albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
A survey of activity within OECD countries (Agrawala et al., This is one element of the Spanish climate change adaptation strategy, for example. The most advanced country in this respect is Canada, where there is a requirement to incorporate the effects of climate change into the appraisal of major projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Abstract While decentralization has long been promoted in response to over-centralization by the federal government, less research has examined to what extent decentralization has yielded municipal accountability. Decentralized arrangements are believed to allow more governmental responsiveness to local demands, varying tastes, and consumer mobility. They also mobilize political participation and strengthen democratic structures. Yet, concerns about decentralization highlight the importance of subnational government institutional development and fiscal discipline. Central to the concerns is whether municipal governments have the capacity to manage their own resources responsibly and accountably. This paper examines, through qualitative study, the strategies used by municipal government officials and institutional arrangements in Brazil to improve the accountability and transparency of local government. The results show that efforts to increase economic, administrative, and political accountability are sig...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper presents the inductive findings of a 2-year field study documenting the formation of the PACT for Social Transformation, a meta-organizational coalition of 15 geographically dispersed youth- serving NGOs brought together by the United Nations as a means to intensify efforts in the global response to HIV/AIDS. Positioning the democratization and opening of strategy formulation as an essential field configuring event, we document the process through which disparate actors were able to overcome conflicting meaning systems and logics to converge on a meta-level strategic frame. We identify three underlying process mechanisms: (1) reflection, (2) reflexion and, (3) abstraction, that trigger shifts in patterns of sensemaking to allow actors in complex transnational fields to come together and coconstruct a shared strategic frame. Our findings provide important new insights for institutional theory.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Research shows that rape of young girls is normally of school children in the early morning when they are going to school, and in the evening when they are going back home, often through thick bushes and other unsafe pathways. But when we talk to governments about this, they hardly have the resources to provide sanitation and water to communities. They don't see it as a priority. We had a conference to talk about how we can support the SADC gender unit to mainstream gender in the SADC Organ on Polities, Defence and Security.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
India has successfully mastered the first stage, with 17 PHWRs operating. A fast breeder test reactor has been operating since 1985 and a 500 MW prototype fast breeder reactor is under construction. Plans for building a 300 MW advanced heavy water reactor for the third stage have been announced, but no site has yet been chosen.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
They also have much less work experience, given their overall low level of labour force participation, affording them fewer opportunities to acquire skills, identify potential business opportunities and set aside savings. Women’s limited work experience before starting a business is likely to drive a higher attrition rate, since business experience is critical for success (OECD/IDRC, 2013). Across countries with available data (Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia), women have a higher fear of failure, believe less in their own capabilities, are less connected to other entrepreneurs and are less optimistic about potential business opportunities (Figure 1.9). In the MENA region, the share of entrepreneurial activity resulting from “necessity” rather than “opportunity” tends to be high and has been increasing over the past years (GEM, 2013).9 In Egypt, for instance, the share of men and women entrepreneurs driven by necessity rose from 20% in 2008 to 75% in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Ces disparites tendent a se reduire lorsque les travailleurs quittent la population active, ce qui s’explique par les grandes inegalites dans les experiences d’emploi des personnes d'origines socioeconomiques differentes, mesurees par les differences de niveau d’alphabetisation requis dans leur travail. Ces resultats contribuent a expliquer les variations transnational dans 1'evolution des disparites de competences selon l’origine socioeconomique, ce qui a des implications pour les politiques visant a combler les deficits de competences tout au long de la vie. Published research has also examined the differential impact of ageing, educational and labour force experiences according to individual characteristics, such as skill level, educational attainment or, in a small number of studies, SES background. In reviewing the literature, we examine differential impact of ageing according to all of these characteristics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
According to regulations, the teaching plan of the resource centre must take into account the plans and conditions in associated small-class schools and be approved by the consultative council of the centre. This institutional arrangement fosters cooperation between schools and allows for proper accounting of the needs of all students. School principals are responsible for the preparation of the annual school budget, with the assistance of school deputies and the school accountant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This article explores bottom-up grassroots ordering in internet governance, investigating the efforts by a group of civil society actors to inscribe human rights in internet infrastructure, lobbying the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. Adopting a Science and Technology Studies perspective, we approach this struggle as a site of contestation, and expose the sociotechnical imaginaries animating policy advocacy. Combining quantitative mailing-list analysis, participant observation and qualitative discourse analysis, the article observes civil society in action as it contributes to shape policy in the realm of institutional and infrastructure design.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It was implemented by the Education Law 20.903 (MINEDUC, 2016a) (see Box 3.1). The new system responds to many OECD recommendations, which is a positive development. It aims to build on previous initiatives developed and implemented over the last ten years to provide teachers with an integrated vision for the teaching profession in Chile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
One of the key principles of (the Czech Republic as) a democratic state (and also of its good governance) is the principle of transparency (freedom of information). Based on the above (and on the Article 17 of the Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms), this chapter presents, interprets, analyzes and evaluates both the legal regulation and the state (public administration) practice of the access to information in the Czech Republic (with particular emphasis on beneficiaries of access to information, entities bound by law, the request for access, the response / answer and the timeframes for responding / answering, providing public information ex officio as well as excepted information and fees and costs).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Italy introduced an indicator system called the “National Performance Reserve Scheme” for funds allocated to regional policies in order to improve programme management and effective spending. This involved setting aside a reserve of a programme’s budget and distributing it only if specific objectives were achieved. For example, a sub-objective required regions to reduce the water loss ratio from 37% to 25% by 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Do projects take into account productive linkages and externalities, going beyond traditional cost-benefit analysis? While these cannot provide evidence on implementation within countries, they nevertheless provide an indication of how extensive such national plans are, in terms of their levels of coverage and depth. Overall, plans score well in terms of vision, alignment with the broader country’s strategy and links with policy goals such as industrialization or productive diversification.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
At the same time, class sizes are small, although OECD evidence suggests that class size is a far less important factor than teacher qualifications for student’s learning progress. Increasing class sizes may be one way to free the resources needed for providing extra teaching time to those at risk of dropping out of the school system. Socio-economic status is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. Enrolment in adult education programmes has risen sharply as of the school year 2008-09, although most of the sharp increase was accounted for by the national scheme of recognition, validation and skills certification (RVCC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
While support for ICT development does not necessarily result in new knowledge, ICTs are fundamental towards the development of a knowledge economy. Investments in ICTs provide the necessary infrastructure for facilitating knowledge transfers, both directly through the Internet, but also indirectly as it contributes to building domestic capacity in developing, maintaining and using ICTs. It is also necessary for building a digital economy, which can bring wide benefits for social and economic development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This chapter traces India’s policy focus since the country adopted market liberalisation in 1991. By the end of the 1990s, with the opening up of the economy, deregulation and privatisation, India’s economic position has been strengthened attracting higher levels of domestic and foreign investments, particularly in the IT sector. This growth, however, has benefited mainly the urban educated minority with evidence of increasing poverty and inequality in the country, particularly in rural areas. Under the neoliberal policy agenda, good governance prescriptions have been prioritised as essential for promoting socio-economic development. e-Governance has become an increasingly significant element of this policy agenda with the latest drive devoted to promoting these applications in rural settings. However, the ideology driving this agenda appears to be driven by the market rather than by a social policy mandate questioning the relevance of e-governance applications for promoting development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Another option could be to allow voluntary departures with sufficiently generous redundancy packages, which might involve training opportunities and job search assistance as well as short-term income support. The main downside of this line of approach would be adverse selection problems, as relatively gifted staff, with better options elsewhere, could be the ones choosing to leave. A final option could be to terminate the contracts of the redundant staff with adequate payout packages, accompanied by active labour market policies. One important issue in the implementation of this approach is the selection of the redundant staff.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The disproportionate impact of climate hazards further aggravates existing socioeconomic inequalities and may actually undermine the capacity of people to cope and adapt. Not only is closing the development gaps that leave people vulnerable to climate hazards a goal of sound development policies, but it is also essential to reducing the risk posed by climate change. Investing, for example, in prevention to halt the spread of malaria and other debilitating diseases to improve the quality of life of the most disadvantaged population groups, is both a sound development policy and part and parcel of a sound adaptation policy: healthier and potentially wealthier people will be more resilient to future climate hazards. Disadvantaged groups typically possess few options for diversifying their incomesources, gaining access to insurance and financial marketsand improving their education and health status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
International Institute for Sustainable Development and Global Subsidies Initiative, Geneva, w w w.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/filcs/pb5 dcfining.pdf. Black' Scenario for Belarussian Oil Producers: Will Russia Cancel Export Duties on Oil and Oil Products?”), Belrynok, TUT.BY, 5 January. Org/smash/gct/diva2:860647/ FULLTEXT02.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Overrepresentation of non-natives among benefit recipients is a standard finding in the literature on SA benefit receipt dynamics and has motivated a series of studies examining the reasons of this so-called ‘immigrant-native gap’ in benefit receipt. Evidence from Sweden suggests that differences in observable characteristics only account for a small part of the differences in the frequency of benefit receipt between migrants and natives, but that state dependence in benefit receipt, i.e. a possible ‘scarring effect’ of past benefit receipt, may be higher for migrants (Hansen & Lofstrom, 2003, 2008, see discussion in Section 4). By contrast, Riphahn & Wunder (2012) find that for Germany the gap disappears once socioeconomic characteristics are accounted for. Differences in findings across countries are however to be expected given large heterogeneity in the immigrant populations and cross-country differences in the extent to which different migrant groups have access to standard social safety nets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
To register families, for example, an existing tool was expanded and improved to produce the Single Registry for Social Programmes, today this registry is used for a series of policies to benefit low-income groups. The federal government transfers income directly to the beneficiaries using magnetic cards that are issued by a federal public bank with a very large distribution network - over 5 570 municipalities. Women hold 97% of these cards because research has shown that mothers know better than anyone how to use funds for the benefit of the entire family, and especially the children. Finally, to provide services and monitor these families, three systems were mobilised: the education system, which monitors the frequency of school attendance by children and young people in the programme, the health care system, which monitors inoculations and the children’s nutrition as well as prenatal care for expectant mothers, and the social assistance system, which focuses on low-income and highly vulnerable families.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The PPP model was used to address the government's desire to rapidly deploy highest speed mobile broadband throughout the country. With a share of 49% the Government of Rwanda contributed its national fiber backbone network, national data center, spectrum holdings and wholesale license (valued at US$130 million) to the 25-year joint venture KTRN (Korea Telecom Rwanda Network). Rwanda contracts Nokia Networks to run LTE network."
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (WCAR), 2001, Durban, South Africa. The inclusion of the gender perspective in these documents followed up the General Recommendation No. The fact that indigenous women do not constitute a homogeneous category, since they represent a wide variety of cultures with different needs and problems, should be a central premise in the formulation of norms and programs, taking into account that as members of the Indigenous Peoples share a history linked to colonialism, oppression, and discrimination, whose legacy is still present and is reflected in the shortcomings they suffer in terms of the effective enjoyment of their individual and collective rights29.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The degree to which the questions of the survey were answered by the authorities differs and hence it was not possible to analyze every element selected for review for the group of 32 or even 36 capital cities. United Nations Statistical Division database. Yet some data, like e.g. such necessary to examine the demand for motorized and non-motorized transport were estimated based on modal spilt information available for many of the cities of the European Union region32.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They can also play a crucial role in reviewing the existing production of gender statistics and in developing a gender statistics programme. Gender statisticians, meanwhile, can be more involved in the planning of data collection, including the coverage of gender issues and the use of gender-sensitive concepts and methods. They can also help to review data collection instruments and regular publications in order to ensure that a gender perspective is integrated in all statistical fields and programmes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Ultimately, capital is owned by somebody somewhere - it might be an individual, a family or, more usually these days, shareholders. Yes, it might rise or fall a little but, over time, it looked to be stable. Indeed, so fixed was this idea that it formed one of six “stylised facts” - or generalisations that are basically true - of long-term economic growth set down by the economist Nicholas Kaldor in the 1950s. There is increasing evidence that the share of national income going to capital is rising and that the share going to labour is falling, and that this is now a global phenomenon.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/ 07900627.2017.1401919. Ideas and institutions: A growth story. Speech given at the University of Oxford. Reconfiguring industrial policy: A framework with an applica-tionto SouthAfrica. Forecasting infrastructure investment needs for 50 countries, 7 sectors through 2040. Global Infrastructure Outlook and Oxford Economics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Its study, published in August 2012, concluded with the need to increase aquifer recharge. The recharge would be covered by co-operative funds, collected from fees paid by groundwater users depending on the amount of their contribution to the recharge. The Agricultural Groundwater Revolution: Opportunities and Threats to Development, CABI, Oxford, Sophocleous, M. (2010), “Review: Groundwater management practices, challenges, and innovations in the High Plains Aquifer, USA - Lessons and recommended actions”, Hydrogeology Journal, Vol.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Therefore road safety advocacy and information should focus on informing those fleet operators. In general in this increasing pace of life, many citizens desire to go faster and as discussed earlier often an individual’s appreciation of the risk of speeding and crash risk is not well informed and the collective risk accumulating in society and the resulting speed related crash problems is one of the classic public health dilemmas or disconnects as described earlier by Prof. Kare Rumar. For example in the enforcement of low level speeding by many more people vs a focus on catching the high end speeding motorists who are relatively few.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Terrorism is a human-made disaster, which is usually in the form of organised crime. In prevention, terrorism cannot be done only through legal approaches alone but covers all aspects of society. While eradication aimed at combating terrorism, uncovering and addressing criminal cases and perpetrators of terror in the form of the establishment of the measures included in the crime of terror, handling, ranging up to the judicial investigation and threatened sanctions to perpetrators of terror. The method used is doctrinal with the statute approach ,  the conceptual approach ,  the historical approach ,  and the philosophical approach. The result shows that deradicalisation in Indonesia is carried out by BNPT for terrorists, families and sympathisers, while counter-radicalisation is carried out for the general public to increase the deterrent power of radical terrorism. In comparison, Thailand used the application of a curriculum in education as the concept of deradicalisation
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article is devoted to the application of law in the legal order of the Council of Europe. It presents guidelines for the decision-making process of the application of law applied in the legal area of the European Convention on Human Rights and the European Social Charter. The aim of this article is to present the characteristics of the decision-making process of the application of law in terms of human rights protection on European and supranational level, as well as the differences between such processes carried out on the basis of the ECHR and the ESC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Demand-side barriers (see table below) are barriers that hinder individuals', households' or communities' ability to use health services. Supply- and demand-side barriers are not necessarily mutually exclusive. These include issues such as indigeneity, the impacts of colonial and post-colonial experience, and often a lack of government recognition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Without a strong regulatory framework, landowner interventions are subject to high rates of dropout as a result of market forces. Farmers are unlikely to maintain best practice when it means they are losing profits to neighbours who do not even meet basic legal or regulatory requirements. The agriculture component chose to focus on the red meat sector, where it was thought that biodiversity mainstreaming could have the most significant impact, partly because appropriately managed rangelands can be compatible with conservation of Grassland ecosystems, which evolved with grazing as part of the system. The interventions of the agriculture component were two-fold.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Is there a role for language policy in immigration policy? This article examines recent attempts to legislate language in light of historical and contemporary debates about immigration and immigrant assimilation. It chronicles U.S. language politics and policy, and then appraises national language and official English bills recently introduced in Congress in view of data on language usage and preferences, suggesting ways that the current resurgence of a national debate about language could and should impact the larger debate about immigration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
At the same time, the percentage of women-owned and managed enterprises also increased (OECD, 2014a: 60). In Tunisia, the share of men and women driven by necessity increased from roughly 22% in 2009 to 35% in 2012 (GEM country' report 2012). They are more likely than men to cite work/life balance as their motivation for becoming an entrepreneur rather than growth or profits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This paper argues for a conception of transnational justice that provides an alternative to globalist and statist views. In light of an analysis of the transnational context of justice, a critical theory is suggested that addresses the multiple relations of injustice and domination to be found in this context. Based on a universal, individual right to reciprocal and general justification, this theory argues for justifiable social and political relations both within and between states. In both of these contexts, it distinguishes between minimal and maximal justice and stresses the interdependence of domestic and transnational justice. On both levels, minimal justice calls for a discursive structure of justification, whereas maximal justice implies a fully justified basic social structure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)