albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Greening also will require changes in attitudes throughout the population, not just the industrial sector. This last component brings transnational corporations (TNCs) and large local firms into the picture because a major driver to greening is consumer demand in final markets, as buyers seek assurance that environmental and social standards have been met along the entire supply chain. Across food, textiles, leather goods, bottled drinks and chemicals, these results show win-win outcomes from the greening of industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Gorillas are valued at USD 400 000, and rhino homs can earn traffickers up to USD 65 000 per kilogramme. While the full extent of the wildlife trafficking industry in Sub-Saharan Africa is unknown, the deleterious effects of poaching on local ecosystems and wildlife populations are gruesomely visible. Endangered w ildlife in coastal East Africa includes marine turtles, African elephants, black and w'hite rhinoceroses, great white and whale sharks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
We ran forward and backward citation checks among all identified articles that met the inclusion criteria. Two independent researchers scored the articles using three domains— (1) research team and reflexivity, (ii) study design and methods, and (iii) data analysis and reporting—to assign a score of high, medium or low quality. We did not exclude any studies according to this assessment but report on the scores achieved by each study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The results are presented in Table I.A1.1. This is less than the 13% found by Topel (1999), but at the higher end of the range of results in Bassanini and Scarpetta (2002). The 10% rise in per capita output is not surprising since coverage encompasses a longer time period and a higher number of countries, including those where there was more pronounced growth in both educational attainment and output per capita.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter aims to provide guidance on the critical steps needed to ensure the inclusiveness of stakeholder engagement processes, taking into account recent trends (newcomers) and the long-standing need to better engage “unheard voices”. Knowing who is responsible for w'hat and at which level is a first step towards understanding the stakeholder “landscape” and identifying redundancies and gaps in the institutional framework that impact policy coherence and sector performance. A stakeholder mapping can be used to identify the core functions of stakeholders involved in the sector and to assess how' effective they are in carrying them out.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The diversity of distribution mechanisms is shown in Figure 5.4. In particular, in many low- and middle-income countries, due to the lack of availability of medicines, both in hospitals and outpatient units, often the relatives or patient need to purchase medicines themselves. This category aims to include all consumption of medical goods where the function and mode of provision is not specified. Because their use is only preventive, they should in theory be allocated to prevention.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
We can easily forecast that a larger window size predicts the arrival rate A [req/s] well if A is almost static. On the other hand, too large a window size may cause a slow reaction to the change of the base workload. Thus, we conducted the experiment while increasing the value of A from 0 to 15 in 600 s to find the best window size.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As the Supreme Court reconsiders whether Congress can so freely provide for criminal enforcement of agency rules, this Essay assesses the critique of administrative crimes though a Federal Criminal Law lens. And it explores the extent to which this critique carries over to other instances of mostly well-accepted, delegated federal criminal lawmaking - to courts, states, foreign governments, and international institutions. By considering these other delegations through the lens of the administrative crime critique, the Essay destabilizes that critique’s doctrinal foundations. It then suggests that if one really cares, not about the abstract “liberty” said to be protected by the separation of powers, but the lived “liberty” gained through careful and accountable criminal lawmaking, free from the pathologies that have bedeviled federal criminal law for more than a century, then administrative crimes are normatively quite attractive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
AbstractA fundamental tenet of modern constitutionalism is that nobody, regardless of his status in society, is above the law. Constitutional reforms in the 1990s saw the introduction in many African countries of constitutions which for the first time provide some prospects for promoting constitutionalism and respect for the rule of law. This article reviews the extent to which these reforms have addressed the issue of presidential absolutism and the abuses that go with it. It examines some of the factors that made African presidents to be so powerful that the conventional constitutional checks and balances could not restrain their excesses. It also reviews the attempts to limit impunity through immunity provisions. It concludes that unfortunately, the 1990 reforms did not adequately address the problem of presidential absolutism. A number of ways, nationally and internationally, in which presidential accountability could be enhanced and the culture of impunity ended is suggested.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The practical deployment of new ICTs has become a driving force of customised Internet platforms and applications (Pereira et al., The function of ICT platforms has taken new and varied dimensions as virtual meetings, Internet-based platforms (social media, chat rooms, online fora) and e-voting are used more frequently. Their role is not only to provide the available knowledge to inform stakeholders and debates but also to constitute the common-ground through which these debates are organised, and to integrate other sources of knowledge (e.g. crowdsourcing and knowledge sharing from the community collected through apps and social media).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
So the implications of moving to neutral policies (free trade) will vary within and between food exporters and food importers. This approach subsumes the combined effects of policies and transaction costs in impeding price transmission. Data from the FAO Global Information and Early Warning System show that recent food price increases have had heterogeneous impacts (Sharma, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Innovative finance for development initiatives were conceived to narrow this gap, with the idea that innovation could be used to ensure that part of the wealth generated through globalisation, rather than benefitting just a few, should be used to the benefit of many. Initiatives tagged as "innovative” by some stakeholders may not be considered so by others. At present, innovative finance for development comprises many very different initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The parameters of the log normal energy consumption distributions are calibrated in each country from available data, most often food balance sheets for the average energy availability and household surveys for the variance. The percentage of undernourished population (also referred to as the chronically hungry) is measured as the area under food consumption distribution curve below the minimum requirement cut-off point measured in kcal/person/day, which is specific for each country. The FAO uses a related indicator to monitor the Millennium Development Goal of halving the number of undernourished. Another related Food Security Indicator in the FAO statistics is the depth of food deficit, which measures (in kcal) the gap between the average dietary energy consumption of the undernourished population (food-deprived) and the average dietary energy requirement, scaled up to the population as a whole by the total number of food-deprived persons. This indicator captures both the availability and access dimensions of food insecurity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Countries such as Australia, Belgium, Canada, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and Sweden have formal mechanisms for making national reimbursement decisions based on an HTA, while in others, including Denmark and Switzerland, an HTA is not part of the formal decision making process (Jonsson and Wilking, 2007). In addition, a sensitivity analysis for uncertainty is not always carried out. Partly due to these differences, findings are not always consistent across studies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The annual budget of approximately EUR 1 185 000 (2008) is financed by the European Social Fund, the Berlin Senate Administration for Education, Science and Research and the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology. The main partners include the TUB Alumni, Business Angels, VC, TUB Faculties and university institutes active involved in business start-ups, external business support organisations, Berlin networks, the Technologie Coaching Centre, colleagues in the rest of Germany and abroad, and organisations fostering women's entrepreneurship. The OECD's way of working consists of a highly effective process that begins with data collection and analysis and moves on to collective discussion of policy, then decision-making and implementation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, women are significantly less likely to work as employers in those three countries. Figure IV.A1.2 shows that this is true of all European countries, except Luxembourg. Figure IV.A1.3 shows the proportion of female- and male-owned enterprises in three size classes of the number of persons employed (1-4, 5-9, 10 or more).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Moreover, a stable democracy with an effective rule of law has been established. A range of governance indicators relating to both political and economic conditions shows that Chile has caught up with, or even surpassed, OECD averages. Income per capita remains significantly below the OECD average -making sustained and non-inflationary growth an important goal. Between 1986 and 2007, Chile’s income per capita grew at around twice the rate in the OECD area and the income gap with richer countries was reduced substantially.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper highlights the gaps, inconsistencies and uncertainties in the current reporting framework, which was developed for both long-standing obligations and mitigation pledges for the period to 2020. The paper also identifies possible improvements in the UNFCCC reporting framework in the context of the post-2020 transparency framework and nationally determined contributions (NDCs) for the post-2020 period. Ce document met en evidence les lacunes, incoherences et incertitudes de l’actuel cadre de notification qui a ete elabore pour rendre compte a la fois des obligations de longue date des pays et de leurs engagements d’attenuation jusqu’en 2020. These reasons include understanding individual or collective commitments or pledges, tracking progress towards them, providing confidence in and enhancing accountability of quantified information measured and reported, and providing background information - including on the scope and ambition of national climate responses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In 2010 GDP was US$550 million with GDP per capita estimated at $3,023 and real GDP growth at -1.3 per cent. Samoa’s economy contracted over 2009 and 2010 as a result of the global financial crisis and the 2009 tsunami, but the International Monetary Fund expected it to grow by 3 per cent in 2011 as the construction and manufacturing sectors continued to improve and remittances and tourism numbers remained steady. The United Nations has reviewed Samoa’s least developed country status and in 2007 recommended graduation to developing country status in 2010. However, as a result of economic reconstruction challenges in the aftermath of the September 2009 tsunami, Samoa’s graduation was deferred, it graduated January 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Through these centres, children, teenagers and adults in 6 548 remote towns with more than 100 inhabitants have access to telecommunication services such as the telephone and Internet. The infrastructure installed under this project enables the development of appropriation strategies that promote the use of ICTs for the benefit of the community's economic, social and cultural activities, in line with SDGs 1, 4, 5, 8 and 9 - fighting against poverty, ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education, promoting inclusive and sustainable economic growth and building reliable and resilient infrastructure. The Kioscos Vive Digital programme has driven economic and social development in rural areas, improving the living standards of many Colombians in need. The project is a city network providing open access to the Internet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The Collaboration for Environmental Evidence (w'w'w.environmentalevidence.org) has published systematic reviews of the effect of protected areas, payment for ecosystem services and aspects of forest management on various human welfare, habitat and species preservation outcomes (Baylis et al. Including a broader variety of approaches to evaluate effectiveness, the OECD DAC Evaluation Resource Centre (DEReC) has collected over 3000 evaluation reports from its member’s development agencies, including on environment, forestry and agriculture (www .oecd.org/derec'). Theory-based evaluation aims to ascertain, through a mixed methods approach, the question of why a programme or policy did or did not work. It examines the assumptions underlying the causal chain from inputs to outputs, outcomes and impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Once such an agreement is signed by workers’ representatives, a worker who refuses its application can be fairly dismissed for economic reasons, which represents a derogation from the labour code that is currently in force. The new legislation also reduces, for termination cases, the length of the period in which a complaint can be filed (which however remains much longer than the OECD average, in particular in the case of dismissal for personal reasons) and shortens and simplifies the procedures in the case of collective dismissals. Finally, a specific schedule for worker compensation is set for pre-trial conciliation settlements, which is lower than standard levels of compensation awarded by courts when the judge rules that the dismissal is unfair.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
To this end, different quantification tools are needed. Earlier applications showed, for instance, that the process of stakeholder mapping needed to be carefully designed and carried out at the very beginning of the assessment. Therefore, a more participatory exercise was developed for the NWSAS assessment (see section 3.5), where stakeholders were mapped and their relationships and power balances were described early in the process. For example, the organization of an additional consultation opportunity or investigation of an issue that emerges during the process may turn out to be necessary. The methodological flexibility has proved very useful in terms of adaptability, and flexibility from the side of the funding agencies and participating organizations is extremely valuable as well. Also, work under the Water Convention has been coordinated with other organizations, which has contributed to synergies between different nexus activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Given the size, complexity and diversity of Sydney, one way to proceed would be to delineate sub-regions within Sydney where local governments, business and communities could work to address problems. Given the importance of skills, an alternative is to consider the catchment areas of the metropolitan institutes. Figure 8 shows the geographic spread of the four metropolitan TAFE institutes. The Sydney Institute is at the core of what has been termed global Sydney.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This chapter is concerned with the prospects for a safe and sustainable environment in a fair and just world. At present, these prospects look bleak. However there are a number of legal developments and ethical principles on which to build, including the European Convention on the Protection of the Environment through Criminal Law, notions of environmental, ecological and species justice, and conceptions of human rights. The chapter considers these in five sections: first providing an overview and exploring the links between human rights and environmental issues, then examining examples of environmental crimes / harms and attempts to regulate or criminalise these, before outlining the development of a Green Criminology and proposals for an international law against ecocide as a framework for addressing this range of challenges. Finally, concluding comments draw attention to debates and directions for discussion and research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
For example, based on a questionnaire among sub-Saharan African countries, an ITC study shows that while the internet is often used to communicate with clients and counterparts abroad, the 25 interviewed TIPOs do not yet have joint ventures with e-commerce platforms. The ‘in-market support abroad’ index assesses the institutions’ ability to support clients in foreign markets and to provide appropriate in-market support information. The elements in the 'in-market coverage’ indicator that contribute to export stability are regular reviews of overseas support networks and good on-the-ground support to clients by working closely with overseas networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The war had reinforced for Butler that the legalization of international relations was on the rise and the role of war was in decline, tamed by its subjection to law. However, Butler added that the development and use of what today we call the practice of “public diplomacy” was also required. In addition, Butler sought binding arbitration and defended a robust system of collective security. Yet all these institutional mechanisms rested on a more fundamental necessity—the creation of what he called “the international mind.” Engendered by liberal values, the international mind is best conceived as a cooperative and generous attitude in the settling of international disagreement. Enlightened world public opinion at work within the nation states of international society would be the carrier of international mind, its diplomacy working to bolster international law through compelling the compliance of nation states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The employment rate is defined as the ratio of the employed to the employable, including the self-employed but not including students continuing their studies after graduation. Source: Authors’ analyses based on MyCOS survey data. Countrywide surveys assessing education outcomes have been scarce too. The scores obtained at the gaokao exam (which conditions access to higher education) cannot serve as nationwide indicators since this exam is administered at the provincial level, with around half of the provinces and municipalities having their own exam questions rather than the national ones used by other, primarily less wealthy, ones. Exams at earlier stages, for instance to enter lower and upper-secondary schools (or even good primary schools) are even more decentralised - to the city, county/district or even the school level - hampering comparisons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The population growth rate is about 2.5%, significantly higher than the average growth in Israel (see Table 1). The ratio of Jews to Arabs is 2.2 (see Table 2), significantly lower than this ratio in the rest of Israel (3.9). It is this growth rate that accounts for the high growth in population in the Negev in spite of the negative migration from the Negev region (0.61% per year). This is particularly true among the Bedouins in the Negev.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
To fulfil its mandate, the co-ordinator requires ready access to the executive team and, ideally, reports to the head of a government organisation. Gender units may form an inter-agency network and can participate in government-wide working groups established by the gender equality hub to discuss documents to be adopted at the inter-agency level. While the creation of ministerial gender units may create extra layers of administrative hierarchy and may slow down decision-making, it appears to be an important transitional measure to boost gender equality reforms at the ministerial level. Nearly 30 Equality Units have been formed in different public universities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Portugal takes a more outcomes-based approach for three-to-six-year-old children, as their Curriculum Guidelines include child outcomes (Table 2.1). Both include academic-based learning subjects, such as communication, language and text, numbers, spaces, and shapes and science, as well as a strong focus on the development of social skills, creativity, sense of wonder and need to investigate: “soft skills” that are related to active participation in society and lifelong learning. Curriculum content relating to natural sciences is included by all countries (including Sweden and its reference countries).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Effective public investment requires substantial co-ordination across levels of government to bridge information, policy or fiscal gaps that may occur, as well as critical governance capacities at different levels to design and implement public investment projects. An Implementation Toolkit provides guidance with details for all countries (www.oecd.ore/effective-public-investment-toolkit). However, FDI inflows have been lower in the Philippines than in all other countries of the Southeast Asian region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There are however several unique challenges that need to be considered in order to see this potential maximized. Because the poor will often own smaller amounts of land, ensuring their participation will require setting the minimize land size requirements for the programme adequately low. While the inclusion of a larger number of smaller plots will tend to increase transaction costs, as outlined previously, a number of technical and institutional innovations can be employed to limit these effects. Ensuring the ability of the poor to participate will also includes ensuring that they have adequate access to the necessary capital, insurance and other financial services. As PES programmes often include upfront costs and can involve considerable investment risk, these services are critical to ensuring programme accessibility. Furthermore, because the poor are often renters of land rather than the owners of it, PES also has the potential to adversely affect the livelihoods of the poor by increasing the opportunity cost of the land to land owners and therefore increase the rent demanded.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They are more likely to make sense where they help address other issues, including risk sharing, technical expertise, and project design and management. A recent OECD survey found that the lack of adequate capacity for sub-national governments to manage PPPs was seen as a significant challenge by 16 of 19 responding OECD country governments (OECD, 2013c). Governments wishing to expand the role of private finance in urban public investment may therefore need to address these capacity issues before proceeding very far - for example, by establishing dedicated PPP units that can work with local authorities (OECD, 2010d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Comparing Approaches to Measure Multidimensional Child Poverty, Innocenti Working Paper2016-29, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti. Defining and Measuring Poverty and Inequality Post-2015, Journal of International Development, 27(3), 399-414. Using Non-monetary Deprivation Indicators to Analyze Poverty and Social Exclusion: Lessons from Europe?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)