albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This judgement by the Supreme Court resolves an application for review of sentence based on the ground for opposition referred to in Article 510.4o of the Code of Civil Procedure (CCP): an unfair judgement caused by malicious conduct. The plaintiff intentionally concealed and distorted the information about defendant’s domicile, as a result, the judgment was given by default. The Court did not examine the substantive matter and declares the expiration of the review action, because more than three months had passed since the fraud was discovered (Art. 512 CCP). Before the procedure in Spain an identical process was taking place in New Jersey (USA). The question that arises is how a second process could be opened in Spain while the first was pending. The answer lies in a well-known institu­tion of Private International Law: forum shopping.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This article analyzes the implications of the Anthropocene for the governance of security. Drawing on environmental law, green criminology, and international relations, the article examines the development of environmental security scholarship over recent decades and shows similarities and differences in perspectives across the three disciplines. It demonstrates that the Anthropocene represents a significant challenge for thinking about and responding to security and the environment. It argues a rethinking is needed, and this can benefit from reaching across the disciplinary divide in three key areas that have become a shared focus of attention and debate regarding security in the Anthropocene. These are, first, examining the implications of the Anthropocene for our understanding of the environment and security, second, addressing and resolving contests between environmental securities, and third, developing new governance responses that mix polycentric and state-backed regulation to bring safety and security to the planet.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Regarding forest sinks, basic initiatives are set out under the UNFCCC, and only the theory is regulated, however, matters regarding the detailed duties of each country are determined by the Protocol. Article 3, paragraph 3, of the Kyoto Protocol allows that limited human activity (afforestation, reforestation and deforestation after 1990) targeting the capture of greenhouse gases be used to meet the reduction targets of Annex I parties (developed countries). Furthermore, Article 3, paragraph 4, also takes into consideration additional human activity leading to changes in emissions and the capture of GHG in the areas of agricultural land, land-use changes and forestry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Leaders use personal and informal relations to govern, and citizens are not sufficiently captured by the market to respond in terms of rational choices that enhance their position in society. Human rationality, and therefore, by extension, policy interventions do not penetrate society in the same dynamic manner as in societies that have fully embraced such an approach. For example, poverty eradication policies tend to get implemented with little regard to feasibility and cost-effectiveness because there is no rational feedback or citizen response that makes the system avoid similar mistakes in the future. Leaders act like chiefs, people respond as subjects, and the future is seen to lie in the hands of forces over which they perceive themselves as having little control. Community-based projects work in these contexts but these efforts tend to become isolated islands and often falter once the external input comes to an end.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
A vibrant secondhand market in mobile devices exists in many countries and the prices shadow those of new devices, which are continually declining. Lack of electricity did not prevent people in the rural areas of LDCs from using 2G phones, and it will not stop them from using 3G phones and terminal devices. While some of the solar-charged phones on the market are still gimmicks and not very efficient, it is indeed highly practical to charge phones from solar-powered charging stations of the kind supported by the Universal Service Fund in Pakistan.34 In the absence of such institutional solutions, car batteries and mobile charging stations will provide solutions. Here, the innovation has two prongs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Of these, two stand out. The first is Law N° 20.625 (adopted in 2012), regarding discards, which formalised a research programme to identify and characterise discards and also institutes a discard reduction plan. In the field of fisheries, they will make decisions on the availability of resources, BRP’s and annual catch quotas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The clash between religious freedom and freedom of expression has created social turbulence, political discord, and marginalisation of religious minorities, the latter of which is seen by many as having security implications. The author explores the possibility of a framework that reconciles freedom of religion and freedom of expression within a very unique French context. Recent events show that the issue continues to be unresolved, courts are frequently seized by those who argue that their beliefs were harmed and seek reparation, and proponents of free (and sometimes hostile) expression are fighting back. The author will discuss methods used by French judges to determine offense to religious sentiment—sometimes in very tricky and arbitrary ways—as broadly defined as violations of beliefs, symbols and religious rites, and will seek common ground with generally accepted norms of free expression that can exist within a framework of public order that respects all citizens.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Policy principles and objectives have been established, municipalities are required to prepare Integrated Solid Waste Management Plans and technical regulations and guidelines have been issued. However, the policies and action plans that were developed in parallel to address waste issues at national, regional and municipal levels do not provide comprehensive and consistent guidance. As a consequence, opportunities to increase the environmental effectiveness and economic efficiency of waste policies (by developing an efficient waste infrastructure network, for example) remain unexploited. Positive policy developments include the 2010 Policy on Sustainable Production and Consumption, efforts to promote cleaner production, an ambitious policy on extended producer responsibility (EPR) and attempts to establish green public purchasing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Despite the Canadian public health community's commitments to promoting public policy that supports health, evidence indicates that Canada's public health picture continues to decline. This may be due in part to the failure of public health agencies and local public health units to engage in public policy advocacy and public education about the social determinants of health. Examples of such activities by local public health units are now available and provide a model for such activity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Morgenthau’s characterizations of the politics among nations in the twentieth century remain a contested, but still compelling, vision of international relations in the twenty-first century. Hence, different strains of ‘critical theory’ are needed as the means of crisis detection, interpretation and legitimation. Without accepting the terms of Morgenthau’s analysis uncritically, this article looks at how critical theory insights, as developed in different streams of Frankfurt School-inspired critique, can arguably guide new discourse coalitions and policy experts in coping with the challenges of crises in the post-Cold War world. The contradictions posed by the inequities of social wealth’s production and distribution are profound and obdurate. Exerting verdictive power, like Morgenthau, in managing the global crises, national security challenges or financial instability conflicts, can be useful.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To identify multidimensionally deprived children, a cut-off must be selected. A child is multidimensionally deprived if the number of his/her deprivations is greater or equal to the cut-off. Comparing the results using different cut-offs can give valuable insights into the breadth of child deprivation, but this paper focuses on deprivation in one or more dimensions. All dimensions are given an equal implicit weight because the international children's rights framework does not prioritise particular child rights over and above the others.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The first two are based on the idea to supplement existing markets or to create new markets and could be categorised as “market simulation”. A third approach sets quantitative limits through regulation. In order to force British Rail to reduce the emissions of sparks from its locomotives he proposed a tax, later called Pigouvian tax, to be levied by the government on each unit of emissions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Chapter 1 describes different kinds of economic inequality across and within countries and compares levels and trends of inequality across regions. However, trends have been far from universal: as countries have grown and developed, inequalities have increased, in many cases, and have declined in some others. Successful cases of reducing inequalities illustrate the importance of policies and institutions in shaping inequality trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Others see it narrowly in terms of its potential efficiency effects. Although participation is meant to operate on democratic principles and to involve and benefit all sections of the community, institutions which seem participatory and inclusive in formal terms can effectively exclude significant sections, especially the poor and women. These “participatory exclusions”61 can, in turn, unfavourably affect both equity and institutional efficiency.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the name of creating a more just society, demands for multiculturalism, diversity, and cultural competence have proliferated over the past few decades. All these terms fundamentally depend on identity politics, pitting group against group. Far from ushering in a more harmonious future, identity politics seems to lead primarily to greater social fragmentation, combativeness, and conflict. The escalation of these tensions is manifest today in attacks on free speech and efforts to micromanage everyday life. Accompanying these is a persistent denigration of western culture and its tradition of individual (rather than group) rights and freedoms. The dangers of such developments have been well documented in the twentieth-century dictatorial regimes claiming to be acting for the greater good. The costs of abdicating liberal values in the name of goodness have also been extensively explored in utopian and dystopian fictions that demonstrate why ideological policing can never produce a better world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
No worker households are seen to have grown from 28% of the population to 31% of the population over time. Their poverty incidence, at 80% or more, is by far the highest of all the groups, reflecting clearly that the deleterious consequences to individuals of their household’s having no access to the labour market. Such circumstances are almost a guarantee that one will be poor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Although Japan, with its ambitious expansionary programme, may end up delivering a surprise performance, any recovery would be insufficient to reverse the trend of global economic cooling. Given that the developing countries drove around 90% of the global expansion over the last five years, any slowdown in the developing world amid would engender a global low-growth scenario, which is already being seen in weaker international trade (ECLAC, 2013b). In the context of higher GDP growth rates since the onset of the commodity price boom in 2003, domestic demand, and consumption in particular, has come to be a stronger driver of growth.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Making this happen in practice requires concerted government action. Peru has undertaken a number of reforms aiming to improve the responsiveness of the labour market and education system, enhance the fiscal framework, and boost the business sector. Yet governments cannot achieve better skills outcomes alone. Success will depend on the commitment and actions of a broad range of stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Buses are tracked in real time and provide information beyond the simple traffic flow. The system recognises whether a bus stops, accelerates rapidly or opens its doors, allowing monitoring of driver behaviour. The collected information on traffic flow's is made available to the public via smart phone apps and information boards at bus stations, which include the precise arrival time of the next buses, current traffic conditions and details on arrival of metros at neaiby subway stops.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This chapter concludes the findings of the completed research and positions the three case study cities with regard to their sustainability goals. One overall finding is that sustainability has to be defined for each specific context and that good urban management is the key to achieving it. In addition, recommendations for responsible urban management, such as establishing strategies for sustainable urban development, promoting decentralization, improving cooperation, harmonizing strategies with legal regulations and planning instruments, enhancing public participation and monitoring and controlling urban development, have been distilled. These recommendations, although based on the analyses of the case study cities, are also relevant for any other comparable city striving for sustainability. Finally, emphasizing the need to train national and local authority staff in the latest implementation methods developed from continuing research closes the gap between academia and practice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The number of these types of programs has doubled since 2002 (from 6 to 12 fisheries), and with increased funding to support their development, this trend is expected to continue. These exclusive access arrangements have assumed many forms, including LAPPs, IFQs, fishing co-operatives, community quotas, and sector allocations. These developments were most evident in the rationalization plans in Alaska and in the Gulf of Mexico red snapper fishery, but are also seriously being considered in the fisheries for Pacific groundfish, mid-Atlantic tilefish, and Gulf of Mexico grouper. The US Department of Commerce, through NMFS, operates a fee-for-service Federal Seafood Inspection Program (described in the Agricultural Marketing Act as amended), which provides inspection and certification services to requesting parties also with regard to food safety, wholesomeness, and proper labelling with additional effort on food quality concerns. Both agencies provide export certification of seafood from the United States. Imports of seafood are primarily under the jurisdiction of the Food and Drug Administration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The final delimitation of the assessment will determine the data needs and model framework, as well as eliciting existing research and data gaps. In the Nordic countries there are two different indigenous peoples: the Sami and the Inuit. Farmers in marginal areas, pastoralists, fishermen, hunters and allotment growers are examples of other groups to be taken into account in the Nordic Assessment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Nevertheless, the Danish financial sector remains large by international standards, with a total-assets-to-GDP ratio of more than 500%, and is dominated by a few very large banks and highly interconnected. As discussed in the previous Survey, this poses a systemic risk and potentially creates important implicit liabilities for the public sector. At the same time, household gross debt continues to be the highest across OECD countries (Figure 9), albeit large pension savings counterbalances this (see below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Recent interest on the part of criminologists in the “faith factor” has made possible a contemporary argument for faith-based interventions in crime prevention: if faith “works,” then government should support faith-based initiatives because in doing so, government is not endorsing religion, but science. Drawing on the ideas of Karl Popper, Michael Polanyi, and others, this essay reviews this argument within the framework of the philosophy of social science. The discussion reviews such concepts of falsification, structural causality, objectivity, and evidence-based policy making to affirm the place of both faith and science in public life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Fanning units that showed dominance in specific products were combined to form totals for field crop products, horticultural products and animals and animal products. Farmland plus nature conservation land plus forestry land plus other. Source: Development Bank of Southern Africa. Statistics SA, Census of Agriculture 1993, 2002 and 2007, and agricultural survey 1996. Today there are under 40 000 farming units occupying about 67% of total land of the country, around 86 million hectares. On the other hand, approximately 1.3 million smallholders (that may produce for markets or for selfconsumption) are black.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Both documents deal only with GHG mitigation and the establishment of a national framework to manage climate change. Currently, there is neither a climate change adaptation strategy nor a climate change adaptation action plan. The only attempt to undertake adaptation is MO No. It also suggests that the adaptation measures identified should be implemented through cooperation with local authorities and provision of appropriate technical assistance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The counties most affected by this phenomenon, w'hich overlaps with the phenomenon of illegal clear-cutting of trees, are Moldova (8,561 ha), Suceava (5,451 ha), Bacau (1,976 ha), Harghita (1,587 ha), Maramures (1,107 ha), Dolj (818 ha), Teleorman (800 ha), Neamt (436 ha), Arges (427 ha), Iasi (287 ha), Botosani (239 ha) and Vaslui (172 ha). The overwhelming majority of these areas are in the counties of Moldova (63 per cent of the area identified to date), Harghita (11.6 per cent) and Maramures (8.1 per cent). According to WWF (2005), a lack of enforcement of regulations regarding the protective and ecological functions of forests, confusion about ownership and a desire for economic gain seem to have caused this rise in illegal logging. In 2008, a new Forest Code was adopted, followed by Law No. Romania did not score well on the Government Barometer 2012 on illegal logging and trade based on compliance with the Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Action Plan. The WWF (2012) survey argues that '‘interdepartmental collaboration is at an early stage, penalties and sanctions are very weak and sustainable procurement is not specifically addressed”.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Greater investment is needed to ensure adequate materials, safe and well-maintained school environments, quality of teachers, along with better renumerations and incentives. Specific efforts must be made to stem the drop-out rates in schools by emphasizing the importance of education, improving its relevance and quality, and mitigating the associated costs. This hampers a government’s ability to devise informed policies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Addressing inequalities requires a combination of growth-enhancing, employment-generating macroeconomic policies and redistributive social policies. A focus on only one set of policies is likely to maximize impact on either poverty reduction or lowering inequalities, but not, necessarily, on both. However, tying redistributive policies too tightly to growth policies, or equity objectives too closely to growth objectives, would be a major mistake (McKinley, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
It is possible that schools that co-operate tightly with business were more likely to respond. Consequently, the results may be biased towards schools that are more successful in providing their students with workplace training. This is consistent with what various stakeholders reported to the OECD team during the visits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Results are available in Annex 4. Regarding any alcohol drinking, results show increasing rates of alcohol drinkers among the younger (both genders) in Germany, and in the elderly in England and the US (men) and in New Zealand (both genders). Regarding hazardous drinking, results show increasing rates of hazardous drinkers among young adults in England (both genders) and in Switzerland and the US (men).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In these cases, reducing debt burdens or restructuring the national debt can free up financial resources. Government borrowing usually takes place in the context of unequal power relations. The threat of withholding access to credit and the ability to demand repayment on specified terms, for example, give lenders considerable power over borrowers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article critically evaluates the interplay among courts with constitutional jurisdiction in Asia. This is done in the specific context of the Association of Asian Constitutional Courts and Equivalent Institutions (AACC). The article finds that the AACC has to date made only a nominal contribution to cultivating inter-court relations in furtherance of common goals and advances the claim that its members ought to rectify this state of affairs. On the one hand, transnational judicial alliances have instrumental value for participating courts in the discharge of their mandate. On the other hand, the AACC can be a useful conduit in nurturing an Asian perspective to the global judicial discourse on constitutional issues. In that vein, the article identifies the most suitable means to enable the AACC to optimally discharge its role to help advance respect for democracy, the rule of law, and human rights in the region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Health Sector Support Project helped to further develop disease surveillance and outbreak response capacities of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Interventions include the renovation of primary schools, procurement of learning materials, awareness-raising regarding GBV and promotion of psychosocial well-being activities to overcome the shock of violence and forced resettlement. In view of the high risk of disaster, the renovation work will include physical measures to ensure safe learning environments for children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Although very subtle, there are gender differences in the use of the media, which from the perspective of skill requirements in the information and knowledge society, are crucial to academic success and labour market integration for these generations. Time-use indicators can provide timely information to follow up on policies for expanding access to the Internet and other appropriate platforms during this stage of the life cycle. Nonetheless, as discussed in chapter III of this edition of Social Panorama of Latin America, the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean have not yet succeeded in ensuring that young women and men have the same rights and opportunities in training and labour market integration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)