albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
Note that this is not a suggestion for a new co-ordinating structure, but rather a novel approach to co-ordinating and improving decision-making amongst existing players. A synthetic study of experiences with business models, with a mandate to examine those that best support integrated watershed management, would be appropriate. It is relevant to note here that each business model has costs and benefits, and that a broad range of variables (including the cost of regulatory and oversight requirements, accountability and management synergies) need to be considered in addition to financial issues. The scenario whereby infrastructure investment planning is led on a project-financing basis, and ease of financing becomes the over-riding criterion, should however be avoided.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Altogether, this resulted in a major expansion in the resources available to the education sector. In spite of this, Chile remains among the OECD countries with the lowest expenditure per student (see Table 2.1): 12th lowest in pre-primary education, 3rd lowest in primary education, 4th lowest in lower secondary education and 3rd lowest in upper secondary education (OECD, 2016a). Its levels of expenditure per student are, however, higher than those of other Latin American countries such as Brazil, Colombia and Mexico (see Table 2.1). Data for Brazil include public institutions only.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Contrary' to the situation in most OECD countries, health system priorities in Mexico - and consequently the whole information infrastructure in place at both system and institution levels - remain focused primarily on the number of people covered by some sort of health insurance and the associated cost of such coverage. By contrast, the performance of health care services is not monitored systematically, posing challenges for shifting towards system governance based on improving health outcomes. Specifically, a set of policies is presented to encourage a more productive organisation of insurers and providers, based on the experience of other countries that have faced similar challenges to Mexico. Such strategies involve changes to how the roles of purchaser, provider and oversight are currently organised, how the purchasing of goods and services and provider reimbursement occur, and how the health system information infrastructure is set up.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The concentration of science actors in convergence hubs, e.g. around technology platforms, can enable the sharing of facilities, equipment and skilled technicians by different technology and research fields. However, platforms are difficult to map and are likely to have few commercial or publishable outputs. Scarce funding should prompt large and smaller players to increase participation in co-operative projects, support “smart specialisation” and encourage technology monitoring and foresight analysis in order to identify technological niches and long-term technology developments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The RMU has latterly provided practical support and guidance to donors and NGOs as well as UN agencies. Many implementing partners have incorporated third-party monitoring systems into their remotely managed programmes. For example, DFID has contracted a private consulting company to provide comprehensive monitoring and evaluation services for its multiyear humanitarian programme (2013-17).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
That is, how easy is it in an age of GVCs and high-skilled migration to keep research insights and know-how within innovating countries? Knowledge externalities that extend beyond borders would facilitate potential technological leapfrogging of developing countries and blur out differences in technology. If digital knowledge externalities are, however, confined within borders, the existing advantages of high-income economies in innovation are likely to persist and provide these economies with a lasting comparative advantage in digital-intensive sectors. The server farms that are necessary to support digital technologies depend on storage devices, power supplies, and cooling systems that consume vast amounts of energies. Van Heddeghem et al. (
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Uruguay saw the largest declines in all three indices: at least 1.5% per year. While this is not a large value, it does represent a noticeable change. It is striking that Paraguay showed a significant drop in inequality according to the Gini coefficient and the Atkinson index (with an inequality aversion ratio of 0.5) but did not according to an index that assigns greater weight to the lower portion of the distribution. Nonetheless, the usual way of quantifying these deprivations is to equate poverty to the lack of economic resources because income is the means whereby most material needs can be met and inadequate income is closely associated with deprivations in other areas of well-being.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
One way in which scarcity of water could be reflected in water prices would be to link them to indicators of water scarcity in the relevant river basins. Indeed, a system of such indicators that allows the development of water resources to be determined in real time has been developed with the implementation of the latest National Hydrologic Plan. Current legislation does not create any room for charging for environmental costs from water abstractions that result from changes in water flows, river morphology, or water quality and their impacts on human health and ecosystems, although this is required by the European Water Framework Directive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
This methodology specifies the calculation based on the average costs of labour, equipment and supplies for a set of standard works and activities required per hectare for the restoration, reforestation and maintenance to compensate changes in land use. Technical advisors to the project are required to report to CONAFOR on the project's progress. However, there is no monitoring or reporting once projects are completed.______________________________________ The reference cost associated with each ecosystem type is presented in Table 7.2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It can be reported separately for the whole year and for peak seasons or days. While tourism represents a key source of income and employment in most tourist receiving regions and destinations, it also exerts considerable pressure on the environmental and socio-cultural resources of host populations, especially in peak periods. Negative environmental and social impacts of tourism can be prevented and mitigated with appropriate planning, management and monitoring of tourism activities, following integrated approaches and sustainability principles.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Recently, with assistance from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the government of Tajikistan has been implementing a nationwide programme for rehabilitating WSS infrastructure. At the same time, it is studying whether regionalisation of water utilities could improve operational efficiency. As a consequence of poor management in the 20 years following the country’s independence, the quality of WSS services has drastically deteriorated. Providing sufficient volume of quality water to individual consumers is still a challenge. The participation of private entities in the WSS sector in Turkmenistan is marginal.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Investment policy was supported by an accommodative fiscal policy stance and improvements to utility services and infrastructure, notably electricity and water supply, information and communication technologies (ICTs) and transport. Investment promotion policies were implemented to reduce transaction costs, rationalize charges, and provide financial and other incentives for the development of small businesses in rural areas. The Government also implemented a number of initiatives to facilitate the supply of credit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The sub-dimension includes information regarding the share of employed persons working in the evening, at night or on the weekend. Many studies indicate that there is a (negative) relationship between working outside usual working hours (in particular at night, but also during the weekend or in the evening) and well-being. The sub-dimension furthermore covers the use of a flexible work schedule.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
The capacity of a society to develop young peoples' literacy skills and well-being depends on its ability to provide the right kinds of human and material resources to support healthy development from conception to childhood and beyond. Educational Prosperity refers to the success of the education system in developing children's cognitive skills and their social, emotional, physical and spiritual well-being. The term "prosperity" simply refers to the condition of experiencing success or thriving (Willms, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
They could provide scientific and technical support, datasets and reports, administrative support, capacity building, outreach and networking, experience in bridging science and policy, and experience or collaboration with holders of indigenous and local knowledge and their organisations. Strategic partnerships should be formal and informal, with attention paid to ensuring disciplinary and geographic balance. Among potential partners, the most valuable ones would be organisations with existing networks and multidisciplinary approaches.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
In such cases, the international community should ideally provide the finance, technology transfer and technical support needed for pursuing further decarbonization of LDC power sectors. Similarly, environmental sustainability considerations call for an adequate assessment of the options for the safe disposal or recycling of generation apparatus containing potentially hazardous materials (notably solar panels), or — in the case of large-scale hydroelectricity projects — of their potential social and environmental impact on river-based ecosystems and related communities. While the costs of storage technologies have declined rapidly over the last few years and may make battery storage a feasible option in due course, this is not yet the case in all LDCs (at least not at mini-grid or utility scale).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However recent studies have come to other results based on the fact that the number of servings in the cost sector is at least twice as many, e.g. more than one million servings per day. This gives a total of 148,000 tons food waste from the hospitality sector in Denmark. If we combine these data with the key figure from Miljostyrelsen of food waste per meal, e.g. 125 g, this gives a rough estimate of the amount of food waste.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Under the third mechanism, donors transfer funds directly to federal ministries such as the Ministry of Education for specific purposes agreed between the federal ministry and the donors. Finally, the fourth channel involves the transfer of funds to implementation partners selected by donors based on bilateral agreements. Despite declining slightly in 2011/12 (in 2010/11 prices), it increased at an average annual rate of 9.8% between 2010/11 and 2015/16 (Figure 2.7). Public spending fell from 18.2% of GDP in 2010/11 to a low of 16.6% of GDP in 2012/13 before recovering to 18.4% of GDP in 2015/16.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Article 3 establishes the application of Convention 169 to both indigenous men and women, in addition to establishing in Article 20 the principle of equal treatment and opportunities for men and indigenous women in employment, as well as protection against sexual harassment33. Part III Hiring and Conditions of Employment, Art. C-01076-2012-00021 OF.20. Tribunal Primero de Sentencia Penal, Narcoactividad y Delitos Contra el Ambiente.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
This response to the special issue on ‘Governing Celebrity: Multiculturalism, Offensive Television Content and Celebrity Big Brother’ highlights its contribution to key socio-legal debates about popular legal consciousness, responsive regulation and social change through law. The response also discusses some of the methodological challenges posed by research into media regulation. How should such research be theoretically framed and is it necessary to distinguish clearly between deconstructionist and modernist understandings of human rights? Are social-psychological dynamics a relevant factor for explaining whether some forms of speech become labelled as racist? The concluding section provides suggestions for further research into the patterns that shape how socio-legal researchers read the social world and how the opening up of a new field of inquiry – the governance of celebrity – can be extended to understanding celebrity politics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The organizations are highly varied, and all of them have to be authorized by the relevant supervisory agencies, as indicated in the preceding sections. Over the last 15 years, the network has grown at a rate of 4% per year, which has involved significant improvements, including the construction of expressways and the four-lane expansion of the main highways leading to the border crossings. The others contract firms such as Agrotropic and Productos de Peten. There are over 30 shipping companies that provide maritime transport services to the leading ports around the world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The majority of the allocation regimes surveyed grant water users’ entitlements for a given number of years, with the expectation of periodic renewal. However, seven allocation regimes in four countries granted entitlements in perpetuity. In Chile (both the Limari River Basin and the Maipo River, 1st Section) entitlements are granted in perpetuity without conditions relating to beneficial use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Together with the need to better articulate, harmonise and streamline existing information systems as well as performance indicators and monitoring tools, this is an important reform option to consider in the implementation of the 2030 Water Agenda. The Programme for Modernisation and Technification of Irrigation Units provides the financial support (mainly through subsidies) to users and well owners for optimising the use of water. In 2012, CONAGUA published a manual as part of its programme for rehabilitation, modernisation and equipment of irrigation districts. It features detailed information, complementary data and various criteria to support irrigation users to comply with the rules set by the hydro-agricultural infrastructures programme.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Life expectancy at age 60 has been increasing steadily since the 1950s, by about one year per decade. Accordingly, life expectancy at birth for women is almost always higher than for men. Central to this transformation has been the epidemiological transition from predominantly infectious causes of death to a predominance of deaths due to chronic and degenerative diseases. The epidemiological transition also entailed a shift in the age pattern of mortality, from one in which childhood diseases and deaths were common to a situation where disease and mortality are highly concentrated at older ages.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
SummaryThis introductory article sketches out the evolution of the concept of sociability in moral and political debates from Grotius to the German Romantics, so as to elucidate the range and scope of the contributions to this special issue. The article argues that the concept of sociability serves as a bridge between moral theory, domestic politics and international relations, just as it also connects the jurisprudential mode of enquiry to subsequent Enlightenment enquiries into political economy, aesthetics, individual and collective moral psychology, forms of government and philosophical history. Particular attention is paid to sociability's relationship to moral scepticism, and to its position between morality and anthropology. The article highlights the central role of Rousseau in radically reformulating the debate and in sparking new controversies up to the nineteenth century.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Using the example of educational attainment, returns to education and female labour force participation, the income distribution is shown to depend on household endowment, the remuneration of those endowments, and labour force participation behaviour. Then, the next section uses subjective data to show that societies have strong and changing views about inequality, which can influence how redistributive policy addresses inequality in the income distribution. That reversal will be short-lived, however, if sustained growth is not extended to the broader developing world.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
For example, the funding formula for teaching activities, which provides limited incentives for institutions to collaborate with employers, has so far remained in place, although the Ministry of Science and Higher Education is considering changes to the basic funding formula and the pro-quality funding and EU Structural Funds have provided some incentives to this direction. Another major problem is a poor tradition of co-operation between business and the higher education sector. Additionally, employers in Poland are less well-organised than employers in some other European countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This paper uses a dialogic approach following duoethnography to report on a research study conducted in a charter school offering a locally designed social justice course.  This narrative approach involves a critical dialogue between two people, each of whom pushes the other to further insights and understandings.  The urban prairie school under study focused on gifted learners and was funded as a public school.  Multiple methods of data collection included document and policy analysis, field observations, and open-ended interviews with administrators, teachers and students who were directly involved with the social justice program.  The results and discussion focus on student engagement in schools on issues of human rights and social justice, inquiry-based approaches to the curriculum, and include implications for educational policy and practice.   Keywords:  alternative school programs, social justice, duoethnography, inquiry learning
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This would necessitate a reduction of global C02 emissions by at least half (or 30-85 per cent, depending on countries’ current emission levels) till 2050, relative to the emission levels of 1990 (IPCC, 2007, IEA, 2007:206) (see figure 2 for the required cuts). For developed countries, these targets imply reductions of between 80 and 90 per cent of GHG emissions. In other words, what is required is nothing short of a new industrial revolution that decarbonizes the economy. The potential in this regard is huge. With drastic reductions in material/energy input costs, there is much more room for manoeuvre to invest in R&D and staff training (both extremely important for strategic competitiveness) as well as to increase wages and employment opportunities. As Bleischwitz (2009: 4 and 9) correctly underscores, a resource-efficiency enhancing approach has the advantage of combining climate, energy and waste-policy aspects with the core economic interest in cost reduction and innovation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Ecosystem services indicators try to capture information on the flow of benefits that humans receive from biodiversity. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) categorises the benefits of ecosystem services as “provisioning services such as food, water, timber, and fiber, regulating services that affect climate, floods, disease, wastes, and water quality, cultural services that provide recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual benefits, and supporting services such as soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling.” Difficulty in measuring many ecosystem services has proved to be an obstacle to their inclusion in biodiversity offset indicators (WRI, 2014). Indicators of ecosystem services are mostly used to provide compensation to local stakeholders affected by biodiversity loss at a development site, particularly in developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
K.L. had to carry the pregnancy to term and was then made to breastfeed the baby, who died four days after birth. In finding a violation of article 7, the Human Rights Committee found that the depression and emotional distress of the 17-year-old girl were foreseeable consequences of the State's failure to enable her to undergo a therapeutic abortion. ( Note the State party did not cooperate in the proceedings.) She survived but sustained serious injuries, including to her spine, that required urgent surgery. She and her mother requested a legal abortion so that the operation could proceed. This was denied by a hospital, claiming that the victim's life was not in danger.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
But this transparency does not fully transmit on allocation decisions to health from provincial treasuries. In terms of budget execution, up-to-date data reporting systems, strict en/orcement of fiscal rules, and well-developed monitoring processes are good budgetary practices. However, despite good aggregate spending levels, there is great disparity in the way provinces execute their budget.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The primary tool has been the use of snow machines to provide adequate cover: according to figures from the Austrian cableways association, investments in these totalled EUR 800 million in the five years following 2008.2 As a result, snow is guaranteed on 70% of the slopes in Austria. However, as temperatures (or humidity, or both) increase, so do the volumes of water and energy required, and the costs. As described in OECD (2007), there is also a technical limit because the machines generally require a temperature below -2 °C to be effective.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
To this end, section II provides an overview of the way economics deals with the issue of care. They identified the importance of workforce reproduction, but concentrated on the matter of the “wage goods” consumed by households, without exploring the role of domestic work in this process. This was because their interest centred on the relationship between the value of labour (its natural price) and the price of labour (wages) as set in the market.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Owing to discrimination, women migrant workers often receive lower wages and suffer deplorable working conditions, and lack access to appropriate health services, including reproductive health services. Domestic workers in particular are vulnerable to physical, sexual and other types of abuse by their employers. Access to justice in countries of destination is also limited for many migrant women. Migrant women in an irregular situation are particularly vulnerable to abuse, isolation and limited access to health services or to the justice system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)