albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In recent years, urbanisation has accelerated in Rwanda, with an annual rate of 4.1 per cent, and will continue to increase with demographic growth, rural-urban migration and the reinstallation of displaced persons and refugees. Indeed, Rwanda's urban policy stands out for its positive and anticipatory approach, embracing urbanisation as a key priority area in national development strategies. Rwanda's national development strategy: Vision 2020, elaborated in 2000, seeks to stimulate economic growth in order for the country to achieve middle income status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Taking a closer look at the interplay between the different public actors involved in water policy making, the chapter proposes a tentative taxonomy of the main governance challenges, based on selected indicators and data collection from the OECD survey on water governance. Detailed horizontal and vertical co-ordination challenges for 17 OECD countries are synthesised in the country profiles attached to this report. Taking stock of existing principles, guidelines, indicators, indexes and checklists for good governance in the water sector, this chapter presents a “reading template” identifying seven common multi-level governance “gaps” and attempts to assess, based on selected proxies, their importance in several OECD countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
To ensure that children benefit developmentally from attending care centres, Costa Rica should establish and enforce minimum standards across providers. These should include quality requirements (e.g. group size, staff qualifications, process and program variables) and clear goals for the development of early cognitive and socio-emotional skills. To support this, more attention needs to be given to the quality of the workforce in caiecentres - including their training, level of qualification, pay and appraisal - and stronger mechanisms put in place to monitor the quality of services. All centres should be inspected on a regular basis according to established standards.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The same is also tme for certification standards for sustainable biomass and biofiiels, for which there are currently around 65 separate schemes. Industrial holders of rights could emit annually at die specified level and/or buy and sell pennits. This raises, in particular, the issue of the extent to which the private sector will need public incentives to foster some green activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
An essential criterion for defining the scope of a housing allowance is the existence of a qualifying means-test for the benefit. They includes rent benefit, a current means-tested transfer granted by a public authority to tenants, temporarily or on a longterm basis, to help with rent costs, benefit to owner-occupiers: a means-tested transfer by a public authority to owner-occupiers to alleviate their current housing costs: in practice often help with paying mortgages and/or interest. They exclude social housing policy organised through the fiscal system (that is, tax benefits) and all capital transfers (in particular investment grants).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
This investment must be accompanied by policies that respond to the diversity of young people in the region. Failing to invest in youth can trigger substantial costs, including poor labour market outcomes, social discontent, and crime and violence, as well as poor participation in political and civil society. Public policies must ensure basic conditions and securities to underpin the development of youth capacities and potential. Socio-economic classes are defined using the World Bank classification: “Extreme poor” = youth belonging to households with a daily per capita income lower than USD 2.50. “
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
At the local level, the collection and reporting of attendance information can help ensure that all important actors -notably the school administration and the municipal social services - quickly become aware of attendance problems as they arise. The regular reporting of attendance information to the responsible education authorities at the national level can moreover ensure that teachers, schools and municipalities take non-attendance seriously. It is managed and supervised by the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA), which is an independent public body. This information is particularly important for youth belonging to disadvantaged groups. The resulting transparency of outcomes helps parents make educational choices and creates a sound basis for schools and communities to improve their performances.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The expenditure per student is relatively high compared to other countries, both at the primary and lower secondary level (see Figure 2.1). In 2012, the most recent comparison available, the expenditure per student was 32.8% and 30.8% above the OECD and EU21 averages for primary education, and 19% and 14.1% above the averages of the OECD and EU21 areas for lower secondary education. Although primary and lower secondary education are typically provided under the same roof in the Folkeskole, expenditures are slightly higher at the lower secondary level than at the primary level, presumably because of longer school days for students at the lower secondary level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Value can be affected by a person's material, spiritual or moral attitudes and may differ between experts from different disciplines such as ecology, economics, psychology and philosophy. But on a fundamental level, value can be divided into two categories (Freeman et al., An environmental or cultural good or service may have value in and of itself, completely independent of any benefit (direct or indirect) it may provide humans.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Currency depreciation against the United States dollar did not boost exports much, due in part to stable or appreciating real effective exchange rates and offsetting effects on companies with high dollar debt.17 At the same time, consumer spending moderated in some countries on the back of slower job creation, high household debt and weak rural incomes. Mild inflation and low interest rates were unable to stimulate domestic demand as much as in the past. Given the subpar demand in both external and domestic markets, private investment was not robust either. Fiscal policy was generally supportive, such as strong growth in social spending and capital expenditures in Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand. Except for the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Malaysia, subregional countries still have relatively low levels of public debt and external debt. In particular, consumer spending and investment are expected to steadily strengthen in Indonesia and Thailand - the two largest economies in South-East Asia - benefiting from economic stimulus and reform measures introduced in late 2015.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In cases where local governments within a metropolitan area retain this tax base, an undersupply of housing can occur as localities chase revenue sources. An exception is the Minneapolis metropolitan area which pools sales tax revenues and then redistributes on a per capita basis (Metcalf, 2018(35]). As such there are good reasons, particularly in the medical sector and in occupations such as civil engineering. This is reflected in the coverage of licensing of the workforce. Licensing is most common in education and health services and is also widespread in government, particularly for local government where teaching is likely an important employer (Figure 1.16).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In practice, national frameworks are constrained by domestic data availability and monitoring and evaluation capacity. Given the diverse set of initiatives contributing to a country’s level of climate resilience, good co-ordination between the producers and the users of the information is important. Separately, each tool will ideally capture a distinct component of the climate risks and vulnerabilities, combined they can contribute to a better overview of the larger picture.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
There would be value in exploring the potential for increasing involvement by the private sector in financing adaptation actions, which could reduce pressures on public finances while also building awareness and capacity in the private sector. The legal framework governing EIAs explicitly states that projects’ impact on emissions has to be described, and, if necessary, offsetting measures must be included. There is no corresponding requirement to consider the effects of a changing climate, even though many of the types of projects subject to EIAs are also likely to be sensitive to such effects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Families can enable women and girls to flourish and realize their potential, as well as being the building blocks for thriving communities, societies and economies. But families can have a darker side: they can be places of violence and discrimination, spaces where women and girls are often denied the resources they need, where they sometimes eat least and last and where their voices are stifled and their autonomy is denied. As such, the recognition of families as an ambivalent space for women and girls has been at the heart of this Report.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
In 2009, the Institute for the Equality of Women and Men enacted a gender analysis of the budgets of all the Federal Public Services and prepared draft gender notes for each budget. Following this analytical exercise, the institute helped budget officials apply GRB by supporting them in drafting gender notes for the 2010 annual budget. The institute plans to publish a gender budgeting manual to explain the gender budgeting procedure in detail and provide concrete examples that support budget officers in fulfilling their tasks.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
ABSTRACTThe decision in the case of Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project raised important issues about civil liberties in the United States (2010), including freedom of speech and freedom of association, in relation to U.S. foreign policy actions. While the decision has the potential to infringe on certain liberties, the decision itself was based on very limited information on the nature of terrorism, the foreign terrorist organizations involved, and the processes by which terrorist groups can be induced to peacefully re-enter domestic political systems. There are also concerns about what can be the arbitrary designation of groups as foreign terrorist organizations. These issues raise serious questions about the role of the Supreme Court in the overall political system and judgments in cases involving terrorism and foreign policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Hybridcast supports HTML-5, MPEG-DASH, MMT protocol and others. An application in compliance with this specification can be developed and deployed taking advantage of HTML5 features and interfaces, and will provide the same user experience on smart TV receivers from various broadcasting systems like terrestrial, cable, satellite and IPTV. Ginga is a dynamic environment that supports different interactive TV protocols. For interactive data delivery, the broadcast channel is used.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Its role will be even more important in the coming decades when flood events could be more frequent and severe. The relative role of agricultural land in flood mitigation and fioodplains varies a great deal across the five countries. In all, however, agricultural land areas are to varying degrees already included in the framework of general risk prevention policies against floods, with the underlying philosophy of an integrated flood risk management approach at the relevant scale, i.e. the water basin.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
If only the state would stop 'squeezing' agriculture through marketing boards and price distortions15, the supply-side response by agricultural producers would drive export-led growth. Subsequent changes in Africa’s exports show no significant increase in activities in which African countries ostensibly had comparative advantage. Indeed, after two decades of reforms, Africa's share of global non-oil exports fell to less than half what it was in the early 1980s [Ng and Yeats, 2000, quoted by Mkandawire, 2005). However, despite this upsurge, the African share of world exports still remains well below its earlier level.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Political sustainability - which refers to the continuity and commitment of policies and strategies by key actors, and, financial sustainability - which refers to the adequacy resource flows to guarantee the continuity of the expected outcomes of the policy (Mokate, 2001). The analysis of efficiency, in Section 3.2, examines how well available resources are being used. In both sections, the focus is on the government-funded sector of the Peruvian health system, that is, the Seguro Integral de Salud (SIS). Inefficiencies put the financial sustainability of the system at risk, while political instability can also lead to inefficiency, if governments close programmes implemented in a different administration, for example, or use programmes for political gain.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Better codification and/or simplification of administrative requirements could also facilitate compliance. In 2007, the government adopted a Unified Methodology for Legislative Impact Assessments, which describes the process and methodology for assessing the impact of new legislation in five areas, including environment. Impact assessment procedures were further strengthened by an update of the methodology in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Therefore, not all absolute poverty lines necessarily refer to "extreme" poverty. In practice, many countries use multiple absolute poverty lines, to identify the poor and the poorest (extreme poverty line). Globalisation is connecting peoples and making them more aware of differences in standards of living, while inequalities within and between countries are growing. There are, therefore, major objections to merely updating any historical benchmark of poverty on the basis, for example, of the price index.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In the NIDS data, the majority (82%) of the recipients of the Child Support Grant are reported as the child’s parents. Another 12% are reported as the child’s grandparents. Roughly 16% of caregivers receiving social assistance for children are not co-resident with them, which is in contravention of the regulations17.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Useful areas for further study and policy action include: the routine availability of gender-disaggregated data, embedding of gender-specific approaches within the normal annual routines of budgeting, and complementing executive-led approaches with external quality assurance. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Today many disparities and inequalities between the sexes appear to have become embedded, to a greater or lesser extent, in the baseline of public policies and the allocation of public resources.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The high concentration of self-employment income or capital income drives inequality in household market income up close to the OECD average, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia being exceptions in this regard. However, the large tax and cash transfer systems succeed in reducing the dispersion in household disposable income to, or below, the OECD average. The underlying causes vary, however.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The agri-environment and farmland conservation schemes evaluate either farmers’ behaviour, or hectares of cover crops planted. Very few of the studies use more specific impact indicators. Exceptions include an index of biodiversity decline (Waldron et al. An overview of all other results is provided in Annex 2.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
According to Barcelo (2008), this observed decline in natural water availability is consistent with projections according to which climatic change causes rainfall to diminish in the Mediterranean region, and in Spain especially markedly so. Rainfall is projected to fall by a further 22-34% between 1995 and 2060 in Southern river basins.3 These are, already today, identified as those being most strongly at risk of overuse of scarce resources. Moreover, these trends will be reinforced by the effects of higher temperatures on evapotranspiration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Second, the process of adjustment to liberalisation was costly. Neoclassical theory (upon which most of the pro-liberalisation analyses were based) simply presumed that workers would move from inefficient protected sectors to efficient unprotected sectors, without cost. What often happened in reality was that they moved from inefficient protected sectors into unemployment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
At the same time, independent medical professionals working in primary care often feel the need to deliver basic surgical and inpatient services to maintain their viability. While investment and a more pronounced role in the health system would help enhance the professional status of family physicians, Korea also needs to engender an awareness of the importance of primary care amongst its medical profession. Such a programme (of limited duration) could build on existing training opportunities available in select schools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Some concluding remarks wrap up the chapter. They stress that policy changes since 2007 have helped ease the conflict between full-time work and parenthood. More equal sharing in families and public action to reconcile work and family life may further help to sustain tentatively rising fertility trends.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
One of the most prominent and haunting cultural phenomena in our times is 'fundamentalism'. Its prominence, complexity and negative impacts render fundamentalism worth revisiting. Beyond its definitions, forms and enigmas, the existence of fundamentalism compels us to reflect on some significant aspects of our age. I assume that fundamentalism is not a throwback to a tradition, but that it is in a dialectic relationship with modernity. I stress, therefore, the points of convergence between fundamentalism and modernity. The overlapping paradigms of fundamentalism and modernity are explored through a socio-cultural and philosophical approach. Through an elaboration of the function of fundamentalism as a cultural opposition, the paper concludes with a postmodernist approach toward a new sensibility for 'difference and diversity'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It helps them to define a clear strategy, identify the targets to operationalise the strategy, and monitor performance against the targets set. And it provides them with the opportunity to assess the risks of not achieving these targets in time and enables them to take appropriate action. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development has developed a Vision 2050, which describes the future macro-economic state and the role of business and society in co-creating this future.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Doctors working in Portugal’s health service are likely to be spared the recently announced austerity measures that include freezing all new civil service appointments.  The Portuguese Ministry of Finances announced it would freeze all new public administration appointments starting on 1 July, including the admission of doctors into the national healthcare system, as part of a newly announced package of austerity measures required for accelerating the decrease in the country’s budget deficit, which is one of the largest in the Euro Zone (9.4% in 2009).  The Ministry of Health said last week that doctors would be the exception and their appointments would not be halted.   Manuel Pizarro, Secretary of …
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Over the past decade, many countries have developed a more holistic approach to education by integrating the development of these skills specifically into school curricula, fostering co-operation between schools and local communities, and introducing major reforms to education (Box 3.1). Firms are often better-equipped with the newest technologies - and ideally with the people who know how to use them and guide the learning - than educational institutions, and thus better-suited to provide practical training. At the same time, many cognitive skills, especially problem solving, and social and emotional skills - such as communication and conflict management - may be more effectively taught and learned in workplaces than in classrooms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Australian Health Survey excludes people in very remote areas, making it difficult to directly compare their health service usage with people living in other areas. Publishing indicators of quality by remoteness can help guide the health sector to where the greatest challenges lie. Australia should develop a stronger information system by investing in extending its basic information set on health service needs, service use and outcomes to include remote areas consistently.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The existence of such stand-alone ministries sends a strong political message about the government’s commitment to women’s empowerment and gender equality, and facilitates opportunities on the part of the national gender institution to influence budgetary decisions that may impact gender equality (Johan, 2010). Single ministries with a minister for gender equality also bring visibility and the opportunity to advocate for gender equality concerns within the cabinet. Yet, it is essential to ensure clear and powerful mandates and sufficient resources for these institutions to place gender considerations effectively on top of the policy agenda.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Planning and Aid Coordination (DSPPAC) (2016). Vanuatu 2030: The People's Plan: National Sustainable Development Plan 2016 to 2030, available at: http:// www.nab.vu/sites/default/files/documents/ Vanuatu%20Sustainable%20Dev.%20Plan%20 2030-EN_0.PDF (accessed 29 September 2017). Vanuatu Government (2015a), Vanuatu Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy 2016— 2030, available at: http://www.nab.vu/sites/default/ files/nab/vanuatu_cc_drr_policy_minus_att4v4.pdf (accessed 29 September 2017).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
This chapter begins with an examination of the concept of defences in international criminal law before retracing the development and the application of the defence of duress in national and international law. It also sets out the theoretical differences between duress as a justification defence and as an excuse defence. A theoretical and jurisprudential analysis of the defence illustrates that because duress has so far been viewed as a justification under international criminal law, it is unlikely to be successfully invoked by children or adults. However, it appears that the International Criminal Court (ICC) Statute may allow for a wider use of the defence of duress. This chapter also explains the relevance of the ICC Statute in determining the requirements of duress under international law despite the fact that the ICC has no jurisdiction to prosecute children.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The notion of “affordability” is more problematic as it indicates a normative notion of the price level. To the extent that energy supply security pertains to trade between different nation states, insisting on “affordable prices” and thus, implicitly, on certain distributional arrangements can undermine the very objective it is trying to achieve. However affordability can take the meaning, not of low prices, but also of effectively managed price changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)