albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
When societies become more equitable in ways that lead to greater opportunities for all, the poor stand to benefit from a “double dividend.” Empirical studies suggest that the impact of growth on poverty reduction is greater when initial income inequality is lower. Improved sanitary facilities range from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with sewerage. The indicator monitors progress in the accessibility of the population to sanitation facilities, a basic and essential social service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Foreign investment and international assistance could be a potential source of “greening” effects, both directly through transfers of more energy-efficient and environment-friendly technologies and indirectly by facilitating spillovers to domestic firms through best practices in environment-friendly productions, technologies and management (Section 4). These export-oriented sectors have also attracted an important share of FDI (20% of the FDI stock). By ensuring transit of natural gas from Russia to Europe, Ukraine also plays a strategic role in international energy relations. Its total primary energy supply (TPES) is dominated by four energy resources: natural gas represents 41%, followed by coal (29%), nuclear energy (18%) and oil (11%). Electricity production comes mainly from nuclear power plants (48%), followed by coal power generation (34%) (Figure 4.1). Heating depends almost exclusively on gas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To now, the choice of pedagogy has often been made ad hoc or based on whatever a teacher had encountered in their teacher education or their own schooling (Lortie, 2002). But where teachers are supported by high quality teacher education and strong professional infrastructures, they are enabled to make concerted decisions about pedagogy, acting as designers of learning by selecting approaches with a clear sense of their intended impact (Jensen et al., But, developing and selecting pedagogies involves more than working out what is “effective” as indicated by impact on diverse measures of learning.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Trade Openness and Developing Countries' Vulnerability: Concepts, Misconceptions, and Directions for Research. World Development 39(9), pp. Asking retrospective questions in household surveys: evidence from Vietnam. Vietnam in the global garment and textile value chain: impacts on firms and workers. Journal of International Development 16(1), pages 111-123. Regional Economic Integration and its impacts on growth, poverty and income distribution: the case of Vietnam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Here, the fisher referred to how fisheries regulations are experienced as ad hoc, often arriving from central management authorities at short notice and thus difficult to foresee. Fishing stops also occur when the quota for a species is reached, often prohibiting fishers to target other species if the gear in question is expected to catch the species for which the quota is reached. He continues by pointing out the potential to arrange packaged tours for international fishing tourists and that tour boat fishing has developed from having customers with a focus on their own food supply to having customers that seek unique experiences. One thing that all fishers could agree upon was a scepticism towards biologists and the data and logic they use when proposing that cormorants do not affect coastal fisheries since they only eat small fish.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Improvements in subsistence farming can also be achieved through social protection programmes, either directly (such as input transfers or subsidy programmes) or through cash transfer and PWPs in which household income is spent on agricultural inputs to enhance own-farm productivity. Positive nutritional outcomes can be encouraged by the better utilisation of food and improvements in ancillary areas, such as drinking water, hygiene, sanitation, child care practices and health care (Freeland & Cherrier, 2012). Illness and disease, for instance, can reduce the absorption of nutrients.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Worse, they often violate the rights of more disadvantaged social groups. The process of translation—of rights into policies and of policies into real changes in women's lives—has been extremely uneven around the world.76 How can human rights be used to create the kind of States that respect, protect and fulfil human rights, and women's rights in particular? This creates the possibility for advocates to campaign for measures to support the realization of women's rights even in non-democratic or weakly democratic political systems. In the process by which States compile their national reports for the CEDAW Committee, for example, women's rights advocates have the opportunity to prepare their own shadow reports, to comment on the official government report and to campaign for greater policy attention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Committed and steadfast leadership in both the public and the private sectors will undoubtedly advance the transformation process. However, there are concrete and tangible objective constraints given by Jamaica’s history that circumscribe what can be achieved in the short run. The Jamaican economy is still dependent on natural resource-based export industries, and on imported energy, and inescapably committed to servicing a debt of around 140 per cent of GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The United Kingdom also plans to develop proposals for the government’s biggest suppliers to publish data and provide action plans to address key social issues and disparities, such as ethnic minority representation in the workforce, the gender pay gap throughout the company and the actions undertaken to tackle inequalities. They could also be governed by “light-touch” regulatory approaches and policies as in the case of Australia, Canada and Spain. In Australia, the Workplace Gender Equality Procurement Principles is a procurement connected to social inclusion policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The amendment to the WAJ Law (Article 28) in 2011 gave it the right to corporatise utilities. The utilities in Zarqa and Balqa govemorates are expected to be corporatised. A number of options are possible for these govemorates: either both will be bundled as one corporatised entity, or Balqa could be added to Miyahuna or Zarqa would be a stand-alone corporatised company, but progress has been slow to date and the modalities have not yet been finalised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article examines the symbolic power of language to construct and convey disabling discourses, albeit ample rhetoric, on the need to reinstate and safeguard disabled people's human rights and entitlements. The role of language and its discursive ramifications need to be explored and problematized in the light of legal mandates and antidiscrimination legislation to abolish stigmatizing and exclusionary regimes on the grounds of disability. Such a critical engagement necessitates a reflective knowledge and constant interrogation of the ways in which language is implicated in power interplays to construct meanings and to legitimize/conceal existing power inequities. The article uses critical discourse analysis in order to discuss the role of language in the construction, sustenance, and dissemination of disabling discourses, taking as an example the First Report of Cyprus on the Implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, the same new provision 60A stipulates that anyone who makes a primary or secondary school girl pregnant is liable to thirty years’ imprisonment. There are significant challenges relating to legal pluralism and contradictions in different statutory laws which need to be addressed in order to prevent CEFM. As already mentioned, Tanzania recognises three types of laws which govern marriages. Applying different types of laws to marriages allows for promotion of certain practices which may drive early and forced marriages. Disharmony in the country’s laws has also given rise to various legal contradictions. The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda stipulates the age at which one can enter into marriage, which is at 18 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
But to limit the burden on domestic tourists the tax rate should not be set too high. The tax should be part of a reform package discussed above and in Lewis (2018). Associated revenues could potentially fund tourism-related projects (like tourist information centres) and marketing and promotion activities and improve services more generally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
1brings an important issue to greater attention and focus. Our organisation, Human Rights Watch, works to uphold the principle of government accountability, and an important part of this is to ensure that individuals—citizens and others within a state’s borders—are offi cially recognised and counted. The most widely adopted international human rights treaty in his tory, the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, outlines governments’ obligations to pro vide birth registration. 2 Human Rights Watch’s documenta tion of govern ment denials of civil registra tion, especially concern ing refugees, migrants, and minor ity groups, 3,4
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This study applies multilevel social network analytic techniques to examine processes of homophilic selection and social influence related to alcohol use among friends in early adolescence. Participants included 3,041 Dutch youth (M age =12 years, 49% female) from 120 classrooms in 14 schools. Three waves with 3-month intervals of friendship nomination data and self-reports of drinking behavior were collected. Results revealed that within classrooms, friendship nominations tended to be reciprocated and dyadic friendships tended to be embedded within cohesive subgroups (e.g., cliques). Students tended to nominate friends who were the same sex, from a similar ethnic background, and who they previously knew from primary school. Selection processes turned out to play a more significant role than social influence processes in predicting similarity between early adolescent friends' alcohol use. Although friendship dynamics and individual drinking trajectories substantially differed between classrooms, the effects of homophilic selection and social influence did not.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Household air pollution, much of it due to a lack of electricity, causes an additional 4.3 million deaths. Roughly half this pollution can be attributed to outdoor air pollution. This corresponds to an estimated loss in welfare in OECD countries that is far above one trillion USD, corresponding to roughly 3% of GDP (OECD, 2014). While the range of uncertainty over impacts and their monetised values remains considerable, methodologies are now firmly established and ranges of reasonable values exist.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
International law has led to many countries changing the definition of ‘child pornography’ to include adolescents above the age of consent but below the age of majority. At the same time, technological change has led to personal photographic devices (most notably the ubiquitous camera phone) becoming common-place and adolescents are participating in behaviour known as ‘sexting’. Whilst there are different versions of this behaviour, one form is where an adolescent freely takes a sexualised photograph of herself and sends it to another. Theoretically this could breach child pornography laws but it is argued here that it is an expression of the adolescent’s sexual identity and thus protected by Articles 8 and 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Furthermore, coral reefs can be classified as biodiversity hotspots with high numbers of endemic species, however, coral bleaching, caused by dramatic climatic events such as El Nino, and increased seawater temperatures have placed this globally significant natural resource under stress. The additional and direct impacts of humans from destructive fishing practices, industrial effluent, agricultural run-off, tourism development and coastal dredging has compounded and accelerated the rate of coral die-off. The only activity of greater benefit to the reefs in the Caribbean and Indian Ocean regions in economic terms is coastal protection (US$1,579 million in the Indian Ocean and US$720 million in the Caribbean).30 Perhaps not surprisingly,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Few commercial banks are, in fact, equipped to deal efficiently with very small firms, given their high mortality rates, low availability of collaterals, and demand for micro-loans. Data from the Mix Market Database show that the percentage of female borrowers from NGOs and NBFIs is much higher than from commercial banks providing micro-loans, especially in East Asia and the Pacific (where women account for 89% of the micro-borrowers from NGOs and only 35% of the borrowers from commercial and rural banks). Therefore, even if the private sector has proven to be an innovative and fast growing provider of micro-loans, subsidised credit and other public interventions still play an important role in increasing access to credit for women of all socio-economic backgrounds, thereby contributing to financial inclusion and the fight against poverty through entrepreneurship (Karlan and Morduch, 2009). Technological innovations like mobile banking are promising tools for extending financial services to self-employed women, particularly in rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the United States, for example, the top 1% of the population received 18% of pre-tax income in 2008, up from 8% in 1980. While the income share of the top income recipients also rose in most other OECD countries (Figure 8), there is great variation across countries with respect to both the extent of this increase and the time when it started. Despite a growing interest in the rise in top incomes, there is still substantial disagreement about the causes and their relative importance. Studies estimating the elasticity of taxable income at the top with respect to the marginal tax rate typically put it at around minus one for a top marginal tax rate of 50%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, reaching these groups has proven difficult, including due to the cost of the training. The low-skilled, in particular, are often not well prepared for further learning (OECD, 2016(45)). Efforts are needed to ensure quality and qualification recognition to become an effective complement to other educational approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, since the underlying technologies have been tried and tested over a few years, debt investors are willing to invest large sums, and public markets and private equity will support the growth of such companies. The lower left box is typically financed by corporate finance, because projects there are less capital intensive and often undertaken by existing companies. In contrast, technologies in the two right-hand boxes have high technology risk and cannot attract asset finance because of that.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
At the same time, no socio-economic category is immune from negative environmental conditions. For example, even the highest-end housing units can be regularly exposed to high levels of air pollution since they tend to be located on high traffic axes or have easy access to transport flows, as it is the case in Rome (Cesaroni et al., Generally speaking, according to the International Energy Agency, the European Commission estimated the cost of environmental pollution, taking into consideration health costs alone, to vary between EUR 440 and EUR 1 250 billion (European Commission, 2013). In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency estimated that complying w'ith existing standards would cost USD 65 billion, but would bring potential economic revenue of USD 2 trillion (US EPA, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The expected increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events and high flow rates caused by climate change may cause re-suspension of pollutants stored in sediments. It is a serious concern, causing aquatic biodiversity loss in rivers, lakes and wetlands, hampering human use of the water (e.g. drinking water, recreation, fishing, swimming) and it can also affect human health (see below and Chapter 4 on biodiversity). Eutrophicating pollution originates from point sources (urban wastewater systems) and diffuse sources (mainly runoff from agricultural land). Each issue is discussed below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Given the global significance of the crisis, however, OECD governments have committed to maintaining aid flows despite pressures on their own budgets. This has also been reflecting in IFIs expanding their lending facilities as a response to the crisis. For example, the World Bank has set up specific facilities to address what they identified as the sectors most at risk, with a special focus on infrastructure. For example, the AFD, the French bilateral donor, has been gradually reducing the proportion of grants to the water sector as opposed to loans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Official statistics distinguish between “registered” and “active” agricultural entities. As of the end of 2011, the number of registered agricultural enterprises and individual farms totalled 214 008, of which 188 616 were active entities. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, the rapid increase in the number of individual farms can be explained by the tax incentives which led to a large number of agricultural enterprises to re-register as individual farms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The report enumerates many of the most prominent multiple benefits of energy efficiency and, although the list is not exhaustive, it provides a rich menu of the variety of the benefits that may be of interest to policy makers. Based on a review of existing literature, this report summarises the significance of each of these potential outcomes of energy efficiency measures. In many cases, a ripple effect emerges when energy efficiency improvements take effect at the individual level, triggering benefits for a household and/or enterprise that have a multiplier effect on a specific sector and possibly the whole economy. In addition, as utilities (notably in developing countries) improve their supply-side efficiency, they can provide more electricity to more households, thereby supporting increased access initiatives which is often an important stated objective of supply-side energy efficiency activities in developing countries. The effect of increased spending and investment can in turn result in positive macroeconomic effects described below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The issue of nuclear proliferation and its impact on the security of humanity remains the critical focus of policies and scholarships on international security since the decade following World War II. Thus, it is within this context that the Iranian nuclear programme has received so much resistance by Washington despite the lack of proof that the former been a signatory of the non-proliferation treaty has a nuclear military agenda. While scholars and policymakers have called for a pre-emptive air strike to cripple the Iranian nuclear facilities, or at least a diplomatic headway, this paper takes a divergent path. Making a technical analysis of the Iranian nuclear programme, this paper concludes that the crisis can best be solved through what it refers to as ‘technical isolation’.           Key words: Technical isolation, preemptive air strike, cumulative diplomacy, nucleartechnology, WMD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Other extension services, such as farmers' organizations, cooperatives, enterprise associations, drought observatories and weather stations, need to be strengthened through greater funding and manpower allotments, or public private partnerships. Most importantly, organisations must be equipped with the capacities to address the economic, social and environmental impacts on agriculture and the affected communities through participatory approaches that involve civil society, local communities, indigenous people and other major stakeholders, including in particular women who are often marginalized in decision-making and policy formulation. For example, the evaluation of post-harvest technologies is best undertaken with the participation of stakeholders and the introduction and operation of a fair and practical grading system that must be supported by training and extension to improve handling, storage and packing, sorting and grading practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This categoiy' includes both those taxes which have been explicitly introduced for environmental reasons and the much broader group of taxes, such as those on motor fuels and other energy products, which have significant environmental implications, even if the principal purpose of the tax is revenue generation. Regardless of the original motivation of the tax, it can have environmental effects through its influence on the behaviour of producers and consumers. Some other environmentally related product taxes have been introduced with the intention to provide a source of earmarked revenues for environmental purposes (e.g. to contribute revenues to an environmental clean-up fund). Generally the aim of this is to achieve behavioural changes, in the form of a shift of production or consumption away from dirty goods towards cleaner ones.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This indictor set is largely composed of pressure indicators rather than condition indicators reported at high levels of spatial aggregation. Another source of indicators is the OECD Environmental Data Set and Agri-Environmental Indicators OECD, 2013b). These are also largely pressure indicators though there are some condition indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Nine education systems refer specifically to working time, teaching time and time available at school, while the remainder cite them in different combinations. Among those countries that regulate both total working time and obligatory availability at school, the gap between the two (in hours) varies greatly. Teachers are, thus, on average expected to spend a higher proportion of their total working time teaching in the classroom and to be present for a greater amount of time at school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Dobbie and Fryer (2009) show that after 3 years in these schools, students have nearly closed the achievement gap in maths with average white students in other New York City schools, and the size of the gains is strikingly similar to those found for the KIPP Lynn school. They also improve results in English, but much less than in maths. However, Dobbie and Fryer find no correlation between participation in social programmes outside schools and academic achievement, which suggests that proximity to the social programmes cannot alone fill the educational achievement gap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)