albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Diabetes causes more work-loss days. Evidence on US data shows that diabetes increases the number of work-loss days by 2 days per year in women (Tunceli et al, 2005), and up to 3.2 days within a 2-week period for diabetes with complications (Ng et al, 2001). Whereas a US study showed that from 1992 to 2000, diabetes was responsible for $4.4 billion in lost income due to early retirement (Vijan et al, 2009), another US study failed to find evidence for a causal relationship between diabetes and the age of full retirement (Dwyer et al., Cancer has a negative impact on employment probability, worked hours, and work absence. The strength of the effect of cancer on labour market outcomes depends on individual characteristics and disease characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the LDC group, value added per worker is higher in Asian LDCs (S338) than in African LDCs (3276) (see chart 20C). However, during the period 1993-2011, what is particularly striking is the rapid rise in agricultural labour productivity in Asian LDCs (up around 79 per cent). In African LDCs, by contrast, productivity levels have been stagnant (up only 1 per cent), and in island LDCs these levels actually declined by 5 per cent over the same period. Labour per worker data are based on constant 2005 dollars.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, there was little evidence of rigorous implementation of the Niger Delta Regional Development Plan. Throughout the 2000s, Nigeria consistently ranked among the world’s bottom 25 per cent, according to Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index. It also tops the list of countries with the highest levels of capital flight in Africa (Ndikumana et al., The Government sought to tackle corruption through the establishment of an Independent Presidential Committee to investigate bad governance charges at the Niger Delta Development Commission, resulting in the uncovering of the diversion of resources related to Government contracts (Government of Nigeria, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Based on a survey of business leaders, the World Economic Forum in 2016 predicted that by 2020, over a third of the core skill sets in most occupations will involve skills that were not considered crucial at the time of the survey. Demand will grow more for social skills, such as persuasion, emotional intelligence and teaching, than for narrow technical skills, such as programming or operating and controlling equipment. This does not mean that technical skills will not be needed, but that they will have to be complemented by social and collaboration skills. On the one hand, automation is likely to make complex problem-solving less necessary in industries that are heavily technical today. On the other hand, problem-solving will gain importance in industries that are expected to become more complex and analytical. The World Economic Forum survey highlights a number of underused but promising approaches to handling the impact on jobs of technological developments, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotics, nanotechnology and 3D printing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Municipalities receive funding according to a formula that balances the proportion of population and its socio-economic status, they decide democratically how to distribute funding across different areas, including education. Private institutions also receive public funding (with enrolment of 5% or less of primary and lower secondary students and 18% of upper secondary students). Pre-primary and basic education funding is included in statutory government transfers to basic municipal services, and the municipality can decide how funding is allocated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Springer New York, New York. Perspectives on Labour Economics/or Development, International Labour Office, Geneva. It starts with an overview of the macroeconomic environment and recent socio-economic development the country has experienced. Subsequent sections provide the immigration context in a historical perspective and discuss South African attitudes towards migration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The report looked at the impact of mobile data apps across eight developing countries finding that 88% of users had already accessed the Internet before using a zero-rated plan. It also noted that the plans allow most users to remain online rather than get online for the first time. This seems to be confirmed by users in Angola that have been getting around the walled garden of zero rated services by planting hidden videos and music in Wikipedia articles that can be shared with others (Box 4-5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The examples of the United States (section 7.10), Finland (section 7.11), and Switzerland (section 7.12) discuss survey issues summarised below. The last example of Mexico (section 7.13) provides experience with connections between satellite accounts. United States, Finland and Switzerland provide a number of country-specific examples regarding the collection of time-use information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Lack of resources to pay for health care or lack of health insurance appeared to be the biggest barrier to seeking immediate health care for sick children. In order to know the exact quantity and quality of food intake, each spoonful of food the child ate would have to be weighed, just before it entered their mouth. Since this practice is not feasible for most studies, we proxy the quality of food intake by looking at the different food groups proposed by WHO (WHO, 2010) - all based on 24 hours recall of the main caregiver of the child: consumption of iron-rich foods, consumption of grains, roots and tubers, consumption of dairy products, consumption of vitamin A -rich fruits and vegetables, and consumption of other fruits and vegetables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Lower plants (including fungi) and invertebrates have also been studied intensively. A number of species are found only in Kyrgyzstan. These endemic species and subspecies include over 200 plant species, around 3,240 invertebrate species, including 2,760 endemic insects and 17 vertebrate species, as well as a further 47 subendemic vertebrates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They have undertaken advocacy and awareness-raising activities among working people on issues related to gender equality. Some CSOs have also engaged in research and awareness-raising activities to enhance women's knowledge of their rights. In the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the General Federation of Trade Unions of Korea undertakes advocacy and awareness-raising activities among workers on issues related to gender equality, and ensures that women's rights are guaranteed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Surveys of migrant workers in the Pearl RiverDelta before and after the law took effect suggest that the law has been effective in improving working conditions (Li, 2011). Rather, data for formal urban enterprises from the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security are combined with data for other manufacturing units (i.e. town and village enterprise (TVE)) from the Ministry' of Agriculture. This evidence shows that although workers in manufacturing are earning more than ever before, the average hourly compensation was only $1.36 in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The IMF also suggested that simultaneous budget deficit cuts in many countries were likely to have a cumulatively adverse effect. In the World Economic Outlook 2012, the IMF acknowledged serious underestimation of the values of multipliers at the time, hence, the actual adverse output and employment impacts are likely to have been much larger—as is clear from more recent evidence cited earlier. Hence the potential longer-mn benefits of fiscal consolidation must be balanced against the short- and medium-run adverse impacts on growth and jobs.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
More than half of the world population has no access to social protection, perpetuating high levels of subsistence activities. These imbalances push the targets of eradicating poverty and creating decent jobs for all further from reach. Inadequate income growth also poses risks to many of the other Sustainable Development Goals, as countries strive to alleviate infrastructure bottlenecks, improve health, upgrade human capital and broaden opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As a result, Denmark has the highest penetration among EU countries of ICT in health care (see Section S.3). Since diagnostic assessment within 30 days of referral is guaranteed by law, private practitioners may also receive patients referred from public sector providers and paid for by specific agreements with the regions (see Section 5.2). Group 2 classificaton enables tiee (Twice of GP and Gee access 10 specialists without referral but requires a co-payment The region subsidises expenses for Group 2 patients up to the cost of the corresponding treatment for a patient in Group 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Quality standards should set out the expected outcomes of workplace training in terms of competences. A study of the quality of internships (stages) in Flanders found that the content of internships was key to their success (Ruelens et al., In line with studies from other countries (Gruber, Mandl and Oberholzner, 2008, Robertson et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The world increased the use of natural resources by at least 34 billion tons total domestic material consumption (DMC) between 2000 and 2017. In developing countries, 40 per cent of losses occur at post-harvest and processing levels, while in industrialized countries more than 40 per cent of losses happen at retail and consumer levels. The latest data show per capita food losses in Africa, excluding North Africa, amount to about 230 kg per person, much of which occurs in the process of production to retailing (figure 4.9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The Research Institute of Soil Sciences and Agrochemistry developed methodological guidance for monitoring land in Uzbekistan in 2000. It is implementing an extensive state programme aimed at describing all soil parameters at selected (“dominant”) plots throughout the country. By early 2009, studies had been completed in eight regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Generally, more weight is given to strict protection areas. A similar mechanism, based on the redistribution of income-related federal taxes to the states based on protected areas, has been under discussion in Congress for years. For some municipalities with high protected area coverage, the revenue from ICMS-E amounts to a significant share of the municipal budget.12 It is possible, though not necessary, to use the ICMS-E revenue to finance expenditure in protected areas or for environmental purposes more generally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This paper examines whether state governments perform systematically less environmental enforcement of facilities in communities with higher minority and low-income populations. Although this is an important claim made by environmental justice advocates, it has received little attention in the scholarly literature. Specifically, I analyze state regulatory enforcement of three U.S. pollution control laws—the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act—over the period 1985–2000. To test for disparities in enforcement, I estimate a series of count models and find strong evidence across each of the three environmental laws that states perform less enforcement in poor counties, but little evidence of race-based inequities. © 2009 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Following their concerns that physicians across the Japanese health system were not able to identify signs of psychological distress which could help reduce suicide, the Japanese Medical Association reports that they began sharing information and guidance on depression with all doctors, first in 2004 and then again in 2009. At present, only indicators on the rate of seclusion and restraint, and involuntary admission, are collected by providers and at a Prefectural level. Systematically collected information on the mental health care system is limited to structural indicators - facilities, staff numbers, bed numbers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In some countries, improvements in access to and Ihe quality of education for individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds have weakened the relationship between socio-economic background and skills proficiency among younger adults. In others, the ways in which skills are developed and used later in life may reinforce initial social disparities. For example, in some contexts access to school may be closely related to social background while subsequent skills development may primarily reflect an individual's ability, irrespective of his or her social background.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Work in these situations and the work-human development link take on different dimensions in such exceptional states of emergency. With increasing degrees of violence, human priorities change in the sense that survival and physical integrity of the self and family members become higher priorities than economic needs. Work can help with peace building, and unemployment, when overlapping with other social discontent, can be destabilizing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Careers New Zealand provides career support and guidance services for individuals and schools, and schools employ specialist career advisers. Still, a slightly smaller share of 25-34 year-olds in New Zealand (80%) has attained upper secondary education compared to the OECD average of 82% (see Figure 2). The government indicates lower and Pasifika students’ academic performance and completion rates in NCEA level 3. Completing this level can help prepare youth for employment or further learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Studies on benefit take-up regularly find non-take-up rates in the order of 40% or more, indicating a significant combined deterrent effect of the various barriers. ( Since SA benefits are meant to alleviate poverty but are often not taken up, it is useful to take a closer look at the fraction of poor people that these benefits reach. To illustrate orders of magnitude, Figure 2 combines administrative data on benefit recipients with survey-based totals of the number of income-poor households. The resulting proportions are ‘pseudo coverage rates’, in the sense that they express the relative sizes of two groups that overlap only partially (some non-poor households may receive SA benefits).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
With a remarkable literacy rate exceeding 85%, Cabo Verde has the foundation for an economic lift-off driven by a robust urban population with skills for a competitive private sector. The country’s urban renewal can therefore be an important driver of structural transformation in the years ahead. The region is facing persistent pockets of insecurity at its northern and eastern borders because of the threat of Boko Haram and the crisis in the Central African Republic. Cameroon's growth in 2015 has been estimated at a solid 5.7%, led mainly by the secondary sector, which grew by 8.4%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Second, the combination of relatively high minimum wages, taxes on labour and dismissal costs discourages employers from hiring inexperienced youth. Finally, despite some recent initiatives, labour market measures available at the public employment service for unemployed youth are not subject to the mutual-obligations principle and their effectiveness is unknown. The Papandreou government is proposing to cut social security contributions for each new employee aged 30 or younger hired by an SME, provided the firm does not fire any worker to take advantage of the subsidies. The subsidies would last four years and would amount to 100% of social security contributions for the first year, 75% for the second year, 50% for the third year and 25% for the fourth year. The government also plans to introduce a 5-year tax exemption for small businesses owned by young people in rural and semi-rural regions. In addition, an overhaul of work-experience programmes is envisaged so that the new programmes are six-month long, focused on practical learning, limited to the private sector, offered only once per beneficiary and targeted on post-secondary graduates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The modern empirical legal studies movement has well-known antecedents in the law and society and law and economics traditions of the latter half of the 20th century. Less well known is the body of empirical research on legal phenomena from the period prior to World War II. This paper is an extensive bibliographic essay that surveys the English language empirical legal research from approximately 1940 and earlier. The essay is arranged around the themes in the research: criminal justice, civil justice (general studies of civil litigation, auto accident litigation and compensation, divorce, small claims, jurisdiction and procedure, civil juries), debt and bankruptcy, banking, appellate courts, legal needs, legal profession (including legal education), and judicial staffing and selection. Accompanying the essay is an extensive bibliography of research articles, books, and reports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
First, some government planning, yes, but State socialism, no. Second, even when it comes to planning, it has to be based on a vision that all shall eventually receive an equal chance of good education, which would appear to be both far better ethically grounded and far less ambitious than the vision (if there was one) that guided past central planning under State socialism (where people were supposed to live the lives that were planned for them). Market fundamentalists may view all this as gibberish.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Updated in 2010, this policy targets'nearly zero energy buildings'in 2020, by MEPS for buildings and certification of building energy performance. Building codes and Labelling emphasizes market preparation activities, an increased focus on code requirements for building retrofit projects, better efforts to track actual building performance, improved third party inspection and enforcement, measures to minimize peak electrical demand as well as building thermal energy, measures to encourage better design as well as prescriptive and performance measures, better enabling of new technologies, http://aperc.ieej. Minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) for buildings in Denmark are at a relatively high level and keep being regularly tightened and can be considered as an example of good practice.. Furthermore, future standards are defined well in advance making the transition easier.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These incentives encourage the use of private vehicles, which can potentially offset technical efficiency gains, as shown by increases in the passenger vehicle transport volume and motorisation rate, which have remained steadily coupled. Experience in other countries shows that increased purchases of more fuel-efficient vehicles generally result from increasing fuel prices (Schweinfurth, 2009). The Portuguese ten-year car scrapping programme has now exhausted its stimulus potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Austria has experienced shortcomings in the recruitment of high-profile academics, the provision of internationally competitive career prospects and is in need of a governance and funding system that can better respond to changing demands and raise quality in teaching and research. A number of initiatives have recently been taken in the area of career development and recruitment in HEIs (e .g. An Austrian research excellence initiative should strengthen competitive funding for basic research and address pertinent issues such as the retention of established researchers in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The number of judicial review challenges in Hong Kong has grown rapidly in recent years, following Hong Kong’s reversion to Chinese sovereignty. Judicial review has also become an alternative means to initiate and back up political bargaining, and even to extend the political arena for agenda-setting. This article examines the role and implications of judicial review from public administration and policymaking perspectives, focusing on the two critical issues of “the politicisation of the judiciary” and “the judicialisation of politics and public policy”. It finds that the courts have been trying not to involve political arguments in judicial review. Their adjudication is still based on the legality issues rather than various political preferences, with most rulings essentially maintaining the status quo or government position.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
All regression models include education, experience, period fixed effects and a full set of two-way interactions. It takes into account the educational attainment of foreign-bom and native-born workers, the sectors in which they work and their wages. The last part of the chapter discusses some of the issues involved in assessing the economic contribution of immigrant labour based on a computable general equilibrium econometric model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This article reviews and synthesizes diverse streams of literature to assess the potential of deliberative democracy for American public administration. It asserts that the field should refocus its attention on the role of citizens in the work of government to help address the pervasive citizenship and democratic deficits in the United States. American public administration has an obligation to address these deficits because (a) it is required to do so by democratic ethos, (b) it has contributed to the deficits with its widespread embrace of bureaucratic ethos, and (c) it must find ways to effectively engage citizens within modern network and collaborative governance structures. This article identifies deliberative democracy as one potential method to help fulfill these obligations and explains how deliberative processes may help address the deficit problems. The article concludes by identifying a preliminary research agenda for exploring the potential of deliberative democracy for public administration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This includes the creation, in collaboration with leading United States institutions, of three major programmes aimed at development of molecular diagnostics: the Integrated BioBank of Luxembourg, the Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, and a pilot programme to find and validate biomarkers for use in disease management and therapeutic follow-up in lung cancer. In 2010 these and a number of other research programmes were brought together to create the Personalized Medicine Consortium to co-ordinate and support research in the areas of cancer, type 2 diabetes and Parkinson’s disease. Respondents also mentioned that commercial development in the area of molecular diagnostics is also promoted through the Luxembourg BioHealth Cluster.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
At first sight, this result seems counterintuitive, as one would expect an inequality-reducing rather than an inequality-increasing impact of an equalising transfer system. However, it should be kept in mind that regional transfers, as opposed to individual transfers, are not directly targeted at reducing interpersonal income inequality. Instead, their central purpose is to reduce fiscal disparities between jurisdictions, which in turn may have an indirect impact on household income inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)