albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In the 1970s, remittances in Samoa were mainly used for personal consumption or to support the traditional economy (Shankman 1976), yet as much as 41 per cent was being used for house building (Kallen 1982). Indeed, in many Tongan and Samoan villages in the 1970s and 1980s it was possible to identify the households that had absent migrants, since they were usually the ones with some form of modernised housing. The assumption that remittances were primarily used for consumption lingered long, despite growing evidence of more diverse uses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This would also encourage entrepreneurship and thereby the adoption of new and innovative business ideas. The government recognises the importance of structural reforms in these areas and in January 2011 a law was passed that reduces the time needed to start a business from 27 to 16 days. Similarly, reforming the very burdensome bankruptcy procedure would improve the conditions for entrepreneurship, among other things, by giving creditors legal certainty and removing the stigma of failure. Although the government has made substantive progress in providing childcare for working women over the past few years, there remains scope to further expand these programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
These programmes have reduced the economic security of poor households and allowed them to increase current consumption and productive investments, including in health and in education. They also help the global economy by avoiding further contractions in domestic demand and increasing domestic consumption. As the scope for social protection programmes expand, it creates a specific incentive for governments to invest in local capacities as a key component of their employment and social policies and their development strategies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This framework then provides the basis of quality assurance, since the training enterprise, in combination with the student, becomes responsible for delivery of the learning outcomes. In recognition of these obligations, the framework may also involve a contract between students and training enterprises. It means that programmes will only be funded when training providers develop and maintain the active partnerships with employers that support work placements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Consideration of measures and positive incentives regarding REDD were included in the “Bali Road Map” (UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, 2007: para. Methodological issues concerning the development of methods of measurement and the observation of reductions in emissions caused by deforestation and the degradation of forests, as noted in paragraph 7 of the resolution on reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries passed at COP 13 (UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, 2008: 9). Initiatives to provide incentives (investment and support) to developing countries to control GHG emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Reduce the teaching load for those involved in “strategic” entrepreneurship activities, such as entrepreneurship ambassadors and mentors should be considered. Drug abuse, demographic changes such as ageing and ethnic diversity also pose challenges, while Malay, Chinese and Indian populations feature diverse health profiles. At the same time, Penang is making progress to become a medical tourism hub in South East Asia by providing high-quality but more affordable specialised medical procedures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
If increased CAPEX leads to reduce fuel costs and maybe other OPEX, an agreement between the owner and charterer needs to be found. For example, production ranging from a few tonnes a day to millions of tonnes a year, storage in atmospheric tanks or in pressurized tanks, storage of less than 30 m3 up to storage of several hundreds of thousands of m3, and transport by sea, rail or road. Figure 12 provides an overview of the complexity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Introduction 1. Desegregation 2. The Rights of the Accused 3. School Prayer 4. Abortion 5. The Death Penalty 6. Gender Equality 7. Affirmative Action 8. Flag Burning 9. Federalism 10. Gay Rights 11. The Right to Die 12. Government Takings of Private Property 13. The War on Terror and Civil Liberties 14. The 2000 Election Controversy
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To a significant extent, some basic development issues, including ensuring adequate food supplies and universal primary education, were already dealt with. The domestic market for consumption goods was also significandy larger than proved to be the case in India. The control retained by the Chinese state over financial institutions and the activities of state owned enterprises (SOEs) allowed it to sustain high levels of investment and to deal with volatility, to prevent undesired levels of inflation from persisting beyond relatively short periods. In the event, the state ensured that cyclical fluctuations occurred around a high overall trend rate of income growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The 2013 stock-take of progress found that, of the 35 countries that reported on the indicator, 12 have systems to track and make public allocations on gender equality (OECD/UNDP, 2014: 66). Many more are stepping up their efforts to improve transparency and accountability in financing for gender equality. The strong take-up and interest in the global indicator, even from countries without a system in place to track and make public resource allocation, is a measure of the strength of government commitment to financing gender equality priorities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This has been the methodological approach used in this study. Better and more complete indicators of development (in addition to growth) and new measurements of gender inequality need to be included in the macro analysis of these phenomena, however. An exploration of other theoretical models that are better matches for the concept of an integrated economy is also called for. El caso de Argentina”, Cuestionando un mito: costos laborales de hombres y mujeres en America Latina, L. Abramo and R. Todaro (eds.),
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
She noted the G20's recent commitment to find ways to reduce food price volatility while increasing agricultural productivity by 70 per cent. This session will examine how the international community can help meet these objectives. He noted that trade distortions are concentrated in the agricultural sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A more gender-egalitarian division of child care may also encourage households to have more children. What is more, one possible long-term effect of policies to support working parents could be to fuel fertility intentions, especially if parents start to think they no longer have to choose between having children or pursuing a career. Similarly, reconciliation policies can have but a limited impact, if they are not backed by changes in labour market institutions conducive to having children and pursuing a career. If recent analysis of fertility trends is anything to go by, a more gender-equal division of paid and unpaid child care work between parents may further sustain fertility trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, American leaders confronted difficult dilemmas involving civil liberties in the context of terrorism. Previous scholarship has made clear that exposure to threatening information may result in significant decreases in the public's willingness to support expansive civil liberties guarantees, yet relatively few researchers have systematically examined the content of information transmitted to the public during these debates. This study employs a computerized content analysis to investigate differences in broadcast media coverage following the reporting of significant post-9/11 security/rights dilemmas. The analysis focuses on two key periods: the reporting of President Bush's authorization of warrantless NSA wiretapping in late 2005 and the coverage of President Obama's 2009 proposal to close the detention facility at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Findings suggest that broadcast sources diverged significantly in the amount of threatening information conveyed to the public during the reporting of key security/rights dilemmas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Depending on the target audience, a tailored communication of messages is necessary where assessment results are concerned. Participants in the Drina assessment, for instance, identified "national governments" as the stakeholder that most needed to be convinced of the benefits of co-managing Drina resources. Other stakeholders that have been identified as needing to be targeted include, finance ministries, relevant ministerial representatives, mayors, local populations and project financiers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Finally, redundancy is about spare facilities that compensate for the failing of other infrastructure. The bicycling era has not lasted too long, as especially in North America the automobile revolution starting at the beginning of the 20m century made the car a favoured form of transportation whether urban or sub-urban, while the bicycle become predominantly a children toy or means for pass-time. The situation looks different in developing countries, in particular, in Africa and Asia, where walking and cycling continuous to be the dominant form of mobility .This however is largely not by choice, but rather driven by lackof affordable and accessible alternatives, with many pedestrians and cyclist belonging to lower income groups2'. People pay a low tee to use the bicycles from one of the many bicycle parking stations located in the city and they can return them to any station they wish. " Freedom bikes" in Paris fill the streets, proving more popular than anticipated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Female students in the Northwest Territories reported higher levels of emotional problem than both males in the Northwest Territories and females in the rest of Canada. Both male and female students reported lower levels of prosocial behaviour and life satisfaction than the national average. Issues related to obesity and low physical activity have been identified as requiring special attention, as have relationships with others. Such an example in the Northwest Territories is the partnership represented by the Healthy Choices Framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Data not available in OECD QuASH 2014 for Chile, Ireland, Israel, Korea, Luxembourg, Poland, Spain, Switzerland. Both owning and renting a home have strengths and weaknesses. Homeownership can promote wealth accumulation: a home can serve as an asset, and repayment of mortgage debt can incentivize better household spending behaviour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Has government protection of human rights improved? The answer to this and many other research questions is strongly affected by the assumptions we make and the modeling strategy we choose as the basis for creating human rights country scores. Fariss (2014) introduced a statistical model that produced latent scores showing an improving trend in human rights. Consistent with his stringent assumptions, his statistical model heavily weighted rare incidents of mass killings such as genocide, while discounting indicators of lesser and more common violations such as torture and political imprisonment. We replicated his analysis, replacing the actual values of all indicators of lesser human rights violations with randomly generated data, and obtained an identical improving trend. However, when we replicated the analysis, relaxing his assumptions by allowing all indicators to potentially have a similar effect on the latent scores, we find no human rights improvement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The framework is intended to strengthen school principals’ and teachers’ leadership capacity. It can be used in various ways, e.g. for self-assessment, performance and development reviews, school leader selection, coaching and mentoring and leadership induction and planning. The Victorian leadership framework breaks new ground in being applicable to leadership throughout the school at all levels in the school, showing where a teacher or school leader is located on a leadership continuum and what they need to know and be able to do in order to improve.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The material included raw images that officials within the Ministry of Home Affairs and other relevant national institutions could use to perform their own analysis and create mapping products. In India, for example, following cyclone I ludhud in 2014, the State Government of Andhra Pradesh used geographic information systems, global positioning systems, and remote sensing technologies to assess damage and upload information onto a satellite map using geo-tagging. The system automatically calculates the expected damage value and dramatically reduces the time for damage assessment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
As a result, existing measures tend to be limited to inpatient care. Renewed attention must be given to the quality of community-based care including primary care and social outcomes. This may require additional investments in quality measurement infrastructure and consideration of issues pertinent to the construction of quality indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This corresponds to the folk wisdom of “not putting all one’s eggs into the same basket.” The fact that the future is unwritten applies to any number of dimensions - high and volatile fuel prices, the climate change challenge, the geographical concentration of fuels and geopolitical tensions to name just a few. Facing them requires a well balanced portfolio that spreads the risks and ensures that the system as a whole remains robust in the light of any sudden changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This chapter will first discuss the inconsistency between Western policy on the issue of Palestine, as typified by Australian foreign policy, not only with the sentiments of increasingly large portions of these societies, but also the inconsistency between such policy formation and current research and trends within the field of conflict resolution. The second part of chapter will explore how the gap between these policy settings and Islamist policy positions in Palestine might be bridged by a shift in strategy among the Islamists themselves. I will present a new methodology based on social science research, contextualisation and a maqasid or objective-oriented approach. This methodology has implications for interpretation beyond issues around conflict resolution to include such matters as human rights and gender equality in Islam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While homework is likely to have positive effects on students from more advantaged socioeconomic backgrounds, who typically perform relatively well at the outset, they might have no effect on the learning of students from less advantaged backgrounds. In this regard, Falch and Ronning (2012) argue that the type of homework matters. Homework seems to have a larger positive effect when it has the form of repetition and serves a complement to in-class learning instead of being a substitute to in-school learning in the sense that topics supposed to be taught in school are given as homework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the meantime, 14 out of 15 regions have established PROT. Not only does this mean double planning, but it calls into question prioritisation - i.e. which plan is given precedence for implementation in those cases where PROT and PRDU have both been approved. Given the similar aims of both planning documents and the weaknesses of the PRDU (a top-down development process with complex and long approval and amending processes and hence limited flexibility), it may be wise to redirect the focus of regional energies from developing a PRDU to developing and/or implementing the PROT.10 This could help address the problems of overlap as well as an inefficient use of scarce resources - financial, human and infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Second, the Social Insurance Institution of Finland does not cover the expenditures of travel or the costs of medicine. The Ministry of Health (De-partementet for Sundhed/Peqqissutsimut Naalakkersuisoqarfik) has overall responsibility for all health services, from the operation of the tertiary care Queen Ingrid Hospital in Nuuk to health centres and rural hospitals in towns and villages. Greenland is organized into 16 health districts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The bias toward home ownership is hardly unique to Kazakhstan, and in OECD countries as diverse as Mexico and the United States, most of the housing assistance supports home ownership (OECD, 2015b). Despite the shortage of housing in the country, the real estate market is full of housing for sale and rent that remain vacant. Interviews conducted for this review suggest that the population is generally unwilling to rent housing because of the unregulated market, high price of rentals, lack of legal certainty and for cultural reasons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For Estratos, studies by both the World Bank and the government suggest that this classification system no longer aligns well with the distribution of income (Figure 1.15). Some 90% of Colombians are in strata 1, 2 and 3. Moreover, because any house in a given area can be classified according to the mean for that neighbourhood, inaccuracies are inherent as many households living in these poor average strata belong to the upper income quintiles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This is because innovators may not reap all the benefits of their innovations, and because environmental benefits may not be appropriately valued by markets. This is particularly the case for water-related innovation, where the opportunity costs and environmental costs of using or polluting water are not reflected in prices paid by water users. Since markets fail to deliver the appropriate level of environment-related innovation, policy interventions are required. The question then is: what is the best way to support the development and diffusion of eco-innovation?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This index is a data aggregation tool that proposes an original angle to assess the affordability of a specific location by gathering data on the cost of housing and transport/commuting. For example, poorer populations can often find themselves pushed out of newer, sustainable, transit-oriented housing developments in walkable neighbourhoods, particularly when the housing is centrally located. Prioritising the metropolitan scale in delivering housing and transport investment will help ensure a co-ordinated response to the need for economic efficiency, affordability and access to opportunity for all citizens. While regulatory barriers may drive up the cost of affordable housing development in the core, low access to transport in the periphery could drive up the total costs of housing transport for poorer households, who then get priced out of the core. An example of a strategic and practical partnership in this sense can be found in the New York and Connecticut Sustainable Communities Consortium, which offered a platform of co-ordination for housing and transport policy (Box 5.8). The initiative focused on downtown areas and/or economically challenged communities along the Metropolitan Transportation Agency Metro-North railroad system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In Model A, payment remains mostly by salary, but a financial incentive component is included for the whole FHU, which is usually an add-on payment/grant for accomplishing 22 key performance indicators revised every three years from a comprehensive set of more than 100 quality and efficiency indicators (Administrasao Central do Sistemade Saude, 2015). In addition to Model A features, FHU Model B staff payment is composed of a smaller fixed salary fraction plus a series of supplements: a capitation-based payment (up to a defined ceiling), a complement for the provision of specific negotiated and contracted services, a FFS component for house calls, and a P4P (da Silva Fialho et al., In Model B FHUs, the performance-based payment component can reach up to 30% of total phy'sician payment and up to 10% for nurses and is based on the achievement of individual and practice targets. The introduction of QBF came as part of a broader push towards developing a more patient-centered health care service, with increased emphasis on systematic quality improvement, patient safety and reduction in adverse events.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Patterns of participation in different types of sport vary considerably across and within different countries. Evidence from developed countries, especially, points to links between changing work-leisure patterns and increasing interest and participation in individualised and noncompetitive forms of sport and active recreation (Kural 2010). As a result, innovative utilisation or re-orientation of existing outdoor community spaces for non-traditional forms of sport can be a feasible option in high-density urban environments (Kural 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The social values were, and still are, the main reasons for these adaptations in forestry in Oslomarka, and in 2009 the Ministry of Environment developed a completely new Act, called Marka-loven, for the same area (MD 2009]. Among several actions in the new Act, §11 opened for protection of "pristine" forests for the reasons of recreational use and "wilderness" experience (Gundersen etai. The process of establishing these §ll-"fairy-tale forest areas", covering approximately 1,700 ha protected areas, will be finished in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Missing data were extrapolated only if a country was missing an observation for a specific year and where such missing data points were bounded non-missing data. Annual country-specific data on unemployment were taken from the OECD’s Labour Force Statistics. A separate regression, using the same independent variables, is estimated for each health indicator using robust standard errors, clustered on the basis of the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Abstract In recent years the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development has settled several desegregation lawsuits across the country in ways that further the agency's current strategies of public housing redevelopment and housing mobility through tenant-based assistance. One of the chief motivations for these policies is the dispersal of subsidized housing as a means of deconcentrating poverty. This article examines the de-concentrating effects of one desegregation lawsuit, Hollman v. Cisneros in Minneapolis. The Hollman case incorporated three means of dispersal: (i) redevelopment of public housing and the relocation of displaced families, (2) a housing mobility program, and (3) development of scattered-site replacement housing. In this case, despite full implementation of the consent decree, a very limited amount of dispersal actually occurred. Marketing the mobility program and suburban replacement housing to inner-city families has proven very difficult, and most poor families remain in central...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)