albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Additional reforms could also improve access to complementary insurance for low-income households and their health in the medium term (CNAMTS, 2016a), notably by promoting the use of existing administrative data on income and other social spending to determine and verify access to ACS vouchers. Indeed, past experiments have shown that eligible households, mostly long-term unemployed and retirees, may be difficult to reach through information campaigns (Guthmuller et al., The sustainability of the ACS scheme could be improved in part by reviewing the eligibility conditions (Cour des comptes, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It suggests that bringing all Chileans on board requires focusing on: expanding, and improving the efficiency, of the tax-and-transfer systems for effective redistribution, tackling inequalities in the labour market to promote employment and good-quality jobs, and expanding women participation in the labour force to close gender gaps. Chile has experienced a remarkable decline in absolute poverty since the return to democracy in the 1990s. The share of people living below the national poverty line has fallen dramatically (see Figure 1). Strong economic growth, which increased labour income for all income deciles, social policies and a significant increase in educational attainment, explain in a large part the decrease in poverty rates. The development of a sophisticated system of transfers and subsidies - around 40 % of the population receives cash transfers and subsidies provided by the state - has been relatively successful at lifting people out of poverty (Sunkel and Infante, 2009, Rau, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
On 3 April 2018, FSC approved Controlled Wood Risk Assessments for Georgia that identified risk assessment indicators for specified risks. The study concluded that if companies are intending to source controlled wood from Georgia, they should implement control measures to mitigate all identified isks. These criteria and indicators will be considered in an adjustment of the subsidiary legal framework as soon as the new forest code is approved by the parliament, which is planned for 2019.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
After providing a summary of the key messages (5.1), this chapter seeks to understand the costs and benefits, including the difficulty of quantifying the costs of inaction (5.2) and the less tangible benefits to society of good waste and resource management. Finally, a discussion on how to decide on the appropriate financing model in a particular situation provides a ‘toolkit’ to serve as a basis for action (5.9). Sustainable waste management solutions need a reliable economic evidence base, and much more work needs to be done, both globally and in particular in developing countries. So action on waste management is an urgent political priority - waiting for better evidence is no excuse.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
This means that the other 42 LDCs, or about 90 per cent of all LDCs,4 represent just under half of the total of LDC exports, pointing to the huge disparity that exists among countries in the LDC group. Regionally, African LDCs account for the bulk of LDC exports. But this is more due to large oil exports from four countries than the disproportionately large number of LDCs - 33 out of the 48 - being African.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Co-location is another approach that seeks to build demand. Basic overhead costs - energy, security and administrative expenses - can be pooled, generating economies of scope. If post office services are consolidated with a shop, people can obtain their mail and purchase food in one trip. Finally, service merger takes similar or substitute services and combines them into a single entity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Unemployed youth in MICs are more likely to be food insecure than unemployed youth in LICs. Many of the poorest young must work to support themselves and their families and cannot go without income while searching for better job opportunities or being idle. Working poverty and unemployment rates are strongly negatively correlated in Africa, suggesting that many young people prefer unemployment over working poverty and will chose unemployment in the hope of finding a better job when they can afford it. As countries grow richer low-skilled jobs disappear and the informal sector faces increasing demand constraints.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Flexible working hours, high staff turnover, a share of low-skilled workers and the need for functional versatility are characteristics of the tourism labour market in Portugal. The study proposed four key values to guide the human resources development agenda: service culture, market orientation, ICT and professionalism. The importance of soft skills is particularly underlined, as is the need to build capacity in tourism SMEs, by developing a training strategy for entrepreneurs and managers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A clear reduction in the use of modem contraceptives (and especially of sterilization) and a parallel increase in the use of traditional methods were also observed in Singapore after the introduction of pro-natalist policies in the 1980s (see Ross and others, 2005). This lack of information reflects the reduced financial support for the promotion and provision of modem contraceptives in public services. In the Philippines, the central government has opted not to directly finance and procure modern contraceptives, tasking instead decentralized local government units (LGU).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Analysing their actions demonstrates that non-securitizing/holding and desecuritizing/ peacebuilding impacts are placed on a continuum in terms of both timing and depth of the change. In Bosnia, for example, the work of an organization advancing the rights of LGBTs has a non-securitizing (holding) impact as opposed to a desecuritizing one, given that it promotes non-conflict-related political actions. Inclusive human rights claims that promote a more equal and tolerant society operate in a conflict transformation FOA, fostering a society where respect for human rights and inclusive understandings of the “other” can prevent securitization in future. Domestic violence is present in many societies in peace as well as in war, but in conflict and post-conflict situations domestic violence rates have been known to spike, due to more rigid gender identities and exacerbation of social violence. Organizations working on domestic violence in post-conflict situations use a conflict transformation mode, claiming inclusive human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Production of poultry meat will be responsible for more than half of the projected increase in meat production fuelled by both domestic and international demand. The remaining expansion of the meat sector will be shared between beef and pigmeat (Figure 2.16). When adjusted for inflation however, prices mostly rise at a modest rate. In general, per capita consumption of the three primary meat types is poised to increase reflecting Brazil’s continuous economic development. Per capita consumption reaches 83 kg/p in 2024, adding 5.8 kg/p to each person’s diet relative to the base period driven primarily by additional consumption of poultry meat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Yet for other developing countries in the region, expanding the manufacturing base, including to relatively labour-intensive sectors, will be important for broad-based productivity gains. India is planning to increase the share of the manufacturing sector in GDP to 25 per cent by 2020 through the creation of national manufacturing investment zones and measures to increase the ease of doing business. Similarly, Indonesia and the Philippines are seeking to diversify and upgrade their economies through infrastructure programmes and FDI liberalization measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In many cases, time-slot length is designed much longer than guard-time length to increase the link utilization rate upper bound determined by the ratio of guard-time length to timeslot length. This technique can reduce the number of guard-timcs and improve network utilization efficiency. Assuming Tg, F, B, and V are the guard-time length, the frame length the requested bandwidth and the link capacity of the network respectively, T, which is the required time in a frame to cany' the requested bandwidth, can be calculated by F(B/V)). The number n of timeslots required in single time-slot method and multi-time-slot-bonding are given by \T/(TS - Tg)] and \{T + Tg)/Ts], respectively, and the link utilization ratio is represented by T/(nTs) The utilization ratios using single time-slot method and multi-time-slot bonding for Tg=5 ps and Ts=10 ps or 50 ps are shown in Fig. The link utilization ratio using multi-time-slot bonding with Ts=10 ps is higher than that using single time-slot method with both of Ts=10 ps and 50 ps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Reproductive roles are those associated with child rearing/ raising and caretaking of the home (i.e., cooking and cleaning). Community involvement highlights those tasks related to collective support and community gain. ( Feminists have also highlighted the importance of the collective dimensions of empowerment and power, in addition to individual empowerment. For example, see Srilatha Batliwala, ‘The Meaning of Women’s Empowerment: New Concepts from Action’, in G. Sen, A. Germain and L. C. Chen (eds.), Population Policies Reconsidered: Health, Empowerment and Rights, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Alternative ways to ensure appropriate supply of services include collaborations with NGOs and community groups. But implementation difficulties have been experienced in some cases. There is no strategy fitting all cases and the decision depends on the types of vulnerable groups, their presence among the poor, the family and household structure in the country and very importantly the political economy of potential reforms in the country. Overall, it is reasonable to believe that integrated programmes can effectively cover all the needy individuals while keeping administrative costs down.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These objectives generally emphasise the holistic development of individuals, and stress the importance of nurturing individuals’ personality, attitudes and values along with knowledge and intellectual abilities. They also mention that a balanced development of these skills contributes to democracy, equality, freedom and peace. Table 5.1 summarises the types of constructs that appear in the identified policy statements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
First, making such arrangements universally available would be prohibitively expensive as the default risk is assumed by the public sector. Rationing such loans on the basis of means-tested parental resources is a solution but it raises difficulties for students that do not have access to either these loans or the resources of their well-off families. Second, as the repayment of such loans does not take into account the future capacity of borrowers, some risk-averse students would be unwilling to undertake these loans, especially if defaulting is costly. Third, graduates facing high loan repayment obligations would be more likely to choose careers with high earnings rather than low-paying but socially productive ones. The defining characteristic of ICL schemes is that the collection of debt is tied to the borrowers’ future capacity to pay. Repayments are not required in periods of low income, ensuring that borrowers are able to meet their repayment obligations and to smooth their consumption across periods of high and low income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the case of Australia, a broad definition of temporary work includes jobs of fixed-term duration, those employed through a labour hire or a temporary work agency as well as casual workers. Casual workers may lack entitlements to key fringe benefits such as paid vacation or sick leave or may not be protected by legislation against unfair dismissal, but might otherwise have continuous and stable employment, and are therefore one form of atypical or NSW. In this respect, this definition follows the work undertaken by the Australia Productivity Commission (2006) in classifying casual work as one form (and the most sizeable one) of non-standard work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
More importantly, when feedback is given through the details of the correct answer, students learn more than when they are just told whether their answer is correct or not (effect size: 0.58). Fuchs and Fuchs (1986) conducted a meta-analysis of 21 different reports on the use of the feedback to and by teachers, with frequencies of between 2 and 5 times per week. The mean effect size on achievement between experimental and control groups was 0.70 standard deviations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Unlike data mining, ML has the ability to use computers to probe the data for structure, even if we do not have a theory of what the structure could look like. Whether these are simple algorithms using Bayesian analysis or complex neural networks or deep learning algorithms, ML applications have demonstrated success at recognizing patterns, recognizing anomalies, and in prediction. Available datasets can be used to seed ML models for categorization or clustering to identify different characteristics of infrastructure assets for analysis. Supervised learning can be used to supplement historical data with human intervention when the confidence in predictions is low. This can accelerate review processes and enable scarce expert resources to focus on outliers rather than entire datasets. Image recognition algorithms can be used to analyze images from aerial surveys for a large scale assessment of damage after a natural event and although this not provide information on the operability or performance for all forms of infrastructure, it can form a useful basis for on-the-ground mission planning activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As for the size of the shocks, it appears to be relevant to retain the trend in the annual average temperature in each country over the last few decades. A complementary proxy of this shock measurement can also be found in a decreasing trend of the average rainfall level. Vulnerability to rainfall and temperature shocks has, again, two main components, corresponding to the previous distinction between exposure and shocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The dimensions are specifically tailored to Viet Nam's national and local level contexts. The philosophy underlying the monitoring approach is that citizens are "end-users of public administrative services" capable of assessing governance and public administration in their localities. These norms not only substitute for the law in many aspects of life, but also contribute heavily to the conception of the law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Social inclusion is thus spatially uneven. The paper also shows how context matters, identifying some of the mechanisms by which nation-states and localities influence processes of economic, social, and political exclusion and inclusion. She is grateful to the Social Perspective on Development Branch of DESA/DSPD for its support in developing the paper, and also extends sincere thanks to an anonymous peer reviewer for comments and suggestions. The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations Secretariat.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While these levies do yield state revenue they have failed in the past to influence the behaviour of economic actors to a significant extent, due to low rates, too many exemptions and poor monitoring and enforcement (Mehling, 2008). In the first instance, the lower end of each tax band was implemented, giving policymakers flexibility to increase the tax in response to changing circumstances. The National Assembly Standing Committee, the body responsible for setting tax rates and subsequently agreeing changes, can raise the tax without a repeated legislative process. However, computer-generated equilibrium (CGE) modelling in 2014 of the impact of EPT compared to a business-as-usual scenario suggests that carbon dioxide emissions were curbed by about 2 million metric tons in 2012 and 2013, or a decrease of about 1.7 per cent on business as usual (Huong, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
On the other hand, an increasing proportion of ODA targeted health, education and other social activities, with positive effects on income distribution in the recipient countries. But since the increasing share of ODA for these purposes meant a decline in the share of ODA allocated to growth-enhancing investment in economic infrastructure and productive capacities, its effects on structural change and the creation of new employment and wage opportunities were limited (TDR 2008, chap. In some countries, especially in Africa, the increase in ODA flows was a major factor, but in general it was the result of higher tax revenues, and in countries where the primary sector accounts for a large share of GDP, it was due to higher commodity prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Romania uses a combination of appraisal types but their developmental function is limited, reducing support for teacher growth. Developing professional teacher standards would help to ensure that all teachers are appraised according to common criteria for effective teaching. Teachers ’ development would be better supported if their regular appraisals carried reduced stakes for their career and pay, and included more formative practices such as open discussion and feedback. To ensure that only motivated candidates with the right attributes enter the teaching profession, the appraisals to complete probation should enforce a minimum threshold for entry, while providing new teachers with the support they need to grow professionally. Finally, reviewing the system of linking appraisals to salary bonuses and creating differentiated career paths for teachers which fairly reward those taking on new roles and responsibilities will help to encourage teachers to develop their skills throughout their career. Teacher appraisal refers to how teachers are assessed and given feedback on their performance and competencies (OECD, 2013c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In some specification this pattern is captured more flexibly allowing for occupation specific depreciation rates (to the extent that current occupation is a good proxy of the average occupation during the working life). Results in column 1 report the baseline estimates for the vector /32, indicating that higher in inequality is negatively (and significantly) related to proficiency by low background individuals, while the link is not significant in the case of medium or high background individuals. The remaining columns correspond to alternative specifications of the control set X, which are detailed in the table note.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It corresponds to the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Children and Equality, and comprises 13 members. During its proceedings, the committee can convene hearings to obtain information from ministry representatives, organisations or individuals. Reciprocally, organisations and individuals can request to appear before the committee to present their insights. The committee submits recommendations and proposed decisions on relevant affairs to the parliament, which is responsible for taking final decisions, but usually follows the recommendations of the committee. While supervision of issues related to women’s rights falls within the mandate of the Supreme Council for Women, the accountability for these issues in within the mandate of the Parliamentary Committee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As immigrants integrate more fully into the labour market, their potential impacts may well diminish. The impact of immigration on labour market outcomes of native-born workers using this approach has been assessed by examining several labour market outcomes of Thai-bom workers in relation to the proportion of economically active immigrants with comparable levels of skill. In line with findings of previous research (see Bryant and Rukumnuaykit, 2007, Kulkolkam and Potipiti, 2007, Lathapipat, 2010), foreign-bom workers do not displace Thai-bom workers on the labour market at the national level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The activities differ considerably in their stage of development: some are relatively advanced while others are still in their infancy. To bring them on stream on a scale that would allow them to contribute in a meaningful way to global prosperity, human development, natural resource management and green growth will require considerable research and development (R&D) effort, investment and coherent policy support. The obvious - and in some cases less obvious -differences between land and sea have important implications as to how human activities are managed in the two very different environments. Nonetheless, although these differences affect the context and outcomes of marine operations, many of the concepts and techniques deployed in marine planning and management tend to be borrowed from practices on land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Countries that could collectively benefit from high-cost capital-intensive energy projects could also pool their financial resources to spread their risks. While these areas have been highlighted in the revised IPESP and FAESP, there has been little apparent progress in implementation. Individually, a larger country like Fiji may be able to maintain a strong bargaining position, but smaller countries need the support of others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Finally, 16% of experts believe that greater use of AVs will have a negligible impact on overall vehicle use because other modes will adopt automation technologies in order to compete with AVs, thus offsetting the growth potential of the private use of AVs. The top barriers to the uptake of autonomous cars that experts identified include safety and security issues, technological challenges, and legislation and regulatory issues. Of the electric vehicle (EV) fleet, full-battery EVs are expected to comprise the highest share of vehicles by 2050.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Over longer periods this share increases with estimates suggesting that over a lifetime half of Americans will experience poverty (McKeman et al., Other, less important explanations are the increasing international integration of labour markets through trade and, more recently, off-shoring, and also the declining penetration of labour unions and the falling real value of the federal minimum wage. The reshaping of the income distribution in LIS countries”, a paper prepared for presentation at the conference on “Inequality and the Status of the Middle Class: lessons from the Luxembourg Income Study”, Luxembourg, 28-30 July.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Its ambitious, cross-cutting approach is farther-reaching than the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted 15 years ago, which focused on increasing official development assistance and improving a series of social indicators. Its aim is to create peaceful, better-governed and inclusive societies, with no individuals or groups left behind. Pursued in combination with UN agreements on Financing for Development and combating climate change, the UN Global Goals set the stage to integrate national, regional and international efforts to promote sustainable development. Goal 9 is to ‘Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)