albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Despite a flattening of rate structures, income taxes have nonetheless become somewhat more progressive in most countries - consistent with the trend towards greater market-income inequalities, which, in itself, would increase taxation at the top end. Reforms that have broadened the tax base may also have resulted in some tax-burden increases for higher-income groups. Effective income-tax rates faced by all “non-elderly” households, on average, have, however, declined in most countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The contributing authors were Chris Bruegge, Kayoko Ido, Taylor Reynolds, Cristina Serra-Vallejo, Piotr Stryszowski and Rudolf Van Der Berg. The authors would particularly like to thank Dawit Bekele, Constance Bommelaer, Bill Graham and Michuki Mwangi from ISOC and Janis Karklins, Boyan Radoykov and Irmgarda Kasinskaite-Buddeberg from UNESCO for their work and guidance on the project. With the goal of “achieving more with less”, governments need to look at ways to make the most of limited resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Most of the resources for teacher development have been allocated to preservice education, and this is the phase that is most intensely debated within countries. In a number of countries, the initial qualification that teachers earn is a key determinant of their career path. However, given the rapid changes in education, the potentially long careers that many teachers have, and the need for updating skills, teachers' development must be viewed in terms of lifelong learning, with initial teacher education conceived as providing the foundation for ongoing learning, rather than producing ready-made professionals.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The imperative of affordable, clean and renewable energy access to all should be acknowledged. Moreover, the recent evolution of financing structures, along with substantial policy support to RESs has boosted increased investment in renewable projects and contributed to decreasing technology costs. Global new investment in renewable energy has reached an all-time record of USD 286 billion in 2015, with a shift in geographic deployment towards Asia (FS-UNEP Collaborating Centre, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The project design relied on the initiative, and willingness to incur risks, of small and medium private entrepreneurs, supported by donor know-how. The decision to opt for a business support structure that was owned by the participating processing industries and which provided services usually assumed by the donors themselves, helped to sharpen the private entrepreneurs’ sense for business opportunities and to enhance ownership of the programme. It also shows that the emergence of (partly private and commercial) standards that focus on food safety, produce traceability as well as social and environmental compliance can successfully be introduced in developing countries. Although the country experienced sustained economic growth since the end of civil war in 1992, at an average of 8% per year during the 1994-2005 period, GDP per capita was USD 418.4 in 2009 and the share of the population living below USD 1.25 per day was 60% in 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In July 1963, students from Queens College (QC) and a group of New York City teachers traveled to Prince Edward County (PEC), Virginia, to teach local black youth in Freedom Schools. The county had eliminated public education four years earlier to avoid a desegregation order. PEC Freedom Schools represented the first major effort to recruit an integrated group of outside teachers and students to educate black students in a civil rights battleground over an entire summer. In contrast to the racial and class tensions that arose between black leaders and predominantly white volunteers in other civil rights campaigns, PEC volunteers willingly deferred to the expertise of local and outside black leaders. This paper identifies the relatively modest scope and well-defined mission of the program, the real-world experiences of volunteers, and the high quality of black leadership as factors that led to this positive outcome.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Here we look at some of the key interventions that have been found to be cost saving. If purchasers and insurers fail to reward chronic care quality, improvements are difficult to sustain. To improve chronic care, provider organizations need linkages with community-based resources, e.g. exercise programmes, senior centres, and self-help groups, as they are able to provide more frequent support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension in the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality. It adopts a prospective and preventive logic by evaluating the impact of these policies to guide the adoption of new measures. Governments commit themselves to ensure that a gender perspective is reflected in all policies and programmes, and their implications for women assessed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Since then, follow-up reports on the Millennium Development Goals have indicated that the subregion with the highest adolescent fertility rates in the world is sub-Saharan Africa, where it is about 120 births per 1,000 women in this age group. Latin America has the second highest rate, which is still over 80 per 1,000, followed by the Caribbean, where the rate stands at 70 per 1,000. The average rate in the developed countries is currently 24 per 1,000, in developing countries it is 54 per 1,000 (see figure II.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The debate about the need to build social capital and to engage local communities in public policy has become a central issue in many advanced liberal societies and developing countries. In many countries new forms of governance have emerged out of a growing realisation that representative democracy by itself is no longer sufficient. One of the most significant public policy trends in the UK has been the involvement of community organisations and their members in the delivery of national policy, mediated through local systems of governance and management. One such policy area is urban regeneration. Central government now requires local authorities in England to set up Local Strategic Partnerships (LSPs) to bring together stakeholders who can prepare Community Strategies and deliver social and economic programmes which target areas of deprivation. This paper reviews the key institutional processes which must be addressed, such as representation, accountability and transformation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The new action plan for Africa also includes the digitalisation of media and communications and the promotion of e-commerce (IDS, 2016). The private sector is also engaged in this area. For instance, ZTE and Huawei provide equipment and technical assistance to enhance e-governance programmes in Rwanda. ( India's total concessional development finance is estimated by the OECD to have reached USD 1.4 billion in 2014, compared to USD 1.2 billion in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This poses some concern for local communities, but may also be a natural solution to problems of overfishing in some instances. It is estimated that around 43% of government financial transfers were devoted to fisheries infrastructure in 2003 (OECD 2006). The costs associated with fisheries policies are considered to be low as they are spread widely across the community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In the case of violence against women surveys, it is critical from the outset to plan how all aspects of the project will incorporate methods of meeting the ethical requirements to ensure the safety of respondents and research teams, to protect the confidentiality of respondents, to minimize emotional distress, to provide information on sources of support and to refer respondents to sources of support in the community if needed. One of the fundamental challenges for surveys on violence against women is that of obtaining accurate estimates of the prevalence of violence, especially in contexts where there are strong taboos on speaking to outsiders about family relationships, violence in the family or sexual relations. Focus group discussions and other qualitative research methods that engage local women in discussions about the feasibility of the survey and about ways to surmount these taboos and to adapt the questionnaire and protocols to the local context will be critical to the success of the survey. There are several key elements to be considered when developing questionnaires.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The main recommendations likely to either weaken or strengthen the current account are reported in Table 2.6. Virtually all OECD countries provide fairly extended social insurance against these risks, albeit to varying degrees of coverage and generosity. Another key motive for saving is to maintain consumption after working life. Reforms aimed at raising labour force participation of women, notably through reform of tax and benefit systems and improved access to affordable childcare Postponing retirement age to raise labour participation of older workers Contributes by reducing households' saving for precautionary motives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Continuous urban areas enhance connectivity, reduce travel needs and car dependency, and facilitate the use of non-motorised transport modes, such as biking and walking. In addition to environmental improvements, continuous urban areas may induce energy savings, reduce maintenance costs for energy and transport systems, improve the quality of life through local services and jobs and allow efficient infrastructure investments (OECD, 2012). Overall, the findings of the study suggest that instruments aiming at increasing continuity and reducing population density are worth considering in the policy mix used to avoid further air quality degradation by the expansion of urban areas in Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In manufacturing, the recession has prolonged a long-term declining trend in employment. These trends have affected more men than women during 2008 and the first half of 2009. The service sector has continued to create jobs, although at a slow pace and with sub-sector differences. Wholesale and retail trade, transport, accommodation and food services, and finance and insurance were the worst hit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The recent IMF agreement has prompted progress in energy price reforms and the energy policy dialogue with the EU aiming at gradual convergence of Ukraine’s energy sector with the EU internal market has been instrumental in efforts to liberalise Ukraine’s internal gas market and modernise its regulatory framework. These reforms are indispensable for putting in place and implementing energy-related projects co-financed by international agencies. Access to international know-how on financing options and technologies is important, especially in the sphere of energy efficiency and renewable energy investments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Financing for the 2006-2015 programme amounts to US$1.4 billion. The project "Sustainable Rehabilitation and Development of Flood Plain Forests in Gorno-Badakhshan", implemented by GIZ under CACILM and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, assisted in the development of joint forestry management schemes between leskhozes and local villagers in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast. The project provided support in the area of private sector development by analysing die situation of Tajikistan’s private sector, including through four local workshops. Neidier complex inventories nor systematic monitoring were conducted since 1991. Hence, since 1991, the planning for nature conservation and forest management has been based on outdated inventories and rough estimates, not reflecting the actual situation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Credibility is enhanced when laws are culturally resonant and enforceable. It equally requires responsive, transparent and accountable government at the local level. Civic engagement and responsible government both necessitate the establishment and strengthening of participatory mechanisms, including access to justice and community-based action planning, which will ensure that all voices are heard in identifying problems and priorities, setting goals, exercising legal rights, determining service standards, mobilizing resources and implementing policies, programmes and projects (Habitat Agenda 1996: par.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Other countries may not see the use for a national-level system, particularly when adaptation-related policies are led at the sub-national level, and do not mention adaptation monitoring and evaluation in their NDC. Evaluation is in many ways more methodologically challenging than monitoring, because adaptation policies and programmes often lack measurable targets or clearly defined expected outcomes. It is nevertheless a useful activity to allow countries to learn from their experience, and support the improvement of future adaptation planning and implementation. These could helpfully focus or continue focusing their efforts on this evaluation and learning gap.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The reform was based on recommendations by a governmental committee (the Shochat Committee) in 2007 (see Box 1.4.). Around 60% of additional resource requirements would have been funded by higher state budget transfer and the remainder by increases in other revenues, most notably greater income from tuition fees. These included: i) returning the budget to its 2001 level, ii) raising student tuition by 50%, iii) expanding the support system for students from lower socio-economic backgrounds, iv) merging existing colleges and v) recruiting new faculty in order to enhance the quality of instruction and research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
On the other hand, heavy drinking was shown to reduce the probability of being in employment for both men and women (Booth and Feng, 2002, MacDonald and Shields, 2004, Johansson et al., Some evidence suggests that alcohol-dependent people aged 30-59 are more likely to be unemployed than their non-dependent counterparts while this relationship is not significant in younger and older age groups (Mullahy and Sindelar, 1993). An increase in unemployment was found to be associated with higher suicide rates for people below age 65, and with a higher alcohol-related mortality (Stuckler et al., Working conditions, such as long working hours and job insecurity, have been linked with an increased likelihood of high-risk alcohol consumption (Marchand et al., A US study found that those who drank regularly during early adulthood had lower “occupational prestige” 15 years later, than occasional drinkers, the finding was particularly strong among African-Americans (Sloan et al.,
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
It is a huge and desperately needed idea in an age of scarce resources and a planet undergoing climate change. Of that total, 1,900 have already been emitted by 2011: as of 2010 there were around 49 Gt emitted per year (IPCC, 2014). According to McGlade & Ekins (2015, p.187), [i]t has been estimated that to have at least a 50 per cent chance of keeping warming below 2°C throughout the twenty-first century, the cumulative carbon emissions between 2011 and 2050 need to be limited to around 1,100 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide. [
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There is still no Framework Law on Waste, and existing regulations are insufficient. Adding to these challenges, the staff of the Division of Waste and Chemical Substances Management (DWCSM) of the Ministry of Environment Protection and Natural Resources (MEPNR) have been reduced and currently number only five, which is insufficient to accomplish the mandate and responsibilities of the division. Since 2003, limited progress has been achieved: there are no sanitary landfills and very limited recycling facilities in the country, major hazardous waste hotspots are yet to be treated, and the majority of industrial waste is stored either on the premises of industrial installations or on adjacent land.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In response to concerns that participation in professional development may be decreasing, the government is planning substantial increases in professional development budgets and considering ways to require that all teachers have access to adequate professional training financed by municipalities. The slate budget annually allocates some USD 30 million to professional development of teachers and school principals through various forms of pre-tertiary and continuing education. The government determines the focus of the training, based on current national educational development needs, and the training is contracted out to service providers on a competitive basis.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The European Commission's list includes only Textile fibres (C1310), Non-wovens (C1395), and Leather clothes (C1411). In our analysis, many industries within this category are deemed energy-intensive, but have energy intensities in the lower end of the spectrum. These are energy-intensive enough to be on our list, but have intensities in the lower end of the spectrum.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The number of young people in the Arab population is high: 49% are under the age of 19, compared with 33% in the non-Arab population. At the same time, however, the attitudes regarding employment and education of Arab women are changing. This change is reflected in the reduction of fertility rates among Arab Muslims from 5.5 children per woman in 1980 to 3.9 in 2007. Jewish and Arab workers each account for just over one-third of the workforce in the construction sector, with cross-border workers and foreign workers together making up the other third.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Coconut and sugarcane are among the country's major export crops and cassava is primarily a food crop with more than 80 per cent of the two million metric tons average annual production normally processed into various food items. Concerns over food security issues were discussed in parliament and the government pledged to produce biofuels without compromising food production. The objective for the policy measure according to the government is to reduce the country’s dependence on imported fossil fuels. Such diversion is projected to climb to almost 40 per cent of total cereal production in 2015 and one-half of the entire cereal output by 2030.'18 Some question the rationale for the conversion of grain into meat to fulfil the human nutritional requirement, pointing out that 5kg of cereals are needed to produce just 1kg of meat.119 With regards to Africa, this trend could affect the quantities and price of cereal imports.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Alfonso Echazarra, Analyst, Early Childhood and Schools Division (alfonso ,echazarra@oecd .org). The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are those of the authors. Comments on Working Papers are welcome, and may be sent to the Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Latin American scholars tend to understand the “childhood policy field” as the set of institutions that are traditionally oriented to assist minors and that were transformed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child. This assumption, rich as it has been for analyzing the modes of social regulation aimed at Latin American children, has failed to consider deeply the tensions in the implementation of CRC as a human rights treaty and as a framework for specifying children’s citizenship. Therefore, we will focus on this process in the Argentinean context, identifying the crucial points that permit us to better consider and identify the specific operations of institucionalization, and the challenges related to research.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In the wake of the 1927 landmark Supreme Court decision in the  Buck v. Bell  case, which affirmed the constitutionality of laws authorizing the compulsory sterilization of so-called “feeble-minded” residents of state institutions, moral theologian and priest John A. Ryan took up his pen to address the issue of sterilization from a Catholics perspective. In the resulting pamphlet,  Human Sterilization , Ryan argued that eugenic sterilization measures were not only unscientific and bad social policy, but that the  Buck  decision in its articulation of civil rights represented a clear departure from the understanding of natural rights in Catholic moral teaching. The production of this text was the first piece of literature published by the National Catholic Welfare Conference that attempted to mobilize Catholic citizens throughout the United States in active opposition to eugenic sterilizahon laws as they came before the state legislatures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The questionnaires also identify additional indicators of educational success beyond performance on the PISA test. These indicators comprise, for example, questions about educational attainment, health and well-being, and attitudes towards school and learning. The out-of-school instruments gather much of the same data as the school-based instruments, as well as data on barriers to school attendance and factors that may impede students' progress through school.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The use is mainly for domestic purposes (88%), -10% for industry, 1% for agriculture and 1% for thermal Abstraction ~95.12x 10* mJ (2007). Groundwater is used mainly for drinking water supply as well as (some) for irrigation and industry. Population -400,100 (density 84 inhabitants/km2). Some 78% of the aquifer area is cropland and 9% urban/ industrial area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Torture can be opposed on the basis of pragmatic (e.g., torture does not work) or moral arguments (e.g., torture violates human rights). Three studies investigated how these arguments affect U.S. citizens' attitudes toward U.S.-committed torture. In Study 1, participants expressed stronger demands for redressing the injustice of torture when presented with moral rather than pragmatic or no arguments against torture. Study 2 replicated this finding with an extended justice measure and also showed the moderating role of ingroup glorification and attachment. Moral arguments increased justice demands among those who typically react most defensively to ingroup-committed wrongdoings: the highly attached and glorifying. Study 3 showed that the effect of moral arguments against torture on justice demands and support for torture among high glorifiers is mediated by moral outrage and empathy but not guilt.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In Pakistan, the school subjects of Social Studies, Civics and Pakistan Studies are explicitly used to construct Pakistani national identity and young people’s sense of citizenship. This article draws upon interviews with 27 Pakistan Studies teachers from a town in the Punjab region of Pakistan. The interviews aimed to explore the teachers’ perceptions and teaching practices with respect to teaching about regional, national and global identity content within the area of Pakistan Studies. The research found that in seeking to reconcile conflicting binary policy discourses most of the teachers continued to subscribe to relatively traditional pedagogical practices constrained by an examination system that overwhelmingly assesses students’ knowledge of textbook content. Most of the teachers had more inclination towards developing students’ national identity based upon Sunni Islamic values rather than multi-layered identities, reflecting more localized cultural diversity or global outlooks and viewpoints.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)