albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Conventional welfare analysis would suggest that policymakers should use targeted non-trade policies to offset negative impacts, on the grounds that they do not forfeit the efficiency gains from trade reform and can be targeted to specific beneficiaries. However, there are concerns that some countries, in particular poorer countries, may not have the institutional or fiscal capacity to make use of these instruments, and that some recourse to the levers of trade policy might be necessary. This definition implies that people will only be food secure when sufficient food is available, they have access to it, and it is well utilised. A fourth requirement is the stability of those three dimensions over time, which means the ability to manage risks effectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Ireland, legal education is delivered via a mix of university law schools, institutes of technology, and professional providers. Until recently, legal education was largely inward-looking and geared at producing practitioners for domestic legal work. This was facilitated by low levels of external competition and structural attributes of the profession enabling protection from market forces. Today, Irish legal education and legal practice are undergoing a slow change with an increasing ‘internationalised’ outlook. The context of a small market and jurisdiction with limited reach has not prevented Irish law schools and the legal profession from ‘going global’ – in actual fact, they have clearly been committed to embrace the possibilities arising from a greater internationalisation of legal education (IOLE).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The strategy proposes a flexible policy framework that can be tailored to different country circumstances and stages of development. Shewangizaw Kifle (Ethiopian Railways Co.) provided draft section input. The Environmental Protection Authority of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (EPA), in particular Wondwossen Sintayehu provided strong governmental support throughout the production of this document.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Expenditure on social protection (in 2010/11 prices) increased from ETB 16.4 billion in 2012/13 to ETB 19.7 billion in 2014/15. There was a 38.7% increase in expenditure between 2014/15 and 2015/16, due to a significant increase in humanitarian relief related to the drought in 2015/16. The second- and third-largest components of social protection spending were access to basic social services and social insurance, with average annual shares of 13.2% and 9.0% respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Therefore, it fits neatly into the overall WSIS objective, namely: "to build an inclusive information society, to put the potential of knowledge and ICTs at the service of development, to promote the use of information and knowledge for the achievement of internationally agreed development goals. This includes developing systems for ensuring continued access to archived digital information and multimedia content in digital repositories, and support archives, cultural collections and libraries as the memory of humankind. Therefore, this chapter will deal with each of the five subtargets separately, proposing indicators and monitoring and evaluating each subtarget individually, before wrapping up with an overall conclusion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
State-sponsored accumulation involved, variously, the coordinated effort to shift resources into high-productivity activities, the provision of predictable and affordable credit through a managed financial system, and pro-investment macroeconomic policies, as well as direct public investment in some key sectors (Kohli, 2004). For a useful discussion of contrasting roles of the State in the development process, see Cypher and Dietz (2004), chap. They note (ibid., Autonomy allows the developmental state to switch roles in specific sectors, as conditions dictate" (See also Chang and Rowthorn, 1995, Kozul-Wright and Rayment, 2007, pp.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
An impact evaluation revealed that after completing the programme, a third of participants started building emergency funds, and that more participants were better able to smooth consumption, even though debt reduction was still a problem for many participants. Garment-factory workers are increasingly paid through digital direct-deposits, but many are transacting with a bank for the first time, and do not know how to use their new bank accounts or how to withdraw their salaries from an ATM. The programme covers budgeting, saving, financial planning, responsible borrowing, discussing finances with family, and using local financial services, not only through scheduled educational sessions at work but also informally, in casual conversations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Law 7/1996 on Food sets down basic policy on foods, food safety (keamanan pangari) and food security (ketahanan pangan). Separate laws are established to control the production of plantation, horticulture, cultivation and livestock. Formulating these is the responsibility of the National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Do we confuse globalization for Americanization? What are the distinctive elements in the interplay of the local and the global?This much needed book is the first full length text to examine globalization from the perspective of both the West and the East. It considers globalization as a general social and economic process, and the challenges it presents for Western social science. The meaning of a global perspective is explored through various concrete examples: religion, migration, medicine, terrorism, global disasters, citizenship, multiculturalism, media and popular culture. Introduced with a forward from Roland Robertson the book is brimming with novel interpretations and fresh insights that will contribute to illuminating the practical realities of globalization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The evaluation recommends that a successor to the Africa Free Trade Initiative should be part of the UK's strategy (APPG-TOP, 2016). This was not always sufficient, however, to increase exports. In some cases, observed export increases could not always be (fully) attributed to CBI programmes and activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
As per capita income rises above USD 10 000, practically no country has an agricultural sector that accounts for more than 10% of GDP. The graph re-emphasises the strong inverse correlation between agriculture’s share of GDP and GDP per capita, with high income OECD countries typically having no more than 2%-3% of GDP generated by their farm sectors. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
As already mentioned, however, the increase in performance for Mexico is statistically significant for the period between 2003 and 2009. The percentiles for Mexico's trends in reading are presented in Figure 1.2. The comparatively weak link between performance and social background, however, should be interpreted in light of the fact that a third of 15-year-olds still need to be included into schools. Countries are sorted by the magnitude of change in reading performance from PISA 2000 to PISA 2009 (second column).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
ABSTRACTHaving its origin in public administration, trustworthiness is a significant concept in digital government research, influencing the relationships between citizens and governments. However, the interrelationships between the facets of trustworthiness are given inadequate attention. Therefore, the aim of this research was to develop a theory detailing the factors affecting citizens’ perceptions of e-government trustworthiness. A comprehensive review of public administration and information systems literature highlighted 20 pertinent variables. The interrelationships of these variables were identified and categorized according to their driving and dependence power by employing interpretive structural modelling. The proposed model was then drawn based on the level partitioning of variables and interrelationships of the variables determined using the final reachability matrix. The findings reveal that current conceptualizations of digital government trustworthiness take a too narrow view. The findings...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract   After 9/11, public attitudes on numerous social issues changed. While many studies have examined post-9/11 attitude trends on specific topics, such as civil liberties or war, few have investigated the scope and variety of these effects. Did the events of 9/11 have a brief effect on a limited number of attitudes, or did they produce numerous, long-term changes in the way Americans think, feel and act? Drawing on a broad range of pre–post-9/11 studies, this review essay begins to answer this question by developing a framework for categorizing these effects and distinguishing short-term changes from long-term ones. The framework is intended to help facilitate an interdisciplinary social scientific research agenda on the effects of 9/11 and other terrorist acts. The essay concludes by explaining the social importance of the public's response to terrorism and the need for further research on this topic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Necessary resources are available for example through the 21st Century Workforce Development Fund, which prioritises green industry workforce development, and the Illinois Green Energy Network (CGCI, 2009) (Box 3.1). Job growth is seen as being largest in the sectors of buildings and transport. A comprehensive and standardised workforce development strategy is needed to develop and co-ordinate related training programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
It is important that, throughout the process, the scope and assumptions of the project be revisited based on experience (Jones and others, 2014). An ideal iterative policy cycle is one in constant evolution, adjusting to new information and learning throughout the process. A flexible policymaking process will have the capacity to iterate best possible outcomes when it is sensitive to the context, involves all stakeholders, leverages expert and local knowledge, and establishes clear pathway connecting knowledge-generation, decision-making and action. For example, during the stage of design of policy options, the process will be well served by the decision to involve stakeholders, representing many different organizations, communities and government agencies, which can present their priorities and concerns (see the sect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
If they decide to cash out their social package entitlement (which covers health services and transportation to the place of medical treatment), then they receive an additional RUB 450 (USD 40). Payment rates vary per beneficiary category (see below): disabled WWII veterans can receive up to RUB 2 000 per month (USD 80) if they cashed out their social package, while survivors of disabled WWII veterans would get far less (Table 3.4). In nominal terms, payments more than doubled, and together with the substantial increase in pension payments (Chapter 4), this contributed to the eradication of poverty among pensioners, at least when the latter is measured in absolute terms against the prevailing minimum subsistence level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The correlation between inequality and redistributive efforts is stronger especially for advanced countries, but holds in developing countries, too. Again, this paper supports the tenet that one of the most efficient and fundamental redistribution tools is the expansion of education investment. Students from low-income families often start school already behind their peers from more affluent families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, there seems to be a need to strengthen the co-ordination of internationalisation and participation in EU programmes at the ministerial level. This has become even more important as the current and upcoming European framework programmes focus on cross-sectoral issues, which will require closer alignment of funding mechanisms and funding bodies at the national level. Initiatives such as the Beyond Europe Strategy can help intensify collaboration with countries outside the European Union.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Published data are limited to modes 1 and 2 and does not adequately cover LDCs. Data on mode 4 - which is of special interest to LDCs - are generally not available. Furthermore, no consistent database on applied regimes exists to date, and members’ schedules of commitments are of little use since they are likely to diverge from applied measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Further work is needed to increase the coverage of spending data and validate its quality. Nevertheless, the data available for a minority of countries suggest that the spending mix tends to favour homeownership, which is often not consistent with tenure-neutrality goals nor with supporting households who are most in need, as they are under-represented among owner-occupants. Section 3 outlines a number of possible areas of work that can be developed to improve the availability of monitoring indicators, better understand the prevailing obstacles to access to good-quality affordable housing, and provide policy recommendations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
For that reason, alternative cases of the Baseline and the BLUE Map Scenario in ETP2010 for India (IEA, 2010a) have been developed for this paper. Assuming an average economic growth of 8% per year between 2010 and 2030 and of 5.8% thereafter up to 2050, India's electricity generation would be expected to reach 6 600 TWh in 2050 compared to 4 069 TWh in the standard Baseline Scenario. This construction rate assumption follows the one for India used in a global high nuclear variant of the BLUE Map Scenario in ETP2010 (IEA, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The progress on the most prominent fronts has led other previously overlooked issues to move to the forefront. For example, the reduction of deaths in children under five years of age but older than a month, has brought to light the issue of neonatal mortality, which was overlooked early in the 2000s. This progress has been reflected in the headway that countries have made towards the achievement of the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) since 2000.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The study - the 2003 M N RT study described in section 2.3 above - is best suited for the purpose of market and non-market valuation, particularly because the primary data upon which it was based was collected in 2002. Given that the cost-benefit analysis in section 3.10 was based on a 2001 social accounting matrix, the dataset used in section 3.10 and that used for the 2003 MNRT study should be fully comparable unless there is evidence of structural change between 2001 and 2002. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no such evidence exists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
As will be explained below, State responsibility can also be invoked for private acts, i.e., when State officials are not the direct perpetrators of the violence. See also the Special Rapporteur on violence against women's report on gender-related killings of women (A/HRC/20/16), para. The police had been aware that her husband had a handgun and had threatened to kill her on several occasions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The average annual percentage point increase was calculated from the initial year to the end of the period. A combination of economic and regulatory support is therefore necessary in order to boost deployment of renewable energy and make the renewable energy targets effective and credible. As in the rest of the world, feed-in tariffs (FIT) are the most common policy mechanism to support renewable energy in Emerging Asia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In some cases the decline is dramatic—from 78 per cent to only 59 per cent in Maharashtra, for example. Social divisions extend beyond religious and ethnic groups to caste divisions, which in India, are not confined to Hindus, but are also implicitly recognised and practised in other religious communities. There were hopes and expectations that such divisions would decrease or disappear in the course of economic development. This has not really happened to the anticipated extent, even in the more advanced urban areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Given the size of their network and the traffic they are dealing with, the workforce of the regional railways is too large (Figure 36). It is expected that medium-income countries have more labour-intensive industries, but the productivity gap remains high when comparing to emerging economies such India. Furthermore, Chinese railways are known to suffer from inefficient personnel allocations (Beck et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For the past thirty years the school education curriculum framework in each jurisdiction has had to comply with and support the national goals of schooling and their curriculum has had to align with national statements of learning across English, mathematics, science, civics and citizenship as well as information and communication technology. National funding and testing has been linked to these curriculum areas. Outside of these nationally agreed priority areas, jurisdictions have had flexibility to include other curricula.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In 2010-11, investment projects under the heading “Aquaculture, processing and marketing of products from fisheries and aquaculture” received EUR 54 655 million, most of which was for four facilities to prepare and preserve fresh and refrigerated fish. The proportion of dried, salted and smoked fish increased by 1.5%, having reached a total of 21.9% in 2011, of which salt cod accounted for the largest segment, at 19.2%. The value of exports of “fresh or refrigerated fish” (15.8%) and “frozen fish” (12.8%) was also considerable.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Arguably, to date, the fisheries management toolbox has experimented with the full spectrum of management controls. It is noted that the modern toolbox represents a diversity of management approaches that are most effective when operated jointly and designed specifically and uniquely for the context and fishery in question. The fisheries management toolbox exhibits strengths and weaknesses with regard to dynamic changes in the complex environments in which it operates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The new Forest Code, which was adopted by the Turkmen Parliament in April 2011 and came into force in July 2011, defines the responsibilities of State bodies in terms of forestry and forest management. This will provide an important basis and a good start for better coordination of works and activities aimed at sustainable forest management, if training and capacity-building is consistent with the requirements of the new Forest Code. Forest management in the mountains has mainly taken the form of planting pistachio trees over a total area of over 35,000 ha.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
On this occasion, however, given the importance of the subject and the need for information regarding it, the chapter on social spending analysis for the region now incorporates the functions classified as non-social. At the time this edition went to press, data were available for only 11 countries, since most of them used an aggregate functional classification by major group. This is true for social protection in the Plurinational State of Bolivia from 1990 to 1994, El Salvador, from 1990 to 1992, and Trinidad and Tobago from 1990 to 1999, as well as for figures on social security in Nicaragua.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At the same time, if paid leave is too long, skills may deteriorate and an extended absence from paid work can make the return to work difficult. Using data on parental leaue reform, this chapter considers the ouerall effects of 40 years of changes in parental leave on female labour supply. The chapter also looks at how policy uses parental leave arrangements to promote more gender equity in leave taking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is the case for lower secondary education programmes in Norway, for upper secondary programmes in Finland, and for both types of programmes in the United Kingdom. In Canada, lower and upper secondary school students generally repeat only courses that they have failed and not whole grades, while primary students are typically not made to repeat grades. It reaches 2% in lower secondary general programmes (this excludes adult learners) and increases with higher levels of education. Grade repetition is relatively uncommon in lower secondary general programmes and is below 5% in most countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Genetics, Health Care and Public Policy is an introduction to the new discipline of public health genetics. It brings together the insights of genetic and molecular science as a means of protecting and improving the health of the population. Its scope is wide and requires an understanding of genetics, epidemiology, public health and the principles of ethics, law and the social sciences. This book sets out the basic principles of public health genetics for a wide audience from those providing health care to those involved in establishing policy. The emphasis throughout the text is on providing an accessible introduction to the field. The content moves from the basic concepts, including definitions and history, through chapters on genetics, genetic technology, epidemiology, genetics in medicine, genetics in health services, ethical, legal and social implications, to the implications for health policy. It provides one-stop, introductory coverage of this rapidly developing and multidisciplinary field.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In 2008, the unemployment rate of young people aged 15-24 was 7.2%, above the rate for other age groups, but well below the OECD average of 12.4%. Despite this comparatively low level, youth unemployment and school-to-work transition are major issues in Japan. In the past, the Japanese employment system was characterised by a tradition of direct placement from schools into companies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The paper argues that in order to fulfil the growing expectations teachers face, they need to be equipped with relevant knowledge, capabilities, dispositions, values and skills, such as knowledge and understanding of diversity issues, reflectivity about identities, perspectives and practices, teacher agency and autonomy, empathy, and pedagogical judgement and tact. The paper suggests that responsive teacher education should integrate diversity into the curriculum, approach diversity as an asset, link theory and practice, create spaces for action, reflection, study and anticipation in handling diversity, and incorporate relevant technologies for innovative teaching. Ce document, qui porte sur les enseignants, etudie les roles de ces derniers, leurs fonctions et leurs difficultes en classe face a des eleves d’origines diverses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the absence of phasing out fossil fuel subsidies and carbon pricing, Chile’s GHG emissions are likely to grow. While the country has abundant water resources overall, the mismatch in the locations of available water resources and economic activities means that several regions face severe scarcity. Water pollution is also an important challenge, mainly due to untreated urban and industrial sewage discharges, farming in rural areas and, in the North of the country, mining activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)