albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Under these circumstances, reporting on and implementation of the laige number of international instruments is difficult. This was done without a proper process of re-designation or automatic prolongation of the status of pre-existing protected areas. This is very unusual process and should be possible to “rectify” through the use of policy/legal tools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Thus the study seeks to identify the inadequacies of the policies and practices contributing to the lack of primary and public health services for the urban poor. It draws on the findings of an empirical study conducted in four slums of the capital city of Bangladesh. According to projections by the United Nations, rapid urbanization of the Asia-Pacific region will continue and, by 2025, the majority of the region’s population will live in urban areas (ESCAP 2007, para.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
We evaluate the Greater Buenos Aires data. Since it is not possible to compare the same woman through the years, we use cross-sectional data from October surveys between 1995 and 2003. Prior to 2003, the survey was carried out twice a year, in May and October. Households were generally gone from the sample after two time periods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Empowerment of youth, particularly in urban settings, is critical to addressing issues of social injustice. Programs that support the development of empowerment, or action taken by an individual to facilitate his or her own ability to act in the face of oppression, have demonstrated great promise in dimensions such as creating stronger group bonding and improved mental health and school performance (Bemak, 2005, Bemak, Chi-Ying, & Siroskey-Sabdo, 2005, Wallerstein, 2006). Yet, there are challenges inherent to implementing, supporting, and sustaining empowerment programs in many school settings given the hierarchical structure and contextual norms of these environments (Yowell & Gordon, 1996). This article reviews the Teen Empowerment program and offers strategies for consultants as they support programs and encourage socially just practices in the school setting. The use of Participatory Action Research methods, and its application to creating positive social change and the empowerment of community member...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Inadequate solid waste management in both countries and illegal disposal of wastes directly to the water bodies have exerted pressure on the lake’s system. Wastewater collection and treatment facilities that arc currently being constructed in the Albanian side, the reconstruction of existing facilities in Montenegro (in Podgorica), as well as the construction of solid waste management facilities in both countries, are expected to improve the situation. Heavy metal pollution, especially in lake sediments, and moderate pathogen loads have been observed locally in the aquifer. The Drin contributes to some extent, with trace metals originating from the disposal of by-products from iron and copper mines located upstream.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Policy design and implementation at the level of the EZs and ICs would allow a more comprehensive approach, rather than sectoral policies at the national or local level. Hai Phong could also introduce a mechanism such as a forum to facilitate knowledge exchange and diffusion on green growth among the EZs and ICs. Such exchange may be most efficient if foreign and domestic firms, as w'ell as large and small firms, can interact with each other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The uptake of GHG emissions through forestry and land-use changes was 36.3 MT in 2007, accounting for about 5.8% of total gross emissions. In 2007, energy-related C02 was responsible for 518.7 MT, about 84% of total gross emissions. Average annual growth of energy-related C02 was 4.6% between 1990 and 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The next level of accountability rests with the school. Again, the level of trust that the larger community extends to its schools seems to engender a strong sense of collective responsibility for the success of every student. While every comprehensive school in Finland reports to a municipal authority, authorities vary widely in the quality and degree of oversight that they provide. They are responsible for hiring the principal, typically on a six- or seven-year contract, but the day-to-day responsibility for managing the schools is left to the professionals, as is the responsibility for assuring student progress. But that is not the case, because American schools, at least in the cities and most suburbs, get much more direction from the local district central office than is typically the case in other countries. In that sense, the United States may have traded one form of centralised bureaucracy for another.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It describes how several trends, ranging from the widespread uptake of mobile telephony to growing business interest in inclusive innovations, have created more favourable conditions for inclusive innovation. It explores the obstacles and market failures facing inclusive innovations across four dimensions: 1) the types and costs of inclusive innovations, 2) information about consumer needs, 3) access to expertise, knowledge and finance, and 4) market access conditions. Based on this description, it provides an overview of factors that facilitate scaling up inclusive innovations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It provides centralized management of units and functions at all levels, national, regional and the WHO headquarters. Discussions have been held about the necessity for having this programme cite PHEIC cases and IHR contact points (WHO Advisory Group, 2015, para. As a result, the mechanism necessarily differs depending on the type of the situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It analysed a wide range of measures - child benefits and allowances, parental leave, tax-splitting advantages for married couples, tax allowances for single parents, child care supports, higher unemployment benefits for claimants with families, and reduced rates for parents’ contributions to compulsory' long-term care insurance. Does the German tax-benefit system encourage sharing? As well as modelling the interactions of the tax-benefit system, the analysis also considered how individual policies affected labour market participation and public finances by hypothetically abolishing a specified policy and comparing the resulting outcomes with the actual situation. Introducing the French quotient familial practice would - all else being equal - hardly increase the German labour supply at all, even if Germany adopted other elements of the French child benefit system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The OECD average of combined outright and mortgaged owner-occupants is 65% of households. Chile, Mexico and Eastern European OECD countries have the highest rates of homeownership. In most countries, homeowners are disproportionately middle- and high-income households, whereas renters tend to have lower incomes. Middle class households are not immune to high housing costs. Indeed, nearly nine percent of mortgaged middle-class homeowners are overburdened by housing costs, on average, across the OECD. Overcrowding rates are generally higher among poor households and renters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Countries have also developed specialised training and certification systems to seek efficiency gains through specialised cancer care delivery. In countries such as Sweden, cancer patients are treated at specialised institutions with both inpatient and outpatient facilities, often called comprehensive cancer centres, in which radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery are provided. These centres often facilitate the delivery of integrated care provided by diverse specialists to cancer patients and engage in extended research activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Sport for Health aims to reduce the burden of non-communicable disease in Tonga. The project has two connected activities: strengthening the capacity of the Tonga Netball Association (TNA) to increase opportunities for Tongans, especially girls and women, to participate in quality sport activities, and a targeted Sport for Health intervention, harnessing the improved capacity of TNA to develop a programme focused on women and girls. The Sport for Health intervention uses a social marketing approach: target a specific audience, develop specific health-related behavioural objectives for that audience, take a holistic approach to engendering behaviour change, and conduct a baseline and measure the target group’s progress. Through the programme, sport is being used to support health in mobilising women and girls to engage in healthy behaviours, as a setting to educate women and girls about health-related behaviours, and as a means to empower girls and women to take the lead in improving health behaviours in their communities. The 42nd Pacific Island Forum declared NCD as a crisis and called for a holistic government approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In order to prevent the abuse of substances not under international control, Turkey placed 246 new psychoactive substances under national control in 2014. In addition, article 19 of the national law on the control of drugs was supplemented with provisions on generic scheduling in January 2015. The Government of Israel has taken legislative measures to curb the growing market for new psychoactive substances and their popularity among the youth in particular. In 2014, new synthetic cannabinoids and their derivatives were listed as narcotic drugs in the national legislation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Both Iran and Turkmenistan financed the project equally and are sharing benefits through the joint management committee. Wikipedia, 2016o) Iran’s surface water for irrigation is priced between 1% and 3% of the crop value that is cultivated (Keshavarz et al., Inogate, 2015) Water for irrigation is also supplied free in Turkmenistan, which falls into set limits of water supply (EBRD, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Successful cases of joint initiatives could inform this process. Gender mainstreaming should also go beyond providing sex-disaggregated data for all results areas of the Strategic Plan. In this connection, the merits of integrating the Gender Equality Strategy as part of the next strategic plan (2018 onwards) should receive serious consideration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Reprinted with the permission of the United Nations. In other words, the consumption of sea food from lower trophic levels entails nine times more food per unit of fish compared to tire fish caught at a higher trophic level. For example, a cod of 10 kilogrammes (kg) will have consumed 100 kg of herring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
New Zealand is currently involved in negotiating FTAs with ASEAN and Australia (AANZFTA), the Gulf co-operation Council (GCC), and Malaysia. Negotiations are expected to be launched with the Republic of Korea early in 2009. The development and implementation of Fisheries plans is directed at improving the opportunities for those who utilize fisheries resources to contribute to, and participate in the management of the resource. Improvements have been made to the QMS and the majority of stocks with sustainability and management concerns will be introduced into the QMS over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Finally, city governments can ensure that appropriate social protections are available at the local level, especially among the highly disadvantaged. Local institutions are well placed to match the supply and demand of social protection services and ensure their accessibility to the populations concerned. Cities differ widely in their labour force composition and policy efforts therefore need to focus on attracting and retaining workers for different types of jobs- from cutting-edge jobs in the digital economy to more traditional manufacturing jobs and informal jobs. In the case of high-skilled jobs, for example, the city of Lulea in Sweden has combined a set of infrastructure reforms, education initiatives and efficient branding of its natural environmental characteristics to attract Facebook, which is expected to create 2 200 new jobs in the city (Eudes, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The article explores electronic government as a change intervention initiative in the Sabah State public administration. It discusses its influence on organizational strategy, structure and performance, and argues that people are the active carriers of institutional meanings and actions that facilitate change. The study was conducted based on a qualitative research design involving indepth interviewing with 18 participants and data triangulation from other secondary sources. Findings suggest that electronic government was a transformative approach to organizational change and development. Taking the Sabah civil service to a globalized level, it added broader dimension to the organization's strategic direction with a focus on long-term goals. The transformation began with the creation of new social structures where power relations were distributed across employee levels. This had an impact on the notion of leadership as the introduction of electronic government had led to a decentralization of decision mak...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Eggleston and Fuchs (2012) show that at the beginning of the twentieth century, in the United States and other countries at comparable stages of development, most of the additional years of life were realized in youth and working ages, and less than 20 per cent were realized after the age of 65. Now, they find that more than 75 per cent of the gains in life expectancy are realized after the age of 65 - and that share is approaching 100 per cent asymptotically. They assert that the new demographic transition is a longevity transition and ask how individuals and societies will respond to mortality decline when almost all of the decline will occur late in life. In the Nordic countries, the increase in life expectancy at the age of 65 shown in Figure 3 is particularly noticeable after 1990.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Management and employees are likely to have a vested interest in expanding market share and ensuring the fund has a good financial position, as this means greater employment security and better remuneration and working conditions. Other motivations may also play a role. For example, health-fund managers are probably motivated by reputational factors, successful management of a fund possibly leading to career advancement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The analysis was based on information on biomass stocks and changes in selected national forest inventory plots satisfying specific criteria for forests of value to biodiversity. Rich deciduous forests, productive deciduous forests and coastal forests have rather high values for biodiversity, but their carbon stocks are lower. Old spruce and partly old pine forests are important for carbon stocks and somewhat less important for biodiversity. Conflict with forestry is least likely for unproductive deciduous forests, but here values for biodiversity or carbon stocks are lower. In this context the albedo and other biophysical properties of the land surface will also have to be considered. Forests have different surface properties and have a lower surface albedo than non-forest vegetation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In July 2016, the government presented a wide-ranging higher education reform package to Congress, interrupting a period of relative immobility in higher education legislation and strategy since the last significant changes in 2005. The chapter aims to look at major policy developments in higher education in Chile that took place before the modification to the reform bill {indicacion sustitutiva) which was sent to Congress by the Ministry of Education in April 2017. These reform efforts also demonstrate the government’s dedication to bringing higher education institutions together in a unified system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
An export ban on oilseeds effectively constrained increases in domestic oilseed prices during the peak of world food prices in late 2007 and 2008. As of 15 April 2008, when prices on the world grain market were rapidly increasing, Kazakhstan applied an export ban on wheat for five months. This had a negative impact on the grain sector, in particular given the high crop harvested the following season. Consequently, after the 2010 drought-affected crop, the government resisted applying export restrictions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
They are the ones selected by the systems which engaged actively in the OECD/ILE work and who thus had the knowledge and means, as well as the desire, to take part in this international study. The featured strategies and initiatives can make no claim to special effectiveness, in any case, it is questionable whether any strategy can make the bold claim to be “global best practice” when so much depends on the context and the unique social and political circumstances in each setting. Instead, they provide a fascinating set of cases from which to gain insights into the range of approaches being taken to spread and sustain innovative learning in different systems around the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Once these external costs are internalized and thus taken into consideration in the calculations of polluters and natural resource users, markets operate more efficiently and help improve social welfare through better allocation. Environmental taxes can also raise additional revenues and boost fiscal space, contributing to the need of developing countries to invest in infrastructure and other measures to pursue the SDGs and increase resilience to climate change impacts. In OECD countries, environmental taxes have already been widely used to decouple GHG emissions from economic growth and raise revenues for green investment. Similarly, in many developing economies, environmental taxes have been implemented to reduce pollution, foster conservation and reduce GHG emissions - as exemplified by taxes on fossil fuels in Costa Rica (see Cottrell et al. In countries that already raise substantial revenue from environmental taxes, review and administrative improvement can enhance the performance of such taxes and ensure that their positive environmental impacts are maximized, as exemplified by the efforts of China to reform its system of pollution charging into a more efficient system of environmental taxation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, they may increase lifetime income inequality by reducing income mobility and creating poverty traps. Across the OECD, disability benefits are often the only means of sustenance for people with a disability, but often do not suffice to escape poverty.13 People receiving disability benefits indeed have lower employment and higher unemployment rates than people with no disability. Many countries have thus started to reform disability benefits to reach a better, and more sustainable, balance between income security and labour market (re-)integration of disabled people. These benefits are conditional on past contributions, and are earnings-related in most countries. Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Poland and the United Kingdom are exceptions since they provide flat though relatively low benefits, enhancing their redistributive impact. Many countries impose a ceiling on unemployment benefits, thus also introducing an element of progressivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In much the same way that shifting wealth raises concerns about inequality in countries with strong growth, notable reductions in absolute poverty levels prompt questions about the evolution of relative poverty. These comparisons are all the more interesting given the wide variation in relative poverty within the group of OECD member countries (see OECD [2008a]). Figure 4.4 displays measures of relative poverty for selected emerging and developing countries that have achieved significant reduction in absolute poverty, and compares them on the same measures with a variety of OECD members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This principle means that “learning centredness” should permeate the priorities of the learning organisation, whether it is a school or another site for learning. This is about each individual learner engaging and ensuring that all learners are engaged. The principle also stresses that learners should be capable of organising and monitoring their own learning, and able to assess what they have already accomplished and what still needs to be done.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There are no seating arrangements for the women at the Upazila Parishad offices, and they are rarely allowed to play a role in development activities in their area. The Upazila Parishad (Reintroduction of the Repealed Act and Amendment) Bill 2009 does not include any guidelines for the new posts. In the Union Parisad, proxy representation exists, which means male members of the family represent women Union Parishad (UP) members and many husbands help their wives with their work in the Union Parishads (Nazneen and Tasneem 2010). Many female members have participated in shalish (a social system for informal adjudication/justice) and many of them have presided over the shalish sessions. Various non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and women's organisations training programmes that focus on alternative dispute resolution and human rights, support creating space for women to participate in these shalish. Women in Bangladesh feel more comfortable discussing issues like marriage, divorce, domestic violence, dowry or polygamy with the female UP members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
ABSTRACTTreaty ratification and human rights criticism, along with democratic change, are key underpinnings of international human rights in practice. Using a treaty-specific human rights indicator in a dynamic panel data framework, I estimate how states' human rights behavior changes in response to ratification of the Convention against Torture (CAT) and criticism launched through United Nations (UN) procedures from 1985 to 2005, and whether response differs by a government's democratic status. Prior CAT ratifiers generally respond more positively to country-specific UN human rights criticism than do nonratifiers. When criticized, the difference between ratifiers and nonratifiers is greater with higher democratic governance ratings, however, ratification combined with criticism is likely to stabilize or improve human rights levels even in countries scoring poorly on democratic indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Also, through its revenue raising features, carbon pricing could be used to reduce other taxes (thus “greening” taxation). It may induce sectoral or even macro-level contraction, it may have short run regressive distributional effects (outweighing at least in perception the progressive longer run outcomes of emissions reduction), it imposes burdens on people who did not contribute to warming. Regressive effects will have to be addressed through offsetting mechanisms (such as: pro-poor price differentiation or subsidized provision to low income groups, or a “carbon dividend” from tax or auction revenues to poor households).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Total fisheries exports in 2008-09 were valued at AUD 1.5 billion, comprising of edible fisheries exports of AUD 1.1 billion, and non-edible fisheries exports of AUD 384 million. The total fisheries imports in 2008-09 were valued at AUD 1.7 billion. Around 75% of the fisheries imports (AUD 1.3 billion) were edible fisheries imports, whilst pearls made up the majority of the AUD 427 million of non-edible imports. The total value of Australian fisheries exports declined each year from 2000-01 to 2007-08, but saw a small (2%) increase in 2008-09 from the 2006-07 exports of AUD 1.49 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)