albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
For example, in many of the region’s countries, functional income distribution worsened in the context of the commodity price boom (ECLAC, 2013b and 2014b). Various topics have been raised, notably those referring to the possibility of requiring a greater contribution from households or individuals with higher levels of income and wealth, given the suspicion that they are not being taxed in accordance with their means. This greater contribution would help finance public and social goods and services, enhancing the distributive impact of fiscal policy.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Yet, across Europe, the within-couple gap in working hours - the male partner’s hours less the female partner's hours in couples where the male partner works - is generally sizable (Figure 4.8). With German mothers so frequently working less than 30 hours per week and fathers putting in long hours, the within-couple hours gap in Germany is amongst the widest at over 25 hours per week, together with Austria and Switzerland. Gaps are wide, too, in Southern Mediterranean countries, because so many women are inactive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Currently, only 10 out of 54 gender-related indicators, can reliably be monitored at the global level. Established methodologies exist for another 25 indicators but country coverage is insufficient to allow for global monitoring. While this is a challenge for measuring change, at least in the short run, it also provides an opportunity for improving the availability and quality of gender statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
It may be restricted to specific uses or by-pass governments altogether, it may be tied to imports of goods and services from donor countries that limit its effect on the domestic economy, and significant amounts of donor funds could serve as a disincentive for governments to increase the effectiveness of their tax systems for mobilizing domestic resources. Current institutions of global economic governance are characterized by unequal power relationships that determine the space within which national governments can act, and not all players have an equal voice.141 Indeed, most existing institutions of global governance—for instance, the IMF, the World Bank, the G20, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization—exhibit clear power dynamics.142 Women's representation in the top decisionmaking bodies of these governance institutions is at best low and in some cases negligible (see Figure 4.8). Representation of women is, of course, no guarantee that issues of gender equality will be taken up in policy discussions and decision-making processes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Excluding students with an immigrant background reduces the percentage of poorly performing students slightly to 16%. By contrast, in Shanghai-China, Hong Kong-China, Canada, Finland and Korea, the proportion of poor performers is 10% or less (Figure 1.2.14 in PISA 2009 Results Volume I). Students proficient at Level 2 are capable of very basic tasks, such as locating information that meets several conditions, making comparisons or contrasts around a single feature, working out what a well-defined part of a text means even when the information is not prominent, and making connections between the text and personal experience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Wage premia refer to the notion that financial sector workers receive compensation in excess of their productivity, estimated by what people with similar characteristics obtain in other sectors. They can widen income inequality by channelling funds to high-earning financial sector employees. While the earnings of overskilled financial sector workers equal their potential productivity, they are greater than their actual productivity on the job.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Based on the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), several UN bodies, among them the High Commissioner for Human Rights, have argued for a complete ban of all coercive interventions in mental health care. The authors conceptualize a system for mental health care based on support only. Psychiatry loses its function as an agent of social control and follows the will and preferences of those who require support. The authors draw up scenarios for dealing with risk, inpatient care, police custody, and mental illness in prison. With such a shift, mental health services could earn the trust of service users and thereby improve treatment outcomes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Threats to environmental security (‘eco-threats’) face not only shortcomings of environmental protection during hostilities under the Law of Armed Conflict. Considering the new ‘Hybrid Threat’ concept, which had recently been discussed by NATO, the authors recognise from the perspective of International Law the need for adopting a comprehensive legal approach towards such threats. The International Environmental Law, the International Humanitarian Law and the Customary International Law show some shortcomings to tackle the new challenge. In the focus is the rule of law, in particular the principle of proportionality, which can play a role when countering such threats and legal rules can have a positive effect on the international community’s ability to act.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Although in Chile mandatory contributions of self-employed were expected to start in 2016, it is under discussion a proposal to implement it gradually since 2018. The Chilean government set up an expert commission (Comision Asesora Presidencial sobre el Sistema de Pensiones) to assess the pension system, identifying its strengths and limitations, and elaborate a set of remedies (Bravo et al., The commission examined a wide range of issues, but focused particularly on the large number of future pensioners who have low contribution densities and low replacement rate that the pension system have.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The proposed green building certificate, linked with a mandatory building permit, could be a good solution for guiding eco-friendly building plans and should be expanded to the whole BMA. Upgrading informal settlements in Bandung remains a challenge requiring a comprehensive approach for enhancing urban resilience. This tool can anchor other sectoral urban policies. How well such a tool is utilised may determine residents’ access to public services and employment opportunities, energy demands and energy efficiency of the transport sector, and a city’s capacity to adapt to climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg11)
In manufacturing, the role of overtime has been even more important accounting for about half of the reduction in working time.2 This reflects both the greater incidence of overtime in manufacturing before the crisis (almost one in ten hours) and the concentration of the decline in output demand in the manufacturing sector. Hours and pay reductions in Japan reflect adjustments along many different margins (cont.) The relative importance of reductions in standard hours reflects the limits of the overtime margin in the context of a severe decline in aggregate demand.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
Another-and probably the world’s largest — is the Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme of the Government of India. The Scheme has an annual budget of over US$4 billion and guarantees 100 days employment for die participating households. But the conditions applied also represent extra demands on over-worked mothers who have to ensure that children attend schools and clinics. Apart from reinforcing traditional gender roles, diese conditions can displace women from farming or other income-generating activities.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Another reason is that, unlike manufacturing industries and services, natural-resource-related activities do not generate much employment (TDR 2010, chap. This may contribute to widening the disparities in income distribution when the terms-of-trade effect makes manufacturing less competitive, so that workers may be pushed from manufacturing into lower w'age jobs or even into informality and unemployment. An increase in inequality can be avoided if good-quality jobs are created elsewhere in the economy. This depends on the linkages that can be established between the export-oriented activities in the primary sector, on the one hand, and modem services (public and private) and manufacturing on the other. Such linkages rarely emerge from market forces alone, they normally require supportive macro-economic and wage policies as well as targeted fiscal and industrial policies aimed at ensuring that most of the income generated by natural-resource-related activities is used within the country'.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
In some countries, family law conflates rape with adultery or premarital sex so that, if a woman cannot prove rape, she is liable to be tried for zina (fornication). In Morocco and Tunisia, personal status codes have been amended to support more egalitarian gender relations, and progressive amendments to laws and codes have been passed recently in Algeria and Bahrain. Numerical increases belie the complexities and conditions of women's entry into formal politics. In some places, the introduction of quotas has simply led to nepotism so that women relatives of sitting politicians are appointed.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
To answer these questions, the IEA has developed in-depth indicators - tools that provide state-of-the-art data and analysis on energy use, efficiency developments and CO2 emissions. In addition to these recent improvements, there remains a large potential for further energy savings across all sectors. For instance, analysis shows that the application of best available industrial technologies and practices on a global scale could save between 18% and 26% of current energy use in industry.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
This study explores state stability using various governance and development indicators. We find stability is associated with state capacity and public goods, the legal–rational state, legitimacy, good governance and corruption, income/capita and democracy and human rights. In particular, we show the importance of democracy, legitimacy, rule of law and secularity. Environmental degradation and debt dependency undermine stability. Revenue collection, corruption, rule of law, independent judiciary and exports can be important to stability even in the face of incomplete democracy and lower GDP per capita. These factors are relatively more important in low-income states.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Most long-term moves are likely because the move provides a higher level of well-being through improved job opportunities and/or higher wages. Well-being might also be improved if the move offers an increase in quality of life, better schools, less crime, or better weather (Roback, 1982). As well, the relative productivity of traditional activity in different places will affect the pattern of migration. The net migration rate of a particular place is calculated by dividing net migration by the population of the place at the beginning of the period.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For all purposes, they should be considered as additional needed investments. However, in many developing countries the needs for replacement of existing facilities from now to 2025 will probably be dwarfed by the needs for new generation capacity. Thus, we do not include replacement needs in our gap calculations. Therefore, assuming that all the installed capacity will be for the purpose of national consumption is a simplifying assumption.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
Using as basis the common structure of this total sample, a set of JRR replications is defined. Each replication is formed such that when a unit is to be excluded in its construction, it is excluded simultaneously from every wave where the unit appears. For each replication, the required measure is constructed for each of the cross-sectional samples involved, and these measures are used to obtain the required averaged measure for the replication, from which variance is then estimated in the usual way.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
Therefore, a question arises concerning the extent to which generic producers and/or researchers are authorized to use patented substances for the development of new products. For instance, the German Patents Act broadly provides that the scope of the patent shall not extend to acts relating to the protected subject matter done for experimental purposes. The exception obviously does not authorize the mere reproduction of the original product as covered by the original patent claims.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
The electricity sector is the biggest user of fuel, followed by the transport sector (Figure 9.3). The average residential electricity tariff in 2013 was US$0.28 (Figure 9.5). Artificially low tariffs due to the subsidies, and lack of bill payment enforcement has resulted in a culture of very high electricity use.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In 1994, the ICPD offered a visionary global commitment to these rights and choices, and an unprecedented consensus on the essential ties between womens empowerment and development. Twenty-five years later, the ICPD vision remains a high point of human aspiration, reflected now across the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). And new ones have emerged.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
There are risks of advancing a GVC integration agenda without effective global economic governance structures. This is because lower value-added activities are either outsourced or offshored by lead firms, while higher value-added activities are retained. The sector is a major employer of women. This is around the same level reported by Dolan and Humphrey (2000) for the horticulture sector, and by Kaplan and Kaplinsky (1998) for the deciduous canned fruit sector.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
These kinds of trade-offs lead to lose-win outcomes over time, making them equally “unsustainable policies”. This might arise, for example, where current carbon emissions are restricted too much to improve future environmental outcomes. These gains can be drawn upon to make active investments in the future and compensate for future losses.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
By contrast, infectious diseases pose potentially global threats, and the benefits of genomics for infectious disease control may therefore be felt on a global as well as a local scale. Meanwhile, richer countries appear more inclined to invest in lines of genomic research and development that orient them chiefly towards domestic matters, and that provide less incentive to collaborate internationally in research and implementation. Also, the findings represent only a snapshot of a rapidly developing field, as of summer 2012.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Indeed, the experience-rating part of the AT-MP scheme may also have negative side-effects, by discouraging reporting accidents and health issues and by reducing the employability of vulnerable populations, such as disabled and older workers. This is the aim of the third national 2016-20 occupational health plan, which has made primary prevention a priority. However, some subsidies for the prevention of risks are available only to SMEs with fewer than 50 employees (Cour des comptes, 2013), and firm-level committees on health, safety and working conditions conditions (CHSCT) are frequently lacking in firms with over 50 employees, even though they are mandatory (Breda, 2016). Small firms and local governments implement few preventive measures. In 2013 only 60% of employers had taken any measures over the last 12 months, and less than half of all firms had prepared the mandatory plans to identify occupational risks (Amira, 2016).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
This can be achieved through incentives for firms to employ women or direct support for women to acquire necessary skills. Second, through the provision of sound labour standards, which protect women's bargaining power, making gender discrimination less likely. And third, by applying the wage and employment conditions in the industrial sector as a benchmark for employment in the service sector which traditionally employs women.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
For example, some women’s activities and contribution to the economy and society are not adequately captured in statistics if old concepts of work and labour force, which do not take into account all forms of work, are used (see, for example, the section entitled “Work” in chapter II). For example, gender statistics in agriculture should be based on an adequate coverage of all agricultural holdings, including smallholdings, where women are predominant, should include information on farm labour disaggregated by sex, age and other social and economic characteristics, and should cover aspects of management and ownership of agricultural resources at the most disaggregated level possible, such as the subholding and individual levels. Furthermore, new concepts and new methods of data collection should be used for the production of gender statistics. For example, recent methodological developments in time-use surveys and violence against women surveys and changes towards more comprehensive statistics in national accounts so that unpaid work is covered should be integrated in the production of national statistics.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
They may have done so because of insufficient familiarity with ICTs, but there is no way to verify this. Thus, this group is classified separately in Figure 6.1. First, it is important to keep in mind that while some unemployed individuals may have scores in literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments that are similar to those of employed individuals, they may lack other key skills needed to get a job, for example, job-specific skills or generic skills frequently required at work, such as self-organising skills. Mismatches between people's skills and the skill requirements of jobs, in addition to various institutional constraints, are likely to be preventing skilled people from engaging in employment or looking for work. Among the most proficient individuals, who score at Level 4 or 5, 79% are employed, about 4% are unemployed, and 17% are inactive.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Drawing an analogy' with monetary resources, “time poverty” can be measured when it is defined, for example, as the lack of time for rest and leisure because too much time is spent on work and on household chores. Nevertheless, it appears to be a useful way to gain a better understanding of the dimensions of individual well-being. In most of the countries, a large share of all income is concentrated in a small segment of the population while the poorest receive a very small proportion. The simple average of figures for the 18 countries on which relatively recent data are available shows that the wealthiest 10% of the population receives 32% of total income while the poorest 40% receives 15% of total income.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
For example, in relation to the category “achieving goals", the skills mentioned include a sense of responsibility, autonomy and diligence. The skills related to the category "working with others” include respect for others, co-operation and a sense of solidarity. Finally, those related to the category “managing emotions” include self-confidence, self-esteem and independence. While not all the objectives specifically state these skills, they all contain terms for general social and emotional skills, such as attitudes, social competencies and emotional development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
Through impact analysis of data on those households within the project area, FARM-Africa demonstrated a considerable improvement in the nutritional status and family welfare of project participants (Ayele and Peacock, 2003). One exception is the Homestead Food Production (HFP) project, introduced in Bangladesh by Helen Keller International nearly two decades ago. This project initially focused on reducing vitamin A deficiency by promoting home gardens, but its scope has been widened to address iron and zinc deficiencies also by incorporating small-animal husbandry and nutrition education (lannotti, Cunningham and Ruel, 2009).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This equates to 10.3% of GDP - up from 9.1% in 2005 and above the EU average of 9.9%. Public financing made up 84% of the expenditure, the second highest proportion in the EU, with the remainder mainly funded by out-of-pocket payments concentrated heavily on prescription drugs and dental care. This suggests that the health care system is effective in treating life-threatening conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
All donors should also fulfil their commitment (under paragraph 52 of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda) to allocate at least 50 per cent of their net ODA to LDCs. This is of particular importance to those countries expected to make up the LDC group in 2025 and beyond. The General Assembly (in resolution 67/221 (United Nations, 2013)) has also called upon development partners to consider the LDC criteria explicitly in their ODA allocations. In practice, however, donors have proved reluctant to link their aid in a consistent way to recipient countries’ needs or levels of development (Alonso, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg10)
Its objectives are twofold: consumer health protection and fair trade practices. The organization is composed of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), an Executive Committee and subsidiary bodies. Draft standards are elaborated in eight steps by the subsidiary bodies, which are serviced by host countries, for endorsement by CAC.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Reduced tax rates for electricity and heat produced from RES, support to biofuels (tax exemptions and quotas), and financial incentives for heating installations and renovation of buildings have also contributed to RES development. In 2009, the Act on the Promotion of Renewable Energies in the Heat Sector increases the compulsory share of RES in final energy consumption for heating and air conditioning in new buildings (from 6% in 2009 to 14% by 2020). Finally, to limit competition coming from nuclear power and to internalize decommissioning costs of nuclear power plants, a nuclear fuel tax was introduced in 2010.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
All of the sapling-tending measures were also paid from out of their internal funds. Altogether, 43 million trees and bushes have been planted and more than 100 different coniferous and broadleaf/deciduous species and shrubs have been used. During the planting works, innovative land treatment methods were applied, for example, spraying techniques for irrigation, which is very useful in the context of climate change.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
The combined investment of these plans amounts to more than $500 billion—to address the existing infrastructure deficit and to ensure the scale of infrastructure to support industrial growth. All these plans have the added advantage of creating jobs while stimulating growth, for example, South Africa's Expanded Public Works Programme (2014-2019) was designed with as many as 6 million jobs by 2019 (South African Government, 2015). Instead, the continent can build to leading-edge standards based on the latest information and practices, which consider the expected impacts of climate change not only on resource availability but on infrastructure assets.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)