albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This special issue of Human Rights Review is devoted to an exploration of the current human rights research agendas within the political science discipline. Research on human rights is truly an interdisciplinary quest in which various epistemologies can contribute to each other and form a larger dialogue concerning rights and wrongs. This special issue is devoted to an expansive understanding of the state of research on human rights in the political science discipline. One common theme throughout these contributions is the need for a more nuanced conceptualization of human rights, tools to promote these rights and as social scientists, methodologies employed to study these rights. A second theme is the policy relevance that can be derived from our empirical analysis. This volume demonstrates that the integration of theoretically and normatively rich concepts, empirical social science, and policy relevance do not have to be mutually exclusive when studying human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Brcko District is not assessed separately. The focus of this sub-indicator is therefore on electricity, though in accordance with the Third Energy Package, the unbundling and third-party access rules indicator also reflects the status of rules and legislation in the gas sector. Evidence from the Weatherisation Assistance Program”, Energy Institute at Haas Working Paper Series, Berkeley, CA, http://facultv.haas.berkelev.edU/wolfram/P apers/paper_draft_06_ 15 clean .pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The system nevertheless operates to a considerable extent on a degree of trust. There are nearly a quarter of a million recorded landings of fish each year. Of these the Fisheries Directorate of the Ministry makes a direct inspection of about one in a hundred (of which, in 2008, just over llA per cent resulted in either a written warning or police action). The coastguard makes about 2 000 at-sea inspections per year, this frequency has increased recently, though the overall duration of inspection activity has remained the same, so the time devoted to each inspection has fallen. The sales organisations7 main role in enforcement is to ensure that accurate records are kept of declared catches and landings, but in addition they undertake some specific inspections, of about one in two hundred landings in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Action should be targeted on pollutants of particular significance at the scale and sensitivity of the catchment, basin, or aquifer, on the basis of characteristics such as toxicity, persistence and bio-accumulation (see typology of water pollution, Figure 1.2, Chapter 1). Threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage should be prioritised. Connecting with higher level policy issues can assist in triggering political action (Box 4.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Such an approach requires careful co-ordination of EPL and other policies, especially unemployment benefits, income support, and active labour market policies (OECD, 2006). However, since the objective is to narrow the disparities in social protection and labour market outcomes between formal and informal workers, what needs to be found are viable social protection instruments for incorporating informal workers into the social security system without creating adverse incentives for their labour market behaviour, whether participation or formality. Informality compounds the challenge of flexicurity in developing countries given the difficulties in promoting social protection instruments that can adequately incorporate informal workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
As a subject taught within higher education, Politics is as healthy today as it has ever been. Having emerged as a distinct area of academic enquiry during the course of the twentieth century, it is now a well-established element of higher education. In the UK, for example, there are currently over 60 universities offering undergraduate degrees with nearly 25,000 students enrolled on a full or part- time basis (HESA, 2009). In the United States, the number of students graduating as majors in Political Science, Public Administration, Public Policy and International Relations had risen to over 50,000 per year in 2006 (APSA, 2010). There are Politics departments in universities and colleges in virtually every other country of the world providing opportunities for students to study the discipline. Whichever way you choose to look at this, there is an awful lot of Politics teaching and learning going on.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article discusses the contribution of Mauro Cappelletti—one of the outstanding comparative constitutional scholars of the twentieth century in Italy and worldwide—to comparative constitutional justice. Among many, three topics have been selected in this article: (i) the models of judicial review of legislation and the converging trends between the European model and the American one, (ii) the place of the judiciary in lawmaking, and (iii) the comparative method and the development of transnational law. The article reviews Cappelletti’s scholarship and explores the reasons for its lasting relevance: Cappelletti’s understanding of constitutionalism is remarkably contemporary and very inspiring for the present-day reader, notwithstanding two decades that have passed since his last book was published and the fact that the first steps of his academic activity date back to the early 1950s, i.e., over 60 years ago.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
National departments and donor agencies are ready to support municipalities' efforts to upgrade the housing and building stock so as to prevent future negative impacts on climate change for having neglected the construction industry. The DoE launched the appliance labelling programme for energy efficiency in 2004 in accordance with the EU standards and labelling programme. Unfortunately, there is no financial support to roll out the programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The OECD Metropolitan Governance Survey has found that the share of residents who are satisfied with the public transport provision in their cities is 14 percentage points higher if a transport authority exists (Figure 2.2). It appears likely that this is at least partly due to the better integration of public transport in these cities. For example, a metropolitan transport authority could be autonomous exclusively in charge of transport issue, or part of a metropolitan authority in charge of w ider policy issues at the metropolitan level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
One of the biggest obstacles immigrants face when looking for work is that their qualifications and foreign work experience may not be fully recognised in the host country. As a result, many immigrant workers hold jobs for which they are over-qualified. On average, men have higher scores on the numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments scales than women, but the gap is not large and is further reduced when other characteristics, such as educational attainment and socio-economic status, are taken into account. In literacy, the gap in proficiency in favour of men is even narrower.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This is an innovation in the area of transfer and scholarship programmes, whose agenda does not usually include dependent care and thus mainly harms women. It provides a transfer of US$ 75 to those who have an attendance record of at least 75% for the courses, which last between 6 and 12 months (Robles and Mirosevic, 2013). The programme, implemented in 2000, offers an incentive for companies to hire and train young people.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In its General Comments No. 14 and 19, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has specified the contents of the right to health and the right to social security. The main challenges associated with the implementation of these two human rights have been addressed in several major international policy initiatives and global partnerships: The 2030 Agenda now makes an important contribution to the concretization of the rights to health and social security, because it expressly obliges the international community both to implement the concept of social protection floors and to ensure universal health protection. The extra-territorial obligations deriving from the two human rights are also taken up by the 2030 Agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The status and character of constitutional scholarship depends upon the nature of constitutional law. In the United States, the content of constitutional law is typically negotiated within a dialogue between the Supreme Court and the American people. Constitutional scholarship accordingly seeks to mediate this dialogue by clarifying the systematic and jurisprudential implications of potential constitutional developments. In Europe, constitutional law is more independent of political dialogue, hence constitutional scholarship is relatively more autonomous. Whereas European constitutional scholars imagine their project as the development of an apolitical and internally coherent structure of constitutional norms, American constitutional scholars tend to develop theory in the context of its practical implications for case-by-case adjudication.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Seventh Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention in December 2011 provides an opportunity to modernize the treaty to better address the challenges of the 21st century. The key to this modernization is to redesign the treaty's Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs), the only formal mechanism for increasing transparency and demonstrating compliance with the treaty, to address changes in the global scientific, health, and security environments since the end of the Cold War. The scope of the CBMs should be expanded beyond state-run biological warfare programs to encompass a broader array of threats to global security, such as biological terrorism, laboratory accidents, dual-use research, and disease pandemics. Modernizing the CBM mechanism to take into account these new risks would extend the transparency-enhancing benefits of CBMs to a range of new and important topics, such as biosafety, laboratory biosecurity, and dual-use research oversight, make the CBMs and the treaty itself more relevant...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Rather, they consider only the amounts of water used in production and consumption activities. Hence, water footprints do not contain sufficient information to evaluate the net benefits generated through the use of water resources. Water footprints enable one to compare estimated water use, per person or in aggregate across countries, but they are inadequate for evaluating the incremental costs, benefits, or environmental impacts of water use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
How such multi-level monitoring processes may be organised is still an open question (Leadership Council of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2015). While there are several similarities in indicators between adaptation and certain SDGs, some INDCs and other documents on national-level adaptation plans seem to adopt a wider range of (and more detailed) indicators than those proposed for SDGs. At the national level, the benefits of identifying and collating adaptation-related information can be closely related to filling knowledge gaps in order to enhance domestic actions and co-ordination, and attracting international support for such actions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They may even feel they are no longer a full participant in their community. Drug and alcohol abuse, already a problem in many fishing communities, can worsen to the extent that even if other employment becomes available, or fishing picks up again, those affected may not be fit for work. A decline in the fishery, whether through a decline in fish stocks or through deliberate restructuring in the sector, can have dramatic impacts on the integrity of the communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
To offer some concrete answers to this question, this paper reports the findings of a synthesis of cross-country empirical work on the ranking (in terms of efficiency and distributional impact) of major tax instruments on the one hand, and, on the other, country-specific tax policy assessments reported in several dozen OECD Economic Surveys since 2008. The paper identifies a wide range of factors, some common to many countries and some country-specific, that prevent governments from adopting tax structures more favourable to inclusive growth. These include political economy forces, legal obstacles, administrative constraints, and intergovernmental fiscal arrangements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products (The Protocol) was born out of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) to address the growing threat that untaxed and smuggled tobacco products have on public health. The Protocol seeks to reduce the manufacture, selling and transporting of tobacco without payment of applicable duties, taxes and/or bearing applicable tax stamps.1   Many countries require tax stamps (or banderoles) as a means of reducing tax non-compliance and controlling illicit production. Tobacco manufacturers or distributors pay the cost of tax stamps to the relevant authorities in their jurisdiction. Costs for tax stamps are generally shifted from the manufacturers to the consumer, with the potential health-promoting impact of increasing retail prices of cigarettes.2   Policies requiring health warning labels (HWLs) on tobacco products are another powerful and cost-effective way to reduce the harm of tobacco.3 HWLs raise …
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
More recently, some have begun supporting bio-fuels, ostensibly for energy security and climate change mitigation, inadvertently contributing to the food price spikes. Indeed, the possibility of many developing countries gaining from increased agricultural exports has been frustrated by such protection and subsidies in the rich economies. Trade preferences have ensured better market access for former colonies, LDCs, African, Caribbean and Pacific economies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
By contrast, farm holdings between 2 and 5 ha are the most numerous in Serbia, accounting for 30% of holdings and using 17% of the land. At the other end of the spectrum, farms greater than 10 ha use significant portions of the land in Serbia (57%) and in Kosovo (44%). Meanwhile, farms larger than 10 ha only use about a quarter of the land in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Nonetheless, the transition to a modem, growth-oriented regional policy is incomplete. There is still a tension between the need for sustained federal support to very poor regions and the desire to foster the emergence of growth poles that might aid economic diversification but might also reinforce inter-regional disparities. In reality, most regions (and most citizens) fall between these two groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
I take the field of television studies to encompass production and audience ethnography, policy advocacy, political economy, cultural history, and textual analysis...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Necessary responses include increasing geographical accessibility to higher education, improving preparation for higher education through long-term investment to schools and closer linkages between schools and higher education institutions and improving campus culture and academic and social support measures to improve retention and success in higher education. Considering the current underrepresentation of Arab population in tertiary education, steps should be taken to provide adequate support to NAI, which is the first comprehensive Arab higher education institution in Israel (see Box 2.1.). Support should also be provided to the Arab colleges of education to help them to diversify their teaching portfolios.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For the poorest and the hungriest in most LDCs, being assetless means being landless. In addition to low income, poor households are constrained in benefiting from land due to a lack of access to credit and savings, a weak land rental market, and other social factors. In many LDCs, women are constrained in acquiring land ownership rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
IN a previous article it was contended that for the purpose of the conflict of laws the structure of immaterial property law (which term is used here to include patents and the like) is exceptional. Due to its privileged character accorded by the sovereign local authority it is territorial in the dual sense that such laws are strictly confined in their operation to their country of origin and that within that territory the application of foreign immaterial property law is excluded by its inherent limitation. In English and Commonwealth law this insight was concealed until recently by the assertion that the courts could only exercise jurisdiction in respect of claims based on their own national intellectual property law. Jurisdiction was thus functionally linked to the exclusive sphere of the applicable law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Consequently, it is vulnerable to the economic uncertainty in the United States and the European Union. With both of these economic powers unable to restart their economic engines, the export performance of India in 2012 was no different from the rest of countries in the region. A sector-based analysis reveals that while industrial products still comprise more than 80% of Asia-Pacific trade during 2002-2011, the share of petroleum products increased and agriculture maintained a relatively constant share. All three sectors were similarly hit by reduced demand for their exports, which lost dynamism and recorded growth of less than 10% in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Gary Dorrien has presented to all who have an interest in religion, and religious ideas especially, a magnificent piece of scholarship. These three volumes on liberal theology in the United States have value in the massive amount of writings they bring under study and into the mainstream of American intellectual history. To that extent they address a historiographical gap, conservative thinking in the long evangelical tradition down to the contemporary “religious right” has received greater attention. Liberal theology, as Dorrien treats it, interconnects with a wide range of ideas—in philosophy, science, and history most importantly, and other topical maters like feminism and race. This trilogy should attract the attention of intellectual historians not only for its rich content but also for the suggestions it has for this discipline itself, that is, for practicing intellectual history and recognizing some of the contrasting approaches to its subject matter.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Sluggish productivity growth over the past two decades raises the question of how to develop better skills and use them more efficiently to achieve stronger and more inclusive groivth. Improving the performance of compulsory and tertiary education would help all students acquire the right skills. Ensuring adults upgrade their skills is another key challenge, which involves strengthening the adult learning system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
There is a risk of unintended carbon emissions through fire, insects, wind etc. Between 2006 and 2013, the area of forests certified as sustainably managed in the ECE Region expanded by 45%. Almost all ECE member States are members of one or more regional processes of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management, notably the Montreal Process and FOREST EUROPE. Taken together these trends indicate that there are very significant areas of sustainably managed forest in the ECE Region, and that this share has been growing over the past two decades - or that there is a stronger ability and determination to demonstrate this trend.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Similarly, another study in Bangladesh finds that the emigration of men is positively associated with women's decisionmaking capacity and the education of girls in migrant families (Hadi, 2001). Moreover, remittances have also been linked to increased female agency within family structures and a change in perceptions of gender roles. Women who receive remittances have more and better control of resources (Jolly and Reeves, 2005). Economic remittances may also be used to give women better access to health care, allow them to start their own business and keep girls in education for longer (Antman, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Rather, true prices free of distorting effects from regulation and taxes would - in almost all the Arctic regions - provide sufficient economic incentives to drive the transition into the 2DS or CNS. It is immediately evident that there is very little difference between the three scenarios in 2035. The major transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy happens independently of the C02 targets imposed in the 2DS and CNS scenarios.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
When guided by basic principles of universality, solidarity and efficiency, social policy can enhance equity, by acting upon the structural determinants of economic disparities.35 In this regard, the present Policy Note understands social policies to be those interventions beyond the provision of a safety net that enhances peoples capabilities to participate in and contribute to the progress of the societies in which they live. As such, social policies should be developed in tandem with those specific macro and sectoral policies discussed above and be tailored to countries’ specific initial conditions and goals. In particular, they need to take into account the specificities of anticipated demographic changes at the country level and resulting challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Pharmaceuticals account for more than half of private expenditure (Figure 3, Panel B), and for those with long-term illness and retirees, that share rises to about 75% (Green Book, 2009). Specialist medical services paid out of pocket, typically consultations provided at private medical facilities, is the second largest component of private expenditure. Pre-paid packages of medical services are also purchased by employers from specific providers. These packages include occupational medicine as well as primary and secondary treatments and have been growing in importance in recent years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
To assess how presidential rhetoric shapes public policy over time, this essay analyzes the rhetorical frame of accountability and its role in the current education policy of No Child Left Behind (NCLB). The essay compares the presidential rhetoric of two U.S. presidents, Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush, because President Reagan's rhetoric about the standards movement set the stage for the current education policy of NCLB and President Bush's rhetoric of accountability with federal funds. The article concludes that an emphasis on individual accountability and personal responsibility continues to shape education reform and public policy across partisan lines, even with President Obama's administration. Such rhetoric prevents education reform that focuses on increasing equality for students in the United States. The article suggests rhetorical framing recommendations for the Obama administration and future presidents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some references also include a cross-cutting context dimension.3 Indicators to monitor and evaluate biodiversity mainstreaming can be derived for each of these components (Table 5.1). Theory of change is a specific type of methodology for planning, participation and evaluation that is used in the philanthropy, not-for-profit and government sectors to promote social change. Examples of contextual factors include political leadership and stability, and macroeconomic and fiscal policies (Thomas, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)