albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This would help in the development of effective public health policy interventions (Box 3.1). An ADB study compared actual and recommended numbers of air quality monitoring stations in Asian cities based on population and pollution level, as implied by an EU directive though terrain and other factors also affect the number of sites needed (ADB, 2014). Generally, cities in developed Asian economies had enough monitoring sites for their population, Singapore, for example, has 15, while 13 are recommended for a city of its size (Table 3.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Indeed, other governmental institutions in Kazakhstan have similar, if not overlapping, functions as Kaznex Invest. They include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and a special Government Council charged with the co-ordination of major investment projects, which appears to have a large network abroad. While the co-ordinating role of the MID on investment promotion is progressing, the Investment Policy Review' also highlights the need for increased co-operation between various institutions to increase the impact of investment promotion and reduce costs. A recent review of Kaznex Invest operations conducted by the Eurasia Competitiveness Programme (hereafter, OECD, 2015d) found that the agency’s performance was relatively poor compared to selected benchmarks (investment promotion agencies from Turkey, the Czech Republic, Hong Kong and Nicaragua that performed well).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The health attitudes, attributes and behaviours that are developed and cemented during adolescence, which begins at age 10, will define a girl’s health outcomes throughout her life. Positive choices during this critical period in a girl’s life, and access to youth-friendly health services, have lifelong effects. Strikingly, an adolescent girl is more likely to die from AIDS than any other cause (World Health Organization, n.d.). In 2013, two thirds of the 250,000 new HIV infections among adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 were among girls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For instance, median household income - an income measure which better reflects the actual material living standards of a “typical” household - has evolved quite differently from GDP per capita in a number of countries. It also emphasised the need to go beyond single measures of inequality and argued in favor of looking at the structure and location of inequalities, such as within each half of the income distribution. Putting more focus on the lower-half of the distribution, it documented a relatively widespread tendency for bottom incomes to lose ground relative to median incomes, and, as a result, an increase in relative poverty in the majority of OECD countries. The latter summarizes the level of income by placing progressively more weight on different portions of the distribution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At the same time, national policies for employment and training policies are more effective when they draw on local knowledge to match skills development with job opportunities and are adapted to the local labour market conditions (OECD, 2014c). Local governments play an essential role in, among other things, enhancing and sustaining skill formation, job creation and supporting transitions throughout the life cycle by building comprehensive local career information and well-articulated training to employment pathways (OECD, 2016b). Moreover, city governments are well-positioned to support partnerships with educational institutions, businesses located in their jurisdictions, trade unions and civil society towards better integrated policies and training programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Intimate partner violence against women: experiences from a woman-focused development programme in matlab, Bangladesh, Journal of Health Population and Nutrition 23(1): 95-101. Combating gender-based violence and enhancing economic empowerment of women in Northern Uganda through cash transfers. Love on the Rocks: Domestic Violence and Alcohol Abuse in Rural Mexico. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy: 8(1), article 43.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, 4 out of the 21 Italian regions have poverty headcounts overlapping the national value, so that the statistical difference of the estimates for these regions and the national values cannot be confirmed at a 5% confidence level. Data providers can also usefully ‘flag’ estimates with high sampling error, using simple criteria such as the number of sampled household in the respective cell or defining reliability thresholds based on the coefficient of variation. Standard errors or other quality assessments are however not routinely published for regional data. Such information cannot be easily produced by researchers from micro-data files as the computation of sampling error need to take into account variations in the sampling design. Unfortunately, detailed information on the sampling structure is rarely available in the public-use files of household surveys such as the EU-SILC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is important to keep in mind that the organisation of the school network must be about ensuring quality education for all children. Students’ access to high-quality education should not be affected adversely by their place of residence. In some cases, closing the school may not be the best solution -the distance to travel may simply not be practicable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
ABSTRACTToday expectations of accountability and trustworthiness in governing entities is greater than ever before. The process of change has been given impetus by new information and communication technologies resulting in e-government and e-democracy. This research aims to analyze transparency and democratic participation in Italian and Spanish LGs. The web pages of Italian and Spanish LGs with more than 100,000 inhabitants are analyzed using twenty determinants of fiscal transparency and eight determinants of e-democracy. Results show considerable similarity between Italian and Spanish LGs with regards to the disclosure of financial information, while the adoption of e-democracy tools requires further development in both countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This, in turn, reinforces their poverty and keeps them trapped in the vicious circle of poverty and low productivity (chart 2.1). This weakness is due to inadequate public R&D, low private R&D spending, and weak training, extension, business and technical support systems. All types of (public and private) extension services for firms, in the form of support institutions that can be easily accessed to give advice on new technologies and on new equipment, are weak.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, cash transfers are not universally appropriate and may be difficult to deliver in certain contexts, harder to target, more prone to corruption and capture and inflationary. They are a complement to, not a replacement for in-kind assistance (Harvey, 2007). In many crisis situations, women become the primary carers and breadwinners, yet humanitarian aid and social protection support has frequently been channelled through men, resulting in poorer outcomes for women and their dependents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Sluggish growth in manufacturing after the slowdown of 2008-09 has prompted concerns about the sustainability of the current growth path and the international competitiveness of agriculture, manufacturing and tradable services. This is seen as a potential hindrance not only to rapid growth in employment and income, but also to the achievement of a more inclusive growth path, notably in view of the low intensity of direct employment in the minerals sector. Innovation offers possibilities for entering new activities as part of a cumulative process of economic diversification. New kinds of increasingly skill-, capital- and knowledge-intensive activities will add to the productivity growth achieved through the increasing efficiency of existing activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Although connectivity increases, the reliability of information, the safety of access and the openness of data is not guaranteed. The Smart Cities for All toolkit supports a range of organizations and roles related to Smart Cities, including government managers, policy makers, ICT professionals, disability advocates, procurement officials, technology suppliers, and developers who design Smart City apps and solutions to be accessible for all. The toolkit includes several tools targeting specific digital inclusion challenges facing all cities and is available in 10 languages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In 1980, Africa had a balanced agricultural trade when both exports and imports were at about USD 14 billion, but by 2007 its agricultural imports exceeded exports by about USD 20 billion (FAOSTAT). The increase in agricultural and food imports has been particularly striking for basic foodstuffs such as dairy products, edible oils and fats, meat and meat products, sugars, and especially cereals, implying that food imports have been playing an increasingly important role in ensuring food security. For Low-income Food-Deficit countries, persistently high and rising import bills can have serious macroeconomic and social impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Net replacement rates are evaluated for a prime-age worker (aged 40) with a “long” and uninterrupted employment record. Six of the eight countries recorded falling NRRs (as did the OECD area as a whole). The largest drops are shown in countries where the generosity of more than one type of benefit was reduced: Finland (UI, UA and GMI), Poland (Ul, GMI), followed by Germany (GMI and merging of UA and GMI) and France (UI and UA). The moderate increases in NRRs in the United Kingdom (both before and after the crisis) are largely the consequence of lower in-work incomes (e.g., because of higher taxes) that occurred at the relevant earnings levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Much depends on the pace of capital accumulation and the building of domestic productive capacities. Public expenditure and general government policies can help support the creation of employment and wage opportunities by developing linkages between export-oriented primary sectors and the rest of the economy. However, unless external shocks can be prevented, such as a real revaluation of the Brazilian real during the past decade, it is impossible to implement reasonable redistribution policies and policies that promote the productive potential of the economy, especially in manufacturing. However, the increasing complexity of economies, owing partly to globalization processes, has made it difficult to find inverted U-curves in inequality data for countries for the period since 1980.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Cross-country differences are large, with professional mobility ranging from 12% of the working age population or less in Italy, France, Greece, Ireland and Portugal, to more than 25% in Finland, Sweden and Iceland. However, while women have on average the same number of labour transitions as men, the transitions are of a different nature. Women experience fewer episodes of unemployment, changes in employer, or changes in contract type.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
However, no change has been found in species diversity since 2004. Slow and unclear recent improvement seems to be occurring as aquaculture facilities, which were largely responsible for the deteriorating conditions, were removed from the Red Sea Bay in 2008. Only 8.5 km2 out of the 280 km2 of inland wetlands which once existed in Israel remain today, a mere 3%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Recent reforms in Italy, and in particular, the recently created National Agency for Regional Healthcare (AGENAS), are instructive here. Health system managers, whether at national, state or institutional level, are rarely able to point to projects that have used data to identify areas of excellence or weakness, or that have been used as a basis for quality improvement work. Infrequent comparison and benchmarking of results is a linked problem, since even simple things such as waiting times are not measured consistently across Mexico’s sub-systems.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Given the current level of price premium for denitrification, it is unclear whether all coal-fired units will install a denitrification facility. Compliance assessments of plant operations by the Government revealed improper operations of FDG facilities in some power plants. As a consequence, plant owners not only had to return the premium paid, but were also charged high penalties, up to five times of the amount received (Zhang, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This article reexamines the exclusion of African Americans in the discipline of criminology and criminal justice. Young and Sulton raised this issue in their important article that focused on the role of African American scholars in various aspects of the field. The article revisits several areas investigated in the original article, including the integration of African American scholarship in assorted scholarly outlets, race of editorial board members of the major criminal justice journals, race of grant recipients, use of African American criminologists as experts for media stories, and as consultants in the policymaking process. In addition, the authors’ analysis examines criminology and criminal justice programs at historically Black colleges and universities. The results from these analyses show moderate progress within the past decade. Nevertheless, the authors conclude that in the next decade, much more needs to be accomplished in many of the areas examined to facilitate the integration of African ...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Single-parent families then face a much higher risk of poverty than families with two parents in every country: while 1 in 10 families with two parents is income poor on average across the OECD, the poverty risk is three times higher (33%) for single-parent families. Across the OECD, this poverty risk affects about 1 in 6 children living in singleparent families. Children in this family situation nevertheless represent a growing share of the poor child population: around 39% of poor children are with in single-parent in 2014 on average in the OECD while their proportion was more than 4 percentage points lower in 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the projection model, urban attractiveness is the result of four different factors: expectations over production volume, capital returns, market size, and local environmental conditions. The first three indicators are positively correlated with attractiveness. The modelling exercise shows that the attractiveness of the 78 metropolitan regions included in the OECD metropolitan database is strongly positively correlated to firms’ expectations about production and reflected in the average production growth rate (Figure 5.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Assessing whether adaptation measures contribute to reducing a country’s exposure and vulnerability to climate change requires aggregating information horizontally across climate-sensitive sectors, as well as vertically across different levels of government. Another important spatial dimension is that of transboundary climate risks, which can be unintentionally imported or exported across countries, for instance through international business supply chains or trade. There are emerging examples of climate risk monitoring at the transnational river basin level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
With two birth cohorts, research can moreover examine the changing circumstances in which children grow up and how their experiences are evolving. The study is funded by the Scottish government and seeks to provide new information to support policy making, but its findings are also intended as a resource for practitioners, the voluntary sector, academics and others. The tools used differ according to the age of the child and include several widely used and validated scales.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In particular, they need to give priority to those teachers who have a permanent nomination and take into account their seniority. Teachers apply directly to schools and/or school boards and the hiring procedure typically involves interviews by the school board (Flemish Ministry of Education and TVaining, 2015). This can occur with “acceptable” qualifications, if the individual has a teaching degree for the relevant level of education but in a different field of study, or with “other” qualifications, when the individual has a degree other than a teaching degree and/or some relevant professional experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Indonesia has been struggling to reform its corrupt bureaucracy for years. In 2002 an independent Corruption Eradication Commission ( KPK ) was established by law. This article explains how the commission has managed to avoid the usual corrupt practices—the ultimate danger to its mission—by circumventing the flawed incentive-system of the civil service. It compares key features of the  KPK ’s human resource management system with the practices of the general civil service and argues that autonomy in internal budget allocation, recruitment practices, performance-based promotion, remuneration, and attendance have fostered  KPK  staff integrity. The ability of the  KPK  to promote job descriptions and performance-based remuneration in the civil service dissipated once it went beyond select allies, but has ultimately fed into a new civil service law passed in 2014. To sustainably reduce corruption, the new Indonesian government must rigorously follow through with civil service reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
She told her boyfriend that he really ought to leave her, but he refused, standing by her side through gruelling rounds of chemotherapy and radiation. At one point, she had been asked if she wanted to preserve her eggs, but the subject came up in front of her father and felt too uncomfortable for discussion. The stick turning positive was the best thing that ever happened in my life,” she confides.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is worth noting that the same indicators were 25 per cent in 2000 for Asia and the Pacific but decreased slightly since then, resulting in a total drop of 2 percentage points between 2000 and 2013. The value added per capita in Africa illustrates the level of development of manufacturing on the continent, tables 6.2 and 6.3 provide information on the two indicators during the period 2005-2015. When one takes into account population size, manufacturing value addition is low but rising, especially in West, East, Central and Southern Africa as a group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article addresses treaty-based regimes and the so-called Ocean Corporate Social Responsibility (ocsr) that are relevant to marine environmental protection and energy activities. In this context, special attention is paid to the interactions among the legal regimes in which the environmental and safety rules and standards are adopted and to the effects of the regulatory technique of “legislation by reference”. After examining the relevant obligations of States within the framework of the un Convention on the Law of the Sea and the International Maritime Organization, the authors analyse ocsr, especially its preventive, damage mitigation and compensatory functions and its potential synergies with the treaty-based regimes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Care policies impact the balance of responsibilities among the family, the community, the State and the market and should seek to balance the resources allocated to each age group. Public policy impacts monetary and non-monetary transfers between generations, this is a complex aspect of the social contract for care. While there have been no substantial systemic changes, in some countries the consolidation of national systems and care service networks is making its way onto the policy agenda. In other countries the discussion centres on making care one of the pillars of social protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
As the OECD Competition Committee highlights, this intermittent generation therefore raises the challenge of how to maintain the balance of supply and demand when renewable supply varies (OECD Competition Committee, 2010). A more flexible allocation of power production can enhance the ability of the electric system to accommodate high shares of renewable energy. This is an advantage of wholesale markets over power purchasing agreements, which -despite their convenience - reduce the flexibility of the power park to adjust rapidly to sudden increases in renewable energy production. Many factors enter in the choice of which technology will be used to match supply with demand (e.g. cost of production, ability to ramp up or down the power supply, etc.).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Women in leadership positions not only bring gender perspectives to the job, but serve as role models and project a level of ambition that positively impacts girls, especially in regions where widespread gender stereotyping and discrimination persists. In 2015, the Americas had the highest share of female members of parliament in the world (25.2%), the liighest share of women ministers (22.9%) and a relatively high niunber of female executives in government, with women in leadership roles in Argentina, Brazil and Chile (Inter-Parliamentary Union and U.N. Women, 2015). Between 1997 and 2014, the share of parliamentary seats held by women more than doubled in Mexico (from 14% to 37%), Chile (from 8% to 16%) and Peru (from 11% to 22%). During the same period, this share also increased from 12% to 20% in Colombia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Further pressures include disturbances from fishery and by-catch of birds and otters, oil extraction and transportation (with the danger of regular and accidental spills), solid waste disposals, invasive exotic species of plants and fishes, high numbers of wild boars, reed-burning, unsustainable collection of medical plants, landslides, and more frequent occurrence of drought periods. Diminishing rural populations is a problem, because traditional practices have become part of the functioning of the ecosystem, and lively rural areas have an important tourism potential. This initiative was triggered by and receives support from WWF.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This chapter looks into the challenges that arise in successful implementation of the age-old principle Aut Dedere Aut Judicare, especially in relation to acts of terrorism as under treaty law or under Geneva Conventions. In the backdrop of the emerging jurisprudence under international criminal law, one can definitely conclude that member states have at least theoretically challenged certain age-old principles international law, like immunity of sitting head of states and other officials, non-intervening sovereignty of states. This chapter shows that even in the age of increasing number of indictments, states are still active in delaying or stalling processes of surrendering individuals to face trials, irrespective of the nature of the forum. The obstacles come in the nature of immunities, impunity agreements, exile arrangements, and amnesties, declining requests citing political offence or death penalty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the United States, the high supply of cannabis is due to extensive illegal production within the country, large-scale smuggling from Mexico and large-scale production and diversion from states within the United States that allow cannabis production for nonmedical purposes and for medical cannabis programmes. Authorities of some states have complained of a spillover effect created in their territory by the diversion for trafficking purposes of cannabis from neighbouring states that have legalized the drug for non-medical purposes. United States authorities have also reported a 62 per cent increase in the number of cannabis-related emergency department visits between 2004 and 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)