albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
It can also be argued that the evaluation approaches of each of the involved groups are slightly different in focus and emphasis, hence justifying the multiplication of initiatives (Scheerens, 2013). This approach is in line with the Dutch tradition of multi-stakeholder involvement and may be described as “strategic redundancy”. It also echoes elements of a governance system often described as the “Polder model”, where each stakeholder group is given room to play its role, and channels for debate and negotiation are kept open, even in periods of major disagreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The findings suggest that unintended pregnancy is an important consideration in interventions aimed at improving maternal and child health but further studies are needed to fully explore the dynamics between unintended pregnancy and maternal health outcomes. Of these unintended pregnancies, more than half a million were terminated through an abortion, a procedure that is legally restricted in the Philippines (Hussain and Finer, 2013). Although the proportion of unintended births has declined, the share of women aged between 15 and 24 within this population has increased, from 34.2 per cent in 2008 to 41.5 per cent in 2013.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Male control of both the public and private spheres hinders women's political participation. Women also feel insecure about the criminalisation of politics and use of 'money power', and frequently face discrimination from their male colleagues. They are often illiterate and unaware of rules, regulations and rights, which further hinders effective participation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The server sends regular messages to designated recipients regarding current temperatures, and also warnings when the temperature exceeds critical thresholds. For example, in India, monthly cellular connectivity for connected temperature monitor devices are in the range of around a dollar a month or less per fridge. The most expensive component is often the cell radio, while conversely, the temperature sensors are relatively cheap. In some cases, advantageous mobile cellular terms can be negotiated, resulting in reduced operating costs.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It is generally measured as energy consumed divided by GDP, or in a given sector it is the energy consumed divided by value-added for the sector. Energy conservation: implies meeting our needs with less energy consumption. Energy conservation is measured in terms of reduced energy units alone or the ratio of before and after energy consumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Between 2005 and 2016, informality rates for women have fluctuated between a quarterly low of 56.2% and a high of 59.4%, while men’s rates have stayed in the range of 49.2% to 52%. Among informal workers, employers and wage workers tend to be better off, while own-account workers and domestic workers fare worse in terms of wages, job security, and social protection. Mexican women are far more likely to work in the second category than the first. While 48.8% of male workers (aged 15-64) in Mexico report never having paid any social security contributions in their productive lives, the figure is 64.6% among women (OECD estimates of ENIGH, 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Spain now presents Gender Impact Reports to the Parliament to accompany its General State Budgets. The legal framework for these reports was initiated in 2003 with a law on actions to introduce gender impact assessment in all government regulations. In 2009, the Spanish government approved a methodological guide for the elaboration of this report, which includes a gender impact guide. Nordic countries, too, have provided substantial leadership on GRB.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They act as a forum for aligning interests and timing across ministries and public agencies. A prominent example of a high-level structure acting as co-ordinating body is CONAGUA, the national water commission in Mexico (Box 4.1) and many LAC countries have also set up national water agencies, including Brazil, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Panama and Peru (Box 4.2). It follows previous water-related administrations such as the Direction for Water, Land and Colonization (1917), the Nation Irrigation Commission (1926), the Ministry of Water Resources (1946), and the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources (1976). This decentralised agency of SEMARNAT is the highest institution for water resource management in Mexico, including water policy, water rights, planning, irrigation and drainage development, water supply and sanitation, and emergency and disaster management (with an emphasis on flooding). The 2004 amended National Water Law (NWL) restructured CONAGUA’s key functions through the transfer of responsibilities from the central level to sub-national entities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Section 2.4 considers the challenges of climate change. Its effects will be larger and more rapid in the North Atlantic, and NORA’s natural-resource-based economies will be particularly vulnerable. In addition, the region is characterised by a dispersed settlement pattern, migration from smaller to bigger locations and population ageing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Responsibility, Sovereignty and Cooperation - Reflections on the "Responsibility to Protect".- Sovereignty and the Responsibility to Protect in International Criminal Law.- Managing Risks to Global Stability: the UN Security Council's New-found Role Post Iraq.- Comment on the Contribution by Volker Roben.- Promoting the Unity of International Law: Standard-Setting by International Tribunals.- Where Unity Is at Risk: When International Tribunals Proliferate.- Genetic Resources of the Deep Sea - How Can They Be Preserved?.- The Liability Annex to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.- The Strange Case of Human Rights and Intellectual Property: Is There a Way to Reconcile Dr. Jekyll with Mr. Hyde?.- The Struggle for Minority Rights and Human Rights: Current Trends and Challenges.- Minority Rights as Group-Protective Rights: A Challenge for the International Law of Human Rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
It is also the national reference laboratory for PAHO. Active mostly in urban areas and operates 180 water systems that serve nearly half of the population. In this Sector it states that sports, recreation and physical activity contribute to “improve the wellbeing of the population through a model of comprehensive, universal, solidarity' and sustainable health” so the proposal seeks to promote active life styles, sports activities, exercise, daily physical activity' and physical recreation, has been shown that can benefit health and quality of life of people of different age groups and throughout its life cycle. The ICODER, through their strategic plans, seeks to address these issues.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
A particular focus is accorded to: production of renewable energy (i.e. solar, biogas, etc.), The stated purpose of the Strategy is to bring about a modem and competitive agrofood sector that is compatible with a high level of environmental, nature and climate protection. Its central aspect is that it promotes coherence between the environment and production methods through technological innovation and revision of agricultural legislation. A total of DKK 13.5 billion (EUR 1.8 billion), to be financed in part by the EU Rural Development Programme 2007-14, is to be invested in green growth activities until 2015, which is an increase of around 50% compared to previous initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
They simulate assessments of different families’ tax liabilities and benefit entitlements using a detailed representation of relevant policy rules and parameters (including tax rates, benefit eligibility criteria, and any rules determining the interaction of relevant policy areas, such as whether some benefits are taxable or not). On the tax side, simulated payments include income taxes and mandatory contributions to public or private social insurance schemes. On the benefit side, calculations account for all cash transfers that are typically available to able-bodied working-age individuals and their families: unemployment benefits, social assistance, housing benefits for rented accommodation, other minimum-income benefits, family benefits, and in-work transfers. They include work-incentive measures (e.g. marginal effective tax rates) and indicators of income adequacy (e.g. the net income of benefit recipients or low-wage workers relative to commonly used poverty thresholds).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Nearly 80 per cent of the ultra poor in rural Bangladesh do not own any land. The poorest also lack complementary assets, like draft animals or agricultural implements. This means that they are also constrained to work as sharecroppers, and these households’ livelihoods mostly dependent on wage labour in farm and nonfarm activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Furthermore, large income disparities can hold back economic growth by weakening aggregate demand (United Nations, 2013). The widening of income gaps between employees with differing education levels in the 1980s and 1990s was something of a surprise, considering the expected labour supply and demand trends. On the one hand, the expansion of education systems increased the supply of better qualified personnel. On the other, it was expected that liberalizing economic reforms would benefit the sectors that mainly used more plentiful factors of production, especially low- and medium-skilled labour. The outcome of these processes would have been to boost the wages of the low- and medium-skilled workers. Of the multiple factors that could have contributed to this trend, it was not possible to identify any single key cause, it being considered that a series of interactions are likely to be responsible (Fishlow and Parker, 1999).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
It will also allow a reformulation of various laws and regulations - including to the General Law of Urban Development and Construction - in line with national guidelines for the occupation and administration of the territory. The development of this national policy is a good opportunity to promote an integral approach to urban development and management, and to update, improve and enhance the efficiency of the urban planning instruments, including approval processes. It is important that the PNDU be developed with wide consensus from the relevant urban actors. Ensuring an active and wide-ranging process of consultation with key urban stakeholders (e.g. the Ministries of Public Works, Finance, Environment, SUBDERE, regional and local governments, the private sector, civil society and citizens) is crucial for this new policy to have broad authority, prestige and acceptance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Clearly, more evaluation of the impacts of pre-trial conciliation in labour law cases is needed. Mandatory conciliation is unlikely to be constructive if parties are particularly hostile, but mandating an initial conciliation meeting at least provides an opportunity for parties to meet outside court in a non-adversarial environment and may add pressure to resolve disputes amicably. Zack (2006) argues that maintaining confidentiality (by not reporting back to the court on what is said during conciliation) is important to encourage frankness. To this end, having the same judge presiding over conciliation and trial proceedings is less preferable than maintaining a separate conciliation service, either within or external to the court, or at the least having different judges preside over conciliation and the trial.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
AbstractThe aim of this project is to explore the ways in which, in the absence of traditional forms of government in a global setting, the law can discipline the transnational exercise of private power by a variety of market actors (from rating agencies, technical standard-setters and multi-national agribusinesses to vulture funds). Traditionally, the cross-border economic activities of non-state actors fall within the remit of an area of the law known as ‘private international law’. However, despite the contemporary juridification of international politics, private international law has contributed very little to the global governance debate, remaining remarkably silent before the increasingly unequal distribution of wealth and authority in the world. By abandoning such matters to its public international counterpart, it leaves largely untended the private causes of crisis and injustice affecting such areas as financial markets, environmental protection, pollution, the status of sovereign debt, the bart...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Borrowing from Leach (2015: 7), pathways indicate “alternative directions of intervention and change. [ They refer to] the way that systems or assemblage of social, political, institutional, ecological and technological processes, interacting in dynamic ways in particular environments, may develop over time". Here the West African region includes: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chad, CSte d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The DNI combines vacant lots acquired via eminent domain with city-owned parcels and leases these to private and non-profit developers for the purpose of building affordable housing consistent with the community’s master plan. According to the initiative’s 2014-15 annual report, the group had an annual budget of around USD 3.7 million, which was allocated to programme costs, administrative costs, community capacity building and special events. It has historically relied on loans from organisations, including a USD 2 million loan from the Ford Foundation and USD 1.4 million from the Riley Foundation to acquire vacant lots and reconvert them.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The program has responsibility for coordinating requests, tendering processes, timely payment and budgeting alongside a number of other functions. The hospital drug procurement part of the program has reportedly saved 57% (or €49 million) for 23 active ingredients (Kastanioti et al., In Estonia, pre-crisis reforms had focused on centralising aspects of health care financing and planning, including collection of funds.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The largest net loss of forests has occurred in South America and Africa—around 3.6 million hectares and 3.4 million hectares per year, respectively, over the period from 2005 to 2010. However, in many cases, deforestation is caused by factors beyond a programme's control. One of the primary drivers of deforestation is the conversion of forests into agricultural land to feed the world’s growing population. They contribute to poverty reduction and sustainable livelihoods by providing food, wood fuel, medicines and other non-wood products used in the households of millions of the world’s poorest people or sold in traditional or informal sector markets. More integrated approaches between agriculture and forest sectors are needed to make real progress in reversing the loss of natural resources, including forests, and to fulfil international commitments related to climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation and sustainable land management. In contrast, emissions in developed regions declined by 7 per cent and by 1 per cent, respectively.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Between 2006 and 2015, average overall ICT disbursements fluctuated between USD 650 million and USD 700 million, the largest share (35.2%) was devoted to financing telecommunication projects, followed by investments in information and telecommunication technology (24.1%), policy and management (16.6%) and finally research and development (10.5.2%, Figure 11.14). The surge in 2013 mentioned above marked a break in this declining trend and the share reached 2.3%. Most of the aid-for-trade support for ICT is actually provided in the form of technical assistance for institutional and human capacity building in the area of ICT regulations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriSeru/ LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52008DC0397:EN:NOT. Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Chinese Taipei. Based on Finnish Ministry of the Environment (2009), Towards a Recycling Society - the National Waste Plan for 2016. Ministry of the Environment - Finland - Waste Policies Website, accessed from: www.ymparisto./i/ de/ault.asp?node=17719&lan=en. Finnish Ministry of the Environment (2009), Towards a Recycling Society - the National Waste PI an for 2016, p. 9.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
However, while the government appears committed to structural reforms, such as privatisation, these reforms have progressed slowly and unevenly, often with the situation on the ground lagging behind legislation. There has been a countervailing tendency to increase the state’s role in the economy, especially since the mid-2000s. These sharp price adjustments occurred at a time when the previous support system was collapsing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The national examinations at 6th and 9th grade, which determined whether students could move to the following level, were also discontinued in 2007 to remove obstacles to transition (see Figure 4.4). The assessment has been applied twice in primary education (2007 and 2010) and three times in lower secondary education (2008, 2012, 2014). It tests students' knowledge of the curriculum in core subjects, and also surveys schools' socio-demographic characteristics, resources and climate.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Decentralisation needs to be a flexible process, allowing the central/local dynamics to evolve and taking into consideration the potential instability of the political framework (Work, 2002). There should be a clear design for its implementation, with defined roles for the various management levels and linkages between them. A situation where local players do not have the authority to take decisions cannot lead to good governance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
The evidence collected shows that these impacts can be significant including in the case of the three identified hotspot regions. In the absence of policy action, agriculture production in Northeast China, Northwest India and the Southwest United States will be significantly impacted by water quantity constraints. Activities generating low economic value per water use will be the first affected by these changes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Migration is long-standing Basque tradition. Recently, Gloria Totoricaguena 2004 has redefined the study of Basque migrations in terms of diaspora, considering transnational identity as an integral factor, and including as the basis for her study “the immigrant populations and their descendants spread and sown throughout the world living in the Basque diaspora, the maintenance of their ethnic identity, and their connections to their homeland” (2004: 7).      Keywords:    archaeology,  ethnic conflict,  Linguistics,  demography and population studies,  antiquity, medieval, early modern
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Prior to joining NCHEMS in 1993, he was a senior staff member for 17 years at the Education Commission of the States (ECS), one of the principal sources of policy advice on education reform for state governments. On the international level, he has served as examiner for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) reviews of education policy in the Dominican Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Ireland, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, the Russian Federation and Turkey, He is currently a consultant to the World Bank on governance of technical/engineering in India. He was general rapporteur for the September 2007 OECD International Conference, Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged. Previously, Marmolejo was an American Council on Education fellow on higher education leadership development at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst. His past positions include vice president for administration and academic vice president at the Universidad de las Americas in Mexico.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A more important explanatory' variable is the availability of good alternatives for outsourcing own-use production work of services. The chapter explores further the relationship between own-use production work of services and household income. It presents a case study from the United States using measures of own-use production work of services to estimate income in-kind, and then derive several measures of inequality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
In 2000, China was the 11th most important import market demanding less than USD 0.5 billion or 3% of the total. By 2013, China was the largest demander of Brazilian agricultural produce, buying almost USD 20.5 billion, or 23% of the total. The second biggest market for Brazilian agricultural goods in 2013 was the European Union, importing almost USD 18.3 billion (almost 20% of total), followed by the United States importing roughly USD 4.6 billion.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Thus, the strategic combination of fossil fuels and clean/renewable energies can forge a clear path for sustainable energy transition for the Participating States of APTA as well as Central Asian and South Asian countries without sacrificing growth. As APTA is open-ended, it is easy for any ESCAP member to seek accession, which would also facilitate the free flow of goods and technological know-how for creating energy efficiency. Energy Outlook for Asia and the Pacific. Available at www.adb.org/sites/ defa u I t/fi les/pu b/2013/e nerg y-o u tlook.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the Slovak Republic for instance, overall youth employment in 2012 had declined by 23% compared to 2007 while employment among highly-educated youth rose by 3 percentage points. In Portugal, the decline in youth employment was 29% with employment of highly-educated youth remaining stable. Only in Ireland, Greece and Spain, where the decline in youth employment was strongest, the number of jobs for highly-educated youth also fell.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
As rightly put by the authors, progress in policy depends not only on finding the right economic levers, but on closer engagement with firms and technological practice. The risk of such initiatives is to be limited to facilitating specific transactions and projects between companies and academic consultants. It is not clear how “virtual” these programmes are, i.e. whether there is a structure, staffed with dedicated and competent personnel, or whether it is mainly an “elaborate database” with motivated academics turned to the cause of industry support.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The total operating revenues for the fishing fleet in the population were estimated to NOK 10.9 billion, while the total operating expenses were estimated to NOK 9.6 billion. Compared to the total catch value of NOK 12.2 billion, this indicates that the population of the yearly profitability survey catches nearly 90% of the total catch value with a total operating profit of NOK 1.4 billion in 2008. At the same time, the fuel and lubrication oil costs have decreased compared to 2008.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Abstract Article 1 Protocol No. 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights guarantees the “peaceful enjoyment” of ones possessions. The use of land development tools and planning tools therefore will necessarily find a boundary in the protection of the fundamental right to property by Article 1. This contribution gives a general survey of the interpretation and application of Article 1, and discusses the general testing scheme adopted by the European Court. This contribution focuses on case law of the Court involving town and land planning instruments and aims to define general principles in this field.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)