albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Frequent replacements of battery banks would consequently cause higher costs for operation and maintenance. Ownership is often unclear to determine in China. Table 14 illustrates the starkly different distribution of common household appliances between rural and urban households and also reflects China's enormous economic development in the course of the last decades (Pan et Page | 52 al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Notes on the Contributors 1. Natural Law: The Classical Tradition 2. Natural Law: The Modern Tradition 3. Exclusive Legal Positivism 4. Inclusive Legal Positivism 5. Formalism 6. Adjudication 7. Constitutional and Statutory Interpretation 8. Methodology 9. Legal and Political Philosophy 10. Authority 11. Reasons 12. Rights 13. Law and Obligations 14. Responsibility 15. Philosophy of the Common Law 16. Philosophy of Private Law 17. Philosophy of Tort Law 18. Philosophy of Contract Law 19. Philosophy of Property Law 20. The Philosophy of Criminal Law 21. Philosophy of International Law 22. Law and Language 23. Law and Objectivity 24. Law, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Index
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The new areas are in the following categories: 2 strict natural reserves (IUCN I), 44 natural monuments (IUCN III) and 1 multipurpose area (IUCN VI) (Table 9.3). The largest addition occurred through the proclamation of the Jasen multipurpose area (27,950 ha). Slightly over 50 per cent of the land currently protected in the country is designated as national parks with the next largest category being natural monuments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, it is worthwhile noting that countries with low public capital efficiency can also generate high returns on investment since those countries usually lack capital (Berg and others, 2015). Therefore, policies on infrastructure investment need to be examined within the broader context of public policymaking in order to encourage a design of policies that complement each other in enhancing efficiency. The impact will include: (a) increasing GDP growth and employment generation through enhanced connectivity and production networks, (b)fostering social development through improved access to public services and new opportunities, and (c) improving environmental sustainability through low-carbon, resource-efficient and climate-resilient societal order.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This paper argues that the views of Petty, Hamilton, and List, considered the "external threat" matter of countries a fundamental dimension of their economic development, and therefore thought national economies not only in terms of economic progress, but also as an instrument for political independence, military sovereignty and national security. Thus, the "external threat" is used to prioritize strategic objectives and direct the productive structure and the generation of income to certain sectors considered more relevant. Finally, it is argued that this conception is absent in Latin American thought and originates the discipline of International Political Economy.    JEL Classification: F59, F52, B12.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
References are also made to the Japanese context. It has been well documented that the world’s forests are diminishing and that the emission of greenhouse gases from forests is equivalent to 20 per cent of total global emissions. Stopping deforestation and making the most of the value of forests as carbon sinks are two of the most important solutions to the problem of global warming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They note that these inputs are essential for increasing the yields of their plots, ranging from 7.5 tonnes per hectare of paddy rice under optimal irrigation and input use to 1.5 tonnes per hectare in the event of malfunctions in irrigated zones (Walther, 2008). The use of agricultural fertilizers is particularly widespread in Nigeria, where its sale is subsidised without having major effects on national productivity (Takeshima and Liverpool-Tasie, 2015). In some cases, as in Benin, government departments distribute enhanced seeds free of charge. In Cote d'Ivoire, where rice production has doubled in less than four years, government policies have been credited with increasing the availability of land and water resources for rice production while improving the regulatory environment for private sector engagement on enhanced financial services and input markets (CARD, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper examines the complex and ambiguous relationship between Charter 88, its philosophy of democratic constitutionalism and the Europeanisation of the UK. On the one hand, increased European linkages have proved helpful to the achievement of many of the Charter's domestic goals. Nevertheless, the modalities of European political integration sit in a relationship of tension with the Charter's democratic constitutionalist philosophy. As an organisation, Charter/Unlock Democracy has shown only a limited awareness of this tension and, in particular, has failed to appreciate the considerable difficulties of creating a genuine demos at the European level. This article argues that democratic constitutionalism would best be served a more modest and focused EU which respects popular sovereignty and matches its competences to those legitimately managed by transnational governance mechanisms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
AbstractAims: Across the globe law enforcement agencies frequently link trafficking in illicit drugs to serious and organised crime such as terrorism and gun trafficking. However, there remain few systematic academic analyses of the extent and nature of links. This paper explored the extent of concordance between trends in high-level drug trafficking and seven other serious and organised crimes in Australia: and which crimes (and crime subtypes) most and least correlated with drug trafficking.Methods: Official crime data from the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions was obtained on criminal prosecutions on drug trafficking, money laundering, fraud, weapons trafficking, people trafficking, sex trafficking, terrorism and corruption and trends examined over a decade: 2005–2006 to 2014–2015.Results: Analysis revealed a positive correlation between drug trafficking and money laundering and subcategories of corruption, fraud and people trafficking. No positive correlation was found between drug traffick...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These rules will be addressed in the course of the following sections. To define what is “reasonable” in these respects is up to each member and has to be considered by the authority granting the compulsory license. In cases regarding the production of life-saving drugs, negotiations for a voluntary license may be considered unsuccessful after a shorter period of time than in other cases, such as the production of items for the tourism sector. This usually provides the government with the power to rule by decree in areas where it normally depends on parliamentary consent.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
First, AIDS has a demographic impact and alters the age composition of the population and the labour force. These changes in the numbers of workers of different ages are captured in the L.t term. A change in the age composition of the labour force alters the productivity of the labour force because of its impact on accumulated work experience, and this is captured in the p. term. With population growth averaging 1.9 per cent a year, however, GDP per capita grows more slowly than GDP, at 2.6 per cent a year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As a consequence, governments have made servicing the debt and combatting poverty and related deprivations higher priorities than protecting the environment. Indeed, the description of the economy above sought to highlight the endemic pattern of unfriendliness to the environment and the persistence of poverty. The challenge is to identify and tap ‘the opportunities for investment, growth and jobs’ (ibid, 16).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Scarring Effects of Contingent Employment in Japan”, Social Forces, pp. The sample excluded three industries (agriculture, mining and private households) as well as three occupational groups (legislators, armed forces and farm labourers) due to the lack of consistent information over time. The overall sample is restricted to workers aged 15-64, excluding employers as well as students working part-time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In April 2011, in India, mass protests began against kleptocracy, electoral fraud, black money, and various other aspects of corruption. Protesters demanded the enactment and enforcement of strong legislation against perceived political corruption. Eventually, in 2013, the Anti-corruption Citizen’s Ombudsman Act (or the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act) was passed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
We performed some empirical analysis of EPWP beneficiaries based on the Labour Force Surveys. The September 2007 Labour Force Survey included a specific module on EPWP. From this data, we were able to conclude that almost one-third of adults had heard of EPWP, yet more than twice this amount were unaware of the government programme. In addition, the data indicated that EPWP awareness did not differ significantly by age, with the exception of the age group 45 to 49 who were more likely to know about the programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Within this framework, a relatively large share of the total land area is protected. About 20% of land area is currently classified as nature reserves (primarily for nature conservation) and 1% as national parks (primarily for conservation of heritage and archaeology). Although the number and extent of protected areas are increasing, they do not adequately represent the country’s diversity of habitats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Therefore the extension of the BTNM to data is still in process. At this critical point, governments have seen the mobile industry as a source of easy revenue to exploit. They have yet to appreciate the urgency of announcing roadmaps for releasing adequate quantities of spectrum at predictable times to support data communication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This chapter examines Hobbes’s conception of civil peace, paying particular attention to his ideas about political authority, justice, and the rule of law. Hobbes wants to make rulers immune from accusations of injustice and claims that all laws are, by definition, just. However, his political theory also reveals a positive vision of lasting peace in a well-governed commonwealth. This chapter shows that sovereigns must not only protect individuals from violence, but also should prevent social conflict and settle disputes between subjects. In Hobbes’s view, this requires that rulers institute and guarantee individual rights, govern in an equitable manner, and ensure fairness in the administration of justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some of these issues reflect weak decision-making mechanisms within RFMOs, which leaves the potential of such issues undermining the effectiveness of collective management. As a result, overfishing continues to be a problem in some areas of the high seas including in RFMO-managed areas. At the outset it is worth highlighting that many fisheries are already fully subscribed and some are overfished. Hence an important policy objective is to ensure that international and national fisheries are managed in a sustainable way and that fishing capacity is brought into line with available fishing opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
As mentioned above, they are less likely to be deprived in education. The rate of children deprived in only the specific dimension is less than three per cent for any given dimension (for more clarity, the category is not reported in the graph), while 3.5 per cent of children are deprived in all seven dimensions at once. More than three out of four children are deprived in at least one of these dimensions. Almost one in five children is deprived in all three, and about one in ten is deprived in either social and utilities or information and utilities. As for the younger age group, children in rural areas are generally more deprived, presenting a distribution skewed to the right, with higher rates of deprivation at higher counts. On the contrary, children in urban areas are less deprived.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This 2002 study covered drinking and driving, seat belt and child restraint use, local infrastructure improvements on urban and minor rural roads, and safety on main interurban roads. The thinking is based on a road safety target hierarchy of the final outcomes (the number killed and injured), intermediate outcomes (Safety Performance Indicators), safety programmes and measures, and “structure and culture” as shown in Figure 4.5. This approach is adapted from a consultation document on a road safety strategy in New Zealand (LTSA, 2000).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
These search costs are strongly influenced by the characteristics of energy service markets and by the nature of energy efficiency as a good. Search costs are determined in part by factors outside a firm’s control, such as the existence (or not) of standardized labelling schemes and by internal factors, such as company procedures for gathering information and specifying, purchasing and procuring the new equipment or process. Developing country firms may find it more costly to improve energy efficiency, because an array of economic and political factors often boost their search costs (Sorrell, Mallett and Nye 2011). Low labour costs relative to energy costs (unless energy use is heavily subsidized) in developing countries might suggest that the energy-management overhead would be less of a barrier than in developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Where data are insufficient or differences small, lower and upper middle-income countries will be looked at as a single middle-income country (MIC) category. Then the definitions are detailed for each labour market concept used in this report, which concludes with an explanation of the data used. Young people under 15 fall under the ILO’s child labour convention and should not be working.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Market participants in the telecommunications market that provide telecommunication networks and services have to contribute 2.2% of their gross revenues to the fund (see also OECD 2014a, forthcoming). Rates used to be higher before 2009. The funds need to be executed within a year which might not be the most efficient way of using resources. A multitude of different ICT programmes are funded by FONTIC which makes it challenging to identify the funding of every single initiative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This limits their access to social protection, which they may only receive thanks to their relationship with an employed spouse (Gomez, 2008) or through non-contributory transfers. As shown previously, time-use data sheds light on women's economic contribution to countries through unpaid work. These data should allow people who carry out only unpaid work to receive social security benefits —an outstanding debt to women in the region— through programmes that aim for universal social protection and which are not necessarily linked to labour market participation (ECLAC, 2016a). Hence, in order to avoid setbacks in existing policies and programmes and to continue advancing towards comprehensive care systems, the economic invisibility of unpaid domestic and care work in households must not become a factor of social exclusion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
I believe that ICTs, just like many other technologies and tools, are neither 'good' nor 'bad' - their outcome and impact depend on the purpose for which they are used. During the economic slowdown of 2007-2008, many Governments turned to tech-enabled start-ups and ICT-enabled media companies as a growing, but strategically important economic sector. The report estimates that almost half the activities people are paid almost USD 16 trillion in wages to do in the global economy have the potential to be automated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A study in Tigray Regional State (from Kolia Tembien and Abergele districts) of community needs showed the emphasis given to conserving and developing the productivity of the land, water and plant resources by the people living in a watershed. A strategic integration of three dimensions of food security was taken into account: availability, access and utilization. This is mainly done by using Food for Work and community labour mobilization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The law regulating public protest has previously been governed by a mixture of common law and statutes. It is now also covered by the Human Rights Act 1998, and Articles 10 and 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights which protect freedom of expression and freedom of assembly respectively. The Laporte case held that in order for those seeking to exercise their Article 10 or 11 rights to be stopped in some way by those claiming to prevent a breach of the peace, a breach of peace must be imminent. There has been a slight shift in protection of what the author refers to as a right to demonstrate.Abstract by Rose Goss.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Special thanks to Diana Martirosova and her colleagues at the National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia for giving access to the survey data and for giving constructive feedback on the results. The views and findings in this report are the responsibility of the authors alone. In addition, this report analyses multidimensional poverty together with monetary poverty, providing estimates of the degree to which the two measures of child poverty overlap, and offering a comprehensive picture of child poverty in the national context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Philosophy has been a public endeavor since its origins in ancient Greece, India, and China. However, recent years have seen the development of a new type of public philosophy conducted by both academics and non- professionals. The new public philosophy manifests itself in a range of modalities, from the publication of magazines and books for the general public to a variety of initiatives that exploit the power and flexibility of social networks and new media. In this paper we examine the phenomenon of public philosophy in its several facets, and investigate whether and in what sense it is itself a mix of philosophical practice and teaching. We conclude with a number of suggestions to academic colleagues on why and how to foster further growth of public philosophy for the benefit of society at large and of the discipline itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, the impact of mild-to-moderate disorders on individuals and on society is significant. It is probable that given the greater prevalence of mild-to-moderate disorders, their detrimental effects outweigh those of the most severe disorders in terms of the overall disability burden for society (OECD, 2012, Kessler et al., Mild-to-moderate disorders also contribute to premature mortality, higher morbidity, and poorer outcomes for chronic diseases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Transport of radioactive pollution occurs both in dissolved form and with sediments. While in normal operation, thermal pollution from nuclear power station at Rivne (of the same type as Chernobyl), Ukraine on the Styr River is reported to be negligible. Concentration of 137Cs and 90Sr radionu-clids in the surface waters at monitoring stations near the Roven-skaya nuclear power plant, as well as in industrial wastewaters and storm waters, is insignificant and does not exceed permissible limits (12-15 times lower).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Additionally, many CT programs target women as the main beneficiary, thus potentially affecting power dynamics within the household. To model these power dynamics, economists use variants of non-unitary household bargaining models in which an increase in a woman’s income (either earned or unearned as with a CT), may decrease violence by improving her bargaining power within the household (Farmer & Tiefenthaler, 1997, Tauchen et al. However, variants of the bargaining model also predict that an increase in women’s resources may put a woman at increased risk of IPV if men feel threatened and use violence to reassert authority in the relationship (Eswaran & Malhotra, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It recognises ecological corridors as territorial management instruments to maintain ecological processes,7 and introduces the possibility of integrating multiple protected areas into a “mosaic” if they occur in proximity or overlap. As of 2014, the MMA had approved 14 mosaics, Box 5.6 describes an example. However, their implementation is challenging, many protected areas in Brazil are still managed as individual administrative units.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Indian companies do not currently cover the entire PV value chain from silicon supply, through ingot and waver production to cell and module manufacturing. They focus on the more labour-intensive and less technologyintensive part of cell and module production. Therefore, India's PV industry depends largely on the import of silicon wavers as input for its PV cell production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Conversely, values associated with e.g. historic sites or recreational access points are quite often related to direct use, although there is a strong argument for protecting historic sites, even if they are not directly enjoyed by visitors. Some of the use values shown in the figures in Appendices land 2 may also lead individuals to visit a site and spend money, leading to local income, jobs, and tax revenue. These economic benefits are thus translated into monetary values via the market, but these benefits represent only a portion of value generated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
After excluding countries that had already achieved a low level of malnutrition, the 20th percentile among all the rates of improvement was selected as an ambitious rate of improvement, but also one that has proven to be feasible in a large number of countries. This 20th percentile of the annual rate of improvement was then applied to the baseline prevalence globally to calculate a new 2030 target. For two of the indicators (low birthweight and anaemia in women of reproductive age), the past rate of improvement has been too slow to achieve the WHA target, even by 2030. Thus, for these indicators, the revised 2030 target is the same as the 2025 target, since the level of ambition for 2030 should not be less than that agreed upon for 2025.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This is done (i) by comparing the differences in the multidimensional estimates of poverty that result from adding a monetary dimension and an index based on traditional UBN indicators, and (ii) through a redundancy analysis of the monetary dimension and the non-monetary dimensions in the different countries. With this threshold, a person living in a household with two or more deprivations will still be identified as poor. In this regard, it should be noted that: (i) the probability of a person having two or more deprivations is higher than in the case of the exercise limited to UBN indicators, owing to the increase in the number of dimensions, and (ii) the intensity of poverty should fall (generally speaking), as a result of the lower weight of dimensions and indicators, which could "cushion" the increase in the adjusted headcount ratio (MO) that an additional dimension is expected to bring.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)