albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Such considerations are thus tangible to citizens and politicians, particularly at the local level. This rationale is at the core of cross-border regions’ development strategies. Such barriers also hinder economic development and impede the exploitation of innovation opportunities. In some cases, the practical solution of border issues may result in the development of innovations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In 2007, the Mozambican cashew industry had grown to become a USD 20 million industry and the fourth largest cashew producer in the world. In 2008, TechnoServe ceased direct support in the country, considering that the aim of reviving the domestic processing industry has been achieved100. The processing industry counted already 16 processing plants, employing over 4 700 people and paying USD 1.6 million in wages, an average of USD 343 per annum (up from only 407 workers in 2002/03 with an annual average pay check of USD 213, although still considerably less than the 10 000 workers of the 1970s). In the vicinity of the processing plants the entrepreneurs provided funding for schools and healthcare for the workers and their families. While in the period 2001-04, the average fanner's share relative to the international FOB raw' cashew price w'as 32%, it rose to 42% in 2005-08, due to increased demand stimulated by domestic cashew processing. For 2007 and 2008 it was estimated that the price increases attributable to the domestic processing industry generated just under USD 2.5 million of additional income for farmers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Abstract   There are myriad threats to maritime security, including hijacking, murder, narcotics trafficking, migrant smuggling, support for terrorist organizations and transport of dangerous weapons. To enhance maritime security, the principles of co-operation and flag state jurisdiction provide the legal foundation for ship boarding and enforcement. Such co-operation should include boarding states promptly seeking, and flag states promptly confirming, claims of nationality, and, where reasonable indications of illicit activity exist, authorizing boarding and search, or doing so themselves. Proposed amendments to the SUA Convention will clarify the Convention's role in combating violence at sea, require States to criminalize such behavior, and establish uniform standards for responding to maritime terrorism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Innovation activities follow mature technological trajectories and are focused on incremental and process innovations. Process innovations dominate over efforts to introduce radically new products in to the market. Old industrialised regions often have a developed and specialised knowledge generation and diffusion system oriented on the traditional industries and technology fields. A supply oriented approach to technology transfer reaches larger firms but fails to reach the smaller ones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Brazil could consider using transitional contractual agreements with owners of lands within protected areas to ensure that their land use does not conflict with conservation objectives until land tenure disputes are resolved. Management efficiency has improved, especially in the areas supported by the ARPA programme. This is due in part to its result-based approach, the considerable financial resources available to the programme and the requirement that both federal and state governments contribute qualified staff to manage the ARPA areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Finally, a third list of goods and services subject to price registration was established. Producers and traders of goods and services on this list were required to register their prices with the relevant state management agencies. Agricultural-related products on the price registration list were very similar to those subject to price stabilisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Due to highly arid conditions, the region is one of the most vulnerable to climate change, putting cities at risk of water scarcity and extreme heat conditions. However, it was found that the "underlying risks of humanitarian crisis and disasters challenge the process of building resilience in the Arab region, combined with the lack of coping capacities when faced with climate change, conflict, and displacement. City-wide hazard maps are often limited or do not exist, while updates on risk assessment are scarce and lack clear multi-hazard components, according to a recent assessment.410 This challenge is often linked to disaster risk governance, when the legal framework fails to require the maintenance and updating of disaster data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Expenditure on primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education was 2.5% of the GDP in 2010, lower than the OECD average of 3.9%, but it has increased by 0.7 percentage points since 2000. In 2010, public expenditure on public educational institutions per student in primary education, secondary and postsecondary non-tertiary education was USD 2 008 (compared to the OECD average of USD 8 412), while for private institutions it was USD 2 413 (compared to the OECD average of USD 5 029). School funding is allocated based on an increase over the previous year's school budget.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
What makes the ocean economy different from a land-based economy? Different legal regimes apply to a single activity depending on where it takes place, even within the jurisdiction of a single coastal countiy (territorial waters, contiguous zone, economic exclusion zone), and is further compounded by the interests of other countries in areas beyond national jurisdiction (international waters). This makes it much harder and much more expensive to know what’s going on in the water column and the seabed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The most recent examples include, inter alia, studies analysing the skills needed for ensuring accessibility of tourism destinations and mapping the gap between skills required by the labour market and those provided by member states’ education systems, a pilot series of webinars to enhance the skills of tourism entrepreneurs in the area of digital marketing, services provided by the European Enterprise Network, multilingual classification of European Skills, Competencies, Qualifications and Occupations (Box 16), and the European skills passport for the tourism sector (Box 28). This section has sought to bring statistical evidence to support the discussion. However, available employment data for tourism is limited and national labour force statistics do not capture the micro-level reality of the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
They form isolated communities in inner-city slums or on the outskirts of growing cities, without access to services and with limited access to the formal labour market. Cities fail when they do not address equity. Without strong institutions, effective health and social networks, fair wealth distribution and a safe and clean environment for living and working, population's distrust in institutions grows, disparities increase, violence increases and new economic investments do not occur. When they succeed, cities are prosperous for all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Several thousand citizens were estimated to live in and around the plant's contaminated zone. The area of most immediate concern was the site of the former plant. The grounds were severely contaminated with lindane and chromium salt residues. A groundwater sample from a water well showed 4.4 mg/l of chlorobenzene, over 4,000 times the acceptable level for drinking water in some EU countries. A sample of milk from a domestic cow showed beta-HCH isomer concentrations 100 times higher than acceptable EU thresholds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The international demand for ivory and rhino horn is fuelling catastrophic declines in the elephant and rhino populations in Kenya, Tanzania and throughout Africa. As is the case for many countries in Africa, in Kenya wildlife crime has evolved over time and presents new challenges to wildlife conservation. Kenya’s estimated 33,000 elephants and 1,010 rhinos, in addition to a mosaic of other wildlife, are concentrated not only in national parks, but scattered throughout the country across officially protected areas, private ranches, county council territories, and both communal and private lands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Three proposed functions of forests are considered here: the outlook for forest carbon sinks, the economic and social added value of forest carbon sinks, and domestic carbon sink initiatives in Japan under a next-generation Kyoto Protocol (post-Kyoto). The developing countries are encouraged to form cooperating bodies with developed countries under REDD, or afforestation and reforestation CDM. It is thought that, under the extension of the Kyoto Protocol, Article 3, paragraph 4, the forests of developed countries can be incorporated as domestic forest sinks in individual countries. In December 2005, at COP 11, Papua New Guinea and Costa Rica raised REDD on the formal agenda as a proposal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This programme represents an interesting example of a policy that is both ex ante (because the set of potential assistance measures is pre-determined) and ex post (because the choice of a concrete set is determined following the event and based on the assessment of particular conditions). This decision-making process allows interaction amongst stakeholders (of the National Adverse Events Committee) and it is therefore well-informed, and may take into account the various positions of the stakeholders. For example, it clearly mentions the primary responsibility of the individual to be prepared for an adverse event and any recovery actions that necessarily follow.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The primary theoretical challenge for constructing such a composite would be how to weigh the two components of the index. One approach would be to put the subsistence harvest in money terms with a “price of subsistence foods.” If subsistence harvest were perfect substitutes for store-bought food, an average meat price in the region might be used. The choice of a weight should be based on serious analytical effort.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Clarity of the mission and the mandate of these institutions, including cross-sectoral authorities to promote gender equality and mainstreaming are also critical to ensure the effectiveness of these institutions. In terms of the responsibilities, not unlike in OECD countries, the primary focus is on the policy functions of developing policy proposals, providing expert advice and making policy recommendations (Figure 3.5). Yet few gender institutions in the MENA region are involved in guiding the development of gender-disaggregated data, monitoring the implementation, enforcing gender-related policies and conducting research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This project plan is aiming at to cover these main steps, see this Section D. Operational structures, rules and procedures, and E. Process and timetable, below. In a Nordic Assessment, these roles have been translated into a corresponding but simplified set of organisational bodies, see Box 6 below. Since the Nordic countries do not have governance structures similar to the IPBES Plenary and Bureau, these functions are suggested here to be adapted to the possible circumstances in the Nordic context in a pragmatic manner. For the potential assessment to be able to be in line with IPBES Rules of Procedure this has to be defined, i.e. the authorising environment that has to approve the scope, give a mandate for the assessment and finally accept the assessment report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There is also excessive reliance on standardized tests within the system to make decisions that affect people’s lives. Formal education is compulsory for the first nine years of the education system, while non-formal education is purely voluntary, and informal learning is influenced by parents and culture. However, they may also work together in a powerful way. University preparatory programmes are also needed, for example, among students whose high schools did not adequately support them as independent learners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Eventually, a higher discretionary income yields a diversified demand for manufactured goods, as demand and consequently expenditure shifts away from agricultural products towards manufactured goods. This new demand, in turn, leads to the creation of new industries and new varieties of products in the economy (process of diversification), which is a key component of sustainable long-term economic development (Saviotti and Pyka, 2004). Demand for new products as well as the desire of firms to become more profitable triggers a process of diversification and consolidation within the manufacturing sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It is expected that, after repair works, the annual reductions would be 339,197 tons of C02 emissions. Over the past 20 years, this indicator reached a maximum value of 2.5 TWh, in 1991, and a minimum value of 0.845 TWh, in 2001. Electric power transmission and distribution losses in Georgia were 10.89 per cent of output as of 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Foreign ownership of quota or ACE is not allowed unless a specific exemption is granted. Spatial exclusions and restrictions apply, including by vessel size and gear type. In general, trawl fishers must use a minimum mesh size of 100 mm with some limited temporal and spatial rels must use seabird mitigation measures that depend on vessel size and gear type. The target biomass for orange roughy is 30-40% B0 (a proxy range for Busy).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The policy has met with some resistance, however, due to uncertainty about the effect on congestion levels in nearby districts and on local businesses. London’s Low Emission Zone (LEZ) is a good example. Since 2008, public authorities have operated a LEZ that prohibits access by most polluting heavy diesel vehicles, and plans to apply tighter standards in 2012, under which more vehicles would be affected (Transport for London, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Finally, attaching greater social value to helping those who are worse off in society, for example in terms of education or health, could justify the use of conditions by directly addressing their low level of human or physical capital. It reflects an expectation that programme exit is associated with participants exiting poverty sustainably. The sufficiency view would justify support up to a certain basic welfare level, beyond which society's responsibility is lifted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Most research in research areas like e-government, e-participation and open government assumes a democratic norm. The open government (OG) concept is commonly based on a general liberal and deliberative ideology emphasising transparency, access, participation and collaboration, but also innovation and accountability are promoted. In this paper, we outline a terminology and suggest a method for how to investigate the concept more systematically in different policy documents, with a special emphasis on post-soviet countries. The result shows that the main focus in this regions OG policy documents is on freedom of information and accountability, and to a lesser extent on collaboration, while other aspects, such as diversity and innovation, are more rarely mentioned, if at all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In moving towards green growth such frameworks should where applicable be aligned. However, in recent years the term "accounting" has also been applied to non-financial aspects. Corporate accounting can be defined as the identification, collection, estimation, analysis, internal and external reporting, of economic, social and environmental effects and impacts to provide accountability to stakeholders on strategy, actions and performance and to support internal and external decision-making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The pres: sures. The Green Economy model provides such an approach, and the time is right to take strong actions. We have to find practical ways to feed the more than 7 billion people on the planet, confront the challenges in the global economy, and grow sustainably and resiliently. Many, particularly Small Island Developing States (SIDS), are dependent on ocean resources. It is now recognised that the ocean of today is greatly changed even from what it was just 40 years ago.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The only way to sustain a rights-based development strategy over the long term is to offer employment opportunities to the poor and, particularly, poor youth, thereby contributing to the realization of the right to development in the ESCWA region. It will also reduce the leakage of wages and consumption and help to support the development of the manufacturing and services industries in the region. The key is to raise the skills and productivity of nationals so that they can compete on equal terms with highly skilled foreign workers, despite the high reservation wage of national workers.96 The situation is different in the MDEs, as they face more severe levels of unemployment, underemployment and unproductive employment, and have scarcer resources to address these problems than the countries of the GCC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In the rice network, the place occupied by women in the sector is dependent, in part, on that occupied by men. Visualising these unequal relationships is an essential first step in the process of facilitating interventions in social networks. These strategies are based on the principle that social networks facilitate the dissemination of ideas and practices within each subgroup of actors and between communities (Valente, 2012). They help accelerate social change and increase the effectiveness of organisations, two areas particularly relevant to women's entrepreneurship in West Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Morelos IMOFI delivers the “business credit programme”, which has features akin to those of the federal SMEPP and helps SMEs obtain medium-sized credit that would be hard to receive by commercial banks. In Queretaro SOFEQ runs Credito Pyme, which disburses credit on the average of MXN 700 000 for firms engaged in the strong manufacturing base of this state (e.g. automotive and aerospace industries). Rather than scattering resources in too many streams, they focus on those industries where the state has a comparative advantage and which can accordingly impact the most on local development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A late marriage age has been shown to have a strong correlation with education (World Bank, 2012), which apart from raising women’s ability to take independent decisions affects investment in children’s health and education w'ith many benefits. Early marriage also has social costs in terms its link to high rates of fertility among young women, which is often linked to infant mortality or staying outside the labour force. Although fertility has declined substantially in India overall, it can be high among certain vulnerably social groups. However, more is needed to expand further secondary' and higher education, and in improving quality of education, including the skill content.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Ernest Gellner's prolific writings were anchored in his early philosophical studies in Oxford, notably of Hume and Kant. As a social scientist he drew on Weber, Durkheim, and Malinowski, rejecting both the economic determinism of Marxism and all relativist, idealist currents. His models of nationalism, Islam, and civil society have been much debated, and he exercises a diffuse influence in historical sociology and social anthropology. Gellner's social philosophy of modernity has affinities to that of Popper and Hayek, but he is distinctive because he couples his insistence on the cognitive superiority of Western rationalist individualism with a deep appreciation of the diversity of human communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The pattern is almost reversed in Table 4, with many coefficients being positive. The reason lies in the fact that, in many countries, the returns to skills flatten out considerably above the median. This can be clearly seen in the case of the Netherlands (Figure A2.p): the shape of the curve of returns to proficiency is such that returns are higher at the 90* than at the 10* percentile, but are even higher at the median, because of the slight decline that takes place after the 70* percentile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In Pakistan, for example, Balochistan in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) are the predominantly tribal areas. Unfortunately, the majority of infant deaths were caused by preventable causes such as diarrhoea, respiratory infection, tetanus and others.3 Thus, improving living conditions and access to health services would result in rapid improvements for child health in these regions. This is indeed a shocking figure when the national maternal mortality rate has declined from 400 per 100,000 in 2004-2005 to 276 in 2006-2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This affects their autonomy and empowerment to make their own choices. The abrogation in some countries of women’s obligation to obedience should be acknowledged, as should introduction of the principle of mutual consent to, and reciprocity in, marriage. Laws regulating polygamy and divorce have also been changed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the  common law  order, precedent is not only a matter of applying law but also of making law. The crucial function of  stare decisis  is to relieve the appearance of judicial arbitrariness. Precedent also applies in the domain of administrative law in the context of judicial control of administrative policy making. Federal courts treat administrative agencies as having precedent-setting powers comparable to their own, under what is referred to as the  Chevron  doctrine. This doctrine determines the scope of judicial control of the decisional process performed by an administrative agency, particularly when the court is called upon to enforce a limitation to the administrative discretion delegated by the agency’s governing statute.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, several countries have adopted legislation that takes into account changes in family structure, recognizing same-sex marriages (e.g., the Netherlands,’36 Spain’37 and Uruguay’3*)’39 and civic unions between same-sex partners (e.g., Argentina,140 Chile’4’ and Sweden142). Thanks to women’s movements,143 many countries have also adopted or improved legislation to prevent and respond to violence against women. Civil Code, article 30, Book I, reform of 2001.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Results from those approaches, could inform the collective assessment of progress towards the global goal on adaptation once developed. Section 2 provides a definition of adaptation monitoring and evaluation, and gives an overview of the development of national approaches to adaptation monitoring and evaluation to date. Section 3 then presents examples of national approaches to date showcasing the diversity of existing systems in terms of puipose, indicators and geographical aggregation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The living space available to the household is a key dimension to be considered when assessing housing quality (CECODHAS, 2011). Evidence shows that living in an overcrowded dwelling can affect the physical and mental health of household members as well as children’s social and emotional development (UK ODPM, 2004). Moreover, living in an overcrowded space corresponds with a higher likelihood of child maltreatment and accidents in the home (UK ODPM, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)