albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
An examination is undertaken of how the rhetoric of benevolence impedes concepts essential to property relationships acknowledged by the Australian common law tradition and thereby sunders attributes of ownership and personhood from Indigenous communities. It is argued that this rhetoric did not just perpetuate paternalism, a colonising strategy that subordinated Indigenous culture to non-Indigenous protectors but deflected debate from the harm caused by the distortion of Indigenous knowledge and appropriation of cultural rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Contrary to system costs, however, they do possess their own, if rather limited, constituencies that ensure that they are taken into account at least in a partial, if imperfect internalisation process. The complexity and duration of the process makes covering, reporting, disseminating and absorbing the relevant information much more difficult. An accident with 50 fatalities once every ten years will get infinitely more media and policy attention than 1 000 premature deaths coupled with increased morbidity in a large population because of a constant level of pollution over the same time span. While individual human suffering cannot be calculated and compared, dispassionate reflection with an aim to improve general welfare would suggest that the far larger number of casualties due to air pollution would demand at least as much attention as rare accidents.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Many academic programs in the United States, and elsewhere around the world, focus on the social studies of science, technology, and public policy. Indeed, the bulk of the programs listed in the AAAS guide to graduate education in science, engineering, and public policy fall in this category. In contrast, the number of programs that combine deep technical education and understanding with modern social science and policy analytic knowledge and skills is very limited.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Doing so will help diversify export bases, strengthen fiscal revenues, and reduce vulnerabilities to commodity price fluctuations and the negative impact of extreme weather events and climate change. This goal thus aims to develop reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure that is of good quality. This includes regional and cross-border infrastructure to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Continuous reform has reshaped the Lithuanian health system to meet health care needs more effectively and deliver health services more efficiently. Lithuania has the highest level of alcohol consumption in the EU (50% higher than the EU average) and more than one in three men report heavy alcohol consumption on a regular basis. Obesity is relatively low but increasing, particularly among adolescents. As a share of GDP, health spending has increased from 5.6% in 2005 to 6.5% in 2015 but is the sixth lowest in the EU.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The main target, set at municipality level, was to improve students’ reading skills, so the reading programmes were allocated more time than the AfL programmes. This is also one of the main findings from struggling municipalities that were included in this report: they do not seem to be able to co-ordinate competing programmes initiated by the Directorate, and so sometimes AfL is not prioritised due to lack of capacity. Both school leaders and teachers express concerns and a sense of guilt when they are not able to work on AfL, as they know it is a part of the Education Act. Despite the shortcomings listed above, how'ever, the school leader from School 1 was satisfied with the municipality-level support in general.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The manuals include the definitions and criteria of ODA and guide researchers through the process of developing a research proposal, for which the funding would qualify as ODA. For example, one university manual in the United Kingdom states that “while the UK ODA spend remains 0.7% of GNI, the establishment of GCRF will see diversion of funding from other development activities to research, potentially diverting support away from the world's poorest. As such, some peer reviewers may feel that applicants have a moral responsibility to undertake research under the Newton Fund and the GCRF which is not only excellent but which is also ethical, genuinely beneficial, and impactful” (University College London, 2017[37j).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
The traditional community and kinship structures are being eroded and families are under increased strain due to micro-economic forces driving social change: migration (resulting in absence of a father), chronic poverty, joblessness, food scarcity and illness. Previous research has linked paternal absence with adolescent sexual risk and suggests these adolescents suffer from less social support. Sibling-headed households comprise children of the same generation some of whom may be over 18 years of age. Child-headed households are a subset of this group whose members are all under 18 years. Reciprocity in the sense of mutual care, support, respect and valuing of the other are prioritised by adolescents in their relationships with parents. Several studies from diverse settings corroborate the importance of these parenting qualities, but the details of how these are achieved are poorly understood.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The former affect childrens health directly (for example, feeding practices, preventive activities, care during pregnancy and childbirth), while the latter do so indirectly, through their impact on the proximate determinants (for example, mother’s education and knowledge, household income, access to health facilities). The next section reports on the findings of a recent cross-country study of socioeconomic differences in child mortality (Gaigbe-Togbe, 2015), which examines the association between key determinants of children’s health and observed levels of mortality using information from the Demographic and Health Surveys for 50 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Within each wealth category, the figure presents the population-weighted average relative level of child mortality compared to the poorest category across 50 low- and middle-income countries. Gross differentials are based on observed death rates, derived using available data and direct calculation methods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Plans are being developed to produce a series on television and radio, as well as other forms of promotion that will serve to sensitise the public. For example, a series of training workshops has been conducted to address the role of police officers as partners and first responders in the fight against domestic violence. These materials are distributed to homes, schools, agencies, social service district offices, community centres and local businesses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Due to the relentless efforts of women's rights advocates from across the globe, the 2030 Agenda's commitment to gender equality is prominent, comprehensive and cross-cutting, building on the commitments and norms contained in the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). The 2030 Agenda makes clear that development will only be sustainable if its benefits accrue equally to both women and men, and women's rights will only become a reality if they are part of broader efforts to protect the planet and ensure that all people can live with respect and dignity. What is needed to bridge the gaps between rhetoric and reality?
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Effect of climatic variability on childhood diorrheo and ils high risk periods in northwestern ports of Ethiopio. Global Nutrition Report 2017: Nourishing ihe SDGs. According to this report, in Cambodia: one in four children under five is underweight, one in ten suffers from wasting, ond one in three is stunted.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
The Employment Promotion Law includes regulations on fair employment, employment service and supervision, occupational education and training, employment assistance, monitoring, inspection and legal liability. It is stipulated as follows: all government levels shall create a fair employment environment, eliminate employment discrimination and take measures to support and assist people who have difficulty finding jobs to obtain employment. It prohibits discrimination against female workers, minority workers, disabled workers, workers with infectious diseases and migrant workers in cities from rural areas.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
The share of primary agriculture24 in GDP continues to fall worldwide between 2007 and 2025 (Figure 3). Structural change is quicker in the latter countries, implying that more labour will be released from the agricultural sectors in these countries. In consequence, particularly regions dominated by agricultural activity and with little employment opportunities in other sectors may thus require adjustment measures reducing problems of unemployment and income losses. At a global level, oilseeds - stimulated by strong demand from the biodiesel sector - are projected to show the highest growth (55%).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Addressing these inequalities will require a better understanding of who these children are, their vulnerabilities and the challenges they will face as they transition through adolescence into adulthood. One in five lives in the 48 countries defined by the United Nations as least developed (34 in sub-Saharan Africa, 13 in Asia and the Pacific, and one in Latin America and the Caribbean), where the challenges to the fulfilment of their potential are the greatest and the institutions to support them are the weakest. Greater levels of gender inequality have higher Gils.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It is therefore important that countries' INDCs are supported by comprehensive and robust national investment plans. The four selected cases present a diverse spectrum of country profiles and challenges to advance climate action both in the field of mitigation and adaptation. Whilst within sectors and for either mitigation or adaptation it is likely that similar opportunities and barriers can be observed across different countries, the nature and degree of importance of each barrier depends on country-specific factors such as existing institutional frameworks, market maturity and general technical capacity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Argues in this wideranging paper that the legitimacy of international law depends on the principle that pacts should be respected, reviewing the issues of self‐preservation, proportionality and human rights in relation to this. Focuses on the economic war against terrorism by the USA preeminently, as expressed in the PATRIOT Act and the International Emergency Economic Powers Act and the Anti‐Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act. Concludes that the Patriot Act and the Homeland Security Act give the Executive branch of government extraordinary and warlike powers: but wars have an end whereas terrorism does not. Looks at the role of the US Federal courts in the context of national security, proportionality and human rights concerns, and finds them deficient, reports specific cases concerning Iranian resistance movements and their status as regards terrorism, and the Bajkajian, Austin and Alexander cases as regards proportionality.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
AbstractIn light of biculturalism's prevalence as a power-sharing agreement between New Zealand Maori and the Crown, any attempts to establish a state-sponsored project of multiculturalism have been treated by Maori with suspicion and controversy. This article presents cosmopolitanism as an appropriate solution to citizenship and cultural diversity in New Zealand that can coexist in harmony with the country's biculturalism that enjoys a constitutional-like status. A state-sponsored policy of liberal multiculturalism comparable to the legal species found in Western democracies, it is argued, would remain mutually exclusive and hostile towards biculturalism. This work concludes with a discussion on the theoretical applications of cosmopolitanism in New Zealand and how it could work empirically, in practice, without attenuating biculturalism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter highlights Lucius Caflisch's dissent from the majority judgment of the Grand Chamber of European court of human rights in  Al-Adsani v. United Kingdom . In 2000, a Grand Chamber of the European court of human rights was faced with three separate cases all claiming the European convention on human rights had been violated due to restrictions placed on access to court by applications of sovereign state immunity. The cases were decided in the wake of the Pinochet litigation, and the  jus cogens  references in those judgments provided much of the ballast for the applicants' arguments. Their arguments provide the groundwork for judges to read the  jus cogens  prohibition on torture as overriding international obligations to grant states and their agents full immunity in cases alleging torture.  Keywords: Al-Adsani dissent, European court of human rights, international law commission (ILC),  jus cogens  prohibition, Lucius Caflisch, prohibition against torture, sovereign state immunity
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The wish to re-orient the study of crime from conventional criminology smacks of arrogance and must be justified by reference to advantages that might be gained from such a re-orientation. It is contended that an eclectic approach seeking contributions across science disciplines would stimulate cross-discipline research, undermine the separation of natural and social science reflected in the structure of both Home Office and Research Councils and the content of university courses on crime, and remove obstacles to topic-led developments and the emergence of hybrid journals (which are characteristic of faster-advancing areas of scholarship). Examples of actual and potential cross-discipline work are provided and the mushroom growth of criminology as a discipline in tertiary education is argued to be inimical to the re-orientation advocated in this article.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The nature of international law as a legal system which, on the one hand, responds to the need for interaction between states inherent to international society and, on the other hand, is based on agreement between states, categorically excludes viewing international law as the product of a specific regional, i.e., European, tradition. Yet it is still asserted that international law is a European tradition. Such assertions are not only conceptually flawed, but are also unsupported by evidence. The origins of international law lie outside Europe, and at no stage of its development has international law been a truly European system. This holds true not only in terms of general international law, but also in relation to certain ideas developed at the European level, including the 'public law of Europe', and of modern European projects that appear to be based on ideas of a regional solidarity in Europe.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The handbook provides a conceptual framework for measuring equity in education and offers thorough methodological guidance on how to calculate and interpret various types of equity indicators. Each of these programmes plays an important role in preparing students for the labour market. Participation of 15-24 year-olds in technical-vocational programmes in secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and short-cycle tertiary education (Thematic Indicator 4.3.3) varies widely across countries, from 4% in Brazil to 30% in Slovenia,1 and has a strong association with both gender and socio-economic status.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
abstract  Corporate social responsibility remains an embryonic and contestable concept. This paper assesses three key approaches and offers a perspective gauging little prospect of theoretical synthesis. Ethical responsibility theory advocates strong corporate self-restraint and altruism duties and expansive public policy strengthening stakeholder rights. Economic responsibility theory advocates market wealth creation subject only to minimalist public policy and perhaps customary business ethics. These two viewpoints embed competing moral frameworks and political philosophies. Any theoretical synthesis must discover some subset of ethical principles yielding corporate competitive advantage. Corporate citizenship language invokes a political metaphor providing neither true intermediate positioning nor theoretical synthesis. Two conflicting interpretations abandon responsibility language without adopting the economic viewpoint. An instrumental citizenship interpretation expands philanthropy as a strategic lever for increasing corporate reputation and market opportunities while retaining managerial discretion. An ideal citizenship interpretation restates ethical responsibility into voluntarism language intended to influence managerial discretion concerning universal human rights.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The upper secondary general school-leaving certificate (Abitur) is obtained after 12 or 13 years of education. There is strong co-operation between educational institutions, employers and other social partners who also work together on adjusting curricula. In 2011, employment rates of adults who attained vocational upper secondary level were 17 percentage points higher than for those who attained general programmes (compared to the OECD average gap of 5 percentage points).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Restraining patients physically (usually with straps on a bed can occur when hospital staff feel that a patient is out of control, presenting a danger to themselves or others, or is causing disruption. While staff working in hospitals, including nurses and psychiatrists, may feel that such action is necessary or justified, restraint can be very stressful and traumatic for the patient, and can result in injury or even death. A report on the use of restraint in England found that in 2011 alone there were eight deaths linked to the use of restraint, and in 2012 there were 1 000 injuries resulting from the use of restraint (MIND, 2013). Seclusion of patients, where patients are kept in a confined space, is often used for similar reasons to restraint, but again can be highly distressing to patients and can have a lasting impact on their mental wellbeing, and their confidence in hospital staff (National Mental Health Consumer & Carer Forum, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The 1980s were an accelerated time for change. For many academics, it was somewhat a baffling time in understanding Richard’s direction. Richard had turned to spirituality that he insisted was necessary in any materialistic critique of political economy and the nature of social order and social control. His formal writing in criminology had taken drastically new directions often counter to even mainstream critical criminology. But Richard was undeterred by the criticism and pushed on. His quest was for discovery, and spirituality was a key.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Figure 1.3 presents time-series data on the number of PYLL due to CVD as well as for all other causes of death by using the age limit of 70. The vertical axis represents the average number of PYLL per 100 000 population across OECD countries. Among men, CVD accounts for approximately 18% of the total number of PYLL.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Accordingly, Silveira and Fernandes (2007) find that the number of indigent people Page | 20 decreased from 12.4% in 2001 to about 7.6% in 2005, and the number of poor people from 28.7% to 20.8%.10 Brazil has thus already met the Millennium Development Goal of reducing substantially the number of people living in poverty (World Bank, 2009a). Though poverty has been alleviated in the past few years, extreme poverty still affects a large population, particularly in the country's rural parts of the north-east (Presidency of the Republic, 2007, Silveira et al., Average rural per-capita income is substantially lower than in urban areas: BRL 312 (USD 171) against BRL 689 (USD 377.5) (IBGE, 2007b).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In South Africa, the budget programme and classification is based on sector and line items rather than on programs and policy objectives, hindering articulation of cross-sectoral initiatives to achieve wider policy objectives. For example, conditional grants (see section 3.1 for further detail) aim to strengthen government priority areas that are usually cross-sectoral issues (such as HIV/AIDS). However, they are designed and implemented by one particular national department, without fully articulating this initiative with other relevant departments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
1. Introduction by Michael Wadsworth and John Bynner 2. Politics, Citizenship and Social Capital by Lindsay Paterson 3. Family Structure, Family Policy and Practice by Lynda Clarke and Ceridwen Roberts 4. Education Policy and Practice by Gary McCulloch 5. Economic Policy and Practice by Hugh Pemberton 6. Labour Market, Employment and Skills by David Ashton and John Bynner 7. Health Policy and Practice by Michael Wadsworth 8. Leisure, Stability and Change by Ken Roberts 9. Changing Britain, Changing Generations by John Bynner and Michael Wadsworth Appendix 1: Key Elements of the Five Large-scale British Birth Cohort Studies Appendix 2: Timeline of Salient Events, Acts of Parliament and Relevant Public Inquiries
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Equal employment opportunity policies were introduced in Australia in the 1980s in response to women's disadvantaged workforce position. Australia's unique form of affirmative action was underpinned by legislation, and aimed to promote gender equity in the workplace via employer action. Throughout the 1990s there has been a policy shift away from collectivism towards individualism, and away from externally driven social programmes at the workplace towards managerialist driven social programmes. The main process for implementing progressive and inclusive equity programmes at the workplace is through human resource management policies that link employment diversity to organisational objectives (for example, productivity and profitability). Programmes titled “Managing diversity” have been introduced into some organisations, and today there are a variety of approaches towards equity policies in Australian organisations. The article proposes that a distinctive Australian version of managing diversity will develop in some organisations based on the prior national legislative framework.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
These types of small scale uses are usually considered “insignificant” in terms of their impact of the overall resource. Source: See country profiles associated with this publication at iounu.oeccl.org/enuironmentAuater-resources-aHocation-9789264229631-en.htm. Several allocation examples (Yukon Territory in Canada, the Yellow River Basin in China, Costa Rica, Luxembourg and the Waikato Region in New Zealand) also indicate water use for emergencies or to deal with exception circumstances or threats, such as firefighting, floods, droughts or other emergencies do not require entitlements. In most cases, it is used to establish priority access to water during times of scarcity, when “exceptional circumstances” have been declared, such as in the case of drought.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The concepts of land rights and territorial sovereignty have changed. The underlying principal of nomadism as a space open to negotiated rights is being sorely tested as a viable political and social model. The bonds of lineage are holding firm, but based on different lines of reasoning, with the reactivation of trade and sedentarism. Nomadic groups are reorganising along territorial lines to ensure pastoral mobility and to control the movement of persons and goods.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)