albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This report presents a detailed analysis of changes in both poverty and inequality since the fall of Apartheid, and the potential drivers of such developments. Use is made of national survey data from 1993, 2000 and 2008. These data show that South Africa's high aggregate level of income inequality increased between 1993 and 2008. The same is tme of inequality within each of South Africa’s four major racial groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Differences across countries are again very wide, with median wealth ranging from USD 5 600 in Finland to almost USD 39 000 in Japan and mean wealth from USD 22 000 in Finland to USD 219 000 in the United States. The highest shares of older people without wealth are found in Slovenia and Greece (around 25%), while in Finland and Luxembourg close to 100% of the elderly had some form of financial wealth. Mean financial wealth was about EUR 120 000 in the euro area’s total population in 2010, ranging from EUR 7 700 in the Slovak Republic to more than EUR 260 000 in Spain. Median wealth, however, was much lower at EUR 20 000 on average, with EUR 3 000 in the Slovak Republic at one end of the spectrum and EUR 69 000 in the Netherlands at the other. Among the countries depicted in Figure 2.21, the gender wealth gap in old age is about 46% on average.36 Countries where the gap is widest are Belgium, France, Germany, Greece and Spain (see also D’Addio et al., The x-axis sorts households by wealth deciles, while the cumulative proportion of financial wealth held by households lies along the y-axis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Over the years, much effort has been put into finding the relationship between (major) traffic violations and the chance of a crash. And although the relationships vary between crash rates and various types of violations like speeding, driving while intoxicated, ignoring red traffic lights, etc., In order to prove that violations have contributed to crashes, it should be established that those violations have contributed to the occurrence of crashes (causal relation).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
However, the reliance of dairies on dry milk imports falls the further away they are located from large urban and commercial centres. The small dairies in Table 3.9 may not be fully representative. Nearly all of the small dairies have their origin on a former kolkhoz, and many became separate enterprises during the 1990s if the livestock were all killed or transferred to households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The documents analysed included education policy documents, Ministry of Education reports and statistical bulletins, the CTRP, and studies on teacher demand and supply, teacher migration and recruitment. The interview respondents comprised key officials within the Ethiopian Ministry of Education. However, the various sources of information used in this case study ensured triangulation, and are believed to help improve the understanding of teacher mobility and migration in the Ethiopian context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Column (1) only includes the SIGI and regional dummies. Columns (2) and (3) include the complete sets of control variables (including income groups in 2000 as convergence terms, latitude, landlocked, rule of law, civil liberties, population size, trade openness, inflation, oil, natural resources, urbanisation rates, life expectancy, fertility, ethnic fractionalisation, religion, unemployment rates, gender gap in outcomes and regional dummy variables). While column (2) uses GII as a proxy for gender inequality in outcomes, column (3) uses gender gaps in education and labour force participation. The quintile regressions estimated the SIGI coefficient for the median, the lop and bottom income quartiles separately. While the reduced-form equation provides estimations of the total effect of the level of gender-based discrimination in social institutions on income per capita, with and without controls for gender inequality in outcomes, it is quite interesting to further look at the channels of transmission. For the sake of brevity only the SIGI is presented.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Ten vegetation classes that reflected grazing values and could be detected by remote sensing techniques, were defined (Arnalds & Barkarson 2003). These are wetland, "half-bog" woodland, grassland, rich heath, poor heath, moss, half vegetated, desert and cultivated. However, at least two existing systems are relevant for the description of status, and might also be useful as a basis for calculating progress of restoration if further developed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There is a lack of legislation and control of the authorities in several environmental health domains, for example, safe use of chemicals, waste management, industrial emissions, occupational health, and outdoor and indoor air quality. The TAIEX report (2013) also underlines these points. The Law was amended in 2012 by way of harmonization with EU rules.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Why then do consumers and investors shy away from paying a little more for the energy efficient alternative? Energy-saving technologies may look and outwardly perform just as inefficient ones, so consumers need help in making informed purchase decisions. Energy consumption is also deeply rooted in the economic activities in which the consumption takes place. These economic activities are, in turn, governed by embedded incentive structures, consumer behaviour, rules and regulations, infrastructure design and construction practices, investment decision making and even cultural considerations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
We call this regime time squeeze to emphasize the trade-offs between the marketization of women’s work and the consequent time pressures on human capacities production. If they are substantial enough, the time squeeze effects of higher wages completely counterbalance their positive growth effects, leading to stagnation or growth path instabilities. Growth is elusive or unstable. Growth and social reproduction reinforce one another.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A relatively large share (31 per cent) of the associations does not yet survey their members. With a view to enhancing wider availability of internationally comparable data, the IT Industry Barometer mayserveasausefulplatform(boxV.3). In the remainder of this chapter, attention is given to selected policy areas relevant to developing domestic capabilities needed in the national software system. Although the framework can be applied to countries at all levels of development, the emphasis on different parts of the software system and policy choices must be adapted to the circumstances and priorities of each country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Slovenia follows with 21.7% of cancer spending on prescribed medicines in 2006, and Korea with 12.6% of cancer care spending on prescribed drugs and 2.9% on over-the-counter medicines in 2005. They were also authorised rapidly in Switzerland, Chile, Sweden and France. For example, in the United States and Switzerland, seven out of the ten drugs were authorised before the year 2000. Some countries such as Japan, Norway and Hirkey were initially slow in authorising these drugs but caught up with the others by 2010, authorising all ten drugs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Every five years a few hundred of the less sturdy adolescents were cut, clearing area for the healthier trees to spread their roots, access moisture and sunlight, and grow in girth. Trees are like children, explains Kharel, “as they grow you need to give them more space. You give them a bed — then a bed is not enough. You give them a room — then a room is not enough. Then you give them a study-room.” After about 40 years, the last few hundred trees are felled to begin a new cycle of growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
There is also a risk that they will give rise to a corresponding fragmentation of investments in recipient countries at the expense of more systemic and holistic approaches, and that investment programmes will become driven by the priorities of funders rather than countries’ own needs and priorities. However, the limited progress made towards fulfilment of commitments in these areas in the decade since the Paris Declaration (OECD, 2005) indicate the need for an alternative approach if this is not to be a serious obstacle to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. It could greatly enhance the efficiency of the process by which the investment needs identified by each country are matched with funders’ priorities, reduce funding delays and uncertainties, lessen the administrative burden on LDCs associated with securing investment financing, and support the movement towards greater country ownership and more country-led development strategies, as envisaged in the Paris Declaration and the 2030 Agenda. It could also play an important role as an advocate, both for improved delivery on financial commitments to financial ISMs, and for improved donor coordination and harmonization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As is the case with conventional job subsidies, STW schemes confront a trade-off between cost-effectiveness, on the one hand, and scale on the other (Martin and Grubb, 2001). For example, tight eligibility requirements and relatively low subsidies can reduce deadweight and displacement effects, but are also likely to discourage take-up by some firms where it would be socially efficient. Annex 1.A1 presents an overview of the main features of these STW schemes in 22 OECD countries, organised around work-sharing requirements, eligibility requirements, conditionality requirements and generosity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Those who have no future in farming should be advised on exit strategies and those with potential would benefit from business development plans for an increased scale of operation and from advice on management practices, including risk management adapted to local conditions. Bigger farms should pay for advice service, but it should be free of charge for smallholders. Extension workers need access to new technologies and innovative agricultural research through good Internet connectivity and better upstream linkages to the R&D institutions, in particular the Assessment Institutes for Agricultural Technology (AIATs). Programmes aimed at enhancing the performance of extension services, such as the Decentralised Agricultural and Forestry Extension Project (DAFEP) and the Farmer Empowerment through Agricultural Technology and Information Project (FEATI), highlight that the private sector has been a strong co-operator and shed light on the importance of linking farmers, government and private extension services. Partnership arrangements should be encouraged to reduce the duplication of activities and better transfer private sector knowledge to farmers and extension workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Inclusion was identified by workshop participants as a critical challenge to resolve if green strategies are to appeal to, mobilise, and work for a wider range of sectors and livelihoods, and bring benefits to all types of stakeholders. The OECD has also identified inclusion as important in its preliminary work exploring developing country contexts for green growth, notably for achieving the poverty-reducing and equity-creating potentials of green growth. A second area of compatibility is the challenge of being ‘doubly green' - reducing GHGs while also ensuring other environmental benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Past reports have covered a range of aspects of schooling such as the education of Maori and Pasifika students, special education, school curricula, pedagogy and assessment, school management and the education of diverse learners. The areas investigated in the National Education Evaluation Reports reflect the government’s educational priorities as well as issues identified by those in the sector. Schools use the reports to review and improve their management, organisation, teaching, and the achievement of students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At the same time, fossil fuel-based energy systems incur relatively higher operating costs, driven by volatile fuel prices, as discussed above, which are however spread over the whole lifetime of the asset. Tenth Plenary Meeting of the Policy Dialogue on Natural Resource-based Development, 25 June 2018, Paris, www.oecd.org/dev/tenth-meeting-pd-nr-june-2018 .htm. Innovation in the battery industry has created viable solutions to the challenges related to the variability of renewable energy output, which depends on weather conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Although reforms do not seem to help women’s work, men draw more benefit (“return”) from reform of regulation in their labor participation. This seems to indicate that recent reforms of labor regulation would benefit men more than women. There would be particular effect that this new regulation has on men and that is has not on women. Social Protection Unit Discussion Paper No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
With the SMC’s well-established horizon-scanning function, Scotland is a step ahead in this respect. A 2008 evaluation of its budget impact estimates concluded that they were valued and used by NHS Boards. However, limitations in budget impact data and infonnation provided to SMC by the phannaceutical industry meant that meaningful comparisons of estimates with actual expenditure could not be made, nor the reliability of manufacturers’ estimates determined (Scottish Medicines Consortium, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Good governance lies at the heart of both the effectiveness and legitimacy of collective decision-making. In this essay, Professor Esty argues that, if the World Trade Organization (WTO) is to be successful in its designated role of promoting trade liberalization and helping to manage international economic interdependence, it needs a deeper commitment to good governance, advanced through a more refined structure of administrative rules and procedures. He identifies 14 core elements of good governance and traces how administrative law might promote each one in the WTO context. While acknowledging the difficulty of bringing administrative law to the supranational level, Esty concludes that there exists an emerging consensus around many of the underpinnings of good governance—and therefore places value in trying to build these elements in to the WTO policy-making process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The UN-REDD programme developed guidance to promote gender-sensitive processes in the preparation, implementation and monitoring of REDD+ projects and other action plans which focus on strengthening a bottom-up approach, including priority alignment to national needs and capacities (FAO/UNDP/UNEP 2013). However, mainstreaming gender in national policies, in which is often interpreted as an increased number of women participating at local level, is not sufficient to realize the full potential of women and men as agents of change at community level. Systematic gender-responsive analysis should be carried out, including information on decision-making, gender perceptions and actual gender differences in interests in, as well as needs for effective engagement of women and men in REDD+ implementation in local contexts (Eggerts 2016, Larson etal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Conversely, coal has played a relatively limited role in LDCs’ electricity generation mix, although its weight may expand somewhat as recently planned investments in new coal-based plants come online. As discussed in the next subsection, however, there is evidence of an acceleration of non-hydro renewable energy deployment in LDCs since 2014, and utility-scale plants currently under construction will increase their weight in the near future. At the 22nd Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (COP22), the Climate Vulnerable Forum (including 24 LDCs5) pledged to achieve 100 per cent renewable energy by 2050. Thus, half of the 47 LDCs — including island LDCs dependent on fossil-fuel generation as well as others with a larger share of renewable energy — consider a transition to a low-carbon power sector a strategic long-term objective. Other LDCs, such as Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mozambique and Uganda, are also experimenting with the deployment of various renewable-based generation technologies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The historical alternative of charcoal cannot be used in modern blast furnaces, and even if it could be used in some form, about 3.5 Gt of dry wood per year would be needed for pig iron smelting alone, which requires plantations that are about two thirds the size of the forests of Brazil. Similarly, there are no plant-based substitutes for hydrocarbon feedstocks (about 100 giga cubic metres (Gm3) of natural gas per year) used in making plastics and synthesizing ammonia for fertilizer production. As a result, any proposal to phase out fossil fuels requires targeted research into alternative industrial processes. For example, owing to its intermittency and need for backup capacity, the potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions that can be achieved by wind power depends almost entirely upon the existing power system to which it is added.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Various public vehicles for purchasing the equity of firms in developing countries exist, such as the CDC and the International Finance Corporation (IFC). The governments of LDCs could usefully lobby for an increased share of these portfolios. This would be timely, since World Bank President Robert Zoellick has proposed that sovereign wealth funds should set a target of investing 1 per cent of their portfolios in low-income Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As this report demonstrates, the labour market consequences of not having the skills and educational qualifications are high. However, participation rates in formal and non-formal adult education and training are generally low in many countries. In France, Italy, Poland and the Slovak Republic, for example, less than 40% participated in formal or non-formal adult education and training, according to the Survey of Adult Skills (OECD, 2013, p. 208). Participation rates of those with tertiary education are often five or ten times as high as those of the low-skilled.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2017, the estimated share of women using the Internet was 12% lower than the share of men. This gender digital divide is highest in Africa where 25% of men and only 19% of women were using the Internet in 2017. ( However, closing these digital divides require more than infrastructure investments (Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development, 2018(18]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Furthermore, Henderson (2014) argues that we do not yet know enough about the economic dynamics of urban systems to attempt to influence them, and such attempts risk a major policy error. Very large investments may therefore be needed for some smaller cities to reach this threshold (Altbeker, McKeown and Bernstein, 2012). Policies to invest in transport links between cities and improve urban-rural links have been shown to improve balanced productivity (AfDB, OECD and UNDP, 2016, UNECA, 2013). Additionally, industries with intensive use of immobile primary factors that are not heavily dependent on other firms for intermediate goods and services may prefer to locate in smaller cities—if infrastructure is improved (Henderson, Shalzi and Venables, 2001).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Tous les 26 pays de l’OCDE qui ont repondu mentionnent f amelioration de faeces au logement comme faisant partie des cinq principaux objectifs de la politique du logement. Parmi eux, 18 pays citent explicitement f amelioration de 1’accessibility financiere. Les pays de l’OCDE utilisent un large eventail d’instruments complexes pour mettre en ceuvre leur politique du logement, mais tous ces instruments ne semblent pas cadrer avec l’objectif de faciliter faeces des menages a bas revenus a un logement abordable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A good starting point would be for developing countries, particularly in Africa, to include rural electrification objectives in their national appropriate mitigation action plans (NAMAs) and in their national adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs). Renewable energy and rural electrification projects have so far been given relatively little importance in NAPAs, even though the implementation of all or most other listed priority projects requires the utilization of energy. The electrification of poor rural communities constitutes a prerequisite for poverty reduction and development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Mental illness has been long associated with denial of certain human rights, social exclusion and political disempowerment. Too often, the effects of adverse social, economic and political circumstances, along with stigma, constitute a form of ‘structural violence’, which impairs access to psychiatric and social services, and amplifies the effects of mental illness in the lives of sufferers and their families. Existing literature indicates that voting rates are low among people with mental illness and, whereas voting preferences in the mentally ill may tend towards the liberal end of the political spectrum, they do not differ dramatically from the overall population. Rates of voting could be improved by mental health service users, service providers, advocacy services and others through (a) improved awareness of voting rights, (b) provision of information, especially to inpatients, (c) assessments of voting capacity, where indicated, using standardised, well-proven tools, and (d) pro-active voter-registration programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The most important ways Greenlandic women contribute to their household. A somewhat larger part of women in the age group 25-64 see "keeping the household going" as their most important contribution. Thus, like the men in this age group, seeing themselves as providers seems more important than to the older groups - except when it comes to "keeping the household going".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
All the Sendai Framework's targets are critical for the achievement of the SDGs, whose progress in turn is key to building and strengthening resilience against disasters. Local leaders showed strong leadership and commitment under the Global Action Agenda and this links well with the global goals of SDGs and NUA targets. The SDGs offer many opportunities to develop mitigation and adaptation strategies to address climate change especially through environmentally sustainable and resilient urban development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Well spacing requirements that limit well density are also a type of zoning regulation. Zoning is commonly decided by hydrologists, geologists, or environmental engineers working for a government regulatory agency, and is thus often sensitive to local hydrologic conditions. For example, well spacing restrictions are often set explicitly on the basis of local hydrologic properties to avoid significant well interference. Thus, above aquifers with higher transmissivities and lower storativities, there are correspondingly larger well-spacing requirements (e.g. see Brozovic et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In light of recent debates on ‘public criminology’, this article chooses to focus on teaching as a way of reaching more publics. The various characteristics of a more public and engaged discipline are discussed and applied specifically to the teaching of criminology, including the relative merits and demerits of reorienting teaching in this way. Following on from this discussion, the article outlines some practical ways in which this vision can be realised. Given the many affinities between the Burawoyan concept of public ‘-ologies’ and the scholarship of learning and teaching, an argument is advanced for teaching as one of the first steps towards the practice of a more public criminology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)