albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
A prominent example is the track and trace case for tuna to combat illegal fishing. Using devices for tracing (e.g. RFID tags, QR codes, NFC devices, or cameras), information about the fish can be collected at almost any point throughout the supply chain (Visser and Hanich, 2018). As the data is recorded on a transparent and immutable registry, each fish can be tracked back to its origin by respective regulators, NGOs, and consumers. The technical implementation of this use case can be applied to other natural capital in agriculture, livestock, and forestry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It enlarges the range of forest-based products and the scope of biobased materials for emission reductions. Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and other nano materials collected from wood and bark are being used as raw materials for producing plastic, fabrics, pharmaceutical and beverage products. These raw materials, on the one hand, store carbon and avoid carbon emissions by substituting emission intensive materials such as oil.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
However, a significant barrier to the increased penetration of renewable energy arises from the “intermittent” nature of the electricity produced. While some sources are “dispatchable” (e.g. hydro, geothermal, and biomass), wind, solar and wave/tide power are subject to varying weather and ecological conditions. The extent to which the grid as a whole can accommodate such variations is a function of its capacity to adjust to supply and demand shocks, and as the penetration of intermittent renewable sources increases the need for such capacity increases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is also recommended for MPI to establish a knowledge sharing platform where provinces can share their PPGAP experience (e.g., methodology, development processes) with other provinces, so that they can efficiently develop their PGGAPs with less external resources. A central support team could be organised with the involvement of relevant ministries (for example, the Ministry of Construction for urban green growth) which provides training as well as some hands-on support to develop PGGAPs. The central support team, together with the knowledge sharing platform, can ensure effective knowledge exchange and capacity building at the provincial level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The purpose was to prevent sharp price increases and eliminate seasonal price fluctuations. The mechanism includes the establishment of the regional “stabilisation funds” for local food markets. Since 2008, KZT 5.6 billion have been allocated from the republican budget to Social and Business Corporations to set up the Service and Collection Centres (SCC). Budget funds were allocated as a contribution to the authorised capital of the SCCs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Many of these adults in developing countries are the very parents of these child labourers. Children are preferred because they are the cheapest —or even free, if bonded—labour. They are physically and mentally docile, they do not form unions or go to court' so no challenge for the employer and thus perpetuating this vicious cycle.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Secondly, cash for production programmes were implemented, mainly involving the removal of rubble and six road rehabilitation projects in vulnerable neighbourhoods. The workers received a payment based on the volume of rubble removed per day, measured in cubic metres (Lamaute-Brisson, 2013). The beneficiaries are expected to use the resources to finance productive investments (Bene and others, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Angolans have started hiding pirated movies and music in Wikipedia articles and linking to them on closed Facebook groups, creating a free and clandestine file sharing network in a country where mobile internet data is extremely expensive. Angola's Wikipedia Pirates Are Exposing the Problems With Digital Colonialism." Not only is the existence of a competitive mobile market fundamental, so is the intensity of competition. Regulatory steps to create a more competitive mobile market will align prices more closely with costs and enhance affordability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Evidence gathered during the study visit shows the critical role that is being played by ‘green skills champions’ among the managers and staff of the four metropolitan TAFE Institutes, driving forward developments in learning for sustainability. As well as these public institutions, private registered training organisations have emerged to offer generic and tailored courses in skills for sustainability. It means the city has sufficient critical mass that could be leveraged to create a national and international profile for its expertise in this form of training.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It also presents an overview of the urban public transport system in the country as well as the level of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution in the main urban centres. Finally, the major health risks associated with the main air pollutants are analysed. This discussion forms part of the justification for the need for public support for investments in the transport sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In many African countries, fixed broadband does not even exist. The box on the right explains the contribution of each of the three sub-indices indicating that the largest component of the rise in EGDI comes from improvements in OSI. This shows that investment in OSI is the fastest means of improving a country's EGDI rankings. However, the graph also shows the importance of investing in infrastructure and human capital in the long term. While improvements in both infrastructure and human capital have been slower, they are equally important for a healthy and functioning e-government system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The most common form of contributory social security scheme is “social insurance” which mainly covers formal wage employment. National Provident Funds would be an example of this. This includes, for example, social pension, health insurance, life insurance, disaster insurance and so on. The non-contributory schemes on the other hand are social assistance schemes based on condition of entitlement to receive benefits and provide conditional or unconditional transfers in cash or kind (ILO, 2010/11). Social assistance as the Department of International Development (2006: 1) notes, “comprises non-contributory transfers that are given to those deemed vulnerable by society on the basis of their vulnerability or poverty”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In line with the standard discourse, employment in industry increased slightly for Thai-bom workers and considerably for foreign-bom workers, suggesting increasing industrialisation in Thailand’s economy and an important role for immigrant labour in this process. Due to the increased employment opportunities in manufacturing and in other sectors, there has been increased female immigration from abroad as well as heightened rural-urban immigration by foreign-born women rather than foreign-bom men. In general, foreign-bom workers (male and female) tend to be present more in the urban areas of Thailand with the magnitude increasing over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Among children that have been at least four years in kindergarten only 15% scored low, compared to nearly 40% of children with only 0-2 years of experience. The availability of free core time (20 hours per week) increased the participation of minority-language children by 15% and led to better results on mapping tests in the first and second grade compared to areas with no intervention (i.e. free core time). However, private business and non-profit organisations contribute to the cost of pre-primary education in a small number of countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Human trafficking is a serious global problem that transcends international borders and disciplinary boundaries. It presents a conglomeration of problems generally dealt with by public health, criminal justice, social service and immigration agencies. Victim advocates state that millions are victimized each year. The data suggest that law enforcement agencies perceive human trafficking to be of greater, or equal, concern for the myriad of social institutions and participants affected by human trafficking than for law enforcement, itself. Policy recommendations are to refocus the law enforcement response - which may include various approaches that can simultaneously benefit public health - by incorporating an Epidemiological Criminology framework to help to guide the development of more systematic and integrative insight into the world of human trafficking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Since women's empowerment is usually considered as a way to achieve gender equality, the two terms accompany each other in most development literature regarding women, notably MDG3. A great number of existing researches have addressed the issue of gender digital divide. However, the findings of this study revealed that it is compounded by the significant lack of gender-disaggregated ICT statistics at national, regional and international level which hiders the national policy makers to adequately capture the patterns of ICT access and use by women and to develop relevant policy alternatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This Time: Our Constitutional Revolution. By Anthony Barnett. London: Vintage, 1997. Pp.371, £6.99. ISBN 0 099 26858 2. Constitutional Implications of Executive Self‐Regulation: The New Administrative Law. Edited by Terence Daintith. London: Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, University of London, 1997. Pp.76, £5.50. ISBN 0 901190 47 0. Citizenship: The White Paper. Edited by J.P. Gardner. London: British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 1997. Pp.429, £35. ISBN 0 903067 75 7. The Republican Crown: Lawyers and the Making of the State in Twentieth Century Britain. By Joseph M. Jacob. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1996. Pp.419, £37.50. ISBN 1 85521 725 2. Secrecy and Power in the British State: A History of the Official Secrets Act. By Ann Rogers. London: Pluto Press, 1997. Pp.140, £10.99. ISBN 0 7453 1092 3. A Bill of Rights? By Michael Zander. Fourth edition. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1997. Pp.179, £8.95. ISBN 0 421 58430 0.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There are limits in the extent to which measures of disposable income reflect households’ wealth and/or standard of living. Home ownership, for instance, can bring a supplement of wealth that would modify the estimation of poverty rates if it were taken into account. Note also that poverty rates poverty rates calculated according to current disposable income current disposable income does not capture the impact of savings and debt, nor does it account for the irreducible expenses households may have to cover basic needs in terms of housing, electricity, heating, transports, childcare, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
First, the multitude of different strategic documents of equal status with either the same or, to a large extent, overlapping objectives, all valid for the same period and therefore expected to be simultaneously implemented, resulted in competition for the limited available state budget funding and limited institutional and staff capacities. Similarly, foreign donors have difficulty understanding what the priorities are among several similar and overlapping policy documents. In some cases, substantive contents of the strategic documents are not fully reflected in the corresponding implementation action plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Traditional communities have increasingly requested the establishment of this type of protected area, which can provide a means of improving living conditions and getting access to public services and social benefits (Section 5.3). In 2014, over 50 new extractive reserve proposals were filed by traditional fishermen alone (Prates, 2014). In 2011,20% of the Amazon area was supposedly public land, which facilitates the establishment of protected areas, while only 4% was covered by valid private property titles (Figure 4.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The provided figures therefore underestimate total national public support for the sector. National level data on support for social rental housing provided by the central government is missing for Canada, Estonia, Germany, Japan, Luxembourg, and the United Kingdom. In addition to public subsidies in the forms just discussed, the sources of financing for social rental providers include rental income, debt finance and equity contributions. Rental income consists of the rents paid by social tenants which are, as discussed, often subsidized by housing allowances. Various rules are used in OECD countries to set rent levels in social rental housing. Rents are based on tenants’ income in Australia, Ireland, Japan, Luxemburg and New Zealand, they are set based on dwelling costs in Austria, Denmark, Finland and Switzerland, and, they are set based on the dwelling characteristics such as size and location in the Netherlands and Estonia (OECD QuASH).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Social security expenditures grew but by less than 1% of GDP in nine countries and were essentially unchanged in Hungary. Reduced over-time, debiting of individual working-time accounts and other employer-initiated reductions in working-time accounted for the rest of the fall in working time. Double-counting may be a particular concern in Austria, Finland and Germany.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
However, with the exception of what is now characterized as a largely symbolic purchase by the government of Norway of 200 million tons of carbon sequestration for US$2 million, along with a few minor bilateral and philanthropic deals, no other major sale has occurred. World Bank financing and Global Environment Facility grants that began in 2001 now total more than US$80 million. Bilateral assistance has come from Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau Bank, the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation and the Government of Japan. Approximately one third of the PES programme revenue has come through these channels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Since then, road deaths have steadily decreased (with some fluctuations) and were halved by 2004. In 2013, Korea counted 5 092 road deaths, a 62% decrease when compared to the level of 1991. With a population of 50.2 million, there are 19.4 million registered vehicles (i.e. around 400 vehicles per 1 000 inhabitants). Korea’s road network totals 106 414 km, which includes 4 111 km of motorway.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
We explore the ways in which the formal recognition (to some extent) of Indigenous knowledge systems within environmental governance and the role of reconcilition in achieving environmental justice. We examine whether recent agreements between the New Zealand Crown (Crown) and Māori tribal groups (iwi), known as Treaty ‘settlements’, to establish shared co-governance and management over rivers encapsulate and are capable of achieving environmental justice for Māori. We draw on schoalrship on legal and ontological pluralism to consider questions of how to remedy environmental injustice and what reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples means in settler societies. Rather than seek to provide a singular definition of Indigenous environmental justice (IEJ), we instead examine how Indigenous peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand and other colonial societies are engaged in efforts to negotiate with and challenge the colonial legal orders, develop their laws, policies, and governance frameworks to achieve justice within the freshwater realm.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Larger public investment in infrastructure will provide greater incentives to increase private investment within a wider framework of sustainable natural resource management. Carefully crafted strategies for achieving food security will require national consensus and the political will to prioritize investments, as well as greater government capacities to stimulate large productivity gains through sustainable finance. Development cooperation would have an important role in at least two areas: (a) support for development of capacity, especially within least developed countries, to conduct policy assessments, and (b) provision of additional resources for infrastructure development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In parallel, engaging the private sector and enhancing public-private partnerships can create an enabling environment for private sector investment. However, some respondents reported challenges due to a lack of experience in co-ordinating with subnational governments and the private sector. Supporters are engaging with a wide range of stakeholders, and this can foster knowledge exchange and learning on climate compatible development practices. For example, some are pursuing engagement through the networks of regional NGOs in Asia, Africa and Latin-America, conducting country case studies on climate finance through national research centres, and working with local governments on capacity building and tracking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
For results for countries reporting gross earnings, see Source. However, the discrepancy is lower than in most of these countries (Figure 2.6). In 2006-07 Greece had one of the lowest wealth inequality coefficients across older households (50 and over), even though it ranked high in terms of net income inequality (Skopek et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Some countries have initiated programmes along these lines. The aim of these reforms has been to improve the social inclusion of people with mental disorders. Although today’s situation and quality of life of patients with severe mental disorders is not comparable to their often very poor living situation in long-stay facilities some decades ago, the de-institutionalisation has not generally led to improved social inclusion and employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, thanks to the impressive growth performance of several emerging countries in the region, the incidence of poverty has fallen by more than half, leaving less than 20 per cent of the population in extreme poverty in 2011. The overall global population living in extreme poverty has decreased by approximately 1 billion people between 1990 and 2011. Asia and the Pacific has lead the global success in the reduction of poverty over the last two decades. In other words, the population living in extreme poverty in the region declined from about 1.6 billion in 1990 to 0.7 billion in 2011, despite an overall population growth of approximately 0.9 billion in the same period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Finally, reducing informality is a key challenge to increase revenues, with significant implications for tax policy. The level of informality - as measured by the share of people not contributing to social security - in Chile, although low for Latin American standards, is high compared to other OECD countries. There are many reasons why broadening the tax net to informal operators should be a priority: it would not only raise additional revenues, it would also restore equity between formal taxpayers and informal operators, raise social welfare as workers employed in the informal sector have limited access to social protection, and ultimately boost economic growth as productivity in the informal sector tends to be lower than in the formal sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Moreover, Huechuan and Guzman (2007) argue that the probability of not having sufficient income and belonging to a poor household increases in old age. In other words, old age entails greater fragility. Nonetheless, as noted in chapter VI, older adults are more vulnerable because they do not form part of the economically active population and would not be able to participate in public employment programmes that require physical strength, such as clearing rubble and constructing public works.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The contract for the supply base is still under negotiation. Local workers are said to account for 70 percent of the construction workforce (10 women out of 220 local employment, nine of which were in domestic roles), but local communities hody deny this.28 Local women’s groups have complained that Indonesian women were being brought in to cook for the official launch of the Suai airport project, depriving local women of economic opportunities.29 A community on the land designated for the airport is being relocated. New housing is being built, employing 200 local workers (predominantly men), who arc being trained in brickmaking and building skills that they can use in the future, thereby offering new skills to the community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Cyber crime and terrorism is an international problem which does not respect national borders. Cyber criminals operate from relatively safe territories beyond the easy reach of the law enforcement agencies of the countries in which their victims reside. Collaboration between governments, intelligence agencies and law enforcement officers is critical to prosecuting cybercrime, and new organizations have been created to enable this. However, this co-operation seems to have run into roadblocks by the leak of large scale national level data snooping secrets by whistleblower Edward Snowden. The paper attempts to derive insights from ongoing initiatives reported in open source and recommend options available to charter the path for sustainable international cooperation in evolving secure cyber infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract The interrelation between John Stuart Mill's political economy and his social philosophy is often neglected by economists, even though social and moral progress is the aim and focus of Mill's work as scholarship on Mill has made clear in past decades. This paper aims to show how Mill's political economy fits his framework of progress. It is argued that Mill characterized his economics in accordance with his theory of (individual) development, which explained how people could be induced to change patterns of behavior that prevented progress, enabling “a tendency towards a better and happier state.” Mapping out how to overcome the Malthusian trap of poverty, the most serious stumbling block to man's material and moral improvement, Mill brought economics into action as an instrument for progress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Given that exports of nuts must meet international regulations and standards, a decline in quality can make it impossible to export the nuts, disrupting the market and preventing SMEs such as Mira Impex from fulfilling their potential. An estimated 80%-90% of the cashew apple harvested annually in Africa goes to waste, due to lack of standard storage facilities. Using a reputable forwarding agency is an effective way to transport our goods to our end buyers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In nearly half of OECD countries, nutrient and pesticide concentrations in surface and groundwater in agricultural areas exceed national recommended limits for drinking water standards (OECD, 2012a). Furthermore, pest species can become resistant to the harmful effects of pesticides over time through genetic adaptation (Becker and Liess, 2015). For example, genetic resistance to herbicides has been recorded in 210 weed species (Bourguet et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, the accreditation standards are broad and do not specify what is needed for a high-quality teacher preparation programme (MNESR, 2006). The admission criteria for bachelor’s education programmes for future primary teachers are the same as those for other bachelor’s degree programmes and there are no minimum admission requirements for the initial teacher education modules for future secondary teachers. Candidates are interviewed for entry, but all those who apply tend to be admitted (Velea and Istrate, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)