albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
The code also provides for pre-emptive rights for furniture producers when buying wood (GTF, 2015a). In response to concerns about illegal logging, the Romanian Government announced plans in May 2015 to introduce an emergency temporary ban on exports of unprocessed roundwood (IHB, 2015a). The Belarusian President, Alexander Lukashenko, signed decree No. The decree restricts export sales of pulpwood, veneer logs and sawlogs effective 1 January 2016, unless otherwise authorized by the Belarus President (IHB, 2015b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Gini coefficients take into account labour earnings only, the precise definition of labour earnings differs across countries (see Fournier and Koske, 2012 for details). The value for the OECD is calculated as an unweighted average across all OECD countries for which data are available. The analysis below uses household data from the OECD Income Distribution and Poverty Database. The concentration coefficient of any earnings’ component is computed in the same way as the Gini coefficient, with the only difference being that households are not ranked by the value of the earnings hut rather by their equivalised disposable income. The concentration coefficient tends to be lower than the Gini, because households with low equivalised disposable income might have high earnings.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
IN  R. (Moseley) v Haringey LBC  [2014] 1 W.L.R. 3947, the Supreme Court unanimously upheld a judicial review challenge to the legality of a public consultation carried out by the defendant pursuant to a statutory duty to consult on proposed changes to Council Tax. However, more significant than the outcome is the marked divergence in the reasoning of different Justices. This divergence reflects wider tensions within the field of common law judicial review which have emerged over the last year. In particular, some judges have shown renewed enthusiasm for analysing review cases in terms of “rights”, which may foreshadow a major shift in the nature of review. Common law judicial review is seemingly approaching a crossroads. Which route is taken will have significant implications for the future of the field.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Canada and the Netherlands, the shares of non-native speakers among first-generation immigrant students were significantly lower (60% and 65% respectively), whereas the respective shares in Austria and the Netherlands were 76%, and in the United States, 81%. By contrast, in the European peer-learner countries, language was a greater barrier for the academic resilience of immigrant students. In the Netherlands, native-speaking immigrant students were eight percentage points more likely than their non-native-speaking immigrant peers to attain baseline academic proficiency, while in Austria and Germany, they were 14 percentage points more likely.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Teachers receive tailor-made training with contents and timing adapted so that they best overcome their weaknesses in effectively helping their students reach their educational objectives. In comparable publicly funded schools, teachers seem to have much more freedom to “teach the way they feel most comfortable” (Henriquez etal., The SNED is awarded to schools based on their ranking in the national student achievement test, but not based on whether or not teachers have helped students attain their learning goals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As of the fourth quarter of 2009, the unemployment rate was about 1.5 percentage points higher than the level implied by Okun’s law. Panel B of Figure 1.10 confirms that unemployment has responded more strongly to the decline in output in the United States during the 2008-09 recession than in past recessions, even as the unemployment response has been weaker than in the past in the large majority of OECD countries. Okun (1962) highlighted two such factors, namely, procyclical variations in labour force participation and labour productivity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
According to FAO’s 2015 Global Forest Resources Assessment, between 2010 and 2015, 16 400 hectares of forest per year were lost (equivalent to 90 000 soccer fields per year). Deforestation and the loss of ecosystem services associated with forests represent the loss of natural capital from which the livelihoods of local communities and indigenous peoples derive. This implies a close relationship between deforestation and food insecurity, a risk that is increased by the poverty conditions that in general affect this segment of the population.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Trade restrictions played a pivotal role for this differential outcome. While countries in developing Asia managed to insulate themselves from the price hike through export restrictions and ‘aggressive buying", many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa experienced a sharp food price increase and had to bear the brunt of the price hike, with a marked increase in undernourishment. If these are insufficient, tighter disciplines on export restrictions and ‘demand-augmenting measures" need to be envisaged in a second step. Over and above improving the trade disciplines, he suggested promoting public investment in agriculture and food safety nets. A well-functioning international trade system is all the more important in the context of increasing pressures on natural resources, especially land and water, and with the expectation of climate change affecting production potentials differently in different regions of the world. Dr van Tongeren considered that the present external economic, financial and fiscal environment was a good basis for further agricultural reforms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The agreement calls for comprehensive policies and a targeted approach focusing on attending to the poor, vulnerable and excluded segments of society in keeping with their particular needs, characteristics and contexts. Science and Culture (OEI), the ministers of education approved a comprehensive early childhood project that is at the heart of the project “Goals 2021: The Education We Want for the Bicentennial Generation” (ECLAC/OEI/SEGIB, 2010). Such is the case in countries with more generalized attendance, such as Uruguay (4 years) and Mexico (3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
For example, evidence shows that legal protection against domestic violence is not only critical to protect women by reducing impunity and opening avenues for redress, but it also improves women’s life spans. Women's access to property is associated with a higher likelihood of joint decision-making about employment and household expenditure and a better bargaining position at home. See UN Women 2015b and World Bank 2013. See, e.g., Allendorf 2007, Deere and Leon 2003, and Friedemann-Sanchez 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Some of these things were discussed in the “patriarchy debate”. Men thus have a common interest in having a woman available to serve them within the home. As women gain access to the labour market and secure other measures of social equity, men’s authority within the family declines and gender segregation in jobs becomes the main way of perpetuating the economic dependence of women in the patriarchal family. Mies (1986), the main exponent of this approach, contends that capitalist patriarchy is a global system that subjects women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) was adopted on 17 July 1998 by an overwhelming majority of the states attending the Rome Conference. Included in that body of like-minded nations was a large number of African delegations, and of 54 African states, 44 have signed and 15 - South Africa amongst them - have ratified the statute. At a global level, the Rome Statute has currently been signed by 139 states and 76 have ratified it, with the US its most significant absentee. It has been remarkable that within four years the treaty achieved the 60 required ratifications. The statute entered into force on 1 July 2002, at which time the Court's jurisdiction over genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity took effect (the statute does not have retrospective effect).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It aims to establish a unified road transport system (including for the transport of goods) with the latest monitoring and control systems. It also aims to improve vehicle registration and technical control, meeting international standards, the project is founded on the transfer of know-how in regulating areas such as transit transport, driving hours and rest periods, and weights and dimensions of load (OECD-WTO aid-for-trade monitoring exercise 2017, Public sector case story 58). The resulting structural transformation can help farmers, for example, to move from subsistence to commercial agriculture or to non-agricultural activities. These impacts can lead to increased welfare, raising higher incomes and reducing poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Of the eight operators, none has yet to achieve full 2G coverage. And although 4G has been launched, coverage is limited. Even 3G coverage is relatively low, with MTN the market leader reporting that its 3G signal only reached a quarter of the population in 2016 compared to 92% in next-door Rwanda.1 The low mobile broadband coverage limits the potential demand influencing prices. However, Rwanda is a landlocked situation but its mobile broadband price is over two times cheaper than Uganda. The major difference between Rwanda and Uganda is geography.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Data from multilateral institutions are reported in a simplified format using categories drawn from the approach used by the World Bank Group to classify energy projects. While energy efficiency data are reported, such projects present a particular challenge in their classification. For example, a transmission line project may be reported by some organizations either as an expansion of the grid or an improvement in efficiency. This leads to the exclusion of many valuable projects aimed at building capacity, training, feasibility studies, planning, enabling activities and, in some cases, small projects aimed at reforming the market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Despite numerous published writings on China's regional role, the world still knows very little about Beijing's perception and strategy. This article seeks to make an intellectual contribution in understanding China's foreign policy and its efforts to participate in East Asian integration. This article argues that under the rhetoric of peaceful development and community building, China's foreign policy is pragmatic and changes with the tide of events in international relations. China's participation in regional integration serves as a good case for examining changes in Beijing's strategy. In the past two decades, China has moved from a reluctant participant of regional affairs to an active participant and potential future leader. China's adjusting role is a consequence of Beijing's pragmatism in policy and its growing economic confidence. Pragmatism has led China to ‘hide its light under a bushel’ and wait for the proper timing to step onto the world stage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Figure 9.1 shows the current position of the Nordic regions in relation to their relative performance on the RIS index as compared to that of other European regions. Main groups are leader, strong, moderate, modest: a more detailed breakdown of the performance is indicated by splitting each group into a top 1/3 (♦, most innovative), a middle 1)3, end a bottom 1/3 (-, least innovative). **
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
About three-quarters of the funding is directly used for disaster prevention. The rest is used to cover a variety of areas, including indirect provision for disaster preparedness (e.g. providing equipment to fire departments and funding early-warning systems), and to provide partial indemnities for the costs of natural disasters. In addition, some smaller funding sources are available. This is due partly to improved reporting systems, but predominantly to increases in the value of assets located in high-risk areas. The Federal Disaster Fund allows both the Lander (responsible for land-use planning) and individuals and businesses to avoid bearing the full cost of their exposure to risks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Moreover, the welfare system suffered from poor administration and unequal standards and provisions across social funds. Even the traditionally resilient heads of households category (proxied by prime-age males of 25-54 years old) was hit hard, with the unemployment rate climbing from 6% per cent in early 2009 to over 20% in 2013 (second quarter). Until the onset of the crisis, labour market institutions (such as firing and hiring rules) protected primary earners, often at the expense of workers with a more marginal attachment to the labour market, such as women and young people (Matsaganis, 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Thailand is a representative case in Asia. More than 100,000 indigenous peoples in Thailand officially referred to as hill tribes had no access to the public health system. The National Commission on Human Rights of Thailand noted that for the hill tribes who have not yet received legal status, the public health service is elusive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The nature and extent of due diligence depend on the circumstances of a particular situation. Avoid causing or contributing to adverse impacts on matters covered by the Guidelines, through their own activities, and address such impacts when they occur. Seek to prevent or mitigate an adverse impact where they have not contributed to that impact, when the impact is nevertheless directly linked to their operations, products or services by a business relationship.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Each of these stations makes it possible to save 1 300 litres of fuel per year, and in addition to powering the radio station they produce 25 per cent surplus power that can be used, for example, to make up for the lack of electricity networks in the vicinity of each station. This surplus is used, for example, to power schools or health centres serving the surrounding villages. This surplus energy is used in a multitude of ways.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Specialised education is associated with better child outcomes and improved staff competences to provide suitable pedagogical learning opportunities. When trained on matters related to early development and care, staff can better develop a child’s perspective (Sommer et al., Additionally, staff with higher education and specialised training engage in more positive teacher-child interactions including praising, comforting, questioning and being responsive to children (Howes et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Finally, I will also survey available evidence on policies that have affected the gender balance in educational attainment. In the next section, I document the trends in gender gaps in educational attainment. I will mostly focus on industrialized countries and put particular emphasis on the comparison of Nordic countries and the United States, which is the country that has traditionally led trends in educational attainment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The low population density explains the low level of illness in humans. In Mongolia, transmission to humans occurs primarily from direct contact with animals through injury while handling them or during slaughtering and, to a lesser extent, from drinking contaminated milk. According to the 2003 study on emerging infectious diseases",18 as of 2001, approximately 8,000 cases of chronic brucellosis were reported.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Article 3.3 states: ‘States have the duty to co-operate with each other in ensuring development and eliminating obstacles to development. States should realize their rights and fulfil their duties in such a manner as to promote a new international economic order based on sovereign equality, interdependence, mutual interest and co-operation among all States, as well as to encourage the observance and realization of human rights’. See, for example, Fukuda-Parr 2012. There should, however, be a presumption against actions that impair exports from least developed countries to either emerging markets or developed countries, or from emerging markets to developed countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Ideally, no manufacturer should use an excess of raw materials in the production of a good if the same good could be made with fewer raw materials and thus at a lower cost. Vet instances abound of products which are designed in a manner where replacement is intrinsic to the product - for example disposable razors or cigarette lighters. The sustainable use of resources must be considered during all the stages of a product’s life-cycle: in its design, its manufacture, its usage and even at the end of its life, where the possibility of reusing or recovering scarce materials used in its production becomes a distinct and often profitable issue. Resource efficiency is only possible if consumers - individuals and institutional buyers alike - demand sustainable products.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The world’s fifth-largest country, it covers 47% of the South American continent’s surface and extends about 7 500 km along the Atlantic coast. Owing to its size, its physical characteristics vary enormously, as do climate, vegetation and land-use patterns. Accordingly, it is typically divided into six large terrestrial ecosystems, or biomes:14 Amazon, Cerrado, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest, Pantanal and Pampa (Box 4.1). The Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes are two of the world’s 35 biodiversity hotspots (Chapter 4). Brazil also has vast coastal and marine areas: it hosts rich coral reef ecosystems and has the world’s largest contiguous area of mangroves. Extension of agriculture and cattle farming, natural resource extraction, and infrastructure and development are the most significant causes of habitat loss (Figure 1.13).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Countries with significant vulnerabilities, such as large macroeconomic imbalances and high levels of external debt, are particularly susceptible to such disruptions. As policy space has narrowed considerably across the world, any external shock could have severe and long-lasting implications for global growth and socioeconomic conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Understanding these different aspects of social capital and their evolution can help to determine the degree of cohesiveness in Vietnamese society and the way and extent to which these various dimensions of social capital facilitate co-ordination and co-operation for mutual benefits. Interpersonal trust and tolerance for diversity are found to strengthen the sense of belonging, reduce social discontent and lower crime rates (Wilkinson, Kawachi and Kennedy, 1998). In fragmented societies, the level of trust is usually lower (Alesina and La Ferrara, 2002, Glaeser et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Furthermore, a tax on biofuels was eliminated in 2007 and a new energy law that promotes renewable energy was adopted in 2008 and is being implemented. The government is promoting the installation of solar thermal systems for public, commercial, household and industrial buildings, as well as a subsidy for the construction and retrofitting of energy-efficient public housing. Reflecting a recommendation from the 2005 OECD Environmental Performance Review of Chile, cost-benefit assessments of the policies being used or proposed to reduce emissions and incentivise the development of renewable energy capacity would be useful to ensure that emissions reductions are achieved at the lowest cost.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Examples include making better use of the experience of older employees, building an ‘ageless workforce’ through lifelong learning, increasing collaboration within or across industries, and creating partnerships with public institutions and the education sector.147 It is also necessary to consider the balance between public and private provision of vocational training, especially given current limits on public resources for education and the increasing variety of education services provided by the private sector. Publicly funded vocational training is not always successful, particularly when centralized systems create bureaucratic constraints. Private TVET providers have emerged as an alternative to increase the quality and responsiveness of training institutions, particularly in cases of vulnerable or unreliable government financing for such education and training. The challenges in creating such systems are even greater in times of technological disruption, which reshape the private sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Good co-ordination between services and sensitivity to the need for different intensities of treatment are very important. In addition, it is increasingly recognised that sub-threshold mental disorders (where the symptoms fall below the diagnostic criteria for the disorder) can be distressing and disabling, particularly if persistent, and low-intensity treatment for such cases is often appropriate. Those mental disorders with the most severe symptoms are relatively rare, affecting only small proportions of the population (see Chapter 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Cloud-based computing services and tools for offline or real-time analysis may also be used. Smart city initiatives have been applied in many sectors around the world, including pollution and emissions monitoring, energy projects, such as smart grids and metering, flood management and other water-related projects, the management of public transportation system and of road use, solid waste collection, sorting and management, improving governance and transparency with open data and other projects, disaster preparedness and resiliency, and addressing crime and security (OECD, 2016b). In Indonesia, smart city activities include the smart city strategy for Bandung included in the 2013-2018 ICT Master Plan, which emphasises e-government and digital infrastructure. The city also plans a new district designed to attract investment from the technology industry. Efforts to reform transportation are also being perused as smart city initiatives in Medan.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
By 2014, more than 1,000 microhydro systems had been installed, with total generating capacity of 22 MW, providing off-grid electricity access to 20 per cent of the population. Credible long-term policy commitment, with flexible approach to implementation and reduced administrative burdens, is essential to sustaining mini-grid deployment. In this respect, the availability of a potential anchor load — i.e., a consumer of a large and possibly stable proportion of the power generated (for instance a small factory, hospital or farmer cooperative) — supplementing households’ electricity demand is usually critical to support mini-grid profitability and increase capacity utilization.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This includes, for example, policy reforms such as helping phase out fossil fuel subsidies, which in turn increases the profitability of clean energy investment and the potential for instruments such as feed-in tariffs to promote renewable energy technologies. More broadly, this support also goes towards building much needed institutional and technical capacity in partner country governments and institutions, which enables governments to mobilise and sustain green investment. Emerging approaches by development partners take a 'market systems' approach to promote green growth by encouraging the development of green value chains and markets for green products and services.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)