albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The records used for the analysis are based on current CRS classifications and descriptions of development activities, and not official STI documents. This makes the identified keywords vulnerable to the quality of development providers' reporting, which can vary on a yearly basis and across providers, and to the specific development activities conducted in those years. For example, if a provider conducts a large research study of ecosystems in the rainforest and includes detailed descriptions of these activities in its yearly reporting, then the machine learning algorithms will have greater likelihood to pick up keywords not only relating to the research conducted but also to specific terms relating to the flora and fauna of the rainforest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The AREI envisions smart, distributed energy systems that can handle a mix of renewable energy generation. With a highly diversified ownership base compared with conventional, centralized energy systems, a vast number of households, communities, cooperatives and enterprises of all sizes will become producers and consumers of electricity, allowing Africa to leapfrog to the energy systems of the future. As such the AREI stands to contribute substantially to the green growth agenda in Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The Human Capital Index (HCI) is the highest contributing sub-index in all regions while the Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (Til) is the lowest. This implies that the major impediments to the further growth of e-government development worldwide are still the lack of infrastructure and the digital divide. Africa has the lowest HCI and Online Service Index (OSI), but its OSI at 0.3630 is relatively close to Oceania's OSI, at 0.3930. While Asia's OSI at 0.6220 is better than the Americas' at 0.6100, it still ranks behind the Americas in terms of EGDI due to Asia's lower HCI and Til rating. According to a recent report by the Economic Commission for Africa, while there is an impressive growth in mobile broadband access across much of the continent, there remains very limited access to fixed broadband.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The northern shrimp population has been declining in recent years, while there is an ongoing recovery of Atlantic cod (ICES, 2014, Jensen, 2003). Trends may be related to positive correlations between cod biomass and ocean temperature, along with strong negative correlations between shrimp and cod biomass (Worm & Myers, 2003). Among the bird species, especially common eider and thick-billed murre have suffered large population declines, which has been linked to hunting and egg collection. Eiders have responded positively as restrictions have been enforced, while murres have kept declining (Christensen, Mosbech, & Geertz-Hansen, 2015, Merkel, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, the East Asian experience suggests that most of the accomplishments needed to engender the development of regional supply chains can be accomplished either as unilateral policy initiatives by individual countries or as the product of relatively informal arrangements to produce regional public and quasi-public goods. There are already opportunities to develop forward and backward linkages within and across existing industries that are region-wide. Success will likely require complementary policies in improving transport and logistics services across the region, attracting intra-regional and extra-regional FDI, improving financing to allow greater participation of local SMEs, and improving the local transaction costs of doing business across regional LDCs in particular and the region in general.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While the focus of this module has been on technologies, the biggest lever in water and energy conservation is conservation itself. This is where public engagement and technology and knowledge transfer efforts are most effective. Having a common database among sectors is another way to create synergies and promote productive negotiations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The definition of a computer for the purpose of indicator 4.a is 'a programmable electronic device that can store, receive and process data, as well as share information in a highly-structured manner,' including desktop, laptop and tablet devices.13 Internet access, as defined for the indicator, includes fixed-narrowband access at download speeds of less than 256 Kbit/s, as well as fixed-broadband access at speeds higher than 256 Kbit/s and mobile-broadband access of at least 3G standard. Data concerning schools with computer access were available in 2015 for 66 countries and territories, along with data for 40 countries and territories concerning schools with Internet access. No data were available for countries in Europe, where computer and Internet access in schools is generally high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Rates of scientific publication are similarly indicative of framework conditions for research and innovation. According to a 2003 report by the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI), Israel is ranked third (after Switzerland and Sweden) with 1 334 publications published per million inhabitants. That is, inventions by an employee are treated as “works made for hire.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This section summarises key developments in trade policy since the mid-1970s. It details the important trade measures currently affecting imports and exports of agro-food, including price based instruments (e.g. tariffs and other import duties, and export taxes), quantitative restrictions (e.g. import quotas and export bans) and regulatory requirements (e.g. licensing and quarantine arrangements). Multilateral, regional and bilateral trade relations are also discussed. Foreign trade was severely constrained: controlled by central decision makers and carried out by a small number of SOEs with monopoly rights. Exports were discouraged by an overvalued exchange rate and the use of export duties.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
When implementing sustainable development principles, business should play the core role, and the corporate social responsibility is one of the examples of the active role of enterprises in implementing sustainable development goals. The corporate social responsibility (CSR) describes the companies that are aware of their mission and take responsibility for their impact on society in general. The CSR is vital for sustainability, competitiveness, advance of companies and development of the world economy. The CSR provides benefits for risk controlling, allows cost savings and stipulates affordability of the capital, facilitates stakeholders’ relationships and improvement of human resource management. In practice, human rights and corporate social responsibility have become an important aspect of business strategies for many companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Royster and Cochran use the words of African American women writers to enrich our view of intersections between American civil rights discourses and the discourses of human rights as a global concept. They focus on both individual and collective activities of the women and contextualize this activism within the larger framework of the rise of individual human rights language in twentieth century international relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The field of international law often is taught and thought of as a group of disconnected substantive subfields, each with its own epistemic community. These specialized subfields range from international human rights law to the law of the sea, from international trade law to collective security law. Examples where subfields conflict with each other and separate examples where subfields complement each other have led two camps of commentators over the past decade to comprehensively define international law’s nature as either united or fragmented in a binary fashion. Even the United Nations’ International Law Commission established a study group to explore this topic, which concluded in 2006 after over four years of study that international law is fragmented due, in part, to the collision of various branches of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The core of the Archimedes model is hundreds of equations that represent human physiology and the effects of diseases. Attached to these equations are hundreds more equations and algorithms that simulate the health care system including processes such as tests, treatments, admissions and physician behaviours. Together with population data, the equations are integrated into a single, large-scale simulation model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Unions typically have incentives to protect the interests of existing workers, ensure that those in work use their skills adequately and have access to good-qualily training, and see that investments in training are reflected in better-quality Jobs and higher salaries. In the United Kingdom for example, the Trade Union Congress (TUC) established UnionLearn, a network of "learning representatives" who provide a high-profile strategic framework and support for union work on skills development and workplace learning. Unionl earn representatives provide information and advice and encourage employers to sign up to a "skills pledge" that commits them to training their staff to a specific level of qualification or diploma.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Current Population Survey (CPS) 2014 for the United States. Although, the legal full-time working week is 35 hours in France, company managers (cadres) often are paid on a task-oriented basis, so often work over 35 hours. Disparities in working hours in France are therefore likely to stem more from the definition of regular full-time working hours between occupations and the public and private sectors than from workers choosing between full-time and part-time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Resource allocation is also discussed as it relates to school location, the socio-economic profile of schools, programme orientation, education level, and whether a school is public or private. The chapter also analyses changes since 2003 in the level of resources devoted to education and how those resources are allocated. Human, material and financial resources are examined in this chapter as well as the amount of time dedicated to instruction and learning as shown in Figure IV.3.1. This chapter focuses not only on Ihe average level of resources avai lable in each school system, but also on how school resources are allocated across schools within systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Throughout this book we focus upon and evaluate the extent that religion influences international relations. Our general argument is that religion has been ignored by international relations scholars for a variety of reasons even though it plays an important role. One of the most important of these reasons is that international relations tend to be Western-centric. That is, the major scholars of international relations theory have been Westerners who focused mostly on the West. The discipline has its origins in the Western experience of the Enlightenment and the belief that religion is becoming an epiphenon. The major theories of international relations and many of the methodologies for testing them also have not included religion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Net differentials are based on adjusted estimates of the under-five mortality rate, where the adjustment consists of applying statistical controls for other factors potentially contributing to the gross differentials separately from household wealth. In addition to household wealth, variables such as age of mother at the birth of the child, length of the mother’s previous birth interval, birth order and sex of the child were used as statistical controls. The results suggest that household wealth may have substantial effects on child survival at the global level. In general, the probability of child survival tends to be higher at higher levels of household wealth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A major rationale for special treatment of countries is their structural vulnerability, which depends on outside factors not easily managed by domestic policy. For example, the least developed countries have been defined as poor countries suffering from structural weaknesses to growth. They are more likely than others to remain poor. Landlocked developing countries and small island developing states are two other groups of countries facing major structural challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The gap in unemployment rates between the foreign-bom and the natives is wide (Figure 10). Foreign-bom women show a particularly weak attachment to the labour market as they are more often inactive than native women. The foreign-bom have also lower income than the natives and, thus, are more exposed to poverty risk. Those coming from outside the European Union and through the family and asylum channels, who made up more than 70% of immigrant flows between 2006 and 2008, are less educated and younger than the natives, which make them more likely to suffer from labour market exclusion (OECD, 2011b, Table 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Preface.- Part I. The Role of Ethics.- Chapter 1. Why Am I Reading This?.- Chapter 2. People to Know.- Part II. Ethical Decision-Making.- Chapter 3. Framing the Problem.- Chapter 4. Hypothesis Testing.- Chapter 5. Drawing Conclusions.- Chapter 6. Case Studies.- Part III. Perspectives on Professional Ethics.- Chapter7. Ethics and the Central Bank (Harold A. Vasquez-Ruiz).- Chapter8. Ethics and Climate Change Policy (Julie Nelson).- Chapter9. Ethics and Experimental Economics (John Ifcher & Homa Zarghamee).- Chapter10. Ethics and Health Policy (Howard Brody).- Chapter 11. Ethics and Human Resource Management (Elizabeth Scott).- Chapter12. Ethics and Forensic Economics (John Ward).- Chapter13. Ethics and Nonprofits (Woods Bowman).- Chapter14. Ethics and Professional Practice (Andrew Cohen).- Chapter15. Ethics and Public Policy (Judith Wagner DeCew).- Chapter16. Ethics and Social Justice (Druscilla Barker).- Chapter 17. Conclusion -- Where Ethics Was, Is, and Should Be.- Appendix A: Ethical Analysis Workbook.- Appendix B: Professional Codes of Conduct in the Social Sciences.- Index.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The current immigration debate often reflects a tension between affirming the individual rights of migrants against the power of a nation to control its borders. An examination of U.S. Supreme Court precedent reveals that, from our earliest immigration history to the present time, our immigration policy has functioned more like contract law than human rights law, with the Court deferring to the power of Congress to define the terms of that contract at the expense of the immigrant's freedom. (This essay is a version of a chapter from my forthcoming book, Everyday Law for Immigrants and Foreign Nationals, part of Paradigm Publishers "Everyday Law" series, which is edited by Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
According to this, population size in a certain region could result in attractive markets, which would attract firms to the given region, therefore driving economic growth. The coefficient in this case was statistically significant containing the right sign. On the other hand, according to the traditional development theory, the population growth variable was included.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In this sense, the recent EEFSU crisis is a repeat of the Latin American debt-led growth and debt accumulation of the 1970s that ended with the crisis in the 1980s. Finally, the neo-liberal policies of EEFSU have given rise to a pattern of growth that was often anti-poor, not only during the transformational recession of 1989-2000 but also during the roaring years of 2000-2007 (see figure 4). Yet, the worsening of inequality in the region during the recent period was comparatively small (see figure 12) so that, taking the combined effect of rapid growth and moderately rising inequality, the real incomes of the bottom deciles nevertheless increased. Other factors not discussed in this paper that are often cited as having contributed to the inequality increase concern privatization and the introduction of user fees to formerly free public utilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It is important to ensure that holders of knowledge are obtaining meaningful outcomes from the process, in relation to their livelihood realities. In the consultation process within the ILK part of the Scoping Study, many ILK representatives mentioned linguistic barriers in participation of the work. There is a need for a series of Nordic, national and local dialogue workshops to be held in local languages, in order to obtain an initiated understanding of the reality of the different local communities and a diversity of inputs regarding the use of ecosystem services as well as their local status and trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, those related to bulk water supply or to wastewater treatment could be attributed to the water supply and sanitation sub-sector, while expenditures to buy back water rights from farmers in stressed aquifers could be attributed to the irrigation sub-sector. Depending on how water expenditures are classified, CONAGUA will spend around MXN 10-20 billion on water resources management (see Figure 3.7) in 2012. In addition, municipalities finance flood protection and CONAFOR contributes to watershed management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, by international standards the Austrian R&D tax incentive is not particularly generous. The implied tax subsidy rate on R&D expenditure provided by the Research Premium was 15% in 2017,5 placing Austria in the lower half of OECD countries that offer an R&D tax incentive (19th out of 29 countries in terms of generosity).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. See OECD/ITF (2015) for details.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Though it has a smaller GDP per capita and a much lower GHG metric tonnes per capita emission level (0.8 compared with 3.4 for Thailand), the Philippines too recognises the importance of green policies. It has set up institutions and taken initiatives to address environmental issues. As in Thailand, policies on sustainable development are made by many different agencies and there is no clear, co-ordinated strategy for integrating green targets into development plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The main implications of the changing nature of jobs, tasks and required skills point to the significance of continuous human capital development (Acemoglu and Restrepo, 2017). In the future, the nature of production may show that machines (robots or other automation devices) and workers will interact with one another. For instance, tasks that require intensive use of manual labour can be divided in that the workers' input is limited to supervision or control of machines. This division of labour between human resources and machines may increase the individual worker's productivity as the exhausting manual tasks can be performed by machines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The main difference is a smaller number of countries where the use of flat fees and decreasing block tariff structures were detected. This relative inertia can be explained by the complexity attached to changing tariff structure. Moving from flat fees to volumetric rates, for instance, entails the installation of meters, and changing the structures of volumetric tariffs {e.g. changing the number or size of blocks in an increasing-block tariff [IBT] scheme) requires that impacts are assessed on the financial sustainability of the provider, the affordability for different consumer groups and short- and long-term impacts of demands. It also requires extensive consultation with the public. Even in countries where IBTs prevail, their design varies across providers in terms of the number and size of blocks. The diversity of tariff structures in a country is generally linked with the degree of decentralisation of the tariff-setting process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The incumbent service provider can remain State owned, as long as the regulator permits entry of new providers in the market in a non-discriminatory way that promotes competition. In this regard, FDI is an important channel through which foreign providers can contest infrastructure and other service markets as greenfield investments, joint ventures between public-private enterprises or other forms of privatization. Kyrgyzstan’s nascent value chains in clothing and beans are an example.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Lack of access to modern energy services contributes to poverty and deprivation and limits economic development. Furthermore, adequate, affordable and reliable energy services are necessary to guarantee sustainable economic and human development. Solid fuels include biomass fuels, such as wood, charcoal, crops or other agricultural waste, dung, shrubs and straw, and coal. High demand for biomass fuels to meet household energy needs can contribute to deforestation and subsequent land degradation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
To estimate probabilities of health care consumption, these regression models included variables such as age, health status, and consumption of the same type of care in the previous period, consumption of other types of care in the current and previous period, education, sex, and region. The presence of dementia and dependence in activities of daily living were also explicitly included and both influenced demand for elder care assistance which was captured as having two levels: home services and special housing with 24 hour care. In turn, these factors were significant predictors of mortality for those receiving elder care. Data on incidence, prevalence and health care use of patients were obtained from patient registers providing longitudinal histories for a six-year period. Age and disease-specific risks of mortality were used. Individuals surviving beyond the six year period were considered disease free and were returned to face the same risks of health care consumption and death as the disease-free population in the model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Turkish society is fast changing. This is nothing new, yet a retrospective evaluation of the experiences of several decades suggests that the pace of social transformation might just be increasing. We believe that the evolving democratization of the last two decades is primarily responsible for this fast pace of change and the new external and internal dynamics that shape Turkish society. We argued in the previous chapter that social change and its associated uncertainty account for rising conservatism in the country. However, so far we have only used simple bivariate analyses of a mostly graphical nature to depict the underlying dynamics that shape the relationships between our variables. In this chapter we first develop the alternative measures of conservatism from our survey and then offer a multivariate analysis of the determinants of these variables.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Examples of RP techniques are the hedonic regression technique and the travel cost method. The former can be used to estimate the value of clean water by examining how property prices depend on proximity to clean water (everything else equal), whereas the travel cost method mainly has been used to estimate recreation values, such as access to kayaking, fishing, etc. Examples of the SP techniques are contingent valuation and discrete choice experiments: based on hypothetical scenarios they are able to elicit individual WTP for a large range of goods and services like access to safe water, better tasting water, secure access to water, and recreational values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)