albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Otherwise, across the rest of the formal-sector quantiles, there are no statistically significant motherhood wage penalty effects in either of the two time periods. As in the ols results, the penalty is greater in the preshock period. The differences in the coefficients before and after the shock are not significant, but a larger gap prior to the crisis could reflect general downward pressure on wages affecting the formal sector during this period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 12 of the 16 countries with national data for 2011, more than 10% of children and adolescents had some level of deprivation in sanitation (see figure II.3). Between 2000 and 2011, all countries showed a decline in the total number of sanitation-deprived children and adolescents (see table II.6). Indeed, several countries have achieved large decreases in this area: a reduction of 10 percentage points or more occurred in Brazil, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This shifts the cost of project preparation onto the project’s sponsor. The sponsor accepts these costs in return for a favourable outcome of the tendering process and possibly a higher price. The key to addressing this issue is reducing the dependence of contracting authorities - in this case the CCOP - on private partners by ensuring they have sufficient resources and capacity for preparing projects internally. Currently the CCOP does not have the mandate to strengthen the capacities of subnational governments to design and run PPP or infrastructure projects (Table 2.3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Critical and systemic thinking and practice can be used as a vehicle for governance to address knowledge and its implications for those who are excluded from the protection of nationality, citizenship, human rights and animal rights (by virtue of their age, their place of birth, their gender, level of education, income, ability or species). The way to achieve sustainable governance is to enable decision makers to become more mindful or more conscious of the implications of their decisions. Once it is realized that idealism and pragmatism are one, because of the ‘boomerang affect’ (Beck, 1992) of social and environmental injustice, greater progress towards sustainable futures can be achieved. This paper based on a manuscript argues for participatory governance that appreciates diversity to the extent that it supports sustainable social and environmental futures. It confronts terrorism, hegemony and cruelty as challenges for systemic, sustainable governance and international relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
However, the analysis presented here is mainly concerned with the short-term effects of CTs. The income effect suggests that if leisure is a normal good, labour supply will drop when household income increases. In the emerging economies, where benefit levels are fairly low in comparison with those in the OECD countries, the expected impact on labour supply is likely to be small.44 In addition, CT programme beneficiaries in emerging economies are generally very poor and the income elasticity of leisure is likely to be low.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
A decade after the end of the war in the Balkans in 2000, the region remains in a state of upheaval and uncertainty as the process of global migration, ethnic conflict, and class struggle vis-a-vis the European Union continues, and even expands. Even the very concept of Europe seems at stake. While the military conflict was still under way, there was no agreement as to whether the Balkans was part of Europe. Advocates of military and political intervention during the war in Bosnia, or later the NATO bombardment of Serbia, argued that displacement and genocide could not be tolerated on European soil. At the same time it was “Europe” that intervened in the name of human rights in the region that was therefore precisely conceptualized as outside.      Keywords:    cultural diversity,  ethnic conflict,  social movements,  class,  citizenship
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Of the 31 OECD member countries at that date, only 24 had sufficient data to be included in the final comparison (Figs. The criterion for inclusion was the availability of suitable and comparable data for at least 2 out of the 3 indicators used to measure inequality in each dimension of child well-being. Indicators and dimensions The report assesses how far the most disadvantaged children are allowed to fall below national norms in each individual country (represented by the median value).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Over the last decade or two, in particular, ‘fragile states’ have been linked in policy discourse with the worst extremes of personal and international security risk, including cross-border violent conflict, extremism, terrorism, organised crime, smuggling, human trafficking and pandemic disease. While factors like poor governance, human rights abuses, weak institutions and contested power may allow such eventualities in some cases, and the vast majority of contexts assessed as ‘weak’, ‘fragile’ or ‘failed’ have high levels of poverty and insecurity, the correlations are not as simple as once thought. These are complex issues, plagued with ambiguity and contested terminology, which fit within a discourse driven as much by power and national security self-interest as by a desire to address the underlying issues for the people most impacted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Prevailing gender roles within households mean that women undertake the bulk of unpaid care work in the household, such as minding and educating children, looking after older family members, caring for the sick, cooking and collecting water and fuel. As a consequence women have less time available for engaging in productive activities, that could provide income opportunities, or in paid employment (Dejardin, 2008). The invisible and undervalued nature of care work has an impact on women’s wages in jobs such as nursing and care of children and the elderly. Donor interventions can support empowerment in these areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Thus, a fourth of admissions in 2006 were adults. Within this group, the larger part were staff of enterprises and individuals paying for their training (48%), the unemployed represented approximately a third of the group, and 20% were learners in the penal establishments of Ministry of Justice. The central budget grew by 75% in this period, and its share of total public financing rose to 92% in 2009, against 88% in 2007.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
According to the results of the CONSOL-project, risks of falls are mainly linked to the characteristics of the pavement: Uneven pavements are a major factor causing falls on streets, followed by slippery pavements (with external contributors like rain or ice). Non-detection of stairs and kerbs is a frequent cause in cases of visual impairment (O'Neill 2013). Falls in public transport (PT) vehicles (O'Neill 2013) often also have to do with irregular flooring. Such falls may be frequent but the severity of the resulting injuries is assessed as only minor.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
A method called “shoulder pricing” is used, which involves increasing the rate in steps every half an hour before the peak and decreasing it after the peak. Charges are relatively low: the maximum rate for cars is SGP 3 and SGP 2.50 to enter the central business district, but the traffic flow has appeared to be quite sensitive to the charge: short-term elasticities have been estimated to be in a range between 0 and -0.42 (Menon and Shin, 2004). The immediate effect of the introduction of ALS in 1975 was the reduction of car traffic entering the city centre during the morning peak hours by over 70%.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This could be interpreted as suggesting that decisions to enter or leave the labour force tend to be more permanent under these circumstances. No significant relations could be found with the other variables. The difference on the lagged coefficient would imply that a 10 percentage points increase in the share long-term unemployment could lead to a decline in participation 0.6 percentage point lower in the healthiest state than in the least healthy state. This could be linked to the impact of housing prices on mobility, if displaced workers tend to stay where housing costs are low' rather than moving to look for job opportunities in more expensive states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
1J0 Zetter (2009). A distinction is usually made between slow-onset processes and extreme environmental events or natural disasters -distinguishing, for example, desertification from floods. In this context, there is growing recognition that migration is not always the only response to the effects of environmental change - in the case of slow-onset events, for example, adapting settlement and land use practices may mean that people can remain at home safely and productively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The database also highlights changes and revisions to government policies for renewables in line with the aforementioned reasons. Even in highly developed markets, such as Germany, there were significant policy changes. Many jurisdictions are also seeking employment and economic development opportunities as an outcome of support to renewable energies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This paper argues that the principal human rights and policy concerns that have been raised over criminalisation of HIV exposure or transmission since the early days of the epidemic cannot be neatly addressed within the traditional criminal law framework. Public health structures may be better placed, in terms of both their mandate and their structure, to incorporate lessons from the public health and human rights movement. This paper critically explores the potential of emerging models of structured coordination between public health and criminal law actors with a view to a more targeted, human-rights-sensitive application of criminal law to the sexual behaviours of people living with HIV. Finally, it assesses these emerging approaches from new governance and restorative justice perspectives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Agriculture, livestock, fishing and forestry together contribute an estimated 13.7 percent of GDP (although this share is declining) and the contribution of tourism is estimated at 7 percent. The contribution of forests to GDP is estimated at between 2.2 to 3 percent. Wood is the main energy source for about 30 percent of the population. Poverty rates fell from 59 percent in 2000 to 39 percent in 2016 as the country has pursued equitable growth policies, which until recently had been facilitated by high commodity prices. This philosophy highlights integration between forests, agriculture, and environmental sustainability, and its principles are incorporated into the most recent 2016-2020 Social and Economic Development Plan, in which forests are recognized as a resource for food production. As part of its development strategy, the Government's policy is to expand agricultural area - mostly to smallholders - while managing forests sustainably for multipurpose use and stabilizing forest area at no less than 50 percent of total land area.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Furthermore, the promise of higher yields from improved varieties is sometimes broken, for various reasons, and the environmental risks of their use have not been thoroughly investigated. Most of all Shrestha worries about the long-term implications of losing seeds, not least among them is reduced climate resilience. Feed the Future, the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) hunger and food security initiative, is being implemented in 19 countries across the world, including Nepal. Launched in 2010, it focuses on increasing agricultural productivity and incomes as well as improving nutrition and hygiene.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
This article seeks to demonstrate the role that domestic criminal law could play in the regulation of transnational corporations for human rights abuses committed outside their jurisdiction of inco...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It can also encourage road construction, migration and urbanisation, further increasing pressures on native vegetation (Barber et al., Like all infrastructure projects, hydropower plants are subject to environmental licensing and impact assessment (Section 2). Brazil would benefit from adopting a more integrated and strategic licensing process at river basin level, as well as from a clearer quantification of the impact of hydropower on biodiversity and of associated compensatory measures.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem is currently developing BioGIS, an effort to create a spatially referenced, comprehensive, internet-based biodiversity information system for Israel’s fauna and flora. The MoEP has produced an online system of open space sensitivity maps that classify and characterise open spaces according to sensitivity and value criteria. The criteria include vulnerability, continuity and functionality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
A total of 20 out of 80 seats were set aside for women, and there are posts throughout various levels of government charged with addressing women’s concerns as well as providing training in gender awareness (Mzvondiwa 2007). Some of the reasons for emphasising women’s inclusion in post-war governance structures stem from the same essentialist arguments outlined above, namely that women are more naturally oriented toward forgiveness and reconciliation, as well as the argument that since they were most affected by the violence, they would be most likely to want to work to overcome it (Powley 2003). Thus, Rwanda shows that essentialist-based arguments can nevertheless result in increased inclusion of women in political participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Does hate speech – rhetoric that targets, vilifies or is intended to intimidate minorities and other groups in society – fuel domestic terrorism? This question is, unfortunately, relevant given the...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Some of the reasons include: (a) where the victim had learning difficulties, mental health issues or was unable to give a clear account, (b) DNA testing was not conducted, or (c) the offender was identified but not traced. In a substantial number of cases the decision not to proceed was linked with victim credibility. Victims who declined to complete the investigative process and victim withdrawal accounted for over one-third of cases lost at the police stage.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Coordination of bioenergy-related R&D activities across federal agencies is achieved through Biomass Research and Development Board (BRDB), rather than the NSTC. The BRDB was mandated by Congress in the Biomass Research and Development Act of 2000 and subsequent legislation. Board members include representatives from the USDA, DOE, Department of Transportation, the OSTP, and other federal agencies.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Maintaining a contingent financing facility is administratively costly even if the facility never disburses. In the longer term, the need for increased certainty through financial instruments could be replaced by the establishment of an international M&V protocol which would create firm expectations for end-use energy efficient technologies. Provided such a framework is backed up by relevant stakeholders, it would allow the safe translation of uncertain technological potentials into certain investment streams of benefits.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
There is also scope to strengthen and leverage South-South cooperation in promoting STI development. In 2016, the United Nations held the first Multi-stakeholder Forum on Science, Technology and Innovation for the Sustainable Development Goals as one element of the Technology Facilitation Mechanism and established the Technology Bank for LDCs. For the Technology Bank, it will be critical to establish the financial base as soon as possible to ensure that all LDCs can benefitfrom the new institution.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Next came the expansion of the township and village enterprises.50 The gradual approach reflected the pragmatism of Chinese leaders. Another reason for this pragmatism was the perception that the transition was impossible to plan, compounded by disillusionment with the whole planning system. Some influential cross-national studies in the 1990s purported to show that rapidly opening up would automatically lead to high economic growth. Not all countries that increased trade openness made big improvements in HDI value relative to their peers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
At every level of the workforce, women drop out or stall below top leadership positions, creating a ‘leaking pipeline’ of talent for New Zealand’s management sector. As the national women’s machinery, it is responsible for providing policy advice on how to improve the situation of women across the country, as well as suitable women nominees for state sector boards and committees. Additionally, the ministry provides support and policy advice to the National Advisory Council on the Employment of Women, an independent advisory body that monitors women’s employment. For MWA, stronger gender balance is not just a goal unto itself, but has long-lasting and countrywide impacts for organisational performance and productivity. Basing its theory of change on the growing body of international evidence demonstrating the economic value of increasing gender diversity, MWA asserts that more women in leadership will bring diverse views to the decision-making table. This correlates to better decision-making and organisational performance, as well as stronger connections to clients, stakeholders and investors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Neither Tonga nor Samoa has sought to do this. Bonding implies a sense of duty, and emphasises costs, even though skilled workers have tended to leave at the end of bond periods (usually equivalent to the two or three years that have been spent overseas). Bonding has been invaluable, as much for the practice of return as in the inculcation of notions of duty and loyalty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
This chapter brings together two areas of Camus’s thought regarding the renewal of human freedom and dignity from the perspective of a politics of rebellion and measure. It first outlines the broader principles of reciprocal human rights and egalitarian socio-economic participation endorsed by Camus as the basis for a politics that strives for balance between the values of liberty, justice and equality. It then explores how Camus’s argument that political freedom and social equality complement each other is linked to his ideas that ethical and political attachments entail more than formal structures of government. Focusing on the powerful relations of love, friendship and solidarity, Hayden examines how these affective dispositions and felt social commitments embody an ethical-political opposition to injustice that implies a love of existence and the world itself.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Reporting on the use, impacts and results of finance received will also rely more on domestic systems that vary according to national circumstances, priorities and institutional arrangements. Country reports could include clear and transparent information on the financial amounts listed — such as their type, status, time period, source and receiving institutions - without it being clear what share of total finance received is being covered. In some cases a Party may choose not to report all financial flows (e.g. only from developed countries, or only grants as Indonesia did in its BUR), and in others it may be that a Party does not have an appropriate domestic monitoring system, or that such a system is not comprehensive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Similarly, given women's disproportionate representation among those living in poverty, a government lending scheme to buy land may be inaccessible to women due to its cost—even if the scheme is open to both men and women. See United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), Progress of the World's Women 201 1-2012: In Pursuit of Justice (2011), and "Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on good practices in efforts aimed at preventing violence against women" (A/ HRC/17/23). See also Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and in practice, available from www.ohchr.org/EN/lssues/Women/WGWomen/ Pages/WGWomenlndex.aspx (accessed 6 November 201 3).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
After reaching its initial target of educating 1 million people in March 2017, the company announced it would aim to train 10 million more in the coming five years, including 100 000 software developers in Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa. Several other companies and industry organisations, such as Mozilla and GSM Association (GSMA), has developed online toolkits for smartphone usage. For example, in partnership with the World Economic Forum’s Internet for All initiative and the Canadian charitable organisation Digital Opportunity Trust (DOT), the Rwandan government launched the Digital Ambassadors Program (DAP), a programme in which 5 000 young individuals will train 5 million Rwandans in basic digital skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
It aimed at recognizing the concerns of women as occupying a separate, but overlapping, space with the concerns of development.22 However, women and development was criticized for overlooking the major influence of the ideology of patriarchy and thus being insufficiently gendered. South Africa Journal of Human Rights, vol. Moreover, it saw women as agents of change rather than passive recipients of development assistance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the case of tea, coffee and cashew nuts, the negative producer SCT has become smaller over the period under review indicating an improvement in their situation. However, natural rubber has switched from being supported in 2000-02 to having the highest negative SCT of any commodity evaluated. It should be noted that in all cases it would be incorrect to interpret implicit taxation of crop products exclusively as a policy outcome.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Clearly there are many other factors at play - notably a range of social barriers and determinants. These can be related to gender, class, ethnicity, caste, language, and religion - arising from ingrained social structures, norms and processes that accept and even encourage unfair distributions of wealth and social resources. For example, people living with HIV and some other chronic illnesses, face high levels of stigma and discrimination that hinder their access to medical testing, treatment, care and support. Governments aiming to improve health standards will therefore want to improve the status of women, provide effective reproductive health services, implement comprehensive breastfeeding programmes in line with current recommendations and increase community-based pressures against sex-selective abortion. Poor people, lacking education and information, or the funds for healthier options, are more vulnerable to the impact of NCDs than the rich and are likely to die earlier. Directly and indirectly, NCDs will have far-reaching impacts on progress towards the MDGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)