albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In urban areas, municipal master plans have been required since 2005. They combine but do not integrate individual components on sanitation, transport, housing, etc., In practice, however, it has become a bureaucratic administrative process without adequate consideration of location, technological alternatives, potential environmental impact and mitigation measures (ABEMA, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Total energy production originates from sources that can be classified as non-renewable or renewable. These constitute key environment statistics that can assist when analysing the sustainability of the energy mix at the national level. Energy production includes the production of primary and secondary energy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Accessible and affordable digital connections are critical for trade connectivity. Drawing extensively on the information collected as part of the OECD-WTO monitoring and evaluation exercise, this working paper reviews actions by developing countries and their development partners to promote digital connectivity (herein referred to as ICT connectivity) and e-commerce. In 2017, 63 developing countries, of which 25 are least developed countries (LDCs), submitted aid-for-trade self-assessment questionnaires in response to the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) exercise.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The sample in Model 2 is restricted to companies receiving at least one round of funding, and reporting the amount received. The subsequent columns show how these differences change once founders’ characteristics are included. When start-ups with one or more female founder receive funding, they also receive an amount that is 34% lower than that of male start-ups (Model 2) (Table 1, column 1).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This may have reduced Viet Nam’s potential to fully capitalise on the rapid urbanisation. A distinctive element of Viet Nam’s approach to urban policy is a heavy emphasis on city classification, and this too will be considered. The chapter will then give attention to key urban policy areas such as transport, housing, land use management and the quality of the urban environment. A key to ‘getting cities right’ is a holistic and integrated approach to cross-cutting urban challenges, which could be well applied to the Vietnamese urban context (Box 2.1). This section applies the approach to the current national-level policy frameworks in Viet Nam, which are characterised by a complex network of policies and plans. By getting cities right (see the table below), governments can serve a greater share of the population and economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The article presents a theoretical model of social consciousness developed from nurses' life histories. A 3-position dialectical framework--acquired, awakened, and expanded social consciousness--makes visible the way people respond to social injustice in their lives and in the lives of others. The positions coexist, are not hierarchical, and are contextually situated. A person's location influences her or his availability for social action. Nurses who could most contribute to challenging social injustices that underpin health disparities are relegated to the margins of mainstream nursing by internal processes of discrimination. More inclusive definitions of "a nurse" would open up possibilities for social change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (“the Convention" / UNCLOS) sets out the overarching international legal framework for all activities on the oceans and seas, including the conservation and sustainable use of living marine resources. It is complemented by the 1995 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (“the Agreement”). The latter sets out a comprehensive legal framework for the implementation of the provisions of the Convention relating to the longterm conservation and sustainable use of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The next step is for public, private and non-governmental institutions to seek status as accredited entities, institutions are required to meet a threshold that ensures adequate capacity to manage funds and capacity to ensure positive environmental, social and economic outcomes. Accredited entities then bring projects or programmes to the GCF to request support. The GCF considers projects against a publicly available investment framework, working closely with DNAs, and seeking to have an impact on one or more of the eight areas listed above.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The issue of expanding access to unemployment and health protection mechanisms should also be given urgent consideration, as social protection analysis has focused little on it to date. The reforms are designed to improve the efficiency and coverage of unemployment insurance and boost affiliates' access to a set of active labour market policies (including training and labour intermediation). Apart from unemployment insurance, a number of associated instruments are important in protecting workers in the event of redundancy, including severance pay (which operates as a disincentive to dismissal), individual savings accounts (allowing workers to accumulate cash resources while they are employed), notice of termination (prior notification of dismissal in order to prevent sharp falls in income) and early retirement benefits (Bertranou and Paz, 2007, Velasquez, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Over the period analysed, the poverty gap diminished at high annual rates, and faster than the poverty rate, in eight countries: Uruguay (-15.9%), Peru (-12.3%), Chile (-10.5%) and Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Colombia and the Plurinational State of Bolivia (declines of between about 8% and 10%). At the same time, poverty severity diminished in these same countries at an annual equivalent rate of between 9% and 14%. This was also the case in the Dominican Republic and El Salvador, although all three indicators fell by less than in the aforementioned countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Several chambers of commerce, notably in the Gulf countries, have established businesswomen's committees to increase women's participation in these associations. Businesswomen's associations exist in all MENA economies and offer networking opportunities, mentoring, training, and in some cases business incubation, to women entrepreneurs. This is a dynamic business association of dedicated female professionals in Jordan working to increase women's economic participation in Jordan by harnessing the under-utilised economic and social capabilities of Jordanian women by drawing on the experience of its accomplished members, its resources and its networks, and providing effective services in response to the needs of its members, female professionals and business owners.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Decentralised power in the school system can provide good conditions for efficiency and high performance (Barankay and Lockwood, 2007, Clark, 2009, Falch and Fischer, 2012, Hanushek et al., The Danish system is highly decentralised in the sense that the central government does not interfere in specific municipalities and schools, but governs the system mainly through general guidelines agreed in national negotiations. Central funding is related to national goals and targets as negotiated in the annual agreements between the central government and LGDK. A key central initiative to reduce spending following the financial crisis was the introduction of multi-annual expenditure ceilings for the central government, municipalities and regions by the Danish parliament.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
At the institutional level, the foundation of the 1ST Austria has been a prominent example of funding excellence. Recent initiatives are addressing a number of issues of relevance for research excellence across institutions. Developments that can be expected to contribute to overall research excellence include the increased university funding over the 2019-21 performance agreement period, disbursed under the new university funding model, an increase in the budget for competitive funding of basic research through FWF (albeit less than expected), and recent reforms towards an Austrian tenure-track model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Finally, the inclusion of intangible capital in the US growth accounts explains a larger share of labour productivity growth, leaving a smaller contribution of MFP to labour productivity growth. They do not yet reflect standardised methods and definitions. Japanese estimates do not account for the contribution of labour quality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
In the extreme, these transaction costs may be so high that the farmer remains cutoff from the market altogether, producing only for home consumption (that is, subsistence). Under these circumstances a subsistence farm household may not benefit from higher farm prices, and could in fact lose via induced increases in land rental rates or in the prices paid for locally available inputs. A third aspect is that rural households are heterogeneous in terms of their income sources, expenditure patterns and ownership of factors (particularly land), and will therefore be affected diversely by the direct and indirect impacts of policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Moreover, the electricity grid runs mostly north-south with a few interconnections with adjacent Norwegian regions, northern Sweden and northern Finland. Finally, Troms County has significant resources for RE production, both actual and potential (Table 13.3). For instance, there is abundant wind along the seashore.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The metro-region’s large architectural and engineering community overall accounted for more than 39 000 jobs in 2009, including more than 4 000 LEED-certified experts in the City of Chicago alone. There are currently 1 600 members of the Chicago chapter of the US Green Building Council (USGBC, 2009). Energy-related activities account for the second-largest share of the green sector (11%), and include nuclear energy, biofuels/biomass, wind, battery technologies, smart grid, solar photovoltaic, renewable energy services, solar thermal, geothermal and fuel cells.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Care is required by all, but when public care provision is absent, it is only the better-off who can resort to private care services. They include direct provision of care services or subsidies to access them, payments to hire care workers, regulations, and complementary service provision such as transportation, water and sanitation, and energy. Care policies serve a range of different objectives, including poverty reduction, enhanced women’s labour force participation, employment creation and the expansion of future generations’ human capabilities. Because care policies mould the ways in which care is provided and funded, and can determine who provides and receives care, they have the potential to contribute to gender equality and mitigate other dimensions of inequality such as class, caste, ethnicity or sexual orientation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Turkey has various priorities to address, including improving equity between regions and urban and rural areas, addressing the needs of disadvantaged students, preparing quality teachers and school leaders, improving access to and completion of upper secondary education, vocational education and training (VET), and tertiary education, strengthening links to the labour market, and adequately funding the education system. The Basic Education Programme (1997) and the Secondary Project (2006-11), both with the World Bank, aimed to improve quality of education at these different levels. The Master Implementation Plan (2001-05) included multiple projects by UNICEF to improve both equity and quality of the education system. Initiatives in VET and tertiary education have been developed with the European Union to improve alignment with European standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Teen mothers are allowed to continue their education at the Centre location nearest to them for at least one school term, and then return to the formal school system after the birth of their babies. To survive with my children, I work in people's gardens for 700 Rwandan francs [about $1] a day or wash people's clothes. Compared with adolescent mothers not participating in the Centre’s programme, the rate of repeat pregnancies has been lower among girls in the programme, and more girls have continued their education, including sitting exams and re-entry into the formal education system. The more successful interventions have promoted gender equality, helped keep girls in school or reduced poverty and the economic incentives for child marriages among the most disadvantaged segments of society (Blum et al., Developed by the Institute for Reproductive Health and implemented in Rwanda in conjunction with Catholic Relief Services, the project increased knowledge and improved child-parent communications about sexuality and gender roles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Children and parents can participate in evaluation, and their views are to be given prominence. Additionally, self-evaluation kits have been developed so that professionals can evaluate their knowledge and implementation of the curriculum framework. This requires a comprehensive approach that includes specific support at schools, help from social institutions to address social and behavioural aspects, and the involvement of schools, students and family.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
While 40% of first-generation immigrant students complete upper secondary education, completion rates for second-generation immigrants increase to align to the national average (57% for the whole population). It found that a decline in motivation at this level may be triggered by external factors and lack of incentives, as well as by how schools respond to students' needs. Also, students from smaller municipalities seem to show weaker average skills in national and international assessments than those from larger municipalities. Over 2004-12, participation of 1-5 year-olds increased from 72% to 90%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The country did not only manage to significantly reduce the GDP per capita gap with other OECD countries, but it also caught up with respect to several other dimensions of well-being. To ensure further widespread improvements in living standards, Poland needs to continue to move towards higher-technology production, boosting productivity and improving access to high-quality jobs and good pay. This report reviews recently implemented and planned reforms that aim to achieve these goals and proposes further policy measures to help Poland make the shift towards a more knowledge-based economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In contrast, the current-account deficit rose sharply, reaching between 10 and 25 per cent of GDP, particularly in the Baltics, Belarus, Bulgaria, Hungary, Republic of Moldova, Romania and Ukraine.10 By comparison, current-account deficits remained between 3 and 6 per cent in Central Europe and at 1.6 per cent in Latin America (see figure 7).“ Group IV: Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia. In the Baltics, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, between 50 and 85 per cent of bank loans were made in foreign currency, thus giving rise to currency mismatch, strong dependence on decisions of global players, and high external indebtedness (Aslund, 2009). Indeed, a very high proportion of the output of the foreign investments was exported to Western Europe, that is to say, the same region from which most FDI originated. This made the external accounts of EEFSU excessively dependent on the business cycle of Western Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Low-intensity counselling interventions may have no impact on movements into employment, as evidence from the Netherlands suggests (Van den Berg and Van der Klaauw, 2006). By contrast, in an experiment in Denmark, early and frequent meetings with unemployed workers increased employment over the next two years by up to five weeks (Pedersen et al., Positive impacts on exits to employment have also been found for France, suggesting in particular that intensive counselling can improve the quality of job matches, thereby reducing unemployment recurrence (Crepon et al., A recent trial from Nevada in the United States shows that already a first meeting of jobseekers with counsellors expedited reemployment and helped participants to get relatively higher paying jobs: although some of the impact occurred prior to the first meeting and is described as a "threat” effect, the greater part of impact arose subsequent to the meeting and is described as a “reemployment services effect”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Valuable outdoor recreation at school: Nursery schools, primary schools and after-school recreation centres often conduct regular outdoor activities and educational activities in the countryside which is of an excellent pedagogical quality within the framework of the nursery school and the school's policy documents. Among these are financial resources for the implementation of the policy, the opportunities to conduct research and collect statistics to follow-up of the objectives, coordination at regional level and clarification of the objectives with respect to their relationship to environmental objectives. The process of developing the objectives was very much an exercise of coordination and cooperation as more than 15 different public agencies, NGOs and universities were involved, reflecting the diversity of outdoor recreation stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Therefore, the policies that emerge must be implementable, universal, sensitive and relevant to the local context. They must be participatory and collaborative. They must be inclusive and recognize the rights of minorities and vulnerable groups. Above all, the policies must be sustainable. This trend is not new, but relentless and has been marked by a remarkable increase in the absolute numbers of urban dwellers—from a yearly average of 57 million between 1990-2000 to 77million between 2010-2015. In 1990,43 per cent (2.3 billion) of the world’s population lived in urban areas, by 2015, this had grown to 54 per cent (4 billion).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Compared with absolute poverty rates, relative poverty rates vary far less across the Russian Federation from 18% at maximum to 8% at minimum (Denisova, 2011). In 2003, Tatarstan and Samara had slightly above-average levels of relative poverty (15% and 14% respectively), while this was just below 10% in Moscow. By contrast, the absolute and relative poverty rates in Tatarstan as measured by the NOBUS survey, are relatively close.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Noise is reduced by building dikes, upgrading facilities, adjusting tipping techniques and so on. This is also an area that is controlled by permits and limits. All but one of the criteria have the highest priority level of A. Consequently, the environment is a very important core subject for the Nordic mining industry to fully implement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
An umbrella organisation, NATURA, covers around 40 associations. The main ones are the Ligue pour la protection de la nature et des oiseaux (“League for the Conservation of Nature and Birds”, 13 000 members), Mouvement ecologique (3 500 members) and Greenpeace Luxembourg. Two foundations involving experts and consultants perform environmental work, often for government agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The largest categories of edible finfish imports in value terms were frozen fish fillets (AUD 228 million) and canned fish (AUD 243 million). Crustacean and mollusc imports consisted mainly of prawns (AUD 246 million) followed by calamari, squid and octopus (AUD 55 million) and scallops (AUD 29 million). Non-edible fisheries products imported into Australia in 2006-07 consisted of pearls, fish meal, marine fats and oils and ornamental fish.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
While HIV/AIDS and infectious disease control absorbed about 20 per cent of ODA commitments in the 1990s (12 and 8 per cent, respectively), these programmes accounted for 51 per cent of all commitments in 2005-2006 (35 and 16 per cent, respectively). Firstly, fighting against certain diseases (especially contagious diseases) is a global public good, and it therefore requires global and effective responses. Secondly, focusing on a specific disease can mobilize public opinion and resources in a more effective way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It seeks to add value to these capitals throughout the lifetime of every mining operation, with the intention of leaving each area holistically richer after mine closure. Each stage of the mining value chain, referred to as the resource-to-market business model, is thus designed to leave a cumulative net positive effect. It therefore promotes water resource management with this consideration built into its plans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There is a huge amount of mobility around poverty lines: statements such as “31% of people are extremely poor” can be due to many different combinations of chronic poverty, escaping poverty and impoverishment. Although it is now possible to measure this mobility in a few countries, better policy making requires that governments and other stakeholders have much better information about - and causal analysis of - these poverty dynamics. Box 4.2 provides an idea of what the new poverty dynamics goal and targets could look like.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
AbstractThis paper identifies best practices for the selection and delivery of historical cases for use in intelligence studies education. These pedagogical imperatives (and avoidable pitfalls) apply to different levels of instruction and are relevant both for public and classified instruction. Drawing upon relevant social science scholarship on the use of historical case studies, the authors propose methods to select appropriate cases tailoured to achieve desired learning outcomes, to promote active learning and to avoid common problems such as hindsight bias, oversimplified single-narrative interpretations and prepackaged ‘lessons learned’ devoid of historical context.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Investment in infrastructure or management practices in some sectors will potentially increase greenhouse gas emissions (referred to here as mitigation-relevant sectors) and the effectiveness of climate finance to advance mitigation will in part depend upon how well it influences these larger sectoral trends of both public and private financial flows. Similarly for adaptation, how climate finance affects the overall risk and vulnerability to climate across the economy will be important and will depend on to what extent new investments take climate change risk into account. Some analysts, for example, have demonstrated the potentially high exposure of development co-operation portfolios to future climate change underscoring the need for attention to climate change in development planning (OECD, 2005, AGF, 2010a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The RPSNP has an important impact on reducing poverty, while subsidies tend to benefit the better-off. Overall, the fiscal system is too small to facilitate significant redistribution between income groups. However, identifying “net” social protection spending - i.e. spending which is financed through taxation rather than individual contributions or loans -somewhat reduces the size of the burden.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)