albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
However, incomes of the richest decile contracted before the crisis and during its earlier phase but then grew between 2010 and 2013.This illustrates the differential impact of the recent economic crisis along the income distribution: while the lowest incomes were protected, the middle lost a lot of ground and the top did better at the end of the crisis than before the crisis. Scandinavian countries tend to combine lower exit and entry rates, while Southern and Eastern European countries tend to have higher rates of both exit and entry. Household-level income events, i.e. relative growth in employee earnings, are found to be the most important predictors of transitions into and out of poverty.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
In The Idea of Justice (2009), Amartya Sen advocates democracy defined as ‘public reasoning’ and ‘government by discussion’. Sen’s discursive approach facilitates the exercise of political freedom and development of one’s public capacities, and enables victims of injustice to give public voice and discussion to specific injustice. It also responds to the contested nature of ‘universal human rights’ and the need to clarify and defend them via public reasoning. However, Sen’s approach leaves intact the hegemony of a liberal form of democracy that prioritizes political and civil rights over social and economic rights and thus precludes alternative democratic forms, most notably a form of cooperative democracy that politicizes social and economic activities in the pursuit of local and global justice. Sen’s ‘government by discussion’ must combine with cooperative democracy and a global ethos emphasizing cooperation (and action) over privatization in order to address our most serious global injustices, includin...
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In fast-changing markets, some of today's successful gazelles may no longer be around tomorrow. It is in the interest of education and training institutions to involve the most dynamic players in relevant markets in training activities. Industry associations may also need to be proactive and reach out to institutions to establish forward-looking collaboration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For multiculturalists who favour a relativist approach, globalization and the increasing interconnectedness of societies pose a threat to cultural diversity. In this paper we show, through an exploration of the work of Martha Nussbaum, that a viable universalist feminism can accommodate a thin and so defensible version of multiculturalism. Nussbaum's treatment of culture in relation to women's education and the cultivation of capacities for world citizenship fosters inclusion of norms and traditions from different ways of life, while leaving room for a critical perspective on them. On these grounds, there is considerable scope for cooperation between comparative education and feminist philosophy's liberal theorists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The dynamics of a global economy is being reshaped by the economic emergence of two Asian giants, China and India. How the world’s two most populous countries manage globalization as they pursue economic reform and liberalization will impact significantly their societies, the rest of Asia, and the world.This book brings together articles by first rate scholars of China and India to share and discuss their research findings in four areas: Challenges, Opportunities and Responses to Globalization, Social Security and Governance, National Security in the age of Globalization, and Ethnicity and Identity in the New World.The book includes an opening address by Singapore's Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew, from his speech on “Managing Globalization: Lessons from China and India”, delivered at the official opening of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy on 4 April 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In this article, I challenge the prevailing concept of the UK-US ‘special relationship’ with a view to improving the concept as an analytic tool for researchers. As it stands, the special relationship draws attention to an uncommonly close bond between two state actors in the post-Second World War period, especially in terms of military cooperation. This conception imposes analytic costs – namely, an elision of imperialism as a feature of Anglo-American relations and a concomitant marginalisation of subaltern social actors. In response, I propose a reconception that posits the subaltern – third parties – as integral to the relationship, thus better capturing the empirical reality of Anglo-American relations past and present. Theoretically, I draw upon postcolonial International Relations scholarship and recent theories of friendship in international politics. Empirically, I present a case study of the US military base on Diego Garcia in the Chagos Islands.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Four institutions have been brought together under the AFB: the Agency for Protected Marine Areas, the National Office for Water and Aquatic Environments, the National Parks of France, and the Technical Workshop for Natural Areas. A joint research unit will be set up with the National Natural History Museum and the National Centre for Scientific Research. Such information is critical for establishing baselines, quantifying benefits, taigeting biodiversity expenditures to where they are most needed, and monitoring and evaluating change over time (Bass, 2013). The lack of sufficient data is a challenge that has often been raised in the context of mainstreaming.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Dependency on external funding is a major weakness in many community-based and bilingual education programmes. However, there is no comprehensive strategy that ensures that the curriculum and the education system are relevant to the livelihood situation of pastoralists and hunter-gatherers. One of the issues of concern is therefore how the education system can benefit the pastoral community—or as one of the parents put it: "If I put my child in school, what and when will I reap"? Another comment was that school-educated children often detach themselves from their traditional lifestyle: "If, after finishing school, they remain unemployed, they end up belonging to nowhere".
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
By April 2015, Norway had paid Guyana about USD 150 million in carbon payments. For example, they are enabling our Amerindian communities - about 10% of the people in our country - to own their own land through a titling programme and to put in place ambitious community development plans. In partnership with local banks, small and medium enterprises are advancing ambitious low-carbon business ideas. The government is building emergency and long-term flood defences and water management infrastructure.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Border posts are notorious for enabling informal arrangements between government officials and private actors. They encourage several corrupt practices from extracting bribes for border passage from small traders to clientelist relationships with larger vendors and merchants active in import-export activities. These practices are even more constraining for traders for whom these formalities must be repeated with different officials at different parts of their journeys. Sub-Saharan Africa contains 59 of these posts, with considerable variation in degree of implementation and configuration.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Over the past decade, a growing number of legal and political theorists have looked to ideas of trusteeship and fiduciary relations to explain foundational concepts associated with the rule of law, constitutional government, the role of judges and legislators, and the idea of public authority itself. Professor Evan Criddle and I have contributed to this literature by arguing that fiduciary principles can help explain administrative law and international law. This public fiduciary literature has attracted thoughtful and nuanced critiques. Some of the critiques reject the public fiduciary project outright, while others are of a more in-house variety, and take exception to some of the arguments I have defended, either solely or with Professor Criddle. In this chapter I reply to the thorough-going critiques of Timothy Endicott and Seth Davis, and the in-house criticism of Paul Miller.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
ABSTRACTThe Nigerian army has long had a poor human rights record. From the times of the Biafra War (1967–1970) to massacres of Boko Haram members in 2009 and clashes with the Shiite minority in 2015, soldiers and officers have perpetrated widespread and serious violations. Corruption, impunity, a weak chain of command and lack of accountability, qualifications, training, recruitment, supplies, and control by civilian authorities explain their wrongdoings, together with the military dictatorships of the 1970s and 1980s and the war on terror since 2009. Such problems are still prevalent as Nigeria heads for general elections in 2019. This article thus shows that lessons were not learned despite the democratization process since the end of military rule in 1999.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The reliability of such information and its consistency with financial reporting could be a challenge. Another issue is whether sustainability reporting should be considered a burden or rather a tool to be used to improve efficiency and cut costs. Therefore, there is a momentum to develop a coordinated approach based on an accounting-statistic nexus to facilitate the usefulness of these indicators for a broader range of stakeholders.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
Two obvious trends in corporate governance include broadening board accountability beyond shareholders’ interests and paying outside directors with equity compensation (stock and stock options). By integrating common agency and instrumental stakeholder theories, we examine the effect of stock compensation on secondary stakeholders and a firm’s participation in social issues, two areas where interests are less aligned with shareholder value. Consistent with our predictions, we found that while stock compensation may be an effective way to align directors’ goals to those of shareholders, it has adverse effects on important non-shareholder constituencies in the company’s operating environment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Studies from Germany, Japan and other OECD countries, reported fewer influenza and respiratory disease deaths during times when unemployment was high as opposed to low (Suhrcke et al., Nevertheless, a country’s ability to respond to emerging risks is paramount to longterm health system goals. The dramatic rise in the number of new HIV cases reported since 2010 in Athens, Greece, among injecting drug users provides an example of this.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
However, Hertwich and Peters (2009) state that 72% of global GHG emissions are related to household consumption, and the rest to government consumption and investments. The potential of mitigating climate change by changing consumption patterns is modelled by Girod and colleagues (2014), who propose that low GHG-intensive choices in housing, passenger transport, food, and other goods and services would make it possible to reach the 2 °C climate target by 2050. In addition to the end-of-pipe emissions of production, we should focus on the unsustainable footprint of our normal everyday life.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
These include forest user groups (chapter 13), disaster protection groups (chapter 14), mining cooperatives (chapter 1), herder cooperatives and community-based administrations of protected areas (chapter 11). Since 2015, cooperatives and user groups meet every two years in a national forum. At their second forum, some 1,000 participants representing about 800 cooperatives and user groups addressed community-based environmental protection.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
The Australian Government provides funding for schools, higher education institutions and vocational education and training. In 2016, 65.4% of students attended government schools, while 20.2% attended Catholic schools, and 14.4% were in independent schools. The majority of their funding comes from state and territory governments (91% of the total amount in 2013), while the Australian Government provides supplementary funding (9% in 2013). While, the share between the two sources varies depending on jurisdictions, on average, public funding represents 57% of total non-government schools’ income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Since in Latin America the actions of the State are relatively less significant than those of other agents in the production and distribution of well-being, it would be useful to broaden the array of instruments and partnerships incorporated into social-policy design. The State must not only ensure that all members of society can enjoy active citizenship, which requires the construction and consolidation of mechanisms for social promotion and protection: it must also operate as a coordinating and regulatory body for all the actors that make it possible to generate or redistribute well-being. The State can achieve this by guiding and fostering a supply of social services which is compatible with an uneven demand structure and unequal access and by creating redistribution mechanisms that guarantee a universal minimum level of well-being so as to ensure the full exercise of rights and capacity-building.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Data from France, Poland and Switzerland are obtained from representative surveys of new enterprises. They are tabulated by gender of the enterprise’s (sole) founder rather than by the gender of the sole proprietor. The dataset is produced by the OECD on the basis of data provided by Bureau Van Dijk Publishing.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The assumption that general inflation is a proxy for health price inflation ignores empirical evidence of health prices rising faster than overall inflation. Alternatives include using a health price index or adjusting a general price index for excess health-price inflation as reported in the literature. Advances in computing and in detailed health data are opening up new possibilities for the generation of helpful decision-support tools.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This annual survey examines important prisoners' rights cases decided by the U.S. Courts of Appeals during 2011. These cases addressed constitutional questions about inmate-on-inmate violence, lockdowns, delayed medical care, custodial suicide, gender identity disorder, excessive staff force, unsolicited mail, religious dress and diets, impermissible staff retaliation, cross-gender searches, and procedural due process. In addressing these constitutional questions, the U.S. Courts of Appeal created new law and/or applied clearly established law. Because the U.S. Supreme Court will only rarely grant certiorari to appellants, the U.S. Courts of Appeals remain the de facto courts of last resort for all but a few prisoners who challenge the constitutionality of the manner of their confinement.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Abstract We construct a database of U.S. federal court decisions pertaining to copyright and changes in federal statutory copyright law and use this database to assemble indices measuring changes in the breadth of copyright protection. We combine our indices with information on excess returns to equity from a quarterly panel of firms and estimate how the breadth of copyright affects the market valuation of firm equity. A typical statute that increases copyright breadth generates an increase in a firm’s excess return to equity of 40–209 basis points, depending on the exact time frame, the size of the firm, and the importance of the change in statutory law. A typical high‐court decision expanding copyright generates a 13–105 basis‐point increase in excess returns. Our results are robust across 4–5‐year subsamples and the size distribution of firms. Our statutory findings are strongest in the most recent portion of the sample.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
The real difficulties began when the negotiations turned to the details of new' modalities for agriculture. At a mini-ministerial in July 2008, the time appeared ripe to reach closure on the modalities for future disciplines and commitments. However, it proved impossible to reach a compromise on a number of elements in agriculture. Though agreement on most other issues was in sight, the mini-ministerial collapsed as a result.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Sovereignty is a doctrine of power that constitutes and vests supreme political power in the state, including criminal lawmaking power. However, this supreme power of exercising coercive state power through the criminal law is not unlimited. Because the justifications for sovereignty are also justifications for criminal lawmaking power of the state, they are discussed together. After presenting the justification and legitimacy of sovereignty and the criminal lawmaking power of the sovereign, this article discusses criminalization power of the state in three parts: the limitation inherent in the notion of sovereignty, in constitutionalism and the bill of rights. Finally, it reviews the practice of criminalisation in Ethiopia.   Key terms  Sovereignty · Criminalization · Legitimacy · Principle theory · Legislative rationality · Coordination theory
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
In particular, the most direct forms of capacity-enhancing subsidies have been phased out, with assistance being redirected to provisions for vessel decommissioning, transitional support measures and environmental projects. Under the FIFG, the emphasis evolved towards achieving a sustainable balance between resources and their exploitation. The FIFG agreement for 1999-2006 introduced environmental safeguards, provisions for environmental projects and the involvement of environmental interests. In particular, it included provisions for the adjustment of fishing effort, reducing the excess capacity of the fishing fleet, early retirement schemes and individual compensatory payments for individuals made redundant as a result of vessel decommissioning, and the development of marine-protected areas. In 2002, amendments to the FIFG under the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) reform included the phasing out of subsidies for vessel rebuilds and the making available of extra funds for vessel scrapping.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
However only for Cameroon we have the suitable data to fairly appropriately estimate calorie consumption. Indeed, the household survey used for Cameroon provides the information (value and quantities consumed) required to calculate unit prices for every consumed food item, that is the price actually (or potentially, in case of self-consumption) paid by the household.9 For the other two countries we were obliged to use a regional official price (distinguished by urban and rural areas) to get the quantity consumed by each household. This official price - collected by the country statistical office - is likely to be higher than the price actually paid by households as it is collected in major markets, covers only market-traded goods, and does not necessarily reflect the same quality of good as that actually consumed by the households, particularly poorer households.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Only 5 percent of surveyed firms had engaged an accredited energy auditor to conduct a formal audit (Ghosh 2011). Most firms know little about how an audit could identify energy-saving measures. Many smaller firms assumed that an energy audit involved government officials and worried about external interference. Indian energy auditors corroborated these findings (Ghosh 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In 2013-14, 190 460 Australians accessed services through this programme. However, it has become an essential part of the Australian health workforce. Outreach represents 28.7% of specialist services in very remote areas, and 4.2% in remote areas (Health Policy Analysis, 2011). An evaluation of the Medical Specialist Outreach Assistance Programme - which has since been brought into the Rural Health Outreach Fund - indicated it had the greatest impact in reducing the gap in access in very remote areas (Health Policy Analysis, 2011).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
On average in OECD countries self-reported satisfaction with education services is comparable to the satisfaction with health care services and higher than satisfaction with public transportation systems. Satisfaction with the education system in Korea remains higher in 2015 than self-reported confidence in the judicial system and the military (which are particularly low). According to the latest Gallup Poll data, the gap in self-reported satisfaction between the richest and the poorest income quintiles in Korea reached 9 p.p.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
This will imply tighter regulations on illegal activity, and technical and financing support to the Forest Code. Clearer property rights would also improve the sustainability of land use in other regions. Simultaneously it improves food availability for both domestic and international consumers, while generating income opportunities for a diverse constituency of farmers.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Open and closed-loop effects are also called direct and indirect effects, respectively. The direct effect of the forestry and hunting sector, for example, focuses on the sector's impact on final demand, i.e., the goods and services supplied by the sector and directly consumed as final products, such as the direct gathering of firewood by households for domestic energy supply. The indirect effect of the forestry and hunting sector includes output that helps support the production activities of other sectors in the economy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Cooperation with the local authorities is weak and monitoring data are not used by local authorities to develop mitigation measures. Private and public enterprises are obliged by law to self-monitor and report on emissions and discharges, but rarely so do. No environmental electronic database or statistic exists.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Large developing countries may be especially well poised to adapt advanced technologies to developing country skills, labour markets and natural resource endowments. But few international efforts focus exclusively on R&D for industrial energy-efficiency technologies. Perhaps the only exception, which focuses on the full range of energy technologies, is the IEA’s technology cooperation programme, bringing together member and non-member countries in joint technology development projects.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This qualitative research has been undertaken with the purpose of developing an integrated system of categories based on ecopedagogy. Founded on the critical pedagogy of Paulo Freire, this movement moves towards complex thinking and holism. Its theoretical bases are set on principles of sustainability, biosensibility, ethics of care and global citizenship to offer an alternative project for society and the neoliberal economy. The methodological design of this research is supported by the content analysis technique. The qualitative sample includes the Ecopedagogy Charter, the narrations of eight experiences of the Earth Charter International and four from the Centre for Ecoliteracy, and documents that offer a great scope for the categorical system. Among the most important findings is that ecopedagogy’s principles comprehend ecoliteracy, solidarity and a culture of sustainability, aspects arising from the ecological paradigm in education.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)