albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Lat in America and the Caribbt tan. Large and increasing productivity gaps were recently detected in Mexico (Bilo and others, 2014) and Peru (Infante and Chacaltana, 2014). It will be recalled that sectors with different productivity levels are measured using proxy indicators, on the basis of labour-market information.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The convergence of and co-ordination among services, business models and disparate actors in today's rapidly evolving mobility landscape may lead to a situation where consumers no longer purchase and use vehicles or depend solely on providers of traditional public transport services to get around. Perhaps more telling is that 9 out of 15 of the world's largest automobile manufacturers (and four out of the top five) have announced a new focus on "mobility services" rather than depending only, or sometimes even principally, on vehicle sales and maintenance. In some cases, manufacturers have stated that a shift to selling mobility services to consumers will gradually become their core strategic focus (e.g. Ford, Daimler, PSA). Other companies beyond the automotive industry have announced visions that centre on rolling out fleets of shared and perhaps automated vehicles that will obviate the need for car ownership in many cities (e.g. Lyft, Uber and Waymo).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In this regard, an important lesson from the previous green revolution is that the development of new technology requires long-term financial support for R&D, in parallel with wide and effective dissemination of information and know-how (United Nations, 2011b). Thus, national initiatives must be designed to address the lack of investment in R&D, including through partnerships with the private sector. However, the main challenge in developing countries is their national research institutions’ lack of adequate resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The exact role of space in facilitating better working environments and enhancing child development also remains largely unknown, and the role of multiple adults in ECEC settings is not sufficiently defined to maximise the impact on child outcomes. Additionally, no studies have specifically investigated whether working conditions (and which aspects of working conditions) have different effects on different groups of children, e.g., migrant children or children at risk. The link between Quality Child Care and Early Learning”, Lessons in Learning, CCL, Ottawa. Evidence from project STAR”, Quarterly Journal of Economics (forthcoming).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Some countries also stood to lose from the erosion of benefits of preferential trading arrangements with OECD countries. On balance, OECD analysis concluded that most developing countries would gain from OECD country liberalisation, although the gains were small relative to the benefits of reforming their own policies. Moreover, a large share of the gains were concentrated among a few emerging economy exporters, in particular Brazil (OECD, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Lithuanian primary school students, like primary' students in nearby Nordic countries, are not awarded marks. Rather, teachers record in students’ primary education diaries a summative assessment of students’ attainment level of the intended curriculum. Starting from grade 5 - after an adaptation period - students’ learning outcomes are assessed on a 10-point scale or validated with “passed” or “not passed” entries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As shown by various studies, the greater use of more efficient appliances did not result in a price increase for consumers, as producers were able to adapt and benefit from increased sales (“learning effect”). Programmes oriented toward motor energy efficiency appear to have produced significant and cost-effective results when of sufficient size and having enough resources to attract participation (IEA, 2006). However, none of the programmes introduced were able to reverse or stop the increase in electricity consumption in the domestic appliance sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
As highlighted in Chapter 1, 25% of lung cancer deaths and about 17% of respiratory infection deaths in 2012 can be attributed to exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution (WHO, 2014). E-bikes and e-scooters have clear advantages in urban settings where they facilitate fast and energy-efficient transport while avoiding air and noise pollution. This approach is not only fiscally responsible in that it pre-empts costs associated with expanding use of cars, but also environmentally responsible, contributing to de-carbonising transport.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This presentation aims at providing responses to the following questions:i. What are the characteristics of the situation in the North-Eastern States of Nigeria? A mere situation of internal disturbances and tensions or a civil war (i.e. non-international armed conflict) or is counter-terrorism/ counter-insurgency not a complex form of warfare?ii. In which contexts are acts of terrorism prohibited by law (both international and national laws) for human rights protection?iii. Whose human rights are the law’s concern?iv. What human rights obligations exist with regards to counter-terrorism measures?v. Whose obligations and responsibility are in reference here?vi. Why must a counter-terrorism operation/strategy be based on the rule of law and human rights?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The resulting diseases and conditions included under this topic may be caused by exposure to the toxins through air, water, food, soil or a combination of these elements. In this respect, the resulting health problems in this topic cannot be categorized as primarily or solely attributable to a specific medium such as air or water. This topic also includes diseases and conditions associated with exposure to nuclear radiation. The related diseases and health conditions may be acute or chronic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Once the Kimberley-Pilbara region, and outlier, was excluded, the variation fell to 2.7-fold. Some explanations for this may include higher rates of osteoporosis and obesity in the region, and that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians are more likely than others to fracture their hip (ACSQHC and AIHW, 2014). There was over a 7-fold difference between the highest rate (1 551 admissions per 100 000 in outer regional Murrumbidgee) and the lowest rate (210 admissions per 100 000 population in metropolitan Inner West Sydney). However, the authors noted that Murrumbidgee was an outlier in the results. Removal reduced the difference to 5.1-fold.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
D.S.49 also gives greater importance to social services provided to households to help them become familiar with the tasks and responsibilities related to owning a house. These entities were first introduced with the shift to demand-side support around the year 2002, the EGIS prepared the construction projects, found the land, organized eligible families and submitted the funding application to the ministry. Over time, they acquired considerable market power, there were also reports of families not being attended, incomplete projects and misappropriation of the equity contribution of the eligible families. The 2011 reforms changed radically the application process to address some of these issues, basically splitting the households’ application from the application of development projects and allowing household to apply without a project.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
System-level data that are not derived from the PISA 2015 student or school questionnaire are extracted from the OECD's annual publication. Education at a Glance, for those countries and economies that participate in that periodic data collection. For other countries and economies, a special system-level data collection was conducted in collaboration with PISA Governing Board members and National Project Managers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Alternatively, by helping workers to get jobs that are compatible with their skills, UI can increase match efficiency and reduce worker turnover (Marimom and Zilibotti, 1999). Individual saving accounts may affect worker turnover by creating incentives for workers to induce their own dismissal in order to gain access to their saving account. This problem has been observed in Brazil and to a lesser extent also in Chile.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Most industry is located in the South-east region and, to a lesser extent, the South, while farming and other natural-resource-based activities prevail in the North, North-east and Centre-West regions.1 The South and South-east enjoy significantly higher income (Figure 1.3) and perform better in key socio-economic indicators. Inequality among regions has been declining since 2000, mainly due to above-average growth rates in areas specialised in agriculture and mining, however, the position of the most lagging areas (most of which are located in the North-east) improved only marginally (OECD, 2013b). The fall in poverty and inequality is attributed to changes in labour income as well as direct income redistribution, including a large-scale conditional cash transfer programme, Bolsa Famflia (Box 3.1) (OECD, 2013a, World Bank, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The most significant reductions were in the case of regular informal workers in both rural and urban areas and urban casual workers, although there were declines in all categories of female workers. However, negative growth of wage rates of regular informal workers in rural and urban areas persisted, although the rate of reduction became lower. In other words, the increase in real wages of both women and men between 1999-2000 and 2011-2012 was mainly because of growth in wage rates of formal workers and rural casual workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The training of school teachers can be strengthened to help them recognise and eliminate potential bias that they can have with regards to gender groups. Such bias can have an impact on student school-based assessment. Boys can improve their performance in core subjects if schools and parents encourage them to read (Box 3.1) and make homework a priority.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Data from water, waste water and emission accounts can be taken into environmentally-extended input-output model provided that the data in the accounts is sufficiently disaggregated. Water-amended input-output modelling allows interesting opportunities e.g. for studying water issues in the contexts of circular economy and international trade. In the following sub-chapters, we describe some of these applications to illustrate why water accounts are highly relevant.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This reinforces stereotypes about womens and men’s roles, which prevents the equal sharing of family responsibilities and in turn influences women’s and men’s workplace participation. The new, strengthened legislation is applicable to all non-public sector employers with 100 or more members of staff. It aims to improve and promote equality for both women and men in the workplace and includes innovative measures to ensure effective implementation that are likely to be of interest to other Commonwealth governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Cycling and pedestrian facilities are also being constructed in rural areas. The project was launched in Toyama City and operates on the basis of a monthly fee or ad hoc usage fee for 30-minute blocks. Japan is encouraging employees of private companies to ride bicycles to work, especially for short trips. It has also upgraded transport nodes and public transport facilities to facilitate smooth transfer to and from bicycles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Negative difference scores on these graphs indicate that a larger proportion of more experienced teachers teach in less challenging schools. The Flemish Community appears at the bottom of the list, indicating that more experienced teachers are more likely to be in schools with a less diverse student population, whereas beginner teachers are more likely to be concentrated in schools with many students from disadvantaged home backgrounds. The European Commission (2015) highlights that there is an additional challenge of a particularly high turnover rate of relatively inexperienced teachers in Brussels schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The unfurling of violent rhetoric and the show of force that has lead to the arrest, imprisonment, and impending extradition of WikiLeaks founder, Julian Assange, serve as an exemplary moment in demonstrating state-sanctioned violence. Since the cables began leaking in November 2010, the violent reaction to WikiLeaks evidenced by numerous political pundits calling for Assange's assassination or execution, and the movement within the US to have WikiLeaks designated a ‘foreign terrorist organization’, amount to a profound showing of authoritarianism. The ‘Wikigate’ scandal thus represents an important occasion to take stock and think critically about what this case tells us about the nature of sovereign power, freedom of information, the limits of democracy, and importantly, the violence of the state when it attempts to manage these considerations. This forum explores a series of challenges inspired by WikiLeaks, which we hope will prompt further debate and reflection within critical geopolitics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is also remarkable that the perception of whether uncertainty generates opportunity or threat depends on the time horizon. For example, variations in product prices are viewed as a negative uncertainty in the short-run, but as providing opportunity in the longer term. This shift in perception may be related to the ability to manage the risk: farmers may feel that in the long-term they can develop strategies and instruments to benefit from the price variations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
After a sustained external deficit in the 1990s, the region overall ran a current account surplus between 2003 and 2007 on the back of surging export prices and buoyant global demand. Other driving factors were larger remittance flows from workers in the United States and Spain and broad access to external financing, at relative levels approximating those of the 1970s. Later, the 2008-2009 global financial crisis and the countries' responses to it led to a slump in net exports and an end to the surpluses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In such countries, reproductive health services should be available to everybody “up to the last mile,” he said. “ And given the work we at UNFPA always pride ourselves in, we must make sure that every pregnancy is wanted and that every child is born with care, and in dignity.” There are 215 million women who want family planning, and they’re not getting it,” he said. “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Combined with Al algorithms, the use of advanced robotics minimizes the cost of storage and speeds up distribution to final customers. Close to 300,000 reefers have been equipped with remote container devices that transmit reefer performance data 24 hours a day, seven days a week, on key parameters such as temperature, power supply and location to Maersk's private data cloud, where they can be analysed in real time at the company's headquarters. According to Maersk, prior to the introduction of the RCM system, close to 60 per cent of cargo claims stemmed from malfunctioning reefer units, poor supplier handling of off-power periods and wrong temperature set points.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This chapter addresses the issue of how a treaty focused on corporations and human rights might evolve, through continued advocacy and State practice. It also examines why it is more likely that a series of narrower treaties will emerge, focused on specific ways States might regulate corporations as a means of preventing harm. As a point of comparison, the article examines the anti-corruption movement - which began with a US law prohibiting foreign bribery and led to the 2005 United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Full consideration must be given to women’s right to inclusive access to the economy as well as agency in their personal lives when translating relevant constitutional articles into legal code. Similarly, with regard to entrepreneurship, there have not been any major reforms to the legal elements affecting the establishment, management or development of businesses, however, these laws are generally considered gender neutral. Some provisions aimed at protecting women impose restrictions or additional costs on private employers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Charging a fee is not the normal practice in government agencies, such as the Egyptian Social Fund for Development, Dubai SME, the Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development, etc. In fact, one of the purposes of any donor funding is to be able to provide BDS services to start-ups and micro- and small enterprises that would otherwise not be able to afford them. This is sometimes a minimal or symbolic fee, which they feel creates a higher level of commitment on the part of the beneficiaries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This chapter looks at such structures in the MENA region. Most MENA governments have established institutions mandated to advance women's economic and social status, although none have yet established a government unit dedicated specifically to women's entrepreneurship development. Business registration and licensing bodies seldom have mechanisms to reach out to women entrepreneurs. Nor do SME agencies generally have clear strategies or targeted support for women entrepreneurs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In consequence, the number of urban dwellers practising open defecation increased from 140 million to 169 million between 1990 and 2008.47 The impact of this practice in densely populated urban settlements is particularly alarming for public health. Congested and unsanitary conditions make urban slums particularly high-risk areas for communicable diseases, including cholera. Yet patterns of deprivation differ. While Blantyre exhibits greater levels of poverty than adjacent areas, Lilongwe is a relatively well-off urban centre surrounded by poorer regions, but also showing pockets of poverty (isolated darker areas) within its limits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Such discrimination may reduce these groups’ chances of participating in more productive and innovative activities, and so discourage them from investing in any development of their innovation capacities. Different theories explain discrimination based on different arguments. The “taste discrimination” theory argues that employers have a preference bias or aversion to certain groups (Becker, 1957).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The packages include recommendations concerning the underlying determinants and risk factors - for example tobacco, inappropriate use of alcohol, physical inactivity and mental health- that focus inter alia on inequity in health. The recommendations in these packages is only consultative, but the packages have been well received by the municipalities and the government has funded a new health prevention center, which will provide the municipalities with advice and guidance on implementing the prevention packages. Municipalities and regions have established ad hoc projects to address risk factors in low socioeconomic groups. The focus of the majority programmes on prevention is to some extent appropriate given the disease categories that contribute to inequity in mortality (see above), and given that smoking and obesity show socioeconomic gradients similar to those in mortality and morbidity (Mackenbach, 2006, Diderichsen et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Similarly the establishment of the CARICOM Single Market and Economy at the end of 2008 may have led to greater mobility within the Caribbean region, and more migration of nurses from poorer to richer states, for example from Guyana, St Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada to Barbados and The Bahamas. Though arguments have been made that this will be beneficial for the region as a whole, those states that are presently poorly served, notably Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Guyana, may be disadvantaged further, while ‘the danger is that each country competes with the other with the risk of selling what they have at bargain basement prices’ (Caribbean Commission on Health and Development 2006:77). The wider benefits are not evident.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The conclusion situates the book within the broader revisionist trends in Enlightenment Studies and makes clear its challenge to the ways in which Sade is often deployed in contemporary “Continental” Philosophy and Critical Theory. The book’s reconstruction of Sade’s philosophical “system” makes clear the inadequacy of understandings of the period that have located Sade as the “dialectical” other to Kant. The specific targets of this conclusion are Horkheimer and Adorno’s famous Dialectic of Enlightenment, and those who have deployed the Kant avec Sade trope. The conclusion demonstrates that such uses of Sade cannot withstand sustained scholarly attention to Sade’s actual philosophy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Research indicates that these initiatives are promising but there is still a great amount of work to be done. For example, a paper by Manyara & Jones (2007) indicates that community priorities are often inadequately addressed by initiatives of pro-poor tourism. Furthermore a DFID study on the effects of tourism in poverty concluded that the conventional focus on international tourism and foreign exchange has missed the potential to enhance the benefits of tourism for the poor and failed to minimise costs on the poor. It can give visitors a greater understanding and appreciation of people from diverse backgrounds but it may result locally in a disruption of traditional customs and traditions. It can improve roads and infrastructure but it may require communities to raise taxes for additional services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The domestic market for processed fruit is relatively small, with domestic consumption being mostly in fresh form. Production of oranges in Brazil has remained stable during the past decade following rapid growth in previous periods. More recently, farmers in some regions have abandoned their orchards due to continuing losses in the fresh fruit market. By 2023/24 total output could reach 17.5 Mt, about 7% above the 2013/14 level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This can become particularly problematic in countries with high demographic growth and inequality, such as in LAC, where new generations put pressure on economic and social development. It goes beyond the basic pillars of education (covered in the next chapter) and employment to encompass other dimensions of social inclusion. Young people need to progress not only in the objective parameters of inclusion, but also in subjective ones. In this way, they can feel more that they belong to a society they are helping to build.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Fishing right allocation depends on the type of fishing gear and size of fishing boat. The overall goal is to achieve long-term economic, social and environmental sustainability and ecosystem balance, whilst also ensuring adequate quality and hygienic standards for consumption. This disease affecting both Penaeus monodon and P. vannamei occurs in shrimps of 7-35 days after stocking in grow-out ponds and leads to mortality rates of 50 to 100 %. Its results show that after three years of high prevalence (especially in 2014), the disease occurrence?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)