albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
I do not think I will even finish the term of office' (Mtintso 1995). However, in follow up research in 1998 Kompe reflected: 'When I came here I felt out of place, isolated, with no education and I was just bombarded by everything. I was completely powerless, despite the fact that I was in a powerful institution. I only started to grasp most of the things in 1996.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
For example, in South and South-West Asia, the population living on or less than $2 per day increased from 985 million in 1990 to 1.1 billion in 2010, which accounted for about 62 per cent of the regions poor. However, out of this number, India alone accounted for 834 million people living below $2 in 2010. In particular, two of the worlds most populous countries, namely China and India, have been able to significantly reduce extreme poverty over the last two decades. The percentage of people living in extreme poverty in China was reduced from 60.2 per cent in 1990 to 11.8 per cent in 2009.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The built environment also reveals itself as a threat when children and their caretakers cannot evaluate risks, be prepared or be safe. Given the global trend in urbanization, there is significant potential to engage with children in the decisions that affect their physical urban environment, their interaction with urban resource systems and shape their behaviour. The recognition of childhood as a crucial time for children to gain access to the urban setting and enjoy its advantages, is key to define spatial solutions for all ages. Child-responsive urban settings resonate qualities that many scholars have described as conceptual standards for sustainable neighbourhoods and cities: urban scales, proximity, walkability, mixed use, public space, independent mobility and connectivity. Planning urban space at various scales. Area-based urban programmes enable better service delivery for children, as well as a clean and safe built environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
It is necessary to identify cost-effective means of tracking and keeping the advocacy publicly alive and enduring. As part of civic engagement and advocacy, cutting-edge policy research should be conducted on a consistent basis. Part of the civic mobilisation around this should be to empower young women aspirants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Artificial intelligence is shaping our social lives. It is also affecting the process of law-making and the application of law—coined by the term ‘legal tech’. Accordingly, law-as-we-know-it is about to change beyond recognition. Basic tenets of the law, such as accountability, fairness, non-discrimination, autonomy, due process and—above all—the rule of law are at risk. However, so far, little has been said about regulating legal tech, for which there is obviously considerable demand. In this article, it is suggested that we reinvent the rule of law and graft it onto technology by developing the right standards, setting the right defaults and translating fundamental legal principles into hardware and software. In short, ‘legal protection by design’ is needed and its implementation must be required by law—attributing liability where necessary. This would reconcile legal tech with the rule of law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The complex relationship between international norms and transational networks of non-state actors is gaining increasing attention in international relations theory. This paper argues that transnational networks of non-state actors gain greater access to and influence over states when they identify with international norms that the states themselves have formally accepted--even if that formal acceptance did not initally reflect any serious intention to implement or monitor the norm in question. This process has been called the 'boomering effect'. The resulting redefinitions of state interests raise the diplomatic salience of the norm in question, and thereby increase its effectiveness. The article illustrates this process with a study of changes in the US foreign policy towards Soviet and Eastern European compliance with the human rights norms of the Helsinki Accords in the mid-late 1970s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In nominal terms, average fish prices are all expected to decline in the first part of the projection period before recovering in the last five years of the outlook period. In 2025, average producer prices are projected to be slightly higher than during the 2013-15 base period, as demand growth is expected to outpace supply. However, the average prices for traded products for human consumption, fishmeal and fish oil are projected to be slightly lower in 2025 relative to the base period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Many of these were commonwealth members, New Zealand, Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Fiji, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, and St Vincent and the Grenadines. As Agenda 2030 places such great emphasis on effectively concluding the Doha round, failure to move forward on this front may also impede the achievement of Agenda 2030. The main difference between regional and multilateral or bilateral trade negotiations often boils down to the level of ambition in terms of rule-setting.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Of the 16 emerging countries analysed in this chapter, only Argentina, Chile, Peru, the Russian Federation and South Africa have such a provision. Such legislation should be gender-neutral and should avoid imposing excessive costs on employers, which would have detrimental effects on the employment prospects of protected workers. Documenting the full spectrum is beyond the scope of this chapter, but investment in infrastructure, such as water, electricity and roads, provides an example of such a policy. These types of investments may facilitate access to the labour market for women by increasing the efficiency of housework and facilitating their commute to work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In Bill C-51, the Canadian government wants to jail people who, by speaking, written, recording, gesturing or through other visible representations, knowingly advocate or promote the commission of terrorism offences in general, while aware of the possibility that the offences may be committed. This offence raises many serious issues, and should (at best) be considered extremely concerning. The scope of the new offence is not clear and the offence is sweeping in its criminalization of advocacy and promotion of “terrorism offences in general”, because terrorism offences themselves are sweeping.We have serious doubts whether it is consistent with the Charter. We have no doubts that it is capable of chilling constitutionally-protected speech, and ultimately proving an offence that undermines more promising avenues of addressing terrorism.The backgrounder contains our full legal analysis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While the Paris Agreement in itself will not have a significant impact on halting climate change, it can be successful if it contributes to changing behaviour among states and non-state actors by providing an infrastructure, signal and a direction for ramping up climate action and political commitments to decarbonisation. As Christoff (2016) observes, the Paris Agreement is a promissory note where we cannot yet ascertain progress. The next section outlines some structural features of climate change as a collective action problem that generates challenges of enforcement and thereby insufficient policy response to prevent global warming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
While health care policy appears to be evolving rapidly to resolve a number of important issues discussed in this chapter, longer-term success will depend on how easily a competitive model can be introduced into health care and insurance systems and sustained over time. This text identified a number of key problems of health care provision at all levels of the system. In an important shift in approach, the “Concept” set key goals to be reached by 2020 as well as intermediate timing of individual policy areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
But much more needs to be done to remove gender biases and move towards universal coverage. There are many ways to do this. Minimally, policy and programme features that perpetuate gender stereotypes or social stigma need to be removed. Social transfer schemes, for example, should not impose conditionalities that increase women's unpaid care and domestic work and should gradually work towards universal coverage in order to avoid stigma.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Rural areas, for example, will always host some population, related to past or current rurally based economic activity, and migration of the more mobile people to cities can result in disproportionate costs in the supply of public services to the residual population. It therefore makes good public policy sense to search for untapped growth potential and look to exploit regionally specific assets in rural areas to the full. Those assets are dominated by natural resource products - food, water, forest products, minerals and scenic attractions that can be a basis for the tourism and leisure industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Abstract Government arrangements in Southeast Asia have been typically centralized but in the 1990s the impetus of democratization pushed countries of the region into programmes of territorial decentralization. This was an entirely new experience for these countries and necessitated innovative arrangements for central – local relations. This article examines the experience of three countries (the Philippines, Indonesia and Cambodia). The findings are that although democratization provided the initial impetus the selected architecture of decentralization in each country has been determined by domestic political actors and circumstances. There has been negligible policy transfer and early indications are that although there have been some gains in popular participation, decentralization has not led to any marked improvement in service delivery. Also, while central governments have delegated authority to subnational territories they still exert control through fiscal and other means.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Earlier in the 20th century, industry relied mainly on relatively clean industrial waste, but the quantities of materials separated from municipal solid waste have increased again since the 1980s.48 The economics of recycling is changing over time. For example, the cost of recycling electronic equipment in the US is approaching the point of producing a profit without individuals or businesses having to pay a fee to recycle their equipment. Figure 5.1 shows that secondary resource prices closely follow fluctuations in their corresponding virgin material.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
A combination of waste management legislation and the competitive tendering of public services that requires all operators to meet the same criteria has generally ensured a level playing field and has enabled the emergence of private sector waste management companies around the world, serving both public (municipal) and private (large waste generating) clients. There are some very large international service providers but also major national companies and a multiplicity of local small- and medium-sized enterprises, in both developed and developing countries. Global turnover of the industry in 2011 was around 640 billion USD, of which 95% was in Asia, Europe and the Americas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Employment rates, which are close to the OECD average for both men and women, limit child poverty in Korea. The Great Recession did not have a negative effect on parental employment as in Canada or Spain (see below). The employment rate of fathers is comparatively high, including among poor families - 70% of fathers of poor children had a job in 2014, compared to less than 40% on average in the OECD.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This means that the share of under-five deaths occurring during the neonatal period is increasing. Still, of the 5.9 million under-five deaths in 2015, almost half were caused by infectious diseases and conditions such as pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria, meningitis, tetanus, measles, sepsis and AIDS. Pneumonia and diarrhoea remain leading causes of death in the three regions with the highest under-five mortality: Eastern and Southern Africa, South Asia and West and Central Africa.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The article delineates the shifting forms of minority governance that took shape after 1989 in solving Roma related affairs and its ambiguous effects on the ground. I argue that, after 1989, the new social and public policies adopted a more neoliberal trend in solving Romani affairs through processes of decentralization, public-private partnerships and mobilization of civil society (Roma) organizations as key tools for empowering and social inclusion of Romani communities, abandoning old governmental programs focused on discipline, control and policing. However, as we will see in the Romanian case, these processes and policies had ambiguous effects and often have gone together with a diminishing of democratic accountability and control of Roma related affairs by state/public institutions and with the devolution of responsibilities to non-governmental and human rights organizations, Roma representatives from public institutions and communities themselves (see also van Baar 2011a).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The private security industry has come under increasing scrutiny in line with growth in the number of security providers and increasing dependence on private providers for crime prevention, including at critical infrastructure sites. Inquiries and research have shown the industry is vulnerable to misconduct and many jurisdictions have enlarged licensing requirements to guard against abuses. This article reports on recent inquiries into the industry in Australia, conducted by the Australian Crime Commission, the New South Wales Independent Commission against Corruption and the Fair Work Ombudsman. Using a variety of novel investigative techniques, the inquiries revealed a diverse range of problems, including criminal activity and infiltration by organised crime, corruption in security guard training and the exploitation of security staff through under-award payments. The extent of the misconduct obliges an upwards revision of the risk profile for the industry and demonstrates the importance of a more proactive and complex approach to regulation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, the employment rate of mothers with poor children (28%) is well below the OECD average (34%). Korean households pay for about 42% of the cost of educating a child of primary and secondary school-age compared to an OECD average of 22% (OECD, 2018[4j). Overall spending by families on education is even higher as more than two thirds of children attend “Hakwon” or “cramming schools” offered by private providers outside of the regular school classes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The Union is founded on the values 7–10 of respect for human dignity, 13–14 freedom, 15–17 democracy, 18–23 equality, 24–27 the rule of law 28–30 and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. 31–34 These values are common to the Member States 42–49 in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail. 35–41
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The new, paperless system enables prospective local and foreign businesses to upload shareholder and board of directors’ information and pay the registration fees online, as opposed to the old system where representatives had to go to the ministry to complete registration procedures. In addition to being less time-consuming, the new process is also expected to limit opportunities for corruption. Special economic zones have a mixed record worldwide in promoting development but in the best cases they have been able to jumpstart industrialisation and provide lasting development benefits. The zone programme was intended to support investment attraction by streamlining administrative procedures and tapping the potential for private sector provision of infrastructure and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Among such groups, Mesa-Lago (2009) identifies those working in the informal sector or on their own account in urban areas and, in particular, rural areas. For example, Chile has created a privatized "system of old-age, disability and survivors' pensions" based on pre-funded individual accounts (article 1 of Decree Law No. The system defines old-age and disability pensions and survivors' pensions for the children and spouse of the person affiliated to the system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Descriptions or mechanisms that relied on the interpretation and opinion of the authors were treated as theoretical insights (hypotheses), rather than evidence. We employed snowball sampling to identify additional studies for further explanation building, such as tracking references in footnotes, endnotes, and references of potentially relevant articles. The protocol was registered in the Prospero database (CRD42015024511). For the quantitative evidence, we report impacts for all qualifying IPV indicators analyzed as part of the study, however we do not present results for each sub-sample or heterogeneity analysis. In addition, the choice of which subsample analysis is explored is left to authors, thus we may not capture an unbiased picture of potential heterogeneous effects when comparing results side by side. Finally, the methodology utilized to analyze subsamples varies by study.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
During flood events, the water flow through the weir is increased to lower the water level in the lake (the maximum discharge set in the jointly agreed operation rules is 15 mVs), conversely, the weir is more or less closed in times of drought, in order to maintain the water level. The overall trophic situation of the shallow lake is mcso-eutrophic. Lake Neusiedl had a good ecological and chemical status in 2009, according to the requirements of the WFD. Since the 1990s and the early 2000s, the diffuse nutrient load (e.g., nitrate-nitrogen) has markedly decreased.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The ccTLD utilizes the International Standard Organization (ISO) two letter standard for country codes.59 The Internet Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) Corporation recognizes government responsibility for their ccTLD.60 This was not the case in the early days of the Internet when an assortment of groups had control over a number of LDC ccTLDs. The registry either processes registration requests for ccTLD names itself ("2R" model: registry and registrant) or outsources the task to registrars ("3R" model: registry-registrars-registrants). The registry defines the policy for 2nd level domains (e.g., .co, .go, etc.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Most literature on criminal deterrence in law, economics, and criminology assumes that people who are caught for a crime will be punished. The literature focuses on how the size of sanctions and probability of being caught affect criminal behavior. However, in many countries entire groups of people are “above the law” in the sense that they are able to evade punishment even if caught violating the law. In this paper we argue that both the perceived probability of being punished if caught and the cultural acceptance of elites evading punishment are important parts of theorizing about deterrence, particularly about corruption among political elites. Looking at data on parking violations among diplomats in New York City 1997–2002, we explore how diplomats from different rule-of-law cultures respond to sudden legal immunity. The empirical observations provide clear evidence of both the stickiness and the gradual weakening of cultural constraints.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Regions contribute to the budget at different levels, and it is necessary to equalise their budget income. In Kazakhstan, the disparities in regional development are the basis of the unequal revenue position of local budgets and thus determine the essential role of interbudget relations, such as subsidies and earmark transfers. Transfers to SNGs thus include funds from the equalisation of oblasts' tax revenues to reduce disparities. On the whole, general (non-earmarked) budget transfers are based on a complex system of formulas that tries to capture the difference in the cost of providing public services in each oblast, district or city.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
More and more often, drug traffickers use stolen or falsified aircraft registration numbers when transporting illicit consignments by air. Significant levels of cannabis herb are produced in most countries in Central America and the Caribbean. Jamaica remains the largest producer of cannabis in the Caribbean, with total cultivation of cannabis plant estimated by local authorities at about 15,000 ha.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Such studies have frequently been consulted for policy making (Lazzari and Vandenbroeck, 2013). North American longitudinal studies after targeted interventions have been influential in this regard, building a case for investing in the early years to boost cognitive and non-cognitive skills and success later in the labour market (Kautz et al., As Box 5.1 shows, Scotland (United Kingdom) is one of several OECD countries that have recently launched such longitudinal studies to inform both policy and practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They are also typically responsible for collecting firewood, fuel and water. At the same time, they are farmers and/or contribute labour to the household farm or participate in the labour market. These different responsibilities typically impose heavy burdens on women's time, and often imply trade-offs in how time is allocated, inter alia, for child care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
No annual quotas are defined, either. This might create risks of unsustainable extraction, especially for mushrooms. In September 2012, the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources introduced major changes to forest utilization rules, including the abolition of the document of origin, the electronic accounting of exploited resources, and increased the limits for fuelwood quantities of social cuts (for family use).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Employers are required to protect the health of their workers. Employers are responsible for workplace safety and hygiene and hazard prevention, pursuant to the laws, their regulations and applicable Mexican official norms. Establishes that severance pay must paid upon termination of employment relationship. The worker will receive compensation in the event of suffering a disability due to workplace hazard or disease. Causes of individual suspension include pre-natal and post-natal rest of the pregnant worker. Violations of the labour rights of adolescents will be sanctioned with progressive fines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
This is followed by a discussion of the principles underpinning recent anti-poverty policy. In the late 1980s, after nearly one decade of quasi-military rule, strong internal and external pressures on the government led to the promulgation of a liberal constitution in 1992, overwhelmingly approved by a 92 per cent majority through a national referendum. In light of the gross human rights violations that characterized various past military regimes, one key feature of the 1992 Constitution is its strong emphasis on human rights. Ghana's 1992 Constitution).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)