albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, even by 2012, the income of urban residents was still on average double that of rural residents. The gap tends to decline, but remains large. This decline in rural poverty rates from 21% in 2004 to 13% in 2013 reflects Viet Nam’s success in increasing agricultural productivity for many farm commodities and in diversifying sources of rural incomes. The proportion of undernourished in the total population fell from 46% in 1990-92 to 13% in 2012-14.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
There are 18 Regional Seas Conventions and Action Plans, six of which are administered directly by UNEP: Mediterranean (Barcelona Convention), Wider Caribbean (WCR), East Asia Seas, Eastern Africa (Nairobi Convention), Northwest Pacific (NOWPAP), and West and Central Africa (WACAF). The RSCAPs are instrumental in supporting the implementation of the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA) at regional levels. Several RSCAPs have developed or are in the process of developing regional action plans on marine litter (see Box 2.8, Figure 2.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Since 2002, the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has been the governmental agency responsible for implementing the Energy Conservation Act. The RGGVY also planned to communicate massively through the media in rural areas in order to promote energy efficiency, and sound management of the local electricity distribution system. First, India's rural distribution system is essentially low-density with high technical and commercial losses leading to a high delivery cost. For this reason, utilities were generally not inclined to take up rural electrification projects through funds arranged on a commercial loan basis, for fear of further deterioration in their financial health. During the 10lh Five-Year Plan (FYP) there was only limited financial outlay for the implementation of the RGGVY, and some cases of government corruption and mismanagement of funds have plagued the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Debt limits, interest coverage ratios, one-off balanced budget requirements, pay-as-you-go rules, and tax and expenditure limits are among the most important fiscal rules for constraining intertemporal transfers. There is considerable evidence that the least costly and most effective of such rules are those that focus directly on the rate of spending growth, even with their seemingly ad hoc nature and possibilities for circumvention. In this paper, we use optimal control theory and martingale methods to justify a transparent, nonarbitrary rule governing maximum sustainable rate of spending growth, treating the revenue structure of a jurisdiction as a given continuous-time stochastic process. Our results can be used to determine whether a proposed rate of spending growth is sustainable or not. © 2009 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Storage finally is absent for wind or solar power since the latter manifest themselves naturally as variable fluxes. However, this does not mean that renewables are never storable. Hydropower, either in natural reservoirs or through pump storage is an excellent medium for storing energy and, implicitly, electricity that can be readily produced by releasing the water to drive a turbine.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The use of one and the same word, i.e. Justice in the English or French language to render the two concepts of Gerechtigkeit when the issue is about equitability or fairness in social relations, and of Justiz when the issue is about the administration of justice often leads lawyers to overlook the second aspect. The Constitution for Europe addresses both issues. The issue of Gerechtigkeit has a prominent role in the values of the European Union, especially through the new emphasis on social rights embedded amongst others in the Charter of Fundamental Rights. The issue of the administration of Justice, though being emphasised by the notion of "access to justice" in the Charter, receives less attention, and the EU judicial system is still in need of improvements, beyond the reforms of the Nice Treaty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The authors of Africapolis (2008) detected in this the beginning of the urbanisation process, in which countries in the region have reached different stages: one of initial urbanisation based at the outset on a small number of settlements, then the appearance and development of secondary towns until the urban network is large enough for the pool of rural migration to start dwindling. Finally, when the demographic transition is accomplished, the number of urban centres and the urban population level out, with some centres losing ground to others. These phenomena are a means of understanding the potential linkages and scope for movement and trade between places.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In February 2014, a certification violation by Swedwood, a subsidiary of IKEA, resulted in the suspension of its certification and of operations in the Karelia forest in northwestern Russian Federation (Daily Mail, 2014). The certificate was reinstated in March 2014 following an independent review of the audit findings (Rainforest Alliance, 2014). Revisions to the SFI standard are expected to include new performance measures to address biodiversity protection, rights for indigenous peoples, and an expanded definition of "controversial sources" that are not allowed in SFI-labelled products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Efficient transport and mobility systems are at the core of poverty and exclusion policies. Connectivity is crucial for prosperity and development to occur, and for integrating people to places, opportunities, markets and jobs. Data shows that the world's demand for public transport has increased by nearly one fifth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
On average, morbidity compression could reduce the health care spending to GDP ratio by a 1 percentage point for the OECD countries and by more for the BRIICS countries. A lower trend productivity growth rate of half percentage point was assumed and the productivity changes were translated into new GDP growth paths using the OECD Long-term Model. The effect of lower GDP on the health spending to GDP ratio is small, because the elasticity of health spending to GDP is relatively high, being 0.8 (de la Maisonneuve and Oliveira Martins, 2013).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The returns to skill or education can differ at different parts of the skill distribution. Indeed, a widely shared explanation for the observed increase in earning inequality is that technological change has been skill-biased, causing a larger increase in the returns to education in the upper part of the skill distribution. At the same time, the link between skills (or productivity) and earnings is mediated by a wide number of labour market institutions, the most prominent in this context being minimum wages, the degree of unionisation, and the rules governing wage bargaining (Blau and Khan, 1996). On the other hand, recent research by Greenwood et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It is clear from the predictions that investments in forestry should be viewed as a single ingredient in an overall rural development strategy. The objective of this section is to deconstruct these multipliers into three kinds of effects: transfer, open-loop (or direct), and dosed-loop (or indirect). It was stated earlier that the transfer effect is designed to capture the impact of the exogenous increases based on transfers within the group of accounts.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These challenges are magnified by high rates of informality. The earnings gap4 between self-employed men and women in Mexico is 47.6% - one of the highest gaps in the OECD, and well above the OECD average of 33.2%. Part of the gender gap in earnings can be attributed to women’s preferences for self-employment: women more than men are more likely to selfemploy out of a desire for work flexibility, which fosters a gender gap in hours worked and affects earnings (OECD, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Immutable IDs of assets and projects have to be seamlessly integrated with related IT systems and monitoring services. By adopting a decentralised registry based on blockchain, a new renewable power plant (as an example) with its key specifications can be registered globally. Rather than locating this process with various national and sub-national entities, an effective cross-border system could be provided by participating governments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Support for biofuels - whether in the form of mandates or as budgetary support - in contrast raises agricultural incomes in all countries, as it increases demand for feedstock products and hence output prices. However, biofuel policies show a stronger effect on agricultural income at global level compared with fertiliser policies. This is because in regions with relatively higher value added of agricultural labour and capital (such as the EU, Canada and United States) the simulated biofuel mandates have particularly strong effects on the demand for agricultural production with a positive price effect for agricultural production processed to biofuels (Figure 17).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The deprivation levels are firstly analysed for each dimension separately, followed by counting the number of deprivations experienced by each child. The multiple deprivation analysis shows the intensity of poverty and the distribution of deprivations among children, describes how the different sectoral deprivations overlap, and analyses the multidimensional deprivation incidence and severity. In particular, multidimensional deprivation ratios are used for comparing deprivation levels across the selected countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Despite this progress, bilateral aid to LDCs fell by 3.9 per cent in real terms. However, remittances to developing countries fell in 2016 for a second consecutive year, declining by 2.4 per cent over 2015. This section provides a few highlights of these interconnections in the context of the theme and Goals under review at the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development in July 2017.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Under the process of democratization and development of a market economy in Bulgaria after 1989 the private security sector has grown up rapidly and covered many spheres of security services provision, which used to be exclusively dominated by the public security forces (police or militia before 1989). Some authors have described this process as the privatization of security and raised the question about the implications of this practice for state building and good governance (Schreier/Caparini 2005). These are extremely important questions particularly in the context of the transformation of Bulgarian society and general security sector reform.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Effective and timely adaptation can lower the cost of climate change impacts. In the absence of accurate and precise climate predictions, a risk-based approach can explicitly accommodate a range of possible futures to inform adaptation decision-making by identifying priorities and options to manage risk and enhance resilience at least cost to society. While climate change adaptation should be considered in the broader context of water security and not in an isolated manner, it is also critical aspect of, even a prerequisite for, achieving resilient water security over the long-term.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It is strongly recommended to make it mandatory to wear rear seatbelts on the whole road network. This measure should be accompanied by strong communication and enforcement activities. Although there is no literature to scientifically link the deterrence effect with the exact amount of the fine, it was felt that the levels of fines in Korea could be too low. As an example, the current penalty in Korea for very excessive speeding (i.e., for driving 60 km/h above the limit) is a fine of KRW 130 000 (around EUR 100).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Republican ideals of active scientific citizenship and extensive use of deliberative, democratic decision making have come to dominate the public participation agenda, and academic analyses have focused on the deficit of public involvement vis-a-vis these normative ideals. In this paper we use latent class models to explore what Eurobarometer survey data can tell us about the ways in which people participate in tacit or in policy-active ways with developments in science and technology, but instead of focusing on the distance between observed participation and the dominant, normative ideal of participation, we examine the distance between what people do, and what they themselves think is appropriate in terms of involvement. The typology of citizens emerging from the analyses entails an entirely different diagnosis of democratic deficit, one that stresses imbalance between performed and preferred participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Policies that increase and improve family contact are also essential as well as policies to prevent and respond to sexual harassment and rape of male and female prisoners. Female prisoners are likely to find strip searches particularly traumatic, and policies regarding strip searching should be separately and carefully formulated as it regards male and female prisoners. Other matters to be considered include: arrangements for privacy when people are required to remove their clothing, privacy in toilets and showers, use of private locks on cells, provision of hygiene items for women, and minimising indignity in the way urine and other samples are collected for drug testing. Poor prison conditions, lack of proper care and facilities, and the high level of stress that accompanies incarceration may place at risk both the health of a pregnant woman and that of her unborn child. Pregnant women should only be held in prison in the most extreme circumstances, such as when there is a concrete threat of violent crime. Special provisions should be made for ante and post-natal care and treatment, and babies should not be born in prison.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Relatively small percentages of men endorse these opinions in relation to women, and their responses are often positive in their perception of female academics. It is almost universally agreed that women are doing a good professional job, and very few employees (either male or female) experience gross forms of bullying and harassment at work. A certain convergence between the genders in some respects may indicate the erosion of binary gender hierarchies in the current policy environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The poverty reduction among elderly people is a remarkable achievement. However, given the strong and rising incidence of poverty among younger individuals, in particular among families with children, there may now be a case for focusing social expenditures more on these groups than in the past. Working age is defined as 18-65 years old.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The politicization of crime challenges theoretical and empirical criminology, while drawing the discipline into politics of criminal social control. This complication and complicity is considered in the case of state organized race crime, and especially its “slow violence”, where victimization is attritional, dispersed, and hidden. Criminology is not merely compromised here—or limited in theoretical and empirical reach—but complicit, contributing to under-regulated racial violence rationalized in large part by the criminalization of race. The discipline might contribute to increased understanding of state organized race crime, and lessen its role therein, with greater commitments to critical race research and teaching.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Tier 1 is based on a quantitative analysis and requires a high level of information, while Tier 2 is a semi-quantitative or a qualitative analysis, which requires a lower level of information. The EBFA approach includes: management objectives and attributes, indicators and reference points, nested risk indices, and management status indices. Its four management objectives are to maintain system sustainability, to maintain biodiversity consistent with natural processes, and to protect and/or restore fish and prey habitats. Evalutating the EBFA approach, Kruse et al. As shown in Figure 3.1, the attributes for this component include economic production, revenue, market and employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Western public administration as a discipline and practice has been foisted on Africa. In its evolutionary trajectory, the dominant narratives of public administration tend to assume a totalizing, universalistic, nomothetic posture as they both undermine and ignore other worldviews. In Africa the upshot has been public policy that scarcely responds robustly to the continent's "wicked problems." While the dominant corpus of Western public administration has seemingly evolved over time, its ontological underpinnings, securely strapped to Enlightenment ideals, remain intact. However, the current turn to process in the literature and the search for alternative ontologies offer a philosophical opening for an authentic African public administration. Such a project is validated by several African ontological values. Drawing on the work of some of Africa's leading philosophers, this article shows how these ontological values are critical for crafting a new public administration for Africa. It argues that a new Af...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It crosses into five countries: Afghanistan, China, India, Nepal and Pakistan with its river basin covering 860,000 km2. The upper Indus in the Himalayas is fed by glacier meltwater and monsoon rains. From the Punjab southward the river traverses desert and semidesert land, including the Thai and Thar deserts. West of Bahawalpur its main tributary, the Panjnad, which is formed by the junction of the Chenab and Sutlej rivers, joins the Indus.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This is because enforcement of EPL is mainly dependent on individuals who consider themselves as victims and lodge a complaint. The figure presents the contribution of different subcomponents to the indicator of regulation for standard fixed-term contracts (EPFTC). A standard fixed-term contract is defined here as a generic employment contract with a precisely specified end date (in the form of day, month and year at which the employment relationship is set to end, if the contract is not renewed). The height of the bar represents the value of the EPFTC indicator.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The burden of proof was thus shifted to employers, who are required to prove that the differential treatment was disconnected from any discriminatory intention or practice (for a full discussion, see OECD, 2008, Chapter 3). This is a desirable change in the institutional framework, since employers are typically better positioned and resourced to provide courts with the evidence that is necessary to judge the intent underlying differential treatment. However, such a measure should be coupled with reinforced assistance for workers, as even providing the necessary prima facie evidence to courts may be challenging. National equality bodies may play a crucial role in this respect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This is caused by the abolition of fertiliser policies in China, India, Indonesia, and the Russian Federation which results in higher prices of primary agricultural commodities. Within these four countries, commodity prices rise even more strongly than elsewhere, resulting in higher imports and lower exports when compared to the reference situation with fertiliser support. In Argentina, the positive income effect from the global abolition of fertiliser subsidies outweighs the negative effect of removing biofuel support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Therefore, the at-risk-of-poverty rate on NUTS 1 ("Lander") and NUTS 2 levels (plus additional regional breakdowns) is not based on SILC data, but rather on information produced by the "Mikrozensus (labour force survey)"—an annual household survey that samples 1.0% of the total population. The at-risk-of-poverty rate only reflects current income, situational needs, wealth status, and actual housing costs are not considered. In Germany, the most claimed social assistance for this group is the so-called unemployment benefit II (based on Book II of the Social Code, known as the "Hartz IV" Act).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The IPCC estimates the costs of adaptation to be between 70-100 billion per year (Chambwera, et al, 2014). However, the UNEP Adaptation Gap Report 2015 (UNEP, 2016) estimates that the costs of adaptation are likely to be two-to-three times higher than current global estimates of adaptation costs by 2030, and potentially four-to-five times higher than current estimates by 2050. The Paris Agreement notes that the scale of the adaptation challenge and its associated costs are linked to progress on mitigation, i.e. less progress on mitigation will increase the need for and the costs of adaptation, while more mitigation will reduce the need to adapt and make adaptation less costly (article 7.4).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This pattern is verified in all countries, although the gradient is not significant in a small number of countries, and with the exception of Korea which displays an unclear relationship between education and drinking status. Almost all countries display a negative index indicating that people with less education and with lower incomes are less likely to consume alcohol in the past 12 months. The magnitude of these inequalities varies among countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
There is potential for conflict in achieving both at the same time. While investment incentives and other fiscal policies are designed to increase agricultural output, the focus of short-term policies is to influence market prices. The incompatible objectives of keeping prices low to benefit consumers while keeping them high to guarantee rural incomes gives rise to inconsistent price stabilisation policies that combine procurement and price interventions with quotas. When rice prices are low, the central government provides interest rate support to enterprise to buy rice from producers, putting upward pressure on prices.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Yet targeting efforts on specific concerns, such as water scarcity, flooding risk, or pollution is more likely to lead to effective results given the complexity of each of those problems for agriculture. This is probably because water quantity and quality are rarely affected only by one sector. At the same time, agricultural policies can be instrumental to progress on water objectives, and environmental policies can trigger action on agriculture. For instance, the EU directives affecting water benefitted from Pillar II rural development fund from the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The objective of the Act is furthermore to counteract direct and indirect discrimination on grounds of gender." ( Statistics Greenland recently published a study on incomes in 2013 (Statistics Greenland 2014). The overall difference, roughly one third in men's favour, not only reflects gender differences but also differences in education and position in the different hierarchies as well as the fact that men are overrepresented in age groups characterized by higher incomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)