albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This is manifested through an increase of almost fifty percentage points in gross secondary education enrollment between 2003 and 2016. This increase was stimulated by government prioritization of the education sector, establishing the preconditions through an increase in resources: the proportion of public expenditure for education increased from 2.7 percent of GDP in 2002 to 8.8 percent by 2010.140 There has been ongoing computerization of secondary schools through corporate social responsibility programs and investments from proceeds of a telecommunication license award. Today almost all secondary schools have broadband Internet access.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Data for Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Mexico, Morocco, the OECD average, the Russian Federation, South Africa and Turkey refer to all ages, for China to 16+ year-olds, and for Argentina, Colombia, Egypt, India, Peru and Tunisia to 15-64 year-olds. Credit constraints, as well as lower levels of financial literacy and business-related knowledge, are among the key drivers of gender gaps in entrepreneurship (Chapter 23). In most countries where historical data are available, the pay gap has lessened since 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Further research which has demonstrated just how important stimuli and content are for children’s intellectual development and for overcoming or preventing disabilities has laid a solid foundation for an insistence upon having qualified caregivers and ensuring that working conditions are such as to ensure high-quality care. Gender-based occupational segregation is the most obvious sign of the inequality and undervaluation surrounding caregiving as a remunerated activity. Policies need to be developed to combat this form of segregation, along with systems for ensuring that women seeking to enter other occupations are not discriminated against.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Many developing countries seem to be taking a similar approach, outlining the overarching objectives (e.g. Kenya, Mozambique, Nepal) or sectoral action plans (e.g. the Philippines, see Chapter 5). Without clear and actionable targets, it can be difficult to track progress and to evaluate the attribution of a national approach to adaptation. A review of monitoring and evaluation approaches of poverty reduction strategies found that “specifying clear targets, for which data are available, and identifying intermediate indicators remains particularly challenging” (IMF and World Bank, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Many off-shore wind farms have already been built and some governments are actively pursuing the large-scale deployment of this technology. Other low-carbon technologies such as CCS, which has a huge potential, are less mature and require a longer-term vision. Even where carbon pricing has been introduced, these technology policies have been kept or even accelerated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Where business tourism spending exceeds 10 per cent of the total, the difference is quite considerable, for example ranging from 40 per cent in Mauritius to 98 per cent in Vanuatu. There are a number of reasons for this. Second, the small populations generally found in SIDS make this a reasonably small sector (though it may be an option for larger SIDS).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The United States considers educating all students to a threshold of adequate outcomes to be a central goal of educational justice. The No Child Left Behind Act introduced evidence-based policy and accountability protocols to ensure that all students receive an education that enables them to meet adequacy standards. Unfortunately, evidence-based policy has been less effective than expected. This article pinpoints under-examined methodological problems and suggests a more effective way to incorporate educational research findings into local evidence-based policy decisions. It identifies some things educators need to know and do to determine whether available interventions can play the right casual role in their setting to produce desired effects. It examines the value and limits of educational research, especially randomized controlled trials, for this task.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Emissions of CH^from waste are expected to decrease in the future, mainly due to the existing ban of landfilling of organic waste. Emissions from waste treatment will however remain a significant CH^ emission source. Landfill tax and ban on landfilling organic waste have decreased methane emissions - but they still occur, in particular at old landfill sites, at facilities treating food and other organic waste, and at wastewater plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Thus, we have the propensity score for treated units (vocational school students) PjW*)and the propensity score for controlsPc2000 (students in other tracks), both reflecting the propensity of being sampled in 2000 for students sampled in 2003 or 2006. We first estimate the performance change for students in each type of secondary school in 2000 and their matched counterparts in 2003 or 2006. Then we compare these performance changes among students from different tracks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Taking into consideration that there is no reliable information about the status of the forest and the amount of unauthorised wood harvesting during the last decades these figu es should be used with care. For more information about sources of data and methods of estimation visit the publication's website. There are however many illegal sawmills, so this may well be an underestimate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Table 11.15 lists the cantons in which over 25% of children are housing-deprived: Los Chiles, Talamanca, Garabito, La Cruz, Upala, Carrillo and Buenos Aires. These cantons are located on the borders with either Nicaragua or Panama, apart from Garabito (with 30% housing-deprived children), which is located on the Pacific Ocean. Costa Rica shares a 312-kilometre border with Nicaragua.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The WEPs provide guidance to businesses on how to empower women in the workplace, marketplace and community. Principle 5, in particular, calls for the implementation of enterprise development, supply chain and marketing practices that empower women. Governments are often the single largest purchaser of products and services in their countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The gap in labour force participation rates between women with and without dependent children is relatively large in Mexico: 25- to 54-year-old mothers are about 8 percentage points less likely to be in paid work than comparably-aged women without dependent children. Mexico’s motherhood labour force participation gap is larger than most countries in the OECD, including Chile (4 percentage points) and Colombia (about 3 percentage points). In contrast, fathers with dependent children are more likely to work than men without dependent children in Mexico. Mexico offers 12 weeks of paid maternity leave, well below international best practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It also calls for national surveys to be conducted to identify good practices and encourages cooperation among schools at both national and regional levels. They enhance understanding of perceptions and attitudes in relation to this phenomenon, including among girls and boys of different ages and social backgrounds, and help to identify children at greater risk to help provide them with effective support. In terms of national planning, research based on comprehensive data can inter alia, help quantify the economic cost of violence and identify the social returns that can be achieved with steady investment in prevention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, price risk may or may not be (partially) compensated by output variations: hence, focusing on prices alone is not effective. What counts is the eventual impact of risk on farm income, and hence all factors affecting farm income should be taken into account when dealing with risk management. Limited fluctuations of output or prices are normal business risks that can be managed privately by farmers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
While for example political change and taxation are unmanageable (exogenous) risks for the private party, they are endogenous to government. The Global Infrastructure Hub's PPP Risk Allocation Matrix (Box 2.8) can help to identify risk allocations. Excluded are risks such as government procurement risk, private sector financial and performance risk, third party intervention or delay and specific risks arising in unsolicited projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The GEF has sought to develop long-term, sustainable approaches to maintaining forests. As of June 2016, the GEF had supported more than 430 forest-related projects, with US$2.7 billion in grants that leveraged an additional US$12.0 billion in co-finance. Funding for forests is steadily increasing. During the four years of the Fifth Replenishment (GEF-5), exactly US$700 million in grants was committed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Furthermore, while the paper recognises that domestic finance also has an important role in financing adaptation and mitigation (CPI, 2014), it is beyond the scope of this paper. It explores views on the question "What are the conditions of effective international public climate finance?” This paper does not seek to draw conclusions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, no such effect was found for the Nordic countries, as these countries had high and relatively stable female employment rates throughout the sample period. In countries that initially showed a marked increase in female employment, such as the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Canada and the United States, these increases were typically followed by a period in which these trends levelled off. These findings suggest that there is a limit to the poverty reducing effect that female employment can generate. The share of jobless households appears to have no influence on child relative poverty rate ceteris paribus (Column 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It should nevertheless not be forgotten that a simple carbon tax has much the same economic effect as a feed-in premium, all the while providing a simple and clear signal to all low-carbon technologies. This requires the provision of flexibility services in order to generate continuous matching of supply and demand. Between dispatchable back-up capacity, increased interconnection capacity, storage and demand-side management, energy markets need to be enabled to find the most efficient solution to provide system flexibility and ensure second-by-second matching of supply and demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Furthermore, among workers experiencing depression, those in Germany (61%), Denmark (60%), and GB (58%) were most likely to take time off work , compared to an average of 35.5 % (Ipsos, 2012). The three-year average rate for 2010-12 was 8.0 deaths per 100,000 population, 17% lower than in 1998-2000. The latest Office of National Statistics figures show that there were 4,727 suicide deaths in 2013, an increase of 214 compared to the 4,513 deaths in 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This is critical to foster economic growth and job creation, as when resources in an economy are misallocated (e.g. workers with capacities to participate in innovative activities do not have opportunities due to discrimination), the economy performs below its potential. For presentation purposes, policies are classified in this section by main type of objective. Such misallocations may arise due to discrimination in labour markets, barriers to access to financial resources that specifically affect smaller players, and low geographical mobility of workers, resulting in significantly lower levels of productivity.8 Tackling the specific barriers that challenge participation in innovation such as, for instance, limited access to resources on financial markets can complement innovation policy efforts. However, very often these policies alone are not sufficient because low participation in innovation activities often stemps from a combination of barriers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the lower-bound scenario (which assumes zero earnings for non-workers), some regulatory reforms (e.g. changes in unionisation and tax wedges) may have had an overall equalising effect. In the upper-bound scenario (which imputes “shadow” wages to non-workers), some reforms (e.g. changes in PMR and unemployment benefit replacement rates) may have had an overall disequalising effect. In both scenarios, changes in EPL had an overall disequalising effect. The rise in the supply of skilled workers considerably offset the increase in wage dispersion associated with technological progress, regulatory reforms and institutional changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Article 2(4) of the UN Charter provides that nation-states will refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state. It is doubtful whether it will deter states from waging war in cyberspace. Cyber warfare is a perplexing and contentious issue within the ambit of international law. Discussions have focused on whether the existing rules and principles may be extended to cyberspace or whether new treaty law on cyber warfare must be drafted. Against this background the International Group of Experts drafted the Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare at the invitation of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defense Centre of Excellence. The Tallinn Manual provides rules in respect of cyber warfare. In the absence of a multilateral treaty it may be asked whether the Tallinn Manual will achieve acceptance on a global level as rules governing cyber warfare.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is based on an innovative approach involving budget support to countries that decide to adopt a nationwide target of integrating the climate into their development strategies. It helps to meet the challenge of transforming countries’ economic models by supporting the institutional capacity building and high-level inter-ministerial discussions on climate issues. The programme -formerly known as the Six Banks initiative - was initiated by Agence Frangaise de Developpement (AFD) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and is funded by a group of six donors operational in Vietnam'. Between 2009 and 2014, USD 873 million had been mobilised for the programme, all of which disbursed through the modality of direct budget support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Social cohesion involves the inclusion of citizens and groups across the entire distribution of living standards - all need to share understanding of, responsibility towards, and a sense of belonging to their society. What, then, are the different social cohesion challenges facing each part of the income distribution? First, it considers disadvantaged groups in a different light: in countries where growth has lifted large numbers of people out of extreme poverty as defined by common international standards, many still remain disadvantaged by socially relevant standards, such as relative poverty lines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In the Netherlands, MX3D, a 3D-printing robotics company, is currently working on building a fully functional, intricate pedestrian steel bridge across the Amsterdam canal using a 6-axis robot equipped with 3D printing tools.526 With intelligent software and further innovations in engineering, materials and technology, 3D printers will be able to build larger scale structures, such as roads, bridges and tunnels, at twice the speed of conventional methods and reaching the world's most remote locations. Its adoption in developing countries will depend not only on its availability and affordability, but also on the absorptive capacities of SMEs that go hand-in-hand with their access to skilled workers. Public sector retrenchment in infrastructure has opened the door to private sector participation in infrastructure financing and management. They can provide a way for governments to access sophisticated technology and innovation held by the private sector and to improve transport networks and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Moreover, a large share of that support (over 80%) was linked to output, mostly in the form of higher prices than those prevailing on world markets. This undermined local markets for developing country farmers competing with imports. At the same time, other policies, such as support to biofuels, have tended to work in the opposite direction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Abstract Aggregate indexes of the quality of governance, covering large samples of countries, have become popular in comparative political analysis. Few studies examine the validity or reliability of these indexes. To partially fill this gap, this study uses factor, confirmatory factor and path analysis to test both measurement and causal models of the six Worldwide Governance indicators. They purportedly measure distinct concepts of control of corruption, rule of law, government effectiveness, rule quality, political stability, and voice and accountability. Rather than distinguishing among aspects of the quality of governance, we find that they appear to be measuring the same broad concept.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For those individuals, out-of-pocket expenses average 78% of average annual income in rural areas, even with the new insurance system. For most of the decade to 2003, the number of visits to township medical centres (hospitals) had been falling, while in urban areas a similar institution did not exist. The two new insurance-based schemes were accompanied by a strategy to orient people to existing township centres and to create new urban community health centres at the level of the neighbourhood committee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Thus, in this scenario it is assumed that the female labour force participation rate will reach the levels observed for men by 2030 and the gender gap not longer exists. Thus, in this scenario it is assumed that the female labour force participation rate will reach the levels observed for men by 2030 and the gender gap not longer exists. Testing the Speed of Convergence on a Panel of OECD Countries", Research in Economics, Vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This support then can be removed progressively as the novice leader’s competences increase. In the case of very challenging school environments, support for school leaders may need to be sustained over time. Different forms of networks can support and contribute to the improvement of schools in challenging circumstances (Hadfield and Jopling, 2006). Networking appears as a positive and non-punitive way to achieve durable change in practices and therefore, sustainable improvement and culture change. It allows the dissemination of good practices across the systems through shared purpose and pooled resources, and the consolidation of a professional identity (Morgan and Hawkins, 2004). The different words used to describe these groupings - networks, clusters, partnerships - reflect the variety and dynamism of collaboration, but the main message is that schools facing exceptionally challenging circumstances can learn very directly from one another (McBeath et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Social interaction is a major factor in preventing both physical and mental decline (which represent a huge economic cost to society, as well as social and personal cost to the individual). Travelling as the only passenger is a vehicle will not provide the same stimulation and may cause anxiety, which leads to a preference for inclusive services, covering all users including those with access needs. Also, the ability to travel with a companion (at no extra costs) would help with this concern both for older people and for those with mental health issues or learning disabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The mission of both SOCATEL and the Dot CF Registry is to increase the use of internet in the Central African Republic and the awareness of the Central African Republic in the world. The government does not have a central website portal. Freenom also has the rights to the ccTLD for Mali (ML) whose domain name can also be obtained for free.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Portugal is highly dependent on imported fossil fuels, which has stimulated diversification of the energy mix. The increased use of both natural gas and renewable energy sources is the main reason for the decline in greenhouse gas emissions since 2005. The challenge will be to sustain this reduction once economic growth resumes, with a view to achieving Portugal’s targets by 2020. Portugal has also actively supported energy efficiency and renewable sources, and it is poised to meet its ambitious renewable energy target.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As a result, in the decade 1997-2007 the use of freshwater in agriculture dropped by 37%, and the use of marginal water grew by 50%. Total water consumption was reduced by 10%, whereas the general efficiency of the agricultural sector with regard to water use increased by 62% (Knesset Research and Information Center, 2008). The administrative structure of the water sector has changed, with powers concentrated in the hands of the Water Authority, led by the Water Authority Council. The tariff system for all consumer types has improved, since the economic considerations (such as covering the cost for providers) have been given greater importance and the tariff system is simpler and more equal and transparent than it used to be.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
For example, China and India both have a high reliance on coal power: 80% of China's and 70% of India’s electricity comes from coal (IISD, 2008). Nonetheless, in India there are no current regulations on NOx or SO2 emissions from power plants, and in China many of the coal power plants are outside the jurisdiction of the central government and are seldom required to conform to strong environmental standards (Watson et al, 2007). In these and other countries, a strengthened environmental regulatory framework would yield significant air and water quality benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
National funds are allocated to the regions on a per capita funding basis for schools' costs such as salaries and learning materials. Regions and municipalities allocate these funds to schools, and school leaders are responsible for their financial management. Schools can receive extra national funding for students with special needs on a per-student basis, and they can apply for grants for socioeconomically disadvantaged students or additional funding for extra materials or personnel.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Cyberjaya in Malaysia was built between the new national airport and Kuala Lumpur, with fast road and rail links to the airport and high quality communications infrastructure to attract international ICT companies. Biotechnology is one sectoral focus -often fostered by regional biotech strategies. In Germany, regions developed strategies as part of their participation in the national BioRegio initiative. North Carolina State University’s Centennial Campus is being developed around four main technologies which lie at the heart of the university’s strategy - IT, genomics/biotech, advanced materials and environmental technologies. The different objectives can work against each other, such as those relating to innovation and technology transfer being undermined by commercial expediency in filling space. The strictness of criteria for entry will be weighed against the market premium for space rental based on tenant quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)