albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
These energy-related charges and earlier charges for surface water abstraction are currently collected by the state-owned Slovak Water Management Enterprise (SWME) Banska Stiavnica, the main provider of raw water to users across Slovakia. In the future they should be the major source of funding at the river basin level. Steps taken under the flood protection programme of 2000-10 included development of a flood warning and forecast system and investment measures (amounting to EUR 170 million) carried out by SWME Banska Stiavnica. However, estimates show around a EUR 450 million shortfall of funding for flood prevention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This chapter aims to take a first step towards that goal. Though constrained by issues of data availability, we build on the ideas of the various gender indices available to choose variables that capture various aspects of gender inequality over time. This chapter provides an overview of gender inequalities in various dimensions of well-being, following the conceptual framework of How Is Life? ( Furthermore, discrimination can take place throughout a woman’s life cycle, from birth (resulting from sex-selective abortions, such as in the case of China) to access to education (for instance in school enrolment rates) and continuing through the rest of their life course (e.g. labour force participation and life expectancy) (OECD, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Additionally, in Article 2, paragraph 1 (a)(ii), which relates to policies and measures, it stipulates that the practice of sustainable forest management and the promotion of afforestation and reforestation be carried out in accordance with the circumstances in each country (Kobayashi, 2008a). The legal text of the modalities and procedures of the Marrakesh Accords was adopted at the Seventh Conference of the Parties (COP 7) in 2001 (UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, 2002: Decision 11/CP.7). Under the Marrakesh Accords, in addition to the rules of operation such as definitions and measurements of volume of capture, activities subject to the Kyoto Protocol, Article 3, paragraph 4, were determined, including forest management, cropland management, grazing land management and revegetation. The definition does not go further than the commonly held view, and, although it does stipulate further details clearly, individual countries evaluate and apply forest management “human-induced activities” noted in Article 3, paragraph 4, to the forest management situation in those countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Similarly, the stigma associated with the receipt of the transfer is likely to be smaller in the case of SPs in comparison with general CTs, especially if this is administered by a social security agency rather than a welfare one. Compared with other social benefits such as unemployment benefits or cash transfers discussed in Parts A and B, health benefits per se provide no income to beneficiaries and are thus not likely to affect the labour supply directly. However, the financing of health benefits, when at least partly based on taxes weighing directly and exclusively on labour, such as social contributions, can have an impact on labour market outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Quality jobs can help the tourism sector to attract and retain the best people and in turn deliver quality tourism services to sophisticated travel consumers in a competitive global market place. Up-skilling people to become more proficient in their jobs, valuing and rewarding professional competence and supporting career development can improve the image of employment in the sector and create a more positive recruitment and retention cycle. It in turn promotes enteiprise and destination competitiveness and leads to better outcomes for workers. In a highly fragmented sector, human resource development issues are a common concern for all businesses in the tourism value chain, large and small.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These required attributes are also on occasion expanded to include leadership, motivation, discipline, self-confidence, self awareness, networking, entrepreneurship and capacity to embrace change. These skills are regarded as generic or transferable since they are “seen as having a broad application across a wide range of employment contexts and as transcending individual subjects” and are argued to be the basis for a “flexible” and “multiskilled” workforce (Keep and Payne, 2004: 57). Using average years of schooling as an education measure implicitly assumes that a year of schooling delivers the same increase in knowledge and skills regardless of the education system. For example, a year of schooling in Papua New Guinea is assumed to create the same increase in productive human capital as a year of schooling in Japan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The spectrum of poverty measurement approaches varies from purely monetary to non-monetary aspects, with much variation {see Table 2.1). Measurement choices are often implicit, and can have a profound impact on results and related policies. The first choice is what to measure: income, consumption, or broader capabilities? The most common approach is to measure monetary poverty, based on indicators of income or consumption as proxies for material living standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While rural-urban disparities are still significant, there are signs that Ghana’s cities are facing considerable challenges with land use, infrastructure and services provision (particularly with regard to housing, sanitation and transportation), and the absence of gainful and productive employment opportunities, especially for the youth. The critical policy challenge has been to ensure orderly and sustainable spatial development, co-ordination and planning, and measures to enable metropolitan and municipal authorities to secure adequate financing for infrastructure and services. The culprit was the Ebola epidemic that struck the sub-region, especially Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia, between December 2013 and December 2015. Other contributing factors included a wait-and-see approach to governance in the run-up to the 11 October 2015 presidential election, and the adverse international economic outlook, which hurt the prices of export goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The poor layout and construction materials used render structures in these areas easily vulnerable to fires and floods yearly. The urban informal housing in Cebu is due to an inadequacy of affordable housing as well as high numbers of poor rural-urban migrants. These are the Local Government Code (1991) and the Urban Development and Housing Act (1992).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The latter are falling further behind their urban counterparts (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2008b). To illustrate this point in detail, the present section will highlight the importance of regional variations by contrasting two countries, China and India, both large countries in terms of both geographical and population size and both regarded as quite successful in having reduced poverty at the aggregate level. As a result, however, of divergent regional patterns of economic growth and social provisions, one finds sharp differences in levels of living standards across provinces or states, as well as between rural and urban areas (Ravallion and Jalan, 1999). This gap is related to structural changes in output and employment: the coastal regions have provided more opportunities for non-agricultural employment and income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, a third in both groups had higher career expectations than what their present positions provide. The large gap between expectations and actual tasks leads to high job turnover: 43% of vocational college graduates quit their job within half a year after graduation, and so do 24% of university graduates. The overwhelming majority quit voluntarily and primarily because of a lack of development opportunities and low salaries. The lower turnover among university graduates and especially among top ones suggests that a stronger education background improves labour market matching.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Yet, the impact on child care use is even stronger, suggesting that part of the increase in subsidised child care does not directly support labour force participation. In this scheme, a high share of child care costs end up being publicly funded (76% in average, up to 96% for low-income households), explaining the high budget cost of EUR 50 000 per full-time job created. Women’s labour supply increases less than above (there is an income effect for higher earning women, which slows their participation), but high earning men’s labour supply is resilient. As childcare costs are in the first place less subsided for these households (by about 40%), their broader recourse to additional care after this incentive is less fiscally costly. Moreover, these families’ higher work hours generate higher tax revenues. This second variant of childcare support is more efficient (EUR 40 000 per full-time job created) but comes at an equity cost.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In practice, many sales contracts do not specify what needs to happen in the case the objective for which a genetic resource is provided changes. Like many other issues, the debate at Nagoya took place over largely North-South lines and the text of the Protocol avoids providing a clear answer to this question. Up until 12 October 2014 when the Protocol comes into force, genetic resource transfers to outside the provider country in fact continue to be pre-Nagoya (in the absence of Nagoya-compliant ABS legislation). Plants that are part of ex situ collections or animals that reside in zoos are examples of such genetic resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These countries have in fact led the global recovery, but the re-emergence of growth, trade and employment generation is far from complete (World Bank, 2014). In significant ways, there has been a shift of global production and consumption to large emerging economies, which in turn has helped smaller economies that cannot rely on their own domestic demand by providing new markets for export (Gereffi, 2014, UNCTAD, 2013a). In terms of scale, for instance, demand from middle-income countries is a very long way from replacing that of large developed countries as the global engine of consumption growth (Cripps, Izurieta and Singh, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, the 2016 self-regulation (code de deontologie) has further constrained competition and the size of medical practices (Autorite de la concurrence, 2016a). Though the 2016 Health Law expanded midwives’ roles somewhat, a more general definition of the scope of activities of different professions, for instance in terms of general “missions” rather than specific tasks/acts, would provide greater flexibility. For example, private-hire vehicles could be allowed to transport autonomous patients and complement the services of taxi drivers, and optometrists could be authorised to prescribe some medical goods, such as glasses (IGF, 2013). Coverage of telemedicine by the statutory health insurance will be implemented in 2018.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Despite his opposition, his work supports a finding that the poverty rate declined between 2000 and 2004 and that this was driven by social grant payments. However, his estimates place 18 to 20 million South Africans in poverty in 2004. This is a much smaller decline and a less clear sign of success for anti-poverty policies in the post-Apartheid era than that shown by van der Berg and co-authors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Furthermore, the green growth poles are self-dynamic in nature, with catalytic and spillover effects, notably in terms of income generation, enhanced technological and skills capacity, as well as lower pressure on material/resource depletion and related resource pricing. However, in some areas (e.g. EE in end-use sectors and renewable energy equipment), additional investments will have to be made by a large number of small investors, for which viable financing arrangements/facilities should be made available.54 Furthermore, mobilization of private investment in poor developing countries will not be straightforward, and will likely require significant additional official development assistance and other foreign assistance, as well as foreign direct investment. Similarly, a group of companies, including Sony and Nokia, have created an “eco-patent commons” with initial donations of 31 EE-related patents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe an empirical study of the advances and trends of e‐government in transparency, openness and hence accountability in European Union (EU) local governments to determine the extent to which the internet promotes the convergence towards more transparent and accountable government. The paper also tests the extent to which different factors related to the implementation of information and communication technologies (ICTs), the number of inhabitants and the type of public administration style have influenced e‐government developments in the cities studied.Design/methodology/approach – A comprehensive content analysis of 75 local government web sites was conducted using a 73‐item evaluation questionnaire. The evaluations were performed in 2004 and 2007 and 15 EU countries were covered (five per country). To analyse the evolution of e‐government, several techniques were used: tests of difference of means, multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. The contribu...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, Ethiopia faces numerous challenges in delivering education services to its population, one of which is ensuring an adequate size of its qualified teaching force. The high rate of population growth in the country, together with the high proportion of youth, creates immense pressure on the education system. The population of Ethiopia almost quadrupled in the past 50 years, and is expected to grow to 92 million by 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The highest case fatality rate in this age group concerns hospitalization for diseases of the circulatory system, with 10 hospital deaths for 137 hospital discharges (7 per cent of case fatalities). Diseases of the circulatory system constitute 16 per cent of all registered cases of diseases and 8 per cent of new cases. Hypertensive diseases, ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases represent, respectively, 58.8 per cent, 24.6 per cent and 4.3 per cent of the circulatory system diseases. The incidence rate is much higher in children (35,000 per 100,000 children in 2012) compared with the general population (12,000 per 100,000 population in 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The Local Government Ordinance of 1976 provided for the reservation of two seats for women members in each Union Parishad. The Local Government (Union Parishads) Ordinance, 1983 increased the number of reserved seats to three. The Local Government (Union Parishads) (Second Amendment) Act, 1997 repealed the nomination provision and introduced direct election in the reserved seats.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The implementation and enforcement of the new Forest Code will contribute to achieving these targets by expanding the areas under protection within private lands (Section 4). Only 1.5% of coastal and marine areas are under environmental protection, the government is scaling up efforts to bring this share to 5% by 2020, still far from the Aichi target of 10%, however. Executing agencies at each level of government are responsible for implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Such information is essential to guide integrated policies. Whereas the traditional dashboard of non-monetary indicators reflects deprivations of all people, rich and poor (and is also reported), the coordinated dashboard of consistent sub-indices that unpack the MPI is focused on the poor. The MPI and its associated statistics can be reported for more than one poverty line or cut-off.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For indigenous peoples, health is a broad and holistic concept encompassing the spiritual, the intellectual, physical and emotional dimensions. Essential is the coexistence of the past, present and future, ensuring an intergenerational continuum, including both individual and communal perspectives. The right to health in these documents is applied at the level of the individual.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Persistently high levels of homelessness are a symptom of deeply unequal societies. The disproportionately adverse health‐related outcomes observed in homeless populations in developed countries—including their high morbidity, mortality and disability rates—constitute a public health and a human rights emergency (Aldridge et al., 2018). Homelessness is often aptly conceptualized as the socio‐economic sequela of concomitant forms of social exclusion such as poverty, housing exclusion, institutionalization, interpersonal violence, residential segregation, socio‐political exclusion and others. Homelessness and co‐occurring disadvantage can be profoundly disruptive biographical experiences that emerge from intersecting axes of inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For instance, w'omen in over 100 countries covered by the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) still face legal and other forms of discrimination in their access to land and property, and 77 countries have inadequate legislation addressing domestic violence (OECD Development Centre, 2014). Women’s economic involvement promotes good use of skills and talent and increases social cohesion. The participation of w'omen in the economy is indispensable for promoting global well-being, reducing poverty and combating inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Overall, assistance for victims of violence, hotlines, shelters and counselling services remains very limited in MENA countries. More shelters are needed to ensure that all victims throughout the country can access immediate protection. According to recommendations of the Council of Europe, all countries should provide one place in a shelter per 7 500 residents, this coverage is not achieved by the existing geographical distribution of shelters (Council of Europe, 2007: 18). There is also a need for greater provision of free legal aid and advice services for victims of violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Direct care is the actual provision of services and attention to physical and biological needs, which involves a transfer of time and face-to-face interaction between those providing and those receiving care. Indirect care is the transfer, through some component of a social system, of the mechanisms required for individuals to tend to their own care needs (Gimenez, 2003). Direct care may take three forms: (i) care that is spontaneous —i.e. provided on an occasional and voluntary basis rather than as part of an ongoing relationship, (ii) care that is necessary —i.e. care that people cannot provide for themselves, such as the care given to children or to those who are ill, and (iii) personal services —i.e. care that the recipients could provide to themselves, but that they delegate to someone else.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Ensuring that the poorest people do not persistently stay poor and enabling sufficient income mobility can help to prevent long spells of poverty and their damaging impact, for example in terms of social exclusion. In that sense, income mobility provides “a short way from rags to riches” (Jendemy, 2016). A society where people ranking in the top incomes are not persistently the same can be preferred to a society where there is no turnover among people ranking at the top.2 Similarly, if inequality reflects discrimination against certain groups or the results of cultural, ethnic or family backgrounds, it is likely that income mobility can contribute to a more equal society. Excessive" income mobility, in the sense of frequent and uncertain income changes, can also be associated with greater income insecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The developed economies are in a technological race to develop more efficient electricity generating systems without C02 emissions, and governments are providing major support to R&D in this sector. The United States Energy Secretary has recently said that the country could either develop the next generation of clean energy technologies, which would help to create thousands of new jobs and export opportunities in the United States, or else it could wait for other countries to take the lead (see [ online] http:// energy.gov/articles/energy-department-takes-first-step-spur-us-manufacturing-small-modular-nuclear-reactors). Clean energy technology transfer is one of the negotiating points in international conversations on climate change mitigation, and although no specific proposal has yet emerged in this regard, FDI in renewable energies can be expected to be one of the main vehicles for this transmission (Peterson, 2008).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The role of transfers in inclusive growth strategies (cont.) A value of zero represents perfect equality and a value of 100 extreme inequality. Redistribution is measured by the difference between the Gini coefficient before personal income taxes and transfers (market incomes) and the Gini coefficient after taxes and transfers (disposable incomes) in per cent of the Gini coefficient before taxes and transfers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
More than 500 qualified FTTx engineers and 100 FTTx project managers were successfully trained. This project has completed the technical reserve and talent pooling for FTTx network construction. The network construction mode and experience can be easily replicated to large-scale network construction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Percentage change for real GDP, total employment and hours worked. Change, in percentage points, for labour force participation rate. Total actual weekly hours per worker. Countries which have experienced similar output losses as the United Kingdom since 2008, such as Denmark and Spain have suffered worse percentage falls in employment. The United States has experienced a far greater contraction in employment despite a much stronger output recovery. The decline in construction employment looks essentially cyclical.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Only a very limited part of the protected area has infrastructure adequate for tourism and there is only one official park entrance, in Sao Jorge district of Alto Paraiso de Goias. Cavalcante, a town in which tourism has been growing due to popular attractions such as waterfalls and trails on private land, does not have any access to the park. Red tape and administrative constraints, as well as capacity constraints at the park level, have so far blocked the proposed bidding process to award a concession for tourism-related services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Linear trends for the multi-year period 1961-2014 indicate stagnation or a slight increase in the amount of rainfall on the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Changes in the amount of rainfall are more pronounced by seasons than annually. In the central part it is negative during spring and summer (and most pronounced in the area of Herzegovina -up to 20 per cent), while during autumn increased rainfall was observed, especially in the northwestern and central parts. Due to the increased intensity of rainfall and its greater variability, as well as the increased share of heavy rains in the total amount of rainfall, there is increased risk of flooding, especially in the north-eastern part of the country, where the most disastrous floods in history were recorded during May 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)