albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Partial double entry of data collected through the paper versions of the questionnaires by two key-entry operators was required as an effective means of detecting and reducing systematic or incidental data cntiy errors. Here, the advantage of the online data collection option becomes evident because data entry is already predefined in terms of value ranges and variable types. The data submitted by national centres was monitored closely by the TALIS 2018 International Research Consortium to verify the completeness and quality of the data received.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Sound environmental management also encompasses major goals such as significantly expanded use of sustainable energy sources and increased energy demand management. This section considers these capacity requirements, first for the government sector and then for energy suppliers, the private sector, and civil society. These requirements are critical, but they are not specifically related to the energy sector and as such are better addressed in a broader, cross-sectoral discussion of environmental capacity requirements. Although increased end use energy efficiency and reduced end use environmental impact are among the goals articulated above in Section 5.2, the sector-specific capacity requirements to achieve this are beyond the scope of this paper.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Limited resources are often spread thinly and there is a lack of critical mass to generate comprehensive regional approach that would have real impact at the cross border regional level. Each institution has responded according to their own mission to the social, cultural and environmental needs. Collaborative mechanisms between the higher education institutions at the state level or Northern Corridor Economic region to build capacity and foster joint efforts remain limited in scope and representation. Inter-ethnic and inter-religious dialogue and collaboration remain limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Other pollutants are pesticides, pathogens, salts, and heavy metals (USEPA, 2009). Development of land for non-agricultural uses (e.g. urban development) has replaced agriculture as the key pressure on wetlands area. Area of habitats provided by agricultural lands converted to nonagricuttural uses. However, the growth of concentrated animal operations is leading to new assessments of agriculture and air quality (Aillery et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Migration may be a channel of norms transmission challenging gender inequality in social institutions at home when moving towards countries with low levels of discrimination. It can however reinforce discrimination when moving towards countries with high levels of discrimination. While Naghsh Nejad and Young (2012) and Naghsh Nejad (2013) focus on institutionalised gender inequality in OECD countries, this paper considers migration flows between developing regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Demand for "luxury" foods, meat, dairy products and vegetable oils, increases (de Haen et al., It is also associated with dietary shifts towards more processed and pre-prepared foods (Popkin, 2001, de Haen etai, 2003). Many basic food staples consumed today in Africa, such as rice, maize, cassava, banana, groundnuts, etc., Consumption of these products were first introduced in urban centres and then spread to rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Other technologies, such as 3D printing, which allows the creation of physical objects from digital images, has large potential for manufacturing as it allows customizable products at low prices. However, concerns have been raised about the possibilities of using 3D printing technologies for malicious puiposes, e.g. the creation of weapons, or unintended consequences, e.g. health issues relating to printing process or the plastic used. The popularity of social media and the large amount of data generated from individuals’ digital presence has elevated the need for regulation of the use and protection of user-generated data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Adulthood stressors, history of childhood adversity, and risk of perpetration of intimate partner violence. American journal of preventive medicine, 40(2), 128-138. Violencia intrafamiliar y transferencias monetarias condicionades. Transfers, behavior change communication, and intimate partner violence: Post-program evidence from rural Bangladesh.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
As noted above, all major emitters, including notably China, must participate in abatement efforts for global-climate-change goals to be in reach. Based on the maximum commitments made by other OECD countries, OECD (2010a) estimates that the countries with high emissions intensity (Canada, Australia and New Zealand) would incur somewhat larger income losses while Japan would incur a smaller income loss. According to OECD (2010a), the US target, taken together with the declared targets of other industrialised countries, would lead to a 12-18% reduction in GHG emissions in 2020 compared with 1990 levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The project developer can choose whether to create its own offset or to pay into the compensation fund. An example of a developer-created offset is PEMEX’s Jaguaroundi project, in which the state oil company aggregated its required offsets into a single 961 ha tract of tropical rainforest near PEMEX refineries. The compensation amount per hectare is calculated using the average cost of reforestation activities (not including the cost of purchasing the land) instead of an estimate of the value of the environmental service affected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Only by using longitudinal data one can understand the processes behind cross-sectional statistics: the events leading individuals into and out of poverty, and the associated impact on their living standards. Longitudinal poverty analysis can also identify ways in and out of poverty, which can help policymakers adopt better safety nets or other inclusion policies. Discrepancies between international and national databases often result from differences in the ways in which the associated indicators are defined and reported. Empty cells indicate that the corresponding figures do not appear in either database, for any of the years taken into consideration (from 1990 to 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The value of ecosystem services lost annually worldwide has been estimated at between US$ 2 and 5 trillion a year, as of 2008. With populations and economies continuing to grow, the value of these increasingly scarce services is only going to increase. Extreme weather events and degraded slopes combine to increase the likelihood of flash floods and landslides and.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Source: City of Louisville (2004). Reliability of supply may vary on a daily or weekly basis, as well as on a seasonal basis. Increased reliability avoids first of all the need for households to store water for shortage situations and induces therewith cost savings, as space and material is economized. Furthermore, people might benefit from a feeling of confidence in water supply and from increased comfort.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The key requirement is quick action based on the highest possible levels of accuracy. It is therefore critical that the estimation of post-disaster damage should be made in an objective and reliable manner with evidence-based quantitative information. This combines PDNA sectoral assessment methodology with the use of real or near real-time satellite data including geospatial solutions (Box IV-4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
First, it cannot be assumed that the mere existence of an STI ministry will ensure a net increase in total resources for STI. Second, experience indicates that the ministry option is most effective when the ministry is involved (sometimes as primus inter pares) in an interdepartmental co-ordination body with other ministerial departments. Such a body oversees policies that can affect innovation performance, and the distinction between policy design and policy implementation functions is clear.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The German questionnaire was almost identical to the one used in the other IVAWS countries, in that it included seven acts of physical violence and five acts of sexual violence. However, it omitted two measures: a residual category asking about "other" types of violence and one type of sexual violence that was considered to be extremely rare. The French questionnaire utilized only three screening questions: two related to physical violence and one related to sexual violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This book addresses a key issue that confronts emerging democracies in Africa: how to make governments accountable. Combining insights from public law and political studies, the specific focus of this edited volume is on various institutions and mechanisms of accountability, their effectiveness in holding governments to account and how these institutions themselves are being held accountable. The judiciary, national prosecuting authorities, human rights commissions, political parties and informal mechanisms are critically assessed in terms of their contribution to ‘accountable government’. The book also discusses different sources of accountability that are specifically relevant in the context of Africa’s young democracies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The balance of the overall generation portfolio, as well as the potential costs of environmental externalities that may have to be paid in the longer term should always be an integral part of the discussion whenever countries negotiate with donors on investment in new assets. Although international coal prices have risen dramatically over the past decade, the direct costs of coal-fired generation are often low compared to other sources, especially if the coal can be used close to its source, reducing transport costs. Political economy considerations may well prevent sufficient compensation being paid to developing countries to incentivise them to leave these resources in the ground.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Obviously, this reserve capacity adds to the upfront investment cost, requiring a trade-off between investment and distribution costs. Since the daily peak demand in rural Indian areas typically occurs in the evening through lighting loads, replacing incandescent lights by compact fluorescent lamps can help to reduce the peak load. Around 404 million people in India, or 36% of the population, mostly living in rural areas, have no access to electricity (IEA, 2010c). Rural electrification has been an important issue of India's policies since its independence. Initially the focus was on electrification of irrigation pumps for agriculture, especially during the time of the green revolution in the 1960s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Although deliberation has a central place in democratic theory, scholars know little about how it actually works. Most deliberative theorists emphasize the many good consequences of deliberation. By contrast, Mansbridge suggests that deliberation in certain circumstances may exacerbate conflict. Scholarship on racial politics suggests that each hypothesis is complicated by implicitly racial language. Using a quasi-experiment, we contrast the rhetoric in two town meetings about school desegregation: a segregated meeting with homogeneous interests, in which segregated Whites unanimously argued against desegregation, and an integrated meeting with heterogeneous interests, in which segregated Whites argued against integrated Whites, Hispanics, and African Americans. We find that (a) deliberation at the segregated meeting maintained consensus among segregated Whites, (b) these citizens used coded rhetoric that appeared universal, well-reasoned, and focused on the common good, but in fact advanced their group i...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Improving policy coherence in managing fisheries can improve efficiency without compromising other objectives for the sector. Waste is both a national and global issue. Information on this subject is scarce, but what evidence there is suggests that the amount of waste, its value and environmental impact are significant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Finally, employers in some countries appear to be showing a greater propensity to hoard labour than in past recessions.78 By reducing the increase in unemployment, greater reliance on hours adjustment may tend to reduce the build-up of the number of long-term unemployed during the recession and the number of workers withdrawing from the labour force (or postponing labour market entry) due to poor job-search prospects, indirectly reducing hysteresis effects. However, that need not be the case. Labour market segmentation could be further heightened by increased labour hoarding, if the resulting reduction in labour turnover rates places unemployed job seekers at a heightened risk of long-term unemployment, even though there are fewer of them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The NHS manages data reported from providers in primary care and secondary care on activities and expenditures. On its website, it reports hospital data such as average length of stay (ALOS), use of hospital and observation beds, and hospital admission rates. The NHS also reports waiting times, although this is not always considered up-to-date.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A 2007 study found that the maximum share of energy consumption that could be produced in Luxembourg from renewable sources was 4.5%. Price guarantees and subsidies have sparked a notable increase in photovoltaic solar energy production capacity (from 54 kW in 1999 to 23 500kW in 2005). Thus, over the period 2001-08, investment in photovoltaic solar power received EUR 70 million in subsidies. It would be useful to reconsider the various systems in place for promoting renewable energy and to assess and review them from the viewpoints of economic efficiency and environmental effectiveness. Opportunity costs of the funds allocated to promoting renewable energy and those devoted to energy savings should be assessed. Luxembourg’s electricity prices before tax are the highest in the OECD, particularly for small companies and households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The global trend of reshoring by multinational enterprises (MNEs) -which may also affect Costa Rica - might impact on growth prospects through FDI. After the failure of the import-substitution model in fostering domestic industrial development and the global crisis of the 1980s, the country adopted a new' economic paradigm based on global economic integration. By the early 1990s, Costa Rica had started to see the benefits of this new outw'ard-oriented model of development, and became one of the leaders in the region in terms of market openness and liberalisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
To achieve impact in increasing farming systems resilience or reducing greenhouse gas emissions, climate finance must focus on using strategic leverage points to direct broader financing volumes towards climate outcomes. At the same time, capacity constraints are a major obstacle to the effectiveness of all climate finance mechanisms. This applies to funds such as the GEF and the GCF, where a major impediment to impact is the high cost of project development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Among the regions, the population of Europe is projected to peak around 2025 at 0.74 billion and decline thereafter. The pace of growth poses enormous challenges for many of the poorest countries, which lack the resources not only to keep up with demand for infrastructure, basic health and education services and job opportunities for the rising number of young people, but also to adapc to climate change.” These services must be based on and reinforce human rights and should include sexuality education for young people, particularly adolescent girls.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These include informality, nonregularity and part-time work. In order to quantify deprivation inthe quality of work of men and women, indices of multi-dimensional deprivations are derived using Alkire and Foster’s (2007, 2011) multidimensional poverty assessment method. The headcount ratio of multi-dimensionally deprived persons is computed by dividing the number of deprived persons with total number of persons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The RECS certificates can be voluntary traded. The last-resort electricity suppliers (mainly EDP Servigo Universal) are obliged to purchase all the electricity from renewables (and cogeneration plants) produced under the PRE for resale to end-customers. Portugal should consider shifting from such a system to one in which all suppliers must source a quota of their output from renewables (IEA, 2009a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This allows men and women to have their own moments of learning, as well as common moments, which can improve participation and the opportunities for women and men to speak freely. It can also help them to articulate their concerns, which may be more difficult in mixed groups. Providing childcare during sessions can be a major incentive in persuading women to attend.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is the second of two articles concerned with the acquisition by Indigenous Australians of civil rights. The first article considered the background to the legislative changes that saw Indigenous people acquire two important civil rights at the Common‐ wealth level: the vote and access to social security. Here the analysis extends to consider the three other important civil rights ‘moments’ for Indigenous people at the Commonwealth level: the 1966 equal wage decision, the 1967 referendum and the passage of the Racial Discrimination Act in 1975. Consistent with the argument developed in the first article, two factors are crucial in understanding why these three civil rights developments occurred when they did: the pressure applied to governments by activists within Australia, and the ongoing international embarrassment caused to Australia by its continued breach of international human rights instruments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Indicators 4.a.l (previously multi-tier I/ll) and 4.C.1 are now tier II, reflecting limited data availability. The TCG consists of representatives from the lAEG-SDGs member states and selected international agencies and institutions. Work continues or is about to begin on other thematic indicators, including language of instruction, distribution of resources and teacher professional development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Women also face higher labour market insecurity, as captured by the risk of extreme low pay, but their risk of unemployment is similar to that experienced by men. However, women are less exposed than men to very long working hours. Most importantly, it is crucial to observe that between-group disparities tend to decrease with the aggregate level of job quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As people grow older, they face shifting pressures to fulfil community and familial expectations related to sex, marriage, and childbearing. As their roles evolve, their need for family planning often recedes from the view of policymakers and programme designers. The younger a girl is at the time of marriage, the greater the challenges she feces in controlling her own fertility, and the more subject she is to closely spaced and repeated pregnancies (Rutstein 2008). Often overlooked in the design of family planning policies and programmes are men over the age of 49 whose fertility declines only gradually as they age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
International Water Management Institute, Pretoria. Depressive symptoms in youth heads of household in Rwanda: correlates and implications for intervention. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 162(9), 836-43. Gender and Food Security: Towards Gender-Just Food and Nutrition Security. Overview Report, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, UK.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Despite these successes, challenges remain: there are tensions between public policies that focus on regulatory or restrictive approaches and those that support development. There can also be tension between collective and private rights, with different stakeholders having different priorities, and difficulties in balancing tradition and innovation. Its population growth is 0.36 percent per year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Training is being provided and public awareness and education programs have been implemented. Reviews recommend that a new agency (Center for Crisis Management) be established to manage emergency situations. State Statistical Office, 2009. State Statistical Office, 2009. Total carbon in above-ground biomass is 47.9 million tons, which is about the same as in 1990. All State-owned forests are guided by 10-year management plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Law and public policy is a dynamic, interdisciplinary area of study that has broad appeal to scholars, policymakers, and stakeholders. Scholarship in the subfield is critical to our general understanding of existing public policies and calls for future and reformed policies. While some of the subfield's utility and commonalities are obscured by diverging methodological approaches and topical foci, this review highlights some common fibers that run through the scholarship streams from public policy, public law, and doctrinal disciplines. We focus on several substantive policy areas to illustrate some of the best studies in the subfield and how scholars might better embrace the strength of the subfield's diversity by coordinating with scholars with similar topical interests. In so doing, we attempt to articulate clearer boundaries that integrate discipline, method, and the distinction between law and public policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Their combined trend trajectory (Figure 4) is highly influenced by catches in area 87, the Southeast Pacific, where El Nino oceanographic conditions strongly influence the abundance of anchoveta. The overall trends in the two areas are opposite: In area 34 catches have grown to a peak of 4.8 million tonnes, and in area 47 they have progressively decreased from the overall maximum reached in 1978, although they have been recovering in the past three years. In contrast, total catch in area 87, even if analysed excluding anchoveta, has been decreasing dramatically since its peak in 1991.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Carbon prices will thus be an increasingly important tool to differentiate between low-carbon and high-carbon dispatchable technologies. By virtue of being connected to the same physical grid and delivering into the same market, they exert impacts on each other as well as on the total load available to satisfy demand at any given time. The interdependencies are heightened by the fact that only small amounts of cost-efficient electricity storage are available.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Purpose – The Lebanese began their present emigration in the middle of the nineteenth century, heading towards North America, Central and South America, Europe, Africa, and Australia. Today's Lebanese diaspora is made of highly educated and prominent entrepreneurs who have created huge marks in their adopted homelands and the world. In the current study the authors aim to explore this and make suggestions for future research.Design/methodology/approach – The authors use historical literature review and synthesis in order to explore the topic and make suggestions for future research.Findings – The authors find that entrepreneurs from Lebanon have had a significant impact on the economies of many parts of the world.Originality/value – This paper is original in that it brings together the research on entrepreneurship and Lebanon so that future researchers can have good ideas as to ways to pursue future cross‐cultural research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)