albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Recent comparative education policy studies show that even though there seems to be similar patterns and trends in higher education reforms in East Asian societies, the recently initiated higher education reforms have had very diverse agendas. Thus, the considerable convergence of policy rhetoric and general policy objectives may not satisfactorily explain the complicated processes of changes and the dynamic interactions between global, regional and local forces that shape education policy-making in individual countries. This article discusses globalization effects on national policy, with particular reference to how the higher education sector in Taiwan has transformed itself under the global tide of marketization and decentralization. There are a lot of changes similar to both higher education in Taiwan and that of elsewhere, which suggests that Taiwan's higher education has been affected by the trends of globalization. But before we jump to this conclusion, maybe we should also bear in mind an alternat...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
But such a measure ignores the transfer and traditional economies - significant components of the Arctic economy and that contribute to material well-being. Composite indices, which might reflect the contributions of these sectors, also have problems, including challenges with obtaining data and the choice of appropriate representative components and weights. Unfortunately, the perfect indicator may be too costly to construct.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Building the Stanca-Costesti Dam led to modifications of the habitat. The Stanca-Costesti Reservoir is covered by the Prut Water Quality Monitoring System: surveillance and operational monitoring are carried out. Wastewater discharges and water abstractions are aiso monitored. Organic micropollutants had values which did not exceed the limit values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The OKS was initiated in 2007-13 and renewed in 2014-20 to address themes related to the green economy, innovation, employment and transport (Box 2.10 and Chapter 1). The Sweden-Norway programme focuses on innovative environments, small and medium-sized enterprises, natural and cultural heritage, sustainable transportation, and employment over the 2014-20 period. Within the Sweden-Norway programme, one of the three geographic sub-programmes (Grenselest Samarbeid) covers southern Akershus (Folio), the 0stfold interior and Fyrbodal (14 municipalities in the north-western part of Vastra Gotaland).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Many universities in Western Europe or the U.S. are strongly engaged in technology transfer to companies, contract research, the generation of start-up companies and innovation activities. Innovation policy increasingly recognizes the importance of universities and implemented specific funding schemes and incentives to strengthen their role in the application of technologies and as a partner to the business sector. Public research institutes are also increasingly targeted by innovation policy. With 24 research institutes, the NAS is the largest scientific research organization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the People’s Republic of China, since 2009, more emphasis has been placed on changing traditional teaching models. In Indonesia, the practice of “lesson study” aims to promote professional learning among teachers and help them to reflect on their teaching methods and align those methods with the needs of students. In India, for example, the rote learning system (using repetition as a technique for memorisation) still prevails in many Indian schools, impeding the development of curricula focused on skills for innovation. But encouraging examples of curriculum reform and organisational innovation have started to appear in India — the Apeejay school network, for example, promotes educational programmes for creativity and innovation, with practices such as enquiry-based projects designed to develop creativity and original thinking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador (urban area) and Panama (urban area), the countries with largest gains in poverty reduction (in terms of percentage change in the rate), are precisely the same countries that saw the greatest increase in labour income per worker among poor households. Colombia is an exception, although it registered a significant increase in this variable, poverty was reduced at a much slower pace, in part due to an increase in unemployment. In the other countries, labour income per employed person tended to decline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Their main target groups are students, unemployed youth and freeters. On request from prefectures, MHLW sets up a Hello Work annex next door to a Job Cafe to provide placement services. In addition, training in interview techniques and various seminars (community-linked programmes for young people) are offered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This effect is stronger for low-income countries and seems to operate by lowering total factor productivity and by reducing the level of education and labour participation among women. At the same time, they show that a gradual dismantling of gender-based discrimination in social institutions could yield substantial economic benefits, leading to an annual increase in the income global growth rate of 0.03 to 0.6 percentage points by 2030, depending on the scenario. From a policy perspective, they bear several implications.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Coverage is 36 per cent for the poorest women and 90 per cent for the wealthiest. And fewer than one third of women received the recommended minimum of four antenatal care visits in 2014. In 2004, the ratio of poorest-to-richest women delivering in a health facility was 1 to 12. By 2014, the ratio had improved to one to four.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The United Nations (UNEP 2002) estimates that worldwide over the last half-century there have been nearly 2000 reported interactions over water conflicts, with 200 resolutions taking the form of treaties and 1228 having signed cooperative events. Among the most well known in Asia are the 1960 treaty between Pakistan and India discussed above, and, in 1996, the Nepal and India Mahakali Treaty and the India and Bangladesh Ganges Water Sharing Treaty as separate bilateral agreements to create mutual trust over the Ganges and other rivers in the region. The MRC is mandated to carry out research and assist in negotiating further agreements among the four principal members - Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand - and the two dialogue partners, China and Myanmar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These segments have not been a prime public policy target, at least in the past few decades. Thus, analyses of the at-risk population are of interest not only because they provide a framework for comparing features of the poor population with the population at large, but also because these groups should be targeted by more proactive government policies. This section will present a discussion of some of the main features of the poor and non-poor populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Founding member states are Australia, Cook Islands, the European Union, France on behalf of its overseas territories, Mauritius and the Seychelles. The Convention text on the Conservation and Management of High Seas Fisheries Resources in the North Pacific Ocean was adopted in February 2012. The Commission covers all species except tuna and tuna like species, salmon, and pollock in the North Pacific Area. Species of particular interest include Pacific saury, Neon flying squid, and splendid alfonsin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The underlying objective of these responses is that these actions lead to measurable progress in terms of impacts (i.e. reduced pressures, and thus improvement in the state of the environment). Responses refer to environmental, general economic and sectoral policies and changes in awareness and behaviour - via government, households and firms, with examples of indicators including environmental expenditures, environmentally related taxes and subsidies, and enforcement and compliance activities (OECD, 2006). The conceptual framework used here to monitor and evaluate mainstreaming responses can be further elaborated by a conceptual framework that depicts the mainstreaming responses as a system whose key components include inputs, processes (or activities), outputs, outcomes and impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Moreover, they most likely affect some very specific groups of the population rather than the aggregate. Given the correlation between health indicators or the share of the inactive population declaring too sick or disabled to work and disability recipients, they cannot be included simultaneously in the regressions. The main issue remains that once on disability benefits or sick the likelihood to re-enter the labour force is limited. But it may also just reflect the fact that inactive people have lower income, hence live in more crowded houses or in cheaper areas far away from job centres.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In addition, the American Meteorological Society published a report entitled, "Explaining Extreme Events of 2014 from a Climate Perspective",7 that shows that human-caused climate change has influenced the frequency or intensity of events in a substantial manner. The oceans store large amounts of heat, which they redistribute around the planet: sea water is heated by the sun in the tropics and then transferred by currents to temperate coasts, where it cools down as it transfers its heat to the atmosphere. Colder and denser, it sinks to a great depth where it moves back towards the equatorial regions, and so on, in a circuit lasting over a thousand years. Up until 1992, the sea level was measured by means of sea-level gauges positioned along continental and a number of island coasts. The level of the oceans, as a worldwide global average, rose at the rate of 0.7 mm/year between 1870 and 1930, and by some 1.7 mm/year as from 1930. Since 1992, measurements have been taken from satellites, and have shown the mean annual sea-level rise to have been in the order of 3.4 mm/year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This suggests that helping single-parents get better jobs and/or ensuring better compensation for the cost of children for single parent households is likely to significantly reduce the poverty rate in these countries. By contrast, Denmark and Finland have higher child poverty rates when both the single parent poverty rate is the same as a single without children, and when the two-parent poverty rate is the same as for childless couples, while Ireland and Norway just have higher poverty rates in the former case, and New Zealand just in the latter case. This suggests that these countries already effectively compensate parents for the cost of having children, meaning the poverty rates of those with children were originally close to those of childless households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
At the national level, the TFR has decreased from 2.7 to 1.9 children per woman, indicating on average, a Vietnamese woman now gives birth to fewer than two children during her lifetime. In rural areas also the TFR declined around by one child per woman between the two surveys. In this period, a slight decline (0.4) was observed even for urban areas where the fertility level was already low (1.84 children per woman). The highest fertility was observed in the Central Highlands at both the time points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Often, as in the Top Runner Programme, these performance targets are accompanied by a “name-and-shame” mechanism: the names of under-performing companies are disclosed to the public. This mechanism puts the brand image of companies at risk, representing an incentive for eco-innovation in Japan that is probably more effective than the stringency of environmental regulations. According to an OECD survey conducted in 2003, fewer than 5% of facilities in Japan felt that environmental policies were very stringent, and more than 65%t found them to be not particularly stringent (Johnstone et.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
For example, a substantial share of today's renewable energy consumption comes from the use of wood and charcoal by households in the developing world, however, such energy use is sometimes associated with unsustainable forestry practices and health-threatening, heavy, indoor air pollution. However, incompatibility between the definition of the industrial sector used for energy statistics and the classifications used for GDP statistics severely limits the calculation of a number of indicators, such as energy intensity for different sectors. A separate note of caution must be mentioned when referring loenergy intensity figures: this indicator is an imperfect proxy for energy efficiency as it is affected by a number of factors unrelated to energy efficiency, such as climate, structure of the economy and nature of economic activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Device price reductions support growth in the number of loT devices connected to mobile networks, but the average revenue per licensed cellular loT connection declined from USD 9 to USD 2 per month between 2010 and 2017 and is expected to continue to decline over the coming years (GSMA, 2018c). This trend is also partly linked to the nature of the short-range technologies being deployed, which focus on achieving data economics to transmit low data volumes at low speeds, but are consequently priced as a utility. Revenues in Asia and the Pacific are expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 29 per cent between 2016 and 2025 to reach USD 386 billion in 2025, a trend driven by government mandates and strong gowth in industrial loT connections. The region is expected to overtake North America in terms of loT revenue in 2023, becoming the largest loT revenue market worldwide40. The developing world is expected to have a strong role in driving loT revenue opportunities, fuelled by greenfield investments focused on connecting businesses and consumers to services for the first time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Administratively Kazakhstan comprises 14 regions (oblasts) and 2 cities of republican significance - Astana and Almaty, the regions are divided into 175 administrative districts. Despite hyperinflation and deep recession post-independence, Kazakhstan not only recovered but made exceptional economic progress, with GDP growth of around 10% per year between 2000 and 2007, making it one of the fastest growing economies in the world at the time. Economic expansion slowed considerably in the post global financial crisis period, but picked up again between 2010 and 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As a result, hospitals face a relatively soft budget constraint and hospital costs are squeezing municipal budgets, potentially constraining municipalities to cut on other valuable items, including primary care and social services. Municipal reform, if implemented successfully, should alleviate these problems. Finland needs to increase hospital concentration, and develop special units to take care of remote areas based on a careful evaluation of the trade-off between proximity and appropriate scale to deliver effective treatments. There is increasing international evidence of a link between hospital size and quality of care, indicating the presence of minimum volume thresholds for effectiveness of care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The programme included a two-month on-the-job period for teachers, during which teacher-worker pairs were formed. This offered an opportunity for teachers to update their professional skills and for workers who also work as workplace trainers to improve their pedagogical skills. The training period was preceded by a seminar and planning (to clarify goals and expectations) and followed by feedback from teachers and workers and dissemination to the broader community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Since 1976, the number of permits authorising Cuban vessels to fish in Mexico’s EEZ has decreased as a result of a reduced surplus species and the consolidation of Mexican vessels. During this period 27 metric tonnes were caught, and mechanisms were implemented to verify Cuban vessels’ operations (such as VMS, national scientist observers on board for sampling, capture statistics records, fishing logs, capture reports, arrival announcements per fishing trip, and others). Additionally 123 525 permits were issued at the San Diego International Office of CONAPESCA. Sport fishing permits can be obtained by fishers through CONAPESCA web site.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Those fisheries targeting wintering migratory species, including the paired purse seine and mackerel purse seine fisheries, are struggling to survive and have almost collapsed in recent years. As shown in Table 12.2, the historical El Nino and La Nina events have resulted in very high interannual fluctuation of eel and mullet catch. Such changes were induced by the warm pool movement in the tropical Pacific.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
But in addition, the shares of unemployed reporting benefit receipt have dropped in a majority (two thirds) of countries. Changing eligibility rules, including the enforcement of job-search conditions and other behavioural requirements, play a role (and can contribute to a shift of benefit caseloads from unemployment support to incapacity benefits and other “inactive” transfers, such as incapacity benefits). The significant increase in the proportion of non-standard workers, who are typically much less likely to qualify for benefits, has also contributed to lower benefit coverage rates in some countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For example, the German Excellence Cluster approach gives additional resources to excellent research concepts in academic fields and the Austrian Comet Programme establishes and funds research fields that are related to regional clusters (with a strong focus on university-industry cooperation). Within Israel, the Grand Technion Energy Program (http://ten.technion.ac.il/) provides another example of such an interdisciplinary research programme and branding strategy. Moreover, establishing international research linkages is an additional way of strengthening the inter-disciplinary research, where relevant specialisations do not exist already within the region. A programme is therefore recommended to strengthen the existing global links of Negev research institutes in a systematic way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Other countries with strong data availability included Denmark (86%) and Finland, Iceland and Korea (79% each). All countries reported national mortality data and virtually all reported national data for in-patient hospitalisations and mental health in-patient hospitalisations, a national population health survey and a national cancer registry. Virtually all also have a national population census or registry providing key population denominators and contextual data for health statistics and research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Investment is being mainly used to purchase water entitlements for the environment and infrastructure upgrades and reconfiguration, with water savings being returned to the environment on a shared basis. Under Australia’s national Water Act 2007, the Federal Bureau of Meteorology is authorised to collect and publish high-quality water information. The publications will include an annual National Water Account and periodic reports on water resource use and availability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, the latter are often more easily obtained. Where economic data is used as a denominator for an indicator, the resulting indicator can be described as a decoupling indicator. An example is the generation of food waste per EUR of household expenditure on food. This would for example be quantities of food purchased by households, measured by economic value or preferably, by weight Trends in input-type indicators can provide some reasonable reflect the success of food waste prevention measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The USD 1.25 poverty line corresponds to the mean of national poverty lines for the 10-20 poorest countries of the world, while the USD 2 line is the median poverty line found among developing countries as a whole. People living with less than USD 1.25 a day are said to be in extreme poverty. The poverty data here concern low-and middle-income countries as categorized in line with World Bank definitions (http://data.uJorldbank.org/ about/country-classifications). At these low income -thresholds poverty rates in high-income countries are close to zero.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Using the present values of costs and benefits as a basis for comparison shows a net benefit of the WFD in England and Wales of USD 10 million (GBP 7 million) (Defra/WAG, 2009). In 2006, a strategic cost benefit analysis tried to monetise benefits as far as possible. The assessment indicated that the most important benefits of WFD measures are related to the value attached to living in a beautiful natural environment, which could be revealed in the increased value of houses in the vicinity of water. Other benefit categories identified included recreational benefits and benefits for the production of drinking water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Other, smaller municipal discharges originate at Pravdinsk (in the Russian part), Bartoszyce (3,400 m3/d), Lidzbark Warminsld (2,720 m3/d), Dobrc Miasto (1,500 m3/d), Stawigud (750 m3/d), Sepopol (150 m3/d),Tolek (130 m3/d), and, in the Russian part, at Znamensk. The discharge of municipal sewage to the Prcgel in the Russian part of the basin mainly originates from Gvardeysk, Tshernjahovsk and Kaliningrad cities. There are discharges to the tributaries from the Ozersk (to the Wegorapa) and the Gusev (the Pissa).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Supervisors are intended to visit and supervise the functioning of schools, provide advice to schools and the authority, and perform diverse administrative and pedagogic tasks. However, administrative tasks take up most of their time. Only former school directors are eligible for the post of supervisor, ATP appointments are given only to former teachers. Applications are assessed and posts allocated in each state by the Comisidn Nacional Mixta de Escalaf6n composed of the Secretarfa de Educacidn Publica (SEP) and representatives of the National Union of Education Workers (Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educacidn or SNTE). This mechanism is, however, influenced by union and political criteria. Efforts are currently under way to change this process and make it more transparent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
By 2020, strengthen the role of the scientific research and professional institutions, NGO sector and media, including improvement of scientific technologies. By 2017, prepare and adopt the strategy for mobilization of financial resources for conservation of biological diversity. By 2020, establish and strengthen cooperation for improved protection and sustainable use of biological diversity in the countries of the Western Balkans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Break in the series for Austria ai UK in 2012. Across 31 countries, there was a significant negative relationship between economic growth and the change in the share of poor children. Absolute increases in child poverty over 2008-2012 were larger in countries experiencing greater falls in the real GDP per capita during the same income reference period.15 Child poverty changes were also significantly related to the growth in the working-age (25-64) unemployment rate16 (Figure 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)