albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In the Chicago Tri-State metro-region, and in particular the City of Chicago, the prices many consumers pay for water and waste services are disconnected from the cost of delivery and impact on the environment. The wastewater system faces problems related to ageing infrastructure, including combined sewer overflow events in older systems where storm runoff combines with the sewer system. Solid waste service delivery does not yet encourage recycling, and fees for most customers are low and do not fully reflect the costs of collecting solid waste. Although all customers in the metro-region pay higher bills as their water usage increases, fewer than one in seven are subject to rates specifically structured to discourage high rates of water usage. Seventy-nine% of customers in the region are charged according to a uniform rate structure, meaning each additional increment of water consumed is charged at the same rate as the previous increment. Only 9% of customers incur increasing block rates (meaning the price paid for each block of water increases as their total usage increases) while 14% actually receive price discounts as their water usage increases.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
The spike in capacity funding in 2007 reflects a one-time transfer of funds from a non-competitive programme to the Hatch programme. Qov/budsum/budaet summarv.html. Solid and transparent evaluation procedures are needed to improve the performance of the research and innovation system. The main tool for evaluating all federal agencies, including research agencies, is the Government Performance and Results Act. Each National Program Team (NPT) prepares an annual report featuring the National Program major accomplishments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The integration and balance of these uses and users requires a watershed approach. The city has the largest unfiltered water supply system in the world, and its reservoir system extends nearly 200 kilometres north of the city limits, within the Catskill/Delaware and Croton watersheds, supplying water to the 8 million residents of the city. The city has a Department of Environmental Protection, which administers a comprehensive watershed programme, including protective (or pro-active) and corrective (or reactive) measures. For example, the city has invested more than USD 300 million to buy upstate land around the reservoirs, in order to improve source water quality and eliminate the need for building expensive water quality treatment plants.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. These fall into three categories: (i) an identification of priorities for global action, (ii) recommendations for ways in policies in OECD can be made more coherent with the goal of global food security, and (iii) broad recommendations in terms of developing countries ’ own policies. The sector delivers the food that people eat, while providing a livelihood (including food) to many of the world’s poorest.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
At present, there is both a high degree of linkage associated with the effects from rapid suburban growth that revolve around weaknesses in road and public transport investment, congestion rising from the increase in commuting, perceptions that suburban residents are using urban public services that they are not paying for, and a shift in tax base from Prague to nearby municipalities. Because Prague is spatially bound, almost any suburban development takes place outside its municipal boundary, which makes the intensity of the effects high. Prague is striving to adopt a green growth urban strategy that is based on a compact city and to encourage urban renewal through redevelopment of browmfield sites. While this is the vision of the city of Prague’s government, it does not appear to be the vision of the surrounding municipalities, nor of the people who have relocated there.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
As it stands, there is a risk of adaptation continuing to be perceived as a solely environmental issue and it may prove difficult to secure support for measures outside that domain, leading to uneven implementation. It will be important to build on the positive experience of the stakeholder participation process to raise awareness of adaptation by senior policy makers such as ministers, members of relevant parliamentary commissions and senior officials. Targeted communications activities will be an essential element.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Unlike in other markets, there is no spectrum crisis taking place and if needed, the unsold Digital Dividend spectrum could be sold at a reasonable price in line with market expectations. Mozambique Affordability Report Highlights 2017. Data from some countries suggest that affordability is not the key obstacle to getting people online for the first time and often barriers are instead related to a lack of awareness and skills.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Amendments to fisheries management legislation in 2010-11 enable AFMA to enter into co-management arrangements, giving powers and functions to primary stakeholders in individual fisheries. This new level of co-management strengthens the collaborative approach between AFMA and its stakeholders and further builds the industry ‘stewardship’ approach in managing the marine environment. These arrangements result in simpler and more efficient administration of Commonwealth fisheries and these benefits flow to industry. This Act also specifies that management should reduce the impact of fishing activities on non-target species and the long term sustainability of the marine environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In 2004-07, the OECD/IMHE conducted an extensive study with 14 regional reviews across 12 countries. This resulted in the OECD flagship publication Higher Education and Regions: Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged (OECD, 2007) with recommendations to benefit both higher education institutions and national and regional governments. In 2008, the OECD/IMHE launched a second series of OECD Reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development to address the demand by national, regional and local governments for more responsive and active higher education institutions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In all countries, state militaries are predominantly male by a wide margin, as are most military-style organisations such as paramilitaries, guerrilla groups, militia, village guards, private security companies and the like.2 Being a soldier and the use of force is often explicitly linked to manhood. Similarly, gangs and extremist groups tend to be heavily male dominated. They also often espouse attitudes, ideologies and practices that draw on extreme understandings of masculinity, misogyny and intolerance of those with diverse sexual orientations and gender identities (SOGI).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Yet, even where they have made progress, as in some of the ‘glimpses of a green economy’ we laid out in section 3, there is no systematic attempt to catalogue them, learn from them and then improve the enabling conditions for scaling up successful approaches. This might explain why the CRGE emphasises new initiatives and foreign technologies, rather than scaling up what already works in Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, as in most countries, there is a realisation that restricted monitoring of poverty (against narrow criteria of cash income and food basket cost) is inadequate, as is restricted monitoring of environmental conditions (which rarely addresses aspects that matter to poor groups) -but action towards this is limited. Finally, with relevant data in short supply, accountability for the CRGE is inevitably constrained. In section 1, we outlined how prevailing economic signals within the Ethiopian economy often cause businesses and individuals to degrade the environment - or at least not to invest in cleaner approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
However, there can be wide variations in the results of different third-party assessment/analyses. Thus, given that the outcome of the global stocktake is to inform Parties in updating their nationally determined contributions, identifying which third-party sources of information can be used as input to the global stocktake may not be straightforward to agree upon. However, information contained in these adaptation components of INDCs varies greatly in terms of: timescale, focus areas/sectors, overarching objectives, qualitative or qualitative indicators about adaptation actions, financial needs, references to other documents (e.g. National Adaptation Plans), and monitoring and evaluation provisions. For example, some adaptation components include detailed information on projects or programmes to be implemented, their timeframes, and the general aims and goals of adaptation. On the other hand, others are unclear about whether actions mentioned are new and/or implemented, what the aims of these individual actions are, and how progress towards them can be identified. A few countries include adaptation undertakings in an annex or an “other information” section, rather than a dedicated section on adaptation contributions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The fees are used to carry out the compensation and restoration activities through the CUSTF. This chapter reviews the CUSTF, an environmental compensation programme that has been operating in Mexico for almost a decade and has been adjusted over the years in an effort to better meet its intended objectives. This includes land-use change due to mining, energy transmission, agriculture, tourism and service infrastructure, among other activities. The programme is intended to take action specifically by restoring soils, reforesting and maintaining forest ecosystems that were deteriorated.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Exposure to emissions has resulted in respiratory diseases, high health costs, productivity losses, reduced visibility and a lower aesthetic value of the natural landscape (World Bank, 2010). To respond to the problem, the government has commissioned a number of wastewater treatment plants to recycle wastewater in an efficient way. Moreover, it has identified a series of reforms that could address the water and waste situation in the Kingdom (see water and sanitation section below).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
We begin by considering the different features of growth in developing countries and the consequences of a business-as-usual path. We then discuss how green growth can address pressing development challenges. The decade of 2000-10 saw, for the first time since the 1970s, large numbers of developing economies catching up with developed countries in per capita income growth rates.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Collaboration between higher education institutions remains limited. There were few attempts to set out the collective needs of the region in terms of innovation infrastructure or for the academic colleges or universities to co-ordinate their actions in meeting such needs. There is a need to upgrade the existing traditional industry and service sector and improve their capacity for innovation. Investment from the national government focuses on the research components of the system and tax breaks for industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The series features research commissioned as background papers for publications by leading researchers from different national and regional contexts. Each paper benefits from an anonymous external peer review process before being published in this series. I have benefited from comments from Shahra Razavi, Silke Staab, members ofthe Expert Advisory Group for the report and anonymous reviewers. Any errors or misinterpretations of events are mine alone. A shorter version ofthe paper is forthcoming in a Special Issue of Global Policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The target has to include at least paper, metal, plastic and glass components of household waste and similar streams. A large part of household waste of these four materials is included in packaging. Therefore, recycling of packaging waste from households will have a strong influence on the overall recycling rate for household waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Finland, Germany and Switzerland rely solely on direct government funding (which includes contract research), while Belgium, France and the Netherlands focus on R&D tax incentives. Denmark has a strong emphasis on tax incentives, but also provides a significant share of support through direct funding. The share of government funding of business R&D in Austria, at 12.4%, is higher than in Germany, Switzerland and the Scandinavian comparator countries. The increase of funding through R&D tax incentives was larger in absolute terms than the increase from other instruments (Figure 3.5). The Research Premium’s contribution to business R&D grew from EUR 156 million in 2006 to EUR 508 million in 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
They suggest a unified framework approach to forecasting the implications of climate changes for marine fish production which involves: (i) identifying relevant mechanisms, (ii) conducting a feasibility assessment of the implications of downscaling climate scenarios, (iii) evaluating climate model scenarios and selecting Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models, (iv) extracting environmental variables from climate scenarios and incorporating them into projection models, and (v) evaluating fish and shellfish production under a changing ecosystem. Recently, Zhang et al. ( According to the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) exploitation state summary of 441 assessed stocks, 77% were fully exploited or overfished, depleted or recovering (Kelleher, 2005).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
In some cases however, the CCSS could contract private institutions to provide high complexity diagnostics and treatments. Once contracted, monthly, quarterly and annual indicators are audited, to verify compliance with contractual conditions. One of the indicators to which special attention given concerns the number of consultations provided in the year, or patients seen per hour.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The first to emerge was the national Rice Improvement Programme, founded in the early 1970s. The majority of seeds introduced to Nepal since the 1988 act have been improved varieties, only a handful of which are of local origin. One hybrid maize — Gaurab — could not be commercially produced, and another — Rampin' hybrid 2, or RML2 — is still contending with the lengthy approval process.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Moreover, the adoption of international agreements on labour rights and the welfare State would reduce the risks of predatory competition in which wages would be the key adjustment variable for increasing exports and attracting foreign capital. Strategies based on wage cuts represent the predominance of a spurious competitiveness over approaches aimed at closing gaps, and they erode the tax base needed to build the public goods that are essential for the functioning of democracy. A multilateral system open to trade, working to narrow production and technological asymmetries, would foster job creation in less developed countries and reduce the political tensions associated with migration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The issues considered in the papers may be evolving in nature, leading to further work and refinement at a later stage. The views expressed here are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the Commonwealth Secretariat. In 2005, the WTO Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration gave a mandate on negotiations on fisheries subsidies aimed at strengthening disciplines on fisheries subsidies as well as to prohibit certain forms of subsidies that lead to overcapacity and over-fishing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
The land-use governance agenda is therefore an important area for further work in light of the OECD’s Green Growth Strategy. Worldwide investment in renewables increased more than tenfold between 2002 and 2010, reaching USD 240 billion (Ernst and Young, 2011). This surge in global investment is strongly supported by public policies aimed at stimulating the development of renewable energy sources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Short-term consequences in terms of learning disability, as well as long-term economic consequences, can be expected, since lower education levels lead to lower income opportunities. In developing countries, 163 million children were estimated to be vitamin A-deficient, with a prevalence of more than 30 per cent in 2007, down from approximately 36 per cent in 1990 (United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition, 2010). Women who suffer from undernourishment are more likely to give birth to underweight babies, whose development will then be affected throughout their life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This is a very substantial increase over a relatively short period of time. In most cases, market-income inequality has risen more strongly during the first half of the two decades. In addition, most of the countries with data going back further have seen large increases in market-income Ginis before the mid-80s. The upwards trend in market-income inequality continued after the mid-90s, but at a much slower pace.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In rural communities, therefore, the capacity to provide or pay for quality services - compensating for the lack of a critical mass - is often constrained. Rural students are also more likely to work for pay than urban students in a number of countries (Figure 5), presumably reducing the time they can spend learning. Rural areas are believed to be mostly peaceful and friendly environments where local residents form close, stable and largely ethnically homogeneous relationships (Bauch, 2001(30], Lewicka, 2005pij, Little, Panelli and Kraack, 2005(32], Onyx and Bullen, 2000(33])- Several studies have identified the residential stability of rural areas, rather than their “rurality” or their ethnic homogeneity as the main factor behind the strong community attachment and overlapping networks of friendships in local communities (Gans, 1962(34j, Kasarda and Janowitz, 1974(35]).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The same holds for the Universities of Maribor and Primorska. Overall, around 65% of students come from the same region as their higher education institutions. In the absence of differential tuition fees, the driving factor behind the low inter-regional student mobility is the economic conditions of students and their parents. The share of foreign students in Slovenia (0.9% of total enrolment) and the proportion of Slovenian students studying abroad (2.1% of total enrolment) in 2007 were among the lowest in both the OECD and EU (IMAD, 2010).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Flood protection is financed by taxes paid by water users to the regional water authorities, along with general taxation (this also contributes to the relatively low willingness to pay for flood insurance documented in several studies). Currently, the government is moving tow'ards a new system of improvement of security standards for dykes, referred to as the multiple layer safety approach (Box 5.3). However, under the current arrangements, the amount and coverage of such compensation is left to political discretion and not determined in advance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Government provides income or price support. The specificity criterion is important for screening policies and identifying them as subsidies. For instance, in Georgia, a value-added tax (VAT) exemption is granted for natural gas consumed by electricity generators, but not for other natural gas consumers, which distinguishes this policy as a subsidy in this study’s relevant country chapter. It has also not been developed to address the issues specific to the energy industry, such as, for instance, different taxation benchmarks in different countries, as well as the natural resource rent that governments seek or fail to capture from the extractive companies, especially in the oil and gas sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Forest cover was estimated at 33 percent in 1990 and is now 25.4 percent, although it has stabilized over the last ten years. Forest landscapes vary widely, from mountain to semi-tropical lowland forests and woodlands. Poverty rates fell from 38 percent in 2000 to 21.6 percent in 2015, and GDP growth averaged 4.5 percent over the last decade, helped by changing economic structures and remittances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
And commercial development in suburban locations can often impact on the economic strategies of the city. The city hinterland also supplies essential services, such as the supply of food and drinking water, flood management, and waste disposal. So, city governments need to take an interest in land outside the city boundary' - if possible to deter urban sprawl, development that may increase flood risk and the need for transport infrastructure. Equally, local governments outside the city need to reflect how the development of the urban area will place demands on their plans and land use. David Audretsch’s book, Everything in its Place, sets out a framework for strategic management of growth in a place-based approach, but across multiple places, big and small, how' can development planning help to avoid unwarranted externalities and thus achieve the best overall outcome in use of land? How could the national need for sufficient new homes be reflected in the totality of local plans, while (reflecting the views of those who elected them) local planning authorities were reluctant to designate sufficient land to deliver a “fair share”?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The ratio of the expected lifetimes at birth to health care spending per capita indicates that the Russian Federation performs poorly when compared with OECD countries (Figure 3.15). Similarly, there is no strong relationship between public health spending and life expectancy at birth at the regional levels: regions with high levels of health care spending do not necessarily perform better than low spending ones (Figure 3.16). Estimations based on federal treasury data and federal MHI fund data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Consequently, the level of GHG-intensive production and consumption activity is higher than is socially optimal. The most cost-effective means of ensuring that these external costs are internalised is to price emissions, either through an emission tax or a cap-and-trade scheme (which sets a cap on emissions and allows trade in emission permits). This will encourage producers and consumers to exploit abatement opportunities to the extent that their marginal abatement costs are less than the price of emitting GHGs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Initiatives by New Zealand’s Ministry of Women’s Affairs include investigating and addressing barriers for women within male-dominated industries. The Ministry initiated Women in Trades networks run by tradeswomen for tradeswomen, which aim to build support for women working in trades. Featuring case studies of highly successful women in male-dominated jobs aims to promote further involvement of women in those professions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Since 2002, the primary energy supply increased, to 3,543 Mtoe in 2011. Coal, natural gas and oil products were the “big losers” since economic changes have forced many consumers to limit their consumption. Supply of coal has declined from approximately 896,000 tons of oil equivalent (ktoe) in 1990 to 13 ktoe in 2002, and increased slightly to 157 ktoe in 2011. Oil products followed the same trend with a consumption decrease from 3,186 ktoe in 1990 to 547 ktoe in 2008, then an increase to 1,009 ktoe in 2011.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)