albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The geographical distance between residential areas and job centres results in long commute times, traffic congestion and damage to public health due to air pollution. Encouraging proximity and connectivity between jobs and homes would help reduce these negative externalities and improve economic competitiveness, while improving the quality of life. Urban development needs to ensure that job centres have sufficient housing nearby, under the city master plan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
According to Rocha (2006), although poverty in Brazil has persisted for decades, it was only after the inflation problem was solved that social problems started to be treated as a priority, the reduction of inequality being an example. This may account for the small output of articles studying the poverty-growth-inequality triangle in Brazil. Therefore, the implementation of public policies aimed at the reduction of inequality, besides solving this problem, may also indirectly help towards other economic policy goals such as increased growth rates and poverty reduction.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In addition, schools can become more segregated simply through other discriminatory practices at the school-level: some schools circumvent mandated school choice practices (such as ■first-come-first-serve’ acceptance) by only advertising to certain groups of high-achieving students and placing schools in areas that are typically homogenous and high-achieving. Furthermore, many researchers conclude that native parents/guardians select schools on the basis of race, ethnicity and class in addition to rational, objective measures of school quality, whereas immigrant parents tend to choose schools for different reasons, such as location of the school or the presence of students from same ethnic groups. Lightly-controlled choice schemes that use quotas or reserves to give a slight priority to disadvantaged students can establish a balanced compromise between providing an equitable education for all and allowing parents complete freedom of choice. Experiences from other countries show that lightly controlled choice programmes can provide choices for students and parents, while at the same time control the compositional balance of the student body often in terms of socioeconomic status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Both priorities will require supply co-ordination: vertically - in order to ensure that individuals are not left behind, falling through the cracks between educational progression and job market entry, and horizontally - to ensure that the private sector is able to interact with the disparate training and education service providers - both public and private - to ensure that their skills needs are being met on an ongoing basis. Even the green jobs at the lower end of the skills spectrum will require specific training, calling for an engagement by both the public and private sectors. It is important that workforce incentives be built into new environmental policies and green industries are taken into account in workforce development services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Attendance of a special school requires a recommendation from an appropriate authority and parental consent. The 2005 Education Act puts emphasis on increased integration of students with special needs in mainstream schools. Pre-primary and basic schools are administered by municipalities while secondary schools are administered by regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
New Zealand has ratified many of the same international instruments instructing resettled refugees' rights as other resettlement countries. However, New Zealand has adopted broad strategies with little policy specificity or funding to ensure settling refugees' rights are upheld. In examining selected rights, this article demonstrates that New Zealand refugee policy remains aspirational yet precarious in two main ways. First, refugee pathways to protection, via the UN quota system or as Convention refugees, significantly affect both settlement support and family reunification. Second, policy implementation is often inconsistent and, at times, discriminatory, because economic, social and cultural rights are inadequately embedded into New Zealand's human rights framework. It is thus difficult to claim that New Zealand consistently and sufficiently meets its international obligations, despite the aspirations articulated within New Zealand's recently developed Refugee Resettlement Strategy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This confusion is fed by a lack of differentiation between 'resilience' as a political agenda, as described above, versus 'resilience' as a technical approach that offers added value on top of existing risk management approaches. They are not the same thing, yet both are necessary to ensure that resilience is successfully implemented, and that it complements, rather than replaces, proven best practices. The 'agenda' should provide the vehicle to implement the ‘technical approach'. The great obstacles for realising the potential of resilience result from the multitude of interpretations of what resilience is, and lack of agreement in how to go about building resilience that addresses the risk attached to the full range of shocks and stresses, and the uncertainty of these, that people, communities and nations face. Demonstrating the interconnectedness of different risks and how these may differ between individual, community and national 'layers', in order to provide a rationale for approaching resilience as a truly holistic methodology.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This category also includes carbon sequestration-related afforestation projects in the context of the Kyoto Protocol. Recreational services not exchanged via market transactions are not reported (but are covered, to some extent, by Indicator 6.10). A number of countries reported difficulties in identifying and quantifying marketed services value (most services are non-market services).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Hummels (2001) finds that inefficiencies at African ports add a cost of 8.1 per cent to the value of transactions. More efficient customs procedures are found to cause trade flows to increase by as much as 30 per cent in developing countries (Wilson et al. Similarly, cutting the number of days required to clear customs in Ethiopia by half could cause total factor productivity to increase by 18 per cent. While most NTMs are meant to address public policy concerns - both economic (such as market failures) and non-economic (e.g. to protect health, animal and plant life) - they may actually serve a protectionist purpose, whether intended or incidental. For example, the WTO registered a sharp increase in the number of countervailing measures and safeguards initiated in 2008 and 2009 as crisis-hit economies took emergency’ measures to limit the spread of systemic damage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Given the prospect of continuing globalisation in its many facets, possible new financial and economic crises figure prominently on many an expert’s list of the main global risks of the next decades. Equally prominent are concerns about the twin nexus of climate change and tensions around natural resources such as food, energy, water and minerals. These, in turn, may be compounded by further tensions linked to urbanisation, migration and global inequalities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The other prime considerations in communications in support of reform are transparency (the messages and measures must be clearly related to the purpose of the reform) and consistency (the messages and measures must be seen to be complementary and mutually supportive). During the implementation phase, adequate ex post analysis will only be possible if the criteria and indicators against which the reform will be evaluated have been defined ex ante. This requires foresight and budgets projected into the future at the time of the reform, which are often not forthcoming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
As regards specific sectors, primary care is generally judged to be exemplary, but hospital care, although good, is seen as requiring some attention, with notable worries about overcrowding (OECD, 2012). In addition, there are concerns about whether the current system of long-term care is capable of dealing with the expansion in demand from population aging. Training, recruitment and retention of professionals are among the most immediate issues. On other fronts, pressures for savings in public spending on health care are unlikely to lessen in the coming years, and neither will cost pressures from ageing and technological development. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was performed with one output (life expectancy at birth for 2010 and 2005) and two inputs (a composite indicator of the socio-economic environment and lifestyle factors for 2010 or 2005 and healthcare spending).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
These new practices are intended to improve the provision of education in one way or another, and therefore should be regarded as improvements. The perception of improvement depends on the perspective of the stakeholders, who may wear several hats: consumer, citizen and taxpayer. Assessing the success of companies in the private sector by profit, sales or growth is widely accepted: ultimately they have a single bottom line which prevails over any other objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As for the public works programme, the study shows that the majority of South Africans are unaware of the programme and only modest amounts of income are transferred to a few households via this scheme. Thus, the initiative does not seem to be fulfilling its stated objectives and meeting its targets of employment creation and poverty alleviation. Chapter 3 deals predominantly with social assistance grants, and shows that consolidated expenditure on welfare and social assistance has increased substantially in the post-Apartheid period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Nonetheless, even when this relative line falls below the absolute line, it provides valuable information about the distribution of welfare among the poor. This proposal follows the spirit of Atkinson and Bourguignon's (2002) proposal to operationalise poverty measures that combine absolute and relative measures. It builds on the idea that absolute and relative poverty reflect failings in different capabilities, respectively linked to survival and integration. While the development agenda has largely focused on the first in the past decades, the second should be given its rightful place.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The authors estimate the value of the induced transfer to renewable energy producers, based on the weighted average “green" tariff for production of electricity from renewable energy sources (biogas, solar, wind energy), using data provided in the ANRE Annual Reports. According to ANRE, tariff methodologies specify the formula and all components included in the formula (including the sources where all the components can be found) and it is clear to all regulated utilities what level of rate of return they can expect during the regulatory period. In other words, electricity reference prices were set to account for the cost of production, transmission and distribution, but no other costs, such as allowances for building new capacity. They were determined using reference prices for fossil fuels and annual average fuel efficiencies for power generation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Among these provisions, it is likely that the change in the right to bargain collectively, which after the reform will be restricted only to union members, and the change in the extension of benefits, which now will occur only under the agreement of unions and employer, will increase union membership. The reform proposes that unions have the priority for collective negotiations in the companies where they exist. Non-union members will only be able to bargain collectively by affiliating to the union in firms where unions exist. In firm where there are no unions, groups will still be allowed to exist. The reform proposes that the union and the employer should agree whether the benefits are extended, and in order to benefit nonunion members will have to pay the full union member fee.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This situation exposes 10 500 people to acute intestinal infectious diseases. The Water User Association (WUA) often closes the outlet of the wastewater collector, resulting in wastewater discharge into the village areas. Conflicts arise not only between neighbouring villages, but also between the village administration and the WUA.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The 2008 strategy is judged to have failed mainly due to problems with its design, and for providing insufficient evidence for the benefits that the significant institutional changes in water management could bring (OECD, 2011b). Other OECD countries have successfully established river basin organisations and pursued watershed management, while recognising the challenge of managing the multiple actors and interests involved in such co-ordination efforts (see Box 2.18). Examples of river basin organisations can be found in Australia (Murray-Darling Basin Authority), France (6 Agences de l’Eau), Mexico (25 organismos de cuenca), Portugal (5 Administragoes de Regiao Hidrogra/ica), the Netherlands (Water Boards) and Spain (9 confederadones hidrograficas).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Brisbane: School of Population Health, University of Queensland. The first version of this model was developed to study the impact of type 2 diabetes on the Australian population including health, health expenditures and broader economic impacts, such as changes in employment and productivity. The model was used to test the potential future impact of various policy interventions to reduce the future burden of diabetes for the purpose of improved decision-making regarding population health investment, work-force participation and productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Such investment should address public transport and telecommunication, childcare and education as well as social services. In the medium to long term, strengthen the higher education system in the Northern District to build the basis for a university. High birth rates prevail among ultra-Orthodox Jewish and Arab populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Teams of technical experts elaborate and validate these plans in collaboration with the local communities, which ensures that the specific needs of the targeted community and the actual financial and technical opportunities are adequately identified. • Potential entrepreneurs are then identified, trained and provided with support to launch their micro-enterprises in those sectors. The teams help them structure proposals (which have to be evaluated and accepted by the national government) and execute projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Increasing food availability leads to more robust diets and decreasing numbers of malnourished children. However, the price changes that we see in the adaptation scenarios are fairly modest and lead only to small increases in food availability globally (less than a 0.5% increase), with a correspondingly small improvement in the rate of malnourishment (which decreases by less than 0.5%). Thus, while these scenarios help mitigate some of the effects of climate change, they do not fully mitigate potential food insecurity in developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A zero waste city requires combining social, political, economic and technical interventions in targeted urban areas that complement one another. Options for policy makers include user-pays waste charges, the demarcation of space for recycling, bio-digesters, upcycling and composting. It is made up of two parts: “mergers and acquisitions” and “greenfield investments”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Sharma (2012) highlights the positives with his case study of Auckland International Airport, where a relational form3 of light-handed regulatory contract was used, and the Government was able to play a central role in bringing about investment and create the conditions for wider economic benefits from this major asset. This process was based on trust between the different agencies as well as addressing the hard financial imperatives. Conventionally, “green investment” would cover both the technologies and the infrastructure itself, and this would include the role of government in facilitating change through providing incentives and a positive regulatory environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In Chile, the scheme accounts for only about 20% of the amount due by the employer upon fair dismissal. In Brazil, dismissal can be with or without justified reason (com justa causa or sem justa causa). The latter covers all possible grounds for dismissal (including no reason) except misconduct and force majeure, and typically accounts for an overwhelming share of all dismissals (see e.g. DIEESE, 2011). The balance in their individual account scheme can be accessed by workers in the case of unjustified dismissal but employers must top it up by an additional 40%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Their work maps the distribution of the world’s population with respect to relative water demand that is measured as the ratio of water withdrawals from industry, domestic use, and irrigated agriculture (DIA) to the mean annual surface and subsurface (shallow aquifer) runoff (Q) on an annual basis. Their results indicate that in many areas, water stress is a serious concern. Their study also highlights the fact that water stress is not limited to poor counties or those nations with severely limited water resources, but is also a serious concern in a number of OECD countries such as Australia, Spain and the United States. These studies consistently predict that some regions of the world will face water crises: India, northern China, north and sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Eastern Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In spite of this difficult climate, there was a significant improvement in the management of public finances thanks in particular to the substantial efforts undertaken by the transition authorities and the support of the technical and financial partners (TFP). Most of the quantitative targets of the budget were achieved, with a progressive return to the normal procedure for public expenditure and greater transparency in the management of public resources. Touadera previously served as prime minister during Francois Bozize’s presidency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
After seven years of litigation, including four trips to the English Court of Appeal, an admissibility decision of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has finally ended Mr Pay's hopes of a successful claim for unfair dismissal. The legal significance of these proceedings concerns the interpretation of Article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR), the right to respect for private life, in the context of an employment dispute. We shall argue that the decision of the ECtHR casts considerable doubt on the correctness of the interpretation that has been placed on the right to privacy by the Court of Appeal in the context of claims for unfair dismissal. The correct interpretation of the provision leads, on our view, to a standard of protection in dismissal higher than the current test of reasonableness that courts and tribunals employ.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Health interventions are unlikely to succeed if they are not embedded in broader efforts to respect the rights of their citizens and serve their basic needs. In the case of access to a skilled professional at birth, for example, reaching the projected value for MDG 5 has been estimated at $8 billion for the region, though if the off-track countries are to close their gaps they would need a further $13 billion. Similarly, closing the gap for safe water supplies would cost an additional $2 billion and for safe sanitation an additional $8 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The area of overlap has been increasing over time. This is to be expected, as initial views from the climate community on climate finance (e.g. as it relates to the GEF) were elaborated in 1998 - well before the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness was agreed in 2005. However, there remain some issues that are of more importance for only one or two of these communities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
"This again places mitigation and adaptation side by side, though many technology choices could have both mitigation and adaptation benefits, including infrastructure, irrigation systems, and energy technology. It reads: "in the implementation ofthe Agreement, financial resources provided to developing country Parties should enhance the implementation of their policies, strategies, regulations and action plans and their climate change actions with respect to both mitigation and adaptation to contribute to the achievement ofthe purpose ofthe Agreement as defined in its Article 2." This suggests that mutual consideration of both M and A is envisaged. While this does not necessarily mean integration of the two, it does indicate that the adaptation and mitigation should be considered at the same time in the policy and financing planning process. As such, under finance and technology transfer, the Paris Agreement seems to suggest exploration of M&A synergies (i.e. ADM, as actions in other sectors can deliver adaptation and/or mitigation benefits). "This synergistic approach, where sustainable development, environmental integrity and M&A goes hand in hand to ensure that 2+2 equals 5.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Women have organized throughout the course of modern history and in all parts of the world. Women's movements are broadly defined as “all organizing of women explicitly as women to make any sort of social change” (Ferree & Mueller 2007: 577). Mobilizations of women arise out of gendered structures of oppression and opportunity, and women's movements have been among the most enduring and consequential movements in modern history. Participants in women's movements frequently use gender to form a collective identity on the basis of their social position as women. While many women's movements embrace a feminist identity and seek to advance the social position of women, it is not always the case. Women also mobilize around claims that are unrelated to or in opposition to feminism.      Keywords:    gender and culture,  sociology of sex, gender, and sexuality,  women's history,  women's studies,  feminism,  identity politics,  lesbianism,  social change,  social justice,  women
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Understanding of the relationship between constitutionalism and democracy among legal and political philosophers reflects an idealised account of the US constitution and the nature of judicial review. This view is normatively and empirically flawed. The US constitution is built on pre-democratic assumptions and its counter-majoritarian checks and balances are largely regressive, benefitting privileged minorities over the underprivileged. By contrast, ‘actually existing democracy’, involving competing parties and majority rule, is constitutional in its process and effects, treating all with equal concern and respect, upholding rights and maintaining the rule of law. Judicial review undermines these beneficial qualities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The great majority of countries also centrally regulate the total working time of teachers, which averages 39 hours a week. On average, teaching time constitutes 44% of a teacher’s total working time. In 18 education systems, teachers’ obligatory time of availability at school is contractually specified either in addition to or instead of teachers’ teaching time and/or working time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)