albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This paper aims to further discussion on the underexplored relationship between public administration and public protest, and how public administration can further the aims of public protest movements or actively work to thwart them. I suggest that the Occupy movement, particularly in Oakland, CA, serves as an example where public administration thwarted a movement for social and economic justice. Looking at the Occupy movement through the lens of Foucault's later work, I propose that the Occupy movement can be framed as an instance of Cynical parrhesia, or frank speech, in which the safety of the speakers is at stake. This examination exposes the nature of public protest as bodily and risky, the potential for such movements to further social change, and the potential for public administrators to take up this speech aimed at those in power or to help in silencing its message through security regimes and even violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract   This article employs the methods of discourse analysis (speech act theory (SAT), semiotics) to analyze the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia’s (ICTY) precedent-setting ruling which classified rape and sexual enslavement as crimes against humanity. Through the Tribunal’s speech acts of rendering a judgment and of finding defendants guilty, the Tribunal declared that rape is no longer considered an intrinsic part of war. Despite this advancement in International Humanitarian Law, a discourse analysis of the Tribunal’s speech acts reveals a fault line in human rights discourse concerning the historical dual categorization of women: as “women” and as “human.” This fault line is evidenced by a series of fissures which expose the instability of this categorization. The presence of these fissures challenges the world community, through entities such as the Tribunal, to continue to struggle with this categorization and thus continue to re-shape the realm of human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Every year about a third of the net electricity produced in India goes unaccounted. A large fraction of that is theft, along with poor technical management of the power supply system. Although India has initiated programmes to improve the electricity situation, the progress has been slow and limited to very few areas. For example, in Delhi, the use of advanced technology in power delivery and metering, as well as commercial incentives to power distributors has brought down the losses in the low-voltage electricity distribution from nearly 50% to 20% of the net supply in just five years (Central Electricity Authority).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In both cases, the result is higher public revenues through tax base expansion. However, reforms that raise growth mainly through productivity gains will also increase public spending insofar as public and private sector wages grow more or less in parallel, and that social transfers are set as a proportion of income (e.g. replacement rates as in the case of retirement or unemployment benefits). The net induced effect on the budget is likely to be moderate, except perhaps when efficiency gains are achieved directly in public-sector activities. In such a case, both the wage and non-wage components of public-sector spending fall as a share of GDP, in addition to the potential reduction in social transfers, such as unemployment or retirement benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Moreover, an increase in the age of the household head decreases the chances of being financially vulnerable. Being married and living with the spouse is also negatively associated with the probability' of financial vulnerability. Our results also highlight that, even after controlling for traditional household and regional characteristics, there is clear evidence that an increase in the size of monthly debt repayment raises household’s financial vulnerability, and an increase in the net-worth of the household decreases financial vulnerability. Lastly, regional characteristics such as living in an urban locality do not seem to have an impact on households’ financial vulnerability once we take into account the net w'orth of the household. First, as far as we know, this is one of the earliest studies which empirically investigates the subject of household financial vulnerability using an unsupervised machine learning technique. Most of the existing analyses are based on aggregate data and cross country analysis which have some significant shortcomings due to their inability to account for differences in distributions (Christelis et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
A mixture of legal and illegal housing appeared on these new city territories within a few years (1998-2005). In 2012, the city limits were expanded even further. The total area of new municipal territories was equal to 11.900 hectares. In 2014, the city limits were again expanded by 23 200 hectares, which included 27 settlements and a population of more than 92 000 people (President of Kazakhstan, 2014). These include such goals as to improve urban and industrial infrastructure, expand entry routes to the city', and develop mountain recreation and sport facilities for the Asian Olympic Games in the National Ile-Alatau Natural Park. The local environmental NGOs raised awareness about the construction of the new sport complex in the territory of the national park (NGO Green Salvation, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Poland is a good example. Poland relies mostly on coal to meet its energy needs, which are expected to rise by 80-90% by 2025. However, the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as part of Kyoto protocol and EU national allocation plan commitments has resulted in a shift in Polish energy policy towards nuclear energy, with a Government resolution adopted early in 2009 requiring that by 2020 part of the electricity consumed should be generated by nuclear power (FORATOM, Country Profile of Poland).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Among males, it was slightly lower than the EU average also in Germany and Portugal. Among females, it was lower than the EU average in several Western, Northern European countries: Sweden, Germany, the UK, Netherlands, Ireland and Denmark, with Denmark being almost one (0.8) year lower. In all countries, life expectancy at 65 in females (EU average 21.6 years) exceeded that of males (EU average 18.2 years).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This affects the ability of these habitats to mitigate natural disasters, primarily volcanic tephra fall and sand encroachment. The ability to store and mitigate water is also largely lost, which increases the likelihood of floods in lowland areas. Denmark has considerable forest coverage, whereas Iceland and the Faroe Islands have very little forest coverage. Nearly all the Finnish forests are classified as semi-natural forests showing characteristics of human impact.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
With regard to capabilities, SDG 4 advocates for the elimination of gender disparities in education and training and SDG 5 targets an end to violence, discrimination, and harmful practices, such as early and forced marriage as well as reproductive health and rights. Finally, women’s agency is linked to the target of effective participation in decision-making in the economic and political realm in SDG 5. Macrolevel policies coupled with gender job segregation have made it difficult for women in many countries to convert their greater productivity (related to higher educational attainment) into improved livelihoods, absolute and relative to men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This work exposes the criteria that the Colombian Council of State uses to ap-ply the conventionality control on its judgements. This research analyses the cases where the Council of State have applied the conventionality control as a mean to resolve disputes under its jurisdiction. To that end, special attention has been paid to the reasons given by this ju-dicial corporation, to justify its role as a conventionality judge, that in light of the American Convention on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It should also provide incentives for fathers to take leave. Specific legislation prohibiting discrimination in hiring and pay on the basis of gender should be introduced when absent. Discrimination against pregnant women must also be addressed. Access to the legal system should be made as simple as possible, and the costs of legal action kept low to allow poorer workers to file complaints against abuses. When discrimination is the result of persistent stereotypes and misperceptions, affirmative action can play an important role by helping women to seize good job opportunities and prove their worth. Careful behavioural design can help overcome deep-seated gender biases in hiring and management practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some estimates suggest that municipalities would be willing to accept hospital costs 20% higher to avoid hospital’s closure. Firms are required by legislation (Occupational Health Care Act) to provide preventive care to their employees, but many large and medium-sized employers also provide extra services - in particular access to GPs - free of charge. In the mid-2000, additional services were provided to some 90% of employees with access to compulsory occupational health care services and 45% of employees’ physician consultations -13% of the total number of consultations - were in occupational care (Teperi et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The role of national authorities (e.g. national authorities designated and/or accredited for climate action) and leadership is important to engage the private sector. While Norfund has been a forerunner in major RE investments in a number of developing countries, it is questionable how investments in cleaner gas technologies could be aligned with the "well below 2 C degree pathway". The NDF high score on criteria "well below 2C target" is based on the importance given in project screening criteria for identifying approaches and technologies that are aligned with low-carbon development and the importance given for up-scaling and replicability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Public health and policy scholars often source data from interviews with policy elites—individuals who exercise considerable influence in the development of health policy and the institutional cultures in which decision making take place. Yet conceptualizing, designing, and conducting interviews can pose a challenging task for the researcher intending to apply this method. This chapter draws upon scholarship on the topic and the authors’ own experiences to provide a step-by-step guide to conceptualizing, designing, and conducting interviews with policy elites. Steps include the relevance of research questions and study objectives, sampling strategy and addressing error, recruitment and participant management, structuring interviews and asking the right questions, validity and reliability, practical tips for before, during, and after the interview, and technical considerations. Although applying an approach for semistructured or exploratory interview designs, many of the lessons from this chapter will also be applicable to more structured interviews.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The percentage of women-owned MSMEs is around 13%. Women in India have, over time, secured greater recognition of their capacities as entrepreneurs, but social conditioning still weighs heavily on their initiative and self-confidence. Lack of time and capital limit their potential for starting risky ventures. In Indonesia, labour force surveys show that the share of women whose status in employment is “business owner with paid workers” (employer) increased substantially between 1990 and 2011 (moving up to 1.7%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To minimise cost shifting to parts of health systems not covered by caps, they have often been complemented with global and supplementary spending ceilings on ambulatory' care and pharmaceuticals. Many countries where health care systems are financed through social insurance contributions (e.g. Belgium, France, Luxembourg) feature relatively mild budgetary constraints. In this setting, budget caps have tended to provide indicative rather than binding targets. Targets are set in relation to expected social insurance contributions and the government has limited direct control over them as social security rates are determined, to a different extent across countries, by the social security funds (Paris and Devaux, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In D. Bours, C. McGinn, and P. Pringle (Eds.), Monitoring and evaluation of climate change adaptation: A review of the landscape. New Directions for Evaluation, 147, 117-127. Draft National Adaptation Monitor- A monitoring and evaluation framework for the National Adaptation Strategy, Policy Study]. Report for the Republic of South Africa Department of Environmental Affairs. Systeme de suivi et evaluation de la vulnerability et de I’adaptation au changement climatique.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In any legal system, one finds numerous rules, practices, and constitutional provisions that are incompatible with utilitarian considerations. It is not merely utilitarianism that fails to explain a diverse range of rules and practices. Other theories that, like utilitarianism, involve ex ante considerations cannot explain them as well. There are two possible primary explanations for the prevalence of these nonutilitarian rules and practices: Kantian (deontological) explanations and a view we label ex post egalitarianism, which requires that the state decides on its action in an egalitarian manner ex post. Our approach allows for comparisons among different societies by giving meaning to statements like “Society A is more egalitarian than society B.” Furthermore, we show that the more egalitarian societies should also employ less extreme criminal law rules and should be more sensitive to various kinds of injustice, whether it is caused by individual wrongful behavior or by criminal law rules.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some studies have shed light on the extent to which various social groups have access to well-specified facilities, or what facilities certain segments of the population need and want in close proximity. According to the exhaustive overview of Lee and Moudon (2008) grocery stores stand out as the most visited neighbourhood destination. Likewise, Paez, Scott and Morency (2012) found that shopping and health facilities were the most important destinations to have within short distances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Budget appropriations are checked by eight programme areas (administration, district health services, emergency health services, provincial hospital services, central hospital services, health sciences and training, health care support services, health facilities management) and then line items (broad economic classifications for current payments are compensation of employees, goods and services, interest and rent on land). There are also more frequent (monthly and quarterly) e-monitoring by National Treasury to check that money has been spent as programmed. The purpose of these meetings is to check that funds have been received on time and spent as planned in the budget.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Singaporean experience can be extended to other contexts for planning retail developments and other public facilities to maximise both user access to and use of the developments (e.g. number of visits to retail centres). The assessment recommended prioritising investment on 17 km of paths within the areas around essential metro stations. The investment proposal took into account improvements that would reduce access barriers for the people who mostly used the amenities, particularly vulnerable groups such as women and children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This in turn means that farms in Chihuahua are under far more pressure to increase productivity to the level of their US peers than are the more geographically insulated farms of southern Mexico. Due to significant variability in elevation across the state there are considerable variations in temperature and the length of growing season. In particular, higher elevations offer opportunities to produce crops, such as apples, that would normally not be expected to be found at latitudes this far South. While agriculture in the majority of the state is not limited by the length of the growing season, virtually the entire state faces limitations caused by low levels of precipitation. This makes irrigation necessary for virtually all forms of arable agriculture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Nevertheless, several high achievers have not only boosted national income, but also had better than average performance on social indicators in areas such as health and education. One way to identify high achievers is to look at countries with positive income growth and good performance on measures of health and education relative to other countries at comparable levels of development. These high achievers include some of the largest countries—Brazil, China and India—as well as smaller countries, such as Bangladesh, Chile, Ghana, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Viet Nam (figure 3.1). The Republic of Korea, despite lower economic growth than China, had the biggest gains in HDI value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This means, among other things, driving less, driving slower, carpooling more often, trading in gas-guzzling vehicles for fuel-efficient cars, expanding public transportation, and improving the energy efficiency of homes, businesses and electrical appliances of all types. Creative financial inducements for the development and utilization of energy alternatives, including, inter alia, green bonds and a cap-and-trade system for carbon emissions. Modern energy services are characterized by inequitability of access, notably between the poor and the affluent, as well as between rural and urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, the situation seems to have improved between 2003 and 2012, particularly in very unfavourable schools and technical-professional programmes. Data refer to averages across the PISA 2012 sample. Means that the difference is significant at 95% confidence level. Standard errors of the estimates are available from the original source.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In any case, old trees are generally more valuable for biodiversity than young trees (cf above), although for ground-dwelling fungi age may be less important than continuous presence of the associated tree species. Such information, as well as data on stand age or development class, will often be available from forest inventories, thereby allowing a linkage to data on tree biomass and carbon stocks. Annex I lists 81 different forest types of European conservation interest, of which 19 are represented in the EU members of the Nordic countries and seven of these are listed as priority habitat types (Table 4.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Despite previous scholarship on family history and demograghy by analyzing clan genealogies in East Asian countries, determining the criteria of likely inclusion in the genealogy remains critical. To establish the determinants of a genealogy register, this article addresses the substantial characteristics of the oldest extant genealogy in Korea, that is, that of the Andong Kwon clan, published in 1476. To determine the most important criterion for inclusion in the genealogy register, the author mainly compares the impacts of lineage lines, sibling birth order, and occupational title on this genealogy. The author finds that lineage lines and sibling birth order did not have a significant influence on the genealogy register, whereas the occupational title as an indicator of social status affected the genealogy register much more than did the other variables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For women who become single parents, divorce or separation is also strongly correlated with other events including job loss (Gregg et al., Page and Stevens (2004) find a 41% reduction in children’s family income and an 18% drop in food consumption the year after divorce while six years or more later they find that the family income of children whose parent remains unmarried is 45% lower than it would have been had the divorce not occurred. In the United Kingdom, Jenkins (2009) finds that income dropped by 12% in the post-welfare reform period (from 2004 onwards) compared to 30% pre-reform. It has been argued that divorce increases women’s chance of being at the very top or very bottom of the income distribution and that “while some women successfully compensate for lost spousal earnings through child support, welfare, combining households, and increasing labour supply, others are markedly unsuccessful” (Ananat and Michaels, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The National Waste Management Plan envisages the replacement of these by 12 regional controlled landfills. They have been established without the necessary infrastructure or engineering provisions to collect and contain landfdl leachate and landfill gas. Many of these sites are not secure and there are inadequate facilities for their operational management such as a site office, staff facilities, weighbridge, vehicle wash or lighting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This is despite the broad scope of activities included under the definition of innovation and the generous time period over which such activities could occur. ( Respondents to the innovation survey were asked if they had undertaken any of the defined innovation activities at any point in time over the three years).8 This average however, hides considerable diversity in the propensity to innovate across industries. Just over 50% of firms in Electricity, gas and water and Communication industries invested in innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Yet, as international experience shows, the adoption of new' and radically new technologies (which may be developed by third parties, e.g. PRIs or new technology-based firms) can revolutionise existing industries and enable them move to new industrial applications and higher value-added products. Certainly, general purpose technologies such as biotechnology and clean technologies are of high relevance to Finnish traditional industries. As individual product cycles mature, there is an increasing need for firms to break out into successor cycles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A Study by Cologne Institute for Economic Research Commissioned by Vodafone Institute for Society and Communications. Cologne, Berlin: Vodafone Institute for Society and Communications. Economic Potential of Smart Electricity Meters in Germany. The G20 Compact with Africa. Baden-Baden: AfDB, IMF and WBG.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This case  1   marks the first pronouncement by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on the obligation to extradite or prosecute ( aut dedere aut judicare ) in international law. It is the second contentious case in which the ICJ has held the defendant country in breach of its obligations under a human rights convention. The ICJ both added to the corpus of norms it has formally recognized as peremptory norms ( jus cogens ) and also reinforced the principle that former heads of state are subject to universal jurisdiction for grave violations of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some (climate-friendly) goods may still be problematic since they require agreement on a relative standard (i.e. the products in question must be better than some baseline). The judgment of a standard is itself difficult, for instance, is a fuel-efficient car a green good? How efficient must it be? Moreover, technology evolves, and today’s “green goods” become tomorrow’s baseline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)