albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
At the project level, a greater number of non-recourse loans bonds and leasing arrangements are being offered while at the corporate level, increased borrowings are being recorded. Institutions, such as the Green Climate Fund and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, have launched several programmes to support renewable energy deployment in Asia, including framework development initiatives and funding programmes for project development. A host of international private equity firms70 are active in the region and have set up dedicated green energy funds to help develop a healthy ecosystem of greenfield as well as secondary markets in the region. With its investment in solar and wind power. Australia is the third largest market for renewable energy in region after China and Japan. In 2016, new investment in renewable energy was $0.7 billion in Singapore and Viet Nam, $3.3 billion in Australia, $0.5 billion in Indonesia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Abstract   The development and implementation of e-government was one of the most relevant and important evolutions for public administration. In recent years, the governments in many countries have made efforts to increase their openness and transparency. E-governance is used, being considered an efficient and effective mean to improve public transparency and reduce corruption. This paper explores the relationship between corruption and e-government in two moments: 2004 (2007) and 2012 in EU and non-UE countries. The analysis is performed on two groups of countries to determine if EU accession has improved the fighting against corruption with e-Government, seeking the practical role of e-Government in changing the level of corruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Governments’ choice of funding modality can produce powerful incentives for organisations to perform in preferred ways, but it can also divert limited resources, narrow accountability, and undermine capability. Through literature review and interviews, the research explored the international literature on public finance management in developing country contexts, and compared this to case studies of Indigenous organisations. The situation in Australia was found to differ in three ways: (1) performance indicators are imposed, rather than negotiated, (2) few existing public funding modalities reward performance or provide incentives, and (3) funding arrangements do not generally require receiving organisations to be accountable to their constituents. Stability and durability of funding modalities, and clarity in functions and jurisdictional boundaries, were also found to positively influence performance. Further research is required to design new performance frameworks that build around the organisation, rather than the grant, with indicators of governance capability and downward accountability to constituents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By investing more in the new technology, very significant water savings can be achieved. However, these large gains are only economical if they are designed in when the plant is built. The remaining uses for water include: ash-handling (25%) and service and potable water (5%), together with a few residual uses. Focusing on water for cooling, turn to Figure 10, taken from Bhattacharya and Bijon (2013), which outlines the cooling technologies available to those investing in electric power generation capacity in India today.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, ICTs are more than just access and use of the Internet and the development of a digital economy. It also relates to the use of ICTs to create more efficient systems for effective and reliable service delivery and to improve productivity in a large number of sectors. For more information about innovative financing, see http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/bevond-oda-innovative-financing-for-development.htm. However, while technological improvements are made across many sectors, technological convergence often includes elements of communication networks and fast processing of data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Important strides have been made in recent years towards enhancing pay transparency, such efforts are slowly bearing fruit. Yet on average, gender pay gaps across the OECD remain at about 15% at the median, with little progression recorded in recent years (OECD. The higher the position, the lower the proportion of women in many OECD countries across all branches of power.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
When households cannot access sufficient food, women are often the first to go hungry. While girls are increasingly doing better in school and university than boys, this has not translated into gender equality in the labour market. The gender pay gap stands at 23 per cent globally and, without decisive action, it will take another 68 years to achieve equal pay. While women have made important inroads into political office across the world, their representation in national parliaments at 23.7 per cent is still far from parity, and women politicians and voters face threats and attacks, persistent sexual harassment and online abuse. One in five women and girls have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner within the last 12 months.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Secondary fish processors are not required to operate under a Risk Management Programme though many choose to do so, especially when carrying out primary and secondary processing in the same premises. Day-to-day management of matters relating to FSPs under the Food Act is largely the responsibility of officers in Public Health Units attached to local Health Boards. The regular audit of FSPs is undertaken by independent auditors approved by the NZFSA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Only a few percent of the forest areas are covered by individual legally binding agreements with landowners or voluntarily protected (e.g. as part of a certification scheme). A difference in Denmark compared to other Nordic countries is that the concept of the Danish national parks does not automatically restrict any use or does not even protect natural or cultural values. As a consequence, national parks are not included in the statistics over protected nature in Denmark. The national parks in Denmark are more like the UNESCO World Heritage concept in that sense that it does not give a formal protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It argues that norms affecting women's and men’s private arrangements have a strong impact on women's participation in public life. The chapter contains four main sections: family law, physical integrity, nationality and access to justice. Each section highlights respective international benchmarks, trends in domestic legislation and compliance gaps in the MENA region, ln the area of family law and nationality, the chapter provides an overview of the remaining legal discriminations which continue to hamper women’s equality with men. With regard to access to justice and gender-based violence, many countries recognise the outstanding issues and aim to address the remaining gaps through national reform agendas. Yet, further action is needed to enable equal access to justice and to eliminate violence against women, which appears to be on the rise following the recent uprisings in some countries in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The strategies of exchange rate hedging differ by sector and depend on the marketing profiles and the types of currencies these activities are exposed to (Box 8). Basis risk occurs due to a mismatch between the changes in spot prices and futures prices. They hedge week to week to forward-sold positions, with a minimum of long term contracts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is often difficult to allocate system costs with precision as they interact with virtually all parameters of the electricity system. For instance, is the decline in the share price of a traditional utility due to inefficient management, errors in the forecast of electricity demand or to the system effects induced by a myriad of decentralised wind and solar plants? There are also difficult distributional questions to be considered that are only now beginning to emerge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The share of GDP devoted to education is below the OECD average, with a higher proportion of public funding than the OECD average. Portugal needs to continue to define professional pathways for teachers and school principals, providing relevant training and implementing reform of the teacher training system. Further developing an integrated evaluation and assessment framework centred on quality student learning would help move beyond the objective of accountability to provide clearer information on how schools, school leaders and teachers can improve in the classroom.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In addition, as stated in different sections, w'astewater treatment plants on the Absheron peninsula and in coastal towns have been equipped with biological treatment facilities. Azerbaijan needs to promote wastewater treatment on its territory as much as possible to help clean the river. However, further investments are necessary for cleaning flows entering Azerbaijan (the Kura and Araz Rivers), a problem which requires international joint action with neighbouring countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
First, the apparent stalemate in earlier, more ambitious, negotiations has meant proposals for text require a lowest common denominator approach to achieve consensus. Second, in the broader context of a largely stalled Doha Round, fisheries subsidies were always contingent on a measure of horse-trading among dominant members over other agreements. Third, the rest of the world has not remained still: disciplines have and are being developed in other fora, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Recent cross-national studies4 show large variations in levels of internal migration across countries and both within and between geographic regions. Measured over a period of one year or five years, high levels of internal migration are generally found in high-income countries in Oceania (Australia and New Zealand), Northern America, Northern and Western Europe and Eastern Asia (Japan and the Republic of Korea). Internal migration has been generally low in Eastern Europe and in South-Central, South-Eastern and Western Asia. Substantial variation exists among countries in Africa and in Latin America and the Caribbean.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Some evaluations are already providing useful feedback. The evaluation of the ProAire programme suggests that air-quality standards could be more stringent, to reap additional health benefits, and notes the need to strengthen compliance with particular standards. Some municipalities do not even have the technical capacity to follow up and assess results, given the lack of skilled staff and financial means.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
ABSTRACT This paper examines the introduction of “new” contextual issues and analytical concepts within International Development Studies (ids) that have shaped the current penchant for the “development and other” focus. Contextual issues (e.g., poverty, aid, health, education, hiv/aids, new information and communication technologies [icts], peacekeeping, and conflict resolution) and highly contested analytical concepts (e.g., gender, environment or sustainability, civil society, globalization, good governance, social capital, capacity building, participation, empowerment, and security) have been wedded to core development questions. This paper examines both how this “development and…” focus has shaped development studies and provided the foundations for a new and invigorated generation of development theories. It analyzes how the introduction of “new” contextual issues and analytical concepts has challenged, or failed to challenge, our conceptual understanding of development issues. It provides a chronol...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In many cases, the consultation mechanisms or working groups are only temporary, and only formed to tackle specific issues, such as preparing national reports to the conventions. This is particularly the case when NFPs are located in the same ministry or department. In these circumstances, informal cooperation can be as effective as having a formal cooperation mechanism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The system of payment by results should leave even underperforming providers with capacity for service delivery but then it cannot, by itself, play the central role in terminating some of the contracts. Client characteristics should be documented as accurately as possible to support better client segmentation and better measurement of the relative performance of providers with different caseloads. The allocation of clients to specific providers should be tightly managed by the purchaser so as to minimise, if not eliminate, the scope for providers to “cherry pick” clients with better prospects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
For example, in Japan, the self-employed are covered by the national health insurance scheme, the employed are covered by corporate-based insurance schemes and those aged 75 or older are covered by a specific scheme for elderly, but all groups have the same health coverage. In France, three separate health insurance funds exist for salaried workers, agricultural workers, and the self-employed and a number of smaller health insurance funds cover specific professions, such as people employed in the military forces, or people employed by some state-owned companies, such as the National Society of French Railways (SNCF). These schemes automatically cover family members. In another group of countries with mandatory health insurance, people can choose their insurer (Czech Republic, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, the Slovak Republic and Switzerland).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The school head argued that the reason for this co-operation is to match the school’s output with industry’s needs. However, despite this collaboration, graduates from the school still have to go through a validation test and interview to secure a job with that industry. Afterwards, they can be employed by partner companies. A further 10% of students from the school go on to higher education opportunities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The exact areas of cultivation and volumes of production are difficult to ascertain because a large share of output takes place on small farms for self-consumption or sale at local markets. Over the past decade, increasing emphasis has been given to the production of organics and targeted technical assistance and support measures are being extended to family farm units engaged in this type of cultivation. In terms of total volumes, the most important fruit is pineapple.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
ABSTRACTIn the last 30 years, human rights advocates have brought suits for violations of human and environmental rights throughout the world, and against non-state actors under Alien Torts Statute, a piece of US legislation interpreted as providing jurisdiction over such cases. Finding themselves defending against suits before this statute, multinational corporations have increasingly sought a narrowing of its jurisdiction, culminating in this question's coming before the US Supreme Court in 2012. This paper interrogates how three states, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Germany, positioned themselves in this dispute, thereby examining the complex field of legitimacy and power involved in the development of the field of international human rights. In determining their position, states afforded multinational corporations privileged influence, while accountability to civil society groups was absent. The case illustrates the paradoxical situation where the paired discourses of transnational law and democr...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The definition should seek to avoid simply creating rigid new borders. Cross-border partnerships serve to overcome barriers to cross-border flows. Common problems are related to labour market regulation differences, transport systems, environmental issues, tax systems and other very practical issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Several types of solutions exist, from reducing the class size for groups of highly disadvantaged students, to developing special curricula, or adding additional services to existing curricula. Some students were assigned to small classes (15 students on average) in pre-school and elementary school, while others were assigned to larger classes (22 students on average). The experiment was implemented across 79 schools in Tennessee from 1985-89. An evaluation of the programme showed that assignment to a small class was associated with positive changes in personality as well as later-life earnings (Dee and West, 2008, Chetty et al. They use exogenous differences in class sizes due to rules regarding the maximum number of students in a class to identify the impact of class size. They find that one fewer child in elementary school (aged 7-8 years) increases math test score by 0.3 to 0.4 points (2.5-3% of standard deviation) and even by 0.7 points for socially disadvantaged children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Those with private pensions do better, but there is wide variation in the private pension income they receive. Many pensioners supplement their pensions with earnings from part-time work. Those who are most likely to work are the most well-off, who gain high rewards from part-time work, and the poorest who increasingly work out of necessity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Lack of cooperation mechanisms among NFPs, unwillingness to share funding and unclear benefits of cooperation also ranked very prominently in the survey responses. One respondent commented that often other national level priorities outcompete coherence as a goal, hence a barrier to joint efforts on resource mobilisation is the low political priority attached to biodiversity conservation. Table 10 below presents a summary of identified challenges, potential response options and links these to case studies presented in this Sourcebook.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Special thanks go to Desney Erb for technical assistance and to Maartje Michelson for technical preparation. The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) gathers information on the mathematics and science achievement of fourth and eight grade pupils. For further information on TIMSS see http://timss.bc.edu.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Report on the New Economic Model (NEAC, 2010) points out that despite the rapid expansion in higher education, 80% of the work force are secondary school leavers. The current figure has exceeded the target and stands at 80 750. The initiative is particularly targeted to increasing post-graduate enrolment as a way to augment the number of researchers on Malaysian campuses. The long-term impact of decreasing numbers of local undergraduates has not been assessed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Those eligible for disability allowances are disabled children under 16 years of age, persons disabled since birth, and persons whose disability was caused at work or non-work related accidents or diseases. The benefit level depends on the individual’s work record and the level of disability. For those without a work record, the allowance is equal to the base amount71 in case of disabled children and persons disabled since birth, for other disabled persons the sum is determined by the minimum allowance for the respective disability group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, this should be seen in the context of very high initial redistribution and thus a likely binding trade-off with economic efficiency. Education, employment regulations and wage bargaining have also seen significant changes since the 1990s, and there are no doubt further challenges and need for reforms looming. However, the Nordics have so far been able to adjust their policies in such a way that equality, opportunity and economic efficiency co-exist relatively well compared to the rest of the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Student choice and employer needs expressed through provision of workplace training may be used as one of the main criteria for the planning of VET provision. Regional authorities often have a good overview of the quality of teaching in schools under their responsibility and can use this knowledge to shape provision in individual schools (for example to reward schools that co-operate with employers). But without clear guidelines and standards these decisions are difficult to justify and might be perceived as ad hoc or unfair. Conversely, decisions that do not adequately reflect the interest of students and/or employers are more likely in the absence of transparency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As such, the aggregate improvement was largely the consequence of a composition effect and reflected a higher proportion of more educated women in the labour market, compared with groups with lower education levels.36 This contrasts with the widespread improvements achieved in the earlier period. In this regard see Atal, Nopo and Winder (2009) and ECLAC (2014b: pages 175-181). For the effects of inequality on the living conditions of young people, older adults, persons with disabilities and migrants, see United Nations (2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Source: MoA, 2011. One major issue is that the price subsidy paid to manufacturers does not necessarily transfer down to producers - only 10% of farmers paid the HET price or below for Urea in 2007 (Osorio et al, 2011). In reality many farmers who operate more than 2 ha also receive the subsidy by splitting land into several plots on behalf of their family members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The modern empirical legal studies movement has well-known antecedents in the law and society and law and economics traditions of the latter half of the 20th century. Less well known is the body of empirical research on legal phenomena from the period prior to World War II. This article is an extensive bibliographic essay that surveys the English-language empirical legal research from approximately 1940 and earlier. The article is arranged around the themes in the research: criminal justice, civil justice (general studies of civil litigation, auto accident litigation and compensation, divorce, small claims, jurisdiction and procedure, civil juries), debt and bankruptcy, banking, appellate courts, legal needs, legal profession (including legal education), and judicial staffing and selection. Accompanying the article is an extensive bibliography of research articles, books, and reports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article provides an overview of some of the major topical areas in the study of im/migrant health relevant for applied and practicing anthropologists. It illustrates the conceptual, methodological, and theoretical insights they have contributed to the discipline as a whole. Topics include the intersection of health care and immigration policy, access to services, charity care and free clinics, cultural competency, medical pluralism, reproductive health and citizenship, communicable disease, the acculturation concept, and “illegal” status as a form of health disparity. These issues are highlighted using both U.S. and comparative international research literature, with a special focus on unauthorized im/migrants. Finally, this article suggests an agenda for future work in the field of im/migrant health for applied and practicing anthropologists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)