albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The introduction of a liberal media model built on freedom of expression, non-regulation, and free market in Post-Communist Mongolia has lead to a plethora of new media outlets. In a context of external pluralism, the media are key players in dramatic political, social, and cultural changes in Mongolian society. However, due to violations of media freedom, lack of ethical standards as well as market failures in a media market marred with clientelism, the Mongolian media have neither lived up to the ideals of liberal media theory nor been driving forces in the ongoing democratization process. Instead, private and public media, in an unholy alliance, appear more like a lapdog in the service of the political and financial establishment than like a watchdog.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Moreover, numeracy and information and communications technology (ICT) skills do improve employability, particularly at the top proficiency levels. This advantage is slightly higher for men than for women (87% and 70% respectively). Tertiary attainment among 25-34 year-olds is above the OECD average and increased sharply between 2005 and 2014. The difference in tertiary attainment between 55-64 year-olds and 25-34 year-olds is about 29 percentage points, well above the OECD average of 16 percentage points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Cultivation accounts for the majority of the GHG inventory, but the first scenario will also need to consider increased transportation emissions from importing either camelina. Most of the camelina estimates did also not include the effects of LUC and ILUC. Camelina grown in crop-rotation e.g. with winter wheat will in this case be a more advantageous feedstock from a climate perspective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Abstract For the most part, privacy and data protection laws arose not through grassroots pressure but through interactions between governmental and business elites in the context of broader international harmonization efforts. Thus, civil society activists have rarely been seen as a client constituency with equivalent weight to governmental and business interests. There is evidence, however, that the privacy advocacy network is becoming more influential in comparative context. In most countries, a network of advocates has emerged with a relatively distinct profile from the “official” data protection authorities. Individual advocates play several conflicting roles and often exist within groups with wider civil liberties, human rights, digital rights, or consumer interests. Those at the center of the privacy advocacy network possess a set of core beliefs about the importance of privacy, and as one passes to the outer edges the issue becomes more and more peripheral. Privacy advocacy is beginning to occur f...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The prevailing assumption in the public choice model that has served to underw rite so much of the policy in the past three decades is that the State is autonomous and free from corruptive private interests. From a historical perspective, it is clear that the State has never been a neutral instrument for good only, but has been the subject of power struggles. It is only out of such struggles that it has eventually emerged in the shape that we now use as the model of good governance. The destiny of the State has been determined by local stakeholders with an interest in improving governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
An upgraded grid, with adequate high voltage cables and interconnections, is also a precondition for more effectively integrating LDC energy systems at an international level, thereby allowing cross-border trade of electricity. For some LDCs, particularly those with substantial hydroelectricity potential and large and relatively prosperous neighbours, electricity may offer significant potential for boosting export revenues. In some instances, however, this may give rise to tradeoffs, where electricity exports are an important source of hard currency and macroeconomic stability but also contribute to domestic shortages that constrain demand and economic activity, or cannot be readily diverted for domestic supply.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Due to the larger amount of field trial survey material in TALIS 2018, a rotated questionnaire design was implemented that required a sample size per country' of 600 teachers and 30 principals from 30 sampled schools for the ISCED level 2 core and each international option. Each participant was required to run this field trial, including administering all agreed upon language versions according to standardised procedures. Technical standards and corresponding quality control measures based on those implemented in TALIS 2013 were in place to ensure that the 2018 study implementation yields data comparable with the 2013 data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The principles are applied mostly through the National Duties Law that defines and sets the rates for water abstraction and water pollution charges. But, as discussed later, many users do not pay for water and water pollution, because they are either exempted, under-report consumption or pollution, or abstract water or discharge wastewater illegally. In the case of the Water-Pays-for-Water principle, the Law on Contributions for Improvements Generated by Federal Public Works of Water Infrastructure (Ley de Contribucion.es de Mejoras por Obras Publicas Federates de Infrastruclura Hidraulica) establishes the regulations and procedures for recovering the cost of public investments in water infrastructure but it has never been applied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is a medium size agglomeration, with two relatively dense cores, close suburban belts and peri-urban areas, faced with significant geographical and environmental constraints. Comparable regions face the same set of issues regarding maintaining natural or preserved hinterlands, resolving competition and tensions among land uses, engaging citizens in complex matters that do not have simple solutions, and in constructing appropriate local policies. Even though there are always issues that are specific to any area, three main topics that are also at stake in many places can be identified.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
At minimum, the State supervises the process and, in some cases, it also participates in collecting the contributions or distributing the benefits. These responsibilities fall mainly on ministries of work or employment, employment offices and social security agencies. Although the former is more generous than the latter, it also has strict conditions, such that individuals who do not satisfy the eligibility requirements for the insurance can receive unemployment assistance benefits based on their income. In that sense, the assistance represents a link between unemployment protection and minimum income protection, irrespective of labour market status, as happens in the social assistance and universal basic income models. It can also serve as an automatic stabilizer and improve the process of matching the supply of skills with the demand for them. The weaknesses of unemployment insurance and assistance stem from the fact that, owing to risk aversion and moral hazard, the benefits can reduce incentives for the individual to seek and find a new job, and coverage tends to be sparser in the case of more volatile labour markets and more precarious jobs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
However, this approach, whereby water planners assume they have all the energy they need and energy planners assume they have all the water they need, is not likely to work effectively in the future. Countries that deploy incoherent water and energy policies might find themselves with severe scarcity of one resource or the other, or both. Support provided to lower the costs of water supplied to agriculture, for example, by not reflecting the scarcity value of water, can undermine efforts to achieve sustainable management of water, especially in situations experiencing water stress.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Notably in five carefully-defined areas, residential growth will be promoted at the same time as existing public transport routes are made more efficient, and new rail links are created where needed. Major stations and bus terminals will also be developed as areas for shopping and for socialisation. Building an inclusive city: Cape Town’s TOD strategic framework {cont.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights asserts that `Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community'. As this suggests, the notion of cultural rights is both intuitively appealing and analytically vague. Assertions of cultural rights have gained prominence in both national and international policy contexts. This article considers some of the conceptual challenges, including a potential bias towards reification and traditionalism and the inherently contestable character of claims based on cultural rights. It also suggests a threshold test for identifying violations of cultural rights, and presents some alternatives to a rights-based framework for advancing cultural issues within public policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Efforts are being made to improve transparency in land-use plans and prices, and though only 20% of respondents nationwide reported being aware of commune land plans, year-on-year transparency in land-use planning and pricing has slowly improved since 2011 (UNDP, 2014). At present, 58% of the female labour force is employed in agriculture, as compared to 51% of the male labour force (ILO, 2012). Having limited knowledge about land rights, women assumed that men as titleholders were entitled to all land rights (World Bank, 2002).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
While a new law that grants equal inheritance rights is the result of the empowerment of the women who brought about the law and not women in general, it encourages the empowerment of the latter (if they are aware of the law). Gender equality is hence both an outcome of the empowerment of the women who brought about the changes, and an encouraging factor for women's empowerment on the individual level. But where gender equality describes a state, empowerment describes a process."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Estimated environmental benefits yield up to 11 million tonnes of saved C02 during the 20-year lifespan ofthe plants (GET FiT, 2017). The program has already delivered 30 MWs of commissioned capacity, with 86 MW in construction, which created 1,500 jobs in 2016. The scale ofthe impact is amplified, because through USD 104 million in Premiums GET FiT has leveraged an estimated USD 428 million of investments (GET FiT, 2017). Strategically, NDF's focus is on being catalytic, supporting innovation and private sector development, project development and piloting of high-risk interventions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Recoverable coal reserves are, thus, about 58.6 bt. Some three-quarters (76%) of the proven reserve is at a depth of less than 300 m, and 61% of the total resources is at a depth of less than 300 m (Mills, 2007). Together the states of Jharkand, Chhatisgarh and Orissa account for 70% of Indian coal resources (Figure 1.10). Only 13% of the coal resource is of coking quality, the remainder is high ash steam coal (Mills, 2007).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Le present document est consacre a ces questions. D en ressort qu’il serait possible de prendre acte plus clairement de certains antagonismes potentiels entre objectifs de developpement durable, et que la Norvege peut et devrait poursuivre plus resolument dans la voie des incitations economiques, qu’elle a contribue a ouvrir, de maniere a favoriser la realisation des objectifs de durabilite. Norwegian Coastal Cod (20 000 metric tons in 2004 and 21 000 metric tons in 2005) included.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
While improvements on some indicators in some P4P schemes are found, no clear “breakthrough” in performance improvement can be clearly linked to the introduction of a P4P scheme. The share of hypertensive patients with controlled blood pressure is significantly higher in FHU models A (53.8%) and B (where there is the greatest P4P component) (65.2%) than in traditional health care centres (37.8%). The same is true for controlled diabetics (Louren9o, 2016) (see Table 2.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This chapter, which examines state crime, which includes genocide, war crimes, torture, police violence, and ‘grand corruption’ (the ruling elite's organised plunder of national resources, first proposes a definition that views state crime as a form of organisational deviance involving the violation of human rights. After analysing the extent of plainly criminal state activity in the world today, it outlines a dialectical approach to explain state crime and evaluate some of the innovative methods currently employed in state crime research. The chapter then considers states as criminal actors and academic work on state crime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As mentioned earlier in the report, comprehensive data on the demographic status of the indigenous peoples in the Asian region are incomplete or not available. Information on indigenous peoples in Central and Western Asia, in particular, is so scarce it is very difficult to draw even a rough profile of the population. An estimate offered by the International Working Group on Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) in 2008 with a subsequent edition by Hall and Patrinos (2012) is an often cited source for understanding the distribution of the indigenous peoples is in the subregions of Asian continent. In Japan, according to Figure 1, there are some 230,000 indigenous peoples.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, there are differences in how the data from these surveys are followed up by municipalities, school leaders and teachers (Ramboll, 2013). It is likely that strong parents will be able to claim these rights for their children, but those from families who are not able to have such a dialogue with the school may lose out. This is a delicate matter, though: if any quality control system is introduced to monitor teachers’ assessment practices, it will be interpreted as implying distrust.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Most of the 2011 GDP data are provisional estimates. It was found that remittance-financed community projects contribute to development of infrastructure in a number of LDCs (Bakewell 2009). In addition, remittances were also found to promote development of the financial sector, one of the key drivers of economic growth (UN-OHRLLS 2010). At the national level, remittance flow replenishes foreign reserves, helps maintain stability of the foreign exchange value of domestic currencies and provides the purchasing power needed to import goods, services, capital machineries and other imports of developmental importance. On the other side, the local currency released against the remittance flows that accrue to the households of migrant workers helps meet their consumption and investment demands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Either way, breaking the cycle of disadvantage across generations and enhancing social mobility is a key policy goal - and challenge. In some countries, the rapid ageing of populations will also contribute to massive shifts in the composition of the talent pool. But these overall results hide some striking variations across countries. Unemployed Japanese adults, for example, outperform employed individuals in every other country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The pilot project will be continued until necessary changes in the education law are implemented by Parliament. Based on a 2013 evaluation of this experience, it will be decided whether the subject will become a permanent part of the curriculum. This practically oriented course aims to help students experience working life by developing products and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It should also invest in professional development for educators and digital learning resources, addressed later in this chapter. In order to reach all regions of the country, Thailand should continue to use television as a medium for providing educational content. Nevertheless, they are necessary to support any initial investment in hardware.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Another important point is that fermentation liquor produced by fermentation is returned to the dry fields as liquid fertilizer, permitting organic agriculture and cyclical agriculture. This system can be implemented in Germany because, under the Renewable Energy Law, the electricity power supply company operating a power plant nearest to a facility that produces electric power from renewable energy sources (for example, solar, wind, biomass) is obligated to purchase the power produced by that facility. This permits such plants to sell their electric power for a good price to earn profits. In Germany, the concept of “energy towns” that combine various kinds of renewable energy has also been established (El Bassam and Maegaard, 2004).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Based on responses for the OECD Health Systems Characteristics Surveys (2008 and 2012), the largest number of P4P programmes are found in primary care, but P4P are also spreading to specialists and acute hospitals. Between the 2008 and 2012 Health Systems Characteristics Surveys, three P4P schemes were introduced in primary care (Korea, Mexico, Netherlands), three to specialist care (France, Korea, Netherlands), and seven to acute care (Australia, France, Korea, New Zealand, Portugal, Spain, Sweden) (OECD Health Systems Characteristics Survey, 2012, OECD, 2014, Paris et al., Beyond this, performance-based payment is also being introduced in more diverse care settings, for example long-term care in the United States (CMS, 2015) and public health and prevention outside of GP practices such as for delivery of vaccination services or smoking cessation in pharmacies in the United Kingdom (see Box 2.1). Pharmacy services and their payment arrangements are also evolving in Australia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These recent data confirm Nordic countries and the Netherlands as those having some of the lowest child poverty levels. At the other end of the spectrum are Japan, the United States, some Southern European countries (Italy, Greece, Spain and Portugal) and some of the new EU member states (Romania, Bulgaria, Latvia and Lithuania). As discussed in the paper, several factors are associated with the risk of poverty, in particular the household composition, the level of education and the actual workforce participation of household members.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
All new large-scale projects with total costs of at least KRW 50 billion (about USD 47.5 million) are subject to a PFS (save for a few' exceptions). Line ministries are required to submit a project proposal to the MOSF two years before the project. The procedure is organised in three phases, based on interactions between the line ministry, the MOSF and PIMAC: 1) the line ministry selects PFS candidate projects and submits them to the MOSF, which selects projects in consultation with a PFS committee, 2) PIMAC conducts the PFS (through a team composed of external and internal experts), 3) the MOSF makes the investment decision.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
1. Introduction: Redefining Security in the Middle East - Tami Amanda Jacoby and Brent Sasley 2. Conceptualizing Security in the Middle East: Israel and a Palestinian State - Lenore G. Martin 3. Between Militarism and Moderation in Israel: Constructing Security in Historical Perspective - Jonathan B. Isacoff 4. Between Islam and Islamism: A Dialogue with Islam as a Pattern of Conflict Resolution and Security Approach vis-a-vis Islamism - Bassam Tibi 5. Gender Relations and National Security in Israel - Tami Amanda Jacoby 6. Understanding Environmental Security: Water Scarcity, the 1980s Palestinian Uprising, and Implications for Peace - Jeffrey Sosland 7. Political Islam and the Middle East Peace Process: A Veiled Threat - Thomas Butko 8. The Effects of Political Liberalization on Security - Brent E. Sasley
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In federal systems the courts are accorded the important role of policing the boundaries of the constitutionally specified powers given to the legislature and the executive. The devolution statutes enacted by the UK parliament have created a semi-federal system, in which the courts increasingly have been called upon to adjudicate on whether sub-national legislative bodies have acted ultra vires. Following a comparative overview of the theory and practice of court adjudication in overseas systems of multi-level governance, the leading cases of the British Supreme Court and the House of Lords are considered. It is proposed that Britain—almost by default—has become a semi-federal court somewhat akin to the US Supreme Court and the German Bundesverfassungsgericht.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The study will focus on the last 40 years of women's engagement with the political process, with an emphasis on how women created and took advantage of opportunities to participate in public decision-making institutions. The primary objective of political women activists during this 40-year period has been inclusion within political decision-making institutions in order to affect law reform that recognised the rights of women and influenced the allocation of resources to address the needs of women. The study will track the successes and failures of various strategies and tactics during this period, and the impact women's political leadership has had on New Zealand's democracy and development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Figure 1 graphically illustrates such trends for a number of selected countries. Taking the Seattle Longitudinal Study as a reference point, Desjardins and Warnke (2012) conclude that cross-sectional age-skill profiles for fluid intelligence measures tend to start from a higher level and decline more steeply than in longitudinal profiles for the same measure. Longitudinal studies are intuitively attractive, because they allow controlling for unobserved within-person characteristics that are time-invariant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The defining feature of an N BS is, therefore, not whether an ecosystem used is ‘natural’ but whether natural processes are being proactively managed to achieve a water-related objective. An NBS uses ecosystem services to contribute to a water management outcome. An NBS can involve conserving or rehabilitating natural ecosystems and/or the enhancement or creation of natural processes in modified or artificial ecosystems. They can be applied at micro-(e.g.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The most remarkable growth was in wind power, solar photovoltaic power (although from a small base) and biodiesel transport fuels, which only appeared in the mix in 2006. In compliance with the EU Renewable Electricity Directive (2001/77/EC), it established a target of 39% of gross electricity consumption to be met by renewable energy, including large hydropower, by 2010. This target translated into source-specific targets for installed capacity, which, however, can diminish investor flexibility and raise overall costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Combined with NBSAP costing, this work has enabled an assessment of the funding gap, which is around 10 billion Philippine pisos (PHP) a year. The recently established Paris Collaborative on Green Budgeting, led by the OECD in collaboration with France and Mexico, is a further step in this regard. These sectors supply essential commodities such as food, fibre, fuel and fodder which constitute basic needs of society as well as inputs for other economic sectors. The agriculture sector alone employs one in three people in the world’s active labour force (FAO, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)