albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
David Ricardo considered that the “natural price” of labour was given by the value of the subsistence goods consumed by workers, without which they could not participate in production processes and thus create wealth. Its level was based on the historical costs of reproduction for workers and their families, which set a minimum threshold below which wages could not fall without inducing a drop in birth rates. In developing this argument, David Ricardo ignored the contribution of domestic work to workers’ and their families’ reproduction process, concentrating instead on the potential conflict between the rate of return and the cost of reproduction of the workforce, as determined by the value of wage goods. He considered that society needed a sphere of social relations that was guided by moral criteria and not by criteria of efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To ensure rigour, transparency and replicability, the systematic process suggested in recent guidelines for this type of review was followed (Hagen-Zanker & Mallett, 2013). The scale and diversity of these countries could not be covered within the scope of this review. Absence of high-intensity conflict.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Through this programme, all the staff (including grounds, janitorial, housekeeping, culinary etc.) Furthermore, the STEEP-developed course on Environment and Sustainability has become a feature of the BEd programme in eight teachers’ colleges. This course, along with three other relevant courses - citizenship, personal development (life skills), and health and family life education - have been made compulsory for all pre-service teachers in the programme, regardless of specialisation (early childhood, primary, or secondary). As such, while government policy may not require new teachers to have training on ESD, these teachers’ colleges are nonetheless helping to ensure that they do. These individuals have succeeded in attracting important resources to advance teacher ESD in the region, in particular through the UNESCO Chair of Teacher Education and Culture and the ACCU-UNESCO Centre of Excellence project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Notes on Contributors.Acknowledgments.Analytics of Modern: An Introduction.Part I: Colonial Reasons.1. Colonial Governmentality. (David Scott).2. Foucault in the Tropics: Displacing the Panopticon. (Peter Redfield).Part II: Global Governance.3. Graduated Sovereignty in South East Asia. (Aihwa Ong).4. Spatializing States: Toward an Ethnography of Neoliberal Governmentality. (James Ferguson and Akhil Gupta).Part III: Technico Sciences.5. Performing Criminal Anthropology: Science, Popular Wisdom, and the Body. (David Horn).6. Science and Citizenship under Postsocialism. (Adriana Petryna).Part IV: Biosocial Subjects.7. Artificiality and Enlightenment: From Sociobiology to Biosociality. (Paul Rabinow).8. Flexible Eugenics: Technologies of Self in the Age of Genetics. (Karen-Sue Taussig, Rayna Rapp, and Deborah Heath).Part V: Necropolitical Projects.9. Life During Wartime: Guatemala, Vitality, Conspiracy, Milieu. (Diane M. Nelson) 10. Technologies of Invisibility: Politics of Life and Social Inequality. (Joao Biehl).Index
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The inauguration of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Work Programme on AfT at the 2005 Hong Kong Ministerial was widely hailed as the creation of a permanent policy link between the aid and trade debates, which (apart from the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP)-European Union (EU) process) had previously been conducted largely in isolation from one another. The creation of the AfT programme was particularly welcomed by developing countries, which had been calling for aid flows to build supply-side capacity and bridge gaps in export growth with more developed economies. The link between aid and trade was particularly seen as beneficial for the small and vulnerable economies (SVEs) and least developed countries (LDCs), as a means to overcome their relative isolation and narrow engagement with the global trading economy, and their vulnerability to sudden changes in revenue and welfare resulting from trade policy shifts at home and abroad.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
To plan national health strategies and prepare health reforms, concerted action is needed to undertake national health care system performance assessments and to benchmark results internationally. Regulation takes place through national and regional guidelines, licensing systems for health professionals and national quality monitoring systems. Citizens have the right to enrol in any fund.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There is evidence that in the Flemish Community more experienced teachers are more likely to be in schools with a less diverse student body while beginner teachers are typically more concentrated in challenging schools. In part this reflects the inability of the system to steer more qualified and experienced teachers to the neediest schools as no special incentives are available. The main response of the system to disadvantage seems to be the provision of additional teacher hours, rather than a focus on the distribution of teachers and the quality of teaching. The system for funding teacher salaries also tends to reinforce inequities across schools: since schools enrolling students from more advantaged backgrounds are in a better position to attract more experienced teachers, they receive more "teacher resources” in terms of government money invested in salaries. Part of the explanation lies in the fact that beginning teachers are more likely to obtain a teaching post in a disadvantaged school where working conditions can be particularly challenging given high levels of diversity and more difficult socio-economic circumstances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article examines tensions in the egalitarianism of J. S. Mill and R. H. Tawney alongside national education systems to develop a critical theory of democratic equality. Mill and Tawney advanced strong conceptions of democratic equality but with meritocratic elements that foreshadowed liberal governmental practices that have reconciled substantial inequalities in modern capitalist democracies with official commitments to the moral equality of persons. These practices include IQ testing, educational tracking, Taylorism, and the deployment by social scientists of the “underclass” category. While Mill and Tawney partly prefigured liberal governmentality, they also offered the basis for a compelling democratic egalitarian response.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Hedley Bull’s theory of international relations has widely been treated as of central importance within the international relations discipline. Yet, Bull’s theory is inherently interdisciplinary, not least because the basic elements it operates with, such as “international society” and “international order”, inevitably draw on the factors and considerations that constitute the legitimate object of the discipline of international law. Thus, the proper understanding and evaluation of the genuine importance of Bull’s theory requires an interdisciplinary analysis that is being undertaken here for the first time, in order to understand the genuine essence of his theory as well as the implications of it for the practical aspects of both law and politics in international affairs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the Gaza Strip, the deficit has been estimated at 16-42 MCM/yr (Table 3). Tel Aviv-Yafo in Israel.59 and most of the Gaza Strip (Figure 3). In the Egyptian town of Rafah. Most dramatically, in the Gaza Strip water levels have been dropping at rates of up to 1 m/yr and water levels in many areas now lie near or below sea level. In the northern Gaza Strip, groundwater levels have dropped by about 5 m in the period 1969-2007, while a drop of over 15 m was observed in the Rafah area in the southern Gaza Strip, with a clear acceleration from 1998 onward [Figure 5).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
In this index, as in ECLAC (2013), households without electricity and those using toxic fuels for cooking are considered to be deprived in respect of energy. Although information on durable goods is usually available in national surveys in the region, it has not been particularly widely used in multidimensional measurements of poverty. It was therefore decided to include a durable goods deprivation indicator in the index, as a more lasting proxy for the standard of living of households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A classical system for expressing pollution with mainly organic matter from point sources is the saprobiological index. This system is also used in the country. Irregular sampling and determination is done by the University of Skopje, Faculty of Biology. Even if it is an older presentation, Map 7.6 shows clearly the high sewage pollution with dominant water quality classes III (alpha-mesosaprob) and IV (polysaprob), especially below bigger cities such as Skopje, Veles, Bitola and Stip, as well as the Vardar River, the Cma River, and the Bregalnica River.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
A substantial aspect of scientific research involves linking concepts to observations using measurements. This exercise has raised questions among researchers of whether or not measurements “truly” and “reliably” capture ideas and observations. We address this question by setting out a methodological standard on how to assess the validity and reliability of measurements. We do this by examining measurements that evaluate public policy, arguing that this topic is gaining increasing attention from political science researchers and policymakers. The analysis concerns measurements of the level of transparency and accountability of lobbying laws, central to recent regulatory policy research. We conduct convergent validation, content validation and reproducibility tests on four indices applied to 13 regulations found worldwide. By doing so, the article provides scholars with an evaluation of measurements of lobbying laws’ robustness, while offering methodological and theoretical lessons of value to larger regulatory and public policy scholarship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of mortality among people who use drugs and are living with HIV.23 One of the high-risk groups for the spread of tuberculosis are people who use drugs. Based on the limited data available from studies in Europe, Asia and the Americas,24 the prevalence of tuberculosis among PWID is estimated at approximately 8 per cent (median prevalence based on 23 studies) with a range from 0.2 per cent to 66 per cent. People who use drugs are often socioeconomically disadvantaged and vulnerable to poverty, homelessness and malnutrition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Free lunch programmes or free textbooks for disadvantaged families are examples of these policies. A mix of policies targeting low performance and socio-economic disadvantage can be most effective in these cases, since universal policies may be less effective in improving both equity and performance simultaneously. As noted above, PISA consistently finds that high performance and greater fairness in education opportunities and outcomes are not mutually exclusive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Although around 1 billion people worldwide live with some form of disability, adequate infrastructure for persons with disabilities is still underdeveloped, making independent mobility a challenge for many.74 Remote rural areas present severe mobility challenges. Additional impediments may remain even when infrastructure is in place—such as discriminatory hiring practices that limit access to jobs for persons with disabilities . Many dimensions of human development may still be lacking, including agency, security and sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Workers will benefit from that right and will comply with the duties of social security pursuant to the law. A fine will be imposed on employers that pay a wage below the minimum wage, or fails to pay the wage on time, in addition to vacations. Establishes, among other working conditions, a healthy work environment, and the protection of life, health and safety at work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Enforcement and advertising when combined are significantly more effective than increasing enforcement alone. Driving should be facilitated for citizens as long as possible subject to their physical ability to drive safely. In the absence of specific impairment licensing should not be limited by age.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Beyond immediate incomes, price support may be used to offset market failures, which in the case of developing countries may result in low level poverty traps. But fundamentally price support tackles the symptoms rather than the causes of those market failures. From a political standpoint, price policy responses with associated changes in border measures are also a quick and visible way of responding to shocks such as the 2007-08 food price spike.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Abstract   Feminism has historically been peripheral to the study and practice of criminal justice, mainstream criminologists have not been widely exposed to feminist perspectives. This has contributed to perceptions that criminology is about men and feminism is only about women. Consequently, many criminologists and criminal justice practitioners have yet to understand, much less appreciate, the importance of feminism's contribution to criminology. To address this problem, this article explains some of the major feminist insights in the interrelated areas of epistemology, theory, methodology, and policy. Examples from the criminal justice literature are used to illustrate both the basis for feminist concerns as well as the diversity of feminist scholarship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The different levels of water tariffs across cities (Figure 3.13) suggest that there is scope for increasing tariffs and the derived revenue in many municipalities. But there is also scope for increasing revenue (as well as the incentive effects of water pricing) from enhancing billing and collection of water tariffs. In 2010, water operators collected 81% of the MXN 35.5 billion billed to their clients (CONAGUA, 2011c), down from a peak of 89% in 2008. This means that MXN 6.7 billion were not collected. In ten Mexican states, water operators collect 95% or above of the amounts billed (see Figure 3.15).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
To capture and recover landfill gas, the most established efficient measure is gas collection, recovery and upgrade systems. In addition, gas recovery rates can be significantly (up to 90%) increased by applying so called micrometeorological methods based on continuous measurement and evaluation of methane fluxesto optimize landfill performance. Technical measures to reduce methane emissions in waste treatment are available, but also behavioural changes and non-technical measures are interesting, especially waste prevention and recycling. Below is an overview of the three most important instruments -landfill tax, ban on landfilling organic material, and regulations on landfill gas (mostly methane) recovery - as of December 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Often, income based household data was used in one year but in the next, household net expenditure would be used to calculate measures of inequality resulting in important fluctuations in within country inequality measures across time, show how measures based on household gross income tend to be systematically larger than those measured on household net expenditure. It is in this context that the results are to be interpreted. Nevertheless, recent work by the OECD (2011, p22) suggests that wages and salaries account for 75% of household incomes among working-age adults and, therefore, that increases in household income inequality may have largely been driven by changes in the distribution of salaries.33 Additionally, working with wage data also provides a better link with the theoretical literature on the impact of value chain trade and inequality which makes predictions related to changes in wages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It just means that ceteris paribus nuclear energy, which relies on uranium, provides an added layer of protection against geopolitical supply risks. The following graph shows the reserve-production (R/P) ratios for key energy resources (Figure 1.3). The R/P ratios indicate the number of years that currently known (“proved”) reserves that can be recovered with reasonable certainty in the future under existing economic and technical conditions would last at current levels of consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This paper presents an unspoken aspect of Head of State immunity, namely that such immunity is at odds with the expectation that international law should be applied to challenge resistance to and promote respect for human rights. It considers the question of whether Head of State immunity gives rise to de facto impunity in the case of violations of human rights recognised as peremptory norms (jus cogens) committed by such Heads of State. While this paper emphasises the critical role of Head of State immunity in the context of international relations, it argues that Heads of State should not exempt from punishment when violations of those human rights are at stake.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It took until 2010 for the urban share of the world’s population to reach 50% (3.5 billion people). The limiting value of the urban population is likely to exceed 8.5 billion. The urban population is growing at a pace that has reached 60 million people a year and is still increasing. The calculations that follow show that we could add more than 5 billion new urban residents in the next 100 years.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Germany noted that there is an annual gender equality evaluation among the parliamentary staff to assess the allocation of positions within parliaments to women and men, results indicate that gender-balance targets have been achieved in recent years. Of the 15 respondents, 9 (60%) indicated that provisions regarding maternity leave for members of parliament are the same as those prescribed by national law. Four countries (Canada, Greece, Latvia and New Zealand) noted that the parliament has adopted its own policies, in the case of Latvia, these policies were in accordance with the Rules of Procedure of the Saeima and in the case of Greece, in accordance with Law No.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The average specific heat consumption of residential buildings in Uzbekistan is about 290 kWh/m2. With new distributed energy efficiency and renewable options available, a substantial rethink of heat and power supply systems is possible. Upgrading or replacing infrastructure to improve service quality across the eastern sub-regions of the region is a much larger task than provision of access to the remaining areas with poor access. Ensuring affordability and access to quality of service merit further exploration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The outcomes of particular interest relate to how' student teachers are trained or given the experience of how to integrate technology in learning environments. References include books, journal articles, policy briefs, government acts, legislation, newspapers and URL links. Contemporary information and communication technology, e.g. computers and different kinds of software, mobile phones, digital cameras, Learning Management Systems, etc.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The concept of corporate criminal responsibility has long been accepted in common law jurisdictions and has more recently spread to several other national criminal law systems. Germany is one of a few hold-outs limiting criminal responsibility to natural persons, although financial sanctions can be imposed on a corporation when one of its officers has acted criminally on behalf of the corporation. Corporate criminal responsibility can be based on transferring the corporate officer's responsibility to the corporation, or alternatively, on finding fault with the legal person's internal organization. Neither approach is completely convincing in theoretical terms. More importantly, introducing full corporate criminal responsibility requires a re-definition of what constitutes a criminal act as well as the concept of criminal culpability. The author cautions against taking this step too quickly because it might well change the specific nature of criminal law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Upstream and downstream industries have strong links to the primary agricultural sector, and understanding the implications of policies for farmers’ decisions and incomes requires broadening the view beyond policy transfers directly to the agricultural sector. Fertilisers represent a key input into crop production. Increasingly, high energy prices and limits to mining resources have resulted in increased fertiliser costs for farmers, and several emerging economies have identified fertilisers as an important angle to improve agricultural production and incomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
En particulier, ce qui importe le plus est l'ecart entre les menages a faible revenu et le reste de la population. En revanche, aucune preuve n’est trouvee sur le fait que les personnes ayant des revenus eleves s'elevant loin du reste de la population nuit a la croissance. Le document evalue egalement la «theorie de l'accumulation du capital humain" montrant le capital humain comme un canal par lequel les inegalites peuvent affecter la croissance. Les resultats scolaires des personnes issues de milieux les plus riches, toutefois, ne sont pas affectes par les inegalites.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
With the control approach, a company accounts for 100% of GHG emissions from operations over which it has control. Operations of interest, but without control thus fall outside its scope. The CDP 2011 survey among 500 companies found that 244 companies use the operational control boundary, 103 the financial control boundary and only 17 use the equity share approach, 38 use other approaches and 98 did not respond.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Other reviews of the literature may not have covered the same studies or in the same ways, but nevertheless reached similar general conclusions—for instance, Evenson (2002), and Fuglie and Heisey (2007). For all characteristics, the sample excludes two extreme outliers and includes returns to research only and combines research and extension so that the maximum sample size is 1 772. For the research gestation lag, the sample includes only observations with an explicit lag shape, resulting in a sample size of 790 observations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The CRGE was far-sighted in addressing the core problems that could destabilise the relationship between human wellbeing and the environment - notably the temperature and water scarcity problems associated with climate change, associated natural resource degradation, and the lack of capability to adapt - which will eventually cause many people to lose their livelihoods. Other environmental problems, such as soil erosion or the collapse of ecosystem services like crop pollination, could also lead to social dislocation and conflict and drive demand for green responses. Both these people-centred problems and the climate change drivers could reach tipping points - where increasing incidents of disaster or extreme events necessitate a system-wide response.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)