albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Historians of crime have often borrowed theoretical perspectives from sociology, criminology, and anthropology. An influential body of scholarship produced by psychologists, however, offers a new and unusually intriguing interdisciplinary perspective for historians of violence. Emphasizing the ways in evolutionary adaptations condition human behavior, "evolutionary psychologists" have developed a complex model for understanding certain kinds of violent social interactions. Aggressiveness, risk taking, and related forms of violent behavior, these scholars argue, have biological and evolutionary roots. Analyzing patterns of male-on-male homicide from Chicago between 1875 and 1920, this essay tests the applicability of evolutionary psychology theory to historical data on violence. If the model helps to account for both patterns of lethal violence and shifts in such patterns, then perhaps historians of crime should expand their use of interdisciplinary theory to include models from evolutionary psychology. Language: en
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Chapter 2 provides an in-depth analysis of the performance of the United States on PISA, contrasting the performance of United States' 15-year-olds in mathematics, reading and science with that of students in other countries and the factors associated with quality and equity of outcomes. This is done by examining the success rates of students at the item level of the test, compared with the success rates of students across OECD countries on average and in comparison with five comparator or reference sytems. The five countries chosen for comparisons with the United States are: two top-performing Asian countries, Shanghai-China and Korea, two European countries performing significantly above the OECD average, the Netherlands and Germany, and one of United States' neighboring countries, Canada. It asks whether faithful implementation of the Common Core State Standards is likely to improve the United States' performance on PISA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While technology impacts these critical issues in policing, not all technology adopted by the police is likely to influence their relationship with the public. As such, this chapter closely examines the ways that several emerging technologies adopted by the police (i.e., body-worn cameras (BWC), aerial surveillance, visual surveillance, social media, mapping and crime prediction, and less lethal force technology) impact issues related to social control, accountability, and legitimacy. The current literature seems to indicate that some innovations such as BWCs enhance police accountability and legitimacy, and also expand social control. Other technologies such as aerial surveillance and conducted energy devices increase social control, and display a complicated or unclear influence over police legitimacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Ghana legislation prohibits imports and exports of e-waste, phases out the inclusion of printed circuit boards in electronic equipment, provides for the registration of manufacturers, importers, and distributors, as well as the establishment of an e-waste management fund to be achieved through payment of an advance eco-fund by manufacturers, importers, and distributors. Draft bills and regulations of many other African countries incorporate several of these features. Such approaches will integrate the informal sector into the official management structures, establish take-back schemes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
On July 21, 2020, in the wake of a month of riots as well as peaceful protests following the death of George Floyd, Gail Heriot testified before the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice on the topic of respect for law enforcement and the rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Available from httpV/data.worldbank-oig/data-catalog/world-development-indicators. Social insurance is often financed through a contributory mechanism16 that involves beneficiaries, employers and the State, and covers such areas as health insurance, old-age pensions and unemployment, maternity, sickness and disability benefits. Social assistance is a non-contributory scheme, which takes the form of cash transfers (often conditional) to poor households, persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups. It can be either universal or targeted.17 Active labour market programmes consist of skill development and training initiatives, special work schemes and wage and employment subsidies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In aquatic ecosystems, there are two invasive species of clams: Ferrissia fragilis and Sinaodonta woodiana are newly reported in Moldovan rivers. Black locust, however, is largely preferred by the local population as a fuel wood (and continuously afforested), whereas annual plans exist for box elder extraction from the natural forest ecosystems. The removal of such species is questionable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Using life expectancy a proxy, health outcomes are much lower than expected in Latvia Given the level of GDP per capita (Figure 1.12). Chile, Poland and Hungary have higher life expectancies for a similar per capita GDP - and all these countries spend a larger share of GDP on health. This suggests that increasing spending on health should be an option that Latvia considers. Improving health system efficiency will also be critical. The number of hospital beds has fallen from 8.8 per 1 000 population to 5.8, approaching to the OECD average of 4.8 (Figure 1.14). The length of hospital stay is 7.6 days on average for all causes, shorter than the OECD average of 8.1 (OECD, 2015e).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It serves as an overarching framew'ork for further, more issue-specific guidance in various areas and contains a number of important provisions related to women’s participation in public life and the necessary institutional tools and preconditions. While MENA countries have not yet adopted this recommendation, its provisions may serve as useful guidance for focused action to close the remaining gaps in the region (Box 2.2). Ensuring that boys and girls have equal access to good-quality education, equal rights and opportunities to successfully complete schooling and in making educational choices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The biggest cyber security priority in this realm is to make sure that there are no “weak points” in the flow of data and network architecture. Some IoT devices are vulnerable to malicious attacks based on their hardware and security properties. With regard to Al, data manipulation is a major threat, especially when thinking about use cases in autonomous driving.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It must be ensured that further amendments to the catalogue take into account the beneficial impact of FDI through knowledge spillovers to domestic firms. A proxy for innovation activity, the number of agricultural patents granted quadrupled between 2008 and 2013 (Figure 9). While the share of agriculture in the total economy declined, innovation intensity in the agricultural sector kept pace with China’s economy as a w'hole in the past decade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In a climate of austerity, timescales and targets, this paper probes whether parents matter sufficiently within the current child protection system in England. Evidence suggests that achieving partnership working in the context of child protection has become increasingly illusive, particularly when parents are notified that the local authority is considering compulsory intervention to remove their children under the Children Act 1989. Recent changes to legislation, policy and practice ushered in with the aim of achieving earlier decisions within the time frame for the child are laudable, but there are consequences for both children and their parents. The aspirations of the Public Law Outline (2008) are well rehearsed, but the changes being introduced with the recent reform of the family justice system, alongside particular constructions of parenting, may be failing to recognize the potential of many parents, if offered appropriate support, to care safely for their children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The major proportion of pulp wood is marketed as firewood, producing negative financial effects on the overall operation of forest management enterprises. Due to mismanagement of deciduous forests, uncontrolled logging and clear-cutting across a wide area, especially of beech forests in the pre-war period when trees of higher quality were logged and those of poorer quality were left behind, forests have been significantly degraded and will require over 50 years to regain stability and ensure sustainable production. This stems from the fact that the installed capacity for primary wood processing is 2.5 - 3 times higher than possible timber production (total permissible cut). In particular this includes the production of boards (particle boards, medium density fibreboards and hardboard) which account for a significant portion of overall FBiH imports. Enterprises work in accordance with cantonal regulations and under supervision of cantonal ministries based on 10-year plans as described below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
While any remaining gap has disappeared in education, Swiss women are overwhelmingly working part-time, in classical female occupations, and are significantly under-represented as managers, board members and entrepreneurs. Controlling for observable differences, the wage gap has fallen steadily albeit slowly as women’s wages have increased faster than men’s in all but one of the last five decades. The net wage gap now sits at about 7% in favour of men, which to some extent may be attributed to gender discrimination.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Of these, 22.5 million were refugees, 40.3 million were internally displaced, and 2.8 million were asylum seekers. Many displaced children travel alone or are separated from their parents. Among the children making the dangerous passage from North Africa to Europe, the vast majority—92 per cent—of those who arrived in Italy in 2016 and the first two months of 2017 were unaccompanied. In 2015, for instance, almost 27 pe of women aged 20-24 were married before the age of 18—a pra commonplace in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Women spent almost three times as many hours on unpaid domestic work as men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Considering the different paths of knowledge production that Social psychologists have run in Brazil, the text makes a distinction between a stricto sensu Social Psychology and the lato sensu one. The stricto sensu Social Psychologycomprises the trends found in the historical development of the discipline and in scientific modernity: the mainstream “psychological” Social Psychology, the European “sociological” Social Psychology, the “micro-sociological” perspectives, since Mead. The lato sensu Social Psychology comprises the trends that emerged aside the subject’s history or very recently, following other epistemological guidelines: the Marxist Social Psychology, institutional analysis, socio-historical Psychology, socio-constructionism, and the philosophical Social Psychology. The eight trends listed are then submitted to evaluations regarding the two basic dimensions of Social Psychology: societal and psychological. A comparative picture of those evaluations discloses differences between the stricto and lato sensu sets of Social Psychology, as well as between the several trends in the scope of each set.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Achieving these changes will require increasing the resources available for assessment and examination design and support. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. When an education system achieves the right balance between different types of assessment, and all assessment practices are oriented towards supporting student learning, classrooms are characterised by a positive assessment culture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Failure to adjust may put entire cohorts of young people at risk. This means that decisions about curriculums and investments in technology have to be made in an environment of uncertainty. As to technical skills, there is a distinction between digital skills and technical skills associated with the machinery, technology and robots that are specific to a particular job. Regarding digital skills, many experts advise that basic digital skills should be included in the compulsory school curriculum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the 2007 census, 68.5% of production units were under the social regime - ejidos - and accounted for only 34% of land, 29% of farms were under the private regime, accounting for 61% of land (Table 17). As it turns out, about 75% of farms of less than 20 hectares are in ejidos, while 75% of large farms over 100 hectares are privately held. It was only in 1992 that the Constitutional Ejido Reform changed the situation, strengthening property rights. However, despite reforms, this communal property still constrains the agricultural land market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The prize has connected peace and child rights at the highest levels of morality, peace and society. I have been meeting a number of prime ministers and presidents and have had very good meeting with the UN Secretary-General and also with other UN agencies. It is at a stage where the government and intergovernmental agencies have to prioritize children because every single minute matters, every single child matters, every single childhood matters. To pay for travel and secure work abroad, aspirant migrants may have to borrow large amounts from agents. The agents and employers can then manipulate this credit to entrap workers. Other people may be forced to work as a result of incarceration or physical or sexual violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, at the time of writing, such extended interactivity is only rarely implemented. In spite of the fact that such technologies were developed some twenty years ago (e.g. DVB-RCT), they did not find wide introduction mainly due to the ubiquitous availability of the Internet via broadband (wired and wireless) networks. Furthermore, a return interactive channel in the terrestrial environment requires the allocation of additional radio frequency resources, which due to presence of a number of radiocommunication services (analogue and digital TV broadcasting, radars, etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Consumption in urban areas would thus be 45 kg/capita/year and 110 kg/ capita/year in rural Nigeria. Calculated on this basis, demand would amount to 2.3 million tonnes in urban Nigeria and 2 million tonnes in rural Nigeria, excluding auto-consumption. Total food needs expressed on the market would amount to 4.3 million tonnes1**1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2015, all regions had an MMR of less than 50 deaths per 100,000 live births, with a maximum of 28.7 in the central region. This decrease is associated with the implementation of medical treatment for pregnant women with pregnancy-related complications, as well as the provision of medical treatment to women from remote regions. However, in 2015, the MMR varied among aimags from 0 to 78.5 (Tuv Aimag) deaths per 100,000 live births.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Between 2004 and 2013, all the 63 FUAs of different sizes in Viet Nam grew much faster (at an average annual rate of 4.3%) than the FUAs in OECD countries on average (0.8%). While in OECD countries larger FUAs grew faster than smaller FUAs, Viet Nam showed a different pattern: both the three largest FUAs (Ho Chi Minh City, Ha Noi and Hai Phong, with a population of 1.5 million or more) and smaller FUAs (with a population of less than 200 000) grew faster (5.5% and 4.3%, respectively), compared to medium-sized FUAs. In the case of Viet Nam, it appears the country has seized the opportunity - as its urbanisation process has come together with strong increases in income levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The protection of refugees in situations of mass influx, which calls for a collective response, is ultimately dependent on international solidarity and the ability of the UNHCR to broker temporary protection or resettlement packages on a case-by-case basis (such as Kosovo). Developed countries have deliberately reduced access to their territory for asylum-seekers through tighter immigration controls (Francis, 2009). These policies seek to keep refugee situations at “arm’s length” (Loescher, 2008: 47). Yet at the same time as developed countries have restricted the entry of asylum-seekers, they have not offered a commensurate expansion of burden-sharing arrangements to assist developing countries faced with large refugee flows in the regions of origin (Chimni, 2000: 250-251).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A breeding colony of Dalmatian Pelican, a globally threatened species, exists on Lake Skadar/Shkoder, one of only a handful of such colonies in South-Eastern Europe. Other important numbers of wetland birds include ducks, geese, waders, gulls, birds of prey, owls and passerines. The number of wintering waterbirds on the Albanian side only reaches 24,000 - 30,000 individuals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It might be an expensive long-term investment, but in the short term it is rarely possible to predict clear, identifiable results from policies, especially given the time lags that are likely to be involved. Teachers often also command greater public trust than politicians, so any resistance to reform on their part is likely to be effective. Even when parents have a poor opinion of the education system, they will generally have a positive view of their children's school and its teachers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Excessive wage bills pose a threat to the wider social fabric. The Survey also noted that “rising public sector salaries made the largest contribution to inequality between 2010 and 2014, particularly salaries of qualified workers in public agencies outside central government” - such as the CCSS (OECD, 2016a). As noted in Section 1, for example, obesity rates are higher in Costa Rica than most OECD countries. In most OECD health systems, the central budgetary authority (e.g. the Ministry of Finance) sets expenditure ceilings for the health sector, annually or over multi-year cycles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
We note this point, while taking account of data limitations, in the empirical analysis. Section three describes the data and the econometric model, followed by the interpretation of the results. Summary remarks and policy implications conclude the paper. This was promulgated in the first National Programme for Women's Development in China (1995-2000) and in several laws including the 1992 Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests, and the 2008 China Employment Promotion Law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Many scientists are in agreement that 350 ppm is the maximum acceptable limit for atmospheric C02. The difference in C02 concentration between pre-industrial times and the present day is 120 ppm. Thus, the most pessimistic scenario from the latest IPCC report is for a C02 concentration in the order of 900 ppm by 2100.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They also provide food such as sweet chestnuts, walnuts, hazelnuts and olives. Although timber production contributes only 0.25 percent of regional GDP, the broader services of forests, including production of NWFPs and regulatory and cultural services, are estimated at 6 percent of regional GDP. Tuscany's approach could have a broader application in countries where landscapes resemble complex mosaics, with tourism, environmental protection and cultural as well as production values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Theories of desistance increasingly acknowledge the need to engage with political and economic discourses beyond the criminal justice system. This article turns to the critical theory of Axel Honneth, Nancy Fraser and others to explore the relevance to criminology of the concepts of recognition and redistribution. Interview data from a Scottish study of youth offending and desistance illustrate the potential of these ideas in promoting desistance among young people in transition. The article concludes that desistance requires the restructuring of wider economic and social policy to ensure social justice for marginalised young people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By 2025, all countries should have a funded national broadband plan or strategy, or include broadband in their universal access and services definition. By 2025, entry-level broadband services should be made affordable in developing countries, at less than 2% of monthly gross national income per capita. By 2025, 60% of youth and adults should have achieved at least a minimum level of proficiency in sustainable digital skills. By 2025,40% of the world's population should be using digital financial services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Other services of medical diagnostic and curative care are virtually free of charge. In addition, co-payments paid by patients enrolled at a GP practice offering the VLCA scheme are capped (to NZD 17 (USD 11.49) for an adult). Annual cap on co-payments for pharmaceuticals, set at SEK 1 800 (USD 203).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In short, rather than seen as 'carers' (in the narrow sense of the word), they are seen as champions of, and advocates for, adolescents. However, they experience paternal absence as a gap in care, nurture and protection at particular points in their development. For example, adolescent males whose fathers or responsible male relatives were absent were at greater risk of severe infection or even death because of family hardships relating to poverty, and the boys themselves lacked both nurture and the recognition that comes with initiation rites (Ramphele, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The current quality of biodiversity-related data has been considered insufficient to permit a comprehensive national evaluation of biodiversity, or to formulate concrete measures to promote conservation and sustainable use (CEPLAN, 2011). Insufficient information is listed as a key issue for various biodiversity components including forests, wetlands, open waters and soil. The Fifth National Report points out that one of the challenges in the implementation of the NBSAP has been in carrying out a comprehensive inventory of biodiversity resources and that consequently there has been minimal progress towards the target to integrate biodiversity values in strategies and plans for development, economic grow'th and wealth creation and incorporating them in national accounts and reporting systems by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Yet, globally, time use data remains limited, in particular for developing countries, due to the significant costs and capacities needed to undertake a time use survey. Reporting on SDG Target 5.4 requires regularly collected time-use data disaggregated by sex, age group and location. However, to date, only 83 countries have ever conducted time-use surveys, and only 24% of those were conducted after 2010 (UN Women, 2018). Of the 47 least developed countries, only 8 have collected time-use data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
At the end of the year, the activity indicators of China were generally stronger than expected, providing further evidence of an economic rebound in the last quarter. On the demand side, growth was supported by domestic consumption and capital formation, partly reflecting the positive effects of policy easing (cuts in interest rate and reserve requirements) that had been put into place early in the year. Investment in real estate development grew in 2012 but at a rate lower than in the previous year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)