albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Another bill, Proyecto de ley sobre partidos politicos, introduces quotas for women. It provides that for internal party elections candidates must respect gender balance where no sex should be represented in more than 60%. It also proposes mandatory participation of women in party relevant directives in order to achieve gender parity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
According to the monotow'n programme, salaries account for around 50%-60% of overall household income in monotowns. In 2009, a few' had a substantially lower share of tertiary-educated residents than the average for urban areas (20%) and the median percentage for Kazakhstan’s 87 towns (see Figure 1.29 above). A low share of tertiary educated residents is common for mining or factory town populations. Self-employment offers an alternative source of income for households after the downsizing or closure of core industries in a town.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Another approach, albeit more costly for public budgets, would be to provide state guarantees for clean energy projects, thereby making commercial banks more prone to approve loans for clean energy projects. However such guarantees may be perceived as a sign that the regulatory environment is not transparent and stable enough to encourage investment. In the case of a non-investment grade country, the credibility of the guarantees may be undermined by a lack of confidence in the country’s ability to honour the guarantee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
At the top end of the spectrum, teachers with values of ten on the overall index, which corresponds to benefitting from two-thirds of the identified best practices, are likely to rank among the top half of all teachers. As Figure 2.3 shows, teachers who benefit from fewer than two best practices of teacher professionalism are likely to rank among the bottom third of all teachers in terms of their perceived status and satisfaction, they are much less likely to report that they believe teaching is valued in society and that they are satisfied in their work environment and with their profession, in general. They are also less likely to be confident about their teaching (self-efficacy), although the impact is less pronounced: even teachers in schools that use fewer than two best practices fall within the 35th percentile of all teachers. In contrast, those benefitting from roughly two out of three practices are likely to be in the top half of the distribution, all other factors held constant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, industrialisation and urbanisation are beginning to adversely affect these traditional social support systems. Non-governmental organisations have flourished, but civic engagement still occurs mainly through state-subsidised "mass-organisations". Despite an increase in the number of local associations, accountability or trust in institutions has not improved.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This article reflects on the capacity of bilateral, regional and multilateral trade policy to manage sustainable fisheries effectively. Upon reflection what becomes apparent is the requirement for better synergies and coherence amongst these levels of trade policy making in order to promote global sustainable fisheries management more effectively. Many other countries within the membership have large maritime zones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The project is focused on forest rehabilitation, conservation and sustainable management, contributing to climate change mitigation, institutional capacity building for forest management, and resource mobilization. The expected outputs of the project include some 6,000 ha of newly planted forest, and as much as 60,000 ha of rehabilitated forest. The project feasibility study started in October 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These cards would guide the students and help them to ask relevant questions, support their different roles in group-work, and facilitate the process so that it would be easier to assess each other. One of the students would act as a group leader, telling the others what to do, based upon these cards, and students would then participate in the activity guided by the cards and the group leader. This was very much appreciated by the students. School 9 already had a transparent assessment culture, where the school leader, teachers, and students shared knowledge of assessment practices. This can be seen as an indication of the importance of capacity building. In some schools, teachers and school leaders had the capacity to improve their practice, while other schools do not seem to have the knowledge or capacity to transform good practices supplied by the DET to the local level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In some joint commissions, donor support is considered an additional source of funding for specific projects and makes up the special funds which are different from the commission’s budget (e.g. in ICPDR). In other joint commissions, donor funds form the main part of the budget. In 2008, the main donors of the Mekong River Commission included Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, the European Commission and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), which contributed in total 16 million US$ to the Commission’s budget.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Another TACIS project has recently established a National VET Development Centre. Georgia established a governmental intra-agency commission for social partnership in 2005, the parliament adopted a Law on vocational education, and activities were started to develop new educational programmes, pilot vocational guidance programmes and training of staff for the VET system. Azerbaijan started reforming its VET system in 2007, developing a State Programme to Develop Vocational Education for 2007-10 and adopting an Employment Strategy and Strategy Implementation Programme. Other projects involving international organisations are ongoing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
With around 883 million urban dwellers living in slums and many others yet to be measured facing inadequate and unaffordable housing, this indicator is strongly associated with other social challenges such as low educational attainment, crime, and poor well-being. The Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 and the enabling approach have dominated housing policies since Habitat II and the 1996 Habitat Agenda, which rests on two pillars: housing for all, and sustainable human settlements in an urbanizing world. Today more than 100 countries have a constitutional provision on the right to adequate housing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The portfolio is prepared for a given educational level and area of teaching expertise (as defined by the Curriculum and Assessment Unit within the Ministry of Education). Teachers are provided with a Portfolio Manual which, among other things, specifies the descriptors of the Good Teaching Framework which are associated with each of the components of the portfolio. The class is filmed by a cameraman accredited by the Docentemas team.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The GSHS collects data from adolescents aged 13-17 years. For some purposes, this age coverage may be adequate, but for other purposes the lack of data on younger children who could be surveyed directly will be a potentially large constraint. Furthermore, some children may be in the wrong grade, some attend only part of the time, and some are completely out of school and perhaps not even in a household.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
There have been reports of falconers from Arab countries hunting large numbers of globally threatened bustards, during the 1990s and also more recently. It is not clear whether this is still a significant pressure but it clearly warrants continued attention. Turkmenistan granted export licences for 100 Asiatic wild ass and two leopards in 1993/1994.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Second, approaches and structures to identify and diagnose special needs need to be developed. This is not an easy task and requires the contribution of a range of specialists (e.g. teachers, doctors, psychologists) and good communication with parents. Third, there needs to be a reflection about the roles of special schools and the extent to which mainstream schools can contribute to the education of special needs students.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In particular small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which lag in productivity relative to larger firms and governments, lag in their adoption and use. For example, while almost 95% of enterprises in the OECD had a broadband connection in 2014, 40% of enterprises with 250 or more employees used cloud computing, compared to less than a quarter of SMEs. This is a concern because evidence suggests that a slowdown in the diffusion of technologies and knowledge from frontier to lagging firms may be an important source of the current aggregate productivity slowdown.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Direct planting is also associated with the use of GMOs, which leads to less use of pesticides. On the supply side, producers are expected to benefit from continued productivity growth, complemented by a depreciating Brazilian real (BRL). The current projections assume that there are no significant changes to agricultural policy settings over the next ten years, and that “normal” weather with no severe events prevails from one year to the next.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Another positive feature is a much lower (and falling) incidence of long-term unemployment among NZ youth than in most other OECD countries. However, the penalty to lower qualifications in the form of unemployment risk has declined markedly since the previous downturn in 1998, even if it has slightly rebounded since the crisis (Figure 2.2), and it is now lower than elsewhere in the OECD (Table 2.2). This could reflect diminishing marginal employment gains from rising educational attainment, as well as skills shortages which have allowed even those with poor qualifications to find work. However, cyclical factors were probably paramount as the 1999-2006 economic boom tightened already taut labour markets, bidding in many marginal workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Monoline insurers used to be the key provider of this type of credit enhancement. A letter of credit is a commitment by a financial institution, usually a bank, to guarantee payments for the principal and interest on debt issuances. If the bond issuer is unable to make payments, the letter of credit is drawn to repay bond holders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
More efficient sorting and transfer stations are now being built, allowing the sorting of 100 per cent of MSW. More than 70,000 tons of secondary resources (paper, cardboard and textiles) are collected annually through the receiving centres of municipal utilities. There are now 88 waste recycling plants, which operate in all large and medium-sized cities, including Brest, Baranovichi, Gomel, Mogilev and Novopolotsk. There is a positive dynamic reflected in the increase in the share of secondary resource extraction (more than 30 per cent).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The combined role as purchaser and provider at the municipality' level is also proposed as important for the resource allocation within the health sector. The paper argues for a closer analysis of the impact of fund-holding, contractual relations and incentives between levels of governments as well as including qualify' indicators in the efficiency measure. These factors imply that a continued growth in health expenditure may increase social welfare. Some measures can be explored to decrease the burden of financing, and to improve welfare for a given level of expenditure. In the medium run, the demand for health care can be crucially influenced by the encouragement of a healthy life style. As discussed by Bolin and by Asgeirsdottir, it is not clear how effective policies should be designed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
According to WHO calculations, in the same year, one in ten households in Greece experienced catastrophic out-of-pocket spending,8 rising to nearly one in three for the poorest households. Physicians’ density in 2014 varied from 2.9 per 1000 population in Western Macedonia and Central Greece to 8.6 per 1000 in Attica (ELSTAT, 2016) (Figure 14). One innovative project co-financed by the EU, the National Telemedicine Network, harnesses the power of telemedicine to reach patients living in remote areas (Figure 15).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Small low-income countries, in particular, often cannot rely only on domestic demand and supply of inputs and human capital, hence, regional policies and a focus on regional integration may pay off in terms of developing a sustainable industrial sector by enabling access to larger markets (UNIDO, 2009). Box 3.1 illustrates an example of UNIDO's support for trade facilitation and regional integration through the establishment and capacity development of a regional accreditation body. While low-tech industries such as food and beverages might only involve a limited number of stages of production in the value chain, medium- or high-tech industries (like automotive or machinery) often entail a high number of value adding activities for the production ofthe final good.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The recent expansion of some services employment in India has been at both the high and low value added ends of services sub-sectors, reflecting both some dynamism and some increase in “refugee” low productivity employment. Chinese export growth has been much more rapid, involving aggressive increases in world market shares. This export growth has largely been based on relocative capital which has been attracted not only by cheap labour, but also by excellent and heavily subsidised infrastructure, resulting from the high rate of infrastructure investment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
At the Round Table there was a suggestion that the parent body of the international retail consortium - CIES - responsible for the GFSI benchmarking of private food safety management schemes, might take on such a task. A participant with direct links to CIES considered that while CIES would probably be interested in being involved in such an exercise it was unlikely to want to lead it. It was also noted that many retailers do not have specific expertise in the fisheries area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
A compendium of joint initiatives put together by Metro Vancouver staff identified over 80 past and current joint projects between Metro Vancouver and UBC. Building upon the success of this relationship, in late 2014, senior staff from UBC and Metro Vancouver met to discuss the respective goals and needs of their organisations, as well as the range of opportunities for further collaboration. Through these discussions the concept of a ‘Strategic Collaboration Memorandum' arose and prompted staff from both organisations to work together on a model tliat would explore and expand upon opportunities for future partnerships. The MOU is a framework document within which the parties will identify and pursue joint initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It also holds for poverty: relative poverty is well below the OECD average and material deprivation is low (Nolan and Whelan, 2010). The OECD has recently mapped inequalities across a large number of dimensions and virtually all indicators point in the same direction (Box 1). While this has been true in most OECD countries, the increase in Sweden has been among the steepest (OECD, 201 la). As in most countries, household incomes increased faster at the top of the distribution, but the contrast was particularly stark in Sweden (Table 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Within their regions, PRDU aim to co-ordinate urban development, setting out the roles of urban centres, their spatial and functional relationships, connectivity and growth targets. It should also include guidelines for the allocation of national roads, highways, railways, airports, seaports and international borders, definition of settlements that may require priority treatment, the equipping and requirements of health infrastructure, energy and telecommunications. The MINVU SEREMI are responsible for developing the PRDU, which is then approved by the region’s Intendente and the Regional Council.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
National level plans are now needed to translate these interlinked agendas into mainstream planning, including at the sector level. This paper reveals a number of themes such as equity, country ownership and protecting the most vulnerable, which are common to all four agreements, and argues that there is a need to move away from the siloed approaches and individual sector goals that characterised the MDGs to a more integrated and mutually interdependent post 2015 landscape. It also provides perspectives on how development co-operation practitioners can adopt coherent approaches in their agencies and in their support to partner countries. Climate-related Official Development Assistance (ODA) has been increasing in absolute and relative terms since 2002.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The second is related to the quality of urban development. It is observed that some reclamation project sites are yet to be fully integrated into existing urban systems. While strategic location of reclaimed land demonstrates potential, isolated reclaimed areas with monotonous land use and poor public transport accessibility may significantly lose the attractiveness of the areas for investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There can also be important economic externalities, which result in use costs (e.g. subsidence and salination), as well as damages to non-use values, such as the life-support function of water (Figure C.l). In Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries, the estimated economic cost (foregone extractive uses) of full groundwater depletion is in the range of 1 to 2% of GDP (see below). Between 1980 and 2009, global economic losses were estimated at USD 15-30 billion per year for floods and USD 10-15 billion per year for droughts (OECD, 2012). Damage from floods in the United States is now estimated to be USD 5.2 billion each year (Brody et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
They also win a business trip where they have the opportunity to present their business idea to local and international investors. The BWF’s Business Plan Competition modules was selected by the European Training Foundation as one of the best practices in encouraging entrepreneurship and building the capacities of women entrepreneurs. Before 2011, the WBDC also received a budget allocation from the Egyptian National Council for Women (NCW), but since then, the NCW has no funding from the government and the WBDC has had to dramatically reduce its operations,10 adjust its training offers (e.g. shorter modules) and impose a small fee on its training participants to help recover some of the costs. The Roudha Centre in Doha initially received some support from Silatech, but operates solely with private sector support. Further development is necessary to better co-ordinate BDS services by identifying the needs of MSMEs at different stages of the business cycle and by structuring BDS services appropriately. The most important challenges seem to be on the demand side.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Professional bodies lead the development process in a number of countries. For example, in Scotland the revision of national standards was led by the General Teaching Council of Scotland (GTCS) - a professional body that gained independence from the Scottish government in 2012 (GTCS, 2018(33)) - and involved extensive consultation with the profession and other stakeholders (Hamilton, 2014r48]). The process consisted of setting up a steering group with a range of stakeholders, including parents and students, and forming writing groups. It involved both face-to-face meetings and online consultation, in which engagement was encouraged in various ways such as through social media (ibid.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In Mexico, reporting practices are moving towards including primary' care in their National Registry', while Slovenia is working closely with Danish experts to modernise and adapt their reporting system. Sweden is currently implementing medical record review in home care settings in combination with a global trigger tool following similar guidelines as to what has already been put in place for adverse event reporting in hospital settings and psychiatric care. In other words, where are the value and the ’best buys' where the benefits outweigh the costs of implementation, the costs of harm, and the opportunity' costs of other priorities?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The transition from State budget support of forestry to self-financing brought various problems to forest management in general. Of course, there were reasons for the shift to self-financing. During the previous period, activities within the forestry sector were centrally planned and financed by the Government. After independence, the situation in the forestry sector became very difficult since the forests were declared State property but, at the same time, the State system of financial provision was no longer functioning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The training sessions aim to increase awareness of the guideline, provide a channel for dissemination and to familiarise potential users with the content and application of the guideline. Early evidence suggests that 97% of survey respondents had used the guideline to varying extents in the process of their work and that 56% believe the guideline has been useful to some extent to influence outcomes (Survey, 2014). There are tentative plans to make the use of the guideline mandatory through the National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998) by requiring it to be used in the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process. However, this would require significant additional stakeholder involvement and legislative processes, as the current version was negotiated as a guideline.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, the current practice of issuing construction permits in the absence of a land use plan contributes to encroachment in forests and should be reformed. Forests cover 9 million ha, or 29% of the territory, on a par with the OECD average. The body known as State Forests - Lasy Panstwowe (LP) administers public forests, which currently account for 77% of all forests, by area (Table 4.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A reduced VAT rate of 8% applies to foodstuffs. Some agricultural inputs pay a reduced VAT rate: it is set at 8% for plant protection and veterinary products licensed by the MOFAL, while the water delivered for agricultural production and land improvement services performed by public and cooperative providers are free from VAT (Deloitte, 2016). Irrigation covers about 6 million hectares, which represents about 15.6% of total agricultural land (MOD, direct communication) and about 70-80% of total freshw'ater withdrawals in Turkey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This article surveys recent practice in the application of universal jurisdiction to seek the accountability for crimes committed in another jurisdiction, where the accused is present and the victims are not of the pursuing state's populace. While the principle of universal jurisdiction is well established in customary international law, its application is developing in a piecemeal fashion, with many judges unsure of the scope or power of the principle. Such patchy application and the fact that most seeking jurisdictions are in the 'global north' while the target accused are in the 'south' risks provoking political objections and claims that such actions are illegitimate. There is thus a need for rationalization of practice to avoid accusations of bias and illegitimacy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)