albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This can be explained by one of the biggest increases in first-time graduation rates at the upper secondary level in Europe - from 41% to 86% between 2005 and 2013. Attainment of below upper secondary level is rare in Poland - no adults have lower secondary education as their highest level of attainment, although 9% have only completed primary education, compared to an OECD average of 7%. Poland also has an above-average proportion of adults whose highest level of attainment is upper secondary vocational programmes: out of the 64% of adults whose highest level of education is upper secondary or postsecondary non-tertiary education, 87% were enrolled in vocational education compared to an OECD average of 66%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Data for Ireland, Luxembourg, Mexico and Turkey were not available at the time of publication. For Australia, data refer to 2012-13, for Chile, data refer to 2009-10, for Japan, data refer to 2009-11, for Korea, data refer to 2011 -13, for Mexico, data refer to 2010-2011, for Brazil, data refer to 2009-11, for the Russian Federation, data refer to 2011 -13, for India, data refer to 2010-11. High amounts of required collateral or little proof of previous performance may prove to be barriers for SMEs to access credit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They came from government, civil society, academic, media, and business backgrounds, between them covering the main sectors relevant to green growth -energy, water, industry, agriculture, biodiversity, urban and infrastructure. Supplementary interviews were held with the two main agencies responsible for the CRGE: the EPA, and the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) - within the latter, the departments responsible for budget, planning and the proposed CRGE Funding Facility. Finally, meetings were held with key development assistance partners to Ethiopia (Annex 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
A study in rural Malawi found that parents have many concerns regarding a daughter's schooling even before puberty (Grant, 2012). Lack of safety in schools, the negative influence of classmates, perceptions of sexual activity and loss of parental control shape parental predictions about how long daughters would remain in school, and weakened parental motivation to encourage them to do so. For example, in South Africa, a survey of parent engagement in their children's schooling found that the parents' gender, age, living standard and marital status all had an influence, with younger mothers participating most and fathers least (Mmotlane, Winnaar, & Kivilu, 2009). Ethnographic research in South Africa suggests other factors underlying parental detachment from educational institutions include low literacy levels, teachers' high status in the community and assumptions around the inherent quality of education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is primarily due to the conversion of forest to agricultural land, which is responsible for an estimated 73 per cent of forest loss in tropical and subtropical regions. Despite the decline in forest area, the rate of forest loss has dropped by 25 per cent since the period 2000-2005. Globally, the proportion of protected forest areas and forests under long-term management plans is increasing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This data shows that nearly all of the world's large urban areas have extensive suburbs of much lower density outside the central cores that are characterized by higher densities, in most cases. Some post-automobile urban areas have virtually no urban cores at all.xxiThese findings are backed by a joint study by UN-Habitat, New York University and the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy on a representative sample of 200 cities across the globe, which established that the average rate of the physical expansion of cities is about one-and-a-half times that of their population growth. By measuring the rate at which cities consume land compared to their rate of population growth, city authorities and decision makers can project demand for public goods and services, identify new areas of growth, and proactively influence sustainable urban development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This is a welcome development that should promote better gender analysis, programming and results in the 40 countries that meet the criteria. However, to ensure more even attention to all countries and because country offices are expected to prepare gender plans, it is suggested that regional bureaux take specific measures to support the preparation of these multi-year, country-specific gender plans and monitor and report on their formulation and implementation to the GSIC. This process will provide an opportunity for offices to assess their needs and gaps at the country level and to articulate expectations for support from the regional service centres in terms of promoting GEWE. In order to address this issue, UNDP should codify the way it wishes to monitor, report, evaluate and audit its contributions to gender, and this framework should be used for rigorously tracking results for GEWE at the country, regional and global levels. Action should be taken to harmonize various assessment scales in a manner that is most meaningful for corporate programming, reporting, evaluation and audit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The EIUC is based on compensation claims made by firms, and hence, will not capture environmental cost not related to financial costs to firms. Moreover, they are likely to not capture recreational values (swimming, kayaking, etc.). Hence, the EIUC may significantly underestimate the true social environmental cost and hence not fully comply w'ith the “Polluter Pays principle”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Central America Solidarity movement emerged in the early 1980s when US citizens sought ways to support Nicaraguans, Salvadorans, and Guatemalans who were fighting for human rights, economic justice, and democratic freedoms. Solidarity activists also worked to obstruct US political, economic, and military intervention in Central America.      Keywords:    civil war,  foreign interventionism,  regional movements,  war,  Central America,  United States of America
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There has been a significant reduction in IUU-fishing of cod and haddock since 2005 due to measures to combat IUU-fishing, including an entirely new scheme for Port State Control (PSC) within the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission area. Of this, exports of caught fish account for NOK 18.7 billion and farmed fish accounts for NOK 26 billion. The government terminated The General Agreement from 2005, but some of the social elements have been prolonged and funding is allocated annually in the National budget. In 2009, NOK 64 million was granted by the budget.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In Korea for example, becoming a school leader in a low performing disadvantaged school is well regarded by the profession, and well rewarded financially. Often, leaders for these schools are recognised as among the best performers. This restructuring can sometimes require extra support and external intervention and/or additional resources (Black, 2007). Evidence shows that successful strategies should take into account the following key elements (also see Box 3.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
First, although the formalization of informal jobs is itself a positive step, the effect may be initially to widen the gender pay gap as there may be an increase in the share of women in low-paid formal sector jobs. Second, women's material position is not improved if the gap is closed either because men’s pay has declined or if real wages are falling for both men and women. Figure i shows that, in the United Kingdom, although the gender pay gap narrowed after the financial crisis, real wages were falling for both women and men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Employment Adjustment Subsidy finances a proportion of wage payments if the firm has to scale down its business operations for cyclical or industrial restructuring reasons and, without dismissals, adopts measures such as temporary leave with pay, in-house education or training, or temporary transfer of employees to other firms. Short-time work not only prevents unemployment but also facilitates a rapid expansion of economic activities when demand increases again. It helps to avoid redundancies which may lead to loss of firm-specific human capital, and a later need for recruitment which is costly and time-consuming (OECD, 2009g). The rationale for short-time work schemes is strongest for companies whose financial difficulties are linked to the business cycle rather than to structural factors. However, the restructuring process is often accelerated during recessions, and some dead-weight losses are inevitable. In order to improve the instrument and its impact on the future job situation of the workers, some other OECD countries, e.g. Austria, Belgium, France and Germany,167 promote the training of workers in the short-time-work subsidy scheme (OECD, 2009g).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Brazil and Colombia fare worse, with 26.5 and 31.8 intentional homicides, respectively, per 100 000. They are classified as accidents, homicides, and suicides. The two main legal documents that protect women against violence in Mexico are the Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-046-SSA2-2005 on family and sexual violence against women (Violencia Familiar, Sexual y Contra las Mujeres) and the general law on women’s right to a life free of violence (Ley General de Acceso de las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Where Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)/zones create additional requirements for fishing effort reduction beyond that required for achieving fisheries management objectives, Australian government-funded adjustment assistance may be considered on a case-by-case basis to support the reduction in fishing effort. One example of structural adjustment in the Australian fishing industry was the 100% buy-back of Torres Strait Finfish entitlements. The day-to-day management of recreational fishing is for the most part undertaken by the state and territory governments. The main forms of management action within Australia’s recreational fisheries are: controls on gear types and amounts, size (minimum and/or maximum), sex and/or number of fish of a given species, seasonal and/or area closures, and prohibition on the sale of fish.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
However, the overall quality of the ECEC setting did have an effect on adult earnings. In many countries staff-child ratios have been regulated with higher staff-child ratios for the very young and lower ratios for older children (NICHD, 2002). Research is lacking, however, on exactly which ratio is most favourable to enhance teacher job satisfaction, ECEC quality and child outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The first part of the chapter focuses on the legislative measures taken by the Coalition to restore civil liberties, notably under the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012. While some of the most-criticised measures taken by the New Labour governments have been repealed or limited, it is argued that these changes do little to protect civil liberties. Indeed, the latter are endangered by the as-yet unrealised promise to repeal the Human Rights Act and, most significantly, by the extensive surveillance powers of the British government and its allies (both political and corporate) which seriously threaten the right to privacy. The second part of the chapter focuses on crime prevention measures, concluding that very little has changed in practice since the New Labour years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As detailed below, the desirability and effectiveness of such an approach depend on a variety of factors, including domestic market size. The related costs and benefits need to be carefully assessed ex-ante. Establishing a more level playing field for private participation in electricity markets will also require that IPPs be guaranteed equal treatment to SOEs, and that competition authorities and sector regulators possess the appropriate resources and independence to effectively enforce regulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The total is almost entirely financed from regional levies and consumer payments (EUR 4 197 million, or about 94% of the total). These flood risk management costs include investments in, and maintenance of, (mostly primary) flood protection infrastructure. The larger part of these costs was incurred by the central government, financed via national tax revenues (EUR 650 million, about 69% of the total expenditure for flood risk management).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In Senegal, MLouma is a virtual agricultural platform that allows farmers and investors to get real-time information on the price, location and availability of farm products, via a website, or their mobile phone®. Innovative applications have helped to provide citizens with critical health information, remind people to take their medication, or provide access to health-related services. In Malawi, Airtel 321 provides information on maternal and child nutrition information, in the local language and via the mobile phone. In Tanzania, The Registration Insolvency and Trusteeship Agency (RITA) and mobile operator Tigo, together with UNICEF and local governments, have developed an SMS-based application that makes the birth registration process more efficient, cost-effective and accessible for parents. Since its launch in 2013, the app has registered nearly 1.5 million children and has now been scaled across seven regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To reduce such biases, results separating developed and emerging economies are presented. Later, robustness checks are carried out using a more inclusive sample in terms of country coverage although this comes at the cost of granularity related to the loss of information on the nature of the participation in GVCs (whether low or high-skilled). First, inward FDI stocks correlate with backward participation (as documented in OECD, 2015a), second it also affects the technology and therefore its effects can have a skill-bias which can then lead to changes in wage inequality.50 Nevertheless, in developed countries higher inward stocks of FDI correlate with lower wage inequality whilst in emerging countries the relationship is insignificant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
New Zealand and Australia have consistently had the lowest %PSEs, and Chile as a new OECD member country joins this group. Recent reductions in the level of support place the United States closer to the countries with the lowest level of support. Israel, Mexico and Canada have their current levels of support below the OECD average. The European Union has reduced its level of support but remains slightly above the OECD average. Despite some reduction, support remains relatively high in Norway, Switzerland, Japan, Iceland and Korea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This Survey proposes mainstreaming sustainable development objectives into existing national innovation systems and situating those objectives at their very core so as to create what it calls Green National Innovation Systems (G-NIS). The G-NIS would also serve both to coordinate the reorientation of sector-specific innovation systems for agriculture, energy, construction, manufacturing and transport, among other sectors, towards a focus on green technologies and to ensure consistency among green technology, industrial and demand-side policies. A comprehensive global energy transition is urgently needed in order to avert a major planetary catastrophe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The system lacked the public technological institutes (except in the area of agriculture) which, as providers of public goods, can play a fundamental role in the dissemination of knowledge, provision of technical services, and technology transfer to enterprises, and more specifically to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Steering and co-ordination capacities of the centre of government or ministries in charge policy design and implementation involving autonomous agencies are limited. Autonomous agencies’ appropriations do not have to be approved by the Legislative Assembly but by the Comptroller General, and approval is from a legal rather than a policy standpoint. In addition, there is no effective mechanism to ensure that these agencies' objectives are aligned with those of the central government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Additionally, this measure assumes that formal schooling is the primaiy (sole) source of education and, again, that variations in the quality of nonschool factors have a negligible effect on education outcomes. This neglect of cross-country differences in the quality of education is probably the major drawback of such a quantitative measure of schooling’ (Hanushek and Woessmann 2007: 21). Widespread adoption of more efficient work organisation methods, such as lean production across both manufacturing and service industries, is also argued to demand the workforce acquire a broader range of skills. One effect of the widespread adoption of such a broad and, some suggest, amorphous concept as generic skills is that it presents potentially insurmountable difficulties for educational institutions charged with teaching these skills to a workforce.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Structural models have become a frontier tool in business and economics research. In this survey, we discuss the literature on structural models for the prescription drug market, which has attracted a significant attention from researchers in marketing and economics, and related fields. The literature has evolved from adopting standard structural models developed for other markets to models that are specifically designed to capture the nuance of drug prescription behaviour. Along the way, these empirical frameworks have not only greatly improved in explaining stylized facts, but also at producing better (more reasonable) counterfactual predictions. Topics covered by this survey include the application of learning models to explain slow diffusion, post-patent expiry competition, pre-patent expiry competition, R&D and new drug introduction, managerial and public policy analysis, and the economics of the Medicare Part-D program. We conclude by discussing future research directions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It produces evidence and creates a basis for public engagement. As part of civic engagement and advocacy, cutting-edge policy research should be conducted on a continuous and cumulative basis. Lack of confidence is only a by-product of the social system that diminishes womens ambition for political leadership. Part of the civic mobilisation around this question would be to design support, especially for young women and especially focusing on producing quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The interest in crime prevention on the part of international organizations raises important questions about the usefulness of criminological knowledge in the policy-making context. Two models can be identified: the evidence-based model, advocated by the Campbell Collaboration, and the reflexive model, envisioned by George Soros’s Open Society foundations network. Although both models reference ideas of Karl Popper, neither makes full use of his social philosophy. Popper has more to offer criminology than the idea of falsification. His concepts of social situation, social tinkering, and open society emphasize the important methodological principle of learning from mistakes. If policy makers, and the criminologists who hope to advise them, are interested in pursuing crime prevention within a multinational open society, they should take into account the self-organizing aspect of science, the normality of accidents in social affairs, and the politics of social science research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
How America Compares offers data and analysis on an encyclopedic range of social indicators, comparing the United States with 17 other politically stable, economically affluent democracies. Occasionally, there are more global perspectives, but most of the book examines commonalities and contrasts among these advanced democracies. These 18 long-standing, stable democracies show great variation in their institutional arrangements—federal and unitary systems, parliamentary and presidential systems, differing electoral systems, different constellations of party competition, different means of forming cabinets, and ensuring government accountability. This chapter also looks at issues of political performance, electoral integrity and perceptions of corruption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In building these BTSs, the greatest expense is delivering equipment for installation and equipment, since the location is not easy to reach with no public transportation or proper access road. Somehow, the team must lease air or river transport service, followed by using livestock to deliver material to the location. Moreover, on muddy roads, broken bridges, rainy seasons, sea storms, shallow rivers, high rapids, and even some conflict-prone areas are also a challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The International Association of Public Transport Authorities (UITP) has detailed the challenges of developing AV use and has offered several insights regarding their introduction. The UlTP's SPACE project places public transit at the centre of the AV revolution, aiming to give members the tools and knowledge that will enable them to provide higher quality and more efficient services. The project's objective is also to assess the impacts of automated road transport systems, develop operational concepts and new business models, and advocate for a harmonised framework that would foster the safe operation of AVs as a mode that is integrated with other mobility modes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The percentage of non-poor children increased from 18% in 2002 to 65% in 2013 while the number of severely poor children fell by 33 percentage points over this period (Figure 2.6). The sources of funding for public expenditure are tax revenue, non-tax revenue, domestic credit, external assistance and external loans (Kiringai et al., These include the federal block grant, which is transferred to federal-level agencies and ministries such as the Ministry of Education and regional Bureaus of Finance and Economic Development (BoFEDs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In literacy, inequality is at the OECD average and has widened over time (SNAE, 2013a). The socio-economic background of pupils influences their results in mathematics somewhat less than the OECD average, but there is room for improvement, exemplified by Finland and Estonia, who achieve both higher results and greater equity. Variations between schools in PISA results are limited in all the Nordics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As a result, coverage and use of medical facilities has increased a lot, except for migrants. In practice, however, catastrophic but also chronic illnesses continue to push people into poverty, especially in the poorer regions, given that risk pooling at the national level remains limited. A new set of reforms has been announced in 2009, aiming at universal, safe, affordable and effective basic health care by 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)