albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Washington, DC, June, available at: www.martinot.info/Martinot_Reiche_WB.pdf. Energy poverty issues and G8 actions, 2 February, available at: http://194.84.38.65/files/ esw_files/Energy_PovertyJssues_Paper_Russia_G8_eng_summary.pdf. Technical and economic assessment of grid, mini-grid and off-grade electrification technologies. Washington, DC, ESMAP, available at: http:// siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTENERGY/Resources/336805-1157034157861/electrification AssessmentRptAnnexesFINAL17May07.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Adequacy is generally assessed using indicators such as the probability of lost load or the expected duration of load curtailment. Consequently, assessing the amount of power they can be expected to produce with a reasonable degree of confidence when demand is the highest is challenging. This "capacity credit" of renewables depends on the correlation between wind, sun and demand. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the medium term carbon pricing thus has the potential to be a transformative force in the energy markets of OECD countries with overall positive impacts on the security of energy supply. The more volatile are electricity prices, the higher is the penalty for low-carbon technologies such as nuclear and renewables. Since the latter have overall good performance in security of supply terms, electricity market liberalisation without measures to address price volatility such as long-term contracts cannot be considered ceteris paribus as contributing to improved energy market security. The cost of supply interruptions may be substantial but it is not infinite, so neither will be the price that countries are willing to pay for avoiding them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Recovery-orientation as the guiding principle of mental health policy is reshaping our scientific and clinical responsibilities. In contrast to a deficit model of mental illness recovery-orientation includes a focus on health promotion, individual strengths, and resilience. Patient self-determination, individual choice of flexible support in the community and opportunities, interventions to promote empowerment and hope also in the long-term are new indicators of quality of services. New tools and new rules for a partnership approach emerge allowing to tap the full potential of diverse experiences and forms of evidence. Cooperations outside therapeutic relationships concern participatory and user-led engagement in service development and evaluation as well as in mental health research. Recovery shares central elements and goals with those of human rights, particularly the UN-Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which specifically includes persons with disabilities from mental health problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The following section briefly discusses the key characteristics of the nine countries before looking at their prospects on the SDGs. Except for Nauru, Kiribati, Tuvalu and Fiji, the majority of inhabitants of the Commonwealth Pacific small states live in rural and outer island areas. The population densities of the Commonwealth Pacific small states in Micronesia and Polynesia are relatively higher than in Melanesia (Table 2.1). However, the Melanesian countries are more endowed with natural resources compared to the other subgroups, with the atoll island nations of Micronesia relatively resource-poor, particularly in terms of land resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
To our knowledge, so far there is no source of general population survey data collecting both self-reported and measured alcohol intake, which would permit to assess underreporting bias at the individual level. In particular, it would be of interest to analyse differences across population groups in the size of underreporting bias (e.g. larger underestimation by hazardous drinkers) as this can exist with the measure of Body Mass Index (Cawley, 2000, Lakdawalla and Philipson, 2002). The proportion of hazardous drinkers is found to vary between recall and diary from 21% to 35% for men and from 6% to 15% for women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, a closer look at the association between the proportion of employed persons in the care sector and female labour participation reveals an even weaker link than in the previous case (see figure III.4), which is also confirmed when considering domestic workers and other care workers separately (see table A-2 in the statistical annex). In this case the correlation is stronger: the countries that are further along in population ageing are those with a greater proportion of the working population employed as care workers (see figure III.5 and table A-2 in the statistical annex). Nevertheless, this relationship may be indirectly influenced by other variables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Another change followed in 2001, in accordance with the the ILO methodology, persons involved in agricultural activity within rural households were included in the self-employed category. According to the Statistics Agency of Kazakhstan, prices of inputs used in agriculture increased 18 times in 1992, while output prices rose 10 times, 18 times and 8 times respectively in 1993, and 29 times and 19 times respectively in 1994. In a survey of 160 rural households in Akmola oblast, Dudwick et al. ( Data on the cotton sector should be interpreted with care due to extensive smuggling from Uzbekistan and, to a lesser extent, Turkmenistan where the regulated farm-gate prices are much lower than in Kazakhstan. Sadler (2006) reports estimates that smuggled cotton from Uzbekistan accounted for between a quarter and a half of Kazakhstan’s reported cotton output in the early 2000s, which implies that a substantial share of reported cotton exports were re-exports. Up to 90% of water flow occurs in spring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Support for this picture emerges from an examination of the ratios between mean white per capita income and the mean per capita income of other groups from 1970 to 2001. Census data suggest that the period 1970 to 1996 saw this disparity ratio of African to white mean per capita incomes decrease from 15 to 9. This ratio fell for Coloured and Indian/Asian groups too.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This trend is likely to continue with global markets for solar thermal energy, photovoltaic and wind power projected to grow by 20% per year until 2020 (BMU, 2009). Being among the largest producers of environmental goods and services, w'ith the second largest market share in global trade of climate protection related products after China amounting to more than 12%, Germany benefits substantially from this development (BMU, 2012). With an export share of RES equipment of around 80%, Germany is highly exposed to this competition and firms have difficulty preserving their markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The change took place during the 1990s. In 1991, the responsibility for compulsory and upper secondary school provision was transferred to the municipalities along with a less centralized system of targeted grants to schooling. In 1993, a major grant reform transformed the system of targeted grants into a general grant system. The latter reform implied a fundamental change of the organization of school funding. In 1996, teacher wages, which until then had been set through central negotiations implemented nationwide, started to be set at the local level (Ahlin and Mork, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Wildlife trafficking, a focus of organized transnational crime syndicates, is a threat to biodiversity. Such crime networks span beyond protected areas holding strongholds of species of interest such as African rhinos. Such networks extend over several countries and hence beyond the jurisdiction of any one law enforcement authority. We show how a federated database can overcome disjoint information kept in different databases. We also show how social network analyses can provide law enforcers with targeted responses that maximally disrupt a criminal network. We introduce an actionable intelligence report using social network measures that identifies key players and predicts player succession. Using a rhino case study we illustrate how such a report can be used to optimize enforcement operations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In cases of unfair dismissal for legally inadmissible motives (trade union or works council activity) the burden of proof is on the employee. Federal: complaints of unjust dismissal can be filed with the Labour Program of Human Resources and Skill Development Canada. If mediation is unsuccessful, the Minister of Labour is to appoint an adjudicator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The quantity of mercury released into the environment in the Yamal-Nenets and Taimyr autonomous districts reaches 15 tons a year, polychlorinated biphenyls, 3.2 tons. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Today, however, the consumption of meat and fat from certain species of birds, fish and animals can present danger, particularly to pregnant and nursing women and to children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Following a further elaboration of the concept of graduation with momentum (section B), the chapter sets out elements of “graduation-plus” strategies to achieve this (section C). It then analyses how the international community can support such a process, both by ensuring a conducive global economic environment (section D) and by establishing effective ISMs (section E). The chapter concludes with a discussion of issues which might usefully be considered in reviewing the LDC criteria (section F).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article begins by clarifying and noting various limitations on the universal reach of the human right to health care under positive international law. It then argues that irrespective of the human right to health care established by positive international law, any system of positive international law capable of generating legal duties with prima facie moral force necessarily presupposes a universal moral human right to health care. But the language used in contemporary human rights documents or human rights advocacy is not a good guide to the content of this rather more modest universal moral human right to health care. The conclusion reached is that when addressing issues of justice as they inevitably arise with respect to health policy and health care, both within and between states, there is typically little to gain and much to risk by framing deliberation in terms of the human right to health care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Also a more “imaginative and constructive engagement”10 with the fishing industry is needed to tackle the IUU issue. While the 1995 United Nations Fish Stock Agreement (UNFSA) enhanced the role of the RFMOs and strengthened their management capabilities, it remains that, in some cases, RFMOs have failed to deliver sustainable resource outcomes. As highlighted by Michael Lodge “Are Present International High Seas Governance Structure Sufficient to Reap the Benefits of Globalisation?” These include: free riding, IUU fishing, the failure to find solutions for the special requirement of developing countries, failure to find mechanisms to deal with new members desiring access to fisheries, and a related failure to find solutions to disagreements about allocations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The mismatch between demographics and education spending could indicate that the resources provided are insufficient or that the education system is inefficient. Although enrolment rates vary for EESC countries, 98% of students move on to secondary school. The EESC countries share a variety of disadvantages, among them top-down authoritarian governance in the education system, an outdated curriculum and no effective monitoring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Current Reforms of German Family Policy”, Social Politics, Vol. Ergebnisse der dritten 361°A.T. Keamey-Familienstudie”. Failure to Dominate Government, Intraparty Dynamics and Welfare Reforms in Continental Europe”, Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR). Crossnational Effects of Maternal Employment on Gender Inequalities at Work and at Home”, Harvard Business School Working Paper, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This resulted in the same data being collected by different agencies. At the same time, mixed data collection methodologies were used, preventing the harmonisation of different data sources (Bedi et al., This includes social and economic data to for example monitor national development plans and other established indices such as the Human Development Index and the Millennium Development Goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The expenses for drinking water also include a charge to cover groundwater mapping by the counties, of which the households' contribution is expected to be ca. The cost of one m3 of water is typically DKK 4-6. On average households pay 4000 DKK per year for water consumption and wastewater disposal (Hasler etal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is only with the arrival of 3G and now 4G networks combined with smartphones that broadband mobile Internet is now beginning to take off in LDCs. The growth in mobile data is putting pressure on the need for resilient core Internet infrastructure. As noted at the beginning of this chapter, three critical components are essential for resiliency and ensuring the Internet stays up and running in the event that international connectivity is disrupted: a root name server, a ccTLD name server and an IXP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The national energy policy promotes RE to enhance the country’s export capacity, while the country’s regional development policy considers RE as a growth opportunity for local communities, especially in the north. Finally, counties and municipalities implement national policy at the local level through their spatial planning remit and construction permits. This agreement obliges Norway to follow regulations related to the EU’s internal energy market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The study by MacKay and others (in press) supersedes the generalized review by McClurg (1988), based on limited sampling in the same geographic area, and appears to be the only study of its kind in the WIO, and for which results are available. The proximity of a semi-permanent upwell-ingcell and a large river mouth (Lutjeharms 2000), together with their relatively high latitude, probably mean that the soft sediment shelf habitats differ from those further north, with implications for the benthic macrofaunal community composition. Having said this, it is, however, notable that there are marked similarities in some of the larger demersal shelf fauna found in several countries of the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Moreover, entrepreneurship is a critical vehicle for the introduction of innovation. During the past decade, most OECD countries have started to promote entrepreneurship skills at all levels of education (Hytti and O’Gorman, 2004). Entrepreneurship education is a popular policy tool to develop entrepreneurial skills and encourage a more favourable culture and attitude towards innovation and the creation of new firms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
What Is the Impact of Child Marriage: Human Rights and Justice.” Available at: http://www.girlsnotbrides.org/theines/hunian-rights-and-iustice/: UNFPA (2012). However, comprehensive, in-depth regional accounts of the legal, socio-cultural, and practical dynamics of child marriage across Arab States are still rare. Furthermore, most available reports address the issue for programmatic purposes and on an ad-hoc emergency basis, particularly in the context of crisis and displacement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This performance is projected to continue in 2016 (at 8.6%) and 2017 (at 8.3%). The government intends to continue its efforts, after the success of the 2012-15 national development plan (PND), to make Cote d’Ivoire an emerging country by 2020 and see that growth is more inclusive. The primary account was nearly balanced in 2014 and 2015, while the overall deficit was around 3% of gross domestic product (GDP).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Moreover, within a sector, the objectives of environmental protection and improving water management sometimes conflict with each other (e.g. subsidies to fast-growing forest plantations aimed at carbon sequestration are sometimes at the detriment of old growth natural forests that better regulate water flows). This is particularly the case where water insecurity causes disruptions in globalised businesses’ supply chains. Not only are water risks directly affecting users (e.g. through the depletion of water resources), they also can result in significant additional use costs (e.g. increased abstraction costs due to groundwater subsidence). Moreover, there can be costs associated with damages to non-use values, such as the life-support function of water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the United States, where 14% of all households were identified as "food insecure", the highest rate of food insecurity (34%) was found in female-headed households, 23% of male-headed households were food insecure (Coleman-Jensen et al. There is some evidence that LGBT people in the United States, especially those raising children, experience disproportionate levels of food insecurity (defined as not having enough money to feed themselves or their families at some point in the previous year) (Table 2.1.2). In Rwanda, where many orphaned children were left to fend for themselves and their siblings following the conflict in the 1990s, food insecurity among youth-headed households was very high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The legal protection of religious freedom in Australia has been subject to significant debate over recent years. In the last four years this question has formed the basis of inquiries by the Australian Law Reform Commission, a Parliamentary Committee, as well as a specially formed Expert Panel, chaired by Philip Ruddock. In this article we outline the international and comparative approach taken to protect freedom of religion, and contrast this to the position in Australia. We find that Australian law does not adequately protect this foundational human right. We then assess the recommendations proposed by the Ruddock Review. We argue that although the Expert Panel recognised the extent of the problem, it did not propose a comprehensive or holistic solution that will resolve existing inadequacies. To protect religious freedom, and indeed human rights more generally, the Commonwealth Parliament should enact a national human rights act
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Five countries reported that national record linkage projects were used for regular mental health care quality monitoring. These results illustrate that considerable progress is needed in terms of having a comprehensive and well-designed infrastructure in place to measure the quality of mental health care across OECD countries. It is also worth emphasizing that inpatient data is generally better developed than data for community and other mental health care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
According to the SNC, an increase in sea surface temperature and medium sea level, and changes in extreme weather and climate events, might occur. The World Meteorological Organization declared the period 2001-2010 as a decade of climate extremes. Montenegro was also affected by weather extremes in this period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This issue was highlighted by stakeholders regarding, for instance, the short window for establishing a network of 300 Qualifica Centres across the country by the end of 2017. For some stakeholders, this process amounted to largely reinstating previous providers, with little opportunity for a new assessment of quality. The establishment of a monitoring process managed by the ANQEP for all Qualifica Centres is an improvement in this regard, as it can lead to corrective action or to closing low-performing centres if needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Provider coverage is initially limited, but envisaged to cover all providers in future years. Of note, Latvia has been working closely with Estonia to leam from their experiences in introducing e-health system. For instance, health care providers can issue e-prescriptions so that patients can purchase medications in any pharmacy in the country', and this will enable providers to monitor medication safety' when multiple drugs are prescribed for patients. Likewise, co-ordination across providers is expected to improve by avoiding, for example, duplicated diagnostic tests and informing GPs when their patient is discharged from hospital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Despite these advances, water governance remains overly complex, largely emergency driven, and oriented towards short-term problem solving. To address current strategic and legal uncertainties, there is an urgent need to formulate a strategic vision for the water sector. This vision should include: more effective multi-level governance, better policy coherence and planning aligned with national and local priorities, more systematic use of economic instruments, a better alignment of river basin authorities with hydrological boundaries, comprehensive and consistent information systems, and better financing and regulatory frameworks for service provision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It also includes a discussion of the economically optimum level of investment. The study concludes with a discussion of the various market based initiatives and policy approaches to provide the necessary finance in cost-effective ways. In this context, consideration is given to future sources of finance for upgraded and new capital infrastructure, and private-public partnerships to raise capital and improve long term asset management for renewal of irrigation infrastructure. Table 2 displays an example of a cost and return budget for selected crops grown in the Lower Rio Grande Basin of the U.S. state of New Mexico for 2006.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Among wage earners, this figure jumped from 53.9% to 64.7%, an increase of almost 11 percentage points representing 40 million additional workers. By contrast, although the affiliation of non-wage earners (in 14 countries in the region) rose by slightly more than 8 percentage points, it was less than 18% around 2015. Although access to pension systems among non-wage earners is limited throughout the region, the situation is slightly more favourable in some countries as explicit efforts have been made to include this type of worker in contributory social protection systems (ECLAC. Notable examples are Uruguay, where 42.9% of non-wage earners contribute to the pension system, followed by Costa Rica (39.2%) and Brazil (30.6%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This is particularly relevant for young people who do not finish school or do not go on to third-level education, as a post-secondary education is not always a requirement for employment in the sector. Attention also needs to be paid to those working in the sector. These efforts can be supported by actions to streamline training opportunities and put in place structures and systems outlined previously. Proposed actions include the creation of a dedicated careers portal and a promotional campaign for the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)