albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Next a brief description of major policy instruments directed to smallholders are described. The agricultural and Livestock Insurance Support Programme facilitates access for producers of crops, fruits and livestock to insurances related to climate risk or livestock diseases. The insurance indemnifies the beneficiary up to two thirds of the insured annual production. Beneficiaries receive technical advice and financial support for their projects. The main purpose of the Technical Training Services (SAT) is to provide small farmers with technical support in order to improve their productivity and their responsiveness to technical and climatic challenges. The Management and Productive Development Services (PROGYSO), aims to improve small farmer's communication with both public and private sectors and to promote extension activities (OECD, 2013b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In 2010, employment increased by 3.3% and by the end of the year, unemployment had dropped to 4.9%. During 2011, the growing demand for labour was largely met by an increase in hours worked. Employment growth in mining and construction has been particularly strong, however, shortages of skilled labour put pressure on investment projects within these sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Existing multiplier estimates for countries in the Asia-Pacific region are in fact closer to zero than 1. On average, the multiplier is above 1 only in China, about 0.5 in the Republic of Korea and the Philippines, about zero in Indonesia and Thailand, and negative in Singapore (Wang and Wen, 2013, Tang, Liu and Cheung, 2010). Indeed, fiscal policy in developing economies could be more concerned about supporting development priorities than just stabilizing output - in which case, fiscal performance would be better assessed through such indicators as public expenditure efficiency instead of multipliers, as shown in chapter 3 for such areas as education and health. It could also be the case that some of the dynamic, long-term effects of fiscal policy on output are not captured in the short-term multiplier.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The results show' that a lack of skilled employees is currently the most important barrier to innovation. One-quarter of all firms report that this obstacle is highly important in impeding innovation. Other important widespread barriers include difficulties to obtain government grants for innovation, a lack of internal finance for innovation and excessively high innovation costs, each reported as being of high importance by about 20% of all firms. Competition and demand are less frequently reported barriers, while lack of credit or private equity, and lack of collaboration partners are experienced by only a small share of firms as important barriers to innovation. Skills are less often perceived as a barrier in service industries and in low-tech manufacturing. This marks a significant change in Austria’s position in the European and wider global innovation eco-system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This introduction to this issue of The Polar Journal champions the work of early career researchers working in the humanities and social sciences addressing themes and topics pertaining to the Polar Regions. Mindful that no collection of essays can be comprehensive, the 10 essays presented here are interdisciplinary and geographically varied, involving writers hailing from institutions based in Australia, Europe and North America. Theoretically and methodologically, the essays presented here use textual and visual analysis, ethnography, discourse analysis, and draw upon theorising pertaining to identity politics, institutional analysis, security studies, cultural nationalism, regimes and governance and futures-based research. While clearly drawing upon the existing scholarship of established scholars, the collection as a whole points to the importance of ongoing capacity building in the social sciences and humanities with regard to the Polar Regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
By contrast, several countries with rich natural-resource endowments, both the more and less advanced ones, have seen an improvement in their terms of trade over the past decade. Under certain circumstances, this improve-ment has facilitated the adoption of policies designed to reduce income inequality. It starts with a brief account of the trade-inequality debate of the early 1990s, which emphasized the rise in wage inequality between skilled and unskilled labour in developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Poor management or even loss of forest ecosystems can have different impacts on women than on men (Djoudi et al. Trading them can provide a "safety net" to help respond to environmental and economic shocks (Wunder et al. Both women and men generally collect NTFPs for both household consumption and commercial value, however, as shown in Figure 5 the pattern of their roles is not globally consistent. Where there are lower collection rates for women than for men, the reasons can include limited forest access, market information and transport (Azzez ef al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Observatory is informed of all major deliberations on water management, on which it issues an opinion prior to their presentation at the City Council. These deliberations concern, for instance, the price and quality of public drinking water and sanitation services as well as the annual activity report of Eau de Paris (service provider). The Observatory is composed of four boards representing: i) elected officials at municipal level, ii) consumers, iii) local institutions from the health, urban planning, land use and housing sectors, and iv) academia. Beyond institutional and professional actors, any individuals or associations can join.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Public transport-oriented mobility education for children and youth will be introduced into the school curriculum. The general purpose is to raise children’s awareness on the history' of how automobiles have become a dominant mode of urban transport, its negative impact, as well as general road safety instructions. Suwon is also developing a set of eco-mobility evaluation indicators in reference to the national and international examples such as KOTI’s Green Growth Evaluation Indicator and the OECD Green Growth Indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In most developed countries, even rural areas have reliable access to electricity. Here, ICT solutions can help consumers save money on their energy bills as sensors and actuators enable them to micro-manage their demand or to become prosumers who produce their own power. Furthermore, ICT can be used by energy providers to monitor and manage grids resulting in efficiency improvement and cost savings. In developing countries, urban grids partly can profit from the same impact of ICT.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Catalonia and its universities need to view job creation as a key goal for innovation and adopt a wide innovation concept beyond science push. At the regional and institutional level stronger incentives for regional engagement could be provided through performance-based funding and “challenge-driven” competitive calls. There is also a need to monitor the rate of return and effectiveness of public investment in research and innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Sustainable Development Goal 15 is aimed at addressing the current rate of biodiversity loss, which some experts believe to be unprecedented since the last major global extinction event 65 million years ago. In Asia and the Pacific, the problems of biodiversity loss and ecological degradation have been growing. Protected areas are one of the main tools used by Governments for conservation of the remaining forests, but these efforts have had mixed results, according to statistics on primary forests and numbers of threatened species.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
To avoid this, from the outset of the flooding, the Institute of Public Health of Belgrade City increased the drinking water monitoring sequence and installed additional treatment by activated carbon, in order to monitor any flood-related impact. At the same time, what is now the Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection, carried out monitoring of the surface water of the Drina and Sava Rivers at selected sites upstream of the water source area of Belgrade, to control the main potential threats, leakage and “washing-out” of contaminants in the flooded area draining to the rivers, with special focus on industrial sites, the high concentration of pesticides from agricultural land, and sanitary and septic wastes also entering the water system from downstream. In addition, this Law stresses the importance of the development of water transport, as well as the ports and harbours of Serbia. Vessels are prohibited from the discharge and leakage into inland waters of harmful objects or substances, including oil and oil derivatives, which may cause pollution of inland waters or create obstacles and dangers to navigation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Considerable energy should go into upgrading firms and sectors with lagging productivity levels through hands-on, pragmatic programmes. At the same time the further development of the best-performing sectors and companies needs to be fostered. In the near term improvements can be obtained through innovation based on existing technologies of both domestic and foreign origin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Higher inequality at the top is unlikely to induce such consequences. In fact, increased inequality at the top end is rather a signal of the existence of high rewards to risky investments, and therefore more directly linked to the theories implying a positive effect of inequality on growth (theory d above, for example). However, the present findings differ from those of Voitchovsky (2005), who found support for both bottom and top inequality having negative growth consequences.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It is readily evident that the greater self-sufficiency that would follow any decline of migration and remittances would be difficult and painful. There may be inequalities, frustrations and unwelcome social change, but there is little doubt that migration has provided new and beneficial development opportunities and that socio-economic change would have proceeded in the same direction, but much more slowly, without it. Furthermore, in a world where public sector interventions are against the flow of contemporary history, the will to discourage or redirect migration is absent. And in both countries these have been grasped in this century, as in no previous era, to encourage particular migration streams (evident in the RSE scheme), to improve skills (both for national development and for increased revenue generation after migration) and to ensure that remittances are greater and are used more effectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Having more limited contribution records, many women fail to meet the eligibility conditions to obtain a benefit of their own. When they do, their benefits tend to be lower than men’s, reflecting the joint impact of shorter periods of paid work, more part-time work and lower earnings. In some countries, this can especially harm low-income women who have lower (formal) labour market participation and may also lack access to derived benefits if they are single or divorced from/widowed by an informal worker with no pension rights. Indeed, the extent to which gendered labour markets effectively affect women’s pension entitlements depends on specific aspects of pension design that are particularly relevant for gender equality. In contributory social insurance systems, workers are typically entitled to a retirement benefit when they reach the retirement age and have a minimum number of years of work and/or contributions. Women find it harder than men to accumulate long contributory records.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, Arulampalam, Booth, and Taylor (2000) observe that among the working-age men in their sample who were unemployed at the time of an annual interview, around one-third were in an unemployment spell that lasted longer than 12 months (the average gap between annual interviews). For these cases, unemployment a year ago (y„-i) refers to the same spell rather than a different spell, so the higher chances of unemployment for those with yit.i = 1 may in part reflect the relatively long length of the unemployment spell to date. In order to check the sensitivity of the estimates of (Markovian) state dependence derived from their basic DREP model, Arulampalam, Booth, and Taylor fit two further model variants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Overall, support to the agricultural sector imposes a relatively low burden on the Brazilian economy. In 2012-14 the ratio of the TSE to GDP was 0.4% in Brazil. Altogether, these data suggest that there is a scope for policy to become better targeted to productivity and sustainability outcomes, and for increased spending on the provision of important public goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In addition, a consultation with 14 returnee migrant women from 14 districts was held in September 2016 in Kathmandu in order to better understand the reintegration process. The interaction focused on the challenges and opportunities of reintegration after women’s migration journeys. Following the focus group discussion, five in-depth interviews were conducted to further consolidate the data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
With the increasing opportunities for justice ushered in by the repeal of the Full Stop and Due Obedience laws in 2005, the struggles for memory and justice by Argentina’s H.I.J.O.S. (Sons and Daughters for Identity and Justice against Forgetting and Silence) have shifted focus. Pre-2005, the organization used escraches (public demonstrations in which the perpetrators of human rights violations are “outed”) to respond to the problem of top-down impunity in Argentina, condemn the atrocities, and expose the legal immunity enjoyed by the perpetrators. Post-2005, it has employed escraches to bring to the fore shortcomings in the judicial sphere by widening its selection of targets. Furthermore, new activities outside and inside the courtroom reflect the new landscape of justice, celebrating the advent of justice and accompanying victims, survivors, and witnesses in this process while continuing to highlight persistent shortcomings and obstacles in the judicial sphere.Con las nuevas oportunidades para la justi...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
As soils degrade either more land has to be brought into production or additional inputs have to be used to maintain output levels. If agriculture is to make its full contribution to the economy of Chihuahua it is crucial that current farming practices that contribute to soil degradation have to be replaced by practices that enhance soil capability. The possibility of climate change that will further stress plant and livestock growth only increases the need to improve soil capability. The problem exists both for arable land and for pastures. While the drawdown of aquifers is obvious, because water has to pumped from a greater depth each year, losses in soil fertility are less apparent, other than where intense erosion occurs. Nevertheless, lower quality soil imposes clear costs in the form of: lower yields, lower rates of soil moisture retention and the need for higher rates of fertiliser application.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Since effective tax rates increase with income, the relative extensive underreporting of higher income earners reduces the progressivity of the tax system (the redistributional effect of under-reporting of low-income groups is minimal given the low effective tax rate they face) (Benedek and Lelkes, 2011). These findings appear to be in line with those for Italy and Hungary (Matsaganis et al., The distributional impact of tax evasion would be even stronger if evasion of other taxes than the personal income tax, and especially, social security contributions, were taken into account. In addition, tax evasion imposes a sizeable fiscal cost, with an estimated shortfall in tax revenue of around 30% (Leventi and Matsaganis, 2013b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
They would be paid on a new fee schedule with higher payments for preventative services, counselling, and management of chronic diseases. This would complemented by a P4P scheme to reward high quality primary care. Medical schools would create model primary care polyclinics to train future primary care physicians. With these reforms, Korea could develop a health system that is more efficient, with fewer avoidable hospital admissions, that achieves better outcomes for chronic diseases, decreases health inequalities, and improves social cohesion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Haig (1921) and Simons (1938). Goode (1977) argues persuasively that von Schanz anticipated the Haig-Simons definition in 1896 and so prefers “Schanz-Haig-Simons”. Non-recurring incomes derive from infrequent or unusual events such as the sale of assets, the settlement of insurance contracts, etc. A capital gain is accrued when the value of the asset increases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A large number of traditional players have already developed their own regulatory systems, and well-established schemes for maritime safety, pollution prevention, etc. But as emerging ocean industries have grown in importance and have spread across the globe, the challenge has become how to integrate them into existing regulatory structures. For indeed, there is no agency for ocean issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Access to adequate and affordable ICT infrastructure (notably national and international broadband connectivity) is essential for the development of the software industry. This involves consideration of the role of network operators, Internet exchange points, data centres and related regulation. While it is beyond the scope of this report to discuss related policies for broadband development in detail, several publications from international organizations address this topic in detail.2 Technology parks, innovation hubs and incubators are sometimes set up with the aim of making it easier for software enterprises to get started, innovate and expand (see also chapter III). Such facilities are of particular value when weak basic infrastructure (electricity, broadband connectivity) represents an obstacle to business development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Depending on the field, the shift from one technology to another may take place in a continuous fashion (e.g. in data processing and storage), or as simultaneous bursts followed by relatively flat patenting activity, and then by later bursts as different technologies emerge (e.g. in chemistry and biotechnology, phone and wireless communication). Under its new Industrial Strategy, the United Kingdom granted USD 865 million PPP (GBP 600 million) in 2013 to its Eight Great Technologies, which cover the four areas of technology acceleration mentioned above.12 Hirkey has launched two mission-oriented programmes in the priority areas of its National STI Strategy 2011-16, including ICT, automotive, machinery and manufacturing, energy, and health. The United States has increased federal investment and interagency co-operation in neuroscience to improve health and learning. The USD 100 million Brain Initiative aims to advance knowledge of brain disorders, such Alzheimer’s disease.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Complaints filed with the National Human Rights Commission are reviewed under the 2000 Law on the National Human Rights Commission. Complaints filed with the court are review'ed under the Law on General Administrative Procedures and Law' on Civil Procedures. An extension of another 30 days can be granted for complaints for which more time is required to collect the required information. To facilitate the submission of petitions, complaints and requests from the public, the Ministry' has placed a special box in a room located at the entrance of the Ministry, before the security checkpoint. Petitions and complaints that require urgent attention are handled by a dedicated official, while requests for environmental information undergo a common process of registration and dispatch to the relevant departments, depending on the content and nature of the request.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
However, the National Collaboration for Mental Health (NSPH) is a notable and influential actor in the field of mental health care in Sweden. Although it does not directly develop national policy, its aim is to promote the development of improved psychiatric treatment via the enabling of relevant authorities to “benefit from the experiences and empowerment advocated through user participation from patients, users and relations” (NSPH). They also work to support patient voices, improve accessibility, develop mental illness prevention, spread information and influence public opinion, provide support and resources to interested organisations and cooperate with authorities and other mental health organisations on a national level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The incidence of child labour has also declined and became negligible. Despite these positive changes, however, significant gender differences still exist in several spheres of human activity, including employment status. In all threesurveyyears,nearly 80 percent of men were employed while the share of employed women was less than half that.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Less successful industrial development processes, such as those of Latin America during the import-substitution era, paid insufficient attention to income inequality, thereby limiting the size of the domestic market and hence expansion of the protected industries. The greater technological focus of production and exports will require a more capable labour force and hence continuous improvements in educational performance and better health outcomes. Labour-market policy discussions often focus rather narrowly on the degree of labour protection and wage-setting, on the one hand, and industrial competitiveness, on the other.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A number of incumbent operators that either monopolize or have a significant market share of the wired broadband market are financially strapped and cannot afford the required investment. In other cases, incumbents have mobile subsidiaries and prefer to focus their investments in that area. However, wired broadband can be an attractive alternative to mobile broadband, particularly if it is unmetered or has high usage caps. Another attraction is the potential for significantly higher speeds than what is available in most LDC mobile broadband networks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
All firms report a desire for a stable and business-friendly regulatory environment. The company also manufactures wheels for agricultural and municipal machinery, pneumatic and hydraulic systems, axles for trailers, as well as steel profiles and plastic components. In 2014 Pronar opened a Research and Development Centre which works on developing new designs and approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
A common platform for transportation planning and funding could enable key stakeholders from across the Chicago-area 21-county region to make the case that in so far as state and federal funding currently supports road infrastructure, it might make more sense from a long-term regional economic development viewpoint to place a higher priority on investing in public transit. While policy makers may be reluctant to raise taxes, it would be worth considering expanding the value capture tax. The base for a value capture tax is an increase in property values arising from public infrastructure development. This increased value results from the increased desirability of the location, better access, and the potential for higher rents, increased resale value and higher-density development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)