albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Internationally accessible academic literature in management has been dominated very largely by contributions originating from the USA. Although this state of imbalance has attracted some discussion, little systematic research exists on scholarly activity in a large majority of countries that have limited presence in international academic outlets. To this end, we investigated the academic literature produced in Turkey over the last three decades, as an example of a country located at the periphery of management scholarship and where the management discipline developed under strong US influence. Based on a content analysis of articles published in local and international academic journals, cluster-analytic results indicated that the predominant form of scholarly output comprised a practice-oriented, nonempirical, de-contextualized literature, which served to transport American theories and practices to domestic audiences. The limitedly adopted scientific model manifested marginally greater interest in the...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It will also provide insights into the manner in which events and other disruptions impact street traffic. These principles cover a much broader set of data than released by Uber through its Movement platform and, for instance, while it may be analogous to some of the data that taxis may have to provide in New York City, it represents a broad expansion of data requests in relation to ride services. This, NACTO states, is necessary in order to enable cities to better carry out data-driven planning and policy decisions, and to help them redesign streets to meet modern needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
They are considered to be universal in that they are necessary conditions for success at each stage of development. The selection of the foundation factors was based on theory and a large body of research that provides evidence of the effects of each factor on student outcomes. A "potent" factor is one that has a strong correlation with an outcome or set of outcomes. For example, the quality of classroom instruction is arguably the most important driver of student outcomes during the schooling period (Anderson, 2004, Rosenshine, 2010, Kyriakides, Christoforou and Charalambous, 2013, Creemers and Kyriakides, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Mosaic Enterprise Challenge of The Prince’s Trust in the United Kingdom is an annual inter-school competition where students aged 11-16 years, with mentor support, learn about establishing and running a business through a business simulation game. The winning team is then supported in developing and launching their business idea (Prince’s Trust, 2016). These courses allow reaching more disadvantaged groups that are less likely to attend higher education institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
ABSTRACTStates seek avenues of international conflict to satisfy domestic and foreign policy aims within an anarchic world system. The methods of conflict have changed from century to century to encompass different methods of attaining state objectives. Today there exists a lacuna in terms of international contestation in less traditional avenues of state conflict, such as sports competitions and technological development. Extant theories on international relations have broadened their scope to include arms races, economic sanctions, cyber conflict, and other ‘new’ methods of interstate conflict. This study adds to current literature and theoretical trends by shaping a theory on surrogate war that examines state conflict manifested through international contest. While the possible applications are quite broad, this study offers plausibility probes in international sports policy and space policy to demonstrate the application and versatility of surrogate war.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Because of the complex dimensionality of the interactions among the targets when viewed socially, economically and environmentally, the arrows in Figure 1 should be taken as illustrative but not definitive. However, in many cases the “real life” impacts of what is done in a target area on other target areas is variable, and can be positive or negative. Some targets are mostly at the “receiving end” of the interlinkages and are affected by many of the other targets. They include targets 14.2 (sustainable management of marine ecosystems), 14.4 (restoration of fish stocks), and 14.7 increased benefits for SIDS and LDCs. On the other hand, targets 14.a (science and technology) and I4.c (implementation of international law) have the potential to affect most of the other targets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Modern constitutional law has developed various means of supervising and guaranteeing the effective implementation of the constitution. The principal means of judicial control of constitutionality is judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation enacted by Parliament, or constitutional judicial review. This has become a dominant feature of modern constitutionalism, and recent decades have seen a global expansion of such judicial review mechanisms. This article considers the phenomenon and institution of constitutional judicial review from historical and comparative perspectives. The different models, structures and forms of constitutional judicial review are discussed with reference to the historical contexts in which they have evolved, their modes of operation and their underlying rationales. The possible tension between constitutional judicial review and democracy is also considered.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Biological diversity has arisen through evolution over millions of years. The speed with which species become extinct today has risen by a factor of 50-100. This has consequences for the possible choices of action that we have today. At the same time, the UN’s assessment underlines the dependence of mankind on biological diversity for its survival, generation of wealth, welfare and prosperity. At the Environment for Europe conference in Kiev in 2003, the European environment ministers agreed to set a more ambitious target for Europe. According to this target, the objective is to halt the loss of biological diversity at all levels by the year 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The CLUP and its implementation instrument, the zoning ordinance, are intended to regulate land use as part of a set of plans that span all levels of government. Yet despite the legislative requirement and the guidelines created by Region VII to assist LGUs in developing CLUPs, there is not one completed, updated CLUP. Some LGUs have however stated that the guidelines are overly technical for local government application.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Health-care spending was 6.1% of GDP in 2008 (the latest year for which data is available) compared to an average of 9.3% of GDP across OECD countries in 2011. This translates to health spending of USD 906 per person (adjusted for PPP) in Turkey, roughly one quarter of the USD PPP 3 322 spent on average among OECD countries in 2011 (Figure 4.1). While spending increased across all major categories of health-care providers, hospitals and the retail sale of medical goods (pharmaceuticals, optical, hearing and medical aids and appliances), sustained growth rates of 11% and 5% a year respectively between 2003 and 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This may be in part related to the industry structure of the two states, as Queretaro is largely an industrial state, dominated by big manufacturing companies, while Morelos, thanks to its proximity to Mexico City, is an economy driven by services where entry barriers are lower and start-up rates higher. This flags two problems: low entrepreneurialism, on the one hand, but also high informality on the other, for a figure roughly half that of the United States disguises a number of firms that operate without being recorded in any registry. Nevertheless, an estimate by the UN International Labour Organisation (ILO) reports that 43.8% of Mexico's population is without pension and/or health coverage, a figure that ranks the country behind other main Latin American economies (Argentine, Brazil, Chile and Colombia).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Testing with stakes for students will be specifically denoted as “high-stakes standardised tests.” A country may choose to administer low-stakes standardised tests for a number of reasons and in response to different international and national pressures, which in turn link to the test’s purpose, design and how test results are used. The trends in OECD countries show a growing reliance on the results of standardised tests for a number of purposes and it is important to keep in mind the resulting effect on teaching and learning. Assessment practices - whether they are focused on system, school, teacher or student results - impact teaching practices and teacher-student relationships and, in certain cases, can restrict learning and teaching (Harlen, 2007, Santiago et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Pleistocene is mostly underlain by impermeable Neogene strata (Saqiye Group), but locally also by the Eocene, as is the case near the Gaza Strip (Table 2). The aquifer is considered to be more productive along the Sinai coast than further inland in Egypt8 and the Kurkar A is often the most productive formation.’ The mostly unsaturated Holocene cover is typically less than 10 m thick, while the Kurkar B is 30-70 m thick.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This system is called notional (or non-financial) defined contribution (NDC) and was implemented in countries including Italy, Latvia, Poland and Sweden. The NDC system is similar to individual accounts in that the benefits reflect lifetime contributions and consider the number of years during which workers are expected to collect benefits (life expectancy on retirement). However, unlike individual accounts, NDC systems are publicly administered and involve no financial accumulation. Instead, revenues from workers’ contributions continue to be directed to pay for benefits in a PAYG model.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This approach mainly focuses on ensuring gender equality in the workplace of suppliers. In Switzerland, this requirement relates to ensuring wage equality: the Federal Act on Public Procurement requires equality in the pay of men and women in all companies as a requirement for awarding government contracts. Companies of 50 or more employees are obliged to verify their compliance with this princinple.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In addition, some low-carbon investments such as nuclear and CCS could be exposed to the load factor risk associated with high deployment of variable renewables. If market players are usually well-equipped to handle fossil fuel price risk, they are less well placed to tackle the carbon price risk and renewable policy risk, in particular, the risk of a low-carbon price. These arguments then lead to conclude that liberalised electricity sectors can provide neither the low-carbon investment needed, nor the investments in conventional generation to ensure security of supply at reasonable cost. One reason is that prices can not go high enough to cover both operating costs and capital investment costs required to trigger investment in new capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
When excluded from the peace table, women have often used parallel processes on their own. When locked out of the rooms where decisions are being made, women have presented their positions and recommendations through the ‘gaps under the doors’, spoken to delegates outside meetings, or demonstrated in the street, as occurred in Liberia in 2003 (box 5.7). Various studies have examined how women in several African countries such as Burundi, Liberia, Rwanda, Uganda, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and South Africa have been involved in conflict resolution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In fact, this simple hypothesis is not confirmed by the data, with the corresponding exercise providing inconclusive results. Similar findings are obtained distinguishing countries based on the differences in the distributive impact of Education. The metrics for such classifications were alternative ad-hoc indicators computed in “Divided we stand” (chapter 8) such as the income increasing effect of benefits from public education services for the bottom quintiles of the distribution, or the change in the Gini coefficients when the redistributive impact of education is accounted for. In particular, each individual is asked to report the number of years spent in paid employment (experience), and the number of years since she left the educational system (potential experience).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This provides an opportunity to streamline the main marine programmes and improve coherence with policies in other sectors. For example, the exemption of fisheries from the fuel tax can encourage large-scale fisheries. At the same time, a variety of grants are provided to fishers for the protection and sustainable use of fish stocks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The implementation of the different water projects is not necessarily co-ordinated across administrative bodies (according to water availability in the river basins for example) but rather work on a case-by-case basis. Projects are improvised, approved and financed without any water resource management strategy. A significant obstacle to effective co-ordination in Guatemala is the disconnection between top-down designed policies and their implementation. The Water Specific Cabinet (GEA) is the line authority, but many operational technical levels are neither managed nor assessed and therefore do not follow national policies, but rather sub-level engineers’/technical recommendations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The Brazilian Centre and the Regional Centres for Educational Research were created within the structure of the National Institute for Pedagogical Studies (INEP) in 1955. The main objective of these centres was to promote the development of social science research on questions related to Brazilian education. These centres encouraged the development of research in the Federal District and in the states of Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul. In order to develop the research projects, above all in the period 1956-1961, the INEP centres obtained the collaboration of a diversified group of social scientists who suggested interpretations, at times innovative, of the relations between schooling and social change in course at that time, at different speeds, in different regions of the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This paper examines the implications of this new international policy landscape for development co-operation providers and their partners and proposes factors to strengthen coherence between climate and development finance. It builds on the reality that ending poverty and achieving sustainable development is not possible without stabilising the climate (UN, 2015a) and that progress on one agenda cannot be achieved without progress on the other. Moreover, “enhancing policy coherence for sustainable development” is one of the SDG targets (17.14) and a key means of implementation for the SDGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
First, the programme for Strengthening School Management (Fortalecimiento de la Gestion Escolar), which will invest MEX 41 million in 595 schools, seeks to support school leaders in the management of school resources (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2016a). With a similar ambition, the Schools of Quality programme (Programa Escuelas de Cualidad) aims to strengthen the autonomy of basic education institutions in managing resources, while supporting each school and their Technical School Council in the adoption of best practices that can help them meet planning, evaluation and budget allocation responsibilities effectively. Through an investment of MEX 26.57 million in 2015-16, a total of 475 schools are benefiting from the programme which, compared to the previous year, represents an expansion to 55 new schools (Gobiemo de Morelos, 2016a). Another component of the Schools of Quality programme involves the evaluation of teachers in their classroom instruction and directors in their capacity to lead as well as activities to increase parents’ engagement in their child’s learning. The instructional costs of disadvantaged children are likely to be higher than those of the well off and Morelos is taking positive steps in palliating those needs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This pattern shows the impacts that having a child can have on women’s labour market participation and earnings and, consequently, on pension benefits. In these and other types of pension systems that link benefits to past employment and earnings, benefits tend to reflect women's "cumulated disadvantages of a lifetime’s involvement in a gender-biased labour market” (European Commission 2013:21). Indeed, when social protection entitlements are associated to paid employment, and no or insufficient mechanisms exist to recognize and reward other kinds of contributions that people make to society (such as unpaid work), gender inequalities in the labour market are transmitted to the social protection system (Razavi 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The decline in SA benefit receipt observed for many countries in Figure 5 has been driven primarily by falling entry rates into benefit receipt. The two top panels of Figure 7 show that the patterns observed for entry rates are remarkably similar to those reported earlier for the rates of benefit receipt. There is a clear downward trend in year-to-year entry rates into benefit receipt for five countries, for which entry rates into SA benefits appear to converge to around 1-1.5% towards the end of the observation periods. Exceptions are again the entry rate for Germany, which fluctuates heavily between 2% and 4.5% possibly in response to the 2005 ‘Hartz reforms’, and the one for Latvia, where no clear trend can be identified due to the shorter observation period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Given the inherent limitation of these data, other indicators of the size and progressivity of taxes and transfers are presented to investigate the characteristics of specific tax and benefit schemes. A cluster analysis of 15 carefully selected policy indicators, capturing the progressivity, size and mix of taxes and benefits, is then implemented to identify groups of OECD countries sharing common redistributive approaches. Inequality in income after taxes and transfers, as measured by the Gini index, was about 25% lower than for income be/ore taxes and transfers on average in the OECD area in the late 2000s.2 For the same period, poverty measured after taxes and transfers was 55% lower than before taxes and transfers for the OECD average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
We provide examples of studies and give references to those. Complete lists of references of valuation studies is not compiled for this chapter, but more extensive reference lists can be found in many of the studies we refer to. The majority has been carried out in southeastern Norway where eutrophication is one of the largest environmental pressures related to water [Magnussen 1992, Magnussen et al.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Similar trade-offs can happen on the demand side, since the aggregated demand is smoother than that of each individual market. Others things being equal, the larger the market, the more of such mutually beneficial trading possibilities will arise. Appropriate incentives for adequate investments in electricity grids and transmission capacity are thus important to contribute to ensure system adequacy, as larger interconnection capacity improves system flexibility.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This trend in digitalisation has been accompanied by a reduction of personal customer service in vehicles, terminals, service centres and call centres. This increases the risk of marginalisation for those that those who cannot use mobile devices due to age, disability, language skills, or other reasons. This data should be an integral part of the data package provided by transport operators to MaaS operators and eventually to customers. This data is required by law to be available in machine readable format through open interfaces by 1 January 2018.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Following their placement, students report back to their training provider and they are assessed to see if they have met their learning objectives. Supervisors need to have a solid knowledge of the theoretical content of the student’s course and have sufficient time and resources to offer guidance. Students apply concepts learnt in the study programme at the workplace, linking theory to practice. In the Netherlands, instructors from industry can only teach in the presence of a pedagogically qualified teacher (Fazekas and Litjens, 2014). In 2007-08, 45% of first and second year community college students reported having to take remedial courses (US Department of Education, 2013). While extensive resources are devoted to remediation of basic skills, its effectiveness is limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The definition of national multidimensional child poverty indicators is therefore necessary as a tool to monitor progress towards this SDG target. The headcount is as high as 82 per cent in rural areas, while it is 53 per cent in urban settings. Nationwide 12 per cent of children are not deprived in any dimension. However this is true for only 3 per cent of children in rural areas, while 18 per cent of children in urban areas do not suffer any deprivation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
It provides recommendations for policy makers, donors and development practitioners to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals, drawing on learning from the Social Institutions and Gender Index and in-country research by the OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment. Specifically, the recommendations focus on how to recognise unpaid care work by measuring and valuing it, reduce time spent on drudgery by the provision of quality infrastructure and redistribute unpaid care tasks more equally between men and women by transforming gender stereotypes. The paper presents new analysis of time use data from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Peru and South Africa as well as comparisons with OECD countries. It provides recommendations for policy makers, donors and development practitioners to support the achievement of SDG 5.4 based on the “3Rs” framework - recognise, reduce and redistribute - to address unpaid care.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Following the dramatic losses witnessed in the 1960s and 1970s, the country’s elephant population remains low but stable at around 5,000 animals, with only a smaller number of well-guarded rhinos based at a rhino breeding and rehabilitation facility (Great Elephant Census, 2015[m|). Instead, poaching is largely restricted to bush meat, pangolin and hippo teeth. As one interviewee expressed, ‘Uganda is mainly a transit hub for ivory and rhino hom - corruption here is a bigger problem when it comes to facilitating transport activity, than when it comes to facilitating poaching itself (GA-10, 2017(41]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Only half of women in 45 countries with available data make their own decisions about reproductive health. In more than half of the countries with available data, the gender gap is higher in one-person households compared to all households. This reflects women's heightened vulnerability when living by themselves.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)