albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It also necessitates navigating the rules on anti-dumping, countervailing and quotas, among others, in certain cases. The DXY index shows the value of United States dollar relative to a basket of foreign currencies. The trends in this box are as of May 2019 except for the global economic policy uncertainty index, which is as of April 2019. Data sources are the BIS (2019), Economic Policy Uncertainty (2019), ECB (2019), Thomson Reuters and US Department of Treasury (2019). The calculations are based on UN Comtrade (UN Statistics Division, 2019), using SITC Revision 2, 3-digit commodity classification. The latest data are from 2016 in Cambodia and Lao PDR, 2017 in Viet Nam, and 2018 in Myanmar and Thailand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
By contrast, care workers in the education and health subsectors have considerably higher levels of education (see table III.4), which becomes relevant when analysing differences in income, as discussed below . In 2010, almost 85% of care jobs were in uiban areas, the figure for other occupations was 77% (see figure III. In 2010,6.7% of all employed persons in the region had care-related jobs: 7.6% in urban areas and 4.1% in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It has made great efforts in the last decade, taking a countrywide, mainstreaming approach rather than a narrow environment sector perspective. It includes 105 objectives and 294 targets for mitigation and adaptation me as me s in eight policy areas: integrated risk management, water resources, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, ecosystems, energy, industry and services, transport and communication infrastructure, land-use planning and urban development, and public health. While there are some state environment programmes in place they only reflect actions to be taken by state governments, they are not state environment plans that combine action by all government levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Small-scale customized satellites will soon be affordable for more developing countries, businesses and universities, allowing monitoring of crops and environmental damage. Like earlier technological advances, frontier technologies can be expected to eliminate some jobs, while creating others. While the net effect on empbyment remains ambiguous, there are already signs of a polarization of empbyment between low- and high-skilled non-routine jobs, as jobs at medium skill levels have declined.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It can be seen that the scenarios with higher shares of renewables are dominated by wind and PV power plants. Those values apply for all scenarios analysed in this case study. For hard coal and natural gas, prices are based on the projections of the World Energy Outlook 2010, New Policies Scenario (IEA, 2010). The assumed price for C02 emission certificates is set to EUR 50/t C02 in all scenarios.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Theoretical fragmentation in e-government studies hampers the further development of this field of study. This paper argues that a metatheory can reduce theoretical confusion. Ideas from the philosophy of the social sciences are used to develop a metatheory of e-government consisting of three dimensions: explaining/understanding, holism/individualism and change/maintenance. This metatheory is used to analyze a corpus of papers on e-government in both journals on public administration and information systems. The analysis of the 116 papers shows a bias towards explaining e-government (rather than understanding social constructions), analyzing holistic systems (rather than the behavior, attitudes and cognitions of individual actors) and studying incremental rather than transformational change. We conclude that the value of the metatheory lies in (1) facilitating debate about e-government between researchers with different perspectives, (2) enabling researchers to be clear about their social science perspective, and (3) developing educational programs that bring in various scientific perspectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The conference aims to assemble the collective wisdom on migration, mobility and urban transition and, together with city leaders and other experts from around the world, to draw a clear policy path towards improved migration management at all governance levels, which will benefit both migrants and cities. An important first step could be the consolidation of existing yet scattered resources, data, indexes, tools and studies. It is important to assemble this information in a global database and promote greater information-sharing and dialogue among cities, multilevel government stakeholders and other partners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
When this procedure is replicated for H (the gross headcount ratio), Kendall's Tau can be seen to vary between 0.723 and 0.982, while Spearman's Rho ranges between 0.849 and 0.997. The Alkire-Foster approach proposes: (i) an identification method pk, which links and extends traditional intersection and union approaches, and (ii) a class of poverty measures Ma. This method of identification and aggregation, and the basic measures that result from both steps (the headcount ratio, intensity and the adjusted headcount ratio), are highly suited to ordinal data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Furthermore, Korean women are often still expected to leave employment at the birth of a child, so that mothers with children often are not in employment, or in a low-paying non-regular job, which increases the overall cost of having children (OECD, 2018[2i). Nevertheless, the overall standard of living of children increased from 2006 to 2012 in Korea, regardless of their family situation. Disposable income grew by 10.5% for the poorest 25 percent of children in two-parent families, and by 22% for the 25 percent poorest children in single-parent families (Figure 2). Nowadays, about a third of non-regular workers in Korea have completed tertiary education (OECD, 2018[7j), and a growing proportion of families headed by a highly educated fathers are in non-regular employment. In fact, the proportion of poor children with a father with higher education increased (+15 percentage points) between 2006 and 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Secondly, the DAC CRS database counts all donors from different French government ministries and agencies as “France”. Thirdly, the IATA number also includes individual organisations that report on development finance received, the DAC CRS database focuses on providers. Further, information on the level of funding associated with a specific activity is also not always available. This limits the usefulness of IATI datasets at present.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Taking this into account reduces the difference considerably for both groups, bringing the gap between natives and second-generation immigrants’ results just slightly below the OECD average, while first-generation immigrants still do worse (SNAE, 2013a). The figure compares mean reading scores in PISA with literacy scores in PIAAC for the corresponding cohorts. The test score averages are normalised by the cross-country PISA and PIAAC averages and standard deviations for comparison.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Exchange rate based Gross Domestic Product corrected for price effect was used for this report. But do efficiency gains reach far enough to keep pace with growth in population and consumption to avoid significant resource depletion and climate change? A reason for using material footprint rather than DMC is that it provides a complementary allocation of materials to where end consumption takes place. It avoids the effects of the concentration in trade, to which DMC based measures are subject (discussed previously in Section 2.1), giving a much clearer idea of the total resource inputs required, including extraterritorial resource inputs, to support a nation’s economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
These methods are classified as long-term reversible methods and include intrauterine devices, injectable hormonal methods and hormonal implants or skin patches. The first stylized evidence, based on data from the Perinatal Information System of Uruguay's Ministry of Public Health, shows the clear prevalence of unplanned pregnancies among adolescents and youths from lower-income, less-educated sectors (Diaz Rosello, Fernandez and Filgueira, 2014). But the higher the age bracket, the more likely more marked patterns of lack of planning become among less-educated women (see figure IV.7).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The article investigates the Europeanization of party politics by examining the accession of national parties to Europarties as a process of European regional integration. The advanced theoretical framework combines International Relations and Comparative Politics approaches and analyzes the dialectic relationship between the European People’s Party (EPP) and Ukrainian domestic parties based on a systemic analysis of party manifestos and official documents, as well as discourse analysis. The study argues that the EPP has a direct, though weak, influence on aspiring Ukrainian members because of the low incentives, low degree of clarity of membership requirements and context-specific factors. In these circumstances, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung represents an informal channel for the Europeanization of Ukrainian center-right parties. A main finding is that despite the low size of material incentives and the lack of EU membership, both Ukrainian parties and the EPP engage in transnational cooperation following political incentives and ideational arguments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The concept of precedent is fundamental to domestic courts, especially in Anglo-American common law systems, where judges are bound to the court’s past decisions. By contrast, precedent has no formal authority in international law. Legal scholars point to Article 59 of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Statute in this respect, according to which international legal rulings are binding only on the parties in the dispute at hand, and have no bearing on matters outside of the case.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example by washing atlowertemperatures, avoiding tumble-drying, avoiding fabric conditioners, avoiding certain care products, technical (and aesthetic) lifetimes can be extended. Environmental impacts of laundering are simultaneously reduced. Information on howto carry out simple repairs can also extend lifetimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Support for teachers’ professional development is even more important as acute teacher shortages often mean that adults and youth who have never taught before or even finished their own education are recruited as teachers (Kirk and Winthrop, 2005: 18). Training new teachers, however, as a response to teacher shortfalls in the emergency, does not address the question of where the already qualified teachers are. Baxter and Bethke (2009) similarly report that teachers tend to prefer government schools, because they receive a salary from the government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Regardless of the chosen business model, the tasks of PES staff dealing with employers include vacancy intake and registration, informing employers about available ALMPs (e.g. pre-employment training, wage subsidies, additional support to integrate disabled jobseekers), pre-selecting jobseekers for interviews with employers, offering legal advice (e.g. advice on contracts) and organising information sessions or job fairs where jobseekers and employers can meet. Reverse marketing refers to a situation where an individual jobseeker is actively marketed to a targeted employer who has not created a formal vacancy, but may be willing to hire under the right conditions. In Australia, contracted employment service providers use this technique for hard-to-place jobseekers who are job ready or close to job readiness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The paper aims to investigate the emergency of estate management the scholastic buildings. It examines the economic and legal resources problems, necessary to start an effective redevelopment of the public school buildings in Italy. In detail, the paper analyse the European researches field, which funded renovation and the new construction actions of energy efficient school buildings, and presents same results of research Teenergy School. The Teenergy research, has involved the University of Florence and a Tuscany Public Administration in a benchmarking activities and in a pilot projects development. The paper aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of instruments and financial resources in promoting technological innovation, in this specific construction industry, as a vehicle to transform obsolete schools buildings in Nzeb, as indicated from the latest European legislation on energy performance of the buildings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Development of machinery pools based on private-public partnership is also organised through Service and Collection Centres, established by local Social and Business Corporations that received budget funds for this purpose. Their activities are focused on small farmers. Not all legal entities, however, may be eligible to use the special tax regime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The content varies to reflect each country's circumstances, but the profiles take a similar approach, examining domestic and international climate policy determinants, locating climate diplomacy within broader foreign policy and using these determinants to explain the BASIC cooperation. Since hosting the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, at which the Framework Convention of Climate Change was originally signed, Brazil has remained an active and engaged partner in international climate change negotiations. This trend has been reinforced in recent years - most recently through former President Luiz Inacio da Silva's interventions atC0P15 in Copenhagen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Prior analyses of congressional action on the issue of black civil rights have typically examined either of the two major Reconstructions. Our paper attempts to fill the large five-decade black box between the end of the First Reconstruction and the beginning of the Second, routinely skipped over in scholarship on Congress, parties, and racial politics. Using a variety of sources—bill-introduction data, statements by members in the  Congressional Record , roll-call votes, and newspaper reports, among others—we challenge the common assumption that civil rights largely disappeared from the congressional agenda between 1891 and 1940, documenting instead the continued contestation over racial issues in Congress. By examining several failed anti-lynching initiatives, this article uncovers a largely untold story about how and when the Republican and Democratic Parties reorganized around race, finding that the realignment began earlier than is commonly understood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Decreased or unreliable rainfall will affect hydroelectric generation. In thermal generation, the thermoelectric cooling process that is critical to maintaining high generation efficiencies is affected by increased temperatures (US DOE, 2007). And higher overall temperatures will increase air conditioning loads in many countries, putting additional demand on the system. Coupled with the water required for cooling in thermal generation, it is likely that the future holds increased conflicts and competition for water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Thus, manufacturers in these economies could maintain international competitiveness, while at the same time allowing rapid increases in wages. While this legal barrier to mobility between rural and urban areas has helped prevent the problem of large slums, it has also meant that migrants from rural areas receive lower wages and social benefits than urban workers. Selden and Wu (2011) observe that until the early 1980s the hukou system bound villagers to their local communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Is there a linear relationship between broadband adoption and economic growth? Or are we in the presence of a more complex causality effect? The "critical mass" findings of research of the impact of telecommunications on the economy, indicates that the impact of broadband on economic growth may only become significant once the adoption of the platform achieves high penetration levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In many countries, however, the full suite of policy instruments available to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity are not being implemented at the scale that is needed. There is a need, for example, for better co-ordinated and enforced instruments for land-use and marine spatial planning, and for further consideration of the use of economic instruments that are also able to provide continuous incentives for more sustainable production and consumption patterns, and to mobilise revenue, so as to enhance mainstreaming outcomes. In several countries, a high degree of informality and illegal activities in these sectors continues to drive biodiversity loss.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Women's groups are given a mobile phone and a radio cassette player to use as they listen to local agricultural radio shows, call extension officers, or share information between groups. Information is disseminated in the local language and the groups are encouraged to spread the word to other women farmers. Part of the programme's success is due to the fact that it works within channels that are familiar to women (GSMA Development Fund and Cherie Blair Foundation for Women 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The increase in support to STI can also be attributed to DAC members, which have scaled up its support towards science. In contrast, multilateral development finance is declining, mainly driven by a decrease in concessional and non-concessional loans from the World Bank. Non-DAC providers’ support to STI is minor, yet slowly increasing, representing the growing number and granularity of non-DAC providers’ reporting of development finance flows to the CRS.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Food manufacturing and distribution requires energy and packaging. Eating foods with high levels of sugar or fats tend to cause health problems, such as obesity and diabetes. At the post consumption phase, packaging becomes waste in need of processing. Throughout the cycle pesticides from agriculture can leach into water bodies and sometimes into drinking water, causing further health problems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Using token- or cryptocurrency-based models and gamification approaches, efficient markets for carbon offsetting activities can be built and scaled. This approach requires customer-centric market models and applications, which are easy to understand and use. Education and providing access to blockchain-based applications will be key for successful implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
While social norms shape public understanding of the root causes of poverty and of potential remedies to reduce poverty, social norms are themselves underpinned by deeper ethical perspectives which refer to the social arrangements and institutions in a just society taking account of the interests of persons from an impartial standpoint.7 Ethical perspectives are therefore deeper and more general than social norms. By extension, an understanding of ethical perspectives should help us better understand poverty reduction policies. In fact social norms might well engage several ethical perspectives at once (this is the case in the notion of ideology), and political processes usually engage ethical perspectives in competition with each other. And the direction of the arrows might be reversed where policies or political processes inform social norms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Some platforms have also begun to invest in the Internet of Things (loT) devices and cloud computing. While this can be a boon for entrepreneurial firms, it is also generating concerns about data privacy and illicit data mining. They can also allow businesses to develop personalized and targeted strategies for their consumers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Greater development in low-income countries leads to growing markets for trade and investment for developed economies, and creates reduced pressure for migration as living and working conditions improve in sending countries. As of 2011, countries in South Asia, South-East Asia and the Pacific receive almost half the estimated remittances in the world (ADB, 2012a). In 2012, the countries of East Asia, South Asia and the Pacific received a record $219 billion in remittances in 2012 (World Bank, 2012b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Ongoing efforts to provide more space to rivers will continue also in future, and measures of a more technical nature will be exclusively reserved for urban areas in cases where no other “soft” option for flood protection is feasible. These impacts are predicted to have an effect on river discharge with an increase in frequency, extent and impacts of floods and possibly constant low water levels in lakes. Quality and quantity of groundwaters will also be affected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the United States, public-private partnerships are an important component of government innovation policy (Audretsch, Link and Scott, 2002) and have been particularly helpful in overcoming the risks associated with the introduction of new technologies into the market. A prominent example is the 1986 United States Clean Coal Technology Program, which was created to address the acid rain problem. The industry covered almost two thirds of the project costs, and a Department of Energy (DOE) study found that “cost sharing between (the) DOE and industrial collaborators frequently improved the performance of RD&D programs and enhanced the level of economic and other benefits associated with such programs” (National Research Council, 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This chapter focuses on the imposition of sanctions as a tool to regulate the behaviour of private individuals considered to be a threat to international peace and security. Its central aim is to critically examine the Council's emerging practice of adopting sanctions against private individuals. The shift of governance functions from States to international organizations and the rise of non-State actors as key players in the international system have presented the Security Council with significant challenges. The chapter focuses on the classic instrument of sanctions and its adaptation to target private individuals considered to be a threat to international peace and security. There are strong arguments to suggest that this principle also constrains the Council's powers to sanction private individuals. The UN Charter as well as general international law provides for various limits to the Council's enforcement powers.  Keywords:international law, international peace, international security, UN Charter
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Bay provides significant economic and recreational benefits to the water catchment’s population, estimated to exceed USD 33 billion annually (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010a). While total pollution levels have declined since 1985, most of the Bay’s waters are degraded and are incapable of fully supporting fishing, crabbing, or recreational activities. Algal blooms fed by nutrient pollution block sunlight from reaching underwater Bay grasses and lead to low oxygen levels in the water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)