albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Whistleblowers promote the values of responsible government and the rule of law by drawing attention to criminal or other forms of wrongdoing in publicly accountable organisations. This article explores the relationship between whistleblowing, national security and the implied freedom of political communication under the Australian Constitution. Legislation such as the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) (‘Crimes Act’), the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Act 1979 (Cth) (‘ASIO Act’) and the Australian Border Force Act 2015 (Cth) (‘Border Force Act’) makes it an offence to reveal certain types of information obtained as a Commonwealth officer. The Public Interest Disclosure Act 2013 (Cth) (‘PIDA’) offers limited protection to whistleblowers in the Commonwealth public sector, but this protection does not extend to information relating to intelligence operations. We argue that blanket criminalisation of unauthorised disclosure by Commonwealth officers or contractors under s 70 of the Crimes Act, along with s...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Labour market conditions improved in the 2000s until the onset of the global economic crisis in 2008, which led to the most severe recession in Japan’s post-war history. Employment, but especially working hours and wages fell in 2009, and unemployment peaked at 5.6% before falling back to around 5% in 2010. Unemployment is projected to further decline slowly, although it seems unlikely that the government could soon achieve its target of pushing it back to the 3% level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The negotiators and the secretariat held around 100 meetings with municipalities and regions located along the railway’s possible routes and in the metropolitan areas, as well as with representatives of business, stakeholder organisations, and other actors in Sweden and internationally. The Swedish Transport Administration was an important collaborator and produced a great deal of the analyses required. In the second half of 2015, municipalities and regions submitted benefit analyses to the National Negotiation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
While male jobs grew by 25% between 2000 and 2012, female jobs barely increased (Table 1). The labour market and higher school attendance “absorbed” fully the estimated net increase in male working age population over the past decade. At the same time, about 70 million women dropped out of the labour force as available jobs were scarce (net of the rise in school attendance).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The UN Secretary-General established the Panel in January 2016 as part of his efforts to ensure the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development has a real, demonstrable impact on the lives of women, and builds stronger, more inclusive economies. In September20i 6,the Panel published itsfindings about proven and promising actions to address gender gaps and promote women’s economic empowerment. To that end, the Panel identified seven primary drivers of transformation, including most notably, improving public sector practices in procurement and employment (United Nations, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
All other green spaces within a settlement’s boundary are defined as “reserved areas” for expansion of the main categories. While some settlements may meet or even exceed the legal norm, many cities lag behind considerably. For example, Gomel Oblast has only two cities with green spaces above the statutory level (Mozyr, 52.7 per cent and Rechitsa, 46.2 per cent) and a substantial number of cities that fall below this norm (e.g. Petrikov, 4.4 per cent, Chechersk, 8.7 per cent, Dobrush, 8.8 per cent, and Gomel, 17.5 per cent). Green spaces in major cities have also come under specific pressure from increased construction, including the curtilages of multifamily houses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the institutional structure on the local economic development process in Batman and Erzurum two cities in Turkey. For this purpose, multi-linear regression analyzes are conducted using survey data derived from 810 companies operated in these cities in 2017. According to the results of the analysis, the effect of institutional structure on local ecenomic development in both cities is positive in general. The three most effective institutional structures for Erzurum are voice and accountability, regulatory quality and government effectiveness. For Batman, control of corruption, rule of law and government effectiveness have been identified as the three most effective institutional structure indicators.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It has been demonstrated in diffusion theory that early technology adopters are generally those who can elicit the higher returns of a given innovation. Conversely, network externalities would tend to diminish over time because those effects would not be as strong for late adopters. They found that 10 per cent broadband penetration has a significant impact on GDP per capita: between 0.9 and 1.5 percentage points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Post‐war immigration has produced new ethnic and cultural diversity in European societies. The issues of multiculturalism and interculturalism have also gradually entered the agendas of local and national cultural policy makers. In this article, we explore the development of the relationships between cultural diversity, immigration policy, and cultural policy in Finland. Special attention is given to the capital city of Helsinki. The analysis of policy documents, institutional arrangements and interviews carried out with key actors reveal discrepancies between official intentions and practical solutions. Neither is the incorporation of the diversity into the traditional minority policy unambiguous. Furthermore, the establishment of specific institutions for multicultural affairs is shown to be a possible cause of tensions within the field and to prevent the optimal exploitation of both diversity and the arts in public policy, if certain risks are not recognised.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In recent years, green credit lines have been used increasingly to incentivise and support renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in developing countries. It is important to note that credit lines alone cannot be effective without demand from private enterprises, hence the importance to develop integrated approaches that raise awareness and build capacity 'hand in hand' with supplying finance. The three-phase programme is made up of a EUR 660 million loan facility made available by JICA to the Small Industries and Development Bank of India (SIDBI) to support micro, small and medium-sized enterprises’ (MSMEs) investments for environmental improvements and energy efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In addition, in 2014, EUR 5.8 mln from local budgets was used to finance eneigy efficiency measures (EEA, 2015). To date, there have been three calls. The first, in 2013, was launched for public institutions (including schools and hospitals), resulting in the selection of 86 projects worth a total of MDL 135 mln (about EUR 78 000 per project on average).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Fifteen-year-olds in the OECD spend about three hours on the Internet on a typical weekday, and more than 70% use the Internet at school. In OECD countries, 62% of Internet users participate in social networks and 35% use e-government services. About half of individuals in OECD countries purchase goods and services on line, and almost 20% in Denmark, Korea, Sweden and the United Kingdom use a mobile device to do so.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This historic experience gave SNC the ability to predict that it could meet the P reduction targets of the wastewater treatment plants. The annual fluctuations are the result of who applies: if there were no applications for particular type of project type, there will be zero for that project for that year. Moreover, since there was limited money each year, projects were ranked on water quality improvement. Some project types may have been ranked too low to quality for the limited funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Corporate governance - and executive - compensation arrangements in particular - should be an important component of the agenda to reform the housing GSEs. The GSEs' safety-and-soundness regulator - who is essentially the debtholders' and taxpayers' representative - must be admitted to the GSEs' boardroom in a way that is atypical of an ordinary publicly held company. This intrusion into the board's oversight of executive-compensation plans is justified given the GSEs' public purposes and their large potential cost to taxpayers. Prudent public policy requires greater supervisory control over executive compensation at the GSEs, which would follow a precedent set in banking.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It reached 35 vehicles per 100 inhabitants, which remains well below the OECD average and the vehicle ownership rate of most OECD countries (see Annex l. A and Basic Statistics). Nonetheless, emissions of CO, NOx and particulate matter (PM) from mobile sources decreased significantly, thanks to stricter vehicle emission standards, improvement in road vehicle technology and widespread use of ethanol in cars (Figure 1.9, also see Chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Employers who hire as regular workers new school graduates who are unable to find a job despite active job-search can be paid a gi ant of JPY 1 million per worker (or half of this sum for large companies) (MHLW, 2009a). The Japanese Dual System had about 28 000 participants and a budget of JPY 8.7 billion in FY 2006 (OECD, 2009a, see also Annex 5A). This is now one of the main forms of “commissioned-type training” accessed through the Job Card system (see Box 5.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Where local jobs are lacking, investments in connective infrastructure specific to the food system - such as warehousing, cold storage, and wholesale markets - can generate employment in both agriculture and the non-farm economy. Where rural people are attracted by more prosperous conditions in urban centres, investments in "agglomeration" services (such as education, health, communication and leisure facilities) in small cities and towns in proximity to rural areas can curb rates of out-migration to overburdened larger cities. This growth also creates more opportunities in urban areas not too far removed from rural areas, thus providing options for both permanent and circular migration that are closer to the place of origin and less costly for rural populations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Note that the reference year for data on earnings as well as most other variables capturing an individual’s job characteristics is the preceding year. Due to the different designs of the surveys used, the precise definition of this variable differs somewhat across countries, which may limit the comparability of results (see the Annex for details). Descriptive statistics such as decile ratios hinge crucially on the sample population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Directive further requires that Member States adopt waste management plans and waste prevention programmes. The issue of plastic waste is spread over the legislation, for instance the separate plastic waste collection target 2015 in the Waste Framework Directive and the 50% household waste collection target by 2020. When it comes to packaging, which includes the largest plastic waste stream, the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62) was the first directive that put forward quantified targets for certain substances in packaging, as well as prescribing by what means packaging waste should be recycled or recovered. The directive also includes qualitative objectives for the prevention of packaging waste and promoting of reuse. This is also put forward in article 15, and furthermore by allowing for the introduction of the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) on packaging in article 4 and article 6 of the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (EC 94/62).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Since the working poor are the majority of the poor, policy measures need to be directed towards wage policies and the increase of real wages in these countries. Employment of women lags behind not the least due to the unavailability of affordable child care and pre-school education. They help households to smooth consumption and maintain access to food, energy, education and health. Governments have to balance spending on social protection against other social policies, such as education and health.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The United Nations Convention of 1997 allows the conclusion of an agreement with respect to an entire international watercourse or any part thereof or a particular project, programme or use except in so far as the agreement “adversely affects, to a significant extent”, the use by one or more other watercourse States of the waters of the watercourse, without their express consent. Existing joint bodies are endeavouring to establish cooperation with States that are not participants of agreements and eventually to have all riparian States as Parties to the relevant agreement. In 1994, for its share of the lake basin, the Central African Republic was admitted as the fifth member of the Commission.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
From the viewpoint of international criminal law, the serious human rights abuses  perpetrated in Zimbabwe have implications for the perpetrators. These implications  are discussed, drawing on the jurisprudence of international criminal tribunals and the  text of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Two important  international law doctrines are relevant to any attempt to prosecute Zimbabwe's  leaders: the doctrine of responsibility and superior orders, and the controversial  doctrine of immunity. Possible avenues for prosecution of Zimbabweans implicated in  international crimes include actions before foreign municipal courts and actions by the  International Criminal Court. Consideration is also given to a possible prosecution  under South Africa's Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International  Criminal Court Act 27 of 2002.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Governments must play a fundamental role in this process, as many market imperfections exist that are a consequence of a lack of political will to develop efficiency as well as a lack of appropriate fiscal and rate structures. The main reason identified in the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that the costs of further EE are expected to grow in the longer term, while those of low-carbon energy sources are projected to decrease (Urge-Vorsatz and Merz, 2009). In Italy, the incentive is €1,500 for a car over 10 years old that is replaced by a new car with emissions of less than 140g/km. Germany provides €2,500 if the purchaser deregisters a vehicle that is older than nine years, whereas Spain provides an interest-free loan. In the Netherlands, the Government introduced a scrap premium of between €750 and €1,750, with a total budget allocation of €85 million. Rebate applications worth $2,877 billion were submitted, slightly below the $3 billion provided by Congress to run the programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
A new safeguard agreement was adopted in 2008, putting most of India's reactors under the safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In the same year a consensus with the Nuclear Suppliers Group has been reached, exempting India from its rule of prohibiting trade with nonmembers of the Non-Proliferation Treaty (Zaleski and Cruciani, 2009). These developments have given a considerable boost to the nuclear power prospects for India and have resulted in some shift in emphasis from developing the use of thorium to imported uranium, at least for the near future. As part of the 11th Five-Year Plan, the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL) announced in 2008 that it will start site work for 12 indigenously developed reactors, comprising eight 700 MW PHWRs, three 500 MW FBRs and one 300 MW AHWR.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This figure was set to target the fund at medium-sized EE projects, such as replacement of air conditioning chillers in a commercial facility or the installation of EE equipment at an industrial site. The government overcame the first obstacle by organising a series of seminars to familiarise and train bankers on EE projects as well as renewables. However in the words of a former minister in Thailand: "It is not about the training of the banks.-ifs just about whether you are able to find a champion" (Personal conversations with the author, March 2010). The total project costs for that period were close to USD 180.5 million, with only USD 94.7 million coming from the fund loans, which were all paid back and contributed to the next phases of the project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Instead, the customers must be convinced of their benefits over present technologies (World Bank, 2010a). The physical infrastructure required for modern fuel use (such as natural gas or biogas lines to customers) and distribution or supply chain frameworks (such as countrywide LPG bottle distribution and refill services) will require time and resources to establish. Improved cookstoves, alternatively, improve the efficiency and safety of existing stoves with chimneys but still anchor the user to reliance on traditional biomass.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Other providers include universities, w'hich provide courses to teachers seeking career advancement, central government bodies like the Institute of Educational Sciences (IES), and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). It is also key to further professionalising the teaching role and boosting the prestige and attractiveness of the profession. Only 35% of teachers in Romania reported feeling that their profession is valued by society in the TALIS 2013 survey (OECD, 2014c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This component of the Framework reflects the social and equity rationale for policy action. As expressed by the government, its “initial concern is always focussed on the health and safety of the people, and ensuring that their immediate welfare needs are met” (MAF, 2006). The rationale for policy action in this case is largely driven by considerations of economic efficiency, in particular the necessity for a quick recovery of the rural economy and the minimisation of spill-over effects into the rest of the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It is, however, not informative about the educational opportunities available to today’s youth. It may therefore be complemented by a measure of educational expectancy, which can be defined as the number of years of schooling that youth aged 15 today may expect to undertake while aged 15 to 29, based on the current enrolment of people aged 15-29. The threshold has been set at 15, the compulsory school age in many OECD countries, as the challenge is to extend education beyond that.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Since then, she has focused on creating African firms that support the growth of the continent, which she sees as the 'next economic frontier'. She has used her knowledge of global market trends, sen/ices and products to bring innovation to the Kenyan market and create companies that later transfer to new managers that can boost the growth and bring firms to the next level. Rionge is another exceptional woman making a difference in a male-dominated sector and proving the long-term, positive transformation that women in business can foster based on their individual talent and courage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
By the end of 2006, 11,095 of the 22,000 jobs in the tourism sector were filled by expatriates, despite a limit of 50 per cent on the proportion of expatriates among total employees in tourist resorts (Kundur, 2012). An agricultural diversification strategy sought to combine production for local consumption, to improve food security, with commercial investment (including investment large-scale farming) to improve crop production, fisheries, livestock and forestry development. Investment was promoted in new high-value crops (vanilla, pepper and nonu), as were the processing of existing products and diversification into niche markets, notably organic production (for example, of virgin coconut oil, bananas and nonu products). Government measures to support diversification included strengthening research and extension services for product development, a Tuna Management Plan, and investment in supportive infrastructure, such as cooling facilities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In England, the rise in diabetes was estimated to have offset mortality improvements by 7.4% overall, but by 14% in the more deprived areas of England and by only 2% in wealthier areas (Bajekal et al., Such results indicate that the advancements in equal access to high quality treatments are being threatened by the unequal distribution in risk factors such as diabetes. The number of deaths caused by CVD varies considerably across OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
While some of these are natural increases, the most significant changes have most likely occurred through migration. The percentage of increases in the Malaysian and “Other Bumiputera” populations far exceeds the increases in the Chinese and Indian populations, increases that most likely reflect a deliberate policy for ethnic redistribution and migration of labour from other parts of Malaysia to Penang. While the pattern of these changes has been consistent over the past forty years, the pace of change has accelerated in the past decade. A concern about out-migration is a main issue for the Government of Malaysia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, since 2000 wheat crop varied within the range of 9 million tonnes (in 2000/01) and 23 million tonnes (in 2011/12). Building an elevator to store around 10 000 tonnes costs at least USD 3 million, and between USD 5 million and USD 10 million for a 20 000-tonne capacity elevator. It later fell to USD 60-80 per tonne as evidence of a bumper crop became clearer.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Policy interventions and health systems are connected through feedback relationships. Although some individual developing countries have been successful, the health-related MDGs were not met globally by 2015 and there is unfinished business. Health challenges confronted by the MDGs will feature among the health challenges of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The second fund is from Hg Renewable Power Partners, in which PGGM has also invested EUR 50 million on behalf of one of its clients. As of the end of 2010, 9% of the infrastructure portfolio was invested in sustainable energy (amounting to 17.5% of committed capital). Unlike pension funds which are asset owners, in addition to their own assets arising from their life insurance and annuity business, insurance companies are also asset managers, investing money for external clients as well as their own parent insurance company funds. This makes it difficult to get a holistic view of how much in terms of green assets an insurance company is in total exposed to.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)