albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This paper advocates the importance of sex and relationships education in the context ofeducation for democratic citizenship and human rights. To this end, educational action research is proposed as a methodology appropriate to give a voice and encourage the active participation of the subjects, and to promote, thereby, processes of social change towards democratic citizenship, which focuses, here, on sexual and gender equality. The paper reports on the contributions of sex and relationships education values to democratic citizenship, as well as the social value of educating adolescent sexual and affective relations. In so doing, the social class perspective is emphasised. The paper concludes defending the need to invest on education for democratic citizenship that includes sex and relationships education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Journal of Marriage and the Family, 131-146. Gender & Development, 23(2), 279-297. Intimate partner violence: causes and prevention. The Lancet', 359:1423-29. Relationship between alcohol-attributable disease and socioeconomic status, and the role of alcohol consumption in this relationship: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology of Violence (in press).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Penang has been successful in reducing poverty with less than 0.3% of the population below the poverty line in 2006, compared with 29% in 1980. Despite the progress made, Penang continues to feature urban-rural divide and new urban poverty which impact population’s health outcomes. Urban-rural divide, growing disparities, drug abuse, ageing and ethnic diversity also poses challenges, while Malay, Chinese and Indian populations feature diverse health profiles. There is a general need to focus on preventive care and improve nutritional awareness.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
As personal income, wealth and inheritance taxes all tend to be progressive, the distributional impact would depend on the relative progressivity of each tax but may be broadly neutral. When examining inequality in individual labour earnings, the unemployed and people not looking actively for a job are assigned zero income. As the focus of the first three income concepts is on market income, the population covered is the working-age population. The determinants of inequality for each of the five income concepts are discussed in greater detail in a series of OECD Economics Department Working Papers, in particular Hoeller et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The most obvious implication is on global fossil fuel markets. The two greatest consumers of seaborne coal over the last two decades - China and India -have seen declines in demand in the last two years, and financial institutions such as Citigroup believe that market forces, combined with the added factor of climate policy, put the sector in terminal decline.18 Major banking institutions like JP Morgan Chase are now no longer financing greenfield coal mining or generation projects in OECD countries. While the crash itself was largely attributable to the US shale oil boom and the response of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), it gives us some insight as how increasingly stringent climate policies, and changing technologies, might affect global trade in the commodity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The perception of what makes a “good tax system” shifted from one that explicitly introduces distortions into the functioning of capitalist market economies to one that minimizes such distortions (Steinmo, 2003). It was based on a revival of the belief in the efficiency of markets. According to this view, the tax burden and government expenditure should be kept to a minimum, and the distribution of the tax burden and allocation of public expenditure should be determined primarily by efficiency criteria (McLure, 1984, Musgrave, 1990).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The Framework builds on the lessons learned from the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005—2015, noting that disasters continue to undermine efforts to achieve sustainable development. Over the last ten years 700,000 people lost their lives in disaster events, 1.4 million were injured, and approximately 23 million were made homeless as a result of disasters.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
If the temperature gradient exceeds a certain level, fatigue could induce localised structural damage causing some components to creep and crack. More pronounced load variations, such as steep changes of reactor power level (up to ±20% Pr with the speed of 10% Pr per minute) or load following in the power range between 50% Pr to 100% Pr (with ramping rates of less than 5% Pr per minute) are limited to 20 000 cycles in the reactor lifetime. In addition, preventive measures, such as the automatisation of operation control, have already been taken in order to mitigate the impact of load following on material fatigue. Continuous monitoring of equipment fatigue (temperature measurements, non-destructive material tests) is routinely performed, especially on safety-related components.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
While cereals remain a key dietary component, particularly in least developed countries, rising protein consumption in other developing regions will require an increased production of livestock and dairy products, which also implies greater demand for feed grains and oilseeds. These factors are particularly relevant in most developed countries and some highly populated developing countries, limiting expansion in these countries while presenting opportunities to regions that are less affected by these limiting factors. As in the past decade, projected production growth through the outlook period will be led by Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe and parts of Asia, with production growth in Western Europe increasing only marginally.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Contracting for population-based activities also lays the foundations for primary care specialists to take on a leadership role in local and national health systems. They would be ideally suited for this through having a clear idea of local health needs, as well as weaknesses in local service delivery (particularly concerning issues at the interface between primary and secondary care). Japan should take the establishment of a primary care speciality in 2017 as opportunity to develop a new cadre of health service leaders. In 2012, Japan had the highest number of hospital beds among OECD countries with 13.4 beds per 1 000 population compared to 5 per 1 000 population across OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Target 8.3 of the SDGs calls for the global community to "promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services.” Most businesses owned and operated by women are overwhelmingly micro- or small-sized businesses. But unlike their male counterparts, women business owners must contend with a unique and disparate set of challenges in addition to those challenges facing small businesses more broadly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Abstract This article outlines and explores some recent changes that have taken place in the practice and organization of western intelligence. American concern with organizational reform of its intelligence community is outlined and contrasted. Other transatlantic comparisons are made, in particular concerning debates about intelligence and human rights. The legacy of British experience in Northern Ireland for attitudes to torture and preservation of the rule of law is examined. The British experience of ‘talking to terrorists’ is also explored. Prospects for, and expectations of, the future, including the likelihood of catastrophic terrorism are discussed. The argument is made that the ‘War on Terror’ is a ‘battle of ideas’ and values.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
While the NAP guidelines include a section on identifying the effectiveness of the NAP process (LEG, 2012), there are no available guidelines for identifying the effectiveness of adaptation actions or plans as a whole. The COP requests the Adaptation Committee and LEG, in collaboration with the Standing Committee on Finance and other institutions, to develop methods and make recommendations to the CMA on how to review the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation. For example, population growth and non-implementation of zoning laws can affect the number of people and value of assets vulnerable to flooding (see Helgeson and Ellis, 2015 for a discussion of this).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There is also a fairly comprehensive pension system (Chapter 4), some insurance-based programmes for the working-age population and in terms of overall expenditure some relatively small income-tested programmes for low-income families. Finally, the financing of social support involves considerable distribution of natural-resource generated wealth across the country, but is otherwise regressive with a flat-rate personal income tax scheme and a social security contribution scheme levied on earnings up to about 1.5 times the average wage. Compared with overall social spending, this “monetisation reform” was limited in magnitude, and the categorical nature of the benefit system has not yet changed fundamentally, whether paid out in cash or in-kind, benefits still mainly go towards deserving categories of recipients rather than being income-dependent (except in a few cases, e.g. child benefits).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
To do this, Section 1.1 looks at the reasons why fossil-fuel subsidies are generally considered to be harmful for the economy and the environment. Section 1.2 then shows how this helps explain the recent emergence of a consensus for reforming fossil-fuel subsidies, and how this growing consensus has led to a number ofpolicy initiatives internationally and domestically. Section 1.3 then concludes by placing the OECD Inventory onto that broader stage, emphasising the important role it plays in ongoing discussions of energy policies and their reform. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Water security challenges are mostly covered in the literature on the food and energy nexus. This chapter however adopts a broader conception of water security in relation to lack of access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), and argues that the human rights approach could be instrumental in addressing the drivers that hinder access to WASH. Through policy analysis and literature review the chapter addresses the following research questions: a) What is access to WASH? b) What are the drivers of poor access to WASH? c) What are the multi-level human security implications of the lack of access to WASH? d) What improvements can be made in the post-2015 development agenda to address the drivers and the related human security challenges? The chapter essentially illustrates the need to translate global human rights norms into contextually appropriate operational targets and instruments for policy implementation at the national and local levels.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Co-operation also needs to be strengthened with communities whose livelihood depends on fishing. Integrated Coastal Zone Management tools were specified in 2013 (Decree 1120). Progress in implementing coastal zone management plans should help in balancing economic activities with ecosystem conservation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Les projets dans le domaine des energies propres peuvent repondre a ces criteres. Parmi les raisons expliquant l’hesitation des investisseurs institutionnels figurent d’une part un manque d’information et de connaissance des differentes formes d’investissement direct dans des infrastructures permettant le financement des projets d’energies propres, et, d’autre part, un environnement reglementaire peu favorable. A ces obstacles s’ajoute l’absence de vehicules d’investissement adaptes offrant le profil risque/rendement dont les investisseurs institutionnels ont besoin pour gerer les risques propres a ces projets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Such broad-ranging systems continue to exist in China, India, and Indonesia, although they have lost much of their rigidity. As part of general market reforms, Brazil, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine have eliminated previous state regulation. However, these countries continue to support fertiliser use through direct subsidies to producers or through preferential lending.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In Poland, the base period of paid leave is 24 months, but it can be extended to 36 months when there is more than one child. ( Parental leave is unpaid in Ireland, the Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. In all other countries it is paid - at least for part of the leave period - although payment rates vary widely.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Mobility is important to maintain support to the labour market. Kazakhstan, like most OECD countries, may wish to focus on regulating contractual aspects of tenant-landlord relations. The main motivation for restricting freedom of contract is that bargaining between landlord and tenants is often unequal, either the risk that landlords exploit their market power or that tenants hold up landlords’ property (if no sanctions for unpaid rents are provided for, for example). Box 2.10 provides a summary of the rental market regulation in across OECD countries, w'hich cover two key areas of rental markets: rent control and tenant-landlord relations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
ABSTRACTDog-walking promotes physical activity and positive social interactions, and thus dog-walking has implications for people's physical and mental health. As a result, experts in public health have endorsed designing and managing public space to support dog-walking. Nevertheless, the presence of dogs in public space is subject to negotiation and can be controversial. Generally, municipal governments or local councils exercise political jurisdiction over both dogs and public space. As a case study, we systematically collected and analyzed a local newspaper's portrayals of issues relating to dog-walking in public space. Our purpose was to understand how public and policy agendas were being represented by local media, during a period of time when local policies on dog ownership and dog-supportive public space were being reviewed and revised. The analysis involved three phases: 1) thematic content analysis, 2) issue framing analysis, and 3) policy analysis. Thematically, we found that social conflict pre...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
To show the latter result, consider two wells j and I with dj < dt. Then it must be that =i<f)(dj,T — s,fly) > £|=i0(dj,7’ — s,fl() for all / and T > i (e.g. consider the Glover-Balmer equation). However, the gains from optimal regulation relative to other, simpler kinds of regulation may not be quantitatively important and depend both on the heterogeneity of producers and their production functions, and on the spatial complexity of the hydrologic system. For any given application, it is important to understand whether the gains from the introduction of a complex regulatory or incentive-based system for groundwater management are worthwhile, in comparison to alternate regulations with lower informational requirements and higher stakeholder acceptability.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Impacts may be felt more keenly in certain sectors, while others may be relatively immune to climate change risks. See Annex 1 for a description of the individual sub-sector areas. As with the risks and vulnerabilities businesses face, the availability and extent of these opportunities will vary depending on the sectors and industries in which businesses operate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Others were the unintended benefit of initiatives aimed at achieving other development objectives. Either way, countries are finding ways to ensure young peoples sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights and tear down barriers to their entry into the productive labour force. But education alone will not suffice to build a critical mass of human capital to reap the demographic dividend.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These foreign language subjects should be offered as of grade seven, on an equal footing with French or German. In the Netherlands, for example, immigrant students can choose their mother tongue as a second foreign language as part of the formal school curriculum. Municipalities and schools should consider drawing more on bilingual classroom assistants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Other concepts are highly promising, yet are in early development stages and can pose challenges in real-life implementations. This is either done by defined authorities or by a defined consensus mechanism. The participation as a miner depends on the defined consensus mechanism. The participation as a miner within the network might have constraints, which depends on the defined consensus mechanism. This guarantees full control of the node and a complete decentralisation of the different nodes participating in the network.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
However before doing so, the concept of “security of energy supply” must be defined and understood as it applies to the formulation of government policy. Energy supply security is a many-splendored notion that can mean very different things to different people. A foreign policy expert will look at the issue differently than a network engineer or an economist. Definitions of what is security of energy supply by different experts abound but they are often too abstract to come to grasps with the concrete issues intrinsically linked to geopolitical preferences, strategic technology choices and fundamental orientations of social policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
When collecting further data from cities, the ITF will propose collecting travel durations in addition to distances. For a given user group, it is now possible to compute the total number of fatalities in crashes involving this given user group. In Bogota, Paris City and Inner London, the total number of vulnerable road users killed in collisions with cars is four to seven times higher than the number of car occupants killed in traffic.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This means that adolescent mothers may have different expectations of their roles and responsibilities to that of their own parents with whom they may still live. However, a higher proportion of black African men than men from other racial groups reported that children are a financial burden and restrict employment opportunity, suggesting they experience both a persistent sense of responsibility and much greater challenges in securing a minimal income (ibid.). Recent research in South Africa shows how organizations providing social care following the death of a parent were more able to fulfil this parenting role than biological parents were able to when living (Vale &Thabeng, 2015).These organizations supplied clothing, food, contacts with missing relatives and privileged access to health care. Adolescents spoke of their expectation to be listened to and treated with upendo (love or liking), whereas parents mentioned provision of material needs, monitoring their children's whereabouts, spending time together talking in the evening and treating their children with respect.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In the private sector people work longer hours and are paid more money. For women to be appointed to high positions and move in careers they would have to work longer hours and make more money, however, there is a resistance from families and husbands on this matter. ( In Egypt, for example, the public sector accounts for 56% of employed women and 30% of employed men.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This article looks at one of the evolving crimes of the digital age, identity theft.  It argues and explains that if three key technologies were implemented together namely biometrics, smart cards, and PKI, then they can deliver a robust and trusted identification and authentication infrastructure.  The article concludes that such infrastructure may provide the foundation for e-government and e-commerce initiatives as it addresses the need for strong user authentication of virtual identities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have been seen as pioneering tools for the promotion of the better delivery of government programmes and services, enabling the empowerment of citizens through greater access to information, delivery of more efficient government management processes, better transparency and accountability, and the mitigation of corruption risks. Based on a literature survey of previous research conducted on ICT systems implemented in various countries, this chapter discusses the potential of different ICT tools that have the capacity to help to promote public participation for the purpose of reducing corruption. The chapter specifically reviews the different ICT tools and platforms and their roles as potential weapons in fight corruption. This chapter also evaluates different ICT tools, including e-government and public e-procurement. Finally, we have developed a theoretical research model that depicts the anti-corruption capabilities of ICT tools, which in turn, has implications for academics, policy makers, and politicians.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Policies targeting spatial investments should on this basis consider not just national but regional economic geography. Good urban-rural linkages, in the form of infrastructure and institutional support, can therefore help input-intensive sectors to flourish. Consequently, providing serviced and viable secondary-city alternatives may give mature firms better locational options.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Infanticide, serial killings, war, terrorism, abortion, honour killings, euthanasia, suicide bombings and genocide, all involve taking of life. Put most simply, all involve killing one or more other people. Yet cultural context influences heavily how one perceives all of these, and indeed, some readers of this paragraph may already have thought: 'But surely that doesn't belong with those others, that's not really killing.'    For such an evolved species, human beings can be violent far beyond the point of inhumanity. Why We Kill: Understanding violence across cultures and disciplines examines this violence in many of its manifestations, exploring how culture plays a role in people's understanding of violent action.    From the first chapter, which tries to understand multiple forms of domestic homicide including infanticide, filicide, spousal homicide and honour killings, to the final chapter's bone-chilling account of the massacre at Murambi in Rwanda, this fascinating book makes compelling reading.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
They depart from the opposition between the universality of rights and the rationality of targeting, and call into question the merits of social protection regimes based on individual capitalization. Lastly, these new approaches also seek to combine the core elements of the fight against poverty with those of the fight against inequality and efforts to promote social cohesion. The former can be understood as an intangible resource which enables individuals and groups to obtain certain benefits on the basis of social relations based on trust, reciprocity and cooperation (Arriagada, 2005). The theory suggests that, as the social capital of protection networks increases, disparities in benefits will decrease.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)