albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The positive effects on the environment may however be weakened at the global level by possible cross-border leakage and increased emissions from international transport (OECD, 2010d), as some of the economic activity is shifted to countries with less strict environmental standards and enforcement (Box 2.2). Finally, in some cases new or higher environmental taxation would replace or make redundant environmental regulations already in place, limiting the positive effects on environment. Of the countries with a recommendation to rely more on such tax sources, France, Belgium and the United States tend to have relatively low environmentally-related revenues (both with respect to total revenues and to GDP), with Finland, Estonia and Korea at the other end of the spectrum. The effects on the environment will depend on the nature of exemptions that are scrapped.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A conservative estimate by the OECD indicates that total gross concessional development finance by ten non-reporting countries amounted to USD 7.5 billion in 2014 (Table 11.1). Unlike the figures of reporting countries, these estimates are on a gross basis because information on repayments is not available. The estimates are based on publically available information and are therefore not necessarily complete or comparable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Men also contribute to social security longer than women in Mexico. Among all self-employed workers (over age 15) who are women, 77.5% have never paid social security contributions, compared to 65.1% of own-account workers who are men (OECD estimates of ENIGH, 2014). Coverage is even worse for marginalised groups like domestic workers, who are overwhelmingly female.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Among them, the spiritual and cultural connections of indigenous people to forests often form part of their identity and livelihood. These values may be deeply held and influence people's attitudes and perspectives towards forests and how they are managed. These indicators provide information on the extent to which cultural, social, and spiritual needs and values exist and are recognized by society. The protection of forests to meet such needs and values is a reflection of the extent to which they are recognized by society."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The most important need, if not for this generation then for the next, would therefore appear to be investment in the education and skills that would enable households to command higher wages. At the same time well-defined property rights, especially with respect to land, are important for farmers to be able to cash in their assets, and exit the sector on favourable terms. However, rural policies are not fundamentally agricultural policies (nor vice versa).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Twenty-five ecological indicators and ten subindicators are used to assess the changes in the state of water resources, w'ater consumption volumes in different economic branches, streamflow deficit rate and quality change patterns of surface water and groundwater. Water pollution plays a determining role in the increase in morbidity rate (kidney disease, oncological and acute infectious diseases), resulting in increased adult and child mortality rates. Anthropogenic impacts also result in soil pollution (salinity, toxic pollution, pesticides, residual quantities of fertilizers and heavy metal pollution) and affects public health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Foundations.- The Completeness of International Law and Hamlet's Dilemma: Non liquet, the Nuclear Weapons case, and Legal Theory*.- The Genuine Link Concept: Time for a Post Mortem?.- Sources.- On International Customary Law in the Netherlands.- The Role of State Practice in The Formation of Customary International Humanitarian Law.- From Dyestuffs to Kosovo Wine: from Avoidance to Acceptance by the European Community Courts of Customary International Law as Limit to Community Action.- Some Remarks on the Effect of the Termination of a Treaty under Article 70 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.- Some Observations on The Consequences of The Termination of Treaties and The Reach of Article 70 of The Vienna Convention on The Law of Treaties.- Epilogue.- Herman Meijers 1923-2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Corruption and other economic crimes are the impediment of Kenyan development efforts. All these crimes harm Kenyan economy.  This study investigated the influence of funding on prosecution of corruption cases in Uasin Gishu. This study was underpinned by the value chain theory, resource based view and dynamic capabilities theories. The study used purposive sample of 72 respondents of which a response rate of 83.3% was achieved that is 60 respondents. Target population consisted of the EACC investigators, ODPP prosecutors, police prosecutors, special magistrates dealing with corruption cases and counsels from the Attorney General Chambers dealing with corruption cases in Uasin Gishu County. The study utilized descriptive research design. Questionnaires were used as the data collection instrument.  Data was analysed using descriptive, inferential statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In terms of value, the biggest export market for Chinese Taipei's fisheries products was Japan, followed by Thailand, and the people's Republic of China in 2012, while in terms of export volume, Thailand was the biggest market. China was the biggest exporter to the Chinese Taipei’s market, followed by Viet Nam, Japan, Peru, and Noiway. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The article identifies a gap in peacekeeping studies. Scholars have not explicitly related peace operations to theories of knowledge that inform debates in International Relations about the nature of world politics. Peacekeeping's hybridity in IR theory was perhaps related to its Cold War exceptionalism and marginalization. Further, as a curiosity in military affairs, soldiers and scholars were chiefly concerned about whether it did any good and how it could be improved upon. Deference to policy prescription also accompanied the steady militarization of peacekeeping and its transformation into peace operations after the Cold War. Signs of change have begun to emerge with studies of peace operations as simulacra of peace, and with critical theory that portrays peace operations as essential to the ideology of ‘liberal peace’.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The structure of the stock shows that about 52.4 per cent of total LDC stock was accounted for by the African LDCs (plus Haiti), whilst the share of Asian LDCs was 46.9 per cent. As Table 11.3 shows, in 2011 remittance flows to the LDCs were equivalent to 4.05 per cent of the GDP for all LDCs, indeed, this was almost double for the Asian LDCs (7.04 per cent, in the case of Bangladesh, this figure was 11.23 per cent). Data for Myanmar, Djibouti and Somalia (subject to all or different years) are not reported in World Bank database.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In O'Keeffe v Ireland, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights found that Ireland failed to protect the applicant from sexual abuse suffered as a child in an Irish National School in 1973 and violated her rights under Article 3 (prohibition of inhuman and degrading treatment) and Article 13 (right to an effective remedy) of the European Convention on Human Rights. This note argues that the decision is important in expanding the Court's jurisprudence regarding positive obligations under Article 3 to child sexual abuse in a non-state setting where there was no knowledge of a ‘real and immediate’ risk to the applicant. It also argues that the case raises concerns about the Court's methodology for the historical application of the Convention and about the interaction of Article 3 positive obligations with vicarious liability in common law tort regimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Girls are disadvantaged in regions with low overall enrolment rates, while in regions with higher rates - such as South America, Central America and Southern Africa - it is the other way round. As girls’ educational expectations rise at a faster pace than boys”, so does their academic performance. Once they have gained access to higher education, women outstrip men in grades, evaluations and degree completions (UNESCO, 2012a). Regions are in descending order of 2010 enrolment ratios.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is only if the entire community adopts sanitation simultaneously (as opposed to individual households adopting) that full health benefits can materialise and that the spread of epidemics (such as cholera) can be stopped. As a result, it is often assumed that significant reductions in the prevalence of diarrhoea can only be achieved when an entire community gains access to sanitation rather than isolated individuals. This observation underlies community-led approaches to sanitation, such as the Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) campaigns, which rely on eliminating open-defecation in a particular area.17 Barreto et al. The study was developed in the context of a city-wide programme (Bahia Azul) to increase sanitation coverage. When the programme started in 1995, only 26% of the population of Salvador (2.5 million inhabitants) was connected to the sewerage system. When the program officially ended in 2004, coverage had increased to 70% and it has since risen to almost 90% in the city itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The international law of human rights is a legal science of growing importance for the existence of the block of constitutionality and the validity and preponderance that its rules acquire in domestic law. Every day, the catalog of human rights is extended through new international instruments such as treaties and the interpretation of existing acquires new shades. In that sense, emerging human rights have been breaking in the last decade in this scenario, they are considered new rights and competing for a place in the international norms and of the States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
From the graphs it can be seen that 73.4 per cent of children are not deprived al all in one of these three domains while 1.9 per cent of the children are simultaneously deprived in all three. Approximately 3.5 per cent of the Belgian children are deprived in leisure and education only against 11 per cent in community only. Overlapping deprivations in leisure and community exist for 1.5 per cent, in education and community for 1.3 per cent, and in leisure and education for 3.5 per cent. In general we can conclude that relatively few of the children living in Belgium are confronted with multiple overlapping deprivations while, for those who are deprived, deprivation in the community domain is dominant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A potential approach could be to begin with a declaration, followed by a threshold if the declaration proved to have little effect. Polyester especially since inclusion of (chemically) recycled content does not challenge durability (see below). Extended lifetimes give greater environmental gain than use of recycled content.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In the first two thirds of the irradiation cycle, the load fluctuates continuously within 85% to 100% of full power in response to grid needs, daily load following can also be observed, with load reduction down to 30-40% of nominal power. In the last third of the irradiation cycle, the plant is operated in a baseload regime and only a few load variations are observed. The rationale behind this choice was the forecast of a larger proportion of nuclear energy, and the presence of small grids.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
China and India are already major drivers for the development of renewable energy on a global scale. After increasing the installed capacity of solar power with 15.2 GW in 2015 alone, China has surpassed Germany and become the top country for total solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity, with approximately 19% of the global capacity (REN21,2016). India is also taking leadership in renewable energy development, ranking fifth globally for additions of both solar power and wind power in 2015. The massive deployment of renewable energy in these two countries has had powerful impacts on driving down costs for renewables, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and creating green jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Information comes in various forms: oral testimony, documents, video material, photographs, personal observations and satellite images.33 In particular. Human Rights Officers should map out the most relevant sources of information that would contribute to a gender analysis. Besides giving their own account of the events under investigation, these actors might be willing to assist the investigation by providing relevant documentation, reports and information gathered on the ground and serve as intermediaries to contact other victims, witnesses or sources. While many of these documents may have been gathered in the preparation phase, additional documentation may surface or become known through interaction with different actors at the local level when gender-sensitive questions are asked. At the same time, it is important not to make assumptions about a victim's needs or condition based on stereotypical views. For example, it should not be assumed that all victims of sexual violence would find the process of recounting their experience traumatizing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Households covered under the “Antyoda Anna Yojana" scheme - a programme for the poorest of the poor - are entitled to 35 kg of food grains per household per month at the above-mentioned prices. Special entitlements shall also apply to pregnant and lactating women and children up to the age of 14. For example, every pregnant woman and lactating mother will be entitled to get food free of cost during pregnancy and six months after childbirth. Cash benefits of INR 1000 per month would be provided for the first six months to meet increased food requirements of pregnant women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This kind of system has been used successfully in Norway over a decade. As trees grow they continuously sequester carbon from the atmosphere. As cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and other wood and bark components will be used for new purposes carbon can be stored for longer times in plastics and fabrics, and for shorter times in pharmaceutical products, chemicals, food and beverages, and so on.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Its main recommendations included: universal pre-school education from age three and organisation of pre-schools into clusters with links to primary schools, lengthening of the school day for all students, and increased responsibilities combined with increased pay and qualification requirements for school principals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
According to a survey of the Federal Service on Surveillance in Health Care and Social Development, three quarters of doctors found no sense in introducing such systems. More generally, the medical education system may not have fully embraced the international trend towards “evidence-based” medicine (EBM). Courses on international experience of EBM and the ways of organisation and management of health care provision are very seldom covered in the university medical programmes. But it is difficult to know to what degree the measures have been implemented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
According to the UNODC early warning advisory, Costa Rica continued to report substances in the groups of phenethylamines, piperazines and other substances in 2015. Use of those substances may have serious health consequences, as the effects of such substances on the human body are not fully understood or known. In addition, the trafficking of those substances creates additional challenges for the regulatory and enforcement authorities. Cannabis abuse patterns and trends in the region have remained fairly stable. The prevalence of cocaine abuse in Central America and the Caribbean remains higher than the global average,30 with an estimated average annual prevalence of 0.6 per cent for both subregions. As regards the use of opioids in Central America, UNODC has estimated annual prevalence at 0.2 per cent, which is below the global average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The purpose of this article is to examine organ trafficking and transplant management from a supplier’s or vendor’s perspective, and identify its corresponding health policy implications. A probability sample of living organ vendors from Colombia was surveyed using interviewer-administered questionnaires. The study found that trafficking and relative abundance in the supply of human organs in developing countries, like Colombia, are encouraged by brokered and compensation-based markets involving unrelated organ buyers and sellers, many of whom were foreigners at the time of this study. The state’s regulatory capacity is undermined by patron-client ties, ineffectiveness and corruption in law-enforcement, public tolerance/indifference and the unintended consequences of health policies. A proactive and developmental role for the state requires efficient and creative monitoring and regulatory approaches in light of ever-changing trading rules and operations. Without directly addressing the ambiguity and conti...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Environmental degradation that undermines the provision of environmental services decreases the well-being of rural households. In addition, as rural households tend to be characterised by limited social capital, poor access to social services, job opportunities and income-generating activities, and high levels of deprivation, they are more vulnerable to environmental change, and have little capacity' to adapt to or withstand negative environmental changes such as those associated with climate change. Rural development policies should therefore aim to promote economic growth and increase the welfare of rural households without compromising long-term environmental quality and the sustainability of natural resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It also provides some training for school directors. Evaluations of the PEC programme have expressed some reservations about its ability to promote autonomy, or school-centred decision-making, in the Mexican context. Examples of these include Safe School (.Escuela Segura), "Always Open to Community" Schools (Escuela Siempre Abierta a la Comunidad), Enciclomedia, or the National Reading Programme (Programa Nacional de Lectura).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition, 11 per cent of Kiribati women aged 15-49 reported physical violence by men other than their partners, most commonly by male family members including fathers or stepfathers, and 10 per cent reported having experienced non-partner sexual violence. The detrimental impacts of violence on women's physical, sexual and mental health are well documented, including unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, miscarriages, sexually transmitted diseases, emotional distress and thoughts of suicide. Gender-based violence coordinators have been put in place in the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Women, Youth and Social Affairs to support health promotion to outer islands, capacity building and improved availability of emergency contraceptives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Whatever choices countries will do, it will be wise to monitor then- impact on out-of-pocket payments and their distribution across population groups. Health Systems in Transition, 13(4): 1-156). Evidence from France”, Health Economics, Vol. El gasto de bolsillo en salud: el caso de Chile, 1997 y 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It can also lead to greater vulnerability to human rights violations and abuses. A girl who finds herself in a school that discriminates against her or harasses her because of her sex, and to which she cannot safely travel, may end up not enrolling or withdrawing (Mensch et al., While many economies are growing, the growth is often erratic, especially in the poorest countries, and based on a narrow range of commodities or industries. It foils to generate sufficient and sufficiently productive and remunerative job opportunities. Many young people lack entrepreneurial skills and capacity, access to financial services, and access to business advisory services, and have greater difficulty getting appropriate credit to start a business (African Union, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nonetheless, the case studies and OECD workshop revealed three key challenges faced by countries as they have started to implement their strategies and plans: overcoming climate information shortcomings and associated capacity constraints, securing adequate financing, and measuring the success of adaptation interventions. Action to address these constraints will be vital to ensuring that progress in planning translates into improvements in outcomes. Le present document propose un panorama de ces activites dans les differents pays de l’OCDE et met en exergue un certain nombre d’enseignements nouveaux qui se degagent de leur experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Enrolment is increasing in all regions of the world but still varies widely between and within regions. In Central and Eastern Europe, and Latin America and the Caribbean, enrolment is high due to a historically strong public education sector. In Central Asia, the Arab States and sub-Saharan Africa, enrolment rates are very low, although there are some intra-regional variations. Even in regions with better coverage, the inclusion of marginalized populations is still a challenge. In the Arab States, private providers cover almost half of all enrolment and in Africa around 60 percent. In Kenya, for example, the government programmes target children aged 4 to 5 years, even though the policy framework identifies children within the 0 to 5 age range as intended beneficiaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Figure 4, the cases are clustered in categories of action that all account to addressing the three main challenges described in section 2. , One of blockchain technology’s most promising applications is the idea of a decentralised financing platform for infrastructure. Chapter 3.1 of this report presents an original case study on this subject.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
According to a survey carried out in Finland in 2012 (Jarviluoma 2014) most of the enterprises providing services directly related to wildlife watching were expecting a growth in the product demand in the years to come. At that time, the average income per customer was estimated at EUR 278 (of those answering the questionnaire). The total turnover of the 20 companies that participated in the survey was estimated at a bit more than 2 million EUR out of which EUR 1.4 million was generated by wildlife watching.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In 2012 more than 200 million adults worldwide were unemployed. Vulnerable employment accounts for more than half of total employment and is particularly high in South-East Asia (61 percent), South Asia (77 percent) and Sub-Saharan Africa (77 percent).67 Even those employed may be earning very Iitde. In 2011,397 million people ages 15 and older were estimated to be employed but living in households with less than $1.25 per person a day. Employment, especially decent employment, is associated with dignity and status—and with stable and cohesive communities and societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)