albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Table 4 presents the distance of the toilets from the households. The closest distance ranges from 1 to 50 feet, while the greatest distance ranges from 251 to 300 feet. The encouraging finding is that the majority of people (73 per cent) had access to toilets within the lowest range (1-50 feet). Table 5 shows the latrine-sharing pattern in the selected slums, where a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 66 households shared one latrine. The table shows that less than half of the households (48 per cent) fell in the lowest range (1-15), while the larger portion of the households (52 per cent altogether) shared latrines with 16-75 households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Additional private sector finance could be mobilised if REDD+ were eventually to be included in the mandatory carbon market. According to Climate Change Update (2011), the proportion of adaptation funds in total climate change finance increased sharply from 8% (USD 587 million) to 21% (USD 957 million) between 2010 and 2011, and adaptation finance is expected to continue to increase in coming years. Established in 2010, the GCF was designed as a comprehensive multilateral financing mechanism to support climate action in developing countries. While the Parties have pledged to mobilise USD 100 billion in long-term financing per year by 2020, the extent to which the GCF will be used to channel this finance is still unclear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Per capita, the amount of food available for human consumption was more than twice as high as in 1980. Food balance sheets indicate a clear improvement in production aggregates for the region as a whole, though the main food balance sheet items have remained relatively constant in relative terms since the 1980s (Figure 4.7). Animal feed has increased from 20 to 25% of total production, while waste subtracted from production has fallen from 17 to 13%. In the light of studies of maize in Benin, Ghana, Mali and Nigeria, the share of waste reported in food balance sheets could be overestimated (IITA, 2010a, IITA, 2010b, IITA, 2011a, IITA, 2011b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is estimated that 60% of the world’s major marine ecosystems have been degraded or are being used unsustainably. Many fisheries are over-exploited, with some stocks on the verge of collapse, and coral reefs are bleaching due to exposure to high temperatures and other pressures. Concurrently, pollution from land-based sources, including marine litter, is threatening species and marine habitats, and climate change compounds these effects and alters both the thermal and chemical characteristics of the ocean as well as its dynamics and nutrient availability. Since the 1980s, for example, an estimated 20% of global mangroves have been lost and 19% of coral reefs have disappeared.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
If we look at the sub-regional picture, the greatest progress can be seen in South East Asia, followed by the North and Central Asian countries (ESCAP 2010). The region’s 15 LDCs have made slow or no progress on most indicators, performing well only on gender equality in primary and secondary education, and in stopping the spread of HIV and TB. The performance of the 15 Asia Pacific LDCs is summarized in Table 3.1. It shows wide divergence in performance across countries and with respect to overall status of the Asia Pacific LDCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The two countries should cooperate for the delineation of transboundary qroundwaters, and in the field of monitorinq. Transboundary aquifer under consideration, but not approved. The Upper Neretva River flows through a mountainous landscape, for the last 30 km, From Mostar (Bosnia and Herzegovina) to its mouth, the river spreads into an alluvial delta covering 200 km2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This envisages all children with different impairments being integrated in regular schools. The policy requires differentiation and work against the stigmatisation of disabled children. The Commonwealth Education Fund (CEF) was set up in 2002 to co-ordinate international NCO funding for education in 16 Commonwealth countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Taking this decision, the Committee seems to have relied on a literal interpretation of art. See the Case of Dudgeon v. the United Kingdom,Application No. Nihal 2002, p. 164. For example, the ways in which international human rights courts and United Nations treaty bodies have interpreted the right to privacy, encompassing the protection of women's reproductive freedoms, the protection against marital rape40 as well as an adult's decision whetherto engage in sexual conduct with a same-sex partner,4’ undoubtedly influence the interpretation of provisions related to the family. An assessment of when a law, policy or practice has a discriminatory impact depends not only on the circumstances of the case but also on the point in time when the assessment is made.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Objective: To describe how mental health policy is developed and implemented.Methods: A review of the literature on public policy analysis and the experience of the author in the development and implementation of national mental health policy.Results: A five-step process of problem identification, policy development, political decision, policy implementation and evaluation provides a framework for understanding the policy cycle.Conclusion: An understanding of this process is essential for psychiatrists and other mental health professionals in order to influence the process and content of mental health policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
An important question in this context is whether or to what extent the employment of immigrant workers has been beneficial or detrimental for the employment of native-bom Thai workers. In accordance with the literature, which generally does not report significant effects of an increased presence of foreign-bom workers on native-bom workers’ employment rates, it is found that this presence has no impact on the overall level of native-bom individuals’ employment. However, there is a positive effect of immigration on the level of native-bom paid employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
They also have a direct impact on women's ability to access and control resources. Some of these countries - including Morocco, the Republic of Korea and Turkey— began the period with extensive discriminatory provisions, but have since advanced significantly towards more gender-equal family laws. However, as of 2005, eight countries—Algeria, Bangladesh, Egypt, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Jordan, Malaysia, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia— had maintained highly discriminatory laws that, for example, endorse men's authority over women in marriage, give men greater rights over property and limit women's ability to file for divorce.15 These countries span different regions but all apply a conservative interpretation of Islamic family law. Minor reforms of the family law took place in 1993, but major changes were resisted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The BWO coordinates the withdrawals from the canals, as these need to be synchronized with water releases from the Nurck Reservoir on the Vakhsh tributary. Vegetation that is resistant to water-logging is used by the population. The agricultural wihcrawd: figures tor Taykistan. However, the consequences of the decreased water flow in the lower Ainu Darya arc to be assessed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The rate of female participation in Belarus would have put it around 20th, had it featured in the GCI. Primary enrolment rates in the six countries range from 84% of the relevant age group in Armenia to 100% in Georgia, but in all the countries at least 98% of both boys and girls progress to secondary school. Secondary enrolment rates range from 80% of the relevant age group in Republic of Moldova to 98% in Azerbaijan. Ukraine, Republic of Moldova and Armenia devote an above OECD average share of public spending to education, and Ukraine exceeds the OECD average for the percentage it devotes to tertiary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Clearly, with only a few data points currently available for assessing post-crisis policy reforms, a comparison with pre-crisis trends is necessarily preliminary. Indeed, in view of the scale of social, economic and fiscal challenges resulting from the GR, its consequences for redistribution policy will continue to play out over an extended period of time. However, because the crisis has led to a spike in reform activity, an assessment of the associated distributional consequences thus far is both interesting and important. In line with most cross-country studies of income inequality, we focus on interpersonal redistribution (between income groups), rather than iateitemporally (over the life cycle).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While the SCoT was initially conceived as a tool to help larger communes manage land that was outside their direct control, this was too narrow a perspective. Because a SCoT requires agreement among the members, it must consider a broader set of interests, including those of the smaller communes that also play a key role in the organisation because of the increasing expansion of the whole urban and peri-urban area. Questions about: local economic development, mobility, and the role of local food and farmland preservation, need to be approached at a larger scale.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Such a scheme makes it easier to manage the financial risk associated with increased flexibility inherent to automatic adjustments. This consideration is likely to be especially pertinent in countries where the normal duration period for first-tier unemployment benefits is relatively short and unemployed persons who are not eligible for UB or exhaust their entitlement have only limited access to second-tier assistance benefits. Low UB coverage exerts pressure on the last tier of income assistance to provide for a responsive basic floor of income support for job losers and other unemployed persons, especially in a context of a depressed labour market and a high incidence of long-term unemployment. However, there are also risks in easing the access of unemployed persons to SA or other last-resort benefits. These benefits typically are not associated with activation measures that are as effective as those associated with UBs, creating the risk of a long-run increase in benefit dependency. However, if it is not considered desirable or feasible to expand UB coverage, then it is generally more desirable that unemployment assistance or social assistance play this role, rather than other income replacement benefits such as early retirement or disability benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Austinian handicap of international law is well-know and has been widely discussed in the literature. It constitutes a common charge made by International Relations theorists against the international legal scholarship as a whole which is derided for deifying its object of study. From an Austinian perspective, international law cannot be considered a set of commands for it can only be enforced by moral sanctions. The ambition of this paper is certainly not to refute the Austinian handicap or to rebuild legality beyond enforcement. The modest point this contribution seeks to make is rather that Hart provides only a temporary respite from the Austinian handicap which he reintroduces in another form. In making that argument, this paper aims to provide some elements to critically re-evaluate the place of enforcement in our studies of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Given these assumptions, starting from 1988 EDF decided to implement a 4-batch strategy with a cycle length reduced to 275 equivalent full power days (efpd) with respect to the former 3-batch and 330 efpd strategy. This change allowed for a 12% reduction in the overall fuel cycle cost and for a better fuel utilisation. However, a few years later, the forecast turned out to be inaccurate, with energy demand rising unexpectedly and the nuclear park being at margins only for 2 000 hours per year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Coral reefs A wide range of donor-based and innovative or market-based funding sources can be used to enhance the management of coral reefs. Protected Areas Domestic government budgets are the single largest source of protected area funding in most countries. In the developing world, many protected areas rely on funding from international agencies and other foreign donors, including multilateral donors (e.g. European Union, World Bank, regional development banks, and Global Environment Fund) and bilateral donors (e.g. USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and European countries). Significant funding also comes from private sources, including business and philanthropic foundations as well as nongovernmental organizations and local communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In other words, their income would be 15% higher had the 1995 policy stayed in place, and been adjusted in line with wage growth every year (this is in line with the drop in the maximum UA benefit entitlement shown in Annex Table A5). The “break-even” point is between the 6111 and 7,h earnings decile (indicated by the vertical dashed lines). At this earnings level the sum of benefits and taxes is unchanged relative to the 1995 system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, one drawback of this calculation method is that it assigns a lower score for land-use changes occurring in degraded land, therefore the equivalence ratio and, by extension the fees, would be relatively low while the costs to restore an equivalent land could be high. Given that the in-lieu fees are based on reference average costs for restoration and reforestation activities, and on an equivalence ratio, the area of land-use change does not equal the area of land restored and/or reforested. The in-lieu fees collected in the Forest Fund for compensation of land-use change in forested areas in a given year in each federal state represents the budget available to CONAFOR to conduct the compensation and restoration activities in the federal state where the fees were collected. The funds must therefore be used for compensation activities located in areas near where the land-use change takes place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Numerous intergroup practices have engaged Palestinians and Israelis with the hope of peacemaking and peacebuilding. As many have noted, this work has yet to achieve the desired conflict reduction and sustainable peace in the region. One important grassroots effort in building peace is a small-scale Israeli–Palestinian public negotiating assembly called the Minds of Peace Experiment. Another conflict resolution effort is intergroup dialogue, a sustained facilitated group experience designed to provide a safe space for participants to address divisive issues. This article compares and contrasts these two peacebuilding methods and how they inform each other to be used in tandem to secure a peaceful resolution to the conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This activity has created 65 jobs. With its ownership of the resource and its 15% shareholding interest in the enterprise, the commune earns an annual income from the operation. A regional-scale shopping centre has sprung up next to the Belgian border. The municipality derives some revenues from petrol sales and other commercial taxes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Municipalities often grant exemptions from the “territorial economic contribution”, a local property and value-added tax paid by businesses, in order to attract jobs (OECD, 2015b: 39). In doing so, they often encourage investment in suburban or peri-urban locales, which is contrary to spatial development objectives. Finally, local governments also make too little use of their power to modulate taxes on new low-density construction, while a number of measures to ease property access give undue encouragement to new construction at the expense of renovations (OECD, 2015: 39).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Consequently, the pattern of water availability and intrinsic characteristics in each water basin is heterogeneous and very relevant to all water supply-side decisions. For instance, the Sebou water basin holds 30 per cent of surface water resources and groundwater and, although it represents only 6 per cent of the total area of Morocco, 18 per cent of the country’s population lives within it. The northern (Loukkos, Tangier and Mediterranean Coastal) and Sebou basins cover nearly 7 per cent of the area of the country and more than half of the surface water resources. Conversely, the Tensift, Bouregreg and other southern water basins exhibit water security insufficiencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
These are primarily wind, solar, hydro, biofuels and co-generation. In addition, governments have partnered with private sector and civil society organisations to support small and microenterprises with training and concessionary financing. The annual budget is Jamaica’s short-term plan. There is also a rolling three-year Medium Term Social and Economic Policy Framework, and an annually revised three-year macroeconomic plan, which frames the annual budget. In theory, all of these should be aligned with one another within the long-term plan, Vision 2030. In addition, there are ongoing initiatives to prepare parish plans under the Local Sustainable Development Plans, which also ought to be aligned to the national plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In real terms, public spending on education grew at an average annual rate of 10% between 2004 and 2013. This reflects the growing importance of education as an area of public investment and a clear commitment of national authorities to improve resourcing in education. Indeed, the government which took office in 2015 set the ambitious target of converging to a public spending on education of 6% of GDP by the end of its term (INEEd, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Bloch and Paschukanis have given a different answer to the question: What is law and what should happen to law in a socialist society? Paschukanis argues against Stalin’s order to create a specific socialist or soviet law and was killed for his dissident approach. He explained the thesis that law is a creation of exchange in capitalist societies, and that therefore socialist law, he declares, is an oxymoron. Forty years later Bloch came to an opposite result: to prevent servility and oppression in “socialist societies” of the eastern world the tradition of human rights should be conserved and developed, i.e. they should reflect the solidarity of the new post capitalist order. This debate is not only of historical interest, but represents a different approach to a theory of law and concerns the relation between social change and law as an instrument of this change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, about 40% of all recorded poisoning of mammals and birds is attributed to agriculture (MoEP, 2009, 2010a). Israel’s population is projected to increase by 1.8% annually and to triple by 2050. Demographic changes are leading to increased demand for new dwellings and for more floor space. Taken together, these effects are increasing demand for new construction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, the literature and debate (especially from Indigenous scholars and representative organisations) highlight distinct and broader criteria of educational and learning success, such as positive self-concept, strong cultural identity, happiness and confidence. There is a widespread concern among Indigenous scholars and community advocates about loss of language, the importance of language and cultural preservation and revitalisation, and a desire to see greater social harmony, anti-racist sentiment and cultural respect (Dreise and Perrett, forthcoming, CCL, 2007). Indigenous research also points to identity, wisdom and traditions as critical in shaping identity and character, and sustaining deep relationships between kin, land and water.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While public health remains the primary site of authority for preventing HIV transmission, recent shifts in the biopolitics of HIV have heightened tensions in the institutional and discursive relations through which the sexual lives of people living with HIV and broader HIV epidemics are regulated. Most notably, over the past decade, criminal justice responses to HIV have gained considerable traction. The growing use of the criminal law to regulate perceived HIV transmission risks has occasioned considerable controversy among people living with HIV, community-based AIDS organizations, health-care providers, public health authorities, prosecutors, judges, and the legal community. This article introduces a special section of Critical Public Health focused on the public health implications of HIV criminalization. The article reviews past and current work on the topic, situates the contributions made by the articles published in the special section, and outlines directions for future inquiry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although these have different goals, and the target groups are somewhat different, the separation of what are essentially similar services provided by the same specialists has the potential to cause confusion for clients. So far, the Unemployment Insurance Fund has reported that disabled people prefer to access services from the Social Insurance Board. New systems of information sharing between the different bodies providing these services will become increasingly important as the Work Ability Reform is rolled out: there is a new pilot scheme to use the International Classification of Functioning to assess individuals’ abilities and share this information between providers of medical services, the Social Insurance Board and the Unemployment Insurance Fund. The Social Insurance Board has recently taken over the provision of aids to those with reduced work capacity from county governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
There are technical synergies between production and transport, not only in the provision of network services such as load balancing but also in the localisation of production and/or transport facilities. The debate about ownership un-bundling (severing not only the managerial but also the financial link between producers and transporters) has destabilised transport operators who no longer know how investment decisions will be coordinated between owners and regulators. The progressive integration of national electricity markets poses the question of investment in transnational interconnection capacity and its’ financing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
These problems add to the challenges that are common to sustainable forest concessions outside protected areas, including insufficient technical capacity, lack of infrastructure and unresolved land tenure conflicts (Chapter 4). Effective management of such areas requires offering the communities meaningful economic opportunities to sustainably use natural resources. Although traditional communities generally have good knowledge about the use of natural resources, they often lack sufficient expertise for sustainable farming, forestry and fishing that meet market demand levels, and generally have limited access to markets (Prates and Sousa, 2014). This lack, in turn, may translate into a risk of increasing the pressure on the natural asset base.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Energy Efficiency Watch 2012). The Efficient Vehicle Incentives Programme, launched in 2012, facilitates the replacement of older, fuel-intensive vehicles with high efficiency models with lower consumptions and GHG emissions. A direct government aid of EUR 1,500 per vehicle is given for efficient vehicles whose before-VAT cost is EUR 25,000 or for electric, plug-in hybrids whose before-VAT cost is EUR 30,000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)