albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Existing or foreseen restrictions on power peak prices, lack of credibility of carbon policy, the uncertain pace of development of renewable and nuclear policies, as well as energy efficiency policy targets, all induce a degree of policy risk. Private investors are not in the best position to handle these kinds of risk. Following the economic crisis, many OECD countries are currently experiencing a situation of excess capacity, and thus have a window of opportunity in which to address these issues before considering other more interventionist arrangements. This should be a priority as they will deliver economic benefits in terms of lower dispatching costs and better price signals and have the potential to substantially reduce the transitional costs associated with of decarbonisation. This includes improving renewable policies, removing restrictions on peak prices, creating more transparent and efficient market platforms for flexibility services, developing efficient locational pricing and integration of the day ahead, intra-day, balancing and reserve markets. Obviously, this is easier said than done and in particular improving climate policy depends on a range of wider issues including progress with international negotiations and will take time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Mortality data comes from Eurostat’s demographic database, while self-perceived disability data comes from a minimum European health module that is integrated within the survey on EU statistics on income and living conditions (EU-SILC). The EU-SILC question reads: “For at least the past six months, to what extent have you been limited because of a health problem in activities people usually do? Would you say you have been: Severely limited? Not limited at all?”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The ERCOT market enables demand-side responses through programmes such as Load Acting as a Resource (LaaR) or Balancing Up Load (BUL) that provide balancing services to the market. By increasing DSM capacity on intraday and balancing markets, market liquidity could be increased in the last stages of the technical operation of the system (demand-offer adjustment) thus increasing openness in intraday and balancing markets. As an example, ERCOT has also programmes to integrate demand-side participation in ancillary services and balancing markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Only French local authorities with tax raising powers can join the Agency, this includes cities, inter-municipal entities with tax autonomy, departements and regions. The AFL is modelled on similar institutions that have long operated in Northern Europe without default (the oldest among these, Kommune Kredit, was first established in 1899). This model is gaining traction across OECD countries and has recently been adopted in both New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Approximately 70% of French local authorities’ investment expenditure is self-financed and their debt amounts to 8% of GDP.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
High costs of untargeted transfers naturally encourage efforts at targeting in favour of poor people to try to assure a greater impact on poverty for a given budget outlay. However, fine targeting it is not necessarily the best instrument for this purpose given the (sometimes hidden) costs and incentive effects. One question is then to define the relevant population group to be targeted and the criteria to be used to delimit it.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For Britain and Canada, estimates are available only for all working-age adults, for Germany, there are also estimates derived for men and women and for natives and migrants separately. The study for the Netherlands provides estimates for natives, other EU-born and non-EU-born individuals as well as for all individuals. For Norway, there are estimates based on three definitions of SA that include different benefit types.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Engagement on the platform via applications will provide significant benefits, yet, these have to be transparently communicated and sufficiently proven. A healthy balance of extrinsic regulatory incentives and intrinsic motivation can induce buy-in for the private sector to join and foster the platform. Existing data standards from private and public sector initiatives, including the collection of financial and ESG data on infrastructure performance, could be integrated into the process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Part IV: The Preferences of the Population]. - Danish Forest and Nature Agency, Copenhagen, 43 p. Available at: http://www.naturstyrelsen.dk/NR/rdonlyres/6BA78078-1188-494B-841E-EF89ECF0C064/13461/dnf_eng.pdf. [ Cited 29th July 2013]. More than half of the country is covered with forests, which account for about 2.2 million hectares of which about 40% is state owned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Ethereum in its current implementation is using PoW, but its upcoming Casper implementation will include a switch to PoS. Other promising protocols like IOTA are upcoming, but are not yet mature enough for production. Furthermore, in later stages of CLM hybrid solutions are in discussion, i.e. submitting the hash value on the public blockchain, while keeping sensitive metadata and the documents themselves in a secured permissioned-only private DLT like Corda. Here the consensus mechanisms are notary nodes, and various consensus algorithms can be used depending on client preferences and requirements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Hydrothermal plants have disturbed or destroyed some natural hydrothermal regions like geysers or hot springs (Kristmannsdottir and Armannsson, 2003). Land impacts from drilling operations can largely be mitigated once generation has begun. However, in more sophisticated settings, waste water can also be utilised for home heating or industrial uses (Kristmannsdottir and Armannsson, 2003).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the case of electricity for instance, the challenge is to ensure that subsidies increase access at the lowest cost, while ensuring that electric utilities remain viable and continue to invest. Each will need different approaches to meet the policy challenges identified above. Appendix A provides additional detail concerning these topics. Non-renewable energy sources are not replenished when used, and include fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil and petroleum products) and uranium.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There is an emphasis on freshwater waterways, exotic forest species, and exotic marine species in estuaries and coastal waters. With regard to water management, the national programme of dams expected to provide hydroelectricity (2007) foresees construction of ten new dams on Portuguese rivers (subject to environmental impact assessments). A national water plan was due in 2010, pursuant to the EU Water Framework Directive. In the area of sea management, there is a national strategy of the sea (2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Hence, before accounting for redistribution, “middle-class” households in these countries participated only very partially in overall economic growth, as real GDP per capita during this period roughly doubled on average. Real-term income gains were more sizable in Israel, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and, especially, in the United Kingdom. Median market incomes fluctuated without a clear trend in Australia and Poland and essentially stagnated over the period as a whole. The initial period used for these comparisons, which is dictated by data availability, clearly matters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The aim is to create a system of care framed within social reform policies, with a universal, rights-based perspective. A combination is also being sought between creating services and supporting families so that they can hire care services within or outside the home. Community participation, in its existing forms and in new ones, will be a cornerstone of this process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As parliamentarians, they enact laws on security and arms-control policy. As civil society activists, they lobby Governments to increase security and build peace. When this happens, women's experiences are more likely to be discounted and their needs more likely to go unaddressed, which can, in the long run, facilitate and legitimize violations of women's rights and violence against women and can undermine sustainable development, peace and security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Setting an expectation of continuous improvement through standards of practice for the profession would help put the conditions in place that encourage teachers to reflect on their practice. Strengthening pedagogical leadership in schools, which should include improving school leaders’ skills for classroom observation, feedback and coaching, and encouraging the further distribution of leadership and teacher leadership would also help establish informal feedback in schools, including from teachers’ peers. Considering the small size of the school leadership profession, measures that target this group can, furthermore constitute highly cost-effective measures for improving teaching and learning in schools (Pont etal.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the complainants’ view, the drugs prices were excessive because even when taking account of the need to recoup R&D costs and make profits, as well as the obligation to pay certain licensing fees, the prices remained unjustifiably elevated. Before the Tribunal could adjudicate on the issue, however, the affected companies agreed to license the right to use the patented substances to a number of local manufacturers. Such agreements had existed before, but under terms and conditions that proved impracticable for the local producers (e.g. sales only allowed to the public sector, at a 30 per cent royalty rate). The TRIPS Agreement (Article 31) leaves members free to determine excessive prices as a substantive ground for compulsory licensing (see above, the section on compulsory licenses).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Biotic (living) factors function with the abiotic (non-living) factors to form a complex unit such as an ecosystem. Typical themes include the number and population trends of known species of flora and fauna (terrestrial, freshwater and marine) and their vulnerability status category. Human activities affect flora, fauna and biodiversity both directly and indirectly, resulting in changes that are reflected by statistics on the status of flora and fauna species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Progress is being made with improving the exchange of information between different public agencies. However, better information systems to which all relevant authorities have direct access are needed to make eligibility verification work, and deliver social support to those who really need it. The NOBUS survey provided a wealth of information on the effects of policy, but it was held in 2003 and has not been followed up. The introduction of a similar initiative on a regular basis would help policymakers to choose more effective policies and the actions from this would more than justify the cost of the survey.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
They may also capture the experiences of adult survey respondents, providing guidance on the nature and prevalence of those respondents' food needs. In terms of measurement, existing systems do not tap children's perspectives on their own lives, nor do they flow from a conceptualization of food insecurity that is grounded in children's experiences, their roles within households, or the ways in which they make sense of their environments. Adult survey respondents tend to under-report child food insecurity, missing as many as half of children who, themselves report going hungry because there is not enough food [16]. In terms of delivery, these systems rely on household samples, which exclude children in institutional settings and homeless children, and can substantially under-represent them in highly vulnerable household situations (migrant workers, those living in urban slums, distant rural households, those living in refugee camps, multi-family or extended family households) [17].
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A recent post-conflict study in Africa found that the HIV-infection rate of adolescent girls was four times that of adolescent boys. Indeed, recognition of homophobic violence continues to be one of the greatest taboos in modern war, although its use appears to be increasingly widespread. The society has become increasingly militarized.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Based on its definition, it is not a requirement that an innovation activity or outcome is successful. It is also not a requirement that an innovation has a positive effect on society or the financial results of a firm. This new measure, total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD), aims to track all resources invested to achieve the SDGs, and will - for the first time - allow transparency of the full array of officially supported bilateral and multilateral financial flows to developing countries as well as South-South co-operation for sustainable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Montenegro’s lower secondary school network has the most advanced integration of entrepreneurial learning into its curricula, perhaps in part due to the size of the school network. It is one of the few' countries to have organised specific training on entrepreneurial learning for school management and teachers. The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia has also included entrepreneurship as a compulsory part of the curriculum in secondary education (both as a separate subject and cross-curricular competence) and has begun training teachers and school management.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A survey by Etsy, an online platform for creative commerce, indicates that 86 per cent of Etsy sellers in the United Kingdom are women (Etsy UK, 2017). A survey by the International Trade Centre (ITC) also shows that the share of firms owned by women doubles when moving from traditional offline trade to cross-border e-commerce. In Africa, three out of four firms trading exclusively through e-commerce are identified as being owned by women (ITC, 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article examines the ways in which Islamic civilization has faced the challenges of the modern age and of globalization. The expansion of Islam in world history is itself a global or proto-global process with its own distinctive internal dynamics. The main challenge to modern Islam, coming from the global political culture in the form of constitutionalism and democratization and human rights, has set in motion a civilizational encounter that has significantly altered the politico-religious dynamics of the proto-global, pre-modern Islamic pattern. The intermingling of these inter- and intra-civilizational processes is traced with respect to the subversion of constitutionalism by ideology during the 1945–1989 period, and the slow recovery of the rule of law since 1989. The same framework of civilizational analysis is used for understanding Islamic fundamentalism, and counter-global defensive developments in contemporary Islam.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Instead of small-sized facilities, investments would need to be directed into an environmentally friendly large scale MRF which has a higher capacity to process waste for a given number of barangays. Consolidating the MRFs produces value for money and helps introduce technological innovation and efficiency which is not viable on small scales. Though this could temporarily create job losses for some workers in this area, these people can be shifted to other associated areas where opportunities would be created in material collection, processing and manufacturing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
International agreements and cooperation are important means of supporting implementation. Through the Economic Commission for Europe Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention),b which was adopted on 25 June 1998 and entered into force on 30 October 2001, countries have been engaged in ensuring that access rights become effective. In Latin America and the Caribbean, a regional instrument whose aim is to ensure the full implementation of access rights and to promote international cooperation in that regard, is currently under negotiation, with the support of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Further, at the eleventh special session of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 24 to 26 February 2010, the Governing Council of UNEP adopted the Guidelines for the Development of National Legislation on Access to Information, Public Participation and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Bali Guidelines).'
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Viet Nam had a population of approximately 87 million in 2010 with annual population growth close to 1 million people. The working-age population (15 to 64 years old) constitutes 68% of the population, however, around 33 million of them are unskilled. Most of these unskilled workers live in rural areas and many of them have suffered from the process of urbanisation and industrialisation that has recently taken place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Caution must be exercised in assessing the public heath burden due to exposure to radiation since some health problems, such as cancer, may also be caused by other factors. This topic includes statistics about morbidity (incidence and prevalence) due to toxic substance-related or radiation-related diseases and conditions, as well as measurement of the associated impact on the labour force and on the economic costs. Where available, the attributable fraction and burden of diseases, premature deaths and DALYs associated with toxic substances and radiation is to be included in this topic. These statistics are also relevant in Topic 4.2.2: Impact of technological disasters. The main provider of epidemiological data is usually a country’s sanitation or health authority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Concessional finance to STI amounts to USD 10.5 billion per year, representing 5.9 % of total concessional finance by DAC members, multilateral organisations and other countries. The largest share of concessional finance supports research related to development challenges. Non-concessional finance represent a minor share of total development finance, however, it still represents nearly USD 3 billion per year, not counting export credits.7 Non-concessional finance mainly consist loans from multilateral development banks towards technology-related infrastructure projects, e.g. relating to ICTs and renewable energy, and investments in raising countries’ technological and innovative capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
By setting the wage above the local casual labour rate, the MGNREGA public works programme in India encouraged people to withdraw from exploitative casual labour such as bonded labour (McCord, 2012). In addition, by paying men and women equal wages, the programme narrowed the gender wage gap, wages for female casual labourers increased by 8 percent in participating districts compared with non-participating districts (Azam, 2012). The MGNREGA programme has actually eased seasonal fluctuations in labour demand and thus stabilized wage rates (Shariff, 2009, Creti, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Pollin and Zhu (2006), for example, found that an inflation rate up to 15 to 18 per cent is associated with moderate growth gains, after which growth declines. Anwar and Islam (2011) explore the inflation-growth trade-off for developing economies and obtain similar ranges of acceptable inflation rates that are growth-stimulating rather than growth-inhibiting. According to another study, the threshold is 11 to 12 per cent for developing economies (Khan and Senhadji 2001). These rates are substantially different than the inflation targets set in a number of developing countries, which frequently lie between 3 to 6 per cent (Epstein and Yeldan 2009). By raising the target inflation rate, central banks could allow real interest rates to fall, thus stimulating output and growth, and generating revenues to fund infrastructure spending and employment growth. It is worth reiterating that monetary policy has not typically been seen as a means to promote gender equality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is the second of the new chapters. It reviews the recent literature on the origins of World War I—one of the most important case in the book—and uses it to evaluate my treatment of German decision-making. It explores the implications of this literature for crisis management and international relations theory more generally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
If free trade makes the prices of the goods produced by high-skill workers relatively cheaper in South compared to autarky, then inequality must go down in South. Deardorff (2001) argues that fragmentation may lead to increased FPE and therefore that GVCs will lead to a reduction in global inequality. In this environment, if free trade makes the prices of the intermediate goods used by high-skill workers relatively cheaper in South compared to autarky, then this tends to increase inequality.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Indonesia's 1999-2004 decentralization reforms created opportunities for land-use planning that reflected local conditions and local people's needs. We report on seven years of work in the District of Malinau in Indonesian Borneo that attempted to reconnect government land-use plans to local people's values, priorities, and practices. Four principles are proposed to support more interactive planning between government and local land users: Support local groups to make their local knowledge, experience, and aspirations more visible in formal land-use planning and decision making, create channels of communication, feedback, and transparency to support the adaptive capacities and accountability of district leadership and institutions, use system frameworks to understand the drivers of change and resulting scenarios and trade-offs, and link analysis and intervention across multiple levels, from the local land user to the district and national levels. We describe the application of these principles in Malinau and the resulting challenges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 2007, the Norwegian government decided to provide students in upper secondary' education with free educational materials. The regional educational authorities were tasked with distributing these resources, using funds provided by the national government. A total of 18 out of 19 regional educational authorities teamed up to produce some of their own learning materials instead of purchasing materials produced by publishers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In some cases the women work in slavery-like conditions and their employers frequently take away their passports. They lack access to services or protection mechanisms and do not report abuse for fear of being deported. In many countries, domestic workers are not recognized as "workers" entitled to protection by labour laws. Strict immigration laws lead to many migrant domestic workers being in an irregular situation, outside the protection of the law, or dependent on the employer, since their immigrant status depends on the employer's continued sponsorship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Evidence shows a low public esteem for the teaching profession in Chile. A study from 2010 (Avalos and Sevilla, 2010) found 80% of teachers reporting that social recognition of their profession was medium to low. Just 33.6% of Chilean teachers reported feeling that their profession was valued by society, according to TALIS (MINEDUC, 2017a, OECD, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)