albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The aggregate TSE for Indonesia averaged nearly IDR 92 trillion (USD 9.9 billion) in 2006-10, ranging from negative IDR 52 trillion (IDR 5.4 billion) in 2008 to IDR 244 trillion (USD 26.9 billion) in 2010 (Tables 2.12 and 2.13). It is slightly lower than in China and Korea but much higher than in Japan. Given that Indonesia had a relatively low %PSE for this period it shows that for a developing country with a large agricultural sector, even if the level of agricultural support as measured by the PSE is low, the cost of support to the economy can be relatively high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Indirect taxes - taxes such as electricity taxes, which are collected from a limited number of energy suppliers rather than a large number of energy consumers - may minimize administrative costs and be more feasible to implement in the developing country context. Policymakers can go on to consider more complex instruments later on. Many countries, including developing countries, have concentrated taxing authority and tax administration with the central Government, which has the important advantage of collecting taxes where sound capacity exists to do so (Mikesell, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
An SME's greatest challenge is often to build online expertise among its employees in marketing and sales. In addition to digital channels, a business needs a good partner network, and additional marketing and distribution channels in the target market. Businesses should also be sure not to underestimate cultural and regulatory differences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Two key drivers of resource consumption will be economic and population growth. The global economy is projected to nearly quadruple by 2050 (Figure 2.7). Within the same timeframe, the world population is expected to increase from about 7 to more than 9 billion and the per capita income of the world’s population will roughly triple.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Several obstacles, resulting from market and government failures - including fossil-fuel subsidies, the lack of supportive policies as well as outstanding barriers to international trade and investment - still hamper investment in renewable energy. A key challenge for governments to catalyse investment flows in clean energy is to design and implement clear and predictable domestic policy frameworks. Investment policy • Non-discrimination of foreign versus domestic investors • Intellectual property rights • Contract enforcement The quality of investment policies directly influences the decisions of all investors, be they small or large, domestic or foreign. Transparency, property protection and non-discrimination are investment policy principles that underpin efforts to create a sound investment environment for all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Even though per capita waste generation declined from 12.9 lbs/day in 2006, so has the share of recycled waste, from 41% in 2006 to 36% in 2009 (CMAP, 2008b, IEPA, 2011). Moreover, waste collection costs remain much higher than average. The presence of IRS also induces other firms to locate there, as people come in search of higher wages, job opportunities and cultural values. This self-reinforcing process contributes to, inter alia, the formation of deeper, more efficient factor markets and more active generation and dissemination of knowledge.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
1. Human Rights Research and the Social Sciences Rhiannon Morgan 2. Political Science and Human Rights Todd Landman 3. The Right to Health Michael Freeman 4. Indigenous Peoples' Rights: Anthropology and the Question of Rights to Culture Colin Samson 5. Democratic Rights Kate Nash 6. What Could it Mean to Take Human Rights Seriously? Anthony Woodiwiss 7. Forging Indigenous Rights at the United Nations: A Social Constructionist Account Rhiannon Morgan 8. The New Humanism: Beyond Modernity and Postmoderninty Judith Blau and Alberto Moncada 9. Corporations and Human Rights Gideon Sjoberg 10. A Sociology of Citizenship and Human Rights: Does Social Theory Still Exist? Bryan S. Turner
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article investigates the micro level of immigration policy implementation, with particular reference to the management of immigrant participation in the Italian labour market. More specifically, the study analyses the organisational culture and identity processes that guide the daily routines of police agents in the Foreigners' Office (FO) of the Florence police headquarters. Foreigners' Offices are the main agencies responsible for issuing and renewing stay permits for work purposes in Italy. The research design is ethnographic and incorporates a wide range of materials including qualitative interviews, participant observation, policy documents, grey literature and newspaper articles. Interviews and participant observation were conducted in several statutory agencies and non-governmental organisations in the Florence metropolitan area with the aim of triangulating the data and achieving a better understanding of the implementation process. The findings suggest that the FO uses a high level of discre...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
But as economies in the region recover, interest in sustainable development has been revived. As ASEAN comprises a diverse group of countries at different stages of development, they vary in their capacity to effect green growth. Brunei Darussalam, an oil exporter with a small population, also occupies a unique position among ASEAN countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Some countries have also further committed to gender balance by moving from gender quotas (ensuring a minimum percentage of the under-represented sex) to the adoption of requirements for gender parity. Ecuador was the first in 2008, followed by Costa Rica in 2009, Bolivia in 2010, Nicaragua and Panama in 2012 and Mexico in 2014. The 2015 electoral reform in Chile establishes so-called “flexible parity,” allowing neither gender to exceed 60% (or fall below 40%) of all candidates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Accordingly, a multidimensional approach is meant not for international comparisons, but to create a better understanding of poverty in a specific context and then generate relevant information for policymakers. Furthermore, the selection of dimensions has to be context-specific and based on socially accepted development objectives (e.g., the good living rights approved by referendum in Ecuador). But there are different approaches to identifying a person as poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This type of flexible arrangements has been successful in raising female participation. Such provisions, however, should be carefully balanced between men and women to avoid increasing the relative cost of hiring mothers, to promote more involvement of fathers in family care and to minimise the risk that part-time arrangements may trap mothers in lower ranking career tracks and damage their future prospects. Flexible work-arrangements may also be less appropriate in countries where only a minority of women can afford to opt for part-time work. Maternal leave constitutes a cornerstone of modern welfare states and can have positive impacts on female labour market outcomes. Recent evidence from OECD countries shows that paid maternity leave increases the likelihood that women work, as it gives them an incentive to work prior to childbirth and offers them employment protection to facilitate their return to the labour market afterwards (Adema, Clark and Frey, 2015). However, when maternal leave is excessively costly for employers (and paternal leave is considerably less generous), it may also play a role in perpetuating gender gaps by increasing the cost of employing a woman relative to a man.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
One way to solve this bottleneck is for actors in the food supply chain, charity organisations and especially national authorities (food security, social security and environment) to make a clear statement and develop guidelines supporting food redistribution as a positive activity, as long as the food in question is not fit for selling in ordinary ways. It is important that the well established systems for local direct redistribution, especially from retail shops and other local sources (primary producers, local food producers, food markets, festivals etc.) Food redistribribution is a very cost effective way to prevent food waste and increase the quality of life of low-income and social clients, which should imply that both the food donors, the social welfare authorities and governmental authorities could have a role to contribute to a long term and more solid financial situation. Price per meal distributed for serving through the food banks operations will be about NOK 4,40 based in net costs for food banks in 2013 (see Table 4), which is a quite low cost for the society.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Spain and Greece (right panel) have also increased their use significantly, if at a less steady pace. Japan has significantly reduced its agricultural groundwater use, and Australia's use appears relatively stable in recent years. Box 1.1 provides an overview of the main types of aquifers and their implication on groundwater flows, not all aquifers are considered renewable, but this qualification has only a relative meaning. Table 1.2 provides the basic characteristics of the eight major aquifer systems present in OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This article is presented in two interconnected parts. It addresses issues that have arguably received insufficient attention in most sociologically oriented criminological research and commentary on youth justice and related policy and practice developments, both within the UK jurisdictions and in wider international contexts. First, it highlights the need to recognize the complexities of comparative policy analysis at international, national, regional and local levels. Second, in the light of such complexity, the article attempts to explore the challenges confronting social science in general and sociological criminology in particular, in efforts to critically inform policymaking processes. In conclusion, it is suggested that the possibilities for vibrant, critical and publicly engaged academic intervention in the youth justice policy sphere rest upon the mobilization of theoretically and empirically based analyses, together with research-informed proposals for policy formation and practice development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
La derniere rubrique du document aborde les elements les plus pertinents qui sont integres aux regimes de retraite par repartition pour proteger les femmes dans la famille,y compris les droits a la retraite des veuves et des femmes divorcees, et les credits de cotisation pour les soignants. Les politiques visant a ameliorer la protection des femmes au moment de la vieillesse impliquent des choix portant sur certains aspects cruciaux de la conception de la retraite qui ont egalement trait a la repartition des droits et des ressources dans chaque pays. Etant donne que les femmes cotisent pendant moins longtemps et que leur esperance de vie est superieure a celle des hommes, les politiques qui renforcent les exigences en matiere de cotisations ou mettent I’accent sur I’epargne individuelle peuvent rendre I’obtention de prestations adequates plus difficile pour les femmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Among those who set the course of public policies, there would be a sound understanding that investment in equitable, inclusive development is about the best and certainly the fairest and most humane investment that can be made. Far-reaching benefits include reducing die risks and impacts of crisis. Risks first need to be comprehensively understood, only then can effective investments be made in measures to reduce them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These rules are quite similar, although they may differ with respect to the range of organizations which could be granted observer status (e.g. intergovernmental organizations, international and national NGOs, governmental bodies, trade unions, the private sector). At the same time, all these joint commissions consider the observer status as a main mechanism for NGO participation in their activities. Other joint bodies have set up similar criteria for granting observer status. For example, according to its rules for granting the observer status (2002), the Oder Commission requires submission of: (a) a description of organization, its competence and the experience which it could bring to the Commission’s work, the last name of a representative who will participate in the meetings, (b) an explanation how the organization believes its input could be beneficial for the Commission’s activities, and (c) written confirmation that the organization accepts the obligations of the Convention and the rules of procedure. Observers cannot take part in the process of adopting decisions. Representatives of observer organizations take part in the activities of expert groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
While poverty rates remain high in a significant number of countries, the rate for the region as a whole is the lowest to be attained in the last 20 years. While this was lower than the 4.8% per capita growth rate posted in 2010, it nonetheless consolidates the region-wide recovery from the 3.0% downturn seen in 2009. Argentina (7.9%) and Panama (8.9%) boasted the highest per capita growth rates, followed by Ecuador (6.3%), Pem (5.7%), Uruguay (5.4%) and Chile (5.0%). Per capita output rose less than 2% only in Brazil (1.9%), El Salvador (0.9%), Guatemala (1.4%) and Honduras (1.6%) (see table 1.1). The steady downtrend in this rate seen in every year since 2002 except 2009 has yielded the lowest figures since the mid-1990s, and almost all of the Latin American countries had rates below 8%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
However, in smaller traditional or artisanal fisheries, consolidation can reduce in some cases the important social role that these fisheries can play. In this case, applying the same set of management rules to these different groups is not always desirable. Defining the appropriate scope of market based schemes to obtain social and economic goals is a challenge and the impacts of reform should be monitored using the principles of adaptive management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Based on Critical Theory and Emancipator Environmental Education, the study aimed at analyzing the dialectic of emancipation and its potentials in Environmental Education (EE). The research method was structured following a qualitative, participatory research approach, which includes focus group techniques and documental textual analysis. The category "dialectic of emancipation in the socio-environmental training project" was priorised here, with the sub-categories "emancipation", "emancipator EE", "autonomy" and "freedom". It was observed that the potential emancipator elements include the contradictions in the processes of education and in the bureaucratic and power relations of the institutions that can limitate the autonomy and freedom of individuals, besides the valorization of the experience in collectives in search of the democratization of the EE, as a potential for reflections and critical actions within the HEI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As noted earlier, the increasing marginal cost of urban water supply in most cities in the developing world points to the urgent need for more efficient use and conservation of the resource. At the same time, sanitation remains a critical priority. Together, these services represent essential building blocks for more resilient cities, while reducing the vulnerability of the poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Nitrogen application rates had increased dramatically over past decades, so that a surplus in excess of that needed by crops or grassland was transported into freshwater systems. Application rates in the subregion are now widely declining in response to the legal framework summarised above, but the time taken for pollutants to move through the hydrological cycle means that in some areas concentrations in receiving waters may still be rising, even when the source itself is diminishing. Where trend data exists, this suggests that nitrate concentrations declined between 1992 and 2008 in 30% of rivers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In the four focus countries under RI-ZHC, the government played a pivotal role in organizing and facilitating the preparation of the country study on NUS at the national level, coordinated by the National Focal Point of the Zero Hunger Challenge, including the nomination of a competent national institution and expertise to undertake and finalize the country study on NUS. Nominated international experts were grouped by discipline to offer technical assistance to support the country on prioritization through interdisciplinary reviews. From an agricultural production and ecological perspective, the FAO Special Ambassador in the International Year of Pulses 2016, ICARDA, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Bioversity International (Bl), the University of Western Australia (UWA), and the Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences-Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute (CATAS-TCGRI) joined as partners to support the international review on agricultural traits and climate-resilience of NUS. From a socioeconomic perspective, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Crops for the Future (CFF), and the International Tropical Fruits Network (TFNet) served as partners to support the international review.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Over the past two decades, Italy's administrative reforms have institutionalized evaluation to improve program effectiveness, staff productivity, and results-driven accountability against waste and corruption. Across ministries, regional governments, universities, schools and environmental protection agencies, seemingly unexpected consequences have emerged out of the implementation of performance measurement and evaluation regimes within public organizations. Formal compliance to legally binding evaluation procedures, judicially-sanctioned managerial accountability and lack of cross-agency coordination coupled with long-standing cultural separations among evaluators are some of the ambiguities associated with a performance-based governance system within Italian public administration. Building upon the 'new governane theory,' and qualitative fieldwork, I explore the political consequences of evaluation and performance measurement for possible improvements. From a normative perspective, greater integration between program evaluation and performance measurement can support organizational learning and democratic accountability both at the central and local level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These plans establish target populations for each game species and set quotas for the number of individual animals that can be taken. Each game management area is awarded to a public concession through competitive bidding. The concessionaire is responsible for game protection, breeding, and hunting within his game management area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Such a move might change the business model behind ride-sourcing (and ride-sharing - see below) from one based on a technology platform connecting riders and independent drivers to one based on a company-owned, operated and managed fleet of automated vehicles. If this were to happen, the service delivery model of ride-sourcing may more closely resemble that of company-owned and managed public transport fleets. These typically centre on how to both license ride-sourcing services and address the possibility of unfair competition with other service providers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The application of law and norms in military operations is complex. This article provides an overview of legal and normative aspects in un peace operations. It will focus on key challenges to un peace operations. First, it will review un peacekeeping from the perspective of international law. After providing an overview of the legal framework of un peacekeeping and the application of human rights law, international humanitarian law, and international criminal law, the article turns to issues related to the accountability and immunity of un peacekeepers. The final section addresses normative concepts including the responsibility to protect, the protection of civilians, human security and their relevance in regard to un peacekeeping.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As another example, TRIPS (Article 31) obligates governments, when issuing compulsory licenses, to respect certain procedural requirements.58 Beyond these procedural minimum standards of protection, there are no substantive restrictions on the discretion of governments to freely determine the grounds upon which a compulsory license may be granted to allow the patented invention to be used without authorization of the patent holder. Org/unctadictsd/projectoutputs.htm#top), Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, pp. Concerns about broad exclusive rights and their impact on competition and innovation have also been expressed in developed countries, see, e.g.. United States Federal Trade Commission, “To Promote Innovation: The Proper Balance of Competition and Patent Law and Policy”, Report, 2003 (executive summary available at http://xml.coverpages.org/FTC-InnovationReportSumm.pdf).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This reflects a low tax-to-GDP ratio, a high share of consumption taxes in total tax revenues, and a personal income tax riddled by tax expenditures which benefit mostly the rich. Taxes on goods and services account for the bulk of tax revenues - 45% in 2010, compared with 33% in the OECD area (Figure 1.17). Income and wealth taxes are paid mostly by firms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Thereafter, they decline gradually to the initial level. The participation rates of this group during 2004-2005 were well above those during the other two periods, and the lowest rates were recorded in 2011-2012. The gap between 1999-2000 and 2011-2012 was maintained through all ages except towards the end of the age spectrum. While the LFPRs of men in households with small children are relatively high.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This means thinking beyond agriculture to the rural economy, and beyond saving the small farms on which the poor now reside to generating sustainable employment. The index is constructed from data on a variety of variables related to four main components: political governance, a general indicator of capital available to the broad economy (social indicators and infrastructure), quality of markets generally, and indicators related to the agricultural sector (factor markets, R&D and infrastructure). The author's apply a simple weighting scheme to the various indicators and build an index which is correlated with income per capita and agricultural value-added per worker. The components of the index do vary, although they tend to be positively correlated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Growing populations, resource depletion and climate change compel all of us to think about sustainability and the needs of future generations. At the same time, the interaction between technology and globalisation has created new challenges and new opportunities. Digitalisation is connecting people, cities, countries and continents in ways that vastly increase our individual and collective potential.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Atkinson, A. B. (1998), Poverty in Europe, Blackwells Publishers, Oxford. Part 7: The Drivers of Labour Eamings Inequality - An Analysis Based on Conditional and Unconditional Quantile Regressions”, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. An Exploratory Statistical Analysis”, Housing Studies, Vol. Mapping Income Inequality Across the OECD”, OECD Economics Department Working Paper, No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)