albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Public policy and funding are necessary to provide an efficient, well-networked infrastructure for scientific capabilities to meet public needs, and many countries include support for the infrastructure underpinning innovation in their stimulus packages. More recent examples include ICTs (Inetworked computing and the Internet in particular). Many have seen ICTs as the reason for the acceleration in productivity in the United States and other OECD countries since the mid-1990s. Biotechnologies, and more recently nanotechnologies, are viewed as emerging GPTs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Negotiations for each corridor have been conducted on a case-by-case basis. This has resulted in a lack of certainty for all parties and has continued to be extremely time and resource consuming for mobility authorities. Moreover, without a competition process, it is difficult for authorities to guarantee that the operations carried out by the concessionaires offer the highest value for money.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This work makes a comparative analysis of the judgment of lawsuits that questioned the validity of laws that guarantee the impunity of the sectors involved with the political repression during the National Security dictatorships. For the comparison, two cases were selected for analysis: the “Simon Case”, judged in June 2005 by the Argentine Supreme Court of Justice, and the ADPF 153, judged in April 2010 by the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court. The decisions are compared and, after, we try to identificate what explains them, verifying their connection with the politics of memory that have been implemented in each context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Several activities aimed at sustainable fisheries management are being conducted within the project The Caspian Sea: Restoring Depleted Fisheries and Consolidation of a Permanent Regional Environmental Governance Framework, under CEP, with mixed success thus far. Sustainable fisheries management is particularly dependent on international cooperation. National Red Lists and biodiversity monitoring systems are particularly important information tools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In 2014, an amendment Act came into effect that banned the use of animal testing in clinical trials, effectively bringing the industry and product development to a standstill. Retail regulations due to come into force in November 2015 would allow for the licensing of the sale, both wholesale and retail, of psychoactive substances, and the licensing of retail premises. As of 1 June 2015, approximately 37 local authorities had adopted local approved product policies, which provided directions about where psychoactive products may be sold in a particular area. Cannabis is the most trafficked and widely abused drug throughout Oceania. The Australian Crime Commission has reported that, despite illicit domestic cultivation, the quantity of cannabis seized at the border in the 2013/14 reporting period was the highest in the past decade.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Other, complementary, analysis (focussed on preferences but with application to aid for trade) finds that assistance needs to be designed to be consistent with international trade in fragmented tasks, as opposed to complete products (Collier and Venables, 2007). Although basic education is widely considered to be critical for reducing poverty, there is emerging evidence that secondary and higher education are more significant in raising long-term growth rates given their role in the creation and application of new knowledge and technologies (DFID, 2008). Aid for trade has a role in addressing both these elements. Bora, Bouet and Roy (2007) present a gravity model showing that Africa’s trade under-performance is driven by poor trade-related infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The sectoral vision is focused on the agricultural sector rather than on the rural territory. A sub-regional perspective in rural policy is recognised in budgetary planning, but a similar recognition does not serve urban-rural project developments. One reason for the sectoral approach at the state level is that federal resources to support state and municipal governments are defined according to sectoral objectives, rather than in a way that could contribute to consolidating strategic development projects in specific rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Beyond this, there is the full set of subnational spatial planning regulations at the regional, departement and commune level. In addition, communes in the departement of Loire-Atlantique, which includes Nantes and Saint-Nazaire as its two largest urban places, have been very active in creating an array of intercommunal agreements that further complicate the planning process, even as they provide a forum for collaborative actions. The two cities, which are approximately 50 kilometres apart from one another, are linked by the Pole metropolitain Nantes Saint-Nazaire association, which has developed a common spatial planning vision through the SCoT. In addition, Nantes is part of a Metropole, while Saint-Nazaire is part of a commununautes d 'agglomeration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
There is increasing bush encroachment on many islands in the archipelagos of Aland, Stockholm and Ostergotland, and the number of pine seedlings (Pinus silvestris) has increased during the last few years. Nitrophilic species like stinging nettles (Urtica dioica) and cow parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris) have also increased. Sport fishing, fishing tourism and kayaking have increased, with both positive and negative impacts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These vehicles allow for spontaneous travel and are being used for journeys of up to about 4 km which are made under favourable weather conditions (OECD, 2001). The question is, however, whether given infrastructure is suitable for the safe use of such modes of transport, how given infrastructure should be used by these vehicles and how it should, or could, be adapted. A family of services which enables travellers to select the one that best suits their requirements for a particular journey is needed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Overall, while these aggregate statistics suggest that access is generally adequate, large variations in the number of contacts with the health system in different regions suggest that in some of them at least, access may be significantly constrained. Shortages of medical personnel in rural areas, poor transportation services, and lengthy travel times to health care facilities are also likely to undermine access to services in remote areas across the country (WHO, 2011). Across regions, greater use of outpatient care and relatively less of inpatient care are strongly correlated with per capita bed numbers, suggesting that structures (e.g. the existing hospital infrastructure) shape service delivery in different ways across regions. Indeed, looking beyond the frequency of contacts with providers, the fundamental question is whether services provided “mirror in attention” (frequency, priority, resources, etc.) Data systems in Kazakhstan provide limited information on the nature of services delivered, and in particular on the coverage of interventions related to the management of the chronic diseases that increasingly affect the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This co-authored article is chapter 35 in the Oxford Handbook of Canadian Constitutional Law, published in 2017. Its purpose is to explore freedom of expression and freedom of association under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and, in particular, to gauge levels of protection for the right to protest under each guarantee. Two different lines of jurisprudence are joined through a discussion of labour issues arising, respectively, under s.2(b) and (d). Noting the Supreme Court’s protection of labour expression – but not other forms of protest of dissenting voice – and recent constitutionalization of labour relations under s.2(d) – without developing a more inclusive conception of associational freedom – the authors call for strong protection for these core fundamental freedoms, without regard to content, and especially where protest activities are concerned.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The largest disparities are recorded in India, followed by Egypt, Hirkey, Mexico and Indonesia. The gap is smallest in South Africa, China and the Russian Federation. The most remarkable improvements have been recorded in Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia, China, TUrkey, Indonesia and India. However, girls’ educational performance lags behind in mathematics and often in science, which results in a lower propensity of girls to study and work in STEM-related fields (science, technology, engineering and mathematics).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It should however be kept in mind that it only gives insights into quantitative aspects of water resources and that a national level indicator may hide significant territorial and seasonal differences and should be complemented with information at sub-national level. This indicator should be read in connection with other environmental indicators and in particular with indicators on water supply prices, cost recovery ratios, water productivity and water quality. This is particularly important for countries with larger territories where resources are unevenly distributed. In the the 1980s, some countries have stabilised their abstractions through more efficient irrigation techniques, the decline of water intensive industries (e.g. mining, steel), increased use of cleaner production technologies and reduced losses in pipe networks. Agriculture remains the largest user of water worldwide, with an increase in global abstractions for irrigation by over 60% since i960. Most countries continue however to face seasonal or local water quantity problems and several countries have extensive arid or semi-arid regions where water is a constraint to economic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In light of this, the application of a “gender lens” approach to public policy and decision making has grown as a practice across the OECD membership, which provides a growing body of good practices that Kazakhstan may draw upon. Over the past decade, Kazakhstan has made important progress in promoting women’s empowerment in public life. In 2009, with the strong leadership of many members of the parliament pushing for the promotion of gender equality in Kazakhstan, the parliament enacted two important laws: the Law on State Guarantees of Equal Rights and Equal Opportunities for Men and Women (hereinafter the 2009 Law on Equal Rights and Opportunities) and the Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In most of the emerging world, however, severe gender gaps persist and improving women’s educational attainments should remain a primary concern for policy makers. Moreover, a vicious cycle of low productivity and limited access to capital may become self-reinforcing and foster poverty traps. This can happen if the general credit constraints faced by female entrepreneurs stifle investment in their businesses, causing productivity to remain low and further reducing their credit-worthiness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Trends in water and weather-related disasters between 1980 and 2009 have been analysed using information from the Emergency Events database (EM-DAT), maintained by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED).3 The database compiles information on the human and economic impacts of water-related disasters and indicators monitor direct economic losses and the number of victims (people affected or killed). Disasters are categorised according to their causes (floods, droughts and storms). The main drivers of this increase are a growing world population, increasing wealth and expansion of built-up areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Does more representative government improve states' ability to fight domestic terrorism? In prior work, democracies are seen as more susceptible to terrorism because their respect for human rights prevents them from fully eliminating terrorist groups. However, such extrajudicial aggression could also alienate large portions of the population and create the ideal conditions for an insurgency. I argue that since terrorism is the lowest-capacity form of political violence, it is natural that states that do best at deterring political violence experience the most terrorism. While representative democracies should see terrorist groups initiate spells of attacks at a greater frequency, full political representation should also galvanize major political actors to unite and eliminate terrorist threats. I test this assertion through statistical models that treat the process of terrorist group initiation and its duration and intensity separately. Results not only show that less consolidated democracies and autocrac...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The best illustration comes in comparing the Ml and AMI for Australia and Japan. Australia still has a markedly higher AMI than Japan, with Australia requiring nearly 75% more materials input per unit of GDP generated than Japan in 2010. Another major difference can be seen in that Singapore’s AMI deteriorates sharply, increasing by 21 %, compared to a 43% decrease when using conventional Ml. Also apparent is the change in rankings in this group using AMI, with Singapore and the Republic of Korea becoming the most materials-intense economies, whereas using conventional Ml Australia and New Zealand are rated the most materials intensive (in 2010). Where AMI relative to Ml for 2010 was 15% less for Australia, Singapore’s AMI was 95% higher than Ml.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Conversely, long working hours may rob fathers of time with the family even though their relationships with their children and partners are stronger when they are more involved in parenting. The public provision of child care, for example, may involve substantial public investment. Some have given it a legal basis (e.g. Austria, Belgium, Korea, Mexico and Spain). Others have opted for a more flexible approach.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Fishery moved to total allowable catches allocated as individual transferable quotas on 1 July 2010. Responsibility for managing these waters now lies with the commonwealth department of infrastructure, transport, regional development and local government. The department of infrastructure has entered into a service delivery arrangement with the western Australian department of fisheries for the management of these inshore fisheries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Tuvalu also has a Master Plan for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (2012-2020) that includes a goal of increasing energy efficiency on Funafuti by 30 per cent, a planned energy efficiency appliance subsidy scheme in co-operation with the Development Bank of Tuvalu, and the use of prepayment meters to limit the consumption of electricity. The 2009 Tuvalu National Energy Policy included gender equity as a principle of the policy. Vanuatu relies heavily on imports of fossil fuel for its energy needs with 63 per cent of its total energy supply coming from petroleum, followed by biomass (35%) and renewables (2%) (Figure 9.1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
According to Luxembourg law, the annual average radon gas concentration in dwellings should not exceed 150 becquerel (Bq)/m3, a stricter limit than that recommended by the EU.4 Private dwellings are also checked for dampness and chemicals. A new “passive smoking” law was introduced in 2006, forbidding the advertising of tobacco products and banning smoking in public places. The related noise action plans are being prepared and draft plans were presented in early 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However, at this stage (and expected 2014 version], ECA is far from covering all ecosystem services. Also, initially, information on food crops and timber, will only be provided as stocks and no market values will be provided -a further limitation to linking clearly the ECA to the SNA. This does of course assume time series providing a longer term perspective as regards issues such as carbon content in soils, changes in land use types etc. It is however foreseen that the 2012 ECA will already have 2000-2010 time series data and in the long run the data should be updated on a 2-3 year basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The most important of these is the development of a system for monitoring harvested timber, EGAIS, which was launched in 2014. As of July 2014, all freight traffic of harvested timber must have supporting documentation establishing its origin (RossiyskayaGazeta, 2014). After July 2015, forest users will register transactions via an electronic form, administrative responsibility for violation of the rules of the Federal Law will come into force in January 2016. The key themes of the session were the contributions of forests to a green economy, domestic and international markets for timber products, and sustainable forest management as a way of addressing climate change (UNECE, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For further information, see Annex 7, "Box 12. The procedures cover all different kinds of deliverables, such as assessment reports, synthesis reports, summaries for policymakers, technical papers and supporting material. The most relevant deliverables to conform to in a Nordic Assessment context would be assessment reports for subregional assessments, summaries for policy makers, and supporting material.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
For example, overall effects of urban planning and design on levels of physical activity and a range of related health outcomes are now well evidenced, especially in developed countries (Smit et al. Such policies may be especially important in low- and medium-income countries where rapid urbanisation and related developments have resulted in the loss of outdoor spaces conducive to sport and active recreation (Akindes and Kirwan 2009). However, spaces that allow both structured and unstructured engagement in sport and active recreation, alongside other leisure pursuits, can encourage wider family and community engagement, and more sustained use (McCormack et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In the interest of effective transport planning, it is important to measure the theoretical walkability of an environment based on geographic indicators, the amount of walking activity that is actually undertaken, as well as the perceptions that people have regarding the feasibility and enjoyment of walking, as these factors strongly influence decisions to undertake trips on foot. Another challenge for transport planners is improving walking infrastructure and encouraging greater walking at the expense of individual motorised transport specifically, while maintaining or increasing the ridership and mode share of public transit options. This means making walking spaces more enjoyable and improving the connectivity of and ease of transfers between modes. It is important to recognise that greater walkability in cities will not be achieved one street at a time, but through comprehensive strategic planning in urban transport design regarding the location of places of employment, transport hubs, education sites, sports and leisure sites, health care sites, and retail locations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Economic opportunities can also result from newly created jobs, efficient management of natural resources and productivity gains (OECD, 2015a). Water scarcity, worsening resource bottlenecks, greater pollution, climate change and biodiversity loss have the potential to undermine growth and development. Imbalances in natural systems raise the risk of more profound, abrupt and highly damaging environmental impacts that are not necessarily foreseeable on the basis of past experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In particular, Rodrik (1999) pointed out that since 1975 the countries with the most unequal income distribution have been suffering the lowest economic growth. In this regard, it is likely that either inequality prior to the reform was underestimated in China or the post-reform inequality trend has been overestimated. As a transition economy with fast economic growth, both reform and development complicate the issue of inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Subnational units of analysis play an increasingly important role in comparative politics. Although many recent studies of topics such as ethnic conflict, economic policy reform, and democratization rely on comparisons across subnational political units, insufficient attention has been devoted to the methodological issues that arise in the comparative analysis of these units. To help fill this gap, this article explores how subnational comparisons can expand and strengthen the methodological repertoire available to social science researchers. First, because a focus on subnational units is an important tool for increasing the number of observations and for making controlled comparisons, it helps mitigate some of the characteristic limitations of a small-N research design. Second, a focus on subnational units strengthens the capacity of comparativists to accurately code cases and thus make valid causal inferences. Finally, subnational comparisons better equip researchers to handle the spatially uneven nature of major processes of political and economic transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While there was a considerable upfront investment -equivalent to some USD 200 million in setting up the system, and some USD 300 million in buses, other transit options, and park-and-ride facilities - operating costs have proved to represent some 25% of annual revenues, rendering the investment cost-effective. Moreover, other benefits have been estimated on an annualised basis at some USD 85 million deriving from shorter travel times, USD 18 million from enhanced road safety, and USD 13 million from health and environmental benefits. Moreover, no effect was observed on the level of retail sales.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Prices of beef and sheep meat, which are produced more on pasture and are hence less feed grain dependent, increase from 2014 throughout the projection period, ending above current levels. Beef prices follow a customary cycle that reflects herd management in important producer countries. By contrast, pork and poultry prices reflect the decline in feed prices in the near term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In particular, the European Regional Development Fund allocated EUR 124 million to habitat and biodiversity protection in 2007-13. The Swiss-Polish Co-operation Programme allocated EUR 0.8 million in the same period (Table 4.7). These Polish funds are used to manage revenue from, and provide co-financing to, the EU structural funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It compares LDCs to other groups in terms of connectivity and the affordability of services. They are highly vulnerable to economic and environmental shocks and have low levels of human development.2 LDCs have a combined population of 979 million people, representing 13% of the world's inhabitants in 2016. According to the ITU regional classification used in this report, three fifths (28) of the LDCs are located in Africa, a dozen are in Asia and the Pacific, six are in the Arab States and one is in the Americas (Figure 2.2 and Annex Table ?)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)