albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It has to be noted that due to the 'open border' between the two countries, migration is not documented in terms of collection information/data on the flow. For a comprehensive analysis of the consequences of the ban,see ILO 2015. Traditional family structures have undergone big transformations, especially in urban areas, however, they remain grounded in patriarchal norms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Wood-based energy comprises over 90 percent of wood removals and 90 percent of household energy consumption. Deforestation rates are about 1 percent per year, related mostly to the expansion of subsistence agriculture. The National Forest Programme promotes forest management within the context of the overall development vision and provides for cross-sectoral linkages with the environment, agriculture, energy, health, lands, minerals, water, wildlife and gender.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, Article 4 of the charter stipulates that the advertising sector shall avoid exploiting women’s bodies or confining them to stereotyped roles and social cliches. On the contrary, the media is encouraged to underline women’s role as economic, social and political actors. Article 12 calls upon media institutions to integrate a gender approach in the design and elaboration of articles and programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They also have access to the School Completion Programme and Home School Community Liaison Services ofTusla, the Child and Family Agency that has a statutory remit in relation to school attendance, participation and retention, and school-community liaison services. Primary schools in areas with the highest concentrations of pupils at risk of educational disadvantage, in particular, receive sufficient staff to reduce class size to below 20 students. Secondary schools in the School Support Programme are provided with greater access to career-guidance professionals and enhanced curricular choices (through staffing and funding support for the Junior Certificate School Programme and the Leaving Certificate Applied Programme).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Kyoto Fund (EUR 6 million in 2008) is financed primarily by an excise duty on road fuels (the “Kyoto cent”) and by a portion of the annual road tax. Only Ireland and Korea had higher growth rates over the period 1990-2007. Opinion on fiscal aggregates for the period subsequent to 2009 from the viewpoint of sustainable development criteria, opinion on opportunities and challenges relating to the growing use of biomass. For example, for a vehicle emitting 145 g of C02/km the tax is: diesel engine, 145*0.9*1.1 = EUR 143, petrol engine, 145*0.6*1.1 = EUR 95.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In all, developing countries have 70 per cent of the reductions opportunities, while developed countries have 30 per cent. Note: The curve presents an estimate of the maximum potential of all technical GHG abatement measures below €60 per tC02e if each lever was to be pursued aggressively. It is not a forecast of what role different abatement measures and technologies will play.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Decentralization of governance is an important component of the processes of societal transformation in the countries of central and east Europe (CEE) and in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Decentralization brings government nearer to the citizens, creating conditions for democratization of governance and for increasing its efficiency. Introducing a functioning system of decentralized governance is a demanding process that has to be carefully designed. It cannot be completed within a short time by a one-off legislative act. The reform rather requires a continuous attention and permanent fine-tuning and has sometimes to be implemented in several stages. To succeed, it needs a determined political support from the central government. Decentralization is also a complex process whose dimensions and prerequisites are not just political, legal and administrative, but also economic and cultural. Moreover, practicable approaches to decentralization are to some degree country-specific and they heavily depend on time and context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Attention to students' emotional and motivational state and development therefore becomes part of any pedagogical design. One conclusion sometimes drawn from technological change is that new technologies lower the requirement to master knowledge and skills, as holding information and many basic tasks may be ‘outsourced’ to devices. This position goes too far in neglecting the importance of learned knowledge and skills as foundations for more complex abilities, but it must be acknowledged that the ready availability of information changes our learning needs. Without wishing to over-simplify the past, up until the mid-point of the previously century most people in industrial societies faced a relatively limited array of options when it came to where they would live, what job they would do, whether they would marry, and whom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Higher proportions of staff with low-level qualifications were related with less favourable child outcomes in the socio-emotional domain (social relationships with their peers and co-operation). There is no simple relationship between the level of education of staff and classroom quality or learning outcomes. They studied the relationship between child outcomes and staff qualifications and found no, or contradictory, associations between the two.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Anders Behring Breivik's massacre of 77 people on 22 July 2011 sheds light once again on the dangers and potential dangers posed by ‘lone wolf’ or lone operator terrorist acts. As demonstrated on 22 July, the lone wolf operational model presents a number of critical challenges for crisis management and emergency preparedness. The aim of this article is to draw attention to the phenomenon of lone wolf terrorism and to critically assess the response by Norwegian authorities to the twin terror attacks in 2011. In so doing, it will discuss the implications of lone wolf terrorism for crisis management and contingency planning, and argue that, while law enforcement plays a central role in efforts to combat lone wolf attacks, it is essential that counterterrorist approaches be based on democratic principles and respect for human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
An emerging trend in some OECD countries is the increasing use of fixed charges alongside volumetric components, or the progressive increase in the weight of fixed charges in the overall bill. Water pricing is also increasingly complemented by a range of other approaches, including abstraction and pollution charges, tradable water permits, smart metering, water reuse and innovation. Many forest resources are threatened by overexploitation, fragmentation, degradation of environmental quality and conversion to other ty pes of land use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The regulations governing this support regime were approved by Order No. These initiatives encourage informed consumers to choose fisheries products that have been through a certification process and have been granted eco-labels. Portugal has already fulfilled all the formalities required to gain certification of the sardine fisheries as a sustainable resource (the first of the Iberian fisheries to do so), which will be granted in 2010. These initiatives help ensure that a greater part of the valued added goes to the producers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The presence of scale economies, complementarities, threshold effects and other “externalities”, as well as the heightened uncertainty they inject into any investment decision, limits the role that market forces by themselves can play in realizing the desired investment path (DeLong, 2005). Infrastructure development, in general, and energy supply, in particular, have always been a critical elements in this story (see chap. In this regard, the development strategy was less about detailed planning and more about strategic support and coordination, including a significant role for public investment in triggering growth and crowding in private investment along a new development pathway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
According to Baltic researchers, a large proportion of the existing biomass boilers in Lithuania is expected to be decommissioned. In Estonia and Latvia, existing biomass boilers are expected to remain in operation in 2030. In all scenarios, the district heating sector dominates in these two countries in 2030. The results show that heat pumps provide a competitive source of heat generation for district heating companies lacking capacity, whereas it is difficult for heat pumps to compete with the short-term costs of generating biomass-based heat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
According to the IEA’s WEO-2011, 1.3 billion people - nearly 20% of world population - currently lack access to electricity and about 2.7 billion people - 40% of the world population - rely on the traditional use of biomass for cooking (IEA, 2011a). The outlook suggests that the problem will persist and even deepen in some places. The IEA and World Health Organization estimate that household air pollution from the use of biomass in inefficient stoves would lead to more than 4 000 premature deaths per day in 2030, greater than estimates for premature deaths from malaria, tuberculosis or Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (IEA, 2011a). The index seeks to capture the quality of energy services as well as their quantity. It is calculated in such a way as to mirror the United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Index.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It matters whether a capacity margin is constituted by nuclear generation capacity, gas- or oil-fired capacity that can be brought on-stream at will or intermittent renewables. Renewable energy that constitutes a growing share of generating capacity in OECD countries might instead not be available when needed. The intermittency of renewable energies (especially wind and solar) which are governed by the weather and not by the needs of electricity consumers creates serious stress for power generation infrastructures and has lead to the distinction between gross capacity margins and “reliably available capacity”. A power system must provide stable amounts of baseload power and cover peak demand at all time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article notes the judgment in Sophocleous v Secretary of State for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, in which the High Court dealt with the law applicable to civil claims arising out of alleged acts of torture committed by British military and security services in the colony of Cyprus in the 1950s. The judgment is important because it sheds light on some underexplored corners of choice of law (law governing the external aspects of vicarious liability and of accessory liability in tort) and reaches the conclusion, which runs against the grain of other recent judgments given in civil claims brought against the Crown for the external exercise of governmental authority, that English law governs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is based on the availability of children's books at home as well as an indicator of formal childcare services attendance for children between the age of 3 and compulsory school age and ability to participate in school events that cost money for school-age children. Children aged 1-2 are assumed to be non-deprived on the second indicator, so their deprivation in the education resources dimension depends entirely on the 'books at home' indicator. Missing data on the education dimension (more precisely on the "school trips" indicator) tend to drive exclusions from the sample in these countries.2 To check if missing values are missing at random or are related to household material resources, we estimate the association between the probability of being included in the study and household income poverty, which does not suffer from missing data. Among the seven countries with more than 5 per cent cases excluded from the multidimensional child poverty estimation sample, the probability of exclusion does not vary significantly with income poverty in Ireland, Romania or the United Kingdom. This is particularly good news for Romania, with its high percentage of excluded cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Combined with generally higher incomes for urban dwellers, these changes widen the selection of products available. Although the diversity of choice leads to higher consumption of animal-source foods and fruits and vegetables, increases in consumption of processed foods also lead to higher intakes of fats, sugars and salt. With higher energy intakes and lower energy expenditure, urban dwellers incur a higher risk of overweight and obesity than rural dwellers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Smooth integration of variable renewables needs to draw on a portfolio of solutions, including generation, interconnections, transmission and distribution, storage, and demand-side management. Geographic characteristics of a specific country influence the appropriate combination of solutions. Thus, system operators must balance the power supply and demand at all times in order to maintain system stability and power quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Accordingly, the curricula for all specializations reflect environmental topics. The subject “Environmental protection and energy saving” (40 hours) is compulsory for all specializations of secondary special education. Pupils learn about major environmental problems and possible ways to solve them, aspects of interaction between humans and the environment in the production process, reduction of energy consumption and environmental hazards caused by production, measures to improve the quality of the environment and possibilities to improve energy efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Since the 1980s, the Nordic countries have implemented a variety of different types of measures aimed at improving the gender balance in academia. Gender equality measures have been implemented within the education and research sectors, in national research councils, and at universities, university colleges and independent research institutes. These measures have focused on improving the gender balance in specific subject areas, position categories and institutions or in academia and the research sector in general. First, statistics on education and research in the Nordic region have been broken down by gender since the 1980s - and even earlier in some countries - which has been crucial for developing adequate data on the gender equality measures in academia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This essay reviews two recent works in political science on the American conservative legal movement: Steven M. Teles's The Rise of the Conservative Legal Movement: The Battle for Control of the Law (2008) and Ann Southworth's Lawyers of the Right: Professionalizing the Conservative Coalition (2008). It examines these books in the context of a larger debate over the variables that best explain constitutional change in general and the recent “conservative counterrevolution” in Supreme Court jurisprudence in particular. It shows how these studies build on the scholarship of Charles Epp, who argued in The Rights Revolution (1998) that serious constitutional change requires not only the right cast of characters on the court, but also a strong “support structure” in the legal profession and civil society. Finally, it draws on the author's own research on the Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy to illustrate some important avenues for further inquiry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, in absolute terms the reduction was largest in the housing dimension, driven by falling rates of overcrowding. Most notably, these two countries increased the share of children who are not poor in any of the seven dimensions by substantially cutting the share of children who are poor in two or more dimensions at once, even if the share of children poor in just one dimension increased (as it did in Estonia).This suggests that in order to make progress towards Target 1.2 it is important to reduce the number of multiple dimensions a child is simultaneously deprived in. However, to avoid a 'mechanistic' approach to halving multidimensional poverty, improvements in all dimensions need to be encouraged. Very low work intensity is defined as below 20 per cent of "the ratio of the total number of months that all working-age household members have worked during the income reference year and the total number of months the same household members theoretically could have worked in the same period''15 Large families are households with three or more children under 16.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The 2008/09 budget circular paved the way for institutionalising gender-responsive budgeting (GRB) and suggested that data should be disaggregated by sex. In 2008, a gender report containing specific budget allocations for women was annexed to the national budget for the first time, making it an official government document. The government moved from line-item budgeting to gender-responsive, performance-based budgeting in all national budgets in 2010, following a pilot project in the 2009/10 budget that initially introduced gender-sensitive budgeting in a gradual and decentralised approach in 15 govemorates and six target sectors: education, health, water resources and irrigation, labour, social security, and food supplies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, an MFN applied tariff of 40% applies to a range of commodities including meat or poultry, turkey and duck, tea (green and black), grapefruit, milled rice, refined sugar, and many types of prepared or preserved fruits and vegetables. It is important that import requirements for food safety, quarantine, and standards and labelling purposes are implemented in a transparent manner, consistent with international guidelines and practice. It is where the conflict between the objectives of improving the market orientation of the sector and ensuring food security comes to the fore. The system limits competition in the market place and reduces the incentive to develop long-term market arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The planned costly 300 MW pump hydro plant would constitute a large electricity storage system using the natural advantage of the site - steep coastal cliffs where seawater can be pumped up during the day using abundant and cheap solar power, and stored in natural surface concavities, to release energy at night. The company developed wind power projects for Mandalay Resources in Chile and Barrick Gold in both Chile and Argentina. However, in 2016, Rame Energy went into administration with outstanding debt of GBP 4.4 million.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There are, however, practical issues for empirical analysis concerning the tracking of recipient and non-recipient individuals over time. When modelling the dynamics of receipt of SA, should each family at a particular point in time be represented in the data set by one individual (and, if so, which one), or should there be as many observations as there are family members? On the other hand, researchers are more commonly interested in longitudinal patterns of benefit receipt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, there is a growing number of countries that have made strides in this direction. For example, in Ethiopia, the Africa Climate Change Resilience Alliance has developed a training programme for government and civil society organizations to mainstream DRR and CCA. District DRM committees headed by the Chief District Administrative Officer brought together stakeholders to discuss and understand the potential threats, hazards, disaster-prone areas and identification and mobilization of resources to implement DRR options. The discussions drew on information from Uganda's damage and loss database that has 30 years of historical data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This represents a significant increase from estimates a decade earlier. Overweight and obesity problems among children and adolescents greatly increase the risk of being overweight and obese in adulthood. Nearly all aspects of the public system - planning, organisation, administration and regulation - are highly centralised whereas the private sector is fragmented. Under the proposed new national health system (Box 1), there will be one purchaser (the Health Insurance Organisation), an autonomous public provider and several private providers who will have the option to contract with the Health Insurance Organisation. Purchaser-provider relations between the public and private sectors already exist in the current system on a limited basis when the public sector purchases services, mainly on a fee-for-service basis, from private providers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This has given rise to the best present and robust practices of early warning systems, community education, evacuation, emergency shelter, high technology-assisted search and rescue, retrofitting, ‘building back safer’, and family, business and sovereign insurance. Current investments in DRR are important and necessary, but after Maria, no longer sufficient. This applies to hurricanes in particular and to natural disasters in general.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The selectivity of NIS is quite high, particularly for students applying for places in classes with Kazakh language of instruction. In 2013, about 7 689 individuals applied for one of the 884 places available in Kazakh language of instruction for grade 7 and 2 864 individuals did so for one of the 884 places in Russian language of instruction, which means that the acceptance rate for those studying in Kazakh (12%) is much smaller than that of Russian (31%) (NIS Annual report, 2013). Fewer than 50% of all applicants met the requirements for a merit scholarship. The curriculum for NIS was developed in collaboration with international partners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In most developing countries, older persons need to work beyond the statutory retirement age due to the lack of comprehensive social security programmes. To fill the gap between what they need and what they earn, older persons rely heavily on assets accumulated earlier in life and in some countries, also on their families. In the majority of these countries, public social programmes play a minor role. Conversely, older persons in developed countries are less likely to work into old age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It will be negative if the change in the effect of households characteristics is such that for children with same characteristics and same position in the income distribution, their income decreased. Regression coefficients then reflect the effect of characteristics on the conditional quantile but cannot be read as the unconditional effects, in which case the interpretation is limited (unless one estimates quantiles regressions for all quantiles). It turns then that one needs to know the entire conditional distribution of the outcome Y in each group g given X to compute the group-specific quantiles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)