albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Still, more than a fourth of those with a university degree are informal workers - they do not contribute to the mandatory pension system. This suggests that informality may not systematically be forced by employers nor related to exclusion from the formal sector, but rather that it may be a worker’s decision, e.g. to minimise tax payments. According to this definition, about 50% of the employed population was in the informal sector in early 2012, a level which has been broadly stable since the late 1990s (Figure 1.5). The firm size column corresponds to the share of the population employed in firms of five or less persons.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Even though women are in the labour market in ever greater numbers, marriage and childbearing often dampen their access to paid work. However, in many contexts, a single (often low) income is insufficient to pull the entire household out of poverty. Moreover, in a world that is increasingly monetized and marked by changing social risks and family forms, strengthening women's command of economic resources is hugely important. To answer this question, this chapter begins by explaining why it is important for a woman to have resources of her own—be it from labour market earnings, assets or entitlements to social protection—regardless of the family structure in which she lives (see Figure 4.2).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
On the management side, highly stressed regions would benefit from reviewing their approaches, especially via more use of collective management schemes. Whether the relatively wide use of the proposed recommendations by the regions in the intermediate category contributes to their moderate stress status would require further data and analysis. Conversely, it is not unreasonable to consider that some stresses may be needed to induce comprehensive responses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Figure 1.14 shows that processing and assembling activities have experienced an export growth contraction since the second quarter of 2011. In these types of exports, import content is very high, China generally provides only assembling services while foreign suppliers provide raw materials, parts or components under a contractual arrangement for subsequent re-exportation of the processed products. Imports from China that are for processing and assembling have been declining since early 2011 (see figure 1.15). Imports of equipment used for processing and assembling activities are fluctuating, and growth has mainly been negative.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The scale of international transactions involved is illustrated by the example of one firm, Apple, which reported in June 2017 that it had been the channel for payments totalling over US$ 70 billion to its “global developer community" since its App Store was opened in 2008, as over 180 billion applications had been downloaded since then (Apple Inc., 2017). As the previous sections have shown, digital technologies create new products, change the characteristics of traditional products, lower trade costs, and shift the sectoral composition of production. To answer the question of who trades what in the digital age, this section examines which traditional determinants of trade patterns are likely to become more important and outlines which new determinants of trade patterns may arise in the digital age. They are commonly referred to as sources of comparative advantage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Figure B.4 shows the growth in average international internet bandwidth from 2000 to 2015 for a sample of 131 countries. In 2000, the average international bandwidth was a little less than 3,700 Mbits/sec. By 2015, this had increased to a little less than 1.2 million Mbits/sec, a more than 330-fold increase. Today nearly half of the world's population can access the internet, and it is far faster and more pervasive than the dial-up internet of the 1990s.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
This article focuses on the recent judgment of the Court of Justice, Aranyosi and Caldararu. After conducting a legal analysis on this case, three issues are identified and they are separately discussed in three sections. The aim of this paper is to show the impact of this judgment on public order and public security in Europe on the one hand and on the individual’s fundamental rights, on the other hand. It is going to be argued that even though there are limits to the principle of mutual recognition, this new exception based on fundamental rights establishes a new procedure for non-surrender. Therefore, the Court of Justice creates a non-execution ground which the EU legislator did not intend to include in the Framework Decision on the European arrest warrant. This is explained by looking at the three interconnected notions of Freedom, Security and Justice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract: Taking into account the repeal of the impunity laws (2001-2005), we are here interested in reconstructing the reopening of the trials of human rights violations in Argentina. First, the "Simon Case", which had its first ruling in 2001 and was confirmed by the Supreme Court of Justice in 2005, then, law 25.779, of 2003, passed in the National Congress, that explicitly annulled the amnesty laws, and finally, the judicial approach that assembles repression circuits of State terrorism (1976-1983) in "megacausas" within the framework of the notion of "genocide". Our focus is to understand the judicial complexity of the Argentine case of transitional justice.  Keywords: Argentine civil-military dictatorship (1976-1983). Transitional justice. Genocide.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Large increases are also seen at the secondary, teacher education, TVET and higher education levels, with annual growth rates of 17 per cent, 26.2 per cent, 16.1 per cent and 20.1 per cent respectively (see Table 8.6). For example, UIS (2011) estimates that in order to achieve universal primary education (UPE) with good quality by 2015, Ethiopia would still need to increase its teaching workforce by a total recruitment of 231,900 between 2009 and 2015 (see Table 8.7). We used the CTRP, as recognised by the international community as a benchmark in managing the recruitment of migrant teachers, to identify key questions to consider. We first attempted to determine the migrant teacher flow, and then the extent to which Ethiopia’s teacher recruitment practices align with the standards proposed in the CTRP, before finally researching the government’s longer-term plans for teacher development in the country.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Transportation policy in the United States has historically been the locus of social change, playing a signifcant role in social policy – like the 20th century Civil Rights movement – and economic policy. This research suggests that current transportation policymaking practices favor certain groups, primarily automobile users and suburban commuters, at the expense of other groups, mostly poor and urban minority populations who rely on public transportation modes. Transportation policy in the United States is socially unjust because it does not reward the costs and benefits of public policy equally, current policies have negative implications for the efficacy of democracy. Public administrators are poised to play a significant role in ameliorating such injustices, and this research suggests a few ways all public agencies and their employees can contribute to a more just transportation policymaking environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The T3 assists in business development (AMITechnion) and helps recruit talent. It is involved i) in the analysis of new inventions and concepts developed at Technion, ii) in licensing technologies developed at the Technion, iii) incorporating spin-offs companies based in the Technion, iv) participating in the board of Directors of affiliated companies and v) negotiating and approving of the Intellectual Property and business aspects of agreements with industry. T3 maintains an interactive website for researchers, organises events where technologies are regularly presented to preselected audience and invites entrepreneurs to the Technion campus.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
To make real improvements to teaching and learning, Romania will need to ensure that professional learning opportunities address teachers’ actual development needs and that schools have the capacity to implement collaborative learning activities which are embedded into teachers’jobs. As such, Romania lacks a standard, ongoing process in which teachers identify their learning needs based on observations of, and discussions about their teaching practice. A professional learning plan as a part of a regular appraisal process w'ould support this. These plans are annual and include teachers’ professional growth objectives, proposed actions and timelines (OECD, 2013c).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The paper reports a study that investigated the construction of a common identity in an online Italian forum of psychologists based on asynchronous CMC. Discourse analysis was carried out on 20 discussions, and three Interpretative Repertoires were identified: (i) Professional Boundaries, (ii) disempowered psychology and (iii) psychology and health, which refer to three recurrent modalities of constructing the psychological profession. The study suggests that a framework drawing on social constructionism and Bourdieu's critical theory can help understand some aspects of identity in, and across, communities of practice. The main conclusion is that analysing critically how identities are constructed in learning environments, virtual or not, allows reconsidering the role of the cultural context in the production of those identities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Korea has some 20 million drivers and around 260 000 breath tests are conducted every year, which means that only one out of 80 drivers are tested each year, while in New Zealand each driver is tested, on average, at least once a year. Some people are calling for a lower limit. Is there justification for such a move? The expert response was that there were two general movements: to go to a legal level of 0.2 (zero for practical puiposes) or to 0.5 but with lower limits for novice and professional drivers. Consideration could therefore be given to a lower blood alcohol content for these latter categories. One issue is the large proportion of owner -driver-owners who are not subject to company regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Switzerland and the United States - are included in the league table of relative child poverty (Figure 1 b) but could not be included in the league table of child deprivation (Figure 1a) because relevant data are not available. Child deprivation data are drawn from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and are therefore only available for the 27 EU countries plus Iceland and Norway. What these different pictures mean - the relationship between them and the controversies surrounding them - is the subject of this Report Card.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
The indicator which has been selected for the second part of the target, concerned with enhancing the use of enabling technology, in particular ICT, is the proportion of individuals using the Internet. The Internet provides extensive and growing access to information, services and applications which add value to people's lives, enhance their productivity and enable them to access new opportunities. Lack of Internet access and use can exacerbate existing disadvantage. The Tier I indicator for this target is one of the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development's Core List of Indicators, is based on an internationally-agreed methodology, and is included in the IDI, the latest results for which are discussed in Chapters 1 and 2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Review, in this context, other countries’ experience with establishing universities of applied sciences or polytechnics and the role of local industry in developing specific curricula and assessing future demand for graduates. This is a major task (see also the recommendations regarding internationalisation). Overall, the result can be described as a modem, middle-of-the-road governance structure with performance-based budgeting processes, long-term planning, a science and innovation advisory council with two main ministries in charge, a number of agencies with differing degrees of independence, a funding system with more than 20 individual programmes and a variety of feedback and communication loops. Performance-based budgeting needs fine tuning and long-term planning should encourage continuity of action.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The latter might occur with a tree planting programme designed to improve local air quality, reduce the urban heat island, sequester C02 emissions, and improve the overall attractiveness of the city. Because most cities will procure the trees from nurseries or tree farms outside of their area and utilise existing staff to plant and maintain the trees, the economic impacts may be relatively small. This expanded economic activity primarily occurs in the green technology and service sector, however, which increases in size from C to D. The balance of the region’s traditional economy (B) does not increase in any meaningful way, although there might be some cost savings and other less tangible co-benefits (improved quality of life, etc.) In other words, the greening benefits do result in decreased resource use and/or decreased environmental degradation, but the benefits do not have significant spill-over in terms of the traditional economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Chapter 1 situates this project within the abortion debate in the USA, focusing on the more recent developments: the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in 2010 and the Supreme Court ruling in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby in 2014. The analysis of the pro-life discourse and public policy is based on data collection from multiple fields. The discourse analysis is based on qualitative and quantitative data collected mainly through the analysis of newspaper items and pro-life websites. The analysis of public policy is based on data collected at state and federal levels regarding abortion and abortion-related services. The chapter ends with an introduction of the framework of analysis, focusing on human rights, reproductive rights, and right-wing politics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Extracurricular activities, which are a tradition and strength of the educational system, should be maintained and further encouraged. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. The Laws on Education, General Education, Vocational Education and Institutions of Tertiary Education were passed in 1991 and have been amended numerous times since.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The national government adopts new' programmes without examining the effects of the previous ones. This has negative consequences for the effectiveness of spending, as no targeted corrections can be taken during policy implementation. Moreover, policy makers do not always have at their disposal information (facts, indicators) upon which to draw' conclusions for decision making. The information may not always be readily available to public servants and the public.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Democracy and constitutionalism are communitarian methodologies. My arguments for limiting market failures, governance failures, and related injustices in the global division of labour by using the universal recognition of human rights for reinterpreting the â€˜international law of statesâ€™ as â€˜multilevel governance of public goodsâ€™ protecting citizensâ€”and by learning from republican, democratic, and cosmopolitan constitutionalismâ€”have never pleaded for â€˜radical individualismâ€™ and â€˜rights-absolutismâ€™. This response to my Chinese critics uses 10 methodology and research questions for challenging their claim that Chinese traditions of Confucian ethics offer a sufficient substitute for the lack of democratic constitutionalism and of effective human rights law inside the Peopleâ€™s Republic of China. In view of the dangers of totalitarianism, Asian lawyers should participate in â€˜JIEL debatesâ€™ on how Confucian ethics and communitarian legal traditions in many Asian countries can be reconciled with stronger protection of human rights in international economic law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The probability is higher for a young person with a tertiary education (respectively 17% and 25%). Although many young people (in Europe, two-thirds of them) would have preferred a permanent job but could not find one, temporary work has the potential to provide a key entry point to the labour market. For many young people, temporary contracts are more often a stepping stone to a permanent contract than a dead end.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
When it was found that settlers inexperienced with irrigation would not earn enough farm income from the water for several years, the repayment period was soon extended to 20 years and later to 40 years. Water prices charged to irrigators on reclamation projects were originally based on a cost recovery basis. So irrigation water was priced at its marginal cost of supplying the water. However the price of water was later changed from marginal cost to "ability to pay", based on the principle of repayment capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Indeed, a 2001 Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory report (Worrell et al., The benefits can be reaped by industries on a global level, through enhanced competitiveness, and can extend to individual workers' everyday working conditions, safety and job satisfaction. An integrated, multi-disciplinary approach is therefore necessary in order to develop accurate models to assess the extent of industrial energy efficiency improvement projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The data analysis, modelling, engineering, planning, designing, construction and operations expertise that will be developed by local and regional firms just to implement the Green Transformers concept alone, if appropriately nurtured and marketed, could be the foundation for making Sydney one of the leading centres in tri-generation technology. The City recently released a Decentralised Energy Master Plan, one of five Master Plans that together will comprise the Green Infrastructure Plan that determines the pathway for achieving the City’s Vision. Although the Green Transformers concept was the brainchild of UK energy expert Allan Jones, the Decentralised Energy Plan was prepared by a consortium of three Australian companies using metered electricity and gas consumption data that was provided by Energy Australia and Jemena.115 By building the expertise of local companies, rather than by continuing to import knowledge from abroad, the City is creating the beginnings of a local supply chain of talent and experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In contrast, the new benefits package was developed on the basis of current epidemiological and demographic needs and defines in detail the health services available to the population through public resources. Expanded benefits include: additional ambulatory specialist services, with particular emphasis on clinical effectiveness, new vaccinations and neonatal screenings, and new measures of innovative technologies, such as prostheses, to replace old procedures. Moreover, there is an expanded list of chronic diseases for which services are fully covered by the National Health Service.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
ABSTRACTSocial science scholarship recognises language as a key medium through which we construct our realities and shape our identities. This has led to a stream of research on the intersections of language and social identity. Yet, few studies examine language and queer identities in the diaspora. In an attempt to extend this field of analysis, we focus on queer South Asians in the U.S.. Based on 30 in-depth interviews and content analysis of website and autoethnographies, we argue that the language of tradition is central to the politics of naming and belonging. Queer South Asian groups in the U.S. use discursive deconstruction of tradition to oppose homonormativity in the LGBT mainstream and heterosexist politics within the co-ethnic community.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Close to 39 percent of the work-ing-agc population of the country moved to Dili for economic reasons or for education (ILO 2016). The information is drawn from Curtain (2012). An equivalent report is not yet available based on 2015 census data, however, where useful, the 2015 census data are included.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These 14 nations are on the path towards a high level of Internet resiliency and sustainability (Figure 3.12). Another 11 have two of the key components, some are markets with two or fewer ISPs with no IXP and would otherwise be considered to have sustainable networks. Eleven other LDCs have only one in place while a dozen do not have any of the key components operating in their nation. With the right policy push, there is no reason that a majority of LDCs can achieve the three requirements for Internet sustainability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The CNQ’s updating process is overseen by 16 Sectoral Councils for Qualifications (Conselhos Setoriais para a Qualificaqdo, or CSQ) constituted by up to ten specialists chosen by relevant ministries, worker and employer associations, and training providers. Within these Councils, 134 meetings were held during 2016 and 2017, 17 new qualifications were created, 122 were updated and 5 were removed. In addition, 25 new standards for prior learning recognition were developed and another 17 were updated. Despite this level of activity, stakeholders expressed concern that the updating of the Catalogue is not nimble enough to meet labour-market needs. They noted, in particular, the lack of human resources within the ANQEP to support these processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Byiers and Lui (2013) in this volume (Chapter 8) examine the regional corridor approaches in delivering AfT. They argue that corridors, by providing a focused and targeted approach to addressing trade-related bottlenecks, can alleviate many of the challenges related to the effectiveness of AfT. However, they also point to practical constraints, such as the need for specific financial mechanisms to establish and operate joint programmes at borders (Table 6.2). However, Karingi and Fabberoni (2011: 83) find very large disparities in AfT per capita in Africa as well as high volatility. More importantly, the fact that supply may be aligned with demand globally does not mean that the most critical projects are in fact being implemented at the national level and attention to this may neglect the fact that high-demand countries are frequently not those capable of absorbing large amounts of assistance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
See, for instance, Fournier and Koske (2012), Ponthieux and Meurs (2005). See Chapter 1 of the 2011 edition of Going for Growth (OECD, 2011e). Although it can take up to a generation until all the GDP per capita gains from such reforms are realised, small improvements labour force skills can produce large gains in future GDP per capita (OECD, 2010b). The direction of the change in relative returns depends on many factors, in particular the substitutability or complementarity between low- and highly-educated workers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)