques are often required to standardize the various databases so that they can be used to populate all of the desired attributes of individuals included in the sample.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
AbstractSeven decades after its first publication, Karl Polanyi’s The Great Transformation remains one of the most insightful readings about the socioeconomic changes associated with the Industrial Revolution, and the ways in which law facilitated, or countered, moves towards the commodification of land at that time. As today’s global land rush brings competing land claims into contest, new transitions are occurring between more commodified and more ‘socially embedded’ conceptualisations of land. Using Polanyi’s framework, this article analyses the role of international law in these processes. International investment law construes land as a commercial asset, can facilitate access to land for foreign investors and imposes discipline on the exercise of regulatory powers in land matters. But shifts in the political economy that underpins international investment law and growing recourse to international human rights law are creating new opportunities for reflecting the non-commercial (cultural, social, poli...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In other words, women are less likely to have business leadership positions in economies where their property rights are constrained. Lastly, each regional analysis will conclude by examining countries' results on a composite index measuring the gaps between women and men on labour force participation, remuneration for the same work and on career advancement. The section itself will end with a summary and a number of conclusions based on the data reviewed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is particularly true for investment in general skills that are useful in other jobs or companies, such as skills in languages, problem-solving and coding. The returns on education - greater productivity for firms, and/or higher wages for workers - materialize only after investments are made. Reasons for this include concern that the borrower has limited skills that will stymie future earning power (known as adverse selection), the risk that the borrower may not take full advantage of skills programmes (moral hazard), and a lack of information about programme outcomes and the borrower’s ability to reimburse dues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Although information about such individuals does not feature directly in absolute poverty statistics, their absence may affect who is identified as being in poverty, depending on the type of threshold used. And it can have a direct impact on measurements of relative poverty (inequality) where the threshold is set with respect to the mean. It is recommended that NSIs explore the feasibility of extending this coverage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the years from 1950 to 1955, only a few countries had a level of life expectancy greater than 70 years, and only 1.0 per cent of the world’s population lived in such countries. At that time, 71.9 per cent of the world’s population lived in countries where the life expectancy at birth was less than 60 years (figure 1). The reductions of mortality since the middle of the twentieth century have been so substantial that the proportion of the population living in countries with a life expectancy below 60 years had decreased to only 8.5 per cent for the period between 2010 and 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Belgium implemented comprehensive smoking cessation services, and smoke-free policies were also implemented (WHO, 2015). As in many other countries, mass media campaigns were launched to promote the '5 a day’ target for fruit and vegetable consumption. Belgium imposed a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages in 2016, as is the case in France and Finland, but abandoned a sugar tax on food products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), p. 53. See also "Beijing and its follow-up", available from www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/ (accessed 8 November 2013), and Sally Engle Merry, Human Rights and Gender Violence, Translating International Law into Local Justice (University of Chicago Press, 2006), p. 21. In the earlier global 1975 and 1980 world conferences on women, gender violence was not treated as a major issue. Country visits by the Special Rapporteur on violence against women have shown that domestic violence remains widespread and affects women of all social strata (A/66/215).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is also part of the IGAD Drought Disaster Resilience and Sustainability Initiative (IDDRSI), for the period of 2013 to 2027, and has its own national plan within this process. It also discusses forced displacement as a cause and consequence of this, across borders and within countries. Technical experts (e.g. agronomists, meteorologists, veterinarians and water engineers), funded by international organizations, have worked on issues related to drought and its effects on pastoralism and agriculture for many years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Harmful and degrading practices, such as dowry-related violence or so-called honour crimes, also continue, without systematic monitoring, punishment or redress, despite advances in legislation prohibiting them. Examples of such violence can be rape/sexual assault, sexual harassment, violence within institutions, violence against women migrant workers, witchcraft-or sorcery-related violence or killings (A/66/215 and A/HRC/1 1/2). Although in the majority of cases younger women are at higher risk of witchcraft-related violence, in some parts of Africa older women are more vulnerable to sorcery-related femicide owing to their economic dependence on others or the property rights that they hold (A/HRC/20/16). This type of violence can include gender-based violence during conflict, disappearance or extrajudicial killings, custodial violence, violence against refugees and internally displaced women, or women from indigenous or minority groups (A/66/215).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Abstract   The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights recently adopted General Comment No 2 to interpret provisions of Article 14 of the Protocol to the African Charter on the Rights Women. The provisions relate to women’s rights to fertility control, contraception, family planning, information and education, and abortion. The present article highlights the General Comment’s potential to promote women’s sexual and reproductive rights in multiple ways. The General Comment’s human rights value goes beyond providing states with guidance for framing their domestic laws, practices, and policies to comply with treaty obligations. General Comment No 2 is invaluable in educating all stakeholders—including healthcare providers, lawyers, policymakers, and judicial officers at the domestic level—about pertinent jurisprudence. Civil society and human rights advocates can use the General Comment to render the state accountable for failure to implement its treaty obligations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
See Annex II for a list of reporting member States.) This suggests that at the end of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, which was the UNECE Strategy’s original implementation period, a total of 51 countries (91 per cent of ECE member States) have engaged wholly or in part to advance ESD. Since the Strategy was adopted, only five countries have never reported to either ECE or UNESCO on their progress—representing just 9 per cent of ECE member States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Average yields of maize are higher in South Africa than in all other SADC countries, with the exception of Mauritius. Hence, South Africa produces more maize per unit of water consumed than in most other SADC countries. Some authors will propose utilizing international trade to alleviate national or regional water shortages, while others will suggest that other national issues and goals might limit reliance on international trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Affiliation is widespread among public-sector employees: averaging almost 88% for pension systems and a little over 90% for health systems, and these figures are relatively similar to those recorded in 2002 (albeit seven percentage points higher in both cases). Among wage earners employed in the private sector by small, medium-sized or large enterprises, affiliation falls to 66% in the case of pension systems and 73% in the case of health systems, although with some improvement between 2002 and 2011. Even lower levels were recorded among wage earners employed by microenterprises (20% and 39%, respectively), with no significant improvement between 2002 and 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These are among the lowest entitlements in the OECD, and the fact that paternity leave is sponsored by an employer rather than the government likely reduces fathers' take-up. Participation in ECEC in Mexico has grown enormously over the past decade, especially following the introduction of compulsory preschool. Children aged three- through five-years-old are now enrolled in preschool at rates comparable to the OECD average. Notwithstanding this progress, demand for ECEC still far outpaces supply, especially for children under age three, and quality of care remains a concern. Mexico's share of young women not in employment, education, or training (so-called "NEETs") is 35% - the second-highest rate in the OECD. Young women are nearly four times as likely as young men to be NEETs in Mexico.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It reached 1.8 trillion US dollars (purchasing power parity) in 2014—1.7 per cent of global GDP. In 2016,95 per cent of the world's population was in range of at least a second-generation (2G) signal and 84 per cent received at least a third-generation (3G) signal. More than half the world's population, or nearly 4 billion people, lived in cities in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This period was a critical one for global organizing as women learned to reach across the continents even though it was still the pre-Internet communications era, and to understand their diversity as a source of both strength and creativity. However, continuing crises shaped policies even as feminists began making links and connections among issues such as macroeconomics, ecology and sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) as a substitute for traditional population control policies. The ability of the developmental state to respond to feminist demands at the national level was eroding, as its institutions fragmented under the neoliberal onslaught.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The evaluation of prevention and health promotion programs is one component of the broader field of evaluation research or social program evaluation. Evaluation research applies the practices and principles of social research to assess the conceptualization, design, implementation, effectiveness, and efficiency of social interventions (Rossi & Freeman, 1993). Prevention program evaluation is one component of evaluation research that draws on knowledge and traditions from several disciplines and fields of study, including public health, psychology, sociology, education, social work, social policy, and public administration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Phelan, William. (2012) What Is Sui Generis About the European Union? Costly International Cooperation in a Self-Contained Regime. International Studies Review, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01136.x    It is widely agreed that the EU is a sui generis international organization, but current scholarship rarely specifies why. This paper identifies the EU as a “self-contained regime”, a treaty institution that imposes costly requirements on its member states but rejects the use of inter-state countermeasure and reciprocity mechanisms. As a self-contained regime, the EU is a puzzle because international relations theory emphasizes the importance of inter-state countermeasures as incentives for states to fulfill costly obligations, as is illustrated by scholarly debates on the politics of both trade and human rights regimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)