albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It briefly reviews what such monitoring and evaluation frameworks may look like in theory and practice. The chapter also considers notions of climate risk, vulnerability and resilience, as well as the need to establish baselines and targets for monitoring and evaluation. This however, requires a flexible adaptation process that can respond to changing climate circumstances. As climate uncertainty decreases, and data availability and monitoring and evaluation capacity improve, the focus may gradually shift towards an evaluation of current levels of adaptation against projected climate change. Fifty Least Developed Countries (LDCs) have formulated National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs), which identify the countries’ urgent and immediate adaptation needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, disentangling these influences is difficult, as technology is a major determinant of the organisation of international supply chains (OECD, 2011c). Reforms undertaken by most OECD countries, including the United Kingdom, since the 1980s to increase competition in product markets and make labour markets more flexible have generally been positive for employment, which tends to reduce inequality, but have also widened wage disparities. These opposite effects tend to offset each other (OECD, 2011c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In fact, trade related OOF has been directed overwhelmingly to MICs (96%), with only 3.5%% going to the least developed (Figure 11.8). At the aggregate level, the shares of loans and grants have been almost equal since 2006. Yet 63.4% of disbursements to LICs have been made as grants, whereas MICs have received 67.4% as loans. The share of total country-specific aid-for-trade disbursements for the LDCs was 31.9%, while other LICs received 2.9%, 65.3% went to MICs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Countries have been invited to include questions in their education management information systems on whether schools teach (a) generic life skills, (b) sexual and reproductive health and (c) HIV prevention. Data can be gathered through annual school censuses or school-based surveys. Following pilot tests, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics country survey included the sexual and reproductive health question in 2017 and covered generic life skills and HIV prevention in 2018.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The series features research commissioned as background papers for publications by leading researchers from different national and regional contexts. Each paper benefits from an anonymous external peer review process before being published in this series. This background paper was produced forthe expert group meeting by Stephanie Seguino, Professor of Economics at the University of Vermont and Professorial Research Associate at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The project is expected to cost USD 228.5 million (World Bank, 2014). The objective of the BRT project is to improve the performance of the urban transport system in the areas of quality of service, safety and environmental efficiency. The BRT will run between Barangay Talamban in the north and Barangay Bulacao in the south.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The latter region pays almost the same amount of attention to human development as to economic development. In Africa, these are the two dominant themes. Latin America and the Caribbean's and Arab States' NUPs also pay the most amount of their attention to spatial structure. Environmental sustainability also gets low attention globally, although the results are more diverse across regions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the City of Chihuahua, for example, 61.3% trips made each day are done through cars. Indeed, only 16.5% of the trips are made through public transport, which is far below the Mexican national average which is between 50 and 60%. The increased use of automobiles has also been stimulated by improved road conditions (i.e. the percentage of paved areas in the City of Chihuahua grew from 50% in 2000 to 69% in 2007). Recent efforts to promote more public transportation have been challenged by the high accident rates of buses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Steps have been taken to allow for the use of gender mainstreaming tools such as the collection of gender-disaggregated data by an especially dedicated gender statistics unit. Elements of gender analysis of draft legislative acts and Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB) within some public entities have been also implemented. However, this chapter observes the need to improve the scope, depth and use of existing gender-disaggregated data, to widen the application of Gender Impact Assessments beyond primary legislation and to better link the allocation of public budgets to expected gender equality results. This chapter examines what tools and mechanisms Kazakhstan is currently using in pursuit of its gender equality objectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This reorganisation of service delivery must be underpinned by a clearer vision of the future health system architecture and implemented more systematically. Beyond delivering the appropriate volumes of services, attention must be paid to embedding quality improvement initiatives in health professionals practices at all levels of the system. Finally, the availability, relevance, and quality of information and evidence must improve and all health system actors - health professionals, local and national providers, local and national units of authority - need to be held accountable for the outcomes of their actions and results. With a population of only 17.8 million in the 9th largest (and largest landlocked) country, it is one of the least densely populated nations in the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
For example, Wiggins and Keats (2013) summarise three dimensions to policies that might address this challenge (Figure 4). One dimension is simply to build the case for government involvement based on public-good arguments, where the driver for building successful links between small farmers and markets would be found in private enterprise. A second dimension is to identify the participants: fanners and farm group who can transition to commercial operations, and sponsors or champions who can maintain the linkages with smallholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is less clear how soil carbon stocks respond to the harvesting event as such. During the first few decades, decomposition of litter and soil organic matter will exceed production of biomass and the overall carbon stock will decline. However, it has generally been assumed that the reduction in soil carbon stocks after harvesting is moderate and will be rebuilt to pre-harvesting levels over a period of 30-40 years (Nilsen et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It’s important to note, however, that even System GMM have shown to be subject to weak instruments problems (Bazzi and Clemens, 2013). These tests include the Arellano-Bond test of autocorrelation in the residuals (which would invalidate the use of lagged levels of potentially endogenous variables as instrument for their first differences. As reported in Table 1, however, serial correlation does not appear to be an important concern in this application. The analysis also reports tests for the joint validity of all instruments (the Hansen tests of overidentifying restrictions), which do not suggest that any instruments might be invalid (see Roodman, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Including age-specific indicators is beneficial, because it gives the possibility of including more appropriate indicators in the analysis than only including aspects which are relevant for all children. It can also illustrate the differences in the needs of the children, and can therefore be more specific in what the children are deprived of, Analysing different age-groups of children separately and choosing indicators that are relevant for each age-group is what MODA calls the life-cycle approach (Claeson and Waldman, 2000, UNICEF, 2011). For the children under 5 years the analysis includes dimensions on nutrition and health, while the later age-group concentrates on education and access to information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It is projected that many oceanographic vessels of the European regional fleet will need to be renewed in the coming years. The expert group identified a need for strategic reassessment and co-ordination, at European level, of oceanographic vessels, as part of a broader assessment and co-ordination of European MRIs. The GSO were tasked to develop and promote a "Framework for a coherent and co-ordinated world-wide development and operation of global research infrastructures". The global nature of the challenges ahead requires facilities that are too complex, and too expensive to be built and operated by individual countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The authors owe a particular debt of gratitude to Dr Mohammad A Razzaque, Adviser and Head, International Trade and Regional Cooperation, Commonwealth Secretariat, and Dr H Bohela Lunogelo, Executive Director, Economic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF), Tanzania, for their very helpful comments and suggestions on the revised draft. The authors would also like to mention their deep appreciation of the insightful comments on the revised draft by Susanne Melde, Research Officer, ACP Observatory on Migration, Dina Ionesco, Policy Officer, IOM, and Hyeshin Park, Junior Policy Analyst, OECD. Support of the Secretariat of the LDC IV Monitor, particularly Dr Anna Batyra, is specially acknowledged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Sustainable water infrastmcture development”, brochure, Suez Environnement, www.degrcmont.com/en/activities/partnerships-for-watcr-and-wastcwater/innovative-financing-partncrship/sustainable-water-infrastnictu redevelopment. Final report”, Public Action for Water, Energy and Environment Project - Prosperity, Livelihoods and Conserving Ecosystems (PLACE) IQC Task Order #5, USAID, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf docs/Pnadv236.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Similarly, policies related to ad-hoc export restrictions and food aid, state-trading and the effects of changes in price volatility are not explicitly modelled. As such, the impacts, and possible gains from the reform, of these policies are not part of the analysis conducted in this study. Therefore, for a number of these measures, reforms would be expected to yield additional impacts to those presented in this study (see, for example, Winchester, 2009). These groups include a wide range of policy measures employed by governments. Non-tariff barriers generally refer to barriers that exist for products and services moving across borders unrelated to taxes and quotas. They include measures such as Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
A majority wished for local government support in defining and instituting sustainability standards, along with help from large-scale multinationals in their supply chains. The greatest confidence was expressed in close-to-the ground collaboration and assistance provided by entities such as Sedex, the UN Global Compact, UNIDO and ITC. While challenging, the spirit on all sides appears more willing than might be expected.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Multilateral ODA are official contributions to multilateral agencies, whether negotiated, assessed or voluntary, for which the governing boards have the unqualified right to allocate as they see fit within the organisation’s charter. However, DAC statistical system also tracks flows from multilateral organisations to countries, or multilateral outflows. The use of multilateral agencies as an intermediary is illustrated in this figure as the provision of fixed broadband (right side) in which a router transforms the signals coming from cables and creates a Wi-Fi network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
G3 is defined as "Enabling investment, innovation and access, dual focus on stimulating competition in service and content delivery, and consumer protection". G4 is characterized by “Integrated regulation, led by economic and social policy goals". For instance, more than 20 per cent of households without Internet access cite the cost of the service as a barrier in Brunei Darussalam, Zimbabwe, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia and Romania (Chart 4.5). In some economies - such as Zimbabwe, Mexico and Palestine1 - these device costs represent a barrier to Internet access at home for a significant proportion of households without Internet. For instance, depending on the price of mobile-broadband data packages, a household relying on a mobile connection to access the Internet may have to curtail the amount of content consumed online to make ends meet. This is indeed often the case in Argentina, Colombia, Ghana, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru and Rwanda, where more than 50 per cent of households with Internet limit its use because of data costs (Chart 4.6).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, within NUDP, targets are set for the percentage of the population in Class IV and Class V cities which would have access to clean water by 2020 (90% and 70%, respectively). Moreover, while the ambitions are commendable, Viet Nam has failed to meet some of these goals and targets. For example, the NUDP sets a target of having 90% of the urban population in Class III cities supplied with clean water and a standardised water supply in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The first evaluation points to some success of the integration-training programme (Ramboll, 2018(73]), but uptake has been relatively low and dropout rates are high, albeit dropout also reflects some transition to regular employment and education. There is scope to extend the programme to a broader group of immigrants, but also a need for more intensified language training and improved coordination and administration of the programme according to the evaluation. Implementing these adjustments in collaboration with social partners and making the programme permanent should be considered when the trial phase expires in June 2019.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The first four ‘glimpses’ 3.1-3.4 focus on energy, and the last three 3.5-3.7 on improved land management for sustainable natural resource products. They deserve renewed attention, together they could both expand the horizons of green economy laid out by the CRGE, and serve as initial implementation vehicles for specific needs. The project has already brought these combined economic, social and environmental benefits to about 14,000 smallholders, from 1,600 biogas digester plants installed in 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The objective of this chapter is to reflect on the specific challenges that the Peruvian state faces to become an inclusive State. It assesses the important role that the private sector can play, through corporate social responsibility and private public partnerships in realising the goal. For that purpose, various dimensions of social inclusion are analyzed in direct connection to the economic, social, political and cultural rights of each citizen. Urgent measures are described and analyzed in section two. Subsequently, section three presents some ideas on medium and long term policies, mainly education and the labor market issues. Section four includes some structural traits (informality, decentralization, discrimination) which constrained public policy options. The current challenge of establishing an Inclusive State in Peru is clearly to move from the rhetoric of social inclusion to a functional design and practice of collaborative governance and social responsibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
There may also be distinct benefits in terms of accessing hard to reach or disadvantaged communities where the burden of health risk might also be greater. With the advent of complex health care interventions including complex drug regimens and a rise in the prevalence of multi-morbidity, patients are now more likely than before to receive multiple health care interventions across different providers at different times. To ensure patient safety and effectiveness, it is vital that care is properly co-ordinated over time.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In the short-term, a favourable future for the post-2015 sustainable development framework and an ambitious climate deal in Paris will not be possible without policy input. In the longer term, development objectives, including climate-related goals, need policy coherence as well as cash. Governments will need to adapt accordingly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Solutions that may improve on an existing market allocation but which are highly costly are unlikely to be selected, and rightly so. And it has also been widely recognized that, sometimes, a policy package with a set of coordinated and complementary measures to address failures in a range of related markets may be more effective than a single-pronged attack on arty one of these failures. There must also be vision, leadership and strategic planning from the Government. In contrast to the function of detailed allocations which a market may or may not perform well given circumstances (market conditions), vision, leadership and strategic planning are things which a market simply cannot provide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Between-school differences account for less than 15% of the OECD average total variation in performance in Denmark. By contrast, across OECD countries, 37% of the overall performance differences are observed between schools. The performance differences that do exist between schools are relatively closely related to socio-economic disparities between schools. Performance differences within schools are around the OECD average, but these within-school differences are more strongly related to students’ socio-economic status: 65.8% of the total variation in performance is observed within schools (OECD average: 63.3%), and 10.5% of the performance difference can be explained by differences in students’ socio-economic status (OECD average: 5.1%). In the PISA 2012 mathematics assessment, students with an immigrant background scored an average of 40 points lower than their native peers after accounting for socio-economic background (OECD average: 21 points). Students with an immigrant background in Denmark were 2.43 times more likely to perform in the bottom quarter of the performance distribution than non-immigrant students (OECD average: 1.70 times more likely).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At different points, jobseekers may be required to expand their field of job search, may be directly referred to job vacancies, and may be referred to longer-term training or job-creation measures, and a subsidy may be offered to employers who hire them. At the same time, many individuals with specific identifiers of disadvantage, such as lone parenthood, find work without intensive assistance. The PES needs to concentrate its scarce resources on jobseekers who have become long-term unemployed, or ideally on those most at risk of becoming long-term unemployed. Many types of information can contribute to the assessment of this risk.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Indeed, according to some estimates when the externalities associated with different energy sources are fully reflected in policy incentives, some renewable energy sources, particularly wind power, are already as cost efficient as conventional energy sources. As many of these technologies are still in early phases of their respective development chains, further cost reductions are expected in the future, especially if these technologies are appropriately supported by research, development, demonstration and deployment programs (RDD&D). Since 1990, renewable energy generation has been growing only at an annual rate of 1.6%, which is lower than the growth rate of total electricity generation (1.9%). Thus, while in 1990, 17.3% of total electricity was produced from renewable sources, this share has declined to estimated 17.2% in 2009, most of which (12.6%) was generated from hydro plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Growth in social benefits reduces the overall child poverty rate, however it appears to have had no significant effect on the poverty risk of families with incomes far below the poverty line, such as in particularly single-parent jobless families. The main reason is that the income of these families is often far below the poverty line and that the cash transfers they receive are not high enough to lift them out of poverty. In addition, benefits seem to have played a rather limited role in mitigating the effects of the crisis in countries where the family disposable income has declined between 2007 and 2014.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Redistribution is the absolute difference between the Gini coefficients before and after taxes and transfers. The data points refer to all observations available for all countries included in Table 7.3. The data in Table 7.3 illustrate episodes in a number of countries where reductions in the redistributive capacity of taxes and benefits have sometimes occurred in parallel with increasing market-income inequality (Australia 1985-89, the Czech Republic 1992-96, Finland 1995-2004, Israel 1997-2005, United Kingdom 1986-95, and United States 1979-86 and 1994-97). In these cases, policy reforms have accelerated the trend towards greater income inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In some regions, rates above established norms or for buildings without metering system are higher. According to official data, sanitation is the only municipal utility subsector since 2000 where the increase in user tariffs has matched inflation (Figure 1.23). It is worth noting that nationwide tariffs on central district heating have been falling in real terms for almost 15 years. This partly reflects authorities’ concern with the social impact of insufficient heating in Kazakhstan’s harsh climate. According to the OECD (2014b), rates for district heating in Kazakhstan are lower than in Central and Eastern European countries (Table 1.6). This is largely explained by low fuel price (mainly low coal prices), but also by insufficient or inexistent coverage of capital expenditures in heating tariffs, as noted above.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This article extends the ongoing critique of neoliberalism's encroachment upon public education by highlighting how neoliberal ideas such individualism, accountability, governmentality, and the marketization of public life are recasting teachers today primarily as competitive economic beings. I contend that teachers are increasingly compelled to act as modern homo economici, working in an education system that conforms to the rules of the neoliberal market. As such, teachers are incentivized to act as self-entrepreneurs, rational individuals who are beholden to a governmentality that requires them to be accountable to the strictures of the neoliberal market. The neoliberal transformation of public schools has led to teaching becoming a strictly controlled and hyperindividualized entrepreneurial activity that compels teachers to focus on their own productivity, while rendering them eminently governable beings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Continued population growth and expansion of the economy, combined with the resulting growth of income levels, will put increasing pressure on scarce water resources. Based on the concept of integrated water resource management, the approach aims to take due account of equity, efficiency and ecology. The 1998 National Water Act reversed the historical approach, in which landholders were deemed to own the water resources on their land. Instead, it made the Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs the trustee, on behalf of the national government, of the nation’s water resources. Water resources management, including water quality, is an exclusive national competency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)