albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
This chapter discusses whether the war on al Qaeda and terrorism generally is part of an armed conflict or better addressed through law enforcement mechanisms. It then dissects the laws of war (jus ad bellum) regarding self-defense, host state consent, and UN Security Council authorization, and the laws in war (jus in bello) standards on drones as a weapon system, distinction between civilian and combatant, military necessity and signature strikes, proportionality, responsibility, and due process. It also introduces suggestions that human rights norms or domestic law bind state behavior regarding targeted killing. Ultimately, strikes against some non-state actors in noncombat zones fall afoul of international law, though the U.S. government argues that targeted killing with drones fully complies with all applicable laws.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The whole structure needs to be supported by high-quality career guidance and information. This section argues that this structure needs support and in many countries active development. Effective entry routes to professional programmes are also needed for graduates of general upper secondary education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Recent data from 2014 show a slight decrease in the level of bilateral ODA from 2013 compared to an increase in the share of climate-related ODA in the same period. This concern is compounded by difficulties in defining the new and additional nature of climate finance and its relationship to aid (Stadelmann, et. However, the fact that an increasing portion of ODA is being “climate-proofed” shows increased mainstreaming of climate action into other sectors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
This paper explores the concept of the jury system, its historical context, growth, and development over the years. An examinination of the deliberative democratic and decision theories as they relate to the jury system is made. The paper analyzes how different jury systems across the world are conducted and have changed over time. I then examine the development of both the civil and criminal law trial systems notably in Canada, German, France, Australia, Britain, Brazil, India, China, Japan, and the United States. Further, the paper examines the effects of the jury system on social change in the administration of justice and public policy making. It concludes that there are genuine concerns for an overhaul of the jury system.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The most progress can be observed in Western Europe, Eastern Asia and Eastern Europe and the countries of the former Soviet Union. The case of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union is particularly interesting, considering the sharp decline in female members of parliament after the collapse of the Union and the subsequent widening gender gap. Former Soviet countries, which were once near the top in the world rankings of female representation, have now fallen far behind Western Europe, and even behind many developing countries.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Abstract In this article the authors outline a core concern regarding the importance of intertwining the three forms of education: citizenship education, worldview education, and human rights education. Secondly, they take a transformative view within a critical-pragmatic pedagogy with the aim of strengthening the potential for social engagement, solidarity, encounter, and dialogue within their pedagogical and political initiatives, and to tackle the dangers of religions and worldviews within the setting of the schools. Finally, they reflect on the impact of this for the state and for schools when the just, the civic, and the sacred are to be reconciled in citizenship education, worldview education, and human rights education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Danish national parents’ organisation supports school boards in these tasks and has received dedicated funding for this type of support with the 2014 Folkeskole reform. However, the degree to which school boards confront school leaders and get involved with monitoring school results varies across schools. Some of the school board representatives interviewed by the OECD review team reported that they had become more involved with monitoring school results since the 2014 Folkeskole reform. In April 2015, the Agency for Education and Quality (Styrelsenfor Undervisning og Kvalitet) was created to replace the former Quality and Supervision Agency (Kualitets- og Tilsynsstyrelsen). The new agency is responsible for the quality supervision for the Folkeskole. This includes supporting quality and capacity development activities in areas such as the new learning consultant corps, including consultants working with inclusion and bilingual children as well as international supervisors, and the development and operation of assessments and examinations.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
A broad grouping of ’urban' wastes, including MSW, commercial and industrial (C&l) waste, and construction and demolition waste (C&D), is estimated at around 7 to 10 billion tonnes per annum. In high-income countries, MSW generation rates are now beginning to stabilize, or even show a slight decrease, which may indicate the beginning of waste growth ‘decoupling’ from economic growth. However as economies continue to grow rapidly in tow- and middle-income countries, one can expect per capita waste generation to increase steadily.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
In addition, the Parliamentary Committee on Public Accounts regularly requires departments and agencies to report on how gender analysis informs their decision making. The involvement of the Office of the Auditor General in overseeing the commitment of the Canadian federal government to gender mainstreaming has proven particularly useful. In 2009, Canada’s Office of the Auditor General examined 68 programmes, policy initiatives and acts of legislation across seven federal departments to ascertain the integration of gender analysis into policy making.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It contributes approximately 50 per cent of Georgian forest stock (figure 11.1) and is most common in the Colchis region of western Georgia. Fir (Abies nordmanniana), spruce (Picea orientalis), hornbeam (Carpinus caucasica), oak (Quercus spp.), Chestnut, frequently together with hornbeam and beech, forms forests on mountain yellow soils and acidic brown soils in the Colchis region.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Given that the benefit system already contains a significant age bias at present, these long-term pension reforms only add to the significant redistribution from the current young to the older generations through public transfer payments, and there is a risk that pensions may crowd out resources available for other transfer programmes. Attempts by the government to change this intergenerational inequality effect of the pension system have turned out impossible due to constitutional concerns. Nonetheless, 40% of old age pension benefits is received by the top quintile in the income distribution (IMF, 2013). This is largely due to the more generous legacy public sector pension scheme Caixa Geral de Aposentagdes (CGA), in which currently retired civil servants and those that joined the public sector before 2006 are enrolled, because the private sector pension scheme GCR is de facto almost a flat rate system, with about 90% of the pensioners receiving the minimum pension benefit.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Purpose – In history, alcohol has most commonly been constructed as a problem that affects individuals, not others. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of historical and contemporary research on alcohol's harms to others and aims to give a rationale for the current increasing interest in this field of research. Design/methodology/approach – This paper reviews the recent literature published on alcohol's harm to others and contextualises this through a discussion of historical and present-day cultural positions on alcohol. Findings – Alcohol was rarely linked to harms to others until the early Temperance movement, but this waned in the early twentieth century. Increasing prosperity post the Second World War led to the relaxation of licensing laws, which coincided with an increasing focus on individualism and consumer capitalism. New public health research identified lifestyle factors, including drinking, as problems that were controllable through health promotion and individual behaviour ch...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The study found that the average age of drug use initiation was 19 years and that abuse is highest among men and youth. Recommendations include the introduction of a selective drug prevention policy focusing on young people at universities and work environments. Increased abuse of synthetic drugs is a concern in South American countries such as Colombia, where they negatively affect local communities. The drugs are distributed in small quantities and may have their quality altered in mixtures that may be particularly harmful. Another trend observed in the country is the decrease in the average age of the users of such drugs. Small-scale trafficking in Colombia, commonly referred to as “microtrafficking” has become a growing problem in several Colombian cities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This pilot could include one or several infrastructure development companies, with international institutions such as the UNFCCC, the OECD, the World Bank or similar institutions helping the coordination of actions between private and government players and supporting related policy dialogue. To attract as many early adopters as possible, initial benefits like special discounts could be granted. For companies, on the other side, looking to obtain investments through the platform, several incentives lie at hand: additional sources of financing, exploring new competitive business models, and improved branding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Recently, organisations working with former child soldiers have observed the growing number of girls involved in armed conflicts. While their fate as sexual slaves is well documented, their participation in hostilities is less acknowledged. Girls, like boys, spy, loot, and kill, but they also cook, clean, and run camps. International humanitarian law, human rights law and international criminal law ban the participation of children in armed conflicts. However, the interpretation of the expression ‘participation in hostilities’ leaves open the possibility that the activities carried out by girls do not fall within the purview of this prohibition, and that, hence, their recruiters are not breaching the aforementioned legal norms.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
During this past century there has been growth in social concern about horrific forms of violence, like ecocide, genocide, modern warfare, ethnic hatred, racism, sexual abuse and domestic violence, and a corresponding growth in the field of peace education where educators, from early child care to adult, use their professional skills to warn fellow citizens about imminent dangers and advise them about paths to peace. This paper traces the evolution of peace education theory from its roots in international concerns about the dangers of war to modern theories based on reducing the threats of interpersonal and environmental violence. This paper reviews ways that peace education has become diversified and examines theoretical assumptions behind five different ways in which it is being carried out at the beginning of the twenty-first century: international education, human rights education, development education, environmental education and conflict resolution education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The accelerated growth, and without cluttered urban planning entails the concentration of lowincome migrant population in outlying areas of the municipalities, devoid of minimum infrastructure to ensure quality of life, such as sanitation and health services. Several environmental problems are rooted in public policies aimed at economic growth as the only way to ensure social equity. Understanding the relationship between public policy, the environment and public health as a core element of sanitation aimed at ensuring the quality of life without distinction between populations, is of great interest for the promotion of environmental justice. The aim of this review is to establish a connection between the use and occupation of land, environmental sanitation and public health against urban growth, where the prevailing unequal access to natural resources and social vulnerability by establishing a framework of environmental injustice.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This issue has also been highlighted by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Network on Gender Equality, in reference to the gender issues enshrined in the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the 2008 Accra Agenda for Action (OECD, 2008b). A study of gender differences in student performance at age 15 has presented evidence of the different ways in which boys and girls learn and progress in education (OECD, 2009a) and a study of equity in education has looked at policies to improve student performance of different groups. It is therefore relevant to study how educational facilities may cater to differences in gender in order to improve performance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
These relationships between new and expert or highly experienced teachers could be a significant source of feedback for new teachers if there is time for observing the new teacher while they are teaching or co-planning and co-teaching lessons with the new teacher. Feedback and plans for professional learning can be part of the reflection process. It provides a variety of supports for new teachers, including: orientation for all new teachers by the school and school board, mentoring for new teachers by experienced teachers, on-the-job training in areas such as classroom management, communication with parents, and other activities aligned with current ministry initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
It also established a multistakeholder panel, PainelBio, to define indicators to monitor progress. A midterm assessment indicates that Brazil is on the right track to achieve most of its targets, although additional efforts are required (MMA, 2015). Several states have developed biodiversity strategies and action plans, but ensuring consistency and synergy with federal biodiversity policies is challenging.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
It is now also involved in restoration projects within the catchment area, in order to preserve biodiversity. The water, collected from the Mont Blanc Massif, is channelled into the reservoir, located at an altitude of 1,930 m a.s.l. The water comes from the high valleys of the river Arve and Eau Noire (France), and from the Ferret andTrient valleys (Switzerland). Through collectors located on the French side, the water is routed to the reservoir by gravity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
That contrasts with many global contexts, where the situation was more like that in Tonga (e.g. Ratha et al. The Reserve Bank of Tonga believed in 2011 that private remittances were unlikely ever to recover to the high level they had reached in 2008, highlighting the vulnerability of the country’s economy to fluctuations in the global economy, there was no obvious reason why they should recover. In Samoa, at least by early 2011, remittances had returned to normal’ pre-crisis levels, and perhaps exceeded them, as some overseas Samoans compensated for the previous difficult period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Gender analysis is a requirement of the mandatory project quality assurance process. Quality assurance guidelines for all country programmes and global/regionalprogrammes will address GEWE. The gender marker rating will be included in the cover note for project documents and integrated in the quality assurance guidelines.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It was recently used in Salt Lake County to expand high-quality' voluntary pre-kindergarten to 600 economically disadvantaged children in the Granite School District. Financial partnerships also need to include effective monitoring and accountability mechanisms. Digitalisation can promote more efficient and more equitable access to some public services such as healthcare, as discussed earlier in this chapter. Access to broadband has also become key to facilitating people’s integration in the labour market and in their community' at large.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
Furthermore, public investments must be aligned with economic niches (Porter, 1998 and 1999). It identifies a number of gaps that need to be bridged. To align public and private actions necessary to seize it. To supply a framework to unite public, private and non-profit leaders as a collective guide and owner of the strategy. Attracting talent and business from the centre.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Ethiopia's first sectoral resilience strategy, which focuses on agriculture, revealed that 38 of 41 priority climate resilience options are already being carried out to some extent. This indicates that most early resilience efforts will concentrate on scaling-up and enhancing the resilience of existing measures, rather than crafting new ones. As Ethiopia's future climate conditions are highly uncertain, it will be crucial to adopt an iterative and flexible approach to building resilience. At present, Ethiopia primarily relies on disaster response financing from official development assistance.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
In recent years, many European education systems have embarked on a process of education policy and curriculum reform related to citizenship education. This article explores citizenship education reform in the context of Spain. It considers how and to what extent Spain’s 2006 citizenship education addressed issues of national and global citizenship, as well as cultural diversity and immigration. Against a typology of four distinct approaches to national and global citizenship education, including traditional, skills-based, valuesbased, and reflexive approaches, the article draws on qualitative content analysis of Spain’s recent Education for Citizenship and Human Rights curriculum and associated textbooks. Findings focus on themes of human rights, national and global citizenship, and cultural diversity and co-existence.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
This chapter intends to complement this literature by proposing an OECD wide multi-country transversal comparison of policy approaches. The questionnaire was structured into three parts, with the first providing general information on the respondent. The second focused on characterising the status and use of groundwater resource in agriculture at the national and sub-national level, mostly to feed into Chapter 1. Respondents were asked to select one to four groundwater regional units (henceforth called regions) for which they could provide more information about groundwater use and the constraints thereof.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
The data used include results from 91 studies with 1 722 estimates of changes in crop yields by Challinor et al., There are wide variations among the studies, in terms of time-frame, crop coverage, crop and climate models, and emission levels. Some studies include the effects of adaptation measures, but others do not.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
It assesses the policy and institutional framework, along with the process and tools used to identify priorities for climate change adaptation policies. The main challenges to implementation of the National Adaptation Strategy are identified, including securing finance and effectively mainstreaming adaptation into sectoral policies. The Austrian contribution to supporting adaptation activities in other countries is also discussed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Case Closed: A Prosecutor Without Borders Julie Flint and Alex de Waal Eleven years ago, celebrating the creation of the world’s first permanent International Criminal Court, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan spoke of “a gift of hope to future generations, and a giant step forward in the march towards universal human rights and the rule of law.” Reflecting on the birth of the United Nations amidst the struggle against genocide, war crimes, and aggression half a century earlier, Annan noted how the idea of a world criminal court had been stillborn, strangled by the superpower rivalry of the Cold War. Only with the triumph of Western liberalism, and the horrors in former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, had this changed. The International Criminal Court (ICC), Annan said, “is an achievement which, only a few years ago, nobody would have thought possible.”
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The Fund provides accessible and affordable credit to women to start a new business or expand an existing one. C-WES ensures that all women at the constituency level, especially those living in areas not well served by financial intermediaries, are not disadvantaged in accessing the Fund. It recognises that women and men have different needs regarding entrepreneurship support and that until women’s needs are addressed they are unlikely to be able to start, sustain or grow their enterprises.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
More “acceptable” shifts might also be achieved by making smaller, more regular transfers (conducive to small household purchases managed by women), rather than larger or lump sum transfers (Wasilkowska 2011). It should be noted, however, that the Kenya GiveDirectly study tested lump sum versus periodic transfers and found that the difference did not significantly affect the magnitude or impacts on IPV (Haushofer & Shapiro 2016). Understanding the importance of transfer size and other design features on intra-household dynamics is important, as economic security and poverty impacts are likely to be larger with increasing size of the transfer relative to pre-program household consumption, thus suggesting a potential program design trade-off. While empirical evidence is scarce and mixed in terms of the impact of recipient sex on economic and human capital outcomes of transfers, there is even less evidence for how different targeting schemes affect IPV outcomes (Yoong et al 2012).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Moreover, whether severance pay must be disbursed or there is protection against unfair termination at the end of the contract and whether contracts can be terminated before the end date, with or without notice, clearly matters as regards the relative costs associated with different contracts. These are also key issues as regards labour market duality (see Section 1 above, as well as Bentolila et al., Second, standard fixed-term contracts and TWA employment represent only an - albeit important - fraction of temporary employment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In the mountains, climate becomes more and more humid with increasing elevation, which results in annual precipitation of 2,500 mm to 4,000 mm in the western parts of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus (Krever et al., Also along the Caucasus mountain ranges, precipitation decreases from west to east. Though, in the east in Azerbaijan moist air masses from the Caspian Sea result in a humid climate at higher elevation. This cl imatic pattern would allow forests in large parts of Georgia but restricts forests to the mountains in large parts of Armenia and Azerbaijan (see country section, page 33 ff.). In Georgia, large parts of the low-lying areas in the Kolkheti lowland, which would naturally be covered by forests, are used for agriculture. Most forests in the countries of the Caucasus are broadleaf forests, mainly of beech (Fagus orientate) or oak (Quercus spp.)
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)