albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These have the potential to offset the production of a share of new mobile phones and mobile phone components and the associated extraction of materials and thus reduce environmental burdens. The models are described in detail in 2.3.1. These comprise: mobile phone producers, electronics retailers, network service providers, mobile phone repairers and finally/ refurbishers and second-hand sellers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
If the rise of, say, the proportion of tertiary-educated workers from the US level to the level observed in country i is relatively small, the effect can be linearised. In fact, the composition effects strongly rely on differences between the means of the explanatory variables which are known with relatively high precision. By contrast, the rate-of-return effects strongly rely on differences between the estimated rates of return which are intrinsically less accurate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Assessing the effectiveness of water information systems and databases in bridging the information gap is a difficult task. It requires conducting a cost-benefit analysis at local, regional, national and international levels, to determine how current water information and data are collected and used by policymakers, and the costs and benefits of collecting, analysing and communicating this information. Increased efforts are needed to communicate messages from the reporting and analysis of water data to policy advisors and the wider public.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As noted above, although there are a variety of financial education initiatives, these are often disjointed and are limited to transmitting a few basic concepts, and not necessarily to strengthening the capacities of the users in a comprehensive way (Garcia and others, 2013). The Dominican Republic's National Strategy for Economic and Financial Education stresses the development of financial capacities based on the incorporation of issues that are relevant to the national education system, and the formulation of an institutional governance framework for its implementation. This programme, operated by the National Savings Bank and Financial Services (BANSEFI), provides technical assistance to popular saving and loan institutions to achieve the financial inclusion of rural clients in highly marginalized areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The goal of the programme is to support the development of new innovations with smart, innovation-friendly public procurements. The programme encourages public buyers to use procurement to solve societal problems, renew public services, and improve market access for new products and services. Over the period 2009-16, funding covered a total of EUR 11 million for 73 ended projects. The main areas that received funding are environment/building (36%) and social and health (26%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Ministry of Employment and Economy. Available at: http://www.tem.fi/?s=2845 [Cited 11th September 2012]. Nowadays the right to access forests for recreation purposes is granted to the general population and this right is widely used as 75% of the population visit forests at least once per year. According to a study about nature awareness 2011 (Studie Naturbewusstsein 2011) the German population finds nature protection and biodiversity important and is willing to support respective initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A step-change in the pace of emission reductions is required to put the UK on the path towards its ambitious 2050 target. Given the central role of the EU emissions trading scheme, a key element of the UK strategy should be to seek tighter quotas within the EU scheme. Preparations to adapt to climate impacts also need to be stepped up, focusing on the provision of more information, better risk-assessment frameworks and more advanced metrics for monitoring and evaluation of adaptation planning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In this sense, it is meant to lead to legitimacy and ownership of the stakeholders, meaning that they deeply understand the issues and really are committed to the proposed solutions. Participatory governance is thus an essential precondition for implementation. In many systems, seeking consensus and common solutions is increasingly more common (See Alemanno (2015) for an analysis of enablers and barriers to this process). Both de-traditionalisation and professionalisation have eroded the significance of representative organisations (Elchardus, 2003). The rise of new technologies has made it much easier both for people to participate and organise themselves and for institutions to reach out to a broader set of actors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
If it does not effectively address that challenge, India will continue to face weak private investment and modest economic growth. The Government's policy initiatives have centred around the so-called 4Rs - recognition, resolution, recapitalization and reforms (India, Ministry of Finance, 2018). The central bank strengthened its asset quality review in 2015, which found significant quantities of non-performing assets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Only one state makes the revenue transfers conditional on quality indicators of protected area status and on municipal resources dedicated to conservation actions. This mechanism is potentially more effective in encouraging good protected area management, but entails additional cost, including for periodic inspection of the areas. Germany is the largest donor to the programme. While international co-operation accounts for a limited share of the SNUC budget, it has helped leverage domestic finance and improve resource use effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In contrast, in an NIS or systems approach, the role of government is to correct systemic failures, which might include market failures, but can also include weak relationships between agents or institutions which are difficult to capture in traditional economic models. A systemic analysis also focuses on how changing incentives in one area negatively affect incentives in others. Knowledge in its pure form is a public good, insofar as it is available to everyone and its use by one person does not limit its use by others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Typical indicators for this sample biodiversity levels, population levels, habitat extent etc. Indicators presented in this table appear very broad with very few or even no clear links to the state of biodiversity. While the indicators may be useful for sampling policies and streams of funds, they appear rather unsuitable for sampling the actual effects of these policies and funds. Hence, the effects on biodiversity may never or only in a long-term perspective be traced, and links between specific impacts - positive or negative - on biodiversity appear problematic to establish.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For instance, targeting rules generally result in job losers having to first tap into their savings and, in some cases, to dispose of a portion of their non-financial assets before becoming eligible for social assistance. In addition, eligibility generally depends on the labour market and income situation of other household members. The increase was particularly sharp in Estonia, Spain and the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Between now and 2050, the urban population of Africa is likely to triple and that of Asia to increase by 61 per cent, so that by 2050 most of the world’s urban population will be concentrated in Asia (52 per cent) and Africa (21 per cent). In 1990, 10 urban agglomerations were characterized as “megacities”, with each hosting more than 10 million inhabitants. Together, they accounted for 7 per cent of the global urban population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The unmet need for modern contraceptive methods is found to be the highest (20 per cent) in the region (Casterline and Sinding, 2000, Guttmacher Institute and Likhaan, 2010). Gillespie and others (2007) also found that there was high inequity in outreach of family planning workers in Philippines. Initially, the country's family planning programme was supported by private stakeholders. The Government completely took it over in 1970.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
I told the secretary to come to my house and take my signature because I have so much to do in the house, looking after kids, household chores, if I have to attend meetings I will have to have someone to do my chores.' In the urban sector, it is 13.8 for females and 55.4 for males. The total employment of women in the organised sector was 19.5 per cent in 2007 (Women and Men in India 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The bilateral investment treaty (BITs) with the United States includes a preamble stating that investment can be encouraged without “relaxing health, safety and environmental measures of general application”. Jordan also signed a BIT with Canada (2009), which includes environmental provisions (Article 11). Specifically, Article 11 states that “it is inappropriate to encourage investment by relaxing domestic health, safety or environmental measures” and that both parties can consult with each other if one of them thinks the other party has waived its environmental measures in order to encourage investment. No other BITs to which Jordan is a Party include environmental provisions, although this omission is common among OECD and non-OECD countries (Gordon and Pohl, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To legally hunt in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the public must obtain a hunting license or permit through the concessionaire, and individuals are restricted to hunting only within that concessionaire’s game management area. The concessionaire sets the price for each game management area. The concessionaire strictly controls hunting operations (where, when, which species, how many of each species) and must account for every animal taken through annual reporting to MoAFWE.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
That is even more true in the Gulf and the USA (both significant destinations for health workers). Without expanded national training capacity in metropolitan Pacific rim countries, demand will continue to exceed supply, but in most recipient countries there are weak prospects of domestic supply increasing significantly, and national gaps between supply and demand have tended to widen rather than contract. As greater numbers of migrants settle overseas, diasporas and remittances have assumed a new importance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Therefore, it is possible to identify and analyse the role of key commodity sectors - including agriculture, energy, forestry and mining - in the climate change mitigation and adaptatbn plans of individual Parties. Six other CDDCs had not submitted an NDC but had communicated an intended nationally determined contributor (INDC), a preparatory document that anticipates voluntary natbnal climate targets, without prejudice to their legal nature. Commodity sectors feature prominently in the climate change mitigatbn and adaptbn contributions of CDDCs, including in the form of strategies, actbns, targets and priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Even if Ethiopia’s own GHG emissions are inconsequential globally, this focus both confers moral legitimacy on Ethiopia, and is potentially attractive to emerging international climate finance. Moreover, as a single factor relevant to all sectors, it is relatively easy to include GHG levels in a wide range of sector plans, mainstreaming several biodiversity, pollution, and soil and water conservation issues - albeit issues that may often be of greater importance locally - is trickier and consequently is rarely done effectively. The CRGE’s Green Economy component focuses on Ethiopia’s particular resource endowments, addresses some of the biggest economic risks facing the country, identifies the lowest-cost GHG abatement options, and makes the case to attract international finance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Traditionally used by governments or public entities, PCG are also being more recently used by sub-sovereign governments, municipalities and private companies to borrow domestically from commercial banks or issue in the domestic capital market in local currency. A Partial Credit Guarantee can lift the borrower’s credit rating above a critical threshold, at which access to the market is possible. The guaranteed coverage level is set to achieve a target bond rating to facilitate bond issuance, or at a level required to encourage commercial bank lenders to participate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
To reach this goal, Parties agreed on the need for global emissions to peak and start declining as soon as possible - recognising that this will take longer for developing countries - and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with the best available science. Nevertheless, both the text and the country-level strategies for emissions reduction, which are outlined in the forni of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), recognise the threat which climate change poses to sustainable food production and offer opportunities for agriculture to be an active part of the solution to climate change. Article 4.1, for example, states governments' aim to “achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century. Reference is made in Article 5.1 to carbon sinks which should be conserved and enhanced. These include financial support by developed countries, such as the ongoing collective goal to mobilise USD 100 billion per year until 2025 for adaptation and mitigation in developing regions, a figure which should be increased from 2025 onwards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Growth in forest biomass exceeding drain due to harvesting and natural mortality explains this removal. However, between 2000 and 2005, the Danish forests were a carbon source releasing between 1 and 2 million tonnes of CO2 each year. During that period the age distribution became skewed towards mature forests, which were eventually harvested and the cleared land was regenerated with saplings (Danish CEE 2012). This resulted in negative net increment in forest biomass and thus turned the Danish forests as a net source of carbon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The strategy is to focus on a few activities such as life sciences (see Box 3.3.). For this purpose an Innovation and Pre-Seed Fund has been developed and structured cooperation among companies launched. Furthermore disciplinary clusters are being developed in co-operation with the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labour (MOITAL).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It is important to note in these circumstances that introducing competition does not automatically mean that prices for electricity will fall, for a range of reasons. But we must consider the baseline for energy prices, which may be increasing, for example because the cost of inputs (such as fuel) is increasing. In this instance, prices for electricity are likely to grow regardless of the supply model adopted, and may rise less under a competitive model than they would have under a regulated model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, despite efficiency increases, Al and all the other emerging technologies clusters will require an ever-increasing use of electricity, creating more pollution and waste (e.g., e-waste, nano-waste, and chemical wastes). Such outcomes demand that environmental considerations be incorporated into the design of these technology systems from their inception. Ethical and normative considerations that should guide our thinking on these issues have to spring from our shared vision—the values contained in the United Nations Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Rio+20 outcome “The Future We Want”, and most recently the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The MRA forms an important platform in this regard with voluntary municipal commitments to a joint spatial vision. The regional transport authority offers another venue for inter-municipal co-operation. These metropolitan governance structures are discussed in Chapter 3. One of the few organisations in place today that can provide such co-ordination is the Austrian Conference on Spatial Planning (Osterreichische Raumordungskonferenz, OROK) that assembles representatives from all levels of government to discuss spatial policies. Further, as it is located at the centre of government (within the Office of the Chancellor), it may also be able to carry out the necessary cross-sectoral policy co-ordination between different branches of the national government. Its decision-making body is chaired by the Federal Chancellor and its members include all federal ministers, the heads of all federated states and representatives of associations of local governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There are more than 370 million self-identified indigenous peoples in some 70 countries. They may not have the legal or financial resources to access health care in their host countries and may therefore develop physical or mental problems that are aggravated by poor transit and living conditions. When they are able to access health care, they may not find health practitioners experienced in treating diseases that are uncommon in the host country, such as tropical diseases in northern latitudes or the psychological trauma associated with migration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Metsahallitus Parks and Wildlife Finland - a state-governed organization in charge of most of the protected areas in Finland - has demonstrated how the economic impact of protected areas and cultural sites can be calculated. The methodology has been incorporated into the visitor monitoring system of Metsahallitus (Box5). Assessing and monitoring the management effectiveness from a nature conservation point of view is an integrated part pf the organisations's management system. However, various stakeholders including the government, but especially local and regional decision-makers frequently ask for arguments that would justify nature protection and investments from an economic and regional development perspective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Wheat and paddy rice production, key food crops, also show strong growth with 50% by 2025 and are impacted by fertiliser-related support in key production regions such as the Russian Federation, China, Indonesia and India. The growth of livestock markets is more responsive to income growth than crops and is the highest in countries such as China and India - key markets on both the production and domestic consumption side. In other regions, including the EU and the United States, only some crops show significant growth potential, in the EU, the biggest potential is in oilseed production and in the United States in coarse grains production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is now attracting interest from other donors including Norway and Denmark. It will channel finance at the national level (through the CRGE Facility), and sector level (direct financing through ongoing programmes such as the Productive Safety Net Programme], disaster risk management, forestry etc.). This was done by EPA through collaboration with the African Climate Policy Centre.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
By 1985, Saudi Arabia had 24 desalination plants, including 17 plants on the western coast along the Red Sea and 7 plants on the east coast along the Arabian Gulf. These plants were producing 1.82 million m3/day and 3,630 MW of electric power. More than 70 per cent of that country’s water needs are provided by desalination, and its plants currently generate more than 4,600 MW of electric power. In 2008, the total amount of desalinated water produced by Saudi Arabia was an estimated 10.6 million m3/day.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This must be put in the context of the population of the LDC group, which accounts for 13% of the world total. Distinguishing the website as a government portal through a second level domain (e.g., .gov, .go or .gouv) is present on 60% of LDC portals. Nine LDCs use a generic top-level domain fortheir central government portal (e.g., .com, .org) suggesting a problem usingtheir ccTLD such as a delegation dispute or the registry being hosted abroad.71 Four LDCs (Central African Republic, Guinea Bissau, Haiti and Somalia) do not have a central government website.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Such a plan would allow prioritization and proper costing of water and sanitation needs as well as elaboration of technical designs for all new projects. The Water Strategy appeared to be not realistic financially. The revised Strategy is based on key strategic documents adopted by the country, such as the 2005 Millennium Development Goals, revised in 2007, the NDS for the period 2008-2011, the National Regional Development Strategy for the period 2010-2012, and the targets and target dates under the Protocol on Water and Health approved by the 2010 Joint Order of the Minister of Health and the Minister of Environment. The revised Strategy includes an action plan for implementation within the first three years (2012-2014), which describes targets and capacity that will be necessary for the management and monitoring of those actions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The total forest biomass carbon sink - the carbon sequestered each year by ECE Region forest ecosystems - amounts to 255 million tonnes of carbon per year between 2005 and 2010. The ECE forests are a significant carbon sink although there is uncertainty over the exact size of the sink, and its underlying causes. Forest management has the possibility to continuously maintain a carbon stock over larger forest estates, while at the same time sustainably producing wood products and biomass for bioenergy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Such growth, moreover, is often (though not always) correlated with a broad set of social indicators, including poverty reduction, which together describe a more inclusive development path. This path does not emerge spontaneously, however, and even after a period of rapid growth, countries can get stuck or fall back. An important part of the early development policy debate focused on how to quickly raise the share of investment in national income to a level that would trigger a virtuous circle of rising productivity, increasing wages, technological upgrading and social improvements. The required investments are often closely connected, depend on the reaching of a minimum scale to be efficient and may become profitable only over a long period of time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Water footprint analysis, which is based largely on calculations of virtual water, is gaining the attention of international organizations and policy makers. We endeavor to resolve some of the uncertainty regarding whether or not virtual water and water footprint analysis can be used to guide public policy decisions. We review the literature, describe pertinent economic concepts, and provide several examples that might be helpful in understanding the policy limitations of the virtual water metaphor. Professor Tony Allan chose the term to describe the water used to produce crops traded in international markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)