albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This involves a minimum level of financial-market development, low levels of corruption and the establishment of an institution with a certain degree of political independence. Moreover, the administration of initial and continued benefit eligibility requires a rich multi-level infrastructure, ranging from national labour ministries to local public employment services, with effective coordination between the administration of benefits and the providers of employment services. While this can be a challenge in many advanced economies, it is very difficult to achieve in emerging economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems hold the key to mankind’s continued existence on earth. But ecosystem conservation is not a zero-sum policy option. There exist inherent trade-offs and synergies between conservation, sustainable management and economic benefits derivable from the continent’s abundant environmental resources, including terrestrial and freshwater resources. Conservation and sustainable management of ecosystems should yield economic, socio-cultural, scientific, recreational and other benefits to national and local governments, as well as local communities, including indigenous peoples.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Those data and approach could not be used in the present analysis, however, due to the lack of yearly data on inequality for a large enough number of OECD economies. Figure 4 displays a simple cross-country correlation between the share of population enrolled in upper secondary (left panel) and tertiary education (right panel) and the Gini coefficients of disposable income inequality. The ratio of Upper secondary enrolled is computed relative to the population aged 15-19 (20-24 for the ratio of tertiary enrolled).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The purpose of international criminal law is to establish the criminal responsibility of individuals for international crimes. Public international law is traditionally focused on the rights and obligations of states, and thus is not particularly well suited to this task. It has adapted through a long and slow historical process, drawing upon multiple sources. Many of the chapters in this Handbook explore to some extent the historical development of international criminal law. I will not attempt to summarize that history in detail, but a few historical observations here will help to explain how international criminal law emerged from its sources in public international law, comparative law, international humanitarian law and international human rights law. This will set the stage for an introductory discussion of some key issues in contemporary international criminal law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
ABSTRACT Terrorism systematically violates human rights and disrupts basic political processes common to liberal democracies. Combating terrorism is thus necessary in order to protect these fundamental rights and maintain the well functioning of tolerant polities. However, state initiatives put in place to cope with terrorism may also damage human rights, even when these measures are formulated by elected accountable authorities and implemented in the context of open societies. Spain has precisely been among those European countries most affected by the wave of terrorism initiated more than three decades ago across western industrial societies, and thus where violations of fundamental rights as well as obstacles to the exercise of civil liberties as a consequence of such violence became particularly severe. Also, a case where effective rule of law was temporarily damaged in the fight against the ethnonationalist terrorism perpetrated by ETA (an acronym for Euskadi ta Askatasuna, meaning Basque Homeland an...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This contrasts with the efforts of the European Union, which has reduced its energy intensity below that of Latin America and the Caribbean, and even the United States and Canada, which underscores the importance of policies for efficient energy use and energy diversification. Similarly, very unequal cities, with areas that lack public goods such as transport, education, citizen security and a non-polluted environment, will suffer productivity losses caused by transportation time, poor health and loss of human lives, compounded by insufficient access to education. Lastly, inequality affects decisions on what types of infrastructure to invest, which affects energy and production efficiencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In 2003, the city completed a local-currency bond transaction that was the first in the Mexico water sector that did not use federal transfers as collateral and instead relied mostly on fees to cover the financing costs. Thanks to this bond funding, the city funded a new water treatment plant and related water leakage reduction investments. The independent trust, which issued the bonds, is supported mostly by tariff revenue, with a municipal guarantee and private-sector guarantees provided by the International Finance Corporation and Dexia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This phenomenon could enhance productivity. On the other hand, ocean upw'elling could also worsen hypoxia and acidification, and lead to associated biomass reduction in fish and invertebrate stocks. Due to these contradictory observations, there is currently no certainty about the future trends of major upwelling systems and how their drivers, such as enhanced productivity, acidification and hypoxia, will shape ecosystem characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The proportion of women who run their business at a loss is somewhat lower than for men in the United States (7.5% of women versus 8.7% for men). The reason for their careful risk management may be greater concern about the consequences of failure (Chapter 22). Indeed, the Small Business Service (2005) in the United Kingdom found that women with family responsibilities were “particularly wary of extending commitments” and that any business venture they embarked upon would “need to be independent of family finances and self-sufficient”. However, there is no conclusive evidence that women entrepreneurs are always less willing to take risks than men (Croson and Gneezy, 2009). On average, 22% of self-employed women across 30 OECD countries work less than 40 hours a week against only 10% of self-employed men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
More broadly, global and more localised competition for factors of production, particularly site area, water and feeds can be critical, as is competition in food markets and price-supply conditions. Here, the role of aquaculture in providing raw material for value-added products is different from that for whole fresh or live product as is the potential size and value of markets involved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
While reforms are under way in both areas, further efforts are needed to support the domestic drivers of growth. At a time of fiscal consolidation, these two policy areas should at the least be protected from budgetary cuts while every opportunity for efficiency gains should be seized. Not least because of the high level of long-term unemployment, more emphasis should be placed on activation policies, particularly on placement services, which are currently underfinanced but also insufficiently evaluated. Educational achievements and thus future labour market outcomes could be improved by re-allocating resources to teaching activities, in particular for disadvantaged pupils.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The CCSS recently established quality monitoring programme in primary care (see Section 1), with plans to develop a similar programme for hospitals. Not enough is known about the quality and outcomes of care in Costa Rica. Although some important initiatives are underway, such as the primary care performance monitoring framework, quality does not emerge as the dominant governing idea within Costa Rican health care. “ Quality” is still thought of in limited terms (typically, waiting times) meaning that important gaps in the health system’s information infrastructure persist. Even though there is a national cancer observatory, for example, authorities were unable to produce data on the stage of cancer at diagnosis (vital for understanding the effectiveness of screening and prevention programmes) when asked.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As the principal administrator of justice in any given state, the judiciary is uniquely positioned to take leadership and act as the mobilising power towards addressing VAW and encouraging other stakeholders - such as civil society, the public prosecutor and the police - to play their part. In the course of interpretation of existing laws, the judiciary also performs the role of lawmaker by legislating from the bench. They are therefore seen as protectors and defenders of the fundamental individual rights and liberties of victims and witnesses, of perpetrators and of members of the general public.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Northern Ireland has recently introduced a new apprenticeship strategy and strong efforts have been made to increase overall participation in this educational pathway. Employers will be critical partners to boost overall private sector employment and ensure that more apprenticeship programmes can be developed in new and emerging sectors of the economy such as information and communications technology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It may occur within a country or it may require crossing an international border. It may be short term/temporary or long term/permanent. Based on the area of origin and destination, this migration can also be classified as: rural-rural migration, rural-urban migration, urban-rural migration, or urban-urban migration. Although there is no consensus on how long the period should be for defining this type of migration, a range of 3-12 months is frequently found in the literature.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
On a positive note, at least some of the schemes have the potential to operate on a sufficiently large scale to overcome many of the problems that have plagued earlier ETS experiments in China. In particular the scheme in Guangdong, which has a population exceeding 100 million and an economy similar in size to Hirkey’s, could create a trading market comparable in size to some national schemes. An institutional framework that is credible and provides firms with sufficient certainty is needed at the outset and several lessons can be learnt from domestic and international experience in this area. The difficulties faced by pollution trading schemes and levies within China underscore the importance of a clear and effective nationwide legal framework. The difficulty of providing clear and stable signals to firms and investors in a trading scheme is illustrated by carbon price volatility in the EU ETS. Determining an appropriate cap and avoiding an excess supply of permits is critical and hinges on an accurate assessment of current emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This chapter explores the possibilities of plurilingualism, a fundamental concept in European-language education policy, for promoting equality and social cohesion in Myanmar’s divided society. The current situation is examined in light of the country’s history of ethnic and religious conflict, before the literature concerning peacebuilding, rectifying inequality and plurilingualism is reviewed to formulate a conceptual framework for social transformation that might bridge the various divides. Then, the possibility of plurilingual education is discussed, in the hope that such an attempt might lay a foundation for pluralist democracy and sustainable peace, through the realization of a harmonized Myanmar.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As information comes into a disaster risk management system it can be assigned to an appropriate action. This requires location-based information services and decision support tools that can reach out to people at risk. It also means establishing strong institutional links for coordination between developmental and planning actors so that risk reduction is integrated into development plans. Normally such integration should be carried out as part of their regular functions by planning ministries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
At the federal level the compensation can reach 0.5% of the total project costs, depending on the severity of project impact. The SNUC Law provides for resources from environmental compensation to be fully allocated to protected areas, with priority given to strict protection areas. Payments can be made directly in the form of products or services benefitting the protected area or indirectly to a fund managed either by ICMBio or by third parties.10 The level of execution is, however, very low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The objective of QI4TF is to identify and facilitate the prioritisation of the most critical gaps in the NQIS that obstruct trade, whilst complying with the requirements of the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement and Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) Agreement. The tool is intended to be applied to any first-level processed agro-food product passing from one country to another. The methodology brought together key public and private sector institutions to identify and prioritise the gaps. The results serve as an input to support national capacity building and technical cooperation to navigate and focus efforts on addressing key needs/gaps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This Act set a legally binding target of 80% reductions in emissions from 1990 to 2050. A medium-term target of a 34% reduction by 2020 was also adopted, with the promise of a further tightening in the event of a global deal on climate change. To achieve these targets, the Act established the principle of five-year carbon budgets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Implementation research in health is a rapidly growing field. Fourteen years after the launch of Implementation Science, submissions to the journal have grown exponentially, and the journal now uses a high bar for assessing submitted manuscripts. The field of implementation research in health, however, is growing largely through entry of junior researchers with keen interest in the field whose funding histories and research experience are still developing. We consider it essential to support newer entrants to the field and boundary-spanning work that may consist of smaller, pilot studies, as well as those that contribute primarily descriptive findings. As a companion journal to Implementation Science, Implementation Science Communications will accept a broad and diverse range of article types, and provide an important platform for smaller scale or more descriptive research. As with Implementation Science, no specific discipline, research design, or paradigm will be favoured.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Towards a Rights-Based Poverty Line (April 2008), available from www.neweconomics.org. The World Bank currently defines "extreme poverty" as average daily consumption of S1.25 or less. New theories have emerged regarding the phenomenon of poverty as multidimensional, involving unsustainable livelihoods, lack of access to basic services, discrimination, social exclusion and restrictions on freedom to participate in the community and to explore one's capabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, a prerequisite for workers to be able to use new technology and capital productively is that they have the appropriate skills and abilities that are required to do so. Key examples of policy areas that should be considered to foster productivity therefore also include not only improving the availability and quality of physical as well as information and communication infrastructure, but also expanding investment in education, with a particular focus on improving its quality and increasing the focus on science, technology and innovation. Policy attention is also increasingly being paid to technical and vocational education and training, which comprises formal, non-formal and informal learning for the world of work. Reassessing training and educational systems by taking into account such criteria as quantity, quality and relevance of teaching methods and teaching material would therefore be an important step in strengthening the innovation potential of the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Higher energy consumption, rising greenhouse gas emissions, road congestion and deteriorating water quality are the negative externalities that have come with urban growth. The City of Chicago has declared its ambition to become the most environmentally friendly city in the US, and has grown into a model for green buildings and infrastructure. The Chicago Tri-State metro-region is home to important and growing green clusters, particularly in the professional energy services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It stipulates that any discharge of wastewater is subject to specific ELVs for pollutants. Where specific limit values have not been established, general limit values apply. But general limit values have not yet been published. And specific limit values for discharge of water pollutants have, so far, been established only for domestic wastewater (2006 Joint Order No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This narrow approach can increase gender inequalities—for example, when women are more likely to lose their jobs than men if the economy slows in response to monetary policy choices or when women work in sectors that are more sensitive to reductions in domestic spending.' Women do much of this work. The fact that this labour is unpaid does not mean that it comes without costs—and most of these costs are borne by women and girls in terms of lost opportunities and foregone earnings. For example, evaluations of the benefits of public policy measures that reduce unpaid work—such as installing water taps or improving access to childcare services—will be inadequate if they do not consider the costs to women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
While domestic wheat consumption in the Mashreq countries is slightly lower, it is still relatively high, hovering around 120-150 kg/person/year. On the other hand, low-income Arab countries, including Somalia and Sudan, have lower consumption levels, similar to those of other developing countries, owing largely to supply constraints (production and import) and to a culture that is not as entrenched towards wheat-based food products. However, during these four decades, two distinct time periods can be observed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In addition to the income and expenditure flows of industries and their outputs, as captured in the input-output tables, the social accounting matrices contain detailed information on different institutions. The matrices thus incorporate institutional and structural details that capture all transfers and real transactions between industries and institutions in the economy. Since the social accounting matrices incorporate the input-output table, they provide a comprehensive economy-wide database with an internally consistent set of accounts for production, income and expenditures. Labour was divided into subsistence labour (FSUB), child labour (LCHILD), female adult labour (LFEMALE) and male adult labour (LMALE).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This effect is likely to be small considering the low share of the overall number of students being moved. In fact, increased inclusion in regular schools has occurred in a period of a general decline in expenditure per student. The overall cost saving is a result of fewer students in the costly special schools. Thus, when analysing the resource situation in schools, teacher resources are of particular importance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Furthermore, the new World Bank line is not based on the United States rate of inflation, had it been taken into account, the original $1.08 would have become $1.45 for 2005, with obvious implications for the corresponding estimates of numbers of persons in poverty, and hence for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals poverty target by 2015. In addition, the new round follows an inconsistent procedure with regard to correcting for rural/urban price differences, applying it only to the cases of India and China and there, too, essentially using urban prices, thereby introducing what Himanshu calls an urban bias. In either case, the present world poverty estimates are flawed and an odd aspect of this is that the selective urban-rural adjustment now made reduces measured world poverty, whereas in an earlier paper Chen and Ravallion (2007) had reported that world poverty at 1993 PPP $1.08 increases by about 2 percentage points when such a rural-urban distinction is made. In 1997, UNDP topped this absurdity by suggesting that the US criterion of $14.4 per day might be applied to the OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Consistently, the payment the worker receives from these funds upon separation is not taken into account in the OECD indicators. In other countries (notably Italy, Korea, Indonesia and, to a limited extent, Switzerland and Saudi Arabia), there is a tenure-dependent separation indemnity, which is paid by the employer upon separation whatever the reason. Again, these provisions are not included in OECD indicators insofar as they correspond more clearly to a deferred wage which will be paid with certainty at the end of the employment relationship. In expected terms, therefore, these provisions have the same impact on employers’ hiring decisions as higher social security contributions. Moreover, to the extent that future payments are not set aside every month in a separate fund but remain on the balance sheet of employers, these amounts represent a forced loan from workers to their employer, often at advantageous conditions for the latter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In respect of MDG Target 7.D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers, Belarus’s indicator has increased from 22.9 m~ of residential floor area per capita in 2005 to 26.1 m2 in 2014. The new energy efficient housing output in 2009 and 2010 followed the planned volumes of the Integrated programme for design, construction and reconstruction of energy efficient residential buildings in the Republic of Belarus for 2009-2010 and until 2020. However, in 2011, it was 20 per cent less than the planned 600,000 m2. These norms depend on the type of residential building and structural solutions used (i.e. heat recovery ventilation).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This is typical for developing countries. The municipally owned company employs 350 people and operates a fleet of collection vehicles, and a transfer station and landfill at Tintareni. The company is modernizing the collection fleet. In addition, containers of a Russian type (0.75 m ) are being replaced by standard Eurocontainers (1.1 m ).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
To overcome geographical barriers to care, for example, GPs receive a bonus for maintaining a practice in rural areas. The bonus is based on the density of the population in a given area, and the number of registered patients. Complementing this policy, in more densely populated areas a second nurse or physician assistant is now mandatory' for practices with more than 1 800 registered patients or 800 registered children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
An NDC may be adjusted at any time, so long as the adjustment enhances its level of ambition. The INDCs that have already been submitted by Parties will become NDCs once the Parties concerned join the Paris Agreement. By 2020, Parties with INDCs for 2025 are to communicate new NDCs, and Parties with INDCs for 2030 are to communicate or update their contributions. Common timeframes for NDCs are to be considered at the first session of the CMA 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)