albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The government agreed to act on the recommendations in the report and revised the RIA guidelines accordingly. It drew attention for the first time to integration of the environmental dimension into sectoral policies, and laid down co-ordination arrangements across the Oireachtas and the administration. These included establishment of the Oireachtas Sub-Committee on Sustainable Development and of the Environmental Network of Government Departments (chaired by the DoEHLG).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, there is a trade-off between increasing the price through market interventions and doing this in a way that maintains the long-term credibility of the trading scheme. Indeed, the long-term credibility of the carbon price after the current phase ending in 2020 will be crucial for long-lived, low-carbon equipment such as nuclear power plants, CCS or off shore wind-farms. The floor price will start in 2013 at GBP 16 per tonne and will reach GBP 30 per tonne in 2020.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Ultimately, for the win-win scenario ofthe mutual regime to prevail, SIEOs must address both their growth and social reproduction regimes. Partly in response to the failures of neoliberal programmes to deliver growth or improvements in well-being, the late 1990s and 2000s hosted an expansion of social assistance in the forms of antipoverty programmes, conditional cash transfers and non-contributory pensions (Barrientos 2011). A common theme among them is a focus on raising social floors, using social polity to reduce poverty and enhance opportunities for poor children and economic security for the families that care for them. For instance, Bolsa Familia in Brazil and Opportunidades in Mexico, which give conditional cash transfers to poor mothers in exchange for ensuring their children meet certain health and education requirements, have been credited with demonstrably lowering poverty rates (UNRISD 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, in the Arctic, where rises in temperature are most noticeable, there are some 400,000 indigenous peoples, which include the Sami of northern Norway, Finland, Sweden and the Russian Federation, for whom herding reindeer is a way of life. The Sami people had observed signs of climate change as early as the mid-1980s, when winter rainfall increased. Higher temperatures and increased rainfall began to make it difficult for reindeer to reach the lichen that they consume.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
But social protection does more than fill income and consumption shortfalls, it also facilitates productive investment (Barrientos, 2010) and, thus, can increase income-generating capacity. Such investment is essential for sustainable poverty reduction because those who possess the means to invest are generally better able and more willing to access credit and complementary resources and services to undertake investments in new production assets and technologies and new marketing relations, as well as in education and health care for children. This chapter explains why social protection is relevant for household productive investment, and reviews the substantial body of evidence accumulated on the effectiveness of social protection in stimulating investment. This is particularly true in sub-Saharan Africa, now and for the foreseeable future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
One is to ensure that growth is achieved sustainably. Some environmental issues, such as deforestation, have long attracted policy attention, while others, such as air and water pollution, and climate change, are becoming more prominent. Another societal objective in a country where poverty is still high is to reconcile agricultural growth - and the pressure that structural adjustment places on small farmers - with poverty reduction goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Information on the coastal and marine fauna is very limited. Some benthic groups are virtually not covered at all. According to the 2016 NBSAP, Albania has a considerable number of autochthonous animal breeds: six breeds of goats and six of sheep, and their populations have been increasing in the past 10 years. Albania completed updating the Red List of Fauna and Flora in 2013, in accordance with the IUCN criteria.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Countries are ranked in ascending order of the differences in net income of dual-earner and single-earner couple households as percentages of the net income of single-eamer couples - see values listed at bottom of figure. Net transfers” refers to what households pay the government in taxes and contributions minus the benefits received. The white triangle refers to a household where the primary earner lias work income of 133% of the average wage. The dark diamond refers to a household where both partners earn 67% of the average wage, so that household income adds up to 134%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
A new type of strategic (challenge-driven) PPPs should be established based on new models of governance and operation. This includes embedding them into innovation ecosystems, improving access to business services that facilitate the development of management skills necessary for the internationalisation of SMEs and better integrating them into global value chains (GVCs). All three elements need to be combined to make both new and existing industries more dynamic. Finally, efforts should be geared towards providing better growth opportunities for firms through value creation networks and internationalisation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The advantage of these hybrid systems is that they can be responsive to the needs and demands of all, irrespective of income or wealth. " It is often argued that private production is more responsive to consumer demand, but the response is only to consumers with enough money" (Elson, 2011). It is important that social production responds not only to the rights and interests of producers but also to the rights of users. This would require the strengthening of rights of users and building direct links between producers and users.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Over time, Chile could increase the voucher for all children, while keeping it progressive, to increase public spending on education. Cross-country empirical evidence suggests that a large share of privately operated schools has a positive impact on PISA results, but only if the share of public financing remains high (WolSmann, 2005). In contrast, school systems with a high share of private financing achieve weaker results than others, presumably because they do not do enough to help children of lower ability catch up. The government oversees only those schools that enter the SEP system and accept the extra subsidy, which has created a disincentive to participate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In LDCs that are heavily dependent on oil imports for generation, an additional factor has been pressure to diversify energy sources as a result of high and volatile oil prices, particularly in 2010-2014. In particular, it highlights the need for a pragmatic approach based on local realities rather than a particular school of economic thought, and the fundamental need for realism in terms of the complexity of reforms, countries’ capacities for implementation and the time frame for delivery of their objectives. This is seen as a relatively quick and straightforward way to introduce competition without extensive restructuring, while protecting social equity (Sen et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Food shortages do occasionally make national headlines, of course, and public discontent with higji prices may translate into “food riots.” This happened in 2007 and 2008, when global food prices suddenly soared to very hig)i levels. Apart from such emergencies, however, food generally has a much lower public profile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The authors note that trade liberalisation may reduce the capacity (and choice of instruments) for developing-country governments to conduct redistribution programmes, and thus help smooth the short- and medium-term impacts of trade reforms. Based on a 2010 joint study by the Commonwealth Secretariat and Overseas Development Institute, some 15-29 per cent of the total estimated loss of developing-country exports due to preference erosion would come from SVEs. For certain countries, such as St Vincent and the Grenadines, St Lucia, Dominica, and Sao Tome and Principe, the loss of exports due to preference erosion could be as high as 29—60 per cent of their merchandise exports (see Cali et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The “Bolsa familia” programme in Brazil and the ‘"Oportunitades” programme in Mexico have been running for years, have reached almost full national coverage, and have made a significant and tested dent on poverty in both countries, filling wide gaps in national social policies. International organisations such as the World Bank have helped disseminate and replicate the approach as one of the principal tools to attain the MDGs (Fiszbein and Schady, 2009). Pakistan and Indonesia have in place large unconditional cash transfers schemes, which in the latter country has been recently transformed into a conditional programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Academic researchers are deploying sensors to improve research on increasing agricultural yields, for example. Public policy is being informed by data collection on community water usage. For example, Apple and Qoogle have added features to their latest smartphone operating systems to integrate health sensor devices and promote users to monitor their own health data using non-specialist health tracking apps.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Results also show that sport distance is negatively associated with the sense of belonging of immigrant students. The sport distance index is also interacted with the gender dummy so that the measured effect is only for male immigrant students. The resulting coefficient is then used to predict the science scores of male imigrant students based on measured sport distance, keeping all other things equal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
So far, fully implemented programme spending accounts for 0.3% of GDP, and an additional 1.7% of GDP has been allocated for this purpose. The high social and fiscal costs of unemployment require well-funded activation policies, although they will be costly in the short run. A comprehensive and systematic evaluation of the programmes is essential, however, to identify what works and what doesn’t.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In essence, when risks associated with aquacullure are addressed early on and when innovation is embraced, costs of production tend to be lower. The overall use of space and water resources (whether marine or on land) and the potential for conflicts between different user groups is an important challenge which needs to be addressed nationally and internationally. Governance mechanisms that take into account the contribution of different sectors to the ocean economy can help ensure that stakeholders co-operate with multiple government agencies across a w ide area of interests, and across countries sharing marine resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The Terrorism Act 2000 was enacted in order to combat the international threat. The subsequent events of 9/11 in 2001 and July 7 in 2005 led to further legislation, resulting in the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 and the Terrorism Act 2006. The legislation created control orders, the right to detain suspects for 28 days and the offence of glorifying terrorist activities. Critics argue that these offences infringe upon our civil liberties, including the right to freedom of speech, the right to a fair trial, and the right to freedom of association under the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA). The article will examine the challenges posed for the government by the counter-terrorism legislation, namely the pre-charge detention rules under the Terrorism Act 2006, as the civil liberties debate continues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Consequently, the optimal level of subsidies for R&D on low-carbon technologies depends on the magnitude of knowledge spillovers from these technologies, relative to the spillovers generated by other technologies, in particular the fossil technologies they replace. It also needs to cover not only the public sector, but also the private one. The intellectual property argument, while valid in some cases, should not impede the development of standardised mechanisms to collect, compile and publish urgently needed global data on budgets for energy technology innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Abstract   This article attempts to highlight the concept of regional-global governance network by analyzing the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) implementation in ASEAN countries. This article is focusing on each ASEAN countries implementation and to what extent ASEAN governance linked to CEDAW governance network. This article used qualitative method by conducting in-depth interviews and content analysis on twenty eight documents. The finding indicates that most ASEAN member countries implemented similar initiatives and facing similar challenges. Secondly, there are some linkages in terms of platform, structure and network between ASEAN and CEDAW governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Desert forests are of great significance to the inhabitants of sandy regions (koomly), as they supply them with pastures, firewood and, on a small scale, household construction materials. As for sandy areas, continuous sowing and planting have resulted in 680,000 ha of woods and pasture-protection forests. According to nonofficial sources, including experts’ estimates, the annual supply of wood from sanitary cuttings does not currently exceed some 10,000 m3, while demand is estimated at about 50,000-55,000 m3. The provision of free natural gas to the population has proved to be an important means of preventing illegal logging.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Accessing international capital markets can also be difficult for many developing countries. These challenges can be further exacerbated for clean energy infrastructure projects, as lenders may be reluctant to lend due to an insufficient knowledge of local markets and a higher technology risk. Ensuring access to affordable finance will require developing country governments, in particular, to combine a short-term strategy of facilitating access to international financing and a longer-term approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This has led to inequalities in opportunities and outcomes for personal and professional development. Research on time use, and particularly the analysis of time-use survey data, has revealed patterns of inequality in time distribution and allowed the quantification of time allocated to daily activities. It has also identified the conditions that affect time distribution and allocation for specific tasks according to the rules of the patriarchal system within families and the dominant gender system in the public arena, providing statistics to reflect unpaid domestic and care work and their effects on the lives of women and on gender relationships.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Second, certain segments of the population may not be, for various reasons, in a position to take part in the labour force and thus benefit from employment expansion and wage income. Third, even the employed may experience the need for extra protection when wages are too low, which creates the problem of the “working poor”. While most of these programmes were originally launched and used as ex post measures to help affected people cope with economic downturns, in more recent years, they have been increasingly used ex ante as measures to reduce the exposure of the poor to insecurity. Such programmes would offer jobs to displaced workers, though at wages below the market average (typically about half of the mean wage rates).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Pigou took much the same line in his “welfare economics”, where he argued that poor women, and mothers in particular, ought to receive financial assistance from the State so that they could perform their domestic work properly without having to look for a job. Progress was also made in adapting market concepts to the analysis of activities within the home. In them, people make rational decisions about the distribution of their time between activities for the market (paid production work), activities for the home (unpaid domestic and care work)10 and leisure.11 Becker, who went closely into this aspect, considered that households acted as a unit following the rational choice model12 and maximizing the shared utility of their members, who were subject to time and income constraints.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Not far into the future, mortality rates are very low and so the assessment of household needs (the survival probabilities multiplied by the relevant equivalence scales) are close to the equivalence scale values. Thus, when both children are under 18, the value is close to 2 (the square root of 4) and with just one child, 1.73 (the square root of 3). When both children are 18, the curve drops to 1.34, a little below the equivalence scale of 1.41, because the probability of one partner dying before this point is no longer negligible. The curves then diminish slowly to zero.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
R&D efforts (the environmental component of the CORE Programme), ecotechnologies (the new 2009 Action Plan), energy savings (2008 National Energy Efficiency Plan) and the promotion of public transport are all part of a new conception of the environment as an economic opportunity. But as Luxembourg looks ahead post-crisis, it is not certain that environmental action will receive greater priority, beyond the country’s European commitments. Health risk factors, and environmental ones in particular, are regularly checked and the results are often published.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The government now wants to exploit domestic sources of natural gas, most of which are located in the eastern part of the country at the Risha gas field. The government launched a competitive bidding process in 2010 for the concession to develop the Risha field. In addition, the government plans to promote fuel switching to natural gas as a means of greenhouse gas mitigation (MoE, 2009). According to the Energy Master Strategy, USD 2.46 billion is needed between 2007 and 2020 to develop the natural gas sector. The private sector is expected to provide the capital and development expertise for these projects. Licences have already been issued to private companies to develop the relevant networks and supply commercial and residential customers with electricity (MoE, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A major focus within the modern bioethics debate has been on reshaping power relationships within the doctor-patient relationship. Empowerment of the vulnerable has been achieved through an emphasis on human rights and respect for individual dignity. However, power imbalances remain pervasive within healthcare. To a considerable extent this relates to insufficient attention to social injustice. Such power imbalances together with the development of new forms of power, for example through new genetic biotechnology, raise the spectre of increasing social injustice. Attention will be drawn to the need to extend the bioethics debate to include ethical considerations regarding public health. Changes in political philosophy will also be required to reshape international power relations and improve population health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the long-term, with a perception that food and fuel prices are on an increasing trend due to growing global wealth and finite supply, such commodities present a compelling investment story. Furthermore, the participation of financial investors is driven by herd behaviour which suffers from periods of mass entry and withdrawal from such markets. The resulting volatility in food prices hurts commodity producers as the accuracy of medium-term decisions regarding production based on prices is jeopardized. Implementation of legislation agreed under the Dodd-Frank Act in the United States to limit the holdings of financial investors in commodity markets which was set to begin in October 2012, continues to be delayed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It is possible to input data on this in the tool, but the information would need to be already available even without the tool. The In VEST tool has, however, already been used in attempts to adjust GDP/national wealth for lost regulating services, and within this category, in particularly those relating to water. This has been done both for Ecuador and Columbia. The tool has also frequently been used in land-use planning and in particular for taking into account the ecosystem services when land use decisions are made and, more specifically, the zoning for land-use plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Nor has it been accompanied by appropriate strategies to improve pedagogy and teaching practices, the professional development of teachers, and the provision of excellent software and courseware. Therefore, systems should be lead by the "right” drivers, i.e. a deliberate policy force that ends up achieving better measurable results for students. These include the focus on the learning-teaching-assessment nexus, social capital to build the profession, pedagogy matching technology and developing systemic synergies (OECD, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In some regions social change and the expansion of formal education are altering the opportunities for and constraints on young people’s social transitions to adulthood. For example, young people are marrying later and delaying having children. But if substantial deprivation occurs in childhood, there is potential for longterm losses.54 A recent study looked at 15-year-olds who experienced a food shortage at age 12.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The increase in the proportion of single parent families thus seems to be an important determinant of the growth in the proportion of children living in a household whose standard of living is below the mid-2000s poverty line but who are not counted as poor on the basis of a floating poverty line due to the drop in median income that followed the great recession in a large number of countries. This effect is stronger when considering the poverty rate with an anchored poverty line in 2005 and holds also when focusing on within country trends (column 4), which suggests that in many countries the relative stability or even the increase in mothers’ employment despite the great recession has been an important safeguard against the increase in child poverty8, while it has increased significantly in countries where maternal employment has declined (e. g. Spain, Estonia, Greece, Ireland or the Slovak Republic). Note that the effect is also robust no matter the chosen model specification (see Annex C Table C 1 and Table C 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The groundwater management reform in California (Box 6) may represent a case with a moderate level of the three characteristics. The nutrient trading program in New Zealand (Box 8) could be depicted with a medium scope of reform and government involvement and a low scope of action. Chile’s small grant program to fund irrigation and reservoirs (Box 5) involve medium government involvement, for a relatively low scope of action and reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)