albertmartinez/OSDG huggingface dataset:
In many countries, public sector investments in infrastructure would be required to support these industrial policy efForts. In addition, the policy framework should include a government agency structure that can facilitate the establishment of stable but flexible institutions. However, regulations should also be designed to be innovation-friendly.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
However, the economy will need much more in the way of investment, technologies, technical know-how and market access from the developed countries that have made repeated promises to earmark resource transfers to support the transformation process in developing countries. Green Globe Members save energy and water resources, reduce operational costs, positively contribute to local communities and their environment and meet the high expectations of green leisure and business travelers’. See: http://greenglobe.com (accessed 18 February 2014).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
At the world level, labour and capital factor income of primary agricultural sectors would decrease by 1.7% if fertiliser and biofuel support policies were abolished in a low-energy-price environment, compared with 1.2% with the higher energy prices assumed for the reference case. At a regional level, the income effect is again most significant in the United States (-9.4% compared with -5.2% at higher energy prices). As stated before, however, a certain degree of imperfect competition could be assumed in fertiliser markets given its high degree of concentration.35 In this section we study whether the impact of abolition of fertiliser polices on production costs differs when there is imperfect competition.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
If reshoring occurs on a large scale, it might prevent developing countries from successfully entering labour-intensive industries, which traditionally boosted initial industrialisation of developing countries, particularly in Asia. Through the relative shift of demand from low- to high-skilled labour, income inequality is expected to increase (OECD, 2018). There is no clear consensus on how severely automation may affect certain social groups, like women, young workers or marginalised groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg9)
Recent years have witnessed numerous expert-driven projects to set forth the law. Examples include the International Committee of the Red Cross’s Customary International Humanitarian Law Study, its Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities, and International Manuals on such subjects as the law relating to armed conflicts at sea, the International Law relating to Air and Missile Warfare and Cyber Warfare. Appreciating that the ICRC texts were not produced or described as Manuals, all of the listed texts reflect expert interpretation of fragmented, obscure or as yet unarticulated law. Chapter 3 takes each of the listed texts in turn, looks at the status in law that they claim and seem to have, notes the importance of each, given the complexities and gaps in the treaty law of armed conflict that we currently have and reflects on whether the generation of such Manuals is a desirable development.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Dalle, den Besten and Menon (2017(46]) present a detailed discussion of the database and its potential for economic, managerial, and policy-oriented research. First, it is partially crowd-sourced, i.e., users can add and revise contents, which adds to the comprehensiveness and timeliness of the database. In particular, it has developed partnerships with VC firms in different countries that share their portfolio data.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Similar initiatives to revive these ancient land management practices and the traditional/cultural knowledge that comes with them are also underway in other countries of the Arab region, including Jordan (Box 5.1). Many watersheds are increasingly affected by deforestation, land use change, intensive agriculture, mining, population growth and climate change. Watershed degradation negatively impacts water supply, particularly for the urban population, reducing water availability at least in certain seasons, aggravating urban flooding in others, impairing water quality, and hence increasing the costs of urban water supply and treatment.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
It is influenced by environmental issues and by socioeconomic factors, such as living conditions. Good health is also necessary for a person to be productive and have the resources to contribute to life. A healthy population also ensures added value for the economy and society. It is influenced by environmental issues and by socioeconomic factors.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Regulation may give rise to corrupt practices thereby resulting in welfare loss in an economy. This research aims at measuring the impact of corruption on the real estate sector of Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh. It makes an attempt to measure the welfare loss resulting from corrupt practices exercised mainly by government regulatory agencies. Bribe and extortion fee are the two main indicators whereby welfare loss is measured. Evidence from the study reveals that around 8 floors are lost due to payment of bribe and other such payments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Research on attrition rates can be hard to find. Attrition refers to when, how and why cases arc dropped from or otherwise lost to the criminal justice process. Many countries do not provide basic data on the numbers of reports, prosecutions and convictions which are needed in order to accurately analyse attrition rates. However from what information is currently available, a paradox emerges.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
The other large exporters are HVAC and building control systems, followed by bio-fuels, green consumer products, air and water purification technologies, green chemicals and organic food (Brookings Institution, 201 lb). Prominent city indexes increasingly include sustainability as a factor of attractiveness or specifically rank cities by their "green-ness”, including the Siemens Green City Index, Forbes World’s Smallest Cities. The Chicago Tri-State metro-region has the potential to build on its reputation as a leader in innovative architecture and green building design. To sustain this reputation, there is a need to increase the scale of efforts like the City of Chicago’s green roofs and alleyway re-paving initiatives.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In the EU, for instance, there was a rapid increase in the market share of the most energy-efficient appliances. Sales of Class A refrigerators increased from less than 5 per cent of total sales in 1995 to 23 per cent in 2000 and 61 per cent in 2005, in addition, 19 per cent of refrigerators sold in 2005 were in the two new, more efficient classes (A+ and A++). For washing machines, progress was even more rapid: with an increase in sales of 1 per cent in 1996, 38 per cent in 2000 and 90 per cent in 2005.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg7)
In New Zealand and the United Kingdom teenage pregnancy rates are above 20 births per 1 000 women aged 15-19 years (22.1 and 23.6 respectively). Rates of teenage births are lowest in the Netherlands, Slovenia, Italy, Japan and Switzerland, with rates of 5 or less per 1000 young women (UNICEF, 2007, OECD, 2013a). The lower gender wage gap at the bottom of the earnings distribution is partly explained by institutional factors, such as the influence of minimum wage and the coverage of collective bargaining (ILO, 2006).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Systems approaches to development-related challenges are becoming more widespread as they are better able to analyse and harness the complex interlinkages between issues, sectors, actors, levels and timescales in the design of appropriate measures. Work simultaneously with the individual and the group. This is essential to build the critical mass of capacity and resources that would help to redress power imbalances and promote resilience.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
This means that the number of children experiencing simultaneous child and monetary poverty had dropped by more than 20 million. The question is whether the remaining 40 million children form a hard core of multidimensional poverty (including monetary poverty) as a result of geographical isolation, social exclusion or discrimination, or whether their living standards could be improved fairly rapidly, as has happened with the 23 million children who have escaped simultaneous child and monetary poverty. This category remained almost constant and the value was the same by around 2011, suggesting that the reduction in the number of poor (by both methods) stemmed, in part, from higher household income that had not necessarily improved objective living standards for children. Similarly, the percentage of non-poor children experiencing household monetary poverty increased from 15.8% (25.7 million) to 18.0% (29 million).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
To reach this common understanding, an ongoing dialogue is required with a broad range of stakeholders, giving equal weight to different discourses, while at the same time valuing the professional expertise of key stakeholders. The current search for new consultation methods and platforms to make this possible is a promising way forward. The framework is currently being discussed with a broad group of 700 to 800 stakeholders and experts. The process started with a widespread request among stakeholders for ideas on ‘good education’. After an initial analysis, the Inspectorate has begun a dialogue about a draft framework, both through an online questionnaire and focus groups.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg4)
In the parish of St Elizabeth, in Jamaica, dryland farming technology has been developed and perfected over the years based on water conservation, which is achieved principally through grass mulching. In St Elizabeth, Guinea grass (Pani-cum maximum) is a sacred crop which is cultivated as a cash crop for mulching purposes (Francis, 2004). Depending on the runoff expected, which depends on the slope length and gradient, intensity of rainfall and the type of crop planted upstream of the field, reinforcement may be necessary. If crops are planted upstream, the cut-off drain {Boraatii), which is constructed at the uppermost end of the field to divert all the run-off before it enters into the field, are reinforced by stones, wood, blocks of soils with grass, especially across depressions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
In the US (and elsewhere), law enforcement agencies take the position that new telecommunications technologies are eroding their abilities to intercept and monitor electronic communications. They argue that they are “losing control”. Without new telecommunications surveillance powers, the argument runs, drug traffickers and terrorists will be able to operate with impunity within virtual sanctuaries. The problem with this narrative is that it functions to deflect attention from the fact that the US State has contributed significantly to some of the very problems that that have generated the calls for new surveillance powers. An alternative narrative sketched. It is argued that the escalation of the US State’s failed War on Drugs has been a key factor behind the proliferation of the recent surveillance initiatives. It is suggested that a similar dynamic may be operating in the US State’s New War on Terrorism.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg16)
Successful programmes, she says, provide timely, sufficient and scientific information, tailored to the needs of each age group. “ Evaluation studies have shown that sex education has an impact in delaying the age at the first sexual intercourse, in increasing the use of contraception methods and condoms, and in decreasing the levels of violence against young girls,” she says. “ The above implies the reduction of early and unwanted pregnancies, and the decrease of HIV/AIDS.” It looks at the decisions that individuals make—or would like to make, if they had the opportunity.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Previously isolated herders will be able to command a higher price for their goods and children will have improved access to educational facilities. Additionally, in the context of sustainable, “green” sector development, labour-intensive techniques have been used with success in reforestation, watershed management and erosion control initiatives for improved husbandry and agriculture. Environmental conservation projects coupled with sustainable land management have played a critical role in supporting the small and medium sized forest enterprise (SMFE).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg8)
These are defined as policies that generate a transfer from taxpayers to fishers. It also provides a review of the past literature on the nature and effects of support to the fisheries sector, including a preliminary analysis to identify the factors that determine how support can affect overcapacity and overfishing, including illegal fishing, along with their likely benefits. These countries represent 35% of global fisheries landings by volume. This database currently contains data from 2009 to 2015, and is updated annually.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
Cross-Country Evidence on the Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Development”, The World Bank Economic Review, Vol. Org/p/ got/iaidps/102.html, accessed January 2014. Growing Public: Social Spending and Economic Growth Since the Eighteenth Century, Volume I: The Story, Cambridge University Press. The History of the Family, Vol. World Bank, http://www4.worldbank.org/afr/ssatp/Resources/HTML/Gender-RG/Source%20%20documents/Technical%20Reports/Gender%20Research/TEGEN5%20Measuring%20 Women’s%20Empowerment%20ICRW%202002.pdf.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg5)
Rates of deaths involving opioids, specifically heroin and synthetic opioids, the latter probably driven primarily by illicit fentanyl, have increased considerably across the United States. Available at Available at www.cdc.gov/nchs/health_ policy/mortality.htm. While heroin use has remained high among men, the rate of increase of heroin use among women has been higher than among men: between 2002 and 2004, the average rate of past-year heroin use was 2.4 per 1,000 men and 0.8 per 1,000 women, whereas between 2013 and 2015, the rate of past-year heroin use increased to 4.3 per 1,000 men and 2.0 per 1,000 women. As the progression to addiction to opioids may be accelerated among women, the development of addiction among women following treatment with opioids for a legitimate medical condition (iatrogenic addiction) may explain the comparable levels of misuse of prescription opioids among the sexes.3 In 2015,4 per cent of women, compared with 5.3 per cent of men, had misused prescription opioids in the previous year.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Doctors are classified in either of three categories: General Practitioners (GPs), Specialists and Other Physicians. For Poland, most of the “Other physicians" might actually be GPs. If these two categories are merged into “GPs” then the ratio of GPs to specialists increases from 0.12 to 0.30 for Poland.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
Reclamation and Irrigation Boards receive a quota at the beginning of every year (availability versus needs). Individual farmers, in their turn, are also subject to quotas or abstraction requirements. This contains a complete set of databases and tools concerning land use, irrigation networks and economic data in eight regions of southern Italy (Abruzzo, Molise, Apulia, Campania, Basilicata, Calabria, Sicily, Sardinia).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Depending on their current and historic focus, agencies tend to articulate the linkages between social protection and food security differently. In Africa and many parts of South Asia, the preoccupation tends to be with using social protection to secure adequate (quantity of) calorific consumption, whilst in Latin America and among middle-income countries (MICs) in Southeast Asia the focus is much more on the quality and diversity of diet. Overall, agencies that focus more on low-income countries (LICs), particularly in South Asia and Africa, tend to focus their social protection programming more on food security objectives, whilst those that focus on MICs, especially in Latin America and parts of Southeast Asia, tend to focus more on building human capital.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg2)
Images and videos are useful to identify species. The use of image recognition software to detect and classify caught species automatically, which is already being tested or used in selected fisheries, could result in disruptive improvement of on-board observations and catch reporting and much better understanding of stocks and fisheries. The information they provide, when combined with catch reports, can radically change the number and quality of environmental and stock assessments.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg14)
From 2007, the Paraiba do Sul River basin employed the methodology developed by the PCJ River basin in 2006. Since 2003 to 2016, the Paraiba do Sul River basin has collected about BRL 141 million (excluding revenues from the Guandu transfer) (Figure 2.5). However, according to the average annual revenues and the investment programmed in the river basin water resources plan to 2020 (COPETTEC, 2007), 470 years would be needed for meeting the overall investment needs (Bemardes and Broch, 2015).
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Although Belgium performs relatively well in terms of level of resistance for most bacteria under surveillance by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC, 2017), the incidence rate of hospital-acquired antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus infections is relatively high (Vrijens et al., Amenable mortality rates in Belgium are among the lowest in EU countries, owing in part to low and decreasing mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Relatively high and increasing survival rates for people admitted to hospital for a heart attack or stroke and for people diagnosed with different types of cancer indicate that the health care system is effective in treating people with life-threatening conditions.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg3)
In principle, all people and communities whose livelihood is associated with crop production should be negatively affected by these hazards. However, Gentle and others (2014) have shown that the impacts are not uniform among people and communities. While the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 gives detailed country data on forest employment, it does not provide an estimate for the total. In fact, the interviews conducted by the authors of the study revealed that the number of climate hazards experienced by Nepalese households was largely concentrated among the poor. On average, poor households experienced 2.63 climate hazards over the six-year period of the study, better-off households experienced 1.76 hazards on average.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
The areas where such target setting based on the ECA appears most straightforward at this stage are water over extraction and carbon storage (in the context of ecosystems such as peat-lands]. However, ECA does not aim to assess biodiversity loss and threshold, as this needs to be done through ecology indicators and analysis the biodiversity loss and thresholds. The ECA should also allow monitoring the flows of specific ecosystem services via its carbon and water accounts. Time series can capture carbon sequestration. In some cases low carbon storage values will indicate degradation.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg15)
Overall, means-tested family and education benefits seem to be providing a useful contribution to reducing inequalities. Given the high and rising incidence of poverty among children, raising the means-tested child benefits is likely to be an efficient way to reduce child poverty. The average effective income tax rate faced by the top quintile of the income distribution is around three times higher than for the bottom quintile, and as a result, the top quintile accounts for over two thirds of income tax payments (Figure 9). Income tax rates were increased in 2010, 2011 and 2013, and a comprehensive income tax reform in 2013 reduced the number of income brackets from 8 to 5, significantly increased marginal rates, and reduction in tax breaks, including for private education and health expenditures, which are overwhelmingly consumed by better-off households. The elimination of these tax breaks is clearly a step in the right direction, and it also makes the tax system simpler and more transparent. The overall redistributive effects of these changes to income taxes are difficult to evaluate, particularly the 2013 changes to personal income taxes.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg1)
After emancipation, ex-slaves captured lands in the hills and mountains to get away from the plantations and to establish their own means of survival. Cultivating steep hillsides has accelerated natural soil erosion, all the more when the forest cover is removed to create space for planting. In the twentieth century, banana plantations were established on the plains together with sugar and coffee in commercial plantations in the Blue Mountains.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg12)
The transparency framework could potentially be used to clarify whether financial resources provided are “scaled-up”9, whether these balance mitigation and adaptation, and how provision of these resources accounts for developing country needs, priorities and strategies (Article 9.4). Article 10 specifies that support shall be provided to developing countries for technology development, co-operation and transfer, but doesn’t specify who is to provide it. This information will be subject to an expert review (Article 13.11). Under Article 13.10, developing countries should report on support needed and received under Articles 9, 10 and 11.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Strict control over operators, and financial and administrative discipline, are ensured by the responsible ministry, the Prime Minister’s office and other specialised ministries such as the Ministry of Finance, the Procurement Commission, and the Accounting Commission. Overall, the utility has adopted a staged, conservative approach, with a long-term view that accommodates new ideas. For example, financial sector reform has made it easier for a water utility to access funding.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg6)
Many proposals for increasing financial resources have been made (Stiglitz, 2006, UNEP, 2011, UNDESA, 2011). Many of the incentive-related instruments may help raising financial resources, but other, additional, mechanisms have to be identified. National authorities could collect taxes on the basis of national legislation, to feed either national or international funds. Taxes could also be levied internationally, on the basis of agreements.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)
Developing countries, including CDDCs, will need to find ways to effectively and efficiently align mitigation and adaptation actions specified in their NDCs with their ongoing development programmes towards achievement of the SDGs, as well as their strategies to diversify, industrialize and modernize their economies. This chapter looks at strategies and technologies that could help CDDCs address these challenges, and at enabling conditions for their successful implementation. A range of new technologies, practices and strategies can help improve the resilience of commodity sectors to the impacts of climate change and strengthen their contribution to sustainable development, as discussed below.
(Sustainable Development Goal: sdg13)