albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This also contributes to urban sprawl. Presently, the property tax on developed land generates the largest share of revenue followed by the residence tax, the value-added tax on business income, the tax on business premises and finally, the tax on underdeveloped land. There are many other fiscal instruments that could be drawn on in order to complement spatial development objectives (Table 1.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Building national capacities and international cooperation in these areas will be important. The world needs a big push—one that is public investment-led, based on international development cooperation, and capable of catalysing private sector investment and innovation so as to sustainably transform the energy system. It is recognized that the fulfilment of official development assistance (ODA) commitments is crucial. Innovative financing mechanisms can also make contributions to developing countries in respect of mobilization of additional resources for financing for development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This paper traces the progressive shift at the international level from purely voluntary approaches (corporate social responsibility or CSR) towards accountability mechanisms to ensure the environmentally sound conduct of private entities. It examines whether the most recent international discussion on human rights and corporate accountability have adequately considered environmental protection concerns. It then concentrates on the growing number of international oversight mechanisms that provide a readily-available and impartial avenue for addressing complaints against private companies for their negative environmental impacts. The paper concludes that certain key standards elaborated within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity, in particular environmental-cultural impact assessments and benefit-sharing, are increasingly referred to in the decisions of different international corporate accountability mechanisms to ensure both the protection of the environment and of human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Certainly if the ambition of the NDCs is ramped up to match the scale of action needed as per the Agreement’s 2°C objective, it will imply a transformation of the global economy on a scale unparalleled since the Industrial Revolution. This in turn will imply a massive increase in investment, trade and new technological development in fields such as energy, transportation, construction, waste management and agriculture. In the area of energy, the International Energy Agency (IEA) has built scenarios for global energy demand and investment assuming that the global community is successful in its ambition to limit anthropogenic climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In the coming decades, care for older persons will become a pressing priority for low- and middle-income countries too. Social transfers and paid leaves enable parents to take time off work for children's care. Greater public investment is needed in early childhood education and care services, long-term care services for older persons and those with disabilities, and basic infrastructure to support care work. It is within families that the young and old, the healthy and frail, develop the human capabilities that undergird vibrant economies and inclusive societies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Children who are deprived while not living in poor households, tend to be slightly older, have a head of household who is less educated and more likely to work on a farm. More than one half of these children lives in rural areas. Children who are both poor and deprived are more likely to live with a head of household who is more likely to be: female, slightly older, and less likely to have a higher education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Penang has strong public health and medical facilities, buttressed by international level private sector establishments. Private sector initiative and partnerships have contributed to medical tourism in Malaysia which, in 2006, brought in USD 59 million, with Penang attracting 70% of this revenue (Kharas et. The Penang Health Association (representing a group of private hospitals) as well as good communication and travel facilities, low cost of services and availability of good accommodation have contributed to the growth of medical tourism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Working with government agencies, employers and trade unions, the ARLs are required to undertake activities to prevent industrial accidents and occupational diseases in affiliated companies with ten or more employees. Their main focus is on physical hazards, but they also address chemical risks. Consideration should be given to how the provision of information could be extended to smaller companies, which often lack the resources and capacities to manage chemicals, even those whose hazards are well known. Another important information gap concerns the safe disposal and treatment of chemical waste from industrial and agricultural processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
As a result, the quality and sales of shea butter have risen substantially, and Coprokazan and AMP were able to continue their work, using the additional revenue they made. Farmers with access to accurate information on the use of inputs, as well as on yield results for different crops, are better positioned to take decisions on what to plant the following year. Women who are in charge of farm management can be helped to improve the smallholding's economic sustainability by using simple software, In addition, weather stations, pest traps, suitable irrigation and sensors to measure soil moisture can all help to reduce the cost and use of agricultural inputs, achieving greater environmental sustainability as a result.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The described blockchain network would provide the means to further automate and increase transparency in this verification process. In addition, emissions monitoring can be enhanced by deploying measurement hardware that is already natively connected with the blockchain layer. A similar model has already been developed in the context of self-driving cars where secure sensor data are transferred with a blockchain-link.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Large areas of about 500 000 km2 between Mumbai and Bhopal and in Gujarat are covered by thick basalt layers. If basalt is shown to be a suitable cap rock, it is estimated that this would allow storage of 300 Gt C02 (Sonde, 2007). Three of the nine sites designated so far for UMPP projects are on the coast not far from these potential storage areas.13 For inland sites relying on domestic coal, additional costs of USD 5/tC02 for transporting the C02 are expected compared to coastal sites (Mott MacDonald, 2008). Gas consumption has been rapidly growing at a rate of 8% between 1990 and 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Co-ordinated negotiation and planning process should be led by the Victorian Government within each of the five nonmetropolitan administrative regions. They should create systematic mechanisms to monitor and evaluate their activities in this area, to share good practice with the institutions and benchmark this experience with other institutions and localities. In addition they should invest in developing the skills of facilitators, i.e. those with boundary spanning roles who help create links between the tertiary education institution and other stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A National Assembly report in September noted that up to 300 trillion dong ($1 = 20,855 dong in September) would have to be injected into the struggling financial sector. In a government directive approved in February 2013 said that bad debt should be cut to below 3% of loans by 2015. In Cambodia, the monetary authority raised the reserve requirement for banks and made a commitment to safeguarding the health of the banking system by strengthening supervisory capacity and strictly enforcing prudential regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It is neither an expression of the lack of interest in the subject, nor a denial of the relevance of the concepts. The omission of these concepts in this discussion is justified by the fact that few multidimensional poverty analyses use these concepts. A discussion on subjective (child) well-being can be found in Bradshaw et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Cases of land grabbing, unfair land sales, eviction of people and so on, have led to social tensions and unrest. Women make up the majority of the agricultural labour force and are especially affected by land reforms. In fact, civic engagement, measured by citizen's participation in their communities, has actually decreased. True grassroots activities seem to still be in their infancy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Extensive forest clearing caused soil erosion and forest degradation has continued in recent years. Forest areas close to population centres became the main source of fuelwood during the winters of 1991-1993 (about SO per cent of household energy)" (UNECE, 2000). About 5% of forests are considered "primary forests" and 6.6% plantations for wood production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Already, half of all people live in urban areas. By mid-century, over two thirds of the global population will call these places home. This report focuses on the children - more than one billion and counting - who live in urban settings around the world. Cities attract and generate wealth, jobs and investment, and are therefore associated with economic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The role of pain in communication for social change has not been theorised. Yet pain is key to motivating the humanitarian concern to use communication for social change practices to influence how people live. Notions of pain are also appealed to when communication for social change practitioners develop and implement their messaging. With a bent towards scholarship and concerns of African provenance, this chapter examines the concept of pain in parallel with the related history and development of communication for social change. In doing this, a critique is offered of the dominant development paradigm, which is centred around modernity. This chapter hence calls for another way of practicing communication for the common good, by pointing out the need for rigorous consideration of the work that pain does, in view of the ways in which pain is unsharable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The constructor (usually governmental bodies or private contractors in public-private partnerships) sets out the area that will be affected by the newly constructed transport infrastructure. The affected area is determined by changes in expected future traffic volumes. Traffic volumes are calculated based on origin/destination traffic data (O/D data) measured and estimated based on the existing infrastructure for the whole country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Student Loans Company is a government-owned agency that was established in 1989 and is responsible for managing all loans and grants to students in universities and colleges in the United Kingdom. In recent years, the United Kingdom has shifted away from grants and towards income-contingent loans for students, primarily due to their lower public cost (Figure 3.1). Relative to grants, loans may also make students more responsive to market signals in their degree selection, as most students must eventually repay the money, unlike with grants. In 2015, the government announced it would end grants for students from low-income households, but would raise total financial support via income-contingent loans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The strong recovery in prices was triggered by increased demand mainly from China and oil exporting countries but also by lower supplies that contracted in some regions in response to low profitability in the previous year and weather impacts on production in the Southern hemisphere producing countries. The European Union also has been restrained in the export of dairy products from higher intervention stocks. In 2010, fundamentals indicate a recovery in demand with improved economic prospects and market confidence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
For measures where a smaller value is better (e.g. ‘adolescents reporting low life satisfaction’), ‘high performer' means a value less than the OECD mean by more than half an s.d., In both cases 'moderate performer' means a value within half an s.d. There was a difference of 10 score points between non-immigrant and immigrant children in Canada in the PISA mathematics test (Figure 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Competency to stand trial (CST) determinations require an adherence to legal adjudication standards and psychological assessments methods. However, the forensic decision making on these matters is fraught with complex and enduring dilemmas. Questions persist about the vague and ambiguous nature of the precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court case law on mental illness and competency as applied to particular defendants. In addition, the clinical evaluation procedures pose sufficient validity and reliability problems that the assessment instruments themselves have been the source of considerable consternation. As a result, the medicolegal system, on occasion, has allowed controversial and profoundly disturbed mental health defendants to pro se their cases (e.g., Colin Ferguson) and/or has rendered questionable psychological screenings for high-profile CST cases (e.g., Theodore Kaczynski). In this article, the authors revisit the legal and psychological pitfalls attributable to the CST determination. They examin...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Besides, the agricultural region is expanding to the north, and thus the arid steppe zone of eastern Mongolia is pushing the forest steppe zones to the north. As a result, the size of the high mountain and forest steppe zone is decreasing, and the size of the steppe and desert steppe zone is increasing. Several principal processes are likely to lead to a decline in agricultural productivity as a result of land degradation. These include reduction in effective rooting depth, loss of plant nutrients and soil organic carbon, loss of plant-available water, loss of arable land area and damage to seedlings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In some cases, the poorest households may not be able to afford access to water services. Evidence in OECD countries suggests that affordability of water charges for low-income households is a politically sensitive issue. A variety of approaches have been deployed for this purpose, most involve either direct support from the public budget (e.g. additional direct income support for consumption and/or subsidised connection fees) or cross-subsidisation through the tariff structure (e.g. increasing-block water tariffs, where those who use only a small amount of water pay very little for it while higher levels of consumption are subject to higher tariffs). A balance must be struck between economic/ environmental efficiency and equity objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Schools are characterised by process-oriented pedagogy with active participation by the students e.g. in the form of theme and project work in small groups. Folk high schools are financed through funding grants from the state, county councils and municipalities. Anyone overage 18 can join and those under 18 may be admitted as long as their municipality funds their tuition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As discussed in Chapter 2, there is scope for the NHS to play a larger role in monitoring and improving health system performance, through selective purchasing and evaluation of providers. The coverage of services reimbursed by NHS is decided based on health technology assessment, which evaluates affordability and cost efficiency for pharmaceutical goods. The scope of NHS coverage is more limited than in other OECD health systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The outcomes are promising: 32% of the participants were employed at the end of the project, 8% had returned to education and 40% had held short-term jobs. However, that the payment of related benefits has remained under the Social Insurance Agency (SIA) while the PES is in charge of job-search support has created inefficiencies. For instance, not many actions are initiated in the earlier phase of sickness absence, even though this can be very important for unemployed with mental health problems (OECD, 2012g).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The risks and costs of policy misalignments and policy incoherence are significant. The decisions made now lock-in economic and environmental performance for decades to come. The challenges were identified based on the green growth policy recommendations contained in OECD Economic Surveys, Environmental Policy Reviews, Investment Policy Reviews and Reviews of Innovation Policy - a total of 115 different publications released between 1 June 2011 and 4 February 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Programme was subject to socio-economic evaluation and strategic environmental assessment. It was approved in December 2007 and ten hydroelectric power plant locations were selected, out of the 25 potential sites initially identified. The ten plants are to be located in the basins of the Rivers Douro, Vouga, Mondego and Tejo.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Among these, the degree of elaboration varied considerably, from thorough analysis and actions linked to development policy papers (e.g. Namibia, Costa Rica) to general statements with no elaboration or proposed concrete actions. Target 14 under Aichi Strategic Goal D: “By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential services, including sendees related to water, and contribute to health, livelihoods and wellbeing, are restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and the poor and vulnerable.” Myanmar discusses the potentially harmful environmental impacts of subsidies which support poverty alleviation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Even if the need for integrated and coherent approaches to address the multiple threats to the oceans is well understood, there is no State, organization or other institution that bears the overall management responsibility for ABNJ, and the current regulation and institutional arrangements, with the exception of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), are sectoral in nature. Thus the decision by the United Nations General Assembly in resolution 69/292 to establish a preparatory committee to provide the Assembly with recommendations on the elements of a draft text of an international legally binding instrument under UNCLOS on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity of ABNJ presents an opportunity to greatly improve ocean governance. This is due in large part to the considerable practical difficulties of implementation, including the availability of suitable information and lack of analytical and scientific tools to support the process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
For some countries—mainly the Nordic and Western European countries—the situation is a reflection of a mature, generous and redistributive system of pension benefits.32 Full-career workers are covered by eamings-related public pensions and supplementary pensions from mandatory occupational schemes, while low-income workers and older people are eligible for basic or minimum pensions (OECD, 2011). Similarly, France provides a rather generous targeted (subject to a means test) minimum income to older persons aged 65 years or over via an old-age assistance programme, the “minimum vieillesse". Accessed in September 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The water crisis in south-eastern Brazil (Section 5.2) and the energy shortages resulting from it are further constraining the picking up of the economy. In 2013, tax revenue and government expenditure stood at levels slightly below the respective OECD averages (see Basic Statistics). Environmental taxes make up a minor share of total tax revenue, while fiscal revenue from hydrocarbons and mining was 2.4% of GDP in 2013 (OECD, 2015c) (Chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Like the index of dissimilarity, the index of isolation ranges from 0 to 1, with 1 being the highest level of segregation possible. Both the index of dissimilarity and the index of isolation are based on the definition of relevant groups, which is left up to the judgement of the researcher (Watson, 2009). This study has defined two groups: poor (pupils belonging to the first per capita family income quintile) and non-poor (all other students). The centile gap is not based on the definition of groups but uses income information to calculate the average percentile differences between those attending each organizational unit and the median percentile in each. If students were perfectly integrated by income across State and private schools, the index would take the value 0. At the other extreme, if students were perfectly segregated, the index would take the value 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In terms of environmental protection and sustainable use of ecosystem services, there is substantial sub-regional variation in the Nordic region. Attention should be given to different political and economic historical developments within and across the Nordic region. Differences in terms of economic and political development offer opportunity to transfer lessons between countries and subnational levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These measures are needed to provide incentives to farmers for implementing voluntary measures that are beneficial for nature protection but that may affect agricultural production. Regarding seeds and genetic resources, Croatia has been following OECD and FAO advice on the use of plant species. Effectively, GMOs cannot be planted, not even for testing purposes, and GMO products cannot be sold in the countiy (0.2 per cent of GMO content in a product is the maximum allowed).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In such an economy, the value of cr is critical to the potential for long run growth in this economy. If firms and households can take advantage of the increasingly abundant capital to invest in water-saving or reuse technologies, and if these technologies are sufficiently effective, then growth will proceed apace. This is indicative of an economy with a large value of a. Indeed, provided <j>\, even in the absence of water-saving technological change, the share of water in GDP will diminish over time as the economy becomes more and more water-efficient through capital-water substitution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It reflects changes in total production of goods and services. It is a powerful summary indicator of economic development, even though it does not account for social and environmental cost of production and consumption. It is obtained by calculating gross capital formation as percentage of gross domestic product.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Focusing only on cost-effectiveness could also lead to the concentration of financing into regions that could attract financing at market-rate terms, which could lead to crowding-out as opposed to mobilising and crowding-in private capital. The broader concept of value for money is inherently subjective (e.g. whose values apply?), At a basic level, being able to assess and track the effectiveness of climate finance interventions assumes that the climate finance associated with these interventions is itself being tracked in a comprehensive manner, which is not always the case (e.g. see Clapp et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)