albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Likewise at the other levels, the outcomes are policy and implementation decisions, ideally arising from collaborative problem-solving. There are feedback loops connecting the constructs within each level and connecting constructs across the different system levels. Collaborative inquiry and idea diversity are important knowledge-building principles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It describes women's representation in parliaments, executive cabinets, the judiciary and top civil servant positions. Overall, women remain underrepresented in the top echelons of public power, although there are considerable cross-country differences due to various historical and socio-economic factors. The chapter offers a detailed analysis of potential driving forces behind the lack of women in key decision-making posts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Early tracking occurs at age 11 (compared to the OECD average of 14), and differentiation of educational pathways has increased. Research shows a strong relation between tracks chosen and socio-economic background. At age 11, 13% of the student cohort, mostly from high socio-economic backgrounds, enters gymnasia. The Czech School Inspectorate and research on Roma find that Roma children participate less although they are ensured access by law, and that Czech students from disadvantaged backgrounds (low socio-economic levels and Roma students) are more likely to drop out. Eight working groups have been set up to implement various tasks. In the context of the economic crisis (2008-11), the proportion of 15-29 years-olds not in education and not employed increased to 12.7% but remained below the OECD average of 15.8% (see Figure 4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Ecotourism is an important sector with green growth potential and should be further promoted. In addition to access fees for federal protected areas and reserves, other instruments to capture the international public good benefits provided by protected areas should be explored (see also Alpizar, 2006). For instance, in Belize, an environmental tax is levied on visitors upon departure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Eleven countries provide a minimum pension above this safety-net level. For full-career workers, the average retirement income - including these contributory minimum pensions - is 28.2% of average worker earnings. Data on coverage are presented in Figure 2.2 just for non-contributory safety-net benefits and contributory minimum pension. In Denmark, at the top of the scale, nearly 90% of retirees receive safety-net benefits at levels up to 18% of the average wage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While e-governance is acclaimed as a means to decentralisation, and an efficiency and accountability enhancing mechanism, it can be implemented in different ways. In a strong centralized state like the Indian state, decentralization is often pursued in a centralized manner through top-down interventions. This paper, traces the implementation of two centrally driven e-governance interventions in the state of Karnataka, India i.e. Helpline and Aasthi to argue that while 'centralized decentralization' may be justified on grounds of standardization, it can have divergent outcomes, many of which are often contrary to the objectives of decentralization. The experience of Helpline and Aasthi belies the claim of e-governance being an efficiency and accountability enhancing mechanism. On the contrary, the centralized approach to decentralization in implementing Helpline and Aasthi has weakened the accountability of the state and limited the efficiency gains of urban decentralization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
One reason is that the expansion in the number of innovating firms has not been accompanied by a corresponding increase in innovation expenditure. Firms that begin innovating seem to focus on incremental and non-technological innovation, with little if any link to product innovation. Another reason for the lack of increase in sales involving product innovation is that the share of firms with more ambitious (“radical”) innovations, measured by new-to-market innovation, has not increased much in the past ten years. The former group includes so-called “frontrunner” firms (see Berger et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Figure 4.7.1 illustrates these as two cycles responding to climate change that must be properly combined to be fully effective. Such impacts will lead to socioeconomic effects such as human migration, decreased crop yields, decline in the number of ski resorts and failure of infrastructure. It is clear that climate change affects multiple sectors, regions and countries, however, the degree of impact varies widely.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Not only is it impossible to achieve gender equality without education, but expanding education opportunities for all can help stimulate productivity and thereby also reduce the economic vulnerability of poor households. This heralds what was effectively one of the strongest themes that emerged in the post-2015 education consultations, i.e., a rights-based approach in which rights are indivisible. Indeed, overcoming structural barriers to accessing good quality education is vital for realizing education rights for all. Several inputs noted that inequality in education remains a persistent challenge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, even in existing national legislation, the role dedicated to LGUs is often unclear and not well supported: despite the existence of the Clean Water Act (2004) and a national law for Risk Management and Climate Change Adaptation, which are supposed to be mainstreamed into local plans, there is no effective implementation of the prescribed policies on the ground in Cebu, due to the lack of details on subnational responsibilities and resources. The creation of national policy frameworks would help to clarify responsibilities, especially for LGUs, while giving them appropriate resources. The Local Government Code of 1991 put LGUs in charge of the provision of basic services, including agriculture (power to reclassify agricultural land), health, social services, public works (enforcement of the National Building Code, power to close and open roads), and environment and natural resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As will be evident, the basic tenets are the same but these two concepts draw attention to a critical element: the financing of sustainable consumption and production and the investments required to achieve it. Overall, the concepts of Green Economy and Green Growth should not be seen as alternative definitions of sustainable development but as specific pathways that can assist countries to achieve sustainable development. It indicates the effectiveness with which resources are used by individuals, companies, sectors or economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Although there are programmes to specifically become a mother tongue teacher, or a SAS teacher (also only through subject teacher programme), they are not integrated in other teacher programmes (Utbildningsdepartementet (Ministry of Education and Research), 2018,193]). In 2016, a special committee was set up by the government to investigate this matter. The Committee’s report included several proposals for how SAS, mother tongue and language knowledge could have a larger presence in teacher programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The new approach granted a greater degree of administrative independence to states than under the first stage, even though tight financial constraints were maintained through a system of earmarked federal transfers. The states agreed to increase financing of health care from their own resources to reach 20% of their budgets, although this target was not always reached. Unlike the first wave of reforms, the IMSS-Oportunidades system maintained its independence from State Health Services (SHS) for the remaining states decentralised under the second wave. While the 1984 General Health Law regulates all aspects of the health sector, and draws on the universal right to health protection set out in the Constitution, it includes no comprehensive list or specific package of services covered beyond this generic entitlement to coverage (a principal also indicated in the social security laws governing IMSS and ISSSTE).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The National Chamber of Commerce and Industry has an Eco-product Development Council that reviews applications and decides whether to issue certification. One of the 32 business councils of the National Chamber of Commerce and Industry is on corporate social responsibility, w'ith 50-100 companies involved voluntarily, notably, banks and companies with significant foreign investment, such as major mining companies. According to the Business Council of Mongolia, larger domestic companies and companies with imvard investment disclose information on corporate social responsibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Market income m includes private transfers. Disposable income d is m plus cash government transfers minus income taxes minus social security contributions paid by households. Common LIS practice was followed for top-coding (10 times the non-equivalised median) and bottom-coding (1 % of the equivalised median) household incomes. Below and in Annex Tables Al and A2, we summarise some of the main policy changes in eight OECD countries for a “pre-crisis” (2002-2007) and “post-crisis” (2007-2010) period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Nominal Assistance Coefficient (NAC) of 1.23 indicates that total gross farm receipts in the OECD area were on average 23% higher in 2011-13 than if they were generated at world market prices and with no budgetary support - a differential that has narrowed significantly since 1986-88, when it was 59%. With higher world prices, policies to support domestic prices in OECD countries generated smaller transfers, resulting in the overall reduction in support to producers. Support to producers fell significantly in Israel and Canada, where the decline reached about 2 and 3 percentage points respectively, and in Iceland, Norway and Switzerland, where the decline was above 6 percentage points. Compared to the previous year, support in 2013 increased significantly in Korea.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Almost one in four students underperformed on PISA 2009 and did not achieve the level that is considered necessary to participate effectively in society. Inequitable system-level practices, such as early tracking and streaming into special schools, can hinder equity and quality. Progress is also hampered by a lack of systemic support to ensure the capacity of teachers and school leaders to address diverse student needs and provide more inclusive education and by a need for greater clarity to guide schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Price support programmes in many cases work countercyclical to markets and become inactive during high price periods. The General Services Support Estimate (GSSE) measures the associated monetary transfers. The methodology used to measure the GSSE has been revised to clarify the definition of the indicator and its components, as outlined in Box 1.3. A consequence of this revision is a more narrow definition of the GSSE which now excludes support to up-and downstream industries. The various implications by country of the more restricted definition and data improvements on the level and composition of the GSSE are summarised in Box 1.3 and with greater details in Annex 1.A2. This definition is narrower than the one applied previously because it now excludes support to services for which primary agriculture is not the main beneficiary.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Astana and Almaty, and urban areas of the oil and gas industry-based oblasts of Atyrau and Mangystau, are the main destinations for internal migrants looking for jobs or better prospects. In Astana, the number of citizens increased from 289 700 to 814 400 between 1996 and 2013.22 The share of the service sector of Astana’s economy increased from 1% in 2000 to 10% in 2013. Astana receives people mostly from the comparatively close regions of Akmola, Karaganda, Kostanay and East Kazakhstan, while Almaty receives most of its immigrants from Almaty oblast, Zhambyl, Kyzylorda, Taraz, South and East Kazakhstan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Second, it uses cross-country comparable data from the longitudinal EU-SILC 2008-2013 for a diverse sample of 20 EU countries. Third, it focuses on the effects of employment, income and demographic transitions on poverty entry and exit in a multivariate regression framework and analyses their relative importance in different countries. We expect that employment income events dominate in all countries, but more so in Eastern and Southern European countries with less comprehensive social protection systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Flows of republican funds through KazAgro Holding are non-trivial. The republican funds are provided to the holding as transfers to its charter capital, which the holding and its subordinate agencies use for statutory activities and re-invest any returns on these activities into future operations. Beyond that, KazAgro is also empowered to borrow on domestic and international credit markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Competencies can help to build skills and change behaviours, achieve a better fit between recruitment and the needs of government organisations, and contribute to inculcating a culture of management and performance. To achieve these outcomes, competency management and performance management will have to be developed in a co-ordinated manner and changes will be needed in recruitment and workforce planning. In the Amazon, for example, the problem is understaffing and underfunding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
AbstractThis article focuses on the role of LIS faculty and researchers in the aftermath of the 2016 presidential election. Key points include our responsibility to educate ourselves about marginalization and silencing, to help our students build theoretical, practical, and ethical foundations for engaging with communities in ways that prioritize their needs and uphold the values of the profession, to amplify the voices of people systematically targeted by the presidential administration’s policies and actions, and to engage in public discourse about the implications of current administrative policies as related to the core values of LIS, such as the right to privacy, access, freedom of speech, and intellectual freedom. The article draws parallels between social oppression, as demonstrated in campaign rhetoric and presidential policy, and institutional oppression within library spaces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Many of these pumps have to be manually operated, based on rainwater conditions, electricity availability and crop needs. For the average small-scale farmer, the variability of these factors on a day-to-day basis adds extra burdens in terms of time, labor and fuel costs. In many cases, farmers need to travel long distances through difficult conditions to access their pumps from their households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Moreover, the digital representation of assets on decentralised marketplaces (tokens) enables investors to trade ownership or proceeds (e.g. electric power) efficiently. Existing studies suggest a cost reduction of more than 10 percentage points of tokenisation in comparison to conventional IPOs (Uzsoki, 2019). However, this is highly case dependent and it is difficult to extrapolate implications from general market numbers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In this context investments in human capital and skills development is crucial so that job vacancies in the industry can be filled by the local labour force. It should be stressed that the full potential of strategies to promote development benefits derived from the extractive industries will only be realized if they are inclusive of women. Developing countries that depend on agricultural goods and raw materials are vulnerable to the negative effects of rising global temperatures and related phenomena for the production of their key export goods. And those that depend on fossil fuels might see the market for their key export goods shrink as a consequence of climate policies in developed countries and elsewhere, as discussed in chapters 2 and 3.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It has evolved into a global network of standards and labelling experts, an information clearinghouse and an aid to donor organizations. Multilateral and official financing, direct or through implementing agencies or local financial institutions, also usually provides technical assistance in financial evaluation to assess industrial energy-efficiency projects more accurately and without bias (UNIDO 2011). The funding framework works through implementing agencies with a range of multilateral and bilateral donors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Only a few energy-intensive sectors produce goods that are highly traded internationally and only these companies should be considered for compensation or support measures. Thus, it may be necessary to implement some form of compensation for industry vulnerable to international competition to build the consensus necessary to implement environmental taxes. This is not always the case, however: the EPT in Viet Nam was implemented without granting any tax reductions for industry, as it set out to emulate positive examples of environmental taxation without industry exemptions. Tax adjustment at the border to refund exports or impose a tax on imports can ensure equal treatment for domestic and international products while maintaining competitiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
What advantages does it have for the students to work with different teaching strategies? It is important to identify our strengths and weaknesses in order to improve our teaching work. What information do you use to evaluate your teaching practices? In our pedagogical work we encounter students that find it hard to participate in class.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Furthermore, it is not clear, however, that the region's population has the knowledge and skills necessary to “move up the value chain” as needed to compete in the regional and global economy. The significant urban-rural disparities in socioeconomic conditions and educational attainment between Penang and the other states in the Northern Corridor Economic Region also present challenges. Tertiary education institutions should work together towards better alignment of their education provision with the needs of the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Surveys in several LDCs suggest that solar lighting leads to significant reductions in lighting spending, lower C02 emissions, health benefits (especially for women and children, who typically spend more time indoors) and educational improvements (by allowing longer or more flexible study time)16 (Grimm et al., They can also make some contribution to productive use, for example by allowing smallholder farmers to use ICTs, thereby improving access to market information, agricultural extension and basic financial services (UNCTAD, 2015b, Bhatia and Angelou, 2015). Prior to electrification, renewable energy can be harnessed directly to diversify income sources and enhance labour productivity in non-farming activities and food processing through non-electrical technologies, such as solar tunnels for drying and evaporative refrigerators. ( While the take-up of similar devices would likely be constrained by the availability of funds for end-use investments, LDCs' producers, including small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), might benefit significantly from harnessing the scope for technological adaptation and “frugal innovations” in the field of end-use productive technologies, including those compatible with off-grid systems (Prahalad, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Asia Report 138, Kabul/Brussels, 2007. For instance, many countries maintain discriminatory laws with regard to land ownership, gender-based violence, marriage, child custody, inheritance, employment and sexual orientation. Supporting the lobbying efforts of civil society organisations and parliamentarian gender/women's caucuses to reform discriminatory laws and regulations is essential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These imply rates of domestic savings which are exceptional by international standards, particularly for an economy at China’s level of per capita income. Such high and rising rates of domestic savings in turn imply a suppression of domestic consumption out of incremental income, which reflects a combination of the sheer rapidity of the growth itself, as well as growing income inequalities, especially in the functional distribution of income. The available evidence clearly suggests worsening inequality in China, as shown in Table 1.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Whereas direct energy will tell us about the energy efficiency characteristic of production, the indicator presented here relates to the impact of energy embedded in goods and services consumed within a given country. The changes in the consumption-based energy footprint intensity tell us about the emissions arising from affluence and spending rather than those due to local production and income. Energy intensity is measured by the ratio of the calculated energy footprint divided by gross domestic product (GDP).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
All those attempts often faced opposition from cruise operators (Chin, 2008). For instance, in 1999 Carnival Cruise Lines boycotted Grenada after they introduced a USD 1.50 per passenger tax to fund a World Bank constructed sanitary landfill for the island (Klein, 2002). This is important, for example, for coastal areas close to the busy cruise destinations, such as Miami and Alaska (US), Nassau (Bahamas), Cozumel (Mexico) and several SIDS, that are also likely to experience high concentrations of marine litter associated with discharges of litter from the cruise sector (Brida & Zapata 2010). Using port reception facilities to dispose of waste generally includes a fee for the service, the price is often determined by several variables such as the size of the ship, the volume of waste, and the type of waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In practice however, w'omen are often unable to access justice due to the relatively high litigation and lawyers’ fees. Provision of legal aid services has to be improved and implemented. For example, while national laws do not restrict women’s access to land or property ownership, bank loans or credit, adult women in MENA countries do not have the legal capacity to break a marriage contract. While the right of access to justice is guaranteed by the Kuwaiti Constitution, marriage and the traditions of Kuwaiti society have been cited as reasons for delays in equal access to justice for women compared with that for men (Article 166).33 Similar types of legal inequalities (e.g. custody of children, property division following divorce, inheritance rights) negatively influence women’s overall ability to protect their rights by reducing their bargaining power within the family. Family relations and other legal inequalities mediate women’s access to justice in ways that undermine their rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2014, the Russian Federation continued supporting the provision of law enforcement training in counter-narcotics at its national institutions to the Counter-Narcotics Police of Afghanistan as part of the UNODC regional programme for Afghanistan and neighbouring countries. That joint cooperation will be extended into 2016 and expanded to include assistance to the five countries of Central Asia. Moreover, the Russian Federation informed the Board about a number of initiatives to strengthen joint efforts to tackle the world drug problem, including the international conference of the Russian-African Anti-Drug Dialogue, held in Banjul on 23 July 2015, and the regional anti-drug operation, “Operation Channel”, for the period 2014-2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)