albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, policy makers should avoid creating an expectation that any existing plant will be protected from future losses arising from changes in environmental regulation. Such assurances would create a situation of moral hazard in which companies could continue to build plant that performs poorly in environmental terms, undermining the expectations of the rest of the market, and hampering efforts to enforce changes in the capital stock. The incentive to exploit this resource depends on the profit, based on the difference between market value and cost of production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, this is the final product for thermal energy. No conversion to electricity is needed given that a thermal desalination plant, such as MSF or MED plants, uses thermal energy directly. See also chapter V for a discussion on alternative thermal sources. Determining the energy used in stand-alone plants is easier than in cogeneration plants, given the dual use of fuel for electricity generation and steam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
At the same time, clean transport such as rail systems, ferries, E-jeepneys and shared-bike schemes need to be encouraged with the supporting infrastructure. Current consumption pattern still follows a linear trend with the end fixated on disposal as opposed to a circular consumption pattern where resources are continuously reused. The “no separation, no collection” policy encouraging waste segregation is a laudable strategy but suffers from a number of implementation challenges which urgently needs to be addressed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The National Service of Environmental Certification for Sustainable Investments was created in 2012 (OECD/ UN ECLAC, 2017). In France there has been an attempt to align sector and environmental policies by extending the mandate of the Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development to cover transport, infrastructure, tourism and marine affairs, and more recently, energy, though some integration issues remain unresolved (OECD, 2016). Additionally, a key measure of the recently implemented law on biodiversity conservation (August 2016) was to rationalise biodiversity governance by setting up the French Biodiversity Authority (Agence Fran9aise pour la Biodiversite) (AFB), which has been operational since January 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This paper explores the possibility that variation in state abortion availability, as proxied by legislation pertaining to women’s reproductive rights across the United States may generate variation in the use of birth control pills. Without the option of terminating a pregnancy, one expects that oral contraceptives would be more widely utilized. We find restrictions on abortion availability (through abortion legislation mandating parental consent or notification) induce women to utilize birth control to avoid unwanted pregnancies, while pro-choice sentiments in the legislature may have the opposite effect. Interestingly, our findings have broader implications for social scientists’ understanding of individual decision-making and how forward thinking individuals are when making decisions. In many instances, public policy aims to incentivize individuals to make decisions or adopt behaviors with longer term health consequences (prenatal care, smoking cessation, weight loss programs). As such, this is particularly relevant in the context of public health policymaking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Moreover, they are different subordinated bodies at the regional and local levels. Restructuring the distribution of tasks at all levels would increase the overall functional capacity of management bodies. With its current staff, this Section cannot fulfill its role, especially considering that in addition to protected areas, it is responsible for biodiversity conservation in general.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This figure is 8% higher the OECD average of 76% (OECD, 2014c). It is worth noting that between 2007 and 2012, satisfaction levels increased by 0.6 points in Mexico while the average points of life satisfaction declined in nearly all OECD countries with an average decrease of 1 point since 2007 (see Figure 1.3). Only Chile and Iceland saw a stronger increase in life satisfaction than Mexico over the same period (OECD, 2014c). Nearly 74% of people believe that they know someone they could rely on in time of need, w'hich is lower the OECD average of 89% (OECD, 2014c). In a similar vein, public trust in government or the citizens’ participation in the political process as measured by voter turnout was 63% during recent elections, which is well below the OECD average of 72%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In some cases, these laws take the form of new “acts” with strong political commitment in the framework of nationwide water policy reform, which almost cancel out and replace previous legislation. For instance, in Australia, the 2007 Water Act (amended in 2008) established an independent Murray-Darling Basin Authority to ensure sustainable management of water resources in the national interest, and empowered the Bureau of Meteorology as the primary agency responsible for managing information regarding water, and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission to provide national regulation and advice. In other cases, any new legislation enacted has to be consistent and in line with a “major” law passed in previous decades.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This can erode the support for certain anti-poverty programmes despite their relatively low cost. This is particularly true when systems are split along formal or informal lines, which can reinforce barriers to moving between formal and informal jobs. When schemes for informal workers are comparable to those for formal workers but subsidised rather than contribution-based, informality is effectively being subsidised (Levy, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
One commonly applied measurement framework, used for the OECD Green Growth Indicators for example (OECD, 2011, 2017), is the pressure-state-response model. In that context, responses can cover a wide range of different actions including those by government, the private sector and civil society. The underlying objective of these responses is that these actions lead to measurable progress in terms of impacts (i.e. reduced pressures, and thus improvement in the state of the environment).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This short article speculates as to how various areas of constitutional law (i.e., reproductive rights, the Establishment Clause, affirmative action, the Commerce Clause, and Presidential power) might evolve if a President McCain or a President Obama gets to appoint two to five new Supreme Court Justices in the next four to eight years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They found that, given the difficulties encountered to finance the sector compared to opportunities in other sectors, a dedicated financing vehicle (a “PIDG Water Window”) should be set up in order to blend grant financing with the financial instruments provided by PIDG facilities and therefore reduce the cost of finance. This vehicle is still at the feasibility stage at present. At the time, municipal governments had no experience with borrowing from banks. Commercial lenders had only short-term deposits and no experience with lending to municipal governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Further, credit meters were generally mounted on external walls of dwellings (in all residential areas), and suspicion was widespread that supply was accessed by unauthorised users. These meters also reduced the problem of non-payment. When selling prepaid electricity, the challenge of providing a convenient payment point close to every home can easily be underestimated. In most instances, the change from credit meters to prepaid meters was started with a focus on the installation of meters, but it was soon found that the system only started to operate smoothly once the focus included the sales channel page | gg as well. From an end-user's perspective, the real delivery process has much more to do with the logistics of moving vouchers (sometimes called "tokens" or "PINs") from a computer where they are generated, to the user's home and moving the cash from the user's pockets to the utility's bank account. However, in the disadvantaged communities targeted by the INEP, few residents have bank accounts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Abstract   This article digs into the experience of Kazakhstan targeted to the issue of intercultural dialogue through the analysis of public policy in the field of interethnic relations. Kazakhstan, the largest country in Central Asia, is characterized by astounding cultural diversity. Various ethnic and religious groups are present within the territory of country. This paper analyzes the infrastructure, public policy engagement and dialogue of ethnic and religious communities on the basis of the philosophical and theoretical concepts of multiculturalism. At the bottom, multiculturalism – is the theory and practice aimed at resolving tactical issues related to migration flows, the requirements of the indigenous peoples or new religious and cultural communities. The relevance of this issue is determined by the course of history itself i.e. connected with globalization processes of the modern world, increased migration flows, the emergence of new national, cultural, religious and other minorities, ethnic and religious conflicts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In contrast, import measures play only a minor role in relative terms. Support to biofuel use, mainly in the form of tax rebates or exemptions, are most widely spread across the countries covered by the database, but 23 of the 34 countries also apply biofuel mandates, requiring a minimum quantity or share of biofuels to be used in the transport fuel mix. Other forms of support, such as output-based payments or subsidies for the handling and storage of biofuels, play a comparatively smaller role across countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is estimated that between one-tenth and one-third of innovating firms participate in public support programmes for innovation, with large firms receiving support more frequently than SMEs (OECD, 2010b). For example, in France, 1 unit of R&D expenditure results in 0.425 unit of tax relief. However, France, Norway and the Netherlands (for SMEs) are the countries which have enlarged their indirect support to R&D most significantly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Revised version of September 2009. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/— ed_norm/—declaration/documents/publication/wcms_105023.pdf ILO, 2009: Lists of indicators of trafficking in human beings. List of the indicators of trafficking validated through the Delphi methodology at the European Union level. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/lnformationresources/Factsheetsandbroch ures/WCMS_105884/lang--en/index.htm ILO, 2009: Explanations for indicators of trafficking for labour exploitation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
During this period, public expenditure on education rose from 3.2% to 4.6% of GDP (see Figure 3.1). This growth was sustained over time, except with a decrease in 2010. In spite of the recent efforts, public expenditure on education remains considerably below the OECD average and below the equivalent expenditure in other Latin American countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The ‘Transfers to SECTOR’ numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures, where missing. World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from tire FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production, aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD. This is made up of EUR 220 million (USD 291 million) from the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF, see EU chapter) (77%) and EUR 65 million (USD 72 million) of national funds (33%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Requests to utilize larger portions or the full publication should be addressed to the Communication Unit at florence@unicef.org. Understanding Child Deprivation in the European Union: The Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (EU-MODA) Approach, Innocenti Working Paper No.2014-18, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. The prime objectives of the Office of Research are to improve international understanding of issues relating to children's rights and to help facilitate full implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in developing, middle-income and industrialized countries. Through strengthening research partnerships with leading academic institutions and development networks in both the North and South, the Office seeks to leverage additional resources and influence in support of efforts towards policy reform in favour of children. For that reason, some publications may not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches on some topics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The difference is, however, judged to be without importance in the overall picture. For climate change, reuse leads to saved emissions (negative contribution) rather than an unwanted contribution from the incineration process, and for other impact categories the benefits are 20-100 times higher. With this assumption, the benefits from Nordic recycling are a few percent higher than for ROW.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Even considering that pensioners’ incomes are below the overall average income, these cuts have likely improved the contribution of pensions to the reduction of inequality. With regard to poverty, the cuts had no direct effects, as they only affected pensions above the poverty line. The program was particularly effective to reduce the poverty incidence, since the minimum income threshold was initially fixed at the relative poverty line corresponding to 50% of the median average income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While such metrics would not replace indicators based on casualty numbers, they could alleviate some difficulties associated with the comparability and statistical power of casualty figures. This is essential given the proven relationships between speed and crash risk {ITF, 2018b) and the contribution that speeding plays in making people feel unsafe on the streets. Technology could play a role and support such analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Yet their use is usually limited to ex ante assessments of regulatory and legislative initiatives, and they are used too late in the process to have a real impact on decision making, reducing it to a “tick the box” exercise rather than an informative tool. However, about a third of respondents indicated their plans to undertake such assessments, showing that the demand for such practice is starting to take hold across the OECD. There is much scope for advancing gender mainstreaming in the monitoring and evaluation phases of the policy cycle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This stabilization has in part been attributed to increased penetration of renewable energy and to improvements in energy efficiency, both of which have experienced dramatic acceleration in recent years. Global demand for renewables has steadily increased, as has energy consumption, particularly in developing countries. Global installed capacity and production from all renewable energy technologies have likewise increased, as most have seen significant cost reductions worldwide and have reached parity in some markets. Global energy intensity has consequently decreased at a compounded annual rate averaging about 1.25 per cent between 1990 and 2013, and most world regions achieved improvements in aggregated energy intensity during this period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These calculations are discussed in more detail below. The remaining variables used in the empirical specification are detailed in Table 1. They are classified according to the different sets of determinants of inequality identified from the literature. See Annex Tables 15 and 16 for a description of the country coverage as well as the variables in the SEAs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, despite prices continuing to rise afterwards, there is a clear reversal in the trends toward falling rates of assistance. Further, in terms of the policy responses to the food crisis, it appears that non-major trading countries had a greater proportional response than that of major trading countries. Country level estimates obtained as value of production-weighted averages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, it needs to be emphasized that small, resource-rich or affluent countries can achieve much faster transitions than large, resource-poor, or low-income countries. Current ambitions would require a rebuilding of the majority of the power grids in the world within the next 10 years, another achievement that would be completely unprecedented, which is not to say that it would be technically impossible, but only that it would come at a significant social and economic cost and would divert resources from other pressing needs, especially those of the world’s poor. For example, a solar power proponent might state that the potential for solar radiation absorbed by land is 790 zettajoules (ZJ), which was about 2,000 times the figure for fossil fuel extraction in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
For instance, it costs 2.5 times more for an economy of South-East Asia to trade with Africa than with North America. It is also comprehensive, covering 178 countries, including a wide range of developing countries, over the period 1995-2010. A clear policy implication is that South-South cooperation could be improved to lower trade costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
There was a discussion between Matsentralen and the regional Food Safety Authority in Oslo about about how many days before expiry of use-by date that retail shops could donnor food. This was clared out in the autumn 2014. However, the four Nordic countries included in this study have defined food banks different with regard to the role in the supply chain, which in the next hand can give quite different situations with regard to what is accepted and not to be redistributed. The role of food banks in redistribution of food in the Nordic countries should be further discussed in Phase II of the project. This should be clarified and harmonised as far as possible.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Abstract Critical theory has been marginal in public administration, though it offers critique of public institutions and possibilities for a better future. Among several reasons for this, it may be that critical thought has failed to influence public administration theory because its normative vision of social change challenges the status quo and threatens the economic and political equilibrium. The sections below summarize characteristics of critical social theory, note ways it has been used in public administration, and contrast critical theory with postmodern pragmatism to illustrate the difference between critical social theory and well-known contemporary thought. It is argued that critical theory may be even more valuable today than it was in the past, as one-dimensional society and postmodernism close off description of societal conditions and use of imagination to create a better future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Countries use different data and methods to calculate imputed rent, as discussed in detail below in the section on “Homeownership in retirement incomes: The concept of imputed rent”. Housing wealth is also less liquid than other assets because owners who wish to liquidate their homes may face transactions costs, frequent problems of indivisibility, and mortgage prepayment penalties. Altogether, housing is more difficult to measure than other types of investments when it comes to turning it into a stream of income. Many studies use actual cost of production to proxy public services’ (monetary) value, as it is relatively easy to determine the cost of the inputs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Fiscal, monetary and exchange-rate policies as well as structural policies are increasingly questioned because of uneven progress on economic growth and poverty reduction. Hie roots of the current financial crisis and its global repercussions lie in the interaction between poorly regulated financial markets and the growing reliance on complex financial products based on tightly integrated capital markets. That assumption has not been borne out by the evidence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Otherwise put, these countries are doubtless under-urbanised within their national borders, considering the state of their economy. To take account of this factor, the landlocked countries will be given a slightly greater parameter A value, for example A- 0.17, so that the proportion of agricultural population of comparable size is reduced by around one-tenth (Annex B). In Africa, the informal workforce is thought to account lor 78% of non-agricultural employment, 93% of job creation and 61% of urban employment. It covers the capital cities of seven Francophone countries (Abidjan, Bamako, Cotonou, Dakar, Niamey, Lome and Ouagadougou).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Although students acquire curriculum-based content knowledge in mathematics, reading, and science to international levels, their performance on the PISA assessment reveals they are persistently less successful in using and applying knowledge than are students in peer countries, or OECD member countries on average. Although Lithuania has achieved equitable learning outcomes among its language minority populations, others - especially rural students - lag behind. While Lithuania has developed a framework of external assessments with which to monitor student learning across primary and secondary schooling, it could make fuller use of these assessments in assuring the quality of schools and linking them to the management of schools and classroom instructional practices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Similarly, the use of cluster and supply chain development policies is limited and the idea of using US-style “challenge funding” to encourage the attainment of specific social and technological goals (Hicks, 2016) is not applied. Finally, there appears to be little use of regulations or norms as ways to stimulate innovation. Adopting the third-generation “societal challenge” approach discussed previously would necessitate the use of some of these demand-side instruments in the context of a common programme affecting demand as well as supply. Leaving that possibility aside, however, there is clearly space to explore innovation policy opportunities on the demand side in order to complement the weight of existing activity on the supply side.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Part I Sources of International Human Rights Key Concepts: Universality, Interdependence and Categories of Rights Positive obligations and Categories of Rights Part II States and Treaty Obligations The Organisational Structures and Key Institutions Monitoring and Enforcing Human Rights: Extra-conventional mechanisms Treaty Monitoring Bodies: Committees and Courts National Institutions and International Human Rights Extending the duties to protect and respect human rights (non-State actors) Reforming the human rights system Part III Protecting Children Detainees, prisoners and Convictees Indigenous Peoples and their Rights The Protection of Refugees, Stateless Persons and Internally Displaced People Protecting and Promoting the Rights of Women Part IV Challenges for International Human Rights Law
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)