albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
But after having two children - and the need to feed them and school them -1 suddenly realized my mistake of not pursuing my study. Without proper education, there were very little that I could do to help financially in providing a good education to my children. That was the reason why I went for foreign employment. Upon return, I decided to continue my study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The legal basis for transboundary cooperation is also examined: bilateral and river basin agreements on transboundary waters, as well as relevant multilateral environmental agreements entered into by UNECE countries and their neighbours, are inventoried (annexes II and III). Therefore, specific attention is devoted to ecological issues, notably through the assessment of selected Ramsar Sites1 and other wetlands of transboundary importance. They also show the linkages between transboundary wetland management and management of transboundary waters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Industrial production necessarily involves some degree of energy consumption and effluent discharge, so developing countries are charged with exponentially increasing GHG emissions and pollution. The onus of sustainability must be shared in an equitable manner, with both developing and developed countries contributing their fair share. This statement is attributed to the former Indian Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, at a speech at the 1972 Conference on the Human Environment is Stockholm. She theorised that the poor were forced to pollute by poverty and unequal access to land, setting off a downward spiral where they were impelled to destroy the natural resources on which they depend, thus deepening their poverty (Lean, George, n.d).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
According to various estimates, alcohol kills - either directly or indirectly - half a million persons per year while smoking is estimated to kill between 330 000 and 500 000 persons. Almost 24 000 persons die in traffic accidents per year (MHSD, 2008, and Rosstat, 2009a). According to the RLMS,4 about three quarters of the Russian population consume some kind of alcohol, with more being consumed on average by males in all age groups and in the persons belonging to the 25 to 55 age group.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
As indicated previously, the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition does not identify whether the unexplained part is discrimination by employers or unobserved heterogeneity in productivity. Three combinations are taken in the matching: set I takes age and year, set II adds education measured by three dummy variables, and set III adds the head of household dummy variable. As Marquez Garcia, Nopo and Saiardi (2009) highlight, the greater the number of characteristics used in the matching, the smaller the chances of finding exact matches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
With regard to transport policies, the government's 2009 policy document Smarter Travel: A sustainable transport future sets out how the vision of a sustainable travel and transport system can be achieved through actions by relevant government departments and agencies, facilitated by the Department of Transport. It recommends actions such as fostering a "cycling culture" and a "walking culture" which, Failte Ireland believes will also enhance the tourism offer. From 1 July 2008, the rate of VRT (purchase tax) for all new and used cars registered in Ireland is calculated on the basis of the CO.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Moreover, Queretaro lacks an integrated electronic system where different government authorities can access information about SMEs without asking business owners each time. This is opposite to Morelos, where administrative information about a firm can be sourced online by public authorities at any time. In other “doing-business” indicators such as the presence of a one-stop shop, business registration’s cost and number of procedures, and time to obtain licenses and permits, the two states performs more homogenously and fairly well. There are, for example, one-stop shops for business start-ups in both states, the time to obtain permits and licenses equally ranges between two weeks and two months in Morelos and Queretaro, and the business registration process is quite streamlined on account of an average of only two visits at the one-stop shop to become an operative firm. They both have a clear strategy, informed by local stakeholders, with the corresponding state economic development secretaries (SEDECO in Morelos and SEDESU in Queretaro) that lead the strategy-making process. There is not, however, an agency devoted to SME policy implementation in either state, which is the result of policy being delivered by a network of private intermediary organisations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Thus, social identities would be mediators between the “objective” social structure and the representations that persons or groups construct of their position in that space. As shown in the following figure, those who identify themselves as indigenous or of African origin indicate, more than in the case of the remaining social categories in question, that the members of their own group (native peoples or Afro-descendants) are the most discriminated against. Hence, discrimination of ethnic minorities is more significant for respondents who identify themselves as members of minority groups. Because ECLAC has not finished processing the new surveys, the data for 2008 have been preliminarily estimated by applying 2005 (as estimated by ECLAC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
One of the oldest Anglican churches is in Bloemfontein, where JRR Tolkien, author of Lord of the Rings, was baptised. In 2008, the University of the Free State ended up in the news for all of the wrong reasons, and in 2009 the process to set it right was started. In August 2010, the University will launch an institute for the studies of race, reconciliation and social justice to deliberate how to make the country safer and more equal and just.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Vanuatu: 2015 Article IV consultation and request for disbursement under the rapid credit facility and purchase under the rapid financing instrument—press release, staff report, and statement by the Executive Director for Vanuatu', IMF Country Report No. Press release: IMF Executive Board approves US$8.7 million disbursement under the rapid credit facility for Dominica', 28 October 2015, Press Release No. Vanuatu: 2016 Article IV consultation - press release, staff report: and statement by the Executive Director for Vanuatu', IMF Country Report No. Dominica: Selected issues'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This chapter focuses on the changing role of the BBC World Service in addressing audiences in the Middle East, exploring the evolving relationship between the World Service and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, its paymaster, over some seven decades.1 This particular case allows us to discern (a) the parallel activities between formal diplomacy and “soft power” that have been in place for some time, (b) the shift from an approach that might be labeled “propagandistic” to one that better fits within the rubric of “public diplomacy”, and (c) the changing rhetoric of the key institutional players as they attempt to embrace “public diplomacy.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, as many as 40 countries or areas had less than 10 per cent female representation (see Statistical Annex). Seven women held this position in the parliaments of Africa (all sub-Saharan), four in Asia (two in Southern Asia and two in Central Asia) and six in Latin America and the Caribbean (of which 4 in the Caribbean). The proportion of female candidates for lower or single house of parliament tended to be low in countries within the less developed regions, being predominantly in the range of zero to 30 per cent in the last elections (table 5.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Data on patients collected by primary care providers forms the basis for an electronic database (the Quality Indicators in Community Health Care, QICH, programme) that is one of the most comprehensive in the OECD area (OECD, 2012). The QICH data include basic patient demographics and more than 60 measures across six areas - asthma, cancer screening, immunisation for the elderly, children’s health, cardiovascular health and diabetes. The data also flag risk factors and log treatments, drug utilisation and treatment outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Processes should be established across relevant planning activities that embed tertiary education engagement in regional and local development including economic, social, cultural and environmental development. The government should play a key role in ensuring that there is a flow of funds from the Australian Government, in advocating for funds on behalf of the tertiary education sector and in providing joined-up governance in state responsibilities that intersect with tertiary education such as schools, vocational education, innovation, business development and transport and infrastructure planning. In order to guarantee that the needs of Victoria are effectively met by tertiary education institutions, the compact negotiations with individual universities, particularly with the four multi-sector universities, should involve also state government.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Mexico has a number of evolving initiatives in this sphere, hence close co-ordination will be required to ensure a common framework and interoperability across them. Steps to establish a system-wide, independent regulator for data who can oversee the expansion of electronic health records will be necessary. It will also be crucial to ensure that the legal framework around data privacy supports record sharing whilst affording adequate safeguards. The OECD’s work on balancing the public value and individual privacy of health care records compiles international experience in this area, and offers substantial guidance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A massive landfill at Riverton in Kingston is the official destination for solid waste. Periodic fires generate pollutants in the air, which cause respiratory illnesses in the environs. The first plan for solid-waste management was drafted in 1975, and since then its recommendations have been revised (Ministry of Local Government, Youth and Community Development 2000) and implemented, but slowly. Current thinking is to maximise the energy potential of the solid waste collected, especially in the Kingston Metropolitan Area (KMA).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Effective public governance is critical for regulation and the mix of economic instruments (including pricing, subsidies, or compensation mechanisms) that offer incentives to different groups of users to engage in water-sustainable practices and to agree on water reforms. It is also crucial to reconcile the long-term financial needs of the sector with the revenue streams available (3Ts - taxes, transfers and tariffs), taking into account the need for efficiency of fund use and the importance of strategic financial planning. Finally, integrated public governance is also necessary to overcome the typical disjuncture between water policies and planning on the one hand, and engineering and infrastructure investments on the other hand, both of which affect water quantity and quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Offshoring is modelled as a positive technological change introduced as a cost of coordination.1 As these costs fall, firms adapt their production strategies. On the one hand, offshoring will make some of the low-skilled workers redundant thereby exercising downward pressure on low-skilled wages. This is the more commonly expected negative effect on low-skilled wages—the labour supply effect. The predictions of this model are therefore ambiguous relative to those in the HOS framework and depend on the type of task which is offshored as well as whether the productivity effect dominates the other effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Governments have agreed to meet every five years to take collective stock of the implementation of their strategies and to set more ambitious goals. The first formal global stocktaking dialogue will take place in 2023. Reduced tariff levels occurred in line with country commitments under the agreement, and have also continued since.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In addition, several other adaptation-related knowledge-sharing or learning mechanisms have been established e.g. the UNDP-facilitated Adaptation Learning Mechanism, which is itself a GEF-fimded project (ALM, 2015). The “NAP Central” by mandate and many of the mentioned institutions by default have been focused on LDCs and developing country Parties to date. Applying them across a broader range of Parties would require significant scaling up and inherent assessment of institutional structures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
ONE feature of the current debate concerning the term “public authority” in the Human Rights Act 1998 is a rule to the effect that public authorities are not themselves capable of having and enforcing Convention rights. In what follows this will be referred to as the “rights-restriction rule”. The position was confirmed by the House of Lords in  Aston Cantlow  and has been given effect by the courts in relation to English local authorities and to NHS Trusts in Scotland. Despite this, doubts have been expressed. In particular the parliamentary Joint Committee has suggested, though without argument, that the denial of Convention rights to public authorities may be wrong in principle and that there are “circumstances in which public authorities have Convention rights”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Forestry is important in greening the global economy, largely because it is a major carbon sink, and deforestation is a big contributor to global carbon dioxide emissions. Certification by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) provides access to the higher margin niche markets in those economies, it requires systemic greening and a "chain of custody" to verify greening throughout the chain (box 6.1). Although consumers and governments in high-income economies are increasingly sensitive to social and environmental concerns, the same is not always so in low- and middie-income markets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The statement was welcomed by the Advisory Group. During the intersessional period, discussion continued on whether sustainability reporting and core indicators should be used at a corporate consolidated level or at a legal entity level. Given that the impact of companies is realized at the local level, some experts argue that data should be provided by a legal entity of a home country. However, it is also important to consider that group-level consolidated sustainability reporting is critical as a means to align corporate behaviour and business models with the 2030 Agenda. Consolidated reporting is also a basis for financial decision-making by investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
These experiences also give some indication of the main characteristics of successful social interventions as well as the limitations. During the last two decades, social policy in the context of development has been relegated to a residual safety-net approach. The focus of international development and aid, supported in part by the MDGs, has been on meeting the basic needs of the poorest of the poor, assuming that poverty elimination could be achieved without addressing issues of equity, social inclusion or development strategies that benefit all social groups.34 Social policy in the post-2105 development framework should be an enabling element for transformative change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the context of the current economic recession, interest in EE and investments in renewable sources of energy have gained momentum due to their potential to create significant market opportunities and to contribute to the promotion of low-carbon green growth.1 Such growth is seen as playing a significant role in simultaneously addressing several major challenges confronting the world today, in particular poverty and climate change. Large improvements in EE have already been made, resulting in net economic benefits to consumers and firms. Further savings in world energy use are still possible, and would result in major reductions in energy-related carbon dioxide (C02) emissions. For example, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that accelerated EE improvements would enable three quarters of the savings in energy-related C02 emissions to be achieved by 2030 if governments were to implement all the policies to address energy security and climate change that they were considering up to mid-2007 (IEA, 2007a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, only a handful of structuralist models explicitly incorporate gender, and among those that do, the focus is most often on the macroeconomics dynamics of gender-based wage inequality and female labour force participation in a development context.' By contrast, we incorporate unpaid work and care, and the implications of their gendered distribution, into a conceptual model of social reproduction that can accommodate a variety of economic structures and social welfare regimes. We define care in both labour-process and output terms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The project of implementing the EPICT in the Austrian education system has been carried out since autumn 2007. The country report dedicated to Austria2 (last updated and revised in August 2008) specifies that this implementation concerns both initial and continuing teacher education. This system will build on existing course accreditation processes operating in some states by establishing common accreditation processes and national graduate standards, and by specifying the knowledge and skills that graduates need, including ICT knowledge skills as well as other technology in teaching. At the University of Tasmania, a unit on the educational uses of information technology is a feature of teaching degrees.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Costa Rica also has the National Observatory for Human Resources in Health (Observatorio Nacional de Recursos Humanos en Salud) to monitor workforce trends and support dialogue between professional associations, the Ministry of Health, the CCSS, private employers, academics, and other stakeholders. However, existing estimates are built mainly on feasibility (CCSS concerns regarding training “space”) or political (Colegio Medico) considerations, rather than a forecast of anticipated needs and demands, and a simulation of the necessary profiles and possible reform scenarios that would lead to a set of human resources better suited to resolve main challenges in the system, such as the long waiting lists for health services. For each indicator, a national target is set.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This might not just be the case for public projects. Private infrastructure investment in rural areas is also likely to depend on the quality of the local administration and the trust that firms have in village leaders. Government policies to boost agricultural productivity will be critical for narrowing the gap between urban and rural living standards. However, the benefits to farmers of productivity-enhancing reforms may take some time to eventuate, requiring government assistance to the agricultural sector in the meantime.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Local governments created 604 new childcare places in 2015 with financial support from the European Social Fund. More recent data from 2015-16 shows that 75% of two year-olds were in pre-school education in Estonia, and that the overall proportion of those aged 0-2 in pre-school education had increased to 34% compared to the 20% for 2014 shown in Figure 27 (source: Ministry of Social Affairs of Estonia). A further call for 600 additional childcare places will be launched in 2017 with funding from the same source.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This leads to the benefits of sharing and collaboration: "A major promise of OER is that the creation and refinement of both learning content and the underlying pedagogical approaches can benefit from the distributed co-creation model enabled by open licenses. In principle, a rich developer base facilitates the creation of resources” (TUomi, 2013: 70). In the early 2000s, instructional designers were focusing on the development of reusable learning objects (RLO), which were defined as “any digital resource that can be reused to support learning” (Wiley, 2000). This recognised the power of open source, “object-oriented” programming and hoped that its use would make the production of high-quality learning resources more effective and efficient.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A total of KZT 11.8 billion (USD 80 million) was spent on export transportation subsidies between end-2009 and 2010, applying to 2.3 million tonnes of exported wheat. The subsidy rate was set at KZT 6 000 (USD 40 per tonne) and covered 2.5 million tonnes of wheat exports. The subsidy was available for wheat transported after 1 September 2011 to China or which transited through Chinese or Russian territory. As in 2009-10, the CTS remained the single operator of subsidised exports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Foreword by Series Editor ix Preface xi Introduction. Interplay between the Political Ideal and Reality 1 PART I. Political Authority and Institution 25 Chapter 1. What Is Political Authority? 27 Chapter 2. Monism or Limited Government? 46 Chapter 3. The Role of Institution 65 Chapter 4. Mixing Confucianism and Democracy 81 PART II. Rights, Liberties, and Justice 111 Chapter 5. Human Rights as a Fallback Apparatus 113 Chapter 6. Individual Autonomy and Civil Liberties 131 Chapter 7. Social Justice as Sufficiency for All 160 Chapter 8. Social Welfare and Care 178 Conclusion. Confucian Political Perfectionism 191 Appendix 1: Notes on Scope and Methods 205 Appendix 2: Against the Ownership Conception of Authority 213 Bibliography 233 Index 247
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
First, however, particular surveys must be conducted to collect information that allows such analysis. The survey's questions on the extent to which people can travel without a car improved understanding of the user's perspective of public transport accessibility gaps. The DfT also refers to the UK's National Travel Survey, which asks questions about travel experience, in identifying where poor connectivity is a problem and in identifying areas where transport improvements must be prioritised (Cooper and Penrose, 2018).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In addition, the distribution network is not maintained. About 27.1 per cent of water supply infrastructure is not working and requires complete reconstruction. More than 60 per cent of water supply infrastructure is in need of maintenance, due to its continuous operation for more than 20-30 years, yet it is not subject to maintenance because of the excessive costs implied.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The government recently issued guidance outlining the desirable characteristics of exchange platforms for rural assets. They advised that exchange platforms should be established by nonprofit institutions (public or otherwise), be internet-based and cover a variety of assets (e.g. operation rights to rural land, rural collective operating assets, agricultural production facilities and use rights for water conservation facilities). Exchanges should also aim to provide various services such as asset valuation, legal advisory and assistance in connecting households with land-backed mortgage financing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Living in multiple places produces functional spaces that often do not correspond to administrative boundaries (Cortes and Fayet, 2009, Ma Mung, 1999). This mobility gradually results in a rural economy that is more diversified and often related to some form of urban economy (Haggblade, Hazell and Reardon, 2007). About 40% of African urban dwellers are “engaged in some sort of agricultural activity" (FAO, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)