albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In particular, where the range of outcomes is restricted (e.g. studies on specific sub-populations such as students with special educational needs), the effect size is inflated because the divisor in the calculation is smaller (Black and Wiliam, 1998a). Second, measures of educational outcomes differ greatly in their sensitivity to the effects of education and whether the measure relates directly to what students have been learning or is more remote, as with many national tests and examinations (Wiliam, 2008). Nevertheless, as a general guide, at least on standardised measures of educational achievement, effect sizes of around 0.4, which are typical in studies of feedback, indicate an increase of at least 50% in the rate of learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Women continue to represent, on average, only one-third of senior public service employees, members of parliament (including in chair positions of committees) and Supreme Court judges. By way of example, women remain disproportionally responsible for unpaid care work, with major potential to improve public, accessible and affordable child and/or elderly care. Although women are often at the losing end of structural gender inequality, cultural norms and stereotypes are simultaneously creating pressure and subsequent problems for men and boys, such as underdiagnosed mental health problems, addiction and alcohol abuse, and use of violence as a masculinity norm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Standards ensure, among other things, that products can "connect” or talk to each other. But when standards are incompatible, or when conformity procedures do not match, the cost of doing business rises, both domestically and across national borders. A growing number of trade concerns of this nature are being raised at the WTO Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Committee).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
M&E ensures development dollars are spent as efficiently as possible. M&E also provides a better means of learning from past experience, improving service delivery, planning and allocating resources, and demonstrating results. The guidance addresses performance indicators, a performance framework, and approaches to gather information such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, participatory workshops, results-based-mapping, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Median number of months of post-partum amenorrhea, postpartum abstinence, and post-partum insusceptibility by residence in VNDHS 1997 and VNDHS 2002. The People's Health Law (1989) stresses the fact that "a woman has the right to undertake induced abortion at her request, to access health-care services for checking and treating gynaecological diseases, to take prenatal and delivery care and to serve as an assistant at delivery care in health services". Abortion services, including menstrual regulation are readily available both in public and private facilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Deprivation is a largely local issue, since 56% of local authorities include at least one lower-layer super-output area amongst the 10% most deprived in England. These include all domestic regeneration programmes of the 2000 Spending Review, the Neighbourhood Renewal Fund, the Single Regeneration Budget, Neighbourhood Management and programmes to attract businesses in disadvantaged areas. The IMD also guided the location of Sure Start centres and Children’s Centres, as well as funding for the Neighbourhood Nurseries initiative and other programmes intended to support vulnerable children and families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
AbstractProfessor Ladeur argues that administrative law's postmodernism (and by extension Global Administrative Law) necessitates that we move beyond relying on ideas of delegation, accountability and legitimacy. Global Governance, particularly Global Administrative Law and Global Constitutionalism, should try to adapt and experiment with the changing nature of the postmodern legality and support the creation of norms that will adapt to the complexities of globalisation. Ladeur's contestation, similar to GAL's propositions, can be challenged. By taking the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, a significant contributor to the field of international criminal law, as an example, it is suggested that the creation of networks that Ladeur makes visible may not account for ‘regulatory capture’. This paper will argue that from the outside, the proliferation of networks may suggest that spontaneous accountability is possible. A closer look, however, drawing on anthropological insights from the ICTR, reveals...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The second National Environmental Action Programme 2012-2016 (NEAP-2) underlines the impact of environmental degradation on health, but no specific actions are given to better understand the health impact. The main goal of the action plan and governmental programme is the promotion of health quality in the Georgian population by reducing tobacco consumption and protecting the population from passive smoking. The NCDCPH develops national standards and guidelines, promotes the improvement of public health, participates in the development of public health policy, carries out epidemiological surveillance, the immunization programme, laboratory diagnostic and surveillance activities, responds to public health emergencies, and produces health statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In such cases, ecosystem services and external costs decline. While the total area covered by forests and wooded land has remained roughly stable in OECD countries over the last 50 years, forest cover continues to decrease at a global level because of persistent deforestation. Worryingly, this concerns in particular the world’s most sophisticated ecosystems, tropical rainforests.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In particular, the provision of child care services is far more developed in France where, since the mid-1990s, preschool and after-school care services frequently cover - albeit imperfectly - the needs of full-time workers. Longer school days, combined with a comprehensive provision of out-of-school care services, make balancing full-time w'ork with family life much easier for many French families with school-aged children (Chapter 3). By contrast, in Germany most all-day primary schools provide no more than seven or eight hours of education and care, so most parents have to pick up their children in mid-afternoon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the same time, Table 1.1 also shows that agriculture accounts for a very large share of total withdrawals, amounting to an estimated 70% in 2010. This aggregate estimate, however, combines very different rates across countries and equally variable rates at subnational levels (Margat and van der Gun, 2013). As shown in Figure 1.1, agriculture use represents a significant portion of groundwater use (more than 45%) in at least nine OECD countries: Israel, Chile, Korea, Turkey, Australia, the United Sates, Spain, Mexico and Portugal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The frequency and intensity of school-based professional development opportunities in Kazakhstan seems to be significant. School-based teacher professional development enables the improvement of teaching practices in view of meeting the school’s needs. Teachers are aware of the learning goals pursued by their colleagues and potential areas for collaboration (through joint work in methodological associations), and such joint efforts can contribute to establishing professional learning communities in schools. Teachers must develop competencies to work as a group, adding to the social asset of schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Latin America and the Caribbean: Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, and Costa Rica. The infrastructure plans are then assessed with respect to their vision of the country’s infrastructure into the next 20-30 years, whether the plans are comprehensive or focused, which sectors are covered, and if the links to other policy objectives such as industrialization and economic diversification are clearly stated. Other aspects covered include these questions: Is there a clearly designated centralized decision-making unit or agency?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This approach could be adopted at low cost by using existing datasets to reveal new or confirm existing insights. Build on relational mapping of poverty, environment and agriculture in the collaborative management of landscapes and territories. Capacity development is considered to be a continuous cycle that includes accepting the need for change, diagnosing capacity needs, setting targets, designing and implementing capacity development strategies, and monitoring and evaluating outcomes to adjust the strategy (OECD, 2009). This cycle requires the fostering of collaboration, teamwork, and consensus among stakeholders, and ongoing assessments to glean learning from experiences to more rapidly achieve learning outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This effect is not seen in any of the other regions or countries included in this analysis. Also to be borne in mind is how well-being can be negatively impacted by the need to take on the role of provider and caregiver at a very early age without adequate support for shouldering these responsibilities. This is seen in the low levels of life satisfaction among 17-to-29-year-olds in Latin America with children and without a partner.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In an article on Max Horkheimer entitled ‘Critical Theory and Political Economy’, Moishe Postone and Barbara Brick argue that:   In Marx’s mature theory, the notion that labor constitutes the social world and is the source of all wealth refers to capitalist or modern society alone, and not to society in general. Moreover, his analysis does not refer to labor as it is generally and transhistorically conceived: a goal directed social activity that mediates between humans and nature, transforming material in a determinate manner. Rather Marx analyzes a peculiar role that labor purportedly plays in capitalist society alone: it mediates a new form of social interdependence… that is abstract, quasi-objective, and historically dynamic. In other words, labor in capitalism constitutes a historically specific form of social mediation that is the ultimate social ground of the basic features of modernity. (Postone and Brick 1993, pp. 247–8)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Korea has also introduced various regulatory policy instruments, including reinforced building codes, mandatory estimation of energy consumption and the submission of an energy savings plan when applying for a building permit. The government has also introduced the Eco-Friendly Building Certificate and Energy Efficiency Grading instruments to provide the housing market with information about energy efficiency. However, challenges remain in determining how to efficiently regulate energy consumption in residences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As in other countries with fund choice, switching declines with age. As of 2013, the overall switching rate was 1.6%, but the rate was 2.0% among 15 to 24 year-olds, and only 0.3% among those aged 65 and over. In addition, switching is more prevalent among low-income households, the same study found that the average income of those switching accounts was some 20% below that of those who did not. Indeed, it is interesting that, according to one survey (Gross et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In 2004, it established a joint master’s programme in hospitality management with Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. Launched in 2006, the Cornell-Nanyang Institute educates up to 50 students per class who split their time between NTU’s campus and Cornell’s campus in Ithaca, N.Y. The programme is the first joint degree programme for both institutions. The gift, the largest single gift ever made to the school and one of the largest ever in hospitality education, supports the Leland C. and Mary M. Pillsbury Institute for Hospitality Entrepreneurship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As to studies conducted in the region, Berlinsky and Galiani (2007) analysed the effect of providing free preschool centres in Argentina and concluded that this led to a significant increase in the labour supply of mothers. By contrast, studies conducted in Chile (Encina and Martinez, 2009, Medrano, 2009, Aguirre, 2011) found that expanding childcare services had no significant impact on the number of mothers in the labour force. The authors argue that various factors, including cultural aspects, as well as the characteristics of the care supply in terms of the hours it is available and application procedures, may explain this lack of impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The criteria include safeguards for indigenous peoples, gender mainstreaming and environmental and social safeguards. For example, a project just commenced in Namibia is on building resilience of communities living in landscapes threatened under climate change through an ecosystems-based adaptation approach (Project SAP006). It is hoped that this clear move towards integrated risk governance by GCF will encourage integrated project proposals from countries where disaster and climate risk have significant overlaps, either generally or in specific regions or sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The goal is to leave in place the flexibility of a diffused governmental organization, while maintaining a central coordinating body. Given that a G-NIS is a complex system, a coordinating body is likely to play an important role in designing policy. However, in a G-NIS framework, it is important to include all key stakeholders in the design process, including the private sector and civil society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The indicator may be calculated separately for each relevant prominent hazard. The risk of death in a disaster caused by natural hazards is a function of physical exposure to a hazardous event and vulnerability to the hazard. The indicator measures the risk at sub-national scale by using historical and other data on hazards and on vulnerability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The third proposal assumes that health systems are exposed to common drivers and should move together. Finally the two econometric models take into account the potential influence of income and inflation on expenditure growth. They require long-term time series of aggregate data with clear and undisturbed trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Some of these policy instruments have already been adopted, others are at pilot stages, and still others are under review and consultation. The current policy tool kit is in accord with those observed in other OECD countries and endorsed in the OECD’s Green Growth and Biodiuersity report (OECD, 2011). This is not necessarily a limitation, as biodiversity conservation and sustainable use inevitably cut across different sectors and cannot be adequately covered by a single piece of legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Specialisation enhances the quality of the produced goods through process and product standardisation. Increased demand due to higher quality can lead to the massification of products, which in turn results in a price reduction. Both effects lead to stimulation of demand, thus triggering the expansion of manufacturing capacities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Both RBC and CSR (beyond philanthropy ) aim to promote the same idea - that businesses should consider the impact of their activities not just on the company itself. The OECD-FAO have also developed Guidance for Responsible Agricultural Supply Chains and the OECD is currently working on RBC in the financial sector and developing guidance on Responsible Supply Chains in the Garment and Footwear Sector. Accessed 20 June 2016). Accessed 20 June 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Thus, all agro-food products entering the country are subjected to rigid sanitary and phyto-sanitary requirements and strict import controls. There is also a range of postborder activities, many based on partnerships involving the central government, private stakeholders, and local governments. One such activity is the National Bovine Tuberculosis Pest Management Strategy, with an annual budget of NZD 82 million, of which one-third is financed by the central government and the rest by private partners and regional councils. In terms of cost, this is one of the largest MAF programmes (Table 9).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is noteworthy that the most successful examples seem to be based on the type of community engagement that adheres to the principles of social and solidarity economy, but political leadership and supportive public policies are also key (chapters 4 and 7). International networks and initiatives such as ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability or the Rockefeller Foundation’s 100 Resilient Cities foster learning and exchange between municipalities at very different stages of development to promote resilience to a variety of environmental, social and economic challenges (chapter 7). They recognize the importance of communities and make use of shared learning to promote local resilience strategies and innovative approaches for sustainability. A multifaceted approach is often key.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For many this has long-lasting consequences, including loss of their home. The unemployed are increasingly required to participate in community and voluntary programmes and this helps reduce long-term unemployment by improving employability. For those who are unwilling or unable to comply with these requirements, sanctions are increasingly harsh and many disappear from state records and rely increasingly on income from the black market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Although both kinds of benefits are frequently regulated through labour law and collective agreements, they are nevertheless included under the dimension Income and benefits from employment. This is also justified by the fact that there might be a trade-off between direct wages and salaries and non-wage pecuniary benefits, for example, in countries in which employees can choose an increased salary in lieu of entitlements to paid leave. According to the ILO Holidays with Pay Convention (No. The indicators currently measure both the entitlement of leave and the leave actually taken.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
To obtain registration at a given address within a city, internal migrants must provide evidence of ownership (property title to real estate) or a tenancy agreement and the consent of the real estate owner in written form. In practice, landowners most often do not want to be involved in the formal registration of their tenants (the rental market in Kazakhstan’s cities is largely informal). Migrants living in informal housing units (i.e. homes not included in the state real estate registry) are also not able to register because they cannot provide a valid address. Sometimes they remain registered in their previous place of residence (usually small cities in the countryside).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It undertakes research on emerging or current issues in order to inform the strategic directions, policies and programmes of UNICEF and its partners, shape global debates on child rights and development, and inform the global research and policy agenda for all children, and particularly for the most vulnerable. The views expressed are those of the authors. The aim is to encourage reflection and stimulate wide-ranging discussion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For these countries, a ‘softer’ version of the ‘right to development’ and ‘right to trade’ may be appropriate, whereby such a country (or a group of countries or groups within a country) may bring an action, asking for a declaratory judgment that the practices of a given country (or group of countries) has an adverse effect on trade or development, perhaps with a suggestion concerning alternatives that might have less adverse effects. Hopefully, such judgements would put pressure on the offending parties to change their policies or practices. At the very least, an accumulation of such findings should spark discussion within the WTO for the need for reform of existing disciplines and rules - and Aid for Trade - so that the multilateral regime can be pro-development and pro-trade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Donors should also relax conditionalities that bar a country from implementing its own macroeconomic policies. Countries that act as tax havens, maintaining low tax rates, facilitate tax avoidance and evasion. Since the mid-1990s, over 200 regional trade agreements (RTAs) have been signed, with provisions covering trade in services and foreign investment that typically set limits on regulatory actions by governments and create barriers to the expansion of public services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The government sets annual objectives in a Statement of Intent for its central education agencies, and the Ministry of Education develops a national policy framework. Funding aims to support free schooling, and, while tertiary study involves cost to the student, significant financial support is available. Moreover, Maori and Pasifika students represent more than one-third of the student population, and diversity of the student population is increasing, while they face lower outcomes and may be less likely to complete their secondary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
ABSTRACT This paper presents findings from an ongoing study of the integration of African American perspectives into criminology and criminal justice courses. Content analysis is used to examine the African American presence in the leading juvenile delinquency textbooks published between 1997 and 2000. We examine the inclusion of African American scholarship, the portrayal of African Americans, and interpretations of African American youth involvement in delinquency. While some African American scholarship was present in all the texts, many of the contributions of criminologists were excluded. In most texts, portrayals of African Americans were more negative than positive. In some of the texts a wide variety of explanations were presented in discussions of African American delinquency. The authors conclude that, in the future, authors of juvenile delinquency textbooks should consider more closely the depictions of African American youth in their texts and augment the inclusion of African American perspect...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The study involved 70,000 students from 328 primary schools and looked at the effectiveness of these interventions on childbearing, seen by the study’s authors as a proxy for risky behaviours that may result in pregnancy. The condom debates and essays were found to increase practical knowledge and self-reported use of condoms, but yielded no concrete data related to pregnancy and childbearing. However, the reduction in the cost of education—by providing free school uniforms for students in the sixth grade—reduced dropout rates and adolescent childbearing. Since then, the main financial barrier to accessing primary education has been the cost of school uniforms, which cost about $6 each.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)