albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Human resource capacity is one of the key factors influencing what regional institutions can actually do. The European Commission—die heart of the European Union (EU) administration— employs over 23,000 people in total, the two Directorates for Environment and Climate have staffs of 454 and 137, respectively, the European Environment Agency, which deals mainly with monitoring and information brokerage, employs around 200, and a number of environmental research centres are also part of the EU administration, adding further expertise and capacity. While a comparison of the secretariat capacity of die EU and die Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is perhaps unfair, given diat they have different mandates, it is notable that ASEAN’s secretariat employs just over 300 people and the department dealing with environmental issues has fewer than 10 staff members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A dozen LDCs exceed the world average152 for population coverage of 3G mobile broadband networks. Twenty-six LDCs have commercially launched 4G/LTE networks and two exceed the world average for mobile LTE population coverage (Lesotho and Rwanda). A growing number of LDCs have flexible mobile Internet plans catering to hourly, daily, weekend and weekly use, enhancing affordability for those who do not use the Internet each day.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Child labour is also considered to be any work that endangers the physical, mental or moral well-being of the child, either by the nature of the work or as a result of the conditions under which it is carried out. It is referred to as dangerous work. Unquestionably, the worst forms of child labour are those defined internationally as slavery, human trafficking, debt bondage and other forms of forced labour, as well as the forced recruitment of children for use in armed conflicts, prostitution, pornography and other illegal activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For example, keywords such as “ICT” and “digital” were more than 50 times more frequent in the description of core ICT activities than in other activities. Other words such as “Internet”, “broadband” and “cyberspace” w'ere more than 100 times as frequent. Similarly, words such as “scientific” and “research” were more than 10 times more frequent in “core” research activities than in other development activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The research suggested ‘bundling’ HIV interventions with those issues of great importance to communities. It targets poverty, malnutrition and school enrolment. Here, the District Assembly manages a community-based system to identify the poorest households, in a complex logistical and technical environment, requiring payments to thousands of households scattered over hundreds of miles, without sophisticated information technology back-up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The initial decision text leaves open whether incentives to reduce deforestation would take the form of carbon credits or direct financial assistance. The Fund aims to deliver cost-effective emission reductions, while promoting biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation. The BioCarbon Fund can consider purchasing carbon from a variety of land use and forestry projects, the portfolio includes Afforestation and Reforestation, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation and is exploring innovative approaches to agricultural carbon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Recent changes have enabled more substitution by increasing the role of nurses and midwives in health system organisation. Yet no clear plan exists on how to pursue this direction in the coming years. Furthermore, the workforce is ageing and the nurse to population ratio is declining (see Section 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
According to various ECLAC studies, this is mainly due to the phenomenon of educational devaluation, since full secondary education was generalized in the last decade and no longer allows rapid access to the labour market in good conditions or guarantees escape from poverty (ECLAC/OIJ, 2008, ECLAC, 2004b, ECLAC, 2000b). Young people with university diplomas are also affected proportionately more, although this is mainly due to their greater willingness to hold out for jobs of appropriate quality suited to their skills (ECLAC, 2002). Gender criteria still play a very big role in staff selection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Also, several illnesses other than cancer should be looked at simultaneously, which would be very data demanding. As an alternative, life expectancy can be selected as the health variable. It could be argued that life expectancy variables show little variation among OECD countries and over time (and thus do not help discriminating between policy effects). However, weak variability among countries does not seem to be borne out by the data, even if only OECD countries are considered11.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Women Rights are part of Human Rights, which are considered important in every society. These rights are inalienable and indivisible rights held by all, and are the basic standards of equity and justice without which people cannot live with dignity. The situation of Women Rights in Pakistan is complex as a result of country’s diversity, large population, its status as a developing country and a sovereign Islamic Republic as well as Islamic democracy with a mixture of both Islamic and secular laws, which include freedom of speech, freedom of thought, freedom of information, freedom of religion, freedom of association, freedom of media and freedom of assembly. The constitution of the country (1973) carries Human Rights different and this article debates certain classes with are respected in practice. The main purpose of the study is to explore the reasons why women Rights Situation in Pakistan has not been satisfactory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Even if revenue is not used for environmental purposes, or only to a limited extent, environment ministries stand to benefit from environmental improvements due to the tax-incentivized changes to consumption and production patterns. Focussing on economic and social policy aspects might also help convince other ministries of the potential benefits of environmental taxation. Rivalry between ministries can thereby be reduced and potential concerns on the part of environment ministries that insufficient revenue will be used for environmental purposes can be minimized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Japanese firms grappling with a strong yen over a longer period and the disruption caused by the 2011 earthquake and tsunami were particularly active in building manufacturing capacity in China and the Republic of Korea, notably in parts and materials. Tencent, Inc., a Chinese Internet company, paid $64 million for a 13.8% stake in Kakao Inc., operator of the Republic of Korea’s most popular mobile messenger, Kakao Talk. That stake has turned Tencent into Kakao’s second largest shareholder.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Fourthly, apart from delivering cash transfers, social assistance should link poor urban residents to basic services such as health care, through subsidies, vouchers or case management. Fifthly, urban contexts offer more opportunities to utilize new technologies, such as mobile phone networks and ATMs, to deliver social assistance. Finally, different targeting mechanisms have been used in urban contexts but compelling and comprehensive evidence on their impacts remains thin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These achievements, however, have been driven largely by sales of natural resources, leaving Kazakhstan vulnerable to volatility in global commodity prices. Nevertheless, the health care system still retains the hallmarks of a transitional economy undergoing profound restructuring. Despite some improvement, Kazakhstan’s health outcomes continue to lag behind those of the OECD countries and reveal some worrying regional inequalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
1. Introduction: Critically Examining UNSCR 1325 on Women, Peace and Security 2. Sex, Security and Superhero(in)es: From 1325 to 1820 and Beyond 3. No Angry Women at the United Nations: Political Dreams and the Cultural Politics of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 4. UNSCR 1325 and Women's Peace Activism in the Occupied Palestinian Territory 5. Resolution 1325 and Post-Cold War Feminist Politics 6. 'Women, Peace and Security': Addressing Accountability for Wartime Sexual Violence 7. Configurations of Post-Conflict: Impacts of Representations of Conflict and Post-Conflict upon the (Political) Translations of Gender Security within UNSCR 1325 8. Feminist Knowledge and Emerging Governmentality in UN Peacekeeping 9. Leveraging Change: Women's Organizations and the Implementation of UNSCR 1325 in the Balkans
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Such information is provided in the form of quantitative and qualitative data as part of a company’s reporting process. Key performance indicators comprise the quantitative data, an example of qualitative data can be found in the description of a company’s sustainability strategies and reporting policies. Examples include the portal of the Government of France (info-financiere.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Plant-level costs are, of course, those costs that come most naturally to mind when thinking about the costs of electricity provision. The “bricks, mortar and steel” to build the plant, the fuel and the manpower to run it are easily comprehensible cost items. The Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) and the International Energy Agency (IEA) publish a survey of the plant-level costs in OECD countries every five years in the Projected Costs of Generating Electricity (see IEA/NEA, 2010 and IEA/NEA, 2015, IEA/NEA, 2020 is currently in preparation). While concrete work reveals also a number of difficulties in assessing plant-level costs, e.g. which discount rate to use to reflect the cost of capital, at least the basic concepts are well understood. Plant-level costs of production are financial and economic realities that are straightforwardly monetised and integrated into the decision-making processes of private and public actors. In an interconnected electricity system, each plant interacts with all other plants, on both physical and economic levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This in turn will enable a country to become innovative, productive and internationally competitive53. This requires broader thinking about drivers of economic and industrial development, with greater emphasis on knowledge, new technologies, and especially ICTs as a conduit for knowledge flow54, storage and communication and their convergence with other technologies and applications in new business models, and less on traditional factors of production, such as physical capital and labour. This in effect leads us to a richer model of development55.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This small drop in value highlights Australia’s focus on high value export species. Over the last decade to 2006-07 aquaculture production almost doubled from 29 300 tonnes to 57 800 tonnes, whereas the wild caught seafood remained relatively stable. The dramatic rise in value of aquaculture in percentage terms indicates a longer-term trend, which suggests the aquaculture sector will provide the major impetus for medium to long-term growth in the value of Australia’s seafood production. Together they accounted for 44% of total production volume and approximately one-third of the total production value.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
France, Israel and Switzerland do relatively well (compared with countries of similar average performance) in nurturing excellence, but at the same time, they have sizeable shares of students who do not reach the baseline level of proficiency. Among girls, the difference between the top and lowest performers is narrower. In Hong Kong (China) and Singapore, two of the highest-performing countries and economies, similar shares of boys and girls perform at Level 5 or above in mathematics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Further efforts to move away from using the price of rice as the mechanism to achieve both goals are needed. Expenditure on some general services such as inspection and control and marketing and promotion receive relatively limited support. Decision 10-2007-QD-TTg dated 23 January 2007 on the system of economic branches in Viet Nam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Yet decades after the fall of the Soviet Union, significant backlashes to women’s equality and power have occurred. Dedicated funds are not regularly set aside to perform gender assessment at the design stage or to monitor and evaluate outcomes. In addition women are being slotted into gender-stereotypical and lower-paying career paths in universities and are leaving high-earning careers, such as engineering. This has the potential to increase the wage gap in the region, further deepening segmentation of an already gender-segmented labour market and decreasing women’s economic productivity, financial sustainability and autonomy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Whether this involves climate change and GHG emission levels or the governance of the high seas and area beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ), the protection of marine biodiversity or international conventions on maritime safety, the path to international agreement appears increasingly complex and painstaking. This appears to be all the more so since, as the Global Ocean Commission (GOC, 2014) recently concluded, ocean governance is plagued by a patchwork of sectorally focused agencies and institutions hampered by weak compliance and lack of enforcement. Moreover, as Chapter 9 highlights, the situation is exacerbated by a lack of legal clarity about economic activities in the oceans beyond national jurisdiction as well as the potential of increased competition between states for access to resources in the seas. These include, for example: mention of the ocean in the Paris COP21 agreement, the establishment of ocean-related Sustainable Development Goals (in particular SDG 14), and agreement of member states at the United Nations to develop a legally-binding instrument to conserve and sustainably use marine biological diversity of areas beyond their national borders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Numerous attempts have been made to reform Thailand's restrictive abortion laws. Andrea Whittaker outlines key organizations and institutions involved in reform advocacy and reviews current strategies and prospects for change. Current advocacy networks are active and increasingly effective at lobbying for reform and present an alternate model of advocacy within a conservative political climate. She finds that the push for reform has been argued on public health grounds, but most recently the notion of reproductive rights is being used to argue for the links between the abortion issue and broader health and social issues facing women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The individuals, groups, and companies working outside the law are typically interested in perpetuating the conditions under which they profit, and may try to undermine initiatives aimed at changing the status quo. From a conflict perspective, a key distinction is whether a resource is lootable or not. A lootable resource has a high value and is associated with low economic barriers to enter into the sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Democratic life has given rise to new electoral preferences and brought social demands to greater prominence. This means that, in a positive cycle of economic stability, governments respond to these demands for social inclusion with new, more redistributive policies. In most cases, these are reforms inspired by the idea of "prudent redistribution with growth" (Cornia, 2010) by way of fiscal, employment and progressive transfer policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
They are typically reflected in the qualification a person holds, but there are currently no measurement instruments available at the international level to assess and compare those skills (OECD, 2010). In surveys, employers mention a combination of some social and emotional skills, job and occupation-specific skills and cognitive skills as the most important when recruiting higher education graduates (Humburg van der Velden and Verhagen, 2013). Empirical analyses based on employer surveys show that lack of social and emotional skills can create a strong barrier to employment, especially for low-skilled jobs (Heckman and Kautz, 2013). However, studying and/or having a job can help to further develop skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Avoid unnecessary complexity The more complex the measure of child poverty, the less useful it is likely to be. Measure well-being broadly Child poverty is about more than income or the lack of items on a given list. Children can be poor in love and attention, in parental time and skills, in relationships and community, in public services and environmental quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Under federal legislation, all Australian based companies with energy consumption of more than 0.5 PJ per annum are required to report on energy use and energy savings under the Energy Efficiency Opportunities Program. Hence these companies have established systems and training to improve energy efficiency, resulting in a reduction in carbon emissions, but many large firms rely on in-house and specialist training organisations rather than using TAFE programmes. Smaller companies are not subject to the same requirements, so there may be a role for partnership networks made up of regional development agencies, local government agencies and TAFE Institutes to address this universal issue.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Andriopoulou andTsakloglou (2015) used both the ECHP 1994-2001 and the EU-SILC 2005-2008 to analyse the effects of employment, income (i.e. changes in earnings) and demographic events on adults' movements in and out of poverty in all EU countries that had valid data. They found that changes in labour earnings of the household head is a consistent predictor of poverty transitions in all countries, but more so in the Mediterranean ones, employment events matter more for poverty exits than entries, and demographic events are somewhat more important in Scandinavian countries. First, it uses children, rather than adults or households, as units of analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
These forests make up about 14 percent of the total forest area of European Russia, and the vast majority of these large forests are located in the most remote areas and often on unproductive sites. Most of these protected areas are small. The aim of these protected forest areas is to contribute to securing global biodiversity values for future generations. The extent and functionality of these protected area networks are, however, recognized as being far less than the amount needed to achieve this goal. The reduction in forests available for harvesting may, however, be significantly reduced for local timber enterprises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The UWI HARP is also responsible for continuous updating of the university's HIV/AIDS policy and for facilitating research on the impact and control of the epidemic in the region. Haiti is low income, for example, and Guyana is lower-middle income. Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago are all defined as upper-middle income and yet vary greatly in their ability to invest national resources in public health. Table 4.5 shows the public health expenditure as a percentage of GDP for selected Caribbean countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Housing and land expropriations have become a major issue and remain highly controversial. Infrastructure and factories are being constructed to attract more investors, causing a rise in the number of displaced tenants. By 2011, there were already 700 000 formal complaints, according to National Assembly data, mostly over compensation issues, and it is expected that a large number of lease agreements will soon expire creating uncertainty for millions of tenants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
With the well-known critique of “sociological deficit”, Honneth pointed out Horkheimer's inability to carry out the main program of critical theory, namely, to link social philosophy with an analysis of society that was also based on empirical social research. However, because he distanced himself from the paradigm of “struggle” and developed a theory more concerned with the “normative reconstruction” of the institutions of our democratic life, Honneth would end up paying less attention to the relation with social research. We argue that Horkheimer's works of the decade of 1930 could indirectly help us to solve some methodological difficulties concerning a kind of “new sociological deficit” that critical theory would be facing today.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Unemployment among workers aged 55 to 64 is 9.9%, nearly twice the OECD average. Unlike in most OECD countries, labour market inactivity among older working age individuals has also increased strongly relative to the pre-crisis period and now stands at 37.4%. The significant share of young people not in employment, education or training (15.2%) is a major concern, as being excluded from the labour market at a young age can be extremely detrimental for workers' skills and future career prospects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In this respect, some LDCs will be able to take advantage of the window of opportunity opened by China’s likely delocalization of the lower end of its manufacturing industry, through a combination of integrating domestic firms into manufacturing GVCs and attracting FDI. Domestically, this strategy should be complemented by policies on clustering, export promotion and labour costs. Policymakers need to expand the financing made available to these firms through national development banks or commercial banks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In a quarter of LDCs, traditional biomass accounts for more than 80 per cent of total primary energy use, in half it is between 50 per cent and 80 per cent. This leaves only a quarter of LDCs in which it does not represent the majority of primary energy used. In most cases, the remainder is made up mainly of oil products, though with significant contributions in a few cases from natural gas (particularly in Bangladesh and to a lesser extent Myanmar and Yemen), coal (most notably in Lesotho and Afghanistan) and renewable energy (mainly hydroelectricity, particularly in Bhutan and Lao People’s Democratic Republic, with smaller contributions in Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatoiy Agency (MHRA) as an executive agency of the Department of Health (DH) to enforce the regulations relating to the safety of medicines and medical devices in the UK. The Governments of the devolved nations then work closely with the MHRA For example, The Northern Ireland Adverse Incident Centre acts as a regional centre for reporting and investigating adverse incidents involving medical devices and nonmedical equipment, while MHRA's alerts to NHS Wales are made through the Welsh Government’s Public Health Alert System. Its powers include conducting reviews and carrying out inspections and investigations, and reporting on arrangements by statutory bodies for the purpose of monitoring and improving the quality of the health and personal social services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)