albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, we will first introduce our products to domestic and regional markets before going global. We aim to be among the SMEs that help foster intra-Africa trade and contribute to ending waste of cashew nuts in the Gambia in the near future. For Africa's agricultural production to increase, governments need to invest heavily in infrastructure, with access to local markets and seaports given priority. As a result, we spend high amounts on transport and on costs related to strict border measures. Inadequate infrastructure also causes delays in our shipments, with the quality of products deteriorating.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Legitimacy is widely regarded as a founding principle of ‘good’ and effective governance, yet despite intense academic debate and policy discourse, the concept remains conceptually confusing and poorly articulated in practice. To bridge this gap, this research performed an interpretive thematic analysis of academic scholarship across public administration, public policy, law, political science, and geography. Four core themes were identified in relation to representative deliberation, procedural and distributive equity and justice, and socio-political acceptability, with numerous sub-themes therein. In an attempt to clarify conceptual confusion, this paper grounds these theoretical debates in the context of flood risk governance where numerous legitimacy dilemmas exist. A number of questions are presented as conceptual ‘signposts’ to encourage reflexive governance in the future. Thus, more broadly, we assert the importance of bringing legitimacy to the forefront of contemporary flood risk governance discourse and practice, moving beyond the realm of academic reflection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The pressure for competitiveness implies intensified use of natural resources and practices associated with high production, financial and market risks. The pressure for sustainability implies constraints on the ways resources can be exploited and an increasing internalisation of the resource use costs into farming costs. The key challenge for the farm risk management system in New Zealand is to develop strategies that would reconcile these competing pressures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The term “critical” when used with reference to poststructuralist and postmodernist scholarship is neo-Marxist and influenced by Derrida (1970) and Foucault (1970). Critical scholarship is “restless” (Pennycook 2004) as it questions assumptions made in the parent discipline. Criticality is a process of engaging with power and social inequality both within and outside applied linguistics. Nonetheless, critical applied linguistics (CAL) is not opposed to power but to its effects. CAL is skeptical of concepts such as the native speaker, language, identity, and agency.      Keywords:    citizenship,  civil rights,  colonial CAL,  context,  diaspora,  ethnicity,  ethnocentrism,  identity,  multilingualism,  polylingualism
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
But while large shares of total tax revenues can be spent on transfers, such a correspondence needs not (and usually does not) hold in every period as taxes finance non-benefit expenditures as well. Likewise, current benefit expenditure can be financed through non-tax sources, notably borrowing. To the extent that the existence of taxes and benefits causes changes in market prices and household behaviour, redistribution policies have an influence on pre-tax benefit market incomes (and economic welfare) which is not captured by looking at the amounts of taxes and benefits alone. There is a voluminous literature on the consequences of tax or benefit reforms that alter incentives to earn and declare taxable income (e.g., Giertz et al., These indirect (or “second-round") effects of redistribution policies are at the heart of debates concerning their cost-effectiveness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For example, the World Wide Fund for nature has played a major role in pushing for reform of fisheries subsidies and in framing the WTO debate subsidies disciplines (see the series of publications on the issue in WWF 1998, 2001,2004). However, because of its diversity, its position in relation to the fisheries is equally mixed. In most cases the tourism industry does not seem to have a clear-cut interest in the fisheries industry and how it is organised or managed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Any reform will produce some losers. It is important to clarify the negative short-term economic and social effects and how (if at all) they will be mitigated. Time and effort invested up front will help ensure successful implementation. Some formulas allocate rights to fishing firms for an indefinite period. Others allocate fixed individual rights for a set period and adjust the volume according to annual stock variability, either re-issuing rights as they expire or buying back surplus rights and issuing additional rights. When it comes to “sequential” fisheries (i.e. fisheries that target the same stock at different times, different places and different growth stages), institutional arrangements to maximise the overall use of the resource (e.g. in French crab fisheries) combining several management tools (in particular access regulation and technical measures) can be useful.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
This chapter examines how Lithuania might address gaps in participation, and put in place a comprehensive system of quality monitoring. Policy achievements over the last decade are many, and include the continued emphasis on expanding access and ongoing efforts to ensure integration of ECEC into the education system. A second priority for attention should be continued attention to quality in provision and its assurance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Co-ordinated place-based policies can help workers find suitable jobs, while also contributing to shaping the demand, thereby stimulating job creation and productivity. This requires flexible policy management frameworks, information, and integrated partnerships which leverage the efforts of employment, training, and economic development stakeholders. This chapter outlines the key recommendations emerging from the review of local job creation policies in Northern Ireland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Regional actors are well placed to identify local strengths and weaknesses and can bring together key players such as industry, research institutes and educational facilities to provide appropriate responses. The State of New South Wales has been a leader in this field (see BVET, 2009). In 2005, the NSW Board of Vocational Education and Training (BVET) commissioned research on the skills required for sustainable business development, which informed the release of the first edition of Skills for Sustainability in 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Social (recreational] services represent by far the most important value, with a share of 50% of the reported total marketed services value. Looking at the reported data - and the difficulties in this respect - one should be cautious regarding the validity of the given value of the marketed services at a countiy-level -and even more at a European-level. Looking forward, the implementation of NATURA 2000 as well as the development in climate mitigation policies suggest that we will see increasing use of market based instruments to support the provision of these ecosystem services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
These programmes aim to foster the recovery and long-term conservation of priority species, that is, those endemic to Mexico, rare, threatened,12 with high ecological value or of strategic importance as keystone species, or with a high level of social, cultural, scientific or economic interest. Between 2007 and 2012, 27 PACEs were published and implemented. The species covered include jaguar, several eagle species, vaquita, scarlet macaw, Mexican grey wolf, grey whale, manatee and Baird’s tapir.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Yet they are increasingly well educated, and often better educated than men. The next section finds that inequality also prevails in unpaid work in the home, where women still do the lion's share of housework and parenting. Section 5 considers widespread dissatisfaction with the struggle to balance work and family life, while the final section examines how a more equal gender distribution of paid work might impact on the German labour force and German economic performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2008, food prices increased by 11 per cent, while annual CPI was 17 per cent. In the Kyrgyz Republic, household consumption reportedly declined by 15 per cent in 2009 (Slay, 2011). Migrant households are highly vulnerable to external shocks affecting the flow of remittances. In Tajikistan, 24 per cent of households had at least one migrant in 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Moreover, countries with a similar dispersion in household market income {e.g. Finland and Canada) can opt for distinct redistributive strategies - the redistributive impact of cash transfers in Finland is about twice as large as in Canada. Welfare systems: Beveridge versus Bismarck? These benefits can be either universal or means-tested.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The government is addressing low digital skills in the large-scale Incode2030 strategy. Spanning the period 2016-2020, the strategy involves both existing measures from programmes such as Qualifica and Industria 4.0 and new measures. It also includes quantified targets: 20 000 enrolments in digital literacy programmes by 2020, 2% of GDP invested in R&D by 2025 and 80% of the population with basic digital skills by 2030 (Govemo de Portugal, 20 17j32)).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Ill & IV IUCN cat. Protected areas for overseas territories may be under-reported where there is no formal process for submitting data to the WDPA (i.e. zero values may not be true zeroes). Coverage totals for small areas can change dramatically when new protected areas are designated. The numerator of this percentage is the reported area of protected areas recorded as a point located on land, the denominator is the terrestrial area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A significant increase in freight volumes is also projected to occur in the Indian Ocean - mainly from China to Europe through the Suez Canal. The increase in trade between Europe and Asia is also responsible for the dynamics of the Mediterranean corridor. The highest growth will occur in Asia and Africa, in line with the projections for GDP. Intra-Asian tonne-kilometres grow, in the baseline scenario, by a factor of 4.5, while in Africa this growth factor is 6.5. The transport cost performance for each origin-destination (OD) pair is defined by a logsum cost estimation. Because each commodity has a different sensitivity to price, the lower the logsum value falls, the greater the conversion of trade value into freight tonnage is.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Less advantaged municipalities in terms of private income and municipalities with a challenging socioeconomic composition of the population get higher grants from the central government. There is an implicit tax sharing system as municipalities with rich inhabitants and consequently a high tax base receive small to no grants from the central government. In addition, this grant system takes detailed socio-economic measures into account.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Figure B.5 shows the volume of internet traffic since 1984 when it averaged about 15 gigabytes per month. In 2014, three decades later, the volume of internet traffic had increased by nearly 3 billion-fold to reach more than 42 billion gigabytes per month. In addition to increasing bandwidth, this increase reflects a variety of other causes, including growth in the number of users, greater sophistication and variety in the possible uses of the internet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Only 14 LDCs have even limited oil-refining capacity, the output of which is overwhelmed by that of the other manufacturing sectors. Similarly, available national accounts and employment data typically group together energy-related utilities — electricity and gas — and water supply, with no further breakdown. In households where both women and men are engaged in wood collection, the gender distribution of time savings may also differ significantly from that of time allocation: even if women spend more time than men collecting wood, a greater share of the time savings may accrue to men. This should be achieved through both centralized and decentralized energy technologies and systems, combining the three general models of grid extension, mini-grid access and off-grid access (AGECC, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The database is updated annually, on the occasion of International Women’s Day, and its estimates are sourced from national time-use surveys, based on nationally representative samples of between 4 000 and 20 000 people. For each of the categories only primary activities are taken into account, while simultaneous or secondary activities are excluded to improve comparability across countries. In Ethiopia, for example, men spend almost twice as long on paid work or study than women, while the opposite is true for unpaid care work.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The rights-based approach is also used for the study Comparing Child Well-being in OECD Countries, carried out in the context of the UNICEF Innocenti Report Cards 7 and 10 on Child Well-being in Rich Countries (Bradshaw et al., Many studies have used relative deprivation by defining deprivation based on the overall distribution of the indicators selected (e.g. Barnes and Wright 2012, Bradshaw et al 2006, 2007, Notten and Roelen 2011, Zelinsky 2010). Similarly, Barnes and Wright (2012) define child poverty as the lack of items essential for children to have an acceptable standard of living.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The "Studio Thinking" rubric was arguably more focused on the visual arts habits of mind than the initial domain-general OECD rubric. And the "five creative habits of mind" rubric was commonly used by Creative Partnerships programmes. As there was indeed some alignment between those rubrics, this departure from the project protocol was fine for a development project - but it would raise issues of "fidelity of implementation" in a validation or efficacy study. In Hungary, the school network implementing the Creative Partnerships pedagogy proposed an interesting alternative: the team used both the comprehensive domain-general OECD rubric and the "five creative habits of mind" rubric, but for different purposes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the Danish North Sea cod fishery, resistance from fishers toward stock recovery can partly be explained by the absence of future benefits from recovered stocks compared to short-term losses that they would face not only from the cod stock but also from other stocks that cannot be exploited fully or only at higher costs. For this reason, most countries that have introduced quota systems have at the same time set limitations on total quota holdings and rules regarding the transferability of quotas through time or between particular groups of quota holders. Furthermore, the initial allocation of quotas has proven to be an issue of concern in many cases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Two respondents noted that there was no agency within the Ministry of Health with responsibility to champion the introduction of personalised healthcare, and two suggested that research and development are hindered by personal data protection regulations and ethical procedures. Interestingly, one respondent commented that “consumer satisfaction with [the] existing healthcare system means that there is little demand from patients or healthcare providers for change”. Respondents also saw international networking and collaboration, particularly through the European Union, as important.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
With a few exceptions for some countries in some years, Central and Eastern European countries have experienced steady improvements in life expectancy at birth in both genders since 2005 (Figure 5.1). Life expectancy in males showed greater variation between countries than in females, although the convergence between countries over time has also been greater in males. Life expectancy trends in the remaining EU countries also showed improvements since 2005, but with some erratic changes in recent years (Figure 5.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Export quotas were cancelled, the list of licensed products was shortened, and export duties were simplified (and abolished in 1996). A tariff schedule was drawn up in 1995 and simplified in 1996. Tariff rates were reduced in 1997 and again in July 1998. Although agricultural tariffs changed little, no tariffs on agricultural products exceeded 25%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
It has a mandate to follow and evaluate mainstreaming women’s needs in national policies and supporting the production of budgets sensitive to the needs of women. In the Palestinian Authority, the situation is different due to the fact that the split between Hamas and Fatah has impeded the functioning of the Palestinian Legislative Committee since 2007. To strengthen the legislature’s role in this area, countries may increase women’s representation in legislatures, which is known to increase attention to gender issues and strengthen the mandates of parliamentary' committees to oversee the progress of women’s empowerment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Gravity models, which estimate traffic flows between transport zones (determined by the Korea Transport Institute and similar to administrative TL4 areas), while accounting for local characteristics, should be used to estimate traffic volumes between the areas affected by the new infrastructure, including adjacent zones that are not directly affected. To account for expected changes from other projects, the constructor should review current national or regional plans for land use, transport, and industrial complexes. Based on these plans, the constructor should estimate the basic traffic volumes that are expected to result from the plans’ projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
What is the relationship between religious liberty and faith-based terrorism? The wider literature on freedom and terrorism has failed to reach a conclusive verdict: some hold that restricting civil liberties is necessary to prevent acts of terrorism, others find that respecting such rights undermines support for terrorist groups, thus making terrorism less likely. This article moves the debate on liberty and terrorism forward by looking specifically at terrorism motivated by a religious imperative and a country’s level of religious liberty—something not attempted in previous studies. Using classification data mining, we test a unique dataset on religious terrorism in order to discover the characteristics that contribute to a country experiencing religiously motivated terrorism. The analysis finds that religious terrorism is indeed a product of a dearth of religious liberty. The study concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for policy-makers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In addition, Marco Polo sheep and mountain goats are hunted for trophy and sold for hard currency. Although no reliable statistical data according to the opinion of national experts and government officials, degradation of forests and arable land, overcollection, and poaching have all contributed to the considerable declines in these species’ populations. Commercial fishing in Lake Issyk-Kul and Lake Son-Kul is limited to 200-300 kg per year. However, most of the trade is from poaching, and, thus lies outside these official limits. Such medicinal plants are collected and sold through special trade associations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Funding for research and development has also increased since the mid-1990s, in particular as a result of financing directed to KazAgroInnovation since 2008. Compared to research and development, agricultural education continues to receive significantly lesser funds (although these expenditures have been steadily rising). Infrastructure expenditures varied during the analysed period, with the highest spending taking place between 2001 and 2003 when a large project to improve irrigation and drainage systems was implemented. However, towards the end of the 2000s, the funds directed for infrastructure improvement decreased substantially. Figure 2.30 illustrates the importance of each component in the total support to the agricultural sector in Kazakhstan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
However, adoption is expected by the end of 2010. The expected outcomes are to be accomplished through implementation of the following strategic directions: (a) decrease biodiversity loss, (b) set up a conservation system and provide for sustainable use of biodiversity, and (c) reduce the pressures on biodiversity. Issues related to forests will be addressed in the forest strategies and programmes, which are in preparation in both entities. It incorporates strategic goals for FBiH, including modernization of legislation (with a focus on harmonization with the EU), institutional development and a system of economic instruments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
They support women to access better employment opportunities and reduce social and intergenerational inequalities by making extra -familial care available and affordable for lower-income and disadvantaged households. In order to reap the 'double dividend' in terms of women's economic empowerment and child health and education, the ways in which services are delivered is fundamental. As with water, poorer and rural households are much less likely than wealthier and urban households to have access to improved sanitation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Diseases such as pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria alone continue to account for about one third of deaths among children under five, many under-five deaths still occur in children already weakened by undernutrition, and many pregnant women continue to face serious constraints to improve their nutrient intake, especially in low-income countries (United Nations, 2015a, United Nations Childrens Fund, 2013b). These challenges are compounded by the urgency of tackling the problem of neonatal deaths. Likewise, it is important to scrutinize the limitations of the health system that have held back the effectiveness of health policy interventions in helping achieve progress towards achieving the health-related MDGs. Policies to expand access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation (MDG 7, target C) have also been critical for achieving health-related goals and are under review in chapter V. The review of health policy interventions is followed by a discussion focused on the constraints of health systems and examples of measures that have enabled Governments to overcome them. Broader issues of governance and institutions that also affect health policies—and development policies in general—are discussed in chapter VI.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It focuses on the area of tax policies, labour market and product market policies. Non-policy factors such as up skilling, globalisation and technological change are also covered, albeit more succinctly.5 Section 6 wraps up the empirical findings by classifying policy reforms on the basis of their joint effects on GDP per capita and household disposable incomes across the distribution. For each country and each year, the database covers mean disposable income by deciles (i.e. the population is sliced in ten equally sized groups ranked by income), allowing direct computation of income standards (see Box 2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)