albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Digital literacies have fast become indispensable for productive engagement, competency, and citizenship in a rapidly changing world. After-school programs represent an important venue where many young people can develop a mastery of digital literacies, encompassing both the creative and responsible use of a broad range of new media. This paper discusses relational habitus (the configuration of self, tools, tasks, and others in a specific activity) in the development of digital literacies among youth in a network of after-school programs called University-Community Links (UC Links). A collaborative effort among university and local community partners throughout California, UC Links provides informal learning activities that enable underserved K-12 youth to develop their digital literacies. After presenting UC Links' approach to informal learning after school, we offer a cognitive ethnography, describing how a distinctive relational habitus configures the links among self, tools, tasks, and others in infor...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They should also reflect the elements of civil and political rights that are an important part of democratic governance. This includes democracy and specific attention to respecting the rights of minorities and migrants, as well as the elimination of discrimination against women. This extends beyond aid to trade and investment to encompass assistance to poverty eradication initiatives as well as cooperation in setting up an enabling economic environment for development worldwide. In order to achieve inclusive global development, fundamental changes in the global partnership are called for to address current and emerging challenges in such areas as food security, low-carbon development, energy, migration, employment, gender empowerment and climate change adaption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
To emulate the success of East Asian economies poses a challenge for developing countries when, at present, rules of multilateral regulating bodies, such as the World Trade Organization, make protection more difficult. Despite their differential treatment, as defined under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations, developing countries, aside from the poorest ones, have in practice had to apply the same rules as the developed countries. It will therefore be necessary for developing countries to make better use of the policy space that remains and for international organizations to consider expanding the policy space so as to allow more developing countries to prepare themselves to succeed in the global marketplace. In the period between the Second World War and the late 1970s, social policy was seen as a fundamental part of overall development strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Bargaining in the Nordics is more inclusive than in the average OECD country, with high shares of organised workers (Figure 8) and firms, and high coverage of collective agreements (OECD 2017c). This also contributes to trust, together with long-standing cooperation, peace clauses, effective mediation and a high level of firm-level worker representation. Unionisation has steadily declined in the OECD since the 1980s. This is also the case in the Nordics (except for Iceland), but membership is still very high compared to other countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Among the countries that experienced growing fiscal vulnerability during this period some were highly indebted while some experienced a large debt increase. The former group includes the United Kingdom, Malta, Austria, France, Belgium, Japan, USA, Netherlands, Germany, Israel, and Canada all of which had a Debt/GDP ratio higher than 60 per cent in 2012. The latter includes Finland, Romania, Slovenia and the Slovak Republic that experienced an increase of the Debt/GDP ratio above the average (see Figs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In practice, if no other instruments are available, proxy means-tested cash transfers will be systematically too little, too late. Indeed, ownership of productive assets is often a factor in eligibility calculation. In a study of four Latin American countries based on nationally representative household surveys, da Costa et al (2011) find that 44 million of the 72 million workers in households with adult equivalent income between 50 and 150% of median earnings are informal. Figure 6.8 illustrates this point.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The right to be heard is well known as a fundamental right of the European Union legal order. Less well known is its relation to customary international law predating international human rights law. This paper sets forth two arguments. First, the right to be heard enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU must be interpreted in conformity with the right to be heard as protected under the customary international minimum standard of treatment of aliens. Second, the latter standard implies that the right to be heard is an emanation of the broader concept of adjudicatory transparency, which is a primary aspect of the rule of law, with the extended implication that the right to be heard serves to enable individuals to participate in and influence adjudicatory decision-making by engaging in a rational dialogue with the decision-making authority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, adults seen at primary practices with the attributes of a PCMH - where clinicians are accessible, know patients’ medical history, and help co-ordinate care - rated their care higher and were less likely to experience co-ordination gaps or report medical errors. The conclusion supports the need for redesigning primary care, developing care teams accountable across sites of care, and managing transitions well. Primary care is at the centre of the care system in Sweden, and well positioned and qualified to take on such a role.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Oil demand will grow from 85 million barrels a day in 2008 to about 105 mb/d in 2030, demand for coal, a highly polluting source of energy, will grow to 7000 Mtce between 2007 and 2030, the world will need additional power-generation capacity of about 4800 GW of electricity by 2030. C02 emissions today are almost 40% higher than they were in 1990 - the Kyoto base year - and since 2000 have been growing at over 3% per year. Global extraction of metal ores -iron ore, bauxite, copper and nickel - is now rising faster than world GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This is particularly the case in countries where the level of social spending is comparatively low (as for instance in Greece and Mexico) and/or where support already targets poor families (as, for instance, in Belgium and Slovenia). To reduce poverty effectively, a redistribution of benefits also involves correcting the "losses" of income that can be induced by interactions between different benefits and/or with tax rules (Bradshaw et al., In addition, while a redistribution of child benefit and/or housing benefit may provide a greater income to the poorest children, it should be accompanied by a reinforcement of measures enabling parents to take up a job and reconcile work and family life in the more or less short term so that such a redistribution is not a factor discouraging work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, income grants reduce the need for workers to send remittances to their families, thus increasing the wage available for their own consumption, or for skills upgrading. This, in turn, could increase productivity through better health and human resources outcomes. Higher productivity will increase overall output and labour demand. If a basic income grant is successful in boosting long-term growth, the fiscal burden of the transfer would be reduced. The issue of whether a basic income grant can serve as a key intervention for poverty reduction has been debated in the case of South Africa. According to them, taxpayers will oppose financing universal programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Both economies have shown a considerable increase of the SSDI followed by a sharp decrease of it. This explains an important increase of the SSDI during the 1990s. In the second part of the 1990s, Russia (a non-OECD country) became the primary oil supplier to Finland. Because of this, the SSDI values decreased during the last 15 years. After 1987, the SSDI values for Korea started to fall, and only since 1996-97 has the country’s score begun to rise. One may note that total energy demand in Korea was growing very fast since the mid-1970s, in line with economic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Development interventions are agreed by states and international organisations which administer public development funds of huge proportions. They have done so with debatable success, but, unlike the good governance of recipients, the rules applying to donors have hitherto received little scrutiny. This analysis of the normative structures and conceptual riddles of development co-operation argues that development co-operation is increasingly structured by legal rules and is therefore no longer merely a matter of politics, economics or ethics. By focusing on the rules of development co-operation, it puts forward a new perspective on the institutional law dealing with the process, instruments and organisation of this co-operation. Placing the law in its theoretical and political context, it provides the first comparative study on the laws of foreign aid as a central field of global public policy and asks how accountability, autonomy and human rights can be preserved while combating poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, service providers can add more photovoltaic systems at the current price. Because the total cost of the minimum required photovoltaic system becomes approximately half with $1.0/W solar modules, they can provide the same scale of energy supply to customers as the AP, which feeds 60 W constant energy to more 35.2% (= 60 x 24/4092) customers. It is interesting to consider the return on investment of additional photovoltaic systems, but that is outside the scope of this paper.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Authorship is usually collective, but principal w'riters are named. The papers are generally available only in their original language - English or French - with a summary in the other. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). Comments on Working Papers are welcomed, and may be sent to the Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. The author remains responsible for any errors and omissions. The opinions expressed in the paper are the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD or its Member Countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
With the exception of Japan, all of the member countries in this group are located in Europe. The growth of material extraction is weaker than in lower income countries, implying that incremental value added remains dependent on resource extraction. This group is generally characterised by, but not limited to, large resource-rich countries with relatively low population densities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Foreword Sudha Pai Introduction Harihar Bhattacharyya and Lion Koenig 1. The Globalization-Decentralization Nexus: The Indian Predicament Mohit Bhattacharya 2. Changes in Indian Politics until the 1990s: Issues and Trends T.R. Sharma 3. Cultural Globalization in India: Towards a 'Third Space' Lion Koenig 4. Challenges to Democratic Governance in India: An 'Unfinished Symphony'Asok Kumar Mukhopadhyay 5. The New Political Economy of Judicial Review in India Mahendra Pal Singh 6. Globalization, Extremist Violence and the Indian Left: A Critical Appraisal Sobhanlal Datta Gupta 7. Policing in India: A Failed Case of Institutional Reform? Surajit C. Mukhopadhyay 8. The Problems of Statehood in Indian Federalism: A Case for Territorial Pluralism Rekha Saxena 9. Regional Movements in India: Evaluating Telengana and Uttarakhand Jhumpa Mukherjee 10. Governing India's Localities: Limits of Structural and Governance Reforms Harihar Bhattacharyya 11. Conclusion: India's Second 'Tryst with Destiny' Harihar Bhattacharyya and Lion Koenig
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Part of the reason for this is that we have not yet figured out reliable methods of accreditation, so that it is difficult for learners to convert their MOOC experience into qualifications that are relevant in the labour market. Holm Keller, former vice president of Leuphana University in Germany, developed an interesting collaborative variant of a MOOC for PISA, called PISA4U.20 He asked potential learners, most of them professional educators, to subscribe to a course and then grouped them based on an algorithm so that members of the group shared common aspirations about their education goals, but were as diverse as possible in virtually every other way. Those diverse groups then identified and worked on problems collaboratively, with each individual supported by an online mentor, and each group supported by an experienced tutor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is because, in Africa and other developing country regions, the vast bulk of food is produced and consumed locally. A lesson from the recent food crisis is that as food import prices rise and global stocks drop, the need to improve local production becomes more acute. Desertification is estimated to put the food security of one billion poor people at risk, particularly in dryland areas of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. While the explosive transfer of population from rural to urban settings can weaken the productive capacity of vulnerable agricultural sectors, experience suggests such trends can be slowed and even reversed by well designed policy interventions to improve the attractiveness of agriculture and rural livelihoods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
With the breakdown of the Soviet Union and loss of traditional markets, the agricultural industry collapsed and the area of cultivated agricultural land fell by almost half. According to 2009 data, the percentage of the population living below the poverty line was one third higher in rural areas than in the cities. In terms of food security, small farmers and people residing in high mountainous regions belong to high-risk groups and are especially sensitive to threat. In the current unstable economic situation, food security is an issue for Georgia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Complex systems do not operate in a linear manner, but rather exhibit a series of well-defined characteristics: tipping points, feedback loops, path dependence and sensibility to local contexts. Understanding complexity is thus an important element in policy making and reform, as complex systems cannot be successfully governed with the linear mechanisms of the traditional policy cycle. Devolving power to local authorities will not improve the functioning of the system unless it is accompanied by attention to the connections and interactivity present. This interactivity means that a single intervention may generate both positive and negative effects in different parts of the system. For example, disclosing information about school performance might have a very different impact on a school that is thriving than on a school that is struggling to attract well-performing students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
According to Eistrup and Kahlig, the Greenlandic men became the losers (Eistrup and Kahlig 2005: 204, with reference to Arnfred 1991:105). Rasmussen (2009) further suggests that even successful fishermen and hunters in practice often rely on their spouses' income. Thus, a growing number of households depend on income from the women, and more than half of the homes where hunting and fishing represent a significant part of the revenues, it is women who earn most of the money. As Rasmussen states: "Single men without these income sources, however, are confronted with severe economic problems" (Rasmussen 2009: 526), and an increasing number of these may in practice often rely on living as "couch surfers” with family and friends, or receive help from ageing parents, which according to Rasmussen only amplifies the extent of social problems in the small villages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, the countries with the highest proportion of undernourished during the period 2010-2012 - Bangladesh (16.8%), Cambodia (17.1%), India (17.5%), Nepal (18%), the Philippines (17%) and Sri Lanka (24%) - spend about 1% of their GDP on agriculture. The 2008 Survey noted that “growth and productivity in agriculture have stalled, and the green revolution that boosted agricultural yields in the 1970s has bypassed millions. Farmers are now facing mounting pressure, evident in declining subsidies, rising input prices, intensifying protests over landlessness and an alarming number of suicides among the indebted”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The new formulation of a positive duty in the UK under the common law to disclose own misconduct as was laid down in Item Software v Fassihi ([2003] 2 BCLC 1 (High Court)) has not been considered favourably in other common law jurisdictions. This article provides a case commentary on the judicial decision, considers whether the creation of the positive duty was necessary within the facts of Item Software, provides an overview of its reception by other Commonwealth jurisdictions, and analyses this case in the context of the available remedies. The article concludes by suggesting that the creation of the duty to disclose should also be considered from the perspective of what would be the remedies that the company ought to get by the directors’ failure of a duty to disclose.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Fisheries is a competitive sector in Libya, but it may not represent a strategic sector in the longer run as resources may be limited and the capacity to offer jobs in line with the qualifications and expectations of Libyan nationals may be relatively weak. Potential in animal products factories, salt lakes, precious stones and minerals. The sector needs to be privatised to be more competitive. Cement refineries have promising potential, and cement factories are privatised by up to 70%. The steel industry has some potential to develop and gain in competitiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The study argues, 'Capacity building programmes for women are good, but it is also important that men get education about the importance of women in politics. Excluding men from these education programmes will never lead to complete change, as male attitudes contribute to the problem' (Giving Voice to the Voiceless). Moreover, their husbands work on their behalf (Vissandjee et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It conceptualises implementation as the extent to which a plan achieves its policies through adoption of the relevant management techniques in development permits. For PIE, the permitting process provides the locus of observation of the linkages between policies and their implementation. This link most strongly reflects implementation as decision makers operationalise the plan objectives (and related policies) through permits on a regular basis. Thus, permits are intended to manage land development and thereby implement the plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Twelve per cent of all cases in 2012 were in rural areas, but this rose to 49 per cent in 2013 and 57 per cent in 2014, before falling to 22 per cent in 2015 and 10 per cent in 2016 (table 15.5). It showed that unhealthy food advertisements were highly prevalent around schools. A total of 1,459 advertisements displaying branded food products and 501 promotions displaying unbranded food products were identified in the area around 30 selected schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Within that context, the GCC countries produce approximately half the world’s desalinated water, and Jordan, Palestine and Yemen are incorporating the desalination of seawater and brackish in their water strategies in order to augment their water supplies. Large-scale investments are already under way in Jordan and Yemen, and small household desalination units can be found in the Gaza Strip. However, some adverse environmental impacts are associated with desalination, including the discharge of hot and concentrated brine into coastal marine environments, the entrapment of aquatic creatures in plants intakes, and the production of carbon dioxide (CO2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A second focus of international attention is the imperative need to improve capacities for producing and using the large and complex sources of information required to monitor progress towards achieving climate-resilient development. At its forty-sixth session, held from 3 to 6 March 2015, the Statistical Commission endorsed the formation of the Inter-agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators, which consists of 28 representatives of national statistical offices and includes, as observers, representatives of regional commissions and regional and international agencies.23 The Inter-Agency and Expert Group was tasked to develop an indicator framework for the goals and targets under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development at the global level. At its forty-seventh session, held from 8 to 11 March 2016, the Commission agreed on a global indicator framework for monitoring progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, which includes 230 global indicators, as proposed by the Inter-Agency and Expert Group.24 It is a framework intended for follow-up and review of progress at the global level towards achieving the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Loans from the VBSP are subsidised with low interest rates (ranging from 0.0-0.8% per month) and are generally for small amounts. Prior to the establishment of VBSP, these activities were provided by the Viet Nam Bank for the Poor (VBP), which operated through VBARD. Subsequent to the establishment of the VBSP, the provision of preferential credit has been completely removed from VBARD’s remit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Often, adoption is hampered by policies, such as input subsidies, that perpetuate unsustainable production practices rather than those that promote resource-use efficiency, soil conservation and the reduction in the intensity of agriculture's own greenhouse gas emissions. Women, who make up around 43 percent of the agricultural labour force in developing countries, are especially disadvantaged, with fewer endowments and entitlements than men, even more limited access to information and services, gender-determined household responsibilities, and increasingly heavy agricultural workloads owing to male out-migration. What is needed is a reorientation of agricultural and rural development policies that resets incentives and lowers the barriers to the transformation of food and agricultural systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Decomposing wage developments of earners between the 90th (top) and the 10th (bottom) percentiles allows a comparison of the ratio of wages at the 90th percentile with that of the 50th percentile (the 90-50 ratio) and the ratio of wages at the 50th percentile with that of the 10th percentile (the 50-10 ratio). Data points for members of the EU are ordered by changes in the share of highest-paying occupations. By contrast, the 50-10 ratio has remained fairly stable at a level of about 15 per cent above its level of the early 1970s. More detailed evidence indicates that the gap between the 10th percentile and the median has substantially contracted over the past few years (Acemoglu and Autor, 2012: 13).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)