albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The treaty basis of most international human rights, combined with the dualism of common law legal systems, means that international human rights are often thought of as one of the most entrenched holdouts of the traditional model. In many common law jurisdictions, the least controversial cases of tunorthodoxt domestic recourse to international human rights are found in constitutional adjudication. The most explicit example of this distinctive relationship between international human rights norms and post-war constitutions is found in the South African Constitution. The most explicit example of this distinctive relationship between international human rights norms and post-war constitutions is found in the South African Constitution. International human rights as expressed in various treaties may, through the act of ratification, come to exert a mandatory domestic effect. However, courts sometimes also insist on the salience of international human rights norms for another reason.  Keywords: constitutional adjudication, international human, ratification, unorthodox
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This myth also promotes a tendency to believe that nothing can be done, and that the challenge is too great. In contrast, if nothing is done about unsustainable consumption patterns, more and more people in the world will be condemned to living with severely reduced standards of living. Studies demonstrate that the continual increases in income, consumption levels and stress tend to perpetuate dissatisfaction rather than improving well-being (Veenhoven 2009, Bok 2010}.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Based on data available for direct and indirect expenditures and contributions, and employment and cruise versus land-based tourists, only three SIDS meet this requirement: Jamaica, Maldives and Mauritius. All three are well-researched destinations, where the tourism industry is monitored regularly by government ministries. Data are available from the national statistics office or tourism department, this is used here to emphasise examples of good practice. In some cases, tourism contributes more than 40 per cent of GDP, rising to 45.5 per cent in Aruba and 47.4 per cent in Maldives. These figures relate to total contribution to GDP and include direct and indirect contributions (Figure 1.1). Induced contributions are not included.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Austrian policymakers have helped create centres of research excellence, including through the “greenfield” founding of the Institute for Science and Technology (1ST) Austria which was recently included in the Nature 2018 Index of the Top 30 (universities) under 30 (years old). Up to EUR 280 million are budgeted for a period of five years, at the end of which around 400 researchers in the fields of electronics-based systems and microelectronics are expected to be employed at Silicon Austria Labs. Policy makers recognise the transformational importance of digitalisation, and through many channels act to accelerate its diffusion. There has been considerable experimentation over decades with varied institutional models to support innovation, and evaluation of innovation policy instruments is a widespread practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The purpose of this interpretive study was to explore the voices of the ecological agents surrounding the youth of Glenview, a low-resource neighborhood. The research focused on a phenomenon that involved the establishment and discontinuation of a community organization effort to provide structured recreation programs for youth. Theoretical frameworks of the ecological perspective and community social organization guided the study. Twenty-one participants were interviewed. Four major themes were constructed from the data through constant comparison: the neighborhood environment, despondence, parental conditions and parental involvement. Implications relate to social capital and recreation's role in youth and community development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Actions that support this transition from adolescence to adulthood are also ones that can reduce the number of pregnancies to girls. Because the challenges are great and complex, no single sector or organization can face them on its own. Only by working in partnership, across sectors, and in collaboration with adolescents themselves, can constraints on their progress be removed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The environmental conditions are predominantly caused by a specific system of exchange of waters with the Ionian Sea, the thresholds of Otranto and Palagruza separating the Adriatic Sea from the Ionian Sea and deeper South Adriatic from the shallower North Adriatic. Hence, there are three principal water masses in the Adriatic Sea: the Adriatic Surface Water, the Levantine Intermediate Water and the Adriatic Deep Water -every sub-basin has its own characteristic deep water. The small coastal area of Bosnia and Herzegovina is particularly vulnerable because of a very w'eak renewal of waters within Neum Bay (no river run-off, small tides, North-South-dominant winds and freshwater surges).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Despite efforts to offset the underlying social inequalities stemming from the market-driven penetration of such equipment, the school system has not had much influence. The only clear signs of an impact are in Chile (see figure II. A recent study (Sunkel, Trucco and Moller, 2010) profiled young ICT users in three countries on which PISA 2006 information was available (Chile, Colombia and Uruguay) on the basis of what they reported using computers and the Internet for, and how intensely. The typology shows that there are four types of user, differentiated on the basis of how intensely they use the technology and the degree of specialization they have acquired.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A higher number indicates a greater impact. For example, payments based on variable input use have the largest impact on fishing effort and reduce stock size the most. The picture is complex, but the results show a clear separation between policies that are based on what fishers buy (fuel, other inputs) and what fishes own and do (vessels, capital, income). The former tend to pose the greatest risk to overfishing and depletion of fish stocks while the latter provide the greatest benefits to fishers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In addition, they also reported attending free after-school classes taught at the school. Official statistics indicate that only 0.04% of students repeated a year in 2012 (IAC, 2014). According to self-reported data in PISA 2012, about 2% of 15-year-olds had repeated at least a year throughout their schooling, a proportion much smaller than the average across OECD countries (12%) (OECD, 2013a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In this case, the capital, labour and energy used in groundwater pumping embedded in the production function for the irrigated sector. So water can show up in several places in this welfare decomposition. Ultimately water availability traces back to physical endowments of water and it is the scarcity of this water endowment which will be our focus here.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
When disaggregating the EPR by origin and gender, the differences between both female and male Thai-bom and foreign-born workers become negative: both were higher for foreign-bom workers in 2010 but not in 2000 (Figure 3.2). For the LFPR and UNR, data for 2010 was not available. Foreign-bom workers were over-represented in the age groups 15-24 and 65+ and under-represented in all other age groups (Figure 3.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, Norway has developed a range of other policy levers predominantly aimed at improving the quality of higher education, and these may also affect the labour market relevance and outcomes of the system indirectly. This approach has built high levels of trust between the government and the higher education system and could be used more effectively to build a consensus on the role of higher education in developing labour market relevant skills and helping graduates achieve good outcomes in the world of work. At the highest level, the Prime Minister and the Ministry of Education and Research host an annual meeting with stakeholders to discuss priorities for higher education and research. Participants include the rectors and senior management from all higher education institutions, experts on higher education and research, and representatives from other ministries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The use of economic instruments (notably schemes for tradable fishing permits) has not been pursued but deserves further consideration. There is significant potential to utilise Israel’s natural resources for ecotourism, both as a source of growth and a means of sustainably managing ecosystems. The main destinations for developing this niche tourism market are nature reserves and other protected areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
One explanation for this situation is that the jobs are temporary in nature. In the case of young people, it is also noted that they start in low-productivity jobs because they are less qualified, and their pay reflects their lack of experience. It is also found that this type of employment may be related to inadequacies in the functioning of the labour market, principally as regards the creation of wage employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Some examples for the Netherlands are reported in Box 3.14. Increasingly, other PES across the OECD use digital channels for more complex services or are in the process of testing or developing those. For instance, the PES in the Flemish-speaking part of Belgium uses a mixture of online training modules and live classroom training for some of its training programmes, while the Estonian PES allows customers to contact it using Skype (EC, 2014c). In 2015, the Swedish PES plans to launch an online version of its “speed dating” meetings between jobseekers and employers, which are currently held at local PES premises (see above). This has the potential to cut costs (travel costs, premises) for all parties involved and may be more appealing to some client groups (EC, 2014a). While still complex, the evaluation of client satisfaction with new services maybe the easier aspect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Governments are looking to sectors like tourism which can support job-rich growth. However, there are concerns about the quality of jobs being created (OECD, 2013a). Even before the crisis, employment growth in a number of advanced countries was associated with growing atypical forms of employment, with job losses concentrated on workers holding these jobs, often youth, low-skilled and migrants (OECD, 2013b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The amount of the monetary reward depends not only on the AVDI rating but also on the teacher’s rating in the performance evaluation system, as indicated in Table 2.8. Also, if the teacher is employed in a school with a high concentration of priority students, the reward is increased by 30%. The duration of the AVDI reward varies between two and four years depending on when the AVDI test is taken vis-a-vis the next evaluation planned in the context of the teacher performance evaluation system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 1954, the resident population of psychiatric hospital beds peaked at 152 000, and then began to fall with the introduction of welfare benefits and antipsychotic medication, and as part of the wider political and ideological deinstitutionalisation movement that was influential in the United States and Western Europe during the 1950s, ‘60s and ‘70s. The influential 1954-57 report of the Royal Commission on the law relating to mental illness and mental deficiency (the Percy report), for example, suggested that most mentally ill patients did not need to be admitted as inpatients, but instead could receive outpatient care from GPs or from community health and welfare services (Percy Commission, 1957). The 1980s saw major shifts towards local community care and the decentralisation of inpatient beds to district hospitals under the Thatcher government, which then were consolidated in the 1990s: 1986 saw the first complete closure of a psychiatric hospital, and in 1987 the Audit Commission under the Thatcher government published the report “Making a Reality of Community Care”, which laid out the advantages of community care for mental health disorders. The 1980s also saw the major expansion of community psychiatric nurses, first introduced in the late 1970s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The recent decision of the European Court of Human Rights in Ahmad v UK dangerously undermines the well-established case law of the Court on counter-terrorism and non-refoulement towards torture, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment. Although ostensibly rejecting the ‘relativist’ approach to Article 3 ECHR adopted by the House of Lords in Wellington v Secretary of State for the Home Department, the Court appeared to accept that what is a breach of Article 3 in a domestic context may not be a breach in an extradition or expulsion context. This statement is difficult to reconcile with the jurisprudence constante of the Court in the last fifteen years, according to which Article 3 ECHR is an absolute right in all its applications, including non-refoulement, regardless of who the potential victim of torture, inhuman or degrading treatment is, what she may have done, or where the treatment at issue would occur.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Central bank tools to reduce destabilizing cross-border capital movements can limit macroeconomic volatility and help to avoid economic crises that undermine the goal of secure livelihoods. Despite this potential, over the past two decades, central banks have narrowed the focus of their policy interventions to almost exclusively emphasize low inflation. At the same time, and perhaps because of their more limited monetary policy goals, they have also restricted their use of monetary policy tools that could help to achieve gender equality and other SDGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The report presents some proposals that would allow CDDCs to contribute to climate change mitigation efforts while minimizing the negative impacts of climate change on their economies. Managing natural resources in this context involves trade-offs in balancing a country’s portfolio of different forms of capital along its development path. For example, a developing country might hold a vast stock of natural capital but a relatively small stock of human and physical capital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It is not the qualification per se that has an impact on child outcomes but the ability of better qualified staff members to create a high-quality pedagogic environment. Key elements of high staff quality are the ways in which staff involve children, stimulate interaction with and between children, and use diverse scaffolding strategies. This will influence staff behaviour, encouraging more stable, sensitive and stimulating interactions with children, and thus, lead to better child development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The erratic issuance of rice export quotas creates uncertainty, thereby adding a risk premium and undermining Myanmar’s reliability as a rice supplier which partly explains the low export prices of Myanmar’s rice to the detriment of agricultural producers and traders. The domestic supply of fertilisers remains far below demand while imported fertilisers are often adulterated. As detailed in Chapter 7 on infrastructure development, access to infrastructure assets is currently one of the weakest in the region. However, irrigation infrastructure has significantly expanded since 1988, targeting mostly rice-producing areas, absorbing up to 80% of the budget of the MOAI, to the detriment of public expenditures on extension services or research and development - although these last two sectors have proved to be the most effective ones to raise agricultural growth in most countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These include: the poor development of skills in the schools that supply students, limited study options in tertiary education that are not always well aligned with the needs of the labour market, uncertainty about the value of credentials, limited collaboration between universities and firms, limited career guidance services, and the scarcity of public funds for research and teaching activities. This negatively affects their performance in university. The vast majority of students enrolled in 3-year programmes -71% in the north of the country and above 80% in the south - report that they want to complete a 5-year programme (Almalaurea, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Two more states have also adopted similar procedures, which continue to be an exception in a system where pay scales are largely dominated by seniority. The early empirical evidence suggests visible improvements in student aptitudes, with schools with more ambitious targets achieving more progress (Bruns and Ferraz, forthcoming). Extending such performance-based pay nationwide would be a useful measure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This underlines the importance of balanced rural development in order to create opportunities outside as well as within agriculture - and ensure that labour is “pulled” rather than “pushed” out of the sector. Attracting private investment in agriculture relies on a wide set of policies that go beyond agricultural policy, including macro-economic and sectoral policies. A coherent policy framework is an essential component of an attractive investment environment for all investors, be they domestic or foreign, small or large.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, most developing countries are at various stages of acquiring STI competence and capabilities, while least developed countries and Pacific island developing States have yet to put in place STI infrastructure and develop suitable policies to harness the potential benefits of STI. This situation can be gauged from the 2015 Global Innovation Index,3 which shows that only 6 Asia-Pacific countries are among the top 20 countries. ( In 2013, in high income economies, 2.3 per cent of GDP was spent on such activity, compared with only 0.3 per cent in low income economies (Fig 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To this end, a number of stakeholders have or are in the process of designing systems and strategies to collect data and synthesise lessons learned. These efforts include multilateral initiatives such as the Adaptation Learning Mechanism16, the World Bank’s Climate Change Knowledge Platform, Busan Partnership’s regional knowledge sharing platforms, work by Civil Society Organisations such as the Climate and Development Knowledge Network, and efforts within developing countries such as Kenya’s planned knowledge exchange platform (GoK, 2012b). The former allows for project designers and evaluators to access baseline or contextual data efficiently while the latter involves making the results of M&E efforts widely available to those contemplating or designing similar interventions. Sharing data is a relatively easy task, provided that such information is readily available or able to be scaled to the required level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In 2010, seven out of ten teachers were women. However, the proportion of women varied according to the duties at the school: 73%, 72%, 52% and 55% for classroom teachers, heads of technical-pedagogical units, senior management positions and school directors, respectively. In 2010, the average age of teachers in the three main school sectors was 47.5 in municipal schools, 40.4 in the private subsidised schools and 42.2 in the private non-subsidised schools. Country Background Report for Chile, prepared for the OECD Review on Evaluation and Assessment Frameworks for Improving School Outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Dialogue with Donors on Urban Poverty Issues (Dhaka, CARE Bangladesh). Slums of Urban Bangladesh: Mapping and Census, 2005” (Dhaka and Chapel Hill, USA). Urban poverty and the working poor: Facing the challenges of urbanization and urban poverty in Asia and the Pacific”, Committee on Poverty Reduction, 24 September (E/ESCAP/C PR(4)/4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
By contrast, the trend decline in union density experienced by many OECD countries over the last decades is found to have raised the income gap between the rich and the poor. This is because such reforms are not found to benefit households in the lower-half of the distribution (Figure 21), even if they generate employment gains. This may reflect that, all else equal, broad-based reductions in labour taxes may have generally resulted in a lower degree of progressivity of the income tax schedule. Reforms in this area can nevertheless be designed to achieve both employment and equity objectives: targeting tax reductions to low-wage earners or increasing earned income tax credits allows for enhancing labour market inclusion and achieving income redistribution without undermining work incentives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Around 10.5 per cent of them are living with HIV. Data at the national level, however. As evidence regarding the effectiveness of different services and treatment programmes (needle and syringe programmes, opioid substitution therapy, antiretroviral therapy and the provision of naloxone) becomes more accepted in the countries, it is expected that more targeted service programmes will be implemented in the region. The provision of psychological treatment services has been expanded in some countries in the region to respond to the demand for treatment for amphetamine-type stimulant use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Results from Model 2 suggest that the likelihood of an employed mother being in full-time employment falls as her partner’s eamings increase - with high-earning partners significantly less likely to work full-time than those with low- or moderate-earning partners. By contrast, the partner’s weekly full-time hours share no association with the probability of an employed mother being in full-time or part-time work, all else being constant. As discussed throughout this chapter, women's employment arrangements differ considerably from country to country', and the characteristics that drive full-time employment in a country where most employed mothers work part-time may not be the same as those in a country where full-time employment is more common. Table 4.2 shows results from for Model 2 but for each of the four country groups identified earlier separately.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It includes 54 gender-specific indicators (see Figure 2.1) and covers areas such as unpaid care and domestic work and violence against women and girls that are new to global monitoring efforts. While the global indicator framework is an important tool, it is only the tip of the iceberg of what is necessary. Below the surface is an urgent need to construct and improve statistical information at national and international levels. Areas traditionally underfunded and deprioritized, including gender statistics, are most in need of attention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In these cases, the high cost of these programmes may arguably be influencing the decision of informal workers to remain informal. As income increases, the decision to remain informal has less to do with costs and more with other factors. They must also be engaged fully in development processes to help the country progress towards a more egalitarian society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)