albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Other than rape and sexual abuse, it has also been found that women representatives who are efficient often attract slanderous allegations of sexual liaisons. In many states there have even been attempts to intimidate women into withdrawing from the election by insinuations of affairs with men. Violence against women representatives is, of course, generally worse when they also happen to be members of the scheduled castes or tribes. Gundiyabai Ahirwar, the dalit Sarpanch of Pipra village in Tikamgarh district of Madhya Pradesh, was prevented from performing a ceremonial duty - hoisting the national flag in her village on Independence Day - because the Yadav (a backward caste) majority in the village thought that a dalit would pollute the national flag by touching it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nevertheless, as a concrete response to real problems, nuclear is now being viewed more dispassionately and judged on its merits as a solution to questions of security of supply, cost stability and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. London, United Kingdom, www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english. Report prepared for DG Environment of the European Commission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It raisied the minimum marriage age for women, removing the husband’s ability to deny a wife permission to work outside the home, and required both spouses' consent to administer marital property. The Ethiopian case shows how reforms giving women more rights have a measurable impact on employment. Their participation in occupations that require work outside the home, full-time hours, and higher skills rose more where the reform had been enacted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Background  This study examines President Trump's misleading language in the area of health care. According to 'The Washington Post', President Trump has made over 10 000 misleading or false statements about public policy.  Methods  We use content analysis to examine the 662 health-related statements made over the period from his inauguration on 20 January 2017 to 27 April 2019.  Results  Analysis of these statements identified seven themes, and we also found that a plurality of the statements spreads false information about the Affordable Care Act or Obamacare.  Discussion  President Trump's misleading statements about health care are unprecedented and potentially damaging to public health. The communications may adversely affect the public's knowledge about their health care, their understanding of the health care system and their understanding of health care procedures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the early 1980s, the official urban poverty rate was about 2 per cent and the total urban poor population was 4 million. This decreased to about one million in 1989 according to official estimates, though unofficial estimates are much higher. For example, according to a 1994 survey by the Social Survey Centre of the Peoples University, there were then about 50 million impoverished urban residents (Hong Dayong, 1997). The number would be even larger if the estimate were to be based on the actual place of residence of individuals, rather than their registered permanent residence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This article reports progress since the original publication of the Frontlines of Medicine Project. This project is a collaborative effort of emergency medicine (including emergency medical services and clinical toxicology), public health, other government agencies involved in health care and preparedness, law enforcement, and informatics to develop nonproprietary, standardized methods for reporting emergency department patient data. These data may be used for a variety of public health or clinical care initiatives, including syndromic surveillance for chemical and biological terrorism. This article reviews the outcome of the Project meeting in April 2002. Also, the article describes a Delphi Survey process to define the data elements in a triage surveillance report and to define a set of codified values for the chief complaint data element. An initial retrospective validation of the codified chief complaint values is provided, and prospective study of the proposed Frontlines' standards is encouraged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Moreover, public investment in these areas is a precondition for private investment in agriculture and stimulates the latter (Zepeda, 2001). The “soft” (institutional) infrastructure and public policies also contribute to fostering or hindering the growth of the sector’s productivity. In some cases reforms in pricing policy or the marketing system may have changed the incentive structure and helped boost productivity growth. In African LDCs and Haiti, and in Asian LDCs, it corresponds to just 15 per cent and 33 per cent, respectively, of the level of ODCs (chart 2.11).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Source: Portuguese Environment Agency. The CECAC recently launched an innovative emissions monitoring and forecasting website (www.cumprirquioto.pt). Monitoring indicates that the implementation of some measures has outperformed expectations, for example in the case of the promotion of electricity generation from renewable energy sources and the reduction of electricity consumption by about 1000 GWh by 2010 (Table 5.6). The vehicle scrapping incentive programme has also been more successful than anticipated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is particularly crucial for national governments to empower local governments by providing adequate financial resources, legal and fiscal autonomy and by supporting local skill development, given their important role in the NUP processes. With clearer information on common implementation gaps, and the policy instruments that are available to address them, policy makers could better predict these gaps and undertake capacity building activities. As Table 7.1 illustrates, many of the SDGs have an evident urban dimension and cannot be achieved without being addressed in urban areas, making NUPs an important implementation and monitoring instrument. As an overarching process, the national urban policy will be able to anchor and influence many dimensions of sustainable development, such as air pollution control and regulation" (United Nations, 2016a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The agreement provides a framework that combines cost containment with measures to support innovation (European Commission, 2016). It is participating in the new BeNeLuxA (with the Netherlands. Luxembourg and Austria) collaboration on joint HTA, horizon scanning, information exchange and pricing/reimbursement negotiation for new medicines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Syed Nazakat is a special correspondent for the news magazine, The Week, in Delhi. He has reported on politics, defence, security, terrorism and human rights issues in 17 countries. Nazakat has won numerous national journalism awards for his investigative stories on India’s secret torture chambers, India’s rendition programme in Nepal, arms trafficking in Bangladesh and an insider report on the Al-Qaeda rehabilitation camp in Saudi Arabia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Of these, (Table 1.18) professors comprise 11.4%, associate professors 24%, senior lecturers, constituting the bulk with 729 or 52.8%, and lecturers numbering 163 or only 11.8% of total academic staff. Lecturers with PhDs are promoted after three years and the effect of this service regulation has served to increase the number of Senior Lecturers. However, non-academic staff (Table 1.20) increased from 3 921 to 7 317 over the same period giving in 2009 a proportion of 20.7% academic staff to a surprising 79.3% of non-academic staff in 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
We examine the Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) launched in Ontario, Canada’s most populous province. Using corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis, we explore the dominant discourses that emerge in a genre chain produced by the Government of Ontario, including the initial 2008 PRS, annual reports and the 2014–2019 recontextualised PRS. Six key discourses surfaced: social exclusion, social inclusion, economic benefit or social investment, expert knowledge, community engagement and requisites for the PRS’ success – typically involving investments from the federal government and a favourable economic climate. No discourse of human rights, or of the rights to food, housing and an adequate standard of living is present in the PRS texts, absolving the government from its responsibility to ensure these rights. Without the accountability mechanisms attached to a rights-based approach, the PRS has little chance of ‘breaking the cycle’ of poverty, and will not likely ‘realise its potential’ to do so.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter examines the Supreme Court’s “precedent about precedent”—its doctrine regarding whether and when the Court may overturn its own prior constitutional decisions. Due largely to the influence of Justice Louis Brandeis in the early twentieth century, the role of stare decisis in the Court’s constitutional cases transformed from that of a vague common-law maxim to the status of contested doctrine. Using graphical “opinion maps” to trace the evolution of the Court’s case law on stare decisis, the author illustrates the division of stare decisis doctrine into two competing traditions: a “weak” tradition that allows overruling based on the supposedly faulty reasoning of a prior decision, and a “strong” tradition that demands some independent, non-merits-based justification for overruling. The author demonstrates that individual Justices frequently have aligned themselves with both traditions across different cases, and suggests that the force of the Court’s “precedent about precedent” is more rhetorical than constraining.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
A majority of the population speaks Kalaallisut (West Greenlandic), which has led to its status as the official "Greenlandic" language. Hunting and fishing have always been an important aspect of the Greenland Inuit culture, and most Greenlanders still hunt at least part-time to supplement their diet. Greenlandic social anthropologist Aviaja Egede Lynge has stated: "We have always been taught that we were one of the best colonies in the world. And why should we have a reason to ask questions about 250 years of colonial presence?"111 Today, Greenland has achieved greater self-determination with the home rule, however, Greenlanders still feel ruled by Denmark. Despite the fact that the members of the home rule government are native Greenlanders, most leading positions are still in the hands of the Danish population who have strong influences on decision-making processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Work Capability Assessment (WCA) was introduced in October 2008 to assess the condition of people on Employment and Support Allowance, which provides financial support for those unable to work because of illness or disability. Reassessing existing claimants according to new criteria is exceptional in an OECD context (OECD, 2010b). The WCA has been very controversial. The British Medical Association called for scrapping the scheme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The largest cost components of the bill are the sewage and wastewater levies. This includes a water pollution levy and is the approximate average for the category "residents” or “households”. The OECD survey referred to above suggests that the Netherlands compares well with countries that recover costs from revenues through w'ater bills (e.g. Belgium-Wallonia and Flanders, England and Wales, France, Sweden, Switzerland). This figure initially increased from 109 litres in 1970 to a peak of 149 litres in 1990, but subsequently declined (CBS, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It produces publications, posters and videos related to occupational and environmental safety of chemicals. It also organises training and educational events. The Information Centre on Safety of Chemical Products (CISPROQUIM), also supported by industry, has telephone contact lines to provide information in case of chemical emergencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
What is missing is a system-wide long term public-private partnership to improve access and success in education. The University of the Free State is a broad-based university which recently under the leadership of Vice Chancellor Jonathan Jansen has embarked on a road of institutional transformation “to become a world-class, engaged university of excellence and innovation”, and “an equitable, diverse, non-racial, nonsexist, multicultural, multilingual university where everyone will experience a sense of belonging and achievement”. The Central University of Technology has under the leadership of Thandwa Mthembu undergone a thorough institutional transformation which has involved extending its career-focused education and training mandate into applied R&D. It aims to become an “engaged university that focuses on producing quality social and technological innovations in socio-economic developments, primarily in the Central region of South Africa” (see Box 2.1.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For instance, according to Eurobarometer data, half of Latvian workers who report carrying out undeclared work state that a reason for doing so is that both parties benefit from such an arrangement (European Commission, 2014b). Since opportunities for employers and employees to collude do exist, balanced and credible legal consequences for both employers and workers should become part of the strategy to make misreporting and evasion less attractive and less socially acceptable. Financial and legal consequences can also be tailored to the type of misreporting (for instance, fines should not apply to employees working unpaid overtime).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
William Frantz Public School (WFPS) in New Orleans, Louisiana, played a significant role in the story of desegregation in public K-12 education in the United States.  This story began in 1960 when first-grader, Ruby Bridges, surrounded by federal marshals, climbed the steps to enroll as the school’s first Black student. Yet many subsequent stories unfolded within WFPS and offer an opportunity to open the discourse regarding systemic questions facing present-day United States public education - racial integration, accountability, and increasing support for charter schools. In this article, these stories are told first in the context of WFPS and then are connected to parallels found in other schools in New Orleans as well as other urban areas in the United States.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article contributes to recent debates about public sociology by considering the potential harmful consequences of seeking legitimacy for committed scholarship within academic institutions. After discussing public scholarship's place within the corporate university, we reflect on how institutionalizing “scholarship with commitment” might create routine practices and standardized expectations that could discourage organic interactions with various publics. Feminism's role in the academy exemplifies the consequences of institutionalizing committed scholarship. Drawing on insights from feminist and symbolic interactionist traditions and writing from a Canadian perspective, we discuss promising strategies for resisting the stagnation and/or habitualization of public and committed scholarship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As the global community is defining the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the post-2015 era, it takes stock and draws lessons from policy experiences around the world to chart a forward-looking agenda for action. This Report draws on experiences, evidence and analysis from diverse national and regional contexts to answer this question. It reviews women's gains in obtaining equality before the law, access to education and other social services, in increasing their visibility as political actors, in participation in paid work and its benefits, and in increased public recognition of the scale and severity of the violence they experience. But it also asks why progress in ensuring women's practical enjoyment of a range of economic and social rights has been so slow and uneven across countries and between social groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Much of Chinas health care success took place between 1950 and 1980, when the government established a three-level system of village clinics, township health centres and county hospitals in rural areas and health centres and district hospitals in urban areas. Since the 1980s, however, the health sector has been driven by a fee-for-service model. As a result, while Chinas overall health status has continued to improve, disparities have grown between the eastern and western provinces and between rural and urban areas. In many parts of the country quality health care has become unaffordable for the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The computational models we build can help us deepen our understanding infrastructure systems. This requires experts to make a series of reasonable assumptions to fill unanticipated 'specificity gaps'. Using such models or even the best Al algorithms should therefore always be tempered with human understanding and knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However, seizing these low-hanging fruit opportunities has exacerbated the urban-rural divide with respect to access to electricity. In all developing regions, electrification rates are significantly lower in rural areas. In sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, while 58.3 per cent of people living in cities have access to electricity, only 8 per cent of those living in rural areas have similar access (table 1). One of the most commonly cited successful electrification programmes is that of China, which has reached a rate of more than 98 per cent in less than two decades (1985-2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They peaked in 2009, when almost exactly one in two migrants was a woman, but then steadily declined to stand at 46% in 2015 (Figure 21.1, estimates based on provisional and partial data). Women are part of all of these migration categories, but are more likely to be overrepresented in family migration. Women’s migration to the OECD consequently reached its highest point in 2009, when the employment inflow was relatively low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
First, they are responsible for conducting peer interviews with the teachers being evaluated. Second, they form part of the respective Municipal Evaluation Commission. Peer evaluators receive protocols for conducting the interviews. The CPEIP determines the criteria to select peer evaluators as well as the number of peer evaluators needed each year. Each peer evaluator conducts interviews with about 12 teachers on average per year. Assessment Centres function according to detailed terms of reference established by the Docentemas team.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Each of the articles included in this special issue of the Journal of Language and Sexuality asks us to imagine queer im/migration, asylum and sexual citizenship in multiple dimensions and to probe the discursive operations that establish the parameters of sexual subjectivity. This review article argues that these processes are illustrative of “sexual adjudication:” the discursive coordinates, legal logics and linguistic sensibilities that produce the category of the sexual migrant, the sexual refugee and the sexual asylum seeker. The discussions featured here engage questions of how sexual epistemics work in both sending and receiving countries, as well as the role of borders in constituting narratives of sexual subjectivity. In addition to analyzing the theoretical overlaps and reciprocal conversations between the articles included in the special issue, this essay provides a historical, comparative context by situating these discussions within larger theoretical and terminological questions regarding queer im/migration, asylum and subjectivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The scientific community recommends that more research is needed on the postrelease effects of transgenic crops. There is also a need for more targeted post-release monitoring and better methodologies for monitoring (ICSU, FAO, 2004). The roles and provisions of these bodies are described below. This provision goes beyond the general scope of the Convention in that it requires also that risks to human health are taken into account. Invasive alien species are considered as species introduced deliberately or unintentionally outside their natural habitats where they have the ability to establish themselves, invade, replace natives and take over the new environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Conditionality can also create opportunities for corruption, as individuals responsible for certifying that conditions have been met could demand bribes for doing so. Furthermore, some poor families may find it difficult to meet conditions owing to the lack of easily accessible health services or schools and may suffer serious consumption losses if excluded from conditional cash transfer programmes. Conditional cash transfers generally target only households with school-age children, which means that all impoverished households without school-age children will be excluded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The index will draw on publicly available data regarding physical scarcity and water quality and overlay important factors including the regulatory regime and social and reputational issues that have not previously been incorporated into water risk measurement. The index measures four areas including: access to improved drinking water and sanitation, the availability of renewable water and the reliance on external supplies, the relationship between available water and supply demands, and the water dependency of each country’s economy. To date many modelling studies have simulated the impact of mitigation strategies on annual pollutant loss as opposed to pressures during seasonal ecological windows (Collins and McGonigle, 2008). Further development of these models to improve the targeting of policies, however, needs to pinpoint specific ecological windows of opportunity (e.g. salmon spawning season) as opposed to annual loadings and their abatement (Collins and McGonigle, 2008). Environmental Science and Policy, Vol. 115A, HELCOM, Helsinki, Finland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article examines the Supreme Court of Canada’s cost-benefit analysis of freedom of conscience and religion guaranteed by s. 2(a) of the  Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms  in  Alberta v. Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony . The article finds that while the Supreme Court’s reasoning was ultimately flawed, its use of cost-benefit analysis may be a positive development in the freedom of religion framework. The article also looks at the Court’s treatment of the freedom of conscience guarantee in relation to freedom of religion. The article suggests that this treatment may foreshadow a more uniform approach to the broader freedom of conscience and religion than was provided for in previous decisions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In these areas, eligibility for hukou is dictated by a points-based system that favours long-time residents and those with high levels of education and skills. Further reforms should focus on disconnecting the eligibility for urban public services from hukou status. This may be achieved by introducing residency permits that allow the holder to access public services, while retaining a system that protects the land entitlements of migrants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Other countries may not be able to learn much from these projects when using a public-private partnership (PPP) approach and commercial financing for implementing cross-border gas pipeline projects. It is also implementing LNG regasification and storage facilities that will have a capacity of 11 MTPA by 2018. The terminal provides open access and facilities to store and re-export.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)