albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The aim of this paper is to discuss the ‘Kurdish question’ in Turkey within the framework of the current debates on the ‘death of multiculturalism’. Contra what I would call ‘multikulti-sceptics’, I contend that it is too early to compose an epitaph for multiculturalism, both as practice and as ideology, that there is no binary opposition between a form of rights-based multiculturalism on the one hand, and universal human rights, democratic constitutionalism or social cohesion on the other. The paper also focuses on ‘multicultural constitutional citizenship,’ based on democratic deliberation and dialogue, as a solution to Kurdish demands for the public recognition of their identities. I juxtapose Kurdish claims with similar demands made by national minorities in other contexts, and conclude by delineating the normative contours of multicultural constitutional citizenship and outlining the practical measures that are required to sustain it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This special issue focuses on organized crime, terrorism and European criminology. In their article on drug trafficking and ethnic minorities in Europe, Letizia Paoli and Peter Reuter show how ethnicity can be transformed from a 'trait' into a product of social position, social ties and opportunity structures. In the second article, Rebecca Surtees describes the patterns of human trafficking from and within countries in South and Eastern Europe. The third article, by Edward Kleemans and Christianne De Poot, concerns a theoretical and empirical gap in the literature on criminal careers. The final article on the psychological processes of Jihadi radicalization, by Andrew Silke, also contributes something new to the literature on 'criminal careers'. The articles in this special issue illustrate how organized crime and terrorism research may succeed in expanding the domain of criminology, both empirically and theoretically. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Macroeconomic policies would be conducted on the basis of countercyclical rules.12 These could entail fiscal targets that would be independent of short-term fluctuations in economic growth (so-called structural budget rules) as well as commodity stabilization funds. Such rules have been effectively applied by Chile over the past two decades. The effective management of this counter-cyclical policy stance has been one ingredient in the much stronger growth performance and macroeconomic stability of Chile compared with other Latin American countries (Fiess, 2002, Ffrench-Davis, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court contains the term ‘racial’ in its provisions on the crime of genocide, persecution and apartheid. However, it fails to provide for a definition of this historically burdened term. International criminal law is guided by the principle of legality and legal norms should be as narrowly defined as possible. This article will therefore attempt to provide a contemporary legal definition of ‘racial’. The article contains an overview of the historical development, the treatment of the issue of ‘race’ by anthropology and human rights, before turning to international criminal law. Cases dealt with by the ictr and the icty on ‘racial groups’ with regard to the crime of genocide will be analysed and categorised. The article concludes with a suggestion to juxtapose racial groups with ethnical groups, based on the perception of the perpetrator or the self-perception of the victims (subjective approach).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This programme is run by the Social Prosperity Department (DPS) and can be accessed by older individuals who are declared homeless and registered in the Unified Register of Persons Made Homeless by the Winter Emergency. Priority is given to populations living in situations of extreme poverty, registered in the Unidos network, the population registered in the System for the Identification of Potential Social Programme Beneficiaries (SISBEN) with a points score of no more than that needed to affiliate to the Unidos network, or populations displaced by violence who are included on the official register (Government of Colombia, 2011). The programme has two components: (i) temporary emergency jobs in the restoration of public services, reconstruction and upgrading of road, social and community infrastructure, habilitation of land areas for agricultural activity, along with other needs proposed by local or regional governments, and (ii) restoration of the local productive fabric to revive jobs and income through the recovery of micro-enterprises, the commercial sale of surplus production from family vegetable gardens to strengthen local food security, along with infrastructure repair and the activation of local productive chains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition to GIBs, other institutional options are available to governments seeking to catalyse green investment, such as mainstreaming green investment in existing national development banks. Nevertheless, GIBs are making a case that centralising expertise in a new independent institution dedicated to mobilising green private investment can be an effective approach to unlocking larger flows of private capital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This system provides weak stimulus to continuous quality improvements in the provision of care, since most professionals are paid solely through fixed salaries (with no link to performance assessment), and in many instances contracts are temporary and do not include social security benefits. Evidence from other national settings have concluded that movements away from salary mechanisms for health professionals are a successful strategy to raise allocative efficiency, for example through the strengthening of the primary care system, by improving user experience (when remuneration is at least partly tied to performance) as well as prevention of more expensive care, including avoidable hospitalisations (Moreno-Serra, 2014). Providers tend to be largely concentrated in densely populated areas, with a notable increase in the number of private providers in those localities in the last ten years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This chapter argues that the transfer of military drone technology to civilian uses is more complicated than what is commonly envisioned in the scholarship addressing the militarization of policing. As a consequence of legitimacy problems—stemming from the drone wars—the drone industry is engaging in the strategic mobilization of the moral economy, with the goal of shifting the existing moral landscape. One outcome of such efforts is the emergence of the “public order” drone, whose purposes encompass both firefighting and law enforcement. Focusing on the armed police drone, a subset of the public order drone, the chapter offers an inventory of the moral economy that is at play. In particular, the chapter suggests that the arming of police drones should be thought of as a process, rather than as a one-time technological breakthrough or political decision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It originally served to connect debates on politics and administration that equated governance with government, but the focus has subsequently been extended beyond government to encompass relationships between a range of state and non-state institutions (Kaufmann etal., Public governance now refers broadly to power and authority and to how a country manages its affairs, and is taken to encompass all the mechanisms, processes, relationships and institutions citizens and groups use to articulate their interests and to exercise their rights and obligations. Water governance formally refers to the set of administrative systems, with a core focus on formal institutions (laws, official policies) and informal institutions (power relations and practices) as well as organisational structures and their efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Electricity suppliers have to fulfil technical requirements to support the stability of frequency and voltage. Over very long distances, lower electricity losses and reduced construction costs of a DC line can offset the additional cost of the AC/DC converter station at both ends of the line. There still are many open-air lines, especially in not densely populated areas, but the current tendency is to use mainly underground cables in urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In some countries, it is explicitly stated that water resources are not the subject of legal ownership, either public or private (indicated as “n.a.” In these cases, water resources in these cases may be designated as res nullius, or “ownerless property” in legal terms. Key responsibilities relate to policy, planning, issuing water entitlements, as well as monitoring and enforcement. As summarised in Figure 3.4, slightly fewer than half (48%) of countries indicated a role for the Ministry of Environment in water allocation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In spite of its eradication in 1980, the threat posed by the use of smallpox as an instrument of terror has increased its salience to policy makers. Events of the 1990s and beyond have demonstrated the willingness and ability of terrorists to utilize biological weapons against Americans. Biological terrorism is unique in that it connects public health concerns with national security. As such, policy making on biological terrorism issues has tended to be housed in the executive branch bureaucracy (in particular the National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Defense, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) until the threat environment causes a shift of the policy-making process into the White House. We contend that this phenomenon for smallpox policy occurred in both the William J. Clinton and George W. Bush administrations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It illustrates that the number of health facilities is greatest at the local level, decreasing at the intermediate level and further at the national level. Technology, by its nature is in a state of constant evolution, therefore the measurement of one kind of ICT used for a specific function in one year may not be relevant in another year. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) proposes a practical way of dealing with this through its model survey approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
But there is an indirect impact to consider: while poor households may benefit on the expenditure side from a measure that reduces the domestic price of food, they could be harmed on the earnings side as sellers of unskilled labour if not also food, thereby making the net effect on their welfare uncertain. What is critical, therefore, is not only whether poor households are predominantly net buyers or net sellers of food, but also the extent to which their income derives from wages linked to the demand for labour on farms. Since around 70 per cent of the US$1/day poor in the world are rural, a significant proportion of households that are net buyers of food may still be made worse off by policies that lower rural wages via lowering the domestic price of farm outputs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Source: Authors' calculations based on PovcalNet database. Haughton and Khandker (2010) go as far as stating that "legitimate comparisons of poverty rates between one country and another can only be made if the same absolute poverty line is used in both countries". The statement that the same line should be used depends crucially on the validity and legitimacy of that poverty line in both countries, which is likely to hold when both are low-income countries -because below a certain level of income, poverty lines are quite close to the dollar-a-day line—but not among two middle-income countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As for health-care benefits, they can play a key role in enhacing opportunities to develop physically and intellectually, increasing workers’ productivity and improving their employment prospects. The longer-term effects of conditional cash transfers can be positive, if the conditionalities relate to investment in education and health. Ultimately, the design of these CT schemes and their long-term strategy are critical aspects to consider (OECD, 2011, Chapter 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
There are currently more than 4,500 private and around 600 public treatment and rehabilitation centres in the country. According to official statistics, in 2014 there were a total of 65,216 persons registered as drug users in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, compared with a total of 73,345 persons in 2013. The number of officially registered drug-dependent persons in Kazakhstan in 2014 stood at 34,221 persons, which is a significant decrease compared with 40,224 persons in 2013. In Kyrgyzstan, 9,024 persons were officially registered as drug-dependent in 2014, which is 8.8 per cent less than in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Trading surged despite a cut in supply, primary EUAs were priced at €5.55 ($7.56) per tonne of CO, (tCOj). Demand for voluntary offsets dropped in 2013, along with average prices (to $4.90/tCO, marketwide).This can be partly explained by the introduction of California state's cap-and-trade regulation, which requires all covered entities to register through the Air Resources Board, which is a compliance-based market (thus moving a large volume of trade from voluntary to compliance markets). Continued efforts to assert the credentials of wood as an environmentally preferable material are essential, as are research and other efforts to address potential policy shortcomings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For OECD countries, it is possible to compute a measure of effective unemployment insurance capturing the accessibility of benefits and the generosity of unemployment compensation, while also taking into account the progressivity of the tax system24. The effective unemployment insurance is thus defined as the product of the coverage of the unemployment insurance/assistance, and replacement rates of public transfers received by the unemployed25. For non OECD countries, this measure is calculated from survey data as the ratio of the average benefit level (among the unemployed) to the median net earnings (among the employed).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
While these committees remain relevant, including for monitoring the SDGs, there is a need for most of these committees to have stronger terms of reference, particularly to be more active in monitoring plans and budgets. This led to the establishment of a National Sustainable Development Strategies Partnerships Group (NSDSPG)13 at the SIDS Conference in Samoa in 2014. The primary goal of the NSDSPG is to help Pacific island governments improve their planning and budgeting, while embracing nationally tailored SDGs, key elements of the Samoa Pathway and the Framework for Pacific Regionalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, there are still methodological hurdles that hamper the comparability of statistics across countries and periods. In fact, the self-employed often have accounting practices which make it difficult for them to provide accurate responses to survey questions. Moreover, their financial and accounting framework does not relate well to the one statisticians use in constructing national accounts or household income analysis (Eurostat, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Pour ceux qui restent dans les zones rurales, il est essentiel d'ameliorer les systemes de protection sociale et de developper l'investissement dans les services de sante. While this is transforming China’s urban economy, the rural economy is also undergoing substantial structural change. At a time when the government maintains a strong commitment to the goals of food security, reducing urban-rural inequality and protecting natural resources, the development path unfolding in rural areas is of critical importance. Less productive resources move out of the sector and farmland is consolidated into larger plots that allow for greater mechanisation and more productive farmers to scale up production, gradually moving from labour-intensive to more capital-intensive agricultural production.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Through increasing market size, suitable infrastructure may also promote competition and the adoption of productivity-enhancing technologies. Given such positive externalities, there is often an argument for government provision. Nevertheless, it is also important that framework conditions are designed in a way that encourages private sector infrastructure investment. Without a sufficient network of roads and ports, improvements in farm productivity could result in lower local prices for a commodity at the same time as there is inadequate supply in other provinces.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Similarly, input subsidies are often considered an instrument that can support both rural incomes and productivity improvement. Yet, as show'n in Brooks (2012), both of these types of measures are too blunt. Price support is not only inefficient, resulting in market distortions and a consequent waste of resources that poor economies cannot afford, it is also ineffective, if not counterproductive, because many rural households are net food buyers and are worse off when they have to pay higher prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The first is related to the political economy of mitigation actions under the Kyoto Protocol. Developing countries were initially opposed to committing mandatory emission targets, because it was the developed countries that were responsible - at least until quite recently - for most of the emissions already accumulated in the atmosphere. They are still responsible for most emissions when measured on the per capita basis. For example, the level of per capita emission for Developing Asia is estimated at 2.7 tonnes of C02 in 2008 (Table 4.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This entails a shift from input targets to a greater focus on the impacts of R&D and other innovation activities and an emphasis on excellence throughout the research and innovation system. It will also be necessary to further strengthen links between science and industry with more ambitious goals, while linking R&D funding more closely to societal challenges and “missions”. The new RTI Strategy should aim at utilising European funding by framing Austrian priorities within broader complementary European thematic areas. Identifying Austria’s priority societal challenges will help in this regard. The new RTI Strategy should also be linked with initiatives at the state level so as to make best and coherent use of the resources of the federal and state governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Recent work on social injustice has focused on implicit bias as an important factor in explaining persistent injustice in spite of achievements on civil rights. In this paper, I argue that because of its individualism, implicit bias explanation, taken alone, is inadequate to explain ongoing injustice, and, more importantly, it fails to call attention to what is morally at stake. An adequate account of how implicit bias functions must situate it within a broader theory of social structures and structural injustice, changing structures is often a precondition for changing patterns of thought and action and is certainly required for durable change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Mexico concentrates more on fixed capital formation (44%) and on on-farm services (33%) and South Africa on fixed capital formation with 76%. Activities of smallholders and their degree of specialisation or income diversification depend on their assets and the broader environment in which farmers can make best use of those assets. This environment is related to aspects such as off-farm infrastructure, access to inputs and services, healthcare, schools, climate conditions, and so on. Rural non-farm income is positively correlated with level of development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
These firing costs along with complex dismissal procedures play a key role in depressing hiring rates on permanent contracts of new labour market entrants, such as youth. In addition, very short trial periods are likely to discourage the hiring of young people whose productivity is difficult to judge ex-ante. Finally, the use of fixed-term contracts and temporaiy-work agencies is highly regulated although loose enforcement translates in their frequent use. This strict protection of formal workers may be one factor behind the spreading of informal employment and disguised self-employment whereby an employee-type relationship is masked as independent work for a single client/employer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This paper identifies at least nine types of NDC related to mitigation and lays out the information requirements for each one. For some NDC types, such as absolute emission reduction tar gets, there is considerable existing experience with accounting and reporting progress in implementation under the Kyoto Protocol and the Cancun Agreements. For other NDC types, such as goals to peak emissions by a given date, there is less existing experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Eleven of the 36 LDCs for which assessments have been undertaken are at high risk of debt distress (Afghanistan, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Djibouti, Haiti, Kiribati, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mauritania, Sao Tome and Principe, and Tuvalu), while three (the Gambia, South Sudan and the Sudan) are already in debt distress (IMF, 2017b). Moreover, an increased tendency to borrow on international markets increases LDCs’ exposure to global financial shocks while also heightening risks that offshore markets will draw liquidity away from domestic markets (Black and Munro, 2010). Estimates presented in this report suggest the total investment cost for basic universal access by 2030 to be in the order of $12-$40 billion per year across LDCs as a whole, and increasing supply to fulfil the needs of transformational access would raise these costs considerably. While there is some potential for greater mobilization of domestic and external sources of financing towards energy-sector investments, this is very limited relative to the resulting gap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These developments discouraged strategic, sustainable orientation and decisionmaking in tangible production and service operations (see also: UNCTAD, 2008c and 2008d). However, in real terms, the general commodity price level did not reach its average of the 1970s, and remained far below the price hikes of those years. Even so, the real price level of crude petroleum and minerals and metals did reach new historical peaks in mid-2008. Indeed, excessive bank bailouts and continuing inattention to the more systemic problems by developed-country governments might render the prospects for economic recovery bleaker in the medium-term. The related escalating public debt17 and higher reserve requirements for banks may well exert upward pressure on future interest rates, jacking up the costs of borrowing for the productive sector and fuelling inflation. The provision of a solid set of social protection measures does not appear to have led to reduced trade competitiveness, in fact, if anything, such measures may have improved competitiveness, as workers’ security is conducive to innovation and rapid productivity growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To this end, universal health coverage was strengthened in 2016 in order to simplify and unify administrative management. The local organisation of statutory insurance remains fragmented, though payments to providers for the different statutory schemes were unified in 2016 (Auvigne et al., Some statutory schemes have their own networks for revenue collection and may combine the management of health insurance and other social security spending (e.g. occupational risks, pensions and some family benefits).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)